ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction The justice system in the United States is controlled and operated by the different courts located in different states in the country. The National Center for State Courts is an organization that keeps records on all courts cases decided and handled in all States. The organization initiated a project known as the Court Statistics Project that was to keep records of all different classes of cases decided by these courts. The project was to be used as an assessment of the legal system and how justice is dispensed in the different states in the United States (Groves, 2009). Courts structure and caseload Statistics show that the state of California has one of the highest court case filings, there are three different courts in California; these courts are spread around the 58 counties of California. California’s judicial system is made up of the Supreme Court, Courts of appeal, and the Superior courts. Filing in the California supreme courts was 10,512 in 2009 with 10,440 cases being disposed of. The California Courts of appeals handled over 25,000 filings with most cases composed of about 15,000 notices. The Courts of appeal disposed of some 26,000 cases with appeals without written opinion totaling 4,907. The Superior courts of California handled nearly 9.5 million courts cases, most of these courts are spread out around the 58 districts in California. The Superior courts of California handle have jurisdiction over all types of cases including juvenile, domestic and civil cases (Cross, 1998). The state of Texas has different courts with different jurisdictions; these courts are divided into appellate and trial courts. The appellate courts usually handle appeal cases and it is divided into the supreme, courts of appeals and courts of criminal appeals. The supreme court in the recent past has handled over 1,231 appeal cases with most of them coming in for review, however, there were few pe
Being in a military is a hard task, yet having a family member that has joined the military and supporting them in their decision is, perhaps, even harder. The challenges that people in the military face on a daily basis are beyond excruciating, and knowing that one risks their life while meeting these challenges is unbelievably difficult. While the acts of heroism made by soldiers are not to be underrated, either, the great sacrifice of their families, who provide consistent support, are proud of their family members in the military, and put the needs of the state and its citizens before their own, deserve the recognition of their great sacrifice. Watching family members leave to join the army and, possibly, go to war that may take their lives is a terrifying experience, yet the families of soldiers carry their burden with amazing strength and dignity. These families realize that soldiers consider the protection of their state and the people living in it as their duty, and, no matter how drastic the consequences might be, the courage of soldiers and their passion for justice is what keeps these families strong (Fallen US Soldiers, 2009). It would be wrong to claim that positive attitude persists in military families. The ones that were not lucky enough and had to deal with the death of their loved ones admit that the pain of losing a family member is excruciating. The grief of the mothers and wives whose children and husbands became war casualties is sincere and profound, yet they continue to support the rest of the family members who are still willing to join the army. One might consider the situation irrational and barely sensible; however, it instead shows that, no matter how hard the challenges might be, standing firmly for what one believes in and providing support for the family members that are willing to make a difference is an incredibly brave decision to make. The rare visits of soldiers mean that their families miss them incredibly. Indeed, while not being as agonizing as the necessity to deal with the death of a family member, short visits and the anguish may make the waiting a nearly impossible experience. However, the family members of soldiers show incredible strength by developing the ability to wait and feel proud of the passion that soldiers have for justice, peace, and safety of the community. The unique philosophy that helps military families survive and remain happy and positive is truly worth appreciation (Moelker, ‎Andres, Bowen, & Manigart, 2015). Although the acts of heroism of the soldiers that serve in the military and defend the country should not be overlooked, either, the sacrifice of their families must be appreciated as well. The threat of losing a family member as a war casualty is beyond terrifying, and the devastating sorrow through which the families that suffered this loss are put cannot possibly be embraced. Therefore, while often being unnoticed and unspoken of, the sacrifices of military families must be appreciated and recognized. More importantly
