ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Directors of companies have various duties and responsibilities which they are meant to abide by for the purpose of running the company in the correct and legal way. Generally, liabilities and responsibilities of directors of companies are derived from various sources which include the constitution of the company in which the director is a member, case law, and the statute law which look into companies undertakings. In case a director fails to abide by the duties of his/her directorship, the person may be liable to civil or criminal proceedings and may result in disqualification from acting as a director of a company. There are several facts that are portrayed in the case of Sally and Harry which show a breach of the director’s duties. In this case, Sally made a catering company with Harry and invited Martha who is a retired businesswoman so that they can be able to get loans from banks. Martha became the managing director and Sally and Harry were also directors. Due to increased overheads and interests, the company, ‘African delights’ suffered a cash flow shortage and as a result, borrowed 200,000 dollars more. Martha did not bother to examine books of accounts while Sally and Harry did not think they were in serious financial trouble. Harry set up a catering business without informing Sally and Martha and called the business ‘Middle Eastern Delights’. As a result, he secured large contracts and took phone orders for African Delights, and advised the customers to use the services of Middle Eastern delights. African delights took much longer to settle their debts due to the mounting of debts and shrinking of turnover. They, therefore, had a choice either to close the business or to trade on. The company decided to trade on and due to the continuation of the problems, the company was liquidated and had debts of up to 1 million debts. However, Harry was not worried as his business was making big profits and would be better due to the loss of its competitor. Martha however did not care about it and Sally realized what Harry did and was very furious. Directors duties As directors, Harry, Sally, and Martha had various duties. One of the main duties of company directors according to section 181 of corporat
In her conclusion to the book The Second Sex , Simone de Beauvoir discusses the implications of women being treated in the manner as men. There are unavoidable biological differences between the two sexes, yet they are not adequate to justify the subsequent inferior status of women compared to men. If the biological side is not considered, a woman and femininity are entirely social constructs, which have been formed due to historical and cultural prerequisites. As historically, boys and girls were raised separately with a certain priority given to male authority, it became a cultural norm that women are inherently different and subordinate. However, if upbringing based on gender differences is essential in the systematic and unconscious discrimination of women, then it is possible that teaching children the morality of gender equality will lead to a culture where both sexes are equal. It is reasonable to suggest that changing morality alters perception. A culture of gender inequality results in women’s inferior status. However, not only men are responsible for the perception of male dominance. Many women themselves uphold these social constructs because they are not able to overcome the morality they were taught in childhood. Subsequently, had girls been consistently told that men are not inherently more dominant, they would not have asserted this viewpoint in their adult years themselves. The current state of affairs is not the only one, which would allow women to build romantic relationships with men and value their position. Many men are anxious towards the emancipation of women, but these fears stem from their own insecurities. Liberating a woman will reinforce men as well because it will remove the pressure of having to constantly prove one’s masculinity from them. Equality between sexes is a pathway to reciprocity and harmony, which are not attainable in gender-biased cultures. Work Cited De Beauvoir, Simone, and Howard Madison Parshley. The Second Sex . United Kingdom, Vintage, 1997.
