ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Philosophers of different eras had various points of view on happiness, the meaning of life, morality, and justice. Their concepts were formulated under the influence of general moral principles and traditions of their time; nevertheless, sometimes even philosophical theories with a common underlying idea were divided into several branches. Utilitarianism is one such concept, since it includes several forms that differ from each other significantly, such as act, rule, and general utilitarianism, where the last one lies in between two others (Mondal, p. 15). However, the main difference between act and rule utilitarianism is that the first allows ignoring the rules for the common good, and the second prohibits any violation of them. Main body Many philosophers have created various concepts on morality and rightfulness for people trying to understand the truth, and utilitarianism is one of them. Utilitarianism emerged as a systematic theory at the end of the eighteenth century with the philosophical works of Jeremy Bentham, who created the “greatest happiness of the greatest number” formulation of the principle of utilitarianism (Lazari-Radek and Singer, p. 4). This phrase means that sense of any person’s life is actions that can bring the most significant benefit and joy to the most considerable number of people. For example, a man can spend a huge fortune himself and bring joy only for one person, but it is better if he donates it to charity and brings happiness to many people in need. Scientists such as John Stuart Mill, Henry Sidgwick, and others also discussed supplemented this concept in their way (Lazari-Radek and Singer, p. 13). However, the principal basis of utilitarianism expresses itself in the statement that if everyone lives by this rule, then the whole humanity will be happy. Nevertheless, the formulation has several flaws that cause disputes and controversy, for example, methods of achieving happiness. The main question of utilitarianism is whether a person could violate general principles and laws to bring the greatest benefit to more people. As an answer to this question, philosophers created three forms of utilitarianism with a different attitude to the rules, morality, and their violation (Mondal, p. 15). Act and rule utilitarianism have opposite views on this issue, while general utilitarianism can be called an intermediate link between the two forms. General utilitarianism claims that if some action is right for one person in a particular situation, then it will be right for everyone else in the same condition (Mondal 15). For this reason, one can see that general utilitarianism permits a violation of the rules but also asks whether such an act may have good consequences. Act utilitarianism is a more extreme manifestation of breaking the rules for the common good. The followers of this principle are sure that ultimately, only the consequences that actions brought to society can classify them as moral or immoral (Mondal, p. 15). Even if the act was wrong from universal laws, but eventually it benefi
Introduction The term addiction which is usually referred to alcohol, narcotics and tobacco can contain wider meanings in the medical world. Addiction could be reached by regular usage of any substance on a daily basis. The reasons for such usage could vary according to the substance used and to the life rhythm of the addicted person. This paper analyzes personal observation experience resulted of discontinuing the usage of a particular substance. The case chosen concerns the drop of usage of the “Red Bull” which is a very popular energy drink. This drink contains components, which facilitate physical and emotional lift. The paper will mainly discuss the personal thoughts, symptoms, behavior and conclusions resulted from discontinuing the usage of the “Red Bull” for the period between June 26th and July 20 th . Background The first step before starting this task was identifying the ingredients which are contained in this drink and taken from the website of the product. The main ingredients which were distinguishing the “Red Bull” from other energy drinks are:   * Taurine – a conditionally essential amino acid which is naturally occurring in the human body.   * Glucuronolactone – a carbohydrate.   * Caffeine – a substance known for its beneficial effects on mental and physical functions.   * B vitamins – shown to support mental and physical performance. Other ingredients include sucrose, glucose, and Acesulfame K. (Red Bull) Stages In analyzing the stages resulted from stopping the usage of the “Red Bull” it is necessary to explain the reasons for using this drink at first place. The main characteristics promoted for this product were increasing the performance and providing energy. Thus, the regular usage was in cases when concentration was needed or when a feel of tiredness occurred while there were no chances or possibilities for rest. The form of discontinuing the usage of the energy drink was immediate as there was no apparent reason for gradual withdrawal due to the short period of the observation. Symptoms There were expected stages or symptoms for the selected period, i.e. PAW – Post Acute withdrawal. Post acute withdrawal is an adjustment the brain has to make while in the process of returning to life without chemicals. It is the time period when neurotransmitters start acting again. (Post Acute Withdrawal Syndrome) The first noticed stage was sleep disturbances as the sleep rhythm of the body was in disbalance condition. The reason for that might be explained in a case when the body gets accustomed to the condition when his natural needs for sleep were not fulfilled and could not yet return to the normal rhythm. In contrary to the previous condition the second apparent stage was the feel of tiredness and apathy which occurred when there was a need for a full concentration (e.g. reading or doing some writing job). From thorough observations no other symptoms were recognized in the selected period. Other symptoms for Post Acute Withdrawal such as failure to think clearly, memory pr
