ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction The concept of separation of powers aims at ensuring that branches of government with different tasks and mandates perform their duties independently without interference according to their areas of specialization. The main reason for such specialization is to limit the power that each branch of government has in a bid to prevent the creation of moral hazard. Additionally, such separation prevents one branch of government from interfering with another’s operations and performance of duties. However, it is essential to ensure that the branches of government operate within their mandate without overstepping their power. Since the three bodies constitute the highest offices in government, they should keep each other in check. Separation of power has often resulted in controversy as the legislature and the judiciary’s powers sometimes overlap due to constitutional and statutory interpretations. The paper discusses some of the ways in which the theory of textualism makes interpretation easier, simplifies challenges, and how the theory compares to the theories of originalism and common law use of the principle of precedence in terms of objectivity and ease of application. The paper explores the three theories according to sentiments by the U.S Supreme Court judge Antonin Scalia in his work, A Matter of Interpretation: Federal Courts and the Law. Textualism: Antonin Scalia Antonin Scalia is a Judge of the Supreme Court – a position that he has held for the past twenty years. Scalia’s extensive experience in the judicial system has made his opinion on statutory and constitutional interpretation noteworthy, especially when conducting analyses on other theoretical approaches to the same. In his book, A Matter of Interpretation, Scalia clearly expresses his support and preference for the textualist approach of interpretation. According to Scalia (1998), the most suitable interpretation of the constitution and other statutes is one where “the text is the law…and it is the text that must be observed” (p. 11), as it is simple, complies with constitutionality, and prevents the inclusion of personal prejudices during the interpretation process. In essence, textualism proposes a method of interpretation of statutes according to the meaning of the actual text and language in a statute. Scalia (1998) states that the ordinary meaning of a text governs the interpretation and that judges should not go outside the text to seek a meaning through the application of factors such as the intention of the law. In his opinion, textuality provides a sense of simplicity when interpreting legislation that most other methods lack (p.14). Additionally, such simplicity eases the interpretation process and sho
Introduction It is worth noting that at present, effective communication and collaboration are the key competencies required from all healthcare professionals. Such skills imply the ability to interact effectively with patients, their families, and other professionals in order to achieve the best patient results. The purpose of this paper is to explore the issues faced by nurse practitioners (NPs) in collaboration with other stakeholders and to discuss ways to avoid miscommunication. Collaboration in Primary Care It is important that with the help of efficient collaboration, the nurse will be able to assess risks and to use the most appropriate methods to ensure high levels of safety and quality of care. For instance, an effective partnership with families of patients and other specialists will allow providing a holistic approach towards care and working as part of the interprofessional team (Brooten, Youngblut, Hannan, & Guido-Sasnz, 2012). To ensure the cooperation with other specialists is successful, it is necessary to learn effective communicational strategies and to instruct other members of the professional team, if necessary. In addition, it is significant to participate actively in discussions, conferences, and other forms of continuous professional development (Sullivan, Kiovsky, Mason, Hill, & Dukes, 2015). Moreover, each NP should demonstrate effective communication with diverse people in accordance with the current situation (Milton, 2013). Also, the formation of collaborative relationships requires the provision of counseling to the patient and his or her family for the preservation and promotion of health. In general, the work in primary care requires cooperation with other specialists, implementation of diagnostics, treatment, and patient care in collaboration with the client’s family, and efficient communication with various social groups. Challenges One of the challenges I have faced in the student nurse practitioner role in my practicum was the ineffective collaboration with the medical practitioner. I
