ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction The number of legal cases involving young adult offenders aged between 18 to 25 years has been on the rise (Harvey 6). Although the journey of these young male offenders to adulthood is inseparable from their earlier experiences, it is a paramount stage in their lives with its vital avenue of influence. If this group of youth is helped to move successfully to adulthood, it is most likely to desist from committing further offenses and become better people in their communities. Young male offenders need to be incarcerated in an environment that will support their positive social, physical, and psychological development. Importance of Separate Confinement When young male adults are imprisoned together with adult prisoners, they may not achieve the desired behavioral change. In adult prisons, the young prisoners face various challenges that sometimes make their behaviors even worse. While some of them learn more tactics of conducting crimes from the older inmates, others go through mistreatments such as sexual assault and physical torture, among other challenges (Harvey 131). In prisons confining young adults only, there are specific policies, services, and educational/therapeutic programs that mainly address specific developmental maturity and needs of the youth. Besides, the young offenders have many incentives for encouraging them to change their deviant behavior. The institutions foster autonomy, socially approved values, and norms mentoring and eventually facilitating behavioral changes among the young inmates as well as offering them a conducive environment for positive development (Kolivoski and Shook 1247). The young male offenders are also taught how to counter their negative self-images. Prisons confining adults and young inmates together may lack these learning opportunities for the young offenders. Long-Term Positive Effects of the Incarceration Prisons providing special confinement for young adults use the concept of ‘assisted resistance in their rehabilitative efforts to promote the impetus of their inmates specifically to stop them from further committing offenses (Esperian 316). To achieve this drive, the facilities offer a positive, structured environment for young adults to have positive identities and become resilient in their journey towards leading law-abiding lives. The institutions facilitate talks to the young prisoners by role models who are trusted by various communities and detention centers for motivational support. The courses offered to the young inmates by prisons in special programs help in reducing recidivism
Introduction Businesses face various challenges and one among them is cultural differences in markets. Consumers from different cultures differ in the way they think and behave. Increased competition in the local markets has also forced businesses to venture into new markets that have different characteristics from the ones they have been serving. This has brought about the need of developing new approaches that will enable the firms sell effectively to different cultures in the new markets. Much of marketing has focused on values of different cultures and effect of those cultural values on the objectives of the firm. Previous researches show that cultures affect customer’s expectations, evaluation and reaction to goods and services. Some organizations have been successful in using the cultural differences as opportunities, while some have made mistakes in trying to sell to different cultures (Doole & Lowe, 2005). Theoretical Approaches to cross-cultural marketing Culture affects how businesses carry out their marketing activities and different theories for countering the cultural barriers have been put forward. They include the following: The classical approach. This is whereby firms that enter markets with different cultures from the ones they were serving seek to adapt their products and marketing strategies to be in line with those new cultures. Here the firm changes its products and services as well as its marketing activities to align them to the new cultural expectations. This includes changing the name or brand of a product or company, changing the language of its advertisements or even pricing strategies (Trompenaars & woolliams, 2003). For example, when Toyota was entering the American market, it introduced a brand by the name Toyopex. This was not received well by the American consumers due to the connotation, toy and pex. Therefore, the company was forced to withdraw the brand and change the name (Toyota, n.d). Secondly, there is a standardization approach. In this approach, the firm uses the same strategies in different markets that have varying cultures. Here the firm introduces the same product to different markets using the same promotion strategies, such as the brand name, the language, promotion tools as well as pricing strategies. A good example is coca-cola that has been able to establish its coca-cola brand globally. Therefore, the brand name is the same in all of its markets in the world. There are instances that the firm has used the same advertisement in all of its markets. For instance, during the world cup the company used the same advertisement all over the world (Schumann, 2009). There is the reconciliation approach, which is also known as the convergence approach. Through this approach, the company tries to reconcile its business practices with the cultural values of the market that it is serving. Firms that believe that they have effective marketing strategies mostly carry this out. Therefore, the use of the approach is driven by the desire to accomplish objectives in the most efficient and cost effective way. As a result,
