ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Abstract Many firms are always eager to expand to the global market and enjoy the benefits of a wide market. This research set out to find out how a local firm can successfully develop into a global and multicultural organization with a global presence. According to research findings, a local firm has to go through four stages in order to fully become a global firm (Frenz, 1996). The global and multinational approaches are very critical to the success of a business to succeed in the international market. Global companies have to put multicultural organizational and management strategies in place in order to reap maximum benefits from its culturally diverse staff (Rugman, 2003). It is therefore very important for a global firm to accommodate and appreciate the differences in culture in order to achieve its goals and objectives. Introduction Many businesses are becoming global each and every day and therefore the need to reach customers wherever they are has become a priority for many companies. Establishing a global presence is not an easy task and therefore a lot of effort and the right strategies are needed in establishing, developing and managing a global firm. A lot of research has been conducted by different business scholars in an attempt to try and find out the best strategies that local firms can use in order to penetrate 5the global market. It is the desire of every company to establish a global presence and expand to the global market. In order to foster global expansion, the management of a company is supposed to make the right decisions in order to deal with the international market pressure. The multicultural potential of a particular firm can well be determined by monitoring how its products and services are received in the international market. There are fundamental aspects of establishing global firms that local businesses have to consider in order to establish a successful global firm. To begin with, the company concerned should be aware of all the necessary stages involved in developing and international business. The company should also have a prior knowledge of all the challenges involved in establishing a global business in order to come up with appropriate strategic approaches and transnational business model. The structural design has to be one that will give the company a global advantage. This research paper will highlight the various aspects involved in the successful establishment, development and management of a global firm. Findings Before establishing an international business, there are various stages that have to be strictly followed by those concerned. The process of global development takes place in four major stages. The first stage is characterized by opportunistic exportation of goods and services (Rugman, 2003). During this stage, goods are designed and produced locally and are only exported through standard export channels. Products are not differentiated geographically and many firms have little or no foreign investment at this stage. Foreign agents are responsible for handling the company’s e
Introduction The general economic argument for free trade and globalization centers on the increased material growth brought about by trade to almost every state. In spite of the strength and numerous experimental studies that support this argument, many people are still opposed to free trade and globalization. Opponents of free trade and globalization posit that economists support it since it helps in price reduction and products diversification while life entails more than these do (Bhagwati 84). This paper will focus on some of these benefits and costs. In addition, it will give recommendations on strategies that can help in enhancing free trade and globalization. Benefits of free trade and globalization One of the benefits of free trade and globalization to participating countries is that it helps producers have access to international market. In most cases, domestic companies produce goods in small quantities due to constraints in the local market. Free trade and globalization gives these companies an opportunity to diversify their markets thus reaching a wider customer base. Hence, it helps in increasing their production and profitability. Furthermore, free trade and globalization promotes specialization (Bhagwati 91-97). Companies focus on areas that they are best conversant with thus manufacturing quality products. This not only helps in increasing their sales volume, but also enhances production efficiency, in an organization. On the other hand, specialization has led to production of quality goods and services, which meets consumer needs effectively. Therefore, free trade and globalization has not only benefited businesses organizations but has also been of significant benefit to consumers. In the US for instance, consumers benefit from lower prices and wide varieties of products in the marketplace (Bhagwati 98). Nations participating in free trade benefit from shared technological expertise. Developing countries are the ones that substantially benefit from this. Free trade and globalization helps developing countries import sophisticated production machineries from developed nations. Besides, they acquire experts from these countries who train them on how to use the equipments (Bhagwati 101-112). Previous centrally structured economies, which failed to reap from the numerous benefits of free trade and globalization due to their politically endorsed separation from market economies, currently desire to reap these benefits by reintegrating with the global marketing structure. Free trade and globalization enlightens, enriches, and civilizes (Bhagwati 112). Free trade and globalization expose people to different cultures. This in
