ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction This paper will review and analyze five books by identifying their main themes and generalizations. In addition, the paper will conduct a comparative review of the main themes in a bid to generate new arguments through assessing the impact of each book. Ultimately, the paper will show that the books established consistency in their findings. The first book is Northern exposure: powers, peoples, and prospects for Canada’s North by Frances Abele, Tom Courchene, France St. Hilaire, and Leslie Seidle. The contributors of this book focus on identifying the key sections of the public policy that can be improved in a bid to maximize the economy by realizing human capability in the Canada’s North. In the quest to further this objective, the book examines the themes of environmental preservation, public governance, sustainable growth, and community empowerment through education and developing Northern policy based on the future (Abel et al. 43). The book talks of the ability of the Northern population and particularly the aboriginal society and Inuit to negotiate land ownership and self-governance, which offers the chance to greater sufficiency. The enhancing political maturity encourages production firms to explore the available resources and grow the region’s economy. However, the contributors identify that the impact of climate change on environment is holding back the efforts to achieve sustainable economy and improve the lifestyles of the community. The uncertain conditions of climate change in the Canada’s Arctic region are perceived to slow the development and growth in the Northern region. The authors underscore the impacts of governance across the region that is occupied by the aboriginal communities. The authors analyze the expected challenges that the Northern Quebec and Labrador regions must face in a bid to enhance economic growth and better life styles for the Northern residents (Ebinger and Zambetakis 37). This book challenges the Inuit people, leaders of first nations, and aboriginal activists to step up and strengthen their support to safeguarding the environment as well as sovereignty in the Arctic region. The second book is After the Ice: life death and geopolitics in the new Arctic by Alun Anderson. The author provides a revelation to the world by identifying how the consequences of global warming are influencing Arctic transformation. Focusing on nations, local residents, animals, and the green environment, the author states that the activities of man contributing to global heating pose danger to sustainability of life in the near future. The author talks of the experiences of the Inuit living in the North and shares their troubled adventures through forced displacement and efforts to administer self-governance coupled with protecting the exploitation of the north by the international community, hence succeeding in regulating the effects of climate change. The author gives insights into the troubled life of the indigenous communities, the effects of Arctic exploitation, and the neglect of the Inuit people (Alun 56). The region is
Introduction The National Coalition Against Domestic Violence (NCADV) is a not-for-profit organization that was started in 1978 with the primary objective of ending violence against women (NCADV, 2015). The organization has worked with legislators to develop public policies. Among the organization’s success stories is its involvement in the passage of the Violence against Women Act through advocacy campaigns, joined by other groups of similar interest. This report seeks to study the operations of the organization with the primary goal of identifying its weaknesses and recommending changes to boost its growth. In this regard, the company’s mission and vision shall be studied in comparison to those of similar organizations and a gap analysis generated. The gap analysis shall inform the changes that will be recommended. Mission The mission of the NCADV is to advocate for societal power by training communities to encourage change and support a structure of thinking and authority among people, which aims at bringing domestic violence to an end (NCADV, 2015). NCADV works under the premise that violence against women and children arises from the use of force and threats to gain dominance over the other parties in personal relationships. The organization also believes that domestic violence is fuelled by the misuse of power and authority through such biases as racism and homophobia (NCADV, 2015). The organization understands that the abuse of power in society encourages domestic violence by creating environments that support battering of women and children (NCADV, 2015)., It is, therefore, the mission of NCADV to advocate a change in society, which serve to fight all forms of domestic violence directed at women and children (NCADV, 2015). The organization works by building strong coalitions at all levels of society. It provides technical and financial support for community-based organizations, some of which provide shelter for women and their children affected by domestic violence. The focus of NCADV’s leadership is to fight for the rights of marginalized groups with the aim of getting rid of societal elements that encourage violence against women and children (NCADV, 2015). Vision NCADV works to ensure that the welfare of victims of domestic violence is one of the main political and legislative item in America (NCADV, 2015). The directors of the organization believe that in days to come, political parties will add domestic violence legislation as key campaign element while consulting NCADV’s research data and expertise (NCADV, 2015). NCADV works to compound all efforts aimed at ending domestic violence und
