ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction and Background Nuclear systems present a wide scope of radiations drawn from various particle and rays present within the system. To this end, it is highly probable that such particles as alpha, beta and neutrons together with gamma rays are always present in a given nuclear system. While most of these particles lose their energies owing to nuclear interactions and individual scattering events, gamma rays are relatively different. Comparatively, these rays penetrate matter with ease and, on impact they interact with matter through Compton scattering, photoelectric effect and pair production. Vitally, once they penetrate matter it is apparent that the intensity of the rays decreases. As such, this drives us to ponder how both the absorber and the rays correlate. Basically, since an absorber affects the intensity of the exiting rays then it follows that the magnitude of a ray is a function of the absorber thickness. Consequently, this can be represented as below mathematically: I = I 0 ·e µx (Lehmann 34) (1) Where; I, I 0 , µ and x represent the intensities after and before interaction, the attenuation coefficient and the absorber thickness respectively. This can be simplified by the introduction of natural logs to: Ln (I/I 0 ) = -µx (2) When the quotient of this ratio results to 0.5 then the thickness responsible for this is referred to as the half value thickness (x). Description of Experimental Setup The setup in this experiment is as shown below: (Fig 1). (Radium 750-1000 No Chiclig) List of Equipment Used The below is a list of all the raw material and equipment used: Source (Radium 750-1000 No Chiclig), Absorber (Aluminum sheets 2.5 cm thick), detector (6B *Gas filled * 12-4-97). Procedure The equipment was arranged as is in figure 1 above and hence ready for analyses. The detector was then turned on prior to the commencement of the experiment, the rational being to record the background counts vital in eliminating experimental errors due to background sources. The source was then placed at a distance of approximately 3 cm from the detector and, prior to placing an absorber, the detector reading was given a moment to stabilize. This was then followed by placing an absorber between the sources and the detector before a gross count reading was taken and recorded. While maintaining the same position, sheets of aluminum were added momentarily while taking the detector readings until the readings were 25% that of the initial reading. The results were then plotted on a semi-log paper for analysis. Similarly, while maintaining a similar position to that of the aluminum plate, a wooden absorber 1 cm thick underwent the same procedure and, later, the results were compared. Data Table 1: showing natural log of the original intensity I 0 and the thickness (x) of the absorber (Aluminum). Ln I 0  Thickness x (cm) 5.416   2.5              4.605   5                3.192   7.5              2.303   10
The Next Industrial Revolution depicts the ideas of Michael Braungart and William McDonough in their attempts to transform the relationship between business and the environment or nature. The two have worked with the leading corporations such as Nike and Ford in redesigning their products, processes and buildings to meet the environmental needs. The two observe that a beneficial economic growth must conform to nature’s rule. The idea is to present beneficial economic growth by taking care of nature. Therefore, The Next Industrial Revolution depicts economic scenarios that inspire business people to consider environmental matters seriously . Likewise, they must also realign their current institutions and businesses to conform to the rule of nature and reconsider the current business actions, consumers, and the public to enhance a new and a sustainable relationship with nature (Sarandon 2002). Authors of Green to Gold, Esty and Winston note “the economy and the environment deeply intertwine with each other” (Esty and Winston 11). This is the same idea the movie presents. The authors explore some of the paradigm shift in successful companies and how these companies are shifting their methods of conducting business and environmental relations. At the same time, they also highlight how organisations are focusing profit growth, and cost reduction, increasing market share with the environmental sustainability. Modern corporations face several challenges in relation to sustainability of the environment. Consequently, firms have begun to implement environmental changes in their value chains. These changes include customers’ demands for environmental friendly products, responses to depletion of resources, concerns for waste disposals, safeguarding of brand names, and reduce the cost associated with the environmental lawsuits. Modern organizations must meet the varied demand of their customers in order to keep their position in the marketplaces. This calls for responsibility not only for corporate firms, but also for end-users of their products. Organizations of today must adopt a strategy of sustainability to guide their success. As both Esty and Winston and the film depict, organizations must put their business and environment their top priorities. Thus, the top management of firms must formulate such policies for employees to adopt. Henry Ford clearly demonstrated this principle through his writings that “ You must get the most out of the power, out of the material, and out of the time ”. These principles created lean and clean operating procedures in Ford Motors. Top management must also resist any attempts to block changes that enhance environmental sustainability. A company’s stand on environmental conservation may damage its reputation among stakeholders and possibly attract lawsuit from environmentalists. Therefore, Gold to Green and The Next Industrial Revolution encourage organizations to adopt sustainable strategies in their pursuit for business. The Next Industrial Revolution shows that organizations that have adopted environmental protection strategies are constantly redesi
