ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
One student activity from the outline of plans that could be challenging for the student Many outlines of teaching schemes have diverse activities that students are required to undertake. Not all such activities are easy while the student is handling them. Students encounter inevitable challenges when they are left to participate in some academic activities. Julie’s case that forms the basis of the arguments of this study is a working illustration of the above position. In fact, one of the students’ activities that are likely to be very challenging for Julie is activity number three. This involves discussing, presenting, and writing an essay. From the student description, Julie has difficulties in focusing. Although she is able to read the text at her grade, she has difficulties in writing and communicating verbally. Reasons why the activity above could be challenging for the student In this activity, learners are expected to discuss the pre-Revolutionary wartime and the Revolutionary wartime. After the discussion of the pre-American Revolution and the American Revolution itself, the learners are expected to do an oral presentation and a written essay. With her difficulties in oral communication skills, Julie may have challenges while communicating to the class during the presentation. Oral presentation requires the communicator to have fluency and confidence. It is embarrassing for one to fail to communicate verbally in public. Due to her aggression when dealing with other pupils at her level, Julie is likely to be appointed to present the findings of her group. The group is likely to score low marks since Julie will take time to explain points hence making the audience unable to follow her. For people with verbal difficulties, it is difficult to make out the meaning of their words since there is little or no coherence. Public speakers ought to be very fluent and entertaining. Julie does not have these skills. Her classmates who are said to dislike her aggressive behavior may also feel uncomfortable to listen to her. The other difficulty will be the writing of the essay. It is a requirement of the students’ activities that learners write an essay after the discussion. The essay is also supposed to be written by individual students. Julie has difficulties in writing. This will therefore be a big hurdle for her. It is also worth noting that, in the previous students’ activities, learners were allowed to work in groups. However, when writing the essay students are supposed to do individual work. Her classmates could have helped Julie during the discussion and presentation of the findings. However, essay writing may prove very difficult for her especially when working alone. With her difficulties in writing, writing a whole essay may be very difficult for her. Essay writing requires a clear comprehension of the subject before writing. Julie has a problem focusing on various issues. It may be challen
Research Problem The high life expectancy in the developed world, coupled with demographic (baby-Boomer) aging, has increased the demand for long-term care (LTC). Projections indicate that expenditures on LTC will increase twofold over the next few years (European Commission 2012). Further, it is estimated that “70 percent of seniors aged 65 years or older” require LTC support to “meet health or personal care needs” (DHHS 2015, para. 6). LTC assistance encompasses diverse, supportive services meant to enable seniors to lead healthy lives. It includes activities of daily living or ADLs aimed at assisting a person to age at home or a supportive retirement center. The financing of LTC is an issue of economics. Current social protection systems may not cope with the expected surge in seniors in need of LTC assistance. The rising per capita costs of these services constitute a significant problem emerging from the social risk of aging. It is projected that the prevalence of disability is likely to rise, increasing spending on LTC in the years to come (Stone 2000). Furthermore, limited low-cost coverage options leave a large number of the elderly with a heavy financial burden. LTC costs will continue increasing because individual plans and government programs are inadequate. In the US, Medicare, and Medicaid cater for 63 percent of long-term care financing at 40 and 23 percent, respectively (Reaves & Musumeci 2015). LTC insurance accounts for only 9 percent of the costs, which leaves a significant population uncovered. Self-insurance may not be an option, as it requires an individual to save throughout his/her work years to insure himself or herself. As a result, most families resort to caring for their elderly loved ones at home or in community settings. However, home-based care is impracticable in cases where the family caregivers all work or do not live with their senior relatives. Furthermore, the decrease in the average family size constrains the availability of unpaid carers at home. Forcing working family members to leave employment and provide LTC care may affect their earning capacity (Manton, Lamb & Gu 2007). As a result, the number of informal care providers is low. Manton, Lamb, and Gu (2007) report that the elderly care ratio will drop from seven caregivers per person (>80 years) to as low as four carers per person in 2030. These challenges call for adequate and sustainable public financing arrangements to expand social protection systems. The availability of affordable, but sustainable programs can help address increasing elderly long-term care needs. The purpose of this research is to explore the advantages and disadvantages of financing LTC for the elderly. It will involve a critical analysis of prior research on different LTC financing approaches – self-insurance, social insurance, tax-based public programs, and private insurance – and their pros and cons to inform future policy actions. This dissertation aims to give insights into sustainable financing programs that can con
