ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
On August 19, 2014, an online news network called Abu Dhabi Media released an editorial piece. It made the claim that it will require a multi-faceted approach to defeat the Islamic state. The author said that using military might, and going after their sources of funds, are unsustainable strategies, especially if these are used in isolation (The National, 2014). The author proposed that all conventional anti-terror schemes must be utilized, but there is need to create a multi-faceted solutions package to defeat terror groups like the ISIS. It is a practical recommendation, and it must be supported by the United Nations. At first glance, it seems that a military solution is the most practical approach, because it can provide immediate results. Destroying enemy forces, capturing key leaders of terror groups, and eliminating murderers hiding behind extremist ideologies are examples of military actions that provide instant gratification for victims of terror groups. Nevertheless, a military initiative is not a sustainable solution to the said problem. Military intervention may weaken the operational capability of terror groups; nonetheless, it does not stop new recruits from joining groups like Al Qaeda or ISIS. It is also important to attack the group’s source of funds. These groups will have no access to military hardware and communication equipment, if sources of funds will dry up. Without stable sources of funds, terror groups are unable to stay undetected, because they can no longer pay for the cost of maintaining a network of safe houses. Nevertheless, the use of firepower and economic sanctions are not enough to completely destabilize terror groups. It is also important to look at the personal component of the Islamic state. Saudi Arabia and Kuwait participated in a UN Security Council resolution to cut-off financing for ISIS. However, these two countries went further by identifying supporters of terror groups. Thus, aside from the use of military forces, and economic sanctions, members of the United Nations must work together to develop a more effective, and comprehensive intelligence gathering protocol. ISIS and other like-minded terrorist groups are founded on the tenets of radical ideology. Therefore, it is also imperative to slow down the group’s progress in the context of radical ideology. Members of the United Nations must co
Introduction The parable of the cave, the metaphor of the cave, terms describing the same topic commonly known as the Allegory of the cave. The allegory of the cave is a dialogue told and interpreted by Socrates and written by Plato in his famous work “The Republic”. The allegory describes a dark cave with chained people who are prisoners there since their childhood. They only can see in one direction, in which they see shadows of puppets of various objects such as plants, animals, and people which are projected from a fire behind them which they cannot see as the fire is on a ledge. The sounds of these puppets are heard as an echo from the shadows they are watching. That is the only reality these people knew and they are competing in guessing and identifying the shadows. When one of the prisoners manages to free himself from the chains as a supposition and climbs to the exit, he will be blinded by the light of the sun. By the time he gets acclimated to the light, he starts to realize the true nature of the objects and the world surrounding him. When he returns to the cave as the people refuse to climb up after him he stops recognizing the shadows he used to see as his eyes no more adjusted to see in the dark. Contemporary Psychology The vision of this allegory is mostly interpreted as the need for knowledge (the sun) to understand the true nature of the world. However, this parable can be related to different modern fields such as developmental psychology. One of the studies of developmental psychology is Jean Piaget’s work “The theory of cognitive development”, and in this case, the allegory should be interpreted as the stages for acquiring intelligence through the human beings’ progressive changes that occur with age. In the allegory, the phases from the perception of the world as shadows on the wall to climbing to the sun and in cases returning back to the cave are divided into four stages. In analogy, in Piaget’s theory, the process of children’s understanding of the world can be divided into four periods. As in the Allegory, through the people in the cave were not age identified, the stages of Piaget are not specific in the timing, although they are in order. We can parallel the sensorimotor period in Piaget’s work to the first stage in the allegory as the perception of the world through reflexes. In the same way, we can apply the rest of the stages which in different interpretations could parallel the sequential move from reflexes to psychological functions and along to use of logic to the knowledge and the ability to think abstractly. The future Psychology is considered a relatively new science, although it has a long history. The future of psychology is going to be related to technological progress in science. The use of fMRI (Functional magnetic resonance imaging), to bett
