ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Women in ancient times contributed to both arts and sciences: they initiated activities like bread making, innovation of knitting, and even midwifery. Londa Schielbinger acknowledges that the first time a woman, Christine de Pizan, wrote a book on women’s problems was in 1405. In addition, Alexandria had a woman mathematician who became the most loved lecturer. Unfortunately, she was killed after she became involved in political conflicts between the Neo-Platonist and the Christians. In modern times, the world’s academies of science were created over 300 years ago but the first woman to be admitted was only in the late 19th century (17-18). This and other disparities have served to seclude women from major scientific ventures. As opposed to the earlier 20th century, women today have made reasonable gains in sciences (US Government Accountability Office [GAO] 30). In this essay, we shall look at the challenges that women faced in physical sciences (such as engineering) before 1980. The problems of Women in sciences In the early 20th century, women suffered inequalities in science. Donna Ginther and Shulamit Kahn assert that women faced discrimination either in positions, awards, or even in admission to various prestigious levels in physical science and engineering. For example, fewer women occupied top posts in the US than men (4-6). There was discrimination in hierarchies. The belief that women were underdeveloped to occupy such posts as chief engineer or head of a biomedical faculty was common. Most Americans thought that very few women would voluntarily opt to be engineers. In this case, women served in lower positions even when they had equal qualifications to men (Long, Allison, and McGinnis 708-709). Another reason for this disparity was the labeling of occupations. There was a rampant classification that women would remain at home and cook, keep houses tidy and care for children while men attend their work. This was based on the fact that women usually chose arts as opposed to sciences, and even if they chose sciences, they would avoid engineering and opt for biology or psychology (Rossiter 110). Men would advance their careers upon marriage while women would dwindle theirs in the same capacity. In this case, appointments were explained to be based on this choice of subjects. This culture seemed to set precedents that would weaken the ambitions of women who wanted to pursue scientific careers (Ginther and Kahn 4). The race also played a big role in discrimination. In the early 70s, Schielbinger states that only 10% of black women could be absorbed in sciences, about 5% of Asians, and slightly more than 1% of American native women accessed top privileges. Thus women belonging to communities of immigrants from Europe had more privileges (23). The explanation given to such a situation was that women weakened progressively than men. Aside from the parties associated with racism, the general nature of women was deemed to be a limitation to productivity. Even though universities began in the 12th century, women were only admitted later in the 19th century in the US. Coincidentally, a Harvard doctor argued that w
External environment and industry environment Air France and KLM before their merger were two company players whose corporate identity and culture were strong. This gave them an edge in comparison with the other airlines. In addition, their merger enhanced their industry image, attracting more clients because of the initial successful services offered by individual firms. In addition, rivalry is very low in the airline industry. This is because of the tight entry requirements postulated in the statute. Bargaining by customers is very low. The people who use these airlines are people of a high status (Wnittington 2001). This uniqueness decreases firm rivalry. With competitors like Star airline being successful after their merger, it was clear that cooperating firms could have the muscle to compete in this industry. However, increase of fuel costs is a huge external problem as it is eating on the revenue generated. Critical success factors Transparency Management decisions and policies are industry driven. The management always deliberates on the market issues before coming up with a decision. Reliability The decisions made by the airline are client driving. The public trust the airline to provide quality customer service while it is in the course of business. Rational The rationality of decisions is based on the application of cost/benefit analysis. Policy makers weigh a designated decision on costs and benefits before their adoption. When the costs outweigh benefits, the decision is abandoned. Accountability and good ethical behavior The airline stands by the decision made and takes responsibility to that effect. The responsibility in this line entails the ability to own, report and explain happenings upon occurrence. Company analysis Air France-KLM came into existence after the merger of air France and KLM Royal Dutch airlines in September 2003. Increase in competition of Europe airlines and the harsh financial position of the KLM airline led to this merger. The merger led to the dilution of government stake; this ultimately led to transfer of the airline to a public-owned from a state-owned company. The autonomy has solely avoided the government intrusion in daily operations of the airline. The company has a well-designed decision mechanism that addresses day-to-day running operations. Air France-KLM consolidated their revenue through the merger. The company is able to optimize on management as it has a large network. Due to the acquired position of dominance in the industry and bargaining power during the merger, the purchase of new airlines is imminent. The Company also has a variety of services. Passenger, freight and maintenance services are the three major areas of service. This has enhanced customer satisfaction and fostered confidence (Hough 2006). Air France- KLM has huge operating revenue that is attributable to this wide range of products. SWOT analysis Strengths   * The transfer of ownership from a state- to a public-owned airline has
