ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Education 50 years ago was not what it is like today. Schools today are confronted with a vast amount of issues. Within those issues are student achievement, school violence, lack of parental support, and behavioral concerns within the school community and in the classrooms. Bowen (n.d.) found that various studies have shown that students who act up in school express a variety of reasons for doing so. Some think that teachers don’t care about them and others don’t want to be in school at all while many don’t consider goal setting and success in school important anymore. Despite these hurdles, students agree that discipline is needed in schools. One high school student stated: “If there were no discipline, the school would not be distinguished from the street.” Bennett (1999) states that most surveys show that Americans complain that too many schools are disorderly, undisciplined places. How much are students really learning when the main focus in our schools today is student behavior and discipline? Many different programs have been presented to schools in efforts to help alleviate some of the discipline problems found in schools and in the classrooms. PBIS (2009) states that “a major focus for current policy and systems change efforts in education is the extent to which states are investing in practices and procedures that are supported by rigorous research evidence.” Positive Behavior Support (PBS) is a research-based theory that supports the idea that a student’s behavior can be changed if a full understanding of the child is gained. Through positive interventions students are able to reduce the negative behavior and increase the more desirable one. This literature review will examine the literature related to Positive Behavior Support, its foundations and the advantages and disadvantages of implementing PBS. Origins of Positive Behavior Support Positive Behavior Support is relatively new to the scene of school reform because it was mainly known as behavior modification for special education students who displayed difficult behaviors. The origins of PBS can be traced back to the theory of Applied Behavior Analysis, an expansion of the operant conditioning theory first developed by B.F. Skinner, the American psychologist. A survey performed by Frey (2006) of four hundred teachers revealed that teachers felt that operant conditioning was effective at managing behavior of both groups and individual students. Positive Behavior Support: A Three Tier Continuum It is important to express that like academic forms of instruction, students also require different levels of behavioral interventions and diff
Introduction Background When a native speaker of a particular language is speaking to a person who has learnt that language as their second language, it is very common for the native speaker to try and adjust their manner of communication in order to accommodate the non-native speaker. The adjustments done could be in the areas on gestures used, the speech pattern as well as the vocal system during communication. There are various reasons why people adjust their manner of communication during a discourse between a native speaker and a non native speaker. Different scholars have developed theories to explain why people try to adjust in order to minimize or put more emphasis on their social differences when having a discourse. One such person is Howard Giles, who has advanced the Communication Accommodation Theory. The theory explains various techniques that can be used by a person to enhance effectiveness in communication between them and another person, who may not be very proficient in the language (Miller 24). In such a case, the convergence method is employed. On the other hand, some people may want to domineer and exercise power over the non native speakers during communication. In this case, the divergence technique may be employed. This paper shall delve deeper into the concept of language accommodation and look into issues such as how the language used changes depending with the position or status of a person. Purpose of the research The purpose of this research is to explore the how people speak differently depending with their position in order to accommodate their interlocutors. Moreover, how people adjust to accommodate other people during discourse, when one person is a native speaker and the other is a non-native speaker shall be addressed. Research questions To achieve the stated purpose of this research, the question: how do people speak differently according to their position and the people they are speaking to in order to accommodate one another in the communication process, shall be used. To answer this question, this paper shall focus on finding out the different ways that people use in order to accommodate with one another in speech. Particularly, communication between native speakers of a language and non native speakers of the same language, who have learnt it or are still learning it as a second language, shall be used to give more insights into the question. Methodology The area of language accommodation has been of interest to many linguistics scholars. Therefore, there is a lot of literature available that tackles this area in details. To address this topic, the information used in this paper has been gathered from these secondary sources. Particularly, literature that has been written on this topic shall be used. Language Accommodation Language accommodation and how people speak differently according to the people position In their study, Giles and Smith (90) record some of his finding
