ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Engineers, developers, designers, and IT specialists actively work to make people’s lives easy, convenient, and as comfortable as possible. They achieve this by creating new technology products and adapting them to meet people’s daily needs. For example, people use the once-invented wireless connection to access the Internet daily. This development makes people’s lives more convenient. Many processes work more straightforward and have become much more accessible than they were before. Scientists and development specialists have many new ideas, and if they are put into practice, they can even more successfully simplify many aspects of people’s lives. Researchers in Singapore and Japan have created a method to convert wireless signals into energy to power small electronics. They demonstrated their invention by using a Wi-Fi network to power an LED. Scientists state that there are Wi-Fi signals everywhere, but its potential is lost if it is not used to access the Internet (National University of Singapore). That this was a minimal loss, they could make it so that people could recharge oversized equipment from it. Now people will be able to charge equipment using radio waves of a certain frequency. I love this article because it is beneficial and informative; it tells about the technology that in the near future may enter into daily use by people around the world. Moreover, this article highlights the future research that scientists are going to conduct on this new technology. A group of researchers plans to bring their development to a more advanced level so that with the help of intelligent systems, people can use radio waves for wireless charging and signal detection (National University of Singapore). I believe that this will really be a real breakthrough in the latest technology and will significantly simplify people’s lives. In conclusion, the researchers aim to find ways to solve many of people’s daily questions. Already, many achievements of scientists are actively used around the world, which people enjoy every day with pleasure and convenience. Time is moving forward, and technology is developing, and it is for the whole world’s benefit. Complex or straightforward, elementary or high, technology is a side effect of progress and, at the same time, its engine. Work Cited National University of Singapore. “ Engineers Harvest Energy From WiFi Signals to Power Small Electronics. ” SciTech Daily. 2021. Web.
Public debt is beneficial when maintained at low levels against the GDP. When the public debt goes beyond 85% of the GDP, it starts to become a burden. Public debt is useful in managing macroeconomics through fiscal policy. It allows governments to form stable tax rates without the influence of market fluctuations. It reduces present taxes but increases the ones in the future. The impact of public debt is reduced when it used in key areas that will increase future productivity such as human capital. Deficit financing may result in growth that provides a surplus. The surplus may be used to service the debt eliminating inflationary effects. High public debt reduces government’s ability to borrow. This limits the ability to use expansionary fiscal policy to stimulate economy growth. The government may find it necessary to increase interest rates to attract creditors. With high interest rates, debt servicing becomes more costly. The rates compound, and finally the government’s ability to repay the debt is doubted. An example is China, the main creditor to USA, doubting USA’s ability to repay loans. Without lending, consumption and investment would decline. The additional debt may be considered to have a crowding-out effect on capital accumulation. The Greece case shows an economy that additional capital was no longer producing growth. This is when additional capital has diminishing returns. Further concerns about high public debt is the accumulating fraction of those who are aging in the population. With a high dependency ratio, it becomes difficult for a government to take care of social services, and a high public debt. Causes and Solutions to the Debt Crisis The US debt crisis is considered to have been caused by tax cuts, stimulus packages, and the Iraq/Afghanistan wars. Availability of credit at low interest rates is considered to have caused consumption to rely mostly on debts. As a result of cheap credit, financial assets exceed GDP several times. The Greece debt crisis is considered to have been caused by tax cuts/evasions, generous pensions, expenditure on the 2004 Olympic Games, health care benefits, and reliance on tourism and shipping industries. The Greeks took lots of debts because their economy was growing at a very high rate before the global recession. Similarly, they borrowed to invest in real estates. However, all these causes are blamed on bad governance. The Federal government has plans to reduce spending while the Congress wants to raise the debt ceiling to avoid defaulting. The Congressional plan will give the economy more time to fix the problem. The Federal government plan is more effective. The Fed plan is more effective because it reinstates confidence which affects financial markets. The solution to the US’ debt crisis is to reduce government spending. Socialism is not
