ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Makeup includes any cosmetic product that is applied to enhance an individual’s natural beauty (Butler, 2013). Examples of makeup include foundation, lipstick, eyeliner, eye pencil, eye shadow, blush, bronzer, and concealers among many others. Makeup may be classified into two groups based on the type of ingredients used to manufacture it. These groups are organic and non-organic (mineral). Organic makeup uses plant compounds from organic sources in its production (Chattopadhyay, 2013). Its ingredients are not associated with genetically modified organisms. The plants whose extracts are used in organic makeup are cultivated without pesticides or insecticides, thus guaranteeing their purity. Toxic compounds such as parabens, talc, petrochemicals, preservatives, and dyes are not included in this makeup (Butler, 2013). Organic makeup is usually enriched with essential oils, vitamins, and minerals. Finally, in the testing of the efficacy of these cosmetics, human subjects are used instead of animals (Fonseca-Santos, Corrêa, & Chorilli, 2015). It is also tested to confirm its authenticity, which is then confirmed by the addition of organic certification marks on the labels. On the other hand, non-organic (mineral) makeup is manufactured from naturally occurring minerals, which are finely micronized and pounded into a powder form. However, some non-organic cosmetics include extra ingredients that are not necessary such as preservatives to extend their shelf lives, fragrances, alcohol, synthetic waxes, mineral oil, polyethylene glycol, mercury, lead, nitrosamines, isopropyl, and dyes. These chemicals may interact with biological molecules such as DNA thereby leading to various health conditions including malignancies. One of the benefits of organic makeup is its apparent safety. Organic makeup can be used immediately or a few days after various forms of skin treatment including plastic surgery as opposed to non-organic makeup. However, the lack of preservatives implies that they do not have very long shelf lives. Limited color options are available because organic makeup does not incorporate colorants and dyes. This experiment aimed at comparing the effects of organic and non-organic foundation on the skin through foundation testing. Based on the apparent benefits of organic makeup, it was hypothesized that organic foundation would have better performance than non-organic makeup and improve the overall health of the skin. Materials and Methods Materials   * Organic foundation   * Non-organic foundation   * Basic moisturizer   * Soap   * Water   * Face towel Experimental Design and Collection of Data Data collection was done using two treatment groups and a negative control. Each group had three participants. The impact of the foundation on the subjects’ skin was determined by first washing the skin with soap and water and patting it dry with the face towel. The basic moisturizer was then applied to the faces of all the subjects. Thereafter, the non-organic and organic foundation groups applied the respective fou
Scenario The situation regarding pricing is that the client wants to achieve profits of at least £50 million from Marathon sales. We are told that manufacturing, marketing and distribution costs, etc. amount to £75 per pair and that the world wide theoretical market for these shoes should be at least 10 million pairs. If we assume that everybody who said that they would buy the shoe will in fact do so, the question is what selling price should we recommend to the client? (As a guide, the slightly inferior 10K shoe is currently retailing at £79.99). Introduction Sport turn out to be an important division of economic action; it contribute standard 2 per cent of together Gross Domestic Manufactured Marathon running shoes and service, and nearly standard 3 per cent of spending for major state. Moreover, the sport marketplace for Marathon running shoe engages the pastime marathon running shoes portion and the sports education services sector. Market split is the rate of sales of a make or company’s manufactured marathon running shoes to the whole manufactured marathon running shoes sales in state, and it is more often than not obtainable as a proportion. After Marathon running shoe marketing the largest area of company sponsorship is in the entertainment industry. Companies interested in sponsorship have two main options. Firstly, they can buy into an existing event and accept the restrictions and guidelines placed upon them by the event organizers. Famous Marathon Running Shoe For marathon running shoes the market of Nike in which they wanted to target Jordan towards now was the “athlete of any age.” Nike began to create sizes from infant on up. Nike created commercials that glorified Jordan and show his humbleness. In the commercials Jordan did things that youthful and old people similar always dreamed of doing. Appendix 1 What strategic issues confront the sports marketer? The list is endless, and this section deals with three of the entries on the list. Marathon running shoes has generated vast amounts of revenue for some teams as marketers take advantage of brand equity in teams and properties. In a sense, the majority marketing engages segmentation of one sort or another. This section examines one method of segmentation and in the process provides a great deal of high-quality advice about segmentation plan. When looking at the merchandising effort of profess
