ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Definitions of Intelligence Intelligence is an aspect that has been known for quite some time now. However, there has been no consensus on the definition of the concept. This has seen various scholars come up with different definitions regarding the concept of intelligence. It can be noted that tracing the origin of the aspect of intelligence has remained unresolved. In the same breadth, the valuation of validity and accuracy regarding intelligence has not been defined. There are many definitions regarding the concept of intelligence from different scholars. According to Gardner (1999), intelligence refers to when an individual can get and apply knowledge. From a different perspective, the concept of intelligence is referred to as the aspect that can be measured by intelligence tests. Usually, the definitions are used in a general sense. However, these definitions can be criticized in various aspects. For instance, there are cases where individuals suffer from certain diseases that affect their intelligence in one way or the other. This includes autistic individuals or those who may appear to be mentally challenged. These individuals can have exceptional skills in certain areas of life and poor in others (Angela, 2003). In addition, it has to be noted that the environment is very important in the life of an individual. Therefore, it is possible for individuals to perform certain things due to the opportunities presented by their environment as opposed to being intelligent. For instance, a kid that has been bought a play station will know how to operate it compared to that kid who does not have one. Furthermore, some people can perform certain things due to inherited traits as opposed to being intelligent. The health condition of an individual may have an impact on intelligence. Lastly, there are those who have been raised in a given environment, but cannot make use of the opportunities presented in the environment to perform certain things. Such individuals are normally referred to as less intelligent. The theory of multiple intelligences has been seen as the best option given my instruments of choice. This theory was propounded by Howard Gardner. He came up with 7 constituents of intelligence. These elements are independent, and people possess each element to a varying amount (Gardner, 2000). The seven elements include “the visual-spatial intelligence, the verbal-linguistic intelligence, the bodily-kinetic intelligence, the logical-mathematical intelligence, the interpersonal, and the musical, intrapersonal and naturalistic intelligence” (Stremba & Bisson, 2009, p. 26). Instruments Used to Test Intelligence and Achievement The instruments chosen include the ACER Test of Reasoning ability and the Constructive Thinking Inventory (CTI) for intelligence. The ACER Test of Reasoning ability has multiple choice items. This is meant to gauge the capability of young learners between the ages of nine and eleven. The one b
A lesson plan is an essential component of any teacher’s strategy. It is designed to structure the content that will be taught to children throughout the learning period. In addition, the plan includes other activities such as family meetings or art therapy lessons that are designed to improve teacher’s understanding of each child’s background and needs. The focus of the teaching process should be on improving student’s knowledge of the subject and guiding them through it to develop understanding of the question. The critical factors to consider are the diffract backgrounds of the community. In a single school, children from different countries, cultures, and families come together. All of these factors have an impact on how the child perceives the information that is given to him or her. It is crucial for a teacher to understand the backgrounds of the students and include these factors in the learning plan of a subject to ensure better learning outcomes. In order for students to learn, practice, and master content I have applied the in-depth content knowledge and learning resources in the academic disciplines. As Shulman stated, the knowledge of a subject is a foundation for the pedagogical practice that enables the process of explaining ideas to others (as cited by Houseal, Abd-El-Khalick, & Destefano, 2015). Without an in-depth understanding of subjects, it is difficult to explain concepts, answer questions from children and respond to their ideas. “Professional development leads to a change in practice, which leads to a change in student outcomes, which leads to a change in teacher self-efficacy.” (Smith, 2015, p. 107). In addition to knowing the subject, a teacher should understand studying and learning techniques and evaluate the performance of the students as well as his or her performance. Different learning resources can be a great addition to helping children develop their knowledge. For example, art therapy has proven to be an effective way to engage students in the process of learning. As Carter (2016) stated, “children in play can be free to experiment” (p. 53). In particular, this approach is integrated effectively into the learning plan for literacy development. “Playful art explorations as a strategy for developing literacy learning” (Carter, 2016, p. 53). In addition, such method encourages children not to be afraid of making mistakes, which can be beneficial for other, more specific subjects such as math. I have applied the in-depth content knowledge and learning resources to be able to respond to children’s ideas and answer their questions about the materials. In addition, the additional learning resources help children feel freer in the classroom and learn to study more effi
