ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The plot of the play revolves around family disagreements over financial issues. Each character is greedy to one degree or another and is not afraid to betray their relatives for the sake of earning money. Regina, the play’s protagonist, was deprived of family inheritance by the father of the Giddens family, while her brothers, Oscar and Benjamin, enjoyed all the privileges (Hartley & Ladu, 1948). Thus, Regina’s brothers managed to gain financial independence while she was forced to rely on her wealthy husband. This plot is the basis of the conflict between the characters since Regina is offended by her own relatives for such an outcome. Regina’s position could be seen as a result of the circumstances of the oppression of women by the power of men. However, she also appears to be a greedy personage who wants to get what is due to her. The conflict escalates when Oscar, the plantation owner, invites his brother and sister to unite to expand production. However, Regina cannot find enough money to enter the business, and even her husband refuses to help her (Hartley & Ladu, 1948). In this situation, the two brothers work together again, while Regina is left alone. Later, the brothers, due to a lack of money for expansion without Regina’s participation, decide to rob her husband, but the plan is revealed. Despite this, her husband also takes the side of the brothers and transfers all his money as an inheritance to his daughter and not to Regina. Thus, Oscar and Benjamin succeed, while Regina is again left alone, already betrayed by her own husband. Regina’s opposition to the commonwealth of her brothers, her husband, and his daughter is the central plot of this play. This situation is exclusively a conflict between characters and does not include their struggle with external circumstances. All actions are performed by the characters in relation to each other, which is the cause of their troubles and successes. None of them suffered from accidents or happy coincidence, so their conflict is rooted in the greed of the main characters. Reference Hartley, L., & Ladu, A. (Eds.). (1948). Patterns in modern drama: Ibsen, Chekhov, Galsworthy, O’Neill, Kelly, Thurber, Nugent, Hellman Citation metadata . Public Domain.
Levallois versus Archeulian tools Archeulian tools were associated with the Homo erectus. They had no level of specialization and could be used for a series of purposes that included butchering, hacking trees or many more. Conversely, Levallion tools were linked to Neanderthal man. Levallion tools differed from earlier Archeulian tools because they required a lot more technology to manufacture them. Metin Eren had to learn the process of flint napping, and this took him several years. A further 18 months were sufficient to determine the strength and number of blows required for the work. The Neanderthals were not just making a sharp object; they needed a flake whose shape would allow them to perform tasks using the least amount of effort. They had to make their blows as precise as possible in order to make the item symmetrical. Morphometrics, or the study of object shapes, allowed Eren to uncover this truth. The key advantage of the Levallois flake was that it was easy to reuse owing to its symmetry. One could sharpen the tool quite easily. Furthermore, it allowed users to exert less pressure when making cuts, so they saved time and energy. Other stone flakes could not be reused easily and required a lot of force. Adhesive materials Neanderthals manufactured the adhesive they used in spears from birch trees. They made the first artificial pitch in this era. Experts like Wil Roebroeks have found that this species spent a lot of time to heat the bark of those trees. They had to determine the right amount of heat needed to create the adhesive because excessive amounts would have burnt the bark while minimal heat would not have produced the glue. It took Roerboeks and his team eight products to recreate the product using Neanderthal man’s tools. Since the adhesive was not naturally found, but was manufactured, one can assert that Neanderthals were intelligent beings. They had the wits needed to formulate this process. Living Homo sapiens, who proceeded him, have not even been able to make as much of the adhesive as Neanderthals. Roebroeks experiments did not yield sufficient adhesive to make a spear. This means that Neanderthals were sharp enough to figure out such a complex process. They worked with some of the most difficult apparatus and unfriendly conditions, yet they overcame those limitations. Such industriousness destroys the myth that they were brutish. DNA and the FOXP2 gene Scientists first found Neanderthal bone material from Croatia. The site would allow them to obtain DNA from three females. The investigators found out that Neanderthal man shared the same gene for language as man. This means that the species communicated through language. Additionally, their investigations reveled that Neanderthals and man interbred. They had enough material to make them similar to man. Svante Paabo, together with a range of other geneticists, compared man’s genes with that of Neanderthals. They realized that the DNA in Neanderthal man was present in man. It accounted for between one and
