ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction There is no use denying the fact that throughout all the history of humanity people have been trying to give a clear definition of what happiness is. This question became so topical because of the nature of human beings, who had the inborn thirst for cognition and tried to investigate the issues which were the most important for them. Being one of the main phenomena of the existence of humanity, the notion of happiness has been developing along with society, becoming more complicated and obtaining new features. A great number of definitions, which were given to this term, still did not stop researchers and philosophers as every person had his/her concept of happiness and tried to prove the fact that this concept was the most correct one (Oishi, Graham, Kesebir, & Galinha, n.d.). Thus, this process is endless, and it is possible to predict that the clear and universal definition of happiness could hardly be given. However, this fact does not stop contemporary philosophers, and they continue cogitations about the issue of happiness, suggesting their arguments, which should support their vision of the issue. Yolanda Yepes is one of these philosophers. Main conclusion In her article What Makes People Happy, she tries to define the issue of happiness and tends to show processes and sequences which make people happy. It should be said that the article is quite logical and, in the course of considerations and bright examples, the author concludes that happiness is not the result of some actions or activity, though, it is the process of attainment of this final result, the expectancy of some positive emotions and belief that at the end everything will be fine. Yepes concludes that a person could be happy while making some steps in their turn and guaranteeing the future in this way. Nevertheless, at the end of the article, the author also tends to show a reader that every person has a certain chain of aims gradual achievement of which could make him/her happy. Moreover, the author also wants to stress the idea that the natural desire to make life better and become happier could be taken as the manifestation of this very happiness because it is quite natural for a person to have such sort of wishes (Yepes, n.d.). Authors premises It should be said that during the work, the author figures out several very important premises which could be taken as her attempt to make a person believe in the rightness of her assumptions and guarantee the appearance of their desire to follow the pattern outlined by the author. One of the most vital premises is the idea that happiness could not be stable. In other words, the process of the achievement of happiness is more important and pleasant than happiness itself. Very often, having achieved some desired state and obtained some things or notions which a person considered to be necessary for his/her happy life, a person might not be completely satisfied. That is why the author suggests that people become happier when they enjoy the process of achievement of some purpose. Thus,
The normative categories of ethics, morality, and law have direct and indirect connections. If to consider ethics and law, one can find multiple interactions and examples. First, the formation of these two systems is the result of a collective agreement. A law system is predicated on and tends to be modified according to accepted ethical norms. The direct relationship between ethics and law is reflected in certain laws being taken more seriously than others, such as homicide. Meanwhile, society would not judge as much for speeding because it is not as bad from an ethical standpoint. In other words, public acceptance and compliance with ethical principles reinforce the legal system’s reputation and harshness of individual laws. And, vice versa, if the law is not socially approved, its enforcement will be noticeably weaker. Despite their closeness, the three normative categories have their distinct characteristics. For example, law, aiming to control social relations among individuals and social groups, is objective and formulated in a written form. In contrast, morality and ethics are intrinsically subjective and vary substantially depending on the culture or individual belief. The two, while generally used interchangeably, possess a certain difference. Namely, ethics tend to be established by a collective of people, occasionally professional groups (“Ethic,” 2021). However, morality is often understood as an individually constructed phenomenon (Hazard, 1995). According to Hazard (1995), these three concepts are different because the law system, unlike the other two, has vivid limiting boundaries. Meanwhile, moral and ethical categories lack a clearly defined scope. As it was previously mentioned, they can vastly differ in counties around the world. Due to these variations in meaning, these concepts, albeit connected, do not imply one another. The discrepancies between the categories can inevitably cause certain misunderstandings that should be solved. Law cannot regulate conduct in every situation in life. At times, one has a legal right to behave wrongly and inappropriately with others. However, moral values and ethical norms may contradict and disallow to act in this manner. This is where it is a person’s free choice to decide how to behave or respond to other people’s actions. Moreover, community members (more precisely, officials working in the legislative branch of government) are able to transform ethical principles into policies (Hazard, 1995). If they decide that community non-written rules are shared and can benefit society’s life, it would be a plausible explanation for incorporating new laws into the legal system. It is impossible to say that one normative system controls the other two. They are interdependent and have a constant influence on each other. For instance, law controls ethics to some degree when it establishes legal boundaries on how people can interact. Conversely, in certain cases, ethical conduct can impact how laws are interpreted in court (Hazard, 1995). It is the role of judges to make a fair final decision, which is based on not only laws but their critical interpretation
