ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The term topology refers to the layout of the connected devices used in a network. It may also refer to the shape or structure of the network through the physical arrangement of the devices that may not correspond to the name or functionality of a particular topology. Network topologies are categorized into the following basic types namely bus, ring, and star topologies (Todd L, 2003). In a bus topology, devices are connected linearly in a single cable, which acts as the backbone. This single cable acts as the shared communication medium (backbone) for all the devices attached to this cable using an interface connector. In this topology, a device wanting to communicate with other devices in the same network sends a message to the backbone cable, which all the devices see, but it’s only the intended recipient that gets to accept and process the message (Todd L, 2003). Bus topology often has problems when two devices want to transmit at the same time on the same bus hence. As a result, bus networks systems have some scheme of collision handling or avoidance for communication. This collision avoidance can be either carrier sense multiple access or a bus master which controls access to the shared bus resource (Starlings, W, 2000). This topology has several advantages including low cost as less cabling is required and it is easy to implement or install. However, it also has some disadvantages namely it limits the cable length and workstation numbers, a cable fault affects all other stations and as the number of workstations increases, the speed of the network slows down. Moreover, if the backbone cable fails, the entire network breaks down (Melissa C, 2003). In-ring topology, each device is connected with or paired with two adjacent neighbors for communication purposes. Any message sent travels through a ring in the same direction either in a clockwise or anticlockwise manner. A signal is passed through each network card of each device and passed on to the next device. All devices have a cable home running back to the multi-access units (MAU). A message is relayed from one device to another and onl
Introduction Although most scholars have diverted their attention to other UK countries with disregard to Northern Europe, some of the Scandinavian countries possess imperative scholarly aspects of Geography and Economy. Norway in particular is one of the Scandinavian countries, which very few people understand its dramatic geographical and environmental sceneries. Its economic expansion in terms of GDP competes with that of the super-economies such as UK, Germany and the US. This essay discusses these aspects to demonstrate how Norway is one of the best countries in the world. Geography Location Norway is a Western Scandinavian country located 57° and 81° N, latitude, and 4° and 32°E Northern Europe. Sweden and Russia border Norway to the East while it shares borders with Finland and Skagerrak Strait to the south (Franklin 23). Barent Sea borders Norway to the North while Norwegian Sea to the West. It has an estimated area of 385,252 KM 2 . Oslo is the capital city of Norway. The country is famous for the fjords located along its extensive coastline. Climate Being a Scandinavian country, Norway is generally a cold climate. This beautiful country experiences precipitation in most parts of the south and west. Winter and summer characterize the climate of this country. During winter, the lowlands in Oslo city experience snow and cold weather while the western part experiences relatively balmier winters than the south. Warmest and sunniest weather however, characterize the summer climate of the Oslo City. Norway also experiences significant variations in daylight seasons due to high latitude. To the North of Arctic Circle, the country experiences ‘midnight sunlight’ with the other parts experiencing 20 hours of daylight between May and July. However, between November and January, the country experiences very short daylight hours. Brief History Before the writing of history, historians hold that hunters and gatherers, the pre-Indo speakers, inhabited the Norwegian country. The Norwegian ancestors dominated this territory at advent of the fourth millennium BC. Historians refer these people as Proto-Indo speakers. Patriarchy and individualism characterized their culture. Historians attribute the civilization of Norway to these people. Besides domesticating animals and agriculture, “the proto-Indo people traded bronze and manufactured weapons” (Karen 134). After the pre-Roman Iron period, Hafrfjord battle and Barbarian invasions, Harald I unified the discrete kingdoms into Norwegian kingdom under one king. In history, Sweden, Denmark and other countries colonized Norway until 1905 when Norway declared its independence. During the World Wars, Norway was a neutral territory although between 1940 and 1945, the Hitler’s Nazi power dominated the country. In 1994, through a referendum Norway declined to become a member of European Union. Population Pyramid Norway has a population of more than 4.9 million with majority being the Norwegians. Currently, statistics predicts a projected 48% population increase by 2050. Table below shows the trend of population of Norway since 1500 Year   Popul
