ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Health Definition Though classical definition of health embraces all dimensions and aspects, there are still needs significant amendments with regard to newly emerged circumstances and contexts. Hence, the World Health Organization defining health “a state of complete physical, mental, and social well being and not merely absence of disease of infirmity” cannot be regarded as an objective evaluation of the entire meanings and concerns of today’s situation (The World Health Organization, as cited in Saracci 1409). At the conceptual level, the definition encounters the most serious challenges, which impair its leading role as far as the conflict between resources and health needs are concerned. To be more specific, the current definition of health can be confused with the state of happiness. According to Saracci, “the distinction between health and happiness is crucially relevant in terms of rights, in particular “positive” rights or entitlements requiring societal actions to ensure that they effectively and fully materialize” (1409). To remove the existing ambivalence, the definition should describe health as a state of well being free of infirmity and disease and a universal human right. Perspectives for Creating an Ideal Health Care Delivery System In order to promote effective health reform and improve the situation with health in a global context, a global perspective on Health Care System should be associated with the introduction of a patient-oriented and innovated system. Hence, delivery of health should be personalized (Valdez et al. 3). Open access and transparency, therefore, enable people to make importance decisions about their health, while focusing more in health promotion and disease prevention. In this respect, the introduction of industrial systems and engineering in the sphere of health care management will contribute to creating a optimized system of health care. Health Care System: Examining the Main Problems within a Global Context Definition Health care system is a complex network of organizations and agencies whose activities are directed at providing health care to people. Promoting health and introducing disease prevention measures are among the main goals of medical care. In a global context, health issues and problems around the world are monitored by the World Health Organization (Shah n. p.). The agency also controls almost all health care networks in different countries by looking at political, cultural, and national discrepancies. In particular, rights and freedoms related to health, unequal access to health problems, and education and gender issues are analyzed and controlled by the World Health Organization. Physical Fitness and Public Health System Public healthcare system has a potent impact on people’s willingness to engage in physical activities. In this respect, the major goal of public health institution is to provide a persuasive conception of physical fitness for people to be involved into improving their physical and mental health. Therefore, improving health advocacy should become a priority to public activists who should make the po
Introduction Is the world going to end on 2012. There are a rising number of experts who believe that if the world does not actually end in 2012, some kind of cataclysmic event will definitely take place which end the world as we know it. So what is the basis of this doomsday prophecy? Apparently, the highly sophisticated Mayan calendar comes to end on December 21, 2012. This ending of the calendar is construed by many to signify the end of the world. Main body The Mayan civilization was extremely advanced in mathematics, engineering and astronomy. They were also very particular about their dates and had several calendars to mark their dates. These calendars were highly accurate, perhaps even more accurate than the Gregorian calendar which we use today. One of these calendars, known as the “long count calendar” had a complex system to mark each day and this calendar records dates for 5126 years starting with 3114 BC. However, on 21 December 2012, this calendar comes to an abrupt end. The Mayans do not give any reason for this abrupt ending living the field wide open for scientists and pseudo-scientists to interpret it in whatever way they please. And the doomsday theory advocates have interpreted it to mean the end of the world. However, this is one prophecy which seems to be backed by scientific evidence. According to John Major Jenkins, the Mayan calendar was very precise and it predicted a very special happening in the universe on 21 December 2012. Our galaxy revolves around the center of the Milky Way and once every 25800 year, the Earth comes into direct alignment with the sun and the galactic center. On 21 December 2012, such an alignment will take place. No one knows what this unique event will cause but according to a documentary aired on the History Channel in August 2006, it will have dire consequences. According to this documentary, the geophysicists predict that this unique alignment will result in a “pole shift”. What this means is that entire mantel of the Earth will shift in a matter of days, perhaps even hours, so that the poles would shift to somewhere near the equator. It is not hard to imagine the consequence of such an event with the polar ice melting and many of the low lying areas getting completely submerged. This event, however, seems to be so unlikely that most people do not really believe in this doomsday theory. Instead, researchers like Jenkins believe that the on or around this day their will be some great cataclysmic event but nothing as drastic as the pole shift or the end of the world. Jenkins also does not believe that December 21, 2012 marks the end of time. Instead, in his opinion, time is cyclic and the date only marks the end of one cycle and beginning of anoth
