ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Eleanora Fagan was born in 1915 in Philadelphia. Her childhood was difficult, as she was growing without a father and with her mother spending most of her time at work. In 1929, Eleanora moved to her mom in Harlem, chose her pseudonym, and started performing in local nightclubs. Ten years later, Eleanora had toured with Count Basie and Artie Shaw, was heard on the radio, had several hits, and became an established artist in the industry (Savage 40). In the 1940s, Holiday’s success grew, as she recorded some of her most well-known and popular songs, and in 1947 she reached her commercial peak. However, at the same time, her problems with drugs became more serious, and she was arrested twice (Perez & McKee 32). During the 1950s, both Holiday’s health and her financial wealth deteriorated, leading to her death in 1959 due to cirrhosis. Billie Holiday released numerous songs during her lifetime, but I have chosen “Strange Fruit” since it still remains one of the most prominent ones in her catalog. The song was Holiday’s biggest-selling recording in 1939 as it reached more than 1 million sold copies eventually (Zirpolo). The genres of the song are blues and jazz, and it was written to protest the lynching of Black Americans, which peaked at that time in the South (Zirpolo). The song was based on the poem written by Abel Meeropol in 1937, and Billie Holiday recorded it in 1939. “Strange Fruit” was recorded at Commodore label as a single, therefore it did not have an album (Zirpolo). The musical arrangement for the song was created by a band who used a trumpet, saxophones, a piano, a guitar, drums, and a bass. Comparing “Strange Fruit” with other songs of the genre at that time, it does noticeably stand out. Despite the fact that “Strange Fruit” was not the first song discussing and protesting racial issues, it was the first one to do so and become the greatest hit. The song was popular for decades and was named the song of the century by Time magazine in 1999 (Finley 175). For Holiday, the song was special as it reflected her own experience – her father’s death due to medical treatment refusal based on racism. The way Eleanora performed indicated her strong emotions; for many years, she was closely associated with this song. Deconstruct and Evaluate The first element of music which will be analyzed in “Strange Fruit” is the texture which is particularly notable in the current recording. Despite the fact that several instruments are engaged in the performance of “Strange Fruit,” the piano dominates the landscape of the song at times, even sounding louder than Holiday’s vocals. The song has no additional effects, and the guitar used on the recording has a clean sound. The song’s texture is homophonic since both the voice and instruments play the same melody in unison which is re
Explain how a person can be both leaders and manager, why communicating a clear vision is important for communication leaders and how fear and power are interconnected in leadership communication Leadership and management are linked intrinsically. In other words, it is regularly difficult to differentiate between leadership and management. However, they differ in various aspects. Leaders are often found at management levels. Leaders employ management skills and procedures of measuring performance while at the same time applying the inherent leadership capabilities (Denning, 2007). Even though the objectives of leaders and managers are often different, individuals found in the leadership and management positions often merge the leadership abilities and management skills. Clear vision creates a perfect virtual picture and direction, which remains critical for leaders. In other words, a vision that is appropriately clear in the minds of the subordinates often offers a strong direction. Therefore, it is necessary for leaders to communicate whatever they want to accomplish through a clear vision (Griffin & Bone, 2013). Good leaders often develop clear strategies geared towards attaining the desired outcome. Communicating a clear vision enables employees to see the big picture and utilize the developed strategies to attain the desired objectives. While examining power in leadership styles, the concept of authority has to be taken into consideration. The reason is that there is a thin line between power and authority. While power is the ability to order directly, authority is the basis on which power is exercised. Both power and authority in leadership cause fear. In other words, leaders can utilize their positions of authority and power to cause fear or use fear to coerce subordinates to comply with the given orders. Explain your ideal percentage of work/school/personal time for the balanced leader. Compare that ideal balance to what your life is like. What conclusions can you draw from this comparison? In the workplace, people often thought of an ideal situation where free time and work often balance. In most cases, people tend to opt for the situation where the time-out and working hours are often equal (Hernez-Broome & Hughes, 2004). In fact, for an ideal balance leader, time off the working hours is often a third or 0.25%. In other words, in a day, leaders would take their time off for only eight hours. However, that would not always be the case in actual situations. In fact, successful leaders rarely take their time off during the day. Similarly, the majority rarely creates a balance between their time for work and other life activities (Black, 2008). In particular, those who work and study at the same time. In my case, the ideal balance between working hours and time-out is far from being achieved. In fact, I work for many hours compared with the resting time. Such situations are common to the majority who normally find themselves not creating a balance between their working hours and time off. The conclusion that can be drawn from such comparison is that an ideal balance between working hours and time off duty is often hard to attain,
