ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Aims The study is aimed at investigating the extent to which the process of translation of languages is influenced by cultural as well as religious factors. Rationale Effective translation is an important element of ensuring that the target audience gets the information in the intended way by minimizing distortions and biases. Culture is known to be an integral part of all human beings and is largely responsible for the way people conduct themselves in different situations (Wahlster, 1993, par4). Religion on the other hand is highly influential to the thought processes of the subjects mainly due to its ability to subjectively define right or wrong and establishing social parameters within which individuals should operate (Ontario Consultants on Religious Tolerance, 2009, par4). These two factors thus significantly shape the mindset of people (Culture, 2010, par5). Most studies on the effectiveness of translation focus on the competence of the translator and the ability of the communicator and the translator to develop some element of synchronization in order to be effective (Wahlster, 2000, par10). However it is possible that when translating two distinct languages, the translator’s cultural and religious beliefs may significantly affect their translation. I therefore propose establish whether culture and religion have significant influence on translation. Research Design Research Questions: Does the cultural and religious orientation have significant influence on the ability of a translator to objectively translate? Hypothesis During the process of translation, translators alter the messages in order to fit in their cultural and religious beliefs hence distorting the original message. Subject and Data This research will entail some form of translation in different environment to assess accuracy. Consequently there will be at least two trained translators with different cultural and religious backgrounds preferably Christianity and Islam as well as two communicators to give speeches in a foreign language thus employing the services of translators (Ward, 1991, par4).. Also, a group of audience consisting of at least five people will be gathered. Finally a linguistic expert will be required. Methodology The two communicators will be required to develop short speeches which touch on sensitive issues of religion and culture so as to elicit emotions among the translators. As the two give speeches to the group audience, the translators will be translating the message to different language (Sloboda, Ward, Woszczyna, and Waibel, 1995, p23). Each speech should not last for more than 10 minutes. At the end of the speeches, the audience will be subjected to a simple feedback process where they will fill some forms containing several questions regarding the speeches given (Suhm, et.al. 2002, par12). After the forms are filled, the linguistic expert will then come in to assess the accuracy or differences in meaning received by the audiences in relation to the speech given. For each question, the expert will define how well the response represents the true position as given by the translator on a scale of one to ten. A Fischer’s Ch
Introduction In this paper, I consider the life of Elizabeth Fry and her contribution to the history of Europe. Her contribution was in the form of social reforms and philanthropy. She was deeply concerned about the plight of the poor and how social systems worked to the disadvantage of the helpless of the underprivileged. Elizabeth’s inspiration Elizabeth Fry was well informed by the teaching of Jesus Christ. She was a minister in the Quakers church and anchored her social reform calls on Christian teaching (Fry & Ryder, 1883, P. 20). It is believed in some quarters that of all Quakers that have been; Elizabeth had a more profound contribution to the history of Europe. She strongly believed in the power of the Holy Spirit and the role of the Holy Spirit in an effort towards a better world. Family Elizabeth was born of a large family; her parents John and Catherine had twelve children and she was the third born. Her home place was Norwich in England. Both her parents were affluent members of society with strong links in the banking industry. Elizabeth became a Quaker because that was the religion of her parents. Elizabeth’s mother believed very much in gender equality. She wanted the best for all her children (boys and girls) unlike some of her contemporaries who thought boys deserved better than girls who were destined to be housewives. Elizabeth must have in a way inherited her mother’s charisma and desire to have all people treated equally with respect and honor. Her mother was deeply involved in philanthropic activities and Elizabeth could accompany her. This must-have planted the desire and need to be of help to the helpless in Elizabeth. Her parent’s strong belief in the need that all children receive well-rounded education helped her to learn enough vital lessons about life. Later she was got married to Joseph Fry, who came from a very wealthy family. Newgate and national influence As a married woman, she fulfilled her duties as a housewife but was also powerfully involved in ministry. Her charisma and well-grounded faith led to her being made a minister in 1811. On invitation by another Quaker minister, Stephen Grellet, Elizabeth started visiting the Newgate women’s prison in 1813. Conditions at the Newgate women’s prison were horrendous. Women prisoners with their children were crammed in prison cells and did not have access to amenities. Elizabeth mobilized fellow Quaker women and they started supporting the prisoners thus making prison cells somehow humane. Elizabeth found a group called “Association for the Improvement of Female Prisoners in Newgate” in 1818 (Arnot & Usborne, 1999, P. 27). This group worked towards transforming prison life for women so that they became resourceful. The prisoner’s children were enlisted into a school started by the group while the women were involved in activities such as sewing, knittin
