ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The attempt to figure out the role that women played in Ptolemaic courts uncovered a radical transition regarding the significance of women from Ptolemy I, the first Ptolemaic king, to the beginning of the reign of Ptolemy II. In the beginning of the dynasty women were viewed just like their counterparts in Macedonia and Greece. However, after Arsinoe II married Ptolemy II, a distinct change occurred. At least three factors were identified, and these are: the socio-political elements in ancient Egypt; Ptolemaic kings embracing their role as divine rulers and the impact it created on their wives; and the need for inbreeding or incestuous relationship to consolidate the power of the Ptolemaic dynasty. Therefore, women’s role were typical under the rule of Ptolemy I, and shifted radically after Arsinoe II came to power due to her cunning and the socio-political forces that she used to her advantage, creating a change that affected the women that followed her footsteps later on. Socio-Political Background Before going any further, it is imperative to establish the socio-political background of Egypt, prior to the emergence of a new political and religious system that usurped the one that was previously established by the pharaohs. It all began with Alexander the Great’s world-changing conquest and passionate desire to spread Greek culture into all the territories comprising the known ancient world. In Paul Stanwick’s book entitled Portraits of the Ptolemies: Greek Kings as Egyptian Pharaohs , the author highlighted the fact that Alexander the Great’s subjugation of the Persian Empire and the present day Middle East was made more dramatic by the fall of Egypt into the hands of the Macedonian king. Egypt has always been a land of fable and mystic, and the one who controlled it is perceived as more than a human being, especially in the eyes of the Egyptians. 1 One can argue that the unexpected death of the young Macedonian conqueror when he was still in his thirties caused the creation of an immense political vacuum, paving the way for the emergence of separate kingdoms. The kingdoms that were established after the death of Alexander the Great were the handiwork of his generals and trusted aides. In the aftermath of the confusion after the young warrior-king’s early demise, one of his personal bodyguards, a man marked in ancient history as Ptolemy Soter I or Ptolemy I quickly seized control of Egypt. Ptolemy I became the undisputed ruler of an ancient land defined by the people’s adoration of their god-kings and their fascination with animal worship. It does not require an archaeological expert to pinpoint the animal likeness of some important Egyptian gods, such as those made into the image of jackals, crocodiles, birds, cats, and lions. However, in the context of Ptolemy I’s desire to consolidate power in his new kingdom, there were two issues that he had to contend with in the most decisive manner. First, he had to establish himself as a god-king jus
The Apostle of Jesus Christ, Paul mainly covered the factors for abolishing slavery as well as protecting women’s rights in his teachings. Apostle Paul tells Philemon that he should consider Onesimus as a brother rather than considering as a servant, as Onesimus is like a son to Apostle Paul. He thereby tells Philemon to receive Onesimus on behalf of his love towards Apostle Paul. In this, Apostle Paul is indirectly telling us that he even considered his slave colleagues as his own brothers. Apostle Paul quoted that “In lowliness of mind, let each esteem other better than themselves. Let this mind be in you, which was also in Christ Jesus” (Philippians, Chapter 2, versus 4,5). This is a wonderful saying made by him regarding the equality of human minds that in turn, abolishes slavery. “The early Christian churches followed Jesus’ lead and gave women much higher status and more privileges than was common in the rest of the world. But Paul and other Christian leaders continued to affirm the principle of a husband’s family leadership and authority over his wife” (Rhoads, Lesson 21). Apostle Paul mentions both good and bad things to say about women with a forward approach towards women’s rights. But, Apostle Paul always describes that women are inferior to men. It’s mentioned in 1 Corinthians 11:5 that “women were allowed to pray and prophesy”. “It’s also found that Apostle Paul has approved and encouraged many women who were prominent in the church activities at that time” (Rhoads, Lesson 21). This reveals Apostle Paul’s urge towards women’s rights. Apostle Paul is of a conservative mind wishes that the women be silent with all subjection and would be always empowered by men. In his view, women have no command over men and they were considered inferior to men in all aspects. In the first epistle of Paul to Timothy, it’s quoted that “In like manner also women adorn themselves in modest apparel, with shamefacedness and sobriety; not with broided hair or gold or pearls or costly array. But (which becometh women professing godliness) with good works” (1 Timothy Chapter 2, Versus 9,10). According to Apostle Paul’s teachings, “wives should submit themselves unto their husbands, as unto the Lord Almighty” (Ephesians 5: 22). Apostle Paul once known as Saul who had a consummate conversion from an unbeliever and brutal oppressor of Christianity to the one who recognizes Jesus Christ as his Lord. The event happened on his journey to Damascus making threatening Christian disciples. A light from heaven shined around him. “And he fell to the earth, and heard a voice saying unto him, Saul, Saul why persecute though me” (Acts, Chapter 9, verse 4). When Saul aroused, he couldn’t see anything and his sight was gone. The Lord made a vision to Ananias and sent him to Saul. Saul got sight when Ananias put his hands upon his head. The Saul aroused and went to the street as said by Lord to teach Christianity. Later he came to be known as Apostle Paul. This is the circumstance that made Apostle Paul being more concentrated on human rights. Beyond all, new revolutions of religious commitments of Paul emphasized that he trav
