ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Oligopoly is a type of market structure that has few companies but with huge capital bases. ‘Few firms’ in this case are taken to mean that the activities of one firm are largely influenced by the activities of the rest of the firms in the industry. In other words, interdependence is eminent. Should one firm, for instance, decide to change the price or make any other fundamental decision, others will follow suit. Such examples would include the print media such as the Newspaper Industry. All companies would decide to charge same prices not because of their individual choices but because of the demands of the market. Readership (sales) in this case will depend on factors other than the price, such as the efficiency of distribution channels (accessibility), quality of the content, subscription and publicity. These factors are popular referred to as non- price aspects of competition. Cost & Revenue Equilibrium in Oligopoly Any rational firm in an oligopolistic market cannot increase the price above P because it knows very well (perfect knowledge) that it would be pricing itself out of the market, since other firms in the industry will most probably keep their prices stable at P and therefore having a high relative demand. The objective demand is represented by d 2. K is not attainable since an increase in price by an individual firm above P will lead to a fall in the quantity demanded, taken from the demand curve D 1 K. Again, the price cannot be reduced below P since each firm knows well in advance that any such move would be followed by the rest of the firms in the industry with a view to maintaining their market shares. Thus, the subjective demand Kd 1 cannot be individually taken as an advantage because of the tendency for simultaneous pricing decisions. Therefore, there is a high tendency for prices to remain rigid at P, with the relevant market demand curve being D 1 D 2 with a kink at point K. The high degree of substitutability of oligopoly products makes the demand for products to be highly price elastic. Oligopoly in the market describes a situation in which firms are price makers. Product differentiation and supernormal profits are earned both in the short run and long run. Because sellers are few, the decisions of sellers are mutually inter-dependent and they cannot ignore each other because the actions of one will affect others (Kreps, 1990). Pricing and Output Decisions of the Firm The price and the output shall depend on whether the firm operates in either pure oligopoly or differentiated oligopoly. Oligopoly market normally differentiates its products. But this differentiation might either be weak or strong. Pure oligopoly describes the situation where differentiation of the product is weak. Pricing and output in pure oligopoly can be collusive or non-collusive. Collusive oli
Company overview Hire Intelligence International Company is a company based in Australia with five outlets in Sydney, London, Perth, and Melbourne. It also has franchised outlets in Australia, Ireland, New Zealand and the United Kingdom. The company is dealing with short term computer rentals and its main clients include the government, small to medium enterprises, and the corporate sectors among others. They are short contracts rental of computers ranging from one day to four years. It’s a rapidly growing company which has expanded its operations to include IT and Audio visual machines, videoconferencing services and servicing rooms with the required machines to be used in training. It’s a listed company in the Australian stock Exchanges. Economic analysis Interest rates affect the company’s financial position. When the interest rates are high the company’s borrowings will be reduced since it will be very expensive to repay. Hence the company will not depend on borrowings in its investments. Since the company also depends on other companies in their nature of business which are also affected with interest rates, will have to reduce their spending hence HII will not get adequate clients to hire their computers and utilize other services. This limits the company’s financial position necessary for expansion and generation of more income. Interest rate is inversely proportion to investments as shown in the diagram below. The exchange rate affects the rate of return to the company. If the company’s valuation is done using the Australian dollars, the diagram below shows that the rate of return to the company decreases from A to B as the exchange rate of the dollar depreciates or becomes weak as its moves from E’ to E” compared to the pound which is appreciating. This implies that the investment in the company will be minimal as compared to companies in Britain. If the exchange rate appreciates, the rate of return will also increase (Mankiw 412). The Australian demography is of great importance in the creation of the market of its rental computers. The population has been growing steadily over the years and has expanded the market share of the company. The demands of the population also increase as their number increases hence the company increases its services provisions accordingly. The HII has introduced its other services like the video conferencing among others. The global economic conditions affect the performance of t
