ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Feminism refers to a movement and a set of ideologies aiming at redefining, identifying, and defending the political, economic and social rights of women in society. In particular, the major role of feminists is to advocate for equal chances for women in education and employment. The theory emerged from the imaginations of various women who sought to comprehend the nature of gender inequality through the understanding of social roles and various positions of individuals in society. The theory has a different interpretation and definition of gender and sex. Even though there are varieties of feminists, the major aim of all feminism is to fight for the rights of women in society. These aims include the fight for the reproductive and bodily rights of women. In this regard, women should be given freedom to make decisions touching on their health. Through feminism, there is a new interpretation of gender and sex. Scholars upholding this view observe that women should be given some reproductive rights, such as using contraceptives and procuring an abortion at will. In the modern society, what entails reproductive health is well documented. The world agency in charge of health (WHO) notes that couples should be given the freedom to decide on the number of children they should have (Cole, & Sabik, 2010). However, people should be responsible as they make their decisions owing to the sanctity of life. Human life is special meaning that it should not be terminated at will. Apart from deciding on the number of children, couples should always determine the spacing of their children. In this regard, women should not be discriminated. Thesis Women in the United States have always encountered challenges that interfere with their individual fulfillment in society. Some have risen up to fight for their rights, but they hardly identify themselves as feminists due to the stigma associated with the term. This means that women are willing to challenge the exiting social structure, but they are aware of the resistance. Through constitutional development, women have managed to advocate for the ratification of laws that protect them from inhumane conditions, such as rape, violence and subjugation to the domain of the home. Women are currently engaged in socio-political and economic activities in the United States, it is not enough to bring about equality. Much has to be done to ensure that women enjoy their rights, just like men. Feminism employs the ideas of Marx to challenge the existing social structure since it supports one gender. Therefore, it is agreed among feminists that a social structure that oppresses a majority of its people should be rejected. In this regard, feminists argue for a gender equality whereby the capability of an individual would be measured based on his or her strength, but not sexual qualities. Women and feminism The two concepts are closely related because one facilitates the other. Before the advent of feminism, the living conditions
Cosa Nostra Cosa Nostra, also known as Mafia in English, is a Sicilian secret criminal society that originated in Sicily in the 1860’s. The North American mafia derived from this secret criminal society which initiated with the Sicilian/Southern Italian emigration wave – the Italian Diaspora – at the advent of the mid 19 th century. Although rooted in the Sicilian traditional organized crime, the North American Mafia, however, came to symbolize Italian organized crime overall. Expose of the Italian Mafia sub-culture has been the subject of many films, among the most prominent – Scarface (1932) and The Godfather (1972) and The Godfather II (1974). Reflective of different time periods, each film depicts the utilization of violence in a distinct manner. Scarface Scarface depicts the rise and fall of the murderous/maniacal gangster, Tony “Scarface” Camonte, with legendary actor Paul Muni in the lead role. The film was produced by eccentric businessman/aviator Howard Hughes and directed by one of Hollywood’s most versatile directors, Howard Hawks. The film is loosely based on the life of the infamous Chicago, mob boss, Al “Scarface” Capone. Scarface was apart of a film trilogy to depict/examine the gangster persona which exploded on the scene at the advent of the 1930’s. Unlike the other trilogy constituents – Little Caesar (1930) and The Public Enemy (1931) – who blamed societal elements for the title character’s anti-social/violent behavior, Scarface portrays the gangster as nothing more than a homicidal “murderous beast.” Tony Camonte and the other characters are remorseless, ignorant, and childish criminals whose violent acts are solely predicated on a sheer lust for murder and power. A number of restrictions/renditions had to be imposed in order for the film to be released and
Both stories under consideration – Chocolat by Joanne Harris and The Edible Woman by Margaret Atwood – disclose the primary importance of food as measurement of character’s thoughts, emotions, and feelings. Hence, food is the main amplifier and triggering point in family relations, specifically in relations between a man and a woman. In both novels, food serves as means for breaking conventional norms in society and for distorting the main underpinnings of stereotypical thinking. However, there are some substantial discrepancies in perceiving the role food and its relation to human relations and society. Particularly, the novel Chocolat by Joanne Harris presents food as a symbol of temptation and desire which brings a splash of color and luxury to the town. Food serves to provoke feelings and helps villagers to evade from routine. In contrast, Atwood presents food as the purpose for analyzing human’s negative qualities and emphasizes consumerist tendencies in the novel. The main heroine, hence, is more absorbed with existential problems when identifying herself with edible commodity. Both novels present food as an indicator of gender roles and sexuality. However, these considerations are presented in various connotations. Hence, in Chocolat, confectionary symbolizes the revival of sexuality and gender considerations. The main heroine, Vianne Rocher, a chocolate maker, is presented in apposition to Francis Reynaud, a priest who is trying to suppress human fleshly desires and who impels the villagers to keep Lent (Harris 10). However, Vianne’s mysterious appearance in the village revives the celebration of taste and imbues people with sense of life. In this regard, food is associated as a gift of love and understanding. It helps people re-evaluate their positions in society. In Atwood’s novel The Edible Woman , food serves to reject gender roles. In particular, Marian refuses to eat because she is afraid of the responsibilities of being a woman. Marians perceives everything through the prism of consumption. So, when she describes Peter’s apartment she assimilates all details of the rooms through food and related notions such as “assimilati
