ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Cover Letter Purpose of research: This study aimed at establishing the difference in gap of the rate of unemployment between women and men during the 2007 recession. Reasons for the difference in gap would be established so that a clear-cut justification is made. The information in this research is important because it will assist policy makers to ensure that relevant measures are taken in order to ensure that the gap does not increase in the future in case of another recession. This will help protect men, who in most cases are breadwinners in their families. In case of questions and clarifications, please contact (your name, address and phone number) It should be noted that information submitted shall be handled with utmost confidentiality. No third party shall have access to any of the private information. The survey intends to cover a span of three weeks upon which its return will confirm that the respondent will have given consent for use and analysis of his information. In case you find a question too sensitive, feel free to leave the question unanswered. Thanks for your cooperation and effort as without it, the whole study would be meaningless. Problem Statement Without doubt, the recent recession had great impacts on the rate of employment in the United States of America. Studies point out that the rate of unemployment hit an all time high for the period after the Second World War. Although the overall rate of unemployment was high, it is clear that the gap between genders was even higher. According to statistics, unemployment rate in men was estimated at 11.0% while that of women at 8.3%. The 2.7% difference is the highest in the postwar era (Sahin, Song & Hobijn 1). This paper seeks to identify whether the recession had an impact in the increase of the gender gap in the rate of unemployment. Furthermore, the paper seeks to point out the reasons why there existed a gap between men and women in terms of unemployment. The objective of this study was therefore to ascertain whether the rate of unemployment in men was higher than that in women and also identify the real causes of the increase in the gap. Purpose of Data Collection Method The data collection method was intended to be a summery of data that would prove easy in comparing and analyzing. This, therefore, called for a quantitative appro
IMBA Statistics IMBA professional plus makes use of two major statistics to establish an association between envisaged and calculated data. These two statistics are the chi-square statistics, which is denoted by χ 2 and the autocorrelation coefficient that is represented by the symbol ρ. Chi-Square Statistics The chi-square statistic test illustrates the extent of the association between the measured values and the envisaged values (Puncher 2007). The incorporation of the chi-square test into the IMBA software enables it to approximate the bioassay intake function. The chi-square scheme entails a cluster of distributions influenced by degrees of freedom. The degree of freedom is arrived at by subtracting one from the total number of the measured data points. Consequently, the chi-square probability (which is also referred to as the P value) can be established from the data using the degrees of freedom of the measured values. One of the most significant uses of the chi-square test is hypothesis testing. The following equation illustrates how the chi parameter is computed. In the above equation, μ’ signifies the average of the experimental data while x i denotes the actual value in the group of data (Knoll 2000). Small values of chi-square are obtained when P is greater than 0.95. Such small values of P show that there is a good relationship between the calculated and predicted variations in the data. In contrast, high chi-square values are obtained when P is smaller than 0.05. Such high values are signs of inadequate fits between the measured and expected variations in the data. Autocorrelation Coefficient The autocorrelation coefficient in a chain of events presents an indication of the lack of arbitrariness. For this reason, the autocorrelation coefficient is useful in uncovering inappropriate connections in the data. For a string of residuals, the autocorrelation coefficient is computed using the equation R=…………………. In this equation, Ri denotes the residual in the ith position in a succession of N residuals. The value of N must always be greater than 4 (Puncher 2007). Provided that the tallying process presumes the evaluated qualms are disseminated in a log-normal fashion with an equal geometric standard deviation presupposed for each quantity, then each residual is computed as Ri =…………… (Puncher 2007). As a result, all values of ρ that are close to 1 are signs of inadequate fitting of models. The autocorrelation coefficient (ρ) is a statistical measure, which implies that the independent value of ρ does not supply adequate informat
Introduction The Clipboard Tablet Co. is an organization that produces and sells electronic tablets in the mass market. The organization has been developing and selling its three brands of tablets namely; X5, X6 and X7. The company has been experiencing good sales and it has been able to manage its cost at a fixed level. However, the company is in need of changing its strategy on selling and production. As a result, we will conduct a CVP (Cost-Volume-Profit) analysis to look at strategies the company could deploy to remain competitive in the market. The analysis will be conducted between the years 2012 through to 2015 with a bid of understanding the fundamentals used in running this company. In the process of undertaking the analysis we will come up with strategies that could help improve the brand and financial position of the company. Analysis In the process of conducting a CVP analysis, we have to look into the cost of production, units sold and units of sales for the four different years. The CVP analysis is shown below: In the year 2012, the company sold the three different tablets at different prices and all the three tablets had different number of units sold. The main point of conducting the CVP analysis in most cases is to understand when and how the business will break even in terms of finances (Stice, 2010). 2012 In the year 2012, the Clipboard Tablet Co. had sales figures amounting to $1.32 billion for the three tablets. However, during the same period the certain costs remained the same such as fixed costs and R &D Costs. For the X5 tablet, sales figures for the year 2012 amounted to $492,861,818 while the profit for the tablet stood at $143,922,710. Based on this data we could find out the costs; Profit = Sales – Costs,
