ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Enlightenment, as described by Immanuel Kant means freedom to use one’s own intelligence. The enlightenment movement was a seventeenth and eighteenth century movement in western philosophy. It swept across America in 1776, and in French in 1778. This era was characterized by massive upheavals in political, economic, and social traditions. This movement advocated for reason as the main basis of authority. The movement was angered by realisation and recognition of the sorrowful state of the human conditions and the need for major reforms. They critically questioned the traditional institutions including their customs and morals. The era of revolutionary upheavals was marked by political changes such as governmental consolidation, nationalisation, more human rights recognition and reduction of influence of authoritative institutions like churches. (Munck and Thomas) Due to the oppressive and authoritarian rule in America and France, Enlightenment thinkers believed that orderly thinking could be applied to all spheres of individual activities as a solution to human suffering, and changing the government’s explorations of the person, society and the country as a whole. The enlightenment crusaders believed that their states could progress after a long period of stagnation due to superstition and traditional oppression. (Gay and Peter 2006) Discussion The enlightenment crusade power superseded the impact of social and economic conditions in promoting the revolution upheavals. The movement helped to create intellectual support in America and French, and their ideas were influential in the rise of classical liberalism, socialism, democracy, and recent capitalism. (Dieterle, Bernard, Engel and Manfred 2003) The enlightenments revolutionary upheavals reversed the traditional belief that mysticism and revelation were the basic source of knowledge and wisdom. They argued that, self-evident philosophy was the foundation of knowledge and stability. According to Benedictus de, the goal of philosophy based on self-evident axioms reached its heights with view of a universe where God and nature are one. The movement took a central role in justifying modernisation movement, which reversed the recognized traditions. Most of the 20 th century movements such as liberalism and neo-classicism have their intellectual heritage back to the enlightenment movement. (Himmelfarb and Gertrude 2004) Enlightment is thought to be the primary basis for critical ideas such as freedom of expression, citizens’ democratic rights, and reason. Prevalence of reason leads to capitalism, invention of scientific methods, multi-denominational religious groups tolerance and the organizations of state into self governing, sovereighn republics through democratic means.The ability of scholersand philosophers to apply rationality thinking to all problems,and the ability of writers to pursue the truth without fear of violating established norms is considered the efforts of the enlighters. (Dupre and Louis 2004) Most of the 18 th cent
The Competencies of the Candidates for the HR Director Position In this paper, the selection of the worker for the position of the HR director in the law firm, Nairduwel, Inoalot, and Imslo (NII), is sustained. The procedure of choosing the appropriate specialist includes the assessment of professional skills of three prospective employees. The criteria for selecting the candidate follow the following model. Primarily, the relevant experience is taken into account. Then, the methodology prioritizes cognitive and job knowledge tests. Finally, the answers to the questions about one’s success definition and the favorite sport games are weighed. It is critical to ensure that the addressed questions disclose the current and future work culture priorities of the employees (Judge & Heneman, 2011). Thus, the finalist, who takes the first place on the short list, is the candidate 2 for he possesses twenty years of HR management experience, fifteen of which are dedicated to supervising work. The finalist also possesses a perfect knowledge of the job type, due to the leading results of the job knowledge test. Nevertheless, the top priority finalist has one consistent drawback, which refers to the fact that he, obviously, does not like to take an active part in the work tasks since the candidate likes spectator sports and prefers flexibility and sustaining work challenges. However, since the answers to the orientation questions take the last place in the selection methodology, the finalist is likely to succeed in the recruitment. The specialist 3 takes the second place in the selection procedure, a
In Dead Poets Society , a well-known 1989 film by Peter Weir, an inspired teacher who opposes the conservative community is portrayed. John Keating teaches English and literature; during his lessons, the instructor not only explains the material to students but also talks to them about life. The man is an example of a true teacher who is loved by students. The action takes place in 1959 at a prestigious and conservative boarding school named Wellton Academy. The institution is located in a fictional town in Vermont; it prepares young men for entering the best universities in the USA. The plot centers around 7 high-school students who dislike Wellton Academy despite its status and call it Helton. On the first day of the last school year, the main characters meet a new English teacher, John Keating. His name sounds like the one of John Keats who was a well-known English poet and whose romantic views might have affected the world outlook of the teacher. In the first lesson, it becomes evident that Keating is different from other Wellton instructors. He is energetic and inspiring; the man leads children to the school museum and shows them the photos of adolescents who have studied at Wellton before. The teacher wants his students to understand that life is shorter than it seems to one when they are a teenager. Keating also emphasizes the importance of the Cape Diem principle and advises students to do what they love. Later, John Keating tells his students about Dead Poets Society, a poetical club that used to
