ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction The United States has experienced several terrorist attacks and this has forced it to develop various strategies to ensure it controls this situation. In addition, its embassies across the world have also experienced similar attacks and this has put the lives of many Americans at risk (Morrison 2012). The Army Health System was established to ensure it provides services to all those who are injured and who are direct or indirect beneficiaries of its plans. The following are some of the roles this department plays in Homeland Security. Definition Homeland Security refers to all interventions to ensure there is security within the boundaries of a nation. A country will be exposed to internal and external security challenges if it does not have an active and strong defence system (Nemeth 2009). National Security is also a similar term that refers to all measures of ensuring law and order prevails within and outside the boundaries of a country. The Army Health System includes all workers in hospitals and clinics located in the United States and other nations. The following are the main functions of the Army Health System in Homeland Defence. This department was established to ensure military officers get quality medical services while on duty. The military is involved in protecting the territories of the United States against external attacks. The attacks do not only target the civilians but also the officers in charge of providing security to their nation. This means that these officers are exposed to risks just like civilians and their property. Therefore, they must be healthy before leaving their camps for military missions within or outside the borders of the United States (Morrison 2012). The department has hospitals that provide all medical services to military officers and ensures they are healthy. In addition, it has dental clinics located in various areas to ensure the beneficiaries can access quality health care immediately they need it. The process of providing security to a nation starts with personal wellness and this means that if an army officer is sick he will not provide reliable security services (Hill 2011). The person will be an easy prey for terrorists since he will not be alert or active to respond to security threats immediately they occur. In addition, a sick military officer can be a serious burden to the success of an operation and thus the Army Health System must ensure all military officers are healthy. This department is open all the time to ensure military officers get health services immediately they require them to ensure they are prepared to manage attacks from terrorists. In addition, the United States has been invading the territories of terrorists to flush them out and this means that they must be healthy before going to this hostile environment. The second role of this department in promoting Homeland Defence is to provide health care services during wartime (Philpot 2012). Wars are rough and risky undertakings that usually involve injuries and deaths and this me
Introduction Democracy refers to a system of government in which citizens participate in decision-making and decide how they want to be governed (Cheibu & Dahl 2003). It gives citizens an opportunity to contribute in maters that determine the course of their lives. Democracy allows citizens to participate in the process of making laws either directly or indirectly through elected representatives (Burns et al 2001). Political self-determination is one of the most vital aspects of democracy. This is because democracy encompasses economic, social, and cultural aspects of people’s lives. Other forms of government include monarchy, aristocracy, or oligarchy. In a monarchy, power is held by one individual while in an oligarchy, power is in the hands of a few people who make all decisions (Burns et al 2001). Democracy should be adopted in all nations because it promotes equality, freedom, and peace. Freedom Aristotle described democracy as a form of freedom that allows citizens to live, as they resolve because the will of the majority prevails (Cheibu & Dahl 2003). In a democracy, there is a government and a constitution that guides citizens in order to promote peace and tranquility. However, they should not pose as obstacles to liberty and freedom. Even though democracy exists, its execution in some nations applies partially (Burns et al 2001). As such, there is widespread violation of human rights and denial of freedom. Freedom is one of the main objectives of adopting democracy in a nation (Cheibu & Dahl 2003). A nation should adopt democracy because it promotes freedom, as well as giving citizens power and authority to make laws that govern them (Christiano, 2004). During the process of making laws, the needs and preferences of citizens are considered and incorporated in to the laws. This is in contrast to other forms of government in which a few individuals make laws on behalf of citizens. Equality All nations should adopt democracy because it builds on the principle of equality (Christiano, 2004). All citizens are equal and are supposed to enjoy similar social, economic, and political rights. This implies that the government should not discriminate against any citizen or group of citizens because of their religion, ethnicity, or gender (Geer & Schiller 2011). Democracy promotes equality because every citizen is equal before the law. One of the main components of a democracy is a constitution. A constitution ensures that every citizen enjoys similar rights as everyone else, as well as equal treatment despite their race, religion, gender, or socio-economic class (Lijphart 2012). Historians have argued whether true attainment of democracy is possible. In many countries, several aspects that include level of education, gender, ethnical affiliation, and economic status hinder democracy. Greed for money by the elite, who oppress the poor despite existence of
