ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Abstract This paper looks at the controversy over election or appointment of judges, focusing on Nevada, after consulting with 5 newspaper articles which pointed out the horrific situation in Las Vegas and other parts of Nevada. Other sources were found to examine the arguments for and against the election of judges. It was found that both election and appointment of judges are fraught with problems, but that appointment has fewer dangers of political abuse, especially if the candidates are chosen by an impartial committee and the appointed judges are held accountable for their actions. Popular elections seem to have more problems, and the electorate seldom chooses based upon knowledge. It is not really useful for popular vote to control the one body that really should be non-partisan and objective, our courts. Discussion In looking at whether judges in Nevada should be elected or appointed, it is obvious that there are pros and cons on either side. Elections are popular with the people and also with those who would abuse this system. In addition, elections cost money and that must either be provided or the candidates must have some way to raise it. Thirdly, democratic elections require an educated electorate or else they degenerate into a popularity contest, not necessarily based upon reason. Appointment avoids these pitfalls, but it has its own. Who makes the appointment controls the criteria upon which the appointments are made. The appointer must be unimpeachable and incorruptible. This probably requires that the appointments be made by a group, since it is more likely that a group will be resistant to corruption. However, the public does not see appointment as democratic or sensitive to public needs, so provisions must be made to change this perception. Neither method is foolproof. The fact that elections for judges are popular with the public suggests that the public will not vote to change this. Many judges would vote for appointment, because they know the problems of this job, like Judge Brent Adams of Washoe County. (Whaley, Sean 2006) Philip S. Pro reminds us of why federal judges are not only appointed, but appointed for a life tenure. “The Federalist, Numbers 51 and 78, stress that permanent judicial tenure was essential to destroy all sense of dependence on the Legislative and Executive branches in making judicial decisions, and to ensure that federal judges would protect the Constitution against inappropriate political encroachments.” (Pro, Philip s. 2008) He further states that “Judicial independence must, therefore, be viewed, not as an end in itself, but as a means to promote impartial decision making, and to preserve the Constitution against encroachments from the Executive a
An oceanic trench is an extended, tapered depression on the sea floor. It is the lowest regions on the earth. Oceanic trenches are located at the deepest points of the ocean. They form a structure of tectonic processes commonly known as subduction. A trench forms when an oceanic plate subducts a lighter superseding plate (Lee, Lerner, and Brenda Wilmoth Lerner, par 2). The Japan Trench is an example of an oceanic trench. It is located on the floor of the Pacific Ocean, in the northeastern Japan waters. It is approximately 29,500 ft. in length, extending from the Bonin Islands to the Kuril Islands. This trench is located along a zone of earthquake and volcanism in the Pacific Ocean. This zone is called the ring of fire. The Japan Trench was formed when the pacific plate subducted below the Okhotsk plate. This process involved sinking of tectonic plates into the mantle as they were converging. At the exact point where this occurred, a v-shaped depression was formed resulting to the formation of the trench. This point has high rates of earthquakes, deformations, metamorphism, volcanism, and mountain building (Japan Trench, Izu-Bonin Trench, and Ryukyu Trench, par 1). This point is called a subduction zone. Subduction zones are found at the boundaries where convergent plates come together. The piece sinks in the surface of the earth at an approximate angle of 45 degrees. The oceanic plate basalt is transformed to eclogite at a depth of about 120km. This result to increase in the density of the oceanic plate, forcing it to move into the mantle. Subduction zones have the sedimentary layers, oceanic plate, earth’s lithosphere, and trapped water that are cast-off into the mantle. Subduction process allows for the existence of the plate tectonics. This process is only known to occur on the planet earth (California Environmental Resources Evaluation System, par 65). Subduction zones are asymmetric in the first hundreds of miles. As they descent into the oceanic trenches, they become inclined. This results to earthquakes. These earthquakes take place in the deeper parts of the earth. This results to the seismicity on the outer solid earth. During the conversion of basalt to eclogite, a lot of water forms at high temperatures and pressure. This supercritical water then moves to the mantle lowering its pressure of the magma. This allows for melting of the magma and the ultimate formation of the volcanic eruption as the magma moves to the earth surface. The major effect of the strains resulting from the convergence at the subduction zones are earthquakes and tsunamis. Earthquakes build up in the subducting plates (California Environmental Resources Evaluation System, par 38). It can be clearly seen that, the Japan Trench is responsible for the many calamities that have befallen Japan in the recent years. It is impractical to dispute the facts about how the geological location of Japan predisposes it to the earthquakes and the tsunamis. There are also positive effects that come with the presence of subduction zones in a region. The force needed to allow for th
Over the years, community-based correctional facilities have been used as alternatives for incarcerations, especially in dealing with minor criminal offenses. However, the alternative has received a fair share of support and criticism concerning its effectiveness. Proponents of community-based sanctions consider it as a legitimate option to serving a jail term because they are cost-effective (Alarid & Del Carmen, 2012). On the other hand, its critics argue that they a not effective substitutes when dealing with high-profile criminal cases because most of the facilities lack enough capacity to meet their five primary goals. The first one is reducing overcrowding in prisons. The second one is increasing public safety by limiting the interaction between the public and individuals that have a criminal history (Davies, 2009). The third goal is to help offenders get back into the community smoothly by supervising their behavior and attitude towards the public. The fourth objective is reducing the degree of habitual relapse into crime by offenders. Offenders in community correction facilities are often mentored into making positive life choices that improve their lives and relationship with the public. The final objective is reducing the costs incurred by the federal government in maintaining prisons and prisoners (Davies, 2009). One of the most important elements of community-based sanctions is determining their effectiveness. The criteria used in achieving this feat entail understanding the expected outcomes. According to experts, the expected outcomes of engaging the services of community-based sanctions often apply as the benchmarks for determining whether the approaches used were effective or not (Alarid & Del Carmen, 2012). For example, if the level of offender recidivism reduces, then the approach is deemed effective because the primary objective has been met.