Introduction According to the 1897 census, it was established that Russia had the third-largest world population highlighting a wide range of economic, ethnic, linguistic, and religious diversity. It is the largest country globally, which occupies 17 square kilometers. The size and expansion of the nation can be accrued to various events, such as wars in the 18th century. Russia is located on two continents, that is, Northern Asia and Eastern Europe. The region holds more than an eighth of the world’s total land coverage. There are various theories and historical arguments that try to account for the growth and expansion of the region. However, a modernized economy and a strong and well-equipped army during the expansion period in the 18th century are the primary reasons for Russia’s expansion. Main body Numerous wars were fought by various Russian rulers, including Emperor Peter I, who grew an already massive empire into a major European power. Additionally, the golden age presided by Empress Catherine the great oversaw state expansion via conquest, colonization, and diplomacy. Further expansion of Russia to the south, east, and west placed it as one of the most powerful European empires of the time. There exist different views as to what motivated the Russian geographical expansion. This has led to the question of how historians argued the motivation leading to Russian geographical expansion in the 18th century. Historians have argued that the motivations leading to the expansion included the need to mobilize and access new and prime lands and resources, the acquired literacy level of the Russians as compared to their conquest, the need to carry out trade, and the urge to achieve military domination. Access to the Black Sea as well as the Baltic Sea, which was blocked by Swedish provinces, led Emperor Peter into an alliance with Denmark and Norway in an attempt to invade Sweden. As soon as Sweden turned their attention to Poland, Peter seized the opportunity to conquer Swedish provinces gaining the much-wanted access to the river Neva. A new fortress was constructed at the mouth of river Neva, and the great city of St Petersburg was founded, where noble families relocated and built palaces. Due to its prime location, St Petersburg was considered an opening window to Europe. Access to the prime Swedish provinces enabled Russia to greatly expand its land. Additionally, the modernization and westernization of Russia by Peter the Great gave Russians a great advantage in wars over their conquests. This oversaw the restructuring of the recruitment system and the creation of a military fleet, which led to various reforms to supplying the army and navy. Education reforms were implemented to teach Russians the necessary skills in mathematics, science, and navigation, as well as large-scale construction projects. Russians were in possession of strong military personnel and an upper hand in literacy as compared to their conquest. Some historians believed that this accorded an upper hand to Russia in the wars that led to the geographical expansion. Consequently, historians have it that the need to carry out trades by Russia necessitated
The Rapid Industrialization of Dubai Motivation The aim of this research is to study the strategic industrialization in the economic system of Dubai. Being a student of international relations and a citizen of the United Arab Emirates, I am much interested in having extensive knowledge about my home country. More precisely, I have a strong desire and great enthusiasm for representing my own country on international matters one day. In this regard, am very much encouraged to know the particular impacts that my country is facing as a result of its massive industrialization over the last few decades. As revealed by CBS (24-27), every country went through the industrial revolution, though at varying rates under different circumstances; following the industrialization era across the world. This paper presents the impacts of the rapid industrial development in Dubai and its subsequent implication on its other sectors of the economy. Particularly, the paper would go into an in-depth analysis of the impacts and aspects of the rapidly increasing industrialization in Dubai. Introduction According to Christopher (42-45), Dubai has experienced the most rapid industrial development over the last few decades; becoming the most popular among international businessmen. Basically, the industrial development in Dubai can be described to have been revolving uniquely, as it does not go through the hypothetical development stages of development other developed countries have experienced. In this regard, this massive industrial development can be associated with the hefty oil reserves in the country which has enabled it to develop at such a high rate. It should also be noted that Dubai has an abundance of natural resources like gas and oil; which have enhanced the development of ‘Resource-Based Industries’. Generally, the country has been experiencing remarkable income levels from these natural resources enhancing the achievement of significant social and economic development within a very short span of time as reported by Shamir (76-97). The Industrial Development strategy in Dubai In the last two decades, the pace of economic growth in Dubai has been incredible with high future prospects due to extensive development projects that are currently established, as reported by Little (32-51). As it has been observed, the government and legislative institutions have been designed to create a business-friendly environment for all investors. By so doing, this has led to increased property development and ownership, increased capitalism, and the general growth of the economy. Generally, the rate of industrial development in Dubai has can be described as unique; as many developed countries have been observed to the hypothetical stages of industrial development. As Shamir (76-97) observes, the rapid industrialization in Dubai has resulted in both positive and negative effects in the country. Since the start of the trading industry in Dubai in the nineteenth century, the concession of reasonable taxes by the government has stimulated rapid investors’ immigration into the country. Later in the twentieth century, the country specialized in the importation and e
