ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Nuclear energy is the form of energy generated at a nuclear power plant by splitting atoms to produce heat, which is used by turbines to generate electricity. The process of splitting the atoms is referred to as fission and uranium is the material that is used in the process. The electricity can then be safely transferred to consumers at their residential areas or workplaces to be used for different purposes. Although Martin Heinrich Klaproth, a German chemist, discovered uranium in the year 1789, the first power plant to produce electricity by splitting uranium atoms started its operation in the 1950s. Previously, most scientists had been concentrating on the production of atomic bombs to aid in wars. However, with the ever-surging world population, the need for energy has been increasing as consumption increases too. This aspect compels energy producers to turn to other sustainable power supply alternatives and nuclear energy comes in handy in such a scenario. Apart from the generation of electricity, nuclear power can be used in many other areas such as in medicine to detect and treat certain ailments and food preservation among other useful ways that can improve the quality of people’s lives. Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant is situated in Japan, 130 miles north of Tokyo and it was built under the watch of Kajima Construction Corporation, Ltd. Its construction kicked off in the 1960s before becoming operational in the year 1971 and the Tokyo Electric Power Company ran it. It was one of the most powerful nuclear plants in the world with six nuclear reactors capable of producing 4.7 gigawatts of electricity. GE, Toshiba, and Hitachi supplied the reactors, which were GE boiling water reactors that produce electricity through steam-powered electrical generators. Its construction was a significant boost in generation of electricity in Japan as it relies on nuclear power for one-third of its electricity. Natural disasters are inevitable and they can happen any time, causing massive damage to property and loss of lives. An earthquake of magnitude of 9.0 hit the Fukushima Daiichi facility in 2011. The enormous earthquake led to a tsunami wave measuring estimated 13.1 meters high that hit the shores leading to the death of 16000 people and a nuclear crisis in Japan as the facility was greatly affected by this disaster. Although previously there had been other major nuclear accidents such as Chernobyl disaster in 1986 and Three Mile Island in 1979, the Fukushima Daiichi accident stands out as the most disastrous as lots of radiation was released. The plant, which was built to contain a lesser hit, could not handle the hit by the earthquake and tsunami led to the release of harmful radiation from the facility. The reactors automatically shut down, but there was the need for c
Prevailing social and cultural currents in The Siege The Siege , 1998, is a film written by Lawrence Wright and directed by Edward Zwick. It stars Denzel Washington, Bruce Willis, and Annette Bening. The storyline comprises of the abduction of an Islamic religious leader by the US Military, which culminates in the targeting of New York City by terrorist groups. Consequently, the FBI and CIA team up to fight back the terrorists and investigate their primary source. The government, in effect, declares martial law and sending US troops onto the streets of New York. An interesting phrase used in this movie by General Devereaux is “Make no mistake, we will find the enemy, and we will kill the enemy” (Richards, and Corwyn 387). This is interesting because immediately after the September 2011 terrorist bombing on the U.S. soil, President George W. Bush used this very phrase in two presidential speeches addressed to the public on September 12 2001 and on January 29, 2002, where Bush stated, “Make no mistake, the U.S. government will hunt down and punish those responsible for these cowardly acts.” This is a clear example of how the media plays a major role in sustaining stereotypes in a particular society (Richards and Corwyn 392). In this case, it was the demonization of Arabs as bloodthirsty and animalistic terrorists. The message that all Arabs are evil and that all Muslims are Arabs and all Arabs Muslims was very clear, yet this is wrong. Research indicated that most governments use such stereotyping, married with propaganda to maintain a semblance of unity among their citizens by singling out a particular marginalized group as the enemy and henceforth directing all hateful energy towards such a group (Wagar 4). This theory explains the internment of Japanese and enslavement of black people among other socio-cultural vices the US is guilty of throughout history. In actual sense, it is an attempt to keep united the heterogeneous population that comprises of more than 50 states in order to prevent a collapse like that of the Soviet Union (Wagar 6). So far, this weapon of unity seems to be working as the glue holding America together. The creation of a public enemy is a political tool. The resurgence of religious fundamentalism throughout the world Historically, widespread links between politics and religion are inevitable in any given era. Consequently, the concept of a resurgence of religious fundamentalism during the past two decades is not news. It is a resurgence meaning it is not the first time this phenomenon is occurring. Previous eras referred to it as religious militancy, which explains the concept of Jihads among Muslims and Martyrdoms among Christians. Duri
