ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Optimal patient care depends on effective nursing care. There are several techniques and competencies that a nurse should have so as to give effective care to patients. Effective care is beneficial to patients and their families. This paper will discuss the techniques utilized by nurses to meet the needs of patients. Communication Effective communication is among the techniques that promote optimal patient care. Effective communication may be described as the ability to accurately convey both technical and ordinary information. Effective communication enables a nurse to interact well with patients and other health professionals. Therapeutic communication involves touching, making eye contact, talking directly to the patient, giving time for questions, listening carefully, and responding appropriately to patient’s questions. This enables the nurse to establish rapport and earn the trust of the patient. Trust eases collection and sharing of important health information. Information that may be shared includes adherence to medication, specific information about the disease, and prevention of the disease or health conduction. Generally, therapeutic communication may improve patient outcomes. Communication is an important aspect of patient care. Optimal patient care is often accomplished through team work. A nurse is a team member. Effective communication, therefore, enables a nurse to fit into the team. Proper communication ensures that information is passed from one member of the team to another without distortion (Jennings, Scalzi, Rodgers & Keane, 2007; Potempa, 2002). Difficulty communicating with other health care professionals may negatively affect patients. Successful communication is a technique that is required by all professional nurses because nursing care revolves around the patient and not the disease. Information regarding emotional and physical changes accompanying the disease process should be shared freely between the patient and the nurse. Problem solving Problem solving is an important part of patient care. A nurse is subjected to a variety of situations each day. Each situation is unique and requires a different solution. Two situations that share the same solution are rarely encountered. A successful nurse is equipped with appropriate problem solving techniques. Critical thinking is an example of a problem solving technique. Some situations require quick and accurate decisions to be made. For instance, problem solving is of utmost importance in an emergency. During routine care, situations may arise that require judgment of the nurse. This technique enables a nurse to prioritize needs of the patient. A nurse s
Childhood obesity is a serious health condition that affects the wellbeing of children. It is a condition characterized by excess fats in the body. The condition is an issue of international concern because it affects children in various parts of the world. The condition poses serious challenges to families, the society, and the global economy. The Body Mass Index is applied in identifying the condition in children over the age of two years (Costa, 2006). The disease causes stigmatization because obese children are often referred to as overweight. The Body Mass Index level in children depends on their age and sex. The health practitioners propose that ninety- five percent is the accepted level to declare the child’s health condition obese. Childhood obesity is becoming a health problem in many parts of the world, including the US. It is a cause of health problems, traditionally referred to as the adult and rich man’s diseases. The World Health Organization indicates that an estimated forty two million children are obese. Surprisingly, about thirty five million of children are from developing countries. This shows the effects the condition is having on both low income and middle income earning families. Large volumes of calories cause obesity in children. The condition is worse when children do not practice. If a child consumes more and expends less, the chances of him developing the condition are very high. Globally, people have shifted their eating lifestyles. The eating behavior now leans towards consuming foods with too much fat and sugar content. These foods have very low levels of minerals, vitamins, and many other healthy micronutrients. Urbanization has some effects on the health of children. There are changes in the modes of transport. People no longer walk to their work places, which has reduced the people’s opportunity to exercise (Sheila, 2004). Recreational facilities are modified to a level that they do not serve to keep people physically fit. Childhood obesity has both long-term and short-term effects. The effects affect children, families, and the society. The condition affects the emotional and psychological state of children. This could result from teasing, harassment, and discrimination. The perpetrators range from friends to family members. These effects usually result to low self-esteem and depression in children. Another effect is the risk of developing cardiovascular diseases. These are mainly non-communicable diseases. They include high blood pressure, liver disease, heart diseases, and diabetes. The condition also leads to early puberty and bad eating habbits such as anorexia. Adolescent obesity generally leads to adult obesity. Childhood obesity is preventable and curable. It is the responsibility of societal members to ensure that children maintain good health. Adopting a healthy lifestyle is one of the prevention measures. This entails changing the eating habits and the lifestyle. Eating habits should be changed to conform to the recommended health standards. This would reduce the chances of developing childhood obesity. Physical ex
