ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The recent past has seen a dramatic rise in crimes leading to the American society being traumatized and unable to control the alarming issue (Daicoff 32). Young people between the ages of 12 years and 19 years are being involved in criminal actions and since the action is taken on a few of them, they grow up to become hardcore criminals in society (Richard 257). Law enforcers together with the judicial system seem to have become ‘weak’ and reluctant in controlling the situation since most of the suspected criminals end up going home scot-free as a result of either insufficient evidence or total lack of evidence enough to convict them (Daicoff 33). This paper will focus on a ruling made by the US Supreme Court in 1966 in Miranda Vs. Arizona case, which created a series of procedural requirements that law enforcement officials must follow before questioning suspects in custody (Richard 258). The requirements have had a damaging impact on law enforcement and the police have had difficult times in trying to get a confession from arrested suspects (Cotterill 4). Ernesto Miranda, an individual who already had a criminal record, was arrested in 1963 in Phoenix, Arizona, for robbing $8 from a bank worker (Gold 27). He was later charged with armed robbery and even signed a confession not only admitting to the robbery itself but also to kidnapping and sexually assaulting an 18-year-old woman, eleven days before committing the robbery (Gold 28). Once convicted, Miranda’s lawyers appealed, claiming that Miranda had no previous knowledge of his Fifth Amendment rights which protected him from self-incrimination (Richard 258). He was also not aware of his Sixth Amendment rights which gave him the right to counsel (Daicoff 35). He signed the confession because he was not fully informed of his rights as a suspect. The police officers informed him of only a few. The case made it to the Supreme Court in 1966 but was overthrown because the court had come to establish that the accused person has a right to remain silent and prosecutors would not be allowed to use any statements made by the defendants while being questioned in police custody (Richard 261). If and when there are any statements, then prosecutors are allowed to use them only after learning that the accused has been advised of his rights, also known as the Miranda Rights (Gold 29). Miranda rights include that the suspect has a right to an attorney as well as the right to remain silent. Should the suspect make any statement, it can and will be used against him/her in a court of law (Cotterill 7). Lastly, if a suspect cannot or is not in a position to afford to hire his/her own attorney, one should be provided to him/her by the court, free of charge (Benjamin 77). The ruling was made to protect criminal suspects from wavering constitutional rights from a lack of knowledge on how to exercise them (Cotterill 12). The Miranda vs. Arizona case has had a detrimental impact on law enforcement as well as has impeding it, though from the beginnin
Introduction/Thesis statement In my opinion, Hip-Hop can indeed be discussed in terms of a social movement. The reason for this is that themes and motifs, which define the concerned sub-culture’s discursive stance, cannot be discussed outside of what accounts for people’s biological agenda, as socially integrated beings. In its turn, this endows Hip-Hop with the main qualitative characteristic of a social movement – the ability to affect the surrounding social reality, by the mean of providing its affiliates with the intellectually advanced sense of a ‘shared identity’. In my paper, I will explore the validity of this suggestion at length. Analytical part When it comes to defining the term ‘social movement’, it is important to understand that the process of a particular group of people striving to have their voice heard in the public sphere, must be discussed within the context of what prompts them to consider doing it, in the first place. This suggests the validity of the specifically synergetic definitions of what this term stands for, such as the one provided by Saunders: “Social movement… is a network of informal interactions between individuals and organizations that engage in collective action on the basis of a shared identity” (229). What this definition implies is that, for one to be able to claim being affiliated with a particular social (and not religious or ethnocultural) movement, his or her sense of a shared identity with the rest of this movement’s participants must secularize to an extent. That is, it must be essentially concerned with the process of people growing ever more intellectually liberated, which in turn causes them to realize the counterproductive nature of the idealistic outlooks on the actual purpose of one’s life. The perfect example of a classical ‘social movement’ can well serve early Marxism. The reason for this is that, due to being thoroughly materialistic, Marxism used to promote the idea that one’s ability to lead a meaningful life directly depends on whether the concerned person can satisfy his physiological/material needs or not. Even though this idea may appear somewhat ‘simplistic’ and even ‘wicked’, this is far from being the case. After all, although there were indeed several downsides, within the context of how Marxist ideas used to be implemented in practice, the movement in question did succeed in turning the world into a better place to live – largely on the account of its promotion of the concept of egalitarianism (equality). Essentially the same can be said about Hip-Hop. The reason for this is that the themes and motifs, closely associated with Hip-Hop’s sub-cultural context, radiate the unmistakable spirit of materialism – hence, promoting the secularist idea that one’s sense of self-id