Sex Offenders Cohort: Implications and Needs The final release of people, who had been charged with committing sexual abuses, from prisons is a challenging procedure that can create some negative influences on the psychological stability of the offenders. The global society adopted a prejudiced and cautious attitude towards individuals, who have ‘sexual offend’ inscribed into their profile characteristics. The history of sexual abuse provides numerous examples of cruel recidivist acts, which fuels the community’s dissatisfaction with this type of criminals reentering a society. Indeed, according to the statistic data, approximately 60 % of former sexual offenders return to prisons in the first six months ( Center for sex offender management, 2007). Therefore, it is a primary task of every community to create the favorable conditions for the criminals’ reentry so that to preclude the subsequent incidents. This work discusses the program of active integration of the sexual offenders into the American society as well as addresses their rights and priorities on the platform of the U.S. legal citizenship. According to the psychologists, a prevailing number of sexual abuse criminals suffer from harsh emotional disorders after the incarceration. The scientists recommend treating the offenders, who strive to enter a civil life, through the rehabilitation-oriented methods rather than punishment (Rogers & Ferguson, 2011). This approach matches the needs of sexual abusers since they strive to be guided through a process of renovating their civil, moral, and cultural rights for becoming the parts of their community. The Major Community Placement Pathways for Sexual Offenders The usage of successful community placement pathways for the former sexual offenders contributes to their harmonious reintegration into the U.S. community. Thus, according to the study of recovery in forensic psychiatry individuals, 47 % of female and 52 % of male criminals, who were treated through protection-driven programs made a successful reentry of community (Viljoen, Nicholls, Greaves, de Ruiter, & Brink, 2011). The appropriate level of the identified criminals’ support in the USA may be sustained through the reliance on the forensic assertive community treatment (FACT) programs that provide the former prisoner with psychiatric and mental health assistance, as well as accommodation and meal services (Cuddeback, Pettus-Davis, & Scheyett, 2011). The method works on the basis of volunteering practices as well as state-funded projects and is represented by the so-called rehabilitation asylums. The major strength of the usage of this method is its unprejudiced orientation. However, one should consider certain limitations to the FACT, which are the manipulative usage of asylums and detachment from the real-life environment. Interactive Community Evaluation: Sexual Abuse Orientation The fundament of efficient sexual offenders’ rehabilitation combines the blending theoretical conceptions with strategic interactive treatment (Settles, 2009). The latter aspect dwells on the work of
Executive Summary The athlete team under analysis in this paper is the Melbourne Football Club (Demons). Its main issue is poor on-field performance, caused by mediocre coaching, waning motivation, and low fitness. The three sports science disciplines that are useful for Melbourne Football Club are coaching, athlete career training and education, and sports psychology. Some of the research findings on effective coaching will be applied to the Demons to enhance performance. Research on athlete career and training will be essential in improving the team members’ fitness levels, talent recruitment, and talent development strategies. Studies in sports psychology will assist in identifying and tackling negative external motivation among the players. The intervention will involve a three-pronged approach designed to tackle most of the causes of poor on-field performance in Melbourne Football Club. First, it will consist of an intensive strength and conditioning program. Secondly, it will entail the hiring of new coaching personnel. Finally, it will involve the reorganization and hiring of players. A new coach, assistant coach, and performance manager will be in charge of the intensive strength and conditioning program. The plan will cost USD1.98 million to come from the club’s key corporate partners. This intervention will likely lead to a highly enthusiastic and motivated team. The plan will also improve their form and fitness levels. Additionally, it will prevent the occurrences of fatigue. Most importantly, the intervention will lead to improved performance of the Melbourne Football Club. Background The athlete team under analysis in this paper is the Melbourne Football Club; it is also known as The Demons. This team of Australian Football League players has been performing abysmally