ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Language Language is one of the factors that complicate the communication process in international business. Language is a socially developed element of communication, which implies that individuals in different parts of the world are bound to have different languages. One of the requirements for success in international business is the ability to communication with people from different parts of the world, and this might call for the business persons to learn their counterpart’s languages. However, in some cases, it gets difficult to communicate because the associated parties have no common language through which they can transact. In such cases, the main option is to find a translator to provide a bridge between the parties that need to communicate (Bano, Zowghi, & Sarkissian, 2016). However, the translation process is not always an effective way of enhancing communication between parties facing language barriers because the translator does not always capture the intended message from one party to the other. Language plays a multifaceted role in international business. Not only does it facilitate the delivery of information from one party to the other, but is also enables the development of the business syntax to be used by different parties. If there is no common language between business parties, they are bound to fail in the delivery of terms of business, and this could result in the development of conflicts because misunderstandings are bound to occur (Bano, Zowghi, & Sarkissian, 2016). It is apparent that language barriers may also result in contradictory statements being delivered by parties trying to use their counterpart’s language, and this would epitomize conflicts as the partners engage in business processes. Cultural Distance The most arduous factor that hinders effective communication in international business is cultural distance. The concept of globalization has seen many companies developing international ventures that require the establishment of business entities in various host nations. One of the emerging issues that hinder communication after venturing into other countries is the inability of expatriates to meet the cultural expectations of the host’s society (Bano, Zowghi, & Sarkissian, 2016). Cultural elements of communication are quite important whenever a company is looking to harness market share from a host nation. Some of the elements of culture that must be keenly observed include the preferred mode of delivery of information, and the non-verbal communication cues that need to be understood by both parties. The preferred mode of communication differs from one society to the other. While business communication in one country might require verbal delivery of information and verbal contracts, others might have a higher preference to written documents and contracts. Additionally, some societies have developed higher preference to non-verbal communication (Bano, Zowghi, & Sarkissian, 2016). For instance, when negotiating with the Chinese, it is common for the members of the Chinese team to go silent for a while, and this is an indication that
This paper suggests the tools of time management for students. It explains why planning is crucial for their performance and provides evidence-based research. The paper presents several strategies that can improve academic results and illustrates the reasons for their efficiency. The study proves that time management, including prioritizing, creating a schedule, and developing goals, can make a significant contribution to students’ performance. The Strategies of Time Management Time management is crucial for students’ academic performance. According to Gütl, Rizzardini, Chang, and Morales (2014), if individuals want to complete university courses, they should be prone to discipline and focus and have time-management and planning skills. Sometimes planning is more important than learning abilities because it is necessary for students to complete their projects on time. However, people tend to underestimate the amount of time required for a project and are unable to prioritize tasks (Oettingen, Kappes, Guttenberg, & Gollwitzer, 2015). Procrastination is also one of the outcomes of ineffective time-management and planning. Many students are unable to maintain a balance between their studies and leisure time, which results in academic failures (Panek, 2014). There are several strategies and tools that students can use to schedule their life and improve their academic performance. First, as it was mentioned above, it is crucial to prioritize. Students can write down all of the projects they need to complete and the deadlines for those. It can help them understand which task they should start to work on earlier, and what preparation they might need to do to complete all of the projects on time. The second step is creating a timetable including all of the tasks. Students can use calendars, mobile apps, or paper planners. It is necessary to include sleep and other essential activities in the schedule as well to reduce the risk of stress and burnout. However, it is crucial to concentrate on the projects that need to be completed. Thirdly, it is necessary to eliminate distractions while working on the tasks. For example, students can put their phones away while they are studying or use the Pomodoro technique that involves twenty-five minutes of work and five to ten-minute-long breaks. Being motivated is not always helpful as it is vital to staying organized and determined to do the best job. However, finding motivation is crucial, as it can be a driving force of the good academic performance. To do so, students should reward themselves for adhering to the schedule and completing their tasks on time. It is also necessary to review one’s goals and remember the reason for the desire to study well. It is also cruci
