ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The wide topic of men as leaders is an important aspect that has degenerated and attracted a lot of attention as time goes by. This is because of various societal aspects that have been changing thereby giving the whole topic a new approach. It should be known that a man as a leader is an important issue that has been in existence for a long period of time since creation (Torbert 2004, p. 12). As a matter of fact, there have been arguments men are not the best leaders when compared to women and this is based on the prevailing situations and circumstances on the ground. In this case, we can therefore ask ourselves a question if indeed men are the best leaders in our society. This depends on the approach that we will give this issue because we have our own experiences as far as leadership is concerned. Leadership is a very important issue and aspect that needs to be critically evaluated because of the role that it plays in our lives. Men have been natural leaders for a long period of time and this is undisputable. This is as far as various sectors of the society are concerned. For instance, men have been our leaders in business, economics, political and social disciplines. The general society has been trying to equalize the roles of men and women in the society which is not good (Yukl 2006, p. 17). Different people have argued that the idea of men as leaders’ in the society is a natural state of being. This is as far as their dominance in leadership is concerned. Men are leaders and this is not something that should startle or disappoint us because it is a normal statement of fact. This issue can even be traced from the biblical point of view where man was put in charge from the beginning. The society has been changing drastically and this is as far as women leadership and empowerment is concerned. This has mostly been seen in the business world where men have been displaced from the top as leaders by women. In this case, leadership should not be seen as a preserve for men because such areas require performers who deliver the set targets and goals of a given organization. There are occasions where men have delivered as good leaders and this can be traced and justified from various sectors of the economy (Baron 2006, p. 23). Men have always been inclined to a successive focus and this is what has qualified them as leaders. In this case, they have an obsession for success and this can be explained from a biological point of view. Since time immemorial, men have been dependant on earning money and this is what has qualified them to be leaders when compared with women. We can all agree that the current world requires a lo
Surrealism, which started after the World War I, in photography is one of the indicators of most important revolutions that have taken place over the history in the area of photography. This article analyzes the concept of surrealism in photography. The pioneer of this movement was Andre Breton. Surrealism is useful in the expression of emotions in ones mind without altering anything. This movement had a lot of similarities with the Dande movement. The different forms of arts in the category of surrealism are intrinsically different from the conventional forms. This is because surrealistic arts lack a definite shape. Surrealistic arts can therefore take different shapes such as putting across some of the human instincts or things that one imagines but remain in the subconscious memory. Initially, many people were very skeptical about the possibility of the existence of surrealism and its success but it experienced a great breakthrough through the work of Man Ray. However, it was after the publication of the work of Andre Breton, who was a poet, that surrealism was initiated as a movement officially. The publication of this poet was known as ‘Manifesto of Surrealism’. This happened in 1924. The works of those who adhered to this movement were not based on reason. Instead, they saw basing their work on reason entirely was hindering their breakthrough to imagination; hence reason was shunned because it was a stumbling block to them. They embarked on an adventure on how to use their creativity and this venture led them to a world characterized by dreams and other activities that can only be described as madness. After emerging from this venture of obtaining pictures from their sub conscious, the images they came up with were applauded and even prizes given to the owners. They were characterized by physic connotations and were provocative in nature. Surrealism is a movement that involves obtaining images from ones subconscious. The images are mostly characterized by psychic images that are provocative but still have a touch of beauty. Walter Benjamin’s Aura in Photography and How This Has Changed Today. The term ‘aura’ has to do with the tensions that are present in works of art in terms of time and distance. This article discusses the concept of ‘aura’ and how it was changed today. The term ‘aura’, as part of Benjamin’s most critical contribution, is used in relation to tensions that characterize most of his works. Tensions that result from experiences in life such as experiencing lateness and being early at the same time are part of what comprises of his work. He defines aura as something strange that intertwines the quality of space and time or a distance in terms of the proximity of something to another. The central point in the concept of aura is that of something that can not be accessed, with a lot of value attached to it
Introduction The issue of racial discrimination remains acute especially when it comes to interactions with police. The article provides insight into the impact racial differences make on a police officer’s decision to use force on a civilian. In the abstract, the author claims that the possibility of encountering forceful actions from police is more than fifty percent more likely for Blacks and Hispanics than for Whites. The main purpose of the study was to estimate the extent of racial discrimination that affects the police’s use of force. Moreover, the author tried to understand and explain how racial bias might emerge in different interactions and when viewed from different perspectives. Study Summary The study used four datasets to account for various police-citizen interactions during which some kind of force was used. The first dataset comes from the Stop, Question, and Frisk program employed in the New York City, in which police officers stop suspicious people, question them, and frisk for weapons or contraband if necessary. The program contains valuable data on the wide range of force actions the police used, and has around five million observations, as the author stated. Another dataset was provided by the Police-Public Contact Survey, which is a nationwide sample of civilians who encountered police use of force collected once in three years. This survey provides the research with the civilians’ perspective on their interactions with police and their reasons to use force. The last two datasets were created by the author specifically for this research. Three Texas cities – Austin, Houston, and Dallas – six large Florida counties, as well as Los Angeles county, was chosen to
