ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction: Facts Basic Facts Angela Paulsen (Applicant) and Keith Paulsen (Respondent) physically separated in January 2009 after 15 years of living together. They sold the house, but due to many debts owed at that time the shared profit was just enough to cover some liabilities. The Paulsens had two children at the moment of separation. Statement of Claims According to the Respondent, the parties had an oral agreement which would give them a shared custody over the children, while he paid possible expenses. The Applicant denied the existence of any agreement, but acknowledged that the Respondent had covered some costs without providing substantial financial support while the children lived with her most of the time. Ms. Paulsen applied to the Court on June 15, 2015, with an aim to equalize the property between the parties including the pension plans they had when being married. The Applicant stated that the parties separated in January 2009, while the Respondent claimed that it was in May 2008. Regardless of which time was accurate, her application did not meet the limitation date provided by the FLA. The Applicant moved to extend the limitation period under the FLA statute and asked the Court to identify the exact date of separation. Procedural Facts This is a trial decision by McDermot J. Issues  1. What should the Court consider the actual date of physical separation?  2. Can the Court extend the limitation period for the property equalization between the parties? Rules  1. According to the FLA, separation is defined as there being no possibility for the further cohabitation of spouses. Additionally, in Taylor vs. Taylor, 1999, the Court held that events which indicate the point where a chance for reconciliation and signs of joint living (e.g., sexual relationships, spousal social functions, etc.) are no longer present also define the moment of separation.  2. The FLA allows an extension of the limitation period if the Applicant postponed the motion in good faith and there are no risks that any party will suffer substantial prejudice. To identify if a person acted in good or bad faith, the judge should assess the subjective views on the events. To find if there is a possibility of substantial prejudice, he should additionally evaluate whether the equalization of property (pension) will damage one of the parties’ welfare. Analysis Date of Separation The fact that the Applicant moved out the shared house in January 2009 is not sufficient in this case because the psychological and physical separation of the spouses took place shortly before that event. The fact that they told their children about the separation in the late August of 2008 might signify the seriousness of their intentions. Therefore, this moment may be considered the date of their separation as it shows that no reconciliation could have followed. Good Faith The Applicant supports her motion by saying that she was completely unaware that pensions were a part of the property or that she could claim for equalization. Although the Respo
The maxim nullum crimen sine lege states that there should be no crime committed or a punishment issued, without a violation of the penal code in a country at the time of committing the crime. Only those penalties that are laid for the crime at the time of occurrence can be issued. Sherman was arguably contravening a penal code in the United States by committing atrocities and not complying with special field order 120. The United States has accepted the jurisdiction of the international criminal court; therefore, the principles are embedded in the national constitution. It can also source its principles of law of war from international instruments like the Rome statute and the European convention on human rights. Finally, the international criminal court can source the laws of war from its written statutes where crimes and their penalties are listed to be used in future cases. This was in response to criticisms that international law did not mete out specific punishments for violations. An example is where the Nazi war criminals were prosecuted despite the fact that their actions were not contravening domestic law at that time. Prosecutions have also been possible for the officials of German Democratic Republic, who subdivided the country by building the Berlin wall. Common article 2 of the Geneva Convention applies when there is an international conflict and at least one of the warring countries is bound by the treaty. It applies when two signatories of the convention declare war against each other, armed conflicts without formal declaration of war or where a signatory country declares war against a non-signatory country. It calls for protection of victims of war during international armed conflicts. In this case, common article 3 would apply. It metes out the rules of war that govern conflicts that are not international in nature. The American civil war is an example of where the common article 3 applies. The southerners waged a war with the north, leading to armed conflict between Sherman’s army and the dissident southerners. Protection and other rights are to be accorded to the victims of the non-international armed conflict. Sherman’s army was contravening this through their scorched earth policy and by not according the Negroes who were victims of war basic rights like medicare, food and security. The indictment by the International Criminal Court (ICC) prosecutor for Sherman under article 2 are: destroying the southerners’ food, water and other materials needed for survival through scorched earth policy; threatening to use heavy ordinance on Hardee and his men that would result in indiscriminate attacks on civilians of savannah; not providing protection to victims of the conflict for example women, children and slaves; forceful induction of negro slaves into the army without their consent; using heavy ordinances which pollute the environment in the long run; destroying basic infrastructure such as roads, bridges and railways and lastly, indiscriminate attacks in hostile villages without considering
