ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction A statistical filter is an automated system that is developed to evaluate documents in a language legible to machines. Statistical filtering as a concept was introduced by M. Sahami et al., in 1998 (Dwork & Naor 2002). Though Paul Graham did not invent it, he drew the attention of machine researchers in his famous paper ‘A Plan for Spam’ which advocated for building Bayesian probability models of spam and non-spam words. The paper emphasized the need to draw attention to software that determines the indicator of spam probability for each word. The essay presented such software as automatic, could operate on a short code, adjustable to suit specific needs and effective in performing the intended function (Zdziarski, 2005). Body Filtering of spam mail originated from text classification research. Its ultimate goal is to recognize spam accurately. The different methodologies vary depending on the classification algorithm in place. Statistical filters have the same origin and though they have evolved they still share the same basic functioning principles. They are all multinomial or multivariate models (Okin, 2003). Statistical filters distill a document into a set of pre set features depending on the type. It can be programmed to sieve information based on specific words, numbers or even whole phrases. These features are then coded as Boolean (multivariate) or real values (multinomial) vector upon which filtering is based on. It is then possible to make specific adjustments into the filter by using rule based methods which can either be generated automatically or hand designed. The derived machine learning algorithms are mainly determined by the overall frequencies or statistics of the specific feature being distilled (Bergin, 1996). There are different types of content filters that vary based on the features they are designed to detect. Generally, spam is more repetitive and in most cases there are certain terms that it contains. Word based spam filters are the simplest form. They trace certain words within the email and block it. It is possible to evade these types of spam filters by configuring the message to remove the most common words in spam mail by either replacing them or misspelling these words. Heuristic filters are more complex than word filters. They are also called rule filters. They trace multiple terms found in an email. They scan the contents of incoming emails and prescribe points to words or phrases. Key words normally found in spam receive higher points and a total score for the entire email is determined. The owner is actually the one who determines the cut off score that will be used to classify email as spam or legitimate. The filter identifies these messages that rate a certain score or higher and blocks or deletes them while preserving those that rate a lower score. Heuristic filters are relatively easy to operate and quite fast. A major disadvantage of these filters is that they can filter off legitim
The development of the human community is dynamic, which means that current social agendas and patterns may not have been relevant to society until a few decades ago. One of the most obvious manifestations of these dynamics is the fact of globalization, which has led to the close integration of virtually all cultures and socio-ethnic units. Globalization, nevertheless, should not be seen as a purely unambiguous process but instead is to be critically evaluated when placed under the prism of the natural evolutionary development of society. In this analysis, it becomes clear that these integration processes have, in combination with their profound benefits, significant adverse effects, among them the formation of the foundations for international crises. Thus, globalization is held responsible for the global financial crisis of 2008. This essay aims to argue the justification of this thesis. In examining the geopolitical structure of the contemporary arena of countries, it becomes evident that globalization processes have become inextricably linked to politics. In fact, globalization is not an academically unambiguous term, and various sources tend to interpret its meaning in peculiar ways. For the purposes of this paper, globalization is the close unification of states and cultures realized in political, social, economic, technological, and scientific contexts. To put it another way, globalization binds and unites countries at the current level of internationalization of society. As a consequence, this process has several important manifestations, including cultural integration and the consolidation of a single world market. It is the formation of the world market as a product of active globalization processes that can be seen as the cause of the development of the global financial crisis. It is necessary to emphasize further the meaning that is put into the term GFC. Such a phase, it is argued, means the abrupt onset of crisis conditions in most countries of the world — or in the world market as a whole — in the period from 2008 to 2013. It was a challenging and stressful time for nations, the result of which was an intensification of the imbalance of resources between social classes and a dramatic weakening of the positions of the middle classes. It is not uncommon to cite the bursting of the real estate bubble in the U.S. market as the leading cause of the global crisis. In reality, the sharp decline in housing values, accompanied by an increase in active credit among citizens, created a high-risk environment in which the number of defaults, or crises, increased. In focusing on this
