ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The world financial crisis has an outstanding impact on the development of society, economy, and the business. The significant reduction of the level of incomes triggered the great change process resulting in the reconsideration of the financial policy of various establishments, companies, and households. In this regard, price became the main competitive factor impacting the performance of companies and their popularity. Under these conditions, the attempt to increase the customer demand by decreasing price and spending is now considered as one of the major concerns. Numerous companies reorganize their functioning, aiming at the creation of the competitive advantage resulting from low prices. At the same time, there are still companies which underline their focus on the high quality and expensive services that guarantee the great level of satisfaction. These differences condition the growth of the popularity of two different business models the Low-Cost and Full-Service ones. In recent decades, the commercial passenger air travel industry has changed dramatically and obtained a number of new features (Lordan 2014). The given process of change was triggered by the increase of the level of rivalry within the industry. The world financial crisis initiated the struggle between airline companies aiming at the attraction of new customers. The need for the new incomes determined the reconsideration of several approaches and creation of new strategic development plans. For these reasons, the majority of the modern airline companies adhere to low-cost or full-service business model. The choice of the model is impacted by the character of the company and the goals established by its officials. Low-cost business company implies the extremely low prices for its customers combined with the absence of many traditional passenger services. A low-cost carriers (LCC) emphasize the first point, underlining the fact that they save the costs of passengers by the exclusion of the unnecessary ad luxurious services which are not needed for the successful flight. The growth of the popularity of the given model is conditioned by the significant changes of the paying capacity of people and their desire to save money in terms of the crisis. The number of companies using this pattern is big, and there is the tendency towards its growth. Low-cost business model is very often taken as an ideal solution for regional airline companies. The usage of the full-service business model includes the provision of “a wide range of pre-flight and onboard services, including different service classes, and connecting flights” (Ehmer et al. 2008, p. 8). Full-service carriers (FSC) are characterized by the high prices and their focus on the representatives of the privileged class of society. A company adhering to the given business model tends to underline the importance of the provided services for the comfortable flight. Additionally, the pre-fl
Different mysteries and secrets of Iceland excite the great minds of numerous people. A well-known writer, literary critic, and physician-anthropologist Robert Anderson from Scotland gives his life to science and carefully studies medical anthropology. The author is also interested in religion and alternative medicine. In his ethnography “ The Ghosts of Iceland ” Robert Anderson discloses brightly the reality of contemporary Iceland, he highlights the problem of religion as itself. There are many variants of interpreting this term, but let us set the author’s understanding of this phenomenon. Religion is a unity of beliefs that, as a rule, are at work due to different supernatural forces or in the presence of supernatural beings. The term “supernatural” can be explained as an existence beyond the rules of visibility and observation. It can be regarded as an existence against the laws of nature. Nowadays inhabitants of Iceland are well-educated, modern, and patient people. They believe in “another” world and visit churches very seldom. Almost half of the population of Iceland has implicit faith in communication with spirits, who leave the dead, and cannot find peace in their new world. Icelanders can be characterized as people, whose belief is grounded on science. They believe in naturalism rather than religion. Just because different séances of spiritualism, cases of contact with mediums, conversations between the living beings and the dead ones are very popular in Iceland. Robert Anderson, being a native, shows the reader the real situation and giv
Introduction Nuclearisation has in reality become a significant political matter in the world for the past ten years. This has concurrently been marked by the nuclearisation of North Korea, United States, South Asia, Iran, India, Libya and many other states. North Korea’s interest in nuclear weapons capacity has long aggravated heated arguments between policy makers and researchers. Such arguments are mostly about the reasons for engagement and repeated dissatisfaction in attempts to confer to Korean denuclearization. These debates widely reveal divergent opinions of the North Korean government and its sustainability as an independent political, financial and martial system. They also reflect the likely consequences of prolonged nuclear development in this secluded and highly eccentric state (Sidney, 2007). Efforts to hold back North Korea’s interest in nuclear weapons is among the topmost running and least victorious sagas in global security. It is however highly unfortunate that North Korea keeps on deceiving the international community through its open attitudes and mischief. This is in contrast to the advancement in international nuclear disbarment and non- proliferation. The subject of North Korean nuclearisation has been deteriorating over time. This essay will assess North Korea’s venerable quest for nuclear weapons and its potential insinuations for national security. It will establish whether North Korea is a responsible nuclear weapon state in comparison with other states. Discussion North Korea is not a responsible nuclear weapons state. Its irresponsibility is seen especially when US and Russia, which are the largest nuclear powers globally put their signature on the New Start Treaty promising to lower the number of planned nuclear warheads. Consequently, the Nuclear Security Summit met to build up a shared agreement on the gravity of the menace of nuclear terrorism. North Korea’s irresponsibil
