ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Mossop, Elizabeth. “Landscapes of Infrastructure”. Landscape Urbanism Reader . Ed. Charles Waldheim. New York: Princeton Architectural Press. 2006. 164-177. Print. In her article “Landscapes of Infrastructure”, Mossop explicates her idea of the connection between landscape and infrastructure proposing a novel approach to the process of designing landscapes. Mossop’s argument centres on the premise that when designers use an integrated approach they are better able to create sites which are beneficial to the urban settings. Her argument is based on examples which show the different ways in which infrastructure has been incorporated into the urban foundation and structure. Mossop uses examples from different urban cities in the world including North America, Asia, Europe and Australia to argue her position. Each of the examples explain the extent to which infrastructure has been incorporated into the designing process of the urban setting in question. She asserts that “If we think of landscape as an infrastructure which underlies other urban systems, rather than equating it with nature or ecology we have a much more workable conceptual framework for designing urban systems.” (176) Beardsley, John. “Kiss Nature Goodbye: Marketing the Great Outdoors” Harvard Design Magazine . 10(2000): 1-6. Print In his essay “Kiss Nature Goodbye: Marketing the Great Outdoors” Beardsley tackles the issue and impact of created artificial nature of our psyche and offers the most precise advice for efficient ecological design. Using the Underwater World at the Mall of America, Sea World and Rainforst Café as examples, Beardsley mocks that these are the best places “to experience our confusion about nature and to begin to understand what we ought to do about it.” (3). Giving an amusing account for the history of the Rainforest Café, Beardsley explains how the Rainforst Café concept, “the brainchild of Steven Schussler” was a “wish to give these pets a cageless environment”, which he thinks is great except that most of the animals are fake” (3). He proposes “We need to hold out for healthy ecosystems in the city and the suburbs; we need to insist that culture—however much it might flirt with simulation retain a focus on the real world, its genuine problems and possibilities” (6) Berger, Alan. Drosscape: Wasting Land in Urban America . New York: Princeton Architectural Press, 2007. Print In his e
Introduction United States is a leading producer of tomatoes worldwide. In fact the United States is only second to China in terms of global production. Both processed and fresh tomatoes industries in the United States account for more than two billion dollars in earnings. Florida and California are the two leading states in tomato production. The California tomato industry is the bigger of the two. The California tomato industry was at an all time high in the 1980s and the 1990s. After that, the industry started facing a myriad of problems that eventually resulted in its decline. This paper explores the Californian tomato industry and its fundamentals. The paper also focuses on both the positive and negative aspects of the industry. The Fresh Tomato Industry California’s fresh tomato industry accounts for more than a third of the United States’ total production. The commercial acreage of the fresh tomato industry in California is approximately thirty-five thousand acres. Fresh production of tomatoes was at its peak around the 1980s. At that time the commercial acreage stood at around forty thousand acres. Tomatoes are grown in California all year round except during the winter season. California’s fresh tomato industry has had a national market share of twenty five to thirty seven percent since 1980. Tomato supplies from California peak after the spring season. Commercially, California’s fresh tomato market profitability dips from August to September when other markets have locally produced tomatoes. The demand for California’s tomatoes peaks during the colder months. During this time the United States has to rely on supplementary tomatoes from Mexico. Tomatoes from the California region are mostly supplied to supermarkets around the United States. Around seventy percent of this market is in other states. In addition, most fresh tomatoes from California are purchased by domestic consumers. Tomatoes purchased for industrial purposes account for approximately thirty percent of the total production. Prices of fresh tomatoes around California are considerably low compared to those in other states. Average tomato prices factor in the cost of wages, farm inputs, advertising, and land. Over the last two decades, prices of tomatoes in California have stagnated as a result of increased imports and green house production. California’s Tomato Processing Economics Tomato farming is subsequently associated with processed products suc