Executive Summary The National Programme for Information Technology (NPfIT) was planned to deliver better services to the patients and the health institutes. But unfortunately, the programme failed to deliver and had to be stalled due to various reasons that were beyond control. The programme was planned for a period of 10 years (starting from 2002) but it had to be shelved abruptly in 2009. It is understood that the project was able to complete some of the features but the most significant, the Summary Care Records (SCR), could not be completed. The result was very horrifying. Several patients died due to lack of proper care. The contract for the implementation of the programme was given to CSC but the company was unable to honour its commitment of providing the requisite programme (SCR) to 220 health trusts throughout the United Kingdom. But CSC alone cannot be blamed for the lacuna. Even the NHS failed to provide the required 160 trusts where the SCRs were to be delivered. There has been a lot of rage among the people and the industry about the inefficiency and negligence of the government. Billions of dollars of people’s hard earned money has been thrown down the drain with no clear explanation. The Leeds Teaching Hospital which is the major health trust of the United Kingdom also faced several difficulties in adhering to the new guidelines and the programme. But due to its sincere efforts, the hospital has been able to cope up with the previous problems and has developed its own networking in order to serve its patients. Introduction The National Programme for Information Technology (NPfIT) in NHS was commenced in 2002 and was designed to revolutionize the use of information (pertaining to patients) by the NHS. The programme was expected to be one of the largest IT projects in the global healthcare sector (Coiera 2007) and was scheduled for a ten years’ period. The NPfIT programme’s ultimate motive was to improve the provisions, features, and quality of patient care (Randell 2007). The programme was supposed to furnish various important aspects (such as hypersensitivity and the medication being provided) in the treatment (and follow up) of patients (Hughes 2010). Though some parts of the programme were completed successfully, the others stumbled upon various hurdles that ultimately contributed to the failure of the programme. One of the most significant parts of the programme that failed to deliver was the Summary Care Records (SCR) system ( MPs publish report on the dismantled Nati
Summary The analyzed research was dedicated to discussing the essential role of nurses in diagnostic error prevention. The researcher estimated nurses’ engagement in the diagnosis process based on the empirical literature review. Then, they proposed the conceptual framework of how the medical organization can reduce diagnosis errors. The conceptual framework was oriented toward designing and offering the model to expand the nurses’ engagement in the diagnostic process. The last step was to present the results of the framework appliance. Based on the theoretical literature review, the research authors provided an extensive model of full nursing engagement called the tripartite framework (Baker et al., 2017). The model included three essential components: interprofessional teamwork, patient empowerment, and the nurses’ engagement in identifying the diagnostic signs (Baker et al., 2017). According to the practical model appliance, the outcomes showed a decrease in diagnostic errors and misses, increased diagnosis time, and total growth in patient safety rates (Baker et al., 2017). The model also emphasized the role of the patient experience and engagement in the diagnosis process through the nurses. The structured literature data presented in the form of the framework was applied within the particular organization. The empirical results contributed to the formulation of the four potential barriers to nursing engagement, including culture, education, regulation, and operations (Baker et al., 2017). Scientists also provided the solutions to mentioned challenges as an additional part of the conceptual framework. Concerning the cultural barrier, the psychology of the nurses’ self-identification was a vital problem. A vast percentage of nurses and clinicians supposed that nurses should not participate in the diagnosis process (Baker et al., 2017). However, the research highlighted that nurses could not be separated from the diagnosis because they have a role in establishing patient-physician relationships. Including nurses in the diagnosis, the process was implemented by various medical institutions. Researchers provided examples of such implementation and analyzed the results showing an increased patient satisfaction level and a lower rate of medication errors (Baker et al., 2017). In an attempt to overcome this barrier, the researcher suggested implementing the engaging policy by the medical administrative bodies. In order to overcome the education barrier, medical providers should offer nurse education programs focused on specific diagnosis principles (Baker et al., 2017). Moreover, licensed educational organizations should implement interprofessional training classes in the regular students’ curricula. The operational barrier can be overcome by the proper nurse staffing regulations and by eliminating turnovers (Baker et al., 2017). The regulation barrier is connected with the lack of governmental or administrative acts of nursing practices. Researchers depicted the corre
