ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Before making any decision, there are several decision steps to be followed. These include the assessment of the decisions to be made compared to the outcome desired, gathering information to identify alternatives, selecting the alternatives, and knowing what actions to take from the alternatives. Systematic decision-making style is the one used in high school. It involves recognizing and assessing each possible course of action, where the board of governors sits down and makes systematic decisions from the group and reviews all their points while selecting the best alternative. In car sales, the style used for decision is intuitive, although it is subject to change depending on the urgency of a decision. Intuitive decision-making entails selecting the right market for sales, which is determined by circumstances and nature of the business, especially when making car sales to customers. According to Plous (2000), planning is a decision-making technique which simplifies decisions. It is used in high school because it helps in coming up with independent goals. It also gives a standard of measurement and converts values to actions. The school is able to allocate resources in an orderly way – it uses these levels of decision making: strategic level, which contains the general direction and long term goals; tactical level, which supports strategic decisions; and operational level, which supports tactical decisions and they are usually structured. The techniques used in the board of governors’ decision-making include T-Charts, which are graphic representations of points given in a decision. The charts highlight both positive and negative aspects. Second, measured technique is used in car sales. Here, the decisions are drawn in tables with weights assigned depending on the significance of the decision. The data on a table includes comfort of a car, speed, safety, and mileage. Each data is given its corresponding points depending on the type of car, and the total number of points is added at the end of the table in to make a decision. Likewise, decision matrix t
In order to cover the expenses of Oakland Family Wellness Center (OFWC) during a long period of time, it is important to focus on fundraising opportunities in California. The fundraising strategy for OFWC should include the development of annual giving programs that guarantee continuous donations during a long period of time and the development of special purpose campaigns or capital campaigns which are focused on raising funds for the concrete project. These two options are often proposed to healthcare organizations as the most effective ones in order to help these facilities and institutions remain profitable (Buchbinder and Shanks 22; Cagney and Ross 112). From this point, in order to organize and monitor the OFWC Annual Giving Program, it is important to hire fundraising specialists for the Development Office at OFWC (Finkler et al. 54; Zelman et al. 121). Fundraising specialists’ and coordinators’ annual salaries will be $40,000 for each person ($80,000 in total). In order to work on capital campaigns that are organized to collect individual donations to support the concrete project, it is necessary to hire a grant professional, who specializes in performing such activities, completing such tasks, and winning community grants for the development of healthcare facilities (Baker et al. 32; Langabeer and Helton 89). The grant professional’s annual salary will be $45,000 (see table 1). Table 1. Budget for Oakland Family Wellness Center. Expenses                                                     #   $/year     Salaries and Benefits                                                       Psychiatrists                                                3   $630,000   Social Workers                                               30  $1,350,000 Childcare Staff                                              12  $240,000   Administration staff                                         3   $138,000   Technicians and assistants (part-time)                       2   $40,000    Rent and Maintenance                                                        Rent                                                         1   $164,000   Repairs and Maintenance                                      –   $12,000    Equipment and Supplies                                                      Equipment
Nigeria is West Africa’s most populous country, and one of the most developed. So it has attracted foreign investors over time. Nigeria government welcomes 100 % foreign ownership in any new venture except that of banking, oil, insurance, and mining. In 1992, the Nigerian Free Zone Act was passed to establish the Nigerian Export Processing Zone Authority (NEPZA), renamed as Free trade zones (FTZ) in 2001, they are expanses of land with improvised ports and/or transportation, warehousing facilities, electricity and water supplies, advanced telecommunications services and other amenities to accommodate business operations. These zones are developed to include industrial production, offshore banking, insurance and reinsurance, international stock, commodities, and mercantile exchanges, agro-allied industry, mineral processing, and international tourist facilities. Starting a branch of a poultry farm in Nigeria is not as simple, mainly because the Nigerian government does not allow the starting of a new branch by a foreign company unless the company is incorporated in Nigeria. Branch operations are not legal in the country; the law does not allow foreign entities to operate in Nigeria without incorporating locally. Even the local incorporation’s branch is deemed to be a corporation and it comes under taxation, regardless of the kind