ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
For a long period of time, the analyses of human brain have captivated most scientists and they have discovered various extraordinary abilities of the brain. Specifically, scientists have extensively analyzed the human memory through various approaches such as theoretical ideas, experimental finding and conceptual frameworks. In spite of conflicting and vast knowledge regarding memory, there are specific aspects that most scientists and psychologist can agree. One of the most imperative observations is that people memory is not perfect. This suggests that the human memory is prone to errors, distortions and illusions. Secondly, is the idea that memory is constructive. This idea suggests that bits and pieces of information are collected and put together to come up with a comprehensive idea. In addition, this suggests that when an individual recall previous events at a later time, they have to reconstruct and recreate their memory to come up with a complete memory. There are various problems that are associated with the constructive nature of memory. The process of memory retrieval is not only reconstructive, but it also involves other strategies that would assist in retrieving the original event or memory. Since not all information’s are stored in the long term memory, it becomes easy for most of important information disappear from the memory. This creates a room for an individual to fit any information that may seem correct or possible to the previous event. In addition, prior knowledge is also known to facilitate memory, and at the same time hinder retrieval of the past memory because
Introduction One of the first Disney characters that appeared in 1927 was Oswald Rabbit. The next year, a well-known Mickey Mouse replaced it and became a Walt Disney Studios icon. This image was favored for a long period until Disney introduced its first princess, Snow White, in 1937 (Juarez-Paz et al. 54). Since that moment, the Disney Princess franchise continued expanding, and now, almost all families who have baby girls are aware of such names as Ariel, Cinderella, Aurora, Jasmine, Belle, Rapunzel, Elsa, Merida, and Moana. Disney movies have considerably shaped modern society and established many cultural and behavioral standards. Princesses were improved as per their roles and possibilities, and instead of waiting for saving and protection (Snow White, Aurora, and Cinderella), girls have become able to act and decide (Moana, Mulan, and Merida). However, their visual images remain the same, including young age, long hair, good muscle tones, and moderately large breasts (Coyne et al., 1911). In this research, attention will be paid to gender roles and body images of Disney princesses to understand the popularity of the franchise and its impact on child development. Gender-Biased Roles Gender roles in Disney are frequently discussed as millions of people are raised on the idea that women are physically weak and men should rescue their families. Almost every Disney princess is depicted as a victim somehow, which proves the image of “the damsel in distress” offered by Juarez-Paz et al. (66). However, Cordwell recommends dividing Disney princesses into three areas (early, modern, and postmodern) to show how gender roles undergo significant changes (4). For example, early movies represent women as passive characters who allow men to save them. They believe in love and cannot resist the existing inequality or injustice, making them obedient homemakers like Snow White or Cinderella. In modern times, Disney movies break traditional gender roles and introduce Belle, Jasmine, and Ariel, who want to decide and set the story’s tone (Kang). Still, despite evident willpower and self-respect, these princesses have to rely on their men and accept their help (Cordwell 8). The postmodern era shows how female characters (Elsa, Anna, Rapunzel, and Merida) could look like when they achieve liberation and take responsibility for their actions, even if they do not find support from their men. Body Image Another important aspect of Disney movies is the physical appearance of characters and their impact on those who observe their stories. The image of women is usuall
GDP and GDP Per Capita A comparison of countries is necessary to identify strengths and weaknesses and implement the necessary positive changes. The Gross Domestic Product of Panama is trending for 2022 around 68.50 USD Billion. GDP per capita in 2021 was 12.168.47 (“Panama GDP per capita,” n.d., para. 1). In comparison, “GDP per capita in the United States was 56200.00 USD by the end of 2021” (“United States GDP per capita,” n.d., para. 1). This data was obtained by Trading Economics global macro models and analyst’s expectations. Quality of Life In Panama, there is a fairly low cost of living, especially in the real estate sector. Moreover, the country is characterized by a favorable climate for living. Moreover, good government and a small number of people contribute to this factor. Among Latin American countries, Panama is considered one of the safest to live in. In these aspects, the United States of America is similar to the country under study. The difference is a higher standard of living. If specialists compare the indicators of GPD, which is also an indicator of the quality of living standards, thus America is also significantly succeeding in this aspect. Inflation and Growth Rate The inflation rate in the country is an indicator of the degree of depreciation of money. So, in Panama, “the average inflation rate in Panama amounted to about -1.55 percent compared to the previous year” (“Panama: Inflation rate from 1986 to 2026”, n.d., para. 1). At the same time, “America’s inflation rate climbs to 7.5%” (Bartash, 2022, para. 1). The main reason for this difference is also the standard of living of the population, and most of the reasons are somehow related to the number and the availability of money for the economy. The growth rate in Panama is 17%, which is quite low (“GDP growth (annual%) – Panama,” n.d., para. 1). In the United States of America, this indicator is significantly higher and is 0.1% (“U.S. Population,” 2021, para. 1). This indicator indicates the ability to reproduce the country’s population. Therefore, these data show the need to take measures to improve the quality of life in order to motivate people to increase the population. Economic growth in Panama is driven by the expansion of channels, which affects the increase in the country’s exports.
