ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction When the drilling of the subway in the Greek capital started, nobody assumed that it would turn into a great archaeological project. Discovering the city beneath the city in Athens became a valuable source of knowledge on history and culture of the Roman Athens. The remains of the statues, the ancient graves, pottery and other important artefacts which have been excavated during the archaeological diggings in the Athens subway became valuable contribution to the archaeological heritage of Greece and were left for the free access of public in the underground mini-museums and city museum of Cycladic art. Though the archaeological excavations complicated the engineers’ work and extended their delays significantly, at last, the project united the engineers, the researchers and even the public. The Metropolitan Museum mini-exhibitions at the stations became a splendid opportunity for generating the sense of authentic experience among the public and involving even those who would never attend an exhibition in the traditional museum. The remains of the statues unearthed during the construction of Athens metropolitan The findings of the remains of the statues during the archaeological excavations in the Athens metropolitan were valuable for evaluating the new samples of archaic Greek architecture. The remains which have been excavated during the archaeological diggings are dated to the remote time periods. The time and the conditions of their storage caused significant damage to the samples of the archaic Greek sculpture. The missing elements give rise to the archaeologists’ debates, surrounding the remains of the statues with mystery. One of the most valuable findings of the Metro project is the marble female head which is dated to approximately 4 th century AD (Image 1). Though the missing body is significant for interpretation of the meaning of the statue, the author’s intention and defining the time period of its creation more precisely, the analysis of this head can provide plenty of valuable information. On the one hand, the facial characteristics of the depicted woman are similar to the standards for the female portraiture of the period. The rounded face, the low forehead and the eyes which seem to look into the distance have been characteristic of the most female depictions of the period. The standardization of the features of the depicted females can be explained with the Greek ideal of beauty and the fact that the actual resemblance to concrete person was not a priority for the sculptors of the period (Dillon 8). On the other hand, the multiple ribbon which obviously protected the female’s hair is a peculiar feature which was not widely used in the sculpture and can be associated with certain individualized characteristics of the wo
Increasing the visibility of women in the cultural space is essential to ensure a positive impact on public policies and a more balanced representation of men’s and women’s lives and views. The strategies to overcome general inequality and discrimination toward women in writing activities will be discussed in detail below. For the purposes of the essay, it is required to reveal the content of the concepts of class, gender, race, and the relationship of these phenomena with women’s subsequent production of culturally significant projects. The creation of autobiographical literary works for women from different countries allows them to declare their autonomous selves, which is also crucial for the visibility of women. Due to women’s low status in a male-dominated society, the heritage of women’s writing has been largely overlooked. There are still many areas of literature where men write the vast majority of works. It is no longer possible to be guided by the gender roles relevant in the past, according to which women performed the auxiliary function of the care providers. The dominant cultural gaze has been established as the ‘universal’ male gaze since males have historically been the artists, authors, filmmakers, and active agents behind art’s canon. However, the assumption that the male view is universal cannot be considered valid. R
Introduction Guns and other weapons of the same category are said to be dangerous, and yes dangerous in deed, but also the myth that are dragged along by them are equally dangerous. Excluding the pre-meditated killings that in most cases there is nothing much that can be done, there are those incidents that are caused by the rules governing concealed weapons. The bad law that results from it is what is killing the citizens subjected to it. In the current past existence, there has been significant attention drawn to the gun – related brutality. Most of the cases of homicide have been directly tied with the commission that permits private ownership of guns. People out there are convinced that the availability of this weapons it in any ones reach, which includes the minors in same states like Chicago. Wrong doers buy their guns illegally and effortless since there are in the market for any buyer and again there is no official jurisdiction tying them to qualify to some standards so as they can purchase them. Control policy The handgun control policy being a topic of discussion and bill tabled to the members of parliament to rule over the bill so that it can become law, has from time to time received different judgment when it came to its subjects. Right to carry has the bill passed and well implemented in 48 states as of early this year while other states like Washington and Illinois will only allow it to active and retired law enforcer