Of all the things underrated in the modern world, the 70s music must take the first place. Long-forgotten and considered genuinely shallow by most of the adepts of the present-day pop culture, it still has that undeniable sweetness and naivety that makes it stand out of the range of pop music subgenres. Despite the music of the 70s being considerably homogenous, which makes practically all the songs sound like siblings, there is still the charm of simplicity and light-heartedness in each of them, which makes the experience of plunging into the world of the 70s pop rock unforgettable. One of the most characteristic songs of the era, “Undercover Angel” by Alan O’Day is a perfect specimen to take a closer look at. The most peculiar thing about the song is that it is packed with all sorts of literary devices and, therefore, is more of a puzzle for the audience to solve, which makes it twice as interesting to listen to. To start with, there is an obvious irony in the song expressed in different ways here and there. The first and the most obvious instance of irony in the song is its title. Indeed, the word “undercover” is supposed to go with the word “agent,” yet the author evidently sings about the relationships with a woman who would not give in to his charms, thus, making a mix between an angel and an undercover agent. As for the metaphors, the song also has a couple of explicit ones, “undercover angel” among them. The phrase “give up my heart for you” ( Faith E.M ) can also be considered a metaphor for falling in love with the woman and trusting her completely. Finally, the phrase “midnight fantasy” ( Faith E.M ) must refer to the woman which the lead character of the song is obsessed with, which makes this phrase a metaphor as well. Weirdly enough, the image of an undercover angel must have been inspired by a dream as well, since O’Day never married. For an even more dramatic effect, the “one-hit wonder” (“Undercover Angel – Alan O’Day”) added some personification into the lyrics as well. Blending his fantasy with reality, he refers to the woman he loves as “a dream that made sweet love to me” ( Faith E.M ); personifying his dream, O’Day uses the later as a metaphor for the woman in the song. For those who might be wondering why not developing a character relating to a real woman whom O’Day met and loved, it is worth mentioning that O’Day was to enter a contest for the Warner Bros. with this song, which meant that the images in the song were supposed to be generic. O’Day’s song is packed with symbolism. For instance, the image of an angel is the symbol of purity which must be the key feature of the female character in O’Day’s song, relating it to Dixieland music, “especially the blues” (Krangle), which is quite understandable, since O’Day was born in the very heart of California As for the use of simile, there is n
Conversion is a term used to refer to the adjusting of something or someone from an original state. In order for conversion to occur in humans, there has to be a mental approach to facilitate the switch. Conversion therapy has been used by psychologists as a remedial advance to counseling on sexuality of their clients. However, this approach has received criticism from society. Personally I do not agree with conversion therapy as a proper way of addressing sexuality. I base my opinions on the morale and effectiveness of the methods in the therapy. The therapy is based on a preconception and can create bias when resolving the dispute. (Schreier, 1998) Conversion therapy was developed as a result of the assumption that homosexuality occurred due to mental disorder. Many medical and scientific bodies have had issues with the practice and consider it dangerous. The professionals should not perform or refer clients to colleagues who follow conversion rehabilitation. Clients’ rights should be observed and resolving what is best ought to be his/her own prerogative. Majority in the society agree that treatment that changes the sexual preference of a person can be damaging. However, no research evidence has been established to support this view. It can cause shame and apprehension hence denting the patients’ confidence which can result to hopelessness. The client may seek refuge in drugs and other harmful practices to find satisfaction as there is a feeling of rejection from the society. (Haldeman, 2002) Conversion therapy uses a variety of techniques with no specific methodology. In early diagnosis, homosexuality was considered a mental problem. Practitioners prescribed unethical ways in the name of correcting the problem. It was later established that it was not a psychological issue and was removed from the diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. However, this was not adhered to by all practitioners as a few continue to treat same sex preference as a psychological case. This has happened at the expense of the self-worth of their patients. Same sex preference should not lead one to be embarrassed. Ther
