ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction The increased attention to early childhood education is a tendency of recent decades. The rapid development of technology gives many opportunities, and the coming generations should be able to use them and to provide continuous progress. However, language and literacy development is the principal concern of school education. The age group under consideration includes primary school students. Teaching in primary school, especially during its first year, is a challenge for a teacher. Students come to school with diverse skills and capacities. It is also true about their literacy development (McLachlan, Nicholson, Fielding-Barnsley, Mercer, & Ohi, 2012). The task of a teacher is to keep the learners interested and motivated. Although language and literacy development begin in the pre-school period, “primary school teacher will support the child’s literacy learning by building on the literacy foundations that have been partially developed through prior experience” (McLachlan et al., 2012, p.174). A book selected according to age peculiarities and considering the interests of children can become a perfect tool in language and literacy development. The book I have chosen is Charlotte’s Web (White, 2015). It is a classic child novel and one of the most popular books for first independent readings or reading aloud with parents or in the class. Book Description Charlotte’s Web is a novel for children by an American writer E.B.White (White, 2015). First published in 1952, it quickly gained popularity and became a best-seller. It is a story that has everything that a child may want. The main characters are a pig Wilbur and a barn spider Charlotte. The story of their friendship is described throughout the novel. Charlotte tries to save Wilbur when the farmer wants to kill him, and Wilbur takes care of Charlotte’s eggs and later of her children. Another important character of the story is a girl named Fern. She is a farmer’s daughter who took care of Wilbur when he was little and continues visiting him. This character also implies magic qualities for she is the only person in the novel who understands the nonhuman language. The book can be used in different aspects of the educational process such as moral issues or the topic of friendship. I suggest using it as a basis for literacy strategies aimed at language and literacy development in primary school. Literacy Strategies In primary school children already have some literacy skills. Thus, the strategies applied should be oriented to further language and literacy development (McLachlan et al., 2012). Vocabulary
Introduction The concept of learning was extensively discussed by Bruner, a prominent scholar in the psychological field. However, several intellectuals considerably contributed to the subject, by employing several experiments and research projects, thus modifying the concept (Kellogg, 2002). They studied the theories of learning beginning from immaturity stage until the adult periods. Ultimately, they represented their findings in writing, which was later published for other educational purposes. Describe the concept of learning Concept learning begins at a child’s birth and proceeds all through its lifetime period. It is further noted that concept learning only happens in the following ways, i.e., concept formation and assimilation. Concept formation entails how an infant struggles to learn and recognize shapes, color, and names of things. For instance, under normal circumstances, a child should be able to learn all these, by the age of three. Concept acquisition often results from what we bump into such as new words, thus learning them. For instance, one may encounter a new word from a dictionary thus finding out its meaning. There are specific issues associated with concept learning, for instance, determining whether there are single or numerous mechanisms and the problem of determining what was done before an individual attain the knowledge. Concept learning is extensively influenced by certain types of knowledge, i.e., the casual and the schemas (Eysenck & Keane, 2005). Several problems also characterize concept learning; for instance, lack of knowledge theories that may assist in inferring knowledge impacts. Additionally, it is tricky to have an extensive conceptualization of the factors that led to the attainment of knowledge. Distinguish between learning and performance There exist a considerable difference between learning and performance. Learning is influenced by factors such as training, rewards, partial reinforcement, and interstimulus time; whereas, performance is influenced by motivations and individual effort (Benjamin, 2007). Tolman, prominent psychology, contributed to the difference by insisting that learning is unobservable, and it’s exclusively evaluated and deduced by performance. Tolman also mentioned that learning is an internal process; whereas, on the contrary, he regarded performance as a behavior (external). Comparing and contrasting the conceptual approaches There exist two types of theoretical approaches, which noted as ecological and nonecological approaches. These approaches are directly linked to the study of learning, with different exte
