ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The name Yanomamo denotes the name of a group of people who live in the deep Amazon jungles. The American Indians come from the Venezuela and Brazil countries which are in the Amazon Basin. Chagnon adds that these people are the most primeval cultures present in the world (4). Their intact cultural conservativeness classes them to ‘stone-age tribe’ or Neo-Indians dating back over 8000 years. These indigenous people are not exposed to inventions like the wheel. Further more they a similar methods like ancient Egyptian of cremating their dead! Amazingly they drink crushed bones of the dead to have an eternal bond with the dead. Their intimate relation with Amazon forest environment has made them apt hunters and gatherers. The foremost question is why are the Yanomamo living with us, hid in a vast forest concurrently with a world that is experiencing the computer technology? Are there unanswered questions? How do we approach the challenges learned from the tedious research of dedicated anthropologists? These are a few of the paramount question we need to analyze from the lives of these Indians. Napoleon Chagnon a renowned anthropologist graduated from the University of Michigan has written on the Yanomamo people in a great length. In his book ‘Yanomamo: The fierce People’ he talks about the Yanomamo people. He is not a member of the Yanomamo tribe. His ethnography works has intensively focused on the social circumscription of the Amazon Yanomamo tribes. Chagnon characterizes these people as primitive with ‘stone age’ characteristics. However, from the details he puts across we learn how they hunt with arrows made of the word, different from the stone arrows of the ‘stone age’ people (Chagnon 54). He describes the political, cultural, and religious setups of the Yanomamo people at length. For example, we learn how they practice animism as their form of religion where the spirits are visible under the influence of hallucinogenic drugs. In the political setup, kinship is their form of political administration and hierarchy. How their political setup regards the men to be chiefs and their responsibilities. They are also polygamous where the choice for a marriage partner is from a cross-cousin. Chagnon’s works have developed a lot of contentious debate to the American Anthropologist Association on the way he postulates the Yanomamo as ‘fierce’. These allegations pose questions to challenge the authentic nature of Chagnon’s works. When comparing with other works, we however see the resemblance of his approach on the cultural, political, cultural, and religious practices of the people. Therefore, Chagnon’s works qualify to give a clear account of the lives of the Yanomamo people. If there is war, the Yanomamo tribes separate to evade more danger. To complete his works Chagnon spend several years and used several tribes who contributed to the vivid explanations o
Introduction Procurement can be defined as the acquisition of services or goods in the right quality and quantity, at the best possible total cost of ownership, in the right place, at the right time. This is normally for the benefit of individuals, corporations or governments through a contract. When the procurement is simple, it involves repeat purchasing. When it is complex it involves getting co-destiny suppliers or finding long term partners. This paper is dealing with procurement systems currently used in project management. There is an explanation for the benefits and the disadvantages of each system both to the contractor and the client. This paper is also dealing with procurement systems and contracts (Arrowsmith and Arwel 1998). Types of Procurement Systems Procurement system is actually a means, contractual or non contractual through which the objectives of a residential project is achieved. There are various types of procurement systems that are used for Australian residential project development. An example is the delivery system. Delivery System- Single Contract Delivery System This is one of the systems that are commonly used in procurement of various projects. Within the delivery system there are various contracts. They include multiple contract, single contract etc. For instance in the process of selecting a procurement system, one can decide to adopt a single contract for the system. Research on procurement systems used in many nations shows that single contract delivery system has got advantages therein. This is because it actually provides an avenue for compression of time especially when early completion is a matter of importance in the project. This is implemented by the documentation of all the components of a particular project development (Alario, 1997). Advantages This system is of real benefit to contractors globally. This is because it gives a prospect for specialist contractors to be directly engaged. It also does away with the need of arrangements that are complex contractual in nature. In other words there is the simplifying of the entire contractual system. These complex contractual arrangements include the incorporation of nominated subcontractors who play a big role in complicating the whole process. There is also allowance for direct purchase of materials from suppliers. It also enhances control of expenditure that the agency uses in the procurement. This system actually allows staging the prospect to accelerate various projects in a region. It however has the potential to delay the work too. This system provides an economical method of controlling budget costs. This is accomplished through omission of work in case the time or cost overrun is actually expected. It is implemented through reduction of standards in procurement. This method is also very simple in nature. It can also work through addition of work if work and funds allow (Baldwin, 1997). The system works through the use of an agency carrying out direct selection of package contractors or trade hence providing better control of the finished product’s quality. When this system is used there is reduction of impact of work changes to