Concept of IT Governance The world is increasingly getting globalized as technological inventions continue to get advanced in the society. According to Jargon (2011, p. 47), the world has been reduced into a small global village. Thanks to the advanced technologies. This scholar says that the current society highly depends on technology. Technology has been embraced in various sectors of the economy. It has helped standardize processes within firms. It has also been very important in the management of firms. The management of firms in the current competitive market requires employment of technology. This is because there is need to ensure that in every strategy taken, the management can have a clear knowledge of all the possible results, determine if there will be any possible challenge during the implementation, and how these challenges can be countered. This can only be possible when the scientific approach to management is introduced. This approach involves applying technology at all the managerial levels of the firm. IT governance has gained popularity in the twenty first century. As the world gets increasingly globalized, managements have come to realize that they have to globalize their operations. The world markets have been opened up for international trade. Coca Cola, a large American beverage company, has a global coverage. Similarly, Japanese Toyota Motors has global market coverage. According to Brooke, Lucinda and Yan (2011, p. 350), firms have come to realize that the only way to beat local competition is to go global. This scholar emphasizes the fact that most of the world markets in various industries have global players. When a firm fails to go global, its local markets would be eaten up by other foreign firms which will enter the local market. The best strategy is always to go global and fight competition from the global perspective. According to Leighton (2008, p. 110), globalization of various firms has made it necessary to embrace IT governance. A firm such as the Coca Cola Company has its headquarters in the United States of America. However, the firm operates in over 150 countries in the seven continents of the world. The top management cannot possibly run this firm through physical presence in all the branches of this firm. The management duty in various countries must be delegated to mid management employees working in these regions. These employees must work directly under the instruction of the top management. The vision and mission of the firm, the values and all strategic objectives must trickle down to the employees in all the regions around the world. Employees must feel the presence of the chief executive in their respective offices irrespective of their location around the globe. This is where technology has always been brought in to help manage such business. IT governance has been relevant in managing large organizations which have a global perspective. Such technologies as video conferencing have become very popular in managing branches that are overseas. Social media has also offered management strategies t
Richardson and Feldman (1986) studied the effects of food on salivary secretion and the impact of saliva on gastric acid secretion (pp. G85-91). They carried this experiment on 59 individuals who were informed of the procedures. The objectives involved in this study were to observe various implications related to salivary secretion. It was mainly quantitative research. They wanted to measure the increase in salivary secretion in response to food intake. Also, they focused on the effects of saliva on gastric secretions. They claimed that their research was different from other previous studies in that most of the previous studies used alternatives to natural food to observe changes in salivary secretion (Richardson & Feldman, 1986, p. G85). Instead, they opted for modified sham feeding using meals containing steak, french-fried potatoes and water, and chewing gum for their study. It has been observed that the ages of the subjects ranged between 20 and 52years, with the average being 41 years (Richardson & Feldman, 1986, p. G85). It was not clear whether any consideration had been given to age-related changes in respective individuals. Though it can be assumed that all the selected individuals were healthy, no particular mention of this can be found in their explanation of the subjects except for some sub-stages. For, the health status of an individual is vital for any experiment, and a failure to mention it may give the chance of considering the results as biased. They chose two methods to collect saliva from the subjects- one is expectoration and the other is aspiration using a dental catheter (Richardson & Feldman, 1986, p. G85). Though, the intended results seemed to be similar for both the methods, clarification for adopting two collection techniques was not provided. Also, the result might have been apparently similar, but the effect of a foreign object connected to a suction device on the production of saliva remains unclear. Nevertheless, within the scope of this study, it does not make much difference, as the focus should be on salivary response to food intake than collection modalities. The authors paid great attention to considering the effects of temperature changes on the food weight and adjusting the values accordingly (Richardson & Feldman, 1986, p. G85). However, it would have been better, if they had tried with a substance that does not show many temperature-related variations in the short duration of the particular stage, i.e., chewing of food and the later collection of saliva mixed food. Further, the use of devic
