ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction The Manhattan Project was a code name for a military project that was conducted during World War II between 1942 and 1946. It is however believed to have officially started in 1939 after President Roosevelt responded to a letter written by the famous physicist, Albert Einstein, expressing his concern that nuclear weapons were being developed by the Nazis. This concern was also fuelled by recent research that had shown uranium could produce large chain reactions that could be used in powerful bombs. The purpose of the Manhattan project was to develop atomic bombs that were the first to ever be created in the world. The atomic bombs would be used in the War against Germany by countries such as the United States, the United Kingdom and Canada. The atomic bombs were made of nuclear material that would biologically destroy a large section of the target area and its inhabitants. Albert Einstein drafted his letter to the President together with Leo Szilard who had escaped the Nazi regime in Germany to the United States. Both Einstein and Szilard believed that the German’s were creating nuclear weapons that would be used in destroying countries that opposed Fascist oppression. President Roosevelt responded to Einstein’s letter by informing him that he had set up a committee that would be used to conduct research on uranium and its use in atomic bombs. President Roosevelt appointed Robert Oppenheimer to head the Manhattan Project and to oversee the research and project facilities that were based in various parts of America (Gosling, 1999). The Manhattan project derived its name from the location of its early operation centers which was Manhattan Island in New York City. The island was chosen because of its port facilities as well as a large military presence. Other locations that were used in the production and research of the atomic bombs included New Mexico, Tennessee, Richland, Washington, Canada, Oak Ridge and Los Alamos. These locations were chosen because of their remoteness and because they allowed for secrecy of the research facilities. The secrecy and remoteness made it possible to obtain large supplies of raw materials and labor as well as make decisions without any political interference. The amount of money that was invested in the project amounted to $2.2 billion dollars that was mostly used in conducting research on the effects of uranium and how this compound could be used in developing atomic bombs (Gosling, 1999). The New Technology Derived From the Manhattan Project The Manhattan Project has been considered by many chemical and nuclear scientists to be the revolution in technology, warfare and moral ethics. The technology that was used in creating the atomic bomb was viewed to be more advanced and developed than the scientific technology that existed before that time. The high level of scientific and technological innovations used in separating the uranium neutrons was used in the development of chemical weapons and technology that would be used by the US military and scientific institutions (Hughes, 2002). The
Introduction Safety and Health (OSH) standards require employers to design programs that promote a safe working environment. The OSH standards guide organizations on how to develop injury, accident, and illness prevention programs in the workplace so as to reduce workers’ exposure to hazards and other risk factors. On the other hand, the OSH standards enable employees to understand their health and safety rights in the workplace. This paper discusses the application of the OSH standards in the workplace. Occupational health and safety Over the years, companies have lost millions of dollars in health and safety-related litigations. Moreover, regulatory bodies and governments have been forced to withdraw operating licenses for companies for the negligence of the OSH standards. In addition, workers have sustained injuries in the workplace without filing complaints against their employers. This is attributed to a lack of knowledge about their health and safety rights in the workplace. The OSH standards are critical in eliminating economic costs that are incurred by organizations, as a result of workplace injuries, accidents, or employee illness (Goetsch 110). Secondly, the OSH Acts provide employees with the right to a safe workplace environment. In addition, the Acts such as the Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA) dictate the compensation that employees are entitled to when they sustain injuries or get ill in the workplace. Lastly, the OSH standards enhance employer moral responsibility in providing a safe working environment for all employees. Respiratory protection program This program is designed to provide a standardized operating policy for the control of respiratory illnesses, in the workplace. The OSHA standards guide managers on how to design and implement the respiratory protection programs. The workers need to be trained on workplace hazards, and how they can protect themselves against them. The respiratory protection program shall require workers to wear Self Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA), when working in a dangerous atmosphere. This will be in line with the Bureau of Labor Standards Respiratory Protection Standards and its subsequent amendments. The workers will only be allowed to work without SCBA, upon the determination that there exist no respiratory hazards in the workplace. This shall be communicated by the incident manager after monitoring the air condition. Appropriate ventilation measures will also be enhanced in the workplace. In addition, program surveillance measures will be instituted to evaluate its effectiveness and progress. Construction safety program The construction safety program will ensure that the construction company complies with the OSHA safety and health standards. This will enable the company management to address the common hazards in the general industry sites, as provided for by the OSHA. The first step of implementing health and safety program will be the provision of the first aid and medical emergency treatment in the workplace. This will be spearheaded by the site superintendent. The superintendent will ensure that first aid kits are readily available, at
