ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Cholera is one of the most predominant issues in public health, with high incidence, prevalence, and mortality rates in endemic areas. It is grossly an acute diarrheal illness with the aptitude to kill in a few hours after contraction if urgent and proper medical care is not provided. The rapid dehydration caused by severe diarrhea results in a shock, hence the victim’s abrupt demise. Therefore, local, national, and international health systems need to do extensive research and have the proper understanding of its epidemiology, prevention, and control. Cholera Epidemiology The first key aspect in the epidemiology of cholera is its history. The disease has been around since time immemorial and remains one of the most severe illnesses in the history of humanity. In as much as there is a cure, an outbreak can effortlessly get out of hand in the case of an epidemic. There is no account whatsoever of the first person to ail from the disease. However, the first isolated cases of cholera-like illness date back to the fifth century B.C in India, the fourth century B.C, and the first century A.D consecutively in Greece. The first meticulous documentation of cholera was recorded in 1543 in the Ganges Delta in Asia (Deen et al, 2020). The first cholera pandemic occurred in 1817, ensuing from contaminated rice, still in the Ganges Delta. In 1892, an outbreak occurred in Germany stemming from a fault in the waste removal system killing thousands of people. In 1961, there was pestilence in Indonesia, which spread to west Africa in 1970, and by 1991, it had reached the Americas. The second facet is the modes of transmission, symptoms, and incubation period. Cholera is caused by a bacterial infection of the small intestine. The bacteria scientifically known as Vibrio Cholerae emits a toxin that makes the cellular lining of the intestines lose a significant amount of water rapidly. The ripple effect of this is watery diarrhea and subsequent dehydration (Deen et al, 2020). The bacteria primarily inhabit dirty environments, inclusive of untreated sewage and water. Transmission usually occurs when one eats contaminated food or drinks degraded water. In its initial stages or mild cases, cholera is relatively asymptomatic (Deen et al, 2020). However, in severe contractions, one is bound to experience acute diarrhea, vomiting, and leg cramps. On most occasions, one experiences these symptoms in 2-3 days from the point of contraction. In other incidents, depending on the degree of contamination, the incubation period ranges from a few hours to five days. The third epidemiologic factor is population affected, place of infection, and time of contraction. Generally, cholera affects both males and females in equal proportions and rates. However, children under the age of five years are the most vulnerable compared to adults. Nonetheless, the range does not incorporate infants who are breastfed by mothers who have initially had cholera. Individuals with blood group O are also more susceptible to cholera infection than individuals with
Introduction Energy use is one of the biggest challenges faced by countries of the United Arab Emirates. This is primarily due to the escalating rate of population growth, high consumption rates, and increasing economic activity. These factors are unsustainable if the challenge of the use of energy is not addressed. In order to mitigate this problem, a forum was held courtesy of the Energy Working Group of the UAE to find potential solutions to sustainability problems facing the UAE. Projects that should be implemented in the UAE to improve sustainability by enhancing the efficiency of energy use include smart cities, water desalination, and green building. Why Environmental Concerns and Sustainability Are Important Environmental concerns and sustainability are important in the UAE because of the adverse impact of a rapidly growing economy and population. As the population grows, energy and water consumption increase, as well as the rate of environmental degradation (Brinkmann & Garren 2018). If measures are not taken to mitigate escalating levels of environmental degradation, the rate of population growth and economic activity might not be sustainable. According to the United Nations Environmental Program (UNEP), the UAE has one of the largest carbon footprints in the world due to the high rate of energy consumption (Sayigh 2014). Sustainability initiatives have been necessitated by the rapid economic development and population change taking place in the region. The most important drivers of sustainability in the UAE include waste management, energy efficiency, environmental conservation, sourcing and use of water, as well as the food supply chain (Karlsson, Decker, & Moussalli 2015). Sustainability is important in the UAE because of the rising fuel
