ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) individuals make up one of the most underserved groups when it comes to health care issues. Moreover, one of the diseases that are the burden of American society as a whole and the LGBT population, in particular, is cancer. Wender, Sharpe, Westmaas, and Patel (2016) claim that LGBT communities are influenced by significant disparities that increase the risk of cancer such as smoking and alcohol consumption. Also, there are disparities in early cancer detection (screening) and provider discrimination that result in a decrease in treatment effectiveness and, consequently, worse physical and mental health outcomes. Therefore, there is a need for effective interventions that address these problems and the issue of careening in particular because early detection contributes to better cancer patient outcomes. The purpose of this research is to define healthcare outcomes for LGBT individuals with cancer, analyze interventions developed to focus on cancer screening problems among LGBT individuals, and provide recommendations for nursing practice related to care for LGBT cancer patients. Cancer Healthcare Outcomes for LGBT Population According to Hafeez, Zeshan, Tahir, Jahan, and Naveed (2017), 3.5% of American people identify themselves as gay, lesbian, or bisexual while only 0.3% of people claim to be transgender. They all make the LGBT community that comprises people of all ages, races, and genders. Still, due to many health disparities and some other factor’s, LGBT individuals are at higher risk of “sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), cancers, cardiovascular diseases, obesity, bullying, isolation, rejection, anxiety, depression, and suicide as compared to the general population” (Hafeez et al., 2017, p. 1). Consequently, LGBT patients are expected to demonstrate worse patient outcomes than other population groups. One of the major cancer-related problems of the LGBT population is tobacco smoking, which is among the risk factors for 12 types of cancer. Thus, the rates of smokers among LGBT individuals are from 1.5 to 2 times higher than among the general population (Wender et al., 2016, p. 16). Also, the LGBT community is characterized by higher rates of alcohol consumption, which increases the risk of breast, liver, colon, and rectum cancers. Besides, overweight and obesity are more frequent among lesbian and bisexual women compared to heterosexual ones. These factors increase the risk of esophageal, colorectal, kidney, liver, post-menopausal breast and pancreatic cancers, and gynecologic cancers (Wender et al., 2016). One more problem of the LGBT community related to healthcare is the lack of health insurance, which decreases the probability of early screening and diagnosing. Another problem that can lead to negative patient outcomes is the attitude of healthcare professionals to LGBT patients on the whole and those involved in the pelvic examination and cervical cancer screening in particular. The major challenge for providers and physical is the “lack of knowledge of the psychosocial, physiological, and clinical concerns” unique to
I can foresee a future for Laczniak’s and Murphy’s framework as a standard for modern business world. Ethics became an essential subject in many circles, and if a company wants to strengthen its public image, its representatives must address ethics. Marketing has earned a negative reputation among customers, as it is often considered predatory, manipulative, and dishonest. The way companies follow ethical rules is often viewed as merely mandatory by law rather than genuine. It is more common nowadays for companies to create an appearance of an organization that cares about ethical issues: by being more eco-friendly, more transparent, and more aware of social problems. As such an approach strengthens customers’ trust and support, many companies aim to establish themselves as ethically conscious. Laczniak’s and Murphy’s framework offer an essential basic perspective that helps companies understand the ethical issues before them from both the company and customer perspectives. Therefore, it is possible for the ethical landscape to evolve into a place where public support and customer loyalty are more important than short-term gain. Framework by Laczniak and Murphy provides companies with a better approach to ethical problems than neo-liberal models, which focused on the justification of capitalism and protection of private property. Many of these used to be prescriptive rather than descriptive, providing a shallow understanding of ethical issues (Hunt and Vitell, 1986). The essential basic perspectives (BPS) model allows for a better understanding of moral and ethical issues and a better framework for companies to use (Laczniak and Murphy, 2006). BPS gives a more complex analysis of ethical questions in marketing, how to approach them, and how to adapt marketing to the modern standards of ethics. Laczniak and Murphy’s framework is clean and straightforward, focusing on significant aspects of ethics rather than watering it down with excessive details. It focuses on what marketing teams need to focus on, and it also gives them essential perspectives to learn. It is, therefore, not only an ethical but also a practical solution to the problem. Reference List Laczniak, G. and Murphy, P. (2006) ‘Normative Perspectives for Ethical and Socially Responsible Marketing’, Journal of Macromarketing . 26, pp. 154-177. Hunt, S. D. and Vitell, S. (1986) ‘A general theory of marketing ethics’, Journal of Macromarketing , 6(1), pp. 5-16.
