ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
There is a common misconception among many people that a leader is a boss and vice versa. This notion, however, is not true. A leader is defined as a person whom people follow and from whom they seek guidance and direction. A boss, on the other hand, can be anyone who has some sort of power over other people, especially colleagues at the work place. Leadership can, therefore, be defined as the process of utilising ones social influence to rally for assistance from ones followers in order to achieve a common goal. The demand for quality leadership is at all times high as citizens require leaders who can deliver consistent and sustainable development, with little, and diminishing resources at their disposal. This is especially true in a political scenario. The days when voting for a leader was simply a matter of political affiliation are dead and buried. People want actions, and demand results. So, what are the fundamental characteristics of a political leader? Well, these may vary from one person to the other because a person’s likeable attributes are a matter of preference. The following traits, however, stand out. Accountability is a fundamental ingredient and essentially the building blocks of a good leader. Personal accountability entails being answerable for your actions and of those that you supervise. A good leader should be ready to bear the burden of his subordinates’ shortcomings and deal with underperforming colleagues accordingly. Failure to do so will lead to a situation of blame-shifting and finger pointing which never bears any positive outcome. Personal accountability builds trust and shows an ability and dedication to achieving success and positive results. This is one trait that was portrayed by Prime Minister Bidzina Ivanishvili, when the president, Mikheil Saakashvili, denounced the new cabinet at the parliamentary assembly of the council of Europe (System Innovation for Sustainability 2012), and claimed that Russia would use blackmailing and provocation, similar to what was done during the Azerbaijan elections in Georgia. Prime Minister Bidzina issued a public statement, in which he apologised to Georgia’s allies for the president’s actions. This clearly shows that Bidzina is accountable for the actions of the government, under which, he serves. Honesty is another virtue that characterises a good leader, but sadly, it is a trait that many leaders lack. Honesty is like a coin with two faces. On one side, honesty builds credibility and trust, the two ingredients tha
Amazon built an innovative utility business model to offer two new technology services to its clients, namely Simple Storage Service (S3) and Elastic Compute Cloud (EC2). Since only a small fraction of computing capacity was used at any given time, the sale of unutilized processing power and storage to other companies improved the ROI, by generating revenue. Subscribers benefited because this model was pay-as-you-go, had no setup fees, deposits, or contracts, and had comparatively lower fees. Besides, subscribers could focus on their core competencies without having to invest in their own hardware and IT staff or having to worry about outdated hardware. If however, Amazon’s own computing capacity increased due to demand and it was unable to handle the increased load, its own web services may be affected. Small startup web based companies used Amazon Web Services (AWS) as their primary storage or computing source and other companies used AWS for secondary or for backup purposes (Laudon & Laudon, 2007, pp 203-204). Concepts such as capacity planning, scalability, and TCO ensure that future demand can be met within reasonable budget. When selling computing power and storage space to customers, if Amazon uses proper capacity planning techniques taking into consideration service level requirements and current capacity, it will ensure there is enough computing power and storage to meet the fluctuating demands of amazon.com. By adding additional capacity, if there is a transparent growth and noticeable performance improvement then a system is said to be scalable. The July 2008 issue which w
Introduction Kitayama, Mesquita, and Karasawa (2006) posit that no single definition can satisfactorily cover the aspects of culture. Broadly, culture denotes the cumulative behavior of a group of people that is universally acceptable by that group (Cho & Cheon, 2005). It comprises people’s behaviors, beliefs, and symbols. Culture is not static, but dynamic, which means that it changes from time to time (Jenkinson, Fitzpatrick, Norquist, Findley & Hughes, 2003). The Japanese culture is one of the most complex cultures in the world. It can be traced back to about 10,000 years (Dyer & Chu, 2003). The Japanese culture has been changing over the years and it has been influenced largely by foreign cultures as the Japanese islands continue to be inhabited. The traditional Japanese culture was greatly influenced by numerous foreign cultures and especially the Chinese culture (Muramatsu & Akiyama, 2011). However, the modern Japanese culture has small or zero Chinese influence. The fading Chinese influence in the modern Japanese culture is due to the isolation of the two lands from the world (Yamaguchi, Gelfand, Ohashi & Zemba, 2005). This research paper will explore the Japanese culture and compare it with the American culture. Numerous differences exist between the US and the Japanese cultures. The major differences are in religion, the feeding habits, the dressing code, as well as the attitude towards people from different cultural backgrounds (Jianghao & Zhijun, 2011). The paper will critically analyze the main aspects of the two cultures and identify a theory that best explains the inherent differences between the two cultures. Based on the theory identified, the paper will shed light on how both the US and the Japanese cultures influence the expression of emotion, the development of morality, gender, and aggression. In addition, the paper will analyze the various biases that may have influenced the analysis of the two cultures by citing evidence to show that the biases influenced the aforementioned analysis. The Japanese culture Japan is one of the nations in the world that have preserved their traditions even to date (Jenkinson et al., 2003). The Japanese culture differs significantly from that of other countries especially the United States. Some of t
