ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Life can be said to be a cycle that begins with childhood, then adolescents and ends with the adulthood stage. In all these stages, it is important for an individual to be healthy so as to grow and be able to effectively move from one stage to the next. A common misunderstanding is that there are some stages that require more attention than the others. This is not the case as all stages are important in one’s life and should be well taken care of for good health progress. Being healthy has for a long time been thought to generally mean a state of being free from disease. However, current research shows that being healthy not only includes the physical body but also mentally and spiritually. To achieve healthy growth, efforts have to be put by the individuals themselves or by third parties. This therefore means that there are a number of obstacles for healthy growth that hinder its achievement (Coon and Mitterer, 2006, p.122). This paper looks at some of the obstacles that hinder healthy growth during different stages of life. Obstacles during childhood Childhood is the first stage of growth and it usually comprises many new experiences in the child’s life. Some of these experiences are the main obstacles to healthy growth in infants and children. The healthy growth of a child in most cases depends on the guardian in this case the mother to be specific since this is the person who is entirely responsible the child’s life. A common obstacle to healthy growth in children is the susceptibility to diseases and infections. Children at the very tender age do not have very strong immunity and therefore even the slightest infection has great harm on them. Most changes that occur in young children for example, teething, crawling and others are usually accompanied by body disorders such as fever, vomiting, diarrhoea among others. When the aforementioned occur, the child is rendered weak because of loss of water and blood which are essential for healthy bodies. The same also lead to decreased appetite making the child not to feed well
Robert Frost had it tough growing up and during his adulthood it did not get any easier. Frost wrote poetry relating to his rather challenging life experiences because he used it as a coping mechanism. Fear and anxiety were common images in his writing which is why his poetry explicitly depicts his true inner self. He vented out his anger through writing and this made his works appeal passionately to his readers. This influenced his writing and was a means of escape. He was not mentally ill as some people argue. Frost “knew himself”, that is why he was able to control his fears and balance the tension between the inner and outer self-forces. The “knowing” and not “knowing himself” are statements of disagreement with the world. In Sheehy’s article, Lawrence Thompson notes that the ultimate problem of Frost biographer is to see if the biographer can be enough of a psychologist to get far enough back into the formative years of Robert Frost and to try to realize and clarify what forces were functioning, back there, to produce the curious forms of fixation which Robert Frost had to fight with of all through his life (Sheehy 393). This challenge of having to delve into Frost’s background from a psychological perspective to explain whether or not he “knew himself” works to justify the view that he was not mentally ill. Lisa Hinrichsen agreed with Thompson in accepting the idea of frost neurotic behavior. She includes a psychological analysis of Sigmund Freud in her article (Hinrichsen 42). Based on Freud’s psychoanalytic approach to fear and anxiety, the latter is used in Frost’s poetry in conjunction with conditions created in his poetry that reflect anxiety irrespective of any objective, while fear is fundamentally focused
Dreaming is an exciting and still inexplicable human experience that occurs entirely in one’s brain during sleeping. Before taking this course, I was skeptical about the value of dreams. Indeed, I was influenced mainly by the studies that explained this phenomenon from the point of continuous activity of people’s minds that processes daily routine during the night. However, after studying various sources about our visions during sleep, I understood the reasoning behind less scientific explanations. This class allowed me to be more attentive to dreams to understand my emotional problems and helped me learn about the causes of students’ nightmares. The new information that interested me was the dreaming experiences of Jordanian students that were similar to their counterparts from Western countries. It was unusual to learn from this chapter by Nasser & Bulkeley (2009) that negative dreams were recalled and reported more frequently. Most of the participants’ nightmares had some association with their daily concerns. Dreaming about elements of the supernatural world, like jinn, was the reflection of these individuals’ cultural and religious beliefs (Nasser & Bulkeley, 2009). Even though it is logical to think that people’s habits and thoughts would appear in their dreams, it was still fascinating to read how their brains were able to reconstruct these ideas into realistic images. I used to dream about book and movie characters, but I only recently admitted that my mind could create imaginary scenarios involving me in these fictional stories. Analyzing my behavior in these nightmares revealed that I isolated myself from my friends and became lonely in dreams. Indeed, I realized that our brains might generate visions to prepare us for similar challenges in the future. The prophetic dreams of some people remain a mystery, and I am less skeptical about these cases after reading Icelandic stories. Specifically, the article by Heijnen (2005) made me alter my viewpoint about dreaming. Before enrolling in this course, I could relate to those Icelanders, mentioned in the paper by Heijnen (2005), who “qualify dreams as personal fantasies not worth much pondering upon” (p. 194). Although I did not become superstitious about nightmares after reading this manuscript, I started to be more careful about the psychology behind episodes that my friends or I may see while asleep. There is no certainty in the authenticity of the stories presented in the article, but many real-world examples of similar dreaming experiences exist today. Indeed, as I discovered later, the stories of people talking to the dead or preventing some catastrophic events are not unique to Iceland’s ancient culture. Many of my relatives told me about their conversations with their deceased partners or parents. However, I cannot accept the idea of Icelanders that dreams are given from the external world rather than g
