ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The ongoing pandemic has necessitated growth and development in the healthcare sector of many economies. Technology innovation in therapeutic practices has improved the quality of medication across the globe. Specifically, the East-West Medicine context has developed due to collaborative and cooperative activities by practitioners. This model entails an objective integration of Chinese traditional medicine with modern western healthcare practices (Popic & Schneider, 2018). This discussion presents a reaction to this framework with its potential impacts on the quality of medical services. As will be noted, conventional practices of accessing medical services depict the standard process in western countries, including the U.S., the European Union (E.U.), and the U.K. (Popic & Schneider, 2018). Consequently, several challenges exist to the successful adoption of this approach in modern healthcare practices in many economies. Most fundamentally, East-West Medicine helps improve care quality by ensuring comprehensive integration of relevant factors and vital stakeholders in diagnosing and treating illnesses among patients. The integrative approach for offering medical services may seem complicated among individuals using conventional processes of accessing healthcare. For instance, some patients may consider family members’ external involvement upon diagnosis of a chronic illness such as cancer, arthritis, or diabetes. The diseases can result in severe stress cases among relatives and close friends of the patient. Ensuring patient’s details and preferences is a crucial practice in healthcare practices among western countries. The Chinese traditional medicine framework would require timely and consistent integration of varying factors and stakeholders after diagnosing a long-term illness (East-West consultative care, n.d). In addition, East-West Medicine may seem complex among persons used to seeing medical practitioners in emergency room settings without a healthcare surrounding. It is worth noting that medical procedures are conducted in healthcare settings, including dispensaries, clinics, or hospitals (Popic & Schneider, 2018). This environment contributes positively towards the treatment of patients with varying conditions. Consequently, the integrative approach becomes complicated when medical practitioners consult clients away from the described environment. Moreover, the East-West Medicine approach may be complex to individuals with frequent healthcare coverage changes or accessing the same provider. Western countries price medical services depending on the level and complexity of a condition. For instance, cancer treatment is different from a diagnosis of diabetes or arthritis, hence, they vary in cost (Popic & Schneider, 2018). The traditional Chinese medicine approach entails accessing the same healthcare provider to treat or heal patients consistently. The expert is consulted whenever a condition reoccurs, and they are trusted with the diagnosis of related illnesses. Frequent interaction with a patient develops a critical understanding and trust between a patient and
ICT has improved very many things in health and social care. Compared to ancient times, the modern times have experienced the improvement of virtually all areas in these sectors due to massive ICT developments. All activities are done more easily and quickly compared to previous decades. In addition, both the caregivers and service users can access any type of information depending on their needs. In brief, the benefits of embracing ICT in the health and social care sector are very numerous. Among them include storing, transferring and accessing information, improved communication between institutions, among nurses and, sometimes, with their patients and continuous professional development. Storage, Transfer and Access to Information The advancement in ICT has made it possible for anybody to access any information within very short periods. Caregivers can store their patients’ information in computers. Information stored in computers is safer than that stored in paper files. The caregivers will also be able to access such information more easily whenever it is needed. In addition, both the caregivers and their clients can easily find information about their illnesses on the internet. ICT has also made it possible for caregivers and their institutions to easily transfer information from one place to the other. For example, institutions may want to share information about certain illnesses with other health and social care institutions for the purpose of handling them better. In such cases, they may make calls or send emails to the relevant institutions. Contrasted to earlier periods, such communication receives instant feedback. Hence, problems are solved within shorter periods. On the same note, automated information systems in health and social institutions have made the handling of patients very easy. Caregivers can carry out tests using the computer; they can monitor the recovery process and even get notifications whenever their patients are in dire need of help. As a result, it takes very little time to diagnose even the deadliest diseases and treat them before they develop into chronic cases. It was very difficult to carry out such activities without the inventions that exist today in the ICT sector. Caregivers used to spend too much time waiting for laboratory results before they could attend to their patients. Communication In modern times, almost everybody has a mobile phone and other ICT-related gadgets. Such gadgets have helped ease the process of passing on information from one person to the other. In the health and social care sector, ICT has helped the caregivers to easily communicate amongst themselves, especially when sharing out responsibilities or trying to solve different crises. Therefore, they take less time communicating information on duties and crises compared to periods before health and social care institutions had embraced ICT. Professional Development Apart from communication, ICT has substantially fostered continued professional development. Many caregivers can register for online courses fo
