ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Human body is made up of various atoms and molecules, some of the molecules are very important in the process of development. Some of these development molecules include: activin, Cerberus, chordin, epimorphin, inhibin, notch, noggin, Indian hedgehog and hepatic growth factor among others. This paper is however aimed at describing activin and chordin technically as two important development molecules (Chang, p. 423). Activin is a TGF-beta family member and is a disulfide linked dimeric protein that is purified originally from the gonadal fluid as a protein stimulating the release of a pituitary follicle stimulating hormone. Activin has a vast range of activities termed biological. These include neural cell differentiation, mesoderm induction, hematopoiesis, bone remodeling and distinct roles in the reproductive physiology. This molecule exert its biological impacts through binding to the type 1 heteromeric complex and type 11 serine threonine kinase receptor. Both of these complexes are very essential in signal transduction (Browder, p. 98). Activins are heterodimers and homodiners of different beta sub-units of isoforms. Its nomenclature has sub-units of protein composition reflected in it. They are represented as: Actvin AB, Activin B and Activin A. As member of TGF-beta family of molecules, activin is synthesized like a large precursor which has a pro-domain of the variable size, signal sequence and the mature C-terminal segment ranging from 110 to 140 in length of amino acids. The activin’s basic structure is a disulfide linked dimer which is composed of a beta chain and an alpha chain. The molecule is however described as a homodimer due to the fact that dimmers consist of two similar gene beta types of sub-units (Wittbrod, p. 241). Activin, initially identified as a beta A beta A is potentiates the differentiation and proliferation of the erythroid progenitors. Recent studies show that the sub-units of beta A in Activin presence is confirmed via the bioassay with or without jamming antiserum against an activin binding protein. The activin production in the monocytes is actually stimulated by treatment more than nine fold with the granulocyte macrophage colony that is a stimulating factor. The activin expression in a marrow stromal cells is however regulated by the incubation with the necrosis factor of the tumor and the interleukin 1 alpha. I would therefore suggest that the production of activin locally within the bone marrow in the microenvironment may tune the regulation of the steady hematopoiesis state. Nevertherless, the factor may be produced at low levels though under specified situations which may be induced further to give vital biological functions (Carlson, p. 210). Activins has vital biological functions, they are implicated in various processes. The processes include osteogenesis, embryogenesis, reproductiv
Abstract Since the advent of networking of computer systems through the intranet and internet, security of data and information has always been threatened by unauthorized access, use and modification of data. A weak computer security cannot only affect government and state security but could also cause the collapse of the economy. As new threats continually crop up and devised by skilled computer hackers and individuals who wanted to earn or simply disrupt a specific computer network, the government should double its time in passing new laws that would deter attack on computer networks. It occurs for a number of times that government prosecutors find it difficult to prosecute apprehended computer offenders due to lack of appropriate laws to cover specific acts. It is only after the fact of commission that the government can react and pass laws that would address such act. The government is merely reactive to circumstances when passing computer security laws but it can be proactive and pass laws that would cover possible computer violations and intrusions. This paper will present the laws and acts enacted by Congress that would penalize cyber crimes and strengthen the computer networking system. Although the focus would be current laws involving computer security, previous laws shall also be cited to provide a historical perspective on the development of the laws and acts. Moreover, later laws are passed to cover issues that were not addressed by the previous laws. Cases of computer breach will also be cited to show how they affect legislation. Introduction The computer system is in constant threat from various sources, individuals, groups and even other governments. The computer system can be attacked internally, by unauthorized users who may be employees of the company, and externally (by hackers who want to steal information or simply to disrupt the operating system or program). With the rise of the internet, voluminous valuable data and information pass through international boundaries that involve commercial, banking and financial transactions. Intelligence and defense information accessed or damaged by unauthorized persons can disrupt the stability of a country. The internet has become part of everyday life such as email messaging and online purchases (Smith, Moteff, Kruger, Seifert, Figliola & Tehan 2005). Retail purchases in November 2004 were done online with 69 percent using broadband and 31 percent through dial-up (Nielsen/ /NetRatings, 2005, as cited in Smith, Moteff, Kruger, et al., 2005). Out of the total retail sales of $938.5 billion for the fourth quarter of 2004, $18.4 billion comes from e-commerce retail sales (U.S. Census Bureau, 2004, as cited in Smith, Moteff, Kruger, et al., 2005). Computer security is associated with vulnerability of a computer while connected with a network of computers (Kinkus, 2002). Computer security has three areas of concern (referred to as CIA) that should be addressed: a) confidentiality (access only by authorized users), b) integrity (protection of information from unauthorized
