ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
There is still some substantial controversy over the practice of contraception in Pakistan. Although Pakistan’s total fertility rate, 5 births per woman or more in 2000, has declined in this decade, Pakistan still remains among the most fertile countries in the world (Sathar 1). National programs designed to reduce fertility levels have seen minimal success and Pakistan needs a closer look at the facts about its fertility rates and the methods it can use to reduce its fertility. If it fails to implement good fertility control programs, it is projected that by the year 2050, it will be among the most populated three countries in the world. Pakistan is expected to have more population than Brazil by the year 2025 based on the trends in its population and fertility in the past. With a population of 145.5 million in the year 2000, Pakistan is expected to have a population of about 246.3 million in the year 2025 (Sathar 19). It is expected to be among the top three most populated countries in the world by the middle of this century. In spite of these predictions, the growth rate of Pakistan’s population is expected to decrease in the five-year per
News writing is a stressful activity because a journalist must always be balanced, fair, honest, and transparent. The coverage of political events is even taxing because they generate a lot of criticism from the public and political leaders. In this case, a journalist should observe ethical codes of conduct to ensure that the news attract minimum criticism. One of the ethical considerations is that the journalist should keep off from distortion of facts since providing inaccurate information would discredit the performance of the journalist, as well the news agency. In some occasions, a journalist tends to overemphasize certain aspects. This is also unacceptable because a journalist should give objective analysis (McLean, 2011). In some instances, journalists are even tempted to give wrong headings of the topic. The content of the story might be different from what the heading suggests. This happens mainly because the journalist might want to attract the attention of the public. As a respected journalist, an individual must always use a legally accepted method of obtaining critical information and opinion. Before reporting anything, the journalist ought to countercheck the accuracy of the fact. In some instances, a journalist ends up reporting a matter that has been reported elsewhere without checking the facts. This is wrong because he or she might end up repeating the same mistake committed elsewhere. During campaigns, a lot of information is available in the public meaning that a journalist might end up quoting misguiding information. In journalism, fairness and provision of balanced information is critical to the success of any journalist. In an election, fair coverage of facts ensures tranquility and peaceful coexistence of various units in society. It should be understood that providing a balanced or objective story is usually impossible, but jo
Endocrine disruptors are natural or man-made compounds, which tend to interfere with the normal functioning of the body hormones; hence, hampering various body systems such as reproductive, neurological and immune systems in both animals and humans. This may result to obstructing regular functionality of tissues and organs in the body. Some of the substances that may cause endocrine disruption are dioxin, pharmaceuticals, and polychlorinated compounds, which are contained in products that people use everyday such as detergents, flame retardants, plastic bottles, food cans, and cosmetics (Schug, Janesick, Blumberg & Heinde 1). Endocrine disruptors lower fertility; hence, it poses a high risk when organs and neural systems are being formed in the body. Dioxins are produced when chlorine-based compounds are combusted or catalyzed in the presence of hydrocarbons. TCDD (2, 3, 7, 8- tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin) is widely known as a type of dioxin carcinogen. Even though production of dioxin is not intentional, chemical processing that apply chlorine to make products such as PVC plastics and smelting operations leads to emission of dioxins into the air. Ah receptors, which are found in the cell, mediate TCDD reactions acting as transcription factor to those of steroid hormone (Perdew 1). Dioxin and Ah receptor can combine with DNA; in fact, this affects the regulation of genes and m-RNA together with protein synthesis, thereby altering the endocrine systems. Epidemiological results and animal test have revealed dioxin’s toxic effect. Experiments that have been done on animals and human epidemiological studies indicated the Ah receptor presents a lesser binding affinity in humans than in animals. TCDD concentration required in production of corresponding CYP1A1 in lymphocytes and thymocyte proliferation is almost similar for both animals and human tissues (Birnbaum, 90). Airborne dioxin can have a wide coverage of distance, which may ultimately settle in soil, plants, and water. Dioxin is only soluble in compounds such as fats, oils, and organic solvents that evaporate rarely. Dioxin affects human health in many ways depending on how long one has been exposed to it. When exposed for a shorter time it may lead to skin lesions, which include patchy darkening of the skin and alteration of the liver functions. Contrary, when exposed for a longer time, the immune system, nervous and the endocrine gets impaired. Cancer being one of the killer diseases in the world today can result when animals’ gets chronically exposed to dioxins. Some of the foods that contain dioxin in less concentration are daily products and beef. The dioxin accumulates in fatty tissues of the body for a period of not less than 7 to 12 years. Afterwards the liver metabolizes the dioxin, but in othe
