ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
American culture has been closely tied to religion. Christianity, in its multitude of forms, has shaped the values and moral behavior of Americans and had a major influence on cultural and social developments. Roman Catholicism, alongside Protestantism, has played a crucial part in this process. Being initially introduced as a minor factor, it subsequently grew in both magnitude and significance, ending up among the most influential forces behind the shaping of American society, benefiting its social infrastructure, education, medicine, and democratic values. Roman Catholicism was present in America since the sixteenth century but started emerging as a formidable phenomenon only from the middle 1820s (Butler, Balmer, & Wacker, 2011) when first waves of Irish immigrants began arriving at the New World. By the end of the 1840s as much as two million Irish Catholics, driven from their homeland by both the changes in the agricultural sector and the Irish potato famine, has found their home in the USA. They were soon followed by German immigrants in forties and fifties and Italians in the seventies. By the beginning of the twentieth century, the flow has reached such a massive scale that it has triggered the introduction of strict laws controlling immigration in the 1920s. Nevertheless, by that time, the percentage of Roman Catholics in the US is estimated at 17% of the population in 1906, compared to 10% in 1861 and only about 2% in 1790, before the immigration wave of the 19th century. This has had an inevitable impact on the society of the time. Firstly, the Catholics were very different ethnically both among themselves and from the contemporary American population. The twenty-eight languages spoken among Catholics by 1916 illustrates the situation perfectly. (Butler & Stout, 1998). This has led to tensions or even open antagonism. For example,
Introduction In today’s business world it is more than important to have partners worldwide. In the era of globalisation, businesses should realise and assess the act of partnering with other corporations. Finding a merger partner is another option that is worth noting in the context of collaboration and teamwork. This memo chooses Tesla Motors corporation as the merger partner for Volvo cars. It dwells on the history of the success of the company, explains the challenges that Tesla faces both internally and externally, and describes the role of organisational culture and leadership in its success. This memo also explains why Tesla Motors is defined as the perfect candidate for merging and projects future benefits of the partnership. It also proposes several effective ways to preserve the firm’s organisational and cultural structure. Tesla Motors Tesla Motors came into the limelight in 2013. Since then, the company is on the constant rise and frequently shows up on the news and social media (Culotta & Cutler 2016). Tesla took over the market and successfully won the niche of electric vehicles that had not been thoroughly explored before by any other company worldwide. Numerous reasons may be considered to be in charge of Tesla Motors’ success. First of all, it is the technology that Tesla uses. Model S is a technological phenomenon. Furthermore, Elon Musk, Tesla Motors CEO, promised to continue to collaborate closely with technological giants. Another important reason is timing. Tesla Motors proved to be righteous regarding their ability to appear in the right place at the right time. This asset helped the corporation allocate its funds lucratively and win big. One more reason for Tesla’s success is monopolisation. The company took over the market of electric vehicles and showed the world the advantages of the cars that do not run on gas (Greenblatt 2016). One of the most important aspects of the company’s success is the team that is working together to bring outstanding quality to its customers. Elon Musk is never happy with average results but empowers and encourages his employees at the same time. This leadership style, demanding but passionate, made Tesla what it is today. It is safe to say that Tesla Motors’ upsides allowed the corporation to conquer both home and world markets. Despite its popularity and the public and critical acclaim, Tesla cars are facing several challenges that hold back the progress of the brand (Labayrade, Perrollaz & Aubert 2010). First, its production centre is located in the United States. Its so-called “galleries” are mostly located in large metropolitan areas. Therefore, the corporation will have to expand its production overseas. Second, Tesla Motors needs skilled workers to build luxury vehicles with the most advanced technol
Current Legal Status Nowadays, personal debates governmental discussions about physician-assisted suicide are complex and continuous (Kopelman and De Ville 1). People cannot come to the same conclusion and decide if it is ethically correct to provide physicians with the right to end someone’s life. Therefore, the current legal state of affairs is not definite: only 3 states (Oregon, Vermont, and Washington) legalized the idea via legislation, and one state, Montana, legalized it via court ruling (“State-by-State Guide” par. 1). The situation in the other 46 states differs as well because only 39 states introduced the laws that prohibited this kind of suicide legally and defined this decision as such types of crime like different degrees of manslaughter, felony, or the crime that required financial punishment. 