Main text According to the Journal of Clinical Medicine and Therapeutics (2019), a disease is communicable if it is spread from an infected individual to another individual through such ways as contact with contaminated bodily fluids like saliva, blood, or semen; inhaling contaminated air; or getting bitten by disease-carrying organisms like mosquitoes. The explication following herein describes tuberculosis as an infectious disease including details such as the disease’s incidence in the World and in Cobb County, GA, agent characteristics, environmental characteristics, signs and symptoms, treatment, and how to educate the public about the disease. According to World Health Organization (WHO, 2018), tuberculosis is amongst the top ten leading causes of mortality worldwide. Data from the same source indicate that in 2017, 10 million persons in the world had TB, 1.6 million of whom died as a result. According to the 2017 Georgia Tuberculosis Report by the Georgia Department of Public Health (2018), there were 293 new TB cases in Georgia in 2017. From the same report, there were 15 new TB cases in Cobb County in 2017. Tuberculosis is one of the antiquated and deadliest illnesses of humankind, as yet representing noteworthy health, social, and monetary weight at a worldwide dimension. According to Turner et al. (2013), the infectious agent for TB in an infected human host is Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) which is one bacterium species amongst Mycobacterium tuberculosis Complex (MTBC) species. The TB reservoirs are humans, other mammals, and voles. The respiratory tract forms the exit routes for the TB-causing bacteria. Individuals with tuberculosis in their lungs generally have a tenacious cough; Mycobacterium tuberculosis utilizes this as its course of exit The Mycobacterium tuberculosis suspended in the air enters a susceptible host through airborne transmission. The respiratory tract of the new or responsive host forms the route of entry for TB in this host. The particular impacts changes in seasons have on Pulmonary TB are not altogether clear since a few examinations have established that incidence to
The Background of Meiji Restoration The Meiji Restoration is largely recognized in the Japanese history as a political as well as social revolution that brought the Tokugawa era to an end. The revolution took place between 1866 and 1869 and played a key role in restoring the image of the Emperor in Japanese culture and politics. Drawing from a study by Szczepanski (1), the Meiji Restoration was ‘started in order to deal with threats coming from western nations such as the United States which had made great strides in technological advancement’. Surrounding neighbors such as China were already suffering under the hands of western powers and Japanese political elites were afraid that soon Japan was going to follow suit. Ostensibly, the number of domestic problems was on the rise in Japan and the nation was afraid of being subdued by foreign nations. This created a strong desire among the Japanese people to establish a powerful nation capable of protecting itself against any form of external aggression. Fear among the Japanese eventually led to the destruction of the Tokugawa regime and subsequent emergence of Mutsuhito as the Meiji Emperor in 1967. A strong emperor was therefore instituted to assume a central position in Japanese politics and culture. Influence of Meiji Restoration To a large extent, the Meiji Restoration transformed the nation into a democratic state and stimulated equality among all the people of Japan. During the Tokugawa regime, the Japanese people were placed in four different categories or classes. The samurai class comprised of those considered to be the most valuable while the Merchants class was regarded as the least product group of people in the early history of Japan. The Meiji Restoration brought the class system to an end, created an equal society, and established a modern day military power. As explained earlier, the need for a strong military power was informed by increased contact between the Japanese and outsiders. In addition, the Meiji Restoration also led to the recognition of human rights in Japan. How Meiji Restoration Changed Japan Political as well as economic and social change was at the center of the Meiji Restoration. Despite the fact that it was a major source of trauma for the people of Japan, it is largely responsible for what Japan is today. The Meiji Restoration transformed Japan from a less privileged country and opened an opportunity for it to become one of the world’s leading economies. Apart from being the world’s third largest economy, Japan is widely recognized as an innovative nation and a leader in technology. This is all thanks to the changes associated with the Meiji Restoration. Arguably, the Meiji Restoration transformed Japan from a nation that felt threatened by foreigners to a super power. Why after Meiji Restoration Japan became one of the Modernized and Powerful Nation in the Early 20th Century As pointed out by Mendl (12), the situation in Japan ‘drastically change
Introduction Nowadays, information technology is an essential part of healthcare, as various applications ensure a connection between patients and nurses and pay vehement attention to the sufficient flow of information within the medical institution. Consequently, the primary goal of this paper is to assess the impact of different types of applications such as ERP systems and e-Health on the overall functioning of the healthcare organization. At the same time, it is vital to provide a rationale for the need for IM and IT strategic planning and explain the importance of the system development life cycle. Lastly, this paper will describe several recommendations related to ensuring secure access to healthcare and effective implementation of systems theory. Applications and Their Impact on Healthcare Organization As it was mentioned earlier, the modern healthcare system attempts to take advantage of various IT trends. These aspects have a clear impact on the overall functioning of the medical institution and comply with its main goals such as constantly enhancing the overall quality of the provided services, increasing awareness of the