Abstract Theory and practice are integral and inseparable aspects of the curriculum in K-12 education, for they determine the learning outcomes among students at various academic levels. Balancing between theory and practice is essential in improving academic performance among students. Numerous studies have indicated that practice plays a critical role in the teaching and learning processes of science subjects, for they determine the overall performance. As Robert Frost Middle School received grants to renovate its laboratory and there is a need to advance the performance of science courses, this study sought to establish the role of graded laboratory activities in the exam performance of eighth-grade students. Simple random sampling was employed in selecting 42 eighth-grade students at Robert Frost Middle School. The data of their laboratory performance and the exam performance was collected and entered into SPSS. Correlation, one-way ANOVA, and post hoc analyses were performed to ascertain the role of graded laboratory activities in the exam performance of the 8th-grade students. Correlation findings showed that the laboratory performance and the exam performance have a very positive strong relationship (r = 0.964, p = 0.000). One-way ANOVA findings illustrated that there is a statistically significant difference in the exam performance among the three categories of the laboratory performance, F(2,39) = 98.224, p = 0.000. In support of the correlation and one-way ANOVA findings, post hoc analysis indicated that the exam performances between students with poor, average, and high laboratory performances had statistically significant differences. Therefore, the findings point out that graded laboratory activities improve exam performance, and thus, Robert Frost Middle School should renovate its laboratories and integrate practice in its teaching and learning activities. Introduction Background of the Study Across the United States, classroom educators in the areas of Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) at the middle school level (6th – 8th Grade) face the instructional conundrum of balancing between theory and practice in their strategies and activities (Kelly, 2014). According to McDaniel, Thomas, Agarwal, McDermott, and Roediger (2013), educators must advance student knowledge and performance by efficiently integrating laboratory work and practical activities into the standardized science curriculum to address the learning needs of a diverse student population. Smart and Marshall (2013) support this idea, stating that practical tasks performed through laboratory activities contribute immensely to students better understanding theoretical concepts related to the various scientific fields of biology, chemistry, and physics. Fundamentally, graded laboratory activities determine the exam performance of students in different grades. In a bid to improve educational performance among students, K-12 sch
Introduction This community assessment will address the city of Orlando, Florida. It is a city in central Florida with a population of over 300,000 individuals (United States Census Bureau, 2021). It provides an overview of critical determinants for health as outlined by Healthy People 2030 program, and enable public health nurses to evaluate the community for potential interventions. It features a plan for potential intervention, including roles and responsibilities and community partners. Population Age, Gender and Race Distribution Total population numbers of Orlando, Florida, as of April 1st, 2020, is 307,537 individuals. The age makeup of the city indicates a prevalence towards the middle, as 62% of these people are between 18 and 65 years of age. Geriatric population is at 10.2%, whereas children and teens stand for 27.8% of the total (United States Census Bureau, 2021). Fig. 1. Population Age When it comes to gender makeup, the population is divided relatively equally, with females having a slight advantage, being at 52%, with male individuals constituting the remaining 48%. This could be explained by the fact that women, on average, tend to live several years longer than men. This corresponds to the country’s average male to female ratio (United States Census Bureau, 2021). Fig. 2. Orlando Gender Makeup Orlando is a predominantly white community, but many individuals of different races also live here. Whites alone constitute 61.3% of the population. The second largest group are blacks, with 24.5%. White Hispanics constitute 32.6% of the total. Asian-Americans and Natives are a relative minority, with 4.2% for the former and 0.2% for the latter (United States Census Bureau, 2021). Fig. 3. Population by Race Biology and Genetics Certain diseases often correspond to racial makeup of the population. Black populations are typically exposed to diabetes, sickle cell anemia, cancer, heart disease, stroke, asthma, pneumonia, and HIV/AIDS. Hispanic populations are more at risk for diabetes, hypertension, obesity, elevated low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, low levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, and smoking. Asian-Americans are more likely to contract hepatitis B, liver cancer, tuberculosis, and lung cancer, among other conditions. Native Americans are at risk for chronic liver disease and cirrhosis, diabetes mellitus, unintentional injuries, assault/homicide, intentional self-harm/suicide, and chronic lower respiratory diseases. White non-Hispanic population is more likely to be affected by anemia, iro
