ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Many people treat changes negatively because they are afraid to face troubles. Of course, not all changes end with success but they are to be applied to achieve improvement. To prevent amiss situations, psychologists offer concepts of change. They include different theories, frameworks, and models meant to define personal and situational factors that have an impact on health behavior and describe the ways to maintain or change it. An approach that makes sure that the process of change runs without any problems and is likely to achieve beneficial outcomes is called organizational change. Taking it into consideration, three concepts of health will be evaluated. They are theories of change that explain the way the behavior changes over time and the way it can be amended. Lewin’s Change Theory   * Kurt Lewin was a psychologist who found himself occupied in both practical research and theoretical works. At the end of his life, Lewin made an immense contribution to the studies connected with organizational behavior. He concentrated on group dynamics and action research through democratic values and humanist sympathies. Lewin lived in Germany and the United States. It is interesting that with the change of location, his interests in the field also seemed to change. At first, he focused on child development and became a member of the School of Home Economics at Cornell University. However, soon the psychologist turned his attention from individuals to groups and joined the Research Center for Group Dynamics where he held the position of the director (Miner 80). Lewin supported disadvantaged groups of people who were often engaged in racial and religious conflicts, which placed him on the political left.   * Lewin’s Change Theory was created in the 1950s and became a basis for several new approaches. It concentrates on the group work and claims it to promote changes in habitual behaviors. It is offered to use an unfreezing-refreezing dynamic “in which habitual behaviors are lifted to scrutiny by the group and reconfigured, before being left to fall back into everyday routines” (Darnton 15). The theory is more appropriate for the situations that need main structural change. The condition that occurred due to World War II made researchers concentrate on the change of consumers’ behavior and provoked the works in group dynamics and change projects.   * Kurt Lewin created the three-step change model meant to assist in shifting the balance of the planned change rather than the unplanned one. This theory deals with the situation when driving forces promote the change as they aim the personnel in the desired direction while restraining forces prevent any changes as the personnel is aimed in the opposite direction. The theory consists of three steps:  1. Unfreeze. One is to make sure that people are ready for
Summary This project aims at identifying the relationship between the use of antibiotics and farming and people’s health issues related to antibiotic resistance. People consuming organic (antibiotic-free) and mass-market (produced by big farming organisations) will complete monthly reports for a year. The reports will include information concerning the consumed food, purchases (meat and dairy products), health issues, antibiotics use. Funding Body Medical Research Foundation can be interested in funding this project due to its possible implications. The organisation has announced its intent to fund research addressing several areas, including “the influence of human behaviour within and beyond healthcare settings” (Medical Research Foundation 2018, para. 5). The present study lies within the scope of this topic as it aims at exploring the peculiarities of the behaviour of people who have been diagnosed with an antimicrobial-resistant bacteria infection. Background It has been estimated that approximately 25,000 people in the EU die due to antibiotic resistance (Sandoiu, 2018). It is also predicted that antibiotic resistance can account for 10 million deaths in 2050 if the current trends do not change. One of the primary reasons for this condition in people is the use of antibiotics in farming (Lee Ventola 2015). Farmers worldwide have used this type of medication to prevent the spread of illnesses in their animals, prevent the development of diseases, and even accelerate animals’ growth (Economou & Gousia 2015). However, the use of antibiotics is associated with the occurrence of antibiotic resistance in people (Watkins & Bonomo, 2016). The need for a thorough investigation into the matter is apparent. Aims and Hypothesis The aim of this project is to identify the relationship between people’s development of an antimicrobial-resistant bacteria infection and their behaviour with the focus on their dietary habits, as well as their exposure to animals and/or antibiotics. The following hypothesis will guide the present study:   * People consuming mass-market products (not labelled as organic or antibiotic-free) are more likely to be infected with antimicrobial-resistant bacteria as compared to people consuming products labelled as “no antibiotics.” The null hypothesis can be formulated as follows:   * People consuming mass-market food and those eating antibiotic-free foods have equal chances of being infected with antimicrobial-resistant bacteria. Methodology and Programme of Work The project will last for one year and will involve people from different parts of the UK. The potential participants will be recruited in supermarkets and retail units specialising in selling organic and/or antibiotic-free meat and dairy products. Those who agree to participate will complete monthly reports concerning their diets, purchases (only meat and dairy products will be included), and health issues (antimicrobial-resistant infection) they might have, as well as antibiotics they use, exposure to certain