Given the fact that the semiotic significance of a particular movie cannot be discussed outside of the conventions of an affiliated socio-cultural discourse, reflected by the contained themes and motifs, it is fully explainable why it now represents a common practice among critics to refer to cinematographic pieces, as such that often advocate the socially constructed behavioral norms. Moreover, because Western societies never ceased being stratified along a number of different cultural, social and ethnic lines, there is nothing particularly odd about the fact that many Hollywood films (especially the historical ones) are being concerned with exploring the motif of a socially upheld inequality among people, reflective of the specifics of their gender and class affiliation. The validity of this statement can be well explored in regards to the 1997 film Titanic , directed by James Cameron. After all, in this particular film, the director had made a deliberate point in exposing the existential stances, on the part of Titanic’s passengers, as such that corresponded perfectly well with the concerned people’s social perception of selves. For example, there is a memorable scene in this film, where Jack Dawson (Leonardo DiCaprio) ends up dining with first class passengers on the ship’s upper deck– quite contrary to the fact that, by virtue of being a third class passenger, he was not allowed to even approach close to these people. This, however, should not be perceived as an indication of the first class passengers’ ‘open-mindedness’ – by having Jack invited, they simply wanted to entertain themselves. This is because they expected Jack to prove himself being a rather unsophisticated individual, which in turn would help them to continue enjoying their privileged status, as such that has been dialectically predetermined. This, however, was not meant to happen, because while conversing with the moralistically minded ‘rich and powerful’, Jack was able to subtly expose their self-presumed ‘superiority’ being rather incidental, “Jack: I’ve got everything I need right here with me… Just the other night I was sleeping under a bridge, and now here I am on the grandest ship in the world having champagne with you fine people” (01.00.32). Therefore, there is indeed a good reason in referring to Cameron’s film, as such that promotes a thoroughly humanistic idea that the measure of people’s actual worth has very little to do with what
A Computer-assisted dispatch system (LASCAD) was implemented by the London Ambulance Service in October 1992 (Beynon-davies 1995, p.171). This was a major software project that was supposed to substitute the manual system (Fitzgerald & Russo 2005, p.248). The LASCAD system started experiencing problems only nine days after it was launched. Erroneous vehicle information was recorded by the system due to the wrong key that was pressed by a crew member (McGrath 2002, p.254). Hence, vehicles were incorrectly allocated leading to long delays. The LASCAD system soon came into a standstill because of the large and spiraling calls made by patients in order to receive help. Several calls were captured by the system within a very short time. The delay caused a massive death of patients. Eventually, the chief executive officer of LASCAD was compelled to resign. A new LASCAD system was put in place after four years. From the case study, it is evident that the initial management of the VCF, LASCAD and the baggage-handling project were not realistic at all. In addition, the software project failed due to lack of prior testing of LASCAD’s emergency backup system. Worse still, the LASCAD’s operators lacked adequate training before the system went live (Chua 2009, p.33). In yet another project failure, a large IT software platform known as MANDATA was set up by the Australian Public Service Board in 1970 (Chua 2009, p.33). The IT project was supposed to automate personnel administration. However, the software project failed and did not meet the set objectives. The brainchild of the project retired shortly after the feasibility of the study was accomplished (Hamill & Goseva-Popstojanova 2009, p.488). One of the reasons for failure was the funding restriction. Lack of adequate funding to install all the pertinent software and maintenance of the facility was a core cha
Coming up with a mission statement is a major step in formulating the goals of any organization. Mission statement (MS) is synonymous with the statement of purpose in that it separates a facility from others of its type and defines the range of its operations concerning services and products (Ginter, Duncan, & Swayne, 2013). A mission statement of a healthcare organization is usually concerned with the services it aims to provide for the patients and how it wants to achieve its goals. Also, MS helps to keep the employees more organized and focused on the main aspects of the organization’s activity. Components of NMC’s Mission Statement NMC Specialty Hospital is one of the leading healthcare operators in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates. Its MS consists of the following components:   * leading the healthcare industry in the UAE by presenting personalized healthcare options for various social groups;   * providing regular high-quality and cost-effective care for the customers in a caring and responsive environment;   * attaining the highest level of customer satisfaction through commitment, integrity, teamwork collaboration, professionalism, and prompt services;   * implementing the most innovative healthcare technologies to provide the best diagnostic and treatment opportunities (“Vision and mission statement – NMC healthcare,” 2012). Critique of NMC’s Mission Statement A mission statement is often regarded as the philosophy of a hospital (Griffin, 2011). There are certain requirements for MSs which allow evaluating their efficiency and appropriateness. Ginter et al. (2013) emphasize that a clear-cut statement allows reducing the environment complexity. NMC’s statement consists of four components, but they are specific and straightforward, which makes it easy to understand the company’s core objectives. The next essential component of a productive MS is that it should be long-lasting. The ideas reflected in it should be comparatively stable (Ginter et al., 2013). NMC’s MS fully corresponds to this requirement as it delineates such goals as providing regular care, reaching a high level of patient satisfaction, and introducing the most progressive technologies. These aspect
