ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction The decision making activity in modern organizations is becoming more complex. Managers are faced with difficult challenges as they attempt to understand, and navigate through the selection of the best alternatives. However, choices have to be made and therefore, managers have to understand the decision-making content, and the context in which the decisions are made. This essay compares and contrasts the Political and Garbage can models, as well as providing examples in each case. Political model and Garbage can model of decision making The Political model depicts the organization as a political arena where decision making is a contestable process. It assumes that goals and objectives are the major determinants of the process (Daft, 2010). This model is based on objectives because participants in the decision-making process are driven by their conflicting objectives and goals. Furthermore, participants are inter-dependent and uncertain about the connection between their actions and the result of the process in which they are involved (Daft, 2010). They use bargaining tactics, coalition techniques, and incremental strategies to decide issues that they perceive to be significant to them, and their personal preferences. In this model, negotiations and compromises are common during the decision making process so as to arrive at a resolution (Daft, 2010). The Garbage can model provides a pathological picture of how the decision making process is done within a complex organization. It assumes that goals within the organization are well-defined, and emerge at any point in time, before or during the decision-making process (Lomi & Harrison, 2012). First, this model explains that there are numerous variables that affect the selection. Unlike the Political model in which to a certain extent the structure of the firm defines a particular role. The Garbage can model assumes that organizational structures are either partial or unstructured hence having an impact on the participants in the process. Secondly, the amounts of resources within the organization determine the extent of the decision making opportunities (Lomi & Harrison, 2012). Managers should provide enough decision making opportunities when an organization has enough resources, this will satisfy everyone participating in the process (Lomi & Harrison, 2012). This is in contrast with the Political model where individuals negotiate and bargain for their objectives. Unlike the Political model, participants in the Garbage can model are independent and are unlikely to be stable. They may change, adjust, or react independently during the process (Lomi & Harrison, 2012). Furthermore, information gathered by the participants may not be used because decision-making processes may have to deal with issues perceived to be significant becaus
The case study on Netflix documents the talent management strategy and culture of the company. The focus of the company was on recruitment, performance review, and team building. The first goal of Netflix was to hire the right people, as the company believed that a good employee would be motivated to work more if accompanied by equally efficient colleagues. Further, when the wrong employees are recruited, it increases the chance of attrition. The second goal of the company was to establish a process of reviewing peers. Peer reviews allow the employees to evaluate the performance of their colleagues. The third was to develop motivated teams that could work together without disruption. The fourth focus of the company was to create a business-oriented company culture that allowed all its employees to understand the business model, goals, and mission of the company. Fifth, Netflix introduced innovative human resource management policies, like not tracking vacation and absences. The first aim of the company was to hire the right people. It is important to hire the right people, as this will allow the company to create an environment that would support the culture of the company. The right people will understand the business and the culture within the organization. Hiring the right people will create a cohesive environment, helping in knowledge management. Further, hiring the right people will reduce turnover ensuring higher productivity (Abbasi & Hollman, 2000). Performance review of the employees is important. 360-degree review of the employees allows peer review and self-review. When evaluating an employee, this holistic evaluation process concentrates only on the performance of the employee. Feedback of employees from peers, seniors, and subordinates can provide a competitive advantage to the company (Potočnik & Anderson, 2012). The case study shows that a holistic environment for performance review helps garner a competitive advantage for the company. However, the success of a 360-degree assessment to increase performance has not been proven through empirical findings (DeNisi & Kluger, 2000). The managers of Netflix value the importance of creating a great team. A good team would work in accordance with the company’s strategy and follow the goal of the company. Here the stress is not only on creating a good team, but on also ensuring that the managers become good leaders. It is important to have a great team, but it is equally important to have a focused team-leader. The company culture is important to ensure that human resource management can become a competitive advantage. Hence, leaders
