ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Carbohydrates Defined The dictionary defines carbohydrates as: “Carbohydrates are the major source of metabolic energy, the sugars and starches. Chemically they are composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in the ratio C n : H 2n : O n” (Bender and Bender 1995, p. 72). Carbohydrates are organic compounds important as food to plants and animals and derived from carbon dioxide and water, through the action of sunlight on chlorophyll. Main Carbohydrates The main carbohydrates are:   * the monosaccharide sugars, of which glucose, fructose, and   * galactose.   * Carbohydratesnm provides 50-70% of energy intake (Harrison, 2000). It is possible speak of these as the physical energy values to distinguish between these and similar energy values obtained from the oxidation of these same foods in the animal body, the physiological energy values . Complex Carbohydrates   * Complex carbohydrates consists of many single sugar units   * Larger polymers of carbohydrates are called polysaccharides.       + starches (they represent polymers of glucose units, either as a straight chain (amylose) or with a branched structure (amylopectin). This groups is digested by humans.       + other polysaccharides known as non-starch polysaccharides (NSP), and are not digested by human enzymes (Mielke et al 2005). The distinction is not an exact one since no difference in the energy output is obtained from Carbohydrates when they are oxidized in vitro or in vivo . In both instances the energy liberated is always quantitatively identical respective of the rate at which it is set free, provided, of course, that the oxidation is complete. Short and Longer Chains   * Short chains of three to ten monosaccharides are oligosaccharides. This group is found in foods (onions and legumes).   * Longer chains of sugars are polysaccharides. The type includes glycogen in animals, and starches and fibers in plants. Ultimately the energy needs of the body are derived almost wholly from the body proteins themselves as the stores of body fat are exhausted. Simple and Complex Carbohydrates   * Simple carbohydrates are sugars.   * Complex carbohydrates are made of many sugars joined together (Grosvenor and Smolin 2005). Good carbohydrates are substances in their natural state. This category involves food which has not been altered or changed by people. The benefit of good carbohydrates is a low glycemic index. The examples are fruits, vegetables, beans, nuts, cereals, etc. In contrast, bad carbohydrates are those substances processed by people. Nutrition   * The nutrition process begins in th
Introduction Paul Wolpe has addressed one of the most disputable issues in bioethics. The researcher argues that autonomy has become a “panacea” in solving ethical issues in the USA (Wolpe 38). The researcher reveals advantages and focuses on the disadvantages of the use of autonomy in the US bioethics. It is important to note that in the USA the principle of autonomy has overweighed the rest of the principles suggested by Beauchamp and Childress (Wolpe 41). This shift can be explained by some cultural peculiarities of Americans. However, it is also necessary to note that this shift in priorities has proved to be misleading (Gert et al. 109). The principle of autonomy is characterized by far too many restrictions and limitations (Wolpe 55). Therefore, it can hardly be applicable in most cases. More so, it is possible to state that it has become a detriment to patient care as patients are often unwilling and incapable of making decisions that could be made only by physicians on the basis of thorough research which is backed up by the physicians’ experience. Reasons for the Shift of Priorities Principlism was articulated by Beauchamp and Childress in the late 1970s (Wolpe 41). The researchers revealed four basic principles which were to become the universal guidance for physicians. The researchers pointed out the principles of “autonomy, nonmaleficence, beneficence, and justice” (Wolpe 41). Notably, in the first part of the twentieth century, the medical practice was dominated by principles of nonmaleficence and beneficence. However, in the middle of the twentieth century, the shift in priorities took place in the United States. Wolpe notes that people “could easily write a modern history of America by tracing the theme of individual liberty” which is “a long-standing and mythologized American value” (Wolpe 53). Admittedly, individual liberty is valued in any aspect of private or social life in the United States, be it politics, education, or medical care. Of course, bioethics could be no exception. Americans have always struggled for their rights, e.g. rights concerning abortion or even assisted suicide. The value of individual liberty has spread to the power of decision making. Apart from this, Wolpe articulates another possible reason for the shift. The researcher claims that almost “every development in medicine in the post-World War II period distanced the physician and the hospital from the patient and the commun
