ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The edicts were a proclamation from the Celestial Empire’s ruler, which was addressed to King George ||| on the occasion of Lord Macartney’s mission to China. It was written in September of 1793 due to an alleged disrespect on behalf of the British to the established order in Chinese trade. The edict said that the Emperor rejected all the requests from Macartney; it also explained his decision in great detail. This document can give a lot of information about the person who wrote it and the particular time in history when those actions took place. To start with, the Emperor was offended by the number and the nature of the aforementioned demands. He was strongly against the British ambassador living in Beijing; that was, according to Qianlong, “not consistent with the Customs of… Empire, and cannot, therefore, be allowed” (“Two edicts from”, 1793). He believed that the existing trade between the two countries was already working at its best and there was no need for any adjustments. Another request from the British that was met with an immediate rejection was the reduction of the restrictions concerning the trade between Great Britain and China. Qianlong was not willing to open new ports, having stated that Macao was “… near the sea, and therefore an important gathering place for the ships… sailing to and from” (“Two edicts from”, 1793). The British were also denied in using an island near Chusan for the storage of their goods, along with several other demands. However, despite the Emperor’s dissatisfaction with the ambassador’s actions and the requests from the King, he allowed the embassy to keep the plenty of gifts that he had given them. That was done as a mere gesture of generosity and mercy. The tone and the language of the edicts very distinctly describe the Emperor. He strongly believed China was far superior to Great Britain or any other country for that matter. The way he wrote about the abundance of products his Empire had and the lack of necessity to do trade with other countries whatsoever was very arrogant. Be it because of obedience to traditions and strict dictation of foreign policy, or a strong will to compete with another empire, Qianlong refused to yield in negotiations. One more indicator of his superiority before Great Britain was the fact that he called British merchants “barbarians” several times throughout the edict. The language that he used was very sophisticated and polite to the extreme. His over the top sympathy for isolated Britain and its people, so unfortunate to live far away and therefore, ignorant of the civilization of China, highlights his arrogance even more. The analysis of the edicts shows that Celestial Empire took pride in what they had achieved and created, their dominance above other countries in many spheres and valued their security. Hence the unwillingness to negotiate any changes in the existing order, loosen the rules of trade, open new ports to foreign merchants and establish the British Embassy. Even though, according to
Introduction Veterans Health Administration in Northern California is a leading provider of quality healthcare services. The organization mentors and monitors its employees using the best Performance Management System (PMS). The company’s “main goal is to empower its caregivers and health practitioners” (Segal, 2010, p. 77). The organization has always provided quality health support to different veterans. The organization’s PMS focuses on the best medical goals. This paper assesses the strengths and weaknesses of my organization’s Performance Management System. Performance Management System The organization’s PMS has several strengths. The system focuses on the best organizational practices. The healthcare facility has hired the right supervisors and managers to monitor the system (Schwartz & Liakopoulos, 2010). Every caregiver is encouraged to be part of the Performance Management System. My organization also gathers the best feedbacks from different stakeholders and employees. This practice has made the system effective and successful. The firm uses the best resources in order to make its PMS successful. The system has some weaknesses. The organization does not have an appropriate coaching and mentoring plan. The institution does not document its appraisals and evaluations. The healthcare institution employs many nurses and physicians to support its Performance Management System (PMS). Our managers encourage every clinician to be part of the PMS. The institution has employed competent supervisors to evaluate the commitment and performance of every clinician (Afiouni, 2007). Performance evaluations are undertaken every three months. My organization has several teams to support the system. The organization’s HR department also supports the PMS. The firm uses every data from the Performance Management System to make accurate and timely decisions. Such decisions are critical towards supporting the institution’s goals. The PMS has several stages or steps. The “first stage is preparation” (Wells, 2009, p. 91). The facility has hired competent supervisors and leaders to review the performance of every clinician. The “supervisors also gather self-assessment reports and feedbacks from their employees” (Wells, 2009, p. 91). The “next step is implementation” (Segal, 2010, p. 76). The managers establish the best environment for PMS implementation. Every individual identifies the best strategies in order to improve the institut
