ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Education is regarded as an important aspect of society since it is through education that people are socialized and turned into productive members of the society. Policy makers and educators are therefore constantly looking for ways to make education systems more effective since quality education results in increased national productivity. Education institutes have through the years experimented with innovative methods of learning in a bid to get the best results from students. In the recent years, advances in information technology have made it possible for online learning to take place. This paper will argue that online learning is a superior form of education since it helps students and learning institutes to overcome limitations imposed by the traditional learning environment. The paper will also look at some arguments raised against online learning and offer counterarguments to the same. Arguments in Support of Online Learning A significant merit of online learning is that it enables education institutes to overcome the restriction of limited resources. Over the years, the student population in many countries has increased at a higher rate than the physical educational resources. Many institutes have therefore had to cope with overcrowded classrooms while others have been forced to schedule classes at odd hours so as to deal with the high number of students. This resource strain has led to a decrease in the quality of education offered to the students. Online education gives schools an opportunity to expand their capacity since it is not constrained by things such as classroom space (Haythornthwaite 4). In addition to this, online education enables the school to make optimal use of their teaching staff. One teacher can offer lessons to hundreds of students at the same time using the online environment. Another major advantage of online learning is that it enables student to overcome the barriers of time and distance. Under the traditional system a person has to attend educational institutes physically. This system makes it impossible for people who want to study but have time limitations for example because of their work schedules. In addition to this, students who live far away from the educational institute and lack the means to move nearer so as to be able to attend school were locked out of the traditional system. Online learning helps to overcome these barriers by enabling the student to learn in a more dynamic environment (Bennett, Marsh and Killen 321). Students can choose to have the virtual classes at the time which is most convenient to them. Students who live far form the educational institute can also enroll and take lessons from their current locations. Online learning h
Introduction Induction of new staff can be defined as the whole process whereby new employees are helped to adjust and acclimatize to their jobs and working environments and as the final part of the recruitment process. In Human resource management, the induction process is very important, especially to the employees who are joining the organization for the first time. (Taylor 2005). The process of joining a new organization or a team, for that matter, can be a stressful affair and can either positively or negatively impact the new employee’s future productive ability. During the induction process, the moment is characterized by an unproductive period because the new recruit has a lot to learn and so many people to know and meet. Thus, the process of induction is important because it serves the purpose of ensuring there is an effective integration of a newly hired staff into the organization for the mutual benefit of both the organization and the employee. (Taylor 2005). Any new employee just into a new job is bound to have some gaps in their skills and knowledge. Such gaps need to be identified with the sole purpose of taking action on them by taking into consideration training and development needs. This will, in turn, empower them, thereby supporting them with clear information, which will determine how fast they “feel at home” and start making the real contribution to the respective organization department. (Rankin, N. 2006). Why induction training is important in an organization For any recruitment and subsequent retention of staff to be successful, a comprehensive induction program is necessary. The productivity and retention of any staff are wholly dependent on the first three months of induction. Staff induction processes are, in most cases, designed to equip the newly recruited staff with the necessary information they need in ensuring that they quickly understand how the organization works. This means that the induction process enables the employee to be productive as quickly as possible whilst playing a key role in knowledge management initiatives. (Rankin, N. 2006). When new employees enter an organization, they end up finding themselves in a virtually new environment and end up being in a more confused state. The induction process helps the employee familiarize themself with the organizational culture. The management has the sole responsibility of ensuring the new employees feel at home as fast as possible via induction training. As observed by