While there are various forms of government systems, our country is a democracy. This system is believed to be the most beneficial to the society and most developed nations in the world use it. In a democracy, the people choose their government leaders and the government is accountable to the people. This paper will highlight three of the most important features of American Democracy. The first most important feature of our democracy is that the citizens hold the power of government. While it might appear as though the government is all-powerful, this is not the case since the government derives its power from the people. Through their right to vote, the citizens elect their government representatives. This feature of democracy ensures that the principle of rule by the people is achieved since it is the people who empower the government to work. Voting is an extremely important aspect of the democratic process since it is the primary means through which the citizens exercise their political influence by voting in leaders of their choice. The elected individuals are accountable to the citizens who have the power to vote them out of office if they feel that they are not effectively serving them. The appointed representatives are therefore obliged to act in the best interest of the citizens who voted for them. The democracy ensures that the fundamental rights of the individual are protected. There are laws in place that give individuals rights and protect their civil liberties. The American democracy is founded on the premise that each person possesses some rights that cannot be overridden even by the welfare of the state. These rights are perceived as fundamental and inalienable and they are not subject to political bargaining. The government has a duty and obligation to promote, protect and defend these fundamental rights for all American citizens. The democratic system ensures that the rights of its citizens are enforceable under the law of the land. The state is not allowed to trample upon and get away with violations of the fundamental human rights of citizens of the country. The system of governance is accountable to the people meaning that the leaders have to be concerned about the rule of law and defense of the fundamental rights of their citizens. The third important feature of our democracy is that political decisions that have significance in the lives of the citizens are decided upon through voting therefore making sure that majority rule triumphs. While the needs of the citizens are addressed on a national platform by their elected members such as congressional representatives and senators, the citizens are able to vote directly on laws or constitutional amendments through referendums. This ensures that the government does not engage in action that is contrary to the will of the people. Citizens are also able to vote on local issues such as levying taxes and deciding local ordinances. As such, citizen participation in political decision-making is not only limited to electoral cycles. While there are many other features of ou
Social standards form one of the core components of every society. Every society has its social standards. These social standards are evidenced by different aspects such as the code of conduct that should be observed. According to the Third World Network (p.1), it is possible to establish universal social principles. However, it is relatively difficult to establish universal social standards based on the social principles adopted. Currently, there are more than 190 countries worldwide. Every country has unique characteristics which are evidenced by differences in geographic location, natural resources, history, religious and cultural differences, and their social structures. Even though some countries may have social groups that overlap, these countries may have different value systems (Third World Network, n.d, p.1). Therefore, the social standards of one country should not be imposed on another country. For example, the social standards of Australia should not be imposed on Papua New Guinea. This arises from the fact that the social standards imposed on another country may not be operational. One of the factors which might limit the applicability of the social standards of one country on another such as those of Australia on Papua New Guinea relating to the existence of inequalities between the two countries. Some of these inequalities relate to income distribution. The rich countries may have formulated social standards that are difficult for poor countries to implement. Even though not all social standards of one country can be applied to another, some social standards are universally acceptable across countries. As a result, countries must ensure that these social standards which mainly constitute human rights are taken into consideratio
Introduction The history of the Middle Ages and the Renaissance continues to attract the attention of many contemporary historians. Much attention is paid to such a concept as feudalism and its major peculiarities. Researchers focus on such questions as the evolution of this socio-political system, conflicts between various interest groups as well as the reasons why it eventually fell into oblivion. This paper is aimed at discussing the major historiographic views on this system. In particular, one should mention that feudalism can be interpreted from a political and legal perspective. This research paradigm is supposed to examine the relations between the main stakeholders such as lords and vassals. From this viewpoint, the main characteristic of feudalism is the decentralization of authority. In turn, some scholars prefer socio-economic analysis of this phenomenon. In particular, they regard feudalism as a system that legitimized the exploitations of peasants by the aristocracy. One should keep in mind that contemporary researchers such as Marc Bloch tend to combine these historiographic views. These two interpretations form the basis of their discussions. This is why it is necessary to analyze these approaches in great