ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Terrorism and its various forms Terrorism has been defined differently by various scholars. Some have mentioned that it integrates the idea of political terrorism which comprises the use of violence by either a group or an individual with the sole intention of creating anxiety and fear towards a targeted group. The target group is normally much bigger than the immediate victims. Significantly, fear is the main and most important element of terrorism if at all it is meant to succeed. A case in a study in which fear has been the element used to rule is that of China’s Mao Ze Dong in the early 1950s. Many governments across the world have therefore responded fearfully by enhancing social and political change. Well, the constructivists look at terrorism as an outcome of social structures as well as it being a “consequence of discourse”. The sub-state terrorists such as Al Qaeda and the Tamil Tigers perceive themselves as freedom fighters and in other cases as people fighting for their territories. Hence, they go ahead and execute such acts as suicide bombings, assassinations, hijacking, and threats among other methods. Alternatives to countering terrorism Given that the so-called terrorist movements keep on evolving and rapidly adapting to the various environments across the globe, it is important that governments and other national and international organizations seek other alternatives that will help counter-terrorism. For instance through counter-terrorist diplomacy, manipulation of the media, intelligence, implementation of a good and competent government, and critical incident control among others. This, therefore, implies that the use of the military in countering terrorism is not always successful. Therefore, it is not advisable for states to continue allocating huge sums of money towards the military but invest in other methods such as diplomacy as well. The International community should, however, cooperate in pushing into power the competent governments that will foresee the thorough implementation of policies and most of all installing competent police forces. This will in turn help counter-terrorism as the governments will be cooperating in promoting peace and security which constructivists acknowledge as vital for every nation. The responsibility of the governments and intelligence agencies regarding terrorism All in all, it is possible and however important that governments as well as other agencies change their perception of terrorism and try as much as they possibly can to be open-minded on this issue. However, some scholars propose that it is upon the governments and the intelligence agencies to change how terroris
Introduction Scholars and business administrators agree that the activities of companies should be based on some moral judgment. Mere pursuit of profits is no longer acceptable for organizations that claim to be good corporate citizens. It is believed that business ethics and corporate social ethics should ensure that companies are managed in ways that benefit the whole of society. This essay is aimed at examining this claim. In particular, it is possible to argue that this requirement should be specified and limited. Businesses can benefit the entire community by offering excellent services or good. Moreover, they should eliminate or minimize possible risks to the wellbeing of the community. However, managers cannot possibly predict the effects of business activities on the whole of society since such effects may be difficult to trace. The main task of CSR and business ethics is to eliminate various malpractices that can harm the interests of various stakeholders such as clients, employees, or community. Certainly, for-profit organizations can bring some improvements into the live of the community, by creating jobs or participating in charity; however, the capabilities of companies are limited and managers should also think about the profitability and the interests of the shareholders. On the whole, one can say that business ethics and CSR should act as safeguards against various dangers, but people should not think that businesses should responsible for the wellbeing of the entire community. In this paper I would like to illustrate how corporate social responsibility and business ethics can be applied by modern businesses. The first section will examine the reasons why many companies chose to follow to the principles of CSR and business ethics. I will also speak about the stakeholder theory that explains how enterprises interact with the community. The second section will discuss the role of business as beneficiaries. In particular, it is necessary to show that companies cannot always benefit the whole of society, because they shoul
