ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
“Doll’s House” is a three act play written by Henrick Ibsen in 1879 that gained popularity before the play’s first performance as it initially sold thousands of copies, which bring much anticipation to the audience. The play created a dispute as it portrays social problems on how female seeks individuality. It draws audience attention because it challenges the conservative society in those times. The restrictions experienced by women in the 1870s were contained in the play. This was the time where naturalistic theatre gives importance to the working and middle class characters to discuss societal issues. Every character in the story shows how they want to break away from the social norms. The character that clearly demonstrates this is Nora. She is the doll in the story, as what her father and husband Torvald treats her, and she considers her home as her playroom. The play centered on Nora, who represents the typical woman at that time, who is relying on her husband and supports him being the breadwinners of the family. Torvald is a bank manager and represents the typical men as the master of the house. Supporting character Kristine, who is Nora’s friend, also shines in the play by showing an opposite character to Nora. Unlike Nora, she needs to work to survive and experience how it is to live outside the confinements of her home. Other characters are Krogstad, who is meant to destroy everyone’s lives by threatening Nora to tell her secret to Torvald if he will be fired from his job, Dr. Rank, a friend to the couple and a confidante of Nora, and Anna- Maria, the trusty nursemaid to the Helmer’s. The Helmer’s children, the housemaid and the porter all portray the cameo role in the play. The plot is at Helmer’s house. The play started with Torvald, who does not like the idea of a person being in debt, without knowing that his wife is in debt, but is tries to keep this secret from her husband. A clash between the couple is being pointed out in the second act. Kristine and Krogstad’s make a marked appearance on the third act where both decided to get back together. The worst thing that happens in this part is when Torvald read Krogstad’s letter, which was about Nora’s deepest secret, her debt. This is the time when Nora doubts the love of her husband and the time when she wants to establish her own identity. This part shows how Torvald values society more than his wife and Nora’s realization to leave Torvald. At the end of the play Nora seeks independence by leaving her husband and children. The striking part in the play is when Nora slams the door, implying on how Nora gained confidence to break from the typical social norms. The characters are convincing enough to showcase the theme of self-reliance, the will to sacrifice what one considers important, and to achieve the idea of changing the framework of domesticity. The plot created a believable scenario where the internal conflict and the distinct ending have been established well. The play is exciting and is successful in drawing out the curiosity of the audience. Henrick Ibsen conveys the true meaning
Introduction Construction projects can achieve desired outcomes in a relatively short time and with relatively minimal resources. However, for this to occur, then certain criteria must be adhered to as seen in the construction projects of British Petroleum (BP) at the Andrew Field and the New British Library (NBL) project. Comparison of the projects British petroleum’s Andrew Field was completed not just within the scheduled time but four and a half months before the deadline. The company had decided that it would achieve first oil within 6 months from the commencement of the project (Latham, 18). Therefore, the six weeks completion was a sign that they had exceeded expectations. BP was able to achieve this owing to their careful use of man hours. They dedicated one hour per tone towards the re-commissioning of the project which such a great achievement was given the fact that their counterparts had been using about 20 man-hours per tonne for the same. Operating costs for the entire British petroleum project were kept under a tight lid hence explaining the success of this project. First of all, the company had intended on spending 450 million pounds on the project. However, as the project went on, this eventually reduced to 290 million pounds. BP was able to achieve this through continuous brainstorming and re-examination of their construction processes so as to determine which processes could be made more cost effective (Latham, 24). The company continuously allowed autonomy over decision making amongst the members of the team. This put them in a place where they had the power to challenge the status quo and think of new and creative ways of achieving their cost reduction goals. At first, the latter company did not expect to save so much since it had been expected that the probability of achieving such a target would have been ten percent. However, this project team was able to contravene those negative expectations and thus direct the savings towards greater earnings. It was shown that the company’s profits went up by 45 million pounds and this is directly attributable to the operational savings. It should be noted that profits of such nature are not even common within the construction industry so theirs was definitely something worth noting. On the other hand, the NBL project went over and above its budgets and was highly inefficient in resource usage. Initially, the group had set aside cost changes at a maximum of 10,000 pounds. However, this soon changed to 25,000 pounds within the course of the project. One of the reasons for this haphazard use of project funds was the fact that the budget and project scope were not well defined. Most additional costs had not been accounted for and NBL had left important phases of the construction such as technical variations and the design dev
