ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction There are many challenges that humanity face and the most severe and threatening one is terrorism. Al Qaeda is believed by many to be a terrorist organization founded more than a decade ago by a huge wealthy Saudi Arabian religious extremist that has grown into a powerful network comprising trained and motivated men in various parts of the world who execute the orders of their leader Osama bin Laden. It is a term that has been understood in various ways by different people and this paper tries to bring a clear understanding by covering various aspects related to Al Qaeda. Definition of Terms Al Qaeda is a multinational support group that funds and organizes the activities of Islamic militants worldwide. Terrorism refers to the illegitimate use of violence against persons or property to threaten governments or communities usually to attain political, religious, or social goals. The term Al Qaeda comes from the Arabic term qaf-ayn-dal which means a base or foundation. It can also mean a principle a formula or a pattern (Bevy 1). Background Information Osama bin Laden, the leader of Al Qaeda started his tricks in 1979 when the Soviet Union invaded Afghanistan and therefore he decided to move to Afghanistan together with his work personnel and construction tools and machinery with an aim of liberating Afghanistan from the invasion of Soviet Union. Since Afghanistan had inadequate infrastructure and trained fighting personnel, Osama bin Laden took the opportunity to support them in the fight by solving these problems through establishment of a recruiting office in collaboration with Palestinian leader Adallah Azzam. The recruitment office was to organize and coordinate recruitment of people from various Muslim countries who were then trained to fight. Most of them came from Saudi Arabia. The Osama group ganged with America and after ten years they managed to sweep off the Soviet Union from Afghanistan. After the Afghanistan victory, Osama went back to his country but was later denied citizenship in 1994 for being against the government and went to Sudan. Al Qaeda was founded around 1988 by Osama bin Laden in Afghanistan after he broke from the joint group with Adallah Azzam. It has Muslim members through out the world who are networked and cooperate in their operations. Osama utilizes technology like the internet and satellite telephones to coordinate the members who are widely dispersed. The members are from different countries; Canada, United States, Asia, Europe and the United Arab Emirates etc. Al Qaeda is anti-western and therefore views the United States of America as the biggest enemy towards Islam and has in some instances wanted to take revenge against it by destroying it as it perceive it as the biggest hindrance towards reform among the Muslim communities. It aims at overthrowing the existing crooked and hierarchical governments of the Muslim states and establishing the Islamic law or Sharia. Osama bin Laden strives at establishing new Islamic groups and reinforcing those that exist and is also involved in the support of the various groups in their fights (Bari 20). Terrorism Accor
Introduction Communication refers to the process of transferring verbal or non-verbal messages from a sender to a recipient through an appropriate medium (Adair, 2009). Effective communication is an important aspect that determines an individual’s level of success. Communication follows a process that comprises several components that facilitate the transfer of messages between a sender and receiver (Adair, 2009). The most important component of communication is message, which is passed to a recipient though a suitable medium. Another important aspect of communication is feedback. It is necessary in order to complete the communication process and ensure that the sender and receiver understand each other. Communication barriers arise from differences in language, culture, religion, physical condition, and attitudes. However, several strategies are used to overcome these barriers and improve the effectiveness of communication. Process of communication and its components Communication involves interaction between a sender and a recipient (Adair, 2009). A sender sends a message to a recipient and the recipient sends feedback to the sender (Caputo et al, 2003). Communication is made up of several components. They include sender, recipient, context, message, medium, and feedback. A message is sent by a sender through an appropriate medium to a recipient (Caputo et al, 2003). The message should be in a form that is understandable by the recipient. The recipient then responds to the message in a way that the sender understands. Differences between hearing and listening Hearing is a process of perceiving and receiving sound through the ears. It is a non-conscious action that happens naturally. In contrast, listening involves hearing a sound and understanding its meaning (Caputo et al, 2003). It is a conscious action that involves an individual’s awareness and attention. An individual concentrates on the sound in order to comprehend the message that it conveys. An example of hearing is when an individual perceives a baby’s cry. If the individual hears the cry and associates it to hunger, then that is listening. Hearing utilizes only one body sense while listening utilizes all five senses. On the other hand, hearing involves only reception of sound whereas listening involves observation of behavior in order to understand its meaning. They serve different functions. For example, listening enables individuals to establish and maintain strong relationships while hearing does not (Shewan, 1998). Formal and informal channels of communication in criminal justice organizations Criminal justice organizations include courts, correction agencies, and police. In these organizations, both formal and informal communication channels exist (Shewan, 1998). Formal communication channels include procedures that are determined by organizational policies. On the other hand, informal communication channels include
