ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction It is a fact beyond doubt that corruption is considered to be one of the most serious problem and hurdle to development in any economy in the world. For example, it is claimed that one of the reasons why the developing nations have economies that perform poorly is because of the high rate of corruption among the public officials. It is important to note that corruption is not the preserve of the public sector. Officials in the corporate sector have also been known to take and give bribes to influence decisions and get other favors. In early religion and even in some modern religions, it is known that the gods are moved and appeased by gifts, and this is the idea behind sacrifices and offerings to these gods. From this perspective, it is easier to appreciate why corruption persists among the mortals. They love gifts as much as the gods. It is erroneous to assume that corruption affects only the developing or third world countries. Developed nations such as the United States of America are in no way immune to this vice. The existence of any form of crime in a country is evidenced by the existence of laws punishing the perpetrators of that offence. It is illogical to have laws that control a crime that is non-existence or which is not likely to occur in the society. The united states of America have enacted several laws that are aimed at curbing the practice of corruption. This is given the fact that the authorities have realized the fact that corruption, if not controlled, may affect the growth of this economy negatively. One of such laws that have been enacted in this country and which is an effort to curb the practice of corruption is the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act of 1977 (herein referred to as FCPA). This paper is going to analyze several attributes of this federal law. Some of the aspects of this federal that will be addressed in this paper include a description of the legislation, including its history and current situation. The paper will also touch on the ethical issues revolving around the law. Additionally, the efficacy of the law, including an analysis of its success or lack of it thereof, will be addressed. The implementation of the law together with recommendation to increase its efficacy will also be included in this paper. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act: An Overview As indicated in this paper, the formulation and enactment of any law is precipitated by the presence or threat of occurrence of the crime that the law intends to control. The case of the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act of 1977 is no different. It was necessitated by the realization that foreign corruption was rife in the United States of America. The U.S Securities and Exchange Commission (herein referred to as SEC) is an entity that was established by the enactment of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (Weiss 35). The agency is charged with the responsibility of regulating the American securities’ industry. This is achieved through the enforcement of the federal securities laws that have been enacted and continues to be refined by the authorities. The Securities and Exchange Commission is one of the agencies that is credited with the formulation and
Abstract Background: Traditional ways of doing business are changing. More efficient ways of doing business are coming up as a result of transformation in communication technologies. Advancement in information technologies has brought about the internet which is an efficient electronic tool of communication. With the internet, there has been the development of e-commerce which has totally transformed business. Aims: There are voluminous benefits of e-commerce with some few constraints. This paper looks into e-commerce: the rate at which it has been adopted in business, its benefits and challenges. Method: This paper looked into different aspects of e-commerce especially so in business organizations. Data about e-commerce, its adoption in business and how it is changing business was gathered from different sources more so the latest academic journals and books. From the data, findings and conclusions were derived. Results: From all the data and literature collected it was evident that e-commerce is the way to go in business because. E-commerce has revitalized and paced up the rate at which business transactions take place. A few challenges of adopting e-commerce were also identified in the literature. Conclusion: The findings in this research are important and can act as motivators for businesses which have not fully incorporated e-commerce business practices. The conclusion is drawn from literature and highlights the areas of importance. Major points are noted here. Introduction The world has witnessed major development in the communication technology sector. These developments have affected virtually all aspects of the society. The advancement in the communication technology witnessed the advent of the World Wide Web. A lot of developments have further been noted in the World Wide Web. All this can be described as a process or a journey that began in the early years of the 20th century. The web has been structured so that it could capture different needs in business. Traditional business was facing many challenges. One of the main challenges of early commerce is that it entirely depended on the manual transactions. These transactions were slower, inefficient and pegged on physical proximity of business people. In the second half of the 20th century, the development of the internet and the worldwide web gained momentum. It pace of growth accelerated. Though many advanced business firms had already began using the internet or web services in transacting, it is at this time that many businesses began gaining the real sense of e-commerce in business enhancement (Ching and Ellis, 2004). Therefore, many firms began making efforts to connect and export their businesses to the internet and the World Wide Web. Firms began realizing the benefits of the web service. However, this was met with various bottlenecks as it is common with new
