ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction The substantial clash during the American Civil War Vicksburg’s campaign was the Battle of Vicksburg, also referred to as the Siege of Vicksburg. Through a succession of skilled tactics, Union Major General Ulysses S. Grant and his Tennessee army traversed the Mississippi River. Subsequently, they pushed Lt. Gen. John C. Pemberton’s Confederate army into the shielding edges neighboring Vicksburg’s citadel city in Mississippi. Grant beleaguered the city from the eighteenth day of May 1863 to the fourth day of July 1863 (Sidwell 705). The cordon was sustained until the metropolis submitted, relenting the Mississippi River command to the Union. Therefore, the Union accomplished one of its fundamental goals for attaining triumph in the Southern empires’ battle and secession along the Mississippi River. The earlier Gettysburg victory caused pronounced delight for the people in the Northern kingdoms (Sidwell 706). Nevertheless, a prolonged period of bloodshed lasted for about two years, which persisted from the date of conquest to the peace deal reached in 1865. Assaults Grant organized for a quick reconnaissance since he needed a swift end. His troops, led by Sherman’s corps, arranged a frontal town physical attack against the Confederate forces by streaming from the Northern Graveyard Street into the deadly Stockade Redan fire. The Federals sought out hideouts and retreated to the Union borders (Klingenberg 923). Despite the presumption that the Confederates were depressed, they redeemed their defensive superiority promptly. Grant executed his second attack by undertaking systematic reconnoitering and releasing missiles fire to rebels to weaken them. There was a bloody rebuff, but the Union corps was highly reactive and fully rummaged with the tactics. The Union undertook the night assault accompanied by hardtack, coffee, and beans, and it was anticipated that Vicksburg would tumble the following day (Klingenberg 924). This is because the Union troops barraged the city the entire night and also employed the naval firing from the river. The invasion caused slight property destruction and shattered the morale of the Confederates. Notwithstanding the night bombardment, the Union perpetrated another four-hour combat the following morning along a threefold-mile facade. Sherman, James B. McPherson, and John A. McClernand confronted Graveyard Road, the epicenter along Jackson Road, and the south along Baldwin Ferry Road, respectively. John A. McClernand further attacked across the Mississippi Southern Railroad (Klingenberg 924). The Union troops tried to subdue their rivals several times, but Confederates would beat them hands down as they had easy access to reinforcements due to their smaller internal borderlines. Afterward, Grant organized a diversionary raid led sequentially by Sherman’s, McPherson’s, and McClernand’s forces. Despite the charged reinforcement, the Union’s troops were bloodily repelled and were afflicted with about 4,000 casualties (Klingenberg 924). All the efforts and attempted assaults against the Confederates were rendered unsuccessful. Siege Grant’s river gunfire shots confined the Confederate
In his stage play “Death of a Salesman”, Arthur Miller introduces us to the family of Willy Loman. There is greater influence of the parents to the children as is portrayed in the play. Willy Loman’s laxity has weighed heavily on the conduct of his sons, Happy and Biff. The main theme in the play is sustained in the play with the sons of Willy attaining their personality from their father. We learn that one’s upbringing shapes their behavior, whereas one’s surrounding shapes their character. This is quite evident in the case of a parent child interaction as portrayed in the play. Since most of the time the child will look up to their parents, their ethical and moral values will be acquired from their parents. The impact of parent’s ethical degradation, on their children in is shown clearly in the play “Death of Salesman” by Arthur Miller. Willy Loman set a very low morality standard for his sons by his actions and therefore he was not a good role model to them. For instance, the theft committed by Biff was never considered as such by his father; on the contrary, the latter actually encouraged his son’s actions. It could be argued that the father was acting in good faith; on a second thought, though, it becomes clear that his motivation was not to save his children from an obviously harsh penalty for a theft, but pure desire to encourage his children’s worst qualities, such as lying in order to get the appreciation of the authority – a coach, in the given case. On another occasion, lumber was stolen from a construction site by Biff and his brother Happy. In place of rebuke, they received appreciation from their father for the wrong they did. He was proud of the large amount of lumber they stole. By praising them, Willy blurred his sons’ vision of stealing as immoral and ethically wrong. Past studies show that what children see as warranted actions from authoritative people, primarily, parents, will later on be considered as generally acceptable by such kids as they grow up. In the case of Biff and Happy, much hope was lost due to their father’s irresponsibility and lack of will. Apart from dishonesty as the means to get promoted in the eyes of the leader by resorting to theft and lies, Willy also approved of deceit in family relationships, which has affected the boys on a much deeper level, leaving them not only financially irresponsible, but also socially isolated. There is no need to stress the significance of family support and the significance of trustworthy relationships with relatives; being deprived of the given elements, one is most likely to lead an unhappy life, with no one to care for and no supporting spouse to be by one’s side. By showing his children that one can legitimately cheat on his/her spouse, Willy destroyed his children’s chance to ever become family men and have supportive spouses. Granted that at some point in their lives, Biff and Happy will forget about this example set by their father, the pattern of family relationships will be imprinted in their mind, which will inevitably lead to them
