ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction The eighteenth century saw British enter a rather active period characterized by religious awakening and the rise of Protestantism. The period featured rebellion against powerful and perceived autocratic religious influence that had taken over the reign power during the 17 th century and the early 18 th century. During this period, there was a high population growth in Britain, which was characteristic of an increasingly complex society at the time (Colley 135). Amidst religious movements and the call for religious intolerance, Britain faced challenges of reshaping its own identity. The religious awakening and the rise of Protestantism had numerous implications on the country’s social, cultural and political structures (Colley 83). There was a shift in the customs that dictated how people, religion and the state related to one another. At thas time, the norms of civility and the state governance structure were influenced by a rather heightened religious struggle that threatened to tear the long-held culture of the nation. As such, the mid-set and the reasoning of the people were overhauled with the change by the then ongoing religious wars that played in the public gallery. A Movement toward the British Identity The revival of the rivalry between protestants and the unforgiving authoritarian catholic rules was a major defining moment for the British. Some religious pundits believed that the happenings in the religious sphere and the delicate balance between religious freedom and the persistent spread of catholicism meant that the state had to begin finding a new form of power that was distinct from religion (Colley 135). Thas meant that no single ideology, whether of the state or the church, had the power to direct the identity of the people. As religious leaders traversed one town after the other, sections of the church begun to form, paving the way for Protestant denominations to grow (Colley 117). Religious dominance, especially of the Catholic church that had vast power, led to splinter groups. The introduction of a new sense of looking at religion and the doctrines that shaped the notion around the nation’s national values were the real game changers. Britain started to experience a renewed sense of reasoning, political and social realignment that was different from the old religious order. It is worth mentioning, however, that the ongoing dereligionization and the split of the religious frameworks served as a unifying factor that saw Britain created a new form of national consciousness (Colley 67). This
Introduction A price ceiling or limit refers to a restriction on the quantity that can be demanded as payment, for a certain commodity or service. In most instances, a price limit is enforced by a nation’s administration in a bid to sort out one or a number of issues touching on the general financial system, and it may at the same time, be used to look after the interests of consumers in general. On the other hand, it is not odd for a number of industries to enforce a price control as a way of propping up the more advancement of that trade (Melanie, 2008). The use of price control for the latter purpose in most times has a lot to do with the association linking the supply and demand for the commodity or service. In order that a price limit comes out as effective, it has to be different from the free market price. Whenever a price limit is enforced by an administration with a certain objective, a commodity or service that is well thought-out to be important is normally involved. For instance, an administration may enforce a restriction on charges that power firms can demand from clients for every unit of energy consumed. The initiative is to look after the interests of customers through ensuring that dealers do not charge rates that are expected to make it unattainable for customers to come up with the money for something considered necessary for the basic standard of living. In the US, it is not odd for government-level entities to keep an eye on, and enforce price limits on utility expenses. The enforcement of a price limit can be of assistance in the evening out a given market, and have a favorable effect on the economy. The approach mostly inspires traders who were charging very high prices for their commodities and/or services to either trim down on production or probably ditch the market altogether. This ends up in suppliers who are at a position to put forward commodities and/or services of up to standard quality at a cost that a customer can actually afford. Again, the capacity to buy commodities and/or services at sound prices motivates customers to do so. Such consumers, as well, are left with more resources to use up on other purchases, which subsequently raise demand in a number of markets and has the result of fueling the economy. Price ceilings are not beneficial as will be discussed in this article. They are beneficial just at the onset before negative effects set in. At times, cases of a restriction on how low a price can be demanded for a commodity or service that is seen to be essential occur (Hugh, 2008). This is referred to as a low price limit or ceiling. Such restrictions are aimed at preventing the emergence of a control or within a given industry, an occurrence that would undercut the capacity of a number of firms to be viable. Should a price ceiling be imposed on gasoline prices in the US market? Price ceilings should not be enforced on gasoline prices in the United States market. There are a good number of reasons for this, and they are going to be highlighted here. To begin with, gasoline firms sell the