Introduction The Mut’azilah and the Ash’ariyya are two of the most important theological schools in Islam. The Mu’tazilah originated in Baghdad and Basra in the 8 th -10 th centuries. The Ash’ariyya is a school of theological thought in Sunni Islam that was founded by Abu al-Hasan al-Ash’ari. The latter is considered to be a response to the Mu’tazilah religious standpoint. While both the Mu’tazilites and the Ash’arites incorporate rationalist thought into their philosophy and share the ideas related to cosmology, they differ significantly in their treatment of the Quran, as well as in other crucial aspects. The doctrine of Created Qur’an The works of Aristotle served as a basis for developing the Mu’tazilah religious school of thought ( Contradictions of the Mu’tazilah, n.d., para. 1). Thus, the principles of Greek rationalist thought were introduced. However, Hughes (2013) argues that the Mut’azilites should not be construed as philosophers, as they often used rationalist thinking to provide evidence for ideas that were established beforehand (p. 189). The Mu’tazilah asserts that the Quran was created and cannot be considered eternal, as it would mean that it existed alongside Allaah ( Mu’tazilah , n.d., para. 1). Such an approach might lead to believe there is another deity besides Allah. According to the Mu’tazilites, Qur’an should be seen as created, as such phenomenon since speech cannot be tied to Allah as an attribute because it would essentially constitute Allaah as a body, thereby questioning the creation of the universe ( Contradictions of the Mu’tazilah, n.d., para. 1). This stance was the basis of the Mu’tazilah theology developed by Ahl al-Kalaam. Therefore, the origin and creation of the Qur’an were to be determined. Thus, the Mu’tazilites postulate that Qu’ran can be seen as Allaah’s speech only in the same sense that a mosque can be seen as Allaah’s house. Unlike the Mu’tazilites, the Ash’arites subscribe to a different theological standpoint, albeit derived from the same theoretical foundations. Following the ideas of Ibn-Kulaab, who developed the concept of kalaam na usea, the Ash’ariyya regard Qu’ran according to several major standpoints. Firstly, they deny the idea of Qu’ran’s creation in time. According to Hughes (2013), the Ash’arites postulate that allegorical interpretations cannot be employed concerning Qur’an (p. 193). Therefore,
Japan is an island nation that is made up of 6,852 islands and located along the Pacific Ocean and covers a total area of 377, 944 sq. meters. The country has a population of 127, 960,000 which is the 10 th largest population in the world. Japan is one of the most developed countries not only industrially, but also economically, militarily and is one the most advanced nations in application of science and technology. The nation’s economy is the second largest in the world and its industrial capacity is not questionable as it is home to some of the largest and most technologically advanced industries such as Toyota, Sony, Honda, Panasonic, Sharp, Canon and Toshiba, among many others. Several scholars have questioned Japan’s secrets of success, especially in their recovery from the recent triple disaster that hit the nation: earthquake, tsunami and leakage of radioactive material. One of the secrets to Japan’s success is that the nation’s people are hard workers. The average working hours of Japanese workers is approximately 204 hours in a month and this exceeds other economically advanced nations by a significant margin, for instance, in America, the average working hours per month is 163, 159 in UK, 155 in Germany and 140 in France. While workers in other nations require 47 days to produce a car, Japanese workers can complete the same task in 9 days. Moreover, a single Japanese employee can complete a task that would normally be done by 5-6 people in other countries (Roskin and Berry, 2010). Therefore, in the middle of a disaster, the Japanese obviously multiplied their effort and this led to a quick recovery from the triple disaster. Furthermore, the willingness to improve working and managerial methods is a concept that is deeply founded among the Japanese and was based on Confucianism. The Japanese are focused, industrious, and diligent, and have a strong sense of loyalty while performing their duties. The employees have a deep sense of running their systems in an orderly manner and it is not common for the Japanese to move between jobs as is the case in the US and Europe. Rather, they normally commit to one or two companies until they reach retirement age. In fact, some Japanese firms recruit fresh graduates, train them to their own specific
Research is important when inquiring about something, whether a human being, animal, event, or a phenomenon. Human subject research is an existing individual from whom an examiner obtains information. Therefore, all healthcare professionals must know the personal rights and protections not to violate them. This paper describes the circumstances that influence the need to protect the subjects, especially the vulnerable populations, and ways in which researchers can harm professionals. The essay further, summarizes the ethical principles and guidelines for research and shows the importance of knowing about these rights. Research Standards and Guidelines When conducting the research, certain standards and guidelines are followed including respect for people, liberality, and fairness, as demonstrated below. The principle of respect for persons is usually taken to represent autonomy, consent, and personal choice (Friesen et al., 2017). This value expresses two ideas; individuals should be