ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Outline Restorative justice can be defined as a criminal justice theory that uses cooperative processes to repair the harm that has been exposed or caused by criminal behavior. Through restorative programs and practices, all stakeholders get involved in the restorative process through an effort to identify and repair the harm caused by particular crimes. This consolidated effort of restoring justice helps victims of crime, offenders and the communities they live in to unite in a transformed relationship dedicated to positive response towards crime. The offenders and the victims get together in a collective effort to deal with the effects of a crime and assess what implications the particular offense would have for the future. Through restorative justice processes, offenders are prodded to embrace full responsibility for the offense and the victim in turn accepts the process of reintegrating the offenders back to the community. This form of criminal justice has become a common process for resolving conflict and either supplements or acts as an alternative to the criminal justice system. Introduction Crime is a very harmful process that has been a major cause of conflict and subsequent divisions between individuals as well as within communities. Through restorative justice, attempts are made to reconcile the offenders and their victims by helping them to get rid of their past and look forward towards a future free of guilt or resentment. The most important aspect of restorative justice is the
There are various reasons why aviation security has become a serious problem beginning in the 20th century. After modern man perfected the art and science of establishing airliners, terrorist groups, hostile nation-states, and criminal syndicates found the best platform for delivering their message or forcing others to do their bidding. Most of the time hijackers are motivated by extreme political or religious views. But in recent times this method of blackmail and coercion has gone to the next level because hijackers are no longer content to simply use the subsequent media exposure to express their religious or political views, they can now use the airplanes as a huge improvised weapon. In this regard, the U.S. government had to adapt to these changes so that using airplanes as a means of transportation will remain to be the safest mode of transportation in the 21st century. When hijacking coincided with the rapid improvements in aircraft technology and the creation of national airline carriers, the United States’ first response was to deputize air marshals (Agle, par. 12). The idea behind such a strategy is similar to placing a sheriff in a highly volatile town but instead of a small county, the air marshals will patrol a steel tube flying tens of thousands of feet above the ground. The only problem with the institution of air marshals is arguably in the human resources department because of the disproportionate number of commercial airplanes to air marshals. Thus, it was a common occurrence that if the threat level has been reduced the air marshal program tended to be relegated to a corner (Agle, par. 14). This should not be if passengers must regain confidence in the safety of the airline industry. One of the most important strate
Introduction and Background The English language learner (ELL) student population has continued to grow worldwide (Curran, 2009). The data provided by the “National Center for Educational Statistics indicates that the ELL student population has grown by a high percentage of up to 65% by 2005” (Lonigan, 2006, p. 23). Young ELL students are faced with various challenges while trying to master the English language that is in most cases new to them (Clarke, 2009). Teachers and other students wrong judge the ELL students as having low abilities. This paper seeks to identify the barriers, difficulties faced by English language learners, as well as their strengths in literacy learning. The paper will specifically address the barriers, challenges, and strengths of young ELL students (K-3) in learning to read. It is believed that this research paper will provide relevant data from which teachers and administrators can draw to support English language learners in building language proficiency (Clarke, 2009). Challenges and specific interventions All children are “born ready to learn a language to communicate with other people in their lives” (Richek, Jennings, & Lerner, 1996, p. 12). In the course of the first few years, many children get equipped with the necessary basics in the language (Rudell, 2001). Language learning is a difficult task that requires a lot of effort. However, learning one language is a normal process that occurs naturally. The trouble begins when the children are required to learn a second language such as English. Available literature indicates that several barriers and challenges affect young ELL students, especially when learning to read. Below are the challenges that are seen to affect young ELL students in developing reading skills. The analysis includes how the challenges can be addressed using the strengths of the young ELL learners. According to Dr. Clarke who runs an early childhood consultancy, the lack of sense of belonging within the school community is a great barrier to English learners in their early years (2009). These children lack a “place for themselves in their interaction with others” (Clarke, 2009). The worst cases are seen when these children are rejected by others as this denies them opportunities of listening and practicing to speak English. Thus their efforts to learn and read English are not complimented. This is especially seen if the affected pupil is from a different culture (Clarke, 2009). In the article “supporting children learning English as a second language in the Early Years”, DR Clarke stresses the need for cultural understanding to assist the ELL pupils to adjus
