ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Abstract Kawasaki disease is a non-contagious syndrome that commonly affects children aged below 5 years. According to Stone (2009, p. 45), this disease affects the blood vessels causing inflammation, which puts the coronary artery that carries blood to the heart at a high risk of infection. It can also affect other parts of the body. According to McMillan and Oski (2006, p. 55), the disease may be mistaken by parents to be another common disease that affects children during their early childhood stages. This is so because it has symptoms that are commonly felt in many diseases. Causes Researchers have conducted studies to determine some of the common causes of the Kawasaki disease. Although the exact cause of the disease is not exactly known, Baren (2008, p. 42) argues that there is a possibility that the infection is always a result of genetic and environmental factors. Some recent studies also reveal that there could be a connection between the infection and some environmental factors like stagnant water pools or carpet cleaning areas. However, this theory is yet to be established. Luxner and Jaffe (2005, p. 87) point out that some pathogens in the air are suspected to cause the disease. Efforts to prove this argument are underway in Japan. Signs and Symptoms The signs and symptoms of the disease develop in phases. During the first phase, the disease starts with persistent fever which may last for over 5 days. This fever ranges from 39-40°C. The onset of the disease is detected by persistent fever, a condition that is associated with cardiac problems when it prolongs. The other symptoms that are detected during this phase include rashes in some parts of the body, redness of the eyes, swollen palms, tongue, and lymph nodes, and cracked-dry lips. The second phase of the disease usually begins after two weeks from the onset of the fever. The phase is characterized by the peeling of the skin on both hands and feet. This symptom may be also experienced by the children who have already been treated. Other symptoms that are experienced by the victims during this phase include joint pains, diarrhea, abdominal pains, and vomiting. Diagnosis and Treatment According to Stone (2009, p. 37), there are severe complications that may be posed by the disease in the body of a victim, and therefore, early diagnosis is vital for early and appropriate treatment plans to be undertaken. However, this scholar argues that it may be tricky to diagnose Kawasaki disease because it cannot be detected using laboratory equipment. Many doctors use symptoms to diagnose the disease. If a child has experienced persistent fever for over 5 days and with some other symptoms of the disease, then there are high chances that the child is Kawasaki positive. Some doctors may order lab tests for various diseases to rule out the infection of other related diseases. Others use echocardiograms to check if there are any heart-related problems. Fleisher and Ludwig (2010, p. 23) say that although it is hard to diagnose t
Pathophysiology and Diagnostic Testing The client shows up with the complaints regarding the chest pain and debilitation. However, after the medication, the symptoms ease. Laboratory tests have indicated total cholesterol without abnormalities; LDL is very high; HDL is quite low suggesting that the patient has the unhealthy diet and inactive lifestyle; high triglycerides of 250 mg/dL whereas the norm is around 150 mg/dL and the borderline is 199 mg/dL; high fasting blood sugar of 140 mg/dL (the patient has diabetes type 2); and high HgbA1c of 7.5% related to the diabetes. No infiltrate in lungs was found. EKG demonstrated no change from baseline. Blood pressure is high, at the rate of 160/92 and pulse if 60. Temperature is 98 Fahrenheit suggesting the presence of certain abnormality such as the inflammatory process but no lymph nodes are indicated. The weight is 220 at the height of 70. HEENT is within the norm. The abnormalities detected within the physical examination are decreased breath sound throughout; right bruit carotids; android obesity and WC of 44 inches; and pedal pulses decreased with the lower leg edema. The patient is subjected to the genetic and lifestyle risk factors. His father has heart disease and the mother has breast cancer. His brothers were diagnosed with the diabetes type 2 in their forties. The patient reports disinclination to exercise, and being accustomed to the atherogenic diet. He is economically-disadvantaged and is unable to consume sufficient amount of fruits and vegetables, instead he dwells on the high-fat and high-carbohydrates diet. The patient has the physically hard job. Other risk factors are the history of high blood pressure and high cholesterol, cholecysectomy ten year ago, high blood pressure, android obesity, hypercholesterolemia, type 2 diabetes, and smoking one pack of cigarettes daily. Symptoms The symptoms are crushing chest pain; shortage of breath with exertion and diaphoretic; and debilitation. The patient continues to suffer from the symptoms for six months. Prior to the admission, he felt substernal and crushing chest pain radiating to the neck and jaw. The pain resolved with rest. Other symptoms are the signs of major depression: heavy eating and long-time sleeping. The patient stated that he had been in the bad shape for the last six months. The symptoms disappeared with treatment and the patient came for a follow-up to consult regarding the risk factors and overall prognosis for his condition and treatment. Progression Trajectory and Difference from Normal Development The patient’s history can be classified as the history of Cardiac patient. His symptoms give a high probability for the Coronary Artery Disease (CAD). Progression trajectory for the patient’s condition will include hypertension, stenosis, atheroscl
