ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Afghanistan is a landlocked country with large mountainous areas, which remain mainly arid throughout the year. Thus, there is often shortage of water, due to which the local population has to bear many inconveniences. Besides, the country is also prone to earthquakes, which leaves trail of destruction. Over its chequered history, Afghanistan has had both natural and man-made disasters to cause enormous havoc to this fertile country, because of which, it remains one of the poorest countries in the world today. The mountainous nature of this country has made it rather inaccessible for purpose of trade and commerce, and with very little vegetation possible due to aridity of land; people are forced to seek recourse to poppy cultivation for their daily sustenance. There are a large number of diverse ethnic communities in this country and various dialects are spoken in different areas of the country. “There are also many other, smaller, ethnic groups including Turkmens, Baluchs, Aimaks and others.” (O’Toole). The problem lies in the fact that the administrative machinery would have a tough time in “trying to unite a country driven by ethnic, religious and tribal rivalries.” (O’Toole). Add to this is the problems caused by the local Taliban forces which, although are out of power, are bent upon destabilizing the country by wrecking government’s attempt to enforce peace and harmonious democratic process in the country. The Taliban is aided with arms and ammunition from terrorists’ outfits in Pakistan, where, internal forces are siding with the Taliban and local drug Mafias to enforce their reign of terror and subjugation on this neighboring country. The recent history of Afghanistan has been the ousting of the Taliban and the attempt at restoring the democratic process under the elected representation of Hamid Kanzai, the President of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan. He has an enormous task in that he has to bring about acceptable reconciliation amongst the local warring factions, groups and clans within the country and persuade the remaining Taliban religious fundamentalists to lay down their arms and join in the Government’s efforts for nation-building. The very existence of the civil Government in Afghanistan is with the active assistance of the reigning National Alliance, needs the support of foreign powers and NATO allies to stay in power. Afghanistan’s peace efforts are ensured by US Special Forces, UNO peace-keeping forces and military personnel of countries interested in the ultimate peace and prosperity of this war-ravaged country.. How long this would last is a matter of conjecture, and it may also become necessary for peacekeeping armies to remain in Afghanistan for a long time to ensure permanent stability in the land. Coming to the second part of the question, the history of Afghanistan has been one replete with bloodshed and violence since its rule under the Mughals. Then began the ten-year
Introduction The paper under consideration is titled “ The efficacy of 6 local anesthetic formulations used for posterior mandibular buccal infiltration anesthesia ” (Abdulwahab et al 2009). It is published in the Journal of the American Dental Association (JADA) in 2009. The main purpose of this paper is to assess the efficacy of the five commonly marketed dental anesthetic formulations in achieving pulpal anesthesia after mandibular buccal infiltration and compare them with a control formulation of lidocaine with epinephrine (L100) (Abdulwahab et al 2009). Additionally, it aims to evaluate the adverse drug reactions and side effects in the participants. Evaluation of the Paper This paper uses the Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT) method which is commonly applied to clinical examinations. Proper randomization is effective in this case as it leaves little scope for any kind of business in the assignment of treatments to patients. Moreover, as the RCT is double-blind, the research is expected to yield objective results. The trial is conducted on a group of 18 healthy participants between 18-65 years of age who have met certain specific criteria. Thus, a larger cross-section of the society in terms of age is taken into consideration. The local dental anesthetic formulations used in this study are the popular amide-based anesthetics commonly available in the US namely, A200, A100, P200, Mw/o, and B200 (Abdulwahab et al 2009). The participants are administered a very small amount of anesthetic (0.9ml) in the form of buccal infiltration injections of anesthetic solutions adjacent to the molar and this procedure is repeated throughout six sessions. The degree of pulpal anesthesia is then determined by analyzing the scores against the Electronic Pulp Test (EPT) criteria. The entire method is, thus, carried out on the lines of a scientific experiment. The EPT scores for the six anesthetic formulations are 43.5% for L100, 44.8% for B200, 51.2% for P200, 66.9% for A200, 68.3% for Mw/o and 77.3% for A100 (Abdulwahab et al 2009). Minor critical reactions to the mandibular molar infiltration test are reported but these are independent of the local anesthetic formulations. The authors concluded that “ mandibular infiltration with 0.9mL of the tested dental anesthetics could induce only partial pulpal anesthesia, a level … inadequate for most dental procedures ” ( Abdulwahab et al 2009). As per the data available, the pulpal anesthesia achieved with A100 is found to be statistically greater than the others. I fully agree with the conclusions of the study that the degree of pu