Dyslexia is a fairly well-known condition, about the details of which, however, most people know practically nothing. Therefore, a detailed study of this topic can be shocking, eye-opening. In my case, learning about dyslexia, the difference in reading, and how to evaluate and teach children with dyslexia was a somewhat humiliating but gratifying experience for me. The more I studied this topic, the more I realized how big the knowledge gap is and how important it is to fill it. Despite my initial ignorance, being honest with myself helped me effectively assess the missing knowledge and grow professionally by observing such students’ lives. First of all, my lack of detailed understanding of the topic prevented me from realizing the number of components that dyslexia consists of. Contrary to common stereotypical misconception, this condition is associated with many more problems than just seeing letters or words backward. I obtained helpful insight and detailed information through a thorough study of a specialized test designed for a child with dyslexia. According to Dr. Cruger, tests for assessing the condition of a student are divided into five categories, evaluating the main groups of knowledge that are vital for any person (Understood, 2017). These include all possible ways of obtaining information and communication: speaking skills, reading, pronunciation, writing, and an overall assessment of background knowledge. A detailed study of each of these groups allows drawing up a general portrait of the child, describe their situation, and give an idea of ​​possible ways to solve problems. For example, checking the general level of knowledge can show how a student is lagging beh
The most popular means of evaluating stress levels is by conducting self-report surveys. In the surveys, individuals should respond to queries about their psychological or physical conditions. In the year 1976, Holmes and Rahe proposed that key life events, whether worthy or wicked, were possibly stressful (Holmes-Rahe-Stress-Inventory, 2011). The two medical doctors were the first to document the impacts of life events on humans in a methodical way. In their study, they noted that patients often experience a number of life changing events prior to the commencement of their stress. Based on the findings, the two doctors asserted that stress was responsible for a number of patients’ illness (Holmes-Rahe-Stress-Inventory, 2011). They proposed that stress results from modifications, which can cause huge vulnerability to physical and psychological health disarrays. The reflective essay below highlights on my current stress levels based on the Holmes-Rahe life stress inventory. To evaluate my stress levels using the inventory, I was required to identify the major life changing events that I had experienced in the last one year. Thereafter, I was required to add the score of the events. The final score indicated a rough estimate of how stress had affected my health in the previous year. The major transformations noted in my report were changes in sleeping habits and a death of a close family member. On a Holmes-Rahe life stress inventory, changes in sleeping habits were equated with 16 points (Holmes-Rahe-Stress-Inventory, 2011). On the other hand, the death of a close family member was equated with 63 points. The final score of the two events was 79 points. With respect to the above points, it is apparent that over the last one year I have had minimal life changes (Holmes-Rahe-Stress-Inventory, 2011). In the inventory, an estimate below 150 points implies that I have a low vulnerability to stress related illness. In the future, I should adopt appropriate strategies to ensure that my stress levels points remain low as possible. According to Dave Ulacia, by prioritizing tasks into urgent, not urgent, important, and not important categories I would be able to prioritize my time (Ulacia, 2009). Through this, I would manage and plan my time effectively. The above initiative will not only lower my chances of getting stress related illnesses, but will also increase my productivity. Similarly, I should identify actions or events that make me feel stressed. Thereafter, I should identify precise, tangible, and realistic means of substituting stress-causing ingredients with more supportive and pleasurable actions and events (Ulacia, 2009). Through this, I would avoid being engaged in things that make me feel strained. When overwhelmed by stress levels in the future, I will possibly listen to soft music, take a nature walk, talk with a friend, or read a favorite book. By doing so, I will be able to relax my mind enabling it to tackle with the stress causing elements. To manage the inevitable stresses, I should be ready to tackle life challenges whenever they occ