The standard image of a good manager Cynthia Montgomery touches upon one of the burning issues nowadays in her article The Myth of the Super-Manager. There are a lot of disputes concerning the image of a perfect leader-manager. Confident, imaginative, and visionary leaders are sought after by several companies hoping that a good leader guarantees success for the company (Bennis, 2010). Montgomery presents the real strategies guarantying the success of the company in her article. She points out that the so-called super-managers may be destructive for the company. The image of the manager who is confident that there is no problem he cannot solve and anything he cannot do makes the company stop developing. A good manager should know the business he deals with well and adjust to the changes in the world market in time. The failure of the standard descriptions of a good leader The author provides several successful and unsuccessful managers in her article. These examples include “Starbuck’s revolution in the coffee house, Southwest’s success in discount airlines and IKEA’s high profits in the normally unattractive furniture industry” (Montgomery, 2012). The success of these companies is based not on their perfect managers, but the innovations realized by them. Companies should be flexible in the world market to achieve success. Starbucks has achieved success not only with the help of better recipes for coffee or attractive houses but the development of unique corporate skills. The company had to try a lot of times before achieving success. The leaders of these companies are not known for their confidence in their forces or their belief that they can do everything or nothing. Their success is based on t
Introduction Michael Porter in his book The Competitive Advantage of Nations (1990) enumerates that countries do not inherited by companies operating within a country rather is created. The central question that is posed in the book is “Why do some social groups, economic institutions, and nations advance and prosper?” (Porter, 1990, p.xi). Though the book has been hailed as one “one of the most important books” written by Porter and in the area of national competitiveness (Grant, 1991), it is subject to many debate. Many believe that though the model may have theoretical implication, it lacks empirical support as Porter in his study tested the model only on 10 countries and that too a small group was explored (Stone & Ranchhod, 2006). Further, some studies have also tried to test the validity of the theory and some have found it lacks empirical support (Yetton et al., 1992) while others found empirical findings support the theory’s assertions (Sledge, 2005). Some scholars also believe that the theory has some theoretical limitations in terms of its methodology (Bellak & Weiss, 1993; O’Shaughnessy, 1997) and neglect of cultural aspect (O’Shaughnessy, 1996). The inconsistency in the empirical and theoretical support for the theory calls for further understanding of the model and its empirical applicability. This paper aims to understand the theoretical aspects of the ‘diamond’ model by Porter, and then see if the theory holds empirically. Therefore, the main aim of the paper is to evaluate the Porter’s ‘diamond’ model as a tool for assessing the competitive advantage of nations, and then judge its theoretical consistency and empirical support. The paper will first discuss the ‘diamond’ model, then provide a critical review of the model based on theoretical strengths and shortcomings and see its empirical applicability. The ‘Diamond’ Model Porter’s main idea behind the theory is that competitive advantage in industries is the driving force of international competition rather than comparative advantage of natural resources of a nation. Therefore Porter emphasizes that: Creating competitive advantage in sophisticated industries demands improvement and innovation—finding better ways to compete and exploiting them globally, and relentlessly upgrading the firm’s products and processes. Nations succeed in industries if their national circumstances provide an envir
Introduction Research has been done to determine the link between imagination and reality. Knowledge enables human beings to understand and see what already exists, which is contrary to imagination. Imagination lets human beings create something or situations that have never been seen or existed before. Imagination allows one to create and think the impossible and is mainly shaped by what we hear and see. The current technological advancements that have become a necessity today were people’s imaginations in the past. None of them existed, but their imaginations have become a reality today. Innovators and researchers thrive on imagination to discover things that have never been discovered or create things that have never existed, respectively (Peters 4). “The Machine Stops” story by E.M. Forster is a known science fiction story that imagines the future with significant advancement in technology. Thus, there is a need to analyze the story’s accuracy and link it with the current future in which we live today. The Machine Stops Plot The Machine Stops is a science fiction story that was written in 1909 by Edward Morgan Forster. The story is set in times where human beings live underground with the help of a giant machine to provide all the needs, including shelter, food, clothing, and communication. The story portrays a picture where people cannot live on the earth’s surface, and everyone has to live in isolation underground in standard rooms (Forster 1). The omnipotent machine covers that whole world and contains all spiritual and bodily necessities vital for human survival. Communication occurs virtually where people send instant messages or video conferencing to share ideas, knowledge and talk to
