ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Muslim rule refers to dominion by the Muslim community which was majorly realized in Asia from the tenth century. The Muslim rule was characterized by regulation over their women, which were eventually adopted by the Hindu community. This paper seeks to discuss the exposure that the Hindu and Muslim women were allowed during the Muslim rule. This paper will look into the participation of these women in fields such as politics, religion and literature with respect to the period of Muslim rule. Involvement in politics The culture under the Muslim rule was characterized by seclusion of women and usage of veil in both public and private places. This seclusion contributed to a passive nature of women at the time as they were by tradition kept out of activities which included politics and religion. Women were reduced to just spectators in most of the communal activities. There was however cases and instances where some women rose beyond tradition and were seen to actively engage in some of these activities. Active participation of a woman in politics under the Muslim rule was for example realized in the thirteenth century. Though the phenomenon of women’s involvements in such activities had been a gone practice in the region, Turkan who had been a queen rose to the political scene after her husband’s death to try and influence succession of her husband. Her husband had chosen one of his daughters to succeed him upon his death while Turkan felt that her son was supposed to be the next king of the Delhi territory. The political activism of Turkan were however unsuccessful and she together with her son were jailed paving way for Raziyyah, who had been proposed by the former king to rise to the throne. Turkan’s imprisonment that led to her fall was attributed to a high level of corruption in the empire that forced servants to arrest her. Women’s involvement in political leadership however continued with Raziyyah being accorded the crown. Raziyyah showed deviation from the expected norms for women and disregarded the usage of veil besides wearing men’s clothes. She was later assassinated for a biased court judgment in which she favored a man. Political involvement of women was again later realized in the Muslim world in the sixteenth century. Though not established to thrones, a number of women are reported to have actively helped Babur in establishing a throne of Moghul territory in the year 1526. These women, including Babur’s mother helped him to fight his enemies and even provided him with financial support as he undertook his move to conquer India (Pletcher 121). The same sixteenth century witnessed the rise of Nur Jahan to political hei
Introduction Rudyard Kipling’s book “Kim” is a story about a young Irish orphan. His parents were of Irish descent. They passed on while he was an infant. He was left under the care of a half- caste lady who showed no concern for his welfare. Living under the scorching Indian sun, Kim’s skin pigment became so dark that no one could imagine he was white. He was able to pass for an Indian even though he was White. With no one to look after him, Kim earned his keep by begging on the avenues of Lahore and doing small favors. His life on the streets is full of dangerous exploits like fighting and extortion. The main characters in the novel are Kim, a Tibetan priest in search of a sacred watercourse; Mahbub Ali, a merchant in horses and a secret service agent; colonel Creighton, the administrator of the secret service and a member of Maverick regiment; Chunder Mookerjee, a secret service agent who assists Kim in carrying out a mission. One day, a priest passed through Lahore in his search for the sacred stream. Excited about the Lama’s quest, Kim decided to join him. While he was enjoying this new adventure, Mahbub Ali, a stallion merchant asks him to run an errand for him. Without his knowledge, Kim delivers a message from a British secret service agent to an Officer. Soon after, Kim notices the symbol of his father’s team on a flag and Kim is forced to leave the Tibetan Lama and go back to school to become a Sahib. While in school he becomes worried about his identity. Although he does not like school, the Lama encourages Kim to attend class and pays for his education. The Lama then disappears for a long time and later returns to seek Kim. While in school, Ali rescues Kim following mistreatment by a bully. Their friendship develops from this point. On realizing what a great asset Kim would become, Creighton and Ali decide to take Kim to school while training him to work as a spy for the secret service. During school break, Kim would disguise himself as a street urchin and work as a spy. On one occasion, he saves Ali’s life after eavesdropping on a conversation in the marketplace. After spending three years in school, Kim sets out on a spy mission with the Lama. With the assistance of Babu, he manages to collect significant documents from Russian spies. Several levels of meaning in the story In this story, Kim
