ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Juvenile delinquency refers to the indulgence of criminal activity at a young age (below 18 years in the United States). Since minors are not as mature as adults, they are prone to make mistakes, commit crimes and engage in impulsive risky activities. Studies have shown various reasons for juvenile delinquency including psychological issues, coming from a broken family, social training, and being victims of violence. The reasons for teenagers to engage in criminal behavior ranges from upbringing (nurture) to biological factors (nature) (World Youth Report, 2013). This argumentative essay posits that adolescents commit crimes because of environmental factors and not because their biology predisposes them to be criminals. Charles Beccaria in his1977 book “On Crimes and Punishment” stipulates that there are three reasons people become criminals. The first category of criminals becomes criminals because of environmental factors (nurture and upbringing). These criminals have been exposed to unfavorable conditions in their lives such as violence and poverty and turn to criminal behavior as a coping mechanism. The second category of criminals turns to a life of crime because they were predestined to become criminals. In this category, the criminals were biologically predisposed to become criminals. They may have a physical or mental condition such as psychopathy or schizophrenia that makes their actions out of their control. The final approach to criminality shows that some people become delinquents because of rational choice. In this approach, people deliberately choose to commit a crime. The criminal weighs the pros and cons of committing a crime and acts logically without the involvement of nature or nurture. From Beccaria’s perspective, both nature and nurture can sway a youth to turn delinquent. Ivlita Gogua, 2020, provides five causes of juvenile delinquency including family issues, violence, imitation, homelessness, and psychological issues. In family issues, she explains that children who grow up without a supportive family (indifferent parents) or in stable households have a high tendency of becoming delinquents. Under violence, she elaborates that often, juvenile delinquents are victims of violence. They may experience violence in school, in the family, or from friends and peers. They develop sociological issues, deter their communication skills, and become bullies to cope. Gogua explains that some juveniles become criminals because someone they look up to is a criminal (imitation). During childhood, motives, values, and patterns of behavior are formed. In adolescence, they use what they learned during childhood to define their identity and to establish themselves in society. Therefore, if they grew up around crime (from family members or in their peers), they may decide to imitate it. Moreover, psychological factors such as depression, excessive aggression, complexes, and fears can push an adolescent into a life of crime. Finally, Gogua discusses homelessness as a contributing factor for delinquency. Children living in the street due to poor social or economic conditions may turn to hooliganism
Introduction There is a wide array of health education and health behavior changes in today’s world. Many health professionals and specialists are providing counseling to the population, about major issues, such as AIDS and other such illnesses. These professionals work in schools, workplaces, and other settings, to foster health improvement with their policies. They look into new researches and ways to impart the best of knowledge regarding health improvement. Health behavior and health education are interrelated. The goals of health education are to create positive alterations in health behavior. If in any case, the health scenario is not improved despite changes in behavior, then other issues need to be looked into, like the link between the behavior and health status. Informed decision-making is necessary for issues concerned with medical ambiguity, and studies have shown that there is a more positive outcome of health if decision-making is shared (Frosch and Kaplan, 1999). Ecology is a term that connects to the relation between the environment and organisms. Social ecology is a broader term, related to the cultural, social, and institutional transactions of people and their environment. Human ecology was previously related only to the biological and geographic fields but is now used in a wider context. Social ecology includes the hub of the suppositions of human health and the progression of useful strategies to enhance personal and combined welfare. Some of these suppositions are given as under:   * The good health of an environment and the comfort of the people are dependent upon the physical as well as social atmosphere. The physical aspect may include geographical features, architecture, and technology, whereas the social elements are inclusive of culture, economics, and politics.   * Some personal characteristics like genetic inheritance, psychological temperament, and behavioral aspects also affect the health conditions of persons.   * Attempting to promote human well-being is to be dependent upon environmental and individual factors, instead of just wholly on the environmental or biological aspects.   * Human environments should be analyzed in relation to the physical and social aspects, and there should be more dimensions to the analyses because they are multi-faceted enough to be explored.   * These environments
