ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Social entrepreneurship Social entrepreneurship is a field that deals with the recognition of social problems in society and using entrepreneurial concepts, operations, and processes to achieve a social change (Mair 2006, 2). It pertains to research to identify a particular social problem facing the community and then initiative measures aimed at achieving the desired change. The change, in this case, may entail a lifetime process aimed at improving the prevailing situation. A social entrepreneur is a person who uses innovative ideas aimed at solving current problems in society. These people are always willing to do all it takes including taking risks to create a positive change in the community using their innovative ideas. In this case, when social entrepreneurs identify a certain social problem in the community, they immediately initiate a solution to get the community out of the social problem (Gunn 2010, 40). Social entrepreneurship is characterized by many traits. For example, corporate entrepreneurs who transform the industries, social entrepreneurs transform and improve the communities. They try taking every little opportunity that others are not able to identify to build social value. However, unlike ordinary business entrepreneurs who seek to make profits, social entrepreneurs seek to transform society by initiating positive change rather. Nevertheless, this does not mean that they do not need money. They also need capital to be able to fund the projects aimed at initiating the changes needed in society. Also, it is important to remember that the work of social entrepreneurs is not only aimed at realizing immediate effects but long-term change also (Mair 2006, 2). There are growing social ventures in the world with some focusing on the environmental problems facing society, such as climate change. In this regard, several social ventures try to attract attention to the problem of the environment or actively try to fix the occurring problems. There are also child rights foundations fighti
Introduction Nuclear energy is found in the particle inside the nucleus of an atom such as protons and neutrons . The particles are bonded strongly by nuclear force and cannot be destroyed in nuclear fusion or fission. Collectively the particles have less energy than when they are free separately. It is this difference in mass that liberates heat and radiation whenever fusion or fission occurs. When the reactions are controlled, the energy can be captured and made into other uses. However, just as any other form of energy, nuclear energy has environmental implications in addition to societal and technological implications. It is also considered the most sustainable source of energy that cannot be exhausted for centuries that it will be in use. Major environmental concerns occur during, mining, fuel enrichment, power plant operations transportation of radioactive materials, and fuel processing. In response to the concerns, this paper proposes the use of thorium reactors to produce nuclear energy because the safety issues of uranium. It highlights on the impacts of nuclear energy specifically focusing on the environment and analyzes the possible use of thorium as an alternative fuel for nuclear reactors. Production background Production of nuclear energy can happen in two ways. The first one way is fission where large nuclear disintegrate or split and releases energy. The second way happens when a smaller nucleus joins or joins with other smaller nuclei releasing a much higher energy compared to fission. This process is referred to as nucleus fusion . Environmental Impacts The negative impacts of nuclear energy to the environment are mostly experienced in the energy fuel cycle. This involves the extraction process, using, and releasing the energy into the air . During extraction, the miners of uranium element are mostly affected since they get exposure to some of the radioactive materials. This leads them to developing cancer and related illnesses. The radioactive elements also get dissolved to the soil which erodes to unrestricted
Introduction Freedom of expression and speech opens tremendous opportunities for modern singers to promote their vision of life and the world around them, announce unique personal values and beliefs. The freedom experienced by teens is unprecedented, and it frightens adults. Despite ideas of love and happiness addressed by many singers, some of them motivate young adults to commit crimes and commit suicide. Thesis Musicians are responsible and accountable for fans and their actions because in the modern world music and lyrics become a tool of propaganda that has a great impact on the circulation of ideas and social values. Messages of violence and suicide Musicians are accountable for the actions and behavior of their fans if they motivate and inspire them to commit crimes and acts of social disobedience. During music concerts, audiences, especially the young without supervision, shout, boo, cheer, eat, and drink their way through the shows (Duffett 75). Despite these claims, there is a point of view that fans are responsible for their actions themselves, influenced by social conditions and background. If a person does not think about a rime or violence against others, he/she cannot be inspired by a song to do so. Thus, for most fans, a singer or a group is an idol they admire and pray for. They believe everything he sings and says, his ideas become the main doctrines and values for millions of fans. For instance, Snoop Doggy Dog is an idol for millions of black rappers around the globe who follow his way of dressing and living. In one of his songs, he states: “Two in the morning and the party’s still jumping/cause my momma ain’t home / I got bitches in