ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Indonesia is ranked fourth in the world among the most populous Muslim nations. The spread of Muslim faith in Indonesia can be graded as “moderate” with the country being strategically positioned along the sea lines, which appropriately connect to the energy resources of the Middle East (Vaughn, 2009). Many peace consultants look at Indonesia as being the most critical partner in waging a struggle against radical Islamist Militants in South East Asia. Over time, Indonesia has continued to persue democracy and develop the realms of civil society and law under new reforms by the current president, Susilo. Nevertheless, there exist unhealed wounds caused by the abuse of human rights with the major culprit’s being the military under the reign of former President Suharto for three decades. Islam Identity in Indonesia: The escapade Indonesia started as a secular state and managed to survive as one (Paris and Schwarz, 1999). This is because Islam in Indonesia has integrated or adapted with ancient local customs and beliefs that emanate from a moderate and benign version of Islam. The majority of Muslims in Indonesia are traditionalists; a tendency that incorporates strong elements of Sufi mysticism and pre-Islamic Javanese traditions (Haseman and Rabasa, 2002). They follow the local based law called “adat” which takes precedence over strict Islamic custom (Gocher and Vatikiotis, 2006). Additionally, Indonesia originally faced a peaceful spread of Islam that was not accompanied by force; instead, winds of Islamic reform had reached Indonesia from the Middle East gracefully uniting with the local beliefs (Paris and Schwarz, 1999). This is why rigid adherence to Islamic shariah law is found to be an unfruitful venture due to the strong mismatching foundations. During the early part of the twentieth century two different views of Islam in Indonesia started to emerge that caused a split emerged between the modernists and the more conservatives (Paris and Schwarz 1999). The modernist could not accept the integration of Islam with local customs, but demanded that Javanese Islam be purged of its non-Islamic superstitions. This division was greatly highlighted during the early years of Indonesia’s independence. This occurrence shows that even with the different ideologists about Islam that exist within Islam, there is an internal fight on superiority; each strain would want others to declare them as the true faith of Muslim. There exists the most basic fact here: Indonesia as a Muslim country has been faced with a lot of political unrest over time, with Muslim being the salient factor Indonesian Politics (Bull and Woodward, 2009). Nevertheless, after the democratic t
Current Status The scope of articles about the effect of Integrative Restoration (iRest) on individuals with Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) demonstrates researchers have studied meditation and mindfulness practices for years. Currently, research widely considers iRest/Yoga Nidra to be an effective approach to the treatment of many stress-related disorders (Thomas & Taylor, 2015). A number of these studies explore the effects of iRest on combat veterans and the adverse outcomes of their military service. For example, a recent review by Thomas and Taylor (2015) investigated the ability of mindfulness training to improve service members’ resilience to stress and stress-related disorders. The authors noted that yoga may not only help patients to manage their PTSD, but also strengthen their psyche and reduce the rates of depression, stress injuries, and suicide. Therefore, the implementation of Yoga Nidra along with other practices yielded positive results for veterans with PTSD proving the validity of such methods. They suggested using iRest for a number of symptoms and comorbidities of PTSD. Other recent studies also showed that the use of Yoga Nidra can have many positive results on patients. According to Datta, Tripathi, and Mallick (2017), one example of a reoccurring issue for individuals with PTSD that iRest can treat is the problem of chronic insomnia. The researchers stated that one can use this type of yoga to fall asleep. Interestingly, the authors discussed the historical use of Yoga Nidra, arguing that its “aware sleep state” is more suitable for treating stress and sleep-related disorders than other types of meditation with their “aware awake state” (Datta et al., 2017, para. 8). In this case, the authors noted significant changes in the health of their patients. Some patients increased their sleep time, while others reported lower levels of anxiety and sleep onset latency. The findings also included reduced levels of depression and anxiety among patients, along with other complementary complaints. The study concluded that Yoga Nidra may influence patients by targeting “deficits in executive attention which characterize mood and anxiety” (Datta et al., 2017, para. 38). An article by Hull, Reinhard, McCarron, Allen, Jecmen, Akhter, Duncan, and Soltes (2014) investigated the effects of medication and acupuncture on military veterans, thus the authors used iRest as a foundation for treatment. The authors noted that both of these practices were easy to use f
