ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Roman architecture has managed to maintain its splendor, beauty, and ingenuity two thousand years after it was first presented to the world. To date, the architectural superiority of the Romans stands out as one of the most significant developments in the history of the world. Architecture has since developed in leaps and bounds but the influence of Roman architecture can still be felt in everyday life. It is also correct to assume that the marvelous innovations that the Romans took to their colonies within the Roman Empire had tremendous influences on the people of the time. Historians have argued that the architectural superiority of the Romans allowed them to conquer others with ease (Grant 1). Wherever Roman colonies were established, the citizens of that region were sure to benefit from roads, bridges, baths, forums, and fresh water supply. Roman public baths were one of the most ingenious architectural additions in Roman colonies. The bathhouses were luxurious places where Roman legionaries and other officials could relax and unwind. The bathhouses were mostly supplied with abundant hot water to make them pleasurable. This paper explores the influence of Roman architecture whilst focusing on the public baths of Bath, England. An article by John Macdonald describes the features of the City of Bath in southwest England. The City of Bath was founded about two thousand years ago when the Romans conquered a small village by the banks of River Avon. According to Macdonald’s article, the Romans immediately liked Bath and they settled there for the next four hundred years. It is argued that Bath’s main attraction was the fact that the city is surrounded by seven hills just like Rome. In addition, the city had a natural hot water spring. The hot water spring in Bath provided the Romans with a chance to build a luxury/religious shrine for one of their goddesses. The finished shrine contained “hot swimming baths, cold plunges, saunas, and Turkish baths. Since Bath was first invaded and transformed by the Romans, it has become a major tourist attraction in England. The city has had to endure several invasions after the Romans left but the influence of the Roman Empire is clearly visible. Today, Bath is a major cultural, culinary, visual, and historic city in England. Bath is a diverse city that features several modern amenities that appeal to the modern tourist. Nevertheless, the Roman influence on the city of Bath is quite evident. Macdonald’s article describes all the features of the city, which is a major tourist attraction in England (Macdonald 4). By using Macdonald’s article, it is possible to outline the influence that Roman architecture has on modern cities. The first evident Roman influence in the City of Bath is the preserved Roman remains. The Temple of Minerva is a major tourist attraction in Bath. In addition, the bathhouses that surrounded the temple are still the main visual attraction in Bath. Most of the Roman architecture has been able to withstand the test of time and the harshness of elements. The “Minerva Temple was built
Introduction When we compare the availability of plant nutrients in the soil, phosphorus turns out to be the least transportable and accessible to plants as compare other major plant nutrients in most soil states. Much as phosphorus is plentiful both in its inorganic and organic state in the soil, it has pointed out that in most situations is major principal limiting factor that inhibits plant growth. According to Khan, Zaidi & Wani (2006)”the bioavailability of soil inorganic phosphorus in the rhizosphere varies considerably with plant species, nutritional status of soil and ambient soil conditions” (p.1). To avoid situations where we have phosphorus scarcity, phosphate-solubilizing microorganisms or bacteria (PSM) are used to that they provide phosphate nutrients to vegetation in a more atmospherically-pleasant and sustainable way. Khan, Zaidi & Wani (2006) points out that: The solubilization of phosphatic compounds by naturally abundant PSM is very common under in vitro conditions; the performance of PSM in situ has been contradictory. The variability in the performance has thus greatly hampered the large-scale application of PSM in sustainable agriculture. Numerous reasons have been suggested for this, but none of them have been conclusively investigated. Despite the variations in their performance, PSM are widely applied in agronomic practices in order to increase the productivity of crops while maintaining the health of soils. This review presents the results of studies on the utilization of PSM for direct application in agriculture under a wide range of agro-ecological conditions with a view to fostering sustainable agricultural intensification in developing countries of the tropics and subtropics. (p.2). Generally, phosphorus is seen as a limiting nutrient that is responsible for causing lakes and reservoirs eutriphication. Due to the introduction of the controlling agencies, the sources that introduce phosphorus into the atmosphere (for instance we have the man induced and natural ones, the man induced comprising of fertilizers by farmers, wastes from industrial and domestic sewage and urban run off while the natural ones include the water fowl waste, atmospheric deposition, plant decomposition and weathering) have been reduced. This has been done through the introduction of waste water treatment plant which has also contributed to the reduction of the total amount of phosphorus produced thus improving water quality. In this case we it is worthy pointing out that Phosphorus is a very important nutrient which not only acts as a compound for the many plant structures but it also acts as a catalyst during the conversion of biochemical reactions in
