ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction An organization is a social arrangement of a group of people who are unified under a given objective. An organization therefore involves activities that are geared towards its goals and whose results can be used to rate the performance of that particular organization. This paper seeks to investigate ways in which a management can improve the performance of an organization. The paper will look into a case review and use it to illustrate ways in which a manager can enhance the performance of an organization. Case Review Improvements in organizational management are identified to follow adoption of certain methods of administration. Whether in government ministries or in private sectors, the overall structure of an organization together with the capacities of the individuals given the task to manage such an organization plays a crucial role in the level of performance that the organization registers. It is for this reason that recommendation is made for the management duties of an organization to be delegated to individual technocrats that include specialists. The identified individuals are then incorporated into the organization as board of directors to oversee and control the operations of the organization. An established board of directors is then mandated to formulate policies for the organization and subsequently monitor the implementation of such policies to ensure that performance of individual employees and that of the organization as a whole is improved. This is attained in two stages. The first stage involves the outlaying of goals and specified strategies to attaining those goals while the second stage is concerned with the actual administration into the attainment of the set objectives. At this level, the board makes provisions for management and defines rules that guide operations in the organization. Such regulations are the guidelines into the desired improvement in performance (Case Study 2). In their operations, the board of directors of an organizations, which is the executive arm of the organization, determines feasibilities of proposed programs through extensive consultations with experts and determines the best approaches for implementation of approved programs. The directors are in addition supposed to have continuous forums with experts for suggestions and opinions. The adoption of this form of administration will save an organization from lack of or disrupted continuity that will consequently affect the level of performance; such disruptions are witnessed when the administration is centered on an individual person (Case Study 2). Analysis The basis of success of any organization is its investment to “strategic thinking” which is then relayed to differ
Different strategies adhered by companies to run their different operation levels depend on the several factors and over and above financial factor and the current market and economic position. The case study depicted here shows that the company has defied all the conventional approach towards the organization towards formation of the new organization based on the psychological perspective of the manpower. Its foundation lies on the principles of integrity, fair, fun and social responsibility whereby power is not only in the hands of the management or in the higher hierarchy level but also at the plant level and every one is responsible for his or her actions. This system was very useful and made the AES leading corporation yet the crises at the economical level in various nations shook the financial stability of the company and they had to adopt their conventional approach of managerial system yet maintaining their integral system contact. For the new corporations and the business world, the new millennium has provided with ample opportunities and space for change. With the number of market initiatives open for the world environment, technological developments and the worldwide regulation and privatization with the increase in the freedom of trade following the Uruguay round of creation of the World Trade Organization; the new set of competition has emerged. Pressure is stiff among the major players for maintaining the shareholders return, and adjustments to turbulence. Since 1990, companies have shifted their strategic priorities in response to the two main problems facing senior managers.First towards the gain they can earn from cost cutting process and corporate restructuring and secondly focusing on the short term earnings manipulating the financial statements in order to enhance their stock market valuation. (CSAC 2007: 448). The best example is AES Corporation. The companies main strategy was not just the focus (this was not the case after 2001 – so there’s no need to mention it here) profit motive and towards the social values like “honesty, fair dealing, adhering social responsiveness and integrity”(Grant 2008: 2). The company adopted these strategies what according to the principles in the management process and also labeled by Robert Waterman, as “empowerment gone mad.” (Grant 2008: 2) In the management process, there are neither schedules of function of the staff nor any corporate departments and the functions traditionally held by the management team would be entrusted to workers at the plant (Wernerfelt 1984: 172). Company believes that open commitment is the best way to encourage these set standards among its workers. Though workers at AES acknowledges the fact that they are not being fully able to hold these beliefs practically but by holding accountable to these shared values, they are following all the ethics. (this sentence sounds contradicting – shorten it anyway) AEC has also made its practice to conduct surveys at each of their business locations to keep abreast of welfare of the workers and the way workers are adhering to these principles. These surveys are useful to understand and comprehend any failures and helpi