Introduction Food plays an important role in the development of a society. Some may even argue that food has contributed significantly to the establishment and success of various cultures around the world. I believe that food tastes better when it is shared among family and friends. There are different types of food depending on the ingredients used. However, due to physiological, religious and cultural reasons, most people are very choosy about what they eat. For example, despite how the food was prepared or presented, I never liked or ate chicken noodle soup in the past. This was attributed to its smell, looks and slimy feel. This essay shall give reasons as to why I could not eat this food, and how I came to like it. Description of the food Chicken soup is made from chicken mixed with other assorted ingredients. The traditional chicken soup is often made from boiling chicken together with some vegetables. During my childhood, my mother liked preparing this soup for us. She used to believe that it had medicinal values and that it could be used as a remedy for colds and flu. However, I never liked it. The sight of this meal made me slightly nauseous. I never understood why this meal had a negative impact on my nasal cavity. I ate chicken, but I did not like it as much. My dislike for chicken soup In my opinion, chicken was tasteless and it looked slimy. The soup was even worse. In most cases, I could see a layer of fat floating at the top. The chicken pieces looked white and bear. Each time my mother cooked the soup put me in a miserable state. Since I was not allergic to chicken or its byproducts, my mother decided that enough was enough. After everyone had eaten their soup, my mother told me that I would not go into my room until I had cleared my bowl of soup. I tried to prolong the inevitable for as long as I could in that circumstance but I finally caved in due to my mother’s persistence. I took the bowl in my hands and poured its contents in my mouth. I immediately threw up all over the table. I could see my mother’s conviction as she threw her hands in the air. I never understood why
Introduction Scholarly articles must follow specific criteria to be considered credible sources. Such papers should represent original research and meet certain requirements to have high academic value. This paper provides the general analysis of the provided articles and the detailed evaluation of the academic quality of the selected material. Analysis There are several peer-review elements that let the reader suppose that authors of the provided articles are knowledgeable and the papers represent proper original research (“Distinguishing scholarly from non-scholarly periodicals,” 2018). The first article, “Oyster feuds: Conflicting discourses and outcomes in Point Reyes, California” by Leslie-Bole and Perramond (2017), has a reference page, where all the used sources are cited, there are many in-text citations that are properly cited too. The abstract is provided in three languages. Moreover, there is much data presented in figures and graphs. The second article, “Toward an analytical framework for the study of race and police violence” by Mario A. Rivera and James D. Ward (2017), also provides a bibliography, the affiliations of the authors are listed and the fields of their interest, as well as their degrees, are stated. The article has a serious, structured look. The third article, “The “Open Government Reform” movement: The case of the open government partnership and US transparency policies” by Suzanne J. Piotrowski (2017), uses many tables as well, the reference page and information about the scientific background of the author is also provided. It is notable how different experiences of the authors affect the creation of the articles. For example, Leslie-Bole and Perramond (2017) choose to use pictures instead of tables, as their background is related to environmental science. The experience of the audience is significant too since many articles use specific terms or do not present a full context of the topic they are investigating. However, it is common that scholarly papers suggest certain background knowledge of a reader. In my opinion, the most professional and well-written paper is the article by Piotrowski (2017). The quality of evidence is high; the data is objective, is it supported by the literature the author has used. The language of the article assumes some professional background of the reader; the content is appropriate for the target audience, political scientists, and students studying public affairs. The report does not reveal the author’s biases, as Piotrowski (2017) present only statistic data without mentioning her personal opinion on the Open Government Reform. The article meets professional standards of scholarly writing. It provides data in tabl
Introduction Background Achieving success in the global community may not be as easy as doing the same in the local market. Cases, where highly successful firms struggle to achieve growth in foreign countries, have been becoming increasingly common. Li and Liu (2018) explain that differences in the socio-economic and political environment are some of the reasons for such failures. When they go global, these companies often plan to use the same strategy that enabled them to achieve success in the local market. However, it becomes apparent that cultural differences in the two countries make it impossible to replicate operational strategies. Walmart’s struggle in China is a perfect case of why highly successful firms may fail to achieve success in a foreign market. Walmart was founded in 1950 and since then the company has achieved massive growth in North America. The company has dominated the American retail market and since 2014, it has been ranked as the largest company in the world in terms of revenue generation (Hatami, Firoozi, and Puhakka, 2018). The management was able to understand buyer behavior in the United States and has been keen on meeting the expectations of its customers in the best way possible. Its expansion to Canada and some European markets were also relatively successful. The ambitious management unit felt that it was time to explore the Chinese market because of the large population (Cao, Zhang, and Ma, 2019). This market