ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
One of the oldest and largest business fraternities of the world, Alpha Kappa Psi, was founded at the University of New York (5th October 1905). Now, its headquarters is situated in Indianapolis. It is recognized as a premier developer of business leaders with principals. About the works of the organization, Howard M. Jefferson said, “ We were to form an organization which might find a great field of work in being of mutual assistance to each other in future business life ” (Alpha Kappa Psi PEP Manual 6). History of AKPsi It was founded to educate the members and the public about the higher ideals in business and still now the members contribute time and money for these ideals like old times. AKPsi teams all over the world (like college chapters, alumni chapters, volunteer managers and most importantly the individual members) are working to achieve the goals of the organization. In short, AKPsi is a universal brotherhood of men and women with both individual and organizational goals. The members of the organization range from students to teachers, graduates to professors and their vision in short can be termed as “ Alpha Kappa Psi is recognized as the premier developer of principled business leaders ” (Alpha Kappa Psi PEP Manual 6) The founders of AKPsi were Robert S. Douglas and others. The members used to discuss their research subjects. But they did not have a fixed address, and even they had to hold meetings in parks and beaches. In the fall of 1905, they started to meet in 28 East 11 th Street, where the committee chairman Mr. Myer lived. The meetings generally were a weekly affair, held on Saturday evenings. The first convention was held on October 6 and the second convention was held on 17 th November 1905. The organization was gaining strength (Power 35). In the fifth convention there were thirty-six members were present and shortly after the convention a committee was formed to make a constitution of the organization. “ They decided that the provision in the general constitution for the extension of the fraternity to other campuses stipulated that any six students at an American university who were working for a degree in commercial science and had passed the first year of examinations could undertake to organize a chapter of the fraternity provided that they first applied to the Executive Committee and secured its approval (Alpha Kappa Psi PEP Manual 22). During the tenth convention, the Alpha Diary was named “ The Diary of Alpha Kappa Psi Fraternity ” (Alpha Kappa Psi PEP Manual 22). The first constitution of the organization was started in the year 1916 and was valid until the year 1921. The world was coming near major historical events; the whole world came on the verge of the World War I. With the onset of World War, it continued its works but with problems. In “The Diary” published in the year 1917, they wrote about the time and the overall position of the organization, “…… was held in one of the
American Grace: how religion divides and unites us is a book written by Robert D. Putnam, a Harvard professor of sociology and public policy, and David E. Campbell, a political science professor at Notre Dame. The book was published on 21 st February 2012 by Simon & Schuster Publisher. The authors explained the uniqueness of America among nations, its profound religious practice, diverse religion, and extreme understanding among the citizens. They further noted that American religion is a difficult problem. Putnam and Campbell stated that recently, “America’s religious landscape has experienced a number of seismic and unpleasant or disappointing surprises” (Campbell and Putnam 1). American Grace is a convincing, and interesting assessment of what brought about these religious changes and the impact of religion in modern American society. Although there is increasing division between spiritual conservatives and liberal individuals not devoted to religion today, simultaneously personal interfaith relationships are intensifying. From the authors’ findings, interfaith union has grown, and religious sameness has become deeply rooted in America. Most of the citizens socialize with people from different religious discipline or faith and with people without religion. The authors show how this more impenetrable network of personal relationships creates more smashing religious permissiveness, in spite of the supposed culture wars. The findings in the book were derived from two of the broadest studies ever carried out on religion characteristic state in America. The book is an essential finding about American religious experience, necessary for assessing the present American culture. In analyzing the authors finding, the one of the greatest aspects researched on was interfaith marriages. The authors noted most Americans are marrying out of their own faith and this is an illustration of tolerance and respect towards other people’s faith. Though, respect of other people’s religion is a fundamental tool in the society because it unites people together and enables them to live in a peaceful environment. The authors clarified that diversity of religion is highly appreciated in America. According to the authors findings, the difficult problem that mostly links with the level of religious belief are to do with the morality in respect to sexual relations, and above all thoughts towards sex before marriage (the strongest relationship) and sexual attraction to/or sexual relationship with persons of the same sex (the succeeding correlation). Deliberate termination of pregnancy, shockingly, is less powerfully linked with level of religious faith than these earlier stated issues. In actual fact, if an individual considers sex before marriage and homosexuality as a sin they are wrong, and these stances follows the level of exaggerated or affected faithfulness and religious fanatic
