ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Violation of workers’ rights by corporations is common everywhere in the world. In the article, “Corporations and Workers’ rights”, Anup (2006) argues that the living standards all over the world are reducing because workers are getting low pay for their labor. International Monetary Fund and World Bank introduced the Structural Adjustment Programs in a bid to reduce cost of production for companies. The programs led to massive job loss especially in developing countries (Claude & Weston, 2006). Corporations have steadily become very powerful. They are thus able to lobby for favorable policies and legislations. They can threaten governments and arm-twist it to get favorable policies. Even in places where there are progressive rules, governments are unable and willing to enforce them for fear of backlash from powerful corporations. Anup (2006) gives several examples of multinationals that oppress workers and get away with it. Such multinationals take advantage of lax legislations in developing countries to oppress workers and make great profits. Coca-Cola Company for instance faces allegations of mistreating workers and harassing labor union leadership. Nike and Addidas subject their workers to harsh working conditions especially in South East Asia and South America. America, in spite of progressive laws, workers’ oppression is rampant. There are cases of labor union intimidation and even assassination of union leaders. Curbing workers’ oppression is challenging for various reasons. Multinationals shift their operations to countries where labor laws are not strict. A good example is Phillips-Van-Huesen. The company shifted its base from Guatemala after the government enacted strict labor laws. The second challenge comes from powerful multinationals that are opposed to progressive labor laws. A case in point is Germany where multinationals opposed the finance minister corporate taxation plans. Fair pay plans have faced resistance from governments that view it as a protectionist move.
Introduction Health care abnormalities represent one of the important concerns in the society. Addressing the complications of health ailments is always a challenging task to the health care system and to the family members as well. Certain cases appear in need of much clinical attention such as those encountered during early stages of life or late adult stages. Management of such cases necessitates both skill and professional expertise. In such context, the present description is concerned with highlighting about a condition, ‘Patent Ductus Arteriosus’. The thesis statement is that ‘It is not known whether PDA management is feasible with evidence based approaches. Briefly, patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) is an abnormality where the blood vessel ductus arteriosus fails to close. Here, the name patent indicates open. Ductus arteriosus facilitates blood to circulate the lungs of baby prior to birth (Schneider & Moore, 2006). Following the birth, the lungs become inflated with air, and that is why involvement of ductus arteriosus is not necessary now. It normally undergoes closure in a very soon following birth. PDA contributes to impaired flow of blood between the artery and aorta of pulmonary system which move blood from the cardiac region. The main complaints could include shortness of breath, sweating while feeding, fatigue very easily, rapid pulse, fast breathing and poor growth (Schumacher & Arbor, 2014). At the time of admission, physical examination appears vital for the early detection of the condition. Say, patients could display a persistent murmur situated at the boundary of sternum. It frequently radiates towards the left down area of sternum and then backwards (Schneider & Moore, 2006). Very often, the patient could produce a rumbling diastolic sound at the cardiac apical. This could occur in moderate or complicated ductal shunts. An increased pulse pressure could also possible if the shunt is moderate or complicated. The past history of patients with PDA shows much variation. Many patients usually proceed for the examination of murmur sounds of heart that occur asyptomaticaly (Schnieder & Moore, 2006). Others go for echocardiogram checkups even though they do not show overt clinical manifestations. Some patents possess reactive airways disease. Social history PDA if accompanied to adult stages could lead to a problematic quality of life. They could encounter issues like a history of muscle aches, chills, and intermittent fevers. If undiagnosed they could also encounter atrial arrhythmia, heart failure, or differential cyanosis confined to the lower extremities. Such condition could reflect unoxygenated blood shunting from the pulmonary to systemic circulation (Lankipalli et al., 2005). As a result, their routine interaction with the society members could be disturbed. Pulmonary diagnosis Very often, patients with less confined or much non confined patent ductus are vulnerable t
