ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Major Works and Themes William Faulkner is considered to be the most prominent writer among the representatives of the Southern literature not by chance. Having created an imaginary country, Yoknapatawpha, in Mississippi State, Faulkner used it for discussing different problems connected with the life of people in the South of the country. The author considered numerous themes devoted to the social problems and personal characteristics of people who used to live in the southern part of the USA. It is important to note that most works written by Faulkner are different and sometimes they are too complicated for simple readers. There are many different stories and novels which may be considered. Taking into account social problems and characteristics of a person, A Rose for Emily short story should be considered. The main idea which is discussed in the story is the irrelevance of the personality to what the whole society thinks about this person. Matthew DeMartino writes that the story “explores the notion of complete individuality paired with an over-watchful community” (par. 2). It is impossible to be independent in the dependent society where everyone is connected to someone. Moreover, people are tightened by traditions, social and moral principles. Emily Grierson was one those who managed to remain free and independent while others thought her to be like all. One of the main focuses of the story is morale and traditional vision of social relations which “reflect history’s unwillingness to advance, evolve, or progress” (Aboul-Ela 18). Emily Grierson and Homer Barron used to be a couple, but when Homer made a note that “he was not a marrying man” (Faulkner and Cowley 398) all Emily’s hopes seemed to be ruined, but, still, she created a plan which worked. The whole city thought that she was a pretty good citizen as the whole city went to her funeral, but as it came out she killed her lover and slept with his remains for several years. The theme the author considers is related to the inability of a person to cope with the ideas implemented in the society but still the desire to be the part of that society. One more specific feature of the story is that the story became possible only after the death of the main character. People lived their lives and only when Emily Grierson died (the beginning of the story) people began to talk about her. The material in the story is presented in a specific way, first person plural. This is one more feature which makes the stories written by Faulkner different. It is also reflects the main themes discussed in the story. People did not talk about each other, they were not interested in the life of people while they were alive. It may be concluded that only the death of a person could cause people become interested in his/her life. Wolmart says that Faulkner “assimilated and expanded upon the
Introduction to Business Communication Mastering communication skills is a reliable way to stand out from the crowd of job applicants. Today, more than ever before, employers are interested in their employees’ ability to communicate adequately. Effective communication presupposes the capacity to transfer the message in a way that will allow other people to understand it and respond to it in the desired manner (— Introduction to Business 3). Unlike ordinary, everyday communication, business communication has to be practical, factual, concise, clear, and persuasive. To effectively transfer a message, a sender should carefully evaluate their ideas and organize them in a systematic and logical manner that would suit best for the purpose of communication (— Introduction to Business 6). The ability to communicate in a business environment might be hindered by the following factors that are not typical for less formal communication: workforce diversity, the pervasiveness of technology, the complexity of the organizational structures, and a teamwork orientation, among others (— Introduction to Business 21). To achieve better results in business communication, it is necessary to tailor the message to the intended audience. To this end, acquiring a basic understanding of the level of your listeners’ expertise, as well as fine-tuning of the communication strategies are required. The proper business etiquette and the ability to provide and receive feedback in a constructive manner are among the most important factors in business communication (— Introduction to Business 24). Intercultural Communication It is important to be able to communicate effectively with people from different and cultural backgrounds to have a successful career. The modern business provides a wide range of multicultural settings where one is expected to interact with colleagues from different countries (Pearson Intercultural Communication 2). Culture shapes most of the aspects of communication. It defines the meaning of words and gestures, time and space relationships, and rules of human interaction. Cultural diversity includes the differences between ethnic, religious, and national heritage and brings to the workplace a broad range of viewpoints and ideas. It helps companies to reach into diverse markets, as well as different pools of talent. However, it might affect the way business messages are sent and received (Pearson Intercultural Communication 9). There are negative tendencies and ways of perception of different cultures that must be avoided at all costs. Ethnocentrism is the evaluation of other groups by the standards of one’s own societ