A legal code is a governing principle that people of a certain society choose to assume as their guide in certain aspects of the society’s existence. All people who are subject to the code in the society are expected to abide by the code, failure to which serious repercussions or punishment are bound to be handed out to the offender. A legal code may be compared to a law that applies to the subject irrespective of the subject’s opinion or willingness to abide by it (Bulliet 468). On the other hand, a moral code is the accepted principle of going about a certain issue in the society. Observing the moral code may not be a compulsory requirement for a member of the society (Bulliet 337). However, failure to observe the moral code may lead to adverse implications on whoever breaks them. One may choose to regard a certain code in the society as either moral or legal code depending on the setting of application of the code (Dyzenhaus and Ripstein 12). Some of the codes that have existed in the world are evidently common to many societies and diverse range of cultures. Whether these codes exist as man’s universal social and political nature, or the laws and the codes are coincidental creations of the different cultures and environments that have thrived in the world over the ages is subject to debate. A universal moral or legal code is that which has existed for a long time, and has maintained uniformity among the societies of the world. Several moral or legal codes have been used in the world, and have been introduced in their various societies of origin at different times. It can be argued that the codes were versions of universal doctrines that exist in all societies, effectively making them universal codes. However, the codes can also be viewed from a cultural heritage perspective where they are local to the society of origin. Several codes can be analyzed to evaluate the nature of some of the most significant doctrines in the recent history. One of the widely acknowledged codes is the Ten Commandments. The Ten Commandments is a code supposedly given to Moses, a servant of God on Mount Sinai near the borders between Israel and Egypt. The Ten Commandments are an important aspect of the Christianity, Judaism and several other religions with their history setting primarily in the Middle East. In addition, the commandments were the rules that God had given Moses, then a leader of the migrating Israelites, for his subjects to observe and live by in order to be at peace with God (Brown 52). Furthermore, the code was written on stone tablets and contained ten regulations. Traditionally, the Ten Commandments were confined to the tribes of the Middle East, but were later adopted by the Christians who emerged later as a result of the teachings of Christ of Nazareth. Later, the code spread to the Sca
Introduction Production and consumption of goods and services contributes in different ways to the economy resulting to either economic growth or recession. According to Channon (1999), externalities involve the production and consumption of some products and services that give rise to harmful or beneficial effects to the user. Hirschey (2008) believes that exposure of employees to harsh working environment with unsatisfactory compensation can also be termed as negative externality. Externalities are types of market failures that exist when prices in a market do not reflect the true costs or benefits associated with consumption and production. Objectives The objective of this paper is to analyze ways of minimizing negative externalities such as emissions. This because of the complex definition of property rights in law. For instance, an industry could pollute the environment but will not bear the cost of the harmful effect, but it will pass its cost of cleaning to the community. Government intervention strategies can be used to reduce the impact of gas emission. The government can work with the community through regulating and influence decision-making by policy formulation and implementation of laws, like mandatory inspection of emission gases. Policies on bans on goods and services that lead to harmful effects on the environment should be enacted and backed by legal measures for lawbreakers. The government can also provide emission permits that enable the concerned party to emit a specified level of gas for a certain period. The government can impose taxes on products that pollute the environment. Secondly, the government can come up with public awareness policy in which it will stipulate measures of making the public aware of the importance of reduced emissions and environmental conservation. Information is power and the moment consumers are aware of the benefits of environmental conservation, they will always act in favor of the environment and on the side that will benefit them as a community. Government intervention strategies are more economical, efficient and the implementation process is less demanding. The government has the power and machinery to implement every policy. What is required is the political will and all will be done (Nordhaus, 1991). When emission of gas is reduced, the rate of global warming is reduced. Less emission of gas preserves the environment and it reduces environmental degradation by toxic waste. The health of the community is improved as air pollution related deaths are minimized. Transaction Costs will be incurred through monitoring, enforcing, and negotiation of marketing activities. The government and the community would incur financial costs. Other costs incurred include sacrifices in terms of time and other resources used in environmental conservation through reduced emissions. Nordhaus (1991) believes that any level of gas emission (high or low) leaves the society worse off in terms of high costs of production accompanied b