Introduction Communication is a significant aspect in any business enterprise especially in the current competitive business environment. Its imperativeness is evident since effective communication defines the level of performance in diverse settings. Indeed, any institution that aspires to perform outstandingly must adopt conventional communication approaches and channels. They must also develop effective organizational structure with streamlined communication channels that hold the capacity to eradicate bureaucracy. This explains why managers in diverse corporations are under obligation to redefine their communication goals and strategies. This is vital in ensuring that they enhance sharing of information and coordination of activities at various levels of operation. Managers are also under obligation to adopt modern communication techniques such as the use of blog, twitter among others with an aim of reshaping relationship between major stakeholders (Bovee & Thill, 2010). Thus, this report discuses the significance of communication where focus to its relevance and why institutions should initiate its integration is covered. It adopts Samsung Company as the corporation under investigation since the company is in dire need to streamline and integrate more conventional communication techniques. Thesis statement There is great need for organizations to redefine their communication strategies and techniques. This is essential since inferior communication channels has been a key impediment that threatens to erode the gains that companies have made over the years (Argenti, 2007). This is evident since most companies lack proper channels of communication that can foster timely and effective delivery of information about potent quality standards that must be observed real time. Therefore, Samsung Corporation must adopt new structures of communications to enable it enhance efficiency, effectiveness and reduce bureaucracy that has been impeding mutual understanding between key stakeholders (Argenti, 2007). Integration of lean communication structure, the best structure and co
Abstract The necessities that prompted the Asian companies to acquire European firms fill the gist of this paper. The strategies involved in that process constitute the literature review and they are analyzed in the analysis/discussion section. The liberal economic policies in Asian countries that enabled the companies in those economies to increase their investment capabilities have found place in review through authentic literature available on the topic. Consequently, the opportunities, as well as the management techniques and the knowledge assets like patents that helped Asian companies to foray into the European market, also find place in the review. Thus by the end of the literature review, the ways and means of Asian companies that made them go global have been discussed in general and in certain situations in countries like Taiwan and China as well as companies like Haier and Volvo. As part of the conclusion of the literature review, it has been stated that the Asian firms tried to consolidate their business by expanding globally in the wake of liberalization policies worldwide. The success of Japanese and Korean companies in global terms and the way they have set examples for other Asian firms has been analyzed as part of the discussion and analysis of the topic of the paper. The context of another Asian country India, as well as China, have been studied to know that Foreign direct investments into these countries have prompted the firms in these economies to invest overseas and resulted in outward investments into European firms. The increased funds of Asian firms also helped them to increase their credit rating internationally and thus resulted in more capability of investing overseas. Thus the foreign direct investments into the Asian countries have given rise to outward investments from the country and ensured the expansion of the firms horizontally. After studying and analyzing the ways and means of Asian companies investing in Europe, it has been found that the European countries also can have their advantage by allowing them to do so. These investments can save the cash starve industries in European countries and this aspect forms the first recommendation. That means the increased liquidity of Asian companies not only helping them to consolidate their business but also helping some for the firms in Europe, which lost their competitiveness in the globalization era. In addition to that, governments in the Asian countries should frame the policies that encourage the domestic firms to utilize the credit availability in the international arena of business and grow, so that, they can expand their business as well as the knowledge base. Research Question: What are the necessities that prompted Asian Companies to acquire European firms and what type of strategies is involved in those investments? Background of the topic The background for this topic is the
Advancement in genetic technology is almost becoming inevitable while at the same time it is re-defining the traditional roles of nurses. Major development are being realized in nursing practice specifically in clinical genetics where nurses are required to have adequate information about genetic disorders so as to appropriately participate in assisting individuals and families in decision making and adjustment to the new genetic information. Therefore, this essay will discuss each of the sub-topics related to Pathophysiology. An appropriate interdisciplinary team in addressing Trosacks issue In order to gain insightful information prior to Trosacks initial visit, there is a need to have an appropriate interdisciplinary team from which relevant information can be obtained. Members of the team should be experts and specialists from different fields but whose knowledge of genetic disorders can be reliable. Hence, the following types of members will be appropriate in providing the necessary information: pediatric neurologists, biochemists, genetic counselor or the medical geneticist, epidemiologist and a lawyer. Genetic knowledge and technology especially when condensed in the perspectives of nursing practice constitute an area that cannot have a single approach and subsequent