ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Michalopoulos and Papaioannou’s “The Long-Run Effects of the Scramble for Africa” focuses on the lasting impacts of the continent’s division between the foreign colonial powers. The text’s bottom line is that the main long-term effect was the creation of arbitrarily drawn borders that separate people’s ethnic homelands and continue persisting in the post-colonial age. The authors observe ethnic groups whose historical homelands went through such an ethnic partitioning and compare them to the non-partitioned and homogenous ethnic homelands. According to them, partitioned homelands demonstrate a much higher incidence of both civil wars and military interventions from neighboring countries when compared to their non-divided counterparts. 1 Moreover, the intensity of violence, whether against legitimate military targets in a state-driven conflict or against civilians, is also higher in partitioned ethics homelands than in the regions where non-partitioned groups reside. 2 The fact that split ethnic groups often have limited access to goods and services and that the governments are more likely to systematically oppress and discriminate against them also contributes to the tension. 3 Thus, the authors establish a complex of interwoven factors that increase the likelihood of conflicts, including civil wars, in partitioned regions. While the text offers a wealth of empirical evidence regarding the frequency and intensity of conflicts in split regions, be these civil or state-driven wars, one cannot help but notice that it is largely primordialist. What the authors study is not merely ethnic groups but a territorial separation of “the historical ethnic homeland” between different national states. 4 Thus, the text operates on the assumption that an ethnic group is irrevocably connected to a specific territory associated with its origins, which is an essentially primordialist clause. Moreover, the emphasis on the “split” ethnic groups implicitly suggests that ethnicity is a rigid and non-malleable concept that retains its fundamental unity even when separated between separate states. These primordialist assumptions mean that the authors can actually underscore the fluidity of ethnicity as a construct and ethnic identity in individuals. One factor that Michalopoulos and Papaioannou’s study does not pay enough attention to is identity shift. As Kalyvas points out in “Ethnic Defection in Civil War,” people’s ethnic identity may evolve and change, not to the last degree depending on the political actor that controls the territory they live in. 5 In simpler terms, territorial control occurring in the split homelands discussed by Michalopoulos and Papaioannou may facilitate assimilation, and it would be too presumptuous to disregard this factor. Apart from that, ev
The problem of substance abuse is a topical one across different demographics and areas of the country. According to the statistics provided by the County Health Rankings & Roadmaps (2020), Queens County in New York had 16% of alcohol-impaired deaths. Moreover, the data from the New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene (2019) demonstrates that in 2019 12.2 per 100,000 people living in Queens died due to a drug overdose. This information shows that the issue of substance abuse poses a serious threat to the health of residents of Queens county. There is a variety of institutions which address the problem of substance abuse in Queens county, one of them is Creedmoor Addiction Treatment Center on Winchester Boulevard. This organization primarily provides inpatient drug and alcohol rehabilitation services, which involve a short-term residential addiction program for every patient considering their particular needs (New York State Office of Addiction Services, n.d.). Queens residents struggling with substance abuse can call the hospital and receive help even if they cannot pay for it. The organization is operated by the New York State Office of Addiction Services and Supports (OASAS) and has a multidisciplinary treatment team. Community health nurses have a responsibility to provide care to every resident of the area they serve. Individuals who have serious substance abuse problems can be referred by such nurses to the Creedmoor Addiction Treatment Center to receive more specialized help. Additionally, such medical professionals can provide local residents with brochures of the center which contain important information about the organization. Thus, members of the community will get a chance to learn about treatment options which they can receive in the county. Tweet: Queens residents struggling with substance abuse problems can receive consultations and support from the Creedmoor Addiction Treatment Center . #substanceabuse #Creedmor.