When the English began to colonize America they faced many obstacles and difficulties. In the middle of the 17 th century, the authorities of the Virginia Company established the Jamestown settlement. At first they supposed that they would be able to make the Indians work for them, but instead they encountered the Indian war chief, Powhatan, who ruled a vast number of Indians, and he resisted the European enforcements. The colonists suffered from multiple diseases. The food and crops were not sufficient, and the natural conditions were harsh. The situation improved with the help of Captain John Smith, who became a leader of Jamestown. He maintained a good relationship with Powhatan and bought corn from him for the settlers of Jamestown. The friendliness allowed Smith to avoid war. Nevertheless, after Smith’s leaving to England, the first Indian War started. It began when the settlers provoked the conflicts by “wearing Powhatan with their endless demands for corn during a drought” (Fahs et al. 38). Both parties suffered from human losses. But the colony prospered despite the war when the tobacco was imported. In England it was sold for an excellent price, and inspired by this success, the company had diversified the manufacturing: they started planting grapevines and raising silkworms. Unfortunately, after a span of time, the new manufacturings had failed, and only tobacco remained on the market. The tobacco plantations attracted the indentured servants, who worked for bed and food. They could obtain freedom by the end of the working term. Usually, the servants were mature and had the skills needed for work, unlike the slaves who didn’t have indenture. The economic development provoked the migrat
This scenario is very concerning because the dependence on alcoholism can prevent caseworkers from coping with their major duties. These professionals should assist families that have children with complex behavioral health needs. The main problem is that a person, who is addicted to alcohol, may be reluctant to think about the challenges faced by these individuals. This caseworker may eventually lose his capacity for empathy. This is one of the aspects that can be distinguished. Furthermore, this employee can eventually pose a threat to the life and health of other people. It should be kept in mind that this person was arrested for drunk driving. Thus, in the long-term, this individual can do harm to many innocent people. These are the main reasons why this scenario is concerning. On the whole, this behavior can affect primarily people who seek the assistance of caseworkers. Provided that they do not receive adequate support of these professionals, their experiences can become excruciating. For instance, one can mention the parents of adolescents who take drugs. These people want to receive some piece of advice from caseworkers. They will feel completely helpless, if they have to deal with a caseworker who is drunk. This is one of the details that can be singled out. Moreover, such attitudes can adversely affect the behavior of other caseworkers who may believe that alcoholism is acceptable. If this problem is not addressed, the behavior of this volunteer can be emulated. Thus, such actions can produce many adverse effects that should not be overlooked by the manager. So, it is important to find solutions to this problem. Overall, this behavior can indicate that the beliefs, values, and morals of this individual could have changed. In particular, this person may believe that it is ethically acceptable for him to take alcoholic beverages in effort to cope with emotional problems. In his opinion, his actions do not harm other people. Moreover, he may not attach much importance to the wellbeing of people who seek the assistance of caseworkers. Nevertheless, in order to learn more about the behavior of this employee, one should discuss these issues with him. In this way, one can learn more about the values and attitudes of this volunteer. This is one of the points that can be made. At this point, it is not reasonable to terminate this employee immediately. Moreover, one should not threat this person with termination because he works in this organization as a volunteer. This is one of the arguments that can be advanced. Instead, it is necessary to understand the underlying causes of such behavior. It should be kept in mind that these people can suffer from emotional exhaustion and stress (Shelnutt, 2008, p. 14). Alcoholism can be one of the responses to this emotional burnout. Such problems should be addressed with the help of training. Moreove
There are many specific explanations and definitions of terms feminism and patriarchy. First of all, it should be stated that these two notions create an opposition as feminism presupposes the domination of women with the restriction of subordination to men while patriarchy is the male domination over women. However, the explanation to these notions is not easy. There are a lot of cases in the history which help explain these notions. Patriarchy is the particular regime when male domination is observed, men occupy the higher positions and do not allow women tot have their opinion, to express their desire, etc. Patriarchy presupposes the direct subordination of women to men as men are the main in such society. The discussion of the feminism is more complicated than just reference to the female domination. Feminism is an ideology, not a regime, that is why it may exist any time and the restructuring of the regime cannot change the point of view of individualities. Feminism should be explained as the desire to create the world with equality and justice for women in all spheres of their lives. Feminism may be compared with racism as in this case women consider themselves as the minority and struggle for their rights. Moreover, all the achievements and women have are put as the main destinations which are to be affirmed and supported. In other words, feminism is understood as the movement for justice (Shaw and Lee 10). Hogeland is sure that feminism requires “an expansion of empathy, interest, intelligence, and responsibility across differences, histories, cultures, ethnicities, sexual identities, othernesses.” (Hogeland 658). It is possible to predict that feminism is an aggressive movement while the desire of women to be equal with men is another notion which may be considered as the healthy competition. Remembering different actions and movements at the streets of the USA with the feminist proclamation, it is possible to remember how aggressive women are. The main difference between feminism and patriarchy is that patriarchy is the regime which is created under particular circumstances while feminism is the intrusion into the human life and the desire to convince then that men are trying to be the heads in the society and it is impossible to leave the things as it is. Feminism is an aggressive ideology which has nothing in common with reality. Those who have personal opinion about this issue may understand that sometimes the attention to feminism becomes too high and it creates problems. Reading “My Name”, it becomes obvious that the notions feminism and patriarchy have played