Introduction Many societies today often grapple with the dilemma of whether to allow police officers to go on strike, or not. Particularly, this issue poses a fundamental question to governments – Should police officers be allowed to join labor unions, or not? The 1919 Boston police strike was infamously known for highlighting the role of civil society and labor unions in the 20 th century (Russell, 1975). Furthermore, it highlighted among the first known dilemmas about the conflict of interest between police officers and the public (Wieneke, 2008). Consequently, many scholars use the strike as a reference point for predicting the consequences that a police strike would have on society (Wieneke, 2008). This paper explores the events surrounding the strike by outlining its synopsis, the main players, workers’ grievances, and what would happen if such a strike happened today. The structure of this paper explores these issues sequentially. Synopsis of the Strike In August 1919, the Boston police strike started when the police service attempted to seek unionization in the American Federation of Labor (AFL) (Farmer, 2010). However, the Police Commissioner opposed this move after citing a conflict of interest between the workers’ interests and public interests. He later fired/suspended 18 police officers for organizing the strike (Russell, 1975). In September 1919, the police voted to strike. They protested the commissioner’s move to deny them the right to join AFL. Following this event, there was lawlessness in the streets, as hooligans and gangs robbed shoppers, business people, and pedestrians (Farmer, 2010). The people rioted and killed at will. Unknown property damage also occurred, as gangs invaded shops and other business establishments to steal valuable items (Russell, 1975). Consequently, the governor organized state guards to substitute striking officers (Wieneke, 2008). After intense negotiations, the government constituted a new police service that enjoyed better working conditions, increased salaries, and better working schedules. The state also dismissed the striking police officers from duty (Farmer,
Before the Holocaust occurred, Wiesel understood that God was the protector of Jews. He believed that the events preceding the holocaust were aimed at bringing good things to the Jews. The events were also a sign of a good plan that God had for the Jews. Wiesel was ready to accept the will of God without complaining or asking questions regardless of what happened. When the holocaust ended he did not speak much about God and whenever he did, it was clear that his understanding of God had changed (Berenbaum 45). When unconfirmed reports about the crimes that were taking place in Nazis were received, Wiesel and the entire population of Rabbis believed that nothing was going to happen to them since God was with them. Their faith convinced them that their safety was guaranteed. However, after a short period of time Wiesel discovered that he was wrong. Cases of abuse against the Jews continued increasing causing him to wonder if God was still with them. But this did not change the faith he had in God and he continued believing that God was going to safe them (Henry 3). One reason that made Wiesel continue trusting in God even when the Jews were suffering was that it was hard for him to doubt God. However, after the suffering of his people continued, his faith in God started to decline. He could not see the reason for thanking a God who had remained silent as they suffered. He felt that God had left him and the Jews because of their continued suffering. His declining faith in God slowly started turning into despair because if God could not help them, there was nobody they could rely on. The Jews who followed Wiesel tried hard to continue believing in God but the number of those who remained faithful started to reduce. Pinhas, who was a mentor to Wiesel believed that God had a great plan for the Jews. He later told Wiesel that he had accepted what God always did because he knew God could not be wrong. But he had come to a realization that what God was doing was serious and convinced Wiesel to believe it. Wiesel continued moving away from the God he had trusted since childhood because he looked at him as an enemy. Pinhas died with unanswered questions on the cause of the suffering while Wiesel continued carrying the questions with him. Wiesel became angry with God for allowing his people to suffer. He said, “For the first time, I felt revolt rise up in me. Why should I bless His name? The Eternal, Lord of the Universe, the All-Powerful and Terrible, was silent. What had I to thank Him for”(Wiesel 31). He thought that God wanted to fulfill his cruel intentions. Initially, Wiesel devoted himself to worshipping God but started accusing God and seeking for an explanation as to why all this was happening. He believed that the Jews were faithful to God but his understanding was changed by the suffering. God was playing a cruel role in their lives and Wiesel no longer had faith in him. He started questioning if man was indeed a close friend of God or simply a toy. He felt