The modern world is full of potential risks and threats to public health. In order to prevent, control, and assist in the treatment of diseases, the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention were established in 1946. Due to the large number of different diseases, the structure of the CDC is divided into separate centers to simplify its work. Specifically, the National Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention (NCHHSTP) is responsible for epidemiological control and prevention of common diseases with viruses as their agents. The purpose of this essay is to explore the principles and conceptions of the NCHHSTP. The goal of the NCHHSTP is to maintain public health in the U.S. and to shape the future in which HIV, viral hepatitis, STIs, and tuberculosis cease to pose a public health threat. To accomplish these objectives, the Center is divided into four departments whose functions include disease-specific control (Issel & Wells, 2018). In addition, the NCHHSTP has the separate sector dedicated to youth health. It is no coincidence that the mentioned above disease categories are specifically designated as separate Centers: patients can have viral hepatitis in combination with other viral infections (Friedman, Dean & Duffus, 2018). Such co-infections are often the result of sharply reduced immunity, especially in the context of HIV. For this reason, a combination of AIDS, hepatitis, and tuberculosis is quite common in the history of HIV-positive patients with the advanced viral infection. In addition, it should be understood that HIV, which is now the global pandemic, is also transmitted through sexual intercourse, which makes it an STD (Eisinger & Fauci, 2018). Combining and integrating control of these four diseases is of great importance and relevance, as it allows for a more comprehensive approach to preventing and controlling the spread. It is significant to note that the NCHHSTP aims not only to control the epidemiological spread of diseases but also to educate people on critical issues regarding diseases. For example, its programs include sections aimed at providing medical support to the LGBT community and dispelling common myths about the correlation between sexual orientation and HIV/AIDS. The Center offers U.S. citizens assistance in finding and passing anonymous infection tests. Moreover, if a patient is found to have a virus, the NCHHSTP provides information about treatment centers to combat specific diseases. The primary mission of the NCHHSTP is to control the described diseases (Issel & Wells, 2018). The official website of the Center has necessary and relevant statistics on disease dynamics, mortality, and recovery rates. Ongoing efforts by NCHHSTP experts are aimed at achieving three strategic goals set by the Center’s management. These include reducing the overall incidence of viral infections, mortality among the population, and disparities in health care. T
In his Recount , Carey McWilliams introduces his interpretation of life within the boundaries of Hollywood, the world that radically differs from reality. In particular, the writer refers to it as a place that everything can find a rescue from real-life problems and daily routine, a world where some unexpected events are constantly taking place and everyone witnesses their dreams to come true. At the same time, Hollywood is also represented as a dystopia where nothing can bring in a better future, except for the possibility to forget all negative experiences. Deception, illusion, and veiled dreams are the only things that Hollywood can offer to people. Despite this, people still strive to release their sufferings by falling into the fake world of the movie industry. Lack of genuineness and authenticity makes the Hollywood world deprived of true values and, as a result, all the events that happened in this realm cannot be perceived with the utmost feelings and emotions. Thus, the author mentions some events with extreme calmness and reason, as if these events should be taken for granted. What is more threatening is that all people involved in the movie industry find it hard to distinguish between the real world and the one that is dictated by Hollywood. The recount under analysis, therefore, reflects accurately the problems and hardships of the Depression period during which people strived to escape from the challenges of life and delve into the ideal framework created in Hollywood. Indeed, the movie industry has managed to take advantage of people’s hopelessness and capture them in their own dreams and wishes. Therefore, it is logical that McWilliams compares Hollywood with the place where people are living in circles.