Introduction The purpose of the Extended Range Twin Operations (ETOPS) monitoring system is to significantly reduce the possibility of disaster and other major problems when it comes to long-distance flights. A simplified explanation of ETOPS can be seen in the following statement, “the aircraft could fly up to 180 minutes from an alternative airport in the unlikely event of an engine failure” (Birtles, 2001, p.26). A system has to be in place because long flights mean more stress for the airplane’s frame and the engine. The creation of ETOPS is a major breakthrough when it comes to aviation management. The establishment of policy and guidelines is an important first step because it is proof that the authorities in the civil aviation industry had succeeded in identifying critical areas. The necessity of flying an aircraft three hours until the next available airport is something that must be carefully analyzed. ETOPS has proven effective when it comes to mitigating risks. However, policy and guidelines can only provide a system that of tracking and accountability. The most critical part of the whole process is the ability to properly maintain the aircraft so that it can withstand the rigors of long flights. The rules had been set regarding the type of aircraft that can handle long-distance flights and the level of skills required to fly such aircraft. But without the support of an able mai
“The Glass Menagerie” is a Tennessee Williams play that tracks the progress of a small family living in a tiny apartment in the middle of St. Louis as it is remembered by the narrator, Tom. At the time the play opens, Tom is an adult and travels the world with the Merchant Marines, but remains unhappy because of the way that he left his mother and sister. The rest of the play is his memory of his last days at the apartment as he interacts with his mother and sister. This setting is important because it is the memory that both illustrates the family’s desperate condition as well as haunts the older Tom. These concepts would not be so strongly conveyed had the memory play taken place in a nicer home, for example, or all in one time period so that its effects on the older man were unknown. Throughout the play, one of the major themes is the impossibility of escape from reality. This theme is suggested through the major conflicts of the play, the plot development, and the tone to deliver an important warning to audiences of all generations. The main action of “The Glass Menagerie” begins in the St. Louis apartment as Tom joins his mother and sister at the dinner table after having explained to the audience the time (1937), location (St. Louis), and the missing father who ran off to Mexico abandoning his family in the process. The major conflict is immediately introduced as each of the characters is seen to live in a fantasy world as a means of escaping reality. Tom works at a job he hates in order to help support his family, but he secretly dreams of being a writer and traveling the world, which he can’t do as long as his mother and sister are so dependent on him. He overcomes his frustration by drinking and going to the movies, which provides his mother, Amanda, with the tools she needs to nag him all the time. Amanda was a Southern Belle who married poorly and is thus stuck in a small apartment, abandoned and expected to support herself, something she was never prepared for. In order to escape this reality, she lives in the world of her memories when she lived in a large house with plenty of wealthy boyfriends, beautiful things to wear, and no great worries to deal with. She tells her children, “My callers were gentlemen – all! Among my callers were some of the most prominent young planters of the Mississippi Delta – planters and sons of planters” (I, 148). She transfers these dreams over to her daughter, Laura. However, Laura is very shy and awkward as a result of her pleurosis, which makes it necessary for her to walk with a brace, and she is very poor as a result of her family’s conditions. She knows she can never hope to attract the kind of boyfriends her mother talks of nor wear the kind of clothing her mother describes. In order to escape from these impossible ideals, Laura escapes into the music of her childhood, when her father was still at home, and the beautiful light show of her glass menagerie, a collection of miniatures that are more real to
“Human exceptionality: School, community and family” by M. Hardman et al. Exceptionalities and Family In this chapter, Hardman et al. (2010) study how families can get to deal with people with exceptionalities. In most cases, these children are usually ahead of the rest in terms of learning and understanding things related to their exceptionalities. In this regard, Hardman et al. (2010) recommend that families should create a viable environment rather for the growth of child exceptionality than for discouraging these individuals. An initiative like meeting a guidance counselor or other professionals may help to create a more comfortable environment for the student as well as open new doors into thinking realms. Studies have it indicate that it can also allow for further understanding of their skills and how they can progress in what they do. In essence, the teaching process of such students is bound to be more varied as compared to the regular education of other students. In some instances, this may lead to problems with the family members, especially if teaching or learning processes involve special treatment