treated as sovereign agents, and those with less autonomy should be given extra attention. An autonomous person is one who can make judgments according to their own beliefs and values. Therefore, respecting their choices without going against them is critical while on the field. A diminished autonomy refers to people who are less vulnerable because of either mental illness or other conditions. Investigators should handle such persons with care since they are delicate. Beneficence is an act of mercy, kindness, and charity with a strong intention of doing good to others. Professionals should possess this quality to be able to interact with the humane. Justice is another principle and divided into personal and social justice (Friesen et al., 2017). Individual justice calls for fair treatment of all patients without favoring others. Social justice takes into consideration race, status, and various institutions where they come from. Although these principles are considered equal, the most important one is respect for persons, beneficence, and justice. For one to socialize with a stranger, the first impression matters greatly. It is critical to showing respect and treat people ac
The Antebellum period was a decisive turning point in American history. Firstly, it included several events that changed the course of history dramatically. Secondly, and perhaps more interestingly, it was saturated with events and phenomena that were introduced almost two hundred years ago but stayed relatively unchanged as a definitive part of American society and culture. The most often cited staple mark of the period is the rise of the abolitionist movement (Johnson 273). The war on slavery and the subsequent victory is, without a doubt, a great achievement. However, it was not limited to the Antebellum period. Meanwhile, industrialization can be named a true milestone. Within a relatively short period of time, several inventions shaped America’s future. The most prominent ones include the cotton industry, with both the plantation boom in the South and the manufacturing in the North (Roark et al. 311). This has led to the rapid growth of the economy and has prompted the development of transportation infrastructure, primarily the railroads. By 1856 the Eastern coast was reachable from Chicago by train (Stover 144). However, the most important and often downplayed achievement, also courtesy of industrialization, was the progress of the printing industry. This, in turn, has led to the newspaper boom, with the reduced cost and the rise of circulation from about 3000 in 1820 to roughly 1.5 million by 1860 (Boyer et al. 324). The price drop boosted the popularity of print media tremendously, making it affordable not only to the upper class but the majority of the population as well. In fact, the newspaper has become the first reliable and authoritative source of information. This arguably has led to raising social awareness and public involvement in the political life of the country, promoting the image of the conscious citizen. The religious principles and philosophical paradigms were also challenged during this period. The two most notable examples of the former include the arrival of the first major wave of Roman Catholics from Ireland, soon to be followed by other European immigrants. This eventually led to changes in the social landscape and the transformations in the religion. Second, and more direct example is the Second Awakening, the religious revival movement that laid the foundations for deformalizing the Church and the emergence of American Christianity. As for the reformation in the philosophical realm, several influential thinkers were working during the Antebellum period. Henry David T
Introduction Confucian philosophy had a great impact on development of many Asian countries. Japan was not an exclusion and the state governance as well as societal norms were shaped by Confucius’ ideas (Leidy 291). It is possible to trace the influence of Confucianism in Japan during the Nara period. Notably, Confucian ideas were spread through his famous Analects as well as stories from his life. Therefore, it is possible to analyze some concepts mentioned in Analects (which could have sprung out of particular events in Confucius’ life) to understand the way they were adopted in Japan in the 8 th century. It is possible to focus on such concepts as benevolence, justice, peace, care and centralized power. Five Principles that Affected Japan of the Nara period One of the concepts central to Analects is benevolence. The thinker stresses that the ruler has to be “solemn” with people who will respect him, in return (“The Analects of Confucius” 86). Clearly, this is a facet of justice. Japanese people who adhered to principles of Buddhism were eager to follow this simple convention (Bary, Keene and Tanabe 338). An episode form Confucius’ life revealed in a recent film Kongzi (2010) suggests that the thinker followed the principle. Thus, he saved a boy from those who wanted to kill him due to an old tradition as slaves had to be buried with their masters ( Kongzi ). Importantly, Confucius stresses, “Benevolence is love for our fellow human! A ritual murder is still a murder…” ( Kongzi ). It seemed natural that rulers should be wise and treat people rightfully. Justice is another concept revealed in Analects. This broad concept is the central one. Confucianism is based on the principle of justice and Confucius taught that people should treat each other in a just way, since this is the basis of a prosperous country. Peace is another important concept that is revealed in Confucius’ work. The thinker stresses that “when there is peace there is no danger the ruler will topple” (“The Analects of Confucius”90). When people do not die, there is prosperity in a country. Japanese rulers as well as elites understood that wars brought ruins and tried to avoid conflicts (although such efforts were often unsuccessful).
