ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Capital and analysis of commodities by Carl Marx Carl Marx defines commodity as any object that has the capability of satisfying a certain desire. In that case, desire is any human need. An object becomes a commodity if it can satisfy a need whether the want is a primary one or not. Marx considers this the embodiment of the capitalist ideology itself. For example, in a capitalist setting, an employee may invest his skills and energy in the production of a commodity. Through this effort, an object is turned into a commodity. On the other hand, through the ownership of capital, or the object that is initially invested, the employer is the owner of the commodity that is eventually produced. Thus, the employer retains the right to trade the commodity for whatever other gain he or she might wish to acquire. In such a situation, the ownership of the invested capital, labor, and expertise cannot be contested. However, the contentious issue arises over the ownership of the resulting commodity. The scope of concept of value To Marx, a commodity has two values. The use-value is the potential of the commodity to satisfy certain human wants, while the exchange-value is the quantity of the commodity in terms of a universal parameter. The owner of the commodity controls the manner in which the commodity is used and the value for which it is exchanged. According to Marx, accumulation of such commodities is the basis on which capitalist economies are built. Marx observes that commodities have different exchange values depending on the parties involved in the act of exchange itself. He continues to observe that labor is the real value of a commodity since it is common to all commodities. It is through labor that all objects are made useful to a human being. The time for which a laborer works on a commodity determines the ultimate value of the commodity according to Marx. The theory of value is therefore not limited to capitalism. Since labor is provided by the society, every commodity has a social aspect in its value. Thus, even in a socialist system, the theory of value of a commodity is still valid. Marx postulates that the monetary value appended to every commodity obscures the underlying value of labor in the particular commodity. He continues to say that the monetary value of a commodity is explicitly evident in the capitalist economies, which do not acknowledge the social aspect of value. However, in a socialist system, the value of labor and its relationship with the commodity is of prime consideration. The difference between exchange-value and use-value When the consumption of a commodity takes place, the use-value of the particular commodity is realized. For a commodity to have use-value, the purpose for which it was created must be realized. Furthermore, for a product to be put into use, an act of exchange must be executed for the consumer to acquire the commodity. The philosophy of use-value implies that this particular aspect of the commodity is not intrinsic to it. A commodi
Doubtlessly one of the movies that make the bulk of the American timeless classics of cinema, Casablanca was never actually intended to be that big a hit; though definitely aiming at success, the Warner Bros. never knew that the movie was going to draw such great and different audience in seats and, which is more impressive, discuss the movie so much. Even though Casablanca might be regarded as a spy flick, there are still several elements that make the movie stand out of the range of similar flicks, adding a timeless flair to the story, which must be attributed to a thick layer of hidden social innuendoes, as well as complex moral dilemmas that most people had to face in the course of the war. The first problem that meets the eye, the neutrality issue is definitely a challenge to the audience. While some of the characters take very controversial sides, they remain likable, which picks the question of whether there actually is the right side in any conflict: “Rick: ‘I just paid out twenty. I’d like to get it back.’ Captain Renault: ‘Make it ten. I’m only a poor corrupt official’” (Casablanca). However, though very strong, the given theme cannot be considered the dominant one. Another theme clearly marked in the movie is the past haunting the leading characters. Rick and Ilsa have a history, which creates another layer in the movie plot: “Ilsa: ‘I wasn’t sure you were the same. Let’s see, the last time we met…’ Rick: ‘It was La Belle Aurore.’ Ilsa: ‘How nice, you remembered.’” (Casablanca). Influencing the choices that Rick and Ilsa make, past is definitely a strong theme in Casablanca (Pontuso, 2005). Being obviously an integral part of the movie canvas, the above-mentioned themes, nevertheless, are a part of a major one that sets the mood for the entire film, flashes out the characters and makes the audience empathize with every single one, no matter whether these characters are portrayed as positive or negative. The key motif of the entire film, the concept of sacrifice helps portray the characters as real people, with their own strengths and weaknesses. Going against the principles of the genre, Curtiz neither portrayed the antagonists as the epitome of evil nor displayed the protagonists as flawless and innocent victims. By giving each of them their share of responsibilities, Curtiz helped the viewers see Rick, Ilsa, Victor and others as real people, who had to make choices basing on their own understanding of what morality is and by denying their selfish needs showing their moral growth: “Louis, I think this is the beginning of a beautiful friendship” (Casablanca). Therefore, the touching idea of sacrifice, which shoots the entire movie through, can be viewed as the key theme that sets the mood for the movie, provides a foil for the character development and serves as a plot device by offering the characters moral dilemmas to solve. Needless t
