ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Summary Contract laws in Ireland are deeply founded on the common customary bylaws. Until the Irish Nation was founded in fiscal 1922, the structured linkages amid the common bylaw of England and the legal system of Ireland appeared to be exceptionally strong. However, justice direction gyrated about identical court structures similar to those embraced in England, for instance, the Irish equity courts and the Irish common bylaw courts. With respect to the Irish contract situations, there are various laws that relate to misrepresentation and mistakes. These areas are discussed below: Mistake laws In Ireland, for contract validity to be affected by a mistake, the mistake itself should be an operative one. Such a mistake usually functions to render a legal and binding contract invalid (Friel, 2000). Thus, in contract situations, there are different types of mistake laws, which are subsequently discussed. Common mistake In the Republic of Ireland, a common mistake relates to a situation whereby both contracting parties make identical errors concerning an elementary actuality. There are three categories of a common mistakes: Res sua A contract is deemed invalid in Ireland in case the parties to the contract enter into the binding agreements of purchasing goods that are actually owned by them. This was the case in Phibbs vs. Cooper (1867) LR 2 HL 149. Res extincta A contract is deemed invalid at a common bylaw proviso the agreement theme under discussion is, in essence, unreal or imaginary. In case by the time the sales of goods contract are formed and the seller is not aware that the contractual goods are rotten, such a contract is considered invalid (Clark, 2008). Case examples of res extinct are Brymer vs. Griffith (1903) 19 TLR 434, and Hastie vs. Couturier ( 1856 ) 5 HL Cas 673. Mistake relating to quality In Ireland, a quality mistake in a binding contract is usually restricted to the contracted boundaries. As Lord Atkin stated in his ruling, if both the contracting parties make a mistake, then that mistake affects the consent (Clark & Clarke, 2008). A case example illustrating this is Lever Brothers Ltd vs. Bell [1931] UKHL 2. Unilateral mistake In Ireland, this is a contractual situation whereby just a single party to the binding contract becomes mistaken. The Irish case laws can be categorized as discussed below: Mistake relating to the contractual terms In the Hughes vs. Smith (1871) LR 6 QB 597 case, it was ruled that a simple judgmental fault concerning the eminence of the theme could hardly make a binding agreement invalid for the unilateral error. In Ireland, for an error to be deemed operative, a single party to the contract ought to make a mistake that is in line with the contractual terms (Friel, 2000). A contract will thus be void proviso one of the parties to the contract makes a mistake that they are aware of as well as being accountable for the contract nature. Identity mistake Under this bylaw, one of the
Research Questions The case study was used to analyze the major determinants in the price of a company during privatization (Arin and Cagla 1393–404). The important questions for the case study include:  1. Can the size of the company affect the price during privatization?  2. How does the market structure affect the price of a firm?  3. What does a marketer learn from the privatization process?  4. Can the cost and profit margin affect the price of a firm? The case study uses sample variables to answer the above questions. Previous Literature The objective of privatization is revenue generation. The process becomes difficult when some factors are not considered before privatization. Previous pieces of literature have been published on this topic, thus adding an insight into the subject matter. Megginson and Netter analyzed the privatization process and produced the following conclusion: That aside from the revenue generated, privatization affects the efficiency of the firm. Another author named Haung emphasized that the initial public offering or initial returns of a firm is not significant after being privatized. Lopez-De-Silanes discovered that the higher the number of bidders for a firm the higher the revenue generated during privatization. Lopez explained that the low-profit return of some companies contributed to the low income generated during privatization. The author, however, stressed that the price of a firm depends on the net income generated by the organization. Data The case study was used to analyze the determinants of privatization prices in Turkey (Arin and Cagla 1393–404). The samples were privatized between 1989 and 1998. The samples were reduced because some lacked data on profits. The samples selected comprised 68 firms. These samples consist of six industries. 24 firms were cement plants while some were dairy products firms, airport services, manufacturing industries, marinas, and ports. Methodology The sample consists of 24 cement companies, 29 dairy products plants, 3 marinas, 4 ports, 2 airlines, and six heavy industries. Out of the 68 samples, 65 firms were privatized through block sales while 3 firms were privatized through a combination of public offerings and block sales. The case study used regression analysis to determine the most significant determinant to privatization prices. This was carried out in the first set of regression. The dependent variable used for the case study is the raw privatization price of the firm. The raw privatization price of the firm variable was corrected for inflation using CPI statistics. The second set of the regression analysis used the sales-adjusted price as the dependent variable. The sales-adjusted price variable was calculated by dividing the revenue before privatization by the percentage of shares privatized. The objective of the regression analysis was to analyze the differences in the firm’s efficiencies and level of profit. Results The survey showed that the number of sales before privatization was the major determinant of privatization prices. This is becaus
