ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The Cause of Human Extinction: Nature’s ferocity or People’s irresponsibility? The creation of the Universe as we know it now remains a big mystery to scientists. There has been much speculation about the origins of the Universe, but much of it remains mere theory. Religious sects, on the other hand, have all the answers, and brook no arguments about it. Whatever religion considered will tell you the world was created by the highest power, the Great One, the Creator who may go by many names but essentially the same conceptual entity. Scientists are unlikely to accept this on faith. However, while there may be a wide gap on the theory of creation, there is one thing that scientists and the faithful agree on based on their respective mantra. The end of the world is near. In fact, scientists base this assumption on facts. One fact is the extinction of the dinosaurs that makes the possibility of an extinction level event happening. Another fact is the present global climate change that makes for a slower but nonetheless progressive destruction of the human race, and many other races for that matter, very possible. Those of a more religious persuastion ascribe imminent destruction to human agency as a product of waywardness and a refusal to follow the righteous path. Strangely enough, these two seemingly apposite convictions have two elements in common: nature and humanity. This paper seeks to look into history and determine to what degree nature can be blamed for the apparently inevitable destruction of the human race, and to what level humans should be held accountable. The following sections will provide statistical data and projections as well as non-scientific scenarios for the end of the world and the extinction of the human race. The Apocalypse Humans are just one of the many billions of life forms that has been lucky enough to call this planet home. But sooner or later, that luck will run out. In fact, over 99% of the species that are ever existed on Earth are now extinct. Every one of this billion species that died from recent extinction doesn’t have enough intellect as we have now. Can this intellect save us from the next possible extinction? Or we are the one who will dig our own grave into the end of our civilization? For centuries, religion all around the world has warning believers about the end of the world. Muslims, Christians and Jews all preach that the final days are marked by crises, violence and destruction beyond our imagination. Some refer to it as the Armageddon, some the Apocalypse. Science, on the other hand, has not made it any better, predicting their own apocalyptic scenarios. Gamma Rays Scientists said that in 10 million years, the sun would; ergo so will the human race and any other living thing that needs the sun to survive. Of course, stars die everyday and as they die they unleash the most powerful fo
Introduction The article The Dilemmas of Ruling Elites in Revolutionary America written by Gary J. Kornblith and John M. Murrin is centered on the evaluation of the consequences of the revolution in America. The work can be viewed as the relevant guide in the understanding of the major issues and peculiarities of the revolution. Numerous facts, names, and dates provide a deeper understanding of how the society struggled with Great Britain’s power. The major purpose of the paper is to review the article, summarize the content of it, and identify the main arguments presented in the work. Analysis The article opens with a brief description of the positive consequences of the revolution in America. The authors state that there were no America, North, or South during 1760. One of the major contributions is that the revolution gave a push for the new nation to arise. Subsequently, the accent is laid on the Anglicization. The revolution of 1688 influenced the development of the Royal Navy in England. It should be stressed that the military sphere received the priority and was one of the strongest across the globe. Despite the fact that the army was not the biggest one, it was so powerful that Great Britain could form new colonies with ease. After the Glorious Revolution, the population of Great Britain began the increase, so as the production industry. With the increase of wealth, the elites in the colonies ruled by Britain accumulated the way the society lived in Great Britain. The mass media, especially newspapers, aimed to provide the elite with the information regarding the political and economic environment in Europe and, in addition, placed the description of the products that were available, but not everyone could afford it. The authors highlight that a number of men received a high-quality professional education during the eighteenth century. The population in the colonies was very diverse. Anglicization gained momentum and influence almost all the spheres of social and political life. The next part of the article is focused on the revolution itself. The elite in North America was sure that they make everything for people, however, it worth stating that all the decisions were taken with the consideration of the Crown. The tension became evident between 1763 and 1776. Loyalists and patriots were opponents. The middle and lower class understood that they could make a difference. Although the Stamp Act Crisis (1764-1766) proved that unity could influence political decisions, it became evident that consequences might be dramatic. Gary Kornblith and John Murrin examine the issue regarding the constitution in the next part of the article. The American elites aimed to develop a certain set of rules that would reflect the desires of the revolution. That is, they met in Philadelphia. There were fifty-five delegates; the vast majority were rich and powerful, but all the members were from the genteel families. There were also some people from the Congress and Continental Army. The major objective of the meeting was to draft the governmental structure of the future union. However, the difference between the sta
