ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Thailand is a middle developed country in Southeast Asia and has a population of about 65 million. The total land area covered by the nation is 513,115 square kilometers, with more than a quarter of it dedicated to forests. In 1961, the government of Thailand estimated the forest cover to be about 54% of the total land area. However, the total forest cover has declined due to economic and other human activities, which have resulted in massive deforestation in several parts of the country. However, the government has initiated a number of programs to save the nation’s forest cover from further destruction. The forests in Thailand are mainly tropical ones; the growth of tropical vegetation in the country is favored by factors such reliable rainfall, a conducive climate, favorable temperature, fertile soil, and a good terrain in most parts of the country. The forests in the country can be classified into two major categories: deciduous and evergreen. The two forest types are more or less evenly distributed throughout the country. The forests are a very important resource in Thailand as the majority of citizens depend on them directly. Forests in Thailand have various benefits, which can be divided into two categories: economic and environmental advantages. The forests in the country are of a great economic value to the country; for instance, the trees recovered from the forests are used to manufacture shingles, plywood, timber, and railroad ties. In addition to the wood products, some of the trees provide other products such as latex, which is used for the manufacture of rubber. The environmental value of the forests in Thailand is evident in the efforts the government and other stakeholders undertake to conserve the environment. The forests prevent soil erosion by controlling run-off water after heavy downpours. The forests also assist in trapping and purifying the run-off water to provide the residents with clean and fresh underground water. Forests are a natural regulator of the atmosphere; they absorb carbon dioxide and produce oxygen to the atmosphere; the oxygen is then used by animals for respiration. Apart from conserving the environment, the forests in Thailand act as natural habitats to many animals and plants. The declining forest cover in Thailand is due to the massive deforestation that has been witnessed in the country. There are four main causes of deforestation in Thailand: the high population growth rate, poor agricultural and land ownership policies, and illegal logging. The high population growth rate, especially in the northeast part of Thailand, has seen more people settle in the areas that have been preserved for forests. Some forests have also been cleared to get land to grow sufficient food to feed the ever-increasing population. The bad farming policies in Thailand have also encouraged deforestation by endorsing the explor
Today’s online learner does not fit the traditional profile of adult, employed and goal-oriented student, although these attributes still define many online learners. Besides the above characteristics, the online learner now is young, grasps and works with technology quickly, and fits into a dynamic and heterogeneous population in particular localities around the world. Overall, online students take at least one course via the Internet. The statistics show that there was a noticeable increase in online learning students from 2007 to 2008, with a significant characteristic being that students were taking computer science or business-related courses more than other courses. On the other hand, students with mobility issues enrolled into online learning options more than other students did (Radford 3). Data also shows that students were most enrolled in distance education programs in institutions with more than 20,000 students across the United States. At the same time, degree-granting programs were most popular with online students (National Center for Education Statistics 4). The statistics describe me; I am enrolled in an online learning program that offers a certification at the end of the program. The qualification is useful for obtaining a job and advancing my career. My goals motivate me. Besides, I made an independent choice on where to enroll. This shows that I fit the characteristic of other learners. However, I am not taking a computer or business course, which makes me an exception to the popular choice as indicated by the statistics. Additionally, I have taken an online course while being an undergraduate student. A study by Nakayama, Yamamoto, and Santiago revealed no major differences between bachelor and master’s online students or those who were graded highly and those who were in the next grade in a Japanese online university learning program (195). However, the study showed that masters students seemed to understand better the online learning program, and were more motivated compared to the bachelor’s students. The researchers also concluded that bachelor students did not understand learning strategies needed for university work, which extended to their interaction with online courses. The findings of the study support the conclusion that student characteristics determine the suitability of a course design. The performance of adult learners is enhanced by employing customized strategies. Unlike children, adult learners go through a transformation. Their instructor must act as a change agent; therefore, the design and teaching of online cours