Synopsis of Kar’s Article Natural disasters are in high prevalence in developing countries due to various reasons. The catastrophes have diverse impacts to the lives of people such as deaths and untold sufferings. Several reasons causes calamities such as lack of proper warning systems, unpreparedness during emergencies, inappropriate response to any disaster and lack of sound policies to contain disasters. In addition, tragedies in the third world usually affect many people. Lack of transport and communication services and scarcity of funds for sensitive respite seems to be essential determinants of morbidity. Pre-disaster features such as inferior financial positions, wretched housing systems and poor communication structures add to the depression. The above features influence the lives of people psychologically. Kar observes that people are affected differently depending on cultural beliefs. Therefore, it is necessary to raise awareness pertaining to psychological wellbeing in relation to the outcomes of catastrophes globally, particularly in the more susceptible developing states. Kar continues to postulate that there is a great necessity to intensify calamity response system in emerging economies. For administration of disaster-related psychological wellbeing, institutions must build appropriate reactions and intercessions bearing in mind the five theoretical stages that is, pre-disaster caution phase, tragedy phased during and immediately after the tragedy, untimely post-disaster stage, topical post-disaster st
Introduction Many aviation companies are faced with the overwhelming challenge of eliminating controlled flight in terrain (CFIT). The rate of accidents over the years has increased making the modern mass transportation means through air travel an issue of great concern. It is important to note that one of the major causes of accidents among aircrafts is the CFIT. Its accidents are normally due to lack of awareness of impending collisions by the crew controlling the aircraft. As a result, the air carrier is flown into the water mass, obstacles or terrain. This essay will explore the safety problems aviation face and suggest possible solution. Safety problems On a global scale, the safest means of transport has undoubtedly been air travel bearing in mind that hardly do we experience air mishaps as compared to land surface means of transport. However, a number of factors have contributed to CFIT accidents. These factors include organization of air carrier, aircraft equipment, airport and approach, environment and lack of awareness among flight crew (Palacios et al., 2010). Other related factors include human error, bad communication, equipment failures, high risk operations, ineffective scanning of instruments, inattention, complacency, task saturation as well as intentional and inadvertent flight into bad weather (Flottau, 2011; Cox, 2010; Gerzanics, 2010; Palacios et al., 2010). Human error To begin with, human error plays an important role in causing CFIT accidents. These errors range from drug and alcohol use by the pilots, homebuilt aircraft, use of student pilots, improper fuel management, on ground and in-flight judgment, unsterilized approach, inadequate flying skills, the inability of the flight crew and the pilot to communicate better due to lack of communication skills (Compart, 2011; Cox, 2010; Flottau, 2011; Palacios et al., 2010). CFIT accidents due to error by pilots occur when they fail to control aircraft during landing owing to lack of skills or disorientation (Berman & Dismukes, 2011). This can result into stalls or long and hard landings. Additionally, during approach and landing, accidents may occur when pilots fail to maintain a constant or reasonable descent rate and speed. Pilots are prone to making wrong on-ground and in-flight judgments during landing by not setting properly landing flaps, improper mixture of control, ignoring appropriate measures for carb icing and failing to read checklist (Gerzanics, 2010; Palacios et al., 2010). As such, pilots land on pastures, roads and uncertain terrains, fly into canyons and hit power lines (Compart, 2011). Moreover, non-assertive behaviors and language barriers have resulted into the crew being unable to report a situation that could be critical to the air traffic controllers. This can be as a result of not being able to write, read or speak a common language (Berman & Dismukes, 2011; Palacios et al., 2010). Communication problems causes the flight crew to provide information that is not correct or accurate, fail to hear back and give wrong read back. For instance, during a fuel load, to avoid occurrence of fuel exhaustion there is need for the flight crew
