ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Decision-making in organizations is divided into decision management and decision control, and whether or not to separate the two depends on the complexity of firms. For instance, if a company holds a few people responsible for the management as well as control, then it may not be appropriate to separate the functions. When the two functions are carried out by the same people, the extent to which risk is shared is greatly diminished. In any organization, when debt claims are specific, it is also hard to approve and evaluate ventures (Spath & Kelly, 2017). Thus, when specialized risk undertaking is critical in a corporation, decision management and control should be executed by different persons or groups of people (Samuelson & Marks, 2011). A fictitious firm, SampleZ, does not separate control from decision management since it is relatively small and new in operations. Founded only a few years ago, the company is only run by ten directors who make decisions and perform control functions. However, in the recent past, an issue occurred, and it was difficult to know who in the management failed in executing his or her management and control duties. In another relatively big firm, Company A, decision and control functions are separated. Recently, the board found out that the top managers of the firm did not effectively manage decisions; thus, they were held responsible for poor performance outcomes. In this context, it is important to note that the separation of the two functions is critical to monitor performance outcomes in organizations both in the short and long run (Spath & Kelly, 2017).
Social work is a profession, which is aimed at the elimination of social injustice and equality. A profession is carved out of the need to provide succor, quality, and skilled help to those who are facing calamities, personal loss, and affliction. Social work had always fascinated me because it gives an immense satisfaction of bringing a smile to the face of someone, who is wading through troubled waters. The tendency to socialize with people and have the knack to strike a conversation with a stranger, i.e. strong interpersonal skills, is the basic requirement for studying social works. These qualities of empathy, love, and desire for human company abound in me. A man from the very beginning of his existence has involved himself in philanthropic activities, because for various reasons, like being ordained by religion. Experiencing contentment is a corollary of being involved in such activities. It is a comparatively new profession that has incorporated scientific theory into the discipline. The indigenous or the practical knowledge of social workers stands in harmony with the empirical and evidence-based research in the field of social work. The outcomes of the research have to be adjusted according to the situation of the field, in which the person is working. Social works deal with human beings who are deprived of something. It can be caused by natural calamity, personal loss, or exploitation of people by a fellow human being. Masters in social works is the study of human society. Special emphasis is given to studying social theory and research methodology so that we are able to understand the reasons for the prevalence of various social evils in our society. The course’s objective is to produce individuals, who are able to contribute positively to the enhancement of the life quality of those, who are facing different kinds of social justice. Sometimes the social worker is counseling people how to cope up with personal loss, exploitation and abuse. The other times he is trying to bring about behavioral change to society. He is working at the individual and at the collective level, i.e. at the level of society. The modern trend in almost all the professional fields is the use of interdisciplinary approach. Similar is the case with social work. We have to study how the society works in order to bring justice equality and well being to those, who are suffering due to the prevalence of social evils. Certain problems have relevance wit
Introduction Various forms of dance often reflect some elements of culture developed within a particular region or a country. This paper is aimed at examining the way in which gender roles are expressed in tango which can be regarded as a truly multicultural dance. It should be borne in mind that this dance was created by people who represented various cultures. For example, they could come from Europe and Africa; moreover, they could represent the indigenous population of South America. Moreover with time passing, tango became popular in various regions of the world. Overall, this dance illustrates some of the gender norms adopted in Latin America. To some degree, it lays stress on the idea that males play a leading role while females usually act as followers. To some degree, this division reflects the cultural phenomenon known as machismo which implies that males should display the signs of strength and sense of control. However, one should not assume that the role of women in tango is inferior because they create the most aesthetic aspects of this dance. These are the main arguments that can be put forward because they are important for understanding the cultural aspects of this dance. The history of tango Tango originated in Argentina and Uruguay in the second half of the nineteenth century. Nevertheless, it became popular only at the beginning of the twentieth century. At that time, this dance became popular in Europe and North America as well. The origins of this dance can be traced back to Buenos Aires which drew people coming from Italy, Germany, Poland, and Ireland (Rasche 4). These people represented various social and cultural groups; to some degree, dances such as tango could facilitate their communication. Overall, tango was very popular in the