ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Methodology The understanding research approach is essential in determining the level of accuracy that can be attained in gathering information on intelligence. Any research methodology should reflect the objectives of a study. Grounded theory is a research methodology which begins with a question that guides a researcher, especially when collecting data. In intelligence studies, this theory demonstrates the influence of symbolic interactionism which generally focuses on social processes. Thornberg points out that “its original ideas of pure induction and not taking advantage of and using literature when collecting and analyzing data could easily be criticized”.1 Grounded theory and Measuring and Signature Intelligence (MASINT) MASINT is one of the intelligence-based requirements in the analysis of information gathered from trails since it measures the distinct features. By posing questions on intelligence, sharing units and explaining how they have been strengthened, Grounded theory is crucial in current research studies. It is an effective analytical tool of assessing intelligence. By emphasizing the role of MASINT, it is possible to relate the areas of cooperation between intelligence community and intelligence analysis management. Although grounded theory does not have preconceived theories, it remains reliable in the collection of intelligence data. Is it correct to perceive MASINT as a distinct group of subjects or a vital area of study? Is it a field where distinct processing and analysis of data is conducted? Grounded theory and application in intelligence studies Data collection is an integral step in any research study. It is imperative to note that data collection in intelligence studies should be carried out in an appreciative and accurate manner. Besides, strategic intelligence is critical in dictating the levels of success that can be achieved by a military group. Khaldoun, Aldiabat and Carole-Lynne Le-Navenec observe that “…human beings actively interpret each other’s gestures in social interaction and act based on their interpretations”.2 Grounded theory and Constructivist Grounded theory Grounded theory reflects processes of implementing actions when collecting data. However, constructivist Grounded theory explores the aspect of depen
It is important to note that certain therapy methods are centered around political, social, and cultural elements, which can cause the corresponding issues. Feminist therapy is an approach where the fundamental concepts are derived from the theory of feminism. The latter is a set of beliefs that all human beings are equal patriarchal aspects of society promote the dominance of certain groups over others, and in the case of genders, females are the oppressed ones (Summers, 2015). The feminist therapy’s main emphasis is put on the notion of invoking social changes and transforming the lives of people in favor of feminist resistance in order to promote equality and justice for all (Summers, 2015). One of the most prominent elements of feminism is the concept of patriarchy, which is commonly misunderstood or improperly conceptualized. One might assume that the term refers to a development of negative attitudes towards males, but the main idea is the social structures themselves are designed in such a way that male characteristics are valued and privileged, whereas female ones are dismissed or valued to a limited extent. Another critical concept of feminist therapy is the notion of intersectionality, which means that one’s individuality is not a mere sum of all divergent social identities, such as religion, race, sex, gender, or social class. In other words, the intersection of these social identities creates a highly unique person, where heterogeneity is one of the crucial factors. Feminist therapy raises highly important topics of one’s gender and biological sex affecting his or her behavior, and thus, the techniques revolve around revealing and educating clients on these influences in order to achieve the awareness of these forces. Reference Summers, N. (2015). Fundamentals of case management practice: Skills for the human services . Cengage Learning.
Successful business organizations grow their market share by outlining short-term objectives and long-term goals. Honeywell managers intend to make Honeywell a market leader within the National Nuclear Security Administration (Hartwig & Smith, 2000, p. 2). Stating an objective does not make a business successful, it requires conscious effort, planned activities and regular evaluation to attain goals. Hartwig and Smith (2000) claim that for Honeywell to succeed, it must “provide a plan and framework for achieving excellence in program management” (p. 3). Honeywell should move up from level 1 to level 2 in project management maturity model in order to attain success. At level 1 on project management maturity model, Honeywell faces numerous challenges. The obstacles faced by an organization operating at level 1 include inefficient organization structure, inconsistent processes, and low quality delivery of goods and services. Organizations at level 1 encounter problems, such as schedule slippage during production, inconsistent quality of goods and services, and duplicated efforts by employees (Bainey, 2004). In addition, according to Bainey (2004), such organizations lack “consistent and integrated use of processes, tools and techniques…” (p. 5). Communication plays a critical role in ensuring that all the employees understand their roles though this is not the case at Honeywell. When communication breaks in an organization down, projects get haphazardly implemented because each employee at each department works in isolation (Hartwig & Smith, 2000, P. 20). As such, an organization fails to attain its goals and objectives. In most cases, it leads to conflict among employees and departments. Poor communication is a symptom of poor strategies