Introduction The contemporary technology-driven world is drastically impacted by the presence of diverse forms of social media that dominate the domain of communication. However, in addition to serving the purpose of the connection, social media has become a place for commerce and self-promotion. Despite the overall positive effect that social media provide equal opportunities for all users to perform as entrepreneurs, it now shows the characteristics and behaviours induced by neoliberal logic. Neoliberalism as a phenomenon that starts prevailing in different spheres of human life, including politics, economy, gender roles, labour and business, pursues self-entrepreneurship and the emergence of precarious work. Interestingly, the beauty industry and the production of aesthetic objects have occupied a significant place in online commerce and now comprise a substantial part of the content in social media. Calligraphy, as one of the manifestations of aesthetic products, is vastly used by online entrepreneurs as a means of business promotion. More importantly, the majority of entrepreneurs who become actively involved in the sphere of aesthetics production are women. Such a reality imposes the need for the research of a valuable topic that deals with the role of women in the creation of aesthetic content for online commerce on social media. In this paper, it is argued that the behaviours of the producers of calligraphy, as well as other actors of aesthetic objects’ production, are impacted by gender-specific and technology-driven logic of neoliberalism. This argument will be developed within the discussion of neoliberalism and its impact on biopolitics, the following precariousness of labour and the creation of calligraphy as an aesthetic object that demonstrates gendered division of labour. Neoliberalism and Biopolitics The contemporary world governments and economies experience the vast influence of the new type of political rationality, which is neoliberalism. The phenomenon that emerged in the second half of the twentieth century, neoliberalism, has expanded its scope of impact to the economy, sociology, social gender roles, labour and other spheres. This issue is at the centre of research and scholarly discussion of many political scientists, sociologists, anthropologists, philosophers and economists (Brown 48). One of the first theorists of neoliberalism was Foucault, who defined it as a globally omnipresent type of political reason that enables regulating “society by the market” (Brown 62). Thus, neoliberalism works under the principle of a free market economy that becomes a new form of governmentality based on competition that generates continuous economic growth. The ubiquitous character of neoliberal logic in all spheres of modern people’s lives imposes significant shifts in the ways economy, politics and society develop today. Foucault’s ideas on neoliberalism imply its ability to control the economic growth by enforcing its independence and managing inequality not by “achieving equality but managing inequality for the secure pursuit of economic production” (Repo 136). According
James Madison (1751-1836) was an outstanding political scientist who contributed a great deal to political practice. He always wrote politically purposeful material. Madison’s contribution to political theory led to his being recognized as the “father of the constitution”. The major purpose in his work was one: to help in the ratification or shaping the American order of politics. For this, Madison has been acclaimed for developing the revolutionary theory of federalism, while on the other hand he developed the theory of republicanism. These inventions have greatly influenced and shaped the present political order. This paper will actually discuss Madison’s political theory by detailing its primary features, intellectual character at the time and the problems the theory was intended to address. Liberty This is one area that greatly consumed Madison’s thought as far as political consciousness was concerned. He therefore, envisaged a different three dimension kind of liberty. Madison felt that liberty was a right that should not be denied to any human being. Due to this he advocated for “American liberty”. The other liberty is that which espouses popular sovereignty. Here it meant that government must subordinate to its people and not vice-versa. This is enshrined in the expression that “All men are born free”. In Madison’s view the sovereignty of the people must be given great importance. To achieve this, human consent must be sought for any government wishing to implement action Madison rates justice as being the end of civil society and also the end of government. He meant that justice precedes liberty. The intention of Madison here was to present a society that boasts of justice and freedom. He also felt that justice plays a very crucial role in shaping society. For example, just laws can make men good. There is, in this intention, the hidden element of virtue and morality. Self – Government Madison advocated for self-government and the inherent liberties. He asserted that for a government to be said to be free, it must always make sure that its ends are secured. This is even beneficial to the government, since in cases where a government is perceived to be incompetent, then it risks being brought down. He, therefore, criticized the widely accepted notion that the destiny and welfare of the people is well taken care of by the rulers. He also averred that such rulers are not good guardians of public good and private rights. Madison was cognizant of the weakness of human nature. He observed that human beings are prone to vice such as arrogance, violence and even other forms of misuse of power, to achieve selfish ends. Through this one can already see that Madison was indirectly advocating for checks and balances in constitutionalism. These checks and balances would limit such misuse of power. So if tools of power are not properly structured to handle such inherent loopholes through which human nature can take advantage, then the society can be doomed by the very people who posed as custodians of their libe