Organizational development is an endeavor designed by the top management through the application of behavioral-science techniques to enhance organization’s efficiency and profitability by means of interfering deliberately in the organization’s practice which should cover the whole organization. Organizational development will be applied to tackle and overcome problems in the retail store scenario of an important customer leaving the business and relocating to Mexico. This will be accomplished as follows. The first strategy includes launching dealings with important workforce in the organization (this is frequently referred to as “entering” and “contracting” along with the establishment). The second strategy will involve doing research and appraisal structures in the establishment to comprehend dysfunctions and/or objectives of the structures in the business (“analyzing ” the structures in the business). Single out methods (or “involvements “) will also be used to increase value of the company and its associates. Lastly, methods will be applied to improve value (techniques of “intended transformation “in the business) and calculating the continuing value of the methodologies and their outcomes (Cummings & Worley, 2008). Organization effectiveness is one of the goals of organizational development and its aim is to make better the business’s ability to deal with its inside and outside implementations and associations. This would involve interacting with areas related to enhancing interpersonal and team course of actions, more operational exchange of ideas and customer service training. Skills will be enhanced to manage executive problems of all varieties and more effectual decision making and including new suitable leadership methods with superior skills in handling destructive tension and higher degrees of trust and teamwork together with organizational associates. These goals originate from a value structure founded on an optimistic outlook of the characteristics of man — with the aim of man in a supportive situation being capable of realizing higher degrees of progress and achievement (Rothwell, Stavros & Sullivan, 2009). McLean (2005) records and describes how disturbing trauma can harmfully have an effect on functioning due to many factors such as: suspicion, uneasiness, downscale, misuse of power, amalgamations, invasions of confidentiality, subcontracting, restructuring, fear, anxiety, nuisance, and frequent transformations that make many workers go through the feelings of hostility. McLean (2005) proposes that in order to set right the trauma and improve the working setting, organizational development practitioners should admit the reality of the trauma, make available a secure place for workers to talk about their thoughts, correspond to the trauma and set it into awareness, and then consent to and face the consequences of the emotional reactions. One technique of accomplishing this is by having workers illustrate what they think about the circumstances, and then having them share and give details about their illustrations with each other. Illustrations are adv
Introduction Executives everywhere continue to face challenges when it comes to organizing and controlling company activities. The challenges arise from union demands for better worker compensation policies, increasing pressure from stakeholders, high inflation rates, high prices for raw materials and poor borrowing powers from financial institutions. The methods used by managers to deal with these challenges in the past has mostly been implementing cost reduction programs such as lay offs and early retirements. However such tactics affect the profitability of companies because of the reduced manpower. Today, a majority of company executives are in agreement that the best way to deal with the environmental challenges is to incorporate internal company techniques that will see the proper use of corporate resources. Project management has been identified as one of the techniques that can be used to manage a company’s resources. Project management is a fairly recent technique that involves restructuring management methods with the sole purpose of gaining better control and organization skills that will be used to manage the company’s resources. The rapid rate of change taking place in the global market due to new innovations has placed some strain on the current organizational form which has created the need for organizational restructuring. Project management enables a company to be able to restructure its activities to be able to properly utilise its resources. The purpose of the paper is to determine the project difficulties that arose in the restoration of the Elizabethan Knott Garden at Kenilworth Castle. The project problems that have been identified are difficulties in allocating resources, inconsistent project management approaches, and poor specification requirements. Project Management A project is a series of organizational activities that have a specific goal or objective that needs to be accomplished within a specified start and end date. The development and implementation of a project requires several resources for it to be applied effectively for the particular situation it has been designed for; such resources include manpower, raw materials and machinery. Project management involves ensuring that the resources are properly utilised until the completion of the project. It is the organizing, planning, directing and controlling of company resources to meet the project objectives or goals that have been set out (Mishra and Soota 2007). The project management occurs in five stages which are project initiation, project planning, project execution, monitoring and control and project closure. Project initiation involves the selection of the best project that will meet the company’s limited resources, preparation of the proper docum
