ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction In their existences, organizations and companies are constantly being pressured by the competitive forces around them to increase their productivity and raise their performance levels. This is especially the case in the present day business environment which is rife with aggressive behavior and rampant competition which force businesses to look for innovative means to give them a competitive advantage therefore assure that they are not forced out of the market. In this environment, the role of management is more important than ever. Managers are the people who are taxed with the role of marshalling the human resource in the organization for its growth and expansion. For the manager to be of greatest benefit to the organization, he/she must be able to obtain optimum results from his/her staff. This can be obtained through various means amongst which is the possession of exemplary leadership skills by the manager. However, the manager must also possess sound theoretic knowhow on relevant subjects which should then be converted to practical application. This paper shall set out to argue that sound in-depth knowledge of motivational theory by the manager will in fact enable him/her to be a better manager. This paper shall reinforce this assertion by highlighting a number of motivational theory and how knowledge of the same can be exploited by the manager for higher productivity. Use of Motivational Theories in Management Motivation is defined as a “process of stimulating people to action to accomplish desired goals” (Kondalkar 2002, p.245). Bearing in mind the fact that the manager is tasked with marshaling the organization’s resources to accomplish some organizational goal, it can be rightfully stated that part of the role of the manager is to motivate his staff to achieve certain desired goals. It is the role of the manager to ensure that the employees have a high degree of motivation in their performance. One of the motivation theories that a manager can utilize is the Expectancy Theory. Chapman and Hopwood (2007, p.120) state that the expectancy theory as proposed by Vroom assumes that individuals choose intended actions, effort levels and occupations that “maximize their expected pleasure and minimize their expected pain, consistent with hedonism”. Expectancy theory asserts that a person’s individual motivational force is a function of their expectancy. In other words, the probability that one’s effort will result in a first-level outcome will result in the person being motivated to act in a certain manner. By following this theory, the manager should therefore strive to demonstrate to the employee that the outcomes they seek
“Tomorrowland” is among the biggest global music events that were first launched in 2005. Despite the benefits of this festival for the local community, such as increased economic activity and employment, “Tomorrowland” has also been criticized for the presence of drugs on-site, the issues with cleaning up the location after the festival, local community’s quality of life, and noise pollution. According to Turner (2017), during events such as Tomorrowland, “police generally occupy a low-key role at festivals with a focus on the seizure of drugs, rather than arrests” (241). Hence, the youth attending this event is exposed to drugs and seeing people around them be under the influence. Another issue with Tomorrowland is the effect that this festival has on the local community. According to Pavluković et al. (2018), the governments and organizers of festivals usually cite the economic benefits of these events but fail to acknowledge the discomfort the locals feel. An obvious environmental impact is a trash left behind by the visitors, which requires the administration of the festival to invest in clearing the site after “Tomorrowland” is over. Adbulredha et al. (2017) argue that major music festivals generate substantial quantities of solid waste, an estimated “0.89 kg per guest” (p. 388). This problem affects the environment negatively since this waste includes non-recyclable objects or items that need to be collected and send for recycling. Finally, noise pollution due to the powerful sound systems used by “Tomorrowland’s” performers, which can affect the hearing of the people attending the festival and cause discomfort to the community members, is also a problem. Overall, although “Tomorrowland” is an important cultural event that has multiple benefits, it also endangers the youth and the environment and causes discomfort for the locals.
