ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The growth of personality as well as intellectual development comes about when one nurtures and develops his ability to communicate effectively. To develop the ability to communicate effectively the skills of reading, listening, writing, representing ideas visually, and viewing (language arts) are essential for this purpose (Nelson, 2011). According to Gunning (2010), though the language arts are independent from each other they are connected to one another. In this respect, written language comprises of both reading and writing. Spoken communication involves speaking as well as listening. On the other hand, visual language is a result of visual representations and viewing. According to Gunning (2010), reading is the construction or derivation of meaning from a written material. Reading is a technique that provides a person with the ability to access a wide array of information that brings about fulfillment and enjoyment. Reading is a fundamental aspect in the elementary aged student’s literacy process. Gunning (2010), argues that through reading elementary students explore their motives and investigate answers that facilitate the understanding of themselves as individuals as well as those around them. For a reading program to be effective there is need for widespread reading among the elementary students accompanied by functional instructions from the teachers. In other words, the teachers have a role of motivating students and cultivating competence through setting goals, managing the behavior in the classroom and making assessments (Gunning, 2010). According to Neuman, Copple, and Bredekamp (2000), writing is a technique that involves submission of an individual’s ideas by encoding them into comprehensible words fitted together to form understandable terms. It is putting on paper one’s ideas. Elementary aged students in developing interest in writing motivate themselves and develop the ability to become mature writers. According to Gunning (2010), this comes as a result of highly effective teaching that facilitates conscious learning among the elementary students. The teachers should encourage the students to be independent writers, provide motivation, and promote a feeling of competence. The teacher’s assistance should be secondary providing assistance when the student has difficulty in spelling, handwriting as well as encoding material on paper. This will promote independence in writing among the elementary students (Neuman etal, 2000). Speaking is the use of vocals for communication purposes via a particular language. In normal circumstances, elementary students have the ability to speak and express themselves freely. However, in some exceptional instances this is not the case as some students lack the capability to speak. According to Nelson (2011), students develop a better and clearer understanding of speech when subjected to new experiences. In addition, a student may motivate himself to develop ample ways of vocally expressing themselves when they develop new interests. In this respect, a student at elementary level to develop new interests should have div
The United States is a democratic country which relies on the rule of law to establish justice and protect constitutional rights of its citizens. The judicial system, which encompasses a network of courts, acts as a mechanism which upholds order by applying the law to resolve disputes and affects many aspects of our society, including business. Before the supreme law of the United States, the constitution, was adopted, justice had been established by the Articles of Confederation ( Outline of the U.S. Legal System , 2004, p. 20). During that time, executive and legislative branches were not separated, and the role of the national government was performed by Congress. At the Constitutional Convention in 1787, policy makers concluded that it was necessary to create a national judiciary ( Outline of the U.S. Legal System , 2004, p. 20). At the convention, the Virginia and New Jersey delegations presented two different plans which defined the legislative structure of the United States. The former plan was adopted and formed the basis of the United States judiciary as it exists today, with two systems of courts, federal and state courts. The United States constitution divides the authority between federal and state courts ( The Constitution of the United States , art. III). The federal court system is comprised of the Supreme Court and two levels of federal courts, created by Congress. The two systems of federal courts are the United States district courts and courts of appeal ( The U.S. Legal S
There is a number of questions that arouse in human mind and belong to the category of universal questions. Probably, the one that is the most popular is as follows: What is the reason for God’s allowing people to experience pain and suffering if God has love for everyone and knowledge of everything? The author of The Problem of Pain shows the meaning of the problem of pain, stating that pain presents a problem because of selfishness and narrow-mindedness of human consciousness as people are convinced that if we had an opportunity to live a life entirely devoid of pain, it would have been a perfect proof of God’s love for us. In fact, the author of the book is trying to prove the readers that pain is the direct result of God’s love for people and God’s tool of people’s improvement; He uses pain in order to bring us closer to Him. The beginning of the book is very successful and eloquent since the author starts it on a personal note saying that “not many years ago [he] was an atheist” (Lewis 1). Thus, he makes an impression that the information he is going to state is first-hand since Lewis uses atheist argument about the existing evil in the world. He finds