ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction: Biographical Overview Erik Homburger Erikson (1902-1994) is a renowned German-American psychologist and psychoanalyst. In his early years, Erikson was not sure about the path that he would like to pursue, and after he finished school, he took a gap year to travel around Germany as an artist drawing portraits and selling them. Due to his successful tutoring endeavors in art, Erikson was advised to study children psychology at the Vienna Psychoanalytic Institute. His most significant contribution to psychoanalysis was putting forward the theory of developmental stages in human beings. Even though Erikson did not have a bachelor’s degree, he served as a professor at many top-level universities, including Harvard, and his publications were some of the most cited in his field. This paper will discuss the theory of the epigenesis of identity and how it applies to teaching. Epigenesis of Identity and Neo-Freudianism It is safe to assume that meeting Anna Freud, Sigmund Freud’s daughter, gave Erikson’s career in psychology a head start. She noticed how considerate he was of the needs of the young students in his art class and suggested that he develop his propensities in academia. Erikson was largely influenced by Freud’s ideas about the stages of human development – anal, oral, latent, and genital. While both researchers used the life-span perspective – an approach emphasizing the changes throughout human life – Erikson shifted the focus from sexuality to social experience and explained how environment impacted personality. Moreover, he increased the number of stages up to eight, and together, they constituted the epigenetic principle – the rule of predetermination of human development. Erikson argued that individuals did not transition from stage to stage smoothly – instead, each time, they faced an identity crisis which they needed to overcome in order to become mature (Friedman and Schustack 52). For instance, school students are likely to go through two stages – industry vs. inferiority (6-12 years) and identity vs. role confusion (12-18 years). It is critical that education practitioners take the developmental stages into account when elaborating a curriculum and handling children’s issues. Teaching Middle Schoolers: Erikson’s Theory in the Classroom I would like to describe a situation in which I have to teach a foreign language to a class of 11-12 year-olds (5th or 6th grade). Now, as it is clear from
What is cloud computing? Cloud computing may also be referred to as “on-demand computing, software as a service, or the Internet as a platform” (Hayes 9). Hayes adds that “the common element is a shift in the geography of computation” (9). In other words, cloud computing helps users exploit various applications placed on the World Wide Web. Admittedly, this is very effective as companies may extend the boundaries of their business. Companies do not need to stick to their servers as applications can be found online. Of course, multinational companies may benefit from cloud computing as such companies’ employees may access the necessary applications and data irrespective of distances. It is cost and time-effective. In the first place, companies do not spend funds to maintain servers (which may be quite costly). For instance, if a company has several offices, not all offices need servers. Only one office may have a server. On the other hand, users do not need much time to get the necessary application as they do not need to access specific servers. They can access the necessary applications without leaving their workplace. What are some challenges and issues to cloud computing? Notably, cloud computing has many benefits. However, it is associated with some challenges—one of the major challenges in solving security and privacy issues. The availability of data (applications) makes these data vulnerable. Thus, the free share of data can lead to various violations (Hayes 9). Admittedly, it is more difficult to control the flow of data scattered in the World Wide Web. More so, confidential information can get to the World Wide Web, leading to really serious problems. Cloud computing is also associated with such violations as password cracking. Thus, some users can exploit cloud computing to launch attacks. Therefore, the major challenge to cloud computing is security and privacy. Of course, there are also technical issues to address. The existing servers should operate huge amounts of information that come from different sources. The issues concerning interface are still under consideration (Hayes 11). Works Cited Hayes, Brian. “Cloud Computing.” Communications of the ACM 51.7 (2008): 9-11. Print.
