ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Celiac disease is a gastric disorder in which the small intestine wrecks and hinders the digestion of nutrients gained from the food. The people with celiac disease show reluctance in digesting gluten, which is a protein naturally obtained from wheat, rye and barley. The other sources of the gluten include medicines, multivitamins and lip balms. The immune system of the celiac patients on the engulfment of gluten containing food reacts simultaneously by rupturing villi that are tiny finger-like extensions along with the small intestine. The other professional and scientific names of this disease are celiac sprue, non-tropical sprue and gluten-sensitive enteropathy. This disease is also hereditary in nature (NIH, 2008). The symptoms of celiac disease are usually different in the patients. However, the gastric complications of the celiac disease are nearly common in infants and young children. These gastric complications include abdominal bloating & pain, chronic diarrhea, vomiting, constipation, pale foul smelling or fatty stool and weight loss. Adults with celiac disease show symptoms other than digestive disorders, which are iron-deficiency anemia, fatigue, arthritis, osteoporosis, depression, tingling numbness in the hands & feet, seizures, irregular menstrual periods, recurrent miscarriage, canker sores inside the mouth and dermatitis herpetiformis. There are also some other disease, which usually become associated in the worse condition of this disease. These associated diseases include type 1 diabetes, autoimmune thyroid disease, autoimmune liver disease, rheumatoid arthritis, Addison’s disease and Sjogren disease (NIH, 2008). Still, the diagnosis of this disease is difficult due to similarity of its symptoms. To overcome this challenge, the health scholars have devised some diagnostic tests which include blood test, intestinal biopsy, Dermatitis Herpetiformis and screening. During blood test, most of the patients with celiac disease report the increased anti-tissue transglutaminase antibodies (tTGA) or anti-endomysium antibodies (EMA). However, not all patients show such results and their diagnosis is performed by other blood. Similarly, the biopsy of the small intestine confirms the disease. The purpose of screening is to detect the disease among the individuals without the indication of any symptom (Rodrigo, 2006). No area of the world could manage an escape from this disease. In the United States, this disease has a wide prevalence among the people, such like that about 1 out of 133 individuals (Fasano et al., 2003). Currently, the most prescribed therapy for this disease is the administration of gluten-free diet (Kupper, 2005). The absolute compliance of diet chart defined by dietitian for the celiac patients may prevent the threats of alarming osteoporosis and intestinal cancer. However, no
The definition of big data includes data sets, whose size exceed the ability of frequently used software to contain, manage, process, and operate in an appropriate period. The size of big data is constantly growing, and it can grow in three dimensions, i.e. volume (its quantity), variety (types and sources of data), and velocity (Pettey and Goasduff par. 6-8). Big data does not present any samples, it is mere evidence of the events that occur, and it is a byproduct of those events. It can be text, video, audio or images. Big data is stored in real time. Among the most common examples of big data are such things as the constant stream of messages in social webs, meteorological data, the data on the location of the subscribers of mobile webs, the data of the remote sensing of the Earth, etc. (McKinsey Global Institute 7-8). Big data can be driven from a wide variety of sources. According to Mark van Rijmenam’s infographic, among the main sources are the following. Archives: archives of scanned documents, statements, insurance forms, medical record, customer correspondence, and stream print files. Docs: PDF, XLS, HTML and HTML5, CSV, JSON, XML, plain text, etc. Media: images, videos, audio, podcasts, live streams, etc. Data storage: Hadoop, SQL, NoSQL, file systems, doc repository, etc. Business applications: project management, human resources management, marketing control systems, productivity, talent management, disbursement management, etc. Social media: Tumblr, Twitter, Facebook, Linkedin, blogs, Google+, SlideShare, Instagram, YouTube, etc. Machine log data: audit logs, server data, event logs, application logs, call detail records, business process logs, mobile app usage, mobile location, etc. Sensor data: the data collected by devices, such as satellites, traffic cameras, etc. Public web: official sources, such as government, meteorological services, traffic, health care system, finance, World Bank, Wikipedia, etc. (see Table 3). The measurement of big data can be performed by calculating the amount of transactions, records, files or tables in a particular set of data. With the increase of the given data in volume, the technology of counting should advance (“Data Equity” 15). To quantify the big data, it is necessary to use the units of measurements commonly used to count information, i.e. bits and bytes. However, the difference between regular data and big data is the enhanced volume of the latter, and that requires the use of big units. While the units used to count regular data range from a bit to a terabyte, for big data we may use petabytes (1000 5 bytes), exabytes (1000 6 bytes), zettabytes (1000 7 bytes), and yottabytes (1000 8 bytes). Big data are used for a number of purposes. Businesses use it to find out the preferences of their potential customers, to study their positions in the market, and to develop their future marketing strategy (Brown, Chui, and Manyika par. 5). They are also used by the government to explore the needs of the population and the current state of the population, and in the time previous to the election big data are used as well. Security agen
