ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Topic The impact of child neglect in low income elementary school age children. Problem Definition and Introduction This is my question for the targeted research: How does child neglect affects low income elementary school age children? Child neglect is a topic that continues to attract the attention of many researchers and educationists. Low income families are usually associated with increased cases of child neglect. The affected children encounter numerous obstacles, including homelessness, poverty, and poor health support. Childhood poverty results in poor health and increased mortality in adulthood (DuPre 24). Affected young individuals lack adequate care and find it hard to pursue their academic goals. Studies have revealed that most of the affected children record below average grades (Blyth 99). Some might develop emotional, psychological, and behavioral disorders. Many neglected children quit school and engage in criminal acts. A proper understanding of the issues many victims of child neglect face can guide policymakers, educationists, and elementary teachers to implement superior strategies to meet their needs. Literature Review (Annotated Bibliographies) Allen, Brian, and Mindy Kronenberg, editors. Treating Traumatized Children: A Casebook of Evidence-Based Therapies. The Guilford Press, 2014. I selected this book for my research paper because it offers evidence-based ideas that leaders can embrace to tackle the challenge many traumatized children face. The editors reveal that child abuse can have negative impacts on many children. Such individuals perform poorly in class. Some also quit school and engage in inappropriate behaviors (Allen and Kronenberg 48). This book presents powerful concepts and findings from an economic perspective. This information will be included in my research paper and guide societies to address this social issue. Blyth, Maggie. Moving on From Munro: Improving Children’s Services. Policy Press, 2014. This book by Maggie Blyth offers several arguments and ideas that policymakers can use to improve children’s services. The author presents numerous concepts to support the importance of powerful policies in meeting the needs of the targeted children. The text is appropriate for my answer since it explains why increased cases of abuse make it impossible for many children to concentrate in class (Blyth 108). Abused children record increased levels of depression and suspicion. They also develop negative attitudes towards the people around them and find it hard to achieve their potential. DuPre, D’Michelle P. Child Abuse Investigation Field Guide. Oxford, 2015. I selected this book for the research paper because it explains how children with histories of maltreatment experience increased levels of impairments, including academic performance and mental wellbeing. Those who are affected usually require specialized instructions or record poor grades. Some of the common outcomes include anxiety, aggression, poor social skil
Data privacy refers to the policies and ethics in the information technology industry, concerning the compilation and distribution of sensitive or personal identifiable information. It is a growing sphere of information management, which aims protect relevant data from being compromised by itself, or from compromising the privacy of individuals and institutions. This effect can be caused by misuse of such electrical records as healthcare and criminal justice records, particularly that which contains information about individuals, information about financial institutions and transactions, location and contact data, the Internet surfing habits, etc. Data privacy also covers the subject of regulations and policies surrounding the issue. The issue was tackled first by The Electronic Communications Privacy Act of 1986, and then during Bill Clinton’s administration. His Information Infrastructure Task Force defined information privacy as the ability of an individual to control how their personal information can be collected, used, and revealed (Easttom & Taylor, 2011; Kang, 1998). The most effective way to preserve private or sensible data, is to remove it from the web, or open systems. However, this method is not applicable in many cases where individuals or establishments desire to maintain their privacy, while also having access to their data and being able to use it, as it is often the case with various businesses. Naturally, privacy in the digital world is a major concern for cyber security in most organizations. Fittingly, to mitigate abuse and protect the general citizens, regulators are beginning to establish data privacy and protection as the new default in the cyberspace, with it becoming one of the primary components of the growing and developing digital network (Rubinstein & Good, 2013). In order to develop and maintain privacy controls to ensure compliance with privacy laws, a company needs to make sure that privacy is part of its structure by design, by clearly and concisely establishing it a one of the vital goals. Furthermore, the company needs to constantly monitor its privacy mechanisms to keep them up to date and prevent creation of loopholes (Rubinstein & Good, 2013). In order to meet the public demand and restore the populace’s trust following the leak by Edward Snowden, which exposed companies harvesting private dat, most of the major cyber businesses have undertaken efforts to implement better privacy controls for its customers. Google Inc. joined the trend by expanding a lot of their privacy settings, as well as setting up a website for the purpose of educating their users about the options they have, their settings’ functions and uses (Reuters, 2015). Facebook underwent similar changes, although the company went through numerous scandals before finally introducing rigid rules and regulations on the users’ data manip
