ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Apple supporters and technology trend analysts awaited the much-anticipated public unveiling of the Apple iPhone with bated breath. Since Apple’s chairman, Steve Jobs, unveiled the mobile product at the MacWorld convention, there has been much noise about the gadget on the Internet and in the news. The iPhone is an Apple device that integrates a laptop, iPod, digital camera, and cell telephone into a single device with a touchscreen interface (Godwin-Jones, 2017). A person can use this device using the touch screen so that the user can interact with the information on the net. The primary purpose of this device is access to the Internet and interaction with other users. Since the iPhone is a compact device, it is possible to carry it with you. Every morning I check my device for news. Then, with the help of special applications, I check the message from my friends and also revise other essential aspects like the weather. The iPhone records which applications I use, what news I receive, and how I react to that as well. Thus, the device builds an algorithm for displaying advertisements and information that will fit the user’s preferences. Since all device usage data is then sent to Apple’s servers, a database is created that generates user behavior profiles. Someone watches more videos, and someone reads more. It changes the perception of the information and, accordingly, the display itself. All collected information about the usage of the artifact is collected in order to improve the user experience in future updates. The user agreement is permitted by Apple in order to understand user needs better. Cultural Uses The phone, as technological equipment, demonstrates intentionality and a program that prescribes usage, amplifying or lowering specific aspects of people’s thought and cognition. High levels of demand for iPhones may be explained by connecting
Energy Background Any industrial and technological progress depends on energy that is readily available. The industrial and technological progress experienced in developed countries was made through exploitation of fossil fuels found under the earth surface (Ayres, 2002). These fuels were often imported from countries which did not have the required technology for effective utilization, therefore, countries which had the required technology attained affluence at a faster rate, and they started controlling counties that were less developed (Peters &Feldman, 2001). Today, these countries consume about four-fifth of the fossil fuel in the whole world. In 1973, countries that produced oil increased the prices of it, which created economic chaos both in developed and developing countries. This made all countries to realize that using oil in a wasteful manner was not acceptable, and they needed to make efforts to set up programs that ensured energy-conservation. They also realized that they had to look for alternative sources of energy (Brown, 2000). Since then, countries dependent on oil have always been affected by the ever-increasing oil prices. Some of the developing countries have faced serious shortages of power, which has pushed them to import the cheapest oil (Prindle et al, 2003). This cheap oil is utilized by technology that is less efficient; therefore, wastage is still an important issue for
Middle East is accredited as the birthplace of Judaism, Islam and Christianity as world religions. Before the introduction of Christianity, Judaism had already taken root. Several centuries thereafter, Mohammad founded Islam to counter the spread of Christianity. By this time, Christianity had found new base in Europe where it was recognized as the official religion. Soon after the resurrection of Jesus, His apostles embarked on spreading Christianity in Jerusalem and the surrounding areas initially to the Jews and later on to other people. The church was on a rapid growth until Jewish leaders checked this trend. The Jewish leaders had begun persecuting Christians in fear for their religion. When they could not contain it any longer, several of them fled to surrounding countries like Judea and Samaria. Contrary to the Jewish expectations, this scatter lead to the expansion of the early church. They founded new churches in cities that they visited. Wherever the Christians went, they spread the gospel. Migrations of people in the early years of 350 AD to 900 AD in a great deal helped spread the early church. As Christians fled from one place to the other, they introduced Christianity in those areas and installed churches. In the same way, churches in Syria and other places were found. (Paetow 1959). In 610 AD, Muhammad, a native of Mecca, Saudi Arabia founded Islam claiming Allah had revealed to him to preach this new religion. Initially, he proclaimed this secretly but when he was to gain courage three years later, he went public thereby conquering followers gradually. However, they also faced persecutions thereby hindering the spread of the religion especially outside of Mecca unlike the Christians. Mohammad was compelled to flee to
The ethical issues concerned with the operations management decisions of the IMC plant This is an ethical rich context case study of a large Indian operations plant, which, from the western perspective, revolves around the questions of safety and humane physical working conditions defined as basic human rights. Similar cases with localized and duplicated problems are widespread in urban and rural areas in developing economies. They are evidence of the ethical norms, risks, and discomfort experienced. Because of ignorance, employees take many risks in the workplace which the management has the moral responsibility as examples to provide safe working conditions. The argument is a tradeoff between performances, profitability, and safety costs while appreciating improvements that solve cultural and managerial problems toward a new vision. The maintenance strategy at the plant and suitable alternative methods The maintenance strategy requires a preemptive and regular maintenance plan under operative and maintenance personnel. That is because of the underlying policy of buying cheap components and spare parts and waiting until they break down to begin diagnosing the breakdown. Condition-based maintenance should not be integrated into the culture or environment, but the use of specialized support that fits well into the environment and culture. Therefore, changes could follow the list of a long list of priorities according to the staff and population safety
