ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction section Modern ways of managing businesses emphasizes on the ideas used in managing customer relations based on the provided business concepts. Great responsibilities are realized in managing applicable decisions that drive the business entity into greater positions within the market environment. Ethics and ethical decision making presents one of the biggest challenges within the business world. Currently, there are so many scandals realized within big and small business Companies worldwide. This calls for the management team within these companies to consider observing closely business ethics as one of their major principles towards achievement. For the success of any business entity to be realized, implementation of business codes of ethics must precede any form of decisions and actions. Employees should be recruited based on their willingness to comply with the Company’s business codes. Ethical decisions are in-built and most of the time requires employees to adhere to their instincts developed through various stages of growth. This makes tremendous contributions towards making of right decisions (Gentile, Parks, and Piper, 1993). Each management board faces different challenges which at times exposes them to some threat on the quality their management skills. All legal decisions designed by managers are never sometimes ethical. However, managers can employ ethical corporate culture by drafting clear code of ethics to all employees and ensuring that they practice them until the rules become part of their lifestyle. Code of ethics provide expected guidance to employees and hence save them energy and time they could use in going after managers for further guidance. One of the new managers in Galvatrens Company questions the credibility of the whole management team and wonders why they could not unearth such an act of retaliation amongst employees (Seglin, 2002). Background section The case study discusses the issue of ethical behavior in the business world, specifically in the Galvatrens Company. In this case the management board is alerted about some unethical behavior that had taken place within the Company without top management’s consent. One of the divisional sales managers prepared some scandalous act within the distribution channel which was discovered by one of the junior employees. The junior employee Mr. Mike acted in line with the principle of beneficence whereby he considered the Company’s interest first. On realizing this, the divisional manager decides to terminate the junior employee for the purposes of covering up the whole issue. This scandal is however recorded by the plaintiff and presented before the court of law. The question in this case concerns the analysis of business management ethical behaviors that were ignored by the management. There were complains that Galvatren’s management had not incorporated efficient channels that could be used by junior employees to report unethical business behaviors. The management of the Company decided to change guard without first dealing with the pr
This is a book by Katherine Beckett, exploring the theories behind crime control, measures and policies. She supports the theory that, crime policies and laws are based on a political creation of rhetoric and use of power and media; to create preconceived causes of crime and calls for crime control. This is a review of the book and the issues it raises chapter by chapter. The review The Democracy at Work thesis shows that, the American public is overwhelmed by crime and they have demanded that their government protects them from the criminals. The public has also called for tougher sanctions on crime, calling for longer sentences and even the death penalty. The thesis stipulates that the new sentences on crime are as a result of public pressure, due to the rising crime rate. The writer suggests that even if the call for tougher penalties is seen as the answer to the problem, those calling for these penalties are not necessarily affected by the rising crime. The victims actually advocate for lesser sentences. The writer goes to say that, the penal law regarding the death sentence has been shifting ideals; with calls for a move to custodial and reform practices rather than death. The American society would rather have rehabilitation and formal education than advocate for construction of more prisons. It is important to remember that, cultural and political agents influence the choice of punishment for crimes. The author feels that the Democracy at Work thesis theory, technically suggests that; the rise of crime is due to lack of punitive action and legal control. There are different theories explaining the rise of crime. Family breakdown, poverty and lack of government control are some of the factors attributed to these theories. Crimes are considered a social evil. However; society has left the role of who decides the punishments to the politicians. The societal perception also becomes a major player in the allocation of punishment. The claims makers are the proponents of the social solutions and compete for different forums and symbols to gain support their views. The writer calls them social actors. The example given is that of the Bush campaign, using the Houghton case to persuade the voters that they would be strict on crime; once in office. Bush was portrayed as a walk the talk type of leader and he used his office as president to push the agenda for tougher laws. The notion in America is that the black man commits more crim
