ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Requirements for search and arrest warrants & how they relate to probable cause The chosen article for this essay is ‘ SCOTUS: Drug dog’s sniff was ‘up to snuff,’ establishing probable cause to search truck ” (Weiss, 2013). This article talks about a situation, which requires a search because of probable cause. According to this article, a German shepherd dog named Aldo, which has been trained to sniff drugs, gives an alert towards a truck whose license plate had expired. The court justified the dog’s actions, and ruled that there was no need for a field history to be established. Just like any other case of probable cause, the question at hand was whether the alert brought up by the dog, viewed under any reasonable person’s imaginations, would offer suspicion for drugs evidence. As it was found, the suspicious truck which Aldo was sending the alert about carried pseudo-ephedrine pills and methamphetamine. Aldo sniff was unquestionable given that the dog had been through training, and had been taken through a course for the detection of narcotic drugs (Weiss, 2013). Therefore, it was evident that before evaluating cases dealing with probable cause, courts scrutinize entirely the circumstances which lead to it. Search warrants are normally issued by the judge. For a search and arrest warrants to be issued, the requirements include that the officer produces a probability cause, which justifies the search. In some cases, sworn statements or affidavits are also required in support of the probable cause (Goodman & Waksman, 2010). Another requirement is a clear description of the particulars that will be searched and what will be seized. The judge thoroughly affirms all possible circumstances before issuing a search or arrest warrant. For instance, the case in this particular article, the judge ruled out the need for a history check based on the fact that the dog had undergone a thorough training on the check on narcotics and that it had its teeth inspected by an authentic organization (Weiss, 2013). The judge is mandated to restrict search warrants if the law is contravened. According to the fourth amendment, the officer does not need a warrant, but rather evidence to prove the presence of a crime. The reasonableness of a crime also counts when it comes to release of a search warrant. This is as evidenced in the article, as a sniff is justified to be an instinct that would arouse suspicion unto any reasonable person. Exceptions to warrant requirements There are certain exceptions to warrant requirements. These include when a person is going through a lawful arrest; under such a circumstance, the person may have his or her immediate surrounding checked for the sake of safety. The exclusion is referred to as plain view exemption. Warrants are never provided for when capturing evidence because legitimate police officers can check from their stand points. In cases where consent has been issued by someone in authority, warrants are not required (Goodman & Waksman, 2010). For instance, the wife of a suspect may show the officers where they may find the suspect.
Searching for the most effective persuasive technologies causes the creation of new models and methods for assessing and promoting the target behaviour. Fogg is well known for his Behaviour Model and Behaviour Wizard, which present an innovative view on the nature of human actions and the persuasive methods for achieving the target response. Fogg (n.d.) has introduced a new model for understanding human behaviour (p. 1). In this model (FBM), the behaviour is presented as a product of three factors. The factors include motivation, ability, and triggers. The author presents a visualisation of the model in Figure 1 (Fogg n.d., p. 2). The vertical axis represents the motivation of the person to perform the target action, and the horizontal axis represents an ability of the person to perform the action. The star reflects the target response. The triggers factor is placed close to the star, as it is necessary for the occurrence of the target response (Fogg n.d., p. 2). Figure 1 shows the interdependence between three factors and their influence on the occurrence of the target behaviour. The author defines several elements of each of the factors. Motivation has three core motivators: pleasure/pain, hope/fear, and social acceptance/rejection. Ability includes such elements as time, money, physical effort, brain cycles, social deviance, and non-routine. These six elements are interrelated and reduce the barriers for performing a target behaviour. The author determines three types of triggers and explains their meanings. These types include “spark as trigger”, “facilitator as trigger”, and “signal as trigger” (Fogg n.d., p. 6). FBM is designed to help researchers and designers to understand the specifics of the persuasive design and create the most effective strategies for producing target response. By using this model, the person can see the behaviour changes more clearly and discover important issues related to the persuasion. Behaviour Wizard, c
