ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Greatest accomplishments from 1789-1821 George Washington became the first president of the United States of America in 1789. From 1789-1812, America’s government worked hard to rebuild the state’s financial structure. One of the greatest accomplishments during this period was legislation of crucial laws that helped to shape the country’s governance. The legislature included the senate and the House of Representatives. The laws at this time were passed by majority vote in both houses after which they were signed by the head of state (Henretta, Edwards & Self, 2011). Between 1789 and 1812, America was ruled by three presidents namely, George Washington, John Adams, and Thomas Jefferson. George Washington is remembered for his role in averting foreign conflicts. In 1793, he declared the country neutral to foreign relations and this helped America avoid international conflicts. He supported all policies aimed at building a strong central regime and settled the nation’s debt. He also executed an efficient tax system, and created a bank where the American citizens could save their money. John Adams (1797-1801) became the president of America at a time when the war between France and Britain was at its worst. His major accomplishment was thus keeping the nation out of war and improving the relationship between the two nations. In his attempt to end the conflict, he sent three of his officials to France so that they could negotiate with the country’s foreign minister. The France minister, however, refused to negotiate with the officials and Adam sent another group of officials to maintain peace between the two nations. Thomas Jefferson (1801-1809), is remembered for his financial ingenuity in helping reduce the country’s debt by a third. He made several changes in the governance of the country, which included reducing the Army and Navy expenditure, as well as restructured the financial plan of the country. He was also instrumental in fighting off the barbarian pirates who were threatening the nation’s trading activities in the Mediterranean region (Henretta, Edwards & Self, 2011). It was during Jefferson’s presidential term that the Supreme Court made one of historic ruling. In 1803, in the case of Marbury vs. Madison, the court for the first time invalidated a law and declared it unconstitutional. This process was referred to as judicial review, and it helped define the checks and balances of the government. The present federal judicial system, which is the nation’s most powerful branch in the Supreme Court, was molded during this period (Warren, 1999). The war of 1812 was an achievement to the United States and involved the nation fighting against Britain and India. The United States was the winner of the war and as a result, it is referred to as “a Second War for American Independence” (Warren, 1999).It served as a crossroad in the growth of the Independent United states and post-war developments that led to a sovereign American Society.
What Is the Central Issue(s) That InVenture Is Facing in This Case? Changing strategies may be a decisive moment for companies, regardless of whether they provide a unique service or an already established and popular good. Shivani Siroya, the CEO of InVenture, has both ideas and fears per the company’s future goals as it expands to integrate itself into Kenyan markets after its previous successes in India (Mandell et al. 10). While the Indian market has proven to be reliable, with a well-organized team and thoroughly studied consumer trends, the Kenyan one promises a growth burst if InVenture can adapt to the nation’s heightened technological savviness (Mandell et al. 8). Thus, as Siroya outlined herself, InVenture is burdened with choosing a viable growth tactic; either splitting resources between their two markets or reorienting themselves to focus primarily on “loan products for customers in Kenya” (Mandell et al. 2). Therefore, adapting to the two countries’ market differences necessitates differentiating between the services provided by a single company, and InVenture’s central concern is making an educated decision regarding their internal allocation of resources. What Were Shivani’s Goals in Creating and Growing InVenture? InVenture’s mission may be outlined as providing impoverished people with the means to better their economic standing by providing them with the means of demonstrating their financial integrity. Doing so helps uplift a particular underprivileged population stratum by empowering them with economic freedom, facilitated by their procurement of bigger loans than previously possible, for example, $650-$6000 instead of merely $150 (Mandell et al. 6). Siroya’s interest in growing InVenture was to “serve the billions of people in the world who lacked formal financial access,” which necessitated proving the credibility of her business’s data collection methods to leading financial institutions (Mandell et al. 9). Thus, Siroya’s goal requires InVenture to find access to new sources of capital, as well as secure itself as a reliable provider of financial data and a self-sufficient loan distributor (Haigh et al. 72; Mandell et al. 3). Therefore, the motivation behind both InVenture’s creation and growth can be identified as creating a renowned data-collecting company that can elicit a positive change in destitute regions. What Constraints Is She Facing in Addressing the Central Issue(s) Noted in Question 1 Above? An omnipresent constraint is the limited nature of all resources and the fact that their reallocation may create an uneven distribution of capital. The lack of a trusted local team and “professional loan origination services” constitute the central problems within the Kenyan project (Mandell et al. 1