that the main merit of this atheist argument is its problem: “If the universe is so bad, or even half so bad, how on earth did human beings ever come to attribute it to the activity of a wise and good Creator?” (Lewis 3). Lewis further explains that the answer is that “spectacle of the universe as revealed by experience can never be the ground for religion” (4). Religion is beyond experience. A necessary reservation is made by Lewis at the beginning of his book at it is necessary to tackle it as well, it concerns equivocality of the terms “good”, “almighty”, and “happy” (Lewis 16). The author states that it is necessary to think these terms over again as they need alteration. In case if conventional definitions of the notions of “good”, “happy”, and “almighty” are considered satisfactory and suitable, it will be simply impossible to find an answer and solution to the argument (Lewis 16). The first issue analyzed by Lewis pertaining to the problem of pain is the essence of omnipotence. He states that a human being should not be omnipotent since in that case it would have been impossible to distinguish one’s ideas from somebody else’s, besides, the nature of the world should also be fixed so that all people could be under equal and appropriate conditions, but the permanence of nature can also become the cause of evil and pain as in the example with wood that can be used as a beam and as a club to hit another person (Lewis 24). Hence the connection of the permanence of nature and frequent victories of those who are guided by unjust causes but possess materi
Moro National Liberation Front (MNLF) is a political association that has continuously sought for an independent Islamic state from the Philippines government. The organization emerged in the late 1960s during the height of Philippines’ Muslim civil unrest (East 2006, p.6). The tension between Philippines’ Muslims and Christians in Mindanao has existed for centuries. In 1968, it reached its heights during the “Jabidah” massacre (East 2006, p.8). Since then, talks have been ongoing between the MNLF leaders and Philippines leaders to negotiate stipulations and lawful frameworks towards the formation of MNLF nation. Critics argue that the MNLF state would not function effectively once declared an independent state (East 2006, p.10). However, a close analysis on the MNLF structure reveals otherwise. The MNLF political structure is organized into three factions. These are the Misuari, Alvarez, and Islamic command council. In addition, there are other executive committees under the mandate of the mayor of Cotabato city (East 2006, p.10). Another core wing of the MNLF is their armed forces. Under the leadership of Dr. Nur Misuari, MNLF associates believe that their state will succeed independently upon the adoption of appropriate policies and strategies (East 2006, p.8). In their future, the movement aims at fostering nationalist objectives across Mindanao. Analysts anticipate that once the state has attained its independence, the guerilla warfare employed by its members will definitely decline (East 2006, p.11). The fact that MNLF’s past practices indicate they can peacefully coexist substantiates this consideration. Upon the MNLF’s independence, peace and order will eventually rein enhancing economic activities. The MNLF has been significantly depending on m
Many great men and women have made a positive impact to the world. They were able to do so due to what they achieved and the traits that they possessed. The following are examples of people who made a positive impact to the world. Mother Teresa A follow-up to the study published in 1997 by the wall street journal showed that mother Teresa spent a major part of her life helping sick people, and those who were dying. [18]She possessed qualities that made her to be admired by everyone. The journal goes further to show us that her purity was the secret trait that made her very powerful in the world. She was very pure in her heart and her purpose in life was to make god to be proud of her work. Her greatness can really lift one up. Mother Teresa never created any material wealth and even in death she only had rosary beads and her sari which was white and blue in color which she was physically identified with. She died a virgin but a mother to millions of faithful. She only spoke simple words which were able to touch the hearts of everyone and this enabled her to win a Nobel peace prize and even when she died she was able to make headlines and unite the world in celebrating her life. Bob Marley A study published in 2008 in the Trinidad and Tobago news blog described bob Marley as the first third world country superstar to be known internationally through his music. One of his album (exodus) and song (one love) has been described as the best in the century. He sang songs about love and hope that made him inspire millions all over the world regardless of race or class. His concerts were flocked by white Americans and Europeans all because of his charisma and the fact that he looked white, was youthful and his reggae songs were inspiring. By growing dreadlocks millions of Bob Marley were expressing his sentiments of love and unity regardless of wealth and race. Barrack Obama Barrack Obama made history by becoming the first African American to win a presidential election in the most powerful country of the world, the United States of America. Barrack Obama an American with Kenyan roots captured the world’s imagination with his eloquent and inspiring public speeches. His speeches about change and unity made a positive impact on the whole world. Americans voted for him because he was youthful and he stood for the change they felt they needed. Barack Obama made the poor to be heard all over the world. In this historic win, Obama made the whole world admir