Introduction Starbucks Coffee is a global market leader in the provision of specialty coffee with over 13,000 outlets in more than 37 countries worldwide (Starbucks.com). It is a highly successful and profitable company with a turnover of over USD 10 billion and over 110,000 employees (Starbucks.com). It is renowned for its high level of service and standards across the world. Starbuck Company has well-designed outlets which are usually conveniently located near commercial areas, airports, and high-end retail centers such as tourist malls where people would usually tend to relax. The company’s main product is coffee which is served in all sorts of varieties and styles. The Company’s favorites are tea and frappuccino which is a mix of ice, frappe, and cappuccino; it also sells assorted snacks and pastries, muffins, and cookies (Starbucks.com). Currently, Starbucks has introduced ice cream as a new product to be sold alongside
Introduction Juergensmeyer’s book is the most excellent in the discipline at offering a wide-ranging outlook on the part religion plays in various terrorists movements around the globe. Juergensmeyer recalls his personal experience in Punjab in India where Sikh terrorists waged an undeclared war with the Indian government and his experiences while working with antiwar and civil rights movements in America. Juergensmeyer book is trying to exert the religious outlooks and social commitment of some community which forces them to peruse actions that end in destruction and death. Terrorism The author demonstrates what terrorism means. The real meaning of terrorism is to terrify. It originates from the Latin word ‘. terrere’. For instance, an attack on civil order during the period of French Revolution can be called as terrorism. In other words, terrorism refers to the people who are terrified and not connotes to the perpetrators. Usually, it is the news media and public agents who emboss the tag on operations of violence that declares it as terrorism. Thus, terrorism can be explained as public acts of annihilation, unleashed without a concise military aim that provokes sense of fear. (Juergensmeyer, p. 5) This fear frequently becomes anger as perpetrators later commit these acts of public brutality repeatedly and they justify their action by religion. Thus, religion, in the case of terrorist, not only offered political theory but also stimulus and organizational structure for terrorism. In normal sense, a religion should offer peace and tranquility and not a culture of fear. In some cases, terrorist activities are unleashed by government officials declaring it as state terrorism so as to overpower the laypeople thereby creating a culture of fear in their mind. Thus, plans of Stalin, the Russian government-encouraged death squads in El Salvador, the racial extermination of the Khmer Rouge in Cambodia, ethnic purifying in Kosovo and Bosnia, the government supported stimulated violence of Hutus and Tutsis in Central Africa and these were unleashed in the religious disguise had created a culture of fear and is called as state sponsored terrorism. (Juergensmeyer, p. 5). It is fact that Judaism, like majority customs, rationalizes violence to some degree, especially in the instances of righteous warfare. Kahane, a Jewish liberation leader, who self proclaimed the state of Judea, called on Jewish people to stand up and retrieve the West Bank as a performance of’ fair war.’ He recalled the Jews that their assertion to the West Bank originated from 2000 years –old dream when Jews driven ‘out of the disgrace of exile and fear.’ (Juergensmeyer, p. 57). In the terrori
The exclusion of utopian component of the first epoch socialism leading to capitalistic epoch is responsible for the current state of affairs in climate change hence creating the need for second epoch socialism Introduction Climate change is one of the greatest environmental, social, and economic threats facing the globe. The complexity and depth of the international collective response to the problem make it a great challenge to international cooperation. The complexity arises because of the absence of equal impacts, costs, and benefits of action against climate change across borders. More complexity is out of lack of supranational authority in the area of climate change, to provide coercive sanctions (Sandler, T. (2004). Perception of benefits by nations, therefore, is vital to cooperation and expression of a willingness to participate in international treaties or other arrangements and sharing of a common vision of responsible behavior. Mutual self-interest, recognition of the shared threat, and leadership by dominant groups are the likely driving forces of collective action. Individual Models and Effects Capitalistic models of individual nations are the sole contributors to the menace due to their profit motives treatment of the environment as something to be exploited for socio-economic benefits. On the contrary, the socialistic model would allow for the protection of the environment in ways capitalism is i