The global village is characterized by widespread use of advanced information and communication technologies .American physiologist, Manuel Castells has termed it ‘network society’ whereby we run our lives using “computers, network technologies [&] telecommunication [tools] …”(152).This has greatly changed our social structures (151). In the global village, government influence and control has weakened in economic, cultural, political and social dimensions unlike in the past. This has been attributed to novel information and communication technologies ( Castells 155). The powers of most government have been decentralized to local and regional levels “in an effort to regain legitimacy vis-à-vis, their citizen” (Castells 155). This shift in power base is claimed to have been brought about by “mobile and liquid” capital that has been made possible by advanced information and communication technologies (Sassen, n.pag). It is claimed nations are ‘giving up’ their sovereignty in preference to ‘shared’ sovereignty, mainly through international bodies (EU,NATO ,UN Organizations etc), with other states that results in a collective and stronger influence over other nations (Castells 155). Cities: With increased globalization, some cities are increasingly taking a significant role in running of world affairs than national governments. Saskia Sassen, a professor of Urban Planning at Columbia believes that major cities of the world have the potential to create “economic geography”. She further states that cities are critical due to the fact that they are the hearts of the telecommunication infrastructure, the driving force of globalization and will continue to serve as “centers for coordination, control and servicing of global capital”. Globalization has also brought about great changes in structures of cities and urban centers in areas such as workforce, settlement, size and design (Hall 144). The effects of globalization are much visible in cities. This has made the issue of the future of these cities to come under close scrutiny. Global economy: The economy of the global village is a large network of small economies in which financial markets are major player (Castells 155). This economy is dynamic, rides on information technologies and is “heavily dependent on knowledge and information” (154).The global economy is a said to be a network of “firms, segments of firms, segments of governments, segments of public sector and non-governmental organizations” (Castells 154). This type of economy is also characterized by “flexible work arrangement” (Castells 155.) Culture: Global cities are multicultural, owing to among other factors, deregulation and privatization of economies that has attracted foreign workers and traders setting in a wave of
Introduction Until recently, most organizations were vertical and had many layers of managers and supervisors between top management and frontline workers (Pettinger, Nelson & Economy, 2010). The classic model of a vertical organization is, in principle, similar to that commonly used in traditional military organizations. The traditional approach to organizational problems sought to discover or prescribe basic values which could universally apply to any organization. Although it is generally recognized today that there are few, if any, principles which can be applied equally to all organizations, those developed from the classical approach, for generations, had and still have strong and pervasive influences on understanding management thinking and consequently, on the structure of organizations. Today, organizations exist and operate in a fast changing environment driven by advances in technology. While the concept of hierarchy made a lot of sense in the past, this may not be so in the present world. Guided by growth in technology and heightened competition, organizations are presented with numerous approaches to business operations. The increased use of groups or teams, the growth of flexible employment, increasing use of sub-contracting, an emphasis on participation and empowerment, and the involvement of many workers in decision making have all led to changes in the traditional boss-subordinate relationship. In turn, this has led to a discussion on the role of hierarchy in modern organizations and the extent to which managers can rely solely on their perceived formal authority within the structure of the organization. This paper seeks to establish the extent to which the the notion of hierarchy is relevant to our understanding of management in contemporary organizations. In spite of the radical transformation witnessed in the business environment, it is still believed that modern organizations can only be understood by first learning how they are affected by hierarchy. Hierarchical Systems To a large extent, most organizations have been influenced by how the military operates and by the desire to adopt modern styles of management based on science (Saxena, 2009). In general, bureaucracies and hierarchical