ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Fredericks, Odiet, Miller and Fredericks, (2004). Toward an understanding of genetic sociology and its relationships to medical sociology and medical genetics in the educational enterprise. Education , 125, 222–236 provides an overview on the need for genetic sociology within the discipline of Medical Sociology. The purpose of the article is to clearly and succinctly demonstrate the need for the new sub-discipline to analyze the interrelationships and implications of genetic discoveries, diagnoses, treatments and prognoses upon societal behavior (p.1). In addition to this, the new sub-discipline comes with the ability to illuminate controversial topics within the field of medical sociology such as stem cell research and analysis of the interrelationships in human embryo and our society, DNA tests in the courts of law, religion and human genome and the broad topic of genetic discoveries and their impact in the society. The authors assert a number off advantages that will arise as a result of the creation of the new discipline and proceed to demonstrate these advantages within this article. The discusses “how the sub-discipline of Genetic Sociology can play a role in the educational enterprise; by bringing together the natural and social sciences using prenatal genetic testing and stem cell research as examples” (p.8).This will definitely improve research undertakings in genetic sociology with regard to the above mentioned research topics. Individuals within the disciple of medical sociology and informed members of the society with agree to the fact that a sub-discipline within this field is urgently needed. The most obvious reason behind creating a new sub-discipline within a broad area of study is always based on the inability of a program to adequately address its numerous sub-sections. In recognizing the fact that past and current research literature have linked genetic disorders to societal behaviors and that these behaviors derive their roots from the institutions we have come through such as family and education, the new discipline will address and integrate this research report with other broad areas of study. In putting more weight to the fact this disciple in indeed necessary, I do agree with Fredericks, et al (2004) in stating that “This new sub-discipline in Medical Sociology will allow scholars to further identify and integrate additional areas of prenatal genetic testing and selective abortion, stem cell research and human cloning, gene therapy, genetic privacy and discrimination, and the implications of the human genome project in medical genetics”. It is with appreciating that these areas of study are best and adequately addressed when this new sub-discipline is created. This article has demonstrated a number of impacts in recognizing genetic sociology as a new sub-discipline of medical sociology. First, this will definitely raise the levels of innovative technology in the field of stem cell research. Issues that deal will the privacy of the DNA will be adequately addressed. In addition to the above, prenatal genetic testing and selective abortion fo
Introduction China has constantly experienced high growth and development rate that is equivalent to 9.70%. The growth rate materialized since the fiscal 1970 when China instigated to lay emphasis on the open door policies and national reforms. In fact, this growth rate is not an upshot from the Chinese stringent adherence to the socialist principles. Nonetheless, the Chinese possible future comportment and economy maintenance will result from the fact that the state has abandoned the use of Leninism standards. The scenario is mirrored in the progression realized in privatization of state owned corporations and the development of secluded firms. Thus, China is at the juncture where it is hardly regarded as Marxist nation. Conversely, China appears to be in the primary phase of Marxism as formally referred to by the Chinese government. The economy is actually coming nearer to the primitive stages of capitalism as the creation of both bourgeoisie and proletariat took place at the same period. Consequently, there is no doubt that an advanced platform of capitalism is the aim of China rather than a mature communist stage 1 . The Chinese government economic development benchmark is strategized based on the overall and moderately prosperous society. The strategy is a scheme for rectifying the inequalities amid the underprivileged and the opulent through inco
Introduction Stability when it comes to political details of a country is very hard to pin down and is difficult to achieve most especially in countries like Burma. It has been an issue for a long time though, and considering that the people in Burma do not have a long- term association to political claims or they does not look further into this matter. Lack of political awareness about the important factors that aims at the freedom and independence of Burma have been dissent and instead an autonomous government has prevailed which consequently lessened the success of the minority groups in the country (International Crisis Group, 2006). Burma or as what it was called before, Myanmar is recognized to have the widest geographical area in Indochina. The varied number of people in Burma has significantly represented vital roles in describing its political affairs, history and its contemporary demographics. However, Burma still has difficulties in patching up its ethnic tensions and battling over democracy is quite difficult to achieve as being under the control of military forces. Burma’s important political parties are the National League for