Validity and Reliability Bohrnstedt issued a rapid procedure for establishing the validity and reliability of multiple element scales. Reliability is the extent to which the outcome of an assessment, computation, or arrangement can be relied on to be precise. Conversely, validity is the degree to which constructs are assessed in a quantifiable study. The two elements are very crucial in research. This essay aims to give an outline of the hypothetical issues caused by numerous- item grades in such a manner that the constants illustrated by Bohrnstedt might be utilized with prudence. Several authors, including Campbell & Eiske, Guttman, Novic &Lewis, and Werts & Linn, provide their own comprehension and evaluation of scales construction, reliability, and validity (Werts & Linn, 1970). Scales Created in a Faultless, Concise Manner The authors created scales in a well-defined and brief manner. Scale construction and authentication are vital to many of the tasks in behavioral and social sciences. Although, the assemblage of methods demanded scale creation and analysis cab be burdensome, jargon-filled, inexperienced, and resource concentrated. Initially, items are produced, and the legitimacy of their substance is evaluated. Then there are pre-testing quizzes, diminishing the number of items and comprehension of how many facets the scales grasp. The final step involves scale assessment, the number of dimensions verified, reliability test, and evaluation of validity. The construction of scales is compliant as they all adhered to the procedures of scale development in the creation of the scales. The utilization of various items to measure a latent causal hypothesis can additionally represent and separate item-specified measurement error, which causes more precise study findings. The reliability of each substance is evaluated as the square of the relationship betwixt the underlying element and the observed parallel element score. The reliabilities are simply formed utilizing the path evaluation algorithms because there are mutually three unknown and known correlations (Werts & Linn, 1970). With exceeding three elements, the knowns obviously will surpass the unknowns leading to over-determination. The scales would have been created transparently. Clarifications Concerning the Validity and Reliability of Procedures The writers’ explanations were faultless about the validity and reliability of their processes. A measure could be dependable but not logical. It is assessing something very reliable but is constantly evaluating the untrue construct. Likewise, a measure could be acceptable but not trustworthy in the case of assessing the true construct, yet not partaking in the act in a constant manner. Validity and reliability are mutually demanded to ascertain an a
It is almost unlikely to mention Steve Jobs as my business personality of all time without running the risk of being accused of ‘following the crowd.’ But that is the blame I readily take. For me, Steve ‘is’ a great teacher as he has taught us the following. Lesson one; you are never too young to think of the world. When Steve Jobs and Stephen Wozniak started Apple Computers, Jobs was only 21 years old. Usually, at that age, people tend to feel they are young, and most attempts at economic empowerment are rather selfish, marked with ‘I need to make it’ kind-of thought. Jobs must have felt the same, too. But within this was another visionary thought; ‘I need to help the world make it.’ Lesson two; it is never too small. Almost laughable is the fact that Jobs and Wozniak started Apple Computers in Job’s family garage. Even almost preposterous is the fact that its initial life was funded with the money that the two got after Jobs sold the Volkswagen bus he owned, and Wozniak parted with his so-described ‘beloved’ scientific calculator. Today, Apple is the most valuable company in the world, an unimaginable contrast to its garage-based youth. Lesson three; stay focused. In spite of the early successes of Apple Computers, sales started to subside in the 1970s, and Jobs was forced into resigning as the company CEO in 1985. Instead of sitting back to nurse his wounds, Jobs started another software and hardware company, NEXT, Inc., And he acquired an animation company, later becoming Pixar Animation Studios, which has become the most famous and successful animation movies’ production studio in the world today. His primary focus, Apple Computers, remained, and when he returned as CEO in 1997, the company was wavering. With a new team of management and changed stock options, Jobs rejuvenated Apple; until his death, he led revolutionary innovations such as the iMac, iPhone, and iPod, taking the world of communication and entertainment by storm. Lesson four; lead by example. Jobs is said to have been a ‘hard driver’ by fellow workers, always following the step-by-step progress of new products. But he could be forgiven because he demanded the same of himself, too. But in spite of these successes, the aura of Steve Jobs lies in the fact that he was also human after all. Jobs made mistakes too like everyone else; for instance, besides the falling sales of Apple Computer products in the 1970s, his after-resignation acquisition (NEXT, Inc) also floundered in sales. Jobs also battled Pancreatic Cancer. But these things did not bring him down as he kept his vision for the world alive. Jobs’ vision of the world was beyond the borders of the USA and the whole continent of America as well. He stayed focused and, in the end, set the world rolling towards the future, his vision. The business world, as well as the rest of the world, still moans th
