ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The current essay deals with a crucial issue of the interrelation of syntax and lexical meaning in the process of word formation and constructing utterances and longer structural elements of a discourse. Coordination between syntax and lexical meaning of words is the process of language itself and is a crucial issue that must be solved to understand all functions of oral and written language communication. The domain of syntax was for a long understood as being separate from lexical meaning representing the archetypal structure of language which should be analyzed. By studying sentence structure, the researchers tried to reveal the hidden functions of language and its ties with the living conditions of people who bore it (Kuczaj, 1982). The analysis of nouns, verbs, adjectives and the models of sentence formation proved to be effective but not full. What concerns lexical meaning was for a long time considered that each word has a single and stable meaning that should be detected and analyzed by philological studies (Mcmahon 2002). A sea change occurred when Ferdinand de Saussure found out that lexical meanings are structural consisting of signifiers (sign) and signified (real object), and later Jacobson developed a radically new theory of phonology claiming that words are built from structurally connected values – phons which not only form lexical meanings but take part in sentence construction – syntax (Jakobson, 1960). Phonological structures not only determine the meaning of different words but also play an important part in syntax element positioning. These revolutions in linguistics allow us to understand word formation as governed mainly by syntax rather than lexical meanings. Word formation is mainly understood as a creation of a new word. First of all, it should be noted that it considerably differs from semantic changes which occur as a result of context situation of connotative meanings and refer to a single world (Bauer, 2001). Word formation is also in opposition to idiomatic expressions formation though it should forget that new words can sometimes be formed from multi-word utterance through incorporation and other linguistic techniques. In contrast to lexical formations, word formation is deeply embedded in syntax for the structure of language and the rules by which different grammatical elements interact profoundly affect the linguistic practice of word-formation. The lexical meaning of a new word is a product of word-formation, but its process is predominantly syntactical (Koch, 2002). For instance, to form an acronym, we should be aware of verb rules and structural peculiarities of word combinations, including the role of prepositions and articles. These rules are predominantly syntactical rather than lexical, and without knowing the basic rules of given language syntax, the product of word-formation will be considerably flawed (Brentari, 2001). The same is true of affix, which means that morpheme is attached to word base in order to form a new word. There is no den
Anthropology is a discipline that explores the biological, cultural, and social evolution of human beings and human society as a special type of social organization. It includes a variety of sectors, sub-disciplines, trends, topics, research paradigms, and research schools. Initially, anthropology was considered as the science that studies the origin and evolution of the human physical organization and different races excluding the social and cultural characteristics. The contemporary anthropologists seek to establish similarities and differences between social forms of life and cultural practices, religious beliefs, and economic systems of both types of societies ancient and modern. The science that studies the formation of the human races, the standard variation of the human physical structure in these races, including the connection to the peculiarities of the surrounding human environment now only applies to biological anthropology. To understand how the different branches of anthropology affect the perception and understanding of humankind, it is necessary to compare how each branch describes this phenomenon from its perspective. In a broad sense, anthropology is perceived as a science of humanity in the unity of its social and cultural aspects. It studies the tools, techniques and technology, tradition and customs, beliefs and values, social institutions, the family, marriage and kinship, economic mechanisms, the evolution of the art, the struggle for prestige, and other aspects. Anthropology is connected with human and social sciences and studies the history of human beings (Haviland, Prins, Walrath, & McBride, 2015). It also includes the ethnology, which is the science of human propagation on the Earth, the behavior and customs of people. It involves sociological studies that examine the relationships between people; linguistics; mythology; social geography (focuses on the impact that environment and the natural landscape has on humans; demographics (presenting statistical data on the composition and distribution of the human population), medical anthropology (psychology and human genetics), human ecology and others. As has been mentioned above, anthropology is divided into four main branches: cultural, physical, archaeological, and linguistic anthropology. Among the social sciences, anthropology takes a special place as it traces the emergence and development of the human race within millions of years (Haviland et al., 2015). Anthropology has not only a wide range of temporal studies of the human race but also the most diverse thematic range. Anthropology enables seeing the broader view of human society, not limited to its industrial forms, and does not assume that the existing social forms are certainly large. For example, in some corners of New Guinea, small groups of hunters and gatherers still lead a solitary life, preserved in its original form. Further, anthropology has an important ethic function; it tries to free the minds of people from the ethnocentric views that make people underestimate other cultures, from the desire to evaluate them based on the standpoint of norms and values of their culture (Havil