Introduction This paper considers the stresses and strains in the renaissance society after the plaque. In this essay, the stressors are outlined, a major stressor is identified from among the many and how the renaissance society responded to the stressor is discussed in detail. Renaissance age refers to a period in history which was characterized by a movement towards intellectual reawakening among European scholars and academicians. It began in Italy and spread to the rest of Europe by the 16th century. Its spread affected many spheres of life because it highlighted or pointed to the misgivings in classical civilization. The plague was an epidemic catastrophe that swept across Europe from 1347 to around 1351. The catastrophe affected and shaped all aspects of human life, i.e., socially, economically, and politically. Depopulation and decrease of labor was a characteristic which accelerated changes that had already started to take root in urban and rural economies across Europe. In general, the idea of exchange of wages for skilled labor became entrenched, services were hastened, and social balance became less rigorous. The Renaissance, which had all marks of a psychological movement, affected the perception of the arts, religion, and education. The plaque menace had resulted in most elites and educated clergy dying thus denting church vibrancy and general social participation. In fewer than four years, the disease had caused a series of death spanning from Asia, Italy, France, and many other parts of the world. Stresses and Strains There are many challenges associated with the plague which influenced the renaissance civilization. Those challenges or effects touched every aspect of life in Europe spanning from church, trade, music, art, agriculture, and every other part of society. One of the strains as a result of the plaque ravage was food insecurity. As a result of the plaque, many people had not been able to produce food. Lack of food or poor performance of the agricultural sector had adverse effects on the general economy of most European States. The poor performance of the agricultural sector could largely be attributed to many deaths and incapacitation effected by the plague. The few laborers that could be found charged high wages for their services, which further dampened productivity in the agricultural sector. The labor resource was generally strained and was a big strain on the industrialists and other business people (the elites and aristocrats). Given the laborers charged highly or demanded high wages, the prices of goods and services generally became high. As the cost of living went up, the workers in industries, other trade professions; skilled workers demand even higher pay so that they can be in a position to cope up with the rising cos
Abstract The present paper looks at stress among students at various levels of education. It reviews statistical research to gauge the underlying causes of stress among students and possible measures that can be taken to reduce stress among students which, in turn, can result in improved learning. The paper is multidimensional because it aims to bring the results of studies conducted in diverse contexts. This results in major findings from several different situations that can cause stress among students. The paper examines the measures taken to overcome stress by students and other stakeholders. Introduction The present paper investigates various areas of stress found among students while they are at some stage of their educational career. The paper attempts an in-depth analysis of all major stages of stress in students’ educational career: from young age to senior university education. The paper also mentions a number of implications that various studies have brought forward by studying students’ stress in different situations and levels. The paper reviews some research studies to support empirical findings of the concerned issue. As such the present paper is a thorough document on the issue of stress and a multiple set of stressors. At the end of the paper, the entire investigation is summarized with recommendations. Literature Review This section is divided into three further subsections. Each section discusses a different area of students’ life and level of education and investigates the causes of stress, sources of stress, and remedial measures that are considered necessary to overcome stress. This section also includes an examination of international students and acculturative stress that they experience in a host country. As such, this section is a well-rounded account of various factors of stress and possible cautionary steps taken to cope with it. Stress among Young Students With time, more and more concern is being shown about stress among students in all age groups and at almost every level of studies in their lives. Various interpretations, studies, and examinations have been conducted to pursue the cause of stress among students and several reasons are pointed out as being the cause of stress among students. For instance, stress can overtake a student’s mind either through good or bad experiences that turn out to be stressful; the basic reason that Rena (1999) points out is that it depends on how effectively an event or happening undermines a student’s sense of well-being and security. The author further cites Peter Sheras, working at the University of Virginia as a clinical psychologist, who asked students from middle and high school as to what caused stress among them. Many of these students related fear of failure, academic pressure, peer group pressure, dating relationships, and friendships to be the major causes that stressed
