ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The effect of a reduction in government expenditures Reduced levels of consumption government expenditure and investment in firms’, triggers cut backs in production, layoffs and leaves capital equipment lying idle. A reduction in government expenditure would adversely affect the economy since it would lead to massive unemployment and depression (Hall 15). The graph below highlights the interplay between government expenditure, investment and employment. Overall, reduction in investment and government spending from I 1 +g to I O +g will trigger a reduction in employment from E 1 to E 0 . “ Rethinking Debt” by Jared Bernstein The great misconception with regard to debt and borrowing culminated in the Great Recession. The last decade has been characterized by imprudent borrowing, ignoring totally their capability, or lack there of, to fulfil their financial obligations. This led to the bankruptcy of Lehman Brothers Investment Bank in September 2008. The global debt contagion arose leading to massive unemployment levels and unmanageable debt levels for countries like Greece. Knowledge of how to use debt as a beneficial and efficient tool is crucial for households, governments and financial markets. Debt is an obligation or money owed by one party to another. Political leaders do not support deficit spending. A reduction in taxation levels since early 2000’s has led to an increase in the debt level of the country as a result of reduced revenue collection, and this has led to higher deficit spending. It is important to be clear on the intention of borrowing, that is, is it to invest or to consume? Borrowing for investment purposes is productive as they generate returns in the long run where as borrowing for consumption purpose does not generate economic gain. Temporary borrowing does not significantly impact on the growth of debt since it is assimilated by economic expansion, but permanent borrowing adversely affects an economy as a result of increased deficit and debt growth. The most important thing to remember is the purpose for borrowing, the length of time taken to pay back and the mode of repayment. When the cost of borrowing is low as a result of recession, expansionary fiscal policies should be implemented to stimulate economic growth and cushion households from job loss. When the economy undergoes recession and household real income reduces, policy makers should employ expansionary fiscal policy since the private sector is diminishing (Greenwood, Hercowitz, and Huffman 410). Minsky, an economist trained at Harvard argued that debt is principal to a functioning economy. Debt is a requisite tool for economic development. It is important to note that economic agents cannot sufficiently sustain themselves if they are not willing to borrow from the future to spend in the present. For an administration to repay its’ liabilities, it needs a rational reconsider
Outline The history of human kind has been one of movement, migration and settlement. While humans for most part of their history have lived in villages and subsisted mainly on agriculture, the rapid pace of modernization has shifted this emphasis from the rural background to an urban landscape. This has resulted in rapid urbanization which has led to underdevelopment, a concept, the veracity of which is being examined in this essay. The essay develops the argument by first examining the popular sociological theories of Dependency and the World system. It also examines the counter-urbanization theory of Neo-populism to give the contrarian view. The essay finds a direct link of urbanization with underdevelopment. The essay through examples of the developing world and the developed world establishes the linkage between rapid urbanization and underdevelopment in both; the cities as well as the outlying peripheral areas. The author of this essay opines that urbanization alone is not responsible for underdevelopment but that a wide range of other factors such as Climate, Climate change, misconstrued government policies, social, moral and ethical parameters are also responsible for underdevelopment The essay offers an original thought on utilizing the Boyd OODA loop to explain the problems of urbanization and underdevelopment. The essay conclu
Introduction As the world develops into a global village there has been an increasing demand for one language that is understandable by all. English, obviously, for many reasons, has been selected for this purpose. Throughout the years English language has developed to be the world’s most sought after language. Many non English speaking countries have rushed to include it as part of their school curriculum to “enhance their competitiveness in conducting global business.” (Mc Arthur, 1992) This has resulted in wide ranging search for the best ways to change their people’s view on the language and encourage them to use it as a medium of communication. The purpose of this assignment was to offer practical experience of the theories and methodologies of English language teaching and learning. The speakers of other languages have found it necessary to learn English as a second language in order to keep up with the global momentum. As a result it has been found necessary to teach English as a second Language in many ESL schools across the globe. In Los Angels, there are many ESL Latino students who speak 99% Spanish. This paper seeks to analyze the effectiveness of a biliteracy a developed teaching plan for6th grade ESL Latino students in Los Angels. This is inline with the ongoing effort to develop biliteracy in societies that use other languages besides English. The Unit Plan The unit plan was specifically developed for 6 th grade Latino ESL students taking lessons in Science and specifically Biology. The purpose of the teaching plan is enable proper dissemination of scientific information to the 6th grade ESL learners and provides them with the skill to communicate the information with acceptable English language standards. The targeted population mainly consists of Latinos