ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction English as a language is very common to us all. In school, this is seen not as a subject to be studied but as a language that must be used both to teach and learn. At home, English may not always be the medium used by the family members but it is understood by everyone that this is a language that they soon must learn. In business establishments around the world, English may not always be the medium used by the workers but they, too, are aware that this is the medium that is essential if the company is gearing towards globalization. Indeed, English is becoming part of our lives now. It is a part of our system. It has become a part of our past and will surely retain as an important aspect of our future. The English Language Users It should be noted that English is now the official language in more than 75 countries around the globe. An estimated 1 billion humans are studying it, mainly because they want to leave home and succeed elsewhere. It was estimated that nearly a quarter of the overall human population now uses English as a language. It is revealed that the world’s English speakers – which can be categorized to those who speak it natively, as a second language in their own country and as a foreign language entirely – have already outnumbered the population of China (Eckhouse, 1999). The history of learning and/or using the English language can be traced even from the Anglo-Saxon era. It should be remembered that English belongs to a linguistic grouping known as the Germanic languages; it is closer to German than to French or Spanish, which evolved from Latin. Germanic tribes repeatedly invaded the island the Romans called Britannia between 400 and 800. First, waves of Frisians, Angles, Saxons, and Jutes crossed the North Sea, subjugating and absorbing Celtic cultures. Viking incursions, beginning in 787, brought another linguistic invasion. Christian missionaries introduced Latin words. By the 800s, Anglo-Saxon, a.k.a. Old English, had emerged from this stew and was flourishing in various forms – Mercian, Kentish, Northumbrian, and Alfred’s dialect, West Saxon. Over the centuries, English evolved as England did. The Norman Conquest, in 1066, placed England under a king who spoke a different language
Introduction There are some important issues that one needs to consider before embarking on a mission to do business in a given country. Such issues as social, economic, and political environment of a country would be worth of consideration by a prospective investor. The current paper intends to explore the possibility of doing business in the Philippines. It will emphasize on the social, economic, and political situation in the Philippines. In addition, the culture, language, customs and protocol of the Filipinos shall be addressed, as well as their business etiquette, business culture, negotiation techniques, and meeting protocols. Background The Filipino culture is heavily influenced by forces outside the Asian region including Mexico, and the United States. The influence of Islam in the Philippines has been somewhat limited, unlike such other Asian countries as Indonesia and Malaysia (CIA-The World Factbook 2011). Filipinos have embraced many western values under the auspices of the Roman Catholic Church that has a large following in the country. The Filipinos have a strong sense of dignity and personal pride. Business Structures Most companies in the Philippines are family controlled. Business structure is largely hierarchical with the owner-managers possessing a lot of power. However, western business practices are slowly being embraced (Communicaid 2009). Having good contacts with the top management is crucial as they are responsible for making mos
Considering the communications process model, what do you think were the major challenges in this scenario? The parties that are involved in communication have introduced barriers that hinder effective communication. As a result, the meaning of communication has been grossly denied. Taking into consideration a simple communication model that consists of the sender, message, receiver, and feedback; the challenges encountered in this scenario can be well understood. The barriers along this communication process have made it difficult for the participants to understand each others’ thoughts and ideas. The scenario has so many people who are talking loudly in the office, hence making it difficult for the receivers to pay attention to what is being communicated. Probably, the receivers who are sent the messages through the phone could hardly recognize the right message that was being directed to them. While an attendant is making a call, others are speaking loudly in the same reception room. When the attendant was trying to attend to a particular client, another client kept interfering with them; hence creating a lot of confusion. The female client could hardly decipher the feedback from the man who was attending to her because of pronunciation differences. This woman was so emotional to an extent of making the communication process very difficult. Her temper prevented her from understanding the message from the sender (attendant) (Bocus, 2002). What does this scenario teach us about the importance of effective communication in promoting good organizational behavior? Effective communication is very critical in instilling good behaviors in an organization. When there are a lot of barriers to communication, it becomes hard to achieve this goal. Seemingly, people in an organization spend most of their time exchanging information; hence the character of their communication can affect their behavior. Naturally, the effectiveness of managers in ensuring good organizational behavior is majorly dependent on communication. In other words, good communication is what makes good managers, who in return play the biggest role in influencing organizational behavior. Office behavior in this scenario is wanting. The workers seem to disregard good conduct in their workplace, hence making the communication process very challenging. Undoubtedly, the managers have failed to instill good conduct in this organization hence the problems. For example, shouting in the office has messed up the communication process (Bocus, 2002). How does nonverbal communication affect communication with employees with disabilities such as visual impairments or hearing impairments? Nonverbal communication may distort the passage of a message to a person with visual impairments. This is in particular when the sender of the mess