Democracy and the Nationalities League for Democracy but still the activities within the parties are controlled by the military government. Having political parties does not claim its independence and democracy because the military government restricts a lot of political parties and organizations by the students that will possibly threaten the government (Carothers, 2002). The battle over the democracy in Burma has been undeniably uncertain because there is no answer to what level of the government more likely the people will crave for independence. More often than not, the enthusiasm to move along the downfall of the government system may not be enough to achieve democratic governance. Discussion The role of military forces in Burma is not just for its security but for the whole system of governing its people which obviously corrupts the freedom of its people. This gives the idea of what the people in Burma struggles for and probably the usual root of the dilemmas that arise living in an environment which is surrounded by weapons and armed forces. In 1990, democracy was raised by the parliamentary elections but it was rushed through the disappointment of the military regime to accommodate the elected parliament. Because of the desolation, a lot of governments took the policies making regime alter a result for meeting with Burma and look further that it would oblige the military to go on its pledge to return to the elected government (Diamond and Plattner, 1996). However, the military government in Burma remained controlling the political affairs and economy of the country which made the condition of the people to get worse. It is seen that although the country will have its elected government in the position, it would still be deprived of the resources that are important in establishing democracy all over the country because of the unshakeabl
Introduction The most critical thing that has been observed across criminal justice departments globally is the effort to reform criminal justice systems. Reforming criminal justice systems entails making use of the criminal justice systems to transform criminals and make them develop skills and competences that can help them fit and sustain themselves without colliding with people in the society. It can, therefore, be said that the criminal justice system is quite expansive and deals in a number of activities, unlike in the past when the system was only seen as a body concerned with punishment and conviction of criminals. In the contemporary times, departments of criminal justice deal in the administration of change among all sorts of criminals. The number of employees and their skills and competencies are also issues that are being given attention to by a substantial number of governments owing to the expanded role of the criminal justice system. According to Holbrook (1999), criminal justice organizations are charged with the task of providing multiple services to communities in which they are situated. Performance appraisal in criminal justice systems is, therefore, factor that ought to be considered in the administration of criminal justice systems in order to enhance employee motivation in criminal justice departments. This paper explores the effect of implementing performance appraisals on job satisfaction among employees in criminal justice departments. An exploration of the relevance of implementing performance management programs in organizations that deal in criminal justice is done. The paper brings out the contemporary developments concerning performance management in criminal justice departments. The paper also brings out the nature of efforts that have been put in place in order to enforce the change of management as a way of boosting levels of job satisfaction among the employees who are working in the criminal justice department. Of greater attention in the paper is the exploration of the levels of performance management in criminal justice departments and the impact on the levels of job satisfaction among employees working in these departments. Overview and Description of Research Problem Performance appraisal is a crucial tool in increasing the level of job satisfaction among groups of employees in contemporary management. However, the question that ought to be asked is whether performance appraisals have been solidified in all forms of organizations and, if so, what results have been attained? For a long time, criminal justice departments have often come out as organizations that do not embrace performance management. This has been attributed to the substantive levels of inefficiency and ineffectiveness of criminal justice departments in a substantial number of countries across the globe. Criminal justice organizations have a difficult role that requires the administrator
The problem of smoking in modern society is one of the most common problems. Hundreds of smokers every day are looking for a way to get rid of the noose, which is a yoke around the neck, a cigarette. People spend much money, time, and, above all, health to meet their smoking needs. Some people see smoking as a way to look “cooler” and more respectable; some want to join the “fashionable” company. Many people claim that smoking helps them cope with difficult situations, calms their nerves. However, these reasons do not justify this bad habit, and people should understand the harm that smoking causes. Smokers themselves recognize the harmfulness of this activity but still do it. The famous writer Mark Twain said, “Quitting smoking is easy, I have done it hundreds of times” (Mark Twain Quotes, n.d.). Many studies have been conducted that recognize the terrible consequences of this