An increased recognition that the United States criminal justice structure was being overwhelmed with people suffering from psychological diseases during the 1980s triggered the need of alternative incarceration approaches. The initial problem-solving courts for offenders diagnosed with mental health illnesses was developed in 1980 in Marion County, Florida (Fister, 2015). This court offered service to persons with severe mental health diseases facing minor felony charges or non-aggressive misdemeanors. The Los Angeles County Department of Mental Health later developed a forensic mental health court (MHC) diversion program that offered consultation services to courts on the management of criminals with psychiatric illnesses (Fister, 2015). The initial MHC was developed in 1997 in Broward County, Florida, following the drug courts’ incapacity to address mental health needs among clients with psychological issues such as recurrent substance use (Maschi & Leibowitz, 2018). The paper provides an in-depth discussion about the rationale for the court’s inception and describes facts associated with MHCs. The Rationale for the Court The U.S criminal justice structure has long identified the incidence of mental health problems in the corrections populace. According to a survey by the U.S Bureau of Justice Statistics, approximately sixty-two and fifty percent of jail and prison inmates respectively reported suffering from a psychiatric disorder at a particular period (Lowder et al., 2017). Mental health courts were created to curb or control psychological illnesses among justice-involved persons. It was established following the recognition that the region’s drug court was deficient in the essential mental health services needed by candidates with recurring substance use and psychological illnesses. These courts underscore rehabilitation as opposed to penalties to foster resistance from offensive behavior. The overall goal of the mental health courts is to minimize the rates of incarceration. MHC and Client Selection Mental health courts have multiple defining features, including   * Specialized case dockets typified by defendants with psychological illness;   * A non-adversarial and collaborative team consisting of a mental health representative, defense and prosecuting attorneys, and a judge (Maschi & Leibowitz, 2018);   * A connection to a local psychiatric health system;   * Some types of compliance or adherence monitoring, with penalties for non-conformance. Some arrested people with psychological illnesses are provided the option or choice of participating in the MHC in lieu of conventional court processing or procedures, plead innocence or guilt, and sentenced if found culpable (Canada & Ray, 2016). Mental health courts’ clients may forgo delinquent processing altogether, receive an unconventional or alternative convenient sentence for engaging and finishing the MHC program, or unde
Abstract The paper is focused on the great historical event which had a great impact on the history of both countries – the USA and the USSR. Cold War had great political, cultural, and economic results for both countries. The paper shows the development of the event with every decade. Introduction After the Second World War, the world was actually divided into spheres of influence of two blocks with different social systems. The Soviet Union sought to expand and strengthen the so-called «socialist camp»; Western countries led by the U.S. tried to destroy the camp, incorporating the socialist countries in the zone of influence, which has helped create favorable conditions for activities on their territory private corporations and their increasing influence in the world. Despite this difference between the two systems, the basis of their conflict, lying, and general features. Both systems were based on the principles of industrial society, which required industrial growth, and thus increase the consumption of resources. The global struggle for resources of the two systems with different principles of regulation of industrial relations could not but lead to clashes. The beginning of “Cold War,” 50-ies – 60-ies On the 5 th of March in 1946, speaking in the presence of U.S. President Truman in Fulton, W. Churchill accused the Soviet Union of the deployment of global expansion and the attack on the territory of “the free world.” Churchill called the “Anglo-Saxon world,” ie, the U.S., Britain, and their allies to resist the Soviet Union. So, the speech in Fulton became a declaration of “Cold War.” But the front of the “Cold War” does not lie between the countries but within them. Nearly a third of the population of France and Italy supported the communistic Party. The poverty of war-torn Europe was a breeding ground for the success of the Communists. In 1947 U.S. Secretary of State George Marshall stated that the U.S. is ready to provide material assistance to the countries of Europe for economic recovery. Initially, even the Soviet Union engaged in negotiations for the provision of assistance but soon discovered that American aid would not be provided to countries where communists are in power. The U.S. demanded political concessions in exchange for economic assistance: the Europeans had to withdraw from their Communist governments. Under pressure from the United States, it was excluded from the Communist governments of France and Italy, and in April 1948, 16 countries signed the Marshall Plan to provide them with the assistance of 17 billion dollars in 1948-1952. Eastern European countries did not participate in the plan, creating a group of the socialist system. In January 1949, most Eastern European countries united in the economic union – the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance ( Gaddis, 20