Introduction Globalization and technological advancement have introduced issues that challenge business activities’ ethical, legal and cultural implications. Recent technological changes have significantly impacted the field of medicine. Research holds that in the past year, 17,000 kidney transplants were performed in the U.S., while 8,000 people lost their lives before they could receive a kidney transplant (Martin et al., 2019). The fact is, that people are in dire need of kidneys, and with improved technology, kidney transplants could save many lives. The great need for kidneys and the availability of willing donors raise the question of ethical, cultural, and business implications of selling human organs. Main body Human organs are valuable, but not everything should be priced. A monetary value should not be attached to human organs. If all people could sell their organs, the human body would be viewed as a commodity, which is unethical. The poor may die of lack of money to purchase kidneys. The human organs market may contribute to crime as some people may be killed or forced to sell out their kidneys and other organs (Martin et al., 2019). While there is a need for kidneys, commercializing it would break the moral fabric of society. A similar product prohibited from being sold by society is blood. Blood transfusion happens almost daily, and people are willing to save lives through blood donations. It is against cultural values to sell blood and body organs. Conclusion In conclusion, the commercialization of human organs would be beneficial to the medical field as it would help save many lives. However, the increased crime rates and erosion of cultural values are demerits that outweigh the benefits. Society should cultivate a willingness to donate rather than encourage the sale of human organs. Work Cited Martin, D. E., Van Assche, K., Domínguez-Gil, B., López-Fraga, M., García Gallont, R., Muller, E., & Capron, A. M. (2019). Strengthening global efforts to combat organ trafficking and transplant tourism: Implications of the 2018 edition of the declaration of Istanbul. Transplantation Direct , 5 (3), e433.
Adolescent pregnancy has always been a complicated issue both due to the social perception of the phenomenon and its health outcomes for the parent. As established by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC, 2021), pregnancy is regarded as teen when the mother is aged between 15 and 19. Although every pregnancy is a unique experience predetermined by different factors, there are still some commonly accepted precursors to adolescent pregnancy, such as:   * Living in poverty;   * Having limited access to education;   * Having a mother who gave birth before the age of 20;   * Early sexual experience;   * Early experience with drugs and alcohol;   * Living in a single-parent house (“Pregnancy prevention,” n.d.). With so many factors potentially leading to adolescent pregnancy, it is of paramount importance to secure the teens’ access to assisting services that either prevent undesired pregnancy or support during the journey of early parenthood. When speaking of national institutions, the Teen Pregnancy Prevention (TPP) Program initiated by the Office of Population Affairs should be considered as one of the most efficient efforts to address adolescent pregnancy (US Department of Health and Human Services, n.d.). This program funds major public initiatives aimed at sex education provided to teenagers from various socio-cultural backgrounds. As far as state organizations are concerned, the Henry D. Perry Education Center should be outlined for its initiative tailored for teen parents (“Teen parent program,” n.d.). This program is aimed at assisting young parents on their journey by creating a learning curriculum and social support. The state of Florida, following suit of other states, has recently demonstrated a severe decrease in teen pregnancy rates. Thus, as of 2019, the teen birth rate constituted 16.2 births per 1000 females aged 15-19 (CDC, 2021). For the sake of comparison, in 2014, this indicator constituted 22.5, whereas, in 2005, the rates were as high as 42 births per 1000 females (CDC, 2021). Considering such data, it may be concluded that today’s state of affairs in the context of adolescent pregnancy demonstrates significant improvement in terms of education and prevention. Still, more efforts should be dedicated to providing adolescents with equal access to education and family planning.
