ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction This essay describes language theory and development including typical and atypical language development. The first part analyzes major theories that relate to language development and provides illustrations on how exceptional conditions can interrelate with people’s experience with and use of language. In the second part, the essay describes how language and culture can interact with exceptionalities and provides examples on how educators can be sensitive to diversity. Language theory and development Explanations on the development of language are provided by learning, biological, and interactionist theories. Among all the theories that relate to language development, the social learning theory by Vgostky and the theory by Chomsky are the most common. The theory by Chomsky regards language acquisition to be inherent in human beings. It is more suitable to typical language acquisition where individuals do not need to be taught to follow grammar rules. Instead, they are taught to naturally learn the language. This theory does not however apply to atypical language development where sensory and perceptive aspects of communication play a significant role in language acquisition. Social learning theory emphasizes on the role of inherent desire in language acquisition. Even though the child may possess a language acquisition device, language acquisition is motivated by the inherent desire. This theory applies to children with typical language development process as they interact with others in learning the language (Leonard, 1998). Typical and atypical aspects of language development are imperative in understanding language development. Typical language development refers to the normal processes of language acquisition in which individuals learn given aspects of language such as phones and morphology. Atypical language development refers to impaired language acquisition in which individuals do not follow the guidelines of language acquisition. Such individuals lack the capability to interrelate sounds with symbols. In addition, they do not read from left and right and take a longer time when it comes to processing and communication of words. Children with this inclination of language development have problems in pronunciation, word processes, and grammatical rules of a given language (Leonard, 1998). Unexceptional co
Introduction Deciding to be a CEO is a choice, which requires a great deal of thought. It is commonly based on a company’s position in the market, its prospects for the future, as well as the deployed business model, because CEO is the position with a robust impact on the firm’s stability and its financial health. The decision is even more complicated in case of choosing between the most influential companies due to the necessity of comparing them and deciding, which one would be more promising. Therefore, the paper at hand aims at investigating business models of three companies – Goldman Sachs, The Blackstone Group, and Blackrock. This comparison will become the basis for coming up with a vital decision: what company is the best one to join? Business Models of the Three Companies Goldman Sachs Incurring significant risks combined with careful management was the foundation of the investment bank’s business model, which brought Goldman Sachs its current success (Markham 717). It was supplemented by low wages, a bonus system, and managing conflicts of interest (Mandis 64, 351). More than that, there is an online constituent of the Goldman Sachs’ business model – advertising, e-commerce, sponsorship, promotion, and direct marketing aimed at increasing revenues and becoming even more successful and influential. In addition, a wide range of online services such as online lending and deposits is offered in order to diminish the risks of being outperformed by startups and competitors (“Goldman Sachs Group Inc. Is Reinventing It’s Business Model” par. 6). Furthermore, it is imperative to note that due to the recent financial crisis, the company was forced to alter its approach to doing business. As for now, Goldman Sachs is known for the business model, which is based on a continuous shift toward the focus on trading and lending activities, including proprietary trading, thus constantly de-risking operations. At the same time, it centers on the company’s access to early information, especially private and confidential, and focuses on creating the whole network made up of its subsidiaries and partners around the globe (Bazin 100-101). The Blackstone Group The specificity of The Blackstone Group’s business model is its complexity, which is commonly associated with unsustainability. The model includes several central elements. Still, the foundation of the approach is the focus on leveraged buyout because the company is a private equity firm. In this way, the basis of the business model is an investment in different companies around the globe (Directory of Private Equity/LBO Firms 83). Therefore, it is dependent upon the optimization of funding costs as well as leverage. More than that, investors are limited in their voting rights, which is es
Executive Summary GlaxoSmithKline (GSK) is a pharmaceutical company engaged in research, development, and sales of pharmaceutical products. This paper recommends that, GSK should not be granted a loan because it operates under conditions of extreme uncertainty and turbulent economic times. From this assertion, this paper notes that, GSK is a high risk company and the probability that it will default on its financial obligation is very high. This risk is attributed to the unpredictable nature of the pharmaceutical industry and the inconsistencies in GSK’s financial statements. Also, compared to GSK’s competitors, the company seems to be experiencing serious operational problems. Here, this paper establishes that, most of GSK’s competitors make more money, despite GSK’s earlier entry in the pharmaceutical industry. Also, from the same analysis, we see that, GSK is offering lower financial returns compared to the industry’s