Introduction The focus of this paper is on the Dubai based organization known as the Dubai Airport Free Zone (DAFZ). The organization was established in 1996 as a government’s strategy of making the United Arab Emirates a global business hub driven by foreign investors as well as local investors. The aim of the paper is to analyze the business models applied by the organization. The paper will entail the explanation of the models, their critical analysis, and a conclusion. The business models applied by the organization are the differentiation of products, positioning, and Total Quality Management (TQM). As a result of its robust success in the application of these models, the organization has received various awards from various bodies and organizations such as the international organization for standardization (ISO). Business Models A business model can be defined as a range of processes, procedures, and activities that are undertaken by an organization to enable it to establish a commercial opportunity. Generally speaking, business models comprise the strategy applied by a company to achieve its broad and specific objectives. It also comprises the planning and utilization of the available resources in an efficient and effective manner. The business model of an organization is majorly informed by its structure and culture. The manner in which an organization is structured may determine the extent to which it achieves its objectives. The Culture of an organization, on the other hand, has to do with the social relationship within an organisation and the norms of the work place. As mentioned in the introduction, the business models used by DAFZ are differentiation, positioning as well as TQM. Differentiation and positioning In business strategy, differentiation is the process of distinguishing a product or service from the rest through describing its unique differences and or characteristics. It is done for competition purposes with a view of creating a market niche for that particular product or service. Differentiation seeks to create a good image about a particular product among the targeted consumers so as to ensure that they perceive it as unique and different from other similar products (Armstrong & Kotler, 2009). Product differentiation makes the targeted consumers not compare a particular product with others; which gives that particular product a competitive advantage over the others. In doing differentiation, companies or product owners may rely on advertisement, promotions, improved product quality, lowering or increasing the prices as well as the lack of understanding on the part of the consumers regarding the price and quality of the product being differentiated (Armstrong & Kotler, 2009). A company may engage itself in differentiation of several products at the same time. Doing this makes it have a certain number of customers for a product or service, a concept called positioning. Positioning entails using various strategies like promotion, distribution of products or services and
Introduction Over the past few decades, sports have undergone a phenomenon of growth (Leeds & Allmen, 2007). The National Basketball Association is considered one of the most popular sporting events in the United States. Fans of sports including basketball may be a changeable group. For each dedicated fan, there are several fair-weather fans on the other hand to make sure that attendance statistics are constantly changing for the individual team as well as leagues. As a matter of fact, there are many factors that may affect game attendance in the NBA (McCann, 2007). One of the main objectives of the national basketball association teams is to increase the number of tickets sold for the games. In fact, there are many factors that may decrease or increase the number of tickets sold. In this paper we will examine how ticket sales are affected by four major independent factors; the factors are, income per capita, winning percentage, days of precipitation, and the population of the home city. These factors will be defined as follows, first, income per capita, which is the average amount of salary that an individual person receives each year. Second, winning percentage, which shows every team’s winning percentage in the previous season and their starting performance at the observed seasons. The third factor is days of precipitation, which shows the number of days that drizzle, rain, sleet, snow, and hail have fallen on each individual city for the two seasons we are observing. Lastly, city population, which shows the inhabitation of each city that has an NBA home team. All, these factors may directly or indirectly increase or decrease ticket sales for each NBA team individually. In order to examine the number of ticket sales, attendance data can be collected from the NBA database, for 1999-2000 seasons and 2009-2010 seasons. The number of tickets sold can be determined by considering the changes in the independent variable we explained. By considering these factors, we will be able to determine the number of ticket sales for each individual season. Economic Analysis There are several factors that influence the ticket sales and one of the most important factors is the GDP per capita. GDP per capita is the income that an average individual earns and if income of the population increases, the ticket sales are expected to increase because people would have more money to spend and the amount of money spent on luxury items would increase as well. People tend to spend more money on luxury goods when they have more money in hand after they have consumed or spent money on normal goods. However, if an individual does not have sufficient amount of money to spent then he would not be able to spent money on luxury goods but would be spending most of his money only on goods that are necessary and important for him to live i.e. normal goods. So the relationship between these two factors are positive which means that if the inco
