ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction The piece for visual analysis was created by Cindy Sherman, and the photograph is from one of the collections devoted to the representation of female film characters. Its selection was conditional upon the informativeness of the image regarding the ambiguity of black-and-white portraits in general, as well as the possibility to reveal the reason behind this phenomenon (Public Delivery, 2021). This rationale is supported by the fact that the engaging power of the image is ensured by the reflections about the people and their lives it evokes. Thus, the condition why it is worthy of analysis is the opportunity to examine the cultural aspects of cinema by focusing on a single picture about the gaze (“COMS3410 week three,” n.d.). The image used for this purpose is known as “Untitled Film Still #21,” made in 1978, using gelatin silver print, and it is currently available in the online collection of MoMA Learning (Sherman, n.d.). Hence, the analysis of this piece is feasible from the perspective of demonstrating the importance of the sociological underpinning of cultural products and the way visual techniques are used for transmitting the message. Visual Description The black-and-white photograph appears to be quite minimalistic at first sight; however, a closer look confirms the presence of a more complex motivatio
Healthcare is faced with numerous challenges including the capacity to share clinical, financial, research and public health information among various organizations. One way to handle this challenge is via the implementation of standards-based solutions like integrating the Healthcare Enterprise (IHE), which defines a technical framework that implements established messaging standards to achieve specific objectives for sharing critical medical information (IBM 2). The IHE specifications are implemented by Health Information Exchange (HIE) software, in order to administer the sharing of documents among healthcare enterprises such as clinics, private physicians and public health and research facilities. HIE operates on a flexible architecture that is capable of handling a variety of requirements, since the registry stores metadata containing location information of databases that can be centralized or distributed (IBM 3). It is important to protect the patient’s health information when developing systems and structures that support the exchange of that information using the HIEs. The HIE is expected to maintain a “trusting and supportive relationship with the organizations that provide data to, and retrieve data from, one another through the HIE” (Scholl, Stine and Lin 7). The development of electronic health records (EHRs) and improvement of the US healthcare system requires secure exchange of e
Introduction Ethical conduct is among the most critical aspects affecting professionalism, effectiveness, and proficiency of nurses especially in the modern world where the health sector has integrated information technology. The potential difficulty is evoked by the incapability of nurses to uphold ethical practices when using information systems bearing in mind that such systems have raised profound ethical issues in the past (Simpson, 2005). The purpose of this paper is to discuss the influence of ethical and legal issues on the usage of information technology in health practices. Importance of Ethical, Regulatory, and Legal Issues In essence, it was previously stated that ethics is one of the most important aspects that affect the effectiveness of nurses, especially when using information systems. In this regard, it is evident that information systems are mostly used in receiving, processing, and storing information about patients who seek health care facilities. Additionally, the accessibility of this information to various personnel, departments, and sectors of the institution must be regulated in order to avoid manipulation and inappropriate use of data. This requires the nurses to behave ethically to ensure that information is available to the right people only. Although this might look discriminative, it is common knowledge that the management should not allow all people to access critical information about the patients. Consequently, ethics is critically important when handling this accessibility of information. Additionally, information systems are integrated with other functionalities such as internet connection. These additional functionalities evoke critical ethical issues in regard to how they use the systems. For example, a nurse who has access to these systems could be tempted to access social networking websites during the time scheduled for other activities. This leads to wastage of precious time which could otherwise be used in other activities. In this case, ethics plays an important role in guiding the employees on what they should do when they are at work. Additionally, regulations control the conduct of the nurses in order to ensure that they act in accordance with their institutional roles rather than personal interests. Ethical Issues Related to Usage of Information Systems The most significant ethical issue that is conjoined to the usage of information systems is maintenance of confidentiality. In this regard, the nurses are expected to keep patients’ information as confidential as possible bearing in mind that the patients need complete privacy (Lewenson & Londrigan, 2008). The use of information systems does not change this mandate of the nurses. As a result, it should not be compromised by the use of these systems. In addition, accountability is probably the second most important ethical issue which is related to the use of info
