ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Summary of the Case In Gideon v. Wainwright case, the United States Supreme Court ruled that all the courts should provide lawyers to people charged with criminal activities. The United States Supreme Court announced that a person accused of a crime and cannot afford to pay for lawyers to represent them has the right to an attorney. This CaseCase came from Florida Supreme Court and led to a revolution in criminal laws in the United States. The issue is about Clarence Gideon, who was charged with theft and stealing in a pool hall in Florida. Florida Supreme Court found the man guilty and sentenced him to 5 years in prison. However, after appealing to the U.S. Supreme Court, the Court overturned this ruling. Case Outline Title: This CaseCase is called The Gideon v. Wainwright 372 U.S. 335 (1963). History of the Case This CaseCase began in 1961 when Gideon was arrested and charged with breaking and stealing money from a pool hall in Panama City. On the day of his hearing, Gideon did not have a lawyer to represent him; he requested the government, through the judge to appoint him one of the lawyers as he could not pay one for himself (Israel, 1963). The judge, however, did not grant him this request because, according to laws at that time, the courts only appointed lawyers for people charged with capital offenses. Therefore, Gideon was forced to represent himself before the judge and prove himself innocent of the charges against him. Gideon made statements that argued he was innocent of the charges against him. However, the Court found him guilty and sentenced him to 5 years imprisonment despite all these efforts. The fact of the Case During his time in prison, Gideon wrote a petition to the Court in Florida requesting release as his detention was unconstitutional. In this petition, Gideon argued his constitutional right to have a lawyer represent him during his trials. However, the Florida Supreme Court denied this request. According to the Court, Gideon had no right to a lawyer appointed by the Court at the government’s expense (Israel, 1963). Gideon did not stop at this as he filed another petition to the U.S. Supreme Court on this same CaseCase. He told the Court in writing that the state court in Florida had refused to give him a lawyer during his trial, violating his constitutional rights (Krash, 1963). The U.S. Supreme Court heeded the hearing of this case and analyzed all defendants’ rights in Court according to the Sixth Amendment of the Constitution. Luckily, the Court listened to his plea and overturned the ruling by the Florida state court. Legal Questions The legal question that the U.S. Supreme Court had to ask was whether it was just for the state court to deny the defendant the right to a lawyer at trial.
The events of the 20th century have created a platform for the rapid development of various artistic styles and approaches. One of the most notorious branches of art was the Dada movement and the spreading of Surrealism. The purpose of this essay is to figure out the historical context of Dada formation as well as to dwell upon the main idea behind Surrealism art. The first half of the 20th century was a tough challenge for the world community. World War I left people in frustration and despair, and one of the few ways to escape harsh reality was to create a personal, imaginary world where the thought of common people was heard and accepted. One of these escapes found its realization in the Dada movement – a means of expressing outrage and disillusionment (Arnason and Mansfield). Being sick of war, its representatives, through the forms of art, poetry, or sculpture, tried to re-invent art and the overall concept of the world hierarchy. Among the most famous then artists were German-French painter and sculptor Hans Arp, American painter Marcel Duchamp, and French painter Francis Picabia. Another artistic movement of the 20th century, which is worth mentioning, is Surrealism. Unlike Dada, its primary purpose was not to express the personal views on a certain social situation but to open the artist’s true talent through subconsciousness. On a famous Salvador Dali’s painting, called Soft Construction with Boiled Beans: Premonitions of the Civil War , one can see the depiction of a monster creature that destructs himself. The title is very symbolic as the notion of civil war is nothing but a country’s self-destruction. I have chosen this painting because the depiction of this idea is surprisingly precise, and this painting has become a kind of cautionary note for Spanish people. The disastrous effects of events happening in the real world described through the image of a monster make a recipient feel uncomfortable and give the people some food for thoughts. To sum up, the new branches of art that appeared in the 20th century are a point of major interest for many art critics and researchers. Developing during the era of ongoing world conflicts, various creators tried to convey their feelings of uncertainty, loss, and fear through the works of art. For them, it was the only way to be heard in society