Introduction Chaucer and Sophocles are some of the new generation writers though their writings are based on a number of centuries ago. Their works, “The Canterbury Tales” and “The Three Theban plays,” respectively, are innovative piece of writings and are used as vehicles for serious history and story telling. Their main agenda is to attempt to show their readers what it was like to be a woman in the United States, particularly during the Ancient Greek period and the Middle Ages. These authors shed light on women’s life, and therefore want the readers to understand a term that comes with many underlying meanings: gender equality. As the authors delve into this issue, they present the readers with a view that women also have the ability of a second thought. Analysis The Status of Women during this Period Beforehand, women were perceived as inferior and lived according to the rules stipulated to guide the family settings, making them lack a sense of identity in the society. The gender inequality has been addressed where the authors concentrate on the psychological mind of the women as well as their expressive aspects. The minds of the women are probed in an attempt to determine why they behaved as such. The authors attempt to compare their mindsets with that of their male counterparts. Chaucer (1990) illustrates how the Wife of Bath commences her tale with a rape case. This depicts the presence of male dominance over women, si
Background Oda Nobunaga, Toyotomi Hideyoshi, and Tokugawa Ieyasu are often discussed by historians as a group. Oda Nobunaga was born in 1534.By the time he was growing up; Japan had lost the unity it had enjoyed in previous centuries. Andrew Gordon (2003). This came as a result of civil wars that had occurred between1460-1470, Japan had sixty-six provinces that were constantly at war with each other. Each province was governed by regional lords called daimyos who were at war. A lot of lives, crops, houses were lost in battles. Nobunaga found it wise to unify Japan. The first leader, Oda Nobunaga, began unifying Japan in the 1560s.at this time; Japan had numerous provinces and different heads of clans. Many people resisted the unification process that Nobunaga was trying to do. He wanted to unify Japan and in the event, about fifty thousand people were killed and he dominated almost half of Japan before he was killed by his commander who turned disloyal. Andrew Gordon (2003). The second great unifier, Toyotomi Hideyoshi, was a brilliant peasant who the second great unifier of Japan. He used a lot of diplomacies and little force. By the year1590, he had completed Japan’s unification. This could be depicted in his words Marcia Yonemoto (2003), “I mean to do glorious deeds and I am ready for a long siege, with provisions and gold and silver in plenty, to return in triumph and leave a great name behind me. Marcia Yonemoto (2003), I desire you to understand this and to tell it to everybody.” Hideyoshi imposed a rigid class structure by forcing the samurai to leave the villages and go to live in castles towns. The peasants were forced to farm and he ordered for their disarming so that she could be peaceful. He surveyed the land and some peasants turned into warriors. He also imposed travel restrictions as a way of getting peace because bandits roamed in the countryside. People had to get permission to travel. Marcia Yonemoto (2003). The land surveys eventually led to a system of taxation. By 1558, he had stopped slavery and selling slaves. This was replaced by hiring laborers and giving contracts. Andrew Gordon (2003), built the Osaka Castle to guard Japan against western approaches. He also introduced material culture like the tea ceremony among the ruling class. This tea ceremony later demanded the need for fine ceramics and therefore he decided to poach Korean artisans who would make fine ceramic wares and relocated them to
Introduction Pythagoras holds the distinction of holding three titles in modern thought. People consider him a mathematician, a philosopher, and a mystic. What is interesting about him is that it is difficult to put dates and places around him, despite the fact that he was one of the greatest mathematicians that ever lived. He did not believe in writing down his discoveries, and those that he wrote did not survive. His was an oral approach to learning. Pythagoras studied under some of the most influential teachers of his time, and travelled the continents, thereby amassing knowledge from all parts of the world. By the time he established a school, he was indeed, a very learned man. The mystery in Pythagoras, especially for a modern day audience is the way he found a way to connect religion and mysticism, with the facts of science and mathematics. It is almost impossible to maintain a consistent reputation as a mystic and as a mathematician in today’s professional environment. The goal of this paper is to examine the life of Pythagoras to uncover some of the important issues that his work brought about. Brief History of Pythagoras Pythagoras was born in Samos, hence the title, Pythagoras the Samian. It is almost impossible to pin down the exact year of his birth with different accounts giving various dates covering almost a quarter of a century in the early years of the fifth century BC. His father’s name was Mnersarchus, however there are claims that he was the son of the Greek god Apollo. His family was moderately wealthy hence; they could afford an education for him. His first teacher was Pherecydes, who died when Pythagoras was eighteen. After pherecydes died, Pythagoras moved to the island of Lesbos to further his education under the