Introduction New forms of governance are constantly emerging. In the UK, the notion of public participation has gained favour, owing to its ability to affect democracy and flexibility in the delivery of public services (Cunningham, 2008, p.1036). It represents a third alternative of public sector service provision because it differs from market systems or state-controlled initiatives. Public participation allows service users to shape public polices during the design or implementation of the policies. Public participation facilitates access to knowledge because locals hold such detailed knowledge about their own needs and interests (Srinivas, 2009, p.623). It promotes social cohesion by allowing citizens to participate in policy debates and formation, which enhances democracy. Moreover, this model of governance practice allows countries to prioritise the needs of the public without an overemphasis on bureaucracy. Public participation is a highly innovative paradigm because it has the latitude to experiment with different approaches. While the above merits are impressive, it takes genuine power distribution to realise these benefits. The public’s role in consultation, decision making and communication must be legitimate in order to realise the gains of this governance practice (Arnstein, 1969, p. 220). Failure to distribute power effectively will lead to tokenism, poor accountability, apathy and trading concessions. This dilutes public voice and undermines public participation as a governance strategy. This report applies some of the literature on a case study concerning a national initiative known as Sure Start that Birmingham implemented. The aim is to apply theory to the case study and determine why the program did not realise its full potential. It also provides some insights on how Birmingham Sure Start can become more effective as a form of public participation. In the Birmingham Sure Start initiative, unequal power was an underlying problem because community representatives were intimidated by professionals. While initial processes were too formal, members of the system created procedures that eased citizens’ involvement within the initiative. As a result, the public participants became more confident, and contributed in budget processes. However, the Birmingham Sure Start program still has to empower citizens in decision-making. Theory on public participation Public participation is a term for which there is not a unified definition. Public participation is a synonym for volunteer organisations, community participation, or the third sector (Kelly, 2007, p. 1013). Literature indicates that public participation is the means with which a society interacts with its government during policy or program planning, evaluation or implementation (Chen et. al.
Marketing Plan Humanitarian help after any natural calamity requires proper planning and organization, especially if volunteers are involved. The aim of this paper is to analyze the marketing plan, operation plan, management feasibility, as well as Exit and Growth strategy. These are the key components associated with the success of the regarded business campaign. On the one hand it is the type of humanitarian help, on the other hand, it may be regarded as the innovation concept for furniture and building companies. The sales strategy will be closely linked with the UNICEF programs and charity practices. In fact, those who need such houses are not able to purchase them, while those who have enough money will purchase a more comfortable domicile. Hence, the sales should be arranged orienting the humanitarian help programs and charity funds in order to persuade them in the reasonableness of purchasing this production. As for the aspects of developing the initial point of sale, it should be emphasized that the actual sales strategy should be closely linked with the target audience requirements and the opportunities of the mediator (charity fund or humanitarian help organization). (Hall and Mawson, 2001) Pricing strategy and alternation of the product are linked with size and capacity of the houses, hence, the larger the construction, the higher the price will be. Advertising and promotion should be targeted at conferences and seminars dedicated to humanitarian help and poverty struggle. The communication channels may be various, however, the most effective will be a marketing plan in the form of a conference report. Operation Plan Head office physical location should be as close to manufacturers and suppliers as possible. In fact, it may be located close to the Austrian Ministry of Foreign Affairs as the key initiator of the program. In general, the actual importance of the location is not too high, as communication between departments should be regarded as a key parameter. Equipment is the problem that should be solved by the manufacturer. (Karmel and Bryon, 2007) Manufacturing equipment purchase may be sponsored by UNICEF and Austria foreign affairs dept. the main aim of the BoKlok company is to perform the maximum effectiveness manufacturing, which will be possible if the required components of the constructions are produced with IKEA manufacturing forces. Employees of the campaign should be mainly volunteers and representatives of UNO, UNICEF, Red Cross and Red Semi-Moon, as the case is closely related to Pakistan disaster relief. Those who will be involved into manufacturing process should be professional operators and technologists for avoiding damaged and non-conditional productio