The chosen art object is an acrylic painting by Granville Redmond, which belongs to 1871-1935 Los Angeles, CA, of the size 16” x 20”. The works of this artist are famous for their tones that bring out a peaceful quiet to emotional and beautiful Impressionist scenes. This painting belongs to the still-life art style. Still-life purpose contrasts with figure drawing, which centers around a live human model. With a still-life, you realize the articles will not at any point move, and you can rehearse objects with various properties like gleaming metal, clear porcelain, or bulbous apples. You can mastermind any assortment of lifeless things to be the subject of still-life. Containers of blossoms are a mainstream decision since they comprise basic shapes and are simple to duplicate in real life. From exceptionally utilitarian Ancient Egyptian frescoes to ultra-pragmatist Dutch Golden Age works of art and current three-dimensional establishments, still-life fine art keeps on being a perceived artistic expression. It comprises a fundamental portion of any legitimate historical center of craftsmanship. Vanitas’ lives were a broad sort of Dutch still-life. Their creation frequently incorporated a skull, an image of mortality just as bad organic products, all tokens of the progression of time and the temporary idea of life. Typically highlighting a dark foundation, they helped the viewer remember the conviction of death and that every one of the affluent articles, great dining experiences, and extravagant settings. One more regular subject for Dutch artistry at the time was blossoms in a container. One specific flower usually addressed was tulips. As the Netherlands and Amsterdam turned into the most significant maker of the rose, a masterminded bunch of tulips was an entirely satisfactory subject and was typically painted with oil on the material. The presented piece of art accurately resembles a painting that belongs to still art. It uses inanimate objects as various kinds of flowers and a vase similar to Dutch still-life. It also features a dark background which is typical for such paintings to illustrate the fragility of objects.
Being an international student living in Canada, I am by definition a member of a large ethnic community. The members of the Chinese Canadian group share a common country of origin, language, norms, and values, use the same media sources and usually communicate with each other daily. College students organize culture-themed events and societies, such as UTM’s Chinese Students and Scholars Association (UTMCSSA), which facilitates interaction within the Chinese student community, holds events for members, and helps new students meet other people from China and adjust to life in an alien country through the use of common native food, music, celebrations, and other cultural features. Since the defined group, which is a part of the larger Canadian culture, uses these cultural attributes daily, this group can be referred to as the Chinese Canadian subculture. Being a member of this community, as well as a sociology student allows me to examine the Chinese Canadian subculture from a functionalist point of view, and to evaluate its influence on the members through the use of the sociological imagination. Despite the current multiculturalism policy of the Canadian government, the history of Chinese immigrants in Canada provides very few grounds for successful cultural assimilation. Initially, Chinese immigrants were allowed into Canada from 1850 to the 1920s as cheap labor workers to work in railway construction, as well as in lumbering and mining (Brym and Lie 2012). They “were paid half the wages of white workers” (Brym and Lie 2012:154), and it was said they ’worked like horses’ and ‘dropped like flies’ due to “exposure, disease, malnutrition and explosions” (Brym and Lie 2012:154). The cheap cost of labor, however, facilitated the split labor market, which resulted in hostility against the Asian immigrants: “European Canadians formed ‘exclusion leagues’ to pressure the government to restrict Asian immigration, and on occasion, they even staged anti-Asian riots” (Brym and Lie 2012:155). According to Brym and Lie (2012), side effects of such treatment were the “solidified racial identities among both the rioters and the victims of the riots” (155), as well as the consequent struggle of immigrants to integrate into Canadian societies for many generations after: “The groups that have had most trouble assimilating into the British values and institutions that dominate Canadian societies are those that were subjected to expulsion from their native lands, conquest, slavery, and split labor markets. These circumstances have left a legacy of racism that has created social-structural impediments to assimilation, such as forced segregation in low-status jobs and low-income neighbourhoods” (Brym and Lie 2012:155). Functionalism argues that social structures have a distinct function: they either maintain or undermine social stability (Innocente 2016). Since the somewhat distant relationship between the European and Chinese Canadians is still present today, one of the primary functions of the Chinese Canadian subculture is to mitigate these difficulties by “re-establis
Step 1: Get Familiar With The Assignment Though it seems trivial, this step allows one to understand the question, ask for clarification from the instructor and take notes before starting the project. Step 2: Pick a Topic This is a very important part of the process; you have to pick a topic that interests you most and one which you can discuss comfortably. Still, it is important to ensure the topic fits into the research instructions and requirements. Step 3: Organizing and researching As you may notice during this stage, researching a topic reveals an extensive array of information which may be useful or not, particularly for your research. As such, you need to organize your research by checking on aspects such as author credibility, reliability, relevance and timeliness of the research. This will also involve creating an annotated bibliography for the research. A visit to the library will be crucial for this stage. Step 4: Forming a thesis After getting your usable list of sources, it is vital to form a line of argument, on which you will base your research. A thesis should be a statement or hypothesis that you wish to prove using your research. Also remember that you should conduct a research on how to write a good thesis statement. Step 5: Creating an outline This is crucial because an outline forms a framework on which you can build your paper. This is merely a structure of the paper and does not have a definite formula. However, a good outline should indicate the introduction, thesis statement, body paragraphs, and the conclusion. Step 6: Writing and Proofreading You have all you need to start writing your research paper. Remember to use your thesis statement as a guide to illustrate your points throughout the paper. Further, you can expand on the outline to ensure your work as a consistent and structured flow. After writing your paper, you should re-read it, edit and correct any mistakes. This is instrumental in ensuring your paper if free from grammatical, and structural errors.