Both Judaism and Taoism have become great and accepted religions of the world. Judaism is a religion that is monotheistic that is believes in one God and the belief that the universe was produced by a sole, Supreme Being, who created the entire world with some significance and intention. In accordance with the tradition of Judaism, the ‘will’ of God shapes the behavior of humans and was disclosed to Moses and the people of Israel at Mount Saini. The humans have to lead their lives according to the ‘The Torah’ also called the ‘Commandments’, which is a gift from God that will enable the Judaists to lead their lives keeping in mind His will. In contrastingly Taoism is not known to be a religion with a belief in a supreme God or divinity and there is a polytheist approach stressing the belief in many gods. The religion did not stem from any divine revelation, unlike Judaism which is believed to have been revealed to Moses who is the prophet of God. The word Tao, which is pronounced as ‘Dow’ does not have a clear interpretation and can be more or less interpreted in English as a pathway, as it is essentially indescribable and necessitates experience of a power which surrounds, encloses, and runs throughout all living as well as non-living things. The Tao controls the natural environment courses thereby nurturing the equilibrium of the world. Most Taoists and scholars believe that the originator of Taoism is ‘Lao-Tse’ (604-531 BCE), who was known to be subsisting with Confucius while some believe that he is a mythological personality. Taoism differs from Judaism in its commencement as it has been known to originate as an amalgamation of psychology and philosophy but eventually developed into a spiritual belief in 440 CE when it was implemented as a religion of the state and it was during this time that ‘Lao-Tse’ gained immense popularity and was established as a deity contrasting to Judaism which does not include idol-worship. Judaism is similar to Taoism in the issues of achievement of salvation as according to the philosophy of Judaism there are no set of values based on which the Jews would be led to salvation. Judaism does comprise of the ‘Maimonides’ which are the thirteen articles of faith, but these serve the purpose of binding the ethics of the Jews. Like Taoism, Judaism lays more importance on the deed ‘miswa’. According to the Taoist beliefs, the ‘Tow’ is the essential force that encompasses all forms of existence and as such, there is a greater emphasis on maintaining the equilibrium between all these forces of nature and the universe. However Judaism can be distinguished from Taoism by the special prominence Judaism lays on assured beliefs and ethical values which involve the sustenance of the world by ‘law’, ‘Temple service’ and the basic virtues of ‘love and kindness’. The temple or the synagogue of the Jews is a sacred place where the functions of study or learning, prayer or worship of God, and assembly for community deeds need to be
Introduction In Sketches by Boz, Charles Dickens takes the reader on a journey through London using language mastery and different literary stylistic devices. The reader can tell that the city’s untidiness inspired Dickens to write this work. On numerous occasions, the author sounds disoriented as he tours the city of London. The story is mostly descriptive and the speaker starts by narrating the “appearance presented by the streets of London an hour before sunrise on a summer’s morning” (Dickens 38). This paper discusses the ways in which the experience of feeling disoriented or claustrophobic in London has been depicted by considering the ways in which London’s untidiness has inspired Sketched by Boz by Charles Dickens. London’s Untidiness In the eyes of Dickens, London is a messy place whether in the morning or at night. This disorderliness spreads from the street corners, through business establishments and transport systems to institutions, such as criminal courts. Dickens seems disoriented and lost in the murkiness of the city. During the summer, one would expect the sunrise to bring liveliness and radiate happiness as people wake up to pursue their dreams across the city unless someone is claustrophobic. However, Dickens paints a dull picture of London on a summer’s morning. He states, “There is an air of cold, solitary desolation about the noiseless streets…” (Dickens 38). A noiseless street is supposed to be calm, but Dickens conjures an image of coldness and desolation. This contrast can only be explained by the fact that the streets are untidy and perhaps the multitudes of people who throng them during the day cover this mess. For instance, if a street is littered, one may not notice the dirt when masses of people are passing by. However, if the same street is deserted, it becomes easy to see the inherent mess and disarray. Dickens tries to conjure the image of a disordered city throughout the story and this assertion is sufficiently supported by what the author says. He posits, “The last drunken man…has just staggered heavily along…the last houseless vagrant whom penury and police have left in the streets, has coiled up his chilly limbs in some paved comer. The drunken, the dissipated, and the wretched have disappeared…the stillness of death is over the streets” (Dickens 38). This passage points to different aspects of an untidy city, which can easily evoke a feeling of disorientation. First, a drunkard loiters across the street and a vagrant coils at a paved corner. The vagabond represents street families, which is an indicator of untidiness and disorderliness. If the city of London were orderly, street families would have a place to sleep. The stillness of death that hangs over the streets could be interpreted in several ways. First, the uncollected garbage may create a breeding ground for different pathogens, which would ultimately cause deadly diseases leading to t