Human society is a coherent community of individuals having mutual interests and similar intentions. While sharing common social institutions and culture the society’s members may have specific goals that can be achieved only by applying enormous collective effort. As a means of aiming at spreading compelling ideas, propaganda appeared. Propaganda can be described substantially as a phenomenon and functionally as a technique. Propaganda is a phenomenon which has a certain aspect characterizing it as an effective mechanism. Those aspects of propaganda are “Total” and “Time.” The interconnection and interdependence of those characteristics contribute to the understanding of propaganda as an active force operating in modern society. As a characteristic feature of propaganda, the concept “Total” can be viewed as a multifaceted unit interconnected with other characteristics. In respect to active actions, the aspect “Total” has a lot to do with the organization of the propaganda process which implies involving a complete and consolidated effort primarily to achieve a desirable outcome. Total propaganda is entirely organized and surrounds the representatives of the target audience telling them what has to be done. Propaganda in its “Total” aspect is inseparably connected with the idea of organization and directed actions. The “Totalness” is characterized by the use of all the means surrounding people to persuade them into some actions. Such political regimes as Nazism in Germany and Stalinism in the USSR were characterized by the total control of the government over all the spheres of life. Those political regimes turned into a national catastrophe not only for the countries where they appeared but for the whole civilized world (Jackall 256). The fact that the most outrageous instances of propaganda are never forgotten and stay in history brings us to the next aspect of the investigated phenomenon and technique, which is the “Time.” All propaganda exercises and maneuvers take place in the course of some period. The “Time” as a continuum of successive events situating in the present past and future characterizes propaganda in two different, juxtaposing dimensions. Propaganda can be either “timely” or “timeless.” The aspect of “timeliness” implies that propaganda techniques are applied at a certain moment in time, thus making the techniques up to date. Another aspect, characterizing propaganda as a phenomenon and technique is “timeliness” which states that propaganda is not restricted to a certain time or date. Instead, it embraces the concept of “Time” in general. The aspect of “timelessness” takes its roots from the early history of the target group. To build a solid ideological foundation for propaganda, cultural and historical heritage is interwoven with timely and effective propaganda. Even
Introduction Algeria’s struggle for independence was one of the most phenomenal in Africa. Their struggle for self-governance and liberation from the French rule was characterized by the amazing participation of the entire society. Unlike most of the other countries in Africa where the struggle for independence was a preserve for the males, women in Algeria played a very crucial role. The role of Algeria’s women during the fight for independence was very significant since they were greatly involved in effecting change in the North African country. Women played a notable role in resisting the retrograde forces of Islamic fundamentalism (Channaa, 2010). They are also credited for their role in fighting against terrorist attacks which fundamentally help keep the country in order. Such attacks had almost threatened the existence of Algeria as a nation. Historical antecedents To understand the effects of the occupation of the French on women in Algeria, identifying the role of women in the African context is of paramount importance (Amrane & Abu-Haidar, 1999). The country gained its independence in 1962 after the formation of a national revolt that led to the liberation struggle. Interestingly, unlike in other African countries, the liberation struggle championed by the FLN had women playing key roles. Women’s participation was dominant in this struggle. Their roles included nursing injured male fighters, cooking, and working as spies for their male counterparts. Nonetheless, their role in the struggle was not limited to these feminine functions only. Some were involved even in the