ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The police officer has just stopped a car for traffic violations but detects some drugs in the car. This is a legal vehicle stop because the concerned officer did not just carry out a random search. Traffic laws had been violated, and this was sufficient enough to stop the car. The detection of drugs was done reasonably because he located the drugs while carrying out the traffic stop. A seizure of the drugs will need to take place. This starts with a collection of all the drugs or incriminating evidence. As an officer, one should abide by California state law manuals on a collection of physical evidence. The sample will need to be placed in an evidence container that can then be used in a court of law. That container should hold some information about the item number, the case number as well a description of what is contained inside. This should be sealed to prevent contamination. The signature of the patrol officer should also be placed on the container. The material should then be transferred to the lab; transfer of custody should be recorded immediately. The Fourth Amendment of the United States Constitution will be highly relevant to this case because it protects citizens against unreasonable seizures and searches. In this case, a search of the adult’s car was not done so search laws do not apply. However, a seizure of the person and the drugs did occur. A seizure is said to have occurred if a person’s freedom of movement has been undermined (Davies 600). However, the law states that this needs to be done based on objective evidence. The patrol officer spotted drugs in the person’s car, and that is reasonable enough to warrant a seizure. If the adult refused to answer questions by the officer and only the minor spoke, then this adult is well within his right to remain quiet and should not be punished for it. Therefore, based on the detection of the drugs through the officer’s observation, this adult should be arrested and driven to a police station. The police officer interviewed some of the passengers in the car and was told about the source of the drugs. The incriminating statements should be recorded immediately and used as evidence. This information will be vital to the prosecutors in the court of law. A search and seizure in the drug distributor’s house will be necessary. There was plenty of physical evidence found at the drug source. In the house, some 5 kilos of drugs were found at the location. Not all the five kilos will need to be used as an exhibit in law; only a small portion of it should be submitted to the lab for testing. The concerned officer will need to adhere to chain-of-custody requirements. The quantity, location, and parties handling the evidence at every step of the process will be recorded. Since the imp
Introduction The project work is aimed to evaluate the historical development of the Arab music and cinema culture along with the Western influences on it. Thus the title of the project work is, “Arab Music and Arab Cinema: historical development and the role of Western culture “ The project scope is dedicated to peep into the historical background of how the music and cinema industries have developed and emerged in the past few decades. Since, Arab music and cinema industries have shaped into various classified forms over the time, thus the project looks into its development through the history. Also, evidences of how these changes are anticipated and what role did the Western media as a whole and Western film industry as specific influenced on what the Arab music and Arab cinema are. Abstract of the Report Music has always been understood as an essence of emotions by a majority group of the people and therefore the emergence of music through history has taken place in all countries, nations and cultures. Arabic music has also emerged followed by the cinema through an array of development and changes throughout the time, lately influenced by the Western and modernized music and cinema industry. There has been an influence of Sufism and Arab culture in the early days of the music that has evolved through the time and there is a tunneling history that shapes the current Arab music and cinema into more modernized mode. Despite the fact that the early stages of Arab music were prominently influenced by the religious background where the music was used as a tool to inspire and toss the religious and spiritual emotions of the listeners, however in recent past when the Western musicians and singers took interest in the Arab music and culture that was previously inspired mostly with the Egyptian version, it made a shift towards modernization into the music industry. Along with this advent the cinema in the Arab world along with the Middle Eastern countries was also influenced by romantic and emotional aspects rather than just dramatic and sober performances. In most of the cultures, music is classified as a strong relationship building tool with the culture, just as in Hindu religion, it plays a vital role in motivating and inducing the spiritual closeness with the religion often. This research is aimed to cover the development and advent of music and cinema in Arab through history and the effect of the western culture and music that influenced Arab world as a whole shaping its new, westernized cinema industry. Also, the new faces are discussed that are playing role in forming this transformation that has already taken a much formalized shape in the Arab world and the challenges that are still prevailing. Objective The objective of this research is to conclude
