ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Abstract The massive advancement in the field of informational technology, including an upgrade in software and fiber optic connections, has significantly enhanced the capacity of different institutions in speeding up and extending their range of services and capabilities. In education, the design of multimedia software for teaching students through an online setting has been the focus of attention, effort, and support in different universities and teaching institutions. Consequently, there are different types of online software media that provide such service, yet a few can be called effective and patronize by the majority of the student body. It is thus imperative that multimedia technologies be well studied and appropriately used in order to be successful in educating students. Design guidelines can guide the proponents of future multimedia software in choosing the optimal settings and features that may be incorporated in the online teaching website. This review paper describes the essential features of an interactive multimedia learning environment and explains the correlations between such features and the possible effects on the student and the teaching and learning processes involved in education. Introduction The employment of the Internet in educating students has been the focus of attention of academic institutions for the last decade (McKimm et al ., 2003). To date, there are approximately hundreds of online study programs that cover different areas of specialization. For example, there are currently almost one hundred online programs in medicine that could be taken through the Internet (Chumley-Jones et al ., 2002). Efforts have been made to evaluate and assess the effectiveness of online educational programs and it has been observed that not all programs are successful in terms of providing the best possible education through the Internet (Alur et al. , 2002). Multimedia education has thus been misunderstood because these websites should not only serve as Internet resources for information but should also be hallmarks of learning for the student. Educators are aware that proper learning involves active critical judgment from the part of the student as well as feedback-based interaction between the student and the program designers. So far, only half of the existing multimedia websites provide such features (Passerini and Granger, 2000; Minasian-Batmanian, 2002). This paper aims to describe the pertinent features that are essential in designing an effective multimedia educational program. In addition, other resources and literature will be mentioned that may further support the multimedia framework. Analysis and Discussion The term multimedia pertains to the employment of text, images, slides, audio, and other forms of visual objects in providing a message to its computer user (Alessi and Trollip, 2001). The use of multimedia in delivering a seminar, lesson, or lecture may be modified by changing the size of the text, as well as the font and color through the choices provided by the menu of the text processing software (Sabatini, 2001). It has been observed that multimedia software does not
Company Background The Unilever Company is one of the world’s largest food and consumer products multinational companies. The company was formed in 1930 through a merger between two companies: Lever Brothers Group and Margarine Unie, a margarine production organization, which was also a merger between two groups of companies at that time. It should be noted that the newly merged Unilever group first began manufacturing soaps and oils, but as years progressed, they diversified into food and homecare based products. The Unilever group has made some acquisitions along the way and has come as far as being the third largest consumer goods manufacturer in the world, making its listings in the London stock exchange. Product Background Interestingly, Timotei, which is a shampoo brand, derives its name from timothy, a wild grass, to emphasize its mildness and nature relation. The brand was manufactured for people with normal hair type who would like to wash it frequently and make sure it was not becoming too dry or damaged. One should know that the Timotei brand was created by a Unilever subsidiary in Scandinavia and introduced in Sweden in the 1970s after its initial start-up project in Finland became a big failure. Considering that the Swedish promotion was a big success, the company’s plans to launch the brand into the international market in the 1980s were also fulfilled. Competitor Analysis Consumers used to participate in the marketing tests before the Timotei shampoo introduction. They mentioned Schwarzkopf, Andrelon, Zwitsal, and Elseve among their preferred brands. This meant that Timotei, once appeared in the market had to find its way to edge out the aforementioned manufacturers to become a popular household brand. Customer analysis During the Frevert test analysis, it was found out that customers bought the Timotei shampoo because it had a herbal basis as some would consider it medicinal. 