The implementation of modern technologies in business includes not only the improvement in areas of manufacturing and distribution, majority of business processes now require significant technological abilities to ensure fast data flow. The recently introduced cloud technology radically improved the speed of business processes and introduced a variety of business tools that ease the processes in both production and services areas. The addition of advanced connectivity methods in the form of 5G networks opens new opportunities for business and new methods to increase the efficiency of business processes. However, most companies are troubled by the decision to implement new advanced connectivity technologies and repositioning current approaches. There are several solid arguments for a positive decision in implementing recent 5G technology to business. First, the broad implementation of 5G technologies could potentially lead to the creation of a unified communication platform for businesses that could overcome the shortcomings of currently available telecommunication technologies. According to Rao and Prasad (2018), the current industrial evolution 4.0 is based on cyber-physical systems and focuses on the development of intelligent systems, algorithms, and cognitive technologies. However, some businesses are still stuck on the previous steps of the industrial evolution and do not recognize the potential of implementing technologies for the business. The introduction of a network that provides support for all communication scenarios could increase business productivity through the seamless experience of services and processes like cloud data storage, data analysis, machine-type communications, customer support, etc. In addition to providing seamless communication support on all levels, the advanced connectivity technologies present an opportunity for the industry’s transformation, including the production processes. 5G technologies offer full real-time control over machine-type communications (MTC), which increases collaboration between robots and people. If previously machines and robots were able to perform simple tasks and actions, with the addition of streamlined communication, all machines would exchange data with each other, increasing the level of business autonomy. Moreover, the number of possible mistakes in the machine work could be reduced with continuous updates to the operating back-office systems and staff. According to Rico and Merino (2020), factory automation allows the business more flexibility in terms of deployment, reduces maintenance costs, and introduces higher levels of
Introduction Feminism is a term used to describe the social movement established in western society to advocate for the rights of Black women. In the 1900s, Black women were marginalized because of their race and gender. Racial and sexual oppression made black women’s life unbearable. They were associated with domestic work and sexual objects. Hence, feminism emerged as a result of oppression. The main purpose of the movement was to liberate women. Conversely, the term feminist covers a broader context. Basing on Oyewumi’s article “Feminism, Sisterhood, and Other Foreign Relations,” we can argue feminist is not restricted to historical events (1). Essentially, feminist describes a variety of behavior representing female agency and self-sufficiency. This paper examines the myths of Black women’s sexuality in the U.S. and Africa. The paper further discusses the differences and similarities in issues related to sexuality in Black feminism in the U.S. and Africa. Lastly, the paper analyses the sexuality of both lesbian and straight women and uses this link to analyze the struggles around sexuality by women with different sexual identities. Myths of Black women’s sexuality in the U.S. and Africa Black women were ascribed belittling labels as a result of long-lived myths. As far as society was concerned, the Black woman was seen as inferior. Arnfred in “African Sexuality’/ sexuality in Africa: Tales and silences” relays the story of Sarah Bartmann (64). The author alleges this story illustrates one myth of Black women’s sexuality. Sarah Bartmann was displayed in the street to expose the physical disparity between African and a ‘civilized women’. The Black woman is “Voluptuousness”. This is seen in her enhanced behind, also known as steatopygia (Arnfred 65). African women are perceived to have more developed sexual organs as opposed to White women. The second myth illustrated by Arnfred is black women are sexual (65). They are associated with prostitution. In paintings of prostitutes, white women have large buttocks. This is because Black women symbolize unbridled sexuality (Arnfred 66). Compared to their fellow White women, Black women represent all the negative attributes of womanhood. They are the source of sin and sickness. Additionally, Black women are sexually avid and ethically depraved. In Africa, her sexuality is said to be dangerous because she is the carrier of sexually transmitted diseases such
Introduction Innovation is essential to the success of many modern companies, especially those that operate in highly competitive markets. Technological innovation, in particular, is the primary reason behind the rapid growth of humankind’s capabilities throughout the 20th century. As such, knowledge of the patterns for the creation and adoption of new ideas is essential for both company managers and researchers. This essay investigates the primary frameworks in modern technological innovation. Types of Innovation Innovation can be differentiated based on its applicability and overall influence on the technological field. Shmerling (2013) distinguishes two primary types based on these parameters: evolutionary and revolutionary advancement. The former takes existing technology and improves its parameters, such as performance or production cost. The latter introduces a new approach that is generally incompatible with current products but has the potential to outperform them, making investment an attractive proposition in the long term. Both are essential to technological advancement, as one allows an approach to reach its limits while the other introduces concepts that enable new products to exceed those limitations. The two categories combine to form the overall tendency of technological progress. When a new technology is introduced, it will typically lack the refinement necessary to outperform older approaches comprehensively. Therefore, it will have to capitalize on its existing advantages while research is in progress. The improvements will eventually increase the innovation’s capabilities to a point where the other approach will become obsolete and disappear from the market. However, there is an upper limit to the potential of the new technology, as well. As such, once the now-mainstream product achieves its best possible performance, it will stagnate until another revolutionary idea grows to a point where it can replace the now-obsolete method. Main Innovation Patterns The advent of the Internet and the global interconnectivity associated with it have introduced a variety of innovation patterns based on the massive amounts of information and processing power available. Powell, Gann, and Guo (2015) distinguish five primary types: product augmentation, technology disappearance, cooperation between companies, data trading, and turning internal routines into marketable products. While it should be noted that some of these approaches might not apply to every technological field, they provide a comprehensive overview of the IT industry. Product augmentation is synonymous to evolutionary advancement, involving the collection of new data and performance improvements. Technology disappearance, in turn, reflects revolutionary progress and the phasing out of obsolete