by the others. Hardman et al. (2010) say that families should learn to accommodate such issues and view it positevly. Learning Disabilities and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a condition that has been increasing dramatically over the last few decades. Because of this dramatic increase, some see ADHD as a current epidemic. However, the symptoms of the disorder were noticed first in the likes of Heinrich Hoffman in the 19 th century. As for today, ADHD is the most commonly diagnosed childhood psychiatric disorder in America and other continues. It is exponentially growing affecting millions of people. Generally speaking, the cause of ADHD is unknown but to discover it, research indicates two areas of study which are biological (including genetics and neuroanatomy) and neuropsychological. Nonetheless, Hardman et al. (2010) opine that ADHD is mostly caused by the lack of opportunities to express oneself in attention-oriented games in the field as was the case in the ancient times. Hardman and his fellow scholars also look at our overall culture including diet and nutrition; family structure and lifestyle; change in lifestyle of children; modifications in the education system; and childhood abuse and trauma as all the possible factors for increase in the diagnoses of ADHD. In many ways, ADHD affects the manner in which we socialize, communicate or express ourselves. It is based on these reasons that Hardman et al. (2010) find it responsible for the increased level of learning disabilities across the world. For many reasons, diagnosing ADHD is a complicated process. This is in part due to the fact that the direct cause of ADHD is unknown. Studies, however, suggest that the best way of diagnosing the disease is through an interview. In this intervi
Introduction Treasury is the department of an organization that deals with cash and financial management (Ogilvie 34). Its objective is to ensure prudent management of the organization’s funds. The department is usually headed by the treasurer. The roles of the cashiers and the tellers also fall under the treasury department. This paper focuses on best practice in the treasury department. The functions of the cashiers, tellers and the treasurers will be illuminated. Functions of the Treasury Department The treasury department is associated with the following functions. First, it is responsible for cash management. This involves maintaining the optimal level of liquidity in the organization (Ogilvie 41). The tasks associated with this role include cash collection, making payments and managing bank accounts. Second, the department is responsible for financial management. The main tasks in this case are risk management and investments. The risks to be assessed include “exchange rate risks, interest risks and security over cash” (Bragg 79). The suitability of investment options must also be evaluated before the actual investment. Third, the department is responsible for providing funds for the organization. This is done by arranging for loans and other sources of capital. Finally, the department is responsible for asset management. It particularly assesses asset values in order to identify the ones to be replaced. Best Practice: Head of Treasury Department In order to effectively head the treasury department, the incumbent treasurer should consider the following competencies. Making investment decisions He or she should have a good knowledge of various financial products. This helps in making the right investment decisions. Risk managem
Marietta Baba gives a detailed definition of competent ethnography. According to her, competent ethnography must involve comprehensive fieldwork. It should not just be about rumors or what other scholars report (Baba 249). Anthropologists must carry out detailed studies to reveal as much information about topics as possible. She goes further to argue that ethnography must involve many methods including observation, interviews, and videotaping. The involvement of many methods helps collect enough information, which fosters the sense of “being there” (Baba 249). For example, in the description of cooperation of workers, a competent ethnography should make somebody imagine them greeting each other warmly and freely exchanging ideas and experiences. Baba also believes that competent ethnography must reveal unexpected information and conclusion. According to her, the revelations are, usually, in the form of models that help understand why things are the way they are. She goes further to argue that all the revelations ethnographers come up with are, usually, in contexts such as religious, business, societal, environmental, and political (Baba 250). In addition, she argues that ethnographers describe both the verbal actual behaviors of people. For example, they not only state the hatred between the natives of Fort James and the Indian tribes but go further to demonstrate their fights as proof of their enmity. She also insists that ethnographers study the use of language in different fields in order to understand people’s cultures. For example, the vehicle industry has its jargon and understanding it helps understand the culture that surrounds buying certain vehicles. Lastly, she argues that ethnography declares its commitment to protecting people’s rights. Usually, participants volunteer to take part in research (Baba 256). For example, natives taking part in a study about their culture in relation to buying clothes must have all the information about the study before volunteering to participate. Works Cited Baba, Marrietta. “Anthropological Practice in Business and Industry”. Applied Anthropology. Ed. Satish Kedia and John Van Willigen. Santa Barbara, California: Greenwood Publishing Group. 2005. Print.
