ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Background Marriage is an institution that can be found in any society. Every society has its own definition and arrangement of marriage and as a result, it is likely to find many differences as to what marriage is composed of (Strong, De Vault, and Cohen, 2010). Nevertheless, in all situations marriage is always founded on the expectations of the couples to have an enriching experience that is composed of stable and assured companionship, increased financial security, sexual gratification, and more importantly, a welcome relief from stressors of single life (Knox and Schacht, 2009). Further, marriage has been embraced by the larger society given its immeasurable contribution to the wellbeing of society largely through providing a stable environment for children to be born, grow up, and become members of the society (Nevid, 2007; Strong, De Vault, and Cohen, 2010). When individuals get married, hope always is that such marriage should stay permanently and continue into unforeseen future. Although this may be the wish of everyone, it is not always that all marriages go well. Divorce is what characterizes dysfunctional marriages. In its occurrence, divorce has been described to be unhappy occasion since breaking is accompanied by many costs in terms of financial and emotions. For instance, couples divorcing are forced to divide their families, properties and even their lives, which in most cases is not easy. Fresh research continues to be generated on the most appropriate ways divorce can be reduced in the society (Knox and Schacht, 2009). Therefore, any attempt to explore and carry more research in this field is laudable especially for future policy-work. That is why research work on the above-proposed title will be a great and positive step towards generating useful information for future policy-work. Problem statement Divorce is an issue that is eating modern society and specifically the American society. Research in the area of divorce continues to draw more attention and today more effort has been channeled in researching on the issue. As research in the fie
Introduction World War one seems like an ancient history with many cases of compelling wars to many people, but amazingly, it became known as the Great War because of influence it caused. It took place across European colonies and their surrounding seas between August 1914 and December 1918 (Tuchman, 2004). Almost sixty million troops mobilized for the war ended up in crippling situations. For instance, more than eight million died and over thirty million people injured in the struggle. The war considerably evolved with the economic, political, cultural and social nature of Europe. Nations from the other continents also joined the war making it worse than it was. The Causes of World War One Over a long period, most countries in Europe made joint defense treaties that would help them in battle if the need arose. This was for defense purposes. For instance, Russia linked with Serbia, Germany with Austria-Hungary, France with Russia, and Japan with Britain (Tuchman, 2004). The war started with the declaration of war on Serbia by Austria-Hungary. This later led to the entry of countries allied to Serbia into the war so as to protect their partners. Imperialism is another factor that led to the First World War. Many European countries found expansion of their territories enticing. Before World War One, most European countries considered parts of Asia and Africa as their property because they were highly productive. European nations ended up in confrontations among themselves due to their desire for more wealth from Africa and Asia. This geared the whole world into war afterwards. Competition to produce more weapons compared to other countries also contributed to the beginning of World War One. Many of the European nations established themselves well in terms of military capacity and eventually sought for war to prove their competence. Desire for nationalism by the Serbians also played a crucial role in fueling the war. Failure to come to an agreement about Bosnia and Herzegovina led the countries to war. Both countries wanted to prove their supremacy. Assassination of Archduke Ferdinand and his wife in Austria-Hungary sparked the war. Tuchman (2004) reveals that the Serbians assassinated Ferdinand in Sarajevo in June 1914 while protesting to the control of Sarajevo by Austria-Hungary. The assassination led to war between Serbia and Austria-Hungary. This led to mobilization of Russian troops in preparation for war. The already prepared Germany immediately joined the war against Russia and France. On the other hand, Russians declared war on Austria and Germany. The invasion of the neutral Belgium by Germany triggered Britain to declare war against Germans. Earlier, Britain had promised to defend Belgium against any attac