Global Financial Crisis The latest global financial crisis managed to restart a debate on the value of both the stakeholder as well as shareholder theories. Towards the end of the 20 th century, an acceptable consensus had been reached within the Anglo-American business environment. It presupposed that corporations should be governed taking into consideration shareholder primacy. This theory on shareholder primacy asserted that shareholders were the ultimate owners of the corporations. This meant that the company executives were obligated to do what was required by the companies’ shareholders. It was also believed that the main goal of these shareholders was to witness their profits grow. This process was measured by share price (Stout, 2012). However, after the financial crisis, this concept seems to be crumbling. The shareholder primacy has to deal with a growing confidence crisis. This trend is being witnessed mainly because it is getting increasingly clear that the shareholder value concept is flawed. A good example of this trend can be observed in the United States. The idea that organizations are required to capitalize on their shareholder value has been behind the major alterations in the country’s corporate legislation. This led to the managers being more attentive to the prices of the company shares (Stout, 2012). The results, as witnessed during the recent financial crisis, were disappointing, to say the least. Shareholders witnessed the least returns on investments since the great depression. On the numbers side, the number of publicly listed firms has shrunk by 41% while, on the other hand, the average life expectancy of a Fortune 500 organization has scaled back from 75 years during the initial years of the 20 th century to only fifteen years currently (Stout, 2012). The Global Financial Crisis had the effect of altering how many people viewed the concept of shareholder primacy. The idea of a single shareholder turned out to be impractical. This happened because different shareholders had diverse values. A significant portion of these shareholders shared the vision that did not comply with the probable way that a single company’s share price would behave at some point (Stout, 2012). In the late 20 th century, most economic scholars were obsessed with the
Introduction There are several approaches to the interpretation of the Quran. One of the most widespread methods is exegesis or tafsir which focuses on the textual evidence and formal characteristics of a particular passage. This paper aims at examining the methodology of tafsir developed by such scholar as Ibn Kathir. Usually, he insists on finding a single correct reading of the Quran. In other words, he does not usually want to admit that multiple interpretations of this text are possible. Additionally, in his analysis, Ibn Kathir attempts to eliminate any form of subjectivism which can be based on a person’s conceptions of justice or rationality. These assumptions have to be confirmed by textual evidence available in the Quran, hadiths or other sources that are deemed to be authoritative. Furthermore, one can argue that he takes a very critical approach to those narratives or arguments that are derived only from Biblical passages. Nevertheless, one can also state that sometimes Ibn Kathir’s tafsir can be driven by his individual convictions or dogmas, rather than textual evidence. This is the main thesis which should be examined. The main principles of Ibn Kathir’s approach Overall, it is possible to identify several peculiarities of the method advocated by Ibn Kathir. In particular, he believes that opinionated interpretation of the Quran is not permissible. In other words, conclusions of readers should be based only on the relevant and credible textual evidence. A person must not make subjective comments about the meaning of Quranic messages 1 . For instance, these subjective comments can be derived from a person’s notions of justice or rationality. Additionally, these assumptions can rely on people’s respect for a particular tradition of interpretation. In Ibn Kathir’s view, such comments are not permissible, because the authenticity of evidence used for the analysis can be questioned. This is one of the aspects that should be taken into account. Apart from that, this author identifies the sources of evidence which can be accepted by Islamic theologians. In particular, one should speak about the following sources: They are the Quran, hadiths, sayings of the Prophet’s companions and opinions of tabi’un or those people who were the pupils of Muhammad’s immediate followers 2 . In turn, a theologian should certainly attach more importance to the evidence which is directly available in the text of the Quran, rather than other sources. Moreover, Ibn Kathir states that the correct interpretation should be consistent with the truths which were revealed to the Prophet. Overall, one can say that this framework is exclusionary because it significantly restricts the range of interpretations that can be available to an Islamic scholar. Additionally, one should note that Ibn Kathir adopts a speci
Introduction Amongst the prolific oeuvre of an Indian-born Canadian writer Rupi Kaur, the poem “Immigrant” in The Sun and Her Flowers has made a strong impact on me. I chose this poem as it highlights the sensitive issue of the immigrants’ concerns and the challenges they still face in modern society. Kaur was born in the Indian city Punjab, and later her family immigrated to Canada when she was four. Such a cultural diversity strongly influenced Kaur’s childhood and overall perception of her life-based in both India and Canada that directly reflected on her writing. Therefore, being a citizen of the multi-cultured country myself, I find “Immigrant” quite related to my daily experience of encountering representatives of different cultures and nationalities. Main body As described by the author herself, being an immigrant is a funny little thing. Kaur shared her personal life story as well, disclosing the struggle one may face while being torn between two countries in “to have your entire life split between two lands”. This poem is a monologue that carries a powerful message to support every immigrant child who tries to fit into the new environment. Kaur herself attempted to adopt Western traditions; however, her Eastern part will always remain deeply rooted. Conclusion To conclude, to be an immigrant is a life challenge issue, that the author faced herself. Kaur finds it funny as she explains that in her hometown Punjab she feels more Canadian when in Canada she feels too brown amongst her surroundings. I believe it is a complicated situation, as an immigrant can never truly belong to one country. Kaur conveys her story through the “Immigrant”, as the call for those who “have no idea” to stay compassionate. I would like to finalize with Kaur’s depiction of an immigrant, who is “a bridge between the last generation and the next one”. Work Cited Kaur, Rupi. The Sun and Her Flowers . Andrews McMeel Publishing, 2017.