The Spurlock Museum, also known as the William R. and Clarice V. Spurlock Museum, is one of the most famous ethnographic museums in Illinois. It contains numerous collections and exhibits from other different museums and campuses. In addition, this museum presents the historical objects donated by private individuals, such as Professor John Garvey. The peculiar feature of this museum is its variety of exhibits of different nations and cultures. There are five galleries, which represent the cultures of Europe, America, Ancient Mediterranean, Egypt and Mesopotamia, Africa, East and Southeast Asia, and Oceania. These galleries underline the diversities of each culture and their changes through different periods of time. East Asia, Southeast Asia, and Oceania is considered to be one of the most captivating galleries in the Spurlock Museum; it presents a lot of interesting and clear information that provides visitors with opportunities to learn more about such Balinese historical creatures like Rangda and Barong, which are two opposites, evil and good, and analyze deeper the history of Balinese people and their culture. The Balinese culture exists more t
Introduction The modern world faces numerous ecological problems resulting from the rapid rise of industries and extensive use of natural resources. A significant scale of the problem is evidenced by diverse pollutants and their sources that affect the environment and result in drastic changes. Smog is one of these. Definition and Sources Smog can be defined as the mixture of solid and liquid fog and smoke particles that are formed under the impact of high humidity and calm air (Editorial Board, 2013). The combination of these factors preconditions smoke and fumes accumulation near their sources (Editorial Board, 2013). There are several major reasons for the appearance of this pollutant which are transportation emissions, industrial plants and their activities, and heating caused by anthropological factors (Editorial Board, 2013). Nonpoint Pollutant Moreover, smog could be classified as a nonpoint-source pollutant. The given type could be described as the introduction of contaminants and other harmful substances into the environment over the widespread area (Editorial Board, 2013). Regarding smog, vehicles, plants, and other objects producing it could be found everywhere which means that a vast area becomes affected. That is why it is a nonpoint-source pollutant. Harm Because of numerous harmful substances that are found in smog, it can seriously damage the health of individuals increasing the risk of cancer and decreasing lungs working capacity (Editorial Board, 2013). Additionally, it can irritate eyes, respiratory tract, and cause problems with aspiration. People with heart or lung diseases are especially vulnerable as their states might become critical under the impact of smog. Ecology Animals and ecosystems also suffer from this very pollutant. Investigations show that smog inhibits the growths of plants and can cause significant damage to crops, trees, and vegetation processes (Editorial Board, 2013). Additionally, animals are not able to adapt to new conditions and live under the constant impact of toxic substances. In such a way, ecosystems become altered and need years to recover. Measures to Reduce Pollution Considering the harm done by smog, there are specific measures introduced to eliminate its sources and mitigate its negative impact. First, numerous attempts to reduce transportation emissions by using environmentally friendly engines are made. Second, the functioning of coal power stations is reconsidered to decrease the level of emissions (Editorial Board, 2013). Third, cleaning installations are used to minimize the harmful impact of plants and factories. Norms and Regulations Additionally, there are specific norms and regulations that are introduced to monitor the state of this pollutant. For instance, standards for exhaust and evaporative emissions are accepted to regulate the state of vehicles and this sort of pollution. The significance of the problem results in the appearance of technologies to control the pollution. Thus, specific wearable technologies are used nowadays to measure how many toxi
An examination of The Compassionate Friends website showed a good example why focus is important in any help group. Death, dying and grief are such large subjects, that no one site can really provide valuable help for those in need unless the site is very focused upon filling a particular need. Also, this site offers more than just the help available on the site: it is the Internet presence of an international group formed to help families, especially parents and siblings, through the loss of a child. With the tight focus and the real world connections to real people in local areas, the site offers comprehensive help for families coping with the loss of a child. The site is well designed and the design is very welcoming. There is no mention of membership or donations on the front pages and no membership fees, so people who need help do not feel as if they must pay for it. Somehow paying for help in dealing with the loss of a child just feels wrong. When people are dealing with grief, no matter how well meaning an organization might be, or how necessary financial support may be for the organization which may sincerely exist to help, asking for money will turn people away. Grieving parents already do not understand why they suffered such loss, and they have likely already paid enormous bills for care before and after the death of the child. Asking them for money must surely appear as if someone wants to profit from their loss. While there are links where people can make donations or purchase resources to help support the group, help is not contingent upon this. No charge is made for brochures or membership. In addition, full disclosure of financial statements is easily found on the site. The Compassionate Friends serves a real need in our communities where many families do not live close together. After the death of a child, parents often have few real resources unless they have a very different group of friends or attend a very forward thinking church. Often the family is spread across a continent, or even the world. Friend who have experienced loss, especially that of a child may know how much support the family needs, but most people do not really understand how long people need support. So friends may not be much help when it is needed. Grief is experienced differently by every individual, even though it is acknowledged that there are stages that everyone goes through. (Kubler-Ross 1970) This site acknowledges this and even mentions that it can take years before a grieving parent is ready
