ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
During her research as a writer, Denise Kiernan came across a black and white photograph that captured her attention. In the photo is a group of smartly dressed women working in a factory setting. The women are working on a secret uranium enrichment program for the government during World War II. The most interesting thing is that the women did not know what they were doing. They were misled to believe that their services were needed to end the war. However, the truth of the matter was that they were engaged in the development of the first atomic bomb to be used in the world. In the book, Kiernan gives the account of some of these women and their contributions to World War II. In the current paper, the author will provide an outline of the book. The review will be carried out on a chapter by chapter basis. Chapter One – Everything will be Taken care of: Train to Nowhere (August 1943) The chapter begins with a scene illustrating a departure early in the morning. The author creates a picture of humidity. A scenario is created to illustrate Celia sitting in the train near a window. The journey that Celia is taking is going to be long and tiring. For that matter, the bath she took seems ideal for the journey that awaits her. The destination of the train is initially set as Southbound. As she departs from the train station, Celia still has no clue about her final destination. Notwithstanding the mystery of the journey ahead of her, it is obvious that Celia had taken many similar trips before. She is a 24-year-old lady from Pennsylvania. She comes from a town where coal mining is the main economic activity. However, just as other American towns, Celia’s hometown, which was thriving once, is now deteriorating. Perhaps this is one of the reasons behind her departure. Most of the residents in her home town are originally from Eastern Europe. Celia is a Pole, and her town is full of Czechs, Russians, and Slovakians. They all suffer from unemployment with the decline in the mining industry. During this time, the Second World War is at its peak. One of the effects of this war was the collapse of many industries in which the mining sector was part of. Once Celia arrives at her destination, it becomes clear that she shares the plight of many other women. The war had made it hard for many women to cope with life. The result is a mass exodus from many parts of the country. The trip is an indication of what the war has done to society. Chapter Two – Pearl The second chapter introduces the Bohemian Club. The club was an all-male fraternity with a history spanning almost a hundred years. The club was formed in 1872. It had a motto that reads “weeping spiders come not here.” The San Francisco based fraternity usually had an annual gathering. The chapter indicates discrimination against women, which characterized the life of people in that town. The Bohemian Club represented the male chauvinism in the city. The coming of women to the city is perhaps an indicator of the struggle that would ensue. The Hills of Tennessee were characterized by developments brought about by power generation. The
Introduction Marketing is a process that involves determining the kind of products and services that interest customers. According to Pride and Ferrell (2006, p.4), “marketing involves, distributing, promoting and pricing goods, services and ideas to facilitate satisfying exchange relationships wit customers in a dynamic environment.” This process also determines the various strategies used in sales; firms are able to build strong relationships with their customers, hence creating value for their customers and other stakeholders. Marketing enables entrepreneurs to identify their customers, satisfy them, and retain them via achieving customer loyalty. O’Shaughnessy (1995, p.4) defines marketing as the performance of business activities, which are directed towards flow of goods from the manufacturer to the consumer. In addition, the main activities of marketing include finding the need of a market and selecting the categories of customers whose needs can be met by the interested firm compared to other rival firms. The kind of offering used should be determined such as product, price, or promotion that meets the needs of a customer. Customers should also be informed about the kind of offering available, as well as how to obtain it (O’Shaughnessy, 1995, p.5). Customers are mainly interested in the value of a product, and how it benefits them; marketing also involves the creation, offering and exchange of products to meet satisfaction. Nevertheless, individuals are associated with various needs which are influenced by social forces. The Marketing Concept and its Development The marketing concept argues that organizational goals can only be achieved via effectiveness of a firm compared to its competitors. This concept lies on four pillars – customer needs, target market, integrated marketing and profitability. A company must identify a target market to operate in, as well as the kind of market that will satisfy customers’ needs. Meeting the customer’s needs is the main aim of marketing, and therefore, a business should understand the needs of customers and work hard towards satisfying these needs. A responsive marketer fulfills a stated need, whilst a creative marketer discovers and produces solutions that his customers did not request for, but which respond to their needs (The Marketing Concept, 2009). Integrated marketing occurs when all the departments of a company work together towards satisfying customers. This can be accomplished by internal marketing, which involves hiring effective employees who work towards serving customers well. Finally, profitability as a pillar of marketing concept is the main aim of any business; value must be provided to customers, while at the same time, the firm should yield to profits. Managers have to ev
