ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Abstract The purpose of this study was to determine the association between personal control beliefs and problem- and emotion-focused coping for Australian university students. This report also found the generalizability of the findings of O’Connor and Shimizu’s study involving a British sample to an Australian sample. A total of 90 university students from Australia (80% female, mean age of 31.11 years) took an online survey. The Ways of Coping Questionnaire (WCQ) was used to measure coping, whereas the Internal Control Index (ICI) was used to evaluate a sense of personal control in the participants. Three coping sub-scales of problem-focused coping, emotion-focused coping, and escape-avoidance were assessed in the study. It was observed that a high sense of personal control was linked with increased problem-focused solving and decreased emotion-focused coping. Nonetheless, personal control had a small negative correlation with emotion-focused coping, which was the only difference from O’Connor and Shimizu’s findings in the British population. The study outcomes confirmed the generalizability of O’Connor and Shimizu’s stress coping mechanisms of British populations to other English-speaking people due to certain similarities in their cultures and individualistic stances. Introduction Personal control beliefs and stress coping styles play a vital role in the psychological well-being of the population. The term personal control belief means a person’s view about the degree to which they can regulate or sway outcomes. The terms “locus of control” and “personal mastery belief” may also be used to mean the same thing. The two main forms of personal control beliefs are internal locus control and external locus control. Individuals with internal loci of control think that they can manipulate events and their consequences, whereas people with external loci of control hold outside forces responsible for all events in their lives (Gore, Griffin, & McNierney, 2016). Therefore, the locus of control plays a vital role in an individual’s personality. Perceived control refers to people’s confidence that they have power over their inner state, actions, places, people, or things that surround them (Buddelmeyer & Powdthavee, 2016). Coping style, on the other hand, refers to mechanisms used in a deliberate effort to minimize the effects of nerve-wracking events. Coping skills can be theorized as a mixture of coping styles and different coping strategies. A coping pattern is a blend of attributional styles such as the professed cause of stress, the locus of control, personality attributes, and positive or negative outlook on discovering a resolution. Examples of personality traits include acceptance of risk, sense of self-sufficiency, and self-absorption or gregariousness. Coping strategies are a reflection of various stress reactions that can be applied effectively. These strategies can be t
Introduction Code-switching has become a common phenomenon in the education sector. It is widely practised by both learners and instructors. The practice is observed among communities with two or more discrete languages (Bullock & Toribio, 2009). A person may start conversing in one language, but change to another in the middle of the dialogue. Also, the individual may switch idioms within a single sentence. Numerous studies by different scholars reveal that the utilisation of code-switching in English as a Second Language in (ESL) classroom settings enhances the learning process. During their interactions with learners, teachers tend to shift between the first and the target language (Cook, 2001). In this research, the author examined the form of code-switching that takes place in Oman public schools. The social and cultural meanings associated with the practice were also discussed. Also, the author analysed different types of code-switching and social-cultural aspects that influence the phenomenon. To conduct the research, the author used participants from two ESL classrooms in a public school. Data was collected using several tools. They included questionnaires. Others were interviews and observations. The major focus of the study is to analyse code-switching from a sociolinguistic perspective. Background Education System in Oman The country has a unique education arrangement. For example, the government offers this service for free up to the secondary level. Even though individuals are not charged for schooling, they don’t need to enrol. Today, the education system in Oman comprises of primary, middle, secondary, vocational, and tertiary levels. Primary schooling is offered to children below the age of ten. Secondary education in Oman lasts for three years (Chau, 2007). At this stage, students can opt to specialise in arts or sciences. Vocational education comprises of centres, which offer opportunities to individuals in need of professional training. Majority of people who enrol in the institutions are basic school leavers (Kiranmayi & Phil, 2010). Tertiary or higher education in Oman started in 1986. The system was introduced after the founding of the first public