ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Women have always been marginalized in various activities and even in careers. This is mainly because of the predominant male chauvinism that makes many people to believe that some jobs are a preserve for men. This is no longer the case in the modern world in which women have become more enlightened and informed about the issues that take place in the society. Even though the marginalization of women has drastically reduced, due to intensive campaigns on gender equality, this problem has not yet been completely solved. Gender imbalance is still manifested especially in the military where women have only been given supportive responsibilities instead of being allowed to engage in combat units (Carreiras 123). In America, women involvement in war stretches back to the period of Britain occupation of America. Even though they did not directly engage in fighting, they could offer logistical support to the soldiers who were struggling to dislodge the British from the western part of US. For example, they acted as nurses, and they also fed the men who were fighting. The nature of U.S military organization and operation has highly been revolutionized since the colonial period. It is against this background that I support the engagement of female soldiers in combat units. The largest deployment of women in the history of the United States military missions occurred during the first Persian Gulf War. These women accounted for almost seven percent of the total force deployed. There has been much debate on whether women should or should not be part of combat units. This paper argues in favor of women involvement in combat units because of the following reasons. The number of women joining the forces has been increasing steadily and there is substantial number of women serving in the U.S. military at present. Even though more women have been recruited in the military, this has not done them any justice at all. This is because they have not been allowed to fully participate in the military like their male counter parts. Hence, they have lacked so many opportunities in the forces. Many female soldiers have been reduced to nurses and cooks, who simply act as maids for the combats during war and this not right (Mitchell 231). For example, in several U.S missions in Iraq, most of the women have always been left behind in the camps to take care of the injured soldiers. This has actually denied them the chance to fully exploit the opportunities in their career as soldiers. Moreover, it undermines their dignity as military officers. The few female soldiers who have been engaged in combat units during military operations in I Iraq have demonstrated very good performance in the combat units. This is enough to justify that women can best serve in combat units. It has also been noted that they are able to cope with dangers involved during such missions and many of them have also died just like other male soldiers. Therefore, there is nothing peculiar about them being combats. The success of most of U.S missions have also been partly attributed to the engagement of women
In the modern world, many religions and religious groups have different traditions, customs, and laws. Such pluralism is based on the differences of religions in key aspects and concepts of faith in God, which forces people to choose the set of beliefs caused by social influences. On the one hand, this pluralism is a positive trend, which demonstrates the absence of a single ideology and its dominance in the world, as well as the free will of people. However, on the other hand, it causes conflicts and disputes between segregated religious groups that form the system of religion as a whole. At the same time, although this segregation is evident at the level of faith, it also has scientific and social reasons that support this division. Consequently, this literature review will study these reasons and factors for the segregation of religious groups to examine the underlying scientific arguments and assess the level of knowledge of the topic in research circles. The first feature of the religious segregation topic is that quite a few scientists directly study the causes and factors of this phenomenon in the modern world. Nevertheless, a sufficient number of theories and studies investigate specific issues referring to religious segregation in the literature. Pamungkas (2018) studies the social distance between Muslims and Christians and the impact of ethnoreligious identity on it. The author’s central concept is social identity theory, which explains the reasons for social distance and, therefore, the segregation of representatives of different religions. Social identity theory is based on the assumption that people identify with the group of “us” instead of the group of “them.” At the same time, as noted by Pamungkas (2018), people make judgments and perceive the principles of their in-group higher than the out-group because of social comparison. In most cases, this comparison should be favorable for the in-group, contributing to its members and community. Consequently, these ideas explain the reasons for the divisions and segregation between religious groups, as their participants see the principles of opponents as less moral, correct, or sacred. This fact is one of the reasons for the existence of the segregation of religious groups. Other authors also use similar ideas in their articles to demonstrate the causes of religious segregation and explain its social factors. For example, van der Noll (2019) finds that religious communities are more prone to prejudice shaped by religion’s emotional, social, and cognitive aspects. The author argues that the social and cognitive dimensions of religion determine who is a member of a group and what is a threat to it. At the same time, prejudices are formed as reactions to external factors that can be a threat to the belief system of a person of a particular religious group (van der Noll 2019). For example, if one of the customs or practices of Muslims is regarded as threatening the faith of Christians, the latter form prejudice and even hostility in Muslims. An example is an attitude towards Muslims after the terrorist attacks, alth
