ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Decision-making is an important aspect in human life since it enables people to focus on the way forward. Social psychologists posit that through decision-making, we are able to study how people perceive the world around them, their feelings, emotions as well as behaviors and actions. Scholars of psychology reveal that human actions come at play due to mental states and the immediate social conditions. Whatever an individual expresses in form of a thought, consist of long-term experiences. Decisions are manifestations of culture, which vary from one society to another. Rarely does a person come up with a new idea without having learned or acquired it. It is not surprising to observe that various groups tend to behave differently because they hold diverse believes and share something in common which is usually historical. Decisions are made to solve certain problems. Furthermore, problems differ from places to places. Africans face problems that are different from those of other races. Equally, Europeans have different problems that call for specific decisions to solve them. Each decision maker has some considerations when coming up with solutions. The solutions made tend to tell the race or ethnic group of the maker. This paper analyzes how our decisions can reveal our ethnic or racial grouping. Intrapersonal phenomena Intrapersonal communication refers to the process by which an individual evaluates him/her self before coming up with an idea. It refers to thought process where a person engages his/her wits in decision-making. The process determines the kind of attitude possessed by an individual. An attitude is defined as a learned, worldwide assessment of an individual, object, place or issue that determines thought process or behavior. They are what an individual likes or dislikes. People from particular regions are known to be having certain attitudes, which are different from those of others. For instance, in an interview, Africans prefer not to have eye contacts with interviewers as it shows rudeness to the seniors. Americans on the other hand believe that avoidance of eye contact shows some aspects of criminality in an individual (Jarrett, Mbalia, and Lee 238). Attitudes have strong influence to the life of an individual since if not handled, can lead to bias. Individuals attempt to evaluate other people’s decisions using their culture as yardstick. Some attitudes are intrinsic meaning that they are inborn in an individual. People from a particular environment tend to portray same attitudes that affect their decision-making processes. Attitudes are acquired through the process of socialization. This implies that a child learns how to solve problems right away from childhood. For instance, Africans are usually taught how to deal with situations without consulting extensively. This explains why there are many despots and oligarchs in the African continent. It has to do with traditional African culture, which discourages consultation. Persuasion is another feature of intrapersonal trend that determines an individual’s decision-making process. It guides an individual towards acceptance of a particular attitude, th
Introduction The Pearl Harbor massacre is one of the many historical events that will forever remain in the annals of history for its significance as far as war betweens nations is concerned. This is because, the events of the war are not only important to the American history, but to the world history, for global nations have a lot to learn from its effects. In addition, the war between America and Japan has a lot of significance as concerns the world history primarily because, it gave World War II a great shift; a war that saw the destruction of many global communities. It is important to note here that, although previously before the Pearl Harbor attack there existed many wars between nations, the attack triggered U.S.’s anger, making it to engage itself fully in the war, a factor that contributed to the currently existing power equalities in the world (Rosenberg pp. 3-9). Many disagreements between leaders of these world “powerful” countries were major contributors to the onset of the war. The divisions were prevalent because of the discriminatory nature of opinions that different powerful countries shared. For example, in the struggle by these world powers to increases their wealth and areas of jurisdiction during the World War II, majority of them had to conquer areas they considered rich of resources they were missing in their countries. Such efforts to conquer specific regions demanded many power struggles whereby, the only way of winning was through joining pacts hence, the clear differentiations that existed between these word powers. Such differentiations led to the divided support that specific countries received where Japan was inclusive. For example, in its quest to fully rule China, Japan received a lot of opposition from America whereby, not only did America support China financially, but also it helped it improve its military prowess through provision of military aids. This in many ways triggered Japan and its affiliate counties’ anger leading to the planning of the attacks (National Park Service: U.S. Department of the Interior p.1). This paper will discuss concepts of the Pearl Harbor attack. In addition, it will discuss reasons behind the attacks and the attack’s aftermaths. Source: National Park Service: U.S. Department of the Interior p.1 Background Information The attack was on one of America’s biggest naval base in Hawaii, a factor that marked the turning point as far World War II was concerned. The invasion took place on 7 th December, 1941, an attack that Japan wanted to use as a mechanism of wrecking America’s military prowess. Although to some extent Japan achieved its goals, it never anticipated that such an attack could lead to its total destruction. This is because, although Japan su