university, Sultan Qaboos. Before the establishment of this institution, university students were sent by the Oman government to study in such countries as Egypt, Kuwait, and Jordan (Saxena, 2009). English as a Second Language in Oman Currently, English is one of the most common forms of communication in the world (Alonso, 2011). Due to this, the demand for this language in Oman is high. All learning institutions across the country now teach English as a second language (Heredia & Brown, 2006). Also, language is becoming the main form of communication in public places in the nation, such as hotels and hospitals. As a second language in Oman, English was adopted in learning institutions in the 1970s (Saxena, 2009). The curriculum in most private schools is in English. Also, French institutions in the Arab country use it as a second language. Due to this, locals and foreigners interested in learning the language enrol in private schools. The use of Eng
Naturally, there are a lot of particles present in water some of which constitute valuable minerals while others are contaminants. Contaminants in water have profound health consequences on the health of the users of water. Despite the negligible influence which is not noticeable in the short run, there are dangerous health risks that are associated with the presence of these contaminants in the long run. Such is the case with the presence of perchlorate in public water systems. Perchlorate has negative influence on the health of water users and the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) came to the realization that more than 4% of the public water system in America contained perchlorate as a contaminant. This prompted EPA to increase research and this research resulted to public awareness of the presence of perchlorate in water. As a result, EPA formulated regulations as to the amount of healthy perchlorate that should be present in public drinking water. This essay intends to analyze the effect of the EPA rules on perchlorate in drinking water. Since perchlorate causes health risks on its users, the percentage of it in water should be regulated to reduce the possible health risks it poses. Perchlorate is a naturally occurring chemical but it can also be synthesized. It is employed in the manufacture of rocket fuel and explosives. Perchlorate can also be found in bleach and other varieties of fertilizers. The crisis associated with perchlorate is the fact that there is the possibility of adverse health problems evidenced by research carried out by scientists. According to this research there are disruptions caused by the contaminant on the thyroid’s ability to efficiently produce hormones that are vital in support of normal growth. The contaminant hinders the thyroids ability to effectively absorb iodine thus resulting to hormonal deficiencies. The thyroid is responsible for the production of developmental hormones that are necessary for usual growth and development and the contaminant negatively impacts on development such as hampering brain development in growing fetuses, newborns and children. The chemical is not only present in drinking water but a considerable amount has also been found in breast milk and infant formula as well as the environment. This has led to increased concerns over the health implications of this chemical in drinking water and has led to voiced concerns over the issue “Since there is no question about the low-dose toxicity of perchlorate, maybe it’s time for Americans to stop drinking rocket fuel, perchlorate contamination from industrial, agricultural and natural sources will continue to pollute us through other food exposures, it demands robust safeguards in water to protect public health” (Siobhan 4). As a result of this concern, EPA decided to introduce a formal rule that would regulate the presence of perchlorate in drinking water. In 2008, the Bush government had opposed the regulation of perchlorate in drinking water but this move was countered by Obama when the levels of perchlorate were noted to have increased and around 17 million Americans were drinking water contami
Abstract The research paper identifies and analyzes the social effects the central deficit has on government financing. It also addresses the factors relating to why public financial administration is studied separately from business finance. A variety of organizations nonprofit organizations, private firms, and agencies of government ensure the provision of goods and services of daily consumption. All these provisions are under the principles of market trade. The services are provided to us by businesses for payment in turn. No service no pay. This also applies to many nonprofit organizations like social service organizations that function on the government contracts and basis of charges. The paper also outlines how inadequate government financing impacts business transactions. The business sector tends to be caught in a dilemma when the government fails to fulfill its role in business. The paper also shows the importance of taxation in the improvement of a country’s economy. Introduction Currently, administrations of public finance