Reflection A design-based approach is used to develop a study on the effectiveness of technology and web tools in flipped EFL classroom. There are several reasons why this method is effective in discussing the current intervention. First, it is expected to achieve the already established study objectives by incorporating different solutions to one problem that is the lack of practice and knowledge of technologies for flipped classrooms. Second, a design-based approach provides a researcher with an opportunity to identify the achievements and challenges of teachers and students. In addition to a number of steps in this method, it is necessary to recognize the stages that follow a design-based approach. They include problem exploration, introduction, and development of an intervention, formative evaluation through empirical testing, documentation, and reflection (McKenney & Reeves, 2012). The analysis of needs and problems identifies the goals and expected outcomes. The development of a research process aims to organize the work and make sure that all members are properly informed. Evaluation proves the correctness of the chosen approach and identifies additional enhancement. Documentation makes the project transparent and available to other stakeholders with their recommendations. Reflection is a step when final decisions are made, and new knowledge is produced. However, the stage of intervention development and utilization may be characterized by certain difficulties because a researcher has to perform multiple functions and stay flexible. As a supervisor for teachers, a researcher must give instructions and promote support. As a researcher, this person gathers the material, organizes activities, and develops critical thinking and decision-making to deal with unexpected changes. I understand my role as a researcher as an obligation to build trustful relationships with all the participants, including teachers and students. This step allows me to share the necessary information, distributing roles, and achieving research aims. The expected results have to be reflected in theoretical and practical perspectives. On the one hand, any practical implication should be based on specific learning theories, principles, and conjectures. Theoretical understanding is based on reflection and reasoning with a rational thought being raised in regards to a topic idea (McKenney & Reeves, 2012). In this study, descriptive or explanatory theories will be used to introduce an intervention and evaluate its worth. Practically, it is expected to improve students’ academic writing by using a flipped classroom model. If no effective results are achieved through the chosen perspective, additional reflection, and the analysis of the literature review should be promoted to find out another suitable option. The role of reflection cannot be ignored in the methodology as it enhances the development of self-reflection skills and underlines the peculiarities
Introduction Nuclear medicine is a term used to refer to the subsection of Radiology that uses radioactive material, usually in very small proportions, to diagnose and/or treat diseases in humans. Nuclear Medicine procedures are usually painless medical tests, as they are noninvasive, that assist physicians to diagnose medical conditions. Radioactive materials used in Nuclear Medicine Imaging are known as Radiotracer or Radiopharmaceutical. Radiopharmaceutical or radiotracer is inhaled as a gas, swallowed by mouth, or injected into the vein of a person undergoing Nuclear Medicine examination. Once the Radiotracer is in the body, it collects in the body part being examined where it gives off energy inform of Gamma rays. Gamma Camera attached to a computer is used to detect and measure the amount of radiotracer absorbed by the body and generate unique pictures giving details on the function and the structure of the body organ and other internal parts. For better results, the Nuclear Images are superimposed with Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) in a process known as co-registration to produce special views that allow the information derived from the two different studies to be connected and interpreted on one image for accurate diagnoses. Some of the common procedures where doctors use nuclear imaging to determine the structure and functions of an organ, bone, tissue, and body system are:   * Brain abnormalities investigation   * Detection of cancer and the spread in the body   * Kidney function analysis   * Lung scanning for respiratory and blood flow problems   * Identification of Gallbladder blockage Differences between Nuclear Medicine Imaging and X-ray Imaging   * Unlike the Ordinary X-ray examination where an image is made by passing x-rays from an outside source through the body, Nuclear medicine makes use of the radioactive material known as Radiotracer or Radiopharmaceutical administered in the body.   * Nuclear Imaging camera images reflect the level of chemical activity in the body, unlike X-rays which produce a clear structural image. Areas where a large number of radiotracers have been absorbed usually indicate high chemical activity. A specialized Radiologist trained in nuclear medicine interprets the images and forward the report to a physician who gives a recommendation. The small amount of Radiotracer injected into the body undergoes the natural process of radioactive decay within few hours and passed out of the body through urine. Benefits of Nuclear Medicine   * Nuclear Medicine Examination gives unique information on medical conditions that other imaging procedures will not give.   * Nuclear medicine scans give the most vital i