Introduction The recruitment and selection process is of great importance to organizations willing to maintain their profitability and survival in today’s business environment. However, there are challenges, which if not addressed would render the whole process futile. Factors such as language barrier, cultural beliefs and personality traits are among the challenges affecting the recruitment and selection process (Bell, 2011). This paper shall set out to discuss the challenges and criteria used to hire a sales manager for a fortune 500 company selling fiber optic cables to clients from leading companies. Factors such as age, marital status, gender, ethnicity, skills and beliefs shall be used in the selection of the ideal candidate for the job. Challenges of cultural diversity in the hiring process Discrimination based on age, gender and cultural background is among the main challenges facing organizations during the hiring process. Hankin (2005) observes that organizations have in the past denied women and people with accents jobs despite their level of expertise. Similarly, language barrier, religious beliefs and moral issues may hinder an individual from working efficiently in areas where situations conflict with these aspects (Bell, 2011). As such, before hiring a person for this job, I will have to consider such aspects among others in order to select a candidate that will successfully carry out the task at hand effectively. Selection criteria According to Bell (2011), successful hiring practices involve matching the job requirements to a given skill set and personality traits. Considering the nature of the job, the successful candidate must have some Knowledge in fiber optic technologies, a proven track record in sales and interpersonal skills backed by lingual and communicative prowess. These attributes are very important because sales jobs are very challenging and require an individual with thorough knowledge of the product, good marketing skills and a likable personality. A person possessing such qualities will be able to negotiate with clients, efficiently address their concerns and convince them that our products are the best choice. Being knowledgeable about something gives others a sense of trust that may determine the difference between a sale and a missed opportunity. In regard to the nature of the job, travelling and entertainment are both time consuming and tiring activities. As such, the successful candidate must be hardworking, young, single and with a “
Options The Timberlake Company has a lot of options while implementing its business plan. First, it has several markets to sell its products. For instance, it has been noted that there are 1000 restaurants, 524 hospitals, and 800-daycare centers. All these markets present a wide range of customers to consume the products of Timberlake Company. Also, it has the option to manufacture various forms of products such as liquid, powdered, or bar soaps. It can produce each form of soap based on the requirements of their customers. Furthermore, it has a wide range of suppliers of raw materials. As a result, Timberlake Company has a lot of power to influence the price of these supplies. However, the best option is to incorporate a technology that will enhance the production of chemical-free soaps. This means that the Timberlake Company will be able to meet the needs of each category of customer. This is because each customer has a unique preference. Therefore, to accommodate them all, it is important to produce all types of soaps such as solid, powdered, and liquid. This will increase the company’s returns and enhance its competitive advantage and customer loyalty. How the products will meet the consumers’ needs Though this strategy targets day-cares, restaurants, and hospitals, it is not limited to these areas only. This plan extends its market to the public because they are also affected by communicable diseases. The chemical-free soaps, which are the main products of the Timberlake Company, will be produced in various forms. This means that it will meet the specific preferences of each category of customers. Also, this plan intends to link the customer and the manufacturer directly. Therefore, it will reduce brokerage costs. This means that the soap will be affordable and readily available to customers. Furthermore, this plan does not produce soaps laced with hazardous chemicals. This means that it will be a natural product. Therefore, it will not have any side effects compared to chemical soap
Introduction Human beings like other living organisms live together in groups according to the nature of a locality and their adaptability to the locality. It is also notable that people living in a given locality have a particular way of life which in one way or another may be different from that of people in other localities. This paper seeks to discuss some concepts of multicultural aspects. The paper will look at the significance of the culture in understanding cultural differences. Cultural Differences Culture, according to Schein (2010), is a set of common beliefs acquired and adopted by a group as a way of resolving issues pertaining to the inter-group cohesion as well as its adaptation to factors from outside the group. Culture is therefore the way a group of people in a locality conduct themselves in a move to peaceful cohesion. It entails a set of practices that are learnt and adopted over tine as acceptable to the given society. Cultures vary across groups of people with some similar aspects being common across some groups. The groups in this concept could be ethnic, geographical or even time based. Regardless of the difference in the group’s basis, the aspects of culture still remain to significantly be the group’s existence and sustainability in the locality and the peaceful co existence of the group members (Schein, 2010). Cleary (2004) views cultural difference as a hindrance to one group understands of another group in terms of communication and conception intentions. The misunderstandings can lead to conflicts that at times end in wars among groups like nations and even ethnic groups (Cleary, 2004). The cultural difference can be explained in many concepts such as “religion, cultural, ethnic, racial sexual and gender identities, bicultural conflicts and acculturation” (Rice, n.d., p. 1) among others. Acculturation can be defined as the process of adoption of cultural practices of a group by another group. One group can in the process of interaction with another identify a behavior or practice of interest. The group can then adopt the particular practice or practices into its culture. A good example is t
