ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction: About CCSS One of the most essential issues in the sphere of the modern education, the importance of the CCSS still causes unceasing debates. On the one hand, the existing standards prove to be quite satisfying; however, on the other hand, it must be admitted that the CCSS needs considerable amendments. Therefore, it is essential to consider the existing CCSS. The Summary of the Article Offering a completely new vision of the students’ learning program and the means to learn the new information, the CCSS is supposed to provide people with considerably more options in their studying process and at the same time make the latter as less complicated as possible. Clearing all obstacles that stand in the way of the modern students, the CCSS is supposed to offer people a whole new world of studying. However, it must be admitted that the CCSS contains quite a lot of controversial issues. Triggering a number of questions concerning how the CCSS works and what strategies the new system offers to make the studying process more ordered and less confusing, the CCSS is quite a debatable issue. As Watt (2011) himself emphasizes, “Awareness about a lack of agreement between what standards based education is intended to be and what it actually is led policy makers to determine that common standards offered a solution to this problem” (5). It is also essential to mark that the issue is intertwined with the No Child Left Behind Act. Once created for the needs and wants of numerous students who needed support, the CCSS is now turning into the policy that could satisfy the needs of stakeholders, as Watts (2011) explains. Hence, the reconsideration of the CCSS implementation is strongly required. Government and Education In the current policy concerning the education and the CCSS issues, the involvement of the government is completely evident. Once taking the educational issues as the proper means of solving the economical problems, the government is continuing the above-mentioned policy, which has its negative effect of the system and quality of education. As Altbach (2011) emphasizes, “For some within higher education, even the mention of state government conjures up negative images” (220). Obviously, the government is supposed to change its policy towards educational establishments, taking them as independent structures. However, according to Lardizabal (2005), the government’s partial involvement into the educational issues is one of the foundations of education and its basic principles (72). Therefore, the golden mean between the government’s partaking in the educational sphere reconstruction must be found, otherwise the system of education might be dangerously harmed. Conclusion: The Prospects As it can be seen from the examples above, the offered CCSS system does not substitute the existing one, since it does not comply with the requests and needs of the modern students. In addition, the fact that the government is concerned mainly with the profitability of the educational establishments is another reason for considerable doubts in t
The history of television involves the contribution of several engineers from different parts of the world (Bartels, 2010). It is imperative to note that the invention and development of television cannot be attributed to a single person. On the contrary, it was an inclusive process that involved several engineers working together for some decades. On the onset of television and broadcasting, these engineers explored two of the main basic technology at that time. The first option was to build a television system using the rotating-disk technology which was developed by Paul Nipkow (Bartels, 2010). The other option was the electric television system which used a cathode ray developed by A.A. Campbell-Swinton and Boris Rosing (Bartels, 2010). This paper seeks to explore the technical evolution of the television from its invention to the current developments. Mechanical televisions were the first inventions in television development. However, this system was quickly abandoned when the electronic system was developed since the latter worked better compared to the former. The electronic system was based on Nipkow’s rotating-disk technology which made it possible to transmit pictures over a wire (Bartels, 2010). This development was first utilized in 1984 and its initial name was the Nipkow disk . The technology used the scanning code whereby the light intensities of segments of a picture were examined and broadcasted (Houx, 2011). This was not the end of the rampant inventions. In the 1920s, another engineer, John Logie Baird, came up with the idea of using see-through rods to broadcast images for television (Houx, 2011). Logie had used Nipkow’s idea of rotating disk but he made it an electronic process rather than a mechanical one. This brought out a new development in