activity. Tobacco use is one of the most common causes of premature deaths today (Britton, 2017). Tobacco contains many toxic substances, including nicotine, which in small doses excites nerve cells and reduces the oxygen content in the blood (Seo et al., 2017). It is easy to guess that such symptoms will have a terrible effect on a smoker’s health. Cancer in smokers occurs a lot more often than in non-smokers. The longer a person smokes, the more likely they are to die from a severe illness. Increasingly, the question arises – why do people smoke, despite knowing the perniciousness of cigarettes? What makes a person buy another ill-fated pack again and again? It should be emphasized that smoking is not a natural need of the body like eating or sleeping. Smoking tobacco is also not a sign of a strong personality and an adult. Most people start smoking, usually in their teens. At this time, people want to experiment, and there is a need for self-affirmation, the desire to identify with the surrounding group, feel more adult, or protest against the attitudes of parents or society. The causes of smoking arouse a strong interest in psychology, as doctors conclude that the basis of addiction is a psychological factor. The first factor is the image of a smoker formed in the media space. A cigarette is associated with freedom and a unique style, which creates a strong relationship in the minds, especially of young people, that a cigarette is attractive. Positive associations are also equally formed at the expense of cinema. In many films, the main characters resort to smoking, which in the viewer’s mind adds to their charisma, self-confidence, determination. In addition to the fact that it is difficult to get rid of nicotine addiction due to physiological needs, several psychological reasons are why a person smokes. One of the main aspects is the inability of a person to establish communicat
Statement of the Key Facts The land, which was owned by a group of private citizens, was taken by the City of New London. The state justified this exercise of eminent domain by arguing that this real property had been needed for the implementation of the new development plan. In turn, this land was to be given to a private company that could potentially create a great number of jobs in the stagnant urban areas. In turn, the plaintiffs went to the court and said that the government violated their property rights. This dispute was eventually transferred to the Supreme Court The major issue Does the state have the authority to seize the land and give it to private companies, even if this action may serve public interest? Applicable Law The Fifth Amendment is the most relevant law that judges should consider in this context. It provides guidance showing when and how the government can take the property of citizens. Analysis While examining this case, the judges emphasized the idea that the government should focus on such a notion as public interest. Therefore, the court decided that this land was taken for public use because the state tried to create jobs for community members. In turn, they did not pay attention to the fact that the real property was given to a private company that could pursue its own interests. These are the main aspects that should be taken into account. Conclusion The court chose to support the City of New London. They postulated that the actions of the state had been compatible with the U.S. Constitution. These are the main points that should be considered.
In a Greek myth, King Agamemnon kills his first daughter before he goes to the Trojan War. This act is meant to appease the gods. However, when he comes back from the war, his wife, Clytemnestra, and her new husband, Aegisthus, kill him in revenge for her daughter’s death. Agamemnon’s death and the marriage between Clytemnestra and Aegisthus lead to the separation of Agamemnon’s two children, Orestes and Electra (Bloom 22). They grow up in two different places. They only meet later in life when they are both grown-ups (Easterling 24). Orestes tells his sister about his intention to kill his mother as a way avenging their father’s murder. However, different playwrights have presented this myth differently. Notably, they portray the main characters in the myth differently depending on the element they intent on emphasising (Mueller 25). This paper discusses the way Aeschylus in his play Oresteia Libation Bearers , Euripides’ in Medea and other plays and Sophocles’ in Antigone, Oedipus the King and Electra present Electra. Aeschylus presents Electra as a foil for her mother, Clytemnestra (Aeschylus., and Lattimore 18). She is very loving and caring, especially to her brother, Orestes, something her mother cannot do. The chorus is very instrumental in depicting her character. She comes out as a person that knows her position as a woman in society: she knows that a woman should offer support to men and not antagonise them. This portrayal makes her a perfect foil for her mother, who does not have an element of love or care in her. She shows less concern for Orestes. Worse still, she killed her husband, Agamemnon. However, Aeschylus also portrays her as a weak and cowardly individual (Aeschylus and Collard 23). She talks more than she acts. For example, she lets Orestes down by not actively taking part in the murder of their father’s murderers (Aeschylus and Arnott 14). She prays with him at their father’s tomb asking God to help them avenge his death, but k