This paper intends to highlight fashion trends of hemlines as economic indicators. It initially provides an introduction showing relation of hemlines with fashion designing. Then it glances through the history of western culture from antiquity to date revealing dressing modes and hemlines rise and fall during various stages of history. Then the connection is made with Taylor’s “Hemline Theory” of Economics. Theory is briefly discussed and its applicability is judged taking views of different authors. Introduction Dressing is as old as human civilization itself is. Human beings have been wearing some kind of dresses since antiquity. The cause may be is that human beings are distinct from animals and other creatures by nature and do not have thick fur or the kind of skin to bear different seasons, thus, some sort of dressing is required to defend their bodies from the weathering. Like all other aspects of human life, this initial need of dressing also had reasons for development. :   * Ancient people also liked to decorate themselves with attractive dresses and make up for better façade;   * Afterwards, people began tribal and family set ups and particular dressing styles became a sign of identity, status, ranks and occupation. This is just like at present doctors, nurses, army officers, and policemen wear different uniforms. (Russell 2008). Fashion Designing Gradually self identification through dressing developed into what we call today “Fashion Designing”. This term is applicable to the styles and modes of dressing, prevalent and well-liked during a specific period of time. There are multiple impinging dynamics of fashion, which may range from exciting occasions to the recogni
There is a variety of mental disorders that are a result of various causes. However, a significant example is the Post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). It is a convoluted typology of a mental disorder that affects the patient’s nervous system, reminiscence, emotional responses and coherent abilities. The condition destabilizes the patient’s nervous system through the uncontrollable recurrence of memories of past traumatic experiences (Beth, 2002). There are various causes of the condition that determine its intensity. They include: The Physiological factor affects the human nervous system; it is characterized by irregular secretion of stress hormones in the brain. Initial research on the patients suffering from post-traumatic stress disorder indicate that at some point in life, when an individual witnesses harrowing events, he/she may later in life develop symptoms of PTSD, depending on the intensity of the experience and the length of time exposed (Beth, 2002). The disorder results in the fact that the person is undergoing chemical changes in the amygdale and the hippocampus. These are the parts
Introduction King David was one of most famous kings in Israel. The Bible portrays him as a righteous and able king who defeated many of the enemies of Israel. He was the youngest son of Jesee and often looked after the sheep of his father. It is while taking care of the sheep that this young man went through various experiences that prepared him to become the King of Israel. He was able to challenge and kill a bear and a lion while protecting the sheep of his father. Later, Prophet Samuel under the instruction of God anoints David as king over Israel when he still at a tender age. After this, he was able to defeat Goliath, a philistine who had challenged the armies of Israel. Even though King David had much achievement since he was young, he also had some pitfalls. For instance, he killed Uriah and took his wife to himself. This portrays that he was a lustful man and someone who would shed blood for his benefit. However, the way King David repented before God changes the whole aspect of being lustful and a murderer. This is because even God declares that David was a Man after his own heart. He rose in to kingship at a time when Saul did not please God in his leadership. Berardi indicates that there was prophesy concerning the kingship and reign of David long before David became king over Israel. In this case, prophet Isaiah prophesied that the Messiah will come from the line of Jesee, who was the father of David. In addition, God had promised the Israelites that he will appoint a king for them who will rule in righteousness and justice. Under this promise, he was referring to King David. David was king over Israel for forty years and reigned in righteousness (1). Despite this biblical portrayal of King David, various scholars portray this king as a very different man. There are even some scholars who claim that King David did not exist. They deem that there is no archaeological evidence to support that there was such a king like David in Israel. Others portray him as a very immoral king who is lustful and loves to kill. These scholarly literature claims that the Bible accords King David too much credit that he does not deserve. This paper will analyze the portrayal of King David in the Bible as well as by scholars. The paper will draw a comparison between scholarly portrayal and biblical portrayal of this King and make some conclusions from the discussion. Story of King David: Biblical portrayal The Bible introduces King David first during the reign of king Saul and when David was still a young boy looking after the sheep of his father Jesee. During that time, God spoke to Prophet Samuel and instructed him to anoint a king from the house of Jesee. Samuel thought that since Jesee had many grown-up sons, the king would come from one of them. However, God instructed him not to look at the stature of the person but
