ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Political scientists believe strongly that security is a subjective term. Traditional concepts of security have propagated specific notions such as poverty reduction, world peace, and national security (Walt 1991, p. 214#). The meaning of security has been broadened to accommodate most of the events experienced in the world such as globalization, terrorism, and changing technology. This paper seeks to support the idea that new technologies present both possibilities and threats to contemporary global security. New Technology and Contemporary Global Security What is Contemporary Security? Baldwin (1997) indicates that security is an important concept used ‘to justify suspending civil liberties, making war, and reallocating resources’ (p. 9**). It is also evident that security is an area that has not received desirable attention within the past few years. The concept of security is now gaining the attention of researchers and experts in global affairs than ever before. Traditional ideas of security have been overridden by modern notions that have led to new conceptualizations. Baldwin (1997, p. 6#) acknowledges that contemporary security should be defined as a country’s capability to maintain its superiority. The conception empowers nations to think deeply and identify new threats that can inform various policies. This argument shows conclusively that contemporary security has been expanded to capture the impacts of globalization and modern technology on both international security and global relations. The definition reveals the complexity of security and the reason it should be examined from a wide range of perspectives. Contemporary security, therefore, has emerged as an interdisciplinary field due to the changes experienced in the world today. However, earlier scholars in the field were preoccupied with threatening issues such as nuclear energy. This focus has now shifted to topics such as ‘grand strategy, conventional warfare, and the domestic sources’ (Walt 1991, p. 211**). Emergence of New Technologies Historians argue that the upheavals experienced in Europe from 1910 to 1945 catalyzed numerous innovations that changed the way nations interact with each other (Smith 2016). The period was defined by two global wars that led to the death of millions of people. The concept of warfare was transformed using avant-garde technologies. Different nations such as Germany, Russia, and the United States were observed to take charge of various technological developments (Barkawi 2011, p. 5#). Various human aspects such as communication, transport, and surveillance were improved. These world wars led to the creation of the first atomic bomb. The catastrophic implications of technology continue to affect thousands of Japanese citizens today (Smith 2016, p. 169#). The world also woke up to a new era of improved communication. The Germans were observed to pursue new strategies such as the use of enigma codes. These advancements became predecessors for modern technologies and methods of communication utilized today. Modern t
The desegregation efforts of Tennessee schools in the 1950s encouraged African Americans to push for more rights. As a result, the leaders of civil rights movements progressed beyond courts and learning institutions. Some whites assisted the people of color in engaging in the marketplace and street activities to break segregation walls, leading to a tragic and triumphant story. Sit-in demonstration strategies were not new because they had been utilized in the 1950s. However, the behavior of southern states in the early 1950s significantly impacted the civil rights movements. This prompted several African Americans students to sit in on February 1, 1960, in North Carolina, which ignited responses in the entire South. The act, which would be termed as simple, deviated Nashville’s laws and customs by holding the meeting at an all-white lunch counter. There were four people of color colleges in the area, which assured the movement of brave and dedicated civil rights advocates and leaders such as attorneys and clergy. The heads of the groups organized Nashville Christian Leadership Council (NCLC) in early 1958. This organization established a non-violence program spearheaded by Rev. James Lawson from 1958 to 1959. Additionally, NCLC adopted the downtown lunch counters’ desegregation in early 1959. The organization tried to negotiate with different traders, although their efforts were unsuccessful. In late 1959, the movement staged two distinct sit-ins at various stores, which confirmed that African Americans would not be served on lunch counters. Therefore, a catalyst was required to launch the Nashville movement, and the Greensboro sit-ins provided it. Before the end of February in 1960, four different demonstrations were conducted at the downtown stores. The number of African Americans participating in the meetings had significantly increased compared to those held before. However, the February 27 demonstrations were characterized by violence and arrests. Seventy-five students were arrested, but none of the white agitators were sized. The photograph on page 307 illustrates individuals
