ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction It might seem that the 21 st century promoting political correctness and tolerance must eliminate prejudice against those who suffer from being different from the rest of us. Yet, transgender people, who are no strangers to society and do not belong to different species, continue to be discriminated daily. Their major fault, according to those who treat them as non-human and alien, is that they do not feel comfortable in their birth-assigned body and simply try to give way to their nature. Even among those who are not explicitly adverse to transgender people, there is a common belief that they are mentally sick and should be treated by a psychiatrist. Yet, it is a proven fact that any identity, however deviating it may seem, is not a mental disease that can be cured even if addressed in due time. This means that the difference these people feel is genuine and the rejection that they receive instead of support and understanding is truly distressing for them (the USA, National Center for Transgender Equality 2). This leads to numerous psychological disorders, which are not the root of transgender identity but rather the effect of our negligence, intolerance, and hostility. Treating these people as inferior, weird, and sick, we impose the sentence upon them that allows no appeal. Differentiation of Terms It comes as no surprise that society can be cruel. However, it is ridiculous that most of those who behave aggressively towards transgender people do not even understand what they are mocking at. They are often mixed up with transsexuals, who undergo operations to change their biological sex, and transvestites, who simply dress up like representatives of the opposite gender. Many people believe that being transgender always implies changing physical sex, while the term is referred to as those whose behavior does not align with accepted norms of gender. Thus, we come to understand that gender, as a conceptual category assigned by culture, is confused with sex, signifying biological characteristics. Transgender status has nothing to do with the sexual preferences of a person, who can with an equal chance be heterosexual, homosexual, asexual, or anything he/she likes. If we analyze this from the perceptional point of view, we will see that some cultures single out up to six genders that do not correspond to only two possible biological sexes (the USA, National Center for Transgender Equality 1). This means that transgender people are despised and humiliated for having a gender identity that does not align with their sex, which is labeled abnormal. But what is the norm? Different cultures have their ideas of masculine and feminine, which means that there is no universal model that should be followed to be perceived as normal. But even if there was, is there anything that makes so-called normal people better than those who were less lucky to be born in the wrong body? Transgender Status in the US Since the situation with transgender people is highly tense, many of them tend to conceal their true identities. This accounts for the fact that we still do not
Introduction In the middle of the 19 th century, the ideas of capitalism have been already spread across the whole world. There were a number of theorists, who were ready to analyze this economic system and define its role in society. Due to the political instability that could be easily noticed in many European countries, there was a need to create a theory or a program according to which people could get a chance to improve their future and understand the conditions under which they had to live. The point is that different countries faced a number of the same problems, still, they did not want to unite their efforts and knowledge to find one powerful solution. Instead, European theorists introduced a variety of ideas, which turned out to be weaker in comparison to the already established capitalism. There were two prominent German political economists, whose ideas and approaches were recognized in the world. Max Weber and Karl Marx were both intrigued by the social development and changes that could not be understood by ordinary people. The period of industrialization was not simple, this is why political experts like Marx and Weber wanted to prove that their individual understanding of such concepts like human nature, resistance, power, and society had to be accepted. The peculiar feature of these two economists was the fact that they realized that changes, which happened to society, were not really appropriate. In other words, people were not ready to accept the changes and live in accordance with their own demands and desires. Still