urbanized areas of Argentina, in which people could feel more isolated. Additionally, tango incorporated the elements of dances which were originally developed in Spain, Cuba, and Africa. This is one of the points that can be made. As a rule, these immigrants went to the salons which were called milongas. Such places played a critical role in the history of this dance. One should keep in mind that tango underwent various modifications when it was adopted in other countries. This paper will focus mostly on the Latin American form of this dance because it was the basis for later variants which emerged later. The social elements of this dance When speaking about the social components of this dance, one should mention that tango dancers have to recognize and follow certain rules. For example, in many cases, males and females visiting the milongas have to sit in different parts of the hall (Luongo 110). Additionally, if couples want to dance tango with people who are not familiar to them, they are expected to enter milongas separately (Luongo 110). Apart from that, it is important to avoid eye contact with people of the opposite sex, especially if visitors do not want to invite each other for a dance (Luongo 110). Overall, these rules lay stress on the reverence for a woman. In turn, a m
Poverty is a social problem defined as a situation where one has inadequate material possessions or income to cater to one’s basic needs. Billions of people worldwide live in intense poverty, and half of the world population lives with income below 2.50 dollars (“Net direct investment, billions of US dollars”, 2021). Destitution entails more than just the absence of productive resources and income. It encompasses limited education access and inadequate health services, poor sanitation, and social discrimination. Poverty is classified in two ways, relative and absolute, where absolute poverty is a consistent set of standards between countries over time. It refers to a condition associated with severe scarcity of basic human needs, including sanitation facilities, food, shelter, health, safe drinking water, education, and information. Relative poverty is considered socially defined and needs a social context, which argues that needs, which are considered fundamental, are not the objectives measures of insufficiency. Vulnerability to this issue is widespread in many developing nations, where one-fourth of the population is deficient, and one –third is slipping into and out of scarceness (Min & Chandrasekhar, 2019). Poverty is caused by gender discrimination, absence of social services, joblessness, lack of access to health care, physical disabilities, food insecurity, limited access to clean water resources, and lack of shelter. Poverty is viewed in two ways, either positive or negative. It is a hostile entity that poses a threat to many developing countries. It can also be considered a fundamental social problem since it aids in reusing goods. Poverty in Kenya Kenya is among the developing countries in the African continent, thus facing the challenges encountered by other unindustrialized countries to eradicate poverty. UNICEF’s latest report shows that around 46% of Kenyans fell below the poverty line, although many overlooked the issue (BALAJI, 2020). Many people earn less than 2 dollars a day illustration that most Kenyan cannot access the basic human wants (Rimmer, 2018). Unemployment is a major issue that leads to some part of populations moving from rural to urban areas searching for jobs. Many people who move to towns do not secure employment due to illiteracy; thus, they live in slums. For example, the research shows that Kibera is the largest slum in the country, and this is where many people move to settle after losing hope of getting employed in towns (Meredith & MacDonald, 2017). People in the slums experience low living standards, and many children are unable to access primary education. There is also limited access to healthcare, sanitation, and clean water. This results in many youths indulging in the use of drugs that harm their health. An increase in population is another problem associated with the rise in poverty level in the country. Many families who live below the poverty line have between 4-6 children (Elliott, 2018). Food shortage becomes a problem since parents are unable to provide food to their children. As a result, many children have retorted growth accompanied by malnutrition diseases suc
Globalization promotes the occurrence of numerous criminal activities in the international scene. As a result, globalization greatly impacts the policies of different countries. Globalization leads to changes in the criminal justice policy, both locally and internationally (Schmalleger, 2009). In the end, globalization ends up affecting the criminal justice system of the country. During the past years, globalization has had an influence on the criminal policies that aid in fighting drugs. It also plays an important role in crafting the guideline that criminal courts use to send criminals to prison. Such factors greatly affect the criminal justice policy of a country (Dunn, 2008). Drug trafficking continues to increase due to the advancing effects of globalization. To combat the increase in drug trafficking, the criminal justice policy of the country enforces stringent penalties on any drug peddler or illegal drug consumer. It also enforces the initiation of a compulsory prison sentence to drug traffickers. Changes I would recommend in the global criminal justice policy Currently, different countries have different criminal justice policies on international crimes (Schmalleger, 2009). Countries develop such criminal policies according to the laws of their lands. Consequently, some countries end up coming with relatively less stringent policies on international crimes as compared to other countries that such crimes receive extremely stringent