ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Modern world can be characterized by the blistering development of the issue known as globalization. People are able to communicate, share the latest news and even make bargains with the help of the Internet, which obviously makes the life of society easier. However, globalization also has a great number of negative effects and the world nowadays faces the aftermath of this very process. The first and most dangerous thing is obviously terrorism as this phenomenon also becomes global and all countries of the world can suffer from it. Governments have to respond to this hew challenge as it can threat security not only of a certain country however, they can destroy the whole modern society. The issue of human trafficking is of this sort. Definition of Human Trafficking To understand the problem better, a clear definition of the issue should be given. Nowadays, under the term human trafficking people understand the trade of human beings with different purposes 1 . In other words, it is a sort of modern slavery which coherent humanity is supposed to be got rid of. Traders use the similar schemes which slave merchants of the past used. People, who are being sold, become a good as they are deprived of any rights and privileges. Very often, they do not have documents and depend on their master totally. Under these conditions, they have no choice but to obey because there is no other chance for them to survive. Moreover, very often force is used to control these people. That is why, it becomes obvious that slavery, which is taken as the remnant of the past, prosper in the modern world and a great number of people suffer from it. According to statistics, about 800000 people are sold every year 2 . Moreover, the following diagram shows that women comprise the greater part of this trade, while the demand for men is lower 3 . The threatening fact is that children are also sold. The main reasons However, the given statistics becomes more understandable if to take into account the main purposes of human trafficking. There is a great number of different reasons, however, it is possible to state the most important ones. Sexual slavery is one of the main cause of human trafficking. There is a huge market of sex slaves in the world and, that is why, a great demand exists. Horrifying fact is that the average age of children who are sold is 13 years 4 . That is why, women comprise the majority of people who are sold because they can be forced to work as prostitutes and this commercial sexual exploration can give great benefits to their owners. Thus, men and children can also be involved in sex industry, however, their number is lower. The next important reason is forced labour. In this segment men slaves are more demanded and appreciated as they are more enduring and can bring bigger profit. Finally, there are also such reasons as forced marriage and even extraction of organs and tissues 5 . Unfortunately, very often children suffer from the last reason and this cruelty cannot but horrify. Moreover, the next table shows the main causes which make people sell
Research for quantitative research and methodology Determinants of birth rate on a global scale Introduction Understanding the factors that lead to increased or decreased birth rates across the world is key to implementing development agenda. Research demonstrates that a country’s birth rate could have an impact on the future development path of that country. If a country has women with high birth rates, then that the country could have high population that could imply adequate workforce for economic activities. However, that can only happen provided that children who are born are provided with quality health care. Quality health care could go a long way in ensuring that a country’s population is healthy and active in local and national development activities (Ooi, and Kai 30). On the other hand, a country with low birth rates could imply that the country would face labour challenges in the future. Therefore, countries have always tried to balance their economic developments and birth rates. Quantitative research methods involve the collection and analysis of data in the form of numbers (Creswell et al. 210). The methods have found much application in social sciences because they are used to test hypotheses in research studies. The research methods could also be used to do further analysis of data obtained through qualitative research methods (Östlund et al. 380). Empirical methods are being used in the field of international entrepreneurship (IE) as researchers attempt to gain insight into the relatively new field of study (Coviello and Marian 490). Research also demonstrates that IE researchers need to utilise coherent and thorough methodological approaches to make the field grow sustainably in the future (Yang, Xuehua and Chenting 613). This would call for more rigour and less tendency towards simplicity. Researchers could design their projects with aspects of pluralism that could accommodate methods that capture the dynamic aspects in IE. Differences between research questions and hypotheses The project answered the following research question: What is the impact of infant mortality rates, GDP, percentage urbanisation and rates of female unemployment on global birth rates? The research question was developed to determine whether global birth rates were influenced by GDP, infant mortality rates, percentage urbanisation and rates of female unemployment. The r
