ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Artificial intelligence (AI) is an outcome of the rapid development of technologies and it impacts almost all spheres of modern life. It could be defined as the ability of computers to simulate the actions of human beings and perform tasks that generally were done by real people. Nowadays, AI is widely used in medicine, engineering, education, transportation, etc. The military sphere has also undergone profound changes due to the application of recent technologies and AI. The current paper will provide research on the virtues, shortcomings, and perspectives of the use of AI in the military. The issue of the usage of AI in military actions is highly controversial and has both supporters and opponents. The main topic of the debates concerns AI’s ability to fully mimic the way humans behave and make decisions. The point here is that robots, equipped with AI, become able to conduct wars on their own (Cummings, 2017). Consequently, there is a question of whether such machines should be allowed to perform independently or not. According to Cummings (2017), artificially intelligent weapons deserve attention since they preserve human lives. Besides, robots, automatic aircraft can monitor the surface and notice details invisible to human eyes. Nevertheless, Horowitz (2018) indicates that even intelligent machines could not be autonomous since they lack the flexibility of human minds. Cummings (2017) agrees with this point because AI, at least nowadays, does not possess “knowledge-based reasoning” (p. 6). In other words, AI is unable to change its programmed strategies when the situation does not fit the initially planned pattern; it cannot make decisions based on experience. Cummings (2017) illustrates these circumstances with the case of the US Airways Flight № 1549 that managed to land the Hudson River. This event took place in 2009 when the technologies were much less developed than in 2020. Still, in summer 2019 in Russia, Airbus A321-211, which belongs to Ural Airlines, succeed in landing the plane in the cornfield even though one of the engines was broken. In both cases, despite the ten years interval, AI was unable to land the aircraft so successfully because it was not programmed to do so. The same could be told not only about the private services but also about military ones. Military pilots often face unpredictable emergencies, and thus they cannot be substituted by AI. The second point about the role of AI is that it changes the rules of warfare and the way countries act. Since the first trial of the atomic bomb in 1945, began the era of the nuclear race. It meant that the power of the state was measured in its ability to create and use nuclear weapons. The rapid de
Executive Summary Tourism is defined as the activity of persons moving from one place to another, naturally beyond their usual place, for the purpose relaxation, business and other purposes. Thus, a tourist can be said to be the person who moves, stays and visits a place for the purpose of deriving pleasure. Tourism has become a diverse industry in our economy, due to the range of the economic opportunities that it provides to the society at large (Eagles et al. 2003, p. 341). The management of visitors has increasingly become an important issue in tourism destination. Greenwich, having attained a world heritage site status, has seen significant growth in the number of visitors. This has been attributed to the diverse use of time in the society, the ability to travel at reasonable cost, and the extensive media publicity given to Greenwich as a tourist destination. The market is also reported to have matured; this has made tourists to be more discerning, and they have great expectations regarding access to such destinations. This has created pressure on the destination, prompting the need for visitor management (Flanagan 2002, p. 23). The dilemma associated with visitor management, is the one demanding a balance of tourist interests on one hand, and the provision of education and recreational opportunities for the members of the public. On the other hand, it is important to note that visitors expose the destination, to a range of harmful risks and particularly to the artifacts. Tourism is associated with overcrowding, congestion at specific bottlenecks, and the physical stress on sensitive parts of the site. It is therefore important to have a visitor management mechanism, which best controls the visitors, by balancing the interests of the tourists with those required for safeguarding and managing the tourist destinations (Morgan et al. 2004, p. 43). There is need to examine the various approaches that have been applied in the management of tourism, in order to facilitate good management of the increased levels of tourist visitation. Tourism is said to be an irregular movement, and this calls for appropriate management strategies. The potential of Greenwich as a tourist destination is high, and an effective management plan has to be developed. The development of an effective management plan demands a good documentation for the facilitation of development of the appropriate infrastructures (Eagles et al. 2003, p. 51). In addition to this, detailed policies are important. The management plans helps in the maintenance of the tourist destination and management of the visitors. The management of visitors includes their safety as well as the accessibility of the destination by the visitors, and particularly the disabled. There is also need to manage aiding and interpretation of the tourist destination to the visitors, through the use of the tour guides, booklets that create a synopsis of the tour destination, and other inform