The use of performance-enhancing drugs has always been a notorious issue in sports. Because of high competition rates and a relatively short amount of time that a sportsman has to break a record, the idea of using drugs that allow for impressive achievements has always been popular among sportsmen and all those concerned, including the sportsmen’s agents, sponsors, etc. In the XXI century, the problem has taken another curve. However, the concern is not that the performance-enhancing drugs (PED) are getting increasingly popular among sportsmen – the key concern revolves around the fact that steroids and other types of PED may soon be allowed as a legitimate means to improve the athletic performance of sportsmen. According to what Chris Smith’s article says, the idea of making PED and the related substances legal may redefine the entire idea of sports: “At the same time, legalizing PEDs would make life much easier for professional sports organizations currently tasked with managing convoluted anti-doping policies” (Smith para. 6). The issue that the article in question deals with truly is a stellar example of over conformity. While the phenomenon of a sportsman taking drugs to win the tournament and, therefore, become a part of the universe of sport can be viewed as a lesser instance of over conformity, the total acceptance of drugs as the inevitable element of any sports competition is the pinnacle of over conformity in sports. People are willing to be the part of this artificially create a universe so much that they intentionally break not only the rules that they used to applaud to previously, but, violate the basic ethical postulates regarding sports and health, as well as fairness in sports. One might argue that the problem of accepting drugs as an integral part of sports competitions should, quite, on the contrary, be considered as the ultimate attempt to revolutionize sports and undermine the very philosophy of sports. True, using drugs as the means to achieve a stellar result instead of relying on one’s abilities is cheating, and supporting cheating does seem a rebellious move. Much to his credit, Smith renders this idea in his article. Nevertheless, the demand to reconsider the existing rules comes from the people, who are supposed to protect these rules in the first place, thus, making the entire idea of sport and competition a travesty. Thus, the idea of rebelliousness is crossed out of the whole movement entirely, over conformity replacing it fully. In other words, those concerned are willing to see the sportsmen win so much that they neglect the basic principles of a sports competition and sport in a universal sense. People are crossing both the culture and the ethics of sport ou
Introduction Enculturation entails transmission of various aspects of culture to individuals who are born into the same culture. The process includes acquisition of knowledge, skills, attitudes, and values that enable one to become an integrated and functioning member of the society. Language use, storytelling, and the ability to make daily choices on how to behave in various circumstances comprise these cultures. Enculturation is the strongest force that determines how an individual is likely to behave in his entire life. Most scholars argue that most of this process occurs automatically and unconsciously (Auslander 336). However, there is evidence from the way I was brought up, which indicate some aspects of it are to be taught in one form or the other. It is very important to note here that negative events in communication at childhood level may lead to damaged relationships. This would be between the child and people around him who mainly comprise of close family members and a domestic worker, such as a house help. The events may include among others deception, jealousy, relational aggression, and sexual coercion. Enculturation Childhood teachings were so many. Games for instance formed a major medium of teaching. There was a game we were taught and was played initially before meals. This was especially if the meals contained meat. It would have a soloist mostly older than us who would lead through .It was interactive. He would lead, “meat! Meat! Meat! The rest of us would respond, “Meat” He would go on to enlist meat from various animals both edible and inedible. Our response at this particular time would be to say meat if the animal is edible and to keep quite if it is not. This particular game was meant to inculcate and single out the types of animals eaten by people from our culture. Remember, human beings eat animals of different types. Other people eat what others do not. Growing up with a television was very difficult. We were nurtured to know specific times to sit and watch. It was mandatory for children in the house to clear any schoolwork brought home from school. Here, our parents required proof or any other adult left behind if parents were not in the house. This included the house help and members of the extended family. This instilled the culture of priority of events as it came to be a norm and it no longer called for supervision. The programs to watch were also specific. This was very clear because the video literature materials available in the house dictated every of our action. They included a variety ranging from nature documentaries, religion, and historical sites among others. It did so well that I was brought up to date to watch I consider being positively palatable to the mind. This has become part of me. This action by our parents was to avoid development of deviant behavior by us. Punishment in my childhood by our adults was second to nature.