Introduction The debate and analysis of cultural association with fashion has been in existence for quite some time. Social scientists, dominated by sociologists as well as anthropologists, have literally associated the fashion issue with the existing nature of relationship between the groups, citing the inherent similarities and differences. Significantly, the concept of culture and fashion has been revolving around the notion that exists in the society that some cultures are more superior to others, or have superior value than others (DeNora, 1991, p.310). This subsequently leads us to the concept of stratification, which has been historically applied in the art and fashion industry to reproduce and sell the same in a different format. In other words, usually low fashion copies the trends of high fashion to produce in mass every season with the sole motive, making a kill in profits. Art and Fashion in the Past A renowned sociologist Herbert Gans subdivides cultures into tastes, which is determined by high culture (Gans, 1986, p.17). According to him, taste is a product of ‘high’ culture, and the participants of ‘low’ culture will do everything to ensure they look like ‘high’ culture participants (Gans, 1986). He divides taste cultures into five broad different categories, by mostly associating the differences in terms of the disciplines (literature, art, consumer pattern etc) and leisure like hobbies. But, despite the fact that this categorization lies in the differences, they belong to the same category. However, several studies have shown that the way people place value on different cultures is not the same, thus leading to a stratified subdivision of high and low culture. DeNora (1991, p.37) observes that the low and high cultural valuation has an historical perspective, where several nations have had their share of different kinds of maintenance through all kinds of practices at an institutional level. However, a critical look at the two categories of this stratification shows that they are arbitrarily the same since they both entail several types of material possession in the form of goods or art, recycled to portray an imagined difference. Actually the only distinction is in the specific types of the perceived tastes found in the categories. High culture explicitly draws interest among a group of people because of its association with classical music and fine art for example, contrary to
Executive Summary Decision Support System tools are critical for making robust and reliable decisions. Predictive models could enhance decisions and improve future outcomes. Therefore, this proposal presents a predictive time-series model as a Decision Support System for cyclone forecasting in Northern Queensland and other areas in Australia, which are prone to cyclones. The model would rely on readily available historical cyclone records and current data to forecast future outcomes on a long-term basis. It would also account for future weather patterns. Insights derived from the data would help farmers to make informed decisions regarding their farm operations. In the past, farmers have incurred massive losses because they relied on traditional, historical patterns, and normal methods of cyclone and weather forecasts. However, these patterns would not be necessarily similar in the future. Therefore, a predictive model can provide insights that farmers require for better decision-making. Adoption of such a model would enhance efficiency, help farmers to avoid expensive investments that cyclones would damage, save costs, and improve the public good. Introduction A Decision Support System (DSS) is an application platform for decision-making (Decision Support System, 2009). It relies on data modelling, communication technologies, knowledge, and documents to recognise and solve issues, run decision processes, and make decisions (Power, 2014). DSS computer applications enhance decision-making capabilities of an individual or a group. DSSs may also reflect academic areas of research for designing and studying analytical information processes. Therefore, the proposal focuses on how such a system can enhance decision-making capabilities for farmers if the Bureau of Meteorology, Australia adopts it. The DSS shall be a data-driven system for analytical and data modelling purposes. In the past, Cyclone Larry had hit hard Northern Queensland with devastating results to farmers and residents. Northern Queensland has a wide “sugar belt and other tropical horticultural crops like bananas” (United States Department of Agriculture, 2006). The region has over 8,500 farmers. Cyclones result into massive damages, including destruction of crops and farm equipment (United States Department of Agriculture, 2006). Northern Queensland accounts for Australia’s banana industry and over 25% of the country’s sugar cane. Some reports indicated that Cyclone Larry had destroyed over 200,000 tonnes of bananas, worth $ASD 300 million or $USD 215 million (United States Department of Agriculture, 2006). Consequently, farmers live in constant fears of cyclones. Although cyclone is a complex natural process with forces that exceed human control, science and technologies can help in predicting its patterns and allow farmers to make informed decision about planting and investing in farm machinery. Current Practices The Bureau of Meteorology provides current patterns of cyclones in Australia. However, t