Introduction Not only is obesity a problem among adults, but it also affects children. The adolescents, teenagers, and even preschoolers are increasingly manifesting symptoms of obesity. In 2000, 15% of children and 16% of teenagers were obese. These figures were higher than those reported in the 1970s by approximately four folds. Further, an extra 15% of children and teenagers are prone for becoming overweight (American Association for the Advancement of Science, 7). Childhood obesity is associated with real-time impact on daily routine. Children require healthy diet and exercise to develop physically and cognitively. Children require a balanced diet of nutritious food in order to grow and to supply them with energy (American Association for the Advancement of Science, 8). In order to help curb the increased cases of childhood obesity, school nutrition and physical education guidelines have been set up. The essay shall endeavor to find out if these guidelines have succeeded in reducing childhood obesity. Causes of childhood obesity Regrettably, the present day children get relatively less exercise than the past generations. Contemporary children abscond walking to school and instead they ride on bus or in a car unlike their parents. Also, while their parents played physical games such as tag or stickball after classes, modern kids spend most of their time playing video games or watching TV or on computer. Numerous schools have attempted to avert reducing lesson time by reducing gym lessons or alternatively recess. Lack of enough time for exercise increases risk for children to become overweight. School nutrition and physical education School can assist students implement and sustain healthy feeding and physical exercise habits. Center for Disease Control (CDC) has published instructions that recognize school rules and performances which will boost lifelong healthy eating and physical activity. Schools approach nutrition and physical activity through Coordinated School Health Program (CSHP) strategy. This strategy incorporate roles of eight elements of the school community that impact greatly on student health. This elements include (Marx, Wooley, & Northrop, 27, qtd in Wechsler, McKenna, Lee, & Dietz, 6):  1. health training;  2. physical training;  3. nutrition services;  4. health services;  5. social, psychological, and counseling services;  6. healthy school setting;  7. health support for personnel;  8. family and society participation. CSHPs specialize on promoting the excellence of each of these elements and expanding liaison between the people dealing with them. The CSHP model has been implemented by education bureau in many states, counting 23 state education bureaus that are sponsored by CDC to develop state-level infrastructure to facilitate statewide CSHPs (Wechsler, McKenna, Lee and Dietz, 6). School Health Policy and Programs Study (SHPPS) SHPPS is a nationwide study periodically performed
The Seven Habits of Highly Successful People by Stephen Covey was a bestseller book in the late 80s and early 90s; it sold more than 15 million copies and was translated to more than 38 foreign languages (Covey 1). The author remains a very influential management guru of his times and indeed even in today’s world because not only was his book used as a blueprint to personal development in organizational contexts but also in other disciples such as social sciences, psychology and the likes (Covey 1). In the book, the author presents a set of ideas that if applied, aligns one towards the attainment of success by following a guideline of habits which he notes, are universal and timeless. However, observers note that the book is quite simple to understand but not necessarily simple to put into practice. Based on the analysis of the book, this study will provide a detailed summary, analysis and critique of the book’s principles with regards to its inspirational and aspiration teachings. Summary Habit 1: Being Proactive Stephen purports that the destiny of an individual is usually dictated by the choices he/she makes (Covey 11). This means that people are often empowered to choose their status; say, happiness, sadness, decisiveness, failure, ambivalence, courage, success, fear or any other attribute that defines a person. Of importance is peoples’ acknowledgement that every new opportunity gives an individual the chance to make a better choice. In so doing, people get a new opportunity to do things differently so that they can increase their productivity levels. Habit 2: Considering the End Covey notes that people should always consider where they would want to be in future while undertaking their daily duties. This should be done alongside an analysis of the current position they are in, their dreams, ambitions, goals and the likes. This is important because Covey notes that people often find themselves in positions of success but they derive very little satisfaction from it. In fact, some people always achieve these high levels of success by trampling over the things they valued most in their lives (Covey 12). Such things could be family, friends, a dream career and the likes. Covey therefore gives an example by noting that “If your ladder is not leaning against the right wall, every step you take gets you to the wrong place faster” (12). This exposes an important aspect of imagination for the determination of the future. Habit 3: Prioritizing Issues
An evaluation of the sources of literature the study uses to establish purpose/gap in knowledge of the study When it comes to the use of sources of literature to support the study, Cash, Hodgkin, and Warburton (2016) approached the issue practically and selected a wide scope of the supporting literature. The selected sources are used as the basis for statements and definitions, as well as for the discussion of the previous findings regarding the topic under discussion. Additionally, the supporting sources of information were used when the authors reported statistical data and tendencies. The greatest variety of sources is cited in the introduction and background sections that inform the reader about the purpose and aim of the study, as well as make a clear and detailed statement of the problem. Moreover, the authors also referred to their previous work that had been published several years before the current study under discussion; this was done to expand the readers’ knowledge about the research on the subject carried out by the present team of authors. Most of the sources chosen as