Music has been an integral component of the world’s cultural space virtually throughout the existence of the human civilization. Evidently, it has evolved in terms of form and presentation, but it has preserved the aspect of immense significance across a variety of contexts. From one perspective, music is a matter of esthetics and cultural pleasure, which serves to entertain listeners. On the other hand, music holds colossal potential, being thought-provoking and mesmerizing, promoting imagination. However, the impact of this cultural phenomenon extends beyond the acts of singing and playing instruments. Prominent musical personalities have had an immense positive effect within the broader social context, as well, and Teresa Teng is an excellent example of it. Being a Taiwanese singer, she managed to transcend beyond national borders and political differences, uniting people of East Asia around her exceptional talent. Therefore, Teresa Teng is a vivid example of the positive effect of music in the context of interculturalism. While she was in the spotlight due to her singing talent, Teresa Teng actively promoted kindness and understanding through charity and social activism. The purpose of this paper is to examine the life and career path of this Taiwanese singer as the ultimate manifestation of musical interculturalism. Biographical Information Teresa Teng became one of the prominent musical personalities of the 20 th centuries, and her significance extends far beyond the Asian continent. She was born on January 29, 1953, in the Yun-lin county of Taiwan. Her name at birth was Teng Li-Chün, even though she is widely known under a more Westen-like name to general public. Both of Teng’s parents were born in China and moved to Taiwan after the infamous events of 1949. In fact, the future singer’s father was an officer of the Nationalist army. Since a very young age, Teresa Teng demonstrated an immense interest to music, which was greatly supported by her exceptional talent. Already in the elementary school, Teng won an important singing contest, which provided her with the motivation to pursue music as her greatest passion. In her teenage years, she began to appear on the national television throughout the 1960s and the 1970s. These TV-based performances gave an impetus to Teresa’s popularity and ensured her recognition by the Taiwanese audience. As suc
The given assessment will primarily focus on Sugar, recorded acoustically by the Bennie Moten Band, in 1927, and The Moten Swing, recorded electrically by the same players, in 1932, but this time called the Count Basie Orchestra. The comparison revealed that the general feel and rhythm were slower and slow-paced in general in the case of the acoustic recording. The location of the band felt further during the listening to the electrical recording due to the lack of white noise and echo effects. The tone colors of the band also changed, where electric recording made the performance clearer and more dynamic, and therefore, the dancing would be more active for it. The instruments also were replaced, where some brass elements were replaced by string brass, and the piano became more prominent in the electric recording. The acoustic era preceded the electric era of recording, and it is evident that the latter brought major improvements to the given area. By listening to two different recordings of the same ensemble, it was revealed that the general feel of the music and rhythm was significantly more enhanced and dynamic in the case of the electric version. Acoustic recording felt slower and less quick-paced than the alternative. It is also important to note that the location-based feel was also distinct in the case of the acoustic version. The main reason is that acoustic recording was experienced as being closer to the ear of a listener, and it is also supported by the fact that the recording process itself was done near the horn. The overall tone colors of the acoustic era were not as separate in contrast from the electric version. The latter brought an evident sign of clarity due to a substantial reduction in white noise and echo effects. Therefore, the electric version seemed to be more dynamic and well-toned as well as colorful since the older recording’s sounds were blended. Thus, the desire to dance to the electric recording is more active and cheerful, whereas the acoustic versi
It is a proven fact that smoking cigarettes is a deadly habit (Bonnie, Stratton, & Wallace, 2007). There are various ways for a cigarette smoke to destroy the lives of people (Gupta, 1993). This habit can lead to cancer, pre-cancerous lesions and abnormalities can also develop in the oral cavity (Mason, 2004). As a result it can cause great pain and death. Addiction to nicotine can lead to premature death. However, prior to death, the person can lead an unproductive life because of numerous health problems associated to smoking such as weakened lungs, bad breath, stained fingers, discoloration in lips and tongue. It is therefore important to stop smoking preserve quality of life and to prevent premature death. Teenagers must quit the habit and one strategy is to use computer applications (“apps”) that can be loaded into mobile phones. Literature Review A nicotine addict will attest that once the habit has taken hold of their lives it is almost impossible to quit. Smokers will also confirm that they are aware of the horror stories and had seen the graphic images of diseased bodies but