the television engineering process creating room for further developments. His first exhibition utilized reflected light as opposed to the back-lit silhouettes (Bartels, 2010). During these processes, the production of television for commercial purposes was not yet achieved. It was in 1948 that the first bunch of commercial TV sets was rolled out for sale in the American market although the use of television was not as spread as it is currently. In a nutshell, it suffices to say that the mass production of television began around 1948. During this period, the television sets produced were showing images in black and white. This was the trend for almost a decade before the colored televisions came into being in 1953 (Houx, 2011). The invention of mechanical television can be attributed to the innovation of three main engineers, Willoughby Smith, Paul Gottlieb Nipkow, and John Logie Baird. Willoughby Smith discovered photoconductivity using an element called selenium 1873 (Bellis, 2013). His counterpart Nipk
E-commerce has immense potential in future years to personalize the shopping experience. This could potentially increase customer connection to businesses they use. However, it could also contribute to individual isolation unless applied thoughtfully. E-commerce will likely employ the increasing availability of information on customers to craft marketing and products that meet the consumer’s needs and preferences. Businesses will use Information on client location, previous choices, personal characteristics, and even health information (such as blood pressure, blood sugar, or pulse rate) to predict behavior and future preferences with increasing accuracy. Personalized Consumer Products Data collected regarding customer decisions will permit businesses to offer customers products and services that match their needs/wants. 1 2 Businesses will have extensive data on customers’ past choices and preferences when browsing and ordering. They will also likely have fairly accurate demographic data, based both on information that the customer has voluntarily provided, as part of, for example (to use a hypothetical example relevant to this case study) registering for a “frequent caffeinator” card. Other data may be inferred from publicly available sources. The firm can now communicate electronically both with the warehouse, using Just-In-Time inventory techniques, and to computer-controlled robots. This can allow for products to even be customized during manufacture and/or packaging, such as, for example, a personal blend of coffee varietals. 3 This could improve customer satisfaction and save money, time, energy and attention. The consumer will get something in the flavor combination, the color, the size, or the trim that they want.
One of the most popular modern database systems in the workplace are relational database management systems (RDBMS) based on a relational database model. Data on this database technology is stored in tables, along with Structured Query Language (SQL) used to access the database. Popular software for this type of database includes MySQL, Oracle, and Sybase. This type of database allows for thousands of simultaneous users while ensuring a high level of security. The database is dependable in retrieving and storing large amounts of data that also combines with ease of mass implementation in organizations due to effective system performance (Zafar et al., 2016). A database technology gaining popularity is the NoSQL database technologies based on object-oriented programming. This approach seeks to create queries and “bookshelves” of elements and give access to these elements. Instead of tracking individual search parameters, NoSQL directs the user to the necessary bookshelf to search for the information. NoSQL directly seeks to simplify storage by maintaining data in a denormalized manner, or large pieces. The object-oriented method can work with complex, heterogeneous, and rapidly changing data silos by answering user queries, maintaining data quality, and ensuring solid security (Corbellini et al., 2017). A recently developed and innovative technology is In-Chip technology combined with elastic tubes. It combines in-memory querying with the robustness of the older technology of OLAP cubes while eliminating many hardware and implementation challenges. In-Chip is the most modern iteration of in-memory technology in database analytics, utilizing columnar database for storage, allowing for fast disk reads and loading to RAM and vice versa). Only a small subset of data is stored on RAM allowing for other operations to take place, as the technology uses advanced compression and essentially analyzes data, which is not used by businesses, this can be left ‘at rest.’ There is significant optimization as the technology utilizes columnar algebra to merge between fields instead of the traditional joining tables approach (Levy, 2018).