The author of the article “a bitter guest worker’, is effective because he has portrayed the instances of mistreatment of the workers that included; the fact that they were commissioned by the company on pretenses; and were being mistreated by the same employer as was reported by Julia Preston in the times periodical. The company Signal International had commissioned the workers under a foreign worker provisional program; in which they had promised the workers together with their families’ green cards; and that the workers had to pay up to $20,000 for their transit to the place of work. The writer also shows that the workers after realizing that they would not get green cards that would allow them to work in other institutions; they started to threaten to leave the labor camps where they were practically detained. The company also planned to deport the workers who threatened to lead the protests which failed due to the protest at the shipyard gates. As a result, later the workers sued the company which also in return sued the American and Indian recruiters for misinforming the workers further leading to the ICE investigations. However, the author gives the documentary a decent ending where the workers are seeking government’s defense against trafficking of individuals that results from problems related to the Emigration officers. The author style used in this article is appropriate because the writer seems to sympathize with the workers who were misled, oppressed and had their rights violated. On the other hand the writer has a negative attitude towards the company as he views it as oppressive to the workers; which in return blames its faults on the Indian government and American recruiters. The writer takes the moral perspective in judging the issue and therefore does not consider the possibility of an alternate analysis of the case. This is because from the article it is evident that the company is going against the human rights of the workers by restricting their freedom and access to justice. The writer also does not give the possibility of alternate views because; the ineffective immigration administration also forms a part of the problem which needs to be addressed to avoid the happening the situation in the future. The author of this article appeals to the inventive sympathies of the audience, through the analysis he gives to the treatment subjected to the workers by the company. In his documentary he achieves this by documenting that; the workers were commissioned on false pledges; were being subjected to oppression; were also intimidated not to leave the labor camps and were generally being subjected to deportation after attempting to fight for their rights. The writer in this documentary greatly appeals to the values and beliefs of individuals and society in general. Some of the value and belief violations include; the use of false pledges to get the workers
Research proposal: Sleep Deprivation Sleep deprivation is a common experience in society. In the modern world, people tend to give more time to work and reduce their sleeping hours. As a consequence, they spent most of their time awake. Most people do not realize the effect caused by reducing their sleeping hours to the functioning and general physical condition of their body. Sleep is fundamentally necessary and helps to regenerate the body after a period of physical and mental activity. Therefore, it is important to spend a considerable amount of time sleeping or resting. Thesis Statement The purpose of the research will be to determine sleep deprivation, what causes it, the effect, and why sleep is important. The study variables The study will comprise of examining sleeping deprivation in different environment settings. Different variables will be used to carry out the study. Variables such as age, academic level, and gender will be considered. Besides, the population and factors such as the condition of the room (temperatures) will be examined in the experiment. Population of Study The study will focus on a population of approximately 600 hundred participants. The participant will be selected from different social and economic backgrounds. Aspects such as age, gender, and academic level will be a guide in selecting the study population. The sleeping environment will also be considered significant when experimenting. The Expected Direction of the Effect Those who spent fewer hours in sleep will be expected to have considerable addition of weight. People who have a sleeping problem will be expected to show less physical activity. People who tend to sleep few hours will also be expected to have various health-related problems, such as heart disease, blood pressure, and diabetes.
