ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The first trait observed in toxic leaders is that they are patronizing or autocratic. In other words, once they say something they are not questioned. Their words are final and they do not allow other people to voice their contribution. The second trait characteristic of these leaders is arrogance. They perceive themselves as superior to all other people; hence they never identify their weaknesses. Their third trait is that they are insensitive. This implies that they are not concerned about the welfare of others and only think of themselves while their fourth trait is that they are narcist in that they do not value the organization, its mission and the employees . The overall effect of toxic leadership on the organization and the team is low productivity and demoralized employees. The productivity goes down because the organization is not the greatest concern of toxic leaders since they are concerned with their own issues. Due to their insensitive nature, they fail to address the concerns of the team hence employees end up in disappointments and a feeling of demoralization. This amounts to a decline in productivity and positive spirit among the employees. Toxic leadership is still prevalent today. In some organizations, there are still leaders who are so rigid such that they do not accept the ideas of other employees. They only think that what they say or do is the right thing and anybody else should follow them. Such leaders are also insensitive and arrogant since they never show interest in the issues that affect other employees. Most of them think that they lead in the right way but these are characters typical of toxic leaders. The first cause of toxic leadership is the desire by leaders to earn personal gains or benefits at the expense of others. Toxic leaders only strive to benefit themselves. The second root cause of toxic leadership is lack of leadership skills since some of the toxic leaders never realize that they do not have leadership skills while the third cause is that there are some leaders who naturally take pride in the suffering of other people. The leader plays an important role in creating the vision and strategic direction for an organization. Firstly, he/she ensures that the people he/she leads fully understand where an organization should be after a certai
The Sykes-Picot Agreement must be one of the changes to the political geography of Iraq, Saudi Arabia, Lebanon, Syria, Israel and Jordan. Even from the bird’s-eye view of the 21 st century, the effects of the Sykes-Picot Agreement were huge. In the long run, the specified agreement can be consider one of the key factors that led to the creation of ISIS and the further shrinkage of the areas of the specified countries. A closer look at the alterations, which the Sykes-Picot Agreement triggered in Iraq, will reveal that the agreement led to the northern area of Iraq getting under the control of France, while the southern part of it appeared under the aegis of Great Britain. While the specified change allowed Britain and France to obtain the access to the Mediterranean, therefore, prompting more efficient trading relationships between the states, the lack of control over the specified territories by the Iraqi government has led to the power dissemination within the state (Tucker and Roberts 1143). Much like the Iraqi territories, a significant part of Saudi Arabia was alienated from the state, with Britain and France seizing control over it and establishing their policies and regulations in the area in question. As far as Lebanon is concerned, its geopolitical fate is quite similar to those of Iraq and Saudi Arabia; due to the conditions listed in the Sykes-Picot Agreement, the residents of the state quickly found themselves under the control of France (Wagner 33). Syria, in its turn, was not acquired by France entirely; though its coast went to France like most of the areas, which used to belong to Lebanon before the agreement was signed. Therefore, it can be assumed that politically, both Syria and Lebanon were controlled by France directly (Tucker and Roberts 1143). Finally, when it comes to identifying the geopolitical effects of the Sykes-Picot Agreement on Israel and Palestine, the Balfour Declaration and the further co
Introduction Ed admits that he has not survived any stressful situations recently. He just did not want to change something in his life. What he tries to do is to live a day and observe the changes that occur around. Sometimes, Ed discovers that he does not have a good appetite and could not eat during the whole day. At the same time, he could visit a new night party, drink and smoke a lot. Still, he does not enjoy any event. Besides, he does not want to find new friends and develop sexual relations. He is not interested in sex and finds it normal. Further Questions for Ed   * When did you first observe changes in your mood?   * Did you have any specific events that could influence your perception of the world?   * What do you do to change your attitude to life?   * Do you feel difficulties in communicating with other people?   * Have you addressed other specialists? If yes, which one? What were their diagnoses/suggestions?   * Do you awake on your own or wake up alarm?   * Do you drink coffee or other energetic drinks?   * Have you ever tried to quit smoking?   * Are you a virgin? If no, at what age was your first sexual experience? Differential Diagnoses   * Hypothyroidism, unspecified (E03.9): is a common disorder that could bother people of different age worldwide (Carle et. al., 2015, p. 717). It is the condition when a human body lacks thyroid hormone. This absence or abnormality influences the metabolism of the organism. It is usually caused by the inflammation of the thyroid gland that leads to the development of such symptoms as fatigue, shortness of breath, abnormal sensation, poor concentration, and mood lability (Carle et. al., 2015, p. 719). Ed states that his health is good, and no certain health problems are observed. Still, such symptoms as his fatigue, the absence of energy, and no enjoyment put him at risk of having hypothyroidism.   * Insomnia (G47.0): is a sleep disorder that is usually characterized by the inabilities to control sleep, the lack of adequate sleep, and the difficulties to fall or stay asleep for a certain period of time. The lack of adequate sleep and insomnia among students lead to daytime fatigue and the inabilities to demonstrate successful academic performance (Zeek et al., 2015, p. 67). Besides, insomnia increases t