Introduction Workers at Derife are completely dependent on data created and published by their colleagues. This proposal offers aspects of knowledge management as a solution to meet Derife’s strong need for information that can help to improve the implementation of projects and the running of the organization. An online newsletter created and curated by the employees of Derife can be a non-obstructive, low cost, and highly effective way of sharing personal information that can influence the daily running of projects in the organization. When combined with the present software for gathering published reports and availing them to project teams and management, the newsletter will be an informal addition that allows the transfer of tacit knowledge from the domain of individuals to the collective domain of the organization. This proposal report addresses the aspects of the work carried out by the project team dealing with the settlement of refugees from the Horn of Africa. The team is new to the organization and does not have enough knowledge about its history, norms, and traditions, or subtle cultural aspects that can influence work performance. All that is available in the central repository is formalized knowledge about the projects done by the previous teams, codes of conduct, and other professional requirements and guidelines. These are top-down instructions that every employee needs to handle. They do not provide specific “knowing” experience that an employee would obtain from another employee as part of the apprenticeship. Features of the proposal This proposal to Derife seeks to compel the company to agree to implement the knowledge management initiative to cater to sharing personal experiences, suggestions, reviews, challenges, and other aspects of work performance. Upon acceptance, the project will permit communication across all the directions of the organization’s hierarchy. Its informal nature will help the users capture knowledge that would, otherwise, be left out when formal reports and discussion forums are used. At the same time, it will not interfere with the present system for sharing explicit knowledge within the firm, which is provided by the installed software handling project reports and their dissemination. The proposed intervention does not restrict input or output to a given structure. It can take captured knowledge in various multimedia forms like audio, video, text, and images. It will also integrate with the available technology platforms, such that Derife or any of its employees working in the Horn of Africa refugee settlement project can continue using their tablets, smartphones, desktop computers, and laptops connected to the Internet and company’s intranet to make additions or extract knowledge. In addition to the basic input and output, there will be oversight ability for the management, which can capture information about the difficulties that employees face with any aspect of their jobs or the organization or external factors. From the monitoring options, the man
The popularity of meditation as a way to alleviate stress soared in recent years. This is manifested by the emergence of different forms of meditation techniques. It is also known as a relaxation technique. Men and women all over the world are incorporating the said relaxation method into their daily routines. Nevertheless, others are leery of the said concept due to ignorance regarding the real nature and proper application of the same. It is imperative to take a closer look at this ancient relaxation technique because it promises to help in treating people with mental and physical disorders. According to practitioners, meditation is a mental method that enables the individual to focus on a single item. The development of the said methodology was based on the idea that an ordinary human being suffers from mental clutter as the thought process is bombarded with numerous ideas and things that require immediate attention. The effective use of meditation causes the mind to ignore this so-called mental clutter. As a result, the mind enters a state of relaxation. Practitioners of this ancient art of relaxation focus on one item to achieve homeostasis or the natural balance between mind and body. There are numerous ways to meditate. However, experts agree that the practitioner must have access to a quiet environment where he or she can practice the said method without disturbance. It is also important to choose a certain relaxed position. Finally, it is imperative to have a point of mental focus. It is also crucial to remember that this technique is not an attempt to empty the mind because this is an impossible goal. The pursuit of the “empty mind” framework leads to frustration as he or she struggles to achieve homeostasis. It is best to focus only on one item. A mental device is needed to achieve this goal. Practitioners call this mental device a mantra. It is oftentimes expressed as a repetition of a word or a phrase – the object on which the brain focuses its attention to relax the mind and body. Herbert Benson and his colleagues at Harvard discovered that stress-related diseases responded favorably to the application of the said ancient art of relaxation. Impressive results included improvement in the breathing patterns of the patients suffering from bronchial asthma, lower blood pressure for hypertensive patients, and the reduction in the symptoms of psychiatric disorders. Psychologists also noted that people who incorporated meditation techniques into their routine reported improvements in job performance and job satisfaction. They also reported less fear and more positive mental health. It is interesting to point out that this type of relaxation method enabled many people to improve their short-term and long-term recall. Some of the practitioners also asserted that they were able to sleep better at night. Meditation is simple and yet effective. Nevertheless, there is no way to fully understand how it works. The most important thing to remember is that it is a helpful tool that allows people to deal with stress an