People have tried to learn all the secrets of their being since prehistoric times. They accumulated knowledge which has been regarded as the most precious treasure in the world. Unfortunately, education which is the major source of knowledge was (and still is) unavailable for many individuals. Moreover, a lot of people do not understand the power of education and remain in the darkness of ignorance. Fortunately, nowadays the majority of people know that education is something bigger than a set of certain data necessary for fulfillment of some task. Education leads to individual’s liberation since it opens up new horizons and makes people think, create and develop in relation between these two essays, “Learning to Read and Write” by Frederick Douglass and “Graduation” by Maya Angelou. Education reveals the power of knowledge which enables people to free their minds and reach their aims. For instance, knowledge set a slave free or kept a teenager from misery. Admittedly, American society has many illustrations of the power of knowledge. More so, educated people have always known the real power of education. For example, the famous leader of the abolitionist movement and former slave, Frederick Douglass, noted that his mistress believed that “education and slavery were incompatible with each other” (Douglass 70). To great extent, this assumption makes sense. Masters knew that education was a privilege of superior caste. It goes without saying that slaves could not possibly obtain such privilege. They were anterior caste. Thus, at the time education was for those who enjoyed freedom and wealth, but slaves should only complete their tasks, work hard silently. Slave-holders’ logic presupposed that if slaves could obtain education, their owners would have to work. Of course, this led to conclusion that education was incompatible with slavery. Slaves were illiterate. They could not read or even write their names properly. Moreover, they could hardly know who they were and how old they were. Their masters tried to keep it that way because literacy did evoke various thoughts and dreams about freedom. Moreover, ability to read and write created loads of opportunities for planning escape. Slaves could learn from newspapers about successful atte
In the course of medical development, experiments on live matter have become an integral part of medical research. Striving to discover and explain the peculiarities of body functioning, already ancient Greeks and Romans resorted to vivisecting pigs; the scientific revolution of the Enlightenment era witnessed animal testing becoming the leading trend and a conventional method of medical practice. Nowadays application of animals for testing a variety of products ranging from household compounds and cosmetics to pharmaceutical products is seen as an inevitable part of humankind striving for a healthier existence. However, for the past half a century the topic of animal rights has become a moot point that is debated throughout all layers of society, as certain ethical considerations lead to questioning the rightfulness of conducting tests on animals. But with all the respect to animal rights movement, animal testing still appears to be of vital importance for human beings, as despite the suggested alternatives it does not have adequate substitutes, nor does its renunciation provide a healthy perspective for humankind. Considering the issue from the viewpoint of animal rights activists, one faces the idea of animals as beings with their own beliefs, desires and self-consciousness. Thus, imposing human will on them in the form of violent experiments is viewed as infringement on animal rights. Moreover, in the majority of cases the standard research methods cause pain, suffering and discomfort to animal — and as it has been scientifically proved that animals do feel pain, such practices are classified as ‘cruel’ and not supported for humanistic reasons. Laboratory animals’ freedom is limited by cages in which they spend their lives; to make matters worse, after the experiments, the animals who participated are doomed to destruction. All of the above-mentioned presents the animal research activities as a process of animal confinement, abuse and massacre by more powerful creatures, the humans. However, addressing the medical part of the problem, one may recollect the remote mid-twentieth century, when American population was terrorized and locked indoors by the disease raging across the country: polio was affecting thousands of children, turning them into life-long cripples and leaving their parents desperate (Watson, 2009). At that same time diseases such as diphtheria, whooping cough, tuberculosis, measles and mumps were far from harmless and often lead to fatal outcome. Humankind used to be helpless in the face of ailments which, if called deadly nowadays, would bring a puzzled look to any of society members. The factors that have changed the situation so dramatically are the vaccines against all the aforementioned diseases — and obtaining those vaccines would have remained an unattainable dream but for carrying out laboratory experiments using monkeys, rats and mice.
