ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Literature Review Part Within the period of the last three decades, researchers paid a lot of attention to studying the connection between leader-membership exchange and leader proactive personality. Their special interest was centred around the idea that the success of any enterprise depends on the amount and effectiveness of leader membership exchange. They have also identified that a leader’s proactive personality is a very important variable for leader-membership exchange, which is explained by the fact that the features of a leader’s proactive personality, that both a leader and his or her subordinates have, affect the effectiveness of interaction within the collective body (Darvish & Farzane-dokht, 2011). To understand why exactly the features of a leader’s proactive personality are so important for leader-member exchange, and how the mechanism of their interaction is seen in practice, it is important to examine the description of a leader’s proactive personality in different sources. Majorly, a leader’s proactive personality is defined as an individual’s behavioural proclivity to influence the working environment around him or her with an objective to make improvements in the working process (Zhang, Wang, & Shi, 2012). It refers to one’s ability to show endurance in difficult circumstances, and to influence the environment until the intended objective is realized (Zhang, Wang, & Shi, 2012). It is also one of the most important qualities, that make an employee successful in business , and an individual’s ability to demonstrate a tendency to be innovative, cooperative in team, effective in job performance, and capable of being initiative in entrepreneurship. This ability refers to individual’s active position in the working process, which is seen in his or her desire to show initiative when working with different tasks (Kim, Hon & Crant, 2009). Besides, a leader’s proactive personality is one’s potential in being unconstrained by external forces in any particular situation; in being able to see additional opportunities, where the others do not see any of such; realize these potential opportunities with the aim of acquiring the highest levels of profitability that are possible; and being persevering in difficult circumstances that force to stop and give up (Sears, 2009). The above-mentioned overlook of t
Introduction The protracted civil war in Syria has drawn the attention of major countries, particularly the United States and Russia. These two world superpowers argue that their intentions are to restore peace in this war-torn nation. However, the military and tactical approaches that Russia applies, say otherwise. One wonders why the Russian government is determined to ensure that the Assad regime remains in power despite the atrocities that it has melted on its people. One of the reasons that President Vladimir Putin’s government cites as the cause for its involvement in this war is to thwart the efforts of homegrown terrorists who have relocated from Russia to Syria 1 . Nevertheless, some pundits argue that Russia’s intention is to prevent the international community from investigating its annexation of Ukraine 2 . If Putin’s goal is to assist the Assad administration to overcome the Islamic State, his government should not be reinforcing its military presence in Syria 3 . Moreover, Russia must not be forming alliances with Iran and targeting areas that are opposed to Assad’s regime. The Israeli government has occasionally accused Russia of using unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) to spy on its borders. Based on how Moscow conducts itself, it is clear that its primary goal is to safeguard its interests in the region. Its presence in Syria poses an immense threat to the stability of the Middle East. Stalling Conflicts Russia is renowned for not identifying lasting solutions to the challenges that affect nations in civil wars. Instead, this country stalls the problems and strives to satisfy its interests before things get worse 4 . One may argue that Russia’s presence in Syria has helped to minimize tension in the country. However, its conflict resolution strategies are only helpful in freezing the current crisis rather than ending it. Moscow’s intervention facilitated the establishment of a coalition comprising of Iran, Turkey, and Russia that was instrumental in bringing the warring parties to a negotiation table. Putin’s regime has even tried to organize meetings with Syrian opposition groups to encourage them to participate in dialogue with the objective of restoring peace into the country. Supporters of Russian involvement in the Syrian war argue that the United States has failed to mediate disputes in the Middle East 5 . Therefore, it is time for the region to try Moscow. They do not appreciate that Russia has failed terribly in resolving disputes in Georgia, Crimea, Chechnya, and Ukraine. Instead of negotiating with the aggrieved parties, the Russian government used its powers to enforce skewed resolutions, thus not solving the conflicts. Russia is using the same strategy to address the challenges that Assad’s regime is facing. It assisted Assad to defeat Islamic State in Aleppo, therefore, making him feel superior. The support from Moscow has resulted in Assad’s regime not seeing the significance of negotiating with the opposition 6 . It implies that the warring parties are unlikely to ever resolve their disputes amicably. Chances are high th
