ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction The education department is facing serious labor issues with teachers being mistreated and many saying that teachers are paid way below their qualification. This paper will thus discuss recent labor issues surrounding the department of education and their teachers, specifically those in Seattle, Wisconsin and Pennsylvania. It will discuss whether any progress has been made to resolve the issues. The paper will finally discuss the importance these particular cases may have for future cases, particularly for the current situation in New York between the department of education and its employees. Discussion Recent labor issues surrounding the department of education and their teachers in Seattle In Seattle, teaching salaries vary depending on the academic level of the instructor, locality, and working experience. Teachers in the state, therefore, get different earnings for their work and this leads to discontentment with those salaries. Teachers at the bottom of the pay scale earn around $47,100 to $51,180 with their counterparts earning around $75,190 to $80,970. These high disparities have led to severe labor issues in the nation department of education (Amarachuku, 2011). The issue of teacher recruitment and retention is another labor issue in Seattle. The capability of teachers to enter and stick to the profession depends on the features of the school as well as the district in which the school is located. Some schools lack the policies required for efficient recruitment and retention of teachers and this has posed a serious labor issue in the state (Amarachuku, 2011). Mistreatment of teachers by principals is another labor issue facing the department of education in Seattle. Head teachers mistreat instructors in terms of ignoring their needs, isolating them, holding back resources, overloading and even criticizing them (Amarachuku, 2011). Several actions have been taken to resolve the above issues in the state. For instance, school reform organizations in Seattle require that head teachers and instructors work together in a collaborative manner. School principals need to trust their teachers as well as the schools they lead. This acts as a foundation for a friendly, honest and philosophical professional dialogue in the school organization and this makes it to develop as a powerful community of students who are responsible and competent. The educational department also requires
Memphis is one of the regions with the highest crime rate in the US (Consilience Group, 2011, p. 1). In 2009, more than half of those apprehended for involvement in violent crime were youths aged 24 years and below. The main risk factors for crime in Memphis include family poverty, poor parenting, and a disorganized neighborhood. Poverty is a top risk factor in Memphis. By 2011, the city had a child poverty rate of forty percent and population poverty of twenty-six percent (Consilience Group, 2011, p. 17). More than ten percent of children from poverty-stricken families stand a high risk of parental involvement in crime, substance abuse, neglect, abuse, and homelessness. One of the pointers of poverty in Memphis is living in a home where no adult holds a part or full-time job for a significant period of the year. A substantial proportion of youths who engage in crime are also drawn where one or both parents have been imprisoned or suffer from health complications. If family poverty is prevalent in the neighborhood or among peer groups, the prevalence of crime in such an environment is high (Schneider, 2010, p. 22). The aspects of parenting that are related to the development of delinquent behavior include child supervision, discipline, and warm child-parent interactions (Schneider, 2010, p. 42). Families with erratic, lax, and harsh discipline have been found to raise antisocial and delinquent children. Longitudinal research on over 600 families revealed a relationship between the application of physical punishment and later delinquency (Schneider, 2010, p. 42). Effective discipline is also essential for bringing up children who are well-adjusted behaviorally and socially (Derzon, and Lipsey, 2000, p. 215). Parental supervision entails setting boundaries and rules for the children and the use of appropriate discipline. Studies have found a correlation between poor supervision and delinquency (Schneider, 2010, p. 49). Family interaction patterns in terms of support, warmth, and rejection influence children’s behavior. Teenagers who receive high levels of warm treatment from parents have low chances of developing delinquency. Conversely, children who perceive rejection from their parents have a high tendency of becoming delinquent (Derzon, and Lipsey, 2000, p. 218). Parenting hardly occurs in a vacuum; it is surrounded by a myriad of external factors that determine its quality and style. One of the main external factors that expose individuals to the risk of developing offensive conduct is a neighborhood (National Gang Center, 2010, p. 79). Adverse and disorganized neighborhoods expose persons to the development of deviant behaviors. In Memphis, children and youth face pervasive families, peers, and crime-ridden apartments and neighborhoods (Consilience Group, 2011, p. 19). Weak communities in the city are marked with homele