Introduction 18th century in Britain was the time of the British landed gentry. Some female novelists wrote about this phenomenon and expressed their opinions and feelings in prose. However, women were not treated as capable of expressing sensible ideas and were regarded as a mere asset for marriage. One of these novelists was Jane Austen. Austen’s works provided commentary and critique of the landed gentry while expressing her personal experiences and emotions. Biography When it comes to describing Jane Austen’s life, biographers fall short on almost any evidence. As stated by Fergus and Wood, “Material for a biography of Austen’s life is scanty.” (1). The reason behind that is that there are almost no sources that elucidate Austen’s life. The letters that shed light on her biography were destroyed by her relatives. Generally, Jane Austin is described through her relatives or her social world (Fergus and Wood 1). Nevertheless, there is a certain amount of information that is well known. She had six brothers: James, George, Edward, Francis William, Charles John, and, Jane’s favorite, Henry Thomas. Jane also had a sister Cassandra. Henry Thomas was married to Eliza, Comtesse de Feuillide, a French noble’s widow. Eliza has had a significant influence over Jane. However, the most special friendship Jane had with her sister Cassandra. They studied together in Oxford, Southampton, and Reading. She entrusted Cassandra with all of her secrets and ideas. It was in Cassandra’s arms that Jane passed away. Literary Works While talking about literary works of Jane Austen, it is important to remember what kind of society she lived in. 18th century in England from a feminine point of view can be characterized as highly patriarchal where women were seen as not capable of rationality and free will. In her article, Evans uses Mansfield Park by Austen as a fictional illustration of the way that women writers of that time used their works to uncover their personal and political agenda through literature (17). This points out to the fact that women had to do their best in the field of literature to succeed and to be recognized. Although Austen w
Neurofibromatosis is a genetic disease that severely affects the nervous system. It is an autosomal dominant disorder characterized by multiple tumors appearing on nerve tissues, including the peripheral nerves, spinal cord, and the brain (Tamura, 2021). According to Cummings (2014), 1 in 3,000 people are diagnosed with neurofibromatosis at birth. However, not all diagnosed persons have a history of the disease in the family. The condition has specific clinical features and a well-known pattern of inheritance. There are three types of neurofibromatosis with different clinical features. Neurofibromatosis type I patients experience brown skin pigmentation, skinfold freckling, nerve tumors, and nodules in the iris (Tamura, 2021). Type II presents in the affected persons with hearing loss, visual impairment, muscle wasting, nerve damage, and skin tumors (Tamura, 2021). Type III, known as Schwannomatosis, is characterized by muscle weakness and numbness, nerve tumors, and chronic pain (Tamura, 2021). Thus, the three types of neurofibromatosis have distinct clinical features and can be easily distinguished from each other. Neurofibromatosis disorder can be an inherited disorder or caused by mutations in the NF1 gene. According to Corsello et al. (2018), the disease is characterized by an autosomal dominant inheritance pattern with wide phenotypical variability. The condition is passed down from parent to offspring, and persons diagnosed with neurofibromatosis often have an affected parent. Thus, several generations of one family can be impacted by the disease. However, the NF1 gene has a high mutation rate of approximately 1 in 10,000 (1 × 10−4)
Social Security is one of America’s most imperative and successful programs. Its reform is one of the nation’s most exigent public policy debates. Social Security is essentially funded on a pay-as-you-go basis that means the benefits of current retirees are paid by the taxes of current workers. Social Security discourages saving and distorts work incentives, negatively affecting income in old age and national income in general. Despite its huge expenditures, it has not eliminated poverty among the elderly (Michael D. Tanner, Pp: 37). The present paper explains the reform of the social security program proposed by President Bush and the current social security problems and its alternative solution, which includes privatization. The problem here focuses on two main issues: The first one is that what changes are required to make Social Security solvent and when it will be executed. During the 2000 Presidential campaign, President Bush stated that by allowing workers to put some of their Social Security taxes in personal accounts where they could invest in stocks if they so desired. He later appointed a commission to make recommendations to improve Social Security. The commission issued a report on December 21, 2001, which includes three options to reform the program. All options feature individual accounts. In May 2001, he appointed a commission to make recommendations to reform Social Security. President Bush believed that any change to the system must maintain the full benefits promised to exist retirees and near-retirees. He has called for a changeover to partial privatization using individual accounts that could be invested in the stock market. The basic plans of the Bush are: if an individual chooses for a private account and throughout his working life he earns more than 3 percent per year, on average, he comes out ahead. In 2005, the possibility of changing the Social Security system became a major political issue. The national Old age, Survivors, and Disability Insurance (OASDI) program, popularly referred to as Social Security, is the largest income-maintenance program in the United States. Based on social insurance principles, the program provides monthly cash benefits designed to replace, in part, the income that is lost to a worker and his or her family when the worker retires in old age, becomes severely disabled, or dies. About 95 percent of the jobs in this country are covered. Workers in covered jobs and self-employed persons recompense Social Security taxes on their earnings that, along with matching taxes paid by the employers of workers, provides nearly all revenue for financing benefits and administrative expenses (Social Security Programs in the United States, 1993). Social Security is also credited with keeping 15 million people from falling below the poverty line and with reducing the proportion of the elderly in poverty to about 12 percent, no higher than that for other adults. (Robert Eisner; Pp: 3). The large
