ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Disability is a state of being physically, mentally or psycologically challenged in such a way as to be unable to perform daily chores like any other normal human being. Disability is becoming a growing concern all over the world. An increasingly larger proportion of the U.S. population is today experiencing some type of disability (America Physical Therapy Association, 2007). Paraplegia is one of the most common causes of disabilities around the world and it is mostly caused by road accidents and accidents occuring during sports. Paraplegia is a paralysis condition in which a patient loses some or all the neurological functions of their lower body resulting from an injury to the spinal chord as a result of an accident, trauma, congenital condition such as spina bifida, tumors, scoliosis or other diseases in the spinal canal, in which the upper back or neck is damaged (Dawodu, 2009). Paralysis may at times dissapear when these diseases are cured by treatment. Serious damage to the nerve can not be reversed hence makes paralysis a permanent feature (Parker et al ., 2006). Patients who suffer permanent paralysis normally undergo physical and psycological therapy to enable them learn how to use a wheelchair and other supportive devices (American Physical Therapy Association, 2007). Once the spinal cord is injured, the patient’s brain is unable to commuicate with the lower part of the body. The injury causes the patient to lose sense of movement. During diagnosis and treatment the spinal cord injuries are normally described by the location on the vertebral cord on which they have occured. For instance an injury occuring at the sixth cervical spinal cord section is normally decribed by health care nurses as C6 by the care givers. Paraplegic condition can either be complete or partial depending on the magnitude of the injury and the location of the injury on the spinal cord. Complete paraplegic creates total paralysis of the legs in addition to a host of other affective conditions such as poor circulation of blood, sexual dysfunction, inability to control the bladder or bowel, susceptibility to pressure sores, muscular atrophy, deep vein thrombosis, experiencing limp muscles especially in the arms and legs and possible lower internal organ disruption. Complete paraplegia is normally a result of damage occuring much higher on the vertebra. Partial paraplegia on the other hand involves injury to the spinal cord occuring at the lowest area of the spinal cord in which some functions of the nerves are not interfered with (Gelis et al ., 2009). The most common symptoms of partial paralysis include the ability of the patients to feel part of their lower limbs but unable to stand or walk on their own. However, many variations in symptoms do occur during partial paralysis and in some cases patients whose spinal cords are slightly bruised or swollen may recover their
Attending to Emotions in Intervention Programs Treatment of violent offenders is a challenging task. Jeglic, Maile, and Calkins-Mercado (2011) stated that “violent offenders are among the most dangerous offenders in the criminal justice system, having been arrested, convicted, and imprisoned for felony crimes such as robbery, assault, rape, and homicide” (p.38). There are different violent offenders’ treatment approaches, and choosing the most effective treatment strategy is a key to success. Roberton, Daffern, and Bucks (2015) offered an “acceptance- and mindfulness-based approach” that can be adapted to the particular needs in order to gain the desired outcome (p. 80). Treatment Approach Examination of “community-based offenders” revealed that the offenders practice yelling and experience the desire to hurt o
Introduction Although human beings are not all the same, they are sometimes expected to feel the same and do similar things. In general, the motivation and context of theories can vary as much as the theories themselves. For almost all its history, philosophy has overlapped with many other areas of thought. One mark of philosophy, however, has been its preoccupation with comprehensive understanding of basic concepts and realities. This paper examines various theories of human nature. Theories of Human Nature One of Confucius’ central concerns, in life and in his philosophy, was the possible transition from being an agreeable person who usually behaved fairly well to a more advanced and refined state of being a reliably good person. The goal was to be someone who had internalized, and also enjoyed, a life of virtuous action and harmonious human interaction. This is an underlying ethical concern which lends itself to an emphasis on the things in us that would make possible such a transition. Confucius’ follower, Mengzi, specifically identified the crucial element in us which is a tendency toward benevolent impulses. The benevolent impulse typically comes and goes, and is often overridden by strong impulses of a selfish nature. Nevertheless, Mengzi argued that these occasional benevolent impulses showed that each of us has psychological tendencies that could be built upon in becoming consistently benevolent people. Although his later rival Xunzi had a somewhat bleaker view of what most of us are like, he too thought that there were normal human tendencies which showed that a transition to a genuine virtue was possible. The ancient Upanishads focused on an impersonal spiritual core known a
