ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Cultural materialism is a term that was coined by Marvin Harris in 1968 in his attempt to explain how people and societies live together amidst strikingly different and dynamic ideologies and symbols. In his book “Cows, Pigs, Wars, and Witches”, Marvin pours water on the common belief that Jesus the Messiah, was truly the Word’s most awaited prince of peace (Marvin, 1974). This paper reacts to these views that have been considered quite provocative across the religious circles. The Military Messianic tradition Marvin Harris suggests that the life of Jesus was the precursor for political expedition of the infamous Jewish military messianic traditions, birthed by colonial misrule and excessive exploitation and organized guerilla attacks against their political and religious “enemies”. This is a misplaced observation considering that the contradictory nature of the gospel writings, from which Harris bases his arguments, does not exist. The non peaceful events that was witnessed and attributed to Jesus during his mission work was not politically motivated but was sparked by the opposition met by the miracles that he performed. The religious teaching and ideologies that Jesus taught could also at some point conflict with the Jewish traditions and the Mosaic laws, but not necessarily with the political establishment, this in essence led to uproar among the Jews in most cases and not the Romans. Therefore the implication that Marvin Harris attributes to Jesus and John the Baptist alleging them as guerilla warlords is unfounded (Marvin, 1974).The contents of the gospels is perfectly in balance and non ambiguous in their clear expression of Jesus as the prince of peace. The Caesar’s tax question Marvin Harris wrongfully assumes that the gospel writers did not know about Judas of Galilee and the Galileans revolt in tax payment to the Roman Empire. When Jesus asked his critics to pay their due taxes to Caesar and give to God what deserved him (Marvin, 1974), it was out of his reconciliatory effort, between the Jews and the Roman government and it reflected his unwavering respect for authorities. The teachings by Judas of Galilee that everything that existed belonged to their creator did not serve to mean that the tax also belonged to God, neither did Jesus in his statement try to contradict what belonged to Caesar from what belonged to God. So Jesus rightfully meant that citizens were obliged to pay taxes, not to God, but to Caesar and his roman government. To demonstrate this, Jesus at one time directed Peter to get money from the mouth of a fish and use it to pay tax to Caesar. The connotation of Jesus as the king and messiah of the Jews did not mean that he was to overthrow the Roman Empire ruling at that time to establish his kingdom in Jerusalem. Instead, as written in the prophetic books that Marvin Harris, quotes Jesus was to be opposed, killed, resurrect and ascend to heaven before coming back to establish the kingdom. So his title as a king was not in any way a threat to the government of the day and is still valid today for he is yet to come and establish his kingdom across the world
The book of Exodus in the Bible is the second after Genesis. It is among the books of Torah. It mainly explains the salvation of Israelites from mistreatments by the Egyptians. It outlines the events that occurred as the Israelites were in the process of leaving Egypt for Canaan under strict protection of God. However, the views held by Islam and Judaism varies a lot with those embraced by Christianity (Hopfe & Woodward, 2012). Jews treat Exodus as one of the most significant events in their lives. They link their nationhood to everything that happened on their journey from Egypt to the land of independence in Canaan. Exodus remains the foundation stone of their unity as a nation, which reminds them of their mistreatment and salvation from Egypt as they maintained togetherness. They also treat it as a symbol of God’s fulfillment of the promise He made to their father Abraham. Jews believe that God brought the passage to them in order to make them unique from the rest of the people in the world (Arnow et al., 2013). Christianity, which mainly originated after the coming of Jesus Christ, views Exodus differently. During the celebration of Passover before the death of Jesus Christ, the disciples started looking at the event from a different perspective. This view of the disciples then spread down to the subsequent generations of Christianity (Arnow et al., 2013). Christians only celebrate the occasion to remember the death of Jesus Christ. They believe that the problems Jesus went through started on the day that people were celebrating Passover to mark the journey to Jews’ freedom during the era of Moses as their prophet. Christians then changed the definition of Passover from celebrating the freedom of Jews, to celebrating Jesus’ death and his comeback to life (All About Religion, 2002). Islam also views Exodus differently. The occurrences in Exodus spread in most parts of the Quran, with the aim of warning leaders and individuals who are out to mistreat others. Unlike Judaism, which celebrates Exodus, Islam thinks that the experiences by the Israelites were mainly to teach people on the dangers of having excess powers and mistreating other people. They do not regard it as an event that deserves celebrations, as Judaism does. They also view Exo