As incidents of crimes are increasing every day, law enforcement agencies and lawyers are using online networks to curtail crimes. For many years now, law enforcement agencies have been using the internet to solve crimes both within and without their boundaries. The purpose of my research is to highlight some of the uses of the internet in solving crime. Much crime occurs offline yet the law enforcing bodies can adequately use the internet to solve such crimes. Information that appears on popular websites can help police in solving some complex crime issues faster than it was ever thought. With a click of a button, law enforcers can access millions of records with information relating to particular crimes and the crime scene, even without visiting the said area. According to many investigators, the use of the internet has made their job much easier because they can track the activities of would-be suspects without the need for any physical confrontation. The Internet can be used to carry out crime mapping, this is a strategy used by law enforcement agencies to map and analyze incidents of crimes. It helps analysts of crime to locate crime hot spots and other crime patterns and trends. The Internet has also helped in tracking criminals across the country and around the world. By posting a photo or short clip of a movie of a crime scene on the internet, most internet users are able to get information about certain crimes and then report any suspect they come across, without putting their lives in danger. Further internet has helped to solve crime through fingerprint comparison; by accessing fingerprints databases on the internet police are able to compare known fingerprints from a suspect’s palm and questionable fingerprints to determine whether the two impressions are the same. In mapping crime, law enforcers use geographical information system (GIS) to locate crime hot spots and other crime-related trends. GIS is a crime mapping application system that captures, stores, and displays information links of a location hence giving vital information on that particular location. Crime maps show where crimes have happened at any location and are then posted on the internet from where police can locate areas prone to crime by just a matter of clicking a button. Crime record details are recorded on crime mapping websites from where different law enforcement agencies can understand the nature and prevalence of the crime. The discovery of computers has helped in crime mapping by making the accessibility of information easier. Using the GSI crime analysts can easily locate the scene of the crime (visualize crime). This helps police to identify where the crime has taken place and try to understand the pattern if any. By identifying crime hot spots (areas with high crimes occurrence) police can understand better the cause of the crime hence helping the police to devise strategies to help solve the problem. Aga
Introduction The relationship between brain functioning and human behavior is complicated. This topic is part of biological psychology, a field that explores the relationship between the biological process and the way people think. The frontal lobe is a part of a human brain that is in charge of the essential cognitive skills and abilities. As a result of its activity, humans can resist impulses and act in accordance with the goals they have set for themselves. This paper will examine the relationship that characterizes brain functioning, more specifically the frontal lobe, and human behavior. Literature Review The examination of the frontal lobe functions remains to be an essential theme in understanding human behavior. The frontal lobe, as suggested by the name, is an area located at the front of the cranium or a person’s braincase. It should be noted that it consists of two parts, left and right – each having a different function. The right frontal lobe is of particular interest for this paper, because it is responsible for the non-verbal functions. For example, According to Badre and Nee (2016), “the frontal lobes are important for cognitive control, yet their functional organization remains controversial” (p. 170). The left part is connected to the language-related skills of an individual. Badre and Nee (2016) refer to the fact that the impact of the frontal lobe on the decision making, goal setting, and other behavior has been proven by scientists, however, the exact impact of the frontal lob requires further investigation. More specifically, this refers to the hierarchical structures of the different neural networks because it is perceived that the interaction between them affects the completion of various tasks. The frontal lobe’s role is an essential structure of the brain that accounts for essential elements of an individual’s behavior. In their article, Barde and Nee (2016) state that the frontal lobe has an essential meaning for the cognitive function of control. Moreover, humans can engage in dreaming about an idea and developing a specific plan for achieving the aim, which is the goal-setting function of the frontal lobe. Other essential functions, for example, behavior in new situations and actions that go against a person’s habits, are also a result of the frontal lobe’s activity. Therefore, the concept of cognitive control or the ability of a person to overcome initial impulses and adhere to the behavior that will help him or her achieve a set goal is connected to the function of the frontal lobe. Barde and Nee (2016) state that this function has a “close dependency on the frontal lobes and their associated systems” (p. 170). A critical hypothesis in this context is the rostrocaudal organization, which explains the hierarchy of neural networks in the frontal lobe. The processing function of the rostral-to-caudal flow allows people to set abstract goals and act accordingly to achi