Total quality management refers to a set of comprehensive and organized feedback-based activities and practices for continuous product and service quality improvement (Oakland 3). One of such practices is quality circles, an approach largely popular in the 1980s and 1990s, whose effectiveness frequently depends on both corporate and country culture. Quality circles refer to the practice of employee gathering to identify and analyze problems related to their sphere of competence to improve the overall quality of products and services. Many critics have questioned the effectiveness of this approach; however, it can be beneficial to the company if certain criteria are met. As far as the composition of the group is concerned, quality circles should be staffed by volunteers representing different functional activity. Before the discussion, all members are to receive problem-solving training such as brainstorming and other techniques. The circle members should have a certain degree of autonomy in being able to choose a specific problem they would like to address and elect a leader from and for their team. This is not to say that management cannot monitor the sessions, but the supervisor should not be a mentor and not a manager. Finally, it is essential that management is fully supportive of the group and allocates appropriate funding for its requests (Basu 27-28). Such quality circles are much more likely to produce beneficial results for the organization. However, quality circles may also not be the ideal practice in different parts of the world. Such sessions are founded on autonomy, initiative, and teamwork which are not necessarily encouraged in different cultures. Analysis of the United Arab Emirates’ cultural dimensions according to the Hofstede’s model reveals several important insights. On the individualism scale, the UAE are largely a collectivistic society meaning that employees are likely to prioritize organizational goals (Hofstede par. 5). However, the country also scores extremely high on the power distance scale which implies that people tend to accept unequal power distribution and strict hierarchical order (Hofstede par. 3). Consequently, management may be unwilling to delegate its power to employee-staffed groups. However, empirical research suggests that corporate cultures in the UAE are favorable to the implementation of total quality management techniques, including quality circles (Jabnoun and Sedrani 18). At the same time, quality circles are not the only approach that can be used to improve employee involvement in the quality control and management of the company. First of all, individual-level empowerment is frequently cited as an effective employee engagement technique. Empowerment refers to the process of
Introduction In the event that food is not handled properly during preparation or is poorly stored, there is likelihood of food borne illness. For many years, food safety has been a growing threat to the public health in many regions of the world. Basically, food borne diseases can be grouped as either infections or intoxications and are caused by microorganisms that are ingested in the body and have the capability of multiplying. According to Unnevehr and Hirschhom (2008), some factors that can inhibit the safety of food products are microbial pathogens, zoonotic diseases, parasites, adulterants, mycotoxins, antibiotic drug residues, pesticides, heavy metals, and genetically modified foods (p.8). According to Unnevehr and Hirschhom (2008), Gram-negative pathogens are “bacteria that do not retain crystal violet dye in the Gram staining protocol”; however, they usually hold a “pink or reddish dye once a counterstain chemical is used.” These bacteria produce toxic substances when they enter the blood stream and cause destruction to tissue, hence leading to inflammation of tissues. However, recent studies show that these bacteria are evolving and becoming immune to the available antibiotics. Most of the Gram-negative pathogens are considered harmful to their host, and are known to cause severe pneumonia, infections of the urinary tract, and the blood stream. On the other hand, some threats to food safety are environmental and industrial pollution, agricultural practices, and food production practices and cultural practices i.e. consumption of raw food. Some of foods borne diseases are salmonellosis, Campylobacter, diarrhea, cholera, and Shigella. Shigella is a rod shaped bacteria that mostly affect the digestive tract. According to Curtis, et al (2003, p.69), Salmonella are gram-negative bacteria, non-sporing, growing in both anaerobic and non-anaerobic conditions and that cause salmonellosis disease. The salmonella bacteria are capable of growing and living in areas with limited amount of oxygen. Some types of salmonella bacteria affect only animals and not human. On the other hand, Shigellas are bacteria than cause shigellas infections symbolized with diarrhea and dysentery. Shigella bacteria can cope in area of very low temperatures. Campylobacter is bacteria that cause diseases in animals and human being, and the most common bacteria that causes disease is known as campylobacter jejuni, which is a zoonotic organism and has sixteen species and six sub species (Curtis, et al., 2003, p.23). This paper will therefore discuss food borne diseases in the sense that, food borne diseases are a widespread and growing public health problem, both in developed and developing countries. Every person is at risk of a food borne illness. Salmonella Salmonella is a food borne disease caused by salmonella bacteria, which enters the stomach, and can move to other organs through the blood stream if not treated promptly (Brands & Alcamo, 2005, p.81). Salmonella accounts for one of the biggest causes of food borne diseases (Beier, Pillai, Ziprin, 2004, p.8). This bacterium is commonly f
