ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction The world of finance, as well as the economic world, is complicated indeed. Almost every event has its goal, ground, and explanation. The only factor that is absent is the possibility to develop a personal opinion regarding a personal experience because there are a number of facts, definitions, and outcomes that cannot be neglected. At the same time, people are free to discover some good aspects in many negative concepts and underline the negative points in the required positive changes. There are many discussions about recessions, their backgrounds, impact, various ways of development in different countries, etc. In this paper, the definition of a recession will be given, and the analysis of this concept will be offered to comprehend how people should understand the worth of recessions. As a rule, people consider the term ‘recession’ as a negative change in a stable economic world; however, research shows that a recession may have several positive characteristics. Definition According to the National Bureau of Economic Research (2010), a recession is defined as a “period of falling economic activity spread across the economy, lasting more than a few months, normally visible in real GDP, real income, employment, industrial production, and wholesale-retail sales” (par.2). The fact that a recession is a kind of economic decline makes people think that this concept has the negative outcomes only. The process of recession is not too complicated and has its reasons and explanations. People get used to spending much money, taking debts, and meeting their demands. The government cannot allow spending such amounts of money because there is a risk of inflation. Therefore, it is necessary to raise prices and make people stop spending their money. The results usually impress because people stop spending their money and take numerous attempts to save incomes and be able to pay debts. In a short period of time (it usually takes from two to five years), the economy of a particular country where the recession takes place is recovered, the government is satisfied with its ability to control people’s financial activities, and people may continue spending money they have until they face another case of recession. It means that any recession has a repetitive nature, and it is hard to guess when it may be expected until some of its signs are discovered. Causes The definition and the description of a process called ‘recession’ help to realize that people cannot avoid it even if they take all necessary precautions. Still, there is a possibility to learn the main “symptoms” of a recession and try to be ready for it. In other words, it is possible to predict a soon development of a recession and make the required preparations. Kotila (2010) explains that economic recessions do not come suddenly but develop during a certain period of time. People h
Introduction The Tsunami disaster that occurred towards the end of 2004 resulted in a huge burden on the community both in physical terms and psychological trauma. A big number of the population lost their lives and property worth millions of dollars was destroyed. In addition, members of the families that were diseased were left with psychological trauma that affected them after the event. The community and government were left with a major challenge of how to cope with the physical and psychological stress that was quite evident. Many individuals were not only in need of material assistance, but also psychosocial care to help them cope with the psychological trauma they went through. Most of the individuals suffered from anxiety disorders, depressive disorders, as well as post traumatic stress disorders (PTSD). PTSD is a disorder people go through after experiencing a dangerous event. This is a severe disorder and can last for a few days to months. The severity depends on the intensity of the dangerous event as well as the surrounding circumstances. PTSD is also experienced by solders after taking part in wars and the symptoms can affect them for the rest of their lives. Most of the Tsunami victims experienced PTSD which affected their family life, social life as well as their work. Most of them had to shelter in camps since most of their houses were destroyed. It is in these camps that they received both physical and psychological help. This paper will look at what is meant by PTSD and the symptoms of this disorder. It also gives an overview of the Tsunami disaster including the physical and psychological effects of the dangerous events. It will go further to highlight the recovery response that was initiated to help the Tsunami PTSD patients and conclude by looking at the psychoanalysis theory developed by Sigmund Freud. Post Traumatic Stress Disorder Post-traumatic stress disorder is an anxiety people go through after experiencing a dangerous event. When people are in danger, they are normally engraved with fear and uncertainties of the outcomes of such an event. This is a health response and it is meant to help the body as it defends itself against danger. However, a person who experiences post traumatic stress (PTSD) may have a damaged reaction. Individuals under PTSD most of the time feel strained and terrified even when out of danger. They fear for their lives and most of them suffer from sleepless nights because they are even afraid of sleeping (Myers, 2010). The occurrence of the dangerous event keeps recurring on people’s mind causing anxiety and depression. If a person is not treated early, he may suffer from PTSD for the rest of his life and may even lead to untimely death. Any person can be a victim of PTSD; it affects children, the youths, and even old people. It norm
