ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Nations, States, Rank, and Power The differences between the concepts of nation, country, state, government, and nation-state A nation is a group of people more extensive than a tribe or an ethnic community and shares a common language, culture, history, and religion. Several nations may exist in one geographical or administrative area. For example, in Canada, several nations, together with Québécois, identify with as nationals. There can be two nations that exist in one state, or also there can be one nation that exists in more than one state (Guy 75). A country is understood as the entire characteristics of a geographical entity: its geographical entity and material and social-economic components of a state. A state in the international system is defined as an entity with the following characteristics; territory, government, population, and capacity to enter into relations with other states. It is this legal entity that makes states to qualify as an international legal person. The capacity of any state to enter into relations with other states gives it a leeway in the signing of treaties, forming alliances and entering into diplomatic relations with other states, and gaining membership to international organizations. On the other hand, a government is an institutionalized process of allocating and distributing values that are the binding decision of the people. Nation-state describes two phenomena: first is used when one nation inhabits one state. A nation-state may also be used when one nation occupies a similar boundary as the state. Examples of a nation-state are Germany and France. It is estimated that 211 nation-states in the international system host 1400 nationalities in the whole world. Superpower and its role in the international system Superpower is s term that is used to describe a dominant state in a unipolar international system. Since the collapse of the USSR after the Cold War, the United States of America has remained the only superpower. In the international system, a superpower performs the role of world policeman. It can also exercise leverage over other states since it ranks high in all power components, or rather its power capability is high. Middle power is that state with power capabilities slightly below that of the superpower and can demonstrate its ability to challenge the superpower. Their role in the international system is to check on and challenge the superpower. Middle powers provide competition in the polarity regime. The difficulties of measuring power among the states comprising the international system There have been several difficulties in measuring power and power potential among states. This is because of the dynamism of the variables. The emergence of sophisticated weapons, advanced information technology, and other agents of globalization rendered so
I enjoyed “Almost, Maine” because of the honesty it had shown its spectators. The cast of couples were introduced to the audience with their eccentricities, their hurts and their needs with affection and warmth thus building a link between the characters and the viewers. The play used metaphors to define the story in fuelling the personal connections of the audience to the play. Metaphors used in the play remind us of what is really important in life as we move through our days. The purpose of the play is to send a message to its audience that love should not be taken for granted. The main concept of the play is that love allows us to see the magic and wonders that exist around us but often goes unnoticed. Each story in the play explored gaining or losing love. Some characters discovered love in the least expected manner while others rekindled love. Each scene in the play climaxed with a magical moment. This is the moment when the characters realize they have found love. The play is about the consequences of taking the risk of falling in love. It is about the terrifying, elating at the same time fulfilling possibility of falling in love. The play shows the bravery of the characters in taking a chance in love and how they deal with the outcomes of their decisions. An opportunity for discussion is being provided by “Almost, Maine” on the topic of the moments of choice and fundamental risks we take in our relationships whenever we communicate our needs and wishes. This paper aims to explore the ideas of love by analyzing the characters at their crucial moment of choice and evaluating the element of magic in that given moment. The ideas of possibility, growth and commitment in love will be the main topic of discussion. First we explore the possibility of love despite a heartbreak in the scene “In Her Heart”. Glory travelled to Maine to see the northern stars because she wanted to pay her respects to her late husband who broke her heart by cheating on her. Literally, Glory kept her broken heart in a bag which she carried along with her. She camped out on the yard of a repairman, East, who fell in love with her at first sight. Glory declined East’s proposal of love because she could not give or receive love with a broken heart. East a repairman offered to fix her broken heart and in the last part they ended up in each other’s arms in love. The idea of this
