ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction The theory of ‘in place’ and ‘out of place’ tends to stratify the society on the basis of the correct placement of each social stratum. These strata could rely on economic affluence, ideologies, gender, race or religion. This phenomenon is an interesting focal point, when examining the instances when geography intersects with social ideologies of a particular setting (Cresswell, 1996). Therefore, the societal expectations make individuals behave in a certain manner when he/she occurs in a particular setting, and any consequence that may accompany their defiance is blamed more on the correctness of the place rather than on the explicit nature of the occurrence (Hubbard, Kitchin, & Valentine, 2010). This research proposal is designed to look at a situation in the social setting that depicts the society’s correctness in relation to place and how this correctness or incorrectness affects them or the surrounding society in that particular place both explicitly and implicitly. The real time study of Occupy Wall Street Movement was chosen as a phenomenon worth analyzing. It is important to note that the movement can be regarded as an illustration of the power of specific space over specific groups of people. The instance of St. Paul’s Cathedral (London) verifies the assumption that place (or space) can play a very important role in the development of societies. For instance, London protestors decided to express their ideas in immediate proximity to London Stock Exchange (“St Paul’s Protest”, 2011). Therefore, people’s choice was rather predictable, as they wanted to be heard by their opponents, “financial sharks”. It is also important to note that they people could not simply occupy areas near the Exchange as the areas were privately owned. Therefore, protestors had an opportunity to find an ideal public place to express their concerns. Remarkably, the protestors were heard as authorities tried to come to certain agreement. More so, dean of the cathedral had to resign which can be regarded as a manifestation of power of such social movements (Walker, 2011). Admittedly, the fact that the protestors were heard is due to the place they occupied. In that case space (or rather specific place) influenced choices different groups of people made. Purpose of the research The purpose of this research paper is to critically examine the situation upon which the aspects of social expectations with regard to the society’s way of life are related to space. It will cast light on different facets of place away from just the spatial implications. Various instances in which an individual
Introduction Unilever Company is one of the world’s leading manufacturers of consumer goods. The company is operational in over 151 countries in the world with its headquarters situated in the Netherlands and the United Kingdom, employing over 265,000 people and earns annual revenue of around $57 billion (CIPEC, 2008). The company’s plant located in Ontario, Canada is called Unilever Rexdale. The plant was built in the 1960s and produces around 85,000 tonnes of margarine annually. However, due to the rising energy costs, the company has embarked on a program since 1999 called the watching watts program which aims at improving e energy efficiency to minimize costs. This paper will critically analyze this program and its success. The watching watt program Since 1999, Unilever Canada has improved its energy efficiency through a series of programs saving the company $4.1 million and reducing greenhouse gas emissions by 23,000 tonnes annually (Natural resources of Canada, 2005). These bright ideas came from the employees of the company through a program known as the watching watt program. Of the 220 ideas submitted by the employees, 120 have been converted into viable projects which have saved the company a lot of money in energy costs. Participation of the employees in the program was a major factor in the success of the program since the employees felt appreciated by the company. Due to its success, the company has been regarded as being among the best energy-saving and Eco-friendly companies in the world. The first project the plant embarked on in 1999 was the heat recovery project. This project aimed to minimize the amount of heat lost by the boiler by fitting it with condensing economizer that recovered heat and used it to pre-heat the water which was fed to the boiler. The approximate cost of the project was about $500,000 but it saves the company $378,000 annually thus only took the company slightly over a year to recover (GTAA, 2007). The company also upgraded its lighting system by switching from T-12 fluorescent tubes to T-8 which use less energy and have a better color perception. Motion sensors were also installed in stores, private offices and boardrooms to avoid around the clock lighting. The cost of these installations was $4,000 and saves the company $3,900 annually (GTAA, 2007). In 2005 the company commenced using wastewater to feed the boiler instead of the municipal water. This reduced the use of natural gas by $250,000 and reduction of municipal water consumption by 25 million gallons per year (Cascades Inc., 2008). As there was a reduction in the costs of treating water and chemicals. Being an eco-friendly company, Unilever Canada started to recycle scrap vegetable oil and used it as a source of renewable energy to generate heat and steam from the boiler. This action reduced the use of fossil fuel hence minimized carbon dioxide emissions in the atmosphere and also reduced the level of solid waste in the company. Conclusion