Introduction Any person who has ever loved understands that matters of love are intricate. There are situations when a person falls in love with someone who is already devoted to someone else. Sometimes an individual can claim to have fallen in love with two persons at the same time! In “The Blind Man,” love revolves around three angles: Maurice, Isabel, and Reid. There is ‘true love’ between Maurice and Isabel, though there are some situations that tend to imply that Bertie Reid loved Isabel ‘differently’. In “Honor,” Buck falls in love with Mildred, who is married to Rogers. The story unfolds fast leading to a divorce. Mildred leaves Rogers for Buck. One can neither choose when and how to fall in love nor with whom they will fall in love. Forbidden love is always improper, like loving your friend’s wife. Thus, love triangles are intricate and extremely massive huddles to jump. At times, they seem remarkably fulfilling experiences. Based on the two texts, the paper analyzes the disparities and similarities in the conception of the love triangle. Love Triangle Analyses Differences The two texts present the issue of friendship differently. While Lawrence upholds true friendship, Faulkner allocates no value to it. “… at this point Bertie Reid wrote her a letter. He was Isabel’s old friend, probably a second or third cousin. Both were Scotch. They had been grown up together, and all their lives they had been friends, she saw him as a brother, even much better than her own brothers …” (Lawrence 3). This quote portrays true friendship. Maurice has been married to Isabel for over 4 years before the Flanders accident takes Maurice’s sight (Delany 26). They undergo some hard times though they manage to cope with exceptionally well. However, Bertie Reid complicates the story. Reid was Isabel’s friend since childhood. Their friendship blossomed. The words “… count on his taking us out and spending his money on us?’ But he had to choose one that is as poor as we are” (Faulkner “Honor” 3) imply that Mildred does not value friendship or intimate relationship, but is materialistic. Buck Monaghan quits his job at a car dealership and goes back to flying where he meets Rogers, his new co-pilot in wing walking job (Faulkner Para. 1). Rogers and his wife Mildred invite Buck for dinner and the saga begins. She hints that she and her husband are poor, and Buck ought to take them to dinner. She again hints something devious. Mildred is materialistic unlike Isabel [Blind Man] who truly loves. She asks her husband why he chose a poor wing-walker as a family friend. She wanted someone rich who could spend money on them like taking them
Introduction The exertion of influence or authority over a group in a given direction in order to achieve certain objectives constitutes leadership. There are different leadership theories that explain how leaders apply their skills in management. Numerous research papers have defined, analyzed, and explored several theories of leadership and their applications in daily life. These research documents have dealt on the qualities that make one a successful leader among his/her employees or followers. Moreover, the leadership studies have paid due attention on perception of leaders and the feeling he/she commands from the group. Notably, people have been identifying leaders using their emotions and not on rational and objective basis. The society has been considering those who succeed as best leaders irrespective of the conditions they have undergone in the leadership process (Mattiuzzi par. 6). However, the studies have failed to connect the nature of the environment, the characters of followers, and the leader-preferred style of ruling the people. These are the primary foundation to success for any leader. This report will explore why some leadership styles succeed in other regions but not in others even if the same person implements the style in different environments. Literature Review Leaders have their own ways of ruling; they can successfully realize their goals when in one place but fails to do so in another environment. This can occur even if one applies any leadership style. Leadership does not necessarily imply exercising authority on followers; it has to take into concern the behaviors of the followers, the mood of the leader and the situation at hand. Environmental factors can affect the outcomes of leadership; for instance, societal culture and practices can be a source of impediment to the success of organizational leadership. According to the Global Leadership and Organizational Behavior Effectiveness Research Program (GLOBE), cultural differences between a leader and the followers can hinder or aid effectiveness and success of leadership (“How Cultural Factors Affect Leadership” par. 2). Markedly, whatever people can view as a source of success for leadership on one culture can be an obstacle to success on another culture. Globally, businesses have different cultures even if they operate in the same industry; the employees and other stakeholders determine the organizational culture. To understand the influence of culture on