The book, ‘Retail Nation: Department Stores and the Making of Modern Canada’ retrospectively views the transformation of Canada from the era (1890 to 1940) during which time monopolized department stores such as Eaton’s committed themselves to strengthening the Canadian nation. Department stores are a symbol of modern nationalism, which was far-fetched from the nation which they sought to define. The white, consumerist, middle-class was originally more limited, and contested, compared with the nostalgic portraits at the moment, depicting early department store. The book shows the transformation in consumerism of the people from simplistic retailing to modernized merchandising where large unprecedented profits were involved. The book is presented in seven chapters with various ideas, concepts and arguments. The ideas presented are those of indirect capitalism in the eyes of consumerism, paternalism, male-dominance, commodification, political economy, and racism and segregation. Arguments against department stores have especially been brought out in the last chapter, where opinions of co-operators, social reformers, labour leaders and small retailers are presented. The author has also used criticisms from well renowned authors to refute the role played by the department stores. The cover page of the book presents a sight to behold, which would make the reader to believe that Canada is made up of such stores hence making the modern Canada. The notion one gets when he or she glances at the title of the book is a historical series of events that shows how Canada was born from department stores. However, reading through the details of the book, it is apparent that this is not the case. Evidently, the department stores transformed the outlook of Canada from that which consisted of small scale retailer shops to that which was defined by large stores, giving it a new modern look. The stores used com-modification to lure their clients and since the prices were relatively affordable, this led to establishing a nation. Despite the fact that consumerism is perceived to be capitalized, the stores helped to establish a nation that was predominantly of middle class thereby, as any economist would think, helping to minimize the lower social class. The author has tried to show how the department stores took up a complex approach to consumerism by even using Joy Parr and Cynthia Wright ideas but still, the general picture derived from the facts presented is a scenario where the consumer is duped. The author has supported her ideas using sources that seem credible such as resources by Joy Parr, Cynthia Wright and Theodor Adorno. She has even backed up her book with figures at the figures list to give a more defined picture of what she talks about. She has used ideas from critics of department stores to show how the Canadian department stores led to the creation of a nation characterized by class and racism. In addition, the stores were crafty enough to maintain a c
Introduction The army staff sergeant major’s history can be traced back to the origin of the United States Army. The roles that people nowadays associate with the army staff sergeant major are relatively small and trivial. However, the rank of the army staff sergeant major has been made an esteemed position through constant modification of the rank by positive minded political leaders, army commanders, and noncommissioned officers in the army. Throughout the history of the United States Army, the army staff sergeant major has been considered as the head of the noncommissioned officers. Some historians claim that the early French and English army sergeant majors of the fifteenth century are the forerunners to the present-day Chief of Staff. The sergeant major’s duties then, were similar to those of the Chief of staff in today’s world, particularly, supervision of the Army’s noncommissioned officers. The army staff sergeant major was a key figure during the First and the Second world wars. After the First World War temporary peace was experienced up to 1930s when the Second World War erupted. This war involved the Axis and the Allies. The Axis included countries like Japan, Germany, and Russia while the Allies were the United Kingdom and the United States among others. The war ended in 1945 after more than six years of fighting. During these wars, the army staff sergeant major was described as the pillars of their armies. Discussion Due to the fact that the war was too tricky, the generals had to come up with a strategic plan otherwise defeat was inevitable. The officers on the ground strategized and worked with the sergeant majors who acted as the commanding officers and senior spies on attacks. They were involved in the management of the armory and amassment of weapons. A good example of a sergeant major who won so many medals in the war was Basil L. Plumley whose role in the war will never be ignored or forgotten. He played a major role in the battle helping the United States to conquer. He used to be called by his colleagues “the old iron jaw” a name suggesting a courageous soldier not willing to give up. He is commonly remembered for making a series of combat jumps that led to the death of many opponent soldiers in the war (Elder, 2008). The sergeant majors were used in the delivery and supply of weapons. When Germany invaded Japan these officers were the most strategic by ordering air attacks against the enemies who were mostly caught by surprise. In the war, at Henderson field, a sergeant major by the name of Basilone helped in the battle by repairing guns. Together with other sergeants, he provided body bridges for the soldiers to cross with. More than thirty-eight Japanese soldiers died in the hands of Sergeant John Basilone. Sergeant majors were also highly involved in providing u