Security threat groups refer to a coalition of formal or informal inmates who through their behavior and activities in prisons pose threat to their fellow inmates and the prison officials. The members of the gangs have common behavior and goals distinguishing them from their fellow inmates. There are two main types of the gangs’ composition depending on their activities. There exist highly organized groups and other lesser organized groups such as the Texas Mafia. Involvement in illegal activities, gang history, the propensity of violence, and purpose are some of the criteria that are used to categorize the gang groups. The groups are mainly formed to protect their members while in prison. Some gangs also have power beyond the prison controlling even some of the notorious street gangs. Origin of Security Threat Groups and How They Pose a Threat Security threat groups are believed to have started during the industrial revolution when there was a mass migration of people from villages to urban areas in search of jobs. Due to a large number of people in the cities houses became scarce, unemployment increased and this made many people divert to crimes in pursuit of survival. The people involved in the crimes formed groups due to their common interest ending up in the emergence of the gangs. The gangs got power and spread in many parts of the world and finally got their way into the prisons. The gangs have major negative effects on the people around them such as their fellow inmates (He, 2017). The inmates may suffer from injuries in case they be tortured by the gangs’ members and this may result in them developing fear in the prisons and this may lead to acute depression of the inmates. It is also a threat to the local authorities because they are working in an unsafe environment where there may be chaos at any given time. Role of Institutional Gang Investigators Gang investigators are people who have been trained to follow on gang activities within their power. The gang investigator should be able to form a mutual relationship between them, the community, and the gang itself. They have to keep data on all the activities of the gang and testify in court. Gang investigators are important because they help in getting information on a gang’s next move and thus can help in reducing some harmful gang activities in the immediate community Reference He, C. (2017). Professor Bruce W. Lytle: let talented people exhibit their ideas without inhibiting them, taking advantage of the people around you—the key for collaboration. ASIDE , 4 , 426-426. Web.
The debate about animal rights is a controversial among those that support the notion that animals have rights and those who hold the reverse notion. Some people oppose the use of animals in medical research because they say that violates the rights of the animals and amounts to animal cruelty. The others say animals have no rights and hence can be used in medical research. This paper will look at the comparisons between two articles; Why animals have no rights by Carl Cohen and All animals are equal by Peter Singer. Both authors agree that animals and human beings suffer. Therefore, both should be treated with consideration to avoid unnecessary sufferings. Carl, a speciesist says animals suffer. Peter Singer says that animals suffer and certain kind of treatment can cause an animal to feel pain thus there it is important to treat the animals well. The two authors differ on the use of animals in biomedical research. Carl argues that the use of animals in biomedical research is important and necessary. The bio medics use the animals to test for drugs and even though they inflict pain on the animals it does not mean they are being cruel to them. The benefits of such laboratory research on the animals outweigh the sacrifice of some animals because drugs that help to cure human beings and other animals are developed. On the contrary, many people would suffer and die from diseases without a cure if animals were not used in the laboratory to run tests for drugs. The drugs developed have helped to alleviate pain, improve quality of life and eliminate some terrible diseases yet such drugs would never be developed without the use of animals (Cohen, 1986). In contrast, Peter argues that the use of animals in medical research is cruel. He says that the use of an animal in a test to save human beings is immoral and just as the experimenters would not perform the tests on an orphan human infant even if that could save thousands of human beings so they should not perform the tests on animals because they suffer just like a human being would suffer. Therefore, there should be no discrimination between animals and human beings because animals have rights (Singer, 1989). Carl says that” rights in general: they are in every case claims, or potential claims, within a community of moral agents” (Cohen, 1989, p.865). Thus, only human beings possess rights because they are the only ones capable of making moral claims and can or do against another human being. Animals are not capable of any moral capability therefore they do not have rights. He urges that because animals lack the ability for moral judgement thus speciesism is alright and they can be used in medical research. On the contrary, Peter urges that animals have rights and appear to be able to enjoy life hence they should be allowed to l
Introduction Africans had to experience numerous atrocities as they were enslaved by Europeans who saw themselves as civilized. Numerous books written by former slave tell stories about painful experiences and hopes of Africans. These books started a lasting discussion on slavery and the place of Africans in the western world. The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano is one of these remarkable books. In this book, the author describes his life and reveals the wrongs of western society. More importantly, Equiano shows the path he had to go along. This path was his transformation from an enslaved other to black European who ultimately managed to gain acceptance among the white society through participating in the abolitionist movement. Early Life as a Slave Equiano’s Deterrence From Self-Identity Being a slave, Equiano did not have property. He hardly had his name or his own identity. He (as any other slave) was rather a thing than a human being. A slave could be sold and bought, beaten and starved or even killed. Thus, Equiano