ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Epilepsy is one of the diseases that affect people including women in contemporary society; epilepsy is usually a neurological disorder that appears in the form of recurrent spontaneous seizures. A seizure is a typical interference in the electrical firing of the brain, causing brief changes in movement, reality, and conduct. In recent years, epilepsy has been witnessed among many women in the US, and it is regarded as one of the most common neurological conditions after migraine, Stroke, and Alzheimer, with reports indicating that about 10 percent of Americans are prone to developing epilepsy during their lifetime (Epilepsy and Seizure Facts par. 2). This paper will provide a discussion about epilepsy disease, including its facts, latest research, and treatments based on a case study of an affected patient. Facts about Epilepsy Although there are no conclusive evidence or etiology about the root cause of epilepsy, it is likely that severe injuries to the head, stroke, brain tumor, and genetic factors may predispose cases of epilepsy; other cases may arise from meningitis attack during conception or after birth (Engel 6). Early initiation of treatment following diagnosis of epilepsy is important in order to reduce chances of developing complications later in life. It is approximated that there is a 70 percent chance of success from the use of conventional medicine and surgery. Moreover, certain drugs are known to offer better results in managing the certain type of seizures. However, a referral is always important when drug treatment does not respond well to individual needs. Latest Research Genetic research is a new area that doctors have targeted to establish whether there is a genetic correlation with epilepsy. Other notable research have been done using MRI and brain imaging technology in order to identify the root causes of seizure in the brain. Efforts to control the seizure and recognize the significance of inflammation have made it easy to understand the condition with a view to providing lasting solutions (Engel 163). Treatment and intervention Engel reiterates the need to exercise rigor when identifying the right combination of a drug regimen that suits specific types of epilepsy, as notable achievements have been witnessed in treating epilepsy (12). Although there is no possible or identified cure for epilepsy, medication plays a great role in managing the condition. However, the treatme
Introduction Cultural diversity is a phenomenon whereby people from different cultures coexist within the same geographic location. Such people have culturally diverse standards, civilization, norms, customs, speech, beliefs, and experience. Diversity also encompasses other aspects that relate to race, caste, sexual orientation, and religion. The existence of different cultures in a given state has significant implications on its social, demographic, political, and economic aspects of growth. This paper focuses on the impact of cultural diversity on my functionality as a social worker who has specialized in counseling. How Cultural Diversity and Social Attitudes and Assumptions Affect how I function as a Social Worker The counseling station that is particularly in the United States presents a multicultural environment where the clientele come from diverse ethnic, racial, and/or religious backgrounds among others. The station receives people and other clients from different demographic locations, both locally and globally in need of counseling either about issues such as jobs, career choice, matrimony, and familial matters among others. Similarly, colleagues in the counseling station come from different cultural backgrounds, although most of them are the white Americans. Therefore, cultural diversity is inevitable in the counseling facility. I interact with people on a daily basis having different issues that need counseling. Men and women, young and old, white and black, and married and unmarried visit the facility for counseling services. For example, I had to handle a case between two youngsters, but of different gender. The two youth claimed to be friends who had differed in terms of which hotel to visit. The girl had suggested visiting a Christian-based restaurant while the boy was of a contrary opinion of visiting a hotel that upheld Islam foods. The scenario depicted religious segregation because the girl had stereotyped Muslims as dirty people. When they entered the counseling facility, the demanded services of a counselor who understood youths’ matters. They said none was fit to handle them apart from me. Cultural diversity has promoted the availability of my wide knowledge base within the organ
Introduction In marketing their products and services, firms in different economic sectors are faced with a challenge emanating from the business environment. In order to deal with these challenges, organizations have to be effective in their marketing communication. According to Moutinho and Chien (2008, p.179), incorporation of integrated marketing communication is one of the ways that firms can achieve this. There are diverse marketing communication techniques that firms can consider. One such technique entails using public relations. Egan (2008, p.247), defines public relations as the process through which a firm develops the image of its products and services. Alternatively, public relations can be defined as the process through which a firm develops a strong relationship with the public. In an effort to understand public relations, this paper illustrates case studies of firms that incorporated public relations in their market communication effort. Case Studies Problem and situations Over the years it has