According to Wagner, Macpherson, Parente, and Trentini (2011), “estimation abilities are a group of processes that involve functions such as planning, attention, abstract reasoning, and also mnemonic processes, like semantic and working memory” (p. 203). In the article “Cognitive estimation abilities in healthy and clinical populations: The use of the Cognitive Estimation Test,” the authors describe the psychometric features and standards of the Cognitive Estimation Test (CET) and evaluate the reliability and credibility of the test results. Estimation abilities are commonly defined as a group of cognitive processes that involve the use of a person’s semantic knowledge and memory (Wagner et al., 2011, p. 203). An individual uses his/her estimation skills when there is a need for evaluation or mental measuring of spatial and time distances, directions, quantities, etc. The indications of the estimation abilities are of great significance for the practicing clinical psychologists because they help to identify the deviations that indicate a variety of brain damages. CET is the neuropsychological test that was originally created by Tim Shallice and Margaret Evance to assess “frontal brain damaged patients due to different aetiologies” (Wagner et al., 2011, p. 203). As it was observed, the frontal lobes are extensively connected with the majority of other brain areas, and some of these neuro-circuits are responsible for the cognitive abilities in human. According to Wagner and colleagues (2011), the human cognitive abilities are involved in the formation of the multilateral executive functions that help people to analyze their situations and conditions for the further achievement of the personal goals and planning the way for their achievement (p. 203). Overall, the estimation abilities include decision-making, problem-solving, reasoning, attention, initiation, monitoring, and imagery. In this way, CET is meant to assess the executive functioning of the brain to diagnose the neurological conditions in patients due to damages in frontal areas of the brain. There are at least three scientific tests elaborated to assess the estimation abilities: the original CET, Test Zum Kognitiven Schatzen (TKS), and Biber Cognitive Estimation Test (BCET) (Silverberg, Hanks, & McKay, 2007). CET includes the qualitative and quantitative questions, and according to the correctness of the answers given for each of the questions the patients are scored. TKS consists of the list of questions related to the dimensions of size, weight, time, and quantity (Wagner et al., 2011, p. 204). The procedures involved in TKS are regarded as useful in the assessment of patients with Korsakoff syndrome and Alzheimer’s dise
Introduction Green Mile is a movie that premiered in 1999 and was directed by Frank Darabont, a talented film producer famous for such works as The Shawshank Redemption and The Walking Dead . The movie is based on Stephen King’s novel with the same title. Green Mile is a drama and mystery firm starring many famous actors, including Tom Hanks (Paul Edgecomb), Michael Clark Duncan (John Coffey), and David Morse (Brutus Howell). At the time, the movie was nominated for four Academy Awards prizes for the best actor, the best actor in supporting role, the best sound, and the best screenplay based on a previously published material (IMDb). Green Mile is a powerfully dramatic and mysterious narrative that is worth seeing because its story remains relevant in today’s unfair and cruel society. Summary The movie begins with Paul Edgecomb, an older man who tells a story of his life to a woman from the nursery home. The narrative goes back to 1935, when Paul worked as a death row prison officer. One day, an unusually large man named John Coffey is admitted to prison, and he is charged with the rape and murder of two young girls. At first, very little is known about the man, and the prison officers focus on the other inmates who are waiting for their turn to be executed. However, one time, when Paul Edgecomb struggles with pain, he realizes that John Coffey has a mystery gift of healing. After this gift saves Warden Hal Moores’s wife, Paul starts to seriously question if John was really guilty of murder and assault. Sometime later, the real murderer is found, and everyone understands that John is innocent. However, Coffey cannot forgive himself for not saving those two girls, and he agrees to be executed to set himself free of pain. The gift of healing passes on to Paul Edgecomb, who now must live forever and see how everyone he loves leaves him one by one. Film Genre Criteria The most significant criterion of every dramatic film is the number of emotionally driven characters. Their actions are usually based on feelings and relationships with each other. In Green Mile , every single character has their own emotional background that affects their decisions. For example, John Coffey’s desire to let go of the guilt for not saving the girls makes him pass on Melinda Moores’s sickness to Percy, who later kills the real murderer of the girls. Similarly, Paul Edgecomb is emotionally driven to reconsider his attitude to justice and doubt someone’s guilt because this person is too good to commit such a cruel crime. Another criterion is the large number of conflicts that lead to some unpredictable actions. In Green Mile , people are involved in both conflicts with each other and within their personalities. For example, John Coffey lives in a constant battle with himself because he knows that he lives to save people’s lives, but, at the same time, he feels like he does not deserve to live. No matter how many lives he might save, John Coffey will always feel guilty for the death of two innocent girls. An excellent example of an interpersonal conflict is the relationship between Percy Wetmore with everyone he talks to throughout the movie, as he re