Overview In the United States, families of immigrants often change their visions of education, and they are inclined to focus on educational opportunities provided in the country (Gonzalez, Borders, Hines, Villalba, & Henderson, 2013). As a result, the impact of parents on children in immigrant families can be different (Marks, Ejesi, & Garcia, 2014). In their article “Parental Involvement, Children’s Aspirations, and Achievement in New Immigrant Families,” Jung and Zhang (2016) examined the relationship between parental involvement in an educational process and children’s aspirations. Thus, the primary research question aimed to be answered in the study is whether there is a relationship between parental involvement and children’s aspirations, achievements, and successes with the focus on the context of immigrant families. Further Description of the Research Problem Parental involvement is important in order to stimulate children’s achievements at school, as well as their aspirations. Thus, parental involvement can be presented in different forms, and it can be related to school involvement or approaches to monitoring children and their learning (Jeynes, 2012). One of the forms is English proficiency, which is characteristic of parents in immigrant families (Baker, 2014). According to Marks et al. (2014), the participation of parents in the children’s school life can result in increasing their achievements. However, parental involvement related to immigrant families can have rather different effects, and positive outcomes cannot be observed in all cases (Vera, Israel, Coyle, & Cross, 2012). Therefore, Jung and Zhang (2016) aimed at studying these tendencies in immigrant families. Research Methodology: Design, Approach, and Structure The article by Jung and Zhang (2016) is organized as a standard academic paper that presents the results of the quantitative research. The title is descriptive, the abstract is concise, and it presents a summary of methods and findings. The introduction provides the research problem, and the background section presents a review of the literature in the field. Research questions are listed in a separate section. Methods include the description of the sample, procedures, and statistical tests. The analysis of results is discussed in detail in the other section. The article also includes the detailed discussion section that provides limitations of the study and the conclusion. Statistical Techniques Used to Test and Analyze Quantitative Data In order to study the relationship between different types of parental involvement and children’s achievements or aspirations related to the learning process, a confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and structural equation modeling (SEM) with the focus on the path analysis were selected. Confirmatory factor analysis is an appropriate choice to conclude regarding a possibility of the selected variables to represent the constructs of parental involvement and children’
Introduction The Bible is a compilation of sacred writings in Christianity and Judaism that contains the most substantial material in both religions. The Christian world, it consists of two ancient parts: the Old Testament and the New Testament. The Old Testament is the first section of The Bible that describes the history of the origin of the Jewish nation. Considering the older half, a man that is named Joshua is one of its heroes and the ruler of the Israeli people after Moses’ death. Under the constant supervision of God, he commanded his tribe, thereby gaining new knowledge and management concepts. With a strong and sincere faith in God, Joshua gained experience and proved himself to be a source of leadership from which beneficial lessons are possible to be learned. Main body The Old Testament The Old Testament is a venerable text whose fundamental premise is based on the narrative of the privileged Jewish population that maintained pure faith in the years before Jesus Christ’s arrival on Earth. In contrast to the New Testament, which tells of Jesus’ earthly life, there are individuals who neglect the significance of the first ancient part of the writing due to the lack of evidence and references (Rumbay, 2021). Nevertheless, God’s figure is present in the first part of The Bible . Consequently, it can be stated that it contains valuable religious information, which is related to the beginning of being. The Spirit of God appears in various places in the Old Testament, demonstrating assertion, problem-solving, guidance, adjustment, and organizing qualities that are associated with historical practices (Rumbay, 2021). Throughout the book, the Jews have to endure misfortune in order to prove to the Lord their faith, learn to live according to the rules of good and become a separate nation. Leadership lessons of Joshua Joshua was Moses’ specifically selected successor and a strong fighter who headed Israel in conquering Canaan, following the Exodus of Jewish people from Egypt. He was able to gain victory in the battle and disperse the territories of Canaan to the twelve clans. Concerning the