ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction: Parkinson’s disease can be classified as a motor system disorder. It is a slowly progressive degenerative disorder of the nervous system characterized by tremors when muscles are at rest, slowness of voluntary movements, and increased muscle tone (rigidity) (Beers et al 546). It commonly begins between the ages of 50 and 79 and is twice as common with white people as the blacks (Beers et al 546). Background information: Parkinson’s disease dates back to about 5000 years ago to Indian alternative medicine, Ayurveda which diagnosed and treated people for Parkinsonism (Harris1). Early in the19th century, a British physician Doctor James Parkinson wrote an essay about the disease and named it ‘the shaking palsy. He published his paper after observing six of his patients suffer from the shaking disease and recommended the scientists come up with a cure (Harris 2). Sixty years after the publication of the paper, a French neurologist in his research for the cure of the shaking disease renamed the disease Parkinson’s after recognizing the critical contribution by Dr. Parkinson (Harris 3). “In 1960, researchers discovered that patients who suffered from Parkinson’s had a lack of the chemical dopamine in the brain and they started to prescribe levodopa, a drug which helped in minimizing uncontrollable muscle movement, rigidity, and slurred speech among patients” (Harris 4). “The reality of the disease was realized when Popular television and movie star Michael J. Fox became perhaps the highest-profile celebrity to suffer from the disease” (Harris 5). Symptoms: Usually, Parkinson’s disease begins subtly and progresses gradually. It begins with a coarse, rhythmic tremor in the hand while the hand is at rest. The tremor decrease when the hand is moving purposefully and disappears completely during sleep (Beers et al 547). Emotional stress or fatigue may increase the tremor (Beers et al 547). The tremor may then progress to other parts of the body like the legs the jaws and eyelids. Other early symptoms may include a reduced sense of smell due to difficulty in sniffing (deliberately breathing in large amounts of air) and the degeneration of brain cells connected with the sense of smell. Muscles become rigid and impair various body movements. The patient suffers a lack of facial expressions with infrequent blinking (Beers et al 547). Gradually, the movement becomes slow and difficult to initiate. Decreased mobility contributes to muscle ache and fatigue (Beers et al 547). Due to the impairment on the muscle, small tasks such as buttoning a shirt and tying shoe races become harder (Beers et al 547). The handwriting becomes shaky and tiny because initiating and sustaining each stroke of a pen is difficult (Beers et al 547). Later, the patients have difficulty in walking and especially taking the first step (Beers et al 547). “Once started, they often shuffle, taking short steps without swinging their body as they walk. Posture becomes stooped and balance is difficult to maintain. The face becomes less expressive because the facial muscles that control expression do not move
A Professional Learning Community (PLC) is an alliance of teachers, students, parents and the administrators of a learning institution in order to discover ways to attain the most excellent practical results. The idea of PLC is to ensure that each member of the institution is actively involved in one way or another in the perusal of a common objective. It provides the opportunity chance to every individual to utilize his or her natural capacity in development. This setup also creates an interactive environment for members of an institution thus developing a sense of belonging in to the community. This in turn moulds a positive attitude in learners as well as other members of the institution. Being result oriented, it concentrates all efforts to relevant actions, and therefore it improves efficiency in the overall performance. PLCs operate in a set of rules referred to as guiding principles which when strictly adhered to, guarantees sustainable achievements of objectives. The first guiding principle is the focus on learning as the fundamental activity. This implies that the PLC must create a supportive environment for the students to learn. The teachers need to formulate special teaching skills so that students can learn and retain their acquired skills. The second guiding principle is establishment of a culture of collaboration. The administration and the teachers can work together to achieve a common purpose – learning. In collaborations as opposed to solitude, people enjoy mutual benefits from the power of leverage owing to the fact that they easily share resources, ideas and challenges (Louis& Kruse, 1995). The third Guiding principle is a focus on results. PLCs principally aim at maximizing students’ performance. One of the strategies they use is by diversifying teaching practices, change management, stress management and setting of targets. The teachers commit themselves to continuous improvement of the students’ results every year, in spite of any limitation (1995). PLCs enable all its stakeholders pursue certain shared goals. For the best outcome to be obtained, the goals have to be specific, realistic and achievable. The goals are achieved through actions aimed at empowering the students in preparation for learning process. The first goal is to improve students’ learning process within a set program and share strategies to advance the students’ learning. To achieve this goal, DuFour (2003) suggests that researches are to be conducted on development of professional learning. Another action includes periodical recognition and rewarding of teachers and students efforts based on results. This is entirely the responsibility of the various departments of school administrations, in which time limits are observed. The second goal is to provide training for teachers in the use of modern technology. To achieve this, schools set up electro
