ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Executive Summary Organizational behavior is important in shaping the strategy of the company. Company leadership has an essential impact on the marketing strategy, knowledge management, and innovation. The essential feature of a company lies on how a culture of innovation can bring about a change in organizational culture. The founder and CEO of Apple Inc., Steve Jobs was creator, follower and leader of the culture of innovation in which Apple computers strived in. This company went to a near closure in 1997. Steve Jobs initiated a culture that brought about this turnaround of the company where there are many changes that have taken place in the company and the company has been identified as the brand to follow. The turnaround was with only product – iPod. This case analysis identifies, explains, and analyses the ideas that are present in the turnaround of Apple computers. Introduction Apple’s Beethoven presents the case of Apple computers and its rejuvenation from being completely erased from the highly competitive hardware and software industry to its present glory. Apple’s turn back is attributed to the company’s “innovative” culture and employee commitment. Leadership too had played a crucial role in case of Apple to help the organization climb back to the pinnacle of success. This study is based on the case of Apple Company and tries to understand the organizational forces that have ensured Apple’s revival. How an iconic product like iPod could be used to ensure turnaround of the company and if this model can be applied to other companies and under what circumstances. Apple’s History Apple Inc. was founded by Steve Jobs, Steve Wozniak, and Ronald Wayne. They wanted to design and manufacture consumer electronics and software products that would be used in those gadgets. It gained a share of the personal computer industry in the 1970s and reinvented it in the 1980s with Mackintosh. Despite its early success, Apple failed to retain its success and in 1997, it was in a verge of being questioned. At the end 1997, Steve Jobs was rehired and he revamped the company’s product line and created a fresh new image of Apple Inc. the immediate effects were seen to a decline in employee attrition from 33 percent to 15 percent annually, revenue from retail stores increased from 3 to 15 percent in the US, and its market share rose from 3 percent to 4 percent in a year (Flynn & Staw, 2004). Today Apple has an employee base of 32010 and a sales return of 15 percent
Introduction Mexico is a democratic country, whose democracy arose from the elections conducted in 2000, which brought about sharing of power in the government and a more transparent nation. Proliferation and forwarding of agendas by strong grassroots organizations to the forefront of political interests has rubbed the authorities the wrong way. The democracy change increased the labor unions in the country. However, majority of these labor unions are co-opted by the government although the independent ones have become vigorous in protests. Despite the welcoming news of a democratic state and transparent elections, more still needs to be done to straighten up the moral, political and social decay that have engulf the country. Corruption in institutions, weak judicial system, drug wars and the disparity between the rich and the poor are just but a few of the complex problems that are facing Mexico, and whose solutions are yet to be found. Moreover, social movements have arisen from strident voices that test the government’s commitment to change (Foster, 2010, p 241,242) Foster suggested that political assassinations, uprisings, and high levels of corruptions are some of the factors that siphoned the country’s energy despite the country pushing for democracy (Foster, 2010, p 223). Politics The 10-year civil war of Mexico that lasted from 1910 to 1920 is believed to be the key that opened up the doors to the new constitution of 1917. It is approximated that more than 2 million people died because of the war. New political structures were created and the birth of mestizo nation was delivered. The revolution that started at that time destroyed feudalism as labor unions were created, and in addition to this, the revolution gave the people a sense of belonging and pride for their own culture which was referred to as mexicandad (Foster, 2010, p 161) In the 1980s, the Mexican economy was contracting by 6% annually due to international debts. Upon negotiations, the Mexican government committed 53% o its federal budget to the repayment of the debt. This meant no economic growth was to be expected in Mexico in the following decades. The fallouts both politically and socially were enormous; indeed, this period is stated to be the most demoralizing period in Mexican history as majority of Mexicans suffered due to increase to food prices (Foster, 2010, p 215) The PRI party had been the ruling party and in 1988, it faced its first challenge politically from Carlos Salinas de Gortari. The country during that time was facing recession and the IMF due to repayments of debts undertook its fortunes. Support for the PRI party decreased from populist groups as clamor for democracy went a notch higher and criticisms mounted by the public on PRI took toll when one key member o//74f the party abandons the party. PRI party later won the presidency amid calls of rigging (Foster, 2010, p 223-224). The first president who was n