Abstract In this post, I consider a particular aspect of gender inequality: the issue of the unbalanced distribution of paid and unpaid work. I examine the idea of work-and-life balance that is proposed as a solution to the problem of having a family and career at the same time and point out the fact that it is typically discussed concerning women. This issue is supported by the statistics, which proves that women are loaded with unpaid work to a greater extent. I conclude by suggesting that the tipped balance affects the career opportunities of women and also consider the impact that this typical discriminatory practice has on the process of promoting equality in the modern world. I provide examples and references for the facts that are cited in the post. Women in the Workforce Nowadays, diversity and tolerance courses are exceptionally popular and even required at schools and universities, but they do not appear to produce the expected effect. Education should form attitudes of generations, and inequality is not supposed to have survived by now, but it persists. An example is the issue of gender inequality; in particular, that related to women in the workforce. Inequality is a very complex issue, and I cannot explain its persistence exhaustively, but here, I will attempt to take a look at some of its reasons by examining the concept of work-and-life balance. In effect, a lot is being made to close the nearly 20-percent wage gap 1 between women and men in Canada (Zamon, 2015), and one of such activities is described in the article by Alonso-Almeida (2014). This activity can be called the maintenance of the work-and-life balance, and this idea keeps receiving praise from researchers. 2 However, I believe that this method was planted on the soil of discriminatory, sexist society, and its positive effects are limited. The balance is most often used concerning women. Consider the words of Jennifer Reynolds, chief executive officer of Women in Capital Markets of Canada: “work-life balance is not specifically a women’s issue, but it is one that needs to be talked about more openly because it does hold women back” (Freeman, 2015, para. 12). There is a very clear explanation for the fact that the family holds women back: family and home-making are still the “prerogatives” of women. Most of us like children, clean houses, and homemade meals. However, according to statistics, a particular group of particular sex typically exploits the opposite one to attain these goods. Nowadays, there exists a distinction between the paid (profession-related) and unpaid (clean house, fed children) work. The work-and-life balance is the practice that is meant to deal with paid work (Kimura, 2016). To ridicule, no employer will create a schedule of house chores for you; they are a part of the “life” side of the balance. At the same time, according to official stat
Riding the Rails dwells upon the times of the Great Depression when thousands of young people were living on a road. The video tells the story of several people who had such experience. These people share their memories revealing hopes, fears and hardships of young people who were riding the rails in search of better lives in the 1930s. During the 1930s 250 thousand teenagers (males as well as females) were riding the rails. Teenagers had different reasons to leave their homes. The majority of young people were trying to help their parents to provide for family. They were trying to find the way to earn money and send it home. Some were distressed and simply wanted to get out of their homes not to see their parents’ despair. Sometimes there was no serious reason. For example, a girl left her home because of a quarrel with her father ( Riding the Rails ). Some teenagers had to leave because their parents told them to do so. Besides, many young people just wished to try a new life full of adventure. Teenagers thought they could become glorious cowboys in the west, others were dreaming of various opportunities they could find in big cities in the east. They thought they could see a lot of interesting things or even travel abroad. However, the ‘adventure’ was not that pleasant and exciting as many thought. In the first place, it was extremely dangerous as teenagers risked falling down all the time. There was also a risk of suffocating by smoke in tunnels. More so, armed rail road detectives were trying to put them off. There were many dangers in cities as people were really desperate then. Those were times when a man could be killed for a pair of shoes. Nonetheless, teenager continued their journey since when they came to one more city and saw there was nothing good for them, they could not stay there. They had to get out of there and continue their search of better lives. It goes without saying that it was the Great Depression which was the primary reason for riding the rails. People tried to solve their financial problems in different ways. Riding the rails was a kind of a chance to change the life for better: teenagers were trying to find new opportunities in new places. Unfortunately, many teenagers failed to find better conditions, they were often starving. Fortunately, they could get some food in missions of salvation armies.