Introduction Social media is one of the most used mediums of advertising today. Social media is not only easy to use, but it also enables the company involved to create a strong relationship with the consumers. This is possible through interacting with the consumers on the social media sites. Many loyal consumers have agreed to the fact that this interaction is relevant in forging relationships with one’s clientele. A site like Facebook allows for different types of interactions with the consumer. One such type of interaction is the ‘liking’ of products or pages on this social media site. The people who have liked these pages get to comment on some of the projects that the specific company has, they can give their ideas, and send messages directly to the company that is producing these products in question. This allows for active consumer participation. Characteristics that a legally shrew social media marketing manager should possess An excellent manager in social media marketing should possess elements that ensure the aspect of social media marketing is a success and within legal limits. One such component is that the manager should be engaging. This is with reference to engaging with the clientele. As mentioned, the idea of social media management as a tool for communication revolves heavily around engaging with the consumer. The marketing manager can ensure that they interact with the clientele by allowing them to comment on their statuses or the pictures that they upload about products and respond quickly to their queries and messages, among other things. Interacting with the client should ensure that disputes are resolved amicably because the manager has already created a strong relationship with the clientele. The communication process between the company and the consumer should also be easy and convenient. This should lead to more amicable problem solving processes. It should also help the company avoid litigations due to violation of given regulations governing social media marketing. It is also important for the social media marketing manager to give the client the upper hand on the site. This is terms of making the clients feel like they are right and appreciated. This can be done by engaging and interacting with the client. The manager can do this by creating c
Regulation of the miles per gallon range affects car manufacturers, motivating them to invest in innovating their engines, and develop fuel-efficient cars. The consumers benefit as well because they pay less for gas on a daily basis. However, there is a larger context to the government-imposed regulations on miles per gallon range, which are connected to global warming and pollution produced by these vehicles. Cars are a form of transport that more than ninety percent of households in the United States use. These numbers have been rising ever since Ford’s Model T was introduced, contributing to air pollution and CO2 emissions, prompting the government to introduce miles per gallon regulations. The initiative to mandate the minimal miles per gallon range for vehicles was started by the administration of President Obama. This should have addressed several problems, including climate change and pollution that was a result of an increasing number of cars on the roads of American cities (“Challenging Obama-Era Fuel Economy Standard”). The ambitious project would increase the mileage standards each year until 2025 when the miles per gallon should have been set at 50, but the initiative was canceled by President Trump. The issue with the present system is that in 2014 this metric averaged at 21 miles per gallon, suggesting a need for a substantial development of engine technology to reach the objective of 50 miles per gallon in 2025 (Meyer). However, the continuation of President Obama’s initiative would allow millions of Americans to use their cars safely without affecting the environment. The Federal Government should require that all cars and trucks sold in America get a minimum of 50 miles per gallon by 2025. Most developed states, including the United States, have regulations where a minimum number of miles per hour is indicated. Policymakers and researchers use the term “fuel economy” to describe the distance a vehicle can travel as opposed to the number of gallons it uses (Meyer). The development of fuel economy has two main reasons – the increasing cost of petroleum due to political and economic reasons and environmental concerns. Every vehicle that uses petroleum or diesel fuel pollutes the atmosphere because its engine produces CO2. This gas is harmful because of the greenhouse effect that causes the surface of the planet to become more heated than it should be natural, and since the first mileage regulations were introduced in 2004, the CO2 emissions decreased by 20% (“Highlights Of The Aut
Introduction This paper is about evaluating the effectiveness of supply side economics in tackling the macroeconomic objectives. This paper starts off by defining what supply side economics is and the alternatives to it. The relative merits and demerits of supply side economics as opposed to the monetarists and fiscal policy theorists are discussed. Supply side economics has been the primary driver of growth during the last two decades of the 20 th century and was responsible for the high rates of growth that the US economy witnessed in these years. However, there has been widespread criticism of the theory that focuses exclusively on the supply side of the equation as opposed to that of the demand side. The essential difference in the approaches is that supply side economics concentrates on producing more whereas Keynesian approaches concentrate on stimulating demand by massive government spending. This paper takes the position that supply side economics has had its day and the deregulation aspect of the theory has gone too far with the result that the US economy as well as the world economy is more prone to recessionary tendencies due to the profligate pract