all these things are powerless when it comes to their desire to quit the habit. Nicotine addicts will also attest that they desperately wanted to change their lifestyle in terms of the use of cigarettes but for many of them there seems to be no hope. According to one report there was an increased number of smokers who expressed the desire to quit, however, the actual number of people who were able to quit the habit is less than five percent (Rabinoff, 2006). A critical insight that can be gleaned from the said report is that one of the major factors linked to failure is the fact that smokers were unable to quit the habit on their own without outside help (Rabinoff, 2006). One possible solution is to provide nicotine supplements. But there is no need to elaborate the fact that nicotine supplements is not enough to break the habit (Wilson & Kolander, 2005). Another possible solution is the use of medication. However, there are studies that underscore the fact that many smokers will not be able to quit smoking with the help of medication alone (Wilson & Kolander, 2005) At Kaiser Permanente an institution established to cater to nicotine addicts, it was discovered that one year cessation rates was significantly increased to a rate of 40% when medication and classes were combined to help them (Rabinoff, 2006). These findings highlight the fact that smokers need assistance when it comes to their habit. No man is an island when it comes to addiction-related behaviour but the main problem right now is the effecti
Introduction Immigrants in various countries across the world experience numerous challenges as they adapt to host countries. The United States is a country that has many immigrants given that people migrate in search of green pastures and freedom to enjoy their rights. The immigrants to the United States have diverse migration and adaptation experiences, which depend on their country of origin. In this perspective, this essay describes immigration and adaptation experience of Hasan Omar, an Egyptian, who is an immigrant to the United States. Decision to Migrate to the United States The informant of the study is a 46-year-old man called Hassan Omar who resides in New York and immigrated to the United States 16 years ago. When asked what motivated him to migrate to the United States, Omar noted that he got a scholarship from his government, which sponsored him to pursue masters in economics at Harvard University. Moreover, Omar stated that he migrated to the United States in search of green pastures. Pessar describes the United States as the land of opportunities for it has plenty of socio-economic activities for immigrants to explore (591). In his explanation, Omar said that Egypt has limited opportunities for career growth, and thus, he has been dreaming of migrating to the United States so that he could optimize his knowledge and skills by exploiting available job opportunities. Immigration Difficulties As Omar was financially strapped, procuring a passport was a problem as the scholarship did not provide. Visa application was not easy as it took a lot of time. After duly filing the visa forms, Omar waited for several weeks before getting a response. Owing to his humble background, Omar had a financial dilemma when it came to raising his fare to the US. Luckily, friends and relatives came to his rescue at the last minute. In the United States, survival was no mean feat, as his scholarship did not cover his upkeep. He had to become a hunter and adopt a Zen strategy to meet his few needs (Sahnlins 32). Omar had to juggle schoolwork and part-time evening jobs to maintain his primary needs. Advantages during immigration Omar’s studentship guaranteed him many incentives including, paying cheap rent, electricity, and water bills compared to American students. He states that if it were not for these ‘favors’ life would have been unbearable and would have contemplated his stay in the US. However, after a short stay he realized that life was only good if one was industrious and took advantage of opportunities. Omar had to become a hunter by creating opportunities by studying diligently and networking (Sahnlins 32). After a while, his life changed significantly when he landed
Introduction: Binge Drinking and Its Threats No matter how sad it may sound, student drinking is not a myth. Several students indulge in binge drinking throughout their studying and life at campus. The results of such behavior, however, differ depending on a variety of factors; some students cease to drink as soon as they graduate, while others resume drinking even when they are supposed to enter the realm of adult life and start searching for a job. Seeing how the problem of binge drinking among students is slowly getting out of hand and becoming global, more thorough research based on a ten-year follow-up to a grand-scale study on binge drinking among students must be conducted. Research Premise and Rationale: Alcoholism Rates Increasing Steadily As one might have guessed, a rapid and sharp increase in the number of people with drinking problems was the main reason from the article to have been written. According to the author of the article, the key to the problem may be concealed in the specifics of student life that the people with a drinking problem used to lead during their academic years. The research was started ten years ago and presupposed that several students with obvious susceptibility to developing a drinking issue should be