ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
John Donne poems “The Apparition” and “The Flea” have many features in common. Both are dramatic monologues in which a male speaker attempts to seduce a female virgin. Both speakers have tried many times before to seduce the woman but without success. Both speakers use ingenious but bizarre seductive strategies. Both poems give new twists to the conventional cliché in which the cruel mistress is causing her suitor’s death by her refusal to satisfy his desires. Both poems end without resolving the conflict: they do not say whether the seduction attempt was successful or unsuccessful. Finally, both poems (especially “The Apparition”) have been badly misread by an astonishing number οf scholars and critics. (Blythe 108-110) It may therefore be οf value to examine the two poems side by side. Though each is self-contained, each may throw light upon the other. “The Apparition” has been misread by generations οf interpreters as an expression οf hate and revulsion in which the motive οf the speaker, a rejected lover, is revenge. It is, in reality, a poem οf thwarted love and unspent desire in which the speaker makes a last desperate effort to obtain his lady’s favors. In doing so, he adopts a new strategy. In the past he has presumably tried and failed with all the usual methods-praising the lady’s beauty, flattering her in various ways, and declaring the strength and depth οf his passion. This time he attempts to frighten her into his arms. Instead οf telling her how much he loves her, he tells her that his love “is spent.” By portraying himself as having slipped the hook, he may make himself seem more valuable in her eyes than when she was assured οf his devotion. He predicts that, if she rejects him, she will in the future have to settle for a feebler, less passionate lover. He attempts to frighten her with the prospect οf his ghost’s appearing at her bedside, scaring her to death. But, most οf all, he tries to terrify her by threatening that his ghost will utter some unspecified but awful pronouncement or curse upon her (possibly capable οf damning her soul for eternity), the nature and content οf which he will not reveal to her now, because (he says) he wants revenge, and if he told her now, she would do anything necessary to avoid it. But the speaker’s assertion that his love (desire would be a more accurate term) “is spent” is undermined by the whole tone and intensity οf the poem. If he no longer cares about her, why should her “scorn” be killing him? Would it not be more logical for him to say he was “cured”? And why should he send his ghost to her bedside? Obviously he still has intense feelings concerning her. In “The Flea” a man attempts to seduce a woman by the use οf highly ingenious and highly sophistical reasoning. Basically, his argument is that losing her virginity will be no more damaging to her than being bitten by a flea. A particularly engaging feature οf the poem is its resemblance to a miniature play. It has two characters, dramatic conflict, implied dialogue (though we hear only one spe
Introduction The incredible works of Shakespeare and Thomas Nashe are among the most valued literature pieces in the American literature. Using various forms of Shakespearian literary techniques, Thomas Nashe wrote an interesting literature. However, knowledge about the literature concepts of Nashe is still negligible amongst most of the readers. Two of the literary pieces of Thomas Nashe that links with the Shakespearian proverbs are the ‘Praise of the Red Herring’ and ‘Christ’s Teares over Jerusalem’ . The two stories have a significant contribution regarding the Shakespearian communication. In his writing, Thomas Nashe used some literary techniques of Shakespeare to demonstrate the manner in which the concepts of poor leadership, culture distortion, economic upheaval, and social disorder, have become rampant. The intention of this paper is to examine the use of the Shakespearian literature in the Julius Caesar story, and explain the manner in which Thomas Nashe viewed these proverbial skills in his literary perspective. The Idea of Thomas about Politics While reviewing most of the proverbs that Shakespeare used, Thomas used some significant proverbial terms to explain the political upheaval in the early years of the American politics. “Puffin, that is half fish and half flesh, is a conspiracy that is disturbing across the political segments” (Nashe, “Christ’s Teares over Jerusalem” 56). Thomas used the proverb to explain the manner in which the kings pretended to be politically relevant to their people, yet their intentions of vying for leadership were evil. In his assumption, Thomas Nashe uses this term to explain the manner in which politicians have manipulated the people and used the Palaces for their own selfish gains (Nashe, “Christ’s Teares over Jerusalem” 59). Thomas Nashe uses the example of the animal kingdom and the living order of the animals, to demonstrate how a failure in leadership has resulted to a disorganized form of living in the universe. In his literary technique, he combined the proverbial terms of the Shakespearian English to explain the manner in which bad leadership was influencing the lives of the people negatively. In his writing, Thomas Nashe stated that the leaders and the government officials had their personal desires that undermined their leadership integrity (Nashe, “Christ’s Teares over Jerusalem” 52). In the poem, ‘ Christ Teares over Jerusalem’ , Thomas states that however much people may seem to have dignity; they may not have the conscience to understand why they hurt others. This is because of their selfishness and wealth-liking behaviors (Nashe, “Christ’s Teares over Jerusalem” 61). Thomas views human beings as the sources of evil as they do not fear making mistakes as long as the mistakes benefit them in one way or the other. Thomas states that the ‘exceedingly rich magnificos stole victual one from another ’ . In this view, Thomas Nashe uses the Shakespe