In support Since the coining of this quote, it appears that the journalism profession has continued to evolve more in line with this observation that Frank Herbert made many years earlier. Indeed, if the current trend in the journalism profession is anything to go by, the present state of things in this industry indicates a profession that has increasingly focused on the entertainment business vis a vis other roles that journalism ought to play in society. But this is for good reasons if the concept of journalism is viewed as a whole; in this section, I wish to show that entertainment is a central feature in journalism, which cannot be omitted if this industry is to be successful. It is common knowledge that the real intention of journalism is to sell information that really matters, but not just any kind of information. But in order to sell that albeit small section of information that the industry is interested in passing to its audience and thereby generate income requires this profession to focus more on entertainment. This makes sense considering that the major income-generating activities in the larger media industry are from the sale of information, usually through various forms of advertisement, which entertainment actually happens to be one of them. So to go around this hurdle, the journalism profession has to increase focus on what sells most, that which interests its audience most, and that which attracts the audience in the first place; this is almost always any form of entertainment. Indeed, historically the role of journalism has always mainly been entertainment and events coverage; unfortunately, these noble functions have overtime been overtaken by the unique needs of this modern society, 21 st -century challenges, and the concept of the capitalist system that is in place in today world over as we shall see in the following section. So from this perspective, it is clear that journalism must focus on entertainment as its business for it to succeed. Argument against this claim But at the same time, journalism has really nothing to do with entertainment as its actual mandate goes beyond the mere need to entertain its audience, or in that case, keep them informed. Here I claim that the journalism profession is really not about entertainment per se, given that the real intention is to reach the same audience and sell it information that is valuable. In fact, I wish to postulate that modern journalism is almost solely interested in shaping audience preferences through advertisement than it is committed to its core business, which should be events coverage and entertainment. This is because advertisement is now a thriving multi-billion industry that is very much at the center of every component of the media indu
Introduction In the modern world, global changes are taking place that includes long-term social goals as a priority ‑ sustainable development of the economy and society as a whole, an answer to the challenges of the new industrial revolution. All this requires the creation of an economic model capable of ensuring the predominance of precisely such goals over short-term economic benefits. To achieve the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) set forth in the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development (adopted at the UN Summit in September 2015), business and financial markets have to play a key role to play in ensuring responsible activities and financing (Deloitte, 2018). Businesses, whose social responsibility was traditionally been boiled down to their contribution to economic growth, job creation, and tax payments, are now invited to take on a larger, integrating role in the practical implementation of the 2030 Agenda, which is proposed to be considered as a “road map” not only for countries and organizations involved in the process of increasing responsibility for the prospects for sustainable development of society but also for business. As the ideas of sustainable development were popularized, large companies, in particular multinational ones, began to adopt them as guidelines for their activities. The main place here should be taken by companies that put environmental, social, and management indicators (ESG) and ESG investments at the center of their business strategies. Namely, these companies should become business leaders, the main subjects of the practical achievement of the SDGs by translating their profits into sustainable and inclusive economic growth, protecting the environment, and combating climate change. A Brief Overview of the Company Nestle was founded in 1866 by Swiss pharmacist Henry Nestle, who created artificial nutrition for babies. Already in the early 1900s, Nestle had factories in the USA, Britain, Germany, and Spain. In 1904, reaching an agreement with the Swiss National Chocola
