ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Description A century ago, learners travelled to learning institutions to be taught by an instructor (Denk & Weber 122). In the present day, it is surprising to note that they still do the same. Owing to this, many scholars have noted that education is so impervious to change unlike other sectors. However, it is predicted that over the next coming years, the sector will undergo through tremendous changes (Nouri 285). As the projects advance, scholars should note that there are a number of concerns with respect to the use of m-learning. The implementation of mobile learning is expected to face a number of challenges like conserving copyright and upholding quality (Noura & Cerratto 55). Some issues include assessing education outside classrooms and connecting the gap between official and non-official education. One of the major concerns of implementing mobile learning in current institutions is its costs. The cost of building the necessary infrastructure to support learning and equipping every student with a mobile learning device is very high (Wang & Ryu 351). Owing to this, governments and other stakeholders are called upon to fund the projects through price cut and grants to enhance the uptake of necessary devices into the hands of all learners. Other major issues faced by the project are theft and loss (Yawasabere 24). Owing to their portability, mobile learning devices are prone to theft and loss. If stolen or misplaced, the devices could lead to privacy issues. The engraved serial numbers on the device have aided in thwarting a number of risks. However, it should be noted that it has not eradicated the issue completely. Therefore, prior to putting in place m-learning infrastructure in institutions and stakeholder should come up with a system to guarantee students’ privacy. They should also ensure that the gadgets are properly secured and stored in safer places. The above issues were not clear at the beginning. For instance, technical issues include ways of managing the technology under short battery life and interacting with a mobile phone when outdoor. Other issues are educational. Educational issues comprise of how to manage small learning groups in the lecture hall and offering lessons through a mobile phone. Other issues arise with respect to the society the technology is implemented. For instance, in some societies it is unethical to observe and control children’s outdoor learning activities using mobile phones. To address the challenges and prospects offered by the use of mobile phones in learning, the stakeholders need to address the above issues with urgency. Rationale A number of literature reviews have documented the issues with mobile learning
On Civil Society The concepts of civil society and freedom are interconnected. Freedom is frequently discussed as a relevant and abstract concept that is forced to fit certain frames and regulations within the civil society that is known for a system of laws ensuring the wellbeing of all the members who conform. This paper will explore the points of view of human freedom and civil society expressed by two of the world’s most outstanding philosophers – Kerl Marx and Georg Wilhelm Hegel. First of all, the paper will divide the concepts of freedom and civil society in some of the notions that contribute to their definitions. These subnotions are desire, private property, and the idea of human freedom itself. Each of these will be presented as explained by each of the philosophers separately, and then their perspectives would be compared and contrasted. Hegel on Desire According to Hegel, an individual is subject to their own physical needs and caprice (16). The constant influence of these forces is viewed by the author as one of the primary principles of civil society. Further, the second principle of the civil society outlined by Hegel is the interdependence and mutual influences of the individuals on one another (179). The author emphasizes that none of the particular persons should be viewed outside of the groups and societies to which they belong and communicate. As a result, the desires of an individual, and the norms of society inevitably go into a clash. Hegel points out what he refers to as “a complete interdependence” of the satisfaction and happiness of one person is connected to that of the society (179). Moreover, Hegel emphasizes that an individual’s happiness is defined by societal norms and rules (179). That way, only an individual who matches the requirements of the society (legal and ethical) can be happy. Otherwise, society will limit the actions of an individual and penalize them for breaking the norms and rules based on selfish desires. Hegel explained the nature of a human being and their caprices stating that the emergence of new desires is a process that does not have an end – as soon as one need is satisfied it is immediately replaced by another one, such as the nature of humans, as explained by Hegel (180). The author positions the relationship between a person and civil society as a clash between the singularity and the universality where the wishes of a person are mediated by the universal norms forcing an individual person to act universally in order to conform (Hegel 291). Therefore, the formation of an individual happens under a multitude of influences of a personal and societal nature merging an individual conscious with that of the civil society. Marx on Desire Marx also raises the issues of individual desires and needs and their manifestations with civil societies. The author employs an example of traders – each of the individual persons is interested in the maximization of the
Many financial institutions have realized the importance of sustainable development. Several banks are currently involved in approaches, which help other business firms understand the importance of sustainable business practices. Banking institutions need to review their lending policies to ensure borrowers use credit obtained in a sustainable manner. Financial regulators need to establish strong codes of conduct to ensure banks comply with social and environmental regulations. Banks need to assess if their borrowers have complied with crucial environmental requirements before offering them credit (Stephens and Skinner 175). This will make them transact with customers who are willing to fulfill their social and environmental responsibilities. Some investments which banks finance impact greatly on climate change. They have been criticized for giving less attention to environmental and social issues. The banking sector needs to reclaim public trust and confidence to clean up its reputation. Many banks were heavily involved in the recent global financial crisis, whose effects continue to be felt in many economies. Many financial sectors are not well regulated, which makes it possible for some banks to engage in unethical practices. Banks need to include environmental and social compliance in the loan application criteria, before giving out credit to business owners. This will make them vet corporate loan applicants to determine their level of compliance to social and environmental goals. Banks award their