ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Delta Airlines is regarded as the fastest-growing international carrier in the United States founded in the year 1924, with its first flight operated in the year 1929. The mission of Delta Airlines is to build on its traditions and to meet the customers’ expectations at all times. During the period 2001-2003, Delta was carrying an accumulated loss of $ 3.3 billion, with the total loss of the industry at $ 21 billion. The Airline had to lay off more than 16,000 employees and reduced its capacity by 16%. To improve the revenues, the company made strategic alliances with regional connection carriers and became a member of SkyTeam. The company strengthened its technological capabilities through its Delta Nervous System (DNS). This enabled the company to cut costs and improve productivity. Further to meet the competition from the low-cost carriers, the Airline, launched ‘Song’ as its low-cost subsidiary in select routes and to selected destinations. Consequent to these efforts and revival of the industry, as of August 2009 the Airlines through its hubs located in the United States and Europe along with its Northwest Subsidiary and Delta Connection carriers connect 376 destinations worldwide. The airline operates in 67 countries serving over 170 million passengers each year. The company has more than 70,000 employees working across the world [1]. Delta by acquiring Northwest Airlines for $ 2.8 billion in October 2008 became the world’s largest airline. The airline along with its regional carriers maintains a fleet of about 775 carriers. Delta is also part of the SkyTeam marketing and code-sharing alliance along with other major airlines such as Air France and KLM [2]. The company’s total revenue for the year 2008 was US $ 22,697 million, with a gross profit margin of 39.5%. “Corporate governance is the set of institutional arrangements affecting corporate decision making and deals with the relationship among various participants in determining the direction and performance of corporations.”[3] To ensure that the company follows best corporate governance practices, the company reviews the corporate governance principles on an annual ba
Introduction Written by the British author E L James in 2011, the book ‘Fifty Shades of Grey’ is considered an adult material due to the erotic scenes that features a number of sexual practices. Such sexual practices in this book include masochism/sadism discipline/bondage and submission versus dominance (Flood, 2012). The story is predominantly set in Seattle and revolves around the life of Anastasia Steele, a college student and Christian Grey, a young businessperson (James, 2011). The purpose of this research paper is to review provide a quick review and summary of the book and the author. About the author Born Erica Mitchell in 1963, Erica Leonard is better known by her pseudonym E. L. James in the British writing field. The erotic trilogy ‘Fifty shades of grey’, ‘Fifty Shades Darker’ and ‘Fifty Shades Freed’ brought James into the limelight since they were released, especially in the United States where the trilogy has sold more than 40 million copies (Johnson, 2012). The book is currently one of the fastest selling novels in the United States and the United Kingdom (Flood, 2012). Erika Mitchell was born and raised in Buckinghamshire, UK. She is the daughter of Scottish father, a camera specialist with the British Broadcasting Corporation BBC and a Chilean mother (Furness, 2013). Prior to becoming an assistant studio manager at the National Film and Television School in Beaconsfield, James took history at the University of Kent in the United Kingdom, where she majored in European and American history (Johnson, 2012). James has been working as a television manager in the United Kingdom, although her trilogy is mainly set in the United States. Currently, she lives in West London. She is married to Niall Leonard, a screenwriter, and the couple has two sons, both in their late teens (Driscoll, 2012). Book summary The book revolves around the story of Anastasia Steele, a fresh graduate, who is out to start life after school. As the story begins, Steele has only a few weeks to take her final exams at the WSU, where she is taking English literature. However, in the middle of completing this important task in her education life, her best friend, Kate, influences her to go and interview Mr. Christian Grey, one of the school sponsors. The purpose of the interview is to develop a motivational story for the school magazine. Accepting the task, Steele goes to Grey Enterprises Holdings Inc., a Seattle-based private corporation run by Christian Grey (James, 2011). Christian Grey is a 27-year old but very powerful and successful businessperson in Seattle. As she goes to interview him, Steele is only equipped with the questions and a voice recorder and aims at developing a comprehensive story for the school magazine. Here, she surprisingly meets Mr. Grey in his hotel room. Grey acts as the company Chief Executive Officer. James (2011) describes Grey as young, peculiar and good-looking man. However, his character portrays him as a person who always likes to be in