Relocation of an office is associated with numerous difficulties. The most apparent challenge is the risk of losing valuable employees. The following case study provides the information on approaches that are expected to mitigate these risks and outlines leadership theories relevant to the situation. Relocation Concerns The most important element that needs to be emphasized in the communication plan is the regular and timely updates on the situation at hand. As can be seen from the case study, no information is available to the company management regarding the reasons behind the decision to move the office. Under such conditions, it is reasonable to expect that at least some of the employees will feel powerless and may lose trust in the company. On the other hand, it is evident that the human resource director is closely familiar with the majority of the workers, which, in turn, suggests the existence of an established connection within the department. Thus, once the information is available on the reasons behind the decision, or changes in the initial scenario, it would be necessary to communicate it to the participants. In this way, the employees will retain the feeling of control over the situation. The approach is also expected to contribute to the empowerment of the employees in the relocation process (Sarkissian, n.d.). Next, to ensure employee retention, it would be necessary to take into consideration the families of the employees. One of the main reasons behind the reluctance to move is the difficulty of organizing social life at the new site (Smith, 2013). Therefore, it would be necessary to at least partially address these issues either by providing the essential services (e.g. finding schools and daycare for children) or by partially covering the associated expenses. Considering the number of employees in the office, it would be reasonable to delegate the task to a team of managers experienced in the matter. Finally, considering the fact that the performance expectations are to remain at the usual levels, it would be necessary to clarify this issue outright and honestly clarify the expected challenges associated with the goal. In this way, it will be possible to establish the realistic vision of the oncoming change and gain the support of the employees who are committed to the success of the company, who will perceive their input as important. The article by Daniels (2014) contains two important points that can be used in the situation at hand. First, the author provides advice on the situation where a strategic decision that the leaders need to pursue is unpopular with their team. In the described case, the situation is further complicated by the fact that the strategic benefits of the decision are not apparent even to a leader. Thus, it i
The article adeptly begins with a provision of the authors’ professional information. This serves to put the reader at a level of conceptualizing what they are reading. It provides an introduction of the authors to the reader of the article. Other information about the authors is provided at the end of the article. The purpose of the discussion is to address businesses and especially the people who are in managerial positions. They are brought to understand key issues like for instance definition of terms and the total description of what they entail. When such basic information is given, it forms the basic foundation of the intended meaning to be delivered. The research is well written that is the grammar used is standard and up to the level of the reader and the information is logically presented. The stream of data given is comprehensible and the vocabulary used by the writers is well-chosen and appropriate. Neutrality is maintained by the choice of terms that do not favor any side as better than the other. In this case, there is no room for providing biased information. Though the information presented is systematic, the authors have not been able to state how to apply the data. They only give information in general that is, describing what should be done. It is noted that the sample of the study on data warehouses is given by introducing basic details about it. This topic is selected based on the need to have managerial decision-making. Four basic themes are explored in detail and they are; integration, implementation, intelligence, and innovation. Selection is important because it outlines the major areas of weakness that are established and how to manage them. In the study given, no factors or variables are outlined that indicate the impact of the outcome of the research. In addition, the methods of measuring results are stated but they are not explained explicitly. In such a case, one is not sure whether the expected results will occur. The writers have used several illustrations to support their work. For instance, there is an extract on data warehousing lateral architecture. It gives an overview of the responsibilities and research challenges found in the four data warehouse architecture layers. Illustrations have advantages in that it is easy to interpret the information given. They are also necessary because they help make meaning clearer and a large chunk of information is compressed into manageable data. Many citations have been quoted at the end of the research paper. They are quite a large number in that they fill a whole page. They date as early as 1960 to the year 2004. I think it’s uneconomical to have some of these references because they are obsolete. Current bibliographic material should be used because they give up-to-date information. Citations are an important part of research to support the writer’s arguments. As one reads through the article, you come across several terms that have been defined. The definitions are specific and the authors have tried to expound on them. This allows for an easier understanding of content in the various contexts as applied. Terms
