ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Influence of Cultural Differences on Interpersonal Communication Cultural differences have a robust impact on interpersonal communication. It can be affected by varying non-verbal signals and communication, slang and language style as well as different perception of power, career opportunities, responsibilities, and authority (Goodall and Schiefelbein 83; O’Toole 211). Even though cultural diversity is believed to benefit organizational performance due to creativity and collective experience, in fact, it leads to conflicts in the workplace, dissatisfaction with an atmosphere, and failing to communicate effectively (Guirdham 321). Cultural differences became the causes of conflicts described in case studies. Differing perception of authority, career opportunities, and workplace responsibilities are the foundation of ineffective interpersonal communication and failing to satisfy personal needs by means of communication. For example, John Smith believes that his white colleagues do not respect him because he is black. Even though he is a supervisor, his leader’s performance is low. The problem might be explained by the historical and cultural conscience and racial inequality that was and still is a severe social problem. Similar stumbling block is demonstrated in case of Leo Marquez. However, this one is contrasting because a Hispanic manager does not know how to communicate with black colleagues claiming that he is a racist. The challenge in both examples is that supervisors do not recognize cultural differences between people and do not know how to turn it into a tool for enhancing understanding. In the first case, the point is in white superiority while the second one is a common example of overreacting. Another closely related problem is that of Maria Torres believing that she is not promoted because of being a woman. The cause of the conflict is the perception of gender in workplace. Because women are commonly considered weaker than men, gender inequality might explain the existence of similar challenges. Connection Between Cultural Values and Interpersonal Communication Cultural context is one of major determinants of behavior including interpersonal communication. It derives from a social environment of a child during growing up and the process of socialization when an individual absorbs primary cultural values and frameworks of acceptable actions (Weiss 18). Moreover, cultural values affect self-image and self-perception influencing cultural identity (Jandt 297). Keeping this in mind, it is possible to analyze case studies from the perspective of cultural context. Because it affects the perception of good supervision (Wood 202), John Smith might believe that he is undervalued not because his colleagues think so, but because in his culturally acceptable reality, no black people supervise white employees. The same can be said about Leo Marquez and his colleagues who might never have witnessed instances of friendly communication between people belonging to different social and cultura
Introduction The video by Tim Xeriland talks about some of the best methods of providing effective classroom assessment. In particular, the author encourages teachers to apply formative assessment in learning processes. This paper will explore Tim’s fact-findings on formative assessment. It will also compare formative assessment to summative assessment (Xeriland 1). What the research on formative assessment found Tim uses numerous examples to explain why formative assessment is the most effective in classrooms. Additionally, he uses various variables to exploit student needs in classrooms. According to his research, Tim finds that formative assessment is the most effective method of conducting successful learning processes. Tim uses factual events to illustrate his findings. For instance, he begins by defining formative assessment by use of an illustration. He links formative assessment to an owner of a car who takes it for inspection. He explains further that if the car fails inspection, the department of the motor vehicle provides feedback, which the owner utilizes to rectify the car before taking it, back for further inspection. In other words, he explains that such a vehicle is not taken to the junk when it fails inspection. Formative assessment works in such a way that, when a student does an assignment, the teacher gives feedback for further follow-up. Tim argues that paying attention to a teacher’s day-to-day classroom assessment is essential and pays off (Xeriland 1). Tim takes sample students, whom he categorizes into three groups. Tim argues from research, which showed that students given grades only show little or no learning game. Additionally, a student’s interest was up and down. Similarly, research on students who were given comments only showed substantial learning games as well as a large impact on improving their interest. Mor