Introduction For this assignment, a case story was provided, “A Day in the Sleep Clinic,” detailing a doctor’s encounters with three child patients and their parents. In all of these situations, his behavior is questionable and often rude. This rudeness is further exacerbated when non-white patients visit him, as Dr. Williams offends them and ultimately refuses treatment due to his cultural ignorance. This paper will examine the assumptions that caused such mistakes and the broader roles of factors like culture and ethnicity in disparities in health outcomes. Assumptions and Mistakes Dr. Williams’ interaction with the Reeses seems friendly as they chat about a common interest. However, he commits the same mistake as he does with the other two patients. He assumes specialized knowledge on the part of the patient’s mother and uses complex medical terminology that she is unlikely to understand. Despite that, he maintains an amiable demeanor that allows him to follow up on his diagnoses and have the appropriate equipment ordered. However, their friendliness causes him to ignore facts that raise doubts as to whether his treatment plan will be followed. In Waleeds’ case, he misidentifies the family’s ethnicity and generally acts superior. He once again assumes medical knowledge on the parents’ part and uses terminology they do not understand. Furthermore, he fails to explain his hypothesized diagnosis due to the same assumption. His assumptions of poverty and not wanting medical help cause him to act indifferent and disinterested, and ignore the family’s concerns, failing to establish any rapport. With the Phan family, his behavior is affected by his impatience. He addresses the wrong parent and perceives their polite nodding as agreement. He unknowingly offends the family with his nervous gestures, which are considered very rude in Vietnamese culture. He makes his explanation of an invasive procedure sound like a threat. Ultimately, his actions cause the Phans to leave, potentially seeking another doctor or allowing their child’s condition to deteriorate. Causes for Disparities The rapport that a healthcare provider establishes with their patient is an essential factor for the patient’s ultimate health outcome. As demonstrated by the case story’s example, cultural assumptions and misunderstandings can prevent this rapport from being built, affecting the quality of subsequent care. Race, while related to these factors, is potentially an additional biological cause of the disparity. Genetic differences can predispose one to certain conditions and must be considered when determining whether to screen for such conditions (Wheeler & Bryant, 2017). Similarly, a person’s socioeconomic factors, such as wealth and the neighborhood where they live, are linked with specific health problems and access to medical procedu
Introduction to EMC In this age of technology where we have the presence of electronic appliances, electrical connections, high-tech gadgets, and everything that uses electricity, there are electrical impulses or what we call electromagnet emissions all around us that we don’t feel. We are living in an atmosphere that has the presence of electromagnetic emissions, measured in Hertz, countless of these impulses, is a result of the appliances we have at home, our cell phones, computers, and everything. Electromagnetic emissions occur because there are electrical charges all around us as a result of lightning, relays, or transformers in electrical posts, dc electric motors, and fluorescent lights, and so forth. EMC can cause distractions to these electrical appliances. Radio transmissions can cause distraction on our television. Electromagnetic waves continuously flow in the atmosphere. These distractions can be in the form of impulses emitted by numerous sources, for example, radio transmitters, but even our own appliances also produce impulses. Our movement too also causes impulses in the form of static discharges which can cause distraction, but in a limited way. When radio transmitters or television stations transmit their signals or pulses they are received by our appliances, the television set, or the radio from their respective antennas. These pulses have their own band of frequencies, or bandwidth, in order for the appliances to receive the required signal. The bandwidths are prescribed legally, that means for every radio station, or television station, each has its own band width so that they can not be intercepted by other stations. So these appliances produce electromagnetic emissions which cause interference in electrical and electronic devices. But they can be controlled. For example, if we set our desired station of an AM radio, we hear different garbled signals. But then, the AM radio has several filters or small IF transformers inside that intercept the required station, so that the electromagnetic emission is controlled, or the required radio station is produced. An intentional receiver is our radio with the set station, but an unintentional receiver is another electronic appliance which does not want to receive the signal, for example the TV or the computer system. The purpose of the introduction here is to focus on electromagnetic compatibility or EMC which can be said as electromagnetically compatible with the environment if the following criteria are met:  1. It does not cause interference with other systems.  2. It is not susceptible to emissions from other systems.  3. It does not cause interference with itself. History of EMC In 1901, Marconi made the first experiment on radio transmi