Introduction Surveillance entails monitoring or tracking the behaviors of individuals or objects with the aim of controlling, obtaining information, or changing the behavior of the subjects under surveillance. In most cases, the surveillance gadgets, especially the closed-circuit cameras, remain concealed from the subjects of the surveillance, but collect all the information required and, thus pierces the privacy shield (Goffman 87). The increase in surveillance technology, although significant in combating crime, terrorism, and law breaking, especially in public places, it is incurring a significant attention as a privacy issue. Goffman observes that, although surveillance is as old as written history, development in surveillance and the technological advancement, in surveillance technology, pose a significant risk in privacy matters (88). Civil liberty counsel urges that, the increase in the use of improved surveillance technology infringe individual rights to privacy, as personal information is under scrutiny in the use of surveillance technology, especially the closed circuit cameras (CCTV). The use of listening devices, involving the recording of an individual’s private communication, puts one under the risk of privacy infringement, especially in a non-consensual or secret investigation. Although the increased use improved surveillance technology especially by the law, enforcing agencies help in controlling crime acts of offense, the technology, on the other hand, contravenes the policies on privacy protection and rights to privacy, as enshrined in the constitution of many nations across the world. Effects of surveillance technology on privacy Most governments of the world today use surveillance technology in the provision of security to its citizens but forget the harm posed to the citizens on privacy issue. With the fitting of close- circuit cameras in buildings, streets and work places, enabling monitoring of activities and communication without the consent of the subjects, puts their freedom to privacy at stake. The arrival of biometric software, high-speed surveillance computers, and sophisticated surveillance programs increased the capacity of the government and law enforcing agencies to monitor the activities of the citizens, in both public and private places. Lyon expresses concern that; the continued use of surveillance technology by government on the activities of the citizens will end up in mass surveillance society with no existence of both political and personal freedom (109). The transformati
Global politics is one of the most interesting fields to explore. How states today interact and try to protect their interests is unprecedented. The understanding of international relations requires knowledge not only of politics but the history of the countries, their cultures, religions, and traditions among other elements. This combination of different spheres of knowledge makes international relations a unique field, and the introduction to global politics presented some remarkable details. One of the most interesting facts from the introduction is the limited nature of sovereignty. Sovereignty can be defined as an independent power over a territory (Shiraev & Zubok, 2019). The concept of the sovereignty of different countries dates back to the Westphalia Peace Treaty of 1648 (Owen, 2020). It is remarkable to learn that today most countries are not truly independent and cannot make decisions that may benefit them without other nations’ approval. Many nations choose to impose certain limits upon themselves by joining numerous international institutions, such as the World Trade Organization. Various treaties can also limit what a nation can and cannot do, restricting its independence within and beyond its borders. Another noteworthy point of the introduction is the discussion of how states interact. It is not unexpected that there are many international conflicts in the world. However, it is surprising to learn that conflict is one of the main ways in which nations interact and that it is mostly inevitable (Owen, 2020). Hierarchy within a state, such as China, can prevent local conflicts in a country (Owen, 2020). Nonetheless, there is no hierarchy on an international level, making conflicts between countries, in some sense, a natural way of interacting (Owen, 2020). At the same time, the existence of such a system would limit the sovereignty of nations even further. Thus, the only way to prevent a conflict between two equally developed countries is through cooperation. Overall, the introduction to global politics demonstrates that international relations are an immensely complex field that requires thorough knowledge of history, economics, and the patterns in which countries interact with each other. The most interesting facts from the introduction are the limited nature of sovereignty and the inevitability of conflict between nations. The absence of hierarchy on an international level also contributes to the occurrence of conflict among different countries.
The UNDP Resource Describing the resource The source is written by a worldwide organization, the united nation development program (UNDP). The source talks about how it intends to promote democratic governance. This website is dated 2011 and provides information about the various projects and activities intended to be carried out by UNDP in order to meet their various goals, in relation to democratic governance (UNDP, 2011). Evaluating the resource One can use a number of criteria to evaluate various aspects of a resource. Some of the used criteria include authority, breadth, scope, and accuracy (Smith, 2005). For instance, the evaluated source is owned by UNDP, which assures competency and professionalism in posting any information in their site. This, therefore, implies that the site has incredible authority. Despite the having a limited scope and breadth on the subject, the site is highly accurate, since there are no element of biasness. Conclusion on credibility and quality The resource is credible due to a number of reasons. The site is written by UNDP, which is an extremely trusted organization. Moreover, the organization is extremely reputable with most of their services aiming at the wellness of the society. Since the site is from UNDP, it means that qualified professionals worked on the resource. This further assures high quality of the information in