Introduction Nowadays, many organizations are concerned with creating a comfortable working environment that meets employees’ needs and helps them be more productive and efficient. Unfortunately, some phenomena hinder the creation of a non-stressful psychological climate, one of which is bullying in the workplace. Identifying bullying behaviors at work and eliminating them is especially important in medical settings which usually require a high degree of precision and concentration from healthcare practitioners. Their composure may be compromised by insults, psychological pressure, and other forms of bullying. In their study, Johnson and Trad aimed at establishing how widespread workplace bullying is in the field of radiation therapy. Researchers deemed it important to specify bullying behaviors experienced by radiation therapists, the attitude of their colleagues and administration, and health implications. Johnson and Trad claimed that bullying was both a highly resolvable and in some cases, preventable issue, which, however, needed further research to be addressed appropriately. Literature Review In preparation for their study, Johnson and Trad did extensive research on the literature on their topic. The literature review encompassed a considerable number of sources pertinent to the study and recent enough to be relevant; all the publications were dated within the last fifteen years. The authors made sure to back up their claim about the connection between bullying and adverse health outcomes with suitable data that went into detail as to how exactly bullying impacted a person’s well-being. However, there might be evidence of selection bias as researchers never mentioned a single study that would deny such a connection. One may say that further investigation of the topic is well-justified. Johnson and Trad referred to a study on workplace bullying in nursing. However, they struggled to find similar studies concerning the field of radiation technology. Since literature research made it clear that the issue was pandemic and transcended occupation fields, it was only fair to assume that radiation therapy was not immune to that phenomenon. Hence, a study that dealt with bullying in radiology had the potential to fill the gap. Methods and Research Design Johnson and Trad conducted a cross-sectional quantitative research study based on a survey. They elaborated 78 Likert-type questions broken down into four sections, namely, Bullying Prevalence and Demographic Characteristics of the Bulli
Bre-X was a popular group of big companies found in Canada. Being among the famous companies, Bre-X Minerals Limited, based in a town called Calgary, got involved in a big scandal in the gold mining sector. This happened in 1993 when the company bought land in Indonesia near Busang River. The land, heavy laden with resources, harbors over two million ounces of pure gold. According to records, these estimates continued to rise in the entire period of early and the mid-1990s and were predicted to culminate to over two hindered a million ounces in 1997. As a result, “…the company’s stock price, which was just a small and penny stock soared to great extent” (Danielson, 1998, p.64). For instance, in1996, its stock prices were at a peak of $286.50 each on the Stock Exchange market in Toronto with an accumulated capitalization exceeding CAD $6 billion. The biggest mining scandal, ever witnessed in Canadian history was unraveled when a Canadian independent company carried out investigations and found very little or no gold in the described areas. Investigations found that all the samples, previously presented for examinations, suffered falsification by the Bre-X team of consultants. As a result, the company ended up collapsing with all of its shares becoming worthless. Among the many gold mining scandals, the Bre-X Minerals Limited issue passes for the worst mining scandal ever witnessed. As a result, I am privileged, as a financial analyst, to address the issue of Bre-X’s gold prospects specifically how various investigations can help determine the value of Bre-X’s prospects. Investigating Management and Directors Carrying out thorough investigations on all of the Bre-X Minerals Limited management team and the directors can be of greater essence in helping to determine the total value of the company’s prospects in gold. The billions of dollars that were lost through the fraud must have ended up in the pockets of the management team and the director pockets. Among the individuals in the management positions during the scandal period is “John Felderhof, the vice president, a chief geologist, and vice-chairperson of the company’s board of directors. David Wash was the chief executive employee in the company and the chairperson of the Bre-X board of directors. Jeannet Walsh too was the corporate secretary of the company” (Will, 1997, p.3) A vigorous investigation of their wealth can help determine the
Introduction Racism is a negative behavior associated with discrimination and prejudice. Human beings discriminate others based on their social backgrounds and biological disparities. Racism and discrimination are detestable practices because they result in social inequality. Discrimination can take different shapes depending on the socio-cultural aspects embraced in a particular society. Some races treat themselves as superior than their counterparts. Racism has always forced societies and communities to fight against one another. This discussion explains why racism and discrimination are still prevalent in our society today. Racism and Discrimination Still Prevalent Today Discrimination is one of the biggest challenges affecting many people in every society. Although racism has been widely suppressed, the agreeable fact is that every minority race is unable to achieve its goals in our American society. Many social workers and scholars encourage people to embrace the power of diversity. This effort has reduced the number of cases associated with social discrimination. However, many people have become victims of abuse and prejudice. It is appropriate for every person to analyze how different social groups struggle in order to achieve their goals (Bobo and Fox 21). The issue of racism threatens the lives of many Americans. The number of unemployed citizens in the United States explains how racial discrimination is prevalent in the country. For instance, “over 16 percent African Americans are unemployed while only less than 9 percent whites do not have jobs” (Lentin 64). Many individuals from different minority races work in inappropriate environments. According to Bobo and Fox (29), “every male African American in the United States has a higher chance of going to prison”. Statistics