ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Language has multiple functions in society. It is generally believed that its main function is to “communicate information” (Gee 2014, p. 2). People need language to transfer and receive information. It becomes particularly important when there is a necessity to communicate a foreign language. The scope of foreign language teaching comprises skills of speaking, listening, reading, and writing. One of the primary concerns of teachers of English as a second language (ESL) is the formation of efficient writing skills among their students. Teaching writing is probably one of the most complicated tasks because it presupposes not only the knowledge of vocabulary but also the use of grammar. Within the last decades, many studies were dedicated to the issue of the significance of linguistic features in foreign language writing proficiency (Crossley & McNamara 2012). Wall (cited in Rassouli & Abbasvandi 2013, p. 15) claimed that writing skill “ranges from mechanical control to creativity, with good grammar, knowledge of the subject matter, awareness of stylistic convention and various mysterious factors in between.” One of the factors which influence the development of writing skill among ESL students if the use of cohesive devices also called linking words or discourse markers. They are considered the most difficult skills for foreign English learners (Rahman 2013). Current research investigates the issue of the use of cohesive devices in written discourse by ESL students in one of the United Arab Emirates’ school. Theoretical Framework Researches dedicated to the discourse-level text features try to analyze the approaches of effective writing teaching. One of the most meaningful discourse theories in ESL writing has been the cohesion theory of Michael Halliday and Ruqaiya Hasan (McCarthy 1991). Halliday’s framework “emphasizes the social functions of language and the thematic and informational structure of speech and writing” (McCarthy 1991, p. 6). However, its application to the teaching of reading and writing of English as a second language has been much criticized. Halliday and Hasan’s framework became basic for many types of research about cohesion and coherence in ESL/EFL writing (Jafarpur 1991; Johns 1980; Johnson 1992; Zhang 2000; Hartnett 1989, cited in Ghasemi 2013). The researches findings were similar and contradictory at the same time. Some studies revealed no significant difference in the application of cohesive devices in good and weak writings (Johnson 1992; Zhang 2000, cited in Ghasemi 2013). Other results proved that there is a distinction in the use of cohesive devices between highly rated essays and low rated ones (Jafarpur 1991, cited in Ghasemi 2013). Some scholars came to the conclusion that “highly scored compositions contain more cohesion than low scored ones” (Jafarpur 1991, cited in Ghasemi 2013, p. 1616). Moreover, it is generall
Identification Louisiana Purchase This is a deal between the United States of America (USA) and France to facilitate the acquisition of a landmass with an area of about 2.14 million square kilometers whereby France dropped its claims and the USA gained ownership. The agreed price was fifteen million dollars in the year 1803 that lead to an average of 3 cents per acre. This land almost doubled the area of the USA and made it one of the widest countries around the globe. Moreover, the negotiation between Thomas Jefferson and Napoleon did not cause bloodshed between Americans and the people of France. Lewis and Clark Expedition This was a mission directed by President Jefferson in the year 1804 to facilitate the exploration of the Louisiana territory. Meriwether Lewis and William Clark were sent at an expedition of $2500 on a mission that took from 1804 to 1806. The mission of these two soldiers was to; map and explore Louisiana, identify a way through the western continent, and initiate awareness about the presence of America before other countries try to claim it. Although they hand trained properly to complete this mission, the president’s expectations were not met fully. Gold Rush In 1848, there was an initiation of migration-related to the discovery of gold where people moved from all over the globe to search for gold. Unfortunately, the people who arrived were so many whereas gold was becoming less meaningful than the basic needs such as food and clothing. Consequently, businessmen arose to supply these needs. Samuel Brannan was one person who became rich in meeting the needs of the miners. Embodiment President Jefferson (Purchase) I choose Jefferson for his intelligence, patience, and persistence. The technique that he applied in removing France from Louisiana claims without blood-shedding was intelligent. The president was patient and waited until he released the weakness of Napoleon. Moreover, he had visited napoleon several to resolve the matter initially. The intelligence facilitated a cheap and effective negotiation that serves as home to many Americans today. President Jefferson (Exploration) I choose Jefferson for his intelligence and skills in handling issues. He established protective mechanisms allowing the Britons to identify that Americans had reached and owned the Louisiana territory. This strategy is different from reaction styles that used force to chase the other colonies from a region. Moreover, he is visional on finding a route to direct them towards the trade areas such as Mississippi. Samuel Brannon I choose Brannon for his individuality and self-centered thoughts. Unlike most people who went to mine, Brannon established the strategies that were more promising through earning from the huge number of people who had migrated. This made him rich against the expectation of most people who relied on mining chances. Legacy Louisiana Pu