Introduction Although the world economy has shown signs of improvement since the 2008 to 2009 economic crunch, its restoration rate is questionable in terms of filling the gaps left by the crisis. That is, although the growth rate is encouraging in some economies, there exist great disparities in the level at which different countries are moving towards economic stability. Considering this although most nations have shown signs positive economic growth, as evidenced by their improving domestic production levels, their policies of dealing with the effects that the economic crisis left behind are questionable. The approach taken by most nations seems to ignore that, prior to the 2008 to 2009 economic downfall; economic crises have occurred periodically since the 1929 great depression. Many policymakers blame the crisis on poor economic regulatory systems, while forgetting contributions of the numerous flaws that exist in the global economic system. Most world economies have adopted economic policies that overlook the significance of discouraging regulatory arbitrage, as a primary means of ensuring that the set policies promote the stability of their economies. For a government to ensure its economy remains stable at all times, it is important for such a government to set clear and achievable economic policies that can help it achieve its capital requirements, through regulating institutions that constitute its economy (Tavex & Petrov, 2008, p. 1). Therefore, considering the numerous flaws that exist in the global economic system and the fact that, most governments have deviated from addressing the real causes of the global financial crisis; hence, formulate strategies of avoiding chances of the crisis reoccurring in the near future, likelihoods of another financial crisis occurring are high. Why the Economic Crisis Is Bound To Persist Yes, to some level the argument by most economists that, lack of faith in financial markets, greed, and egocentric herd instincts are primary causes of the depression is correct. However, before blaming all these factors, it is important for individuals to fist address the numerous political and legal flaws that are clear in most economic systems. In addition to this, although most economists acknowledge that, their exist many information gaps, mostly in the operations of most financial institutions, most of them fail to acknowledge the contributions that such gaps made, in making the crisis worse. On the other hand, many economists tend to ignore the historical monetary experience that the world has undergone. Ignorance of these like factors when formulating s
Introduction Heinz Corporation, commonly referred to as Heinz and popular for its slogan “57 Varieties” and ketchup is an American food company that was founded in 1896 by Henry Heinz. The company was started as a result of a childhood ambition by Heinz to deal in vegetables. Originally, the company’s headquarters were established in Sharpsburg, Pa.; currently, the Company’s headquarters are located in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Over the years, the company has grown to become an international company operating in more than two hundred countries on six continents; the company is engaged in marketing over 5,700 products (Murray, 1997). This paper will try to analyze the history of the company over the years it has been in existence; the challenges that it has faced and the efforts that the company has employed in overcoming these obstacles. Additionally, it will be in the interest of the paper to analyze the products of the company and the market share information for the company. Company’s history The business was originally operated as a partnership between Heinz and Clarence Noble in 1869 as a business engaged in selling bottled horseradish. Later, the business incorporated vinegar, pickles, and sauerkraut as its products. However, the business was faced with its first challenge five years after commencing its operations; the company run bankrupt in 1873 as a result of the 1873 panic. In 1875, the company was revived with the assistance of two additional partners. In addition to selling the original array of products, the company incorporated a new product Heinz which developed into the now famous ketchup. In 1888, Heinz purchased the shares that were held by his co-partners and gave the company a new name; H.J. Heinz Company. By the instance the company was being listed in the stock market in 1900; the company had set itself as the primary producer of the following products in the US market: vinegar, pickles, ketchup, and mustard. For several years the company has been popular for its pickles. By the 1880s the media had described the company as the Pickle King a name that has lasted for the company since then (Alberts, 1973). The slogan “57 Varieties” was developed by Heinz in 1892 when the company was engaged in manufacturing 60 varying products. This was among the creative advertising antics adopted by Heinz; the slogan aimed to spark interest in the food company and alter the people’s eating habits. However, the company has grown over the years and now it is engaged in producing hundreds of products. The tremendous success of the company can be linked to various factors such as its support of the Pure Food and Drugs Act among many other factors. The company opened a factory in Great Britain in 1905; this marked the initial steps by the company to expand globally. In 1906 and contradiction to the practices of other food retailers, the company was the first to allow public inspections as a way of reassuring the public of the sanitary conditions