Introduction The late 20 th and the early 21 st centuries were characterized by the revival of the role of religious ideology on the political stage. Radical Islam gained widespread popularity during the time due to the prevalence of Islamism ideology as an important facet in the rise of religious political ideology across the globe (Farmer, 2007). In the past, the definition of Islam was clear and simple; all those Muslims who testify that God is one and Muhammad is His prophet and who pray towards Mecca (Farmer, 2007). Islam allowed for a substantial diversity of both beliefs and practice but certain limits had to be observed. However, this changed with the emergence of radical Islam. Radical Islam, commonly referred to as Islamism, refers to a set of ideologies which hold that in addition to being a religion, Islam is a political system which has led to the emphasis for political unity among contemporary Muslims. The movement has thrived primarily due to the economic and political distress spread across most regions of the world as well as social strain and communal humiliation. The rise of Radical Islam Islamism is generally viewed as a struggle for religious supremacy and rejection for modernity. Radical Islam emerged as a movement against western influence and modernization which they considered as conflicting with the practice of pure Muslims. Consequently, the movement targets those who are responsible for these innovations such as the Western countries and perceives them as ‘The enemy’. With the rapid and unstoppable spread of Western influence, the radical Muslims continue to perceive the world as “the prison for believers and the paradise for unbelievers” (Schanzer, 2002 p 1). While most Muslims were flexible and adapted to the rapid changes resulting from industrialization, modernization and westernization, radical Muslims rejected these changes and instead created a rigid ideology that borrowed heavily from traditional values and laws of the Koran. This gave rise to the modern day radical Islamism. They argued that the Islamic laws were being replaced by Western values and further claimed that Allah was angered by His people for accepting the western values and was consequently punishing them. With time the radical Islam vision crystallized and in addition to rejection of the Western values, the movement began rising against Arabic governments which supported the West. Consequently, political reforms became one of the major agendas of radical Islam. Consequences of Radical Islam on society The ideologies and beliefs held by radical Islam have led to actions that directly or indirectly affect the society. Radical Islam introduces a conjunction between supreme value and rent seeking behavior which needs to be emphasized upon when discussing the economic impact of the movement in the society (Inbar & Frisch, 2008). Supreme valu
Introduction Audiences are attracted to scary media content because it promises the experience of dread in a safe environment. Fear is defined as an individual’s immediate response to imaginary or real danger and is associated with physical responses such as sweating and emotional discomfort (Valkenburg and Taylor Piotrowski 120). It is a normal adaptive response that is essential for survival. While adults experience pleasure from viewing terrifying scenes, children may experience trauma due to exposure to traumatizing content. Despite the increasing popularity of horror films in households across the globe, the psychological challenges associated with exposing children to grotesque content are debilitating and have long-term impacts on their well-being. The Horror Genre The use of fear in the entertainment industry has a fairly long history. For instance, comic strips in the 1950s included horror elements (Valkenburg and Taylor Piotrowski 119). The film industry took note of the increasing popularity of the use of fear and produced “The Curse of Frankenstein” in 1957, which spurred the growth of horror movies in Hollywood (Valkenburg and Taylor Piotrowski 120). The negative effects of these films were experienced in a variety of forms across the world. For instance, after “Jaws” was released, American newspapers reported a significant decline in the number of people at various beaches across the country. They posited that people were terrified of being ripped to shred by an enormous shark. In “Psycho,” the shower scene featuring the gruesome murder of Janet Leigh left an indelible mark in the American conscience (Valkenburg and Taylor Piotrowski 120). The film apparently led to the increased popularity of transparent shower curtains. It is evident that horror films negatively impact the psychological well-being of all members of society. The reputation of horror films in the entertainment industry has suffered immensely over the years. The American Academy of Motion Picture Arts has only nominated six films for best picture, and only one titled “The Silence of the Lambs” won the award in 1992 (Martin 2). Despite the lack of recognition, the genre is thriving as many people opt to watch horrific content. For instance, the second adaptation of Steven King’s novel, “IT,” generated a total of 700.4 million dollars in 2017, making it the most successful horror film of all time (Martin 2). The popularity of the genre continues to sore despite the potential negative impact associated with purposely induced fear. The Attraction to Horror Films It is important to understand why childre
