ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
A market economy is an economic system that relies on a free market to regulate the exchange of money, services, and goods. According to Opuni (2017), the prices in a market economy are determined by demand and supply, while the governmental interference is minimal. Demand refers to consumers’ willingness and ability to purchase products or services for a certain price, while supply is used to describe the amount of material and non-material goods available at the market. The two concepts are often co-dependent since consumers cannot purchase something that is not available to them, while suppliers find it economically disadvantageous to make products or offer services that are not wanted by their potential clients. Hence, the laws of demand and supply help to understand the basic functioning principles of a market economy. In economics, demand and supply are often expressed as equations and thus can be plotted as graphs to provide visual information. A demand equation shows the number of goods or services consumers are willing to acquire for various prices: As a rule, the higher is the price, the fewer people would like to buy a product. A supply equation demonstrates the number of goods or services suppliers are ready to offer for a range of prices. The direction of a supply curve is commonly the opposite of the direction of a demand curve because it is more profitable for producers to offer their goods at higher prices. According to the data (Keat, Young, & Erfle, 2013, p. 59), the supply is Q S = -1000 + 10 P , while the demand is Q D = 3000 – 10 P. Based on this information, it can be predicted that demand will equal zero at the price of $300, whereas the supply will cease to exist at the price of $100. Once again, it is clear that consumers wish to pay less, and supplier wants to earn more. When supply equals demand, economic equilibrium is achieved. G. (2017) defines equilibrium as a situation where no party is incentivized to make any changes. On graphs, the balance of supply and demand is marked by the intersection of the supply and demand curves. In the case of the computer support company, the equilibrium is achieved at the price of $200, resulting in 1000 businesses receiving the service. If the company decides to increase its prices, it risks losing its clients. At the same time, if the company chooses to reduce its prices, it might not be able to cater to all its clients due to their increase in number. Thus, equilibrium is a useful economic concept that helps to avoid surplus or shortage. A market economy means that supply and demand are rarely stable. Supply is largely shaped by the prices of raw materials and the cost of production, or in the case of non-material goods, by the company’s expenditures on salaries, equipment, and other things necessary for the provision of services. Demand, on the other hand, is affected by such factors, as the general economic situation, the quality of products and services, or the availability of substitutes. When demand increases to Q D = 350
In Freedman’s writings, he gives meaning to “civil engagement” based on his predictive motion that aging persons will soon involve themselves different from their previous thoughts of retirement. It is to this effect, Freedman insists that in as much civic engagement is concerned, the act of civic engagement would be better off, with retired persons being its paramount custodians (Moody & Sasser, 2020). From this aspect, earlier ideas on retirements become absolute as they are given new retirement roles in society; that is, civic engagement. Therefore, civic engagement is the inclusive development of ideas and guidelines to agree governed commandeered by a neutral and competent party. The author’s vision would come to pass by the society focusing on the retired persons. This stands out to be a project in which any organization or society should get involved. This is because it turns out that the retired of age to have time after work. According to Moody and Sasser (2020), it is estimated that retired persons have an average of 16 free hours per day, implying that they have reliable availability. Their availability enables people to reach out and seek their advice, and they may act as patrons to develop societal structures. The retired have more time to live, therefore making them an experienced lot. With their encounters, retired persons are civic-oriented apart from having practical experience of raising families and building social networks. Here they are a social capital in which the young can refer to their lost past (Moody & Sasser, 2020). However, engaging the retired in civic discourse would allow older adults to have a sensible meaning to them. For example, they would like to leave a legacy for future use. Therefore, the urges of
The BRICS countries, namely Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa, have been growing and economically expanding recently, in no small degree due to their cooperation. However, there is much criticism towards the group, mostly regarding how some decisions and circumstances limit its impact. This essay aims to explore the strengths and weaknesses of the BRICS system and estimate its future performance based on the findings. Positive Aspects of BRICS An essential aspect of BRICS is its unique design. According to Toloraya and Chukov (2016), “the BRICS countries developed an innovative format for international cooperation, which is grounded in the absolute equality of the partners” (p. 71). The informal format of BRICS creates incentives not present in associations that are more formal. According to Cooper and Farooq (2015), during the creation of the National Development Bank, the different countries all agreed to invest into the project, even though the benefits were uneven, because of a sense of the need to show their support of the BRICS initiative. In a more formal institution, there would likely be complaints, and the process would have taken considerably longer. Negative Aspects of BRICS A common critique of BRICS is that it is not a unified body of countries. According to Degaut and Meacham (2015), the alliance’s measures “are limited in their depth, scope, and acceptance, which reflect the group’s lack of cohesion, resources, priorities, economic models, foreign policy interests, and, consequently, their inability to shape their own international agenda” (p. 21). They go on to state that BRICS is merely an association of individually powerful countries and does not represent a significant force of change on a global scale. Conclusion BRICS is a significant force and is not to be overlooked or underestimated. Its members are powerful countries, capable of massive undertakings when they cooperate and of swift action due to the informal nature of the organization. However, the organization’s lack of unity and a shared global aim means it is likely not going to change the global balance of powers in a significant manner.