been in operation, Procter & Gamble Company has managed to acquire a substantial market share with regard to consumer goods. One of the products that the firm produces is Dawn Dishwashing Liquid. Upon its introduction into the market, Dawn gained a substantial recognition and reputation within the market as being an effective detergent in the removal of grease. However, the company faced a challenge from the competitors who were luring customers. Dawn’s competitors were imitating the value that the firm offers to its customers’ by offering dishwashing detergents in larger bottles and at a lower price. This had adverse effects on Dawn which lost a proportion of its market value (Business Consulting Buzz, 2009, para. 3). Similarly, Johnson& Johnson has been effective in the provision of consumer goods around the world. The firm is committed at developing new products in order to meet the customer’s demands. The firm deals with diverse product categories such as adhesive bandages. An example of adhesive bandage that the firm supplies to the market is the Band-Aid bandage. During the 20 th century, Band-Aid became widely recognized amongst a large number of households. However, the firm experienced a challenge emanating from an increment in the intensity of competition. Investors ventured the market with the objective of exploiting the presented market potential. To exploit the market opportunity, competitors developed cheaper generic bandages similar to Band-Aid. As a result, Band-Aid lost a significant proportion of its market value. Solutions In an effort to improve the public image of their products, Proctor & Gamble and Johnson & Johnson integrated public relations. Proctor &Gamble contracted Marina Maher Communications (MMC) to conduct a public relations campaign on its behalf. The objective of the public relations campaign was to communicate the value of Dawn to the customers as being a strong dishwasher. The message of the public relations campaign was that one 25oz bottle of Dawn dishwasher could clean more than 10,000 dishes. For the campaign to be effective, the firm considered it necessary
Japan encountered numerous threats and challenges during the 19th century. Different western nations posed a major threat to this nation. Japan did not embrace the ideas and concepts portrayed by any other society for several centuries. The people of Japan divided their societies into several ranks. Some of these ranks in the country included merchants, Samurais, farmers, and artisans. Society expected every Samurai to carry a sword. The Japanese understood their positions and roles in their respective societies. These Samurais did not engage in any economic activity. This development created a new order in Japanese society. Many Europeans and Americans had visited Japan by the end of the 19th century. Most of these Americans had come to revolutionize Japan and make it a new country. According to different historians, the majority of these westerners wanted to redefine the history of Japan by force. They also wanted to engage China and Japan in their trade activities. The first western vessels also came to Japan during the time. The impact of these newcomers was significant on the country’s future. The life of Fukuzawa Yukishi explains how the Japanese failed to socialize with the outside world. The people of Japan had always supported their traditions and cultural ideas. The Japanese were lucky to experience new technological changes during the period. Some Japanese citizens such as Fukuzawa Yukishi managed to explore the outside world. Most of these individuals eventually realized that Japan was an underdeveloped society. This new understanding and knowledge meant a lot for Japan. According to many citizens, the arrival of different westerners threatened the country’s traditions and cultural values. Some Japanese provinces such as Choshu became new centers of anti-foreign ideas. The Samurais believed strongly that they were powerful men. They also treated Japan as a sacred nation. The new agreement signed between the government and these foreigners annoyed the Samurais. Fukuzawa Yukishi also observed that the majority of the Japanese were against every anti-western idea. Many Japanese wanted to expel these “barbarians” from their country. This repulsion forced the Japanese to kill a huge number of these foreigners. The Samurais (also called Shi-Shi) continued to attack every western vessel. This development encouraged every foreigner to respond in a negative manner. Fukuzawa beca
A visual metaphor is a comparison of something that belongs to one category with another of a different category (Arnheim 125). It suggests a similarity between the two things. Visual metaphors vary from one cultural setting to another. For this reason the intended message may be lost if a metaphor from one culture is used in another one. Therefore, visual metaphors that are used in cosmopolitan societies must be universal in order to fit into everyone’s mental model of reality. Visual metaphors tremendously enhance our thinking and understanding of things. Some examples of visual metaphors include: American farmers need a financial safety net, Ideas are mushrooms that multiply quickly, he played the devil’s advocate yesterday, ideas are winged, things are elephant right now, asking questions is priming the pump of better understanding, thoughts are the seeds of creation, we left on foot even though it was raining cats and dogs, a positive attitude is a lighthouse for the hopeful, you have the heart of a lion, you’re my sunshine, she is a visual thinking butterfly, still in her cocoon. Visual metaphors play an important role in learning. Metaphors in general improve the speed with which