Introduction Aromatherapy is an alternative form of medicine which has various modes of application. Aromatherapy is not only about the good smells and the massage, but has a high healing power both to the soul and the body. It is widely accepted that plants are a great source of the medicine today, and time has proved that the plants have a healing power to the human body. Our fore-fathers used traditional ways of medication that proved to work very well, before the invention of the modern western medication that is currently in use. This paper is going to look at the benefits of using aromatherapy today, its place in modern medicine today, the healing modality, and if aromatherapy can treat serious illnesses in the community today. Aromatherapy is nothing more than a pleasantly scented massage Aromatherapy is not only about smelling for healing but using essential oils to perform the therapy. (Snyder p.336). Aromatherapy massage is a perfect way to relax, using the essential oils which are absorbed by skin to give you a relaxing feeling. It not true that aromatherapy is nothing more than a pleasantly scented massage, but has a lot more benefits to the user. The user is relieved from stress, balances the moods of the user and gives you a wow feeling; it also boots the immunity of an individual as well as their respiratory and circulatory systems. Frequent aromatherapy enables the body fight diseases and infections too. It helps release or stop abdominal pains, indigestion, and coughs too. Psychological benefits are achieved when the aroma stimulates the brain to trigger reactions while a physical benefit is the aroma supplies therapeutic benefits when inhaled into the lungs. Aromatherapy can be defined as the use of volatile plant oils for treatment, which has been discovered to work well when used appropriately. Physical and psychological benefits are achieved if the essential oils are inhaled. (Balch p.425). Essential oils are purified from leaves, the tree stems, flowers, bark of the tree, roots, among other plant components. Absolutes are aromatic fluids which are said to be more concentrated, also used in aromatherapy. Aromatherapy helps people to relax and release stress, since the kind of life that people are living today is very involving thus people get stressed a lot. Everybody needs some aromatherapy to give them new strength or refresh them every now and then, and enable them to keep up with their busy lives. At the same time, aromatherapy gives one a better
Children who are born in this century are bombarded with information, images, and sound bytes coming in from different multimedia streams. Nowadays information can be retrieved and sent at the speed of light. If parents are not aware of the enormous influence that multimedia can have on their children, then they will not do anything to monitor how children use the Internet and what they watch on TV. These parent will discover later on that technology has become the surrogate parents to their sons and daughters. It is time to re-evaluate how society has come to understand the impact of technology on children. Without a doubt the Internet and television can be an effective tool in enhancing the learning experience but it can also be considered as a Pandora’s Box that can unleash a host of problems, in the place where children are the most vulnerable – in their homes. It has become more evident that technology is affecting the way children see the world. It can also influence their thinking process and therefore the only effective means to counteract these effects is to teach children how to deal with technology so that the TV set, the computers, and the video games are under their control and not the other way around. The Way they Learn Kirkorian, Wartella and Anderson, argued that those who were born in the latter part of the 20 th century are already active media users especially pertaining to watching TV. But before the 1980s there was very little research when it comes to the impact of TV on children’s psychosocial and cognitive development. But the turning point came researchers discovered that as the child grows older he is no longer a passive viewer but able to pay greater attention to informative features such as dialogue and narrative (Kirkorian, Wartella & Anderson, 2008, p. 40). This insight into the world of TV viewing has both positive and negative implications. Since children are no longer seen as passive consumers of media messages, parents and moral leaders of society are concerned with the increasing violence and mature subj