male-dominated combat. Sinha, (2013) laments that for their roles in the struggle; women paid a very precipitous price. As she observes, after the struggle had ended and the victory was won, women did not receive a fair share of the benefits accrued from independence (Sinha, 2013). They were taken back to their primary position of taking care of the family and managing their homes while their male counterparts were sharing the national wealth among themselves and dividing political powers. With the segregation between the Algerians and the French, there arose a dispute with regard to religion and it was during the post-independence period that the nation chose Islam as their preferred religious identity. During this era, women were neglected and they could not raise their views since tension gradually escalated within the leadership circles. The issue of Family Law, which was crucial for women, was never discussed until the early 80s (Sinha, 2013). The passing of the law saw the women’s status relegate to second-class citizens with very limited avenues to be heard on national matters. This was so even with the remarkable contribution of women and the role they play
Introduction Autism refers to a neurodevelopmental disorder, which results in impaired communication and challenges in social interaction. The symptoms of autism are noticeable in the early years of childhood. Lauritsen (2013) avers, “The signs develop gradually, though some children with autism reach their developmental milestones at a normal pace and then regress” (p. 38). The diagnostic procedures demand that the signs become manifest in childhood. A mishmash of environmental and genetic factors is associated with autism. Infections arising during pregnancy may also result in a child developing autism. The condition affects brains, making it difficult for the victim to process information. This article will discuss autism, its characteristics, prevalence, etiologies, and interventions. Characteristics Characteristics of autism may be classified as behavioral, communicational, and social. Individuals suffering from this conditio
Introduction Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome is one of the many viral respiratory diseases that emanate from the SARs coronavirus (Hui, Memish, & Zumla 2014). The disease originated in Southern China between late 2002 and mid-2003 (Hui, Memish, & Zumla 2014). At the onset of the disease outbreak, the immediate number of death cases amounted to 774. The disease affected 8,096 people including the number of deaths reported especially in Hong Kong (Hui, Memish, & Zumla 2014). Several other countries were also affected in the region. Spreading the virus Earlier on, coronavirus did not have such harmful effects on humans. The SARs strain has however changed this fact since its outbreak in 2002. The most notable spread of the disease is through the air (Yu, Qiu, Tse & Wong 2014). Therefore, the disease is faster spread through coughing, sneezing, and also breathing near an infected individual (Yu et at. 2014). Spreading the virus through personal contact with an infected person can be done through hugging, kissing, sharing utensils, and drinking from the same cup, direct touch, and proximity about 3 feet away from an infected person (Wildeman, Schnittker & Turney 2012). Signs and symptoms The disease is not contagious in its incubation period which lasts for about 2-7days (Yu et at. 2014). After the incubation period, in cases, the victim begins to experience a high fever. Alongside the fever, he or she experiences high temperatures and in most cases, it exceeds 38 degrees Celsius. In addition, the disease also has similar symptoms to those of the common flu. These symptoms include aches, chills as well as diarrhea (Yu et at. 2014). The victim may also experience very dry coughing and short breaths (Yu et at. 2014). Although at this point the symptoms are very mild, they further develop into more severe complications within a week. Such advanced complications include respiratory failure, heart failure as well as liver failure (Yu et at. 2014). Test and diagnosis There has not been a universal test that can specifically detect SARs. In fact, it is difficult to treat a patient who has been infected by SARs since there is no fast enough method to diagnose the treatment early enough. Normally, an infected person must have come into contact with a previously infected individual. Pneumonia is also a possible sign to diagnose a patient who is infected by SARs. (Cressoni et al. 2014). However, a patient is assumed to have SARs if he/she displays abnormal pneumonia. Treatment and prevention The treatment of SARs is similar to the treatment given for pneumonia especially the community-acquired atypical pneumonia (Franken, Ansems & Damink 2014). To prevent infections of the virus one should avoid physical contact with an infected person as well as avoiding sharing or contact of body fluids such as saliva and sweat. Basic personal hygiene is recommended in preventing the infection of SARs. This included washing your hands frequently, avoiding touching your mouth, and covering your mouth while coughing.