The United States Constitution that was created on September 17, 1787, during the Constitution Convention was strongly a pro-slavery document. The framers of the constitution did not tackle clearly the issue of slavery and they were compelled to make a temporary compromise in order to unite the states in the country. Although the framers of the document knew that there was a problem appertaining to allowing slavery to thrive, their hands were tied as they were concentrating on a bigger problem of forming a new united country. Thus, they were rather vague on the matter and did not deliberate upon it deeply. As a result, until the passage of the Thirteenth Amendment of the United States Constitution, the 1787 constitution was pro slavery by both ‘intention and effect.’ In the 1787 U.S. Constitution, there is no mention of the word slavery. However, in the eighty-four clauses of the legal document passed at the Constitutional Convention, six are in fact unswervingly related to the issue of slavery that was being practiced in the United States during the eighteenth century. In addition, five others had inferences to slavery that were discussed during the historic Constitutional Convention. The heart of the supporting nature of the 1787 U.S. Constitution in regards to slavery is found Article 1, Section 2, Paragraph 3. It states “representatives and direct Taxes shall be apportioned among the several States which may be included within this Union, according to their respective Numbers, which shall be determined by adding to the whole Number of free Persons, including those bound to Service for a Term of Years , and excluding Indians not taxed, three fifths of all other Persons” (Gales and Seaton, 1310). Intentionally, the framers of the constitution ignored the pernicious “S” word in this clause. Consequently, this gave the slaveholding states a reason to rejoice as their power and influence would be enhanced according to the increase in number of slaves they owned. This was the situation since the clause was concerned with the number of representatives elected to congress; that is, if two states had the same number of free persons but one had slaves, then the state with slaves would inevitably get more representatives and thus more political power. Since the slaveholding states were given more political power based on the number of slaves they had, this gave them the incentive to enslave more people. Article I section 9 propagated the business of trading in slaves. This is because it denied Congress the power to stop the business for twenty years from the time it was passed into law. It states, “The migration or importation of such persons as any of the states now existing shall think proper to admit shall not be prohibited by the congress prior to the year one thousand eight hundred and eight, but a tax or duty maybe imposed on such importation, not exceeding ten dollars for each person” (Gales and Seaton, 1310). The word person(s) in the clause is used in reference to the slaves who were taken from different parts of the world into the United States. Article IV works in association
Introduction Unemployment is a challenge to many states and Sweden has not been exempted from it. There have been measures that have been put in place to try and curb this problem. These measures have worked to a certain extent but some of them have worked against the intended goal of bringing solution to unemployment. This is for example some welfare state arrangements which have contributed to an increase in unemployment instead of reducing the rate. There have been other factors too which have contributed to the rising trend of unemployment in Sweden but the paper shall majorly deal with welfare state. Methodology The aim of carrying out this research is informed by the fact that Sweden was a country that was never considered relevant in Europe in the period before the World War II. However, many people in Europe and in the United States at large were however astonished by how she managed to pull herself together and have a very strong economy. This research looks at one of her most celebrated program that turned out later on to be the source of misery to a good number of her population; that is the welfare program that was adored by members of others countries who viewed it as a probable future approach in solving the social problems of the people. The information on this topic was obtained from secondary sources since there was no formal research that was carried out. Therefore the information gathered when carrying out this research was obtained from books, journals, websites, as well as articles by various writers. Although a number of writers have authored a lot of materials concerning Sweden very little information is available in regard to her welfare program. Therefore this proved to be a major set back while writing this paper. Furthermore, some of the materials available lacked authors which made it an uphill task to identify the authenticity of such materials. This research used the quantitative research because as earlier stated I have used secondary data while carrying out this research as well as historical method which is part of qualitative research method. Quantitative
The Nation-State Today Mann (2002) thinks that contemporary changes are weakening the nation-state. The author considers the social significance of national and international networks against the increase in global networks and their influence on local matters. Mann (2002) explains that the rise the nation-state happened alongside the increase in transnational power relations that would challenge the existence of the nation-state. The author provides an example of nations in Western Europe that were caging due to increased powers of national and international institutions. At the same time, trade was booming across the countries. Trade, in this case, was a transnational activity that was advanced by the nation-state. However, Mann (2002) adds that the nation-state expansionism of Western Europe ended in the 1960s after handing over freedom to colonies and creating self-identifying nation-states. From these facts, Mann (2002) argues that the growth of the nation-state is related to the growth of the transnational capitalism and cultural identities. The two grow and dependent on each other. Moreover, they enjoy relative autonomy. However, the continued increase of transnational capitalism and cultural identities will keep on overshadowing the nation-state because the nation-state is no longer expanding. Mann (2002) informs readers that although contemporary nations qualify as nation-states, a significant number of them only have control over boundaries and territories. Even that control is diminishing; nation-states can only claim to be true nation-states as a goal, rather than a reality. The tight control of boundaries and territories occurred during the colonization period when nation states defended and demarcated their colonies and countries. However, decolonization and the collapse of the Soviet Union have been critical events that challenge the nation-state. Th