ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction The contemporary concept of class is as old as the socioeconomic and political system known as capitalism. Within the modern Western societies such as the US, social stratification of people is organized into three principal stratums namely: upper class, middle class, and lower class. In essence, social stratification of people into the above named layers entails categorization of people into groups founded on common socioeconomic circumstances and, a relational set of disparities that has social, political, ideological, and economic perspectives (Pine Forge, 2006, p.2). Americans have a weak sense of class consciousness, and in addition, this class consciousness is not the same for the upper class and the middle class. Americans sense of class consciousness Literary, consciousness refers to an individual’s notion of being; self-awareness. For Marxists, class consciousness is an individual’s political sense of self (Little, 2009, Para. 2). It is believed that Americans, at best, have an exceptionally weak sense of class consciousness. From a comparative viewpoint, Americans have a weak or no class consciousness particularly among the working class (Shortell, 1999, Para 1). Scholars opine that, the American workers have not had the sense of consciousness manifested by their European counterparts. However, even though there is an evident weakness of class consciousness among the American workers, labor historians assert that, American workers have a sense of their interests as workers and that they comprehend methods used by the powerful in order to ensure that they remain powerless (Shortell, 1999, Para. 3). When persons understand their life experiences as shaped and constrained by their social position, then their sense of being is literary class-based. Shortell points out that, class consciousness is not limited to occupational unity and labor activism. In a way, he tends to imply that class consciousness is wrongly associated with labor activism because of its perceived origins in the European labor movements of 19th century (1999, Para. 4). Class consciousness for the upper class and the middle class Class consciousness is certainly not the same for the upper class and the middle class. The available evidence shows that, even though, people do not think about their class position every moment of their lives, if asked about who they are, they readily identify with a given class position (Shortell, 1999, Para. 4). For example, statistics from recent General Social Surveys show that, most Americans identify with the middle class or the working class (Pine Forge, 2006, p.20). This data confirm that Americans are also capable of thinking about themselves in terms of a class position. Class is slowly becoming part and parcel of the American language. According to Davos (2011), the American middle and upper-class people are aware of the class position within the American society particularly on the basis of i
Introduction Very few people in Al-Khobar have given the issue of Stress deliberate consideration. Many among us would easily dismiss talk on stress. We are socialized to believe that there is heroism in appearing unbreakable, untiring and resilient. The mentioned are great values; however the difference between a fool and wise man is that the former is impulsive and reactive while the former is analytic and rational in his or her choices. Many of us would in a reactive way tend towards Macho tendencies at the expense of our health. Such a choice is foolhardy because it offers immediate gratification and long term detrimental effects. In this report, I am going to explore the issue of stress in Al-Khobar city. What I will present are findings based on my research in books, electronically and through personal interviews with friends and relatives. I also relied on chats on face book to gauge people’s views on stress. This report gives a general definition of stress, presents the general causes of stress, provides the effects of stress in individual’s lives and provides ways of handling or managing stress. Finally, this report provides recommendations i.e. what individuals and authority can do to facilitate towards better management of stress in Al-Khobar. Definition of Stress Stress is an important ingredient in life because it propels people to seek better standards of living. According to Woolston (1), people couldn’t be getting far in life without some level of stress. Stress helps keep people on toes or excited thus doing their best in life. Stress is the anxiety one feels before engaging in an exciting activity e.g. an interview. The stress or anxiety felt helps keep one focused on the task thus being able to deliver. Stress is a warning feeling and should generally be a positive element in life. It is the way one’s body communicates the fact that all is not well. Extreme stress is called distress. According to Woolston (1), distress is the hall mark of modern society. Stress is unavoidable in daily living. However, unless checked, stress causes a lot of harm. Stress is generally a sign by the body that some biological aspect of an individual is stretched or burdened thus not at homeostasis. Homeostasis is the normal state of body cells; it is a certain balance that is normal for the body. When some imbalance in the cells occurs, the brain is triggered to release neuro-chemicals or hormones that prompt us towards taking remedial action. Signs and Symptoms of Stress Stress often registers both as a feeling and a physical condition. Some people realize they are stressed when they start to behave in ce
