ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Describe the key lessons from the Gettier paper. What are the main lessons that the Gettier paper teaches us about the definition of knowledge as a justified true belief? Discuss the role of epistemic luck in relation to the Gettier paper. In his paper, Gettier discusses the problem of the definition of knowledge while rejecting the traditional visions that knowledge is the justified true belief with the help of two cases in which the interdependence of such factors as truth, justification, and belief is discussed in order to conclude about the knowledge. Thus, Gettier proposes several counterarguments or counterexamples to the idea that knowledge is the justified true belief. Referring to the cases, Gettier is inclined to demonstrate that a person cannot have definite knowledge about something even if relying on the justified true beliefs and true propositions. It is possible to focus on such lessons, which are presented by Gettier in his paper as the impossibility to conclude about the true knowledge with references to the true and justified beliefs reflected in cases and further true propositions. Gettier teaches that in spite of the fact that three necessary conditions such as belief, justification, and truth can be present at the same time and clearly observed by the person in relation to the certain case, these factors in their connection cannot provide the person with the clear or true knowledge because a lot of statements which result from analyzing these factors in their connection can lead to the false conclusions and, as a result, to the false knowledge. Thus, referring to the cases provided in the paper written by Gettier, it is important to state that in spite of the fact that it is possible to speak about the justified true belief as it is reflected in the first case, it is impossible to hope that this belief will lead to understanding the true knowledge related to the concrete problem. From this point, Smith can rely or focus on the justified true belief, but he cannot receive the true knowledge that is why the statement that Smith knows the fact that the person with ten coins will receive the job position cannot be accepted as the true one. The situation can be described with references to the concept of the justified true belief, but the stated proposition or received knowledge is false. That is why Gettier rejects the developed definition of knowledge, according to which knowledge is traditionally discussed as the justified true belief. The counterexamples proposed by Gettier in his paper are also correlated with the idea of epistemic luck. Thus, a person can have a true belief that is accidentally supported by evidence. The fact of the obvious support is necessary to state that the discussed belief is really true. However, the true believer cannot be discussed as true knowledge because the true belief is based not on evidence but on assumptions. In spite of the fact that sometimes there are true beliefs based on the correct assumptions, there are often false premises and assumptions which cannot lead to the true belief or to true knowledge.
Introduction In the context of English law, contract is defined as a promise or an array of promises for which contravention the law offers remedy or recognized as a duty by law when performed. From this definition it is apparent that contracts have three interconnected elements namely a promise, a legal duty as a result of the promise and a remedy for the breach of promise (Beatson, 2002, p. 3). According to the English laws, reference to the promise is always seen as ambiguous. English laws require tangible agreements that are binding and do not give significance to mere promise. For instance, a promise to take someone out for lunch has no legal obligation, whereas business contracts give rise to legal obligations (Halson, 2001, p. 6). English law differentiate bilateral and unilateral contracts. Bilateral contracts bind both parties, for instance, buyer and the seller. The buyer has an obligation to pay the price and the seller is obligated to transfer ownership to the buyer. On the other hand, unilateral contracts give rise to obligation to only one party. Unilateral contracts normally arise in the sports arena where the organizers promise to give prizes to the participants, whilst the participants have no obligation to attend (Beatson, 2002, p. 8). English contract laws bind both England and Wales. This law shares a heritage with the common wealth countries. To consider remedies for breach of contract under English law, you have to understand the distinction between common law and equity (Hill, 2001, p.151). Historically, England has had two legal systems working side by side and each have distinct rules. Common law was administered by the courts of common and King’s Bench, while equity administered in court of chancery presided over by Lord Chancellor. Nevertheless, these two set of laws nowadays are administered in the same court, even though they are still two different set of doctrines (Halson, 2001, p. 2). Fundamental principles of English contract law According to the English common law contracts have three fundamental elements and these are agreement, contractual intention and consideration. The first requirement is that parties must reach an agreement and these involve one party making an offer which must be accepted by the other party (Halson, 2001, p. 8). To establish whether an