Introduction Our study will mainly rely on the history of women’s rights in the US and England. The legal position of women in the two countries has significantly changed over the past 200 years. We are using the two countries because these changes took place concurrently. The preliminary conditions were also the same since the legal systems in the US and England are based on the common law (except in several states). Changes in women’s rights and lifestyle over the last two centuries can be categorized into four phases. The first phase is the first half of the 19th century and the second phase is the second half of the 19th century. The third phase is the first half of the 20th century. Lastly, the fourth phase is the second half of the 20th century to date. Women in the 19th Century During the first half of the 19th century, women had very few rights if they held any. Women were regarded as men’s property and had no inherent rights. They were not allowed to own property or sign any contract. A woman’s property would automatically become the husband’s property immediately after they got married. The husband would do whatever he deemed fit with the property without consulting her wife. Married women could not own property until the first law was passed in 1870. Even after the law was passed, women were only allowed to own property not exceeding 200 pounds. Nonetheless, women and children could not be prosecuted for any crime. The husband was responsible for them (Bertocchi, 2011, P. 536). Only husbands had the legal right to divorce their wives. Even after the divorce, children were only allowed to be in the custody of their fathers. Husbands could legally break up with their wives on the grounds of infidelity. On the contrary, women could not sue their husbands on the same ground until the early 1920s. Furthermore, husbands had the legal right to punish or beat their women until a law was passed in 1923 (Doepke, Tertilt & Voena, 2011, p. 2). Unmarried women had no status in a society since marriage was the only career accorded to women. Unmarried women who belonged to the middle and lower class either remained poor or were only allowed to become private teachers (governesses) for children of the high and migh
Almost all fuels used in the world contain carbon. This carbon is obtained from a process called carbon fixation. Carbon is incorporated into the fuel through this process. Petroleum fuel from fossil is obtained from carbon fixation. However, carbon in fossil fuel was incorporated into the mass of the fuel millions of years ago. Very little of today’s carbon in the earth is progressively converted into a component of fossil fuel. However, there is another type of fuel called bio fuel made from organic substances known as biomass. This fuel could be a liquid, gas or solid substance. Biogas, a common bio fuel, is widely used for domestic purposes. However, most of bio fuel around the world is used in road transport. Organic substances from plants and animals are used to make biodiesel or alcohol, which is added to gasoline to moderate the composition of the emissions of a vehicle’s engine. The government has been encouraging the use of bio fuel since it is an alternative to the fossil fuel. Moreover, the government of the United States has been issuing incentives on the bio fuels to encourage their production. It is arguable that bio fuel can be used as an alternative to natural fossil fuel with a less significant impact on the environment. However, bio fuels have their own disadvantages. While some experts claim they could reduce pollution, others claim that bio fuels have a greater impact on the food chain, and the result is not worth risking. Since a significant amount of biomass is consumed in the production of bio fuel, some experts and analysts claim that food shortages in the world are due to extensive use of bio fuel. They argue that the material used to make bio can otherwise be used in areas with a tendency of food shortages. Furthermore, the shortages of food that are created by the production of bio fuel make food prices to rise. In addition, the high price that fuel producers offer for the biomass for making fuel tends to compete with food prices and automatically raises them. On the other hand, some analysts say that the manufacture and use of bio fuel is not the cause of the fuel prices. According to them, the fraction of to total fuel consumption that is covered by bio fuel is insignificant compared to the minimum amount of bio fuel sufficient to cause a rise in food prices. Sarah glazer in her article in the journal,”Global Researcher”, says that bio fuel is a major contributor to the rising food prices in the world. She claims that corn prices are an example in the United States (Glazer 501). According to her article, corn prices have made peopl
The Ottoman Empire The Ottoman Empire was a Turkish kingdom that existed between 1299 and 1923.The kingdom was made up of 29 provinces. It ruled over many parts of southern Europe, west Asia and North Africa. The kingdom further extended its territory to include overseas lands that were acquired through declarations of loyalty to the Ottoman Sultan and caliph. The kingdom ended on 24 Th , July 1923 and was replaced the present republic of Turkey (History World, n.d). The ottoman leadership transformed the three major capitals Bursa, Edime and Constantinople into commercial and industrial centers due to the influence of merchants and artisans. Under the regime of Mehmed and Bayezid the Jews who were fleeing from Europe were given refuge and treated equally just like the locals. This gentleness was necessary to avoid the rise of revolts which could dismantle the kingdom. The success of Ottoman kingdom according to Hovanissian (2004) was owed to a group of professionals that was responsible for monitoring the activities of the treasury. These professionals acted as the financial advisors of the kingdom. The strategic location of Ottoman kingdom barred the Spanish and Portuguese explorers to access the western and eastern routes hence they had to look for alternative routes. This hindered economic development in the region since trade was considered an economic driver. The influence of ottoman kingdom was enhanced by the