Executive Summary Quality management in terms of services, products and operations management is a critical aspect in business sustainability and development. This paper analyzes the experience of Starbucks in order to emphasize the notions of control and management as well as competent operations. The most eminent practice of Howard Schultz was his consideration of all needs and desires of customers by introducing additional quality products and coffee varieties into the menu. Besides, Schultz concentrated on employee training. Further, Schultz reviewed the supply chain of the Company in order to cut costs and enhance efficiency. The paper concludes that the operations strategies adopted by Schultz brought numerous changes to the Company. Before the crises between the years 2006 and 2008 Starbucks offered its customers coffee with the grand experience (Burks 2009). The Company had knowledgeable, sociable baristas that provided coffee in a trendy environment where people could socialize, unwind, operate their laptops, etc (Michelli 2007). Nevertheless, the situation changed when the USA experienced a financial crisis, thus, forcing citizens to reduce the amount of money that they usually spent on luxuries. Consequently, Starbucks experienced a lessened demand for its costly coffee drinks as well as a striking decline in the value of its stock. Howard Schultz reappeared as the CEO of Starbucks in 2008 at the time when both the corporation and the nation were experiencing a crisis. The annual sales of the Company experienced a percentage decline of 467% between 2006 and 2008 (Burks 2009). Schultz attributed this fall to rapid expansion, which compromised the quality of its products and services. The quest for growth had obstructed the Company’s core business of offering comfortable places for people to relax while taking sumptuous cups of coffee. Hence, Schultz realized that quality management was essential in restoring Starbucks to its initial upward course. After Schultz took his position as the Company’s CEO, the first thing that he accomplished was to shut down 600 coffee shops that performed poorly at that time. Besides, he visited many Starbucks’ outlets in order to establish the needs and desires of customers. Schultz solicited for customers’ views through direct contact. Schultz then used customers’ requirements to design quality and reliable drinks as requested by customers. Schultz considered all needs and desires of customers by introducing additional quality products and coffee varieties into the menu. In addition, Schultz focused on meeting customers’ needs for quality and value through aligning the prices of its commodities to its Company strategy. Since its foundation, Starbucks maintained high price on its products because of supposed premium image that became associated with its brand. However, after Schultz reoccupied his seat as the Company’s CEO, Starbucks began off
Collection of Market Related Data Using Primary and Secondary Research Decision-making process facilitates the growth and development of business organisations. The primary responsibility of a business manager is to conduct, manage, and proffer decisions that support the firm’s vision and objectives (Browne & Keeley 1998). As a result, the business decision process relies on decision models, data collection, sampling technique and analysis. The features of an effective business decision making process includes choice, continuous process, intellectual activity, data reliability, feedback, problem specific, timeline, effective communication, pervasive process, and job responsibility (Chapman, Hopwood, & Shields 2006). Business decisions can be tactical, operational, strategic, non-programmed, and programmed. However, the challenges of the decision-making process can be internal or external. Internal constraints include finance, business policy, consumer profile, attitude, taste, preference, and buying behaviour. External constraints include legislation, competitor’s behaviour, technology, and economy (Davenport & Brooks 2004). Data collection and sampling techniques influence a firm’s decision-making process. Thus, the business decision process facilitates organisational management and the decision making process. For each scenario, I will analyse the market data using different data collection and sampling techniques. Consequently, I will summarise the primary and secondary data of the organisation using appropriate sampling techniques. Finally, I will present a report to the management to facilitate the development of a new project plan for the new coffee product. Company profile The London Coffee Company began in 1971 with staff strength of six. The management introduced various components of the beverage formulation to ensure customer’s satisfaction. As a result, the organisation launched its distribution nationwide. The components of the tea formulation influenced the company’s sustaina
Executive Summary Dnata offers a wide range of air services to its global customers. In this paper, a detailed analysis of this firm’s operations has been conducted to determine how it manages the external environmental forces. The analysis shows that there is stiff market rivalry among the players in the industry. The company also faces competition from substitute products offered by the above and other related companies in the aviation services sector in the global market. Environmental concerns, especially the issue of climate change are a major cause of concern, not only to Dnata but also to also other players in the industry. Managing these external forces is the only way that a firm can be assured of achieving sustainability in its operations. A firm’s competitive advantage is determined by how well it is able to manage these external forces compared with its market rivals. The management must come up with a strategy that will help in maintaining regular marketing while at the same time ensuring that