ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
According to (Cresewell, 2011), research surveys are grouped into two main categories namely descriptive and analytical. Analytic Survey Research According to Oppenheim (2000), the analytic, relational survey is set up with the aim of exploration associations between variables. Its design resembles laboratory experiments. An analytic survey tends to focus on finding associations and explanations rather than description and enumeration. Oppenheim (2000) argues that an analytic survey tends to ask ‘why’ and ‘what goes with what’ rather than ‘how many or ‘how often’. An analytical survey, according to Oppenheim (2000, p.23), “attempts to describe and explain why situations exist”. Analytic surveys have four different types of variables and it is important for the investigator to understand these variables. Experimental variables fall in the first category. Experimental variables are also called ‘causes or predictors’. Other experts refer to them as independent or explanatory variables. According to Oppenheim (2000), the analytic type of survey is designed in a manner that allows for the variation of these factors systematically so that there effects can be observed. As such, in an analytic survey, several variables work both in isolation and in various combinations. Dependent variables fall into the second category. These variables must be measured particularly carefully and group difference tested for statistical significance. Controlled variables fall in the third category. Oppenheim (2000) suggests that as a source of variation, these should be eliminated so as to fulfill the condition of ‘other things being equal’ when the effects or correlates of experimental variables are stated. Oppenheim (2000) recommends that variables should be controlled by employing the exclusion principle. For example, by having only males in a sample, gender is excluded as a source of variation; or, by interviewing all respondents on the same day, this eliminates the variation that occurs when they are interviewed on different days or weeks. This can also be achieved through randomization. For example, by randomizing the order in which alternatives are given to the respondents, the researcher eliminates ordinal and serial effects as sources of variation. The last category is that of uncontrolled variables. These are free floating variables and theoretically, they fall into two groups: confounded variables and error. Confounded variables, which are also known as, correlated biases, have hidden influence of unknown size, on the results. For example, in psychological research, genetic factors may influence the outcome of results. This influence is of unknown magnitude. Essentially, this means that knowledge and understanding of the phenomena under investigation are still incomplete in important ways; there are variables, other than the experimental and controlled variables, but confounded within them, that can affect the results and hence can produce serious misinterpretations. On the other hand, such uncontrolled variable
Introduction The informational flow that fills the air and web browser cash is full of semi-professional and amateur authors that do not offer information, present insufficient research, and maybe useless for the entire information space. The paper is focused on the news that is associated with Xavier basketball team players (Jordan Crawford in particular), and the instance of a slam-dunk that Lebron James – an American professional player missed after his inability to protect the basket from a sophomore Crawford. Analysis The discussed event is almost casual, and happening with particular regularity in the world of sport: a school league player Jordan Crawford managed to break the defense by a professional player Lebron James. The event was not taken seriously by any player of both teams, while resonance to this event was given by the fact that Nike company was not interested in the broadcast of this moment. Therefore, the representatives had to confiscate a camera from a photographer who managed to take some shots. The controversy of the situation is in the fact that neither Crawford, nor James pay sufficient attention to this event, and regard it as a casual one. Journalists, on the contrary, consider that this may be a step forward for Crawford, and a disgrace for James, and the Nike Company. Consequently, analysis associated with this event should be very accurate, and for staying objective, journalists will have to avoid interpretation. Messaging character of the notes is a proper alternative for destructive denunciations and disgrace. Sean Deveney’s (in NBA Draft Preview, 58) note is of a messaging character, and it lacks any analysis; however, it gives sufficient details for the readers could make an independent analysis of the event. Deveney aims at giving an unprejudiced explanation of the situation and emphasizes that Crawford does not pay too much attention to this dunk. The other sources (Ostler, 2009; Grupp, 2010) fail to offer a reliable interpretation of the event. These articles are full of unconfirmed facts and single-sided analyses. Regardless of the fact that some authors try to keep a neutral position, the interpretation and analysis that they offer are mainly semi-professional. Hence, Ostler (2009) emphasizes that Nike has confiscated the videotape, and then, made the record public in order to regulate the emerging conflict. Hence, the author gives his own apologies, and then criticizes the quality of the record, hinting at the opportunity of video editing. However, it is hard to blame authors of these notes for the absence of structure, analysis, or meaning, as most of the sources that paid attention to this event were restricted to the statement of the fact. One of the authors that offer a full picture, and quite a sober inte