English learning motivation Students’ success in acquiring a foreign language can depend upon various factors, including those of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation. The intrinsic motivating factors can be defined as the inner driving forces making students to make efforts in acquiring a foreign language and their understanding of the main reasons for which they need to learn a second language. According to Belmechri and Hummel (1998), the main students’ orientations toward learning English as a second language included the opportunities of travelling, future career prospects, friendship with children from other countries and prestige (p. 220). These orientations can be recognized as the main predictors of students’ intrinsic motivation. Though Belmechri and Hummel (1998) who investigated motivations of Quebec students did not find much evidence of integrative orientations composed of several factors, the scholars admitted that this issue requires further consideration and integrative intrinsic motivation can appear in other contexts. The intrinsic motivating factors are interrelated with extrinsic motivation based upon social psychological constructs, classroom atmosphere and teaching strategies. Attempting to define the motivational basis for second language acquisition, Clėment, Dornyuei, and Noels (1994) concluded that extrinsic motivational factors, including those of classroom atmosphere and subprocesses can play an important role in the second language acquisition (p. 445). The classroom atmosphere is especially important for oral activities of foreign language learners, which require interpersonal contact between speakers and favorable climate, which would allow reducing the speakers’ anxiety about making mistakes and expressing their opinions. Additionally, the teaching techniques implemented by instructors and the quality of the course books can contribute to the overall classroom atmosphere and corresponding learners’ motivation (Clėment, Dornyuei, and Noels, 1994, p. 243). Wharton (2000) examined about 80 strategies used by instructors and concluded that these approaches to language learning contributed to the extrinsic motivation of students and played a significant role in the language acquisition processes. Both intrinsic and extrinsic motivational factors are significant for successful foreign language acquisition and especially creating favorable conditions for doing oral activities and developing proper speaking skills. The causes of English speaking difficulties among EFL students English speaking learning anxiety and difficulties As a complex process, language acquisition requires development of appropriate skills at different levels, including those of reading comprehension, writing and speaking activities. Students may have various difficulties in the process of foreign language production in each of these activities, but the speaking assignments require consideration of students’ personal characteristics, inclu
Introduction The success of the organization and the society at large depends on the integrity and the adherence to ethical conduct by everyone in the society. Ethics are defined as well established rules and laws that dictate what is judged by society as “right” or “wrong” while integrity is a person’s value system which guides their behavior (Czimbal & Brooks, 2011). Acting without ethics and integrity not only damages an organization’s reputation but it also results in losses for both the consumers and the employees. Despite this, the world is today faced with what can be termed as an “ethics crisis”. Actions such as: deceit, misrepresent, and bribery misdemeanors that were once considered unacceptable are increasingly tolerable and some organizations even see them as necessary practices. There have emerged a number of factors and influencers that are leading to increased cases of Ethical and Integrity dilemmas within employees in organizations all over the world. This paper will attempt to highlight these factors and influencers and suggest ways in which employees can overcome them for the good of the organization. Factors and Influences of Ethical and Integrity While there have always been incidents of ethical and integrity breakdowns in business operations, these cases have increased significantly in the last few decades. This has been attributed to a number of reasons. To begin with, organizations today face increasing demands to improve their productivity or else be pushed out of business (Kotler & Keller, 2008). Since the workforce is responsible for ensuring that organizational productivity is optimal, the pressure to perform falls on the employees. Due to this aggressive competition, employees are pushed to engage in unethical behavior as they try to meet targets and ensure that their performance is high. Traditionally, businesses had well defined code of ethics which articulated the highest values that the organization aimed to achieve. The code comprised of guidelines on the manner in which business activities should be conducted and therefore highlighted to the workers what could be done or not done. Codes of conduct include examples of behaviors that the business deems are desirable and those it objects to. For an organization operating on a global platform, it is increasingly difficult to come up with codes of conduct especially in the foreign countries. Without well defined codes, the employees may not know which values are important to the organization (Kotler & Keller, 2008). Lack of specific guidelines on the rewards and punishment system adopted by an organization to tackle ethical issues also escalates unethical behavior. This is because many employees engage in un