The poem ‘Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening’ written by Robert Frost, is considered to be one of the most prominent works of world literature; the poem is dedicated to the disclosure of nature as the beauty standard. It is necessary to underline the idea that the work is rich in figurative expressions and stylistic devices; the author strives to represent the basic theme through personification and imagery. The work has got the critical attention of many scholars through its individuality and style of representation. The theme of civilization and nature interdependence, taking an important position in American literature perception, is deeply analyzed by Robert Frost through the focus on socialization rules to be followed by everyone and the mystery of natural beauty. The poem was written in 1922 becoming the part of New Hampshire volume; the work became one of the greatest author’s masterpieces through the arguable theme and successful presentation manner. It is necessary to underline the fact that the critics concentrate on the debate between nature allure and the social responsibilities of modern society centralized in the poem. Frost tries to focus on the border between the wilderness and civilization; this theme is considered to be popular in the sphere of modern literature throughout the world. The special stress of the theme is demonstrated through the narrator’s obligations and responsibilities to be followed, which make him reject the beauty of nature. ‘The woods are lovely, dark, and deep. / But I have promises to keep, / And miles to go before I sleep’. (Frost, 21) The author depicts the choice of the narrator between the natural allure and remaining in society. It is necessary to stress that this theme has been perceived by many critics as the author’s attempt to express death meditation through the ‘woods’ and ‘darkness’. ‘To stop without a farmhouse near / Between the woods and frozen lake / The darkest evening of the year.’ (Frost, 20) It should be noted that the poem appeared to be in the center of critics’ debate; some scholars consider that Frost sticks to civilization preference resisting the beauty and wilderness of the nature at the end of the poem; the others support the idea that ‘promises’ are an indication of author’s hesitation as to social life role in human development. (Delbanco, and Cheuse, 141) The author uses a number of stylistic devices and expressive means; the central means appeared to be descriptive elements underlining the beauty of nature. The author uses the personification method making nature alive and be on the same level as a modern society. He gives his harness bells a shake / To ask if there is some mistake. (Frost, 20) Besides, the poem’s style of writing is presented through iambic tetrameter; i
Introduction Businesses must embrace new changes in order to realize their potentials. The book “Managing Organizational Change: A Multiple Perspective Approach” offers the best insights towards better business practices. Managers should be aware of the challenges and obstacles affecting their organizations. Organizational change is “a challenging process because many employees and stakeholders will always be against it” (Palmer, Dunmore, & Akin, 2009, p. 42). Chapter 5 presents the best strategies towards diagnosing the opportunities for change. The chapter identifies the best practices and ideas that can work for different business organizations. Managers can use the ideas presented in this chapter to make their change processes successful. This essay presents the lessons and competencies gained from the chapter. I will also present my views, feelings, and thoughts about the concepts presented in this chapter. My Personal Thoughts about “Diagnosis for Change” The above book is one of the best publications because it offers effective insights and ideas for undertaking different organizational changes. According to Palmer et al. (2009), managers must identify the right reasons for promoting an organizational change. A clear change diagnosis is necessary because it will ensure the targeted change succeeds. Change diagnosis (CD) is the starting point towards a successful business performance. The starting point makes it easier for managers to determine the future of their respective organizations. I strongly support this argument because it explores the best process towards better organizational performance. Managers can use the approach to identify the current functions of their organizations. Leaders have a duty to determine the most desirable situation for their organizations. Every strategy and objective must therefore focus on the best outcomes. A complete CD will present a coherent or clear analysis of the desired change. Managers should undertake this diagnosis in order to realize their potentials. The practice is critical because it makes it easier for manager to inform their employees and stakeholders about the targeted goals. The stakeholders also begin to embrace the change because it will result in better results. Change diagnosis “is necessary because it helps in the preparation of a befitting organizational approach” (Weiss, 2012, p. 48). Every successful organization undertakes a complex change diagnosis (Palmer et al., 2009). The approach or practice will prepare every organization in order to undertake its functions. Many organizational theorists embrace change diagnosis because it identifies every resistance in a firm. The process also equips managers with the best insights and strategies towards a better organizational practice. Change diagnosis identifies the best platform or strategy for an organization. The practice also examines the best ideas and strategies towards the targeted objectives. After diagnosis, “managers will promote the best competencies such as communication and decision-making in order to achieve the best objectives after initiating the change” (Weiss, 2012, p. 87). During the diagnosis stage, b