Introduction Distributed leadership is a post-heroic understanding of leadership that advocates the liberation from bureaucracy and strengthening of stakeholder involvement (Jackson 2000, p. 70). It has traits that make it relevant for public firms that are in need of a turnaround in performance (Harris, 2005, p. 82). Integrity or openness to criticism, delegation of duties and networking are some of the qualities that reflect distributed leadership. Ciulla (2004) Currie & Locket (2007) and Gronn (2002) are among the advocates of distributed leadership, and their support stems from the shortcomings that are found in transformational leadership. Moreover, Alimo-Metcalfe, Alban-Metcalfe, Heck, Hallinger and Harris are some of the key theorists in distributed leadership. They expound on the centrality of cooperation, expert input and openness of leadership boundaries within this form of leadership. This paper will focus on characteristics of the leadership model, particularly how it relates to performance management, change management and organisational structure. Performance management can lead to effective performance by facilitating goal definition, proper development of performance management systems, as well as role clarification. Distributed leadership can streamline these aspects. Change management is necessary in turnaround situations, and organisational structure alters decision-making and control issues, thus affecting how a company accomplishes impressive performance. The report will examine how distributed leadership may translate these processes into high performance. It will then apply these aforementioned theories to a case study about a police force called Blackshire (Walshe et. al., 2009, p. 12). 1 This institution was experiencing problems as a result of poor leadership. The report will focus on how distributed leadership could have prevented some of these problems, as well as providing some suggestions on how the institution can improve its current leadership approach on the basis of the theory. Distributed Leadership Theory Definition of distributed leadership and how organisations effect it A number of characteristics make distributed leadership distinct. The first quality is that it encapsulates a network of individuals interacting with one another. Unlike other theories of leadership like transactional and transformational leadership, which dwell on the individual, this approach emphasises the involvement of groups of people in leadership. The emphasis, therefore, is collaborative action not the sum of individual efforts (Harris, 2005, p. 82). Secondly, distributed leadership has open bou
Colonialism is a phenomenon observed throughout the entire history of humankind. Ever since our species have appeared on this planet, we have explored, expanded, colonized and ultimately, conquered various parts of the land. These motions have determined the borders of countries and empires for many years and were always changing as those empires grew. What we are going to discuss in this paper is modern colonialism. Also known as state colonialism, it has begun in the 15th century, also known as the “Age of Discovery”, and continued up until the end of the 20th century. The focus of this paper would be the treaty between John Batman and the Wurundjeri tribe, analyzed its implications, intentions, and consequences. Comparisons will be drawn between other practices happening around the world, during the era of colonialism, in order to further understand the situation, and obtain a deeper insight into the issue. Brief History of Modern European Colonization throughout the World History considers that what is now known as State Global Colonization, has begun in the 15th century, with the discovery of the American continents by the explorers from Spanish and Portugal Empires. 1 The world maps were far from being complete or accurate, back then. It was believed that there was no land beyond the seas, outside of Africa and Eurasia. However, the discovery of new lands, new continents launched forth a series of exploration campaigns. Bold explorers, enthralled by mystery, adventure and promises of riches that the uncharted lands were holding, were eager to sail across the oceans, and try their luck. Australia was first discovered by Willem Janszoon, at the beginning of the 17th century, and ever since, the land has been explored by at least a dozen of other famed explorers and navigators, such as James Cook and Abel Tasman. 2 All the major Empires got involved in the vast colonization and expansion of their territories. Britain, Portugal, Spain, and France mainly focused on the Americas. The Russian Empire extended its reach towards eastern Asia. Australia has become a British colony, as the Empire did not limit itself to America only. It had claimed territories in Asia and Africa as well. 3 This rampant expansion would eventually have to end, with the colonies becoming more and more detached from the parent state, and claiming independence, once the Empires that were holding them collapsed. Goals of Colonization Naturally, colonization was not driven by the desire of exploration and adventure. Exploration was a dangerous task and posed many dangers. Storms, diseases, dangerous animals, pirates. What really motivated the first colonists and explorers was greed. Promises of gold and treasure, which were to be found in these uncharted lands. The Empires were motivated by the same goals. Europe was already divided between powerful nations, and attempts to seize resources and wealth there would have been met with war. How