George Chadwick’s work covers theories of the urban and regional planning process. The book discusses various terms of urbanism, namely everything related to planning. This book is really important for many people, as it contains a large amount of information that the urbanist needs. This work describes Chadwig’s contribution by analyzing his book. Terms from the book will be discussed, as well as the general perception of it by people. Chadwick discusses the most diverse aspects of urbanism in detail so that the reader becomes familiar with all the difficulties and their solutions. A detailed grasp of the existing urban planning process in a specific city is the foundation for including energy concerns in planning procedures (Chadwick, 1971). This procedure should encompass all stages, procedures, participants, and associated matters, as well as the instruments and methods utilized in urban planning program development. In most situations, when infrastructure ideas are built, the city’s principal planning tool, such as the zoning plan or land use plan, must be modified. Nevertheless, while modifying the zoning plan, it is critical to provide the final, formal processes. The work plan should illustrate all stages, including preliminary planning, viability, grand designs, permits, and final application (Chadwick, 1971). It should also illustrate certain decision points or courses taken during this process, such as criteria for specific procedural stages or challenges. Creating two process layouts may also be beneficial: one for new construction regions and one for transition areas. Regional planning is concerned with the effective arrangement of land-use industries, transportation, and population expansion over a broader land region than a single village or region. According to Kempenaar et al. (2016), “designing has assumed a prominent position in current regional planning and development” (p. 20). The planning process is the study of effective infrastructure allocation and regulation for a region’s long-term growth. People’s activities affect their environment in a variety of ways, both favorably and badly, while the environment affects how humans live in a variety of ways. According to Nordin et al. (2017), “the physical environment is of particular importance for supporting activities and interactions among older people living in residential care facilities (RCFs) who spend most of their time inside the facility” (p. 727). The direct interactions between people and their environment may be divided into two categories: resource utilization and trash creation. These modifications are often characterized by decreased availability or quality
Robert Kiyosaki’s book is a financial masterpiece that offers advice on how to achieve financial independence regardless of one’s level of education. The book was published at the time when many people debated the relevance of higher education about attaining success in life. Colleges equip students with knowledge and skills that enable them to pursue careers of their choice. However, they do not equip them with knowledge on how to attain financial independence. In the book, Kiyosaki faults the education system by comparing the levels of the financial success of his two dads who gave different advice on attaining financial independence. Kiyosaki argues that pursuing higher education does not guarantee financial independence because wealth creation requires certain skills and knowledge that are not taught in college. According to him, the most important aspect of wealth creation is the application of financial knowledge, which is rarely acquired in institutions of higher education. To pass his message effectively, Kiyosaki uses case studies of his two dads who had different levels of education, as well as wealth. One of them was his biological father, who had attended college and was well educated, employed, and financially unstable (Kiyosaki 8). His biological dad was the poor dad. The other dad pursued education only up to the 8 th grade. However, he owned a successful business and was very rich. He was a rich dad. The book represents the reality that is evident in American society today. The poor dad was highly educated and had a well-paying government job. However, he struggled with debts and had no investments. On the other hand, the rich dad owned a business and had several investments that generated income. In American society, many people who have higher education find jobs to support their families and own few or no investments. They live from paycheck to paycheck. In contrast, many of the people who did not go to own college businesses and other income-generating investments. Their knowledge of various investment options gives them an edge over people with little financial knowledge. I have learned several lessons from the book that I can apply in my life for the attainment of financial independence. First, it is important to understand that higher education does not impart the necessary knowledge and skills needed for the attainment of financial independence. Therefore, every individual should be financially literate and regard it as a personal responsibility. Financial literacy can be attained through reading financial books, journals, essays, and articles to increase one’s financial IQ. Second, the book can be applied in life by using the information it contains to make financially sound decisions. School education teaches students how they can acquire knowledge and skills to work for money for the rest of their lives. Lack of financial literacy results in poor financial decisions that lower the probability of attaining financial independence.