The five mysteries of capital The past five years have been terrible for the communists Third World countries owing to hard-hit poverty, deteriorating economies, tumbling incomes, bitterness, and anxiety. In spite of their efforts to welcome foreign investors, improve trade within and with other neighboring nations, and preparing balanced budgets to prove that they can manage their economies without assistance from the capitalist West, they have met great disappointments. The dominance of the West has grown since its victory in the Cold war and today, it controls most marketplaces to the disadvantage of most economies. Many nations are facing political and economic disasters at the watch of the American nation. For instance, the Americans, with their imperialistic power and for selfish reasons, watch Colombia in silence as it struggles with a civil war between drug traffickers and the militia and Asia as its economy is dwindling. In addition, it has withdrawn its support to most nations. In the last ten years, the American economy has grown and gained dominance over other nations. It has achieved this by taking advantage of the precarious situations of the other nations to make a boost in terms of financial gains, stock, and bonds. In fact, there is a growing fear of recession among the rich economies should they fail to partner with the capitalist West. The West seems to be taking over everything throwing investors, businessmen, third World, and former communist nations into confusion and desperation. There seems to be no escape from the west and its influence. Most disgruntled nations are reacting sharply to these turn of events and assuming the methods laid to them by the capitalists of seeking investors, ignoring riots of suffering, and disgruntled public, and stabilizing their currencies. It is important to note that the capitalist system is not a remedy. The idea of forcing the world to adopt that system or suffer is in itself irrelevant. This method was tried in Spain more than three times in the 1820s and each time it failed. Many nations today fall back to market economic policies because capitalist ideas fail. However, the capitalists blame the failure of the Third World and former communists’ countries in adopting its system to low IQs and lack of entrepreneurial skills among others. This is not true. Other nations teem with entrepreneurs and people who have made advancements in the use of technology. In addition, they possess astonishing abilities, enthusiasm, and great talent. Why then would the Americans struggle to keep the technology of modern weapons from these countries? Why is capitalism so selfish it does not give other nations the same things it’s giving the West? Capitalism is thriving in the world above every other market economy because of its ability to produce capital. Most Third World and former
Description of Business My company is an automobile repair shop where customers can buy auto parts and receive related services including automobile painting. It is a Limited Liability Company (LLC) that is registered in Oregon. The company is owned by two friends William Bench, and Oscar Janglers, each of them has 50%. The name of the company is “B&J LLC”. In this way, the names of the owners are mentioned as well as the note that the organization is LLC, which is obligatory in the state of Oregon. It is located on 760 Chambers Street and consists of a four-bay garage (one of the bays is separated and devoted to painting services), office and shop space as well as the storage where the products are kept. These facilities were bought by the owners, as they were previously used for the similar purposes by another company. As it was mentioned, B&J LLC provides the clients with auto products and services. Such concept allows the owners to get the most profit. Having needed tools in their shop, they do not only sell them but also use to provide services. The services include automobile painting and repair. The products are the auto parts, paints, the tools needed for the described procedures, and other items related to this sphere (engine oil, car polish, etc.). Today the majority of drivers prefer that some workers repair their automobiles so that there is no necessity to spend extra time and effort. Thus, the fact that the range of services and products in B&J LLC is wide allows them to gain more. To attract more customers, the company provides discounts. Depending on the sum of the previous service received by the customer, one can get from 5% till 30% discount on particular products. The company also encourages the clients to leave their comments. They can fill out the blank and evaluate the services they received. They can also leave recommendations and wishes. In this way, the clients feel that they are not neglected but valuable for the organization, and B&J LLC can measure the effectiveness of their performance and implement the changes that are likely to attract more clients. The customers of the company are all people who have cars. There are no restrictions regarding the gender and nationality of the clients. Professional drivers (taxi drivers) and the representatives of general public receive the services under the same conditions. Business Organization As B&J is LLC its organizational structure differs from the others. The company has two owners who can be also considered as LLC managers. As they have equal parts of the organization, they are also equal in the rights to operate the organization. They share the responsibilities and duties regarding business activities such as hiring new employees. All major decisions are made only after coming to the consensus. Such operations are agreed beforehand when the owners define whether they want to rule the company themselves or want to hire a person who will be responsible f