Introduction The basic principle in contract law resonates around the notion that agreements must be legal. The primary idea gravitates around the conviction that the law does not sanction illegal actions. Precisely, contracts are based on aspects that are enforceable by courts. Additionally, if a provision in a contract goes against the laws of the land, then such a contract would be deemed void. Employers and Subcontractors play different roles in construction activities. The roles and the responsibilities of Employers and Subcontractors often vary depending on the statute/s that are used. The change in duties is more significant when the contract designation is altered from being executed by a domestic to a nominated contractor. As already indicated, the issue under review centers on how roles and responsibilities change between the Employer and subcontractor under the FIDIC rules in comparison with the UAE civil code and the English common law. FIDIC Red Book As a balanced contract, FIDIC 1999 present an avenue where justice is obtainable since it bars injustices from taking place. An Engineer or an Employer cannot impose a subcontractor on a contractor. Based on sub-clause 5.2, a Contractor is under no obligation to select a nominated sub-contractor. 1 However, the case only holds if the contractor raises reasonable objections against such a move. If a Contractor is dissatisfied, filing a notice at the soonest possible time detailing the reasons for the objection is necessary. An objection is seen as reasonable if it arises based on several issues. However, if the Employer guarantees to indemnify the Contractor, then the former is allowed to appoint a sub-contractor. The subcontractors are under an obligation to indemnify Contractors against all forms of negligence that may occur. 2 In addition, the subcontractor compensates for the misuse of resources by a nominated sub-contractor. Misuse as that attributable to the workers, agents, and any employees of the nominated subcontractor should also be met. Based on the issues reflected above, the subcontractor assumes the responsibility of meeting additional liabilities that emerge. In practice, a subcontract may not specify several aspects of construction. As an illustration, a nominated subcontractor would undertake the subcontracted work and execute it in a manner that allows the Contractor to carry on work without incurring additional liabilities. Put differently, the nominated subcontractor is expected to allow the Contractor to execute the contract without any glitches. Regarding indemnification, compensating the contractor extends to all obligations and liabilities that are described in the contract and any consequences that may follow. When a nominated subcontractor fails in certain aspects, the subcontractor incurs losses that are attributable to the mistakes. Put in more precise terms, when subcontract provisions never provide for indemnity to the Contractor against the subcontra
Model Specification and Analysis In this report the security architectural analysis will focus on the Linux operating system. The operating system can be traced to the efforts of Linus Benedict Torvalds in 1991 (Mookhey, Burghate & ISACA 2005, p. 3). At the time Mr. Torvalds, a second year university student was interested in learning to program for Intel’s x86 line of processors. The only available operating system at the time to the university was known as MINIX. The student wanted to make modifications to the system to allow it operate according to his specifications (Mookhey, Burghate & ISACA 2005, p. 3). From these humble roots the system today known as Linux began to grow. It is important to note that Linux refers essentially to the Linux kernel and a host of software applications. Much of the software developed a s part of the project GNU (Mookhey, Burghate & ISACA 2005, p. 4). The history of Linux is closely linked with the GNU project initiated by Richard Stallman. The project was developed to ensure that users can access software and the source code for the applications. In time the GNU project had developed several applications and all that was lacking was the kernel to run the applications which was readily supplied Linux (Mookhey, Burghate & ISACA 2005, p. 4). The kernel for Linux and most GNU applications are distributed and developed under the GNU general public license (Mookhey, Burghate & ISACA 2005, p. 4). The main purpose of establishing and operations under a common license is so as to allow the software users make modifications to applications where they find it suitable. This open source approach is especially beneficial as developers need not compete with modified versions of the software as all upgrades, modifications, bug fixes all fall under the original work. A common misconception associated with open source is that the software is cheap and free. The enterprise versions of these products are offered at some cost and the main advantage in open source is actually the joint effort in software development (Mookhey, Burghate & ISACA 2005, p. 5). When running the Linux operating system the kernel is responsible for the control of all internal and external aspects of the system (Ghori 2009, p. 324). This includes system hardware such as the memory, storage media, Input / Output (I/O) devices as well as process such as security and access controls, service daemons, etc. The kernel receives these instructions from the