Introduction The first half of the 19th century marked a world revolution in which many colonies sought strategies to send their colonizers back to their countries of origin. In the 1940s Mohandas Gandhi led the Indians into a rebellion, which forced the British out of the cotton rich country. During this period, Britons exported cotton from India, created finished products, and reached out to the same market, Canada, and North America to sell the products. The target countries had large populations providing requisite markets for the finished clothes made from the very cotton taken from their fields. It was important for India to set up a strong political front with excellent strategies that would help them deal with the British who controlled the Chinese Opium and Slaves in North America. In an attempt to achieve this, Mahatma Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi thought of developing machinery that would help Indians come up with clothes instead of purchasing clothes from the British (Trivedi 18). The Charkha became the first spinning machine to assist in making clothes in India; Gandhi owned the machine. The cloth that transformed the Indian perception towards British rule was the renowned Khadi. The Khadi has a great significance to the people of India, thus making it the point of discussion throughout this submission. History of the Khadi The Khadi cloth is originally from India even though the fabric’s fame goes beyond the regional platform. Not restricted to cotton, Indians make Khadi fabrics from wool and silk from the Charkha. From the Khadi, Indians made many clothes meant for the four seasons of the year, hence making it possible for the country to export its finished products. Khadi reminds the Indians of their independence and the founding father, Mahatma Gandhi. Khadi has a rich history in India even though countries in Asia including Pakistan and Bangladesh relate to the fabric. According to Mahatma Gandhi, the Charkha and the Khadi represented civilization for the country; it enabled the country to display its potential in creating its resources and employing the huge population of youths. Khadi’s inception to the Asian State made other British colonies realize that they also had the intellectual and economic capability to exercise independence. Before Gandhi displayed interest in the Charkha, most Indians viewed it as an ordinary spinning machine (Ramagundam 49). Following Gandhi’s mediation, the Indians realized the multiple capabilities of the machinery, thus enabling the country to come up with a national dress code. The Khadi woven and tied across the shoulders flowing down the lower body typical of Mahatma Gandhi is exceptionally important for Indians. Considering this rich history, the rest of the word equally displayed interest in the Khadi, and the rudimentary Charkha used by Mahatma Gandhi was worth one crore Rupees in a recent auction. This indicates its popularity and usefulness from the traditional to the contemporary period. The UK became the center of the world’s attraction after it purchased the machinery at 110, 000 pounds
Introduction One critical question that bogs the minds of most people when talking about the Cold War is the concern of securing the national interests of the United States. A substantial number of people argue that the Cold War, which lasted for four decades, was a contest of ideologies whereby the United States sought to spread its national interests across the globe. The development of the war had implications on the political and cultural standing of the United States. The Cold War was an ideological war in which the United States and the Soviet Union were engaged in a war whereby each country sought to propagate its policies through the pursuance of different courses in different parts of the world. In this paper, it is argued that the nature of policy goals that were pursued in the Cold War period had implications on the political and cultural setup of the United States. This paper discusses the Cold War. The paper seeks to explore issues surrounding the US foreign policy in the course of the war, as well as the implications of the war on the United States’ society and culture. The Cold War marked a period in the world history after the Second World War. The two main countries that battled in the war are the United States and the Soviet Union. This war was not an actual physical battle between the two countries, but it entailed the utilization of foreign policy by both countries to advance national ideologies. However, proxy wars were fought as the two countries applied their containment strategies in proxy nations in different regions of the world. The United States embraced the ideology of capitalism, while the Soviet Union embraced communism. At the end of the Second World War, the United States insisted on the pursuance of a course that was meant to see the world pursue self-determination and the continuity of free trade. On the other hand, the Soviet Union focused on molding its influence on Eastern Europe and the restructuring of its economy to gain power and influence in the region and the world at large. The most critical question that rings in the mind of most people concerns the possibilities of avoiding the Cold War at that time, given the political status of the world during the post-World War II. Most of the commentators argue that the war could not have been easily avoided, given that a political vacuum prevailed in the world after the Second World War. The United States and the Soviet Union, which were the two main powers in the bipolar world order, engaged in a battle that resulted in a unipolar state, with the United States becoming the key dominant power in the world. According to Kennan (para. 4), one main thing in the Cold War was the application of containment strategies that were embedded in the foreign policy activities. The foreign policy of the United States, just after the end of the Second World War, was shifted to containing the Soviet Union. What ought to be asked is whether the containment strategy of the US was welcome by the citizens of the country. The other question concerns the imp
