ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) denotes the amount of dissolved oxygen in a water body required by aerobic microbes to oxidize organic matter in a water sample at a specific temperature over a fixed time. The term, BOD, may also be taken to signify the chemical process used to measure this amount. A more refined definition of BOD terms it as the amount of oxygen (in milligrams) taken up by a one liter sample of water incubated in the absence of light for a period of 5 days (Hocking 2007, 127). BOD is the total amount of dissolved oxygen required by microbes to metabolize organic compounds in water. Most of the world’s natural waters have some amount of organic compounds. Aquatic microbes utilize these compounds to produce energy. They oxidize organic compounds in the presence of dissolved oxygen yielding carbon dioxide, water, and energy. The microbes use this energy for their growth and reproduction processes. The Population of the aquatic microbes is directly correlated to the amount dissolved organic compound in water; that is to say, the higher the amount of organic compounds the larger the microbe population (Hocking 2007, 127). The oxygen demand of a water system at any particular time is dependent on factors such as nutrient concentration, temperature, and availability of enzymes to the microbes. Total BOD is the sum of oxygen required to “oxidize the organic compounds to carbon dioxide and water through generations of microbial growth, death, and decay” (Hocking 2007, 127). In some cases, the rate of microbial metabolism may surpass that of oxygen dissolution in water leading to the depletion of oxygen in water. This situation will lead to loss of aquatic life forms that are dependent on the dissolved oxygen, chief of them being fish and aquatic insects. The dissolved oxygen is introduced into the water system by aeration, photosynthesis, and stream flow. The rate at which oxygen dissolves in water bodies is influenced by the prevailing temperature of the water body; more oxygen dissolves in cold water than warm water (Hocking 2007, 127). The development of the BOD test This test was first conducted in England where it was assumed that waste discharge to the English rivers took an average of 5 days to be deposited to the sea, thus the use of the 5 days incubation period for the samples. The subscript 5 is often used with the BOD label to denote the 5-day period of the test. In the event that the test period differs from this, then the subscript used
The selected dilemma concerns two employees, one of which plans to quit the job while the other has been denied a new job opportunity as it is supposed to be for the first employee. The remaining party could tell the boss about his colleague’s intentions to secure the opportunity, although it means breaching that employee’s privacy. On the other hand, the leaving colleague might have a change of heart and remain with the original company, so revealing the plans to the boss will affect his opportunities. The available options for the employee who has been denied the opportunity are to either directly tell the boss that the other party is leaving or wait until the colleague reveals his plans himself, meaning that they are solidified. However, the latter has many potential outcomes, such as the colleague deciding not to leave due to the offered opportunity or delaying his decision as far as the last moment. I would select the second option as it seems morally justified. The first one threatens the colleague’s privacy and job position, so taking advantage of him for one’s benefit seems wrong and could lead to legal consequences (Dau-Schmidt et al., 2016). However, the chosen path can affect my position the most because the other employee may choose to remain with the company and accept the opportunity. Furthermore, the boss might not offer it immediately, causing a situation when the colleague’s solidified decision will come before the opportunity’s reveal. In that case, it is not guaranteed that the original employee will automatically receive it. Regardless, I believe the decision will stand the test of time as my conscience will be clear by not undermining the colleague and appear opportunistic. If I work diligently during the waiting period and have a great record, I might get noticed and considered for the opportunity again. Reference Dau-Schmidt, K. G., Finkin, M., & Covington, R. (2016). Legal protection for the individual employee (5th ed.). West Academic.
