ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction In an effort to evaluate economic aspects and concepts in relation to an organization setting, this term paper focuses on a popular consumer company Proctor and Gamble, (P&G), namely, on its organizational structure, employee compensation package, job design and dimension, as well as recommendations made in an effort to improve its operations. Company description Proctor and Gamble, commonly referred to as P&G is a giant consumer good producer whose offices are distributed all over the world. What initially was a business partnership of its founders Proctor and Gamble, P&G has become what it is today as a result of excellent and aggressive branding. The company has an impressive and extensive product line, which ranges from pet foods, cleaning agents, personal care products and until recently, foods and beverages, making it one of the largest consumer goods companies in the world. This position has been complemented further upon the acquisitions the company has made overtime in a bid to diversify its product line. This has culminated to the substantial increase in profits. The company restructured its operations from its former global structure to embracing the matrix structure that has resulted into the categorization of the structure to include two Global Business Units with each unit, further divided into Business Segments, namely, beauty segment, grooming segment, health care segment, snacks and pet care segment, fabric care, home care segment, baby care and family home care segment. As a result of embracing this structure, the company sales levels have soared as a result of faster decision making, which is made possible due to the decentralization aspect brought about by the structure. P&G has a leading position in many areas of consumer products, making its brand decision desirable to many firms. Good leadership, coupled with a combined team effort from all employees in all P&G’s subsidiaries have strengthened its stance in the global arena, enabling the company to survive and thrive in an increasingly competitive global market for over 100 years. This has led to the fact that the company has received numerous honors, such as the Fortune magazine award of the Global Top companies for leaders and also awarded it the fifth place among the most popular companies. According to Chief Executive Magazine, P&G is “the best overall company for leadership development as depicted in its list of the 40 best firms for leaders” (Daft, 2010). These achievements have not come easy as hard work and dedication have been the driving forces of the company’s success. Organizational structure An organizational structure, according to Daft (2010) is defined as a diagrammatic and architectural representation of a firm’s processes and procedures. In other words, it refers to an organizational hierarchy of pe
Behaviorist Perspective Psychology is a field of study with several viewpoints regarding the subject matter and the method. It is considered a field of study because it has developed its subject matter, methods, and theories. Each perspective has a set of beliefs regarding human nature and the mind. Moreover, a field of study should always have adequate ideas concerning the content, and the method. All perspectives have limitations since they do not explain the subject matter of any field and methods used in psychology in detail. This section of the paper discusses the behaviorist perspective as one of the psychological perspectives. Compared to other perspectives, behaviorism is very different since it notes the environment controls human beings. The major concepts related to this perspective include classical conditioning and operant conditioning. Classical conditioning means that human beings learn behavior through association while operant conditioning suggests that human beings learn behavior through experience. These are the two major sets of beliefs according to the behaviorist perspective. Regarding the method, the behaviorist perspective believes in scientific methodology whereby experiments should be taken to ascertain the behavior of an individual. In this regard, it advises psychologists to study only observable behavior, as opposed to speculative behavior. In other words, only variables that can be measured should be studied. It goes against the popular belief suggesting that individuals have the freedom to do as they wish (free will) since the environment controls the actions of individuals. Therefore, behaviorism defines psychology as the study of observable behavior, with suggestions that human behavior could better be understood by reducing it to learned stimulus-response units (Schultz, & Schultz, 2012). Regarding the subject matter, quite a several scholars have offered their suggestions on classical conditioning, with Russian psychologist Ivan Pavlov, being the first to talk about the idea. He experimented with dogs whereby he studied the innate impulses and neutral stimuli. Through his study, he succeeded in conditioning dogs to respond to certain stimuli. His study established that dogs tend to secrete saliva whenever they are conditioned to follow a certain timetable whereby a bell is rung when offered something to eat. In real life, the idea of classical c
Introduction With the capitalism that prevails in the United States, for-profit organizations have to implement efficient strategies for their survival. Furthermore, with the rising competition between the public and private companies, most managers focus on improving the companies’ image in a bid to attract as many investors as possible. In most cases, attracting investment requires the protection of the already existing investors. The protection of investors requires effective enforcement of the law coupled with maintaining a company’s positive image. However, investments in for-profit public companies have been marred by deficiencies that prevail in such organizations in the contemporary times. For-profit public companies experience a variety of challenges due to the “recurrent scandals, political interferences, and the proliferation of new corporate structures such as the B-corps” (Sale, 2011, p. 139). Recurrent scandals One of the recurrent scandals in the for-profit companies is fraud. According to Pickering (2014), fraud entails deliberate misappropriation of an organization’s funds by the management through subordinate employees. In most cases, recurrent scandals are highly publicized, thus attracting the attention from members of the public. In the case of fraudulent transactions, scandals paint an organization as a victim of questionable accounting practices, thus