ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
This research paper shows how some psychedelic drugs can be used to replace conventional mental health treatment. Although there are several psychedelic drugs, this paper attempts to show the effectiveness of psilocybin in curing depression. The Use of Psychedelic Drugs in Treating Depression Depression is a mood disorder that affects at least 4.4% of the world’s population. Its main symptoms include guilt, fatigue, anxiety, depressed mood, and changes in weight, sleep, and appetite ( “ Potential of using psychedelic drugs in psychiatry” , 2020). Due to the severity of this condition, there is a wide range of psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy treatment choices that have been made available. Psychotherapy comprises counselling sessions in which therapists focus on modifying the patient’s cognitive response. On the other hand, pharmacotherapy is based on the assumption that the depressive condition occurs due to insufficient monoamine neurotransmitters. This treatment option solely relies on the use of antidepressants. Since both treatment procedures have limitations, other alternatives, particularly the use of psychedelic drugs, have been considered. Literature Review Psychedelic drugs such as psilocybin and LSD have shown significant potential for curing conditions severe mental conditions in the past. Other drugs that are promising for treating psychiatric conditions are psilocin and bufotenin. According to research by David Nutt, a London neuropharmacologist, the effectiveness of psychedelic drugs can be understood by the use of rodent models (“ Potential of using psychedelic drugs in psychiatry” , 2020). In comprehensive research, professor Nutt and his colleagues have demonstrated how brain receptors are affected by psychedelic drugs. However, this study did not explain why some psychedelic drugs like LSD have long-term harmful effects on the patient. For instance, LSD use is linked to altered brain anatomy and impaired functioning. Significance Statement Following the limitations of the past research, it important to have an alternative treatment that does not pose long-term threats to patients. Psilocybin is a medicine obtained from psilocybe mushrooms. This drug activates serotonin receptors, especially in the prefrontal cortex (PFC). Psilocybin can also work in the other parts of the brain that control panic and arousal reactions (Heuschkel & Kuypers, 2020). The study’s focus is to establish the efficiency of psilocybin, which will show the most significant improvement in depressive symptoms and anxiety while promoting long-lasting positive effects. Purpose of the Study This study aims to establish whether depressive patients can significantly benefit from psilocybin without substantial side effects like in the case of other psychedelic drugs. Hypotheses Of the four psyc
Terrorism can be established as one of the most dangerous threats of recent times. In the context of the widespread informational technology, combined with the role of mass media in the process, this issue obtains a raising controversy. In that regard, the issue of media coverage is specifically important to consider in situations involving hostages, as the media either covering a news report or responding to the terrorists’ demands is in a position to influence such situations, especially with the rise of publicity-seeking crimes. Accordingly, the decision to provide terrorist access to the media is an important issue that implies several considerations. According to the Hostage Negotiation Study Guide (2003), structured groups such as terrorists use the media to “maximize the propaganda effect… for political or social change.” (“Hostage Negotiation Study Guide 2003”). In that regard, hostage situations imply one of the choices at a hostage situation is containing the area and negotiating, where one of the objectives is to minimize the “media publicized effectiveness of the terror. In such situations, media along with any other requirements such as food, water, etc, become negotiable utilities. (“Hostage Negotiation Study Guide 2003”). Nevertheless, access to media might seem like a controversial issue even as a negotiable subject with the terrorist. One of the aspects to consider in the context of media as an objective in itself, rather than merely a means for communications. Confirming such assumptions, the media critics even state that, “without press attention’ terrorism as such would cease to exist”, wherein the absence of the media “the deed would pass unheralded or unrecognized.” (Narcos). In this case, a parallel can be drawn between the widespread mass media technologies that facilitate broadcast and publicity to the whole world and the most known terrorism and hostage cases of the last decades. Through this parallel, it can be seen that media is working mostly for the interests of the terrorists, where if it is not for the publicity of their demands, the media would act to emphasize the human aspect of the terrorists and the hostages and thus strengthen the individual versus the national interest dilemmas for decision-makers. (Narcos). On the other hand, one of the interests to consider when the issue of hostages and media manipulation arises is the “public’s basic right to know and be informed through a free press.” (M. Cherif Bassiouni). In that regard, fulfilling this right, if the matter of providing the media access to terrorists is in the media’s hands, some issues should be considered, such as the facts that preventing violence, determining the legitimacy of the grievance, and the effect of reporting the news is not the reporter’s con
