ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction In May 2011, China’s inflation reached 5.5% mark; this is despite all the interventions and efforts by the government to control the rise in price of commodities. China’s National Bureau of statistics realized that the inflation was more than 5.3% in April, and this led to the announcement to increase the reserve requirement ratio by China’s Central Bank (Fewsmith 48). The increase was effected from June 2011, with a deposit of 0.5% for all financial institutions. The inflation has had impacts on the economy of China thus affecting the lives of the Chinese people. This paper will discuss the effects and causes of inflation in China. Effects of inflation in China The effect of inflation is felt in various ways by the economy; first, the supply of fruits and food reduced. The supply is affected by the increase of prices of food in the global market, whereby, the Chinese government finds it difficult to satisfy the food demand of the increasing population of the Chinese population. The increase in prices of food has caused a reduction in purchasing power of Chinese people, with this; life has become more difficult for Chinese people because they cannot do without the items (Klein and Shabbir, 102). The Chinese people are now struggling to live because the money they earn is no longer enough to satisfy their needs. The prices of other products have also increased; therefore, the cheap products produced by the Chinese people to the world markets are no longer cheap because of the inflation. The costs of raw materials together with labor wage increases has led to an increase in the costs of production; it is because of the high cost of production that the price of finished goods have increased leading to a reduction in demand of goods from China. The sector that is most affected is that producing apparel, toys and furniture. Causes of inflation in China The inflation is caused by few key factors, and one of them is the strict control of currency by the Chinese government. The Chinese government argues that the strict control of currency will ensure that the country always has enough funds to pay for clearing its debts; however, this control has an indirect effect on the country’s economy. The strict control makes the importation of food as well as energy resources to be more expensive (Fewsmith 63). When the energy resources are expensive they increase the cost of production because it is one of the factors of production; this, in turn, increases the price of finished products. The increase in price of Chinese goods in the international market has reduced the demand for the goods, which leads to a reduction in the exports. The reduction in exports coupled with the Chinese growing population then continues to increase for consumer goods in China and because the goods ma
Over the years of its existence, CIA has built a strong and quite threatening reputation. However, because of the clumsy strategies adopted by the Operations Department, the existence of the entire organization can be threatened. As some of the sources claim, the strategies adopted for the CIA operations have, in fact, stayed the same since the times of Eisenhower’s presidency. Meanwhile, the approaches used in the CIA intelligence department, have been regularly updated and, as a result, are up to the highest standards at present, which stands in high contrast to the standards for the operations of the CIA. Because of the lack of cohesion between the strategies used by the CIA intelligence and the ones that are adopted by the CIA Operations Department, the CIA is at the brink of a serious crisis, which might lead to drastic effects and, therefore, pose a threat to the U.S. foreign affairs, making the state extremely vulnerable to the actions of the adversaries. To realize the scale of the threat that the CIA is facing at the moment due to the lack of understanding how covert operations must be carried out in the present-day world, it is necessary to consider some of the examples of how well the modern CIA specialists use coercive methods in the implementations of their strategies. The latest case on CIA operations is a graphic example of how the lack of cohesion between the actions of the two departments affects the results of the CIA work negatively. Mendez offers a classic case of what can happen once there is a lack of cohesion between the actions of the Operations and the Intelligence. As Mendez 1 claims, after carrying out the infamous operation in Iran, the CIA adopt the strategy that allowed it remain “on alert” 24/7, and, despite its numerous controversies, remained efficient till the very end of the operation. However, because of its success, the framework of the operation was further on used as the pattern for the rest of the operations, which resulted in the CIA being labeled as the organization that prefers rough actions instead of careful and well thought-out steps, which has been dragged into the present day, since CIA was too lazy to change its approach towards its operations. The given case study shows the effects of poor and, quite honestly, rather dated strategies used by the CIA Operations Department on the overall performance of the organization in general and the quality of Intelligence Depar
