ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Statement of the problem At present, medicine suffers from out-of-date information and technologies. Physicians often treat the patients incorrectly because “extensive and fast advancements in biomedical sciences created a significant delay in receiving relevant and update information in medical practice” (Masic, Ciric, & Pulia, 2009, p. 898). Medical education requires thorough quality assessment and studies improvement since it is critical for medical educators to meet the needs of their learners; another reason is that medical educators are “held accountable for the outcomes of their interventions” (Kern, 1998, p. 4). This being the reason, medical educators should focus on helping the students to learn; to do this, they should incorporate the use of technology in the learning process, pay due attention to clinical and practical teaching, and concentrate on educational measurement and students’ assessment (Newble and Cannon, 2001). Thus, quality assessment of medical education should begin with the assessment of the medical students’ academic achievements. Quality assessment in medical education Practical physicians are often involved in the assessment of trainees and other health professionals with the help of educational assessment tools and focused diagnostic tests (Epstein, 2007, p. 387). Epstein (2007) keeps to an idea that there are no flawless methods of assessment. However, “the use of multiple observations and several different assessment methods over time can practically compensate for flaws in any one method” (Epstein, 2007, p. 388). Portfolios, though they are often underestimated, are regarded as one of the based ways to ensure professional development because “they have much to offer both learners and teachers” (Challis, 1999, p. 370). The effect of portfolios on the student learning is immense, which is why they can contribute greatly into the improvement of medical education. As far as improvement studies in medical education are concerned, faculty members often have to participate in the instructional improvement programs that help them to identify “areas of personal strength and weakness in their teaching and, where needed, to develop strategies for change” (Vanek & Kenndey, 2008, p. 2). Conclusion Therefore, special attention has to be paid to the quality assessment of the medical education, as well as to the improvement studies that increase the competency of the healthcare professionals and, correspondingly, contribute into raising the level of the healthcare delivered to the patients who count on the physician’s help. Reference List
Introduction A number of well-built companies around the world tend to appreciate the fact that people have different needs for the products and services. For instance, such companies as Gillette, Coca-Cola, and Cadbury Schweppes have standard brands with authorization from the certified bodies around the world. Such companies should not only apply the concept of a consistent marketing mix as they sell their products to the target consumers, but they should also ensure that they understand the regional interest of every consumer (Junior, Griffith & White 2003.). For that reason, they should understand the differences in values, customs, languages, and currencies because certain products may only suit certain regions. In some instances, it is extremely hard for the organization to discover appropriate ways for marketing their products due to these differences in various regions. In order to get out of this situation, they should check on the possible solutions by scrutinizing certain issues such as the cost-effectiveness of the input (Ajami 2006). The organization then has to employ the approaches of standardization and adaptation to help improve their marketing strategy with the aim of maximizing the profit. Even though the fundamental interest of most of these multinational companies is to maximize profit, they may face certain predicament concerning the decision they need to make about the most appropriate approach to settle for between standardization and adaptation (Levitt 1983). Subsequently, a firm may occasionally decide to take the standardization approach where marketing practices are almost similar, hence ignoring the circumstances, in which there is customization of messages for different markets. Messages simply refer to the approach that the customers take on the company’s products. This approach may comprise of the purposes the product
The main significance of this story is to demonstrate the importance of the role a custodian has in a medical center, a hospital. This importance is expressed beautifully from the special relationship a custodian forms with the patients and his relation with the role which is expected from him to play. In this respect, the setting in the narrative, also, plays an important role. The story is told in the first person because the narrator is also a fundamental character in the story. The author, Brian Hinshaw, has placed the setting of the story in a hospital center. This can be easily understood from the fact that the custodian indirectly describes a wardroom of a hospital and mentions the nurses working there. Everything in the description of the surrounding environment of the custodian does remind the reader of a hospital room. In the words of the author, the custodian expresses a sense of sadness about his job. Expressively, he says that “the job gets very boring if you don’t mix it up a little” (Hinshaw, 1). In our case, the custodian finds amusement and a time passing motivation from the singing of the lady he has in custody. In a certain sense, this shows the lady seems to be a sort of entertainment by her singing. But at the same time, he expresses his amazement at this basic fact. He says that the lady “couldn’t speak couldn’t eat a lick of solid food, but she could sing” (Hinshaw, 1). She is a very aged old lady who cannot speak because of