The old tip reporting guidelines prior to July 6, 2006 The workers in the field of the restaurant hospitality are subjected to the requirements of the internal reporting services (IRS). IRS has the power to make estimation on the tips acknowledged to or received by the employees and thus it facilitates to charge income taxes on such receipts. Tips received by the employees are considered as part of gratuity and not as gifts. It is considered while calculating the taxable income payable by the employees. As per the requirements of the law, the tips received by or accountable to the employee in cash form should be shown in a written statement and it should be furnished before the employer within a specified time limit. In case of large food and beverage firms, (employing more than 10 individuals), tip income of the employees should be reported to the government while filing of annual information returns. 8% of the gross receipts of a restaurant business are attributed to the tip income. In case of tips reported by the employees, large employers are required to allocate 8% of the gross receipts for a period. Tip reporting system is established with the intention to augment the tax compliance of the employees who getting tips from the customers. The TRD/EP gives power to the employers to enter into anyone of the two types of agreements relating to tip reporting which includes TRDA and TRAC. “Current law provides a unique tax credit equal to an employer’s FICA tax obligation (7.65 percent) attributable to certain tips treated as paid by the employer for FICA tax purposes (regardless of whether the tips are reported). The credit is available only on “tips received from customers in connection with the providing, delivering or serving of food or beverages for consumption if the tipping of employees receiving such tips is customary.” (Know Your Tip Reporting Rights). New attributed tip income program Tip means a tiny portion of money left for a bartender, waiter or other servants as a token of appreciation. Attributed tip income program (ATIP) is recognized by Internal Revenue Service. The ATIP is a three year direct program for food and beverage employers. In this case the employers’ payment is of annually. Attributed Tip is related with earnings. The earnings are calculated under full amount of tip for all tipped employees in the activity. Calculation of total tip amount for the organization is done by multiplying the total receipts from food and beverages sales by the stimulating tip rate. The other benefit of attributed tip income program is attribution technique. The ATIP was established in the year July 28, 2006. The program is based in the food and beverages industry and it provides a deliberate tip income reporting by the tipped employee. The attributed Tip Income Program provides so many advantages for the employer and tipped employee. They are avoiding financial problem due to the spontaneous tax liabilities resulting from tip au
The Bhagavad Gita contains a variety of philosophical concepts and ideas. The text teaches people how to live righteously. This text shows the most important things in the human’s life (“The Bhagavad Gita” 105). Interestingly, two anthropological articles on Indian life also touch upon the issues considered in the Bhagavad Gita. It is possible to state that Karve explores the role of women in Indian society and learns a lot while taking part in a religious celebration (15). Marriott also takes part in celebrations and learns important things about such concepts as love, life, and society (n.p.). It is possible to single out two major ideas which are central to the three texts. One of these concepts is the concept of the journey. The Bhagavad Gita is all about the journey of Prince Arjuna and Lord Krishna. This journey makes the mortal understand a lot of important things concerning the meaning of human life. The two articles also contain the concept of the journey which reveals secrets. For instance, Karve is participating in a procession and her neighbor tells her everything about the meanings of the celebrations (17). The author also makes a lot of valuable observations about life in the community (Karve 15). Therefore, the author’s journey is also educatory as she learns more about the world around her. Marriott also has a journey that changes his perception of the world around him (n.p.). He lives in a village and participates in numerous celebrations. However, several days and night are most memorable for him as those days can be regarded as a sort of journey. The author learns a lot about the life of people divided by castes, religion, etc. (Marriott n.p.).Therefore, the three texts convey the idea of a constant journey which makes people learn more about the world around them. In other words, the three texts show that human life is a journey and people have to learn lots of things along their path. Another important concept considered in tree texts is the concept of development. The aim of the journey is gaining certain knowledge and becoming a more righteous person. Thus, the prince learns how to be less arrogant and wise (“The Bhagavad Gita” 110). Marriott also concludes that he has become a wiser man as he has become open-minded (n.p.). The author stresses that he had some prejudice at the beginning of his journey, but, at the end of his trip, he has managed to understand what righteous life means. The anthropologist has become an open-minded person, capable of understanding different standpoints and ways of life. Likewise, Karve desc