Aspects of BP’s ethical culture that contributed to the Gulf Coast oil spill disaster There are some ethical and cultural aspects with BP which could contribute to the Gulf Coast oil spill. BP used to pay fines as a result of operating against rules and regulations of handling petroleum products in several countries. The company used drilling designs that were cheaper and easier to implement. The top management of the multinational company did not adopt internationally accepted measures for detecting and preventing oil spills. These aspects could have greatly contributed to the Gulf Coast oil spill. Business ethics requires that businesses adopt recommended measures to prevent disasters that could destroy human and animal lives. If a business has a culture of observing the ethics of conducting its business operations, then it has minimal chances of causing disasters due to faulty operations (Ferrell et al., 2013). Purposeful avoidance of risk management BP did not engage in purposeful avoidance of risks associated with oil spills. Although BP had encountered many oil spills, it did not implement measures that could prevent the occurrence of the Gulf Coast oil spill. It was reported that BP did not use a control shut-off switch which could have prevented the oil spill. BP was also accused of negligence because leakage was noticed a few weeks before the Gulf Coast oil spill, but no action was taken. It was asserted that BP was using inadequate disaster management systems (Ferrell et al., 2013). Future actions to rebuild the reputation and manage the risks associated with offshore drilling activities For BP to avoid risks associated with drilling in the future, it should adopt risk detecting systems within its drilling locations. The systems should be well maintained and monitored. BP should change its culture of negligence, and this will ensure that it would act to minimize the events that could result in loss of lives and property in advance. In conclusion, BP should follow the law to ensure that it conducts legal operations across the world. This would go a long way in ensuring that it does not pay fines as a result of illegal practices. Reference Ferrell, O. C., Fraedrich, J., & Ferrell, L. (2013). Business ethics: Ethical decision making and cases . (9 th ed.). Stamford, CT: Cengage Learning.
Indeed, gender crossing in early Christianity was mainly determined by gender relation patterns and expectations. In fact, the Greeks and Romans, from the first to the fifth century, determined the gender relations patterns for their own interest shake and to meet their own personal demands (
Introduction The understanding of firms as simply entities that should work towards the maximization of shareholder value ends up creating misconceptions about the contractual obligations of firms (Klein, Mahoney, McGahan, & Pitelis, 2012). The stakeholder theory arose as a replacement to the shareholder theory to recognize the importance of all stakeholders in a firm’s affairs. A complete focus on shareholders’ interests ends up creating an obscured distribution mechanism. It also takes away value creation opportunities in strategy management (OECD Observer, 2015). The realities of the shortcomings of corporate governance ideology were visible in the documentary “Inside Job”. This paper’s discussion will show that the extension of the chain of credit from buyers to investors ensured that lenders did not worry much about homebuyer ability to pay because they knew they could sell the debt to investment banks. This allowed them to introduce more loans to the market and offer riskier options. At the same time, academics played a part in fooling the market about the health of investments and institutions that were responsible for the crisis. Theoretical Perspectives of Corporate Governance and Stakeholder’s Interest The influence of corporate governance across the world is unmistakably large in size, capability and influence. Companies can influence governments and social landscapes but this has not always been for the benefit of shareholders. As a result, there is widespread loss of trust and market value of corporate governance (Awotundun, Kehinde, & Somoye, 2011). Corporate governance entails all the process that a firm uses to manage its operations. Consequently, corporate governance helps in assigning roles to different stakeholders. It also defines the roles of the management, the board and shareholders in the organization (Awotundun, Kehinde, & Somoye, 2011). Corporate governance stipulates that those who run the firm should treat every shareholder with fairness. At all times, there should be active cooperation between stakeholders and management (Kaufmann, 2009). The prevailing practice in corporate governance derives its guidelines from the shareholders theory and the principle-agent theory. Managers in a company work on behalf of company owners to meet the demands of shareholders and achieve the objective of the company. In such an arrangement, management staff will focus more on safeguarding the interest of shareholders because shareholders directly feel any loss in the company. Other stakeholders may incur losses, but their economic threshold will not match that incurred by shareholders. This way of thinking has dominated corporate gov
Introduction Netflix, Inc. is one of the most prominent e-commerce companies providing movies and television services to customers. The company was founded in 1997. It started by offering online movie rentals and now has expanded its services to provide other entertainment services like television streaming. The number of subscriptions has been increasing steadily over the years (Netflix, Inc., 2011). Netflix Pricing Issue It is important to note that in a free market economy, the levels of demand and supply determine the prices. The law of demand is responsible for price fluctuations in the market. Since the membership to Netflix services has been increasing tremendously, the demand for services has been on the rise against supply. Therefore, it is economically sensible for the company to increase the prices of the products (Ball & Seidman, 2011). Even though the amount by which a company may increase prices of its products is decided by