observed. Ten years later, the effects that college binge drinking had had on the former students were checked. Article Findings and Their Significance: In Search for the Truth When dealing with a problem as complicated as the one in question, one must be ready for retrieving rather ambiguous results. While several facts acquired in the course of the research point at the negative effects of binge drinking on most students, especially male ones, other factors, including societal and economic ones, as well as the ones related to students’ health, must be born in mind. Binge drinking as a harmless pastime for students Much to her credit, Jennison does not focus on a single hypothesis and explores alternative opinions regarding the issue in question. The article shows that the attempts to consider binge drinking as a relatively harmless pastime have been undertaken. Thus, J
What Is Consumerism? Building an advanced community on a desert-like landscape, the Emirati society has utilized its oil resources to transform its traditional image, which is characterized by not only innovativeness but also a glamorous society. The definition of the term “consumerism” is aligned with the protection of consumer rights. Consumerism in this context, is defined as the economic and social arrangement that is grounded on an orderly conception nurturing of the need to buy products in big amounts. In other words, it is the aspiration of an individual or a society to own more than they need. Being a state of mind, consumerism compels an individual to escalate their demands. Because of consumerism, the desires that are unimportant are converted to primary wants. As a result, luxuries are converted into needs. Causes of Consumerism in the Emirati Society Like in any other society, in the Emirati one, shelter, security, and sustenance are not only essential but also culturally defined. For this reason, the question of mere survival is not important, because anybody, who merely survives cannot go beyond the acquisition of the attributes of survival. Only the individuals, who cross the mere survival level, are considered to belong to the cultural context of the 3s, a symbol for shelter, security and sustenance. As a result of this process, mere survival is substituted by decent survival. In the Emirati society, decent survival is attributed to a specific social class. Individuals in this class are defined in terms of their livelihoods. In order to understand the relevance of this definition, one has to belong to a specific class. It is mainly because of the rise in classes that the purchase of greater amounts of goods has become possible in the Emirati society. Such features as the generous economies, globalization and technological progress have played a major role in the advancement of these groups. The evolution of the Emirati society in general and its specific classes in particular has resulted to “the-more-you-get-the-more-you-need” trend leading to an emergence of such societies as the Emirati society that is run by its markets. In the UAE, consumerism is characterized by prolonged products and services purchasing habit without any regard for the product’s origin and the individuals’ needs. Consequences of Consumerism Consumerism in the Emirati society has impacted students’ ability to pursue education negatively. It has been argued that consumerism is attributed to the isolation and despair, as well as to the unattainable prospect of what products can be delivered to the consumers. Physicians in Emirati also argue that exhaustion, diseases, and stress are connected to the excessive duty that is driven b
Nowadays, environmental sustainability continuously gains increasing importance due to the number of resources utilized by the humanity, as well as because of the amount of waste produced, for these amounts are greater than both the local and the global ecosystems can handle. To ensure that environmental sustainability is achieved, it is paramount to recycle waste products to lower the amount of waste and the number of new resources needed for production (Kohtala & Hyysalo, 2015). Therefore, the current initiative is aimed at creating an innovative product using recycled items. However, for the initiative to be successful, it is pivotal to draw a sufficient number of participants to take part in the project. Therefore, it is essential to organize an educational / PR campaign that would allow for informing the public about the project to ensure that enough persons participate in the initiative. For this purpose, it is possible to organize a large campaign using social media such as Facebook, Instagram, or Twitter. Images about the topic and texts advertising the project will be posted to inform and engage students from a wide array of schools, colleges, and universities to take part in it. Also, it will be possible to give out flyers and post ads on bulletin boards in several colleges and universities to inform more students. On the whole, it should be stressed that environmental sustainability plays a crucial role nowadays, and the proposed project is aimed at achieving more effective waste recycling via creating innovative products. To promote the project, it is recommended to use social media, as well as to give out flyers and post advertisements on bulletin boards. Reference Kohtala, C., & Hyysalo, S. (2015). Anticipated environmental sustainability of personal fabrication. Journal of Cleaner Production, 99 , 333-344. Web.