Introduction Dealing with conflicts in the workplace is a skill that requires a higher understanding of the relevant factors. It is important to understand that most conflicts are only a result of different factions trying to do their jobs in the best possible manner (Fisher, 2016). Consequently, conflict management is an all-involving process as indicated by the example below. In this scenario, the overall manager of Bass Marketers has to deal with a conflict involving two factions within the same marketing team. Last month, Bass acquired its biggest marketing contract as of yet. The company’s management decided to merge two of its most prolific teams to collaborate on this mega project. Mark, a long-serving employee in the company, leads one of these factions while Ann, who is arguably the hardest-working employee in the company, leads the other group. Joining the two teams was meant to give the new client the best value for his money. However, just two weeks after these two teams started working together, conflict emerged. On one hand, Mark believes the project’s high budget and the expected results can only be achieved through a TV campaign. On the other hand, Ann believes internet advertising is a natural option for this project. The two factions have five team members each, and they are all loyal to the resolutions of their respective leaders. The manager has decided to start the conflict resolution process by writing a letter to each of these teams. Eventually, the manager will also bring the two groups together through a series of five important questions. Letter to Mark’s Group From: Overall Personnel Manager Date: 23
Introduction The inception of education brought more good than harm. Today, people can go to school and learn new things and ideas. For example, through classroom knowledge, a citizen of United States can master the whole history of another country, say Spain. Additionally, the geographical knowledge learnt in class, has helped a lot in terms of stating the exact position of a country or state. Geographical information leads us to a country in Europe called Spain. Located in the southwestern part of Europe, Spain is one country that forms the league of European Union. It is surrounded by the Mediterranean Sea, Atlantic Ocean and other European countries like France, United Kingdom’s Gibraltar Island, Portugal, and Andorra. With two islands Balearic and Canary, the Spanish territory is approximately 504, 030 kilometre squared. This makes it one of the biggest countries in Europe; in fact, the second after France in terms of land size. Pending it geographical location in Western Europe, Spain poses among countries that experienced diverse challenges during prehistoric times. However, no amount of challenge witnessed overcome Spanish citizens and today, its legacy is found everywhere in the world. Today, there are over 500 million people spread all over the world who speak Spanish language, thanks to the role that Spain played in the modern era, which led to this marvelous legacy. Just like any other democracy in the world, Spain is among countries that have a parliamentary system of governance. Nevertheless, this system of governance falls under a constitutional monarchy headed by the King. Like in United Kingdom’s royal family, monarch administration is heritable. Spain is one country with an interesting government structure. (Keatings 1-3). The Politics of Spain Political developments occurring in the 18 th century saw Spain become a democratic that divides its governance structure into three arms of government. Although the parliamentary system occurs under the constitutional monarchy, the Monarch does not participate in government decisions. The functional role of the Monarch is to preside over state ceremonies, that is, the Monarch leads the State as the head. After a successful general election, the Monarch (Head of State) appoints a political party leader who enjoys vast support in the legislature to form government. The executive authority of the Spanish government rests under the Prime Minister who is chosen by
One example of an open-ended question It should be noted that open-ended questions should be asked after considerable deliberation since they tend to reveal excessive information about the respondent. In addition, the question posed should bear relevance to the topic being pursued. In a bid, to establish a rapport with a client, I would ask him, or her to brief me about the goings-on in his or her life. Circumstances that require open-ended questions Open-ended questions are beneficial to counselors whenever clients are required to provide an elaborate response to a question they have been asked. This is because they provide complicated and in-depth answers to queries that are raised during interactive sessions. Most importantly, this variety of questions comes in handy whenever there is a need to create an insight into a predicament by probing deeper into client concerns. Consequently, such questions are best used during therapies and other reflective sessions, whenever a persuasion is a viable option during the process. In addition, clients will be attended to properly only if the service providers understand the issues affecting them in their daily lives. It is commonplace that asking open-ended questions is the best way to establish these truths (Schultz, 2010). A follow-up question that would add value to a counseling session It is noteworthy that a person’s life entails diverse and varied aspects that they have to deal with daily. As a result, establishing the root of their afflictions would require additional, further probing into the same matter. Assuming the client had issues at his or her place of work, the ideal follow-up question would require him or her how they feel whenever they discharge their duties at the workplace. This will limit the scope of their answer; while equally allowing them a free hand within the confines of the question to talk about the pressing matters. One example of a closed-ended question These questions are used whenever the questioner intends to narrow down a protracted conversation, to get down to a verdict or finale. They may be asked during the initial stages of research sessions to ascertain the credibility and astuteness of respondents, before the commencement of the fact-finding. In case a survey is being carried out; an ideal question would entail establishing if the client required further clarification on the topic. This would influence the action taken by the researcher, whether he will proceed with the session or take some time to clarify matters to the respondent. Circumstances that require closed-ended questions It has been established that closed-ended questions are often used whenever a ‘yes’ or ’no’ resp
