ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Considering the various definitions there are of the phrase “playing God”, perhaps we should define this phrase before we criticize it. After all, it is a pejorative in the Western tradition, while it is something to strive for in Eastern tradition (SHAHZAD, Q. 2007). In order not to get to tango up in semantics, we will follow the Western tradition and consider this a pejorative. In this vein, let us assume that the meaning here is doing something that is ethically beyond the purview of a human being. Of course, we now have to define exactly what we mean by ethically beyond the purview of a human being. I believe that the line should be drawn by considering possible benefits vs. possible damage. However, there are very few human beings who would be able to make an objective decision in this area. So then there remains the problem of who is to be the judge. When the clergy or other religious groups fling this accusation at someone it is usually because they are somehow changing the meaning of what the religious advocate believes to be true. Of course, believing something makes one neither right nor wrong. It simply makes them sincere. But we cannot use sincerity as a ruler here. After all, the road to hell is paved with good intentions. Reference the disaster mentioned in the article by Coady (200?) concerning the importation of certain cane toads into Australia. This was done was very good intentions, another great deal of forethought or study. So perhaps that has to be part of the definition. Depending upon the possible severity of the consequences or value of the benefits does enough diligence study allow one to “play God”? Also, we must consider the possibility that the average human ethic would consider certain actions to be unethical, regardless of the consequences. One example of this is the buying and selling of internal organs. It is my gut reaction that this is always wrong. Yes, the families of the persons selling the internal organs benefit by acquiring a great deal of money, and this is generally life-changing for all concerned. However, the very fact that one can buy or sell internal organs presents the very real problem of abuse. There is a very fine line here that we have chosen to call on the side of
Obtaining a doctorate degree opens up new opportunities for specialists as researchers and allows them to make both a practical and theoretical contribution to the development of science. In addition, such programs allow individuals to receive special training and engage in research that will be as close to the real-life setting as possible. The purpose of this paper is to discuss learning experiences a candidate might face prior to doctoral learning, analyze the nature of this type of education, and suggest strategies for the successful completion of a doctoral program. Prior Learning Importantly, individuals might face various learning experiences that can either help or hinder their successful completion of a doctoral program. Taking the assigned set of courses is not enough for this type of learning, and the individual will have to carry out profound research in the area of interest (Moran & Burson, 2013). Therefore, the previous learning experience that a person will need is expertise in carrying out scientific studies. Notably, the research knowledge received in previous programs will assist greatly in developing a personal study, and the learning experience acquired at doctor-level courses will complement it and deepen the existing knowledge of the student. In addition, time management skills received and mastered in previous programs are one of the most important learning experiences in a doctoral degree. Also, during previous studies, individuals could have carried out small-scale researches (Moran & Burson, 2013). However, at the doctoral level, students will have to provide a timeframe for performing the essential extracurricular activities apart from their course work. In addition, a significant amount of time will be dedicated to autonomous learning and conducting the actual research, which implies data collection and analysis. In addition, collaboration experience will also be helpful since it will be necessary to cooperate with other students, colleagues and so on. Autonomous Nature of Doctoral Learning Doctoral learning does have the autonomous nature since students have to govern their studies independently. Prior to the actual research, individuals take specialized courses aimed at supporting their future actions such as research training and clinical leadership. In addition, students are taught practice development. Importantly, in comparison to other learning experiences, these courses help students to apply an evidence-based approach to the study. Apart from that, doctoral learning is individualized and self-directed (Moran & Burson, 2013). As opposed to other types of learning, research at the doctoral level is fully planned and directed by the student, and the mentor does not contribute to its improvement but rather observes the process. In addition, this lear