Introduction Mankind has always been faced with the challenge of explaining how the Universe came into existence. Many individuals have from antiquity attempted to develop theories that provide explanations of how the universe was formed. However, as time moved by, most scientists have come to believe that the universe created itself (Zuckerman and Malkan 15). They argue that it is formed through a process that takes place when random chemicals are mixed together resulting in a volatile reaction and consequently the creation of the Universe. An estimation of the time that the Universe formed dates back several billion years long before the existence of mankind. Different times are characterized by dominant theories advanced by scientists, particularly by physicists. Some of these theories include; the Big Bang theory to the most recent String theory (Grupen 214). At the beginning of the book, Greene puts forward provocative questions concerning the nature of the universe. He observes that space and time have remain
Plan for Developing the Program At the age of thirty, it might be a challenging task for the individual to decide to change one’s career and face particular risks and concerns regarding a new occupation. However, it is crucial to set the right priorities and focus for the following 20-30 years in order to find the purpose and work that one will enjoy and benefit from at such an age. A career development program (CDP) plays a fundamental role in helping employees to attain their goals and formulating an adequate course on how to best achieve these targets (Litano and Major, 2016) ). Therefore, planning for developing the program entails certain steps needed prior to design an effective career development program:   * Identifying employees’ needs and priorities to implement an adequate initiative and promoting a coherent organizational culture;   * Defining the short-term and long-term goals and preparing milestones for each of them;   * Analyzing employee feedback to build a program that aligns with their objectives;   * Determining and examining the resources and support provided by the organization for an individual to attain the career growth goals;   * Selecting effective career development strategies ;   * Creating an organizational chart of each position and define the main roles;   * Designing an action plan for employees. Program Organizational Structure The main categories of the program:   * self-awareness;   * selecting the right topic and securing funding;   * providing adequate support;   * collaborating with others;   * managing oneself, including career and demands. The organizational structure of a career development program implies the critical steps required for effective program implementation and successful professional outcomes for the employees. According to Rubio, Robinson, Gabrilove, and Meagher (2017), a proper career development program encompasses essential elements that are “beneficial for junior investigators” as they expand in one’s professional path (p. 84). Each of the main categories involves the particular educational needs regarding specific academic domains. As such, every element of the organizational structure provides essential constituents that serve as an incorporated effort developed to ensure the success of employees’ career development. First, it is important to lead towards applying validated tools to identify candidates who are a good fit for a specific position in a particular work environment. Additionally, one should choose a proper topic, resources, and securing funding based on the primary needs and interests of the employees. Second, adequate support is the main catalyst for the successful outcomes of the CDP. Third
IKEA has managed to expand globally as a furniture retailer despite different market dynamics and economic conditions. For a company to internationalize, it has to develop knowledge in overseas markets. It must also balance its raising commitment of resources to foreign markets. Thus, in the internationalization model of Uppsala, there are the change aspects on one side and the state aspects of the other side. In the Uppsala model, a firm starts to invest in a few nearby countries, which in the case of IKEA, are countries in Europe. After successful expansion into countries that are slightly different in geography and other market or economic attribute, the firm gains momentum to invest in more countries with unique features for its target market. The company is using general knowledge and market-specific knowledge. With general knowledge, it considers the right marketing method to use or the types of customers that it should be targeting. With market-specific knowledge, the company seeks to keep its focus on current business. This knowledge concerns business climate, cultural patterns, the structure of the market system, and similar factors that affect the operability of the market (Vahlne and Johnson 189). The Uppsala model is a theory defining the way a firm like IKEA would intensify its activities in foreign