Article “Environmental health; data from H. Burr and colleagues advance knowledge in occupational and environmental health (employment status, working conditions, and depressive symptoms among German employees born in 1959 and 1965)” by H. Burr and published in 2015 addresses some of the factors that affect the health status of employees. The research is narrowed down to the analysis of the effects to which the members of German companies are exposed. Furthermore, the authors set an age restriction, therefore, limiting the application of their findings to the identified age group. According to the outcomes of the study, part-time jobs turned out to be the primary source of stress for the male participants. Women were also largely depressed by the specified factors, yet their situation was aggravated by the lack of influence in the identified environment. To be more accurate, the lack of control over the role that they play in the organizations in which they are employed affects the target population to the greatest degree (Burr, 2015). The use of a gender-specific approach is, therefore, crucial in improving the environment in which employees work. Website #1 The International Labour Organization, which is a UNO body created to address labor-related issues, sheds light on the problem of workplace security, safety, and health in its article titled “International labor standards on occupational safety and health” (International Labour Organization, n.d.). Although the year of publishing the text of the regulation is not known, its power over the occupational safety standards in the countries that are under UNO’s aegis is truly ample. The instruments for maintaining safety in the workplace are introduced to the readers. For instance, the tools such as the ratifications of the Occupational Health Services Convention, 1985 (No. 161) are mentioned. The authors make it clear that preventing injuries in the workplace and facilitating security must be viewed as priorities. It is suggested that tight supervision and the promotion of rigid organizational behavior principles should be used as the tool for promoting occupational health and safety. Website #2 The United States Department of Labor (2016) provides a rather detailed description of the concept of Occupational Health and Safety, also offering the visitors to enroll in training courses to improve their skills and acquire new ones. In their “Occupational safety outlook handbook,” the authors spell out what the responsibilities of occupational health experts include, what environment they have to work in, and what issues they will have to address. Furthermore, the authors point to the fact that there is a need to adjust to the rapidly changing environment of the labor force market. Particularly, it is explained that the principles of occupational safety may vary depending on the type of work, where
Introduction The public debt dilemma has been on the news since the start of the pandemic. Indeed, during the time of economic recession, the governments are often tempted to increase national debt in the search for additional funding for covering the deficits in the budget. While there are certain benefits of increasing national debt, significant drawbacks are also possible in the long run. The present paper offers a discussion of theoretical views on the national debt, outlines long-term consequences of increasing national debt, and describes an alternative for addressing budget deficits during the time of economic recession. National Debt and Theory National debt may be seen as both a problem and a virtue, depending on the theoretical stance. Keynesian economics, which is considered the most valuable development since the Classical period, demonstrates two benefits of national debt due to recession (Churchman, 2001). On the one hand, increased public spending financed through public debt stabilizes the fluctuating economy due to the countercyclical effect. Public debt allows the government to finetune the investments, which is crucial for stabilizing the economy. On the other hand, as the government increases the spending, it indirectly affects the income of businesses, as they have more customers that can spend money on services and products. This phenomenon is known as the multiplier effect, as increased spending of the public sector multiplies the revenues of the private sector (Churchman, 2001). The supporters of the multiplier effect state that it compensates for the reductions in the tax base due to the stabilization of the private sector (Churchman, 2001). The model, however, has several drawbacks that can be explained by the Ricardian model. David Ricardo created a theory based on the notion of the Ricardian Equivalence. This idea supposes that a person makes a decision to purchase based on the present income level, but also on the anticipation of future spending (Churchman, 2001). People may anticipate that due to the rise of national debt, the government will have to repay it using increases in taxes. Due to the anticipation of future tax expenses, people may want to withhold some of their capital that was acquired due to increased government spending to stabilize the economy (Churchman, 2001). As a result, the multiplier effect does not come into play, as the money becomes stored in banks instead of circulating in the economy. The idea of Ricardian Equivalence has met much criticism, as theorists disagree about people making their decisions based on the anticipation of future spending (Churchman, 2001). Nevertheless, the model attracted much attention from modern theorists. Another economic theory that discusses the problem of the national debt is the Modern Monetary Theory (MMT). The core of this theory lies in the assumption that the government can increase debt as needed for any cause, as central banks can issue new money without limits (Whittaker, 2020). The only limit to this spending is the level of inflation, which can be regulated th
Communication is the exchange of ideas and feelings from one person to another; it involves being understood and others understanding you (Jacobson, 2009). Communication usually involves two parties, the sender and the receiver. The sender encodes a message in a way he/she thinks will be better understood by the receiver. Encoding also involves the selection of the language, appropriate channel, and time to send so as to suit the receiver. The receiver has to decode the message and this involves understanding it. The receiver has to send a feedback and the sender has to pay attention to this response from the receiver. Therefore effective communication is said to have occurred if it is a two-way process (Ellis, 2009). Communication process has to be quick since with time the message may lose its meaning. Among the efficient ways of communication is the email since most of the people will receive it with a click. This channel of communication has proved to be ineffective since in most cases an email tends to be ignored, thus phone calls have to be made and