The purpose of the report, the ethical problem, and the research experience The integration of business ethics constitutes one of the fundamental elements in the contemporary business environment. Ethics entails a set of conducts, which act as a guide to human behaviour (Sean, Hollingsworth, and Eidsness 676). Noriega and Drew corroborate that ethics “involves a systematic study of rules, standards, and codes or principles, which provide a guide for moral conduct” (35). A 2006 study conducted in the US by the Association of Certified Fraud Examiners affirms that most employees who witness unethical behaviour in the workplace do not report to the relevant authorities (Vadera, Aguilera, and Caza 553). As a human resource manager working for an information technology company, I am committed to improving the organisation’s competitiveness in the IT industry. My responsibility involves monitoring the employees’ payroll. Recently, Calvin, one of my assistants, reported that Mary, who is an employee in the operations department, does not adhere to the company’s code of conduct with reference to the working schedule. Mary has recently been leaving her workplace at 2:30 pm instead of 5:30 pm. She colludes with her friend, Joey, who gives her access to the employees’ payroll database to alter her working hours. The possible keywords and related terms, which will be used in conducting this research include ethics, code of ethics, code of conduct, integrity, legal issues, ethical culture, whistleblowing, whistle-blower, fraud, and dilemma. The questions to be answered include  1. What are the ethical issues in this case?  2. What was the right thing for Joey to do?  3. What compelled Mary to lie?  4. Why was Joey afraid of reporting?  5. What was Calvin’s dilemma?  6. What category of ethics does Mary and Joey’s case fall?  7. What is the best way to resolve this issue? A number of ethical issues can be identified from this case. It is assumed that the organisation does not put much emphasis in the code of conduct, which has led to unethical practices. Some of these issues include the misrepresenting of the number of hours worked, lying on work reports, falsifying payroll records and time sheets, and misusing the employer’s assets (Perryer and Scott-Ladd 124). One of the intangible assets considered in organisations’ operation entails time, and thus falsifying the timesheet amounts to theft of a company asset. The analysis of this scenario is conducted using the Coca Cola Business Conduct Guidelines. The guidelines aid in the identification of some of the important values applied by the Coca-Cola Company that may be applied to this case. The Code states that supervisors should ensure that all the individuals understand their responsibility. Moreover, supervisors should make sure that employees are comfortable with reporting ethical problems without fear of retaliation (“The Coca-Cola Company” 5). The company’s code of conduct is committed to protecting employees who engage in honest reporting. The company’s code of conduct states, “Honest reporting does not mean
Generally, liquids expand on heating and contracts on cooling. Water is a liquid which also expands on heating and contracts on cooling. However, when water is cooled, it begins to contract until the temperature reaches 4 degree Celsius, following which it begins to expand until it reaches 0 degrees. This expansion of water as it is cooled is not usual since most substances, especially liquids contract when they are cooled. Due to this abnormal expansion of water, the density of water is greater at 4°C than when it is at 0°C. It is for this reason that ice floats on water and freezing in ponds, lakes and other water bodies occurs foremost at the surface level gradually progressing downwards, which is also the crucial reason why aquatic life survives even at extremely low temperatures. This paper aims to experiment and analyse this anomalous expansion of water which occurs when water is cooled from a temperature of four degree Celsius to zero degree Celsius. Procedure/apparatus 5 NOT A COOKBOOK OR SET OF INSTRUCTIONS. Give a one paragraph description of how you went about testing your hypothesis In order to test the hypothesis that water displays unusual characteristics in its expansion and contraction, the following procedure and apparatus were utilized. Water (100ml) was boiled to a temperature of about hundred degrees in a flask and as soon as it reached its boiling point, the heat was removed and the water in the flask was measured using a measuring jar. This water was allowed to cool and after it came to room temperature, all the water in the flask (100ml) was filled in a dish and its level was marked. The dish was then placed in the ice chamber of the refrigerator. The temperature of the water was regularly measured using a thermometer as the water began to cool. It was noted that as the water began to cool from about ten degree Celsius and became substantially cooler it began to contract. This was visible by noting the drop in level of water in the flask, which had been marked. However, the temperature of the water began to reduce and when the temperature dropped to 5 degree Celsius, the research noted the change in temperature every five minutes. It was found that when the water reached a temperature of four degree Celsius, it began to expand. This was noted by the increase in volume of the water in the flask, which showed an increase, well above the level which had been marked when the experiment was initiated. The volume of water in the flask had increased substantially, rather than reducing, which showed that water had expanded on cooling as opposed to the normal tendency of most substances to contract on cooling. Interestingly, when this frozen form of water, ice, was again removed from the refrigerator and heated in the measuring beaker, it showed a reduction in volume. Thus, when the water had been heated above a temperature of four degree Celsius, it showed a decrease in volume from its volume between zero and four degree Celsius. Raw Data 5 Give your experimental res