Systematic Literature Review Background Disability is a general term that can be used to refer to set of conditions that inhibit individuals in their daily activities (Tracy 2011, p.181). However, there is extent at which such conditions may affect an individual. It is imperative to note that the level of disability varies from one person to another. Moreover, conditions of disability vary in degree namely from mild to severe (Anon 2011, p.12). Examples of mild disability are poor eyesight and deafness (Spitzer 2011, p.8). On the other hand, severe cases of disability involve brain damage, degeneration or breakdown of nerves (Ng, Talman & Khan 2011, p.151). People with disability gain assistance from family members and friends. Besides, governments in various states avail specific resources that directly or indirectly benefit individuals with physical challenges. This paper aims at examining disability trend in Australia in terms of prevalence, livelihoods, education and economic participation of people with disabilities. Are there any specific trends between prevalence of disability and various population brackets? Objectives This research study aims at exploring the link between disability and some of the factors that affect it. Of great importance in this theoretical study is the impact of aging as well as some of the prevalent factors that affect their condition. Additionally, both economic and educational participation will be discussed in this paper. The paper will also lay more emphasis on the nature of livelihood of people living with various forms of disability. As part of achieving rigorous data analysis, diversity of study types was essential in this study. As such, myriad of resources from multiple geographical locations such as Australia, United States, UK as well as Sweden were used. To obtain a balanced approach to the study on disability, global linking of independent studies was used. An empirical survey conducted by the Australian Statistical Bureau on the prevalence of disability revealed that over 20% of the population has myriad forms of disabilities (AIHW 2008, p.4). Quantitatively, those who are between the ages of 5-65 years is prevalent to physical challenges ranging from mild to severe states of disabilities (AIHW 2008 p. 4). However out of the proportion, 21% with mild cases had access to daily activities without any difficulty. Contrastingly, those with severe cases of disability are restricted to performing daily tasks such as schooling, self care and working. Moreover, severe impairments prohibit them from crucial functions of the body such as locomotion, communication and self-care services. From the previous survey, it is evident that the rate of prevalence has decimated with a difference of 1.8% from the previous rate (AIHW 2008, p. 5). Nevertheless, life expectancy of people with disabilities was noted to increase eminently and preferably those with mild challenges. For instance, it has been noted that males have gained higher life expectancy over the past 15 years. According to statistical evidence derived from current surv
Background FedEx is a transportation company headquartered in the United States; it has branches all over the world. The firm offers delivery and transportation services to a myriad of clients. This organization is subdivided into four major groups, which include FedEx Express, FedEx services, FedEx Ground, and FedEx Freight. FedEx Express mostly focuses on door to door delivery through a money back guarantee. It does this through its integrated network of vehicles and technologically-based tracking system. FedEx Ground deals with the small package market in Canada and the United States. This encompasses all the home deliveries that are less than 150 pounds. FedEx Freight covers the distributional or business market. Here, the company transports commodities that are time bound, bulky and essential to the supply chain. This market is also eligible to money back guarantees. Lastly, FedEx Services handles back-office activities such as IT, customer service, sales and marketing. It also encapsulates FedEx mobile, which is a service that runs on mobiles and other Apple-based products. This facilitates the process of tracking one’s package in order to know where it is located. The firm’s main competitors include organizations such as DHL, TNT, UPS, and ABF Freight System. In this industry, FedEx is still recognized as a market leader because of initiating a number of services. FedEx was the first organization to introduce overnight letter delivery. It was also the first to bring in Saturday deliveries or deliveries that arrive at 10.30 am on the next day. The firm handles customs brokerage and is also in charge of delivering packages across the border. Sometimes these clearances can be done electronically. The organization is ISO certified and also won a Baldridge Award for Quality. It transports approx
Introduction First of all, it is necessary to point out that the national security level, which any average citizen requires is the level, which permits them to feel safe independently in the surrounding atmosphere. This level entails not only physical safety but also mental and legislative, as everyone should be granted the rights of privacy and the basic freedoms National Security Taking into account the issues of security from the point of view of the rights and freedoms, as well as the granting of physical security it should be stated that the USA has always used the Monroe Doctrine as the main principle of granting security to Americans. It is often regarded as the “big stick”, and the historical process and the development of the USA as the individual and independent state only increased the seriousness level of the means and measures. Finally, it included the integrated systems of establishing and ensuring diplomatic, military, and economic security. (Watson, 2005) The contemporary concept of national security was introduced after World War II and was regarded as the guiding principle of foreign policy by the USA. Yamamoto (2005) emphasizes the following fact: “ Since the breakup of the Soviet Union and the end of the Cold War, and with the rise of terrorism, national security has had to shift its focus dramatically. Security Sector Reform (SSR) and Security Sector Management (SSM) are needed in many nations for different reasons. Some are nations emerging from repressive regimes or recovering from civil wars. Others are developing nations with weak governments where national security sectors never existed or were n