top executives a lot of incentives and this contributes to income inequalities in many societies. These incentives encourage banks to pursue profitability more aggressively, at the expense of environmental and social issues (Stephens and Skinner 176). Many banks are only interested in good financial results, which do not have a positive impact on the society. SWIFT, an association of more than 10,000 banks operating in over 200 countries, has proposed radical measures to enable banks contribute positively to sustainable development. This association has introduced various proposals which advise banks to make a positive impact on social and environmental issues The initiative aims to encourage banks to develop products, which support socially sustainable businesses because they make a bigger impact on the lives of poor people. Small and medium enterprises, whose operations conform to social and environmental goals, need financial support to make a bigger impact in their industries. It is necessary for banks to provide them with adequate financing to make their operations more innovative. Banks need to implement effective processes, which enab
Abstract The paper discusses the peculiarities of probation officers’ work and their attitude towards performing their professional functions. The problem investigated in the study is the impact of work on probation officers. The study is descriptive, and its design is non-experimental. The research methodology is a review of the literature. The review covers such aspects of the problem as the benefits and limitations of probation at a method of punishment, the tools used by probation officers, their attitude to work, and its impact on them. Data was collected through a survey. The sample group is twenty probation professionals from local offices. The survey includes ten questions related to professional skills and feelings. The analysis of data indicates that the number of years in the office and the complexity of cases influence officers’ attitudes to work and their level of burnout. The limitations of the study include small sample size and insufficient validity. Problem Statement The problem analyzed in the current paper is the impact of probation on the work of the officers engaged in this system. It is expected that with the help of the survey, it will be possible to analyze in what ways work in the sphere of probation influences officers. Both positive and negative manifestations will be investigated. The problem is rather crucial because there is much evidence of the detrimental effect of work in the probation system on officers. Thus, it is necessary to analyze the causes of such impact and find the possible solutions that would mitigate the negative effects. Once the issue is resolved, it will become easier to find the most beneficial probation approaches that would improve the offenders’ conduct and change their disposition towards criminal activity. Also, finding the resolution to the problem will make the work of probation officers simpler by enabling them to minimize the presence of negative factors in their everyday professional activities. Methodology and Design of Research The study has a descriptive nature. This type of research makes it possible to provide a comprehensive picture of the investigated issue. At the core of descriptive research, there is a need to explain some phenomena most accurately. The result of such research is the representation of the problem or an answer to research questions. In the current paper, the focus is on probation and probation officers’ perceptions of their work. Therefore, it is necessary to concentrate the attention on finding out how officers treat their professional duties and why they treat them in particular ways. Descriptive research does not pay much attention to the exploration of some issues or the explanation of them. Rather, it depicts the general tendencies of concepts and provides detailed reports on the problem’s background. The design of the research is non-
Brazil’s Legal System Brazil adopted its legal system from its colonizer, Portugal. Thus, the doctrines that govern formulation of the country’s law are relatively rigid. The government is federal and has semi autonomous state authorities. Moreover, the country has a court system that is tasked with the responsibility of interpreting the law. The Supreme Court has the final decision on the interpretation of the law. There are two systems of judiciary. One of the systems is controlled by the state while the federal judiciary system binds all states, and is applied in the whole country (Friedman & Perdomo, 2003). The basic concept of the Brazilian law is the civil law. In this system, laws are made according to several principles that have existed traditionally. Thus, all the laws that are made must conform to these principles. This legal system was adopted from the judicial systems of the continental Western Europe where the former occupiers of the country originated (Wirth & Nunes, 1987). Brazil has local copyright laws and is a party to international copyright and patent laws. This means that the country is obligated to protect intellectual property from being illegally used in the country by either local or foreign companies. However, the current copyright and patent laws are outdated and have many loopholes. Social Organization Brazil’s culture reflects the influence of the Portuguese. Most of the population speaks the Portuguese language apart from a few modern-day immigrants. Unlike other countries in the two American continents, it is difficult to establish the racial background of the citizens. Intermarriage has led to emergence of a mixture of characteristics of Native Americans, Europeans and Africans in its population. Slowly, the racial distinctions are fading away (Hudson, 1998). However, Brazilian population has a class system where people with deeper skin color may experience discrimination (Davis, 1999). A significant disparity in the levels of income adds to the class distinctions brought by color differences. People in Brazil are religious and most are traditionally Roman Catholic adherents. There is also some influence of ancient religions, which have metamorphosed into a number of cults. Most of the Brazilian citizens prefer informal methods of communicating. There is no strict observation of formal protocols among Brazilians as it is in the country of ancestry of the residents (Wirth & Nunes, 1987). People will go about their official duties in an informal manner, and may even be dressed casually. Business Cus