was becoming increasingly attractive not only because of the large population but also the rapid economic growth. It was viewed as the next frontier in the company’s effort to dominate the global retail market. Challenges started emerging in the Chinese market in the early years of operation. The management realized that it had not fully understood the Chinese market. In its first years of operation, the management noted that strategies that were effective in North America and parts of Europe could not deliver the same outcome in China. The problem was not unique to Walmart. Similar multinational retail stores from Europe were also suffering in this market (Lasserre, 2017). In fact, Tesco was forced out of China because of numerous challenges that made it impossible to sustain its operations. The management of Walmart realized that the best way of addressing the problem is to operate as a joint venture instead of the traditional approach that it had been using in other markets. It started operating as Walmart Supercenters, Neighbourhood Market, and Sam’s Club. The decision to work alongside local firms was meant to help the company to manage cultural integration challenges. Working alongside these local companies would help it understand the expectations of the local market. However, it is important to note that this was not a perfect strategy that addressed all the problems that
Conventional perception of family includes several important elements. First of all, one can speak about the so-called nuclear household that consists of two parents a child or children. For a long time, this structure was regarded as the most widespread form of household. Furthermore, it is believed that families are supposed to perform several importance functions. For instance, one can speak about the socialization of children who learn how to integrate themselves into community through interactions with parents (Gillen & Hancock, 2006, p. 23). Furthermore, it is possible to speak about the economic role of households that act as the main consumers of goods in the society. Apart from that, families are supposed to ensure the emotional security of children (Oleson et al, 2010, p. 43). Some of conventional notions may not be applicable to modern parents. For example, the idea of nuclear family may not be applicable to single parents who often educate their children without external assistance. Nevertheless, some of the traditional concepts are quite applicable. In particular, close attention should be paid to the socializing role of parents who should promote the psychological development of children and their social skills. These are the main issues that should be considered. It should be noted that different approaches to the study of family can throw light on different roles that it plays. For example, those studies that focus on psychological development of children can tell that a family is a powerful agent of socialization (Grace & Bowes, 2011). Additionally, one can mention statistical surveys that focus on employment patterns can tell about the economic functions of families (Darling & Turkki, 2009). Overall, the studies involving various households can increase people’s understanding about different functions that families may perform. Researchers should focus on the roles of family, rather than its structure. Such an approach can tell scholars much more about the importance of families and the challenges that they have to overcome. More importantly, sociologists and educators should consider the impact of various external factors on families. There are several benefits of looking at this issue from this perspective. In this way, researchers can identify various factors that can influence the development of a child. According to the Ecological
In Tanglewood, high turnover rates are caused by internal and external factors. Without a properly managed workforce, there are several undesirable outcomes that may occur. First, the instruction that is done may be uneven in quality and effectiveness. This means that the wrong skills may be taught and/or that employees are inadequately prepared for all their job duties. Second, without adequate training, employees are more easily flustered and stressed in trying to do their work. The case vividly portrays that inadequate HR practices and lack of job analysis may lead to voluntary and involuntary turnover and low performance among employees. The main causes of turnover are instability among lower level employees, inadequate selection and recruitment procedure, low compensation and benefits, increased responsibilities and supervisors on the “Tanglewood way”. These factors lead to low motivation and dissatisfaction. Depression, anxiety, irritation, and anger are common results of work-related stress. These usually lead to job boredom, burnout, and/or withdrawal in the forms of absenteeism and turnover. Stress has serious consequences for the organization as well-absenteeism, poor employee-management relations, poor productivity, high accident rates, high turnover, poor organizational climate, antagonism at work, job dissatisfaction, and decreased ability to make decisions. Lack of innovative benefits offerings forces new employees to find new jobs in competitive firms. Another problem is lack of career development and career outcomes proposed by other retail companies. Many employees dislike the “Tanglewood way” seeing it as old fashioned and ineffective for a retail chain. Tanglewood does not support employees who have family