Introduction American Express Company also called AmEx, which has its name derived from their first initial names and is diversified global financial services company in the world. It has its headquarters in New York City. The following were the founders of American Express Company Henry Wells, William Fargo, john Warren and Butterfield, formed American Express Company in 1850. It is widely known for its credit card, change card, and traveler’s cheque businesses. According to Hill (2005), “the company’s mascot, adopted in 1958, is a roman gladiator, and its image is placed on the company’s travelers’ cheques and credit cards” (p. 180). American Express is a public industry that deals with the banking and financial services in the market. The products that the American Express Company was involved in were the financial sectors, travel services, and insurance services. Aim of the report The aim of the report is to analyze the PESTEL analysis of American Express Company in New York with the current factors affecting the external and internal environment conditions facing the firm. The report also analyzed the SWOT factors affecting the company by evaluating the company strengths and check on the weaknesses of the company. Analyzing and evaluating the company global strategies, recommendations, explanations and justifications of the firm should do. History of American Express Company American Express was founded as post trading company in the year 1850 in the city of Albany, New York. It was created as an amalgamation of the Express Firms owned by’ William Fargo who had Livingston Fargo and company and Henry Wells who owned Wells and Company, and finally was the Wells Butterfield and Company owned by John Warren Butterfield’. American Express wanted to extends its operations to California but Butterfield and some other directors of the company opposed this proposal and decided to form their own company called Wells Fargo and Company in 1852. In the New York state, American Express had a monopoly on the movement of shipment goods, securities and currency as it was the only company by that time in the market. According to Hill (2005) “American Express Company decided to shift its headquarters to 65 Broadway that was the financial District of Manhattan” (p.181). In 1854, the American Express company bought Vesey Street in New York City as the place for its stables, which was constructed at 4-8 Hubert Street. In 1874, American Express prospered effectively and it decided to shift its headquarters from the wholesale shipping district to a financial district. In 1880, American Express established a new storehouse at the back the of “Broadway Building at 4
Federal Requirements Outpatient facilities care for patients who are recompensed under Medicare. Therefore, these facilities should satisfy federal criteria. The accreditation of the facility is only possible if it satisfies the conditions set by the Joint Commission on the Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations (JCAHO). Outpatient clinics are regarded as healthcare facilities that offer healthcare services to patients who are capable of traveling, from one place to another and out of the facility unaided. This category encompasses the physically challenged individuals on wheelchairs or other walking aids. The facility should meet the requirements of the Americans with Disability Act (ADA) (Lagu et al., 2013). All outpatient facilities should comply with the stipulations of the Ambulatory Care Centers section of NFPA 101 (Shi & Singh, 2014). The first requirement is the accessibility of the facility. All healthcare facilities should be accessible. The entrances should be clearly marked and should exclude irrelevant traffic within the unit. However, in buildings with multiple occupancies, the lobby can be shared. The location of the facility is also crucial. Community outpatient clinics need to be conveniently accessible to patients and members of staff through the available public means of transport. The facility needs to provide a formal parking space. However, in the absence of such a provision, parking spaces at predetermined rates recommended for each unit type should be provided. Exceptions to this rule may apply in instances where there is enough public parking, or the facility can be accessed easily by public transport. Patients’ privacy is another crucial requirement. The facility needs to be designed in a manner that ensures audible and visual privacy and self-esteem for patients during interviews, assessment, medication, and recuperation. In addition, outpatient facilities should have administration and public areas. The public areas should include convenient and easily accessible wheelchair storage, an information desk or reception, waiting for lounge, expediently reachable public telephone, public toilets, and a drinking fountain among many others. There should be a provision for storage of staff personal items, which should be in the proximity of individual workstations. Outpatient clinics’ design should also consider the safety of their staff to enhance their work. Nurses spend about 33% of their working time walking between the main nursing station and patient rooms as well as looking for various supplies (Stichler, 2013b). Dispersing nursing stations and provisions by bringing them closer to patients would be more time effective and less tiring. The design should also encompass appropriate lifts and ergonomic technologies (Hignett, Wolf, Taylor, & Griffiths, 2015). State Requirements State requirements for outpatient facilities vary from state to state. However, certain general requirements apply in all states i