Introduction Today, media represents men and masculinity in different ways. Different sources point at how men are required to behave and present themselves in order to appear like male. With time, the different aspects that would associate with masculinity are gradually fading and new ideas quickly emerging to define masculinity. In the past, people used masculinity to identify with one’s gender (Clark “Fight Club” 411). Nevertheless, the onset of equality in the contemporary society is gradually making it hard to see the distinction between femininity and masculinity. In the United States and other developed countries, capitalism is putting immense pressure on masculinity. In her chef-d’oeuvre article, Ta laments how capitalism, through the aspect of creating and accumulating profits, has affected masculinity in the American society (265). Moreover, increase in advertisement programs is making people change their views regarding masculinity. It is becoming hard for modern men to achieve definite ideals attributed to masculinity (Clark “Fight Club” 413-419). In trying to assert his masculinity, today, the contemporary man portrays his masculinity through addressing his pain and fears, as well as through violence. This paper seeks to bring out the theme of masculinity in the masterpiece, Fight Club . Nature of masculinity Fight Club is one of the narratives that effectively bring out the state of masculinity as well as the nature of masculinity in the modern western culture. In addition, the novel brings out the level of crisis in masculinity, which is prevalent in the current capitalist culture. It would be imperative to note that masculinity does not necessarily portray in an individual’s physiological attributes. Instead, one’s behaviors portray masculinity. Both men and women may display masculinity based on their behaviors. Consequently, masculinity is not entirely an exclusive male attribute. In Fight Club , numerous scenes portray the theme of masculinity. For instance, in one of the scenes, Jack opts to attend the meetings held by the “remaining men together” as a way of helping him retain his masculinity ( Fight Club ). This group consists of men who have lost their testicles due to cancer. Nevertheless, their association helps them retain their masculinity. Being together allows them to engage in activities that are mostly associated with masculinity, thus regaining their masculinity. In her article, Ta posits that Jack endures a false emasculative fear, which borders on the baseless belief that all things are terrifying to his priapic abilities (270). The only way to overcome this suffering is by ensuring that he associates with other men and partakes in games or fights that are attributed to masculinity. Women may portray masculine features, while men may exhibit feminine features. Normally, attributes like autonomy, affluence, and strength represents masculinity. Nevertheless, traditions dictate that females should not exhibit masculine characteristics (Faludi 547-551). With time, changes in the Western culture have resulted
Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum has presented the exhibition “Paris and the Avant-Garde: Modern Masters from the Guggenheim Collection” which introduces some masterpieces of the XX century art. The beginning of the XX century is characterized by the flourishing of the so-called avant-gardism in art. One of the pieces presented is the famous still life by Pablo Picasso Mandolin and Guitar (1924). This piece of art, vibrantly colored, is implemented in a Synthetic Cubist style, with its overlapping forms, which asserts the value of the technique. Mandolin and Guitar impresses with the undulating lines and chromatic elements which evolve sensual style of Picasso’s art. It is interesting that Picasso started painting in very realistic manner, and only with the course of time he became one of the most important figures of avant-gardism. Speaking about the definite things depicted on the painting it is possible to name to main items: musical instruments. Of course, a lot of people cannot understand this technique, accusing the artist of being too childish, for this work really differs from the realistic works, and does remind child picture. But since this is a cubistic painting one should mind the inner world of it, one should focus on emotions this art evokes, for the main point of all works of avant-gardism is their symbolic nature, their inner meaning. “The painter… conceives himself as a reflection of the objects he has put into his pictures and he lives in the reflections of his pictures…” (Stein 4) In terms of this art importance it is necessary to point out the great impact it produced to the development of the cubism movement and the world art. A lot of artists and even ordinary people were inspired by Picasso’s cubistic paintings and this very art in particular. And I can definitely say I am among those people affected by Mandolin and Guitar. It is quite difficult to explain why I choose this very piece of art for there no vivid reasons. I wouldn’t say I like it very much because I don’t really understand the technique, and cannot say I admire cubism. But despite all this the painting is so interesting and unusual, it is so surprisingly different. Those bright colors, sharp and at the same time unrealistic lines, combining of stillness and movement made me think I am inside of some kind of kaleidoscope or surrealistic cartoon. The clouds in the sky get into the room through the windows, the instruments and vase moving very slowly all over the room. And as for the impression this painting produces, to my mind, is calmness and safety, when you are in your own world where only happiness and the good rules. Mandolin and Guitar by Picasso can be juxtaposed with the times it was made in. For that was the time af
