ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Cancer is one of the most dreadful diseases for contemporary humanity. This is one of the most difficult in curing, as it may affect any part of the body, and seriously damage the body tissues. The key difficulty is explained by the statement that tumor is often difficult to locate especially at the early stages. Additionally, there are no age frames for cancer, as it may affect any person independently of age and sex. This paper aims to review and analyze the key aspects of cancer, its treatment, and its diagnosis. Additionally, the side effects of chemotherapy and radiotherapy will be regarded as an integral part of anti-cancer treatment. Cancer First, it should be stated that cancer is not a simple tumor, as there are several features that make it differ from tumors. The first symptom is that the cells or their groups reveal uncontrolled and enormous division tempos. These cells are invasive and may intrude and destruct the healthy tissues. (Figure 1) The most dangerous symptom of cancer is metastasis. This means that the cancer cells can spread to other locations with blood or lymph. These are the key defining points of cancer from tumors. Some types of cancer form tumors, while others do not (such as leukemia). In accordance with the general disease statistics, cancer causes up to 13 % of all human deaths independently of the age limits. As it is stated by Hijiya and Hudson (2007), cancer is considered as an environmental disease, as it heavily depends on the lifestyle and environmental factors (90-95% influence), while genetics provide no more than 10% credibility. As for the other factors, Kinzler and Vogelstein (2002, p. 321) gave the following classification: Common environmental factors leading to cancer death include: tobacco (25-30%), diet and obesity (30-35%), infections (15-20%), radiation, stress, lack of physical activity, environmental pollutants. These environmental factors cause abnormalities in the genetic material of cells. The genetic activities of the cancer cells are not studied properly at the moment, nevertheless, the key aspect of genetic activity of the cancer cells are closely associated with two general classes of genes. Hence, as it is stated in Gao (2008), oncogenes are included in cancer cells, and they are considered as cancer-promoting genes. They activate the existing cancer cells providing them with new properties. These properties are described above, moreover, these cells are protected against natura
Executive Summary AT&T is an American multinational company that offers telecommunications solutions to retail and enterprise consumers. The company is one of the largest employers in the United States and provides competitive salaries and benefits among the top Fortune 500 companies. This paper reviews the human resource management (HRM) issues as they relate to best practices of the professional and particular strategies of the company. Most notably, AT&T manages its workforce through a HRM team that consists of the corporate executive of the company, the human resource department staffs, the strategic business units heads, and members from delivery and business support, and production. The organizational inclusive team arises out of the company’s strategy to blend its human resources (HR) goals with its other business goals. As a result, its various departments and divisions all work together to implement employee growth and development programs. The company has an explicit diversity and inclusiveness program for its people. It recognizes employee cultural differences, occupational differences, and other sources of uniqueness that can help it better deal with its customers. Consequently, it actively promotes the inclusiveness of people with diverse backgrounds to its workforce so that it benefits from their unique perspectives. This includes people with disabilities. Sexual harassment is one of the localized HR issues that AT&T has to deal with. Beyond that, there are universal cultural differences that will always be at play in the company. In addition, there are different categories of people making up the organization, such as it leadership, retirees, active workers, and their dependents who all act as stakeholders to its HR policies. The paper highlights the strategies used in staffing, employee benefits, and wages used by AT&T and offers recommendations on areas of HR policy improvement. Brief history of AT&T AT&T is a multinational telecommunications company that started in America and has its headquarters in Texas, USA. Alexander Graham Bell founded it and the initials in the name stand for American Telephone and Telegraph. The company’s mission is to connect people, irrespective of where they are. To achieve its goals, AT&T continuously innovates as it operates in the communication and entertainment industry. AT&T today has more than 28,000 workers located throughout the world. Senior leaders at AT&T lead the diversity initiatives for employees that aim to grow the company by servicing its consumers well. Main products or services AT&T continues to evolve and specializes in consumer and enterprise technological solutions. It provides data, video, and mobile services solutions, which include business within cloud, security, and mobile business features. The company has 250 million mobile customers. The company operates a cellular service in the United States and Latin A