Introduction Education is an essential aspect in the modern world since it enables individuals to view the world from an abstract perspective (Lennox, 2003). From this point of view, it is easier for individuals to determine the problems that the world is facing and to come up with solutions that will enhance the conditions and standards of living. Education has evolved with time to meet the needs of the learners as well as to achieve the curriculum goals. It is as a result of this fact that different teaching approaches have been developed. Traditionally, the teaching and learning philosophy was based on the lecture method. Despite the fact that this approach had desirable results, it was characterised with several short comings such as the fact that it was mainly teacher centred (Lennox, 2003). Therefore, this teaching approach mainly focused on achieving the curricular goals over the learners needs. To overcome this obstacle, the problem based learning (PBL) approach was developed. This approach is considered to be a student centred approach hence meeting the needs of the learners in the process of learning. From these considerations, this paper will focus on the origin and history of problem based learning, its distinctive features, the difference it has with traditional teaching approaches, its application in engineering and how this approach will facilitate me to achieve my learning goals and objectives in engineering. Origin and History of PBL The origin of PBL can be traced back in the 1960s in the McMaster University in the faculty of medicine in Canada. This program was developed to respond to the concerns of medical students who complained that during the first three years of their study, their course covered a wide range of theory. However, most of the information that they learned during this time had little or no application in their careers as medical practitioners (Lennox, 2003). With the help of his colleagues, Howard Barrows developed the PBL curriculum to respond to these concerns and to ensure that the students are directly involved in the process of learning. Consequently, the PBL approach was developed to motivate the students to engage in the learning process through active participation on issues that directly applied to their careers. In the process, the learners are expected to become responsible individuals who practice their profession following the rules and ethics that govern their careers (Lennox, 2003). This approach has been successful in meeting the needs of the learners in addition to the curriculum goals and objectives. As a result of the success that it enjoyed during its early days of incorporation, PBL was adopted by other medical programs within and outside McMaster University. Given the fact that learning is a dynamic process the PBL approach has been modified through research and experience to meet the current learning
Introduction Scottish migration to Canada was provoked by different historical processes preceded in Europe in eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. Scottish people liked the Canadian land and tried to develop it with preservation of cultural and ethnical peculiarities. In this respect Midwestern Ontario is considered in part as the area of Scottish residents. The main towns of Scottish origin were Fergus, Galt, Guelph, Kincardine and Aberfoyle. Scottish migration to Canada had left strong Scottish roots that run the gamut of all Scottish residents living in Canada. However, it is vital to have a look at the historical data that are applicable to the creation of Scottish settlements across Upper Canada and in Midwestern Ontario, in particular. However, one should pay special attention to the aforementioned five towns. These are the places where Scottish tradition and its cultural background are still happening. Thus, Scottish migration to Canada contributed into the contemporary well-being of the resident country. Even distantly, Scottish people are highly devoted to features that characterize them expressly. Body paragraphs First of all, it is vital to analyze the peculiarities of Scottish migration and their settlements in the beginning of Scottish “era” in Canada. It is peculiar to admit that the names of Scottish towns in Canada are of Scottish colouring. Thus, one should keep it in mind that, for instance, Kincardine was called after the same name county in Scotland. On the other hand, well-known town of Fergus was named after Adam Fergusson, a landowner who in 1830s was touring across Lower and Upper Canada as well as New York. These towns were settled specially to magnify the century-long Scottish culture with its magnificence and ethnical originally apart from other countries of Great Britain. Moreover, people living in Fergus are proud of their city which 175 th anniversary fell at 2008. The origin of the town Galt is somehow similar to that of Fergus. The point is that one of the Scottish immigrants, John Galt, was an official from North Ayrshire who kept sufficient growth of Scottish settlements in Canada. Thus, these cities were established definitely to keep relationships with the motherland and other ethnical communities of Canada in touch. Moreover, it never contradicted the genuine representation of cultural roots in all three cities. Additionally, town of Guelph was the next creation of John Galt who established it in 1827. Right from the start of Galt’s participation in settling and developing Scottish links between towns of Galt, Kincardine, Fergus, and Guelph, Scots were likely to preserve their culture in their communities. Moreover, their language shaped special Scottish