Introduction Sustainable development has entered almost every sphere of our life. People realize that in order to pass something good to future generations, they need to do something positive at present. Producing and consuming too much hurts the environment as it increases the amount of waste and causes pollution. People should consider every way of eliminating the adverse outcomes of production. Fashion Sustainability Out of all industries, apparel production is one of the most harmful to the environment. It involves many production phases, each of which employs human and material resources. Therefore, fashion sustainability is becoming a highly discussed trend in modern society. Companies are thinking of ways to eliminate dangerous carbon emissions, reduce material waste, and develop the possibilities to help people in the disadvantaged regions. Sustainable goals for the planet incorporate the objectives for the fashion industry. While not all producers and consumers of fashion organizations’ products are environmentally aware and conscious, more and more people are considering these issues when choosing their clothes. Many successful sustainable campaigns have been launched to ensure the positive development of the industry. Among these, Carmina Campus, which was initiated by an Italian designer Ilaria Venturini Fendi, occupies a prominent place. This project not only cares about the environment but also provides working places for impoverished women from African regions. The Development of Sustainability The article by Griggs et al. (2013) is dedicated to sustainable development (SD) objectives for the planet and people. The authors suggest a revised definition of SD. According to Griggs et al. (2013), SD is the development that corresponds to present demands and at the same time protects the life-support order on the Earth to ensure the well-being of the next generations. Griggs et al. (2013) argue that SD goals should focus on two major concerns: the reduction of poverty and the protection of life-support structure. The authors delineate six SD objectives: the guarantee of sustainable food, prospering livelihoods, the guarantee of sustainable water, healthy ecosystems, clean global energy, and administration for sustainable societies (Griggs et al., 2013). Griggs et al. (2013) emphasize that SD goals have to be measurable and established on thorough research, and they should be implemented in both developed and developing countries. The authors argue that the paradigm of SD suggested by the United Nations needs to be revised. Griggs et al. (2013) propose that instead of differentiating between three “pillars” of SD (social, economic, and environmental), it should be viewed as a “nested concept” (p. 306). The main principles of SD, as delineated by Griggs et al. (2013) are eliminating hunger and poverty rates, enhancing people’s health, and organizing sustainable producing and consuming models. At the author’s note, the successful implementation of SD principles and goals is possible only on the condition of econo
Introduction Every text has a print of its author’s personality, and it is impossible to avoid a certain level of subjectivity in one’s narration. However, historians must maintain this level as low as possible and be impartial and objective in their descriptions, assessments, and judgments. The purpose of the review is to compare how Gavan Daws and Tom Coffman perceived the overthrow and annexation of Hawaii. The material would be their books “Shoal of Time: A History of the Hawaiian Islands” and “Nation Within: The History of the American Occupation of Hawaii,” respectively. General Information about the Authors and the Books Before analyzing the books, one should learn some major facts about their extratextual context. It includes information about the authors, the historical period they wrote their works, and various external factors that could have influenced the writers’ impression of the described events. The latter may include some personal connection with Hawaii, thus, it would also be a subject of scrutiny. This data would be useful for a better understanding of the authors’ perspectives and the sources of bias that might be present in their texts. Daws is not a Hawaiian author, as he was born in the Australian city Shepparton in 1933. He got his B.A. at the University of Melbourne in 1954 and later earned a master’s degree and a Ph.D. at the University of Hawaii in 1960 and 1966, respectively. His major research topic is the Pacific region (“Gavin Daws”, n.d.). In brief, Daws is an Australian who works a lot in Australia and the USA. However, he studied and worked in Hawaii as well, therefore he could get a genuine insight into the state’s history and the annexation’s consequences directly from its inhabitants. Daws wrote Shoal of Time: A History of the Hawaiian Islands in 1968. That was the time of Hawaiians’ increased dissatisfaction with their oppressed status. It would later turn into open protests and demonstrations that would eventually lead to the Constitutional Convention that consolidated Hawaiians’ self-determination rights. That time’s political and social atmosphere might have influenced Daws; therefore, it is important to remember this historical context while analyzing his work. Coffman is not a native Hawaiian either, as he was born in Kansas, the USA. He is a professional journalist, but unlike Daws, he is not a