The Solitary Reaper by William Wordsworth Element of content About the writer and which school he belongs to William Wordsworth is the author of the Ballard “The Solitary Reaper”. The author is a romantic English writer and in this poem, he successfully describes his amazement at the song of a highlands Scottish girl in a solitary field as she reaps grain. He merely made guesses of the meanings of the words the girl sung and decided not to look at its theme leaving him to make guesses of the meanings and themes of the tale in the girls’ song. Paraphrase of the poem The poem is about a highland girl reaping grain in the fields and as she sings a song, it captivates the attention of a passerby. The bewitching of the song is in its notes and tones leaving the listener engrossed in the endless song whose words he can only imagine. Themes in the poem The main theme in the poem is romanticism. It is in the beauty of the song that the beauty of the girls voice forms the presentation of the melancholic presentation of imaginations left on the listener and transferred to the audience of the poem. In the last stanza, there is evidence of the impact that the singing had on the writer as he maintains that regardless of the time duration that passed by, he could still hear the words and melodies of the singing girl. “The music in my heart I bore, long after it was heard no more”. There is the use of the influences nature can have on people manifesting its influences in the human mind. It eludes the production of passionate emotions helping individuals to connect social and spiritual worlds with the people spending time in nature like farmers having the chance of maintaining the nobility of natural beauty. The other theme is in the power of the human mind since it is through the memories he has about the singing girl that he manages to write his poem. It is through the apprehension of the tone of the song that the writer assumes that sad tune of the song means that it could be about a painful historical past such as battles fought from long time. It is also presumable about past sorrows and incidents that do commonplace in everyday life making the song easy to relate with despite his not understand the words. The tone of the writer in the poem The poet is happy about the singing of the girl such as when he says,”The music in my heart I bore/Long after it
Introduction Myocardial Infarction is a disease of the heart that is caused by occlusions in the coronary arteries. The circulation of blood through the ventricles is reduced and the capacity of the heart to absorb oxygen is diminished. Artherosclerosis is mainly implicated with myocardial infarction. MI is primarily evaluated using the ECG readings in which the ST-segment is usually elevated. By, analyzing the morphology of the ECG inconjuction with other tests, the condition can be correctly evaluated. The coronary occlusions can be dissolved using thrombolytic therapy. In this case study, the close collaboration between nursing and other interventions illustrates the clinical procedure for handling patients with myocardial infarction in a hospital setting. It also gives insight into the complications of MI that may occur in a patient together with the necessary interventions from the nursing staff. The study questions are answered sequentially as follows; Mr. Jones gradually developed symptoms of myocardial infarction. He started by experiencing excruciating chest pain that radiated to his jaw and left arm, shortness of breath (dyspnea) and diaphoresis (sweating), which culminated in sudden unconsciousness (syncope). These are the typical signs and symptoms of myocardial infarction. They do not present immediately but gradually. The classic symptom of myocardial infaction is usually chest pains, which radiate to other parts of the body such as the left and right arms, lower jaw, neck, back, and the epigastrium, which resemble the heartburn. Often, MIs are caused by accumulation of atherosclerotic plaque, which stimulates the forming of intracoronary thrombus. Intracoronary thrombus results in the occlusion of the coronary artery. This gives rise to insufficient circulation of blood through the ventricles hence myocardial infarction. The level of occlusion determines the severity of MI (Cotran, Kumar & Robbins, 1994). Many other conditions that are uncommon can cause the coronary artery to block and thereby cause a myocardial infarction. They include rare inflammation of coronary arteries, a blood clot in another place of the body other than the ventricle e.g., in the heart chamber, a wound near the heart through a stab, the spasmal effects of taking cocaine on the coronary artery, and complications arising from heart surgery and/ or another rare heart conditions. An ECG is performed to compare cardiac activities in the ventricular areas. The ST segment elevation is used to indicate on the ECG. Mr. Jones’ ECG signal indicated that there was an ST-segment elevation in leads II, III, and aVf on the ECG, which is indicative of MI. however, the ECG alone cannot be used to reliably diagnose myocardial infarction. It should be noted that the ECG also evaluates other heart conditions. Consequently, the morphology a