exposing the management to criminal consequences (Sale, 2011). Financial scandals affect the company’s independence and accountability by attracting the attention of the authorities. In the United States, for-profit public companies are bound by the Sarbanes-Oxley rules in terms of the management of an organization’s finances. In the case of fraud, the act subjects the affected public corporations to scrutiny. Such a scrutiny forces the company to incur consultation fees that form part of the compliance costs that reduce the profit margins, hence the wellbeing of an organization (Pickering, 2014). Additionally, recurrent scandals degrade the investors’ confidence significantly. According to Honeyman (2014), investors are ready and willing to risk their money in investments that will guarantee a profitable return. With the recurrent scandals, stock prices of the affected companies drop in value, thus generating a loss to the current investors. Furthermore, recurrent scandals are a sign of inadequate and insufficient internal controls and disclosures within the affected public company. The prevalence of insufficient controls will scare potential investors from investing in a given company, whereas some of the current investors will begin withdrawing their investments. Such a move by the investors makes it difficult for a company to outperform its competitors both in the local and international markets (Honeyman, 2014). Recurrent scandals not only affect the investors’ confidence, but also the affected company’s image. According to the available literature, most profit-driven public companies seek short-term profits in a bid to satisfy the involved stockholders (Pickering, 2014). In the majority of such circumstances, the management disregards long-term risks for the sake o
The issue of cyberattacks becomes more and more critical with time because of technological development. The attention paid to it constantly increases, as cybercrimes have entered the top of law enforcement activities. Among the major recent attacks on US businesses was the one targeted at JPMorgan Chase. This organization is among the leading banking institutions in the country that deal with financial services within more than 100 locations. Its history can be tracked for more than two centuries so that it is not surprising that it has millions of clients who are represented not only by individuals but also by businesses, institutional and governmental bodies (JPMorgan Chase & Co., 2017). In July-August 2014, this company experienced a range of cyberattacks. As a result, a lot of data was stolen, including checking and savings account information. More than 80 million households and small businesses suffered from this incident. Their account information was compromised, which attracted attention to the security problems within JPMorgan Chase. Fortunately, no evidence of fraud or misuse of these data was identified. Access was mainly obtained to email and home addresses as well as to phone numbers, which is not extremely critical as such information is often available even to the representatives of the general public (Granville, 2015). The attack began in spring two years ago. Professionals claim that, first of all, the hackers stole the login information for one of the employees who worked in the bank. As a result, they received an opportunity to enter the network and get customers’ contact information. However, the bank got to know about it only in August, as its sponsors were also attacked. All in all, this group of criminals hacked more than 90 servers that belong to JPMorgan Chase. Still, they were finally caught before accessing private customer financial information (Leyden, 2014). It was difficult for the company to ensure its network security because it integrates with the customers’ networks. However, professionals believe that the attack could have been prevented at the initial stage if the system was better protected. One of its network serves was neglected and had unguarded holes. The bank did not update its software, which made it vulnerable. An improved authentication mechanism could have solved this problem. It is not yet known where this cyberattack originated, but Goldstein, Perlroth, and Corkery (2014) reported that Russia and Brazil were under suspicion. The reasons for treating Brazil as the origin of this crime were not revealed and lacked evidence. Still, Russia was likely to be an adversary due to the economic sanctions and interference of the USA in the issues between Russia and Ukraine. However, the FBI eventually claimed that it was not a culprit. I believe that this theory was true to life but was frayed because it lacked suf
NBA (National Basketball Association) strengths NBA headquarters are located in the USA, where the largest fan base and players reside. The number of fans attracts viewership. National Basketball Association is ranked as the leading association worldwide. The legacy formed by the association puts it in the limelight compared to other associations. NBA is ranked among the richest sports across the world, while its players also have the best salaries globally in the sports world. In the USA, the association has a huge fan base. Spectacular merchandising and broadcasting give it a hand ahead of other leagues. Finally, NBA has high TV ratings. NBA (National Basketball Association) weaknesses Despite having a good global fan base, the association needs to attract more fans from the Asian market and Europe. Again, ticket prices are higher curtailing fans from booking for regular games. Lastly, competition from other league sports poses a great risk, leading to a reduction in viewership of NBA matches. NBA (National Basketball Association) Opportunities Despite many strengths accrued with NBA, some opportunities ought to grab to ensure prosperity in the association. The association is restricted mostly in the USA; if they bring in more players from Africa, Asia, and Europe, it shall attract more spectators. Another way to tap the fan base is through proper marketing, especially exhibitions. Other marketing activities that NBA should focus on include sponsorships and academies. NBA (National Basketball Association) Threats As external factors, the NBA faces threats that slow the association’s operations. Other sports leagues like MLS, NFL, and NHL promote baseball, football, and other sports. There are other threats like currency value fluctuation, economic crisis, and pandemics that disrupt the operations in NBA. Players have been involved in gambling practices and drug use which demoralizes the fans and leads to bans. Reference Jordan Meleski. (2020). Swot Analysis of the NBA . Web.