Introduction Searching for and developing alternative and effective methods for treating such a complicated disease as schizophrenia is the primary task of many medical scholars and organizations. In this regard, randomized controlled trials (RCT) are an integral scientific instrument that can assess the effectiveness of a new treatment by examining cause-effect relationships between an implemented intervention and outcome with reduced biases. This paper aims to analyze the article “Cannabidiol (CBD) as an adjunctive therapy in schizophrenia: A multicenter randomized controlled trial” by McGuire et al. (2018), primarily focusing on the statistical aspect. Criticism The objective of the study is to evaluate the effectiveness and safety application of cannabidiol (CBD) as an adjunctive treatment for patients with schizophrenia. The researchers have explored CBD’s impact on cognitive performance, positive and negative psychotic signs, level of functioning, and the overall clinical impression of treating a psychiatrist. In a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group trial, participants who had partly responded to antipsychotic medication obtained either CBD or placebo as an auxiliary intervention for six weeks. The number of participants, age structure, gender, race, the dose of received cannabidiol, the patients’ weight, height, waist circumference, and body mass index can be classified as independent variables. Herewith, the number of participants is a quantitative or discrete type of variable, gender is a binary variable, age structure belongs to the continuous type, and other variables are categorical. Symptom severity, cognitive performance, functioning level, and adverse events belong to dependent variables of categorical, ordinal type. The authors utilized descriptive and inferential statistics to describe input information and data retrieved from the findings. For example, the sample size includes 88 patients who met the inclusion criteria, of which 51 were male. Besides, 82 were white or Caucasian, three were black, and three – were from other races. The mean age accounted for 40.8 with a standard deviation (SD) – of 11.69, while BMI was 28.4 with an SD – of 5.35 (McGuire et al., 2018, p. 227). Using the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS), the researchers also analyzed the alterations in symptom severity from baseline to the treatment end. Specifically, in the cannabidiol group (N=42), the mean of change from baseline score comprised –11.2 with SD – 7.87, whereas, in the placebo group (N=44), the mean amounted to –8.8 with SD – 8.87. Hence, the treatment difference between the groups consisted of –2.8 with a p-value of – 0.133 (McGuire et al., 2018, p. 228). Similar measures for general functioning, symptoms, extrapyramidal signs, cognitive performance were conducted, and the most frequent adverse events were identified. In conclusion, the article revealed the beneficial effect of CBD on patients with schizophrenia. In addition, the researchers specify that due to the independence of CBD from dopamine recept
In order to spread health education and disease prevention in the African countries PEN-3 model was developed and this model has been successfully used as the child survival intervention in several African countries (Airhihenbuwa,1995). There are different phases developed in the application of this model. Under Phase I it is the objective of the planner to to determine whether he should focus the provision of health education programs on the individuals. He should also consider the programs to be concentrated on the extended family or on the neighborhood as a whole. This can precisely be the point of entry for intervention in addressing the culture-based health problems faced by the community. For arriving at the decision on the center of focus of the health education, the phase II of the model helps the planner. In the second phase, the planner uses the techniques of surveys or interviews. By doing this, the planner is able to identify the beliefs and practices which are related to the perceptions, enablers and nurturers. This phase is designated as the Education Diagnosis of Health Behavior. This phase enables the planner to formulate the strategy for deciding the point of entry for appropriate health interventions. Once this phase is crossed, the planner would have formulated the ideas on the point of entry f
