ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Of the Standard of Taste is an essay by the Philosopher David Hume (1711 – 1776) who attempts to elaborate the need and the possible existence of a rule that will reconcile the taste of individuals to one basic standard which can be used to approve or condemn various works. Hume provides an adequate and convincing description of this standard; his essay is a masterpiece of style and elegance. Hume drives in theories through an argumentation flow and by providing explanations for questions he raises in the essay. This standard is difficult to come by because of the variety of tastes that people have. This is because of judgment made upon sentiment. He proves that such a standard may exist and may have been applied to works of art and other creations that have stood the test of time 1 . Others have simply died. This standard is one that we should look upon while making one’s creations but one that will be difficult fully to satisfy. Hume uses the term ‘reconcile’ to mean decide who is wrong and right (Wieand 131). Hume states that the difference in sentiments is influenced by various factors 2 . These factors include language and time. Indeed, as time progresses sentiments will change aspects of it altered, some added and others removed altogether. He gives the example of the followers of the Koran saying that the words there in that describe honesty; justice, modesty and charity only translate to treachery, inhumanity, bigotry, cruelty, and revenge in the civilised world. Hume insists that the standard of taste becomes a problem when men explore their different tastes based on their preferences. Looking critically at his statement, however, we realise that he attempts to give a fixed way to judge between what is right and wrong, beautiful and otherwise. This begs the question can sentiment be right or wrong. Is an individual’s view correct or incorrect? Sentiment only marks conformity between the object and the faculties of the mind. Hume has a reasonably compelling response to this. He says that common sense should guide sentiment and reason and rationalism can be used indeed to declare opinion right or wrong (Kivy 58). In his account, Hume seems to believe that the sense of art and civilisation is the determinant of taste. Hume attempts to solve this to making a judgment a question of facts. He points out several characteristics of that are needed for one to make sober judgment. This will solve the problem; what is proper art? Good art is art that fit critics approve. Good critics are in turn those are deemed fit to decide by possessing the various characteristics. This now becomes a problem of facts (possession of qualities) rather than sentiment. These characteristics are delicacy, practice, comparison, non prejudice and moral sense. By this, he introduces his argument on the standard of taste by criticising
Related Concept This a good example of a related concept because:  1. The sensation can be discussed as the description of different emotions, their nature, intensity, and character.  2. While speaking about emotions, people often describe sensations because these concepts are quite similar in their character.  3. Sensations can also be discussed in relation to the idea of irrationality because the causes of sensations can be unconscious. Emotions are often sensations in their nature because of their immediate and unexpected nature. That is why, sensations are often described as irrational, while accentuating their unreasonableness. Related Concept Model Case Susan is a young woman who cannot stop keeping a lot of different things round her. Many of these things are rather old and unpleasant to pick up, but Susan can find the best place for every object and thing that she can find out of doors. Susan’s apartments remind the storehouse where all the things are kept cumulated in a chaotic order. All the things stored in Susan’s apartments can be discussed as a large mass which makes the woman’s guests shiver from disgust. However, Susan often tells about opposite feelings because she discusses the interior of the apartments as the ‘mirror’ to reflect her inner world. In addition, Susan feels comfortable only when she is at home. The woman’s friends state that she has the unique perception of the reality, and they also agree that Susan can feel comfortable only in the chaos of her apartments. This is a good example of a model case because:  1. Susan feels comfortable while being in the chaotic environment because she sees it subjectively , while focusing on her own experience and senses .  2. The woman rejects the other people’s opinion on the case, while accentuating the role of her own perception and vision .  3. Susan focuses on her own unique reasons which differ from the traditional ones in order to explain the excitement associated with her home.  4. The woman’s perception of the apartments is the reflection of her own feelings that is why she concentrates on the chaos as her vision of the perfect order. Sensations                             Irrationality                            Associated with experience and senses  Subjectivity                             Based on perception                    Rejection                                Associated with the person’s vision    Unique reasoning                         Similar to excitement                  Rejection of traditional reasons         Personal reflection                    Chaos in relation to the personal vision Associated with feelings                                                         Related Concept Contrary Case Dan can be described as too pedantic while comparing him to the other men of his age. Dan likes when everything is in its place, when the daily plan is completed perfectly, and when all