Both the Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) and Title IX passed Congress in 1972. However, if the latter document was eventually signed into law, the former failed to be ratified by three-fourths of the States. Although these documents address women’s rights, the difference in their destiny sheds light on the prevailing perceptions of women’s role at that period of time. On the one hand, ERA was actively opposed by many men and women as it was considered that such a law would destroy femininity and disturb the balance regarding defined sexes’ roles (Blakemore). For them, the words “equality of rights under the law shall not be denied…on account of sex” meant losing privileges rather than gaining them. For instance, some activists argued that equal rights would eventually lead to women’s equal military responsibilities as those of men and loss of maternity protection. On the contrary, Title IX shows that society has already accepted the idea that women can and should be as educated as men, which was highly debatable at the beginning of the 20th century. Interestingly, people who were against granting women equal rights in education used quite similar arguments as ERA opponents in the 1970s. Therefore, the contrast in the destinies of the two discussed documents shows that public opinion is very inertial, meaning that people would rather accept small changes step by step than radical ones at once. George H.W. Bush’s remarks in Document 9, I would hypothesize that it took the U.S. to acknowledge the rights of disabled people quite a long time because of the ignorance and stigma. Indeed, the ex-president claims that “the thousands of people across the Nation…have given so much of their time, their vision, and their courage to see this act become a reality”. These words clearly indicate that a lot of people had to unite their efforts in order to make the general public aware of the discrimination that disabled people encounter daily. Moreover, those people also needed to fight against the common stigma toward disabled people. Northeast ADA Center maintains that many people in the first half of the 19th century considered the latter as cursed by God for their moral impurity. Even though the medical paradigm substituted that view, disabilities were still considered bad. Works Cited Blakemore, Erin. “Why the Fight Over the Equal Rights Amendment Has Lasted Nearly a Century.” History , 2019, Web. Northeast ADA Center. Perceptions of Disability and the ADA . Web.
Attributes of Supportive Communication Communication in a business setting can affect not only interpersonal relationships of employees but also the success of a company. In conflict situations, supportive communication becomes the best approach for solving problems. According to Hackman and Johnson (2013), supportive communication improves workers’ confidence and enhances their motivation to solve problems quickly. Here are the eight main principles of supportive communication that every employee should keep in mind when a difficult situation arises. They are ranked in order of importance. The first attribute argues that any communication should be problem-oriented, not person-oriented. This approach suggests that addressing the issue rather than an individual’s quality improves the dialogue, removing personal opinion and critique. A person, choosing to use a problem-oriented approach, does not lose focus of the situation and evaluates the event, which can lead to a problem being resolved more efficiently (Jones & Bodie, 2014). For instance, if a manager needs to point out an employee’s behavior that lowers the productivity or spirit of other workers, saying “Some sarcastic remarks may damage worker’s morale” is better than “You are overly sarcastic.” The second principle deals with a person choosing to be congruent, not incongruent. This point is significant because it discusses the necessity of being honest in every discussion. Openly expressing one’s feelings and thoughts in a conversation may greatly improve the situation. Sincerity can change the course of the conflict, as people do not always understand the feelings of other people correctly, For example, if one person openly states that he or she is upset with another individual’s behavior, the conflict may be resolved without additional tension (Dainton & Zelley, 2014). The third attribute argues that one should be descriptive, not evaluative in his or her statements. While evaluative statements judge a person’s actions or words, descriptive phrases simply define the reason of the conflict. For example, if a worker makes an error in a certain process such as talking to a customer, saying “You are doing it wrong” is an evaluative statement. To be descriptive, a supervisor can describe the problem and focus on the solution, stating “The customers expect our employees to respond in this particular way and their opinion is very