The last several decades could be characterised by the blistering rise of the small and medium-sized enterprises (SME). Peoples desire to obtain additional incomes and their focus on self-fulfillment results in the increased importance of this very sphere. Especially topical this tendency becomes for states characterised by the high paces of the evolution of their economies. The growth of SME sector is an extremely beneficial factor that creates the basis for the further rise of the financial power of the state and its becoming an influential actor at the international level (Sharma & Khana, 2014). However, it should also be supported by the creation of a specific environment that could stimulate its growth and foster relations between entrepreneurs and government as the main actors responsible for the enhancement of this very sphere (Veldman & Willmott, 2016). For this reason, at the moment the organisation of this very environment is one of the most important governmental tasks. As for the UAE, it could also be characterised by the tendency towards the rapid evolution of SMEs and their becoming important contributors to the countrys growth. Besides, in Dubai SMEs are organised in the way similar to the one chosen by the Western countries and which is proved to be efficient (Onica, 2014). At the moment, these enterprises belong to the private sector and act in accordance with the main laws regulating this sort of relations within the state. Moreover, there is also governmental support like in other developed states. However, according to the latest statistics, only 16 per cent of small businesses in Dubai have corporate governance (Parmar, 2011). It is one of the important aspects needed to help banks or outside investors to use additional investing and contribute to the rise of the sector (Parmar, 2011). It is obvious that the given situation is unacceptable as the absence of the unified approach complicates the further evolution of the sphere which now guarantees stable annual incomes and contributes to the empowerment of the UAEs economy by making it less dependent on oil. In this regard, there is an initiative that focuses on the alteration of the situation in the given sphere and introduction of new rules and limitations aimed at the improvement of corporate governance within the Dubais small and medium-sized enterprises. Considering the above-mentioned information, Dubai suggested nine pillars of corporate justice based on the most efficient international approaches and experiences. Besides, corporate governance is focused on preserving the balance between the most crucial spheres of the functioning of any organisation which are economic, social, cultural, individual, and personal ones (Sharma & Khana, 2014). It is a voluntary framework which is expected to improve relations between the most important actors within SME and contribute to its increased efficiency. For this reason, 75% of SMEs in Dubai consider it very import
Introduction The ad portrays a clear message in the image used in this paper. It brings the point home. The marketer wanted to portray a message that they are a strong brand and can be relied upon in the market. One example is that of Etisalat. The ad shows how the organization has a strong brand. It shows that they are better and way ahead of the competition. There are links that are shown that are stronger than the link in the middle. These links are the links that belong to Etisalat, which is the brand that is being advertised. The other link that is visibly weak refers to other brands, which are regarded to be weak. The message is clear and brings the point home that the only reliable brand is Etisalat. Marketing strategies used The marketing strategy that is used by the business is that of relationship marketing. This strategy strives to build relationships with clients that already exist without looking for other new clients. The company is trying to make its clients stick to them by regarding potential competitors as weak. This shows that if the clients use their competitor’s services, they will become a weak link. This way, they have been convinced to stay in the company. Relationship marketing is a strategy that targets clients that are already in the company. They are being convinced that the company is a good place to stay. Another marketing strategy that is common with most types of ads is that of understanding customer expectations. This marketing strategy is used where the brand has done thorough research and understands what the client is finding interesting. There is prior consumer research that has been carried out. This way, the customer gets what they want. The clients are offered what they want and yearning to get when getting a given product. This is an effective strategy that is common with ads. Another common feature that is common in these adverts is that of selling the brand. In these ads, the main aim is to show that the brand is better than all other brands in all angles and features that can be compared. Types of appeal common The appeals that these ads bring across are the brand appeal. This appeal aims at making the clients understand that the brand is one of the strongest they are investing in and abiding. In this appeal, the organization is trying to strengthen the brand they possess. They are trying to show that they are trusted, and many clients believe in their services and products that they give. The brand of Sant Anna portrays this clearly. They show that they are taller in terms of service delivery as compared to other beer brands. Heineken is also a good example that shows it will stand out after all the rest have either fallen aside or have been swollen by Heinek