It is clearly seen in the USS Cole Commission Report that in the focus of defence is terrorism. As the Cold War ended, the situation in the country changed advantageously until the moment the number of terrorist attacks increased greatly. Thus, it is not surprising that it is stated in the USS Cole Commission Report that “the vulnerability of in-transit forces to terrorist attacks” is one of the main issues faced by the port. It is also reported that the routes and ports require a decent assessment to ensure their safety (DoD USS COLE Commission, 2001, p. 4). New military equipment is required as well as commercial technologies are required. There should be more local providers of goods and services. The staff should receive decent training to be able to protect the port and, as a result, the whole country from terrorists (Kenneth, 2009). The USS Cole Commission Report is rather useful for Congress, as it defines a range of issues that are currently observed and points out what solutions are recommended to cope with them. Congress can use this information to consider defence budget and design policies. In this way, the report provides it with credible information that can be used when implementing advantageous changes. The USS Cole Commission Report also provides benefits for Proliferation Security Initiative. First of all, as the initiative tends to consider the way, in which ports operate, as it wishes to stop weapons trafficking. It gains an opportunity to see if the port is able to prevent possible issues or not. In this case, the report showed what steps should be done to enhance security, and Proliferation Security Initiative can assist. The National Strategy for Combating Terrorism presupposes that the ports are as vital as borders when considering antiterrorism protection. That is why it is critical to support port security and protect the country in this way. Thus, the National Strategy for Combating Terrorism supported port security in the framework of intelligence. It is stated that after the Cold War the priorities and resources shifted so that their repriotization is needed. Both human and signal intelligence should be focused on the protection against terrorism. The issue is claimed to be so significant that it should be considered by the Office of the Secretary of Defence. The designation of the Assistant Secretary of Defence is recommended to evaluate the situation and implement changes. Antiterrorism protection physical security requirements are designed. A special fund is created to support antiterrorism programs. With its help, the remaining life-cycle costs will be surely funded. The initiatives within this framework should receive funds that will ensure their further development. Moreove
Introduction Leadership has been used to refer to a pattern of influence that an individual possesses. On the other hand, leadership refers to a group’s innovative ideas and creative achievements that are actually outside the bounds of formal institutions (Glanz 2005, p.1). Accordingly, strategic leadership has evolved to become critical component in effective development and performance of organization and other key institutions (Glanz 2005, p.1). At the same time, Glanz perceives strategic leadership in the broader perspective that also involves other models of leadership. Within this view, it can be said that strategic skills have become useful to managers that have been utilized to improve and realize better performance where collaboration initiatives are incorporated with other broader parts and transformation of organizations become the ultimate goal of strategic leadership (Glanz 2005, p.1). On overall, strategic leaders are usually committed to improving their organizations on many levels, and leaders who demonstrate strategic leadership believe and facilitate the following.  1. Coordinate all functions and practices in their organizations so that everything is able to function in harmony towards realization of particular goal;  2. ensure that all individuals share common goals;  3. are able to assess the ability of the organization to respond to social, political, or even interpersonal crises (Glanz 2005, p.2). Other notable functions of the strategic leaders include adjusting the organization’s mission to meet newly developing exigencies, and lastly, being innovative of varied possibilities for the future (Glanz 2005, p.2). Schools of all types, in the new 21st century require strategic leadership. This is particularly necessary given the increasing competition that characterizes any given market (p.3). According to three authors Preedy, Glatter, and Wise (2003, p.3), schools, colleges, together with other educational organizations are carrying out their functions and roles in competitive environment in which they need to have the best staff members. This call for competitive recruitment in order to align the school’s needs and goals given funding and resource capacity are attached to student’s number. Effective leadership is required in order to enable school realize success and sustained performance that in most cases is demonstrated in terms of students outcomes. When a school is able to realize effective student performance the potential market for the school increase and on the other hand, when performance decline then negative public perception develops over the school. Hence, the above circumstances have forced educational leaders to adopt strategies that are effective in managing the boundaries between the school and the environment. Moreover, the vision should be to adopt pro-active stance in creating an effective relationships with external stakeholders (Preedy, Glatter, and Wise 2003, p.3). Guided by these introductory statements, this research paper aims at exploring the concept of strategic leadershi