Title   * Length on par and reasonable for research studies;   * Clearly lays out the topic without adding unnecessary information;   * Key concept terms on topic “experiences” and “posttraumatic” present but not mentioning methods;   * Very specific such as “military” and “combat-related” focusing the topic;   * Keywords clear in the title contributing to searchability;   * The studied population mentioned directly “spouses of veterans” (Yambo et al., 2016). Overall, the title is very direct and concise, outlining the topic and population. It does not mention the type of study or methodology in the title, but that is not necessarily expected. However, the title provides a clear outline of what the research paper will be about and does not seek to be overall technical or ‘catchy’ title. It is highly appropriate for a clinical study scholarly article. Abstract   * Follows informative (complete) abstract design;   * Informative abstracts are expert-oriented, specifically laying out contents of the paper (“Types of abstracts”, n.d.);   * Purpose stated, largely just clarifying some aspects of the title;   * Summary of results is present through findings and conclusions;   * Notably, clinical relevance is present which is rare to see in abstracts. The abstract is well-structured through the informative design which is easy for the reader to scan and identify key pieces of information. Brief descriptions are present for each element of the study with key details. The fundamental concepts, methodologies, and outcomes of the study are present and clearly stated in the abstract. It is easy to read and does not delve into technicalities. The presence of clinical relevance is helpful in identifying whether this study could be useful for clinical guidance or research. Introduction   * The problem statement is not clearly identified;   * Introduction mentions some of the problems which the study is meant to address;   * Focus on negative impact on “military families impacted by PTSD” and filling the “gap in knowledge” (Yambo et al., 2016);   * Importance to nursing specifically not discussed – rather mental health practitioners, international clinicians and researchers in the field;   * Introduction presents vital information but lacks some clear structure. The introduction to the article sets up the research well in terms of outlining the topic, defining some key concepts and terms, and emphasizing the importance of this research. It is easy to follow, but seemingly lacks some structure. There is no problem statement directly, but it does state a purpose and importance to clinical practice. Literature Review   * Literature review present but brief and labeled as ‘background’;   * Review divided into empirical data and philosophical framework – very helpful;   * Data comes from primary sources such as health organizations – mostly recen
It was argued that the topic of religion’s impact on mass media is relevant and seems to be a good option for future research. The chosen method for conducting such a study is qualitative, which implies a great extent of flexibility and coherence within the scope given. Still, there is necessary to define which observational approach will fit the aims of this study in the best way. It is an essential foundation for the study design, smooth interactions with participants, and obtaining reliable results. Below are the peculiarities of the chosen observational method, how I will gain entry to this setting, and the related ethical considerations. Religious issues are always quite subtle, and it is important to express respect for others’ visions. I decided to arrange several interviews with randomly sampled participants to figure out their attitude toward the question of religion’s impact on mass media. However, to get more precise results, it seemed that the topic could be narrowed to a specific degree. It would be appropriate to figure out whether adding a religious element into pieces of news influences a receiver’s perception of them. To that end, a sample size could be diminished to ten or twelve participants. This should be done to conduct a discussion between them – given that a subjective and emotional element is present here, thoughts’ expression to other individuals seems important (Peters, 2001). The mentioned discussion will complement previously conducted interviews, and the answers, claims, and attitudes during the live conversation will be compared to those expressed individually. As stated above, religious issues should be studied carefully, especially when there are participants with their visions. Hence, it would be reasonable to observe the process of the discussion “from inside.” I, as a researcher, will take part in and guide it, smoothing all the potentially uncomfortable themes for those taking part. According to Deacon et al. (2009), such a method can be referred to as participant observation