“If You Forget Me” is a poem by the Nobel Prize winning poet Pablo Neruda. Neruda’s work spans the period between the first and second world wars. Neruda was also active in the civil movement that took place in Spain. Born in 1904, Pablo Neruda was a Chilean politician, diplomat, and poet (Pablo Neruda – Biography 1). Neruda was an active poet right from the time he was a teenager. His poetry covered a wide array of topics and themes such as politics, history, love, erotica, and autobiography. In the course of his career, Neruda was faced by several political tribulations including being in exile for a few years. He was also an active member of Chile’s Communist Party. “If You Forget Me” is one of Neruda’s most popular poems. The poem is a significant work of literature and it is rich in well-executed linguistic devices. “If You Forget Me” was originally written in Spanish like with all other Neruda’s poems. The poem is sourced from “The Captain’s Verses” poetry collection. Many people have erroneously claimed that the poem was penned as a dedication to the poet’s wife Matilde. However, Neruda’s dedications to his wife were complied in a collection called “100 Love Sonnets”. This particular poem is written in light of Neruda’s exile from his Chilean homeland. The love and passion that is expressed in the poem relates to the poet’s homeland and not his wife. The poem is made up of seven stanzas of different lengths. In the very first two lines, the poem captures the reader’s attention by expressing the speaker’s eagerness. The poem starts with the lines “I want you to know, one thing” (Neruda 1). These two lines pull the reader’s attention towards the importance of what the speaker wants to know. The second stanza continues to describe the speaker’s feelings towards the object of his desire. In the speaker’s view, his feelings are not a secret and that is why the second stanza starts with the lines “You know how this is” (Neruda 1). The object of Pablo Neruda’s affection was his homeland of Chile. The second stanza describes in affectionate details how t
The advent of digital technologies has been applauded for instigating a revolution across all spheres of human activity. Typically, these technologies came with a number of ramifications in the ethical and social realms. Nonetheless, a careful examination of the pros and cons of digital technologies suggests that the pros outweigh the cons, hence their ubiquity. However, particular social groupings still lag behind in embracing these technologies. A case in point is the Latino community in the state of Illinois, USA. This paper explores the digital divide between Latinos and Whites in Illinois with a focus on what is being done to bridge it. Illinois ranks among the top performing states insofar as embracing technology is concerned. 1 However, the Latino community in this state trails its white counterparts in the use of digital technologies. The 2003 Census updates indicate that only 45 percent of Latino households in Illinois were equipped with computers, as compared to the national average of 55 percent. 2 Eamon argues that the digital gap between Latinos and Whites is representative of the socioeconomic stratification in the American society. 3 High-income households (annual incomes of $50,000 and above), have a higher access to digital technologies than low-income households. 4 Latinos in Illinois are mainly low-income earners, because, according to Samuelson and Ciesla, their average annual household income in 2009 was $38,039. 5 Therefore, their access to digital technologies is lower compared to Whites, whose average annual household income in the same year was $54,461. 6 Further, minority groups usually report lower access to digital technologies compared to dominant groups. For example, in Illinois, only 66 percent of Latino adults accessed the internet in 2010 compared to 77 percent of white adults. 7 Moreover, only 45 percent of Latino households had access to broadband internet, as opposed to 65 percent of white households. 8 Elsewhere, a report by the Pew Hispanic Centre indicates that as of 2012, the number of Latino adults who owned a smartphone stood at 49 percent. 9 In comparison, only 46 percent of white adults owned a smartphone. 10 However, Cepeda poses an important question as to whether or not it is enough to assume that since Latinos have a higher access to these phones, they can replicate all the activities that whites carry out in the comfort of their homes using their computers. 11 Some of these activities include online job applications, banking activities, and academic work. 12 This question makes it plain to stakeholders in Illinois that much is yet to be done to bridge the digital gap between these groups. Apparently, the Latino community in Illinois needs higher access to computers for the digital gap to be effectively bridged. Training programmes that enhance the computer skills of Latinos should go hand in hand with any increase in comput