Introduction The Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) was established in 1973 to formulate guidelines and principles through which financial accounting and reporting generally was to be measured against. In 2009, “FASB launched the FASB Accounting Standards Codification TM as the single source of authoritative non-governmental US Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP).” This essay discusses more about FAAB and GAAP, their framework as well as historical facts about accounting. Facts about accounting profession It is unbelievable, yet true, that accounting was practiced as early as 2500 B.C? “Historical accounting records have been found in ancient civilizations like the Egyptian, Roman, and the Greek Empires as well as ancient Arabia” (Swathen, 2010). Such financial records were maintained by the sovereign for taxation purposes and also for public development. The introduction of taxes made it necessary to keep such records. This has made the accounting profession to be classified as one of the most groundbreaking professions, thus the need to acknowledge the important role of accounting. About FASB and GAAP The main aim of FASB was to restore investor’s confidence in financial reports after the far-reaching effects of the great depression. Fraudulent financial reporting was then found to cause major companies to crumble down. Credibility to the accounting profession was to be achieved by ensuring that financial statements issued by accountants were as much as possible trustworthy, capable of fairly influencing an investor’s decision. In Trott’s words, “If we do it [accounting] well, we’ll get the respect back that we deserve” (Trott, 2002). GAAP Standards These are standards by which credibility in financial data is facilitated. It’s a set of guidelines and principles that apply uniformly to all financial. It is mandatory for all companies to follow them. They were formulated to ensure that “around the world, everybody would speak the same accounting language” (Trott, 2002). The principles affect the way valuation of assets and liabilities in any given company in the US is done. Adherence to the principles does not in itself guarantee that the financial statements reflect the true financial status of the company. The legal responsibility to ensure fair representation of the company’s financial status still rests with the management. This leaves doubt as to how effectively these principles help in protecting the investor. The key characteristics to be found in accounting records are relevancy and reliability. Relevancy is the term used to refer to data that can reasonably affect a person’s decision while reliability is used to signify how much confidence such data elicits from an individual. These guidelines have acquired universal acceptance in the US and has helped in achieving the main objective of restoring faith in accounting. “Many believe that U.S. Generally Accepted Accounting Principles is a tried and true standard, the foundation of U.S. accounting success” (Miller 2008). Conclusion Financial records are an important source of information for investors. Being so, an
Although there is a lot of debate on the changing nature of work in today’s society, it has been agreed that changes have occurred and will continue to occur in order to match global competition levels as well as create equal opportunities for all. What is most worrying is the impact of this change on work-related classifications, paraphernalia, and studies. Studies carried out on the nature of work and the existing changes is of relevance to training personnel who are in charge of enlightening the learners on the present needs of the job market by equipping them with the relevant skills depending on their career choices through training sessions and supervised working such as vocational work. The trainers get current information from existing catalogs and professional studies conducted. Occupational analysis projects on the structures of work, the skills and knowledge needed for effective job performance, and characteristics of the job. When work changes, the conceptions of work and their characteristics become outdated, therefore calls for human resource professionals to engage in counseling, selecting, and training when job descriptions do not compost with the changes in the workplace. Hundred years ago, the industrial revolution brought workers off their farms due to a change in the dimension of work. It involved a breakthrough in the use of inanimate energy and power and a great deal of investment in industries such as iron, coal, textile, and transport revolution. Fifty years down the line the factory jobs were replaced by jobs in the service sector due to the information revolution which characterized the shift from industrial to postindustrial production. Years back, a large section of the labor force in the United States was made up of immigrants who had little education and barely knew English. Their work was a routine as set by the management. Today’s information jobs are quite different since what a writer; programmer or businessperson does calls for creativity and imagination as opposed to the kind of work in the past which were quite physical Instead of working using heavy machinery in production more people are using computers and electronic technology in processing information. This has turned the ideal employee into a person with skills such as the ability to understand, synthesize and analyze information. Back in time people trained in a particular skill for instance a pottery course which could only enable you to be a potter. Today, while there are still potters, the commodity for sale is information and knowledge. Creating a commodity calls for a more generic skill set than being trained in a specific career or industry. The right set of generic skills will enable the learners to do a variety of jobs. This may seem confusing to learners but give a lot of opportunities like never before. Education has been affecte