Introduction Peter Drucker has put forward issues that a manager must consider “tomorrow” or in the future. These concepts are very contrary to the norms being observed currently in management circles. Experts may even declare the concepts are controversial however Drucker insists the concepts are crucial for the business survival in the future. These concepts are on strategy, change, workers, information technology as follows: Business assumptions The assumptions in business are rarely criticized or analysed, they are taken to be the reality yet they are not. They should be challenged and criticized. The assumption that management is “business management” is faulty. There is management in non-profit organisations such as churches and sport organisations. The second assumption is that there is “one right organisation” causing managers to look continuously for the elusive right structure of the organisation. There is no exclusive form of business structure. There are many kinds of organisational structure that a business can adopt that will still function well. All that needs to be maintained is the final reporting authority and transparency. Another assumption that managers should discarded is that there is “one right way to manage people”. The common belief is that the employees are unskilled subordinates working full-time for the organisation and totally dependent on the employer for their livelihood and career growth. This has changed since most workers are now skilled and known as knowledge workers. Secondly they are not dependent as they have the capacity to change jobs. Some of the people work for outsourcing companies while others work part-time. These employees cannot be treated in the same manner. They have to be treated differently depending on who they are. Knowledge workers should be treated as partners or associates. Another assumption is that “technology and end-users are fixed and given”. This is not true since the technologies outside a business industry have impact on the business and may be used by the business to create a competitive edge. Additionally, there is no specific end use of a product and there is no particular end-use that can be tied to one product or service. Another concept to dismiss is “management is legally and politically defined”. It is faulty as business is conducted based on the economic advantages rather than political or legal environments. There are mergers and partnerships between companies in different legal and political environments. There are also mergers between companies in different industries. Lastly management and entrepreneurship are closely related and a manager should be innovative. The management is not just concerned with the internal aspects of the business but the changes and dynamics outside the organisation. Strategy There are five certainties each business will face in the future while formulating and implementing strategy. The first one is the collapsing birth rate in the developed world. In Italy, Japan, Western and
Campaigning for the event is a critical aspect of the whole process since it is only through the campaign that potential attendees will get to know of the event and possibly learn about the BS8901 standard and adopt it. After the campaign, it is important to determine whether they have achieved success or not. The first method that can be used to measure the relevance and success of the campaign is to record the number of potential attendees who respond to invites. For instance, potential attendees may be invited to the event through social sites such as facebook. They are then expected to reply either to decline or confirm their attendance. Positive response by the potential attendees indicates success of the campaign while failure to respond indicates its failure. The second method that can measure the success of the campaign is to analyze the number of responses received. Since one of the most effective ways of campaigning for the event is the use of the internet, a website can be appropriately used to advertise the event. The success of the campaign is determined by comparing the traffic on the website before posting the information and after posting it. The web host is in a position to capture the total number of people hitting the site and this helps in determining the success of the campaign. The third method that can determine the success of the campaign is to determine how long people stay on the website and the number of pages they view once they visit the site. This helps in providing information on whether the campaign has actually engaged the potential attendees or not If they stay on the site for a short period of time and view a limited number of pages, then it is likely that the campaign strategy has not succeed. Reference List Bruhn, M 2003, Relationship Marketing – Management of Customer Relationships, Pearson Education Limited, New York. Buttle, F 2009, Customer Relationship Management Concepts and Technologies, Elsevier Butterworth Heinemann, New York.
