ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Biometrics is a concept which has attained significant popularity in recent years due to the prevalence and capabilities of technology. Biometrics is a form of access control which can accurately, efficiently, and uniquely identify humans. Biometrics can be identified as either physiological or behavioral characteristics (Saferstein and Roy 153). The concept of forensic biometrics seeks to use automated and human-based systems to identify, analyze, and interpret biometric data for forensic and investigatory activities. Origin and Development Considering that biometrics consist of several elements, including iris, fingerprint, and facial recognition, alongside behavioral characteristics – each has a unique history of origin and development. First attempts of using the iris for identification came in the 1950s by J.H. Doggart who emphasized that the iris is unique for each individual forming infinite patterns. By 1985, Dr. John Daugman created an algorithmic computer system which could analyze and verify the human iris, which became known as the IrisCode and is the foundation to most modern iris scanners. Similarly, technology has also focused on scanning the retina of the eye, which also has a unique pattern of veins and capillaries but remains less consistent and reliable than iris biometrics (Saferstein and Roy 158). Similarly, facial recognition is a non-intrusive and efficient mechanism of biometrics. Facial recognitions amongst people in society has been used historically for centuries (wanted posters), but the modern technology of is attributed to Matthew Turk and Alex Pentland in the 1990s. They created the Eigenface technique which uses matrices of human faces to identify and authenticate human faces. It was an automated biometric solution which allowed the computer to effectively track faces from a camera without error or human intervention (Saferstein and Roy 161). Fingerprints are the earliest known biometric system, with some accounts of its use as identifying marks dating back to 500BC in the Babylonian Empire. In 1896, Sir Edward Henry created the Henry Classification System which sorted fingerprints by physiological characteristics for quick searching and became the first official system of identification used by law enforcement, and later became the basis for modern databases (Lee). Currently law enforcement has huge databases, transitioning from IAFIS to NGI, which stores millions of fingerprints due to the Tenprint techniques in addition to the NPPS with palm prints. These databases can use complex algorithms to match up fingerprints of most citizens in matter of minutes (Saferstein and Roy 164). Therefore, the biometric boom occurred in the 1990s when biometrics grew significantly as a field of research. In combination with the onset of the digital age, computerized algorithms and rapid automation could be combined with traditional techniques and databases that law enfo
Introduction Interpreters play a crucial role that facilitates communication between individuals, including the defendants, juries and attorneys. There have been tremendous and profound transformations of the way interpreters play their role in court proceedings (Wilson, 2013). Since they are a central area of interest, this paper will analyze the past, present, and future issued revolving around interpreters. Also, the discussion will focus on how a victim rights laws affect the proceedings of the courts. Past Issues and Trends The USA started recognizing the importance of interpreters during a court proceeding in 1970 when the demand for their services increased in statutory and federal courts. Particularly, the courts needed assistance from Spanish interpreters to conduct successful proceedings in the court. Whereas they needed their services direly, the courts could hardly find them due to unavailability. Since the demand had arisen freshly, they were not treated as part of the courthouse. They could only attend the proceeding and then leave the premises. Unfortunately, there were profound stigmas that affected their work since most of the players in court had a bad attitude to them. First, the attorneys could suspect that these interpreters had a connection with the victims. As a result, they were not informed about the details of the proceedings. The worst scenarios were the in which the interpreters did not even know the name of defendants for half of the entire period of interpretation. These stigmas had intensified to the extent that the court clerks opposed the right of the defendant having interpreters. In essence, when they were hired to interpret for the court, the clerks did not understand what they needed to execute their role, or whether they could do it correctly. Having suffered many humiliations, the interpreters started rebuilding their disparaged reputation by adopting professionalism and creating favorable working relations with the members of the courts. Their efforts enabled the conception and enactment of Court Interpreter’s Act that was stipulated in 1979. Under this act, the Spanish interpreters were certified, and the courts began