Resource Loading and Resource Leveling Resource loading outlines the amounts of specific resources necessitated by the current schedule during particular periods. Thus, it is not significant whether to analyze a separate work unit or a few projects. The prerequisites of every kind of resource are merely enumerated as an operation of a period. Resource loading provides a general comprehension of the project’s resource requirements. This is a productive way of an early and unpolished plan of a project. Also, it is an initial phase of trying to decrease the redundant requirements of particular resources. Resource leveling focuses on reducing the fluctuations present in resource loading by moving the assignments with their slack adjustments. The core objective of resource leveling is to design a flowing distribution of resource exploitation. Smoother consumption of resources provides several benefits. For one thing, it allows using of a smaller amount of hands-on management. Also, on the condition of even resource usage, a project manager can apply a just-in-time procedure of inventory. Such policy allows to ensures the delivery of the correct amount of resources. The Concept of Critical Chain A critical chain is a succession of complications that lead to a project’s lateness. Such complications may incorporate the student syndrome, irrational optimism, coping with multitasking, and other issues. New projects need to be planned by the accessibility to scarce resources. Appropriate planning supports solving the issues caused by insufficient multitasking. However, it cannot lead to a more pragmatic assessment of the project’s continuation. In the case when two projects are planned at the same time and need common scarce resources, these projects are not autonomous. If the amount of scarce resources is not enough to provide accomplishing of both projects, the one which is started first receives a prerogative. As a result, the second project’s path will be prolonged, but its duration will stay the same. The Variances of an Earned Value Chart and Their Significance There are three variances of the earned value chart: cost variance (CV), schedule variance (SV), and time variance (TV). The importance of each of them is revealed via their ability to predict the earned value of the project. The CV is the variation between the money planned for the work and the existing cost of work. The SV is the divergence between the earned value and the work cost. The TV is the variation between the time planned for the project and the truly consumed time. Usually, the variances are estimated in such a manner that they are negative when the work is delayed or requires extra expenditures. Various Ways of Finding Earned Value Earned value of completed work for the tasks which are in progress is calculated by multiplying the predicted percentage of physical finishing the work for every task by these tasks’ proposed cost. There are several ways of calculating earned value:  1. the 50-50 rule: fifty percent of fulfilling the task is estimat
According to Pollock (2011), gratuities are valuable items that are received by an individual due to his or her position, and not because of the relationship they have with the giver. For example, businesspeople mostly offer gratuities, such as half-priced meals and free coffee, to the police as a token of sincere appreciation for their work. The ethical concern comes about when the policeman accepts these gifts. Concerns are raised because a series of gratuities transforms what would have been a formal relationship to one that is personal and informal. In this case, when the law is to be administered, personal loyalty issues are involved. The relationship between the officer and the business owner becomes complicated due to divided formal loyalties (Pollock, 2011). The simple act of offering free coffee to police officers may eventually become a price for pardon by the police if one happens to indulge in criminal activities. The police man who regularly accepts gratuity from a corrupt individual will not arrest that corrupt individual because he feels like he is indebted to him due to the frequent offerings of free coffee. When such is the case, the police officer is said to be on the slippery-slope. Slippery slope defines a situation whereby an individual’s judgment is compromised due to his acceptance of gratuities. For instance, when a policeman‘s loyalty is bought by the gratuities, it becomes bribery. Such a policeman will not perform his duties as it is required of him. Rather, the police officer will highly concentrate in taking bribes. Formal code of ethics restricts taking gratuities (Pollock, 2011). These gratuities will lead to a majority of the police officers going off track in the future. They will end up forsaking their duties for the sake of the bribes. This means that they will start taking bribes as part of protection fee for businesses that demand assurance for protection. Paycheck is the unjust enrichment argument and the only sincere remuneration for police officers, assuming that they receive fewer wages. It ends up that they have to take gratuities, and bribes (Pollock, 2011). Gratuities help mend the relations between the members of the public and the police department. Business people that offer gratuities are more frequent users of police services, which conclude more payment than a normal citizen or member of the public (Pollock, 2011). Society-at-large Hypothesis According to Delattre (2002) if greed is simple, the difference