Introduction Throughout the history of labor employers and employees have been having a love-hate relationship concerning rights, compensation, and other work-related issues. In the past, employees often treated employees like dirt with poor pay, inhuman working conditions, and lack of job security. During the days of campaigns by kings and emperors, the conquered populace was often treated as slaves who had to work without pay. But as rapid industrialization developed over the last two hundred years, the number of employers began to rise at a fast pace. The increasing number of employees emboldened them to form organized groups commonly referred to as unions. Most governments around the world also began formulating policies, laws, and statutes that gave employees (and employers) certain legal rights about the workplace. In other words, the world of the employee became more humane and civilized. Even so, the love-hate relationship continues mainly because employers and employees have different agendas. This paper studies the concept of labor relations in the United States with particular reference to a well-known union leader. The person chosen for this topic is John Sweeny president of one of the largest unions in the country namely, The American Federation of Labor and Congress of Industrial Organizations or the AFL-CIO. Mr. Sweeney was selected because he has been re-elected three times as president of this huge union which is an indication of his popularity and effectiveness within the union. John Sweeney – A review of his rise to union leadership John Sweeney is one of the ever-memorable labor leaders in the United States of America. He was born in The Bronx (in New York) on May 5th, 1934. His parents were migrated from Ireland. His father John was a bus driver and his mother Patricia was a house worker. In 1944 his family moved to Yonkers and did his primary education and graduated from there. He accompanied his father when his father goes to meetings of the union and he was impressed with the union activities and also it was the real beginning of the success story of one of the great union leaders that America has ever seen. Then he took graduation in Economics from Iona College in the year 1956. During this period he worked as a digger and porter to find the money for paying the college fees. He worked as a digger and porter to pay his college fees. During this period he started his union activities
The business situation Mary finds herself requires a delicate balance. The goods received by Mary were nonconforming to those specified in the contract. Mary failed to fulfill one of the most significant roles of a buyer, that of communicating acceptance. Under UCC Article 2, the failure to communicate acceptance of supplied goods within a reasonable time gives the seller an impression that the buyer has accepted the goods (Clarkson, Miller, Cross & Clarkson, 2012). Therefore, Mary can only use the UCC Article on modification in seeking seller’s cooperation in good faith. UCC also requires buyers to identify future goods before acceptance. Mary failed to identify the physical characteristics of the clothing. The risk of loss was immediately passed to Mary when she decided to keep quiet and instead sell the defective goods. However, Mary has numerous options on how she can deal with this situation. She can take advantage of the aspect of reasonable time to decline the order since it fails to meet the regulations of perfect tender (Clarkson et al., 2012). The order failed to conform to the contractual agreement because of supplying fewer royal blue clothes and white shorts. Mary can also sue the seller on the basis of product liability. The shirts supplied by the seller are already proven as being able to cause lung cancer to consumers. Mary cannot wait to take responsibility for defective clothing that are injurious to the health of the consumers. The seller is also liable negligence lawsuits because of failing to exercise due care to the potential consumers who are likely to develop lung cancer. The manufacturer failed to use suitable production processes and failed to provide sufficient warnings on the shirts to inform consumers on the potential dangers (Clarkson et al., 2012). Furthermore, Mary could sue for misrepresentation and supply unreasonably dangerous clothing into the market. These are opportunities that Mary could exhaust to ensure that she recovers the losses and ensure the health and safety of the public. Response to John W Roberts’s Arguments The response by John reflects the many options that are available to Mary to explore. The goods supplied by the seller failed to conform to the contractual agreement. Although, Mary also failed to ensure due diligence by reading all the aspects of the contract while ordering the clothing, she can still reject the order in its entirety as provided for under the perfect contract regulation. Mary can also minimize her losses through adopting the right to recover damages on already accepted supplies (Clarkson et al., 2012). Her argument would focus on the fact that the seller supplied nonconforming and defective clothing that have serious health and safety risks for users. Response to Desi Johnson Johnson’s Argument Mary failed in the first instance in understanding the contract terms. The clause on the contract signifies that all sales are deemed completed even if sold products have defects and clears se