Introduction The development of modern world had long come to the point, when people got highly concerned about the state of their health. The situation of natural protection can be already considered a history, and nowadays a person who is willing to lead qualitative and pleasant life has to take control over the considerable part of its processes. There belong such everyday activities as sleep (rest), physical activity, mental activity and, undoubtedly, nutrition. Exactly the latter, being the main source of energy in its essence, is responsible for the majority of processes in human organism. As a matter of fact, food can affect the body both positively and negatively, having both a strong potential to cure and a dangerous disposition to poison. Hence, over the last century there has been created a great variety of patterns in nutrition so as to benefit as much as possible from what, when, and how much one eats. These patterns have been called “diets” and, at the moment, being on the peak of their popularity, they compete for efficiency and correspondence. One of such diets, formulated by the biochemist Barry Sears in 1995, was suggested in his work “The Zone”. There the author offers to readers’ and scientists’ attention a new method of controlling one’s nutrition and, therefore, achieving individual aim out of keeping this diet. Informally called 40-30-30, the Zone Diet is based on the principle of counting the amounts of consumed carbohydrates, proteins, and fat. The theory was developed in the contradiction to the popular diets of the 90-ies, which approved of low fat intake. On the contrary to them, Dr. Sears rejects the idea of necessity to limit the consumption of the products of a high fat level. In his book he states, that “severe restriction of intake of any of the macronutrients is in error”. [Sears, 1995] That is why Dr. Soars has decided not to deprive the organism of proper functioning and to work on the diet pattern, which would enable to combine in an appropriate way all the elements human body requires. The following co
Consumer perception is an important aspect of marketing because it shapes the meaning of a purchase to a consumer. The process by which consumers develop these perceptions is characterized by the use of different aspects of communication senses, such as attention, interpretation, retention, and sensation (Solomon et al. , 2016; Eryandra, Sjabadhyni, and Mustika, 2018). This paper shows that marketers use these aspects of sensory engagement to draw attention to their products or services by manipulating consumer perception using environmental stimuli. This statement is justified through the application of the classical conditioning theory in market development. The classical conditioning theory highlights the need to understand processes that lead to the creation of positive or negative perceptions about a product or service based on the manipulation of environmental stimuli. Its advocates characterize the business environment as an amalgamation of different factors that influence how consumers develop perceptions about the environment (Gehart, 2015). Therefore, marketers manipulate several factors in the environment to accomplish their objectives. By acknowledging the existence of these environmental stimuli and their roles in shaping consumer perceptions, the classical conditioning theory presupposes that one type of environmental stimuli is likely to affect another and in the end, there will be a hegemony of ideas, which create the overall idea that consumers would have of a good or service. For example, when an unconditioned stimulus is paired with another one that does not have the same type of response, the second stimulus will elicit the same type of response as the first one, after some time. This is how perceptions about companies and their brands are created because consumers react to specific stimuli in the business environment differently, but after a while, there is a common idea held by the majority, which is eventually adopted and dictates how people perceive it (Rubio, Villaseñor and Oubiña, 2015). In turn, it shapes their thoughts and feelings about a brand. The development of consumer perceptions using the aforementioned way stems from the existence of known natural responses that people have to specific information in the environment that dictates how consumers react to a brand, knowingly or unknowingly. For example, for a long time, marketers have used people’s natural response to sexual imagery to increase their sales (James, 2017). This manipulative strategy has been used to generate attention through the infusion of sexual stimuli in advertisements to appeal to people’s sensory desires. Its application is rooted in the fact that human beings are naturally sexual creatures. Therefore, they respond to such stimuli with excitement, which could be translated to sales. Most marketers know this fact and seek to get consumers’ attention by packaging their products in a sexually appealing way. Different industries ha
