ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Cystic fibrosis, a life-threatening health complication, affects several organs within the human body. By being inheritable, the difficulty interferes with the electrolyte transport system, resulting in the cells’ absorption of excess water and sodium (Spilsbury, 2019: 23). The condition is mainly associated with the destruction of the mucus and sweat glands. Cystic fibrosis (CF) occurs when a gene mutates in the cystic fibrosis conductance transmembrane regulator (CFTR), triggering the iteration in the body’s electrolyte transport system cells (Bergeron et al., 2019: 715). The functionality of the cells dramatically relies on electrolyte substances within the cells, and due to changes, sweat and mucus secretion also interfere. Due to the CFTR being complicated and extensive, the variations associated with the genes in the body are many. The risk of CF is high among people whose parents have had the condition and can only occur when a person is born with 2 CF inherited genes, one from each parent. The most familiar symptoms attributed to the complication constitute thick mucus clogged within specific organs like the intestines, pancreas, and lungs (Young et al., 2019: 227). Other symptoms comprise nasal polyps, sinusitis, abdominal pain, coughing up blood, lung collapse due to severe coughing, and gallstones, among others, and differ among patients. Anatomical Component of CF CF is an autosomal recessive condition that results in multisystem dysfunction. By being a multisystem health condition, cystic fibrosis affects several underlying organs within the body. Within the respiratory tract, the chloride channel present in several epithelial tissues, CFTR protein, is encoded by the CFTR gene (Bergeron et al., 2019: 716). Once encoded, the ATP drives the chloride against its concentration gradient. The CFTR present within the submucosal glands and the epithelial cells results in chloride ion movement disruption and impacts the reabsorption of sodium. The outcome in the respiratory tract is reduced secretion of water due to a reduced airway surface liquid, which serves to impede mucus clearance. The interference within the lung environment allows for bacterial growth in the biofilm growth mode, generating ideal conditions for protecting the bacteria against antibiotic actions and the host cells (Bergeron et al., 2019: 720). Tissue damage, therefore, results when there is pro-inflammation within the tissues. Within the pancreas, pancreatic insufficiency results from the permanent damage of the exocrine pancreas when the pancreatic duct is occluded in-utero. The deficiency is closely related to the pancreatic genotype. As the shortage continues, 28 percent of the endocrine pancreas among children ten years and above requires CF-related diabetes mellitus treatment (Young et al., 2019: 232). The impact CR has in the gastrointestinal duct arises from the way viscous mucus is se
Introduction The Banana Republic is a retail apparel company operating in Canada. The company sells a wide variety of men’s and women’s apparel. The three categories of men’s suits sold by the Banana Republic include Modern suits, tailored suits, and Br Monogram. The modern suites have a natural shoulder seam with a relaxed armhole. The design has enough room overall. The tailored suits have a natural shoulder seam like modern suits, but with a higher armhole and slightly trim overall. On the other hand, Br Monogram has a designed shoulder seam, which is designed with the highest armhole and a trim fit overall. Marketing of men’s men’s suits The Banana Republic Company has been working hard to market lensmen’s suits over the years. This has been done through print and outdoor advertising. In addition, the company has used direct mails, in-store displays, as well as its website to advertise lensmen’s suits. Furthermore, the company advertises lensmen’s suits on the editorial pages of several fashion magazines and publications (Cardona 6). The Banana Republic Company uses promotions to leverage the strength of its products in the market. The recent collaboration with Mad Men to promote its products across all stores in North America underscored the company’s commitment to strengthen its brands in the market. Through this marketing strategy, the company maintains a customer database that enables the company to communicate directly with customers (PR Newswire, para. 5). The men’smen’s suits should be sold through market niches due to the increasing competition from specialty stores and discounters. This will involve the narrow definition of the market segments to establish market niches and concepts. A strong understanding of the developed niche markets enables the company to gain a strong understanding of the target markets. In this case, the company can take advantage of its large network of stores in the provinces to market the three brands of men’smen’s suits. Niche markets will also enable the company to innovate its products for the specific and differentiated target markets. Additionally, niche marketing will enable the company to have a strong understanding of consumer trends. Thus, the company will develop a strategy to increase its sales volume in the niche market created. Target market Market seg