markets, which in this case are Brazil, Serbia, and India. The company has to consider its lack of foreign market knowledge and then work towards getting more customers network relationships with competitors, customers, government, and suppliers. Besides, it must also collaborate moderately with other firms in profitability and growth. When IKEA began internationalization, it was explorative. This strategy was used for the formation of the company until the 1980s when it failed to penetrate the Japanese market. After that, it uses rapid replication of its existing knowledge until the mid-1990s. After that, the company has been flexible with its replication strategy and has managed to codify the IKEA Idea Concept and Concept in Practice principles for easy replication and modification in new markets (Johnson and Foss 1080). Serbia IKEA has a strong Swedish culture and must quickly fit into the Serbian cultural context. Its expansion into Serbia will be moving into familiar territory in Southern Europe. It has to make a significant investment in building its stores and establishing a marketing model that fits the country. It will be exporting its building culture to Serbians who are in a country that seeks economic prosperity. The company would build in Belgrade, the capital, where it can reach the highest number of customers with its population of more than 1.2 million people. There is solid growth in the retail sector as per capita spending increases. However, the level is still lower than that of Western Europe. IKEA can continue to use its global theme adapted to local marketing conditions such as socio-economic factors (Bord Bia 4-7). The food retail sector is the dominant industry within the retail business secto
Moral values created in society impose many controversies on people in terms of their decision either to reveal or conceal the knowledge. The strong relation between ethical responsibility and knowledge possession is evident because numerous events, cases, and well-known examples testify to the negative consequences of concealing the truth. On the one hand, individuals possessing important information about a specific event, object, or person may stay neutral in a situation. On the other hand, ignoring the situation may lead to unpredictable circumstances that can even cause harm to a person. Therefore, possessing specific knowledge does impose an ethical responsibility on individuals, as well as on their decision whether this information should be unveiled or not, because there are cases when concealing knowledge leads to inevitable outcomes, such as injury, moral pressure, or even crime. Living in a social medium, people should adhere to the social principles and act following the established codes of ethics, morale, and law. Therefore, they should also be concerned with everything that happens around them and follows the ethical responsibilities imposed on them as members of a civilized community. Ethical decision-making, therefore, is a crucial ability of each person, because it indicates his/her understanding of what is ethically justified or not. Therefore, everyone who possesses certain information is forced to evaluate the outcomes of exchanging, sharing, or concealing knowledge. Both withholding and releasing knowledge can also have a negative impact on the person taking advantage of it. Second, ethics is considered a field of moral philosophy that defines what action is right and which one is wrong; it refers to the philosophy of survival. However, this philosophy survival does not refer to an individual, but the entire community in general. Irrespective of cultural background, social org
Introduction A car fringe benefit arises where the employer provides the employee with a car as part of his salary package in the employment contract. In Australia, the Fringe benefit tax was introduced in 1986. The government designed the tax benefit to assist the employees calculate their employees non-cash benefits. The employees valued their non-cash benefits at too low a value which led to the government losing a lot of revenue 1 . The responsibility of calculating the non-cash benefits and tax was therefore transferred from the employee to the employer. In May 2011, the federal government implemented some changes to the income tax laws and one of the areas that was affected was the car fringe benefit calculations and the take home pay of employees. Changes to the Car Fringe Tax Benefit The government changed the statutory calculations for the Car fringe benefits with effect 7.30 P.M (Australian time) May 2011 2 . There are two methods that are used to calculate the tax for car fringe benefits. The methods are known as the statutory formulae method and the operating costs method. The operating costs method expects the employee to maintain a log book of all the business travels he has undertaken in order to determine the business percentage applicable to the car. Under the statutory formulae method, a statutory fraction is applied to the base value of the car to determine the taxable value. The statutory fraction depends on the total kilometers travelled by the employee during the year. The operating costs method however is not highly popular due to its high compliance costs. Employers prefer to use the statutory method as it has lower compliance costs and is simpler to use. Previously, the statutory calculation had been based on the number of kilometers travelled by the employee as per the table below: Distance travelled during the FBT year (1 April – 31 March)  Statutory rate (multiplied by the cost of the car to determine a person’s car fringe benefit) Existing contracts                                           New contracts entered into after 7:30pm (AEST) on 10 May 2011                                 From 10 May 2011                                             From 1 April 2012                                                                              From 1 April 2013  From 1 April 2014 0 – 15,000 km                                                0.26