the living room getting it on” (Gin and Juice). Before freedom of speech, such freedom did not extend to all society but was prohibited. Musicians and singers are responsible for high rates of suicides among fans motivating fans to solve their problems committing suicide. Following Scheel and Joh: “adolescents with preexisting problems may seek out rock/heavy metal music because the negative themes reflect their feelings” (253). The end of the 1990s, with its explosion of youth culture, saw an accompanying explosion of suicides. As in every decade, it identified those who were part of that culture and excluded those who were not. The sheer number of expressions associated with suicides, and their originality and exuberance prevail. For instance, Ozzy Osbourne’s song “Suicide Solution”, This song sees suicide as the main solution to all problems in the life of a person: “Wine is fine but whiskeys quicker/ Suicide is slow with liquor”. The main problem is that this song appeals to the emotions of listeners and motivates them to commit suicide: “Thought that you’d escape the reaper /You can’t escape the master keeper”. Such messages, rituals, and symbols allied the person with an immediate solution, giving him an immediate identity in the chaos of life. Once there, fans experienced the freedom and the difficulty–of an environment controlled largely by their music idols rather than by adult authorities. Much of social life, at
Introduction Obesity is a disorder that results due to excessive fat in the fat stores of the body. It is a chronic condition that has several consequences on one’s health. It is indicated by the Body Mass Index (BMI) greater than 30. It is one of the major epidemics in the US and other developed countries and is seen to be the cause of preventable deaths in the US. It is mainly caused by uptake of many calories which are not used up in the body, living an inactive lifestyle that does not involve physical activity affecting the hormones function, lack of enough sleep, and endocrine disorders. Other causes include Cushing syndrome, Prader-Willi syndrome, polycystic ovarian syndrome, and depression (Nordqvist, 2009). The condition can be treated through engaging in physical activities, good diet intake and bariatric surgery also referred to as weight loss surgery. The condition is also associated with overweight in case it has resulted from the excessive fat. My current nutritional and fitness habits In a country where obesity is a major concern due to advanced technology, keeping fit has been a major challenge. However, after attaining a Body Mass Index of 28, I consider myself fit enough. Indulgence in processed food cannot be avoided especially in my case where getting free time to consider a healthy snack is limited. Meanwhile, engagement in physical exercise has worked out for me as my work involves short distances which mostly I don’t require a vehicle. Risk factors Obesity is associated with several health risks. They include hypertension, coronary heart disease, gallbladder disease, cancer, dyslipidemia, diabetes type 2, stroke and osteoarthritis (Nordqvist, 2009). Hypertension mostly accompany obesity condition as the insulin levels are raised which in turn increases blood pressure. The excess fat in the body are deposited in the blood vessels narrowing them; this results to increased blood pressure. Coronary heart disease is mostly contributed by the narrowing of the heart blood vessels reducing the oxygen supply to the heart muscles and increased pressure. This mostly leads to heart attack or heart failure. Osteoarthritis involves cartilage and bone erosion which results due to excess pressure exerted on the respective areas by the extra fat weight. The mostly affected area is the knee joint and this condition mostly affects women. Gall bladder diseases especially gallstones mostly occur in obese persons. There is over production of cholesterol by the liver which becomes supersaturated when it mixes with bile. This forms the gallstones which are deposited in the gall bladder leading to improper functioning of the gall bladder especially on the digestion process. Dyslipidemia is a condition indicated by high levels of cholesterol and triglycerides in the blood. The excess fat is processed by the liver resulting to cholesterol and triglycerides as the end products after which
Key Points of Interest Trends and Issues in Instructional Design and Technology is the main textbook of this week. It contains a number of interesting points and evaluations. The authors introduce many perspectives on how to apply and develop instructional design and technology. Some key points and associated questions will be discussed in this paper to analyze my level of interest and readiness to continue researching the education field. One of the key issues of this week’s reading that surprises me and helps understand the essence of instructional design is the history of instructional design. Reiser (2018) states that the roots of instructional purposes can be traced during the first decade of the 20 th century, explaining the role of museums, the development of magic lanterns, and the application of sound recordings and sound motion pictures. The historical aspect interests me because it helps get general ideas about the essence of instructional design technology. I would like to research further on this topic from the point of view of theoretical frameworks developed by people from different epochs. Another critical issue is the role of instructional design in e-learning. Dempsey and van Eck (2018) underline that despite the well-defined characteristics of an e-learning environment, traditional instructional design models remain cumbersome. Such a variety of features impresses and surprises me, proving the uniqueness of