ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Camping is one of the common outdoor activities that usually take place at a camp site. Participants, commonly known as campers, leave the comfort of their homes or regions to spend one or several nights outdoors (Travel & Tourism Market Research Handbook 195). The art of camping may involve the use of tents, cabins, and may require primitive structures. Other times the campers may choose to use no shelter at all. Besides students and the youth, camping is also common with people engaged in sporting events and team building activities. Camping As an Activity Camping is an activity that can be undertaken virtually anybody. In 1998 alone, more than 29 million Americans were able to at least go for a camp. This is through the efforts that they undertook to visit a local national park (Travel & Tourism Market Research Handbook 95). The purpose of camping is to ensure that people are exposed to the outdoor more than they are to the indoors, being that they tend to spend most of their daily lives confined in the interior of their homes or their surroundings. It is through their quest to get a greater sense of exposure that they decide to go out and explore the environment, probably in places that they are not very well familiar with. Reasons for Camping Some of the reasons why students love to go camping is because they get exposed to the physical challenges in the surroundings and thus, the experience of ‘roughing’ up to them is basically exhilarating. In other cases, they may decide to go camping as a way of exploring the wildlife present in the area. They may also choose to explore the scenery of the location or just for purposes of seeking an adventure (Travel & Tourism Market Research Handbook 196). At times, it helps to get away from their busy daily lives and helps to give a sense of relaxation. Possible Camping Areas Possible areas that one could visit for purposes of camping include the local national parks, various recreational centers that have been designed solely for this purpose, in the state and country parks, and also in local park forests. It is not necessary that one be exposed to various outdoors activities to be good campers. It is also not necessary that one is an athlete to be a successful camper, and neither do they require a lot of money. Rationale for Camping The rationale behind camping is to maximize safety and to have fun. Important lessons derived from camping include how to maintain utmost safety, how to approach various life experiences and how to ensure that one does not get hurt (Travel & Tourism Market Research Handbook 195). One of the ways through which people going for a camp can maintain their safety is by the use of travel guides or outfitters. This way, the people and the students can be able to enjoy various outdoor activities that may involve the climbing of rocks, fishing and caving (Travel & Tourism Market Research Handbook 195). The job of an outfitter is to run trips in the various parts of the country and even throughout the world. The organized trips can either be ea
The documentary “Devil’s Playground” by Walker, released in 2002, depicts the aspects of a micro culture and the internal wishes of the teenagers of this micro culture to break free of the Amish society and avoid Baptism that would ultimately force the teenagers to live the life of this micro culture. This aspect brings out the conflict against religion and life faces crisis in the process of countering religious sects and results in underage drinking and Drug Abuse. All these aspects sums up into the parameter of the wish to join the main steam culture. Only to understand that there is hardly any way out of the micro culture but the wish remains within the teens even if they are returning to their old ways of Amish micro culture. The culture depicted in the documentary “Devil’s Playground” narrates parameters of a micro culture that is different in many ways from the mainstream society. The Amish culture is indeed a micro culture as it is too much dependent on the aspects of religion and religious beliefs. However, it could be stated that this over dependence of religion is not the main aspect that differentiate Amish culture from the mainstream. They live a life almost devoid of the factors related to market economy that is the main aspect of our culture. This makes the culture a micro culture and this specific aspect makes it very different from the rest of the society. From the parameters of concept synthesis it could be stated that the documentary primarily indicates two major factors. The first one is the introduction and narration of a micro culture that brings up the younger generations under the influence of religious upbringings under strict religious beliefs. It narrates a way of life that is quite different from the common concepts of the citizens of the world. This detachment from mainstream society certainly takes its toll and conflict arises in due course of life. The first part of the film indicates the religious beliefs and daily rituals through the perception of Faron’s father. Being an Amish preacher his details reveal a lot about the lifestyle of the micro-culture. The second most important factor of this documentary is the wish to detach from the micro-culture and joining the mainstream of society. There is a certain amount of conflict with this religious sect and it is depicted in the
