ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Rewarding innovation A successful firm creates an environment that makes employees generate new ideas. An organization can create a culture of creativeness by encouraging, recognizing and rewarding processes. The recognition and rewards should not to be expensive since the managers can think of cheap and appropriate ways to appreciate and encourage new thinking. If the firm intends to motivate its workforce by rewarding them, it should ensure that the employees are sure that certain behaviors will be rewarded. This means that the reward process has to be genuine and transparent. Rewards have to be meaningful; thus, expressing the value that the administration puts on the innovation. The bigger the innovation, the greater the reward should be. Rewarding the appropriate culture behaviors will lead to increase in productivity and the quality the of employees’ work. Through rewards, the firm will experience positive changes internally and with customers (Jellison, 2006). Removing impediments An organization can create a good culture by eliminating impediments. The firm can upgrade the structure that allows staff to support creativity. For instance, if the workforce never implements the new ideas, because of the thick hierarchy in the organization, the managers should find solutions (Jellison, 2006). Practical creativity The managers should involve all the workers in discussing the problems while making it possible for the new ideas to be implemented within work teams. The organization should consider one regular annual opportunity for brainstorming and out-of-the-box thinking. Preferably, there can be a forum where people are free, or any environment that allows ideas and dialogue to flow. The managers should also allow workers to find efficiency in their areas of responsibilities, which is also a form of innovation. Moreover, managers should encourage workers to be creative by being role models of creative thinking. Building and supporting a creative culture will allow the teams to fulfill their potentials. The sharing
Introduction Services Industries are Important in Building Economic Growth. In the business world, money, tangible products, and services are the main aspects. The services sector is easier to modify since it is capital and skill intensive field. Several economic experts have outlined the reason for services development. Services Development by Augusta Et Al According to Auguste et al, many companies that primarily deal with tangible products are finding it necessary to engage in the services sector in order to make profit for capital. In addition, the services sector helps protect some products from commoditisation. Commoditisation refers to the alienation of a company’s products from the original manufacturer or producer. If a manufacturer produces goods for use by other companies to offer certain services, the quality of the products will be attributed to the company rendering the services. Consequently, the services company can stifle the manufacturer’s products by limiting purchases from the manufacturer or altogether shifting their supplies to another manufacturer. Consequently, manufacturers are engaging in the services sector to protect commoditisation of their products. This enables them to compete favourably with other manufacturers of similar products. Moreover, the company can directly identify with the product and the services it offers (Rust & Huang 2012, p.50). Services development by Nissan et al Nissana et al argues that companies are increasingly engaging in the service industry to get a grip on the behaviour of the consumer. The extent of use of some services determines the demand for the manufactured product associated with it. The author sets an example of mobile phones (Nissana et al 2011, p.8). The extents to which mobile services are available to the consumer affect the demand for mobile phone handsets from the manufacturer. In this essence, the control of the popularity of a service enables the manufacturing company to exert control on its products. In addition, Nissan et al considers that to modify tangible products, capital for financing research and innovation is necessary. The services sector has a high capability of accumulating capital. This is especially true for the financial services sector, which involves movement of capital. If a company is involved in the financial services sector such that investors are attracted to its services, then the interested parties will deposit money in form of investments such as securities. The manufacturing company or any other company dealing with tangible products can use the money for research and innovation to modify the existing products to meet customer demands. The invested capital is paid back by the sales of the now competitive product in the market. Ettlie Rosenthal’s perspective on eservices development Another reason for businesse