A hybrid car is better than a conventional car due to fuel efficiency and limited environmental pollution. Most of the environmental problems that many modernized societies have to contend with today emanate from overreliance on fossil fuel as the primary source of energy. This includes the transport sector where fossil fuel cars are the main mode of transport. One of the consistent debates is the economic as well as the environmental consequences of running a fossil fuel car. Gasoline is derived from crude oil and increased consumption means increased depletion of natural resources and an increase in the release of carbon based gases which in effect increase global warming (Union of Concerned Scientists paras 1 to 9). Hybrid cars have come to replace gasoline cars. Hybrid cars have a lesser gas consumption thus a higher mile per gallon. It also means that the cars have a reduced emission of carbon based gas and thus less pollution (Dunn paras 4, 5). To supply suffice information that answers the thesis statement, I will search through the internet for credible sources on the advantages of hybrid cars. I will contrast gasoline only powered cars and hybrid cars by focusing on the effects on both the environment as well as the economy. To support my claims I will also source for statistical data from credible sources. These statistics will mainly focus fuel efficiency and environmental pollution. Within this essay I will I will introduce my argument. I will explain the positive aspect of the hybrid over the fossil fuel car. In the body of the paper I will explain each coordinating points. I will give an example for each coordinating to support my stand. In my conclusion, I will sum up my argument by defending the assumption that if everyone drove hybrid cars, it could save our future in term of Ozone layer and reduce our use of natural resources. Hybrid cars are more fuel efficient than gasoline only powered car. According to a survey done by the New York Times four years after the first hybrid car came into the market, reveal that the first two hybrid car released into the mass market were more fuel efficient than gasoline only cars (Lake 1). While a survey by Federal Highway Administration reveal that a normal car returns between 25 to 35 miles per gallon depending the speed car types and resistance, a normal hybrid engine consumes less (Federal Highway Administration 79). A survey by Edmunds reveals that seven of the top ten most efficient cars were hybrid. Within this group of cars, hybrids were found to be the most fuel efficient. Toyota Prius Hybrid was found to return about 50 miles per gallon while the Honda Insight Hybrid registered about 45 mile per gallon. The Honda Civic Hybrid consumed one gallon for every 40 mile on a city drive while and about 45 while on highway drive. Edmunds further reveal that gasoline only powered cars can at best return between 20 and 30 miles per gallon. This means that a hybrid car returns between 10 and 20 of extra miles as compared to a gasoline only powered car (Living Strong para 4, 5). So opti
Many nations in the world are what they are today mostly because of their ancient roots. A country with deep roots in terms of culture, ethics and politics stands firm in its decisions and therefore not swaggered by any uprising issues. A good example is the United States of America which because of its roots continues to be the super power of the world. Iraq which is a country located in the Middle East has shallow roots despite the name Iraq in Arabic meaning well rooted. Essentially Iraq was colonised by Britain and from their time of colonialism Iraq has not been independent as a nation (Hauss, 2009, p.5). This was clearly evidenced during the making of the country’s first constitution which was an adoption of several chapters from the constitutions of the Western countries. This showed that Iraq rejected its own religion and doctrines which in the long run affected the political state of the country hence the decline of the Monarchy. History shows that since then the country has been in wars and politically instable up to recent in this year that Iraq held their first elections. During the elections most the Iraqi nationalities were in fear of casting their votes because of the previous political stand of the nation. The shallow roots of the country have also led to lack of economical development. Research shows that the Iraqi nationalities make up some of the most suppressed people both mentally and psychologically. The oppression comes about because of lack of loyalty among the people who have neither culture nor ethics. The nation is therefore at war at most times hence lacking time to venture into activities that help in building the nation (Hauss, 2009, p.21). This has therefore led to a state that has a poor economy and depends on aid from well of countries. The rise up of Saddam Hussein who is the leader of the Iraqi people brought more torture in the country. Saddam Hussein and his men managed to outdo the Americans by using the poison gas which killed so many people at a go. Also because of the previous failure in wars especially by United States of America and Kuwait, it gave more strength to Saddam Hussein which made him able to acquire his millions of men and buy weapons that were very sophisticated. He was abl
