ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Islam is becoming a popular religion in the world today after having spread all over the world and slowly becoming an acceptable religion. Islam is most dominant in Asia and the Arab world. However, in the last century, Islam has found its way into Europe. This paper will describe and highlight the history of Islam in brief and expound on how it has spread to Europe in the last century. Islam first became a religion about 1400 hundreds years ago in the regions near Persia and Byzantine (Ezzati, 2002). It was born in the Middle East but as a small religion, its followers had to embrace other cultural norms to survive hostility and keep the religion alive. During the reign of Prophet Mohammad, Islam spread slowly and peacefully. However, after the death of the Prophet, there was a division between the Muslim world, and the Prophet’s mission of peaceful spread of Islam abandoned when his successors formed army troops and began conquering territories (Ezzati, 2002). These troops conquered regions and converted every one under their rule to Islam. The troops acquired big territories and formed empires. The empires succeeded each other until in the late 18 th century when colonialists from Europe destroyed them. These Empires included; Umayyad, Abbasids, Fatimids, Ghaznavids, Seljuqs, Safavids, Mughlas and Ottomans. The arrangement of the dynasties is in a chronological order of their existence and their power. Umayyad is the first and most powerful followed by the rest respectively (Malik, 2004). However, these empires did not conquer Europe. Actually, it is due to this fact that the remaining part will discuss how Islam found its way into Europe. Channels of Spread Islam spread throughout Europe in the last century through various channels, such as education and trade (Pauly, 2004). Islam merchants from the Muslim World travelled in merchandise ships to Europe. These merchants on arrival in Europe spread their faith to the European citizens who were willing to hear them and later converted them into Islam. These merchants being trade partners with Europe had the permission to build temporary mosques at the places they stayed when they were on trade missions. By doing this, they slowly spread Islam in Europe as they traded into the deepest parts of Europe (Pauly, 2004). The other major channel through which Islam was spread was through education and science (Abicht, 2008). This was because of the first university built in the Muslim world that made the West become eager to acquire this knowledge. This university taught majorly Muslim contents and the Europeans who came to learn, also leant about the Muslim faith and would later spread it and teach the faith to the rest of Europe. Europe later built universities and gave scholarships to most of the Muslims students who upon arriving in Europe spread the faith to the other students. Apart from the above
Introduction It has been shown that including citations in writing is of great importance because using them in texts is a form of communication between the writer and his readers. What is more, providing citations makes research look persuasive by drawing attention to different aspects of the topic under study and helps it gain public acceptance and credibility because seeing references to prior research in the text makes a reader trust the author and his ideas. Besides, it helps a reader find out where the message he concerns himself incomes from and where he can find additional information regarding the point of interest. It is also helpful for the writer himself because borrowing ideas from prior research papers help fill in the gaps of a knowledge deficit. Using citations is not only important for the writer himself but also for the scientific community because by referencing every borrowed idea the writer gives credit to other scholars. Second, there is a concept known as the ownership of intellectual property and citing every other researcher’s idea is a way to show respect to him. Moreover, it is useful to conducting research because it helps keep track of the evolution of ideas and knowledge in a certain sphere of investigation and sort out what ideas were the first ones and what are the new and based on them. Besides, it helps define in which field of the investigation there is a need to conduct additional research. In this paper, I will characterize and compare the use of citations in three scientific papers. Method and Materials A method used in the research is studying additional materials to gain the needed knowledge and using it to characterize and compare citation strategies that were applied in the chosen scientific papers. As the supplementary materials for the study were used the following research papers – Academic Writing: Writing and Reading Across the Disciplines by Janet Giltrow and Academic Attribution: Citations and the Construction of Disciplinary Knowledge by Ken Hyland. As the scholar papers for analysis were studied Ugly Criminals by Naci Mocan and Erdal Tekin as the primary source, Beauty, Productivity, and Discrimination: Lawyers’ Looks and Lucre by Jeff E. Biddle and Daniel S. Hamermesh, and Why Beauty Matters by Markus M. Mobius and Tanya S. Rosenblat as the sources for comparison. As said by Hyland, a citation is a “reference to prior research [that] is central to the social context of persuasion as it can both provide justification for arguments and demonstrate the novelty of one’s position” (341-342). It helps identify the background and a context of research and as well create a certain atmosphere and establish an ethos of a credible author. What is more, by citing ideas of some authors while ignoring the others, the writer may demonstrate his personal attitude to a particular culture, community or area of investigation. Besides the author can highlight the area with the lack of research and prove why his work is noteworthy. The somewhat similar idea on using citations in scholar papers is