The evolving technologies have impacted various sectors including health among many others. Eventually, this has prompted to the development of various technologies that enhance patient care. Automated IV Pumps, one of my identified technology developed to improve patient care, executes many advantages. Notably, they are used in hospitals, nursing homes, and home-based care to provide quality patient care. However, with the elevating number of patients in hospitals, there is a need to develop better technologies to improve patients’ health care or to improve on the available technologies. They improve the Automated IV Pumps involves instructions, maintenance, alert, delayed therapy and missed treatment various changes have,e to be enhanced. One of the significant changes to be implemented to improve use of Automated IV Pumps in improving the patient’s health care is by conducting effective training to health providers. The enhanced chances of improving the effectiveness of healthcare providers effectiveness willlogies, thus improving the patients’ healthcare, Amidst their widespread use, Automated IV Pumps proceed to have design flaws that endanger patient care. Operating system bugs and errors, human factors (e.g., errors related to user interface issues), damaged elements, battery failure, alarm failure, and over-or under-infusion are all frequently reported issues with Automated IV Pumps (Lyons et al., 2018). Notably, among these challenges, the user interface issues are the most common, and they involve pump tags, and elements deteriorate over time. For example, having to clean the pump, as the user-maintainer chooses to believe is an acceptable option, may damage the pump, rendering it useless for clinical use. Long-nail users may destroy the print on the pump keys, rendering them unreadable. However, despite the reported challenges, various benefits have also been executed from my project of using Automated IV Pumps in improving patients’ health care. Nevertheless, they are a secure way of implementing IV fluids. These injectors are solely designed to deliver a specific fluid volume at a specific rate. The use of these pumps greatly helps practitioners reduce the possibility of errors in the volume, timeframe, and rate of fluid administration (Chaturvedi et al., 2019). Therefore, health centers are expected to use infusion pumps in improving healthcare for patients as it is more beneficial.
Introduction Bronfenbrenner’s ecological systems theory attempts to explain how the interaction between the intrinsic characteristics of children and their environment affects how they develop and grow up. It emphasizes the importance of assessing children while in different surroundings to understand their growth and development (Elliott and Davis 3). The purpose of this paper is to allow me to reflect on my childhood through the perspective of Bronfenbrenner’s ecological systems theory and assess the impact of various interactions and environments on my adult life and interactions. Microsystems I lived with my parents. My father was my mentor and mainly taught me what is wrong and what is right. My mother was a housewife, and she raised me as she carried out other chores. I was an only child and I learned to appreciate my own company. I began school at the age of 5, although this experience was initially scary I learned to make friends. I usually played in the yard at home. Living with my parents made my childhood comfortable and I learned to perform simple chores. Being an only child meant that I did most things alone. My family taught me the importance of being responsible and the division of duties in adulthood. Early schooling enabled me to create relationships with people that were not my immediate relatives. I have grown to become a hardworking and responsible adult that enjoys making friends. Mesosystems I was born in China. We moved to the United States when I was aged 3. We lived in a rural neighborhood with other families while in the US. In both countries, we had friendly neighbors. Elementary school exposed me to American culture, and I made many friends, also taking part in basketball. These interactions taught me to appreciate both friends and neighbors. I learned and adopted a new culture and also teamwork in sports or any other joint activities. In my adult life, I can understand people from different backgrounds, create lasting friendships, and be a team player at work. Exosystems My extended family lives in China where my grandmother helped to raise me. I played with my neighbors in both China and the US. We would also walk to school together and help each other with homework. My father works as an accountant at PriceWaterhouseCoopers. All of my needs were met as I was the sole child and the center of attention. We are a conservative family, but we interacted well with our neighbors. I attended a state-funded public school; thus, I appreciate the role of government institutions in providing essential amenities. These exosystems taught me the importance of extended family and social relations. My parents have also instilled in me the benefits of hard work. Macrosystem Chinese culture promotes hard work whereas American culture encourages exploration and free expression. Both of them may lead to a desire for success. During my chil