Introduction Circumnavigation can be construed as the exercise of going around the globe, especially covering a great circle or one which covers or passes at least one pair of points that are opposite to each other. Whereas there exists as many expeditions and conquests as there are travelogues, this study seeks to only explore the Mongolian adventure and the Mali Empire. The 13 th Century marked important changes in the lives of the Mongols and human society world over. It was the moment when the Mongols were first ready to step outside the steppe. The intertribal raids became irrelevant and were discarded in favor of extra- territorial conquests. Reasons for moving out Environment/ ecology – Mongolians were pastoral nomads who relied on animals for survival and therefore practiced non-sedentary lifestyle constantly shifting their habitat in search of water and grass for their animals. Any spread of livestock disease certainly spelt catastrophe to them (Ogot, 2002). The period between 1180 and 1220 CE saw a drop in the mean annual temperature, grass was cut short and that Mongols’ and animals were in danger of perishing. This environmental threat may have prompted them to move out to new lands. Factors such desertification was prominent during the time and people had to move to productive and life supporting grounds. Disturbance/Interruption of trade – Mongolia’s neighbors in the North (by the Jin Dynasty) and Northwest China (by the Xia Dynasty), at about the same period when grass problems occurred, reduced trade with the Mongols with the attendant consequence of forcing the Mongols out as they sought for goods that they so desperately needed, forcing the Mongols to raid and finally invade these dynasties. This is a proof that two communities can not co-exist peacefully if there is insufficiency of food and other basic needs. Conquest was, thus, apparently justified for a tribe to survive another day. Leader’s personal mission – Chinggis Khan’s own motive and in particular the shamanic beliefs (the mission of uniting the world under the shamanic umbrella) also pushed the Mongols out. Therefore, the need to perpetuate their religious beliefs necessitated conquering other lands. The Mali Empire – It expanded as a result of constant and systematic conquests and curving-in of neighboring lands and at its height, traversed West Africa to the Atlantic Ocean incorporating a population of approximately 50 million people. Reasons for Conquests Trade – the lucrative gold trade saw emperor Ouali I conquer Gambian provinces and the gold producing Bambuk and Bondou provinces. Trade in salt also saw many people traverse the north and Sub Saharan Africa. The introduction and acceptance of Islam by the rulers of Ghana, Mali and Songhay encouraged trade between the empires and instituted more cosmopolitan social structures e.g. universities, which further sharpened the need to forge new frontiers. There was also the need to further the newly introduced Islam religion. Pastoral-nomads- The Fula people of Mali are semi nomadic. During periods of strained water and grass availability, they are known to seek be
Role of the Public School Funded by the government, the school helps students obtain compulsory education to become full U.S. citizens. Since its inception, American schools have valued the freedom and opportunity of students. Nevertheless, according to Johann Neem (2018), the values of modern American schools have undergone several significant changes: gradually, by transforming learning into a service, educational institutions have radically changed the concepts. From now on, the primary mission of schools is to convey to the child the idea that his or her future is linked to personal success and economic achievement. In other words, the school as an institution has overshadowed the issues of equality, humanism, and ethics, bringing the importance of financial prosperity to the minds of young Americans. Neem repeatedly points to the importance of educational reforms aimed at preventing further capitalization of education. Democracy, empathy, and the unification of such a diverse nation must form the basis of reformed schools. The Importance of Information Technology The issue of the use of technologies in the educational process becomes particularly relevant due to the development of a variety of practical applications. In particular, in his work, Herold (2016) addresses the question of how exactly new computer and network solutions affect the school, students, and teachers. The world does not stand still, and the rapidly evolving technologies are designed to facilitate interaction between teachers and students significantly. The introduction of new information proposals in the field of education provides an opportunity to qualitatively change the methods and organizational forms of learning, making it more comfortable and accessible. For example, in the past, when classrooms in the United States were not equipped with computers, teachers had to make additional efforts to provide visual materials for students. Now, with electronic whiteboards and presentation software in classrooms, the process of transferring knowledge seems more straightforward for both parties at once. At the same time, an essential issue in the topic of school education is the study of communication interaction with children whose physical capacities are limited. Not all pupils are mobile enough to be able to leave home and go to school. However, regardless of their health, children should receive primary education. Technology also comes to the aid of teachers in this challenging task (Herold, 2016). At first glance, it seems that they only increase the distance between pupils and teachers, reducing the role of the latter. However, in reality, this is different: through distance communication, the connection between the pupil and the teacher is strengthened. Thanks to services and platforms, learners become more involved in the educational process and, as a result, their performance is improved. The main task of future education is to bring techn