Introduction Race and ethnicity are not just the physical attributes of people since these notions affect the way people see and understand the world. Due to the process of globalization, people of different cultures are being put together to interact. The clash of cultures leads to various problems connected to race and ethnicity. These issues have a long history that is reflected in popular culture that either define the current social values or provoke change. Artists, writers, news reporters, actors, and producer have an apparent impact on their audience’s opinion about social problems. At the same time, controllers of distribution can indirectly affect people’s views on various matters using numerous mechanisms. The present paper offers an overview of the problem of race and ethnicity as reflected in three pop culture artifacts: a song Always Be My Baby by Mariah Carey, the movie In the Heat of the Night, and a TV series Insecure. Historical Perspective The problem of racism in the United States is well reflected in the pop-culture history of the nineties. The changes in R&B music are represented in the song by Mariah Carrey Always Be My Baby since it has become popular not only among African Americans but also among other ethnic groups. At the same time, the movie In the Heat of the Night has not experienced any changes in audience, underlining that the issues discussed in the film are still of immediate interest. The analysis of the history of pop culture artifacts shows that the problem has evolved. The people’s attitude towards rhythm and blues has changed considerably during the last 80 years. Always Be My Baby by Mariah Carey, a tender mid-tempo R&B love song, was released in 1995 and had great success among all audiences (Werthman et al., 2018). However, R&B as a genre of music was initially meant for African Americans. According to Ripani (2006), the term R&B emerged in the 1940s, replacing an unethical name “race music” (p. 172). Until the 80s, R&B was mostly enjoyed by lower-class African Americans with little attention from the white population. However, the emergence of talented producers and social changes led to R&B music becoming increasingly popular among all the ethnic groups around the globe. Always Be My Baby reflects the changes, as the theme of the song is universal and can be understood regardless of racial background. Additionally, in the official music video, Mariah uses heavy make-up to look more like a white person. Therefore, it may be said that the cultural artifacts demonstrate that the problem of racism is no longer as acute. At the same time, a detective movie In the Heat of the Night directed by Norman Jewison demonstrates the racism still exists. The film touches upon ethnic issues in the US, as it describes how a white and an African American detectives work together. The movie was well-received by all audience in the US and abroad. Today, the global audience still like detective stories like Rush Hour featuring Jackie Chan and Chris Tucker investigating a case of kidnapping. Therefore, since a literature review r
Abstract Dialects and their varieties have recently become the point of a renewed discussion among scholars and researchers. Any language has its varieties and the formation of these varieties is predetermined by a number of factors. What is even more important, language varieties (or dialects) differ between themselves; this makes this topic even more attractive when it comes to carrying out of the research. In light of the renewed interest to the language dialects, it is necessary to research dialect origin and creation in more detail. Of special interest are the sources, which influence the formation of dialect. This research paper addresses all these issues. First of all, it draws attention to how the interest to dialect formation has changed over the past several years and what the currents studies on this topic focus on. Secondly, the paper presents the information on where dialect comes from focusing mainly on geography and political influences. In addition, the ways of dialect’s creation are identified. This is followed by the discussion of the sources of dialect among which social, physical, and cultural sources are named as the most important because they influence dialect formation most strongly. Introduction Division of our modern society into numerous social groups leads the unavoidable development of language differences. Every language has certain differences with regard to location, cultural preferences, or even traditions. People introduce new manners of words’ pronunciation, use different accents, and introduce some new words to underline their individualities. Such a widespread development of language differences and variations introduces a new linguistic term, dialect, that is aimed at defining the reasons of why language becomes different within various social groups and what causes its spread over the world. The peculiar feature of dialect is that it may be used in two different ways like any variation of language that is inherent to one social group and like a variety of a standard language, considering numerous social and cultural factors. Dialect has its roots in both time and space, and this is why it is always connected to certain geographical, cultural, and social points. Historical background proves that the term dialect had no distinctions with the term language till the Renaissance period, when dialect as a term was detached from language and named as its variation. The history of dialect is unique indeed and has close connection to numerous social, geographical, and cultural concepts; the relation to these facto