teacher Anaximander. Anaximander was a philosopher and an astronomer. Later on, he studied under Thales, a well-known mathematician and philosopher. Pythagoras travelled to Sidon, where he learnt about the mysteries of Tyre and Biblos, before going to Egypt under the teacher Thales where he spent twenty-two years. While there, he perfected his understanding of astronomy, mathematics, and philosophy. Pythagoras ended up in Babylon after the Cambyses captured Egypt. While there, he studied with the Magi, and learnt about the Chaldean mysteries. After his Babylonian Stint, Pythagoras went through Persia into India, from where he left as a teacher after staying there for more than a decade. From India, Pythagoras travelled back to Europe and settled in Crotona. He then moved to his home town of Samos and established a school. It was while in this school that he came up with some of his most enduring teachings. The Pythagoreans Pythagoras established a religious order called the Pythagoreans. In this order, numbers were sacred and their basic belief was that everything in the universe had a mathematical relationship (Mandell 4). In this sense, they believed that mathematics was the absolute reality. While this society became very influential in the area of mathematics, it remained secretive and did not publish its important findings. This is the main reason why
Introduction Australopithecus africanus is the name given to early hominid that lived between 2 and 3 million years ago (Aiello & Dean, 1990). A. Africanus had a slender physique and is often believed to be an immediate ancestor of the present human being. Its “cranial features resemble those of human beings though the arms are slightly larger than the legs such as in the chimpanzees” (McKee, 2000: 23). According to McHenry many fossil findings indicate that the hominid had more similarities with modern human beings than A. afarensis, Australopithecus africanus “had a cranial capacity of between 435cc and 530 cc” (1998: 5). The males of this species are believed to have had weight measuring up to 100 pounds. The females are believed to have weighed much less, approximately 50 pounds. The body of Australopithecus africanus is comparable to that of A. afarensis only that it had longer arm and shorter legs (McHenry, 1998). This paper seeks to describe Australopithecus africanus according to: the origins or where the fossils were discovered; identify the range of places they are located on the map; identify the individual who discovered them; the actual published time range that the specimen existed; and finally identify whether there are any controversy/issues/research challenges about them. Origins of Australopithecus africanus and the range of places they are found on the map The “first fossil of Australopithecus africanus was discovered in 1924 in South Africa by an Australian anatomist at the University of Witwatersrand, named Raymond Dart” (Abitbol, 1995: 6). The fossil was discovered incased in limestone at a
Shakespeare’s Othello provides a clear depiction of the wickedness of the human soul, and how people can commit evils against their fellow men. The character Iago seeks from the very beginning of the show to cause Othello as much pain as possible and eventually brings about the destruction of his person and soul. Much of the play shows how Iago uses people as pawns in his plans to undo Othello. The closest thing to Othello’s heart is Desdemona, his newly-minted wife. Iago is committed above all else to destroy Desdemona because she is the closest and most powerful pressure point to Othello’s heart and mind. From the beginning of the play, Iago lays out his plan to destroy and undermine Othello. For example, at the end of Act I, he lays out his plan to the audience: “to abuse Othello’s ear/ That he is too familiar with his wife./ He hath a person and a smooth dispose of / To be suspected, framed to make women false” (1.3). In other words, Iago intends to use Desdemona as a pressure point to wound Othello by making him believe that she has been unfaithful to him. His other schemes are merely methods of achieving that goal. Desdemona is the closest ave
World wars and national conflicts may have several reasons for occurring, and it is crucial to understand their nature to reveal the processes involved. Historically, both WWI and WWII began as a result of European expansionism or imperialism as the expansion of the powers by specific nations creates increased tensions between countries. As the influence of powerful states increases, the nations being put under control are governed through coercion, with colonial governments feeling exploited and dissatisfied by ‘mother countries,’ thus resulting in resentment and subsequent military action. Besides imperialistic ideas, wars, especially those occurring at a national level, have been caused by differing ideologies within a region. For example, Korean War began as a result of the persistent spreading of communist ideas in the North of the country, while the South did not share the sentiment and preferred the move toward democracy. While the USSR and PRC were in significant support of the North, the US provided aid and military support to the South, illustrating the opposition of ideologies on both national (Korean) and international levels. The inability of countries to negotiate favorable conditions and compromise can also be a reason for military action. For example, the Israel-Palestine dispute, the length of which soon reaches a century, occurred because of the lack of agreement regarding territorial possession and the annexation of a region by one of the states. The inability to compromise leads to discriminatory policies, such as the eviction of Palestinians from Jerusalem, or the clashes between ethnic groups, which increases tensions between countries, which is why they remain unable to establish total peace to this day. Overall, in all reasons for national and international conflicts, states rarely put the interests of their citizens first, which creates barriers to resolution.