4 states (Nevada, North Carolina, Utah, and Wyoming) do not have any specific statutes and laws that can directly prohibit or support the idea of physician-assisted suicide, and 3 states use common law as the means to prohibit physician-assisted suicide. For example, Oregon is the first state that has legalized physician-assisted suicide, signing the Death with Dignity Act (“Physician-Assisted Suicide Fast Facts” par. 8). The case of Gonzales vs. the State of Oregon was the beginning during which it was proved that licensed doctors had the right to prescribe drugs for use in physician-assisted suicide to the patients that had a terminal sickness and less than six months to live (“State-by-State Guide” par. 6). Another example is taken from Massachusetts, where physician-assisted suicide is defined as the first/second-degree murder. However, the citizens promoted the “Death with Dignity” initiative to allow this kind of suicide for a number of definite conditions since 2012. Different Perspectives on the Ethical Issue Different people may have different attitudes to the same problem. The question of how to end someone’s life is not easy, and many researchers from different parts of the world have been trying to give their well-grounded answers. For example, the Swiss investigator Nicola Biller-Adorno with her college Pfister underlines that the role of any physician is not only to preserve human life but also to decrease the level of suffering and promote the required comfort to the patients, who are dying. There may be situations when patients ask or even beg their physicians to relieve them by means of physician-assisted suicide. Physicians face a significant dilemma in their professional life. However, they have to weigh all the pros and cons, use their knowledge, and consider their licenses to be sure that their agreement to physician-assisted suicide has a number of grounds. Biller-Adorno supports physician-assisted suicide and uses research of the Swiss Academy of Medical Sciences as proof that people are ready to accept this possibility on a legal basis (Pfister and Biller-Adorno 284). The opposite point of view is offered by Donald Boudreau, who poses one simple, still rather
Introduction In research and science, a theory is a suggestion of how independent variables will affect dependent variables. For instance, in school settings, there is a theory that free provision of condoms and anonymous female doctor clinics will reduce the cases of sexually transmitted diseases and underage pregnancies. When medical research is conducted, the aim of the researchers is to obtain results that show whether or not the theory is valid. For instance, the researchers could do a longitudinal study recording STD and underage pregnancy statistics before and after safe sex practices are promoted in the region, and then compare the results to test if the theory proved to be working. The same terms apply to any medical research, which is why the theory is crucial to Health Promotion Programs. By conducting research and testing different theories, scientists can determine the most efficient options for disease prevention and health maintenance in a variety of communities and settings, as well as define the preferred implementation and evaluation schemes. Behavior and environment Behavior and environment are both important factors that can facilitate or impair the health of a single person or the community as a whole. In a report by Woolf and Aron (2013), authors state that behaviors such as tobacco use, poor food choices, physical inactivity, drug use, and unsafe sex affect the health of the American population in an adverse way. For instance, tobacco use is linked to cancer, whereas poor food choices can lead to malnutrition or obesity. Environmental factors that affect health can be either physical or social (Woolf & Aron, 2013). For example, poor air quality is a physical environmental factor that can facilitate the spreading of infectious diseases. Low access to healthcare, on the other hand, is a social environmental factor that can also affect the health of the population. There are two main ways that health promotion programs take these factors into account. First, these programs can be aimed at decreasing these factors, for instance, by offering nutrition advice to overweight people, or by increasing the price of tobacco to make it less acceptable. However, some programs can be aimed at other factors affecting health, such as hereditary; in these cases, behavioral and environmental factors need to be taken into account to decrease their effect on the population, for example, by increasing access to care for people with certain hereditary conditions. Theories in health promotion There are three main theories used in Health Promotion Practices (Raingruber, 2014). The Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA) suggests that consider the consequences of their actions before engaging in them (Raingruber, 2014). For instance, in the case of smoking, a person will consider its effects on his or her health before he or she buys a pack of cigarettes. Social Cognitive Theory (SCT) claims that behaviors, including health-related behaviors, are lea
Introduction Even though people believe that human personal traits are often inherent owing to the natural development and evolution of humans, child nurturing is a crucial developmental aspect that determines the traits of children (Schwartz & Finley, 2009). The outcome of the growth and development of a child has often been associated with the family background of the individuals. Child rearing is the responsibility of the parents or caregivers in a family, and their nurturing techniques impose a direct impact on the development of the children and their behaviors (Slatcher & Trentacosta 2012). Maternal and paternal involvement in upbringing has an equivalent contribution to the growth and well-being of the children. The past decades have witnessed a low paternal contribution to the development of children. Nonetheless, modern research concerning child psychology has revealed that paternal contribution is noteworthy in the parenting of the children. Therefore, this comprehensive literature review examines the manner in which the influence of