ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Public health uses various strategies and approaches to control incidences of diseases, including immunization and promoting food safety and healthy habits. Immunization is a cost-effective and successful method of reducing occurrences of diseases and plays a great role in preventing disability and deaths (Mandal et al., 2020). Many diseases are preventable including polio, rotaviruses, mumps, tetanus, yellow fever, Haemophilus influenza type b, human papillomavirus, and measles. On the other hand, food safety and healthy habits are effective methods of preventing infectious diseases and germs from spreading. This paper discusses strategies that public health uses to control the incidence of disease, including their application and effectiveness. Health practices such as boiling or treating drinking water, hand washing, preparing food safely, sneezing into a tissue, and avoiding sharing personal items help prevent diseases. Public health should invest in educating people on the need and importance of embracing health practices (Mandal et al., 2020). Offering campaigns to promote proper preparation of food, washing vegetables and fruits, and using appropriate temperatures to cook can help reduce incidences of food-borne diseases such as typhoid and cholera. Washing hands with soap and running water have been proven effective in the prevention of COVID-19 infections from contaminated hands (Mandal et al., 2020). Hygiene practices prevent germs in the hands or food from causing infection by removing or destroying them. Immunization involves the administration of a vaccine to help the body develop better immunity to a given disease. It has proven effective in saving millions of lives since it lowers the risk of developing illnesses and helps the body fight in case of an infection. Today, vaccines are available to reduce incidences of more than 20 diseases that are life-threatening (Mandal et al., 2020). Moreover, immunization has helped eliminate diseases that used to kill many people such as polio. Healthy practices and immunization are effective strategies applied to promote public health through controlling incidences of diseases. Immunization is an important component of public health and offers support to achieving healthier life for people of all ages. On the other hand, health practices help cut the infection chain by promoting hygiene and keeping away germs. The two strategies are preventive measures, cost-effective, and necessary in reducing the spread of diseases. Reference Mandal, S., Bhatnagar, T., Arinaminpathy, N., Agarwal, A., Chowdhury, A., Murhekar, M., Gangakhedkar, R., & Sarkar, S. (2020). Prudent public h
The Storm and The Story of an Hour illustrate the viewpoints of women’s restriction in marriage. The two stories have a number of similarities and dissimilarities. As such, the leading casts in the two stories are women. The women try to discover their liberation from the male dominated society. In doing so, they experience triumphant and tragic events. The paper below compares and contrasts two short stories with the aim of expressing the themes of marriage’s restriction on women. In the two short stories, Calixta and Louise play the key characters. Both women are married and are not happy with their family roles. Through the two women’s experiences, the author illustrate on the theme of restriction in marriage. The women desire to attain their independence. The Storm centers on the theme of women’s sexual liberation. Chopin writes,” Calixta’s first free breath ever since she was married restored the pleasing freedom of her maiden days” ( The Storm 563). The above imply that Calixta current life is miserable. In contrast, The Story of an Hour focuses on the effects of restrictive marriages on women. In the short story, immediately Louise hears the news about the death of her spouse she learns that she is more self-reliant. Chopin indicates that Louise murmurs, “Free, free, free” ( The Story of an Hour 556). The above indicate that Louise perceives life without her husband as a freedom. A different element the author utilizes in the two writings is tone. In the writings, Chopin presents somber and sympathetic tones. The tone in The Storm is sympathetic. The author states, “Calixta is a slightly fuller of figure compared to when she was some few years ago” ( The Storm 558). In the paragraph, Chopin shows that before Calixta got married, she was healthier and happier. The author asserts that she is a woman of vivacious character ( The Storm 559). Through the above illustrations, the author emphasizes about women’s sufferings in marriage using imagery. The stylistic device enables the readers to visualize the sufferings in their minds. On the other hand, The Story of an Hour’s tone is somber. The characters’ experiences in the short story are gloomy. Chopin illustrates that following Mallard’s death “Josephine notifies Louise of the terrible news” ( The Story of an Hour 556). Thereafter, Louise locks herself indoors to mourn the death of her spouse. The settings of the two short stories are distinctive. In the writings, the author assesses the women’s perceptions and roles about marriages. Through the analysis, Chopin accuses the society for its continuous close mindedness in an age that considers morality as a feature. She notes, “The society was agreeable” ( The Storm 563). Similarly, she comes up with outlooks that are more rational between the females and males of her time. The Story of an Hour transpires in a period where men dominate their marriages. Chopin writes that after the death of Mallard “Louise would live for herself” ( The Story of an Hour 556). During this period, females have no legal or fiscal rights. The deat