of activity undertaken by the branch. Like any country, Nigeria gets a major part of its income through taxation. The sources of revenue include companies’ income tax (30 per cent of assessable profit), capital gains tax (10 per cent of capital gains), various types of licenses, and personal income tax. In 2000 the tax rate varied from 5 to 25 per cent of cumulative or total taxable income. Non-Nigerian companies are not subjected to further income tax on the dividend after the withholding tax of 10 per cent. The Companies Act 1968 asks for the deemed incorporation under Nigerian law of the “Nigerian operation” of a foreign company that was incorporated outside Nigeria and that had an established place of business in Nigeria. “The Companies Income Tax Act 1979 governs the taxation of companies incorporated in Nigeria; foreign companies operating in Nigeria, whether incorporated in Nigeria or not; and “branches” of foreign companies operating in Nigeria”. As a foreign company intending to start a branch in N
Clients, project consultants, and construction contractors are the main contract participants in the Hong Kong construction industry. The research by Lai and Lam (2010) examined the divergent views of the contract participants in the industry. The aim was to establish the importance of performance criteria, in the construction companies (Lai & Lam, 2010). The authors developed a research performance model to examine the stakeholder’s perceptions and differences, on each performance criterion and outcome. The study also examined the differences in performance criteria outcomes among clients, contractors, and consultants. The researchers interviewed 324 contract participants in the construction industry. The ANOVA analysis was used to evaluate the client, contractor, and consultant perceptions of performance criteria. Secondly, the analysis was used to establish the difference in performance criteria between the common participants. The study established nine performance criteria and their importance, in evaluating the performance criteria and outcomes. Project consultants, clients, and contractors’ perceptions from different organizations were interviewed. The findings revealed the existence of differences, in the importance of the performance criteria among the contract participants. The authors found that the time criterion is the most important performance criterion for all contract participants, in the Hong Kong construction industry. Most of the construction participants prefer projects to be tracked faster fast-tracked. The project’s profit was ranked as the second performance criteria for the construction projects. The project participants ranked the environmental performance criterion in the third position. Quality, safety, project effectiveness, and lack of contractual disputes were ranked fourth, fifth, sixth, and seventh respectively. The project job satisfaction and generation of innovative ideas were ranked last. The authors found that there are several differences in performance outcomes, among the contract participants. The project owners rated the timely completion of projects as the most important project performance outcome. On the other hand, contractors prefer a reasonable time for the construction projects. Clients and construction practitioners differ on the perception of the profit criterion. Clients focus on the project budget while the contractors concentrate on cost-saving. The authors identified significant differences in contractual disputes among clients, consultants, and contractors. The clients also plan for contingency allowances for projects claim, delays, and design changes. It is observed that clients suffer from contractual disputes, whereas contractors benefit. In addition, consultants are silent on the contract disputes. The importance of the environmental performance criterion to the clients was less important as compared to consultants.
The role of the government differs depending on the level of society, which may be pre-capitalist, capitalist, and post-capitalist. In capitalist states, the government’s purpose is to protect the power of wealthy people by maintaining the division between the working class and the ruling class (Smith and Marshal). Marx and Engels believed the state would dissolve when the working class evolved and took power into its hands (Smith and Marshal). According to Marx, the division of classes was supposed to end after the socialist revolution, which would mean that there was no need to maintain the division between classes since they would disappear (Smith and Marshal). While Marx’s ideas were unrealistic, his contribution to the theory of the state is considerable. In capitalist countries, the government uses various mechanisms to protect the division between classes, including economy, ideology, official politics, the police, and the army. In economics, the state coins the currency and controls its distribution using banks and other financial institutions. The government can destroy communities using evictions or make the arrangements that thousands of workers are put on the dole (Smith and Marshal). The primary mechanism of the government’s control over the economy is the nationalization of credit institutions, such as the Bank of England. The government also controls the minds of citizens using media and the press, which are administered by the representative of the ruling class or their close supporters (Smith and Marshal). In other words, the state ensures its power by limiting the possibilities of opposition to express its criticism. The ruling class makes the proletariat believe that control over mass media is crucial to stabilize society. Marx, however, thought that control was needed to protect the power of money and deprive the working class of relevant information (Smith and Marshal). The mechanisms described above were used to preserve the capitalist ideology. The government uses repressive institutions, such as the police, the army, and the legal system. Even though the government positions itself as a neutral regulator of society and its laws, the reality may differ considerably. Marx did not oppose the enforcement of rules; instead, he criticized the repressive system being class-biased(Smith and Marshal). In other words, in capitalist, society, people, or often penalized for being poor, while judges and law enforcers may be bribed to promote the interests of the rich. Capitalist states are also known to control official politics minimizing the role of ordinary people i