The job of a nurse practitioner (NP) involves a variety of skills based on which one can identify professional goals. The basic requirement for NPs is that they should be able to provide different health services to their patients (Buppert, 2018). NPs are expected to perform a physical and psychosocial assessment of their clients. Also, they should be skilled in urgent and critical care delivery, as well as in promoting the aging population’s health (American Association of Nurse Practitioners [AANP], n.d.). Also, AANP (n.d.) gives priority to the role of NPs in rural health development. The core competencies of NPs include analyzing data, integrating knowledge, and promoting new practice approaches based on research and practice. Employing the best evidence to enhance the quality of services and care is another important competency (Thomas et al., 2012). Apart from that, NPs need to serve as advocates for their patients by suggesting and promoting positive changes to law regulations (Reinisch, 2014). Based on the mentioned aspects of NPs’ professional preparation and practice, one should set SMART goals and come up with the plan of achieving them to become a successful NP. Short-Term Goals Based on the mentioned requirements and expectations of NPs, I have identified the following short-term goals:  1. to receive high-quality education which will allow me to become a knowledgeable and skilled professional;  2. to improve my knowledge of working with the aging population;  3. to enhance the experience of working in rural health settings. Each of these objectives is related to my professional career development since their attainment will promote my development as a high-skilled healthcare worker. The strategic plan for achieving short-term goals is the following:   * to enrich my research skills and learn how to be able to disseminate evidence (Thomas et al., 2012);   * to constantly engage in analyzing clinical guidelines and investigate the unknown issues;   * to improve my practical skills by reviewing patients’ cases and carefully examining them;   * to increase the amount of practice in rural settings. Long-Term Goals The long-term objectives are associated with innovation in practice and serving as an advocate for my patients. The following three goals have been identified for the 3-5-year period:  1. to participate in the development and analysis of new health technologies;  2. to promote patients’ rights to health care through removing barriers in state laws (Reinisch, 2014);  3. to become a successful leader in healthcare settings. The mentioned goals are linked to my professional career development since they will enable me to cooperate successfully in different environments and at various levels. The strategic plan of reaching my long-term goals includes the following aspects:   * performing an overview of innovations in health care and participating in some of the research projects;   * increasing my knowledge of leadership
Introduction The Crusades were military outfits that were related to Christians who engaged other religions and rival Christians in violent wars in the name of spreading the Christianity faith. Most of the battles were blessed by the Pope of medieval times. The battles were mostly concerned with the spreading of the Christianity faith and also the acquiring of holy sites. Most of the Crusade’s battle was directed at the Muslims but there were also the victims like the Jews, Orthodox Christians, and other minor religions. The Crusades were mainly located in the Middle East and Europe. Most of the modern times violences that are related to religion can be rooted in the Crusades (Stearns, p. 195). Thesis statement This paper will focus on what the Crusades revealed about the medieval major religion that being the Muslims and the Christians. The Paper will also focus on the effects of the Crusades and how they have shaped modern religious trends. Revelations of the Crusades The Crusades had a lasting impact on both religions. The Crusades revealed that Christians from Europe were opportunistic and that they were engaged in the Crusades just because of the economic gains that were accrued to the Crusades. The Muslims developed an acute hatred of the Christians especially those from the continent of Europe. Although the first Crusade may have been genuinely based on faith, the following crusades were fueled by greed for the expansion of the territory. The Christians who were involved in the Crusades had their blessings from the Pope himself and this leaves a lot of doubt on whether the Christian faith was really based on the principles of Jesus Christ on issues concerning stealing, love of your neighbor, and honesty (Stearns, p. 216). The Crusades also revealed that although the Muslims seemed to be United in faith, they were not united politically. There were a lot of civil wars and assassinations involved in the Islam communities that were involved in the Crusades. This lack of Unity made the Muslims feel threatened from all corners and hence they adopted the policy of turning in on to themselves. This created a culture of sensitivity and defensive attitude which has continued to manifest itself with time. This culture has also evolved as the world evolved and hence the modern state of affairs in the Muslim countries, where these countries are considered very defensive and overly sensitive to international matters (Wallbank, p. 396). Effects of the Crusades One of the effects of the Crusades was the initiation of a rival culture between the two major religions in the world. The Muslims could not trust the Christians in any way and hence developed a hostile attitude towards them. The Muslims are justified in their stand because the Christians were mainly fueled by greed and the need to expand their territories (Wallbank, p. 426). On the positive side, the Crusades opened up new avenues of trade and also created the basis on which the foundation of nation-states was initiated in the European continent. Trade rose because the need to transport the armies across the continent necessi