A family tree is a representation of the lineages of a particular family mainly consisting of relatives stretching as far as possibly establishable by the family. A simple family tree would basically constitute of great grand parents, grand parents, parents, siblings, cousins and so on. With the continued complexity of modern livelihoods, development professionals in all cadres of work have opted for more details that should be included in family tree so as to be of more use (Adams, 2009). This is the basis upon which such variances of family tree as family medical tree have been suggested and used in the medical field for keeping medical information for specific families. This is important especially considering that there are some medical cases that are genetic and therefore follow through the family. Knowledge of this medical consideration is important and can be used for treatment and preparedness of persons in that family (Halsey, 2009). This paper talks about family medical tree by considering specific questions of interest and giving short synoptic briefs about each question as discussed below. Why is it important to know your family medical history? Knowledge of family medical history is important particularly for specific medical conditions that are genetic and therefore run through given families. This knowledge helps in the better treatment and handling of medical conditions within the family. It helps for medical practitioners to know of conditions in the family that can be inherited or which predispose family members to certain risks (Pisacano, 2009). Does knowing your family history make you more aware of personal risk factors? Yes. Knowledge of my family medical history makes me more aware of personal risk factors that I am likely to be exposed to by the virtue of being in my family. Knowledge of family medical history is further important because certain health related sicknesses are so prevalent in the family and therefore can be passed down to children thereby making me more prone to such sicknesses in the event that there are there. With this knowledge therefore, I can better prepare for some of these cases (Stange, Zyzanski, Jaen, Callahan, Kelly, Gillanders, et al., 1998). How might being aware of your medical family history help you? Knowledge of my medical family history has many ways in which it can be of help to me and one of the main areas is to help me in my preparation for my health. This is important for my current preparation as well as for my future too (Stange, Zyzanski, Jaen, Callahan, Kelly, Gillanders, et al., 1998). In a time and age where insurance policies and providers are flooding the market offering all sorts of services, it is almost paramount for these providers to know some of these conditions so as to better prepare for their services they provide. Life insurance policies mainly base most of their terms on medical conditions of persons and it is the knowledge of my family medical history that will put me at a vintage point when taking medical covers and other related insurance policies (Stange, Zyzansk
Strategic mission of the company chosen (Taqnyah) Taqnyah is a United Arab Emirite based ARMS group subsidiary company. The company has anchored its corporate governance philosophy on the principles of ARMS group, which is its parent company (Katzman, 2013). The company deals with information technology solutions. The strategic mission of Taqnyah company is to be totally committed to the highest standards of ethics and integrity. The company is based on the grounds of establishing good governance structures to enhance entrepreneurial drive. The structures have to be based on accountability so as to ensure maximum returns to all stakeholders (Katzman, 2013). The company adheres to the best corporate practices. Functions of the Human Resource Department The Human Resource Department is supposed to carry out various functions in the company. Some of the functions are discussed below: Administration Administration is an essential function of the Human Resource Department in any company (DeNisi & Griffin, 2007). One of the most significant administration tasks involves the company’s strategic compe
Introduction This is a case study about operations management with a specific focus on Faber-Castell, the oldest pencil company in the world (1761). Mission Statement Faber-Castell does not clearly state its mission statement. Nevertheless, the company is known for its quality experiences in all areas of business. For over 250 years since its inception, Faber-Castell has promoted the legacy of its founder in the following statement: “ From the start, I was determined to raise myself to the highest rank by making the best that can be made in the world” (Faber-Castell 1). This statement indicates that Faber-Castell aims to develop high-quality products through innovation and maintain its tradition. Internal Forces Resources One major resource of the company is its people. Employees of Faber-Castell have been able to sustain the company’s vision of “quality, innovation in the present and future time, as well as its tradition” (Faber-Castell 1). As a result, its basic design of the graphite encased wood pencil still reflects the tradition and is unlikely to change much, at least in the present time. Today, senior management has been instrumental in developing new products and steering international growth in emerging economies like India. Faber-Castell team takes delight in developing new products, recreating past products by relying on “design and modern technology, as well as its massive resources for expansion” (Faber-Castell: The future of the pencil 1). Core Competencies or Capabilities From the case study of Faber-Castell, as well as knowledge of the business and its products, it is evident that the company has various core competencies. These core competencies have resulted from the company’s resources and strategic directions that are executed in different subsidiaries worldwide. Faber-Castell’s core competencies result in a culture of innovation, creativity, competitiveness and sustainable profitability in the competitive world of creative design, writing and drawing. Core competencies are in areas of the company’s