ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction The city of Rome and the city of Athens had great influence and authority over their neighbors and allies. They both emerged as leaders in their respective areas of influence but each employed different tactics and strategies to extend and maintain this influence for a long period of time. The city of Athens had great influence throughout the Aegean and the influence lasted for about a century. On the other hand, the city of Rome managed to achieve and sustain her influence over the whole of Italy for a long period of time. The city of Athens managed to have its influence over its first territory earlier than the city of Rome. There are many reasons why the two cities managed to enforce and maintain their influence over the different regions at different times. This paper will seek to analyze the political, military, cultural, and social strategies that each of them used leading to the influence at different times. Main body By the mid fifth century B.C, the offices and institutions of the Roman Empire had been designed and had become fully or partially operational. However, the Romans were still engaged in social issues making it quite hard for them to extend their influence beyond the region of Latium. On the other hand, Pericles- who ascended as the Athens’ leading politician- was running a complete operational system of government from the beginning of the fifth century B.C. during the period when the Romans were entangled in social issues, Pericles used his prestige to implement popular democratic reforms and extend his city’s influence throughout the Aegean (Meiggs 24). Even before the ascent of Pericles, the Athenians led the Delian League that protected the Persians from having influence over the Hellespont and also along the Ionian coast of Anatolia. This movement helped them neutralize the threat that Persian had on Aegean by 411 B.C. These factors explain why the Athenians managed to have their influence on Aegean long before the Romans had one. During the fifth century B.C, the Romans were preoccupied with a great number of social issues. Most of these issues propelled the conflict of orders. They wanted to ensure that all citizens had equal access to public offices. This is because many citizens had to travel long distances to access offices that were very far and were only accessible to very few people. The Romans also wanted the law to be codified. During the same period, the Athenians were working on their influence in Aegean (Naphtali and Meyer 48). Pericles who was the leader of Athens by then led the Athenia
The figure entitled Threatened demonstrates a heartbreaking scene of some people. The viewer can find absolute helplessness and panic in their faces. People from Srumbung village, near Mount Merapi in central Java, lament and receive the most disparaging and maddened form of nature with trepidation and wonder. Watching the pale faces, one can acquire the real pain and fear that haunts one’s mind. The people lost everything that they had earned in their past life. Lose of their family member haunt their lives. One can hear the cry of those people and understand the real pain they have. Through their pale voice, one can hear the horrible sound of the dreadful volcano. Small children wander in the streets, and the moaning of those in search of their dead relatives is heard after the heavy explosion. They are standing in a remote area where one can see the barren land. The smell of dead bodies and fire contribute to difficulties for one’s body. Fear in the face of the villagers and the deadly hot clouds of ash, fragments, and gash created by the heavy explosion are witnessed everywhere. The study entitled Volcanic Eruption, Mt. Merapi, Central Java, helps the viewers to understand more about the horror. The report informs that; “Merapi’s last major eruption was in 1994 when heat clouds killed more than 60 people and 6000 others were forced to evacuate. It also erupted in 1976, killing 28 people and leaving 1176 people homeless.” (Volcanic Eruption, Mt. Merapi, Central Java 1). The sufferings and pain of migration are visible in the faces of the people in the picture, and the viewer cannot avoid the pathetic stature of the outsiders. The picture gives the pathetic stature of
The implementation of the strategic plan of any organization always commences by determining the basic expectations of the management. These prospects often revolve around the future technological, economic, and competitive conditions of the business as well as their anticipated short-term and long-term effects. It is against this backdrop that many managers are keen on conducting situational analyses that entail examining both the strengths and weaknesses as well as opportunities and threats that competitors impose it is only after performing a SWOT analysis that an organization can accurately identify the potential strategies that it can leverage on to achieve its goals (Karim, 2019). The development of a budget is a significant step that a company uses to initiate its strategic plan. An organization manager relies on responsibility centers drawn from their organizational structures for accountability. There are four known responsibility centers in an organization upon which decisions are made; cost center, revenue center, profit center, and investment center (Yagudina et al., 2017). An organization will manage to attain its strategic goals through an efficient budgeting system, which will, in turn, allow the manager to control key activities such as financing, revenue, and expenses. However, to develop an effective budget that will inform key decision-making processes of the company, the manager has the option of applying various hypothetical figures. These data are drawn from the relationship between the actual cost and the standard cost. The actual cost (AQ) refers to the ‘actual quantity of input applied in the production of output while the standard price (SP) and standard cost (SQ) are the ‘standard’ price and quantity that the manager had anticipated. Each productive input factor contains the variance analyses of labor, overhead, and material. Variance means the balance between the incurred actual cost and the standard cost appropriated for the production to be achieved. These hypothetical figures are significant for decision-making. By using the material price variance, a manager can expose the difference that exists between the materials purchased standard price and the actual amount paid for t