Health Information Websites   * Searching for health-related topics online became popular.   * Contain medical information and emotional support.   * Websites: WebMD, MedlinePlus, and Medscape.   * Information attractiveness seems to be more critical than credibility. The invention of the Internet opened a new era of online communities. For example, many people prefer to search for health information online due to its constant availability (Jung et al., 2018). Online health information sites provide medical facts and emotional support to patients (Jung et al., 2018). Many medical websites like WebMD, MedlinePlus, and Medscape are known. Sadly, users primarily choose to read visually attractive information regardless of its reliability (Jung et al., 2018). It appears that online health sources should be credible and visually appealing for patients. Overview of MedlinePlus   * MedlinePlus.gov was launched in 1998.   * Aim: to increase public awareness about health.   * Medical content is free of charge.   * Information is provided in English and Spanish. One of the most credible patient information websites is MedlinePlus. The National Library of Medicine started MedlinePlus.gov in 1998 to increase public awareness about health and medicine (Ahmed, 2020). The U.S. Congress funds this website; thus, all information that comes from public health agencies is free and does not contain any advertisement (Ahmed, 2020). This website is bilingual, providing health facts in English and Spanish. Patients   * Encyclopedia about drugs, supplements, and procedures.   * Information on the website is well structured.   * Plain language for a general audience.   * It can be used on any device. This online health information site is designed to provide convenient access for patients and caregivers. MedlinePlus offers a comprehensive overview of drugs, vitamins, supplements, laboratory tests, and surgical procedures using simple language understandable for the general public (Ahmed, 2020). The creators modified the site to allow its use on any device (Ahmed, 2020). All the information is adequately structured, simplifying the site navigation for first-time users. Clinicians   * Clinicians struggle to explain health topics in plain language.   * Provides manuals for patient education.   * Links to scientific databases for professionals.   * Accurately informed consumers become better patients. Although the initial purpose of this website was to provide information for patients, healthcare workers also utilize it. Indeed, it helps many clinicians who struggle with explaining medical topics in simple language by offering links to patient education manuals (Sanders et al., 2018). Moreover, it is connected to scientific databases for medical workers (Ahmed, 2020). The general help for clinicians is educating the public, which results in better patients. Benefits   * Knowledge on the website is free.   * Information is organized and easy-to-navigate.   * Plain language ensures patient understa
Health care management needs appropriate scheduling systems. Effective management takes care of employees, patients and the facilities which are provided in a particular health care. Good scheduling system leads to higher productivity, while poor scheduling system leads to losses due to low productivity. Patients, employees and facilities should be the main consideration while planning for a scheduling system. Failure to consider any of the above groups may lead to many disappointments and suffering to any of the group. Patients would have to wait for many hours before they are served and probably they would end up getting low quality services. Employees might also be overworked and thus lose their motivation (Wolper, 2011). Scheduling of patients can be challenging, and thus calls for good planning and organization. This is especially because one cannot predict the arrival time of the patients with precision. Though from research there is a pattern revealed which can be used to predict the time when patients go to health care providers; it is not always effective to predict their arrival (Wolper, 2011). People who had been scheduled for appointment may fail to turn up. Sometimes delays may be caused by traffic leading to lateness. The schedule should also be able to give room for emergencies (LaGanga & Lawrence, 2009). A management system should focus on serving the maximum number of patients while providing good services to them. This maximizes the use of facilities in hospitals and ensures that the workers’ potentials are well utilized and thus the patients will be served effectively. Poor scheduling of employees may cause the health care clinic to have excess employees. Having excess of employees will likely lead to realization of losses through the wages paid out. Having an efficient scheduling system takes care of such losses (Wolper, 2011). Scheduling work for employees goes together with communication. The management should ensure that they make it clear to employees on what they are supposed to do, why, and by what time they are supposed to complete their work. They should also be aware of what they are supposed to consider in various situations by making their priorities clear to the employees (Wolper, 2011). Scheduling system should also take care so as to even the work of employees. When demand of health care services (the number of patients) exceeds the number of employees, the hospital is vulnerable to underutilize their facilities. Working in shifts takes care of the high demand of health facilities. Initially those who were supposed to work for night shifts were meant to serve early in the morning. However, working hours set for different individuals should be assigned with caution. The health care should examine how to schedule their employees effectively so as to maximize utilization of facilities while meeting the needs of the