Introduction The formative account of the legendary Queen Elizabeth 1 was written and affirmatively recorded in 1610. She inherited the throne at a time when England was under conflicts and strongly defended it. Internationally, the pictures and paintings of Queen Elizabeth 1 are considered to be of total magnificence which also totally demonstrates the magnificent of her realm. Elizabeth legacy, tolerance and power According to (Haigh) the queen is credited of her systematic and unifying solution, which solved all the dangerous enthusiasms that came up. Notable to mention is that, the queen inherited the kingdom at time when it was divided by strong religious conflicts and also weakened by misgovernment. Queen Elizabeth 1 strongly defended her vulnerable realm from greedy papist of Spain (Haigh). She furthermore faced her challenges and stood firm controlling the stubborn militant and the House of Commons (Haigh). The queen was not only popular in Europe, but even across the ocean to the American continent. For Americans, she represented more than just a British ruler of the golden age (Moss Grant). She was an exotic allure of royalty who has an exceptional image, which came about eventually to denote England itself rather than the queen herself. Furthermore, the greatest significance of the queen’s portraits is that it eventually became the logo of England known to everyone (Moss Grant). Roles in art and theater Queen Elizabeth 1 is popularly remembered the way she portrayed herself. Additionally, Queen Elizabeth 1 was portrayed in the twentieth century as the ruff, the hair with shiny pearls and her designed elaborate dress (Moss Grant). Moreover, in the film directed by Shekhar Kapur called Elizabeth (1998) fully uses her standard image. In the movie, the art specifically portrayed is that of queen Elizabeth 1 attractive styles. The design include the wig, makeup’s and white costume similar to what the queen always had (Moss Grant). The queen is also considered to be one of the greatest icons as far as drama and theatre is concerned. This is seen in the queen’s iconography potrayed in most of her paintings that have been used exclusively in drama and theatre presenting the theme of virginity (Belsey & Catherine). She is therefore regarded to be the master builder of such public image. The portraits were designed to present a symbol of divine and virginity precisely to overcome bad cultural attitudes men had developed towards women in the society (Belsey & Catherine). Elizabeth ambition on exploration Queen Elizabeth 1 had the pleasure and passion of exploration. It is her ambitious attitude that saw her attempting to capture Virginia, the north of America state. Nevertheless, Spanish invader
Unemployment is a typical phenomenon in all countries due to the limited labor market and its demands. However, the level of unemployment and its prevailing types can differ significantly depending on the state of the economies of countries and the policies they use to combat unemployment. Nevertheless, in most cases, such three types of unemployment as frictional, structural, and cyclical exist in any country. The frictional type is caused by the temporary unemployment of people looking for a new job or “between jobs.” People find themselves in the “unemployment pool” for various reasons, for example, after being fired or laid off at the end of seasonal or project work, searching for better working conditions, or a new field of work. In addition, a part of this pool is made up of young people and graduates who are looking for their first job. The “unemployment pool” is permanent as people looking for work are constantly changing; therefore, frictional unemployment is also constant. Structural unemployment arises due to the mismatch between jobs and job seekers. Most often, this type of unemployment is caused by the fact that employers are looking for specialists who do not have the necessary skills to do the job. At the same time, people who have highly specialized skills that are no longer in demand, for example, due to automation, must acquire new skills to find a job. For this reason, this type of unemployment is long-term and occurs even when the country’s economy is in good condition. Cyclical unemployment is caused by a decrease in demand due to changes in the business cycle. When the need for goods or services decreases, companies require fewer workers, reducing the number of jobs. The opposite situation is also possible, since as demand rises, the need for people to do the work increases. This type of unemployment is associated with the state of the economy, and a decrease in its level is usually associated with an economic decline. The COVID-19 pandemic is an example of cyclical unemployment as millions of people have lost their jobs due to reduced demand for most services and goods. However, according to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, the US unemployment rate in June 2021 is only 5.9%. Another indicator that reflects the state of the economy and is partially related to unemployment is inflation. Inflation occurs when the money supply exceeds available goods and services and is associated with budget deficit financing. Inflation also differs in types such as demand-pull, cost-push, deficit-induced, currency, and credit inflation. Currency inflation is caused by the printing of currency notes, while credit inflation results from the issuance of loans to a population more than the economy needs. Deficit-induced inflation is caused by the fact that a country’s budget expenditures exceed revenue, which requires additional printing of money and increases prices to close the gap. Demand-
Abstract Within the course of the past decade, the need for reconsidering the way some prescription medications has been high on the agenda. With surprising statistics of deaths associated with substance abuse in New Jersey, legislators have decided to make a change for the better. This essay focused on assessing the “Act concerning overdose prevention and the dispensation of opioid antidotes” introduced in New Jersey in 2017 (New Jersey Legislature, 2017, p. 1). The paper will assess the intentions behind the bill, the potential implications for the healthcare industry, and the community as a unity, as well as how different stakeholders perceive the new legislation. The legislation has predominantly received positive feedback from state representatives, the general public, and professionals in the healthcare industry because of its attempt to curb substance overdose and treat this issue as if it is a chronic condition that requires immediate medical relief. Introduction The process of introducing and passing a bill in a state such as New Jersey is complex and requires the