There is a famous old song saying ‘The Best Things in Life are Free’. Nevertheless, does that saying hold well in today’s world. The stage which humankind has reached, the statement is fast loosing its value. The best things in life are definitely not free anymore. We need to understand what the best things in life are. The clean air we breathe. The clean water we drink. The food we eat. Are they not the best things we have? There was a time when these things used to be free. They would not cost you money. In fact, there was no money. Mother Nature provided for us all. However, does it any more? The answer would definitely be no. Not anymore. We have taken a lot from her but have forgotten that she needs our attention too. Today, clean air is a luxury with all the pollution around created by our doings. If you want clean air, you need to pay for it. As for water, it will not be too long before we start shelling out the copper for use of each drop of water. In addition, for food, the prices are ever increasing. We bring in technology into all spheres of our daily activities. However, technology comes with a price tag on it. So using pesticides, artificial manure and other things used to enhance the quality of our crops escalate the costs of our crops evermore. (Lamb, 251) In the current phase through which human kind is passing through everything is all about money. When Linda told Johnny that she was pregnant, both of them were filled with joy. It was all they wanted: to have a family of their own. Linda and John had a beautiful daughter named Sa
Introduction Over the years, Christians, theologians, and other scholars have struggled to understand the foundational truth of Christianity and God’s fulfillment of the old covenant sacrificial system through Jesus Christ’s crucifixion for human race redemption from sins. This has led to development of numerous theories of atonement which attempt to explain the relationship between the life and death of Jesus and the salvation of humanity. The doctrine of atonement is critical element of Christianity since it was the point of transition from objective to subjective aspects of Christian theology. Due to the abundance of Biblical testimony on the facts of atonement, theologians and other scholars have adopted varying explanations of atonement which reflect their views and conceptualization of Jesus’ life and role he played in salvation of mankind. While over the years, many theories of atonement have been developed, none of the theories have singled out to be the most valid. With this in mind, we are going to critically analyze some of the theories that have been put forward to explain the doctrine of atonement while considering their strengths and weaknesses in order to appreciate the complexity that underlies the doctrine of atonement. Theories of atonement Theories of atonement in their most simplified form are metaphors that seek to enrich and broaden the Christian perspective of Jesus’ saving works (Marshall 1994, 105). According to (Marshall 1994) these theories are not mutually exclusive; rather, they present an alternative form of imagery which is essential in understanding the proposed impact of Jesus’ life and death on human redemption and reconciliation with God. The writer presents the theories of atonement in a schematic form which incorporates the classical view (the ransom theory) which was most popular from the forth through to the eleventh century (Marshall, 105), the orthodox (Satisfaction theory) as well as the moral influence theory which were developed in the eleventh century. Despite the fact that these theories vary widely in terms of imagery and explanation of the doctrine of atonement, they often converge in certain areas since they all operate in quite prescribed circumstances (Schmiechen 2005, 316). Classical theory (ransom view) The classical theory was developed by Irenacus an
Introduction In 2010, Tyler Clementi committed suicide by jumping off the Washington Bridge. The incident not only caused a wild stir on social media but also sent the world on a deep reflection on the subject of teen suicide. Clementi had been a victim of cyberbullying because of his sexuality. This case was not an isolated one. In recent times, the number of adolescent suicides has risen, thus making the topic a major concern. In the United States, adolescent suicide ranks third in the causes of teenage deaths, coming only behind accidents and homicide. Psychologists have embarked on a mission to unearth the factors that lead to suicides by adolescents. This paper will examine these factors, paying attention to contributors such as circumstances, parenting styles, and mental illnesses. Factors Different factors contribute to adolescent suicide. These factors may be mental, environmental, or biological. Mental factors include stress and psychological disorders such as depression, schizophrenia, and anxiety. However, challenges arise because no particular mental disorder is differentially predictive of suicide. According to the American Psychiatric Association (2013), all mental disorders, including anxiety and panic disarray, increase the likelihood of committing suicide. On the other hand, environmental factors related to conditions that are outside a person’s control. Such conditions may cause him or her to feel sad or uncomfortable. For the case of adolescents, these factors may include being bullied in school or a relationship loss. Biological factors related to the genetic disposition of a person toward committing suicide. Suicidal behavior often results from an underlying mental condition. These factors may work together or collectively in contributing to suicide. Understanding factors that contribute to suicide helps to prevent future cases of the menace. Psychiatrists understand the causes of suicide by studying suicidal behavior. Suicidal behavior constitutes the heterogeneous consequences of suicidal attempt and suicidal ideation (courts et al., 2011). Whether suicide will be committed or not depends on factors such as sex, age, the availability of a means. Masi and Brovedani (2011) reveal how men and women usually approach suicide differently. While women often plan for some time before committing suicide, men rarely engage in pre-planning before committing suicide. As a result, suicidal behavior in women is easier to identify and prevent compared to the situation in men. In addition, beca