leadership of Joshua, firstly, it should be said that his managerial style included the obligatoriness to be courageous. Three times, the Creator urged Joshua, the ruler of Israel, to be powerful and fearless (Arnold & Beyer, 2015). Therefore, according to the results of his story, he proved to be a brave soldier. Secondly, the capability to perform necessary actions and complete the tasks that the predecessors did not finish. God told Moses to conquer Canaan, but Moses delegated the responsibility to Joshua, who completed it (Arnold & Beyer, 2015). Finally, faith in goodness is represented by the Lord and the memory of the past. He must maintain his origins, mediate on the Supremes’ word constantly, and never forget that God is ubiquitous and omnipresent (Arnold & Beyer, 2015). Leadership lessons that can be learned from the
Introduction The following essay examines the Socialism and Communism after Marx. Socialism and Communism are two main approaches of the political theory. Karl Marx is among the modern political thinkers whose concepts have continued to have a special meaning as far as political theory is concerned. It is important to first consider the life and works of Marx before examining the socialism and communism after him. Karl Max was one of the most renown scholar and theorist who lived between 1818 and 1883.The work of Karl Marx played an important role of changing the manner in which individuals operates. Marx theoretical works was based on social sciences, history, economics and philosophy. For a couple of years, the political and economic theories by Karl Marx were linked with several key political movements around the world. For instance, the theory of Marxism was the official theory that guided Germany before the First World War.Also; Marxim theory was the official theory that guided Soviet Union and other nations in Eastern Europe for 72 years. Karl Marx in his theory enabled the majority poor people to triumph over the upper class.However; Karl Marx failed in his Marxism theory as a result of the establishment of the middle class. Even though he failed, Karl Marx was a respected philosopher as he was the man behind communism in many countries of the world such as Russia. His life and works played an important role of changing the way individual’s reason in the modern world. As a result of his works, people became approachable and also quick-thinkers as far as creating thoughts on politics are concerned. Karl Marx spent a large proportion of his life criticizing capitalism system. He participated in radical activities and wrote trenchant critiques that showed capitalism as a means of exploiting human beings. He therefore emphasized on socialism and communism. Karl Marx worked hand in hand with Friedrich Engels and the two men maintained a long lasting collaboration until the time when Marx died in 1844 (Rockmore 55). Socialism and Communism after Marx Following Karl Marx’s demise in 1844, Friedrich Engels who was became the narrator of the Marxism theory that was developed by Karl Marx. Engels approached an easy literary style and also had a tendency of offering simple answers with regards to complex philosophical issues. For instance,Engels answered the philosophical question of the relationship between thought and being in a very simple way which has been discussed for many years. Engels played an important role of setting the tone for the future political Marxists i.e. he enabled the future Marxists to decide philosophical questions in an
Whitman tries to emphasize and harmonize the body and soul in the poem. Beyond ethnicity, it lists several human bodies of people from different professions and age groups. As the title suggests, it brings out the individuality of various body structures. Walt Whitman’s poem “I Sing the Body Electric” is written in open form. This shows that the poem does not follow the traditional rhyme scheme or metric system (Kahn, 2019). This is Whitman’s most famous style, and I think that his love for such style motivated him to write the poem in free verse. In “I Sing the Body Electric,” the reader will find it difficult to discover unique rhyme patterns. However, this does not mean that the entire work is free of rhyme and rhythm cases. Half rhymes, also known as diagonal or partial rhymes, should be visible to the watchful reader (Knoop et al., 2019). Whitman also uses internal rhymes that appear within a line of text, not at the end of the text. In open-form work, such lines deliver rhythmic qualities through the repetition of grammatical structures and words (Meyer and Miller, 2020). I think that the open-form style allowed Whitman to emphasize the beauty of the human body by using repetitions. I am interested in this poem because Whitman addresses some of his most famous and well-known issues in this poem. Many people are amazed and annoyed by the sensuality he brought when he wrote this poem. He was not afraid to talk about sexuality, body, and self-esteem. The reader finds an image of the poet’s body and experiences it throughout the poem. In addition, the chosen form of the poem is not typical, which makes it even more extravagant.