Introduction and service Background of Home Depot Home Depot Inc has grown immensely since its commencement back in the 1970’s when it was a small organization founded by three business executives who had left Handy Dan Stores to start their own home appliance service delivery company. Back then the company had only one store and annual earnings of $ 23M. But through good management and efficiency, the company has grown into one of the largest vendor and installer of home improvement appliances serving individuals and professional customers. The company’s founders retired back in the year 2000 after opening the 1000th store and Bob Nardelli was appointed C.E.O. This move has contributed a lot to the success of the company because since then the company has even performed better. The new C.E.O has overseen the opening of over 900 stores and currently the organization has over 2200 stores across the United States of America. The home improvement retailer is now among the top 3 retailers in the world following Wal-Mart, but it is the America’s largest Home Improvement appliance and service selling company in the United States of America, the company is now a home appliance service company helping build beautiful homes across America, Canada and Mexico. The company has experienced profit growth every year since 2000-2005; the profits have grown from $45.7B in 2000 to over $81B. Despite the value of its shares doing poorly in the NYSE, the company has improved its earnings per share from $1.10 to $2.75 therefore pleasing shareholders and currently the company has paid out close to $ 13B in cumulative earnings back to its shareholders. Besides this, the company’s operating margin has also grown from 9.2 % to 11.5% thereby indicating that the company is quite healthy and is performing well. The company has over 300,000 employees on its payroll to ensure that the company is able to cater for its customers especially when it comes to superior service delivery. The efforts of former C.E.O, Bob Nardelli, have to be appreciated since he has used all his experience and skills in his position to ensure that the company continues to operate on a path which allows it to grow in both size and revenue by catering for the needs of their customer base and offering a lot of competition to rivals such as Wal-Mart by building stores and Home depot centers that are spacious and well designed. The decision to open the Home depot online business has also played a big role in ensuring dominance of the retailer. Strategic Posture Mission Home Depot Inc is a well established company that aims to provide its customers with the highest quality home improvement products and high quality service (Home Depot Inc). The slogan, “improve everything we touch,” is a clear indication of the customer experience that is part of the service delivery strategy that Home Depot wants its entire customers to experience as soon as they enter in the premises of the organization to purchase products from their reta
At all times, art has not been an exact science. Being a means of expression of human subjective feelings, emotions and ideas, it contains a range of notions, which have disputable definitions. Having been fond of expressionism, I nevertheless have had an approximate notion of this style, more relying on my personal perception. However, when I have familiarized myself with an academic definition of expressionism, I have felt a strong intent to oppose it. The Oxford Dictionary of Literary Terms provides the following definition for the style considered: “Expressionism is a general term for a mode of literary or visual art which, in extreme reaction against realism or naturalism, presents a word violently distorted under the pressure of intense personal moods, ideas, and emotions: image and language thus express feeling and imagination rather than represent external reality” (Baldick 121). What I would like to oppose is the “violent distortion of the world” and “expressing feelings and imagination rather than representing external reality”. Thus, I consider it reasonable to revise the Oxford Dictionary’s definition as follows: expressionism is a general term for a mode of literary or visual art which tends to highlight strongly the emotional condition, mood and ideas of the images or characters, or those of the artist when depicting the reality. First of all, it is necessary to consider, that reality is a philosophical notion, which is about things’ actual existence. However, the essence of art implies that when an artist is depicting something, it can not be evaluated as the absolute of reality: even when working in the style of realism or, particularly, naturalism, the author focuses on certain aspects of the thing, providing his personal vision, though quite realistic. A work of art is always a depiction of the authors’ perception of reality, and this statement is the fundament for my further research. Expressionism highlights the inner world of the images or characters or that of the artist. Having appeared in the late XIX century, this style penetrated all the fields of art, including painting, literature, cinema, music, and architecture; every kind of art provides certain devices for implementing the idea of expressionism. Such a work of art performs a rather complicated interaction of the real world, and the human soul and psychics. In expressionism, the images seem to have been passed through the filter of the artist’s soul, which liberates it from anything unnecessary and embodies it in more general forms and symbols. At the same time, when studying expressionism, I have noticed, that reality does not look so distorted in many expressionist works of art. When we look at Edvard Munch’s The Scream , we consider the depicted reality rather distorted (see The Scream ); at the same time, it is interesting to consider an outstanding graphic painter Egon Schiele, who often created rather realisti