Introduction Simply-nationalism is a form of self-consciousness of pre-civilization societies in the aggregate of their historical experience, by which many people in the modern world explain and legitimize nationalism. According to Duncan, the concept of proto-nationalism and is based on four features that determine the national identity of a specific group of people: “language, ethnicity, religion, and membership in lasting political entity” (201). The proponents of the theory claim, that if each of these features is common for a particular association, then this is a sufficient basis to assert its national isolation, uniqueness, and exclusiveness. However, there are difficulties with the sufficiency of substantiation of such arguments, when scientists analyze world history in more detail. Main body There are some clarifications that primarily affect the definition of the actual situation in pre-civilization and early civilization self-determination. The first and most important argument, according to the proponents of the theory, is the identity of the language and the related reason for the primary separation of groups of people. According to some researchers, language is not a sufficient basis for this assumption, because the spread of different languages in the course of history has never occurred uniformly and positively (Hobsbawm 54). In the era of Ancient Greece, there were already a considerable number of dialects in the world, and it is not necessary that residents of a specific area divided the rest into friends and enemies by language. The understanding of a language as a cultural object, which is stable in the territory and time, appeared mostly due to the printing, which unified the norms of languages, creating the illusion of their ancestry. Conclusion The remaining arguments of the proponents of the theory of proto-nationalism are just as easily refuted, based on specific historical facts. For example, there was a statement about the religious factor that determines the unity of the nation. Some Russian educators believed that Russia had received the status of a “Saint” since the 15th century because after the fall of Constantinople it was the Russian Church that became the only successor to the Orthodox heritage. However, according to one of the modern researchers, this concept became popular and commonly used only during the time of troubles in Russia, when the society needed unifying guidelines (Hobsbawm 49). Neither before nor after the time of troubles was the concept used. This example shows that the so-ca
Introduction The communication between the department heads and the faculty has always been a sensitive topic. Heads of departments and the faculty are usually of similar age groups, and the communication is supposed to be formal and organizational. In many cases, communication gap evolves due to personal and professional differences that result in strained relations. Such environment ultimately damages the learning process in the institution. Assessment of such communication is very difficult and demands utmost sensitivity, confidentiality and reliability. To ensure positive and serious response in this regard from both the heads and the faculty demands a data collection instrument that is unbiased, reliable, comprehensive but simple at the same time. Several options surface in the case of assessing communication in such a setting. Individual Interviews, focus group interviews, paper surveys, online assessment tools, written feedback are commonly used instruments. In the above scenario, where the anonymity and confidentiality is vital, online surveys are best suited. Online surveys best solve the problem of anonymity that is not possible in interviews. Confidentiality is again a problem in paper surveys and hand written feedback. Online surveys, with clearly stated, precise and direct questions are ideal as there is no chance of person-identification. Secondly, online surveys are easy, can be filled by the user at any time of choice and give ample time to fill. Thirdly, online collected data can be better managed in machine readable form and is readily processed. Online Survey Forms- Specifications Online surveys are ideal when they are short, clear, direct, precise, relevant and give a range of choices in answers in the form of ‘most favorable’ to least favorable’, instead of simple ‘yes’ or ‘no’. Questions in the survey should not be confusing and irrelevant that would distract the user’s attention. This is also important that teachers and other personnel do get some tangible results or output in some form time to time based on their feedback in surveys. This communicates an impression that the view and opinion are do not vanish in some paper pile rather are worked out to produce results. (Kaye & Johnston, 1999) Administering The data collected is based on the assumption that the response is serious and accurate. To ensure a sincere response on the surveys, the importance of these surveys must be communicated to the personnel beforehand. This could be through emails and staff meetings. During the surveys, this is important to give the personnel most convenience regarding time and deadline to fill out the survey. This should also be made sure that personnel take sufficient time to fill out the survey, for which similar questionnaires could be sent after regular intervals. The analysis Part can be done through various tools available. The responses on the scale of ‘most favorable’ to ‘least favorable’ can be shown in a chart or bar graph with percentages. The appendix shows the sample questionnaire, the answer choices and the various analys
Early Modeling and Development Developing new petroleum sites is becoming increasingly more complex as reservoirs are discovered in difficult to access areas. Reservoir modeling has been critical to the industry as a tool to address any arising challenges. The initial stages of modeling and development involve the use of computer modeling to create a digital construction of the shale reservoir. This can be used for the purpose of estimating the available reservices, predicting future production, evaluating reservoir management, and guiding overall decision-making on the development of the field. Aspects such as the environment, geophysics, soil-fluid interactions, and oil recovery techniques are used in reservoir simulations which significantly enhances the practical aspect of petroleum extraction (Hagedorn n.d.). IGIP The abbreviation IGIP is deciphered as “initial gas in place” (Kalam et al., 2015). It is often interchangeably used with original gas in place (OGIP). Before unconventional types of reservoirs are developed, it is ne