ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The film Rain Main is an Oscar-winning story of an autistic man and his brother. Produced in 1988 and directed by Barry Levinson, Rain Man reveals the story of two brothers. The elder brother, Charlie Babbitt, finds after the death of his father that he has bequeathed almost his entire multi-million dollar properties to his autistic son, Raymond Babbitt, about whom he was not aware of. Charlie is disgruntled to find that his brother stays at a mental hospital and has inherited $3 million as a bequeathed amount in his father’s will. Charlie was never in good terms with his father but is very angry in knowing that he has not been left with anything except a battered Buick Roadmaster (1949). Despite being faced with major problems in his car business in Los Angeles, Charlie rushes to Ohio to meet his brother and to find solutions in getting at least a part of the bequeathed amount. On his way to Ohio, he made plans to abduct his brother and bring him to his place at Los Angeles and to hold him there until he gets his share of his father’s wealth. However, despite being autistic, Raymond has a sharp mind and is aware of crashes happening at all major airports, which is why he refuses to fly to Los Angeles with Charlie. Under the circumstances, Charlie has no choice but to make a cross country drive in his father’s Road-master. However, this journey proves to be very frustrating for Charlie, but eventually, he rediscovers himself. This aspect is the best part of the film. Barry Levinson has focused on every detail of the film i
Introduction Facebook is one of the largest social media web pages in the world today. The web page was designed and created by Mark Zuckerberg and his friends while they were still in college. Zuckerberg has, on numerous occasions, claimed that the initial web page was meant to help people in campus share things about school work, but they realized that it could be much bigger than their campus perimeter wall. In order to join Facebook, a user has to create a personal profile. They then use the profile to invite and accept requests from family and friends. The users can then send messages, share pictures and videos and also shop online through that profile created. It suffices to mention that the profile can indeed be deleted if the person decides so. The user will, however, have to give a reason as to why he or she is deleting the account in order to improve services for the rest. Ethical Status Facebook, like all other companies, has an ethical standing. Indeed, the company has a public statement in its user policy about ethics and related issues. The statement reads that the company has all the rights to use the information that is uploaded by the users for research purposes. It suffices to mention that Facebook has had several cases that touch on ethics over the years. The main argument is usually based on the ethical statement provided. The ethical statement makes business for them very easy. Facebook can use the information provided by the users unknowingly to improve their services and make the business better. For instance, in 2012, a survey was conducted without user knowledge. The users were given either positive data or negative data to determine how sad and happy news affect the moods of the users. It was concluded that people who saw negative feeds also became negative, giving negative feedback and posting negative statuses. The vice versa was true for people who saw positive feeds. The survey was aimed at improving Facebook as a business; it improved the type of advertisements that the company encouraged and the kind of data people could upload. Additionally, Facebook has been criticized for not having enough ethical rules for the users. For example, the site claims that only people above the age of twelve can join the site. However, the site does not require any official documents showing that the user is above the stipulated age. Ethical Responsibility Facebook has several ethical responsibilities. The first responsibility is to ensure that the data uploaded in the site is kept safe and private. However, as Zarrella (2010) observes, there are numerous cases of privacy breach by hackers and even Facebook itself. For example, there have been numerous cases where hackers have accessed a person’s profile, sent out messages to con people, and even stole
The interviews featured three managers in different fields done at their workplaces to determine differences in management styles. Also interviewed were one staff member working for each of the managers to get a clear picture of the effectiveness of their management styles. The managers were asked a set of self-assessment questions, which included:  1. how they would assess their own management style  2. self- assessment on decision-making  3. staff motivation techniques  4. staff participation in organizations strategic planning and  5. communication channels in the organization. Their staff members were also asked the same questions but focusing on their assessment of the managers skills. The first manager interviewed was Sanjay Kumar, a manager at an information technology firm that develops computer-based software with five years of experience. Sanjay went into business after college where he graduated with a bachelor’s degree in information technology. He had no prior experience in management and has fifteen employees