Introduction A Speech-Language Pathologist (SLP) is a specialist who is often referred to as a speech pathologist or a speech therapist. In most cases, these experts are highly educated professionals who have a master’s degree in their fields of specialization (Blackstone, Beukelman & Yorkston, 2015). Therefore, an SLP is more advantageous as they have studied various aspects of healthcare, including psychology, anatomy, and physiology, that enables them to handle patients properly. Thus, a speech pathologist is a person who has extensive knowledge for providing speech therapy services, which are necessary for treating common speech disorders, sound production, and other voice-related defects. This report shall, therefore, explain the importance of speech-language pathologists in an in-patient rehabilitation hospital. Speech-Language Pathologists Work Setting Speech-Language Pathologists can work in various settings, including in-patient rehabilitation hospitals. It is essential to understand that rehabilitation follows after the patient has recovered from an accident or an incident and hence can be moved from the intensive care unit to the in-patient rehabilitation environment. According to the American Speech-Language-Hearing Association (ASHA), the average length of stay in an in-patient rehabilitation hospital is twenty days. Nevertheless, the treatment may be extended from several months to a year. The services of a Speech-Language Pathologist are necessary because the hospital should offer intensive rehabilitation therapy for patients who are recovering from surgery, acute injuries, or disorders. The most common cases, which will be experienced in an in-patient rehabilitation hospital, are incidences of brain injury, strokes, or other chronic illnesses that affect the vocal or pharyngeal tract. Conferring to the National Outcomes Measurement System (NOMS) data retrieved from ASHA, the top five medical diagnoses for in-patie
Introduction The continuing rapid growth of internet applications and web technology is evident in the home access to the internet; this figure has increased 32% over the 1998-2000 period from 33% to 65% (Khosrowpour, 2001). The world is changing fast and the role of information and communication technology is increasingly having more of an impact on every sector as well as on the society at large (Kamel, 2003)Thus, this dynamic nature of information technology makes it a special case in strategic planning. Strategies that apply Some of the strategies in strategic planning that have been mentioned by Wirth do apply in the IT sector. They are: Benefits for strategic planning The benefits that apply here are: planning is categorized as being one of the important things, with proper allocation of resources such as time, talent, and money being allocated to the activities with the most benefits; planning proves awareness of the changing environment as is evinced by the statistics on internet usage figures given by Khosropow; the need to bring about change in the company due to the changing environment; allows for poor-performing areas to be identified and eliminated and thus give a sense of security among employees that comes with the better understanding of the changing environment and the company’s ability to change with it (Wirth, 2010). Pitfalls to strategic planning Some of the pitfalls identified by Wirth that apply to the IT industry are poor communication between the management and the employees hence a lack of direction for them; failure to involve key employees in all phases of the planning environment and failure to adapt to changes in the industry. Once these pitfalls have been identified, it means they can be eliminated and thus make strategic planning more practical and productive in the IT sector. Implementation problems The implementation challenges cited by Wirth are specific to small companies, while the IT industry is composed of both small and large corporations, making the challenges subjective to the size of the company. Key factors that influence company performance The ability to bring about change in the IT market is the most profound factor that will influence the impact the IT company has on its market. Today, opportunities and challenges of available technology can be utilized as strategic and tactical resources by an IT company to leverage market gains on its side (Khosropow, 2001). This is therefore the most important factor for consideration during strategy planning by an IT company. Strategies that do not apply Some of the strategies highlighted by Wirth do not apply in the context of IT companies. They are: Benefits for strategic planning Setting objectives in the IT industry is not a sure-footed approach to strategic planning because of the changing nature of the industry. This will be a risky endeavor. Implementation Problems The implementation problems put
The Plan There are two important words in the culture and society that I belong to. These are imam and haraam. It is important to determine the meaning of these from its cultural context. But at the same time it is also important to find out how people use these words in order to find out how it was used out of context. It is also important to find out how its meaning has evolved when it was used beyond the borders of my country and beyond the society that I belong to. The purpose of this study is to appreciate a more systematic and scientific way of determining the meaning of words. Most of the time the meaning of the word is derived from its usage and it is affected by the environment where it was used. For example the use of the word Imam in the Arab world creates different layers of meaning based on the cultural background of the people. But the same word can be used in an American university and discussed among non-Muslim students to create another different layer of meaning. The stated goal can be accomplished by examining different ways the word Imam and haraam were used in published books. It is significant to use examples from books because these are products of professionals and highly educated people. Therefore, their use of the words Imam and haraam came from an educated background. Thus, when there is a major difference in the implied meaning, then, it can be concluded that it is not the result of an error but a different cultural appreciation of the meaning of the word. Imam An Imam is one whose leadership is to be emulated or followed (Hughes, 1996, p.203). The first instance