problems so it is easier to find another job than to receive additional support in Tanglewood. The organization is a network of retail service units scattered over an area. Each unit can provide the full services offered by the organization. This means they both sell new services to customers and maintain the account relationships with existing customers. All employees are expected to be able to perform most of the tasks for which the customer asks (Marvin 2004). In Tanglewood the turnover is dysfunctional because the majority of employees who leave the organization are low skilled workers (Reed, 2001). Thus, there are some employees who have high performance results but dissatisfied with pay and compensation. In general, this situation is caused by internal and external factors mentioned above and low compensation rates. The case shows that “it generally is preferable to see negative correlations between performance indicators and satisfaction, because it means that those with higher levels of performance are less likely to leave the organization” (Case study). Effective compensation administration must be sensitive to competitive labor market conditions. Fo
Introduction Many societies are recording an increasing number of elderly citizens. This fact explains why nurses should be ready to support these elderly citizens. The novel “Tuesdays with Morrie” gives the story of Schwartz and Mitch. This essay offers meaningful discussions that can support the needs of many nurses and elderly patients. Initial Reaction I sympathized with Schwartz after reading the story “Tuesdays with Morrie”. I also sympathized with Albom because he was focusing on the wrong dreams in his life (Albom, 2002). According to the story, Mitch decides to reunite with his former professor. Mitch brings him food to eat. He also gains powerful lessons from Morrie Schwartz. A strong relationship develops between these two individuals. Morrie Schwartz is also suffering from Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS). However, I have gained new lessons after rereading the story. For instance, Morrie Schwartz advises Mitch to work hard in order to create his own culture (Albom, 2002). Towards the end of the story, Mitch reunites with his ailing brother. Albom also continues to conduct silent conversations with his professor. This practice continues even after Schwartz’s death. I have felt reborn after reading the story. The story has equip
Introduction Due to its prevalence and associated poor health outcomes, anemia turns out to be a serious public health concern. According to Nagao and Hirokawa (2017), anemia is defined as a condition when a person does not have enough red blood cells (RBCs) in the body, which results in a lowered ability to carry oxygen. As a rule, people with anemia feel weakness and fatigue that is hard to control. There are several types of anemia, and each of them has its causes and clinical manifestations. Microcytic anemia occurs when the number and the size of RBCs are smaller than normal (iron deficiency), and macrocytic anemia happens when these cells are larger than normal (alcoholism). Normocytic anemia is characterized by normally sized RBCs that are low in number (kidney problems). Therefore, it is important to study this condition and its forms to predict complications and treat patients effectively. Anemia is not a diagnosis but a syndrome that makes millions of people visit doctors, and an understanding of its types contributes to its prevention. Morphologic Classification Several ways can be offered to classify anemia, its causes, and outcomes. Being observed in routine blood cell enumeration, anemia’s classification is based on such red cell morphology parameters as the number of RBCs and the mechanism of causation (Chaparro & Suchdey, 2019). The distinctions between macrocytic, microcytic, and normocytic anemias depend on the results of a diagnostic approach where mean corpuscular volume (MCV) and mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH) is considered (Braunstein, 2019). As has already been mentioned, there are three main types of anemia, however, the presence or absence of some vital changes and biological factors introduces new subgroups with specific manifestations. Macrocytic Anemia When vitamin B12 or folate deficiency is observed, doctors say that a person may have macrocytic anemia (or macrocytosis). In adults, this condition is defined when an RBC number is more than 100 femtoliter (fL) (Nagao & Hirokawa, 2017). Depending on different morphologic characteristics, macrocytic anemia could have additional names. For example, normochromic macrocytic anemia means that the MCV stays within the normal limits, and the MCH is decreased. Pernicious anemia is determined by vitamin B12 deficiency when absorption is impossible. This condition is rare and was known as a deadly disease because no effective treatment was available. Nowadays, the replacement of vitamin B12 in the body is an available treatment option. Finally, macrocytic anemia is also known as folate (vitamin B-9) deficiency when people do not have access to folate-rich products, face increased requirements (pregnancy or lactation), or take medications (phenytoin) (Nagao & Hirokawa, 2017). The development of RBC is extremely important for the human body, and the choice of a diet remains a critical factor in the required nutrient absorption. Microcytic Anemia Compared to macrocytic anemia, the size of RBCs in macrocytic anemia is smaller than normal. The MCV in patients wi