indicate that a white male will only have a 6 percent chance of going to jail. Many societies across the globe arrest and prosecute citizens from minority races. This fact explains why racism and discrimination are inseparable in many parts of the globe. Lentin (48) explains how a criminal record makes it impossible for qualified individuals to get good jobs. Sex discrimination continues to affect the goals and expectations of many women in our society. The wage disparity between women and males continues to exist today. Men will “usually get higher salaries and wages than women” (Bobo and Fox 24). This disparity affects many Hispanic and African American women. Many women encounter numerous challenges such as abuse whenever working with men in different companies. Some female workers are unable to get maternity leaves or compensations during pregnancy. This malpractice always affects these women thus making it impossible for them to achieve their objectives. Lentin (59) believes that glass ceiling is a major problem in almost every American company. American women cannot get promotions because of prejudice. Sexual abuse
Dear friend from 2012, today, living in 2062 year, I want to share with you the facts of our life. 50 years ago the civilization had a number of ideas, hopes and believes which nowadays became our reality and cloning is one of them. Today, we are able not only to grow human tissues and organs, but the real human beings. Thousands of cloning people live among us. No, we don’t have the whole teams of Jordans, but if someone would want to make it true, it would be absolutely possible. Although the benefits of cloning are obvious, there is no consensus or common opinion in the society. Cloning helped many people to recover. Hundreds of parents are able to grow the replica of their child who died due to the diseases. If someone ask those parents what they think about cloning, it is so easy to predict their answer: cloning is positive, it is the next level of development of our civilization. In 2062, the scientists successfully use the cell nuclear replacement, removing DNA from one person or embryo to another. Today, when we talk about cloning, we don’t remember the example of the sheep Dolly, there is more bright and outstanding example – the first human child, a boy who was created by doctors with use of DNA of a boy who died in the result of accident. This boy was staying in coma for about 5 months and there was no hope to bring him back to life. The doctors offered the parents to use the boy’s DNA in a brand-new and untested before experiment. All information was absolutely confidential until the world was blown up by the phenomenal news: the experiment of cloning of a human being from the DNA of another boy was successful. I think you can imagine the consequences of that news. Today this cloned boy is 14-years old guy who has the normal life. He lives with parents, goes to school, plays sports and so on. However, it is still unclear if he is able to procreate. The scientists need more time to investigate this aspect. Well, this issue is the most sharp. One of the concerns of those who are against cloning is that it is inhuman to collect, store and freeze the surplus embryos in order to use them later. Moreover, people argue is it possible to consider the cloned people as the normal human beings? Do they have
In the case of the Golden State Killer, the arrest of a suspect increased the public’s attention to advanced DNA technologies that could be used now to solve crimes that happened almost half a century ago. However, the future use of advanced technologies like this implies the widespread submission of DNA. The question of whether all persons or only arrestees and convicted persons should be required to provide their DNA counts numerous different opinions. According to Gill (2018), due to forensic laboratory contamination, the use of DNA evidence might result in a miscarriage of justice. Gill (2018) emphasizes that forensic DNA techniques need to be improved before being widely used and acknowledged as profiling evidence. As arguments, the author uses four cases where people were wrongly accused of different crimes due to contamination of samples within the lab. For example, in the first case in 2011 in Manchester, Adam Scott was wrongly accused of rape because of a matching DNA profile. In his defense, Scott claimed that he was in his hometown in Plymouth at the moment of a crime. In addition, Meintjes-Van der Walt and Dhliwayo (2021) emphasize that every possible precaution should be taken to maintain the quality of DNA samples and avoid contamination. The authors emphasize that because the DNA database includes compulsory sources from arrestees and convicts and voluntary contributions, the DNA evidence should be used in combination with other pieces of evidence. In an article by Ahuriri-Driscoll et al. (2020), authors noted concerns that Maori expressed over collection of samples for forensic use, as Maori people share multiple familial relations and similar DNA. In my opinion, the DNA submissions should include arrestees and convicted persons before the technology is improved, and there is a risk of contamination of DNA samples. For example, currently, the use of multiple layers and sets of hand gloves helps prevent the samples’ contamination (National Forensic Academy, 2016). However, in cases of biological stains which are small in nature, the risk of contamination and wrong interpretation of DNA is always present. Thus, DNA evidence should be used in combination with other pieces of evidence only to narrow the circle of suspects to avoid possible miscarriages of justice. If an individual voluntarily submitted their DNA samples, they should not be punished for that action with a false accusation just because of a DNA match. Thus, DNA evidence should be used to narrow the circle of suspects before the technology is improved and other people could safely submit their DNA samples.
