ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
A popular way of determining the worth of a life is to imagine that the person never existed to begin with. One individual who cannot be denied a place in history is Booker T. Washington. Washington made a significant difference in the lives of thousands of former slaves just following emancipation and, through his own life examples as well as the lives he touched, ensured that the black race would not be subsumed under the white for all of time. Washington’s life itself served as an example to blacks and whites of what these people were capable of doing when not held under the yoke of white oppression. He was born as a slave, so there was nothing about his birth or his position that would single him out as being an exceptional example of the race. Neither his plantation life with his mother as a slave nor his life at the salt mines with his father after he was freed provided him with the easy opportunity for education that the rare slave had access to, but he learned to read anyway and attended night school to further his education (Beck, 1996). He continued to work hard and study harder, consistently working to encourage his fellow black men and women to learn the education of the white man so that they might find better employment, earn higher wages and become less dependent on the white man for support. Toward that end, Washington was instrumental in making the Tuskagee Institute, an experimental school for black people, a tremendous success (Wright, 1992). He encouraged students to participate in the building of the school as well as encouraged them to learn more about the industrial trades so that they could find quick and well-paying employment. It was Washington’s belief that the best way for the black man to escape bondage to the white man was through economic independence. Because the only jobs really open to black people were industrial positions, this was what he encouraged his students to learn. At the same time, though, he also encouraged his students to learn more academic education so that they could go out and begin teaching the rest of the race, even establishing rolling schools that would travel back to where some black people lived who could not otherwise make it to the schools (Wright, 1992). As a result of his efforts, black people were encouraged to help each other learn and gain freedom through obtaining good jobs. Perhaps what brought the most attention to the black situation by white people, though, was the long-held battle between Washington and another prominent educated black man, WEB Dubois. While Washington advocated a life of industrial work which required little to no educational training and focused on freeing the black man by providing him with an economic base independent of the white man’s rules, Dubois insisted on civil rights and equal opportunity (Bauerlein, 2004). Although the two men held similar views of the eventual success and freedom for the black man, their approach to the subject was radically different and sparked a debate regarding the capabilities and abilities of the black man that extended into the wh
Introduction Despite stigma ages of cruelty and stigma, the gay community seems to have found the way out by joining hands in various activism events. However, this would never have been possible without the resilience and courage of specific gay individuals. Through the encouragement and illumination of people like Kimba Allen, Jacob Appel, and Christopher Barron, the gay community has managed to defy conventional thought patterns (Hamilton 45). The continuous efforts made by such men have advanced the factions fight for recognition and a place in the society. As queer as gay activists may sound, events like the Seattle Pride prove that the struggles of the gay community have done much more than just accrue them respect. Seattle Pride connotes a succession of annual events meant to celebrate the pride of the gay community in Seattle, Washington (Hamilton 47). Drawing from happenings in this event as well as research from relevant literature and information obtained through interviews, this paper seeks to answer the research question: how effective are the queer activisms in the struggle for gay rights? Research results For decades after the founding of the first gay students organization in 1946 (Grinnell 89), the gay community has continued to face resistance until recently. However, through resilience, patience, and queer methods the community has managed to acquire a place in virtually every society. Research through interviews actually indicates that more than 60% of the population in the United State
Introduction In addressing the concept of work in today’s world, many researchers have agreed that a significant shift has occurred in recent decades, the main meaning of which is the motion and blurring of boundaries between work-related issues and nonwork issues (Kossek et al. 112). There are two major considerations in this context. First of all, it is acknowledged today that employees should not be regarded as mere functions or persons who only perform certain work in exchange for monetary rewards. Instead, it is suggested to regard them as individuals with certain social backgrounds and connections that they inevitably bring to their work, which means that the analysis of their competencies and effectiveness should consider their social roles. The other major aspect is the change in power relations. In the managerial context, power is no longer recognized as something that belongs to individuals or groups but something that is executed through the relationship between management and staff (Ahonen et al. 265). As the roles of master and servant become weaker, new concepts arise for describing the roles of service workers in workplaces. To address the changing paradigm, various aspects of work in the modern world need to be considered. For example, Eaton proposes a gender perspective and argues that it should be incorporated into policymaking because it brings more constructive aspects to work coordination than disruptive ones (293). Also, Sherman addresses the issues of employee behavior in the workplace and argues that there are perceived rewards that act as driving forces for performance but are often overlooked in academic studies and managerial evaluations (153). To address the vast array of issues related to service workers in workplaces, it is suggested to examine the topics of control, hierarchy, reciprocity, and relationship. Control One of the main aspects of the transforming work relations of service workers is their growing striving for controlling various aspects of they do to a larger extent. In her book, Sherman addresses this aspect by studying employees of luxury hotels, and findings include the discovery of particular practices that an employee may adopt to “maintain control over his own time, meet standards, and conserve his labor by avoiding guest complaints” (113-114). The case examined by the book’s author has several specific characteristics that make it particularly relevant to the issue of control because the ability to control processes related to one’s work is lower when the unpredictability becomes higher, i.e. types of work that featureless predictability are more challenging environments in terms of trying to control one’s work, and luxury hotels are a good example because there is the recognized unpredictability of guests’ requests
