ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The process of acquiring skills and knowledge in a given discipline requires an inclusion of such elements as additional resources to accelerate the learning progress. Learning as a process has theories that view it from different perspectives. In learning, teachers use different resources, such as charts, blackboard, models, recorded or live radio and television programs, and computer programs to aid the entire progress. I am going to discuss how WIKI, as an educational resource, can be used to support the three key theories of learning, namely behaviourist, cognitivist, and constructivist. Here are the points I will cover in this wiki, (1) WIKI support of learning theories, (2) the main pedagogical strength of WIKI, (3) WIKI weakness, and (4) how to use wiki tools in personal teaching. Learning Theories Wiki is a website space where people can share ideas, pictures, edit contents, and any other piece of information (Dorman, 2007). In a classroom, Wikis enable teachers to access learners’ works and to give feedback instantly. The idea of timely feedback supports Behaviourism, as the teacher can encourage hardworking learners and even discourage negative attitude of some learners towards his/her subject (Dorman, 2007). Reacting to the information presented by other learners and offering personal information, students learn to search for interesting themes and react adequately to the particular information. Students are discouraged to provide negative comments as their personal articles may be also negatively commented. Therefore, students follow their language. So, being positively assessed this semester, there are high chances that when the facilitator introduces Wiki in the next learning session, the learners are also likely to answer the questions correctly (Mergel, 1998). In cognitive theory, the method helped learners to comprehend “…the relationship between marginal cost, total cost and average cost” (Lim, 1998). Considering this research result in detail, it should be stated that students’ cognitive abilities have increased with the use of Wiki based programs. This is the reason of constant reference to background knowledge, possible solutions, other variants, etc. Students always remain in search. Therefore, the behaviour of students depends on their ability to assess objectively their personal abilities and the attempts of other students by means of commenting their works. The independence involved in Wiki enables learners to brainstorm on issues and come up with their own meanings. Moreover, Wiki also supports constructive learning, which asserts open-ended learning. For example, students may admit after some time that the Wiki changes their thoughts from the initial fixed minds meant to recite answers. The creativity is brought-up. This showed the emphasis on unique learning style for each student and the hands-on problem solving. As an example, the following case may be considered. One Econo
There are so many writers and artists, who share their talents and ideas with other people and help to comprehend this life better and properly. The role of an artist is not that easy indeed: so many things have to be taken into consideration, and so many facts should be used in order to make a work really significant. Anna Deavere Smith is one of those artists, who not only analyze current situations and criticize someone, but also clearly define own functions and abilities. Such approach to work makes her worthy of this world and interesting to her readers. In her “Introduction” to Twilight: Los Angeles, 1992, she introduces her work, identifies the purposes of this writing, and also speculates upon her own role as an artist in this world. In comparison to one literary character, Tod Hackett from The Day of the Locust by Nathanael West, Anna Deavere Smith does not want to lose her mind and be guided by the current events; she is ready to prove her points of view and do everything possible to achieve her purposes and be interesting for her readers. In order to create Twilight: Los Angeles, 1992, Anna Deavere Smith conducted more than 170 interviews and presented captivating facts about the unrest, which happened in Los Angeles during the April, 1992. In the introductory part of the work, the author admits that “Theater can mirror society. But in order to do so theater must embrace diversity.” (Smith, xviii) This is why in order to become a sophisticated writer, it is crucially important to be original and use own potential to its full extend
Introduction The fact that people create a state and are the source and engine of its evolution and prosperity is rather undeniable. However, to function normally in society and contribute to its development, a person needs to be healthy, and therefore one of the most momentous purposes of the state is to maintain the health of its population. Such kind of governmental support may be provided through the healthcare system. The high quality of medical care is usually considered to be one of the most crucial outcomes of the social policy of any state at all its levels. Moreover, it is rather challenging to imagine any other purpose of the healthcare system that would be more vital for society’s functioning. According to Luo, Liu, and Wong (2018), “patient satisfaction is crucial in the evaluation of the overall quality of care” (p. 1). Unfortunately, nowadays, it can hardly be considered to be proper and high quality in almost any country. The results of public opinion polls indicate that a sufficiently large proportion of patients are not satisfied with the medical care provided (Aliman & Mohamad, 2016). The reason for their dissatisfaction is mainly insufficient health care funding, which entails a small interest of medical personnel, low level of service in hospitals, lack of quality medicines, and lack of necessary comfort in the wards. According to the way of governing, all hospitals can be divided into private and public ones. Any publicly managed hospital is being