Evolution of university education The work of educational organisations is affected by various political or economic trends, and these changes shape the learning experiences of many people. Modern universities help students and graduates adjust to the changing demands of employers and increasing competition in the labor market. In particular, teachers help learners acquire the skills related to problem-solving, innovation, creativity, autonomous learning, and digital literary since they are important for the ability of a person to integrate into the knowledge-driven economy (Sheryl 2012, p. 223). At first, one should briefly overview the main external influences affecting the work of universities. It is possible to refer to the globalisation of various economies that tend to become more open. This tendency includes the elimination of trade barriers and growing interaction between companies that can represent countries which can differ in terms of culture, political regime, social structure, and so forth (Rupert & Solomon 2006). To a great extent, the globalisation of the economy can be explained by the fact that political barriers between countries are gradually removed after the end of the Cold War (Keohane 2005). Apart from that, one should focus on the increasing popularity of liberalism as the political ideology adopted in developed and developing countries. Additionally, this cooperation is facilitated by information technologies that have passed through the period of rapid development during the last two decades (Rupert & Solomon 2006). Apart from that, one should keep in mind that modern corporations attempt to recruit the most competent candidates throughout the world (Vance 2005, p. 74). It is no longer possible to assume that businesses operating in developing countries try to outsource only those business activities requiring low-skilled and low-paid labour. This assumption is no longer relevant since such corporations as Microsoft, Google, Nokia seek for highly-skilled professionals living in different countries (Vance 2005, p. 74). These are the main influences that prompt the evolution of university education. Due to the impact of the external environment, universities try to prepare learners for various challenges and strengthen their competitiveness. For instance, students should know how to work in a multi-cultural environment. The employees of modern businesses should be ready to work with people who may represent different cultures, religious groups, or ethnicities (Vance 2005). Additionally, these individuals should understa
Those qualities that are inherent in professional teachers are not only a tool for working with children but also a source of inspiration and stimulation of student activity. The desire to self-develop and gain new knowledge constantly characterizes the representatives of this occupation as responsible employees devoted to their work. An ability to establish contact with children and to organize the productive process of interaction allows achieving high learning outcomes and ensures students’ good preparation for further educational stages. Also, patience is the inherent quality of a professional pedagogue since working with young pupils often takes much effort; however, nervous breakdowns are unacceptable, and children should not see their teacher’s weaknesses. In order to have authority among students, leadership skills should be developed properly because the organization of the learning process requires adherence to the clear algorithm of actions, and misconduct in classes affects the overall working atmosphere negatively. Finally, creativity is another important feature that characterizes an effective teacher. Modern learning tools are extensive enough, and access to various forms and methods of presenting materials makes it possible to keep students interested in a particular subject. Regarding my motivation as a teacher, I represent a whole dynasty since my parents and grandparents are also pedagogues. This, in turn, stimulates my interest in this profession and helps me to progress constantly because I do not want to feel embarrassed for my incompetence and distress my relatives. The desire for self-development and improvement of personal, professional indicators has always been valued in our family. Therefore, I strive to cultivate all the aforementioned qualities in myself and to prove to my loved ones that I also deserve to be part of this worthy and extremely important profession.
Understanding the influence of sociocultural environment on conflict resolution in a business setting is indispensible to successful cooperation and communication. It is widely recognized that Western managers prefer solving problems overtly and address the issues explicitly. Such an approach to conflict resolution explains the self-construct in Western societies and characterizes individuals as those who are more focused on self-expression and determination 1 . In contrast, Eastern managers are more interested in avoiding the conflict, or solving it implicitly. However, when Western business executives confront issues in a culturally diverse environment, they often face challenges in solving conflict because of discrepancies in understanding nature of misconceptions and establishing contacts with individuals from different cultural backgrounds. While operating in an Australian business setting, managers pay close attention to strict observance of regulatory status and codes of conduct. Therefore, such principles as justice, equality, and fair treatment are among the priorities that are considered by Australian CEOs 2 . Despite this objective attitude, business companies in Australia are more reminiscent of the Western style of controlling the managerial process and, therefore, resolving conflicts with Eastern communities can pose a serious problem on their relations. In particular, Australian managers dealing with Chinese, Malaysian, and Indian staff should be more focused on social commitment and development of high-context communication. In order to enrich organizational culture and improve the overall employed environment in an organization, Australian managers should make a shift to a collectivist thinking to understand the in-group activities performed by Eastern members of an organization. Hence, while dealing with breach of the company’s protocol, the managers should address the entire department involved into the violation to define what has caused the problem. I