Introduction The title of the article being evaluated is “Reducing nurses’ stress: A randomized controlled trial of a web-based stress management program for nurses.” The title of this primary source accurately depicts the key variable, which is the level of nurses’ stress and mentions the possible solution to this issue – the introduction of a special computer program. The abstract is well structured and has concisely summarized the main features of the study. Besides, it involves a brief overview of the addressed problem. Research Problem The problem of this study is very clearly stated and is easily identified. It is concluded in the abstract that “nursing is a notoriously high-stress occupation” (Hersch et al., 2016, p.18). Chronic exposure to stress and can have a negative influence on nurses’ health, their decision-making processes and potentially threaten patient and organizational outcomes (Van Bogaert et al., 2014). The study demonstrates that a web-based program may be an efficient way to reduce the level of stress among nurses. Research Purpose This study was conducted to examine the effectiveness of a web-based BREATHE: Stress Management for Nurses program. This software “was designed to provide nurses with the information and tools they need to manage the myriad of stressors that can impact their work life” (Hersch et al., 2016, p.19). The program processes feedback from nurses in focus groups and identifies stressors and the level of depression and anxiety. Thus, a pilot study was carried out to test this web-based stress management program to determine if it could help reduce the alleged stress associated with nursing. Literature Review In “Reducing nurses’ stress: A randomized controlled trial of a web-based stress management program for nurses”, the authors of the study use a large amount of literature, mainly on the topic of nursing. More than that, most of the articles and books address the problems, including psychological ones, which this medical staff constantly have to face. It can be concluded that the choice of literature fully meets the objectives of this study, and allows studying the risen issue from different perspectives. Framework and hypothesis Key concepts are accurately identified and describe the importance of addressing nurses’ stress management and necessary measures. Frameworks include behavioral and psychological studies and theories, which they are based on. The concepts developed in the research assist in shaping a scientific understanding of stress control with the help of the
Assertive Community Treatment (ACT) is an approach to treating people with mental illness which is community-based. It allows for early intervention and enables care receivers to be independent (SW Classes, 2016a). ACT has been instrumental in helping people with dual disorders, the second of which is substance abuse, and demonstrated positive outcomes (SW Classes, 2016b). As a team of specialists is aware of the connection between the two, they will likely determine the symptoms and address both or at least the primary one (SW Classes, 2016c). Although the approach serves as a more holistic alternative to hospitalization, admission may occur after the treatment, but its success is still higher for ACT participants due to increased motivation (Kortrijk et al., 2010). Thus, ACT presents an appropriate basis for addressing the needs of people who have both mental illness and substance abuse. Adopting ACT is not particularly challenging, although the involved members should be engaged in the mission. They should be able to cooperate, provide 24/7 services, develop individualized programs, and lead a person towards recovery using all available means (Morse & McKasson, 2005). Beforehand, the target group needs to be specified: people who have both mental illness and substance abuse, and someone well-versed in both is a necessary addition to the team (Morse & McKasson, 2005). In addition to usual services provided by ACT, they require an integrated approach, implying the treatment of both shared decision-making and a comprehensive program (Boyle et al., 2005). It can be stage-wise, where interventions depend on the progress made by a person (Boyle et al., 2005). While evaluating one’s condition or assessing the treatment’s effectiveness, the team should consider cultural sensitivity, as not everyone is fluent in English (Rubin & Bellamy, 2012). Fidelity would play a role in guaranteeing the program’s success, so regular supervision of whether it complies with the criteria is necessary (Boyle et al., 2005). Otherwise, the process will be undermined and fail to treat both conditions.
