ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The significance of nucleocapsid (NC) protein in the progress of the HIV-1 development cannot possibly be underrated. Seeing that the specified protein type may have a chaperone activity despite its seeming simplicity and, therefore, enhance the process of nucleic acid aggregation (Wu et al., 2014), the location of the NC protein properties is crucial for addressing the issue of HIV-1 treatment (Jiao et al., 2015). In his recent article, Hua Wu studies the mutations of the aromatic residue and proves that there is a strong connection between the NC chaperone activity and the phenomenon of retroviral replication. According to the outcomes of the research, the aforementioned variables are related closely to each other. Particularly, the fact that the HIV-1 NC structure works exactly as a nucleic acid chaperone is proven in the course of research. In other words, the study makes it quite obvious that the introduction of the factors such as F16W and F16W/W37F HIV-1 NC makes the DNA stretching curves take the shape of the curves that can be observed in case of introducing DNA to the WT NC factor (Wu et al., 2013). According to Wu et al. the research aimed at determining the purpose of the HIV-1 NC’s as far as the progress of HIV-1 is concerned (Wang et al., 2015). Moreover, the functions of the abovementioned elements were to be identified in the course of the study. Seeing that the researchers have already established their point of view, i.e., the fact that the elements in question act as a nucleic acid chaperone, proving the statement in question can be identified as the third objective of the research. The methodology developed for studying the issue in question is an evident strength of the article. Indeed, the series of experiments in vitro and in vivo, which Wu et al. carried out in order to study the phenomenon, should be credited for their innovativeness. To be more exact, the combination of the nucleic acid substrates and the fluorescence anisotropy assays analyses shows that the research was carried out with an in-depth approach and a close focus on the problem. Apart from the tools listed above, the researchers also resorted to the methods such as the use of “plasmids, mutagenesis, and recombinant protein” (Wu et al., 2013, p. 265). Additionally, stretching experiments have been carried out so that more information could be retrieved in the course of the research. Additionally, Wu et al. performed a fluorescence anisotropy assays so that the excitations could be calculated properly. Inde
Introduction James Howard Kunstler, in his book “Geography of Nowhere” covers the issues that arise from overly extensive development. The focus of the book lies especially on the so-called “man-made landscape.” This landscape represents the beautiful, non-standard buildings that used to be quite common, only a few decades ago. This paper will focus on reviewing the first three chapters of the book. Review The first chapter is titled “Scary Places,” and its focus is on the childhood of the writer. He starts the book with an aside about the movie “Who Framed Roger Rabbit?” The movie presented a scene where the villain explains his plan, which sounds exactly like our lives today 1 . With that aside the author makes his position clear, he is strongly against urbanization. Then, Kunstler proceeds to write about how the word “development” became a dirty word thanks to the never-ending urbanization and standardized architecture. He talks about how the majority of everything built in the United States has been built in the last fifty years, with little to no variation or imagination. He presents an oppressive view of the modern cities and writes that this was the inspiration for writing this book. 2 The second half of the chapter is dedicated to his childhood experience of growing up in a development called Northwood. He writes about the beauty of the place before the construction of the development has truly started. One of the more important things he mentions in this part is the house where he moved to as a child. Despite the popularity of the split-level houses, the author lived in a non-standard home, which in part, gave him the love for the unique buildings and non-standard “man-made” landscapes 3 . The second chapter is titled “American Space,” and its focus lies in the origins of the American love for expansion. Throughout the chapter, he writes about the Puritan Pilgrims who arrived in America in the 1600s 4 . Kunstler writes about the mental leap these people had to make to take a chance and move to America. Their beliefs of the place were far from the truth, but they have not faltered and eventually gained a foothold in the new country. He covers their conflicts with the English government and eventually connects their arrival with the expansion of townships, connections between cities, and other improvements that would eventually become urbanization 5 . Then he covers how other colonists received and developed their land through