Advance payment to suppliers Regeneration through Education (RTE) is a Charity Organization formed by several trustees where majority of them are directors of different Companies. The Organization is a Non-profit Organization whose main objective is to influence people in society through rejuvenating their education potential. This applies to the young people in society who have the urge and interest of pursuing their education but do not have the funds to see them through the system (Hartigan, 2006). However, the biggest challenge that RTE face is that it needs to make an investment worth £100, 000 in fittings and furniture for the new building. However, The Vital Office Furniture Limited, which is the Firm to supply the materials, demands 50 percent deposit from the Charity before they deliver the materials to Charity Organization. To make it worse, they demand the balance to be paid within 10 days of delivering the goods (Snyder, 2006). The only problem is that the supplier is demanding a lot of down payment and yet the Charity Organization members have no record of accomplishment of the goods. The trustees are very right to be concerned about this issue because they should not risk their investment since it might cost them a lot. In fact, it might cause them to shut down if the goods are not delivered since it is a Non-profit Organization meaning that it might take a long period to meet its objectives. Nevertheless, there are several ways through which such investment risks can be reduced as far as this transaction is concerned (Drucker, 2002). To begin with, RTE Charity can reduce these risks through diversification. Instead of purchasing all those goods from Vital Office Furniture Limited, they may opt to purchase other goods from other stocks so that they reduce their worries about paying too much to an Organization they have no records of accomplishment. For instance, they may decide to purchase fittings from a different stock Company and purchase furniture from Vital Office furniture. Secondly, they can decide to purchase the goods from industry or manufacturers direct without getting them from stock Companies. Besides, they should also employ the system of diversity meaning that they buy the goods from several distinct industries to protect themselves from industry risks. Yet, they can still reduce portfolio risks through employing global diversification (Malamut and Blach, 2008). For instance, The Vital Office Furniture Limited located in US is charging them high deposit thus; they may opt to purchase the goods from a UK stock Company where they charge little down payment than that demanded by Vital Company. The following are other ways of reducing financial risks.  1. RTE Charity Organization can employ hedging method, which is known
Introduction To ensure that customers will be provided with high-quality services that align with all international or regional standards accepted, organizations in different spheres need to apply for accreditation. This process involves many stages, and this is why specialists supposed to be responsible for the current status of an organization have to consider a wide range of details related to documentation and performance of a company. Speaking about the accreditation of a clinical laboratory organization, it is necessary to state that there are a number of tasks that need to be fulfilled during the preparatory stage that precedes submission of an application to get a new accreditation certificate. These tasks include measuring performance indicators and juxtaposition of the particular statements, solving problems related to external and internal auditing, choosing the accrediting body, and submitting an application (“Frequently asked questions,” 2014). Besides, members of teams handling such issues have to be aware of the requirements that have to be met for the renewal of the accreditation certificate. Performance Indicators and Benchmarking Measuring performance indicators remains an important part of the preparation process before the accreditation of an organization. A performance indicator is a measure that helps to make a conclusion concerning the success rate of a company or of the particular task fulfilled by members of an organization. Speaking about this measure, it is necessary to consider that it is closely interrelated with such notions as defect percentage that should be as low as possible and the company’s tendency to achieve important goals within short periods of time (Micheli & Mari, 2014). More importantly, in reference to organizations related to medicine and healthcare, it needs to be stated that feedback received from customers should be taken into consideration as well. In general, there is a variety of ways to define the given measure. Nevertheless, in order to choose the method that would be the best for a particular organization, for example, a clinical laboratory, it is necessary to rely on the basic values of a company and the most important aspects related to its work. Thus, as for such an organization, it may be necessary to consider the integrity of laboratory equipment, the percent of laboratory tests that have been conducted successfully, or periods of time needed in order to implement new types of equipment and start providing customers with additional services (Plebani, 2017). Importantly, measuring performance indicators can provide specialists with additional information on tasks related to the company’s activity that need to be redesigned and performance weaknesses in general. As for benchmarking, this term usually refers to a process that involves compar
Advanced use of standardized terminologies addresses problems such as safety, quality and cost in most health care facilities. Health care providers have adopted the use of electronic health records that need adjustments to incorporate modern care delivery models and financial compensation. Therefore, healthcare organizations need strong and flexible strategies to facilitate them to achieve meaningful use. These strategies include the use of Electronic Health Records (EHRs), and Health information Systems (HIS) that boost the exchange of information between healthcare systems and functions (Hebda & Czar, 2013). As a result, providers should merge health IT devices and services to improve the quality of care. The Office of the National Coordinator (ONC) of Health IT sets requirements that regulate and assess the EHR technologies in order to attain meaningful use. The main goal of ‘meaningful use’ is to advance the increase of digitized health records to improve health care (Blumenthal, 2011). Therefore, for technologies to be meaningful they must be usable and useful. This facilitates health providers to record complete and accurate healthcare information, access and use recorded information for diagnosis, share information more easily, and provide patient empowerment (Hebda & Czar, 2013). In addition, facilities receive incentives from Medicare and Medicaid to adopt the use of EHRs, and adopt health programs. However, to receive financial incentives, health facilities should not only adopt the EHR technology, but also demonstrate meaningful use. For example, in 2011 and 2012, healthcare facilities were required to participate in activities of reporting to public health agencies. The activities included submitting reportable lab reports, immunization electronic data, and disease surveillance data (Blumenthal, 2011), and were aimed at proving stableness of EHR technologies in facilities.