over the past decade. It was one of the oldest teams in the sport with a long impressive performance in the past. However, now the team is losing to teams like Port that was perceived as non-threatening. Furthermore, even the nature of their losses is quite demoralizing. In a round-two match this season (April 2013), the team lost by 148 points. Their defeaters – Essendon – had a final score of 184 while the Demons could only garner a measly 36 points. The club has recorded such disappointing performances over the past few years, with only a few wins to pacify their supporters. Melbourne Football Club’s main issue is poor on-field performance (Mitchell, 2013). Experts attribute this poor performance to several reasons. First, they believe that the current coach is a poor fit for the team (Cummings, 2013). Coach Mark Neeld allowed television reporters into the team’s changing room before a match this season. Many viewers and reporters criticized him for his bland and uninspiring speech to a team that ur
Introduction With the onset of print and digital sources of information, all knowledge has become available to people, which opened a vast field of topics to draw inspiration from for artists and designers from around the world. The traditions of advertising have also changed with time. The need for catchy images as a technique to maximize sales has always persisted. At the same time, the images created with the utmost imagination developed into a form of art (Meggs and Purvis 77). Conceptual image facilitated this transition becoming one of the most influential movements that left an imprint on both modern art and design. History, Development, and Meaning of Conceptual Image The history of the conceptual image as an approach to graphic design unraveled with the decline of the previously widely used technique – narrative illustration. The image that tells a story was one of the popular and effective ways to convey an idea. It often depends on the context that the person has to have to understand it. For example, the works of Henry Darger, who often depicted scenes with an abundance of people in the middle of an action, relied heavily on the understanding of a historical, social, or another context (Davis 2). The problem with the narrative illustration was that it was often centered on objects of the real world (Male 180). With the advancements in photography, print, and paper quality in the 1950s, this problem became even more evident, which marked a certain decline of the narrative approach to design as a form of visual art and advertising. Photography made depictions of the world as realistic as possible, which developed a slight resentment towards such realism in certain circles of designers (Lester xii). That partly gave rise to the fascination with conceptual images that not only crossed the border of reality but also united the communicative power of words and pictures. In a sense, conceptual images draw inspiration not directly from the real world but its perception, forms, and color. That is what designers and artists discovered in such an approach – a new way to catch people’s eyes and provoke them to feel, contemplate, and juxtapose. Putting concepts inside a picture that is seemingly non-telling and makes no sense at first glance becomes a new way of expression that kept the viewer attracted and entertained. The image telling a story that, once understood, partly strips the picture from its purpose and leaves only the aesthetical pleasure to gain from it. On the other hand, the conceptual approach offers a lot more space for imagination and creativity. If a practical application is concerned, an image is a way of communication, and a designer often plays the role of the mediator between the public and the seller of a product the image is set to advertise
Article Analysis The Milky Way is comprised out of more than 200 billion stars already known to humankind. Not every star, however, has planets orbiting it in a way similar to our Solar system. The article titled “Exoplanet Orbit Database. II. Updates to Exoplanets.org” provides information about the number of exoplanets currently discovered, the means of discovering them, and miscellaneous information that was extracted during observations. According to Han et al., there are over 1490 confirmed exoplanets currently discovered, with over 3000 of them being exoplanet candidates (827). These planets vary in size, mass, and the nature of the star they orbit. Since 2014, the database has been expanded to include planets surrounding neutron stars in addition to “normal” stars, such as the Sun. As it stands, the majority of confirmed exoplanets (over 800) were discovered using the Kepler space telescope (Han et al. 827). Earth-based observatories, although participating in the search for other solar systems, are not as efficient due to interference from the atmosphere. Some of the major parameters derived from telescope observations include orbital parameters, transit parameters, orbital fit properties, secondary ellipse depth, stellar properties, stellar magnitudes, and coordinates (Han et al. 831). Article Reviews The article titled “Measuring the Mass of a Mars-Sized Exoplanet” explains the possibility of measuring its mass using observations from small gravitational tugs from an orbiting planet (Johnson). I think this method allows not only discovering the