ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Hip-hop is the most popular genre of music, the influence of which can be traced in movies, fashion, and the music industry overall. However, hip-hop can be called not only the music or fashion genre but also a lifestyle (Cohen 9). Despite the fact that the hip-hop genre originated in America, its spread has reached various cultures in various regions, being consumed by millions and millions of individuals. Analysis Charlie Ahearn’s 1983 movie Wild Style is viewed as the first movie that depicted the hip-hop culture in its essence. The primary setting of the movie involves the empty streets and subway stations of New York. The life of the main character called Zoro, an artist, revolves around the art of graffiti, which he called his world. In his search for finding himself and mastering the art, he creates connections with the most influential individuals in the entire history of the hip-hop genre (White par. 4). A similar theme of emergence and later the evolution of the hip-hop culture was discussed by Jeff Chang in his book Can’t Stop Won’t Stop . The author outlines the life and the creative process of Clive Campbell or otherwise known as DJ Kook Herc, one of the most influential figures in the early history of the hip-hop genre. Furthermore, the process of assimilation with the American culture had massively affected the artist’s works as well as changed his identity (Chang 73). As discussed in Kelley’s work Race Rebels , hip-hop is a phenomenon that reflects the composition of the American spirit that does not agree with the standards and the demands of the modern society, rejecting the notion of “Americanism” itself (183). The connections between American politics and the hip-hop community are ambiguous. For instance, the reaction of the hip-hop community on the events connected with the beating of Rodney King was surprising, as mentioned by the rapper Ice Cube “It’s been happening to us for years” (qtd. in Kelley 184). On the other hand, the community did not react as patiently to the killing of Eula Mae Love, who was shot a dozen times by the police in 1979. In the chapter “Necropolis: the Bronx and the Politics of the Abandonment” Chang describes the “urban renewal” which was characterized by the poor Puerto Ricans, Jews, and African-Americans moving to South Bronx and Brooklyn in New York, places where the housing sector was widely available while the ability to find a job was very li
The use of a patient-centered approach to education in mental healthcare presents a highly beneficial practice because it helps increase the mental health literacy of clients and involves them in shared decision-making with healthcare specialists. In other words, providing consumer-centered education to patients allows making the latter feel more responsible for their mental state, which can positively impact patient behavior and lifestyle habits. Informing healthcare clients and their relatives about treatment options, their benefits, and potential challenges is pivotal because minimizing the impact of patients on decision-making can deteriorate their mental health even more. The given paper is aimed at discussing patient education for depressed clients with special attention to its benefits, barriers to implementation,
The Ricker company acquired 29 B.P stores in late 2008. The recent fall in B.P performance has greatly affected the company as it was on a gradual trend of growth. According to the Company president Jay Ricker the oil spill crisis has really made it difficult for his company to survive in the U.S market. This has been brought about by recent boycotts from clients. The Ricker company has seen its income drop drastically due to dwindling gas sales as a result of the oil spill catastrophe. The company has seen its convenience store sales go down together with its gas sales. This is a big blow to the company as it depends mainly on convenience store sales for two thirds of its profit margins. The Ricker company has formed a long partnership with B.P as its oil distributor. This partnership has brought several advantages to the Ricker company as it has been able to provide efficient and quality services to its client for the past years. The company accepts fleet cards from its long time partner B.P and others such as ‘Conoco Philips Fleet’, ‘Ricker oil fleet’ and the ‘Superfleet Marathon Fleet’. Organisational structure The Ricker company is currently headed by Quinn Ricker who is the president of the company. Quinn replaced Jay Ricker who is now the company chairman in April, 2010. As company president Quinn’s roles / duties are to:   * Monitor and deal with the day to day performance of the company.   * Assess and keep track of the company’s performance on a daily basis.   * Execute company policy.   * Sign legal documents and certificates on behalf of the company.   * Enforces the boards decisions.   * Inform the board of company performance and activities. As company Chairman Jay Ricker will be responsible for:   * Presiding over boards meetings   * Setting an agenda for the board of directors   * The appointing and dismissal of company presidents   * Facilitating the formulation of long term goals and visions for the company The management structure of the Ricker Oil company takes up a pyramid shape. Pyramid management structures are advantageous as they allow for orderly and structured administration but also hinder the flow of information from bottom levels of the company to the top levels. At the top of the Ricker company is the Chairman of the board followed by the board of directors. The board instructs the president who leads a team of managers in the implementation of company policy. The president oversees the operations of the marketing, procurement, human resource managers (Spoke, 2008). The managers are directly answerable to the president who consistently tracks their performance. The marketing manager is responsible for all the marketing and public relations activities of the company. The procurement manager is on the other hand responsible for the stocking and supply of the company’s gas stations and convenience stores. Lastly, the human resource manager is in charge of hiring / firing staff and ensuring healthy relations between the company and its employees. At the bottom levels of management are supervisors who are responsible for overseeing that the support staff carry out their duties effectively. Object
Introduction For very many decades, experts in aviation have singled out human factor as a critical issue associated with aircraft accidents. Past studies have indicated that complacency, fatigue, stress, and the lack of motivation should be taken seriously in the aviation industry. Joy (2015) argues that human factors directly or indirectly contribute to most of the accidents recorded in the industry. Throughout the maintenance process, human factors should be considered as a priority. If this is not done, these factors will result in injuries and unexpected events. Accidents can also occur because of such human conditions. A detailed analysis of the role of human factors in aviation accidents will make it possible for different agencies to come up with better prevention policies. Accidents Caused by Human Factors The “aviation industry has been focusing on different human factors since they are attributable to many aviation incidents and accidents” (Foresman, Fosl & Watson 2016, p. 24). Professionals in the industry focus on different areas such as statistics, anthropometry, engineering, and psychology to advance human factors science (Salas, Maurino & Curtis 2012). More often than not, the combination of two or more factors can contribute to accidents in the industry. Joy (2015) indicates that over 70 percent of accidents in the aviation industry are caused by human errors. For instance, the China Air Flight C1642 crash has been widely associated with human errors. To begin with, the pilot had been informed about the existing weather condition during preflight briefing. The members of the crew had been guided to be prepared for the severe weather in Hong Kong. The presented reports indicated that the plane was carrying the extra fuel tanks (Foresman, Fosl & Watson 2016). The pilot failed to divert the plane as instructed. That being the case, this was a major human factor that led to the C1642 crash. The second accident attributed to human factor occurred on 4 th February 2015. The accident involved the aircraft GE235. The plane fell into a river shortly after takeoff. This fatal accident led to the death of all the passengers and members of the crew. One of the engines stalled immediately after takeoff. Consequently, the pilots should have stopped the supply of fuel to the broken engine (Hume 2015). However, the pilot turned down the other engine. He raised the craft’s nose despite the fact that it had lost power. The pilot tried hard to gain altitude despite the fact that the plane had lost power. This scenario shows conclusively that human error is a critical issue in aviation accidents. The Tenerife Airport Disaster is categorized as one of the worst accidents in the aviation industry. Decreased visibility, lack of communication, and inadequate cooperation led to the unforgettable collision between the KLM and the PanAm flight in 1977. Human error led to the accident because the pilots believed that they had already b
Workload and Working Hours Workload and working hours are among the primary risk factors causing occupational stress. Because sometimes employees experience overload and do not have an opportunity to find the right balance between work and personal life, it influences job satisfaction. Working overload refers to either excessive work or being forced to work outside of an individual’s job responsibilities (Qureshi et al., 2013). As for working hours, this issue becomes disturbing only in the case of mismatches. That said, it leads to work-related stress only if the employers do not provide the employees with compensation for overtime (Holly & Mohnen, 2012). This issue should be investigated in order to identify the specificities determining higher levels of occupational stress and lower levels of job satisfaction so that it becomes possible to create a comfortable working environment. Moreover, the problem of workload and working hours should be addressed to avoid counterproductive policies damaging organizations and their performance. Job Content and Tasks Job content and tasks are also significant causes of occupational stress. When analyzing job content, it is vital to note that this concept has several dimensions. First, it might refer to working environment such as virtual or distant work, hazardous or safety working environment, individual work or cooperation with a team, etc. Another important determinant is exposal to various risk factors at work. The third dimension of work content is working conditions, i.e. whether there are any interventions in the working process or some protective equipment is needed. Finally, the level of development of work measuring and progress tools is also considered as a part of work content (Martin et al., 2011). Speaking of work tasks, they can be viewed from different perspectives as well. That said, the criteria
