ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Politics in America took shape between 1820 and 1850, when many groups were allowed to participate in elections as voters. However, some scholars are of the view that politics at the time were more restrictive, partisan, and controlled by the national parties. From 1790 onwards, many states in America expelled a law that allowed only men with property to engage in elections. This means that some white men without property could also be involved in the voting process. Before the adjustment of the voting laws, only owners of the means of production could qualify as voters. However, Africans were still discriminated, even though white men were allowed to vote. By 1840, only three states, including Rhodes Island, Virginia, and Louisiana, denied poor white men an opportunity to vote. In the same period, Africans could be involved in the voting process in only five states. Surprisingly, women were never allowed to take part in electing their preferred leaders in all states. The dominance of parties was revived since only two parties could compete in elections. This was the same as the struggles in the Jeffersonian times whereby federalists and republics competed for state power. In 1828, party conflicts were rampant since the president supported a group that backed his presidency. Since then, the US has always been guided by the principles of the two major parties, including Democrats and Republicans. A close analysis reveals that awarding white men the right to take part in elections was a guided democracy since it did not allow the society to participate freely in the selection of its leaders. This was an attempt to sideline one race, which was depended upon in economic development. Blacks were still sidelined in the making of major governmental policies since they did not have representatives at any level. During Jackson’s leadership, party politics was the order of the day since each political party fought fiercely to land a seat at any level. Parties spent too much time selling their ideas and principles to the electorate, with the Democrats claiming that they would provide an enabling environment for individual fulfillment. The losers in the system were slaves who were relegated to the periphery in terms of economic and social development. Constitutionally, they did not have any right regarding voting and conducting business. All owners of the means of production and whites were the great winners since they used the opportunity to impose leaders to innocent locals and blacks who were never represented at any level. After the revolution, some reforms were instituted, which gave the poor an opportunity to engage in socio-political and economic development. They could participate in voting, as well as presenting their candidature during elections.
The last several decades could be characterized by the dramatic changes in the structure of society and values appreciated by its members. Additionally, the blistering development of technologies introduced the new environment characterized by a number of innovative approaches, social and cultural constructs, and attitudes. At the moment, the majority of traditional spheres and concepts are reconsidered to introduce the new methods and conceptions that result from the appearance of new stressors. Additionally, cultural constructions are also impacted by the significant shift of priorities conditioned by the alteration of values and approaches. In these regards, the understanding of the major concerns of this process is crucial for the further evolution of a number of spheres, social institutions, and cultural constructs. Besides, a persons socialization and health have always been the most important aspects of the functioning of any society. Furthermore, a number of diseases serve as the reason for the exclusion of an individual and his/her institutionalization. The attitude towards mental illnesses has also always been an ambiguous issue which conditioned the image of a person, promoting his/her institutionalization. For this reason, it is vital to determine the most important concerns related to the cultural construction of mental illnesses. First, the attitude towards the given problem has obviously been changing in the course of time. That is why we tend to analyze the relevant literature to outline the most important factors that impact the formation of the construct. Yet, the majority of the sources chosen for the investigation describe the situation related to the issue and peculiar to the end of past century. The review of the given sources contributes to the acquisition of knowledge needed to trace the evolution of the cultural construction of mental illnesses and determine the most significant changes. Nevertheless, Kay Redfield Jamison in her 1995 memoir An Unquiet Mind: A Memoir of Moods and Madness provides readers with the description of the life of a person suffering from the manic-depressive disorder and the challenges she has to face (Jamison 6). The author delves into the peculiarities of illness and the change of the peoples attitude to a person suffering from this disease. The main idea of the given work is the unfeasibility of the existing approach to people suffering from mental illnesses. The author tends to prove that despite the fact that individuals affected by this disorder might act in a strange way, it is mistaken to exclude them from society and label as dangerous. Jamison emphasizes the importance of social prominence and tries to refute the idea that people of this sort are not able to remai
