ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Abstract The given research proposal is devoted to the investigation of the major concerns of flipped learning and its possible implementations in terms of teaching chemistry. The paper provides a description of the issues importance and introduces its main peculiarities. To create the basis for the further investigation of the problem, the literature related to the topic is reviewed. The given proposal also describes the chosen research question and proves the choice of methodology to analyze its main conceptions. Additionally, the possible outcomes of the given investigation serve as the ground for discussion about the efficiency of flipped learning and its practical utility. Finally, the results of the investigation prove the necessity of the precise analysis of the considered question and promote the improvement of the comprehension of the given question. At the end of the paper, the conclusion is provided, and some possible limitations of the study are highlighted. Introduction Learning and education have always been ongoing issues for human society. They serve as the basis for the further evolution of any community and promote technological progress to achieve the next stage. The significance of these phenomena determined the constant reconsideration of the approaches towards learning and the pattern according to which the whole process should be organized. A number of scientists have sought to determine the most efficient methodology and way of teaching that will be able to guarantee the best results. The scale of the problem was so significant that it conditioned the vigorous debates related to the efficiency of a certain approach and its possible applications. However, the methodology has been changing along with society, responding to the appearance of the new conditions and trying to meet the existing requirements. For this reason, the modern age could be characterized by the significant reconsideration of the approach towards learning and attempts to find the new and the most efficient method. Background Besides, the blistering development of technologies peculiar to the last decades conditioned the realization of the need for the usage of the new devices in the learning process. The researchers accepted the practical utility of the newest digital tools and initiated the creation of the new approach which implied the usage of a wide range of devices to improve the level of understanding of the new material and academic performance (Nederveld and Berge 163). Additionally, the evolution of the means of media, the Internet, and other technologies resulted in the creation of an interactive environment that could be used in terms of learning. These concerns gave rise to the practice of flipped learning. Nederveld and Berge define it as a certain pedagogical approach characterized by the shift of instructions from the group learning space to the individual one, and the r
Ceremony is a novel by a native American writer Leslie Marmon Silko belonging to the Laguna Pueblo tribe. As a work of historiographic metafiction, the novel Ceremony combines the features of a work of fiction with claims for historical significance of this work. The storytelling techniques and symbols were used by Silko in the novel Ceremony for expressing the main idea of restoring the national identity of Native Americans by renewing their connection with traditional spirituality. Analyzing the storytelling techniques used by Silko in her novel Ceremony and the main ideas expressed in it, it can be stated that this novel is a work of historiographic metafiction. On the one hand, the recurrence of embedded texts based on traditional myths and legends of Native American culture different from Western prose make this novel intriguing and fascinating for modern readers. On the other hand, depiction of the real life historical setting after the World War II can be regarded as a claim for historical significance of this text. Tayo, the main protagonist of half-white/half Pueblo origin, is a culturally and morally ill veteran of the World War II who lives in-between the two worlds, the first one of Native American culture and another one of the aftermath of the military conflict when the contribution of Native Americans was understated. Therefore, Silko’s novel can be regarded as an attempt to adapt the rituals of ancient culture to modern circumstances to heal the wounds of the oppressed people. In an opening poem, the narrator, the so-called Thought-Woman denies the individual authorship of the novel. Moreover, the narrator defines the genre of this work of literature not as a novel but as a tribal source, emphasizing the historiographic value of this work. The storytelling in Ceremony functions as not only a method of restoring and documenting the sequence of historical events, but also as a link between Tayo’s memories and his identity, between humans and nature. Tayo, who restores the memories of his origins and past experiences, reestablishes his national identity which was ruined because of the invasion of the whites. The issues of renewing and reconsidering Native American identity are central to the plot lines of Ceremony . It is rather symbolical that the psychiatrist who treats Tayo after he returns from war makes attempts to relieve his pain by blocking his memories. “Visions and memories of the past did not penetrate there, and he [Tayo] had drifted in colors of smoke, where there was no pain, only pale, pale grey of the north wall by his bed” (Silko 15). However, this particular intervention is only one of examples through which whites tried to deprive Native Americans of their culture and national identity. The blocked stories in Tayo’s memories are perceived by the protagonist as being absent. His soul and mind seem to be separated from his ghost-like body which does not obey Tayo. The protagonist cannot scream at the doctor when he wants to and cannot express his emotions in any other ways. “Tayo felt wea