tradition and heritage, the team, brand, products, innovation, globalisation, customer benefits, environment and social responsibility, organisation, and a long-term orientation. Culture Faber-Castell promotes a culture of innovation, creativity, competitiveness and sustainable profitability in the competitive world of creative design, writing and drawing. At the same time, the company focuses on the welfare of its customers, especially children, and therefore, it has adopted environmentally friendly materials for manufacturing its products. Through innovation, Faber-Castell has ventured into manufacturing “eye pencils, lip pencils and other products for some of the leading cosmetic brands” (Chamikutty 1). Other than the resource and strategic core competencies, the brand is a major aspect that gives Faber-Castell its identity. The business develops a brand based on four critical factors. The four factors stipulate guidelines on the conduction of operations at the firm, both in the internal environment and external environments in dealing with business partners, customers, the environment and the community. Through effective
This article explores the future of wineries and vineyards as event venues. The article was published in this month’s issue of “Smart Meetings”, an online event-planning magazine. The article is titled “Wine Not” and it is authored by David Vranicar, a regular contributor of the online publication. According to the article’s author, there are several vineyards and wineries across America that offer the perfect ambience for event destinations. The article notes that vineyards and wineries offer refreshing, cheaper, and convenient destinations for events. The author of the article notes that there are several choices when it comes to event destinations. However, wineries and vineyards offer a specific atmosphere that is perfect for certain types of events. According to the article, events held at vineyards or wineries tend to be memorable and intimate. Therefore, the event’s participants can be able to form personal connections in a vineyard environment. The author also notes that a winery invokes creativity among event attendees. The article reiterates that there is a big difference between events held in conference rooms and those held in wineries. To illustrate his argument, the author then explores some options of winery venues that can act as suitable event destinations. The article covers one of the latest trends in event management where event organizers are opting for more relaxing and creativity-inducing destinations. The boardroom and conference halls have been the popular destination choice for quite some time but events are shifting to alternative event destinations. This paper is a review on David Vranicar’s article about wineries being the new event destinations. The first example of a winery venue is the Napa Valley look-alike region in the state of Michigan. The article notes that Napa Valley is famous for its world-class wine products. In the midst of Michigan is Blustone Vineyard. The vineyard is located in Leelanau County along the shores of Lake Michigan. The main attraction to Blustone Vineyard is its view, which is said to be similar to the ‘Napa Valley view’. Bluestone has two event venues one of which is a tasting room that is located on top of a hill overlooking a valley below it and a mountain on the other side. From the tasting room, one can see the nearby valleys adorned with vineyards. Another event destination within Michigan is Chateau Chantal. According to the article, Chateau Chantal offers both event spaces and accommodation. The management of Chateau notes that “people can have their events in an environment where the boardroom meets the vineyard” (Vranicar 1). In addition, the management associates the beautiful scenery at Chateau with a flow of ‘creative ideas’. The main event venue
Schumaker et al. have addressed a very important issue in knowledge management in such sphere as sport (115). Notably, sports have often been on the “outskirts” of Library Information Sciences. For instance, Schumaker et al. claim that sport managers, teams, coaches and other people involved tend to keep information rather than to reveal it to other teams, scholars, etc. (145). However, the researchers also note that there is a tendency to share information. This process largely involves educators and scholars. It is necessary to note that the sphere of sports knowledge management can contribute greatly into the development of Information Behavior research. In the first place, this sphere can provide insights into the origins of information seeking and managing. Thus, when it comes to some disciplines which have already been included into the scope of Library Information Sciences, there is abundance of sources as well as particular searching strategies. However, as far as the sphere of sport is concerned, it is possible to claim that there are few specific approaches to seek for information as there is certain scarcity of information in the field. Therefore, it is possible to trace the development of various strategies of information search and management. It is possible to trace certain concepts and principles existing in the field of information search and management. It is possible to research such important issues as peculiarities of information sharing or research. Finally, this sphere can help scholars to understand correlation between a particular discipline and Information Behavior research as scholars can trace instances when data obtained in Information Behavior research affect knowledge search and management in terms of a particular discipline. Works Cited Agosto, Denis E.and Sandra Hughes-Hassell. “People, Places, and Questions: An Investigation of the Everyday Life Information-Seeking Behaviors of Urban Young Adults.” Library & Information Science Research 27.2 (2005): 141-163. Print. Jones, William. “Personal Information Management.” Annual Review of Information Science and Technology 41.1 (2007): 453-504. Print. Schumaker, Robert P., Osama K. Solieman and Hsinchun Chen. “Sports Knowledge Management and Data Mining.” Annual Review of Information Science and Technology 44.1 (2010): 115-157. Print.