Introduction A judicial review is the procedural activity to verify the legality and validity of judgments, decisions, and rulings as well as to resolve disputes between courts. This paper is aimed at reflecting peculiarities of different models including diffuse, concentrated, and non-judicial review models that guarantee judicial correctness and uniform application of laws. Models of Judicial Review The principal feature of the judicial review is that it is a way of revision of acts that came into force. In the modern world practice, there are several models of the judicial review:   * diffuse model is carried by all the courts of general jurisdiction (the United States, Mexico, Japan, etc.);   * concentrated model is implemented by special Constitutional Courts (Austria, Germany, Italy, etc.);   * non-judicial review model (Constitutional Council of France or Kazakhstan). It seems appropriate to consider each model separately. Diffuse (American) Model The diffuse model is implemented by all the courts of general jurisdiction without the creation of a specialized body of the judicial review. The execution of the judicial review is inherent to the whole judicial system and does not depend on the centralized mechanism of justice as all the cases, whatever their nature, should be decided by the same court and in the same conditions (Hall & Feldmeier, 2012). The diffuse model might consider any controversial issues and do not require a special attitude towards them. Among central features of the American model of the judicial review one might note several aspects. Firstly, the question of the unconstitutionality of law or another act occurs when these acts have already been published and came into force. In other words, the diffuse model considers so-called pro praeterito consequences. Secondly, the Supreme Court is considering the constitutionality of an act not in self-production, but only in connection with the hearing of a court case providing a specific control and solving the fate of the law on the basis of the particular case. Third, if the act is declared unconstitutional, it loses its validity. In addition, the amparo system plays an important part in the diffuse model. It is a specific procedure that is a means of protecting basic constitutional rights of the individual, in many respects similar to the constitutional complaint. The main difference is that amparo protects an individual’s rights. Concentrated (European) Model A characteristic feature of the concentrated model is that the judicial review is ensured by the specialized body. The form and nature of it are also different. In particular, only this model is characterized by the form of preventive and compulsory review. Due to the mentioned approach, such review takes a holistic and comprehensive character and could be carried out consistently and effectively. The European model comprises three essential components:   * ensuring the constitutionality of regulations and, thereby, preserving the constitutionally enshrined functional balance between different branches of government;   * clear regulation of disputes arising between different authorities concern
Abstract Whistle blowing is a courageous act of reporting misdoings of other people. This paper looks at the act in an engineering context, where an engineer raises concern about problems with a current system before or after a disaster. The actor hopes to prevent future disaster based on problems identified. The paper presents the case of Salvador Castro, an engineer with Air-Shields Inc. who discovered design flaws in his company’s product. The flaws had the potential to cause death to end users, yet reporting them to management did not cause the company to take corrective action. The paper analyses the ethical factors at play. It intends to explain why Castro ended up losing his job. The paper also provides recommendations for companies and individuals faced with such an engineering ethical dilemma to have measures that ensure there is no victimization of whistle blowers or abuse of whistle blowing privileges. Introduction Whistle blowing refers to the action of reporting ethical behaviour of another person or other people. For the whistle-blower, the intention to report comes from the existence of conflicts in morality. The overall intention is usually to promote justice and fairness and have a positive outcome for the benefit of all stakeholders. On the other hand, those who are subjects of a whistle blowing case may feel betrayed, and the whistle-blower can be considered disloyal (Waytz, Dungan, & Young, 2013). In engineering circles, whistle blowing can occur before and after a disaster happens. It usually involves the presentation of facts about a disaster, which will put blame on engineers. In cases where the reporting happens after an accident or disaster, the acts of whistle blowing still remains futuristic (Harris, Pritchard, & Rabins, 2009). The aim of reporting is to ensure that the good of the public and other stakeholders is considered in future engagements. In some engineering cases, there can be warnings about projects and other endeavours, but these may not qualify as whistle-blowing because they occur within the channels of communication used by the engineering community. Whistle blowing only happens when there is a clear deviation from the norm in reporting of ethical violations. The case presented in this paper is about a medical electronics engineering firm called Air-Shields Inc. that manufactures life support equipment for medical institutions. An engineer in the company discovers a design flaw and informs his supervisor so that the problem does not reoccur and cause untold damage in future. However, no one in the company takes any steps to remedy the situation (Kumagai, 2004). Case overview Kumagai (2004) report