Diversity of tax revenues at Swobodaville Cities always prefer a diversified tax base to avoid being vulnerable in the event of an economic downturn. Additionally, having a diversified base ensures a continuous stream of income. An assortment of tax mixes such as sales, property, natural resources, income (both individual and corporate) and licenses make up for a healthy city. Most of the tax rates are imposed by either the central government or the local authority. Property tax generates a more stable source of revenue unlike sales tax. It can easily be carried out and unrealized capital gains can be taxed. Its disadvantage lies on the fact that an increase in its tax can cause loss of home ownership. In the U.S.A, the Great Recession caused a decline in property tax due to foreclosures (Chernick, Langley, and Reschovsky, 2011, p. 1). In the U.S.A, the national average for property tax is 30.1% (Wash Park Prophet, 2009, para.9). Comparing Swobodaville at 36% with other cities at 38%, a margin of 2% is found. This shows that property tax is one major mainstay of the cities. The sales tax is very expedient and is normally imposed on expenditure rather than savings (Advisory Commission on Intergovernmental Relations, 1988, p. 4). Its demerits include the fact that it is very regressive and in some instances, it causes a hostile business environment. Income tax, both individual and corporate, offers flexibility to the tax structure with increasing costs and demand for service. When the income tax rates are set locally, there is a tendency for the authority to offer lower tax rates such that majority of people on payroll tax are retained in the city as well as offering tax breaks to the corporate bracket. Sales and property taxes are the major sources of revenue in Swobodaville (36%). Sales taxes are very cyclic while property while property tax remains constant. The loss of personal or corporate income tax may have minimal impact on the tax collections since property and sales taxes are sufficient to cover their loss. The comparator cities have almost the same trend as Swobodaville with slight deviations. Therefore, Swobodaville tax types represent a good mix of revenue which could be due to its diversified economy. Factors to consider when carrying out a complete analysis of the tax mix   * To conduct a complete analysis of the tax mix situation in Swobodaville, one ought to know how the central government contributes towards funding the city. In some countries, the central government gives grant to the local authorities to ensure
The buying processes for B2B and B2C customers feature different steps. The first steps in the B2B buying process are need recognition, product specification, and the RFP process. It is important to understand that, in B2B sales, products are sold to entire businesses, while the decision of buying them is made my certain appointed decision makers; to make it more convenient, the decision makers describe their needs, and the responsibility of the seller is to address these descriptions and properly explain to the decision makers why they should buy the product (soap and body lotion). The buying process for B2C customers is less critical because it does not feature performance assessment. First, it is needed to generate and qualify leads; then, goals should be set as part of the preapproach stage, sales should be presented, and reservations should be overcome. The next step—closing the sale—may be the most stressful, which is why detailed instructions for it should be designed. Finally, quality dimensions should be assessed as part of the follow-up process. Lake (2017) stresses that businesses strive for optimizing their buying processes and pay a lot of attention to efficiency, which is why selling products to B2B customers should be based on logic, while selling products to B2C customers should be based on emotions. Therefore, selling soap and body lotion to B2C customers should involve advertising with visuals that will emotionally appeal to customers, while selling the products to B2B customers should involve providing accurate technical data on why the soap and the body lotion are high-quality and should be purchased. Social networking services can help in the sales process; however, different platforms may be chosen for B2C and B2B customers. The former should be contacted on websites on which they are likely to share personal experiences; these websites include Facebook and Twitter and provide more opportunities for building emotional appeal. B2B customers, on the other hand, should be contacted in the professional context, and such services as LinkedIn may be considered as channels of communicating and developing relationships with B2B customers. Reference Lake, L. (2017). Understanding the differences between B2B and B2C marketing . Web.