Background The company selected for the annual report analysis is Bega Cheese Limited. Bega Cheese Limited has its principal registered office located at 23-45 Ridge Street, Bega NSW 2550 (2013 Annual Report Bega Cheese Limited 2014, p.84). The company is operating in the dairy industry. It started its journey as The Bega operative Creamery Company in the year 1989. It manufactures cheddar cheese and processed cheddar ( Bega Cheese Ltd 2014). The company’s major sales are located in Australia. Currently, it is selling more than 60 million packs per year. Its major exports are directed at Asia-Pacific and Middle East countries. The company is a public listed one and its common shares are listed on the ASX. Barry Irvin is the Executive Chairman, and he is also a member of the nominations and human resources committee. The company’s board of directors has 7 directors. The Chief Executive Officer of the company is Aidan Coleman who was appointed to the position in May 2011. The company has established strong corporate governance policies and practices to ensure that all risks can be managed efficiently. The company’s financial year-end is on 30 June. The company prepares financial statements on a consolidated basis. Bega Cheese Limited has a number of subsidiaries that support its core business. The company’s mission statement states, “Bega Cheese – working together to deliver dairy products to the world” ( Investors 2014, para 1). Moreover, the company’s vision is “to be an Australian dairy industry icon; valuing our heritage, people, customers and community. Embracing challenge. Driving change, building for the future” ( Investors 2014, para 2). The company’s products are sold through retailers and distributors across Australia. Its exports reached the mark of $100 million in the last year. The company has installed the latest automation and mechanization technologies at its factory to reduce human involvement in the production process. It has a strong distribution network that ensures the availability of its products in stores. The company has also made arrangements with Fonterra Brands for branding and distribution of its products ( 2013 Annual Report Bega Cheese Limited 2014, p.6). The company has nine different brands of cheddar cheese and processed cheddar cheese. All ingredients of its products are acquired from suppliers based in Australia. The company has its own research and development center that is engaged in formulating new products for the domestic Australian market. The company ensures that its products are healthy and safe for consumption. Its manufacturing takes into consideration the tastes of different regions where it sells its products ( Student Resources 2014, para 7). The company has high levels of quality assurance. It ensures that food safety standards are fully complied with at its factory. Its factory has been graded as a “pharmaceutical” grade as a result of its strict compliance with food safety standards and HACCP quality assurance program ( Student Resources 2014, para 9). The company also ensures that product contamination complaints are traced to the point where the contaminat
McDonalds is the world’s biggest and well known fast feeder by sales. Its universal sales increased by over 5% last year as compared to 2010. It has also been rated as the sixth best brand in the world when matched to its yearly revenue. In terms of advertisement, it is touted as the 26 th biggest advertiser in the United States of America. It has numerous locations in over 119 nations that serve over 60 million people in a single day. However, over the years there has been a negative trend that has developed in the company. This essay points out that the brand image of the company, a vital element in consumer behavior, has continued to wane over the years. Obviously, there are some important elements that the company seems to be ignoring. It is important for companies to match their revenues to the quality of services that they offer their clients. Consumer behavior is an important element to be considered and clients have to be respected and treated as number one stakeholders. Basing on this background, in as far as the revenue that this company gets is too good, its reputation is slowly dwindling. Evidently, its brand image does not rhyme with its levels of sales. According to those people who relate closely to the company, the internal tracking procedures point that the company continues to perform poorly in terms of quality when compared to its competitors. This points out at the failure of the company to maintain its quality services with the increasing sales. Consumer behavior is important in marketing especially towards the formulation of strategies needed to manage a company’s operations (Schiffman, 2009). It describes the well known attributes that customers hold towards certain offerings of a company, their orientation to the products and services, offered patterns of purchase as well as many other elements that determine purchasing and seen as essential towards the success of any company. There are factors that have elevated McDonalds brand image to the level it is today. These are: The perception of consumers on the quality of food offered, sustainability practices, condition of stores, Value prices which are affordable to all, expansion of working hours to cater for the late night shoppers, creation of lounge areas, and the Creation of