The Silk Road, also known or referred to as the silk route, is a wide-ranging interconnected set of connections of trade routes which transverse the Asian continent. It connects East, West, and Southern Asia with the Mediterranean countries, as well as the eastern and northern Europe and Africa. The origin of the name Silk Road is linked to the extensive trans-continental silk trade that takes place in China. The silk trade came into operation at a time when China had the reign of Han dynasty. In addition, to silk, the other significant feature is the Silk Road, which was also used to carry some other commodity, which form part of the significant world history. In that same light, the Silk Road is regarded as the world’s oldest intercontinental routes that stretches and upholds a considerable number of religions, in particulars Buddhism all the way through Central Asia. This broadcast/diffusion has not only made a considerable impact on the lives and cultures on particular countries within the continent but it has also left the citizens of those countries with an ocean of wonders in literature and art. Art and iconography are the two main forms that have played a noteworthy role in the transmission of religious traditions all along the Silk Road. For that reason, in the following essay, an analysis and discussion will be sought on various questions such as rationale why, as well as how religions make use of material culture to support their basis. Whether there is a call for for religions to articulate its identity and faith through architecture and art, and at the same time, discuss the exceptional role that art provide in shaping a certain religious world standpoint (Foltz, 1999, p. 81). Art acts as a noteworthy agent concerning cultural diffusion all along the Silk Road. The available art takes the form of design motifs, an art object, buildings or statues, and as such, the art and iconography play a significant role as a medium of cultural diffusion. Furthermore, the art plays another equally central role of acting as an agent, which facilitate for trans-continent switch over of religious traditions down the Silk Road. In the light of this point, it is necessary to note that the single most significant features of art and iconography that smooth the progress of its role in advancing various religious traditions, as well as religious global standpoint at the time is the piece of information that art is a worldwide language across all cultures and nations. This means that art utilize a language that can be understood by all people in the world and all cultures, as well. In view of that, ideas and worldviews in respect of religious traditions can be promoted and at the same time spread by the use of architecture, visual arts, and iconography down the Silk Road. Ideally, it is important to point out that while religious art strives to launch a firm claim in relation to emotions, as well as extending the metaphorical meaning about religious tradition, on the other side artwork, especially sculpture and
The phenomenon of slavery is one of the most devastating factors that affected the lives of people of African descent throughout the years. However, it is essential to address the origins of racism and slavery in order to create a comprehensive understanding of these concepts. In the chapter “The Origin of Negro Slavery”, Williams explains that although currently slavery is deeply connected to the exploitation of African Americans, initially, populations of various races and ethnicities were occupied as enslaved people (Williams 7). Considering that individuals of all races were involved in slavery in the New World, racism emerged as a consequence of forced labor and was not originally connected to the targeted discrimination of African Americans. In the history of slavery, the first population compelled to undergo the severe process of enslavement was the Indians. For instance, Spanish explorers utilized Indian labor in their colonies to convert the population to Christianity, enforcing the necessity of slave labor on the individuals who refused to accept the Christian faith (Williams 8). Similarly, Great Britain and France supported slavery in the colonial territories; however, this event was not connected to racial predispositions but to the fact that slavery served as a preventative penalty for the indigenous communities. Nevertheless, over the course of history, enslaved Negroes became a highly more important asset in the slave trade due to the economic benefits, leading to the establishment of Negro slavery as a normal condition (Williams 21). As a result, racism and racial discrimination emerged, but the initial origin for substituting other enslaved people with African Americans remained economic, not racial. To conclude, the connection between slavery and racism lies in the fact that racial predispositions towards African Americans were caused by the overwhelming use of enslaved African Americans. As such, slavery did not emerge as a result of racism; on the contrary, individuals from various races and ethnic communities were involved in the slave trade. Nevertheless, after the economic benefits of using enslaved African Americans were established, negative racial stereotypes began to emerge, leading to the occurrence of racism. Work Cited Williams, Eric. “The Origin of Negro Slavery.” Capitalism and Slavery . The University of North Carolina Press, 1944, pp. 3-29.