Important Points to be tackled by the New Chairman of Board The development of the textile apparel industry was characterized by globalization, the evolution of casual trends, and continuing fashion development. These developments impacts the operations of the masses and proved to be difficult for Marks and Spencer and proved to be difficult for Marks and Spencer. The remedies for these were too slow caused by poor production forecasts. The research was not carried on properly because the fashion changes were not expected and the initial plans in production were not correct. The first question I will ask the chairman and the chief executive officer will be what his plans are concerning change in the marketplace due to globalization. I will also ask him how he is going to keep up to date with the fashion trends. In 1999, the Marks and Spencer clothing market share in the UK fall to as low as 14.3%. Two years earlier, it was 17% of the total market share. Marks and Spencer continued to hold 40% in women’s lingerie and 25% in men’s clothing, especially the suits. This was a clear indication that the customer base was aging. Among the young people, the company had only a 5% market share. There was a 24% market share among those people who were 65 and above years old. Considering the statistics above, I would want to know what the new chairman and chief executive, Luc Vandevelde would do to capture a significant market share in the United Kingdom and to maintain it at that (Weitz, 1989). Generally, Marks and Spencer’s operations in foreign countries brought in low profits. In Spain, France, and Germany, the total sale made remained meager and difficult to conduct. In Asia, the market crisis also remained worse. An attempt by the company to replicate its value chain in Canada was not fruitful. Canadian business operations were eventually closed in 1999 after a continuous loss was made (Hakansson, 1999). With respect to that, I would ask the new chairman and chief executive officer what strategies will be put in place to improve sales abroad and outside the UK. Guidance for Turning Marks & Spencer Around To turn Marks and Spencer around the company should upgrade its products using innovation and development in technical areas of production. The company should focus on research to come up with better fabric and appealing colors. Market research on fashion including formal, classic, and casual styles should be enhanced
During the start of the depression, Herbert Hoover was the U.S president and his efforts to save the country from the effects of the great depression were futile. Five years down the depression, Franklin Roosevelt became the U.S President in 1933. His first challenge was dealing with the depression that had affected a big percentage of the U.S economy. His immediate action to save the country was to strike what has been referred to as the New Deal. The deal consisted of recovery programs which were targeted to be initiated into the economy in the short-run. The deal consisted of work and economic assistance programs. This first new deal brought an end to the gold standard and also prohibition. The Gold standard was abolished since it prevented the federal government from controlling the interest rates and prohibited the government from lowering them. The major reason was that the gold standard only allowed for the increase of the rates in order to protect the dollar (Powell, 2004, p. 17). The short-term programs were also directed to reforming the banking system, the agricultural sector, employment and the industrial sector. Roosevelt then introduced the second set of a new deal which consisted of long-term assistance programs. These programs included the Social Security System, the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, Fannie Mae, the Federal Housing Administration, the Security and exchange commission and the Tennessee Valley Author