every individual company, the 60% increase in price by Netflix is justified due to the growing demand for its services worldwide. Looking at the trend of Netflix’s customers increase since its inception in 1997, it is evident that the need to provide more services to meet increasing demand is necessary. Besides, the increasing number of members subscribing to both television and DVD rental services might have increased the cost of operations for Netflix, especially in terms of overhead. Therefore, in order for the company to increase and retain its profit margins, it is important that it increases its product prices by 60%. In addition, Netflix sources DVDs from producers and hence they pay some fees in order to possess the products. It is possible that Netflix might have entered into an agreement with its major suppliers to pay certain fees that might have also increased its operation cost and hence the need for price increment of the products. This is crucial if Netflix is to stay in business and earn share value for its shareholders. At the inception of the company, streaming and DVD rentals were still subscribed to by few customers. However, due to growing access to both services, they have been growing at significant rates. Because of this, the two services are accessed by customers with different needs. This makes it important for the two services to be separated and DVD rentals let to operate independently. This will ensure that the company attends to effectively to individual customers’ specific needs. In addition, price structuring for both streaming and DVD rentals is differe
Greece, being a part of the European Union, remains a periphery state in terms of its geographical and economic position. This kind of position can be one of the central reasons for the limited success of the country’s uploading its foreign policy preferences to the EU level. The geographic position of this Southern state and the current immigration issues make Greece concentrate on its national agenda rather than adopt the sentiments that are more common in the Northern states. Greece has faced considerable issues related to the flow of immigrants from African and Middle Eastern countries, so its position regarding the proportionate distribution of the load is quite justified. The country has become one of the central stakeholders in promoting the corresponding legislature that has had rather limited success and brought more tension between member states. In addition to immigration problems, the country has certain interests related to geographic disputes that have not been solved so far. The issues related to Kosovo, Cyprus, Macedonia, and the Middle East have become a point of discord. Greece concentrates on its national agenda, which often has quite a negative effect on the development of the EU. For instance, Greece vetoed the recognition of FYROM as the ‘Republic of Macedonia’ and prevented its membership in NATO. The lasting dispute has not been resolved and continues influencing the country’s foreign policy. Greece displays its unwillingness to adopt the EU’s position on the issues mentioned above. The recent trends related to the rise of nationalism or even radical political views make countries such as Greece more concerned with their national interests. This position undermines the future of the EU, but Greece, as well as many other Southern states, continue using the union as a platform for addressing certain geographic and economic issues.
The fact that action is carried out in accordance with law does not necessarily imply the ethicality of this action. In a business environment, business ethics is often at issue because most of organizations that adhere to legal principles fail to take responsibilities for their unethical actions. Although legal, but unethically justified, is considered a standard business practice, there is a growing tendency in developing a rich organizational culture that influences positively business relations in a global environment. However, in the majority of cases, business activities are bound by ethics that is framed within legal context. At this point, despite the fact that ethical norms and legal principles are closely associated, ethical responsibilities usually exceed legal duties. The bright example of legal and ethical dichotomy in business involves failure of executive managers to honor commitments and contributions made by their employees. Underestimating the importance of ethically driven behavior can have negative implications for company’s legal reputation. Business law and ethics closely relate to each because law is based on social beliefs and human rights whereas irrelevant behavior implies deviating from the established norms. Nevertheless, managers often manipulate their employees for increasing profits and enhancing company’s position on the market. Thus, employees are often unconscious about the activities they are involved, although some of the issues do not always correspond to their social belief system. For instance, employees working for a pharmaceutical company could be unaware of the restrictions imposed on the drugs (Cross 2007). Nevertheless, the laws do not prohibit the producers to sell their products at the foreign market. Being under the pressure of their managers, employees have fears concerning their career perspective, and, as a result, they often ignore the ethicality of action in a business environment. On the one hand, employees are not obliged to exceed their duties and obligations even though it is required by the employees. On the other hand, employees who strive to be promoted are strongly committed to employer’s requests and tasks in order to receive high appraisal. However, failure to respect employees’ commitment could not be considered illegal bec