patients, minimizing the frequency of medical errors, and having sufficient flow of information between departments. For example, patient care applications tend to store more information about patients, various treatments, allergies, and their medical condition while regularly collecting data about them. In this instance, these digital instruments help medical institutions design more personalized approaches and focus on the principles of patient-centered care (Santilli & Vogenberg, 2015). Taking advantage of this innovation increases customer satisfaction and the desire to continue a relationship with the hospital. In turn, the role of e-health applications cannot be underestimated. For example, healthcare professionals tend to use different mobile applications that give them access to recent healthcare standards, evidence-based practice solutions, and patient records (EHR) (Ventola, 2014). Having constant access to this information reduces the frequency of medical errors and ensures that the actions of nurses and physicians comply with the current legislation. Simultaneously, using EHR and relying on evidence-based practice help design personalized treatments and reflect the principles of patient-centered care and high quality. Nonetheless, to ensure sufficient planning, scheduling, and communication between departments, hospitals use management and enterprise systems (ERP) such as MEDHOST. At the same time, decision-support applications such as QMR are also an important part of this process, as they contribute to the effective decision-making at the managerial level (Ventola, 2014). These digital instruments organize working processes in hospitals while paying critical attention to workloads and available capacities. Overall, it could be said that ERP and other appl
Introduction Judgment is commonly viewed as a negative action that needs to be avoided at all cost; however, it is judgment that the humankind needs to thank for surviving till these days. Today, judgment is mainly associated with social stereotyping and old-fashioned prejudice held about certain groups or persons. At the same time, the essential and vital aspects and uses of judgment are often overlooked or unrecognized. In reality, thinking critically about judgment, one may quickly understand that some of the most basic knowledge about the world around and the dangers it holds is based on judgment. In other words, one’s staying alive and unharmed, to a massive extent, depends on how well this person can judge their surroundings, people, and environments. Quite naturally, a concept as critical as judgment made its way to literature where it can be found in implicit scenarios and questions concerning people’s ability and inability to deliver appropriate judgment in the right time and place. The issues of proper and timely judgment, sound conclusions, and reaction to the received information can be found in the stories such as A Good Man Is Hard to Find by Flannery O’Connor and Young Goodman Brown by Nathaniel Hawthorne. In the two stories, one can find examples of correct and incorrect judgment that resulted in negative consequences for the characters due to various reasons. These examples teach readers to treat judgment with extra carefulness because it drives decision-making and often brings immediate and irreparable outcomes. Judgment as a Concept In the contemporary context, the word “judgment” is commonly associated with stereotyping, which, in turn, is aligned with prejudice and even discrimination. However, exploring the concept of judgement in a more general manner, it is possible to notice that it serves as the source of a person’s values, beliefs, worldview, and approaches to various situations (Dunion). In psychology, judgment represents the ways people use to evaluate one another and the surrounding circumstances (Banaji et al. 272). Judgment can be born from individual experiences, but, in most cases, it is the result of group interactions (Wolfe and Spencer 177). In other words, judgment is comprised of self-obtained pieces of knowledge, as well as those taught to one by other people. In that way, beliefs and ideas based on judgments may change over time due to the reception of additional information elaborating on a certain situation, object, or person (Biernat and Manis 5-7). The process of development of judgment is, practically, learning. This process is
Over the past few decades, the field of psychology has undergone tremendous changes not only in its approach to problems associated with the behavior of the society, but also in terms of methodologies its practitioners use, in their endeavor to understand the working of the human mind. Because of the ever changing socio-economic, political, and the overall mental health condition of individuals; as a result of the rapid changes in global systems of living, currently the field of psychology uses mostly a scientific approach in solving human behavioral and psychiatric problems. In addition to using scientific approaches in dealing with these problems, practitioners in this field also widely use technological tools, for example, computers, because of their great significance when it comes to understanding the human behavior. Considering these and many others uses of scientific innovations in psychology, with time, the field of psychology is bound to undergo a drastic transformation, both in methodology and practice. On the other hand, with inclusion of more scientific innovations in psychology, likelihoods of researchers finding better methods of dealing and understanding the human mind and behavior are high, something which is likely to offer psychologists or medics a chance of finding better treatment remedies to psychiatric and behavioral problems. To deal effectively with such problems, psychologists are likely to combine both therapy and medicine, as both are necessary in dealing with human psychiatric and behavioral problems (Baker, McFall, & Shoham, 2010, p.1). Although currently the use of scien