Suggested Retail Price and Volume Discounts Experts would undoubtedly agree that pricing of a product is an art as well as a part of the scientific approach. And pricing is most probably the toughest decision taken by an organization because many believe that proper pricing can enhance the sales of a product. According to Ellickson, Misra, and Nair (2012), revenues received by a firm are conditional to a certain pricing strategy, so a firm must find some sources of independent variations that induce it to switch its pricing strategy and remain active in the market. To estimate the product price of our product “Allround” we considered our target customers, competitors pricing, and product quality. The production costs and margin were also taken into account in deciding the manufacturer suggested retail price (MSRP) of the product. The important thing that needs to be considered is that the price of the product that would be paid by a consumer would depend on the promotional allowances and volume discounts apart from the manufacturing cost of the product. In the period one, the simulation suggested a manufacturing cost of $1.24 and we decided to offer a plain 14% promotional allowances on the MSRP. For volume discounts, we specified four layers of the purchase order from the sales force agents, the layers of purchase order offer a volume discount from 25% to 40% on the MSRP. The respective volume discounts are 25% for less than 250 units, 30% for less than 2500 but more than 250 units, 35% for more than 2500 units, and wholesalers get 40% volume discounts, whereas our suggested MSRP was $5.29 for the period one. In the period two, we experienced a little rise in the production cost due to inflation adjustments in the raw materials which have pushed the price to $1.27. Also we took a different strategy of promotional allowances. Instead of offering a flat promotional allowance we offered different promotional allowances for different sales force members: wholesale ag
Introduction Consumers engage in a comprehensive decision making process in their consumption processes. Some of the elements that consumers are concerned with relate to product quality and price. Consumers have limited income, and thus they select what to purchase and at what price. Boyes (2011) posits, “Consumers are heterogeneous in their preferences between price and quality” (p.29). The consumers’ decision to purchase a particular product is motivated by the desire to attain a certain desired level of utility. On the other hand, firms provide consumers with a wide range of products and services, which are offered at different prices. Product pricing is subject to different factors; for example, the cost of production, product quality, and the firm’s profit maximisation objective. According to Hirschey (2009), businesses have an obligation to set optimal product prices failure to which they will not be in a position to achieve their profit maximisation objectives. Despite this aspect, the ability of an organisation to set optimal price is subject to the prevailing level of competition. According to Varian (2010), the competitive market is characterised by a large number of firms that deal identical products and this aspect limits a firm’s ability to exploit the consumers by selling the product at a high price. Varian (2010) asserts, “Any attempt by one of the firms to sell its products at a higher price than the market price leads consumers to desert the high-priced firm in favour of its competitors” (p.461). Businesses can adopt different criteria to achieve profitability. One of these strategies includes price discrimination. Alternatively, a firm may decide to adopt monopolistic competition strategies. This paper intends to explain the concept of price discrimination and monopolistic competition behaviour by firms. The study takes into account the case of daily and weekly news publications companies like the Financial Times and the Economist . These firms provide students with various types of publications at highly discounted prices through the students-union shops. Price discrimination Price is one of the core elements of every market economy. Varian (2010) asserts that the various product characteristics such as timing, options, quantity, and quality amongst others are embodied in the price. In a perfect market, all firms operate as price takers, and this aspect means that the firms do not set the price of their product, but it is rather determined by the market forces. Varian (2010) further asserts that organisations in most markets engage in price discrimination. Price discrimination refers to a situation whereby consumers are charged different a price for the same product. This phenomenon also occurs in a situation whereby the price differential of a particular product between two consumer groups does not reflect the cost discrepancies. Varian (2010) asserts that price discrimination is a common phenomenon in most markets such as the transport, travel, services markets, and consumer products markets. Businesses adopt price discri