The main objective of this paper is to expound on my views concerning the United Kingdom as a surveillance society. In this paper, I have provided detailed information on how Britain proves to be a surveillance society. Surveillance is an act of strictly observing behaviour, actions, movements, or people’s modes of communication. Many people in the world think of surveillance as the broad use of Close Circuit Television (CCTV). However, surveillance encompasses diverse methods incorporated in observing levels of security in a given state. Other methods like biometrics and Local Area Networks contribute to surveillance. All practiced types of surveillance contribute immensely to the promotion of security in states that use them. Surveillance is also a source of worry to many citizens residing in states that overemphasize the observance of security. For instance, the installation and maintenance of surveillance materials such as CCTV are very expensive, hence the over-taxation of citizens (Benyon 1987, p.87). In addition, the installation of surveillance materials bars citizens from the right to privacy. The UK’s level of surveillance is alarming. Britain contains about thirty percent of the world’s installed CCTV cameras. In fact, Manchester City has approximately 70 installed CCTVs whereas London has more than 300 cameras installed in the streets (Taylor, Evans and Fraser 1996, 117). Citizens of the UK are ever dictated on what to do and what not to; they lack the freedom of enjoying their life details. Their mode of living is exposed to the government. Below are technological surveillance measures observed in the UK that have led to its change into a “Hellish Surveillance Society”. In Britain, video cameras are installed almost everywhere. They are installed in buildings to monitor the daily activities of people spending most of their time within them. They are also installed in every street to record the day and night activities that take place in the streets. The government of the UK has also advanced and installed video cameras in residential areas. The installation of video cameras in residential areas provides significant security to citizens of the UK. However, the installation of video cameras in residential areas also denies UK citizens the right to priva
Organizations require competent and experienced personnel to exploit available resources effectively. Well-managed human resources result to orchestrate teams; human resources department is responsible for planning, deploying, employing, training, retaining, and dismissal of employees. Although Soap Producers and Distributors Ltd human resources management team have enacted a proper staff compensation policy, the company still suffers high staff turnover. This paper evaluates the company’s current state and gives recommendations on how it can improve its human resources management policies. Additions that the company needs to enact The company’s staff compensation policy is said to be 10-11% higher than similar jobs in the same industry; in addition to the high wages and salaries, the company has medical schemes, paid leaves and holidays, and employees enjoy charismas bonus. Despite above package, that is attractive, the company still suffers high staff turnover. The most probable reason for the high staff turnover is the employment environment that the management has created. To retain employees, management should ensure that the organization has favorable environment that nurtures talents and creates room for innovation, invention, and creativity among staffs. The human resources management team should focus on the operating environment that employees work in; in this context, the management should ensure that employees enjoy their duties. Some of the policies that the company can implement in that effect include having orchestrated team, involving subordinates in decision making, and developing effective communication strategy with an organization. Cafeteria Approach The compensation policy adopted by Soap Producers and Distributors Ltd seems not too commensurate with the kind of requirements that the company’s employees. The company should consider adopting a cafeteria approach; cafeteria approach encompasses the needs of employees’ preferences for benefits; according to the approach compensation should not be standards but should be based on individual preferences. There are people who would be motivated by monetary compensations while others may need non-monetary benefits like promotions. With the diversity that the company has when recruiting employees, the human resources department should consider developing an effective cafeteria approach of compensation as it improves the company’s operating environment. Recruitment program for Soap Producers and Distributors Ltd Soap Producers and Distributors Ltd management should ensure that employees’ needs at one particular point are known and measures taken to ensure right number are maintained. Ensuring that the right numbers of employees are maintained starts from personnel needs planning; planning involves using past staff needs and predicting the future needs. Generally, human capital can be sourced internally or externally: the method adopted depends with the availability of the qualifications available. The main aim of human resources planning is to ensure that there is the right number of employees, at the right time, at the right place, and at the right cost. Human resources planni