69% of the test consumers actually thought that they could wash hair more frequently with Timotei and would most likely consider it their preferred brand. The customers sometimes do not make a repeat purchase due to the availability of cheaper brands. This meant that though they valued quality of what they buy, they would still go for a product with a lower price. Recommendations As can be deduced from the tests, price is an important factor during purchasing and therefore Timotei marketers should have used a penetration pricing strategy where they could have offered low prices for their shampoos. This penetration type of pricing though may not be a quick way of reaching the breakeven point. Still it is important so that the product can be accessible to a larger group of consumers through affordability, and as its benefits become evident, price change can be considered. Secondly, the market tests should have been carried out in different regions and not only in the Netherlands. The conducted research does not show whether the outsourcing of the respondents was done extensively or within a confined region. In addition, it does not reflect the data if
Globally there are 40 million people living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/ acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) (Marfatia, Sharma and Modi, 2007) According to the latest estimates based on National Family Health Survey (NFHS), released by National AIDS Control Organization (NACO), the National adult HIV prevalence in India is approximately 0.36% which corresponds to an estimated 2 to 3.1 million people living with HIV in the country (Marfatia, Sharma and Modi, 2007). The HIV/AIDS epidemic is increasingly affecting women and young girls, especially where heterosexual sex is the main mode of transmission. Out of the estimated adults living with HIV, 38.4% were females. However, in Tamil Nadu and other southern states with high HIV burdens, where effective interventions have been in place for several years, HIV prevalence has begun to decline or stabilize. India’s first cases of HIV were diagnosed among sex workers in Chennai, Tamil Nadu. Most of the initial cases had occurred through heterosexual sex; but at the end of the 1980s, a rapid spread of HIV was observed among injecting drug users in Manipur, Mizoram and Nagaland. The vast majority of infections occur among women through heterosexual sex, and most of those who become infected would not fall into the category of high-risk groups. Infections occur primarily through unprotected sex and transmission of the disease from mother to unborn child. It has been estimated that out of 27 million pregnancies in India, nearly 189,000 occur in HIV-positive mothers, leading to an estimated cohort of 56,700 infected babies A good percentage of transmissions occur through people in marginalized groups including female sex workers, transgender groups and gay men. The HIV/AIDS situation in India is a global problem. In today’s world what happens in a country halfway around the world can have consequences for people all over the world. According to a CIA assessment quoted by CBS News, “if patients don’t take their AIDS medications every day, strains of the virus could evolve which are resistant to the drugs..” Companies from around the world have business relationships with India, which has one of the world’s largest software industries. Many companies have taken advantage of the time difference between India and the United States and should the number of HIV/AIDS cases rise the CIA warns that such a situation “will have significant economic… implications.” The result would not only be disastrous for India’s economy but detrimental to their trading partners and to the global businesses that have invested in India. India is not only the largest democracy in the world, but it is a nuclear power as well. India is an ally to many countries in their war against terrorism. If the AIDS situation in India gets out of control the result could be
The response of the U.S. and the international community to the continued threat of terrorism has and will continue to be an issue of great concern to a majority of leaderships all over the world. As recent events have shown, the world must continue its vigilance in the face of terror (Dennis, p. 124). In the recent past, 19 terrorists hijacked four airplanes and changed the course of history (Huntington, 2006). Before the 9/11 terrorist attack, America was mighty enough to reorder the world, but after it was still vulnerable to silence worse attacks. This asymmetry is precisely what is so appealing to those who use terrorist tactics (Dennis, p. 127). It is a way for the powerless, the would-be powerful to confront stronger, more powerful adversaries and thereby also attract attention to themselves and their cause (Schwabach, 2004). There appears to be an endless supply of people willing to kill themselves through suicide bombings while the West appears to grow tired (Robert, p. 84). This is indeed the fundamental reason that the White House and U.S. National Security Council adopting various strategies for combating terrorism. It is precisely good to recognize that the U.S needs a much richer mix of countermeasures, in addition to military force, diplomacy, political reform, and economic development to prevail against this threat and that military force alone cannot do that (Schwabach, 2004). It is certain that have entered a new type of war, a war against people who hate liberty and freedom (Dennis, p. 124). Since 2001 many countries have pushed through repressive laws in the name of the war on terror. While I do not agree that liberty has been the first victim of this war, I take your point that as that great American statesman Thomas Jefferson said, “The price of freedom is eternal vigilance (Dennis, p. 130).” This is not only vigilance against enemies and threats but also vigilance against the erosion of fundamental civil liberties (Dennis, p. 130). This will always be a matter of striking a balance between giving the authorities the tools that they need to defend society but not trampling on the civil liberties essential to the livelihood and vitality of those same societies (Huntington, 2006). In the aftermath of the Taliban’s resurgence in Afghanistan, the focus on the war against terrorism has shifted from al-Qaeda to Taliban (Robert, p. 89). This is seen more as a reflection of America’s and Americans’ fu
