ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
In spite of the fact that film industry is rather young compared to the theater or any other spheres of art, it has its own well-established and time-tested theory. With help of numerous tricks movie can look in the most effective and convincing manner. Because of the fact that, shifting camera positions, one can obtain the most efficient perspective, the five-shot technique suggested by Mackendrick has turned out a winning method of filming. Indeed, getting the most objective picture, the audience starts believing in the movie plot from the very start, which a film-maker aims at. However, it would be quite peculiar to trace the mechanism of the shooting. Learning what makes the shots such efficient technique, one can understand the very essence of the movie-making art. The Vision of a Movie Because of its objectiveness, the five-shot technique reminds of a situation when several points of view clash into a cultural conflict. With help of this peculiar technique, the film-maker can achieve the objectiveness which will absorb the audience attention and take them on a journey into make-believe. No matter what plot stands behind the very film, the correct visualization of the scene will allow the film-maker to attract the people with the peculiar view th
Introduction Hate crimes directed toward the Jewish community have been existent in society for centuries. Although hatred toward various groups and communities has been prevalent across societies, deep-rooted hatred towards Jews otherwise known as anti-Semitism has been widespread and more persistent in society than any other form of hate crime in the world. The Christians accused them of persecuting Christ and His followers and forced them to convert to Christianity and those who declined were openly massacred during Christian crusades. Martin Luther, the founder of Protestantism as well as the Catholic Church promoted the persecution of Jews and accused them of many negative events that were taking place at the time (Gerstenfeld, 2004, p. 151). Historically hate crimes against the Jewish community were executed in many forms. The community was often prohibited from owning land in many regions of the world and consequently resided in the ghettos. As a result, most of them sought to generate income from trade and merchanting, and this highly facilitated the development of the stereotype that the Jews were greedy and wealthy. The Jews were constantly subject to governments’ exploitation in these regions and whenever the governments needed money, they often seized the property and wealth of Jews which was more marketable relative to land and justified these seizures by defaming the Jews (Gerstenfeld, 2004, p. 151). Since the Jew community represented a small fraction of the population in every country that they lived in, they often formed a minority group with different orientations in terms of religion, traditions, and customs as well as their language (Gerstenfeld, 2004, p. 151). These cultural differences significantly promoted hate crimes against the group especially in Europe where ethnic identity remains an issue of great importance. Further, the Jews were denied citizenship in their own countries and were subjected to widespread discrimination and exclusion by other communities. A clear evidence of the restrictions imposed upon the Jews is the requirement by the Nazis in the 20 th century to wear yellow stars in their clothing; in addition, they were forced to convert to Christianity while in countries like Spain the Jews were literally expelled from the country. Further, approximately 100,000 Jews were murdered between 1648 and 1658 in Eastern Europe (Gerstenfeld, 2004, p. 151). One of the major indicators used to measure anti-Semitism is the measurement of peoples’ attitudes and social behaviors towards the Jewish community. Surveys can be conducted to assess population’s belief in anti-Semitic notions and stereotypes as well as the preferred social distance and attitude towards the Jewish community (Marrus, 2005, p. 38). Factors Promoting Victimization of the Jewish Community The anti-Semitism trend has significantly declined in modern society relative to the po
Abstract In family therapy, various therapies are applied in dealing with various problems that face families. In counseling, a family is viewed as a social institution governed by a set of rules, morals, values, and beliefs. Each family is therefore considered unique in its way and therefore, generalizations of family problems are not encouraged. The main objective of family therapy is to advance the welfare of the family and that of its members. In some cases, therapeutic decisions may conflict with the existing laws and as a result, it requires the family therapists to have a thorough understanding of all the professional codes of ethics and the existing laws. This paper looks at a case study and the ethical dilemmas involved. It uses Kitchener’s ethical decision-making model to resolve the ethical dilemmas in the case. It also incorporates the relevant professional codes of ethics such as the American Association for Marriage and Family Therapy (AAMFT) and the American Counseling Association (ACA). Family Therapy Case Study In case 3, 6 individuals are directly or indirectly involved. They include Breen who is 16 years old, Breen’s boyfriend who is 18 years old, Breen’s parents, and the parents of Breen’s boyfriend. The problem which is presented in the case is that Breen is engaged in unprotected sex with her boyfriend. As a result, she is concerned that she may become pregnant. However, her worst fear is that if her parents would know about her relationship with her boyfriend, they would kill her. She is also concerned about the reactions of the parents of her boyfriend if they would know about her relationship with him. These