Introduction The testing of high voltage equipment is sometimes seen as a risky process as it can lead to loss of property and other damages. Thus, it is expected that the personnel that carries out the exercise do it with due care. The high voltage equipment testing usually includes two experiments; the first one is dielectric loss measurement and the second one is partial discharge determination. Each of this experiment has its own apparatus that is used so as to maintain the efficiency that is required in the exercise. Dielectric loss measurement The experiment is also referred to as dielectric dissipation factor. As noted above, this topic involves high voltage equipment. In this experiment, more emphasis is laid on the factor of thermo deterioration through the insulation materials. The materials that are used to insulate the high voltage material is expected to have a very low loss factor for it to be considered efficient. The calculation of the loss is gotten by the product of the power frequency, insulation capacitance and the square of the voltage of the equipment multiplied by the loss factor of the insulation (Yan, 2009). This is expressed as below: PD = ω C V2 tan δ The main purpose of caring out the experiment is to measure the normal and the abnormal insulation behavior of the insulating material at different environments. The ideal experiment comes up with the expected operation in every environment for various insulation materials. In the experiment, a bridge is used (Gdoutos, 2006). This bridge acts as the loss capacitor; measures the capacitance of the insulation material. The graph after the experiment looks as below As noted elsewhere in the paper, the lower the loss factor the more efficient the insulation thus where tan δ = δ the insulation is at the best. Partial discharges Partial discharges are an experiment that is aimed at measuring the quality of the insulation through the measurement of the corona discharge due to the enlargement of the voids in the insulation material. It is note worth that, even though every manufacturer tries his best to produce a highly effective insulator, it is hard to avoid these voids. The deterioration of the insulation quality comes in when the voids carbonize and enlarge. This increases the corona loss which is being referred to as the partial loss (Yan, 2009). An experiment to measure the partial discharges is done by monitoring the quantity of these breakdowns in the insulation material. The more the occurrence of the breakdowns the less effective the insulation material is considered. The repetition rate of the breakdown is also measured in this experiment (Gdoutos, 200
Do electric utilities understand how to earn profits for shareholders in a competitive market? Here’s one way to look at the problem. Gather a group of financial experts and ask this question: If a company’s long-term bonds are rated AAA, and yield 8 percent, what minimum return would you require from dividend yield and price appreciation to induce you to buy that company’s stock? The typical expert will say 12 percent, indicating a 4-percent premium (or spread) above AA bond yields. This figure approximates the rates of return on common equity (about 3.4 percent above yields on AA-rated bonds) that regulators have allowed for electric utilities from 1986 to 1996, as compiled by Regulatory Research Associates. For companies with lower-rated debt, the spread would obviously be higher. Today, with the advent of competition, the dam has burst. With the grass looking greener on the other side of the fence, utility managers are considering expansion. Some companies are sending other products over their existing lines and adding special related services. Others are concentrating on generation and power contracting. Still, companies can see more by spreading their wings with large investments in foreign utilities. All are caught up in a compelling rush to grow. Unfortunately, the grass may not be any greener. From 1981 to 1993, returns on common book value for unregulated businesses hovered at 4 percent above AA-rated bond rates, based on the Standard & Poor’s index of 400 industrial common stocks. (Since 1995, the spread has climbed above 12 percent, however.) Utility diversification strategies are nothing new. In the not-so-recent past, utilities got into everything from insurance to banking to real estate (em but largely with poor results. In the future, however, competition will raise the bar. To diversify successfully in a competitive arena will require a new understanding of maximizing shareholder wealth. So What’s Wrong With Earning our Cost of Capital? Technically speaking, there is nothing wrong if a company earns its cost of capital. That means it is breaking even; consumers are sufficiently interested in the product to pay all costs. In fact, an unwillingness to pay all costs (including the cost of capital), would indicate that capital was misdirected and wasted. In this break-even example, the company’s stock will sell in the long run at a price-earnings ratio equal to the reciprocal of the common cost and at book value. Such performance falls short of what is needed to maximize shareholder wealth. To do that, utility management must do two things:  1. earn a return above the cost of common equity, and  2. put more capital to work at
Introduction Background to the study In the recent past, various scholars have noticed a gap between the knowledge developed in business research in terms of “business experience” and the knowledge used in teaching management. In particular, management studies have continued to raise a number of key issues on the trends of the business phenomenon in terms of “lived experience”. However, scholars have noted that management education is slow in responding to the issues raised in management research. In addition, the process of incorporating the research ideas into the curriculum is slow. Thus, various researchers have suggested several ways through which management education should be updated to make it concise with the huge volume of knowledge that is accumulating in research studies. Integrating critical management in academics It has been realized that the business education offered in institutions of higher learning fails to respond to the emerging knowledge obtained from research in ‘lived experience’ of management and the complexity of management (Antonacopoulou, 2004). Therefore, various scholars and authors have attempted to provide suggestions on how this knowledge gap should be addressed. For instance, Antonacopoulou (2004), a professor of business and management at the Institute of Management Research, Liverpool University, suggests that critical management should be reexamined and included in the curriculum. The author asserts that critique plays an important role in the analysis of management. However, it is unfortunate that it is not well explored in the graduate business curriculum, despite the intensive discussion and research on this topic. To develop this argument, Antonacopoulou (2004) borrows information from a number of studies that provide evidence of the phenomenon. For instance, a study by Habermas (2002) had previously indicated that a possible explanation of the slow response of the education sector in adopting the research knowledge is associated with the academic approach to critical analysis. What is to “be critical” in the issue of management? According to these studies, “being critical” reinforces the available research work about critical theory, critical thinking, critical management systems, and critical pedagogy (Antonacopoulou, 2004). The researcher suggests a relatively new way through which business education should adapt the volume of information derived from research and lived experience in the area of critical management (Antonacopoulou, 2004). The researcher suggests that reflexive critique is one of the best ways that can be used to make a valuable contribution to the curriculum of graduate business. It has the potential to integrate the analysis of the nature of critical management obtained from critical and experiences of “lived” management. Mingers (2000), a professor of management at Warwick University, has developed a comprehensive analysis of the problem “what is to be critical” from a business and management pers
Comparable to the state of New Jersey in size and a population slightly over 7.5 million (7,465,500 inhabitants), Israel is a land of immeasurable beauty, diverse cultures/peoples, and topography. A land of spiritual and historical relevance as revered in biblical scriptures, from an infrastructural standpoint it has been and continues to be the site of much controversy, confusion, and tragic violence. In modern times this sacred land has become an integral constituent deeply enmeshed in the contentious Middle East Crisis – a crisis primarily fueled by the conflict between Israel and the Palestinians. Another crisis just as paramount is the perception, importance, and status of Jewish statehood, amongst the Jewish community, from a political and religious/spiritual standpoint. The Jewish State: The Struggle for Israel’s Soul by American born-Israeli writer/political theorist, and philosopher, Yoram Hazony, tackles this crisis which in effect commenced with Zionism’s inception. Born in 1964 in Rehovot, Israel, Hazony studied at Princeton (BA – East Asian Studies, 1986) and Rutgers (PhD – Political Philosophy, 1993). Presently he is Provost and Senior Fellow for the Shalem Center’s Institute of Philosophy, Political Theory, and Religion (PPR). An academic research institute co founded in 1994 by Hazony and located in Jerusalem, the Shalem Center’s primary focus is Zionist history/ideas, moral and political thought, economic and social policy, democratic theory, and Biblical archaeology (shalem.org). The author of numerous articles which have appeared in The New York Times, The New Republic, Ha’aretz, etc, Hazony served as an advisor to Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu during his first term in office (1991-94). Zionism is an international, political movement which advocates the existence and establishment of a sovereign, Jewish national homeland/state. Under the auspices of its founding father, Austro-Hungarian journalist Theodor Herzl, the movement was the foundational impetus for early 19 th century Jewish migration to Israel (t
1. The anthropological study of Mary Bucholtz (2001) was conducted in the Bay City High School in 1995-96, and the article under review represents her findings on the discourse of whiteness, blackness, and super-whiteness exercised through acceptance of particular socio-linguistic roles by students known as ‘nerds’. The author investigates the linguistic mechanisms such as the usage of appropriate, super-standard English grammar, pronunciation, and choice of lexicon (full refusal from the youth slang, and its usage only to imply the division) as the way nerds distance themselves from other white students, and black students. The key criterion they use to articulate their division is intelligence and its realization through language. The topic of racialization of the notion of ‘whiteness’ not only vis-à-vis blackness, but inside it, involving the gradation of whiteness, is explored (Bucholtz 2001: 86). 2. The issue highlighted in the present article is the way racial markedness of certain groups of youth in the modern American society is achieved through the usage of certain linguistic forms, and the way this phenomenon is introduced in the notion of ‘whiteness’ that used to be considered a solid category juxtaposed to ‘blackness’. 3. The importance of the author’s argument is in the segmentation of the white society according to linguistic norms similarly to a wider division between larger groups of population, i.e. African American and European American students. The way language ideologies perform cultural work of division within a single socio-cultural group has not yet been explored in full; therefore, the cultural segmentation presented through linguistic means, and the potential for creating a particular profile of the group by means of using linguistic markers has much potential for future research. 4. The author ties her findings and conclusions to the research on language ideology and explores the subculture of nerds through such linguistic processes as iconization, fractal recursivity, and erasure (Bucholtz 2001: 88). She explains the detachment strategies of nerds on the basis of these ideological tools. 5. There are several implications of Bucholtz’