structures are associated with most contemporary organizations as was the case with organizations in earlier generations. According to Lucey (2004), hierarchy appears to be a natural order of doing things that applies to every single organization. In these organizations, the behavior of employees is often controlled through rules and regulations formulated by human resource professionals. Business operations are often organized in functional departments that are headed by managers or supervisors. Usually, employees carrying out similar operations are stationed in the same neighborhood. In most cases, a hierarchical structure is considered applicable to varied organizations which include governments and even churches. In general, a hierarchical structure is familiar, predictable, and rational. However, despite being well known, the structure has inherent disadvantages that must be critically evaluated before adoption for any
In the case of the veteran, the question of pressing charges would be settled after a settling a few other issues at first. Foremost, it would remain to be seen if the items he has shoplifted are under the price of 300-500 dollars. If so, the charges may be filed under a misdemeanor. In case of a theft of more than 500 dollars, the charges may be of grand theft or larceny, both of which are felony crimes. The veteran may receive, under this scenario, a sentence that includes jail or prison time, punitive fines, community service or other penalties (Shoplifting Laws, 2007). The law for shoplifting states that a shoplifting charge against a defendant with a prior shoplifting conviction may be filed as a felony instead of a misdemeanor (Bergman and Berman-Barrett, 2006). Since the veteran’s criminal record shows repeated and extensive criminal acts, his act may also be filed under a felony. The criminal justice system is a filtering process and defendants may be filtered out of the system on various points, viz. arrest, trial, and prosecution (Cole and Smith, 2005). For example, the prosecutor may decide that justice would be better served by sending the suspect to a substance abuse clinic. During August 1990 and April 1991, some 750,000 troops participated in an air, sea and ground based war. They were exposed to biological, chemcial and psychological environments. Potential exposure was to fumes and smoke from military operations, oil well, fires, diesel exhaust, toxic paints, pesticides, fire sand, depleted uranium, and multiple immunizations (Lu and Kacew, 2002). Serious psychological disorders such as Post Traumatic Stress Disorders are found in Gulf War survivors and veterans. They include fatigue, shortness of breath, headache, muscle and joint pain, disturbed sleep, difficulty concentrating and forgetfulness (Sadock and Sadock, 2007). If the veteran comes to trial, I would see his record and his service as a soldier in this war and file the charges against the defendant for a misdemeanor and not a larceny or grand theft. Assuming that the veteran has developed his addiction to heroin due to his war-related injury it must also be kept in mind that accurate diagnosis and effective treatment of Gulf War veterans’ illnesses requires a complete medical history of illnesses, allergies, exposures, inoculations, and a great deal more. Gulf War veterans face an uncertain medical future because they lack critical evidence from their military past (US Department of Veteran Affairs, 1997). The veteran’s condition shows that his rapid change in personality and habits came after his gross changes in life circumstances. In addition to his life circumstances, the veteran is not medically stable and as a study by van der Zanden et al (2006) found that during methadone maintenance treatment, 50% of criminally active, problematic heroin users reported acquisitive crime such as shopl
Abstract Psychologists’ observation that behavior is either acquired (learned) from one’s environment or inherited from the parents, has now received wide acceptance as scholars learn the truths behind this logic. Animals adapt certain behavior in response to their specific needs in any given situation. In the experiment that follows, pressing a button to release food pellets to a virtual rat is associated with a stimulus for food. If the rat perceives the button, a reflex action occurs in its functioning; a behavior that would remain consistent in the acquired practice of the animal. The investigations in the analysis from the results of the experiment borrow heavily from classical conditioning attributed to B. Skinner who inspired behavior reinforcement in psychology. Introduction This investigation also considers the associations of conditioned and unconditioned response and conditioned and unconditioned stimuli in shaping the behavior of the virtual rat. The conditioned response involves the definite behavior of an organism concerning some stimuli. Under a given condition, the organism illicit a response stimulated a given condition. In classical conditioning, an aversive stimulus is associated with an aggressive response while a suitable stimulus is associated with a positive response. Shaping is the technique of accelerating the learning process of an animal to meet his or her own needs under particular con