Introduction OSI was done by a group at Honeywell Information Systems with Charlie Bachman and Mike Canepa as the principal technical member. This group was contracted within Honeywell, with sophisticated product planning and with the development and design of prototype systems. Main text The OSI stands for Open Systems Interconnection. This model was originally created as the basis for crafting a universal set of protocols called the OSI Protocol Suite. This suite hardly achieved extensive success. However the model became a very handy tool for both development and education. The model defines a set of layers and a number of concepts for their use that make the understanding of the networks easier. The idea behind the development of networking standards is to classify widely recognized approaches of setting up networks and connecting them collectively. The OSI Reference Model represents an early effort to get all of the different software and hardware manufacturers to have the same opinion on a structure for developing different networking technologies. Two projects were started in late seventies with a sole aim of defining a unifying standard for the structural design of the networking systems. One was performed by the International Telephone and Telegraph Consultative Committee (CCITT) and the other was administered by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO). The two international standards bodies developed a document that explained same networking models. The two documents were put together in 1983 and gave rise to The Basic identified as OSI model. It was then published by both the ISO, as standard ISO 7498, and the renamed CCITT (now called the Telecommunication s Standardization Sector of the International Telecommunication Union or ITU-T) as standard X.200. The OSI Reference model was not initially created for educational intentions but to serve as the building blocks of a widely used suite of protocols that would be utilized by the international internet works. Incidentally nothing worked out as planned. There were rise in the fame of Internet and IP/TCP protocols that met the OSI suite and TCP/IP won. This led to the implementation of the OSI protocols. However, when the internet started to expand, the OSI
Introduction Many things that China is known for in modern-day and significant parts of its culture formed during the formidable years of the Song dynasty rule. Coming to power in 926 and ruling until 1276, the Song dynasty sought to strategically reunify China, which had been split apart by warlords and regions fighting among each other. The unification and innovative governance reforms led to an age of enlightenment and prosperity, China’s ‘Renaissance’ moment. The country rapidly propelled forward in technology, scholarship, economics, demographics, and culture, establishing it as a regional power. The Song dynasty (926-1276 AD) brought about a commercial revolution and prosperous society that had profound changes in Chinese history and culture. Governance Reforms and Policies Emperor Taizu was the first Song ruler and focused his efforts on politically unifying China and laying the foundations for future prosperity. By the time of his death in 976, all but two kingdoms were united under one rule (Lorge, 2015). The first reforms began almost a century later under Emperor Renzong. Led by scholars Fan Zhongyan and Ouyang Xiu, these initial reforms became known as the Qingli Reforms or Minor Reforms. Zhongyan proposed a ten-point program which focused on improving government efficiency, raising the standard of examinations, defense, agriculture, and education. However, the reforms largely failed, due to the lack of full support from the emperor and large landowners, with the only positive outcome was the establishment of a national educational system in China. This took place between 1043 and 1045 (Lorge, 2015). Nevertheless, the efforts of Zhongyan and others were not in vain as three decades later, Wang Anshi, a minister under Emperor Shenzong, built upon their foundation. Anshi led what is now known as the New Policies or Xifeng Reforms lasting from 1069 to 1076. The key to these reforms was the use of Confucian principles as a means of addressing and solving key issues for the government and society. The New Policies focused on three categories of state finance and commerce, defense, and education/governance. Anshi advocated that government officials must be competent and trained, with men holding positions for which they were most qualified and best fit. He created the Three College system at the National University, which future officials from all prefectures had to attend, and where they were rigorously tested, replacing the previous prefectural e
Introduction As a society embraces modernization and technological advancements literature also experiencing changes. (Doren 47). Literature is a form of art that is used to depict society as the author sees it, or as the society ought to see it. Therefore it becomes imperative that as the world changes due to various factors, literature will also change because people’s experiences and perceptions also change. Literal work is a good source of studying various aspects of the society in the past. However as new forms of literal styles and forms emerge, there is a higher risk that past literal works may be buried in oblivion. Most literal works in America, of the past centuries especially the minor ones, have been lost and are totally unavailable to the modern society. Most previous works of research have only concentrated on works by famous authors, although other minor authors may have also contributed significantly to the developments in literature that is visible in the contemporary America. Literature is unique in terms of perception and presentation and therefore never grows old. Studying literature should be done in a way that allows for the comparison between literal styles of different ages and how they influenced by the events that took place. Therefore this paper will look at the American literature from the time of colonization by the Europeans, and how various events social and historical have shaped the American literature, making it unique among other literal works from other parts of the world. (Trent 36-58) Colonial America Before the advent of settlers from Europe, American literature was spread over the vast wilderness and the