understanding. In order to internalize the issue for effective informed decision-making appropriately, nurses need the help of pediatric neurologists who have to detect the presence of the disorder in the individual. Others include biochemists who have to identify the mutation and prognosis of the disorder in the population, and genetic counselor who has to carry out risk assessment of the disorder to the family and provide the necessary supportive information and advice. In addition, epidemiologist will be needed in conducting and investigating the history of the genetic disorder in the family or the particular population, while a lawyer who will be essential in giving the legal and ethical implications of any particular decision a victim may decide to adopt. Information expected from the specialists in relation to the identified disorder Pediatric neurologists mostly work with children specifically in identifying and proposing the appropriate treatment for various disorders discovered. In accordance to Tay-Sachs disorder, the specialist is likely to provide the following information: the origin of the disorder, what factors contribute to the occurrence of the disorder, characteristics of the disorder, treatment if available for the disorder and the overall nature of the disorder. On his part, biochemist specialist will be an asset in providing information related to DNA mutations that are likely to result in a disorder, the receptor regulation and how they facilitate a diso
In the recent past, teaching in middle schools has been a complex undertaking. Numerous innovations have emerged due to remarkable restructuring that has taken place in the education sector. One of the most important innovations in the sector is integrated curriculum. Teachers in middle schools can decide either to adopt single-subject curriculum, in which they emphasize one curriculum or an integrated curriculum, in which they focus on connections and relationships among curricular areas. Integrated curriculum has more advantages for both teachers and learners than single-subject curriculum. My position therefore is that teachers in middle schools should adopt integrated curriculum rather than single-subject curriculum. Integrated curriculum combines different projects and themes, which gives learners an opportunity to understand how various disciplines are connected. This leads to a clearer understanding of the content taught in class and also reduces unnecessary repetition. Integrated curriculum holds the view that purposeful learning encourages students to participate fully in the learning process. It therefore enables them to attain meaningful learning. The beliefs and ideas that characterize integrated learning do not conform to traditional school structures. The approach supports the idea that it is not possible to achieve universal truth because there are many possibilities that exist and outcomes can be achieved through various ways. This is an approach that relies on a modern attitude to explain things. There are several arguments that make integrated curriculum an appropriate approach for middle schools. To begin with, there is a lot of content that should be covered in single-subject approach and in most cases, the content taught is not directly applicable to real life situations. Students learn best through adoption of an interdisciplinary approach, in which different ideas are interconnected. It is often argued that most subjects have strong connections with subjects in other areas. Single-subject curriculum does not put into consideration capabilities and needs of learners since it is departmentalized in nature. Integrated curriculum is believed to enhance motivation among students because it focuses on themes that are centered on interests of the students. The fact that the needs of students are given the first priority in integrated curriculum makes it possible for actual learning in different disciplines to take place (Drake 5). Proponents of progressive educational reforms held the view that single-subject curriculum made it difficult for learners to understand connections that existed between different subjects. This adversely affected the aim and relevance of the content that was being taught to st
Problem question Is acid deposition continuing to have harmful effects in New England, specifically at Acadia National Park in Maine even though government regulations for reducing sulfur and nitrogen-containing emissions have been in effect for several decades? Hypothesis Nitrous oxide fumes have posed challenges in controlling acid rain as they are hard to control while they are a notable contributor to acid rain. This is attributed to the fact that these gases are emitted by a large number and variety of polluters, and it is not easy to establish who pollutes. These gases also have an increasing source in motor vehicles all over the world which burn fossil fuels. Procedure The procedure for the acid deposition investigation involved the use of a database from a station at Acadia National Park. To access the acid deposition database, the Web site for the National Atmospheric Deposition Program. The “Data Access” tab was then clicked on to reveal an image map titled NPN (National Trends List) Sites. The results were obtained from the website as follows:  1. On the map of the research stations, we clicked on the state of Maine; we then clicked on the blue dot for Station 99 to reach Acadia National Park, MacFarland Hill Station, and ensured we were at the MacFarland Hill station. We examined the site photographs shown on the page as they show various types of equipment for collecting and analyzing rainfall.  2. We clicked on-trend plots to obtain a table with a list of the various items that have been measured annually at the station including several units of measurement. To create a graph showing pH changes, we selected lab pH from the list. For units, we selected mg/L (milligrams per liter.) and for graph size, we chose “small” from the pulldown menu. We then clicked on “create plot” and a graph appeared on the screen. We repeated this procedure for S0 4 , NO 3 , and Ca (calcium) to obtain all the graphs. Results/Analysis pH It was observed that in 1984, the pH was at about 4.6 mg/L. The ph was then observed to decline fairly steadily up to 1986 before then rising back to about the 1984 level over the next ten years till 1994. In 1998, the pH value increased to a relatively high value with the peak being observed in 2004. It was generally inferencing that ph levels went up; an indication that acidity has gone down over the years. This was a positive observation of Acadia National Park because it meant less acidity in the soils and water. Aquatic life forms in streams and lakes were in turn less affected as the water was not as acidic as was in 1984. Aluminum leaching was also reduced due to increased ph reducing the toxicity to both plants and animals. Sulfur From the sulfur gra