Background Environmentalism might seem a comparatively recent tendency in the society, yet a closer look at the subject matter will reveal that numerous scholars have pondered over the impact that the humankind has on the Earth and nature. Needless to say, the negative effects thereof have been brought up quite often, with a range of studies pointing to the necessity to introduce a more sustainable approach toward the management of natural resources, especially as far as finite ones are concerned. Silent Spring can be viewed as an attempt to draw attention to the problem before it grows out of proportions (Whorton 37). Particularly, the effects of synthetic pesticides on the well-being of people and wildlife should be viewed as the focus of the study. In her book, Rachel Carson argues that the use of pesticides, especially in combination with fuel oil, leads to deplorable effects such as the poisoning of the environment (Jakubowicz et al. 2). Despite the fact that the book must be recognized as a groundbreaking accomplishment in the struggle for preserving the environment and improving the quality of life across the globe, one must admit that the lack of elaboration on the issue of the biotic approach proposed as an alternative makes the argument somewhat weaker. It would be wrong to claim that Carson’s paper lacks consistency or reasoning; quite on the contrary, it can be viewed as an example of a perfectly structured and well-grounded statement concerning the necessity to protect the environment. That being said, the book represented only the first step toward promoting a global improvement, yet it did not shed light on how to further alterations should be made. A tighter focus on the bionic approach that Carson suggested as a solution to the dilemma between the need to safeguard the environment and maintain the performance levels across industries consistent would have been a significant improvement. Reflection on the Thesis: A Sociopolitical Perspective When considering the strengths of Carson’s thesis, one must admit that it manages to embrace every single aspect of the problem, including not only the environmental perspective but also the economic and political ones. Indeed, viewing the issue solely through the lens of environmentalism would have led to a mismanagement of the problem and, therefore, its misrepresentation. By introducing political and social perspectives, Carson managed to stress the ambiguity of the issue. Particularly, the author acknowledges the importance of industries as the source of the economic and financial well-being of the state and its residents. At the same time, Carson pointed to the fact that the enhancement of industrial performance, the increasing pace of urbanization, and the inability to manage waste appropriately lead to a gradual deterioration of natural resources and, therefore, the ultimate demise of nature (Bober 35). Therefore, it could be argued that the issue of urbanization ha
Chinese American Immigration The Chinese American immigration consists of two distinct periods: first wave occurred between the 1850s and 1880s and ended in the appearance of federal laws that restricted the immigration: and the second wave that started in 1970s and still continues to this day. Immigrants from China are the third-largest group of foreign nationalities that live in the States, numbering more than two million people (Dawson par. 1). First and Second Wave In 1850s, political instability and pressures from the Chinese government forced thousands of Chinese immigrants to move out of the country in search for a job. It was reported that more than 500,000 people moved to the United States, which resulted in the federal government passing the Chinese Exclusion Act in 1882. However, unlike the Chinese American immigrants of the 19th century, the post-1965 immigrants from China were skilled and moved out of the country for education and temporary work. The main pathway for Chinese immigrants to the United States is the family-sponsored visas given to the immediate relatives of the US citizens. Moreover, among all population of immigrants from Asia, the family sponsored visas are the most prevalent visas (Malik par. 4). Anti-American Attitudes Despite the huge waves of immigration, the Chinese government does not see any potential in relations connected with Americanization of China. Thus, the picture of the U.S. ambassador to China, Gary Locke, taken when he drank Starbucks coffee with his little daughter at the Sea-Tac airport caused a lot of discontent from the Chinese government that considers such lifestyle offensive (Wong par. 2). Another example of anti-American attitudes on the part of the Chinese government is the fact that a successful engineer Hu Zhichenf can’t return to his homeland because the Chinese officials say that he is wanted. However, there is no evidence of who wants him and for what reason (Jacobs par. 2). Nevertheless, the Chinese government treats all undutiful citizens with extra rigor. Chen Guangcheng, a blind advocate for women rights and opponent of the strict family planning policies was held captive by the government even after serving time in jail. He was forced to escape and found a way to the American Embassy, causing a diplomatic crisis in order to free himself (“After Epic Escape from China, Exile Is Mired in Partisan U.S.” par. 1). Uncertain about the trajectory of the Chinese government as well as unsatisfied with the level of education in the country, Chinese citizens still continue leaving the country for the better future. Moreover, the lenient US immigration policy that encourages Chinese skilled workers to take jobs in the States also contributes to the increased immigration (Hooper and Batalova par. 6). Reforms in the US immigration policies would likely continue to invite educated and high-skilled workers from China; however, it would be harder to bring extended relatives along. Conclusion To sum up, the Chinese American immigration is an ongoing process that has not stopped yet, on the contrary, it is gaining momentum with ev