fears and concerns have made Breen depressed. She does not want anyone to disclose her sexual relationship with her boyfriend lest she kills herself. Therapeutic Concerns Breen’s behavior presents various risks. First of all, having unprotected sex exposes her to sexually transmitted infections and unwanted pregnancies. This behavior is also risky because she is in school and therefore, she would not be able to concentrate on her education, which would ruin her future life because she would either drop out of school or attain bad grades. If she would attain bad grades, then her parents would have wasted their money paying for her school fees. There is also the risk of killing herself if anyone discloses to her parents about her relationship with her boyfriend. The presenting therapeutic concern, in this case, is that of depression. According to the diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, depression is a mental illness that makes a person experience prolonged feelings of sadness and lack of interest in everything. It is also known as major depressive disorder, clinical depression, or major depression. Depression negatively affects a person’s thinking, feelings, and behaviors (Spiegler & Guevremont, 2010). It also interferes with a person’s ability to do his or her daily chores due to emotional disturbance. The person may also think that life is meaningless. The major symptoms of depression include despair, loneliness, sadness, low self-esteem, loss of appetite, insomnia, and with
The term globalization is a universal term that comes with very many definitions that encompass many elements. However, the most popular definition that is in the public domain defines globalization as a greater movement of people, goods, capital and ideas due to increased economic integration. 1 This is later propelled by rampant trade and investments that blossoms and hence, appear as though you are ‘moving towards living in a borderless world. 1 Globalization entails the exchange of diverse elements that include cultures, services and goods, among others. Initially, these processes of exchange of these elements were hampered courtesy of limitation in technology. However, with increased technology, there has been a speedy exchange and as such, propelled the rate of globalization. It should be noted that the inception of globalization does not automatically guarantee the benefits of the same. In order to harvest the benefits of the same, there ought to be strong policies, infrastructures and institutions. Even as we enjoy the benefits of globalization, the problems that come with the same cannot be swept under the carpet. These problems are so evident to be undermined. In synopsis, this essay will focus on the impacts of globalization in both the rich and the poor nations. Generally, the title ‘impacts of globalization’ evokes a strong feeling that makes one to narrowly think about modernized infrastructure, telecommunication among other physical aspects. However, this term is much complex in that it touches on many issues that stem from politics, life expectancy to culture. If globalization is supported by strong policies and institutions, a country stands to gain immensely. To begin with, the economies of those countries that openly interact with the international community are perceived to grow at a faster rate vis a vis those with closed economies. Numerically, it has been calculated that open economies grow at a rate of two and a half percent higher than closed economies. 2 As a result, there will be reduced poverty, and as such, there will be improved standards of living. This is evident in countries like China and India, which have made giant strides in curtailing the poverty levels. Another benefit enjoyed by a globalised country is that its citizens enjoy accessibility to cheap and yet effective medical services. This reduces the death rates, and as such, there would be an increased life expectancy. The world’s current life expectancy stands at sixty years which is about 200% the life expectancy a century ago
Different animals all over the world have different body specifications; exhibit different behavioral body characteristics, eat different types of food and even have different mating procedures. Different animals have different ways of determining their sex. Males and females of numerous classes exhibit different features for instance, the sizes of their bodies, the colors of their body, decorations as well as weaponry. In vertebrate species, sex is determined basing on unlike features on their gametal structures. This paper will focus on the different ways of determining sex in amphibians. Currently, most researchers disregard the impact of temperatures towards the sexual patterns in amphibians. This information openly mismatches with the ancient research. However, this is considered as a larger progression in the field of research as nowadays, sex in amphibians is explained in terms genetic as well as epigenetic factors. In this case, the sexes of amphibians are going to be determined in terms of their genetic composition. The genetic composition of amphibians depends to a larger extent on the species of the amphibians. Some species of amphibians exhibit the XX/XY while some other species exhibit the ZZ/ZW (Smith & Voss 548). Considering the genotypic sex determination in amphibians, to begin with is the cytogenetic analysis that was performed for the purpose of exposing the mismatch that existed between the sexual characteristics chromosomes. Precisely, the dissimilarity between the sex chromosomes entails the sizes of the chromosomes, the patterns of binding, the centrometric index, the heterochromatin characterization as well as the transcription loops of lampbrush chromosomes. By any chance, the researcher discovers either an expression of an isozyme that is sex linked or an appearance