Evolutionary ethics is a type of ethical theory according to which morality is rooted in human nature. Based on natural science concepts, evolutionary ethics explains the origin of character as developing a necessary mechanism that arises in evolution. On this basis, the normative principle of morality is formulated: what contributes to life in its most complete expressions is morally positive. McQuilkin and Copan raise several important issues about evolutionary ethics in Chapter 11. Based on this theory, it can be concluded that if one or another aspect of human behavior follows from evolutionary patterns, this behavior has thus received an evolutionary justification. However, not all parts of emotions and morals have an evolutionary explanation, for example, feelings of hostility towards people from other cultures, that are positive and correct. In addition, the disadvantage of the evolutionary theory is that moral and ethical norms cannot be determined only to a biological degree. This is because cultural and social evolution is immeasurably important in shaping these phenomena. McQuilkin and Copan do not overstate the case when noting these problems. Not all the emotional and behavioral stereotypes that contributed to the Stone Age hunter genes spread are optimal for a modern civilized person. In particular, according to the theory of evolutionary ethics, man has an innate tendency to divide people into relatives and strangers, and to feel disgust and dislike for the second group. This is not the model of morality that should be imitated today. In my opinion, evolutionary ethics is not compatible with the belief in God as the basis of ethics. Evolutionary ethics justifies the egoistic motivation of man, the cult of individualism, progressive alienation, cruelty, and aggressiveness in conditions where it is necessary for survival. For a Christian, the manifestations of cruelty cannot be justified because one of the central commandments of Christianity is to respond to evil not with violence, but with good. Bibliography Klenk, Michael. “Objectivist Conditions for Defeat and Evolutionary Debunking Arguments.” Ratio 32, no. 4 (2019): 246-259. Lemos, John. “On the Compatibility of Evolutionary Biology and Theism.” European Journal for Philosophy of Religion 12, no. 3 (2020): 24-33. McQuilkin, Robertson. “The Duty Ethic, Evolutionary Ethics, and God as the Foundation for Morality.” In An Introduction to Biblical Ethics: Walking in the Way of Wisdom , edited by Paul Copan, 179-183. Illinois: IVP Academic, 2014. Thomas-Clapp, Megan Brooke, and Daniel Brannan. “Evolutionary Ethics and Christian Stewardship.” European Journal of Science and Theology 14, no. 2 (2018): 13-29.
Cornel West is an American pastor and philosopher working at Princeton University. He was born in 1953 in a religious family. Since their early years, he took an active part in demonstrations and protests against segregation and discrimination. Cornel West was enrolled at Harvard University when he was 17 years old. In 1980, he famished his Doctoral Thesis and published his dissertation The Ethical Dimensions of Marxist Thought . For a long time, he worked as a professor at Harvard University and made a great contribution to development and popularization of the African-American studies. Year 2001 was a turning point in his career as he argued with the President of Harvard University and decided to return to Princeton. West was awarded 20 honorary degrees and was perceived as a civil rights fighter. Thus, some of his works are criticized because of racial ideas and opportunism. In most of his works, West claims that the USA is a white society and its everyday life is determined and stipulated by norms and values of white majority. For many black people, racism is the cause of tremendous hostility within the society. In some communities, racial, sexual, and other derogatory remarks are transmitted through communication: hate remarks and hate males are commonplace. The book Prophesy Deliverance reflects main ideas and viewpoints of Cornel West on the problem of racism and degradation. The second and the third chapters describe the roots and causes of modern racism and its proliferation in modern society. The second chapter, “A Genealogy of Modern Racism” determines the main stages of development and growth of racist thought in America. West describes that in competition, one race tries to overpower the other; during adaptation, one race surrenders his or her goals to maintain or establish a positive relationship with the other. Through avoidance the racial conflict is allowed to simmer. When this happens, both races, white and black, lose. In general, effective conflict consists of the following factors. All races involved in the dispute must be respected. Further, they must be encouraged to openly accept their differences. The individual trying to resolve or mediate the racial conflict must give each nation unconditional regard and listen carefully to each person’s story without prematurely reaching a conclusion. This will require open-mindedness for different styles of storytelling and culturally different ways of reacting to racism. West uses Marxist theory to support and evaluate his arguments and viewpoints. He cites F. Nietzsche and M. Foucault describing “genealogi