As Americans continue moving away from God, so has social justice in the entire country continued being eroded. In the past, people used to be sentenced based on their crimes and stipulated laws. However, this is not the case currently with injustices being meted on the poor while the rich escape unpunished despite committing crimes. Despite the subsequent governments emphasizing that people should stick to the established laws, it has been found that there has been an emergence of unjust laws in the country which aims at enforcing the poor to always obey the rich. I can agree that the law enforcing agency in the country is bound to continue with social injustice. From the past experience with most rulings in the courts, it is evident that there is high social injustice within the courts. People have violated most of the set guidelines on how the national laws are to be implemented. Just as Luther asserted in his letter that the leadership of Birmingham City had violated most of the established agreements while the merchants declined to willingly amalgamate their businesses, it is evident that some of the attorneys in the courts have vowed not to go as per the set rules (Bass, 2001, p. 56). There are numerous cases that have been passed only to be revoked later. Others have been wrongly decided. Looking at the situation in the country, I can argue that despite the country having just laws, in some instances the law has been found to be unjust when it comes to being implemented. Our attorneys have been found to deliberately violate the laws despite their conscience warning them of the same. A good example is the case where a forty eight years old man’s case was recalled by the court in Florida. He had been sentenced to life imprisonment for rape only to be later set free by claiming that he had been wrongly charged (Bilson, 2010, para. 7). According to Martin Luther King, one of the factors that made it hard for Blacks to get social justice was the white moderates. Rather that seeing justices being applied in the country, they ensured that there was order regardless of social injustices happening in the country ((Bass, 2001, p. 73). On the other hand, the greatest obstacle to social justice in United States courts is the law enforcers themselves. The lawyers and the attorneys have consciously used their authority to help their friends and clients evade the law. This was evident with the case against former President Bill Clinton. After Paula Jones accused him of sexual harassment, Susan Webber (District Court Judge) used her authority to ensure that no evidence was adduced in court. It has been clear that even those entrusted in enforcing law and order in the country are not ready to let go the issue of social injustice in the country (Bilson, 2010, para. 11-13). Social injustices continue being perpetrated in the courts despite there being guidelines on how sentences are to be made. Our attorneys have not kept to the oath of allegiance they took when being elevated to these responsibilities. Based on the situation in the country, it calls for swift actions to be taken to reverse the situati
Rawls’ theory of justice has been described as a form of justice as fairness. The theory is very similar to the works of Kantian and the utilitarian philosophy. Both Rawls and Kantian demonstrate rationality in their works since they are derived from reasoning. The theory portrays the method that should be used to assess social and political institutions based on morality. The theory takes the best phenomenon one can be in while making a new social contact. Normally we would be biased because we have prior information of whom we are. The theory suggests that while we are under the veil of ignorance; we take we know nothing about our sex, race, position in society and our abilities; we can be able to make rational and unbiased decisions that demonstrate morality and equality (Rawls 11). One of the principles of justice deals in maintaining the political order in the society, Rawls advocates that every human should have equal rights to the simple liberty which is well-matched with other person’s liberty. Some of the basic liberties are political liberties, liberty of conscience and basic human rights. Some of the basic human rights and freedoms are right of assembly, freedom of speech, freedom of owning property and the right of not being arrested unlawfully. Political liberty is the right to vote and run for an office. This is a fundamental liberty that is necessary in countries with democracy. The liberty is rather absolute, straight forward and cannot be easily derived off from the people. The liberty is rarely violated as the will of engaging in political activities is voluntary. As long as people have reached the recommended age of voting, they are at will to register as voters. However, few countries have compulsory voting system in the current world. In most countries, citizens are free to vote meaning one can decide whether to vote or abstain from voting. Political liberty also allows one to freely run for office that they are qualified. Political liberty sets out that a person should present their candidature to the society, who decides to take or reject the people who run for an office (Bailey et al 120). The second principle of justice deals with social and economic inequalities. The inequalities are to be reorganized in a manner that eliminates the less fortunate derive the maximum benefit. The principle also tries to explain that offices and positions should be offered equal chances by promoting fairness. The second principle recognizes that people are on different economic platforms. One economic inequality that fits this principle is the family of origin. Based on the family of origins or family background, one can be well off than others meaning that some families could be on a different economic platform than others. The rearrangement of the economic inequalities is aimed at improving the less fortunate status. They protect them from deterioration on their economic and social status. The arrangement should ensure the less fortunate derive maximum benefit fro