Introduction The world’s trend of emerging technologies, stiff market competition, many enlightened consumers, and the unrelenting drive by firms for higher profits are some of the issues tied to the safety of online consumers (Prabhaker 2000) 1 . But the current trend of much investment in online transactions does not guarantee safety to the consumer. Along this line, the conventional process of resolving legal conflict, that is court litigation, is principally organized on a territorial basis. Along this line, each state has its laws and courts, which are usually called upon in ruling upon disputes that fall under their countries’ jurisdiction (Lauterpacht & Greenwood 1991) 2 . In addition, most of the decisions made by the courts are based on the application of local laws. Nevertheless, the territorially based approach of resolving conflicts confers several challenges when dealing with international conflicts, particularly those involving the use of the Internet (Boele-Woelki, Kessedjian & Pelichet, 1998) 3 . This is because many activities are carried out on the Internet with little consideration of the laws regarding business and the relevance of territorial boundaries (Campbell & Woodley, 2003) 4 . It is generally known that symbols or signs used by different organizations usually have to be protected by law. However, on the Internet, it is common for organizations to use these symbols without due regard for their owners or what the law says about them (Campbell & Woodley 2003). A problem, therefore, arises when different individuals or organizations use a logo from one company that is protected by the trademark rights of its country of origin. In such a case, it becomes difficult to determine which country’s intellectual property rights are being flouted. Such a case presents an ambivalence of determining which laws of jurisdiction should be used in hearing the proceedings. This paper will evaluate the problems encountered in international law concerning consumer dealings in goods and services via the internet. In particular, the paper will present an analysis of whether consumers can find reprieve in foreign courts over transactions conducted via e-mail or the Internet in general. Role of Private International Law in Dispute Resolution According to Snijder & Weatherill (2003) 5 , private international law has been attracting much attention in recent years concerning being used as an alternative means of resolving international disputes. Additionally, it has been hoped that private international law is the best means to alleviate comp
Introduction Adam Smith, the Scottish economist, studied at the Glasgow University and the Balliol College of Oxford in England. He taught and published a number of works like “The theory of moral sentiments” in 1759. His publications gave him the motivation to conduct a study on the causes and nature of the wealth of nations in 1776. This inquiry became a significant milestone in the history of economics. Since then, Adam Smith became a renowned global capitalist. Economic scholars remember him for his free-market ideals. Certain economic authorities regard Smith as the father of economics. He is one of the most distinguished scholars of economics in the world. Smith is also a primary advocate of the laissez-faire approach to economic policies. Adam Smith’s research on the causes and nature of the wealth of states is similar to the philosophy of the “wealth of nations”. The theory recounts the industrial revolution in Europe. It illustrates how industrial development causes the restructuring of the economy and differences in the wealth of the nations. However, critics of the philosophy of the wealth of nations advanced that Adam Smith did not produce original ideas. Smith is the first scholar to compile and publish thoughts about the wealth of nations. Therefore, he is responsible for popularizing the ideas that explain the classical school of economics. Th
Suffering is a worldwide experience of which no human being has the capacity to evade. Nevertheless, suffering can also be optional at times and get to totally depend on how one chooses to look at a tragedy. Every now and then, different unfortunate happenings that could include loosing money and many others related to constant depression keep on occurring to different people. Suffering actually has the capability to initiate anger and bad temper or at the same time, be the most opportune and perfect learning experience for a soul, that will result in more maturity and more experience in life. On the other hand, suffering at any given time is always optional for those individuals who choose to look at it from the bright side. Nevertheless, the world is filled by a number of pessimists, who would grade a tragedy as bad luck, an omen and nothing but hell for them. The most unfortunate issue about such people is that they always end up realizing the criticality of their actions, when they are already too deep in to the turmoil. Such an alarming epic was permanently