ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
From the article, ‘For One Whistle-Blower, No Good Deed Goes Unpunished’, it is certain that whistle-blowing to external entities including government agencies and the media can be detrimental to whistle-blowers, fraud-spotters, or truth-tellers. In this particular case, we note that Mr. Maris, the whistle-blower, is sued and later fired by his employer (Bank of America) for reporting about the financial status of Biovail, a pharmaceutical company that fails to achieve its estimated earnings due to fraud and stock manipulation within the organization (Eisinger, 2011, para. 1-5). Accordingly, this case shows the risk involved in whistle-blowing to external entities even in the presence of legal protection. Here, both the whistle-blower and the organization may face legal battles, which end up tarnishing the organization’s image and the career of the whistle-blower. Furthermore, the whistle-blower risks being shunned by workmates, besides being exposed to close supervision or being alienated. Such unfavorable experience leaves one wondering whether whistle-blowing is an important activity to pursue or a hazardous one. In this essay, we highlight the most appropriate changes to ethical standards to resolve the issues discussed in the preceding section. To prevent whistle-blowing to external entities such as the media, there is the paramount need for organizations to encourage internal whistle-blowing. In this way, an organization can be least assured that employees will be hesitant in discussing unethical practices within their organization with external entities. Furthermore, when internal whistle-blowing systems are in place, employees are encouraged to discuss illegal issues within the organization with the top-management, thus giving room for speedy resolution before they cause damage to both the organization and the whistle-blower. As a result, the major objective of internal whistle-blowing should entail encouraging employees to freely talk about unethical issues with internal authorities to eliminate the risks involved in exposing such issues to third parties. Moreover, the presence of an internal whistle-blowing mechanism demonstrates the organization’s commitment to existing codes of conduct. However, it is worth-noting that some ill-motives or barriers to internal whistle-blowing programs can also be as detrimental to both parties involved as in the case of external whistle-blowing. Here, cases of lack of trust between the top-management and the employees, unwillingness of the employees to divulge on illegal issues within the organization with others, misguided solidarity with the wrong-doers, fear of retaliation and close supervision, and fear of alienation are just but a number of major barriers to successful implementation of the internal whistle-blowing program. Therefore, these issues must be considered and resolved by the relevant
Cost benefit analysis In order to carry out a cost-benefit analysis, we must first calculate the expenses, which Hunter Institute of TAFE will incur in connection with this project. Overall, there are four deliverables that require investment: 1) acquisition of computers; 2) purchasing software; 3) furnishing the room; and 4) installation. Thus, we can single out the major costs; they can be presented in table format. Deliverable   Cost      Hardware      45,300 $  Software      10, 200 $ Furniture     19. 600 $ Shipment      2.500 $   Installation  1.100      Total: 78,500 $. In order to do these estimations, we needed to research pricing and discounts policies of various stores. There are several tangible and intangible benefits, which Hunter Institute of TAFE will derive from this project. First of all, we need to speak about increased students’ and teachers’ satisfaction, and they are the key stakeholders of this organization. Secondly, one should also mention this educational institution will be able to offer new advanced courses to students, for example, the courses in web design. Finally, this project may decrease the dropout rate in Hunter Institute of TAFE. Nevertheless, it is still necessary to provide quantitative data in order to prove the cost-effectiveness of this project. For this purpose, we need to use such measurements as NPV (Net Present Value) and ROI (Return on Investment). These tools help management to estimate how much money the investment will bring them and evaluate the overall efficiency of the project. To calculate NPV one has to know time of the cash flow, in other words, that period during which the investment will bring profit (Brigham & Houston, 2009, p 338). Second, it is necessary to take into consideration the total amount of cash inflows and outflows. We expect that this computer lab will generate profit within five years as this is the average serviceable life of a computer. By offering new courses in web design or other IT-related disciplines to students, Hunter Institute of TAFE will be able to receive twenty-five thousand dollars annually. The annual cost of maintenance is one thousand dollars. NPV is calculated according to this formula: NPV = In this case CF means cash flow that can be either positive or negative, t means time, while R is the expected rate of return (10 per cent) These calculations should better be presented in table format. The sum of these values or NPV is $ 17, 500, which means that this project is profitable in its nature. Furthermore, the payback period constitutes three and a half years. Another measurement which should be used by the project managers is ROI (Return on Investment). The key purpose of this tool is to assess the efficiency of the investment. It is a ratio of net program benefits and program costs (Phillips, 2003, p 199). The following formula is used to calculate ROI. R = * 100 % V1 denotes the sum of money gained from investment, whereas V2 is the total expenditures of the organization. R = *100 = 21,2 % Still, we have to stress an idea that the main benefits of this project are intangible, and they cannot be measured by quanti