who mainly use Spanish for their day to day communication; however the plan can be used for other ESL students. “The unit plan is based on the recent advocacy for biliteracy development occasioned by the rapid technological advancement which demands for a sophisticated workforce.” (Brown, 2001) This is in effort to counter the difficulties occasioned by intercultural differences which leads to the use of a different language for teaching and for normal communication. The basic unit Plan rubric for teaching the English language was considered in preparation of this unit plan. The teaching plan entails the use of different “teaching aids such as;” Blackboard and chalk, scanning questions, checking questions, writing papers, Reading Passage and different specimens for a biological class. (Howatt, 2004) The plan is provides an interactive forum where the students and the teacher interact freely and thereby creating a conducive learning environment. The plan uses the many available ways to ena
Market Potential South Korea is a newly industrialized country with a GDP of about 897 billion dollars, most of the people in South Korea depend on agriculture for their survival and due to industrialization they have in the recent past started to focus on the use of natural resources i.e. coal iron ore limestone graphite and kaolinite. South Korea actually has now become one of the most industrialized countries in the world. This is because most of the electronics used in different parts of the world are from South Korea, more especially in Africa, which forms the largest market for South Korea’s electronics. The market of South Korea consists of the agricultural focus where they need to emphasize more on the production of agricultural products like fruits root crops and barley. On the other hand they have also to improve on the production machinery and transportation equipment, steel and also mining. The current market for South Korea is the Republic of China, Saudi Arabia, and Japan. The market potential of South Korea is to focus more on growing economies of Africa and middle east more especially on developing African countries that need their industrial machinery to develop. Penetration of urban and rural markets Most companies use different strategies to penetrate markets. We have two types of markets in one given country and those are the rural and urban markets. The two have to be approached differently. Just as international companies have to adapt their marketing strategies to local conditions, the companies should also ensure that urban marketing strategies assist them to penetrate rural markets. South Korea for example produces consumer electronics and many machine tools; they should make these electronics for the rural people. This is called production adaptation – making goods/products that meet rural or urban preferences there are several ways:   * The Company can produce a regional version of a product i.e. a rural utility vehicle (customized).   * They can also produce a country version or a product that is accepted through the country. That is a country can produce a city version of its product i.e. a beer to meet (Munich tastes or Tokyo tastes) ands another to meet rural tastes. This should not be done to meet only tastes but rural superstitions or beliefs too. Product uses: Consumer buying habits The aim of marketing is to meet and satisfy target consumer needs and wants. Consumer buying habits are the ways individuals; groups and organizations select, buy, use and dispose of goods, services ideas, and experiences to satisfy their needs and desires. Companies in newly industrialized Countries like S. Korea need to understand how people purchase goods in order to profit from them. Studying consumers provide clues for developing new products
The purpose of this experiment is to observe the characteristics of eukaryotic pathogens, including protozoa, fungi and helminthes; to be able to distinguish between different organisms, and apply the results in the field of microbiology. Protozoa The identification of protozoa is based on their morphological and stainingcharacteristics. Saline wet mount is used for detection ofBalantidium coli, Entamoebahistolytica and Giardia Lamblia. Thick and thin blood smears are used for detection ofPlasmodium, Toxoplasma gondii and Trypansomabrucei.Trypansomabrucei can also be detected by microscopic examination of lymph node aspirate or chancre biopsy. Trichomonasvaginalis can be detected through a wet preparation of the sample, and can be cultured in commercially available Diamond’s medium with pH 7.0 +/- 0.3. Balantidium coli have trophozoite and cyst stages. In trophozoites, two nuclei are visible. In cysts, only the macronucleus and sometimes cilia are visible. Also, cysts have a tough cyst wall. Their size is about 30 µm under magnification 400. Trichomonasvaginalis exists only in a trophozoite stage, and its size is about 22.5 µm under magnification 1000. It ispear shapedwith five flagella; four extend outside the cell together, whereas the fifth wraps backwards.
When speaking of family business management, it goes without saying that the notion of ethics plays one of the most important roles in the context. Thus, once it comes to the choice of potential successors from the external environment, it is of crucial importance to define whether the candidate responds positively to the strategies implied for the company’s future. For this reason, the researchers suggest creating a detailed succession plan that would ensure the continuation of the family tradition in both values and management peculiarities (Solomon, Martin, and Poatsy). Hence, the Carlson companies made the right choice to employ a person that would respect both the communication with the founding family and the effort invested in the enterprise. Works Cited Bamfo, Bylon Abeeku, Courage Simon Kofi Dogbe, and Charles Osei-Wusu. “The effects of corporate rebranding on customer satisfaction and loyalty: Empirical evidence from the Ghanaian banking industry.” Cogent Business & Management , vol.5, no.1, 2018.