Based on his research from the 1970s, Hofstede produced a range of cultural dimensions that enable us to compare many countries Differences between the UK and Singapore The figure presented in the case study highlights some cultural differences between the UK and Singapore, which could have a great impact on the behavior of people from the two nations. The individualism dimension depicts that the UK citizens adopt higher levels of individualism than their Singapore counterparts do. The masculinity dimension indicates that persons from the UK behave in competitive ways while those from Singapore adopt more consensus approaches. The uncertainty avoidance dimension depicts that people from the UK are more worried about regard to ambiguities in the future than persons from Singapore. The UK is characterized by a lower level of the power distance dimension than Singapore. Thus, this could imply that persons from the UK behave in ways that do not exhibit major differences in society, unlike individuals from Singapore, who show relatively high levels of behavioral differences in the community. Hofstede’s dimensions Based on the information presented in the case study, three of Hofstede’s dimensions can be identified. First, Su Ling can be said to have a high level of uncertainty of avoidance because she believes that rigid codes of behavior should be followed about approaching issues in the organization. Second, a majority of the staff in the case study are characterized by low individualism because they involve others while making decisions for the company. Third, Su Ling has a high score of power distance because it is clear that she accepts inequality about various positions in the firm. Limitations of the theory About the case study, Hofstede’s cultural theory could be said that it has some limitations. All the personnel of the multinational firm is concerned about achieving excellent results through the adoption of collective measures. Thus, the theory cannot be applied because it would bring together low masculinity and high masculinity. The uncertainty avoidance dimension cannot be applied in a general manner in the case study. For example, Wati and Su Ling believe in maintaining rigid codes of conduct while Tom holds that practice is more important than principles. An understanding of effective communication is vital when in a cross-cultural environment. Concerning Hall’s (1976) theory, discuss the communicationissues that have occurred between Su Ling, Wati, and Tom Henderson Low-context cultural communication is clear in the case study. Su Ling believed in the adoption of clear and explicit messages about management. Besides, Wati held that the use of detailed explanations could go a long way in preventing any misunderstanding of Su Ling’s job requirements. On the other hand, Tom adopted high-context cultural communication, which was mainly characterized by nonverbal communication. The two styles of communication culminated in issues that were the reasons why Su Ling was often in dilemma. Negotiation process and plan The negotiation that Tom would have with the suppliers would be very important for the organization. Thus
Introduction The recovery of a decomposing body between a supermarket parking lot retaining wall and a residential garage answered the questions of people who kept on wondering the source of a foul odor. The body was then brought to the OME’s office after which I was asked to carry out a careful analysis for purposes of verification of the allegations of having been beaten and shot several times from the back with a.22 gun. The identification process was uneventful. He had missing for two months and the police had the report of a missing person who matched his features. He was a 45 year old white male with tattoos and had undergone facial surgery at some point in his life. The other entire feature marched the police report. Given the bad condition of the body, I requested that it gets cleaned so that I would carry out my study and prepare my report. Description of Remains as Seen on the Slides (Exhibit 85-942) The frontal part of the skull had a line that marked a surgical point. The back of the skull had two bullet holes. Also, there were shattered dentures comprising of the lower jaw with thirteen teeth in a fairly good condition and vertebrae column bones (Behrensmeyer 151-153). In clear consistency with the single body that had been found, there was no duplication of the available parts, which points to the fact that this was one individual (Komar & Buikstra 23-24). The gross appearance before the cleaning revealed that he was male, as he had been earlier identified. The Bullet Holes One of the bullets had entered his jaw from behind at the angle of the ascending ramus. This bullet then exited through the mouth of the victim. The impact of the bullet was the shattering of his dentures. There were three shots to the head in total with one going through the mandibles. The reason for the number three is that the skull had three bullet holes. And the assumption that the bullets were fired from behind is based on the entrance-exit behavior of bullets whereby as a bullet enters a target, the hole is small but when it gets out, it creates a big hole as it exits with either flesh of bone. Another shot may have gone through his neck. This conclusion was drawn based on the fact that the vertebrae column bones also had considerable breakage that appears to have been caused by a bullet. The above remains did not reveal any beating apart from the fact that he was shot (Galloway 45-47). The effects on his skull and the dentures were as a result of the bullets. The skeletal coloration appeared normal. The coloration on the dentures and the vertebrae