No one can doubt that the current development levels of society have become possible due to the medical industry. Achievements in this sphere increased life quality and duration, which allowed people to use medical knowledge in other life spheres, which is known as medicalization. Irrespective of numerous advantages, medicalization started losing its importance to biomedicalization, while the Human Genome Project, organ transplantation, and pharmaceuticalization demonstrate that this new phenomenon supports neo-liberalism. In the beginning, it is necessary to explain how and why biomedicalization is usurping medicalization. The creation of new technologies, including the Human Genome Project and organ transplantation, contributed to the spread of biomedicalization (Clarke, 2016). Consequently, since the spheres of illness, health, and medicine witnessed many complexities and new challenges, a novice approach is required to deal with them, which denotes that more professionals and patients refer to biomedicalization. It is worth admitting that biomedicalization supports neo-liberalism because the two rely on economic progress and political freedom. According to Clarke (2016), three current health trends are the Human Genome Project, organ transplantation, and pharmaceuticalization, and they reflect neo-liberal ideas. Economic progress promoted scientific and technological development, while these trends provide people with the freedom to shape their selves. In conclusion, the medical sphere has significantly impacted the world, but its modern counterpart, biomedicalization, becomes more influential. This issue relies on technological advancements that allow people to modify their bodies, and this approach is usurping traditional medicalization. This approach also supports neo-liberalism that focuses on political freedom and economic progress. The Human Genome Project, organ transplantation, and pharmaceuticalization are suitable examples that demonstrate how the two phenomena above are distributed among people. Consequently, the technological improvements in society result in the fact that the medical industry is witnessing essential changes. Reference Clarke, J. N. (2016). Health, illness, and medicine in Canada (7th ed.). Ontario, Canada: Oxford University Press.
Healthcare facilities in the United States are keen on getting Joint Commission accreditation because of various reasons. According to Bowie and Green (2016), and accreditation by this commission is considered the gold standard in the field of healthcare. The accreditation focuses on continuous quality improvement of services that a healthcare institution offers and the safety of patients and the medical staff (Lambert, 2016). Getting accreditation is a sign of quality services that a healthcare facility offers. Most of the state governments in the country recognize the institution’s accreditation when defining conditions for receipt of Medicare and Medicaid reimbursements (Burns, Bradley, Weiner, Shortell, & Kaluzny, 2012). As the executive director of ABC Healthcare Center, the researcher has to find ways of pursuing the Joint Commission accreditation. It will help this institution to convince its clients that its services meet the criteria set by the government and other relevant institutions. The achievement will also enable this institution to get financial benefits from the government in the form of Medicaid reimbursements. In this essay, the focus is to review what it takes for this institution to achieve the accreditation and challenges that the team should expect. The Management of Challenges of Delivering Value in Healthcare When striving to deliver value in the healthcare sector, especially when the focus is to get the Joint Commission accreditation, a firm should be ready to overcome various challenges. One of the biggest challenges, according to Bowie and Green (2016), is bureaucracy. Many institutions in the United States are keen on embracing the open-door policy where employees can easily engage their superiors when they feel such an action is necessary. However, Goldsmith (2014) claims that most of the systems embraced in this country are bureaucratic, making it difficult for top managers to engage junior employees as frequently as would be desirable. As the director of this organization, one of the steps that will be taken would be to eliminate all bureaucratic systems and structures within ABC Healthcare Center as a way of improving communication. Human relation is another major issue that affects the quality of service that a healthcare facility delivers. Nurses, doctors, and other medical staff should have a good working relationship where there is mutual respect. Such a kind of environment is often created by the management approaches that an institution embraces. The director and other senior managers should not be seen to favor a section of employees, such as doctors, at the expense of other staff members. Such preferences often create a rift among workers. The process of making critical decisions that affect the workforce should be as inclusive as possible. The manageme
