ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Abstract India’s slow rate of poverty reduction compared to China is due to the differences in their approach to the economy. Contrary to China’s, India’s economy is mixed which deprives the state of significant control in planning and execution of its policies. The differences in literacy levels and uneven distribution of per capita income also explain the slow rate in India. This essay shows reasons for this difference in poverty reduction rates. Introduction India and China make up a substantial size in the continent of Asia, and are both of significance as far as globalization and the economy are concerned. They are on the forefront of countries undergoing rapid development. As a result of this globalization, they form a basis for studies as well as research on matters relating to economic growth and the factors that go along with it. They give a clear picture in relation to policies, implementation, strengths and weaknesses of such policies as well as the impact on the general well being of the people. Poverty and its reduction are one such factor. Poverty Reduction in India Economic development in this sub continent has not been without it fair share of challenges. Improving the living conditions and general well being of the people is not only the ideal goal of an economy, but also a key indication of the viability of policies embraced in such development. India’s vast physical size massive population and high density of population distribution pose a challenge at a glance, especially because of the unevenness in wealth distribution (Deaton, 2003). Being a mixed economy, the role of the expansive thus very significant private sector was at times not in line with the government planning leading to imbalances. This kind of liberalism went on unchecked, eliminating the possibility of implementation of policies that would have been more efficient in poverty reduction (Deaton, 2003). Increase in structural development as well as rates of investment has seen the country’s G.D.P rise steadily from a meager 3.9 in the 1960’s to 9.3 between 2006- 2008 (Cornea, 2006).The wide gap between Per capita expenditure relative to income distribution is another avenue taken in efforts to create a balance in development, thereby leading to poverty reduction. Bearing in mind that a majority of the people located in rural India wallow in poverty, efforts are targeted in these areas. An effort to ensure primary universal education reaches as many Indians as possible. Currently, the Indian education system is widely penetrative, and has enhanced inventions and innovations in such fields as medicine and mechanization which has gained international recognition (Cornea, 2006). Generally, urban per capita expenditure exceeds that of rural areas, thus raising the need to come up with measures to create some sort of balance. Agriculture forms a crucial part of India’s economy, and the country has had to employ policies tailored around ensuring food security even to the low income earners. The country has also embarked on aggressive efforts to encourage investment in industrialization, although this move
Introduction Human resource management is a relatively young concept in the management of people in an organizational setting. This approach of managing employees considers people the most important resources in any organization (Daft & Marcic 2004). Human resource management entails the recruitment, selection, training, and development of the body of people that make up an organization in any sector of the economy (Anto 2013). Kreitner (2008) defines HRM an organization’s process of enrollment, choosing, progress, deployment, reimbursement, and inspiration of human resources. According to Davidson, Woods, Simon, and Griffin (2008), human resource management involves the arrangement, categorization, leading, managing procurement processes, and improvement of organizational status until individual and collective targets are accomplished. The two functions of HRM chosen in this essay are recruitment and selection. These processes are important for any organization that aims to improve the output of its human resource. The essay looks at how these functions are important in the competitive advantage of any organization. The study shows how these activities enable HRM meet its strategic objectives. HRM and Competitive Advantage An organization’s human resources can be a significant source of competitive advantage. The performance of an organization is associated with how well this organization is able to influence the performance of its human resource. According to Anto (2013), human resource determines the success or failure of an organization. The human resource department in an organization influences its output through a number of ways. One way in which the competitive advantage of an organization is influenced by the human resource is through the introduction of efficiency, which is the manner in which an organization ensures adequate output (Buchanan & Huczynski 2004). HRM enables the effective utilization of human resource in an organization. Besides, it allows effective performance in all functions of the organization. Human resource management also enables the subdivision of functions in an organization. This strategy constitutes the subdivision of responsibilities and hence the adequate performance of the organization. Employees are able to work effectively in an organization that has clearly defined employee roles (Sung & Choi 2014). Companies with a well-managed human resource are better competitors based on the exemplary output that they are able to register in comparison with organizations that lack these