Introduction There are many sources of air pollution which we can generally classify them into two; – i.) single point where the source is known and direct like a factory’s smoke stack, sewer lines or any other pipes discharging pollutants into a water system, soil or into the air. This type of pollution is easy to monitor and control or manage as the source is known and direct. ii) Non-point or area pollution on the other hand has more dispersed and indirect sources like the automobiles, urban runoff, or runoff from agricultural farms containing fertilizer and other impurities that cannot be pointed back to one specific source hence not easy to manage or monitor (Anonymous, 2010). Devising air pollution source A large stack of smoke like the one in the picture can be from any industrial source like a factory’s chimney like that of a paper mill industry, a coal power plant chimney, chemical or oil refinery plant, nuclear power plant among others (Covey, 1987). To determine the air pollution source of a large smoke stack, one has to assess the physical characteristics of the smoke; description of the color concentration intensity is it grey or extremely dark? At what speed is it flowing, how fast is the smoke flowing out of the stack? – This is meant to estimate the overall measure of the smoke in the atmosphere after a certain period of time. How high into the atmosphere is the smoke stack placed? This would be to reduce the health impacts caused by inhalation of the contents by the people neighboring the source of the smoke. On the other hand, the amount of smoke released can be measured using modern methods like by use of the opacicity meter (smoke meters) that would measure and detect how much light the smoke blocks. However, in absence of this device one can keenly observe to determine the amount of light being blocked by the smoke in order to establish its potential source like either a nuclear plant or a coal power plant are bound to have more concentrated smoke waste output than a refinery plant as the former perform more intense function of processing than the latter. Risk of pollution from the smoke stack Determine the exact risk of pollution caused by the smoke stack calls for an intense exercise aimed at establishing the effects. However, pollution from industrial generally has many impacts not just on the environment but also on the health of the people living in close proximity to the smoke producing plant in terms of respiratory diseases and premature deaths. Some of the impacts of a large smoke stack include; Temperature reduction over land as large amounts of smoke released into the higher atmosphere form a layer blocking the sunlight and heat from reaching the earth surface and the lower atmosphere hence keeping the earth temperatures lower than normal. Depending on the content of the smoke released into the atmosphere, acid rain can be formed from sulphur dioxide or carbon dioxide
Background Information The renaissance is a very interesting era in the history of humanity. It is an era which has been associated with many discoveries and changes in the life of mankind. To have a clear picture of the significance of the renaissance it is better to slightly examine the way of life just before 1400. Before 1400 and actually the early part of 1400, the Roman Catholic Church had a great influence on the society. The church was supreme in every way and commanded unrivalled authority on both religious issues and politics. The pope wielded immense influence on political leaders and kings likewise. What was communicated from the pope was final regardless of who the subject was. [1] The Catholic Church was the only church in the world and its branches were in many countries. It is also worth noting that the church was the wealthiest organization and this wealth was acquired by means which were later found to be unacceptable. Payment for services rendered by the church was very frequent actually there was not a single activity that the priest would preside over without any payment being done weather it was a funeral, baptism or any other. Selling of indulgence and some pieces of artwork representing saints was a common practice. This sounds ridiculous and this is where the Renaissance man comes in. The church had used some weird philosophy to tame the thinking of the society to view the pope and the church in general as divinely superior to them and that the pope had the power to determine whether a person could access heaven or not. With this nature of thinking people were subjected to a rigid way of life where everything started from and ended with the church. [2] The wakeup call The Renaissance period can be said to have stirred people to wake from some kind of sleep they were in. The renaissance period was a time when humanism for the first time was experienced. It must be pointed out that renaissance was very secular but not necessarily evil as such. It has also been pointed out that the renaissance weakened the influence of the church but