we grasp various things and notions. Learners are able to get some things faster. However, this is thought is true only when the learner has already experience of the image being used (Benson 200). The understanding of a new thing will in such situations depend on the individual’s understanding of the image. Metaphors help the learner understand reality. Metaphors are used on a daily basis to help us get an insight of the world around us. Visual metaphors shape one’s understanding of the surrounding. This in turn influences one’s mental picture of reality. The mental model of reality is instrumental in assisting one to make critical decisions on some situations later in life. The decisions made tend to be more effective when one is exposed to metaphors early in life. Visual metaphors may also inspire and motivate one depending on one’s understanding of the metaphor. Visual metaphors help us in visual thinking. The metaphors provide the user with an opportunity to communicate a visual message in a way that enhances understanding and awareness (Bowers 73). Visual metaphors help people we are communicating with connect with us a
Among the outstanding filmmakers of the twentieth century, Alfred Hitchcock stands out for his exceptional talent for creating an unprecedented atmosphere of suspense and developing the plot through a range of complicated psychological turns. Hitchcock’s interest in psychoanalytical ideas brought forward by Sigmund Freud finds its reflection in the film Rear Window (1954). At first sight, the action unfolds through the eyes of Jeff, a photographer who watches various courtyard scenes of daily human life. However, from the point of view of psychoanalysis, the film can be considered as a representation of the photographer’s dreams revealing his inner impulses and fears. The interpretation of Jeff’s dreams according to Freudian theory of dream symbolism discloses the photographer’s fear of marriage based on the primary castration anxiety. Jeff’s unwillingness to marry his girlfriend Lisa reveals itself both explicitly and latently. The open and unambiguous explication of Jeff’s negative attitude to marriage is stated at the very beginning of the film when the photographer is talking to his employer: “If you don’t pull me out of this swamp of boredom, I’ll do something drastic. […] I’ll get married” ( Rear Window ). And after this statement, a whole range of symbols unfolds in support of Jeff’s negation of marriage and his emphasized commitment to his masculinity. On the one hand, Jeff’s leg is broken: a broken bone, according to Freud’s interpretation of dreams, symbolizes a broken marriage vow and suggests the photographer’s initial inclination towards infidelity in marriage (Freud 256). On the other hand, Jeff constantly employs the main instrument of his work, his photo camera with an enormously long lens. In Freud’s dream symbolism this lengthy object stands among the male member representations and becomes a necessary support for Jeff in assertion of his masculinity (Freud 230). Other symbols are scattered through various scenarios of courtyard life representing the possible developments Jeff envisages for his relationship with Lisa. The first and the main scenario that unfolds in the courtyard is the situation with a married couple, where the husband gets so much tired of the wife’s constant complaints and demands for attention that he decides to kill her. Since the very beginning, Jeff sh
Silke, A. (Ed.). (2019). Routledge handbook of terrorism and counterterrorism . Routledge. The book describes the main acts carried out by the group, as well as its fundamental motives. In that way, the source includes information on the 1978 bank robberies and other violent actions that ultimately led to the Sri Lankan Civil War. Additionally, LTTE’s objective to create an independent and separate state for Sri Lankan Tamils, who the government had previously oppressed, is reviewed. The research source is relevant for investigating the goals of the terrorist group, as well as explaining the establishment of an independent Tamil state. Therefore, it would be helpful for my analysis of LTTE’s emergence process. Thurairajah, T. (2021). Performing nationalism: The United Nations Human Rights Council (UNHRC) and Sri Lankan Tamil diasporic politics in Switzerland . The Geographical Journal, 188 (1). Web. The themes of Tamil nationalism are explored in the following source. The article highlights ways through which the Sri Lankan minority groups acknowledged their right to an independent state and how such groups shared their ideology beyond their country. The source’s relevancy to the exploration of the group’s ideology is evident, as it explains its impact on the rest of the world. It was useful in the process of defining the concept of Tamil nationalism in my paper. Sauerborn, D. (2017). Political violence revisited: The liberation tigers of Tamil Eelam . Terrorism Revisited , 181-198. Web. This research paper focuses on the leader of LTTE, Velupillai Prabhakaran. Specifically, his role in the establishment and progress of the terrorist group are discussed. Furthermore, the paper also mentions LTTE’s connections to other terror groups. Understanding the leader’s intentions and the organization’s total impact on other groups is relevant for an in-depth investigation of LTTE. Apart from that, I referred to this information while assessing the organization’s failure in attempting to create an independent state. Davies, S. E., & True, J. (2017). When there is no justice: gendered violence and harm in post-conflict Sri Lanka . The International Journal of Human Rights, 21 (9), 1320-1336. Web. While emphasizing the effect of Sri Lankan conflicts on targeted genders and issues of social inequality, the paper reviews the violent and unethical methods of LTTE, including children abduction and blackmail. These crimes are described to highlight the importance of ceasing targeted violence in areas of conflict. While investigating the group’s terroristic features, I was able to include the related child recruitment and violence methods to emphasize