Introduction The Middle East has been a centre for religious wars. The presence of three major religions makes it volatile especially when it is apparent that Muslims form the greatest percentage. The rising European powers led to seizure and control of certain regions by the colonialists (Gelvin, 2008). The essay elaborates the various issues concerning the contemporary Middle East. Challenges Faced By Empires in Introducing European Culture Cultural stereotyping proved to be the greatest challenge that empires had to deal with in order to have the European culture accepted. Most natives stuck to their way of life. The Muslims could not easily be converted to Christians. The urge to have them converted in order to enjoy technological, social and political revolution could not be accepted. The introduction of schools and western clothes was viewed as a snare to lure them into Christianity (MaCannon, 2008). Racism played a crucial role in slowing down the spread of Western culture. The presence of the whites created revolts that were perpetrated on grounds of prejudice Most of the natives therefore stuck to their culture including wearing the veil and speaking the native Arabic. The rise of Islam revivalism movements is a clear attestation that not all was fine. Major movements were formed to counter the effects of the fast spreading western culture. Most people were opposed to the introduction of Western ideals. Rebellion and social unrest characterized most empires during this period. The adoption of useful technological improvements could not be realized. The economic disruptions created financial disruptions into the existing trade systems (Khater, 2011). Crime was also rampant making it difficult to incorporate new technologies. The formation of political alliances and constitution was viewed by many as a way of weakening the empires. The weakening of the empires led to emergence of political movements which were opposed to Western interference Response to European Incursion Political changes have been there since time in memorial. Empires have been in existence for ages. For instance the Islam Empire stretched from India to Spain. The Ottoman Empire, an extension of the Islamic empire saw the Turks enjoy extensive dominance (Khater, 2011). The Islamic empires were centers of military supremacy. Economic and
Claire O’Connell, the article’s author, states that everyone once felt bewildered after a good conversation, and the cause was something more than the words. She interviewed Stephen Young, the management consultant, who explained it by discovering micro-messages. Micro-messages are all about the non-verbal part of any conversation: gestures, tone, implication, which appear in every conversation. Humans are now less aware of non-verbal aspects because of well-developed languages, yet these micro-messages still affect relationships a lot. People often get these messages while talking to a boss who writes emails simultaneously, or a spouse who focused on a TV instead of a conversation. Stephen Young first felt the power of micro-messages at one of his jobs when a colleague discouraged him from the reactions and non-verbal sides of their conversations. He then worked on the concept of micro-messages and divided them into two categories: micro-inequities, which severely affect the addressee, and micro-advantages, which motivate and inspire him. Young states that micro-messages have a direct impact on performance: “the way someone listens to you does more than affect your feelings; it has a direct impact on your ability to communicate.” (O’Connell, 2007, p.19). The author highlights that being aware of micro-inequities is a way to eliminate them, yet it is essential not to overact as the addressee would feel the lie under an over-wide smile. Micro-messages are important for all of the types of conversations and may be used to motivate someone to do best instead of discouraging him. Reference O’Connell, C. (2007). Little things mean a lot. The Irish Times. Web.
There has been a raging debate about the definitions of a social condition and a social problem. Some researchers have also likened these two concepts despite the distinction between the two concepts. A social condition is a condition regarded by some people as bad while a social problem is a condition viewed by everyone as bad. Leon-Guerrero defines a social problem as “a social condition or pattern of behavior that has negative consequences for individuals, our social world, or our physical world” (8). Race and ethnicity is among the major social conditions that exist in the contemporary society. It occurs as a result of increased international migrations across the continents and intermarriages between different communities in the world. Leon-Guerrero outlines two perspectives of defining of race namely the biological and the sociological perspectives. Race from a biological point of view is defined as a group or population that shares a set of genetic characteristics and physical features such as religion, skin color or species. However, sociologists such as Michael Omi an Howard Winant regard race as a concept signifying and symbolizing social conflicts and interests by referring to different types of human bodies (Leon-Guerrero 67). Racism is the belief by individuals that certain racial or ethnic groups are inferior and that discriminatory practices against them are justified (Leon-Guerrero 70). Discriminatory practices can be classified as individual or institutional. Individual discrimination includes actions against minority members by individuals whereas institutional discrimination is practiced by the government, social institutions and organizations and it includes segregation, exclusion or expulsion. Racial and ethnic inequalities affect an individual and the society in different ways including the socioeconomic position of an individual or of the society. Income and wealth of an individual is determined by the social class to which he or she belongs. In the United States, the measure of income and wealth is home ownership since it enables families to invest in their future. After the Second World War, the rate of White middle-class home ownership grew steadily as compared to the Blacks and other minority groups who were denied access to home ownership through discrimination and low income. A research by Hudson et al also suggests that “it is possible that experiences of racial discrimination could, in part, diminish the effects of increased socioeconomic position among African American men” (134). The racial and ethnic inequalities also determine the type of education that various individuals in the society would like the children to have. Gagné and Tewksbury, as quoted by Leon-Guerrero, argue that “schools have become economically segregated, with the children of middle or upper class families attending predominantly White suburban schools and the children of poorer par