Introduction To begin with, it should be stated that the advertising strategy, for the type of goods, which are classified as the items of luxury, requires its own particularities and special features. Originally, Vertu cell phone is oriented for the restricted manufacturing and exclusive, handcrafted design. As for the advertising strategy for Vertu Signature – S Design model, it should be stated, that there will be lots of difficulties in creating the strategy for this model on the one hand, nevertheless, some features of this device make it easy to promote as a brand. An advertising strategy should support the marketing plan, which in turn supports the company’s business plan. Problem Statement The fact is that, Vertu is the obscure and exclusive model of the cell phones because of its astronomical price and selective points of sale. The latter is due to those that know of its existence; most would consider that one has to be out of his mind or just struck oil rich, to blow an average of $10,000 (or more, in many countries with luxury tax) on a phone. (Mitchell, 2006) The advertising strategy of the Vertu phone should be developed to communicate the ideas about this device and services, which will be available for the consumers in the hopes of persuading them to buy this phone. The fact is that, the strategy should be built in a rational and intelligent manner, for attracting the potential customers and hitting the target audience, which considers itself the elite of the world. There is also strong necessity for reflecting other business considerations, which are relevant to the business strategy of the company (overall budget and brand positioning tactics), and the aims and objectives of the company (public image improvement, market share enlargement) On the other hand, Vertu was faced with two other challenges at this point. Firstly, to design a marketing program that would sustain product excitement utile dealer product availability. Therefor the Marketing Vice President of Vertu had come up with the following objectives:   * To build an order bank to enable the new factory to create the new base of Vertu customers, orienting the changing requirements to stylish devices   * To use the S design series to motivate and stimulate the dealer network to meet high
The age of the British Empire has doubtlessly left a memorable trace in the world history, shaping the lives of millions of people and defining the evolution of both the domestic and the foreign policy of the state. Consequently, with the collapse of the empire, a range of political, economic and social challenges emerged, causing the residents of the former empire to not only be reduced to the state of ultimate poverty, but also experience a permanent identity crisis. In his novel, Kureishi considers the dubious racial issues and the economic conflicts of the post-imperial state with references to the on-coming Thatcherism era. Though the choice that Kureishi has made in terms of the genre of his novel, i.e., a Bildungsromane, can be considered best for introducing the reader to a path of an individual rather than the portrayal of an era, the depiction of the post-imperial British society and a life within it becomes especially graphic when viewing it through the lens of an immigrant; as a result, such attempts of the British citizens as racial profiling, including the creation of the National Front, are discussed and evaluated in the novel. By describing the exact historical events along with the imaginary lives of his characters and, thus, creating a complex plotline, Kureishi provides a range of witty social commentaries on the endeavors of the British citizens to retain the glory of the has-been Republic. Kureishi does not simply draws the line between the “right” and “wrong” – quite on the contrary, the author obviously avoids judging the actions of the British people, making it evident that the creation of the National Front was merely a tragic mistake, a bitter experience that was not supposed to occur ever again in the history of Great Britain. Nevertheless, Kureishi does not hesitate in stressing the flaws of the British post-imperial society, proving rather successfully that the discrimination movements of the “new age” were the response towards the plummeting reputation of the United Kingdom. The world that Kureishi creates is nearly Orwellian in its attempt at display
Introduction The choice of an approach to curriculum is a very consequential decision. It will have a significant impact on the level of students’ skills and literacy. All pros and cons of each of both systems need to be taken into consideration before deciding between core knowledge curriculum and flexible approaches to education. Developing students’ creativity and considering interests of ethnic minorities, the creative approach has proven to be the most effective method for reaching the main educational goal of person’s socialization. Discussion The recent tendency to deny the benefits of flexible curriculum putting emphasis on its negative sides was caused by misinterpreting the main principle of the approach. The fact is that developing creativity and logical structure of the curriculum are not mutually exclusive notions. It is possible to offer students creative assignments and touch upon topics which would be interesting and useful for a concrete class logically structuring the curriculum at the same time. Besides providing the students with opportunities to develop their communicative skills and to realize their creative potential, flexible curriculum allows teachers to prepare lessons considering ethnical and cultural characteristics of the students. Core knowledge curriculum approach presupposing acquiring concrete materials during concrete years of study, has got certain advantages as well. Focus on logical structure of the materials would allow students to obtain a comprehensive understanding of disciplines. On the other hand, core knowledge curriculum