return. This situation poses a risky environment to grant a loan to GSK. Though there are some aspects of the pharmaceutical industry, which are very attractive (such as threat to new entrants and supplier power), this paper proposes that, most of the industry’s dynamics are unfavorable to existing companies. This situation exposes the vulnerability of the pharmaceutical industry which is prone to extreme competition and drastic legislative changes. Here, the dominant factor (industry vulnerability) prevails, thereby informing the decision to deny GSK a loan. However, GSK stands a good chance of realizing its core business and corporate goals if it pursues the strategy of investing in foreign markets. However, this strategy poses more risks to GSK’s ability to meet its financial goals because it poses new risks of operations. The greatest risks identified in this paper, are the financial and legislative risks of operating in new markets. These risks touch on the internal and external compositions of GSK and the pharmaceutical industry. Comprehensively, a “wait and see” approach should be adopted to reduce the risks GSK poses in meeting its financial obligations. Organizational Overview GlaxoSmithKline (GSK) is a multinational company engaged in the manufacture and distribution of pharmaceutical products. The company’s headquarter is in London, UK, but its operations are spread in over 100 countries around the world (GSK 2011). GlaxoSmithKline is deemed to be the third largest pharmaceutical company in the world, based on its sales revenue, and the second largest in the world, based on its net income alone (GSK 2011). The company’s employee base is about 90,000 people around the world. The company’s products are designed to treat various human diseases including viral infections, asthma, cancer and similar ailments. These products are developed within the confines of the company’s core mission, which is centered on the goal of improving people’s lives and well-being by pr
Introduction: Situational Overview The situation selected for analysis is a typical one occurring in many organizations. During several months, the company has experienced reduced productivity caused by low motivation and performance indicators of employees. The managers’ personal experience with so-called motivational programs or programs with large motivational content is that they especially require close advance scrutiny and a design for evaluation. They are often accepted on faith, “motivation” being an appealing word that may itself sell a program package no matter what the content of the program or the techniques it seeks to install. Perhaps because of the very difficulty of measuring the effects, we tend to forgo a genuine evaluation, taking the view that something “good” is bound to rub off. Low motivation and poor productivity were caused by staff changes and recruiting of 10 new employees. Situational Analysis The fact of individual differences is at the heart of the long-debated issue of what we should teach industrial supervisors about the nature of employees. The question is not “What is the employee like?” The assumption in such question is that we have found a definition that applies to all employees, that once we have described one employee we have described them all. Managers know now that the individual is complex and differs from other individuals. It is not necessary to trace the history of motivational theorizing to bring managers to this conclusion. Nor should we be led away from it by narrow motivational schools of thought that purport to provide a universal prescription (Schultz and Schultz 2004). The problem is not one of settling, beforehand, the issue of what specifically a manager or supervisor should see in employees but of providing him or her with a way of looking. The expectancy model of motivation appears to provide a valid and practical way. The situation needs to be improved because the current state of affairs will lead to high rates of turnover and reduce the income of the company in near future. Also, the current situation can lead to conflicts between employees and low morale (Corey, 2007). Personality Characteristics Roger’s theory suggests that self-actualization is a crucial point in personality development. The situation shows that poor performance and low motivation can be a direct result of poor actualization and inadequate assessment by their peers. It is in the subject area of motivation that the manager is under probably the greatest pressure to adopt programs, esp
Negotiation is an essential part of every business. Few core abilities are crucial for an individual for successful contract negotiation, such as exceptional communication skills, knowledge of the law and contracting rules, and the ability to quickly adapt to the situation. It is important to set priorities, take control of the situation, make decisions that would be beneficial from the commercial standpoint. It is necessary to consider the fact that The Navy’s Contract Administration Officer is relatively hard to negotiate with when preparing for contract negotiations. Also, it is necessary to develop a set of negotiation strategies and tactics to receive the most benefit from an agreement. Angeleana Torres Inc. is ready to review a smaller profit margin in this situation, even because the company hopes for a net margin of 10% for provided services. Setting clear profit goals beforehand should help with reaching an agreement (Purse, 2015). One of the possible profit motives that should be analyzed for accepting a smaller than average profit margin in case of getting the contract is an agreement for further cooperation. Such an agreement could be extremely beneficial for both sides because it could allow Angeleana Torres Inc. to expand and provide other kinds of services, and the other party gets a trust-worthy partner. Another profit objective that may be taken into consideration is an agreement that the Department of Navy should provide Angeleana Torres Inc. with a particular yearly amount of work that would satisfy the