Currency This article was written by Froma Harrop, a columnist for the Seattle Times. The article has not been revised ever since; hence, it is not a current source of information on the topic. Genetically modified organisms are a topic that requires access to the most recent information. The article may only be relevant in revealing how shallow the information that people had on GMOs was a decade ago and beyond. Some old sources like this article can only be relevant when looking at the period when scientists started experimenting with GMOs. The article is a clear indication that the resistance to GMOs is an issue that has rocked the world for a long time. Relevance The information in the article highlights the common issues that the society has raised with reference to the introduction of GMOs in their foods. While most people have openly claimed that they have no problem with consuming GMOs, the author of this article has clearly indicated that there are some people who are totally against the GMOs. These opposing populations are not adequately represented by the author because of her clear lack of background information about the potential adverse effects of GMOs. The intended audiences for this article are the institutions and personalities that are proposing the extensive application of GMOs in the production of food (Harrop par. 4). The author is clearly against the efforts mounted by different institutions to ensure consumers are not provided with information about GMOs in their foods. The information provided by the author is not deep enough to provide any scientific credibility on the author’s claims. Harrop is clearly not knowledgeable in the area of GMOs. Authority In 2002, Harrop was a syndicated columnist for the Seattle Times, which means that she had the authority to publish this article. She has clearly given it her best shot, and some of the information she provided is noteworthy. Her writing skills and presentation of information is quite compelling to the audience, and she provokes readers to join her in the protest against the forceful consumption of GMOs (Harrop par. 5). The author has provided her email address, and it is valid. This contact information can be used to reach her for further questioning or clarifications about the article. GMOs GMOs are organisms that have had their genetic material altered to enhance their resistance to certain conditions to enhance their growth and development. For instance, scientists have developed hybrid crops through genetic engineering to help them resist adverse environmental conditions. GMOs have eliminated the need for farmers to use herbicides and pesticides, and they have also facilitated higher farm yields. Most nations do not believe that GMOs are safe for consumpt
Executive summary Emirates airline and Fly Dubai provides flight services from the United Arab Emirates to different parts of the world. Fly Dubai is a low-cost airline based in Dubai and provides flights to other destinations. It is rapidly expanding its operations in getting into the international scene. The airline connects with the Emirates airlines to provide flights for the Emirates customers to destinations not served by the Emirates. The airlines have purposed to renovate one of the terminals of the Dubai international airport to improve on the quality of their services. The intended project is a construction of a double perimeter fence all round the terminal. This will improve on the security at the airport leading to increased customer and employee satisfaction. More customers will be attracted to the services of the airline. Similarly, the employees will be motivated thereby improving on their output. As such, the project has objectives that are in line with the objectives of the different airlines. The perimeter-fencing project is divided into several activities ranging from the initial training on project management, through the construction processes to the final installation of CCTV. Each of these activities has an estimated duration. The whole project is intended to take ten months (about 40 weeks). The project will cost about Dh 100 million (equivalent to about $ 25 million). It is to be executed in the 2011/2012 financial year. The identification of the different activities involved in the project and the precedence relation is essential in ensuring that the project runs smoothly. A Gantt chart showing the start and finish time of each activity as well as their precedence relations will be use in monitoring the progress of the project. By examining the Gantt chart, activities critical to the project like conducting training, recruitment of professionals, excavation, and the construction of the concrete wall are identified. Much resource can then be channeled to these activities as opposed to the less critical ones to ensure that the project is completed in time. The success of the project will depend on the cooperation of the different individuals involved. Proper communication between the project stakeholders is essential in minimizing the risks involved in the project. Introduction Fly Dubai is an airline that was founded in 2008 to provide low-cost air transport services in the Middle East countries. The airline has its headquarters in Dubai, United Arabs Emirates. It started its flights operations in 2009 with a daily return flight between Dubai and Beirut (Flemming 2009). It was also intended to provide daily return flight between Dubai and Amman. The airline was expected to have rapid expansion and offer flights to the other countries in the Middle East, India, parts of Europe, and northern and East Africa (
Introduction Most consumers view gardening products as products that are not essential their day-to-day activities. Therefore, the market for these products is very volatile and can be affected by minor changes in the economy. Due to this fact, consumers find it hard to purchases expensive gardening tools. When there is an economic slump, consumers opt to purchase cheaper alternatives that are available in the market. The purchase of gardening equipment tends to be higher during spring and summer. It is during this period that as a result of the favorable prevailing weather, gardeners tend to work on their farms and gardens. Statistics on sales of gardening equipment tend to be skewed in the season between spring and early winter. Gardening is slowly becoming one of the of the most popular pass time activities in the United Kingdom. Moreover, it appears as if global the recession has encouraged gardening. This may be due to the fact that people find it cheaper to plant their own crops rather than purchasing foodstuffs. Women who are in the age bracket of forty years and above form the bulk of the people who are practicing gardening as a hobby. In this light, a sales and Marketing Manager would be wise to target this group when selling gardening products. Consumers in the gardening market are highly aware of the available brands and the cost of most products. However, companies with recognized brands have shifted their concentration towards the upper end of the market. This action has led to market polarization. Consumers who cannot afford recognized brands opt for cheaper products from overseas rather than buying expensive products from internal companies. Moreover, these consumers are aware of the substitutes for each product and can easily shift to cheaper goods if prices change. Ordinary consumers aim at minimizing costs when spending on gardening equipments and other gardening products. This is because these products are not considered basic neither are they goods of ostentation. The shift in consumer preference for cheaper goods has led to companies outsourcing their activities in order to maintain their competitive edge by reducing their operating costs. Product distribution w