Australia has the world’s largest depot of uranium; uranium is a major raw material in the production of nuclear power. The irony of the matter is that Australia does not use these reserves to produce nuclear energy; two main reasons that has contributed to the un-exploitation are availability of rich coal deposits in the country, which are used as an alternative energy source, and opposition from anti-nuclear power movements. Despite this, there are some moves from the federal government to develop a nuclear energy plant in the country. Australian Nuclear Energy was established in 2006 to advise the Federal Minister for Innovation, Industry, Science and Research on whether Australia should develop nuclear energy plants. In its operation, it has considered different views held by both opposing and those proposing the move [1] . This paper discusses the viability of a nuclear plant in Australia; it will discuss the benefits and shortcomings of a nuclear weapon. Nuclear Energy Nuclear reactants have for long been used weapon as they are destructive and cause mass damage. However, some countries like China, Japan and the United states have tapped nuclear energy and used it as a source of energy in factories and homes; the energy is produced by controlling nuclear reactions and directing them to yield energy. Nuclear fusion (reaction) is the one employed (for commercial purposes) to produce heat that results in electricity production. By the year 2009, 10-15 % of world electricity was thought to have come from nuclear energy sources. Advantages of Using Nuclear Energy Nuclear energy when well controlled is one form of clean energy; wastes from the plants are estimated to be less than 1%. The emissions (wastes) produced from a nuclear energy can be tapped and used for other factors. Uranium and plutonium that are major components in a nuclear energy plant, they can be tapped up to 95% and used to make mixed oxide oil and put in other commercial benefits [2] . The reserves that Australia has are adequate to give the country a large supply of energy for a long period. Australia has the world’s largest uranium deposit; as demand for fuel in industries is growing; national oil reserves and oil wells are draining. Again, nuclear energy can be manufactured in laboratories so that if well regulated, it can be the future energy source, this guarantees its unending existence [3] . Using of nuclear energy reduces emission of carbon to the environment; carbon is one of the green house emissions that lead to global warming. Kyoto protocol that was ratified in Japan, on 11 December 1997 and was aimed to be fully implemented by 16 February 2005 recommends for adoption of clean technology. The 1995 National greenhouse Gas Inventory reported that, the net annual discharge of greenhouse gases in Australia was more than four hundred million tons of carbon dioxide. The highest percentage (about 18%) was contributed by agriculture activities while forestry and land use contributed about 12%. When nuclear energy is used, the country will not mind on green house emissions [4] . Disadvantages of nu
Introduction Short-term financing is of key importance for the firm’s short-term continued establishment because if they are not available in the short run, it means the firm’s long-term existence will be put into question. Short-term financing is finances from sources whose obligations are expected to mature within one year or less. These funds are required in order to support the current assets like cash, marketable securities, accounts receivable and inventory (McLaney E., 2003). There exist unsecured and secured sources of short term financing for firms. The unsecured sources of finance are always limited considering the riskiness involved especially to small and growing businesses that are not financially stable. This means that the suppliers of finance are confident to a certain level on which they can offer secured form of financing and beyond this level businesses are required to pledge some security so that they can be given funds (Westerfield R., Jaffe, and Jordan, 2007). The unsecured sources are normally cheaper than secured and easy to obtain them than long term finance hence it is advisable for businesses to use them to finance seasonal needs like inventories and accounts receivable. This will improve the overall profitability thus reducing the risk position of the firm (Brealey R. Myres, S. and Marcus, J., 2001). Unsecured short-term finances can also be obtained from banks in form of loans. These loans are normally self liquidating by creating a process to repay itself depending on the use it was taken for. The major ways in banks offer unsecured short-term loans are notes, line of credit and revolving credit agreements (McLaney E., 2003). The advantages and disadvantages of short term financing are; Advanta