Henry David Thoreau as a philosopher Henry David Thoreau is considered to be a complex man possessing various talents. He worked hard enough to shape his artworks and his life, observing the small difference between them. For several years, the reputation of Thoreau has been strong. He was often believed to play two roles: the anchorite in the wilderness, the prophet of passive resistance, so much approved by Martin Luther King and Mahatma Gandhi. Perhaps he saw somewhat alien in those two personifications. His artworks are so rich, full of the complicated oppositions that he explored to his readers were able to keep reshaping his ideas to adjust their own needs and desires. Probably he would have appreciated that. He seems to have aimed most to use literally words to make his readers reconsider their own lives ingeniously, in quite a different than they may be. It may be evident that he lived his life rethinking his, demanding something, always looking to nature for greater brightness and sense for his life. Walden: content and philosophical ideas Bradford Torrey in the introduction to Walden says “the world likes eccentric people” (Thoreau, IX). Then he adds more detailed criticism. A naturalist against science; an idealist with all the “faculty” of a whittling Yankee; a free-thinking Puritan; a Stoic who sucked sweetness out of all his sensations; a paradox from beginning to end: such was the author of “Walden”; and the world, which is itself a paradox without knowing it, will not soon be done with puzzling itself about him (Thoreau, XII). For me, it seems reasonable to call Thoreau a philosopher preaching nature essence and its dependence on the human condition. Walden , firstly published as Walden or Life in the Woods , is part of the personal proclamation of independence and freedom, spiritual search and find social experiment, and handbook for self-confidence. Thoreau did not imply to be an anchorite. He had guests and visited them as well. We can say that he hoped to separate himself from society to achieve a more important objective: to understand it. Thoreau’s other goals consisted of a simple way of life and independence. As Thoreau pointed out in Walden , his hut was not in a wild place but located not far from his family home in a town. In my opinion, Walden highlights the importance of solitude, meditation, the condition of being close to nature using transcending the miserable human existence that, as the author argues, is the problem of most people. The book cannot be considered a traditional autobiography. It combines facts from the author’s life with a strict criticism of consumerists and materialists of those times. It clarifies their attitudes and behavior facing the destruction of nature. I should say, this book is not simply a social critique, but also an endeavor to fascinate creatively the better moments of contemporary culture. There are signs of uncertainty or a simple try to see a different side of something common and so
The policy priority issue is a needed change in the school health system, specifically the need to stock epinephrine (EpiPen) in schools to treat anaphylactic reactions in students and faculty staff. This policy puts an emphasis on sudden severe allergic reactions and students whose death could be prevented with an emergency treatment of epinephrine. There is a need for a campaign to ensure this law passes as it did not pass the last session and will be reviewed during the next session. Hence, the need for mass campaigns by parents, teachers, students and health professionals. The planned legislature visit targets to inform the legislator on the issues surrounding the bill and to find out his stand on that issue and get a commitment from the legislator that he will take action. At the end of the meeting, the legislator and the group should agree on a follow up strategy. In the planning process, a meeting is to be scheduled with the legislator; this includes determining the venue of the meeting. In addition, a group of people will be selected to participate in the planning process. The proposed group includes; a school nurse, a parent of a child with allergic reactions or asthma and a parent of a child who was a victim of lack of epinephrine in school to give their experiences and recommendations. The group will have a meeting to discuss the goals of the legislative visit and the message to be discussed. Understanding the steps in a policy making process is important in ensuring that the bill becomes a policy. It will also guide the proposed legislative visit as it will make members aware of what they want and therefore, schedule a meeting according to the step the bill has reached. This issue concerning the stocking of epinephrine in school was first discussed in the public agenda, a bill was then introduced which was then assigned to a committee. The committee held hearings but it did not pass, although it will be reviewed again by the committee and if it is successful it will be presented on the floor for voting. Patti Moss and Iva Hall learned that for them to use the legislative process effectively to make a difference in the health profession and to the patient, they had to understand the legislative process (Hall & Moss, 2000). Another strategy is to know the key people involved in the policy making process as they influence the decisions. The final decision that will be made by the legislators voting may be affected by other factors other than the importance of the bill at hand. These factors include; party politics, pressure from interest groups, preference of voters and personal preference of the legislators (Abood, 2007).