Heart failure is now occurring in younger people and it is vital to make them cautious and have a healthy lifestyle to prevent the disease. It is necessary to note that heart failure is often caused by a variety of other diseases and people are often unaware of the high risk of development of this health condition (The Harvard School of Public Health, 2010). According to Huff (2011), 80% of patients involved in the research conducted recently have poor health literacy. Notably, heart failure is often a result of an unhealthy lifestyle. In other words, it is preventable in the majority of cases if a person has a healthy lifestyle. The present leaflet is aimed at the adult population (between 30 and 50) who may know about (or be unaware of) heart failure (see Appendix 1). The purpose of the leaflet is to draw people’s attention to the problem and encourage them to seek more information (on the Internet, asking their doctors, and so on). The present population needs specific attention as these people are in the risk group of developing the disease. It has been acknowledged that people are now trying to have healthy lifestyles though some ignore this necessity. Such leaflet may encourage people to change their minds and be more responsible. It is necessary to note that the leaflet contains some data and images. To make a leaflet eye-catching, it is common to use images (Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, n.d.). A graph with the rate of people with a certain disease is utilized to make the viewer see the degree of danger. Admittedly, some data in the text may be missed as people often skim leaflets, but the same data in a graph tends to draw people’s attention. The leaflet includes highlighted text to help the view follow it easily. Hence, the most valuable information can be identified easily. Finally, the leaflet includes two helpful links to websites containing a lot of information on the disease and ways to prevent it. Therefore, the leaflet reaches its goals as people have some links to start their research on the matter. Furthermore, plain language was employed to address the target audience (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, n.d.). Even though the audience is the adult population, these people are not health care professionals in the vast majority of cases. Therefore, the leaflet does not contain specific terms, and the diseases mentioned in it are commonly known. It is also noteworthy that a significant part of the adult population speaks English as the second language (English literacy may be quite low) and complicated words and structures could be misunderstood.
12 Points Summary It is essential to bear in mind that phonemic awareness (PA) is comparatively easy to acquire and to teach to young learners; in fact, some children understand phonemics intuitively and only need a certain amount of guidance from teachers, a recent report says: “Children can show us that they have phonemic awareness in several ways” (Armbruster, Lehr & Osborn, 2003, p. 1). PA allows children to acquire reading skills faster and more efficiently in that children are capable of identifying sounds and syllables in words; consequently, children learn to spell together with learning to read, therefore, differentiating between sounds and letters. Thus, children need to learn to relate letters and their combinations to the corresponding sounds. Herein the difference between phonetics and phonics lies. Unlike phonemic awareness, which presupposes that young learners should be able to recognize the sounds of the spoken language as the building blocks for words, phonics is “the understanding that there is a predictable relationship between phonemes and graphemes, the letters that represent those sounds in written language” (Armbruster, Lehr & Osborn, 2003, p. 1). Therefore, it is crucial that to learn the basics of phonemics, children should be taught to manipulate phonemes with the help of letters (Armbruster, Lehr & Osborn, 2003). For the learning process to be efficient, it is reasonable to focus on one or two phonemes instead of the entire range of phonemes. As far as the phonics instructions are concerned, it is imperative that the learner should be able to trace certain logics behind the relationships between the combination of letters and the sounds that they trigger. The predictability in these relationships is crucial for developing the learner’s ability to identify the phonic instructions and, therefore, be able to navigate in the reading process comparatively freely. More to the point, the specified strategy of the provision of systematic phonics instructions allows for teaching reading to kindergartners and first-grade students by improving their word recognition process, as well as helping them spell words correctly. Indeed, the report claims that “Children who have phonemic awareness skills are likely to have an easier time learning to read and spell than children who have few or none of these skills” (Armbruster, Lehr & Osborn, 2003, p. 1), which can be explained by the development of cognition skills in learners by allowing them to understand how language works instead of giving them grammar rules without substantiating the latter. Consequently, children’s reading improves greatly as well with the adoption of phonics instruction. Indeed, as a method of explaining to young learners how exactly “the sounds of spoken language work together to make words” (Armbruster, Lehr & Osborn, 2003, p. 1), phonic