Introduction Literacy is one of the key aspects in career and personal development of almost every individual. It also determines the degree of success achieved by individuals. Literacy can be defined as the ability to read, write, understand or use different types of information. This term has been expanded to refer to a range of knowledge, and skills related to science, and mathematics, among other subjects. This reflects on the changes that have taken place in the last few decades not only on technology but also on the school curriculum. Technology has gone through deep changes and this has resulted in the use of key science concepts across many occupations. Science has been recognized as one of the most important subject and has become an academic requirement for job recruitment in many occupations. The literacy levels have increased significantly compared to the past two decades and many people are now able to participate in the society and even to understand key issues affecting the society. Technology and science encompass all facades of life ranging from how people work, converse, do their shopping or pay out bills. It has become an important aspect of life without which is it difficult to live in the society. This paper looks at the importance of scientific skills and knowledge to an individual, society and the nation at large. It also looks at how the subject has developed from a traditionally to a modern perspective and changes expected to occur in future. Importance of scientific skills While theoretical arguments from the literature on science and innovation suggest that the set of skills scientist acquire during research process may not only be important input into other types of activities, it can be suggested that, the results of research studies have received by far the most attention in innovation studies. The results show that scientific skills are indeed rated more important than propositional knowledge both for the categories of knowledge classified as specific as well as for non-specific knowledge categories. This indicates that methodological knowledge carries a higher potential for the creation of economic value in areas other than basic research (Terry 2006) The world has become complex and individuals have to acquire some level of proficiency in scientific knowledge as well as reading in order to comprehend and take part in economic and social life. The level of literacy in the society determines the performance of a country in economic terms. The world has also gone through substantial changes from what it was in the past generation. Moreover, through innovation in technology, the procedure for working has been altered, there has been an raise in global competition, and the labour market has developed from being agricultural based and it is now based on services. These changes among many others have resulted in an increase in the requirement of skills in almost all sectors of the economy (Terry 2006). Scientific skills and knowled
Introduction The study of international relations is a competition between different theoretical perspectives and policymakers and practitioners in international affairs who often dismiss these theories with compelling reason 1 . One cannot, however, divorce the inescapable connection between the abstract world of theory and the reality they face in the world. Theories in international relations are necessary in order to understand the enormous amount of information that we receive daily. Policymakers have to rely on their own ideas about how the world works and in order to organize this information and ideas in order to make sound policies, they have to use principles. The recent example is the ascent of China in the world arena fueled by its influence and ambition that is likely to upset the global balance of power. The question many policymakers are grappling with is how to respond to China. Many viewpoints have been put forward, with some saying that its behavior will be modified by the spread of democratic principles while others maintain that relations between this country and other nations of the world will be formed on the basis of culture and identity 2 . The question that remains in the minds of scholars and practitioners of international relations is whether China will regard itself as an ordinary member of the world community or will see itself as a special member who deserves exceptional treatment and how will the rest of the world treat it. A realist will look at international affairs as a competition and conflict of nations as actors fight for their own security, pursue national interests and power. Liberalism, however, promotes several ways of dealing with conflict tendencies, which are democratic peace, cooperation, free commerce and economic interdependence 3 . In view of this, it is liberalism, not realism that offers more realistic understanding of contemporary international relations. Realism in international relations Realism is based on several approaches, which originated from Thucydides between 460-411 B.C.E, who thought of politics as involving moral questions. In regard to relations among states which power was critical, Thucydides