gives preference to western culture not taking into consideration interests of children who are representative of ethnical minorities. Standardizing the curriculum would limit the educators’ opportunities for satisfying demands of all students using and individual approach, cultivating tolerance to other nationalities and broadening the learners’ scope. It is preferable to leave the existing flexible curriculum alive, considering the logical structure of the courses and general guidelines concerning the level of children’s’ literacy and basic skills after a certain grade. Creative approach is beneficial for developing students’ analytical thinking and communicative skills which would be beneficial for the process of their socialization. Creative students are able to come up with various responses towards an assignment or test as they are all engaged in diverse thinking and there is no a single answer which is considered to be the right one. The diversification in thinking generates various original ideas which can be sorted out by thorough analysis and in-depth argument; there is a best answer which will be arrived at. When a group of students are put together, the ideas they come up are numerous as compared to when
Fahrenheit 451 ’s Guy Montag, is a fireman who starts his journey as a worker loyal to the government and complying with all its orders. Throughout the novel, Montag goes through the stages of conflict and denial and ultimately sets out to free himself and others from the oppression. He comes to the conclusion that book burning was nothing more than suppressing dissenting ideas for change, which is the principal theme of the novel. This essay argues that Montag’s transformation was largely due to Clarisse’s influence. Clarisse is a 17-years-old girl whose curiosity drives her to play the Devil’s advocate and make others question their convictions. Before meeting Clarisse, Montag was desensitized to the state brutality and too numb to revolt against the societal order. The neighborhood girl opens his eyes by asking a series of questions, focusing on “why,” instead of “how (Bradbury, 2012).” She is a fish out of water among her peers, and being an outcast makes her immune to peer pressure. Because of her poise and intelligence, the main character is able to break free from his bubble. However, what was probably the final push for Montag to make a change is learning that Clarisse disappeared. Her company was incredibly precious to the fireman because she embodied the lost beauty of the world engulfed in lies and propaganda. Montag was distraught when she died as he realized that all that was genuine around him was now completely out of reach. It was through this tragedy that the main character was able to awaken from his dreamlike state. The plot of Bradbury’s Fahrenheit 451 is set in the dystopian world where books are outlawed and subject to regular state-mandated burnings. Montag’s superficial world is shaken when he meets Clarisse, a girl who is unapologetically authentic, unorthodox, and intuitive. Only a person like Clarisse could make Montag question his decisions, and her disappearance only strengthened his growing angst and dissatisfaction with his way of life. Reference Bradbury, R. (2012). Fahrenheit 451: A novel . Simon and Schuster.
Introduction Many historians believe strongly that Leonardo da Vinci revolutionized the world of art. Leonardo was a greater painter, architect, engineer, geologist, writer and musician (Cremante 38). Leonardo da Vinci is one of the greatest painters of all time. Leonardo’s inventive imagination made him a successful painter. The artist also defined new scientific theories. Such theories made it easier for many human beings to understand the universe much better. This paper offers a critique of Leonardo da Vinci. Critique of the Artist Leonardo was a great painter who produced a number of masterpieces. To begin with, Leonardo studied the universe in order to produce the best inventions (Cremante 47). This artist introduced new features that made his works unique. He also used dark and light paints skillfully. This approach made it easier for Leonardo to produce three-dimensional images (Cremante 38). He used different colors intelligently thus producing the best masterpieces. Such aspects are notable in the painting “Benois Madonna”. This painting made him one of the best artists in Italy. The painting “The Amo Valley” also portrayed some of the best artistic styles. Most of Leonardo’s paintings presented unique features such as contrast, humor, satire, and focal point (Nicholl 47). The artist also used value in most of his works. He also used the best colors to achieve something called tonal quality (O’Reilly 38). Leonardo’s used light and dark colors in order to produce the best tone. These achievements made him one of the most admirable Renaissance artists. Leonardo da Vinci was the first person to conceptualize the first plan of a flying machine . He also composed the first sketch accurate sketch of the human skeleton (Nicholl 102). That being the case, Leonardo’s interest in art made him successful. Such achievements explain why many historians call him the “Renaissance Man”. “The Last Supper” by Leonardo da Vinci (1498). Source: www.shmoop.com Some historians and scholars believe strongly that the Mona Lisa is the greatest artwork created by man (O’Reilly 57). Leonardo used this painting to expand h