Particularity of the organization Somerset Rural Youth Project is a charity organization based in rural regions of Somerset in the UK and it was established in 1997. The organization is located south of Bath and Bristol. Some of the areas it covers include Exmoor National Park, Mendip Hills, and Quanntock. The pioneers of the project established it with the objective of focusing at the needs of more than 3,000 youths in Somerset area. In its operation, the project focuses on youths whose age falls between 11 and 25 years. The projects Chief Executive Director is Heather Black. When establishing the project, Heather’s objective was to use youth work in assisting the young people to contribute positively towards rural development of Somerset. Since its inception, the project has undergone significant growth and attained numerous achievements. In its operation, the project focuses on attaining a number of objectives, which include improvement in the health and well-being of the youth, engaging in green activities, provision of rural employment, and learning and development of a stronger community. With regard to health and well-being, the project mainly focuses on youths aged between 13 and 19 years. Some of the health issues that the project addresses with specific reference to the youth relate to sexuality, drug addiction, and effect of bullying on the mental health of an individual. Through this program, the project has managed to promote health and well-being positively amongst the youth. On the other hand, the objective of the green activities project is to help the youth to engage in various outdoor activities such as conservation of wildlife, environment, and environmental restoration. This aspect is an important considering the high rate at which climate change is occurring. Due to the implementation of the green activities program, the organization has been in a position to preserve the global climate. Through the rural employment and learning team, Somerset Rural Youth Project has managed to offer practical support to youths aged between 16 and 25 years who are already in the job market. This program also incorporates provision of a nationally recognized qualification program known as the “Skills Towards Enabling Progression”. This program has significantly contributed towards the improvement of the level of skills amongst the youth. In a bid to enhance development of a stronger community, Somerset Rural Youth Project also provides recreational facilities to the youth. Some of the ways through which the entity has achieved this goal is by restoring a community center at a local church and by creating a BMX bike track. The project also provides loan facilities to the youth through the Moped Loan Scheme at a highly subsided rate. The loans aim at enabling the youth to access economic means of transport. Since its inception, Somerset Rural Youth Project has been committed to developing innovation amongst the youth, and o attain this objective, Somerset Rural Youth Project ensures that it has a well trained staff who can encourage
Introduction The foundation of most physicochemical studies is a thorough understanding of the principles of instrumental methods of analysis. With such methods, both direct and indirect calculations of unknown quantities can be performed, which significantly simplifies laboratory practice. In this work, the basics of cyclic voltammetry theory were applied to study the potentiodynamic characteristics of chemical media to determine the rates of redox processes in reducing ferrocyanide reaction to ferricyanide using a glassy carbon electrode. The core of this methodology is the cyclic increase in the working electrode’s potential, leading to periodic unloading of the analyzed system. Formulas for determining the potential [1] and peak current [2] were used for this purpose. Besides directly taking voltammograms for four solutions with different concentrations, the diffusion coefficient value was also measured and compared with the reference. The nature of mutual relation of peak voltage and scanning frequency and peak current and concentration of working substance was studied. Experimental Reagents   * Potassium Ferricyanide, K 3 Fe(CN) 6 , high purity/metal grade   * Potassium Nitrate, KNO 3, metal grade Solutions   * potassium nitrate, 1.999 M. Weighed by the difference 10.1076 g of dry potassium nitrate, dissolved in 30 mL of distilled water and quantitatively transferred into a 50 mL flask bringing the solution to the mark.   * potassium ferricyanide, 6.107×10 -2 M. Weighed by the difference 0.5027 g of dry matter, dissolved subsequently in 20 mL of distilled water using a 100 mL flask. Quantitatively transferred into a 25 mL flask and brought up to the mark with distilled water. Instrumentation   * Pine Research Wavenow Potentiostat   * Par G0229 Glassy Carbon Milli-Electrode (diameter 2 mm ± 0.2 mm disk)   * Ag/AgCl reference electrode   * Pt counter electrode assembly Procedure The measurements were performed according to the instructions in the Lab Procedure document. The first step was preparing potassium nitrate and potassium ferricyanide by weighing the dry substance by difference and dissolving in appropriate volumes of distilled water: equations [3] and [4]. The substances were placed in glass flasks for storage. The obtained substances’ concentrations did not practically differ from the reference and were equal to 1.999 M and 6.107×10-2 M, respectively: equations [5] and [6]. Four working solutions with actual concentrations of potassium ferricyanide equal to 1.221×10-3 M, 2.443×10-3 M, 4.886×10-3 M, and 9.771×10-3 M were obtained using the sequential dissolution method: equations [7], [8], [9], and [10]. The liquid volumes required for dissolution were pre-calculated using the formulas shown in [11], [12], [13], and [14]. The concentrations obtained were also slightly different from the reference concentrations given in the manual. For a 10 mL aliquot of all four solutions, cyclic volumetric waveforms were obtained at two scan rates: 40 and 200 mV/sec. For the 9.60×10-3 M solution, values at 80, 120, and 160 mV/sec were additi