Canada significantly suffers from high youth suicide rates among Indigenous people. The Western approach of conventional interventions seems insufficient because multiple young individuals tend to take their own lives irrespective of attempts to have psychotherapies to promote individual-level behavioral changes. This information indicates that it is reasonable to apply a different strategy within the Canadian context. That is why the given research paper will comment on what role cultural continuity plays in addressing the problem under consideration. To begin with, one should explain what cultural continuity is. Chandler and Lalonde (1998) clarify that this term refers to having some beliefs and qualities that allow a person to have future commitments. In turn, they ensure that a person takes adequate care of themselves and draws attention to their well-being. When an individual experiences some personal or cultural changes, they tend to ignore these future commitments. That is why Chandler and Lalonde (1998) claim that Indigenous adolescents in Canada are at high risk of committing suicide since they lack cultural continuity. It means that the term can be used to explain the reasons for high suicide rates in the North American nation. Since traditional interventions are not effective in the Canadian environment, it is reasonable to draw attention to the use of culture. Barker et al. (2017) mention that this approach allows for considering Indigenous youth suicides “a community crisis requiring social change through cultural reclamation” (p. e209). It means that suicides should be treated as a systematic issue rather than individual problems. Barker et al. (2017) also explain that some cultural markers, including healthcare, language, self-governance, and others, contribute to lower suicide rates in Indigenous communities. Consequently, cultural continuity helps understand the problem and explain how it is possible to address it. Many credible sources demonstrate that promoting cultural continuity is an effective way to address the issue under consideration. Chandler and Lalonde (2008b) analyzed much statistical information to conclude that there is an evident connection between increased cultural continuity and decreased suicide rates. The researchers arrived at this finding because they identified that suicide rates among Indigenous people were essentially lower in those communities that managed to preserve their cultural heritage (Chandler and Lalonde, 2008b). That is why it is possible to state that cultural continuity can play a determining role in protecting the Canadian Aboriginal youth from suicide risks. Finally, there is no doubt that cultural continuity is significant for society and individuals. Chandler and Lalonde (2008a) explain that this term focuses on what it means “to be a person or to have a culture” (p. 223). In other words, cultural continuity provides individuals with certain beliefs and values that help them overcome challenges and avoid risk-taking behaviors. This claim allows for supposing that promoting cultural principles among the Indigenous Canadian youth is an effective, if
The current European crisis has elicited a lot of opinions considering the fact that the continent has been enjoying a bullish economy for a very long time. Most European countries were affected to a small extent by the global financial meltdown that the world experienced in 2008. The economic success was highly attributed to the sound economic models that ensured that ordinary citizens were well protected from the effects of the global financial meltdown. The Economic strategists who came up with the common currency policy did not envisage the long-term effects that this policy could bring. The value of the euro has gone down in recent times and the debt crisis in Greece and Spain makes the matter worse. The problem being experienced in Europe has been brought about the common currency policy and financial globalization. The majority of European countries have stronger economic models and social programs compared to America. The recent turn of events was quite unexpected since Europe has been an economic power house. The average unemployment rate has risen to 20 percent compared to America’s 12 percent. The initial statistical estimates regarding trade have not been achieved by the introduction of a common currency. Recent statistical reports show that economic integration has hurt the economies of many European countries. Financial flexibility has become very limited with the introduction of a common currency. Countries such as Nevada and Ireland have almost the same economic model but Nevada has suffered less from the European crisis because it operates with the dollar. Comparing the real estate business before the introduction of the euro and now, the business has dropped by almost half with Spain and Ireland being the most affected. The European crisis will affect America in quite a number of ways. To begin with, the European crisis will affect American multinational companies operating in Europe since the high interest rates have led to a limited credit flow. The financial woes in Europe mean that the stocks for American multinational companies will have to drop. Major exporters in America are threatened by the financial instability being experienced in Europe. Americans will be more vulnerable since bank borrowing, exchange rates and interest rates are all affected by the global economy. The recession in Europe has led to an average drop of 3.5 percent in GDP and this means that the U.S is bound to experience some drop in GDP despite the response policies it has put in place. The weakening of the euro and the rise in the dollar value has created financial imbalance that is affecting the U.S economy in a negative way. Globalization has made global trade to grow at a faster rate. Economic integration is among the root causes of the economic crisis in Europe. Financial globalization encourages a free flow of capital without considering the domestic financial systems of a country. The free flow of capital has made financially unstable countries such as Greece to experience a debt crisis. Integration of financial systems widens the economic gap between poor and rich countries. The cross –market integra
Abstract Studies show that the level of business performance is higher in companies with more female directors. Such studies have also indicated that the presence of two or more female leaders on the board can result in better financial performance. This essay examines the major issues associated with women representation in different organizations. Case Analysis Major Facts The case “Women on Boards of Directors” explains why there are minimal women on boards of directors. This situation has resulted in inequality while at the same time making such boards unsuccessful. Women have the potential to deliver numerous contributions to such boards (Fuller, 2014). The Norwegian government has instituted various policies in order to empower more women. As well, women in different boards promote the best practices in order to make their companies successful. Women have the potential to increase the level of profitability. Major Problem The major problem identified in this case study is that more women are unable to occupy different leadership position