stated that they can be guided by norms of justice, ‘History of the Peloponnesian War ’ and ‘ Melian Dialogue ’ portrays partial accounts of armed conflict between Athens and Sparta and opposing speeches regarding an issue 4 . It is from these works that realism is expressed and which continued to inspire theorists such as Hobbes, and modern day scholars of international relations. The forty year Cold War period, realism guided most of the international relations, but this changed with the collapse of socialism to pave the way for a new system where international cooperation, international norms and institutions gained a lot of acceptance 5 . This was referred to by US President Bush Sr as the “New World Order” where the bi-polar Cold War order was replaced by consensus among major powers that relations between nations be based on international norms, principles of international law and human rights. This was seen by some
Introduction The evidence of Archaeologists shows that copper has been in use for around 11,000 years. It is believed to be a prehistoric metal that was initially mined by an ancient race in the years 5,000 and 1,200 BC. It is easy to refine and easy to mine and the methods of extracting copper were discovered at least 7000 years ago. The name Copper originated from Cyprus Island where the Roman Empire obtained most of it. Copper is among those few metals that naturally appear as uncompounded metal. It was used to make things like spearheads and Jewelry. The smelting of copper has been in many parts of the world. Copper is mainly established in nature and sulfur. Pure copper is mainly produced through multiple stages. The first stage is mining and the copper sulfide minerals which are concentrated with low-grade ores, electrolytic refining, and smelting are done in order to have a pure cathode of copper. Copper today is mainly got from the ores like tenorite, covellite, bornite, malachite, cuprite, and chalcocite. Copper’s largest deposits are found in Canada, U.S, Zambia, Peru, Chile, Peru, and Zaire. Physical and Chemical properties of copper In this study, we will discuss the physical and chemical composition of crystals, minerals, precious metals, gemstones, and metamorphic, sedimentary, and igneous rocks for geology, mineral identification, mineralogy, crystallography, and Jewelry. They include crystal formation description, the structure of the crystal, cleavage, features, and habits of crystal for the purpose of classification and identification. Copper physical properties of ductility, strength, malleability, resistance to corrosion, and wear and conductivity enable it to be a useful and versatile metal. Other physical properties include:  1. Color- it has a reddish color and when exposed to oxygen it turns to a greenish color.  2. Alloys- its alloys are Bronze and Brass  3. Minerals presence – Malachite, blue crystal, Copper Carbonate, a green se
Introduction Value creation is the need to add value beyond what can be measured by the stock market. Value creation is what can be added to the company’s value beyond what is reflected in the balance sheet (Backer, 2008). It goes beyond the book value of its assets minus its liabilities. It is the customer’s perceived value and the analysis tools used focuses goes further than the determination of future performance of the company (Farrell & Hartline, 2008). In other words value creation is something that enhances the intangible value of the organisation so that the customers continue to patronise the products and services of a particular firm. There are many who argue that corporate leaders must focus on the creation of value that are driven not by financial measures of performance but those that are created by intangible drivers like innovation, people, ideas, and brand(Bateson & Hoffman, 1999). By using strict financial measures of performance, this strategy forces corporate leaders to achieve cost-efficiency within the firm (Thierauf, 2001). Cost-efficiency simply means that a company is considered profitable if it can sell a product at a price that is higher than the cost of production (Bowie & Buttle, 2008). But the negative side of this mentality is that business leaders are willing to cut costs at the expense of providing quality service (Bruhn & Georgi, 2006). Thus, the impact of such measures is only good for the short term (Gummesson, 2002). On the other hand if corporate leaders decide to invest on innovation, people, ideas and the brand, this can enhance the long-term competitiveness and growth of the company (Pride, Hughes, & Kapoor, 2010). In the case of Cathay Pacific, the airline company took the idea of value creation to heart (Craven, 2002). The company’s belief in the importance of value creation is made evident by an overview of the core values of the organisation. Consider the first statement of the airline company: “We put safety first” (Cathay Pacific Airways, 2011 p.1). By doing so, the company created a connection with the customers both intellectually and emotionally. A customer will not choose an airline company because it is the most cost-efficient. A customer will choose an airline company because of the assurance of a safe flight. In another major example of value creation in the eyes of customers, Cathay Pacific declared that the airline company supports Hong Kong. Cathay Pacific clarified this by saying, “We continue to make substantial investments to develop Hong Kong’s aviation industry and enhance Hong Kong’s position as a regional transportation hub” (Cathay Pacific Airways, 2011, p.1). For cus