Introduction: Assessing Gladwell’s Psychological Strategy In this paper, the fundamental principles of personal success and ingenuity are recounted. The suggested theory is based on the book that was written by the famous psychologist, Malcolm Gladwell, and is named Outliers . The title of the book stems from a particular type of an individual, who makes significant accomplishments in life and, therefore, does not entirely comply with the picture of a typical man or woman. The author calls such person an outlier, for he strives to emphasize that possessing high virtues is not a regular pattern but rather an exception from a rule. Such people are always criticized, discussed, and questioned, for the power of their talents is a wonder for the surrounding community. The book contains two parts, one of which targets the issue of timing as a prerequisite for achievements. Gladwell is persuaded that no genius can be born with wisdom and ingenuity, which come with a persistent work as well as an ability to control one’s resources. The psychologist mentions many successful individuals such as The Beatles or Bill Gates and recounts their lifestyles. From the description, one can clearly understand that these people did not operated their skills from the very childhood but rather developed them daily through regular drills and genuine aspirations. In the second part of the work, Gladwell suggests that cultural specifications impose some considerable impact on the formation of an individual, which results in his failures and successes (Gladwell 132). An Examination of Personal Character Based on Gladwell’s Doctrine The book by Malcolm Gladwell provides some consistent guidelines for personality analysis. Specifically, according to the author, an individual success may be weighed on the basis of the Matthew’s Effect, demographic trough, 10,000 rule, and the concept of cultural inheritance. The author suggests that these four psychological principles respond to the virtues of an individual and can explain them in a constructive way. Thus, in this work, the personal success of Oprah Winfrey is assessed, due to the doctrine of Malcolm Gladwell (Bilanich par. 8). First, the correspondence of the television star to the Matthew’s Effect is analyzed. The notion implies the adoption of personal advantages, which evolve from the inborn status of a person. In other words, the principle of Matthew clarifies that the individuals, who are born in the wealthy surrounding are bound to gain more than those, who belong to impoverished settings. The problem targets the influence of economic resources on the development of personal will and success
The human genome is split into 23 pair’s chromosomes (DNA), which are coiled in a spiral ladder-type through nucleotide hydrogen bases (cytosine-c, guanine-g, thymine-t, adenine-a). Human cells have 46 chromosomes – 22 pairs of autosomes chromosomes 1 to 22 and two sex chromosomes X and y or X and X depending on gender (sex-linked). Within these chromosomes are roughly 30,000 genes that control and construct the organs in the body. There are over more or less 250 documented sex-linked diseases, affecting every organ system. Of these, 95% affect males as it reflects the existence of the irregular gene on the X chromosome, which exists in two copies in females and one in males. Males become heir to the X chromosome from their mother and the Y chromosome from their father. Since this is the case, abnormalities on the X chromosome from the mother will frequently manifest as a disease within 50% of her male offspring. Since females have a chromosomal make-up of XX, inheriting an X chromosome with disease mutations in it normally will not generate the disease condition. The strong X chromosome that the female has inherited from her other parent male, masks the sickly X chromosome. The female with one mutated X chromosome would be known as a carrier because she can pass the mutation onto her children, though she may not be directly affected by it. An X-linked disease could affect a female, in a lesser percentage, if her mother is a carrier and the ailment affects her father. If her mother and her father are both affected by the disease, she will most positively be afflicted with the disease as well. Despite these many sex-linked diseases, at present prenatal diagnosis can specifically be made in fewer than 40 diseases. The fragile X syndrome is an inherited disorder, has an incidence of 1 per 4000 males and 1 per 7000 females (Ramos, F. J. et all 2003). It is generally characterized by the phenotype of mental retardation, macroorchidism (enlarged testicles), large ears, prominent jaw, hyperactivity, preservative speech, hyperextensible joints. Only in the early 1990s, this study made place with the availability of molecular biology tests such as polymerase chain reaction and Southern blot analysis which was very useful to understand it. The grounds of Fragile X syndrome are mutations of repeated triplet – CGG- nucleotide bases stretch in a coding sequence of FMR1 gene located at Xq 27.3, which codes for a fragile mental retardation protein (FMRP) through RNA messenger (Oostra, B.A. & Chiurazzi, P. 2001), in the referred X chromosome. It has been found that the triplet repeating is caused by a lack of folic acid production. In individuals with Fragile X have repeated triplet ranged between 50 to 200 and those are called carrier (premutation) (Ramos, F. J. et all 2003) which are the key to affecting their offspring. If in case the repeated triplet is found in a range 200 + the individual is affected with it (full mutation). The expansion of the triplets was known as a Sherman Paradox as it was first figured out in 1