Daily aspirin intake is a common prescription for people suffering from heart disease or those belonging to heart disease risk groups. Because aspirin is an easily available medication and its effectiveness is believed to be high, it is often recommended as a prevention of a first-time heart attack (Hebert, 2001). However, the findings of recent studies point to the fact that its effectiveness is low in preventing fatal outcomes of strokes and subsequent occasions of heart diseases (Wang, 2014). Still, to evaluate the efficiency of this prescriptive measure, it is paramount to determine the correct dosage in a way that benefits from taking aspirin outweigh potential risks and side effects. First of all, it is imperative to understand the benefits and drawbacks related to taking aspirin. It minimizes the risks of blood clots because of its influence on platelets, cell fragments activating the process of a blood clot formation. These cell fragments are formed because of the high content of cholesterol in the blood. The intake of aspirin blocks the secretion of the enzyme, cyclooxygenase, provoking blood slots thus protecting the coronary artery from being blocked and a human body from the deadly threat of heart attack (“What’s the difference between aspirin and nitroglycerin for heart attack prevention and treatment,” 2010). The existence of platelets in blood vessels and their role in heart attacks, as well as the blocking impact of aspirin, were first described by the British pharmacologist John Vane, who introduced it as a popular heart disease prevention in the 1970s (Dai & Ge, 2012). However, even before this discovery, aspirin has been widely used for heart attack prevention regardless of the fact that prescriptions were made intuitively and there were no medical proofs supporting the effectiveness of aspirin or descriptions of its operation in a human body (Miner & Hoffhines, 2007). Regardless of the effectiveness of aspirin, there is a significant drawback related to its influence on a human organism: in order to guarantee its regularity and continuity, it is recommended to avoid making pauses in aspirin intake. Moreover, the duration of the antiplatelet effect is usually no longer than 24 months (“Is aspirin helpful in preventing heart attack?” 2004). Such a prolonged intake, especially if accompanied with wrong dosage determination and serious health concerns such as diabetes or gastrointestinal diseases, becomes the source of severe side effects. Usually, the primary complication is the risk of internal bleedings in the stomach, gastrointestinal tract, and brain (Hebert, 2001; McCarthy, 2014). Even though there are some significant risks, the instances are rare, and, in most cases, benefits outweigh them. According to the recent survey, aspirin is a common medication taken by up to 50 percent of elderly people with the aim of preventing heart attacks. The central issue is the fact that no emphasis is made on belonging to a risk g
Advertisements are a part of our everyday lives. They are placed at every legally imaginable place possible by companies, governments, and other interested organizations to get our attention. Can you imagine the Super Bowl without its world-famous commercial breaks, or our highways without their towering billboards? The truth is that this medium of business promotion is here to stay. However, there have been many concerns about how this medium is used and how it influences our lives. Businesses have become so aggressive that they have begun to abuse this channel. This has raised moral concerns and led to the question of how much regulation is needed so as to keep these money-hungry corporations in check. In order to understand the moral issues associated with advertising, we must first understand what it is and how it works. Advertising is hard to define. Legal and statutory definitions put it as “a paid form of the message disseminated by businesses……..specifically and systematically designed to influence the attitudes and decisions of individuals in relation to their consumption of goods and their use of services” (Agcm. it). The use of advertising, however, is easier to state. Their core function is to sell a good, service, or product to a targeted audience (MacRury, 1). The main users of advertising are the business world. However, other parties such as the government and NGOs use it too. In general, advertisements are used to pass across a message which influences an individual to take a certain course of action. Advertisements have evolved in complexity and creativity throughout the years. This is mainly due to the immense amount of research that has gone into it. According to Vakratsas and Ambler, advertising works in several stages. The first stage