Introduction and Thesis Statement Traditional forms of governance that are typical for societies with entrenched rituals differ significantly from those management principles that are inherent in a legal-rational approach to control. In comparison with a traditional form, this authority introduces a more legitimate form of control regulating power activity clearly, despite potential challenges. Principles of Legal-Rational Authorities According to Woods (2016), the hierarchical order of rights is typical for a rational authority. Attitude to Power and the Management of Everyday Life The terms of legal-rational authorities have broadened overtime “to include the importance of promoting public engagement in communities in efforts to build social, political and economic vitality” (Tyler & Jackson, 2014, p. 78). Benefits and Shortcomings of the System Despite the popularity in the modern world and several advantages, legal-rational authorities can be characterized by some negative features – rigidity, inflexibility, and coldness. Peculiarities of Traditional Authority As Hofmann (2017) notes, “individual leaders or an established office wield authority based upon long-standing traditions or customs” (p. 2). Attitude to Power and the Management of Everyday Life “Traditional foundations of social interaction are perceived as a spiritual landmark,” and specific attention is paid to the continuity of opinions (Baranov, Mamychev, & Ovchinnikov, 2015, p. 212). Benefits and Shortcomings of the System Opportunities open up to those who pursue the ideals of preserving the ritual type of power but, as Szelenyi (2016) remarks, properties may not be safe, and the feudal type of relationships is welcome. Comparison of the Two Types of Authority To complete the picture, the two types of authorities should be compared to assess their compliance with the modern canons of power. Conclusion For the modern world, legal-rational authorities are a more suitable form of governance than a traditional pattern. The reasonable use of power is a prerequisite for a
The poem The Sick Rose looks into vulnerability of women in the face of men, the susceptibility of love in the face of unfaithfulness, and the susceptibility of the body in the hands of STDs. It reflects Blake’s days in a London full of prostitution and where marriage was the socially acceptable surface that covered a mass of less socially-acceptable evils. The poem, Out Of The Cradle Endlessly Rocking provides a true account of the author’s life experiences. Whitman turns to look for answers about suffering and death in the life of human beings in the ordinary world. The poem focuses on grown up poet recollecting and comprehending the youthful days, and the way the childhood prepared him for future expressive life (Perrine 77). In The Cradle Endlessly Rocking , Whitman emphasizes on the beauty of death and the mourning of lost love. Therefore, the major sources of concerns in this poem are love, struggle and death. On the other hand, Blake’s poem, The Sick Love highlights the theme of love, life, death and decay. Out Of The Cradle Endlessly Rocking is about a boy recognizing the work of nature on the human soul. Connotatively, the poem describes the rebirth and the death of the poet self. The sick rose literally is about a rose suffering from sickness due to an invisible worm. Connotatively, the poem is about sick love oblivious of its ailing state. Whitman preference for trochaic movement instead of iambic movement shows the difference in quality of the use of meter. This is due to prowess on dramatic expression, and oratorical style. Therefore, the trochee is better for eloquent expression than the iambic meter (Perrine 40). In the poem of The Sick Rose, there are two quatrains rhyming ABCB. The rhymes ‘worm’/‘storm’ and ‘joy’/‘destroy’ highlight the sense of premonition. In Out Of The Cradle Endlessly Rocking the he-bird is a metaphor. He loses his companion, the she-bird to death. This signifies the boy-poet who must learn about love and death in order to mature. The he-bird’s sad music to his beloved sends a sad message of a love lost the boy has to live with during his lifetime. In the Poem, The Sick Rose, the rose symbolizes woman. The worm represents the penis and the STD becomes the sickness, virginity lose or pregnancy. The rose in the poem The sick rose is a conventional symbol of love, feminine beauty, and innocence. The worm symbolizes a phallus, death and decay. Crimson joy of the rose connotes both sexual pleasure and shame. In the poem Out Of The Cradle Endlessly Rocking, the moon is a conspicuous reflection of the love of the birds. Birds are symbols of communicating love. The sea symbolizes the spiritual world. Therefore, making it visible to the boy that death makes physical love mystical. The title itself, Out of the Cradle Endlessly Rocking suggests birth (Out Of The Cradle), and the continuing cycle (endlessly rocking). Alliteration In the poem, Out of the Cradle Endlessly Rocking occurs in the line that reads “and thenceforward all su
Technologies can hardly be defined as merely tools; instead, they can be evaluated on their own merits, as the indicators of the progress of the civilization and the measure of people’s possibilities in terms of science and progress. Despite the fact that, for the most part, technologies are supposed to be used as a tool for acquiring certain information or getting a specific result, they can also be introduced as a measure of progress, seeing how these technologies evolved over time. Indeed, it is noteworthy that over time, different tools have been used for the same purposes; for example, to distribute information on long distances, people used first pigeon service, then postal service, then phones; now people use Internet for this purpose. Thus, technologies show how the humankind has evolved and can be considered a means to define the current stage of development. That being said, it would be wrong to assume that the only relation between technology and science can be defined as the one between theory and tools. Instead, technology is related to science as a measure of progress. Making mistakes is an integral part of being human. To try new experiences and realize whether the theories that have been constructed in the process work, people have to take certain steps, which not always result in success. Therefore, failure is an inevitable and nonetheless important part of growth. However, making mistakes without learning from them does not lead to efficient growth; instead, it triggers even more problems. Thus, it is crucial to learn to analyze the