Summary This article addresses antibiotic resistance in livestock in America (Harris, 1). The article appears in the New York Times and highlights the new regulations that farmers must adhere to before getting a prescription on antibiotics for animals. According to the article, on average, 2 million individuals become ill and an estimated 100,000 die from nosocomial infections resulting from microbial resistance to antibiotics. According to the article close to 80 percent of human antibiotics sold in the US are also used to treat animals (Harris, 1). The FDA has proposed new rules that bar farmers from administering antibiotics to farm animals such as pigs and cattle. The other regulation the FDA is putting in place requires drug manufacturers to modify drug labels to include a prescription. These new restrictions are in line with the Obama administration directive to restrict the use of antibiotics in agriculture. The new law has been both welcomed and criticized. Critics of this FDA regulation ascertain that, because the regulations are to be enforced voluntarily, most farmers, especially small scale will have a hard time implementing the changes. On the other hand, supporters of the rule argue that the restriction will reduce drug resistance in America (Harris, 1). Questions How Does Antibiotic Endurance Happen? Antibiotic resistance is a regular occurrence that has been happening from the time past of microorganisms such as bacteria. Research shows that some bacteria sequestered from glaciers, and that had not been in contact with humans or animals were found to be resilient to several existing antibiotics. In addition, research shows that a significant level of natural bacterial endurance to antibiotics must consequently be estimated but living microbial cells will be those that are of least sensitivity or are resilient. It is hard to calculate the rapidity of resistance in microorganisms as it is determined by among other things, the category of the drugs (antibiotic), the class of microorganisms, and the degree of contact the microorganisms have to drugs or antibiotics besides the capability of the resilient bacteria to endure and reproduce (Mayers, 25). Following the development of microbial resistance, the particular microorganisms could become extinct, or the resilient strains may be substituted by vulnerable microorganisms. Although current research has made tremendous gains in the area of microbial resistance to antibiotics, there is still considerable information that is unfamiliar about what ensues to drug resistance when it advances. Literature on ways to combat drug resistance indicates that it is essential to use drugs especially antibiotics at the precise prescription amount, as it ensures that the correct amount of the antibiotics reach the location of contamination within an adequat
Artificial genes engineering is one of the most recent innovation in biomedical field. To isolate the pure genes, the scientists used bacterial viruses called bacteriophages, agents that are capable of extracting various genes from the bacteria. Once the genes were sucked into the bacterial virus, the researchers went about the difficult task of separating the ones they wanted from the rest of the genes in the “soup mix.” They did this with an enzyme that digested only the unwanted portion of the DNA, leaving the strand of genetic material they were after. The article describes the development and characteristics of vivo gene modification techniques developed by NIEHS scientists. The researchers use so callused yeast artificial chromosomes (used in engineering large DNC fragments).Yeast artificial chromosomes contains such sequences as telomeric, centromeric and replication origin. The researchers succeeded in isolating a unit of heredity, the genetic system of which more closely resembles a human’s. The accomplishments have, of course, paved the way toward a better understanding of genes’ behavior and the role they play in defects and disease. There are practical possibilities of another kind. What if scientists could separate the gene that directs the manufacture of silk in a silkworm? Inserted into a bacterium, or into a host of bacteria, such a gene might be stimulated into producing large quantities of the substance for which it is coded. The bacteria would be transformed into busy minifactories, producing insulin to treat diabetes. The steps are not existent now, but when one stops to think about it, with work in higher organisms, it is not inconceivable that in not too long a time this sort of technique could be used. The more you think about it, the more it becomes frightening. “Delitto Perfetto provides a new dimension to YAC cloning of human DNA,” Resnick says, “because it gives one the opportunity to modify genes directly on the YAC without any subcloning process” (Medlin 2002, p. 88). The synthesis is just the beginning step in the investigation of that particular gene. Scientists interested in synthesizing a human gene have some formidable obstacles to overcome. Furthermore, it has been estimated that the chances of getting a virus to transport the right piece of DNA into a cell, using the easiest method known, are about one in one hundred thousand. And even if the DNA does get in, no one really knows how many of an ailing individual’s cells have to be so treated to cure a disease or defect. These problems will undoubtedly be resolved. There is something else about this restriction enzyme. When it is used to slice up DNA, the pieces it produces have sticky ends. This means that when a specific bit of DNA is cut out of a plasmid from a bacterium and then mixed
