ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Since the beginning of the nation on the shores of Virginia, has remained highly diverse I terms of race and ethnicity. Recent statistics have indicated how more than a third of Americans are unable to trace their specific origin, making America to stand at the verge of being dominated by pre-conceived minorities in the next few years. This is evidenced by the predominance of racial diversity in the major cities like New York, San Francisco, and Los Angeles among others in America. This prevalent racial diversity arouses the fundamental question about America’s cultural historical identity. Perhaps, it is not possible to tell the story of the United States without considering racial and ethnic lens. According to Takaki (7), the significance or racial diversity in America’s history remains remarkable with respect to the prevalent demographic trends in the country. This paper analyses the role of immigration and laws based on ethnicity to describe America’s historical pathway. As it has been revealed, much of what is known in America’s cultural setting has ethnic perspective. It is important to note that, some outstanding figures like Martin Luther and Ah Bing among others are not Native Americans, yet their contribution in shaping the nation remains remarkable (Takaki 19). More so, president Barrack Obama’s origin is traced in Africa, yet his superiority in the nation is inarguable. Despite being the central minority all through the nation’s history, African Americans are currently becoming majorities in many academic institutions in US today. This is an indication that, America is taking new shape as a result of its diverse ethnic background in its historical development. It thus goes without saying that, historical immigrations in America are of great significance in telling the history of the United States. With reference to Takaki (8), massive migrations from various parts of the world to America have largely been focused by historians to explain the prevalent American culture. For instance, artisan manual workers of Philadelphia and the Irish immigrants are described as historians as key elements in the revolution of various artistic works in America. Basically, studying each ethnic group in America separately reveals one or more aspects of the entire American culture at large. It is the integration of these diverse cultural values and practices that have shaped the prevalent American culture today. In the historical make-up, the nationality of Americans can be attributed to the various ethnic groups that migrated into the country several decades ago. Various laws in United States have as well contributed towards the prevalent situation in terms of the nation’s c
Introduction The health of individuals could be improved by altering the behavior of those who are vulnerable to diseases or at a greater risk of acquiring diseases. In order for one to be healthy, there is need of eating healthy food, food that is balanced and avoid consuming substances that will affect the health of an individual (Baroni, Cenci, Tettamanti & Berati 2007, pp. 280-282). Basically, healthy eating is based on behavior change. The aim of this report is to establish the success of those recommendations made to the client in the previous report and to make further lifestyle recommendations the client can benefit from in the long run. The client will be questioned on how the previous advice given to him. Weight, body fat ratio and BMI The client was successful in implementing the recommendations that were made during the first consultation. This is because there were changes which were observed during the second consultation regarding some variables. For instance the client reduced weight from 92 kilograms to 90 kilograms. In addition, the client’s BMI reduced from 26 to 25.5 though the target BMI was 24.8. His BMI also came down by 0.5 which means he is almost only halfway off from his targeted BMI, 24.8.Thus, reducing the BMI is the appropriate method of lowering the risk of premature death or dying earlier and to thrive in a healthier manner (Wanless 2004, p. 56).There were some changes on the body fat ratio since it changed from 21.6 to 19.6. Therefore, between two interviews, the client managed to lose 2 kilograms and decreased his body fat ratio by 2%. Exercise and lifestyle factors The client has also gained the habit of exercising moderately three times per week on average. İnitially, the client was a gym member though he did not attend to the gym activities regularly. The one and only time he ever attended was the time to sign up. Thus, he was inactive in the past but after the second consultation, he had improved his exercise lifestyle since he does it approximately three times in a week. Exercise is important since it assist in increasing the muscle mass; therefore, enhancing the ability of the body to burn the fats and calories (Wanless 2002, p. 34). Hence, both regular exercise and minimized calories helps in losing body weight. Similarly, when physical exercise is implemented together with health eating or appropriate nutrition, it could assist in preventing obesity and reducing weight, which are the primary factor for several illnesses (West 2007, p.146). According to the second consulation, the client also admitted to gaining the knowledge to question what is stated on the packaging of the foods he buys when shopping for food. İn the past, the client had no particular diet which he had adopted; thus, there was the need to advise him on the food to avoid in his diet and the type of foods he needed to integrate in his eating routine. Food intake An increase in daily fluid intake is another positive indication of the client adopting a healthier lifestyle. The client had admitted to usua
