ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Back in the world is an expression of a return to an environment which one considers as home and is comfortable with; the person should have been away from home for some time for the phrase to be applicable. It has been used by Wolf in a very figurative way to illustrate the kind of a confusion that a person faces after spending too much time from the surrounding and society familiar to him or her; such confusion becomes evident after the person comes back to the society and finds out that the place is quite different from they way it he/she left it. The phrase back in the world therefore as used in the book to illustrates the coming back into the society form a different society. Specifically the phrase was coined in the story Soldier’s Joy . It is worth noting that this concept of back to the world can be applied to different aspects in the society which may not necessarily involve physical localities. The paper will look into the story of an individual and relates it the author’s concept of back to the world. Story: Adam Smith Adam Smith was an established economist and at the same time, a philosopher in his time. He was born it Edinburgh, Scotland in the first quarter of the eighteenth century. Adam was born to able parents with his mother having been from a wealthy family and his father was a state officer. His father died before he was born. He then joined Glasgow University in the year 1737 where he studied moral philosophy. His level of excellence in the institution earned him a scholarship to Oxford University after his graduation in the year 1740. His time at Oxford was, however, neither pleasant nor successful as he was forced to terminate his scholarship and studies. His move to stop his studies was based on a number of factors that included misunderstanding between him and the institution as well as his developed beliefs that were not accepted by the institution. The influence that he got from Hume, another philosopher was a factor to the misunderstanding between Adams and the institution since the beliefs by Hume had been denounced by the university. Adams was at the same time not satisfied by the education that he received from the university. These circumstances led to Adam’s move to his hometown where he settled down in the year 1746. In Edinburgh, Adam started to offer lecturers, most of which were public lectures. These lecturers played a significant role in exposing him to the lame light. He was noted by the town’s intellectuals who aided his rise in the intellectual sense. Five years later after leaving the oxford university, Adam was recognized by his former school, Glasgow University that had employed him and even gave him an award of a professor. Adam was therefore a recognized professor in logic at the age of twenty eight and was to be crowned again, just a year later, by an award in moral philosophy by the same institution (Age 1). Adam Smith was a less social person. He more of concealed himself and was mostly absent minded. His psychologically closed doors in social concepts saw him stay with his mother instead of moving out to h
The September 11, 2001 attacks gave way to numerous publications criticizing the policy of the American empire. The work Hegemony or Survival: America’s Quest for Global Dominance by Noam Chomsky is one among others that throw light on the United States’ foreign policy problems. The author of the book claims that the United States’ present domination of the world will lead to the overall destruction of the human race. To prove his point Noam Chomsky analyzes the intentions of the US foreign policy starting from George Washington and going up to George W. Bush. Chomsky is concerned with such issues of the American foreign policy history as the involvement of the United States in Central Asia, the conflict between Russia and the US, the alignment of Israel with the US and the like. The author studies the history of the US decision-making, evaluates the leadership abilities of the US politicians and tries to implement this knowledge in order to understand the US foreign policy. Though a large amount of information about the actions of the American Government throughout its history is worked through and the reader’s knowledge on the twentieth-century administrations is enhanced, the author fails to deconstruct the American hegemony and seems just to whine about it in his work. Being typical in its content the book under consideration does not provide the reader with the necessary evidences of the author’s argument. The tone of the book is rather sarcastic which does not contribute to its sound objective. The reader can easily understand that the materials the author resorts to are not that reliable as one might want them to be. Mostly, Chomsky makes use of the newspaper sources and does not go so far as to conduct an analysis of them. The thing is that the materials the author uses present a one-sided view on the problem without giving a proper consideration of the opposing opinion. A mere scholarly critique of foreign policy of the American administration which is not based on the archival research does not seem to be sufficient to prove the author’s point. The author’s reliance on his previous works is not always successful; moreover, not all of the sources used are referenced by Chomsky. One more problem of the Hegemony or Survival is that the author does not sound logical in his arguments: one idea suddenly flows into another without any link that helps the reader understand the message. The only lubricant that Chomsky uses is sarcastic notes about this or that event or action and it is not enough to give a comprehensive analysis of the problem discussed. But the main drawback of the book is rooted in the very position of the author concerning the US politicians who make the world’s history. Chomsky underestimates the policymakers’ intelligence and diligence, his criticism and biased attitude towards the American politicians makes the reader hesitate about the credibility of the author. We are inclined to believe that Chomsky sounds too vague and apocalyptical in his research. Realizing that every person has the right to express his or her position we want this position be more adequate than the