the father’s involvement in parenting affects a child’s life. Influence of Paternal Parenting Paternal parenting influences the life of children behaviorally and socially. In most families, fathers are the sole providers and caregivers of the children and their mothers (Slatcher & Trentacosta, 2012). A growing amount of scientific evidence continues to implicate fathers with certain behavioral traits in the teenagers and youngsters. According to Reczek, Liu, and Umberson (2010), children tend to view their fathers as the role models in their lives and such notions make them emulate most of the behaviors that their fathers exhibit. Behaviorally, some deviant and decent behaviors in teenagers are the products of imitated traits from their parents. Slatcher and Trentacosta (2012) examined the impact of parental nurturing on the emotional and behavioral problems of the teenagers. They used 35 families in complete marriages to validate their arguments. Using 21 girls and 14 boys, with mothers and fathers of diverse ethnicities and ages ranging from 22 to 53, they noted that the negative emotionality of the father highly affects the child’s behaviors. Whereas there are several life aspects that influence the behaviors of the growing children, the economic lifestyle and childhood family stresses influence the growth and future of the children. Schwartz and Finley (2009) investigated the relationship between mothering, fathering, divorce, and the lifestyle and behavior of the children. Using 1,376 young adults who were university students, with 76% of them being female, Schwartz and Finley (2009) revealed that the involvement of fathers in parenting comes with stress and financial concerns. The students were from different immigrant communities who dwell in America a
Introduction The relations between the human beings in the modern society are regulated by the variety of laws and rules. With the development of the social structure and the legal sphere of human activity, such phenomena as intellectual rights have acquired greater importance. At the same time, the fast development of technology and the Internet have made it vital for all spheres of human activity to be integrated into and updated about the latest technological advances. Thus, the topics of both intellectual property and modern technology become intertwined in the modern society. In this respect, the concept of the digital rights management (DRM) should be considered with special attention as the phenomenon to which publishers, libraries, and right owners attribute greater importance with the course of time. This paper critically analyzes three scholarly articles dealing with the topic of DRM and its importance for libraries in the modern society. Background So, DRM is a complicated phenomenon referring mainly to the protection of rights of the author and publishers in the process of the digital reproducing of scholarly articles and other publications. Bailey (2006) defines DRM as “a collective name for technologies that prevent you from using a copyrighted digital work beyond the degree to which the copyright owner (or a publisher who may not actually hold a copyright) wishes to allow you to use it” (p. 120). The DRM resorts to two basic methods of rights protection including digital marking and digital encryption, with the former requiring the personally identifiable information like fingerprint to gain access to a digital publication, and the latter asking for a digital key to be able to read an electronic or digital work. According to Bailey (2006), modern publishers and right owners of publications make their DRM measure stricter which adds to the difficulty of the licensed accessing the digital publications on the Internet (p. 116). Moreover, technological protection measures (TPM) are also important in the context of DRM (Eschenfelder, 2008, p. 205). Thus, libraries as intermediaries serving the purpose of transition of the digital works from author and publishers to readers are greatly concerned with the potential influence of DRM use for the libraries’ work (Bohner, 2008, pp. 598 – 599). The three further analyzed articles deal with the above stipulated aspects of DRM and consider them in detail. Articles Critique Arguments Compared First, the articles under analysis include Strong Copyright + DRM + Weak Net Neutrality = Digital Dystopia? By Bailey (2006), Digital rights description as part of digital rights management: a challenge for libraries by Bohner (2008), and Every Library’s Nightmare? Digital Rights Management, Use Restrictions, and Licensed Scholarly Digital Resources by Eschenfelder (2008). All the three articles deal with the topic of DRM but consider it in various contexts and pr
Most important force in Tesla’s current marketing macro environment and explain why you think is the most important The Macro environment of marketing plays a vital role in shaping potential advantages of Tesla in manufacturing and adopting of new technology. Various marketing factors that are affected are the balance in trade, employment, government policies and health hazards. “The new technologies create new products and new processes; Technology can reduce costs, improve quality and lead to innovation. These developments can benefit consumers as well as the organizations providing the products” (PESTEL Analysis of the Macro-Environment, 2007). These factors are found very important due to the impact they create among the marketing environment and within the minds of people. As the macro factors of the Tesla Company are considered, the technological factor plays an important role in making the company much reputed and profitable. As the technological factors are concerned, the hiring of technology is found much appreciable, and Tesla’s is the prime user of lithium-ion battery the Electronic vehicle manufacturing, which claims to be more than 250 kilo meters per