Infectious diseases are widely spread from one person to another through either direct or indirect contact. The causative agents of such contagious infirmities include viruses, bacteria, parasites, and fungi. The common types of illness associated with such ailments are malaria, measles, and respiratory diseases. Reports indicate that 9344 people have contracted HIV since the 1980s in Ireland (“HIV in Ireland”, 2018). Therefore, reviewing reports of Ireland’s infection rate helps the country prepare to observe safety and universal health care to patients and medical workers. This essay demonstrates the importance of various aspects linked to work safety and health. Direct Contact Methods of Infection Transmission Person to person direct contact is the primary form of infection transmission. These infectious diseases are spread when an individual comes into direct contact with another person’s bodily fluids. These infections can be contracted, especially when one is not aware of the ailment. Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) are spread by this mode of transfer – direct contact. Furthermore, pregnant women are potential agents of infectious illness to unborn children through the placenta. STDs such as gonorrhea are transferred from the mother to the child during childbirth. Besides, the disease can be spread directly by means of mouth droplets. The infection is scattered when one is either coughing or sneezing. It can be transmitted when one speaks with somebody. In this case, researchers have claimed that mouth droplets usually fall to the ground within a few feet and increase the chances of catching infections (Horowitz, 2017). Healthy people must keep a distance from infected people even if they are not coughing or sneezing. Indirect Methods of Contracting Infections Indirect methods of transmission can either be through air or by other mechanisms such as insect bites. An example of indirect methods is through airborne transmission, where the infectious agents can travel over long distances and be trapped in the air for an extended period. For instance, one has a high risk of contracting the measles infection if they enter a room with infected people. Diseases associated with food or drinking water are usually spread when one eats or swallows contaminated food or water. For instance, E. coli is commonly transmitted in case of improperly prepared food or undercooked meat. Therefore, it is advisable to consume well-cooked food or drink well-treated water. Since infection can be spread through direct or indirect contact, nobody is safe from infectious illnesses. People are at risk of contracting an illness when they come closer to individuals suffering from infections. Contagious diseases can be prevented, for example, by washing hands thoroughly with soap and by using an alcohol-based sanitizer. Other means of prevention include avoiding sick people, refrigerating perishable food and leftovers, and thoroughly cooking raw meat and vegetables. Avoiding contaminated food and taking proper precautions while choosing food can help reduce the spread of infec
The purpose of the article is to petition the United States President to take decisive step in the use of atomic bomb against Japan in the prevailing war. The article attempts to explain reasons why the United States should conclude the war with Japan within the shortest time possible because of the humanitarian crisis associated with the conflict. Besides, the article reiterates that the American public would not be satisfied with the use of atomic bomb in the war as evident from the opinion poll that was carried out sometimes back. The article does not have a clear or outright thesis statement in the introductory paragraph. However, it is quite categorical in claiming that the President who is also the Commander-in-Chief should come out clearly on whether atomic bombs should be used in the war against Japan or not. Nonetheless, the article petitions the President not to allow bombing of Japan’s cities. The paper begins by a short introductory paragraph that explains the nature of warfare discoveries that may jeopardize the safety and overall wellbeing of American citizens in future. It then offers a piece of advice to the President of the United States on why he should take a stand on using atomic bombs. The article then offers a short background of the petitioners and why they are presenting this petition to the President. The article then explains the circumstances that would allow or necessitate the use of atomic bombs. The petition highlights the undesirable and destructive effects of atomic bombs and the entire course of the war between the US and Japan. Finally, the article concludes by emphasizing the need of the President to play his role as the Commander-in-Chief in endorsing the war and use of atomic bombs. The structure of the petition article is logical although it lacks a smooth transition from one idea to another. Most of the issues presented in the article have been repeated and overemphasized. Nonetheless, the ideas make sense since the information presented in the article can be well understood by the readers. It is definite that although the structure of the petition article lacks smooth transition, it nevertheless assists the author to meet the purpose of the message presented in the article because the content of the article is coherent enough. The author of the article seems to have used catchphrases in form of several exhortations and emphasis as part of the writing style. For inst