Introduction Ethical environment of business simply refers to the fundamental principles that businesses should adhere to in the course of their daily operations, in order to successfully achieve their business objectives in an ethical manner. The ethical environment of a business constitutes of the professional ethics governing the moral behavior of the business in all its functions and operations. Businesses organisations are judged through the manner by which they interact with their consumers and the outside world at large (Raisner, 1997). In this regard, people would tend to have a certain perspective towards a particular business enterprise, depending on the way the business interacts with its customers and how it associates with other organisations. Every business department would definitely like this perspective to be positive on them, and for that reason, they should conform to the demands of their ethical environments. However, businesses often face many ethical dilemmas in their day to day activities, and sometimes dealing with such complex situations might prove to be difficult to many business managers. Ethical dilemmas are complex situations where people are faced by a lack of choice between two or more moral imperatives whereby obeying one may result in the transgression of another. The best way of dealing with ethical dilemmas, is by trying to maintain better moral standards in all business dealings. This report examines the issue of ethical dilemma in business, as it is constituted in the situation facing Kent Graham in ‘A Sticky Situation’ extracted from ‘Ethics and the Conduct of Business’ by Boatright. Three ethical theories are also discussed in this report with a clear manifestation of how each of them would relate to the situation in the case. Ethical Dilemma in the Case As it would be observed from the case, there is a serious ethical dilemma facing Kent Graham, who works as an account manager for Dura-Stick Label Company. On the grounds where the big ethical dilemma comes in, Mr. Kent Graham is contemplating on taking up some unguided move in business, whose outcome may end up breaching the ethical business environment of the entire Label Company. Despite of him having a good salary and a sparkling compensation plan that befits his job status and experience in business, Kent Graham is still yearning for more money. It is this uncontrolled quest for extra money which drives him to embark on a mission to hunt for a big account, at all possible costs. Kent’s unguided plans would finally find an opportunity in the unsuspecting thoughts of Jack Olson of Spray-On Inc, who is coerced to give a big order of some kind of multicolor, consumer-type labels to Kent’s Company. It is apparent from the case that, Spray-On Inc has been Dura-Stick’s esteemed customer for over two decades now, and this long business relationship had actually succeeded in bringing the two firms closer to each other in business-related matters. For this reason, it would be hard for Jack to have any doubts against the
The text is Click, and Facebook revises privacy by Tim Dick. The article discusses the issue of privacy on the Internet taking Facebook as a bright example of how your interests and activity can be revealed to other users of this global social network. According to Veer (2010), privacy concerns exist among all people that use the internet. The internet that facilitates sharing of information is exploited by unscrupulous users. Email and Facebook users are some of the countless victims of the deplorable state of privacy online. Facebook has set up various measures to guard against the breach of privacy which is a fundamental right. However, the entity has performed poorly with regard to this aspect. As such, Facebook has been a recipient of massive criticism for its failure to uphold and guard privacy. It is true that Facebook seems to be failing in its efforts to secure the users’ private data (Veer 2012, p.150). Social sites ought to protect their users’ information from online predators and sniffers whose key objective is to use the users’ information for their selfish gains. In social sites, massive data is at risk owing to such malpractices. Warfel (2008) attests that social sites contain a lot of personal information. Such information should be secured so that no one without permission has access to it. Breach of privacy would have countless repercussions such as identity theft and defrauding. The article fails to highlight some of the implications of security lapses in Facebook. Privacy is the major concern in the article. Nonetheless, Facebook seems to treat such a concern lightly yet it pertains to colossal amounts of private information. Thus, as stated in the article, ” Facebook says privacy and the trust of its users are important to it. ”We don’t share information we receive about you with others,” it says, with three large exceptions: when it has your permission, gives you notice of its intentions or passes on your information without identifying you” (Dick n.p.). Privacy should be the chief concern for Mark Zuckerberg who is constantly reassuring users of the safety of their data. Nevertheless, many stakeholders question Facebook’s efforts to secure the privacy of users’ information (Warfel 2008, p. 7). Facebook’s attempts to secure its users’ information have entailed creating a system which allows the users to make a list of people who can access their information. According to Abram (2012), online predators have the capability to bypass such a system set up by this organization. In addition, an Australian critic has made allegations that the entity had been analysing trends based on the information posted by Facebook account holders. Such analysis would enable Facebook to forecast certain