Introduction The public relations (PR) section aims at creating helpful relationships between organizations and stakeholders, and thus it ensures the good flow of communication. Organizations benefit from the PR department by creating brand awareness, advising the management, and disseminating valuable information to the public (Bernstein 2011). In the event of a crisis, the need for communication becomes essential for curbing or reducing detrimental impacts on both the organization and stakeholders. This aspect is vital for the management of emergency whereby information about the crisis developments is relayed to the relevant parties to prevent escalation (Jaques 2007). In the 21 st Century, various platforms such as social media have enhanced crisis communication, hence speedy response. The occurrence of a crisis can happen in any industry, and thus organizations are required to have crisis management capacities (Ulmer, Sellnow & Seeger 2010). In this case, a crisis that faced the travel industry will be the focus of this paper. This paper is a critical analysis of the crisis communication surrounding the marooning of the Carnival Triumph Cruise ship. Carnival Cruise Lines Background Ted Arison founded the Carnival Cruise Lines in 1972 as an entrepreneurial venture in the travel industry. The company conducted its initial public offer in 1987 where it generated over $400 million, thus enabling it to merge with other cruise companies to form the well-known Carnival Cruise Lines. Currently, the company owns 24 ships and it manages over 100 subsidiary vessels thereby employing almost 91,000 workers (Levin, Jones & Slade, 2012). Carnival Cruise Lines has emerged to be a significant player in the travel industry accounting for 50% of the market share. In 2013, the company cruised 10 million passengers using its various ships plying different routes around the globe (Mayfield 2013). The company’s vision is to operate in an environment where respect for the surrounding, safety, hospitality, and each other is upheld together with the essence of teamwork. Carnival Cruise Lines also envisions to provide memorable vacations of its clients through a committed shipboard team that observes the core values of the company (Garin 2006). In this light, this paper will evaluate the company’s visions in relation to times of crisis coupled with how its PR department handles crisis communication. The Carnival Triumph Crisis On February 10, 2013, news spread that the Carnival Triumph Cruise Ship developed technical problems before catching fire. The incident occurred in the Mexican Gulf for four days with over 4,200 people on board. The incident affected the ship’s state as air conditioning stopped functioning and bathrooms overflowed causing raw sewage to seep into the walls and carpets. As tension heightened, passengers posted photos of the pathetic conditions on social media, which results in the trending “#cruisefromhell” hashtag in
Hepatitis A description Hepatitis A, also known as infectious hepatitis is a fatal infectious disease that affects the liver. This disease is caused by an RNA virus called the hepatitis A virus (Connor, 2005). Water is the medium of survival of the virus. It can survive both in fresh and salty water conditions. The virus enters the body through the anal opening or the mouth. The virus can be found in contaminated food or water. Hepatitis A has become a common disease in the world because its mode of transmission is very easy. A patient infected by this disease does not show any signs of infection during the first stage. The first stage is called the incubation period. This period takes an average of about 28 days before the real symptoms can be observed (Connor, 2005). Hepatitis A is more common in poor countries where access to clean water is a problem. However, infections by the Hepatitis A virus do not show any clinical signs. In addition, people who have been infected with the virus can still live a long life. Therefore, less emphasis has been given to this disease. Hepatitis A transmission Hepatitis A is transmitted into the body through the anal opening or the mouth. People who live and drink dirty water are more likely to be infected by the virus. Overpopulation can also cause the presence of the virus. Blood transfusion using the blood of an infected person can lead to transmission of the virus. Another way through which the virus gets its way into the body is through food. This is common with shellfish. The fish lives in water that has the virus. When people feed on the fish chances are high that the virus will be ingested. An infected person can transmit the disease even during the incubation period. Children are more prone to infections than adults. Antibodies are produced when the virus enters the body. The body then becomes resistant to further infections by the virus. This is why the infection rate among adults is low. The Center for Disease Control has recently confirmed that 143 people are suffering from the disease. The virus was caused by the Townsend Farms Organic Antioxidant Blend. The outbreak has affected 8 states. The state of California recorded the highest number of casualties with 69 reported cases (Ryan, 2004) Hepatitis A symptoms Symptoms cannot be noticed easily during the incubation period. However, other clinical symptoms persist during the acute stage. The early symptom appears like influenza. Advanced symptoms are fatigue excitement, vomiting, loss of appetite, colored feces, dark-colored urine, and the patient’s skin color appears yellow. Usually, these symptoms appear when the patient stayed for two months after the infection. Prevention is through improved hygiene and access to clean water. However, vaccinatio