Introduction According to the World Health Organization (2008), influenza is a respiratory viral infection. It mainly affects the nose, throat, bronchi and occasionally, lungs. The infection may last for an average of one week and is normally characterized by sudden onset of high fever, aching muscles, headache and severe malaise, non-productive cough, sore throat and rhinitis. The mode of transmission is through droplets and small particles from one person to another. This type of infection normally spreads rapidly in seasonal epidemics. Pandemic influenza is caused by influenza A which in the past century have gone major genetic changes in their H-component, causing global pandemics and adverse consequences in terms of disease and deaths. The “Spanish flu” is one of the most infamous pandemics that affected large parts of the world population and was thought to have killed at least 40 million people in 1918-1919. Others include the 1957 Asian influenza and the 1968 Hong Kong influenza. Diagnosis is mainly by laboratory examinations and, to some extent, respiratory symptoms that may also be due to differential diagnosis. Rapid diagnostic tests have been developed and are able to detect influenza viruses within 30 minutes. Vaccination is the major prevention measure, and it is recommended that people who are at high risk should be vaccinated. These are the elderly and persons of any age who are considered at high risk. The main aim of vaccination is to reduce morbidity by 60% in the elderly and by 70-90% in healthy adults. Antiviral agents such as amantadine, rimantadine and neuraminidase inhibitors (zanamivir and oseltamivir) are effective and efficient. Australian Public Health Policy on Influenza Pandemic In order to understand the current public health policy on influenza pandemic in Australia, this paper will review the National Action Plan for Influenza Pandemic (2009). This is a publication on policies and guidelines on how the pandemic should be addressed, right from surveillance to management of active cases. The main objective of the National Action Plan for Human Influenza Pandemic is to protect Australia against the threat of an influenza pandemic and to support the Australian community should one occur. There are four partners to ensure that this objective is achieved; the commonwealth, state, territory and local government (Commonwealth of Australia, 2009). There is various Australian legislation that was put into place with the purposes of protecting Australia and its citizens from health threats which may be internal or external. To begin with, there is
Introduction Eye witness testimony plays a crucial role within the legal system and has emerged as an important area for researchers. It refers to witness and victim memories of what happened, the situations and explanation of the people caught up in the incident and the recognition of the people responsible for the incident. Information got from an eyewitness plays a crucial role in answering many questions of the legal system, because it can provide key progress in an investigation (Fulero et al 2009). Eye witness testimony is also influential in the courtroom where little evidence is as convincing as eyewitness testimony. Given the most victims or onlooker observers are honest, questions come up concerning the accuracy and comprehensiveness of eyewitness testimony, and what factors cause the likelihood of fault or prejudice. Even though the criminal justice systems keenly search for eyewitness descriptions and recognition evidence for their research and hearing of crimes, such evidence is acknowledged as the main basis of bogus convictions. Advice by psychologists of the potential limitations of eye witness testimony based on experimental laboratory study, dramatic illegal events, field test, case studies, survey, and archival examination of police records and court documents (Russell & Jarvis 2003). Factors affecting Eye witness Testimony Several factors may influence the exactness of eyewitness testimony because they can be controlled in research, therefore the force of such factors on witness accuracy has to be anticipated or taken into consideration. Study investigative factors such as gender, race, or intelligence have not exposed any principally strong effects of indicating that members of some groups are better witnesses than others. Nor has research acknowledged any strong associations between eye witness accuracy and individuality factors. No convincing theory connecting character traits to eyewitness recognition has surfaced (Towl & David 2010). However, the age of the witness has been over and over again associated with identification accuracy. When the first determined person res