Introduction Albert Einstein is considered to have a pivotal role in the evolution of modern physics. He was honored with the Noble Prize in physics in the year 1921 for his contributions to theoretical physics. His initial contribution took place in the area of thermodynamic fluctuations which were put forward in 1905. The next step taken by Einstein contributed greatly to the development of other areas in physics and discovering of new theories and theoretical issues that still remain the most wonderful moments in the scientific world. The contributions made by Einstein were beneficial for fields other than physics like medicine, earth sciences, agriculture, art and biotechnology. Different branches of science have faced the impact of the theories and theoretical approaches to the consideration of fundamental aspects of the scientific world established by Einstein. Photoelectric Effect and Quantum Revolution The 20 th century saw the emergence of two original ideas in physics that gave a new dimension to this field as an area of promising research and development for the future. These two revolutionary ideas were the theory of relativity and Quantum theory. Though the theory of relativity is known as the major theoretical issue established by Einstein, it is necessary to focus on his contribution to the development and implementation of quantum theory. Einstein’s relation to quantum theory is his development of the idea behind the photoelectric effect for which he won the Nobel Prize in 1921. Einstein’s work on the photoelectric effect was based on plank’s idea of light as waves and black box radiation experiments. ”The general attitude toward Planck’s theory was to state that everything behaves as if the energy changes between the radiation and the black box occur by quanta, and to try to reconcile this ad hoc hypothesis with wave theory. Taking the opposite view, and going even further than Planck who limits himself to the introduction of the discontinuity in the absorption or emission mechanism, Einstein postulates that light radiation itself consists of a beam of corpuscles, the photons, is of high energy HV and velocity c where c is the velocity of light” (Messiah 12). The photoelectric effect is described as the emission of energized electrons from the outer plane of a material (for example metal) due to the falling of light. In other words, when light falls on a metal surface the energy contained in light is transferred into the electrons present in the metal and the electron gain sufficient energy to move off from its orbit around the nucleus. He also mentioned the energy content present in various wavelengths of light and how it affected the electrons on a metal surface by the incident light of various wavelengths. Einstein’s claim that the light is delivered through photons suggested that some energy is required to remove electrons from the metal surface, whereas this idea concerns only the p
The national bank of Arizona is a financial company established in 1998 by Raymond Lamb. It deals with commercial financial lending, construction lending, small business loans services, provision of banking and transition services, and mortgage services. The bank has a considerably wide network in Arizona consisting of 15 branches manned from the headquarters in Perimeter Drive, Scottsdale. By 2007, the bank had 2200 employees of which half were Arizonans. However, this number has reduced to almost 1000. The bank commands a good market in Arizona with almost 2.5% of the states deposits in their books (National Bank of Arizona 3). Structural Design of the Bank The bank has assumed a vertical structure in its design. The bank activities are directed from the headquarters in Perimeter Drive, Scottsdale by the current (2012) CEO and also the president Mr. James Claffee. The command from the headquarters spread to its 15 branches in Arizona (National Bank of Arizona 4). The 15 branches have branch managers in place who receives authority from the headquarters and relay it to the junior staff. Advantages of the Vertical Structure to the Bank The vertical structure assumed by the bank has provided it with some advantages. The chain of command is well defined, which makes authority to flow from the top to the bottom (Bolman and Deal 69). At the same time, the rules and policies of the banks are standardized in all branches making it easy to handle them in a uniform manner. For instance, the lending rates, ATM designs, Cheque book design, operating periods, and loan procedures among many are all standardized such that there is no difference when compared in any tow braches. As a result, customer can easily approach any of the branches and at the same time worker can be transferred to any branch with ease. Also, the bank easily makes its decision without hindrances. Disadvantages of the Vertical Structure In vertical structure, employees are not touched by the commands given and as a result they do not feel as part of the bank. As a consequence, personal branding techniques designed by the company may not work effectively. The system has become too bureaucratic making it hard for employees at different levels to communicate with the management. At the same time, collaboration for the effectiveness of a given function is difficult. Recommendation for Improvement in the Structural Design of National Bank of Arizona The National Bank of Arizona should implement some strategy its structure to improve its functioning. The organization should decentralize some powers based on its performance so as to increase autonomy in the braches to some extent. In this case, the bank should embrace performance control (Bolman and Deal 69). In the performance control, the management from the headqua