Problem Description Over the past few years, there has been a tendency for the number of experienced nursing staff to shrink (Shekelle, 2013). The specified phenomenon can be attributed to increasingly high-quality standards, the consistent rise in demands toward nurses, a comparatively small number of benefits, and the rise in health issues on a global scale, the nurse-to-patient ratio (NPR) has been dropping significantly (Erlingmark, Hedstrom, & Lindberg, 2016). The specified trend is likely to lead to a massive rise in the number of negative patient outcomes and a drop in the quality of the provided services since meeting the needs of a vast number of patients from diverse backgrounds is a challenging task. Therefore, a reconsideration of the current approach toward assigning specific roles and responsibilities to nurses must be reconsidered. For this purpose, the adoption of the Acuity-Based Staffing Model (ABSM) must be viewed as a necessity since the specified framework since it allows addressing the issue of a low NPR, thus, improving the quality of nursing services and preventing the instances of workplace burnout among nurses. The ABSM is not a new concept in nursing; according to Vortherms, Spoden, and Wilcken (2015), it has been used for quite a while as the means of addressing staffing issues in the acute care environment (Trepanier, 2017). The concept of ABSM is rather basic; as a rule, the framework implies that four elements should be introduced into the strategy for managing nursing processes. The elements in question include striking the right balance between the number of staff, their skill levels, placing nurses in the right location, providing a schedule with rigid deadlines, and assigning a set of responsibilities to each nurse based on their competence level (Shekelle, 2013). Diagram Figure 1. Acuity-Based Staffing Model (ABSM). Reasons for Using the ABSM The application of the ABSM is crucial to the management of the issues associated with a low NPR. The framework allows approaching the problem of low staffing levels from different angles, therefore, considering the factors that affect it most. Indeed, a closer look at the suggested approach will show that it helps resolve the problem by determining the right location for each nurse. Furthermore, the low staffing levels are addressed by defining the density of nurses per each section so that the needs of patients with different health records could be addressed respectively. The identification of the nurses’ knowledge and skills will help select the appropr
“Human Trafficking in Mozambique: Root Causes and Recommendations” is a policy paper developed by the research team of UNESCO as a powerful tool in order to analyze the situation with human trafficking in Mozambique and attract the attention of the government, as well as the representatives of international and local organizations. The authors of this paper introduce trafficking in human beings as a demand-driven global type of business. 1 Mozambique is an African country with a rich history of trafficked citizens. Its total population was about 19 million people in 2005, and more than 600,000 women and children were trafficked in one year. As a rule, South Africa is the main destination for Mozambique girls and women being trafficked for such purposes as sexual exploitation, forced labor, and even organ transplantation. 2 At the beginning of this article, UNESCO pays much attention to the statistical data. Such decision serves as one of the main strengths because the reader gets a clear idea of why the chosen topic has to be discussed and continues bothering a number of people worldwide. The authors improve their project by dividing the paper on certain sections and clarifying the goals of the work done. Definitions, explanations, and examples are perfectly combined in the article. Poverty, migration, gender-based discrimination, and low living standards are the main causes of human trafficking in the country, and UNESCO representatives aim at exploring these causes in order to reduce the number of trafficked citizens and improve the quality of life in Mozambique. It is not enough to say that human trafficking should be stopped and forbidden legally. It is necessary to investigate the reasons for why people are under a threat of being trafficked. In the article, enough information, including the intentions of women to find good jobs or the legal support of organ transplantation is given. Such facts prove that the citizens of Mozambique are actually aware of the problem. The only thing is they remain to be unable to comprehend how dangerous and disappointing their expectations could be. There are many foreign traffickers, who provide the local people with hopes and possibilities to change their lives. 3 People give their agreements without knowing what they involve themselves in. The authors of the article do not try to convince the reader to avoid human trafficking or to be careful with the offers from strangers. The author’s intention is to describe the current situation in Mozambique and explore the topic of human trafficki
In his novel The Postmortal, the author Drew Magary speculates about the possible outcomes of the invention of the anti-ageing cure. The novel is written from the point of view of the main character, John Farrel, as he witnesses the impact that the cure is having on the planet globally and on the United States in particular. With the discovery of the cure for ageing, life on Earth has changed forever in political, social, and environmental terms. The Postmortal’s scenario of the likely future in which people never age provides a non-trivial food for thought as it illustrates the shift in people’s relationships and interactions on social and political levels. While reading the novel, the readers cannot help putting themselves in a position of the people who will stay forever young and reflect upon their own life choices. The main character, the successful lawyer John Farrel