ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Today, the residents of both megacities and small towns spend much time outside their homes. Large concentrations of people in various public places make it necessary to build not only aesthetically beautiful but also functional constructions that can successfully fit into the city architecture and at the same time be convenient enough. Accordingly, the design of a public building is one of the primary factors on which the reliability of a particular structure and its appearance depend. At present, urbanization and global resettlement in cities raise the need to pay special attention to not only the aesthetics of buildings but also their convenience. In case premises are small or, on the contrary, too large, it can be a serious mistake of designers and cause problems. The key to a successful public building in the form of its design, and the more thoroughly the concrete form and purpose of a particular construction are, the higher the chance is that the population will appreciate its functionality and convenience. Form Follows Function Based on one of the well-known principles of public facilities construction, the design of buildings may depend on the purpose that it performs. The famous architect Luis Sullivan once formulated an accurate and capacious thesis related to public places – “form follows function” ( Form follows function n.d., para 1). This approach can be clearly traced to the Guggenheim Museum, the world-famous architectural monument, where numerous cultural heritage sites are collected. It was Sullivan who was the architect of this building, and he based his work on the principle of the Museum’s functionality, paying specific attention to corresponding space distribution. On the whole, the purpose of the construction of public buildings (theatres, libraries) dictates the choice of unique architectural, artistic, constructive, and decorative means of creating exterior and interior space. Uniqueness gives rise to the difficulty of designi
When viewing the problem of homelessness through the lens of decision theory, it is necessary to identify possible factors influencing agents’ decisions. To define the apparent confounders is easy; nonetheless, finding the least obvious ones is a more important task because it allows discovering prospective ways to mitigate existing risk and ensure the desired outcome. Urban planning development largely depends on the current state of the housing market. There is an abundance of evidence of a direct and indirect relationship between the inexpensive hosing deficiency and consequent homelessness (Rossi, 2013). The housing market dominated by massive real estate owners would never be able to offer an opportunity to people with low or absent income. Therefore, the urban planning should be revised regarding those private providers’ interests: the risk of failure for future city development would strongly increase in the areas of possible economic concern. The question of the homelessness prevalence is still unclear. Most common estimates indicate that there is at least one percent of homeless people in the United States (Erickson & Wilhelm, 2017), which currently comprises more than three million people. Consequently, every big city experiences severe difficulties with homeless population concentrated in certain areas. While simple zoning can provide basic information for urban planning, it is ineffective in determining real city needs and building successful communities (Dear & Wolch, 2014). Locating multiple shelters throughout the city regardless of pedestrians’ spatial patterns would not be sufficient as well. However, modern technologies, including geographic information systems, could provide useful insight into the task of urban optimization. Taking into account all relevant factors in conjunction is necessary for the goal of decreasing the level of uncertainty in any existing model of urban optimization. The issues with homelessness require more careful approach than building more shelters. An effective strategy should direct market players’ interests toward social gain.
I have a dream Among the many speeches given by Martin Luther King Junior, this was his most quoted speech all over the world. This speech was given in the year 1963 during the reign of President Jeff Kennedy with it main theme freedom of the black Americans. The audience of this speech were the more than two hundred thousand supporters of civil rights. Martin Luther demanded for an end to racial segregation and discrimination. His aim was to inform and make it known to the whole of America that the time of freedom had come. From the literature point of view, this speech is rhetoric in its own special way. This is because Martin Luther king uses many forms of styles of literature so as to effectively deliver a speech that will be of great impact. Among the styles the King uses are metaphors, ethos and logos, repetition, quotations from written publications among other styles of literature. Some of his references of the quotations on his speech include; the bible, emancipation proclamation, the United States constitution as well as the United States Declaration of Independence. To begin with is the use of anaphora to put emphasis on the theme and aim of the speech by making it easy for people to memorize hence the message of the speech is driven home. The clause “I have a dream” is repeated up to eight times in different sentences of the speech (Hansen 177). Other clauses repeated in the speech include; ‘Now is the time’ found in the sixth paragra