People living nowadays find it difficult to imagine how their counterparts from the 19th century lived, as everything has dramatically changed. The world is an entirely different place nowadays, and the meaning of many concepts has shifted. Nevertheless, it is essential to look back at the past, analyze, and make conclusions. The American Civil War, which led to the abolishment of slavery, was one of the most important events in the history of the United States. Numerous individuals are convinced that the Thirteen Amendment to the Constitution was among the most outstanding achievements, while others state that all the processes were gradual and complicated. The lives of numerous black people did not change overnight, and they did not obtain freedom at once. In the South, as well as in the North, African Americans lacked rights and opportunities before and after the Civil War. Even though many black people were not slaves in Antebellum America, they could not enjoy complete freedom, thus being free at the time meant to be under constant pressure. The South In the South, African Americans were treated mostly differently from their counterparts in the North; thus, many of them dreamed of a free land where they could enjoy their lives and prosper. Undoubtedly, one of the worst crimes of humanity was slavery, which imposed unreasonable restrictions on millions of individuals and inflicted widespread suffering. The Confederate States of America was the place where it was prevailing. It may be challenging to imagine that only about 160 years ago in Louisiana, Texas, or Arkansas, black people worked hard in order to bring advantages to their white owners. Moreover, the former could not make choices on their own, as they were under the complete control of their masters. Their physical freedom was restricted, though their mental freedom could not be reduced. To begin with, millions of Americans nowadays have heard much about the horrors of slavery. However, getting aware of some information does not mean realizing it. In the modern world, political leaders can lose their positions due to racial remarks on social media. In contrast, white plantation owners traded, sexually harassed, and mercilessly exploited black people with no punishment only a century and a half ago. Brent wrote, “You never knew what it is to be a slave; to be entirely unprotected by law or custom; to have the laws reduce you to the condition of a chattel, entirely subject to the will of another.” 1 The woman fully experienced the horrors of slavery and assured that those who had never encountered it could not understand the problem entirely. Even though some slaves were lucky to have compassionate owners, they always feared for their own future. The reason
Finding Differences Within a healthcare organization, nurse managers are the connection between the administration and the rest of the workforce. Nurse managers supervise organization performance, productivity, and nursing practices which reflect on staff engagement and patient satisfaction (Keys, 2014). Meanwhile, leaders, particularly at the executive level, are responsible for influencing the professional environment of nursing practice. They must consider all aspects of patient care delivery, staff training, and optimization of productivity. There is an aspect of setting standards, creating policy, and ensuring regulatory compliance. In this position, nurse leaders can introduce a shared vision for the organization that inspires and implements reform in a health care setting (Leach & McFarland, 2014). A leader creates value within an organization by inspiring better performance and working alongside everyone else. A manager is inherently counting value based on assigned duties since there is a responsibility to report staff productivity. Management emphasizes control and organization, while leadership focuses on setting standards and increases the effectiveness or morale of the staff. Leadership is a more dynamic process while management requires discipline and tedious attention to details (Marquis & Huston, 2015). Examples The unit nurse manager is fulfilling her administrative and supervisory duties. However, she maintains a weak relationship with the staff because of the tendency to maintain discipline by publicly disrespectfully criticizing employees. The behavior is tolerated by the staff fearing for the security of their job and by the human resources department currently facing a shortage of unit nurse managers. Despite the competent performance of managerial duties, the nurse is not a leader, lacking an interpersonal connection with her subordinates. The communication process is dysfunctional which leads to poor morale in the department. However, it is possible that such situations can be mitigated by improving access to leadership training for management staff. New guidelines redefine the roles of many managers to have leadership duties. Through appropriate training programs, managers can be aware of their role as leaders in a clinical setting. This helps to maintain accountability and develop an awareness of their respective position in the workforce (Stoddart, Bugge, Shepherd, & Farquharson, 2014). An example of leadership can be seen in a shift-lead nurse of the medical-surgical unit in a general hospital. She has been a nurse for a long time but maintains a humble position without the perks and power of executive positions. However, she has the respect of practically the whole nursing staff, serving as a mentor and confidant to many. In stressful or hectic situations that can occur in clinical settings, she can bring stability and inspire those around her. It is a unique example of leadership in nursing that is never formalized or supported by an extensive list of accolad