Introduction Ten years since the Columbine massacre and the main questions of the reasons behind the horrible incident are still questioned and various factors and influences are still examined. The main argument in finding all the factors is the tendency to find the one to blame. Among the different examined factors there are gun control, school responsibility, the role of parents, etc. One of the frequently mentioned aspects is the influence of violence in video games. To examine the perception of violence in video games and their effects a survey was conducted addressing the current view on video games in general and the visualized violence in particular. Background The video games industry has risen recently to an extent where it can compete with the movies business in terms of annual earnings. In that matter, video games are an important influential aspect based on which a large layer of the population can be categorized and examined. In establishing the relationship between violence and video games, many researchers states that there is “a causal link between playing violent video games and aggressive thoughts, interpretations, and/or behaviors” (Smith, Lachlan, & Tamborini, 2003) Another important background information that should be mentioned is the main target area that plays video games, where “In fact, the average age of game players was 29 and the average age of buyers was 36, with men making up 59% of the paying audience.” (Reuters, 2004) Purpose The purpose of this survey is to establish a general view of the perception of the video game products that contain violence. Additionally, the survey attempts to observe if there is a difference in this perception among different categories of the population. Design In creating the survey, many issues should be managed and considered. First of all, to examine different categories of the participants, part of the survey was conducted for categorical grouping variables such as age, gender, and education. An additional important factor is the division of the answers between people who play video games and the people who do not. In such a way the survey should not be specific in addressing a particular target population, avoiding specific terms, brands, etc. The second important issue is the definition of violence and distinguishing between a general view and the relation to oneself. In that sense, several control questions were given on violence to see if there would be different answers when it is related to others, rather than personal opinion. Another important factor is including the concept of violence in movies, to observe the difference between the perceptions of violence in different mediums. This is partly bec
Introduction Religion is one of the world’s phenomena that have undergone significant evolutions which have resulted into intriguing transformation of beliefs and traditions. Cutting across the plane, these religions have rich histories and carry elements which make them unique. They have also played a major role in shaping the norms, behavior and culture of millions of people globally. In this regard, it is important to understand existing differences and similarities among religions of the world (Molloy 3). This is so crucial in appreciating the beliefs and traditions of others as they relate to who they are. In this regard, this essays explores how Mahayana differs from early Buddhism in terms of practices, believes and overall doctrine. To achieve this objective, relevant information has been gathered from both the college library and online sources like journals, books and websites. Mahayana analysis According to theological and historic findings, Mahayana began in India between 100 B.C.E and 100 C.E. This was as a result of a debate which was going on explaining the appropriate Buddhist teachings and rituals, monastic discipline and discussions about the continued existence of Buddha even after his death. Additionally, it is has been argued that the nature of enlightenment which engulfed people further contributed to this emergence (Molloy 149). Importantly, Mahayana was formerly impacted by several Buddhist schools of thought that were common in India during that time. As these practices spread within and outside India, aspects of the indigenous religious practices were also absorbed and assimilated. Some of these indigenous religious traditions included but not limited to Bon, Taoism and Confucianism. Hinduism also played a major role in influencing Mahayana. Even though there has been no consensus on the founder of Mahayana, credit has been given to Nagarjuna, a philosopher along with other prominent people like Asanga and Vasubandhu. The controversy behind this is that each of the figures mentioned in the foundation of the tradition went ahead to establish their own sub-schools within Mahayana (Molloy 150). It therefore follows that there is no particular person who can be identified as the core founder of Mahayana. Earliest Mahayana texts were mainly composed of several texts referred to as “Prajnaparamita” or translated as “Perfection of Wisdom”. Although this aspect of the school may not be remembered by many, it forms the basic foundation of countless Mahayana schools which exist today. Other early texts which were considered important were “Sadharmapundarika”