Introduction Water is the chief consumption in relation to human life. Humans can survive without food for up to seven days but if deprived of water they can only live for a maximum of three before they die of dehydration. It has been a world goal therefore to supply all humans with reliable water services. To achieve this goal, individual persons, counties, states and governments are responsible for taking action. Maryland State has not been left behind. To begin with, we look at the geography of Maryland. Maryland is one of the States of the United States located in the Mid Atlantic region. It is located North of the District of Columbia, South of Pennsylvania while to its East is Delaware and Virginia to its West. According to the US census bureau population estimates of 2009, Maryland is estimated to have a population of about 5,699,478 people. Discussion History of water in Maryland The history of water in Maryland draws us back to the 18 th century. Government was realizing the need to set up systems to fulfill the necessity of its people concerning water. The private sector was not left behind. Today, Maryland goes down in history as the state that authorized the first water service company in the United States in 1787. The company’s name was Baltimore Insurance Company. However, the effort did not turn out successful. There was still no giving up though. In 1797, Maryland saw the erection and maintenance of water pumps which was not entirely successful as well. In the early eighteen hundreds however, the face of water services took a new look when the then Baltimore water company was formed and given land and water privileges. The company in its mandate was able to construct reservoirs such as the one in South East Calvert, receiving its waters from the Jones falls. Water services in Maryland today Today with an estimated population of 5,699,478 people, Maryland’s residents need clean drinking water, safe water for domestic use, water for industrial use and water for emergency response such as fire fighting. This situation is well handled by the well over twenty registered water service companies today. All these companies rely on rain, river and groundwater. The pumps of 1797, reservoirs of 1854, Ronald dam of 1862 not forgetting Druid reservoir (Lake Chapman) of 1873 among other more recent sources are the basic water harbors in Maryland. These sources are able to quench the thirst of Maryland dwellers. They provide domestic water to households and industrial water to companies. Institutions and organizations as well tap their waters from these sources. Water treatment Water though being one of the only compounds that are pure in their natural state also has its impurities. To make it suitable for human use, treatment measures are taken. Their aim is to solve water problems such as bacteria infections and undesirable chemical contents such as nitrates, lead, radium, radon, acid, iron among others. Hard water also needs to be softened and this is done through treatment. There is pressure on companies providing water services to treat the
Christianity is a religion that, being one of the most popular in the world, experienced difficult times during the Roman Empire. The Council of Nicaea became the turning point in the religion since it created the principle of the Holy Trinity. The church persecutions, as well as the crisis in the Empire, played a considerable role in the positive result of the Board of Nicaea. Under the cumulative strains of war, internal conflict, epidemic, and economic despair, the Roman Empire came close to collapsing in the crisis of the III-IV centuries. The main reason for the Roman persecution was based on the refusal of Christians to exalt the emperor and the neglect of the necessity to sacrifice life for his sake (Boer 46). The crisis brought people to a desperate state, where a new breath of faith was needed. The persecution provoked the appearance of faith defenders that wrote their works explaining the religion and creating the preconditions for the Board’s success. The Council of Nicaea decided to affirm the equality of the Father, Son, and Holy Spirit in the Holy Trinity, as well as the fact that only the Son was born as Jesus Christ. The Arian rulers were expelled from their religious institutions and temples. The Board’s decision had a substantial impact on the Christian church since it provided people with a new spiritual guideline and changed the method of Christian prayer. To summarize, the crisis of the III-IV centuries brought people to the level of hopelessness and the need for a new value system. The Christian persecution influenced the success of the Council of Nicaea by the emergence of clever faith protectors. The Board of Nicaea decided to introduce the major concept of the Holy Trinity, emphasizing the equality of the Father, Son, and Holy Spirit. Work Cited Boer, Harry. A Short History of the Early Church . Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, 1976.
Introduction As the world develops, new challenges are emerging. The 20 th century ended with the world facing a number of challenges; for instance poverty reduction and eradication of diseases like polio were the main concern. These challenges were brought together in the 7 millennium development goals in which countries were supposed to tackle by the end of 2015. Much improvement has been done, though to achieve the goals completely is still a milestone for some of the developing countries. As the world tries to fulfill the millennium development goals there has been advancements in technology with globalization being at its peak. The last two decades has seen countries joining alliances and becoming members of international bodies which aims at making the world a global village; by enhancing free movement of goods and services within countries. While globalization has advantages disadvantages cannot be missed in that with the advancements in technology, which has made money transfer easier and countries conducting free trade among themselves a new crop of crime has emerged. Money with no legitimate sources such as drugs and extortions can now be deposited in secret accounts throughout the world with the main aim being tax evasion and hiding from the authorities in case the process which the money was obtained through is illegitimate. These illegal transactions are what amount to money laundering. Money laundering costs governments a lot of money through tax evasion and also due to the fact that when the money is deposited in foreign accounts it helps those countries develop by investing with the money while denying the same opportunity to invest. How the governments are trying to curb money laundering remains an issue. This study will try to cover what