Introduction American communities have always been shaped by the transportation options that were available to their residents. The automobile allowed the suburbs to develop as quickly as they did after World War II. The national rail network allowed the farmers to become part of the national economic recovery that started at the beginning of the Second World War and continued throughout 1960. Main text Commercial transport in 1914 relied on railways and boats for everything but local delivery, highways connecting cities did not yet exist and commercial airlines had not been invented (Frey, 1941). Cars increased during WWI and the building of highways throughout the United States began in earnest. However it was not until after World War Two when carmakers began to build cars that were more stylish, modern, and functional (Bellis, 2008). The history of the automobile started back in 1885 when the very first car that was similar to those used today was invented. Before that car there were several attempts at a steam-powered vehicle that were successful were not very practical. One of them invented by Nicolas-Joseph Cugnot and constructed by M. Brezin in 1769 could only travel six km/hour and were so heavy that they could only be driven on flat surfaces that were incredibly strong (Bellis, 2008). The internal combustion engine was not designed until 1807 and used a mixture of oxygen and hydrogen to create energy (Glancey, 2003). Up until the early 19th century designers played with updated designs for the internal combustion engine with little success because nobody had invented a fuel that could be used safely and reliably (Corbett, 2005). In 1860 Jean Joseph Etienne Lenoir from France developed a two-stroke gas engine. He played with the design over the next two years and then built an experimental vehicle that could travel up to three km/hour. Unfortunately Lenoir died before he could make any money off his invention or enjoy it (Glancey, 2003). In the United States the first gasoline-run car was built by Charles and Frank Duryea was taken for its first road trials in Springfield, MA on September 21, 1893. Henry Ford’s cars were not available until 1896 and the first of his cars could be bought for 200 dollars (Corbett, 2005). The development of the car changed life in the small towns of America. As cars become more available they went from being a luxury of the rich to more of a necessity to the middle classes (Glancey, 2003). There was also a population explosion after the war both in new children and immigrants to the cities, both from the farms and other countries. Farmers moved from the farms to the factories, cities overflowed with migrants from the Dustbowl, and immigration from Europe increased. Because the increase of individuals in the city had increased and the post-war economy was strong many families had the ab
Abstract The United States of America is one of the few countries that allow lifetime imprisonment of juveniles as punishment. According to the research conducted by, De la Vega and Leighton, the United States is the only country which practices such punishment without provision for eventual release among the select countries which impose lifetime imprisonment to minors (2008). The main purpose of this paper is to analyze the importance of juvenile rehabilitation centers and the effectiveness of rehabilitation programs among juvenile offenders. Available reports and studies on juveniles given sentences and those who have been rehabilitated will be used to evaluate the significance and value of rehabilitation centers and programs. Before sending a juvenile to prison, authorities must prove that the said juvenile can no longer be converted thus all available resources to rehabilitate the juvenile must be exhausted. Life imprisonment without the possibility of parole to juvenile offenders is unwarranted according to international standards. Minors who have committed a crime are usually under the influence of drugs or possess disturbed childhood experiences which cloud their sense of justice. They lack the necessary experience, intelligence and education adults possess which enable the later to make sound decisions. Juveniles must be given opportunities to redeem themselves before they are punished to life of imprisonment. Statistics of Juveniles Given Life Sentences Statistics provided by the Human Rights Watch show that an estimate of 2,589 youth offenders in the United States are serving life without parole as of 2009 (Human Rights Watch, 2009). According to the report, the jurisdiction of Pennsylvania holds the most number of juveniles serving life sentences without parole (Human Rights Watch, 2009). The state law classified such under mandatory category because the judges who decided against the offenders have no other choice but to sentence the juvenile to life imprisonment. This is usually the case if the offender has been found guilty of first degree murder. Ten states on the other hand namely the jurisdictions of Alaska, Kansas, Maine, New Jersey, New York, Oregon, West Virginia and Columbia have no juvenile offenders serving life imprisonment without parole (Human Rights Watch, 2008) Statistics of Juveniles Who have been rehabilitated According to the Center for Children and Youth Justice, (2008) about 1,000 juvenile offenders are annually committed to the Juvenile Rehabilitation Authority. Among the 1,000 an estimate of 825 individuals are in residential programs and 750 minors are on parole (Center for Children and Youth Justice, 2008). The average age of juveniles confined in the said programs is between 16 to 17 years old but there are offenders present as young as 12 years of age (Center for Children and Youth Justice, 2008). In terms of ratio, 9 out of 10 are boys and 1/3 of the offenders are first timers (Center for Children and Youth Justice, 2008). The most common problems faced by authorities in the centers are ju