agreement was reached English courts normally applies objective test (Tetley, 2004, p.7). The English common law defines an offer as willingness to contract on particular terms that binds two or more parties. The offer must show intent that is biding to be accepted by the other party evident in the case Bell v Lever Brothers Ltd. [2003] 119 L.Q.R. 625 . The offer may be addressed to an individual, a group or a general public. An offer can be expressed or conducted. What distinguishes a statement as an offer or an invitation to treat is the intent with which it is made. Intentions to treat are normally not legally binding unless the individual to whom it is addressed to accepts the terms. Examples of invitation to treat include all the product promotional activities (Beatson, 2002, p. 3). The most relevant case is the famous case of Carlill v Carbonic
Paula has been enjoying a successful career at her home country. She was working for a reputable organization, holding a senior office. She is a hardworking woman who is focused in her career and family life. Due to this fact she never comes home with work and spends a lot of time with her family. The balance she has created between her work and family life is remarkable. Paula lives in one of the best neighborhoods in the country, has a gardener and house help. Her children go to one of the best private schools in the country therefore they get the best education that is offered in the country. Paula is practically comfortable with her life. She has a good personality, behavior and moods. Due to some unavoidable circumstances, Paula and her family had to migrate from their country and search for greener pastures overseas. They moved to Australia where she managed to get a job offer but she had to start working on a lower level and rise up the ranks yet again. This discouraged her but she managed to fight through it. With time she noticed that there was a difference in the culture between her home country and Australia. Here, people relied mostly on individual work rather than the team work that she was used to back home. She therefore had to work harder in order to meet her goals and targets (Robbins et al, 2011). Due to this fact, she used to come home with work. This meant that she spent minimal time with her family, a factor that disturbed her mentally. According to Robbins et al (2011) lack of financial security can be stressful to an individual especially if they were used to having a consistent cash flow (p. 508-19). This change in culture changed her personality, behavior and moods. She no longer had the motivation, perseverance and focus that she used to have before. Her ability to work hard, attain her goals and have good relations with other people was limited (Robbins et al, 2011). Effects of culture on moods, behavior and personality Paula used to enjoy a good job and the support of her family and other members of the society back at home. Things were however different when she moved to Australia. She had to start working from a lower position and work hard to rise up the ranks. This meant that she was not earning as much as she did back at home. Moving up the ranks would not be easy and will take a lot of time and hard work. She was aware of this difficulty but took the job anyway. The people here relied mainly on individual effort rather than the team work which Paula was used to. This meant that she had to work more hours. She therefore did not sound enough time with her family like she used to. Furthermore, the people here were not also as social as those whom she was used to back at home. All these factors affected her character negatively. She lost her focus, motivation, peace of mind and she became moody. This change in character made her life to be much difficult and reduced the chances of her achieving her targets and goals (Robbins et
In today’s fast paced, complex and dynamic business environment, organizations have turned their focus on how to deliver with much flexibility and quickly new high quality products and services in response to the ever changing and greater demands from clients. As such, the need to create new high-performance work systems to deliver on these premises has heightened fundamental transformations in the working structures. With this, a renewed emphasis that views people as a source of competitive advantage rather than a cost to be minimized has emerged. Indeed, the old era where employees were viewed as replaceable elements in an organization has already proved to be very ineffective in the current dynamic and complex context. Human resource management systems must continuously seek to create a high performance workplace system that rightly embraces a team-based structure and focuses more on increasing employees influence and contribution on business direction as well as organizational functioning. This is especially so in the work environment, the processes involved and work tools to be used to manage the workforce. An effective performance management system is one of the tools that can turn a dull and an unproductive workforce to a highly innovative and productive workforce for any company. It is upon this background that the performance evaluation system by Maple Leaf Shoes is to say without prejudice, a casually taken affair and which if it were to be taken more keenly could yield significant benefits to the company. To start with, the system is baseless with no guiding principles and connection to the overall