visits paid as a follow up to email. Establishing the appropriate channel of communication is quite a challenge. Certain barriers to effective communication exist and they include; the receiver’s background, perception of the sender, the content of the message, noise in the surrounding, and the physical state of the receiver (stress, hunger or exhaustion) (Ellis, 2009). Communication is a complex process and in most cases starts with ourselves before we are able to communicate with others. They understand that we are human beings and we hold certain beliefs, thoughts, attitudes and prejudices (Burnard 1997). Effective communication is said to have occurred when the receiver understands the message that the sender intended to send. Communication skills are a very crucial tool in the workplace, whether in building good worker relationships or expressing the objectives and targets of the company. Effective communicators have a great achieving ability when it comes to their goals. Since they can express themselves without any hostility, they are able to initiate a feeling of well being among themselves and others. Effective communication involves obtaining a fair hearing and passing across our thoughts precisely. It is a vital asset in climbing up the career ladder. Absence of sufficient communication skills in an individual can mean the difference between being stuck in career advancements or reduced personal development. Studies have indicated that potential employers have communication skills high in their wish list when carrying out the hiring process (Ellis, 2009). In most modern institutions, two-way communications are embraced. Even though communication can be achieved through written to verbal ways among others, it usually involves receiving signals, comprehending them and sending back a feedback as
Culture includes both behavior and material outcomes of that behavior. It both constrains and is constrained by nature, biology, social conditions, and other realities of human existence. But at the same time, it is inside our heads or part of our thoughts and feelings. It is expressed through our emotions and thought processes, our motivation, intention, and meaning as we live out our lives. It is through the culture that we construct, or give and take, meanings associated with the social and material world. Art, shelter, transportation, music, food, or clothing are material examples(Fevrer, 2005). The meaning we give these products influences how we use them. In interaction with the social world around us, we construct a religion, race, and connections between ideas, communities, people, nations, and social transformations within the constraints of the natural world. Therefore, culture includes multiple levels of traditions, values, and beliefs, as well as social, biological, and natural acts. These processes are driven by the meaning we give to and take from them. These meanings are fortified or changed in relations between people, as history unfolds. Thus, culture is not limited to the elites, but it affects all of us (Lee, 2002). Each culture has got a unique behavior, for instance in northern tribes in Canada, people wrap themselves in furs and eat whale blubber different from the farmers in Southeast Asia, who clothe up for the weather and depend mainly on the rice they grow in their paddies. Therefore, cultures are set to deal with specific circumstances, like climate, level of technology, population, and geography. Despite the presence of cultural universals like courtship and religion, great diversity exists among the worlds many cultures. In addition, even within a single nation, certain segments of the populace develop cultural patterns that differ from the patterns of the dominant society. Subculture is a part of society that shares a certain pattern of beliefs and values that are unique from the ways of the larger community. Subculture can be viewed as a culture existing within a larger, dominant culture. The existence of many subcultures is characteristics of complex societies such as the United States. In India, we found out that there were new subcultures that were developed among the employees at the international call centers established by multinational corporations. It was observed that, for one to serve customers from the United States and Europe, he or she had to be fluent in English. The corporations that employed them demanded more than proficiency in a foreign language. Indian employees were expected to adopt western values and work habits including grueling
Key issues in the case study There are a number of key issues that arise from the case of Nestle. One of the major issues that come up is the impact of mergers and acquisitions for large multinationals. As a result of its growth Nestle chose to acquire more companies in order to make an impact in its global expansion especially in foreign markets. It struck big financial deals with companies like L’Oreal and Alcon Laboratories Inc and saw acquisition of the two companies. However, not all these big deals go well and in the case of Nestlé, L’Oreal was largely in debt and to some extent could have contributed to its financial woes. Another issue is the diversification of the market both in terms of products and market presence. These are seen as key factors in enhancing global expansion as well as profits. Nestle aimed at improving its finances through diversification as well as strategic acquisitions. It therefore made its presence in the U.S market through Alcon Laboratories Inc. It also diversified its products to include cosmetics through L’Oreal and pharmaceutical and ophthalmic products I addition to the original dairy products. This diversification could work for or against the company as it requires more resources on the part of the management. Organizational change is yet another key issue observed in this case. Nestle went through radical changes between the second world war to 1990’s all through to date. These changes have come in many faces, for example in the outlook of the companies before 1980 and change in the management of the organization as well as the continuous restructuring.