Introduction This is a paper review conducted on one of the papers written by the students. It aims at looking at the content, organization, style, mastery, methods, applications and quality of the work, in order to gain an in-sight about the main aspects associated with the delivering leadership recognized in a particular project. Rules of grammar, punctuation, sentence structure, among other aspects of writing are looked into in this paper review. The aim of origin paper The paper that is being reviewed was a response to the question below: What are the leadership styles and qualities most appropriate to complete projects and operational activities? To do this the following check list will be used.    Assessment – High/ Med/Low HML                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      H/M/L 1  Content – Is the content of the manuscript likely to be of interest to sophisticated managers or scholars interested in managing projects in business? If not, are there key parts missing or is the manuscript misaligned with what you believe is essential to this discipline?                                   H        Organization – Is the manuscript organized in clear and logical manner? If not, how can it be improved?                                                                                                                                                                                                                      Checklist guide:                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             Introduction :
Introduction The process of hiring employees always depends on a number of factors. When an employer sets forth to hire employees, there are a number of factors that have to be put into consideration by the concerned employer in order to ensure that those that are recruited have the best capacity to meet the demands of the specific tasks. The world is changing very fast, and with this, firms are forced to be flexible. They must be able to change with the changing external environment. Technology is the main agent of change, and as McMullin (56) notes, firms are under pressure to act in a way that will be able to satisfy the demands of the public in general, besides their customers. Employers are therefore, very keen to ensure that they have the best workforce. Age discrimination during the process of recruiting employees has been an issue for a very long time. Employers are looking for specific qualities in employees when hiring them. One of the leading characteristics that employers look for is the ability to be flexible and change with changes that take place in the external environment. The other very important factor that they always put into consideration is the ability to understand the emerging technologies. Firms have realized that they cannot survive if they ignore the emerging technology in the market. They therefore, need employees who have understanding of these technologies in order to enable the firm run smoothly and manage market competition. These are characteristics that are lacking in the aging population. These characteristics are commonly found on young college graduates who are freshly getting into the job market. This paper seeks to investigate discrimination during the hiring process on the basis of age and gender, with special focus on the older female employees. Discrimination of Employees Based on Age and Gender According to McMullin (28), the baby boomers are headed for retirement. The number of this group is massive and they have been actively been engaged in various employments for all that period. Their departure may have a massive effect on the economy of this country. Once they retire, they will have to depend on the working class for their survival. Yasgoor (93) explained that with improved health facilities, and better living standards, Americans have a longer life expectancy. Having the baby boomers on retirement will mean that they will have to depend on those who are working to offer them the security they need. The social security fund will be put under a massive pressure to ensure that these huge numbers of retirees are taken care of. It is on this basis that some economists have advised that the aging population should be retained in the job market as long as it may be possible. This will help ease pressure on the working population, and ensure that the society is not heavily dependent on the working population. The biggest concern however, comes when the aging populations are force to look for new jobs. When employers are recruiting, there is always some form of bias in their choices. As was stated above, the
Vokurka, Stading, and Brazeal (2000) discuss the importance of quality in the business. The authors remark that organizations are interested in various quality award programs because they allow them to achieve appreciation, experience, and development. Five quality awards administered in different countries are analyzed to see the standard features of candidates’ requirements. The evaluation process includes four elements: submission assessment, consensus score measurement, a site inspection of the finalists with high scores, and awarding the firms identified as complying with all the requirements. The authors consider competitive advantage a significant element for gaining success. The best lesson I learned from the article is that it is not enough to copy a quality award model to increase its achievements. Every organization’s management team should develop personalized strategies. These tactics may incorporate some quality award criteria, but managers should not forget that every firm needs a separate approach. Total quality management requires a lot of effort and practice, and there is always space for improvement. Quality awards criteria suggest an opportunity to increase the profitability not only for the participants of the contest but for any company who takes care of its image and success. Reference List Vokurka, R J, Stading, G L & Brazeal, J 2000, ‘A comparative analysis of national and regional quality awards’, Quality Progress , vol. 33, no. 8, pp. 41-49.
