ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The environment constitutes of the lithosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere and the atmosphere. Synergy between the four components of the environment is crucial to the stability of the environment. The biosphere constitutes of all living things. The diverse views regarding the ethical approach the human beings should employ to address current environmental issues is a key concern among philosophers. While some individuals propose the need for humans to incorporate aspects of moral obligation in their interaction with the environment, opponents of the non-anthropocentric environmental ethics consider an anthropocentric system as the only suitable basis for interacting with the environment. An analysis of animal rights, living things and ecological systems illustrates the need for moral obligations in environmental ethics. The moral obligation of human beings arises because all living things have a natural value. The sole condition for the attainment of an intrinsic value is that an element in the environment possesses the characteristics of a living thing. In this regard, other than human beings, other living things in the environment deserve moral respect. Therefore, to revere the worth of all living things, human beings should adopt the non-anthropocentric environmental ethics. The basic concept of the value of a living thing depends on the ability to enjoy benefits or suffer due to unfavourable conditions in the environment (Williston 2012, p.57). Thus, the growth and development of all elements in the biosphere is subject to human activities. An appropriate ecological system determines the existence of all living things including humans. The lack of an ecological equilibrium increases the vulnerability of living things to unfavourable environmental factors. The adoption of the non-anthropocentric environmental ethics is crucial to the sustenance of ecological equilibrium. Moral obligation incorporates moral rights and aspects of being morally considerable. Although human beings are the only sentient beings and thus have the greatest degree of moral standing in the environment, they should interact with the environment without being morally inconsiderate. Despite the fact that it is difficult to measure the level of pleasure or pain that some living things such as trees experience due to human activities, the non-anthropocentric environmental ethics ensure that human beings do not violated the moral standing of other living things. Anything with wants and needs has a moral standing (Williston 2012, p.115). Living things such as trees need water, light and nutrients. In this regard, human beings have an obligation to uphold moral respect when interacting with the environment. The observable strive by living things to grow and develop clearly illustrates the need of the non-anthropocentric environmental ethics to create an accommodative environment. The perception of land has always been in terms of its economic use. In this regard, the interaction between human beings and land often overlooks aspects of land ethics. Personal or community land that does
“ Finally, each man, in giving himself to all, gives himself to nobody; and as there is no associate over whom he does not acquire the same right as he yields others over himself, he gains an equivalent for everything he loses, and an increase of force for the preservation of what he has” (Rousseau 1913, p. 192) One way of understanding the concept of the social contract based on the perspective of Rousseau is to look at the way in which we as individuals become part of a society and the inherent obligations that are associated with it. Basically, society as we know it is composed of a set of rules and obligations that most individuals follow. There are the more obvious rules in the form of laws and regulations which govern the function of society, while at the same time there are the less obvious rules in the form of moral and ethical guidelines as well as protocols when it comes to proper societal interaction (ex: spitting on someone’s face when talking to them is not considered acceptable manners in society). Thus, from an outside perspective, it can be seen that society as we know it governed by an assortment of rules and regulations, both written and unwritten, which help to control human behavior to ensure the continued survival of the social group as a whole. It is based on such a concept that the notion of “the social contract” comes into effect. In order to be considered as being part of a particular society, it is necessary to ascribe to the rules and regulations that govern it. In essence, a person enters into a social contract with the society in question wherein in order to reap the full benefits of belonging to such a society, all that an individual would need to do is follow all rules that govern human behavior and action within that society. However, as seen in the quote above, there is apparently a quid pro quo status in effect wherein a person apparently has to give something up in order to gain something in return. In the case of the social contract, this takes the form of an individual giving up particular actions and freedoms in order to acquire certain benefits and protections. For instance, one of the fundamental rights in society is the ownership of property and the capacity to sell it as need be. This particular concept forms the basis of the right of ownership wherein people are entitled to own property, items or other similar aspects that have either been given to them or they have acquired through purchasing. Since there is such a right in place, this creates a form of protection wherein a person cannot unilaterally seize the property of another unless both parties agree to it. Thus, the “freedom” so to speak that was given up was the capacity to merely seize what you want while the protec