Introduction Very often, innovations are not readily embraced by society because there is no eco-system that can help consumers easily use these products. This issue is analyzed in the article “When Technology Gets Ahead of Society,” written by Tarun Khanna. This author argues that entrepreneurs should actively work with regulators and customers to create the infrastructure required for the widespread adoption of new technologies (Khanna). Overall, Khanna is justified in saying that businesses should try to change legislation when it hinders innovation; nevertheless, the scholar fails to consider the responsibilities of legislators who can significantly facilitate the work of many companies. To prove this thesis, one should identify the valid arguments advanced by Khanna and show how they can be elaborated. The Summary In this article, Khanna makes several points to show that entrepreneurs should focus on preparing society for technological innovations. The scholar refers to the example of the drone industry to demonstrate that sometimes new technologies can be ahead of the existing regulatory and social norms (Khanna). It should be noted that unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) were initially developed for military purposes. Businesses quickly recognized the potential commercial value of these technologies. The key problem is that there were no adequate regulations that could describe the legal uses of UAVs. As a result, entrepreneurs could not quickly translate the latest technology into commercial products. The companies that manufactured drones adopted several strategies. In particular, they emphasized the benefits of allowing the commercial use of UAVs (Khanna). Moreover, they lobbied legislators and urged them to relax existing regulations (Khanna). Their efforts eventually produced positive effects, and the drone industry began to grow. The scholar refers to other cases in which such a strategy can be effective (Khanna). For instance, he mentions autonomous vehicles that are not fully allowed by policy-makers. By focusing on this issue, Khanna strives to show that entrepreneurs should actively persuade society to embrace innovations. Argument To a large degree, Khanna’s argument can be accepted; this writer does highlight an important problem affecting the adoption of technological innovations. The scholar is justified in saying that in many cases, the regulatory framework cannot adequately support entrepreneurs who offer breakthrough products. The examples of autonomous vehicles and drones demonstrate that existing laws sometimes prevent consumers from using new technologies. One should also be aware of such a phenomenon as resistance to changes since it also blocks the process of innovation. Very often, people prefer to adhere to old practices and tools even if they are no longer adequate for attaining various goals. Under such circumstances, entrepreneurs have to ensure that consumers and regulators know about the benefits of their
Ethical dilemmas in nursing often involve people outside of the nurse-patient relationship. For example, the interaction of nurses with patients’ families or next of kin can result in a variety of problems that do not have simple solutions. The article by Tønnessen, Solvoll, and Brinchmann (2016) explores two types of scenarios in which nurses fund themselves in a challenging situation. An analysis of the discussed issues is offered, including the investigation of state health law and processes of ethical decision-making. When maintaining a nurse-next of kin relationship, nurses must approach cases individually and remember the principles of patient autonomy, benevolence, and nonmaleficence. Issues’ Summary The chosen article discusses two distinct types of next of kin individuals whom the authors identify as “professionals” and “shadows.” According to Tønnessen et al. (2016), “professionals” are relatives or selected representatives that have healthcare education, in most cases being practicing or retired nurses and doctors. Here, the conflict arises between the next of kin who criticize nurses or demand them to perform specific procedures, using their knowledge as a point of authority and disregarding patients’ wishes and nurses’ medical experience. The second group, “shadows,” refers to parents or loved ones of drug addicts. In this situation, nurses find that such next of kin are treated poorly and neglected (Tønnessen et al., 2016). Although “shadows” rarely demand any attention, their position requires nurses to consider their opinion and participation in the decision-making process. Overall, the authors suggest several solutions to both scenarios, calling for an individual approach, empathetic communication, and
Introduction After 1945, American soldiers returned from the Second World War that had just ended. Their return plunged the nation into a state of economic boom in the housing sector. The economic boom transpired due to the availability of benefits acquired by veterans from the war. However, the period witnessed high levels of racial discrimination against the Black Americans, Native Americans, Asian Americans, and Mexican Americans, whom the White Americans deemed as the minority groups. In this view, the concept of race defined the United States history just after the Second World War because it formed the basis of employment, acquisition of property, and attainment of leadership positions. Therefore, the essay explains that race is concept that is more important than class in understanding American history after 1945. Overview Race is a concept that highlights the American history after the Second World War. After 1945, America went through a period when racism was highly pronounced. During the period, the Whites believed that people from the minority groups were lesser beings than those from the majority groups (Cowie 49). The minority groups were in the category of marginalized groups and many services provided by the federal government went to the White Americans. Areas such as employment, education, property ownership, and leadership were a preserve of the White Americans. Therefore, race is a concept that best explains the history of America after the Second World War. Discrimination in Employment The minority groups in the United States experienced and endured discrimination in employment sector due to the institutionalized racism. The federal government enacted and passed laws that denied the minority groups the chance to work in the United States. The laws governed the terms of employment, working conditions, as well as salaries and wages. According to Sugrue, “Chicago, Philadelphia, and