Introduction Aristotle is one of the most influential legendary philosophers that ever lived in the world’s history. Despite him being a Greek, his philosophies have influenced the way of life for people across the whole world. His ideas touched on almost all aspects of life whether in law, science, ethics, and philosophy among others. However, there is a conflict between philosophical ideas of the legends and modernization in the 21st century. The world seems to have bumped off from the ideas of Aristotle and instead taken another unknown premise in search of happiness. For instance, Aristotle would disagree with the modern form of seeking happiness in the material things, as according to him, happiness is eternal and unique to every human being. Virtue of Happiness Aristotle described happiness as an eternal goodness that everybody strives to achieve in his or her day-to-day life. However, the striving for the achievement of happiness not only depends on every individual’s reasons, but also on the virtues that play a major role in hastening the achievements. According to Aristotle, some of the necessary forms of virtues for the achievement of happiness include confidence, generosity, justice, wisdom, humility, and courage. In addition, he described proper upbringing and the correctness of the law as the main factors on which the virtues depend on for their fecundity. According to Aristotle, the true happiness is achieved naturally through actions that do not contradict the will and interests of a person. This assertion implies that happiness is brought about by passion rather than social obligation like it has been the case in the modern society. Passion is a gift and its strength depends on the factors that define personal virtues (Aristotle, 89). Going back to those two factors, proper upbringing is an important factor for shaping the life of a human being. An individual brought up from a caring family is likely to have stronger virtues than one brought up in a less caring family. This aspect implies that the nature of a family background is important in shaping the character and passion of a person. However, according to Aristotle, the goodness of the family background is subject to human relations as opposed to economic welfare. In addition, there could be exemptions where some individuals acquire behaviors that contradict the nature of their families, and in such cases, they develop their own unique behaviors, which are shaped by other unknown factors. The correctness of the law is very important in determining the strength of human virtues. Aristotle lived when the world was chaotic and greatly affected by moral issues such as abortion, political chaos, capital punishment, and many world problems that are still in existence today. He chose to be a social activist despite him being a philosopher, and he said that correctness of the law shapes the moral behaviors and hence the virtues. For instance, a child brought up in a chaotic environment is likely to adapt chaotic behaviors and co
For many years, the notion of health care has been primarily associated with the process of creating a quality framework of medical assistance and timely intervention. However, with various changes taking place in the social paradigm over the past years, the phenomenon of quality care has shifted from exclusively medical expertise towards a holistic socio-cultural approach to provider-patient communication. The effects of globalization and multiplicity in culture have contributed to the increased demand for health care providers to acknowledge one’s ethnic and cultural background before planning a full-scale intervention. Hence, the present paper aims at discovering the major reasons behind the importance of cross-cultural communication in health care. The first and arguably the most significant precursor of the development of cross-cultural communication is the explicit evidence of how ethnic minorities tend to be underserved and discriminated against due to a cultural gap. According to the latest research conducted by the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ, 2021), every ethnic minority group across the US has experienced disparities in terms of patient safety, person-centered care, care coordination, care effectiveness, and affordable care access. For example, when speaking of the African American community, many healthcare providers overlook the fact that some African immigrants initially relied on traditional medicine more than on conventional medical practice due to the social determinant of mistrust (Adebayo et al., 2019). As a result, instead of acknowledging one’s cultural heritage, healthcare providers emphasize the superiority of medical practice and automatically undermine the cultural values and beliefs of a designated social group. Another reason for embracing cultural competence and cross-cultural communication is the existing health discrepancies across various cultural communities. For example, Latina and Black women are statistically prone to experiencing postpartum depression more frequently than their White counterparts (Ponting et al., 2020). However, despite such evidence, ethnic minorities are still less likely to experience timely intervention. Another example concerns the fact that Hispanic and Black men, although having higher life expectancy rates, are more likely to struggle with such chronic conditions as diabetes and cardiovascular diseases, as they are less likely to undergo timely screening to identify the disease at its early stages. For this reason, cross-cultural communication and acknowledgment of one’s ethnicity are crucial in terms of providing quality care. Finally, language as a key means of communication is of paramount importance for healthcare organizations. According to the research, poor English literacy among minorities is one of the most evident and challenging barriers in the way of quality health care (Acharya et al., 2017).