The past three two decades (the 1980s to present) have seen significant shifts in African American’s media representation. The negative and stereotypical images are still present but increasingly being overshadowed by positive ones. Though the representation shift started in the 1960s, this essay will concentrate on the period beginning in the 1980s, which is when the culture gained a significant presence on different media. The trend in African American representation in media commercials will hereby get investigated. Critics have historically focused on popular culture and the general media but less on product commercials that are media establishments’ lifelines. This approach provides an overview of how individual companies prefer to depict African Americans. Various mediums have been used to generate positive African American images. Most of these mediums (music, film, books, and many more) observe the persisting negative representation and consequently embark on overshadowing them with positive images. This approach has indeed been successful in achieving success. Product commercials use these media to reach on to African American consumer base. There is however one major difference between commercials and the general media approach: product commercials take the actual African American lifestyle and experiences and broadcast the same in different media. The advertising companies understand that depicting positive African American images lead to rising demand of products being fronted to them, whereas negative image depiction could lead to declining product demand and rising marketing costs. Television has especially been used in the depiction of African Americans images. The medium has been most effective in various other processes of improving African American images. For instance, it has Television that has succeeded in transforming the image of African American women from Aunt Jemima in mid 20 th century to Oprah in the 21 st century (Riggs 1992). In recent decades, Television has become a powerful tool of illustrating African American consumerism that companies have been ready to exploit. The middle class has especially been the target for marketers, who see the improved living standards as ripe markets that need to be supplied with a variety of commodities. Positive representation has therefore been used to attract this class’ atte
The period of Renaissance is, by all means, one of the most outstanding art epochs of all times marked by a variety of masterpieces that live beyond time and any possible external influence. However, when people are talking about the following are, they often try to unify the peculiarities of the numerous art schools that were emerging and functioning at the time. Each of these schools, including the school of Venice, is characterized by its authentic tendencies in using specific colors, mediums, and painting subjects. The following paper is aimed at examining how Giorgione’s “The Tempest,” ca. 1506-8, reflects the major patterns of the Renaissance through its formal characteristics and influence of the historical and cultural context. Primarily, it is necessary to dwell upon the visual details of the painting, as they develop a whole perspective of the artwork recognition and perception by recipients. The painting itself might be primarily characterized by a variety of details depicted on canvas, making a recipient draw attention to each of them to define the subject matter. The very composition of the work creates a full-scale storyline that consists of two major components. The color palette of the painting is replete with warm color shades that somehow mark the era of its creation, as the vast majority of High Renaissance paintings have similar palette patterns (Burke, 2017). The painting’s texture and medium are also relevant to the timeframe of its production, as the vast majority of the paintings were made on canvas with the help of oil paint, creating a somehow simulated texture of the artwork. The notion of subject matter in “The Tempest” has been a subject for continuous discussion since its introduction to the broad audience at the beginning of the 16th century. The work is divided into two vivid parts, where the first one depicts a naked woman sitting on the bank and holding a baby near her breast. Another part of the painting displays a young man in a sophisticated dressing who looks at the woman while still somehow remaining in the background. Such an author’s motive was interpreted with the help of various assumptions related to religion, society, and war prevention in 16th-century Venice (“Giorgine Artworks,” n.d.). Thus, despite the decades of meticulous research aimed at defining the genuine storyline, the question itself remains open for discussion and assumptions. When considering any piece of art, it is of paramount importance to define the context in which it was made to define some of the major themes that might have been integrated into the subject. Hence, the timeframe of the following painting’s creation is characterized by the Renaissance era, which marked the rapid development in all spheres of human intellectual crafts, philosophy, science, art, and literature. Moreover, the epoch was characterized by the emergence of humanism and the promotion of anthropocentrism, making a human being a central aspect of historical development (King, 2
Abstract The purpose of this essay is to analyse the concept of strategic planning and its relevance to the activities of an organization. Strategic planning has been viewed as an important cornerstone in the decision making activities of an organization. It enables an organization to achieve its goals and objectives through the development of plans. These plans can either be long term, medium or short term depending on the type of business and the context that strategic planning will be used in. Introduction Strategic practitioners recognised the importance of strategies in the processes and operations of an organization which saw a lot of emphasis being placed on strategy which later saw the development of strategic planning as an organizational concept. Strategic planning slowly replaced corporate planning which mostly involved developing formal plans that lacked any strategic focus. This change was largely due to the emphasis placed on the planning activities of an organization. The relationships that were meant to result from this