written in the minds of family and friends by my friend Sharry a couple of years back. Sharry went through the unfortunate experience of braking up with her boyfriend immediately after she had busted him getting friendly with a different girl. The happening caused an unexplained magnitude of pain to Sherry that no words of consolation or assurance from both her family and I, would restore her hopes for a better and happy life. There are countable times when Sherry tried to take the unexplained direction of hurting herself; a venture that saw her being admitted in the hospital after eventually trying to commit suicide by overdose. As if that was not irresponsible enough, she at some point surprised her family and friends when she cut herself on the wrist, making us wonder about how much she had gotten used to the idea of torturing herself, to the extent that she needed an additive in the form of physical pain. Matters got more serious when Sherry started blaming herself every now and then, suggesting that she was not good enough for her now unfaithful boyfriend while looking at herself as not having enough beauty. She constantly insisted on pointing fingers at herself for the separation. The escapades of pain that Sharry was taking herself through would only see me wonder at how much pain one can decide to inflict upon herself, apparently after loosing a boyfriend not to death, but to another girl. While Sharry was looking at her experience as being a tragic one, without any chances of getting back her joy, my friends and I always discovered that this is the most reasonable happening for Sharry to lea
Introduction Both documentaries released at the end of the 60s, Triumph Over Violence and The Rise and Fall of The Third Reich share many common features being based on the same World War II archive materials. The theme is the same – to show the rise and fall of the German Nazi empire. However, due to the ideologies of the states, they explain these chronicles differently. Thus, this study makes it possible to consider these inconsistencies paving the way to a better understanding of each country’s mindset. Triumph Over Violence (USSR, 1965) The story begins with children’s drawings and sociological reflections on how different and at the same time similar all people are. “For a Moscow kid, his mother is the most beautiful in the world, just as for a Berlin kid, his mother is the most beautiful in the world,” ( Triumph Over Violence 1965). The narrator sums up this phrase just before the viewer sees horrific images of children who died in Nazi concentration camps. Then, the plot switches from one scene to another, not always chronologically. First Hitler is portrayed as a narrow-minded philistine, rehearsing speeches in front of a mirror, then the degradation of the university system with the barbaric burning of books is recorded. Episodes are varied, covering the culture of the Third Reich, Hitler’s visit to the art gallery, and the actresses on the Nazi stage, reflecting on the general state of German society. The narrative then switches to the numerous swearing-in ceremonies of Adolf Hitler, and the fanaticism of the German people, with an emphasis on how they were brainwashed by Goebbels ‘ propaganda. On top of this is the tragic invasion of Poland with the mass extermination of Jews. “Yesterday these people lived peacefully in their country, and now they are behind the barbed wire” ( Triumph Over Violence 1965). Finally, there is a huge emphasis on the feat that the Russian people have accomplished by giving 20 million of their lives. The first remarkable feature of the movie is the humor with which Mikhail Romm, the director of the movie, narrates it. He is extremely ironic, mentioning such details as 2.5 billion sausages eaten at the NSDAP meeting. Besides, he is making entertaining comments on the actions of German authorities in routine situations that somehow got into the historical chronicles. For example, during the fragment where Hindenburg pays off the footman, Romm says the following: “Hindenburg did not want to appoint Hitler Reich Chancellor… But two billion marks… Now you will see how he parts with 20 pfennigs and understand what two billion marks mean for him… Let’s wait a bit… It is not easy for him to part with such a sum… Oh, at last, he did!” ( Triumph Over Violence 1965). This approach makes the movie accessible to the general public. This irony, however, extends to the former allies of the Soviet Union as well, exposing the propaganda nature of the movie. It accuses the Western powers of having led a carefree lifestyle during the formation of the German dictatorship, and ridicules all the leaders of European countries. Thus, it emphasizes their philistine lives, calling them short-si