Background The Renaissance was one of the most outstanding and influential periods of European history. The development of crafts and trade, the rise of the role of cities, as well as political events in Western Europe in the XII and XIII centuries entailed significant changes in the whole way of life of European peoples. In the XVI century in Europe, the consolidation of small feudal principalities began, where large independent states emerged, such as England, France, and Spain. On the territory of modern Germany and Italy, several republics and principalities were formed. In the process of merging small feudal possessions, the tendency of unified states to emancipate from the political power of the papacy was manifested. In the XIII century, The Roman Catholic Church was a vast pan-European unit over all lands. The popes actively interfered in the affairs of the administration of European nations, installed and crowned kings, and removed undesirable kings and even emperors (Kittler 112). Through its system of centralized spiritual governance, the Vatican pumped out huge funds from the countries of Western Europe. Unregulated greed of the highest clergy of the Roman Catholic Church, and the luxurious life of the popes and cardinals caused spontaneous protests among believers and lower clergy. A movement of the so-called Reformation in church management arose in various European countries, a series of uprisings broke out against the dominance of popes, bishops, and monasteries due to their indulgences. At the beginning of the XV century in the Czech Republic began the famous uprising against the power of the Vatican under the leadership of Jan Hus – a prominent preacher, professor, and lecturer of Prague University. In an atmosphere of general indignation by the greed of the Roman Catholic clergy in various European countries, doubts were openly expressed. The problem was not only about the legitimacy of the secular authorities of the popes but also about the justice of certain religious tenets and scholastic philosophy, which constitute the ideological foundations of Catholicism (Kittler 119). Dissatisfaction with religious scholasticism, the search for new ways to solve ideological issues have significantly revived the mental life of Europe. Inspiration The period of the Renaissance was an inspiration and innovation time for numerous scientists, artists, and geographers. An interest in the writings of ancient Greek and Roman pagan philosophers and writers, whose books were forbidden by the church, arose in the educated environment of European society. In the rich Italian republics, such as Florence, Venice, Genoa, and Rome itself, circles of lovers of ancient literature were formed. There were numerous lists of works of classical authors. Interest in the old models of literary creativity soon spread to the field of art, architecture, and philosophy (Fliethmann 48). In Europe, the Renaissance of ancient literature, art, and architecture began, marking the beginning of a new time in social history. On the
Major Political Events Wars for Liberation The first part of the 5th B.C.E. century in Asia Minor is marked by Greek revolts and the struggle against the reign of Persian rulers in the region. Major Greek cities united to fight against Darius the Great and his successors, and those attempts proved to be successful (Lockard, 2010). However, those victories were also associated with another considerable period of Peloponnesian wars. In the middle of the century, Sparta became fearful of the empowerment of Athens and formed various coalitions with other Greek city-states (for example, Thebes) to start wars, in which Athens and the allies were defeated. Circa 460 B.C.E., the Delian League assisted Egyptians to rebel against the Persian rule, and their attempt was also successful. The wars could be regarded as a potent factor that contributed to the decline of the empire that took place in the 4th B.C.E. century. Those wars led to the liberation of Greek city-states and Egypt, which boosted their further growth. The political alliances also had a positive impact on the development of trade in the region, with the particular empowerment of Athens in the middle of the 5th-century B.C.E. The Rise of Democracy One of the most significant events in history was the introduction of democracy in Athens. In 463 B.C.E., Pericles created a truly democratic society where all citizens of Athens had the right to vote and affect the major decisions (Lockard, 2010). That political form of governance was a favorable ground for the development of philosophy, art, and science since people had considerable freedom of thought and felt empowered. The birth of democracy had a substantial effect on the evolvement of western civilization and the eventual rise of such democracies as France and the U.S.A. Major Philosophic Events Confucianism The 5th century can be regarded as a remarkable period within the Axial Age. Black (2008) notes that the Axial Period was characterized by considerable shifts in the philosophic and religious domains. Confucius died in the first part of the 5th century, but his teachings persisted (Lockard, 2010). Confucianism was developed and became the primary ideology in the 5th century B.C.E. The philosophical teachings addressed the relationship between the individual and the state, as well as t