Medicare vs. Medicaid Medicare is a social insurance plan under the U.S. Health care system and provides coverage to individuals not taking into regard their status or income. This is what differentiates Medicare from Medicaid. Medicaid, unlike Medicare, caters to the poor and destitute and instead of paying the patient the hospital bills; they pay the health institutes directly and often require some partial payment from the patient as well. Medicaid varies from state to state and to be eligible for it, the patient must be poor and should fall under the legal paradigms set by the state’s laws (HHS Gov). Medicare is for people who are older than 65 years of age. A compromise is made if the patient is below 65 and has a disability. Recently another condition is added which allows people having End-Stage Renal disease, which requires a kidney transplant, to avail the facility of Medicare. Strict guidelines are in place so that only the deserving candidates receive medical treatment. Evolution of Medicare In 1965, about half of the elderly lacked medical insurance, but Medicare now caters to everyone over the age of 65. In 1972 Medicare was expanded to include younger age groups with permanent disabilities and suffering from the liver disease. As Medicare caters to people living primarily on Social Security as their income, the changes in the conditions of Medicare are relatively low compared to other government sponsored agencies. It is also seen that 16% of people availing Medicare are below the age of 65 and are disabled (Kaiser Family Foundation). With improving health facilities the mortality rate is growing older and older. Thanks to technological innovations now not only there are better drugs available, but also better ideas of the disease. In old ages a lot of prescription drugs are required and over a time they become unaffordable to many people. Medicare facilitates this service and helps them in purchasing the drugs. Also over the past years the number of workers was decreasing with an increase in the beneficiaries. These changes in demographics affect the decision of who is entitled to avail Medicare. Medicare is now given after careful scrutiny of the applicant and it does not aim to cater to long term diseases as it would become too costly. It is just like a process how a bank gives out a loan by first looking at the person’s history and then the authenticity. Medicare has also become a trump card for politicians as they use its importance in society to collect votes by promising reforms in the healthcare system and making Medicare and Medicaid more available and efficient. These points have influenced Medicare to become in its current state. Future of Medicare With the economy in recession, older mortality rates, and increasing beneficiaries as compared to workers, some policies are believed to be changed to meet the demand. To help Medicare survive there are differing views but one thing is clear. To
Introduction Modern contemporary artists have excelled in exploring the human form to create a sublime narration that creates evocative symbolism of the human body and its narratives. This paper examines the works of two contemporary artists Helen Chadwick and provides an analysis of their works. My Outline Theme And Topic and its importance My theme is the arrangement of a geometric figure to symbolize the diversity of form and narration with pictures. The circle with the segment represents multiple diversity of life and objects. Each segment with a different shade shows the gradient and diversity of everyday objects. A sample figure of my work is shown below. Figure 1. Multiple diversity of life and objects The artists whose work has been examined in the paper have worked on the same theme. Their work relates to my theme as they have explored the geometric and human forms and created a narration of nature. Their work is important, as it will help me to further influence and improve my work. Helen Chadwick Helen Chadwick (1953 – 1996) was a British feminist artist who created a number of artworks that examined the image and role of women in society. She has used many different and nonconventional materials to create different artworks. She has used materials such as dead bodies of animals, meat, human embryos, plastic, bronze, lacquer, and photography, she has created a stunning collection of artwork that serves as inspiration for many artists. She died in 1996 from a viral infection. ( 1 Bukantas Ann, 2005). Helen Chadwick and Mutability Helen Chadwick’s work called ‘Of Mutability is regarded as one of her best works. It has been used as a central piece in many art collections and exhibitions. In this work, Helen has made a different creation of herself in response to existing conceptions of women as externally generated images. ( 2 Land M, 1997). Power 3 (Powers et all, 1997) had an interesting comment on mutability, as applied to anthropology and feminist theories. According to her while biologists put gender into nature, and the difference between sex and gender is no difference at all, on the grounds that sex ‘is as culturally constructed as gender; indeed, perhaps, it always already was gender. Figure 2. Of Mutability – Collaged photocopies, laminated plywood, gesso, gold leaf. Helen was nominated for the Turner Prize in 1989 for her work ‘of Mutability’. There were two installations in this work: The Oval Court’ and ‘Carcass’. The works is a show of her body, small and soft organic forms. He has said, “I want to catch the physical sensations passing across the body – sensations of gasping, yearning, breathing, fullness”. Dead bodies of animals were used but they showed a feeling of life. Another work was called Carcass and this was made of glass panels filled with garbage along with the rotting carcass of the animal
Background Sony entered the video game industry as a supplier of different parts to Nintendo, one of the video game giants in the world. Sony was established in 1945 in Tokyo, and its focus in the development of radios, televisions, and small music gadgets led to fast growth. Sony produced the PlayStation to compete with other gaming giants like Nintendo and Microsoft. Over the years, Sony has faced numerous challenges with its innovative products. The challenges include legal issues and poor reception of its products. Despite the challenges, the company has alway