officer. While 35 stastatesve been very adamant in their issuing offirearmss (Anderson 25). Their policy clearly indicates that the discretion to issuing of gun will be allowed if the candidate fits in some criteria. This will include: applicant should be of majority age, have no prior offense that they have been convicted on and no recent past admission in to a health mental institution. In the states where caring of concealed weaponry is freelance the probability of an offender attacking you is slim, since their chance of survival is slim, since they don’t know if their defender is armed as well. The number of homicides and cases of robbery with violence has gone down drastically since the implementation of this law. The residents of this state’s proudly cite the law on 2 nd amendment “right of the people to keep and bear arms,” and strongly defend their privilege by arguing that all those people caring concealed guns are also well under investigation before issuing of a license,
Introduction The topic of epidemics is a common feature in today’s global issues that is affecting humanity in almost every part of the world. Cholera is an epidemic that has troubled man for a long time and efforts in finding ways of curbing the epidemic to prevent further devastating effects has been underway in different parts of the world. In the mid nineteenth century, the eruption of cholera in London prompted many researchers to embark on a mission to find the actual causes of cholera which was proving to be one of the major health concerns and probably one contributor to increasing mortality rate. Two theories were suggested to explain the causes of cholera. John Snow in 1848-49 gave the initial theory that suggested that cholera is caused by micro-organisms that are communicated from one person to another through contaminated water or food. The other theory was suggested by William Farr where he indicated cholera is caused by organic materials that are airborne and enters the body through the lungs. The papers done by John Eyler and Alfredo Morabia and UCLA gives a clear indication about how the theory by Snow was initially ignored at first but became recognized only later as a reference of modern epidemiology and how Snow findings helping in prevention and treatment of cholera. Eyler, JM. The Changing Assessments of John Snow‘s and William Farr’s Cholera Studies. Soz Praventiv Med 2001:46 (4): 225 The objective of the study by Eyler was to show how the studies by Snow and Farr brought about conflicting conclusions merely because of the methodology used in arriving at the conclusions. Although epidemiology which relies much on observations was the method used by Snow, it could not be accepted readily as a reliable method to draw conclusions. (Dallal 2000: Para 8) Later, it was effectively applied to arrive at conclusion on the cause of cholera and proved its reliability over other scientific methods like that applied by Farr. In his findings, Snow found out that cholera which is communicable is spread when human consume food or water that is contaminated with the intestinal discharge from other victims of cholera. In addition, Snow compared the mortality rates in a sample of large population which consumed water with varying degrees of sewerage contamination. It was revealed that among the population that consumed water from companies that supply water to the people without carrying out water treatment or filtering process, mortality rate due to cholera was observed to be high. On the other hand, unlike Snow’s theory, William Farr held a different theory by suggesting that cholera enters the body though the lungs. In supporting his theory, Farr suggested that air is c
Though parole and probation are community correction strategies that function on the concept of community supervision, they are different in many aspects. Despite these differences, they were initiated to mitigate the magnitude and severity of the punishment process. The evolution of probation started in England and later spread to America as recognizance upon release and bail on condition that the suspect would avail him/herself before the court. However, there are conditions accompanying probation to minimize threats as a result of the revocation. In America, the Supreme Court judges have powers to reverse this sentence when justice is miscarried as was witnessed in 1830 in Boston (Mutchnick, 2009). Between 1841 and1859, several offenders were bailed out by John Augustus after conviction. This trend is similar to modern probation which considers age, character, among other factors directly impacting the course of justice. In 1878, Abidisky was hired as the first probation officer in Boston. This trend spread across the states of America and incorporated juvenile probation laws. According to Mutchnick (2009), parole was introduced in America in the mid 19 th century. Under this arrangement, credit marks are awarded for behavior change and release from detaining heavily relies on the cumulative score per prisoner. Zebulon Brockway is accredited for the success of this program since it decongested prisons. As a form of community correction program, parole is the best form of rehabilitation since the subject participates voluntarily from the confinement of a jail or prison (Mutchnick, 2009). After probation, the suspected offender is passed through the criminal justice system, and if found guilty, may be sentenced to a jail term. Since these detention camps have parole officers, prisoner