How does a meteor shower occur? The Solar system is made up of the Sun and the nine Planets which revolve around the Sun. The moon, asteroids, comets, dust and sun are other component of the Solar System. The sun attracts all the other objects towards it due to its high gravitational force. A meteor shower takes place when the earth collides with particles as it moves around the sun. These are dust and ice particles found in the solar system which remained from comets which occurred long time ago. The components of a comet include sand, ice and gravel particles. When a comet passes near the sun, its surface heats up. This leads to the release of some particles as well as evaporation of ice. A comet has two tails, one made of dust and the other one gas (Seeds and Backman 2). As the earth rotates around the sun, it comes into contact with these dirty particles. When the earth crosses the remains of a comet, there is usually a friction between the air and these particles which makes them to heat up and then a glow is observed. Normally, a meteor is observes as a bright stretch of light in the sky. A meteor can be observed during any night of the year. The duration of time taken by a meteor shower varies. A meteor shower can take a minute, day or even several days. The duration of time is determined by the width of the dust trail. Wide dust trails take more time than narrow ones. Sunlight and solar wind particles composed of hot ions which move at a high speed blow away dust particles from the orbit of the Comet. The distance depends on the size of the particle. Small particles are moved far away from the Comet Orbit. When the dust trail is broadened, it takes the earth along time before it can cross it (Seeds and Backman 12). Why are the times of a meteor shower predictable? The occurrence of a meteor shower is predictable. People are aware of the specific time around which they occur. The Earth takes the same path each year as it rotates around the sun. Since the sun follows the same path, it passes through the same trail of debris at a particular time of the year. Meteor showers take place during this particular time. This has made it easy for people to determine when a meteor shower is likely to happen and at what time of the day. Many meteor showers take place throughout the year (Seeds and Backman 22). What is the probability of a meteor shower becoming a meteorite? When a meteor shower passes through the earth’s atmosphere
Comets: The Deep Impact Mission Our class notes (pg 10. 5) taught me a lot about comets. I wanted to find out more about their study and particularly about the Deep Impact mission. Moreover, I noticed a news article saying that a new comet outburst has been captured. It made me extremely interested in the subject, and I decided to expand my knowledge even further. Search Log My research started by examining the largest digital library in the world – Google Books. I used the “Deep Impact Mission” search term and obtained 97,300 results. I decided to choose the book “Comets And Their Origin: The Tools To Decipher A Comet” written by Uwe Meierhenrich. He is a Professor at the University Nice Sophia Antipolis, France, and has a Ph.D. in Physical Chemistry. My further research revealed that the scientist has helped to lay the groundwork for the Rosetta-Mission. Moreover, Dr. Uwe Meierhenrich has a diploma in Analytical Chemistry. He is also an author of more than two dozen publications in peer-reviewed journals. Therefore, the information provided in the book was reliable. I needed an additional source, so I typed “Comets” into the search engine “Google.” It provided me with more than ten million results. I opted for the most credible source on the issue—the Nasa website. The “About Us” section of the site stated that it was managed by the Solar System Science Communication Team at NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory. Therefore, I concluded that all information provided there came from a strictly regulated governmental organization and was highly reliable. Conclusion The information discussed in the class provided me with a basic understanding of comets. However, the exploration of the Nasa website made me discover that there is a great number of short-period comets orbiting the sun near Pluto. They could be pulled by gravity into the planet’s orbit by less than two hundred years. It makes it very easy to calculate the time of their appearance. The arrival of the long-period comets, on the other hand, is less predictable. They can orbit the Sun for 30 million years. Every comet has a frozen part containing ice and particles of dust inside of it. When a comet gets closer to the Sun, its heat starts melting its nucleus and creates an atmosphere around that is called a coma. Space missions such as Stardust and Deep Impact allowed scientists to better explore the structure of comets. The Deep Impact mission allowed obtaining detailed information on Comet 9P/Tempel. It was conducted in July 2005 and resulted in the analysis of the interior composition of the comet’s nucleus. The data was collected with the help of the impactor and flyby spacecraft. The impactor made a planned collision with the nucleus of 9P/Tempel that led to the release of significant amounts of comet material. It was concentrated beneath its surface. The flyby spacecraft was able to gather information with a spectrometer and two cameras. The excavation of the comet’s material expanded the existing understanding of the cometary structure. Acco