Language as a Key Component of a Scholarly Tone A critical analysis of different authors’ thoughts and works is an integral part of academic writing. The evaluation of scientists’ research works gives the article a scholarly tone and allows achieving a better consideration of a particular issue. Perhaps, the use of language offers the reader the best understanding of a distinctive voice in the written piece. According to Parryville Media (2012), critical writing means responding to a piece of literature to reflect a specific approach and refer to any assumptions that the author is making. The use of a proper language gives the author of the paper an opportunity to convince the reader of his or her position and to convey some thoughts as wisely as possible. The vocabulary of the specific sphere used in work allows approaching the style of cited sources and does not violate the general idea and concept of a chosen topic. Therefore, a correctly chosen language is an integral component of an article written in a scholarly tone. Also, as Spatt (2010) notes, the style of presentation directly affects the reader’s perception of specific information. If a particular work aims at conveying any information to a selective audience, the manner of writing should be in accordance with the interests and level of knowledge of the target group. In other words, it means that it is useless to try to write scientific work and implement youth slang or other jargon in it. At the same time, if the work that is aimed at young people contains complicated academic terms, it is unlikely that readers will appreciate the author’s potential for their worth. A competent analysis implies the combination of personal ideas and thoughts of other authors, and all of it should look harmonious since only in this case the work acquires a tone of a critical one. Practical Aspects of Plagiarism The idea of copying other people’s thoughts to confirm this or that hypothesis is widely used in academic writing. However, in parallel with it, a rather significant question arises regarding plagiarism. It is not that easy to claim what can be considered the theft of other people’s ideas and what is used just as the confirmation of a specific theory. For example, Spatt (2010) offers to select vocabulary intelligently when rephrasing different authors’ ideas and not to distort the original meaning of the quote. According to Fusch, Ness, Booker, and Fusch (2017), plagiarism is an ethical dilemma, and adherence to responsibility for the use of other people’s thoughts is one of the critical aspects. However, the use of other people’s ideas can be quite a natural process, as the Academy of Management (2011) notes. According to the authors of the video, the use of specific quotes makes it possible to obtain the confirmation of a chosen theory in question and to present the views of respected authors as an argumentation (Academy of Management, 2011). Planning work on writing an academic
Introduction This memorandum seeks to provide a guideline that outlines the costs associated with the production of beer. In this case, the emphasis will be on a process costing system. Process costing is used when a company carries out mass production of similar products, especially in a scenario where the costs of the output cannot be distinguished from each other. Therefore, the cost of the beer is assumed to be the same as the cost of every other product. The company adds up the total cost of production and then allocates it to the number of units produced. Direct materials To understand the accounting costs that are associated with the production of beer, it will be important to understand the raw materials and other costs that are incurred in the processing departments. The first department is the mashing department. The “raw materials that are added to production in this department are ground barley malt, water, and milled rice” (Rios-Mercado and Rios-Solis 208). The second department is straining. There are no raw materials to be added to the production process within this department. The third is known as the brew kettle department. At this stage, hops are added to the production process. The next step is the cooling department and no materials are added at this stage. In the next department, primary fermentation, yeast is added; and beechwood chips are added in the next department, which is the beechwood gaining department. The next department is filtering. No raw material is added in the filtering department. However, a final quality control check is carried out at this point. The next stage is the filling and packaging department. At this stage, the packaging materials such as bottles and labels are added. The final stage is the shipping department. At this stage, cartons are added to the production process and the final products are transported to various distribution centers. Therefore, this summary lists the raw materials that are used in the entire production process. Direct labor and manufacturing overhead A review of the video shows that large machines are used in the production process. This indicates that the production of beer is capital intensive. Also, there are a few employees who are designated at some location. Therefore, their salaries and wages will account for the direct labor costs. An assumption that will be made is that labor costs will be incurred at each stage of production in operating and maintaining the equipment for making beer. Further, the manufacturing overhead will be the depreciation of the equipment, maintenance costs, and the cost of utilities. It is worth mentioning that the production process of beer occupies a large space that requires utilities such as lighting, heating, and insurance, among other costs. These are som