Background Information AirTran Airways was a former low-cost American airline with headquarters in Orlando Florida and operated hundreds of flights in Eastern and Midwestern United States. Currently however, the airline is a subsidiary of Southwest Airlines having completed a merger in March 1 st 2012 (Surhone 104). Southwest on the other hand an older rival with more established business and headquartered in Texas. The company has been in business for over four decades and has established itself as a major domestic air transport company in the United States (Surhone 104). Southwest Airlines-Airtran Merger The merger between the two companies is more less an acquisition whose full transformation will take place gradually. When analyzed in detail, the Southwest-Airtran merger is a form of horizontal merger where one firm aims at eliminating competition through unification of the two to increase concentration in the said market effectively creating substantial market power. In the merger, Southwest Airlines acquired AirTran holdings for $1.4 billion. The total value of the transaction according to the Wall Street journal was worth $ 3.4 billion including a $ 670 million cash payout by Southwest and assumption of slightly over $2 billion of AirTran debt. It is expected that by 2015, Southwest Airlines would have completely absorbed Airtran with a complete rebranding of the Airtran aircraft to Southwest colours. Market definitions Consumer substitutes Consumer Substitutes are goods available to consumers in the market and that can be alternative choices for consumers or instance Southwest airlines and AirTran airlines services Producer substitutes Producer substitutes on the other hand are goods that offer alternative choices for producers and whose production is possible using similar resources for instance Boeing and Airbus aircrafts (Sherman, 66). NAICS NAICS stands for the North American Industrial Classification. It is a system of classification that authorities and businesses entities use to determine the particular economic sector of a business. According to NAICS for instance, the industry focused on in this paper is transport and warehousing. S & P industry survey/data monitor S&P industry surveys/data monitor are tools registered under the Standards and Poor’s trademark purposely to supply business information. The data-monitor publishes industry reports on all levels including country-specific, regional and global market information, segmentation, as well as forecasts. The S&P industry surveys are mainly US-centric and provide information on business trends, statistics and industry leaders (Sanghoee 89). Geographical This is the use of geographical segmentation in business to divide the market to different areas for a targeted reach of clientele. Specific products are tailor-made and targeted at geographic units such as countries, regions and cities. It includes localizing products according to the demographic and business dynamics of the areas involved. Type of m
Introduction made towards social democracy. Most political parties might have overlooked the issue of social welfare, but they have been unable to reverse what the C The Cooperative Commonwealth Federation (CCF) was a democratic movement formed in 1933 by a federation of farmers, labor, and other socialist affiliations. The CCF’s main purpose was to ensure regulation in the production and distribution of goods to meet the Canadians’ needs as opposed to making profits. This goal was to be achieved by replacing the capitalist system, which created domination and exploitation of one class by the other. The CCF believed that in a bid to alleviate inequality, which was occasioned by the irresponsible capitalists, there was a need to develop a socialized economy in which production and distribution was to be under control of the public sector. The CCF adopted the Regina Manifesto whose purpose was to enable social and economic transformation by replacing the government, which was controlled by the business people through funding. The CCF felt that if the farmers and workers in the capitalist economy continued to be exploited, the economy would favor the rich and the underprivileged end up being poor (Logan 80). The main objective of this paper is to show how the CCF managed to fight for social democracy for the Canadians despite the objection from the conservative capitalists whose agenda was to benefit from the unbalanced economy and maintain their dominance. The thesis will be developed by explaining the dynamics in the nature of social democracy with respect to the changes of capitalism in response to economic instabilities during the war and the stability regained in post war period. The Cooperative Commonwealth Federation (CCF) The CCF was a federation of democratic socialists, agrarian farmers, and industrial workers who aimed at alleviating capitalism to ease suffering for the underprivileged groups (Berger 97). The CCF sought to achieve economic cooperation, public control of the economy, and political