Introduction This project was prompted by the concept of ‘sustenance’. The project focuses on how people at various stages of life adopt behaviors and mannerisms that highlight their plight for sustenance. The project consists of three fictional short stories and they all bear the theme of sustenance. All the stories are focus on a character named Perry. Perry and the Bully by the Fifth Period When Perry began his education at the elementary school level, he thought his world was just beginning to become interesting. After years and months of being left alone at home by his siblings, Perry was now in the big league. Now, every morning he would wake up, eat breakfast at the dining table, and follow he follow his elder brother and sister to school. When the opening day of school came, Perry was quite excited to roll out his newly acquired schedule. He woke up at seven in the morning, took a shower, dressed up for school, ate breakfast, took a ride to school, met new kids, and then came face to face with Henry Patrick III. Henry was the boy who threatened to diminish Perry’s good appetite for school. The first day Perry set foot in Riverside Elementary School, he had dreams of making it big there. However, as soon as his elder brother had waved him goodbye, he turned around only to be tripped by Henry Patrick III. Perry was greatly perplexed by this turn of events. How could he fall so hard and so fast? Perry picked himself up ready to apologize for not watching where he was going. After all, that was what his mother had taught him to do in a scenario like this one. However, when Perry came face to face with Henry, he realized that this was not an accident. The evil Henry just stood there looking big and laughing off Perry’s misfortunes. As soon as Perry rose up, Henry pushed him back down. At this point, Perry started to wonder how he was going to survive the six periods of the day. Perry knew how to deal with various situations but he did not know how to deal with someone who was being mean to him for no reason. Nevertheless, Perry thought he would come up with a solution during the second period. When the second period’s break came, Perry sought to broker a peace deal with his tormentor. However, Henry had already put another kid in a headlock and he was ruffling the unfortunate kid’s hair. Perry decided to do the smart thing and retreat. In the third period, Perry did not give up and he decided to ‘properly introduce’ himself to Henry. Nevertheless, Perry could not get Henry’s attention because he was busy throwing rocks at the kids who were sitting in the front row. During the fourth period, Perry sat down and thought that it was possible that he was just a random pick for Henry. His first thought was to go to the fifth grade’s class and report Henry to his elder brother. However, Henry remembered that he had a weapon in his bag and he decided that when the fifth period came he would use it. The fifth period came after lunch and Perry had a lot of time to plan
Light Emitting Diode (LED) Introduction The light-emitting diode is a heavily doped semiconductor device (Theraja and Theraja 456). This means that the size of the depletion layer will be small. The LED is a special type of diode and it is not made by the single semiconductor material. Most diodes are made from basic elements and the most common of these elements include silicon and germanium. A combination of different semiconductor materials is used. The resulting compound that is formed when these materials are combined is used to make the light-emitting diode. The compounds that are used to fabricate the light-emitting diode include; gallium phosphide (GaP), gallium arsenide (GaAs), gallium arsenide phosphide (GaAsP), gallium indium nitride (GaInN), and Silicon Carbide (SiC) (Holloway and McGuire 65). The light-emitting diodes are mainly used as display devices and they also find applications in indicators. They are used for these purposes since they are more efficient in the use of power. They require little power input while giving a considerable amount of light as the output. They are also not prone to overheating even when they light for a lengthy period. The diagram below shows a graphical view of a light-emitting diode. From the figure it can be seen that the LED has a cathode and an anode for the input of power. Principle of operation The input power to the LED forward biases the P-N junction within the LED. The forward biasing results in the flow of current through the LED. This reduces the size of the barrier potential that is as a result of the depletion layer (Kelly 263). The reduction of this potential enables electrons to flow. The flow of the electrons is from the conduction band towards the valence band. Once the electrons reach the valence band, they combine with the holes at the valence band. The combination of the two results in the production of energy which is enough to initiate the release of light photons. The thinness of the LED chip ensures that the photons are able to leave the material radiating to produce light. Current and Voltage through an LED The current and voltage through an LED can be related using the same equation. The current and voltage in the LED depends on the material used to design the LED. This equation showing the relationship between the current and voltage is shown in equation (i) below: Where, I d is the LED current, I s is the saturation current, V d is the LED voltage, V t is the thermal voltage and N is a constant that is depends on the material that is used to design the LED (Bishop 135). Color changes The material that is used to make the LED determines the wavelength of the photons that will be produced (Ferry 145). This in turn determines the color of the light that is produced. The table below shows the materials, their corresponding wavelengths and the light that they will produce. Table