Introduction Sex trafficking is a social problem affecting more than millions of victims. The International Labor Office in Geneva has estimated that more than 1.8 million children are exploited through prostitution and pornography each year (Farley et al., 2003). Edwards, Iritani, and Hallfors (2006) found that the primary causes of sex trafficking are family sexual assaults, dependence on drugs, family dysfunctions, and social failures. According to Farley et al. (2003), 82% of prostituted women have been physically assaulted, 78% of these women have been threatened, 60% have been kidnapped, and 40% have been raped more than three times. Due to the prevalence of sex trafficking, the U.S government established the Victims of Trafficking and Violence Protection Act in 2000. Although the Victims of Trafficking and Violence Protection Act (2000) is instrumental in preventing sex trafficking, the number of victims to sex trafficking continues to increase (Alexandre, Sha, Pollock, Baier, & Johnson, 2014). The proposed study will compare the accuracy of news media in the portrayal of sex trafficking victims to what the Victims of Trafficking and Violence Protection Act (2000) constitute as a victim. Main body United Nations defines sex trafficking as the recruitment, transportation, transfer, harboring, or receipt of a human being by force, fraud, or coercion, for the significance of sexual exploitation (Alexander et al., 2014). This includes victims who are less than 18 years of age. This means that the selling of women or men in brothels, as well as the pimping of young girls on the streets, is sex trafficking. The actual definition of sex trafficking may not require any kind of movement. Edwards et al. (2006) noted that sex trafficking can take the form of prostitution, pornography, stripping, escort services, and other sexual services. Sex trafficking is a concern that demands studying because the number is increasing, and the victims are more exposed to severe dangers. The mortality rate of women exposed to sex trafficking is 35% higher than those women who voluntarily participate in prostitution (Edwards et al., 2006). The victims of sex trafficking are exposed to physical and psychological damages such as sexually transmitted diseases, damaged reproductive organs, and stunted emotional growth. Investigating how media portrays these victims is significant because their representation may not accurately reflect what the Victims of Trafficking and Violence Protection Act (2000) constitute as a victim. The majority of Americans gather their information about events and issues through diverse forms of media. In the digital age, electronic newspapers are consulted by more than 70% of news consumers, rendering the medium influential, not only in providing information but also influencing belief and attitude (Templeton, 2011). Because of this platform, Americans get most of the information regarding victims of sex trafficking, making it relevant for the proposed study. The study will hypothesize that media portrayal of sex trafficking victims is not as accurate as to what the Victims of Tra
Humans being social are known to have groups in which they interact and share their experiences. This observation can be found in other social animals that use grouping for the benefit of members such as protection surveillance, mating, and other activities that would be difficult if carried on a solo basis. However, in humans, society groups have been used for different purposes to fulfill the desires of members. To enable the assembly to work together, there are fundamentals that have to be put in place that guides each member in what is required of them. These guides are crafted in a constitution or a set of rules that should be adhered to. Members of such groups organize events or programs that they undertake as a group or individuals. Most assemblies in modern society have been formed due to a desire to assist the members in their day-to-day lives. However, not all the groups help the members and society at large as some are self-centered thus infringing on the freedom of others. Humans have groupings that are different based on age, gender, career, and other social distinctiveness that unite the assembly. An individual has the choice of which assembly he/she feels will satisfy their desires and will join and abide by the regulations of the group. Moreover, this can occasionally be different as some assemblies are not by individual choice but a push by an outside authority. Humans tend to resist this kind of groupings and participate with sloppiness. Societies such as the Russians use communism to govern the people. The Russians have no choice but to follow the rules of the government whether they like them or not. To governor control humans’ dictatorship has been used as in communism, democracy as in the United States, religious belief as in Islam, and associations a
Introduction The theory of constraints is an overall management principle. The concept was introduced by Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt in his book titled “The Goal,” which was released in 1984. (Kevin, 2003). Mr.Godratt is highly revered for his contribution towards the cause of operations management and providing solutions to vexatious problems facing the operational workforce, which could dramatically cut out inefficiencies and increase productivity programs. The book details, inter alia, that any organization or system can achieve its primary goals by using a very small number of constraints, the minimum being one. The theory revolves around changing and restructuring an entire organization around that place constraints on the organization through positive usage of five focusing steps. Theory of constraint in supply chain vs. Manufacturing Facility Supply chain targets convert raw material into a finished product and make sure it is available to the end consumer. Multiple checks join together to make this possible, and at each level, it is important to find out the most crucial constraint among them. The primary responsibility of supply chain management is to fulfill customer demands and requirements through the efficient use of available resources. The theory of constraints significantly helps in reducing the number of bottlenecks in a process. The Theory of Constraints approach is a much more potent tool than orthodox supply chain management to justify a separate name. When a retail outlet, cloth, yarn, and garment maker set up their Theory of Constraints (TOC), there is a quite substantial increment in turnover in the region of 30%, or so, as a result of which each member of the supply chain process undergoes a real increase in return on investments. (Theory of constraints application, n.d., Supply chain, para.1). In supply