Introduction The advent of global businesses that thrive on environments that have different accounting frameworks is the main motivating factor towards the changes in International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS). In the current business world, IFRS is used by more than 100 countries. In the United States, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) has outlined General Accepted Accounting Practices (GAAP) as the benchmark for financial reporting. Therefore, anyone who seeks to do business on an international scale should also be familiar with the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) and the organization’s guide on fair value measurement. A deeper understanding of IFRS requires one to compare its fair value measurement standards with those of GAAP. This paper outlines the efforts that have been made by both the FASB and the IASB in the movement towards uniform fair value measurement for financial instruments and the differences between the two organizations’ approaches. Main text The movement towards a uniform fair value measurement of financial instruments began forty years ago. During this period, both the IASB and FASB have made concerted efforts towards achieving uniform measuring instruments. By the year 2001, only a few countries around the world had incorporated the IFRS into their financial systems. However, the IFRS systems received a major boost in popularity when they were endorsed by the International Organization of Securities Commission (IOSCO) in matters concerning international trading. Soon after, the IASB received another boost when its system became a requirement for all companies that were listed in the European Union’s exchange market. Meanwhile, both the IASB and the FASB pledged to harmonize their systems as stipulated in the Norwalk Agreement of 2002. The agreement sought to make sure that both systems remained compatible even after they had been harmonized. In 2006, the two organizations signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) that sought to illuminate the roadmap towards uniform financial measurements. The MoU was meant to cater to both long-term and short-term hindrances towards the unification of accounting practices. The joint efforts by the FASB and the IASB sought to address three main issues namely; eliminating existing differences between standards, the concerns of investors, and convergence. Some of the good things that came from this early convergence include the induction of a managerial approach when harmonizing the measurement of financial instruments. IFRS 8 utilizes reportable segments as opposed to risks and returns measurement. Furthermore, the 2006 MoU standardized the calculation of goodwill in piecemeal acquisitions. Striking differences in approach between IASB and FASB still exist and the current GAAP and IFRS regulations are proof of these divisions. For example, the stipulation on accounting for alternative investments is different for the two standards. Under GAAP, “practical expedient allows the measurement o
Introduction Royal Automotive (RA) deals in new and used cars. The company management strives to make buying a used car a simple process. RA has been in business since the year 2006. During this period, the company management has created a reputation of perfection and quality in its operations. One of the key areas the company focuses on is the customer’s satisfaction and experience. RA has repeat businesses and referrals of up to 40 per cent. The company is running a lean operation with no large, fancy showroom for its exhibitions. This approach enables RA to cut down on costs and maximize on returns. The focus on customers enables the company to turn its strategy into a partnership with financial institutions. RA has specialized in finding credit opportunities with financial institutions such as Bank of Denver and Chase. The company claims to get customers’ loan requests approved in writing within 5 minutes. Further, the company is a Credit Union member, which makes its credit requests easily approved. RA gives customers the comfort of handling their credit needs with or without references to their credit history. The key for success of RA is its ability to learn and change continuously in its environment of operations. We can assert that the RA management team has been able to adopt approaches of a learning organization that is capable of continuously transforming itself in order to meet the challenges of change, and customers’ requirements. Supply chain and inventory management The emergence of mass production of cars led to the rise of used car dealers. RA has various ranges of models from different car dealers. Therefore, the management of supply chain and inventory occupies a significant part of the company’s operations. These can only work through a complementary
Facility Overview Branded as the world’s largest corporation, Wal-Mart started up as a small retail outlet in Arkansas, USA in 1940 (Azili 6). Its founder, Sam Walton, was successful in running the store. In 1945, he managed to acquire a lease with Butler Brothers to run a shop under his franchise name, Ben Franklin. Butler Brothers was a renowned businessman during those days. He owned a chain of retail outlets in Arkansas. Despite the success, that he experienced, Walton was unable to renew the lease agreement. Instead of winding up his business, he opened another store in a different location under the name, Ben Franklin, where he enjoyed even much more success. By the year 2000, Wal-Mart had already been ranked as the leading public corporation in the world on the Fortune Top 500 list. In 2002, the organization reported its sales at approximately $220 million and a net profit of $6.1 billion (Chandran 2). At the same time, the organization had over 3,800 stores in the United States of America and 2,800 other stores in other nations of the world. Currently, the corporation has outlets in North America, South America, Europe, Asia, Australia and Africa. All through this time, the company has grown from a simple business venture to a multi-national corporation. In the course of its operations, the company has gone through several challenges and obstacles. These challenges have been both external and internal in nature. As a result, it has been able to identify its strengths and improved on its weaknesses. The retail industry is highly characterized with free entry and exit into the market.