change sometimes could not be achieved. Researchers found that only few organizations were able to succeed in achieving their goals and objectives through the use of strategies. Practitioners of strategic planning have founded their research efforts on the assumption that the creative task of formulating and implementing strategies can be designed into a series of actions referred to as planning that will lead to results that can be repeated in the future. Definition of Strategic Planning Strategic planning is a technique that is used to organize the present activities of an organization to reflect the desired future projections of what the organization wants to achieve over a certain period of time. A strategic plan is a map or guide that will be used to lead the organization from where it is now to where it would like to be. Strategic planning mostly focuses on the external environment of an organization. Since every organization has different activities and operations that set it apart from other companies, the strategic plans of every organization will therefore
Practicum experiences provide nurses with an opportunity to explore their existing knowledge and the perfect skills needed for future work. It is vital for future advanced practice nurses (APRNs) to follow the seven domains of practice while establishing their goals for completing the practicum activities. These include “direct clinic practice, guidance and coaching, consultation, evidence-based practice (EBP), leadership, collaboration, [and] ethical decision-making” (Reimanis, 2015, p. 287). Moreover, nurses should choose a nursing theory that will guide their practice-related decisions. One of such ideologies is the Theory of Culture Care Diversity and Universality, proposed by Dr. Madeleine Leininger (McFarland & Wehbe-Alamah, 2017). The outcome of implementing both the domains of practice and a nursing theory is a set of objectives that help a nurse to improve professional skills. Practicum Goals The first domain that should be considered is direct clinic practice – it corresponds with the specific area of care in which a nurse should become proficient. For my practice experience, I will be working at a primary care office that sees many elderly patients with comorbidities. My first goal would be to obtain and utilize particular clinical knowledge that is appropriate for a primary care setting. The next domain is guidance and coaching that are used to create a meaningful relationship between an APRN and a patient (Reimanis, 2015). Here, I aim to use clinical knowledge and self-reflection to assist patients in their management of diseases. Third, consultation is a domain that deals with the interprofessional exchange of knowledge. My objective is to work with my peers and superiors and built intradisciplinary as well as interdisciplinary relations to enhance my understanding and improve patient care. The domain of EBP is the fourth necessary aspect of practicum experiences. I will aim to use EBP data during my activities and integrate the latest and most reliable findings in my clinical decision-making process. Fifth, I will work on my leadership skills by collaborating with other professionals, exercising my skills in direct practice, systems of the organization, and health policy creation. The sixth domain is a collaboration which deals with finding the best solutions to arising problems by interacting with other individuals. My goal is to foster a holistic environment and strive towards offering constructive solutions that were developed in collaboration with others. Finally, I will follow the approach of ethical decision-making and recognize that care provision is full of ethical dilemmas. My objective is to develop and implement just solutions into my health care system. Nursing Theory The Theory of Culture Care Diversity and Universality can be used in the described setting. Its main focus is the cultural aspects of all patients. Each person has the right to possess a different view of the world, including one’s religion, philosophy, and social structure (McFarland & Wehbe-Alamah, 2017). By following this theory, I will aim to preserve suc
It is believed that public and private spheres cannot be reasonably analyzed without taking each other into consideration. Therefore, this topic requires increased attention and deep revision of the available political theories. Okin considered liberalism an approach that confronts the hierarchical structure within society and promotes personal freedom and equality still needs some analysis based on the inequality between genders. Private life is mainly defined as the element of personal issues which are hidden from the rest of the people and require private treatment. However, public life is more about the socializing part of an individual’s relations. Traditionally, there is a clear distinction between private and public spheres of life. Personal is mainly associated with family and home issues. When the public is more related to work and officially professional fields of life. These definitions have an influence on the social structure of the population. For instance, the private or residential areas have been separated from the rest of the urban infrastructure creating the geographical border between these two issues. In addition, the separation of public and private sectors has affected gender relations and responsibilities in society. Referring to Satz and Reich (2009), Okin was fulfilled with a feminist view towards the theories of justice. Her main idea was based on the fact that this theory should be applied equally to both genders. The theory of justice argues that each individual has the right to basic liberties, opportunities, and the same chances as other people in the society. However, the conservative way of thinking identifies a male as the one who has both private and public parts of life. At the same time, a female is represented only as a part of a man’s private life. Therefore, Okin confronts this statement by saying that the actual mental state regarding the gender roles may create a