Introduction Many literary works are dedicated to the protagonist’s personal growth. An important point in the character’s development is their coming of age when they transform from naive to wise, from immature to mature, or from an idealist to a realist. In such stories, the young protagonist usually goes through pain, suffering, or various misfortunes. They serve as sources of valuable experience for the character that helps them change their worldview and grow up. Nathaniel Hawthorne uses this theme of coming of age in his literary works Young Goodman Brown and My Kinsman, Major Molineux . Young Goodman Brown The short story “Young Goodman Brown” describes the most frightful and fateful night in Goodman Brown’s life. The protagonist is a young Puritan, married to a beautiful woman called Faith. Goodman had to go on a trip and, though unwilling to separate from his beloved wife, he had to wave her goodbye. Faith tried to persuade him to stay, but he was determined to go. His way lay through the dark forest, and the young man was haunted by scary images of “devilish Indians” born by his vivid imagination (Hawthorne, “Young Goodman Brown” 3). He met a strange companion and then several revered people from his village who seemed to behave strangely. Ultimately, Goodman realized they all came to a witches’ sabbath where seemingly staunch and faithful Christians hailed dark forces. What shocked Goodman the most was the presence of his wife Faith. As he called for her and asked her to resist the evil influence, everything disappeared as if he was dreaming. Whether it was a dream or not is not clear, but this surreal experience changed Goodman overnight. This story may be regarded as a metaphor for the process of maturing and can be divided into three parts: childhood, adolescence, and adulthood. The story’s beginning can be associated with childhood because the protagonist has a peaceful life where everything is simple and has no major worries. He is sure that his neighbors are virtuous and religious people, and his wife is a “blessed angel on earth” (Hawthorne, “Young Goodman Brown” 3). Goodman is naïve, and when he later meets with a suspicious person “whose description makes his dabbling with the dark world very clear,” he “fails to realize it” (Sahmadi 4-5). His views are superficial, but he has to leave his comfort zone and enter t
Outline Components of sociological research are the necessities of carrying out a study of a particular issue of society in the field. They include formulation of a research topic which is followed by a study of literature concerning the subject so as to get a deeper understanding of the problem and assist in hypothesis formulation. A method or design is then selected which is used to collect information in the field, followed by data analysis and theorization. Culture is another aspect of importance in sociology consisting of three components; land, customs and language which are learnt in the process of interaction by members of a society. This way, culture is carried on to generations which they use to identify themselves with hence conserving their way of life. Introduction (Hoy, 1995 pp13-14) argues that, sociological research is the research done in the field of sociology and has a number of components that are applied in its implementation. These components entail the whole process of research from preparation of an issue to be researched to the main exercise of data collection. A research question should first be chosen wisely which should give a direction on the type of methodology to be applied. However, a sociological researcher should make sure that he/she observes objectivity as well as neutrality. Argument and Personal View on Components of Sociological Research The actual process of research starts with designing of a research topic which involves an evaluation of the available choices then picking one that is most applicable in the research field. The topic should consist of research problem that needs investigation as well as operational concepts defining that problem. The next step should be literature review of the topic which is derived from work that has been tackled. The reason for this is to avoid repetition of another researcher’s work or to get an idea of what has not been researched as this knowledge helps one to understand the problem better. A hypothesis is then formulated which is a necessary guide while in the field since they are informed guesses of expected outcome, showing relationship between variables. A research design or methodology is then chosen considering their cost, level of accessibility and time that will be used while collecting data using tha
Introduction Program Evaluation is the sphere in which the political approach gains its proper understanding. Evaluating something an individual needs to have an imagination of the etalon with which it is appropriate to compare. In this respect Rieper & Toulemonde (1996) analyze in their research the significance of the key concept of the discussion provided in the paper in terms of evaluation practices sharing for state and local governments. His respect it is vital to work out the idea of the influence from the side of politics on the evaluation programs and vice versa. The thing is that in the contemporary world the urge for detailed estimation of the legal and economical bases for political issues guarantees impeccable future for the community, society, and nation on the whole. Reducing impact of politics on the programs makes better and sufficient work of an evaluator possible. Discussion First of all, it is vital to mention that in this section the whole picture as of the politics and its aspects is emphasized. It is known that the political approach in developed countries should be well-planned, prepared, and controlled since the beginning till the end of the program. In this case the necessity of the particular steps in this process is estimated to be one of the key elements in the provided discussion. Political