Introduction Addition refers to a merger or the process of joining two or more things. Alternatively, it can be described as the process of combining parts of a whole. The relationship between multiplication and addition concepts enables students to comprehend the process of multiplication much easily. In this essay, I will explain the relationship between these two concepts. I will elaborate on how the associative, commutative, and distributive properties are related and how grasping these principles apply to later concepts. Teaching the Concepts of Multiplication The process of multiplication involves three main concepts. The first concept relates to partitioning. This concept is in turn related to division. For instance, four groups of six students can be represented as 4×6 and this translates to 24 students. The rate or price forms another multiplication concept. For instance, a car is taken to travel at 70 miles per hour for five hours; it is taken to travel a total of 70×5, which translates to three hundred and fifty miles. Besides, the process of comparison is part of the multiplication concept. For instance, John has three pens while Peter has four times as many as John. Joseph, on the other hand, has half that of Peter. This implies that Peter has 3×4 pens translating to 12 pens. Joseph, on the other hand has six pens. The repeated addition process involves adding a given value or digit repeatedly, for instance 4+4+4+4 = 16. This simply means 4 × 4 = 16. This implies that when four is added four times, it yields 16. Students should be made to know that it is much easier and faster to represent the repeated addition as multiplication. Grouping is also a method that can be used to teach the concept of multiplication by making use of addition. As a way of elaborating on this concept to the students, the teacher can come up with three circles on the board. The teacher should then draw two dots in each circle. This facilitates interpretation of the multiplication process by explaining that if each of the three circles encloses two dots, then all the three circles enclose a total of six dots. The addition concept is put into use by stating that two dots added to two dots and added again two dots gives a total of six dots. Last but not least, another way of teaching the multiplication process is with the help of a line of numbers. For instance, 0—1—2—3—(4)—5—6—7—(8)—9—10—11—(12)—13. Counting four three times, starting from 0, this gives you 12 as the answer. This implies that 4 × 3 = 12. Through continual use of the above mentioned multiplication concepts, students also reinforce their addition skills. Similarly, application of the number line assists students in reinforcing the correspondence between each other while enhancing their addition skills. Grouping assists learners to put their addition facts into practice since it is easier to recognize a group of objects. It is critical for students to comprehend the associative, commutative and distributive properties. The associative property is derived for the term “associate or group”. For instance, x (yz) = (xy) z or 2(3×4) = (2×3)4. In this property, one obtain
Ever since its introduction in the mid 1950’s, the psychodynamic theory of human behavior has been subject to critique and controversies. The pioneer of psychodynamic theory of human behavior was Sigmund Freud who proposed that the unconscious mind influenced human behavior. According to this theory, three elements constitute the human mind viz. the id, the ego and the superego and it is the interplay of these three elements which constitutes complex human behaviors (Wagner, n.d.). The following paper discusses the article ‘Psychodynamic and Cognitive-Behavioral approaches of Obsessive Compulsive Disorder: Is it time to work through our ambivalence?’ by Stefan Kempke and Patrick Kuyten, published in the Bulletin of the Menninger Clinic (Fall 2007). This article discusses the traditional psychodynamic model of Obsessive Compulsive Disorders (OCD) and compares it to the Cognitive Behavioral model, highlighting the main similarities and differences between them. Furthermore, it discusses the significance of this convergence between these two models and how an integrated approach can be adopted in clinical practice and for future research. In my view, the development of an integrated model of OCD to explain the underlying psychopathology has important implications as OCD is a common psychiatric disorder and once a definitive model of psychopathology of OCD is developed, it can be used in focused treatment of the symptoms by resolution of the underlying pathology. Although the cognitive behavioral model and the psychodynamic model are separate entities, in my view, they have overlapping characteristics and therefore their commonalities can be converged and used to develop an integrated model for OCD which would have implications in the therapeutic approach towards this disorder and can be aimed to improve the existing treatment approaches. OCD is an important clinical entity, characterized by obsessions and compulsions, with a lifetime prevalence ranging between 2% to 3% (Samuels & N