The article under analysis is called “Expectation, gender, and norms in migration decision making” and is written by Gordon F. De Jong. The paper studies the main reasons and preconditions of the migration process and its consequences. The writer also touches upon the issues of migration behavior and expectations. In addition, the given research discloses the family norms in terms of migration, which are regarded as the core foretellers of intention to move. The article argues that many people decide to stay in the home community for the reason that they observe more chances to achieve their goals in their native land. Others decide to move to hope that migration would change their income for the better and believe that an alternative location would advance their level of life. According to the Thailand National Migration Survey, the author studies the logistic regression models. Thus, the survey shows there is a vast diversity of expectations that were predetermined by gender roles. The given research gives a detailed study of how gender norms influence the migration process. In addition, the writer emphasizes that one of the main reasons for the migration strategy is the striving of men and women to be equal. However, the movement was complicated owing to the common ethnic background of the migrants. Moreover, the laws that control the migration processes in the world were under the pressure of the rise of illegal migration invasion. Sometimes women are forced to move to another country alone or with their families because of the poor economic situation. Another reason may refer to the desire of a woman to escape from the oppressive marriage. In general, the intention of people mostly depends on their efforts to overcome poverty. Further on, the article under consideration reveals the problem of income and social status of migrated people from Asian countries and determines the trigger points for the departure to other countries. Thus, migration may have an effect on people not only in structural terms. Next, the article concerns an important point that permanent migration intentions imply survival strategy migration behavior whereas temporary movement is predetermined by the low household income. In addition, temporary migration constitutes the main problem for the law since there is a great number of people who migrate in the search of employment. Besides, the powerful determinant of norms of family migration is migration behavior. On the other hand, the size of the migrated workers does
Military Culture, Doctrine, Theory and Organization The influence of the theories of air warfare on the development of technology and innovation during the Interwar Period is evident as both Mitchell and Douhet had rather similar views on the role of air warfare in the wars that were to come. The difference between Mitchell and Douhet was in the cause that made them support air warfare. Mitchell was an active advocate of the autonomous air force in the US Army and emphasized the importance of its independence from the Army because he believed that Air Service would not be able to conduct independent missions if it was controlled by the Army (Clodfelter 45). At the same time, Douhet was affected by the inefficiency of the Italian army in World War I, which eventually caused him to write numerous essays and books about air warfare that also included a critique of domestic forces, just as Mitchell’s works did. In Douhet’s opinion, the air force was the only power that could change the war itself as it was operating in a different dimension, i.e., the air (Meilinger 9). Unlike Mitchell, who believed that air control could be achieved by air combat, Douhet argued that the best defense, in this case, would be an attack (Warner 489). The important notion that both used was also in the influence of air warfare on people’s will since it could destroy the vital centers of cities, “those elements of society, government, military, and industrial structure essential to the functioning of the state” (Meilinger 11). The perception of air warfare as a tool or innovation that could destroy the enemy’s morale would also resonate later when the awareness of wars as battles not between armies but nations would be more and more accepted at the beginning of the 20 th century (Hall 12). These perceptions would eventually result in the new strategy called strategic bombardment, which would not be used until 1939, but was predicted by theorists, such as Mitchell and Douhet. The aim of strategic bombardment would be precisely described by the two theorists, i.e., to destroy the enemies’ morale and ability to wage war at all (Hall 11). Despite the active support of air warfare by these theorists and their knowledge of military processes, the air force was perceived as a powerful tool of the conduct of warfare only prior to World War II for several reasons. First, early air aircrafts had very poor lifting power and were relatively unreliable (Hall 13). Second, aircraft were seen as a technology necessary for intelligence gathering but no direct attacks. Despite Mitchell’s arguing that bombers were more effective in battle than battleships because each of them could sink a battleship and needed less investment to be constructed, the Army had little interest in aircraft until the mid-1930s. Douhet also predicted