charge. It offers a right hand drive. The model accelerate 0 to 58 mph (97 km/h) in 4 seconds, The engine manufacture is in such a way that It contributes much to the fuel efficiency of the company and claims twice the efficiency than the Toyota Pirus.The company also provide 3 battery pack option, for almost 450 kilometers. As part of latest technology, the vehicle depend on the least emission of the waste products and “As electric vehicles grow to be a larger proportion of the U.S. light-vehicle fleet, the airborne pollution stemming from motor vehicle operation declines significantly” (Becker & Sidhu, 2009, p. 23). Most important forces in Tesla’s current marketing micro environment. Also, explain why you think is the most important The micro environment in the marketing company is very important in the development of the company. “Micro-marketing refers to the activities performed by the individual providers of goods and services within a macro-marketing system. Where they use various marketing techniques to accomplish objectives related to profits, market share, and cash flow” (Marketing, 2012, par. 6). If acts as the backbone of the company in contributing to its success in the market. “The first is the organization’s internal environment its several departments and management levels, the second component includes the marketing channel firms and the third component consists of the five types of markets in which the organization can sell.” (Principles of Marketing: Marketing Micro Environment, 2008). The important microenvironment factors are the manufacturers itself; the company has taken much effort for bringing the company in the public. The 2003 merger gives a good example for the keen efforts for the merger. The company aims to sell the EV’s to the customers at the reasonable prices. The company considered them as pioneers in the manufacturing of the electronic vehicle and they claim to be the leading supplier
Executive Summary The objective of this report is to review different aspects of project management in order to grasp knowledge on the methodology and scope of the entire project, which is high-quality villas being constructed in the UAE. The project manager for the villa has made it his responsibility to track all the tasks to provide high-end finishing. The materials and labor source that is used in the project conforms to the Abu Dhabi construction requirements called the common building code of the UAE. The project is running in three phases and has recorded success at this point. The project is considered successful because the time and cost constraints are well balanced. Despite the existence of five risks, their impact is low, and mitigation strategies easy to impalements. The project has highly skilled personnel and is running for eighty-four days for each villa. However, there is a need to improve on the progress reporting strategy to ensure that all the stakeholders are satisfied. Project Overview The Light Steel Frame Villa project is yet to be completed and is based in the city of Abu Dhabi, in the UAE. The villas come in three and four bedrooms standalone houses that target middle-class families. The villa’s capacity includes a single sitting room, one kitchen, two floors, and a bathroom for each bedroom. The floor space for each villa is 400 square meters. The spacing was done to guarantee satisfaction on the side of families that are to occupy the villas. The villa project houses ar
Introduction Personal values are qualities that one considers to be worthwhile and, as such, act as the driving force in their life. They take precedence over other qualities and therefore dictate the manner in which an individual may behave in particular instances. When it comes to my values in life, I have a few that I hold dear. These values are a result of my upbringing, development, my principles, as well as my socialization and the culture around me. In this “my values in life” essay, I shall identify the core beliefs that I hold and how they influence my everyday choices, actions and plans that I make. My Values in Life One of the educational values that are fundamental to me is achievement. This is as a result of my belief that what defines me most as a person is my determination to succeed and my desire to make a positive contribution to society through my career. Achievement is therefore one of the values that is most important to me since in today’s world, achievement and success are mostly tied together with educational success. As a result of this, I hold my educational exploits in high esteem since education is one of the avenues where one’s determination leads to quantifiable success. I greatly value close relationships with my friends and constantly seek to cement the same. This is because good friends can assist one achieve his/her goals in life and can sometimes even be closer than family. For this reason, I invest a lot of time and effort in my close friends. I make it a priority to be a part of the significant moments in my friends’ lives such as their birthdays, wedding days and even baby christening ceremonies. In addition to this, I always ensure that I inquire as to their well beings periodically. Growth and personal development for me is a very fundamental value and its importance in my life cannot be understated. It is my believe that my life is not worth much if I do not strive to constantly improve on my achievements as well as in becoming a better person. This value of personal grown and development greatly impacts on my day to day living especially when it comes to establishing new relations. It is generally my rule that if a new relation will not add any value to my life, then I should not waste my time exploring it. One of the constant realities in human life is that we will always be surrounded by needy people. As such, on a social level, I always strive to give my services to the