Ecology of the Child From Chapter 1 (Ecology of the Child) I learned that when it comes to raising children, parents/teachers should pay close attention to the process’s systemic aspects, reflective of both the surrounding social environment and the biologically predetermined cognitive predispositions in youngsters. Hence, the connotative semiotics of the term “ecology” in the educational domain, with the former being defined as the “science of interrelationships between organisms and their environments” (Berns, 2016, p. 5). As one can infer from the Chapter, it represents a matter of utter importance for educators to be able to provide a child with plenty of opportunities to socialize with others – the main precondition for the young person to be able to acquire social skills. For the process to be effective, those in charge of exercising control over it must understand the cause-effect essence of how children go about constructing their sense of self-identity within a specific environmental (or ecological) niche. As a result of having read Chapter 1, I am now aware that these niches are best conceptualized as such that consist of four integral elements, termed as “microsystem”, “mesosystem”, “exosystem”, and “macrosystem”. It is specifically the interplay between the influences of each of these systems on the cognitive development of a child that is going to define his or her “moral character” as an adult, and consequently the concerned person’s chances to succeed in attaining a social prominence. I also learned that, as time goes on, the systems in question never cease undergoing a qualitative transformation (something that pertains to the notion of “chronosystem”), and that the developmental well-being of a child should be assessed in conjunction with the affecting circumstances of socioeconomic and psychological relevance. Ecology of Socialization After having read through Chapter 2 (Ecology of Socialization), I learned that socialization is the indispensable instrument of familiarizing a child with the ways of this world – the process that has a strong effect on the formation of his or her existential attitudes. That is, by socializing with others, children can develop a dialectical/eclectic understanding of what c
People are able to move from one place and settle in other areas of the world. People from different backgrounds are found living together in different places especially urban areas. The immigrants exercise their cultural traits in their new area of settlement. However, in the areas where immigrants settle, the natives always have their culture which is sometimes different from that of the immigrants. In order to have a good and peaceful life, it is always good for people to learn to assimilate the culture of their neighbors. This has led to situation where people exhibit mixed cultural traits because they borrow some traits from various cultures. With this situation, tastes and preferences of people are highly dynamic which require production to also change continuously. As a result, multiculturalism has developed in every sector of the economy including commerce. Multiculturalism is used to refer to a situation where traits from different cultures are incorporated into people’s daily lives. When people from different cultural backgrounds live together for a long period of time they learn some traits from various cultures and make them part of their day-to-day activities. This is a result of mutual respects of the diverse nature of life and acceptance that people are free to practice their culture. The behavior is manifested in different aspects of the society including schools, policies, politics and businesses (Jain & Triandis 1997). Commercial multiculturalism refers to the idea of taking into consideration the ethnical differences when producing and selling commodities. For one to be able to successfully trade in a multicultural society, he or she must incorporate cultural difference into the production of goods and services. Commodity culture comes about as a result of the production and distribution process of goods and services. In order to have a representation of the community as whole, commodities need to incorporate aspects of all the cultures. People’s tastes change as much as they mingle with people from other cultural backgrounds. Commercial Multiculturalism requires that any commodity be produced in a manner that does not present any cultural traits as being central. The main problem of producers is always how they can come up with a commodity that cannot encounter opposition from the public (Vang 2010). Therefore, producers have the role of developing commodities which are not ethnocentric but which at the same time will not lead to identity loss. Commodity culture results from the interaction of means of production of various cultural backgrounds. People from different cultures will always endeavor to have their cultural food and styles of life maintained. In this regard, producers of various commodities have found it worthwhile to come up with all round commodities. It is important to note that commercial culture is the culture traits that producers put into consideration whenever they think of producing any commodity. Arguably, this culture is not static given the continuous interaction between people of various cultural backgrounds. Therefore, producers have to always be aware of the tastes of people in order to ke