Shark Tank Episode Information The episode selected for review is available on YouTube. The name of the entrepreneur is Aaron Krause. The name of the product is Scrub Daddy (“Shark Tank Episode Scrub Daddy Full HD”). There is a need for a high-tech scrubbing tool for cleaning every type of surface. The scrub changes its texture with the temperature of water used for cleaning surfaces. The scrub can use for both fragile and tough surfaces. Moreover, the product does not develop an odor for at least two months. The entrepreneur asks for $100,000 for a 10% stake in the company’s equity (“Shark Tank Episode Scrub Daddy Full HD”). Accounting Details The product is selling in five departmental stores in Philadelphia and on the company’s website. The recent sales were more than $100,000 in 4 months. The cost of producing one unit of Scrub Daddy is $1.00. The company sells the product to retailers for $2.80 (“Shark Tank Episode Scrub Daddy Full HD”). The entrepreneur does not differentiate between variable and fixed costs of production. Therefore, it is not possible to identify the proportion of cost that varies with the product sales. The net income of the company is calculated in the following. Income Statement for 4 months Sales (100,000 x $2.80) $280,000 Less: Cost of Sales $100,000 Net Income $180,000 The company expects to sell its products in additional 3,000 stores across the U.S. The projected sales are based on the estimated number of stores where the company can sell its products and the recorded sales of the company from 5 stores. Moreover, it could be stated that once the product is launched and its sales stabilize, its sales will slow down. Therefore, the total projected sales are adjusted by a percentage of 50% to derive a realistic sales figure. Projected Sales ($100,000/4months x 12 months x 3,000 stores x 50%) = $450 million. The project net income of the business is calculated in the following. Projected Sales $450,000,000 Less: Cost of Sales (450,000,000/$2.80 x $1) $160,714,285 Net Income $289,285,714 The Sharks identified that the presentation did not include the cost of cardboard displays. Moreover, they identified that the entrepreneur did not have confirmed projected sales. I agree with both concerns as the company needs to include the cost of marketing and distribution in its cost analysis. Also, the company did not have any confirmed deals with retailers. Both issues can affect the company’s cost and net income. Best Part of the Pitch The entrepreneur justifies the criticism related to the cost of his product by stating that the product cannot be compared to the lowest end products available in the market. It should be placed in the higher bracket because of its high quality. It indicates that Sharks agreed with the pricing strategy of the entrepreneur. The quality of the product makes it a premium product and there could be a lot of sales due to the high demand for scrubbing material in the U.S. The Sharks Bite When The entrepreneur said that the company’s product would be available in 3,000 stores. It implies that the company can easily achieve its sales target
Introduction Niven et al. (2014) sought to identify the association between physical activities and human well-being, which involved determining the key factors that affect the engagement of adolescent girls in these activities. In conducting the study, the researchers enrolled adolescent girls from different public secondary schools as study participants with an aim to identify the environmental factors that influence their level of involvement in school-based physical activities such as dancing and playing soccer. The researchers found out a high association between physical activities and human development. From their findings, the benefits of engaging in regular physical activities include good health status and improved psychological welfare. However, the girls elicited mixed reactions on the contribution of the physical environment on their involvement in physical activities. These factors include conditions of the facilities, equipment, time, weather conditions, and clothing. It is worth noting that despite the varying reactions, the girls’ concern involved improvement of the conditions surrounding these environmental factors. From the comments, it shows that varying the conditions of these factors greatly influenced girls engagement in their exercise activities. This paper, therefore, outlines the identification of research audience and the dissemination approaches. The main aims of the dissemination strategy are to increase reach out, motivate the use of information, and promote the application in evidence-based practice. Significance And Relevance Of Selected Articles Significance to Research Users The selected two articles are those of Roberts and Petticrew (2006) and Crivello and Murray (2012). These articles are significant because researchers focus on the contribution of stakeholder-involvement in research and evidence-based policy formulation on both child and social development. The work provides information covering social needs, opportunities, gaps in knowledge advancement potential risks, and challenges in development. The different categories of research users such as governments and policy developers utilize this information in steering and streamlining procedures of development. Therefore, users utilize this information in strengthening their arguments, providing information, and outlining cost benefits of research in their practice and social development. Since the findings stipulate best practices in research and policy development by highlighting the significant social parameters, which allows for comparison of populations and best practices, it helps in the construction of models and generation of new approaches for social development. Interested Users Since the studies explore the development process of effective policy, their findings are of interest to researchers, parents, young p