Introduction The widespread use of the Internet is one of the most characteristic features of the 21st century. Managers use it to connect with clients, families, and friends prefer staying connected in social networks, and students often learn through online classes. In education, high-speed and affordable Internet tends to become especially important to ensure remote learning. Although impressive opportunities provided by the Internet imply better access to education, many students still struggle to do their homework due to a lack of broadband. Bridging Educational Digital Divide While the majority of students living in large cities have broadband access, those from rural areas and distant locations lack appropriate connections, which makes it difficult for them to learn. According to recent research, “40% of schools lack broadband” in the US (Winslow). At the same time, “70% of American teachers assign homework” that should be completed online (Wong). Low income and remote location are the main issues that create this digital inequality in education. In addition, African-American students are found to have greater challenges doing their homework due to a lack of high-speed connection in their houses (Wong). The existence of these challenges means that some students have lower opportunities to finish school and succeed in the future. While big telecom providers are often resistant to providing the Internet to remote areas, local players can be targeted. Small telecom providers can partner with local businesses to invest in equipping communities with broadband. For example, counties near the Canadian border can be noted as those that need high-speed connections (Winslow). On the local level, small telecom providers should work as change agents to convince businesses that their efforts would improve students’ access to education. To succeed with their learning, students need equal opportunities since a lack of connectedness makes it almost impossible to thrive. Moreover, the overall life of communities would be better because healthcare, police, fire, and other facilities would become more accessible. Investments from public companies are another way to bridge the digital divide in education. Wi-Fi hot spots and public libraries can be noted as examples of supporting students with their online studies. AT&T is one of the largest investors that initiate such efforts (WP Creative Group). However, libraries often limit the free time for connection, and Wi-Fi hot spots are usually located in noisy places. The value of the mentioned means of overcoming inequality in education seems to be ambiguous. On the one hand, they are called to support students so that they can upload their essays and contact teachers (WP Creative Group). On the other hand, the convenience and quality of Wi-Fi hot spots and public libraries are limited. It would be better to invest more in providi
Introduction Evangelical Christianity refers to a branch of protestant practice of the Christian faith. The movement was introduced to the United States from Great Britain by the migrant settlers and has continued to flourish since. The group can be distinguished from other models of Christianity by four unique characteristics that they display; the first is the personal surrender to conversion commonly known as being ‘born-gain’. The second characteristic is the practice of frequently expressing the gospel. The others are the belief in the supremacy of the bibles authority and the reiteration of the crucifixion and the resurrection of Jesus Christ. These four parameters have been dubbed conversionism, activism , Biblicism, and crucicentrism respectively. In America, evangelism straddles the gap between liberal views and fundamentalism and is among the leading sectors of American Protestantism. Evangelism should not be confused with fundamentalism; these are two different formations of Protestantism in America each with its own convictions [Reichley, 1986]. The evangelical generally seek to be theological conservatives while at the same time engaging the unbelieving world around them for the purpose of ‘bringing them to the light’ in form of being born again. The American society perceives the evangelicals as also being social conservatives; this stems from some of their positions regarding various societal changes taking place in America and around the world; for example, the refusal to recognize same sex relationships and defining marriage strictly as the union between a man and a woman; also the tough opposing stand regarding abortion [Reichley, 1986]. Evangelical christianity in the United States Proportion In 2004, the proportion of evangelical Christians in the United States was placed at 26.3%. This in comparison to the mainline Protestants who made up 16% and the catholic community stood at 22% [Reichley, 1986]. The evangelical influence in America History The evangelicals have been playing a part in shaping the cultural and political environment in the United States. Today, many such claim that the United States was formed on the basis of (evangelical) Christian value and that over the years these values have been eroded. Additionally, they advocate for a system of returning to this values. Arguably, the greatest influence of the evangelicals to the American life was late in the 19 th century and early in the 20 th century. This was the period when the prohibition policy was formulated and enforced with the support of the evangelicals. The official nationwide prohibition of the manufacture, transportation and sale of alcohol for consumption was between 1919 as stipulated by the Eighteenth amendment to the United States constitution until 1933 when the amendment was repelled. The prohibition movement however started earlier among the evangelical churches with the formation of temperance groups to compel people to reduce their alcohol intake