According to the NHSC (2007), every State Supreme Court is composed of the Chief Justice and four associate justices who sit in Concord and is the state’s only appellate court. The Supreme Court has jurisdiction to review appeals from the State trial courts and from many State administrative agencies with original jurisdiction to issue writs of certiorari, prohibition, habeas corpus, and other writs. It is the duty of the Supreme Court to correct errors in trial court proceedings, interpret case law and statutes, and the state and federal constitutions and administrators of the courts (NHSC, 2007). Beginning January 2004, the Supreme Court has accepted the vast majority of appeals from the State’s trial courts that include the family division and the district, probate, and superior courts. A timely appeal from a final decision of a trial court is a “mandatory appeal,” automatically accepted by the court. A few exceptions are listed in the definition of “mandatory appeal” in Supreme Court Rule 3 where the parties generally are given the opportunity to submit a transcript of the lower court proceedings and to file written briefs. After the briefs have been filed, the Supreme Court decides whether the case should be scheduled for oral argument or decided on the briefs alone. The court then issues a final decision, which may be a brief order, an order with some explanation, or a full written opinion (NHSC, 2007). Administrative appeals, interlocutory appeals and interlocutory transfers, petitions for original jurisdiction such as petitions for writs of habeas corpus, and appeals from the decisions of the trial courts in a few types of cases are “discretionary appeals,” of which the Supreme Court may decide, in its discretion, to refuse the cases for review. After acceptance of a discretionary appeal, it follows the same process as a mandatory appeal, i.e., preparation of a transcript, briefings, oral argument, if necessary, and final decision (NHSC, 2007). The appeal process and procedure are set forth in the Supreme Court Rules and administrative appeals may often be governed by statutory requirements. It is important to review the Supreme Court Rules and applicable statutes in filing an appeal with the court (NHSC, 2007). After reviewing a case, the court determines whether oral argument would be helpful in
The organisations emerging and developing in the modern environment encounter huge amounts of information which they should process to gain effective performance and remain competitive. Business Intelligence (BI) is a set of methodologies, techniques, and strategies that allow collecting raw data and transforming it into functional information that can provide various insights regarding an organisation (Hawking & Sellitto 2015). For example, tactical, operational, or strategic decisions can be made on the basis of BI. The value of successful BI lies in the facts that it can decrease the total cost of ownership (TCO) for information technology (IT) and raise the return on investment (ROI) for hardware along with software; enhance IT infrastructure to make enterprise-wide information accessible for users so that they would be able to come up with critical solutions; boost up collaboration and establish a decision-support structure (Boyer et al. 2010). Galliers’ new problem-oriented strategising framework views Information Systems Strategy as an inalienable constituent of Business Strategy. The mentioned framework distinguishes between three areas, including exploitation, exploration, and change management strategies, the collaborative implication of which ensures knowledge creation and infrastructure sharing. The exploitation strategy focuses on empowering business operations such as information services or Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) software. The exploration strategy that is considered as the emergent one addresses the complexity of business processes through learning, generating, and sharing innovative ideas. The organisational change based on continuous learning composes the change management strategy. Among the benefits of Galliers’ BI framework, one may note the capacity to identify competitive advantage, address alignment complications, and, most importantly, adjust to the changing environment. In other words, flexibility and relevance are the two key indicators of this framework, making it rather significant. However, it should also be specified that companies may experience some difficulties while implementing Galliers’ BI framework as it prioritises the process and exploration rather than the outcome. Nevertheless, it is an essential way to apply on-going learning and the strategising process within an organisation. The business intelligence strategy framework offers an organisation a wide range of opportunities in the field of measurement, interpretation, and decision-making, thus serving as an essential instrument to enhance it. This framework can be employed as guidance on the way to design an effective BI by considering all the necessary details. Most importantly, the BI strategy framework monitors the alignment of the corporate mission to the current business st
Introduction Family assessment is increasingly becoming a fundamental area of concern for agencies dealing with child welfare and protection services. Hence, it is important for relevant professionals to adopt and implement tools and theories that will ensure all aspects of family assessment are covered (Johnson et al 1-2). The present paper uses Bowen theory to assess a neighborhood family, with the view of demonstrating a critical analysis of how the family dynamics can be explained using the theory. Background The family in focus is made up of five people of Black American origin – the husband, wife, two children, and one relative. The father of the two children is an alcoholic who have neglected family responsibilities and is perceived as a pedophile. The wife receives financial support from the relative and well-wishers. Although the two children