apply the concepts and tools of business management. In any business activity, financial management aims at increasing the organization’s value to its owners through control and allocation of resources. Similarly, public financial management applies the same technical, analytic, and managerial instruments in its control and allocation. The government greatly differs from the private sector in terms of objectives, resource constraints, and ownership. Particularly, the government has the authority to enlarge its resources through taxation. The owner is not so defined due to the fact that most of the stakeholders contribute to a legal interest in the government planning and the value of the services from the government is neither reflected nor easy to count in a solitary measure. With all these differences, there is a government’s taxation power, punish and prohibition. The ability to compel even inequalities differentiates government from most basic practices in business finance. The main fundamental principles and public finance include the public income, the expenditure, and the public debts of the public authorities and how one of them adjusts the other. The adjustments should not imply equality but arithmetical associations in conditions given are best. Public authorities consist of all kinds of governmental territories ranging from community to national, central, and even international governments (Wellisch 2000). They widely differ in terms of the magnitude of the zone and populations they govern, their functional range of exercise, their income obtaining methods, how their use their expenditure, and how they relate with other public authorities in terms of financial relations, either subordinate or superior to themselves. In the current civilized societies, the public’s income and expenditure are comprised of money payments and money receipts. The term finance implies money matters while their management and public finance in its current sense presume the existence of money finance. The principle of maximum social advantage The superficial shallow precepts and views of the earlier age still haunt public fin
Unemployment is an occurrence witnessed when active individuals cannot find job opportunities. Conversely, prevalence of unemployment is accrued through poor economic development and high unskilled labour. Unemployment is an acute problem especially during the recession periods when world economy collapsed however, there is a notable improvement through numerous interventions specifically, minimum wage laws, formation of personnel unions, and tax regimes. Gross domestic product (GDP) is the amount of income citizens of a country can amass in a financial year. Economic growth is attributed to the increase and decline of gross domestic product. Expansion of the output of an economy influences economic growth under full employment of the population, which in return boosts employment rate. Changes in business cycles cannot be used as determinants of economic growth. Business cycles, for instance, flourish and decline thus, does not determine the rate of economic growth rather, it affects aggregate demand (Schomburg and Ulrich 8). The Level of education influences the rate of unemployment in an economy. Education bestows individuals with technical skills and expertise to engage in production activities. Employees are classified into skilled, non-skilled, and semi-skilled and one is remunerated according to experience and ability to produce goods and services with efficiency. Employment categories are, for example, classical unemployment, cyclical unemployment, structural unemployment, and frictional unemployment. Most unemployed individuals fall in frictional and involuntary unemployment section whereby low wages and economic frictions obstruct them from engaging in productive labour force (Schomburg and Ulrich 21). Sourced from the Bureau of labour statistics, Current population survey The graph shows the relationship between employment rate and level of education attained by individuals ranging from less than a high diploma to Doctorate qualification. Most educated employees accrue higher wages compared to individuals less educated. Lucrative job opportunities favour high educated persons because of experience and skill they bestow in service delivery. Institutions of higher learning are prerequisite for the expansion of economy because high employment leads to reduction of poverty levels and dependence. The increase in gross domestic products is attributed to levels of education and employment. Developed economies depend on educated individuals for invention and innovation in the economy. Education bestows individuals with skills and experience to manage and run businesses. Businesses are mainly geared towards profit maximization, therefore; education enables individuals adopt better ways of decision making. Government relies on professionals in policy formulation that regulates economic growth, for instance, tax systems, labour remuneration, and equitable distribution of resources. In a stable economy, people with higher education have better paying jobs than those with poor education.