Introduction Risk adjusted discount rate is a tool commonly used by management of an organization to integrate risk component when making capital budgeting decisions. It involves adding the risk premium to the provided discount rate before calculating the present value of a project. This implies that a project with low risk will have a low discount rate while a project with high risk attracts high risk adjusted rate of return. Therefore, use of risk adjusted discount rate provides a precise value for evaluating various investment projects. The paper discusses the procedure of using risk adjusted discount rate. It also shows the relationship between risk adjusted discount rate and capital asset pricing model. Procedures involved in using risk adjusted discount rate The first step entails understanding the nature of the project. This requires an understanding and documentation of the processes of the project and the risk involved in the processes. The second step would entail reviewing other completed similar projects. This gives additional information about the flow of returns and partners of risk for the project. The third step entails coming up with a risk premium that would compensate the risk assessed. The value of the risk premium ascertained is added to the risk free rate. The resulting value is the risk adjusted discount rate which is used in making capital decisions. Relationship between risk adjusted discount rate and capital asset pricing model As mentioned above, assessed risk is incorporated in capital decision model by adding risk premium using the capital asset pricing model. The model shows the connection between risk and return. It is based on the assumptions that the amount of return expected depends on the riskiness of the project. Therefore, a project with high risk pays high returns. The model computes risk adjusted discount rate as a summation of risk free rate and the risk premium. The CAPM model is shown below. Capital asset pricing model: risk-adjusted rate = risk free discount rate + risk premium*beta. How risk classes enhance the use of risk adjusted discount rate The discount rate or the minimum cost of capital provides the minimum required rate of return. It is the discount rate which investors will require for the capital they have injected into the firm at a particular risk level. The cost of capital tend be uniform or similar across industries. In most cases, market rate of return is the same value as the risk free discount rate. There investors will not accept levels of returns which
Introduction Negotiation is an important skill to have in nearly every aspect of one’s life. Interacting with other people inevitably brings a conflict of interest, where people have to work together towards their own goals. Negotiation is a very broad domain that revolves around finding a compromise that satisfies all parties involved in the process. The application of negotiating skills is numerous, ranging from bargaining for a raise or a salary and ending up reconciling two friends having a heated argument. There are many personal qualities contributing to one’s effectiveness at bargainings, such as charisma, reputation, knowledge, empathy, and positioning. Thus, the ability to find common ground with other people is incredibly important in social work. The purpose of this paper is to describe my personal negotiating experience. Situation Description During high school, I used to work part-time in a small restaurant at the edge of the city. Although I was almost of legal age, it was very hard for me to find a part-time job, because all of the low-skilled labor positions were occupied by students or graduates. This restaurant was one of the last places I applied to, as many other companies flat out denied me a chance upon seeing that I was only 17 years old. When I arrived at the interview, the owner of the restaurant was at the table, glancing through my resume. Looking at me, he asked a question many HR officers often ask during their interviews: “Why should I hire you?” I answered the question by stating that I will be able to perform the same work as other candidates but charge less for it. The owner of the establishment seemed interested in my response, enough to continue the interview. Later, we negotiated the terms of my potential employment, with him trying to lower my payment bar as far as he possibly could, and me preventing him from reducing my salary to the point it would become economically unreasonable for me to work for him. As a result of the negotiations, we achieved an agreement that I would work for him for a rate 25% lower than that he pays his other employees, with guaranteed raise to a normal salary the moment I turn 18. Two days