Introduction Global warming refers to the rise in the normal temperature of the earth’s near-surface atmosphere and water bodies ever since the middle of the twentieth century and its predictable continuation. As reported by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, IPCC, in the year 2007, the universal surface temperature rose by 0.74 to 0.18 0 C for the duration of the twentieth century (National Research Council, 6). This was the panel’s fourth assessment report and the study concluded that a better part of this phenomenon referred to as global warming in is as a result of human activity. Climate representation extrapolation concluded in the most up-to-date IPCC report point out that the earth’s surface temperature is to be expected to go up an additional 1.1 to 6.4 0 C during the twenty first century. Even as some quarters dispute these projections and disagree with existing evidence of global warming as being caused majorly by human activity, the facts are just too compelling. The main cause of this phenomenon is the accumulation of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases in the lower atmosphere and these bar heat from escaping from the earth’s surface (Ramaswamy, 1138). Thus, a way(s) of reducing the amount of these gases in the atmosphere needs to be worked out. Occurrences illustrating increase in global temperature Sea levels getting higher For the last century, observations show that sea levels moved higher world over. The average figure stood at more or less seventeen centimeters. Observations show that the order at which the level went up in the last decade is shockingly almost two times that of the last century. An example of an area going through this phenomenon is the marshland going under water at Bayou Chitigue, Louisiana. The estimated sea-level rise for this marshland is 1.38 centimeters per year. For a period of four years, straight up buildup averaged 2.07 centimeters annually which means the land’s elevation was corresponding to the increase in sea level. Coastal marshlands constitute the most useful ecological units in the world. These lands at the land-ocean periphery offer loads of direct gains to humanity, as well as home for money-making fisheries and wildlife, storm defense, enhanced water quality by way of deposit, nutrient and effluence elimination, leisure, and visually pleasing values (Peterson, 17). These precious ecological units will be extremely susceptible to the consequences of the fast increase in sea level projected to take place in the course of the next century as an outcome of global warming. Rise in global temperature Every single one of the three main universal surface temperature reconstructions gives an indication that the planet has become hotter ever since 1880. The largest part of this warming has taken place from the 1970s, with the twenty hottest years taking place from 1981 and with all ten of the hottest years taking place in the last twelve years. The years beginning in 2000 up to date have seen a reduction in solar output with the period 2007 to 2009 a noticeable solar least amount. Despite this, surface heat lev
The life of Muslims in the USA is a topic of numerous researches. It is clear that Muslims have to deal with various forms of discrimination. Among those are physical violence, “terrorist” and other stereotypes, Islamophobic political rhetoric, anti-immigrant aggression, hostility toward women in hijab, and many others. The Council on American-Islamic Relations, the group that should present Islamic perspective to the American audience, is believed to be radical and dangerous, thus increasing the distrust toward Muslims. Discrimination against Muslims is known to have its long history in America. Hostility and prejudices toward Muslims block their access to social and political life and significantly lower the level of their civic engagement. In their daily lives, Muslims face fear, hatred, and distrust in educational institutions, in airports, in cafes, in the street, and other public places. A scary tendency of anti-Muslim violence exists in the USA. The violence threatens the safety of Muslim citizens and immigrants and religious buildings (mosques, religious centers). Even though the violence against Muslims had existed before, its amount rose dramatically after 9/11. The number of attacks on Muslim people or those believed to be Muslim increased from 28 cases in 2000 to 481 in 2001 (Cabili 29). As Erik Love puts it, “the popular American conception of terrorism was closely linked with the racialized image of Middle Easterners” (Love 202). Despite the fact that such linkage (Muslim-terrorist) was no longer considered acceptable in television and films, the popular attitude never disappeared (Love 202). 15 years after 9/11 Muslims are still associated with terrorism; for instance, Muslim school students Ahmed Mohamed and Kiera Wilmot were both called a terrorist, the former for crafting a clock “looking like a bomb” (Richinick par. 2) , and the latter for making an artificial explo