working for him. Sanjay explained that he reads materials on management skills and regularly attends seminars on development of good leadership skills. The interview with Sanjay revealed that he is a manager who works very closely with his staff. He is keen to ensure that accuracy and professionalism are maintained at all time in the organization. He considers his management style as democratic. On decision-making, Sanjay said he is aware that he cannot please all and deals diplomatically after gathering important information always consulting relevant departments in the organization. Sanjay keeps a pleasant sense of humor to promote a happy environment for his staff to embrace a fun attitude at work. He holds regular staff meetings and occasionally treats his staff to a ball game or trips as a team building activity He also involves his staff in the firm’s strategic planning. They contribute in development of the plan by outlining among other exercises, the strength and weakness opportunity and threats analysis tasks; this he says gives them a sense of participation in major operational issues in the firm. Sanjay has adopted a revolving door policy in communicating to his staff; he keeps meeting his staff regularly, and allows their opinions through emails, teleconference as well as face-to-face meetings. An interview with one of Sanjay Kumar’s employees, Eric Matola revealed consistency with his boss’s interview. The staff member pointed out that Sanjay works very closely with him and the rest of the staff members and that Sanjay was keen on specifics of production. Eric said that Sanjay also consults him and other staffers on matters concerning the organization and he does not hesitate to consult Sanjay incase of any matter arising in the course of his duty. The organization’s staff meets every first Tuesday of the month to asses and motivate themselves where prices are awarded for work well done. He also communicates to the management through emails and is free to express his concerns. He feels part of the firm and has b
Xia defines culture as a vague concept with differences in such factors as sight, customs, religion, tradition, and thoughts. When people move to another country, they often encounter these differences (Xia 97). Due to the extreme differences in culture that people often encounter, it becomes quite hard to adjust to new culture and they are mentally affected hence experiencing stress because of alien traditions. This stress is as a result of confusion and emotional discomfort and it is manifested by a number of symptoms like anxiety, depression and feeling vulnerable (Xia 97). However, Xia’s research suggests some steps that can help reduce the shock or its impact. Accordingly, he states that Pre-Departure preparation reduces chances of suffering stress. People need to be prepared for the new and different culture before travelling abroad in what is called pre-departure. Xia also purports that Understanding the stages of culture shock is also pertinent to adjustment process. The author addressed four steps; honeymoon phase, (Xia 98), Negativity phase, Adjustment phase, and Mastery stage (Xia 98). According to the author’s analysis, when an individual has already settled in the new culture, he/she has great chance of limiting or totally alleviating stress as he/she continues adapting. Self confidence builds efficacy which in turn builds the belief that an individual can do a certain task. Similarly, optimism decreases anxiety and instils the zeal to learn (Xia 100). The author also found out that acceptance of the new culture as it is makes an individual more comfortable and adjustment is smooth and successful (Xia 100). Another crucial factor identified by Xia is Social Support. When people offer solace, encouragement, approval and advice, personal ability to function and adjust is enhanced (Xia 100). The method
Executive Summary For nations, sports provides some sense of national pride, and for individuals, sports provides strong financial rewards and personal recognition. Based on this fact, it is no surprise that many players will do all they can to reach high levels of success in the game. With the growing popularity of sports in the international arena, a growing sense of concern has emerged regarding the welfare of the players. This concern has led to the emergence of a new field of medicine – sports medicine. However, like other branches of medicine, sports medicine has unique ethical issues. These ethical issues have been discussed scantly in contemporary medical literatures and there has been little discussion regarding the intricacies of sports medicine in general. This paper focuses on highlighting the ethical issues in sports medicine. The methodology of the paper is mainly focused on using secondary research sources by carrying out a meta-analysis on the same to come up with a comprehensive analogy of the research problem. The scope of the topic is wide and it encompasses many ethical problems in sports medicine with occasional comparisons with conventional medicine. Nonetheless, this paper identifies that many of the ethical problems in sports medicine are common to conventional medicine, except for the uniqueness of some ethical problems. Ethical issues such as confidentiality, patient autonomy, truthfulness and conflict of duties/interests are identified as the main ethical problems in sports medicine. These ethical issues are