Introduction Art is almost spiritual activity for the development and implementation of aesthetic values. Art is the kernel of aesthetic culture, which, in turn, includes the aesthetic value, aesthetic needs and abilities (aesthetic perception, aesthetic taste and aesthetic ideal), work on their development and implementation, aesthetic education. Aesthetic aspects are present in the activities of the scientists, social and transformative action in everyday life, in sports, etc. Art is a specialized aesthetic activity. It exists for the realization of aesthetic values, enhances the aesthetic experience. Art was concentrates the aesthetic attitude to the world. An understanding of the essence of art is inseparable from the understanding the world of human nature and views on society. Depending on understanding the essence of art defines its function and origin. An understanding of art as imitative reality, its reflection arises in antiquity and remained popular until the XX century. Discussion For Plato art is imitation of the world sensual things. The kingdom of ideas may become the subject of contemplation of a thinker; an artist creates a “shadow of shadows.” Therefore, artistic product deceptively hinders learning the truth, though infectiously for Aristotle art is also based on imitative ability. Imitation is, in fact, cognitive ability. Art as imitative work also includes the moments of pleasure, which are based on the recognition of joy. Art deals with the possible that “could happen”. The notion of catharsis development belongs to Aristotle; catharsis is the purifying the human soul from lowland passions through contemplation – a special form of cognition. Art necessarily includes an element of fun, teaches, expanding educational horizons. This vision of art was very popular in antiquity and in later time. According to Plutarch, the transition from ignorance to knowing difficult, like a sharp shift from darkness to light. Art should be a lower rank in cognition. The main goal of art is upbringing of mind. Catharsis impact of art expresses its own aesthetic essence. Art purifies our soul, enlightens, altering our emotions through “compassion and fear”, as Aristotle wrote. The paradox of artistic and aesthetic emotions stimulates the search of activities relevant to these emotions. Art in its aesthetic- catharsis functions “enlightens” clears emotions by increasing their subject. Art draws the rights to self, showing “fake” tears in this drama. Crying the death of any tragic hero, the audience actually feels the opportunities posed by their own death; the aesthetic experience is generalized symbol. It affects our cognitive ability as a whole and not conducive to learning specific phenomena, it will intensify our inner life, but not form separate behavioral skills. Aesthetic emotions have signals awakening in us the capacity for creativity, thirst meaningful, free life. Plato is not so much interested in the process of creating art, but the problem of its impact on people. As a consequence
Introduction It is said that people will forget what you do and say but they never forget how you make them feel. Love describes an emotion, act, or thought. Love means different things to different people. Love becomes even more complex when studied in the cultural setting. Most cultures have their unique way of not only expressing love to each other but also of defining love (The human experience 2008). Body A look at four cultures; the Tamil, Fulbe, Inuit, and Fiji people will help us appreciate the differences in cultural meanings of love. Love is described using different words in these communities. The Fiji people have two words for love veilomani (mutual and compassionate love) and Vedomosti i.e. mutual and passionate sexual love (Toren 1994 p.20-21). Among the Tamil people, the word and may be used to define love. This word possesses many attributes including containment, cruelty, humility, servitude, and finally opposition (Trawick 1992 p. 93-116). The emotion of love among the Inuit people was not often expressed especially between spouses (Condon & Stern 1995 p.198) In all these three cultures, the feeling of love towards one’s spouse was not necessary for marriage. Love was equated to madness in the Fulbe community (Regis 1995 p.146). Among the Inuit people, marriage was arranged (Condon & Stern 1995 p.197). Some children were betrothed at birth. Such agreements were however rarely honored (Condon &Stern 1995 p.204). Polygamy was practiced in both Fulbe and Inuit communities (Regis 1995, Condon & Stern 1995). A groom from the Tamil people gathered a few of his friends and went to visit a prospective bride’s home. This visit was
Allan G. Johnson, the author of the book, Power, Privilege, and Difference , provides vital information about the concept of the systems of power and privilege as applied in societies. In this book, Allan explores how the society preserves privilege, how it interacts with power, and how it can create a difference by interacting with the systems. In chapter one, he identifies the common problem and posits that all people contribute towards them. I concur with him not only on this opinion, but also on others, as pointed out in chapters two and three. Allan’s argument that all people are responsible for any problem facing the society is true and to the point. It holds that any change, constructive or destructive must originate from the people. For instance, race-related problems, sex, and gender are the major problems encountered in every society. They have become part of our daily life such that