Introduction This paper presents my reflection on the speeches that I have already delivered on various topics. Basically, the speeches were of three categories: persuasive speeches, informational speeches, and impromptu speeches. I also participated in a group problem solving activity which gave me a chance to engage team work skills. In general, from the group activity and the speeches that I have given, I have learned how to organize my speeches and thus communicate effectively and attract the attention of an audience I am addressing. Main Body Over time I have noticed that effective communication is a function of detailed plans. To effectively communicate especially when giving a public speech one needs to plans all the details of the speech: the language to be used, the tonal variation and even the sign language to be used. It is very significant that one learns how to speak audibly. Mumbling of words is the best way to make a speech most ineffective. You have to get the pronunciation of words right. You also need to be interactive and use your body well to compliment your speech; this can be done through sing language and gestures. I also found that using relevant examples and anecdotes makes delivery of a speech effective; however, one needs to pick the relevant examples which are appropriate for the age group being addressed. Apart from communicating effectively, I have discovered that connecting with the audience is equally significant. In order to connect with the audience, one needs to understand what the audience expects. A speaker has to make himself/herself relevant in the eyes of the audience by communicating at the level of the audience. The language that one may use to address fellow students definitely will be different from the language that will be used to address parents even if it is the same issue being addressed. I have learned to organize my speech in a logical and coherent manner. This is very significant because it makes the delivery of the speech very effective. For a speech to be logical and coherent, one has to engage in detailed planning and researching deeply on the topic of speech. While delivering a speech, it is important that the speaker analyses the audience to determine whether his/her speech is being understood well. A general attention by the audience is a show that the audience is interested in the speech. Other signs to show that the audience is moving along with the speaker are nodding of heads in agreement with what the speaker is saying, and making of notes. A speaker must learn to read the audience all the time such that he/she does not leave them behind as speech progresses. Conclusion The speeches that I have already delivered have assisted me to learn more about effective speech delivery. I have also noted that one has to be completely convicted of the argument that he/she is making in order to convince the audience to take his/her stand. Being confident is of great signif
Introduction Human logic has been studied for centuries and patterns shown in logic have been reported, summarized, and streamlined. With logic individuals are concerned about the true or false of statements and how the truth or falsehood of a statement can be concluded from other statements. In philosophy, there are generally two types of reasoning discussed and they are deductive logic and inductive logic. Collectively, these two types of logic consist of what is known as the scientific method. Inductive logic is typically applied when an individual cannot determine the absolute certainty of the conclusion based on the known facts, but that individual may be able to distinguish probability. (Kahneman, 2002) Main body Inductive logic concentrates more on understanding or knowledge that arrives from observation, generalization, and philosophy. These generally start off from the parts of knowledge that have to do with natural and social sciences. So the reliability of the observed information on which an individual base their conclusions on influences the reliability of their argument. An inductive argument is an argument that establishes or appears to establish some level of support for the conclusion. Conclusions of inductive arguments with true foundations may or may not be true. To better explain, inductive arguments are not deductive, where conclusions must be correct if the foundation is correct. Logic itself exercises the most thinking, such as the in-depth logic required for math. It is fairly common to hear managers make statements about their ability to identify a competent person with just one look. It would appear that these managers are taking critical decisions without sufficient analysis. Any decision-making situation requires a definition of the problem, identification of criteria, assignment of accurate weight to criteria according to preferences, knowledge of the alternatives, assessment of each alternative based on the criteria, and finally, choosing the alternative with the highest value. (Zey, M.1992) This process of decision-making is called rational and is expected to lead to optimal results. Yet, in the everyday life of a manager, it appears that decisions are taken without such a complex process. The practice of management seems to present a seemingly non-rational process of decision-making. By studying such real-life practices of decision-makers, researchers identified the real-world phenomena of bounded rationality of managers in making decisions. Bounded rationality is using limited information and limited analyses so as to get the first acceptable decision rather than the best possible solution. While optimality of solutions has been the main concern of decision-making theorists, it appears that real-life decision-makers satisfy under bounded rationality conditions. When we see people making decisions in a flash, it is likely that they are satisfied. The real world is probably fuller of satisfiers than optimizers in so far as decision-making is concerned. Over a period of time, mana