ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Directed by Ken Loach, Ladybird Ladybird is a chef-d’oeuvre based on a true story from England. The protagonist in this film is Maggie, an emotionally wretched woman; a mother of four children but living with none. Raised under the watch of an abusive father, Maggie goes on to beget four children with four different men; ironically, she is married to none. The Social Services have taken away Maggie’s four children and placed them in foster families. From flashbacks, the audience learns sees how one night Maggie locks her children up in the house and goes out for a singing expedition. Unfortunately, fire breaks out in the house leaving Shaun, one of her children badly burnt. Afterwards, she shows up late in the night to see Shaun in his foster family and even though she is denied access, she forces her way in. Moreover, she attempts to change his bandages leaving him hurt. This happens before she meets Jorge in a club and they become good friends. In the hands of Jorge, things happen fast and within no time, they get two baby girls only to be taken away by the Social Services for Maggie is “at risk” according to the government agencies (Loach 1994). Maggie stands for a distraught mother and a wife, seeking love in the wrong places. According to Bjorklund and Bee (2008), “…one of the most significant elements in age stratification is…patterns of experiences associated with marriage and family life…the family life cycle” (p. 8). True to this observation, Maggie is lost in the family life cycle as she tries to secure custody for her children and a husband to love and cherish her, together with her many children. Unfortunately, she finds none of these longings because she is seemingly uncontrollable almost bordering insanity. However, there are forces that have pushed Maggie into becoming her own sorriest foe. As a child, her father sexually and physically abuses her. The Social Services have thrown her into emotional breakdown by taking her children away. Tooley (1978) asserts, “To part a woman from her child is violent and traumatic resulting to psychological complications” (p. 21). Maggie fights these psychological forces and this explains why she behaves the way she behaves. Nevertheless, even in her worst situation, Maggie brings out the role of women in society during her time. The outstanding role of women in this movie is childbearing and motherhood. Maggie performs excellently in the role of childbearing. Before she meets Jorge, she already has four children with different fathers of different races. The film is set in England at a time when women’s role were solely bearing and bringing up children. Unfortunately, Maggie fails terribly as a mother. Mother
During globalization, people have found themselves interacting with members of other communities, sharing differences in cultural backgrounds and social groups. Internets also amplified the freedom of expression, rewarding their users with various platforms for all types of self-expression: writing personal blogs, posting photos and videos, creating public forums and communities of interest. However, there are several complications to the nature of the Internet, the environment of which might encourage some undesired discussions to thrive. Randall describes the challenges regarding the freedom of speech raised by the Internet, such as anonymity and poor adaptation of mass communication to the cyber environment (243-46). For example, companies have to rely on automatic systems to regulate harmful expression; however, often, these systems are triggered by legitimate and non-harmful internet posts (244). According to the lecture slides, “anonymity undermines the accountability that makes journalism credible.” Despite that it provides some level of protection to the reporter, the information cannot be completely reliable and free from hateful expression. Reference Randall, Maya Hertig. “Freedom of expression on the internet.” Swiss Review of International and European Law , vol. 26, no. 2, 2016, pp. 235-253.