Within the legal domain, there exist clear differences between the various types of law. While procedural law denotes the body of law that prescribes rules, rights, and statutes governing the proceedings of a court of law in criminal, civil and administrative lawsuits, substantive law is basically a statutory law concerned with the legal relationship between people who are subject to the law and the state. Procedural law is largely concerned with the steps which the criminal or civil suit passes through in a court of law, not mentioning that it creates the legal framework for the enforcement of law; however, substantive law deals with the structure and facts of the case, and also defines the rights and duties of individuals involved in the case. In powers and application, procedural law has no independent powers and can be applied in non-legal contexts; however, substantive law has independent powers to decide the fate of a case and can only be applied within the legal context (Morrison & Brennan, 1996). An example of substantive law is how degrees of guilt is defined and conceptualized depending upon the circumstances that made a rapist to defile a minor and whether the act of rape was predetermined or spontaneous. A classic example of procedural law is the time-frame allowed for relatives of the rape victim (plaintiffs) to sue the rapist (defendant) and the rules, rights, and privileges governing the process of the criminal lawsuit. There exist marked differences between criminal law and civil law. While criminal law is essentially the body of laws concerned with crime and the legal punishment of criminal offenses, civil law is concerned with disputes between people, entities, or between the two, in which fair compensation is awarded to the aggrieved party. In criminal law, the state must proof beyond a reasonable doubt that the defendant perpetuated the criminal offense. In civil law, however, the aggrieved party (plaintiff) must employ preponderance of evidence to prove to the jury that he or she has been wronged by the defendant. While in criminal law a guilty defendant is punished by imprisonment and/or fines, the plaintiff in civil law normally receives some form of compensation (Morrison & Brennan, 1996). Murder or burglary proceedings fall under criminal law, while landlord-tenant disputes fall under civil law. Both common law and statutory law are used to govern a country, but the former evolves with new decisions made by the jury in courts while the latter evolves in terms of new laws issued by various government agencies. Common law is procedural in operation and instructive in nature, while statutory law is substantive and prescriptive (Morrison & Brennan, 1996). An example of common law is where a judge comes up with a new set of rules to convict a murderer upon reflection of individual decisions in multitudes of cases involving murder. Conversely
Abstract Violent crimes make use of physical force which in most cases results to causing bodily injuries physically and sometimes psychologically. Violent crimes have various starting points in the lifespan of a person with some starting at an early age while in some it may start at a late age. Peer influence, family background and mass media influence are among the factors that influence a person to get engaged in violent crimes. Globalization has also been pointed out to be among the factors that have enhanced violent crimes in various ways. The internet, an aspect of globalization, has made it possible for people to access information relating to violence making it possible for them to carry out crimes. It is also possible to connect and recruit gang activities through the internet with purchasing arrangements for drugs and weapons made possible. The environment has also been pointed out as a cause of crimes which may consequently lead to violence later. The environment has specifically been pointed out to be influential in the case of corporate affairs whereby the risk of exposure of huge corruption claims may lead to elimination of the whistle blowers. Bad working terms which largely exploit employees may also trigger violent reactions from the employees when there is a feeling that it has become too much. Migration especially when directed to a specific regions leads to overpopulation which consequently will result to social evils of which violent crimes is one. Other factors which have been pointed out as causers of violent crimes include: age, ethnicity, gender, social economic status, prior victimization that may lead to revenge, unique training such as bombing, education level, marital status, medical history, race, addictions, occupational relations and loss of significant relations. Violent Crimes Violent crimes refer to physical offenses carried out on by people on other people and in most cases such actions inflict physical damage and at times psychological damage. According to the FBI (2006), violent crimes consist of “murder and non negligent manslaughter, forcible rape, robbery, and aggravated assault” (FBI, 2006, p. 1). Violent crimes are mainly dealt with from the department of criminal justice and those found guilty usually face very harsh penalties. Violent crimes may begin in individuals in various ways. It may start either during childhood or may start at old age. However, individual begin involving in crime before or during their youths and may continue this way ever thereafter or may change depending on the situation. An individual may begin involving in crime due to peer pressure, due to mass media influence, due to family background or due to family interests. Peer influence plays an important role in getting many individuals into crime. This mostly happens during teenage or youth whereby the lifestyle of these youngsters are mostly dependent on the peer groups