One promising business opportunity that offers the possibility to generate one million dollars in three years is an augmented reality surgery application. Telemedicine has recently become popular, and an increasing number of clinics are using this technology to provide consultations and may even conduct operations by distantly controlling a robotic hand (Eveleth, 2014). The proposed venture offers to advance the trend in terms of the work and education process for surgeons, providing assistive software that would scan and show specific information on the screen of a tablet. The most likely clients for this application would be clinics and medical universities and colleges. In practical terms, the application would analyze visual data about the patient on the operating table, gather supportive surgical information about the organ or tissue involved, and display this data on the screen of a tablet in real-time. The social media campaign (SMC) will address three main goals: develop interest among the target audience and investors, attract capable developers and specialists, and regularly update the growing audience about the successes of the project in order to generate new sales. In addition to maintaining a blog, the company should also manage social media accounts on Facebook and Instagram to increase audience outreach. Investing in a solid SMC will likely help in raising initial capital, assembling intellectual resources, and building a client base. The success of all three goals will depend on the size of the funding. In addition, the chance of sparking an interest in the project among university students who may lend their enthusiasm for a smaller fee is another possibility. Thus, the costs of the venture may be decreased. Achieving these three goals will not only give the company a start but also provide a strong basis for further development. Reference Eveleth, R. (2014). The surgeon who operates from 400km away . BBC . Web.
The end of World War II marked the beginning of the cold war. This war was between world’s super power nations: the United States and its allied nations against the Soviet Union and its allies on the other side. This war took place between 1946 and 1991. According to Ted and Reim cold war was not a physical battle, but a prolonged state of competition between the United States and the Soviet Union in terms of weapon sophistication, technology advancement, economic stability and political influence (19). The aim of this article is to depict what transpired during the cold war and several factors about the Cold war. These factors include difference in ideologies between the two nations. The United States and the Soviet Union had two opposing types of government. Klaus and Lane states that the United States government supported multiparty system, democracy, capitalism, personal freedom and free elections but the Soviet Union was opposed to this system of governance. The country practiced dictatorial and communist system (17). Economically, the United States supported international free trade but the Soviet Union was opposed to it and barred free international trade. The United States and the Soviet Union had power rivalry. Both nations were fighting to dominate the other after decline of Europe. Also, there relationship had deteriorated during World War II after the United States supplied weapon to Russian opponents. Additionally, the United States had turned down Russia’s request to help in stabilizing the economy after the Second World War. Klaus and Lane state that this war came to be known as the cold war because the two sides: the Soviet Union and the United States never engaged in a physical fight. This led to use of others nations as battle fields by these super powers to prove there supremacy (1). For instance, “during Vietnam War the Soviet Union supported North Vietnam while the United States supported South Vietnam” (Klaus and Lane 139). Klaus and Lane argue that the United States is seen as the winner of cold war, because the Soviet Union finally agreed terms of the United States which led to signing of START I treaty between George H. W. Bush and Gorbachov (185). According to this treaty, the Soviet Union agreed not to interfere with affairs of Eastern Europe. It also agreed to “establish contact with other countries and invited external investors to invest in the Soviet Union, a move they had opposed before” (Ted and Reim 128). The United States managed to defeat the Soviet Union through imposing economic sanctions. The United States destabilized the country’s oil market by “requesting Arabia to in
Corporate Compliance Plan Introduction The corporate compliance plan relates to Riordian Manufacturing Co., which is engaged in the manufacturing of various plastic products having around 550 people working for them and also yearly income of around $ 46 Million. While based at San Jose, California, the different production units are found in:  1. Plastic and beverages container unit based in Albany, Georgia  2. Custom built parts in Pontiac, Michigan  3. Plastic fan unit in China. (Information Technology Affects On Riordan Manufacturing, 2009). Over the last few years it is seen that there has been heavy turnover of employees due to job dissatisfaction, mismatch of corporate with personal goals, absence of good interpersonal relations , etc, and at present the employee morale seems to be very low which the management fears may result in lower productivity, frequent job changes. Another aspect with regard to employee turnover would be in terms of training costs lost on employees who quit and the need to conduct frequent appointments to replace lost productivity. Another factor would be the lack of strong leadership and people management skills that need to be imbued in the Riordian context to forge the company ahead. It is primary for purpose of reinforcing human resource planning and organ