The role of psychology grows, as human civilization develops: new researches are conducted, and new psychological areas of a human being are investigated. More and more people search for application of theoretical knowledge on psychology into working sphere of people’s life. Each employer is interested in his staff’s motivations and will on a workplace, because it reflects on productivity and personal satisfaction of the employee himself. The psychological phenomenon of will inspired this paper. It focuses on “will” motivation theory, and its application in the modern context. The aim of this paper is to reveal the nature of will theory, and to show that it is applicable to workplace situations. What is the will? How the “will” theory can be applied in the world of business? Since XVII century, the phenomenon of will was discussed one way or another. Descartes formulated his understanding of “will’ theory that may be expressed in the following key concept: the will motivates all action. In XX century, there appeared other concepts of this theory. Proceeding from the “will” theory of some researches, any act is predicted by striving-creating impulses; owing to will, a person decides whether to act or not. In his book, James (2007) formulates the phenomenon of the will: “Desire, wish, will, are states of mind which everyone knows, and which no definition can make plainer. We desire to feel, to have, to do, all sorts of things which at the moment are not felt, had, or done. If with the desire there goes a sense that attainment is not possible, we simply wish” (James, 2007, p. 486). Although, the will has a passive nature, it stimulates a person, because the will is “capacity to arouse active impulses” (James, 2007, p. 300). Nevertheless, the roots of will should be found in motivation. According to Gleitman (1981), “motives have a dual function” (Gleitman, 1981, p. 55). They “direct behavior” and, in the same time, “mobilize the organism so that its behavior will be more aroused and energetic” (Gleitman, 1981, p. 55). Motives can produce either positive or negative feedback. The positive feedback “strengthens the very response that produced it. The result is an ever-increasing level of activity” (Gleitman, 1981, p. 57). The negative feedback stops the action, responding to external stimuli; it happens, owing to self-regulation. However, as psychology developed, the problem of motivations in the context of human daily life was not popular. According to Reeve (2005), this field was stagnant almost 20 years, but in the 90s, the situation changed. There emerged new creative theories about application of motivation to every-day life: “All this activity produced an enormous amount of new knowledge, and these advances opened up new areas of application in the home, at work, during sports and exercise, and in caring for people’s health and well being” (Reeve, 2005, p. 3). Consequently, the author sees the topicality of the problem, and is concerned with its practical application. Reeve states that motivation includes strivings, desires, wants, aspirations”; the author’s book is intended to answer two crucial questions: “
Abstract This essay elaborates An Alternative Dispute Resolution that I would apply among a group of learning members. For this situation, I identified mediation as the most appropriate ADR. Mediation is a framework or program specifically designed for solving disagreements between two or more people with the help of a volunteering third party, who is always an agreed choice of the conflicting members. Because of its inherent characteristics, I found mediation to be the most appropriate for dispute resolution among learning members of the same class. The major goal of Mediation in Dispute solution is to provide a satisfactory solution to both aggrieved parties without compromising interests of any party. The rest of this essay elaborates more about mediation and gives a clause that learning members can use to resolve conflicts. Introduction Dispute resolution is always part of daily life among members living, learning or working together. Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) involves solving conflicts between two or more people out of court (Totaro, 2008, p.15). Many ADRs do exist but it requires people to assess the conflict at hand before seeking the best ADR technique to use. Clause Description The goal of mediation is to solve a dispute between two or more parties with the help of a mediator. The process of mediation is always informal and voluntary. This ADR is subject to disagreements between members of a learning team. It ensures that at the end of the process, both members are satisfied and without any feeling of negligence to any party. Clause Design In its design, this clause has various requirements. First, a mediator, (one or more individuals), should be present. S/he must be neutral and is always a choice of the disagreeing class members. The mediator can talk to the parties separately or together. During the mediation process, the mediator’s role is to help the disagreeing members to adjust their demands and make an agreement that benefits both parties. S/he listens to each party’s interests and helps them to reach a common ground. For effective working of this clause, the mediator should not impose solutions on the mediation process but should leave it to the disagreeing parties. This method is applicable for the entire course of study of such a group because no changes in learning group that can hinder its application. It only requires an agreement by both parties. Conclusion If people implement it properly, mediation is a good way of solving conflicts between two or more members of a learning group. The mediator should be a choice of both members in disagreement and should always maintain neutrality. At the end, no party shou