reforms. The federation targeted a community free from class domination and misuse of economic power. The CCF developed the Regina Manifesto during its first national federation to eradicate the capitalist system and replace it with organized socialism. Frank Underhill and F.R. Scott were among the league of social reconstruction, which adopted the Regina manifesto in 1933. Some of the objectives of the Regina manifesto were achieved in the short run such as security for farmers via marketing boards coupled with improved working conditions for workers. These factors were critical in influencing the huge success in provincial politics by the CCF. Later in 1944, the Saskatchewan’s CCF led by Premier Tommy Douglas established the first socialist government in North America. Douglas became very vocal when addressing the welfare of the citizens and he fought indefatigably to introduce the Universal Medicare program in Saskatchew
Introduction Nowadays ever-changing environment sets new opportunities and challenges in the field of education. Weighted-evidence approach to teacher evaluation is one of the most relevant strategies to determine a teacher’s competence in a particular classroom. Among the key sources of evidence, one distinguishes between observation, standardized tests, student ratings, classroom assessments, et cetera. As a rule, the combination of the above sources is utilized for teacher assessment. The paramount benefits of the identified approach include opportunities for local choice, great focus on learning, and pertinence to the advanced professional learning community. Benefits and Evidence Sources Observation is one of the most significant sources of evidence that can be applied in terms of weighted-evidence approach to teacher evaluation. It is suggested to observe if a teacher takes into account the peculiarities of perception of the cognitive material by the students and how he or she uses the planned methods of education (Garrett & Steinberg, 2015). In order to analyze logics of one or another decision, methods of communication and degree of their adequacy to the teaching methodology may be reviewed. By identifying the style of communication between a teacher and a class, it is possible to assess engagement levels, as stated by Hill and Grossman (2013). The observation is, as a rule, conducted by a group of experts who analyze the activity of teachers and their results on the basis of attending lessons, studying the program, and other control data. Speaking of the benefits of observation as a source of evidence, one should emphasize comprehensiveness and great focus on learning. In this regard, the above source is useful to reveal teachers’ professional competence as the possession of the necessary amount of knowledge and skills that determine the formation of a pedagogical activity, communication, and personality of the mediator of values, ideas, and pedagogical consciousness. In other words, observation allows evaluating teachers’ performance through an in-depth analysis of the learning process as well as methods and techniques applied during it. Garrett and Steinberg (2015) argue that the evaluative weights may be measured by the complex method of analysis that takes into account all the components of the learning process. It also allows observing and evaluating the goals and their achievement, the content, the forms of a lesson’s organization, and methods in terms of the correctness of their choice and appropriateness of use. In other words, with the help of complex analysis conclusions are drawn about the correctness of the preparation and implementation of teacher performance in a classroom. Another source of evi
Introduction According to Twenge, Generation Me refers to individuals (Americans) born after 1970. In her book titled ‘Generation me’, Twenge analyzes the socio-cultural problems facing the 18-to-35-year-old generation. Twenge asserts that individuals born after 1970 believe that self-esteem is more important than personal achievements. Consequently, Generation Me places the self above everything else. Additionally, this generation believes that every dream is achievable. However, they are not ready to deal with the fact that some dreams can not be achieved. Hence, young people develop anxiety and depression when they discover that the realities of life do not conform to their expectations. Twenge asserts that individuals born after 1970 tend to be self-centered, disrespectful and more depressed than earlier generations. Twenge believes that realism is the solution to the problems facing young people. In this context, young people should abandon their belief in self-esteem, and focus on education programs that promote empathy, as well as, accomplishment. This paper attempts to critically review Twenge’s concept of Generation Me. The sociological perspectives of Max Weber, Simmel and Mead will be used as the theoretical framework for the review. The Source of ‘self’ Twenge attributes the development of the sense of self to the emergence of an egalitarian society, particularly, in America and other western countries. Twenge asserts that changing social mores have resulted into permissiveness in the society. The social rules or norms that once controlled the society have become less stringent in the contemporary world. Additionally, social norms are no longer universally accepted in the contemporary society. Compared to past generations, Generation Me are more likely to agree with the premise that “there is no single right way to live”. Consequently, the universally accepted standards of earlier generations have been superseded by individual choices in the current generation. The supremacy of the ind