It needs to be said that Hillary Clinton is one of the most prominent candidates for the November 2016 presidential election. The fact that she has gained tremendous support from the population and has a strong political platform should not be disregarded (“Hillary Clinton”). Hillary Clinton. Marco Rubio can also be viewed as one of the strongest candidates, and he claims that he will address some of the most important issues that the population has to deal with, such as health care and higher education (“Marco Rubio”). Marco Rubio. It is paramount to note that it is likely that Hillary Clinton is going to win based on the current results (“Electoral College Calculator”). Electoral College Calculator. One of the most critical hot-button issues that should not be disregarded is immigration and is regarded as one of the most significant problems by the population. It is imperative to note that most Americans think that it is an essential part of the economy, and some have voiced their opinion that it has an adverse impact because immigrants are taking jobs. Most think that the current level of immigration is acceptable, and the lowest percentage of those questioned suggests that it needs to be increased (Camp par. 6). It is paramount to understand that it is a topic that splits voters, and candidates should be careful with the strategies that are chosen, and the opinions of some politicians have been controversial. Another issue that should be taken into account is The Common Core State Standards Initiative because it is often an object of controversy and was met negatively by students and teachers. It is paramount to say that this approach is not supported by most Republicans. The problem is that it is not the best way to deal with the current problems of education, and it changes the whole process, and it is not an easy task to get used to such adjustments for both students and teachers. It is necessary to mention that currently, there are no reli
Introduction The demand for community interpreters is rising in the modern society due to the essential services that interpreters provide to the community. The role of community interpreters has expanded and their services are now imperative in fields such as education, medicine, law, and trade. This rapidly growing demand for interpreters has prompted people to start viewing community interpreting as a profession despite it being among the antique professions across the world. Consequently, stakeholders have ratified a set of interpreter’s code of ethics to ensure that interpreters dispense their services in a professional manner. The rise of freelancers has created challenges for both agencies and their clients. This paper discusses the challenges facing the field and feasible solutions to such challenges. Non- Professional vs. Professional Interpreting The rise in demand of professional interpreters in almost every field in the society has inspired the growth and significance of competent interpreters in the industry. However, due to certain circumstances, the provision of professional interpreters has proved to be a challenge. Many have opted to seek the assistance of non-professional interpreters like relatives and friends. This aspect transpires with many being either aware or ignorant of the risks associated with consulting services of unprofessional interpreters, “It actually happens quite often that in a certain situation, professionals and service providers ask a bilingual child or relative to act as an interpreter, instead of seeking a professional one” (Lu-lu, 289). Why people seek unprofessional interpreters The primary reason why some decide to seek unprofessional interpreters is the absence of trained interpreters for some languages since the languages are very diverse. For instance, in Australia, there are only four popular languages, with each of the remaining 84 languages having less than 1 per cent popularity. In such a scenario, it becomes difficult to train competent interpreters for the minority languages because very few people will enlist for such courses. Secondly, some people opt to employ unqualified interpreters because they are unaware of the significance of trained bilingualists, and thus appoint any accessible individual who can interpret in a bid to counter time wastage. The interpreter in this scenario may be a relative, friend, or companion. Moreover, a family may find it cheap to use one of their members instead of a competent interpreter whose services might be expensive. Unfortunately, using untrained bilingualists exposes one to numerous risks that most people are oblivious of especially in medicine and legal disciplines. This form of ignorance has been a major challenge in the sector as it reduces the number of clients who are willing to seek and pay for the services of bilingualists (Lu-lu 287-291). The Importance of Hiring Professional Interpreters The appropriate way of resolving this challenge is creating awareness on the importance of competent interpreters instead of untrained bilingualists. The first significance