The purpose of cultural criminology is to examine and describe crime and forms of crime control as cultural products. Criminality and actors in crime control are seen as creative notions that can be expressed in symbolically mediated cultural practices. Thus, subculture members, politicians, media producers, commercial organizations, and other relevant actors provide meaningful explanations for their actions. Cultural criminology considers its task the analysis of the ongoing process of interpretation, reinterpretation, and deconstruction (Wickert, 2019). The theory does not see itself as a theory of crime in a narrow sense; instead, it is a paradigm or perspective approach of crime as a phenomenon, placing significant emphasis on the importance of images, symbols, and representations of self-staging. Cultural criminology qualitative relies on the social sense drawing meanings and methods of ethnography as well as textual and content analysis. Thus, the main point of difference between cultural criminology and other theories of crime is that it places criminality and control over it in a specific context that can be interpreted differently when viewed from varied perspectives. That is, the theory views crime and the relevant agencies and institutions of crime control as cultural products or as creative constructs. As such, corruption must be approached from the standpoint of the meanings that it carries. To facilitate an understanding of cultural criminology, it is essential to consider such ideas as crime as culture, culture as crime, the media constructions of crime control and corruption, and political dimensions of culture, crime, and cultural criminology. Crime as culture entails the characterization of deviant subcultures as systems of symbols, which may include the style and appearance of their members, slang expressions, as well as any signs, slogans, and other methods of differentiation. In this sense, crime as culture means that individuals belong to a subculture that requires one’s capacity to construct and deconstruct the system of collective codes and practices. Besides, within the subculture that considers crime among its defining culture, symbolic communication may also often occur besides face-to-face interactions. Culture as crime is a thematic area of cultural criminology that entails the criminalization of cultural products and players. The analysis of the area depends, on the one hand, on the differentiation between the so-called high culture and, on the other hand, popular culture. Criminalizing cultural products and the various forms that it takes mainly influences popular culture. Although, it is necessary to note several isolated examples in which criminalization also influences the products of the so-called high culture. For instance, the photographs taken by Jock Sturges and Robert Mapplethorpe were deemed pornographic despite the fact that their intention was artisti
Yield management in hotels Yield management is a concept that hotels adopt to maximize their revenues by allocating available rooms to the right guests. Yield management has changed the way hotels are managed through the use of websites. The management makes use of structured reward systems.According to a study by Ahmad (2005) a hotel can make more money if the yield management system is properly implemented. The hotel room supply has increased in the past four decades and this has seen hoteliers gravitating around a differentiated room rate approach for seminars, trade fairs, local customers and groups. This differentiated room rate approach is based on yield management. The internet has affected room rate in that, hoteliers have diversified room rates during low seasons in an effort to defray major overhead costs. Yield management assists hotelier to set highest prices for a specific time and date. Through the use of computerized yield management programs, hoteliers are able to understand, anticipate and respond to guests demand and this maximizes profits. Yield management systems are usually scalable and modular and they thus, they enables hoteliers to manage their businesses through such sites as www.micros.com. Also, hoteliers can adopt a scaled-down approach to manage their businesses.This approach basically does not require much information technology expertise and hosted remotely and accessed by using the internet(Kapoor.2011, P.260). Hoteliers have refined their marketing strategies in that, they have created loyalty cards and also developed online reservation sites like the Travel Accor Reservation System (TARS) which enables the availability of common room and common room visibility. The internet has affected room rate as follows; yield management has enabled market segmentation i.e. through internet, it is easy to identify distinct groups of guests with different behaviors. Hotel management can control yield management by taking three control actions i.e. developing a feedback plan, providing guideline for the organization and using organization check. With regards to feedback plan, control is aimed at reconfirming that the basic assumptions relating to environment exists. The objective of this control is thus to confirm the essence of a particular strategy and to ensure that the strategy is running. This control ensures that the yield management system of a hotel is applicable with regards to the target market (Vashist & Ahmed, 2007, P.65). Guidelines for the organization type of control verify if the organization has taken the right direction that will facilitate attainment of the objectives. This control thus verifies if the profit maximizing strategies of a hotel are still relevant and if they can be applied(Sfodera, 2006, P.11). Organization check type of control verifies the usefulness of a yield management system in hotel firms and how it interrelates with other systems within the organization. This control verifies if it is possible to implement the operati
