ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Using concepts from reinforcement theory, explain why Elena might be motivated to lie to customers According to reinforcement theory, Elena is motivated to lie to customers since she is compelled by the senior supervisor’s words which make her focus on money rather than the convenience of customers. Elena is focused on being a manager, and hence operating on the dimension that whenever one wants to attain the highest level of management he/she should act like one by taking the best of deals one could get irrespective of the circumstances (Robbins and Judge 668). This is a clear response to the operant conditioning theory. Elena knew the right procedure to take and was under pressure from inside of her to speak the truth but was silenced by the outside force on achieving her goal of being a manager. Elena is so much influenced by the behavior of her supervisor and at the same time conditioned by the working environment in the manner that her hard work is a result of pressure from many customers. With reinforcement theory in mind, do you think that Elena will confess to the legal representative? Elena will be compelled to ignore her feelings and thoughts to remain safe. This is since her motivation process on the outside drives her towards selfish ambition on attainment. Receiving rewards in form of more money strengthened her lies, hence she found herself repeating the same to customers ignoring the kind of jeopardy she was causing customers as well as the company. She valued the outside adornment of being seen to be making lots of cash on behalf of the company hence not possible she confess the truth. Who or why not? Elena will find it difficult to confess the truth to the legal representative since her main focus is to acquire self-fame hence will more so respond positively to the environment rather than her consciousness. She is more prone to respond to Bandura’s self-efficacy theory. How did the rental office climate influence Elena’s behavior? Elena was exposed to so many people and at the same time lots of management activities which could sometimes make her put more than fifty hours per week. This contributed towards her hardworking nature as well as personality; her services were great and always receive appreciation from customers. Interaction between her and the supervisor made her believe that she could make a good manager. This made her also improve on punctuality. Her honest principles were ruined by seducing sentiments from her supervisor who ultimately introduced her to dishonest business deals. What factors contribute to the current climate? The current climate is a result of operating under dishonest principles, greed for money at the expense of customers’ lives. There is no implementation of work ethics by the management prompting the junior staff to indulge in some unethical business procedures. There is so much concern on
Introduction Citizen perception of police has for a long time been of prime importance to researchers, politicians, and law enforcement agencies. It is not arguable that communities often draw optimal benefit from a trusted and respected police force. Various researchers have asserted that communities that exhibit increased satisfaction with the police force often faceless victimization fear and are likely to corporate more with the police force in law enforcement (Sherman, 1986). This translates into a less likelihood of the police engaging in criminal activities. Additionally, it is vital to note that the police force is a representation of the most salient criminal justice branch. Consequently, perceptions of their services often transcend the individual department, jurisdiction, or agency to condition larger perceptions of the criminal justice system as a whole. Some argue that distrust toward the police is often a precursor to feeling that the justice system, in general, lacks legitimacy and therefore should not be supported or obeyed (Sherman, 1986). Although a significant number of citizens hold favorable perceptions of the police, recent, it is obvious that a large portion of the population holds contrary views. Various researches suggest that perceptions of the police force across diverse groups are dissimilar and often the view of one group contradicts the view of the other. The group that is often subject to less satisfaction is of extreme importance to the various persons inte
The character Bob has some triggers or stressors that stimulate his anxiety response to external stimuli. Bob’s overriding sensitivity is to change . Within his room, he is safe and in control. The outside world is unpredictable, unreliable, harsh, judgmental, and to Bob, unforgiving. The outside world- others- are not to be trusted. When Bob meets Leo he meets a human force of stability, predictability, self-assuredness and confidence that Bob likely found calming and comforting. Leo has become Bob’s port in the ocean of life. Thus, when Leo goes on holiday this was an extreme stressor for Bob, as he had to endure the possibility that Leo would not come back. That Leo was leaving him because Bob is annoying and dependent. To make his way to the bus, to fake his death and to problem-solve scenarios to be with Leo and his family, Bob overcomes his fears or at least uses humor and a sense of fun to re-channel the anxiety he has about life (” I feel good I feel great I feel wonderful”, Bob walking to Leo’s office). Though, it is clear that having a support network, such as that from a family and friends, is an important preventative to susceptibility to stressors (Bourne, 2005). Bob is alone in this world, his only reference point is himself and he has grown to