Introduction People’s lives are always connected with potential risks that can cause serious problems. Thus, decently maintained risk assessment is important because it ensures that those problems that may have a negative impact on the health and environment can be predicted and taken under control. With its help, professionals receive an opportunity to make appropriate decisions for air and water protection. Moreover, it allows ensuring the safety of products people use every day so that no issues will occur because of a chemical substance. The process of assessment follows a particular plan that is established by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, and even though some progress in this process was made, the assessment of particular chemicals requires a lot of time, which postpones interventions. The thing is that the process of risk assessment is often criticized and questioned in the framework of its value and credibility. Very often the resources (both monetary and human) available for the assessment are not enough. Due to the rapid development in the scientific spheres, it also turned into a rather complex procedure with an increased number of problems. Still, professionals considered several approached that can be used to improve the process of environmental risk assessment. Recommendations from the Articles The article prepared by the Committee on Improving Risk Analysis Approaches Used by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency offers several recommendations that are expected to make risk assessment more credible and helpful (4). First of all, they encourage to pay attention to the plan of assessment so that it aligns with decision-making needs. It is recommended to create and use guidance to define the required level of detail. The dose-response assessments should be systematic and include background information on a disease, populations, and treatment actions. Defaults should be revised and then be generally used, and cumulative risk assessments implemented. Stakeholder involvement should be increased, and a formal process for it established. Finally, it is important to make sure that the agency will be able to implement the required changes. While the first work is mainly focused on the recommendations regarding the credibility of assessment procedures, the one prepared by the Science Communication Unit discusses various methods and techniques that can be used (4). Thus, it recommends using interdisciplinary science when dealing with general problems. Still, standardization is still addressed in this framework. New real-time assessment is needed to avoid the usage of outdated, inappropriate data. This article also emphasized greater stakeholder involvement, as it can help with social and political obstacles. The Science Communication Unit encourages to combine existing assessment models to overcome their drawbacks and use new metho
Introduction The concept of European citizenship has in the past been marred by theoretical and historical problems. Thirty-five years ago, a French scholar by the name Raymond Aaron disputed the concept of European citizenship by stating that there was no such thing as a European citizen; he instead proposed that there were only nationals such as the French, British, Italians and the likes (Nicolaidis 2004, p. 78). The perception of a European citizen in the holistic context of the European Union is often characterized by the multilingual nature of its citizens, though the voice of the European citizen in defining important issues in the same context (EU) is however rarely regarded as relevant (Nicolaidis 2004, p. 79). The concept of European citizenship is often made in reference to academic circles and political debates, but other significant areas include consumer protection, immigration and asylum-seeking. Nonetheless, the European citizen is well defined in certain specific documents such as the Amsterdam treaty, nice treaty and in the treaty of Lisbon although an extensive definition of European citizenship is outlined in the European Union constitution (Bellamy 2008, p. 597). With the institutionalization of European citizenry, it is correct to note that Aaron’s concept of the European Union was wrong because the novelty of European citizenry in European integration is undisputable, through the support of slogans such as the European community and the creation of a common market (Everson 1995, p. 5). However, these facts are not to be assumed that the concept of European citizenship is without its problems. This is true because even though the concept is politically rich, the concept of European citizenry is often poorly defined, and characterized with intellectual and political difficulties of interpretation; thereby prompting a redefinition of the concept. Conceptual Analysis European citizenry is clearly stipulated in the 9 th article of the treaty of Amsterdam which states that “Citizenship of the Union is hereby established that every person holding the nationality of a Member State shall be a citizen of the Union” (Bellamy 2001, p. 3). This provision outlines a number of privileges European citizens ought to enjoy and they include the right of mobility within the wider European continent (with a particular emphasis on residency within any of the member states); European citizens are supposed to have a right to Ombudsman in any conveniently spoken languages and European citizens have the right to diplomatic protection, in addition to consular action from any of the member states (Bellamy 2001, p. 5). However, the rights of European citizens under the Amsterdam treaty was further amended to include provisions stipulating basic human rights (like the right to good governance); although the same line of citizen reasoning is also accommodated in the treaty of Lisbon (Benhabib 2005, p. 10). It is important to note that these