and mismatch between strategies and goals (Roberts, 2007). Honeywell should transfer to level 2 in the project management model in order to realize improved efficiency and productivity. Management at Honeywell needs to focus on improving communication with employees. One of the objectives of program management maturity model is to ensure communication of the set goals to employees and identification of the shortcomings in structural relationship between departments (Hartwig & Smith, 2000). The development of a plan or a strategy of dealing with crisis is necessary to ensure that all employees know what to do in the event of an emergency. Management is to develop long-term goals and communicate them to all the work staff to ensure uniform and well-coordinated activities. This guarantees management is not reactive but active at all times (Hartwig & Smith, 2000). Management should collect and analyze information critical for efficient processes to ensure that it is aware of prevailing challenges. Regular collection of data e
The Theory of Externality The theory of externality explains the benefit or cost incurred by a third party who was not a party to the reasoning behind the benefit or cost. According to David and Nellis (2006), “externalities reflect the ethical views and preferences of the entire population.” The cost or benefit cannot, therefore, be quantified in monetary terms. An externality may be either positive or negative depending on whether it is a cost or benefit (David and Nellis 2006). Economists argue that all forms of trade are beneficial to the contracting parties. However, the same may affect the third party either positively or negatively. According to Nordhaus and Samuelson (2009), “externalities result in outcomes that are not optimal in a social context. Moreover, those who bear external costs do so unwillingly, whereas those who enjoy external benefits do so at no cost.” McConnell and Brue (2008) argue that negative externalities result to lower satisfaction while positive externalities result in more utility to the third parties. Smoking in public has been associated with many negative externalities. Passive smoking is one of the negative externalities resulting from smoking in public. According to Riley (2007), passive smoking is the act of inhaling smoke from a tobacco smoke.” Research has shown that tobacco smoke contains over 4000 chemicals either in gaseous o particles form. These compounds cause irritation to the respiratory organs and may lead to lung cancer. Passive smoking may further cause irritation to the eyes, sore throat, nausea, cough, and headache. “Experts argue that exposure to passive smoking for around 30 minutes can reduce blood flow through the heart” (Riley 2007). Children are adversely affected by passive smoking; Riley (2007) argues that “Many children are admitted to hospital yearly due to the harmful impacts of passive smoking.” The only way to tackle negative externalities associated with smoking can therefore be through the prohibition of smoking in public places. This justifies the action taken by the Scotland government. Short-run impact of the smoking ban on alcohol sales in pubs and clubs Cigarettes and tobacco are complementary goods. According to Nordhaus and Samuelson (2009), “Complements are goods that are characteristically used together, where consumption of one lead to the consumption of the other.” Pubs and clubs are public places. A ban on smoking in public places will reduce the number of patrons visiting clubs and pubs in Scotland in the short run. This will therefore shift the demand curve for alcohol from the left to the as illustrated in figure 1 below.
It is a universal truth that action is life. Therefore, such mottoes as “Never Stand Still” only reveal the universal truth to young people who only learn to live in the human society (Lecture, p.11). Most people follow this universal law. However, a few people think of the exact reasons why people act. Kojève contemplates the reason for any action of any being and human being, in particular. Kojève claims that it is desire that makes a living being act. This idea is very valuable as it helps people understand their nature, which is dual but which is based on a specific principle. Desire is what makes living beings act, i.e. exist. More importantly, Kojève notes that two types of desire make a human act. First, “natural” or “animal” desire that makes living beings eat and sleep, make people act (Kojève, pp. 4-5). Clearly, people need food as well as they need rest and they create conditions which could satisfy their basic needs. Nonetheless, this type of desire makes people only survive and continue their biological lives. What really makes a human being is the so-called “anthropogenetic” or “human” Desire (Kojève, p. 6). This desire which is the “Desire that man is formed and is revealed – to himself and to other” makes people act (Kojève, p. 4). The human Desire is the need to be recognized by another person, or a member of a “herd” (Kojève, p. 6). Thus, when a man desires a woman, he does not only want to satisfy
The essential factor in communicative interaction is effective communication. However, many people fall short of this requirement and posses ineffective communication skills characterized by superiority complex, insensitivity, and an all knowing attitude. Supportive communication is the foundation of effective communication. Thus, this assessment essay analyses obstacles to supportive communication and recommendations on improving supportive communication. Supportive communication should be effective in preserving the relationship between parties involved while effectively addressing a predicament (Heath and Bryant 289). However, this is not the case in the relationship between Jill and her parents. The first communicative obstacle in this scenario is the incongruence approach Jill’s parent gives the problem. Though they seem supportive, this is not the case. They have a formed opinion of what is right for their daughter and are insensitive of her feelings. Jill’s mother asserts, “Political science? You never make money doing that. We only want the best for you”. Disregarding Jill’s opinion on career choice is likely to strain this relationship. The father makes an intimidating evaluative statement about monetary sacrifices which invokes a defensiveness feeling, prompting Jill to remind them of her life. In self defense, she says “I have to live my life, not yours!” Instead of being problem oriented, the parents personalize their comments prompting Jill to despise their suggestions (Whetten and Cameron 109). The mother asserts, “We’ve made so many sacrifices… give us respect in return.”Besides, the father makes invalidating statement which m