Introduction The importance of effective Human Resource (HR) management in local government service cannot be overrated. HR management is argued to be “the most critical activity in local government (Stenberg et al., 2007)”. Despite its critical function, it can be stated that HR management in government services has its own set of problems and dilemmas. North East Wessex District Council is a local agency that provides government services to a small population in southern England, and which had several HR management issues. As a response to the request of analyzing the situation in North East Wessex District Council, the present report will attempt to provide an overview of the main HR issues that were identified through analysis of the case. Accordingly, the present report summarizes the identified issues and provides recommendations on resolving them. Recruitment One of the main problems in the organization can be seen through its organizational culture. In that regard, the root of the problem can be seen through the recruitment practices employed by North East Wessex District Council. One of the sources of the problem is the resistance of civil service culture, which is a common problem in the public service in the UK (Gilson et al., 2010). Bringing innovations into the organization’s culture can be seen through diversifying the sources of new ideas in the organization. The latter should be specifically concerned with the entry to the senior positions. The attraction of younger talents should be paid attention to, considering the absence of motivation to work in the government. Government jobs in general face recruitment challenges, mostly due to recruiting systems being passive, time-consuming, and having too much bureaucracy (Pan Suk Kim, 2008). Limited focus on web applications can be seen as one of the problems in the Council, where the use of the Internet and other technologies should be integrated more closely into the HR function across the board (Condrey, 2010). Considering that more than 50 percent of new hires are being sourced from the internet, the implementation of new technologies should utilize the behavioral patterns of the younger generation (Pan Suk Kim, 2008). Performance Measurement, Motivation, and Rewards Another HR problem that can be identified is the absence of a suitable system for performance measurement. It can be stated that measuring performance can be linked to the system of rewards and appraisal, which in turn can be linked to the motivation of employees. The lack of motivation can be seen as one of the characteristics of the staff in North East Wessex District Council. Accordingly, the lack of a performance measurement system is one of the main problems, which prevents providing a suitable system of appraisal, and accordingly, influences motivation. A suitable audit system, for which a wide range of indicators might be developed, can serve as the basis for a system of measuri
Charlotte Smith wrote her poem “Beachy Head” in 1806. In her piece of art, the author manages to merge the near and the far into an entity and present an introspective perspective on the dynamism of time and life itself. Although Smith doesn’t lose her connection to social and political contexts, the first and foremost describes the discovery of the human self through nature, which means, the natural world appears both a key character and the catalyst of the free flow of consciousness. In the very beginning of the poem, the author reflects upon the rules, established by nature itself, but violated by contemporary people: “These are the toys of Nature; and her sport/Of little estimate in Reason’s eye: /And they who reason, with abhorrence see/ Man, for such gaudes and baubles, violate/The sacred freedom of his fellow man” (Smith, 1998, p. 5). In this short passage, the author tries to convey that natural laws should be prioritized over the currently domineering laws of human society, in which human life and freedom can be easily devalued and abused. This theme is particularly important nowadays when human society has finally consented to the so-called ‘relative freedom’ (in contrast to the liberty from the absolutist position, glorified in the poem), whereas the freedom of the natural world is ignored, which means, individuals often proclaim themselves as the possessors of the environment and often hold others’ fates in their hands. Thus, our society is dependent, because individuals are too often driven by Reason, as Smith suggests. Another important point of the literary work is the description of a ‘natural man’, who should be contrasted to a ‘social individual’; “Is the rough dweller among scenes like these,/”Scenes are unlike the poet’s fabling dreams/Describing Arcady/ – but he is free;/The dread that follows on illegal acts/He never feels”. The natural man, as the author suggests, knows no fear of