ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction The importance and value of knowledge, its advantages and disadvantages are a complicated topic, which has been debated upon from the ancient times and up to our days. In my opinion, gaining knowledge is one of the most important activities in an individual’s life. Even though knowledge is often forced upon people, especially children, and due to the deficiency of the human mind, knowledge is biased. The benefits of knowledge overbalance its disadvantages. Learning brings pleasure since curiosity and the pursuit of knowledge are in human nature, and knowledge ensures progress and advancement in various spheres of human life. Knowledge is the Solution of Problems “Knowledge is power,” Kofi Annan has once said. “Information is liberating. Education is the premise of progress, in every society, in every family” (Black 94). The former Secretary-General of the United Nations has accurately emphasized the primary benefit of knowledge: it enables us to solve our problems and ensures a continuous advancement. From the very dawn of humanity, knowledge was the only tool people could use to secure convenient living for themselves. Accumulation of knowledge helped prehistoric people to develop hunting skills and save themselves from hunger. Then, gathering knowledge and sharing it with the younger generations allowed humanity to create more advanced ways of receiving food. Thank the existence of knowledge and the ability to share it. People managed to evolve from wild creatures, who feared thunders and trembled when seeing a comet, to the creators of advanced technologies, who can influence weather and explore the cosmos. Instead of climbing on trees, humans travel on machines over cosmos, water, air, and ground. Medical knowledge allowed humans to eliminate the diseases that once we’re able to kill hundreds of thousands of people. Moreover, even the loss of a limb now can be helped: thank the sophisticated technologies of today, a handless boy can receive a robotic hand forged by a 3D printer (You par. 1). So, knowledge solves our problems, both personal and global ones; knowledge liberates us from fear and weakness, ensures our safety, feeds, and cures us. Knowledge is Pleasure It was already mentioned that knowledge has practical benefits. It is necessary to admit that not all of its advantages are directly practical; knowledge also brings pleasure. To my strong conviction, the strive to pursue knowledge is embedded in human nature, and the satisfaction of this need brings a person pleasure. Such a statement may cause an ironical remark considering the fact that many people do not demonstrate a desire to pursue knowledge. However, if we observe young children whose personalities are on the stage of formation, we will notice that they are driven by curiosity. Curiosity encourages them to ask questions, taste things, try to break them, and see what is inside, try to understand how toys work. It is a natural curiosity that exists in every human being. Human curiosity was studied by many prominent scie
Body Planes and Directions One of the organizational approaches to studying the human body is use of body planes and directions. Body planes are essential as they divide the body into different parts and approaches. A body can be described using the front or the back planes. In addition, it can also be described with reference to either the right or left planes (Joan, 2008, p. 36). When a body is moving to or from these planes, an understanding of direction can be realized. The planes and directions can be used when conducting magnetic resonance imaging. These planes help in defining the body’s view as posterior, anterior, inferior or superior. Body Cavities The other approach that can be used is the use of body cavities. In the human body, bones outline the body’s cavities. One of the roles of the bones is to protect the cavities as well as support body organs. These cavities are therefore important in studying the human body. Analyzing the abdominal cavity in a pregnant mother may help provide the best medical attention she needs. In addition, cavities such as the cranium are important in protecting the head. All these cavities can be assessed by medical practitioners to develop an understanding of the health and medical conditions of a patient (Turley, 2008, p. 345). Quadrant or the Regions The other approach uses quadrants or regions. Quadrants are in the abdominal pelvic area of the human body. In this region, four quadrants can also be divided into nine regions. The quadrants are right upper, right lower, left upper and left lower. These quadrants are important to practitioners when they perform internal assessments on their patients. Determining the exact area that has been affected by a certain disorder is only possible if the quadrants are approached independently. Anatomy and Physiology Anatomy and physiology are other approaches in the study of the human body. Anatomy dwells on the structure of the human body and analyzes each part and organ according to its position in it (Joan, 2008, P. 36). Physiology on the other hand deals in the functions or roles of each of the body organs. When the two concepts are applied together, a physician can determine the exact area that has been affected, which organs are the most affected and the types of organ malfunctions that can be harmful to the entire body. If a certain structure in a human being is found to d