Introduction Over the years, the teaching systems in a variety of schools have dwelled on continuous assessment tests and end-of-year exams to assess the level of understanding and learning. Alternative ways of measuring learning such as oral presentation are rarely used or rather, they are used in only specific classes; for instance English. The oral presentation has also been used in classes where a foreign language is being taught for the teacher to know whether the students have either grasped the language or if they are fluent enough to hold a conversation or if they have got the pronunciation right. About that, simply defined, oral presentation is all about talking about a specific topic in front of a teacher or students. It is also used as a tool that develops the communication skills of students (Lianghuo & Shu Mei, p.83) Speaking of a class environment, the teacher chooses a topic from a wide range of subjects such as science, culture, religion, and many more; and the students are expected to handle these topics through discussion and analysis. Later on, the teacher can be able to measure or assess their level of learning. So, how effective is this alternative way of measuring the level of learning? This essay will explore the strength and weaknesses of an oral presentation assessment and give personal input about the suitability of using it as an alternative source of measuring learning. Strength of an oral presentation assessment First of all, one good thing about oral presentation assessment is that the teacher can easily tell whether the student has understood the subject of choice. In other words, the student’s way of explaining the point and delivering it for the audience to understand is vital to the teacher. In light of that, for instance, the teacher can give a student a presentation on religion to measure the level of understanding, assess the student’s eloquence, observe the student’s mannerisms on the stage such as eye contact, and posture, self-confidence, and language. Hincks and Edlund (2009) agree with this view when they state that an oral presentation involves the use of temporal features such as speaking at a pace that is appropriate to the audience. All this will be analyzed to position the student academic wise. After the oral presentation, the teacher will have the capability of helping the student in the weak area. On the other hand, the student will benefit in many ways. One most crucial way that is of benefit to the students is that they will know their weaknesses and learn how to improve on them. They will also learn their strengths and bank on them. In addition to that, the student will develop self-confidence and learn how to carry oneself when standing in front of a crowd. Another important way of assessing the level of understanding, especially when the teacher has a foreign class is to dwell on oral presentation. For instance, given a French class that is taught as a foreign language to a fluently speaking English class, a teacher can easily
Ethics that are present in the life of people also transfer over to businesses and how individuals deal with each other. The moral principles and laws that govern conduct should be universal in any civilized and just society if people want the market to be a beneficial environment for work. An article titled “Business Ethics: Two Moral Provisions” discusses the question of the need for morality in businesses and how much they are required by modern society. Kenneth Goodpaster makes a reference to John Locke and ethics that were described by the thinker. People should be allowed to do business and privatize land, as long as it does not become a detriment to the lives and prosperity of others. This is very true because land does not truly and fully belong to any one person. No one can own the planet, so it should be made fair for everyone to have an equal opportunity to possess a certain amount of property for personal development. The article mentions that there has been a shift in the thinking and understanding of business and the way it is conducted. Even though the market’s demands dictate the need for certain products or services, people should have a moral responsibility and do what is best for the greater good. It is well known that consumers are the ones who most commonly dictate what is needed, but business owners and employees should also have morality and the ability to defend their rights. The article outlines two distinct and important connections between businesses, ethics, and society. First, those who own a private business must properly communicate and establish respectful and ethical relations with the government and other organizations. This will ensure the interconnection between business people and society, as well as individuals. Second, business ethics must be definitively set towards the benefit of the majority, and only civilized and fair practices should be practiced for both businesses and the public to reach mutual respect and understanding (Goodpaster, 2010). The most important point the articles make is that ethics and the way business is conducted becoming the determining factor in modern society. Businesses should not be a separate entity that only works for their success and monetary gain. Because corporations and organizations are a part of the larger society, it is instrumental that the operation of businesses is centered on bettering society and advancing the world in the right direction. The author acknowledges the fact that the business world must have a close and sensitive understanding of people’s minds want and need so that it can adjust to ethics demanded by the majority of the population. It is made clear that preventing any unwanted behavior, illegal activity and selfish usage of the population is the most important ethical frame that must be followed (Goodpaster, 2010). The interconnection between the decisions that businesses produce, the products and services they make avai