Introduction People are drowning in data. People who are supposed to make sense of data are drowning in them. Business owners, manufacturers, analysts, business retailers are just some of the people that need to know how to make sense of significant amounts of data that are being collated each day. The proponent of this study attempts to provide a solution for business retailers. The solution utilizes a predictive algorithm to make sense of consumer behavior, and use insights gleaned from the said process for enhancing the retailer’s marketing scheme. A practical way to leverage the power of predictive algorithm is to make it a backbone in the development of a marketing scheme that specifically targets customers by offering them products through the store’s digital signage system. Methodology Understanding the Issue through an Anthropology-based Analytical Framework It is important to use an anthropology-based analytical framework in order to highlight the fact that the software design is dependent on the prior understanding of how human beings behave in certain circumstances. In other words, it is crucial to have insights into human psychology before acquiring the ability to create an effective predictive capability. In this case, the anthropological framework focuses on the effort on patterns of human behavior in the context of acquiring and consuming products sold in supermarkets and malls. Key Definition of Terms: Surveillance and Privacy It is also important to point out that instead of simply restating the technical definition of privacy and surveillance, it is best to look at a more nuanced analysis of these concepts. Consider for example Phil Agre’s capture model. In this theoretical model, Agre attempts to uncover the systematic and institutionalized use of surveillance (Wardrip-Fruin and Montfort 737). Agre’s “capture model” attempts to predict and explain how conglomerates and national governments are going to make surveillance appear natural and commonplace in order to downplay its ubiquity and pervasiveness in society (Wardrip-Fruin and Montfort 737). Agre was able to prove his point when he presented two approaches to understanding the issues surrounding privacy. Agre pointed out that people normally assess privacy using the “surveillance model” (101). However, there exists another method of data collection, and Agre made the revelation that the use of the “capture model” creates a less obvious strategy of collecting personal information. In the “capture model,” the current use and design of data-capture technologies condition the minds of people regarding the inevitable collection and use of personal information. Examples of these strategies are commonplace, and the target market or the people that are being surveilled are not going to feel any type of coercion and they are not going to notice the tell-tale signs of privacy violations that they were accustomed to seeing using the “surveillance model” of data collection (Agre 102). In the first model, the target market resists the obvious privacy violations in the use of cameras and deliberate profiling. However, in the new method,
Government budgets are central policy documents prepared by a given country. They are used in the governing of the proposed revenues and expenditures. The budgets are based on the objectives the government intends to achieve in a fiscal year. The document is normally approved by the legislative body of a country and the head of government. 1 The major objective of budgeting is to allocate and control resources. In this paper, the author will provide a comparative analysis of government budgeting in Dubai and Thailand. To this end, a general review of government budgeting will be provided, together with a highlight of the consequences associated with continuous deficits and debts. The key macroeconomic variables in Dubai and Thailand will be provided, as well as the sources of revenue and expenditure in the two countries. Finally, the steps taken by the two governments in resolving budgetary problems will be analyzed. A Review of Government Budgets What a Government Budget Represents Government budgeting employs artistic imagination and uses the available technical methods to create and improve the conditions and lives of the citizens. 2 One of the major stakeholders in the budgeting process is the central government. However, the process also brings on board other agencies in the country. The agencies concerned are those that carry out different functions depending on the governing style adopted by a given country. 3 The process varies widely from one country to the other. The variation depends on the cultural, political, and economic factors in the nation. A national budget is a representation of the amount of revenue the government intends to collect and the expenditure to be incurred in a financial year. It is a contract between the state and the citizens. 4 The document shows how the resources are brought together to fund the delivery of services required by the public. As such, the document should be clear and transparent for the purposes of accountability and trust by the general public. 5 A sustainable and objective budget should adhere to the regulations and systems put in place. To develop a consistent and sustainable budget, other policy documents are required to estimate the needs and requirements of the citizens. The policies taken into consideration include strategic plans and financial trends monitoring reports. Others include land use and capital improvement plans. 6 Consequences of Continuous Budget Deficits and High Levels of National Debt In most cases, government spending exceeds the amount of money available in the country. The result is a deficit or national debt. Governments use several strategies to cover for the national debt. One of these strategies includes borrowing. Hubbard explains three effects of a budgetary deficit on the country’s economy. 7 There are both long-term and short-term