Sales and Marketing Sales Management Making sales is one of the primary objectives of businesses that are established to make profits. Selling and sales management are the efforts applied by organizations in order to achieve their sales objectives (Burrow, 2009). Sales management is important for purposes of meeting customer needs in the following ways:   * It helps in making pricing decisions so that the customers are neither overcharged nor undercharged. Hence, the customers get value for their money.   * It helps in product and service development so that the services produced match the needs of the customers. Marketing communication Marketing communication is aimed at providing information to potential customers about a product or service. It takes different forms of communication such as advertising, publicity, sales promotion, and public relations (Shaw, 2011). An analysis of the marketing communication mix is necessary when forming an optimum promotional package to reach out to all the customers targeted by the airline. For instance, Fly Emirates airline has different types of customers, e.g. the business travelers and students. For the business travelers, using the Open Skies Magazine can prove to be effective in conveying the promotional messages to them. For the student segment, social media advertising can be very effective to convey the messages. Sales Methods The intensity of promotional activities carried out by airlines depends on the sales budget. The percentage of sales method is applied to determine the promotional sales budget. In addition, the task based method is also commonly applied. The differences between the two techniques are illustrated in the table below: Percentage of sales method                                                                                                               Task based method                                                                                                              1. The previous year’s promotional costs are considered when determining the current year’s budget                                       1. The current year’s budget is based on the estimated costs of the tasks involved                                            1. No regard is given to the marketing objectives of the current year                                                                    1. The marketing objectives of the current year are taken into consideration when budgeting                                   1. The method is fairly simple as only the percentage of sales ratio and the previous year’s actual promotional expenditure are needed   1. This method is complicated as it involves forecasting the costs of every task required to accompl
Agustine and Boethius try to explain and interpret the role and divine power of God, his impact on human life, and his understanding of human nature. Agustine and Boethius try to prove the existence of God using concepts and ideas dominated in Medieval philosophy and based on the Medieval world views. They agree that the man is one who brings his troubles and resentments without hesitation before the Lord. He is as far as possible removed from the conventional picture of the pious person who would never think of questioning God. Augustine declares that God’s providence remains in control of the nations even when they refuse to acknowledge him. The true reason for the long success of Rome was not that Jove had helped it; it was that God had ordained that it should be so. Consequently, Augustine goes to great lengths to refute the contemporary theories that fate rules the destinies of the nations. Against those Greek views which saw history going around in circles and repeating itself, Augustine asserts that history, under God, has a purpose and a goal. Among the nations of the world, God chose the Jewish nation that within it there might be built the City of God. There were other individuals, among the other nations, who also belonged to the heavenly city, just as some Jewish individuals failed to belong to it. No other people were chosen as a group. Finally, in the one man Jesus Christ, God himself appeared to make manifest the purpose and meaning of the whole of history. Jesus founded the Church, which was henceforth to embody the City of God upon the earth. Thus, in the time of his writing, Augustine found that the City of God was represented by the Church, while the City of the World was represented by the Roman Empire (Furley, p. 43). “Now this ruin they do not impute to their own gods, though they impute to our Christ the evils of this life, which cannot ruin good men” (Agustine, p. 69). The Church was not identical to the City of God. Not all members of the Catholic Church were members of the celestial city. In fact, not all members could ever hope for salvation. On the other hand, while the Roman Empire was essentially evil, it did perform certain real services for the Church in its maintenance of a certain amount of peace and concord. Although its reasons for seeking this peace were purely prudential and selfish, and rather like those that led to honor among thieves, the Church could still profit from it to spread its gospel. As a result, the Christian must pray for the state, fight for it when its wars were just, and accept positions of authority within it. This is possible because, so long as this world exists, there will be an overlapping of interest between the two cities in the orderly maintenance of mortal life. This harmony, however, cannot be complete, for the laws of religion will not be the same for both cities. At this point, the heavenly city will have to dissent from the state, and it both has suffered and will suffer for doing so (Furley, p. 73). The fall of the Roman Empire was not, insists Augustine, due to its betrayal of its nat