Introduction To start with two types of growth theories, one can distinguish two types of economic factors: exogenous and endogenous. They can be compared with exogenous and endogenous growth theories. While exogenous factors are external and describe the resources of the economic system, endogenous ones show the quality of the economic system’s agents. In general, exogenous factors are quantitative, such as the size of GDP per capita, and endogenous ones are qualitative: an example is the percent of people with higher education. Endogenous factors are essential when evaluating future perspectives of a system’s evolution. One can conclude that while exogenous factors show the system’s current state, endogenous ones allow seeing how the system will evolve in the future. Exogenous Neoclassical growth theories Neoclassical growth theories are examples of exogenous ones: they are focused on exogenous factors, such as production rates, demand and supply amounts, and the state’s GDP. Such theories explore the equilibrium between various flows of goods and propose that the state should regulate them by taxation and subsidization (Chirwa & Odhiambo, 2018). Neoclassical growth theories are good for maintaining the balance in the economic system and seeing its optimal wealth distribution. However, they see the economic system as a closed-loop system: in that way, they cannot take into consideration that the system will evolve and change in the future. Endogenous Theories: Emergent Quality Endogenous growth theories, unlike exogenous ones, concentrate on the internal qualities of the economic system. They consider the system’s members, agents, as those who are able to create additional values by innovations (Gabardo et al., 2017). Examples of those agents are entrepreneurs, scientists, educators. Entrepreneurs create additional values by introducing new technologies and services which solve people’s problems more efficiently. Scientists make inventions that enrich the total human knowledge and may be used by entrepreneurs in the future; educators facilitate the spread of that knowledge. Together, they facilitate changes in the economic system which lead to its evolution. First endogenous growth models: AK Unlike exogenous growth theories, endogenous ones consider technological progress as the important endogenous variable of the economic system. Thus, they explore the dynamics of the system’s development, driven by innovations. The first endogenous growth theory, developed in the 1960s by Frankel and Cass, is based on the concept of “learning by doing” (Gabardo et al., 2017). It means the accumula
Introduction Cancer can be defined as a set of diseases which are caused by uncontrolled growth of cells in the body. The abnormal cells in the body usually segregate uncontrollably and affect other body tissues as they are spread very fast through body fluids for instance the blood and the lymph. It is a condition that is very severe and accounts for a great percentage of deaths world wide. It is the most frightening cause of death in the world due to its effects and symptoms and the fact that it can be suffered by every person irrespective of age. It is the second major cause of deaths after the heart disease. There are various types of cancer (more than a hundred) which can be categorized as sarcoma which entails the cancer that begins in connective tissues for instance the bone and blood vessels, leukemia which originates in tissues that deal with blood formation like the bone marrow, lymphoma which affects the immune system cells, cancer of the central nervous system that starts from the spinal cord and brain tissues, and carcinoma that originate from skin tissues (Anonymous 1). Background Information on Cancer All kinds of cancer conditions start in body cells which are the most fundamental units of life. Cancer occurs when normal body cells change and become cancer cells. There are various kinds of cell that make up an individual’s body. The cells usually grow and segregate uncontrollably producing more cells that are necessary for maintaining good health in the body. As the cells grow, they get old or / and damaged and the formation of new cells is essential for their replacement. Cancers however occurs when the process of the growth of a cell is disrupted or when it occurs abnormally for instance when the body cells fail to die at the required time or when new cells are made when they are not needed in the body. The excess cells may lead to development of tumor which in most cases is cancerous for instance the malignant. However, not all kinds of cancer cause tumor. Cancer is not a new disease and has existed for many years. The word cancer traces its origin from Hippocrates who was a general practitioner from Greece. The very first recognized and documented cancer case was in Egypt and it was on breast cancer. The treatment that was readily available was cauterization which utilized the principle of burning the affected tissues. There was very little information about cancer as opposed to what is known today and the little that was believed about it was actually false for instance, the people believed that it was a disease caused by the gods. Hippocrates also thought that cancer was caused by the existence of excess black bile in a particular place in the body. However, there has been a lot of d