Introduction Criminological theories have evolved over the centuries, observing patterns of crime around the world. In particular, comparative criminology was formed, the main purpose of which is to consider and study the similarities and differences in crimes of different countries and cultures. The characteristics of crime in different countries are influenced by many factors, including traditions, legislation, and history. Different theories provide different approaches to the study of similarities and differences, and they all have advantages and disadvantages. This fact makes it necessary to study and compare the situation in the world from different points of view. Moreover, different perspectives are suitable for various environments and criminological circumstances. While criminology considers the causes of crime from psychological, social, political, economic aspects, the theories presented also emphasize different aspects. Thus, comparative criminology uses criminological theories to describe the similarities and differences in crimes in different countries of the world, depending on their characteristic features. Comparative Criminology Comparative criminology seeks to understand the reasons and patterns of crime across different countries and cultures. Major criminological theories are able to explain the similarities and differences in crimes around the world as they examine the causes of their occurrence through social aspects. Different states have various legislation, which depends on the criminological problems existing in society. The reasons for committing crimes and manifestations of deviant behavior are described by criminological theories and can also be applied to study the social structure of society. While the use of statistics makes it difficult to describe the similarities and differences in crime across countries due to various factors, criminological theories operate with more general patterns. This fact makes a comparative theoretical approach to criminology possible and useful. Strain Theories First of all, human behavior in various cultures can manifest itself both in accordance with social norms and in violation of them. In particular, the various cultural values ​​of a society and its goals may not coincide with the means of achieving them available to society. This factor is a subject for consideration by strain theories. Conformity, thus, occurs when “there is little strain exists between goals and the means to achieve those goals (“Strain theories final,”
Telecommuting is the practice of working from one’s home, or at a satellite location near one’s home, where employees use communication and computer technology to interface with internal and external stakeholders (Gainey, Kelly, and Hill, 1999). The advent of telecommuting has changed the profile of the U.S. workforce dramatically. The workers are no longer confined within the walls of the office. They are becoming more technologically savvy and work on flexible timings at remote locations (Mason, 1993). According to several studies, telecommuting has been found to be beneficial to both employees and managers (McNemey, 1995). However, there are both advantages and disadvantages for both the employees and the managers on personal, organizational, and societal fronts. From the standpoint of the employees, there are some factors that attract them to telecommuting and these include a desire to become more productive, a need to better balance work/family obligations, a desire to reduce commuting time, a need for a more flexible schedule, and a desire to be one’s, own boss. Many experts believe that interest in telecommuting will increase because young workers moving into the workforce are much more comfortable with computers and grasp the potential of this way of working (Moorcroft and Bennett 1995). In a study by Hartman et al (1992), telecommuters expressed four factors that attracted them to telecommuting: greater personal flexibility; reduced time spent commuting; increased productivity when working at home; and the ability to spend more time with the family. Managers favour telecommuting for many reasons: it can be used as a tool to recruit and retain highly skilled workers, especially information-technology workers. regardless of where the company or employee is located (Avery and Zabel, 2001). Telecommuting can also help small firms enlist the help of experienced professionals on a contractual basis (Davey 1998). Companies have also used telecommuting as a strategy to utilize new groups of workers, such as the disabled (Gibson et al, 2002). Telecommuting also helps in cutting costs by saving on real estate, overhead and relocation costs (Schepp and Schepp 1995). Telecommuting is also seen as a strategy to increase productivity (Eldib and Minoli 1995; Nilles 1998). However, Richter (1996) views telecommuting as part of the movement toward flatter, non-hierarchical organizations. It can eliminate layers of middle management. In addition, it reflects the trend toward managing by results rather than by sight (Avery and Zabel, 2001). Telecommuting has been defined in many ways, but all such definitions are based on two concepts: the office is not the only place where work can be conducted; and secondly, information technology (IT) is necessary for telecommuting (Baruch, 2001). Mariani (2000) d