The clinical guideline and associated recommendations Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways with airway hyper-responsiveness. The aim of this term paper is to assess the latest report on asthma guidelines (EPR-3) (Busse et al., 2007). The guideline illustrates diagnostic procedures for assessment of severity and control of asthma based on presence of airway hypersensitiveness, reversibility of airflow, detailed medical history, respiratory tract, skin and chest examinations, spirometry to assess obstruction, and exclusion of other chronic pulmonary obstructive diseases. Forced expiratory volume to forced vital capacity ratios (FEV/FVC), by spirometry, was recommended as the main criterion to assess severity. Periodic monitoring (signs and symptoms, FEV/FVC, and peak flow measurements, asthma exacerbations’ history, etc.), and referral to a specialist in extreme severity were also recommended. Education through the written asthma action plan of handling metered-dose inhalers, smoking avoidance, household environmental consciousness (indoor and outdoor allergens, mites, cockroaches, etc.), and clinical guidance was emphasized. Avoidance of non-specific beta 2 blockers and aspirin, sulfite-containing and other food, occupational pollutants, single and multiple allergen immunotherapy, and tests for sensitivity to non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, sinusitis, and nasal polyps were also recommended. Chronic comorbid conditions like obesity, rhinitis/sinusitis, chronic stress/depression, gastroesophageal reflux disease, obstructive sleep apnea were related to asthma severity. Recommendations for medications for long-term control were: inhaling corticosteroids, cromolyn sodium, nedocromolin, immunomodulators, leukotriene modulators, bronchodialators, methylxanthines, and short term quick relief were: anticholinergics, strong bronchodialators, systemic corticosteroids etc. It was recommended that use of immunomodulators inhalations may have potential risk. In adults, health problems associated with prolong treatment were listed, and possible remedy measures were formulated. Adjunctive drugs (omalijumab) were recommended in severe untreatable cases only. Other specialized drugs recommended to be within recommended doses were leukrotriene receptor antagonists (fluticasone), lipoxygenase inhibitors (Zileuton) and beta 2 agonists. Indicate the group who developed the guidelines on the particular topic The recommendations were delivered by National Asthma Education and Prevention Program (NAEPP) coordination committee. An expert panel was set up by the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) to update the asthma guidelines. It is an update from previou
Abstract During fractionated radiotherapy of tumors, especially those located in the head and neck regions, the patient must be accurately and reproducibly positioned which requires use of immobilization devices. In this retrospective study, a comparison between two commercially available immobilization devices (“BrainLab” and “Orfit”) for the treatment of head and neck lesions using “ExacTrac” localization system was done. The data were extracted and analyzed from 28 patients that underwent 5 or more fractions of external beam radiation therapy (EBRT) for head-and-neck tumors. Two groups of the patients (14 for each group) were created for comparison purposes. The study looked at how reliable these two masks were at reproducing the patient position based on the amount of shift in different directions one will have over the other. Group A patients had been planned and treated using “BrainLab” immobilization device while group B patients had been planned and treated using “Orfit” immobilization mask. Results showed that the overall patient displacement during treatment was significantly lower by “BrainLab” device (mean = 0.625, sd = 0.16) compared to “Orfit” device (mean = 0.987, sd = 0.136), p = 0.0023, paired t-test. However, the control of the displacements was significant in the lateral, yaw, roll and pitch dimensions (p< 0.05), and not in the vertical and longitudinal dimensions (p> 0.05) paired t-test. Isocenter offsets (displacements) for patients treatments using BrainLAB immobilization device was of narrower range (appeared less scattered on a line graph) compared to isocenter offsets from patients treated using the Orfit immobilization device, and the overall isocenter offsets (displacements) were more to the positive (+) dimensions for the Orfit device compared to those of the BrainLAB device. The “BrainLab” device therefore significantly reproduces the treatment set up compared to the “Orfit” immobilization device. Introduction It is important to accurately and reproducibly position a patient during fractional radiotherapy of tumors especially those located in the head and neck regions. This is particularly important because treatment setup inaccuracies can result into irradiation of non-target healthy tissues and organs (e.g. eyes, salivary glands, optic chiasm, and brain stem) which can lead to treatment failure, morbidity and increased risks to patients (B
