ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Progressivism refers to a reform based movement that reached its peak during the twentieth century. This reform movement emphasized on the reformation of the middle class since numerous changes introduced by modernization required social transformation to solve emerging problems. Consequently, the society embraced concepts such as social environmentalism and social justice with an aim of understanding and regulating the effects of rapid changes in the society. Further, the American society faced different issues during the reform period; therefore, an evaluation of progressivism is important in explaining what the reform process meant. Progressivism According to Buenker and Crunden (1982) , a number of factors related progressivism in the United States. These factors included political, social, and economical factors. Additionally, each of the aforementioned factors related differently to the progressivism movement, therefore, an evaluation of these relationships is important in enhancing the understanding of progressivism. Politics and progressivism Wallace (2006) contends that progressivism encompassed political notions that guided political development during the era. These concepts of political progressivism were affixed to activities aimed at increasing popular political processes. Popular political processes aimed at transforming government institutions into professionally run organizations. The process of converting political organizations aimed at introducing political immunity, therefore, averting political interference during the development of policies and legislations in the American society. Consequently, progressivism advocated for the development of regulatory, trust busting and public ownership practices. These practices aimed at enhancing the efficiency of political systems thus improving the welfare of American people at the local and national level(Eisenstark, Friedenthal, and Weber 2010). Further, progressivism interacted with political systems through legalizations that sought to streamline changes in the cultural norms. This aspect of progressivism and politics resulted to the development of retrogressive laws that aimed at regulating America’s progress with respect to the interests of the government. Among the laws that were passed to conform Americas progressivism included alcohol prohibition, Sunday blue laws, disfranchisement, segregation and Sunday blue laws (Null 2010).Moreover, retrogressive laws in the society ignited political movements that sought to equalize the rights of different individuals in the society. For instance, laws on segregation led to the emergence of political proponents who sought to abolish the discriminatory laws. Further, political movements revealed how different
Abstract Unethical actions conducted by the employees at their workplace are considered to cause great dilemmas resulting in business breakage and low level of work efficiency. Moira’s case study is closely connected with disclosure of the principal ethical problems faced by workers. The paper is focused on the analysis of ethical nature and significance for business productivity and good results of the employees in the work process. The main task is to disclose the basic ways of ethical decision-making for the employees to avoid failure and lack of work proficiency. Introduction Business ethics is an integral part of each company management because it influences the profitability and works proficiency provided by employees. Moira’s situation is based on the process of idealism loss being the result of unethical behavior on the part of the colleagues and business frustrations. Intoxication, employee theft and just sparing working time in vain became the ground reasons for Moira to become completely frustrated and be ready to give up the sphere of business. The problem lies in the passiveness of department managers being responsible for the course of work and discipline among the employees. The unethical behavior of the department workers is regarded to be the principal obstacle in the way of Moira’s career-making process. The atmosphere she experiences oppresses her work efficiency and can lead to complete business breakage. It should be noted that the problem of business ethics destruction should be centralized in every company; executives are to take into account the discipline within their corporations for the purpose of business stability and effective qu7ality of work provided on the part of company employees. Major Ethical Problems in Business Ethical codes are to be the key element in the company running. Managers and department executives are to be responsible for complete control of their employees’ behavior. It is important to stress that the code of ethics is a special guideline worked out for the workers to follow. A lot of US companies pay special attention to the development of ethics training programs and guidelines in order to cope with major ethical problems among the employees. It should be stressed that unethical behavior of the workers results in great losses to the company. It is connected with such problems as time abuse, employee theft, intoxication, alcohol and drug abuse during the work time. One should underline the fact that coping with these problems is not an easy task, though it is a central issue influencing the company’s success. Thus, the problems of employee theft or waste of time in the workplace can cost billion of dollars for the firm that is why the principal aim of the department supervisor should be to provide the necessary discipline and control the working process of the employees. (Goree, 2006). Moira’s situation is closely connected with the formation of the major ethical problems in the working