Introduction The business environment has increasingly become competitive. Changing technological landscape and globalization have led to development of new markets and intercontinental movement of labor. Various studies have indicated that liberalization of markets will necessitate a need for regularization of market factors such as business language, policies, and business processes among others. Inventiveness and modernization have become the pillars of success for many businesses. Therefore, change management is a crucial subject for many businesses that need to keep in par with dramatic changes in every sphere of the business environment. This essay provides an insight into the theories of early proponents of management through examination of the challenges that environmental issues present to contemporary businesses. Literature Review Business management determines an organization’s competitiveness in different environmental landscapes. Numerous theories have been developed to solve management challenges in organizations (Parker & Ritson 2005). These challenges occur either within or outside the organization. Henri Fayol is one of the prominent scholars who developed various theories in a bid to solve management issues. The management principles that he developed significantly altered organizational management systems. These theories are still in use today. Precisely, Fayol developed 14 principles that include division of work, the scalar chain, authority, and remuneration among others (Parker & Ritson 2005). The organization is a system of units that work together to promote accomplishment of overall goals and objectives. Parker and Ritson (2005) posit that contextual variables such as group atmosphere, power position, task structure, and the leader’s psychological orientation affect group performance. Situational favorableness and leadership style interaction determine the overall performance of an organization. Challenges that Environmental Issues Present to Businesses Environmental issues present a multitude of challenges to businesses worldwide. Firstly, there has been increased choice of work and many people have opted to become independent (Davies & Ibeh 2009). People have developed a taste for the kind of tasks they perform, the nature of employment environment, and the type of their employers. In the context of this essay, contemporary businesses encounter many challenges that emanate from environmental issues such as emission of gasses to the atmosphere, industrial waste disposal, and sustainable utilization of raw materials among others. Organizations encounter most of these challenges regardless of whether they belong to the service sector or the industrial sector. Organizations that lie within the industrial sector have to deal with emissions and utilization of sustainable raw materials. The emissions that the factories release to the atmosphere are limited by the standards that have been set by the Kyoto protocol. On the other hand, organizations that operate within the service industry are forced to engage in environmental
Introduction Access to life extension therapies has remained to be a serious issue of discussion as far as old age is concerned. The main argument has been on whether it is appropriate to set maximum lifespan to establish the age at which individuals must die or whether there should be considerations that make it immoral to live after a particular age. Is it fair to be denied treatment that can help increase lifespan, or is it fairer to come up and use such treatment modalities? This paper highlights the embedded ethical issues in both the imminent threat, as well as cultural differences that are involved in aging. Overpopulation Overpopulation has often been cited as the reason behind underdevelopment, particularly in the developing world. The misery associated with overpopulation brings about a lot of confusion, including suspicion of life extension rather than addressing issues such as improving fertility rates. It is not appropriate to look at the issue of overpopulation along with the reasoning that older people must be left to die. In other words, a physician must not ignore a sick and old patient just because doing so would help in reducing mouths to be fed (Haigh & Bagaric, 2002). There has been a wide misconception, especially among life extension opponents, that it is practical to create a room by reducing populations of individuals thought to have had enough life. The main question raised in this context is: Why should it be the old being sacrificed for others? It is both an aspect of naivety, as well as unquestioned ageism rather than apologize for any individual to hold the thought that older people are expected to die without further argument. That the old should not struggle at all to extend their lives is an expectation that only goes to highlight the lack of human sense of life for individuals belonging to a different social group. It is important to point out that by extending life the underlying reason does not imply prolonging frailty or disabled old age. Instead, it only targets to delay devastating aging effects. The result of such a move is to reduce or eliminate the number of individuals in society who only survive by depending on others, thus ending up straining the systems established (Haigh & Bagaric, 2002). Right to Life While the right to life is a universally popular concept, there is little to it that integrates life-prolonging interventions. In most instances, the right to life only discusses aspects such as abortion, embryo experimentation, as well as euthanasia, and stem cell research on embryos. In other words, the biggest misconception that seems to have been accepted in society is the fact that the embryo is the standard to the right to life. It is still possible to uphold the right to