Diversity is an important and often integral part of a teacher’s everyday practice. In the era of the globalized XXI century, when communication technologies allowed for transcending the boundaries of space, learning English as a second language seems to have become one of the bare necessities of a modern student (Garcia, n. d., 00:00.35–00:00.40). Therefore, once having an ELL student in their class, a teacher must seek to adopt a unique approach in order to help the ELL student or students in question evolve (Reed, & Railsback, 2003). Seeing how motivation remains the key to students’ success and efficient performance, it is reasonable to suggest that the task of the one, who has to teach an ELL, is to find a unique niche, which the student take find their interest in, thus, motivating the latter, and at the same time making sure that the student should pass the “large five stages” (Garcia, n. d., 00:03.33–00:03.35) (silent, early productive, speech emergence and intermediate stages) successfully. Affirming and supporting the native language of the learners seems the most efficient and by far the easiest way to motivating the students for cognizing the specifics of the English language and culture. Thus, a teacher shows that the students’ unique national identities are recognized and appreciated. As a result, the students do not have to feel defensive about their language and will be eager to acquire the skills that will help them speak English (Garcia, n. d., 00:03.35–00:03.48). It should be kept in mind, though, that the strategy to be adopted by the teacher in order to facilitate the process of transgression from the native tongue to the English language is different at every stage of the students’ evolution as English language learners. In the course of the speech emergence stage, in its turn, the code switching process is likely to become the key problem. While the given tool seems efficient as the mean of connecting the two cultures, it still results in students failing to acquire new skills and knowledge (Garcia, n. d.a). To promote active learning among ELL students, a teacher should take the specifics of the students’ culture into account, yet avoid the process of code switching in class, which can be achieved by combining addictive and subtractive practices (Garcia, n. d.a, 00:03.36). Another reasonable step towards addressin
Introduction The stages of children’ growing up and the principles of upbringing are the topical issues of modern state practices governing family and social issues. In China, where much attention is paid not only to the spiritual but also to the physical development of the personality, educational techniques have been developed over the years. One of the modern methods aimed at the formation of men and the education of strong defenders is the traditional boy code that stimulates the training of young Chinese men for adult life. Despite the positive background of the code, its course is ambiguous enough. The policy of educating brave and strong men is implemented through tough measures and the use of brute force, which affects the boys’ perception of the world negatively and causes them to experience fear. As a rationale for this theory, the opinions of various authors will be used, and a search for relevant information will be conducted. The irrelevance of the traditional boy code in the context of parenting is the problem that deserves discussion and intervention at the national level, and evidence to support this assumption is to be found. Issue Description The problem under consideration is reflected in the modern practice of education, which is promoted by Chinese national principles. One of the areas where the traditional boy code
Images of Professional Nursing in Health Education Nursing is a multi-faceted profession because it involves service delivery in various fields that are aimed at ensuring the health of a community is promoted. Health education is an important sector in the nursing practice because of the role nurses play in ensuring they promote healthy practices in society. First, nurses are community educators because they promote practices like proper dieting and physiological activities that help people to keep their bodies healthy (Ryan, Twibell, Brigham and Bennett 2000). Nurses educate and advise communities, patients and their families on how to balance their diets to ensure they do not consume unhealthy foods. Secondly, nurses are indispensable in promoting palliative care to patients and they do this by advising them and their family members on how to manage long-term diseases (Wood and Atkins 2006). Thirdly, they are at the forefront in ensuring that patients and their families understand the need for medical interventions in ensuring that they are healthy and can manage diseases easily. Nursing health education reduces the time and cost of managing patients and ensures nurses have less work. Nursing Leadership from Individual and Community Perspectives Nurses are leaders because they champion the fight against diseases and ensure people are healthy (Wood and Atkins 2006). The leadership roles of nurses as individuals are evident in how they manage different health situations and develop innovations that ensure diseases are managed properly. Nurses are indispensable in policy formulation to compel governments and relevant authorities to implement measures that will ensure health care services are offered appropriately (Ryan, Twibell, Brigham and Bennett 2000). In addition, they lead fights against diseases by conducting research, public awareness campaigns and community-based approaches that ensure the health of people is safeguarded. Health is not an individual’s concern because people are social beings and they share food, air, water, shelter and public facilities (Wood and Atkins 2006). Therefore, nurses focus on communal interventions in ensuring they lead the public in embracing