The aggressive and illegal development of ballistic missiles and nuclear weapons makes North Korea the greatest threat to the United States. Moreover, the diplomatic tension between these nations is not helping the already escalated situation. A potential nuclear electromagnetic pulse (EMP) attack by North Korea would spell a doomsday scenario in the US. According to the United States of America Department of the Army (2014), North Korea might be able to develop or acquire an EMP enabled nuke and attack the US. 1 Moreover, its side effects could last for at least three years. This weapon also has the capability of shutting down the US power grid. Thus, a successfully launched EMP nuke by North Korea into the US would rewind the American time machine to the eighteenth century in a matter of milliseconds. In the last three years, North Korea has tested a series of intercontinental ballistic missiles and a miniaturized hydrogen bomb. If this weapon was successfully launched into the US, especially in a high altitude region, it would destroy most of the technological networks and cause an imaginable crisis. For instance, a complete shutdown of power, communication, and the Internet for an unknown period of time would make America lose its current strategic position as the world peace leader. 2 This means that the daily activities of Americans would stop as supplies and communication would be cut. In addition, direct and indirect impacts could actually affect up to 80% of the US population. The current BMD systems of the US are not programmed to be effective in defending even a small ICBM approaching the border from the Southern Polar region. Unfortunately, North Korea’s trial weapons and satellites are launched in this direction. Although the US communication systems are EMP-hardened, it will not be sufficient to detect and intercept a hydrogen bomb launched from the southern region. 3 For instance, if North Korea attacks the US with blackout bombs, which work by dispersing graphite filaments that are carbon treated over a power grid, it will weaken America’s strategic security position. The North Korea’s cyber power is a threat to the US financial systems and internet security. The increasing cyber-attacks by trained and government-backed hackers from North Korea present real threats of unknown proportion. Over the years, Pyongyang’s administration has been aggressive in developing a secret cyber program that is believed to be capable of unleashing global havoc and hit America the most. For instance, if North Korea succeeds in developing a program that could intercept the US communication systems, it could release classified information on sensitive security operations and arsenal. 4 A potential cyber-attack from North Korea could hold for ransom large swathes of private and state-owned communication a
I live in Kissimmee, Florida which is the 15 th Congressional District of the state. The senators from Florida are Mel Martinez, who represents the Republican Party, and Bill Nelson from the Democratic Party of the USA. The district I live in is called Kissimmee, it is the capital city of the Osceola County in Florida, and it is a famous place to spent holidays, especially family ones, and to have rest. The district itself is a rather specific area where there are many problems and many opportunities. It is situated in the Eastern part of the state and is recognized as the place where people can rest and get employment opportunities in the sphere of services and tourism. As for the electoral process in Kissimmee at 2008 election for Congress, the situation look very lawful and did not display any signs of Gerrymandering, though I can not state that because I have no access to this kind of information. But I can say that the popularity of Dave Weldon in our city was great and there was no need to falsify the results (Washington Post, 2008). As for the bills that are being promoted by the senators from our state, I can say that senator Martinez and his colleagues from the Republican Party Supported the Gas Price Reduction Act which was adopted on July, 10, 2008 in order to solve the energetic problems that are burning for the whole world nowadays. Another important legislations promoted by senators from Florida are Global AIDS Legislation, and the issue of local importance that concerns the re-establishment of the Navy at the 4 th Fleet Naval Station Mayport (Martinez, 2008). Senator Nelson is also interested in the issue of energy supply for the country, as well as in such issues as kidnappin