is the delivery of the message. This message may be repeated for more effect. At the second stage, some form of mental effect happens. The mental effect includes knowledge, recollection, and the person’s outlook of the message. This affects the way a person thinks and feels toward the product. The end product is a purchase (1-2). The process goes to show that advertising exploits the use of attitude and association. Whoever the message is delivered to must relate the product to a positive experience, thought or aspiration that they have in order for a positive end result to happen. This means that an advertiser will seek to create an advert that will do this in order to be successful in his end goal, to sell. So what is to stop an advertiser from exploiting this for his own end? What is to stop him from making false claims about what his product can do? If some form of regu
August Wilson, the author of the “social realist” drama Fences, gives audiences a glimpse into the life of an African American family trying to gain respect and respectability (Kushner). They are trying to accomplish this at a time when segregation was still nearly universal. The fences that appear in the title, and often throughout the drama serve to represent some of the challenges the family faces. Fences are rich in symbolic possibilities. They are barriers for property lines, for keeping livestock in, or predators out. They segregate, exclude, protect, and even imprison. They also symbolize all the ways that this family tries to keep the things that threaten them out and their family unity in. Whether the fences that the family erects, both symbolically and physically, are successful in preventing the negative and promoting the positive, the audience remains uncertain. The yard fence that sits unfinished at the beginning of the play is one example of this use of symbolism. It parallels the career in baseball that Troy Maxson wanted to pursue (Wilson, Fences Act I, Scene i). Like the fence, one of his major life ambitions remains unachieved for much of the play. It sits there, reminding him of what he has not accomplished. Unlike baseball, however, he finally builds the fence (Wilson, Fences Act II, Scene iv). The problem of not achieving everything one hopes to in life strikes a nearly universal chord. Fences also demarcate private property, which, in this instance, is a sign of the improved status of African Americans in the 1950s (Nadel 86). As Sanders notes, the symbol of the fence refers to the historically painful connection,” between property rights and human rights, for African Americans” (Sanders). As August Wilson points out in his introduction to the first act, the northern cities that African Americans migrated to in search of a better life were only grudgingly welcoming and permitted the migrants only the lowest-paid jobs (Wilson, Fences Act I, Scene i). Thus, although Troy could legally own home, he was able to acquire it only by appropriating a portion of Gabriel’s disability payment from the Army (Wilson, Fences Act II, Scene v). Nonetheless, he is fiercely proud of, “his own house and yard that he done paid for with the sweat of his brow” (Wilson, Fences Act II, Scene iv). The fence, or his intention to build a fence in response to his wife’s request, represents his pride in what he has managed to accomplish as a man, a husband, and a bread-winner. He wants to demonstrate that he is strong and competent as a man, in terms of which he is capable of. He is so committed to being a good husband, according to his own lights, that he describes his role as a husband as giving Rose everything, even “the lint from my pockets” (Wilson, Fences Act I, Scene iii). Part of being a good husband is his desire to fulfill his wife’s wish for the respectability of a fence
Research Question How often do premature infants with nasogastric tube feedings finally become breastfed? Identification of population The objective of the research is to undertake comparative studies of nasogastric and breastfeeding methods as two complementary methods of feeding premature babies and to take adequate steps to wean infants away from tube feeding to an established breastfeeding regime. (Transitioning preterm infants with nasogastric tube supplementation: Increased likelihood of breastfeeding, 2009). The population would be newborn infants in state and private nursing care centers. In the randomized survey conducted, 84 premature infants with birth weights between 1 kg to 2.5 kgs were taken as participants. It was seen during the course of the research that when compared to infants being bottle-fed, tube fed, premature infants created more chances for breastfeeding in the time span of 3 days, 3 months, and 6 months period after discharge. “Odds ratios (confidence intervals = 95%)showed that the group receiving nasogastric supplements was 4.5 times (1.4 to 15) more likely to be breastfed at discharge and 9.4 times more likely to be fully breastfed (3.1 to 28.4).” (Kliethermes et al., 1999). Variables in the research study: The expertise of the midwifery processes and the careers are important considerations for the success of this study. Besides, there needs to be physical closeness between mother and child during the process. Types of data (Qualitative and Quantitative necessary to answer the question): Both qualitative and quantitative data are needed. It is also necessary to have the quantitative details of te