SWOT Analysis SWOT analysis evaluates a firm’s strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats. Strengths place a firm at an advantage over rival firms, while weaknesses act as disadvantages to the firm when compared to others. Opportunities are chances that present themselves to the company and when the company grabs them, it stands a chance of making more profits. Threats are associated with those factors that can cause trouble for a company such as stiff competition (Hayward, 2002, p141). Southwest Airline is one of the low-cost airlines and a leader in terms of the number of passengers who board it annually. SWOT Analysis; Southwest Airlines Opportunities Southwest Airline has been in operation for along time, and just like other businesses, it has been faced by both challenges and opportunities, which has made it stronger to date. First, the mission statement is simply dedicated to quality customer service, which is attained via warmth, friendliness, pride, and company’s spirit. This has proved to be true as the airline operates with the interest of a customer in mind. The airline has been associated with a number of strengths; first, it has always been the best low-cost airline in term of fares for passengers. Therefore, most passengers have preferred it. The airline has always maximized on internet booking, thus making it easier for its customers, and acting as a way of marketing itself. The airline pays its pilots handsomely compared to other airlines, hence motivating the pilots to fly at least an extra hour as opposed to other airlines (Mouawad, 2010). This has made it possible for the airline to make almost 3,100 flights in a day. It is evident that the Southwest Airline has its employee’s interest at heart, thus proving difficult for them to be poached by other airlines. In addition, the airline has a unique culture, that of entertaining its passengers, thus encouraging them to fly with Southwest again. The well utilization of Boeing 737 has made it unique as it only uses this model of airplane. Its main concentration on short trips has yielded to cutting of costs, thus benefited the airline. Nevertheless, the airline has been using one type of airplane, Boeing 737 that incurs minimum maintaining expenses. Weaknesses The airline is associated with a number of weaknesses. First, it is limited to sixty cities. This is a major challenge for the airline due to the mergers formed by United Airline and Continental Airline, thus being capable of offering passengers access to the world. The airline has not been able to defend its territory in the costs leadership, as some other airlines are imitating it, for instance, Jet blue airline that is determined to attain cost leadership. Concentration on domestic flights has made it vulnerable to other airlines, like delta, which provide international flights. Different unions have been formed by the airline employees, thus proving challenging to the management. The use of a single model of plane could limit its efforts to minimize on petrol consumption. The airline does not rely fully on booking agencies, as compared to other airlines, hence being
Gender and race biases embedded into the construction of knowledge have made the leadership of prominent Black women invisible. As a social phenomenon, leadership has often been defined in male terms and linked to elitist positions, and operationalized in the public sphere. This has led to the establishment of leadership theories as rarely generalizable to women and minorities. As a result of that, sociological perspectives emphasize the function of Black male leaders. When it comes to the positions of Senior Executive Service professionals in the federal government, recent findings showed that the area is highly segregated by race, with only around 10% of Black executives (Senior Executives Association, 2020). Black women are not perceived as serving a part of the dominant power structure and, therefore, are regarded as irrelevant. Studying this issue from the Black feminist theory perspective is essential as the approach centers around the premise that Black women’s liberation is critical because of the need to provide autonomy, ensure human dignity, and help support their inherent value. The barriers that women of color experience in achieving elective office are many, with Black women and individuals of color are underrepresented in the federal government. In the US, most officials in government are men, while most women officials are white, which points to the ongoing trend of the lack of diversity (Dittmar, 2020). AAW women are disadvantaged in such a context by their intersections of race, gender, and class inequalities with implications for all aspects of governmental participation, including pursuing an elective office. Moreover, as indicated by Dittmar (2020) and gender research literature in general, women candidates for statewide executive positions face overall skepticism from their appointers regarding their credentials, and citizens tend to be more comfortable with women holding rather legislative than executive positions. When it comes to statewide offices, it is expected that women seek to have more ‘feminine’ roles in the office, such as state education, rather than ‘masculine’ positions such as attorney general. As suggested by research literature, there is a wide range of gender-related experiences that Black women encounter working toward senior leadership positions in the federal government (Mayberry, 2019; Nash, 2019). However, Black feminists have suggested that the available research lacks adequate representation and exploration of the personalized perspectives and experiences of Black women. Besides, Black feminist theory is concerned with countering the misinformation and stereotypes about the myths around race and gender differences (Nash, 2019). Black women’s experiences with life are different from those of Black men and white women, considering their history, culture, and sociopolitical factors concerned with the effects of global racial oppression (Curtis, 2017; Mayberry, 2019). Besides, even when Black women achiev