One of the post-industrial discourse’s foremost aspects is that, as time goes on, more and more people in Western countries declare their formal willingness to cease assessing the significance of the surrounding reality’s emanations exclusively through the perceptual lenses of euro-centrism. Nevertheless, there a number of good reasons to think that the people’s endowment with the perceptual euro-centrism (reflected by their predisposition towards criticizing the ‘moral inappropriateness’ of non-Western patterns of a societal behavior), is not merely the byproduct of their upbringing. Rather, the Westerners’ obsession with landing their views on the morality-related controversial subject matters should be regarded as such that reveals the hypocritical and deeply racist workings of their unconscious psyche. In order to illustrate the legitimacy of the earlier suggestion, one would not have to go far. After all, it does not represent much of a secret that, while striving to protect animals from being subjected to cruel treatments, the so-called ‘animal rights’ activists (consisting of predominantly White people), go as far as defining the practice of eating dogs utterly ‘barbaric’. Yet, since being a ‘barbarian’ presupposes the concerned individual’s cognitive arrogance and his or her lack of intellectual flexibility, it would be so much more appropriate to apply the term ‘barbarians’ to those who, while finding it appropriate to consume the flesh of pigs, cows and chickens, scream ‘bloody murder’ over the fate of dogs, eaten in Chinese restaurants. The reason for this is apparent – one’s ability to exercise a particular social right (such as the right of not being eaten) implies his or her ability to secure it. Rights are not given but taken. What it means is that animals cannot have ‘rights’, by definition. On a subconscious level, the ‘animal rights’ activists are being well aware of it. This is because, despite having adopted the posture of particularly ‘progressive’ individuals, reflected by their tendency to drink gallons of ‘organic’ coffee at Starbucks, to hug trees and to practice ‘alternative’ sex-styles; these people never cease being whom they really are, in the biological sense of this word – Caucasians, endowed with the so-called ‘Faustian’ mentality (Greenwood 53). In its turn, being ‘Faustian’ presupposes the concerned individual’s unconscious strive towards subjectualizing itself within the environment and consequentially – towards assuming a full control over the surrounding reality. This is exactly the reason why, as opposed to what it is being the case with people endowed with the ‘Apollonian’ (Oriental) mentality (known for their ability to coexist with nature peacefully), the White p
In sociology of education, it is always believed that lay knowledge or everyday knowledge is the type of information that is within the public domain. This type of knowledge allows people to interpret their surrounding since it provides a frame of reference or direction. This knowledge is usually acquired through the process of socialisation because societal members obtain it as they grow. In other words, an individual must not necessarily go to school to equip himself with lay knowledge. An individual is bequeathed with the sense of reality and order regarding the events of society through lay knowledge. Lay knowledge gives an individual the opportunity to foretell, familiarise, and comprehend the complex world. Unlike other forms of knowledge, lay knowledge is simply made of commonsense and social recipes meaning that an individual ought to follow what the society dictates. It is compared to recipes because it provides the type of knowledge that an individual must possess in order to fit in society perfectly. Some scholars call it cookbook because an individual cannot survive without this type of fundamental knowledge. In human life, some events and behaviours do not have ready answers meaning that an individual ought to invoke some form of knowledge to offer adequate answers as to why things are the way they are. In other words, an individual accumulates wisdom through experts and experience, which would later help him or her to interpret events (Blackledge and Hunt 12). Reflexive knowledge, on the other hand, refers to formal communicative knowledge that is acquired through schooling. This form of knowledge is manifested when people engage in some form of an argument, debate or discussion. It allows an individual to analyse an event using certain theories, concepts, and models. In this regard, an individual is expected to assess a situation carefully, examine an event or behaviour, explain the occurrence of phenomena, forge a hypothesis, draw some conclusions, and develop various options to explain an event or a social action. Reflexive knowledge is closely based on reason meaning that it supports rational discourse. This is compared to everyday knowledge, which is based on the dexterities of the community. Lay knowledge draws its examples and experiences from experts in the community whereas reflexive knowledge is based on reason meaning that it has to obey the rules of rationality. Therefore, such knowledge cannot be approved unless they are scientifically proven. Lay knowledge varies from one individual to the other. Moreover, everyday knowledge may differ based on the culture. However, reflexive knowledge must always be uniform meaning that it has to be acceptable in a much bigger community. For knowledge to be considered reflexive, it must be endorsed globally meaning that the statement needs to be applicable in all societies in the world. For instance, a theory that works in the United States should always be valid in Eu