completely funded by the government and works exclusively with the money that taxpayers collect to finance health initiatives. Due to the fact that wages, equipment, and new institutions’ constructions are paid from the budget set by the local government, administrators have to bear the costs and offer a rather limited range of services. Since public hospitals tend to be rather inexpensive, they are the best option for those people who are not wealthy, have limited insurance, and face difficulties while paying for the medical treatment and services themselves. Private hospitals are managed and funded by their owner, who may be a group of people or an individual and who is responsible for financial management, budgeting, and enforcing federal regulations, state laws, and strict municipal codes. The owner also draws up contracts with doctors, hires staff, invests in maintenance, purchases equipment, and monitors the services provided. Since private hospitals are prominent for offering high-quality services, are not so limited in their budget, and provide their patients with individual care and attention, wealthy people tend to choose them (“What is the difference,” 2019). Also, waiting times in patient queues are minimized, because the number of people per medic is small. Nowadays, the world’s population is growing rapidly, and people live longer, respectively, the demand for medical care is also increasing. This fact places additional demands on healthcare, especially in public and private hospitals, and makes it compulsory to obtain new ways of improving the care, time, and cost of providing me
The culture of accountability is a firmly established approach to workplace safety. While being widely recognized and practiced in many fields, including healthcare, it has been criticized as having no effect or even disrupting the healthy workplace environment. The central point of the culture of accountability is each employee’s personal responsibility for their actions, including faulty ones. The mistakes are addressed by disciplinary measures which are often punitive in nature. This became one of the most controversial points as some argued that punishment does not lead to improvement in safety and creates the sense of fear among employees. As an alternative, the concept of just culture was introduced in the late nineties (Dekker, 2012). Its central difference lies in its approach to mistakes. According to the just culture concept, not all mistakes are the result of reckless actions. Some of them may be triggered by faulty processes and protocols. In this case, they should be viewed as a way to learn a lesson and not as a reason for punishment. This leads to several advantages of the just culture. First, the people do not feel treated unfairly when the mistake is not the result of their conscious poor decision making. Second, the proper discussion of mistakes may reveal the shortcomings of the system. Finally, targeting all faulty actions regardless of the actual adverse outcomes serves as a preventive measure against future incidents. However, just culture still needs disciplinary actions in case of the poor decision making, but the line between personal and organizational accountability. Thus, just culture requires time to interpret the actions. In comparison, the culture of accountability is streamlined, simple, predictable, and leaves little room for interpretation (Dohmann, 2010). Besides, it leads to stricter discipline. This rigidity is viewed by some as a disadvantage as it contributes to the stressful workplace environment and fear of retribution but does not improve safety (Dekker, 2012). The revealing of information to the patients and their families is a complex ethical topic. While both the healthcare providers and the general public are almost unanimous about the positive effects of fully informing the patients of the mistakes regardless of their seriousness or the actual outcome, such strategy involves several risks. First, while the mistakes that inevitably lead to adverse outcomes must be reported for obvious reasons, the minor ones which pose no threat to the patients’ well-being and are otherwise irrelevant t
Unremunerated Reserve Requirement (URR) URR required that all international transactions deposit 30% of foreign exchange with BOT with exception of those dealing with goods and services, repatriation of investment abroad by residents and foreign direct investment. After deposit requirement was fulfilled, 70% capital transfers left were to be invested domestically. The capital of 30% withheld was returned after the funds remained in Thailand for more than a period of one year (Ilan, 180). Funds repatriated before the end of one year faces a refund of two-thirds. FDI were also subjected to 30% capital withholding until it was verified as being a genuine foreign direct investment. In summary, 30% URR pertains to all capital assets valued more than $ 20,000. Motivation for introduction of URR The main objects of URR were: to allow baht movement be in line with other regional currencies by breaking rapid one – way speculation on baht, regulate inflows and finally to allow private sector respond to rises in baht. BOT designed URR in such a way that it will affect currency speculators while on the other hand boosting the moral of genuine investors and traders. Many world economies focus on three economic goals of stabilizing their exchange rates, integration of financial markets, and achieving independence in the local monetary values. It is equally difficult to realize all these goals thus a country will always focus on reaching one of the goals. In order to bring stability in both internal and external balances, Bank of Thailand opted to target on stability of exchange rates and autonomy of the local market. This necessitated introduction of capital control which had to take effect from 19 th December, 2006. The control gave regulatory authority exemption to put in place policy framework aimed at gaining stability of macroeconomic variables