In fact, “willingness to pay” is a definition of behavioral economics. It denotes the largest amount and the price which a consumer is willing to pay for a unit of goods or services (Mankiw, 2017). For example, a “willingness to pay” will arise from a person who is fond of collecting rare editions of books. In this case, a “bookworm” will buy the original “Harry Potter” edition at a huge price. The cost of the goods does not matter due to a shortage of the product. The reason is simple –the available way to buy it is from an eBay seller. Moreover, the situation based on the concept of “willingness to sell” can occur with a seller as well. The cost of the product can be calculated based on the competitors’ prices and even set slightly lower to attract more demand. Hence, an owner of the “Harry Potter” rare edition would receive a larger amount than he or she expected. Additionally, selling the book at the eBay auction would bring a profit above its value in the store where it was purchased, and above the value originally set on eBay. The “consumer surplus” is a benefit received by consumers for certain reasons. They can buy a product at a price lower than the highest price; they would be willing to pay (Mankiw, 2017). For instance, a sports fan wants to buy a ticket to a sporting event. The ticket cost is $200, and he or she has already agreed to pay this amount. However, before the start of the event, unsold tickets have sharply fallen in price by half to minimize risks and increase demand for them. A person has already bought this ticket for $100, and it turns out that the remaining $100 represents the “consumer’s surplus”. Thus, sellers attracted customers and were able to sell all the tickets without losing potential profit, and buyers saved money. For instance, an employee of the company was given a 90% discount on the purchase of tickets for the Vegas Show. A person, without hesitation, bought tickets for relatives, all acquaintances and friends. However, not everyone agreed to attend this event for any reason. An employee decides to sell tickets through eBay, so the cost of these tickets will be at least 40% more expensive. Thereby, a person will receive additional income, thanks to the “producer surplus”. Reference Mankiw, N.G. (2017). Principles of macroeconomics (8 th ed.). Cengage Learning.
To any business, funding remains an issue of critical importance that needs to be addressed with utmost care. Sources of funds to any business remain a critical issue that demands that an organization’s strategic managers guard the sources of funding to guarantee business growth. Traditionally, funds for business come from the sales proceeds. However, the fluctuating nature of the market makes it necessary for organizations to devise stable sources of funds to avoid unnecessary losses should the sales volumes drop significantly. Therefore, this means that although the main purpose of all business is to get revenue form the sales that they make, it is also important to invest some of the proceeds to some other forms of incomes to protect the company for some eventuality. Sources of funds for McDonald in either starting a new or expanding the existing restaurants can be classified into three broad categories, which are:   * Internal sources of finance   * External sources of finances   * Long-term sources of finance Internal Sources of Finance One of the main sources of funds for McDonalds is sales proceeds. From the sales made by McDonald restaurants, the revenue earned minus all the expenditures incurred, gives it a surplus. This amount is retained by the business and used to finance its expansion into new market areas through establishment of new restaurants or purchase of new assets. Owner’s savings is also another source of financing for the McDonald Inc in Kuwait. Owner’s savings ensure that the business owners have money at their disposal to use or furtherance of business. In most cases, when businesses are being started, much of the finance is usually from the individual savings. Another source of finance for McDonalds Inc. is royalty from franchises. According to Keown, (2006), Franchises are businesses that use an already established brand name and in return pay the main firm some funds in form of royalties. The franchisee retains all the profits from the venture, but pays the Franchisor royalties and a minimal rental payment as agreed. In this case, McDonalds continues to be recognized as one of the great franchising companies in the world in which over 75% of the McDonald restaurants are owned and operated by franchisees. This means that McDonald greatly gains from these franchises when they remit their payments to the franchiser. Franchising is, therefore, one of McDonald’s major sources of finance. Retained earnings and retained profits are often used as a source of finance. Over the years that the chain has operated in Kuwait, their retained earnings have been used for their expansionary missions. Retained earnings also have been used for asset financing among other major ventures of the organization. Sale of assets is another way that McDonald can get finances for their business ventures. This involves the selling off the excess assets that are held by the company so as to generate money that could be used to start a new business or expanding an existing one. However, great caution