The computation of the three ratios Return on Assets (RoA) Return on Equity (RoE) Profit Margin The purpose and information conveyed by each ratios The three ratios presented and computed in the previous section represent vital profit generation indicators for a modern commercial organization. The return on assets (RoA) shows how well the company utilizes the entirety of its assets, including the borrowed ones, to generate financial returns. The return on equity is largely similar to this metric, but it does not consider the debt of the company (Gallo, 2016). Finally, the profit margin is one of the most important indicators of financial health, as it draws a direct comparison between sales and profits, showing how much the company actually earns from its operations. ABC Company review on three ratios First of all, the ABC Company’s business model can be deemed successful, as it generates adequate profits. Optimal returns on equity and assets show that the investors can reasonably expect returns on their participation in the company’s financing. The profit margin is also considerable, which means that this aspect of the firm is handled well. The profitability of the company Overall, the ABC Company remains a profitable enterprise that successfully converts its assets into revenues. The profit margin is over 50%, which is commendable, even though the overall turnover is below $1 million. Therefore, the business model on its own functions well, allowing the ABC Company to retain a stable position on the market. However, it may not suffice for the sustained growth in the long-term. ABC Company financial successful While the ABC Company’s financial statement may present positive indicators, it would be unwise to consider the company in isolation. Instead, it appears to interesting to compare the entity’s performance against the industry’s leaders to identify the areas in which it excels or where the improvements are needed. First of all, the return on assets is provided by Rose (2022), indicating that the industry’s average was set at 9.1-9.3% across the past four years. The ABC Company’s figures are considerably higher at the moment with 28.3%, but it is important to note that its absolute cash flows are not on par with the industry’s leaders. Thus, it is possible that the ABC Company’s ratios will become lower as the entity continues to grow. This difference becomes particularly evident when the income levels are compared with the industry’s average figures. As far as net income is concerned, the industry has averaged at $4.7 million in 2020. The ABC Company is far from this level, as its net income is only $77,000, which implies that it still has a long growth phase ahead. Furthermore, the industry’s leaders, such as Williams-Sonoma, have hundreds of millions of sales, whereas the ABC Company only has half-a-million. As the total assets of the company increase, there is no guarantee that its profit margins and returns on investment will remain equally high. Under these circumstances, the emp
Introduction Despite the fact that the US is considered the most prosperous nation on earth, it is ironical that its public health care sector system is very costly. The country is renowned for its finest medical schools, medical institutions, and hospitals all over the world. However, it is worrying to note that the country spends over 20% of its annual budget on health care (Harrington & Carroll 23). Similarly, up to 50 million individuals in the US are uninsured and millions of others are under insured. These situations have been aggravated by the ever-increasing cost of public health care. This article focuses on the increased cost of health care as an issue facing the public sector in the US. Problem definition Between the early 1980s and the early 2000s, the cost of public health care in the US significantly increased. By the time the government stopped its heavy-handed managed care in the 1990s, the cost of health care services has risen sharply as the number of uninsured individuals increased. Before The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act was passed into law in the year 2010, the number of uninsured individuals was estimated to be more than 46 million. Equally, during this period new medical technology, pharmaceuticals, and workforce were in great demand. As the country’s life expectancy continues to increase, its population will continue to age leading to more chronic health issues. In the year 2006, the U.S. healthcare system was reported to be among the most costly system in the world. According to these reports, the U.S. government spent over $2 trillion in health care expenditure during the same year. These figures are disturbing since the above expenditure represents 18% of the country’s gross domestic product. Similarly, in the year 2011 the American health care spending was higher compared to the spending of other developed countries. That year, $2.7 trillion was spent on public health care (Parks 12). This implies that approximately $8, 680 were spent on every individual. In the same year, the physicians’ earnings in the US tripled that of physicians in France. As compared to the spending used in the years 2009 and 2010, the amount spent in the year 2011 grew by 3.9% to $ 850 billion. In the same year, spending on hospital care rose by 4.3% unlike in the previous year, which had risen by 4.9%. In the same year, physician and clinical services expenditure rose by 4.3% to $541 billion. In the previous year, 2010, the growth was registered at 3.1%. Dental services expenditure recorded an increase of 3% to $108 billion. Expenditure for residential and personal care services rose by 4% to $133 billion. Nursing care facilities’ expenditure rose by 4.4% to $149 billion. Based on the above illustrations, it is apparent, that the ever-increasing cost of public healthcare in the US is a major issue that should be controlled. It the relevant authorities fail to control it, a major health crisis will be experienced in the near future. Alternatives Several alternatives can be adopted to end the above situations. These alternatives should be aimed at reducing the healthcare expenditure, and