Introduction Authentically, ‘a good man’ is a person who posses excellent or admirable moral conduct. Flannery O’Connor is a staunch Catholic but a famous playwright in the American industry whose storylines mainly focus on Christianity with tragic and brutal as thematic features. In her fictitious tragic story, A good man is hard to find, Flannery O’Connor gives a pernicious discernment of the phrase ‘good man’. From her allegorical story, O’Connor describes a ‘good man’ using some of her principal characters, Grandmother, and Red Sammy. According to the characters, a person fits the description of a good man if his/her behavior, norms, beliefs, and personality correlate with the values of the beholder even if one is devoid of morals. Therefore, the definition of ‘good man’ is beyond what the eyes can see. Nevertheless, despite the poor moral conduct, God’s grace is always sufficient to every man. Concurring with the behavior of Misfit and Grandmother, O’Connor gives the elusive description of a good man relating it to gracility as a Christian value. The theme of a good man According to the novelist, the meaning of the word ‘good man’ may be debatable or relative depending on the judgment of an individual. Intentionally, O’Connor enlightens the world on the varied apprehension of the aforementioned phrase thus purporting it as meaningless. For instance, Grandmother chooses to use the phrase ‘good man’ when referring to men who have similar perception to hers. She sidelines the word moral, which should concur with the interpretation of good men. In the first case, during the trip, the family encounters Red Sammy. He angrily raises his complaints about two men whom he gave gasoline on credit. According to Red Sammy, the two men not only seemed trustworthy but also ‘good’ thus fit for the credit. Although grandmother reprimands him for trusting strangers, she eventually brands him a ‘good man’. Therefore, from Sammy’s case Grandmother defines a good man as a gullible person with unsound judgment and subterfuge faith. Inherently, her perception about good men is elusive to the audience. In the second instance, grandmother calls Misfit a good man with considerable urgency after realizing her life is in danger. Moreover, she applies the phrase to Misfit because of his inability to shoot a woman. Although the moral conduct, social values and norms of Misfit differs from those of grandm
Introduction According to Mikkonen, and Raphael (2010), the main factors that shape and determine the health status of people in Canada are not lifestyles or medical interventions, but the living conditions of individuals and groups of people across the country. These factors are the social determinants of health. The Canadian policy documents developed by the national government have focused on these factors since mid-1970s (Mikkonen & Raphael, 2010). The contributions to the improvement of the social determinants of health has been extensive, making the country achieve the title “health promotion powerhouse” (Mikkonen & Raphael, 2010). Nevertheless, the impact of the social determinants of health on the health status of Canadians remains strong. Diseases affecting the modern communities, especially those related to lifestyle, are good examples of the effect the determinants of health can have on the lives of people. Stroke is a key example of these diseases. In this paper, the social determinists of health are discussed as they relate to stroke in minority societies such as the Canadian Aborigines, women, people of colour and the immigrants. Identification of the health issue/disease: Stroke Stroke is a disease that affects and interferes with brain functioning (Bornstein, 2009). It occurs when blood cannot flow to a section of a person’s brain. Blood transports vital nutrients, which nourish the brain. Consequently, a certain part of the body will not function well, depending on the part of the brain that is damaged. For example, a person may feel numbness of the hand if the part of the brain that controls the hand is damaged (Bornstein, 2009). This disease is abrupt and the impacts on the body are instant. Stressful circumstances in life have been linked to increased risk of getting a stroke. Stressful circumstances may be caused by having to deal with issues of low income, social exclusion, and frustrations of not advancing in education. Continuous stress causes responses that exhaust the body. Studies show that chronic stress weakens the immune system. Therefore the body is prone to diseases such as cardiovascular diseases (Louis, 2009). Income Income is a significant factor that influences the quality of health. Some Research has claimed that state of health rises with the level of income. The income earned determines the living standards, influences psychological functions, and affects health issues such as food quality and physical exercise (Wilkinson & Marmot, 2003).