Introduction Today, the issue of safeguarding wild nature is one of the most crucial topics on the ecological agenda. J.B. MacKinnon devoted his article The Age of Rewilding to the concept of rewilding. Today wild nature is in decline because species continue to decrease every year (MacKinnon 154-155). Humanity makes various efforts to protect the environment, but they are not enough. There are various concepts on how to preserve wild nature, like conservation or restoration. However, the best concept of how to change the status quo is called rewilding. Rewilding in J.B. MacKinnon’s Opinion One of the ways to save wildlife is conservation, which implies safeguarding wild animals and their natural habitats to preserve populations and improve ecosystems. However, according to J.B. MacKinnon, conservation obtains several flaws – among them is the fact that it proposes to separate nature from people (MacKinnon 156). Instead, in The Age of Rewilding ’s author offers another method, “rewilding”. It comprises the practice of recreating a wilder planet at different levels. It alludes not only to the concept of reintroducing extinct species to habitats that had previously been devoid of them and creating “corridors” between wild areas to prevent them from being isolated. It also means that it is in the hands of people to make the planet wilder, to bring it closer to its original condition. This change, as per MacKinnon, should address the habitats of both wild species and humans. ‘A Rainforest is Not a Fashion That Can Be Left Behind by New Tastes and Ideas’ The notion of restoration implies the return to the Earth’s original natural state. The critics of this practice claim that it is impossible to make the planet as wild as it was millions of years ago because the current continental wildlife has been greatly modified by human beings. Moreover, nature, as said by MacKinnon, “is not historical,” meaning that it is out of time (MacKinnon 157). Every living thing on the planet is contemporary, and the essence of nature remains unchanged. Restoration should aim to recreate the planet’s natural gist rather than its previous appearance. As a result, conservation ideally entails unlocking the potential of wildlife, forging strong bonds between man and nature, and striving to rewild the planet. Is It Acceptable to Kill Members of One Species to Save Others? The Galápagos Islands truly have one of the unique faunas in the world, due to their isolation from the rest of the world. However, when people started to colonize the islands, they brought with them foreign fauna, like dogs, cats, goats, etc. (MacKinnon 160). As a result, the unique species of local tortoises were in danger of extinction. T
Introduction With the development of the gaming industry, growth of its target audience’s amount, and the spreading of the Internet, electronic sports are becoming more and more popular competitive activity. Electronic sports are often referred to as eSports or egames, and imply organized video gaming. The primary concept of eSports can be seen as a competition of teams against each other in tournaments for a prize, usually in the form of cash and a title. From this perspective, eSports are similar to traditional sports competitions. The Transition of Games from Singleplayer to Multiplayer The history of transferring games from a hobby to professional sports began in the 1990s. It is connected to the rise of the accessible worldwide web. The Internet has connected gamers; thus, it enabled competitive gaming and contributed to the growth of the popularity of games. Then, in 1997, the world’s first eSports event, the Red Annihilation tournament for Quake game was conducted and held about 2000 participants. A short time after this competition, a gaming league named Cyberathlete Professional League (CPL) was formed. In 2017, the total Esports prize money amounted to $110.6 million from a total of 3765 tournaments. Gamers used to compete playing through game consoles before the industry went online. Playing with another player via the same console offline is still a common way to have fun with friends and relatives living in the same place. It also enables to deepen into competition due to specific atmosphere complementing the process, which is also why many tournaments prefer to gather teams in one room adjusted for playing. In addition, few games do not support online multiplayer mode still. However, all the other benefits are attributed to playing games online. It is simpler to connect with people through the word via Internet, and more and more games have a well-functioning multiplayer. The Discussion of Two Popular Multiplayer Games and Their Concepts Background and Development of League of Legends League of Legends is currently one of the world’s biggest eSports that emerged from the Warcraft 3 mod Defence of the Ancients. In 2005, Feak and Mescon created a company named Riot Games. After fours years, the idea of League of Legends came alive and became popular for both amateurs and professionals Free-To-Play game. This game is compared to DOTA, which has a similar concept. Currently, League of Legends counts millions