Introduction Many research studies specialising in marketing are currently focusing on cross-cultural variation in consumer behaviour (Beatty, Lynn, & Pamela 1991, p.154). Kotler and Keller (2009) and Schiffman and Kanuk (2007) widely focus on the effects of culture on various facets of consumer behaviour like purchasing, decision making, as well as behaviours associated with products or services consumption. Besides, they focus on consumer contentment, discontentment, and complaining behaviour. Effects of cultures on consumer behaviour are prevalent in all areas of business particularly in the tourism and travel business. The current global business has opened numerous opportunities for tourists to visit different countries with varied cultural practices. To understand secrete behind certain behaviours portrayed by consumers, it is imperative to consider various cross-cultural differences that play a major role in these behaviours. Hofstede (2001) came up with five dimensions of classifying cultural values, which include “individualism versus collectivism, Confucian dynamism, and masculinity versus femininity, power distance, and uncertainty avoidance” (p.19). The five dimensions are currently recognised as the most noteworthy approaches to understanding cross-cultural variations in human behaviour. Initially, the dimensions were used in business environment in studying the behaviours portrayed by employees. Today, the dimensions prove to apply also in consumer behaviours (Kotler, & Keller 2009, p.34). This paper will explain the five cultural classification dimensions established by Hofstede besides looking at how international business managers may use them to improve their performance in the international markets. Hofstede’s cultural classification framework Individualism versus collectivism According to Hofstede (2001), members within a particular culture are inclined to detaching themselves from the entire culture (p.16). They associate themselves with their immediate family members. According to this dimension, people in an individualistic culture portray individual personalities besides having the freedom to choose their own associations. In this culture, personal needs are considered at the expense of the group. A person focuses on personal achievements as he/she makes one stand out from others to appear unique. The bond between individuals is weak with everyone caring for himself and his or her close family members. The opposite actually happens in a collectivistic culture (Schwarz 2003, p.588). In this culture, the victory of the entire group takes precedence. Personal values do not have priority in this culture. Individuals in this cultural background are willing to work towards achievement of societal or group goals without considering their personal goals. This culture is characterised by strongly bonded social framework, in which people look forward to their relations, clan, and or group members caring for them in
Introduction Globalization and advancements in information and communication technology have caused tremendous changes in various sectors of the economy, especially, the hospitality industry. Many businesses in the hospitality industry have joined the global market in the last decade. This move has been informed by high competition in the domestic market, globalization and improvements in the exportation and importation of services. Consequently, most businesses serve customers from diverse socio-economic backgrounds. Furthermore, most organizations have had to employ people from different social and cultural backgrounds. This has led to the emergence of a diverse workforce in the modern workplace. Diversity refers to the “variety of experiences and perspectives which arise from differences in race, culture, religion, mental/ physical ability and gender”. Thus, diversity refers to the human characteristics which are significantly different from our own attributes. Diversity also includes differences in work experience, educational achievements, as well as, geographical location. These differences affect how people interact at the workplace. They also affect employees’ performance, motivation, as well as, career development. Through diversity management, businesses can understand how socio-cultu
Introduction In the modern business world, job satisfaction of public sector employees is one of the key issues affecting the government department and agencies performance. Thus, the primary goal of the research is to identify what factors have the greatest impact on employees’ satisfaction in the public sector and how job satisfaction of government-run organizations can be used in order to boost organizational performance. The significance of this study is proved by the fact that in many countries, the public sector is still larger and more influential than the private one. However, governments often fail to provide the necessary financial incentives for ensuring employees’ commitment. It means that some other factors (not connected with money) should be found to motivate workers, whose satisfaction directly predetermines the overall organizational performance. The proposal of the research includes the following sections:  1. an introduction explaining the significance of the issue of job satisfaction in the context of the public sector;  2. the literature review that contains a brief overview of the articles addressing the job satisfaction problem;  3. methodology aimed to clarify the steps of data collection (including methods and timeframe);  4. conclusion, in which limitations and future directions of the research are identified. Literatu