its operations are in line with the market needs. The paper strongly suggests that the management of this company should be keen on monitoring changes in the market and coming up with effective strategies of managing these changes. General Introduction Dubai National Air Transport, popularly known as Dnata, is a supplier of air services such as flight catering services, travel, cargo, and ground handling in five continents. The company has its headquarters at Al Garhound in the city of Dubai. In a market that is as competitive as where Dnata operations, segmentation is very critical. This firm offers a wide variety of services to its customers. The firm has defined each segment of the market differently based on the needs. For holiday services, it has selected the high-end segment of the market, offering luxury holiday services. The apparent product strategy used by this firm is unique depending on the market segment that is targeted. For products that target high-end customers such as luxury holiday services, the firm emphasizes on high quality and uniqueness of the product in its product proposition. On the other hand, if the product is basic and needed by all its clients irrespective of social class, then proposition focuses on its efficiency in meeting the need. The market where this firm operates has a number of competitors such as Cathy Pacific Airways, Papillon, Air-Asia, STIC Travel Group, and Azzy Travel Limited. Barriers to entry or exit from the industry are relatively high particularly because of the nature of investment that a firm needs to start operations and the need to find loyal partners in the market (Abeyratne 2016). The industry suppliers play a very critical role in this industry and the bargaining power of the customers is high, making it necessary for the firm to come up with unique competitive strategies. These factors tend to increase the intensity of industry rivalry. Operations Dnata operates in a highly competitive business environment and its ability to remain sustainable depends on its operatio
HP Design for logistics encapsulates three concepts. These are economic packaging and transportation, concurrent and parallel processing, and standardization. In the case of HP, the problem they have is that there is a weakness in demand forecasting procedures, manifesting as either understocking or having dead inventory in various markets (Kopezak & Lee, 1994). The use of economic packaging and transportation will result in a greater carrying capacity to help develop and maintain safety-stock to forestall shortages. Concurrent and parallel processing will improve the rate at which HP can produce the required products without the need to wait for a particular product to move through the production line. Finally, standardization will ensure that the company can concentrate its innovative efforts towards fewer components hence increasing the benefits of economy of scale. Delayed differentiation is a production concept that applies to a specific product range that results from a generic model. In order to apply delayed differentiation, there must be a way of reorganizing the production process to bring in the differentiators in the final stages of development. It allows a company to aggregate demand and later on in the production process, to respond to the specific demands within a much shorter time. HP can use delayed differentiation by standardizing the parts used in its printers and fitting in the specific model requirements in the last stage of production. There is a specific challenge in quantifying the advantages of delayed differentiation that comes from the cost of implementing measures to enable delayed differentiation. Delayed differentiation results in a higher per-unit production cost. In order to quantify its advantages, it is necessary to look at the benefits that accrue, which normally includes increased sales volume because of a better response to consumer demand. Traditionally, manufacturers involve suppliers after the completion of the design in order to get materials needed for the manufacture of the product. Ho
Introduction Tax is defined as a pecuniary responsibility legislatively charged on a taxpayer. The taxpayer is an individual or an entity. The tax is authorised by the state and it is charged upon property or income. The Australian constitution has powers that guide its taxation requirements. Because of initial tax avoidance and evasion, the federal government introduced new legislations meant to improve the efficiency and equity of the remission of income tax and sustenance of the system. It is noted that taxation on income depends on the rates of taxation at any given time. The rates are set by the legislative requirements of the tax regulators. There is a separation of taxable and non-taxable earnings within the legislation of the laws governing income tax. It is not easy to understand the reason why the transactions presented by such provisions are not income. 1 A tax system should be simple to understand for the common man. It should be simple in all aspects that touch on the ease of compliance, and that depend on the ability of ATO and the taxation Act to administer the requirements and collect taxes. According to the Criminal Procedure Act (2009) , lack of simplicity in the Act makes it hard to interpret, even by the experts. Certainty is another feature demanded for by the Act. It calls for ease of prediction by the taxation authorities, the ability of the taxpayers to determine liability, and determination of the possibilities of tax avoidance and evasion by taxpayers, as well as the capabilities of combating such instances. 2 A tax system must also contain a fiscal marksmanship for the prediction of tax collection in a fiscal year. Administrative e