healthy practices like vaccination and proper sanitation. Nursing Perspective to Members of the Multidisciplinary Health Care Team in Health Promotion Nurses are indispensable members of the nursing fraternity because they access whether patients are able to offer self-care or require the assistance of caregivers. Therefore, they determine whether a patient will be admitted into a hospital or discharged (Wood and Atkins 2006). This means that they are important in determining where patients will receive medical attention and allows other health practitioners to attend to patients at designated places. In addition, nurses are in regular contact with patients; therefore, they observe and make comments about their progress (Ryan, Twibell, Brigham and Bennett 2000). These reports are important in ensuring doctors offer quality services to patients. Lastly, nurses offer palliative care to pati
Cholera remains one of the most severe diseases caused by Vibrio cholerae , a gram-negative bacterium spreading mostly via water. Cholera toxin, the main pathogenic factor, induces intracellular cAMP and initiates Cl – secretion by the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) and inhibits the electroneutral NaCl absorption (Satitsri et al., 2016). The increased secretion of Na + into the intestine leads to secretory diarrhea and consequent dehydration. In this assignment, the scholarly article devoted to the Vibrio cholerae O1 serotype, El Tor biotype will be summarized. Satitsri et al. (2016) studied the pathophysiology of cholera and created a ligated model of mice’s ileal loop inducing the disorder of intestinal barrier implementing cholera toxin produced by classical biotype of V. cholerae . The results showed the intestinal barrier disruption was connected only with the El Tor biotype, and secretory diarrhea caused by the classical biotype was fully repealed by CFTP-inhibitor (Satitsri et al., 2016). The authors also studied El Tor cholera toxin initiating molecular mechanisms that could enhance intestinal fluid secretion: intestine inflammation involving TLR-4 and NF-kB receptors. As a result, the researchers proved the involvement of the latter and showed a decent example of studying pathophysiological mechanisms to find innovative ways for cholera treatment. Reference Satitsri, S., Pongkorpsakol, P., Srimanote, P., Chatsudthipong, V., & Muanprasat, C. (2016). Pathophysiological mechanisms of diarrhea caused by the Vibrio cholerae O1 El Tor variant: An in vivo study in mice . Virulence, 7 (7), 789–805. Web.
The movie that is going to be reviewed within the framework of the current paper is called The Intern . This is a rather meaningful motion picture because it dwells on the life of an elderly man who tries to find his place within society and remain useful despite age and an overall decline in his functions. This is an emotional movie that brings out the best in the viewers and helps them understand the value that older people bring to the lives of those around them. Even though the director seems to romanticize the main characters of the story, the outcomes that are being shown at the end of the movie resonate with the audience and provide them with a deeper understanding of why we should pay more attention to the elderly population and their aspirations. It may not be easy for them to interact with the younger generations, but they will always possess that wisdom necessary to go through a variety of real-life situations undamaged and positively-minded. The Intern teaches us the lesson that no one should underestimate the elderly, even if they do not seem too fit for the modern age activities. Brief Synopsis The main characters in the movie are Ben and Jules. Ben is a retired elderly man who has recently lost his wife. He rarely communicates with his son in order not to become a burden for his family and not draw all the attention to himself. Jules is the CEO of a quickly developing startup that organizes apparel delivery across the United States. She is married and has a daughter. Occasionally, Ben becomes a part of Jules’ company and gets the internship position as the CEO’s assistant. Even though Jules is not really happy with an elderly man becoming her Intern at first, she quickly becomes drawn to Ben due to his chivalrous behaviors, innate sense of humor, and positive attitude toward life. Together, Jules and Ben go through numerous challenges, and the CEO finally claims that her assistant is more than just an intern because Ben is her friend. Ben’s wisdom and und
Jhumpa Lahiri was born to Indian parents on July 11 th , 1967, in London to Bengali Immigrants living there than in Rhode Island in South Kingston. She wrote a collection of short stories like “Unaccustomed Earth” and “The Interpreter of Maladies.” They later relocated to the United States of America, where her mother brought her up in the Indian way. She went to south Kingston High school then proceeded to Barnard college in 1989. She has many degrees from Boston University, which includes an M.A in Creative Writing, an M.A in Comparative Literature and a P.H.D in Renaissance Studies. From then, she went to the province town’s Fine Arts work center, where she took up a fellowship which lasted from 1997-1998 (Meyer, 2010). She married Alberto Vourvoulias- Bush an American, and together they live in Brooklyn with their two children. She works as the vice president of the PEN American Center, and she has also been involved in teaching creative arts in various universities and colleges. She has also received various awards that include the PEN/Hemingway Award, where her book, “Interpreter of Maladies,” was nominated as the Best Fiction Debut of the year in 1999. Then in 2000 she was also awarded the Best Debut of the year in New Yolk for the same book. She also received the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction for the book. Most of Lahiri’s stories are about her own experiences as an immigrant in the United States. She has written many short stories, and the” Interpreter of Maladies” was her début collection which got released in 199