The movie “Invictus” was directed by Clint Eastwood, and it premiered in 2009. The biographical movie features two renowned actors, Matt Damon, and Morgan Freeman. “Invictus” is a film that details the events that transpired when Nelson Mandela took over as South Africa’s president in 1994. The film’s main theme is the unifying power of sports. In the film, President Nelson Mandela uses the 1995 rugby world-cup campaign to unite the divided South Africans. The movie’s storyline is based on the book “Playing the Enemy: Nelson Mandela and the Game that Made a Nation” by John Carlin. Both the main and the supporting actors exhibit strong leadership qualities in the course of the unfolding storyline. Nelson Mandela is the country’s leader, while Francois Pienaar is leading the Springboks. Nelson Mandela resolves to use rugby to remedy the divisions in his post-apartheid country. However, this resolve is difficult to implement because the country’s rugby team is a symbol of black oppression. Consequently, Mandela uses his strong leadership to turn rugby into the country’s symbol of unification. This paper is a critique of “Invictus” and Mandela’s character from a leadership perspective, especially in relation to the drama of human life. The most prominent feature in “Invictus” is the use of rugby as a symbol of unity. Mandela gets the idea of using rugby as a symbol of unity when he witnesses black South Africans cheering for the English rugby team instead of their home team. Mandela remembers that when he was in prison, he too used to support opposing teams. However, Mandela recognizes that this trend was bad for the newly united South Africa. Therefore, Mandela decides to use the symbol of the national rugby team to unite his subjects. The decision to use rugby as a symbol was quite unpopular with the majority black-population, and it was even opposed by Mandela’s chief of staff. Mandela’s ‘adamancy’ is a testament to his strong leadership skills. Mandela’s desire was to have a united South Africa, and he was willing to work against the tides of prejudice to achieve his goal. The desires of Mandela as a leader coincide with South Africa’s need for unity. As a leader, Mandela takes on a tough challenge of redefining how South Africans viewed the Springboks. Previously, the Springboks were a symbol of apartheid and oppression. The team was dominated by white players, and to black South Africans, the ‘white team’ was just another reminder of apartheid’s mechanisms. In the end, Mandela successfully redefines rugby from being a symbol of segregation to being a symbol of unity. The reason behind this quick success is Mandela’s leadership style. First, Mandela begins by recognizing that things need to change, and he envisions this through the game of rugby. Second, the president trusts his instincts and decides to face the challenges that await his plans. The ability to do these things indicates that Mandela’s leadership is resolute, insp
Executive Summary This report encompasses the strategies of giant auto manufacturer in the world ‘Toyota Motor Corporation’ and it concentrates on the historical background of Toyota, strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, threats, PESTEL factors, BCG Matrix, Ansoff Matrix and competitive model analysis, overview of Toyota strategy and turning strategic viewpoints. The paper also focuses on the visions of Toyota, its significant strategies for environmental sustainability, and strategies to maintain relation with customers, and strategies to motivate and manage the employees. In addition, the paper would analyse Toyota’s strategies to assure high quality products and to work with global community, as well as discussing the regional, product, business level, financial, supply chain, and market entry strategies. Introduction Stewart and Raman (2007) added that the way of evaluating the Toyota complete cars and vehicles including its technical problem where the simple quality checking by the workers could identify any defect or rejected products that could easily traced out along with the TQC controller rather than quality checked by machine and suggest to the senior technicians for rework. Today’s tremendous success of Toyota Motor Corporation has derived from the company’s technological soundness and commitment, at the seventeenth birth anniversary of Toyota in 2007 the company introduced commercial hybrid vehicle Prius that contributed sales revenue of US$ 9.34 million within a year. Compared with GM and Ford 2007, the aggregate profit of Toyota after tax was US$ 13.7 billion when GM faced a loss of US$ 1.97 billion and Ford accounted a negative accounting of US$ 12.61 billion, in the same period, the market capitalization of Toyota was US$ 186.71 billion when GM accounted US$ 16.60 billion and Ford US$ 15.70 billion. Toyota’s success story derives from the prolonged hard work and strong commitment from the part of the top- level managers, human resources working in various departments starting from research and development, production, and customer care, as well as the leaders of the this global giant. Historical Background of Toyota Table 1: – Overview of the company Year               Historical overview of Toyota                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               1867               Sakichi Toyoda has started its journey