Engaging and retaining qualified specialists in the healthcare sector are the practices that are maintained by professional managers effectively. An opportunity to provide subordinates with favorable working conditions is the guarantee that employees will perform their immediate duties competently and will be ready to devote themselves to achieving the ultimate goals of their organization. Motivational ideas promoted among workers can play an important role in forming opinions about the internal policies of a particular institution and the healthcare system as a whole. For this purpose, it is essential to consider the existing leadership approaches and principles that allow managers to not only retain subordinates but also to control their behavior, which contributes to productive work. Scholarly motivational theories are the significant components of management, and their effective application in practice correlates with the performance and satisfaction of subordinates. Personnel Retention and Reliable Performance The factors that motivate medical staff to perform their duties effectively and adhere to appropriate behavior are largely determined by the nature of management approaches. About nurses, the leaders of healthcare institutions often stimulate the activity of subordinates by organizing effective cooperation among them and supporting the system of rewards. Nevertheless, factors affecting productivity and dedication to immediate duties may vary. For instance, Borkowski (2015) states that there is a direct link between physicians’ “disruptive behavior and nurse satisfaction and retention” (p. 273). Management’s failure to provide a normal interaction mechanism among employees influences their job satisfaction negatively, which, in turn, reduces performance. One of the most successful mechanisms for achieving high production results is motivation. As Johnson and Rossow (2019) note, leaders’ ability to influence the indicators of subordinates’ interest and utilize the appropriate methods of stimulating working activity characterizes managers’ professionalism and their awareness of assigned functions. In case employees are willing to make efforts and do everything possible to achieve the highest possible results, it affects the overall work process positively. Based on various motivational theories implying work with subordinates as one of the key aspects of personnel management, it is possible to assess the success of specific measures and their importance in the healthcare sector. McGregor’s Theory and Its Impact Human resource management requires constant monitoring to achieve high production results. Following McGregor’s theory, initially, employees do not have the appropriate motivation and are not ready to put maximum efforts for the benefit of their organization (Prottas & Nummelin, 2018). In the context of the healthcare area, such an approach
Summary of Gender and the Musical Canon by Marcia J. Citron Gender and the Musical Canon is a timely and engaging read, and was one of the publications which at their time were a sign of profound and welcome change within the field of musicology. Before this time, American musicology had not been concerned with issues of signification, and rarely were questions about the relationship of music with gender of society asked. There was a void as far as matters of relationship of music with gender, sexuality, or other categories of cultural analysis were concerned, as music was basically analyzed using primarily positivist methods. Hence, this time was a pivotal one in American musicology, which was willing now to communicate with other academic disciplines, to listen to critical voices and to pursue new schools of thought that existed. The discourse of musicology was now on the path to enrichment and transformation ands Marcia J. Citron’s attempt at inquiring into the relationship between music and gender in the context of the canon was an example of the few works which gave scholars a fresh approach to the practice of musicology. This study by Citron focuses on the complex issue of the “classical music canon” in the academy. Her premise as articulated by her in the book’s introduction is why does musicology neglect the vital question of why we continue to valorize such a small body of music composed by persons of one gender belonging to a specific part of the world during a comparatively short period of time. She presents a feminist analysis of canon formation in music and while her book does not regard gender in the most inclusive meaning of the term, as it deals with the works and experiences of both sexes, the central focus is on why the works of women fail to occupy important positions in musical canons and what changes need to occur for women to attain better representation. In her book, Citron proposes a multitude of reasons to which we can attribute the absence of women composers from the canon, as she explores the issue within the broad categories of “creativity”, “professionalism” and “reception”, which together are three chapters out of six in all. The introductory chapter is “Canonic Issues” and the two remaining chapters are “Music as a gendered discourse,” (which proposes the possibility of interpreting “masculine” and “feminine” elements in a tonal sonata) and “The canon in practice” (which provides a general account of the features of the previous chapters as well as some useful comments on, as she sees it, the much needed restructuring of the university music-history curriculum). In her first chapter, the author talks about “Canonic Issues”. Although a canon is generally defined as a “specified group of related works”, its etymological root, “kanon” means ruler, standard, or