her age. Probably she does not have any teeth at all and that is why she cannot speak. More probably she has been admitted to the hospital due to her age, and yet she sings like a mockingbird. Another interesting point is the fact she has not forgotten her sense of responsibility and goodness. This fact comes clear from the mouth of the custodian who tells the reader that the lady would never sing songs of cursing. The custodian has tried several times to make her sing the songs of the cursing but she would never go for those. This illustration reveals a lot of her personality. The reader can understand that in the past she has been a good person and not willing bad things to others. From the story also understand that this old lady who is almost good for nothing and cannot do anything due to her age however makes a big difference in the job of the custodian. This is done indirectly through this “entertainment” process. But there is also a “hidden meaning” in the story. This can be understood when the narrator mentions the symbol 14-A. this is not simply a patient room number for him. Towards the end of the story, the narrator mentions that “I and 14-A were part ways ” (Hinshaw, 2). Here, he expresses his internal connection and feeling with that patient. This is an expression of human emotionality. Towards the end of the story, he leaves us with an open thought of the reaction of the lady’s granddaughter or daughter. At a certain moment she says to the custodian: “My god
Introduction The dream of all health centers and hospitals is to attain and establish an efficient patient care, eliminate any sort of medical errors alongside improving patient safety. In order to achieve these targets, there should be laid strategies which should incorporate all members of the hospital. In the case of Lehigh valley hospital, Edwards Deming model was adopted in the endeavors of attaining improvements in the health care. This is one of the best models in realizing improvements in the health care along with bother institutions. In regard to this paper, a complex analysis of the incorporation of Deming’s “PDSA” cycle in the improvement procedure in the Lehigh Valley hospital will be addressed (Robinson, 87-94). Main body After keenly going through the current situation in Lehigh hospital; the conditions best suits the Deming model in the process of attaining excellence. A serious crisis was discovered in the outpatient surgical unit and surgical procedures. This calls for urgent measures in reducing the delays and establishing sufficient patient preparation. In relation to the Deming model, the improvement procedures are stipulated in a 4 stage process. For results to be realized in the quality improvement process, all the phases of the model should be keenly followed (Deming, 28-43). Firstly, the Deming cycle has four stages which include; plan, do, study, and act. The four phase model is a continuous improvement process which ensures that the health care sector realizes Excellency in their operation. In the case of Lehigh valley, the hospital employees and management should plan prior to change and be able to predict the outcomes. Based on the Lehigh Valley situation, the problem has already been realized which involves delay in the outpatient surgical procedures. With this information, planning should be done on the causes of the crisis, design on reliable measuring tools, execute the action plan and later evaluate the results. If this first phase is efficiently carried out, Lehigh valley will be in the correct course of realizing quality improvement in its operations (Robinson, 87-94). The second stage of this model is doing; whereby it involves execution of the stipulated plan. In this stage, the action involves disintegrating the whole process into small and manageable steps. This will ensure efficiency and effectiveness of the process. At this stage, the employees and management can be divided into subcommittees which are assigned particular tasks. In this perspective, accountability and efficiency of the members will be established alongside success of the whole process (Deming, 28-43). Thirdly, the management and staff of Lehigh Valley should study and examine the results of the quality improvement procedure. At this phase, the efficiency and viability of the action plan as well as the role s of each member will be considered. This will help in recognizing areas of weakness and thus give credible information which can help in making necessary improvements (Robinson, 87-94). The other step stipula
Introduction Discourse analysis is a study that aims at discussing the relations that exist between language and the context of use (McCarthy 1991). Discourse is defined as something that people talk about. Therefore, it has to be properly analysed and understood. In this paper, the article written by Eshita Awal and Homayra Binte Bahar for the Journal of Humanities and Social Science about the significance of linguistic and communicative competences and the worth of discourse analysis will be analysed. The critique of this article helps to develop an understanding of discourse analysis that can be used by linguistic teachers and also the ways of thinking different authors introduce in their writings. Evaluation of the Purpose, Research Questions, Rationale, and Significance of the Study The authors of the chosen article believe that discourse analysis is a significant tool that provides teachers and learners with an opportunity to develop adequate and practical knowledge and become linguistically efficient with time (Awal & Bahar 2013). The purpose of the article is to investigate learners’ levels of competence and clarify how useful discourse analysis can be for learners and teachers. To achieve the goal, the authors establish several crucial objectives like the identification of how the techniques of discourse analysis may be adopted, the clarification of what the functional usage of the target language is, and