Ulysses is the protagonist in Ulysses while Duke is the narrator in the poem My Last Duchess. Even though there are outstanding differences in the setting of these two works, Ulysses and Duke, share some characteristics. At some point, they both have to deal with their cheating wives and this adds to the differences in their characters given the way they respond to the same. Nevertheless, they have more differences that the similarities they share. Both Duke and Ulysses are proud. Duke posits that he would not stoop low whatsoever. He says, “ However—and if she let/ Herself be lessoned so, nor plainly set/Her wits to yours, forsooth, and made excuse/—E’en then would be some stooping; and I choose/ Never to stoop (Browning line 8-12). The fact that Duke would never “stoop” depicts his pride. His pride comes with insensitivity that he shows his duchess. On the other hand, Ulysses’ pride comes out because of his self-exclusion from the social arena. He does not join the rest of his peers in social events like partying and due to his pride; he has no apologies to make. He just enjoys the physical world. As aforementioned, the differences between these two characters outweigh their similarities. Whilst Duke rues her duchesses’ concerns about other people, Ulysses celebrates the fact that other men realize his wife. Duke says, “ as if she ranked / My gift of a nine-hundred-years-old name/ With anybody’s gift/ Who’d stoop to blame/ This sort of trifling?”(Browning line 14-18). The fact that the duchess is concerned about other people irritates Duke. He cannot believe that his duchess does not appreciate his name, which has taken ‘nine-hundred’ years to build. Ulysses on his part is least concerned about his wife’s infidelity. He sees this as a sign of beauty that his wife possesses. While Ulysses is loving and a pervert at the same time, Duke is domineering and the only thing that he concentrates on is complaining about how his duchess was timid and easily impressed. In episode four Ulysses prepares breakfast for his wife and offers to pick her some things from outside. However, Ulysses is a pervert. When he goes top pick kidney from butchery, he places his order quickly to follow a woman who has left before. He wants to see her hips swing. On another occasion, he loses concentration whilst speaking to McCoy. He is concentrating on a sexy woman across the road; moreover, at some point, he masturbates and this brings out clearly his perverted personality. He even goes to church because by doing so he would be close to beautiful women. On the other side, Duke is a commanding and probably unloving man. He says, “Oh sir, she smiled, no doubt/ Whene’er I passed her; but who passed without/ Much the same smile? / This grew; I gave commands/ Then all smiles stopped together” (Browning line 19-24). He only gave commands to his duchess and this stopped all smiles. At this point, the reader gets a picture of an unhappy wife. If Duke loved his duchess, then he would not command her, killing her smiles. Duke is also selfish and he wants to control everything in his duchesses’ life. He does not want her to appreciate other people but
Introduction The queuing theory is central to solving current logistics and optimization issues. It allows one to predict when their delivery will arrive and to maintain the interest of customers even if they have to wait in line. Furthermore, the theory is central to the truck industry, which has been experiencing dramatic growth in the United States. A business owner should be aware of the queuing approach to succeed. Main body Congestion is an issue that often has to be addressed in situations that involve queues. Klodawski, Jachimowski, Jacyna-Golda, and Izdebski (2018) present an order-picking simulation in a congested case that aims to maximize efficiency. They conclude that the process becomes more efficient when the number of pickers increases. The queuing theory is a valuable asset in the research, helping to achieve and explain the results. The theory has more practical applications such as logistics, where congestion is a constant concern. Shukla, Chhadva, Arora, Sheth, and Malhotra (2017) apply queuing theory to logistics and warehouse optimization. As a result, they were able to determine the average waiting time at each service line and whether the number of lines was sufficient. With this information, it is possible to calculate the optimal warehouse size and number of service lines, leading to increased productivity. Lastly, queuing theory can also be applied to the service industry, with the discussion author’s fast food description being an example. Aradhye and Kallurkar (2014) describe a “Just-In-Time” system that focuses on eliminating added activities that do not produce value. The application of such a system to a pilgrimage location allowed them to reduce the average 8 hours waiting time to a consistent 30 minutes that allowed the pilgrims to make plans with certainty and increased their satisfaction. Conclusion The queuing theory is a vital mathematical tool with a large variety of real-world applications. It can be used in logistics as well as in any business that interacts with a large number of customers who cannot all be served simultaneously. At the same time, the theory is firmly grounded in mathematics, giving it credibility and making it valuable for modeling. Knowledge and understanding of the method are conducive to the success of a business.