Introduction It may be sometimes tempting to change history but unfortunately we know that it doesn’t stand subjunctive mood. If moves with inevitable pace and nobody is in capacity to change its direction post festum, when something has already happened. But what if we had a possibility for changing historical time by changing deeds and policies that led to some historical events. Would it be necessary in terms of better future for the people and all humankind? We will see. Two questions arise immediately from this self-confident assault on history. Are the actions, events one proposes to change by his own scenarios are relevant and realistic and could have happened and what consequences would his propositions of changing historical events would have had if realized and finally would they be better in terms of abstract categories of morality and justice? I am changing details I decided to change not some separate historical event but instead a well-designed policy that was one of the main causes of the WW2. This policy is often referred to as the policy of Germany’s appeasement and was fostered by such European powers as France, Great Britain and supported extensively by the United Stated. After Nazis came to power in Germany in 1933 they launched vigorous campaign to resettle the status-quo been set by Versailles Treaty that enforced various limitations on Germany such as a ban for organizing military forces, economic barriers etc. Hitler and his party decided to redress the situation by occupying Rein demilitarized zone and Saar basin (Bridge, 2005). This was an open assault on Versailles treaty which clauses were regarded as being harmful for German State. Growing strength of Germany caused alarmist mood in major European powers which were regarded as the winners of WW1. They quickly moved to the policy of Germany Appeasement which was initiated by then Conservative Prime-Minister of Great Britain Neville Chamberlain. The main strategic purpose of this policy was to help militaristic and aggressive development of Germany in the same time diverting the risk of Germany attack on Great Britain, France and their allies. The basic political assumption underlying this policy was that helping restoring Germany’s power by various concessions and even by betraying allies in Central and Eastern Europe will finally incline Hitler to attack Soviet Union which was regarded as the main cause of instability in Western European countries. But as the history shows this calculus proved to be false (Thomas,1996). The main steps must be regarded as the most considerable events in the process of Germany’s Appeasement are compromising Germany’s militarization of Rein and other violations of Versailles Treaty, ‘Anschluss’ of Austria in 1938 and Munich Treaty which caused the division of Czechoslovakia and annexation of Sudetian province by Germany. During these events the Security Treaties between Great Britain, France and their CEE allies were broken in order to foster the politics of ap
Thousands of immigrants from developing nations migrate to the United States hoping to secure jobs and lead better lives. Immigrants in the United States enjoy numerous economic benefits; nevertheless, they also suffer from a number of socioeconomic challenges. This paper will focus on the pros and cons of immigration to the United States. Most of the immigrants take the jobs that the Americans dismiss as poorly paid. Despite the nature of the jobs, immigrants get income from the jobs thus raising their living standards. One of the factors that makes people migrate is the desire for a better life. Hence, immigrants enjoy better living standards in the United States relative to their home countries. Most of the immigrants work in the middle and semi-skilled sectors. Consequently, they are assured of getting jobs easily since a number of new jobs keep on emerging in these sectors. The United States has a welfare system that caters for all people regardless of their background. Hence, all the immigrants enjoy health and education services at subsidized rates. This aspect in return cuts down on the cost of living. Apart from employment, numerous immigrants have started their own businesses in the country. Currently, Asians and Hispanics have established businesses across the United States. Some of these businesses even do better when compared to those owned by the Americans. The opportunity to invest in business helps the immigrants enhance their living standards. In spite of the economic benefits enjoyed by the immigrants in the United States, the immigrants face a stiff discrimination from the Americans. The Americans blame the immigrants for the seemingly soaring unemployment rates experienced in the country. In addition, increase in the number of immigrants entering the country leads to cheap labor. Most of the immigrants are willing to work for whichever amount of money as long as they get jobs in America; hence, they are willing to take the first job that comes their way. Consequently, some American employers take this opportunity to exploit the immigrants. For instance, such employers hire immigrants at lower wages instead of Americans who ask for higher wages. Immigrants in the United States face economic insecurity. In spite of the fact that most immigrants work in middle and semi-skilled jobs, the rate of job loss is higher amongst the immigrants than among the Americans. During the economic recess, many immigrants in the United States lost their jobs as companies embarked on cost cutting strategies. Job insecurity among the immigrants is high. In addition, most of the im