the discussion of the pedagogical approach in discourse analysis. The main research question is to check if the devices of discourse analysis can be properly used by learners and teachers to demonstrate their linguistic competence and prove their communicative competence. The rationale of the article is to favour teaching language as a linguistic phenomenon with the help of which communicative competence may be proved. The authors explain that language has to be interpreted as a psychological phenomenon and a social issue with the help of which the process of learning a language can be justified and improved from the structural and conceptual points of view. The significance of the study is the possibility to interpret communicative competence and combine its worth with linguistic competence and discourse analysis. People should realise that there are many rules and standards that have to be considered in a particular context. It is important to remember about cultural and social norms, values, and knowledge and use discourse analysis to understand contexts and use appropriate practices. The development of linguistic, socio-linguistic, discourses, and strategic skills is integral for learners and teachers. Taking into consideration the information obtained from the article, it is possible to say that the goals and rationale are properly introduced in the paper. Though the authors do not develop clear research questions, it is easy to find out the essence of the chosen article. Theoretical Framework and Literature Review Any discourse analysis is a successful employment of methods and theoretical principles. It is a strong combination of different activities in social life (Awal & Bahar 2013). In addition to the pedagogical approach
Abstract The human immunodeficiency virus, HIV, is a non-cellular form of organization, showing the properties of living systems when penetrating the body. The virus has a spherical structure: inside the shell, there are two strands of RNA and enzymes. By joining the CD4 receptors of T-lymphocytes, HIV injects its genome into the host’s DNA, which provokes the synthesis of new viral particles. The virus produces a progressive infection that actively suppresses immunity: if a patient does not take therapy, they will develop AIDS. Resume The approved article discusses the morphology, genomics, clinic, and pathophysiology of HIV. The information includes detailed information about the molecular structure of the virus, the form of the genome, and the mechanism of self-reproduction within a targeting cell (German Advisory Committee Blood, 2016). Moreover, the article discusses the clinical manifestations of infection and symptoms and offers several solutions to save a patient’s life. It also describes antiretroviral therapy and provides a list of medications. The authors of the article show the virus’s epidemiology, routes of transmission, and known cases of complete cure. Classification of Microorganism Taking into account the peculiarity of the pathogen, which was selected and approved for the task, this paragraph is not quite correct to name the classification of microorganisms because the Human Immunodeficiency Virus, HIV, is not an organism. Traditional biology systematically classifies viruses, including HIV, as transitional forms of life organization, since outside the host organism, the virus cannot grow and multiply independently, staying in anabiotic form. However, as soon as the virus gets into the cell, it triggers self-reproduction mechanisms and shows signs of living one. Among the large variety of subgroups of viruses, HIV belongs to the retrovirus type ( Retroviridae ), which has RNA as genetic material and affects mostly vertebrates. Furthermore, the unique ability to deliver large amounts of RNA to the target cell and the capacity to activate replication in envisioned cells determine whether HIV belongs to the lentivirus genus that has a long incubation period. Structural Characteristics The morphological structure of HIV resembles a sphere with an effective diameter of about 100-120 nanometers. This form of the virus is caused by a two-layer phospholipid shell with 72 glycoprotein (Env) complexes on its surface that actively bind to CD4-receptors of human cells T-lymphocytes. Inside the envelope, the virus has a protein capsid with a cylindrical or cone-like structure that contains central molecules. Thus, in the core of HIV, there are two single-stranded RNA fibers, internal proteins, the enzymes of reverse transcriptase and endonuclease, which allow for cutting the DNA of the host cell. It should be noted that the virus genome is represented by 9200-9600 nucleotides, with the ends of the genome represented by long repetitions controlling the synthesis of new viral particles. Susceptibility to Antiviral Although HIV shows resistance to antibiotics due to the viral origin of the parti
Introduction: On Liberty, Fraternity, and Equality Though in the modern world, all people are considered free and possessing equal rights, it has not always been this way. The road to the existing society where people enjoy equal rights and freedoms has been long and exhausting. Although there is a considerable gap between the Ancient Greece and the XIX-century world, the problem of liberty, not only physical, but also moral, intertwines these two epochs. That is why there is so much in common between Antigone, Sophocles’s drama, and Doll’s House, the creation of Henrik Ibsen. To some extent, it must be admitted, each of the books suggests the ideas of feminism – in their embryo, of course, yet there can be no doubt that Doll House is one of the books that were the first heralds of the feminist epoch coming on. However, it must be admitted that the feminist ideas are shifted into the background of watch story, whereas in the center the demand for recognizing human rights is placed. Indeed, it would be rather unreasonable to interpret the play only as an anthem for feminist