supporting literature are recent and were published within the last decade. A few sources come from 2000 and 2005 and present information about the theory and practice of research, as well as some background knowledge on caregiving for elders; the latter sources do not seem to present outdated information. In that way, a conclusion can be made that the literature supporting the study is relevant and reliable. A description of the research paradigm/design utilized in the research and an analysis of whether this is appropriate given the purpose and topic of the study The research question of this study focused on the exploration of the practitioners’ perspectives of the obligations of spousal caregiving in older adults living in rural communities and the impact such obligations had on choice (Cash et al., 2016). The participants of the study were the healthcare practitioners working in the area of rural north-east of Victoria, Australia. The study locations were selected based on the convenience principle as the ones with the largest populations of older adults. Also, the health services practitioners targeted as respondents represented a wide range of organizations and specialties; this was done for the purpose of diversifying the results and generating a set of more reliable, valid, and generalizable findings (Neeson, Rijn, & Mandelik, 2013). Also, the design of this research is of qualitative nature which helped the authors address the selected research question with a higher level of precision. Basically, the qualitative design is the most suitable for the studies where the researchers’ purpos
Biography Born in 1772, David Ricardo belonged to the pleiad of classical economists and is primarily known for his support of liberal theories and concepts. Though it might sound trite, it seems that Ricardo was destined to make a huge change in the very design of human relationships from the very start of his journey. The fact that he was born into an outstandingly diverse family as opposed to the rest of his peers alone is worth viewing as the primary factor that contributed to his rapid progress and helped him acquire the basic knowledge about societal and economic interactions. Though born in Spain, Ricardo had a Sephardic Jewish heritage: “In the year 1692 there died in Amsterdam a Jew named Samuel Israel. He was buried at Oudekerk; and he was the great-great-grandfather of David Ricardo” (Weatherall 1). Although it would be quite a stretch to claim that the change of location that Ricardo was subjected to as he was a child predetermine his further career. However, it is still worth noting that, at a comparatively young age, he experienced a change in environment as his family moved to Amsterdam, which was swarming with financial and economic opportunities., Credited as the global financial center at the time, it provided the background that young David needed to understand the very mechanism of financial and economic activities, as well as become enthusiastic about the plethora of opportunities that the world of finance opened in front of him. Needless to say, as Ricardo became older, he integrated into the environ
The article written by Marco Pinfari and called “Nothing but Failure? The Arab League and the Gulf Cooperation Council as Mediators in Middle Eastern Conflicts” explores the conception of the Arab League and its work through the decades. The data collected for the comparative analysis made by the researchers of the article was taken from two different and updated datasets that contained the correlated war information. The work of the Arab League and Gulf Cooperation Council and their intervention during the conflict situations of various intensity are carefully followed and analyzed. This is done in order to determine whether these two organizations were flawed and this is why their work did not result in much success, or they were intentionally designed to fail their conflict resolution missions. The article by Pinfari follows the historical development of the Arab League and Gulf Cooperation Council monitoring their failures and success in conflict mediation and resolution. In the end of the paper the author also explores possible improvements and adjustments necessary for more successful conflict management in the Middle Eastern region. The Arab League today is the oldest regional organization that it still functioning. The League was founded in 1945 through the agreement between the six of its leaders, which are Lebanon, Syria, Transjordan, Saudi Arabia, Egypt and Iraq. The main goal of the Council of the Arab League was to mediate various occurring disputes in order to avoid their development and intensification leading to the use of force and weapons. However, it is a well known fact that the Middle East has been through multiple major and minor armed conflicts since 1945; some of them are Gulf War and Arab-Israeli War. The contemporary argument that keeps attracting the experts is based on the question whether the League was designed to fail or it was a failure of a design. According to the historical data, this organization turned out to be reluctant towards taking serious measures in cases of many civil conflicts within its member countries. This argument supports the theory of the League being designed to fail and intentionally avoiding fulfilling its duties. At the same time, the organization also was known to have difficulties in mediating regional and inter-state conflicts, where one of the participants was not a member of the League. This argument definitely speaks in favor of the “failed design” point of view, because the leaders of the Council had very little or no power to influence the development on the situation in the counties that were not included into the League. This miscalculation is viewed as a failure of the founders of the organization that did not think through the possibility of such conflicts and necessary measures needed in such situations. The opinion st