France has always been associated with such concepts as love, beauty, art, culture and carefreeness. However, the end of the twentieth century was the period when the humanity faced the issues related to upcoming globalization. That was the period of certain confusion and even despair, anger and hope. The image of France as a land of romantic blonde girls and adorable French men was somewhat distorted in the end of the twentieth century. France of that period was already a multicultural and highly diverse (in all respects) society. Jean-Jacques Beineix revealed this new French modernity in his film Diva (1981). He showed the society where crime was crawling through subway stations to the heart of the country where culture and art as well as love and beauty were still cherished. The protagonist of the film, Jules, represents a whole generation of young people who are only entering the brand new world after schools and colleges. Importantly, the young man is fascinated by music and this stands for strong French traditions. French culture is ba
Introduction Poverty in any given society implies a compromise in justice. While many reasons may account for the poverty, the disparities involved may be too enormous for the poor situation to be leveled against an individual. Such is the case in Canada according to a case study carried out. As such, I intend to use the ethical ideas advanced by John Rawls to demonstrate how morality has been gambled in Canada for the country to have extremes of ‘haves’ and ‘have nots’. Is the government of Canada making the right decisions? Performing ethically translates to making right decisions and taking suitable actions which would in turn benefit people by making best use of ‘good’ and diminishing “bad.” Outcomes, consequences, or ambitions are the main focus rather than the action taken to accomplish them, Rawls would argue. Discussion The title ‘poverty in Canada’ itself evokes many ethical concerns. And the immediate question that arises is: why should some people be too poor in a country that is averagely rated to be rich? There are two possible reasons for that: one is that the poor individuals could be too lazy to work for their welfare, or, perhaps, the socio-political framework does not favor their growth as it does to their well-off counterparts in the same Society. While these may not be the only rationales behind the poverty, it is reasonable to work with the two. The case study 1 has indicated for instance, that the number of people living in poverty in 2003 is at 4.9 million (15.9%). The number of children in poverty has been rated at 4.9 million (17.6%). The surprising irony is that the same research illustrates that the country has registered steady upturn mobility in its economic growth. It is this contrast that appeals to Rawls’ idea of justice. While justice has its various categories, fairness is Rawls’ idea of it. Justice as fairness is then brought by Rawls on head-on collision with utilitarianism, which would basically mean expediency or self-advantage. The two concepts that is fairness and utilitarianism, are mutually exclusive since it would be impossible to think of a fairness-minded individual as the same one who would be self-seeking or self-serving (Rawls, Theory 45) . From the foregoing argument, we would want to imagine of a fair person as one who thinks of every individual as deserving befitting treatment either from another person, the society, or the government. Consequently, the Canadian government would device a level playing ground for its citizens in order to curtail exploitation. This is particularly so because the report on the Canadian situation notes that the majority of its citizenry depend entirely on employment. Therefore, for one individual to be extremely richer than the other could directly imply the inequalities on the government’s payroll. This radically violates the principle of fair
Introduction The concept of Too Big to Fail (TBTF) is used to describe financial institutions that are very large and are interconnected with other institutions and contribute a big part of the economy such that, when they fail, they have serious effects on the local economy. TBTF are normally an economic disaster and the government must support them when they face difficulties to avert the problem. The main cause of the TBTF problem results from the interconnectedness that exists between large financial institutions and other business firms. Large banks generate big undesirable financial externalities that destabilize the stability of other firms. Most large banks provide credit facilities to households and businesses and disruptions would definitely affect the operations of this business. The impact or loss experienced is dependent on the interconnectedness that exists between the financial institution and other business that exist in the network supported by the failing financial institutions. The great negative externalities create a problem for the policymakers/ government since the danger of these failing institutions can cause a wider problem to other businesses. The government has no option but to step in and save the financial institution in question. Most government are likely to support the TBTF institutions as compared to other less complex organizations and hence most of these TBTF have a tendency to exercise less control in their operations and are less disciplined since they have the prospects of being rescued by the policy makers. The American government passed