The different levels of market segmentation While developing effective marketing strategies and plans, managers refer to segmenting the market in order to determine the areas in which the product or services will be proposed. The overall levels of segmentation include the mass market, the segments, niches, and individuals. The managers choose whether to compete within the mass market, the certain segment, the specific niche, or be oriented to individuals. When segments are selected, the managers focus on their characteristics and differences in order to address the chosen category directly (Kotler and Keller 213). In their turn, the segments as groups of customers with specific needs and expectations in the market can be determined with the help of focusing on variables or differences of potential customers. Dividing the market into segments The process of dividing the market into segments includes the focus on variables or characteristics of customers. Traditionally, the managers divide the market into segments while referring to such variables as behavioral, geographic, psychographic, and demographic ones. The whole process of the segmentation includes several steps like the identification of the buyers’ profile with the focus on their interests and needs. At this stage, the managers select customers with references to their demographic characteristics such as age, gender, ethnicity, religion, family size, education, and income among others. They also pay attention to the psychographic elements like personality traits, their specific lifestyles, and visions in order to create the complete profile of the ideal customer. In this context, the potential buyers can be divided into innovators, thinkers, achievers, experiencers or survivors, believers, strivers, and makers (Kotler and Keller 226). The next step is the focus on the behavioral segmentation. It is important for the managers to select the category of customers according to their attitude and actual responses to the product. The segmentation is realized according to the decision roles or behavioral variables (Kotler and Keller 227). Then, the managers select the specific market segment or several segments to start operations in them. The managers also rely on the geographic segmentation, and they determine which countries or cities they will serve or where the products can be purchased effectively. The requirements for effective segmentation The market segmentation can be discussed as effective when certain criteria or requirements are addressed. First, the managers need to focus on measurable markets. It means that the segment’s features such as the number of potential customers can be measured. Second, the segment should be substantial in terms of its size and potential advantages. It is p
Introduction Research has shown that human beings are dependant in nature. We therefore depend on each other to survive and/or succeed in life. The interdependence of people therefore leads to development of interpersonal relationships that are built with the aim of making life better and building frameworks for success (Sayn 1). Relationships are a common phenomena in the society and they are found everywhere in families, schools, work places, professional teams, etcetera. Each kind of relationship has its own requirements and unofficial rules and each individual relates with a second individual in a unique way depending on the characters of the two individuals. Since there is no perfect society, relationships are built under very strong foundations of mistakes and compromise (Sayn 2). Other people may opt to conduct research on how they are supposed to relate to people but this has seldom worked for people. Therefore, the strongest relationships are built through people relating with each other and knowing each other with time. Since the society is made up of people, they are the key determinants of how their society will be. Thus for a society to be a good one, the people living in it should relate well and solve differences with maturity and diplomacy. The achievement of this goal may prove to be evasive but with perseverance and goodwill, a good society is achievable. The people living in the society just have to wish each other well and be willing to help each other as humanly as possible. Aspects of Humans’ relationship The development of a good relationship among human beings living together is of great importance to both the people and the community. It is common knowledge that when individuals in a given community or organization fall out in public, it is the organization that suffers more than the people involved. With this kind of statement, one may even wonder why people have to disagree and bring disgrace to their society causing losses that may be financial or otherwise. Another reason why the development of a good relationship among people living in a community is essential is the fact that building a relationship acts as an investment or even insurance against misfortunes. This is bec
Abstract This paper is going to discuss the current education situation in the United States and recommendations to be suggested on the trend this system should embrace so as to address the changes that are bound to arise in the future. To aid in the discussion, factors like the curriculum, methodology, technology, bilingual and diversity should provide clear guidelines as points of reference. The curriculum is all about the education structure put in place to coordinate the education activities in a certain country. The curriculum provides guidelines to spearhead the education programs. With technology, the education system will have to embrace things that are positive to education and are in line with the ever changing modern world. In terms of the methodology, the education system should come up with ways that make learning appealing to the learner and promote effective learning. For instance, a method that is purely teacher centered will leave the student out as they will feel that they are not part of the teaching learning process. Again, bilingual aspect will tend to forecast more on the language aspect. More attention should be directed towards this aspect so as to cut off the barrier of communication among the students. All groups of students that make up a class should be put to consideration when implementing any strategy in relation to the language issue. Lastly, it