The Pollution Prevention Act The Pollution Prevention Act is a piece of the U.S. legislation targeted at offering new measures for reducing the environmental threat caused by anthropogenic factors. It relates to other laws aiming to protect the environment, which can be applied differently depending on the industry. The Congress has passed the Act after years of research and political attempts to control pollution levels. The main difference of this law compared to the previous legislation is that it aims to reduce pollution at source rather than manage waste at the final stage of a production process. The history of evaluating harm to nature caused by people is not very long, counting just over five decades. In 1962, Rachel Carson published the research that examined the effect which pesticides and technological tools had on the environment (Ashby, 2013, p. 100). This became one of the first works in the long list of findings, which showed the extent of consequences for nature from industrial manufacturing, agriculture, and individual consumption traits. The process of recognizing this threat was rather slow and had several phases. The shift went from ignoring the situation by major industry players to the current state of looking for ways to reach sustainability throughout all processes (Ashby, 2013, p. 101). Nowadays, there are various programs that support the eco-friendly tendencies among production owners and customers. The growing awareness of this problem has made governments of many countries to pass laws for solving the issue. In the United States, the overview of the previous legislation shows that the government used to enforce measures that would deal with pollution control which occurred at the final stage of production processes. For example, the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA), which was amended by Congress in 1984, stated that the amount of potentially hazardous waste had to be minimized if the option was available (Cheremisinoff & Cheremisinoff, 1995, p. 107). The focus of the Act was on steps taken to manage waste. However, in October 1986, the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) published the report called Minimization of Hazardous Wastes” that was presented to the Congress (Cheremisinoff & Cheremisinoff, 1995, p. 109). The key points of that work showed that waste management, as well as other pollution control measures, were not effective enough. The agency called for drafting a program that would minimize waste generation at the earlier
The quality of the environment in the United States is subject to the socioeconomic status of the people. The events that followed Hurricane Katrina clearly reveal that the government has invested in disaster response infrastructure more intensely in regions occupied by the Whites (Frickel and Edwards 215). The disaster also revealed that the communities living near the industrial corridor had complained repetitively about the quality of the environment with limited positive response from the government. Studies have revealed that the affected communities continue facing elevated risks of cancer and respiratory diseases because of the poor quality of the air. Additionally, the lack of adequate infrastructures like temporary homes and disaster response equipment saw many people losing their lives in this region, as opposed to other regions that were also hit by the hurricane. As the situation stands, the poor people in the minority groups still face higher rates of vulnerability to environment-related disasters than the Whites in the Southern States. The lack of financial power elevates the risks associated with the lack of the ability to respond quickly to disasters among the members of the community, but the Southern States highlights a situation where even the Blacks, Latinos, and Asians face inequality in environmental quality (Frickel and Edwards 217). The situation should compel the government to develop relevant plans to alleviate the situation. Works Cited Frickel, Scott, and Michelle Edwards. “Untangling Ignorance in Environmental Risk Assessment.” Powerless Science, vol. 1, no. 1, 2014, pp. 215-233.
Writing a good essay always requires a comprehensive combination of ideas in a planned way to create meaning. One of the essential elements to be put into consideration is having a plan for the essay. This entails the identification of a precise topic and an essay free of grammatical errors (“Chapter 2: Essay structure,” n.d.). When an individual is organized before embarking on creating ideas, it will be easier to establish the thesis statement, which directs the reader on what the whole composition will look like. Such preparation is often called the pre-writing activities an individual does before engaging in composition inscription. The next important element is looking at how well one can organize their ideas. This is important because it assists an individual in expressing the actual meaning of the essay. Hence, it is ascertained that the writing type will follow a certain order, which refers to the flow of thoughts. The ideas should always relate to the significant purpose of the writing. The essay is to be written in a specific directive which may include a chronological or spatial order depending on the person’s preference for writing an essay. When an individual has decided on what to write, they need to plan a draft of the final essay. A person should consider various necessities of a good essay, which they must use to enhance easy flow. This needs a high level of creativity that an individual has to employ while combining ideas. One must also consider the type of outline to use in the essay writing, as it will contribute to the overall outlook. The essay does not always have several set passages, but one must always consider having an introductory and a concluding section. However, every part must have its own entitlement explained in details. One should avoid mixing up ideas in the different parts as this will hinder a follow-up of ideas, which will make an essay hard to follow. When every idea is dedicated to its part, there will be a smooth flow of ideas; hence, it will give the reader ample time to analyze the context. A topic sentence is necessary for every beginning paragraph to clearly retrieve the idea and thoughts (“Chapter 2: Essay structure,” n.d.). It assists in giving the reader the expectation at the start of every part. Paragraphs should not always be entailed to conform to a specific order, but the writer needs to be creative enough to bring organization into their writing. Transitions in paragraphs are important when writing an essay and must be considered. They always enable the easy flow of ideas and connect paragraphs. Various forms of transitions must always be the apprehension of the writer. They include adversative transitions, sequential transition, and causal transition, among others (“Chapter 2: Essay structure,” n.d.). Creativity is applied by means of transitions, and it is upon the writer to determine their usage in the essay. After devising an idea, it is always important to review the whole plan. A checklist must always concern essential ideas that the essay will look at in general. There are important questions to ask oneself regarding the essay, and the questions must always be tied to th