the FDIC act in 1991 proposes that the government should use the least costly method to rescue an insolvent bank (Dudley 6). The impact of the TBTF problem was experienced in the late 2007 when most nations helped struggling financial sectors recover from losses. During this period, banks were offered liquidity support, capital injections and others were nationalized. The concept of TBTF came into practice in 1984 when FDIC took over the continental Illinois national bank and trust company which was one of the largest banks in the US. FDIC compensated creditors while the shareholders lost their money. This was seen as the government action to bailout the financial institution where the creditors were bailed out but not the equity holders (Meltzer 1). Causes of TBtF Issue One of the main causes of the TBTF problem is the excessive growth of financial institutions both locally and internationally. As banks continue to grow, they become increasingly complex and bigger attaining a big market share both locally and internationally. This increased growth has results to complexities in administration and this finally results to failure. Another cause of TBTF problem is the excessive credit growth which contributes significantly to the banking crises around the world. Various researchers have also indicated that weak economic growth, high inflation rates and the real interest rates are important in predicting economic cri
Introduction Strategic management represents the initiative that is taken by top management on behalf of its shareholders (owners) regarding its performance and resource allocation. It entails plans that are made to ensure that the company achieves its set objectives and goals. Once in a while, a scorecard is used to evaluate business performance and ensure that the company is still working towards the achievement of its key goals. In order to attain a balanced scorecard, the management of an organisation need to ensure that they emphasize on the objectives of their shareholders (Sadler & Craig, 2003). Therefore, strategic management ensures that the overall direction is achieved in an organisation. It is an ongoing process that seeks to ensure that the company is in the correct industry. In addition, strategic management evaluates the potential of key competitors in the industry. Essentially, strategic management is a set of top management’s decisions and actions to identify the purpose of the organisation and determine the plans and actions needed to attain the purpose. Strategic management depends on the qualities of different organisations including size, organisational structure, and value chain analysis, as well as management policy. However, strategic management is normally considered as a long term approach. For strategic management to be well implemented, there are some concepts that have to be considered. Strategic management is a very broad concept and can be deduced from various angles. However, the focus of the study will be on organisational structure and value chain analysis. Organisational Structure Organisational structure is the formal relationship that dictates workflow and reporting hierarchies. For an appropriate organisational structure to be developed, managers of an organisation have to indulge in organisational design. This ensures that managers come up with an effective organisational structure. The effectiveness of the organisational structure is determined by its environment, technology, strategy, and the labour force available. There are various types of the organisational structure. They include the functional structure contingency, matrix structure, network structures, and hybrid structures. However, the variety of the organisational structure is dictated by the fact that there are various determinants of the organisational structure. There are the reasons why there are different organisational structure models. Hence, as managers make decisions on organisational structure, human resource, environment, strategy, and technology should be adequately considered (Sadler & Craig, 2003). Once individual tasks are grouped together, managers should then seek to group the jobs. Certain jobs in an organisation can be grouped into a given category. This is known as job design. It is mainly carried out in order to enhance efficiency and effectiveness. Jobs have certain characteristics that describe them. They include skill variety, task identity, task significance, autonomy, and feedback. The main
Introduction Suez Canal is an artificial shipping canal in Egypt connecting the Mediterranean Sea and the Red sea. The canal was established in 1859 and has greatly improved the navigation between Europe and Asia. Before its development, navigators had to go round Africa for them to access Asia and vise versa. Its development facilitated quick access to the Far East which was rich in oil trade. This meant that many European nations could manage to conduct trade with countries in the Far East. To gain control of trade, these countries had to have control of the canal. This made most of the European countries have an interest in controlling Egypt. For a long time, the canal was managed by foreign companies. All the money collected from the Canal could be plowed back to Europe. Despite the canal being in Egypt, Egyptians did not benefit from the Canal proceeds. This made President Nasser declare his intentions of nationalizing the canal in 1956. The British, French, and Israelites knew that they could no longer enjoy control of the Canal leading to them waging war against Egypt. Since then, the canal has been significant in Egypt’s economy contributing to approximately four percent of the country’s gross domestic products (Dessouki PP. 46-60). Building of the canal About four thousand years ago, early Egyptians had started constructing some artificial waterways in an area called Isthmus. However, the canal ceased being used and was covered with soil. The idea of establishing a shorter distance between Europe and Asia was for