Social Literacy Perspective Brandt and Clinton view literacy as a participant in local practices (Brandt & Clinton, 2002). They argue that literacy is not an outcome of local practices since there are social structures and technology in the global society that affect the acquisition of literacy skills. Literacy depends on technologies and agents of transformations which it cannot determine their directions. Literacy practices are not usually invented by those who use them, but are invented by individual agents who may be in another far away society. Since literacy practices serves multiple interests including those in the larger society, their inventions influences the literacy practices in other regions across the globe. According to them literacy depends more on the powerful technological advances on literacy practices. Therefore any technological transformation in literacy practices that is made, affects the functions, meanings, uses as well as values of literacy across the globe. This therefore implies that local practices in literacy adopted by a particular society are usually as result of responses to decisions that may have been made in regions far away from the local society. Although technological transformations play a major role in determining the outcome of learning, this perspective does not provide the significance of other factors in the social environment that influence learning. Technology may not play a major role in helping a learner acquire morals, values or even attitudes which are the social goals of learning. Democratic Perspective Richard Darville’s theory of democratic adult literacy views literacy as aimed at developing people’s capacity to participate consciously in the society (Darville, 2001). He acknowledges that there exists an interrelationship between learning and the social environment of the learner which includes the learner’s life within and outside the classroom. This therefore implies that literacy learning is influenced by political, social, religious, and economic among other aspects of the society. One of the theories that Darville uses to support his democratic theory of literacy is the Practice theory. This theory focuses on how learners relate to texts and how they interact amongst themselves during and after acquisition of literacy and even after accomplishing various literacy tasks. Individual abilities of a learner therefore play a role in determining the actions that the learner takes after acquiring literacy skills. On the other hand, the social environment influences the learner’s perception and attitude towards issues that occur in the society. The social environment would always provide the learner with an opportunity to interact and acquire morals, ethics and values which are in line with the society’s norms. This perspective limits learning to occur only through written materials and interactions but neglects other important learning resources and the role of other aspects of learning such as learning methodologies. Conceptual and Historical Perspectives Olson and Torrence feel that literacy practices should be built upon the oral traditions of the particular societ
Theory Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (also known as cognitive behavior therapy, CBT) is defined as a psychotherapeutic model designed to influence problematic as well as dysfunctional emotions, behaviors as well as cognition through a goal-focused systematic process. CBT has often used an inclusive term of reference to other forms of psychological therapy that derive from the theoretical framework from the behavioristic learning model as well as cognitive psychology. The term is also used to refer to all methods and approaches of transformation that are based on the theories outlined above. Wetterling T et al (2000) note that CBT therapies have more emphasis on largely cognitive solutions while some of them are rather typically more behavioral. In the application of cognitive-oriented therapies the aim is to establish and monitor mind processes, the thoughts, as well examine and monitor the subjects’ assumptions and beliefs and behaviors associated with unhealthy negative emotions. The process entails the establishment of thoughts and behaviors which are dysfunctional and also meaningful. The salient objective in the application of these processes is to replace to transcend with identified deformities. Application Cognitive Behavioral Therapy is said to be concise and straightforward in comparison to other models and approaches in social work. The theory entails the exploration of an established relationship between cognition, emotion, and behavior. Tomlinson et al (996) note that the theory is an assortment of short-term ensembles of psychotherapy. The theory is hailed for its cross-cultural applicability. CBT focuses on modifying Cognitive distortions. Salient aspects and focus of CBT include dichotomous thinking, mind reading, emotional responses, personalization, and perfectionism. Common CBT interventions entail the focus on the recognition of automatic thoughts, assessment, and response variables. The key techniques of the model entail relaxation, breathing deeply, and meditating as well as the employ of verbal self-instruction among a host of other techniques Judith, J Beck (1995) has outlined the following as the useful treatment principles.   * Cognitive treatment based on an evolving formulation of the client situation and client problem in cognitive terms   * The focus on the relationship between cognitive treatment and the therapeutic relationship   * Problem-focus as well decisive orientation on goals Practice In practice, the CBT model has been applied in scenarios demanding a turnaround or total overhaul of a subject’s problem attributes. The model application entails framing up a solution to a client’s attitudinal or any other rated problems from the way the person thinks. This is attributable to the fact that the model holds that