Democracy, in its rudimentary form, is described as a kind of a political government whose powers are derived from the people. The power is often found by referendum or by electing representatives in county governments, members of Congress and other political government representatives. Democracy is therefore the system of rule, which the people who are governed have chosen. Democracy contrasts with other systems like monarch, totalitarian rule, communistic rule, and timocracy. This is because, in the case of democracy, there is freedom of expression and the public is free to participate in sociopolitical activities. There is more freedom and the public participates directly in the system of governance. In a democratic system, all citizens are allowed to vote whoever they want. Apart from participation in governance by the public, there is also liberalization of economic sector and social activities. It is worth noting that the United States is a Republic not a democracy. A republic is a system in which the people chose people who represent them in formulating policies. Settings and the mediation organizations should be restructured to ensure that they enhance reclamation of public work for citizens. This will in turn reinvent the citizenship of Americans. The practice of public works is crucial in this aspect. This is because the practice forms a basic conceptual approach to civic education. Thus, public work provides the framework in which the reinvention of active citizenship is built. Therefore high schools should incorporate the culture of mandatory community service in their curriculum. Work places should be in democratic environments which allow for the participation of their workers in community services and public activities. Forums should be encouraged so that people can assemble to petition their representatives to redress their grievances. In these assemblies, the public can also speak and act in concert. Reinventing citizenship through the above ways has its own pros and cons. In addition to this, the civil society has the mandate to train people on civic education so that they become more effective in the contemporary political world. First of all, teaching the habits and skills of citizenship has a particular challenge in that some members of the public are known to be law breakers. In any particular community, there are those people who heed the law and those who do not heed. Those who do not heed cannot implement the teachings of citizenship. Similarly with offering mandatory civic courses, those people who are law breakers, tend not to heed to civic education thus offering a direct challenge to this method. The issue of mandatory community service has also been met with a lot of resistance from a section of the public. This is
In this paper, I will focus on such business action as the establishment of an open door policy for ideas, concerns, and solutions suggested by the front line employees. I consider that this action is an innovative idea as it provides plenty of opportunities to improve the current situation in the context of effective communication. The value to the organization is also expressed in the fact that internal listening and collaboration can significantly enhance productivity. Furthermore, strong communication leads to the increased motivation and job satisfaction of the employees (Nielsen, Peters, & Hisrich, 1985). The core of innovativeness, at this point, is in the implementation of innovative communication strategies to engage the front line employees. For example, following the assumptions of Nielsen et al. (1985), it is possible to shorten response time by employing bilateral transactions. This can be implemented through the creation of a specific app that would make it possible to receive timely feedbacks and recommendations and initiate online discussions. Finally, according to the research by Chesteen, Perkins, Timmons, Parker, and Addison (1967), “children participating in the Head Start program made significant gains in school readiness” (p. 277). Therefore, the implementation of the proposed innovation is likely to benefit the organization and its target population on a large scale. In terms of Return of Investment (ROI), my business action would benefit both the organization and the employees. They would use the app to provide effective communication that is essential for the organizations’ successful performance. The benefits also involve reduction of costs on communication coach’s salary and health care caused by decreased burnout rates in the employees. To design the app, it is necessary to apply financial and human resources as well as certain equipment. The required budget should be based on the accurate analysis of the costs related to the creation of the app. Several web designers and developers are to be hired to design the app making it user-friendly. As for equipment, it is essential to ensure that the app would work appropriately on Apple, Android, an
The Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), previously known as Zaire, is located in Sub-Saharan Africa. By area, the nation is the second largest in Africa and eleventh worldwide with an estimated 71 million people (Weiss 2000). Presently, the country is led by President Joseph Kabila who succeeded his father (Nzongola, 2004). Politically, DRC has been characterized by heinous political acts. Political coups, dictatorships, and civil wars have been the order of the day since independence in 1964 (Weiss, 2000). This discouraging political environment is one of the major contributing factors towards the poor progress the country has made in governance and development. Until 2003, DRC had no established system of governance. From 2003 to 2006, the country was governed under an interim constitution, which established different new governing institutions at different levels of the government branches. In addition, the constitution set up new administrative posts which eventually enabled the mineral-rich country to have a democratic republic led by a legally elected president. In addition, a governing system whose parliament consisted of two chambers was also created in the constitution. This parliament was composed of the national assembly and the senate. The senate was majorly tasked to draft a new constitution. The executive branch was put in the cabinet and consisted of 60 members. It was headed by the Head of State (Guttieri & Piombo, 2007). Presently, the country is governed under the 2006 constitution. The constitution divided the country into seven provinces (Guttieri & Piombo, 2007). The head of state (the president), is elected through a democratic election and can serve for at most two five-year terms. The constitution established a legislative house consisting of two chambers (one hosting the National Assembly and the other the Senate). The national assembly hosts 500 members majority of whom are voted in proportionately while a minimal number are elected directly. The political party with majority seats in the national assembly appoints the prime minister. The senate is made up of 108 members, who serve for a five year term just like the national assembly members (Vlassenroot & Raeymakers, 2004). Although DRC plays home to substantial mineral deposits, little has been done to harness them into economic assets. The county has enormous social and economic development potential but its development indices are still low (Wallace et al. , 2006). Presently, the country’s mineral wealth is the back bone of the economy. Unfortunately, the government has concentrated in developing the mining industry at the expense of agriculture. The country’s rich soil therefore, remains underutilized. Vlassenroot & Raeymakers (2004) explain that economic growth was very high during Belgian colonial
Introduction Due to the abundance of natural resources in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA), the issues of energy efficiency materials and strategies were frequently overlooked. For this reason, Saudi Arabia lags behind other developing countries in terms of developing energy consumption standards and rational patterns. After the launch of the National Energy Efficiency Program (NEEP) in 2003, the situation has been improved, but there are still a number of deficiencies in the sphere, including:   * the lack of efficiency knowledge on the individual, corporate and state levels;   * the shortage of energy-efficient materials and technical specialists. NEEP in Saudi Arabia As a part of the United Nations Development Program, the National Energy Efficiency Program (NEEP) in Saudi Arabia was launched in 2003 and was later extended to 2011. The main goals of this program are to develop efficient and rational consumption patterns to satisfy the growing energy demand and protect the environment at the same time. The main incentives in the frames of the NEEP in Saudi Arabia include regular energy auditing in the industrial and commercial sectors, developing policies for energy-consuming regulation in residential buildings and improving the exchange of information related to the efficiency of energy consumption (United Nations Development Program). The main objectives of the NEEP included removing the barriers to customers’ and suppliers’ awareness on the importance of the issues of energy efficiency through workshops and training programs. Additionally, the program is aimed at developing energy-efficient standards for the construction of new buildings and equipment. The achievements of the NEEP included the improvement of the institutional infrastructure for ensuring the widespread use of more efficient technologies. The awareness of the importance of proper management of energy usage and its advantages was increased on the national level. The Energy Efficiency Information and Awareness Center played an important role in educating the stakeholders on different levels. The energy efficiency labels were helpful for reducing energy consumption per capita. The 40 audits which were done in the course of the NEEP and the advertizing program were helpful for developing the databases and spreading the information to different categories of consumers. It is notable that an international consulting firm has been hired for supporting the implementation of the NEEP project in Saudi Arabia. Regardless of noticeable improvements of the current situation with energy consumption in Saudi Arabia, there are a number of gaps in the existing procedures and policies regulating supply and consumption of the energy efficient materials. The main challenges and solutions for the NEEP in Saudi Arabia The NEEP in Saudi Arabia faced a number of challenges which became important hindrances for the effective implementation of the project. The main local problems include:   * the summer peak demand,   * the lack of the consumers’ awareness,