Researchers in different fields have developed numerous theories that help in explaining given phenomena as experienced by man. Most of the theories in sociology and psychology have proved quite applicable across disciplines due to their generalizability (McKenna, 2007). Most motivational theories, for instance, have been used to explain behaviors of employees in a working environment, students in learning institutions and so on. Robert Merton’s Middle Range Theory which has a sociological basis has been embraced by participants in the healthcare sector. The theory provides an understanding of the relationship between theoretical empirical investigations. Today, it is the most acknowledged theory by American sociologists (Peterson & Bredow, 2008). The essay focuses on the use of Middle Range Theory in the discipline of healthcare. Scholars in the healthcare filed are constantly seeking to enhance the approaches of understanding health and the general well being of individuals, members of the family, and community population (McKenna, 2007). They have therefore taken it upon themselves to improve the science of healthcare service provision through intensive and extensive research and theoretical analysis. Most of the healthcare personnel have developed a unique interest in applying middle range theory in their practice as well as research. Books have been written and research findings published to encourage the use of middle range theories in healthcare. According to Smith and Liehr (2008), it is important to understand the middle range theories and determine their applicability to the theory, practice and research in healthcare. Most of the middle range theories have been critiqued by healthcare scholars and made use of them in their day-to-day practice as well as their studies. Several middle range theories have been found to be applicable to the discipline of healthcare. Middle range theories provide rich explanations of given phenomena that are associated with the caring-healing in healthcare (McKenna, 2007). The theory of self-transcendence, for instance, helps in understanding how aging or vulnerability forces human beings to evaluate their past, present, and the anticipated future with an aim of finding relevance in life. Seeking to develop metaphysical connections is also explained by this theory. This has significance implications for healthcare providers since it has to do with an individual’s well-being or recovery (Peterson & Bredow, 2008). The theory of uncertainty in illness is also useful when it comes to research in healthcare. Aspects of this theory like the severity of illness,
Introduction Asian values refer to a concept developed in the in the second half of the 20 th century, as way of justifying authoritarian regimes in Asia (Clammer 1992). It is based on the existence of beliefs and an extraordinary set of institutions, and political ideologies that are a reflection of the region’s rich culture and history. This concept has a more political inclination than a traditional affiliation as many would think (Clammer 1992). There is no single definition for this term owing to the varied backgrounds of its proponents. However, there are notable principles governing this concept. In particular, the concept concentrates on humanism, and family, national and corporation loyalty (Vittachi 1996). In other words, it is seen to put the society’s stability and prosperity as a priority over personal freedom. In addition, the concept encourages academic and technological excellence as well as work ethics and disciplined spending habits. The concept discourages pluralism but encourages single party rule. The concept also works towards establishing social harmony and consensus and discourages dissent and confrontations (Vittachi 1996). In addition, the concept demands that people should prioritize the welfare of the community and not their individual rights. Individuals are supposed to show loyalty to the authorities like the government, teachers and parents (Clammer 1992). This concept tends to favor authoritarianism. On the other hand, authoritarian regimes are characterized by highly concentrated and centralized power safeguarded by political repression and deterrence of potential challengers. It employs arbitrary law as opposed to the rule of law (Othman et al. 2008). This form of governance is a characterization of informal and unregulated political power or leadership that is self proclaimed. This paper endeavors to critically analyze Mahathir Mohmad’s and Lee Kua
In the recent past, many manufacturers have taken to sourcing for production abroad. This trend has tremendously been impacted by the recent global financial crisis that has been witnessed the world over and the turmoil that has been registered in the world financial markets. Sincerely speaking, there is no problem with any company outsourcing their manufacturing process, however, due to the large number of organizations that have resorted to this system, caution has to be taken due to twists and turns that are involved in outsourcing of the production process. The most notable fact that has to be brought into perspective before a company decides to source production abroad is the cost of tooling, duration of agreement, and pricing (Washburn et al, 2009). That there is always some sort of tension between the vendor and the distributor as to who bears the initial cost of product development is an undisputed fact. Product development calls for collaboration on the design of the product and the cost of acquiring tools and machinery to be used in the manufacturing process. The supplier will not always accept to invest copious amounts of money on tooling without a guarantee of faster returns on investment. The supplier may have a perception that an agreement spanning several years is essential if he is to bear the cost of tooling and increase production. The distributor may not be willing to be tied to a given manufacturer if for a reason the product has not received the best reception in the market. Therefore, the parties must initiate some kind of multi year contract to guarantee that the undertaking is worthwhile for the foreign manufacturer. The parties have to agree on some kind of reimbursement of tooling costs if the agreement does not go on as it was supposed to. The distributor can also advance the tooling costs at the initial stages of the relationship. When the two parties come to consensus on multi year contracting, the issue of pricing will crop up. Because it is to difficult to come up with a formula that governs pricing changes, parties often find themselves in a situation where foreign manufacturers propose price changes at the end of financial years. However, there are ugly incidences where buyers can reject the price and subsequently terminate the contract. This makes the agreement a short-term contract. If the distributor fails to advance the tooling costs, chances are that reimbursement of the tooling costs will be imminent. It is therefore pertinent that the supply agreement declares that the manufacturer pays the tooling costs, and that the supplier can return the tools and fixtures to the manufacturer upon termination of the agreement. Another factor to be considered when sourcing production abroad is product liability and insurance. The issue of product liability comes into play when the foreign manufacturer produces the entire product to be distributed in the market. The company charged with the distribution of this product will obviously push for the risks of injuries to persons or property resulting from the manufacturing process to be borne by the foreign manufacturer. The