Introduction Currently, the American judicial system happens to be the most complicated and intricate in the whole world. Primarily, the American people designed this system to guarantee justice to all Americans regardless of their age, sex, race, or religious belief. Additionally, the American legal system has been an imperative tool that provides a serene substitute to sadism and ensures an equal and just society. In most cases, the United States legal system has been a significant figure in preserving the steadiness of American society. Nevertheless, like in other countries, the American court system has never experienced true equality. In fact, since the time America became sovereign up to the present time, American attorneys have botched to institute a free and fair legal system. Several literature materials provide examples of legal discrimination and bigotry based on gender disparities, race, and affluence in U.S courtrooms. This has resulted in a discriminatory judicial system characterized mostly by gender biases. Although some progress has occurred aimed at addressing gender bias in the United States court system, stakeholders still have a long way to go to address gender bias and fairness in the United States court system fully (Bill Daniels Law Offices 1). Main body In the contemporary world, the malefactor still dominates many workplaces. From teaching to law to medicine, men hold senior positions leaving the junior ones to women. Sadly, men have used their positions and autonomous power to harass their fellow female colleagues at the workplace. Moreover, men do not want female colleagues to achieve much as they think women may become cold and hostile. These and many more stereotypes have greatly affected the output of many women working in different workplaces. One main factor that widens the gap between men and women is the miscellany in communication styles. Research shows that in assorted gender settings, men are talkative as compared to women. Interestingly, the research further explains that men tend to barge in the speaker whether a man or a woman. On the other hand, in rare cases do women butt in somebody, and research shows they will only do it to a fellow woman, not a man. Interestingly, women also welcome more interruptions as compared to men. In most cases, gender prejudice in the law profession commences inside the courtroom (Vanfossen 1). The truth of the matter is there is gender bias in the United States court system. For instance, within the United St
Introduction There can be only a few doubts that both Augustine and Thomas Aquinas have contributed rather substantially to the formation of the metaphysical discourse in Western philosophy. In particular, the theologians in question have helped establishing the main axiomatic postulates of what later came to be known as the “body-mind dualism”. Their another important contribution had to do with defining the main principles of subjecting the surrounding physical reality to the ontological inquiry. Nevertheless, even though Augustine and Aquinas have been equally preoccupied with trying to defend the epistemic soundness of Christianity, their “technical” approaches to doing this differed rather substantially. In my paper, I will substantiate the validity of this statement, with respect to the given topic, while answering the thematically relevant questions from the provided list. Augustine’s Conclusion According to Augustine, one’s friends play a few important functions, within the context of how he or she goes about striving to attain a true knowledge of self. Probably the most important of them has to do with the fact that, as Augustine saw it, a person’s socialization with friends will make it much more likely for him or her to stay in close touch with its deep-seated sense of self-identity (soul), the integrity of which is being negatively impacted by the flow of time. The reason for this is that the very fact that we are able to retain the long-term relationship with our friends means that we tend to assess the surrounding reality in a similar manner with the former. Therefore, by keeping in close touch with his/her friends, one is able to experience its past as the present – something that in its turn is supposed to help the concerned individual to attain an intuiti
Introduction Turnaround: How America’s Top Cop Reversed the Crime Epidemic (1998) is a book that was written by William Bratton and co-authored by Peter Knobler. The book details the police strategies that made the New York City police, led by Bratton, to win the war against crime. It also gives a brief peek into Bratton’s early life, previous policing employments, and an assessment of Modern American policing. Bratton had been appointed police commissioner of the New York City police in 1994 and twenty seven months later, he had reduced crime levels by amazing margins: violent crime fell by 33 percent while murder rates reduced by half. This achievement earned Bratton the title of the “Most Charismatic and Respected Law Enforcement Official in America”. A Summary William Bratton grew up in Boston and had always aspired to be a cop. He began his policing career in Boston Police Department, where he initiated community policing and made the city’s subway system free of crime (Bratton, 1998). When Bratton moved to the New York City Police Department (NYPD), he began by stamping out lesser offenses using the theory that individuals who commit crimes that are more serious secretly also commit lesser ones (Broken Windows Theory). The results of his initiatives were quite evident as crime levels fell by 10 percent annually during his short tenure at the helm of NYPD. Bratton and his fellows at the NYPD employed computer mapping to identify areas that experienced high crime levels, and then made use of all resources available in the police to fight these crimes. One of the strategies used was “quality of life enforcement”, a strategy that entailed fighting lesser offences such as panhandling and prostitution to make the streets seem uninviting to serious criminals. Bratton demanded accountability from police commanders in all regions within his jurisdiction and made it mandatory for the commanders to report on the development and challenges in their districts. (Bratton, 1998). Critical Analysis Turnaround gives a detailed description of the Bratton’s leadership and management acts that made drastic reductions in crime rates and improved the safety of the subway system and the streets. What strikes most about the book is the author’s separation of the linkage between the economic and social aspects of the society and their association to crime rates. That is, he fought crime while telling his fellow police officers that crime was caused by “bad guys”, and not just by economic factors, unemployment, and general social conditions (Bratton, 199