trust only his own opinion. Others, including Leo, are to be ridiculed and so brought within Bob’s control. Other people stress him. He is unable to take on the responsibilities of an adult over the age of 35 years (work, contributing to society, developing social ties, perhaps have a family). This socio-cultural stressor is likely due to Western society in which Bob is embedded has no place for extreme psychological differences, or “deviant” behavior (Kalish, 2005). The only feasible way for Bob to live his life is to remain within his room, to use handkerchiefs when he must go out, take the stairs instead of an elevator with others or tie himself to the mainsail of a yacht when learning to sail. His alternatives are of course medication or residential care. From the movie it appears that Bob is seeking some form of psychiatric aid, which would likely include medication as well as psychotherapy. A very personal stressor would be Bob’s effect on Leo, that he pushes away someone that he actually admires (as well as is annoyed by) and Leo’s derogatory words and actions would undermine Bob’s ability to internalize a positive self-concept (Eifert, & Heffner, 2003). Bob is his own worst enemy, as he hinders that which he longs for the most, true friendship, love and a sense of belonging. The negative comments and actions of Leo would serve to reinforce Bob’s idea of self as not worthy and not able to cope with life’s chall
Key points in the article The article presents three important points in its submission. Murray and Holmes (2009) begin by exploring what they refer to as the four underlying principles that are crucial in motivation management. According to the authors, these principles assist in explaining the theory behind mutual responsiveness, especially when two or more personalities are compared under different circumstances. The first principle states that conflict of interest may be inevitable especially in cases where two or more people are close together or often find themselves torn between performing a particular duty instead of leaving it to the other person. To be specific, the authors make use of a vivid example of a model couple, Harry and Sally. Effective motivation management presents the second principle as the one which addresses the need of optimizing gains made while at the same time minimizing losses as much as possible. When partners (especially those who are married) are pursuing certain objectives together, the second principle is paramount. When they find themselves in such a fix, at least one of them ought to ignore personal interests that are too selfish and may jeopardize the other. Mechanisms that coordinate trust in human psychology forms the third principle. Partners in a marital relationship are generally perceived to be interdependent in several areas of their life. The fourth principle states that the degree to which rules on the procedure can be accessed and used to coordinate trust and dedication between partners is often dynamic so as to be compatible with the risks which each partner in a relationship comes across in certain situations. Finally, the applications of the model are outlined in the last section of the submission. In applying the model to real-life situations, the four principles are duly made use of. Married partners are used as case examples. For instance, the experience of partners on issues surrounding commitment and trust is deeply explored in terms of how they are anticipated in real situations. These experiences have also been found to be dynamic; they keep on changing from time to time. Hence, partners will often rely on each other to be motivated. In addition, the authors put into application the query on how relationships can be influenced or even affected by personality or vice versa. The two elements (personality and relationships) have been found to be interdependent. Moreover, t
As an introduction to this essay, it is important to briefly discuss the position of women in these societies. The status of these women in the society greatly influenced their behavior when pursuing love. In these societies, the main function of women was to do house chores. These functions included preparing food, giving birth to children and taking care of their husbands. Women could not have property, pick a husband, and they could not enter into any legal relationship. In a number of ways, women were considered as lesser beings. For instance, Jason makes a decision to divorce Medea and tie the knot with the princess of Corinth. This as a result he shoves Medea away as if she was never married to him. This kind of behavior was conventional by Greek principles. This depicts the subordinate status of the woman, who had no voice in such matters. Medea notes that average people are frightened by people with exceptional learning. It is worse if they are women, because women are always considered stupid. Medea’s cruelty is the consequence of oppression. When faced with this unwarranted treatment, Medea reacts with an appalling act of bloody resistance. This shows that she is revolting against the main role of women in her time. This role happens to be motherhood. In addition, one should take notice that the children she murders are both male. Layla was also a victim of the subordinate status of women. Layla was not allowed to choose a husband for herself. Instead her father chose for her a husband. This was without care of Layla’s feelings and happiness. Therefore, there is a strong connection between this subordination of women and their behavior in pursuit of love. It is important to take note that the two stories have tragic endings. Both women did not end with the love they so desired to have.