authority that exercised on the new trade links to India that were first used by Vasco da Gama. Ottoman kingdom contributed to the growth of Western Europe by establishing commercial centers and allowing European immigrants to cultivate idle tracts of land. The ottoman kingdom’s system of governance comprised of two administrative units. These units were namely military administration and civil administration units. The Sultan was the premier of the government. The civil administrative unit was in charge of religious leaders. Caliphate is the highest position in Islam was assumed by the sultan. The ottoman Sultan existed as the supreme leader of the kingdom. The Imperial Herem was one of the most crucial elements of the Kingdom’s court (Bernstein, 2009). The ottoman court was chaired by a Valide Sultan who presided over the court rulings. There also existed a council of women who were referred to as the Sultanate of Harem who were in autho
The article ‘Teach your Parents well’ by Juliette Guilbert reveals how parent involvement in children’s learning impacts positively on their performance. In this article, Guilbert describes how the introduction parent education in helping their children learn has influenced remarkable performance among children in Miami-Dante County Public schools. More so, this article revolves around Reeve, a parent whose ambitions to help her daughter in succeeding with her studies was realized through his active involvement in parent-education program. With the introduction education to parents directly, this article shows how standardized Florida Comprehensive Assessment Test has hiked in various grades among the children as a result of active involvement of parents in their children’s learning. The major strategies revealed in this article for teaching parents to help their children in school are formal classes, specialized radio programs and active involvement of parents in community development programs through strategic partnerships. Reaction to the Article As revealed by Guilbert (2006), the introduction of parent-education program was mainly meant to facilitate active-parent involvement in their children learning. It is important to note that, one of the key desires for parents is to see their children prosper in their studies. However, some parents re faced by the dilemma of the appropriate approaches to help their children perform better in their studies. In this re
Introduction Modern medicine has not always existed in the state that we are all used to it. People have not always had the opportunity to complain about something that bothers them to a doctor and obtain the respective treatment of the illness. The numerous epochs observed in the history of mankind have their ideas about medicine and display various levels of medicine development. The medicine of the mythopoeic people or the medical services observed in ancient Egypt, the ancient Greek, and Roman medical traditions, the changes brought by Christianity, Middle Ages, Renaissance, etc. all have their positive and negative sides, all display both advantages and drawbacks for the society as the whole and the health of specific people in particular. Comparison of the medicine of the mythopoeic people with the medical services obtained by the civilized people of Egypt, Greece, etc. is exactly the topic of this paper. Medical Benefits of Non-Civilized Life Nowadays, people are concerned about their health and about the levels of the medical service they receive rather considerably. This happens even though modern medicine is proven to provide people with better health care than ever and prolong people’s lives substantially: “In myriad ways, medicine continues to advance, new treatments appear, surgery works marvels, and (partly as a result) people live longer” (Porter, 1999, p. 3). Nevertheless, people are not satisfied with the accessible health care and medicine levels, and to some extent, they have the right to be dissatisfied. The medicine that was observed during the mythopoeic period of human history provided human beings with several advantages that are not known to modern people. First of all, the basis of the mythopoeic view of the world was the myth, i. e. the belief that all the natural and human-related phenomena are ruled by some supreme divine powers that have supernatural force. Drawing from this, the medical treatment given to people was based on this belief as well. If a person had a fever, the doctor was sure that he or she had insulted gods or their ancestors, or that the black magic was used against the person. Although not always effective, such strong beliefs could cure the illness by the very strength of human thought and confidence in one’s recovery. Another advantage of mythopoeic medicine was its healthiness as such. Being mostly hunters and gatherers, the mythopoeic people consumed healthy food containing vitamins and necessary minerals, which allowed them to live to the rather old age and perform physical tasks equally or even exceeding the tasks that modern humans provided with the updated health care can perform. By chewing birch tar, mythopoeic people managed to preserve their teeth in good conditions. Being exposed to no environmental issues that negatively affect the health of the human being, the mythopoeic people seldom needed medical services in dealing with the overall state of health. Medical Drawbacks of Non-Civilized Li