Introduction Prelude In the summer of 2005, a driving accident took the life of sixteen year old Alicia when she was out with her sixteen year old boy friend. What was most shocking was that Alicia was wearing her seatbelt, but when her boy friend lost control of the car and the car rammed into a utility pole, the sixteen year old daughter of Dr. Arturo Betancourt was killed instantly (Stafford). One cannot help but feel that perhaps there is much more to driving regulations than the abiding of speed restrictions, seatbelt obligations and traffic signals. The driver was sixteen year old as was the passenger. In the very same regard, numerous arguments have been made in the debate of whether or not the minimum driving age for teenagers should be increased from sixteen to eighteen. Common ground A large number of teenagers agree with the fact that the number of increasing accidents involving teenagers is largely because of the submission to adolescent influences on the part of the teenagers (The Standard Times). In a survey performed by The Standard Times that shall be referred to later on in the paper as well, teenagers tend to consider the driving license as a sign of freedom and a key to a carefree world. They begin to see speed and risk as instruments from which they can derive thrill. Destabilization There have been speculations that the origin of the increasing number of teenage casualties has been because of the tendency that teenagers have to accelerate to precarious speeds without using the seat belts. By violating basic rules such as speed limits and driving instructions, teenagers put themselves in positions where their decisions become threats to their own lives. Cost and Consequence This motion has also been seconded by the Insurance Institute of Highway Safety in the United States which has shown a considerable amount of doubt regarding whether or not 16 remains an age suitable enough to allow teenagers to drive (Dawson College). This statement was given by the institute only after extensive research had been carried out on the subject. The minimum driving age has become the subject of debate in Canada in light of recent accident trends pertaining to young drivers in the region. It is estimated that road accidents take away five thousand (5000) teenagers from their parents every year. Problem/ Thesis In light of the facts stated above, the thesis statement of this paper is that the minimum driving age should most certainly be raised from sixteen to eighteen years of age in Canada since it is the only remaining option to decrease the increasing number of teenage road accident casualties. Opposition claim However, there is criticism that the solution of the problem does not lie in increasing the minimum driving age but in improving the standards of education of driving education. Teenagers are of the opinion that by increasing the minimum driving age from what it is now, the number of problems created will be more than the
Rock Island Arsenal is a public firm that manufactures weapons, and is located at Mississippi River. The company has made commendable efforts to improve the quality of its products. Such efforts include team building and employee empowerment, which started in 1981 with a quality circle program. The program has evolved into independent work teams and highly performing employees because the company applies the following elements in its management: use of teams, development and recognition, and communication (OPM, 1998). Therefore, the following paragraphs discuss the concept of recognition, which is applied by Rock Island Arsenal to improve performance, and how it can be useful in a typical organization. Likewise, communication is seen as another element besides recognition that was used to improve performance. Recognition was used at Rock Island Arsenal to improve performance by monetary awards to the federal employees who perform according to the required standards. This is very important because the employee is motivated and he/she continues to perform better. This recognition program is set for different teams, facilitators, and peers. Supervisors and employees participate in deciding who is to be given awards and how they recommend or elect the person(s) to whom the award is to be given; these awards are given by the commander. He also presents the quality excellence honors, which is given to a group or an individual for excellent customer service or process perfection (OPM, 1998). The other awards include environmental attainment and good community services. With all these awards, the employees have been motivated and this has led to improvement in performance. Rewards as a type of recognition can be applied in my organization because it is a positive reinforcement of actions and beliefs. This helps people to build self esteem because they accept and feel good about themselves. Luthans and Doh (2002) argues that for effective recognition, there should be criteria for selecting the employee’s performance that is eligible for a reward. Therefore, the following are the criteria to apply in my organization: all employees must be eligible for a reward, employees should be given information on what behaviors or actions are to be rewarded, the employee who performs to the required standard must be rewarded, recognition should be as close to actions or performance as possible, and it should not be determined by only managers because it will be seen as favourism. In addition, monetary awards are important to the employees, especially when they