of an H-Y antigen plus the inclusion of a sex-ratio progeny examination that may result into individuals who are sex reversed, and then the heterogamety of either being a male or female could have been verified to be present. However, some other articles argue out that the amphibian sex chromosomes are imperceptibly differentiated thus making the cytogenetic sex identification method totally difficult (Hofrichter 24). However, few species were incorporated when the researchers drove to this conclusion. Sex determination among various species of amphibians can thus be determined by looking at the different in chromosome pairs such as pairs 4, 7, 8 or even 11(Smith & Voss 548). The variation in the structure of the Y or W chromosome is what brings about the difference in the sexual structures of the amphibians. This is because of the amassing of recurring sequences of the nuclear on the chromosomes. This results into reduction of the chances of These accumulations would lower the occurrence of chromosomes with similar genetic information from crossing over in the process of meiosis. This increases the discrepancy in paired chro
Plant Roots Function Roots , along with leaves, are important organs of plants. Their functions are diverse and vary across species. Two of their best-known functions are supply of resources and mechanical support . Chief Resources   * Carbon   * Water   * Nutrients Importantly, the roots not only absorb the resources from the soil but are able to redistribute them if needed. Additional Functions   * Nutrient and Water Storage   * Chemical Balancing   * Sensor Network   * Absorptive Function   * Habitat for Mycorrhizal Fungi Plant Roots Structure 1 The outer layer of the root is termed cortex . It is mainly composed of the cells with large vacuoles used to store solutes. Its size and capacity differ across species. Epidermis is the outmost layer of the cortex. It is in direct contact with soil and serves as a conductor for resource distribution and sensory perception. The function of epidermis obviously depends on the area of contact. To extend the contact with soil, epidermis cells grow into long extensions called root hairs . The denser and thicker the hairs, the better the functioning capacity of the root. Plant Roots Structure 2 Under the cortex, the root contains exodermis – a layer of cells modified with a hydrophobic compound called suberin. Its most likely function is protection of the root from adverse soil conditions and parasites (University of Western Australia, 2008b). Endodermis is the innermost layer of cells which separates the stele from the outer layer and provides isolation allowing for water and nutrient transfer in the root. Importantly, endodermis also regulates mycorrhiza associations by confining the penetration of fungi into the outer layers of the root (University of Western Australia, 2008b). Fungal Symbiosis 1 The plant-fungi symbiosis is a type of relationship where fungi living on the plants’ roots absorb a portion of their nutrients. Such setting is usually perceived as undesirable since the symbiosis is incorrectly associated with parasitic activity. Besides, fungi are known as a reason behind several plant diseases, including smut, rust, blight, powdery mildew, and fusarium wilt, among others (The Compost Gardener, n.d.). Fungal Symbiosis 2 In reality, the process of symbiosis requires mutual benefits for all organisms involved in the relation. Mycorrhizal associations , in particular, are thought to be largely beneficial for the carrier (the plant). While the understanding of the fungi-plant symbiosis is far from complete because of its extreme complexity, the current consensus of the issue suggests the following benefits:   * Increased nutrient uptake   * Assistance in nitrogen fixing process   * Drought tolerance   * Increased disease resistance   * Glomalin production   * Improved resource redistribution (The Compost Gardener, n.d.) Forms of Symbiosis Two types of symbiotic relatio
Different countries have formulated policies to ensure that they achieve certain goals in the internationally. These are mainly foreign policies, which direct relations with other states and groups in international affairs. Individuals or groups acting within states’ structured institutions are responsible for formulating and implementing international relation policies (Mingst and Arreguín-Toft 22). A number of domestic and international elements normally influence international relations and state’s behaviours. Governments, however, rely on certain institutions or political machinery to execute their policies. The purpose of this term paper is to review institutional actors of international relations. A number of state and non-state actors influence international relations (Mingst and Arreguín-Toft 24). These actors may include people, certain groups or states, which have controls on international issues. Institutional actors represent established structures or systems that a country may use to ensure cooperation with other states. The state institutions remain the dominant international actors. The state may use its apparatus such as the presidency, different ministries, leaders, international diplomats, lobby groups and other interest groups to promote international relations. There are also national assemblies and the judiciary, which have significant roles in international relations. National assembly debates and enacts policies. In fact, national assembly is responsible for foreign policies and respective mechanisms of implementation. National assembly decides whether a country should pursue certain policies to promote international relations. The judiciary, as a state actor, must interpret various international laws and treaties to determine their relevance to a state. As a result, policymakers understand the implications and potential outcomes of their policies on international affairs. Therefore, countries must strive for informed decision-making on relevant international relatio