later, I received another call and was told I am hired and that my working week starts from Monday. I succeeded in scoring a job. Negotiation Analysis and Explanation Before the negotiation, I correctly identified the strengths and weaknesses of my position. I was an underage employee with no working experience, putting me at a disadvantage against virtually any other candidate. I did not have any particular skills to offer to my employer, in comparison to everyone else. The only bargaining point I had was my salary. I discovered the employer’s wants and needs in this negotiation, which revolved around hiring a reasonably capable and competent individual and training them to work in the restaurant. Since the training was going to be provided on-site, the only difference between me and any other candidate, besides personal qu
Introduction The Soviet Union was a social state that was established in 1922. The state’s capital city was Moscow and it was ruled under a Communist party. Some of the countries that formed this union were Russia, Ukraine, and Transcaucasia. Even though this was among the strongest unions in the history of the world, the Soviet Union, under the leadership of Mikhail Gorbachev, went under in 1991. After the fall of the Soviet Union, the countries that had unified under it emerged as independent states and Russia took all the rights of the Soviet Union. The Formation of the Soviet Union History points out 1922 as the year when the Soviet Union was formed. However, according to Matthews (13), plans to form this union had been underway much earlier than 1922. Matthews (13) refers to the Decembrist Revolt of 1825 as the first time when Russia thought of forming such a union. The fact that Tsar Nicholas II refused to embrace the idea of a constitution made the country tense throughout the World War I era. Some workers’ council who were known as the “Soviets” began to riot all over the country due to the deplorable state that the Russians were living. An agreement was reached after a civil war within Russia itself and soon the unification of republics began. The year 1922 is when Russia, Transcaucasia, Ukraine, and Byelorussia went into agreement about the USSR. They discussed the Treaty of the Creation of the USSR and the Declaration of the Creation of the USSR. These two documents were signed and they created the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. The five leaders who signed the two documents were Mikhail Kalinin, Mikhail Tskhakaya, Mikhail Frunze, Grigory Petrovsky, and Aleksandr Chervyakov. They also approved the Soviet Constitution in 1924. This was the same year when the USSR was recognized by Britain. The formation of the Soviet Union did not just involve politics. The coming together of all theses republics also merged their economic and social systems. The leaders had to ensure that the economy of the union was not only at its best, but that it would survive any other war. Intense economic plans were discussed and the leaders tried to realize them by the end of 1931. The citizens of the republics also had to be integrated so that they could accommodate one another. The Economy of the Soviet Union under Joseph Stalin The economy of the Soviet Union was based on Communism. This is a system of collective growth. It meant that no one individual would own the country and that every product was divided equally among the people. Some of the a
The use of marijuana has been a subject of great controversy for a considerable length of time. In the 17 th century period, the use of marijuana was quite widespread in most civilizations. It was used a lot for recreational purposes. Records obtained from historical facts reveal that marijuana was used in legal tendering in several locations in North America bearing in mind that it was a rare economic resource. As a result, there were myriads of cases when taxes, goods and services were exchanged using the product. Before the mid 1850s, there were over 8000 hemp plantations in North America alone. Tones of marijuana were harvested out of these hemp plantations. Since the hemp plant was completely legal, even the United States’ Presidents like Thomas Jefferson and George Washington grew it in their own farms (Ferner par. 2). This paper argues that marijuana should be legalized butregulated by the government as well. Before the close of 2012, most voters in the US elections were upbeat on the legalization of marijuana in various states among individuals aged above twenty one years. In terms of legalization, Colorado voters were highly likely to support the amendment 64 by a margin of 61 percent (Ruschmann 88). This would only be supported if the use of marijuana could be controlled just like other drugs. They argue that the economy could be boosted if marijuana is legally permitted in the market since the government will be able to tax the product. On the other hand, the government still maintains that any legalization of marijuana cannot be permitted since it is an addictive and risky drug. As it stands now, proponents of legalization of marijuana posit that the drug is still being traded in the black market since there are millions of users out there. Does this imply that the government has lost the battle against illegal consumption of marijuana? According to Burnham (2), it is obvious that the policy behind prohibition of marijuana has been significantly