Presently, the scene has changed significantly, with visitors more conscious than at any other time in recent memory of where their food comes from. With expanded mindfulness comes an increment in obligation regarding eateries to be more cautious in their sourcing and more dependable by the way they work their organizations (Abrams, 2019). The arrangement is to reuse glass and cardboard and return bundling to my providers to be reused. Demographic Description The primary target market is understudies aged 18-23 of any gender who come from metropolitan and advanced education foundations. Geographic Description The geographical location would be a city with a great density of students, such as Boston. Lifestyle Description The understudies that would buy our item stay at the university or college campus for studies. They wear comfortable clothes such as jeans and hoodies, or they can be students who follow modern fashion styles for the youth. Psychographic Description Collectively, they focus on advancement and sustainable arrangements. The young millennials are typically early adopters and are quick to attempt novel thoughts and i
The Case The judges listening to the case pitting Kelo and allies versus the City of New London came up with a decision that it was right for the local government to take up public land and use it for development i.e. to take up the land as long as it was to be used for the public interest. It seemed that the case presented by Kelo and allies was lawful and strong while the justification tabled by the city of New London seemed weak, but by the end of the day, they carried the day on a 5 to 4 ruling. The repercussion of the court’s decision The case set up bad precedence in the sense that if in future the court were to refer to this case, then the government would confiscate private property under the guise of wanting to use it for public and economic use. This would be in contravention of the constitution, which gives everyone the right to own property. In addition to this, it does not make any economic sense to take property from one private owner and giving it to another private owner. However, the Supreme Court came up with a verdict that gave the local government authority to take up a private property by giving the private developers additional compensation. The dissenting opinion by Sandra Day O’Conner is one of the most striking features of this case. She argued that the stance taken by the local government does not work in the best interest of the people and economic development, and she completely refused to accept their side of the story. She argued that it would only help the most influential people in society and big corporations at the expense of local people. This dissenting opinion by Sandra Day O’Conner was informed by the fact that when the local government fails to get financiers to develop the property, then the development plan would be abandoned. Sandra Day O’Conner’s sees it as a bad norm to be practiced in a civilized world where there is a right to own property, that is, it shows, to a great extent, the immaturity of the government and its insensitivity to its citizens. The case led to judicial activism led by Sandra. “This case has charged the adverse impact on the judges about government policies. At the same time, this instance has made the politicians unworthy and suspicious of the American political system. Therefore, this case has great relevance to the charge of the adverse impact caused by activist judges on the American political system (Orlando 2009)”. The case leads us to the question; up to what extent should question of this magnitude be decided by the court? A court is used as a last resort and should be used to resolve issues according to law. Even though the above case has a lot of political undertones, the court ought to have been very impartial in its decision. Sandra’s views on liberal views, gender, and affirmative action have been a source of controversies and judicial activism. Together with
The Things They Carried is a short story by Tim O’Brien from a collection of short stories with the same title (1990). It tells the story of Lieutenant Jimmy Cross, who is leading a soldier platoon in Vietnam, carrying reminders about Martha, a woman he loves unrequitedly and continuously distracts him from military objectives. However, after the death of a soldier in his squad, Jimmy reconsiders what is essential to him, and gets rid of all things that remind him of Martha to focus on his soldiers and its military mission. The central idea relates to not live through illusions and memories but instead focusing on the present. The key narrative strategy in the story is repetition, which is illustrated in the retelling of specific incidents that play detrimental roles in the main conflict. For instance, the death of Lavender is retold by the narrator several times because it is the catalyst for the main character’s development. With the help of repetition with the focus on the most important event, the narration of The Things They Carried emphasizes how important it was for the protagonist to revise