Karl Wiegers, in his paper “Why is Process Improvement So Hard?” discusses five core issues that hinder process improvement in software development. These issues are the lack of time, the lack of knowledge, wrong motivations, dogmatic approaches, and insufficient commitment. The paper also includes practical pieces of advice to address these challenges. Wiegers concludes by presenting the process improvement learning curve to help managers adjust their activities. The lack of time implies that project development schedules do not designate time for making essential improvements. Usually, senior managers focus only on the initial release of the project and ignore process improvement needs. Software developers do not educate themselves on the industry’s best practices, which leads to the lack of knowledge. Moreover, they do not have the right motivation to implement technical changes. Dogmatic approaches require employees to follow checklists and improvement guidelines, regardless of the project’s goals. Shaping the way people think and communicate is more complicated than altering checklists. Finally, companies do not express any commitment to process improvement due to insufficient resources and poor time management. I agree with the challenges mentioned by the author because they consider the whole process of software development. Another challenge is budget constraints, as software improvement is a costly activity. Sometimes managers need to allocate resources solely for the process improvement work. Apart from that, many organizations experience staff turnovers that pose a challenge for the consistency and quality of the workflow. The paper puts forward practical suggestions both for developers and managers. One of the suggestions addresses the significance of incorporating process improvement in the company’s strategy. Strategies, in turn, should be aimed at achieving business results with a higher value. Overall, it is necessary to understand that gradual long-term progress is more beneficial than instant financial gains.
Introduction The article ‘On Being an Atheist’ is a thoughtful piece that discredits the arguments poised by theists as being inadequate. Written by a great philosopher, McCloskey engages the reader with his intellectual critic approach of theists over atheists. He argues that most people who believe in God either do so blindly or lack adequate information. He believes that God’s existence have never and will never be proved and therefore refers to the arguments as mere proofs. 1 He demands for genuine examples to ascertain the truth and he argues that with the absence of such examples, he is convinced that God does not exist. Though McCloskey seems to make a solid argument to prove his claims, they are lacking in nature. Providing absolute proof can be challenging in most instances. This is evident from the PointeCast presentation (Lesson 18) argument which states that it is impossible to proof existence of certain things such as the magnetic field. No human being has proof that magnetic field exists and the scientists themselves do not have experimental data to proof the same. The presentation further argues that the existence of the universe is hard to ascertain and other factors such as naturalism and evolution have been used to argue its existence. McCloskey argument on ‘proof’ is not convincing to any rational person because the general standard of proof has been set very high for anyone to proof a certain claim. His argument that God does not existence for lack of proof is therefore not justified. The Cosmological Argument McCloskey base his focus on the cosmological argument where he argues that the universe as the human beings view it is not any proof that God or any other superior being exists. 2 He further argues that humans err in believing God’s existence based on cosmological argument. His claim has been refuted by Evans in his book ‘Philosophy of Religion’ who argues that the universe ought to have had a beginning. 3 Cosmological argument seeks to provide answers to human beings about the universe and its existence. The argument implies that the superior being is as a result of the existence of the cosmos. What this mean in a nut shell is that all what is entailed in the universe came to being as a result of something and the universe itself is also as a result of something that is based externally. The argument forms a basis that nature is dependent on God’s existence and it is this power that makes God the First Cause. God’s powers are more powerful than nature itself hence triggering the concept of creation from nature itself. McCloskey claims that the cosmological argument does not proof that God is behind the creation of the universe. He however seems to support the idea that there is a powerful caus
Do you think gender inequality exists in Canada? Why or why not? The term gender describes the physical difference between people. Gender gives an individual personal a trait that the societies commonly attach to as being either of male or female gender. Gender inequality on the other hand is unequal distribution of privileges between men and women in terms of different issues like employment opportunity, wealth, and power position. Women are the most affected victims of gender inequality and they deserve a top priority among any other group as action to address inequality issues are being put across. Canada is described as a society that lives in denial of the fact that there exist gender inequality issues. The persistence in gender inequities is becoming a major problem as Canadians seem even more confused on issues pertaining gender and how to address the problem. According to (Naiman 123), although it is certain that men and women have actual differences particularly physically, most of the social indifference perception are not because