Case Study Because the study is in its data collection phase, the standards of practice that apply include respecting the site and disrupting it as little as possible, ensuring all participants receive the benefits, avoiding participant deception, respecting potential power imbalances, avoiding participant exploitation, and avoiding the collection of harmful information (Creswell 201). The institutional Review Board (IRB) is concerned with reviewing submitted research plans with the view to protecting against human rights violations. The reasoning of the IRB is clear that, in continuing with the data collection phase of the study, I should create mechanisms to evaluate the potential risk to participants. Consequently, the obligation of my role as the researcher includes ensuring minimal risk to participants, identifying the level and type of participant involvement, guaranteeing maximum confidentiality to participants, and assuring that participants can withdraw at any time during the research process (Brevik 8-10). The harm that may result due to the lack of information on potential risks and absence of confidentiality assurances include exposure of sensitive information without the authority of participants, identity exposure, and deception of participants. It also includes lack of authenticity and credibility of the research report, misconduct and impropriety on the part of the researcher, and incapacity to promote the rights of participants as autonomous beings to guarantee that they are treated with justice, beneficence, and respect (Gordon et al. 25-26). The department and the University are affected by my decision not to wait for IRB approval because they will be perceived as taking part in a research process that has not been sanctioned by the relevant body. Lastly, to address the standards of practice and ethical concerns, it is prudent to develop a full-proof mechanism that acknowledges the protection of human rights and provides a window of opportunity for participants to state they’re informed consent. Making Applications Several differences exist if the study is to be replicated in an online learning environment. Unlike in traditional contexts, researchers in online environments should use the purpose of the study, method of data collection (covert or open), access type (private, mixed, or public), as well as the group’s norms, codes, and target audience to assess if informed consent is needed (Girvan and Savage 240-246). For example, researchers using private islands or those who observe learners in public places should ensure they have informed consent from participants. Unlike in traditional studies where informed consent is sought from individual participants, it is important for a researcher using the virtue world to involve the wider online community in seeking informed consent and in detailing the intentions of the study. In privacy protection, online environments deviate from traditional research studies as
Introduction A number of successful organizations have relied on coaches and mentors in order to develop both current and future leaders and facilitate the realization of organizational goals. Given such importance of coaching and mentoring, professionals in the field have urged CEOs to incorporate coaching and mentoring programs in their leadership styles and develop positive influences within their organizations. This report justifies to the CEO of Skoda Auto why it is necessary to introduce coaching and mentoring programs in the organization. Coaching and mentoring: contents and participants Mentoring relates primarily to the “identification and nurturing of an individual’s potential through guidance, instruction, encouragement, and correction” (Megginson and Clutterbuck, 2005). The process may involve a long-term relationship, but the mentee controls goals and processes of the mentoring program. A mentor or coach assists the mentee in developing an insight and comprehending the process through natural observation. This process allows mentees to develop awareness of their experiences as responses come from them. On the other hand, coaching refers mainly to “performance improvement usually on a short-term basis in specific skill areas” (Megginson and Clutterbuck, 2005). It is the responsibility of the coach to set the goals or short-term aims of the program. The coach controls the program, whereas the learner or the protégé owns the goals. The coach also provides feedback to the learner based on his direct observation. Contents The course content shall capture fundamental aspects of coaching and mentoring with aim of understanding the importance of the program in an organization.   * Defining key terms of coaching and mentoring, which include mentor, mentoring, protégé , and coaching   * Learners must also understand what coaching and mentoring are not. Coaching cannot succeed unless there are clear goals with measurable terms. Moreover, it needs support from senior managers, and the protégé and the coach must have full commitment to the program.   * Mentoring can enhance commitment of the team to Skoda, its strategic objectives, facilitate communication, improve organizational culture and practices, provide opportunities for the team to gain insights on how the firm runs and promote success and networking within the organization.   * Coaching will enable the team to gain skills, knowledge, and personal growth. It will also provide individual-centered learning, improve attitude, and allow protégés to choose their areas of interests.   * The