Introduction In the year 2003 the then president of the United States legalized a national strategy to secure the country’s cyberspace. The primary objectives for this strategy were to prevent any attacks against the United State’s infrastructures, to reduce the country’s propensity to attacks over the internet and to reduce to the lowest levels possible the damage that occurred from cyber attacks. The government at the time put in place criminal laws to allow for the investigation and prosecution of individuals suspected of partaking in cybercrime. Various institutions were set up to help with investigation of crimes that involve computers or computer networks with the United States working very closely with other nations in dealing with cybercrimes by setting up round-the-clock emergency contact networks. Other efforts aimed at a sustaining the collaborative effort between the United States and other nations included the signing of multilateral treaties such as the convention on Cybercrime. Such treaties have been heralded by the United States as very important tools in dealing with transnational cybercrime. A study of various cyber securi
Introduction The human factor has always been one of the issues significantly impacting the manufacturing process and preconditioning a critical deterioration in the quality of final products. For this reason, there are numerous attempts to minimize the negative impact of this factor and achieve better results. The article suggested for the discussion also revolves around the same issue. The fact is that the garment industry becomes especially vulnerable to the pernicious impact of this factor (Day, 2016). If workers do not have the needed skills or make mistakes some pieces of clothes will be spoiled. The authors suggest one of the possible solutions, which implies additional training for employees to improve their skills and ensure the absence of critical mistakes. The given option can be considered efficient enough as multiple research works show that the explanation of innovative ways to perform essential activities demonstrates appropriate results (Montagna, 2015). For this reason, it can be applied in different conditions. Discussion Additionally, the authors assume that the explanation of quality’s significance to workers is a good way to attain better results. However, the suggested quality awareness program can be supported by the introduction of innovative tools to monitor the manufacturing process and admit mistakes preconditioned by the human factor at the early stages (Wright, 2017). It will help to reduce the number of spoiled things and preserve the high quality of garments produced by various companies. In such a way, the problem of the human factor and its critical importance for all spheres becomes evident, and demands increased attention. One of the solutions presupposes the use of additional training along with the focus on increased workers awareness to ensure that they understand the importance of their contribution to the companys rise.
In general, animal testing is allowed all over the world. Some countries impose certain restrictions on that matter, some – do not introduce any restrictions at all. However, even those countries that have certain laws prohibiting tests on animals do not take into account the fact that animals are living creatures and must not suffer for the sake of an experiment. Moreover, in most facilities and laboratories, animals are kept in cages, thereby having absolutely no freedom. Most of the experiments performed on animals bring them suffering, lead to disability, and even death. This inhumane treatment of animals does not justify any cause (Haugen, 2000). Thus, the main reason why these experiments must be stopped is that, according to the statistics, the majority of them are ineffective and inaccurate. History of Animal Testing Animal testing has a long history. Considering the fact that animals are living creatures, medical experiments on them were already conducted at least three thousand years ago. The first records mentioning the experiments on animals date back to the fourth century BCE in Ancient Greece (Murnaghan, 2017). Thus, in ancient times, it was a widely adopted practice to perform dissections of animals in order to understand how to make surgical operations on humans. Since the 18 th century, with the development of medicine, the frequency of animal testing has significantly increased. Moreover, if a couple of centuries ago, there were only single experiments that were performed by separate scientists, now, it has developed into the large industry that catches animals in the wild and uses them as guinea pigs (Scutti, 2013). Thus, although there are many innovative technologies that can serve as better alternatives to animal testing, people are still reluctant to change the current state of affairs. Despite animal testing being rather an old practice, ethical considerations on that matter also occurred quite a long time ago (Scutti, 2013). For example, in the 17 th century, a psychologist Edmund O’Meara stated that animal testing was unnecessary, as it often gave inaccurate results. In this respect, he provided an example regarding vivisection that, as he claimed, placed the body of an animal in an unnatural state, in which it endured a lot of pain that was both cruel
The British Crime Survey’s main purpose is to check the crime level and the number of affected people in England. During the survey, any victim can lie or provide false information. There could be many reasons for that such as threats. Many people may not understand the seriousness of the survey and ignore the fact that how can it be useful in measuring the crime level. A number of questions are asked to check that how many individuals are the victims during one year of the time frame that the sixties. Respondents are asked to provide background information and analyze the people if they are victims. For better results, area information of basic interest of the victim such as police contact, crime fear, and lifestyle is also collected. The British Crime Survey form is compared as a quality method for research, in which victim’s data is collected, analyzed, and processed. They can use charts and graphs according to give more effect on the range of gathered findings (Examination of BCS). The investigation