Brazil is one of the developing countries located in South America. In this country, the criminal justice system is characterized by the application of universal and abstract laws based on the principle that all citizens are equal before the law. Political and social development of the region prevents Brazil, and other countries of the region, from fast and effective growth of judicial institutions and new reforms in this sphere. Even though a juridical interpretation of the law admits a range of possible resolutions, the criteria which characterize judicial proceedings limit the space in which actors in conflict may negotiate and exchange political costs and benefits (Maxfield and Babbie 2008). This does not mean that the effects of these proceedings are neutral, for a law generates differential costs among diverse social groups (Adler et al 2003). Still, laws reorganize the form of conflict resolution, redefining the cost/benefit matrix determining the probability that each of the diverse social groups involved will realize their interests. Even though a law does not have a particular or concrete beneficiary — that is, even though it does not constitute a selective threat-it can establish the magnitude and universality of the costs that will confront those who decide to violate it. In Brazil, federal and provincial courts are the main institutions of judicial system. To evaluate the effects of the judicial treatment of human rights violations on the democratic process, it is necessary to consider whether, in spite of the covert amnesty of the due obedience law passed during the last decade and the presidential pardons of the new administration, the existence of legal sanctions in Brazil is still sufficiently strong to redefine for the military the costs of deserting the democratic game (Louis et al 2008). Critics believe that the best way to determine whether a pardon has neutralized the deterrent effects of punishment or weakened a society’s confidence in the ethical foundations of its government is to look at the conditions under which it was granted, as well as its political meaning at the time. Beyond the ethical and political problems involved in pardoning anyone guilty of human rights violations, we acknowledge the possibility that pardons may serve a useful function at some stage in the transition to democracy. In the first stage, the appeal to judicial means allows for a redefinition of the costs to be incurred in case the military should return to authoritarian practices (Branco, 2006). The main types of courts are federal courts and common courts. No doubt, courts that serve the law before the political needs of the executive can become sources of tension in processes characterized by unstable position. In this sense,
Describe the structure of the male and female reproductive systems, relating structure to function Include a diagram for each of the two systems. For the structures given below explain structure to function points. Diagram of male reproductive system                     Diagram of female reproductive system                                                                                                                                                                                       Figure 1: The Male Reproductive System (Sapkota, 2021)  Figure 2: The Female Reproductive System (“The female reproductive system,” 2021)                                                                                                                                            Functions of male reproductive system: Describe the functions of each of these parts. Testis They are the oval-shaped organs in the scrotum which are secured by the spermatic cord and are usually two in most men. The main functions of the testes are to produce testosterone which is main male sex hormone and generating sperm (Sapkota 2021). Epididymis The epididymis refers to the long, coiled tube at the back of the testicles. Their main function of the epididymis is transporting and storing sperm cells produced by the testes. It also ensures sperms are up to maturity before they can be released (Sapkota 2021). Vas deferens It is a long, muscular tube, which runs from the epididymis, to the pelvic cavity behind the bladder. Its main function is to transport mature sperms to the urethra which removes urine and sperms (Sapkota 2021). Scrotum The scrotum is a pouch-like sac of skin which usually hangs behind and below the penis. It holds the testicles or testes besides many blood vessels and nerves (Sapkota 2021). The scrotum provides a climatic control system for the testes by keeping the testes temperature slightly cooler than the body temperature to increase sperm count and quality. Prostate gland It is a walnut sized structure located below the urinary bladder in front of the rectum. The prostate gland contributes additional ejaculation fluid which also helps to nourish the sperm (Sapkota 2021). Seminal Vesicles These are sac-like pouches attached to the vas deferens at the base of the bladder. They produce a sugar-rich fluid called fructose which provides energy to the sperm for movement. The seminal vesicles fluid makes up the most volume of the ejaculatory fluid (Sapkota 2021). Functions of female reproductive system: Describe the functions of