Introduction The automotive industry is a worldwide industry that involves itself in the manufacture of motorcycles, trucks, vans, buses, and coaches. There are many companies involved in this industry, including BMW, general motors among others. In this section, I will take a look at the motor cycle section of the motor industry. The motorcycle industry has experienced worldwide growth in production, sales, and also profit margins for the past four years. Almost all industry players including Harley Davidson, Honda, Kawasaki, and Suzuki among others recorded modest to remarkable sales within this period of time. Shifts and the price elasticity of supply and demand The responsiveness of consumers to a price change is measured by a product’s price elasticity of demand. Some products are highly responsive to price changes while others are not. In some commodities Modest price changes cause very large changes in the quantity purchased, Economists say that the demand for such products is relatively elastic or simply elastic. For other products Substantial price changes cause only small changes in the amount purchased, the demand for such products is relatively inelastic or simply inelastic. In the view of the industry, the industry products are relatively inelastic; this is due to the fact that many products in this industry are luxury goods. The products have some kind of a ‘snob appeal’ and this is why that even though the prices of products have been rising steadily demand has also increased relatively. A recent survey of the American market showed a statistical trend as the one below. American market share is as follows:   * Harley-Davidson 34.8%   * Honda 23.7%   * Suzuki 14.6%   * Kawasaki 13.6%   * Yamaha 10.0%   * BMW 2.3%   * Ducati.9%   * Moto Guzzi.1% The pie chart below represents this information. Figure 1. The pie chart To improve on market share every company uses its own strategy. But in any industry, there are four core elements of marketing strategy. These four elements are strategies that involve the product, pricing, promotion, and distribution. All firms within the industry seem to employ a different mix of the four elements in order to achieve their growth or industry projections. Positive and negative externalities An externality is ca cost or benefit borne out of an economic transaction to parties not directly involved in the transaction. In the motorcycle industry, some of the positive externalities include an increase in technological advancement not only in the industry but also in other industries. Through increased inventions, technology has become readily available and this has resulted in cheaper products.
Introduction Socio Economic conditions shape up an individual’s personality profile as they grow up and interact with their families and other members of their community. An exposure to high levels of inter-parental violence acts as an environmental stimulus for adolescents and young people to accept instances of dating violence as normal. A disadvantaged social economic status of individuals influences them to have a low self-esteem that makes them more prone to engagement of harmful habits. Alcohol and drug abuse, as examples of harmful habits are the major causes of violence in courting or dating couples, as they impair the couple’s ability to behave and make rational decisions. The Indirect Effect of Socio Economic Conditions Socio Economic indirectly affects the chances of witnessing courtship and dating violence through the opportunities and limitations it represents. Individuals enjoying a high socio economic status in their communities are privileges to access better facilities and services that mitigate the chances of resolving to violence as the way to iron out their relationship differences. Such individuals afford to live in well of neighborhoods that are secured and witness little or no incidences of societal problems like robberies and gang violence. They are also able to afford the necessities for maintaining a high standard of living and therefore they have a low stress level for meeting their bills and other responsibilities compared to individuals enjoying a lowing income status. An improved socio economic status impact a sense of importance to the individual, allows them to attend proper schools, increase their chances of meeting with likeminded, and economically well off partners. Poverty is a socio economic problem characterized by an inability to afford the necessities of life such as proper housing, nutrition, education and other social amenities. Poor people and those working on low income jobs face a greater challenge to manage their meager earnings and in most cases are not left with any savings to invest for their personal development. Such individuals seem to be stuck in a hole that they cannot pull themselves out. Their insufficient earnings force them to sacrifice their leisure and comfort for survival and therefore they pay little attention to the quality of services and social amenities they receive. Eventually, a continuum of poor nutrition, improper housing, unsecured neighborhoods and other social ills surround these individuals. Persons courting or dating are in a process of getting to know each other properly and would like to present their best selves to their partners. Therefore, they go to great lengths to present a self-image they see appropriate for their partners and this usually involves incurring of expenses to impress their partners. Impressi