Introduction This paper analyzes two scenes Second Hand Lions film with regard to ways in which the writer/director manages to convey the theme of old age successfully. The first part of the essay summarizes the storyline and the significant aspects of the film. The second part analyzes the signs used in the film and how they work together to bring meaning. The last part gives a reflection on the target audience and the film’s production and reception context. Brief description of the storyline and significant aspects of the film Set in the Texas countryside in the 1960s, the 2003 film, Second Hand Lions tells the story of a 14-year old shy boy, Walter (Haley Joel Osment). Walter’s unreliable mother has dumped him at his wealthy great-uncles’ place during the summer. Walter’s great-uncles, Hub (Robert Duvall) and Garth (Michael Caine), are eccentric old men who had disappeared for forty years and had come back with a lot of wealth. The film is a warm-hearted mild family comedy written and directed by Tim McCanlies ( The Iron Giant ). In the excerpt of the film, Hub, Garth and Walter are taking a meal at a roadside bar. Garth notices that Hub is not eating his meal and wonders whether old age is troubling him. He reminds Hub of how he has never feared anything all his life. Hub tells Garth that he feels his life is useless. Four greasers enter the bar. One of the greasers annoys Hub by teasing him of his old age. Hub tells the young man that his mother gives him everything but discipline. Hub grabs the young man and tells him of how he had led thousands of men in battle, killed many men, seen the Nile and many native tribes, won and lost many fortunes, and loved a woman. He pushes the boy away and tells him to go home. The boy tells his friends to attack Hub with their knives. Hub beats up the four young men, and the light manner in which he does amazes Walter. In another scene, a middle-aged woman (Deirdre O’Connell), her father (Michael O’Neill) and three children drive to the ranch. They get out of their car and look around. The old man assures his daughter that Hub and Garth must be on their way home. The woman says she hates the run-down house and asks her father to burn it down immediately Hub and Garth die. The children, out of curiosity, release an aging lioness from its crate. Shortly, Walter, Hub, and Garth return, with the four greasers. Walter searches for the lioness and finds it in the cornfield. Hub orders everyone to get their guns, and they start looking for the lioness. They find Walter playing with the lioness, and Hub asks them not to shoot it. The woman gets fur
Introduction Social media networks have greatly influenced political communication in modern society. Its impact on political activities and governance is especially profound. In the book, the Internet Imaginaire , Patrice Flichy says the development of the internet (social media) is among the most revolutionary processes in modern society (more specifically because the internet has become a super-highway of information). From the increasing importance of the internet, today, Flichy argues that most politicians have only joined an ongoing trend of designers, business executives, and individuals (among others) who have resorted to use social media as a technical utopia for advancing their goals. Since many people have accepted the internet as their main communication paradigm, the internet has become widely successful in changing how politicians interact with their subjects. In sum, Flichy argues that the internet has been widely successful in politics because it transforms the interaction between leaders and their followers. From an emphasis on the Middle East political space, this paper focuses on explaining the impact of social media in the UAE political life by exploring if social media networks make leaders more visible and transparent. To have a practical understanding of this issue, this paper focuses on the social media activities of UAE’s foreign affairs minister, H.H. Abdulla Bin Zayed Al Nahyan. Through an analysis of his Twitter account, this paper proposes that social media networks make political accountability easier and friendlier, as it increases the visibility and transparency of political leaders. However, to understand this fact, this study first explains how social media has created a new way to represent political leaders in the UAE. A New Way to Represent the Political Leader in the UAE Culture The social media presence of Abdulla Bin Zayed draws significant inferences from the works of Louis Marin, in the book, the King’s Portrait . Marin largely borrows from the experiences of King Louis XIV in portraying the image of a politician as an immortal onlooker (through the transformation of politicians from theological bodies to immortal political figures). Flichy contextualises this transformation through his understanding of the power that most politicians enjoy in transforming themselves to political relevance today (through social media). Marin explains the same situation, although from a historical perspective, by saying that the transformation of politicians to political relevance (through the internet)