considerations influence the publicity in terms of supposed effects. Evaluating the start and further progression of the program evaluators venture to make possible assumptions as for the current stage of the development and its backwash in the past. It is helpful then to realize the importance of the subject matter in order to provide actions supported by primordial theoretical background. It is fair to admit that the spheres of economic and political affairs are interrelated due to the main roles of each side. Thereupon, politics is the domain where decision making is presupposed with regulatory principles being agreed among a definite council, so that to drive further development in the sphere of straightforward implementation of the program. This prospect is even more important when noting the significance of finding consensual decisions among main participants in the process of program evaluation: “Utilization is similarly focused on the use of program evaluation by federal actors – Parliament, ministers, deputy ministers, or federal-level program managers” (Rieper & Toulemonde, 1996, p. 82). Thus, the significance of politics can be understood due to the implementation of evaluator’s role. The tendency of current policy-m
National Productivity   * Ensures high quality of life and economic stability.   * Improves people’s economic capacities, housing, education level.   * Raises national living standards.   * Compares the growth in input to the increase in output.   * Contributing factors: organizational and technological change, reallocation of resources, industry restructuring. National productivity is essential for high standards of living and economic health of the country. To measure its level, it is necessary to consider several aspects. Usually, it can be estimated by comparing the growth in input (labor, energy, materials) to the increase in output (services and products). Factors contributing to national productivity include organizational and technological change, reallocation of resources, and industry restructuring. Productivity growth improves people’s economic capacities, housing, and education level, as well as the structure of society and the environment. Moreover, productivity levels are significant to industries and organizations too as they can result in competitive advantages and prevent the superiority of foreign production. Ways to Increase National Productivity   * Improve organizational key management practices.   * Identify the factors influencing the country’s performance.   * Invest in workers’ skills and efficiency.   * Implement innovative working methods.   * Improve companies’ technical efficiency. National productivity measures how efficiently the countries use their resources to produce output. The primary action the government should take to increase it is improving its key management practices. For independent companies, it is crucial to invest in their workers’ skills and efficiency. They should develop an approach that considers employees’ needs and focuses on the ways to achieve excellent results. The improvement in technical efficiency is also crucial as the effective use of existing technologies and developing the new ones can increase the organizations’ output. Article Review   * Discusses the determinants of productivity of the nation.   * Concerns human, natural, and physical resources.   * Considers operational strategies and relationships between them.   * Analyzes the methods of creating productivity.   * Suggests the ways
Abstract Network resources should be available to legitimate users whenever they are demanded. The concept of network security has emerged to prevent any unauthorized modification or access to computer systems. Such features address the problem of network attacks and support the goals of programmers, organizations, and institutions. Despite such measures, the global society continues to grapple with the problem of denial-of-service (DoS) attacks. These attacks present one of the greatest challenges to all Internet users. The selected research papers indicate that DoS attacks pose numerous challenges in different networks. Fortunately, the authors acknowledge that exerts have managed to identify and present various mechanisms to minimize the problems associated DoS attacks. The papers acknowledge that new studies are needed in order to have a clear understanding of different DoS attacks. Such an achievement will present or inform the creation of efficient strategies and procedures to combat any form of DoS attack. Some of the articles provide detailed analyses of the existing measures to deal with DoS attacks and provide meaningful evaluations that can guide future research studies. The purpose of this discussion is to give a detailed summary of the proposed solutions and provide evidence-based propositions that can result in effective defense mechanisms against all DoS attacks. Introduction The presented paper gives a comparative analysis of the solutions proposed by four different papers and offers evidence-based proposals to mitigate the targeted problem. The first one is “A Survey of Denial-of-Service and Distributed Denial of Service Attacks and Defenses in Cloud Computing” and it proposes several techniques for dealing with DoS attacks. These are grouped into these three categories: prevention (service level agreement), attack mitigation (filtering, detection, firewall, ad virtual machine monitor), and architecture (firewall, cryptography, and intrusion detection system). Figure 1: DoS defenses. The second paper is “An Attack Detector Based on Statistical Approach for Detection and Prevention of DDoS Attack”. According to this article, two methods have the potential to prevent DoS attacks. The first category is composed of these general techniques: firewalls, updated security patches, and global defense infrastructure. The article also encoura