The national patient safety goal was formed with an objective of improving the safety of the patients worldwide. Further, its mandate is to identify the problems that the health care department faces in order to come up with solutions to them. The National Patient Safety Goal 2013 offers the changes that need to be done in our health facility. In addition, this goal entails identification of patients by their names, date and date of birth (Godshall 20). This is meant to enable all the patients to undergo treatment and get the medicine prescribed by the doctors. Further, this allows the patients to receive blood depending on their blood group in situations that call for blood transfusion. Through implementing evidence based practice, I was able to collect data from patients, evidences from scientific external sources and from my personal sources as the chief nursing officer. The data from the customers indicates that the patients/clients are not happy with the way they are identified. This is due to the fact that the current process of identification entails identifying the patients by the disease they are suffering from and also through their residence. Based on this, it is important to introduce a new policy guideline to avoid cases of wrong treatment which comes as a result of wrong prescription (Godshall 50). Additionally, this may be avoided through implementation of the national patient safety goal that entails identification of patients in the correct manner. Further, this means that the patients should be identified by their names and year of birth. The need for change from the method that entails identification of patients by considering the diseases they are suffering from and their residence may be facilitated by many factors which include patients’ complains, low number of patients compared to other hospitals that implement the 2013 national patient goals, government intervention and overall low sales of drugs. Further, to be competitive and be at pace with other medical practitioners the changes should be implemented (Blake and Cindy 34). Additionally, it is advisable to adopt the 2013 goals so as to move with the others and embrace new methods that should make the operations move effectively and attain efficiency. The change agents, that are the patients, are the main clients of the facility, thus, the facility cannot function without them. Further, if the patients are handled appropriately they could be satisfied with the services and this could make them loyal to a certain medical facility (Blake and Bush 43). Additionally, the rural facility should not aim at making cash only, but it should strive to go an extra mile and serve the patients at their best by adopting the most effective and efficient methods. The steps involved in change process begin with the creation of a will for change in all the employees. This may come as a result of negative comments from the patients concerning the medication or overall inefficiency from the facility. The second stage is the creation of a team that coordinates the change to
Human development strongly depends on society as well as the development of society depends on the person as a society and particular groups consist of individuals. The problem of the influence of social norms on human behavior is rather relevant and always is under the interest of psychology. This paper is aimed at revealing the notion of the group conformity through such examples as the Stanford county prison experiment and Solomon Asch’s experiment resulting in a concise analysis of the chosen topic. First of all, it seems appropriate to begin with the definition of group conformity. According to Haynes and Fopiano (2012), “conformity to group norms is indicative of commitment and dedication to the group’s process and progress”. In other words, group conformity is the tendency to change views and positions according to those that prevail in a given society or a group. Conformal behavior is the behavior when a person follows expectations of others ignoring his own opinion, goals, and interests. To understand the topic better, it is important to consider several examples. Precisely speaking, the paper investigates peculiarities of the Stanford county prison experiment and Solomon Asch’s experiment. Stanford County Prison Experiment Professor Philip Zimbardo initiated an ambitious experiment on August 14, 1971, where several young men had to try on the role of guards and prisoners in jail artificially recreated at the Stanford University. The experiment is a psychological study of human responses to freedom restriction in conditions of prison life and the impact of the imposed social role on behavior. Initially, guards and prisoners have no difference from each other and were characterized as normal people. Experimenters observed their behavior, cognitive, and emotional reactions, and the emerging system of relationships. They organized the experimental prison, where prisoners were placed in barred cells that created a psychological feeling of confinement for all participants of the experiment. The purpose of the experiment was not just to repeat the US prison, but to establish its functional similarity (Zimbardo, 2011). Due to ethical and moral reasons, Zimbardo could not use harsh physical punishment, carry out the massacre, and copy some other specific aspects of prison life. However, they created such conditions that caused a sense of helplessness, suppression, and frustration as well as high and low social statuses. Nevertheless, the experiment quickly got out of control. Guards behaved aggressively and mocked at prisoners, and, by the end, the latter showed rigorous emotional disturbance. If the first day went in a quiet atmosphere, the second day brought a rebellion. Guards voluntarily went to overtime and suppressed the rebellion without guidance from researchers attacking prisoners with fire extinguishers. After this incident, guards tried to divide prisoners and set them against each other distinguishing good and bad ones. These measures have had a significant effect, and further large-scale disturbances occurred. The prison became dirty and gloomy. The right to wash was a privil