Introduction This paper seeks to explore conflict resolution in the field of business by applying Camp David’s point of view while reaching an amicable ground between two or more conflicting parties. In trying to define conflict, Masters and R. Albright (2002) refer it as to what “exists when there is a disagreement between two or more parties who are interdependent “(p. 14). This means that there must exist parties that differ in something, be it ideas, beliefs or stands in various issues concerning the business and, the parties involved that have a mutual interest are to be interdependent. In fact, the element of interdependence is essential in defining a conflict. Dana (2001) provides that “that there wouldn’t be a conflict without interdependence” (p. 6). Negotiations, on the other hand, refer to the process of trying to reach some sort of a truce between the disagreeing parties. The essentials of negotiation (2005), defines it as “…the means by which businesspeople create synergies and resolve problems” (p. xiii). Negotiations can be approached from different angles depending on the type of dispute. In business, there are different types of disputes ranging from disputes amongst workmates, workers and managers, managers and managers, as well as disputes between two companies that may have had a working relationship before. The need for negotiation will highly depend on various issues, but most importantly, on the consequences of the conflict, especially in terms of the productivity of the involved parties. One of the approaches that can be considered by business owners, especially where the conflict involves two or more companies, is Camp David’s approach to conflict resolution. Camp David Views on Conflict Resolution Conflict resolution, from this perspective, involves using the approaches employed by the U.S.A president Jimmy Carter in trying to mediate between Anwar Sedat and Benachem Begin, president of Egypt and the Israel prime minister respectively in 1978. Both of them had firm stands in regard to peace between Israel and the Middle East nations. Jimmy Carter acted as an arbitrator and mediator between these two leaders, rooted in their respective chambers, in talks that had lasted for almost two weeks. Application of the Approach in Business In a nutshell, this approach emphasizes the employing of a third party that must be neutral in trying to resolve the conflict. Negotiation, being connected largely with communication, the third party must work on his/her skills to avoid any ambiguity that may result in misinterpretation by the other parties in conflict. He/she must also be well versed in the conflict the parties are undergoing, but should not jump into giving personal opinions before taking time to listen to both parties separately. Steps Employed by the 3rd Party in Negotiation Study the bone of contention between the parties. The differences resulting in a conflict could be disparities in tying up an important deal between the parties, conflict resulting from a breach of an agreement, a party involving itself in unethical issues, etc. It is therefore important t
Introduction Henri Fayol is believed to be the founder of contemporary management theory which is drawn from his extensive experience in the management field. In other words, he is acknowledged for his contribution in the field of management, having established a foundation for modern management theory. Despite the fact that the Fayol management theories were developed in the 1900s, they continue to play an integral role in modern society. For instance, Pryor and Taneja (2010, p. 490) note that the 14 principles of management developed by Fayol are considered the basis for management as witnessed in modern organizations. The purpose of the essay is to show that in spite of the criticisms levelled on Fayol’s management theories, they still form a foundation of management in modern society. Body Modern organizations develop strategies, goals, and plans which act as guidance to an organization in achieving its objectives. This observation has been supported by Wren (2001, p.482) who note that Fayol acted as a strategist in making strategic decisions when he was head of management at Comambault. In addition, he had set long term organizational goals which were: profitability, restoring confidence to shareholders, ensuring that the organization remained competitive, and maintaining the welfare of employees (Wren 2001, p.482). All these activities which are based on the administrative aspect of management theory as applied by Fayol are part of modern management where organizations plan, set goals, and strategize. Furthermore, organizational managers act as representatives of shareholders, set goals and plan how to execute the goals. As a result, most organizations have adopted these three activities to ensure the welfare of different stakeholders is achieved. Profit maximization and gaining a competitive advantage over competitors are also major drivers of modern organizations which are pioneered by organizational managers. Although these examples are drawn from the mining sector where Fayol was the managing director and CEO, the perspective is still applicable. However, critics have been quick to note that Fayol used authoritarian form of leadership to execute his administrative abilities which may not be applicable in modern organizations (Brunson 2008, p.32). Nevertheless, the author adds that if a manager is asked the kind of responsibilities that he/she is entitled, the ultimate response would be planning, organizing, controlling, and controlling. Management in an organization leads to effectiveness and efficiency in the running of an organization. As noted by McLean (2011, p.32), as the managing director Fayol emphasised a lot on what management entails, how it could be executed and how it could be applied to achieve effectiveness and effici