Dense planets are generally closer to the Sun than less dense planets. Dense materials (like iron) are generally closer to the center of a planet. These two observations are caused by very different processes. Explain what is different about the processes these two sets of processes (you will have to review the material on solar system formation as well as planetary interiors for this question). The solar system planets formed when the nebula cloud particles combined to form a rotating disk that was billions of miles in diameter. The disk was formed because of the pulling action of the gravitational force between the nebula particles that acted towards the center of the disk. The disk particles were held together through electrostatic forces and rotated in the same direction as the rotation of the disk. During the planetary formation process, the rotation of the disk caused the nebula particles to gain an angular momentum, which caused the speed of the particles to increase exponentially. The resulting disk was 0.003 light-years or 200 AU in diameter. During the planetary formation process, smaller bodies combined to form planetesimals in an accretion process. Planets were formed from planetesimals, which were formed from a combination of small particles, which increased in size to form the big planets in a few million years. The resulting planets, formed from planetesimals bodies, are referred to as protoplanets. Protoplanets were made of different types of radioactive materials, which influenced an increase in the temperature of the core of the planets. High-temperature changes, melting rocks, and metals were the main causes of the creation of planets in the solar system. The process through which the planets were formed is known as differentiation. The differentiation process was caused by strong thermal effects on the radioactive materials at the core of the planets. The key elements that define the formation mechanisms of planets include rock and metals. The formation of the Jovian planets was based on the physical and chemical processes th
Each individuality is different; however, there are some specific features, which people may share. Applying to these similar features, the psychological theories have been developed. Reading two cases devoted to Martin, a successful lawyer, and Toshimi, an owner of a ballet school, the individual psychological theory developed by Alfred Adler may be considered. Being a socially directed theory, Alfred Adler is sure that people are motivated in their actions by means of the social influence. Striving for superiority and success is the means according to which people build their plans. Alfred Adler is inclined to think that human present actions are based on the idea of their future opinion about their life. People always know what they are doing and why they are doing it. Therefore, people always control their life and everything they do depends on their will and traits of character. Individual psychology theory developed by Alfred Adler has both advantages and disadvantages. Moreover, this theory is highly motivational and not each person is able to become successful. Alfred Adler’s individual psychology is based on the “objectivist and constructivist elements … romantic (humanistic), modern (cognitive) and postmodern aspects” (Oberst, 2003). Alfred Adler built his theory on the idea that human style of life is based on the development during childhood (Carducci, 2009). Depending on the character of a person, he/she either becomes stronger with the desire to live differently, or just leads the same life as he/she used to. However, childhood puts its imprint on the future behavior of people. Considering Martin and Toshimi’s cases discussed in Pieces of the Personality Puzzle by Funder and Ozer (2010), the following data may be used to support Alfred Adler’s ideas. Martin and Toshimi’s actions were affected by the society. Living in the world where all people need to achieve something, Martin and Toshimi were dissatisfied with what they had. Looking at others, they once understood what they wanted to do. Small cases from the childhood made both Martin and Toshimi reconsider their future. Martin decided to become a lawyer when he understood that he could be useful to those who were unfairly accused of. Toshimi saw a TV program and concluded that she may do the same way and even better. Therefore, being inclined to think socially, Martin and Toshimi understood that to achieve something they are to work hard and ruin the mode of life they used to. Martin and Toshimi strived for success and superiority being encouraged by their past failures. They wanted to be better than they used to be. Martin and Toshimi belonged to the social minorities and while facing the difficulties they did not refuse their dreams, but they were encouraged by this fact and wanted to become better, to achieve success to show themselves and others that they can do it. Martin was not very loved in the family while Toshimi felt too much love; however, these people were not happy, as they were not treated fairly. The desire to achieve success, the desire to become better, superior is based on
Leonardo Da Vinci Leonardo was a famous European artist due to the popularity of his artworks. However, Monalisa remains the most popular work among his paintings. In this image, the woman is portrayed as a pyramid. Her head forms the sharp tip of the pyramid while her closed arms represent the base. The folded arms imply that she is a composed woman. The smile on the woman’s face is used to portray her beauty and openness (Byrne 1). The first character that captures the attention of the viewer is the lady’s smile which is sandwiched by her dark clothing and long hair. Leonardo used the technique of sfumato (shadow and light) to add glossy texture on her hair. The same technique was applied to hutch the smile on the lady’s face by focusing on the edges of her mouth and eyes. Monalissa by Leonardo da Vinci The landscape in the background seems to be in a consistent state. There are many characters in the background such as a river, valleys and vegetation. The light is flowing from a raised source because it only highlights on the area above the lady’s arms. The same light is used to tell us more about the environment The extreme end of the image which represent the distance between the lady and the landscape is lighter (Meshberger and Rich 1). The colors used in the image are of low intensity and they are partially integrated in the background. Shadows and light have been combined to create texture on the clothing of the lady. The image is balanced because of the space occupied by the lady. Additionally, the image can be seen from two perspectives: the top and front views. The position between her head and the arms represent her height while her forehead unveils her thickness. Michelangelo Buonarroti The creation of Adam is among the popular paintings by Michelangelo. In this painting, there is a nude man who is laying on a rock