Introduction In an effort to improve the efficiency of healthcare services, health care organizations engage in the development of new IT projects. The IT projects help to promote organizational performance and provide means through which an organization can achieve its goals. The management of the organization plays a vital role in project planning and implementation and in effecting the organizational change to enhance the use of the new technologies. To achieve successful implementation of IT projects, project managers ensure that projects fall within the projected budget and schedule according to the initial plan. IT project failures arise when the budget and timeline differ with the intended budget and schedule. In the case study, ‘Memorial Health System CPOE Implementation’, a combination of poor management decisions contributed to the project failure. Indicators of Project Failure in the Case study In the case study, the CPOE project initiative lacked clarity of purpose from the outset. The objectives and purpose of the project were not set out clearly (Wager, Lee, & Glaser, 2009, p.397). The main objective of the CPOE project was to minimize the rate of medical errors by providing a computer-based system for doctors to administer prescriptions. However, it was not clear to the health system stakeholders including the community-based independent health care providers regarding how the new system would reduce their workload while at the same time minimize the rate of medical errors as opposed to the manual system. The stakeholders felt that the new system would turn out to be expensive and time consuming. Another indicator that contributed to the failure of the CPOE project initiative was the lack of sufficient leadership support for the project. Although the first CEO, Fred Dyer, and the Chief Information Officer (CIO), Joe Roberts, supported the project initiative, the interim CEO, Barbara Liu, opposed the project prior to his appointment. Liu lacked of commitment and had reservations about the utility of the initiative. However, he was forced to spearhead the implementation of the project initiative by the board members who felt that terminating the initiative would bring substantial financial loss. Lack of leadership support also becomes evident when Liu appointed an opponent of the initiative, Dr. Sparks, as the new CIO, who delegated the oversight role to Sally Martin. He then refused to adopt Martin’s recommendations meant to ensure project success, showing his lac
Communication is the most essential concept in all life situations. It is a key to a successful relationship, as people always rely on emotions. This is especially important in marriages, as partners need to know the ways to talk to each other to have a long life together. However, individuals are not born with good communication skills, as it is something that is required to be learned and practiced during the lifetime. According to a poll conducted by The Today Show and SurveyMonkey, the lack of communication is “the second most common cause for divorce, trailing only infidelity” (as cited in Greg & Smalley, 2020, p. 29). Psychologists all over the world study communication skills and most of them suggest that happy couples communicate differently than unhappy ones, distinguishing certain interaction styles, which could be helpful in choosing an appropriate way for understanding the partner. There five main communication styles being distinguished by the psychologists: assertive, aggressive, passive-aggressive, submissive, and manipulative. The first type is connected with the notion of self-esteem. It is the most effective style, especially in marriages, which makes the speaker confident, allowing them to communicate without playing games or manipulating others. Its major behavioral characteristics include achieving goals without hurting others, respect to other’s rights, being responsible for the made actions and choices, and asking for what is required, being ready for a rejection. However, despite the fact that this type of communication is useful for human relations, assertive style is the least one used. The second style implies the individual’s strong desire to win at any expense. An aggressive type of communication suggests the person behaves in a selfish manner, as if their needs are the most crucial. The major characteristics of this style include talking in a frightening, hostile, or threatening manner, readiness to trample over others, being intimidating, and bullying. This type of communication is ineffective as the purpose of the conversation is often lost because people are being emotional. The other person in this situation tends to feel hurt, humiliated and becomes defensive, losing respect for the partner. This is the style, which is the most damaging for marriages, as it does not allow people to come to an agreement, thus, ruining the relationships. The third style is passive-aggressive, meaning people seem patient on the surface but are acting out of anger. Those who behave in this manner often feel resentful, and powerful, and they are indirectly aggressive. Such individuals are not reliable and are often considered to be sulky, and hypocritical. T