Nitrates and nitrites are ions that consist of nitrogen covalently attached to three and two oxygen atoms respectively. These ions occur naturally and form part of the nitrogen cycle. Of the two ions, the nitrate ion (NO 3 – ) is more stable than the nitrite ion (NO 2 – ) but can be reduced by the actions of microorganisms to form the latter ion. The unstable nitrite ion is susceptible to redox reactions that can either oxidize it to form nitrates or reduce it into other chemical substances. The purpose of this chapter is to explain the Beer’s law, describe pertinent features of two spectrophotometers (UV-Visible Shimadzu and Lambda 365 UV), describe resources for NaNO 2 , the risk of NaNO 2 in water and Zamzam water. Beer’s Law Chemical compounds can absorb or transmit ultraviolet or visible light. The amount of light absorbed or transmitted can be measured as transmittance or absorbance. Overall, absorbance is indirectly proportional to transmittance, meaning that less light is transmitted as more light is absorbed. Consequently, if light passes through a solution without any of it being absorbed, the net absorbance is 0 but the transmittance is 100%. Conversely, the percent transmittance becomes 0 if all the light is absorbed. Beer Lambert’s law explains this relationship by relating absorbance to the concentration of a substance. Beer’s law states that A=ebc where A denotes the absorbance, e represents a constant known as molar absorptivity, which is measured in mol -1 cm -1 (Herzog, Schultheiss & Giesinger 2018). In the equation, the terms b and c denote the path length in centimeters and concentration of the substance in moles per liter. Spectrophotometry is an analytical technique that uses Beer’s law to determine the concentration of solutions by measuring absorbance when the light at a specific wavelength is passed through a solution. The key instrument used in this procedure is a spectrophotometer. The following sections describe spectrophotometers from two popular manufacturers. UV Visible Shimadzu Shimadzu is a Japanese manufacturing company that is renowned for the production of analytical instruments and equipment for the last six decades. Among the most popular equipment are UV-Vis spectrophotometers that meet researchers’ needs for sturdiness, effortless use, and authentication. About six different models of UV-Vis spectrophotometers are available, each with its unique features. They include the UV-1800, UV-1900, UV-2600, UV-2700, UV-1280, and Bio
Foreign Equity Restriction are constrains on the degree of ownership and control, referred to as equity in company law and finance, which foreigners of a country are permitted to control (Emery et al, 2007). Such restrictions are strictly adhered to and are imposed in two different ways. The first way is through legislation. Restrictions through legislation are initiated by the government and enacted by the law making arm of the government. Such restrictions are usually aimed at or founded on the principles and provisions of public interest. Therefore, where the country’s government has enough reason to suspect that the unrestricted investment by foreigners is against national interest, it will institute the restrictions. The second way in which the restrictions can be put in place is by the decisions of the individual companies. This paper seeks to explain the concept of foreign equity restrictions and the reasons as to why countries and companies adopt such restrictions. Body The rationale behind the existence of a firm is to maximize the wealth of its shareholders. This objective, which has since replaced the traditional goal of profit maximization, calls for a number of strategies with regard to the manner in which shares are sold. Domestic companies and organizations maximize net worth of the business through price discrimination when it comes to selling their shares to both foreigners and locals. An increase in the net value of the business translates to an improvement in the wealth status of the owners. The discriminatory pricing practices are applicable where and when the demand variable for local shares varies between local and non-citizen investors (Emery et al, 2007). The company may opt to sell the shares at different prices so as to achieve stability in control. One of the major reasons why this kind of discrimination may be practiced is the need to protect the autonomy of the local industries. Since the decisions in the limited companies are made by a majority of the shareholders, it is important that the local shareholders outnumber the foreign shareholders so that the organization can achieve the status of a self-determining entity (Eun & Resnick, 2007). Self-determination is vital when it comes to making strategic decisions. A company that has excessive foreign control will be controlled by the non-citizens who will make decisions that suit their interest. There is a possibility that the interests of the foreigners may n
Ponyboy is the narrator who tells a story of two gangs and the hatred between the two groups. He is a member of a street gang. The members of this gang call themselves Greasers and live in families of workers. Greasers hate another gang, Socs, who are children of wealthy parents. Ponyboy is a teenager who faces a lot of problems. Two of Ponyboy’s friends die, and he sees a lot of violence in the streets. He takes part in many violent acts. All these events and experiences help Ponyboy to develop into a new person. In the course of the novel, the main character becomes a better person who has learned important lessons about violence, death, friendship, love, and life. At the beginning of the story, Ponyboy is a typical teenager who has problems at school and who wants to break the rules. He is a member of a gang of Greasers. Ponyboy’s family is not wealthy, but the teenager still understands that there is beauty