What is the difference between horizontal and vertical alliances? Horizontal and vertical alliances are two different options of cooperation with other companies. Horizontal alliances are formed by companies operating in the same business area. A vertical alliance, on the other hand, occurs between companies operating on different levels. Therefore, the key conceptual difference between horizontal and vertical alliances is the position of companies that form the partnership. In addition to that, the two forms of alliances differ in their goals and consequences. By building a vertical alliance, the company can strengthen its distribution or supply chain, whereas a horizontal alliance can help in reducing competition. The case of Unilever presents an example of a vertical alliance. The corporation forms vertical alliances by developing a long-term partnership with preferred suppliers. This strategy helps the corporation in maintaining a high quality of products while remaining cost-effective. Considering Unilever as a focal business, explain what is strategic alliances concept. A strategic alliance occurs when two or more companies enter a partnership while remaining independent entities. In a strategic alliance, all parties agree on the terms of their cooperation and enter the agreement voluntarily. There are various forms of strategic alliances, depending on the needs and relationships of the parties. Diversifying strategic alliance is a type of partnership where companies share knowledge and resources to enter a new market. As evident from the case, in the 1930s, Unilever pursued this strategy to expand its share in the food market. What mutual forbearance means? Mutual forbearance refers to the reduction of competition between companies. Mutual forbearance typically arises when the loss due to competition would be too high for the competing parties, and thus, it is more efficient for them to reduce rivalry and avoid aggressive competitive strategies to continue existing in the same markets. Mutual forbearance is especially prominent among companies operating in various markets, as rivalry in one market could lead to retaliative actions of the competitor in a different
Introduction This research work has tackled the meaning of color and light and how we are able to distinguish objects appearance by the virtue of light falling on those objects. It distinguishes why some object appear different from others. Some of basic colors have been tackled and how different cells on our eyes are able to differentiate colors. Light has been tackled as a very useful component of color. Some fundamental cells in our eyes which facilitate vision have been covered and how they behave in presence and absence of light. In art and design this paper depicts the great role of color and how colors can be used tactically to improve the work of artists. Color The word color itself has got a wide scope in regard to the perspective one would like to look at it. according to Bohren & Clothiaux (2006, pp. 212-213), color can be referred to as wavelength or frequency which can be as a result of stimulation from external factors like light or produced internally by our brains. They add that Color and light are inseparable but still we can experience the presence of color without light such an instance may arise in a dream despite no light has been depicted someone experiences the presence of light, If under influence of psychotropic drugs or when hit on the head colors may be seen despite no light on our retina. Spectrum of Light A visible spectrum is a portion electromagnetic wave which can be detected by human eyes (Smith, 2006, pg, 3) Light According to Hambling (2002, pg, 1), for us to experience light it must be visible this means that the electromagnetic waves comprising in the light must be above four hundred nanometers (400nm), otherwise if electromagnetic waves are below 400nm they are invisible. The invisible light can be absorbed on some surfaces and be re-emitted hence allowing someone to see it for example fluorescence has got this property. When visible light reaches the retina of the eye and this effect is interpreted we can say that color has been perceived. There are two types of cells usually responsible for the vision .Those cells bring about the distinction of color of human eyes when light falls on the retina. Color in the brain After the retina has done the interpretation of the color through its cells that is cone cell and rod cells the other processing is done separately, this is done out of the eyes to the brain where perception is usually carried out. Cone cells Those are the cells in the retina wh
The War of Independence of the United States is the war of the 13 American colonies against Great Britain. The tension grew up from the end of the 1760s when capitalism and the formation of the North American nation came into conflict with the policy of the metropolis. A long struggle took place until the introduction of the Declaration on July 4, 1776. Thus, the United States of America appeared, and Great Britain officially recognized the colonies’ independence. The essay reveals the theme of the main important events about struggle between nations for colonists’ independence and peace over the earth. After the Seven Years’ War, the British government increased pressure on the colonies, hindering industry and trade further development. The prohibition on the colonization of the lands west of the Allegheny Mountains and taxes and duties were introduced, so the interests of all colonists were infringed. Since about 1767, there have been several uprisings and conflicts in response to such measures, which later turned into a war. The famous “Boston Tea Party” took place in 1773 – the most essential, provocative protest act of American colonists in response to the actions of the British government. The destruction of tea in Boston Harbor radically aggravated Great Britain and the American colonies (Corbett). The government responded with repressions against Massachusetts: sea trade was banned in Boston, the Massachusetts party was abolished, and its legislative assembly was dissolved. In 1774, the First Continental Congress of Representatives from 12 colonies, except Georgia, chosen by the legislative assemblies, opened in Philadelphia. Congress developed a petition to the King and an appeal to the English people. American people