Introduction At the current time, the raised interest to organizational psychology can be said to be called by a vital necessity to solve problems in organizational settings through new ways of organizing economic activities. Industrial/organizational psychology is an applied sector of science, which studies the different aspects of human behavior in organizations and workplaces, using psychological methods to raise the effectiveness of their activity. Among the problems that can be related to the problems of organization psychology are aspects related to employees’ selection, hiring, and placement in the right positions. In that regard, this paper analyzes the common problem of organizational psychology based on the example of the company “GTX, Inc”, an organization with 30 employees that specializes in providing internet services, such as designing, publishing and maintaining websites. The company decided recently to expand their staff, and hire new employees, and at the same time have a problem of work division due to the small number of existing employees, and thus the absence of distinct work positions. The paper analyzes the company’s situation based on a brief literature review in the field of industrial/organizational psychology. Main Body One of the concerns of the employees’ hiring process can be considered its costs, which according to estimates based on 1999 survey range between “costs per hire of $8,628 for exempt employees to $1,154 for nonexempt employees.” (Patterson, 2000, p. 77) In that regard, companies should avoid at all costs poor hiring decisions, where human resources professionals approach these decisions in a way that helps manages the budget more effectively. Similarly, “GTX” company cannot afford poor hiring decisions, and thus their efforts should start from acquiring good information through right tools, which in such cases can be implemented through targeted assessments. The assessments can help the company not only through the selection process, distinguishing bad candidates from good, but also through the placement process, where the company would ensure that “new hires are matched to the right positions.” (Patterson, 2000, p. 78) The tests can be used to measure several characteristics, among which the general menta
Television today guides our lives. We spend our days at work and our nights staring at a blue flickering light emanating from the specially treated screen that decodes cable signals to bring us stories about the world beyond our sometimes highly limited daily borders. Before we can understand how this might affect us, we must have an understanding of what these types of shows are portraying particularly as they relate to racial issues. Two shows worthy of comparison are “The Cosby Show” and “7 th Heaven” because they each feature large American households living in contemporary times. “The Cosby Show” features a large African American family led by Cliff Huxtable (Bill Cosby) and his wife Claire. The couple has five children – Sondra, Denise, Theo, Vanessa and Rudy. In the show, Cliff is a doctor, an OB/GYN, and Claire is an attorney, both reasonably successful and well respected in their community. Little is shown of the two of them at work, although Cliff keeps an office in his home. Most of the show is focused on relatively universal issues typically affecting teenagers. Through this portrayal, the series attempts to give the impression that the African American family is no different from any other middle class family in America. They do the same things, listen to the same music, dress the same way and deal with the same problems as the average white citizen. The family continued to be added onto as the children grew older, acquired spouses and had children, some of whom stayed with Cliff and Claire for long periods of time. The family in “7 th Heaven” is led by Eric Camden and his wife Annie who also have five children – Matt, Mary, Lucy, Simon and Ruthie. Like the Huxtables, the Camden family only continued to grow as the family grew older, through the same social devices, marriage and having children, added to by the late addition of twins born to Eric and Annie in the third season. The show does show Eric in his working capacity, often allowing issues he’s dealing with at the church to be related in some form to the issues that are being faced at home. In doing this, the show again focuses on how we are all the same, regardless of skin color or geographic location. The show does deal with racism among the various issues it focuses on, but this is not the main slant of the show, which is to address issues faced commonly by America’s teens. While both shows are relatively similar in the family’s overall makeup and series focus, they remain fundamentally different in what they have to say about the social roles of the ethnicities. While Cliff Huxtable is presented as a doctor and his wife is an att