What are the inclusions and exclusions in this study? The study included teenage girls and boys and adult men and women who shared their views and answered questions on the matter of contraception and early marriage. The specifically targeted demographics of the study included married people. On the contrary, single people were excluded from the study because its aim was to analyze and trace men’s and women’s attitudes and education on the matter of contraception and to compare and contrast them. What were the independent and dependent variables? The dependent variable of the study included the attitudes towards contraception as well as knowledge about contraception measures and their benefits. Independent variables include factors that influence the dependent variable. The study revealed that factors that contribute to the contraception attitudes the most are age, sex, education, and availability of counseling and family planning methods. What were the limitations? The study experienced some setbacks because women in Iran often have low autonomy, and hence, their opinion on contraception may have been affected by pressure from husbands. Hence, some of the findings of the study might have been subjected to some form of cultural bias. Secondly, only a limited amount of the population has access to modern family planning methods, counseling, and education (Mardi et al., 2018). Therefore, the study is not representative of the entire Iranian population.
Analysis of Advertising Discourse Even though advertising is a worldwide practice and its benefits are equally appreciated by marketers from all around the world, the advertisement techniques and approaches differ from one culture to another. The differences may be based on ethnic, cultural, religious peculiarities of the countries, their typical lifestyles, values, and worldviews. This paper explores three different advertisements taken from various cultures. In order to secure a better understanding of the advertisements, they were selected based on the products they promote. The chosen advertisements focus on three different but very well-known brands. The paper analyses the advertisement of McDonald’s from China, the advertisement of IKEA from Italy, and the advertisement of Coca Cola from India. McDonald’s (China) The advertisement analyzed in the paper is a part of a digital campaign. Its slogan can be translated as “McDonald’s: Happiness is 0 burdens” (McDonald’s China: ‘Happiness is 0 burdens’ by Xu Jinglei par. 8). The immediate associations are togetherness, happiness, youth. A-I-D-A concept is applied in this advertisement, and it targets the viewers, attention, interest, desire, and action (AIDA: Attention-Interest-Desire-Action par. 3). To attract attention to a Chinese celebrity, Jane Wu is used, the interest is provoked by means of introducing many participants – all of the white-collar workers who share their ideas of happiness. To make the customers desire the product, the advertisement associates happiness and lightheartedness with McDonald’s. This way, consumption of the product is viewed as a key to “0 burdens”. Men and women introduced in the advertisement are Chinese. They are young, good looking, and hardworking. The participants radiate happiness and serenity. The advertisement has two opinion leaders – a celebrity and a peer. Only young people are featured, which gives a clear idea of the target audience. The advertisement is expected to attract the recipients through the image of young, happy, and beautiful people. Since all of the participants are white-collar workers, the advertisements were likely to be placed in the business parts o
Introduction To Karl Marx, commodity fetishism is a critic of the political economy that refers to the mystery of human relations, which may be as a result of economic exchange when social ties between them are exhibited as, arbitrated by and changed into objectified relations across objects, that is, commodities and currency. Products, the main characteristic of capitalism, are mysterious objects; their character as commodities fails to add up because all humans produce goods through all goods cannot be defined as commodities. Commodities get their strange character by market trade: Producers do not fix the value for these commodities by their utility value but by their ability to be traded for other objects. The labor used to produce these commodities is also priced not for its worth, but for its ability to establish trade, thus human labor on its own is a commodity, which can be exchanged for money. The various types of energy are to be valued since they can be traded for the same value of commodities; hence the social nature of work implies that material relations across factors of production. The social relations which establish these people’s equal value (the price of labor that they represent) vanishes from their conscience (Agger, 89). Therefore, people see the market as a set of relations among objects rather than as a set of relationships between each other. Marx’s argument Marx explains the difference between use-value and exchange-value. Use-value is a measurement of the utility of the commodity, while the exchange value is the amount the merchandise will earn on the market. The money acts as the accepted medium of exchange, and it brings different uneven commodities into relations of equal opportunity with one another. The exchange value is ascertained by the ratio of labor times presently required to make that commodity. This is what Marx denotes as the social division of labor and the compos