Introduction Fast back is a limited liability company that offers architectural services to the industry. From the look of things it is certain that the company’s internal management is in cold war. The conflict of interest has been brought by the fact that David, who is the co-founder and holds 55 percent of the ordinary share capital, has strongly disagreed with the manner in which Jimmi and Gerry handles their management responsibilities. This is a common phenomenon in every public organisation. 1 Another problem is that Gerry has resigned and has given oral instruction to Jimmi and David to consult him later before any management changes. However David and Jimmi have already made management changes thereby appointing Jimmi’s sister to replace Gerry and are already considering floating shares hence promising Vanessa (Jimmi’s sister) new shareholding without Gerry’s concern. On the other side David has been approached by Maggie the managing director of Capital Enterprises, a company with a burning commercial desire to buy Greenback estate. 2 Amending articles and altering share capital are also issues to be dealt with. David and Jimmi are already in favour of altering the constitution in order to remove the restrictions so that they accommodate Jimmi’s sister by further allotting shares to her. All these are happening without Gerry’s consent, an act that has violated the requirement of company law as will be explained later. 3 The above scenarios represent a typical organisation that does not respect the content of its articles of association. In this s
Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease often referred to as GERD is a common health condition affecting adults and the elderly as well as other age groups. Badillo and Francis (2014) note that up to 20% of people living in the western world can face this health issue. GERD is a set of “symptoms or mucosal damage produced by the abnormal reflux of gastric contents into the esophagus or beyond, into the oral cavity (including larynx) (Badillo & Francis, 2014, p. 105). This paper includes a brief description of symptoms, assessment tools, diagnostic tests, and treatment. The most frequent symptoms of GERD include acid regurgitation, difficulty swallowing, heartburn (especially intense after eating or at night), nausea, sensing a lump in one’s throat (Badillo & Francis, 2014). People suffering from GERD can also experience sleep disorders, asthma, dental erosions, and chronic cough. Such groups as obese or overweight people, the elderly, and pregnant women are specifically prone to the development of this disorder. The major signs can be affected by certain kinds of medication as symptoms can be “aggravated by recumbency and relieved by acid lowering medications” (Badillo & Francis, 2014, p. 105). illness in question is often associated with unhealthy dietary habits and lifestyles. As for available screening tools, physical exam, the analysis of patients’ medical history, as well as their dietary habits are common steps undertaken by healthcare professionals. Badillo and Francis (2014) state that esophageal pH monitoring, endoscopy, acid suppression response are effective tests that can help in diagnosing GERD. These assessment strategies and tests can be used in various combinations. Importantly, the symptoms of the disorder may be similar to the signs of other health conditions, which can make diagnosing rather difficult. When it comes to treatment, it can be both pharmacologic and non-pharmacologic. Some common pharmacologic-based treatment plans involve the use of histamine-receptor antagonists, antacids, proton-pump inhibitors. The choice of the medication is often determined by the type of GERD or prevailing symptoms (Badillo & Francis, 2014). In some cases, surgery can be the most effective way to treat the disorder. This option is used in treating chronic conditions as other strategies are ineffective. Non-pharmacologic treatment plans are developed irrespective of the severity of the illness. With mild symptoms, this kind of strategy can be effective. The development of proper diets and healthy lifestyle habits are crucial for such patients (Kubo, Block, Quesenberry, Buffler, & Corley, 2014). Kubo et al. (2014) stress that patients suffering from GERD tend to follow their doctors’ prescriptions, which is beneficial for the healing process and symptoms relief. Dossett et al. (2015) come up with another valuable finding. The researchers note that expanded visits to doctors positively correlate with the improvement of health in patients. On balance, it is possible to note that GERD is a common health issue that can be diagnosed with the help of physical assessment and patients’ heal
Boutique hotels are small luxurious hotels of high quality where a customer can receive services of the same level as in a large luxurious hotel though this may be not as expensive as in a large one. As such, “the smaller, more intimate boutique hotels are overtaking the major chains in popularity” (Donald, 2007, p. 45). In this respect, a small five-star hotel is a component of hospitality industry that can be applied to every country and every environment in terms of the price, quality, and demand. Resource management is a part of the day-to-day activities in every hotel which enables managers and employee to do their job effectively without being concerned with a number of other related problems that should be solved by representatives of other departments. A small five-star hotel can be considered appropriate for hospitality industry as it does not require significant resources. As stated by Medlik and Ingram (2000), “small business faces particular problems in competition with large firms in most industries, and small hotel business is no exception” (p. 48). As such, resource management is one of the most appropriate ways to solve the problems in a small five-star hotel which may occur due to lack of resources and limits in competency and skills of employees. “Small hotels typically lack resources and advanced management and marketing skills…” (Clarke & Chen, 2007, p. 81) Purchasing can be considered as a part of resource management because cost-efficient purchasing enables a manager to save costs and control the distribution of costs spent by different departments. The interactions between the departments within a hotel play a crucial role in effective management and performance. As such, provisions should be made in accordance with an agreed scheme; for instance, Feinste