The focal point of the paper is to evaluate and present the argument related to the article by Thomas B. Stoddard titled ‘ Gay Marriages: Make Them Legal ‘ published on March 4, 1988, in the New York Times. The basic theme of the article was to present advocacy of gay marriage and a thorough presentation of arguments in favor of the legalization of gay marriages. The arguments formulated by the author are highly agreeable and clear in the context of the issue. The author is a positive advocate of gay or same-sex marriages. The argument of those in favor of same-sex marriages is that this is more important than the legal, biological, or social factors rather than marry someone simply because that person is of the opposite gender. This may suffer a loveless life, these advocates of this system ask if it is not wiser to marry someone they love and care for, the only limiting factor being the gender of that person. The author categorically states, “ The decision whether or not to marry belongs properly to individuals —not the government ” (Stoddard, 1, 6) The author in support of same-sex marriages argues that they simply have no choice; homosexuality was what they were born with, and hence it is only same-sex marriages that can consummate their feelings for each other. If they had the chance to take to homosexuality by choice, why should they take it, they ask, when the topic is still very much hushed up, and largely, homosexuals are maligned and persecuted in most parts of the world. Their argument also runs into something like this –the true democracy goes by the majority, but respects the sentiment of the minority. The author indicates, “ Depriving millions of gay American adults the marriages of their choice, and the rights that flow from marriage denies equal protection of the law. They, their families and friends, together with fair-minded people everywhere, should demand an end to this monstrous injustice” (Stoddard, 1, 10). On an ethical ground, it can be stated that disallowing same-sex marriages is a mark of double standards of governments that claim to be democratic, but practice persecution of the minority that does not count for votes. The urge for love is internal and personal; what is more important is to find emotional and mental stability in a relationship. As for productivity or childbearing, the author rightly mentions that this argument is not agreeable, “ Otherwise, states would forbid marriage between those who, because of age or infertility, cannot have children, as well as those who elect not to “(Stoddard, 1, 9). The relationship is expected to last a long time; when this most important foundation of such a relationship, trust, is not to be found in the opposite sex, but in someone of the same sex, is it not sheer need that should drive these people towards a marriage? More importantly, they argue, the emotion of love, so central to a human being, is not monopoli
Abstract This paper deals with the history of aircraft navigation that has evolved significantly throughout the 20 th and 21 st centuries. First, people had to use the tactics they utilized moving on the land, but the use of radio, radar, and, finally, satellites enabled people to improve navigation significantly. The involvement of people is minimal, which makes errors impossible. Computer systems are able to manage thousands of flights, which contributes to safety in the sky. Clearly, there are still a lot of areas for improvement. Introduction People have always dreamt of flying, and various attempts were undertaken to travel in the sky. Humanity does not know about thousands of enthusiasts who tried to solve the issue, but attempts of the most successful innovators led to the development of aviation. The invention of gas balloons can be seen as the first successful step that, ironically, unveiled many more questions (Federal Aviation Administration, 2008). One of these questions was associated with control as the first flights were not controlled and the traveler had to move where the wind blew. The creation of controlled aircraft put more questions to the fore as people could move wherever they wanted to, but they had to deal with various factors. Pilots had to rely on their sight and knowledge of the territories or ability to read maps when flying. Of course, bad weather, lack of light, long distances could make the flights dangerous. This paper traces the major milestones in the development of aircraft navigation. Visibility After the gas balloons, Wright Brothers’ and Martin’s aircraft became a revolution in the way humans traveled. People understood that aviation could be used to transport cargos, mail, and passenger (Harwood & Fogel, 2012). During the wars, aircraft played a significant role as well since they could deliver arms, materials, goods. Efficient navigation was of paramount importance. One of the primary challenges to address (which is still persistent) was weather conditions that often made flights impossible. As has been mentioned above, first pilots had to watch their way and navigate focusing on geographic landmarks (rivers, lakes, and so on) (Curley, 2011). Of course, in