Introduction The relation among the mass media and the political teaching of people is complex and lively. Technical enhancement, cultural moves, demographic leanings, and political real situation unite to spark important generational modifications in civil directions. The media / socialization nexus in the USA is at a crossroads that is proclaimed by the change to a contacts surroundings featured by ever more complicated digital technologies that make possible novel incursions into news and data distribution and plant fresh capabilities for civic involvement. This modifies media dynamics agree with increasing ethnic and ethnic variety in the state as a result of migration. In this atmosphere, native-born citizens have the potential to assert greater influence in the political realm, and accepted citizens have unparalleled chances for appearance and opening. This paper will look at the position of the mass media in development and sustaining the political teaching of people in the USA. The present paper is aimed to concentrate specially on campaign contacts and opinions on the matters of some special features of every candidate as an instrument for examine this complex link. Voting is frequently occurring junctures of sensitive following strength that can offer a momentum for improved political socialization among native and immigrant citizens. The chances for media-related politicization are improved, as reporting of politics is more widespread and concentrated throughout movements. The following procedure happens to be more noticeable, and issue programs are eloquented and discussed. Thus, the subsequent key matter will be directed in this paper: How do media impact political socialization and appointment, especially, campaign participation? (Owen, 2007) The key media acts a larger role in the configuration of the US nationwide politics than most citizens understand. The media assists in defining and choose the matters, and acts as doorkeeper in setting the boundaries for political conversation and from time to time even applications for community office. The most media-confidence candidates know how to participate within the media’s regulations, and use them to their benefit. Barack Obama is a bright instance of such an applicant – more on that later. The media can also ban applicants, as in the case of John Edwards. He was not by meaning a “trivial” candidate: a U.S. senator and vice-presidential runner in the last v
In 1859, Florence Nightingale the founder of modern nursing expressed her meaning of nursing as “the goal of nursing is to put the patient in the best condition for nature to act upon him primarily by altering the environment”. I have similar thoughts. I have wished to work in the medical field since my childhood. I am particularly interested in the nursing profession because I feel that they are the best friends of patients and are very compassionate. I have noticed that a nurse provides care to patients 24 hours a day, 7 days a week. No matter what patients are going through, they always thank the nurses at the end of the day. This is the basic reason that motivates me to take up this profession. Nursing involves the care of people throughout the continuum of life and provides an essential service to humankind. Above all nursing is a profession that offers exciting challenges and unlimited career opportunities which motivates me to take up this course. My reasons for transferring from Richland College (in Texas) and Texas Woman’s University to Seattle University are because I would like to complete my Bachelor of Science in Nursing. As per my knowledge, Seattle University College of Nursing has more than 60 years of history of outstanding baccalaureate education in nursing. When I visited the website I found that the aim of the College of Nursing is to provide students with the critical thinking tools and educational preparation necessary for professional practice. I believe that this is the most essential factor that produces quality nurses. I have completed most of my prerequisites to apply to the nursing school. I have read much about Seattle University and it seems to have a great nursing program. My future plans are to become a Registered Nurse and then get a master’s degree.
Approaches to Culture Management In chapter 4 we will discuss more complex approaches to culture management. These are what Anne Khademian recalls as the ‘to-be-avoided’ approaches. This is the case of the practices implemented in the South African banking regulators and, especially, the Police Force. Apartheid created a huge divide between races and cultures in South Africa. The cultural management programs initiated after the election of Nelson Mandela as President of South Africa aimed at bridging this gap and to integrate black people into structures of society that they had never been part before. Unfortunately, these approaches turned out to be highly complex and did not achieve the end results there were intended to achieve. This experience could be very useful to cultural management students who are in their first steps of studies or even new readers of the field. Customer Satisfaction Management Theory Recently, one of the daily newspapers published an interview with a career executive of the General Services Administration. The topic was about public management. During the interview the career executive showed his amazing on how a new approach to culture management led him to increase his annual revenues by 20%. The secret was that during the year he implemented a more customer-satisfaction focused philosophy. In order to achieve customer satisfaction the organization improved its quality of service. By doing thus it formed a positive customer perception of the organization which led to customer satisfaction. In management theory, customer satisfaction is one of the premises a company should focus if it wants to increase its profits. What the executive recalled as ‘strange’ and amazing was that public cultural management, until lately, was not even considered to be part of conducting business from many companies. As Vice-president Al Gore once declared, the reinventing of government is mostly about cultural change within governmental agencies. This would ultimately result in….. (continues as you have it) Key Points in the Study of Cultural Management Anne Khademian concludes her work by summarizing the leadership lesson gained from the three cases mentioned in the book. According to the author there are three main points that every student of culture management should consider. Their implementation may seem to be hard and many managers may refrain to implement them but it is only through them, Khademian pretends, that real change could be achieved. In order to change significantly the organizational culture a manager has to change the link between the company and internal-external regulations. According to Khademian, an important change is that of the relations with the main constituent group of a company; its labor force and the ‘traditional’ way the work process have been pursued.