True Region’s financial analysis and swot analysis is presented in this case study as a way to identify how the company can strengthen its position in the industry and to continue enjoying the largest share in the market. This paper starts with the financial ratio analysis followed by the SWOT analysis. Financial ratios The financial ratios of True Region compared to other premium jeans companies in 2009 are presented in exhibit 1. True Region posted the highest gross margin among the companies analyzed. The company does not finance operations from the interest gained from trading. The company utilizes internal sources of financing fro majority of its operations. All operations done by the company appear financed from equity capital. The financial analysis indicates the company does not have any debt. This fundamentally indicates the company minimally utilizes debt financing as an option for funding company operations 2 . The operating margin for True Region remains higher than that of the other companies. The company, however, does not post high gross profits. While the gross profit remains low, the profit margin for the company indicates the highest figures among all companies. True Region, therefore, seems to be operating under impressive financial status. The total percentage of denim sales posted by True Region remains the lowest. This could be an indication of the company’s successful shift form overreliance on denim sales 2 . With the competition continuing to rise, this shift could immensely improve the financial status of the company. Internal company analysis Strengths The most notable strength for the company lies in the company being ranked as the second largest manufacturer of denim. Within, the United States, this position leaves the company among the market leaders within the denim manufacturing industry. The company continues to strengthen this position through expansion. The company has continually increased the number of company owned retail stores. This move forms another strong point for the company 1 . The company can immensely increase sale of its products through company owned stores. The company possesses total control over the products sold within company’s retail stores. Limits could be imposed on the availability of products from other companies within these stores. The company also diversified into other kinds of products. This provided an increased range of market. The company could supply clothing manufactured from other material than denim. As indicated by the financial analysis for 2009, denim only comprised 13% of company sales. This means other products provided a larger percentage than denim 3 . Competitiveness of the company becomes overly increased through diversification of products. Hiring of Mike Egeck to the company management immensely increased the quality of the management team. The experience possessed by this gentleman could become essential in managing competition for the company. As the company moves towards diversification, the leadership pro
Executive Summary At the beginning of the 21 st century, B2B becomes one of the main tools which help companies to reach global markets and attract global consumers. The conceptual framework of the present research is focused on a number of items constituting the major interest in the supermarket area. Consequently, it is necessary to build up a cohesive structure in order to link these concepts into one integral unity and operate them more freely in the course of conducting the research. The broadest concepts being considered in the present work are supply chain (SC) and supply chain management (SCM). They occupy the central place in our framework because RFID is the tool for arrangement of successful SCM and the SC is the central issue of concern in the whole production process of any supermarket chain. Only under the condition of wise and reasonable arrangement of SC and thought-over, strategically designed SCM the supermarket chain may succeed in its activity. Introduction The main specifics of the RFID process are that it often requires the use of complex theoretical and applied fundamentals. These things are frequently used in the process of strategic planning and analysis as well as customer and intelligence in supermarkets. Supermarket chains have become a part of the retailing the main objective of which is managing branches and chains of stores. At present, people have to live in the circumstances of highly competitive supermarkets. Strategic Management in retailing is the process that is subjected to prepare the new generation of employee s who are willing to live and functions in the circumstances of the retailing industry. Strategic management is a part of successful supermarkets structure. In other words, strategic management is a key to conducting a series of successful supermarket operations. The analysis of the RFID in retail context offers a unique opportunity to examine the process in the area of retail industry. In retail industry, RFID technology helps to improve resource analysis. Many of the supermarket managers show the tendency to be proactive or reactive while implementing their decisions in everyday practices. Many participants of a supermarket retail process are realizing the importance of strategic management as an integral supermarket activity. RFID: Radio Frequency Identification Radio Frequency Identification Device uses a high frequency low power radio transmitter built into a tag much like the bar codes used for years to tag consumer products. RFID could be used to detect arriving resource vehicles, personnel, supplies, equipment, but a national standard and consensus would have to be reached (Garfinkel and Rosenberg, 2005). The arrival of RFID technology to supermarkets has meant that, for the first time, the basic economic model of supermarket operation has changed. Computers minimize the set-up time for machines; they can alter designs almost instantly and assemble products to order. Differentiation now costs little more than standardization: we have entered the age of ‘mass-customization’ in which it is possibl