Introduction Housing is one of the most important items amongst the basic needs for human beings. Most of the important things a man would like to achieve in life would be difficult without quality housing. For instance, to find and keep a job, to learn and to maintain our health would require us to have quality housing. Access to quality housing, however, is not always available to many people and like any other commodity, housing bears price tag attached. If one wishes to have proper housing, they must be prepared to pay for it. Therefore, the better the standard of housing, the higher the price attached to it. The most important issue in the life of a human being is how to afford the sort of housing they want. They therefore need to match their income with their aspirations and expectations and the kind of housing they want to buy. People may lack sufficient income for the kind of housing that would best suit their expectations. The most important issue with housing is quality housing and to access it. There is clear trade-off between quality and access to housing. Housing finance tries to enable people solve the problem of housing by giving them a better solution (UNHSP, 2005. P156). The purpose of this essay is to account for the truth of the claim that “The management of housing finance is the key to successful housing organizations”. The essay starts with exploring a better understanding of housing finance in England and the demand and supply forces that influences the housing. Then the other part is concerned with the contribution of housing finance proper management to the success of housing organizations (Garnett, & Perry, 2007, P.67). Understanding Housing Finance and Housing organizations in UK Housing finance is concerned with ensuring that the citizens of a country gain access to quality housing that suits their expectations. In England, the main type of housing is social housing where the councils provide accommodation to low income residents at affordable prices. In social housing, people are usually allocated accommodation with regards to their needs and they are supervised by the social landlords who are indeed the owners. They are controlled by the government through housing associations. Housing associations are usually self-regulating and are usually not-for-profit. Their main purpose is to provide cheap accommodation to the low income earners who are in need of housing. In the United Kingdom, they provide accommodations to approximately 5 million residents. In addition to low income earners, hou
Mark Rothko, a Latvian émigré, was a practitioner of Abstract Expressionism. His later work, for example, White Center (Yellow, Pink and Lavender on Rose), was non-representational, avoiding portraying a person, landscaper, or object (Rothko, White Center (Yellow, Pink and Lavender on Rose), 1950). Studying this painting offers an insight into the evolution of modern art styles (Comenas, 2013). Mark Rothko was born Marcus Rothkowitz, in 1903 1 . His family immigrated to Portland, Oregon. After a stint at Yale, he moved to New York City and took up the study of art. During the 1930s, he had individual shows, exhibited with a group of like-minded dissenters against representational art 2 , and worked for the WPA (Biography.com, 2013). 3 His work then still included recognizable figures and objects, for example in Portrait (Untitled) (Rothko, Portrait (Untitled), 1939) i . In the 1940s, his paintings displayed vague and suggestive shapes, for example, Multiform (Rothko, Multiform, 1948) ii . He was intrigued at first by children’s approach of art, and later, by myths, legends, and the philosophical writings of Friedrich Nietzsche. By 1943, he joined the artist Willem de Kooning in a manifesto to “make the spectator see the world our way – not his way” (Biography.com, 2013). These artists called themselves Abstract Expressionists, aiming to express ideas rather depict the world around them (Biography.com, 2013). His signature style, featuring colour blocks floating on large canvases have become so iconic that the work under consideration here – White Center (Yellow, Pink and Lavender on Rose) – sold for a record-breaking sum of 72.8 million US dollars in 2007 (Melikian, 2007). The style that Rothko is most famously associated with is this Abstract Expressionism, which rejected any form of representation. This continued a decades-long movement away from the Neo-Classical attempt to capture reality in the paint. The second half of the 19 th century witnessed a major break with obsessions over perspective and fabric texture. iii The Impressionists wanted, instead, to capture impressions of light and forms. Today it almost seems an inevitable progression. Monet’s loose brushwork 4 in the late 1800s gives way to Cubism’s increasingly non-realism 5 iv v . Willem de Kooning, Jackson Pollock and Mark Rothko then follow in rebelling against academic, conservatory art. vi vii They felt that art need not be, and in fact, should not be about anything except, perhaps, ideas that were “tragic and timeless” (Seldes, 1996) 6 . Rothko may not, himself, have felt comfortable with the term Abstract Expressionism, preferring to use the term Symbolist (Comenas, 2013). The 1950 Rothko’s painting under consideration here consists of loose rectangular areas of vivid co
Introduction Research and statistics are crucial discipline in various natural sciences. This is because they help specialist in making appropriate decisions in their field. Statistical tests are usually applied in quantitive research (Aron & Coups, 2009). This question requires the definition of research and statistics, differences between primary and secondary data. It also requires the role of research and statistics in the field of psychology. Research is defined as the detailed study of a subject in order to develop new information. It involves collecting and analyzing information or data and dissemination of facts in order to develop unique solutions to problems or cases. The term research is used to describe a series of activities involved in finding and presenting new information. It may include gathering data through surveys, experiments or even other techniques. It involves a series of steps, which must be systematically followed (Howitt, 2009). Scientific method is the process through which scientist collectively try to get a reliable and consistent representation of the world. It attempts to reduce the impact of bias in the experiment when testing a hypothesis. In this case, a problem is identi