The growing child poverty rates in the UK and their impact on the population have been a subject of public concern over the last several decades. Child poverty is associated with a range of health-damaging impacts, negative educational outcomes, and adverse long-term social and psychological effects (Wickham et al ., 2016). Social work plays a crucial role in reducing poverty rates and improving children’s welfare. Analyzed from the perspective of the Marxist theory, child poverty can be seen as an inevitable consequence of capitalism that can be addressed only by changing the social structure. The Marxist theory argues that society is divided into those who own the means of producing wealth and those who are exploited by them. Poverty is regarded as an inevitable consequence of capitalism that benefits the ruling class, ensuring that there is always a workforce willing to accept low wages (Ferguson et al., 2018). With the family performing ideological functions within this hierarchy, child poverty is seen as a natural condition that reinforces class inequality. Viewed from the Marxist perspective, the current child poverty crisis in the UK can be regarded as proof of the failure of the capitalist system. In addressing the problem according to the Marxist theory, primary attention should be focused on changing the social structure. The existing social services are believed to be an instrument of the state, which exists mainly to maintain the status quo (Corrigan and Leonard, 1978). Social workers help people to adjust to their difficulties, shifting attention from structural problems to individual difficulties, and mitigating revolutionary threats arising out of discontent (Webb, 2019). Social workers do not understand the complex processes that generate and maintain poverty, are unable to influence state politics, and, therefore, cannot address the problem on the structural level (Webb, 2019). Social workers who want to intervene to bring about change tend to find their initiatives constrained by the organizations that are founded on the capitalist ideology. The strengths of the Marxist views on poverty are in the structural approach to the problem. Taking into consideration the scale of the problem, it is clear that a fundamental solution is required. The changes in the existing economic and social systems should be made to reduce poverty rates and the negative impact of poverty on children. A child welfare system should be reformed to provide better services aimed at improving children’s material circumstances, providing better education, and reducing child abuse rates (Morris et al., 2018). The weakness of the Marxist theory with regard to poverty is its critical position on social work. Criticizing the lack of capabilities to make changes to the social structure and influence government policies, Marxists devalues the individual efforts of social workers to improve the situation and the general purpose of social services. Overall, the Marxist theory offers a radical solution to the problem of child poverty. Regarding it as an inevitable consequence of the capitalist system, it claims that the only possible solutio
Investment Prerequisites The investor will decide to invest based on a carefully planned framework to provide concepts, tools, and techniques necessary to achieve financial and investment goals. Out of the available capital, I will clearly define and meet the investment prerequisites needed to take care of the basics of life such as mortgage, food, transportation, taxes, clothing, and emergencies. Investment Goals The next step is to move into the establishment of investment goals that I plan to achieve over a specified period. Here I will categorize the different goals I have under each investment time horizon so that the goals set for the immediate short term will lead me into the intermediate and long run goals. For instance, under my current goals, I might plan to have my income enhanced by investing in extra hours of work, starting an extra sales business on side, or simply working to gain extra skills. The investor can obtain the latter by enrolling in short management-training courses. Additionally, in the meantime, I could imagine accumulating dividends or interests from mid-term investments such as cash deposits. Specifically, the fixed deposit accounts and the savings and credit accounts could be worthwhile (Johnson & Scholes, 2011). Usually the establishment of investment goals is based on the needs and wants of an individual. These goals often shape the types of investment plans a person chooses concerning what they consider important. Some of the more common goals for the short-term investment window usually involve saving for a down payment of an asset such as a vehicle, and this usually covers a period of one to three years. I would be better placed going for an investment plan with short-term maturity such as government bonds (saving bonds), insured money market account, e.g. the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation that allows one to access funds without penalty. Saving for the short to medium term involves such goals as saving for major expenditures such as a down payment for a house, education, travel, and capital to begin business overtime, usually between two to five years. Here, the opportunities lying in investment vehicles might include funding by short or medium term commitments. This includes investing in certificates of deposits (CDs) that earn a stable return and are comparatively low-risk. Closely followed by this is the mid to long term investment which encompasses goals spanning between five to fifteen years. This is where investing into your child’s education, for instance, is taken care of by education plans and policies; as it covers a longer period, like stocks, it almost always carries the potential to offer higher and longer term growth than more conservative portfolios. Lastly, the longer-term investment lies on the horizon. Everybody must expect retirement from work. This requires long term planning that should ideally begin from the moment one graduates from college and joins the workforce. Finding the rig