One of the guiding principles in the quest to promote human welfare in the world is the need to achieve the common good. To achieve this feat, it is important to acknowledge the importance of creating an inclusive society that promotes the values of equality, justice, responsibility, and entitlement (Wolff 12). These values should form the basis of governance across all forms of jurisdictions. A just and equal society embraces the rule of law, as well as the need to promote responsible and accountable leadership. Everyone is entitled to enjoy basic human rights, as well as the privilege to exercise one’s freedom of speech, ownership, worship, and association among others. Over the years, the concept of justice and entitlement has been the subject of major debates across the world as more people seek to understand the value of distributive justice (Foley 38). This debate gained a lot of momentum over the last several centuries owing to the emergence of the creative industry where the issue of intellectual property rights remains a divisive issue. However, this issue has been widely analyzed and demystified by the entitlement theory. The theory created by Robert Nozick explains the way the principle of justice applies when determining the rights granted by law to an individual who owns a property. Discussion The entitlement theory has three main guiding principles. The first one is the principle of justice in acquisition, which focuses on guiding the process of acquiring a property for the first time. This is very important, especially in situations where the acquisition is being done by a registered group or by more than one person. Its focus is ensuring that all the involved parties have all the information necessary in ensuring they make the right decisions. The second one is the principle of justice in a transfer that focuses on guiding the process of transferring property from one owner to another (Wolff 23). It is important to ensure that any form of transfers happen in an open and just manner to avoid the new owner inheriting risks or burdens that they do not involve them. All parties are entitled to getting all the necessary information such as the history of the property before agreeing to any transfer. The third one is the principle of rectification of injustice, which focuses on guiding the process of addressing cases involving property acquired or transferred through unlawful means. In such situations, it is important to acknowledge the plight of the victims and the need for them to be compensated in case there are any losses incurred (Foley 50). Also, this principle advocate for engaging the people affected by injustice in establishing the elements that might have influenced the phenomenon. This plays a crucial role in ensuring that su
Evolution of television (TV) is a chronological breakdown of television advancements since its invention. Television broadcasting is a telecommunication transmission and reception of sound and images in motion. The pictures are either monochromatic (black and white) or colored. A basic TV system is a combination of the transmitter, medium of transmission, and a receiver. Benoit (2013) argues that television may also refer to the physical television set, mode of broadcasting, or various programs that the TV network airs. Research shows that in 1926 Farnsworth was the first person to transmit real-time moving images from a transmitter to a remote receiver. In another experiment, he transmitted radio-frequency signals from a transmitter to several receivers operating at the same radio frequency as the transmitter. This development was the foundation for television broadcasting in 1939. During the World War II, America used television broadcasting for live coverage of war fronts. However, mass TV broadcasting and transmission began after the World War II in 1948 (Cesar & Chorianopoulos, 2009). Commercialized color television broadcasting in the US began in 1953. It involved broadcasting of colored images instead of the monochromatic ones. However, color television sets and their accessories were very expensive at that time in addition to high prices for the colored images’ transmission. Consequently, television networks did not launch color television broadcasting immediately. In 1965, the US television networks adopted color TV format and started broadcasting color pictures for the first time in 1966 (Benoit, 2013). In 1970, the American television networks launched cable television broadcasting, which is a technology where images and audio are transmitted to the television subscribers using a coaxial cable instead of the frequency signal. John and Margaret Walson invented cable television broadcasting in 1948. Later in 1972, Home Box Office (HBO) cable television network was launched and introduced a television network using premium cable for reception and transmission of the colored images. HBO transmission technology implemented a satellite as the medium between the transmitter and the receiver. Research affirms that HBO television improved the TV experience since creation of documentaries, comedy, and boxing programs. In addition, it should be noted that with the invention of HBO, many families migrated from cinema entertainment to television-based entertainment programs (Parsons, 2008). In 1981, MTV cable television network was introduced. According to Parsons (2008), MTV television network had few format restrictions in its broadcasting and presented pay-based channels to compete the restricted HBO channels. TBS was one of the most remarkable basic channels providing the local TV broadcasting in the USA. The invention of stereo sound television sets in 1982 improved picture quality as well. However, the TV sets using stereo sound technology penetrated the American market in 1984 only. They had better resolution with clear colored images (Parsons, 2008). Television broadcasting and reception significantly improv