Modernization theory is an interdisciplinary model which is supposed to explain the progress of various societies. In particular, it is aimed at identifying the factors that shape the transition of the society from traditional to modern stage. This approach has been widely applied by American policy-makers during the 1950s and 1960s at the time when they studied developing countries that could become the allies of the United States. Furthermore, this framework was used to develop recommendations that could boost the progress of these states. One can say that this theory can be helpful for distinguishing those factors that can contribute to the development of a country and the growth of its economy; however, the recommendations offered by the advocates of this approach are not always effective, because there are several cultural and social variables that are not included in this model. Overall, researchers single out several drawbacks of this model. In particular, this model does not always take into account the differences between various traditional societies. For example, they can differ in terms of social hierarchy, the role of religion, workplace culture, and so forth. Therefore, one cannot easily tell how such communities can respond to innovative policies. The advocates of modernization theory focus on Japan which eloquently exemplifies the process of modernization 1 . One can also refer to some other countries such as South Korea or Singapore. However, the number of such cases is not sufficient for developing definitive guidelines that can benefit various traditional societies. Thus, modernization theory lacks rigor which is important for any scientific model. This is one of the drawbacks that should be taken into account by policy-makers. Furthermore, scholars note that that there are differences in the rate of modernization. This argument is particularly relevant if one speaks about countries representing different regions such as Southeast Asia, Middle East, or Africa 2 . Even though, these states have been allied with the United States, not all of them have been able to create democratic institutions. Furthermore, they did not always achieve prosperity. These examples indicate that there are certain factors that can influence the ability of the society to embrace modernization. For example, some cultures are open to innovation and social transformation while others tend to resist such processes. These issues were not fully considered by the supporters of modernization theory. This is one of the aspects that shout be taken into account. Another limitation of this model is that it is based on the Western standards of social and political development. One of such standards is the promotion of liberal democracy which is regarded as the optimal political regime 3 . However, in many cases, it is not permissible to compare developing and advanced in this way because these communities ca
Case description Issue of gender discrimination is an unfortunately common occurrence in the workplace. The problem at hand was even more prominent in the late 1980s when the rigidity of gender stereotypes was even stronger than nowadays. In the Ann Hopkins v. Price Waterhouse case, the issue of gender stereotypes and their effects on the employment opportunities for women was finally addressed as the court’s landmark decision declared that no organization could favor an employee of a specific sex in relation to promotion, employment, or dismissal (Woloch, 2018). During the court session, the importance of maintaining fairness toward employees and avoiding succumbing to gender stereotypes was established as a desirable norm, therefore, setting the standard for handling and preventing sex-based discrimination in the workplace. For instance, it was asserted the company’s statement concerning the appearance of the plaintiff, namely, the mismatch between the supposed concept of femininity that the organization managers had and the appearance of Ann Hopkins, needs to be addressed. Indeed, in order to handle the case with greater legitimacy and tactfulness, the organization could have pointed to some of the professional aspects of Ann Hopkins’ performance as opposed to her appearance. Namely, her efficacy as an employee in managing her workplace responsibilities, such as the ability to manage deadlines when implementing projects, could have been addressed. Additionally, the plaintiff’s other workplace competencies, such as her communication skills and the ability to manage workplace negotiations, could have been examined closely in order to determine her legitimacy as a project manager at Price Waterhouse (Woloch, 2018). Instead, the company leader pointed to her failure to align with femininity standards, which represented a clear instance of workplace discrimination. Hopkins’ decision to sue the company Examining the case further, one will realize that Ann Hopkins wearing the requested clothes and makeup would not have made a spectacular difference in how she was perceived at the company. Namely, if she had succumbed to the demands and accepted the specified gender expectations, she would have likely been looked down upon, and her opinions would still be dismissed by her male business partners (Woloch, 2018). Moreover, Hopkins’ decision to align with the established gender roles would have likely backfired since her male partners would have likely seen her as far too compliant to become a strong and trustworthy business partner. Specifically, her partners would have viewed her kindness and willingness to sacrifice a certain degree of her freedom to express herself as a weakness. Therefore, if