Literature Review The case topic is on violence on TV. This concerns the programs that are aired on television like violent movies that have been increasing in the recent past. Violence in TV has been considered as factor that contributes to violent behaviors among teenagers in the US (Teen Drug Abuse, 2011, para.4). Various literatures are available that reveal exposure to television in as significant reason behind aggression and violence among children (Centerwall, 1992, para.7; Cline, Croft and Courier, 1973, p.360; Eron et al, 1972, p.253). Tanner (2011) has observed that children who watch nighttime violent television shows have troubles in sleep (para.7). As a result, various initiatives such as the Parents Television Council have been started that aim at regulating the types of television shows that are exposed to children (Colbert, 2011, para.1). The management of KTDS has received complaints in the recent past over increased level of violence in their programs. The manager has noted that violence has increased in the television shows in the last two decades. However, he suspects that the recent complaints that have been received by the management regarding violence in their programs are not genuine ones. These complaints are likely to be attributed to some politician who has developed, as some of the political policies, an attack on the increasing level of violence in America. The manager believes that the politician has mobilized most of the discontented viewers to send their complaints to the management (Case Study). The politician believes that this increased level of violence is largely caused by the violent programs that are aired in television especially KTDS. In order to establish the validity of the claim, it is necessary to obtain the views of other individuals. There is a possibility that a good proportion of the viewers are contented with the kind of programs aired by this station. The management is concerned with the satisfaction of the needs of all of its customers. It may not be possible to conduct a survey and obtain information on all the viewers of the programs and thus there is need for sampling (Singh & Mangat, 1996, p.5). Conducting a survey on a number of viewers of the television programs will provide the necessary information from which a valid conclusion can be made. A sample of the viewers that is selected randomly from some sampling frame can be used to represent the population of the viewers. The information so obtained will suffice to represent the whole population (SAS Institute, 2011, para.1). The management will then decide on the appropriate course of action based on this information. However, the telephone directory that was used in the survey may not be a true representation of the population (Trochim, 2006b, para.3; Esslemont, Petersen, and Selvakumar, 1992, p.1) Methodology Research questions/objectives Television has been seen to be the most popular information medium where majority spend their time (Citak, 2009, p.268). The survey is intended to provide the opinions of the viewers on the l
An overview of the Asian Tigers financial crises The occurrence of the financial crunch stormed the South East Asia Tigers economies from mid 1997 to early 1998. The world most impressive and highest economic development rates were listed in South East Asian republic of South Korea, Hong Kong, Indonesia, Singapore, Malaysia, and Thailand in the past decades. From the Gross Domestic Product (GDP), the compounded economies of these nations expanded to nine point five percent form six point five percent (6.50%-9.50%). However, owing to the implosion of the currency and local stock bazaars of these countries in the fiscal 1997, the appearance of the Asian wonder came to a sudden stop. Approximately more than 71.0% worth of stock markets in various Asian Tigers states was lost at a time when the dust of financial crisis started to calm down in early 1998. The frontrunners of these nation states that were at one time full of pride had to humbly strive for an enormous aid from the IMF (Corsetti, Pesenti & Roubini, 1998). This was after a comparable quantity of their currencies had depreciated relative to the US dollar. Nonetheless, this crisis transpired as soon as the unprecedented development of the economy materialized in these countries. These nations shared quite a lot of common elements, which gave the investment as well as economic growth impression and remained significant to various separate states. Indeed, the South East Asian nations used export as the engine for economic development. For instance, many Asian states advanced into export powerhouses as a result of relatively and cheap plunging barriers to global trade, economies concerned with export, and a combination of fine cultured labor (IMF, 1998). Furthermore, economic growth equally happened because of the combination of overseas corporations’ hefty private investment in Malaysia, South Korea, and Thailand in the course of the last quarter of that century. The reported annual growth value for export was inconsistent amid these nations between the fiscal 1990 and 1996. In fact, the Indonesian and South Korean export value grew up to 12.10%, Hong Kong (14.50%) and Singapore experienced 15.0% in development worth. Additionally, Thailand had its export value developed to 16.10% but then Malaysian growth rate was 18.0% per year. Thus, the recent years have experienced a shift in the nature of exports (Radelet & Sachs, 1998). Textiles existing as the elementary products and materials were shifted with customer electronics, semi-conductors, and automobiles that are progressive and high technological products. The impressive economic growth rates reported by the Asian Tigers became to an abrupt end in the fiscal 1997 due to the financial crunch. Regardless of the financial storm, which swept across the Asian Tigers in the fiscal 1997, the effects tha