George M. Fredrickson’s work “Models of American Ethnic Relations: A Historical Perspective” discusses the ethnic relation in America’s history. The author categorizes the ethnic relations into several social interaction models and states them as “…ethnic hierarchy, one-way assimilation, cultural pluralism, and group separatism” (Fredrickson 566). In the plot, ethnic hierarchy is the first model among ethnic groups in America. It is the oldest practice characterized by the dominant group, who consider the less dominant group as inferior. The second model is the one- way assimilation. It claims that involving the minority in activities and treating them as equals will enable them to conform to American culture. The third model is cultural pluralism and argues that the dominant culture should appreciate the cultural difference in the country. It, therefore, stands against the idea of the Americanization of the immigrants. Lastly, the group separatism model holds that minority groups desire autonomy as an independent group. Its aim to see “…radicalized groups… withdraw…from American society and interaction with other groups” (Fredrickson 573). George’s work is set in duration between the start of the slave trade in America to the present. It views America as a country of diverse ethnic groupings that are under tension and undergoing dynamic changes. The main theme of the work is ethnicity and the factors interlinked to it as per American history. The main social behavior identified in George’s work is ethnicity under which the ‘inferior’ ethnic groups are fighting to gain power. The ‘inferior’ group is a result of people migrating to the country (Lee, Bean & Sloane 26). However, the ‘inferior’ groups feel that they have been sidelined and frustrated enough and are fighting for fair treatment. Their grievances are expressed through like-minded civil society mass actions. In addition, the minor ethnic groups want the major one to treat them with dignity and the government to apply equity principle resources (Martin 7). Works Cited Fredrickson, George M. “Models of American Ethnic Relations: A Historic Perspective.” Rereading America: Cultural Contexts for Critical Thinking and Writing . Ed. Colombo, Gary, Robert Cullen, and Bonnie Lisle. Boston, MA: Bedford/St. Martins, 2013. 565- 575. Print. Lee, Jennifer, Bean Frank and Sloane Kathy. “Beyond Black and White: Remarking Race in America.” Contexts 2.3 (2003): 26- 33. Print. Martin, William G. “Global Movements before “Globalization”: Black Movements as World- Historical Movements.” Fernand Baudel Center 28.1 (2005): 7- 28.
The nature of mythology and its persistence in culture throughout thousands of years has long fascinated scholars and thinkers. Joseph Campbell’s book entitled The hero with a thousand faces investigates this issue in detail to reveal how myth as a psychologically informed phenomenon predetermines cultural patterns of humanity. In this paper, the first chapter of the book, “Myth and dream,” will be at the center of the discussion. The thesis of this part might be projected through the following quote. The author states that myths “are dangerous because they threaten the fabric of the security into which we have built ourselves and our family. But they are fiendishly fascinating too, for they carry keys that open the whole realm of the desired and feared adventure of the discovery of the self” (Campbell, 2004, p. 7). Such a formulation implies that people’s minds intertwine myths and dreams as a mechanism of self-perception, understanding of the self in the context of the whole life cycle, and coping with developmental change. Myths lead people through the challenges of life and allow for integrating the conscious and subconscious into a single framework. Indeed, prior to presenting the idea in the above-mentioned quote, Campbell (2004) refers to the repetitive occurrence of the terrors and irrationalities from ancient mythology in contemporary people’s dreams. Indeed, the motifs of hatred, vanity, jealousy are intertwined with love, gratitude, and other feelings and motivations to action. In such a manner, these matters are dangerous to people because they unveil the psychological underpinnings of their subconscious in ways that