Major Items of the Banks Balance Sheet The balance sheets from financial institutions vary from those of other organizations. This is because there are no inventories or accounts payable and accounts receivable as one would expect. Their assets consist of investments and loans while liabilities consist of deposits and borrowings. Cash is one of the items present in such statements, and it represents 2% of their assets. Financial institutions earn their returns from keeping people’s money. This is achieved by lending that money to people who pay back at an interest. Additionally, they invest that money in other areas to generate revenue for themselves. In banking language, these assets are called earning assets. Financial institutions invest a commendable amount of the money they get in securities because there is a wide pool of alternative counters to invest in, hence increasing the chances of earning huge returns. Besides, loans are the major source of revenue for financial institutions depending on the interest rates attached to those loans. This explains why most assets fall under this category. Furthermore, banks have very little hard assets such as buildings and equipment and they do not need them to remain operational. Key Risk Factors in the Banking Industry The first risk factor is strategic risk, and it comes in when executing plans. This means that banks have to look ahead to identify possible barriers that could halt the progress of their operations. The evaluation process entails looking into future changes that could favor banks, such as speculated rise in interest rates. In such a case, strategic risk management ensures that challenges are foreseen before they actually occur. Credit risk is another factor that revolves around borrowers who may fail to repay the amount of money they borrowed. The financial institutions use mechanisms to ensure they are shielded from such losses. They do this by assessing the borrowers to determine their ability to repay the loan before giving them loans. Market risk is another crucial factor because if banks do not keep an eye on the market trends they could find themselves between the rock and a hard place, especially if the interest rates go down. This would have a negative impact on their assets in form of loans because the borrowers would pay little money than expected. Additionally, they have to watch how the various currencies appreciate and depreciate in value to be prepared in facing the volatility that comes along with such trends. The last major risk is liquidity risk, which is closely associated with market risk. This is because the changing trends in markets could hinder a financial institution from transforming its cash from liquid assets into cash probably because the economy has declined. Measuring the Performance of Financial Institution When gauging the performance of a financial institution there are various areas that have to be looked into before concluding whether the bank is on the right track or not. More importantly,
Background or Introduction At the beginning of the article, the authors introduce the topic and the background information. The description of children and adolescents care details are given. Management of care is defined as an essential part of treatment that cannot be neglected by healthcare providers. It is also mentioned that diabetes could affect a human life from different perspectives including the fact that the choice of a lifestyle and self-management (de Beaufort et al., 2010). The main goal of the project is to gather information about different practices healthcare professionals could offer to patients with diabetes and the changes that occur from the pediatric to adult diabetes care transition (de Beaufort et al., 2010). Such a project should help to clarify the evaluations and assessments to be performed in the future to improve the transition process and meet the needs and expectations of the patients and their families. Review of the Literature It is mentioned that “optimal metabolic control and quality of life” are the main purposes in the care of children and adolescents with diabetes (de Beaufort et al., 2010, p. 24). This information is taken from the article of Blum written in the middle of the 1990s. The studies of Weissberg-Benchell, Wolpert, Anderson, and Viner are also used to describe the general state of affairs that could be observed among the patients with diabetes. This review of the literature proves that the chosen topic has been already investigated by different people, and the importance of care for people with diabetes cannot be neglected. Discussion of Methodology Certain attention is paid to the methods used by the authors to answer the main question concerning the importance of the transition from pediatric to adult diabetes care. A questionnaire was used to identify the transition practices in different parts of the world (de Beaufort et al., 2010). The participants of the questionnaire were the members of the International Society for Pediatric and Adolescent Diabetes (ISPAD). It was decided to use e-mail as the main tool to gather opinions. 578 ISPAD members including physicians, nurses, psychologists, and dieticians were interested in the question of care of diabetes patients (de Beaufort et al., 2010). The same questionnaire was re-sent in four months to increase the response rate. The essence of the method was as follows: a questionnaire with 21-items was sent to the participants of the study via e-mail. The questions include the information about the health discipline offered to the healthcare workers, the settings where the participants had to work, the age of patients they had to work with, and the specialist who had to take responsibility for the care of patients with diabetes. At the same time, the authors of the article tried to create questions about the transition process itself and the quality of care offered to children and adult patients. Finally, it was necessary to identify the common opinion about the most appropriate age when it was possible to promote the transition from pediatric to adult care and the best practices that coul