Introduction To spur growth for an organization new ways of management are usually introduced. Organization may effect change in terms of introducing new products, new ways of working, new technology, products etc. However, it is not always smooth sailing when one is faced with the task of implementing change. Most of the time, this shift is met with resistance. Failure to effectively manage change does lead to resistance to change. In most cases those that resist change are those affected by the change. These could, therefore, include the employees or even the consumers of a particular product or service. This situation arises out of human nature’s tendency to prefer status quo (S.C. Certo & T.Certo, 2008). Resistance to change should not be taken negatively though. It is from resistance to change that managers can learn. For instance, resistance can provide an alternative view or even perhaps critique the yet to be implemented change, thereby leading to fruitful workable amendments. Why Change is Resisted Anxiety can be a major cause of resistance to change in an organization. First deep seated anxiety may make many to fear what is to come. This fear of the unknown greatly impedes implementation of change programs. Many will start speculating on how the imminent changes will affect them and by this they will in all manner of ways scuttle the change envisaged, as is this case, the future becomes uncertain. Another cause of resistance to change emanates from people’s self doubt. Many may fear that the new change would expose their weakness. The self doubt, therefore, stalks fear among people and by this; they will work to make sure that change is not effected. For example, workers may have inherent feelings of inadequacy which they may fear the new change would expose. Through fear of failure to perform under the new change, they may develop a resistance to that particular change. Again, once people get used to a particular way of doing things, they tend to develop comfort zones which they may be unwilling to vacate. So, when change is envisaged, many would prefer that the status quo remains. To an extent, the way change is implemented or even conceptualized can lead to eventual resistance. Most managers craft policies that may bring change without involving the various cadres that will be affected by those changes. Managing Resistance to Change Achieving organizational change can be a daunting task for the manager. It is against this awakening that it is important for the manager to effectively reduce resistance to change. Thi
The “ Critical Path Analysis ” (Zimmer 2009) and the PERT chart are two very essential aspects of managing critical projects and every manager must know why and how to use them in complex and critical projects. These are very essential elements that are used to solve complex defense management issues. Similarly, in this project we are also making use of the both to complete the project (Milosevic 2003). Creating a Timeline Every project has a time line and the same goes for the project we are discussing here. The time line is fixed, while looking at the aspects like the complexity of the job, the money invested in the job, and many other factors this aspect is to be remembered. According to the PERT chart we use a mathematic formula to derive the time line, in accordance to Klastorin (2006), and it is: “ Shortest time + 4 x likely time + longest time ———————————————————– 6” (Klastorin 2006) We first decide the stages of the job and name them as stages like A, B, C, D and so on, and also decide how much time every job will take. The shortest possible time for the finishing of each job and the longest possible time the job can take if delayed are taken into consideration before calculating the time line. One of the most important aspects of PERT is that it also helps to decide the budget of a project and we are trying to complete our project in the shortest time (Kerzner 2007). By the Critical Path of a PERT chart we can have things like:  1. We can decide the most important paths of a job and what are the tasks to be carried out.  2. The parallel activities while performing a specific job that can reduce the cost of the project can be roughly drawn.  3. One can decide the shortest time to finish a project (Zimmer 2009).  4. The eva
Of all famous paintings in the history of humankind, Leonardo Da Vinci’s Last Supper takes a very special spot, representing the pinnacle of both Da Vinci’s artistic development and the progress of the Renaissance era. Apart from being rife with multiple Biblical metaphors and incorporating a plethora of nuances, the art piece is also emblematic of an array of painting techniques that were groundbreaking at the time. The painting depicts the eponymous scene from the Bible, during which Jesus Christ shared His final meal with His disciples before His crucifixion. The design elements of the painting are formally present, yet are not accentuated, allowing the art piece to shine with its harmonic beauty and emphasize its allegorical meaning. Specifically, the linework in the Last Supper is very elegant and careful, with every detail being outlined distinctively yet very delicately. In turn, the color scheme is quite varied, allowing us to embrace the complexity of the character of each disciple, as well as the tapestry of the Biblical narrative, in general. In turn, the depth is astounding, with the specifics of a three-dimensional environment being reflected in the painting impeccably (Lewis and Lewis 285). The texture also helps to experience the scene shown in the painting on a very personal level since every detail remains distinct and has its unique texture. Finally, the tone of the painting is quite bright, yet several darker spots serve as the foreshadowing of the further development of events. Da Vinci incorporated several principles of design into his painting. Namely, the symmetry of the painting leaps out as an obvious element of its structural framework. The harmonic distribution of elements on both sides of the said vertical axis introduces a sense of peace and meditative tranquility. Overall, The Last Supper deserves the title of the seminal work of the Renaissance era. Work Cited Lewis, Richard L. and Susan I. Lewis. The Power of Art . Cengage Learning, 2009.