Introduction The article, Seven Transformations of Leadership , by David Rooke and William Torbert explores the concept of leadership as based on action logic, rather than genes. Depending on the environment of application, the authors note that effective leadership revolves around the ability to be transformational in the action logic. The main action logics discussed in the article are opportunist, diplomat, expert, achiever, individualist, strategist, and alchemist. This essay explains the different leadership action logic types explored in the article. The paper also attempts to apply these concepts in the real business management scenarios through the lenses leadership traits that are closely related to leadership action logic types. Article Review There are different leadership logic types as illustrated in the article, Seven Transformations of Leadership. Fortunately, it is possible to shift from one leadership logic to another. For instance, the opportunistic type is characterized by a drive to win irrespective of the consequences and motives. Reflectively, an opportunist leader is inspired by manipulative tendencies and has the always right attitude, even when the situation does not allow for that. This means that an opportunist leader is more of a self-oriented individual driven by the desire to emerge as the winner in all circumstances. In application, the type of leadership logic attracts the best results in emergency situations where quick decisions have to be made. Moreover, an opportunistic leader can be a great salesperson due to the ability to make a persuasive pitch for a product within moments. However, opportunistic leadership logic is laden with challenges such as inability to inspire long-term confidence among followers. Moreover, creating strong bonds with the followers might become a challenge as people tend to associate with subjects or objects that are likely to attract long-term gain. This is the firth most common leadership logic. The second leadership logic is the diplomat type. A diplomatic leader would use persuasion in all circumstances to establish a middle ground with the subjects. This means that a diplomat is more interested in avoiding conflicts through aligning personal beliefs to the existing group norms without any interference. Thus, a diplomat would want to feel as being part of a team without expressing unnecessary divergent opinion. In the real world, a diplomat is very supportive and a good team player since he or she recognizes the efforts of others and would want everyone to feel comfortable. However, diplomatic leaders perform very poorly in circumstances of high pressure where hard decisions have to be made. For instance, a diplomat would rather maintain the status quo than make radical changes when the outcome is likely to result in painful impacts. This is the third most common leadership logic. The third leadership logic is the expert leader, who often applies logic and proactive reasoning when making decisions in all circumstances. This type of leader is always an expert in a field and would normally
Poverty and welfare are complex and multi-layered phenomena. Both have been tackled numerous times from different perspectives, ranging from social to cultural to religious, without ever coming to a definitive conclusion. The book Why Nations Fail by Daron Acemoglu and James A. Robinson aims at researching the reasons behind the discrepancies in the financial and social welfare of different nations by taking the relatively unusual approach: the center of their hypothesis involves the categories of inclusive and extractive economies. While the book has some minor weak points, the research conducted by the authors is a solid and convincing attempt to analyze the poverty mostly from an economic standpoint with the aid of real-life examples and provide several solutions and directions for further development of events. The authors build their argument by contrasting the countries with a similar set of prerequisites and conditions, which nevertheless show a big difference in the process of social and economic developments. Such comparison allows the authors to eliminate the popular assumption of difference in cultures, mentality, and geographical layout, primarily by comparing the American Nogales to the Nogales of Mexico, which have many similar prerequisites but are tremendously different in terms of well-being (Acemoglu and Robinson 9). The hypothesis presented by the authors is a difference in the economies: while the former shows the signs of the inclusive economy, which does not restrict the wealth from being distributed among the population for the sake of the growth of the nation as a whole, the latter concentrates the effort at accumulating the resources and revenue in the hands of the elitist minority, hampering the progress. Such a policy is known as an extractive economy. Both models are not restricted to the economy and can be seen extending into the political and social fields. Nevertheless, the economic focus is evident and remains a central point of inquiry throughout the book. The research conducted by the authors can be characterized as qualitative in nature. While they use the information on GNP of countries in question to support their point, this usage is relatively limited. The main point of the book is still the review of the generalized and non-specific level of social welfare, supported by the basic hard evidence in the form of country’s rank among its neighbors or the average daily income of its citizens. Despite this fact, the book remains persuasive by supplying exhaustive qualitative data in support of its theory. For instance, the authors go into extreme detail by showcasing the downfall of the Mobutu Sese Seko, the ruler of Congo, from 1965 to 1997 (Acemoglu and Robinson 83). The outrageously luxurious lifestyle he and his clique has exhibited throughout his reign aligns perfectly with the extractive economy. The authors then show the consequential character of the events, describing the rulers that preceded Mobutu Sese Seko and exhibiting essentially the same strategies. This allows the authors to conclude that “nations fail when they have extractive economic institutions, supported by extractiv