The laws of thermodynamics Thermodynamics is defined by two basic laws. The first law, also referred to as the law of conservation of energy, proclaims that energy cannot be created as well as it cannot be destroyed. Energy can only take different forms. This means that ultimately total energy remains constant in the universe. The second law states that energy changes result in a rise in entropy within an isolated system. Entropy is a measure of energy dispersal. A system is at equilibrium if it reaches maximum energy dispersal. The entropy of a system will constantly increase until this state is reached. The source of energy for most of the world’s producers Producers are self-sustaining organisms due to the fact that they produce their own food by a process, called photosynthesis. The fundamental source of energy for these producers is solar energy (the sun). Photosynthetic organisms use sunlight to convert water and carbon (IV) oxide, in the presence of chlorophyll, into food. What would happen if there was no new energy added to an ecosystem or if nutrients stopped being recycled? Life is manifested by the changes in energy and the ecosystem is, therefore, existent by a virtue of a continuous flow of energy that is being transmitted through the chain of food. Energy and nutrients are transferred through the food chain when one living organism feeds on another one. If no new energy is added or nutrients stop being recycled, then an inevitable effect is the death of living parts of the ecosystem. Lack of energy leads to stunted growth and poor reproduction or even death of producers. This, in turn, leads to the death of primary consumers due to the lack of food. Ultimately, secondary and tertiary consumers die. Flora and fauna die in due course. The food web, the food pyramid, and the food chain of an ecosystem A food chain is defined as the manner in which organic matter and energy move from the producer to decomposers through consumers. It shows how each organism obtains food and usually starts with producers (plant life), ending with animal life. Decomposers are considered to be the final link and they have the role of breaking down dead organisms. A food web is a construct of several food chains. Generally, most animals belong to more than one food chain. Animals may feed on several different foods, hence complicating the food web. An ecological food pyramid is a summary of energy or matter contained in each food level within a food chain or food web. An ecological pyramid can be divided into a pyramid of numbers (which is the number of organisms in each trophic level), and a pyramid of biomass (which is a representation of the amount of energ
Introduction and Statement of the Problem Background of the Problem There is a variety of health problems that may require cardiopulmonary surgical procedures, i.e. surgeries in the thorax. Although these problems are widespread, and cardiopulmonary surgeries are often performed in many places around the world, the operation is still considered to be a rather serious intervention that presents many risks to the patient. A major part of these risks occurs due to the application of extracorporeal support. For the time of the operation, the functions of a patient’s heart and lungs are temporarily suspended and taken over by a machine, known as the heart-lung machine and often referred to as simply a “pump,” which ensures the normal circulation of blood and oxygen in the patient’s body. This technique is known as cardiopulmonary bypass, and it is employed in surgeries with the purpose of offering a bloodless surgical area in the thorax when either the heart or the lungs are operated while sustaining the required amount of blood and oxygen circulating throughout the rest of the body. Every part of the human body requires normal blood flow for the supply of oxygen and nutrients and for the purpose of removing waste. Blood is a complex fluid, as it contains a variety of different cells. Also, it flows in an extremely complicated vascular system with different types of vessels. Besides, as the blood circulates, its composition is changing significantly due to chemical processes and the exchange of substances (Freund 69). These three factors determine the complexity of the physical and mechanical characteristics of blood flow. The imitation of blood flow, which is the function of the pump in the case of extracorporeal circulation, is not limited to the application of particular pressure. There are different adjustments available for such machines, which means that perfusionists, i.e. specialists who operate the pump, have options in terms of how the blood will circulate in the patient’s body during a cardiopulmonary surgery (Nam et al. 372-373). Two major perfusion modalities are pulsatile perfusion and non-pulsatile perfusion. It is important to understand that both modalities occur in normal blood flow. What makes them different is the presence of periodic variations in the pulsatile perfusion and the absence of them in non-pulsatile perfusion; the latter, however, is still associated with certain physiological fluctuations due to the circular nature of blood motion in the human body and due to the characteristics of blood vessels. Modern heart-lung machines allow applying both modalities in a given cardiopulmonary surgery, and there is a natural assumption that the effects on the patient, especially on his or her postoperative state and recovery but also on the physiological processes during the operation, may be different in the case of applying one profusion pattern or the other one. Many researchers have argued that pulsatile perfusion has a number of benefits in comparison with non-pulsatile perfusion for the health of a patient (Alkan et al. 530); other researchers, however, have not found sufficient evidence for s