Introduction It is hard for some people to consider Western movies as good sources of information, successful explanations of ethical and philosophical issues, and powerful examples of a true life because of a number of shooting scenes, blood, and speed offered in such movies. However, it is necessary to underline that Western movies contain a list of interesting dialogues and monologs that help to comprehend the characters and situations better. Besides, directors try to use specific techniques, personal evaluations, sound effects, and even light in order to demonstrate the true potential of Western movies and the role of actors and their characters in the film industry. As a rule, there are certain common narrative conventions in Westerns including characters, which usually include a hero, a villain or several villains, a victim or several victims at the same time, a setting that is usually a desert or a small town close to a desert, a simple storyline that tells about a hero who comes to a new place in order to save or help people or ask for justice, and a conflict that makes people take some actions and change their lives. In this paper, two powerful movies, The Searchers and McCabe & Mrs. Miller will be investigated and examined in terms of their shots, sequences, and uses of sound in order to comprehend how Westerns could depict human nature and explain human behavior in an American mid-west remote town and a desert where a close interrelation of such concepts as love, sex, guns, betrayal, loyalty, transiency, and purposefulness confuse and inspire people of both genders and all ages. The two movies were introduced by different directors in the middle of the 1900s and became the examples of true American revisionist Westerns where the heroes such as Ethan Edwards from The Searchers and John McCabe from McCabe & Mrs. Miller could demonstrate their cold killer attitudes and warm, humanistic natures at the same time. Classic Western Peculiarities (Protagonists in The Searchers) (Antagonist in The Searchers) There is no doubt that the history of Wild West is the history of the majority of Americans. Many ordinary people like to compare themselves with cowboys or other heroes they could observe on screens. Besides, young people find it interesting to copy some smart phrases of the main characters or pay attention to the behavioral peculiarities. It is also impossible to avoid the fact that all Westerns describe the symbolic conflict between good and evil. There is always one good guy or even a team of good guys who have to fight against a villain. In both shots, the director wants to underline the connection between people and nature. On the one hand, there are two good guys w
Definition of Genocide According to the UN Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide, genocide involves many acts perpetuated with the aim of “destroying in whole or in part, a national, ethnic, racial or religious group”. These include:  1. Killing members of the group;  2. Causing serious bodily or mental harm to members of the group;  3. Deliberately inflicting on the group conditions of life calculated to bring about its physical destruction in whole or in part;  4. Imposing measures intended to prevent births within the group;  5. Forcibly transferring children of the group to another group. Raphael Lemkin named the crime as genocide to reflect a coordinated assault on civilian populations. Genocide takes the phrase, “intent to destroy”. Conversely, crimes against humanity refer to “widespread or systematic attacks against civilians”. Research on Genocide   * De Waal notes that the 1948 UN Genocide Convention differs from how scholars understand genocide today (De Waal, 2007).   * Scholars have noted that the above definition reflects events of Holocaust. Therefore, understanding the case of Darfur as genocide requires a new approach (Fein, 1990; 2007).   * If events in Darfur constitute genocide, then we must change the way we define and understand genocide (Chirot and McCauley, 2006).   * Nazi adopted a final solution referred to as totalizing (complete destruction).   * The Nazi turned to restructuring policies of mass destruction using mass murder that aimed at Europe populations (Komar, 2008).   * Nazi also used forceful resettlement of populations.   * There was also mass murder known as ethnic cleansing.   * Thus, Holocaust was not a mere ethnic cleansing, but genocide (Schabas, 2008). The aim was to completely destroy the Jews and Gypsies because the German considered them a “disease” that was a threat to Aryan race. The case of Darfur According to De Waal, the situation in Darfur raises new questions about events that constitute genocide as these crimes fit “uncomfortably within the definition of genocide” (De Waal, 2007). It is important to note that there were mass killings, mass rape, and other crimes attributed to racial motives in Darfur (Andreas and Lise-Lotte, 2005). The Sudanese government (with Arab backing) and its Arab militias (Janjaweed) were responsible for selective murder, rape, and torture of the black Africans in Darfur. The US position on Darfur According to the US Secretary of State Colin Powell (2004), events at Darfur constituted genocide. He stated, “ genocide has been committed in Darfur and that the government of Sudan and the Janjaweed bear responsibility, and that the genocide may still be occurring ” (2004).