Explication of source: (Practice Three Explications) After Blanche Dubois finds board with the Kowalskis, she is shocked by Stanley Kowalski’s brush treatment of her sister. She receives such treatment herself when the phone rings and she stands up to pick it only to be violently shoved back down to her seat by Stanley. His violence towards his wife and her sister thus exemplifies and ascertains his sexist and chauvinistic nature. In another scene, Blanche Dubois, in an attempt to get to know Stanley Kowalski, whose bullish behavior interests her enough to want to know his zodiac birth sign, asks him when he was born. Blanche hazards a guess that he must be an Aries, because people born under Aries are “forceful… [and] they dote on noise” (A Streetcar Named Desire). At this point Stella answers that her husband was born on Christmas day, to which Blanche exclaims: “Capricorn – The Goat!” (A Streetcar Named Desire). Blanche’s likening of Stanley to a goat is figurative as well as literal. Like a Billy goat, Stanley is brutish and his sexual desires are akin to those of a he-goat that will stop at nothing to have these fulfilled. Lastly, the final confrontation between Blanche and Stanley ends up with the rape of Blanche. In this scene, Stanley’s act encompasses his denigration of women. By the rape of his wife’s sister, he not only shows disrespect towards Blanche, but his wife and their marriage. Stanley’s proclivity for violence leads him towards rape- the ultimate sexual violence. Introduction The relationship between art (film) and society is symbiotic. The two entities feed off each other in a dependent state of co-existence, in that, the occurrences in society form the basis of the plots and ideas of various films, while films offer entertainment, inspiration, and sometimes guidance to the viewer. As much as film producers and directors have the freedom to create fantasy and fictional stories that go beyond the element of reality, the most poignant human occurrences, horrors, actions, sacrifices, and journeys ever undertaken in the history of man are factual, not fictional. The greatest wars ever fought, the best love actions ever undertaken, the most horrific acts of brutality ever exercised, and the timeliest acts of providence are all factual and incidental to the existence of man. The depths of desperation of soldiers and civilians during the two World Wars, the acts of brutality during the Holocaust, and the inspiring words and actions of diverse leaders such as Martin Luther King Junior, Winston Churchill,
Introduction Authoritarianism is a term that stands to denote “a political doctrine advocating the principle of absolute rule” (Silva, 1996). It is a form of social control characterized by strict obedience to the authority of a state. Limited political pluralism is sometimes permitted in such regimes, herein lays the main distinction between authoritarianism and totalitarianism, though this opposition is limited and often not legitimate. The second distinction is the lack of a defined ideology found in authoritarian regimes. In the years 1958 – 1975 Peru, Brazil, Bolivia, Argentina, Ecuador, Uruguay, and Chile all experienced authoritarian coups. Between 1974 and 1989 these regimes were replaced with largely democratic governments (referred to as the third wave of democratization (Handelman, 2004). Main body The authoritarian military regimes in Latin America were exceptionally brutal and suppressed civil society and political movements. The constant fear of an increasing opposition of both armed guerrilla movements and leftist political parties led to attempts at restructuring the countries. Personalist dictators headed the regimes; however, the peculiar feature of these regimes was the reliance on military institutions for maintaining control over society instead of sole reliance on the personal power of an individual dictator. In Chile, General Pinochet only emerged as leader months after the bloody coup took place. The regimes characterized (in Latin America) as bureaucratic-authoritarian appear to be fundamentally restrictive of political and economic institutions resulting in the increasing polarisation between the rich and the poor. The political and economic reforms that were implemented during the bureaucratic-authoritarian regimes did not find support with the citizens and, therefore, needed to be imposed through undemocratic means. Theories that have attempted to explain the rise of authoritarian rule both the world over specifically in Latin America will now be examined. Firstly, the corporatist theory maintains that the style of Iberian colonization is held accountable for the high presence of authoritarianism in Latin America. The argument states that not only was the culture of the Hispanic colonizers inherently authoritarian but also the native cultures of Latin America were themselves very hierarchical, helping to facilitate this form of rule. This outdated, racist theory has been largely rejected. Critics note the case of Chile here, the fact that Chile experienced one of the longest surviving authoritarian regimes despite not being heavily influenced by Spanish colonization and previously enjoyed a long period of democratic rule. George Phillip remarks that a populous can come to prefer authoritarian leadership when they have already experienced rising inequality under the democratic rule and become disillusioned. Reformation of political institutions is one met