Introduction Ethical behavior in law enforcement agencies is a significant aspect of work since justice is largely based on security forces’ ability to perform their immediate duties impartially and honestly. Nevertheless, when assessing some cases of the violation of official powers among police officers, it is possible to meet the concept of false confessions. This type of misconduct is an illegal practice used by those interacting with suspects and witnesses. The reasons for false confessions may be different, but the key factor is an attempt to assign responsibility for a certain offense to an innocent or partially guilty person. The consequences of this form of unethical behavior can be significant since the members of judicial commissions, as a rule, take into account suspects’ testimonies, and particular confessions may be regarded harshly enough. In order to prevent or reduce the spread of such a trend, it is necessary to study its motives and develop an appropriate strategy aimed at changing some employees’ attitudes towards their behavior. False confessions are a dangerous and unethical phenomenon among police officers, and the participation of both senior security agencies and law enforcement officers themselves is mandatory. The essence of False Confessions The key meaning that false confessions bear is an attempt to force an innocent or partially guilty person to accept responsibility for a specific offense or a series of offenses. Most often, such unethical behavior is based on the relationship of real criminals with the members of investigative-search teams. As a result, under the influence of threats, tortures, or other means of pressure on the psyche, people take the blame, thereby allowing real criminals to remain above suspicion. This practice is extremely dangerous for the justice system as a whole and cannot be tolerated. Law enforcement officers found colluding with criminals are to be held strictly accountable since concealing real offenders is criminally prosecuted. Today, when sufficiently extensive control over the performance of police officers is applied, in particular, video surveillance systems, classes with psychologists, and other techniques, it is easier to monitor the cases of such unethical behavior. However, despite such opportunities, the issue of false confessions arises periodically, and scholarly findings prove the relevance of this problem in the modern justice system. Current Findings on the Topic of False Confessions Researching the topic of false confessions as a form of police officers’ unethical behavior has different approaches and theoretical hypotheses aimed at determining reasons and consequences. For instance, according to Kassin, this type of performance offense can be divided into three main categories – “voluntary, coerced-compliant, and coerced-internalized” (27). Thus, the author emphasizes that pressure may not always come on the part of the members of the justice system, and the initiative
The book by Coyne (2010) provides an analysis of the existing arguments that suggest that the theory of evolution first introduced by Charles Darwin in 1859 indeed exists. The book is divided into nine chapters that dwell on different possible evidence that the evolution left in its wake. The author mentions such evidence as fossils that many archaeologists find during their excavations. Of course, this is not the only evidence elucidated in the book. Nevertheless, evolution had been highly debated since it was first mentioned by Darwin. Although the presentation and rhetorical abilities demonstrated by Darwin both in his manuscript and discussions proved the counter-arguments to be insufficient for the time being, modern creationists and other individuals supporting them develop their arguments as well. Thus, it even came to the point where evolution theory might be at risk of being dismissed. This paper will, however, focus on Coyne’s book and its weight in proving that evolution indeed exists and its results are visible. Arguments Provided in the Book The author provides several primary arguments that are aimed not at explaining how evolution works. Instead, the book provides several pieces of evidence suggesting that the traces of evolution left are visible and may be scientifically researched to establish what significance they have. Thus, the author focuses on fossils found in ancient layers of the lithosphere, genetic connections to ancestry found in animals and plants, geographic allocation of found life forms (both petrified, extinct but documented, and existing), and so forth. As it becomes evident, the author resorts to a great deal of scientifically proved data to ensure that his research will indeed be significant enough when it comes to supporting the theory of evolution. The first argument provided in chapter one is the formation of the fossils found in various layers of tectonic plates. It is important to notice that this evidence is one of the most basic existing arguments that are provided in defense of the evolution theory. Many researchers have also contributed to developing these arguments. The role of fossils detection and research may be evaluated solely by the number of researches that deal with this topic. For example, research by Solodovnikov, Yue, Tarasov, and Ren (2013) demonstrates how the extraction and analysis of fossils lead to establishing connections between the evolutionary processes that led ancient insect species to transform into the modern ones. Further, the chapter that sheds light on the importance of the existing traces of earlier species that gave birth to new ones also may find significant support in various publications. However, vestiges of the modern species received more coverage than any other aspect mentioned by Coyne. The research by Ruiz-Labourdette, Schmitz, and Pineda (2013) elucidates the discoveries related to vestiges found in tree species that were predicted to emerge (having the mentioned vestiges). Indeed, vestiges are an important element that many spec