Introduction The high speed of modern life aimed at improving productivity, intensity, and quality of work lead to the premature ageing of the human body, to the growth of the frequency of psychological and physical diseases, the number of industrial accidents along with occupational diseases. In this regard, the need for compliance with health and safety legislation of workers focused on preserving their health in the workplace becomes evident. This paper reflects two approaches concerning the above theme, in particular, strict punishment, including sanctions and enhancement of the self-awareness of employees resulting in the concise analysis of their benefits and disadvantages. Employees’ Responsibility The importance of health and safety legislation is determined by plenty of organizations and scholars. According to Taylor and Emir, the Health and Safety at Work Act 1974 forms “the cornerstone of the criminal arm of the health and safety law system” (2015, p. 470). First of all, it seems necessary to point out the principal objectives of any company in the field of health and safety at work:   * ensuring healthy and safe working conditions for employees;   * providing the availability of reliable information about occupational safety and health in the company;   * raising the level of responsibility of each employee regardless of his profession or position;   * ensuring an appropriate level of competence in the field of occupational health and safety by providing high-quality training;   * permanent improvement of workplace safety through the introduction of new technologies and the use of modern means of individual protection;   * continuous improvement of occupational safety and health management system in order to maintain it in a form corresponding to the current needs of society. Therefore, the enforcement of rules, procedures, criteria, and standards established by the labour legislation procures the preservation of life and health of workers in the workplace. In their turn, employees are required to:   * comply with the requirements of health and safety legislation;   * utilize means of individual and collective protection;   * be trained according to appropriate methods and techniques for safe execution of work and provision of first aid in the workplace, instructions on occupational safety training in the workplace, and verification of knowledge;   * immediately notify the manager of every accident that occurred in the workplace that threatens life and health;   * mandatorily undergo preliminary and periodic medical examina
Overview Evidence – any object, item or statement, legally submitted to competent tribunal in order to establish matter of fact under investigation. (Fisher, 2004, p. 1). Relevant Evidence – the evidence which have any tendency to affect the probability of the existence of a fact “that is of consequence to the determination of the action.” (“FEDERAL RULES OF EVIDENCE,” 2006). Evidences, evidence collection and the quality of evidence are directly related to the object of criminal investigation, i.e. winning convictions. Evidence Collection The evidences, although comprising of subgroups, can be divided into two main types:   * Physical evidences – evidence with an objective existence, i.e. has size, shape and dimension.       + The collection of evidences implies:           o General walkthrough of the crime scene;           o Recording of the crime scene, photography or video;           o Crime scene searches;           o Recording transient evidence;           o Establishing a chain of custody;           o Preserving and identifying the evidences.   * Testimonial evidences – an evidence in a form of statement made under oath and usually given as a result of questioning.       + The collection of evidences implies:           o Interview;           o Interrogation. Examining Evidence   * Evidences are examined on the crime scene, and in case laboratory analysis is required, evidences are forwarded to servicing crime laboratory.   * Examination of physical evidences can be performed through two areas:       + Identification –determining the physical identity and the characteristics of the object.       + Comparison – establishing common origin between known and unknown specimen.   * Comparison implies looking for characteristics of the examined specimen, which can be divided into two types:       + Individual characteristics – characteristics that share a common point of origin, e.g. fingerprints.       + Class characteristics – characteristics that are shared with a group of items, e.g. blood types. (Osterburg & Ward, 1997). Information from Evidence   * The types of information evidences can provide depend on the type of examined evidences. Most physical evidences are needed to establish the association with a culprit if the investigation has one. The exceptions include:       + Fingerprint, as the large data base can be used for comparison.       + DNA samples, as similarly with blood data bases there are DNA banks.(American Law and Legal Information, 2009)   * Generally, the information obtained from physical evidences can provide the following information:       + The species of origin, e.g. human and animal hair.       + The relation of the specimen to the crime scene, e.g. domestic or international explosives.       + Identification of the nature of the occurring events, e.g. semen, blood, and etc.       + The relation of the suspect to the crime and the crime scene, e.g. blo