Introduction Google android is one of the leading manufacturers of phones’ operating systems. Its growth has exceeded the traditional phones that relied mostly on other software to run. There has been a significant growth in the use of smartphones, and many consumers have been changing and adapting to the new technology. This has created some aspects of competition, with many phone companies opting to manufacture smartphones (Duggen 2011). The approach has however created a favorable investment opportunity for Google Android since it is getting increased demand for the software. The development of a strategic plan will help in the realization of corporate goals and ensure that all the activities are properly monitored for success. Corporate Objectives One of the plans for the company is to be the choice company for smartphone manufacturers in the choice of software required for the manufacture of the phones. With its current market share being 34.7%, the company will focus on the improvement of technology to reach 60% by the end of five years. The company wishes that in five years, it will emerge as the leading company in the manufacture of smartphone software. This will be in terms of enhanced sales, increased profits and the demand for the software. To achieve the increased demand and sales, the company will establish a research-based approach at which the software will be re-evaluated for its weaknesses and strengths about the other phone applications. This is because, through research, consumer needs are realized (Pearce & Robinson 2011). The features and opportunities granted by the Smartphone will be evaluated in terms of advantages and disadvantages, while still being conscious of the consumer needs. This will ensure that the company will develop the best software that will not only be a consumer choice but also be the choice for leading phone manufacturers. (Beaumont 2010). Key Strategies One of the strategies is aimed at increasing the software’s popularity through increased developments of applications and the development of user-friendly software. Within the first year, the company will ensure that there is increased manpower to help ion development of more features. This will help increase the functionality. Advertisements will be done to enhance sales and popularity, with targets being 800,000 sales per day. This will ensure that the customers reached will hit a 500 millio
Lotronex is a popular prescription drug introduced in the United States in 2000 for the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome. The irritable bowel syndrome condition affects women often associated with frequent diarrhea but sometimes the patients suffer severe constipation. The first approval of Lotronex use by patients with severe diarrhea condition was in 2000. However, the drug was under restricted use due to the potential side effects it had on patients. Reports of Lotronex causing ischemic colitis; a fatal condition where intestinal blood circulation is restricted and severe constipation experienced by some patients, led to its withdrawal from market. The drug works on the colon receptors stopping the action of serotonin in the gut and thus decreases the bowl movement. The reduction in bowel movement allows normal functioning of the gut and thus prevents severe diarrhea condition. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) re-approval of the restricted use of Lotronex by women with severe diarrhea condition was because of the potential benefits of the drug over its adverse effects. Evidence shows that, the drug has adverse effects on patients and can be fatal sometimes. The re-introduction of the drug comes with new guidelines regarding its prescription to prevent any potential harmful effects like constipation (Avorn 448). Medical practitioners approved by GlaxoSmithKline; the manufacturer of the drug can prescribe Lotronex to patients. With the re-approval of the drug, the company intends to resume production and at the same time, monitor the prescribing programs of the drug to avoid adverse effects experienced earlier on. The opponents of the re-introduction argue that, the medication caused deadly effects to the patients the first time and currently there is no enough evidence to support its effectiveness in treatment of the severe diarrhea condition. Clinical trials did not prove the potency of the drug and thus other people propose alternatives to Lotronex like change of diet as proposed by Dr. Sidney Wolfe. Others hold the view that FDA erred in allowing GlaxoSmithKline to oversee the prescribing program. The prescribing program aims at reducing the risks of adverse colon reactions. The lack of effective guidelines caused the adverse effects experienced during the first introduction of the prescription drug in the market. However, opponents of the reintroduction led by Dr. Wolfe believe that, Lotronex is not effective and is just like a placebo; that is, a medical intervention where an in inert pill brings about healing instead of the real medicine. FDA again approved the usage of another potentially harmful drug called thalidomide but later withdrew it because it caused adverse birth defects like stunted features. Pre