Introduction The paper will focus on Bill Gates as an example of a true leader. Bill Gates is Chairman of Microsoft Corporation and has been ranked as the world’s wealthiest man. His achievements have been possible through exemplary leadership and tenacity. The paper shall look at these issues against the backdrop of his challenges, innovations as well as crises handled by this individual. Abridged ethnography approach – Biography, the life, struggles, challenges, and successes of a great leader Bill Gates was born to a school teacher (mother) and an attorney (father) in Seattle. Gates’ passion for software was eminent early in life because he started programming at the tender age of thirteen years. Later on, Gates studied at Harvard University and it was at this institution where he developed the first software component for PCs. He founded Microsoft Corporation with a long-term friend known as Paul Allen while studying at University and even made a bold move to quit his education so as to fully concentrate on this newly formed company. His actions were guided by a firm confidence in the capacity and relevance of their product in the years to come. Gates’ vision was that businesses in the entire world would embrace Personal computers and the technologies associated with them (Foo, 2006). Microsoft has undergone drastic changes over the past three decades of its formation. For instance, the adoption of the internet as a form of both social and business connectivity affected this company tremendously. This is because more people acquired computers hence requiring Microsoft’s software and secondly because there was a need to think of new ways to meet these new consumers’ needs. Gates was able to spearhead innovative products to deal with these opportunities. However, the technology bubble was immediately followed by the technology bust and Microsoft still had to think of effective ways of remaining relevant and profitable through such a tumultuous period. Bill Gates handled this crisis relatively way as this was a change that had already been anticipated. Gates has written several books on information technology; some of which have been listed as best sellers by the New York Times. Besides that, Bill Gates has also invested in a series of telecommunications services such as Teledesic (a broadband telecommunications service) He also formed a company known as ICOS which deals with biotechnology, and another one known as Corbis which offers digital information on the arts. Not only has this individual diversified his business interests, but he has also engaged in several charities around the world. One way in which he has achieved this is through the Gates foundation which has donate
Traditionally, the role of leadership among nurses was assumed by nursing executives. The nurse executives used to come from high social class and not the bedside nurses. There was a predetermined criterion for selecting nurse executives and key in the criteria was education qualification, the social status, he /she was to be accepted by the dominant and upper class and had to particularly be among those working in the health services in the capacity of doctors and administrators (Wolper, 2010). It was earlier observed that leadership belonged to those in the health institution management but the nurses developed their own theory of hospital management. Just like other executives in the corporate world, nurse executives have turned out to be males and this phenomenon has made it to be labeled as partial men positions. Like any other managerial position, nurse executives face numerous challenges which are explained below. The first challenge is the gap between the management and the service: the management experiences problems posed by the division between the nurses at the bedside and the nurse executive. This is a largely due to the traditional pervasive culture associated with the nurses at the bed side. Due to his/her responsibilities and his/her position, the nurse executive is symbolically and functionally delinked from the nurses at the bedside since he/she is not bound to handle patients. This act has been interpreted by the nurses at the bedside to label them as irrelevant and nonessential. This hampers smooth management in hospitals due to this weak relationship. Restructuring of the health services as witnessed in the UK eliminated the nurses from the role of making decisions. This rendered the nurse executives powerless and ineffective. These actions results in the marginalization of the nurse executives in terms of workforce, management, and education requirements since there are nurses at bed side who may have qualifications higher than the nurse executive. Nurse executives also face the challenge of resocialization. The mental set that nurse executives are supposed to be men has served to widen the separation gap between the nurse executives and the nurses at the bedside who perceive nurse executive as elitist. Consequently, there is the challenge of leadership and management which are considered two discrete factors. Leadership in nursing is always the function of the management which has often been over managed and under led which subjects it to vulnerability of managerialism. Lack of leadership in nursing has created the notion that nurses are inadvertently bystanders. The exclusion of nurses from the decisions making despite their numbers has posed challenges to the powers of the nurse executives. There have been difficulties associated with the distinction between leadership and management particularly among the nurse executives; this is due to the