Introduction The concept of leadership can be broadly defined as the intrinsic ability to internalize a setting with the intention of empowering a group or team to proactively and creatively contribute towards problem-solving. On the other hand, management, in the broad spectrum, can be defined as the process in an organization that is inclusive of setting, strategic planning, managing resources and deploying the needed resources to realize specific objectives that are measurable within a specified period. Thus, this analytical paper attempts to explicitly analyze the concepts of leadership in terms of its application, scope, and features in the management styles. Specifically, the treatise adopts reflective research in exploring the components of leadership and management such as transformational leadership and organizational realities in the management style of Jack Welch who spurred growth in the General Electric Company as the Chief Executive Officer (CEO). Leader Jack Welch Jack Welch was the General Electric’s CEO from the year 1980 to 2000 where he facilitated the growth of the company from annual revenue of $26.8 billion to $130 billion through the 20 years at the helm of the company’s leadership pyramid. Welch worked in the company for more than 40 years and rose through the ranks over the years to come to the top manager. Welch developed transformational, situational, and participatory leadership skills in managing operations at the General Electric through life experiences. To promote the ideals of positive responsibility
Executive Summary The present report outlines the major components of a proposed study on the current state of social media integration in the public sector of the United Arab Emirates (UAE) and the evaluation of their actual and potential impact on administrative decision making and public engagement. Besides research objectives, problem statement, problem background, and limitations, the theoretical model of Government 2.0 is explained in the introduction of the proposal since it is chosen to guide the analysis of real-life cases of social media use by the government entities in the UAE. The methodology section discusses the descriptive study design and provides a general overview of and justification for the selection of the integrative literature review and thematic analysis as main research and analytical methods in the project. Moreover, the document comprises a literature review section that synthesizes current knowledge on the topic of interests. The report ends with a summary of ethical considerations, expected outcomes, and a timeline for study completion. Introduction Nowadays, information technologies and social media have become an integral part of everyday reality with millions of individuals, businesses, and non-profit organizations using them to interact with each other and facilitate knowledge development and sharing. When speaking about the application of social media in the public sector, it is believed to provide multiple advantages in terms of citizen-government relationship building, service efficiency and effectiveness, decision making transparency, and public participation in governance (Al Shamsi, et al., 2018). For this reason, governments across the world are now increasingly concerned with the integration of information technologies and social media in their regular activities as, through the implementation of the latter, they expect to enhance own innovation capacities and increase citizens’ satisfaction. Considering the potential favorable effects of new information technologies on various public sector functions, their research is of significant importance. The present study, for instance, will be dedicated to the exploration of the roles of social media in the public sector in the United Arab Emirates (UAE). By investigating the extent to which social media are currently adopted by various governmental agencies in the country, it will be possible to identify whether the local public sector was successful in capturing the advantages that new information and communication technologies have to offer. The a
Introduction The era of the Gilded Age, which occurred in the USA in the last few decades of the nineteenth century, was characterized by contradictory phenomena. On the one hand, there was a rapid growth in industrialization that led to the improvement of people’s lives due to economic growth. On the other hand, however, there was the impoverishment of many citizens and immigrants who moved to more industrialized parts of the USA in search of better wages and living conditions. The massive gap that existed between these groups of individuals gave the name to the epoch: ‘gilded’ was a satirical term used to denote that bad issues were covered with more pleasant ones to present an overall positive image of the country. The present paper aims at illustrating the appropriateness of the metaphor for the USA in the late 1800s through the use of primary sources and complementary secondary ones. One Country, Two Worlds The main characteristic feature of the Gilded Age was striking inequality. It is quite common to remember the era as the period when material excess was most noted. The production of everyday goods was much more extensive and elaborate than in previous centuries. 1 The country celebrated the peak of its development with impressive cultural growth, material prosperity, and economic excellence. However, the majority of goods that were manufactured at that period were meant to be consumed by the representatives of the middle and upper classes. 2 Meanwhile, the working class individuals also wanted to relish the advantages of innovative products. Thus, the production of cheap equivalents to expensive goods developed gradually. Such a disparity between the rich and the poor existed in different aspects of the material culture, including housing, cooking, clothing, and other dimensions. The poorest of native citizens were accompanied in their social statu