misdemeanor, as he doesn’t live in the dimension of social rules, which determine the frames of appropriate behavior and deviance. The person learns about their misdeed only after they gain the knowledge about ‘decent behavior’. In addition, the natural man simply cannot behave illegally, as he always acts in accordance with natural rules, the basic principles, comprehended and learned by humanity, whereas social norms are merely a fragile superstructure, which might once fall under its own weight. Glorifying the ‘descendant of nature’, Smith implies that civilization imposes a number of needless responsibilities upon human-being, which finally lead to the justification of slavery and social inequality, as in ‘natural societies’ individuals are absolutely equal and free. England’s colonial violence is among the most important themes in the poem: “The pirate Dane, who from his circular camp/Bore in destructive robbery, fire and sword/Down thro’ the vale”. This aggression, directed towards other nations, will end soon, as Smith believes. The poet predicts the fall of Britain as an empire, as the land, seized through using armed intervention, cannot be maint
Movie Summary The movie Cannibal Tours gives a visual ethnography of tourism in Melanesia. The tourist who plays a key role in the movie have travelled from different parts of the world to the Sepik Valley to experience the unique “ Primitive People ” whom they claim live in a state of nature and practices cannibalism (O’Rourke). The Movie presents tourists in an untested as neocolonial subjects. They offer stories about the simple people existing harmoniously with nature and who establishes viable social systems unmediated by modernism. The movie seeks out the locals and stresses them to share about cannibalism, they do this even taking them to places where people have been sacrificed and consumed. The tourist in the movie desires for and obsessively gathers the relics and other palpable symbols of variance. With their extensive cameras, they determinedly try to seizure the locals and their strange world. The scenes combined with the reflections of the natives on tourists and their interfaces with them emphasize the importance of consumption, ethno-centrality and socio-political opportunity to cross-cultural tourist locations (O’Rourke). Consequently, the Cannibal Tours also focuses on incorporation, consumption and appropriation. It implicitly argues that, the cannibals as asserted by the title are not the locals but the tourists. Transforming familiarities and personalities shaped out of the imageries and alteration of the Melanesians tourist develops cannibals, their dehumanizing practices mythical utilize the locals and their lives (O’Rourke). West Civilization According to Beatle, the tourists experience their myth as hysteria and signs, whereas, the New Guineans perceive it as an enduring experience of their culture (56). This can be illustrated in the book when an old man gives a story about the reactions of New Guineans to the arrival of the first ship carrying the Germans colonialists he says “ our dead descendants have come back!”, he also continues with a huge smile and says “.. when we watch the tourists…. We conclude the dead have resurrected”. The old man asserts that what they say. Although, in the real sense, they believe that they are not there dead ancestors (O’Rourke). Neocolonialism The Cannibal Tours focuses on two different cultures. The culture consists of a group of wealthy tourists who are able to meet affluent and elegant trip along River Sepik of New Guinea aboard a deluxe cruise ship, known as The Melanesian Explorer. This situation illustrates the power and social delineation present between the tourist, super culture and the natives or the primitive, who cannot afford the luxurious holidays because of economic condition. The movie critic the political nature of tourism, it brings out the ineffable and the conceptual aspects of tourism. Political aspects of tourism are characterized with when the tourist returns,
Introduction Epiphany is a state which gives an insight to understand the character in the best possible manner. The story is epiphany which shows the hero’s self realization, failure and disillusionment. The theme of the story Araby reveals the hero’s psychological state from the way of love to despair and bitter realities and shows boy’s findings about the difference between real and imagined life around him.. The intellectual and religious aspects of the past are evident from old books and bicycle pump. Under such strange circumstances boy experienced the dream and delusion of first love and later the ironic reality of nothing being able to achieve it. In these oriental myths Christian, romantic symbolism and writer has explained the epiphany in the story. The Araby appeared to him as an eastern enchantment. Dream versus Reality: Setting and Atmosphere in James Joyce’s “Araby The story explains the spiritual paralysis of Dublin in 1900. The story explains the in human attitude of the society and dark realities against innocent desires of the hero. The North Richmond Street is described as a blind, dead street having muddy lanes and composed houses. The irony was not because of generation gap but the gap in soul, empathy and lack of care of the loved ones. The uncle’s failure to reach home on time and his indifference towards boy’s anguish and impatience behavior, the boy’s stay in the house with useless things shows every ones narrow mindedness and inability to adapt He higher vales shows the atmosphere of stagnation