An academically correct strategy for researching conceptual, theoretical ideas and the practices of their actual implementation is an extensive literature review combined with a critical analysis of the sources found. This synthetic method aims not only to systematize the available information but also to study in-depth the most relevant trends in the chosen field of knowledge. Given the high relevance of the general topic of this research work, the literature review will cover the mentioned advantages and qualitatively increase the level of reliability of the material. Of primary importance is a broad discussion of the agenda, which served as the foundation for choosing the topics of this review. It should be recognized that the economic sciences have always been associated with the economic activity of the individual since at the core of any decision is a balance between profitability and costs. By now, it has been repeatedly recognized that an individual’s economic decisions should maximize benefits, but actual actions are often inconsistent with this belief (Al-Tamimi, 2006). On the contrary, individuals or groups tend to be guided by a broader set of factors and driving forces that determine decision-making strategies. Obviously, in the field of investing, these aspects play a crucial role since the proper management of the subjective, group and moderating aspects ultimately determines the investor’s performance. The recognition of this fact served as the starting point for the creation of a new area of economic science called behavioral finance. In more detail, Amin & Pirzada (2014) recognized this type of financing as a natural form of behavioral economics development, in which personal beliefs and psychological factors determine the investor’s development vector. Thus, behavioral finance is appreciated as a relatively new branch of knowledge, and therefore it has not yet been critically examined within investment theory (Ahmad et al., 2017). Nevertheless, ignoring such important categorical influences in the study of investment procedures is a mistake and, therefore, should be measured in detail in this review. Psychological and Behavioral Biases of Individual Investors The study of psychological and personal behavioral biases that characterize an individual’s activity as an investor is of profound importance in the development of the indicated problem. In fact, researchers have repeatedly noticed the diversity of effects that have the potential to determine the financial literacy and investment efficiency of an individual investor. Thus, Dierick et al.’s scholarly work (2019) showed a negative relationship between investor mindfulness — and thus personality traits — and the use of disposition effects. It follows that improved personal awareness of financial literacy prevents rash and impulsive decisions related to the instant desire for short-term gains. On the other hand, Mahalakshmi & Anuradha (2018) studied that personal investor involvement and interest had a mediating effect on economic decision making, but nevertheless, it did. At the same time, Anjum
Introduction This assignment is a reaction paper on the article titled ‘The Struggle for Democracy in Latin America’ by Wiarda and Kline; Chapter 5. The paper begins by a brief summary of the article and then goes on to quote from the article, followed by a discussion of the quote as well as a discussion of the democratization process in Latin America. A Brief Summary of the Article The article is about democracy in Latin American countries. The authors explore the historical foundations of democracy in these countries by looking at the evolution of the systems of governments from dictatorship and militariansm in early 1970s to democratic governments in early 1990s onwards. The authors also focus on the definition of democracy, its characteristics and the challenges of democracy in the Latin American countries, including Argentina, Paraguay, Nicaragua, Peru, Colombia, Mexico, Uruguay and Venezuela, among others. A Quote from the Article ‘The history of elected governments in Latin America surely warns against assuming that having elections means that there is necessarily a democracy’. This quote is found on page 82 of the article (Wiarda and Kline 82). In this quote, the authors of the article seem to underscore the fact that many countries in Latin America have conducted elections in their history, but the elections themselves are not a sufficient indication of democracy in those countries. What this quote means is that many countries adopted the democratic forms of governance in the early 1980s, not as a result of their own initiative but as a result of external pressure especially from the United States and the United Nations’ affiliated institutions as well as the Breton woods institutions like the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank. The authors give several examples to support this quote. One such example is Nicaragua and El Salvador, which had elected governments during the 1980s. These governments were characterized by the curtailing of press freedom in regard to reporting about elections and governance as well as the denial of voting rights to supporters of opposition parties. The purpose of the authors in writing the article was to highlight the real issues which undermine the successful implementation of the democratization process in Latin America and how selfish interest by the political and economic elite further complicate the situation. Many of the countries in Latin America, though democratic, are concerned about the deteriorating economic and social status and to some, it is better for them to return back to authoritarianism, which they think is better because, during such times, there was adequate infrastructure and an albeit fair distribution of resources, with