the chosen topic. E-learning cannot exist without instructions because people are not always ready to make independent decisions. At the same time, many students want to be free in their learning activities and education decisions. Therefore, it is obligatory to find a balance between what is required for students and educators in terms of e-learning, and what is desirable from the same perspective. This type of education promotes an opportunity to interact synchronously and asynchronously depending on the needs of students (Dempsey & van Eck, 2018). Learners’ interaction may be developed personally or within the frames of a learning management system. I have to continue researching this field and discovering the role of educators in e-learning. Finally, I cannot neglect the connection between social media and instructional design. Education is the field where social media determines certain rules and means through which the content should be delivered. I am surprised that many instructional designers are still challenged by the necessity to use social media in a formal learning context (Dennen, 2018). A variety of social media tools and their educational uses impress me. I improve my knowledge on how Facebook or Twitter can be used from a purely educational purpose to share resources, discuss topics, and enable communication. To help people learn and teach, I have to im
Boy Code Even though modern people live in a democratic society with several options to support their rights, there is still some prejudice that is hard to control. One such case can be observed in classrooms when parents and teachers expect masculine disciplines to help boys to develop and grow. Observing the relationships between parents and children, many mothers and fathers use phrases like “Boys should never cry”, “You behave like a girl”, or “You are not a girl”. Many boys suffer from the division of disciplines into masculine and feminine because they do not have a choice of what a person they want to become. There is a strong imposition to follow a symbolic boy code described by William Pollack (as cited in Kastner) according to which boys have to be “stoic and independent, macho and athletic, powerful and dominant, and phobic of anything close to the feminine”. Gender inequalities are fast developed with unpredictable outcomes. Mental Health There is an impressive pressure to be a strong person, and compared to girls who are taught to be pretty, nice, and never aggressive, boys have to develop specific masculine traits. The idea of “toxic masculinity” is characterized by violence, status, and aggression that have a negative outcome on boys’ attitudes towards the world and themselves (Crosson Gilpin and Proulx). Boys do not have a chance to identify their feelings. In many cases, they have to hide their true intentions and contribute to the development of “depression, conduct disorders, isolation, problematic relationships, and even violence” (Kastner). As a rule, young men cannot address for professional help at this age because any deprivation of the plan to be a man is considered to be a personal mistake that changes public opinion and the whole life. They continue fostering depression and new mental health problems that may result in deviant and emotionless behavior, the lack of control, and high expectations. Personal Traumas The presence of masculine disciplines in boys’ life promotes the creation of new standards and the necessity to develop relationships in a specific way. There is a model of dominance and control according to which masculinity is appreciated and respected, and if boys and young men are not able to stay invulnerable, they are ashamed (Kastner). Within a short period under the pressure of social media and regulations, the feeling of shame turns into the feeling the hate and resentfulness. Instead of protecting and controlling human relationships, toxic masculinity becomes a serious threat to society as it is not just a men’s issue. Masculine disciplines have consequences for girls and women as well with a possibility to “perpetuate a culture of toxic masculinity or disrupt it” (Crosson Gilpin and Proulx). Rules and training should not be emotionless and strict, and students have to focus on their feelings and true attitudes in order not to become the next source of danger. Solutions Masculine disciplines cannot be removed from the modern system of education. At the same time, this type of training should not provoke misunderstandings, deprivation of feelings, and a la
Consumer behavior varies according to countries and markets. This paper will analyse the consumer behavior of two countries, and where they differ. The two countries to be analysed are South Korea and Australia. Culture influences the behavior of a given market. There is a need to analyse a market before doing business in that market. Australia and South Korea are two countries that differ in culture. South Korea consumers are known to be homogeneous in character, and in the way they purchase products. This is evident, especially when it comes to food consumption. The specific products that will be analysed in this paper is that of cosmestic products that are used by women. Women have been using cosmetics since time immemorial to enhance their attractiveness. Attractive women are thought to be intelligent, socially acceptable, confident about themselves, and seem to have professional success. Women spend on cosmetics for mainly emotional reasons. They hope to avoid guilt of not paying attention to their looks. Women prefer cosmetic brands based on packaging, effectiveness on use and sensorial experiences like smell, smoothness or coolness (Majumdar, 2010). South Korea is estimated to be the biggest per capita market for cosmetics and cosmetic procedures. The