involvement of numerous stakeholders that get affected by policy changes. Policies that can affect the direction of health care are especially important to consider because the citizens’ health is at stake. In this assignment, a New Jersey Act on regulating overdose prevention and dispensation of opioid antidotes will be evaluated. New Jersey Legislative Process In order for a bill to become law in New Jersey, a complex path should be completed. The legislative process of the state follows an all-encompassing set of rules for the Assembly and the Senate. First, a draft for a new law is created by a legislator who had an initial idea. This legislator should explain what new laws should be introduced and ask the Office of Legislative Services to complete a draft. After the completion of the first stage, the bill should be introduced to the Senate of Assembly’ secretary for a first reading and to receive a bill number in order to become public. When a bill passes all preliminary stages, it is then transferred to committees and hearings that allow the public to make changes; then, the law is called for a vote. Once a bill passes all procedures in the house of the Legislature, it should be reconciled and considered in other house
Project Description It is known that employee engagement increases retention rates in organisations. Research indicates that intrinsic and extrinsic rewards increase employee’s satisfaction level and reduces the intention to leave an organisation (Soni 2014). Google is one of the top IT companies that use employee engagement to create a productive workforce. It uses a combination of extrinsic (attractive benefits) and intrinsic methods (inclusion and transparency) to attract and retain skilled employees (Durmaz 2013). It has a ‘people analytics’ unit charged with the responsibility of determining the workers’ benefits and compensation based on career needs and productivity level. It also provides an atmosphere of trust, inclusivity, and transparency through regular feedback on pertinent issues. While statistics indicate that the program improves productivity, its effect on employee turnover is unclear. The proposed research will examine whether the engagement strategy motivates employees to stay longer at the company. The study comes at an opportune time because findings will help Google reverse its currently high turnover rate. It is worth noting that certain engagement programs do not work for particular employees (Haid & Sims 2009). This stems from the fact that workers have different career needs and skill levels. In addition, due to generational differences, the effectiveness of an engagement strategy is affected by age of the employees. Ideally, firms should use a different engagement strategy for a particular class of workers based on their needs, skill level, and age to increase retention. It is known that organizations that have good engagement programs have lower turnover rates. Engagement strategies commonly employed include monetary rewards for good performance, recognition, training and development opportunities, and promotions (Haid & Sims 2009). Google can adopt multiple extrinsic and intrinsic approaches to increase its retention rate. Being a technology company, a retention scheme that motivates (intrinsic) and rewards employees can reduce turnover. Key Stakeholders Husted and Allen (2010) define stakeholders as the people “who contribute to a company’s wealth-creating capacity” and potentially influence or are affected by the organisation (p. 12). The key stakeholders who may be affected by or have an interest in this study include Google’s HR managers, employees, shareholders, and directors. HR Managers According to the Bradfield Group (2010), the HR role affects all managers and workers and thus, engagement or communication should be tailored to meet each employee’s needs. The HR managers may be interested to know how the firm’s engagement strategy addresses the diverse needs of the employees. This will help them design engagement programs (intrinsic and extrinsic) that reflect the diverse needs of workers to curb the rising turnover rate. Employees The study will examine whether Google’s engagement programs fail to meet employees’ career exp
A pharmaceutical manufacturer observed 150 interactions between sales representatives and physicians and support staff. In what category of research would this study fall? The category in which the research falls is the qualitative using sampling techniques. Like in all qualitative researches, a more precise outcome about what is being studied remains to be the major objective (McQuarrie, 2006). In this case, a detailed picture about how sales representative behaves in certain circumstances as well as their feelings is to be built in order to inform future sales representative training. What are advantages and disadvantages of this category of research? However, it is essential to have the advantages and disadvantages of the sampling techniques used. The advantages of using sampling in the market research method used is that it ensures the sample represent the population hence the outcome (McQuarrie, 2006). Moreover, it is less costly when large populations are to be studied. In the contrary, in the event that the sample does not proportionally represent the larger population, the method is prone to biases (McQuarrie, 2006). In addition, when the long-time scale is considered, it can be uneconomical to achieve and the sample data are likely to change (Wenzel, 2012). What would be the next step in the marketing research process? The step that follows the data collection method or the research process is the analysis of the data that have been collected (Brown, 2008). The analysis requires different techniques depending on the method of data collection. During the analysis, it is essential that the trends be identified, patterns as well as any other vital information that would be useful in drawing the conclusion (Brown, 2008). The data analysis can use statistical techniques or any other techniques that would identify the patterns and trends existing in the collected data.