Introduction This reflection will look at the theme of community policing which is among the most critical issues in criminal justice. The article developed by Roh Sunghoon and Oliver Willard entitled “ Effects of Community Policing upon Fear of Crime ” will be used to provide a reflective summary. This will mainly capture the stated hypotheses and research questions, variables examined, research methods, limitations of the methods used including a brief analysis of the findings. Main Analysis The purpose of the article aimed at identifying the intervening factors in relation to how people perceive community policing and decrease of criminal threat and anxieties among citizens; therefore, the two researchers aimed to address the way a better comprehension would be achieved on the causal relationship between the two variables. It is arguably so that a reflection on community policing is a major issue today and it needs serious consideration. In the article examined it was noted that vulnerability to crime as a result of socio-demographic factors leads to a greater threat. In other words, it is stated that people who experience more fear of crime depend on their perception as being more vulnerable to it. Actually, the article explains a number of models in relation to fear of crime. This will not be captured in this current analysis though. Just to reiterate, community policing is a fundamental prerequisite to the reduction of crime and its implementation creates more confidence in the police force. In other words, the satisfaction the public exhibits with the police service eliminates the fear of crime. In terms of methodology, the article used research information from a study conducted in 1998. Therefore, the approach focused on personal data that incorporated respondents’ demographic aspects; the study sought information on personal crime including victimization experiences, how the
The project is devoted to analyzing the painting Madonna Adoring the Child , painted in 1480 by Francesco Botticini. It is one of the masterpieces of the Renaissance embodying the typical lines and techniques of that period. The artwork depicts Madonna staying close to Jesus’ Child. She looks with passion and love at him, while the baby looks at the Virgin Mary. The composition of the paper is balanced. First, the eye looks at Madonna and her head, but then it moves to a child and his image. The activity of the painting remains within the image borders, as only background scenery is seen. The work is not monumental; however, its size helps to create a specific composition with full-size figures on it. However, the baby might seem too big, which can be symbolic to emphasize his importance. The colors used are neutral as the painter avoids using bright spots. The overall gamma is neutral, with the closes and figures’ heads being the most notable elements. All colors are naturalistic as the painter tried to create an accurate image of these two outstanding figures. Thus, the use of oil and tempera adds some specific roughness to brushstrokes and makes the painting look unique. The image also managed to create a clear illusion of depth as the background depicts a particular landscape that also looks realistic. The main figures are in the center and at the bottom of the composition, which helps to find them, seeing the background at the same time. All lines are clear and well-defined, and many details are given to clothes, faces, and other objects depicted in the image. At the same time, the figures look soft and tender. In general, the picture fits with the stylistic period when it was created, as such motifs, colors, and shapes were typical for artists of that period. The artist wanted to show the human nature of Jesus and, at the same time, emphasize the purity of the whole family. Altogether, Madonna Adoring the Child is a picture perfectly demonstrating the style and ideas of that period. Its central theme, which is depicting the Virgin Mary and Jesus, is one of the frequently used motifs of that period. The choice of shapes, colors and the whole composition is similar to other works painted by artists who worked during Renaissance.
Introduction It is imperative to note that the role of ethical advertising has been increasing over the years, and this aspect is highly valued by many customers. The issue is that many companies have developed strategies that may seem extremely unethical and use them to gain profits. However, the situation has changed because of the introduction of numerous technologies such as the Internet and social media (Finn & Wadhwa, 2014). Questionable advertisements are frequently criticized, and individuals may make posts regarding such issues that are available for everyone. Moreover, the reputation of the company is of utmost importance, and it is imperative to identify what approach is reasonable and would not lead to severe consequences. Ethical Issues One of the most important aspects that should not be overlooked is that advertisements to children can be extremely unethical in some cases. The problem is that most young people may not have an understanding of particular factors that are related to the product, and many companies take advantage of this fact (Preston, 2004). Moreover, the situation has worsened by the fact that many children have access to the Internet, and it is not controlled by their parents. Companies take advantage of this fact and develop advertisements that are aimed strictly at young people. Another significant problem that needs to be discussed is the advertisement of products that are harmful. A company must understand that it is responsible for the health and well-being of its customers, and it would not be ethical to promote products if an enterprise has information about its harmful effects. On the other hand, it may not be an easy task to have an understanding of all possible side effects of a particular product line, but it needs to be promoted. One of the most significant dilemmas that may occur is whether it is ethical to focus