are bright academically, teachers have raised concerns that the children are no longer concentrating in class and appear withdrawn. The older child, who will celebrate his tenth birthday this October, has been involved in a couple of fights with other children in and out of school. The other child, who is eight years old, maintain a distant relationship with peers and is not an active contributor in class discussions, not mentioning that he gets angry at the slightest provocation. Their mother appears socially withdrawn and does not attend community meetings. Analysis of how Bowen Theory is Relevant to the Family There is a general understanding among scholars and practitioners that Murray Bowen’s family systems theory (hereafter, Bowen theory) was among the pioneering theories that were intrinsically concerned with family systems functioning (Brown 94). In the development of the theory, Bowen’s major emphasis was predicated upon the patterns that develop in families in order to neutralize anxiety that is brought by the perception of intimacy or detachment in family relationships. A major premise of Bowen theory is that “the degree of anxiety in any one family will be determined by the current levels of external stress and the sensitivities to particular themes that have been transmitted down the generations” (Brown 95). In this context, the theory is relevant in demonstrating that the level of stress prevalent in the family due to alcoholism and irresponsible behavior of the family head is directly responsible for the development of antisocial behavior among the school-going children. Another important theme that can be identified in Bowen theory is that it treats the family as an organic unit consisting of equal members within a fluid, dynamic organization, which may assume either growth-promoting or pathogenic orientations. Consequently, according to Bowen, “the emotionally disturbed individual is not only a product of the family’s dynamic constit
Introduction Movies can be described as events or stories that are always recorded. In this case, movies can be watched anywhere. This can be either at home or at the movie theatres. As a matter of fact, it is far as staying at home or going out is concerned. This can be looked at depending on the individual in question to suit his preference (King, 2002, p. 39). Various people can either go out or stay at home and this will depend on what they want (Cook., 2007, p. 12). As far as this paper is concerned, it is better to compare and contrast the two options. Going to the movies can be a great deal but it is also good to stay at home and watch a movie. Discussion As far as costs are concerned, it is much cheaper to stay at home and watch a movie than going to the movies. This is because people who stay at home will save a lot of money. In this case, both people can spend some good time either at home or at the movies. It is essential to go out and have some fun but this should be done cautiously because it is better to save (Rocchio, 2000, p. 34). The general financial aspect of these two options has been the most controversial issue that will always pop up. It should be known that going to the movies and staying at home can both be used to catch up with friends while socializing. This is because it sounds better to watch a movie with a friend than doing it alone (Cook., 2007, p. 25). Staying at home and watching a movie saves a lot of time and aggravation. This is because you will be in the comfort of the house mean
Introduction Pediatric obesity is defined as abnormal or excess fat accumulation, representing a health risk. The basis of this problem is energy imbalance due to increased food intake and reduced energy expenditure. However, in addition to the standard causes of obesity, such as genetic predisposition and lack of physical activity, there is one unexpected fact. The time spent using a computer, television, or mobile phone also provokes pediatric obesity. The purpose of this study is to discuss the relationship between screen time and pediatric obesity using scientific data and statistics and also to consider consequences the behavior has on individuals’ health. Statistics and Target Population Pediatric obesity is one of the significant health problems, and it affects the health and longevity of children around the world. Any aspect of the environment in which a child was conceived, born and raised, can contribute to overweight and obesity. Obesity is diagnosed at any age, but most often develops in children from birth to three years, in the school period 5-7 years, and adolescence. Rates of pediatric obesity have been growing steadily in developed and developing countries over the past twenty years. According to the World Health Organization, the number of children from 0 to 5 years who are overweight or obese has increased worldwide from 32 million in 1990 to 41 million in 2016 (Styne et al., 2017, p. 713). If this trend continues, the number of overweight infants and young children will increase to 70 million by 2025. Unless action is taken, these people will continue to be obese in childhood, adolescence, and adulthood. Reasons for Pediatric Obesity One of the scientifically proven reasons for weight gain among children is the impact of screens while eating. Conducted researchers showed a connection between obesity among ten years old children and the number of hours o