AIDA Model In 2014, Vodafone UK introduced its Christmas campaign where all participants sang the same song from a famous animated fantasy film Frozen . According to the AIDA model, there are four major elements in the ad: attention, interest, desire, and action. The chosen ad attracts attention from different people from various parts of the world and with various occupations being united by the song. The element of an unexpected location and a situation is perfectly used in this ad, showing a farmer, a nurse, or a policeman signing “Let It Go”. The interest of a consumer is kept by the chosen music, emotions, and outcomes that may be achieved. The desire to turn on the phone, listen to the same song, and dance on Christmas holidays appears quickly. Finally, a new step is taken – to search for new ads from the same company, watch the film, and listen to all the songs about Christmas. In addition, storytelling and romance are present in the ad. DRIP Model In 2017, JD Sports offered a captivating campaign about a variety of sports goods, clothes, and activities for people of both genders and different ages. The DRIP model proves the strengths of the chosen ad from all its four perspectives. It was differentiated from other companies with the presence of the best sportswear companies and the choice of activities with a number of acrobatic tricks and effective moves. It was reinforced by the presence of several options for consumers and their perfect congruence with snow and Christmas weather. Several decisions were made to inform the customer about the brand with the letters JD appearing at different places. Finally, the power of persuasion was evident in the ad. People moved in a captivating way, and they were proud of wearing that clothes and being able to complete different moves. They were perfect apart, as well as impressive when they stood together, depicting the essence of JD. International Context In 2015, Lenovo showed its YOGA Tab 3 Pro ad where a little girl gave presents to an old beggar who lived on the street and earned money with his handmade wooden toys. This commercial touched millions of people with its kindness and trust. However, the same ad could create a negative attitude towards the idea of poverty and the intention to use technologies to help instead of providing more real-life opportunities like a paid workplace, a home, and warm clothes. In middle- or low-income countries like Slovenia, Russia, or Bulgaria, such a development of the events could be defined as ridiculous and unreal because ordinary people could hardly allow their children to take something from a poor old man who lives on the streets. In addition, the presence of dogs outside calls a number of negative emotions and public concerns because they may bite and transmit some infections. All these misunderstandings create certain challenges in promoting the same ad around the whole globe where the questions of poverty, homelessness, and order have to be solved. Success of Communi
Introduction The society can only function in a productive manner if its members exist harmonious with each other. For such an existence to occur, the individuals making up the society must observe certain well-established principles which are known as ethics. Bauer (2005, p.25) defines ethics as “a code of values which guide our choices and actions and determine the purpose and course of our lives”. This definition is corroborated by Crane and Matten (2007) who assert that ethics comprise of rules established by the society to guide the behavior of individuals by stipulating what is deemed right or wrong. Ethics differ from values in that they add a moral dimension of right and wrong to the action taken (Rothwell, 2010). Having ethical norms imposed on a person will not lead to ethical behavior because the effectiveness of ethics depends on the willingness of the individual to follow them. This is because ethics are not about the rules or laws set out to govern our behavior but rather, they are about what we do with the rules. Without ethics, the society is doomed to breakdown as each person acts in his/her own self interest. Considering the significance of ethics in the community, I have a personal philosophy on ethics which is constructed from a number of sources. The philosophy is also grounded in the works of various ethical theorists. My Personal Philosophy My personal philosophy on ethics is borne from the realization that ethics are the foundation on which a productive and well functional society is built. This philosophy obliges me to make a conscious decision about the impact that my actions or choices might have on the people I interact with. One of the tenets of my philosophy is that I must always endeavor to act in a manner that is beneficial to most people in the society. I owe this part of my philosophy to my parents who are also the biggest moral influence in my life. While growing up, my parents insisted that I act in a manner that benefited most members of the family. As such, when carrying out actions, I had to consider not only my interests but also those of my parents and siblings. This ethical norm is inline with Utilitarianism which