When a program is started, it is important to evaluate it after some time in order to determine the performance. By evaluating a program, those who are in charge are able to determine whether the program is implemented well and what changes should be made. The Center for Disease and Control (CDC) has been launching several programs to eradicate various diseases from the public. One of the major diseases that CDC has put efforts to stop is diabetes. Subsequently, CDC has also carried out several evaluations of the diabetes eradication program in order to determine its effectiveness (Centers for Disease Control, 2008, p. 5). The Center for Disease Control (CDC) chose the qualitative method to evaluate the programs used to stop diabetes. It is worth noting that diabetes is a lifestyle related disease and the programs aimed to stop it should emphasize how to encourage people to change their lifestyles in order to be healthier (Centers for Disease Control, 2008, p. 6). In most cases, quantitative methods are used to evaluate programs whereby the outcome of the programs can be represented in terms of figures. However, in this case, diabetes eradication program evaluation was done using qualitative method in order to give the true picture of what was happening on the ground as far as the disease was concerned (Posavac, 2010, p. 44). Interviews were greatly used during the evaluation of the program whereby the diabetes patients, program facilitators, medical practitioners and the general public members were asked for their views about the success of the program. Generally, all parties involved in the running program were engaged in direct interviews for being able to collect reliable information about the achievement made by CDC in order to eradicate diabetes. Unlike in the quantitative method, whereby the outcome is given in figures, qualitative method gives more details that represent the actual environment of the issues that have been evaluated. One of the major reasons why CDC decided to use qualitative program evaluation method is the thematic insights associated with qualitative program evaluation (Boulmetis & Dutwin, 2012, p. 18). The interviews enabled the CDC to collect actual and the emotional information from both patients and other stakeholders involved in the running program. The program is supposed to change the social life of the people and it was essential to hear what those who were involved in the implementation of the program felt about it. Additionally, collecting the actual information about what people feel about the program is more accurate than having figures recorded down (Centers for Disease Control, 2008, p. 3). Information collected during qualitative program evaluation is more accurate in decision making than the one collected using quantitative methods. Those compiling and sorting data using quantitative program evaluation method sometimes make
Introduction A national security strategy by definition is a document outlining national security issues and the plans or methodology on how to deal with issues. In the US the document is prepared by the executive and then handed over to the congress for discussions. The document gives the main concerns on the US national security and the means to deal with them. In the recent years, the US has tried to enhance and improve their security alerts due to the increase in rates of crime as well as their involvement in various wars that expose the country to enemies. This paper focuses on why it is so hard to formulate and implement U.S. national Security strategy. Why is it so Hard to Formulate and Implement U.S. National Security Strategy? The formulation and implementation of a national security strategy starts by answering a few questions such as who is the enemy, the objectives of the strategy, what is the outcome of a successful strategy, what is to win on security and the evaluation of the risks associated with counter attacks by terrorists (Axe, Malou and Reich 1). The United States has not yet managed to answer these questions which have made it difficult for the nation to formulate and implement a security strategy (Axe, Malou and Reich 1). The changes in leadership have led to difficulties in formulation and implementation of national security strategy because; every president comes with his/her team of policy makers. The new team rather than taking over from where the first team hard reached, it goes back to the starting point. In case a new government comes in before the current team achieves its objectives, the process goes back to the start (U.S. Department of State 1-18). The use of several national security structures that are involved in matter pertaining to security make the formulation and implementation difficult due to the structures differences and inability to come to a consensus on the issues (JCS 1-8). This even becomes worse if some of the structures proof to be superior to others. This gives support to President Obama idea to merge the National and Homeland Security Councils. Lack of enough anticipation by the US on their enemy makes it hard for them to formulate and implement the national security strategy (Boone 79). Similarly, in measuring the outcomes of a security strategy, there must be evaluation of the anticipated outcomes as stipulated in the strategy. The US has been unable to anticipate the outcomes of the national security strategy which have led to difficulties in the formulation and implementation (Seth and Treverton 4-6). Another difficult
Introduction This paper analyzes the skills, or personal capabilities, that contribute to positive social development in children, addressing the school and the family environment qualities that encourage or inhibit this development. These personal capabilities are communication, creativity, and a positive self-image. Here are their detailed characteristics and main features. Body A positive self-image helps the children avoid doubt in their abilities. For example, at school, a child with a positive self-image easily makes friends without feeling inferiority towards others or their hostility towards him/her. Communication skills help the children interact with each other and build future relationships. These skills are important to the child to communicate with other personalities. Creativity develops imagination and originality and helps a child distinguish him/herself from others and develop unusual methods of problem-solving. Thus, if a child has created, he or she can find solutions to problems that can not be solved by traditional methods, for example, creativity in respect of avoiding conflicts