Introduction Cultural difference is a fact that multinational companies have to deal with in their day to day operations given the fact that they operate in different countries. The countries not only have different social orientation but also varying religious backgrounds (Tehranian and Jeannie 2006). Diversity is an inherent characteristic that is found in virtually every aspect of human life. Culture being a unique aspect of human life differs from one region to the other (Moran, Harris & Sarah 2010). It is, therefore, very difficult for any company to venture into international markets without taking into consideration the cultural differences that exist, how the differences will affect performance and how the same can be managed (Sylvie 2003). In order to manage cultural diversity properly, it is important to understand the causes of existing cultural differences, their effects and strategies that can be used to manage the differences. Importance of Managing Cultural Diversity If not well managed, cultural diversity can be detrimental to an organization or even the society as a whole. Culture can be defined as the collection of common believes, values and norms among a group of people which influences the behaviors, reactions and day-to-day activities of these people (Nelson and James 2012). Moreover, culture determines what is generally accepted as proper conduct within a community. It should be noted that culture is not a trait that can be acquired by birth because it is not determined by hormones, but it is rather imparted into a person through the process of socialization as one interacts with other people. In addition, it is important to note that culture is not very dynamic and the differences that exist have therefore remained relatively similar over a long period of time (Lewer and Hedrick 2007). Given the cultural differences that have been depicted to be present in the world, it is important for people to be aware of the effects they may have on their firms. Culture determines how people conduct themselves and these includes the attitudes that people will have towards work and how they will manage time. Furthermore, culture influences national issues such as the socio-economical factors, political aspects and international relations (Kwok and Solomon 2006). For example, it is a common belief in Saudi Arabia that personal relationships come first before business and this highly affects the outcomes of various business dealings. It is also important to note that since culture involves internalization of norms, it ends up influencing the social life of people thus determining the materialistic and individualistic aspects of life, as well as the willingness of people to change. This highly influences the probability that people will adapt to certain ways of life which are beneficial to an organization (Adler and Allison 2008). For example, the Islamic law requires that men and women cannot work together. As a result, firms are compelled to separate working stations if both men and women have to be employed. It should be noted that
Introduction 31 years ago, in September 1977, Bantu Stephen Biko, a young ­ black activist, and a fighter against apartheid in South­ Africa have been killed in police torture chambers. Although he was only ­ one of many young black figures of resistance who have become victims of the special forces of the police in South Africa, he, undoubtedly, was one of the great prophets of his generation­. More than 20 000 people from all of the country have gathered to honor his memory at the funeral – having collected, thus, one of ­ the most mass demonstrations in South Africa in the seventies. Outside of South Africa, the news about his death has stirred up a wave of criticism against the policy of apartheid. Biko called for consciousness awakening, considering ­ it as a means of resistance to oppression, against ­ reconciliation with existence within a system that was based on inequality. He has gone through the way from an activist of one of the student’s organizations, which united black and white­ students, to the leader and the ideologist of one of the largest ­ protest movements in South Africa which struggled and fought for blacks’ rights­. The short life – 30 years which has been taken away – Biko has devoted to the dethronement of apartheid’s defects, the system ­ of a social organization that brought sufferings to the black population of South Africa. In his representation, the black ­ consciousness is a way to resist racism not only ­ by the rallying of the oppressed black majority, but also ­ by the realized formation of the fundamentally excellent system of social relations: “Black Consciousness is, in essence, the realization by the black man of the need to rally together with his brothers around the cause of their operation – the blackness of their skin – and to operate as a group in order to rid themselves of the shackles that bind them to perpetual servitude.” 1 This essay despite its introduction is not about one man, it is about the movement that was influenced by a man and played a major role in the revival of resistance to apartheid in South Africa with the main idea that the ideology of Black Consciousness was the basis of African resistances towards white domination. The System of Apartheid The system of apartheid has its roots in the 350-year-old history of religious, land, and labor conflicts. In 1652 a group of Dutch immigrants has landed on the Cape of Good Hope and has gradually based a colony with rigid social division, living at the expense of the cultivation of the fertile earth by using the labor of slaves from Africa and Asia. In 1795 the control over territory was grasped by Great Britain, and Dutch-Afrikaners have moved in the depth of the continent and have based their new colonies. In 1899-1902 the British have suppressed a revolt in what is called the Second Boer War. “Th
Workplace health and safety are critical to maintaining high productivity and effective performance. Therefore, it is important that employers ensure the provision of healthy and safe working conditions. The paper at hand examines the two legislative acts that grant the protection of employees’ rights and assist in promoting work-related health and safety: Family and Medical Leave Act (FMLA) and Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA). The paper analyzes these acts within several dimensions: the scope of their application, the obligations they assign to employers, and the rights they guarantee to employees. FMLA was enforced by the U.S. Department of Labor’s Employment Standards Administration, Wage and Hour Division on August 5, 1993. FMLA applies to private, local government, and state employees. Additionally, the major part of federal employees and some congressional employees are likewise covered by the Act. There is a series of requirements imposed on an employee to be eligible for the Act coverage. Hence, his or her employer is supposed to be covered. The employee must have worked for the stated employer for at least a year with the minimal sum of 1,250 of working hours. The relevant organization should be situated within the US territory and have a workforce of fifty employees minimum (Society for Human Resource Management, 2016a). In the frame of FMLA, an employee bears a series of responsibilities. Hence, FMLA obliges employers to provide an eligible employee