The ABO and Rh factor blood systems are important in humans because they are involved in blood transfusion and immunogenetics. Human beings are characterized by the A, B, AB and O blood groups that are determined by the type of antigen on erythrocytes. These blood antigens are part of the ABO blood system. The Rh factor blood system has been shown to have about 50 types of blood antigens that are found on RBCs. The most important among the antigens are the D, E, e, C and c proteins. The D antigen is used to define individuals who are Rh positive or negative (Rath et al., 2012). If a person has D proteins on his or her erythrocytes, then he or she is said to be Rh positive. However, if a person does not have the D antigen on his or her RBCs, then he or she is said to be Rh factor negative. Rh factor incompatibility has been a major issue that has been causing problems in newborns (Smits-Wintjens et al., 2012). If a woman who lacks Rh factor conceives with a man who has Rh factor, then her immune system would form Rh factor antibodies in response to the D antigens that are introduced into the mother’s bloodstream. This only happens if the blood of the fetus and mother mixes. Thereafter, antigen-antibody reaction occurs. This reaction culminates in the destruction of the fetus’s erythrocytes, a process that leads to hemolytic anemia (Rath et al., 2012). However, sensitization of a mother’s immune system cannot happen during the first pregnancy because the amount of antibodies produced is too small to initiate a harmful antibody-antigen reaction. However, antibody-antigen reaction is common during subsequent pregnancies. The following conditions could also lead to sensitization of the mother’s immune system to form Rh factor antibodies: miscarriage, blood transfusion, pregnancy outside the womb (ectopic pregnancy), induced abortion, and villus sampling of the chorion (Rath et al., 2012; Smits-Wintjens et al., 2012). Sensitization of a mother’s immune system could be known by conducting a test to establish the blood type and Rh factor. Also, a test can be done to show whether a woman has formed antibodies against the Rh factor positive blood. If tests prove that a woman could develop Rh factor antibodies, then she would be injected with Rh factor immunoglobulin to prevent sensitization. The injection is given during pregnancy and after child delivery. When appropriate tests are done early during pregnancy, it is recommended that Rh factor immunoglobulin injection be given at the 28 th week of pregnancy. When a Rh factor negative woman delivers a Rh factor positive baby, the mother should be given a dose of Rh immunoglobulin to prevent sensitization of her immune system (Smits-Wintjens et al., 2012). The immunoglobulin should be given for each pregnancy, regardless of whether it was offered during previous pregnancies. Also, the treatment should be provided to women who have abortion, ectopic pregnancies, and miscarriages. Blood transfusion should be given to a fetus while in the womb or immediately after birth if it is established that a Rh factor negative woman has developed Rh antibodies (Smits-Wintjens et al., 2012). In conclu
Tesco UPL started in London’s East End. It was founded by Jack Cohen as a one man business. He was a son of a tailor and when he started it, he specialized in selling groceries in the markets of London East End. The company started in 1919 and it adapted its brand name Tesco on 1924. The brand name was delivered from a combination of the initials of its former supplier T.E. Stockwell (TES) with initials (CO) from his surname. Thus, the misconception that the brand name Tesco originated from a combination of his name Jack and his presumed wife Tessa is wrong, since he has never been married to such a woman. Tesco started its first store at Burnt Oak, in 1929 and it started trading its shares in London Stock exchange in 1947. It was in 1956 that it started its first self-service store and first supermarket in St Albans and Maldon respectively (Tesco Corporate Profile (2004, para.5). Tesco has expanded greatly to be the biggest chain of supermarket in United. Internationally, it is placed at position four after Wal-Mart of United States on America, Carrefour of France, and the Home Deport also from the United States of America. Tesco has been successful in opening stores in 14 countries in Europe, North America and Asia. The company has expanded his line of production from specializing in selling groceries by also stocking consumer goods, financial services and Telecoms that has enabled it generate revenue of £3.41 billion annually(Tesco Corporate Profile (2004, para.7). Tesco-Corporate Strategy Tesco’s expansion over the last three decades comprises of a complete change of its strategy and image. In its early years it used a strategy that was known as ‘pile it high, sells it cheap’. This strategy was initiated by Jack Cohen and was very effective by then, but latter it was not successful in selling the brand to the middle-class customers, since they had a poor image for the brand. In 1970s, many consultants recommended a change of the names of its store due to their poor, an issue that was never implemented. They latter changed their strategy that enabled them establish a well consistent growth that facilitated it in 2005 to become the biggest retailer market in United Kingdom with a domestic grocery market share of 29% compared with 16.8% of Wal-Mart who were formerly dominating the market. The company established a strategy that that was aimed at broadening the scope of the business. This was meant to ensure that the company delivers a strong sustainable long-term growth. This new strategy entailed expanding the domestic markets to offer diversified products such as non-food, telecoms and financial services. This strategy which was initiated in 1997 is the one that ensured the growth and success of the company. This strategy comprises of five elements; Core UK: Tesco has the biggest