Advertising Regulation Rules, laws, and standards are used to determine the advertising approaches used in particular jurisdictions. The concept is referred to as advertising regulation. According to Choi (2014), some of the factors considered by authorities when enforcing such regulatory measures include the content of materials being advertised, timing as well as placement. For instance, health-related pieces of advertisements and those that tend to mislead consumers are keenly vetted by most governments across the world. A case study of the United States reveals that alcohol and tobacco advertisements are strictly controlled. Self-regulation is also practiced by several firms. They voluntarily take measures before advertising their products to safeguard their public and marketplace reputation (Majumdar, 2013). Both self and external regulations of advertisements aim to achieve the following objectives:   * Establishing ethical rules for the advertising industry   * Promoting a peaceful environment for doing business   * Establishing complaints/solution scheme as well as the settlement of disputes   * Enhancing prompt solution and objective handling of emerging disputes that arise from advertising. The recommendations of the International Chambers of Commerce (ICC) and the guidelines of the International Code of Advertising Practice were originally published in 1937 and revised in 1949, 1955 and 1966, and finally in 1973 during the Congress held in Rio. The terms were adopted in Brazil by 250 organizations from over 40 countries. The guidelines of the International Advertising Association (IAA)) and the World Congresses highlight the importance of effective and regulated advertising and the need for organizations to undertake self-regulation (Rotfeld & Taylor, 2009). Most governments have passed laws that govern advertising products. This paper seeks to discuss these regulations since they are similar and universally applicable across the board. For example, every advertisement should demonstrate dignity and adhere to the laws of a nation. Advertising regulation also aims at protecting children in most cases. The debate on the regulation of advertising targeting children is permeated by a fundamental concern. Are children prepared and able to critically interpret appeals that are constantly directed to them? Given the media’s influence on the rise of advertisements that target children and adolescents, there is increasing concern on the effects of these advertisements in many parts of the world. Many experts believe that children are still in the biophysical and psychic development stages and therefore, they lack the necessary skills to understand advertising languages that come in all forms (Choi, 2014). This explains why several established democracies have implemented restrictions in this field. For example, Canada, the USA, England, Germany, Norway, Ireland, Belgium, Austria, and Greece among other countries have specific norms about advertising directed to children. Another
Introduction Reconciliation has been used in conflict resolution. It has been used to come up with a solution to issues underlying conflicts as well as alter the relationship of the perpetrator from resentment and hostility to harmony and friendship. The South African Model of reconciliation is one example that has motivated countries to constitute reconciliation commissions around the world. The South African Government of National Unity set up a Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC) to help deal with the human rights abuses and violence that happened during the apartheid regime, especially from 1st march 1960; the whole of South Africa suffered from these abuses during this period. Moreover, after emerging from a period of repression, South Africa had to confront the issue of deep economic, political, and social divisions which have significant social overlay; Storey (1997) argues that in the wake of democracy, countries have to account for the past human rights abuses. The South Africa Truth and Reconciliation Commission was set up as a court-like body to hear cases of anybody who felt was a victim of violence as well as receive testimonies of perpetrators of this violence; the perpetrators could request amnesty from persecution. The Truth and Reconciliation Commission which was commissioned by the then South African president, Nelson Mandela, was set up by the Promotion of National Unity and Reconciliation Act No. 34 of 1995. This dissertation will discuss the components that make reconciliation possible in considering the South Africa case. Reconciliation The reconciliation process in South Africa as a conflict handling mechanism shows that the following elements are important:  1. Honest acknowledgment of the harm/injury each party has inflicted on the other.  2. Sincere regrets and remorse for the injury done.  3. Readiness to apologize for one’s role in inflicting the injury.  4. d) Readiness of the conflicting parties to ‘let go’ of the anger and bitterness.  5. e) Commitment by the offender not to repeat the injury.  6. f) Sincere effort to redress past grievances that caused the conflict.  7. g) Entering into a new mutually enriching relationship. Reconciliation is achieved when these processes bring a new relationship. The essence of reconciliation is the voluntary initiative of the conflict parties to acknowledge their responsibility and guilt. The interactions that transpire between the parties are not only meant to communicate one’s grievances against the actions of the adversary, but also to engage in self-reflection about one’s role and behavior in the dynamic of the conflict, and to construct new positive relationships. The notion of reconciliation was for a long time almost exclusively associated with religion. Storey (1997) suggests that the ideas behind reconciliation have religious root