firm strategy and goals. In addition, no guiding performance targets have been developed to guide assessment of actual performance against desired outcome. As it stands, the firm’s performance management system is a blind tool incapable of yielding any change and value for the organization. The current system used by the organization consists only of a template of questions with no ownership. Neither the management nor the employees can claim involvement and therefore attachment to the developed system. All these issues just indicate the presence of an important step being overlooked in developing the system—which is failure to carry out performance planning. Failure to plan as is universally known is a plan to fail. Without clearly defined goals to point out the exactly desired results to be accomplished as well as the linkages all these would have to the organizational success factors makes it a blunt tool. The second crucial weakness of the current system is that it lacks effective feedback mechanism. Owing to the fact that appraisal is done annually at a predetermined interval but overlooks performance goal setting, makes it a baseless system incapable of yielding any meaningful feedback. It does not define what every employee contribution should be and what is the level or acceptable achievements. Employees cannot be motivated to work without targets and as such this forms a key weakness of the system. Recommendations for improvement Maple Leaf Shoes requires a performance management system that can work for it. To star
Strategy and Market Considerations France has a population of 63.9 million people. Unemployment stands at 9.9%, while its recent GPD growth was recorded at 0.4%. Its latest total GDP inflow is $2.6 trillion. In terms of regulatory efficiency, France enjoys an index of about 79.0 business liberty, while trade freedom is 83.0 (Barot, 2015). In addition, investment freedom scores an index of 70.0. There are no capital ceiling requirements before starting a business venture in France. The NY Shoe Company targets the most appropriate customers in overseas marketing in France. The target group in France values:   * Modernity and variety in life   * Humanism and care   * Key features of the company’s target group   * Ethics and values guide the lifestyle of the French people, and therefore, the NY Shoe company will stick to ethical operations and professional code of conduct in France ( France Demographics Profile 2016, 2016).   * They live an active life and often, seek for new encounters and adventures. Hence, NY Shoe Company will introduce shoe designs that are not common in France to attract adventurous buyers.   * • They are used to high-quality and fashionable products since the capital of France, Paris is often referred to as the ‘Fashion capital of the world.’   * • People in France have a tendency to walk everywhere since it is the peculiarity of their culture, so offering them a comfortable but stylish footwear option.   * • Similar to New Yorkers, many people in French cities, have a busy lifestyle that calls for comfort and practicality in footwear; however, being fashionable, the French also want their shoes to be stylish and luxurious. In terms of language, the official language in France is French. The regional dialects are rapidly declining. They include Flemish, Basque, and Alsatian. There are also foreign languages such as Swahili and Creole patois. Hence, NY Shoe company will use French as the mode of communication since it is 100% official and can reach the majority of the targeted consumers. The company will also produce more shoe sizes for males and females aged between 25-54 years because they form the bulk of the French population (38%). The success or failure of the shoe business in France may most likely be affected by cultural differences. Hence, the design of the shoes will be able to meet the needs of the local markets in France. For instance, the production and marketing teams are going thoroughly to comprehend the demographic profile of the targeted market. The NY Shoe company knows the cultural values of the target market. The local customers in France have desires that will be met by the types of shoes to be exported to France (Barot, 2015). Legal and control barriers such as corporate organizational practices, restrictions, duties, and treaties as well as labor employment laws will be vital considerations before the company ventures into the foreign market in France. The NY Shoe company needs to understand the preferences of its customers, the management is opting for an equity mode of entering the foreign mar
China Flag and Anthem The flag of the People’s Republic of China has evolved over the last several centuries into its current model, which is characterized by a red banner and five golden stars. It is representative of the Communist revolution and the stars stand for the unity of the people under the communist party. The national anthem, on the other hand, is known as The March of Volunteers , and it was composed in 1932 as a song adapted for the movie, Children of Hard Times in 1935 (Lee and Guobin 217). Its premise is that the Chinese people must stand firm against their enemies and should never surrender, but instead keep marching ahead whatever the case for the sake of their country. Essentially, the song implies that the Chinese people are patriotic hence, the term volunteers and they are willing to risk their lives for the country’s sovereignty (Lee and Guobin 217). Both the anthem and flag are relevant to a series of events in China’s history dating as far back as the mid-19th century. China’s unity is a key theme in both national symbols, especially because between 1840 and 1940 the country’s stability was threatened by the incursion of foreign powers. These were mostly European occupiers such as Britain and Germany, who according to the communist party, humiliated and attempted to divide China. Besides, the occupation of the Japanese in the Manchuria region motivated a flag and anthem that explicitly demonstrate China’s readiness to take aggressive action against anyone trying to compromise their hard-earned freedom. Taiwan Flag and Anthem The Taiwan flag is a red banner, much like the Chinese one, with a blue canton embossed with a white sun from which there emerge 12 rays, each representing hours of the day and months of the year (Guy 98). Unlike the Communist party flag, the red does not represent violent struggle but rather the color of earth. Blue stands for nationalism, while the white engenders democracy and equality in the republic, two notions that are notably absent in the communist party’s flag. Lu Hao-tung, a Republican martyr, is credited for the blue, which is used to show the regeneration of China’s inauguration, that took place on 21 February 1895. After its adoption as the KMT’s formal ensign, it was updated to include the red “earth” that was incorporated into the flag by Yat-Sen in 1906. The national anthem is called the Three Principles of the People , and its major thematic concern is the protection of the nation and the democracy of its citizens through one unity (Guy 98). The anthem bears some similarity to the PRC one alluding to the strong historical links between the two nations, despite the radically different ideologies that govern them. Given that, Taiwan or the ROC, shared in the violence and occupation of China by foreign powers in the mid-19th century, one can interpret its flag and anthem as symbols of defiance against future threats. Taiwan may have suffered even more than mainland China since its territory had been taken over by the Japanese and was only reinstated in the ’40s, and even then, it was later occupied by European powers. The political separation of ROC from PRC is particular
Introduction Every society usually has criminals or people who go against set rules and regulations. Prisons are mostly put in place so that such people can be confined therein for various reasons. This includes ensuring that inmates get corrected and also to protect the public from their crime. Prisons have been there since time in history. They usually have measures such as high ramparts, dogs and maximum security to prevent inmates from escaping. Prison systems have continued to transform in diverse ways. The operation of prison systems in various nations is usually known to differ in diverse ways. Numerous ethical and unethical issues can be traced in prison systems. This paper looks at these issues in depth. (Akers, 2000) Unethical issues An analysis of prison systems shows that there are myriad unethical issues that are taking place therein. These issues can be noted among prison warders, prisoners and even the auxiliary staff working in the prisons. It is imperative to look at these issues so that relevant authorities can take corrective measures. (Carroll, 2003) Homosexuality This is one of the unethical practices that are evident in the prison systems. Prisons are usually known to confine offenders in one place. They are never allowed to visit their spouses or families. This leads to a situation where the conjugal rights of prisoners are not met. Research shows that inmates resort to homosexuality within the prisons. This is not a healthy practice as some of them after leaving prison to continue with the vice despite having wives. Through this, many marriages of ex-prisoners are easily broken. It is a very unethical practice since it does not result in a healthy society. Surprisingly, the issue of homosexuality in prisons has existed for quite a long time. Relevant authorities seem unconcerned about this issue, yet it plays a significant role in eroding moral standards within the society. Furthermore, cases of homosexuality are usually noted to be occurring even between prisoners and prison warders. This puts a question mark on the role of prisons in instilling high moral values among offenders in society. (Carroll, 2003) Rape This is also another unethical practice within the prison system. Various researchers assert that rape cases in prisons continue to escalate year after year. People
Medical research for treatment and other medical drug development faces overwhelming challenges in information management and recording requirements, even though the efforts have become increasingly global in scope. Required standards for the design and coding of assessment data can aid in ensuring the utility, quality, reuse, and acceptance of assessment outcomes (Truran et al., 2010). These standards further permit the emergence of compatible and recyclable software for coding and exchange of search information. Furthermore, the standards allow regularly replacing paper-based systems and tedious, error-prone manual coding techniques. For a significant period, the Study Data Tabulation Model (SDTM) has redesigned the standard structure for submitting study information. Consequently, by 2004, the Clinical Data Interchange Standa