Introduction A modern social work specialist needs to perform the activities to create, develop, master social technologies and social programs and implement them in work with different clients to solve their problems and improve their social functioning. The degree of development of communicative competence of a social worker largely determines the efficiency of their activity. The main goal of the social worker in this interaction is to help people solve their problems and consider all possible and necessary mechanisms of social functioning of the person or social group. It should be an interaction based on dialogue, cooperation, on working together to find solutions to problems that arise. Strategies for Engaging Clients A dialogue between the social worker and the client, on the other hand, can only take place if the parties strive to understand everyone’s position, accepting it as a value that can enrich and elevate it. A West Side Federation for Senior and Supportive Housing’s social worker believes that 95% of the relationship is empathy (April 23, 2021). A critical component in any dialogue is the ability to listen. Social workers described that in situations where the client realizes that they can trust the social worker, they become more open to further dialogue (Rollins, 2020). WSFSSH’s slogan is “We want people to live fully and freely, with dignity and respect” (April 23, 2021). At the same time, an understanding social worker does not just listen to the client and give advice but seeks to extract and decipher the underlying meanings of the communicative signals coming from the client. It is essential to strive for an honest and respectful dialogue, which means encouraging the client’s willingness to interact and alleviating their fears about making concessions, adapting to a particular situation, and changing their ideas about something or their usual behavior. Job Search and Placement Assistance The social worker’s professional knowledge, abilities, and skills largely determine the client’s effectiveness. Social workers help with job search, further employment, documentation, and provide psychological support. Employment opportunities were offered in the field of international social work. According to WSFSSH, all their clients were elderly and usually had disabilities that prevented them from finding employment (April 23, 2021). For this reason, employment is not an area in which the company works. How the Specific Program Defines Success Success is an internal state of happiness and satisfaction, which can be achieved by realizing one’s aspirations. The success of a company depends first and foremost on the people who work in it. Quality services and a successful brand are undoubtedly essential, but the primary role is still played by talented employees who can competently manage the internal business processes and find an approach to different customers. According to WSFSSH, success has no specific definition, and it depends on how the customer determines
According to Erikson, healthy growth of the personality depends upon the successful resolution of eight stages in ego development throughout the lifespan (Frick, 1991). Each stage unfolds a biologically predetermined sequence in the interaction with social forces and the requirements of the culture, and each represents a critical period of transition in the healthy development of the ego and evolution of the personality. As one follows this epigenetic principle of maturation, the healthy resolution of a given stage of development depends in a large measure upon the strength of the foundation established in the earlier stages. Each stage becomes a crucial building block in the developmental process and ego functioning (Frick, 1991). Essentially, Erikson formulated eight major stages of development, each one posing a unique task and simultaneously presenting the individual with a crisis that he must fight against. As employed by Erikson, a crisis is not a threat of a catastrophe, but a turning point, a crucial period of increased vulnerability and heightened potential. According to Erikson, there are eight basic stages of development. The first one is “trust versus mistrust”. This is the first stage of human life. During this stage, children decide themselves whether trust or mistrust other people depending on their own early life experiences. “Autonomy versus shame and doubt” is the second stage. During this period, children begin to walk, crawl, climb and explore the surrounding world. A new conflict confronts them. When parents are patient and cooperative, the children gain a sense of independence, and if the child is not encouraged, he or she develops a sense of shame and doubt. “Initiative versus guilt” is another stage. During this time, the repertoire of motor and mental abilities that children can master expands greatly. Parents who give their children freedom in running, sliding, bike riding, skating and roughhousing allow them to develop initiative. Parents who curtail their children’s freedom or even forbid to undertake such activities make their kids feel a sense of guilt. Industry vs. inferiority is the next stage which indicates that children should be given an opportunity to exercise their abilities at a tender age because without some of them, they will not able to grow and develop. Now, let us take a closer look at the stage “identity versus role confusion”. As children grow, they try to gain an understanding of who they are and how they should come to that understanding. If this is not achieved, then they become confused and are not able to gain a