Introduction World history is one of the most controversial studies that will never reach a consensus in terms of the theoretical basis upon which it is built. Over the centuries, historians of different backgrounds, cultures, and beliefs have been trying in vain to explain the patterns of the world order from their exclusive perspective. American history since the end of World War II has undergone some significant cultural, social, and political modifications that cannot be explained through the prism of plain logic. However, all of these changes could be united into a national paradigm with a notion of the American dream, notorious both within and outside the country. Main body Henry William Brands, a famous historian from the University of Texas, put a major effort into trying to classify the most significant events of US history in chronological order. In such a way, the researcher aimed at establishing a pattern of social development that eventually led to a revolutionary shift. Having spent years examining the lives of the country’s most notorious presidents, Brands has a quite exhaustive understanding of the events taking place during each presidential era. Hence, he tried to put this profound knowledge into the context of national history over the last seven decades. The end of World War II was established as a primary research point because the outcome of one of the terrifying episodes in world history became a moment of American glory. The US was considered one of the few countries that managed to gain more power and better financial status once the war ended. However, Brands claims that while having no need in the war effort, ‘the world war segued almost seamlessly into the Cold War’, which made countries speak of preserving their national identity. The post-war community of the United States depicted national integrity despite the differences, as the notion of capitalism at the time was not an issue to the extent it is interfering with society today. However, the author claims that with time, the American culture has made its preference towards the individual consumers’ needs satisfactions. One may assume that such a shift took place due to the fact the US leading position in the world market is now indisputable and hence, does not require national effort. According to Brands, the gap between generations lies in the fact that ‘the dreams of 1945 had been collectively ambitious but individually modest,’ whereas ‘those of 2010 were collectively modest and individually ambitious.’ Hence, the issue of an extremely high level of individualism has made the notion of the American dream nothing but a selfish craving for fulfillment. Although the major idea of the book is a critical one, the author’s intention does not concern analyzing approaches to the American social evolution in order to define the most adequate one. Brands is more interested in creating an exhaustive narrative, which could potentially encourage conscious citizens to immerse themselves in the issue. It woul
In a call to the church, Dr. Craig Carter has written a book, “Rethinking Christ and Culture: A Post-Christendom Perspective.” It is a systematic and predictive beckon to the modern day church to evaluate its current position in Post-Christendom strategy. The church is then to turn away from its inclination to Christendom, and pursue consistent loyalty and dedication to world missions as per the teachings of the Bible (Carter 206). The book goes on to elaborate how over a significant period of time, the church has been influenced by the changing culture. The order of things has been reversed; instead of the church being a place of special honor and influence, it is now irrelevant (Cater 279). In the Christendom model, assumption has been made that Christians are the pillars of society tradition and therefore they must customize their application of perfect Christ to the corrupt culture (Carter 308). Intrigued by the failure of this paradigm, Carter explains that the model is a depiction of a poor imitation of the Church, distortion of the Gospel and treachery to the teachings of Jesus Christ (457). Carter’s objective was to disapprove the widespread analysis that figuratively depicts that church. The analysis tries to relate church and tradition; Christ against culture, Christ of culture, Christ above culture, Christ and culture in paradox, and Christ transforming culture. Carter explanation of this relation between the church and non religious, suggests that they both unite in their observation of Christian faith (470). He argues that, this assumption is particularly wrong because it is not biblical and theologically out of place (Carter 492). The Western culture has infiltrated the church to a greater extent in the Western world. The purpose of the church has been changed and divided. The churches of all ends are confined to the niche cut out for