Crime existed since the dawn of humanity. Despite being as ancient as the first human civilization, it remained a largely understudied subject for a very long time. As the societies progressed and evolved culturally and technologically, police forces were becoming more and more efficient in catching criminals. However, they did not address the root of the problem. They did not address its causes. Only at the beginning of the 20th century the sociologists began making efforts in order to identify the reasons behind deviant behavior. Cultural Deviance theory was the end product of this effort. It combined two dominant ideas present at the time – the Social Disorganization theory and the Strain theory. For a long time, this theory was considered prevalent in criminology. Other criminologists and researchers, such as Cohen, Cloward, Matza, and Miller, constantly improved on it (Cook, 2012). However, despite offering abundant and comprehensive explanations to the origins of crime in the society, it missed a very important aspect, which greatly contributes to facilitation of deviant behavior. Stigmatizing and bias towards formerly criminal elements and other people associated with crime only deepens their deviant behavior. Cultural Deviance Theory Cultural Deviance theory is based upon two other theories, which are: – Social Disorganization Theory – Strain Theory Social disorganization theory focuses on the environment and places it as the main reason for crime. Deteriorating neighborhoods, inadequate social services and social control, law-violating gangs and groups, and conflicting social values are considered to be the factors that contribute to the appearance and spread of criminal activity ( Social disorganization theory, 2016). Strain theory focuses more on the conflict between personal goals and means of achieving them – it states that unequal distribution of wealth and power, frustration, and inability to reach the desired goals through legal means creates tensions, which might push certain individuals towards crime ( Strain theory, 2016). Cultural Deviance theory is built upon these two and states that the factors mentioned in both theories are the reasons for the development of criminal subcultures, which are born out of disorganization and stress. These subcultures do not share values of the society and oppose it. Thus, a lower-class culture, based on poverty and desire for wealth and good life, is responsible for generating crime in urban areas (Lilly, Cullen, & Ball, 2012). Although considered a predominant theory by many criminologists, it received plenty of criticism, namely from labeling theorists, for disregarding the impact of how the society views criminals and certain groups of people associated with crime. Labeling Theory The etiological Cultural Deviance theory was not the only line of thought that tried to explain the nature of crime. Labeling theorists state that merely examining criminals, their environment, and their characteristics is not enough. The society’s reaction to rule-breaking and crime is a very important factor
The home front is a collective term that covers civilian activities in a country at war. Both World War I and II were totally destructive, and homeland production became more indispensable to the Axis powers and Allies. Armed forces were at the front line fighting while citizens at home worked to produce supplies and materials for the soldiers (Roediger et al., 2019). The impact of the war was visible in the civilian activities of Germany, Japan, and the United States. This essay compares the conditions on the home front of Japan and Germany with that of the United States. The home front of Germany and Japan during WWII was not heavily invested in the mobilization of manpower as the war was happening on their territories. Germans remained quiet at the start of the conflict because they feared disaster. Total mobilization of the economy came in late, and the number of women working in domestic service, agriculture, industry, and business increased only slightly during the fight (Roediger et al., 2019). Likewise, the Japanese society kept their women at home as they believed that females maintained the cohesion of the family system. Although the country was highly mobilized from the beginning, the government was reluctant to mobilize women for war. Chinese and Korean workers were recruited to fill the labor gaps instead of utilizing Japanese women. Contrarily, the home front of the U.S was different from that of Germany and Japan as America was not fighting on its territory. New factories were created, and boomtowns grew around them; many people came to work in these industries (Roediger et al., 2019). About sixteen million men and women were recruited into the military, and over a million Black Americans came from the rural South to look for jobs. As a result, there were increased racial tensions, and riots erupted as Whites reacted to the Black residents. Japanese Americans were forced to reside in camps surrounded by barbed wire and take loyalty oaths to the U.S. However, Italian and Germans were not put in camps, a policy that demonstrated racism in America. To conclude, Germany and Japan involved their territories in WWI and WWII, leading to many people losing their lives in attacks and bombing raids. Governments were involved in manpower allocation, rationing, and evacuation as a result of air raids, home defense, and response to enemy power occupation. As a result, people feared disasters, and women were not heavily involved in war efforts. On the contrary, in America, people, including women, willingly took part in working at factories that manufactured war weapons and, consequently, communities and boomtowns grew. Reference Roediger, H., Abel, M., Umanath, S., Shaffer, R. A., Fairfield, B., Takahashi, M., & Wertsch, J. V. (2019). Competing national memories of