such as output, inflation, local currency in relation to major world currencies and employment of factors of production i.e. labor, wage, and time. Impact of URR provision on the exchange rate of Thai Baht Before implementation of URR, the baht was under strong speculative forces giving way to currency appreciation which could have destroyed Thai’s exports. An appreciation of currency makes the price of exports expensive. This means that locally manufactured goods cannot find market in other nations. In the same note, there is a possibility of more imports and damping of products in the local market. Damping means availability of cheap and less quality goods in the market. The excess of imports as compared to exports brings about a balance of payment deficit. At the introduction of URR, baht gained stability against its competitors and trading associates. This increased Exports to the Middle East and other parts of East Asian. Speculative force which had made the baht to appreciate was minimized after introduction of URR. UR
According to the case study, salton inc. enjoys a great advantage in relation to its suppliers placing it at a strategic advantage with its competitors. This strong relationship with suppliers places it at an upper hand in product development, innovation and branding. Further, the case illustrates that the firm has a strategic advantage due to product sourcing from the cheaper Asian markets, which provides it with the advantage of diversification. According to Afuah, a firm gains competitive advantage over its rivals by establishing strong relationship with suppliers and in this case the firm has 50 different suppliers for its products and a long-term relationship with Markpeak ltd (291). Markpeak Ltd, which supplies the firm with 38% of its products, is a reliable and competent supplier. According to Afuah, this advantage places the firm at a strategic market leadership position against its competitors and new entrants. By insisting on short-term supplier contracts, risk aversion is entrenched in sourcing for materials. In addition, the firm stresses on the importance of competitive bidding to gain an upper in sourcing for its products, placing it at an upper hand on margins position by ensuring that merchandize is of high quality. In addition, high quality standards remained a priority (Afuah 292). However, competitors had the disadvantage of slow outsourcing, low volume purchases, translating to high costs and reduced profit margins placing it at a competitive advantage against its competitors. A clear marketing strategy and marketing mix is evident from the above case. Customers on the other hand enjoyed high quality products, appropriately designed for their needs and wants. Further still, the company specialized in a wide range of quality kitchen, home, personal, and beauty care products. Thus, the company’s brand name became a household name, an important concept in marketing. In addition, to beat her competitors, the company specialized in a wide range of products such as shower radios, and espressio/cappuccino products that placed the company’s brand at strategic places in homes serving as an advertising method. Potential new entrants could find it difficulty to penetrate the market due to its strategic position in terms of branding, lowered product cost, good quality products, product differentiation, and good marketing power and unique marketing mix. The firm’s concentration in advertising and marketing, tailor-making products for its customers by addressing their needs and wants, and making the brand name common through superior marketing techniques provides it with a clear lead in the market share. Distinct offerings of the firm According to the case, the firm offers distinct products specializing in product differentiation, tailor made to meet customer needs and wants. This included healthier and more convenient foods coupled with product diversification. With innovative ingenuity, the food products met the market demands as it were, raking the company in huge pr
Today there is the great discussion about the spheres and peculiarities of realizing the principles of the federal and local control. Historians and sociologists concentrate on the necessity of making the federal government more powerful or on the possibility to provide more rights and opportunities to the states. Thus, the question is rather controversial, and it is necessary to examine its main aspects properly in order to provide the credible answer to it. It is important to determine the areas in which the realization of federal laws is significant and in which the decisions of the local authorities are more effective. In the 21 st century, Washington can get the greater power in order to dictate national policy. However, the questions of the national policy should be clearly indicated, and they should include the issues of the military sphere, address the national interests at the global arena, and regulate the aspects of the international relations. In this case, the national policy will be realized with references to the national interests in the context of the world. Thus, the features of the strong central government should also be associated only with those aspects which are important for the whole nation and on which its successful development depends. The federal government has no much impact in the spheres of the education, commerce, and criminal law. The local authorities regulate these fields. Thus, Cropf states that “the states and the federal government are considered supreme in their own sphere of power, although there is considerable overlap” (Cropf, 2008, p. 106). To achieve the most effective results in providing successful federal and local policies, it is necessary to regulate this overlap in order to avoid the negative effects of the process. Thus, it is important to give more powers to the federal government for controlling the states, but without much limiting the opportunities of the local authorities. To meet the social requirements, the