Every individual has a right to carry out their activities at their place of work or at school without any form of harassment. To this end, there are different forms of abuse. They include physical, mental, and psychological aggravations. Sexual harassment is one of the many forms of violations that an individual can be subjected to in society. The current paper is written against this background. In the essay, the author creates awareness around the subject matter. More specifically, the paper addresses the issues of identification, report, and prevention of sexual harassment. According to Young, Allen, and Ashbaker (2004), there is a need to agitate for awareness in relation to sexual harassment in institutions of higher learning. The reason is that this form of abuse is common in the school setting. For example, students may be sexually harassed by their fellow learners or by their instructors. They may also be abused by parties external to the learning institution. Thesis Statement Sexual harassment in colleges and universities is more prevalent than many people realize. Many students are subjected to this form of abuse, but fail to report the incidences. The issue should be taken seriously. Consequently, everyone should have knowledge of how to identify, report, and prevent sexual harassment. Identifying this form of abuse through research, education, and awareness will help alleviate future occurrences as far as students are concerned. The benefits of such an approach are not limited to colleges and universities. On the contrary, such actions will help avert sexual abuses throughout the school system in the country. Identification Sexual harassment is a violation of one’s sexual privacy. Such violations are perpetuated without the consent of the victim. Young et al. (2004) define this form of abuse as any sexual behavior that is unwelcome and offensive to the individual. The offense can be verbal or physical. However, it is important to appreciate that in most cases, the victims are unable to report the abuse. The failure is informed by a number of factors. As already indicated, sexual harassment can take place in any setting. However, institutions of higher learning appear to have more cases of the said offenses compared to other organizations. Victims of sexual harassment present a number of symptoms, which a dean or a school administrator can rely on to identify the said violations. For example, in school, a student may present visibl
Introduction Unlike in the past, the United States government goes through numerous challenges in trying to distribute its income across the country today. Both the central and state governments have tried different strategies aimed at creating more jobs in the country. Some of these strategies include the establishment of policies aimed at luring corporations to invest in the country. Despite the government developing some of these policies with good intentions, it has not been able to achieve those intentions. Instead, the strategies have turned out to be of significant benefit to corporate owners at the expense of the public. Different factors have contributed to this scam which includes the government’s reluctance to monitor and effectively implement the policies and shifting of the tax burden. Why the government has failed to generate jobs One of the reasons why the United States government has failed to generate new jobs is its poor methods of coming up with strategies aimed at helping it generate the jobs. For instance, private companies in the country demanded a reduction in the tax rate to be able to invest in the country thus creating jobs as well as retaining those jobs that were at risk of being terminated. Despite the government taking the initiative of cutting down on the rate of tax that these companies were remitting, it laid down poor strategies to ensure that new jobs were being created. In Massachusetts, Raytheon came up with a tax law referred to as Single Sales Factor (SSF). This law allowed international companies to determine the amount of tax to be deducted from their profits. The move led to Sasso and others initiating a campaign that demanded tax cuts be repaid with jobs creation as well as retention of jobs that were seen to be at risk. The government miscalculated its steps and by May 1996, Raytheon had started laying off some of its employees. Two years after SSF became effective; Raytheon reduced the number of its employees in Massachusetts by 4,100 people (LeRoy 13). In addition, the government failed to contain a bogus competitor that was initiated by companies to outdo one another in the market. Failure by the government to put into consideration the effects of offering subsidies in some locations also contributed to more people losing their jobs. After two Virginia counties offered to offer subsidies to business organizations, Marriott decided to relocate to the region. It became hard for most of its employees to commute from Maryland to Virginia leading to them losing their jobs (LeRoy 15). The government has not been able to manage the site location consultants. This can be blamed on its limited knowledge of how this group of people