Introduction The Congress is mandated with making laws that govern the United States. Any decision that the Congress arrives at is passed in to law unless the president rejects it. It is important for any congressman to learn that the laws they pass affect people either in a negative or a positive way. Some of them pass laws based on the interests of lobby groups other than basing them on the interests of the ordinary constituents. It then follows that some unfavorable decisions that do not benefit the ordinary people are arrived at. This can be a source of great suffering and inconvenience to many people. Main body If I were to be a congressman, there are legislations I would introduce as a priority. One of this would be for prisoners to get education and training rights. Considering that there are over 2 million people in our prisons and that over half of them are illiterate, I would introduce legislation to promote the education of such kind of people. This would in return ensure that once people leave prison they have a valid education certificate. This would enable them to land jobs hence reducing their likelihood of going back to crime. Another thing that I would ensure is the passing of legislation to ensure that there is a sound and reasonable law on the safety of guns. This would in turn ensure that guns would not land on the wrong hands. It’s understood that a gun in the wrong hands increases the crime rate. Introducing legislation on the management of firearms would ensure that there is sanity and security in our land. One important milestone that our country has achieved is on the way voting is conducted. However, there is still the issue of producing a government sanctioned photo before voting. Though this measure is meant to ensure that there are no irregularities in the voting system, it locks out many eligible voters. This happens when one fails to secure the photo approved by the government before the voting date or forgets to carry it on the polling station. As a senator, I would ensure that there is legislation fighting against this irregularity. In an election campaign, some politicians use deceit to get elected in to political offices. They achieve this by giving pledges that they never get to fulfill. As a congressman, I would bring forward a legislation that would make sure that politicians do not misinform voters during campaigns. The legislation would make it a criminal offence to peddle lies on the campaign trail. This would ensure that minority people are not exploited by people who want to gain political mirage at their expense. The current state of the economy has left many people grappling with debts that they have failed to settle. This has seen many people selling their homes since they can not maintain them. As a congressman, I would make sure that I introduce in the house a legislation that ensures there is safe
According to Dallman and Hellhammer (2011), networks of stress are attributable to anxiety, worry and negative feelings which weaken immune systems of individuals. Hormones, neurotransmitters, and peptides which are crucial for the proper functioning of the immune system are released through a physiological stress response system (Dhabhar, 2011). Individuals whose stress levels are higher than those of other people are believed to engage in risky habits which lead to psychological and physical problems (Childs, O’Connor, 2012). The human body can detect stressors based on how sympathy-adrenomedullary (SAM) and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA) axis interpret, integrate and organize materials. The hypothalamus controls stress, thirst, sleep, appetite and regulates temperature (Vedhara & Irwin, 2005). As a result, the communicative role played by the endocrine system in the whole body cannot be underestimated. Women who experience nervousness when they think of attending a high school reunion after 20 years suffer from acute stress. Chronic stress can be explained by a single parent who does not have adequate financial resources but has to ensure that her children do not starve. A military officer who gets deployed in a country like Afghanistan and realizes that his wife wants to leave him for another man suffers from distant stress. Stress is a process that starts when an individual has external or internal demands that are beyond his/her ability to adapt or adjust. This causes psychological and biological stress responses to be revoked until such a time when instability associated with the demands is suppressed or until sickness or death does away with the individual. There is a close relationship between perceptions of stressors and Lazarus’ Process Model of coping. This is because Lazarus and his friends were able to find out how appraising an event, issue or a circumstance that happens to an individual correlates to the response given (Laureate Education, Inc., 2012). The primary appraisal shows the perception of an event or issue by an individual as good, irrelevant or stressful. In cases where appraisal shows threat, possible responses determined by the ability of an individual to tolerate the threat are achieved through a secondary appraisal. (Goh et al., 2010; Laureate Education, Inc., 2012). The well-being of individuals is determined by how they appraise and manage stress. For example, a study of a young person who is battling with obesity can show how the person manages stress. Studies conducted have indicated that the immunity of students is depressed as they sit for exams. Chronic mild depression among elderly or sick people lowers their resistance to diseases. Also, loneliness and being socially isolated are factors that affect the immune system of college students (APA, 2006). After I was through with Rahe and Holmes self-evaluation (Wilson, 2006)