Introduction The paper provides a report on matching the interests of the primary stakeholders, which are involved in the office reorganization project, to the goals of the task. The matter refers to the process of opening a new division in Arizona and transmitting the networking appliances to the new place. Stakeholder identification The challenge of ensuring that the stakeholders remain satisfied with the outcomes of the project concern the main manager, who must employ the optimal communication strategies in order to solve the issue. Primarily, it is critical outlining the stakeholders, whose interests are put into question. Thus, the planning of the networking transmission is guided by the J. Smith & Associates group, which positions the members of the team as the main stakeholders. Secondly, the employees of the company are directly addressed since the reorganization of appliances’ positioning affects the performance of the workforce. Finally, the customers of the firm are the third stakeholders since the networking systems, which are transferred, contain the private data of the customers. Task of the project manager The task, which is tackled by the project manager, may be resolved if the latter uses successful stakeholder engagement techniques. Mainly, the first essential engagement rule concerns learning the needs of the stakeholders. In other words, the results of the performed work must stem from the main requirements of the involved figures. Secondly, the reorganization must be based on a solid and early preparation for the change. Thus, the task of the project manager is to inform the stakeholders about the alterations as soon as possible so that to prepare them for the new working system. Thirdly, one may consider taking up the opinions of stakeholders’ as the leading principles of the project. Thus, before launching the planning, a project manager might print the expected results of the reorganization and spread the information. Thus, the stakeholders might receive a chance to provide their feedback to the project. Alternatively, a mass survey may be applied, which can show the personal suggestions of the stakeholders, which can modify the transmission planning before the alterations are made. Furthermore, the project manager might consider creating the so-called learning communities within the organization, the objective of which is to spread the knowledge of the optimal systems’ functioning as well as enhance the level of stakeholders’ trust in the hierarchy of company engagement (Sharma, 2008). First group: Company administrators The primary stakeholder group is the board of the company administrators, which comprise J. Smith & Associates group. Ensuring the interests of this team regards two other stakeholder environments since the relations between customers’ satisfaction, employees’ successes and managements’ efficiency are interdependent. The project manager might care about the engagement of the board by executing a complex calculation of the reorganization’s advantages. Thus, the planning claims that the objective of the reorganization is creating a new constructive service delivery system, which embra
The sphere of management has witnessed a variety of significant changes. It is especially true about the Middle East region, which is peculiar in the understanding of managerial issues and appropriate forms and models of leadership. These differences derive from the specificities of religion and social structure. Nevertheless, as the trend toward globalization and overall openness gains momentum, Middle East countries could not but feel the influence of the generally accepted model of diversified management. According to this approach, no emphasis should be made on gender, as personal traits and the ability to organize and lead people in order to achieve critical strategic objectives of organizations should be the only criteria for determining the effectiveness of leadership style. This novelty gained the attention of many scholars. For instance, Sikdar and Mitra (2010) study gender-related stereotypes and their influence on perceiving and practicing leadership in the Middle East. According to this article, leadership is the sphere, which is significantly influenced by stereotypes and bias. The issue is extremely severe in the Middle East – the region with a traditionally patriarchal approach to arranging social and business relations and male domination in enterprises and organizations. The authors focused on investigating the UAE leadership-related experience due to the recent increase in the number of women among senior leaders. The findings of the research are astounding, as even though gender-based stereotypes affect the career development and success of women, their self-image is what determines their predisposition to becoming better leaders than men. It means that when women possess masculine traits (i.e., high male-gender identification), their chances of becoming effective leaders are high. It is related to efficient interpersonal communication skills and a higher degree of the task and people orientation (Sikdar & Mitra, 2010). That said, male and female traits, not biological sex, identify leadership skills. The findings of this research can be viewed within a broader context – advantages of management diversity for the improvement of operational outcomes of organizations and boosting economic development. It is related to the fact that men and women are different in their perception of appropriate leadership styles. For instance, male leaders give preference to laissez-faire leadership style, i.e., being a bit ignorant and making team members responsible for solving significant work-related issues. On the other hand, female leaders prefer the transactional model of leadership. It means that they are deeply involved in addressing any