Abstract The main objective of a tourism hotel’s internal marketing practices is to meet the desires and needs of the hotel guests. This research intends to find out some of the customer-specific internal marketing activities that hotels carry out to improve service provision to elderly tourists. The elderly tourist in this research is identified as a person who is at least 65 years old and travels for leisure. This research also seeks to find out the extent to which hotels hire staff, train, and motivate them towards adopting marketing practices that are most appealing to the elderly tourists when attending to their needs and interests. Introduction In hotels, internal marketing practices are seen as a prerequisite for success in external marketing activities. Some of the activities that are considered as internal marketing processes include: disseminating marketing information to employees; implementing a recognition and reward system and establishing a service culture among the employees. The main objective of internal marketing practices by hotels is to meet the desires and needs of the hotel guests. The hotel guests in this research are identified as elderly men and women who are above 65 years old and visit different tourism destinations for leisure. This research attempts to find out if hotels recognize the importance of hiring, training, and motivating employees who can meet the hospitality needs of the elderly tourist segment. Literature Review Internal Marketing The need to initiate organizational capacity growth in delivering satisfactory customer services in the tourism industry and particularly among the elderly population is increasingly raising concerns among the professionals in the sector. There are several cases where hotels have demonstrated stiff resistance against marketing strategies that would require major changes to be initiated within their organization. Internal marketing is a concept that has been raised to impart business effectiveness through improved relations within the tourism internal market. The concept entails the use of traditional marketing strategies as well as the related marketing mix where the workers are handled as clients (Cooper and Cronin, 2000). In the tourism sector, the emerging discipline of internal marketing helps in the aligning, motivating, and empowering of workers in all levels and functions to ensure that their service delivery is consistent and by the customer’s expectations. According to Cooper and Cronin (2000), internal marketing in the tourism industry should be based
Globalization is the notion which becomes more and more actual for the characterization of nowadays situation in the world financial system. The article Management in emerging economies: modern but not too modern which is posted in Critical Perspectives on International Business is one more source of a trustworthy information as for the modern financial processes in a modern world. This paper presents a critical review on the recent events that took place in the market management. The article considers a critical exploration of the books on outstanding and developing economics and country management. The content of the article is mainly connected with the peculiarities of social and economical situation in the developing countries like India, Russia, China and Brazil. The article provides a sociological approach to the compound part of the economy of developing countries by the authors who spent much time living in the countries described. For instance in the book by Abeywickrama, the author shares his experience about living in Sri Lanka and Delhi, where the author spent some years. The economical process is manifested as a collaboration of many communities and various financial companies in the context of globalization. The most vivid example of his experience is the description of the social cooperation in a case study “of the treatment of Dalit sanitary workers in New Delhi” (Abeywickrama, 2007). This case study is manifests the problem of continuing race and social discrimination provoked by global marketing and the rudiments of medieval caste hierarchies. Thus, in a highly developed and ultramodern Delhi it is still possible to cross upon the humiliating and violating of the human rights in the rudest possible way. But the author put to much personality in his work and did not provide an explanatory framework. In other words, the author just stressed out his points of view without presenting any vivid examples. One more author, who is Pelle, depicts the inequality of development of India in different periods making special attention on the differences of macro and micro index of economy. But the Indian scholarship and business institutions fail to understood this aspect of modernization. Thus, one more prominent author who is Virmani supports Pelle’s point of view in his The Challenges of The Indian Management . “The Indian government continues to manifest and actualize the importance and even the necessity of further financial development within the traditional Indian business schools, paying poor attention on the opportunities to cooperate with the modern global trends” (Virmani, 2007). Therefore, the globalization is favorable for the developing of the national elite of the country. The modernization is a double-edged sword. The process of the assimilation and integration of the globalizing economies of the developed countries is not always resignedly accepted by the emerging economies. Often, the developing countries strictly resist normative issues of integrating as it reinforces the monopoly of the leaders of world globalization. Thus, such normative issues should be redesigned and take into account