Introduction In natural science, scientists seek to expound on the rules of nature that govern and influence our existence through scientific methods. The discipline is described as natural science to distinguish it from other branches of science such as social science, which is more concerned with the patterns and changes in human behavior. Natural science is divided into five branches: astronomy, biology, chemistry, physics, and the earth science (Graen & Gooding, 2005). It is highly believed in the scientific world that natural science is purely driven by curiosity. Brief history The history of natural science can be traced back to the pre-literate human era when understanding the natural world was a necessity for survival (Graen & Gooding, 2005). Knowledge was passed from generation to generation and that is how natural science came into existence. This paper seeks to outline and discuss the ethical dilemmas in natural science and precisely in stem cell research. The cell There has been an enormous progress in natural science over the years. One of the latest developments in this discipline is the stem cell research. However, natural science has its challenges, which include ethical issues. To describe what stem cell research is all about, it is important to understand what it entails. All organisms are classified as either unicellular organisms or multicellular organisms. Unicellular organisms are those organisms that consist of a single cell such as bacteria while multicellular organisms are made up of many cells (Graen & Gooding, 2005). They include plants and animals. Considering that the cell is the basic structural and functional unit of all known living organisms, stem cell research has had a great impact on natural science. Therefore, stem cells are biological cells in multicellular organisms, which can divide through a biological process known as mitosis (Graen & Gooding, 2005). Through this process of division, individual cells differentiate into different and specialized cell types. Different cells therefore can self-renew to produce more of their kind. The ability of stem cells to differentiate into any type of cells has brought forth an opportunity for the development of treatments in varied medical conditions (Peters, 2008). Conditions such as physical trauma, degenerative conditions, and genetic diseases are good examples of problems that stem cell research can help to mitigate (Graen & Gooding, 2005). There is further anticipation on the medicinal value of the stem cells especially in repairing damaged tissues (Peters, 2008). Stem cell research criticism Nonetheless, the regeneration of cells has its effects. This attracted a lot of criticism with some claiming that if the practice goes unchecked some people may assume Godly supremacy. Stem cell research has been attacked through two main ethical theories, which include Consequencialism and the Deontological ethics (Weiss, 2003). The consequenc
Period of Great depression remains a memorable economic period in the US history. During this period millions of people lost their jobs, and the United States experienced the worst economic hardship ever (Conlin, 777). The effects of the depression had a significant impact all over the world, including Germany where it resulted into World War II. It was not only caused by a single factor, but by a combination of factors including both, domestic and worldwide conditions. One of the reasons which caused this Depression was overproduction of the agricultural sector. Workers had to be laid off until the manufactured surplus was used up (Document M). It hampered considerably with the business cycle when people had enough of what they needed. As a result, the agricultural farm products’ prices dropped (Document N). Some could not afford to pay the government taxes and had no choice but to sell their farms in order to pay these taxes. Those who had debts had their land auctioned to repay the loans. As a consequence, farm products reduced in quantity and many farmers lost their land leading to reduction in industrial production. Another reason which led to depression was the decline in spending or the aggregate demand. This was due to unemployment, loss of jobs and present harsh economic time. Reduction in demand affected the supply and many industries shut down and some laid off their workers in order cut down production. The economy of the United States had worsened to an extent where those who had jobs got enough to keep them alive. They lived on forty cents a day, and had little money to use in making purchases (Document I). Stock market crash also fuelled the Great Depression of the United States. Many people had invested in the stock market by 1920’s as heavily as never before. Trading on stocks was the most lucrative investment during this decade, and many of those who had invested in stocks flourished. The deviation from the long term trend was above twenty percent after 1920 (Document A). There was a heavy investment in stock during this period leading to extremely marginal stock. However, the down fall of this came in 1929, when a few stock market investors started selling their stocks. This was due to a prediction of the end of rise in the stock market thus; there was a nationwide stampede to unload the stocks (Document D). A sudden decrease in stock prices was then realized since there were no buyers and a large number of desperate sellers. The result was a loss in millions of dollars. It led to the Great Depression in the United States. The American foreign policy also played a role in the Great Depression. It was an attempt by the Americans to export more than it could import (Document P). The policies favored monopoly and rise in inequality in terms of wealth and income. However, it charged a higher tax for the imports, thus reducing trade with other countries. This happened after the government’s creation of the Smooth Hawley Tariff of 1930 which raised the average duty on European imports from forty percent to sixty percent (Document P). Although this was cre