Introduction The migration of people from one place to another has been a common phenomenon not only in the twenty-first century but also during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. There are many reasons that make people migrate from their country of origin to other countries which are inclusive but not limited to, conflicts, wars, and natural disasters as well as looking for employment opportunities. While some people migrate voluntarily, others are forced by different situations and circumstances to leave their country of origin. Such people are known as forcibly displaced persons and may include asylum seekers as well as people who involuntarily leave their places of origin due to natural disasters such as drought, floods, tsunamis, and conflicts that cause violence and persecution as studies by Turton (pp. 7) illustrate. Additionally, people who are displaced by different development projects are also classified as forced immigrants. Due to the growing trend of forced immigration, the issue has turned out to be a concern globally, more so because of its political and social implications. Forcibly displaced persons face many problems which include insecurity, lack of humanitarian support and discrimination, to name just a few. It is then imperative for the government and different humanitarian agencies to ensure that refugees are able to access humanitarian aid and enjoy basic human rights as other citizens. As a matter of fact, in the twentieth and the twenty-first century, various state governments and non-governmental organizations have increased their concern towards protecting such persons. However, there are various challenges and obstacles that hinder the maximum protection of forcibly displaced persons. With that background in mind, this paper shall discuss the main obstacles in ensuring the protection of forcibly displaced persons. Background Information Though forced migration has always been in existence as highlighted in the introductory part, it has increased to a large extent in the last three decades. The situation has been greatly influenced by the ever-increasing wars, and social as well as political conflicts in places like Southern Sudan, Iraq, Indonesia, Philippines, Afghanistan and Thailand, to mention just a few. Conflicts in such and many other places increase the number of forcibly displaced persons. Consequently, the governments have recognized the need of differentiating between forced immigrants and economic immigrants. In most cases, forced immigrants are also referred to as refugees but it is important to note that the legal definition of a refugee may exclude some groups of forcibly displaced persons. United Nations defines a refugee as a person who is outside his or her country of origin, who may not be willing or not in a position to return to the country of origin due to a valid fear of persecution based on someone’s religion, race, and gender, political or even social opinion (Castles pp. 2). However, as mentioned earlier, the definition leaves out some of the forced immigrants and it becomes difficult for them
Sport and religion may seem incompatible at first sight due to the calculated training, science-approved nutrition, and secular psychology. Furthermore, there are no clear statements about the importance of physical activity in biblical texts. Indeed, one of the most known Christian sports organizations is Athletes in Action (AIA), which helps attain excellence through the lens of Christianity (Cheney, 2019; Pubols, 2018). Their main philosophy is to perform and achieve for God, sacrificing their bodies for the common good (Cheney, 2019). Moreover, AIA aims to help its students grow spiritually in the competitive environment (Pubols, 2018). The initial goal of this organization was to aid athletes in traveling, but later it developed into a global network of offices in college campuses (“History & financials,” n.d.). The members of AIA are wrestlers, basketball, baseball, volleyball, and soccer players who are taught the principles of the Bible and its application in sports (“History & financials,” n.d.). Notably, the mission of this organization helps players to remain modest, resulting in constant hard work and improvement. The objective of this paper is to discuss AIA’s origins and history, mission statements, recent development, and future vision. This Christian group has a more than fifty-years long history of teaching young athletes the word of God. AIA was founded in 1966 by Dave Hannah as the ministry of parachurch organization Cru to provide spiritual guidance and training support (“History & financials,” n.d.). Two years after the establishment, they gathered the first official team of wrestlers who competed at the international level. Currently, AIA opened its offices in more than sixty countries, helping sportsmen and spreading Christian beliefs (“History & financials,” n.d.). Indeed, according to AIA’s president Mark Householder, all athletes need community because it allows them to feel accepted, removing anxiety and allowing them to focus on achieving excellence in their cr
Introduction The Quail Were Talking About Vietnam is an analysis of several short stories by Raymond Carver. The analyst, Wilson, points out that the stories mostly give the feelings, experiences, and troubles of veterans of the war who had returned to America (201). Through these veterans and the different characters they interact with, snippets of the stories of the war are gleaned. In this way, Carver communicates his feelings and experiences in relation to the war. This paper is written as a commentary. Wilson’s analysis helps the reader to understand the war (201). It discusses the extent to which the interpretation of the stories is accurate, and which gray areas it leaves, thus helping a person who did not live at the time to understand the war. The Veterans One dominant theme in Wilson’s analysis of Carver’s stories is the war veterans that he extensively, and confusingly so, refers to as the vets (201). This could possibly be mixed up with veterinary doctors, who are also called vets. Nevertheless, these vets occupy a large space in the analysis, and by extension, in Carvers’s stories. Wilson begins by pointing out that Carver himself was afraid of being drafted into the army since he was of poor physical health and also had a wife and two children (201). This gives an insight into the way people were forcefully drafted into the war and how they were afraid of this eventuality. This fear of being drafted is clearly expressed in the short story Bright Red Apples in which a young man Ruby sits under a tree in the field, terrified of being drafted. He listens to quail and concludes that the “The Quail Were Talking About Vietnam” (Wi