Introduction What are the social lives of Emirates Airlines crew in Dubai? Do they socialize mostly with people of similar nationalities to them? By focusing on the social lives of Emirates Airlines crew, these questions have raised concern on social and cultural issues in the UAE. Social life basically refers to the moments we spend outside our own lives, particularly with other people around our worlds. Social interactions are an integral part of human life, since they play a significant role in helping us develop in a number of ways. This in turn contributes to our happiness and wellbeing in life. For the purpose of resolving the subject matter, five important sections have been used in this paper, and these would include introduction, literature review, research design, data, analysis and interpretation, and the conclusion. Literature review Little has been studied about the social lives of Emirates Airlines crew and the type of people they tend to socialize with. However, there are various similar studies from different societies and cultures that have been conducted on the subject, which could be of use here, since social science is comparative in the whole world. Other people may tend to see flight crew members as people with a glamorous life, but air cabin crew members have a different story to tell about their job (Rhoden, Ralston and Ineson, 2008). Even though this is a well-paying job, it is tiring and frustrating, since it calls for much time and commitment. The rare moments of social life for cabin crew is usually spend in clubs and other leisure zones near airports in events that would range from partying to gymnasium. Airline cabin crews rarely have time for social life, owing to the nature of their job. Working as a cabin crew attendant could be fun, since it gives one the opportunity to traverse many regions in the world. However, this is arguably one of the hardest jobs in the world, for it limits a person’s freedom to interact with other people apart from the ones they serve and their colleagues whom they spend much time with. Even though cabin crew attendants can sometimes participate in setting their schedules, depending on their status and the companies they work for, many a times are those they operate on a set schedule (Rogers, 2006). In most cases, these schedules tend to affect their social life. In this regard, these people rarely get time to interact with people out of work. Research Design This research was carried out using three data collection techniques which include survey, interview, and observation. These were the most appropriate methods to apply here, based on the nature of the environment under which the study subjects operate. Each of these methods played a crucial role in enabling us come up with reliable
Introduction The issue of food quality creates numerous concerns, especially about the composition, safety, and nutritional value of food (Huang, Liu & Ngadi 2014). Food analysis is the field that handles the use of diagnostic processes to characterize food substances and their components (Nielsen 2017). Analytical procedures provide information regarding different properties of foods such as their structure, constituents, physical, and chemical attributes as well as sensory features. These facts facilitate the comprehension of factors that influence food properties in addition to increasing the capacity to produce safe, nutritious, and affordable food. Food analysis is conducted by scientists in various spheres of the food industry, for example, food producers, ingredient dealers, diagnostic laboratories, government bodies, and research laboratories in institutions of higher learning. Government policies are necessary to ensure the continuous supply of healthy, safe, and nutritious food to its citizens. These rules also inform consumers concerning the nutritional constitution of foods to help them make informed decisions about their diets, encourage fair competition among food manufacturers, and get rid of economic deception (Babu, Gajanan & Sanyal 2014). Government agencies that monitor food quality include the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), and the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) among others. Different methods of food analysis exist depending on the type of food compound being investigated. For this experiment, five methods will be used to analyze the food sample. They include Ankom extraction, Dumas nitrogen, oven drying at 100 o C, furnace combustion at 550 o C and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Ankom extraction is an analytical technique aimed at finding the fat content of food by removing crude (free) fat using solvents such as petroleum ether. The crude fats that are extracted consist of triglycerides and other interrelated lipids. The loss of mass attributed to the removal of fat or oil from the sample is then quantified. The Ankom method has been used successfully in the extraction of oil from sunflower (Scharlack, Aracava & Rodrigues 2017), pistachio seeds (Rabadán et al. 2017), and corn germ (Navarro et al. 2016). Dumas extraction, on the other hand, is a mechanized instrumental method with the capacity to measure the total nitrogen content of food. Dumas extraction is a fast and safe substitute for the Kjeldahl standard technique (Chang & Zhang 2017). The nitrogen content of food indicates its protein content since nitrogen makes up the amine group in amino acids. The Dumas method entails three steps: combustion, reduction and separation, and detection. During combustion, the sample is weighed and rid of any atmospheric gases before being heated at elevated temperatures (1,030 ºC) in the presence of pure oxygen. The combustion process yields carbon dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, water, and nitrogen in the form of different oxides (NyOx). In the reduction