Nowadays, a rapidly growing human population is one of the most serious threats to the world’s environment. Knoxville, Tennessee is experiencing this problem right now. The City Council worries that population growth may create a number of negative environmental, social, and economic outcomes like infrastructure deterioration or air and water quality decline. Statistics shows that, in 2010, the population was about 179,000 people, and, in 2013, it reaches the mark of 183,270 people (United States Census Bureau, 2014). It is necessary to address some pollution management issues and think about the measures to reduce pollution rates and help people survive any kind of environmental problems. In case the City Council offers financial support in about $20 million, it is possible to create an appropriate solution for Knoxville and improve the rapid population growth problems. The following measures are chosen: pollution control legislation of point sources ($3mln), encouragement of alternative transportation, walking and bicycle use ($5mln), promotion of fuel-efficient cars ($7mln), and establishment of green spaces or some urban forestry ($5mln). Knoxville has one of the best employment forecasts in the USA. It has powerful transportation facilities and low cost of living. Unfortunately, it makes this city taking the leading positions in the “dirty” list (Flory, 2011). Pollution control legislation for point sources can help to maintain appropriate environmental conditions, reduce carbon emission, and avoid the degradation of ecosystems. A legislative framework proves that all pollution control should be dependent upon some engineering and technological facilities. Legislation should work on the two main principles – pollution prevention (to reduce the number of polluting products) and pollution control principles’ integration (to create a team that analyzes pollution impacts). A new pollution control law should provide the society with a kind of environmental duty, civil law enforcement, and penalties for environmental offenses. People should be aware of their responsibilities. Though many technological organizations may be not satisfied with the necessity to install expensive devices, they should take a risk to avoid possible expenses in the future because of penalties. Encouragement of alternative transportation, walking, and bicycle can help to reduce air pollution rates considerably. Employees should have a good stimulus to go to work walking or bicycling. It may be achieved by the creation of beautiful roads, walking through which may influence workers’ mood and behavior, the access to additional vocation days, and cash rewards. Some organizations may refuse the idea to spend more money on their workers; still, legal penalties may be used to make the employers try. The promotion of fuel-efficient cars is another measure that can be taken in Knoxville. The need of appropria
Introduction Julphar Pharmaceutical Company is one of the leading organizations in the pharmacological industry in the United Arab Emirates (UAE) and the Gulf. It is headquartered in Ras AI Khaima, although it has many branches in various regions. It was founded on March 30, 1980, and it has been in operation for more than 40 years (Julphar, 2021b). The firm was established at the time when the country was making a transition from the herbal medicines used in the past to the pharmaceutical drugs that are extensively used in contemporary times. The company distributes its medical products to more than 50 countries across five continents of the world (Julphar, 2021b). Julphar has more than 5000 employees who have been working to ensure the firm’s success (Julphar, 2021b, para. 3). It is important to access the financial performance of the company to gauge its potential to prospective investors. The organization’s goal over the years has been to offer affordable, innovative, and high-quality healthcare solutions to customers in the global market. The company has three main business units which include the General Medicines, Julphar Diabetes, and the Julphar Life, which is the customers’ division. The firm has 16 main accredited facilities in Asia, Africa, and the Middle East (Julphar, 2021b, para. 2). These production locations are responsible for the manufacturing of more than one million boxes of medicine every day (Julphar, 2021b). Thus, it is an important company championing for the health of people in the respective markets. Financial Ratios Short-term Solvency The short-term solvency, also referred to as the liquidity ratio, is an important financial instrument used by organizations. The liquidity ratios help in measuring the organization’s capacity to sustain its short-term debt obligations. Some of the common liquidity ratios that Julphar Pharmaceutical and other companies consider in their financial statements include working capital ratio, cash ratio, quick ratio, and current ratio (Durrah, Rahman, Jamil & Ghafeer, 2016). Thus, it is important to assess some of these ratios to determine the company’s ability to handle its short-term debts. Cash Ratio Cash ratio is also referred to as the cash asset ratio; it is a ratio of the organization’s cash and assets (their cash equivalent) to their total liabilities. The ratio is significant in financial analysis because it shows the extent to which the readily accessible funds can settle the current debts of the firm (Goel, 2015). It is mainly utilized by creditors to check how fast the organization in consideration of settling its liabilities and cover them in the short-term. Example: cash ratio in 2019 = 0.04776604=58.8/1259.3 (