There is no doubt that every organization working stably is submitted to several rules and organizational plans that presuppose full accountability to the internal requirements. The organization is a group of people working cohesively together for a primarily predetermined purpose using financial, material, and most important human resources. A constructional organization’s definition is likely to follow the same statement outlined above; it is a formal organization that is characterized by specific features. One of those is the divisions where people are divided into different sub-units that are responsible for their specific tasks. Another thing is the chain of commands, which indicates who reports to whom and on whose behalf. This, of course, develops hierarchical relationships within the constructional company. To make the work efficient and make sure that the organization is going to be successful there is an organizational design developed. “Organizational design is the deliberate process of configuring structures, processes, reward systems… capable of achieving the business strategy” (Kates, p.1). The purpose of this paper is to show the necessity of organizational design and possible good outcomes that can be achieved via using the chain of command in the design of constructional organization because with more competition, the need to improve performance increases (Roberts, p.3) . Below you will find three effective ways to make the organizational design of a constructional company better because to keep to the vents of the current market it is necessary to improve internal policies, besides, organizational innovation has taken on significantly greater prominence in recent years (Gaynor, p.4). First of all, the managerial posts have to hold efficient people. The prior requirement, of course, is a PhD degree or at least a Master’s one. This may mean that a person had already had an internship and is ready to present their insight of the position’s obligations to contribute to the company’s success. Besides, it is necessary to find a motivating and inspiring since we are talking about the chain of command. This presupposes inspiring employees who happen to be under the managers’ command. Once the right person is chosen for this position this entails many fruitful results. Moreover, a person we are talking about within this chain of command has to be experienced in terms of task tasks’ assigning because those have to be relevant to employees’ capabilities to submit professionally completed work on time. The second variant to use the chain of commands to make the organizational design of the constructional organization better is to make the employees feel important disregarding their place in the chain of command. Informing people of the purpose they are working for along with changes is required. Besides, making the purpose common for everybody in a chain of command is necessary to create one big team of people accomplishing their different tasks for one single aim. Before demanding an experienced work completion it is important to make sure the people of a specific establishment get enoug
Guideline 1 According to the American Psychological Association (2003), the first guideline states that, “Psychologists are encouraged to recognize that, as cultural beings, they may hold attitudes and beliefs that can detrimentally influence their perceptions of and interactions with individuals who are ethnically and racially different from themselves” (p. 380). Guideline 1 is all about awareness. Multicultural awareness is a crucial issue when new psychologists are trained. It entails knowledge of assumptions, biases and values that are embedded in the culture of the trainee. It is important in that it enables the trainees to learn how their own cultural background affects their attitude and the way they behave. This awareness is developed by ensuring that the trainees develop an open approach, are curious about other culture and have a non-defensive attitude. Both the trainers and the trainees ought to be apt and comfortable in gaining knowledge about the vast differences that the society presents. They are supposed to be in a position to handle situations where there is conflict in interest and give a non-biased verdict on the same (American Psychological Association, 2003). In schools and places of work, people from different culture find themselves together. These people may be forced to work or compete with one another. It is crucial that an individual understand the culture of other people if they are to work together. Imagine a psychologist who is sexually straight and has always known that gay people are a disgrace to the society. Such a psychologist has a negative attitude toward gay people. Suppose he is a counselor and is supposed to advise a gay person. The psychologist in this case cannot effectively issue an advice that would be considerate to this person’s culture. It is therefore crucial that the psychologist understand the culture related to gays and know the history behind this person’s choice. This awareness by the psychologist is very important and may even help him advise the individual accordingly (Pedersen, 2002). Guideline 2 According to the American Psychological Association (2003), the second guideline states that, “Psychologists are encouraged to recognize the importance of multicultural sensitivity/responsiveness, knowledge, and understanding about ethnically and racially different individuals” (p. 380). The second guideline is all about knowledge. It lays emphasis on the importance of multicultural knowledge to a psychologist. Multicultural knowledge entails studying and looking for information about cultures, experiences of other people within the society and world views. Any society has a variety of cultures. It is crucial that the psychologist have adequate information on the reasons behind every group’s beliefs and culture. Other than knowledge of the cult