Politics in a state play a role in determining the economic perspectives of many countries in the globe. National policies and domestic cultures have a significant influence on how the economy behaves. The rise of market capitalism worldwide has resulted in the creation of numerous employment opportunities for both men and women. Global capitalism has therefore resulted from these leaps in technology and the decrease in socialism. However, there are some practices by transnational corporations have led to the decline of capitalism by promoting gender inequality and racial discrimination. In as much as the 21 st century has experienced great leaps in globalization and gender equity, there are still some pre-set images and ideologies of gender evident which have had an impact on global capitalism. There are several divisions fashioned around the differences between men and women by humanity. The beliefs and expectations that the society has created between the two sexes have created pressure on their roles in globalization. Responsibility has been conventionally assigned to men. Some occupations like housework and informal trades are usually sidelined as ‘women’s work’ despite the fact that they develop the economy. This global conception is extremely misguiding because it includes women in other societies who do not experience such challenges. There are some negative perceptions displayed in the media which have led to the stereotyping of women in other states. Women have historically not been given opportunities in politics and economic power due to their sexual orientation mainly in third-world countries. However, there exists ‘third-worlds’ in many first world countries, where ethnic isolation is practiced. Such people still face economic disadvantages and do not command necessary political influence to influence development. There images of ideology are therefore the same as those who practically live in third-world countries. The contributions from females in politics and economy continue to be sidelined in spite of findings of research that signify their importance. Authority, power and economic issues create sex differentiations in the society. Globally, there is a silent war between the two genders, where women are considered as the losers. Political and economic change in the globe can be best effected through having meaningful ideologies on gender. The world has been divided into producers and consumers, profoundly affecting women, mainly in third-world countries, where disempowered groups have been subjected to less pay. Racial and ethnic segregation is evident as many corporations prefer to work with people from their race even thought they may not be qualified. The interactions of the genders in global politics and the economy are perceived differently in different cultures. Cultures in African and Afghanistan societies reveal a lot of disparities which happen based on one’s gender orientation. The practice
Abstract The current research paper is aimed at investigating the effect of interference in cognitive processes, which is known under the title of the Stroop effect. The study introduces the overview of the research conducted on the topic within a century of scientific work in the field of psychology. A variety of modifications of the experiment are discussed, and the theoretical explanations behind the investigated cognitive effect are explicitly articulated. The method section depicts the specifics of the experimental design, including the characteristics of the participants, the materials used, and the procedure. The results are demonstrated in the form of a table that demonstrates the descriptive statistics of the experiment. Finally, the findings are discussed to validate the hypothesis and explain the theory behind the identified cognitive effect. Introduction The human cognitive processes have long been the focus of psychological research. The way the brain processes different kinds of information affects the psychological and emotional spheres of individuals’ lives and constitutes a relevant research topic. The issues of people’s abilities to multitask and manage some physical or cognitive processes automatically present a number of research cases for psychologists. The patterns and specific features of brain work in general, and the functions of attention in particular, are at the center of scientists’ attention. One such pattern is the Stroop effect named after an American psychologist of the first half of the twentieth century who introduced the phenomenon of cognitive interference to the field of neuropsychology. In this research paper, the fundamentals of the Stroop effect, as they are presented by Stroop (1935), will be used as a basis for an experiment investigating the impact of cognitive interference on the time of response to stimuli. The experiment conducted within the realm of this research study is a modification of the original experiment presented by Stroop (1935) in his article “Studies of interference in serial verbal reactions.” The work by Stroop (1935) was comprised of three similar experiments. The first one required reading the names of the colors when the ink color was different from the one named in the card. The second one asked the participants to name the color of the ink in which the words were typed under the circumstances where the colors named and the inked used for typing the same card were different. The third experiment investigated how practice influenced the time of response to interfering stimuli. Consequently, the results showed that the time spent on naming colors of the ink was 74 percent longer than