detail. Furthermore, one should mention that some historians such as Susan Reynolds believe that the concept of feudalism is rather contradictory and it may not fit various societies which existed at that time. Overall, it is possible to argue that current historiographic views on this period can supplement each other. Yet, none of them can fully explain the complexities of this political, economic, and legal system which could vary across regions and evolve with time passing. This is one of the main arguments that should be examined more closely. Critique of the major historiographic views Political and legal interpretation One should mention that some historians such as François-Louis Ganshof concentrate primarily on the legal and political foundations of feudalism. Researchers, who accept this approach, regard feudalism as a body of institutions that regulated the relationship between the landowners who provided tenure and knights offering military service 1 . Therefore, one can say that feudalism is primarily aimed at facilitating the exchange between stakeholders. This historiographic view can be important for understanding the work of institutions which were supposed to re-enforce the rights of these stakeholders; for instance, François-Louis Ganshof examines the institution of vassalage which was supposed to reconcile the interests of landlords and knights 2 . Moreover, according to political and legal interpretations, feudalism has several important characteristics. In particular, one should speak about the decentr
China has a rich and vibrant history that includes many periods. Each era implemented new reformations and improvements in the country, thus laying the foundation for the future. This paper summarizes the history of The Sui Dynasty that unified China in the 6th century. Despite the fact that the reign of the Sui Dynasty lasted for almost 4 decades, their decisions provided the basis for the reunion and prosperity of divided China after a long war. The rule of the Sui Dynasty officially started when Yang Jian with the help of the military overthrew and killed the previous Emperor’s family. In 581 CE, he became the Emperor, and later in history, he was known under the name of Wendi 1 . In the beginning, Emperor Wendi controlled regions of Northern China, but in the next ten years, he had united all regions 2 . Eight years after the beginning of his reign, Yang Jian eliminated the Chen Dynasty, which ruled over southern China, and implemented many successful initiatives during his rule in united China 2 . Although Emperor Wendi was celebrated by the Chinese people for unifying the country and changing the structure of the local government, he accomplished other important achievements that improved the government and made life for Chinese citizens easier. Those reformations included coming back to Confucianism and the increasing Buddhism practices and expanding the army 2 . The rule of Emperor Wendi lasted until 604 AC when he was killed by his son Yang Guang, who is also k
Product idea, target market and results Oreo is a cookie product made in form of a sandwich. Between the two pieces of sandwiches, a sweet crème is used to fill the space. Ever since the 1970s, Oreo has been popularly marketed as a chocolate sandwich cookie. Although there are other cookies in the market, Oreo is still a leading baked and sandwich product across the world (Gay, Charlesworth and Esen 48). The product idea emanated from the impression of gold because it was originally packed in small golden sachets. This created a notion of value attached to the product. However, the packaging of Oreo has transformed over the years depending on the changing marketing needs (Shimp and Andrews 25). The target market for Oreo cookie is mainly children and women. The fancy nature of the product aims to meet the tastes and preferences of moms and children even though the company seeks to reach a wider market that incorporates men as well (Neher 55). Owing to a large distribution network of Oreo across the world, it is anticipated that its profit contribution, gross margin and sales will also be impressive (Winston and Percy 88). In addition, the population of children and women is expected to continue to grow beyond that of men. A wide targeted market will definitely continue to boost the sales volume of the product (Lamb, Hair and McDaniel 43). The Product (Good or Service)Idea The product idea of Oreo is pegged on a number of concepts. To begin with, the product is both a chocolate and wafer biscuit (West, Ford and Ibrahim 19). The two chocolate wafers attract the attention of moms and children due to the blended taste and the fancy nature. Second, the traditional design has also remained appealing to children and moms over the past 100 years (Fox 17). Variety is also a key business idea for Oreo. The product is sold in different shapes such as double stuf Oreo, big stuf Oreo, football Oreo and mini Oreo. It is also served in different flavors such as Blueberry Ice Cream, lemon ice, Green tea and Oreo DQ Blizzard Crème Oreo (Pride, Hughes and Kapoor 83). Mission and SMART objectives Oreo’s mission is to be a market leader in selling sandwich cookies. The SMART objectives include. Value proposition Oreo presents a number of products to the targeted users. First, it is nutritious due to the chocolate laced between the two wafers. Second, Oreo acts as a rapid source of energy to its consumers (Diaz 30). When compared to other brands in the market, it is generally more affordable and therefore pocket-friendly to the targeted market.