Introduction A stock market crash is an unexpected dramatic decline of stock charges across an essential section of a stock market. Crashes are ruled by fright as much as by fundamental economic features. Stock market crashes are public phenomena, where outside economic events join with crowd actions and psychology in an optimistic feedback circle where advertising by some market members drives more market partakers to sell. in general, crashes often happen under the conditions of a protracted period of increasing stock prices and extreme financial confidence, a market where Price to Earnings shares surpass long-term standards, and general application of margin debt and leverage by market partakers. (Bierman, 1998) There is no precise description of a crash but the term generally applies to sheer double-digit proportion losses in a stock market directory over a time of a few days. Crashes are often differentiated from bear markets by fright selling and rapid, dramatic price cry offs. The arithmetical featuring of stock market associations has been a topic of intense attention. The conservative assumption that stock marketplaces behave in accordance with a random Gaussian or normal sharing is erroneous. Huge modifications in charges are much more general than would be forecasted in a normal sharing. Analogies The Wall Street Crash of 1929 is regarded to be the most overwhelming stock market crash in the history of the United States, taking into deliberation the full degree and permanence of its fallout. Three stages ‑ Black Thursday, Black Monday, and Black Tuesday ‑ are named to define this crumple of stock charges. The original crash happened on Black Thursday (October 24, 1929), but it was the disastrous recession of Black Monday and Tuesday (October 28 and 29) that originated widespread fear and the onset of unparalleled and continuing results for the United States. The crash lasted for about thirty days. Financial experts and historians diverge as to what impact the crash had in succeeding financial, social, and political outcomes. The Economist stated, “Briefly, the Depression did not start with the stock market crash”. In 1929, The Economist wrote, “Can a very serious Stock Exchange collapse produce a serious setback to industry when industrial
Discussion The DMAIC process is Six Sigma methodology which is used to improve accessible or established process of the projects in any organization. It contains five stages and every stage can be applied in repeated or iterative manner. Every step in these processes is connected to each other. The first step is the definition of the process and depends on both sketching and Failure Modes Analysis. The objective for this step is a defined procedural map with all activities, outputs and inputs along with Failure Modes Effects Analysis (FMEA) chart (Gygi, DeCarlo, & Williams, 2005, p. 41). Measure Provided there is a defined process, this stage is intended to take metrics on every stage to establish if the process is taking place as designed. It also establishes if the process is taking place within the chosen quality conditions. A proper measurement plan should be defined to make sure that the measurements are not statistically tilted. The measurement step depends mostly on Statistical Process Control (SPC) methodologies for collecting information (Shanka, 2009, p. 11). Analyze After carrying out the process metrics, several analysis devices can be applied to determine the failures and barriers within the process to attain the performance conditions or where unpredicted action is taking place. Improve Once the process has passed through analysis stage, improvements of the process may be performed. These enhancements are derived from the data and analysis, and are intended to take the process to meet its declared goals. Control Once the process has been improved, the next step of the methodology concentrates on constant measurement to confirm that the process goes on to attain its final or production goals. The control step is intended to make sure that the process does not turn out as corrupted. If environmental conditions change, the process is required to be restructured. The diagram below shows the processes of Six Sigama (Shanka, 2009, p. 95): TRMC’s Six Sigma Six Sigma has been used by Thibodaux Regional Medical Center (TRMC) since 2002 and they changed their management styles to cope with operational and medical matters (Palagyi & Hamelynch, 2003). An example of an activity which is aligned with the strategic plan of the business was a proposal to decrease pressure ulcer or nosocomial. This is an example of the major performance metrics showing quality of care. Even though the rate of pressure ulcer at the health care facility was highly superior to the industry standards, the constant quality improvement data identified an increase between the 2004 and 2005 (Henderson, 2011, p. 6). In September 2005, a Six Sigma project to tackle this problem was implemented by the hospital’s management and the team started to simplify the problem statement. Their target was to be effective and efficient by solving matters resulting to the growth of nosocomial pressure ulcers. To ensure that their plans are generating an optimistic change on the patient care setti