Local war in the US has a long history, but the army has come a long way from bows and arrows to modern machine guns and radar-guided missiles. The advances in modern technology have led to the development of unmanned vehicles and laser-guided missiles. For instance, the use of combat drones enables the US army to deploy weapons in the battlefield while keeping a safe distance to reduce casualties (Edworthy 34). The evolution of technology has enabled the US military to gain global recognition because it has enabled them to conduct combat missions where other armies have failed. For instance, modern technology has helped the Army to develop a Tomahawk missile that travels at very low altitudes at subsonic speed. The speed of the missile enables it to attack ground targets. These technological advances proved effective in the Afghanistan war. Today, military technology is the equalizer and separator in the battlefield. New technologies have rejuvenated the ability of the army to use precision-guided missiles on its battle tanks and bombers. The Army uses laser-guided technology on all its bombers to pinpoint targets. However, during the Vietnam War, the US army relied on dumb bombs that were not effective at pinpointing targets on the ground. Today, technology has improved missile accuracy on a ground target. Moreover, it has enabled the army to be able to eliminate an enemy bomber using anti-aircraft technology that uses radar-guided missiles (Rubright 67). The Army has also developed the anti-aircraft batteries that can destroy enemy aircraft with radar-guided missiles. The use of modern technology revived US Navy because it enabled them to develop new submarines. After the World Wars, the US needed advanced technology that would allow its Navy to develop nuclear-powered submarines. Using modern technology, they developed the Los Angeles submarines and Virginia class submarines. These vessels use new technologies such as missile defense to protect the US against ballistic missiles (Fridell 17). The Los Angeles attack submarines are the world’s powerful submarines that use modern technology such as Harpoon anti-submarine missiles and Tomahawk ground missiles (Polmar and Moore 15). The development of these submarines enables the US Navy to dominate both in the sea and on land. Although most of the submarine fleets have been upgraded to Virginia attack submarines, it has played a critical role in maintaining the US Navy capability in the global arena (Schank 123). The Los Angeles submarines were stronger than the Soviet diesel attack submarines. Although the Soviet submarines were lethal, US submarines are manufactured using advanced technology that makes it difficult for anti-submarine aircraft to track them. Moreover, the army has developed intelligence-gathering submarines that are difficult to track. The limitation of using modern technology is that it causes mass destruction and loss of life. It also exposed the weaknesses of the US Army in the Vietnam and Iraq Wars. I
Introduction One of the most widespread religions in the world is Hinduism. Hinduism refers to a system of religious and philosophical beliefs, as well as cultural practices of native Indians that are based on a caste system (Fuller 161). The religion is characterized by beliefs in reincarnation, a supreme being of many forms and natures, as well as the view that opposing theories are aspects of one eternal truth. Believers of this religion also have a strong desire for liberation from earthly evils. Hinduism is common among people in India, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, and Nepal (“A Brief Introduction to Hinduism” par. 2). Studies have established that the global population that adheres to the teachings of Hinduism is close to one billion. Religious experts argue that Hinduism is quite different compared to other faiths in terms of the founder, scripture, and teachings (Berry 60). This religion does not have any known founder, a specific scripture, or a universally agreed system of teachings for its adherents. On record, it is the oldest religion in the world because it existed before the culture of immortalizing things for future reference started (Fuller 164). History of Hinduism Hinduism is described as a timeless religion owing to the fact that it does not have a specific originator (Hopkins 16). Many historians have tried to establish the real originators of Hinduism without much success. Some believed that it originated with Persian settlers who were under the influence of the Aryan invaders, while others avoided creating a contradiction by concluding that there was no specific originator. However, reports indicate that it originated from the Indus valley about 1500 BC (“A Brief Introduction to Hinduism” par. 5). Beliefs and teachings of Hinduism are developed from a philosophical viewpoint that is highly flexible and capable of changing in order to meet circumstances at specific times. One of the main elements of Hinduism is the Veda. Veda refers to one of the most ancient sacred writings of Hinduism written in early Sanskrit. Traditionally, it was believed to comprise the Samhitas, the Brahmanas, the Aranyakas, and the Upanishads (Fuller 166). The most popular Veda was Bhagavad Gita while the earliest one was recorded before 1000 B.C. Hinduism is a religion characterized by adherents who worship several gods and goddesses. There are four major denominations of Hinduism, namely Saivism, Shaktism, Vaishnavism, and Smartism (Fuller 170). Teachings of Hinduism According to the teachings of Hinduism, live involves a cycle of confinement, failure, and rejuvenation. The religion also teaches about the concept of karma, which is the universal law of cause and effect (Berry 69). According to this law, the effects of an individual’s actions often influenc