An evaluation of the Ten Commandments as a document of the Cold War Like any other work of art, films are a product of their cultural, historical, and social contexts. Cecil B DeMille’s The Ten Commandments was released during one of the most crucial periods in American history – the Cold War. Needless to say, the political context of the film is reflected in its plot, although the film is set in a different century and culture. To understand how the film portrays the realities of the Cold War, we first need to examine the context of its production. The ideological differences between the Soviet Union and the United States were the main reason for the strained political relations between the two governments, and they were indeed fundamental. American ideology emphasizes freedom of speech and democracy. The Communist leaders of the Soviet Union, on the other hand, stood on the opposite side of the ideological spectrum. The government censorship was rough; there was no freedom of expression. While the American government and society were built on the idea of freedom in all aspects of life, the Soviets were the face of oppression and fear. The Ten Commandments is set in a cultural and social context that mirrors that of the Soviet Union, with a solid governmental power – the pharaohs – oppressing the weaker population – the brave Hebrews. The Exodus, the myth behind the film, is about Hebrews who were inspired by Moses to rise against the oppression and free themselves from slavery. Moses, therefore, represents the American mission to bring freedom and equality to the people in all areas of the world. The analogy is so apparent in the movie that it is supported by DeMille’s introductory words: “Are men the property of the state, or are they, free souls, under God? This same battle continues throughout the world today” ( The Ten Commandments , 1:35-1:41). The rise of the Hebrews against their masters thus signifies the victory of the United States over the oppressive Soviet regime. To increase the contrast and the applicability of the film to the realities of the Cold War, Moses is Christianized. Certain aspects of Moses’ story that appear in the film differ a lot from the original myth about Moses, creating similarities between him and Jesus instead. For instance, Moses’ appearance is forecasted by a prophecy, which left people waiting for the Hebrew Messiah to appear. The scene where Moses is on trial, on the other hand, mirrors the image of Jesus’ trial before Pilate. Overall, The Ten Commandments portrays the American vision of the ideological struggle that was central to the Cold War. The film creates an analogy between the contemporary political context and a well-known myth to emphasize that the victory of freedom against oppression is inevitable, thus promoting American ideology. A brief analysis of Moses as both a flat and round character in The Ten Commandm
The national patient safety goals focus on identifying and addressing problems in the healthcare and safety sector to enhance patient welfare. The 2019 report on the wellbeing of disabled people addressed several areas in a similar manner as its annually released predecessors. Among the objectives announced in 2019, the desire to “use medicine safely” emerged as the most relevant and appealing. The safe use of medicine is an important aspiration that captures the essence of the others because it involves the healthcare practitioners, patients, and the community (Sittig et al., 2020). Compared to other aims, such as preventing infections and identifying patients correctly, the safe use of medicine is the best option that captures the essence of healthcare and safety. The quest to achieve the national obligation of improving the state of invalids creates opportunities for healthcare personnel to develop the most efficient ways of enhancing the welfare of patients. Similarly, healthcare practitioners face challenges when pursuing the countrywide medical mandate. In particular, the endeavor to achieve the nationwide healthcare objectives of cautious medication usage, preventing infection, and keeping accurate records of physically challenged people are associated with both merits and demerits (Wong et al., 2020). Juxtaposing the advantages and drawbacks involved in realizing careful medication and effective marking of patients illustrates how these aspirations promote the state of public health. First, the endeavor to take drugs as prescribed is a goal that inspires nurses and doctors to uphol
The Great Recession, induced by the financial crisis, which lasted from 2007 to 2009, had a substantial influence on the sports industry and resulted in various negative consequences. It is possible to notice that the situation reduces the attendance of games, which had previously been a significant part of clubs’ income. Fans reassessed their spending patterns, which severely influenced the sports industry, especially lower-division teams (Buraimo et al., 2020). The consequence is the growth in the unemployment rate, as clubs were not able to sustain the same level of expenses. The study conducted by Buraimo et al., 2020, shows that the Great Recession resulted in the regression of games attendance amounted to 7.9 percent that can be explained by growth in the unemployment rates in areas of clubs’ locating, which amounted to 9 percent (Buraimo et al., 2020). This evidence reveals the deteriorating of Sport Industry Economics caused by the Great Recession. The influence of the Great Recession on distinct sports sectors is different. The private sector experienced financial losses, partially connected to the expenses, particular sports require from clubs. For instance, the golf clubs’ participation rate was decreased from 12% to 8.5% of the population, and in 2008, 106 golf courses were closed (Humphreys, 2010). Individual pursuits and gym memberships also decreased during the 2008 recession period (Humphreys, 2010). In their turn, public and voluntary sectors were less vulnerable to the Great Recession. Sports league adult and children memberships rose during the period, as the costs of team sports are less than individual ones (Humphreys, 2010). Therefore, swimming can be considered a recession-proof sport, while the participation in local leagues only increased, and the public sports areas became more popular (Humphreys, 2010). It is possible to conclude that expensive sports in the private sector experienced significant losses, while public and voluntary sectors were not influenced or even showed the growth in the participation rate.