The concept of alienation According to Marx, alienation refers to the separation of things that naturally belong together, or to put antagonism in things that are perfectly in harmony [1] . Thus, alienation eventually brings about capitalism which in turn forces people to depend on work more and more each day in order to survive. This shows that before capitalism was introduced, people could depend on nature for survival. People did not have to work for wages in order to survive, but they had enough supplies to survive on. Contrary, nowadays, one has to work so as to get paid and then use the money received from his work to buy the commodities he so needs to survive. In his Economic and Philosophical Manuscripts of 1844 page 74-77, Marx identifies four types of alienation in labour under capitalism:  1. Alienation from the work: this is when the worker is separated from the goods he produce. The way the finished product is modeled and the process it goes through before it is finished is decided not by the person who works on it but by the capitalist class. Apart from the laborer not having any power over the motif and manufacture of the good, this type of separation also passes on to the change of the value of the good into a substitute value. In simpler terms, this type of separation subjects the worker to the extent of his expertise in producing goods that at the end have to satisfactorily serve the customer making the workers survival dependent on the customer’s ability to purchase the said product. This type of alienation also ensures that the worker gets minimal returns for his hard work as exploitative middle men enjoy the profits from the product by themselves.  2. Alienation of the worker from working: this type of alienation separates the worker from the action of producing the said good. This kind of alienation subjects the work process to the capitalist mode of production whereby the laborers hard work is equified to a system of wages that are minimal and no incentives to encourage the laborers hence no work satisfaction. According to Marx one class is being rewarded while it upholds domination over the topic of its labor by the capability to decide how it shall be made use of precisely or swapped for something else. Capitalism eliminates the privileges of the worker to implement jurisdiction over the worth or results of his labour, denying him of the capacity to either make use of the product he makes directlty or get complete price of the product when it is sold. The first kind of alienation is a factor to the second kind of alienation as it eliminates the laborers feeling of possession and the end price of the finished product. This lack of being in charge interrupts the skill of the laborer to concentrate therefore isolating all the actions he does;  3. Alienation of the worker: this kind of alienation separates the worker from himself as being the manufacturer. According to Marx, man has the
Computer Hardware Acquisition and Vendor Policies Just like any acquisition of expensive equipment in the school, purchasing computer hardware is more or less the same. Computer hardware programs have to generally meet the needs of a particular school, and therefore the vendor has to be a significant consideration before acquiring any of them. It is good to avoid mistakes that come as a result of the wrongful acquisition of special computer equipment. In most cases, such mistakes may lead to failure to use the hardware in a manner that substantiates its cost. This would mean that the school will have made an error by paying too much for the hardware in which they end up not using it properly. This section of this paper seeks to argue for the need for considering the manufacturer of the hardware before purchasing it to avoid mistakes. Hardware programs are essential in the running of the entire school computer systems. This includes the finance, registration, students and staff records, examination and also in the teaching and learning process. Acquiring computer hardware without following a vendor policy is similar to putting the fate of the entire school computer system in the hands of a sales person, which a wrong thing to do in any organisation. Buying computer hardware from a sales person would also mean that the school will have to incur extra costs that are usually hidden. This includes installation cost or configuration cost and support cost. Manufacturers usually ensure that the organisations’ needs are met by customising the computer hardware programs to fit their goals. It is also easier to upgrade the hardware programs when the purchase is made through a manufacturer. This means that the manufacturer will always be updating the school of any available upgraded version of the hardware program, making it possible for the school to be more satisfied. Compatibility conce
Introduction Long-term conditions consist of chronic illnesses that cannot be cured, although they can be managed through medication (Carrier 2015). In the United Kingdom (UK), long-term conditions undermine the health status of at least 15 million people. Hence, the need to improve the quality of healthcare provided to the population is inevitable. The leading long-term conditions in the UK include diabetes, arthritis, asthma, persistent obtrusive pulmonary syndrome, and hypertension. The prevalence of long-term illnesses is usually higher among older people compared to younger ones. In this respect, the prevalence of chronic illnesses among individuals above 60 years old is at an alarming 58% compared to the mere 14% among individuals below 40 years old (Wilson & Mayor 2006). Further, older people in the lower social classes are more vulnerable to long-term illnesses compared to their rich counterparts since the prevalence currently stands at 6-% and 30% respectively. The National Health Service (NHS) England has put in place measures to facilitate the management of long-term care in the country, especially in older people. Currently, NHS