The contemporary world is characterized by its rapid development. Business is one of the spheres that progress at the fastest pace. Large companies and popular industries are constantly followed and studied by millions of individuals for the purpose to analyze and recreate their success. The most well-known business leaders of the world are widely admired and praised, and their unique approaches and styles are explored by the researchers, students, and aspiring business makers. One such leader is Jack Ma, an outstanding Chinese philanthropist, and entrepreneur whose massive success serves as an example for the new generation. This paper attempts to introduce and analyze Jack Ma’s life, personality, and career, describe the leader using 7 traits paradigm, list his core competencies, and his relationship with the followers. Background Jack Ma comes from Zhejiang Province in China. He was born in 1964 and has started to demonstrate the passion for self-realization and education ever since he was a child (“Jack Ma – Success behind Personality” par. 3). He began with the improvement of English language proficiency and communication skills by talking with foreign tourists as a teenager. His aspiration to learn English was a clear sign of his progressive thinking and orientation in the international arena. Learning English was quite an accomplishment in a country as isolated from the rest of the world as communist China was back then. After a few years, Ma graduated from Hangzhou Normal University where his specialty was English (“Jack Ma – Success behind Personality” par. 3). Further, he became interested in business development and entered the Cheung Kong Graduate School of Business that is located in Beijing (“Jack Ma – Success behind Personality” par. 3). Career Jack Ma’s first profession was a teacher of English, an occupation that is very different from what this leader ended up pursuing. Allen described Ma’s career as a former teacher becoming “the most mammoth successful entrepreneur in the world’s biggest country” (par. 1). Ma’s career path is truly astonishing and serves as an excellent demonstration of the importance of determination, passion, focus, and progressive vision in modern leadership and career development. The life of Jack Ma is a chain of attempts of this leader to achieve success in various spheres he deemed successful. As a person with excellent vision, Ma captured the opportunities and the impact the internet might provide in the future right in the middle of the 1990s when he first encountered it. Further, his business attempts in China were directed at the provision of the connection between people, such as the establishment of the Chinese yellow pages that never succeeded (Allen par. 5). When Ma accidentally met the co-founder of Yahoo Jerry Yang, he could not miss his chance to learn from this outstanding leader. As a re
Introduction The given prompt outlines the difference between advocacy and inquiry using the example of the Challenger’s case. It is agreeable that the two concepts differ. Indeed, whereas advocacy mainly refers to activities that support an idea in an attempt to influence a decision based on personal or group bias, inquiry refers to a solution-seeking approach where the pros and cons of different options are considered before a final decision is made (Kahneman & Charan, 2013). In the Challenger case, parallel thinking by de Bono would have applied better as compared to the advocacy approach that was employed. First, the fact that advocacy aims to get an idea passed regardless of the consequences (Paul & Elder, 2014), was the wrong decision-making approach as it led to the death of 7 people. It is clear that the decision-making process was also not complete due to the nature of advocacy. Main body Paul and Elder (2014) argue that advocacy is sometimes perceived to be more democratic than other processes of decision-making. However, it is important to note that this method of decision-making only presents one side of the argument. Levels III and IV of the management team were responsible for deciding to launch the Space Challenger Shuttle. Ideally, one can state that the managers involved formed a quorum to make such a decision. Thus, no other influence was made. It is this team that used the advocacy approach to convince other management teams of the benefits of launching the shuttle. Indeed, to do so, the team had to withhold vital information on the faulty O-Rings. It is the said faulty O-Ring that eventually led to the crashing of the space shuttle. The argument that parallel thinking would have been a better decision-making approach as compared to advocacy is supported by the fact that parallel thinking supports the inquiry approach as well (Hammond, Keeney, & Raiffa, 2015). De Bono’s parallel thinking involves the division of an idea into several angles. Different teams then take up the different aspects and thoroughly investigate their pros and cons. After the investigations, the teams join up and agree on one way to deal with the situation at hand. The nature of parallel thinking by default also gives it an inquiry approach. There are two levels of inquiry in the sta