was sold many times. For instance, When Pascal bought him, he often made rounds with him on his voyages, such as traveling to Nova Scotia, Scotland, and Holland, among other countries. Pascal sold him to another master, who took him to Montserrat, a Caribbean island. Subsequently, a Quaker merchant, Robert King, based in Montserrat but originally from Philadelphia, bought him. Gaining Skills One of the most important skills Equiano gained was, undoubtedly, reading and writing skills. Equiano also had to travel across the Caribbean with the captain of King’s sloops, Thomas Farmer. From the influence of Farmer, he traded his items, such as in, glass tumblers, and fruit bags, besides devoting some time into learning navigation skills. Even so, the journeys they made to South Carolina and Georgia often put Equiano in trouble, which involved being conned money and a near-death experience in Savannah. The breakthrough on his trading came from the trips they made to Philadelphia and Georgia, with Framer, which allowed him to make enough money to buy his freedom later on. With the help of Farmer, Equiano managed to buy his freedom after convincing King to sign his papers. Equiano was now a free person, having endured the enslavement for a long period. In essence, he was preparing for his transformation process. Being the Other and Gaining Acceptance to the White society Sailing with Other White People and Helping in the Purchase of Slaves After gaining his freedom, E
Introduction Acute Stress Disorder (ASD) is a pathological condition that affects brains of individuals who have been involved in distressing events such as accidents. ASD is regarded as a traumatically induced fear condition that reveals through behaviors such as negative emotions, incompetence, and loss of self-wellbeing. Many patients of ASD acquire the condition through involvement in threatening events such as assault, rape, accident, kidnapping, natural calamities, and/or terror activities. This essay is based on Cynthia’s case that explains how she narrowly escaped death while driving on a freeway. She crashed into an 18-wheel truck that jack-knifed in front of her. According to the case, she did not experienced any injuries at the accident scene. However, she began experiencing some unique behaviors that required psychological therapy a few weeks after the incident. This essay elaborates on Cynthia’s ASD condition with a view of examining the appropriate treatment to correct the disorder using differential analysis. Symptoms for the Diagnosis of Cynthia’s case To diagnose the patient correctly, the patient must experience or re-experience at least one or several distressing activities. Patients of ASD should also exhibit two symptoms such as hyperactive arousal, involuntary intrusive thoughts, avoidance, and/or numbing. Involuntary Intrusive Thoughts Involuntary intrusive thoughts are symptoms that are seen through reactions and prolonged emotions that remind the patient about the traumatic occurrence. For example, whenever Cynthia drives her car again
Porter’s Five Forces Analysis An industry’s external environment refers to the factors outside the control of the firm. The factors may influence the firm positively or negatively. These external factors are economics, legal environment, demographics, natural resources, technology, and social economic factors among others (Brech, 2008). The model can be used to analyze the external environment of a new business venture called Abel and Johnson Accounting Firm (AJAF) which is a small business group.  1. Threat of entrants  2. Bargaining power of customers  3. Threat of substitute products  4. Bargaining power of suppliers  5. Industry rivalry Threat of new entrants – It occurs if there is ease of new players to enter into the market thus gaining a market share out of the existing market. AJAF will pose as a threat to the already existing firms in the market since it will put pressure on service costs downwards. It will pose as a threat since many consumers are willing to switch pattern and service to the new accounting firm. The industry will be very attractive upon entrance by AJAF since it provides the mush needed competition to put prices down and in that process increase its profits considerably. It is good for AJAF to venture in accounting services since it is an ever growing market that is profitable and there is promise of making good money. Bargaining power of customers – Customers exert low pressure to a business. They have the power to drive the cost of services downwards. AJAF has the ability to influence the customers by requiring them to maintain the internationally required standards of accounting. AJAF as an audit firm should exert pressure by provision of quality services either on post-deals or pre-deal agreements once it gets into the market (Hill, 2009). However, customers will exert pressure on AJAF if it has a small customer base and if there are several other firms offering same service such as Earnest & Young and Deloitte. Threats of substitute products – Substitutes are products that would perform the same function. The challenge here is that AJAF may suffer if its customers decided to seek other services such consultancy in order to mitigate themselves from adverse accounting practices. The customers may go for tax consultancy and legal advice thus shunning away the service provided by AJAF. The firm is at an advantage since it will start offering its services at a lower price than most of the existing industry players thus it will attract more customers. Bargaining power of suppliers – It is used to identify the amount of influence the suppliers will have over the accounting firm. AJAF will be forced to start with suppliers who have less influence in the market since they will not control the prices of products or services they offer the firm. This would give AJAF an upper hand since it would threaten to shift to another supplier who has a lower price.