performed by the British Crime Survey is in the form of an interview, which is not easy for the interviewer. The interviewer’s answers to the asked questions can be a discrepancy due to the understanding of the query. The analysis of the data process is complex. The biggest challenge for an investigator is to make a list that is simple and questions are asked generally anyone can answer easily. However, this simplicity can miss the most appropriate way to ask a question which can be harsh. This can be helpful in those areas where the crime level is high and the education level is low comparatively. The BCS surveys format is based on two methods. First is the interview, and the second is a survey. It is necessary for the researcher to make sure that many selected interviewers reply when they distribute the questionnaire. To tell the complete true scenario to the researcher is really hard for the participant to recall information for the controversial question (British Crime Survey). In 1998, 390 reported incidents were led by threats; this number indicates eight percent of the reported confrontation according to the British Crime Survey. The possibility of the analysis of the occurred incidents, which led to intimidation is fifteen percent, which likely follows the vandalism and violence offenses. Women receive more threats as compared to men and mostly those incidents are domestic. In eighty-five percent of cases, harassers are the offenders who are originally wanted. In most cases, the harasser is a friend or family. 41% of women
The film Outsourced introduces viewers to the customs of the Indian culture through the experience of the principal character, Todd Anderson. The film underscores the need for foreign managers to respect the local customs in order to be successful leaders. In my view, the film excels in showing that ethnocentric behaviors do not foster a positive relations in culturally diverse workplace environments. Initially, Todd’s ethnocentric attitude and ignorance of the Hindu culture and religion threatens to spoil his relations with the Indian employees. However, later, Todd learns to respect and appreciate the Indian customs, which earns him cooperation from the subordinates. Todd’s mission is to train the Indian call center workers on how to sell novelties to American clients. However, he initially encounters a culture shock because of his ignorance of the cultural differences between India and the U.S. For instance, he is ignorant of the Hindu religious practices and the sacredness of cows. He also does not know that Indians do not eat beef. Later, Todd learns to appreciate and respect the Indian culture, which motivates and endears him to the employees. For example, Todd learns to use his right hand when eating instead of the ‘unclean’ left hand and even dances to an Indian movie. His new approach seems to motivate employees who record a new target of six minutes per sale down from 12.17 ( Outsourced ). Todd, on arrival, takes a trip to Gharapuri where he meets Purohit, his replacement, who calls him Mr. Toad. Although he initially tries to correct him, he later resigns to being called Mr. Toad as a way of adapting to the Indian ways. Initially, Todd wanted to teach the Indian employees American ways. He advised them to “learn the American culture” ( Outsourced ), including the American accent in order to boost sales. However, he realizes that western ideals cannot work in India and decides to relax the rules. Work motivations vary from one culture to another. In the film, differences in attitude between the Indian and American people are evident. For example, the Indian employees are unperturbed of losing their jobs through outsourcing. Unlike Americans who derive their motivation from high pay and job stability, the Indians value kinship and culture. Indian workers are
Introduction The stakeholders in the game of baseball have made concerted effort to promote integration of major league baseball in the United States. According to Zeiler (46), baseball has remained one of the most popular sports in this country that attracts millions of fans. Traditionally, this game was considered an exclusive sport for the Whites. However, this has changes and great baseball players have sprung up from various races in this country. However, the main problem that the game has been facing is the stereotyping that is directed towards players by a section of the society. The Blacks and Asians have suffered from discriminative criticism from various quarters when playing this game. Media coverage has a major influence in the integration of major league baseball. There has been an effort by the stakeholders to use media positively to promote integration of major league baseball as a way of promoting the sport in the society. The journalists have been tasked with the responsibility of ethical journalism as a way of fighting negative ethnicity that has affected this sport for several years. There has been concern from the stakeholders that although the press has improved in their reporting, it is still possible to read criticism that has stereotyped connotations in their reports. The researcher believes that mainstream press sources have failed to combat negative ethnicity when reporting about this sport, making it difficult to achieve integration among the stakeholders. Discussion According to Liscio (78), the media houses have made an effort to ensure that their reporting is sensitive to the fact that the United States is an integrated society with people from various races and ethnic groups. They have committed to be responsible in their reporting to ensure that both players and fans of football do not feel offended with the message they pass across. The 21 st century has seen a major shift in the manner in which Americans of different races interact. Liscio (54) says, “It is important to understand how and why the racial integration of professional baseball profoundly affected American society