Introduction This paper analyzes an article on the roles and limitations of epidemiology studies. The paper begins by identifying the research question, hypothesis and study design. The paper then evaluates the method used in the research, study results and conclusion that emanates from the article. Following evaluation, the paper explains that the method used involved case-control studies. Also, the paper explains that results may have obtained distortion due to errors of misclassification, confounding, biases and measurement. Misclassification errors may have occurred due to imprecision in measuring exposures or condition of ailments while confounding errors could have occurred due to intrusion of effects related to exposure. Lastly, the paper highlights that provided evidence is not enough to confirm the findings of the study. Research Question, Hypothesis and Study Design This study hypothesizes that epidemiology studies can prove the causal association between causes of cancer and putative exposures in populations (Franco, Correa, Santella, Wu, Goodmane, & Petersen, 2004). The study seeks to answer the question, “what are the roles and limitations of epidemiology as a discipline concerned with the discovery of carcinogens in the physical, chemical, and biological environment?” (Franco et al., 2004, p. 413). The study design involves reviewing two cases that show causative factors of the stomach and cervical cancer to set up cause-effect relationships. An Evaluation of Methodology The study uses case-control studies in establishing relationships. A case-control study gets defined as an exposition study whereby a cluster of subjects with a certain ailment obtains comparison with a control group of subjects, who are free from the ailment, to bear out whether the group that suffers from the ailment could be exposed to some elements that are different from the control group. Case-control studies become used in observational studies because they take less time and are less expensive than cohort studies. Nevertheless, case-control studies are prone to issues like recall bias and choice bias, which may produce results that are less reliable compared to results that become obtained from other study designs. Recall bias occurs due to the time interval between the day of sample collection and building some cases, which allow approximation of relative risks with accuracy. An Evaluation of Study Results Interpretation of this study may have obtained distortion due to several factors including misclassification, confounding, biases and measurement errors. Biases might have occurred at any point in the process of study, causing the wrong interpretation of the relationship between putative exposures and the risk of ailment. For instance, selection bias might have occurred during the course of choosing participants. The existence of errors during the selection process may yield results that are not representative of the entire population. That is to say, selection bias may have led to the interpretation that there is a relationship between putative exposures and cancer, as drawn from respondents, which could not
Executive Summary E-commerce has become very popular over the recent past. This has seen the rise of new methods of conducting market research. Market research is important because the market is dynamic and there is need to adjust to the changes that take place in it. Web analytic tools have come up to help in tracking down customers’ movement in the market. One of the web analytic tool that is currently in use is the JavaScript. With its tracking cookies, it is able to record the behavior of a browser on the internet. This tool has various applications and it can be very useful to a firm like Argos. This firm can use this tool to understand customer behavior. It can also be used to enhance the firm’s performance. This tool also helps the management in making decision. Introduction Use of JavaScript as a web analytic tool has gained popularity over the recent past. Wittner (2003, p. 67) defines web analytic as a comprehensive process of collecting, analyzing, measuring and reporting data on the internet in order to facilitate increased web usage. Web analytic is an instrument for market research that can be utilized to assess web traffic, verify the efficiency of the website, and build up ways through which a particular online corporation can advance its website. Web analyst can choose the two approaches that is, on-site and off-site web analytics. On-site web analytics concerns itself with tracking down customer actions once he or she gets into the website (Amable 2003, p. 12). Off-line web analytics involves on line buying irrespective of the site. All this should aim at ensuring that the firm gains footage in marketing. Marketing has completely changed from what it used to be in the past. As Peteraf (1993, p. 180) observes, Many companies in the early nineteenth century were more concerned with production of goods and services. The market was readily available. Marketing took an inward out approach. The market had to take what was availed to it. Competition was very limited and many large corporations operated in a near monopoly market. By then, marketing was a small department within the production unit. Casper and Matraves (2003, 1882) say that sales were a more important functional unit than marketing. This changed sharply in the mid of nineteenth century due to a number of reasons. More firms came into existence, as the market was available. Duplication of products became rampant, a fact that saw many firms face stiff competition as more firms found themselves in the same markets with similar products. Strategy had to be changed. Firms had to develop new methods to ensure that they remained competitive in order to survive. Marketing gained relevance as a way of ensuring that firms maintained a positive outlook in the market. This saw a shift of marketing from inside out to outside in. Currently, firms produce what the market demands. With emerging technologies, marketing is taking a completely new face. Electronic marketing, popu