we hardly realise our connections with them. Basing my argument on how people intermingle with these fields on a day-to-day manner, it stands out that any inconvenience affecting these among other areas must result from the people. Though Allan focuses his views on the American society, I extend this by treating America as an illustration of a society. This comes from his implication of privilege and power in chapter two. He considers these two as the pillars upon which the entire societal conflicts are built because people have acquired title and given the mandate to handle things they have not worked for. This is true because these favour some on the expense of others. Not all can be powerful neither can all be privileged. When one has one or both, the rest feel lower-ranked and begin yearning for equality. By so doing, troubles arise affecting the whole society. A way out of this quagmire is people’s cooperation regardless of ranks to influence their society for the better. Neglecting the negative implications of the two words as seen by the society, they ought to bring a change enjoyable by all members of the social system. In chapter three, the issue of capitalism is brought forward. Every social organization has its own reliable resources, which ought to be distributed uniformly to all the members. Allan points out the problem that is born when this is not the case
Introduction Any business or company may develop or plunge depending on certain circumstances. Despite the fact that the primary objective of any business is to prosper, companies or business organizations must be aware of the risk factors associated with their prosperity. Normally, there is extensive public attention to companies that are rapidly growing, thus risk management is a fundamental aspect in such companies to minimize chances of failure. Globally, green technology companies have continually been in the public limelight for their rapid progress, making substantial impacts both socially and economically (Rugy, 2012). In special attention to the United States of America, the state has witnessed the emergence of changes in the transportation sector and energy sector. Electric Vehicle (EV) technology, electric auto producers, and coal-fired utility companies have emerged. However, such companies have risk-associated factors like environmental squalor among other factors. Therefore, this essay seeks to examine social benefits, highest risks of failure, and recommends possible strategies to prevent that failure in Beacon Power Company. Company description Beacon Power Corporation is an American company globally renowned for flywheel-based energy storage technology. The company began operating in the year 1997, as a branch of Sat. Con’s Energy Systems Division in Chicago. The company aimed at investing in the energy sector by establishing advanced flywheel-based energy storage system. In the year 1998, the company became a separate entity and got publication in 2000 (U.S. Department of Energy, 2011). Beacon Power Corporation Company started operating in North America where the first and second flywheel technology systems gained public awareness. In 2004, the company became interested in developing an energy recycle system that absorbs electricity from the grid when demand is low and releases it when the demand is high. Tremendous efforts in the project became successful and the company demonstrated the system from 2005-2007. Thereafter, in 2012 the Rockland Capital took over the company and renamed it as Beacon Power, LLC. Beacon Power Company deals with commercial production of electricity using “composite flywheel technology for grid-scale frequency regulation” (U.S. Department of Energy, 2011). The primary business objective of the company is to provide frequency regulation service, through owing, building, or even operating flywheel-based frequency regulation companies on a commercial basis. The company mainly uses environmentally sound flywheel technology to produce energy that has turned imperative in providing Americans with clean energy solutions (U.S. Department of Energy, 2011). The company has developed exponentially since 1999 and currently is among the leading US energy companies in green technology in providing economically, socially, and environmentally friendly services. Currently, plans are underway to expand in the business market by inviting co-investors to manage some of the company’s regulation plants. However, re
Musicology refers to the scholarly study of music. At the narrowest level, musicology refers to the music history of Western cultural elites. In a slightly wider lever, it includes all styles, genres, and traditions of music. In the broadest sense, it includes all musically relevant disciplines and all manifestations of music in all cultures. The various disciplines that come within the scope of musicology include history; cultural studies and gender studies; philosophy, aesthetics and semiotics; ethnology and cultural anthropology; archeology and prehistory; psychology and sociology; physiology and the neurosciences; acoustics and psychoacoustics; and computer/information sciences and mathematics. Historical musicology is a branch of musicology that studies the composition, performance, reception, and criticism of music over time. It includes the study of a composer’s life and works, the developments of styles and genres, the social function of music for a particular group of people, or modes of performance at a particular place and time. Ethnomusicology refers to the study of music in its cultural context and it includes a study of Western music from an anthropological or sociological perspective. Closely related to ethnomusicology is the emerging branch of sociomusicology. Historical Musicology and Ethnomusicology New musicology is a term applied since the late 1980s to a wide collection of works that focus on cultural study, analysis, and criticism of music. Such work may be based on feminist, gender studies, queer theory, or postcolonial theory, or the work of Theodor Adorno. Although New Musicology emerged from within historical musicology, the emphasis on cultural study within the Western art music tradition places New Musicology at the junction between historical, ethnological, and sociological research in music. New musicology was a react