What is early childhood intervention? State and federal laws require school districts and public agencies to be responsive to families who are concerned about their child’s growth and development. To accomplish these schools are part of the interagency with community and county agencies. This committee Northern lights interagency council is charged in Minnesota law to identify prekindergarteners who are at risk for developmental delay. What does early intervention include?   * Providing a development screening   * Making referrals to particular agencies, with parental permission   * Evaluating by the local district’s early childhood special education program   * According to Minnesota special education criteria, providing early childhood education programming   * Providing an interagency planning process to develop a comprehensive, coordinated family-based plan for the very young child Where are the services provided? For children under the age of three early intervention is provided at home, children between the age of three to five, are provided special education intervention services in a community pre-school program with typical age mates. The program might include; early childhood family education, school readiness, local nursery schools, child care centers, and head start. What are the qualifications for receiving the services? Any child may be referred to the early intervention services. Children may be referred by any person or any agency with parent permission. Child fund is the system identified in federal and state law for acting on the referral of early intervention. How is early childhood intervention determined? The child fund referral process includes a visit to the child’s home, where the local childhood special education team screens the child and interviews the family for the needs and priorities related to the child. If the screening indicates a need, a development intervention is conducted. The evaluation report is written and an interagency plan is developed with the family. For children between the ages of three to five years, the early childhood special education team often conducts the screening and the family is interviewed at a local district site. Bibliography Minnesota education department. Early childhood services; a directory of services available to children with disabilities in Minnesota.
Risk analysis can be defined as a process of defining, analyzing the dangers to individuals, businesses and government agencies caused by adverse human and natural events. (Damore 2006). It is done in order to tackle all the possible scenarios that can occur during a project and risk planning includes analyzing the likelihood of a risk’s occurrence, the consequence and perception. The methods used to tackle such an issue can be quantitative and qualitative. Though the qualitative analysis allows the introduction of bias, quantitative analysis is quite complex and hence should be carried out for large, expensive and complex projects only. In order to carry out the risk analysis, it has to be identified the level of risk so that the appropriate risk treatment can be applied. This is done through the process called “Risk Evaluation”, and according to the ALARP principle, risks will only be accepted if the cost of treating them is too great. Risks of lower proportion are only meant to be treated if the benefit is greater than the cost. However, by merely ignoring a risk, it cannot be said that the risk would disappear or eventually would become a greater concern for the project manager. Once the risk has been recognized, the appropriate risk treatment is implemented. This process includes categorizing the various risks and then deciding on the appropriate strategy to tackle the issue at hand. While in certain instances, pro-active strategies are enforced in others, contingency planning has to be done in order to eliminate the risk whenever it occurs. There are standard treatment measures including avoidance, reduction of risk, transferring the risk and retention. The first one means dealing with risk in different ways, either by not doing a risk due to the high-risk value attaché do it or simply looking for an alternative methodology to do that specific task. Reduction of risk is a pretty self-explanatory term. Transferring the risk is, however, a more complicated form of risk treatment as it is done in situations when someone else has the expertise to deal with it better. It doesn’t result in complete elimination but merely results in involving different people of better expertise. The last treatment; Risk retention, refers to all those risks that are left over after the previous risk treatments have been carried out. Using an econometric term, residual-all