Introduction Over recent decades in the United States, solitary confinement of prisoners in correctional institutions has increased in prevalence and in salience (Schlanger 2010), as relevant agencies with the criminal justice system attempt to exercise a fair share of control and discipline among prisoners in a multiplicity of settings, including federal and state prisons, local jails, and immigration and national security detention facilities (Physicians for Human Rights 2013). Although solitary confinement exists under a range of names, including “disciplinary segregation”, “administrative segregation”, “supermax confinement”, “the hole”, “maximum security”, or “permanent lockdown”, it basically entails a form of segregation or isolation in which prisoners are held in total or near-total isolation for up to 23 hours a day (Schlanger 2010), with minimal environmental stimulation and minimal opportunity for social interaction (Grassian 2006; Vasiliades 2005). In the United States, solitary confinement programs are under the prison and corrections systems used by various states and are to a large extent designed to facilitate control, discipline and behavior modification of prisoners. The stakeholders involved in the solitary confinement program consist of officials of the department of corrections, prison staff,
It is no secret that some members of society have more privileges than others. People are marginalized based on their race, ethnicity, and social class. My experience with unjustly treated people was when I saw how an African American woman was not allowed to enter a restaurant due to some unknown reasons. This was a terrible experience as I felt anxious about what was happening in the restaurant. I think people should not be treated badly because of their race. Racial discrimination should be a problem in the modern world. This minor case suggests the greater problem that is unjustly treating people in the context of the criminal justice system. The criminal justice system in the United States is designed to protect and serve everyone. This concept should be inclusive of all races, genders, and other identifying features. It happens more than what the news channels may bring to light, although it should not. Minorities and people who do not meet society’s “norms” are frequently subjected to unequal treatment by those charged with protecting them. In the book, Stevenson writes about groups of people who are vulnerable to being victimized by the system and how he helped people in prison to bring them justice. It can be said that the system is inherently biased toward minorities, and it makes people suffer without any significant justification. A prominent example of this is the case of George Floyd. When I first viewed the footage of George Floyd’s killing, I felt a wave of pain and rage run through my body. Not because I was surprised or outraged because Black women and men have been occurring since long before I was born; rather, I felt impotent. That someone in a position to protect and safeguard chose to do the exact opposite and murder someone so openly and publicly. It’s the same hopelessness that the spectators who witnessed Floyd’s murder must have felt, and it’s the same helplessness that George must have felt as he screamed in his final minutes. The kind of powerlessness that makes you want to take action. One of the lessons of the Black Lives Mat
According to the study conducted by Ganz et al. (2018), from 700,000 to 1 million patients suffer from falls annually. Halter (2013) distinguishes four types of falls: accidental, unanticipated physiological, anticipated physiological, and intentional ones. Indeed, some falls do not lead to any severe consequences, and patients only get a bruise. However, in some cases, a fallen patient receives a concussion or suffers a broken bone. The older generation is particularly in danger of falling due to age. The probability that a patient could fall rises if he has weak muscles, cognitive, mobility or visual impairments, obesity, or could understand instructions properly (Halter, 2013). Besides, even if a person is in good health, he could become a victim of a slippery floor, an imperceptible doorstep, a poorly designed staircase, or his inattention. Hospitals undertake various strategies and policies to prevent patients from a threat of falling. The Hahnemann falls policy is a peculiar example of what a hospital might do to protect its patients well-being and minimize falls risk. The author of the Hahnemann falls approach, Halter (2013), developed a falls risk assessment that enables nurses to estimate the probability that a person will fall. If a patient’s score is lower than 25, he is at low risk of a fall (Halter, 2013). If a patient gained 25 to 44 points in the assessment, he is at moderate risk (Halter, 2013). A score of more than 45 points implies that a patient is highly likely to fall (Halter, 2013). In addition to that, nurses should consider medications prescribed to the patients. Patients taking blood thinners, diuretics, sedating antihistamine, skeletal muscle relaxants, narcotic analgesics, laxatives, anti-seizure medications, and benzodiazepines are at elevated risk for falls (Halter, 2013). Therefore, the Hahnemann falls policy’s critical message is that nurses are obliged to carefully and objectively assess the health conditions of a patient to determine whether he is at risk for falls. The Hahnemann falls policy also describes measures directed at the prevention of falls for patients at low, medium, and high risks. For example, Halter (2013) recommends offering patients “toileting facilities close to patient offering assistance with toileting every hour while awake” (p. 4). Nurses should also “assign patients to beds that permit exiting on patient’s stronger side when possible” and engage them in diversional activity (p. 4). Patients at high risk for falls should wear yellow identification marks and no-slip socks and employ a bed check device (Halter, 2013). Nurses should regularly check the hydration status of such patients and check if their beds are “secured and locked in low position” (Halter, 2013, p. 4). The brief outline of critical ideas reveals that the Hahnemann falls policy is comprehensive and covers all aspects of the issue of falls risks mitigation, and provides a clear set of rules that protect patients from a fall. In spite of the fact that the policy is well-designed, there are several suggestions on how it could be updated. First of all, in the p