The book A Precious Liquid: Drinking Water and Culture in the Valley of Mexico written by Ennis-Mcmillan (2005) reveals a story about the way residents of a small Mexican village manage the water deficiency, but in regard to the cultural values of the community. In particular, lack of water resources is regarded as community resource that is premised on social participation in religious and social life in the community. Efficient development of water management in the Valley of Mexico should not be confined to mere consideration of engineering principles and integration of new technology. On the contrary, water control systems should also be regarded as cultural systems that derive from specific meanings, practices and histories. In the Mexican community, water management has been shaped by culture or irrigation that reflects community efforts to encounter external threats and problems to monitoring and preservation of water resources. In this respect, water management was based on three basic values, including increased importance of communal fashion of handling water resources, respect for traditional techniques of water distribution, and withdrawal of sanctions imposed on household’s water supply. All these values overthrow the stereotypes concerning traditional gender hierarchies and encourage equal participation of men and women in effective water management. Latin Americans realize the veritable value of water for the community and, therefore, it is closely connected to their class-based concerns, including class-based inequality and gender differentiation. Specifically, Latin American women often face significant challenges when it comes to adequate water supply. More important
Management means the act, manner or practice of controlling, handling something. The person or persons who manage a business establishment, organization or institution are the core groups of management. In this context, it is important to understand the Structure, function and roles of management and its managers. According to Bissell, collaborative adult learning is important to help institutions in designing and implementing professional development procedures to support learning and progress of the administrators. She says that the principles and supers of the institutions have realized a need for developing a wider knowledge base of the curriculum to achieve their goals. Their instructional leadership capabilities need to be developed and professional learning groups must be encouraged. For the improvement of institutions, the managers have to develop skills for collecting and using data from various sources. This is the fundamental structure of management. (Bissell, 167) Furthermore, if the managers are reluctant and display lack of enthusiasm to present changes it will take away success achieved by the students through their formal education. Bissell says that there is always a resistance to a new change as they produce unexpected and unknown fear among the people. One way of overcoming this is that the leaders need to properly hear out and understand the staff members and also listen to them. The resistance change is better since it realizes that there is nothing new about changes and only those people who can accept change will be the ultimate winner. It emphasizes that other than the things that are taught in the schools, there is also the need to understand how change can be managed and form guidelines for the success of its students and staff members. According to this theory, change is better if it is exercised and accepted slowly and gradually. It is also better since it is consistent with the changing ways of our present millennium. This is a better model since unlike the older models, which believed that if people had to know something they would be informed about it. According to this model, the people in the organization should be responsible for their needs and this sense of responsibility can be enumerated as basic function of management. The first and foremost effect of change among the individuals of an institution is that they become fearful of the change, as they do not know what to expect of it. The implementation of the change is in a way shut down due to this fear. Sometimes there are misunderstandings among the leaders and staff members, which need to be clarified. Thus, this affects the leaders who in the process of understanding the staff themselves become learners, making them powerful leaders. However, dealing with change is not easy. It requires sustainable relations. “ Sustainable improvement requires inve