Industrial Psychology also Called Organizational Psychology is an emerging branch of psychology and has also attracted keen interest to psychologist due to the role it plays in the current day communities especially in the management of organizations. Organizational psychology also abbreviated as IO is the branch of psychology that is scientifically studies the behaviors of employees, workplaces, how the employees interact with their workplaces, the workplace environment and its effect on the employee’s behaviors as well as organizational behavior. From this definition it can be concluded that organizational behavior is divided into two sub branches: human (industrial) as well as organizational psychology. Many psychologists argue that the two sub genres overlap and cannot be easily separated. Industrial psychology is interested in the way in which employees behaviors and attitudes can be enhanced. The birth of this branch of psychology can be traced back to the early 1990. Initially it was referred to as business psychology with the term industrial psychology coming into use during the First World War. The terms business and industrial were co-opted in the post war period to give birth to business and industry’s psychology. However, the term business was dropped from the definition and as such it only remained as industrial psychology. This means that this branch of psychology was only interested in the industrial (human) aspect of workplace psychology. The organizational bit of psychology was later co-opted and thus the discipline became industrial and organizational psychology in the 1970s, but the two terms have increasingly become intertwined such that the discipline is currently known as industrial/organizational psychology. Today it is both an academic and a professional discipline (Freedheim, 2003). Industrial Psychology differs from other branches of psychology in that it is more application based than theoretical. This discipline unlike many other branches of psychology is diverse as it borrows heavily from other non psychology disciplines such as organizational management and leadership. Furthermore industrial psychology studies scientifically, very specific issues that are associated with the workplaces. Such issues include on the job training, staff development tests among others (Freedheim, 2003). Business leaders, managers, administrators, business owner as well as human resource practitioners have found the place of industrial psychology indispensable in modern organizational management. This discipline has helped these professional top expand their knowledge as well as skills and as such are able to comprehend the thought processes attitudes as well the minds of workers especially in the workplace environment. Such knowledge other than improving organizational management efficiency also helps in bridging the understanding gap that exists between workers and their employers. Furthermore, industrial psychology has also helped bosses to u
Financial statement analysis tools encompass ratio, vertical, and horizontal analysis. Therefore, this section will seek to explore the pros and cons of the mentioned financial analysis tools. Ratio analysis helps in the determination of efficiency in operations and in analyzing the financial budget of the organization. However, the ratio analysis tool is useful only when the competitor organization is of the same size and type. Similarly, it ignores the current and future data trends and focuses on past data hence, not an effective analysis tool. The vertical financial analysis tool provides an easier way to compare financial statements within an organization as well as between different organizations. Nevertheless, the vertical analysis tool does not measure the liquidity of the organization. The horizontal analysis tool allows for easy interpretation of organizations’ comprehensive information as well as monitoring growth and financial patterns. Nevertheless, horizontal analysis is seen as inconsistent due to ever-changing accounting principles and factors. Financial statement analysis facilitates the financial plans and management of an organization by reviewing the cash flows, liability, business trends, and budget preparation. Different financial statement analysis methods are utilized in an attempt to obtain organizational data and information regarding the assets, liabilities, profits garnered, losses incurred, growth, and competition patterns.
Introduction Criminal liability is the lawful responsibility that arises out of wrongs against society or a government. It involves subsidiary areas and important questions regarding criminal law and criminal procedure (Ross 28). Vicarious liability is a situation where an individual is being held accountable for the criminal acts committed by somebody else, just because of some special relationship existing between the two parties. Generally is a lawful responsibility for the actions of another person. Negligence refers to the accountability to ensure the safety of those individuals who may be affected by other people’s actions. It refers to the carelessness in a matter in which law mandates carefulness or charge against something in a product insurance company such as achieving compensation for risks. The failure to meet the standard causes, or substantially contributes to, the harm. However, these limitations were eliminated for many years. Relying on the imaginary tales that any act of a worker are the acts of the employer of that worker (Bouza 19). Some individuals and corporations support this kind of liability as direct rather than vicarious. (American Civil Liberties Union 34). In the case of limited liability companies, the disqualification of directors may not provide sufficient remedies, especially where several creditors have suffered losses and even the shareholders losing their investment. Without tangible solutions and remedies, business crime victims would not be reinstated to their original status, this makes the criminal law approach to solving business crimes wanting. Business crimes should be looked at as special crimes which require convicts on the same domain to be given measures that are not only punitive but also given the responsibility to compensate the victims of his/her actions. Loss of millions by organizations through fraud may impact negatively on the performance of the organization and even the economy as a whole. This requires that the legal remedies provided by the courts should be able to compensate them for the losses and at the same time punish the perpetrators. Nature of white-collar crime White-collar crimes are mainly carried out by insider professionals and consequently fall under the occupational category of crimes. The perpetrators of these crimes are people in the course of their duties and therefore abusing their positions of trust. These crimes are usually invisible since they do occur in the workplaces and they may not even be discovered since the perpetrators may conceal any trace. White-collar crimes and especially fraud involve the use of technical knowledge and therefore require insider participation to facilitate it. This kind of crime is an abuse of professional knowledge and technical expertise in a particular area of trade, making it a complex crime since experts are involved. Expert knowledge involvement also makes the crime highly organized therefore determining who is responsible for the fraud might b