Abstract Pain is both an alarming and useful signal that demonstrates that certain malfunctions are occurring and serves as a call for action. However, the subjective sensations experienced by different patients may vary greatly – some easily endure pain, while others feel the same pain acutely. Chronic pain is a syndrome that significantly diminishes life quality and life satisfaction. Research has shown that the leading cause of chronic pain is pathological disturbances in perception and similar mental processes. They can be triggered by injuries and operations, heart attacks and strokes, or significant stressful situations. Nowadays, several treatment methods gain substantial recognition for chronic pain treatment – medical cannabis, hybrid emotion-focused treatment, and acetaminophen are among them. Each of the methods possesses qualities that the others may lack, but also certain drawbacks. Introduction Chronic pain syndrome is an independent disease that significantly deteriorates the quality of a patient’s life. The syndrome does not fulfill a protective function and does not bear any biological expediency. On the contrary, chronic pain leads to maladaptation, to an abnormal perception of pain and non-pain impulses, and is accompanied by various disorders of the central nervous system. It should be noted that chronic pain results in considerable discomfort, and often acute suffering for patients. Modern medical knowledge, seemingly, does not provide a clear understanding of the mechanisms of chronic pain, which leads to a lack of clear standards for the management of patients that suffer from it. Nevertheless, new treatment approaches emerge, promising to alleviate the suffering that chronic pain patients undergo. Main body The popularity of medical cannabis (MC) for chronic pain treatment is increasing progressively, and more and more researchers are involved in investigating its virtues. A study conducted by Bellnier et al. on efficacy, safety, and costs of treating chronic pain with MC aimed at comparing life quality and pain scores at the beginning and three-month after MC therapy (Bellnier et al., 2018). European Quality of Life 5 Dimension (EQ-5D) Questionnaire and Pain Quality Assessment Scale (PQAS) were used for the evaluation in which 29 subjects participated (Bellnier et al., 2018). The participants used only non-smokable dosage forms of MC (Bellnier et al., 2018). It should be noted that the number of participants, and thus sample size, seems to limit the potential for overarching judgment of t
Introduction First, it should be stated that the health promotion programs are generally intended for the propaganda of a healthy way of life, prevention of the deceases, and literary in the sphere of pharmacy, for the people could orient in a range of the medications available. The fact is that, the health promotion issues are generally included in various public health programs are generally intended for the health promotion, nevertheless, it is not their primary aim. The aim of this paper is to review the health promotion program, arranged by the World Health Organization. The original aim of this program is to arrange the propaganda of the health way of life, and encourage people to care of their health by themselves. Description of the Program The name of the program is Bangkok program for Health Promotion in a Globalized World, in accordance with the Bangkok treaty, on the basis of which the program was initiated. The main aim of the program is not only to increase the amount of healthy people, but mainly to influence the minds of the people all over the world, claiming that strong health is not an inborn feature of any personality, but a result of the hard work, aimed at improving the allover health condition of every personality. Thus, in accordance with Bunton, Nettleton and Burrows (2005, p, 217), the outline for the program is the following: The primary means of health promotion occur through developing healthy public policy that addresses the prerequisites of health such as income, housing, food security, employment, and quality working conditions. There is a tendency among public health officials and governments ‑ and this is especially the case in liberal nations such as Canada and the USA ‑ to reduce health promotion to health education and social marketing focused on changing behavioral risk factors. The fact is that, USA and Canada are not the only countries, where the program is performed. The work of the WHO in the UK on the matters of the health promotion is also widely known within the health care organizations. The potential integrative nature of the approaches of this program are regarded to b
Introduction Food is a sole source of human nutrition and sustenance. Globally, the methods people use to obtain and prepare food differ from one culture to another. The methods reflect the local culture’s history, beliefs, and natural resources. A culture’s culinary practices, including the ingredients added in a national cuisine, depend on economic, social, and cultural factors of its people (Mintz & Du Bois 2002, p. 102). For instance, in the Indian culture, religious and social factors have a big influence on food habits whereas the Egyptian diet draws from a rich heritage spanning thousands of years. In both cultures, the food habits relate to the nutritional requirements of the people, their occupations, and the available resources, among others. This paper compares and contrasts the concept of food and the culinary practices of the Indian and Egyptian cultures and their effect on the health outcomes of the people. The Indian Culture: An Overview The Asian country of India has a population of over a billion people living in its 28 states. The Indian population exhibits diverse differences in terms of language and religion, although certain cultural practices are common to all. Religion, language, and food define the Indian culture. The major religion in India is Hinduism, which is practiced by over 80 percent of the people (Fraser 2009, p. 608). The other religions include Islam, Buddhism, Christianity, and Sikh. The Indian cuisine covers a range of dishes rich in spices and herbs. The cooking methods differ from one place to another, but most Indians include rice, wheat, and black chickpea (Bengal gram) in their largely vegetarian diet. Spices, such as “coriander, peppers, cinnamon, and turmeric” are key ingredients in any Indian dish (Deaton & Drèze 2010, p. 44). Besides spices, Indians also use condiments (seasonings) obtained from herbs and fruits to add flavour to food. The Indian cuisine borrows heavily from other cuisines, notably