American modernism is a constant battle between what the world is supposed to be and what people want it to be. The novelty lies in struggling for what life is worth, and defending the rights people are given at birth. There cannot be anything more sincere, genuine and causing more debates than American poetry. With not quite many years of development, tracing back, perhaps, to Longfellow, and continuing up to the modern poets, it still had very little time to grow. Yet what we can see now is a flourishing valley. In my opinion, that is something that grants America certain appreciation and regard. Yet the stages of its development manage to coincide with the ones of European poetry, not dubbing it, but creating something completely new and genuine, full of truly American spirit and understanding of the poetic world. Coming a little closer to the topic under discussion, I would like you to pay special attention to the poem by William Carol Williams named The Dance . It is a commonly known truth that the impact of Europe has played its great role in the American poetry concept. That was quite understandable, for, being somehow a virgin population, they make out their own approach to the literature itself, understanding it and even feeling it in a different way. That is somehow due to the expressionism of the literature of this newborn country. I wonder if you could feel this floating energy, so soft yet burning like lava. It makes the modernistic vision of the world clear as ever, pushing a man to fight everything that is unfair with all their strength. That is the most important peculiarity of this kind of poetry, which is absolutely clear and still hard to point out as you go into deep research. Is that the airiness of the subject that does not let the scientists cut it in their deeply scientific way? It is hard to figure out where that very specific piece of heart might be. Is it the mighty influence of the metaphor? Or the way the author puts his life due to the powerful structure of the poem? Is it the style that grips the audience’s attention? Was that the roar of the inner rhythm that shook me to the core as my lips read the poetry written as if not with ink, but with the poet’s blood? The subject is very subtle and discussion can lead to different opinions. On the one hand the over-emotionality can cause a deadly effect on the poem and crash it to the core. Pomposity kills every single grain of life in the poem and dries it out completely. The idea of avoiding it is one of the core notions of modernism. Still it seems that the power of the sound as the one that gives birth to the word is the one of the utmost importance. Practically, the sound is a thought put into emotions, and only then transformed into meaningful words. Now try to listen to this one: “…the Kermess, the dancers go round, they go round and round” (Booth, 783). The complexity of the sounds and images is the very detail that diverts the reader’s attention. The words rattle and rumble like rocks, and they push the reader to actions in a most modern
Janet Frame’s short story The Bath sheds light on the experiences of many elderly people who can be overwhelmed by the feelings of loneliness and helplessness. The passage, which is going to be analyzed, is preceded by the description of a widow’s daily life. The readers learn that she visits the grave of her husband. Moreover, the author suggests that the main character lives alone. Apart from that, the writer shows how this woman prepares for a bath. This passage plays a critical role in the short story because it symbolizes the major difficulties encountered by many elderly people. In particular, one should speak about their need for assistance. This passage shows that this character is afraid of taking a bath because she is afraid of falling and injuring herself. Moreover, she cannot easily get out of the bath. She begins to call for help, even though she understands that there is no one around her. At the ends of this passage, Janet Frame shows how her fear and panic turns into frustration and despair. If this part of the narrative is removed, the readers may not get in-depth insights into the inner world of this old lady. This paper will show how the author explores the life of this person and her struggles. This passage demonstrates that the protagonist feels extremely vulnerable. For instance, she believes that different kinds of misfortune can strike her. Moreover, she does not want to reveal this vulnerability. As it has been said before, she is afraid of falling. In particular, she believes that the surface of the bath has become extremely “slippery” (Frame 70). This is one of the reasons why she does not take a bath very often. To some degree, she understands that her misgivings are slightly irrational. Nevertheless, it is extremely difficult for her to overcome this fear. This part of the short story is related to several important themes explored by the author. At first, much attention should be paid to loneliness which can be familiar to many people. Janet Frame enables the readers to take a glimpse of the main character’s thoughts. In particular, one can look at the following quote, “If John were here, she thought, if we were sharing our old age, helping e