Introduction Eli Whitney is one of those people who represented the Industrial Revolution that took place in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. This paper is aimed at discussing the life and influence of this famous inventor. One can argue that he unintentionally transformed the economic and political landscape of the United States by introducing his cotton gin. In particular, it is possible to say that this device strengthened the slave or plantation economy, established in the South. Furthermore, he popularized many influential ideas which later had profound implications for many businesses. In this case, one should focus on such concepts and methods as interchangeable parts, the division of labor, and cost-accounting. The principles that he popularized continue to be of great relevance to such disciplines as business organization and management. On the whole, he demonstrated the importance of the scientific method for the progress of the country. These are the main issues that should be discussed more closely. The Life of Eli Whitney Eli Whitney was born to a family of a well-to-do farmer in 1765 (Bagley 8). It should be noted that since the age of fourteen, he was running a blacksmith shop built at the farm of his father (Bagley 8). During his childhood years, he took great interest in the functioning of various machines. Moreover, he tried to improve their work (Bagley 8). This is one of the details that should be taken into account because this experience affected many of his professional experiences in the following years. Later, he attended Yale College where he studied various subjects, especially natural sciences. Initially, he intended to study law but due to the insufficient funds, he had to choose a different career path. In particular, he decided to become a private teacher (Bagley 13). While working at the Mulberry Grove plantation, he began to invent various machines which could be used for various agricultural purposes. Much attention should be paid to the invention of cotton gin which was widely adopted by many farmers. Moreover, Eli Whitney was working on the production of firearms, namely muskets which were purchased by the government at the end of the eighteenth century. These are some of the main milestones in his career as an inventor. It should be mentioned that Eli Whitney did not derive significant profits from his inventions. Many people made unauthorized copies, especially cotton gin. This is why he had to spend much time and effort on legal disputes which were mostly unsuccessful. Eli Whitney died in 1825 and he continued to invent new mechanisms until his last days (Bagley 15). To a great extent, this activity was his life-time devotion. Yet, one should not forget, he was also an entrepreneur who strived to find the commercial application to the machines that he developed. He also established a factory that was extended by his son. Thus, he had a divers
Clara Barton is famous for her role in founding the American Red Cross. Barton pioneered nursing in America, having provided both material and nursing support to soldiers during the Civil War. She was born Clarissa Harlowe Barton in the year 1821 in Massachusetts. Clara was successful at a tender age. By the age of seventeen, she had established herself as a teacher, beating the acute shyness she suffered as a child (Smith, n.d.). She later founded her own school, which she left later on a career change. Barton made a commendable contribution as the Civil War progressed. She went to the battlefield where she nursed soldiers and provided them with supplies. Her efforts during the Civil War, and her advocacy for ratification of the Geneva Convention, led to the formation of the American Red Cross (Stein, 2013). This paper is an analysis of Clara Barton’s contributions to nursing. As soldiers from Massachusetts got to Washington in the year 1861, they had lost belongings in skirmishes that took place on their way. This situation prompted Clara Barton to seek ways of attending to the soldiers, which marked the beginning of her career in the Civil War. She intended to supply the troops with food and other supplies, making successful advertisements after the soldiers had fought at the Bull Run battle. “She talked the Surgeon-General into letting her personally distribute supplies to wounded and sick soldiers, and she personally cared for some who needed nursing services” (Lewis, 2009, p. 1). With time, war generals welcomed her to the battlefront and supported her as much as they could. Barton, therefore, nursed soldiers and provided them with food and other supplies. She also got appointed as the superintended of nurses at battle sites. Despite being a freelancer, Barton always consulted with the responsible authorities, including the Army. Most of her work was in battle sites in Maryland and Virginia, although she sometimes went to nurse soldiers and supply goods in other states. She had passionately dedicated herself to providing soldiers with food and other materials, and thus she gave wagons of the same to hospitals that nursed soldiers. As mentioned above, she also personally nursed soldiers when she was at hospitals and battlefields. Additionally, Clara helped families of fallen fighters identify their wounded or dead loved ones. Barton was always neutral as she served people, a fact that reduced her vulnerability on the battlefield. With time, soldiers nicknamed her the “Angel of the battlefield” (Lewis, 2009, p. 1). After the Civil War ended, she embarked on finding unmarked graves and identifying the victims, notably the victims buried in Andersonville. Here, she coordinated various stakeholders to build a national cemetery. “She returned to work out of a Washington, DC, office to identify more of the missing. As head of a missing person’s office, established with the support of President Lincoln, she was the first woman bureau head in the United States government” (Lewis, 2009