on emotional appeal or not. Moreover, it is especially problematic if it focused on a particular event that could have been incredibly traumatic and may not be easy to discuss for many individuals. On the other hand, one of the benefits of this approach is that it would help to draw attention to a significant issue that needs to be addressed. However, the problem is that it is evident that profit is the primary focus of this approach, and it may be extremely unethical if a problem is discussed and a company does not offer any support to people that deal with such complications. Ethical Dilemma The choice is either to make unethical decisions associated with the advertisement or to avoid such approaches. Such decisions are made when significant profits are being discussed. One of the core aspects that should not be disregarded is that controversial techniques are often beneficial for the company because it helps to draw attention to particular products. Also, it can be seen that some of its properties may be exaggerated, but it is necessary to ensure that an advertisement is not deceptive because it would lead to many complaints (Zinkan, 2012). On the other hand, it is important to note that companies are constantly pressured by the public, and many are forced to fo
Atlantic City is a famous coastal city in New Jersey characterized by its beaches and developed entertainment industry. The city is relatively small in both size and population. There are several local casinos, many hotels, recreation centers, and shops. The prevalent part of the population of Atlantic City consists of African-Americans and Caucasians. Local shops are tourist-oriented and provide a wide variety of souvenirs and vintage goods such as books and wine. Since Atlantic City is a city located near the ocean, many local restaurants specialize in seafood. The average income for an individual who resides in Atlantic City, per the 2021 was only 29,232 USD for a household. The culture and ambiance may be categorized as a “party” or “fun” city. Because of this, alcohol and drugs are very popular among residents, which may pose a community health issue and is applicable for all ages entering or residing within the city. Additionally, this issue may only amplify, as a new law was passed in 2020 allowing for the public consumption of alcohol within the city’s tourism district. Unfortunately, alcohol is a part of the city’s culture and is embraced, even with the potential long term effects drinking can cause to a person’s health. Luckily, there is an Alcoholics Anonymous outreach facility for those who find themselves in need of such assistance and several medical emergency facilities, including psychiatric and behavorial health facilities.
Writing any article about abortion or any related topic without stepping on a few toes at least, is quite a hard task due to the fact that the topic has been a point of controversy across the entire globe. The article chosen for analysis is titled “Africa’s abortion wars”. Africa is currently finding itself torn between embracing Abortion Act and rejecting it more than ever since many nations seek to draw up new constitutions having been governed by colonial governors for decades. However, even though some African states, such as South Africa and Cape Verde, agree to allow abortion, the recent researches continue to question whether other nations should follow such practice. Below are the reasons as to why Africa is ill prepared to accept this practice despite the need to have it adopted and controlled. Although Africa is making a gradual progress economically, quite a significant number of its citizens live in an acute poverty. Women continue to earn less compared to their male counterparts, being one of the causes why a lot of women, who seek to terminate pregnancies, refer to cheap back street clinics which are unsafe for women’s health. This is mostly evident in slums where unspecialized agents carry out this operation. According to York (2010), Unsafe abortions, especially those done covertly or illegally, are one of the leading causes of maternal deaths in Africa, killing at least 25,000 women annually and injuring a staggering 1.7 million every year. Many are maimed or killed by horrific “home remedies” that include catheters, roots or herbs placed in their vaginas to Induce bleeding (p. 11). This, therefore, implies that unless the living standards of these people are improved, they will continue to seek cheap ways in carrying out such operations, which have proved to be highly fatal. Undergoing the procedure is going contrary to customs and beliefs that have been ingrained in Africans since time immemorial, although times have changed and abortion is no longer viewed as extraordinary among Africans. However, the disparity in psychological effects the practice has had on African patients as compared to other races shows that Africans are not fully prepared for it yet. The fact that implementation of abortion laws in the majority of the countries in Africa has not been properly regulated is another indicator that the African continent still has a lot to do and improve as far as the practice of abortions is concerned. Most African countries as of now, allow abortion only in limited cases, for example, when a mother’s life is in danger. All other cases need to be considered. Nonetheless, the issue whether abortion in Africa can be restricted only to these limited cases still remains to be questionable. Okeowo (2011), for example, pinpoints that, Every sub-Saharan African state already allows pregnant women to abort when their lives are in danger and in recent years Benin, Chad, Ethiopia, Ghana, Mali, Swaziland and Togo have been working at expanding their laws to allow abortions under more circumstances. (p. 4) Such practice continues a
