ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The Context The organisation chosen for this assessment is an Information Technology company that offers services to large corporations in terms of security, analytics, online marketing, software, as well as other services related to Information Technologies. The nature of the work in this organisation is not steady because the company works on orders that should be completed on a tight deadline, so the majority of employees are under tremendous stress due to the severe workload and the constant inflow of new clients. Apart from this, it is crucial for everyone in the company to stay at the top of their game because the competition on the IT market is severe; if a company begins to lose its ground, it will be quickly replaced by a competitor who will consequently steal all customers. Therefore, stress greatly impacts employees’ mental health, so it is the job of managers to develop a coherent action plan to make sure that workers do not experience any adverse effects. Solutions The first solution for improving employees’ mental health is the adoption of common-sense measures that can drastically improve workers’ satisfaction and prevent mental problems from arising. These measures include positive work culture, smarter work design, early prevention, as well as the promotion of resilience (Fels, 2016). To implement this solution, the management should review the current policies and processes in a company to identify problematic components that must be changed or eliminated for better employee performance as well as improved mental health. Such reviews may be conducted through interviews, staff surveys, questionnaires, and other methods that will allow identifying the current problems. Once the issues are identified, it is important to develop a cohesive action plan. As mentioned by Michael in Beyond Blue Official (2014b) video, action plans such as ‘Return to Work’ plans help employees feel included and valued. Despite the fact that not all of the employees in a company will require ‘Return to Work’ plans, there should be extra effort put into creating helping plans that will allow employees to adapt better to stressful working conditions. After the identification of risks, the management should look into reducing the workload and employ new workers to sustain the company and withstand the inflow of new clients. The most important step for impr
Culture affects the way people determine their ethical norms and moral values. Similarly, culture also influences laws that govern a particular community in terms of regulating behavior and appropriate modes of interaction. Essentially, culture describes the way of life for a specific group of people (Hill & Rapp, 2014). Therefore, different cultures identify with various beliefs and attitudes regarding appropriate forms of behavior. Consequently, this affects how particular cultures determine morality. The theoretical concept of cultural relativism states that there are no universal standards binding all communities and individuals as to what pertains to ethical or moral conduct (Hill & Rapp, 2014). Hence, morality is influenced by different cultural norms and practices as people interpret different situations in different ways based on their cultural backgrounds. Areas mainly dominated by one community have different beliefs and views on morality from other communities elsewhere in the country. For instance, the ethical codes of Sunset and the City of Detroit districts are influenced by the predominant cultures in the regions, namely the Asian-American and White-American cultures respectively. The Asian-American culture for instance, emphasizes on values such as loyalty to the family and respect for adults and people in positions of leadership. There is also an emphasis on collective responsibility as opposed to individualism. Most Asian communities regard marriage as a sacred institution; hence prohibit public display of affection and any other issues that can degrade the institution of marriage. Communication between adults and younger people involves utmost respect and submission for younger people. The White-American community in the City of Detroit puts little emphasis on collective responsibility. On the contrary, the culture promotes individualism and personal responsibility. The White-American culture also values hard work, respect for human rights, and planning for the future. Family ties and issues such as submission and loyalty to authority must be justifiable within the White-American culture (Romani & Szkudlarek, 2014). Consequently, this cultural outlook has also influenced the ethical codes of the people of the City of Detroit and is often reflected in their moral values and legislation. As a public administrator working in either of these communities, I will have to respect their cultural values and restructure my work to reflect their values. I will also interact with the locals and learn every bit of their culture so as to be accepted in their community (Arcodia and Reid, 2008). For instance, when working with the Asian Americans, I will respect higher authorities and adult figures as well as remaining loyal to friends from these communities and working for the greater collective objectives. On the other hand, I will also reflect the culture of the City of Detroit in my public service in the region. Gift acceptance among Asian-Americans is an accepted practice. This is because the culture values collectiveness, hence the need to assist other people achieve the greater shared goals. Therefore, Asian Americans va