Introduction Commitment to an interest rate rule would be dangerous because the labor and products markets could not rescue the economy from the consequences of an error in the rule” (E Phelps, Financial Times, 2006). The statement made by E. Phelps is related to a monetary policy to be used based on Taylor’s rule. The Taylor rule Taylor recommended that there should be a target for the level of the nominal federal funds rate that depends on four factors. These factors are (1) the current inflation rate. (2) the equilibrium real interest rate. These two factors provide a benchmark recommendation for the nominal federal funds rate. (3) Inflation gap adjustment factor based on the gap between the inflation rate and a given target for inflation. ( 4) output gap adjustment factor based on the gap between real GDP and potential real GDP. “The two factors give a standard recommendation for the federal funds rate that would keep inflation at its current rate, provided the economy is operating at its potential. Because the benchmark recommendation rises one-for-one with the current rate of inflation, the higher current inflation is, the higher the rule recommendation will be, all else equal. This relationship between current inflation and the benchmark recommendation for the nominal federal funds rate keeps the implied real interest rate constant. The use of the equilibrium real rate in the Taylor rule emphasizes that real rates play a central role in formulating monetary policy. Although the nominal federal funds rate is identified as the instrument that policymakers adjust, the real interest rate is what affects real economic activity. In particular, the rules clarify that real interest rates will be increased above equilibrium when inflation is above target or output is above its potential. The third and fourth factors in the Taylor rule summarize two objectives of monetary policy. targeting a low and stable rate of inflation while promoting maximum sustainable growth. These adjustment factors can also be seen as incorporating both long-run and short-run goals. The inflation gap adjustment factor incorporates the central bank.s long-run inflation goal. The output gap adjustment factor incorporates the view that in the short-run policy should lean against cyclical winds. Weights in the adjustment factors embody a presumed attitude toward the short-run tradeoff between inflation and output. The output gap adjustment factor may represent another aspect of policy. Some analysts have argued that the output gap adjustment factor brings a forward-looking, or preemptive, motive to policy recommendations. According to this view, a positive output gap signals likely future increases in inflation. Consequently, funds rate recommendations that reflect an output gap adjustment may correspond to policy actions designed to preempt an otherwise anticipated increase in inflation. Although the Taylor rule incorporates many important aspects of policy, it also is based on several assumptions. As
Chrystia Freeland’s article According to Chrystia Freeland, a Member of Parliament for Toronto, Canada, economic inequality is rising at the same pace as technological advancements, not only in Canada but also from a global standpoint (Freeland par. 2). She portrays the rise to power of the extremely wealthy plutocrats, suggesting the causation of this ever-enlarging gap between the rich and poor as globalization and technological advances (Freeland par. 4). The capitalist nature of human beings has resulted in inequality, which is a global issue. In the contemporary world, humanity commands an egoistic relationship directed towards one another all over the world (Firebaugh and Goesling 283). Inequality has developed in different forms such as social, gender, racial, economic, and political inequality. These inequalities have instituted diverse implications for all people across the world. Social inequality covers diverse facets of humanity, such as race and gender. It has resulted in enormous social problems, not only in the US communities but also in communities in other parts of the world. The implications of the global social inequality extend to the existing gap between people of different colors globally Social divide should be addressed in the context of employment opportunities, social class in terms of income generation, increased crime with inequality in the legal framework and justice systems. Besides, healthcare service delivery for primary health should be addressed when attempting to avoid inequalities in society. From an economic standpoint, in the US, income inequality has been on the rise in the recent past, and is seen to be higher than in any other global society at any given time. As purported by some economists such as Thomas Piketty, inequality levels of income among US citizens, as measured using the Gini coefficient, elicits disparities in all states. “ Super Story” by Friedman According to Friedman, in his “Super Story” on globalization and global inequality, globalization is regarded as the primary reason for inequality. In actuality, globalization has elicited excruciating implications leading to the elevation of inequality, especially in the developing world (Firebaugh and Goesling 294). It has resulted in an ever-increasing global interdependence in the economic sector due to the expansive volume and diversity of cross-border financial flow, and interchange of goods, services, and investments, and the associated diffusion of new technology. Rather than closing the gap, globalization is seen to fuel the equality divide. This cause of inequalities would