New York played a decisive role in deepening racial inequality in the city” (86). Moreover, the federal government and private employers were reluctant or unwilling to hire employees of African, Asian, or Mexican origins. Therefore, a number of people from the minority groups worked in plantations such as rice fields, which had poor working conditions and low wages. Most of the employees from the minority groups received very little wages, and subjected to hard work and harsh treatment as opposed to employees from the majority groups. The White Americans discriminated against the minority groups making them victims of racism in the United States. The federal government redlined the minorities and created a harsh working environment for them. The Native Americans received harsh and inhuman treatment from their employers or superiors who perceived them as unimportant beings basing on their color or ethnical background. In workplaces, employers or superiors overlooked employees from the minority groups in aspects such as pr
The 16th-century art was influenced by rivals between the towns and the Church, between rich and poor. Acts of patronage occurred within the larger context of the ‘artistic process.’ During the 16th century, culturally significant body postures and gestures, themes, and even social values were emphasized by artists tied to a society’s important political, social, and religious institutions. The most popular artists of this period were Da Vinci, Botticelli, and Michelangelo, Sangallo and Maderno, Raphael, and Donatello. These artists depicted everyday life and religious scenes typical of this historical age. Humanistic ideas penetrated the art, but they could not change the traditions of painting and social ideology (Cunningham and Reich, 2005). Church occupied a dominant position in a society dictated by its rules and practices, values, and morals of people. The majority of artworks depicted religious scenes, themes, and symbols popularized by the Church. Affecting continuity and change in any art tradition, wealthy patrons (and Church) encouraged production through direct request, as well as through anonymous consumption. Additionally, they introduce the completed work into the broader social environment, where it functioned and was evaluated by the larger community. The patron mediated between the artist and the larger community. Although creative innovation originated with the artist, the patron ultimately approved and supported the artist’s interpretation. The final art product became a tangible embodiment of the interaction of patron demand, individual artistic creativity, and existing prototypes (Cunningham and Reich, 2005). The social value of art can be explained as a process of investigating and evaluating the outside world, its rules, and practices. To some extent, art patrons received a chance to manipulate and control social values. Patron-artist relations, such as those between the Church and artists, tended to be governed by rules of procedure and production that encouraged artistic change only within strict limitations. Although they were still affected by expectations about proper role behaviors, the sequence of events and the outcome were not predetermined. There was more opportunity for innovation and change in production and product. During this period of time, there were no art products created for self-consumption or on behalf of a spirit entity. Artists looked inwardly for inspiration rather than negotiating form and subject matter with external patrons. In some cases, artists were motivated by a desire to demonstrate artistic virtuosity (Cunningham and Reich, 2005). Acting as their own patrons, these artists, unfettered by patron demands, were more likely to innovate and expand the boundaries of an art tradition. Thus, these traditions popularized the dominant position of the Church and the divine power of the king and wealthy. The ru
Philosophy always influenced on the development of the society and its cultural development. In different times, different philosophical views dominated peoples’ lives and beliefs. The philosophy of Latin America was formed under the influence of European philosophy that had a great impact on the development of the New World. Latin American philosophy begins long before the 1492, in other words, before it was discovered. “Autochthonous cultures, particularly the Aztecs, Mayas, Incas and Tupi-Guarani, produced sophisticated thought systems centuries before the arrival of Europeans in America” (Oliver, 1998, n.pg.). During these times, the philosophy of tribes that inhabited the territory advocated “the harmony between human and nature” (Sanchez, 2008, p. 299). A new period in the Latin American philosophy began in the 16 th with the colonization of the New World. At this time, Catholic churches established schools, monasteries and seminaries. The philosophy of colonial period was inspired by medieval European philosophy. According to Guttorm Floistad (2003), “Latin America philosophy has no originality. This is simply a sequence of the mentality of the colonial power”. (p. 2). In general, philosophy of the New World can be divided into four periods: colonial (starting with the 16 th century), independentist, positivist and contemporary. Each of these periods had a great influence on the development of Latin society and culture. However, the leading idea of every period was independence of Latin people and consecration of the native cultural heritage. During the colonial period, many authors were influenced by humanistic movement. The most famous Latin American humanist was a folk caudillo Bartolomé de las Casas who saw the first person to fight for the freedoms of native Latin Americans. He claimed that European culture should not be trusted on cultural values of people. The independestist period began with the interest to modern European philosophers and prepared ground for the “emergence of radical and conservative political movements and parties” (Floistad, 2003, p. 12). However, before the wave of revolutions that occurred in Latin America (Cuba in particular), another period of philosophical development influenced on the culture of Native Americans. Positivism was a respond to the political, economic and social changes in the countries. The main figures that promoted positivism theories in the country were Juan Bautista Alberdi and Andrés Bello who emphasizes that Latin philosophy should be independent of the European one. In the 19 th and 20 th century, there were many revolutions based on the Marxist theories, “the philosophical and pedagogical theories of liberalism were intimately re