Introduction As Able Corporation is a comparatively large manufacturer of power tools, lawn mowers, microwaves and ranges, it produces goods that are in demand in due to their use in everyday life. The potential ramifications for this company can include various measures including brand extension and cooperation with other well-known brands that operate in the same market field or those operating in related fields such as manufacturers of household equipment and municipal services and private companies engaged into the sector of public beautification. In this respect, attracting investors can become one of the most effective methods of entering the market and expanding the sector of operation. Thus different scholarly sources consider the importance of taking into account the opportunities related to the use of venture capital investments (Bottazzi, Da Rin, & Hellmann, 2007; Gompers, Kovner, Lerner, & Scharfstein, 2005; Hochberg, Ljungqvist, & Lu, 2007). Besides, the company that is sure to contribute to the Able Corporation’s effective performance in the new marketplace, Walden International, deals with those businesses that have some referrals as it “gives both parties a sense of pre-qualification” (Walden International, 2010) leading to the incorporation of venture capital investments. The Able Corporation should ensure that the parent company can operate as a good investor and encourage all initiatives related to potential ramifications. In this respect, Able Corporation should take appropriate measures to enter the global market and find its niche in the global marketplace. Moreover, the concept of intangible capital such as reputation (Corrado, Hulten, & Sichel, 2006) can be used in order to obtain a more powerful position in terms of customers’ loyalty, brand awareness, and reputation of the parent company and corporation that promotes its goods to the global market. In addition, the report by Adrian & Shin (2008) suggests that liquidity and leverage should be essential principles to use while contributing to the growth of business and its development in the global market. One-Year Strategic Objectives The first steps in promotion of the Able Corporation’s products onto the global market should include brand extension related to the existing products within the United States of America and certain strategies aimed at exploration of the global market and its perspectives for the company’s range of goods. In this respect, it is necessary to conduct a research and find out what goods can be promoted to the global market in the way they are delivered to the domestic customers and focus on the range of products that should undergo some changes and modifications before being produced for international community. The next step includes classification of changes and strategies related to the modifications that should be applied to the existing goods in order to make those applicable for the international market commer
The global pandemic caused by the COVID-19 has led to severe issues in the labor market. To be more particular, the number of unemployed individuals is considerably higher than prior to the global lockdown (The Economist, para. 2). Naturally, such a situation happened due to businesses going bankrupt or reducing the number of employees to survive the economic crisis. The Economist elaborates on the statistics of the unemployment rate and shares the amount of time it can take for the labor market to recover to its prior-pandemic state (para. 1-3). This issue is complex, so McConnell et al. cover the primary aspects that contribute to it in chapters 12, 15, and 18. The 12th chapter reveals the governmental response to the labor market and how it is regulated during a crisis or similar circumstances (McConnell et al.). The 15th part indicates the detail of job hunting, which is relevant to the topic, considering that people failed to land a job because of the severe economic situation (McConnell et al.). Finally, the last chapter includes the analysis of employment and unemployment and how they affect the labor market on the whole. The economist, Gary Becker, earned the Nobel Prize for outstanding contributions to the field of economy, applying the theories for human behavior to connect the notion to sociology, criminology, and even demography. He researched the incentives for actors’ behavior, aiming at grander wealth, recognition, and fame, to analyze how this psychological phenomenon pertains to investments and crime (The Nobel Prize, para. 2). The most significant part of Becker’s contribution is his investigation of the relation of the aforementioned concept to discrimination in the labor market in relation to people of other professions. Works Cited McConnell, Campbell, et al. Contemporary Labor Economics . McGraw-Hill Education, 2020. The Economist. “ Labour Markets in the Rich World Are Recovering From Covid-19 ”. The Economist , 2021. Web. The Nobel Prize. “Nobel Prizes 2021.” NobelPrize. Web.