Abstract What Went Wrong: Western Impact and Middle Eastern Response. Known as the cradle of civilization, the Middle East witnessed the earliest civilization in Mesopotamia. The years that followed saw this region become successful and their power among nations was felt as far as Africa. In later years, the region experienced dormancy in development that saw other European states flourishing. In his book “ What Went Wrong: Western Impact and Middle Eastern Response” Bernard Lewis attempts to answer this question. The entire book talks about the decline of the Middle East civilization and the cause of this decline. It also covers the reaction of the Middle East. Introduction The Middle East had enjoyed a lot of civilization developments more than any other region in the world. The other European regions were seen as dark and were referred to as infidels because great achievements of this Muslim world made them feel that they had nothing to borrow from the others. They had advanced in art, commerce, medicine, astronomy, weaponry and in many other fields. In the meantime, the Europeans worked their way to the top in these fields, overtaking the Middle East. The reason for this is that Middle East had reached its climax in civilization and did not wish to learn new things from the outside world. They feared that their people would be converted in to infidels; a crime that was punishable by death. The works of famous writers such as William Shakespeare have travelled the planet and have been translated in to many languages. It is however sad to note that this is not the case in the Arab world and especially the Middle East. It is therefore a strong indication that the Middle East had little or no interest at all in other peoples’ cultures. European Civilization and Influences Lewis notes that the Islamic Middle East was reluctant to accept European science (Lewis, 2003). On the contrary, western museums are full of Islamic culture. By sticking to their old ways of doing things, the Middle East was overtaken by the European civilization. The one thing that had made them so strong and unique became their downfall. A strong contributing factor to their fall is the fact that they were divided in to two groups. One group was more conservative while the other one was moderately accommodative to western ideas. The reason I use the word moderate is because the accommodation of western and European ideas was done cautiously within the Islamic boundaries. The conservative camp viewed their counterparts to be worse than the
Ethernet technology defines the low-level specification of data communication protocols and also details that are more technical and it is considered that any person who wishes to make products like cards should be conversant with these specifications (Mogul & Kent, 40). This technology is implemented at the physical layer and data link of the OSI model respectively. The very first Ethernet technology supports 10 Megabits per second. As the technology improved another Ethernet came up that supports 100 Megabits per second and now the latest that supports 1000 Megabits per second and it is also called gigabit Ethernet and the 100 Mbps, it is also referred to us fast Ethernet(Jeffrey & Mogul, 45 ). Ethernet technology is implemented using bus topology. In a bus topology, all the computers or all the devices in a network share the same media or cable. The device that wants to send a signal incorporates the Mac address of the destination device to the frame to be sent whereas the other devices compare their Mac address with that one on the frame to determine if the frame was meant for them. The technique employed here is called Carrier Sense Multiple Access/Collision Detection (CSMA/CD). This is because a computer that has a message to broadcast usually listens if the media is free or there is another transmission going on. If the media is free then it broadcasts. When two computers or devices listen at almost the same time, what happens is that they sense that the media is free and send or broadcast at the same time. This means that there will be a collision and this will cause the two transmissions to fail. The other technology is called token ring which is a reliable network architecture based on the token passing access control method. Its standards are defined in IEEE 802.5 and are an example of whose physical topology differs from logical topology (Mogul & Kent, 46). The topology used is referred to as star topology because of its physical appearance. Inside the component where the devices are connected, the wiring forms a circular data path, creating a logical ring. The technique used here is carrier sense multiple access with collision avoidance (CSMA/CA). This means that a token goes around the ring and only the device possessing that token has the right to transmit a signal or send a message.