Because of the specifics of the national character, the USA has always been struggling for justice and the fair resolution of conflicts. Therefore, the traditional idea of justice is inherited in generations, which means that the U. S. has its own approach to the conflicts solution. However, trying to create the peaceful environment with the fair and just system to adhere to, the USA often faces misunderstandings and misconceptions. Despite the U. S., attempts to create a safer environment, several countries still consider the American idea of justice as a way of intrusion into the state affairs of the other countries. One of the latest news concerning the USA world politics affected not only my community and me, but also the entire country. As China condemned the USA reaction to the government critics’ arrest, the Chinese leaders criticized the political position of the USA and suggested that the country is trying to intrude into the other states’ affairs. Since such supposition is nothing but an erroneous judgement carried under the spur of emotions, there is not a single grain of truth in this statement. It seems to me that such judgement, with the arguments both far-reaching and far-fetched, discredits the image of the USA in front of the entire world, not mentioning that it sets the reason for the international conflict. Since Chinese government is making the assumptions which are likely to inflame the international scandal, it seems to me that the situation must be somewhat tackled. There is no doubt that the U. S. system of handling the international affairs is rather peculiar, yet the other countries have no reason to claim that America is trying to intrude into the other countries’ national affairs and influence the course of the national politics. In spite of the fact that the statement itself did not result in any harmful effect, it can trigger serious political problems in the future. Such claims are likely to hinder the international relationships among the USA and the other world countries, which means that the issue is to be handled as soon as possible, otherwise the harm caused will be irreparable. Despite the claims of the Chinese government, the USA is able to prove the efficient and failure-proof system of handling the home and foreign policy affairs. Taking a closer look at the national system of human rights, one starts understanding that the country provides the maximum of liberty to its citizen and works to create the most comfortable environment for the dwellers of the country. Considering the points of the Human Rights Laws of New York State, for instance, one can see clearly that the former have been developed to support the population and provide them with the maximum safety and at the same time maximum liberty. Taking especial care of its citizen, the Human Rights Laws of New York offer specific care and protection to all its dwellers, providing that they shall not be offended by any physical or legal person: It shall be deemed an exercise of the police power of the state for the protection of th
Historically, non-indigenous people have been perceived as a core of society in Australia. Aboriginal population is always seen as the alternative culture which is more likely to engage in orthodox forms of non-action. The experience of participation in any of social activities is crucial in developing a radical critique and practice (Bonney and Wilson, 2001). For non-indigenous people, political activity is important in that it teaches citizens the limits of the system and gives them a sense of both the cultural necessity and possibility of replacing the existing social order with new forms and structures. In Australia, there is a certain logic of contestation that means actions develop a momentum and radicalize their citizens in a way rarely foreseen at the beginning. Traditionally, Aboriginal people are seen as weak and uneducated who need support and social protection. In Australian society, choices are manifestations of a developmental force arising from internal drives and reflections, on one side, and the possibilities that society presents, on the other. While no analysis cannot account for every variation, non-indigenous population can see the underlying pattern of issues on the individual side. On the social side, critics can identify patterns of response that lead, in often predictable directions, toward certain kinds of results. Aboriginal culture never can be neutral (Blainey, 2001). It is an active component of national identity. No one acquires an identity in a social vacuum, but what national politics as an aspect of culture can contribute is not just acceptance but an active approach to policies that will make possible for every citizen the achievement of competencies, the sustenance of understanding, and a respect for humane ways of integrating oneself into the unique culture. On the one hand, the modern population in Australia evinces the humanist desire to see to the national liberation of all people by removing all forms of stigmatization and accepting each diverse element of community on its own terms (Karasek and Theorell, 2007). On the other hand is the unclear dream of society that will lead to peaceful coexistence and a mutual regard for the economic security of different cultural groups and nationalities of the community. The latter remains an unachievable dream as long as the Australian society has no way of working out the connections between identity and community. If this view of national identity formation as the cornerstone of a new conception of Aboriginal values is taken as significant, then what is needed is a technique for implementing this vision (Baldock and Lally, 2020). History positions Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people as marginal groups in society rejected and opposed by mainstream culture and the community in general. Individual identities differ in content , but the evidence we have cited strongly suggests that the psychological imperative of identity formation is universal. If it can be inferred that quest for national identity achievement is central to all people, then there is a powerful argument for at least a