Tourists and tourism activities play a great role in building the identity of individuals, communities, and societies. Among the global and local consequences of tourism, the construction of identity specifically to the host society is evident. Touristic culture, therefore, forms the center stage through which identity is negotiated and constructed. Tourists in the process of mingling with the locals directly or indirectly influence their, ethnic, elite, and national character. This paper aims to explore the linkage between tourism and various forms of identity construction in society, and the correlation between the identities. The discussion will mainly feature the influence of tourism, and the role it plays in the construction of people’s character across a nation, ethnic group, race, and gender. The linkage between tourism and national, ethnic, gender, and race identity construction. Tourism, specifically in the domestic context plays a significant role in the formation and development of national identity in a specific society. Gender, race, and ethnic identities are usually involved in shaping the national identity in a specific society. Heritage sites such as museums and parks act as tourists attraction centers for both domestic and international tourists. These sites are highly involved in influencing the construction of national identity while displaying the local’s cultural ethnic practices. Nationalism “imagined community,” is a feature of national identity which is developed among diverse ethnic populations through significant heritage sites, which are core elements of tourism. Promotion of the sense of common identity and creation of “imagined community” are national goals, whereby tourism plays a great role. (Pretes, 2003). Tourism to some extend bridges the gap between different cultures and ethnic groups in the creation and development of national identity. The link between national, race, and gender identity formation and tourism in the United States will be explored in various tourists attraction heritage sites in the South Dakota state, particularly the Rushmore National Memorial in the black hills. The monumental sculpture of the four greatest American presidents, associated with national values such as freedom and equality. The monument, which also serves as a national historical shrine is so dominating, that it accounts for most of the tourism activities in the state. Pretes (2003) noted that the Rushmore monument (shrine of democracy) specifically makes domestic tourists have a sense of pride and happiness towards America while giving the viewers a nationalist understanding of an “American.” The monument brings out a common American culture, which gives both domestic and international tourists a hegemonic discourse of nationalism. The Rushmore monument contributes to the building of gender identity among Americans. The sculptures exp
The Layout, Advantages and Disadvantages of the Transit Level The Layout of the Transit Level The major aim of the transit level of the airport is to comfort passengers waiting for their next fly. Therefore, this level contains everything passengers may need while waiting. In the first place, they check in. This procedure is essential as it enables passengers to obtain the necessary status. Their luggage will also be transported. Notably, passengers of domestic flights and passengers of international flights have different gates. This simplifies the check in procedure. The transit level has several zones: passengers can have some sleep, they can also eat. There is also a conference room for passengers who can have meetings while waiting for the next flight. More so, there is a special gate which leads to the airport hotel. Admittedly, sometimes passengers have to wait for many hours or even days (especially when flights are delayed). Advantages of the Transit Level The transit level contains all facilities which can comfort passengers. There is comfortable area for rest. Passengers also have opportunity to eat. There is even an opportunity to arrange a meeting or a conference. Finally, airport hotel is one of the most helpful facilities as passengers often have to spend long hours (even days) waiting for their flight. Apart from comfort, passengers can benefit from a very easy layout of the level as there are two gates: one for domestic passengers and one for international passengers. Disadvantages of the Transit Level Nonetheless, there is one disadvantage. Lounge area is quite small. This can cause some inconveniences for passengers. This can be especially tangible when many flights are delayed or cancelled. The Layout, Advantages and Disadvantages of the Departure Level The Layout of the Departure Level The departure level does not have so many facilities aimed at comforting passengers in that way. This level is aimed at directing passengers. Therefore, there are several encounters for international and domestic passengers. Check in procedures for international passengers are a bit more complicated as they comprise passport control. Thus, there are more counters for international passengers. The departure level will also have a comfortable lounge zone. Finally, there will also be a large commercial area. Admittedly, passengers may need to have some rest, eat or buy some souvenirs or gifts. Food courts, shops and duty free will address these needs. Advantages of the Departure Level One of the advantages of the departure level is clearness of the layout. Domestic passengers go to their encounters while international passengers have several encounters as well. This will help to sort passengers according to their flights. Moreover, the level has several zones which address p