Key Facts Satyam was one of the most highly praised and awarded Indian IT companies to reach the US $1 billion in annual revenues. However, after years of international success, Satyam’s performance and reputation deteriorated when evidence of falsified accounts came to light. In 2008, the company was blacklisted by the World Bank on the grounds of theft and bribery. The following year, the price of corporate shares dropped from 178.95% to 39.95% in just one day after it became clear that the organization’s excellent governance and outstanding financial performance had only been a myth. As a result, the company suffered losses in multiple areas. Key Issues The identified problems in performance primarily stemmed from managerial and overall organizational factors that were largely associated with the failure to implement different principles of corporate governance and ethical conduct. In addition, the company failed to practice fair HR activities, for example, those related to the succession of executives. However, it is valid to say that the primary issue was a lack of transparency in communication. According to Parris, Dapko, Arnold, and Arnold (2016), the term “transparency” refers to the way an organization communicates with stakeholders, and transparent communication implies the revelation of data and information as they are, without whitewashing or trying to cover up any illegal and immoral activities or falsely boost credentials. Parris et al. (2016) assert that a lack of transparency leads to “dysfunctional relationships that result in moral dilemmas” (p. 223). This was one of the negative outcomes in the case of Satyam. Another issue the company faced was associated with the responsibilities, roles, and appointment of independent directors in the organization. The case study mentioned how in many Indian companies, directors were nominated rather thoughtlessly and based on the candidates’ relation to their nominators instead of their professional eligibility and necessary qualifications. As a result, the board of directors at Satyam lacked diversity. Researchers distinguish several dimensions of diversity: for example, demographic (age, gender, and more), task-related (such as educational background and professional experience), and psychological (attitudes, personal values, etc.; Bond & Haynes, 2014). Differences that result from personal styles and areas of expertise are easier to manage than those from demographic characteristics, and thus, they can be associated with more positive organizational dynamics as these factors do not directly relate to socio-demographic stereotypes (Bond & Haynes, 2014). However, demographic diversification of the workplace may be perceived positively by stakeholders and the global community as such, signifying that the firm is seeking to take the necessary measures to eliminate barriers to professional growth for members of specific social groups and improve job satisfaction. For example, it is possible to say that selecting independent directors from different backgrounds (genders and age groups, in parti
Introduction E-participation refers to the use of the available technological services to provide an opportunity for citizens to take part in matters of nation building. Domotica (1) defines e-participation as the use of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) to support the governing process and to allow the government to reach its citizens with ease. The term e-participation was first used in early 2000. A number of models now exist to facilitate the implementation of e-participation in the legislation process (Domotica, 1). According to Elbadawi (4), e-participation ensures that the process of decision making is made easier. It provides a good avenue to be used by the public to submit concerns to the government. The entire process enables the government to create a transparent environment where government leaders can be held accountable and citizens are able to fully engage with leaders. Elbadawi (4) argues that e-participation is a good means of creating trust between the government and the general public. Efficient use of e-participation will, however, require the availability of customized information that directly meets the needs of the end-users (Elbadawi, 4). Citizens may be frustrated if they do not get what they are looking for. In the application of e-participation, the government has to make use of the wide spread presence of information and communication tools such as the Internet, to connect with as many citizens as can be possible. The public will make use of the same facilities to join others in deliberations on matters of national importance (Nahleen, 3). By using the available Internet infrastructure, there are no heavy investment costs to initialize an e-participation process. Other advantages include the fact that the whole process is sustainable. As long as the citizens have access to Internet, they will participate. Citizens can also get involved during times that are convenient to them and they do not have to be restricted by time limits. Results of Using E-participation in the UAE According to Nahleen (7), the use of e-participation has been greatly embraced in the United Arab Emirates (UAE) with its global ranking going up within a short time span (Nahleen, 7). This growth in the use of e-participation is attributed to the great improvements made by the government to the ministry websites. The sites now allow for increased participation by the citizens (Nahleen, 7). To capture the interest of end-users and to encourage participation, the ministry websites are organized around topics that meet the needs of the citizens. Nahleen (7) also notes that the UAE government has a great vision for its e-participation and intends to create a knowledge-based kind of a government (Nahleen, 7). According to Katieleasor (1), a research done by the Dubai School of Government indicated that among all the Arab countries, the UAE leads with the highest populat