Organization Description Doctors Without Borders, known initially as Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF), is a non-profit international organization that was established in 1971 (“Founding of MSF,” n.d.). This association was founded by French doctors, nurses, and other volunteers who wanted to treat people unable to access health care. The core ideology of the organization was and still is that all people deserve access to medical care regardless of their race, gender, age, religion, or worldview. Furthermore, the association firmly believes that national borders should not limit people’s right to healthcare. Currently, MSF operates worldwide and has branches in many countries with paid employees and volunteers participating in various daily activities. MSF provides care to people who have suffered from and continue to be impacted by human-made and natural disasters and armed conflicts. Mission and Vision Summary While the mission statement of the organization is not clearly defined, the official MSF charter has the all necessary information to describe the vision and ideology of the association. MSF’s mission is to provide help to “populations in distress,” including people who become victims of disasters, wars, and other major events (“Charter,” n.d., para. 2). The values of MSF are more detailed as all its members are encouraged to adhere to the rules defined in the charter. The primary principles include impartiality – people deserve access to healthcare regardless of their beliefs and characteristics. The organization strives to provide medical assistance. Thus, all ethical principles of health care providers, namely patient’s autonomy, confidentiality, security, and dignity, are inherent to the practices of the organization. MSF also believes in the independence of assistance as its members have full control over the services and cannot be limited by governmental restrictions or guided by third-party support (“Charter,” n.d.). Thus, the organization is focused on neutrality and transparency, bringing attention to unacceptable practices and unjust violence. The primary purpose of the organization is medical assistance. MSF’s approach is defined by such keywords as impartiality, neutrality, independence, transparency, dignity, and accountability. Thus, their values are humanistic, as the association is focused on people’s right to medical care. Statements’ Analysis The mission of MSF, while not being explicitly declared according to the principles of academic literature, is clear and transparent. Here, the most important function of the statement is to show in which situations th
Abraham Cowley is a famous English poet of the 17 th century. He was a devout royalist and he invested a lot of his time to fight for the restoration of the monarchy. However, he is most famous for his poetry and essays. He published several books of poetry that are still popular. One of his poems is especially interesting in terms of its theme and figurative language. The poem is titled “Anacreontics, Drinking” and it was published in 1656 (University of the Incarnate Word 591). The poem dwells upon drinking alcohol. The theme of the poem is drinking alcohol and its justification. Each line of the piece can be seen as certain kind of justification of drinking. It is noteworthy that the poet obtained a medical degree from Oxford and he knew about negative effects of drinking. Clearly, the poem can be regarded as a humorous account of a witty man. Prior to analyzing the figurative language of the poem, it is necessary to pay attention to its structure and title. The word “Anacreontic” stands for “a tradition established” by Cowley and Moore who translated odes of Anacreon who wrote about love and wine (Markley 105). Thus, Anacreontics had a seven-syllable line that had an accented syllable at the beginning and an eight-syllable line that started with an unaccented syllable. Thus, the poem in question is a certain kind of dialogue with the classical Greek poetry. Clearly, there is a hint at the theme of the piece as the Greek writer focused on love and alcohol. The poem in question is ‘doomed’ to be devoted to drinking alcohol. At this point, it is possible to concentrate on the figurative language of the poem. First, it is important to stress that Cowley uses numerous literary devices to create lively images. One of the most widely used literary tools in the present poem is personification. Thus, the earth is “thirsty”, it “drinks and gapes”; the sea also “drinks”; the sun has “drunken fiery face”; the “Moon and Stars… drink and dance” (University of the Incarnate Word 591). Clearly, the earth does not drink water as drinking is a human action. Cowley also provides an image of the “busy Sun” with a “drunken fiery face” (University of the Incarnate Word 591). He makes the reader imagine a red face of a person who drinks a lot. It appears to be very similar to the fiery (red) face of the Sun, which is not better than a drunkard, according to Cowley. The poet attributes human properties to celestial bodies and earth. The use of this tool makes the poem very clear for people who can imagine themselves in one line with numerous objects mentioned. Another literary device extensively used in the poem in question is metaphor. For instance, the poet describes the amount of liquid soaked by the ocean and states that it “[d]rinks twice ten thousand rivers up, / So fill’d that they o’erflow the cup” (University of the Incarnate Word 591). The poet manages to create a lively image of rivers that burst their banks as water overflows a plenty cup. The use of a specific number makes the poet sound more reliable. Cowley also makes use of an allegory. The poet stresses
Introduction The history of Bible making is an unclear subject to most people. Majority, especially Christians, blindly believe in the bible teachings without seeking to understand how it came about or where it came from. It is very important for Christians to understand this subject in order to comprehend more about their religion. By doing so, Christians will not only be followers of Christianity, but also they will be part of it. Scholars argue that the process of bible making started thousands of years ago during the pre-reformation period between 1400 B. C and 1400 A.D. During the pre-Reformation period, the Bible existed in the original languages of Greek, Latin, and Hebrew. The translation of the Bible started about 1380’s AD when John Wycliffe wrote dozens of manuscripts in English. The canonization process whereby the authorities determined which ‘writings’ were authoritative to form the present Bible has received worldwide criticism throughout the history. It is uncertain why the authorities included some texts rather than others. Although, the original manuscripts of the Bible might not be available to support the arguments of most theologians, historical sources for both Testaments of the Bible provide sufficient evidence regarding the origin of the Bible. This study touches on historical issues surrounding the dissemination of the bible across the world. The aspects explored here provide supportive evidences for emergence of different versions of the Bible. The purpose of this research is to find out how the modern Bible was collected into its current form. With focus on New Testament, the paper discusses the textual content considered for inclusion into the Bible. The paper will also examine the role played by translation of the bible as a developmental stage as the bible moved into its current form, what many refer as ‘the modern bible.’ Early texts This section highlights various teachings and writings by the early scholars, which could have led into composition of the modern Bible. The writing by Constra Celsum between 3rd BC and 3rd AD played a crucial role in the writing of the New Testament. Celsum criticized the then
Elie Wiesel’s memoir Night gives a thought provoking account of the ruthless maltreatment of his family during the Holocaust by Nazi Germany. Wiesel was brought up in the mountains of the present day Romania and in 1944, at fifteen years old, his family was captured as part of a mission by the Germans to torture the Jews. Thereafter, Wiesel and his dad were detached from his youngest sister and mum at Auschwitz. All the family members died in different circumstances leaving the young Wiesel behind. Alan Paton’s novel Cry, the Beloved Country, is a commanding, spare, poetic modern classic that protests against the structures of the South African society that would lead to apartheid in the 1940s. The novel tells the story of Reverend Stephen Kumalo who undertakes the difficult and expensive journey to Johannesburg from the remote village of Ndotsheni (Paton, 1). He makes the journey in order to find his wayward son, Absalom, and assist her sick daughter, Gertrude. In as much as the two novels are distinct, they portray the same thematic link: good and evil in the society. To begin with, both the two novels give a portrayal of social breakdown and racial injustice in the society. The society represented in Cry, the Beloved Country , is unjust, segregated along racial lines in which the white people have assumed ownership of the most profitable farmland from the black people. For that reason, blacks have been compelled to migrate from their tribal villages to try to find work in cities like Johannesburg. In the cities, white businesses rely so much on the labor provided by the blacks, for which they work for subsistence wages. Since the blacks have been forced to leave their traditional social structures such as adherence to morals and reverence for the elderly in the society, social breakdown has inevitably followed. Because the blacks left the traditional social structures that lent stability to their lives, the crime rate among the blacks is increasing at a fast pace. The novel Night, by Elie Wiesel, also portrays the theme of social breakdown and racial injustice in the society. The Nazi’s captured and killed so many Jews after forcing them to endure treacherous situations. Wiesel notes, “Without passion, without haste, they slaughtered their prisoners” (4). Their oppressors did not even spare the weak among them. The Nazis purposely withheld proper means of transport and forced the Jews to travel in cattle cars to the concentration camps. By doing this, they placed their voiceless prisoners on the same level as the animals. Therefore, this undermined the significance of the Jewish existence, dehumanized them, and belittled their self-esteem. The novel depicts instances of the breakdown of the Jewish social structures. Wiesel witnessed occasions when sons turned against their fathers by ab
The general objective of every political system is to rationalize several evident imperfections in most governments. Every single undertaking by the human race is comparative. A comparison of different forms of government is, therefore, significant in judging and testing the diverse set of organizations. In regards to this, the best form of government should consider the well-being of any state that subsists in the regime. The best form of government ought to protect the nation’s welfare and display little defectiveness because almost all organizations are imperfect (CCH Australia 30). Further, the best institution gives improved affinities to the nature of the human race. These include the utmost and continuous stimulus as well as occupied political scope that reduces the inferior tendencies and opportunities of malice. Given the above, charging democracy aright requires its comparison to the other systems of government. The other forms may provide a better substitute to democracy as was evident in the primeval and the contemporary world (Duignan 100). Monarchy and Oligarchy as compared to Democracy The monarchial form of government at times seems to be easier to follow and is stable. It offers a reliable and incessant policy to overseas relations like the democratic systems (Pitney and Bassette 4). Besides, both monarchial and democratic forms ponder a well-organized domestic organization. This emanates from the verge of austere responsibility and free rein in the choice of skilled bureaucrats. The citizens submit to a solitary ruling head in monarchial forms of government, thus enabling the entire national services to be equally fixed to each other just like in democracies. Monarchial forms of government more or less cloud with democracies as it creates for integrity between the social orders. The form is unprejudiced and perhaps compassionate to the citizens whose interests are shared with their leaders. However, all these merits claimed by the monarchies are not sustained by history. The monarchies are on the complete more inclined to hostility and conflict despite having variables as those of democratic forms. The lethal objection to the monarchial system is that it may lead the nation into poverties due to autocracy. This is counter to the democratic government where leaders develop strongly to rule democratically. On the other hand, dictatorial forms of government merit both the other alternative forms. In comparison with democracies, oligarchies agonize in the hands of the traditional principle. The different types of oligarchies include partial administration by the military, and the reverence sensed for birth, like in the case o