Born in 1918, Anwar Sadat went to a Royal Military Academy to become a Free Officer. During his early stages of his life, Anwar Sadat served the military in various capacities. While working as a lieutenant in the military, Anwar Sadat met Gamal Abdel Nasser and thereafter formed a Free Officers Movement with an aim of snatching out Egypt from the British hegemony. Soon, the movement plotted a coup that led to the Egyptian revolution of 1952, which overthrew King Farouk I, a state of affair that Anwar Sadat announced over radio networks on 23 July 1952. Later on, Gamal Abdel Nasser became the president and appointed Anwar Sadat as the minister of state in 1954. Five year later, Anwar Sadat assumed the position of the secretary to the National Union and eventually the speaker of the legislative assembly from 1960 to 1968. The following year, 1969, Gamal Abdel Nasser appointed Anwar Sadat as his vice president, a position he held until the assassination of Abdel Nasser. Anwar Sadat succeeded Nasser as president on acting capacity while awaiting elections. Interestingly, Anwar Sadat did not follow the footsteps of Nasser, instead; he established his own regime based on economic issues affecting Egyptians. By doing this, Anwar realized that he needed support from the West. Nevertheless, in order to qualify for Western investment, Anwar had to comply with certain issues. For instance, peaceful coexistence between Egypt and Israel was one of the prerequisites. Additionally, the Egyptian authority had to get rid of the Soviet influence to pave way for Western capitalism. In 1970, Anwar Sadat won the presidential elections by more than 90 percent to become the third president of Egypt. Nonetheless, many people did not expect Sadat to rule for long time due to his scrawny and colorless figure. Surprisingly, Anwar Sadat invented a myriad of incisive political moves, which enabled him to retain the presidency and donned him the regalia of a leader. It was apparent that Anwar Sadat’s leadership was a leaf from the West. It is important to note that Nasser’s regime advocated Pan-Arabism. However, Anwar chose the exact opposite. Anybody who dared to oppose his regime risked a jail sentence. Nevertheless, as it came out, the arrested were pro-Soviet and left-leaning elites who teamed to oppose Anwar’s Western meritocracies. Later on, Anwar appointed a crown of leaders outside the Free Officer Movement to serve as government officers, as most Free Officers were pro-Soviet and subscribers of Ara
In my African-American community, caregiver roles are usually assumed by women – daughters, wives, or daughters-in-law. Women are usually responsible for helping the diseased with their daily living activities, such as dressing, washing, and cooking, while men’s duty is financial support. However, the burden of caregiving generally does not fall on a single person; rather, many members of the family may coordinate with each other in providing assistance to the sick relative. Overall, different identity characteristics determine who assumes caregiving roles. Gender is an important factor since research shows that, although men can be engaged in caregiving, women act as caregivers much more often (Bertogg & Strauss, 2020). In addition, men are more likely to remain in employment, which is why they often take up financial support, while women assist in daily living activities (Bertogg & Strauss, 2020). Further, marital status also determines whether a person will become a caregiver. Among married individuals, caregiving is common, and when both spouses have certain health problems, the caregiving burden falls on the one who is functionally less limited (Bertogg & Strauss, 2020). Age may also affect caregiving roles as younger individuals are more likely to become caregivers for their older relatives. In the African American community, two major factors may alleviate the caregiver burden. The first factor is the high value of the family and cultural expectations about women’s roles as carers for the family. Because of culturally embedded female duties and more value placed on family needs rather than individual ones, African Americans are less burdened by caregiving (McLennon et al., 2020). Another alleviating factor is religiosity that is used as a source of comfort and strength (McLennon et al., 2020). Both factors help African Americans cope with the caregiver’s burden. Culturally appropriate interventions for this cultural group should emphasize African American values. One particular intervention is psychoeducation that should be culturally tailored to include more information about the family as a caregiving resource (Brewster et al., 2020). Culturally sensitive interventions are important because it allows for forming therapeutic alliances with clients and addressing the systemic oppression faced by their cultural groups (National Association of Social Workers, 2010). In order to advocate for African American caregivers, social workers should be aware of policies applying to this group and defend their interests and cultural values in team meetings. They should also support policies and media that act to eliminate the institutional oppression of this group.