Name and explain the three stages in interpersonal relationships. There are three stages involved in the process of interpersonal relationship. Stage 1: Relational Development This refers to a process by which individuals grow their relationships. This process involves five fundamental elements, which include the following: Initiation of the relationship- during this moment, parties to a relationship voluntarily decide to commence the relationship with a view to meet specific goals. This phase has five elementary phases discussed below.  1. Experimenting- it is worth noting that after initiating a relationship, individuals begin to experiment with each other to determine whether it can be strengthened.  2. Intensifying – this follows successful experimentation by which individuals realize their common goals in the relationship.  3. Integrating- this is where people try to compromise on their differences in terms of views and behavior.  4. Bonding- it is a process of becoming one by merging differences and the likes in order to move forward. Stage 2: Relational maintenance Relational maintenance refers to a process of holding or keeping the relationship intact. During this phase, three basic dialectics are involved. Firstly, individuals may either integrate or separate while trying to maintain their relationship. Secondly, a relationship may continue to experience stability or change depending on the prevailing circumstances. Lastly, in pursuit of keeping the relationship intact, a party or parties may freely express their views and character or conceal certain elements of their relationship (Pearson, Nelson, Titsworth, and Harter 20). Stage 3: Relational deterioration As the title suggests, relationships disintegrate during this moment. This stage involves five elements that may occur during the deterioration. They include differentiation, circumscribing, stagnating, avoidance, and termination. Discuss two examples of how technology can be used to facilitate small-group communication As we experience technological advancements, groups will benefit by facilitating their communication without meeting face-to-face. Two ways through which small groups may benefit from the technology include teleconferencing and online computer texting. Teleconferencing This is a communication process by which members of a group communicate via telephone. Small groups can utilize this technology to conduct discussions where members cannot meet face-to-face. Computer-based texting In this process, groups hold online discussions via internet connectivity by a process. Although organizations that initiated telephoning technology in their communication have raised issues of costs, it is worth noting that computer-based testing and online group chats are relatively cheap. This
Introduction During my academic life, I have always observed that companies that use water as a heating medium prefer using steam to boiling water. This tendency has always amazed me since the boiling water and steam have the same temperature which is 100 degree Celsius. I have been arguing that if water and steam have the same temperature, none of them should be preferred to the other on basis of the heating capability. Additionally, I noted that after sweating, I feel cold for a moment although the ambient temperatures are very high. Based on these mysteries of nature I decided to investigate what happens during vaporization of water in order to explain the phenomenon. The figure below is a graph representing the heating curve of pure water where we observe that water maintains 100 degrees Celsius for a moment before turning to steam. Figure 1: This figure shows the heating curve of pure water from ice to steam (Kent, 2013). Conceptual Framework There are concepts and theories that explain why steam is a better heating medium than boiling water although they might have the same temperature. Scientists argue that before substances change from liquids to gas, they absorb heat without showing increase in the temperature. This heat is hidden in a manner that it cannot be identified by increase in temperature implying that they are not even sensed by a thermometer. The hidden heat is referred to as the latent heat of vaporization since it is invisible to apparatus that detect changes in temperature. When the heat is measured per unit mass, which is mostly considered as one kilogram, the measure is referred to as the specific latent heat of vaporization. Various substances have different amounts of latent heat of vaporization since they have differing complexions. The table 1 shows the various substances along with their corresponding specific latent heat of vaporization. Substance  The Specific Latent Heat of Vaporization in kJ/kg Water      2260                                              Alcohol    855                                               Lead       871                                               Toluene    351                                                Table 1: It shows the different substances along with their specific latent of vaporization. From the table above, it is evident that water has a specific latent heat of vaporization of 2260kJ/Kg implying that the any mass of water absorbs heat that is proportional to this ratio (Lefrois, 1979). When calculating the amount that a mass of substance need to vaporize, we multiply the specific latent heat of vaporization with the mass. Heat absorbed= Specific latent heat of vaporization x Mass of the vaporizing substance Q= m x H v In this case, Q is the amount of heat absorbed, m represents the mass of substance which will evaporate, and H v is the specific latent heat of vaporization of the substance. For example, when 0.3 kilograms of alcohol is evaporating it absorbs 256.5 kJ of heat. This is obtained by multiplying 855 kJ/Kg by 0.3 Kilograms. Q= 855 kJ/Kg x 0.3 Kgs = 256.5 Kilojoules Risks and Risk Control There are vario