Introduction The paper aims to study the reactions to disabled people in the families after they are disabled in different societies. It also covers the aspects that are related to the responses of adults and colleagues to the disabled children in families of different societies. As the disability of a person in a family affects the whole family, the extent the families of different society feel about their disabled person is important. The effect of disability on remaining family members and their response to individual and the society is important. The effect of culture, religion and society’s norms on the responses and behaviour of the family members of disabled individual will be studied according to the research of different individuals who are disabled and the people who live with them. The facilities they are getting from the society and the reasons for resorting to god are the aspects that got perusal in this paper. Moreover, families of disabled individuals from three different societies; Africa (Ghana), Caucasian and Asian are observed for the way they look after the disabled people in the family. The effect of religion and the reasons for turning towards or not resorting to religion is part of discussion and analysis. In case of Caucasian background society, Burke, Peter (2003, pp-11-12) quotes about Atkinson and Crawford (1995) that 80 percent of children with disabilities have non disabled siblings. However, the paper concentrates on variable levels of social disability though the individuals have same level of physical disability. The experiences in the school for children and with peers for adults are taken into consideration for examination. The way that indicates the perspectives regarding some types of disabilities as symbols of wickedness in some societies are observed and are compared with the present practical situation in different societies (Burke, Peter, 2003 Page 11). 1 Literature Review Disabilities in Different Societies As consideration of responses of family members as well as the society towards the disabled people is important in this paper, it is appropriate to quote the United Nations special unit on the r
Abstract There are many theories on what defines successful leadership and contingency and situational leadership are among them. These two theories are almost similar but the contingency leadership theory is not about whether or not a style should be adapted to external factors but rather how different factors can interact in unexpected ways to shape the outcome. Definitions Situational leadership theory is based on the interaction between the dimensions of task behavior and relationship behavior as well as follower readiness/maturity in performing a certain task. Followers are the most critical factor in leadership proceedings and as followers differ, so does the suitable method of management. Contingency theories of leadership hold that there is no one best way of leadership and that an organizational/ leadership style that is effective in some situations may not be successful in others (Fiedler, 1964). Introduction Fiedler (1964), states that the success of a leader in a given situation isn’t up to the skills that the leader has, but rather how those skills line up with factors outside of him or her. This means that it isn’t just having a skilled leader that leads to success, but rather it is having a leader who can solve the right problems in the right way and at the right time. Discussion Edward (2004) in his article states that “although situation and contingency mandates managers to take into account such things as the experience of employees, the time available to make a decision, and the type of work that is to be done; they leave the employees uncertain on how they will be treated”. The employees also feel left out in decisions making and not fully informed by their manager. To further support Edward’s arguments, Yuki (1981); in his study indicates that concept of task relevant maturity e.g. job maturity that is notable in both theories is conceptionally ambiguous and hence poses serious flaws to these theories. However, in a research done by scholars such as Graeff (1983) indicates that; “the situational nature of leadership brings forth the concept that one style of management cannot possibly fit all situations”. Edward (2004) in his article also recalls that the recognition of the subordinate as the most important asset in an organization is a determinant of appropriate leader’s behavior by both the contingency and situational leadership theories. In his study, Edward (2004), states that “the degree to which subordinates like or trust the leader, the degree to which the task is structured and the formal authority possessed by the leader are key determinants of the leadership situation”. To add on Vroom and Yetton (1973) indicate that, “the effectiveness of a decision made by a leader depends upon a number of aspects of the situation”. Hersey and Blanchard (1977), explains that the leadership method one employs should be dependent on the situation and that before one selects a leadership style to use, they must first understand the situation and the importance of the possible outcomes. However, Edward (2004) reiterates that the leadership brand needs to apply acros