Introduction The Chilean copper mine collapsed on 5 th of August 2010 about a half a mile below the surface of the earth. This event was aired on almost all the major stations across the world. Many people also came to take part in the rescue mission. The communication and coverage of the incident was done in the best way possible. It is important to note that such an incident evoked the need for better physical and emotional health needs for the spouses, partners, parents, siblings and children of the miners among other relatives, MetalBulletin.com (2010). This was necessary to ensure that the rescue was sustained in terms of emotional resilience. The Message When there is a disaster, someone has to deliver the bad news to the family and relatives of the loved one involved. The saddest part is, not knowing how to do it. It is very difficult and must have been hard for the mining companies to inform the families of the 33 miners that their loved ones had been trapped in a collapsed mine over 1,100 feet below the surface of the earth! There have been incidences where miners have been trapped in mine but all those could not be a preparation enough for what happened in Chilean mines in August of 2010 (MetalBulletin.com 2010). Face to face delivery of the message is the best for the family members and relatives because of the amount of humanely touch it can have on the recipient of the information. Delivery of the sad news is not an easy job but delivering this news in a wrong way can be disastrous therefore it was pertinent for the mining companies to prepare best approaches for breaking the sad news. The persons to deliver the message should work through their own emotions and ensure they are well adjusted to them since bad news impact equally on them as well. The persons should practice what to say to the family. This way, they will be able to formulate the words they will love to say and remain relevant and emotionally supportive. Assessing the recipient of the bad news feeling before the message is delivered is very important. This is because it helps to set the right response mood and the messenger should focus on good communication and show empathy (Mast et al., 2005, p. 245). After the message is delivered, there needs to be a strategy of dealing with or handling the news like the next response. This helps the receiver to avoid getting into shock or paralysis. They can also cope well based on the strategy after the news. Draft message: Since I believe that the appropriate message to deliver to families should be face-to-face, the persons delivering the message will give different messages for the 33 people trapped. However a draft of the basic message for the family members based on the person to receive it first can be like; ‘Dear Mr./Mrs./ we regret to inform you that your husband/sibling/father/boyfriend has been trapped in one of our mines which unfortunately collapsed. We would like to tell you that the company is doing the best it can to rescue your loved one. We have put our best rescue men and technology ahead for the operation an
“Let’s be Friends!”  The program appeared as an attempt to incorporate the bully-free message in the classroom to encourage tolerance in young learners. It is a united effort of several schools from Maryland. The major advantage of it is that it is flexible. The key strategy that is used is approaching the problem from all possible angles: It provides parent education, activities for home, positive interactive activities, and other types of learning. For fostering non-violent behavior, children are taught how to celebrate their differences (Cornell & Bradshaw, 2015). CLIMB Theater        This is a non-profit traveling troupe from Minneapolis that gives performances, helping to address the problem of bullying in a classroom. This is especially suitable for young children since they learn best from demonstration and play. The major strategy is to involve children in the proposed scenario. Actors teach them how to answer to bullying non-violently (strong voice, eye contact, posture) and how to avoid it even if you dislike a person (Bradshaw, 2015).                                                                                       “Don’t Laugh at Me”  This is a national initiative proposed by Peter Yarrow to reduce violence. It was developed by Educators for Social Responsibility and especially designed for elementary students to teach them how to avoid harassment, ridiculing, and bullying. The main strategy is to approach a problem using all possible educational means: presentations, video, music, instructional activities, etc. Students are taught to show compassion and sympathy. It is considered one of the most successful in the field (Lee et al., 2014).                                        I believe that I will use the last program in my settings. When we try to achieve certain results and change children’s behavior, we often pick up the wrong strategy trying to make their reactions convenient to us. That is why their needs are often disregarded. As a result, we achieve the desired behavior but children remain unhappy. The problem with bullying is primarily about children’s self-esteem and motivation to come to the class. The major benefit of this program is that it is learner-centered. The organizers want to improve children’s lives and make them feel that it is done for them, not for their teachers. It is not about making them more “acceptable” to anyone. Another benefit is that all activities presuppose interaction. Yet, the major thing I particularly like about the program is that it includes numerous modes of education. We all know that children, as well as their cognitive skills, are different. That is why it is impossible to develop an activity that would be engaging and effective for everyone. For some of them, it is useful to watch a video. Others would prefer listening to a song. More extroverted ones will be glad to get involved in a group simulation game or organize a discussion club. The program will allow satisfying them all. A possible challenge that I might face is that the children may feel embarrassed discussing their problems so openly. Another one is that they may dislike instructional tasks.