A group of researchers on behalf of Taking a STADD and a trauma center set out to investigate the prevalence rates of distracted driving behaviors (DDBs) among the adult population. This article is a published research study that was carried out at the behest of Taking a STADD Organization in collaboration with a university-affiliated trauma center. The authors note that only two behaviors are usually associated with distracted driving; texting and use of cell phones. The article documents the process of the research study in which a group of adults of varying demographics was presented with a set of seven questions. According to the authors, the aim of the research was to document other forms of DDB other than texting and use of cell phones. The results of the study revealed that the instances of DDB vary according to different demographics. The study’s statistical analysis “was conducted using Kruskal-Wallis analysis of variance and the Chi-square testing” (Hoff et al., 2013). The article notes that the results of the study highlighted the dangers of DDB other than texting and using cell phones. The authors recommend public education that addresses all forms of DDB, mostly targeting adults of eighteen to thirty-four years. The article begins by noting that distracted driving is mostly restricted to texting and cell phone use. Nonetheless, current technology levels have increased aspects of distractions among road users. The authors of the article realize that the “self-reported perceptions of the drivers about DDB may offer interesting insight” when designing outreach programs (Hoff et al., 2013). The method used in this study involved sending the questionnaires electronically, first to employees of a health-care network, and then to various driving license holders. Online means such as social-networking websites were used to pass the questionnaires to the identified subjects. Furthermore, the article notes that six different age groups were used in the study. Demographics were categorized in terms of “age groups, level of education, and gender, while four primary questions were used in the study’s questionnaire” (Hoff et al., 2013). These primary questions included whether a sampled driver finds himself/herself distracted while driving, which DDB a sampled driver engages in, whether a sampled driver considers DDB dangerous, and whether a sampled driver has ever been involved in a DDB-related accident. The study sampled 1857 individuals, but only 1838 of these provided complete and useable data. Out of the interviewed sample, seventy-two percent confessed to being involved in one form of DDB or another. Also, the authors note that the rate of involvement in DDB among respondents increased with age. Furthermore, DDB was less “likely among women and highly educated individuals” (Hoff et al., 2013). According to the article, the most prevalent form of DDB was the use of cell phones at seventy-nin
Discussion The case of Vidar and Jana leaves me conflicted. Being unable to pay for therapeutic services, Jana proposes the services of her husband’s company as payment for Vidar’s work (Corey, Corey, Corey, & Callanan, 2014). On the one hand, there are no specific instructions that would prevent Vidar from refusing the proposal based on professional ethics (Reamer, 2006). In fact, if Vidar provides therapy in a country that is accepting of bartering, he might agree to the proposal with no negative outcomes. The act of barter would have to be officially established through a written agreement of all the involved parties, but there is nothing wrong with it. Perhaps it is even mutually beneficial because Jana would continue to receive therapy, while Vidar would still receive the same benefit from pool cleaning services. On the other hand, this exchange creates multiple relationships and boundaries crossings that would happen otherwise. This could potentially compromise the results that Vidar achieved through previous sessions with Jana. This is a serious issue and has to be dealt with delicately and with great understanding. The textbook presents an alternative solution of establishing an agreement that Jana would instead provide services for a non-profit organization that both parties would agree on. This solution also has great benefits. The first is that multiple relationships are not created through this exchange. Vidar does not directly benefit from Jana in this scenario. The second benefit comes from the fact that Jana’s actions would serve to benefit people in need, which is a morally positive outcome. Personally, I would feel uncomfortable in this scenario. I believe that barter is a valid way of receiving goods and services, especially when it is proposed to me as an option. People should be able to use their skills and possessions to pay for other goods and services. However, in this case, I would avoid anything that would provide a direct benefit for me. Even if a client proposed a service that I found beneficial, I would expect this proposal to affect the trust established between the counselor and the client. The multiple relationships aspect of the proposal is also unwanted, and I can see it negatively affecting my work with the client. For example, if the client proposes car maintenance services of their brother’s garage as payment for the following three sessions, I would see it as unacceptable. Despite my beliefs about bartering, they are overshadowed by the fact that I refuse to cross boundaries when it comes to establishing relationships with the relatives and loved ones of clients, especially when they are based on the exchange of goods and services. I could see myself arranging a situation where the client would provide services for charity, community service, or other non-profit third parties that bring positive outcomes for the community. As previously mentioned, this would remove a lot of negative elements that were present in the original proposal. Conclusion T