Because of the way he renders the reader’s heartstrings, Simon Baatz is now one of those people whose opinion is listened to and appreciated. Making a good use of it, the writer speaks of the most important events that have changed people’s attitude towards the world and the way the world spins. Baatz’s novel For the Thrill of It: : Leopold, Loeb and the Murder That Shocked Jaz z Age Chicago has made every single man who read it consider the bygone epoch from the angle that no one ever has before. It is truly amazing, since the author, in fact, a physicist who decided to become a historian, has incorporated both the thrilling story and the scent of the epoch in his stunning novel. In spite of the fact that the book is referred to the class of the typical who-done-it story, a detective novel, the genre of the book is not that easy to define. Most literature critics consider the book a novel, though it combines the features of several genres, including fiction, psychology and detective. This is, probably, the idea of the twenty-first century that the book was written in to mix the genres into an eye-splitting blaze that cuts deep and hard. A question of why is always the hardest one, but still it will be nice to sound it. Why did Simon Baatz write this novel? What made him to think of the events of the early 20ies? Did he do it just for the thrill of it? The answer is short and persuasive. As time passes, things change, but people do not. Some eighty years after the tragic event, people still go on making crimes that shock with the brutality and violence – and, which is even more terrifying, with their senselessness. So this is probably the author to ask the readers why – why nothing has changed. The spirit of the epoch that the murder was committed in was raving and mad, the city shot through with privilege and dirt. This was both grand and pathetic. The paradox was to be fixed, at least in the book. And the postwar shifts in the society were to be marked somehow (Lesy 2007). Although Friedman considers the murder of a child or a woman as the action that is based on the idea of a man’s superiority twisted in one’s unhealthy mid (Friedman 1993, 215), it is still well understood that the bad family background is not the sufficient justification for the terrible crime. Though the court decision was not influenced by the inflamed speech of the barrister, the very fact that the two criminals had the chance to escape the death penalty was a fact to ponder. The injustice of what had happened struck the author and led him to writing the book. Hixson suggests another v
Introduction The population of Spain has steadily grown by half a million over the past year. According to publications, the rise has been attributed to foreigners inhabiting the country. The number of immigrants in the country is approximated at 15% of the countries total population. Consequently, the number of male immigrants is slightly higher than the number of their female counterparts but the total population indicates that the number of women is generally a bit higher as compared to men by a margin of 1%. Nevertheless, there has been a marked reduction in the number of immigrants entering the country in the current year as compared to the previous year. The main immigrants present in Spain are Romanians who are the leading followed by the Moroccans, Ecuadorians, Bolivians and finally, Argentineans. EU citizens are recorded to be the highest immigrants overly in the whole country with the regions where foreign population having remarkably affected being Catalonia, Andalucía and Madrid (News from Spain, par. 2). Geography of Spain Surprisingly, Spain as a country has a very low fertility count and in the western American states it’s recorded as the country with the lowest expenditure on family support. Allegedly, the current rise infertility is attributed to the immigrants present in the country. By estimation more than a million British are estimated to permanently reside in Spain and also Germans. Spain’s economy Spain’s economy has been increasing progressively since the Spanish civil war that ended in 1939 and which devastated the country’s economy greatly. The currency in use in Spain is the Euro and transactions can be carried out using credit cards. The economy has transformed gradually in the previous three decades that have seen a marked improvement in its economy. In the past Spain was known as a backward country which specialized in agriculture but now it has a reputation of having a diverse economy with an established manufacturing and service sector. Interestingly, its economy has improved and soured to higher heights so that its economy is currently the fifth in Europe. It trades mainly with France and Italy for its imports and Germany for its exports. The main industrial regions in Spain are Basque and Catalonia. The country’s most important economic industries include tourism, food/beverages and heavy industries among others. It’s also the largest olive oil producer but in recent years drought has proven to be a major setback to the farmers and the economy at large (Quintero Par 1). Spain’s education There is a growth in the number of international schools in Spain which use the British curriculum. Though demands for such schools are usually high, an advantageous point is that the fees for day students are lower in Spain as compared to those in the U.K. There are also international schools that specialize on other curriculums such as French, Germany among others but Spanish is also taught in bits no matter the style of education offered. There are other schools where bilingual programmes are assimilated. In the case of Spanish schools, primary and secondary schools can be found in the