necessary balance of powers should be found. From this point, the federal government should not override all the state policies, but only those ones which do not address the constitutional principles. The state policies should be connected with the federal or national policies and be improved or adapted by the local authorities in order to meet the interests of the citizens of the state. Cropf indicates that “the federal system uses the states to rein in the power of central government, and vice versa” (Cropf, 2008, p. 106). The federal government should also have the right to control the adequacy and examine the necessity of this or that decision adopted by the local authorities. It is possible to say that modern state and local governments have the powers and ways to address the definite concerns and issues influenced by realizing the aspects of the national policy (Stillman, 2009). Nevertheless, the local authorities’ strategies are developed only in relation to solving the definite issues connected with t
The nature is one of the greatest mysteries of the world; the value assumptions about the place of individuals in nature and their relationship to their canine companions is the issue discussed in two nice stories written by different authors. Thus the stories are A Blizzard under Blue Sky written by Pam Houston and To Build A Fire by Jack London. The narrator of the story written by Pam Houston A Blizzard under Blue Sky seems to be a good person who loves her canine companions and winter camping. The story tells about the main character’s experience of the winter camping and the changes that happened due to this camping. In the very beginning of the story the reader comes to know about the reasons of the main character to experience winter camping, it was clinical depression: “What I saw was work that wasn’t getting done, bills that weren’t getting paid, and a man I’d given my heart to weekending in the desert with his ex” (Houston, 278). As the narrator said: “In truth, my life was on the verge of more spectacular and satisfying discoveries than I had ever imagined, but of course I couldn’t see that far ahead” (Houston, 278). Actually, the things were not so bad and the nature gave the protagonist a chance which did not seem pleasant at that moment, but became important taking into consideration the time past. The main character of the story written by Houston likes dogs and has two ones, which are represented as “yin and yang of dogs” (Houston, 278). The pets are described with specific tenderness and admiration. The narrator admires the beauty of the winter nature: “It’s fabulous here” (Houston, 280), addressing his statement to his dogs, his perpetual companions. The nature was aimed to help the narrator with the clinical depression “crystal-coated trees, all that diamond-studded sunshine” (Houston, 280). The end of the story shows the reader a wonderful influence of the nature on the narrator: “For the first time in many months I was happy to see a day beginning” (Houston, 281). The second story is To Build A Fire by Jack London; it tells about a man who had a clear plan to meet with his friend, but he happened to underestimate the power of nature and the dangers that can be caused by experiencing the cold weather: “He reflected awhile, rubbing his nose and cheeks, then skirted to the left, stepping gingerly and testing the footing for each step” (London, 298). The nature is not depicted as a wonderful sight and magnificent expression of the world, but as dangerous aspect of our life that is enormous. The main character of the story does not realize the danger, though he knew that “after fifty below, a man should travel with a partner” (London, 303). He travels with a dog which seems to be his partner, but in the end of the story it appears to see only “food provider and fire provider” (London, 306) in his owner. The man experienced the coldness of the winter weather in a full sense, because he happened to get wet and “[t]he dead fingers could neither touch nor clutch” (London, 302). He tried to build a fire, but all his att
Sweeping the entire artistic world at the time of its development, the Modernist movement in art has affected the aesthetics of people across the globe, leading to the reconsideration of how form and function were related to each other. Moreover, with the increase in the role of multiculturalism, a range of different interpretations of the Modernist ideas emerged, leading to the creation of subdivisions within the movement. Cubism represents one of these subgenres, taking the concept of Modernism to a new level and creating an illusion of the third dimension in a painting (Albright 299). The introduction of Cubism into the Modernist movement can be seen as the response to the spontaneity of Impressionism. Picasso’s Guernica should be viewed as an important artwork featuring the key ideas of Cubism, which is why it is worth remembering as a crucial landmark of the Cubist movement. Although it has a plethora of unique distinctions, its massive size is the first characteristic that catches the eye of a viewer. Afterward, it thrills with its rough and graphic nature, portraying the war and suffering in a very realistic and unfiltered manner. The decision to prioritize a monochrome image over a colorful painting could be seen as the aspect of the painting that would tone down the harsh depiction of the wartime reality, yet it only adds rawness and roughness to the image (Albright 301). Locking the picture in a perpetual portrayal of dread, the angular, seemingly disjointed elements of the painting imbue the simplistic geometric shapes with additional meaning, allowing the viewer’s imagination to fill the gaps and restore the uninhibited, unmasked horror that is war. “Guernica” shocks the viewer with its raw emotion created with the help of simple geometric shapes, thus creating the ultimate representation of Cubism. Work Cited Albright, Daniel. Putting Modernism Together: Literature, Music, and Painting, 1872–1927 . JHU Press, 2015.