The criminological theory of conflict is one of the criminological approaches that is based on the social structure and the theory of Karl Marx. The main idea of the conflict theory consists of the fact that there is no consensus between the laws and the society and this ultimately ends in a critical conflict of interests (Siegel, 2015). In other words, the laws are elaborated and passed by those who possess the authority to control those who do not possess it. The central proposition of the conflict theory revolves around the idea that the majority of the population is not necessarily different from the wrongdoers (Siegel, 2015). For the adepts of the conflict theory, society cannot be virtually divided into two groups – offenders and nonoffenders – because this will end in the manifestation of biased misconceptions and injustice. Contrarily, the supporters of the conflict theory believe that the notion of criminal behaviors mainly depends on the societal perception of the deviations from the putative norms. According to the claims of the critical criminologists, the current criminal justice system is heavily influenced by a variety of crimes that go unreported. The Role of Politics in Conflict Theory Politics and conflict theory are inextricably linked. The conflict theory was first developed by Karl Marx. He emphasized the importance of the conflict between the working class and the capitalists. Marx’s theory consisted of the fact that there are numerous political, social, and economic premises of the manifestation of capitalism. Therefore, the conflict of interests of the rich and the poor became the basis for the criminological theory of conflict. The criminological basis of the conflict theory is contingent on the limitations of the social order and the inequalities that are inherent in the ideological perceptions of the society. This led to a situation in which not all values of the so-called bourgeoisie (the modern politicians may be associated with this term as well) were accepted by the remaining population (Wagner, 2013). If we connect Marx’s theory and the conflict theory, we will see that the socioeconomic differences between the social institutions and political structures are the key reasons for the increasing crime rates. In other words, politics cannot be separated from the notion of criminal justice. The existing economic relations and Marx’s superstructure of the society can be described as the key contributions of the politics in the criminological conflict theory. The Influence of Politics on the Crime Rates While there are numerous situations in which the political act as a mitigative factor, the majority of the cases when the politics and crime rates intersect are highlighted by the direct political involvement. It is safe to suppose that the crimes, for the most part, should not be taken into consideration without their strict relationship with political implications. This assumption is very realistic in terms of individuals with low incomes. They may perceive crimes as a means of opposing the political regime or disliking certain legi
Quality management is a set of policies, processes, and practices performed by the company’s workers and higher management with the end goal of achieving and sustaining a desired level of excellence. Normally, quality management involves setting up quality standards, determining objectives for reaching them, and embedding the practices for fulfilling these objectives into the processes of production, delivery, and service. The primary goal of quality management is the satisfaction of customers; therefore, it has a crucial role in achieving high profits, which is why it is an essential part of any business. For most of the food companies and restaurants, food safety is one of the primary components of quality management. Food safety regulations for such companies usually involve obtaining supplies from verified or local sellers, not using the products after the indicated best before date, and adhering to all the hygiene requirements for public food services. Nevertheless, there are still many companies that do not ensure proper food safety as part of their quality management process. For instance, Aspen Hills, Inc. was a cookie dough company supplying cookie dough to large ice cream companies, such as Blue Bell and Blue Bunny. The investigation against Aspen Hills, Inc. began in September 2016, when Blue Bell found Listeria in its cookie dough ice cream (Beach par. 2). The tests also showed the presence of bacteria in several other brands of ice cream, as well as in other products containing Aspen Hills’ cookie dough, (Beach par. 8). The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) performed a thorough investigation of Aspen Hills, Inc. only to identify several violations at the company’s production facility that could have caused Listeria contamination of the cookie dough produced (Beach par. 9). Moreover, traces of bacteria were found on several machines located in the production room, as well as in the finished product (Beach par. 13-14). An official report was provided to the company, indicating all of the issues found, as well as the propositions on how to improve operations for better food safety (Beach par. 10). Nevertheless, the response from the company was deemed inadequate: Aspen Hills, Inc. failed to provide a verified account of the revised procedures taken after the contamination was found and relied on retraining its employees, which did not contribute to solving the pro