Introduction The Olympic Games are hailed as the world’s biggest sporting event and hosting the games bestows great prestige on a nation. During these games, the global spotlight is on the host city that acts as a world stage for the sporting events and the host city endeavours to make a global impression. In the early years of the Game, the preparations made for the occasion were modest in nature. Pre-existing stadiums were used to stage the games and minimal changes were made in the host city’s infrastructure to accommodate the game. Gold and Margaret (2008) state that the Games have changed from the early pattern of low expenditure to the present trend of huge expenditure and this has made the Olympic event a mega-project. The host city is now required to supply modern sporting facilities and hospitality venues for the visiting participants. Poynter and Macrury (2009) assert that the scale and cost of the contemporary Olympic Games demand that the organizers deliver a variety of non-sporting outcomes or legacies for the host city and nation. With these undertones, this paper will set out to provide a critical review of two main legacies of past Olympic Games as well as a critical review of London 2012’s legacy plans in urban regeneration and environmental/sustainability. Hosting the Olympics The International Olympic Committee (IOC) is the body charged with the task of selecting the host city for the games. This body specifies the requirements that the candidate city must fulfil before it can be deemed eligible for hosting the games. The requirements include competition sites, transport and communication infrastructure, and cultural programmes. Considering the international prominence of the game, the host city is monitored as it makes preparations to ensure that they are at standard with the stipulated requirements (Braun 2000). The policy makers in the host cities are forced to engage in rapid development of its infrastructure to meet the Olympic deadline. These developments often occur with public and political support owing to the enthusiasm that the Olympics seem to exude from all people. Gold and Margaret’s (2008) observe that Olympics pose special problems over the above those caused by other mega-events since these events are not recurrent in the life of the host city. This is because the IOC tries to move the Games from continent to continent and if a country is lucky enough to host the Games for a second or even third time, the span between events is decades long. While the IOC does not demand for extravagant facilities to be made for the games, nations have been known to build new facilities for the primary purposes of impressing the watching international audience and
Susan Glaspell’s play Trifles (1916) is based on the real-life criminal story about the woman accused of killing her husband. In spite of the fact that the play is constructed as the detective story, the main play’s idea is in presenting the realities of the American society in the early part of the 20 th century. In her provocative play, Glaspell discusses the story of analyzing the murder of Mr. Wright from the female and male points of view. Thus, John Wright was killed at night, and now it is necessary to conclude whether Mrs. Wright killed her husband or the farmer was killed by the other person (Glaspell 982-983). In this play, Mrs. Peters and Mrs. Hale, as well as Mrs. Wright who is never presented on stage, can be discussed as the main female characters because their actions change the story’s ending. Although women in Trifles combine their efforts to protect Mrs. Wright, the female characters depicted in the play can be discussed as hopeless because these women are ruled by the desire to state their social position among men; furthermore, Mrs. Wright has to kill her husband in order to protect herself in the patriarchal society; and the female characters have to hide the evidence in order to oppose the social injustice in relation to the issue of gender and distribution of social roles. Despite the fact that Mrs. Peters and Mrs. Hale are portrayed in the play as rather decisive women, these females are hopeless due to the years of experiencing discrimination in their families and in the society. Mrs. Peters and Mrs. Hale are portrayed as suffering from many disparaging discussions of their positions and roles in the society. Thus, discussing the female roles and thoughts, the men depicted in the play state that “women are used to worrying over trifles” (Glaspell 982). The audience can guess that now Mrs. Peters and Mrs. Hale are rather hopeless, and their actions are caused only by one desire which is to emphasize their unique social position among men. The women’s role in the American society of the early part of the 1900s is shaped only by social conventions, and this situation makes hopeless women find different, even risky ways to change the situation. The female characters presented in Trifles are hopeless because the unjust situation observed in the American society makes them focus on any ways to cope with the situation. Thus, Mrs. Wright can kill her husband because of the impossibility to overcome the obst
Being an effective early childhood professional encompasses a wide spectrum of responsibilities. From designing an environment conducive to learning, to planning appropriate lessons for students and implementing them with effective educational strategies to being able to manage the class well and instilling discipline in the students, to involving parents and coordinating with others regarding the provision of quality education for the students. It takes great effort to be able to manage all these skills at the same time, hence professional training with experience is required. This basic manual intends to help out the early childhood educator in his or her professional undertaking as part of a preschool center that upholds a high quality program for very young children. Program Overview The early childhood program implements a play-based approach to suit the developmental needs of young children. A child learns best when he finds enjoyment