The article describes a rather innovative variety of corruption that was observed in Kenya in 2016. In this case, the corrupted police officers utilized the digital transaction system as a tool for bribery (Aglionby par. 2). What is especially interesting about this particular case is the flexibility demonstrated by the corrupted individuals. Traditionally, innovative technologies are perceived as hard to implement and sell to the customer base. This is especially true for developing countries, where the level of technical literacy is thought to below. At the same time, it is obvious that the interested parties are quick to catch up with the progress regardless of the legality of their actions. Besides, the case contradicts the theoretical “corruption-proof” character of digital transactions projected by the experts (Arnold par. 8). The predictions about the emerging markets are not uncommon to be over-optimistic (“The Rally” par. 4). The Kenyan case can be interpreted as a warning against such carelessness. Another interesting question is whether the law could change the situation for the better. First of all, it is worth noting that in this case, the corrupted element is a law enforcement organization, which already undermines the effectiveness of the legal intervention. Besides, e-commerce is a relatively unexplored field, with many issues residing in the “grey zone” in terms of the legislature. In other words, the legal procedures are either ineffective or incompatible with the digital realm. This is not to say that the situation is hopeless – after all, it has been addressed. Nevertheless, it is important to recognize the limitations when trying to predict the outcome. The law could and would play a role in a similar case. However, the effect would not be immediate and will most likely not be able to catch up with the flexibility of the perpetrators. Works Cited Aglionby, John. Corruption in Kenya Evolves for a Digital Age . 2016. Web. Arnold, Ma
People’s interaction with nature is one of the themes that play an important role in the poetry of Di Brandt. This topic occupies a central place in her poem Zone: Le Détroit which shows that contemporary society is hostile to environment as well as individuals who often feel very insecure. This paper will discuss the way in which the author uses various images in order to highlight the dangerous impact of human activities on environment and on their own lives. Her poem will be analyzed from an eco-critical perspective because this approach can better explain the ideas that Di Brandt tries to express. One can identify several things that the writer emphasizes, namely the separation of nature and civilization and people’s attempt to domesticate nature and make it more manageable. Di Brandt succeeds in showing that such behavior is self-destructive. Zone: Le Détroit is an excellent example of a literary work in which environmental problems occupy the central place. Overall, Di Brandt strives to create a very ominous image of the modern world, especially cities in which people do not usually feel very comfortable. She opens her poem with the following lines: “Breathing yellow air here, at the heart of the dream of the new world” (Brandt unpaged) In this way, the author strives to highlight the paradoxical aspects of North America. On the one hand, the idea of new world refers to the aspirations of many people who believed that one could create a better community in North America. Yet, the ominous description of contemporary urban environment, and especially the image of yellow air suggests that this new world is by no means a perfect society in which people live in harmony with nature. So, the opening lines are supposed to tell that the poem describes a highly industrialized society in which technologies play the part in the daily lives of people. In Zone: Le Détroit Di Brandt focuses on the experiences of urban residents because these people mostly live in a human-centered environment in which the presence of nature is very limited. The author attempts to create a description of an archetypal city where people tend to be more alienated from one another. One of the issues that Di Brandt explores is the attempts to subjugate nature and make it completely subservient to the needs of the society. This is why Di Brandt uses a very
Introduction Relating to the Australian population, cultural diversity can be defined and explained as the variety of different cultures observed in Australian society. Ethnic and cultural diversity is the feature that determines Australian society, and this diversity can be noticed with references to all the spheres of people’s life. The history of cultural diversity in Australia has its origins in the process of migration because the Australian nation was formed as a result of the intensive immigration observed during several centuries. The Immigration Museum in Melbourne proposes a range of permanent exhibitions and changing displays where immigration, diversity, citizenship, and multiculturalism are the main subjects to be displayed with the help of exhibitions. The Immigration Museum consists of several galleries whose collections are devoted to different subjects, and these galleries are Leaving Home, Immigration Stories, Journeys of a Lifetime, Getting In, and Community Gallery. This report aims to discuss the ways used in the Immigration Museum to present the history of cultural diversity in Australia. Leaving Home Gallery Australia is a multicultural country where diversity has deep historic origins associated with immigration. According to the