company. Every individual starts a negotiation to reach a positive outcome (Fleck, Volkema, Pereira, Levy, & Vaccari, 2014). So it is rather important not to give up at the early stages of the process, and provide offers that could be beneficial for both sides. There are four primary negotiation strategies. If a problem-solving approach is chosen, both parties seek and find mutually beneficial solutions that would maximize the total benefit of all participants in the negotiations. It creates an excellent basis for further cooperation. Competing strategy means that each side tries to gain the most advantages out of negotiations. Such negotiations are the hardest most of the time, and this strategy is not appropriate in this case because it will not be that easy to cooperate. When a compromising approach is chosen, both sides try to select a solution that would adequately satisfy both sides. However, this strategy is not optimal and will never bring the greatest possible benefit to both parties. The yielding strategy is not the greatest because it means that a party agrees to any offer by the other side. Just slowly conceding may cause both sides to get worse results from negotiations than expected. Cooperation with Angeleana Torres Inc. would be highly beneficial for the Department of Navy so both parties should be interested in providing their opponent with great offers. However, this strategy cannot be entirely dismissed because the com
How each theory applies to mass media; how they are similar and different The functionalist school of thought presumes that every component of society is correlated such that it contributes towards the entire functioning of society. Functionalism holds that mass media is a coordinator of various components of the social system. Functionalists believe that if one component fails then somehow the entire society will be affected. Consequently, social consensus needs to take place through mechanical solidarity (Maintenance of similar values) and organic solidarity (existence of varied types of beliefs and values). The media is an agent of socialization because it transmits certain elements of culture and values thus contributing towards common ideals of democracy, law, individualism and many others. Conversely, functionalism can look at the functions of human behaviors which can either be latent and unintentional or manifest and obvious. Manifest functions of the media include components such as selling products and encouraging demand for products thus leading to profit making for businesses. Latent functions on the other hand refer to sustenance of the status quo by reinforcement of gender or racial stereotypes and also exclusion of certain groups. Functionalism therefore explains why the status quo is often maintained. Conflict theory differs from functionalism because while functionalism tends to do dwell on how mass media contributes towards the correlation and hence overall functioning of society, conflict theory holds that mass media mostly fosters class domination. In other words, conflict theories are more cynical. In the conflict theory, it is stated that the mass media may appear autonomous but it is really focused on the capitalists who have monopolized media houses. The dominant culture is actually a representation of the material interests of those who really have power. Only the dominant class has the ability to carry forward meaning systems which are propagated by mass media. Although sometimes mass media may try to question some of these roles, it often clear that the media lacks alternative modes of expression for those concerned. There are limitations inherent in the mass media as a social institution that make alternative views quite untenable (Gitlin, 2000). Overly, the conflict theory has the most negative view in social cohesion in society. Symbolic interactionists hold that people tend to give meaning to their surroundings based on their experiences. Life is characterized by certain symbols which tend to have certain meanings and those meanings eventually affect how people interact with one another. The media plays a role in facilitating interactions among people because it often initiates most societal cues. Many people learn about slang or acquire particular behaviors from s
The overall theme of this article revolves around discrimination against women in different areas (such as in their political life, employment, and education) and tries to establish whether it is possible for women to overcome these types of discrimination. The author notes that the recent developments in the struggle towards ending discrimination have led to the creation of movements that advocate for women’s rights. These movements have created boundaries that define women’s activities and provide them with power or authority to control certain fields. This is done with the aim of reducing or eliminating rebellions or negative reactions from women. The author observes that women from different countries (such as Latin America) were denied their fundamental freedom and rights to participate in political events such as voting. During this period, the contribution and activities of women in politics were only limited to the “… indirect, tangential, a reinforcement of the masculine struggle” (p.331). Also, “…few women acted on their own; almost all notable women were wives, mistresses or daughters to notable men…” (p.331). This practice continued for a very long time. It only began to change in the final stages of the seventeenth century. During this time, women started to create groups or associations that could help them to raise collective arguments regarding their social status and conditions in society. By exploring the author’s arguments, it is evident that women struggled to achieve gender balance. It is also vital to note that the author has managed to employ appropriate strategies that help the reader to understand the level of effort that came from the women in an attempt to fight discrimination. The author achieves the latter by quoting examples of women from countries such as Latin