is known that the education system present a given country is inclusive of students from different parts of the world who have different background. The curriculum should be sensitive to all the background and appreciate them. This will make the students to feel recognized in the education field. Introduction The education system in the United States is made possible by the governing body. The government finances the education system by collecting funds from the general public. Attending school is a must especially at the primary and the secondary levels of education. The schools have organs known as the board which is charged with the function of coming up with the curriculum of schools, strategies to be adopted in the education system and the entire process of learning. These boards are not in charge of matters relating to the finance of the school. Mostly, research indicates that the age at which children attends school differs that is the widely preferred age is that below 19 years. America is reported to have various types of schools which include the special programmed schools, public and private schools. In the private set up, the approaches towards the education process are not in line with the notion of No Child Left Out –NCLB. In public schools more emphasis is put on this notion. There are so many issues in line with
Introduction It is evident that human activity is constantly changing the planet. Even natural disasters such as hurricanes, floods, droughts, etc. happen more frequently and bring more harm as a result of human interventions into the natural environment. The notions of the greenhouse effect, peak oil, and global warming are common headings in the news (Lefebvre, Jimenez, & Cabanas, 2016). Diverse weather abnormalities, both natural and caused by human activity, have a negative impact on every sphere of life. Climate change is, probably, among the most discussed issues since it is a global environmental phenomenon (Uitto, Puri, & van den Berg, 2017). There is a necessity for urgent and concerted actions to manage climate challenges. They can be executed through careful research of climate change causes and consequences. It will help to plan mitigation efforts and improve the opportunities for societies and the global economic system to adapt to the impacts of climate change. Defining the Problem of Climate Change Climate change is a global problem for humanity nowadays. It can be defined as “a large-scale, long-term shift in the planet’s weather patterns or average temperatures” (Met Office, 2015, para. 1). Recently, the major focus in the problem of climate change is on global warming. There were some warmer or colder periods in history. For example, “Ice Age” or “Medieval Warm Period” happened probably due to “cyclical lows in solar radiation, heightened volcanic activity, changes in the ocean circulation, and an inherent variability in global climate” (Chen, Suzuki, & Lackner, 2017, p. 4). At present, human activity is considered to be a primary reason for climate change. According to the instrumental recording of temperatures which has been taken for about 200 years, the temperature increase is 0.5°C during the past century. Also, there are certain regional climate change trends and patterns (Chen, Suzuki, & Lackner, 2017). Apart from higher temperatures, the evidence for climate change is as follows. Since the 20th century, the change in the rainfall intensity and its distribution between the seasons has been observed (Met Office, 2015). Also, a general change in seasons is observed around the world. For example, spring begins earlier and autumn begins later than expected according to the calendar. One of the crucial signs of climate change is the rise of the sea level. Thus, a global increase of about 19 cm has been observed since 1900 (Met Office, 2015). Finally, ice is disappearing from the earth’s surface. Glaciers in the mountains such as the Alps, Andes, Himalayas, and others are melting; sea ice in the Arctic reduced
When marketing to LGBTQ+ consumers is concerned, the opinions regarding the best strategies tend to diversify. Firstly, there is a view that if an LGBTQ+ traveler appreciates some features of a hotel they stop at, it is likely that other people would appreciate that as well (Anders 45). At the baseline of another perspective lies a supposition that LGBTQ+ persons, especially couples, are more vulnerable when planning their holidays due to a high probability of coming-outs they will be forced to make as they travel (Johnson 86). Marriot’s LGBTQ+ campaigns have eliminated most of the difficulties connected with brand awareness among such audience (“LGBT Tourism Demographic Profile,” par. 6). Considering that the Marriott brand is known and renowned on the Web as a gay-friendly hotel brand, Rayong Marriott hotel is unlikely to experience awareness difficulties (“Gay-Friendly Hotels,” n.pag.). On the other hand, the competition rates run high. The SWOT analysis below is to illustrate the advantages and potential hazards that Rayong Marriott can possibly undergo. Strengths                                                                                                                                                                                   Weaknesses                                                                                                    * Advantageous location: Klaeng Rayong (“Rayong Marriott Resort & Spa,” n.pag.);                                                                                                                                                                                                                        * Beneficial facility range;                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            * Fair pricing policies;