in the world. Ponyboy takes part in many fights and sees a lot of violence. However, he cannot live such a life, and he suffers. He understands that wars and violence can never help teenagers to find their ways in their lives. Nevertheless, he still takes part in the gang’s activities as he feels he must do this (133). He feels he cannot leave, so he helps his friends even if he believes that fights are wrong. He is still a part of the gang, and he thinks that violence is a part of their life. However, one horrible event becomes a turning point in his life. Ponyboy’s friend dies, and this death makes the teenager understand everything. Ponyboy remembers, “He told me to stay gold” (Hinton 152). These words help him know that he must change. He has noticed that the fights make the thing worse. He has witnessed that friends become enemies because of the divide. The death of another member of his gang made Ponyboy understand one more thing. He said he lost two friends, “one a hero, the other a hoodlum” (Hinton 154). These two deaths show that gangs kill young people even if their hearts are gold and even if they can understand the beauty of the world. Thus, teenagers enjoy sunrises and poetry and think that they are “beautiful” (Hinton 77). After his friends’ death, Ponyboy understands that it is time to sto
Executive Summary Excellent writing skills are not just a choice for students these days, but a necessity. Along with reading skills, writing skills not only predicts a student’s future in academics, but also in the real life situation. Yet many students in junior and senior high are still struggling with the basic writing skills. Many of these students cannot even pass a basic writing proficiency test and lacks fundamental literacy skills required for the current set of courses administered in high school. Since literacy incorporates both writing and reading skills, lack of both skills could lead to the literacy crisis. For this reason, this report will explore a number of techniques that could help schools to avert such crisis by improving student’s writing skills. The report will emphasize on various techniques that could be used by instructors to assess writing proficiency among students and provide feedback to the students in an appropriate manner. The report will be based on analysis of various literatures, interviews with instructors and questionnaires administered to the learners. There are numerous techniques that can be used to enhance writing skills and, therefore, the report will focus on a few of them. Introduction Overview Although many countries have made significant strides in improving the literacy of its citizens, the literacy level of high school students, particularly the adolescents are still a matter of concern (Lemke et al., 2004, p. 3). As a result, governments have turned their attention to the need to enhance the literacy level of high school students, which include improving their writing skills. An example of such initiatives is the creation of the Striving Writers/Readers Initiative, a program that was launched in all the district schools in the U.S (Olson, 2006, p. 19). Surveys in the institutions of higher learning have also revealed that the skills most students lack are writing skills (Lemke et al., 2004, p. 4). Many studies have always assumed that students who are highly proficient in reading are supposed to be proficient readers (Fitzgerald & Shanahan, 2000, p. 39). If this was the case, enhancing students’ reading skills will automatically improve their writing skills. However, even though the two literary skills are complimentary who development is almost comparable, they do not have a crystal-clear relationship. This is because many high students are able to pass average reading proficiency tests but are not able to do the same when it come to reading. In addition, the nature of relationship between the two literary skills changes with time (Fitzgerald & Shanahan, 2000, p. 40). Alongside speaking, writing is the most significant means of expression. Students can also use their writing skills to construct a meaning, convey their feelings and articulate their experience. In other words, writing can
Introduction Education and care among children has proved to be a big challenge for curriculum developers. From one perspective, there is a need to guide the personnel in early childhood centers, especially if they have low qualification or insufficient training. A curriculum aids in ascertaining that staffs cover crucial learning areas, espouse a pedagogical approach, and accomplish a certain measure of quality in various groups across a country or region. A curriculum is, too, a center for further training. On another perspective, it is broadly accepted that the aims of early childhood education and care curriculum ought to be diverse, as well as contribute to the child’s overall development and later success in school (Mac Naughton, 2003 p. 12). These aims include health and physical development; emotional welfare and social capability; constructive paradigms to learning; communication skills; cognition and general knowledge. In addition, owing to learning patterns of young children, social-emotional and cognitive progress is learnt at the child’s own speed. They take place through play and active methods, controlled by the child’s self-determination. All these considerations point out that caution should be taken while coming up with a comprehensive cognitive curriculum, which staff should deliver to acquiescent young children (Whitebread, 2006 p. 23). Given the significance of this growth stage in children (pre-birth to five); many countries around the world have opted to issuing of brief guidelines