of the biological connotation but because of the over time cultural practices and beliefs. There exists some kind of gender discrimination in markets as well as in systems of public provision and due to its prevalence presence associated with factors outside the household they are shaping peoples perception about gender inequality. The significance of women unpaid work for their capacity to respond to market signals shows inequality. Gender inequality extends in societies where there exist unequal roles, responsibilities and distribution of resources in the household. This leads to men and women feeling constrained in their response behaviors. What is heterosexism? Heterosexism is predisposition towards people who are heterosexual who include gay, lesbians, bisexuals and the transgender (GLBT) members of the community, the word is commonly used to express societal institutions biasness in wanting people to behave as if they are all heterosexual. Heterosexism firmly embeds the existing customs and traditions of the society. It depicts the ideological system that disgraces any person who is not heterosexual. An individual who claims to be homosexual is usually seen as abnormal because the society believes that only heterosexuals are normal beings. Heterosexism seeks to judge these particular groups of people (GLBT) making them appears as weak, low social status and inferior as compared to the ‘straight’ people. It allows th
Introduction Preoperative education entails the training of pre-surgical patients on what to expect before, during and after surgery. The education is believed by many medical practitioners to decrease the length of stay (LOS) in a health facility by providing the patients with substantial information on strategies to adopt to endure and go through psychological problem: categorically anxiety, encountered due to surgical operation as rapidly as possible. According to Lepczyk, Raleigh and Rowley (1990), preoperative education is ineffective, nonexistent or even fragmented due to interference by preoperative environment, which is normally busy (p. 23). The doubts of these stand, is on whether this claim is based on evidence that is collected and analyzed statically. The claim argue that preoperative education is normally in competition with some other crucial priorities for instance physician visits, treatment of patients, history taking which more often than not precede it. The admission process, which usually fast, does not give the patient adequate time for psychological and physical preparation to face actual surgery process. Furthermore, Fugate (1998, p.8) and Melnyk and Fineout-Overholt (2005, p.2) argue that in the protocol order of necessity, preoperative education is always left to be the last thing and hence posing a serious challenge for the patient’s quick recovery of the psychological turmoil incurred during surgical procedures. Problem Justification Evaluating the effects of preoperative education on anxiety of surgical patients and incorporating nursing resolution for existing loopholes, if any, is essential so as to clear the arguments such as one advocated for by Lepczyk et al (1990). Preoperative education comes in handy in amicably redu
In the Apology , Plato offers his vision of the famous speech by Socrates in which he is trying to defend himself from the unfair charge in corrupting young people’s minds, in not believing in gods of the city, in believing in other divinities, and in turning the worse arguments into more powerful ones and teaching them. The exact statement of the accusation is: “Socrates is guilty of corrupting the young and of not believing in the gods in whom the city believes, but in other new divinities” (Cahn 24b). In his justificatory speech, Socrates states “if you kill the sort of man I say I am, you will not harm me more than yourselves” (Cahn 30c). In the following paper, the meaning of this phrase will be addressed. In addition, Plato’s vision of Socrates’ defense will be discussed. Generally, the evaluation of Plato’s argument in the Apology shows that his logic is rational and fair despite the many efforts that have been made during the centuries to challenge it. Plato’s version of Socrates’ speech, eternalized in the Apology, is considered to be the first and the most precise among all the other versions by the other authors. Although it is not authoritatively known, it is believed that generally, Plato renders the words of his close friend, Socrates, accurately, but in some cases, when he speaks on behalf of Socrates stating his own opinion. The major part of this work by Plato is the first narration; however, some parts provide a dialogue between Socrates and Meletus. Plato does not show his view on Socrates’ speech directly, but he does so using the book argument’s organization, and in the words that he credits to Socrates. The fact that not all the words by Socrates belong to Socrates (but to Plato) can be supported by the similar works of the other writers. In these works, such statements are absent which proves that their authorship belongs to Plato. Plato’s position in the Apology is clearly seen. He believes that Socrates is not guilty. The argument that Plato provides is a clear proof of Socrates’ innocence. Plato renders Socrates’ words in which he speaks of his respectful attitude to all the Greek gods and explains that he does not urge the others to forget their beliefs, but he himself is not going to worship those gods because he beliefs it to be the infidelity regarding the Supreme God, the Creator whom Socrates respects beyond everything (Cahn 23c). Plato also explains that Socrates does not corrupt young people’s minds, but, on the contrary, he encourages them to think about everything that is happening around them. According to Socrates, yo