Introduction The evolution of humans dates back to an uncountable number of years. Mankind came into being primarily as a similar genre to what we physically are today. Those species were called the ‘homo Erectus, the modern form of which we have named the ‘homo sapiens, or “us”. Homo Erectus and Homo Sapiens Homo erectus refers to an ‘upright man’. The other homo species are now extinct in the world, which includes australopithecines and the hominid genre. They were found to initiate in Africa, from where their fossils are detected by anthropologists and archaeologists (“Human Evolution”). When the homo Erectus was initially discovered by their fossils, they were found to be the smallest brained of the fossil hominins. But with time, it was researched and studied that the homo erectus fossils found in the 1930s were larger brained, and more similar to us humans (Anton, S., 2003). They were larger and this enlarged size probably called for an adequate diet for its growth and development too. The homo erectus seems to be the first hominids to have left Africa and move further out into the world. The homo sapiens migrated to other parts of the world including the Middle East and parts of Asia, about 120,000 years ago (Miller, T., Hackman, D., Knight, T. & Boboc, D.). Some cold periods followed, halting the migration, but as far back as 50,000 years ago, the homo sapiens moved to the remaining portions of the world, like China and Europe. Modern humans are called homo sapiens sapiens. They seem to have softer diets and more delicate physiques than the preceding species, like the homo erectus and the Neanderthals. Similarities between the Homo Erectus and the Homo Sapiens Sapiens These homo species both possess more or less the same features and traits, with just a modification of the form. The homo erectus had smaller brains than the modern man. The ridges of the eyes of homo sapiens are smaller in size compared to those of the homo erectus (“The Rise of Anatomically Modern Homo Sapiens”). The bones of the brains are thinner in the homo sapiens, and the forehead height is also smaller. The chin of the homo sapiens became more distinct than those of the former species. It can be seen that the present-day human form is a modification of the ape-like species, both of which possess free limbs and five grasping digits, i.e., the fingers. The homo erectus had large builds, which demanded more intake of food. Their teeth were bigger and the jaw cavity was roomier than those of the homo sapiens, which so easily accommodate a fine set of teeth. Researchers have seen the fossils to be large, giving us the notion that they fed on tough food items, like raw meat, etc.; their teeth were strong enough to chew on hard eatables. The homo sapiens differ from them, they cook their food until extremely tender, and chewable. The digestive abilities of the homo erectus were stronger, being able to take in raw forms of food, which were mostly hunted animals. The modern
In the survey The Effect Of Work Relationships On Organizational Culture And Commitment, as many as 89% of respondents confirmed that communication with colleagues affects the quality of life (Suhardi, 2020). It also turned out that if a person has at least one friend at work, it connects him more strongly with the company and supports his desire to stay in this place. Feeling connected to other people supports employees’ interest and involvement in work. Talking to colleagues, a person gradually gets rid of the fear of expressing their ideas and comments. Scientists from the University of Michigan conducted an interesting experiment, Friends (and Sometimes Enemies) With Cognitive Benefits: What Types of Social Interactions Boost Executive Functioning? The participants were divided into two groups: first, the first group subjects had to get to know each other for 10 minutes. And the second group was asked to participate in disputes among themselves on a certain topic. Then all the subjects were asked to solve several cognitive tasks. The experiment participants from the first group, who had previously just communicated in a relaxed atmosphere, showed the best results in solving problems. They had significant improvements in the executive functions of the brain. These processes are responsible for planning, concentration, prioritization, and organization. In other words, for the skills and qualities that we need to work. Reference Suhardi, M., Huda, S. A., Mulyadi, D., & Nazopah, N. (2020). The effect of organizational culture, leader behaviors, job satisfaction, and justice on organizational commitment . Journal of Applied Science, Engineering, Technology, and Education , 2 (1), 37-42.
Background   * Modern multicultural environment requires improved health policies;   * Links between health policies’ promotion and financial, social, and legal factors must be identified; thus, successful reinforcement of health policies will be possible. Over the past few years, a multidimensional model has been integrated into health policies (Costa et al., 2016). The specified tool allows meeting the Healthy People 2020 objectives and encouraging patient education for faster detection of health concerns (Kolbe, Allensworth, Potts-Datema, & White, 2015). The introduction of a flexible framework for handling the issue is strongly recommended. It is paramount to understand the connection between the promotion of health and social, economic, legal, and financial factors. Health Policies: Description, Objectives, and Key Components   * Instructions for health organization;   * Focus on improving patient outcomes;   * Promotion of patient education;   * Active use of communication. Thus, when considering current health policies, one must admit that most of them revolve around patient education and enhancement of communication between patients and nurses, as well as the increase in community collaboration (Kolbe et al., 2015). In addition, the emphasis on nurse education has been placed. As a result, opportunities for the consistent improvement of the quality of care have been created. Nevertheless, a further analysis of the subject matter is needed to meet the needs of the multicultural population. Health Policies: Examples   * Identification of threats related to the climate change;   * Analysis of the existing policies;   * Focus on environmental issues;   * Examples: healthcare for immigrants, multicultural communities, etc. The standards aimed at addressing the