Problem Solving and Group Decision Making In every organization there are problems that arise from time to time. These problems affect the performance of the entire organization. When problems arise all the people who work in that particular organization must be involved on finding lasting solutions to the problems. There are advantages and disadvantages that are linked to solving problems in relation to group decision making. This paper will highlight some of the pros and cons of solving the problems. According to Jacobson (127) when a problem is being solved by many people its easier to come up with a lasting solution because every one will present his/her opinion regarding the problem unlike when its only one person who is solving the problem. This is because a group tends to have many ideas owing to the fact that everyone has their own solution which means the ideas can never be exhausted. In fact, there are many ideas such that they have to be filtered. When there are adequate ideas it is for the benefit of the organization because if one idea does not solve the problem the group can always refer to the ideas that were previously drafted. In group decision making, ideas are normally put down in writing according to their relevance hence there are many alternative solutions. The people who give ideas derive them from their experiences thus there is certainty about the ideas laid out because they must have worked somewhere. The solutions that are presented by people collectively are of high quality because they are based on their intellectual knowledge. Since the people who participate in group decision making are from different careers they will apply their skills and experience in creating ideas. For instance, an accountant will approach the problem by applying the strategies of accounting. This means that everyone will see the problem from a different perspective. Their perspectives will determine the effectiveness of their solutions. Whether the solutions they will create will work or not is not that crucial provided there are ideas to choose from. When a problem is being solved by one individual there is no variety of solutions hence if the solutions of that individual do not work that person has to go back to the drawing board to draft fresh ideas. Solutions provided by an individual may not work because they are limited to the person’s knowledge unlike in a group scenario because different people have different experiences. In a group situation the quality of solutions is high because when a solution is tabled the other people in that group are given an opportunity to identify the errors in that solution and explain why that solution is inappropriate or appropriate for solving the problem. When solutions are provided by one sole individual their quality may not be of high because the person does not have someone to help him identify the errors in his solutions and thus when the time for applying the solution comes failure is most likely to occur (Hadle
The US has maintained a liberal approach to issues touching on the lives of its citizens. Gun use by the public is not exempt from the many instances in America. Presently, there are over 224 million registered guns in the US. It is worth noting that there are high possibilities of countless unregistered arms in the hands of the public. Thus, most Americans, approximately 80 million citizens, keep guns in their homes; the situation has raised outrageous debates on the benefits of the move versus the serious drawbacks that accompany gun ownership. The liberal approaches that the US has taken in handling its affairs have received approvals and criticisms of equal measure. Factually, American citizens have more handguns than other civilians of other industrialized nations do. The American society also has divided opinions on the issue of gun ownership and use in the continent. Issues of real self-defense or sense of security, increased accidents at home, as well as across the streets have been raised as possible pros and cons of gun use in the US. Even though it can be a frightening move for some people when one purchases a gun, the firearms are perfect self-defense tools (Cosmano par. 2). For example, criminals and burglars may opt not to raid a premise or a home if they believe that the occupants have guns. Nonetheless, in case of raids, the owner can use the pistol for security purposes. It is common knowledge that criminals possess arms in theft and robbery cases. As a rejoinder, if the victims are also armed, chances of invasion reduce tremendously. Consequently, guns are effective tools for home security. According to the National Survey of Criminal Victimization, about 100,000 cases of gun-use per year were involved in self-defense cases against criminals and robberies. Possessing a gun can dissuade criminals from executing their intentions or plans. From this point of view, gun use among American citizens can assist in reducing crimes. In addition, gun ownership helps in protecting personal properties. According to a 1995 publication, United States’ citizens use firearms 2.5 million times annually for self-defense. From the in depth elaboration, gun-right supporters have valid arguments for the need to allow all citizens to own handguns for self-protection. Another aspect of self-protection is evident in instances of sexual abuses of women; female citizens have greatly benefited from the use of guns to avert rape cases and other unwilling sexual encounters. Statistically, approximately 200,000 American females have used guns to defend themselves against sexual molestations (Cosmano par. 7). A latest publication in the Harvard Journal of Law and Public Policy summed up that gun possessions is inversely proportional to violent crimes in nations globally. That is, increasing public’s access to guns reduces crime rates. A close study of nine European countries with strict regulations on gun use shows that those countries experience murder rate three time