Introduction The world as it is in the 21 st Century is way better than it was in the 20 th Century. Technological, medical, social, and economic advancements have made life better and easier. However, the developments have several cons that have resulted in the deterioration of the world about the environment, the state of the society, relationships, and human interactions. There are several changes that I would like to see in the world to make it a better place for the current and future generations. Equality among People/Races/Religions In contemporary society, inequality is one of the issues that hinder progress and cultural integration. Discrimination, intolerance, domestic violence, and unequal access to opportunities are examples of the effects of inequality in contemporary society. I would like to see people treated equally and given equal access to financial, political, and economic opportunities regardless of their age, sex, sexual orientation, gender, race, or ethnicity. Gender, racial, religious, and economic quality would promote peace among the countries of the world and create a more harmonious society. Also, it would uphold the idea that human life is invaluable and mutual respect and understanding are rights that every person should enjoy. Environmental Sustainability The rate of environmental degradation has been on the rise in the past two decades due to the high rate of industrialization, urbanization, pollution, population growth, increase in energy consumption, and intensification of agriculture. This has resulted in outcomes such as global warming, changing climate patterns, negative health outcomes, ozone layer depletion, pollution of water, loss of biodiversity, and loss for the tourism industry. I would like to see more initiatives and efforts aimed at environmental sustainability because of the increased danger of animal and plant species’ extinction, loss of biodiversity, and risks to the health of human beings. This generation is morally obligated to conserve the environment for future generations. Otherwise, the survival of humans will be at risk. I would also like to see increased exploitation of renewable energy sources such as hydropower, geothermal, solar, wind, and biomass. World Poverty The high rate of poverty in the world can be attributed to ignorance and inequality. The rich are getting richer while the poor are getting poorer. For instance, a report released by Forbes revealed that the wealth of the eight richest men in the world is approximately equal to that of half of the world’s population. Poverty is an insidious global challenge because it affects other critical life aspects such as access to quality health care, food, shelter, and housing. Studies have shown that there is a relationship between poverty and the prevalence of diseases. Many people associate pove
The Guillain-Barré Syndrome, also known as the Landry’s paralysis, is a rare acute autoimmune disorder that attacks the peripheral nervous system. This is the part of the nervous system that links the brain to the spinal cord. The complications brought about by this condition can be life threatening. They affect blood pressure and heart rate. The syndrome makes feet and hands weak, and spreads towards the trunk. That is the main symptom, although sub-types of the syndrome may render the automatic nervous system dysfunctional (Sivadon 48-56). In extreme cases, it affects the respiratory muscles as well. It is experienced by both sexes at any age. However, it is most common at the age from thirty to fifty years. Just like many other life-threatening conditions, the disease comes as a result of an infection. Etiology The causality of the Guillain-Barré Syndrome has not yet been established. It is not even known why the disease strikes specific people only. It is, however, known that the disease is not contagious. The syndrome comes about when the immune system responds to antigens that are foreign (Haber 2478-2481). The foreign antigens target the nerve tissues in a process known as the molecular mimicry. The attacks affect the gangliosides, which in turn affect the peripheral nerves because the gangliosidesare found in the peripheral nerve tissues. Other cases of the disease may be caused by the influenza virus. When there was a swine flu pandemic between 1976-1977, cases of the syndrome were reported to have increased. Pathophysiology The disease is autoimmune in nature and comes about when the immune system fights the body. In a normal situation, the immune system only attacks material that is foreign. However, in Guillain-Barré Syndrome, the system attacks the myelin sheath surrounding the peripheral nerve axons. In this regard, arms and legs are the most affected because the transmission of signals to them takes a long p