his priorities and put the interests of others above his. The first narrative strategy to be mentioned in regards to The Things They Carried is the point of view. The point of view belongs to the character of Tim, who is not the protagonist but the narrator. “First Lieutenant Jimmy Cross carried letters from a girl named Martha, a junior at Mount Sebastian College in New Jersey” (O’Brien 366). In the quote, the point of view of the narrator presents the story’s central character as well as his relationship, which is detrimental to the story’s development. “Henry Dobbins, who was a big man, carried extra rations; he was especially fond of canned peaches in heavy syrup over pound cake” (O’Brien 367). The point of view strategy is used to introduce another character and the attributes that make him stand out. There is a sense of community created by the narrator’s listing of what the soldiers were carrying. The narrative strategy of repetition is imperative to the story’s development. “What they carried was partly a function of rank, part of field specialty” (O’Brien 369). “What they carried varied by mission” (O’Brien 372). These repetitions offer structure to the story while also making the characters more real and ‘human.’ The repeating sentence structures are important because they show that beyond physical things, the characters carried a weight of responsibility on their shoulders. Characterization is another narrative strategy to be mentioned because there are many characters with unique peculiarities. “While Kiowa explained how Lavender died, Lieutenant Cross found himself trembling. […] He hated himself” (O’Brien 377). “The moral’s pretty obvious, Sanders said, and winked. Stay away from drugs. No joke, they’ll ruin your day every time” (O’Brien 380). The way in which the characters managed the death of their c
Mahatma Gandhi was a ‘nonconsequentialist’ in his beliefs because he rejected consequential philosophy which insinuates that consequences of actions can appreciably justify the means. ‘Nonconsequentialism’ views morality from the actions and not the consequences. According to nonconsequential theory, one’s morality lies in his/her actions and not consequences of his/her actions for nothing good can come from immoral actions. Therefore, actions are ether right or wrong independent of the consequences, as good ends cannot justify any corrupt means. Allen argues that, “Gandhi is well known for his emphasis on the integral, mutually reinforcing relationship between means and ends because one cannot use impure or immoral means to achieve worthy goals” (3). Gandhi did not believe that an action is right if it promotes greatest good for the greatest number of people; far from it, he believed in moral actions that lead to the greatest good for all and this simple outright belief passes Gandhi for a nonconsequentialist. Deontological theory supports Mahatma Gandhi view of morality for it states that morality depends on the actions or motives of the people. The deontological theory is a nonconsequential theory that does not assess morality from the point of consequences rather it assesses morality from the actions or omissions. According to this theory, actions and rules are primary in determining morality in the society for deontologists argue that, actions are morally right or wrong based on commands from higher power or divine. In this case, Gandhi believed in divine obedience as a way of attaining the highest state of morality. Libert
Introduction The future of professional psychology is clouded by challenges despite many efforts to reduce them. In particular, special social groups such as elderly and Lesbians, Gays, Bisexuals and Transgender (LGBT) community pose a myriad of future challenges due to various factors. The Future of Professional Psychology At the outset, the number of people above 65 years in the United States is likely to double by the year 2030 according to Census Bureau (Nelson, 2005). Moreover, American Psychological Association estimates that over fifty percent of elderly people who suffer from mental disorders do not either access or afford mental health services (Nelson, 2005). Therefore, the field of psychology does not only face the current challenge of enhancing accessibility of services but also the high number of elderly it will have to contend with in future. Second, it is important to highlight that elderly face insurmountable barriers to mental health services that range from financial costs of treatment to shortage of practitioners and professionals (Nelson, 2005). It is therefore critical for the entire field of psychology to nurture new professionals in order to address the challenge. Lewis & Marshall (2012) assert that LGBT community also presents many future challenges to the field of professional psychology. The fact that issues relating to social diversity continue to elicit emotions in many regions across the world is an indicator of an imminent challenge (Lewis & Marshall, 2012). The rationale is that the special group suffers from emotional and psychological effects of discrimination along their sexual orientations. Therefore, issues of diversity that LGBT community face will continue to typify the field of professional psychology even in the future. Besides, the field of professional psychology faces the challenge of changing the society’s attitudes towards homosexuality and bisexuality. Until social institutions appreciate the fact that a particular sexual orientation is not pervasion or a mental disorder, the field of professional psychology faces a momentous challenge regarding LGBT community.