There is no use denying the fact that the environment plays a very significant role in the life of people and the functioning of different organizations. It determines the way in which a company can develop and what dangers can await it in the future. That is why it is vital to analyze the existing environment in order to predict some possible complications and be able to respond to them. There are several analysis frameworks that help to investigate the existing environment, however, special attention should be given to PESTEL framework as it seems to be the most useful one. It analyses the ways in which political, economic, social, technological, ecological, and legal environments might affect organizations (Johnson, Whittington, Scholes, Angwin & Regner 2013). Resting on the title of this framework, it is possible to say that it provides a wide range of possibilities to predict and identify threats and find out opportunities. The given framework deals with a great number of different factors that are peculiar to different spheres of activities. Moreover, very often, these factors are interrelated, and analyzing them, it is possible to touch very important issues. From this framework, it becomes obvious that the environment is not just about economics, though there is a great number of other factors that influence a company. That is why the ability to take into account a combination of reasons and conditions, which influence a company at the moment, is the main advantage of PESTEL framework. Because of its orientation in different fields of activity, it is possible to predict what kind of complications can appear. However, there also some ways to improve the existing framework. Some new fields, which obtain more and more important nowadays, should be added to the analysis. There are also several important concepts connected with the issue of external analysis. Nowadays, managers are recommended to use this kind or tool instead of traditional SWOT analy
Bipolar Disorder is the core theme of “Crazy” by Pete Earley. Pete Earley has presented an in depth analysis of this particular sickness and the current rate of treatment that is available to deal with it. Bipolar Disorder is more than often referred to as a psychotic sickness ranging to the point of depression and mood swings (Kaysen et al, 2009). It is also commonly known as manic depression. Pete Earley, a Washington Post journalist has portrayed this picture through an observation of a screened patient. His son Mike was a victim to this sickness. He went from institution to institution trying to get his son admitted for treatment. But he was told that as his son was an adult, till he did not attempt to hurt himself or somebody else or did not consent to treatment, he could not be admitted. All this came to an end, when Mike broke into a neighbor’s house simply to take a bubble bath. In the process he caused some interior damage and was arrested on the same grounds. This made things extremely difficult for Earley. He could not comprehend how his son would be treated if he was being submitted to the harsh reality of imprisonment. Therefore Earley visited various mental institutions and prisons out of which Miami Dade County jail was one. The jail housed over 3000 prisoners, out of which some were in an extremely sorry and continuously deteriorating mental state. The main reason for their continued imprisonment was that the designated authorities failed to understand that the dangerous behavior was not meant to cause intentional harm but was actually a byproduct of their mental instability (Earley, 2006). This book gives us an insight into the lives of people suffering with manic depression, schizophrenia and other such mental illnesses that are mistaken for criminals and tried for serious crimes and felonies, when what they really need is proper medical treatment under supervision of specialists qualified in dealing with such cases. The Earley Family It is imperative that the state of mind of the patient is given regard when social work for the mentally ill is carried out. The social worker holds responsibilities that entail being a clinician to the patient and using continuously adapting therapy based on the evolving condition of the patient. It is necessary to determine exactly how the environment around the person is contributing to the person’s condition. Factors such as political, individual, community and family are more than often the primary contributors in this regard. Being a social worker, I would dedicate myself to caring for him. The fact of the matter is that these sort of people need constant care and monitoring however they must not under any circumstances know that they are being monitored, this might induce and unsavory response from them (NASW, 1996). Mike managed to disappear and cause havoc, maybe because he was alone and unatte