penalties. I recommend that the world should have a global policy system on the International criminal policy. From the single universal policy, perpetrators of international crimes will receive equal stringent punishments according to their crimes. I also recommend the world to adopt single international police and judicial system to arrest, prosecute, and judge international crime perpetrators. The universal system should majorly deal with issues of terrorism, drug trafficking between borders, international cybercrimes, human trafficking, and immigration migrations, among other serious international crimes. Contemporary concerns in criminal justice policy Just as many governmental policies, criminal justice policies also have their downfall or limitations. For instance, society meant to receive protection from the existing criminal justice policy may not appreciate the existence of such policies. People in society might have valid intelligence on the perpetrators of drug trafficking. Unfortunately, they may fail to notify the authority that such perpetrators exist among them (Dunn, 2008). Ignorance is also
The current state of change in healthcare reforms and women’s health legislation is challenging in nature. This is because there are several factors that do not easily change though health care demands changes in order to meet the needs of patients, and especially women who are mostly disadvantaged. Health care change that addresses women’s concern has a lot and benefits to them in one way or another. During this 21 st century era, there is a need for change in health care delivery in various organizations. Apparently, there major factors that had affected change and reforms in health care for a long period of time. If this organization will not consider these factors and act accordingly, it will never experience positive reforms both currently and in future. This paper explores the healthcare change that has taken place in my organization recently. According to Halvorson (2007), there are about four major factors that made it cumbersome for health care to be reformed fully in the last few decades. First, there is unfair allocation of care costs. The second factor is weak delivery process. Thirdly, the impact of financial incentives affects health care in a negative way. Lastly, health care fail to apply systems thinking in the career. These factors are basic realities and failure to reconsider them can result into dilemma in heath care and women’s health in any given organization. In this case, health care plan in my organization had failed to consider these factors and at the same time was not ready to embrace organizational change of any nature. Let us consider women’s health in general. It is imperative to note that women still face numerous intricacies in health care deliveries. Many of them lack adequate health care insurance and generally do not have a good quality life irrespective of living long, they are sufferers of personal and collective cruelty and unfairness (Alexander et al., 2009). It is against this backdrop that these factors that my organization saw it necessary to inject relevant change in healthcare. It is imperative to initiate change in order to improve health care and its facilities. Notably, initiating change will meet current demands of reforms in health care. Proper assessment of the organization was necessary before eventually embarking on the process of change. For instance, changing the model of formulating policies as well as exploring ways to maintain available finances was found to be integral in the health care reform process in my organization. The current state of change in my organization which is mostly touching on the area of women’s health is indeed a major breakthrough. It is worth noting that the organization lacks the necessary machinery to bring drastic changes in managing prevailing problems in health care and especially health care concerns on women. Some of the stumbling blocks include gender inequality in health care, low income among women as well as few trained and professional wome
Introduction Hells angels are members of a motorcycle club, whose interest is riding bikes, organizing parties, fundraisings, and motorcycling rallies due to its activities and organized crimes. This group is famously known as the hells angels motorcycle club (HAMC) operating in Canada and the United States of America although its members claim that they are innocent and they are just a group of enthusiastic motorcyclists who just come together to ride motorcycles and organize events like social trips, parties and motorcycle rallies (Thompson, 1996). Basis of Development History Motorcycling had become rampant and popular after the second world war in the united states of America especially California. Hells Angels motorcycle club was believed to have started in March 1948 in Fontana, California by Arvid Olsen who was one of the members of the 303rd bombardment group during world war two although he did not join the group, he is accredited by many followers of this group as the founder. Membership In order to become a member of the hells angels’ motorcyclist, one must be either a Hispanic, Caucasian, white or Asian male above 21 years of age and in a possession of valid driver’s license and own a Harley-Davidson motorcycle. Should neither be a child molester nor have applied for any police or prison guard post (Thompson, 1996). Region of Operation Hell’s Angles motorcycling club is present in over 30 countries. In 1961, it opened its first charter outside the United States in New Zealand. Later on June 1969, two charters were opened one for south London and another for east London although they later merged in 1973 to be called London. In the 1980s and 1990s, the club expanded extensively to Canada, Brazil, Argentina, Finland, Norway, Italy, Sweden, Portugal, and Hungary among others. Presently, there are more than 125 charters in Europe (Locker, 2003)… Ideologies From Hell’s Angles’ motto, they believe that they are sidelined by the society they believe that when they do right nobody remembers but when they do wrong nobody forgets. Members of the club identify themselves using their first names or rather nicknames and not their surname. They believe in holding tight to their secrets and even believe that if three people know the secret and two die then the secret will not be known (Thompson, 1996). Characteristics Identifying signs and values Their official emblem” Death’s Head” is attributed to Fred sadilek who was the president of the San Francisco charter he is believed to be its designer. They use co