Census of 2011, 26% of the Australian population can be discussed as migrants because of being born in other countries ( Reflecting a Nation 2013). The majority of migrants come from Asia and Europe, and this part of the country’s population contributes to the development of a culturally and ethnically diverse society. The causes of migration are also different. Thus, many migrants left their houses and countries to find a better life, to avoid the repressions, to avoid the war, and to avoid legal or religious persecution (Bennett & Carter 2001; Maiz 2005). From this point, the reasons are divided into social, economic, and cultural ones. The exhibition in the Leaving Home Gallery contributes to understanding the reasons and causes of the immigration process leading to the cultural diversity because of presenting the immigrants’ reasons in the form of videos, sounds, and objects taken with them while migrating ( Immigration Museum 2013). The variety of the objects presented supports the idea of cultural diversity because these objects are extremely different and provide information about the ethnic features and values of immigrants, as is noted while observing different types of religious texts, traditional items, and everyday objects. Immigration Stories Gallery It is possible to speak about the idea of cultural diversity while referring to the uniqueness of people comprising the diverse Australian population. Diversity of the Australian citizens can be described with references to differences in their races, languages, ethnic backgrounds, religions, values, customs, traditions, and political views (Bennett & Carter 2001). The Immigration Stories Gallery provides visitors with the opportunity to explore the idea of the cultural diversity with references to the stories of five persons who have different cultural backgrounds. For instance, the personal story of John C
Audit Planning and the components of audit plan Audit planning involves coming up with the overall audit strategy to be used in carrying out the audit engagement. An audit strategy needs to be set where the firm will identify the scope and timing of the audit. This is done by referring to the terms of engagement. The plan includes the objectives of the audit. The audit plan should contain the audit procedures that will be used to assess the risk in the organisation. The nature, extent and timing of the procedures should be stated. They should also be sufficient and effective to assess the risk. It should also document further audit procedures to be carried out at the assertion level for the different material classes of transactions. Thirdly it should include details on how the work of other auditors or experts. The plan should have information such the nature of the business and its operations. The auditors need to identify the risk areas. Any complex aspect of the business should also be highlighted. There will be a budget of the resources expected to be used for example staff, time and money for administrative purposes. Audit planning is important as it ensures that attention is paid to the critical areas (Collings, 2010). The materiality level is set during the planning stage. The areas which are more prone to material misstatements are identified. The audit manager also determines the audit team that will handle the assignment. He will need the right number of people with the appropriate skills, experience and knowledge. The auditors also on how the review of the audit work of the audit staff will be carried out. The complexity of the audit and the risk in financial misstatements will determine the nature, timing and extent of the reviews. If the auditors have never audited the company before they will need to get an understanding of the entity and the environment in which the company operates in. Planning also assists the team to create adequate time to work, coordinate and consult with the former auditors, internal auditors and experts in technical areas. The previous audit reports done will be analysed to see the key issues that emerged during the last audit. Where it is an initial audit for the auditors they will need to verify the opening balances of the financial statements. Overall the audit plan assists the audit team manage the audit assignment and do it in an effective and efficient manner. The audit plan and strategy is not static and may at times change due to unforeseen circumstances. The Audit Risk Model The audit risk refers to where an
Introduction Beliefs are explanations and assumptions that we choose to believe in. A belief is a truth that we assume, to improve our understanding of the world we live in. Our beliefs shape how we behave and the kind of attitudes we develop towards things. For us to succeed in life we must be willing to change our beliefs from time to time. There are constructive beliefs that lead to expansion and fulfillment of life, and destructive beliefs. Our main beliefs are usually based on what we learned and saw when we very small and young to decide what was true. Our parents usually pass our beliefs to us. Beliefs always made sense at the time that we chose them, but beliefs that we held as children do not make sense in adulthood. (Forrester, M. 2002). Morals are rules of conduct based on what is right or wrong according to society. They are also based on our firm convictions. Morality involves guidelines and rules that a group of people has established as right or wrong, good or evil. Morals govern an individual’s behavior and choices. Values are those ideas and beliefs that matter to us. Most of our values are learned at home, at school, or in the church. They are beliefs that are held deeply about what is good or right. Values also encourage and motivate us to do what is right and best. Personal values are strong desires that motivate and enhance you as an individual. They also help us on how we can conduct our life more fruitfully. Personal values such as honesty and trust assist us to relate to other people. Cultural values connect us to other people that have the same backgrounds as ours. Work values guide us on how to behave in professional environments. They assist us in relating to our bosses, co-workers, and clients. (Forrester, M. 2002). Achieving cert