The two major sportswear and sports footwear industries in Germany are Adidas and Puma. These two were owned by brothers Adolf Dassler and Rudolf Dassler where after the relationship between the brothers deteriorated they decided to part ways in business, Adolf went on to open Adidas while Rudolf established Puma. These two companies compete with each other internationally and are the most vibrant current trend setters in the industry in Germany (Smit, 2007 145: James, 2000 256) Adidas and Nike market share Major economic trends and forecasts and what impact on the industry in the country Globalization, as in any other industry the world over, has definitely impacted the sports footwear industry in Germany. Leading companies in the production of sports footwear have been forced to relocate internationally to take advantage of key opportunities internationally. Globalization helps a firm to spread political and economic risk whereby, joint ventures have become widespread as a way of meeting the need to tap the international market, technological knowledge, design and skills (Smit 2009 98). Some of the major competitors of Adidas and Puma such as Nike relocated to countries in Asia such as Thailand and China exclusively because of low labor cost in these countries comparative to those of firm’s country of origin. This has translated to low operating costs for these firms hence they are able to lower the price of their products comparative to that of its competitors which in turn has given such firms an extra edge over their competitors in terms of pricing. This means that such companies will chip away at some of Germanys’ leading producers of sportswear market share. Entry barriers into the sportswear market are relatively few (Daniels et al 2002 38). This scenario has to led many investors trying their luck in the lucrative sports footwear industry. As a result, the market has become fragmented due to a lot of competitors entering the industry and as result, the market share of leading producers of sports foot wears are gradually loosing their market to their ever increasing competitors. In turn this has prompted leaders in the industry of sports foot wear to shift their focus to acquisition of additional brands merging with other firms in an effort of consolidating their position as leaders of this lucrative industry (Simon & Dave 2006 26). Adidas operating profits Globalization has contributed to the increase in the pace of technological advancement. The market leaders in the sports footwear industry in Germany are feeling the heat forcing them to act faster if they are to remain competitive in the days to come. To compete effectively, Adidas and Puma are constantly pushing for technological advancement, increase in productivity and efficiency in product development together with channel distribution (Esterl 2000 56). In addition, they are feeling the pressure of improving the performance of their footwear as the competition constantly keeps forcing them to do. A good example of this is Adidas adjusting the cushioning around their running shoe depending on where it is needed most. This was read as a
Background information With the development of new interdisciplinary branches and the advances in the sphere of theoretical physics as a conceptual framework that can be applied to other sciences, the approaches towards the analysis of the data concerning the processes within the social realm have undergone significant changes. The findings of synergetics as the theory utilizing the spatial, temporal and functional parameters for the analysis of the multicomponent systems had a significant impact upon the methods used in natural and social sciences (Weidlich 431). Assuming that the human society can be defined as a multicomponent system consisting of individuals as active components interacting between each other and interdependent with their material environment, it can be stated that the development of a complex quantitative modeling procedure intended to estimate the variety of the possible scenarios of these macro processes was a real challenge for theoreticians. Sociodynamics is the branch aimed at meeting this ambitious objective. Though sociodynamics can be regarded as an integral part of synergetics, the modeling procedures applied to the social sciences cannot be limited to the synergetics algorithms only because the latter has been developed for the natural sciences in the first place. The specific structure of the social system contrasting to that of natural systems, namely the inability to define the direction of the interaction between the individuals as the particles of the microlevel complicates the modeling procedures utilized by sociodynamics (Kuppers 162). The recognition of the limitations of descriptive methodology which was ineffective for indicating the most significant variables in social sciences predetermined the shift of the emphasis towards predictive modeling (Taagepera 15). Previously, the social sciences implemented an approach of unambiguous prediction which did not allow estimating the variety of possible scenarios and depended greatly upon the choice of variables (Arrow 38). The falsifiability of certain statistical models still remained one of