Introduction The quality of services that employees offer in a restaurant is as important as the meals served. According to Shaikh and Khan (2011, p. 343), the restaurant industry is continuously evolving and growing more complicated. They argued that a restaurant must include ‘service associated features to satisfy the complementary needs of its customers’ (343). They further noted that satisfaction of customers is taking a new trend of being associated with quality of service. Customers are increasingly becoming conscious of their surrounding when in restaurants. According to Markovic, Raspor and Segaric (2010, p. 181), restaurants have continuously been pushed to offer excellent dining experiences to their customers. These experiences constitute the tangibles as well as the intangibles. The intangibles are of a particular concern as their improvement requires considerable attention unlike the tangibles. It has been noted that the intangibles have a great effect on the financial viability of a restaurant on a long term basis. Due to the stiff competition in the restaurant industry, offering of quality services therefore is not an option but a way of being competitive. In regard to the above briefing, this report examines the tools that can be used in improving the level of service quality of a nation-wide restaurant chain. Two instruments are discussed and it is shown how they will be instrumental in improving the quality of service of the nation-wide restaurant chain. Improving Quality of Service In order to improve the quality of services given, it is prudent that the reference points of various stakeholders involved are known. In the context of this report, the main stakeholders in reference to quality of service offered are the staff and the customers. It will be mandatory to be aware of what the customers expect and then make the correct adjustment to fulfil their expectations otherwise improvements cannot be effectively made if the deficit areas are not known. The instrument which best does this is the DINESERV instrument. It has been noted that when customers are satisfied as per their expectations, they become frequent customers. Such satisfied customers also refer other customers, mostly friends and family members, to the business (Wu & Liang 2009, p. 587). By using the DINESERV tool, it will be possible to know how huge the gap is and consequently remedial measures will be taken. DINESERV Instrument This instrument was developed specifically for restaurant industry by Stevens, Knutson and Patton in 1995. It is basically a SERVQUAL instrument but modified such that it specifically addresses the restaurant industry (Kim, Nee & Kim 2009, p. 10). DINESERVE is a tool that measures the quality of service from the perspective of a customer (Markovic, Raspor & Segaric 2010 p. 183). Understanding how a customer defines quality service is very important because it is his/her perceptions that will make him/her come back to the restaurant again. By using this instrument, it wil
Proponents Proponents of the privatization of prisons claim that the public incarceration facilities have limited options to satisfy the growing need for bed spaces. The justice system incarcerates many people annually, but the government is yet to increase the capacity in the incarceration facilities to solve the challenge of overcrowding. Privatization of the prisons may allow the prisons to expand faster because the private sector has the financial ability for the same. Privatization of prisons may offer a quick solution to the current crisis in the prisons. A State-driven expansion of the prisons would attract slow legislative procedures for acceptance, but the private sector can commence on the project independently. Private companies also have the flexibility in the delivery of solutions to the particular needs of the prisons. States place prison building projects under their infrastructure development plan, which means that applying short-term solutions is limited. Privatization may also enable easier transferring of inmates from different states to private prisons because it can eliminate jurisdiction-related prisoner transfer issues. Private prison facilities can focus on housing the inmates and managing their correctional activities as recommended by the justice system. Opponents The opponents of the proposal of prison privatization believe that the privatization of prisons can decrease the efficiency of the facilities in rehabilitating criminals. Part of the reasons that would influence a criminal to refrain from recidivism is the tough life in the incarceration centers. Privatized prisons are bound to provide prisoners with better lives throughout their time in prison. Private prisons may focus on making the lives of prisoners better instead of focusing on rehabilitation. Opponents of the proposed privatization of prisons also believe that since the private sector is always profit oriented, the private facilities can influence the development of stern laws against petty crimes to ensure there is a steady flow of criminals in their facilities. The private facilities may focus on holding criminals longer to gain more profits from the government in payments. It is also likely that the privatization of prisons might attract corruption in the justice system as the private sector is bound to have conflicts of interest. The private sector may ignore the responsibility of reforming prisoners in their quest to increase their net profits. Recommendations The governor’s office should consider privatizing prison expansion projects. The private sector can influence the faster expansion of the incarceration facilities. The deep pockets available for the private companies can help in the alleviation of the current crisis of prison overcrowding. It is also important for the government to refrain from handing over the control o