Introduction The purpose of this case study report is to analyse critically the hostile buyout of Cadbury by Kraft. The buyout was opposed because Kraft failed to keep the promises it made to Cadbury employees (Stiff 2012, p. 41). Furthermore, the two companies embraced different values, which strained the relationship between employees and the management team. Thus, the paper will discuss values associated with Cadbury and Kraft. It will also highlight the impact of culture change on employees and work ethic. Employee Values Before the acquisition, Cadbury employees were guided by values espoused by the Quakers who found the company (Cadbury 2010, pp. 15-300). Thus, Cadbury was associated with the following values. First, the company was associated with compassion. Cadbury owners and management showed compassion to their employees by providing good working conditions, leisure facilities, adequate remuneration, and job security. On the other hand, Kraft did not value compassion since it focused on improving profits rather than employees’ welfare (Stiff & Ralph 2011, p. 51). Second, Cadbury valued justice and fairness. The company’s employees were treated equally and their concerns were always taken into account by the management (Cadbury 2010, pp. 15-300). Justice and fairness were however not important to Kraft’s management. For example, the company’s CEO repeatedly ignored the concerns of workers and union leaders during the takeover (Moeller 2012, p. 15). Third, Cadbury embraced honesty and integrity by keeping its promises to employees, workers and suppliers. Employees focused on self-discipline and hard work to achieve their targets. Conversely, the integrity of Kraft’s managers was questionable (Leggett 2010, p. 10). For example, they closed a factory in Bristol, which led to the loss of 400 jobs despite having promised to keep the facility. Finally, Cadbury’s employees believed in maintaining a strong sense of community by caring for one another and maintaining high ethical standards. However, ensuring ethical behaviour was not a priority at Kraft. The CEO, for instance, refused to discuss with MPs the impact of the takeover on employees since she believed it would be a waste of her time (Stiff & Ralph 2011, p. 51). Moreover, the company forced nearly 3,000 employees to opt out of their pension plan by threatening to withhold pay (Rigby & Cohen 2010, p. 1). Change in Employment and Work Values The takeover represents a significant change in employment and work values, as well as relationships between workers and employers in the following ways. First, Kraft’s managers were guided by the principles of modern capitalism rather than the values embraced by Quakers (Stern 2010, p. 2). As a result, Cadbury employees were expected to consider work as a means to an end rather than something that was good for the soul. This means that the employees had to work
Role of major public health personnel Public health personnel involved in the disaster have varied roles depending on their area of specialization and deployment. The public health inspectors are involved in inspection of food premises and of vendors to ensure that they are licensed and have a valid license to operate; they also inspect the sanitation and hygienic conditions of the food premises, nature and state of the food products being sold e.g. temperature. The director of public health heads this team. The public health environmental specialist took part in the assessment of damage on the environment caused by the sodium hydroxide, tornado and flooding. The public health personnel also took part in immunization activities; they assessed the need for tetanus vaccine and who should actually get the vaccine. They also ensured that the media was kept briefed on the situation hence public also kept informed (University of Minnesota, 2007). The public health nurse roles include community assessment and in this case this was demonstrated in the door to door campaign where PHN assessed the needs of the residents. During this door to door movement, they advised the residents on issues affecting their health that are related to the disaster and also on other issues that they are facing. Part of the assessment was on health needs, food needs. The public health nurse and the public health team participated in health education and health promotion activities. This was clear during the campaigns mobilize residents to boil water for at least five minutes before drinking or using it for domestic purposes. The residents were also educated on safety measures to take so that their health is not put at risk. The CHN also took part in the assessment of damage on roads, houses and environment as a result of the tornado, flooding and the chemical spill (University of Minnesota, 2007). Chain of Command for community health nurse The community health nurse works under the public health group that reports to the Medical/Health Branch director who reports to the Operations Chief (OP). The OC reports to the EOC commander. Resources available to the community health nurse (CHN) The CHN have several resources available at her disposal to be able to deal with situations outside her level of knowledge, skill, or authority. There was a telephone availed to her for purposes of communicating with other team members to ensure that they are informed on needs and services required that are outside scope of practice. A good example is when she calls the operations team to enquire on availability of shelter. There was also a referral system in which the CHN was able to refer all issues that she could not respond; some issues touched on security and safety, financial needs, the CHN could only refer the individuals to the relevant people. The CHN also had other members of the staff who helped her deal with issues not related to nursing. There were vehicles such as ambulance (not mentioned) as those who needed emergency medical care were transferred to