Organisation learning, which is different from learning organisation, has been the subject of attention and research for some time now (Burnes et al 2003; Marshall et al 2009). Indeed, extant literature demonstrates that although the concept of organisational learning did not emerge until the 1980s, its principles are firmly grounded on many perspectives of management and its practices identify a broad variety of factors, including organisation strategy, culture, structure and design, absorptive capability, problem-solving capacity and staff participation, among others (Wang & Ahmed 2003). The present paper exemplifies some dimensions regarding organisation learning, especially its challenges and recommendations for practice. Extant literature considers organisation learning capacity “…as the organizational and managerial characteristics that facilitate the organizational learning process or allow an organisation to learn and thus develop a learning environment” (Burnes et al 2003, p. 456). It is indeed true that many organisations experience difficulty in making organisational learning a reality due to a number of factors that are unique to the organisation. First, many organisations are yet to come up with frameworks and strategies that they could use to integrate individual learning into organisational learning, implying that they have knowledgeable employees who are yet to be transformed to bring competitive advantage for the organisations due to disjointed programs and frameworks, as well as lack of collectivity of individual learning within the organisation (Wang & Ahmed 2003). The second bottleneck to organisational learning revolves around the issue of mixed understanding of the drivers for improvement and learning, whereby it has been found that most organisations do not keep a standard practice for organisational learning initiatives, leading to confusion and unproductiveness (Marshall et al 2009). Extant literature demonstrates that “…the ability of a workforce in an organisation to learn faster than those in other organisations constitutes the only sustainable competitive advantage at the disposal of a learning organisation” (Wang & Ahmed 2003, p. 9). Arguably, a mixed understanding of the drivers for improvement and learning ensures that the capacity of employees to learn faster remains a mirage. The third bottleneck facing organisations in their attempt to initialize organisational learning is hinged on the issue of different and opposing perceptions about the current learning climate and capability (Marshall et al 2009). Again, this problem is to a large extent caused by management, who fails to provide employees with a framework to guide current learning climate and capability, leaving them to progress their own opposing perceptions at the expense of organisational learning. These opposing perceptions, according to
Introduction Public relations or PR is both ancient and young. It is old in its establishments, founded in the earliest known human interactions from ancient times. It is modern in its expression as one of the global emerging occupations. What the contemporary society refers to as public relations is an imperative and natural characteristic of human society. It has taken place throughout the human history. In essence, it has been a component of civilizations separated by distances, periods, and practised in almost all known human civilizations. This is why we find numerous aspects of today’s PR practices like: reconciliation, information, cooperation, and persuasion, when we explore both ancient and modern social communications. Therefore, the success of modern or contemporary PR is rooted in the past achievements of communal interactions. Based on the above observations, Grunig and Hunt (1984) endorsed four key models relating to the contemporary growth of PR. These models and periods are:   * Advocacy (Asymmetrical model)   * Information (Public Information model)   * Relationship (Symmetrical model)   * Publicity (or Press Agentry model) These four models have played significant role in establishing fundamental PR practises such as communication and public ethics. According to diverse studies these models have contributed to the development of contemporary PR based on Grunig and Hunt representations. Hence, the emerging individual and corporate preferences have made the role of PR to be indispensable. These growing trends and preferences are deeply linked to advocacy, publicity, or public information in the PR domain. Advocacy (Asymmetrical model) Communication is a core component of PR and this model presents an elemental growth of this practise. Regarding the modern PR, this model is associated with the growth of such features as:   * Focus (transforming attitudes and influence behavior);   * Research (approach and opinion);   * Character of Communication (Two-approach); and   * Current Use (aggressive business associations, causes and movements). Therefore, much of the today’s PR engagements both in research and application are built around this model. This is testified by 20 th century practises where the organizations embarked on influencing and manipulating attitudes and behaviours of their target public. Nevertheless, the advantages of this model to the success of contemporary PR are varied. Regarding the effects of this model during the post war period, communication was employed for creating propaganda, social manipulation and brainwashing (Grunig and Hunt 1984). Currently the concept is employed in developing persuasive communication in both commercial and civil engagements. The advocacy model is widespread in political public relations, including cause-related sponsorships such as; endorsing citizen support for armed forces operations to engendering public sponsorship for health, security, welfare, in addition to supplementary public concerns. Information (Public Information m