Abstract Competition among business organizations has become very stiff in every industry. However, Google’s innovative culture has enabled it beat Yahoo in the search market even though it found the latter in the market. It came up with several unique features on its search engine and many innovative ideas which enabled topple Yahoo from the top slot. This paper discusses Google’s competitive strategy and proposes an alternative strategy which can help it better maintain its market leadership if adopted. Google Google is the most dominant search engine across the globe and boasts of 65% of the world’s search market. The company has developed its own infrastructure that ensures that its customers experience efficient and fast search; and this allows the company to maintain its competitive edge over other search engines. An average Google search takes about 0.06-0.12 seconds (Howe, 2008). Google’s competitive strategy The company adopts a Pioneers Innovation Strategy which lies in its investment on infrastructure development. For example, it was the first company to develop a 10GB email account capacity (Stephen, 2008). It invests billions of dollars in developing advanced infrastructure of bandwidth, servers as well as hardware which supports its search engine. It also spends money in building its storage systems to support its high speed search on the web. My opinion on Google’s competitive strategy I am completely in agreement with Google’s high speed competitive strategy as it allows the company to provide value added services to consumers, and hence, achieve customer satisfaction (Keller & Kotler, 2009). Why I agree with Google’s competitive strategy The company’s innovative culture allows consumers to get what they want from the internet and across the globe at a fast speed. The cost of conducting query using Google search is low due to its high speed and this encourages its users to keep on using it. This allows the company to achieve consumer loyalty and increase its search market (Keller & Kotler, 2009). Besides, Google provides tools and services like Google Maps, Google toolbar, Google News as well as Google Earth which improve users search capabilities. Its advanced and expanded storage system also allows the company to maintain large data sets. This improves consumers’ access to information whenever they use Google search engine. Howe (2008) believes that Google’s large data coupled with its improved analytical tools have been the driving factors behind its success in the advertising world. Google’s enhanced search capabilities also improve the efficiency of its adv
To prevent and minimize child obesity in Georgia City, the Georgia neighborhood community service centers need to create awareness to the residents on the causes and effects of children obesity at early age. Due to the requirement in this week’s discussion board, I have been carrying out a research on the major causes of obesity in young children. I have also focused on the possible outcomes or effects of being obese at an early age in life. This is because I wanted to gain more knowledge on the matter to strengthen my thesis including adults who are or were obese at their early stages of life. Therefore, in my research, I found an article that was discussing the advantages of implementing effective measures in controlling children obesity in Georgia communities, which included improved and healthy nutrition. According to the authors, many children suffer out of obesity since they usually get bulled by their fellows as well as get body shamed at school and even by their parents or guardians. It is usually due to lack of knowledge on the causes and preventive measures of obesity especially by parents, which is popularly known as primary care level. The education could help parents understand their children and the best ways to minimize child obesity at an early stage (Jester et al, 2018). In my library search, I used obesity, child obesity, causes, and effects as my search keywords. I found the article relevant and appropriate because it offered a general overview of my topic on the need for Georgia Community Services to implement effective programs for creating child obesity causes and effects awareness. I found it to be informative and in line with my arguments that children and parents need to be educated on obesity matters, including preventive measures. For instance, controlling and monitoring a child’s lifestyle at early age is considered a valuable strategy. I learned more about children’s nutrition to control child obesity as one of the best programs that Georgia Community Services provide to educate parents and children on the issue. The authors also added on importance of physical activities as a measure to control obesity as part of a child’s lifestyle. What would I focus more on when citing this article’s discussion? Would I consider using a single member’s ideas or just don’t include an author in my citation? Reference Jester, A., Kreider, K. E., Ochberg, R., & Meek, J. (2018). Effectiveness of implementing initial education strategies to promote awareness and healthy habits in childhood obesity: A quality improvement project . Journal of Pediatric Health Care , 32 (2), 157-162.