and loneliness. The symbolic presence of dead priest and his belongings shows the deep isolation of present from past. The Central Symbol of the Church in Joyce’s “Araby” The impression of the Irish church on the people of Ireland is symbolized in the story. The boy attached his holiness with the church and his experiences made him believe the waste of his determination. All these symbols show the sensitivity of boy towards the lack of spiritual beauty. The priest figure also indicates moral decay and materialism. Imagined all the loveliness and idealistic dreams associated with the presence of church. The bazaar became a center of beauty which he can never find in his church. His aunt and uncle were unable to think beyond the strict rules of church and to understand his emotional needs. The jars can also be symbolized as the mysticism of the church. The Lonely Quest of James Joyce Araby The lonely quest of Araby is signified by the confused emotions of the boy. There is a contrast between his feelings and his sudden knowledge about love and the material world around it. His loneliness in significant from playing in the dark corners and gardens, he looked up to the priest figure, central apple tree. In this immense darkness he found the love of girl as a beam of
Religion is the practical expression of spirituality through rituals and the practice of one’s spiritual beliefs. It plays a crucial role in the lives of most people in the world by coloring their views and understanding of what goes on around them. Religion also helps to guide the actions of the believer. There are many religions in the world and these religions are characterized by differing beliefs and traditions. Even so, there are many similarities among the wide range of religions of the world. A common attribute in all religions is the existence of a being superior to humans. For the monotheistic religions, there is a singular superior being referred to as “God” while the polytheistic religions have many deities. This superior being is considered to have a perfect nature and he possesses great knowledge. The followers of the religion are encouraged to pray to this being for guidance and wisdom. People also seek forgiveness from this righteous and perfect entity. All religions have a moral code that serves to inform the behavior of the believers. The followers of the religion are instructed on how to act and they are encouraged to be good. Actions such as being kind to others and maintaining integrity are exhorted while actions such as hurting others and being deceitful are condemned. The major religions state that the Supreme Being has given free will to human beings so that they can choose whatever actions they want. All religions encourage human beings to use their free will to do good deeds. All religions have a con
Throughout centuries, women in Saudi Arabia have a limited access to political and social life in the country. In January 2013 CNN article called Small Step forward for Saudi women, but Will It Affect their Daily Lives? , the author Mohammed Jamjoom discusses the new political reforms that have touched on the new opportunities for women to enter the Shura Council. This is the unprecedented case when women received a wider access to membership rights to observe the rules that other male participants possess. According to the official news, the council that consists of 150 members will also include about 20 % women who will take part in consultations with High Council of Scholars (Mohammed 1). Thus, the women that were accepted for the Council Membership must follow the Sharia Law (Jamjoom 1). Although female scholars have received membership rights, they will still be segregated from the male community, having separate doors. Despite the restriction imposed on women, the decree can be regarded as a step forward for women in Saudi Arabia, contributing to significant changes in terms of women employment and rights. As compared to the current position of women in Saudi Arabia, whose rights are severely restricted by men, women during Hammurabi period were entitled with equal rights with men. According to the Hammurabi Code, although women had been endowed with equally rights, foreign mistresses could not be restricted or enslaved (Johns n. p.). Therefore, they have similar rights and could participate in all activities in which men were engaged in. According to the Babylonian law, both women and men can interact directly with each other. Besides, women from foreign countries were regarded as equal members of society so that gender issues were not prioritized while considering human rights and freedoms (Johns n. p.). Hence, the Code provided men and women with equal marital obligations so that husband was not allowed to take a concubine. Therefore, women were not limited in rights in terms of marriage, property rights, and heritage. In addition, adultery also had bad consequences for men and women. Unlike modern women in Saudi Arabia, the Code of Hammurabi does not mention any details about the right of Babylonian women to take part in political and scientific activities. Hence, the supremacy of the divine raw that was worshiped by man also suppressed women’s freedom. In addition, although the modern society does not practice slavery, the restrictions imposed on women in terms education, politics, and scientific activities, made them be closely related to Babylonian period (Johns n. p). Therefore, it could be concluded that the metropolis was male dominated in terms of authority whereas female role was confined to that of a wife a