Abstract Over the last few years, space power has received significant attention from the military. According to the military experts, space power can be a great asset to the military if it is fully utilized. Space power theory is regularly evaluated through sea, land, and air theories (Robertshaw & Bergin, 2004). Through this, the theory’s development can be illustrated. It is commonly argued that space theory resulted from the advancements in air power theories. Some military experts argue that the difference between air power and space power is negligible. Nevertheless, it should be noted that space power is a unique field in the military sciences. During the Gulf War, the use of space power gave the US and the allied forces an added advantage over the Iraqi forces. During this war, the space power was utilized for the first time enabling its users to gain victory over their foes. Currently, it is acknowledged that the future of the military success lies in the ability of the forces to exploit the space power. In this regard, the US military should realize that an extensive knowledge and understanding on space power is very crucial to the future of the country and the world at large. This paper focuses on the developments in space power and its impacts on air power, sea power, and land power. Body As compared to sea power and air power, space power is a new concept in the military. According to the military history, land power has been exploited for thousands of years. However, in the 16 th century many improvements in the military power were experienced. During this century, renowned advocates of land power and strategic theories emerged. Among these individuals are Jomini and Clausewitz. On the other hand, the sea power has been in existence for thousands of years. However, new theories were introduced in the 19 th century enhancing the efficiencies of sea power. Among these theories were Mahan, Callwell, Rauol, and Julian theories. According to most scholars, land, sea, and air theories have played key roles in the developments of space theories. According to Mahan theory, advancements in land theories led to sea and air theories. Similarly, advancements in air theories led to space theories (Kearsley, 1992). In the 20 th century, the air power emerged. Because of its utilization, much advancement was realized in the military. It is believed that improvements in air power inspired the development of space power (Mueller, 2010). As such, the developments in space power were realized after the World War II. According to the US military, advancements in radar and jet technologies led to the creation of satellite and rocket technologies. During the Cold War, military enmity between the Soviet and the US led to the improvements in space power. With these advancements, the US military became more concerned with human orbital activities owing to the risks and opportunities presented by the activities. Following the Sputnik launch in the year 1957 by the Soviet, the US felt threatened by Soviet’s military advancements (Sheehan, 2007). To counteract this initiative, the US military launched Explorer I i
Introduction In this essay, we are going to discuss the book Understanding Race and Ethnic Relations, written by Vincent Parrillo. In particular, we need to focus on chapters 4 and 5, which analyze such concepts as prejudice, discrimination, and the relation between them. According to the scholar, prejudice can be defined as “an attitudinal system”, whereas discrimination is the behavior triggered by such attitude (Parrillo, p 105). In this work, he scrutinizes several important problems, like for instance the psychology of the biased position and its origins. Furthermore, he examines various manifestations of this phenomenon and its underlying causes. Parrillo covers a great number of aspects but the main argument, which the author advances, is that in the vast majority of cases such unfavorable opinion or prejudice is strongly resilient to logic, and very often people may be so firmly convinced of their rectitude that they are inclined to ignore facts that might possibly break their stereotypes (Parrillo, p 76). The relation between prejudice and discrimination Vincent Parrillo distinguishes several levels of discrimination, namely, verbal expression, avoidance, segregation, and physical (or moral) abuse (Parrillo, p 108). He claims that these levels or types of discrimination should not be rigidly separated, because any person can select each of them, much depends upon the circumstances or situation. Besides, the author believes that people may often behave in a prejudiced manner against representatives of other ethnic groups, just because they try to conform to the majority. On the one hand, they may not be able to form their own conclusions or they are afraid of fighting against discrimination, because this struggle may adversely affect their status in society. The origins of prejudiced behavior However, the most interesting aspect of Vincent Parrillos work is his analysis of the factors, which create tension among various racial, ethnic or religious groups. He marks out several origins of such prejudiced attitude, particularly, self-justification, which means that occasionally, certain individuals can slander representatives of other nationalities in order to justify their immoral actions. The scholar draws numerous examples to substantiate his standpoint of view; he mentions Native Americans who were often labeled as “heathen pagans” by Western European colonists, who tried to vindicate their violent measures against Indians. Another factor is the so-called “frustration”, which means that people often attribute the blame for all their hardships to other nationalities. Vincent Parrillo calls it “Scapegoating” (Parrillo, p 83). Apart from that, the author discusses this issue within a psychological framework: he says that prejudiced attitude authoritarian personality of parents, who subdue th