focuses on the instillation of relevant skills that assist people who are suffering from long-term illnesses to manage their health (Newbould et al. 2012). Further, the health body considers the personal needs of individuals affected by long-term diseases in developing care plans (Costello 2009). Diabetes is one of the most worrying long-term conditions in the UK. England has recorded at least a million cases of people diagnosed with diabetes (González et al. 2009). Similar to the case in other countries, the risk of developing diabetes in the UK increases with age. In this respect, the need to enhance the efficiency of treating diabetic patients in the UK is crucial for improving the well-being of the population affected by the long-term condition (McVeigh 2009). Important to note, diabetes is one of the long-term conditions that have put the older population in the UK under the end of life care. As such, this paper provides a critical exploration of the care and treatment of a person with diabetes. Diabetes: A Long-term Condition The diabetes condition occurs due to the inability of the body to generate or respond to insulin hormones, thus leading to the abnormal breakdown of carbohydrates, as well as heightened levels of glucose in the blood and urine. The failure to treat high glucose levels can result in the development of complications that threaten the health status of an individual considerably. Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes constitute the two main sorts of long-term conditions. About 90% of individuals diagnosed with diabetes have the Type 2 condition, while the Type 1 sort is reported by the remaining 10% (Cowie et al.
Sociologists distinguish the terms subculture and counterculture and highlight the differences between them. The main distinction is that members of subcultures are involved in the life of society. In contrast, counterculture representatives separate themselves from the larger community and live by their own norms and rules. As such, this work will describe a group that falls under one of the categories. It will also explain why this group can be referred to the category and give its main characteristics. Keirns et al. define counterculture as “a type of subculture that rejects some of the larger culture’s norms and values” (62). It should be noted that its members may strongly oppose rules and norms which exist in the rest of society. Sometimes, they create communities and live separately. World history has seen a number of such examples, and I would like to highlight one of them. In my opinion, American suffragists can be classified as representatives of the counterculture as they fit the category’s description. The suffrage movement appeared in the USA and consisted of women who “agitated on behalf of women’s voting rights in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries” (Misiroglu 692). There were more radical activists in England who were known as suffragettes. At the time, women were shorn of the many rights that men had, and some of them formed groups that aimed to attain equal rights. Today one would say that those women were feminists as their demands and ideas had much in common with the feminist movement. To my mind, suffragists fall in the counterculture category because they separated themselves from greater society, had a set of firm ideas, and were strongly opposed to the existing order. Works Cited Keirns, Nathan J., et al. Introduction to Sociology.
Introduction The Plea and The Confessions are episodes of the PBS documentary series, Frontline , released in 2004 and 2010. Both videos address the topic of wrongful convictions that resulted from flaws in the criminal justice system, particularly those from the so-called “plea deals” and extorted false confessions. The criminal cases described in the documentaries present vexing evidence of a miscarriage of justice that persists in all levels of the conviction process, most notably law enforcement and the judiciary. Summary The Confessions covers a decades-long story of four innocent U.S. Navy veterans convicted for a gruesome 1997 crime they did not commit. Their wrongful convictions stem from continuous elicitation of false confessions obtained by a detective who had a record of using extortion and psychological pressure as interrogation techniques. Despite the abundance of exonerating evidence and sworn testimony from the actual perpetrator on the course of the crime, all four individuals of the so-called Norfolk Four were prosecuted and convicted of rape and murder. The Plea touches upon a troubling issue of relying on plea deals to settle criminal cases, thus waiving the Sixth Amendment right to be tried by the jury of one’s peers. The documentary’s focus revolves around several cases in the U.S. in which four individuals were offered to take a plea bargain to avoid a harsher sentence. The dilemma of considering a plea deal is often surrounded by pressure from the members of the judicial system and severe consequences that affect the defendant’s life beyond the courtroom. Review and Reaction Both pieces address several disturbing trends present in the judicial system, particularly direct and indirect coercion of admitting guilt. According to a 2018 report of the National Association of Defense Lawyers, 97.2% of felony defendants opted to plead guilty without exercising their fundamental constitutional right, the jury trial. Such sticking percentage can be explained by the so-called “trial penalty,” a means of pressuring a defendant to concede their right to a trial to avoid a longer sentence or even the death penalty. While it is believed that more trial cases could put a strain on a system, punishing a defendant who opts to go through the jury trial to “set an example” is a renouncement of fairness and justice.