Introduction Kobe Bryant has truly made a name for himself in American basketball. To begin with, he was named after the famous beef of Kobe, Japan which his parents saw on a restaurant menu. Kobe was born August 23, 1978, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, the youngest child and only son of Joe “Jellybean” (of 76ers, Clippers and Rockets fame) and Pam Bryant who also has two daughters, Shaya and Sharia. Main text Speaking of success, it is usually mentioned that a star athlete needs a championship to figure as an accomplished player. Kobe has three and that more than fills the bill. Why else does he exact so much adulation? He is one of NBA’s biggest talents. He is an all-star shooting guard for the Los Angeles Lakers and played a huge role in the team’s 2000, 2001 and 2002 NBA championships. the L.A. Lakers may have won the finals because of team effort, but it’s obvious that Bryant stands in the shadow of the star player, Shaquille O’Neal, the former leader in almost every statistical category of his team. Reminiscent of Muhammad Ali’s boast of “I’m the Greatest” in the field of boxing, Kobe holds his own when he states, “It doesn’t matter who we play against, we’re goin’ in there to wreck the shop,” but it’s obvious he shares his confidence with the rest of his team. When Kobe was six, his father left the NBA, moved to Italy and started playing professional basketball there. Kobe became accustomed to the lifestyle and learned to speak Italian like a native. He learned to play soccer and has said that if he stayed in the country, he would have tried to become a professional soccer player. “In 1991, the Bryants moved back to the United States. Kobe earned national recognition during a spectacular high school career. His SAT score of 1080 would have ensured his basketball scholarship to various top-tier colleges. He has stated that had he decided to go to college after high school, he would have attended Duke University.” (Wikipedia) All through high school, he became star player on the courts and merited sufficient honors and triumphs to compensate for his lack of college basketball experience. In fact, he is the only Los Angeles player to have skipped college. Kobe Bryant was voted U.S. Today and Parade Magazine’s “National High School Player of the year. He led his team to Class AAAA state title, breaking records set by NBA greats, Welt Chamberlain and Carlin Warley, thus becoming the leading scorer in Southeastern Pennsylvania history. Bryant was picked 13th overall by the Charlotte Hornets in the first round of the 1996 NBA draft as he went directly from high school to professional basketball. The Hornets traded Bryant to the Lakers in exchange for center Vlade Divec. At 18, Bryant was the youngest NBA player to debut in the league. He set a new record in the 1997 Rookie game with 31 points and 8 rebounds. He also won the Slam-Dunk Championship in the 1997 NBA All-Star Weekend. As the youngest All-Star Player in the NBA, he av
The issue of ethics and morals in biomedical researches has been constantly raised for the last century. There are too many sharp questions the researchers face while providing their experiments. Is it ethical to hold the experiments upon animals? What about the moral side of applying stem cells? Is it right to use placebo? Moral and ethical aspects of biomedical engineering research will be discussed in this essay. First, let us define the concepts of ethics and morals. Ethics refers to “the rules of conduct recognized in respect to a particular class of human actions or a particular group, culture, etc.” (“Dictionary.com” par. 2). Meaning that ethics establishes rules and norms of people’s behavior in certain situations. Morals refers to “principles or habits with respect to right or wrong conduct” (“Dictionary.com” par. 11). Meaning something that guides people’s behavior and directs actions, determines them as “good” or “bad” within the society. All the two concepts highly depend on and reflect the level of society’s development, introduce something that is normal to the certain group. Human biomedical research brings up many complex questions. There are many examples of scandals referring to the experiments on human in developing and underdeveloped countries; on human who were forced by authorities to put themselves under the experimental conditions; on human who did not know that they were taking part in the experiment and who were provided with an inappropriate treatment. For example, the research aimed to find cheap and reliable treatment for pregnant HIV-infected women so they could give birth to healthy non-infected children was conducted in Africa. There were two groups of infected women: those who were given the experimental treatment and those who were given a placebo (“Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine” par. 20). The women did not know what group they were in. The other case presents the testing of military protective clothing when a young soldier was forced by the authority to stay inside the chamber where the experiment was conducted. That resulted in a heavy poisoning (“Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine” par. 2). The other big issue, of course, is holding experiments and application of stem cells, extracted from human embryos. It is not to mention animal testing practice yet widely applied all over the world. In my opinion, it is hard to give the correct answer that can be undoubtedly applied to all cases of human bioengineering research. The majority of researches are aimed to improve the lifestyle of suffering people, to bring fast and easy recovering, to provide a patient with considerable assurance that he or she will heal up. Nevertheless, the means of it should definitely be within the moral and ethical norms of modern civilized society. No double standards should be applied. Especially in the researches, dealing with other, poorer nations and people of countries where the respect for human rights is not that high. Of course all the required permissions should be gained and the people who take part in the research should be fully provided with all the important information on