Education is not what it used to be. Quantum leaps in technology have made current teaching methods redundant and ineffective. Like everything else, automation and artificial intelligence is replacing and enhancing the traditional student-teacher model rapidly. Smart Education is breaking new ground in providing an entirely new unique educational methodology and safe environment. In “Smart Education” a specially developed intelligent software system could be used for a new teaching methodology and artificial/machine intelligence. This methodology will require no private tutoring as it will provide a dynamic learning environment that automatically tailors itself to the life-long development of each individual pupil. Classrooms will be individually designed with a class size of 12 pupils. Each class would be served by a highly experienced, specially trained teacher assisted by a dedicated teacher helper. All classrooms will be equipped with a computer work-desk for each student, a local area network, multimedia projection and a CCTV system. Smart Education is not meant for academics only. It will also provide children access to the world’s most advanced, child-safe electronics lab system, music room, dramatics, yoga, karate, football, basketball and other physical training aids. Smart Education will provide parents with a 24 hours asynchronous contact with their child’s progress, the supervisors, the co-supervisors, their teachers and other supervisory staff over the Internet. You can even see your child working in the class at any time over the internet or an internet enabled mobile phone. Thus the word ‘Smart ’ in this context comes from the rapidly developing technologies termed as Artificial Intelligence and Machine Intelligence. Therefore the adjective ‘Smart’ implies a computer assisted system capable of observing, recording, and using experiences to improve performance and learn continuously. Description of Venture Mission: “To lay the foundation for the next generation, the scient
Development programs in 1990 Western developmental programs when in 1990 presumed the donor community of the late 1980s, it was seen as a diverse contribution from bilateral donors providing multi-million-dollar loans to correct balance-of-payment difficulties to underdeveloped countries. From an emerging market to small NGOs community development programs, aid donors confronted various challenges in the form of critiques that targeted their attempts to provide financial assistance (Hoy 1998, 136). No doubt the programs succeeded in stimulating economic growth and development but in the demand and supply sector of cocaine in countries like Thailand. This served as the basis for remaining a subject of critical negative attitude for the officials remained unable to seize the prevention of large scale illicit trafficking and drug production in supplier and consumer countries (INCB, Overview ). What critics say? Critics led many of the political development of discursive power to transform the aid into programs undertaken in developing countries and have likely brought few tangible results with no restriction on drug abuse. The reason was in fact, that despite spending billions of dollars in foreign aid underdeveloped countries remained unable to cooperate and restrict the supply of drugs with the donor countries of the West. Theoretical grounds for such critics include the political influence of drug supply and demand reduction policies through which it was obvious to the aid receiving development community that key institutional changes to reduce corruption were a precondition to successful adjustment. At the back end of the financial assistance was Congress raising issues on challenging the ‘war on drugs’ for which it was sending millions of dollars aid to combat with the war on drugs. However, it was revealed later that such assistance was presented to the militaries of Bolivia, Colombia, and Peru. Aid to drug-corrupted forces were directed towards fighting not against drug supply and demand but to leftist guerrillas and their civilian sympathizers (Scott & Marshall 1991). Another example is the case of heroin epidemic when in late 1980s Thailand escorted a decade and a half of CIA collaboration with opium-smuggling gangs and drug-corrupted regimes in the Golden Triangle of Burma, Laos, and Thailand (ibid). Golden Triangle While attempting to reduce drug trafficking, UN Chronicle (June 1990) suggests that traffickers changed routes where they found Thailand’s route as the easiest to be used as a gateway for the drug trafficking from the Golden Triangle. This was the main reason why Western nations quit financial support to underdeveloped countries. Another reason for providing financial resource was the reflection of the financial crisis development theory in the 1990s which resulted in the sudden increase in the incidence of poverty in such countries as Indonesia, Thailand and South Korea. However, it was only after 1997 that the lack of appropriate safety nets provided a strong rationale for redirecting aid flows to alleviate poverty and improve human welfare, by eradicating drugs rational through the he