Background Inspired by the movie “Up” from the animation studio Pixar, people have begun to wonder whether it is realistic to bring a significant sci-fi invention to life. Specifically, it is about lifting a building, whether a private home or a skyscraper with commercial offices, high into the air using helium-filled balloons. Obviously, this task has no practical value since moving a building through the air between points raises a number of problems related to foundations, engineering, and economic considerations, as well as national security. In addition, it is very likely that the ultimate economic benefit of such an undertaking would be disproportionate to constructing precisely the same building at the destination point. Nevertheless, lifting hefty objects into the air is intriguing to the mind and of high scientific interest in terms of classical physical and mathematical calculations. The present work assumes that even a large building can be lifted into the air using a large number of balloons. The most impressive building of the Burj Khalifa skyscraper, which has a height of 828 meters and a total mass of 500 thousand tons, was chosen for specification [1]. The Burj Khalifa is located in the center of Dubai, which is located in the UAE. The key focus of the mathematical essay is to determine the minimum number of balloons that can lift the building into the air and consider the associated features of this event. Some Assumptions There are too many physical and logical variables that can impede calculations and make the entire study impractical. For the purposes of this mathematical essay, many of these variables are omitted for lack of use. For example, air resistance is not taken into account, and therefore it is assumed that balloons can theoretically rise infinitely high. In addition, balloons are assumed to be made of a material strong enough not to be ruptured by the change in pressure in the air. The balloons used are medium-sized, that is, their optimum diameter is 0.30 meters. It is also necessary to assume that the ball is perfectly spherical, which simplifies the mathematical calculation of its volume. Meanwhile, the theory of resistance of materials suggests that the basic materials for building a building, such as cement, wood, brick, or reinforced concrete, cannot withstand tensile loads [2]. This means that if such a house is pulled upward by the upward force of balloon lift, it is more likely to break apart than to be lifted by monolithic blocks. The assumption that the Burj Khalifa is a solid building with no seams is another critical assumption. Calculating the Number of Balloons The basic idea of how balloons work is intuitively obvious: the greater the number of balloons used, the easier it is to lift a heavy object. This works perfectly with everyday objects: one can lift a writing pen with a few medium-sized balloons, and one can lift two pens with twice as many. In
Introduction As human beings, we generally fear what we do not understand, and this predisposition underscores why in most cases we react with a defensive approach to an unfamiliar environment or behavior from other people by either keeping off completely where possible or keeping contact to the utter minimum. The same disposition is evident when most people encounter other people with disabilities. We all have heard of someone who did not go to a certain school, get a certain job, or join a certain sport because of a certain disability. We have even heard of parents who hide their children away from visitors or leave them alone at home for they do not want to get the feeling of disapproval from what people might say or how they might look at their children. Some even go a step further and send them away to boarding institutions because they are afraid of the responsibilities that come with these conditions. This tendency underscores stigma, which is “a bad reputation that something has because many people disapprove of it, often unfairly” (Falk 71). Several institutions deal with such disabilities, and each of them is specially designed depending on the nature of the disability. For instance, there are special schools for the blind, others for the deaf, and others for people with various physical disabilities and deformities and mental disorders. This paper looks at two such instances of disability namely the Tourette’s syndrome as illustrated by Dr. Oliver Sacks, a famed medical writer, in his work “A Surgeon’s Life” and a real life example from my neighbor, Daniel, who is a 12-year old living with Autism. The paper looks into the lifestyles and behavior of Dr. Bennett, a character in Dr. Sacks’ story, and Daniel and how they cope with the challenges that face them. Definition The Tourette’s syndrome is a condition that affects the normal functions of both the body and the mind of an individual, hence causing them to do or utter inappropriate things given the circumstances and environment. This aspect tends to have a profound effect on the social life of the individual. It mainly manifests in early childhood and may progress as the child grows into adulthood. Earlier definitions looked at it as a ‘moral’ disease affecting the will of the individual, a psychiatric disease to treatable through psychoanalysis and psychotherapy, and later on as a chemical disease resulting from an imbalance of the neurotransmitter dopamine. However, Dr. Oliver views these definitions as inadequate and suggests that the complexity of the disorder requires us to look at it not from these one-sided angles, but from a combination of all these angles, as a biopsychosocial disorder. Autism, on the other hand, “is a neurological disorder that affects how information is processed in the brain leading to impairment in social interaction and communication” (Volkmar et al. 315). Daniel’s speech, for instance, is partially slurred and one would need to be around him for a whi