Emily Dickinson’s poem “Because I Could Not Stop for Death” relates the concept of a woman who has died during the course of her regular duties. With its simple presentation and gentle rhyme, the poem is surprisingly touching. The poem’s great emotional effect is largely due to Dickinson’s masterful use of personification, symbolism and imagery. The poem begins with the assumption that Death is an individual as the speaker of the poem tells us “He kindly stopped for me” (2). The genteel way in which this is expressed gives the impression that this Death is not someone to be feared but is instead something along the lines of a suitor. He picks her up in a carriage complete with a chaperone in the form of Immortality and takes her on a gentle ride, “he knew no haste” (5). He is so charming and ‘civil’ that she voluntarily puts away her labor and leisure in order to go with him. In giving Death form and figure in this way, she has personified the idea of Death into a more gentle, more graceful, more loving figure than it is typically portrayed as being. Dickinson also employs a great deal of symbolism within this poem in order to reinforce her conception of a peaceful death. The travel from the physical world of the body to the world of the spirits is symbolized by the gentle ride in a carriage shared with pleasant company. The children seen playing in the schoolyard that is passed upon this journey symbolize the continuation of life even in the face of death. The “children strove” (9), indicating that they were not finished with their toil and play as the speaker now is, thus presenting a strong contrast between the activity of life and the passive observation of death as the speaker passes silently by. This idea of the activity of life contrasted with the inactivity of death is also supported by the “fields of gazing grain” (11) that symbolize growth and gain. Meanwhile, the chill of the grave is compared to a house whose “roof was scarcely visible, / The cornice but a mound” (19-20). Imagery also plays a large role in the peace and serenity of the poem despite the topic. In her description of her pleasant ride, Dickinson depicts a quiet slow ride through the countryside with nothing to frighten her or make her uncomfortable. Her companions are gentle and courtly and she is expected to do nothing but sit and relax, having “put away / My labor, and my leisure too” (6-7). The children are depicted as they “strove, / At recess, in the ring” (9-10), raising the image of children struggling against one another within a confined space, perhaps fighting as in a boxing or wrestling match. The impression is that it is preferab
In the article “Superhero Smackdown,” published on August 16, 2013, American writer and literary critic Douglas Wolk argues that Marvel Comics outperforms its major competitor DC Comics. To support the claim, the author compares the two companies and concludes that Marvel creates more continuations of its movies, and the “Marvel Cinematic Universe” is more balanced, meaning that all stories created by Marvel perfectly fit into it. Wolk compares Marvel and DC to settle the eternal dispute between the admirers of DC and Marvel once and for all. The writer uses an inquisitive because he compares many details of both companies performances to clearly explain to the fans of Marvel and DC why the former is better than the latter.
Introduction The war,Battle of Blair Mountain, struck the United States in 1921. Logan County, West Virginia, was the battlefield that ended the lives of at least a million souls. Rich and powerful strangers seized the town of Annedal getting hold of the coalfields that the resident coal miners used as the source of their daily bread. Rondal LIoyd is among the thousands affected. In an attempt to protest the oppression, he is arrested and tried of treason. Owing to the fact that Rondal is fighting for his rights, I, the attorney, declare him not guilty. Defence Firstly, Rondal is a genuine resident of Annedal. He is a beneficiary of the resources available in the place. This is where he gets the income to sustain himself and his family. The absence of this crucial necessity can mark an end of life to the recipients. Any normal being is required to maintain a constant availability of what he/she terms as his/her source of income. It enables one make the necessary developments. These include personal, private and public. Any force or people depriving one of this requisite are severely rejected. This is exactly what Rondal was doing and is far from being an offence. Secondly, we all preach about love, peace and harmony as forces that pull us together regardless of our relationships. When present, people share, work, and interact freely with one another. Unity and strength are highly nurtured. Not anything that culminates into conflicts that on the other hand peels off the walls of unity can be tolerated. Following the attack of his fellow miners whom he loved to work with, Rondal had to be in the frontline protesting this. This is in fact a natural response. Not only people but also any living organism portrays it and Rondal is one. He had to obey the laws of nature. In addition, personal property need not be taken without the owners consent. Anyone in need of anything he/she does not own has to follow the right channel of getting it. He/she has to seek permission from the own