literature had no known identity or culture. However, with the coming of Europeans from diverse cultures and traditions, the American literature was molded into a distinct form of literature having unique characteristics and traditions that were able to respond to social and historical dynamics. The spirit of Americanism was born as the Europeans from different cultures underwent changes, being motivated by unlimited opportunities, and eventually giving birth to American culture. The emotion experienced by these settlers was that of Awe. This can be seen in Scott Fitzgerald’s work when he wrote “The Great Gatsby.” The persona attempts to put himself in the place of the first Dutch settlers and imagines what they must have felt the moment they set foot in America. He says that they must have been awe struck at the sight of the continent, in comparison to where they were coming from and even the persona cannot comprehend the tranquility they must have felt. Most of the settlers had fled either persecution from Europe or were just looking for a new beginning and this newly found land gave them hope and imagination
The usage and application of the term ‘organisational learning’ are still associated with considerable confusion due to the reason that organisational learning possess the problem of trying to unify different theoretical approaches, while at the same time valuing the diversity that has evolved since its inception. (Buchel, 2001, p. 81) That’s why HP research labs initiated with theoretical literature, the concepts of organisational learning in the context of knowledge management and culture. Before switching over to the ‘change process’, HP was unable to identify its’ flaws as a barrier to making itself among one of the leading technology centres. By the change process HP is able to point out its flaws in the light of literature, various barriers like communication barrier, cultural barrier and the barrier of sharing knowledge among its various centres. In the light of literature, communication and cultural barrier was the most significant hurdle in making progress due to which knowledge management/ sharing was slower and somewhat isolated in its’ centres. As HP has its research labs at UK, USA and Japan so HP confronted to problems with respect to the above mentioned barriers. The change process which HP labs initiated were a great effort towards an effective dialogue based process including a vast range of communication authorities like surveys and groupware. Even HP labs did not lag behind in conducting informal discussions to create an effective support system and so the proposed solution was that there should be a group of technical experts with solid managerial skills with good background of cross cultural communication techniques, required to keep track of the activities going on in all of the three centres, so that for a particular recurring problem in all centres, the solution worked out by one centre could be easily implemented for others, hence avoiding other centres to invent the wheel. Fortunately, HP was confronted to smooth survey process followed with a two way dialogue, which otherwise is not as easy as Dr. Albert Michael has mentioned. Often the surveys concern the possibility of hiding and uncovering problems, which are quite sensitive or potentially damaging to a company. (Smith, 2003, p. 36) This cuts both ways, for the problem exists whether or not it is uncovered by a survey. HP was fortunate to reveal its’ problems by survey, therefore corrective action was initiated. According to the Business Review vol. 5 (2006), the change process always initiate an environment of mutual growth with a new positive cultural experience, and it seems that now HP labs has prioritised the ‘cultural’ factor to be the key to success. (Albert, 2006) If we discuss this ‘cultural’ aspect in the light of literature we would see that why HP has considered culture as one of the key notions in growth is what Flamholtz (1995) has argued, that an organisational development is nothing
Both the adherents and the non-adherents of religion concur that the harmony and civilization that the world has been enjoying in the past century has been possible due to organization. Standards have been set to guide and limit the ever insatiable needs of men, thereby defining laws that protect the interests of the oppressed. Laws regulate the life everywhere, for example, at homes, institutions, and even within marriages, among the others. Christians and Muslims alike consider religious rules to be divine such that no one can see the kingdom of heaven without adhering to relevant laws. This discussion focuses on the termination of marriage and the effects it has on women in both the Eastern and the Western worlds. Scholars have defined marriage as a legally recognized relationship between a man and a woman. It permits the two parties become a husband and a wife. Divorce, on the other hand, is the official termination of a marriage by the decision of a court of law. This decision often has far-reaching consequences on both the men and the women, but most people argue that the females bear the brunt of divorce. Today, marriage and divorce go hand in hand because many marriages end up in divorce. Unfortunately, a divorced woman is always at a disadvantage in everything she does because in most cases, she lacks the support of a male. Unlike the unmarried young woman who is easily noticeable by suitors, a divorced woman may not attract a man as easily as depicted in movies. In real life, a divorced woman has to grapple with plenty of challenges before she finds a potential partner. The challenges take a