Western and Arabic dishes. Indians also use potato, maize, papaya, cocoa, and cheese, which have foreign origins, to supplement their vegetarian diet. Besides the ingredients, the Indian recipes also have external influences. The ‘idli, which is common in Southern India, the rice preparations of jalebi, biryani and pulao, and the kebab have foreign origins. In recent years, fast food has become popular in cities, such as Calcutta, where it is served with Indian cakes like dosai and vada (Nandy 2004, p. 11). The Indian Traditional Food Habits As already stated, most Indians eat a vegetarian diet. Non-vegetarians often include chicken or lamb in their diet. The food is usually consumed with fingers with bread, such as the naan and bhatoora, being the staples. Eating usually depends on the occasion, place, and time when the food is served. The Indian ethnic food differs depending on the region. However, vegetarian Punjabi dishes (native to Punjab province), including “parathas or bread cooked
This paper provides the responses to two difference cases of interaction of the police with the potential suspects due to the suspicion that the latter could be involved in criminal activities. In both cases, the suspects attempt to hide evidence that is later revealed by the police officers by means of searches. Such cases are considered controversial because the police representatives’ freedoms and rights are limited when it comes to searches. As a result, it becomes possible for the defendants to appeal for a motion to suppress evidence that “is a request by a defendant that the judge exclude certain evidence from trial” (Schwartzbach, 2016, para. 1). The Amendments The Fourteenth Amendment of the Unites States Constitution explains the rules of the due process. According to this Amendment, due process can be subdivided into two major areas – procedural and substantive ( Due Process , n. d.). The former area of due process is grounded on what is known as fundamental fairness – the establishment of the legal procedures applicable in various state hearings such as “notice, opportunity for hearing, confrontation and cross-examination, discovery, basis of decision, and availability of counsel” ( Due Process of Law , 2016, para. 1). At the same time, the main role of the substantive due process is to serve as the basis for assessment of law applicability and fairness in regard to different procedures ( Due Process of Law , 2016). Practically, substantive due process is more influential and can produce effect of state legislature restricting it. Equal protection is the concept that refers to the requirement that the rights and freedoms of both, the innocent and the guilty parties are equally protected from the misuse of legal procedures and criminal laws ( Criminal Procedure , 2016). The Fourth, Fifth, Sixth, and Eighth Amendments to the Constitution are designed to protect the individuals from the unfair actions from the side of the law engorgement organs and courts establishing their rights and the rights of the citizens ( Criminal Procedure , 2016). To be more precise, the Fourth Amendment prevents unlawful searches and seizures, the Fifth Amendment prohibits the forced self-incrimination and double jeopardy, the Sixth Amendment grants the right to a trial with the presence of an impartial jury, and finally, the Eighth Amendment restricts the limits of bail so that no excessive payments are taken ( Criminal Procedure , 2016). Case One In the first case, the police officers who are on patrol in a district known for high rates of criminal activity notice a parked car with two people inside and one person leaning on the car and giving an unknown object to the passenger. The police officers respond to this action and approach the car when they notice that the person who gave the object to the passenger begins to walk away and the passenger commits shoving motions that lead the officers to believe that the passenger has a gun. Based on this suspicion, one of the officers frisks the pa
Online reservation channel is not popular in a hotel sphere as it may seem at a first glance. More and more clients still prefer to use their telephones for booking a room. However, the low quality of telephone reservation channels lead to the reduced level of income because of clients’ refusal to work with hotels which do not have top quality telephone reservation channels. Reading the article Hotel Voice Reservations: The Forgotten Channel by Doug Kennedy, it becomes obvious that online reservation is imposed on people due to the development of innovative technologies. Hotel managers consider online reservation as the simplest and the fastest way of making a reservation of a room. Moreover, online reservations are more convenient for hotels and managers who do not have to spend time on serving clients as reservation is made automatically. However, many people still prefer to turn to telephone reservation when it comes to action. Clients prefer to check the rooms, services and prices online but when making a reservation, people usually call hotels directly. A high number of calls along with hotel managers’ assuredness that online reservations are much more convenient lead to the fact that many hotels do not have quality call operators who are able to inform clients about the services and prices a hotel provides. The article highlights these problems, and I definitely agree with the author. A receptionist is usually responsible for telephone reservations as well as for other services. Therefore, when meeting a client, receptionists usually drop calls and never call back. Besides, even when a receptionist receives a call, he/she is unable to explain everything in detail as a receptionist has many other responsibilities which are to be accomplished. Therefore, a conversation is abrupt in more cases, and it often leads to a client dissatisfaction and refusal to use the services of this or that particular hotel. The author of the article stresses out that each hotel should have a trained person who is able to make telephone reservations in order to satis