weakened by the prevailing political agenda especially when key presidential candidates are seeking votes. If the legalization of marijuana can indeed lead to job creation and improved infrastructures due to additional taxation, then it explains why both the opponents and proponents of legalizing marijuana agree that it should be regulated and taxed accordingly. Opponents observe that regulation should entail age restriction and purpose for using the product. The latter measure is not merely being advocated by the proponents of marijuana use since the legalization of marijuana has been supported by NAACP not because it fully backs the smoking of marijuana. It is due to the fact that there are hundreds of individuals who have been negatively affected by the same laws. This organization has been on the forefront in fighting against the use of mari
Introduction Health care is a very important aspect of society as a whole and the actions of those in charge are very critical as they affect many people’s lives either directly or indirectly. This is why the issue of ethics is important when it comes to health care both to individual health care organizations as well as medical research. This paper is going to take a detailed look at two ethical dilemmas in health care, the competing interests as well as the applicable theories and principles. Discussion One of the ethical issues that health care providers face is with regards to marketing. Many health care facilities are created not only to care for patients but to also make profits. Like any other profit making entity, the health care providers need to have in place strategies that increase their customer base. One of the ways of doing this is through advertising. However, as they do this, they should ensure that they are in a position to provide the advertised health services. In this industry, there should be no form of exaggeration in terms of what the providers can provide (Ruger, 2008). The other ethical dilemma that the health care givers face is with regards to informed consent by patients. This means that any patient has the right to be fully informed of the medication to be administered. Such information should include the effects and benefits both long term and short term of the medication. In some cases, the patients are not in a stable state of mind to make informed consent. In such a case, the practitioner should not be tempted to make decisions on behalf of the patient but should instead consult another party who is close to the patient (Gauhier, 2009). While conducting their duties, health care providers are in most cases faced with some conflict of interests which should be avoided as much as possible. One of the conflicts of interest is when treating a family member. Treatment of people who are either relatives or friends of the physician might put the physician in a tricky situation. Such a doctor should ensure he does not compromise on the quality of medication (Pope, et al 1987). Where a doctor gets paid for referring patients for medical tests, they may be tempted to even refer those patients who do not require the tests in order to i
Introduction Research on human development and growth is vital for human civilization as it allows people to predict outcomes, find solutions to life-and-death problems on both personal and societal levels. A person continues to develop throughout their lives, and it is crucial to understand the processes that influence human development. By exploring physical, cognitive, and social changes, scientists discovered the continuity of life-span determinants that make a person (Sigelman & Rider, 2017). There are numerous factors that can have major importance on one’s future, and it is possible to trace their impact on one’s behavior and lifestyle. A person continues to change throughout his or her life, along with the ever-progressing world and society. Along with aging, peoples’ values are priorities adjust to these changes. Understanding the intricate connection that every step of human life has on the future of that person allows people to gain more in-depth insight into human development. Moreover, this knowledge enables humans to control one’s aging process by making the right choices. This essay contains the analysis of critical developmental moments in my life, reviews how these events influenced me, and how this knowledge can be applied to benefit other people. Childhood Alas, there are not many memories left about my childhood years. While I was a child, I was put up on adoption, and I can remember living in three different foster homes until the age of 14. Researchers link this notion with low caregiving quality, which leads to an altered stress response system and the ability to attach or connect with others (Nelson et al., 2019). Restoring adequate caregiving reduces or completely negates any potential threats that could inhibit development (Nelson et al., 2019). However, Brodzinsky (2011) states that “Adopted children are overrepresented in mental health settings and display higher levels of both externalizing and internalizing symptoms, as well as learning problems” (p. 200). Post-institutionalized children present a particular challenge to their parents, which might be the reason behind multiple adoptions (Brodzinsky., 2011). I can not say that I feel particularly traumatized by that period, and I do not recall any deficits