helped to spread it further; the roman church was weakened as reformations broke up all the over Europe. The renaissance was an invitation to reason and question issues about life – the church was questioned about some of its practices and it was found wanting. [3] According to Kreis (2008), “the return to favor of the pagan classics stimulated the philosophy of secularism, the appreciation of worldly pleasures, and above all intensified the assertion of personal independence and individual expression.” [4] It is recorded that man started to appreciate the pleasures of this world and less depended on supernatural teaching from the church. This period has often been described as the “germinal period of modernism” [5] with the Renaissance man being said to have “stood at a point midway between medieval supernaturalism and the modern scientific and critical attitude.” [6] The renaissance brought in
Introduction Mortality and morbidity have remained constantly high among the end-stage renal disease patients despite advances in dialysis therapy. For example, the annual mortality rate of ESRD patients has remained at about 20% with mortality rates associated with cardiac disorders reaching 10 to 20 times higher among patients under dialysis than in the ordinary population. In fact only 16% of reported dialysis patients indicate a normal cardiac anatomy according to echocardiography, while 41% indicated concentric LVH and 16% systolic insufficiency (Walsh et al. 2). Dialysis is usually a treatment intervention for kidney failure arising from Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD). Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is also another common condition secondary to CKD. Mortality for patients of CVD with underlying CKD is high compared to the risk for developing kidney failure (Samak, et al. 1).. The National Kidney Task Force on Cardiovascular Disease reported a high prevalence of cardiovascular disease in patients with chronic kidney disease (Levey, Beto, Coronado, et al. 853 qtd in Samak et al., 3). CVD is highly prevalent in patients with CKD, and mortality rates for CVD patients under dialysis surpass those of the general population by 10 to 30 times (Samak et al., 3). Dialyzed patients with Ischemic heart disease cannot necessarily present large-vessel coronary abnormality. In a certain study 50% of non-diabetic dialysis patients, indicating symptoms of myocardial ischemia devoid of large-vessel coronary artery disease. It was then speculated that such patients suffer ischemia as an outcome of coupled consequences of left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) and volume overload, which account for increased oxygen requirement, and small vessel coronary disease, which attributes for insufficient oxygen supply (Samak et al., 6). The prevalence of Left ventricular hypertrophy LVH are remarkably high in hemodialysis patients. The prevalence of LVH in reported hemodialysis patients has been found to be remarkably high. For instance, a Cohort Study of reported dialysis patients indicated a 74% LVH occurrence at baseline, 44% concentric LVH occurrence, 30% hypertrophy associated with left ventricular enlargement, and 15% occurrence of systolic malfunction (Samak et al. 7). Cardiovascular Disease High blood pressure exacerbates cardiovascular disorders and as such, alleviating blood pressure is important in
The heart is one of the most important muscles in the body. It can pump blood through synchronized contractions. Normal heart rate ranges between 60-100 beats in a minute when a person is resting (Heart Rhythm Society, 2005). Contraction and relaxation of the heart to pump blood are stimulated by an electric current that originates from the atria part of the heart called the sinus node and atrioventricular node which make the heart contract and pump blood. The purpose of this paper is to define the term atrial fibrillation, explain the various classification of atria fibrillation, its signs and symptoms, causes, diagnosis and treatment. Atrial fibrillation is a condition that occurs when an electric current is generated in the heart from all parts of the atria at a high speed of between 300 to 500 impulses per minute (Heart Rhythm Society, 2005). This causes atria to fail to contract in a coordinated way. This high rate of impulses generated causes atria to quiver or fibrillate. Consequently, ventricles start to contract independently from atria causing increased heart rate. The resulting irregular heartbeats at a very high rate may cause some blood to be retained in the heart after every contraction. Such pooling of blood in the heart can increase the risk of blood clot formation and eventual cause stroke (Heart Rhythm Society, 2005). There are three classifications of atrial fibrillation. The first one is called paroxysmal atrial fibrillation which is characterized by irregular heart rhythms that last for a short time and are clear without any intervention. The second classification is known as persistent atrial fibrillation. Patients with this type of atrial fibrillation have arrhythmia for a significantly long period. The last one is called chronic or permanent atrial fibrillation which is characterized by constant arrhythmia events (Ibid). Though some people may have atrial fibrillation without apparent cause, several risk factors predispose individuals to this condition. Such risk factors include high blood pressure, diabete