Providing the delivery and logistic services in the modern world is rather profitable affair, as the development of the economical and business relations all over the world support the international business contract, where the cargo delivery is important and essential part of business run. Integrated express cargo airline services and all-cargo airport services are two types of cargo delivery, which differ in some extend, and have their own advantages, which may provide the effective competition in the next five years. Integrated express cargo airline services are provided due to their ability to integrate air and ground services and to create the fast express delivery of the necessary items. The integrated express cargo airlines “provide faster service than traditional general operators through door-to-door delivery systems, comprehensive hub systems, and computerized tracking systems” (Schwieterman, 2000, p.17). Their services are “just-in-time delivery, guaranteed availability, and expedited customs clearance” (Schwieterman, 2000, p.17) that is directed on the customers. The main advantage of the integrated express cargo airline service is that it provides its customers with quick services and is able to compete on the modern airline market with the services it provides. Moreover, the economical situation on the airline delivery services is that the delivery services are in great demand and the integrated express cargo airline helps to meet customers’ requirements and to satisfy them (Dullaert, Jourquin & Polak, 2003, p.271). Delivering
Culture, in most societies, consists of characteristics such as liberalism, conservatives, free expression, risk-taking, political structures, competitiveness, and materialism. There are also certain ideologies that form the basis of culture. These include; democracy, egalitarianism, and individualism. The variety witnessed in culture is also a result of demographic diversity. Gay marriages have been portrayed differently in the photos and text collected from websites. The media portrayal ranges from negative to positive, majorly because a member of the community has long been in battles with the society trying to challenge the negative stereotypes against them. However, it was only until recently that the society began embracing homosexuals within the community resulting in a shift in media coverage of gays and lesbians (Kirste, 2007). Due to the general freedom existing in societies such as America, the media is used to air the voices and rights of gay people. The idea of gay and same-sex relationships is not condemned in America. In fact, same-sex marriages have been legalized in numerous states. The laws provide a mechanism to protect people from the personal relationship decisions that they make. For instance, it is hard to find the gay and lesbian community being discriminated against in public or under any circumstances simply because of the cover they receive from the law. However, there are certain societies where gays and lesbians are openly discriminated against. In such societies, the media is used to condemn such people and to make them feel rejected in society (Kirste, 2007). In some of the photos, gays and lesbians do not want to reveal their identity for fear of their lives. The general view about marriage, therefore, is based on personal choice, not a societal necessity (Kirste, 2007). This means that people will not be forced to marry or coerced to make any such decision from social pressure; however, it is a personal choice. The only thing that is not encouraged when it comes to a personal relationship is early marriages. Children, before they reach the age of eighteen, cannot make any decision on their own. They stay under the direct care of their parents. They cannot be left to make a personal marriage decision (Filetti, 2001). In American culture, high value is placed on individual self-reliance. People are encouraged to depend on themselves without having to be influenced by external forces. Therefore every decision that people make is highly influenced by their internal needs and dreams (Filetti, 2001). Everyone is encouraged to follow whatever they have passion for. It is the only way in which people can feel inspired to make positive contributions to society and feel happy about whatever they do. This is unlike collectivists cultures, where personal choices and passions are disregarded in society. In such societies, the aim is on group initiatives. People do things together, cooperate, and can make a decision on behalf of indi