the most important aspects for discussing their appropriateness for the analysis of certain phenomena from the social realm. Taking into account the current level of development of other sciences, the 50-50 approach when the statistical models could be right or wrong for concrete studies only by chance, was obsolete. The growing recognition of the inappropriateness of statistical models for covering the whole scope of the complicated social processes taking place at both micro and macro levels demonstrated the importance of making the approaches taken by social scientists more scientific, namely developing feasible predictive models which would allow evaluating the variety of possible scenarios simultaneously disregarding the choice of the prioritized variables. Due to the peculiarities of the social sphere, the history of the mathematiz
Introduction The importance of culturally competent care in the contemporary healthcare system, as well as academic literature on the topic, is highly recognized. One of the most important factors, which contribute to the significance of the problem, is that health appears to be largely determined by the cultural traditions, values, and beliefs of a particular nation. Thus, health could be defined as a socio-cultural construct. Accordingly, health services treatment and preventive interventions delivery appears to be problematic when patients and doctors come from different cultural backgrounds. The book by Anne Fadiman (2012), which is the primary referencing point for this essay, explores socio-cultural issues related to culturally competent care. Based on the events depicted in the book as well as theoretical and practical perspectives provided in the contemporary nursing literature, this paper aims to answer several questions about the impact of traditional health beliefs on the process of treatment and caregiving. Differences between Western and Eastern Medicine’s Approach to Health First of all, it is important to dwell upon providing some preliminary observations about differences between Western and Eastern medicine along with their approach to health. Traditionally, Western culture understands humans as a duality of body and soul. This dualistic approach manifests itself primarily in proce
Introduction The flexibility of work is a comparatively complicated issue integrating the peripheral and core workforces that carry with them several consequences. The model of work flexibility is commonly used in many organizations, as it is healthy for the individual standards of living (CIPD, 2013). Flexible working tries to view the associations amid practical and statistical flexibility. In fact, the procedure involved in flexible working tries to elucidate on how an organization can concomitantly acquire flexibility. The situation of practical and statistical flexibility as realized by core and periphery model can generate additional advantages in corporate competitiveness. The peripheral workforces entail employees having casual occupation affiliation while core labor forces are linked to better engagement terms and regular working conditions (Flexibility.co.uk Ltd, 2012). The two kinds of work flexibility that is core and periphery, spell out the implementation of the diverse labor market viewpoints. Flexible materialize to have numerous benefits and demerits. For instance, 66.0% admit that flexible working is helpful (Croucher & Mills, 2006). A total of 51.0% have faith to have an excellent rapport with their children. Less than 32.0% of workers meditate that flexible working could render them uncommitted whilst 23.0% contemplate that it will impinge on the promotion projections. According to Croucher and Mills (2006), 40.0% of the working parents admit that flexible working will diminish absenteeism while 59.0% presume that it would boost their morale. The paper discusses the driving interest in flexible working. Besides, it debates on the advantages and limitations of the core and periphery model and further tests the model in the UK (Geary, 2012). Main Body: The case for and against using “peripheral” workforce Flexible working is a phrase illustrating the kind of work arrangements that allow for certain elasticity level concerning when, where, and time is taken by the workforce to complete the assigned tasks (CIPD, 2013). In fact, flexible work environment incorporates work patterns, locations, as well as the time for work. Flexible work appears in various forms: For instance, working part-time is where employees work below the monthly, weekly, and daily standard hours. Flexi-time relates to situations when workers are able to select when to start and stop working based on some standardized work limits (CIPD, 2013). However, varying annual employment allows working time for employees to change over time based on work demands. Purchased leave or part annual employment allows employees to obtain long leave periods totaling to eight weeks annually. Conversely, job sharing arrangement allows different workers to allocate the assigned tasks amongst them (CIPD, 2013). The approach of flexible working in the UK predominantly targeted the guardians. A number of varied factors drove the initiation of flexible working in the United Kingdom (A