The Parties and the Facts A case of a premature baby suffering complex injuries due to the hospital’s personnel neglect is an incident for malpractice. The matter is that a newly-born premature baby was put on the IV bags to keep her warm. However, the bags were too hot, and the baby got serious burns and even more severe complications. The parties in the case are the hospital representing the managerial nurses accused of neglect, and the infant plaintiff. The important facts in the case are as follows. Taking into account the premature delivery, the baby was “healthy, crying and breathing on her own” (Laska, n.d., par.1). A girl had eight and eight on Apgar scale. This fact is proof that there were no critical health problems when the child was carried to the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) from the delivery room. Thus, being under the complete control of the nurses of the NICU, the child got severe burns. The baby had intracranial bleeding, which caused to intraventricular hemorrhage. Later the burns became a location for bacteria development. A dangerous serratia marcescens penetrated the bloodstream and cerebral spinal fluid which resulted in meningitis (Laska, n.d.). Another important fact to consider is that despite the child was crying; nobody took care of her for fifteen minutes. The fact that the hospital acknowledged only the burns as a result of personnel neglect may be not so important. The case lacks the information on the reasons why the premature child was neglected for so long. The stuff of NICU is usually numerous. Thus it is not clear why no one reacted to the baby crying vigorously and loudly. Besides, it is not explained why the microwave oven in a staff lounge was used to heat the IV bags instead of a specialized IV bag warmer. There is also no information explaining the fact of using IV bags in a hospital unit equipped with warming devices designed for premature newborns (Laska, n.d.). Finally, there are no references to the fact that the guilty workers were punished. The Parties and the Facts As for the actions of people involved, they can be explained. The plaintiff mother has the right to compensation from the hospital since the fault of the stuff is evident. The behavior of the hospital’s administration and their refusal to admit the severe consequences for child’s health were caused by burns during the initial stage of the investigation might have been conditioned by the desire to defend the employees and avoid the punishment. After all, the hospital conceded the liability of the claims. There is a chance that the administration will make conclusions and the situation will not be repeated. The legal issue represented in the case if negligence. The term is defined as: “failure to act in a manner that an ordinary, prudent person would act in similar circumstances, resulting in harm. The failure to act in a reasonable and prudent manner is unintentional” (Cherry & Jacob, 2016, p. 120). Since there was no obvious intention to harm a baby, it is not the issue of gross negligence. If it is proved that there were two
Morality has been discussed and defined for a very long time and there have been many philosophers and thinkers who offered their understanding of the moral laws and regulations. Both individuals and societies govern themselves according to rules and laws of morality, ethics and more specifically, virtue, which play an important role in the lives of people and nations. Machiavelli has written a lot about virtue and how it is related to the government and more particularly, to a single ruler. The character qualities that a person has are important to themselves and the people who they are in charge of. Machiavelli looks at virtue from a different side, creating an innovative look on what it means to have a virtue in regards to other people, societies and ruling. In his book titled “The Prince”, Machiavelli examines what virtue is when compared to different people—political rulers, soldiers and army leaders. His view is thought to be innovative and different because he describes things that not many people think about (Mansfield 3). Not a lot of philosophers have discussed the specific details that Machiavelli looks at. It is almost that he is very negative in his understanding and examination of virtue. What makes him stand out among other thinkers and philosophers is the he makes morality seem immoral. He is often criticized as being very negative but other people say that he is being truthful and that the real world is very different from standards of kindness and love, things that people usually talk about. Machiavelli wrote about this a long time ago and so, many people of the modern world are surprised that very unwanted and hidden things of the present world, he mentions and openly describes in his writings. One way to think of virtue as an innovation is when judging by t