Introduction Although in most cases, most individuals associate Marijuana with numerous health complications and social problems, for example, brain damage, and violent behavior hence, supporting its illegalization, such individuals take little consideration of its significance in the health and economic sectors of any nation or state. It is important to note that, proper use of Marijuana has no serious health and social complications many individuals associate it with, but rather it is its misuse that can lead to mild forms of such problems, for example, lethargic behaviors, something controllable (Concept420, p.1). As Schaffer (p.1) argues just like any other American citizen, individuals who use this drug also contribute to the government revenues, have families that they are taking care of and above all, such individuals are also hardworking citizens, who are not only fighting to ensure that their families stay comfortable, but also they participate actively in all nation-building exercises. Therefore, ethically and legally it will be wrong to isolate and even imprison them hence, the need for the federal government and states to reformulate policies that govern the production and use of marijuana; hence legalize it. This research paper will discuss concepts of marijuana and the need for its legalization. Why Legalize Marijuana (Calif, p.1) An approximate 60 million of American citizens use Marijuana whereby, although most states have illegalized its use, it is important to note that, the drug is still common among the American Citizenry, due to it
How has TUI AG configured its operations internationally in order to serve its various markets? What benefits does this provide? Are there any disadvantages? In 1990, Germany Company Preussag AG reinvented into TUI AG Company. From its initial stage, TUI AG Company concentrated in container shipping and tourism industries. Over years TUI AG company has divested in industrial holding and to date, it serves diverse global companies within the tourism supply chain such as tour operators, travel agencies, and distribution channels like call centers, TV channels, and online travel business), hotels and airlines. To expand globally TUI AG Company has acquired new international companies. Although these newly acquired companies do not change their original brands they remain property of TUI Group. It operates a large container shipping companies with more than 140 vessels. It manages an integrated (horizontally and vertically) tourism supply chain by owning numerous tourism companies each one of them performing different key functions throughout its distribution chain. In addition to the joint venture and acquiring new companies, TUI AG Company has merged with other companies. TUI AG Company configuring its operations internationally has benefits such as creating synergies among its companies and establishing and controlling quality levels across all elements of the tourism products from purchasing, transportation, incoming tour handling, destination excursions, accommodation, and ground handling. An integrated tourism supply chain also enables the group to achieve high utilization and occupancy rates within its tourism supplier companies. Also, TUI AG Company configuring its operations internationally has strengthened it. This has heavily contributed to its growth. It has increased its efficiency and services quality, access to cheap inputs, and diversification of its market. Disadvantages involved in TUI AG Company configuring its operations internationally include increasing operating expenses, strict foreign regulations and standards, and an unfamiliar business environment. What is the strategy preferred by TUI AG in penetrating new international markets? What are the benefits of this strategy? Are there any disadvantages? The major strategy used by TUI AG Company is to constantly hold the top niche in its service delivery and keep in line with new trends. It ha
The concept of free will is a frequently discussed issue these days. The emergence and popularization of democratic values all around the world raised the question of social and political pressures that used to be overlooked in the past. In philosophy, the concept of free will is defined as an individual’s ability to choose how to act in particular situations; the presence of free will assumes the existence of multiple alternatives among which a person could choose ( Free Will , 2010). The following is a social life situation I would like to review in order to discuss my perception of a free will limitation example in the contemporary world. The limitation occurred when I was invited to a friend’s birthday party that was held at a club. Trying to enter the club my other friend and I were stopped by the security person who told us we were not allowed in due to our inadequate appearances. Namely, our clothes did not match the dress code – I was wearing a “wrong” pair of trousers (jeans), and my friend had “wrong” shoes on (sneakers). In other words, our desire (free will) to wear particular clothes was compromised by the rules developed in particular communities. As a result, we ended up feeling insulted personally and facing an uncomfortable choice – having to go back home and change. At some point, we had decided not to come back at all but were pressured by another social belief that refusing to attend one’s birthday party would offend the host. We had to inform the host, and as they lived not so far away from the club, the solution was to take us to their home where we could borrow more socially acceptable clothes and shoes. In other words, we ended up obeying the rules and changing our behavior to meet the social expectations. In philosophy, the question of free will is argued about because of differing opinions as to which behaviors are to be considered as dictated by free will ( Free Will , 2010). For instance, violence is a part of human nature; so, is there any alternative to it, can it be eliminated from the society, and should the individuals be given a choice as to their desire to act violently? (Cohen, 2013). The absolute free will for everyone could easily result in a total chaos due to the clash of choices and desires among the individuals. That is why, in the modern societies there are rules that force persons to compromise and limit their initiatives. For instance, social contract theory explains that some of the freedoms of an indivi