What changes in global work supply have taken place that contributed to the the situation of Gap and its global workforce? Over the last few decades, the world has been experiencing massive changes in the manner in which organizations operate. Initially, organizations were based in specific geographic regions. As a result, the products that these organizations were manufacturing and the services that they were offering conformed to the needs and requirements of their local market. However, through globalization, organizations have started to expand their operations across borders. Firms that were mainly based in the USA and Europe have moved their operations into developing nations such as India, China, Indonesia, Brazil, and so on to take advantage of benefits such as the availability of raw materials, the presence of a ready market (due to the high population of target nations), and most importantly, the presence of cheap labor. The presence of cheap labor has made large multinational corporations (MNCs) such as GAP and NIKE to outsource technical labor from developing nations. As a result, these organizations have opened manufacturing plants in these nations or have contracted local companies to manufacture products under their brand name as a means
According to Dishman (201), high blood pressure (or hypertension) is increasingly becoming a major health problem. According to recent estimates, one in every three Americans suffer from high blood pressure (Dishman (201). Compared to teenagers and children, the incidence of high blood pressure among adults is relatively high. Globally, estimates show that more than 25% of the world population suffers from hypertension. This percentage amounts to about one billion people living with hypertension around the world. Cumulatively, more than 70 million Americans suffer from high blood pressure (Dishman 202). Many people perceive high blood pressure to be a “silent killer” because it is often undetected. However, the main challenge for managing the disease lies in its treatment. For example, many medical experts are undecided regarding the use of drug treatment for high blood pressure. Rhoden (185) warns patients suffering from mild high blood pressure against the risk of developing severe hypertension when they take over the counter (OTC) drugs. However, some medical experts approve the use of drugs for the management of the disease because drugs offer immense opportunities for decreasing blood pressure. Indeed, proponents of drug treatment cite the importance of drugs in managing blood pressure as a management tool for the disease (Lenzer 7). Their contribution considers situations when a lifestyle change is impossible to achieve. This paper investigates the truth behind both arguments (for and against drug use) and ends by stating if patients suffering from high blood pressure should take drugs or not. However, first, an explanation for the treatment options for mild and severe high blood pressure provides the framework the understanding of this paper’s findings. Treating Different Levels of High Blood Pressure The dilemma witnessed in medicating high blood pressure patients has been mirrored in research studies done by the widely respected, Cochrane Collaboration (Lenzer 3). However, these studies hinge their outcomes on understanding the distinction between “mild” high blood pressure and “high” high blood pressure. Lanier explains this distinction by stating that “A reading below 120/80 is considered normal, below 95/60 is considered l
At the present stage of development, companies use various tools to develop and improve the efficiency of their business. Among them, the resort to offshoring stands out when an organization attracts labor from outside countries. This work supports the point of view that offshoring, as an example of outsourcing, is a way to improve a company’s productivity through achieving more labor, development in new markets, and control. Companies that are particularly successful in employing workers from other countries are Intel and Microsoft. Therefore, a successful Intel company is committed to applying outsourcing practices from other countries. Moreover, the manufacturer of computer chips focuses on attracting personnel in countries such as Southeast Asia (Hanson, 2017). Thus, the organization has under its control a tenth of the entire workforce of the country. Microsoft has signed a contract with Infosys Technologies to manage a significant part of its internal IT operations in many countries (“5 biggest US companies that offshore to India”, n.d.). Bangalore and India are among the largest. Thanks to this agreement, the company is given the opportunity to expand its capabilities. In addition, it promotes the spread of Microsoft technologies among a large number of customers. Offshoring is a way of delegating some of the company’s responsibilities to personnel outside the country of the foundation while exercising control without changing location. This type of outsourcing significantly facilitates the work process of the organization and helps to gain access to a larger workforce. In addition, this tool helps to attract the most significant number of talented staff, which will also increase the efficiency of the company. Moreover, the extensive availability of skills due to offshoring helps businesses meet specific requirements and achieve their goals. Another argument that can be used as support for the practice of offshoring is the fact of business growth. This tool allows managers to reduce labor costs. Exemption from this cost item will contribute to investing the company’s money in weaker aspects of its functioning. In addition, it is also worth noting the greater availability of attracting employees from foreign countries. The presence of employees from different time zone makes it possible to provide customer support at any time constantly. This leads to a higher level of service due to faster contact. The next advantage of offshoring as a type of outsourcing is the availability of personnel in different countries, which helps significantly reduce the risk factor for the company. This is due to increased marketing opportunities. The last factor worth mentioning is ensuring control over the functioning of the business. Hence, the organization allows you to have a dedicated staff who, with proper treatment and training, will increase productivity and improve business perfo