Introduction Durant and Ali (2013) address the issue of citizen estrangement in the United States and explore its historical roots. Written four years ago, the article is particularly topical today, as the recent presidential election has fueled an active discussion about the American citizenry’s perceived representation and participation in political processes. However, the article demonstrates that this issue is not a new development. The authors claim that citizen engagement has been decreasing gradually for decades, and the efforts aimed at improving the public administration system have generally failed to reduce the growing estrangement. Since the authors address an important issue, present valuable data on it, and put forward ideas that they try to support with evidence, it can be beneficial to critically reflect on the article by assessing its purpose, methods, and the validity of arguments and results. Main body First of all, Durant and Ali (2013) make two major points about the American public administration system: that it was designed in a way that facilitates estrangement in the early 20th century and that later attempts to promote engagement were not successful. To support the first point, the authors argue that public administration in the United States was initially aimed at creating the image of administrators as “bridge builders” (Durant & Ali, 2013, p. 278) whose purpose was to link citizens to the government, but the connection was rather bureaucratic than democratic. This idea correlates with the general challenge of representative democracy: when decisions are not made directly by the population but based on delegating authority, bureaucracies are likely to emerge, and their internal operation and high level of organization may drive people away from participating in decision-making. Second, the article provides arguments on the weaknesses of shifts in public administration that were made to increase engagement but rather contributed to the estrangement. Durant and Ali (2013) declare that the old practices of marginalizing citizens have been finding their way through all the efforts to build a system that encourages participation “[l]ike the original images that bleed through when artists paint over earlier canvases” (p. 280). The authors discuss three types of reforms: progressive, associational, and polycentric. The description of reforms shows that they were aimed at creating collaborative governance, which invites participation and engagement by definition. But, with closer analysis, it can be concluded that the implementation of reforms and the circumstances in which they were applied did not allow achieving the goal, and estrangement remained a serious issue. Conclusion Upon reflecting on the history of public administration
Introduction The gender and racial pay gaps are two of the oldest and most prevalent issues in international reward management. The causes of these pay gaps lie in social contexts and wage structure development which have seen the marginalization of certain populations and can be reflected in professional settings. Despite every industrialized country adopting legislation which mandates equal pay and prohibits discrimination based on gender and race, they are a persistent feature in virtually every labor market (Blau and Kahn 2003). This report will examine the key data and underlying causes of the gender and racial pay gaps in the context of Western developed nations, in order to present recommendations for reward managers to address such disparities on a widespread scale. Context and Definitions There is a myriad of economic and theoretical approaches which attempt to explain, deny, or justify the pay gap. However, empirical evidence exists which suggests that it is a prevalent issue (Rubery, Grimshaw & Figueiredo 2005). Furthermore, the explanations most commonly given within traditional and mainstream productivity models appear to be flawed because despite tremendous growth in educational attainment and employment participation among women, and affected racial minorities, these pay gaps remain large (Rubery, Grimshaw & Figueiredo 2005). In all Western societies, existing gender and racial pay gaps have been a prominent issue for decades. Although significant efforts have been made to close them, progress on wage convergence has slowed down and labor market discrimination and segregation is prevalent. Labor market wages are the primary source of income for most families and salary is a vital socio-demographic indicator which contributes to the building of wealth and stability. Therefore, disparities in income for marginalized social groups have far-reaching consequences. A pay gap is defined by the disparities within the average hourly earnings of a company or industry. For this report, the differences between males and females as well as races (white majority and ethnic minorities) are examined. A pay gap is measured through a variety of means, but the primary one is percentages (AAUW 2018). For example, with a 5% pay gap, a woman earns 95p for each £1 earned by males. In the UK, the 2018 ONS Annual Survey of Hours and Earnings shows an 8.6% gender pay gap, increasing to 17. 9% for part-time workers and widening after the age of 30 (Perraudin 2019). Furthermore, the racial pay gap in the UK is 17% or £3.90 per hour less for black, Asian, and other ethnic minorities, after taking into account labor market forces such as qualifications and occupation types (Topham 2018). This results in over £3.2 billion in lost wages annually and leads to significant social disparities in living standards between white employees and racial minorities. It is important to discuss the policy context which surrounds the topic. In the UK, the most recent legislation is