Introduction Written by David Isaacs, the article Lessons from swine flu: Pandemic, Panic and/or Pandemonium? is a must-read article that reveals the devastating effects of the disease called swine flu otherwise scientifically identified as H1N1 influenza. The article provides an overview of how the swine flu disease affected Australia as a nation by providing a chronology of events that show how the disease came into the country, how it was spread, and how it was contained. The article by Isaacs tends to give a review of the swine flu situation and how it affected children as well as pregnant mothers in the whole nation. The article compares the effects of swine flu as a strain of influenza with the normal seasonal influenza that affects the nation every year. The purpose of the article as written by the author is to take stock of how the nation responded to the pandemic in a bid to find out its strong points as well as its shortfalls through the Australian ‘National Influenza Pandemic Action Committee’ (NIPAC) that was charged with taking control of the situation. Treatment of the Disease The article by Isaacs identifies the origin of the strain H1N1 virus as having come from Mexico, which is assumed to be the origin of the disease. The carriers of the disease are identified as New Zealand students who were coming from Mexico and who are suspected of having been infected with the disease. They are later on suspected to have infected other passengers on the flight who in turn spread the disease further to the nation. Swine flu is a highly contagious disease that spreads very fast in a given population group. Thus containing it is very complicated due to the mode of spread that the disease uses. Swine flu spread through the air and most people get infected when they breathe in such air (Saxena, 2012, p. 3268). In Australia, the outbreak of the disease coincided with the winter season in the year 2009. The writer points out how the disease complicates matters because most people could not tell the difference between swine flu and common influenza, which affects people around June, which is the onset of winter. The writer is critical of the response that the nation took through NIPAC because he finds that the nation overreacted in its control measures towards the disease. The article indicates that there was mass immunization of the population as a way of controlling the disease because a survey conducted later on about the disease, its spread, and the nation’s response indicates that the spread of the disease was not as big as it was projected to be then. Thus, the response was viewed as panic and over-reactionary. The article explains that Oseltamivir was used as the drug to contain the disease though it does not mention any other medication tha
U.S. Healthcare Reform: Background U.S. healthcare has been experiencing significant changes throughout its existence, reforms being the primary driving force behind the improvement of its quality. The shift in the focus of the American healthcare, which the reform known as the Affordable Care Act (ACA) brought, implied switching from the system of multi-payer healthcare to the one of single-payer service (Obama, 2016). The identified change allowed reducing the instances of patient profiling based on their race and gender (Watson, 2012). Therefore, a gradual improvement of service quality was expected. However, the ACA framework was also subjected to criticism because of the loss of employment-based insurance. Using the existing healthcare policy aimed at meeting the needs of diverse and vulnerable populations will allow increasing the efficacy of the recent reform and introduce new ones that will encourage a positive change (Watson, 2012). Health Policy and the U.S. Healthcare Reform The connection between a healthcare policy and the American healthcare reform, particularly, the ACA, might seem tenuous, yet further analysis shows that the two concepts are closely related. Specifically, a healthcare policy accepted in the realm of the U.S. healthcare system defines future changes in the legal and organizational framework of managing patients’ needs (Mahony & Jones, 2013). As a result, healthcare policies accepted in the U.S. drive the change within the system. However, the influence is mutual; similarly, alterations in the healthcare system define the development of a healthcare policy. For example, the patient-centered approach encouraged by the ACA has led to a shift in the value system of care, giving more opportunities to diverse populations (Clarke, Swider, & Bigley, 2013). Therefore, the two concepts affect each other to a similar degree. Impact on Nurses and Health The current healthcare policy must be credited for encouraging nurses and patients alike to educate themselves about health issues and the methods of managing them. Patient education has become one of the key priorities in the contemporary healthcare environment (Dimick & Ryan, 2014). As a result, the premises for increasing the quality of care and reducing the instances of disease development have been provided. Additionally, the consideration of health policies as the product of changes within a society allows locating important social factors that affect health, alterations in a patient’s health status, and the development of specific attitudes toward maintaining health (Mahony & Jones, 2013). The identified phenomenon also affects nurses, making them recognize the unique needs of diverse populations and, thus, choose the strategies based on a multicultural approach. As a result, the quality of patient-nurse communication improves. Furthermore, nu