Introduction It is easy for most companies to identify a suitable operating model for their digital platforms. In most cases, several operating models can fit one company. However, it is essential that one operating model is used. The use of a single model increases the efficiency of management and enhances implementation of IT systems. When choosing an operating model, the company should consider ways of doing business. Consider the level of standardization and integration required. When a company commits itself to a single operating model, it becomes easy for the management to organize business units and define IT responsibilities. Specifically, digital platforms used by companies take one of the following operating models; diversification, unification, coordination and replication. This paper discusses Samsung Electronics’ organizational structure with respect to the operating model it has adopted in its digital platform. Samsung Electronics’ Organizational Structure Samsung Electronics is a large company with a global presence. The company has a well defined organizational structure that makes its management efficient, enabling it to maintain control over its value chains (Lee 4). Production sectors are organized according to the production type they undertake. Production is determined by the production plan set by Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology (SAIT). SAIT mainly deals with preparation and development of new products (Lee 4). As such SAIT is the key determinant of how the other organs communicate with each other before the commencement of production. On the other hand, the sales and marketing section is organized according to regions. The managers are assigned according to the geographical areas. It has been arranged this way because the company covers a large area, with each having its own specific needs (Lee 5). These managers are also responsible for outsourcing of logistics and vendors for their products. Integration Samsung’s management organization structure is divided according to regions. Each region operates separately with little sharing of information. This is because the needs of each region
The difference between internal marketing and external marketing Internal marketing refers to the process of making employees appreciate the products of their employer company. It involves employee satisfaction and the feeling of ownership towards the organization, (Groonroos, 119). For example, motivational talks and leading by example by team leaders, special appreciation for top performers and friendly working environments. External marketing refers to the process of selling the products to the outer world. It involves advertising, sampling and getting customers to make some purchases. Examples include selling of a medical plan to a client, advertising the services of a healthcare provider to the potential clients and referrals of new clients by existing clients All strategic plans attempt to answer the following three questions Where are we now? This defines the position of an organization in terms of its internal and external environmental analysis. It also involves an assessment of its competitive position in the market place known as a SWOT analysis. Where do we want to go? This is what the organization hopes to achieve. It is answered by formulation of goals and objectives and a mission statement. The formulation is based on the results of the situation analysis performed earlier; in answering the first question. How are we going to get there? This describes the means that will be used to achieve the goals and objectives, and to accomplish the mission defined in the mission statement. (Allison and Kaye 25) Fraud is an intentional and willful act of deception or misrepresentation made by an individual who knows the information is false and could result in an unauthorized reimbursement to a practice. Abuse is defined as improper acts or incidences that are unintentional, but inconsistent with standard practices. It happens when practices do not follow proper coding and billing guidelines, ( Report Fraud and Abuse 1). Examples of Fraud and Abuse  1. Billing for services/supplies that were not provided OR that do not meet the medically necessary criteria for billing. This is classified as false claims.  2. Unbundling refers to coding components of a procedure separately when only a single code is necessary. This means that one procedure is regarded as a number of different procedures.  3. Up-coding which is coding and billing for a level of service that is not supported by the medical record documentation for higher reimbursement.  4. Submitting duplicate claims to receive additional money; this, results to an individual getting double reimbursement for the same claim.  5. Scheduling patients for multiple visits to receive higher reimbursement. A medical practice can safeguard itself from potential Fraud and Abuse issues by  1. Use of Internal Chart Audits.  2. Good documentation of all procedures and activities.  3. Understanding how its billing/coding patterns and utilization compare to others.  4. Educating all s