chain management, TOC also ensures an increase in velocity and availability, which directly leads to an increase in sales. Manufacturing facilities have a limited number of constraints. A bottleneck can be defined as an event when the capacity of a resource is equal to or less than the demand. Hence the theory of constraints is most effective on bottlenecks that are of critical concern in scheduling. This is because bottlenecks limit the overall production output of the manufacturing facility. An organization can also use reduced downtime, improved productivity, and reduce changeover times to ensure effectiveness. In a manufacturing unit, it is important for TOC to maximize the usage of throughput or funds which is generated and trying not to have constraints that are within the control of the firm. Within manufacturing facilities, the usage of TOC includes lower inventories, lowered manufacturing lead times, increased service levels, delivery, and higher productivity. Supply chain strategy Invariably, supply chain strategy is
Public relations and ethics Topics The program specific career topic is public relations and the general education topic for this research is ethics. APA reference Taylor, M., & Yang, A. (2014). Have global ethical values emerged in the public relations industry? Evidence from national and international professional public relations associations. Journal of Business Ethics, 130 (3), 543-555. Web. Summary It is a research article published in a scholarly journal dedicated to the issues of business ethics. The research is dedicated to the problem of common cultural codes of values typical of the public relations industry. Public relations as a form of business communication together with advertising, social media, and social marketing, go beyond national borders. Thus, tendencies developing in one country, quickly reach and influence another one. This research is related to the career in public relations because it helps to understand globalization tendencies through the lens of “the global map of ethical values in international public relations professional associations’ codes of ethics” (Taylor & Yang, 2014, p. 543). The researchers examine the codes of ethics applied by 33 national PR associations from different countries throughout six regions. The authors conclude that PR is a business communication form present in nearly every country. Its ethical aspect depends on the peculiarities of a society. The project implemented by the researchers contributes to defining major values in international public relations. The study addresses the problem of ethics in public relations by proving that it is a global issue and is implemented worldwide. Credibility This source looks credible. Two researchers from American universities conducted an investigation on a reliable sample, which included 33 national PR associations all over the world. The article is published in a peer-reviewed journal issued by a trustworthy editor Springer Science and Business Media, the Journal of Business Ethics. It is a recent article published in 2014. Moreover, it is based on over 70 sources, which allowed us to provide a detailed analysis of the material to make the study reliable and valuable for PR researchers and employees involved in this industry. Public Relations and Technology Topics The program-specific career topic is public relations and the general education topic for this research is technology. APA reference Tworzydlo, D. (2013). New technologies in public relations. Marketing of Scientific and Research Organizations, 4 (10), 1-15. Summary The source under analysis is an article published in the journal Marketing of Scientific and Research Organizations issued by the Institute of Aviation in Warsaw. It analyses and presen
According to Agarwal (1983), formalization is the degree to which regulations, rules and processes are observed within an organization. The fundamentals of formalizations diverge greatly from one organization to another in that some organizations have strict reporting and departure time to and from work with time clocks applied to monitor unexpected attitudes, another organization demands that workers spend enough time to get the duties accomplished while another may demand that workers have the right to exercise their own judgment in carrying out duties. Formalization therefore is the application of rules within an organization and the extent of their codification (p. 354). One of the key advantages of formalization is the fact that formal organization have easy to fathom leadership structures that are placed in concert by the given rules and regulations thereby eliminating the question of who is in control of the organization. The formal organizational structure leaves no chance for misconception of the modus operandi and processes. Formalization also improves rationality of organizations that applies it as it seeks to standardize attitudes by enabling precise predictability. A good example is the standardization of production processes for the production unit workers in an organization with the aim of ensuring quality before products are released into the market. Another major advantage of formalization is the fact that it enables a smooth transition of authority by enabling habitual and customary succession processes with little or no interruptions to the firm’s functioning. An example of such processes is the systematic appointment of the Catholic Church’s cardinals and popes. The other significant benefit of the formalization is the fact that they offer fundamental framework of the division of labor and responsibilities. Lack of such structures makes employees to concur on roles and responsibilities. It therefore creates clarity on the level of assistance and input that every worker can anticipate from another and what is anticipated of him in return (Gupta, 2009). The system also promotes discipline amongst the staff in the organization as it aims at controlling the attitudes of the worker and improving on the efficiency of the organization. Other benefits of formalization include the fact that it enables easy and fast assessment and revision of the organization as a result of the changing requirements and dynamic operating environment. It also offers a framework for the structuring of pay scales and in the human resource development practices such as recruitment, elevation and workforce planning (M.Walker, Boyne, & Brewer, 2010). Although formalization has numerous benefits, some of the disadvantages include the fact that the coded decision making process is long thereby hampering faster decision making and making the organization inefficient in meeting its obligations. Decisions are made by the leaders who cannot be influenced by the workers who are directly affected by