Introduction Traditional Japanese cultural paradigm is no doubt under a serious threat with the arising of Japanese independent mind westerners, who do not claim any inherent trait in being Japanese. If this is not the case, Japanese art history must not have suffered at the hands of cultural politics of Euro-Americans who are most likely prefer to compare Japanese traditional iconography with other cultural groups. Many scholarly writers and neo-traditional artists support this notion by providing insufficient reasoning of being Japanese or foreigner, they believe it does make no difference to characterize Japanese traditions akin to comparing with Americans or Westerners in general. I don’t chime in with them and opine that comparing Japanese culture with that of any other is not worth to concern the contemporary modernization in Japan. Unlike others I don’t believe the onus shoulders onto the significance of ‘change’, but it is the technologically driven society that has taken place rapidly and has intervened with intrepid lifestyle of the Japanese, marking the culture towards a panorama, asunder apart from the traditional Japanese shift. It would not be right to claim that Japan has lost its cultural significance at all, and that all it is left with is the debris of the electronic revolution. Instead, what I have realized is that Japanese post modern societal trends have failed to realize the altruistic striking feature behind Japanese studies on pre-modern art, especially when it comes to Japanese lacquerware products. Yiengpruksawan suggests the difference between traditional and modern day imagery of Japan, (Yiengpruksawan 2001, 105) as traditional picture presents a grotesque view telling epics of Japanese warfare whereas the modern day Japan contradicts it. I don’t believe in this stance either, for the reason that traditional urushi art and craft in Japan is itself a
Mooney presents several arguments in support of fracking as a new technique to extract oil and gas, which underpins the position taken in this paper. According to Mooney, fracking, also referred to as hydraulic fracking, has widely been adopted in many countries of the world today. Using fracking to extract oil and gas attracts several benefits to the economy, the people, and the environment. However, some problems associated with the use of fracking as an oil and gas extracting method are evident. However, there is evidence to show that solutions to the problems encountered when fracking exist. Fracking consumes large amounts of water, which, when combined with sand and trace amounts of chemicals form a fluid, which is pumped into the rocks containing oil and gas at extremely high pressure to extract the hydrocarbons. It is a complex process which leaves the sand intact in the rock crevices. Benefits Opponents of the use of fracking limit their arguments to the problems associated with the use of the technology. Those opponents agree that fracking, like any other technology, has challenges which can be resolved. Carson extensively researched on fracking by showing that it is the technology of choice because it provides cheaper oil and gas, releases less carbon into the environment, has a net positive impact on the economy, and reduces reliance on unpredictable sources of imported natural gas and oil. Fracking is a process, which is the best alternative source of energy because it is cheap for industrial and domestic purposes. Estimates show the existence of 750 trillion and 24 billion barrels of technically recoverable shale gas and oil in the USA alone. According to Carson, fracking has created a market for properties, rental houses, and better-paying oil industry jobs, as some of the economic benefits. Jobs in the oil and gas industry have a ripple effect on local supportive industries. Evidence shows that despite the challenges associated with the use of the technology, fracking does not introduce new and unique challenges, but brings already known challenges which been experienced with other technologies. Hazards to humans and environment air, water, and our communities Like any other technology, fracking has caused the displacement of people in many areas where the extraction of oil and gas occurs. Solid arguments in support of fracking are based on its benefits, but opponents support their argument by referring to the adverse effects, which include the high turnover of rental properties, the constant fear of eviction by locals, the presence of clouds over residential areas, water pollution, sewerage infrastructure problems, adverse road and traffic activities. Recent estimates show evidence of a stagnating population because young people have migrated from their rural homes to urban areas. Carson points out that fracking pollutes water resources, air, and causes constant noise and light pollution. The massive amount of toxic wastes, which were dumped in 2008 in North Dakota, ending up releasing1.1 billion gallons of coal ash waste, serves as an example of the worst environmental disasters ever seen