In the State of Washington, as well as in other American states, the discussion of the question of school funding plays an important role. Numerous attempts have been made to understand if it is possible to achieve equity with minimal losses and sacrifices. Kemerer and Sansom (2013) compared the peculiar features of school spending and academic achievements to clarify the role of money parents, communities, and schools are ready to invest in students. Washington is the state where public schools funding concerns make people strike and protect their rights in courts. For example, in 2009, House Bill 2261 was introduced as a new education reform that challenged the achievements of the 1977 Basic Education Act and cut more than one billion dollars from public school funding. In 2015, the State of Washington was fined $100,000 daily due to its shortcomings in education and the case of McCleary (Schimel, 2015). The fights to establish an appropriate Washington school funding system continue today. The state is not able to provide enough money for all students in their intentions to get an education, and citizens find it normal to address local levies, which are not as stable and credible as school funding (O’Sullivan & Morton, 2017). Taking into consideration the presence of such challenges and concerns based on unstable funding, it is necessary to understand if the citizens of Washington have a chance to obtain better funding conditions. At this moment, Washington schools are under the jurisdiction of one particular agency, known as the Washington State Office of Superintendent of Public Instruction (OSPI) led by Dorn. There are two main sources of funding for schools: state funds supported by the Legislature and money that are usually raised from local levies (Schimel, 2015). Washington’s constitution supports both these ways of funding as a possibility for people to pay for their basic education. Many factors have to be taken into consideration to decide which districts have a right to get their funding, including the level of teachers’ background knowledge and experience, the number of employees, and student-teacher ratios. To meet the needs of all schools, the state has to cut back some areas and provide levies with an opportunity to support the population. However, this kind of support promotes the disparities between poor and rich people. Therefore, it is possible to say that all schools in the State of Washington are funded, but the existing funding system is not equal for all students. Instead of focusing on the needs of schools, it is suggested to develop a funding system that is based on the needs of students and introduce a kind of per-pupil funding model (Morton, 2017). Though such a requirement may be a real challenge for the local government, this approach may promo
The complexity of the majority of tasks that are suggested to specialists by the coherent society demands a certain level of skills and competencies needed for them to be able to cope with all assignments and guarantee positive outcomes. However, the acquisition of these very skills might be complicated and might also demand additional knowledge and skills. Under these conditions, the idea of constant learning and improvement becomes especially topical. A person that aims at becoming an acknowledged and appreciated specialist should be ready to involve in the process of gradual improvement of his/her personal and professional qualities. In this regard, such notions as individual and collective learning obtain unique topicality and great significance. Individual learning could be defined as an activity of an individual that is focused on the acquisition of additional knowledge or improvement of skills that might contribute to better outcomes (Örtenblad, 2001). Usually, a person involves in this sort of activity, aiming at the enhancement of his/her efficiency and obtaining certain benefits. Moreover, the final results of the given process depend on the ability of this individual to process the new information, analyze it, and use it for certain purposes. For instance, studying the main duties of an employee could be considered a good example of individual learning. Individual learning is a crucial part of the modern approach to professionalism as any specialist should realize the fact that the constant improvement of the basic skill is the key to his/her success. Thus, individual learning could also be considered a part of another greater entity. The fact is that any individual working in an organization belongs to a collective characterized by certain peculiarities and bonds that exist between its members. When communicating, they share specific information every worker possesses. However, there is a great distinction between individuals and organizations as the learning entities (Örtenblad, 2001). For this reason, there is also a significant difference between individual and collective learning. The second one could be defined as a situation when two or more people learn or attempt to learn together (Peter Senge and the learning organization, n.d.). It is an important part of