Outline How to be good is a novel that explores the morality of human beings which can be between extreme goodness and extreme selfishness. It advocates a middle ground towards goodness. It also depicts the marriage troubles of the primary characters. It also adds humor by the actions of David who attempts to do good in order to please his wife. Good News and Katie add another flavor to the novel by their conservative and liberal views about contemporary problems of society. Introduction Nick Hornsby has written a novel How to be Good in 2001 which centered on the characters Katie Carr, a doctor, and her husband, David Grant (Hornby, 2001). The novel rotates about marital relationships, leading a good life and the benefits of being good. David starts to feel good with the help of his spiritual healer, DJ Good News. They try to convince people about giving their extra bedrooms to homeless people. However their scheme of being nice to people who had not been good backfires with David giving up eventually. He also stops his plans to write a book about “How to be Good”. The novel rotates around the relationship between Katie and David. Both David and Katie are married with two children but are living a life full of irony, depression and cynicism. They have a negative attitude about leading a good life. David soon emerges from an angry and cynical person to a new person whose spirit has been revived after meeting a spiritual healer whose name is Good News. David wants to be morally good. In the process he becomes more righteous. Katie becomes more cynical of his attempts to become good. They have an ambitious plan to spread goodness in society. They try to convince their neighbors to take homeless children inside their homes. However what happens is that the homeless kids stea
The implementation of the lean system at Oak Hills and its impact on employees The implementation of a lean system at the Oak Hills facility can be viewed as the managers’ response to the necessity of optimizing all production processes, increasing the quality of products, and reducing costs. A lean system is discussed as the most appropriate way to avoid wasting resources, to increase efficiency in manufacturing, and to achieve flexibility in the organization and control of processes (Karim and Arif-Uz-Zaman 170). All steps associated with implementing a lean system are directed to optimizing processes and operations, improving the quality of work, and increasing effectiveness. As a result, changes in operations and the number of employees, as well as their responsibilities, are expected. Currently, there are many drawbacks in the work of employees which should be addressed while implementing a lean system. For instance, the work of employees is scheduled and organized improperly, and these aspects lead to decreasing the quality of products and the speed of operations when employees work as teams. Also, the quality control conducted by employees is not enough and appropriate to prevent providing customers with damaged products. The employee morale was also affected by the recent changes in the work of the company, and the lack of communication between managers and workers led to spreading rumors and decreasing employees’ motivation to work. To overcome the identified problems and guarantee that all employees will contribute to implementing a lean system, it is necessary to make sure that they are educated and trained regarding new principles of the working process applied at the Oak Hills facility. As a result, the implementation of a lean system will affect employees in terms of the organization of their work and operation processes, their education and training, scheduling, as well as changes in responsibilities and tasks to complete (Martínez-Jurado and Moyano-Fuentes 135). Furthermore, it is possible to expect the dismissal of those employees whose quality and speed of work do not contribute to increasing efficiency. From this point, such changes can be rather stressful for workers, and it is important to make the transition to a new system smoother. The first step is the communication of the company’s goals to employees to discuss expected changes, share a new vision, and explain the benefits of changes to employees. At this stage, employees are motivated to participate in the reorganization process and demonstrate their potential. Changes are required for the bonus system applied in the organization to motivate teams and individual employees. Currently, employees are not motivated to demonstrate the ability to work with different teams and on various tasks. The second step is the education and training of employees. The principles of cooperation between team members and overall