What Are the Most Appealing Ideas Expressed by the Author(s)? The concept of an inner voice that acts as both a guiding and detrimental entity may not be new to self-conscious and thinking people. Learning to control this internal stream of thought and using it to one’s advantage, however, could be a challenging endeavor even for those used to self-managing all aspects of their life. Stephen R. Covey in his book The 8th Habit: From Effectiveness to Greatness attempts to demonstrate how people taking responsibility for the thoughts that they formulate is an expression of beneficial free will (41). Humans may achieve the ultimate level of individual autonomy through this kind of personal accountability, which in turn could permit advancing their life in whichever direction they may choose. Modern society favors individualism, making the idea of finding a personal voice a critical step when participating in any social interaction. The 8th Habit identifies numerous types of “voices” a human may have, from influential to empowering, determining the various ways in which one individual can influence people around them to become better versions of themselves (Covey 253). The author describes this conception as “the voice of the human spirit,” which makes positive change possible within both the individual and the community in which they exist (Covey 5). In teaching, the verifiable benefit of personal betterment before societal improvement could be an essential idea, especially considering that education is a career path that wholly commits itself to the creation of an improved future. Business tactics that affect an establishment’s overall atmosphere could have a direct effect on the quality of services provided and, therefore, on the consumer’s satisfaction. Covey mentions the “FranklinCovey approach” that, while being more suited to corporate practices, may be implemented in teaching to achieve a better workplace environment (379). This idea of paying attention not merely to the final product but also the process and means of producing it, applies and extends the empowerment voice concept to productivity (Covey 380). It remains essential to recognize that each level of teaching, from a teacher’s training to the support they give to students, requires motivational backing through appropriate channels, for example, personal
According to Farber (2005), the issue of fraud in corporations has a negative impact on how governance of the same organizations is conducted. In fact, Farber (2005) allege that it is difficult to restore trust after incidences of financial fraud are reported. The author samples at least 87 companies that has had fraudulent claims in the previous years. However, the author’s opinion on the credibility of a financial reporting system after a fraudulent case is intriguing. In this case, the author alleges that the quality of the governance mechanism is affected by fraud. From the article, it is evident that majority of the fraudulent claims are characterized by manipulation of accounting records (Farber, 2005). The authors uses previous studies and records to support the opinion on how companies with fraud claims are characterized by poor governance. In addition, the article claims that many of fraudulent companies do not include external auditors (Farber, 2005). Moreover, fraud in organizations is caused by some of the board members who control the management structures. In this context, it is difficult to conduct effective auditing on internal staff who are likely to manipulate accounting records (Farber, 2005). In case a fraudulent claim is confirmed, it is difficult to restore trust. For this reason, investors prefer working with companies that are credible and have improved governance performance. The author introduces the topic of study by linking poor corporate governance to financial fraud. The author’s opinion on weak corporate governance is valid. In this context, the author uses secondary research sources in the literature review section to provide in-depth information about corporate governance and financial fraud. In the literature review section, the author investigates how several companies have detected financial fraud and strategies to prevent the vice. From the literature review, it is clear that many of the companies find it challenging to restore a competent accounting system after fraud cases. From this perspective, the study samples 87 companies with experience on financial fraud. The researcher seeks to find how the companies established measures to prevent future financial reporting fraud. According to the author’s opinion, the companies tried to improve on corporate governance but with minimal trust among the investors. I agree with the author’s opinion about how poor governance is directly associated with financial reporting fraud. Although the author’s opinion is anchored on a study, secondary sources are used for emphasis and additional information. For this reason, it is difficult to substantiate the research findings. In fact, the author is categorical that little is known about how companies react to fraudulent claims. I agree that it is difficult for investors to trust organizations that are considered fraudulent. On the other hand, the author’s opinion about governance and financial fraud is not correct. The generalization aspect about go