The Westerners’ visions of Africa and Africans are based on the developed stereotypes about the particular features of living at the continent. These stereotypes can be discussed according to the first associations which people have while speaking about Africa. These associations are often negative in their nature. Thus, the public is inclined to think about Africa as the part of the world where people suffer from starvation, poverty, and AIDS; where people are close to the nature and reject the components of the civilized world. These visions are caused by the materials presented in the media and by the messages depicted in many books and movies which discuss the theme of Africa. That is why, it is important to focus on the ways in which Africa and Africans are represented by non-Africans in the media and movies. Although there are many issues associated with the theme of the life in Africa, writers and filmmakers are inclined to concentrate on such problems as colonization, genocide, the question of the cultural and ethnical identity, the abuse of human rights, and their representation of the problem generally shape the audience’s attitude to it. Africans are traditionally represented by the Westerners as the oppressed nation, in spite of the fact Africa is a continent, and all its nations and ethnicities suffer from their specific problems, social and political issues. Today, the information about the African countries which is presented in the media supports the developed vision that Africa is the place where people live in poverty, suffering from authoritarian political regimes and financial corruption (Mahadeo & McKinney, 2007). This vision is also reflected in the movie Hotel Rwanda (2004) directed by Terry George. Depicting the situation of political tensions between the Hutu and the Tutsi, the filmmakers concentrate on their discussion of the problem, but not on the real situation in the country in 1994. The Tutsis are presented as the victims of genocide, and the Huntu as their oppressors and killers. However, some points can be discussed as controversial for examining the impact of the movie on the vision of Africans. Perceiving the Huntu people as oppressors, it is rather difficult to analyze the truthfulness of the character’s phrase in the movie, “the Tutsi were collaborators for the Belgian colonists, they stole our Hutu land, they whipped us …They are cockroaches. They are murderers. Rwanda is our Hutu land. We are the majority. They are a minority of traitors and invaders” ( Hotel Rwanda, 2004). Moreover, the vision of the African countries as non-civilized is in contrast to the discussion of some of them as ruled by strict military organizations. Furthermore, Africa was traditionally presented in the movies as the paradise lost. Africans who lived according to the laws of the nature were discussed as primitive, but rather enigmatic in contrast to the civilized whites who came to colonize these lands and impose civilization on Africans (Bickford-Smith, 2007). It would be possible to think about
Sports are some of the social activities, which keep various communities integrated and closely linked. Consequently, it is essential to promote sports, which can readily be accepted by society members and contribute towards their success. The sport adopted in this case is soccer, which has existed for several centuries and is prominent in the world’s greatest stadiums, such as Old Trafford. The sport also continues to draw fans and sponsors from different parts of the world. Most importantly, the game is accepted and equally loved in different areas, including the smallest villages. Consequently, promoting this sport in the local community will be readily accepted and sponsored by well-wishers. Thus, this promotional plan for selling sponsorships for community recreational sports programs is meant to make the game widely accepted in the local community. This promotion will enable different groups to create the teams which can participate in friendly matches and tournaments, thus, enhancing inter-community relationships and talents among the players. Significance of Promoting the Sport Promoting a sport is critical as it results in various positive outcomes. For instance, the English Premier League is famous because of the strategic advertisement approaches adopted by the managers and sponsors (Shapiro, DeSchriver, & Rascher, 2017). Effective commercials lead to additional income for the club, allowing different teams to pay their players, managers, coaches, and other staff higher salaries. Moreover, they result in better facilities for the teams, hence, improving the performance of the players. Thus, the clubs’ success can depend on the deals they make with financiers and the impact which such collaborations have on the funding organizations or individuals. Furthermore, club sponsors have greater advantages when they support large events such as tournaments, especially, those attracting massive crowds. While it is critical to look for sports sponsorship, not all are good for perpetual growth. The brand, which sponsors a game, can positively influence its development or contribute to its fall (Tsordia, Papadimitriou, & Parganas, 2018). Thus, one cannot ignore their influences on the teams and the tournament which they sponsor. For instance, some organizations can decide to change the club’s name or the stadia where the teams play. Thus, it is critical to work with financiers who can understand their part in the sponsorship. One of the m