Introduction According to Greek mythology, the world was inhabited by monsters and giants. Ancient Greeks explained human nature through gods and goddesses of the universe. Hera Hera is the goddess of air and sky, women and marriage, a daughter of Cronus and Rhea, and the wife of Zeus and one of his sisters. She is often portrayed as sitting on a throne, wearing a polo (a type of crown). Hera is considered to be jealous and vindictive. The event of her being wooed by Zeus in the form of a cuckoo is mentioned in Pausanias’ Description of Greece (Pausanias 445-447). According to the story of Hera, the goddess took the cuckoo in her hands, and the bird turned into Zeus who then raped her; Hera became the wife of Zeus in order to avoid the shame. It is interesting that jealous and cruel Hera, the goddess of women and marriage, shows the attitude of the Ancient Greek culture towards women; but, at the same time, steps that Hera takes are aimed at preserving the marriage. Hades Hades is the eldest son of Kronos and Rhea, the god and the guardian of the Underworld, the realm of the dead (which is also called “Hades”). He is usually depicted with his “hellhound”, a multi-headed dog Cerberus; the god often wears the Helm of Darkness and carries a bident in his hand. The history of Hades’ birth is depicted e.g. by Apollodorus (or pseudo-Apollodorus) in his Bibliotheca, book 1 (Apollodorus n.pag.). Interestingly, the god Hades was also called Pluto, or Plouton, since approximately the 5th century BCE; Apollodorus, who created his texts approximately in the 1st or 2nd century CE, also uses this name. This name is related to the word “wealth”; perhaps it was used due to the fact that the ancient Greeks feared death and were cautious not to anger the god of the Underworld. This name also reflects the fact that much of people’s wealth comes from the ground, deep inside which there is the world of the dead. Dionysus Dionysus, the son of Zeus and mortal Semele, is the god of grapes and winemaking, fertility, theater, and ritual madness. The last god who was accepted to Olympus, he was first portrayed as a mature man; later, he was depicted as an androgynous young man, naked, accompanied by maenads or satyrs. Euripides tells a story of Dionysus acting in the city of Thebes in his The Bacchae ; but here Dionysus acts in an unusual way, as an angry, vindictive god (Euripides n.pag.). It is said that Dionysus acquired his femininity/androgyny while traveling in Asia. It might be possible to assume that worshipping Dionysus, the god who possessed such features, was eternally young, and represented such things as pleasure, was connected to the Ancient Greek bisexual culture, whe
Introduction Being conscious creatures, people learn more about the world on a daily basis. Our knowledge of the principles that make the human body work gradually becomes more profound. With that in mind, it is not enough for humanity to understand only physical processes that take place in our bodies and make us undergo essential changes such as aging. In this connection, the way that mind and body cooperate remains an important issue that many philosophers of the past attempted to study. The key question that helps thinkers to shape their positions centers around the relationship between the physical and the mental realm. The essay aims at defending monistic views on the mind-body debate. The Mind-Body Debate: The Strong Points of Monistic View The relationship between mind and body is a problem that has many potential solutions. Despite the difficulty of the issue, there are two primary positions that are defended by thinkers: dualism and monism. As is clear from the name itself, dualism presents the position according to which two main components make a human being. In this position, the physical body and the mind (something immaterial) present two separate entities that can cooperate (Solomon et al. 332). This cooperation, as it is clear from the arguments of dualists, is the reason why people can have two different kinds of experiences. In contrast to the above-mentioned viewpoint, monists suppose that the relationships between body and mind are asymmetric, and there is no equality between these two entities. From this derive three different positions that explain various types of asymmetric relationships between the above-mentioned entities. They include the superiority of physical matter (materialism or physicalism) and the superiority of the mind (idealism). Finally, there is one more position that regards these two elements as the opposite ways of describing something that is the only source of everything. This source is believed to be neutral, which means that it is non-physical and non-immaterial simultaneously. Personally, I believe that monism (in particular, physicalism) presents a viewpoint that allows making reliable conclusions about reality. According to this perspective, everything in the world has to deal with physical matter, and all that happens in a person’s mind ultimately represents the objective laws of nature. Unlike dualism, materialistic monism regards the presence of consciousness and all processes that are called “subjective” as th