The “I-Thou” concepts can be widened in the context of hospitality. In particular, specific attention should be given to understanding the connection between personal identity, as well as challenges an individual faces while experiencing certain problems. The discussion of woundedness, therefore, sheds light on understanding broader sense of healing, which differs much from cure. In particular, the concept of woundedness should not be associated with physical pain. Rather, it affects both the person who experiences this pain and the one who tries to help a person to overcome that pain. The article called Hospitality: How Woundedness Heals by Game and Metcalfe provides an ethnographic account on the concept of healing and its distinction from curing 1 . Moreover, the article reflects Buber’s spiritual views on the concept of identity and interaction between people. In the article, the authors focus on spiritual dimension, as well as how it influences human relations. Specific emphasis is placed on the analysis of identity intrusion and the role of curing and healing in the experience of woundedness. In curing centers, therefore, pains become the starting point of interaction and identity sharing. The nurse professionals, therefore, heal their patients through experiencing pain and woundedness of those. According to Game and Metcalfe, “the wounded healer’s hospitality allows others to accept in themselves the realities that they are tempted to shut out” 2 . Wrong perception of identity does not allow the curer to accept the impossibility to find remedy for the patient. The point is that most curers identify a specific disorder and adhere to it to eliminate all the deficiencies. In such a way, they remove the problem they personally identify, but not the problem that exists in reality. As a result, curers are often affected by patient’s existing weaknesses. The concept of healing is more associated with the ability of a person to move from the personal perception of pain to the actual pain endured by a patient. The failure to accept the reality and deviate from the accepted mechanism of curing negatively contributes both to the identification of disorders, as well as negative experience of woundedness by curers. Moreover, the wrong perception leads to creation of prejudices and stereotypes which distort the actual purpose of curing and healing. In order to move away from the accepted scheme, Buber proposes to resort to acceptance of otherness, which is the basis of genuine conversation ensuring fulfillment of interpersonal interaction. The acc
Christopher (1982) explains that economic development is the improvement in the infrastructure and better living standards. Every government has the sole objective of improving the level of economic development and improving the livelihood d of its citizens. Innovation is the modification of an existing idea or the creation of a totally unique idea to help solve ones need. The importance of innovation in any organization is best epitomized by the establishment of a research and development department. Huge sum of money has also been allocated for innovation of new ideas. To begin with, innovation improves the modes of production. With the improved means of production, organizations get to enhance their efficiency and reduce the wastages in production (Schumpeter, 1934). Due to this there will be a large increase in the output which results to development. Innovation also creates new employment opportunities in any given country. Employment increase makes the idle resources put into productive utilization and this leads to new output creation. The new production lines leads to the economic growth. Constant economic growth will in the long run lead to the economic development of any economy. Moreover, innovation results into the designing of better structures that can be employed in the development of new infrastructure. When better designs are developed, new and durable structure get to be built making the economy look more admirable and sustainable. Because of the nature of the infrastructure that is developed, little public resources would be incurred on the maintenance hence reducing the costs. This will thus lead to the economic development. In addition, innovation has led to the improvement of the standards of living. For instance, the new methods of keeping the environment clean, economizing of the megre resources and those on the preparation of consumable goods have increased the life span of the individuals in an economy. With better health, the labour force of any given economy has been enhanced and output increased making the economy to develop. The economic development of any given region depends a lot on the political climate that exists. Poor political situations e.g. war has led to the fall of many economies. Through innovation, solutions to the conflicts arising between individuals and economies have been enhanced. This has led to the tranquil coexistence which has thus led to the economic development. Another pillar for economic development of any economy is trade. Trade ensures that the economies can acquire goods or services that it can’t produce for itself. If the terms of trade are archaic not much will be realized and therefore the economic development will retard. As a result of innovation, better terms of trade have been developed which reduces the cost of transactions and hence lead to econo