of its usage is linked to leadership. But it is a leadership defined by examples of works and attributes that serves as a template for others to follow (Abdul-Rahman, 2007, p.12). In Muslim societies the term is used in reference to the Koranic statute with regards to the blessed life of Abraham the patriarch. In the Surah II one can find the following statement that the Lord has set Abraham as an Imam for the people. In this particular example one can see a clear definition of Imam beyond the religious connotation of the word. It is not proper to define this passage from the Koran in connection to the religious function of present day Imams working in Muslim communities and Mosque. Thus, if one interprets the use of Imam in this Koranic passage cannot be interpreted solely on religious terms because Abraham was not an official member of a religious system. Abraham was a patriarch to whom Muslims find their beginning. Thus, they honor Abraham beyond the religious sphere. Therefore, when the Surah calls all the faithful to consider Abraham as an Imam it has to mean a different thing. It has to be interpreted as example. Therefore, an Imam is an example for all. An Imam is also called a Khalifa according to the Muslim faithful. The use of the word Imam in this context denotes leadership. In the Hidaya there is the admonition that a good Imam is someone who has the qualities essential to govern. The specific qualifications pertain to the role of magistrates in society such as maturity of age and intellect. Leadership
It is indeed true that the freedom of individual expression largely emanates from the level of autonomy granted. When our individual autonomies are restricted, the freedom of expression is also affected. This implies that autonomy is the epitome of the freedom of expression in many ways. Nonetheless, a certain level of restriction is usually applied by authorities in cases whereby the granted autonomy may lead to chaos or disruption of peace (de Zayas & Martín, 2012). Some critics argue that individual autonomies may be restricted on the basis of persuasive speech. However, expressive statements that are too persuasive may not necessarily be stopped by the government except in extraordinary situations when such speeches are meant to cause fear. If negative consequences are brought about by a speech, then it is justifiable for the authorities to inject some restrictions (Kendrick, 2014). Needless to say, offensive speech cannot be allowed by the government because it does not go hand in hand with the tenets of true autonomy. It can be proper for a speech to be permitted even if it is persuasive so long as it does not offend others. Perhaps, this is the point of diversion between autonomy and restriction of the freedom of expression. There are myriads of laws that have been established with the aim of reviewing the impacts of freedom of speech. A speech might be considered to be offensive in various ways. In some cases, individuals are offended by the freedom of speech if they suspect that the impacts will be negative (Temperman, 2011). Owing to the persuasion principle, the
Love and desire are themes that are discussed by many writers because of the variety of these feelings’ sides and aspects that can be expressed by the literary characters. The dominant vision of the meaning of love in life presented in the story is usually associated with the speaker’s specific point of view. In spite of the fact that Kate Chopin’s “The Storm” and O. Henry’s “The Gift of the Magi” are similar because these short stories discuss the theme of love and desire, the speakers’ points of view presented in the stories are absolutely different. The reader receives the opportunity to focus on different representations of love and passion as characters’ strong feelings. Thus, Chopin’s point of view can be described as realistic and even cynical because the adultery leads to happiness in her story; in contrast, O. Henry’s point of view and tone can be discussed as romantic and hopeful because it is an altruistic desire to give and share that leads to happiness in the described family. Although Chopin uses the metaphor of storm in order to describe the adultery and the female character’s desire and passion, the speaker’s presentation of the love affair is extremely realistic and focused on details. Calixta and Alcee are the former lovers who lack the real passion in their marriages, and they choose to express their desire that is destructive like the storm. Thus, the speaker describes the adultery at the background of the storm quite realistically. However, the tone and point of view become cynical when the speaker describes the intentions of Calixta’s husband to buy something to please the wife (Chopin 97). In contrast, Calixta seems to forget about her role of the wife and mother, and she becomes concentrated on her passion and desire. The author ends the story saying, “So the storm passed and everyone was happy” (Chopin 99). It seems that both Calixta and Alcee do not feel any guilt because of their adultery. Furthermore, the characters’ calmness and Chopin’s references to the Virgin Mary and Assumption make the reader doubt regarding the realness of the characters’ love (Cho