Introduction This paper is a study of the affects that piracy and violation of intellectual property rights has on the music industry. With the advent of the Internet, music piracy is now nothing short of a norm, because while most individuals do admit that it is wrong, few would go to the extent of classifying it as theft, and thus few people refrain from it. This paper presents some of the major detrimental effects that music piracy has had on the music industry. At the same time, it outlines some advantages as well. Then, it presents some of the reasons why it music piracy is increasing at such a fast pace and why regulatory authorities have not been able to curb it. Body Drop in Worldwide Sales of the Music Industry Music piracy is contributing substantially to drop in worldwide sales of music. In 2003, there was a sharp 7% decline in worldwide sales, whereas the decline in sales in the US alone was 10% (Borland). The retailers or vendors obviously suffer huge decline in sales because if people download tracks for free from the internet, very few people would now actually purchase records from music vendors. Pirated CDs also cost much lesser that the originals, therefore, the vendors of the original CDs can simply not compete on the basis of price, and again, lose out on customers. The sale of CDs has dropped substantially, in contrast to the sale of DVDs, which has risen. In 2002, the value of music shipments in the United States dropped by $1.02 billion to $12.6 billion, whereas the sale of DVDs went up by 61%. One of the reasons behind this, according to research, is that music listeners now download music for free from the internet, and therefore have more money to spend on DVDs. (Borland) Huge Losses for Vendors, Recording studios, Music Artists and Consumers Piracy results in monetary losses for all the parties involved in the industry, from the artist who creates the music, right down to the end consumer. The industry on the whole is reported to “suffer losses of $4.2 billion yearly all over the world because the increased amount of music piracy” (RIAA). The consumers suffer because as a result of their pirating activities, prices are increased for everyone as the retailers and recording studios attempt to cover losses faced as a result of piracy. Most importantly, creative artists; songwriters, singers and musicians suffer because they, at the end of the day, do not receive the fee and royalties due to them. About 95% of these creative artists depend on their music for a livelihood, and even more depend on their reputations, which is degraded as the quality of music is degraded substantially on pirated versions. (RIAA) Music Piracy Hurts Economy Music piracy has lead to a “loss of jobs amounting to 71,060 jobs in the United States”. When people no longer buy original CDs from vendors, employees would naturally be laid off. This unemployment translates into $2.7 billion in lost earnings and also results in $422 million being lost in tax revenues for the government. (Bangeman) Positive Effects of Piracy on the Indu
Introduction Orville and Wilbur Wright were the initiate air travel engineers. They developed their first motorized engine flight in June 1903. The US exclusive rights office arranged the Wright brothers patent for a flying machine in the year 1906. This was after they had applied for it in 1903 with detailed information of their organization system. It then meant that no one could copy their designs without their consent and without paying them according to the accord they choose. The success of Wright’s designs was noticed as their achievements were well revealed. This became very tempting that even the other aircraft designers could not keep off. The fact of apprehension was that the lateral control contained wrights design was so basic that no aircraft design could fly successfully without it (Christy & cook, 1994). Main body The main target of wright’s suits was an individual known as Glenn Curtiss. He was an associate of “Aerial Experiment Association” (AEA). It is noteworthy that AEA was established in 1907 by “Alexander Graham Bell”. This involvement constituted aviation enthusiasts who were supposed to construct a realistic air plane. Wrights had a lot of trust in Bell and thus they believed their patent was not going to be violated. Aerial Experiment Association then issued a notice to the wrights asking about statistics and pertinent concerns in their designs. The wrights replied and quoted many documented source, as illustrated by their patent (Lafontaine, 2000). Curtis designed, calculated and piloted the next AEA venture called “June bug”. AEA wanted to go into this plane for the honor offered by “Aero Club of America” and a periodical called “scientific American”. The AEA made up their mind and decided to partake in the rivalry. They even contacted the wrights and asked them to take part. The wrights’ were too active, and they preferred to do it by them selves instead of teaming up with AEA. It is noteworthy that Curtiss then flew the “June bug” on his subsequent effort on July 4 and won the” scientific magazine” award. The truth was that, all this planes being made and flown by the AEA were part of the wrights’ designs. Orville Wright then contacted Curtiss of the AEA. He warned him that they have not given their consent for their control system to be displayed at exhibitions or any commercial function. This was how the conflict happened, and it set the platform for legal suits (Gollin, 1984). It is noteworthy that additional flights wer