“Conserve Water through Food Efficiency, Report Says” How much good is actually “wasted”? In the article under consideration, the results of the investigations organized by the Stockholm International Water Institute, the International Water Management Institute, and the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization helps to clarify that more than 50% of food is wasted (Block par. 2). How does this occur? As a rule, such events as inefficient harvesting, packaging, transportation, and storage turn out to be the main sources of food waste. Besides, there are several cases when the citizens of developed countries find it normal just to throw food away and use, as well as waste, much water. What are the real costs of this food waste? The cost of food waste is about $19.6 billion annually. There are many negative outcomes of food waste. First, people should understand that food waste requires about 80% of the water resources of the whole world. Second, climate changes occur. Post-harvest food losses may be observed as well. Finally, the number of crop-eating pests and organisms undergoes considerable changes and leads to unpredictable outcomes in agriculture that frustrate and confuse people. What policies could work to reduce food waste? In the article, several ideas and policies on how to reduce food waste are offered. For example, it is suggested to consider the transportation details and food processing and set some kinds of benchmark standards. It is important to have some labels in regards to which people can learn how much water is required for each product. “Food, Famine & Climate Change: How We Feed the World on 85p” Why are an additional 100 million people malnourished this year? The global recession, the establishment of high food prices, and the considerable increase of environmental disaster are the main reasons for and the explanations of why the additional 100 million people malnourished or even were left hungry in the past year. As a result, such a huge number of people remain to be dependent on the UN food supply and can do nothing to change the situation and avoid the problems and deaths connected with human hunger. What other factors are contributing to the widespread hunger and general poor health? Many factors can contribute to the widespread hunger and poor health of people in developing countries. The examples given in the article show that ordinary climate changes have led to unpredictable and dangerous outcomes. Because of successive rains, there were no crops for feeding catt
Introduction This personal model aims at creating a conceptual map from an individual perspective. Leadership is a process of social influence in which one person can influence the behavior of others. It is, therefore, apparent that there must be the leader and followers (Clark, 2003). The leader must be influential and directive to the people. This implies that the leader must understand the followers’ behaviors. There are different leadership techniques that include authoritative, motivational, persuasive and democratic leadership. In democratic leadership, group members can contribute to the group proceedings. Consequently, group leadership will depend on cognitive behavioral therapy and leadership style to modify behaviors. Cognitive Behavioral Therapy [CBT] It is a psychotherapeutic approach that evaluates the cause of failure in a group (Lencioni, 2002). The leader should encourage teamwork and give directions like a counselor. This ensures that the decisions do not incorporate personal interests. A responsible leader is time observant and does not misuse resources. I would allow the members to participate and make implementations on the group proceedings. Participation could be facilitated by arguments and discussions. This aspect motivates members towards achieving the group’s goals. CBT acknowledges that some behaviors can be controlled through irrational thoughts only. Consequently, I would appraise collaborative techniques to bring to enhance free interactions. Since group therapy aims at addressing the group problems, I would select specified strategies to solve subject issues. These incorporate encouraging teamwork, use of education strategy, and hiring external experts to identify the problem. Their specialty allows them to identify a remedy. Participation in collaborative relations will enable the groups to handle large problems and find solutions. Therefore, I would evaluate members to identify the remedy of a group’s problem without making a personal judgment. Additionally, I realized that there are different behaviors in a group. Addictive behavior arises from the environment of interaction. A person may address some subjects or issues and neglect others. Most of these behaviors are informal, voluntary, generated behaviorally, set by the management or dependent on personal preferences. The other behaviors incorporate rules, values, and policies. Rules refer to mandatory guidelines that I would exercise in the group. Values are the aspects that I would expect from each group member. Policies state how the group followers should be treated.