Introduction Multinational companies have operations in more than one country. Therefore, companies employ people from different countries and culture (Feely 2003). These companies have a culturally diverse work force. Multinational companies have subsidiaries in different countries thus have diverse work forces. Diversity is characterised by religious and cultural differences among employees (Som 2006). Human resource managers are expected to provide an environment where needs of all employees are adequately addressed. There are several challenges that face human resource specialists in multinational companies. This relates to various aspects of human resource management practice including recruitment and selection, employee training and development and performance appraisal. Therefore, multinational companies are expected to put in place mechanisms which address challenges ensuring that employees remain motivated. This contributes to the overall organisational performance and realisation of organisational objectives. The following article explores some of the challenges faced by multinational companies in human resource management practice. Similarly, human resource mechanisms addressing the above challenges shall be explored in the article. Changing Landscape of HRM and Organisational Behaviour Domain Human resource practice has evolved greatly. There are several challenges that faced personnel managers in the 1970’s and 1980’s. One of the challenges that faced personnel managers during that particular duration, before incorporation of human resource practice is reduced influence in decision making. Personnel managers input in critical organisational decisions was minimal (Caldwell 2003). This includes decisions of selection of employees where personnel managers were expected provide a breakdown of tasks associated with different positions. Also, personnel managers had decreased autonomy in decision making. Therefore, they were not in a position to significantly influence the organisational culture. Similarly, personnel managers were expected to harmonize employee and management interests (Caldwell 2003). Managers were not in a position to be highly innovative in addressing emerging employee needs. However, researchers were keen on justifying the role of the human resource function in organisations. Some of the early human resource management models developed linked employee output and company strategies (Noe 2008). Under the models, emphasis was on management of employees thus ensuring that the organisation was in a position to realize strategic objectives. Furthermore, human resour
James Flaherty’s methods of coaching are all apparently extremely effective in real life while being professionally researched and analyzed in theory, and while all of them seem to be great in that sense the most preferable in my opinion (simply based on the reading of course) is the second model: the domains of competence (Barr, 2009; Flaherty, 1998). The domains of competence model’s basic premise is that in order to make any real achievement, one should maintain a certain level of competence in each of three areas or domains. This can be represented by a pyramid. At the bottom of the pyramid is the foundational position, which is self-management. Self-management as foundation means that, as coaches, people must follow through with what they say they will do, i.e, not being late, being fully knowledgeable in all areas where expertise or knowledge is claimed, professional atmosphere and presentation, no conflicts of interest or other personal issues, etc. The basic qualities and skills of self-management according to Flaherty are passion, trust, integrity, daring, and vision, while the skills are self-knowledge, self-consistency, self-observation, self-management, and other related “self” skills (Barr, 2009; Flaherty, 1998). The middle portion of the pyramid model in the domain of competence model is represented by relationships with others. This refers to people’s capacity to grow and progress in our interpersonal relationships to develop mutually satisfying ones. The basic essence, according to Flaherty, of successful relationships is appreciation and a sense of openness. Also according to Flaherty, the basic skills and qualities of relationships with others are empathy, optimism, faith, openness, reliability, the ability to listen to genuine concerns and in team situations, speaking of inspiration and potential, setting standards for others in the development of goals, innovation, and learning (Barr, 2009; Flaherty, 1998). The third and uppermost layer of the pyramid is represented with facts and events, which refers to our capacity to comprehend processes and mechanisms, systems, models, and statistics. According to Flaherty t