The Prevailing Outlook in Social Inequality While sex endowment is a natural factor, under which one is bestowed with the accompanying privileges and challenges of being either male or female, one need not settle to the prevailing social inequalities evident in feminine discrimination but rather one should be determined to conquer social inequality and break all gender based barriers (Lake, 2006, p.1). Even though preconceived cultural and social norms govern varied facets of everyday life bestowing certain privileges while withholding others commensurate to ones gender, they do not necessarily have to dictate one’s social conception. The heightened vulnerability of females in the modern society to job discrimination, abuse and violence give a wakeup call for a radical revolution in the social domain to level gender equity. Many scholars did devote and are still devoting their time in a bid to demystify the existing gender differences; they have put forward several approaches on this subject, some of the most acclaimed theories to gender development include; the biological, interpersonal , cultural and the critical theories. The modern genius of hi-tech developments has had its fair share in contributing to sensitization of the global village on the emerging issues along gender domain (Wood, 2009, p.1). This proliferating social media in form of computers, laptops and internet coverage has taken the place of television, magazines and films – in creating a reliable platform for social
In The Search For Truth And Certainty , D. Taylor discusses different ways to find the truth for both believers and nonbelievers. The author starts his article with “truthseekers” using reason and faith as tools to find the truth. As opposed to both extremes, Fundamentalist Protestantism and Christian apologetic, Taylor argues that it is wrong to ridicule reason for mere faith and it is not healthy to believe that there is an unbiased and right way for using reason to defend our beliefs. In order to have a healthy attitude for reason, one must understand its limitation since we live in a world where there are unexplainable forces acting. In the article, Taylor also suggests as “truthseekers” we must embrace doubt in order to discover faith. In other words, it is wrong to view truth and certainty as equal meaning. Lastly, he points our gullibility towards the idea of absolute because humans with restrictions cannot possibly grasp the idea of infinity just to feel secure. Instead of leaning on certainty and absolutes, we must rethink the meaning which can lead us to the right way. Overall, I have enjoyed reading this article because it has helped me to solve religious issues. I have grown up with these issues in an atmosphere where I have no choice but to believe them without doubting. I have agreed with his argument that doubting can grow help in faith. Proper attitude with reasoning can find the right way towards grasping the truth. I believe without asking the question “why?” to find the meaning, we will lose our identity as “truthseekers.” It is easier to understand his argument because the author uses two stories that support his claims. These stories which deal with real people help me to apply the reading to my life.
The main problem in the healthcare system is considered to be medication errors. To lower the risk of this problem occurring, the healthcare sphere should be constantly improved. New technologies, innovative treatment methods, and renewed drugs can significantly develop healthcare. However, some barriers hinder the improvements in this sphere, such as the policy, funding, and the lack of research. The Catastrophic Care Act perfectly demonstrates that the significant changes in medicine adjoined with funding are hard to perform. This promising act was supposed to make health insurance more affordable for the elderly but was withdrawn one year after passage. The leading cause of the failure was the inappropriate planning of funding. As a result, the ones who are holding the innovations back are shareholders who strive to gain maximum profits. Only the extreme danger can reveal this problem and help the government regulate the funding. The recent pandemic that has spread worldwide forced the government of different countries to face the issues in the healthcare system. From my point of view, COVID-19 will change the healthcare system. Considering the current situation, it has already empowered changes, creating vaccines and testing technologies. The pandemic provokes the necessity of developing medical innovations that positively influence the healthcare system as a whole. Moreover, the Asian countries which have developed medical technologies showed the perfect example of the pandemic response (Smith, 2021). The government, being in extreme conditions, empowered the development of healthcare. Thus, all the funding and research problems can be solved. COVID-19 exemplified the drawbacks of the healthcare systems and the hidden potential and resources. Now, when the issues and their resolutions are highlighted, the government can start careful planning for future healthcare reforms. Reference Smith, B. (2021) How COVID-19 is changing healthcare in America. Robert H. Smith School of Business. Web.