Introduction World music includes the traditional music or oftentimes called as folk music or roots music of any culture that are made and played by the home-grown musicians. More often than not, those musicians are the ones who are blatantly exposed to their culture and know the origin of their culture. Apparently, world music was now changed into a broader sense by giving life to the indigenous music worldwide and made known to the people the brief description of the home- grown music they have got. Thus, world music is also coined as the other non- western music which includes the non- western famous music and non- western contemporary music (Hale, 1998). The demand for music was somehow viewed as a significant factor in the lives of people that was actually not a subject to the academic reflection. Such naturalization of music can be traced through the spaces and performance. The organization of listening in the correct room, along with the separation of music from medieval ritual, the development of specialist musicianship, commercial publishing and the invention of synoptic scores enshrined the individual performer or performance as an unmediated natural and neutral channel for the work of the composer (Hale, 1998). Discussion Examples of Musical Syncretism Syncretism consists of the attempt to bring together incongruent or contradictory beliefs, often while melding practices of a variety of schools of contemplation. The term may refer try to fuse and analogise a lot of originally distinct traditions, most especially in the theology and mythology of religion, and therefore stress an underlying agreement which is allowing an inclusive approach to other faiths. The syncretism in the Indian the traditions of Indian is more on the religious side of the music. The teachings of Hindu especially those from Prabhat Ranjan Sarkar as personified in the socio-spiritual group of Ananda Marga draw together the contrasting branches of yoga for inner improvement; the social motivation for ancient theory and some changes, the theory of human and non-human happiness and spontaneous insights into discipline with the objective to ascend the wellbeing in the whole world. In addition to, the Rastafarian movement in Jamaica syncretises the elements found in the Bible enthusiastically (Smith, 1999). Juju Music The music of juju is a style of Nigerian kind of famous music; it came from a conventional Yoruba percussion. It developed in the 1920s in town clubs from corner to corner of the countries. After the World War II, the inclusion of the electric instruments began, and revolutionary musicians such as I. K. Dairo, King Sunny Adé and Ebenezer Obey made the genre be the most famous in Nigeria, collaborating with fresh influences like funk, reggae and Afrobeat and making new subgenres as well. The music of juju, unlike apala, sakara, and Fuji, was not made by Muslim Yoruba, and is as a result it became worldly. Juju music actually is performed by the artists from the southwestern region of Nigeria. This is where the Yoruba are the most several ethnic group. In presentation or the performance, the members of the audience particularly shower juju musician
IBM has faced a decline of 6.7 percent in revenue earnings since 2011 through 2014. Quarterly report indicates that there has been a 4 percent dip in revenue of third quarter quarter (Lohr par. 14). The decline in the operating profit in third quarter and the reduction of sales has been attributed to the underperforming economy. This essay evaluates the reasons behind the declining financial performance of IBM and tries to understand how far the economic slowdown has affected the company’s performance. What happened to the strong performing company, which has often been called recession proof? Until 2010, the company saw an increase in revenue earning, however, performance dwindled post-2011. Recent economic conditions have definitely affected IBM. For instance, an increasing strength of dollar has affected the performance of many companies, including IBM, who have a strong overseas operation (Townsend and Wong par. 1). Some critics believe that the initial increase in revenue of IBM was mostly imbibed from company’s auditing policy of customers, quick selling to unlicensed customers, and heavy layoffs of employees (Cringley par. 3). The company is loosing a lot of its revenue due to its poor management of the global customer services division. The company is so understaffed that it aims to incorporate an automated project to help service its customers. The bad performance of the company has been because of the economic recession of the global economy. IBM’s business soared and stock prices rose initially in 2007, when the recession had just hit the economy, because investors believed it was safe to invest with such a strong name. However, with recession worsening, and buyer sentiment remaining dampened, the overall market remained bad, and business essentially poor. This resulted in reducing consumer and stockholder confidence on the company that resulted in the fall in the stock prices of the company. The business model that IBM pursued was to retain its strong business ground, holding on to its core business, and expand into new business opportunities (Lohr par. 16). The company is entering into new business avenues with data analytics and microchip divisions. However, the poor performance of the core business of hardware and software was stagnating these growth plans. The recession that began in 2008 and continued until 2013 showed a few specific characters such as a fall in credit availability, fall in consumer confidence, decline in export, bust of the housing bubble, fall in GDP due to austerity measures followed by countries, and problems with exchange rate (Hetzel 120). The economic downturn has affected many businesses. The economic recession has dampened consumer demand, thus reducing demand for goods and services. This has affected most businesses especially the automobile industry. IBM has seen a decline in demand from its customers, thus, reducing sales and revenue. Austerity measures resulted in tightening of fiscal policy of the economy, thereby reducing spending. This too adversely affected business. Exchange rate fluctuation has affected businesses. The most