If land reform is efficient method of promoting development, why is it so rare? The major aim of land reforms is to promote the economic development of a country or a particular region. The most common land reform approach is state-controlled land reforms where the state seeks to promote land redistribution to contribute to the socio-economic development of a country. Land redistribution initiatives focus on promoting rural development and are part of regional planning. Other strategies involve the provision of land acquisition funds to the landless to purchase land. Land reforms face challenges in applying the land reform policies in a particular region and as a result, land reforms are not effective in most countries or regions. Other challenges, which make land reforms unpopular, include political interference and misappropriation of land funds by leaders affecting the implementation of land reform policies. State-controlled land reforms normally involve the redistribution of land acquired from private owners to the landless to alleviate poverty. Governments also promote land reforms through the provision of loans to the landless to buy land. However, this strategy affects free land use since it involves various regulations besides infringing on the rights of private landowners. Also, it encourages illegal land allocation due to political interference associated with government-controlled land reforms making it unpopular. The civil societies such as nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) play a key role in land reforms in partnership with the state agencies. The civil society groups advocate equitable land distribution among the rural poor on top of starting initiatives aimed at empowering the poor economically through training. However, the effectiveness of civil society-led reforms is often under political influence. Also, internal organizational problems derail the efforts of civil societies in implementing land reform policies in most countries. The international community’s involvement in land reforms includes designing appropriate land reform strategies that ensure fair land reforms that depend on market forces with minimal state intervention. The World Bank initiates various land reform projects where government initiatives fail. Also, the World Bank provides capital to governments for land purchases from private owners for redistribution to the landless. Other international donor organizations such as the International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD) provide initiatives that aim at increasing access to the rural poor. However, the involvement of the international community requires state participation in land reforms. Lack of political will and support reduce the international community’s participation in land reforms in a country. Land reforms require a partnership between civil society, the state, and the international community. State-led land reforms often face political influence while civil society and the international community’s participation in land reforms r
Alcohol abuse and the elderly Patterson and Jeste (1999) explain that little research has been done to describe the connection between old age and alcohol abuse. In one of their findings, they noted that heavy drinking was more prevalent in people aged over 65 by 9 percent. Similarly, in their article, they show that older people living in the community are more susceptible to alcohol abuse than those who are in a health care facility. Patterson and Jeste (1999) point out that the high prevalence of alcohol abuse will increase in the future. This happens due to the heavy drinking habits of the baby boomers. Trauma and Juvenile Delinquency Rantalikallio et al. (1992) explain that society has put less emphasis on the child’s future development after the perinatal period. Through extensive research has been done focusing on the biological, social, and psychological factors, little has been done in areas such as somatic, psycho-motor, and mental development of a child. Thus, the lack of comprehensive research in these areas has created a gap in coming up with strategies for containing trauma and juvenile delinquency. Rantalikallio et al. (1992) point out that trauma and juvenile delinquencies arise because of the underlying perinatal problems. These problems are further fixed through behavioral challenges such as brain damage, epilepsy, and the central nervous system. Drinking and driving among teens and young adult population Shope and Bingham (2008) explain that car accidents among the young adult population in the US are serious. In their research findings, they showed that car accidents involving teens in the US in 2004 accounted for 14 percent of all deaths for people aged from 13 to 19 years. Similarly, young adults accounted for 15 percent of unintentional injuries in the US. Though driving under the influence of alcohol is a major basis of teens causing accidents and other injuries, Shope and Bingham (2008) cite other factors such as night time driving, personality, behavior, driving ability, developmental and demographic, contribute to young adults accidents.. Depression and the elderly who live alone Society is experiencing high rates of an aging population suffering from depression. Rather than being seen as an opportunity to relax and lead a less c