Introduction Volunteering is a self-elect practice where individuals engage deliberately in unpaid activities. Although volunteering is commonly applicable in non-profit organizations, profit-oriented organizations also adopt the practice as a way of cutting down costs while at the same time trying to counter the impact of understaffing. However, the output that is anticipated by organizations that adopt volunteerism is derived from strategies that are available to maintain substantial levels of motivation of the volunteers. Organizations have to show an expression of interest and recognition to volunteers to keep them inspired and passionate. Recognition contributes directly to increased motivation, improved productivity, and volunteer retention. Nevertheless, most organizations find it difficult to manage volunteers due to their volatile nature. This paper explores various issues that result from reduced employee supply at Online University Broadcasting Station and the significance of well-matched headship styles to inspire and supervise volunteers. Causes of Reduced Employee Supply at the Online University Broadcasting Station Online University Broadcasting Station has experienced reduced personnel because of its evident budgetary constraints and inadequate labor. These limitations are the major factors that have led to the recruitment of volunteers in the station. For ordinary employees, compensation is the main drive that leads them to seek a job. Budgetary constraints tempt managers to seek volunteer workers to cut down operational costs (Philips & Phillips, 2011). Seemingly, the broadcasting station fell short of finances to fund ordinary employees. As a result, volunteerism has remained a source of the broadcasting labor force for Online University Broadcasting Station. However, the program director lacks appropriate leadership styles to lead voluntary workers. Perhaps, the program director offers inadequate training to the voluntary employees due to the restrained financial budget. For a period of nine months, the broadcasting station has remained without a program director. Lack of a program director, or the manager, implies that no further recruitment of volunteers can take place. As a result, the present group of volunteers handles the available tasks with humility. On another dimension, the broadcasting station lacks both the personnel and money to conduct training programs. Equally, the beneficiary program director fails to meet the needs of the volunteers. Perchance, the initial interest of the volunteers in the organization has changed due to limited career development. This situation has led them to quit the station. The Significance of Well-matched Headship Approaches to Inspire and Supervise Unpaid Staff The type o
Obesity cases are on the rise in the United States of America. One is said to be obese when their Body Mass Index (BMI) is thirty and above. Obesity is a current phenomenon more recent than smoking and drinking. This is a health issue whose solution has a strong correlation with the state economic policy. The danger with obese citizens is the increase in obesity-related disorders such as diabetes and heart diseases. Health impacts of obesity have very diverse effects. It is compared to other risk factors whose effects are similar to an individual’s age from thirty to fifty years (Lehnert et al. 105). The effects of obesity are worse than the effects of smoking and drinking. It is suggested that reasons for having a high body mass index are the increase in fast food restaurants. Obesity is a public health and public finance concern. One hundred and twelve thousand obese individuals are estimated to spend one hundred and ninety billion dollars annually on their medical care. This is an alarming amount of money spent that can otherwise be used to perform other tasks in the economy. The alarming trend prompts the question of whether the obese individuals’ trend of reaction to incentives on food warrants being an economic phenomenon. Advancement in technology is a major factor that creates an environment of cheap and readily available food, as well as little physical activity (Lehnert et al. 108). Increase in weight is thus modeled because of decisions touching on food and physical activity. It is argued that lower food prices, little exercise, and enjoying a sedentary lifestyle are an issue in budget constraints. Another argument is presented in terms of the time cost of food. Besides monetary costs, the time cost of eating also plays a key role in encouraging obesity. The introduction of additional and improved food preservation method and innovations such as microwaves results in a reduced food preparation time. Health costs of enjoying sedentary life and food are felt in later years; hence, people living in the present may fail to observe critically what they consume. Economic aspects affecting the fiscal or time prices of caloric intake comprise restaurant, groceries, food, and alcohol price (Lehnert et al. 111). Prices of fruits and vegetables compared to other foods are a contributing factor to the caloric intake of an individual. The convenient location of stores is also critical, and food stamp spending is also contributing factors. As evidenced by earlier discussion, the higher prices of fruits and vegetables result in more consumption of cheaper unhealthy foods. Consequently, if unhealthy foods are taxed and substituted with healthy alternatives, this can provide an efficient means of combating obe