Introduction Free Flight air traffic control system plan was first proposed in the mid-1990s when the U.S. officials recognized the need for a more cost-effective method of governing the airspace. However, to this day, a comprehensive system for flight control automation has not been implemented due to several challenges. In the upcoming decades, air traffic demand is anticipated to grow further: “The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) projects in its aerospace forecast for 2008-2025 that 78.0 million aircraft will be handled by FAA en route traffic control centers in 2025, as compared to 46.8 million aircraft handled in 2007” (Prevot, Homola, Mercer, Mainini, & Cabrall, 2009, p. 1). The increase in air traffic intensity will put more pressure on Air Traffic Control (ATC) operators, who are already overwhelmed with the amount and complexity of tasks at hand (Gorodetsky, Karsaev, Samoylov, & Skormin, 2008). More dangers to the ATC operators’ performance, however, are posed by the growing frequency of non-standard events, such as hijacking (Gorodetsky et al., 2008), technical failures, and deliberate faulty actions of pilots and crew, such as during the May 2015 Germanwings Flight 9525 crash. The emotional tension present in such situations makes it difficult for human ATC operators to govern and resolve the conflicts efficiently. An automated system, on the other hand, is believed to eliminate the human error factor in the decision-making process, thus ensuring the successful management of non-standard situations. Nevertheless, with the current state of automated air traffic control development, it is unlikely that the system can be correctly implemented in the next ten to fifteen years. There are also additional challenges that, I believe, may impair the success of the initiative. In this project, I aim to describe the potential benefits and difficulties that the introduction of a Free Fli
Introduction Advertisement forms have changed over the years with each period suited to fit the target audience. Technological developments in print have improved the quality of magazine advertisements and increased target audience market coverage. Although technological improvements with online versions of magazines have improved, the print version has maintained a significant market share and demand. Magazines have narrowed their target audience with considerations such as gender, race, age, education levels among others which however do not prohibit those not targeted from accessing the magazines. The advertisements in the magazines, articles discussed, and cover pages fit the magazines’ target audience. Magazine publications have a rich history of fashion, beauty, celebrity, recipes among other topical issues in the generation of the target audience. Women have many issues surrounding them and hence women magazines have existed over the years. Since these magazines have existed over several decades, it is important to analyze them with comparisons between the times in terms of objectives, changes and differences, target audience, messages and images covered. Analysis of Magazine Advertisements The women magazines in the market all are different in their target audience though covering similar issues. The years of origin, background and purposes also differ and change over time to accommodate generational changes (Hough-Yates 112). This analysis shall focus on Shape magazine, Marie Claire magazine and New Idea magazine. Shape Magazine Just as the name suggests, Shape Magazine is a women magazine that focuses on their fitness to attain the shape presumed to be preferable for the period of discussion. It is written in English language and its origin dates back to 1981 by Weider publications. This analysis shall involve the years 1983 and 2010 for Shape Magazine. Shape Magazine in 1983 The 1980s decade was characterized by a pop culture and music which influenced the dancing style of the time. It is during this period that the concept of aerobics was introduced from the dance halls to the gym. Health fitness of the time was based on keeping fit. Gyms were beginning to increase though not as much. Celebrity fitness formed the basis of fitness magazine advertisements. Shape magazine in 1983 targeted women of all years into fitness though it did not have age-specific articles. The products advertised at the time were mainly swim suits, fitness and gym wears. The magazine did not emphasize on diet though dietary articles were present. The messages were based on maintenance of fit bodies, encouragement of aerobics, and use of celebrity fitness to influence women into fitness programs. The images mainly included women in swim suits to reveal the shapely bodies with the focus of celebrities of the time (Gough-Yates 208). Shape Magazine in 2010 The fitness culture increased in the 2010 period with issues of weight loss, style and beaut