The organizational communication theory dates as far back as the 1900s. During different eras, different perspectives of the organisation communication theory were examined by scholars. These perspectives are important because they allow us to understand the organizational culture better. On the other hand, such perspectives also have their own challenges. Most of the scholars have sought to speak in general terms, leading to ubiquitous and thick communication concepts. In an effort to overcome such challenges, scholars in this filed have now decided to view the process of communication as cultural “performances”. The organizational communication theory consists of major milestones tracing as far back as the 1900s. Between 1900 and 1930, the classical perspective of the organizational communication theory was very popular. Examples include the scientific management approach as popularized Fredrick Taylor and Max Weber’s bureaucracy approach. These approaches viewed communication as a tool of management for not only command workers, but also to control them. Emphasis was on maintenance and production. Between 1930s and 1965, the human relationships and resources approach gained popularity. The approach demands that organizations focus more on democratic values (Ashcroft, n. d.). Also, the concept assumed that informal communication is inevitable as it influences employee satisfaction. From 1960 to 1980, scholars studied the organization as an open system. Communication in the open system was viewed as constitutive and ongoing. From 1980 to 1985, the cultural perspective emerged. One of the general arguments of this perspective is that organizations possess shared practices and values (a culture) and this allows it to interpret the environment. Examples of this perspective are the corporate culture, cultural symbolism and performance. Proponents of this perspective viewed the organization as a continuous activity that enables organizations to create, maintain, and transform realities (Ashcroft, n. d.). From 1985 onwards, the critical perspective of the organizational communication theory gained supremacy. This particular perspective held the general assumption that organizations are political and h
Summary of Chapter 2 of Salzman, Understanding Culture In Chapter 2, Phillip Salzman defines the functional approach to explaining the behaviors that anthropologists observe. Using examples such as ancestor worship, accusations of witchcraft, or special relations between mother’s comrade and sister’s son, the author explains that anthropology looks for a functional reason for practices that may otherwise seem irrational. Drawing on the work of Radcliffe-Brown, Malinowski, and Durkheim, Salzman explains that anthropologists seek to understand the “interrelationship between cultural elements” (P. C. Salzman 30), This reminds the reader of the discussion in Thinking Anthropologically of ”interdependence” and “inter-relationship” of the “learned beliefs and behaviors” that distinguish one culture from another (Salzman and Rice 16). Behaviors function because of their contribution to a community’s “cohesion”, “continuity and survival” (P. C. Salzman 30). Ancestor worship, for example, can be seen as encouraging mutual responsibility amongst co-lineage group members. Ancestor worship could motivate individuals to avoid offending these supernatural beings (P. C. Salzman 15). Another example is the special and indulgent relationship between mothers’ brothers and sisters’ sons in a number of societies. It can be seen as supporting respect and obedience to the patrilineal descent group. It differentiates the relationship with one’s mother’s relations, in whose descent group one does not belong, from one’s father’s relations, who represent one’s official descent group (P. C. Salzman 19). Witchcraft accusations provide an example of how one single practice varies understandably and functionally from one environment to another (P. C. Salzman 26). Participant observation, as described earlier in the reading, permits modern anthropologists to discern the natural context of such behaviors (P. C. Salzman 15-18). Summary of Miner’s Article, Body Ritual Among The Nacerima Horace Miner has created a double satire – both of American culture and of the mode of writing of professional anthropologists. The author applies anthropological observation techniques and the typical detached perspective of anthropology to the US obsession with personal hygiene (Miner). In his hands, cleanliness, and beauty rituals appear as a cultural practices just as peculiar out of context as the religious rituals and social practices described in Chapter 2 of Salzman (P. C. Salzman 21). He addresses behaviors most readers probably take for granted, but he treats it as something about which nothing can be safely assumed. This highlights both the silliness and irrationality of contemporary behavior, and both the dangers and the strength of the anthropological perspective. In Miner’s exam