My creation “The Weeping (Melting) Earth” demonstrates the actual picture of the earth as it is today. The melting of the cool clue mountains and ice caps by the fire created through the inactions of the humans the world over, actually shows that the earth is weeping and lamenting the activities of selfish humans and this melting (weeping) of the earth could lead to natural disasters and calamities. The title has been chosen to illustrate the inactions of humans and the resultant consequences which they have to face due to these inactions. Man’s selfish nature has distorted the face of the earth, due to the serious effects of pollution and global warming. The rapidly changing structure of the industrialized world is resulting in the rapid change in the beautiful structure of the earth. The creation was deeply influenced by the themes and ideas of David Hockney and Edward who is a photographer with an environment focus. The prominent theme in the works of both these artists is the way nature and natural beauty is being transformed through the heavy industrialization which occurs by man’s actions, the underlying message of my creation as well. The environment and the debilitating effects of pollution which is the direct result of the irresponsible acts of humans, has resulted in serious problems with regard to the earth and it s atmosphere. This creation of mine, ‘The weeping (Melting) Earth’ aims to highlight the problems caused to the earth due to the unthinking nature of man and how these problems have ‘angered’ the earth and caused its face to change, which could cause serious natural disasters due to the melting of the ice caps and the polar mountains. Additionally, Hockney’s mosaic style inspired me to try the technique, which in turn motivated me to try using gypsum for bringing out the desired effect. The creation has given me the confidence and determination to try and evolve my qualities through the process of hard work and trial and error. This is definitely not an easy task as the play of hands is not without faults. However, the techniques can be perfected only through hard work. I had begun the process of creating the globe, but the more I worked on it, each time I did something, I got an idea to better it. I had initially begun working on the globe painted in red, depicting fire. I had decided to keep the two halves differently, with the upper half painted and the lower half done in mosaic. However, while working on it, I suddenly hit upon the idea that the upper half of the globe could be done in blue to depict the melting ice caps which are dripping due to the effects of pollution and global warming. Having decided to paint the upper half, I was well aware that it is indeed a big challenge to do so, since I had never ever used it or tried doing it during the course. However, to my surprise and great ecstasy, the effect was truly amazing. The effect of melting came about fantastically with the globe really looking as though it was melting, the ice caps, and the mountains……all melting and dripping into the deep blue sea. Th
Introduction Marriage refers to a union of two individuals who come together to form a family as recognized by social or legal provisions. With the consideration of marriage as a contract and provisions of laws of contracts, there are limitations to age at which people can marry at their own consent. People under the age of eighteen are thus prohibited from consenting to marriage unless under approval of their parents. This paper seeks to argue that people under the age of eighteen should not be allowed to marry. The paper will look into opinions for and against marriage at a minor age with the aim of opposing marriage before the age of eighteen. Why people should marry before eighteen years old There are a number of opinions that have been raised to support marriages at a younger age, below the maturity age. The realized fertility rate among women in the minority age bracket and outside marriage has been a common occurrence. Fertility rate is also being realized to increase among women who are not married as compared to the category of married women, a category that includes women under the age of eighteen. A research conducted towards the end of the twentieth century indicated that teenagers who were not married were particularly under the condition of high fertility that led to high births among the minors outside marriage. According to these opinions that associate minority age of women together with not being married as a factor to increasing number of illegitimate children, it has been argued that marriage at a minor age is a solution to reducing the number of illegitimate children as well as reducing fertility levels, an objective that has been sought by a number of governments across the globe (Seiler, 2002). Early marriages that include teen marriages have also been supported by the fact that as people grow old, body factors deteriorates and has a possibility of reducing a woman’s chances of getting married. Facial attractiveness or even skin conditions that changes as people grow old thus calls for engagements into marriage as soon as an individual possibly can in order to avoid failure to get a marriage partner on the basis of unfavorable body changes. There have also been fears of increasing activities as people grow older. Involvements in economic activities together with increasing responsibilities that people realize with time in life is also identified to hinder a person’s chances of getting into marriage at a later age. Avoiding such incidents would be to get married as earlier as possible which would include consideration of marring at a minor age (Neckerman, 2004). Contrary to the published negative results of teenage marriages, there are a number of marriages that have been established by teenagers and have stood tests of ti