planet’s mass but also estimate its geological structure. Question: Are there any forces outside of the gravitational pull that could potentially obfuscate these mass estimations? The second article, titled “5 Ways of Finding a Planet,” was posted by NASA to determine the most efficient ways of discovering planets. According to the report, the most effective ways include measuring radial velocity, transit, gravitational microlensing, direct imaging, and observing minuscule movements (NASA). I believe that astrometry has the potential of discovering planets that are impossible to detect through other means. Question: Why some stars do not form their systems? The third article, presented by Science News, states that over 100 new exoplanets were discovered in 2018 as a part of NASA’s K2 international project. The researchers used data from Kepler to compile and analyze the data about potential exoplanets and validate some of them while labeling others as false positive (“Scientists Discover”). I think that finding planets is the easy part while proving it is much harder. Question: How many exoplanets are potentia
NeoGeography Neo-Geography is a new approach in the scientific discipline of geography where geographic information is democratized (Fischer, 2). Originally, experts in this field were the only people who could obtain, disseminate or use geographic information. However, even non-experts can now obtain and interpret geographic information. It has been termed as “the new geography without geographers” (“The Wikification of GIS”, 4). This is because, with the current systems, especially the web 2.0, experts as well as non-experts can use geographic information. With neo-geography, individuals at different levels of expertise can easily find locations as well as collaboratively provide geographic information. The wikification of GIS and the emergence of Google Maps and OpenStreetMap have literally converted any interested persons into geographers. They have allowed such people to practice geography without deep knowledge of the concepts of geography. This practice is known as neogeography. Difference between GIS and NeoGeography GIS refers to Geographical Information Systems. They are systems that are used to collect, store, analyze, and visualize geographical information (“The Wikification of GIS”, 1). They are not easy to use at a non-expert level and are suitable for formal activities that require accuracy and precision. The approach is a top to bottom one but in neogeography, the initial purpose is to answer a specific problem from either an expert or a non-expert. Find and display the location then track the relevant information and store this data. The data may be already on the web. If the data is not already available, user-generated data may be used. Neogeography, therefore, adds value to data display and integration since the neogeography tools are suitable for non-experts. GIS on the other hand is suited for data collection, storage, analysis, and the display where accuracy is important and an expert is available (Sheppard et al. 20). Capabilities offered by Mash-ups Mash-ups allow users to combine cartographic data with geographical data from different sources and come up with a visualization of this data (Fischer, 4). The geographical data may be from different websites or databases. For example, police departments may merge street base maps with their online databases to provide an online visualization of incidents in the neighborhood. ArcGIS on the other hand is a desktop application and does not have mash-up capabilities. It therefore cannot combine data from different sources but uses only a single data source. Mash-ups can create quick and easy applications by integrating multiple web services and therefore non-experts can easily use such applications. Since mash-ups are web-based, they are easily integrated into websites for end-user utilization, which is not possible for ArcGIS. However, ESRI is developing mash-up capabilities in ArcGIS to overcome these limita
The researchers base their conclusion on three well-designed case studies touching on various software applications. The case studies include evaluating bone fractures following traffic accidents, bone injuries caused by a spade, and gunshot wounds on the head, which offer valuable data on enhancing contemporary forensic investigations (Buck et al., 2008). The modeling software and haptic device used for the study boast high precision, low friction, superior fidelity, and output capacity of six degrees of freedom. In the present world, these are top-notch specifications for such discourses. However, replicating the study to verify the findings may prove a challenge due to the high cost of assembling all the specimens and equipment utilized therein (Pinzon et al., 2016). The researchers do well to draw their interpretations and conclusions from the gathered data involving the three separate case studies cited above. The results of the studies indicate that haptic devices can prove very valuable in post-mortem and forensic investigations. In forensic science, the research can be instrumental in enabling investigators to recreate a crime scene (such as gun-holding position) and identify the object used in the crime with enhanced precision and speed. Hagmann et al. (2021) thus note that the use of haptics in forensic science can hasten the crimin