Introduction Amazon.com encompasses a Fortune 500 multinational electronic commerce company situated in Seattle. It is identified as the world’s largest online retailer, established in 1994 and launched in 1995 by Jeff Bezos, under his regret minimization framework. Its business is not only limited to America, but also spans United Kingdom, India, Germany, Canada, Spain, France, China and Japan (Amazon.com Inc 1). Though it is engaged in selling various products according to its diverse departments, it also ships the products that have been purchased from it to certain specified countries. Initially, it was launched as an online bookstore, but later diversified into the sale of MP3 downloads, DVDs, CDs, video games, software, apparel, toys, furniture, food and electronics. Amazon’s issued its public offering of stock in 1997 at an $18.00 per share price under AMZN stock exchange symbol of NASDAQ. In terms of its annual reports and Proxy Statements in 2011, it had a revenue of $ 48 billion, operation income of $862 million, net income of $631 million, total assets of $25.2 billion, total equity of $7.75 billion and 56,200 employees. Benefits and limitations of the Amazon’s online Retail Model As the most effective online retail model, Amazon.com utilizes the Affiliate Business Model. This model is utilized alongside the market mix of pricing, promotion, product and people, to enhance the company’s marketing capability. The Affiliate Business model provides people customers with various purchasing prospects, regardless of the place they are surfing from. The Affiliate Business Model proffers many affiliated partner sites with various incentives. These sites provide with the necessary points that link to the merchants while purchasing, with the aim of generating sales. Owing to the fact that it is a pay-for performance model, the non-generation of sales by the affiliates does not translate into costs for the merchant. This online retail model is highly suited for the World Wide Web; hence, explaining its popularity. This popularity aids Amazon to generate a high volume of sales. Benefits In terms of easy access, the website provides the customer with various categories of the products available that help the customer to easily search the product he or she needs from the department under which the product is listed. The various departments of products displayed on the Amazon website ascertain that a variety of products are available to satisfy the diverse customer needs. It reduces overhead expenses and ensures that the products are accessible to a larger demographic group. In terms of security and efficiency, payment is conducted
UAE is one of the largest producers of oil and natural gas. According to Taib, in 2009, UAE was the 8 th largest producer of oil in the world. In the same year, UAE had the 4 th largest reserves of natural gas (Taib). Around forty years ago, UAE was among the poorest countries in the world. However, after the discovery of oil, UAE’s economy was transformed within a short period. At the moment, it is one of the richest countries in the world. According to the Complete Resident’s Guide, “UAE is the second richest Arab country, after Qatar, on a per capital basis” (4). The guide also reiterates that UAE has an annual GDP growth rate of around 10%. However, due to fluctuations in oil and gas prices and the realization that an economy based on oil and gas might not be sustainable, UAE has diversified its economy. Therefore, other economic sectors play a huge role in UAE’s economy at the moment. This essay provides an insight into the effects of oil and gas on UAE’s economy. UAE has large onshore and offshore reserves of oil and natural gas. According to Shihab, UAE growth has been dependent on oil and gas since its formation in early 1970s. In 2009, UAE boosted nearly 7.3 % of world’s total oil reserves and was ranked 8 th in the production of crude oil (Taib). At the same time, it was estimated that UAE had 1.6% of the world’s proven natural gas reserves. For that reason, it is believed that oil and gas will continue to be the backbone of UAE’s economy for a long period of time. Most of the oil and natural gas reserves are in Dubai and Abu Dhabi (Shihab). These two emirates have, therefore, made UAE an important player in the world’s oil industry. . “Economic development can be perceived as change in the structure of an economy” (Shihab 4). Likewise, oil and gas have greatly transformed the structure of UAE’s economy. Before 1970, UAE’s economy was slowly driven by agriculture. Moreover, in the late1950s and early 1960s, UAE was an underdeveloped country. “Its inhabitants were nomads, pearl divers and fishermen” (Shihab). Interestingly, the ruler’s fort was the only significant building in Abu Dhabi city. Moreover, roads and other basic infrastructures were missing. However, after 1970, oil and gas propelled the economy in a rate only seen in a few countries worldwide. Abu Dhabi is now a world class city and UAE income levels match those of developed countries. This transformation has been brought about by forty years of a flourishing oil industry. Furthermore, UAE skipped the hypothetic devel