America who offered a tremendous contribution to end the practice. The author asserts that “Latin America also boasts distinguished women of letters, beginning with Sor Juana Ines de la Cruz who first broke the silence of women in the seventeenth century” (p.331). The author also observes that only women who were relatively privileged were allowed to participate in active politics or work in male-dominated professions. It was also a requirement for these women to be within either the upper or middle class. In my view, this was not a fair practice since this method hindered other potential women (not in upper or middle class) from participating in politics. Such practices were likely to negatively affect the level of effort undertaken by women to protect themselves against discrimination from their male counterparts. However, the author notes that the level of resonance was not similar in all countries. It was largely dependent on the level of women’s struggle in a particular country. For example, the feminism model from British-North America that was witnessed towards the end of the nineteenth century and early 20 th century did not face any major challenge from women in Latin America. In the article, the author notes that several women’s groups from Latin America were established and operated by women. Moreover, they mainl
Brief overview of AAACE: History and Mission The American Association for Adult and Continuing Education (AAACE) is committed to the statement that lifelong learning is beneficial for positive social development and human fulfillment. It is a non-profit organization and association of professionals and academics in the sphere of lifelong learning (Who We Are , 2011). In this respect, it stands for relevant public policy, legislation, social changes and expanded educational opportunities for adults. The community provides support and leadership to adults and creates favorable opportunities for continuing education and advancing professional growth and development (Who We Are , 2011). In addition, the organization contributes to fostering development and distribution of research, theory and practice related to adult learning techniques as well as promotes common standards and identities for professional. Finally, the community advocates social change and appropriate public policy development with regard to educational opportunities for adults. Discussing Policy Initiatives Because the focus of discussion is formation and development of adult education, specific emphasis should be placed to the analysis of objectives and initiatives related to learning and growth. Specifically, the objectives include introducing individual development programs, assessing needs for leadership enhancement within the organization, an
An Introduction to Writing In order to write clearly, it is essential to think clearly as well. Organizing one’s ideas is possible according to four logical steps. First, a clearly stated point (or a thesis) should be found. Second, the thesis should be provided with detailed logical support. Third, supporting material should be appropriately organized and connected in a logical whole. Finally, the paper should be revised and edited so that it is effective and free from errors. In writing, any idea must be supported with reasons and details. Therefore, a paragraph opens with a point (topic sentence) and continues with a series of supporting sentences. In a traditional essay, the central idea is expressed in the introduction, in a thesis sentence. The latter may include major supporting points further developed in body paragraphs. Supporting paragraphs begin with topic sentences, corroborated by details and examples. A concluding paragraph contains a summary of thesis and supporting ideas, as well as the final thought of the essay. Learning to write a traditional essay has its benefits. Firstly, through learning to express a clear point and logically support it, one becomes a better writer. Secondly, through writing discipline one becomes a better listener and speaker critically aware of the other’s and own ideas. Thirdly, by paying attention to logical rules and keeping mental discipline, one becomes a stronger thinker. Writing can be seen in different ways. On the one hand, it is a skill that can be learnt through practicing competent and intense thinking. On the other hand, writing is a process of discovering ideas and exploring thoughts during drafting. In addition, writing is a way of communication, where the purpose and the audien
The analysis of the case under review became practical owing to the adherence to the steps envisaged in the AMA guide. By using the steps, it is easy to unearth the underlying problems, its components, and the best solutions. Application of the model in evaluating the provided study was momentous in yielding positive outcomes. Notably, while the case reflects a scenario in the employment sector, the guide enables researchers from various categories to inspect underlying matters in their respective fields because it extends to several areas of humanity. By applying the model, societies can successfully address issues that affect productivity in workplaces, hospitals, education, and other sectors. Concisely, the system gives individuals a chance to look at the world from an informed standpoint and review the challenges that they face in a broad spectrum. A case in point mirrors an emerging issue that concerns the rising instances where MNCs hire TCNs. Eight Steps of the Guide Analyzing Relevant Facts The first step used in the case encompassed an examination of facts that coined the presented challenge. Fundamentally, to understand the concept discussed by the case comprehensively, it is essential to read it thoroughly and look for the relevant information. By reading the case comprehensively, it becomes easy to delineate pertinent facts from those that are irrelevant. Upon reviewing the case, it emerged that the subject of study was the recruitment of third country citizens. The case elaborated the rising instances where MNCs hire TCNs in their companies.