The Presidential Inauguration Ceremony held on January 20, 2009, was perhaps the highest attended ceremony of all time. The crowds began gathering the night before and huddled in the cold weather just to be able to say they were there, even though it was obvious some would never have been able to see the actual ceremony. However, once Obama stepped out into view, the crowd seemed to suddenly forget all about the cold. This was a very memorable moment as the first black president of the United States and the hope of so many for the future came into view. The actual swearing-in of the President was also a memorable moment as Chief Justice Roberts stumbled over the opening lines of the traditional oath causing many some uncomfortable wondering whether Obama’s presidency would be questioned as a result. This could be seen in the questioning eyes of some, but the concerns were relieved by the smiles and ease of the President and Chief Justice as they worked through the moment. Another memorable moment for me was when Obama, during his speech, mentioned the Muslims not as enemies, but simply as people and as citizens of the United States. At the Inauguration Ceremony, a moment of tremendous stress, excitement, and emotional upheaval, President Obama still managed to look relatively comfortable and steady. He smiled and waved to the audience, he was confident in correcting the Chief Justice during the oath and he was strong in his speech speaking of what has been done wrong in the past and what needs to be changed to make the future better. This did not make the former President George Bush comfortable, as he squirmed slightly in his seat and tried not to roll his eyes, but it went over well with the audience, who cheered Obama for his statements and booed Bush for his work. Obama reinforced American beliefs in his first speech when he said, “In reaffirming the greatness of our nation, we understand that greatness is never a given. It must be earned. Our journey has never been one of the short-cuts or settling for less. It has not been the path for the faint-hearted — for those who prefer leisure over work or seek only the pleasures of riches and fame. Rather, it has been the risk-takers, the doers, the makers of things — some celebrated but more often men and women obscure in their labor, who have carried us up the long, rugged path towards prosperity and freedom.” In this statement, he makes it clear that he understands America is built on the hard work and dreams of the common people who often go unknown and uncelebrated. Another statement he made during the speech indicated that he knows the road ahead of us will not be easy. “For everywhere we look, there is work to be done. The state of the economy calls for action, bold and swift, and we will act — not only to create new jobs but to lay a new foundation for growth.” I found hope in this statement as I realized that Obama seems to have a good idea of what it will take to make the country turn around – taking care of the common people rather than giving tax breaks and
Introduction The United States government has been keen to ensure that all its citizens have access to quality and affordable healthcare. There are several bills that have been passed to help develop the healthcare systems of this country to meet the demands of all the citizens. Although this effort has yielded good results, the country still experiences disparity in healthcare provisions among its populace. This has majorly been attributed to the high percentage of the Americans who are either uninsured or underinsured. According to Jiene (2011), there are some states within this nation with almost half of their population being either uninsured or underinsured. This has impacted negatively on the lives of this populace. Most of the hospitals only consider providing healthcare services to those with comprehensive insurance cover or those with the ability to pay the high prices they charge. This means that the poor who are either uninsured or underinsured may get medical attention in most of these hospitals. This has resulted into serious health consequences on this population, with some of them dying because of lack of medical attention. This should not happen in this country which has the best healthcare services in the world. Something can be done to spare the lives of the poor who are uninsured or underinsured. The responsible stakeholders can come together to provide superior healthcare service to uninsured individual without forcing them to pay overpriced allowance. This paper seeks to research on how we can create non-profit clinics and healthcare facilities that provide medical services to uninsured individuals where fees are charged on a sliding scale according to their income. The Current State of Healthcare Provisions in the United States The government of the United States has been keen on improving healthcare provision for its citizens. There has been a direct effort by the current government to develop mechanisms through which American citizens can access medical attention from public healthcare facilities without having to pay for the services at high costs. According to Wolper (2004), the United States of America offers one of the best health services to its citizens. The government has well drawn strategies that address issues related to health in all facilities providing healthcare across this nation. The good health services provided by this nation have not only been beneficial to the people of the United States but also to people outside America who seek their advanced health services in this nation. With the Obama Administration, the health sector has changed greatly. The government has been so much determined to ensure that all its citizens get access to good healthcare services irrespective of their social status. To ensure that health services are accessible to all, the president introduced the Healthcare Bill 2010. This Act was signed by President Obama on March, 2010. It is a health reform Act t