Introduction. Money Laundering Money laundering is defined as the process of disguising or “cleaning” money that has been obtained illegally and incorporating it into a financial system of a country (Hopton 12). It is also defined as making money that has been obtained illegally to appear legitimate. Money launderers use a variety of methods to carry out their illegal business. There are varied sources of dirty money and these include drug trafficking, corruption in government offices and other organizations as well as activities related to tax evasion. Other sources of dirty money include money from illegal trade or the black market and this depends on legitimacy of the trade in different countries. For instance, commercial sex work is illegitimate in most countries. Thus, money generated from this trade is dirty. Money laundering can be done using various techniques, which range from simple ways to complicated methods. Money laundering is a three-step process that involves introduction of cash into the financial system of an economy or placement/layering, which is making efforts to ensure that the original source of the money is hidden and then making use of the funds to generate income or wealth. Various methods used in money laundering include structuring, smuggling and other banking-related methods (Truman and Peter 32). Many governments have been in the war against money laundering and this has seen development of various anti-money laundering bills. Despite these bills, money laundering remains a challenge to most economies due to the complexity of the techniques used in money laundering and the inability to stem out the illegitimate sources of money (Stessens 23). International organizations such as the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank have also been in the forefront to fight against money laundering. In 1989, member countries of the G7 formed a body named Financial Action Task Force on Money Laundering (FATF), which is an intergovernmental body. The body was mandated to bring to force measure to combat money laundering. These two organizations have formulated policies to help economies fight money laundering and ensure a combined effort to stem out the vice. Scholars have however admitted that it could
The Primary Care Physician Role In interprofessional (IP) teams, primary care physicians usually work as team leaders who develop long-term and comprehensive plan for patients depending on their state and conditions. In order to perform as a leader in the IP team for developing the treatment plan for the child with spastic quadriplegic cerebral palsy, it is necessary to practice as a family physician or pediatrician. According to standards, a primary care physician is responsible for providing primary care, coordinating the work of the IP team, monitoring the changes in the patient’s state, and making decisions regarding changes in the treatment strategy ( AAFP, 2015). The Role-Specific Goals  1. By the end of the six-month period, the physical state of Carla will improve as cases of pneumonia will decrease by about 25%, as a result of the physical therapy, medication therapy, and changes in th
Existing monitoring systems have come a long way in their development to the multi-component and technologically sophisticated electronic structures. However, the current monitoring process is only half automated since the supervision and control of a doctor or nurse are still necessary. That is why new versions of wireless wearable systems are offered that could perform the same functions as stationary units, but with exceptional comfort for the patient. The need for such arrangements arose not only due to difficulties in handling equipment but primarily because of its massiveness. Existing systems cannot be located in any place other than a hospital where qualified personnel exist. However, a considerable number of outpatients need a combination of mobility and efficiency (Baig, et al., 2017). In connection with this need, the so-called wearable patient monitoring (WPM) systems have appeared, which help to detect and prevent many diseases in advance, including chronic ones. The last issue is especially crucial since almost 29 per cent of the U.S. population suffers from these diseases, and up to 80% of the budget is spent on fighting them (Baig, et al., 2017). The implementation of these systems can be carried out in various ways. However, examples of the use of the ZigBee specification are widely presented in the literature ( What is ZigBee? n.d.). Its advantage is low energy consumption, as well as the ability to self-healing. These protocols may be combined with various platforms such as Arduino and Raspberry Pie. With their help, real-time transmitters of sufficient range can be obtained (Alwan & Prahald, 2017). Simultaneously, ZigBee protocols are optimized for working with small devices with little computing power. Nevertheless, the utilization of standards such as BT 5.0 allows using the maximum capabilities of the platforms, increasing the radius of communication (Clarke, et al., 2017). The positive aspects of these technologies are their small intervention in the patient’s usual lifestyle. On the other hand, the studied systems, in the long run, are often more expensive due to the need for a constant connection with 3G / 4G communication and data exchange (Baig, et al., 2017). Getting rid of wires does not lead to complete freedom of movement since the range of wireless systems is also limited (Baig, et al., 2017). However, future research and development, including Internet of Things, demonstrates the potential to address these shortcomings. Therefore, the topic and inventions in this direction continue to be relevant.