Introduction The film, The Men Who Built America, demonstrates the manner in which five excellent innovators engaged in the betterment of America with their inventiveness, in addition to business undertakings. The five characters that the film concentrates on for dissimilar industrial involvements encompass Henry Ford, John Rockefeller, Cornelius Vanderbilt, J.P. Morgan, and Andrew Carnegie (The men who built America). The character of Henry Ford in the film is evident after 1896; a time when Theodore Roosevelt disbands the extant monopolies in the era of William McKinley, the United States president who suffered assassination in 1901. Henry Ford, an engineer, devises an automobile prior to venturing in the automobile trade when the rest of the group had ventured in other sectors such as transport, petroleum, steel, and electric power. The film ends with a section where Henry is extending his automobile firm and setting a good example for other businesses. Character of Henry Ford The role of Henry Ford in the film is evident since from his early life, he was seen as a repairperson following the reassembly of a watch he broke apart. Such zeal in engineering is apparent all through the progression of the film. Henry, along with his colleague trailblazers, saved America from a deteriorating political situation subsequent to the civil warfare and led to its being a triumphant entrepreneurial country. The undertakings of Henry are dissimilar from that of the others since he gets into the trade at a time that monopoly was being faced out. Even though Henry encountered some difficulties while seeking the registration of the firm, he afterwards found a way of campaigning for a free market in the automobile industry (The men who built America). Henry had a vision for a secure and inexpensive mode of transport for the people of America. He could dedicate all his efforts in the experimentation and research of the most excellent resolution for the middle class individuals in America. Being an engineer, Henry had adequate time and skills to design and experiment his initial automobile, the Ford Quadricycle, in 1893 at Edison Illuminating Company. Attributable to the motivation from his employers and his determination to offer a cheap way of transport for the Americans, he designed another automobile in 1898. In 1899, Henry got the opportunity to join Detroit Automobile Company, but did
Since the business sphere is closely connected with human communications and relationships, the psychological aspects of people’s behavior play an important role in this field. Regarding customer relations, one of the most prominent business concepts in creating relationships with people is marketing and advertising. In turn, these aspects of operations are involved in developing important details of any company’s business, such as brand strategy and impact on consumption levels. Various companies, including established and new ones, explore ways of implementing the concept of stimulus generalization in brand strategy elaboration. To explain the aspects of brand strategy, it is essential first to discuss the theory of information processing and identify its relation to mental responses. The theory of information processing, which is a cognitive approach to explaining how the human mind changes sensory data, is strongly related to brand strategy creation since individuals encounter visual information constantly. This paradigm proposes that information obtained from the environment is subjected to mental processes other than basic stimulus-response sequences. In terms of business activities, this theoretical aspect can be devoted to marketing, advertising, and public relations activities since these sectors are mostly concentrated on communicating with people, including potential customers. A brand strategy is considered to be a planned statement that outlines a set of long-term objectives that eventually lead to people recognizing and preferring a brand. The brand’s mission, its obligations to customers, and how these aspects are presented are part of an effective branding strategy. A branding strategy cannot be determined as the summation of a logo, color scheme, or website; although these visual components are essential to a successful brand strategy, they can be potentially misinterpreted. All of the subjective components that create brand recognition, brand equity, and brand perception over time are fundamental to a branding strategy. An excellent brand strategy’s fundamental aim is to let the community know that a brand exists, what concepts and ideas it represents, and what characterizes it. Every business is possible select a distinctive and unique method to measure success, but all will incorporate the same theoretical aspects in their strategy. Referring to the various theoretical influences of the brand strategy, it is important to highlight the ideas of learning and memory that are connected to visual perception. Emphasizing the concepts of learning and memory, it is obligatory to examine behavioral learning and the difference between classical and operant conditioning, including the comparison with discrimination of stimulus. Classical conditioning can be described as the process when one stimulus is combined with another that fails to generate a reaction. A second stimulation, referred to as the conditioned stimulus, triggers the response over some period. When an unconditioned stimulus is consistently coupled with a neurona