Introduction Germany was a country of immigration during the 19 th century. This was basically due to the high numbers of immigration of individuals from other countries especially Poland which saw a great multitude of foreigners in Germany. In the period after 1950’s, Germany was one of the important destinations of immigrants from different regions. During this period there was a movement of many Germans who were returning from other countries besides the relocation of foreigners who had no ancestral background to Germany. The reunification period saw the return of many Germans who were living in other territories such a Poland, the Soviet Union and also Romania. The returnees were accepted on the basis of ethnicity. By the early 1990’s, the German government started to take measures related to the issues of returnees. It for example introduced ethnic aids that were directed to lifting the economic livelihood of these individuals in a bid to retain them within the country (Beckmann 2008:14). This paper analyses the major reasons that caused the immigrations and the impacts it had on Germany. After World War II, immigration became a mass phenomenon and this gave rise to various waves of immigration inflows. The immigration influx raised a lot of questions as to the origin of the immigrants, reasons as to why they were leaving their home countries and also the consequences that resulted from immigration. Immigration to Germany had its main waves during the 19 th century and during the 20th century. The first wave of immigration to Germany took place in the early 1930’s into the Ruhr Area and also the eastern provinces of Germany (Wucker, 2006, p. 34). Reasons for immigration to Germany after World War II The major reasons for the immigration to Germany can be traced to economic as well as political reasons. The immigrants mainly focused on the advantages that could be ripped out of the growing German economy. Industries such as the mining and the steel industry were experiencing a very acute shortage of labor and many immigrants wanted to acquire these jobs in these industries. There were many immigrant workers from Poland and Ukraine who were recruited in the German industries in large numbers (Michele 1999, p. 17). The second wave of immigration took a course in the 1950’s after World War II which again was due to economical factors. During this time Germany was under reconstruction a period which is normally referred to as the Wirtschaftswunder which refers to an economic miracle (Simon 2001, p. 28). The demand for labor was at its peak and this could not be satisfied by the domestic labor despite the fact that there was a multitude of refugees in the country. The government of Germany actually had to construct the Berlin wall in 1961 to prevent people from leaving Germany. It also introduced a recruitment policy to hire immigrant workers from other regions especially from the Mediterranean countries. Other major reasons for the immigration to Germany especially during the third wave in 1970’s were the economic and political liberalization in Central and Eastern Eur
There are not many events in people’s lives which have exclusively important meaning for them. Women consider their weddings as the happiest moments in their lives. The saddest events which can hurt people’s hearts are funerals. Nevertheless, today there is the opinion that in spite of the significance of these moments for persons, they can be thought of not only as traditions but also as good and successful businesses. Thus, in 1963 Jessica Mitford presented her controversial vision of funerals in her book The American Way of Death the ideas from which are widely discussed even today. Rebecca Mead has chosen the opposite aspect and has discussed the peculiarities of modern American weddings in her One Perfect Day: the Selling of the American Wedding . The topics of these two books can be considered to be contradictory, but the way of the problem’s discussion has a lot of similarities. The main difference of these books is the topics of their works. It can seem that Mitford and Mead discuss absolutely opposite events of people’s life, but the main issue of the works and the manner of their descriptions and considerations are rather similar. Both Mitford and Mead present their visions of funeral and wedding traditions as businesses according to which some people make great money on the happiness or grief of others. In her book Mitford states about funerals that “business is booming” (Mitford 19). Rebecca Mead reflects this opinion in her work when she tells about weddings as the most developed business based on traditions today (Mead). Who are those people who develop business in the field of death? Mitford is rather sarcastic when she speaks about rich funeral directors who are inclined to make more money and use people’s tragedies for their sakes because they know that a person is shocked and cannot estimate the situation (Mitford). Thus, “Mitford’s sharply satirical work dispenses with objectivity and fixes its sights firmly on those who try to turn death into big business” (Allen). In her turn, Mead discusses the problem of the expensiveness of weddings and the flourishing of this business as the result of ‘Bridezilla’ phenomenon (Mead). It means that women themselves are responsible for that agiotage that we can observe in the American society in relation to the wedding tradition today. That is why brides are ready to pay more than it is necessary for their weddings in order to complete the image of a bride which is so popular in media (Mead). Funerals and weddings are those events in our lives which are considered as traditions. However, Jessica Mitford states that people are “in danger of being swept away along with sentiment and tradition by those who do not realize the value of the traditional American funeral” (Mitford 78). That is why the tradition begins to acquire more and more details of a business. Mead emphasizes that the traditi