Abstract In this paper, a critical review of e-contracting is conducted. This is achieved conducting a background analysis of the concept of e-contracting in which the benefits associated with e-contracting are highlighted. The method used to achieve this is literature review. The author asserts that there are a number of challenges associated with e-contracting. As a result, it is vital to minimize these challenges so as to achieve the benefits of e-contracting. The author identifies a number of e-contracting challenges on which he formulates a set of hypothesis. Some of the challenges which the firm evaluates relates to modeling and representing contractual relationship, negotiation, monitoring, and contract management. Finally, a conclusion of the entire study is given together with a recommendation for further research to be conducted in order to seal the existing gaps. Introduction According to Grefen (2010, p.19), contracts form the basis upon which businesses establish formal relationship with various stakeholders. Traditionally, physical documents such as papers were used as evidence of an existing contract between two or more parties. However, the 21 st century has witnessed rampant technological growth (Angelov, 2005. p.54). Some of the technological fields which have witnessed rampant growth include software development and telecommunication. Currently, communication is not limited by geographical and time constraints. Due to technological advancement, it is possible to exchange information more easily and rapidly. The high rate of technological innovation has led to emergence of electronic commerce which entails undertaking all business processes electronically. As a result of growth in electronic modes of collaboration between firms, business contracting has also been affected through emergence of a new modes of collaboration referred to as electronic contracting [here after referred to as e-contracting] (Angelov, 2005. p.54). E-contract refers to a contract which is designed and executed through a software system. In e-contracts, business contracts are designed using computer programs which make it possible to automate the respective business processes. It is possible to map e-contracts to other related computer programs. However, e-contract programs cannot be able to deal with complex relationship arising between the various parties to the contract. The concept of e-contracts is similar to that of traditional contracts.In e-contracts, the vendors offers their product and the respective terms such as price to potential buyers. On the other hand, the buyers evaluate the terms, and negotiate the price. After this, they are able to order the particular product or service and make payments. However, all these activities are conducted electronically. In an effort to improve their operational efficiency, firms in different economic sectors such as the construction industry are i
The recent study published in the journal Pediatrics on 20, September 2010 has established the relationship between adenovirus 36 (AD36) which is associated with the common cold and childhood obesity. Gabbert et al (2010) concluded that the higher body weight in children can be associated with the presence of neutralizing antibodies to AD36 (p. 726). The established link between the presence of antibodies and child’s obesity gives rise to various questions, including the direction of causality and presence of the link in adults. Establishing the link between childhood obesity and AD 36, the researchers used inductive arguments. They draw the conclusions from specific observations, suggesting various versions of the cause-and-effect relationships between the factors but not ensuring any of them and leaving room for further research of the problem. Gabbert et al (2010) noted that “Possibilities for this association include true causality, increased susceptibility to infection within obese children, and predisposition to persistent AD36-specific antibodies after infection” (p. 726). The premises for drawing the conclusions were the results of a cross-sectional study of a study sample of 50 obese and 50 non-obese children. The premise was “The frequency of AD36-specific antibodies was significantly ( P _.02) greater in obese children (15 [22%] of 67 children) than in nonobese children (4 [7%] of 57 children)” (p. 723). The conclusion from this premise was that the presence of AD-36 antibodies can be associated with obesity in children. Considering the fact that the researchers do not indicate the direction of the causality and do not exclude the reverse link between the overweight and disposition to viral infections, the conclusions can be regarded as logical. Still, the study and its design have been criticized by a number of researchers. Walsh (2010) noted that “Weaknesses include the cross-sectional design, which does not allow for conclusions about causality, and the lack of information about the timing of infection” (Adenovirus strain associated with obesity in kids). Considering the weaknesses of the study design and insufficiency of the study results for defining the causality direction, the inductive argumentation was the best suitable strategy for the study. Along with the association of AD-36 and childhood obesity, there might be some additional factors which complicate the solution of the problem and need to be taken into consideration for developing the appropriate intervention strategies. Scott Kahan, the co-director of the George Washington University Weight Management Program, expresses his opinion concerning the issue, viewing the problem from a new perspective: “This study is just a snapshot in time, so we can’t say whether having this virus causes people to gain weight or predisposes them to certain behaviors” (Mann, 2010, Virus may be linked to childhood obesity). Mentioning the behavior characteristics as the intermediate factor having impact on the established relationship can give ri