Introduction Media has always played a great role in the society, government and other fields of life. The importance of mass media cannot be denied as in today’s world every one is interested in knowing about the happenings in the world. Just for having the information about the happenings in the world and also getting the information about the famous personalities, celebrities and political leaders. Just for having such information people used to listen radio, watch television and read newspapers. Due to the interest of people in the lives of famous personalities every type of media gives a lot of attention and time in covering the lives of famous celebrities. But apart from all these facts there should be some limits in covering the lives of the famous personalities. Different personalities should be covered in different details. There are some personalities that are the ideals of many people so there lifestyle should be presented in front of the people and there are many that should be covered just up to their professional life. (Simona Vicarova, 2007). Curiosity of More Spicy News People are never satisfied with the media news they always want more and more. They want to explore each and every aspect of a celebrity’s life. In such scenario it is the responsibility of the media to show the right and fair sight to the world.   * In such cases sometimes media publish news that is fake and exaggerated. Just for satisfying the public and they know that if they will publish spicy news in front of public then their sales will increase rapidly.   * For the excitement of public the media forget to respect the privacy of the personal issues of the celebrities. Although the people are very much interested with the lives of the celebrities some times because they admire these personalities to the large extent and sometimes just because of the curiosity but in any case the thing is that the media should respect the privacy and lives of these publicly famous people. In my view the lives of the famous personalities should be covered as people are very much attracted and inspired by these personalities so the positive aspects of their lives should bring forth to the people so
The case discusses two American airlines, Spirit and Northwest Commercial carriers, that engaged in a fierce price war in the late 1990s. The former was a regional airline, while the latter provided international flight services. The rift between the two was due to a disagreement over price charges on two local routes that each served, namely, Boston-Detroit and Detroit-Philadelphia. Spirit argued that Northwest dramatically lowered their prices, which they perceived as predatory and a violation of the Sherman Act. On the other hand, Northwest firm defended its position, stating that its actions were permissible and did not violate the antitrust laws. The case elucidates the legal and economic aspects of predatory pricing. It also illuminates the economical disposition of price competition between Northwest and Spirit commercial airlines. Predatory pricing is a trading strategy designed by an incumbent firm to create dominance or monopoly over a small rival or entry company. It is achieved through cutting prices and creating doubts on prospects of success for other competitors. This case explains that vigorous pricing is only beneficial to customers during the price war but detrimental in the long run due to monopolistic charges. As for the predator company, recoupment for losses during the price war only happens if the target firm exits the market or the incumbent firm ascends to a position of dominance. The article also elaborates on the difficulty encountered in distinguishing predatory pricing from legitimate competition. Multiple theories to solve this dilemma have been discussed; however, commentators dispute these proposals, claiming that none provide an accurate framework for distinguishing between predatory and authentic pricing. The case also discusses the three-step approach crucial in proving a company’s engagement in predatory pricing. It includes analysis of the relevant market to determine if its structure favors one company to excise market power over the other, economic assessment to evaluate if predatory prices are below appropriate, and evaluation of the likelihood of a predatory company to recoup losses after the exit of a target rival. The case provides a brief chronology of events from the establishment of Spirit and Northwest Airlines to the predation period. Northwest Airlines was founded in 1926 as a local mail carrier before it proceeded to provide passenger services. In 1986 it merged with other Republic Airlines and commenced its international flights. At the time, Spirit Air Company was a low-fare local carrier with a low economic profile compared to Northwest Airlines. Both commercial Airlines served the Detroit-Philadelphia and Detroit-Boston route, but Spirit’s average fares were consistently lower. In 1995, Spirit Airlines introduced a single nonstop flight in the DTW-PHL route, and Northwest did not res