Introduction A liquidity shortfall in the years 2008-2009 in the United States led to a credit crunch that brought devastating effects in the world economy. The US financial system neared collapse with big financial players in the industry surviving on bailouts by national governments. Falling confidence of investors led to the fall of stock markets worldwide. One of the most affected sectors and one that many analysts point as the trigger of the crisis was the housing market. Real estate securities against which people had taken mortgages depreciated upon the bursting of the United States housing bubble. Many financial institutions that had invested in the housing markets and those that had lent out their money were damaged financially. The housing market was characterized by foreclosures and evictions of the owners who could not service their mortgage loans. Many businesses especially the small and medium enterprises crumbled with consumer wealth shrinking considerably and governments had to make huge financial commitments to save the ailing systems and the declining economy. There is no particular cause that was solely responsible for the crisis; the complexity and interconnectedness that characterize the global financial world and failure of the overseeing institutions to foresee the growing risk triggered the meltdown. However, there are those that stand out. Causes of the Global Financial Crisis In January 2010, Federal Reserve Chairman Ben Bernanke alluded that lax oversight was responsible for the financial troubles that the US experienced in the last three years (Rampell, 2003). As earlier said the causes are complex and interconnected. They can be grouped in various categories and according to the level of effect that they had, the housing market which is thought to have triggered the crisis is one such category. The housing bubble bust, foreclosures, and mortgage sub prime lending comprised the major sources of the crisis in the housing market. There are other factors that worked under the financial system or weak regulation rules that also contributed to the crisis. Easy credit conditions, weak and fraudulent underwriting practices, sub-prime lending, predatory lending, deregulation, overleveraging, incorrect pricing, collapse of the shadowy financial system and financial innovation and complexity, all had a huge role to play in the development of the crisis (Adams & Vines, 2009). Housing bubble and foreclosures and sub-prime Lending In the years leading to the financial crisis, the US received a lot of inflows of foreign funds to its economy. Coupled with low interest rates, financial institutions were ready to lend out the excess money and people were ready to borrow. This led to a debt driven consumer culture through mortgages, credit cards and even car
Abstract In this report, two different articles associated with the topic of commodity financialization were chosen for exploration. The advantages and disadvantages of each will be pointed out. The first article to be analyzed is Silvennoinen and Thorp’s (2013) “Financialization, crisis and commodity correlation dynamics,” and the second one is “Financialization and de-financialization of commodity futures: A quantile regression approach” by Bianchi, Hua Fan and Todorova (2020). Both articles are peer-reviewed and available through the Elsevier database. Because the Saudi Arabia market can explode into turbulence, the studies analyzed in the paper point to the need to apply simple approaches to portfolio diversification among commodities. Introduction The topic of the current research is the Risk Management and Portfolio Optimization for Building Portfolios with Commodity Futures in Saudi Arabia. It focuses on the construction of optimal portfolios by enabling efficient diversification by using commodities. The problem that prompted the research pertains to the appointment of various assets for gaining maximum returns and minimum risks at an appropriate time. This has generated the issue of multi-objective portfolio optimization, which should be solved in the nearest future. One of the terms used for explaining the performance of commodities is their financialization. The financialization view is that the increased trading within commodity futures markets is associated with the boost in the growth rate and volatility of commodity spot prices (Chari and Christiano, 2017). This view gained recognition because, in the 2000s, the volumes of trading increased significantly, leading with many commodity prices to rise and become more volatile (Watugala, 2015). The issue was selected for analysis to advance the exploration of how portfolio management can accommodate the paradox linked to balancing the need for establishing control and stability to establish favorable conditions within portfolio risk management. Previously, several research studies have aimed at addressing the problem. Critique In their article, Silvennoinen and Thorp (2013) searched for evidence of closer integration between a conventional asset and commodity feature returns to test the hypothesis that such a connection is not influenced by financialization. The authors suggested that a stronger interest of investors in commodities would create a closer integration with regular asset markets. They estimated that both gradual and sudden shifts would occur in the correlation between stocks, bonds, and commodity futures returns that have been initiated by changes in financial variables that could be observed over time. The researchers focused on the market connection between commodity and equity and the identification of indicators of financial market conditions that drive the dynamics of such a correlation. The data included in the analyses comprised of Wednesday-Wednesday log returns to future contracts on twenty-four commodities between May 1990 and July 2009 (Silvennoinen and Thorp, 2013). The commodities are related to such categories as agriculture, metals, en