insisted on repealing the last acts of parliament and demanded justice, thereby threatening to stop trade with England. The response to the petition was the Declaration of martial law in Massachusetts. Great Britain did not intend to make concessions, and already in 1775, the first armed clash between British troops and American separatists took place. During the battles, the British had heavy losses when the first skirmishes were near Concord and Lexington. Meanwhile, on May 10, a Congress of 13 colonies gathered in Philadelphia. The colonists submitted a petition to King George III of England for protection from the arbitrariness of the colonial administration, and on the other began to mobilize an armed militia, headed by George Washington. The King described the situation in the North American colonies as Rebellion. Washington managed to create a disciplined, efficient army that defeated the British at Bunker Hill near Boston from ordinary colonists. The morale of American soldiers was raised by a pamphlet “Common Sense” by Thomas Paine, which rejects the monarchy and questions the right of the king to rule America (Corbett). It is a simple and understandable call for the creation of a new republic without a king. It was time to separate from the Empire and declare independence in 17
Introduction Otter Box Company was established in 1998 by Curt Richardson and has a trademark for waterproof electronics. These are its main products. The company’s main objective is to create protective solutions to handle manufacturers. It helps consumers who frequently break their devices to have utter protection for their phones when engaging in active lifestyle. The company has its headquarters in Fort Collins, Colorado with Brian Thomas as the president and Chief Executive Officer. Otter Box Company is a privately held corporation which operates as a ‘separate legal person’ and whose shares have no public market. The founders, management and private investors are among the owners of this business. Otter Box Company deals in phone cases whose market demand rises day by day. This is because of consumers’ current lifestyle and the development of technology. They expose hand-held gadgets to damaging components and are willing to buy more phone cases even if the prices increase. The wide-tax burden on sales offered by Otter Box Company can be levied on the seller. It is only in completely inelastic or elastic cases where tax burden is levied on either the buyer or the seller. The phone cases have a completely elastic demand hence creating an inelastic supply. This forces their sellers to shoulder majority of the tax. The demand for phone cases is derived from the market demand for smart phones. More smart phones in the market create the need for phone cases. As a result, this demand is not a primary demand but derived. The idea of creating a company that provides phone accessories to consumers, therefore, came from the increased demand for smart phones. Otter Box competes in an oligopolistic market structure where few companies offer phone cases thus leading to high prices. The company’s innovation came up in 1998 and has since dominated due to few companies in the same industry. A report in communication done by Syracuse University in 2001 showed that there were few companies which manufactured phone cases despite the increasing demand (Sharp, 45). Otter Box experiences external economies of scale where the size of an industry determines the prices of phone cases (Luxembourg, 86). The company is large in size hence produces more phone cases as compared to others. Fixed costs are, therefore, shared in the sales of numerous phone cases. This company can increase its economy of scale by increasing the size of raw materials and hiring a production and maintenance manager. If I were the owner of Otter Box, I would produce 300 phone cases every month. Assuming my manufacturing cost would be $18 for each, I would sell them at $26 each to achieve a gross profit of $24000 per month. This lies within 31% profit margin. Due to a high demand for phone cases, I would hire a production manager to keep operation perfect. This would increase production to 6000 cases. Another additional worker that I would consider employing is a full time Maintenance-manager to work on the machines instead of contracting outsiders because it is relatively expensive. Conclusion Through the innovative spirit of its founder, Otter Box has proved
Introduction The demand for energy is increasing at a very fast pace throughout the world. This will entail establishing more infrastructure in the production and distribution of petroleum and other energy related products. In the case of petroleum, oil pipelines will have to be laid connecting onshore and offshore drilling rigs to the refining units. Corrosion of the pipelines is a critical factor that oil companies have to be careful about. This is especially true in the case of offshore pipes laid in the seabed. Salt water is highly corrosive and would need high quality, long life anti-corrosive coating both on the outside and inside of the pipes. It is proposed to introduce the Yellow Jacket anti corrosive products manufactured by the one of the most respected and oldest companies in the industry, namely Bredero Shaw. As with most countries of the world, it is only expected that the demand for oil and natural gas will increase significantly over the years. The present demand for oil in the country is approximately 750,000 barrels a day. This is expected to rise to “over 800,000 barrels per day by 2009-10, and over 1,200,000 barrels per day by 2029-30.” ( Future Oil And Demand Supply: Oil Production And Consumption in Australia. 