Introduction Cape Breton Island is one of the Islands that lie on the coast of North America. The island is found in the province of Nova Scotia, Canada. The Island is important as far as Canadian history is concerned. This is because one of the maritime archaic native communities inhabited it. In 1497, historians report that Giovanni Cabot, the European explorer, visited the island for the first time. Most of the island’s historical information is found in the Cabot’s landing historic site and Provincial Park (Grenier 21). In 1521, the settlers established fishing as the main economic activity on the island. History shows that the island was of interest to many colonial powers. This is because a war was fought in 1627 under King Charles 1 between French and British, which was referred to as Anglo-French war. In 1784, the island was taken over by British and was divided into three major colonies, including New Brunswick, Cape Breton Island, and Nova Scotia. The Micmac is the main native language spoken by people of the Cape Breton Island. The language is still used in many parts of the county, especially by communities around the Island. The Micmac nation went through various challenges because each colonial power was after its land (Griffiths 63). The territory was divided into seven districts that were traditionally governed by independent administrations. Each district had a chief, with a council of elders that assisted the King in running the affairs of the chiefdom. Several scholars have developed an interest in understanding the history of the Micmac nation. In this regard, several books have been published. This article aims at evaluating the works of William Wicken on Mi’kmaq treaties on trial: history, land, and Donald Marshall Junior. Synopsis of the Book The book starts by reporting that the British government signed a treaty with the residents of Nova Scotia in 1725. The treaty aimed at bringing about peace between Mi’kmaq and the British settlers. In the treaty, the British acknowledged the existence of the local community and promised to respect its norms and regulations. However, the historian notes that the British were forced to sign the treaty after realizing that the resistance from the local community was harmful to their interests. Moreov
Introduction Character, self-discipline, and personal growth are indeed very crucial to effective leadership. As Lipman-Blumen (2017) notes, effective leadership can only be achieved if the leader understands the intra-personal and inter-personal relations between employees and employers. At the same time, inter-personal and intra-personal relations are equally important for leaders and their followers. The paper examines the three mentioned elements, character, self-discipline, and personal growth, and determines how they affect leadership. The assumption made is that the three said elements are critical for operative leadership. The essay highlights some of the ideas and studies that support the given premise from scholarly studies done in the near past. Character and Effective Leadership Delmatoff and Lazarus (2014) argue that character has a direct impact on effective leadership. According to the authors, there are fifteen aspects of character that have to be considered when thinking about effective management. This paper will highlight some of the important aspects provided by Maxwell (2018) in regards to effective leadership. One of the aspects is the feeling of being indispensable. Maxwell (2018) argues that the feeling of being very important to the company or organization goes against the spirit of humility and service. Thus, a leader should have a spirit of humility and service to be effective. The second element to consider is mental and emotional petrification (Maxwell, 2018). Towards this end, an effective leader should have a character that illuminates strong mental and emotional stability. In turn, this will ensure that the leader has an open mind and is accommodating to the different personalities of the followers. Flexibility is another desirable aspect of the character of a successful leader. According to Maxwell (2018), excessive planning and functionalism will lead to inflexibility. It can be argued that in the ever-changing world, flexibility is crucial in the implementation of strategies. It is also important to note that an effective leader should show empathy. Lipman-Blumen (2017) agrees that when he or she thinks about others, the leader will be better placed to understand some of the decisions that are made by their employees. Additionally, such leaders give their employees enough room to grow and be more productive. According to Lipman-Blumen (2017), extravagance is not a good aspect of character for a leader. An extravagant leader will focus on recognition and power. Such a character will attract fear and little respect from the employees. Self-Discipline and Effective Leadership According to Maxwell (2018), self-discipline is having a grip on oneself. For effective management, the leader has to have a grip on their emotions, actions, and decisions. One can argue that discipline goes hand in hand with character. The argument on whether self-discipline can be taught is longstanding, just as the argument that effective leadership is born and not made. Despite this, one can agree that self-contro
In any modern educational system, the dominant issue is the types of methods used for instruction. The curriculum is usually designed to cater for the educational needs of all students. However, methods of presenting it to students are usually tabled in educational legislation. Many experts argue that it is necessary for teachers to use different methods of teaching in order to ensure effective presentation of curricula. The major concerns of teachings methods include ways used by learners to obtain information, how to use theoretical knowledge to acquire experience in work situations, and how to use teachings aids effectively in order to achieve positive teaching outcomes. Good teaching methods equip learners with problem-solving skills and empower them to think critically and creatively. In addition, they empower learners to apply theoretical knowledge in real life situations. The research study was conducted in Jordan, a country in which the learning system is centralised. The research study aimed to find out the effectiveness of book-centered teaching methods that involve lecturing as the major method of instruction. In addition, the study aimed to develop a relationship between the effectiveness of a centralised educational system and the teaching methods used by teachers in presenting the curriculum to learners. Book-centered teaching methods discourage the participation of learners in the learning process and as such result in poor academic outcomes. In Islamic educational systems, instructors are free to choose the learning methods they deem appropriate. However, that freedom is not practiced in the real world of teaching. The study involved 46 schools located in different educational jurisdictions around the country. The researchers collected both qualitative and quantitative data. Data was collected through questionnaires that were issued to 1242 students, 98 teachers, and 8 supervisors. In addition, 46 school heads and 8 princi