Leading health indicators (LHIs) are the surveillance of public health which is normally used to measure health over a defined population. Many of these LHIs focus on major factors that create the basis of diseases and deaths in the United States and are crucial in assisting communities, organizations, and states in concentrating their efforts and resources on ways to improve the well-being and health of their people. In the past, health indicators were only based on the measures of survival and mortality, but in the recent past things have changed and many factors are now being considered, including environmental quality, injury, violence, mental health, and oral health, among others. One of the most important indicators is access to health services with the pointers including persons with medical insurance and persons with the usual primary care provider. Access to health services has vast impacts on many aspects of the health of the individual acquiring it. Regular access to health services can prevent disease and disability, increase life expectancy and increase the quality of life (Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion [ODPHP], n.d.). Primary care physicians (PCPs) have an important duty in maintaining the health and safety of the people they serve while developing sustainable and meaningful relationships with their clients (ODPHP, n.d.). The benefits associated with PCPs include gaining trust from the patient and the likelihood of the patients receiving good care. Injury and violence leading health indicators involve homicides and injury deaths which can be caused by several factors and can occur anywhere. Injuries can be painful incapacitating emotional and physical sometimes serious consequences resulting in brain injury, disability also occasionally premature death affecting family members, coworkers even the community at large. Health equity and reduction of residential segregation are among the constituents left out of the list of leading health indicators. Equity has been highly overlooked in most sectors including business, transport, construction, and importantly in the health industry. Equity for all should be advocated because in many health cases, some institutions look down on people of color as their patients with the notion they cannot afford the services offered. People of all races should be treated equally no matter what condition they are in to raise the margin for health indicators. Residential segregation is another rampant issue in many parts of the United States and should be looked into for people being segregated does not paint a good picture for the nation. Residential segregations call for slowed development rates and this comes with many side effects ranging from the spreading of contagious and sexually transmitted diseases to the people living in low standard areas hence ways of eradication should be looked into. Health indicator
Introduction Sawtel is an organization dedicated to improving telecommunications technologies and net safety. Its mission is “to provide unrivalled satellite bandwidth capacity and state-of-the-art wireless connectivity solutions to institutions and business in emerging markets where access to high-speed communication has previously been prohibitively expensive and undependable” (“Mission”). Sawtel® Defender is “an extendible enterprise web cache server and secure gateway. Integrated with the Microsoft Windows® operating system it provides both the boost and control of Internet usage and policy-based of the company. Defender® offers two tightly integrated operating modes-a multilayer firewall and a high-performance web cache and spoofing server” (“Defender”). “Providing secure gateway it filters Internet packets, data lines and provides security at Application level, statefully inspects to process data crossing the secure gateway, accesses policy control, and routs traffic” (“Defender”). The cache bursts network performance and improves “the end-user experience over satellite by spoofing, accelerating, and storing frequently requested web content” (“Defender”). The secure gateway and cache can be installed separately on linked working stations or integrated on the same PC. In either installation mode, Defender® can be used to increase network privacy, reinforce existing Internet usage policy, burst Internet access, and maximize staff capacity. This new research is responsible for safer access the Internet and therefore providing more qualified and productive work. The less problems has company’s staff with their computers, the more they work. To develop Defender® several departments of the company were used. These are Programmers’ department and Department of IT/Network Administration. The Process of Developing through Collaboration Department of IT/Network Administration Data security and Internet access speed are hot topics to discuss in contemporary computerized world. It is quite clear that it is dangerous and in some way stupid to make company’s network available from the Internet without providing any firewall protection for it. Without secure gateway information can be easily stolen from PC’s as many software viruses provide hackers with free access to PCs. Someone may oppose, that if someone is afraid of