Introduction Nations which are socially and economically developed are the envy of every person in the world due to high living standards in these countries. Consequently, human development is the ultimate aim of any nation. Political leaders usually aim at improving income levels of citizens. People want their social welfare to be enhanced while health standards of a society have to be advanced to increase productivity of the economy. Moreover, respect of people’s rights and freedoms need to be ensured for better social integration and advancement. In a nutshell, human development is the main aim why people wake up every morning to work. Different people have tried to explain the prerequisites of human development while giving the conditions necessary for the society to develop. There are those who argue that human advancement results from democratization while others hold that it is as a result of economic development. However, it is important to note that democratization and economic development have to be balanced for meaningful national advancement to be realized. Economic Development Economic development refers to the increase in the wellbeing of a society both qualitatively and quantitatively. It refers to a situation where there is advancement in human capital, development of infrastructure, environmental sustainability as well as increase in social and healthcare quality (Diamond, 2008). It is important to note that unlike economic growth which measures the total increase in Gross Domestic Product (GDP), economic development goes ahead to measure how income is distributed among members of the society. In this regard, it is important to note that economic growth is a necessary and sufficient condition for economic development and both depend on good political regimes. A society can only advance if at least each and every member of the society experiences some positive life improvement. Therefore, economic development is a holistic approach that is used to measure human development. Democratization Democratization is a process by which a nation is transformed into a political system where citizens have a say on how they are governed. It is also the increase in democratic space within a country or a society. As a country becomes democratized, the rights of people are respected and people get the chance to choose their leaders through an open and fair election process (Burnell & ware, 2007). On the same note, democratization leads to a system of governance where the rule of law is respected and people are given equal opportunities to advan
Introduction Interests in the psychology of child development have led to development of several theoretical concepts. Initially, interests of these studies were on abnormal behaviors and development among children. However, later studies focused on other areas, which included child development. These studies provide theoretical accounts that are vital for understanding cognitive, physical, social, and emotional developments among children from birth to adulthood. Some grand theories on child development have strived to provide all details of development by relying on different stages of development. This paper focuses on developmental theories by analyzing theoretical concepts of Erik Erikson, B.F. Skinner, and Jean Piaget. It looks at application of these theories to treat mental cases among children or adolescents. Moreover, it shows the similarities and differences among these theories and how they account for normal and abnormal child and adolescent psychological and physical development in children and adolescents with specific reference to physical, cognitive, and psychosocial developments. Developmental Theories Erik’s psychosocial theory indicates that changes happen to individual’s social relationships and self-concepts throughout a lifespan (Newman & Newman, 2007). Hence, this theory can aid educators and health care providers to understand social behaviors among children, adolescents, and adults. Skinner’s behavioral theories of child development attempts to show that the environment can affect one’s behaviors and lead to consequences that can reinforce the desired behavior. Jean Piaget’s theory of cognitive development shows “how certain cognitive functions interact with biological processes in order to help one to adapt and survive in his or her environment” (Newman & Newman, 2007). Using each theory in mental health treatment of children and or adolescents Several studies have shown that practitioners have applied different theoretical concepts to treat various mental conditions among children or adolescents. For instance, Lerner and colleagues showed that practitioners have used psychosocial-based interventions as cognitive behavioral therapies (CBTs) (Lerner, White and McPartland, 2012). It was an effective form of intervention for social phobia, but psychosocial interventions, such as CBTs and social skill training for children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) require further studies. Cystic Fibrosis (CF) is “a genetic disorder with several life-limiting attributes, which inhibit respiratory functions” (Ernst, Johnson and Stark, 2010). At the age of two years, physicians can diagnose CF in children, and the survival rate is “37.4 years
Introduction History Prior to the 1700s all through the 1800s implementation of constitutional governments in Western Europe, penalties were administered arbitrarily, based on the impulses of local nobles and monarch to whom they confer the power to administer punishment. Therefore very little balanced categories of penalties was applied, such that capital punishment was applicable for any crime, ranging from extreme treason and murder to averagely minor theft; as embedded in a certain adage “one might just as well be hanged for a sheep as a lamb” (Hudson, 1996, p. 19). Definition As punishment is term used to signify anything painful; for instance a “punishing exercise program ’’ or a “punishing work schedule .’’ punishment is also used in the context of teachers or parents disciplining a child. Nevertheless, in this paper I will examine punishment from the perspective of a crime committed. According to Flew (1954 cited in Bean 1981, p. 5) punishment from the perspective of a sanction administered for a criminal offense, comprise of five elements including:   * It has to inflict an unpleasantness to the victim;   * It has to be imposed for a genuine or supposed offense;   * It has to be imposed on a genuine or supposed offender;   * It has to be the action of personal agencies but not a natural outcome of an offensive action;   * It has to be imposed by an institution or authority whose laws has been violated. Any act outside this requirement disqualifies the act from being a punishment and it essentially pass as a hostile act. Correspondingly, a direct act by an individual without any special power does not appropriately qualify as a punishment, but rather as a hostility or retaliation. Forms of punishment A swing in penalty theory has occurred over a period of time and this implicates a change in the rationale of punishment because of range of reasons such as social campaigns, public policy, and politics. Subsequently, the initial concern on deterrence as the major justification for punishment paved way to a consideration on rehabilitation and reform. Consequently, this led to a refocus to punishment determined by a perception of just desert and retribution. Effects of Deterrence Individuals are essentially deterred from committing an offense when they have an aversion to the likely outcomes of such actions. Although penologists consider penalties as indeed a deterrent, it is challenging to establish whether the mode of punishment or its severity determines whether a specific penalty is efficient. Various questions have been posed concerning the moral credibility of deterrence. These critiques argue that this mode of punishment is impractical by virtue of being infeasible, and when deterrence verdicts are not helpful, punishment from deterrence is morally improper (Walker, 1991). To utilitarian theorist including Bentham, the rationale behind a punishment is that the harm it impedes exceeds the harm imposed on the criminal by punishing (Hudson, 1996). Based on this viewpoint, unless penalty deters more crime, it basically augments the entirety of human suffering. Alternatively, utilitarian justify punishment by
Running Head: THE ENLIGHTMENT (Kent 1994) describes enlightment as an intellectual movement within which certain thinkers, after viewing themselves as better thinkers set out to enlighten the rest. It is believed these thinkers were mostly from London and Paris. They collectively believed that evils such as superstition, ignorance, and tyranny could be eliminated by reason and common sense all with the objective of improving the world as man’s home. Their principal aims were to confront religion especially in French Catholic and to eliminate the domination of minority and monarchial aristocracies. In America nothing was more powerful than the movement towards the separation of church and state than the realization that no one church could dominate this new state. Enlightment in America The 18 th century witnessed the passage of several eras amongst them the enlightment age. The main landmarks of enlightment include among others; conflict between religion and politics mostly in United States of well as in Europe. With enlightment, logic and facts were given authority whereas the religious preferred to observe Gods law as their scriptures stipulated. In America, enlightment resulted to the formation of the American Revolution in the form of resistance of Britain imperialism. This revolution was directly supported by France which gave material support to the Americans – including guns, ammunition and monetary support. (www.anglefine.com) as the debates on enlightment went on, philosophies of enlightment divided people as they intensified. Religion was blamed for perpetrating the thoughts of the state which worked using correspondences owing to poor exchange of information (Kent 1994) (www.history-world.org/american_revolution) in battles at Lexington, near Boston, 8 Americans and 23 British soldiers were killed. Those who died marked the beginning of the American Revolution. Clearly, American enlightment is not without its shortcomings.In the declaration (www.pbs.org/enlightment) of independence Thomas Jefferson uttered words which have put many Americans to issues/conflict with law. The definition of freedom of speech has led to radical forms of expression in protest such as flag burning which even the court cannot impede. By and large new science undermined to a great extent the faith proclaimed in Christianity. Things which this new science could not explain became questionable. The result? There was great compromise of scriptural message which resulted from the adoption of illogical and unverified theories including evolution and by replacing the view of things from a Godly perspective to a scientific one. The inception of political practices worsened the rift between religion and politics since with it, came disagreement at international fronts- variation of views. With time, all these conflicts of views and ideologies down-looked biblical truth about God being the supreme controller of the world. By taking sides in wars and conflicts between members of similar religious beliefs this was, literally speaking, against its own teachings of non-violence and peace making amongst wa
How did bringing the different manufacturing activities in-house help Esquel to control the high quality of their product content and services? The significance of maintaining high-quality standards in the target market cannot possibly be underrated in the realm of the global economy, where competition rates get increasingly higher every day. Therefore, to excel in its performance and build a strong competitive advantage that would help it stand out from the rest of the organizations, Esquel had to develop the unique characteristic that would make it instantly recognizable. The use of the in-house system helped the organization maintain its quality levels high due to the opportunities that the identified approach opened for the firm in terms of its supply chain management. In retrospect, the choice of the in-house system was inevitable since it allowed addressing some of the most problematic issues in the Supply Chain Management (SCM) process, particularly the logistics-related concerns. The dependence on suppliers and other partners may come at a price for a company operating in the global economy realm due to possible misunderstandings and, therefore, a reduction in quality levels. Indeed, even with the introduction of the latest technological advances into the company’s design, the information management system will remain imperfect because of the human factor and similar issues. Consequently, the more links are included in the supply chain (e.g., suppliers, partners, etc.), the greater the threat of a misunderstanding and a subsequent drop in product quality is. Shifting to the in-house framework, the company eliminated some of the threats to the quality of its products, e.g., the possibility of suppliers failing the deadlines. However, it would be wrong to assume that the organization refused to use the assistance of suppliers entirely. Instead, Esquel established better control over the suppliers’ actions. As a result, the opportunities for increasing the competency rates of the latter and, thus, investing in the creation of a team of expert suppliers were opened for the firm. In other words, by refusing from the traditional relationships between a company and its partners, Esquel had a chance to improve its supply chain with the help of the open market options (Kosgei and Giatu 137-142). Do you think Esquel was right in becoming a vertically integrated company? What do you think are t
The traditional jurisdiction system methods of offenders’ treatment are being substituted by novel conflicts resolution strategies nowadays. Such procedures include alternative dispute resolution (ADR) and diversion programs. The first one aims to provide a second chance to law offenders by not allocating them criminal records. The lawbreakers are still penalized, and they participate in collective works as their punishment, but they do not lose their jobs or connections with family. Next, diversion implies the dismissal of a case from the queue for court proceedings. Instead, a reconciliation of an offender and victims are performed to restore justice. Thus, new methods incorporate the philosophy of rectification through ways that do not destroy an offender’s life. Both programs were criticized for being applied only for the least severe prosecutions. However, this argument could be viewed as irrelevant to the practices. The practices are meant to be for first-time offenders or individuals that acted emotionally, instinctively, or because of their toxic environment. As emphasized in Hartley et al. (2017, p. 304), “prosecutors must often prioritize cases and arrange them from the most to least serious.” The program is not apt for severe criminals; moreover, it should not be extended to such violations as murder, rape, or pedophile inclinations. Going through the treatment, persons can always repeat the crime; other human lives and security are not to be threatened by such experiments. Therefore, the methods help reduce the cases’ number, but they should not be amplified on people that terrorize the common safety. Additionally, some reproach the programs for choosing cases with gender or racial prejudices. The claim of gender disparity in courts seems to be obsolete. Namely, Hartley et al. (2019) mention that the issue has been solved at the end of the previous century. As for racial discrimination, the mediators and impartial arbiters still might undervalue the influence of environmental impact on the minorities. To prevent this, the system can improve the understanding of cultural differences among the participants of the judicial procedures. Reference Hartley, R., Rabe, G., & Champion, D. (2017). Criminal courts: Structure, process, and issues (4th ed.). Pearson. Web.
Thesis statement Accounting and financial decision making play an important role in the success of a business organization. However, it is important to ensure that such a decision making process is done ethically to achieve positive results. It is therefore necessary that all organizations adhere to the relevant ethics as far as accounting and financial decision making are concerned. This is because accounting and financial information is used by various people to make strategic decisions that might be used in different situations. On the other hand, financial statements are supposed to be recorded and presented ethically to avoid any controversies and complications that may have a negative impact on businesses. Summary The paper will try to summarize the article in chapter one about Arthur Anderson and Enron. Arthur Andersen partnered with Clarence DeLany to form an accounting firm. It was called Andersen, DeLany & Co (Albrecht et al, 2010, p. 5). Later on, DeLany left the firm leading to the change of name to Arthur Andersen). In 2001, the company had operations in 84 countries employing 85,000 people. Apart from getting revenues worth $ 9.3 billion, it has audited financial results for big companies (Albrecht et al, 2010, p. 6). It closed in 2002 after auditing financial results for Enron (an energy firm). The Company made the financial statements to appear as though Enron was performing better than was the case. Enron officials created several companies to hide hundreds of millions of dollars in debts yet Andersen officials went on to approve the accounting transactions. The company’s demise came after SEC began investigating the scandal (Albrecht et al, 2010, p. 9). Company officials wanted the documents shredded to interfere with crucial information. How the concepts of the article relate An accounting system is supposed to ensure that businesses analyze financial transactions in an efficient manner (Cheffers and Pakaluk, 2007, p. 13). Although the case of Andersen does not directly relate to my former organization various incidences have a borrowing from what the organization was doing in relation to accounting and financial decision making. From the article, financial statements were made to appear as though E