Introduction Keeping in touch with former employees ensures that employers have access to a valuable talent pool. The workforce structures have changed greatly over time, and gone are the days when employees had long-term careers in one company (Clonts, 2012). With the modern economic challenges, cases of employees leaving one company for another have become a common phenomenon. The workforce groups normally look for new talents and employees are likely to move from one company to another if they anticipate better remuneration and good working conditions. Other ways through which companies are likely to lose an experienced workforce is through retirement and when employees choose to change the workplace at their own will (Clonts, 2012). The reasons for keeping in touch with former employees Research by Cathy Clonts, the Alumni web Services’ CEO, shows that employers can still benefit from their former employees if they can keep in touch with them. This is also possible if your former employees left the company in good terms. It is worth noting that experienced employees are the pillar of every organization as far as production is concerned. New and inexperienced employees, though with the required academic qualifications, cannot deliver good services without the guidance of the experienced employees (Clonts, 2012). When a company loses some of its experienced employees hiring new employees or through retirement, the activities of that company are affected. However, employers can still benefit from their former employees by taking advantage of their experiences through other avenues as long as they are in touch with them (Clonts, 2012). For instance, among the employees, there can be some who left the company due to other reasons and not necessarily moved to other companies. This could include mothers with small babies and other former employees who could have left the company due to other unavoidable reasons such as having a very tight schedule. Employers can still use the experience of such professionals by giving them some tasks on a part-time basis. There can be some former employees willing to work for their former companies on a part-time basis (Clonts, 2012). By doing so, employers will have an opportunity to take advantage of the experience of their former employees. Another group of former employees that employers can use is the retired employees. These are the most experienced groups among the former employees that companies should keep in touch with. They can be offered short term tasks in the company or work on a part-time basis (Clonts, 2012). The retired group can also be used to mentor the new and inexperienced employees so that the performance of the company is not affected by the departure of experienced employees. Some of the retired employees may be willing to carry out some specific projects in their former companies at reasonabl
Employees as Human Assets and training programs Organizations have currently started to regard their employees as “human assets”. This is because they play a major part towards the success of such organizations. Most organizations are giving more emphasis on the importance of the crucial assets (employees) since they are responsible for implementing organizational goals in order to meet the set objectives. Therefore, it is important for an organization to ensure that it has enhanced the capacity, skills and knowledge of the workforce. It is also vital to focus on what constitutes effective employee training when covering the topic on capacity building and training. Chidambaram and Ramachandran (2012, p.278) indicate that an effective training constitutes the following:  1. Pre- training arrangement process – the process may include accessing the needs for training, organizing and preparing training participants. These are regarded as the most important points in pre-training. Other aspects like preparation and selection of training environment as well as formulating training techniques are also vital.  2. Training method – This is determined by the scope of training being conducted. On the other hand, the scope of training will determine the methods to be used for instruction or the training technique.  3. Impact of training on self-need assessment.  4. Impact of training on group needs and group changes. A team in an organization is effective since it is capable of carrying out tasks more effectively than an individual. Training should enhance positive influence among individuals within a group. How much should a Company Invest in Training of Employees? It has been shown in the study that investing in training the human assets results into higher employee productivity. This in turn leads to improved financial gains and improved overall performance (Coget 2011, p.85).There seems to be some cultural influence on the amount of money that companies invest in training their employees. The study has established that national culture influences the amount of money companies invest in training of employees. In a study conducted by two individuals namely Hilla Perets and Zehava Rosenblatt, various aspects of national culture that influence the amount of money companies in a given country invest in training of employees include:   * Power distance – the extent at which distribution of power is expected within a group of employees.   * Future orientation – the level at which individuals engage in future planning and investments.   * Uncertainty avoidance – the extent at which society expects social norms such as when arrangements are applied to reduce effects of unpredictability of future events (Coget 2011, p.86) Should line Managers be used in learning and development of employees? Gibb (2003, p.285) outlines that th