Virtually all countries in the world have rules and guidelines that determine how people interact and how problems should be solved or addressed. The task of formulating these policies may not be easy as such. By the time proposals are enacted into formal policies that can be mutually binding, they must undergo rigorous processes. This implies that public policy is the outcome of interactions and dynamics among different actors, interest groups, private and public institutions, as well as processes. In the United States of America, the formulation of policy agenda, the enactment of the public policies by the Congress and the President, the implementation and interpretation of the policies by the bureaucracy and the courts involve well defined stages of development (Schmidt, Shelly & Crain, 2009). The process of public policy formation in the American system of government has been explained by the use of well designed models known as, policymaking models. We shall, however, focus on one of the most general model that illustrates the process of public policy formation. The major components in this model include; the problem advocates, the opponents, the authorities, implementation, and lastly, evaluation (Cockrel, 2004). The first stage is the identification of the problem that needs to be addressed by the policy. This is done by specific institutions or activists who are generally termed as advocates. They are also responsible for raising awareness among the members of the public
Introduction The book, “We Were Not the Savages” reflects on the perspective of the history of Mi’kmaq which neared demise following the invasion of North America by the Europeans. This analytical treatise attempts to explicitly review the elements of interdiction in the history of Mi’kmaq colonization following the European invasion of their community. Mi’kmaq and European civilization In analyzing the interdiction of the Mi’kmaq by the European civilization, Paul (2000) brings about the question of the legitimacy of the different ideologies in the then free society. Paul asserts that the issue legitimacy ensures of stability of the the society. Therefore, civilization power can only be fully exercised by the deities and beliefs endorsed in the light of principles and ideals acceptable to common human reason. This framework should tolerate as well as respects others of different opinions. Hence, this provides a particular explanation for the resistance of the European civilization by the Mi’kmaq. These fundamental ideas from the Mi’kmaq culture were then interpreted into the social conception of the ideal sages that differentiated the dualist existence of hell and heaven. It was freestanding since its content was set out independently of the comprehensive doctrines that members of the Northern America culture affirmed. Unlike the hypothetical imperatives of the European invaders, Paul (2000) argued that categorical imperatives motivated the community to undertake actions by the desires to complete such actions. These actions were ideal and expected of mankind, irrespective of experience since they were universal. Sociological
Connection of both Articles When looking at both the Koichi and Fung articles, the main point of shared interest between the two is the concept of “cultural appropriation” and how people view other societies and foreign cultural manifestations through the lens of their cultural understandings. For instance, in the Fung article, we are shown the case of Jay Chou and his rise in popularity both within China and in other parts of Asia. While his stardom is a product of popular culture, its elements ranging from how he portrays himself to the messages in his songs are based on Western pop culture appeal. However, his fans do not view it as being Western at all and instead consider it as primarily Chinese in origin (Fung 2008, p73). The same can be said about the perspectives showcased in the Koichi article where the author showed how the concept of “nostalgia” expressed by the Japanese people when viewing the cultural elements of other countries was colored by a distinctly Japanese cultural and societal perspective (Koichi 2002, p550). Feelings of nostalgia when examining other countries by the Japanese were thus heavily influenced via comparison and could not seemingly view other cultures from the perspective of the people that lived there and the history of the country that resulted in its current situation (Koichi 2002, p555). What both articles show is that people understand other societies via the lens of their own cultural and societal histories. Thus, when it is appropriated and integrated into their own culture, as seen in the case of the Fung article, or when other cultures are viewed, as seen in the case of the Koichi article and an examination of similar articles that delved into the same subject, what happens is that it is viewed from a centrist perspective wherein their own culture and society become the basis by which other cultures are examined (Reeves 2011, p560). It should be noted though that this means of examining culture is not necessarily wrong since utilizing points of reference are common when it comes to the practice of observation (Chang 2007, p227). Main Points of Both Readings The main point of the Koichi article is its focuses on the views of “nostalgia” expressed by Japan when examining other countries. However, this nostalgia focuses on the comparison between Japan at the present and how the countries being viewed represent Japan of the past. Feelings of nostalgia in this case focus on comparing the situation in mid-1990s Japan (which is in a recession) to its meteoric rise during the 1970s and 1980s, which the Japanese people see in newly developing Asian countries. The problem, though, is that this