Power and Social Class to Exiting the Deviant Career This refers to one engaging in behaviors that goes against the general social norms or the acceptable behavior in society.Theories have it that social stratification and political power within a society has a big impact on deviant workers. This is because the dominant social classes, who represent the social norms of the society, often devise ways of regulating those individuals who threaten the political-economic and political stability of the society (Chambliss and Mankoff 1976). These ways may be both institutional or policy-based. Such individuals include the unemployed, ethnically minorities, and the paupers in the society who are considered a burden. Institutions such as mental health, prisons, and welfare systems are used to control and manage such members of society. These institutions, in turn, label such individuals as deviant for effective management and control. The political structure, on the other hand, will use formal social controls so as to ensure the maintenance of the political and social order. These institutions are normally not intended to reform the victim per se, but only to protect the interests of the powerful and mighty (Rafter, 1985). Thus, it is hard for the victims to exit from this behavior since, according to everyone else, such a person will always remain a deviant. Effects of the labeling process Theories hold that deviant behavior is determined through the process by which people and institutions label others as deviant from their behavior, which they have been observing. These make the individuals in question exhibit even more of those behaviors and generally get rooted in their deviance. But this labeling may have diverse effects for various people. For example, being labeled as a deviant for a member of a youth gang may come as an honor where the youth commands the respect of other gang members. Effects of Social and legal factors Research has shown that the court official’s opinions or how they perceive offenders have a way of influencing the punishments meted out to them (Bridges & Steen, 1998). For example, a police officer’s perception of black youth as diverse from his perception of white youth will see the two being sentenced differently. Also, this is evident for racial and ethnic disparities where the black and minority are viewed as a threat to the social order of the whites, thus labeled deviants. This, therefore, affects the individual members of the minority group, making them accept their rank in society as deviants and therefore making it hard for them to separate from such behaviors. Role of Society in Exiting Deviant Career To help victims of deviant behaviors exit from their current situations, several things need to be done. For example, since deviance behavior results when the dominant group in the society imposes their j
Introduction Feminists and gender experts generally agree that, at birth, there is no femininity or masculinity. It is through early gender socialization that infants become engendered according to their sex (Scott and Jackson 41). Gender is defined as “a social symbolic construction that expresses the meaning a society confers on biological sex” (Wood 320). From an early age, boys and girls learn different gender-specific roles in their environment as taught by parents, siblings or caregivers. Lorber observes that “parents produce gendered children through the toys they buy… they also encourage them to play in a gender-appropriate way – girls with dolls, boys with action figures” (61). Thus, parents influence early gender socialization by controlling “the patterns of gendered behavior, which, not only become part of a child’s identity as a boy or a girl but also become embodied” (Lorber 63). Besides, parents, the media, peers and school also influence early gender socialization. It is evident that gender socialization is intertwined with culture. In patriarchal societies, “society is organized around certain kinds of social relationships and ideas” (Johnson 78) that seem to favor men. However, this “does not mean that all men – each and every one of them – are oppressive people” (Johnson 76). Rather, it is the social system that breeds social oppression and male dominance that characterize patriarchy. It is through understanding the larger social system that society can identify the positive gender roles that can promote gender equity and reduce oppression. This paper reviews the arguments for and against early gender socialization, patriarchy and its effects, and the effect of engendered society on gender roles and performance. Patriarchy Gender identity plays a big role in social stratification in many cultures including the American society. Typically, a patriarchal ‘system’ assigns males and females distinct heterosexual roles, a practice, which serves to perpetuate male dominance. However, Johnson holds a different view; he views patriarchy as a system that “includes cultural ideas about men and women, the web of relationships that structure social life, and the unequal distribution of rewards and resources that underlies oppression” (84). He encourages society to view patriarchy as a system that all people participate in, not as an embodiment of masculinity. From an early age children are taught, via explicit or subtle means, to conform to societal gender constructs (either feminine or masculine) in their behavior, looks and actions. Dworkin views this as a cultural product where “women live in fairy tales as magical figures, as beauty, danger, innocence, malice, and g