New Orleans’ Central Emergency Care (NOCEC) is a healthcare facility that serves the population of the Central Business District with the general purpose to treat critically ill patients, avoiding complications and reaching positive health outcomes. Its mission is to save clients’ lives providing them with the affordable, high-quality patient-centered healthcare along with sincere and respectful treatment. NOCEC’s vision is to reach significant improvement in population’s health status, becoming a leader in the field of emergency care medicine not only in New Orleans but in the whole state of Louisiana. The facility operates to fulfill such objectives:   * Perform the history of the issue and physical examination;   * Develop diagnosis, identifying possible life-threatening conditions;   * Follow evidence-based guide to develop assessment plan and management;   * Identify reasons for discharge and transfer to other facilities;   * Ensure high-quality ventilation and intubation;   * Demonstrate outstanding skills of the treatment of illnesses and injuries;   * Demonstrate appropriate treatment of the most general symptoms;   * Interpret results of the diagnostic procedures;   * Cooperate with colleagues to reach organizational goals and share best practices;   * Establish positive relations with patients and their families;   * Resort to listening, nonverbal, and explanatory to obtain significant information from clients and to educate them;   * Provide support to patients and their families;   * Maintain medical records appropriately;   * Treat patients with unbiased approach, demonstrating respect and comparison;   * Follow ethical principles determined for healthcare professionals;   * Response to clients’ age, gender, culture, mental and physical condition;   * Practice cost-effective operations;   * Attend courses to have up-to-date information regarding health issues and treatments;   * Increase knowledge using various methods and materials (“Emergency department”, n.d.). The healthcare facility is open all week long. Its days and hours of operation include: Sunday     9 AM – 2 PM  Monday     10 AM – 7 PM Tuesday    10 AM – 7 PM Wednesday  10 AM – 7 PM Thursday   10 AM – 7 PM Friday     10 AM – 7 PM Saturday   9 AM – 2 PM   Like all other organizations, healthcare facilities can be for-profit and nonprofit. Mainly, the difference between these two types starts with their ownership. Thus, the first type refers to stockholders while the second one to the public. For-profit organizations are made to benefit their owners, so the profits it obtains are distributed among them. An opposite situation is seen when focusing on nonprofit companies, as they are targeted at the necessity to fulfill its organizational goal and meet the needs of the general public. In this way, it is not unexpected that board members of for-profit companies are usually well-paid professionals while those of nonprofit ones are often just volunteers who perform their duties for free or do it for reasonable payment. Unlike for-profit organizations, nonprofit ones can be exempt from taxes. Finally, the money provided to nonprofit companies can be deduced wh
Introduction Organisations require leadership as a source of competitive advantage as well as a mechanism for steering the company (Roberts 2004). Many authors have done a lot of research on the subject, and have found that gender and emotional intelligence determine the leadership style in an organisation. Consequently, they can have an adverse effect on a firm’s ability to meet its objectives. The first part of the paper will involve a definition of leadership and summary of is basic models. This will precede emotional intelligence and its models. Afterwards, the relationship between emotional intelligence and leadership will be the main focus. It is crucial to look at criticisms of the relationship, as well. Thereafter, the paper will focus on gender and leadership with specific emphasis on prejudices and stereotyping, the glass ceiling and the role incongruity theory. Subsequently, the paper will contain details about the relationship between gender and leadership. This will precede a criticism of the model and an examination of the Asian context in terms of gender. Lastly, the study will link leadership, emotional intelligence and gender. Definition of leadership Scholars do not have one universal definition of leadership, so it is advisable to look at the most predominant definitions in the discipline. Burns (1978, p.19) defines leadership as “the process of inducing followers to act for certain goals that represent the motivations and values of both leaders and followers”. Burns came up with the transactional-transformational taxonomy of leadership. He describes it as a mobilisation process in which people driven by values seek to meet particular values. Conversely, Bennis and Nanus (1985) believe that leadership entails creating focus through vision, creating commitment and enthusiasm through communication, trust by positioning people and deployment of oneself through optimism and a positive self perception. Roberts (2004, p 62) believes that “leadership encapsulates a number of elements needed to create strategic change.” He defined these elements as vision, courage, communication, strategic recognition, and courage. Kotter (1996, p.26) states that leadership is “establishment of direction, aligning people to a vision, motivating them and producing results.” George (2007) asserts that leadership is getting people to share a common purpose, and empowering those individuals to create value for concerned parties. Types of leadership Transformational leadership Burns (1978) was the first author to talk about this concept. He believed that transformational leaders look beyond short term goals and focus on a higher purpose. Bass (1985) added that a shared mission brings leaders and followers together in transformational leadership. These leaders aim at making their followers self reliant. Lewis (1996) maintains that a transformational leader brings change by enlarging the vision and understanding of one’s followers. He or she ensures that he clarifies purposes and attunes behaviour to specific values, beliefs and principles. The goal of the transformational leader is to m