The education sector is one of the sectors that has been affected by lack of leadership in many developing countries. Pakistan is one of the developing countries that has been affected by leadership problem in the education sector. Malala Yousafzai is a young girl who has taken the mantle to feel the leadership vacuum in the Pakistan education sector. She has been at the forefront championing for the girl child right to education. Her leadership skills and qualities match with those of brilliant leaders. Malala Yousafzai demonstrates the changing role of women leadership in the world today. No one can argue against the fact that Malala Yousafzai is pulling Pakistan women and other women in the world into leadership judgeship. Malala Yousafzai was born in Pakistan, in 1997. She started her advocacy of the girl child education at a very tender age. This is confirmed by her maiden activism speech in 2008, in which she condemned the Taliban for taking away her right to education (Mascia par 4). She started blogging on BBC advocating for women’s rights to education. She was nominated for the International Children’s Peace Prize (ICPP) (Petition Encourages Peace Prize for Malala Yousafzai, par 3) for her profound activism in 2011. In addition, she received the Pakistan’s National Youth Peace Prize (PNYPP), in the same year. The Taliban issued death threats against her on many occasions because of her campaigns for gender equality in the education. For instance, in 2012, an unknown assailant attempted to assassinate her on her way from school (Yousafzai and Lamb). There are several types of theories that can be used to describe the qualities of Malala Yousafzai. The first one is the ‘great man’ theory, which describes a leader as a person who is born to lead, but not made to lead. In reference to this theory, Malala’s leadership skills and knowledge can be considered as natural. As a young girl, she is courageous and does not get scared of anything in her quest for equality in the education sector. Her authority as a girl child rights crusader has influenced the Pakistan government to take radical measures to address her concerns. Moreover, her continued critique of the Taliban portrays her as a lady who goes against the odds to reaffirm her agendas. These are the characteristics of a born leader as opposed to the mentored leader. The trait theory that describes Malala Yousafzai as a modern leader is the situational theory. This theory postulates that leaders are able to come with the best solutions to the problems affecting the society. Malala emerged as a leader, during a period when her people, especially women, faced many problems in their societies. She came on the scene to address the girls on their right to fight for education. In addition, Malala demonstrated leadership by her own example. This is confirmed by the foundation of the Malala fund, which helped her finance the education of many people across the world. She also helped in eradic
Television is one of the main tools of communication in mass media. Technological revolution has seen increased global television coverage (Marling, 2006). Companies such as Cable News Network (CNN) have extended their global coverage, resulting in increased global audience. The 2008 US presidential elections generated a lot of global interest. Democrats had two candidates contesting for the party’s presidential ticket (Museuam TV, 2010). They included the current President, Barrack Obama and Secretary of State, Hillary Clinton. The presidential election was deemed historic for two reasons. First, Obama won, he would be the first African-American president. On the other hand, Hillary Clinton won she would be the first woman president. Subsequently, Barrack Obama won and thus became the first ever African-American President of the United States. Television coverage of the 2008 US Presidential elections After the 2008 Democratic Party primaries, Barrack Obama won the party’s presidential nomination race. He was pitted against John McCain, the Republican Party candidate. The election race between the two candidates generated increased media coverage. Cable News Network (CNN) enjoys heavy local and international presence. The company, which is based in Atlanta, Georgia, comprises of CNN/US and CNN International. CNN covered the 2008 presidential elections comprehensively where the company hosted several debates during both parties’ primaries. Also, the company introduced a new dimension to the presidential debate. Through CNN-You tube, ordinary citizens were in a position to submit questions prior to debates between the two presidential candidates (Associated Press, 2009). This increased CNN’s viewership by 48%. Increased coverage of the presidential polls right from the primaries has several advantages. One advantage is that the electorate is in a position to scrutinize the candidates’ responses to specific issues affecting them. Therefore, they can make an informed decision based on the suitability of the candidates’ responses in relation to their needs. This model has been replicated in other countries although not in the same form. It is highly regarded due to increased transparency in the process of nomination. Increased scrutiny from television coverage has also acted as important tool in voter education. In 2008, 18 to 24 year olds voter turnout increased by 2% where it was reported at 49% compared to 47% reported in 2004 (Associated Press, 2009). Through televised debates for example, issues affecting the nation including issues affecting young