Rationale for creation of European Union The European Union was established in 1957 shortly after the Second World War. It was formed with an objective of bringing together the European countries since the European leaders did not want to suffer a war such as the World War II ever again. The past decade has been an extraordinary period of success in numerous ways. The European Union has accepted twelve new states; this happened as a result of the amendment of the structures of leaderships and procedures of voting provided by the Lisbon treaty which eased the decision making process between the member states. The original number of members who began the European Union was only six. Nowadays, the union has expanded to 27 members. The new Europe’s common currency was widely accepted and relatively stable in its initial decade. However, 2010 came in with numerous challenges. Financial contagion concerns and accumulated public debt in Greece, Italy, Spain and Portugal created a great debate over how better the fiscal policy of member states should be coordinated. Normally, proposals opposing national budgetary policy infringement against the government of French and favoring unified enforcement standards under the growth and stability pact flooded the government of British. Simultaneously, critics were afraid that the programs of fiscal austerity in Germany and Britain would bring about the policies of beggar-thy-neighbor. By this time, the European Union had plans to merge with other member countries to form an economic union. These particular steps lead to various economic concerns. financial crisis and unfathomable political concerns were behind these apprehensions. Some argued that this step of amalgamation would lead to the rejection of the European Union with basis of being un-democratic. The others stated that the European Union was enlarging far beyond its formal capacity to establish the economic union. The defense secretary, Michael Portillo, mentioned that he was not ready to see the defense policy being controlled by Brussels. In actual fact, the same reasons that initially led to the formation of the European Union were the same ones that spearheaded the formation of the economic union. Current solution to Greece Financial Crisis The Greece crisis arose shortly after the European Union had resolved its constitution crisis. The problems appeared when the crisis in U.S. sub-prime mortgage triggered a cascade of financial di
Introduction: General Overview The coast of Northern Ireland is the composition of approximately 40,000 huge columns of black basalt and some part of this creates a wide pavement of polygonal blocks going into the sea. The coast is named as Giant Causeway which is in county Antrim. In 1986 the World Heritage listed it under Natural Criteria VII and VIII. In 1987 the coast was announced as a national Nature Reserve. Its area is approximately 71 ha. The car park area, visitor facilities and hotel are included in this area. The national Trust manages the cliffs and foreshore and it is under the supervision of the Environment and Heritage Service of the Department of the Environment of the Northern Ireland. Many individuals own some sections of the cliff top parts as their private property ( Giant’s Causeway and Causeway Coast Northern Island, United Kingdom , 2009). There is a prodigy that the giant Fionn MacCumhaill built the Causeway to go the island of Staffa but the geographical evidence says that the Causeway is the result of the volcanic eruptions that happened sixty million years ago. The Giants Causeway becomes exceptional due to its geology. Because of its natural and geological significance, it has secured the place in UNESCO World Heritage site. According to a recent survey, it has been rated as more spectacular than the USA’s Grand Canyon or Peru’s Machu Picchu ruins (“ When God made time He made plenty of it” they say here in Ireland ,2009). The Causeway is spread over 120 miles and its coastal route is considered to be one of the most pictographic in all Europe. It starts from Belfast and passes through Newtownabbey, gateway to county Antrim and then to the nine serene Antrim Glens: Glenarm (glen of the army); Glencloy (glen of the hedges), Glendun (glen of the brown river); Glentaisie (as in ‘Taisie’, princess of Rathlin Island)…and when you will reach the Causeway you would have already enjoyed the wonderful natural beauty, fishing villages, rugged cliffs and superb beaches ( Giant’s Causeway and Causeway Coast Northern Island , United Kingdom, 2009). The climate of the coast is governed by mild damp winds. The average temperature in December is 4.4° C and in July it becomes 14.4° C. Almost 200 plant species can be found here. They cover seashore, cliffs, grassland, scrub and marsh. Here over 50 resident and 30 migrant bird species are found (“ When God made time He made plenty of it” they say here in Ireland , 2009). Physical Features: Types of Rocks and their formation From the past 300 years, this site has been studied well scientifically. In 1963 the origins of igneous rocks were first reported. In 1771, Desmarest declared that the Causeway was the result of lava flow. Hamilton also analyzed the Causeway in 1786. According to the perceptions and descriptions of Tomkeieff (1940) and Patterson (1955) for lava flows the Causeway is the description of columnar basalts ( Giant’s Causeway and Causeway Coast Northern Island, United Kingdom , 2009). The Causeway is the collection of basalt columns. The peaks of the columns create stepping stones that come from the cliff foot and vanish under the sea. There are appro