Introduction Technology-empowered education initiative requires the instructors in multiple educational settings to integrate digital technologies and learning activities into instructional practice to enhance students’ academic growth and better prepare them for the future careers (Martin, Shaw, & Daughenbaugh, 2014). The relevant and meaningful use of various interactive media in instruction becomes a major responsibility of educators as it is considered that technology plays a significant role in influencing the social and economic development and, in this way, its application in education may help students to become more successful in their life. The purpose of this paper is the detailed investigation of two forms of digital technology use in teachers’ instructional practices – interactive whiteboard (IWT) and web camera. The examination of IWB and web camera application in educational settings aims to evaluate the advantages and disadvantages associated with integrating each technology and identify the potential benefits and positive effects of its application on the enhancement of pedagogical approach and overall academic outcomes. Literature Review For some time, digital technologies have been used by educators to refine teaching processes and students’ learning experiences. While in the 20th century such forms of technology as television, calculators, computers, and video projectors were integrated into educational settings, multiple web and mobile devices, as well as other interactive and smart technologies become “widely disseminated forms of electronic technology used in public schools” in the modern digital era (Wade, Rasmussen, & Fox-Turnbull, 2013, p. 162). Nowadays, IWB is one of the most popular forms of technology used to complement instruction in multiple subject areas including science, mathematics, social studies, literacy, etc. IWB is usually associated with whole-clas
Abstract It is frequently recommended the U.S implement procedures like those of European nations to boost mass transport ridership as well as the maintenance of the transportation coordination. In spite of public transport ridership within the U.S being amplified by populace compactness and urban area magnitude, it reduces with increasing revenue, car possession, and home distance from mass transportation stops. The scanty strategies leading it, therefore, craft it to become 1) Inadequate to crowded areas within great urban areas, 2)centered in the buses midst (in the 65% of journeys) and, 3)mostly attracts inferior residents who have less admission to an automobile, and that live near a public transportation stop. Developing public transport within the U.S might help enhance public transport’s plea and augment ridership amongst all groupings of the public in every spatial progress pattern. It would as well help lessen greenhouse gas as well as preserve power. The energy taxes are executed by federal, nation or provincial administrations with several districts or local administrations having non-compulsory fuel taxes. While they are likely to be excessively little to have a great deal of influence on travel performance, green organizations and administration agencies (which need new proceeds), they frequently support energy tax execution. Problem Statement The federal government ought to raise gas prices in order to lessen the high usage of automobiles in the U.S. My opinion I am for the opinion that raising fuel charges may be presented the requirement of the United States to begin a green transformation. Gas charges have been rising across the nation with prices reaching a standard of $3.82, a jerry can, on September
Introduction Author of the article The article is written by Tina Jaeckle and Alexia Georgakopoulos. Tina Jaeckle is an assistant professor in Social and Behavioral Sciences at Flagler College in Florida. Alexia Georgakopoulos is an associate professor in the Department of Conflict Analysis and Resolution at the Graduate School of Humanities and Social Sciences, Nova Southeastern University in Fort Lauderdale. Given that one of the authors is an assistant professor in social and behavioral sciences, while the other is an associate professor in conflict analysis and resolution, it suffices to say they the authors are experts. Overview of the article The general argument in the paper is that cross-cultural misunderstandings exist between people from different cultures concerning how people communicate the meaning of conflict coupled with how they express the same. Specifically, the paper holds that these misunderstandings are common between Americans and Africans. The other overriding argument in the paper is that Dinka refugees communicate and express the meaning of conflict and conflict resolution based on experiences they had back in Sudan. Your thesis While the authors introduce a new and interesting perspective to the issue of conflict and conflict management in intercultural and cross-cultural settings, they do not offer conclusive findings on the extent at which Dinka refugees in Jacksonville respond to conflicts based on their experiences, culture, values, and norms. The authors simply give descriptions without giving clear-cut findings and the reader has to draw conclusions. Content Does the author provide enough background information? The authors provide enough background information by carrying out an elaborate literature review on the available information concerning the topic. The authors provide sufficient background information to explain the research subjects’ culture and experiences. The Sudanese Civil War was the main cause of the immigrating of the respondents to Jacksonville, Florida. The authors gave literature review on this war and its implications on the Dinka culture and conflict. Does the author provide sufficient evidence – primary sources, secondary sources (i.e. expert opinion), facts, textual references? The authors provide sufficient evidence to support their research. The authors use over 70 primary and secondary sources to back up any claim made in the study. They give evidence form reliable sources like the Florida Department of Children and Families and the International Red Cross among others. The authors utilize books and journal materials to give facts and textual references. Therefore, the primary and secondary sources used are sufficient evidence for the study. For what purpose does the author write the article? – a new discovery, an interesting take on a topic, introducing a subject not well-known The purpose of this study is to determine the extent to which the Dinka refugees living in Jacksonville, Florida, communicate and approach conflict situations based on their norms, culture, experiences of trauma, transnational families, and values. For