Introduction Well, the first thing one is compelled to notice in this article (Neylam Plan 1939) in the 1939 Times is that the headline spelling of the subject’s name is different from that in the body of the article. The spelling in the body is correct. Now if the reporter cannot get the guy’s name right, what else did he get wrong? The article took a few sentences of the report out of context, so it was not actually representative of the entire plan. Neylan’s reputation was such at the time, though, that one can understand if the reporter sis not spend a lot of time with “Blackjack Neylan”. As for whether or not the plan would have worked, not very likely. It would have cost five billion dollars and possibly averted war for a while, but the war was over more than just money or territory. In fact, Adolph Hitler was already in power in Germany at that time, so giving Germany money would only have helped to finance his world plan. It might have helped to distribute this money much earlier after the rather less than stellar Treaty of Versailles, but the US did not want to finance the rebuilding of Europe. The was debts to the US companies did present a definite burden to England, France and Germany, but they were not forgiven, even though England and France forgave Germany’s debts.. Germany had lost manufacturing and mining territories returned to France. France was still economically devastated by the war. The US had pulled back into isolationism and left Europe to stew. Of course more countries were involved in the war than just those to whom this plan would have given money: Russia, China, Japan and all the Soviet Block countries. The cost of WWII was, indeed, huge at over a trillion dollars in just property, but this does not include the eventual profits made from this war also. Wars are generally profitable for the victors. The US would have had to give away considerably more to more countries than this plan provided. In addition, the great depression was looming on the horizon, brought on by mismanagement and banking problems. The American public would never have accepted such a plan at that juncture. The last point against this plan is just one learned by experience. Money is simply not the solution to many problems. The various countries involved failed in one way or another in meeting after meeting to avoid the war. Churchill tried appeasement and virtually gave away whole countries to Germany. War
Introduction The nursing shortage gained momentum several decades ago when the first estimates of the potential problem were articulated. At present, the discussion of the issue seems ubiquitous, but there is still no one-size-fits-all solution for the American healthcare system (Marć et al., 2019). The shortage of nurse practitioners results in deteriorating quality of provided care, higher morbidity and mortality rate, high incidence of medical errors, nurses’ burnout and job dissatisfaction, and low prestige of the profession. This issue is prevalent in the USA, but it affects differently diverse healthcare facilities (Haryanto, 2019). Rural hospitals, as well as primary-care facilities, are most affected (Haryanto, 2019). The health center under analysis is located in an urban setting, so the impact is not dramatic, but the nursing shortage is an apparent and serious issue. It is noteworthy that the hospital administration implements certain measures to address the problem, which have proved to be effective. Organizational Data The current shortage of nursing staff in the healthcare facility in question is approximately 9%. It is noteworthy that it has decreased since 2015 when it reached almost 17% at some periods. The nursing shortage has been linked to such issues as medical error, patient dissatisfaction, and nurse practitioners’ burnout and job dissatisfaction, as well as a high turnover rate. During the past five years, the hospital administration initiated the implementation of several surveys measuring the aspects mentioned above. During the past two years, the turnover rate among nurses and the medical error rate decreased by approximately 20% and 12%, respectively. These changes are related to the introduction of certain incentives aimed at addressing the nursing shortage. Summary of Two Articles The nursing shortage has been a matter of numerous studies addressing different aspects of the issue, including the existing or possible solutions. The study by Vohra et al. (2020) contributes to the knowledge base regarding the most urgent issues in the US healthcare system and possible strategies to address them. The nursing shortage in the rural setting is one of the most urgent challenges to be addressed, as reported by Vohra et al. (2020). The authors concentrate on the development of new policies and regulations to improve the healthcare system. The suggested solutions include funding increases, reimbursement initiatives for nurses working in rural areas, and nursing school funding. Another article to be reviewed briefly dwells upon a strategy that is now being widely discussed among practitioners, administrators, and policymakers. Williamson et al. (2020) evaluate the effectiveness and associated risks of the increased student nurse placement. The researchers noted that no statistically significant link between increased student placement and medical error or adverse patien