in what he is doing, thus learning should be fun. PLAY is the world of children. Learning through play has value and is an effective method of teaching. Through play, a child develops his mental functions as he learns varied concepts, and at the same time he develops body coordination, he learns how to handle emotions, acquires social skills and values as he interacts with other children. All learning acquired by the child is an outcome of interactions between him and his environment (people, ideas and materials). A child is able to learn in an environment where there is freedom of movement and choice; this enables him to be an active participant in his learning as he initiates activities, asks questions, explores, observes, and socializes with other children and adults around him. Emphasis is on the “process” of learning more than the “product”. With th
The effects of the ongoing economic recession are irrefutable. From the last quarter of 2007, banks and other sub-prime lenders especially in the developed countries have been exposed to a strong upheaval in financial markets that has left many reeling under the heavy weight of bankruptcies and looming foreclosures. In the US and Europe, bail-outs, mergers, and takeovers have dominated the headlines in recent times as banking institutions try to navigate their way around a financial market that has drastically changed from buoyant optimism to threatening pessimism (Shenn 2006). The tumbling stock markets coupled with organizational and ownership shifts occasioned by the current financial meltdown has presented new challenges and opportunities in the banking sector. This essay aims at discussing and analyzing the ABN AMRO takeover in the hope of shedding light on how the takeover deal was made, its viability, and recommendations for future deal making. The takeover of ABN AMRO is of particular interest to industry analysts and scholars alike since it is the largest banking takeover in history. Headquartered in Amsterdam, Netherlands, the bank is undeniably one of the largest in Europe. It has interests in asset management, commercial banking, investment banking, corporate banking, private banking, and retail banking (ABN AMRO 2009). In 2006, the bank, operating 4,500 branches in around 53 countries worldwide, had an operating income of € 17 billion. By the end of 2006, the bank had around 105,000 employees in its payroll, and an asset base of about € 987 billion. The bank reported a profit of € 10 billion in 2007 financial year (ABN AMRO; Keuleneer & Cossin 2006). Despite the hugely pleasing figures described above, the ABN AMRO bank had been going through difficulties from 2003. First, it was evident that th
Introduction The colonial period in American literature was rich in valuable ideas the authors of which are regarded as the founders of the American ideal. One of such writers was William Bradford, whose political and creative activities and writings are still relevant nowadays. The greatest contribution of this statesman and author was the foundation and description of the first colony. This work was described in the book Of Plymouth Plantation , and it was considered an enormous achievement both by Bradford’s contemporaries and ancestors (Sargent 389). The relevance of Bradford’s ideas is revealed in the modern system of building political relationships as well as in the notions of patriotism and righteousness (Moran 44). Back in the colonial period, Bradford established these issues in his literary works, and even nowadays, his ideas have not lost their essence and value. Main body Bradford’s ideas of colony life were the first ones, but they were quite successful. Probably the most valuable of them, which are rather crucial for present-day life, were the notions of such democratic institutions as town meetings and franchise. Those were the initial attempts of establishing the life of a society in a way that would be comfortable for everyone. Nowadays, democracy plays an important role in people’s lives, too. It is quite uncomfortable to live in a state of dictatorship, where a common citizen has no right to express his or her preferences and live by them. Because of Bradford’s ideas, it became possible for the modern U.S. society to exist in the way it does. Democracy offers a large number of advantages to people, such as the possibility to select their political leaders and participate in the major decisions upon which their lives depend. The themes raised in Bradford’s works helped the next generations to develop and improve their political and patriotic beliefs. The idea of franchising was another asset among Bradford’s accomplishments. This notion was closely related to the religious arrangements in the Plymouth settlement. Bradford was a very religious person, and it was important to him that his subordinates could express their beliefs freely. Thus, even though he was a Pilgrim, he acknowledged the influence of Puritans on his worldview (Moran 44). Franchising was established in Plymouth churches, where the majorities (Separatists or Congregationalists) did not prevent the minorities (Presbyterians) from the free expression of their faith. This idea is especially relevant to modern life since there is a large variety of churches in the world, in general, and in the USA, in particular. Conclusion Because of Bradford’s initiatives, it became possible for present-day religious institutions to function while co-existing peacefully. People can choose what church to attend, and they are not prosecuted if their choice does not coincide with the major