2006). The current oil production in the country is around 500,000 barrels per day and is not expected to grow significantly unless new oil reserves are explored and exploited. In any case, infrastructure of meeting the demand (through increased production and imports) will need infrastructure in new pipelines. This indicates that the demand for pipelines and hence coating materials will also significantly increase. The situation with regard to natural gas is much more encouraging. It is estimated that another 5 billion AUD (in the coming ten years) for new pipelines alone will need to be invested to meet the demand for domestic consumption and export purposes. ( Natural Gas : Pipelines . 2007). The country has also huge gas reserves that can be exploited in the future. ( Natural Gas . 2007). The country is also a major exported of liquefied petroleum gas with current production exceeding demand for the product in the country. Coating solutions background Metal pipelines a prone to corrosion especially if they come in contact with sea water. There have been many methods developed over the years as a solution for this problem. Coating can be done with paint, epoxy solutions, polyethylene, polypropylene, asphalt enamel, concrete etc. Since petroleum based coatings are more resistant to corrosion and have a long natural life, Yellow Jacket coating technology uses polyethylene for coating the pipelines. Company background Bredero Shaw is the industry leader in the business of developing and manufacture of pipe coating solutions. Its main clients are the
Introduction Vertical and horizontal integrations are two important strategies that are used in the business world. When a firm wants to grow, it can either expand its current business or work with other firms through mergers or acquisitions. When a firm decides to merge with other companies it strategically promotes the growth of its business through horizontal or vertical integration. A single company can implement both vertical and horizontal integration strategies to expand its operations (Gareth and Hill 12). Analysis Horizontal integration refers to the merging or acquisition of different companies that are in the same operational field. In this case, the companies involved work together to achieve a common objective or goal. This can be achieved by either buying a competing company or by joining together to form a bigger and stronger company in order to eliminate direct competition. On the other hand, horizontal integration can be implemented in one organization whereby different departments work together towards a similar goal. It is easier to be implemented within an organization due to the closeness of the departments since they are in one geographical region (Jenkins and Thorburn 16). This kind of integration has its own advantages and limitations just like other business strategies. One of the most important forward aspects of this strategy is that a company is able to enter into new regions without being hindered by the factors that hinder other new entrants in the business market. This is because the company does not start from scratch, but it works on improving what is already in place thus avoiding extra costs like building costs. Another forward aspect is that a firm that has integrated horizontally gains from an economic scale. This happens when the costs of operation are less than the profits a company makes from those operations (Gareth and Hill 12). A horizontal integration strategy for big companies has one major drawback. There are rules and regulations that govern horizontal integration. These rules can be severe to the level that they affect the company’s economic returns or even stop the whole process of horizontal integration. In small businesses, one of the most dangerous drawbacks of this strategy is how the consumers view it. Consumers perceive this strategy as an act of being greedy and this creates a negative image of the company in the business market (K
Introduction The whole history of the formation and development of human learning as a separate area of activity indicates that the training must be continuous and adaptive. However, adults learning and training should take into account their age, socio-psychological, national, and other features. For this aim, a modern pedagogical science – andragogy reflects the theoretical and practical learning problems, upbringing and education of the adult person throughout his life. According to the principles of andragogy, adult learners have a leading role in the learning process. Their formed personality sets the specific goals of learning and strives for independence, self-realization, and self-government. Andragogy implements the ancient formula of learning: non scholae, sed vitae discimus means “we do not learn for school, but for life”. Evaluation of the holistic learning models Within the andragogical approach to adult education, there are various models of learning:   * exposition model, when training content is organized and presented (exposed) to the student by means of an external source (teacher, lecturer, textbook, film, etc.);   * management model, when the leaders (discussions or games leader, curriculum authors) organize and direct the learning process so that students achieve predetermined purposes;   * search techniques, when training content is not determined wholly and completely in advance as the learning process includes the formulation of the problems and finding their solutions (Wolfe, Yoder, & DeMarco, 2014). In this case, students select and organize information, learning content, and required experience to examine the problem and find its solution. As a result, new search issues and problems appear. The main objective of this learning model is to involve students in thinking process. In this case, the perception of learning content or information comes along with the following way: “consideration – study of the issue – solution to the problem.” Thus, the educational process as a continuous awareness of adult’s activity reflects the dynamics of consciousness: natural, state of awareness, and activity, each of which can be represented as a systemic integrity of