Introduction There are many ways to evaluate the changes within a specific ecosystem in a particular landscape. Among the most efficient methods, a comparison between the historical and the present-day landscape can be used (Hessburg, Agee & Franklin, 2005). With the help of the latter, it is possible to find out whether the impact on a particular landscape has been positive or negative and what further steps are to be undertaken. The analysis of the current and the historical landscape in the East Cascades of the Washington State will possibly help determine the pattern of the landscape development, as well as set the strategy for the further course of actions concerning the management of the given landscape. Methods To explore the pattern of change within the landscape ecology of the East Cascades of the Washington States, the data assembled by Dr. Paul Hessburg’s research group was used. In the course of research, the Fragstas 3.3 program was used to analyze the landscape. The ArcMap technology was utilized to view the data. Finally, to conduct the evaluation of the landscape change, the qualitative analysis was used, well as some elements of quantitative analysis. Results Considering the data that was sorted according to the principle “‘met06’=Methow subwatershed 06. Last names G-J, ” the amount of herbland has changed sufficiently over the course of the East Cascades history, spreading south and southeast. The forest area, however, remained the same, with few exceptions in the northeastern part of the land. Quite similarly, the nonforest area did not change much, apart from the small patches that disappeared from the southeastern parts of the landscape. Speaking of the changes in the vegetation system of the forest, or, as Hessburg, Salter, Richmond and Smith defined it, “a theoretical endpoint of succession in the absence of disturbance” (Hessburg, Salter, Richmond & Smith, 2000, p. 166), one must mention that the deforestation process has took its toll, since more parts of the area have been marked as “non-forest” ones. In addition, the area covered by old forest multi-storey has also decreased, giving more room to the young forest multi-storey parts of the forest. Likewise, old forest single storey has moved northeast, giving its way to the young forest multi-storey elements. In addition, the area covered by stem exclusion open canopy has grown smaller over the past few decades, with only several elements scattered sideways across the area. The amount of trees that are currently in the stand initiation stage has also changed; while in the past, only two small areas of SI trees could be found, at present, the central and the southern part of the forest are in the phase of stand initiation. The amount of trees that are currently in the stage of understory re-initiation has, on the contrary, remained the same. It is also important to mention that the intensity of firelines in certain parts of the East Cascades has ch
This Is How You Lose Her is a book of stories written by Junot Díaz and united by the main character, a young man called Yunior. The stories are about Yunior’s multiple love affairs, which reveal various sides of his character and show his development as a personality in different ages and circumstances. From his teenage years to the young adulthood, he evolves from a sexually immature young boy into an unbridled womanizer and, finally, starts to treat women as human beings, not merely as an object of sexual attraction. The author starts with stories about Yunior’s latest passions and finishes with descriptions of earlier ones, for the reader to see the young man’s evolution backward. The last story, called “Miss Lora,” describes one of Yunior’s first love affairs. It is necessary to consider the circumstances in which the young man had found himself before he started his relationship with Miss Lora. Firstly, the events described in the story take place right after the main character’s brother’s death of cancer. Yunior is in grief because of it. To reveal his emotional state at that time, it is possible to note that “almost every night you had nightmares… in your dreams the bombs were always going off” (Díaz, “Miss Lora” 251). This quote shows how the boy was affected by the loss. Secondly, his relationship with his current girlfriend, Paloma, becomes problematic as she does not want to have sex with Yunior, explaining it in a way that the boy finds hard to understand (Díaz, “Miss Lora” 252). Paloma’s strange behavior makes Yunior’s mood even worse. Finally, the protagonist constantly reminds himself of the unbridled sexual habits of his father and brother (Díaz, “Miss Lora” 270). The former used to take the small Yunior to the places of his sexual affairs while the latter never felt shy when having sex with girls on the bed next to the one his younger brother was sleeping in. Yunior hopes that he will not become this kind. Thus, being depressed, having problems with his girlfriend, and afraid of his supposedly sleeping inner womanizer, the boy comes across Miss Lora, a middle-aged woman with a peculiar appearance and sexually attractiveness. For Yunior, she is both a mature sexual partner and a kind of escape from the cruel reality and heavy thoughts. As he visits her every night, she can be called a habit, used for relaxation. On the other hand, she gives Yunior not only physiological but also emotional relief (Díaz, “Miss Lora” 276). With her, he can easily express his thoughts and emotions, connected with his late brother. Because of her openness, readiness to help, and maturity, Yunior gets emotionally addicted to the woman. One more reason for this addiction is the teenager’s lack of sexual experience. In the short stories, describing his later life, we see Yunior as a womanizer, who considers every girl around an object of mere lust. It is worth taking a look at the story, called “Alma,” as it is the one that gave the book its name. The phrase, used as the book’s title, is the ending to the