The presented case addresses the concept of nursing staff cooperation and socialization in medical settings that are not directly connected with clinical practice. According to it, various pharmaceutical representatives organized free lunches several times a week, primarily for physicians and other staff as well (Buchbinder et al., 2014). However, these representatives subsequently informed that doctors did not use enough products to continue the practice of lunch provision. In response to this, support staff members expressed their concerns as they liked having free lunches. In turn, almost all physicians supported the decision to stop this practice as it could be regarded as a conflict of interest not tied to educational endeavors (Buchbinder et al., 2014). Thus, the decision to cancel the provision of free lunches was made, and it left support staff members highly dissatisfied and unhappy. In general, this dilemma is determined by several factors, and the main one is the ignorance of these lunches’ significance for staff members. It goes without saying that the idea to have a free lunch several times a week may be regarded as profitable, especially in relation to finances, however, shared mealtimes are highly important for people’s wellbeing in the workplace. In general, healthcare organizations may be defined as “prime examples of collaborative, complex work settings” (Hage et al., 2017, p. 1). The outcomes of health care and the achievement of specific goals strongly depend on good communication and effective teamwork. When people share lunches together, they have an excellent opportunity to communicate with each other, share knowledge and experience, build relationships on the basis of mutual trust and respect, and maintain a supportive, friendly atmosphere (Hage et al., 2017). That is why when luncheons stopped being scheduled, staff members could not cooperate with each other like before. In general, this decision may have a negative impact on the general performance of internal medicine practice as the working atmosphere and employees’ satisfaction are extremely important for it. Another factor of this dilemma is connected with the already existi
Introduction This paper is aimed at discussing and drawing attention to the proposed diagnostic amendments made by the DSM-5 ADHD and Disruptive Behaviour Disorders Committee. The current Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM-IV) published by the American Psychiatric Association provides a standard criteria for the classification of mental disorders (American Psychiatric Association, 2000; Rutter, 2004) and the diagnostic procedures that are used by clinicians and psychiatrics in addressing these abnormalities. The Attention deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) has for many decades been one of the most commonly medically diagnosed behavioural condition that occurs at some stage in a child’s development. ADHD according to Holowenko (1999) and the American Psychiatric Association (2010a) refers to a mixed group of disruptive behaviours that cause difficulties with the child’s development, behaviour and performance, family relationships and social interaction. It is characterized by inattentiveness, an almost reckless impulsiveness and knee-jiggling, toe-tapping hyperactivity (Holowenko, 1999). The manifestation of the disorder and the difficulties that they cause, as posited by the American Psychiatric Association (2010a), are typically more pronounced when a person is involved in some piece of work such as studying or work and is less severe while the individual is resting. We consider first the proposed changes to ADHD in the DSM-5 and latter provide a commentary on the advantages of adopting these changes. Proposed Changes to ADHD The DSM-5 ADHD and Disruptive Behaviour Disorders Committee have enlisted different variations in their interim recommendations. First, the committee propose to widen the age onset of the syndrome from the current before seven years to before twelve years of age. This is the age in which symptoms of the disorder are first present (Low, 2011). The second modification pertains to the restructuring of ADHD subtypes. As noted by Low (2011), the current DSM edition includes three diverse subtypes that inform this disorder as earlier stated. Low (2011) notes that the continual reference to these subtypes is problematic in that the subtypes are progressively changing over time and may lead to double detection for subsequent tests. A different type of change may be the one including at least four new impulsivity symptoms when the DSM-IV present at a given moment is not correctly captured. These four additions comprise symptoms whereby the incumbent tends to act without thinking, is often impatient, is uncomfortable doing things slowly and systematically and finds it difficult to resist temptations or opportunities (Low, 2011; Cowley, 2001). Under the new strategy those individuals considered to do things without prior thinking comprise of those who start tasks without adequately preparing for them or speak without considering the outcome,