movement. In comparison to this story, Antigone, the drama by Sophocles, offers another idea of liberty, yet it aims at the same effect – the recognition of people’s rights, namely, the right to be self-sufficient and do the things that one considers right. However, despite the common ideas, each author chooses his own symbols to convey these ideas to the public. Comparing the methods of the Ancient Greek philosopher and the XIX-century playwright, one can see the distinct difference between the methods that the two utilize, and at the same time trace the similarities between their approaches. Burying Secrets: Antigone. Behind the Shadow of Death The rich symbolism of the Greek tragedy offers a plethora of food for speculations. One of the most thought-provoking creations, the drama by Sophocles is saturated with metaphors, using the symbols that leave the most vivid and memorable impressions. Considering the drama, one can notice instantly that the key symbol of Antigone is the death itself. Interpreted in a number of ways, this name makes the essence of the afterlife, the mysterious Hereafter – the world of the dead. The world of the dead in Sophocles’s drama is considered as the place where one can be completely free – in constant to the life on earth, where each of the mere mortals is bound by the restrictions cats either by the gender issues, or by the political ideas, or any other ideas that prevent people to live their full life. Calling this place in a number of ways, Sophocles still leaves the basic idea of the mysterious afterlife interwoven into the drama. Travelling down the land of the dead, Antigone claims: “Who did the deed the underworld knows well: A friend in word is never friend of mine” (Sophocles 53) Thus, exposing the underworld as the place where people ob
The primary school program is free and compulsory throughout Libya. It lasts for nine years beginning at the age of 6 and ending up at the age of 15. Although country residents start attending secondary school much later than pupils from the rest of the world, the land-specific educational trends do not prevent students from receiving the required knowledge at every stage of learning. They only indicate that Libyan elementary education is more extensive compared to the USA, Australia, and China, which serves as an additional reason to implement occupational safety and health management in primary school (Abubakar 1353). The present research will focus on the facts proving that OSH management in elementary schools in Libya is an important step to take and will disclose factors influencing its implementation. The Importance of OSH Management in the Context of the ISO Specifications The importance of OSH management in Libyan primary schools is conditioned by the two major reasons. The first reason is that the country is referred to the category of developing states requiring a serious reconstruction of their political, economic, and educational systems. The second cause is that, according to the reports of government officials, one-third of 200 000 primary school teachers are inactive and do not fulfill their duties in a proper manner (Abuhadra and Ajaali 9). It often occurs that a motivated worker is the key constituent of a successful operation of the entire educational system. To stimulate a teacher or a student in Tripoli to perform his/her duties better, the government needs to guarantee a person both physical and financial safety, and take corresponding health protection measures. The latest ISO 45001 standards strictly define the requirements for OHS management not only within business organizations but educational establishments as well. In contrast to the earlier versions, these specifications focus more on the need to develop a unified management system instead of eliminating specific hazards. ISO 45001 enables a systematic process, which minimizes risks and specifies opportunities related to the performance of an organization or a school. Thus, when learning “in a location free from turmoil and conflict,” a child demonstrates a higher disposition to material absorbing and shows fewer signs of disinterest (Friend and Kohn 250). This, in turn, contributes to the process of primary school modernization, resulting in improved quality of education. Occupational Safety and Health Management Systems and Their Regulation Developing countries usually have their own systems of norms and statutes that regulate safety within public facilities and business organizations. In Libya, OSH management is performed through the intervention of international labour standards (ILO), national legislation, and that of responsible authorities, such as Ministry of Labour and Capacity Building (International Labour Organization). National regulatory framework analyzes the effectiveness of legislative bodies’ work and provides an extensive report of t
Introduction Recent technological progress and continuous biological and chemical discoveries turn out to be frequent topics in many peer-reviewed journal and magazine articles. In this paper, the article “Viruses Spread by Insects to Crops Sound Scary. The Military Calls It Food Security” written by Emily Baumgaertner for the New York Times will be analyzed. Its peculiar feature is the intention to touch upon scientific, military, biological, ethical, and policymaking issues through the discussion of a new food security project that is funded by the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, also known as Darpa (Baumgaertner, 2018). The Insect Allies is a futuristic project where insects carry viruses on crops, then promoting genetic modifications to survive floods, droughts, and other unfavorable natural conditions. Main body Despite the fact that people like the idea of innovation, not all of them are ready to accept each new project without critics. Many researchers underline that it is hard to imagine how to control insects with a virus as soon as they are released, provoking new