Historical Perspective The hiring process is one of the most important tasks for the organization since workers are a crucial part of the business. The Human Resource department of the company is therefore charged with hiring new employees from the labor market. A major goal of HR personnel is to employ the most appropriate person for the job on offer. In the past, the primary recruitment sources were through advertisements placed on the mass media and use of professional circles. The potential candidates were required to send his curriculum vitae and then attend interviews where he was asked some job specific questions. However, technological advances have led to the emergence of new recruitment sources. One of these sources has been Social Networking Sites (SNSs). SNSs have emerged as novel applications that have attracted millions of users all over the world over the past decade. The increased use of social media has led to the rapid growth of this sector over the past decade and it is now a multibillion-dollar industry. Individuals have exploited SNSs for a wide range of purposes including keeping in touch with friends, obtaining news from media houses, and keeping up to date with reports on their favorite celebrities to name but a few. This widespread use of SNSs by many individuals provides a unique opportunity for employers to use this media to communicate with potential hires through electronic recruitment. There has therefore developed a trend of using SNSs for recruitment purposes by some companies in recent years. While some see this method as advantageous, there are those who argue that SNSs are not an effective or credible source of recruits. The paper will argue that SNSs are good and effective recruitment source and should therefore be used more extensively by employers who are seeking to attract a wide pool of qualified applicants. Debating the Issue Pros SNSs give the company the means by which to reach thousands of prospective employees. Companies are in constant competition with each other to attract and employ the most competent staff. The probability of employing the best staff is increased if there is a large candidate base from which to choose. SNSs have experienced significant growth over the last decade with millions of users becoming active on SNSs. Sorensen (2009) confirms that millions of individuals all over the world have made SNSs use a part of their daily life. Due to this increase in user base, a recruitment message placed on SNSs has the potential to reach many eligible applicants. Using SNSs for recruitment significantly reduces the cost associated with the hiring process. Without the use of SNSs, companies are likely to rely on traditional methods of recruitment such as advertisements through newspapers or magazines. These methods are expensive, as the company might have to post the same advertisement for a number of times in order to reach the maximum number of people. Using SNSs, the company only has to post a message on their page or have their employees post the message on their profiles. This
Comics are an essential part of literary work and writing. It is highly unique and contains the right mix of literature and visual art. They are a story in pictures that are arranged in a clear chronological order. The given form of writing impresses with their laconic and, at the same time, logical and enriched plot. Depending on the volume of the story, comics can be called differently: if the story is long enough, it can be described as a graphic novel; if short, it is called a strip. Comics are the modern form of figurative narration. The integral part is a sequence of pictures accompanied by textual content, and it is supplemented with various ideographic signs. It is a special way of narration, where the text is a sequence of frames. It contains the drawing with a verbal work, and it transmits mainly the dialogue of the characters with an enclosed special structure. Moreover, the picture and the spoken text enclosed in it form an organic semantic unity. “Persepolis” is a story of an Iranian girl who grew up in a liberal, rich, and even aristocratic family: on the very first pages, together with the heroine, we learn that her great-grandfather was the last Shah of the Qajar dynasty, overthrown by the father of the current Shah Pahlavi. However, the usual teenage rebellion is superimposed on her tragic social events: the revolution of 1979, the return of political prisoners, the war with Iraq, and the sharp clericalization of Iranian society. Marjane sees a part of these events from the side – from 14 to 18 years old. She lived in Austria, but it didn’t bring her happiness in the desired West. It is based on the autobiographical story of a French writer of Iranian origin, Marjane Satrapi. In short, it is about the Shah regime and its collapse, the great Islamic revolution, the Iran-Iraq war. Then she studies in Europe and experiences a breath of freedom, first love, the failure of hopes, and returns to Iran Satrapi (Satrapi 301). There is a bitter feeling in the story that always accompanies the search for a lost paradise. The girl is attempting to find her place in life. After several years of mental anguish, the main hero leaves her homeland again, now forever. The writing “Understanding of Comics” can be used as a basis and guide for creating outstanding comics. The key idea includes the concepts and step-by-step instructional recommendations by Scott McCloud. These steps consist of 6 critical tasks: idea/purpose, form, idiom, structure, craft, and surface. He uses a layered apple as a demonstration of the entirety of comic books (McCloud 162). The process of creation and analysis should begin with an idea and end with surface details. H