Introduction Technology can be described as the advancement of skills, machinery, and equipment to enhance productivity in various sectors of the economy. Technological input refers to raw materials or information transformed into a more meaningful form. Technology can be used to improve all organizational departments. Its impact on production and manufacturing processes has profound effects on an economy because most machines are technologically operated, and their use involves technical knowledge and skills. The focus of this paper is to evaluate the impact of technology on organizational theories. The article will also establish the influence of organizational theories in several contexts. With effective skills and emerging opportunities, an organization or company can be able to succeed in the social, political, and economic sectors. Technology can enhance organizational efficiency by exploiting three mechanisms, which are the technical, internal, and external ones. The mechanisms enhance a technologically enabled environment. The technical approach employs technology to enhance efficiency and operational cost with a significant reduction of expenses. Joan Woodward’s theory explains that technologies are differentiated by operational difficulties. According to her, the technical complexity affects the organizational model horizontally, vertically, or diagonally based on the structure of the organization. Charles Perror’s idea explains the prevailing disparities between regular and irregular results of resource variability and analyzability. James Thompson’s concept illustrates how the interdependence of roles influences the organizational hierarchy and technology. He engages the deeper aspects of technology and budgetary restructuring through a concept known as a specialism. Woodward, Perror, and Thompson employ three models to show the effect of technology on organizational design, which include technical complexity, task interdependence, and routine-complex tasks. All three models are essential in a successful contemporary organization. The organizational design is defined as the process of improving the growth of an organization by employing strategic measures of management. The staff of the organization evaluates the design to determine the strategies and possibilities of strengthening the organization and achieving its goals. It usually is formal as it brings together people, information, and technology within an organization. Organizational designs are based on hierarchy and units dealing with similar responsibilities. The hierarchy outlines roles, missions, and chain of command in the organization. Authority can flow from upwards to downwards, assuming the vertical structure with other commands flowing across the organization, taking the horizontal model. The organizational design process begins with the establi
Although the debate regarding the cause of American civil war in the19 th century is still ragging, many people still believe that slavery is the major cause of the civil war, which occurred between 1861 and 1865. In the early 19 th century, the main issue that threatened the unity of the North and the South was slavery. While the North prohibited slavery, the South permitted it, thus perpetuating slavery of African Americans. In this view, the North and the South gradually differed on the issue of slavery, which culminated to the civil war between the two divides, which broke out in 1861. In 1861, the vice president of the South Alexander Stephens in his speech stated that, “our foundation are laid, its cornerstone rests, upon the great truth that the Negro is not equal to the white man; that slavery, subordination to the superior race is his natural and normal condition” (Berkin, Carol, Miller, Cherny, Gormly, Egerton, and Woestman 317). From his speech, it is evident that slavery was a great issue that caused the civil war between the North and the South. Therefore, this essay argues if it was not for the civil war, the United States would have become half-slave and half-free. What differentiated the North from the South is the institution of slavery. Since the early 19 th century, while the Northern states continued to eradicate slavery, the Southern states continued to institutionalize it. Thus, when the Southern states saw that the Northern states do not support slavery, they started agitating for secession. According to Berlin, Carol, Miller, Cherny, Gormly, Egerton, and Woestman, a number of delegates met in South Carolina in 1860 and “voted unanimously to dissolve their ties with the United States” to protect abolition of slavery in their jurisdiction (315). The secession marked the institutionalization of slavery in the South. With institutionalized slavery, the Southern states did not allow African Americans to serve in the Confederate army because they had feared that they might utilize firearms to gain power over the whites they were slaves. Given that African Americans outnumbered the whites in Southern states, there was a possibility of them using their firearms against their masters. Hence, secession coupled with slavery did set the stage for the civil war. Institutionalized slavery in the Southern states became the source of conflict between the Northern states and Southern states. The South continued to expand its territory by recruiting other states to join it with the view of overpowering the North. Since the North felt threatened by the South, it started recruiting African Americans into its army so that it can fight and overpower the increasing power of the Southern states in expanding its territories. During slavery, the Northern states provided a haven for the African Americans, hence, great number of slaves from the Southern states sought refuge in the Northern states where they gained freedom and fight back. Taking advantage o