The Butler , by Lee Daniels, focuses on the Gaines’ family and its interaction with the various presidential families that the main character served in his time as the White House butler. However, it also chronicled the burgeoning movements of the civil rights era that were taken across the United States. Gaines has been taught that, as a butler, his job is to remain unnoticed and that when he enters a room, it should ‘feel empty’. He struggles to balance between his professional pride and his feelings as a black man in the face of what is taking place in the US. In his 34-year tenure, he is a witness of the views of the various ways in which the presidents make decisions involving blacks, and how the movements have affected these decisions and the lives of people. While in the White House, he witnesses the inner struggle that Eisenhower goes through as he tries to prevent the use of troops to enforce desegregation in the south as well as his resolve to uphold the law when he integrates Little Rock in Arkansas. This increases his respect for the man and gives him a more complex understanding of the workings of the White House. The 1963 march, in which his firstborn was son is involved, agitates for equal rights. In fact, it is one of the many movements that affect his character and relationship with his family. The proposal of the civil rights group led by JF Kennedy marked a critical point in the struggle for equality. Even after his assassination, his successor, Lloyd B Jonson enacted the law, which proved a particularly transformative piece of legislation for the black populace. His admiration for President Kennedy is evinced by his gratefulness on receiving one of his neckties from his wife after his assassination. During the civil rights movements of the late 1960’s, Gaines is engaged in protracted conflict with his son, who he views as disobedient and rebellious for becoming a part of the resistance and joining the black panthers. He also loses Charlie, one of his sons, in the Vietnam War, which deeply affects and embitters him. He proves to be a revolutionist in his own right when he agitates for equal rights and better pay for White House staff. He becomes friends with Reagan, who even invites him to a state dinner, but during these interactions, the huge marked class and racial differences in the White House disturb Gainer. The more he keeps the ‘upper’ company, the less comfortable he feels and he starts to realize that the president does not necessarily feel as he does about equality. When Reagan refuses to support economic sanctions against South Africa’s apartheid rule, Gaines decides that he can no longer work for him and resigns. He tries to mend his relationship with his estranged wife and son. He discovers that Louis, despite having different opinions from him, respected him a great deal. He even joins the Free South African Movement as a way to express support for b
Nowadays, Evidence-based practice (EBP) has become a crucial element of providing patients with excellent healthcare. Registered nurses (RN) study this concept during their Bachelor of Science in Nursing (BSN) curriculum to figure out the best ways to service a patient. EBM in nursing is the concept of making a decision based on the importance of practical knowledge and taking into account the interests of the patients to provide an individualized approach (“Why is evidence-based,” 2018). In order to make well-grounded decisions based on scientific researches, nurses shall include EBM in their routine. The two ways, or models, which might be the most appropriate ones to integrate evidence into nursing practice are the ACE Star Model of Knowledge Transformation (ACE) and the Advancing Research and Clinical Practice Through Close Collaboration (ARCC) (Melnyk, Fineout-Overholt, Giggleman, and Choy, 2016). The models have a similar step-by-step structure: identifying the problem, review researches that may solve the problem, assessing the necessity for change and possible obstacles; consulting with stakeholders; undertaking the change; evaluating results (Melnyk et al., 2016). However, there is a considerable difference between these two approaches. ACE aims to implement the change in a simple, comprehensive way, which is appropriate for fast decision-making. The ARCC model is used to achieve improvements in healthcare systems generally, which is suitable for meeting long-standing goals. So, the combination of the models is needed to diversify the ways of the evidence integration into nursing practice. Nevertheless, there are some obstacles that may challenge the mentioned plan. The most crucial might be the wrong interpretation of research articles and the lack of time for EBP during the work. The steps to minimize their impact are as follows: to work on a reasonable time-management basis, constant self-development, scientific research in the free time, and discussing complicated terms and issues with competent mentors. In conclusion, it seems reasonable to assume that the two appropriate ways in which nurses may integrate evidence into their work are the ACE and the ARCC models. Notably, these approaches have a significant difference that determines their uniqueness and a need to combine them. Some difficulties may occur while implementing the plan of EBP; however, a proper time-management, mentors’ consultations, and self-development might be a decision.