Introduction The Treaty of Versailles can variably be described as the pact of peace that was enforced or signed between Germany and its allies immediately after WWI that came to an end in 1918. The title given to this treaty was coined from the fact that it was signed in Versailles Palace in Paris. This particular venue was selected because of its capacity to accommodate the hundreds of people who participated in the preparation process including the actual signing that took place in the Hall of Mirrors. Some of the most important dignitaries that graced this occasion included Woodrow Wilson the president of the US, George Clemenceau who was the French Senior representative, and lastly was David Lloyd George the British Prime Minister. The Treaty of Versailles was signed on 28th June 1919 immediately after the end of the First World War. Although on 11th November 1918 the Armistice treaty had been signed that had brought an end to the war, the conclusion of the peace treaty took six months. The treaty of Versailles had many provisions, the essential one was the requirement of Germany to fully accept that they caused the war, “disarm, and make considerable boundary concession and pay for damages to certain nations that had formed the Entente powers”. Starting the year 1922 the particulars on the treaty began to be undermined and by the mid-thirties, it was greatly done away with. The reason why the treaty fell was that the Nations that had won the war were involved in competitions among themselves and had a different goal. The differences among the winners of the war, later on, led to the emergence of more conflicts simply because Germany was not fully weakened; it is believed that the conflicts between these nations were the cause of the second world war. Negotiations of the Versailles treaty Negotiations of the treaty began on 18th January in the sale de L’Hologe in Paris France. The negotiations were carried out by seventy delegates that represented all the allied nations. Germany, Hungary, and Austria did not participate in the negotiations becaus
Critique of the process As the chairperson of the group, I started the meeting with my co-facilitator by establishing the rules and informing members that everything to be discussed should be confidential. The topic of the discussion that was to be handled on that day was stress. My fellow facilitator engaged the other group members by asking them to introduce themselves, and say anything they felt would be important for all members. This was meant to help them to remember their early recollections. My objective was to be frank and inculcate confidence among group members. This would be in line with the Adlerian’s theory, where at stage one, establishment and maintenance of the relationship among member are critical (Bitter & Corey, 2011). This implies that I would cooperate and establish mutual respect at the initial stage of the discussion. Engaging group members to participate gives them an opportunity to work with confidence, and to make the relationship between the facilitator and a member stronger (Bitter & Corey, 2011). At times, I tried to engage group members to enable them to realize their thought processes. According to Adlerian, self-assessment is crucial. A personal understanding of life and the effects of one’s lifestyle affects his or her current situation is important (Bitter & Corey, 2011). The theory was applied to recognize individuals in their cultural and social contexts. This was to make them recognize the sources of stress. In addition, engaging them would help them counteract the effects of stress. I tried to make them understand that their perceptions of issues could be changed to make them not feel as if they were negatively impacted by their stress. I involved all the group members for the reason that they could feel that they were part of the group. However, the process was not effective because some members did not trust me despite the fact that I had reaffirmed to them that their information could be confidential. In addition, some members did not participate fully, although I was giving every participant a chance. This is also evident in theory because it emphasizes the role of other factors in shaping behavior, apart from individual responsibility (Bitter & Corey, 2011). Some members also acted as if they had done research prior to the discussion, giving faulty information. Effectiveness of the topic addressing in the group The topic on stress was adequately covered during the discussion. Every participant was stressed. It was established that factors causing stress were encountered at home and/or school. I tried to engage the members in imagining goals they wished to focus on during the meeting. Although they did not give verbal expressions, they all seemed to agree on the topic, i.e., making a toolbox for dealing with stress. The members participated actively, and collaborated in advising one another with regard to stress management. One of the pieces of advice that were i