Introduction Through the analysis of Gupta and Gangopadhyay, it was noted that food waste was one of the leading preventable contributors towards the sheer amount of trash that winds up in many of the today’s landfills (Gupta and Gangopadhyay, 14). It is defined as preventable since through its very nature as a biodegradable substance; it could be put towards other uses aside from merely being a by-product of human consumption. Do note though that studies such as those by Kelleher explain that the nitrogen released by food waste is actually a wasted resource that could be put to better aside from merely letting it escape into the atmosphere or letting it languish in a garbage dump (Kelleher, 36). Kelleher explains that nitrogen is an important component in soil health as well as can be utilized as a method of energy production. Mirabella and Sala describe modern-day landfills as a wasted asset since the amount of food waste that goes into them could be utilized to power homes or develop nutrient-rich soil that could aid in creating vegetable gardens for families or in providing cheap fertilizer for farmers (Mirabella and Sala, 28). It is based on this that this paper will delve issue of nitrogen being released from food waste and how it can be put to better use. Environmental Benefits The recycling of food waste has environmental benefits related to the decrease in the amount of garbage in local landfills, protection of underground aquifers as well as ensuring the continued health of the soil (Emerson, 25). The inherent problem with food waste is that it contributes significantly to the amount of pollution found in many of today’s landfills. Combined with the fact that the tainted liquids from food waste have a very real possibility of getting into local aquifers through the soil, it can be seen that it is necessary to establish some method of addressing such an issue. This can be done through home-based methods of recycling and proper consumption of biological food products. Emerson explains that more than 60% of modern-day processed food goes to waste since it is not properly consumed by grocery shoppers (Emerson, 25). These products often end up in the landfill after they have passed their expiration date. It is based on this that in order to reduce the amount of food waste in today’s landfills, today’s shoppers should only buy the products that they can consume within the immediate future rather than allow such items to expire within their cupboards. Soil Benefits Since food waste is easily biodegradable, it acts as an effective means of producing a cheap and sustainable fertilizer for households and farms. First and foremost, what must be understood is that the process of decomposition helps to break down food waste into its basic properties, which enables it to be easily absorbed into the soil. Decomposition not only results in the relea
Introduction The experiment was composed of two investigations. The main areas of concern were to carry out an examination test on the status of waves on a string. The research aimed at observing the relationship between string and wave speed. Further, the research would also look at the speed of string waves in an air column and identify the degree of the sound pace. Each investigation had a different mode of research activity. The apparatus used were a 120Hz vibrator, three-rod clamps, a metric stick, three turning forks that had particular frequencies, two stands with rods and brass weights, and valid wave indicators. The apparatus helped in undertaking graphical analysis through the use of wavelength, duration of the waves, and graphical analysis. Investigation 1 Setup and procedure In the first research, we were to carry out an experiment to identify the stand waves on a string. Thus, we first set rods about a meter other than each one-of-a-kind. In our next step, we linked the two rods by use of a string. On one end of a string, we connected a bucket, and the other forestall of the string became the opportunity rod on which we clamped the electromagnetic vibrator and the string holder. The particular rod had a pulley through which the string was handed, and the bucket became hanging (Hyde & Batishchev, 2018). As the studies modified into set up, we then switched the vibrator on, due to which the string began to vibrate, and we were able to see the best style of nodes at the string. To get the various number of nodes, we commenced adding brass weights to the bucket, and so we recorded the space among nodes for three, four, five, six, seven, and eight styles of nodes. Using the values of the ones, we additionally calculated the usual distance, the wavelength, the velocity, and the tension within the string. Lastly, calculating the values of the ones, we executed a graph using the charge squared and the tension pressure of the string to get the mass constant with the unit length of the string. Data and analysis The wavelength of the nodes was then found by multiplying this distance by 2. The error in the wavelength, as calculated by the ruler, was ± 0.0005 m. As we had the wavelengths, we calculated the speed of the wave using v = λf The frequency of this investigation was 120 Hz, and I had different values for the wavelength, due to which we were able to calculate speed, and the error in the speed was calculated using the formula: σv = (v*σT)/ (2T) We also found the tension in the string by multiplying the mass and the acceleration due to gravity. The error in this force was equal to that of the wavelength shown by the ruler, which was ±0.0005m. Then using the graph above, we found the mass per unit length by using the equation: v = (T/μ) 0.5 The string density we found came out to be 0.28689, but the actual density of the string was 0.32 Investigation 2 Setup and procedure For this investigation, the cre