Despite the great industrialization of the Japan, it has never had any natural resources such as petroleum and Ores. Therefore, it had always depended on importation of ores and petroleum in order to supply its industries with the needed raw materials. Before 1939, the United States of America was Japan’s major supply of ores and petroleum. Nevertheless, the situation changed when Japan continued its hostility towards China. In an effort to stop the hostility of Japan towards China, the president of United States of America president Roosevelt and the Secretary of States Cordell Hull exerted pressure on Japan. When Japan refused to yield up to their demand, the United States of America stopped supplying Japan with the raw materials that were needed to run their industries. Japan’s refusal to heed to the demand of the American government was highly attributed to the fact that Japan was not willing to give up the control of the Manchuria region in China that acted as a very strategic location, where it could get unlimited supply of raw materials for its industries as well as a strategic market for its manufactured products. Japan had always coveted the rich resources that were present in British and Dutch colonies of Southeast Asia. Thus, with the shutdown of U.S.A. supply, Japan increasingly looked southwards for the supply of raw materials for its industries. Japan considered the U.S. as its only hindrance in its effort of obtaining raw materials from the Southeast and especially its naval base at Pearl Harbor (U.S. Army Center for Military History par. 2-4) The United States of America Pacific Fleet at Pearl Harbor was the only existing power that could negate Japan’s navy. From a long time association of Americans and Japanese as they transacted business along the Pacific, the Japanese knew that the American had established a very strong naval base at Pearl Harbor. Therefore, they knew that by bombing the Pearl Harbor which held Americans naval force, they will be able to completely destroy the American military force in Pacific region. Subsequently, the bombing of the Pearl Harbor surely enabled the Japanese to completely cripple down any American immediate retaliation effort. The Japanese also understood that the American military bases at Philippines could also interfere with their effective communications between Japan home Island and the East Indies. Therefore, after bombing the Pearl Harbor, Japan proceeded with an immediate attack of the American military bases that were located in Philippines in order to negate any immediate Americans retaliation force (Answers. Com par. 3). Every oil tanker that was heading to Japan had to pass through the Pearl Harbor that was heavily manned by the American troops. Consequently, the Japanese did not have another option, but to attack the Pearl Harbor in order to weaken the U.S. fleet that was based there. The Japanese organized a surprise attack on the U.S. fleet at Pearl Harbor in order neutralize the American fleet at the Harbor. Cons
In today’s global world, many people travel to live or study in other countries. Even though some languages, such as English, are widely spoken around the world, there are many cultures where English is not the main language, which makes many travelers, foreign workers and students in English-speaking countries a linguistic minority. As a native Chinese speaker living in an English-speaking country, I can tell that having a different mother tongue than those around you is a unique experience, both challenging and exciting. First of all, even if you are fluent in both languages, there is still a possibility of misunderstanding. For instance, before moving to study abroad, international students are rarely taught all the expressions and idioms that frequently appear in native English speech. When taken literally, these expressions create confusion, which can sometimes impair the communication between a native English speaker and a member of a linguistic minority. Secondly, if you have friends from your country who study or live with you and you speak to them in your native language, some native English speakers will find that extremely rude. Thus, many international students keep speaking English even to those who know their mother tongue so as not to make English speakers feel uncomfortable. This leaves many people from linguistic minorities feeling awkward and exposed due to the lack of privacy that speaking a different language gives; however, most of us adapt to this feature quickly, which allows us to reap the various benefits of a culturally-inclusive community, such as hearing different opinions on certain issues, exchanging cultures and experience, and so on. The accent also concerns many second language speakers. Some people, such as myself, see it as normal, whereas others try to get rid of it through special accent training. In addition, many people for whom English is a second language find the differences in intonation and word order between the two languages quite challenging. For example, in Mandarin Chinese, pitch and intonation are used to signify the meaning of a word or sentence, unlike in English. Moreover, there are also some significant differences regarding word order. These features do not normally obstruct the communication; however, they make living among people who have a different native language a demanding task, as you have to pay extra attention to such small things. It is also common for people from a linguistic minority to mix the two languages they speak on a regular basis together when they are nervous or in a rush. Sometimes I use English words in conversation with my parents and family without even registering it. This does not affect our conversation in a negative way,