Neuromarketing is often regarded as a new concept and a new approach to marketing research. However, this field is gaining momentum, and companies incorporate diverse neuromarketing methods into their research to get insights into the way people view products and related data. Harrell (2019) and Hsu (2017) shed light on the peculiarities of neuromarketing and its potential in the sphere of current marketing research. This paper includes a brief analysis of the articles by Harrell (2019) and Hsu (2017) that dwell upon the basics of neuromarketing. First, both authors define the term and provide an overview of the history of neuromarketing. Harrell (2019) notes that neuromarketing is “the measurement of physiological and neural signals to gain insight into customers’ motivations, preferences, and decisions, which can help inform creative advertising, product development, pricing, and other marketing areas” (p. 64). Hsu (2017) refers to neuromarketing as a set of brain-based approaches that “measure customers’ underlying thoughts, feelings, and intentions” (p. 6). Although the researchers agree that the rapid development and deep interest in such measurements started in the 2000s, Hsu (2017) adds that this attention to brain-based methods dates as far back as the 1910s. At the
Making a career choice is, perhaps, one of the most difficult decisions that people are faced with in their lives. There are varieties of considerations that should be made before making a career choice. For instance, a person may want to choose a career that he/she has a passion for, but the career may not be rewarding moneywise. On the other hand, a person may want to choose a career that is rewarding in terms of finances, but this may force his/her to do something that he/she does not love doing. This paper states the ideal career choice, the pragmatic career choice and takes a stand on how people should choose their careers. The ideal career choice The ideal career choice would indubitably be the case in which a person pursues something he/she really loves doing, and the same turns out to be financially rewarding. In most of these cases, the person actually has a natural flair for the stated career and thus he/she does not encounter major difficulties while working (Rides 1). For instance, a person who is born with a natural flair for athletics would make a perfect career choice if he/she chooses athletics as a career, and it turns out to be lucrative. Another example would be a nerd with a flair for computer programming. If such a person chooses computer programming as a career and it turns out to be lucrative, he/she will have made an ideal career choice. It is however, common knowledge that people do not always get financial benefit from doing the things they really love doing. There are many reasons behind this. The main one is unemployment, but there are other factors like lack of good career planning. To explain the latter, it would be unwise for an introvert to study a course in college that will lead to a career that involves public speaking. Therefore, an introvert who studies political science or mass communication is likely to pursue unrelated careers even if he/she has a passion for political science or mass communication. Such kind of people, together with those who lack employment opportunities are therefore, forced to make more pragmatic career choices. Pragmatic career choices Most people make career choices that are not related to what they love doing, in other words, their passion. This has been fuelled by the high rate of unemployment world over that has seen people pursuing careers that are even unrelated to what they study in college. For instance, it is common to see an engineer working as a Human Resource Manager, a social scientist working as a journalist or even a teacher in an unrelated career. This has been the result of unemployment because people indulge in careers that are unrelated to their subjects of study in college in order to make a living as they wait to get a perfect job. The sad reality is that some of these people wait for a lifetime to get these jobs. On the other hand, people who stick to what they love doing oftentimes get frustrated. This is because it may take a year or two to get a job after college. After the long period of unemployment, one may get a job that is not worth writing home about. The job may have limited financial rewards and it may lack
With the consistent pursuit of democracy and freedom to express personal ideas, there comes a problem associated with such freedoms. The internet gives most users the freedom to express themselves through blogs, websites among other forms that are easily expressed through the internet. It is for this reason that Wikipedia was developed as an online source of information that exhausts almost every topic under the sun. Some researchers have challenged the validity of Wikipedia by equating it to anyone printing materials and placing them on the supermarket shelves for sale (Harris). In Wikipedia, users are allowed to post their opinions without much scrutiny and therefore this source cannot be relied on for the delivery of correct or reliable facts about World War II. Introduction There have been arguments voiced against the reliability of internet sources such as Wikipedia as a source of scholarly information. Wikipedia is widely used across the globe and this primarily puts it on a collision course with many scholars concerning its credibility Wikipedia Nature Users post their views and opinions over the site without any authoritative body to scrutinize the content. Wikipedia contains information that is posted by users expressed as opinions and views. Such views can be highly debatable in quarters where people have different opinions. Report on World War II World War II is a case study of how Wikipedia reports the events that occurred during this period. It exposes how unreliable the information may be and other weaknesses that this source may present. Even th