Landscape painters of the early nineteenth century such as Asher B. Durand, Thomas Cole, and Frederic Edwin Church were different in their portrayals of the American landscape (Sweet, 1945). Thomas Cole (1801-48) is considered as the founder of the American school of landscape painting. Thomas Cole spent his early days in England and came to America in 1818. He was the first person to break free from the style of painting landscapes in an idyllic manner. Cole perceived nature as an all powerful entity that was difficult to tame (Sweet, 1945). In 1825 he moved to New York from where his career as a professional landscape painter took off and this period also came to be known as the Hudson River School period (Ledes, 1994). Cole, in the spring of 1826, founded the National Academy of Design and he had three canvases in the first exhibition. Because of his intense love of the country, he went to live in Catskill in 1826. Cole was mostly self-taught and he created his own new mode of vision for the representation of landscape (Ledes, 1994). Through a system called Associationism, a person could arrive at some knowledge of God through the contemplation of the immense power of nature. One could perceive the glory of God in a splendid sunrise, his majesty in a great mountain range, his gentleness in a little wild flower, or his wrath in the violence of a thunderstorm. Moreover, natural symbolism invested Cole’s art with a religious and moral content and their didactic quality increased as his career evolved. Thomas Cole usually rambled on foot through areas of natural beauty making pencil sketches of untouched natural scenes. During the winter he painted them from memory using a combination of realistic and idealistic elements. He presents foreground in minute detail and blurs distant vistas to suggest the infinite American landscape. In “The Oxbow”, the blended panorama of the Connecticut River Valley and receding hills seem to stretch forever and the painting depicts the moment just after a thunderstorm, when the foliage, freshened by a cloudburst, shines in theatrical light (Strickland and Boswell, 1992). In Oxbow, Cole focuses on how the encroachments of cultivation would destroy the fierce grandeur of the wilderness (Flexner, 1998). Cole faithfully reproduced rocks, juicy vegetation, a gnarled tree, his folding chair and umbrella. He was determined to show how these two entities though opposite in nature could live together in harmony. To the left of the painting a storm is brewing, and in the foreground we see the remnants of earlier storms in the form of trees blasted down by lightning. In the distance small farms are shown around the bend in the river. That bend itself resembles an ox bow, or yoke (Johnson, 2008). In other words, the ox bow sym
Introduction This analytical treatise will attempt to explicitly review the actions of the Disney Company to attract its core customers. Besides, the treatise reviews the risks and benefits of expanding the Disney brand in new ways. How Disney attract core customers The marketing mix is a selling model which is made up of four elements such as price, product, promotion, and distribution. The Walt Disney Company owns a number of franchises. Examples are Mickey Mouse, Cars (film), Disney princess, Donald Duck, Disney Princesses, Indian Jones, Toy Story, The Lion King, and Monsters. The company considers different market segments when tailoring products in order to attract customers (Kotler & Keller 2012). For instance, in the Middle Eastern market, the company has come up with products that suits girls in that location. An example of a product that suits the market segment is the Jasmine and Aladin. The attire worn by the characters attracts girls in the Middle East since it rimes with their culture. Therefore, the product touches on their way of life. For promotion, the company uses girls from the Arabic origin to advertise the products. This has succeeded in attracting the target market segment (Kotler & Keller 2012). In relation to pricing, the company uses skim pricing strategy since demand for its products are relatively inelastic. Concerning the place, the company uses the Walt Disney Company TV channel to keep in touch with the target segment. Apart from the TV channels, the company uses its music channel to reach out to the market segment. From its inception, the Disney’s product line objective has been to provide quality products at the convenience of the clients. The services offered by the company targets families. The company has expanded from the US to all other continents due to its customer-centricity business model (Kotler & Keller 2012). Specifically, the company has experienced metamorphosis from the loss leader pricing into the ‘good, better, best’ pricing due to the acceptance of its products by the satisfied customers. Therefore, the Disney Company has an unlimited potential for further growth as more people embrace their affordable prices and big discounts. In addition, the company has a flexible and proactive advertisements meant to appeal to each customer segment. The company also has series of after sales services such as discounts, coupons, and rewards through the annual global family events. The company uses direct, online, and database marketing through its Business-to-Consumer (B2C) e-commerce model (Kotler & Keller 2012). Expanding the Disney brand in new ways Benefits Disney Company’s business mission is to be the global leader in provision of affordable, convenient, and quality services within a sustainable business environment. The company’s mission has remained feasible since the mission aims at addressing the immediate and future needs of customer within friendly prices. Therefore, expansion will increase the company visibility and rev