Introduction In this essay I have chosen to review the drama I can do bad all by myself which was released on September 11, 2009. This paper seeks to present a multi-focal criticism of the film. To this end three modes of criticism shall be used namely descriptive, interpretive and evaluative. This film is popular among members of a certain section of society, particularly the African Americans as most of them can easily identify with the characters. Descriptive criticism Plot The film written and directed by Tyler Perry revolves around events surrounding the lead character, April who is an alcoholic singer and works at a local night club. From the outset, it can be established that April is very selfish from the way she puts off a homeless man who tries to get some change from her. After introducing the main character, Tyler introduces us to Madea and her husband Joe who through a burglary get to meet three orphaned siblings, Jennifer, Byron and Manny who happen to be related to April and live with their grandmother. We later come to discover that the grandmother has been missing for four days. As the story unfolds, we are introduced to two other characters, Randy and Sandino. Randy is April’s married boyfriend who is very aggressive and arrogant. Sandino on the other hand is a gentle and loving immigrant who seeks shelter at April’s basement. The story changes pace to reveal that April’s mother passed away and that is why she has been missing. The three children are left under April’s care who wants to send them to an orphanage because Randy claims he does not want children. Towards the end, Randy tries to rape Jennifer and it takes the intervention of Sandino to stop him. This serves as a waking point for April who almost electrocutes Randy before kicking him out of the house. Eventually she takes a liking to the children and gets married to Sandino with whom she has fallen in love. Characters The film stars Taraji Henson who plays April, Tyler Perry who plays both Madea and Joe, Adam Rodriguez who plays Sandino, Brian White who plays Randy, Marvin Winans who plays Pastor Brian and Gladys Knight who plays Wilma. Other characters are played by Hope Olaidé Wilson (Jennifer), Kwesi Boakye (Manny), Frederick Siglar (Byron), Marva King (Helen Johnson), Christian Keyes (Sonny Johnson), Timon Kyle Durrett, (Ronald Johnson) and Elizabeth Malese Jow as Kelly. Music The soundtrack of the film comprises a number of songs notably I can do bad by Mary J. Blige and Rock Steady by Aretha Franklin. With the film featuring two musician characters, the Soundtrack is performed live in some instances and in other parts it provides the background as events happen in the foreground. Setting The film is set in a poor African American neighborhood in the United States and most of the events happen at April’s and Medea’s houses. The other locations are the church and the park where April and Sandino go to unwind. Interpretive Criticism The film is spun around both comic and tragic events to illustrate that human beings however bad they are can make complete turnarounds if given the chance. April s
Summary In their book The 5 Elements of Effective Thinking , Burger and Starbird (2012) remark that there are only several thinking techniques that may be mastered by people to make their reflective process more productive. The authors propose four sections representing the basis for effective thinking: understanding profoundly, making mistakes, asking questions, and tracking the stream of ideas (Burger & Starbird, 2012). By suggesting profound understanding, Burger and Starbird advise not to deal with complicated problems immediately but first realize the elementary ideas thoroughly. According to Burger and Starbird, it is necessary to admit which things one knows and the ones he/she does not comprehend. Further, they suggest determining the lacking parts and compensating for them. Burger and Starbird emphasize that understanding has levels that one can increase all the time (Burger & Starbird, 2012). The second suggestion – making mistakes – lies in deliberately allowing oneself to comprehend something in the wrong way eventually to realize it even better (Burger & Starbird, 2012). Burger and Starbird remark that errors are perfect educators because they accentuate the unanticipated possibilities and gaps in one’s comprehending. Apart from that, errors boost people’s imagination and allow them to decide which step to take next (Burger & Starbird, 2012). Burger and Starbird recommend consistently to ask questions to delineate and enlarge one’s comprehension. According to the authors, correct questions produce good ideas. Also, inquiries show the relations that would have remained unnoticed without being questioned (Burger & Starbird, 2012). The final section of the effective thinking basis, as defined by Burger and Starbird, is tracking the stream of ideas. The authors recommend reflecting upon the origins of the ideas and exploring where the ideas may direct. They emphasize that an idea is not a finish, but only a start. Pursuing the outcomes of minute ideas may generate substantial rewards (Burger & Starbird, 2012). Further, Burger and Starbird correlate their techniques of effective thinking with the classical elements of air, water, fire, and earth. Profound understanding is associated with earth, asking mistakes – with fire, asking questions – with air, and tracking the stream of ideas – with water (Burger & Starbird, 2012). Finally, there is one more element – the quintessential one – which is used to represent the unchanging matter building up the heavens. This element is responsible for the change. As Burger and Starbird note, grasping the first four elements allows one to transform one’s way of learning and understanding. The authors emphasize that every person can continue progressing in the course of life due to changes (Burger & Starbird, 2012). Taking the theory of Burger and Starbird as a basis for his research, Zentner (2016) performs a case study analysis demonstrating how unproductive thinking can be altered. Failure at the level of fire results in failing to see the reasons for deficiency o