Requirements of a Legally Valid Contract Unilateral and Bilateral Contracts and their Formation A contract is either unilateral or bilateral. Bilateral contracts involve making a legally binding agreement between two people or groups of persons. Under bilateral contracts, one party promises a given action on precondition of execution of a given action by the second party. For unilateral contracts, only a single party to a contract gives promises. An example of this contract involves a promise by a party A to a party B to pay a reward when party B does something for party A, for example, finding a stolen item. Under unilateral contracts, offers can be made to the world (Adams 2). This means that Party B may be known or unknown to Party A. The case of Georgette telling a police officer that she would pay a reward amounting to £ 50.00 after finding her painting amounts to unilateral contract if such a promise was made when the painting was still missing, with the consideration being provided for in the communication of the offer. This means that the finding of the painting preludes the obligation for paying the reward without the necessity of proof of offer acceptance. Requirements for Offer, Acceptance, Consideration, and Intent In common law, contracts arise from the creation of a legally binding agreement, evidence of contractual intention, and the existence of consideration in an agreement that is purported to constitute a contract. Not all agreements between two parties amount to a contract. For an agreement to constitute a contract, there must be evidence of existence of an offer and offer acceptance in the agreement. Offer encompasses “an expression of willingness to contract on specified terms with the intention that it is to be binding once accepted by the person to whom is addressed” (Adams 3). The 125 lots presented by Felix in the auction auditorium amount to an offer. It also implies the intent to enter contractual terms with successful bidders. Any amounts quoted by the potential buyers are offers, which Felix, through his appointed agents, can choose to accept or not based on the price (considerations) provided for by the bidder. For instance, when Georgette promises to buy lot 69 at £85.00 and lot 70 at £45.00, such a promise amounts to a legally binding bilateral contract entered between Georgette and Felix through Felix’s appointed agent. The validity of this contract is akin to the fact that an offer was made, accepted, and sale price (consideration) agreed. However, this contract becomes fully executed when Georgette pays for the two lots as promised when Felix delivers the lots to Georgette as promised. Although Georgette is the highest bidder for the lot 68 (£650.00), this does not mean that he has entered a contract for the sale of the lot with Felix through his appointed agent. As claimed before, this tender is merely an offer to purchase lot 68. As Marrs claims, similar to other sale agreements through action banging of the gavel on the table, this context marks the acceptance of the offer made by the bidd
The study you analyzed provides critical insight into the attitudes and influence of health conditions of the mothers in their early postpartum. I agree with your statement that self-efficacy is the “essential psychological variable in long-term breastfeeding.” The research results suggested that a stronger desire to feed exclusively develops in women with positive birth experiences. You were right by emphasizing that the differences in samples’ conditions were identified using inferential statistics, t-test, and one-way ANOVA. Using these approaches is beneficial for promoting exclusive feeding and expanding the knowledge in further studies. Brockway et al. (2017) claim that “Breastfeeding self-efficacy is a modifiable factor that practitioners can target to improve breastfeeding rates in mothers of full-term infants” (p. 497). However, the alternative perspective can be applied to the study’s results and gathered information if analyzed with other statistical tools. Aside from the benefits of breastfeeding self-efficacy, the research revealed the negative influence of artificial supplements implementation. With the linear regression with predictor variables, the scientists could also try the reverse approach of measuring the results by the response variables. It would eliminate the requirement of t-tests and ANOVA for submitting the outcomes, as their validity is questionable in such studies (Weissgerber et al., 2018). I explored several healthcare and biomedical studies where ANOVA and t-tests were applied only because they were the most common and the simplest to use for results confirmation. Based on the research design you studied, statistical tools implementation, and my experience in analyzing similar scientific works, the suggestion is to look for more complex data gathering and sample selecting strategies. Applying more concrete criteria to the participants and adding response variables would determine the range of breastfeeding self-efficacy and the outcomes. Pre-hypertension measures, such as Swedish massage, are necessary for health as an act of care and profound prevention practice. You were right by mentioning that such procedures are essential for decreasing the risk of heart disease development. The research you analyzed has been designed by selecting women with proper conditions, tracking their blood pressure, and assigning a massage course to a randomized part of the group. You correctly claimed that “the data was analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistical methods such as chi-square and t-test through SPSS software.” Such a strategy is beneficial for the studies that contain intervention and dependent variables. It also submits the advantage of Swedish massage appliances related to the prevention of pre-hypertension’s side effects and reducing clients’ blood pressure (Givi et al., 2018). I agree with you that the study aimed to provide a workable non-pharmacological way of managing pre-hypertension for women, and its design shows the profound evi