Board of Directors’ Decision In the job market analysis in the 21st century, the executive pay level should increase proportionally as the company’s size expands. The company’s culture should also be considered. All compensation and benefits packages arrived at by the board of directors should reflect the company’s values and take into account the goals, especially those related to the pay for performance (Gunderson, 2014). The level of equality and inequality within a company is a crucial metric that needs evaluation. Equality can be achieved by assessing the executives’ pay compared to the average employees within the firm. Equality can affect their morale, especially in companies where the compensation formula is not well distributed. Executive Compensation Procedure The Board of Directors or a compensation committee annually evaluates the company’s executive on performance basis. In this way the board plays an oversight role. The evaluation involves a thorough procedure where the board or the committee determines the employee’s input to the organizational productivity. Thereafter, based on the information collected, the board or the committee recommends the findings and the conclusion of the preferred compensation structure. Effects of Underpaying/Overpaying Executives Lack of allegiance increases the probability of the underpaid executive employees to develop attitudes that are characterized by irrational behavior. Whenever these executive employees feel that the board of directors does not care for them, then the staff will not bother to provide a quality output. They are likely to feel disengaged and undervalued thereby lowering their performance, as opposed to when they are well compensated (Gunderson, 2014). As established above, a lack of motivation is a major cause of unproductivity and a lack of dedication. Second, underpayment denies organizations the ability to attract and retain talented and highly skilled personnel. With the growing competitiveness in the job market, no employee would desire to be underpaid with an exception of an underqualified individual. Third, low morale may arise, thus causing dissatisfaction among executive employees, which can spread to other staffers. As a result, issues such as illness, absenteeism and mental health deterioration are the consequences of the emotional contagion (Reed, 2019). Accordingly, underpayment negatively affects executive employees’ motivation and lowers their workplace productivity. Way above market price remuner
Abstract An empirical evaluation of previous research indicates a close correlation between the development of the Arabic language and Islam. This paper explores the Muslim contribution to phonetics based on the correlation between religion and language. The link between Islam and Arabic is an essential connection between religion and linguistic development. The culture behind the exclusive use of Arabic in the Islam culture provides the basis for understanding why the religion is synonymous with phonetics. Religion plays a significant role in the acquisition and development of Modern Standard Arabic. The study focuses on secondary data providing information about the development of Arabic phonetics and the Islamic religion. The Islamic religion is attributed as a contributor to the development of Arabic phonetics. Introduction Language is an essential tool that is used in human communication. Different elements vary between lingos and may be influenced by other tongues. Successful communication is achieved through the understanding of the various disciplines in language and linguistics. Phonetics is a branch of linguistics that deals with the study of how speech sounds from different parts of the world are produced and classified (Nasution et al., 2019). Therefore, phonetics can be described as the study of speech sounds in human languages. Many factors determine the way speech sounds are produced in different speech. According to Moraru (2019), as a result of the classification of speech, dissimilar sounds from multiple lingual can be represented using unique symbols which belong to the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). Phonetics is an interdisciplinary science that is developed through various applications. There are many propagators of a language within a community or region, includ
The good part of the challenging communication interaction with the nurse is that, despite my situation, I was willing to help a patient who needed urgent attention. It was also good that I was able to remind the nurse of my competency and ability in dealing with patients with tracheostomy. The bad part in my challenging communicative situation was the harshness and rudeness of the nurse when I requested her to look after patients with tracheostomy. The other bad thing in the situation was that when the patient required urgent suctioning and attention, the nurse was out of the room. Her response of shouting me down, snatching the suctioning equipment, and gesturing me to leave were even the worse parts of the situation leading to my reaction. These experiences reflected negatively to patients who ended up doubting my expertise in tracheostomy. Analysis The outcome of the incident with the nurse was that I was extremely upset and could not envision the practicality of how she treated me. The new nurse was insensitive and rude, she seemed not to care of the hurt she was inflicting in me. I had to take the responsibility of the patient who required attention as a nurse in the event, as is required by the nursing profession (Quinn, 2000). I was within the rules by immediately suctioning the patient, when the new nurse ignored the following of the protocol by dismissing my assistance. Getting angry and shouting back was useless and unprofessional of me in solving the disagreement with the new nurse. However, shouting me down and dismissing me, were predictable from the way she answered when I requested her for permission to look after patients with tracheostomy. My allocation of patients who needed minimal care must have also contributed to the unworthy situation we had with the new nurse, this from the rate at which our differences cropped up. Conclusion The action of suctioning the patient to relieve her of the pain was within the rules, and I would do the same given the circumstance (Quinn, 2000). In acting differently, I would have controlled myself and quietly left the room to avoid being unprofessional by shouting. This would have helped diffuse the tension between us and given a better impression of me to the patients. The new nurse could have called me aside politely and take over the suctioning in a professional manner. Action Plan In case a similar situation arises again, I will be calm and professional in my communication with the nurse. I will give my best to avoid expressing my anger by controlling it and making a qui