I became interested in policy analysis, in the diverse fields of human health care after I graduated from high school. This has, therefore, propelled me towards taking the International Agency in Health Course as it offers an opportunity to achieve my dream of becoming a health policy analyst. Gaining this position would enable me to implement health policies that would better the lives of many people and even nations all over the world. Secondly, the position would enable me to attain my dream of helping people in third-world countries gain access to better health care. The international agencies in health courses will help in the comprehension of the various health agencies in the world. This will help me in choosing the correct agency to work for so that it will make it possible to accomplish my ambition of establishing better health care services in the third world. This course will also enable me to enter another field of public health in order to increase my competency and chances of achieving my mission. Once I have completed this course, I would register for a bachelor’s degree in public health in order to have a better understanding of the field of public health. At the end of my studies, I would like to concentrate on polio. Poliomyelitis is a disease that has affected humankind for over 5000 years. Only a few people refer to the condition as a global health emergency, probably because less than 1000 people suffering from the disease (Robinson). However, this perspective changed in 2012 when the World Health Organization proclaimed polio as a global pandemic. The World Health Assembly, therefore, requested the member states to fund the polio vaccine initiative (Robinson 137). Polio is still a threat in the developing world and all the health care stakeholders should concentrate their efforts on exterminating it (MacGarty and Nott 125). The world has achieved a significant decline in the fight against the disease since the eradication campaigns kicked it off in 1988 off. More than 350000 children succumbed to polio every year during the 1980s while there were only 65 documented cases of the disease in 2011. India became polio-free while Pakistan, Nigeria and Afghanistan documented 60 cases in 2012 (Robinson 157). Nevertheless, the polio emergency is not in the number of patients who succumb to it, but the repercussions of failure, not because the disease may resurface and kill many, but because the project might attract the perspective of a failed multi-billion project and might not attract future funding. Polio will also act as a determinant of the level of funding towards other projects carried out by WHO, as financiers might reduce their contributions to the projects fearing failure. Poliomyelitis, therefore, presents a challenge to the World Health Organization’s policymakers. The challenge is in making sure that every infant gets vaccinated. Lack of vaccination can result in a fatal resurgence of the disease. Robinson notes that although it is difficult to contain polio, the success s
Summary Brashear, Kashyap, Musante, and Donthu (2009) set out to investigate differences in attitudes, socio-demographics, and motivations among Internet shoppers in industrialized nations and fast-growing industrializing economies, with: the United States, the U.K., New Zealand on one hand, and Brazil, China, and Bulgaria on the other hand. In part, the authors were impelled by the “U.S.-centric” view of online marketing that dominates the literature. Secondly, the authors hypothesized that variations in Web infrastructure, culture, education, and income ought to induce differences in online shopping behavior. Thirdly, the team looked to expand the boundaries of comparative international studies which had up to now been rudimentary, e.g. focused on the risk avoidance that besets early adopters when they confront the need to divulge credit card and banking information online to “faceless” merchants who are often an ocean away. The rapid growth of online shopping overseas and the estimated value in dollar terms makes it clear, however, that the early fears have already been hurdled. The authors employed mall intercept, face-to-face interviews in all six markets. The study instrument consisted chiefly of questions about traditional and online shopping, as well as scales that measured convenience, seeking variety, openness to innovation, risk aversion, being impulse shoppers, brand-consciousness, and interest in comparing prices. In general, the authors found more similarities than differences across cultures. Without exception, respondents who bought online were more convenience-oriented than those who preferred to stay with traditional, “bricks and mortar” establishments. Secondly, Internet shoppers were more likely to be impulse buyers, a characteristic that logically springs from the need for convenience that online shopping satisfies. One who likes to indulge his whims is highly appreciative of a retail channel that is fast and easy to use. Among the cultural differences noted:   * New Zealand proved the exception to the rule that novelty and impulse buying was a differentiating characteristic for Internet shoppers. This bears looking into since the population is comparatively tiny and more agricultural in outlook than those to be found in the key urban centers of the other five markets surveyed.   * For some reason, Internet shoppers in Bulgaria and China were no more risk-averse than their compatriots who preferred to buy only from “real” shops.   * Britons, New Zealanders, Chinese, and Brazilians who shopped on the Net were just as interested in variety as their countrymen who bought only from malls and “big box” stores. Evaluation It should not be surprising that cultural differences do not weigh heavily in the behavior of Net shoppers across the countries examined. After all, the epochal changes that marked IT and Web 2.0 technologies in just this decade have facilitated the adoption of Net sho