Introduction Robotics is a promising area of technological development in the field of healthcare. Due to its novelty, the recent introduction of robotic nurses has raised several ethical concerns. The following paper explores the implications of the technology for patient safety and discusses potential ways of resolving the issues. Analysis The question of patient safety can be approached by looking at harm that could potentially be inflicted on humans by robotic nurses and estimating the likelihood of such occurrence. Since robotics is a novel addition to the field of healthcare, the data illustrating the risks are scarce. Therefore, it would be reasonable to look at potential areas of risk that are relevant to the field of robotics in general and apply them to robotic nurses. The first area of consideration is the technical capability of robots to perform the functions necessary for the delivery of care with a level of quality sufficient for ensuring adequate safety. The quality and, more importantly, continuity and consistency of service provided by a machine depends on its ability to function in accordance with the expectations and set standards with a reasonable amount of predictability. These variables are determined largely at the production stage and can be modified through consistent monitoring. Potential risks associated with this aspect are a mechanical malfunction of the robot’s systems and malfunction of its sensors. Power shortage can also be considered an issue since the current hardware requires a significant amount of energy to function properly (Plooij, Wisse, & Vallery, 2016). The majority of these issues are preventable and can be avoided with the help of regular maintenance and incorporation of automated reporting systems. It is also important to emphasize that the current l
This paper is a thorough analysis of Evaluating Safety and Effectiveness of Low-Dose Methotrexate at Reducing Inflammation in HIV-Infected Adults Taking Antiretroviral Medications article funded by National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease (NIAID), and National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI). The aim of the study under analysis is revealed in examining the security and efficiency of low-dose methotrexate at decreasing inflammation in people with HIV and rheumatoid arthritis. The target population of the research is adults suffering from HIV and at risk for cardiovascular diseases. Speaking of the type of clinical research, it should be noted that it is the interventional research. In other words, it is the epidemiological study that reflects the evaluation of the direct influence of treatment based on the collected data. The research focuses on several data elements including demographic, clinical, and administrative data. Demographic data comprises people of both sexes of 40 years and older from the United States and Puerto Rico. Clinical data is represented by means of participants with HIV infection, who possess one or several following criteria: on permanent ART for 24 weeks or more, having HIV-1 RNA level, CD4 T-cell count greater than or equal to 400 cells/mm^3, postmenopausal female candidates, and others, and duration of the research. Administrative data includes the availability of the Monitoring Committee, responsible parties (NIAID and NHLBI), the information about study sponsor, investigators, and verification date (March 2016). In addition, such specific parameters as laboratory values are included. The research began December 2013. However, it is currently recruiting people till June 2016. It goes without saying that this is quantitative research as it comprises conducting various surveys based on clinical analysis that corresponds to a large number of respondents. The principal objective of the research is to obtain a numerical estimate of the issue and the reaction of respondents towards it. Speaking of the studied intervention, one might note methotrexate (MTX) drug (5 mg, 10 mg, and 15 mg capsules were given to patients in accordance with their peculiarities), placebo given in the same quantity as methotrexate, and Folic acid dietary supplement (1 tablet per day). This research is undoubtedly significant as the number of HIV infected people growing as well as their concomitant diseases. In particular, the study focuses on cardiovascular problems of adults with HIV. Results of the research would contribute to the enhancement of patients’ living conditions. In order to collect required data, researchers invited people with described diseases and intervened in their treatment analyzing the outcome. Clinical analyses could be provided by any U.S. laboratory with CLIA certification or its adequation. Menopausal candidates are eligible for the research in the case if they do not require using of contraceptives. Therapy must be finished at least 60 days before the study admission. The above are eligibility requ
Introduction More than fifty countries in the world have already shown interest in issuing their digital currency (CBDC), and are at the research or development stage. France, Canada, the United Arab Emirates, South Korea, South Africa, Uruguay, as well as China are at the CBDC pilot testing stage (Xu & Scott, 2021). The Renminbi digital yuan is one of the varieties of the digital currency of central banks, which is being talked about more and more often in the world. History of Development In mid-July 2021, the People’s Bank of China published the document “Renminbi Research and Development Progress in China”, dedicated to the digital yuan (Xu & Scott, 2021). It is informally called the White paper of the new digital currency. The document was prepared by a special unit responsible for the research and development of the digital yuan (Renminbi). Since 2014, the People’s Bank of China has indicated an interest in developing a CBDC focused on the domestic market for settlements between individuals (Louie & Wang, 2021). Research, testing, and implementation are conducted centrally and supervised by the Finance Committee of the State Council of the People’s Republic of China (Louie & Wang, 2021). The reasons for the release of the digital yuan in the White Paper were improving the quality of finances and services and reducing the costs of maintaining the circulation of the money supply, which in 2020 amounted to 8.43 trillion yuan (Xu & Scott, 2021). The objectives of the issue are to meet the demand of the population for digital money and to increase the convenience of payments efficiently and securely. Current Status As part of the pilot project for the implementation of the Renminbi, 1.32 million transactions were made in six cities on June 30, 2021, to pay for goods and services with digital yuan, including utility bills (Samek & Scott, 2021). To date, more than 20 million wallets have been opened for individuals