The marketing plan discussed in this work requires a detailed timeline in order to achieve the goals established. Given that Press Waffles can be regarded as a part of the specialty eatery industry which is focused primarily on customer intimacy, these notions will have to be reflected as soon as possible. Thus, the first major objective to be achieved is securing the attention of the target audience and conveying the mission statement developed by enforcing specific promotion techniques. This aim can be accomplished within the first month of the marketing campaign, during which the notions of enhanced customer experience and the uniqueness of the product will be translated. Moreover, the alterations to the standard menu will be addressed as an element of the advertisement, certifying that the target group is aware of the ongoing developments. Simultaneously with the first stage, the product changes will be launched as part of the marketing plan. This includes adjusting the current menu of Press Waffles and adhering to larger groups of clientele. Launching the original vegan waffle and vegan toppings will be an important element of the timeline. It is suggested that the promotion and distribution of the new product will be completed within the first month of the campaign. After that, the next step of the approach implemented encompasses utilizing additional pricing options, which are imperative for the company’s future development. The initial change to the current system consists of offering a Press app, which provides the customers with supplementary mechanisms for purchasing our products and receiving extra benefits from maintaining continued loyalty. If the number of new clientele increases, it will be more effective to propose the use of the applicatio
Introduction Beginning from the year 2002, it has become common knowledge that abuse of prisoners from Afghanistan and Iraq has been taking place in American military prisons while the American government has also been sending prisoners to the countries that practice torture. The Bush administration for example supported a policy that had a very narrow definition of torture and this permitted abusive behavior on enemy combatants, suspected terrorists and others categorized under the war on terror. Greenberg states that “The debate over the United States’ Post-September 11 th endorsement of torture as a policy in aid of interrogation has been curious indeed. Official U.S. government memoranda defined torture so narrowly, in contravention of U.S. law and treaties, and interrogators and jailers engaged in abusive acts undoubtedly consisting torture under U.S. and international law, yet the United States has neither admitted such policy existed, nor formally defended the mistreatment of detainees.” Various pictures of abuse have appeared on the print media and television and several government reports and documents have revealed an existing use of torturous methods. The U.S public however continues to have an indifferent response towards the debate, not because Americans care less about introduction of torture to their national identity or language, but because majority of them remain confused about how this issue can be addressed. For many Americans however, the use of torture stands as a threat to the American systems of values as well as national identity (Greenberg 1-8, 111). Can torture be justified? In the history of America, torture has always remained incompatible with the nation’s values as evident in the Bill of Rights which forbids all unusual and cruel forms of punishment but only permits corporal punishment through painless methods. The American government and its people condemn the nations that practice torture and have been granting asylum to those who are afraid and wish to run away from it. Anti-torture legislation has been enacted by congress and judicial opinions have described the process as totally inhuman. In the aftermath of 9/11, the Bush administration and American in general however abandoned their reluctance to the use of torture (Greenberg 35-38, 52). The Bush administration permitted the use of torture techniques such as sleep deprivation, forced nudity, waterboarding and forced standing against terrorist detainees. At Abu Ghr
The iPad Jr. will be launched in New York and for it to successfully penetrate the market, a good promotional strategy must be established. A successful promotional strategy that the company will use will take the following order. First, the company has to segment the market into distinct sections as this will assist the company to focus on its target group (Anderson, Hair & Bush 1992, p. 67). A representation of this is shown below. Demand for iPad Jr. The second step is targeting where the company will select the group it wants to focus on and communicate with it through adverts thereby increasing the awareness of its products to the group. Since the iPad Jr. targets children between 3 and 12 years, some of the forms of marketing that may be applied here include, direct