gets the cure in his late twenties, which means that starting from that point he is not going to mature physically and will stay forever young. Later, looking in the mirror he states: “I haven’t changed. I haven’t’ grown. It’s as if I haven’t lived at all” (Magary para.3). He changes his career to a divorce lawyer, which is an illustration of the transformations of people’s believes regarding marriage, love, and romantic relationship. With the possibility of eternal life ahead, the thought of lifetime commitment to one person seems intimidating to many people. The cure had a drastic impact on society not only in terms of people’s private lives but also politically. In the novel, people split into two opposing parties: those who have chosen the cure, and those who support the natural, pre-cure state of things. The latter becomes a radical group and resort to violent measures in their fight against immortality. The thing that at first was perceived as a blessing turned into a disaster: “It doesn’t take long for that seeming utopia to dissolve into a planet-overstressed from overpopulation, food and fuel shortages, and general lawlessness-going into systemic failure” (Jones para.2). The violence seems inevitable, as the population increases, and the resources gradually run out. Another important aspect that the author suggests considering is the growth of the consensual euthanasia business. The main character ends up as an end specialist, a person who assists people commit suicide. The demand for such kinds of services may seem depressing but at the same time not at all surprising. While some people decide that they have lived enough and wish to put an end to their lives, others, especially those who have taken the cure while being young, strive to make the most out of their eternal youth and fall into hedonism. This raises the question of how humanity can deal with the possibility of
Introduction The poem “The Red Wheelbarrow” is considered to be the masterpiece of 20th century writer William Carlos Williams, supposedly written in five minutes when he was caring for a sick child that eventually died (The Book of the Dead Man 109). While there have been many interpretations over the years as to the meaning behind the words of the poem, the use of Occam’s Razor which states “one should not increase, beyond what is necessary, the number of entities required to explain anything” (Pretorius 339) suggests that an explanation examining the situation when the poem was written rather than using all manner of literary theory and word by word examination would be the best and most accurate way of determining what Williams was trying to impart. Though the red wheelbarrow can be described in many ways its influence in our lives is priceless. Examining the Pattern of the Poem The overall pattern of the poem is slightly reminiscent to the style utilized in Japanese haikus where importance is placed on the power of individual words to convey meaning to the reader. In this case instead of the various li
The Facts One of the most controversial aspects of modern medicine and the reason for the state’s concern, trading with anabolic steroids is mowing on the agenda of the contemporary system of justice. Forgetting about both the health of the people using steroids and the sports ethics, people resort to buying and selling anabolic steroids, which brings irreparable harm to the sportsmen’s health and their reputation. Despite the prohibition to sell and buy anabolic steroids, people still continue the trade. There is no doubt that such a state of affairs must change once the ad for all. It is obvious that the case is completely clear. Learning that the company sells the alleged anabolic medicine to sportsmen, the plaintiff filed a case to make the illegal anabolic trade cease and promote fair and just competition among the sportsmen. Claiming that selling anabolic substances discredits both the sportsmen and the company, the plaintiff was completely right. However, because of an unfortunate misconception, a usual medicine was taken for an anabolic substance. As a result, the company filed a counter-claim, accusing the sportsman of libel. The Issue Considering the peculiarities of the case from the viewpoint of the defense, one can claim that the situation that the accused was trapped in was rather controversial. It is necessary to mark that the initial charge was made based on the assumptions, which is definitely a sore spot of the case. However, it must be taken into account that Martinez, the accused, was guided by the idea that people buying the given product would have been involved in a crime without even knowing it (Willhite). Therefore, it is evident that Martinez had the reasons for serious concerns. These must be considered extenuating circumstances that could be the basis for the reconsideration of the case. However, taking the viewpoint of the prosecutor, one can see the controversy of the situation. No matter what the label has been caused by, it still remains a crime that the defendant must respond to. Since the law presupposes that the actions drag certain responsibilities, Martinez will have to take the responsibility for his actions as well. Therefore, it is beyond any possible doubt that the judgment passed in the case does not correspond to the norms of justice and does not take account of each peculiarity of the case. To be more precise, the jury should have considered the point of view of the sportsman as well before passing the sentence. The Previous History Marking the previous history o the case, it must be mentioned that the drug store where these medicaments could be easily bought by practically any sportsman posed a threat to the fair sport games and broke the law of the country. Since the trade prejudiced the fair competition and threatened the career not only