figures stand at an astounding 20% between the ages of 19 and 49 in Seoul, who have gone through cosmetic surgery (plastic), laser hair removal and Botox (Botolinum Toxin Type A). This chemical is is injected into muscles and used to improve the look of moderate to severe frown lines between the eyebrows (Tyagi, & Kumar, 2009). Koreans are obsessed with these procedures. It is found out that 16% of South Koreans go for surgery as compared to about 6.2% in Australia, meaning Koreans represent one among the highest numbers in the world. Reasons behind South Korea’s rise in cosmetic surgery specifically is the adoption of pop culture with the desire to look like popular celebrities like Michael Jackson. Australia, on the other hand, represents a different consumer market altogether. Women in Australia spend more because of brand loyalty, coupled with the fact that they perceive these products to be of high quality. Australia has been experiencing for the last few years a bit of decelerating economic growth like any western country which has greatly impacted of consumer spending. The working middle class population has been spending less because their disposable income has been coming down. In some industries, there has been lay offs due to low demand for their goods, whereas in some, workers have had to content with salary reduction to reduce the wage bill on company finances being squeezed every other day. Cosmetic consumers have had to reduce, therefore, to the bear minimum requirements or completely abandon expenditure, thus, become luxury in this market. Food and other basic necessities like servicing mortgage, medicine, and clothing have taken precedence (Samli, 2006). On the contrary, consumers of cosmetics in South
There is an increased interest in the rate of pregnancy among youths in Australia. In most cases, the high rate of teenage pregnancy is a result of poor parenting and lack of sex education in the country (Dyson & Mitchell 2005, p. 135). There has been significant success in interventions to curb teenage pregnancy, and some of the methods that have been used include family sex education, self expression in areas such as art and sports activities for the youth among others. One of the rare, but most important methods is the use of media, and mostly humorous references to masculinity and issues related to sex matters (McCann, Plummer & Minichiello 2010, p. 510). World Health Organization (WHO) defines sexuality as, “a central part of being human throughout life and encompasses sex, gender identities and roles, sexual orientation, eroticism, pleasure, intimacy and reproduction” (Kaplan 1996, p. 9). Additionally, misconceptions on sexuality in Australia are a major problem resulting into early pregnancies. It is for this reason that there is a call for what can be termed as comprehensive education on sex matters, and this will not only remove the prevalence of early pregnancies, but also root out HIV/AIDs in the country. When it comes to other problems such as Lesbianism and gay issues, schools are leading in this problem followed by streets, homes, social places and sports areas respectively. Young women are faced several burdens such as risks that come with complications during pregnancy and birth times. Pregnancy in young women is not only an Australian problem but cuts all across the world. Therefore, the goals of prevention are to help these young women overcome the difficulties that accompany early pregnancies (Farber 2009, p. 100). Other problems include emotional, social and physical, and therefore, there is need to educate these young persons on dangers inherent in early pregnancies.
Introduction Creativity has always been associated with products. For a long time, firms have been working tirelessly hard to ensure that they come up with creative products that are able to compete favorably in the market. Most of the large companies in the current world have gained their position because of creativity. They come up with products that are beyond the imagination of the customers. Because of this, customers get thrilled about consuming the products. The creativity of the products remains the best way to beat the market competition. Firms in the current market are still obliged to produce products that are able to thrill customers. However, creativity is needed on the side of consumers too. It is essential to induce creativity on the side of customers in terms of the use of the products. It is crucial to introduce new needs for an existing product. This can enhance the productivity of various industries in the service sector. Creativity in the service industry The hospitality industry is one of the oldest and most developed industries in the service sector. It has experienced massive growth because of the increasingly globalized world. Globalization has turned the world into a small village where an individual can move from one location to another with a lot of ease. The hospitality industry has benefited the most. This is because when an individual travels from one location to another, they would have to spend in the hotels. Coming up with strategies that would encourage customer creativity would help this industry grow to extremely significant levels. Society has always assumed that hotels are only useful during the holidays. This has seen this industry suffer during off-peak seasons. During such times, the industry is always forced to cut down its operations. Some hotels would reduce the number of employees and the production scale in the hotels would be remarkably low. This industry should encourage creativity on the side of its customers. The customers should not perceive the hotels as places that should be visited during the holidays. The hotels should encourage customers to develop the habit of working whil