Introduction Government failure by definion is the inability of a government or government agencies to achieve their goals and outcomes (Dollery and Wallis, p. 4). According to Dollery and Wallis (1997), there are three types of government failure, i.e. Legislative Failure, Bureaucratic Failure, and Rent-Seeking. Weisbrod (1978), on his part, has a broader view of government failure, arguing that government failure should be looked at from 4 different levels, i.e legislative, administrative, judicial, and enforcement failure (Dollery and Wallis, 1997, p. 4). Regardless of the form, government failure has been found to have a significant impact on policy analysis and the following paper will thus seek to analyze government failure and the role it plays in policy analysis in various areas. Government Failures as Precursors for Policy Analysis According to Dollery (1997), government failure forms an integral part of the lexicon of modern policy analysis. Vining et.al (2007, p. 156) supports this viewpoint, noting that public policy is as informed by an understanding of government failure as it is by market failure because the collective choices made by government organs have the potential not to promote social values in desired and predictable ways. From a market theory perspective, Riley (2012) further argues that government failure is the best way of finding out what the consumer preferences are and then, based on these preferences, finding out how many among them are willing and able to pay for particular goods and services. As such, the success of the policy can be gauged. The most important reason for using government failure as a precursor for policy analysis, however, is the fact that governments often opt to embark on projects when they do not have sufficient information that is needed for a proper cost-benefit analysis, many times leading to misguided policies with negative ramifications (Riley, 2012). There have been several examples of failed government housing policies in the West in the last few years, for instance, and such failures must form the foundation for policy analysis to help prevent similar policy failures by goverments in future. The Effect of Government Failures on Different Subject Areas The effect of government failures on different subject areas is similar, with the most common thread being the fact that the effects are long term and far-reaching. This is because government policies are wide-reaching/ all encompassing spanning a large geographical scope and affecting a vast amount of people, a lot of times the entire population of a country (Byrnes, Dollery and Wallis 2011). Housing and Transport, for instance, are different sectors yet the policies develped decades ago that regulate them have produced long term effects that are being felt today. The UK’s transport network has been facing long- term challenges due to poor long-term planning just as the housing sector in the US has suffered due to lack of foresight in pol
Our everyday life is full of different challenges and issues. These challenges can be the results of our interactions with people, of the peculiarities of our private life or our career. There are a lot of tensions and pressures in our everyday reality and our task is to cope with them successfully. In 1991 Lynda La Plante created a story for the TV series Prime Suspect about Jane Tennison, a detective in the Metropolitan Police, who had to prove her professional competency in the world of men. There are many conflicts and oppositions in the series which can be presented in the form of interpersonal triangles. The most vivid interpersonal triangle which is based on conflicts and hostility includes Jane Tennison and her colleagues Bill Otley and Michael Kiernan who cannot accept the fact of Tennison’s being a first-class detective and a great professional in this sphere. The main conflict of this triangle depends on the problem of the occurrences of sexism in the behavior of those men who work with Jane Tennison. The Metropolitan Police is the world where men dominate. Bill Otley and Michael Kiernan consider that women should not even try to succeed in this sphere. Moreover, a woman cannot take the position higher than a man’s one. Thus, Jane Tennison has to fight with the antagonism of Bill Otley and Michael Kiernan singly and also with their tandem. Tennison’s actions are directed toward her proving herself in the position, gaining of the reputation and decreasing of the tension. However, Bill Otley and Michael Kiernan’s actions are directed toward breaking down her will and persistence. Thus, Jane Tennison suffers from the open sabotage of her orders by Bill Otley and the team. The problem is in the fact that Jane Tennison faces this opposition every day, and she has also to fight for her professional and private freedom. Tennison can emphasize this point saying, “Whoa, you’re in my space!” (Prime Suspect 1). She means not only the peculiarities of the immediate situation, but she declares her position according to the whole situation in the office. Jane Tennison is dedicated to her work greatly. She is rather talented and very ambitious. She cannot admit compromises, and there is only the ‘law of justice’ on which she depends (Prime Suspect 1). Her intentions are directed to reaching the success in her professional life, but she forgets about the needs of her private relations. That is why it is emotionally difficult for her to work in the situation when her colleagues have the purpose to prevent her from doing her work effecti