Outline The article that has been selected for this paper is an article titled ‘Liddy Steps Down as AIG Revamp Reaches New Phase’ by Stephen Bernard which was published in the Toronto Star on May 22, 2009. The article depicts the news that Edward Libby has resigned from his position as the chairman and the CEO of the AIG Group while the company is striving to survive the recessionary pressures while being backed by the government with $85 billion worth of lifeline. The author highlights the major decisions and plans that need to be made about the succession of the CEO, the appointment of new management, the decision of AIG spin-offs, Sale of assets, and those about the settling of debts to decrease costs while also making the business leaner and more efficient to operate in the current business environments. The following paper discusses the paper from the aspect of how planning and management play a role in the future of the AIG group in the current times as depicted in the article Discussion The article by Bernard highlights the stepping down of the CEO for AIG Edward Liddy from his position. In the article, the author points out the responsibility that has been left to the following CEO for aiding AIG to recover through the recession and the importance of planning for the future in uncertain times like the ones being faced by the AIG group in the current market environment The chapter eight of the book stresses on the aspect of planning in the business, the important role that it plays and the tools and techniques that are used by the management to plan for a business. The following depicts the management planning concepts that are touched upon by the author in his article The article highlights that the AIG Company has changed a lot since it was bai
In the past few decades, the concept of Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCs) has become popular as a result of a combination of factors. Technology and globalization have both contributed to the popularity of MOOCs. In the course of their propagation, MOOCs are considered either a solution or a problem to modern educational needs. This book is an attempt to explore MOOCs in greater detail, because it includes the input of several educational scholars. There are various contributors in this book but only a few editors are responsible for putting it together. While most books focus on MOOCs’ instructional essence, this book provides a well-rounded insight of MOOCs. The authors of this book include various MOOCs’ authorities from around the world. The book is also comprehensive in nature as it provides a wide worldview, which includes detailed forewords and an intrinsic index. This paper is a review of the book “MOOCs and Open Education Around the World”. The book is made up of eight parts, with each part addressing a specific topical issue in relation to MOOCs. Part one in this book addresses the history of MOOCs and explores some of the most notable challenges, constraints, and concerns that relate to open learning. The second part of the book addresses how various MOOCs policies have been manifested in various countries across the world including South Africa and Australia. Part three of the book is concerned about the research and evaluation milestones that are related to the progress of open learning. The subsequent part covers the issues that are linked to the quality of MOOCs while part five explores the innovative aspects of this concept. These innovative concepts include modern instruction models, courses, and programs in relation to both teacher and student inputs. In part six of the book, the editors explore how MOOCs have been adopted in developing countries. In the next part of the book, the current state of MOOCs is explored, especially in reference to corporations. The last part in this book takes time to address the challenges that MOOCs are currently facing. In addition, the last part in the book provides future projections in relation to the development of MOOCs. One factor that makes this book stand out from other available literature on MOOCs is that it covers a wide range of concepts in regards to this subject. Bonk and his fellow editors are able to accommodate the viewpoints of approximately 60 authors from around the world. Consequently, the book is able to accommodate a wide range of ideas from all these contributors. The authority of the book’s contributors is not in question as they include company CEOs, founders of institutions, program managers, and academic scholars among other reputable figures. In additio
Situation Analysis Founded in 1981 by Swanson Robert. The focus of the company was to design, manufacture and market built in circuits used in electronics like mobile phones, sophisticated medical equipment and digital cameras.Its chief financial officer was Paul Coghlan. They (management) had remunerated dividends every quarter since then. Liner’s administration and board debated in relation to increasing the dividend in the year 2002 amidst its drop in sales and income, they eventually decided to go on with the augment in order to authenticate capability to be gainful and its cash flow positive even in harsh periods. The CFO explained that, they knew their payout ratio would be nearer to 25% to 30%, but continued to remain certain about their company prediction and their cost make-up could be refunded to shareholders in the form of split repurchases. In some other years Linear distributed radically more ready money to share repurchase than to dividends. Back shares are to counterbalance the exercise of worker stock options. A different factor was conditions the market. He thought-out the valuation of Liner’s stock and the repurchase on cash balance. For the past few years rates of interest have been so stumpy that our money was not earning large amount interest revenue in the high-grade. Despite the situation, the company had accumulated a huge cash balance over the time. There was no strategy to make an acquisition. Although the company was a star performer in its individual Niche, Cash as well as short-term investments exceeded $1.5 billion. Interest- income in the year 2002 equaled $52 million. Some of the company’s investors had urged him to maintain some of this cash, perhaps as special dividend, but he had the impression