Introduction Gary’s life experiences, signs and symptoms and experiences are indicative of a generalized anxiety disorder (GAD). This is a type of anxiety disorder that is characterized by tension, nervousness and worrying. Gary’s fears are not associated with a particular issue or situation; that would be a phobia. They are caused by a myriad of factors such as financial obligations, difficulties in business, his wife’s illness and his role as a provider. The level of anxiousness that he feels is less severe than a panic attack, but it still exceeds normal worrying thresholds. He feels that his physical, emotional, personal and professional state is in decline, and that is indicative of the seriousness of this psychological disorder. It appears that the anxiousness is undermining his job, social life and his activities. The key symptoms that led to this diagnosis were analyzed under the five axes of the DSM IV criteria. In Axis 1, clinical disorders are normally given particular attention. There was no acute symptom that required treatment such as an episode, panic attack or a schizophrenic event. Gary had not reported any such events so this axis does not apply in the case study. In fact, generalized anxiety disorder does not have features that are related to other Axis I disorders such as social phobia, post traumatic disorder and obsessive compulsive disorder. The DSM IV criteria (Section D) for GAD specifically state that a person experiencing anxiety and worry ought not to have these Axis I symptoms (APA, 2000). Axis II focuses on personality, developmental and intellectual challenges. Gary has not stated that he has had any problem with his intellect. He is also beyond developmental issues. His personality type has not also been associated with the problems he is going through, or the symptoms he has reported. According to the DSM IV diagnostic criteria (section F), the disturbances encountered by the patient should not be linked to a pervasive developmental, psychotic or mood disorder. Gary does not suffer from any of the latter personality and developmental disorders so he qualifies for GAD. Axis III dwells on neurological or medical conditions that can affect the psychiatric problem. Gary does not have any medical condition. The case study contains no information about any neurological condition. Section F of the DSM IV criteria for GAD also specify that for a person to have generalized anxiety disorder, he or she must no
Problem Identification The accounting problem encountered by the Linbarger Company refers to the loan requirements set by the insurance company. In particular, Linbarger fails to keep $200,000 or more on its cash balance by June 30 that allows its insurance company to break an agreement and close the mentioned firm. The ethical considerations are associated with including one additional day in the receipt book. Since Lisa Infante, the financial vice president of Linbarger, expects to receive or $150,000 next day and the current cash balance is $80,000, there is a dilemma of whether to employ an unethical practice and counterfeit the document or to reject Lisa Infante’s instructions. Thus, from the ethical perspective, there are honesty, integrity, reliability, and professionalism. The violation of transparency that is especially important in the financial sphere is another ethical consideration that should be considered by an assistant controller. The mentioned points may be regarded as ethical considerations since they lead to financial misconduct and threaten both the company’s and employees’ reputation in terms of professional and personal codes of ethics. Negative Impacts In case the assistant controller would comply with the instructions of the financial vice president and wait one more day, it is possible to suggest that he or she would be fired because of insubordination and a failure to fulfill the loan agreement condition. It goes without saying that the above situation would also be unethical from the point of Infante, yet it is still possible. The company would keep its loan agreement and continue its performance, thus saving jobs and employees. If the falsification were discovered by the insurance company, the president of Linbarger, or any other interested party, Infante would be fired as well due to her incompetence. According to Needles, Powers, and Crosson (2014), companies are to have the internal control measures that imply the division of duties and responsibilities. In this case, one may observe the violation of the above guidance, since the financial vice president tries to share her responsibilities with the employee, thus forcing the assistant to decide. The business may suffer in this case as well. Since the check is in transit, Linbarger may receive in several days instead of one day. In this case, accounting standards would be violated if the accountant would record the check as a receipt. If the assistant controller would not comply with Infante’s instructions, the company is likely to be closed, and employees are likely to lose their jobs. The assistant controller would be f