Introduction This paper is aimed at examining three approaches to reading, namely, skills model, socio-cultural model, and psycholinguistic model. These methods are often used by modern educators. In particular, it is necessary to discuss the main premises of these frameworks and explain the main differences between them. Apart from that, this essay should demonstrate how they can be used for the development of a balanced approach to teaching literacy. These are the main issues that should be examined in this essay. On the whole, it is possible to say that a single model is not sufficient for explaining the process of reading and teaching literacy skills. More likely, educators should combine these frameworks in order to create a balanced approach that can better meet the diverse needs of students and contribute to their long-term development. Skills model of reading In many cases, teachers can take bottom-up approaches to reading. According to this perspective, this process consists of the following hierarchically-organized stages. First, one should speak about identification of letters with specific phonemes (Harris 2006, p. 6). Secondly, a reader identifies the connections between phonemes and word representations. Finally, a person assigns meanings to words and forms associations among them (Harris 2006, p. 6). These ideas have been used for the development of teaching methods. For example, it is possible to speak about the skills model of reading. From this perspective, a student should acquire and develop a set of specific skills which are necessary for reading (Heller, 2004, p. 4). For example, one can speak about the recognition of meaningful units such as morphemes or words (Westwood, 2001). Secondly, learners need to focus on such skills as finding letter-to-sound correspondence or comprehension of the ideas expressed by the author (Westwood, 2001). Moreover, the task of a teacher is to develop exercises that prompt learners to use each of the reading skills (Westwood, 2001, p. 42; Heller, 2004, p. 4). Some elements of this model are widely used by educators, especially at the time when they need to teach phonic awareness or word recognition. One can say that this model is of great use to educators, especially at the primary stages of education (Heller, 2004, p. 4). However, this approach has often been criticized because it does not take into account the reader’s background knowledge and its impact on literacy development. Moreover, this method is not sufficient for explaining the differences in individual interpretations of the same text. Furthermore, this model can lead to the situation when students focus only drilling exercises without being able to interpret the text or reflect upon its m
Binge drinking in American colleges has raised concerns among various stakeholders because of its negative short-term and long-term effects on its users. The research conducted by Jennison (2004) clearly indicates that binge drinking among college students is becoming a serious issue that affects not only their social lives but also their academic performance. According to Watson (2012), it is estimated that about 40% of American college students engage in binge drinking. Although some of the abusers cite stress as the main factor that influences them to engage in binge drinking, most of these college students get lured into this habit by peer pressure and the need to belong to a certain group. They start drinking habits as a pleasurable activity that they can stop at any time they may wish. However, Wechsler and Wuethrich (2002) warn that quitting alcoholism is not as easy as many may think, especially if one gets addicted to it. It becomes almost impossible to quit the habit when the nervous system gets affected. This means that those who believe that they can easily quit the habit find it a very complex task that requires not only the will power but also some medical and psychological help from experts. Some carry on with their practices of binge drinking into adulthood. They become heavy consumers of alcohol because their system has become dependent on it. Watson (2012) notes that when this happens, it becomes complex to undertake various activities in life. The output capacity of such an individual becomes very low. Therefore, it becomes necessary to come up with measures that can help address the problem. This research will analyze short-term effects and unintended long-term consequences of binge drinking in college based on APA research formatting. Binge drinking in colleges is an issue that many administrations have tried to address for a long time, but with minimal success. According to Watson (2012), despite the efforts put by college administrations and other relevant authorities, binge drinking still remains an issue that is affecting college students and the society at large. Jennison (2004, 660) says, “Over 40% of students nationwide have been reported to participate in binge drinking behavior.” This is a clear indication that this is still a serious issue that must be addressed by the relevant authorities. The short-term effects of binge drinking have been assumed by users. Fatalities because of excessive consumption of alcohol are a common occurrence in some colleges in this country. Watson (2012) says that binge drinking is a serious threat to public health because of some of its effect on the body. The scholar also says that it affects the normal operations in the universities. This may be so in cases where binge drinkers engage in activities that may disrupt the administrative duties or operations of their fellow students. The high rate of violent strikes in universities is closely associated with heavy consump
In the past two decades, the media has covered violent crimes committed by Juveniles extensively. Such include homicides and other serious crimes. In response to the soaring crime rates, U.S. governors and legislatures sought to put in place stringent measures of dealing with violent crimes perpetrated by juveniles (Torbet & Szymanski, 1998). Notable during this study was the fact that many states have adopted a modifying trend where specific crimes committed by juvenile offenders are transferred to adult criminal courts. Such transfers are attained through judicial waivers, legislative exclusion, or prosecutorial-direct filing (Torbet & Szymanski, 1998). According to Butts & Harrell (1998), however, the trend of transferring juvenile offenders raises a serious question regarding whether underage offenders should be treated as criminals or delinquents. It is also notable that the public outrage and the call for underage offenders favor that they are treated as adult offenders regardless of their age, depending on the intensity of the crime committed. A case in point is the March 1998 school shooting that left four students and a teacher dead in a school in Arkansas. Despite the perpetrators of the crime being 13 and 11 years old, respectively, the public opinion at the time was that the juvenile criminal system would not punish