Introduction Speech-language pathologists are working in schools to help children who cannot speak properly enhance their condition. Those who have functional phonological disorders correspond to the majority of them and compile into a great portion of the professionals’ load. A phonological disorder is “a specific term used to describe error patterns of speech that reflect a linguistic (i.e., phonological) speech disorder in which speech difficulties arise from differences in developmental rules and in the organization of the individual child’s sound system relative to the adult or target speech community” (Williams 7). This case is also crucial because these kids often have concomitant academic and linguistic issues. Thus, the disorder negatively influences different spheres of their lives in future including lack of friends and impossibility to get desired the position. To prevent such consequences, the involvement of a speech-language pathologist is needed. Moreover, it should be observed until eight and a half years, as it is a lynchpin period for the speech normalization (Gierut 229). Phonological contrast therapy is said to be the best one, as it helps the majority of children with speech issues. The contrasts are targeted differently depending on the approach that is used. Selection of Target Sounds Different therapies can be used to help the children with speech disorders. To choose one, professionals refer to the treatment efficacy. According to it, we define:   * Effectiveness – check whether it helps or not;   * Effects – distinguish the alterations that occur due to the treatment;   * Efficiency – identify the best treatment in comparison with others. Gierut supposed that “the key to treatment efficacy for phonological disorders may lie in the initial selection of target sounds for treatment. In target sound selection, the ultimate goal is to induce the greatest phonological change or generalization in a child’s sound system” (Gierut 230). Generalization presupposes that a sound that was treated within a framework of particular contexts will be also influenced when is found in new ones. The more complex properties, the greatest change happen. To choose proper sounds for treatment, the professional should take into consideration three major factors. The consistency of the error. In the child’s speech flow, the error may occur in two ways. Firstly, it can be observed every time he/she uses the sound; the context plays no role here. Secondly, the error may happen from time to time, which means that in some cases the child is able to pronounce it correctly. Normative age of acquisition. Professionals claim that it is better to treat the sounds regarding the progression of their learn
The determination of mankind’s actions and categorizing them as legal or illegal/criminal has existed for a long period of time now. In modern times, many advanced and formal ways have been developed especially in the United States and other developed nations. Many organizations and corporations have found themselves in legal tussles when it comes to the conduct of their agents or close associates and their subsequent outcome and liability thereof. This essay will attempt to distinguish between vicarious liability and corporate criminal liability as a result of negligent conduct of an employee in a given health care organization. It will also describe apparent agency and the impact which the status of the agent/employee and independent contractor has when it comes to the analysis of liability. Vicarious liability can be defined in legal terms as the strict liability of a principal for the resultant misconduct of her agent or employee. It is a tort doctrine that seeks to impose full responsibility on one party for the negligence of another, usually, with whom the principal has a special or legal relationship such as an employer and an employee. This legal doctrine assigns or transfers liability to an ind
Ethical leadership is a kind of leadership that upholds ethics. An ethical leader is expected to carry out some duties, and thus s/he has a chance of leading ethically. Ethical leaders consider the human values and dignity of their followers, hence, puts the interests of their followers before theirs. They use social power in their leadership styles unlike unethical leaders who apply authoritative powers. Character and integrity are the key determinants of the kind of leadership that a leader can offer for such elements have a direct relationship with beliefs, values, and judgements. Ethical leaders pose characters that allow them to think about the impacts of their decisions and judgements on the lives of other people. In most cases, they motivate their followers to uphold the interests of the entire organisation or group above their own personal interests, and thus they portray traits of inspirational leaders. Therefore, their characters encourage their acolytes to achieve individual growth, which in turn creates confidence and empowerment. Ethical leadership is very important in businesses and organisations. The goal of a business organisation is to achieve high employee performance standards, maximise profits, and become one of the best corporate citizens. However, ethical leaders do not talk about their leadership styles, but followers learn from their actions, which preach more than they could talk. Practicing ethical leadership in business organisations enables leaders to communicate truthful information where one is needed to take professional, personal, or legal measures. By so doing, their followers admire and respect them, hence knowing and trusting that their decisions are right to go by. In addition, such kind of leadership enhances trust between followers and their leaders, since leaders make their decisions in a transparent manner. This paper explores the charismatic leadership of Steve Jobs at Apple. Apple is one of the listed companies that appeared in the Fortune 500 List in 2012. It is one of the most profitable companies in the United States and it trades more than $414billion as of January 2013 in the NYSE. Job founded the company in 1976 together with other cofounders, Steve Wozniak and Robert Wayne. Under his leadership, the company withstood stiff competition by acquiring strong competitive advantages that kept it ahead of other competitors in the electronic industry. Ethical leadership involves making of ethical decisions in an organisation. However, ethical decision-making process is a complex task whereby leaders put into considerations some crucial factors related to the running of an organisation. These factors include the intensity of