Global marketing is commonly affected by legal conflicts, which can be avoided through understanding the reasons behind it. Some of the legal issues that affect the global commerce include fair commerce practices. Any global marketer should have fair practices in his work to ensure that he does not inflict some economic injuries to other traders and their businesses. This implies that these global traders should ensure that they apply a fair competition, making use of true advertisements, as well as avoiding usage of copyright. In terms of pricing, equal terms should be applied avoiding discrimination. In several cases, some marketers have been found introducing their products in other nations without following the right procedures (Cateora & Graham, 2008). Global marketers should consult the relevant business bureau in every nation they wish to introduce their products or services, so as to be fair to the other traders. Licensing and insurance is another legal factor which has connection with international commerce. This ensures that the global marketers have obtained all the relevant licenses concerned to the business. Licenses should be obtained from the registered board following the right procedure. Global marketers should as well insure their businesses with a reputable international insurance company, with an attorney going through the documentations to ensure their perfections (Cateora & Graham, 2008). This ensures that the business is fully protected from all complications regarding the nation’s rules and regulations. Health and safety is another legal aspect to be considered when carrying on a global commerce. Global marketers should put into consideration the health of their employees and the safety of their physical location if they have any. Political risks which affect global commerce come as a result of changes which occur in a country’s political policies. These policies include, laws governing taxation, assets, and profits. If a certain nation decides to tighten its rules guiding foreign exchange the global marketers operating in it may experience some losses. Government order to increase credit risk may create some difficulties for global marketers to pay creditors hence quitting from their commerce transactions. Political risks are known to come into two forms that is macro and micro risks (Linden & Fletcher, 2004). Macro risks are unfavorable actions that mostly affect all forms of foreign marketers. Micro risks are those actions which only affect some sectors in an industry which include some factors like corruption. Global marketers are urged to conduct some research based on how risky a country can be. Some other sources of political risks are of a financial nature whereby, a nation comes up with some laws which prohibits the movement of capital. Some actions are very harmful leading to a widespread devastation as a result of revolution. However, sources of political risks are both internal and external in relation to three bodies such as society related, governmental based, or economically. In addition, other sources of political risks are unexpected shifts in government
Introduce Hitchcock and Spielberg and show similarities and differences Alfred Hitchcock was a master of suspense, timing and irony. Spielberg is a master story teller with an eye for the dramatic and an understanding of cinematography. Hitchcock mastered image while Spielberg mastered scene. Hitchcock worked out perfect timing while Spielberg created lyrical transitions. Hitchcock investigated the underside of man while Spielberg looked inside. These two directors show equal talent separated mostly by time, technology and genre. Introduce Hitchcock and Spielberg and show similarities and differences Alfred Hitchcock stuck mostly to one genre: suspense or horror, often called thrillers, because that is what they do to the audience. Over the many years of his career, Alfred Hitchcock carried on a dialogue with his audience about human nature, crime and justice. No other director has ever been so intimately connected with his or her audience. Hitchcock always appeared in his films, if not as director or story teller, as a cameo somewhere in the film. Timing was everything. Hitchcock never had to show up close blood and gore in any real manner. He was a master of suggestion. In Psycho, we never actually see the bloody body of the victim in the shower. We only see the knife come through the shower curtain and blood run down the drain. He often showed the results of violence, but seldom actually showed it in progress. He just staged extremely disturbing suggestive tableaus (Ken Mogg, 2008). Spielberg had much more technology at his disposal, so special effects were how he conveyed the very same type of information. In Jurassic park, we never actually see up close blood and gore either, but we are somewhat distracted by the huge animals and we see things like the rear half of the jeep after Rex munches on the fat guy. One wonders what special effects Hitchcock might have used if he had them. He was always pushing the envelope. He used electronic sounds tracks in The Birds and the screeching strings in Psycho was totally new to film. He also used classical music to set the mood as did Spielberg. Jaws was probably the closest thing to Hitchcock that Spielberg ever did. He gave the shark a signature in the sound track that warned the audience and set up what Hitchcock called that anticipation which was better than the actual act. One particular scene in Jaws reminds us of Hitchcock by its subtlety. At the beginning when the first victim is killed, we never see anything. We only hear her as she is eaten by the shark, and the musical sound track is morose but powerful. It is a chilling scene. Often Alfred Hitchcock tackled very difficult settings, such as The Lifeboat, which was shot entirely inside a small boat or