Introduction There will always be elderly and disabled persons who need assistance in society. The large number of baby boomers retiring increases the need for certified assisted living administrators (ALA). When needy people live in nursing homes, they require the help of a nursing home administrator. Nursing facilities are supervised by licensed nursing home administrators (LNHAs) (Pratt, 2015). These homes provide medical treatment and accommodation for the elderly and disabled. LNHAs oversee all the homes’ clinical and administrative aspects, ensuring that they run smoothly (Gendron et al., 2017). Because nursing homes have a big team of nurses, caregivers, and other health workers providing 24-hour care, an LNHA plays a crucial role in managing the homes. Staff, patients, registrations, finances, records, maintenance of equipment and improvements, and compliance with federal standards are all managed by LNHAs. Nursing home administrators work in various settings, including nursing homes, assisted living communities, and retirement communities. LNHAs should have excellent leadership qualities to maintain a secure and convenient environment for personnel and patients in every location. The scope of work for LNHAs entails management and calls for stress management. For this reason, many states require that all assisted living administrators be certified and licensed to work in their capacity (Magruder et al., 2018). Students should first get a bachelor’s or master’s degree in healthcare administration before applying for state and national licensure. Certification usually entails verification of relevant college education and undertaking national and state examinations. These protocols are followed to ensure that all LNHAs are well equipped to handle their roles in long-term care. Steps to be Followed As with every profession, ALAs are required to follow the laid-out procedure to obtain certification and be allowed to practice. Although different states have different requirements, some rules cut across all states. Working in this scope requires that one acquires the relevant education first. A student should enroll and complete a bachelor’s degree in health management, other specialized training, and LNHAs licensure. In some states, assisted living administrators are required to undertake an ethics course to ascertain that they would adhere to the laid out codes of conduct. In addition to education, one has to apply for licensure and take both national and state exams. To be competitive in the assisted care administrator scope, one needs to gain practical experience through internships and available practicums. The internships allow a student to put their classroom education to work and fill any gaps in knowledge. With the necessary skill, passion, and determination, one can now mo
Executive Summary The Military Sealift Command or MSC was designed to aid in the logistical and transportation needs of the United States Military, and specifically handles the transportation, supply, and personnel needs of the U.S. Navy and other seafaring vessels in the U.S. military. Today, the MSC has three main divisions, including the Naval Fleet Auxiliary Force, the Special Missions Program, and the Prepositioning Program. Each subdivision operates under the jurisdiction of the federal government and employees a variable mixture of civilian mariners and enlisted officers. The purpose of this strategic plan is to further describe the current configuration of MSC, its operational nature, the overall vision and value system, and the foreseeable risks and opportunities in the future. Also, this plan will detail the implementation of the most effective business strategy for the plan future endeavors as well as briefly outline a basic risk management plan. Based on available information, and a clear assessment of the foreseeable risks and responsibilities into the future, this strategic plan will suggest that the best operational framework in which MSC can operate is within an entrepreneurial system, where certain, logistical and routine needs are meet through the contracting of private entities who meet all the criteria for federal employment and contracting. Through this delegation of responsibility, MSC can more easily handle the more immediate needs of coordinating the logistical and transportation support needed by the U.S. Military and associated research and development vessels. Company Background Prior to 1949, marine transportation was controlled by four separate governmental agencies. However, after the end of World War II, it was determined that a singular entity would be better prepared to handle and supervise the multi-faceted arena of sea transportation and logistical support for the United States Department of Defense. Thus, the Military Sealift Command (MSC) was formed. The MSC has always assumed the responsibility for ocean transportation for the military and other governmental entities. In modern times, MSC is utilized by the U.S. military and their civilian counterparts for the logistics and transportation of such things as fuel, humanitarian aid, research vessels, and military and civilian maritime personnel around the wo