Meaning MST suggests that average people become victims of the powerful influence of mass media, where mass channels (such as TV and Internet) are used to maintain mass societies. As a result, fewer people tend to express their opinions freely, rather choosing to receive impressions from media mediums. In a mass, the communication process is so organized that ordinary individuals lack time and ability to oppose the transmitted message, failing to respond to it promptly and effectively. Invention The idea of mass societies first appeared after the French Revolution in the nineteenth century to characterize the shift in Western politics. Later, Durkheim used the term to describe homogenous, atomistic individuals who lack courage to voice their opinion. Neo-Marxists of the twentieth century developed the concept, linking mass societies to a group of individuals who are socially isolated, thus, enticed to be more influenced by the mass message. Development Fundamentals of MST were used by Katz, Blumler, and Gurevitch in 1974 who systemized the knowledge in the newly developed Use and Gratification theory. Theory used in studies Originally, the theory was used in studies by conservative thinkers to explain the declining impact of family and community after the rise of industrial society. The two following conditions should be met to apply the theory in studies. First, the collective behavior is connoted with manipulation and control if there is an insufficient regulation of behavior among individualistic people. Second, social integration is weakened and results in dysfunctional outcomes if there is a loosened social control. Practical application Used to explain labor implications, along with insights for laissez-faire economies and capitalism. Also applied to outline the influential process utilized by film industry makers and commercial creators. Organization of information The theory framework is organized around the concept of mass society. Criteria us
Marginal analysis is a method of evaluating and justifying the effectiveness of management decisions in business. It is based on the study of the causal relationship between sales, costs, and profit and the division of costs into fixed and variable (Ahuja, 2017). Its essence is that people want to maximize net income in any situation, that is, the difference between gross income and costs. To achieve this, they can change some critical parameters of their activity. Margin income is also called the coverage amount, that is, the part of the revenue that covers fixed costs and generates profit (Dodge, 2020). The greater the margin income, the faster fixed costs will be covered, and the faster the enterprise will begin to make a profit. This concept is vital in the decision-making process for several reasons. Firstly, marginal analysis (break-even analysis) allows for studying the dependence of profit on a small range of the most critical factors. Based on this, the analysis controls the process of forming its value. What is more, the analysis helps to make other management decisions, for instance, the choice of options for changing production capacities, types of work and services, the product range, and the price of a new product. It also establishes the equipment options, production technology, and purchase of components. The analysis should answer several important questions concerning the sources and amounts of funds available to the company, as well as for what purposes and needs they are spent. In general, the marginal analysis of the enterprise helps the company’s management reliably assess the current situation and prospects (Dodge, 2020). The analysis evaluates the efficiency of using monetary resources and capital.
In what way is Islam similar to Christianity? What are the differences between Christianity and Islam? The essay below will answer these questions! Compare and contrast the two religions effectively with us. Introduction Christianity and Islam share a lot of similarities and at the same time differ on several aspects. This paper will carry out a detailed comparison of the Christian and Islam religions. Among the similarities are: they both worship one God, they both believe that Jerusalem is the holy city and lastly they believe that the date of the judgment is decided when one dies. Despite the above similarities, the two religions differ on other aspects; their main points of differing are: on their central teacher – Christians consider Jesus to be their main figure whereas Muslims believe in Mohammed as their central figure; in reference to the revered texts; Christians consider the Bible as the holy book and Muslims have Quran as their holy book. Both religions also differ with respect to their places of worship; for Christians their place of worship is church or cathedral and according to the Islamic religion the place of worship is masjid or the mosque (Flemming 332). Islam vs. Christianity Christianity and Islam are closely related religions due to the fact that they revere Abraham and other patriarchs cited in the Hebrew scripture as their spiritual ancestors. Major denominations of Christianity :   * Catholicism   * Protestantism   * Orthodoxy   * Latter day saints (Anon 1) Major denominations of Islam :   * Sunni   * Shia   * Sufism (Akhter 171) Compare and Contrast Islam and Christianity On religious beliefs : Christianity and Islam have various differences and at the same time related in other aspects. On the concept of the deity, Christians believe in the trinity which encompasses three persons in one God, that is, the God the father, the son and the Holy Spirit. Muslims on the other hand believe in only one Allah who can not be divided. Consequently, both religions believe in existence of Jesus though the Christians consider Jesus as the son of God whereas Muslims consider Jesus as a respected prophet who ranks second after Mohammed in significance. On the death of Jesus : Christians believe that it was sanctioned by Pontius Pilate and carried out by the roman army and Muslims believe that Jesus was neither killed nor died but he ascended into heaven alive. They, however, both believe that Jesus ascended to heaven. Notwithstanding the fact that they both believe in a holy book, they refer them by different names; for the Muslims, their holy book is called the Quran and the Christians call it as the Bible. Based on religious practices : On the interpretation of the holy book, Christians interpretation ranges from the statements made by the pope and also resolutions in conventions which is common among the Protestants; Muslims on the other hand interpret