is considered to be the most influential consequentiality theory. According to Utilitarianism, the collective welfare of the people takes precedence over an individual’s right and therefore, one should choose actions that benefit the greatest number of people (Kotler & Keller, 2008). Another attribute in my philosophy is that I should always do the right thing. This is an ethical norm that I acquired from the society where I learnt that my actions should be such that if everyone decided to act as I did, harmony would still be preserved in the society. I am therefore forced to consider the “rightness” of my action instead of whether the action suits my needs at a given time. This reasoning is supported by Kant’s theory of Categorical Imperative where duty is the basis of all moral actions (Thiroux & Krasemann, p.54). From Kant’s theory, the ends do not always justify the means and duty rather than
The assessment of pain belongs to the key procedures helping to provide patients with timely and necessary help. Assessing pain, a highly subjective experience caused by different problems, it is important to pay attention to its types. Pain can be classified concerning such factors as duration and malignancy. Healthcare providers are required to analyze its duration to make further decisions related to examinations and treatment. Based on duration, it is possible to distinguish between acute and chronic pain (Murphy et al., 2017). The former usually takes place due to particular injuries, may vary from mild to unbearable, and does not last longer than a few months. As for the second type, it can also have different degrees of severity and involves the sensations of pain that are persistent and affect the patient during three or more months (Murphy et al., 2017). Both types of pain significantly affect the quality of life and often act as patients’ chief complaints. From my professional experience, the cases of chronic pain are extremely common and are frequently caused by recent surgeries and unobvious injuries, whereas patients with acute pain often have traumas such as fractures and torsion deformities. Apart from the time course, the causes of pain can be classified based on malignancy. For instance, chronic pain can be related to cancer or non-malignant (Murphy et al., 2017). In the first case, it occurs due to tissue changes linked to the growth of tumors, whereas non-malignant pain is observed in many long-term conditions. As a healthcare professional, I have worked with numerous patients with chronic non-malignant pain. Judging from my experience, it is typical for various diseases affecting the musculoskeletal system such as osteoarthritis, RA, or fibromyalgia. Reference Murphy, K. R., Han, J. L., Yang, S., Hussaini, S. M., Elsamadicy, A. A., Parente, B.,… Lad, S. P. (2017). Prevalence of specific types of pain diagnoses in a sample of United States adults. Pain Physician , 20 (2), E257-E268.
African American history and life is well understood in 1776 due to the effects that occurred. It was one of the years when Africans went through slavery in the hand of the American which is still remarkable today. Despite the bewilderment, the date is one that bears historical weight. Many have made the fake supposition that, the Africans who were introduced in American represented the start of slavery in what became the United States. It was more likely that we African were “remaindered” captives who had not sold at auction in the Caribbean markets and we were taken by the Dutch traders to Virginia where we were sold on offer as indentured servants (Jacob & Apple, 2000). This was the time when Virginia law began to distinguish the existence of slavery within the colony. A number of the Africans who came to America as indentured servants made aforementioned arrangements with a master who would pay for their journey along the ocean and then contracted with the servants for a specified period of indenture during which they reimbursed their transportation costs. A number of us, who arrived unexpectedly, became indentured to Virginia masters through a bidding process that was to some extent similar to later slave auctions that would become all in all widespread in the slaveholding region of the United States. According to the law of Virginia, slavery had been established as early as 1640s and many African indentured servants had been variously transitioned into slavery. One of our counterparts was made a servant for life as a punishment for escaping from his master (West & Glaude, 2003). An individual would also be mistaken to assert that the occurrence of slavery in colonial Virginia symbolized the primary use of practice on soil that later formed the United States. In 1827, American colonization society embarked on a plan to colonize the blacks who were living in Africa. By that time, our stay in America had become unbearable and we tried all means to get us out of the country. However, this was not possible because of fear and most of us were afraid of what would befall us if we decided to run away from our masters. In late 1830s, many fundamentals became “extremes” by turning to instant obliteration and attacking colonization as intrinsically chauvinistic and unrighteous, smith sustained supporting colonization while also flirting with imperialism. The slavery work included obeying the master’s orders to gain his trust. However, this trust did not lessen the hard burden required of a slave. Every slave had to p