New media and the modern economy No one can dispute the fact that new media has gained wide usage. While a number of people argue that new media presents problems for the operation of companies, I beg to differ with them basing on experience as a user of new media and backup from academic literature. New media has brought about a substantial number of benefits to firms across different industries. Weitz and Wensley (281) observed that the 21st century has witnessed a revolution in communication and media. The number of media platforms has been rising at an accelerated pace. As it is today, there are numerous media platforms that are used in the world. New media platforms have overshadowed the ancient forms of media. They include blogs and other social media platforms like Twitter, Facebook, YouTube and Skype. Advancement in information and communication technology has backed up the development of new media. Massive debates in the prevailing corporate world are centered on new media and how they are utilized to enhance business performance. Companies have concentrated on developing new media platforms because they enhance business. A substantial number of companies have been reported to have developed strong media platforms (Stokes 174). The contribution of new media to business development I have made numerous observations about the role of new media in business enhancement. New media develop out of the demand for the flow of information an interaction between people in distant locations. They are a wide range of new media platforms which keep advancing day by day. New media platforms that exist in the current globalized economy include Facebook, Twitter, Skype, Yahoo and YouTube. Research about new media produces findings which show that new media platforms attract a substantial number of customers as soon as they are developed. New media platforms have users which range from millions into billions. Billions of people use diverse platforms of new media for conducting social and business transactions. This means that firms can easily get people to buy their products on the new media (Weitz and Wensley 283). Using new media to enhance customer engagement Speaking of competition in the current global economy, I would like to point at how new media helps in enhancing competitiveness of firms. According to Hastings (177), the current global economy is competitive. There exist a high number of companies which compete for customers. The new media have turned into desirable tools for increasing the level of engagement between firms and their customers. With new media, it is easy for com
Introduction   * Estée Lauder—a mother, wife, and friend—was the founder of Estée Lauder Companies (Estée Lauder Companies, 2021).   * Tremendous influence in the entertainment industry through her competitive cosmetic brands and her company.   * Managing her enterprise with charisma, humor, and superb style.   * Cherishing beauty and faith in its power.   * One of the richest self-made entrepreneurs. Estee Lauder, the founder of Estee Lauder companies, was a visionary American businesswoman and a role model to many. She pioneered her cosmetic company, whose aim was to meet the basic dream of every woman of looking and feeling stylish (Estée Lauder Companies, 2021). She was one of the richest self-made business persons in America and had the honor of being the only woman listed on Time Magazine as one of the 20 most influential business masterminds in the 20th era. Estee managed the world’s most prominent companies while working as a mother and wife and a dependable associate to many. Background   * The youngest in their family of four.   * Newton High School in Elmhurst.   * Estée’s parents were immigrants.   * Leraning the fundamentals of retailing at her father’s workshop. Josephine Esther Mentzer, commonly known as Estee Lauder, was born in Corona, a region in the Queens Borough in New York, on July 1st, 1906. She was the daughter of Max Mentez, who worked as a tailor, and Rose Schotz. Rose had moved to the USA from Hungary in 1998 with her five children, where she later got married to Max and begat four children where Estee was the last born. Estee attended Newton High School in Elmhurt and at the same time helped her father with his hardware. At her father’s store, she gained knowledge of the fundamentals of retailing and the significance of meticulousness (Hoover, 2018). At the same time, Estee learned about the outward appearance of goods and knew how to market high-value products. Early Years   * Estée’s interest in beauty ignited while in high school.   * Gained experience by helping her uncle.   * Learned how to create creams and put them on ladies’ faces.   * Began by selling the products to schoolmates.   * Started selling her skincare products to beauty salons (Brown, 2018). Estee’s passion for beauty glinted in high school at a time when her uncle from Hungary moved to live with her family (Estee Lauder Companies, 2021). Her uncle used to formulate velvety-like body creams from the kitchen and later in the laboratory. The uncle taught her how to create creams and apply them to the face. Estee began taking the products and beauty treatments to school and sold them to classmates (Hoover, 2018). Estée was vending her skin maintenance and makeup products in beauty shops, signifying her products on females as they were sitting underneath hair dryers. Career   * Estée was very hardworking and strived to grow and expand her business.   * “I never dreamed about success. I worked for it.” —Estée Lauder (Brown, 2018).   * 1944—Joseph resigns from his job to join Estée in business.   * 1946—Estée Lauder Inc. launched.   * Estée Lauder and Joseph Lauder, the only employees of the co