with others (Wagner,1). The qualities of the family environment that develop the aforementioned capabilities are encouragement and involvement. Children who feel encouragement in their activities will develop their positive self-image and creativity which will help in developing confidence in their skills. The involvement implicates that the parents will both participate in the process of educating the child and outline the important relationships of identity, generativity, and intimacy: “…in identity, important relationships include one’s peers; in intimacy, one’s relationships include those with significant others; in generativity, it is one’s sharing love and work in the care of the next generation” (Christiansen,133). The family environment inhibiting the growth of personal capabilities is where a conflict takes place. “In Erikson’s view, these conflicts are centered on either developing a psychological quality or failing to develop that quality. During these times, the potential for personal growth is high, but so is the potential for failure.” (Wagner,1) Thus, if there is a conflict inside the child’s family, his/her social skills may develop both positively, if a child wants to compensate for the lack of communication, or negatively if the child has fear of communication. The self-image of this child in this situation will also be negative as certain children think they are reasons for which their parents quarrel. Consequently, creativity is either absent as there are no encouragement and involvement or developed in a negative direction allowing the child to reveal anger and negative emotions got from the family conflict. Conclusion The qualities of the classroom environment should give an “opportunity to experience classroom life as subjects, rather than objects.” (Parsons, 57) Thus, children should have the freedom to decide rather than be decided for by teachers and chance to share opinions. Such experience helps children not to feel inferior to other children or to teachers and develop their skills, namely communication, s
Synopsis : The author argues that HTTPS protocols used in websites have some security holes that are not covered by using SSL. The SSL technology is used to provide security but hackers can manipulate the SSL by decoding the data, using SSL-MITM or SSL Man in the Middle technique. Thus hackers can exploit the SSL to hack into the transactions made by users when they enter data in eCommerce sites and gain confidential information of the victim. The author proposes three different methodologies that can be used to stop the hacker from using the SSL-MITM technique. Relevance : The article has some amount of relevance to the class since many of the students do indulge in online shopping. Many are assured when they see the SSL symbol of a lock at the bottom of the screen and feel their information is confidential and the website is protected. However, this is not the case and it is possible for hackers to still hack and steal passwords. For one thing, the article cautions us to be careful while exchanging information on the net. For another, developers and programmers can make use of the article and make websites more secure. Personal Reaction : The article was a sort of eye-opener and a bit scary as I always felt that it was safe to transact when the site is protected by SSL. However, this is not the case and even seemingly secure sites are not safe. I also begin to think that this information and the article should receive much more mid publicity and website owners and developers should be made aware of the problems and solutions. Another personal reaction is I begin to wonder if all the eCommerce sites, that are hosted by highly technical people have fooled millions of people into believing that the transactions on their site are safe. Reason for selection : There are two reasons for selecting the article and the first is the interesting subject f the article and the second is the presentation and structure of the document. Website security has become very important as many of us undertake eCommerce transactions. The article has shown how even SSL that is regarded as a high-level security feature can be compromised. The article also gives names of hacking tools such as ARP Spoof, DNS Spoof, Sniffing and SSL Dump and process used by hackers along with screen shots of the hacking tools to show how hacking is done. This is very useful information for the lay reader as well as technical people. The article is also presented and structured properly with an abstract, introduction, body with different headings and a conclusion. The manner in which the information is presented and complex ideas are put forth is a good example of how
Introduction Of the many words used to describe the features of our culture, the word “bullshit” appears to be one of the harshest and yet strangely sincere ones. The omnipresence of this “bullshit” in our lives is dwelled upon in the essay “On Bullshit” by Harry G. Frankfurt. The author states that a great part of our lives is taken up by bullshit and we could hardly disagree with this idea. It becomes crushingly obvious that people are surrounded by bullshit and do not attempt to change the state of affairs, believing it to be natural or, possibly, convenient. Main body The essay, structured as a research paper, is mostly devoted to defining the term “bullshit”, and the first paragraph, which is the one we are going to analyze, is used to describe the problem and the author’s aim. It states that while the “bullshit” is omnipresent and most people are aware of its existence, it is considered to be a natural part of our lives (Frankfurt 1). While the nature of the phenomenon will be described in detail on the following pages, the abstract under analysis states a number of reasons as to why the author decided to address the issue in the first place,