Introduction Tesla, Inc. is an American manufacturer that primarily focuses on the production and development of electric cars, solar panels, and devices for energy storage. In this paper, PESTEL, Five Forces, and SWOT analyses will be provided to evaluate the company. PESTEL The PESTEL (“Political, Economic, Social, Technological, Environmental and Legal”) analysis focuses on the macro-environmental factors that can influence the company, its strategic management, and business (Goncharuk 37). The PESTEL analysis is a part of the external analysis of the company because it analyzes external factors that need to be considered by the executive team (Goncharuk 37). Political Factors The government policies strive to provide more programs and technologies that will reduce the adverse influence of carbon emissions on the environment. Production and manufacture of electronic vehicles are supported by the American government with the aid of various programs (U.S. Department of Energy). Therefore, Tesla, Inc. has the opportunity to use government subsidies to improve its performance in the market. Economic Factors The popularity of electric vehicles, sustainable environmental strategies, and renewable energy devices are growing. It is reasonable to assume that Tesla Inc. will be able to make its products more attractive to the customers. Nevertheless, as vehicles are considered as a major investment, any economic crises and issues might lead to decreased sales. Therefore, economic instability is a direct threat to Tesla Inc. Social Factors Environmental considerations and issues become more alarming for consumers, which implies that greener vehicles and devices that correspond with the “healthy” lifestyle will become more popular during the next decades. The use of alternative energy sources is encouraged not only by the public but the environmental and official governmental organizations as well (Da Rosa 19). Therefore, these trends present opportunities for expansion. Technological Factors The main issues with technology highly crucial for Tesla Inc. are batteries’ sustainability and infrastructure for electric vehicles. First of all, batteries for electric vehicles are still too expensive to be produced for the mass market. This issue is a threat to Tesla Inc.’s expansion in the local and global markets. Second, although the USA provides the infrastructure for electric vehicles, many of the stations still need to be built to cover clients’ needs. Therefore, Tesla, Inc.
Highlights The campaign seeks to capitalize on Coca-Cola as an iconic cultural brand which goes back to the roots of its origins as a ‘social’ beverage which brings people together. The campaign aims to create a perspective that Coca-Cola can be present at the heart of any positive experience or life story. However, a substantial focus is put on the unifying aspect. Just as the campaign unifies the brand, it does so with the customers as well. Since the world is so diverse, people may enjoy distinct types of Coke in a variety of situations. Building on the emotional aspect, the campaign tries to include human senses. The drinks are visually rebranded to become brighter and simple, similar to the original Coca-Colas. The campaign features a catchy song by a world-renowned artist as well as the use of high definition sounds in its advertisements such as the fizzing of the bottle being opened, or the liquid being poured. Finally, Coca-Cola uses the driving force behind its product, the taste. This campaign seeks to market that the emotion and drive seen visually in the commercials is experienced through “tasting the feeling.” Objectives The campaign was brilliantly developed to have a wide variety of marketing applications to address challenges that Coca-Cola was facing with its carbonated drinks. The simplicity of the campaign and its focus on narratives is extremely appealing, touching many emotions and “feelings” that millennials strive to experiences. Furthermore, customer participation in the campaign made it more inclusive and recognizable through the unified visuals which represented the brand. In the modern consumer economy, where health and fitness are predominant ideas, soda is losing market share. The campaign established an association of Coca-Cola with not just a drive of emotions but also an active lifestyle. The soft drink becomes energizing and is offered in a variety of choices including diet versions. Other departments This initiative and marketing campaign was launched to unite all global Coca-Cola drinks under one brand and slogan. It was created after continuing declining soda sales and market share loss to other beverages. It is also an attempt to streamline operations as the company produced a plan to cut almost $3 billion in expenses (Heilpern, 2016). This campaign is important since it takes on a critical business principle of universality. By creating a unified brand, Coca-Cola automatically simplified many of its operations from marketing to production to distribution. It no longer needed to spread its financial and human resources attempting to manage a variety of different campaigns for each beverage.