Introduction Written by Andrew Long and Tina Gambling, the article Enhancing Health Literacy and Behavioral change within a Tele-care Education and Support Intervention for People with Type 2 Diabetes is a must-read research that strategically presents the best ways of enhancing health literacy and behavioral change within a tele-care education. It investigates the supportive interventions that are done for people diagnosed with type 2 diabetes. The study’s main goal is to find out the level of confidence of people with “type 2 diabetes, as well as the in depth changes in diabetes related knowledge” (Long & Tina, 2011, p. 261). Two professionals, Andrew Long, a professor in the school of heath care in the University of Leeds, and Tina Gambling, senior lecturer in the school of health care studies from the University of Cardiff, conducted the research, which was published in March 2011 after meeting the accepted quality and standards of a research paper. The research findings have assisted in great depth to enlighten various peoples on the issues pertaining to chronic diseases, specifically diabetes type 2. Methodology used for research Methodology refers to the steps of actions that the researcher undertook to gather data for analysis and interpretation. Methodology that is selected depends on the nature of the study and the required information. Various researchers employ different methodologies in their studies to ensure that they achieve their goals. In this research, the researcher adopted a two-year prospective observational study design. In this method, the researcher used questionnaires to collect information from a sampled audience. Data was collected in two phases. At the initial stage of conducting the research, and after duration of two years. Furthermore, in-depth interviews were used with a subsample. In the questionnaires, the questions were centered on the acceptability of various aspects of the proactive call centers’ treatment support. They consisted of 20 statements where every statement was scored on a five-point scale. Two questions were open-ended questions and they asked about any changes they experienced after they were exposed to advice and support services. It further asked on how they perceived about the controls measures in place. In the next phase of data collection, questions were modified. They contained four open-ended questions that covered three most important issues i
As apparent from the title, the focus of the article “Positive leadership psychology: Authentic and servant leadership in higher education in Pakistan” is the Pakistani educational system, whose organization the authors analyze through the lens of leadership. Specifically, they examine the role of centralized guidance in the learning process and speculate on which style can influence its participants in the most favorable ways. In particular, the piece highlights the importance of relationships of trust in education. According to the authors, any suppressive hierarchy, strict subordination, or an atmosphere of complete obedience prevents people from openness, becoming a serious obstacle to social exchange. The latter is seen as the foundation of productive teamwork and presupposes an awareness of the other’s feelings as well as motives for searching for the most appropriate behavioral patterns. Therefore, within Bloom’s taxonomy, more precisely, its cognitive domain, the article describes the knowledge, the primary level. The publication is quite coherent and well-structured, which marks its appropriate quality. Notably, the outcomes of the analysis appear in an understandable form and actually serve to illustrate the theoretical background, in which part the authors comment on the essentiality of proper leadership in organizations. The practical part involves a detailed examination of several types and styles, specifically, the ways various leaders interact with employees. The general conclusion is the criticality of mutual respect and dedication to recognizing everybody’s needs, which underlies servant leadership as a practice. Human resources and psychology of leadership apparently are the areas where the investigators specialize. Notably, they participated in a range of publications on several topics within the above fields, such as organizational leadership, individual leadership, culture-specific peculiarities, and others. As mentioned, Current Psychology, the global peer-reviewed research forum, accepted their work for publishing, which mean