In contemporary business environment, leaders need to make strategic decisions that will enable their organisations remain competitive in the fast globalizing world. According to George and Jones business success is a function its managerial decisions quality; when managers make timely, responsive, and quality decisions, their organisations are likely to prosper amidst industrial threats (George and Jones 9). Management roles can be summed up into four main roles as planning, organizing, leading, and controlling/monitoring; the above functions are not exclusive, they need to be handled concurrently. When people are working together, they develop a set of behaviour that affect the way they approach, explain, and perceive issues; the behaviour is referred to as organisational behaviour/culture. This paper discusses the organizing role of management and the effect of organisational behaviour on social, economic, and financial elements of an organisation. Organisational Behaviour and Organizing Functions of Management According to Moorhead and Griffin organisation have human, physical, and financial resources that they need to manage effectively; this call for optimal management of the resources and ensuring that maximum gain has been derived from the resource (Moorhead and Griffin 34). When activities are optimally managed, it ensures activities are well thought and coordinated for positive results. Strategic decisions of various functions of an organization are considered when planning; the decisions involve reflective thinking that consider an organisational goals and deriving methods to attain them. According to Nahavandi and Malekzadeh organization behaviour is a set of believe within an organisation it explains how individuals and teams relate with their organization as well as how the relationship shapes the direction taken by an organization (Nahavandi and Malekzadeh 89). The writers are of the opinion that the success of an organization is dependent on how well available human resources are combined to produce an effective operation. Organizational behaviour is the resultant of all ways deployed to create mutual benefit between employee and employer. When all structures are set, people need to be motivated; motivation is the drive an individual has; it makes him persevere to attain set goals either in life or in an organization. The quality of decision that management makes determine the success of an organization; some of the decision directly affect human resources and thus they need to be sensitive to individual employee’s motivator. According to Nahavandi and Malekzadeh, organizations are affected by the psychological and emotional well-beings of their human capital; people have different attitude, potential, emotional intelligence, and perceptions; for an effective business operation, human resources psychological contracts needs to be fulfilled by their employer (Nahavandi and Malekzadeh 23). One managerial role/function which cuts across the above functions of managem
One of the world’s most mysterious and at the same time elegant branch of arts, impressionism, is both a riddle and an answer to it. Suggesting people to take a closer look into their own minds, impressionism offered that the spectator could incorporate his vision of the world together with that one of the author. Despite its seeming simplicity and inspiring shapes, impressionism conveys the most complicated ideas and bases on philosophical and cultural foundation that has a history of its own. Discovering the ideas underlying the impressionists’ paintings, on can open the whole wide world in front of his/her eyes. Speaking of the techniques that the artists used in creating their impressionism masterpieces, one must note that the style which impressionists used ensued from the peculiar vision of the world which impressionism presupposed. Oriented exclusively on the ideas and perceptions of the artists, this style of painting could not be considered as a separate trend in visual arts – this is rather a string of ideas embodied in paintings. Depicted on the paper, the world picture of impressionists turned into the door to the other world – the world where the reality mixed with the surreal to create one of the most incredible cocktails. As van Gunsteren explained, We may, first of all, certainly discount the more loose or merely lyrical usage in which impressionism means anything ‘fanciful’, ‘disorderly’ or ‘illogical’. Having done so, however, it is possible to penetrate to a fairly solid core of the new ideas and methods, which gave the group cohesion even without the formalized rules of a ‘school’ of French painters. (29) Thus, it is obvious that there is more to impressionism that merely distorting the usual forms and shapes, turning them into a chaotic something. With the powerful idea in the background, an impressionism painting obtains the meaning of its own. With help of the impressionism vision, one can see the reverse side of the world, the subconscious and the sub-real. Getting into the depth of people’s minds, these images depict ideas, not objects, which is why this style differs from what the mankind is used to so much. It is quite peculiar that impressionists were a kind of rebels in the sphere of art, breaking all possible laws of painting to create the ones of their own. According to Salvi, “The Impressionists broke many rues of academic painting. One was their insistence on working direct from experience” (16). This was where the idea of the plein-air technique appeared from – trying to find the right environment to create the masterpieces of their own, impressionists tried to break the boundaries of space, which led them to creati