variety of forms ranging from financial constraints to intimidation by the former husband. Without husband’s financial support, woman is often in a financial crisis, especially if there are children under her care. Typically, the average divorced woman has less money as compared to the average married woman since divorce is associated with economic vulnerability. Further, divorced women experience mental distress and psychological problems. Their physical health is in most cases poorer compared to married women. Apparently, divorce makes a woman feel hurt, lonely, and unhappy even if it was initiated by the woman. Consequently, divorced women find it hard to trust other men. There are, however, exceptional cases in which divorce leads to a happier and healthier life for a woman. For instance, a woman who reveals from a violent marriage will experience peace, freedom, and limited restrictions. Unfortunately, these benefits can never match the adverse effects of divorce. Islam, one of the major religions of the world, does not espouse divorce. It cautions its followers to carefully handle marriage problems and outlines the steps that spouses need to take to facilitate reconciliation should a threatening conflict arise. However, if divorce becomes inevitable, the procedure to be followed is stipulated within the Muslim doctrine. A man who divorces his wife without concrete reasons is considered a sinner because Islamic view of marriage is that it is a religious requirement to fulfill God’s purpose through man. It further stipulates that
The beef consumption patterns in Malaysia have demonstrated a significant growth over the last several decades (Johari & Jasmi, 2009). The change has been facilitated by a number of factors such as the growth of the national GDP per capita and globalization that increased the demand for mean-based proteins the diet and various convenience foods (Johari & Jasmi, 2009; Victoria University, n. d.). Even though the production of livestock is one of the biggest industries in Malaysia, the overall demand for beef of the country’s population is rather high and requires products imported from all around the world (Loh, n. d.; Mohamed, Hosseini, & Kamarulzaman, 2013). The challenges and opportunities presented by the challenges faced by the Malaysian beef industry are worth studying as this can help the country develop its international trading relations and address the potential threats to Malaysia and its population. This paper discusses six studies exploring this subject starting with statistical data, outlining the threats and opportunities, and providing a comparison of the beef industry of Malaysia with those of the USA and Scotland. Some of the concepts and terms that are going to be used in this paper are GDP per capita, cattle, import, livestock, self-sufficiency, beef production. Literature Review The study by Johari and Jasmi (2009) called “Breeds and Breeding Program for Beef Production in Malaysia” explored the inadequacy between the demand and production of beef in Malaysia from the point of view of the weak development of the livestock industry in the country. The authors maintained that increasing the number of the qua
A vision statement can be defined and explained as an aspirational description. This is mostly concerned with what a given organization wants to achieve. Most of these aspirations can either be in the mid-term or long term future. As a matter of fact, a vision statement describes what a given organization will do thereby explaining why it will exist tomorrow (Haines, 2004, p. 24).Most notably, a vision statement defines goals that are supposed to be achieved and attained after a given period of time. This means that the current status of the organizations should be taken into consideration for sustainability. In a broad perspective, a vision statement should be able to point to the direction that the organization will go. All this withstanding, a vision statement defines the future success of a business. This is as far as what the business hopes to achieve is concerned. Vision statements are made after goals have been defined which outlines their importance as far as long term sustainability of an organization is concerned. The importance a vision statement to an organization can not be underestimated in any way which is a fact. This means that they can be useful when an organization wants to convey a message on why it exists in the first place. A vision statement is important because it helps in proper identification of gaps that are supposed to be filled as the organization grows (Bradford, 2000, p. 46). This is because an organization is expected to achieve set targets and expectations that will suit different interests. In this case, it should be known that by looking at the company’s vision statement, the management will be able to define strategies that will move the organization forward. As a matter of fact, the vision statement should motivate and inspire employees to represent the company well by articulating what it stands for. This paper will therefore give the vision statement of Chester Company and explain it. The vision statement The Company’s vision statement is ‘low priced products for the industry’. Chester has always wanted to serve the market well as far as fair pricing and superior products are concerned which underlines our commitment to satisfy our customers. In this case, the company envisages a point where it will be able to penetrate the market by pricing our products well for long term sustainability. The company operates in a competitive market that is always faced with unique challenges as time goes by. This