Address 1 26/04/2011 Address 2 Dear Sir, Re: Family/Patient-Centered Care I would like to elaborate on the importance of improving the family-centered health care services in this hospital. The dynamism of modern health issues requires that new ways be adopted to provide adequate and effective health care. Some of the way involved is refocusing and paying more attention to family/patient-centered care units in all hospitals. Family-centered health care has evolved as a means of establishing better health care for children by involving the child’s family in health care decision-making. This idea has evolved after the realization that the child’s most important source of stringy is the relatives close to the child. Therefore the child’s relatives become partners in the provision of better health care for the child. This model involves a lot of information sharing amongst the health care professional as well as the family members. The purpose of family-centered health care is to meet the health as well as the emotional and psychological needs of the patient child as well as the family members. Hospitals thus need to develop new ways to approach family-centered care. This is because of the legal as well as the confidentiality issues that have arisen in previous attempts to provide this type of health care. Family-centered health care can have a number of benefits to this hospital. There is improved decision-making when families are involved in the entire treatment process. Furthermore, the hospital will realize an efficient way to utilize time and resources. This is realized as some health care can be provided at home by family members upon collaboration with health professionals and thus avoids unnecessary hospital visits. The model will also ensure that there is improved communication and information sharing between health professionals and as such it becomes a learning experience. In the business sense, the hospital will become more competitive as it meets patients’ health as well as emotional and psychological needs. The realization of family-centered care may have some hindrances. Confidentiality issues are bound to rise. The extent to which the family, as well as other health practitioners, will be involved is a complicated matter. Furthermore, this hospital has to reorganize and revaluate its operational principles and make them flexible enough. Allowing for too much involvement of other parties will threaten the quality as well as the safety of care provided. The issue of race religion also may hinder the implementation of the program. The issues highlighted above can be overcome through a series of measures. First, the family the opportuni
Contemporary systems meant to heat water/air explore both the heat pumps and the solar plates that are combined to form a unit with the aim of optimizing on the energy efficiency as well as solar collection efficacy (Tagliaficoa et al. 834). With a unit like Solar Assisted Heat Pump (SAHP), their effects are manifested on the refrigeration inverse phase of the same. In this article, the main focus is on the DX-SAHP (direct expansion) system meant to produce hot water for domestic use at approximately 45 o C. The important part of a DX-SAHP includes a Rankine refrigeration cycle that is combined with a solar collector which acts as an evaporating unit in the system. Ideally, whatever transpires inside the unit to achieve its function is simply heat transfer. The refrigerant heats until boiling point consequently transferring the heat to the user’s reservoir tank. One advantage of a DX-SAHP over the other systems is that its solar plates are cooled, optimizing on its exploitation of the solar radiation. Moreover, its heat pump operates “with an evaporator temperature higher than in traditional air-to-water or air-to-air heat pump systems, with a consequent higher achievable coefficient of performance (COP)” (Tagliaficoa et al. 834). In this article, a Water-SAPH (W-SAPH) was studied for analysis with swimming pools in Italy as the reference facilities. Remember, water acts as a refrigerant in this case. The analysis factored parameters such as the degree days (DD) and solar radiance (G). Importantly, the thermal load was constant at 150 kWt, and the W-SAPH energy saving efficacy was recorded as PES (primary energy saving). This was compared to a normal gas burner (see appendix
Introduction Schumpeter’s theory provides that the leading role of an entrepreneur in the economic field is the introduction of innovations from which the reward is gaining profits. The model stipulates that entrepreneurship plays a decisive role in fiscal development and that successful creativities are the only way to achieve such goals as financial stability within an organization. It explains that invention could occur in such ways as launching or upgrading a product, introducing new production methods, acquiring advanced supply sources, and bringing unique business structures (Sweezy, 1943). The business approach was developed by Joseph Alois Schumpeter, an Australian political economist and foundational contributor to the topic of development and technological advancements. The idea is based on the more elaborate theory of monetary growth, which focuses on entrepreneurship and its role in industrial empowerment with innovativeness as the linkage. In this regard, Schumpeter worked towards defining and explaining the change in a perspective related to its significance in the entrepreneurial specialties. Causal Mechanism of the Theory The theory implies that fiscal restructuring in the capitalist commercial world is the main reason for business fluctuations or increased investments. It remains a prime force in the economy and influences the analysis of modern business developments. Introducing new products and processes plays a key role in restructuring competition among traders, thus regulating