ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction This case study is for the Los Angeles County Department of Mental Health with new implementations that are dedicated to serving patients with severe mental illnesses. The organization uses more than $100,000 to treat medical cases in the hospital. The department started due to an increasing level of mental cases in the streets of Los Angels which went untreated and it felt necessary that if appropriate actions were not to be put to place then the whole town was to be flooded with people having mental disabilities. The expenses annually in the hospital are more than the revenue as many of the patients with mental illness don’t have anybody to settle the bills for themselves but this is catered by revenue from the county council (Frank, 94). For example, a report released by The American Psychiatric Association by Alexander Klein Y. et al (1998, p 495) shows that’ patients retained by the integrated service agencies had average costs during the year before assignment that was not far above the per-patient contract rates ($21,410), whereas patients disenrolled as inappropriate for the Partners Program had average costs that were substantially higher ($48,332)… Not surprisingly, patients disenrolled due to a history of prolonged hospitalization had an average cost that was much higher than that of patients disenrolled for other reasons ($60,778 versus $34,620).’ From the figures provided it is evident that some health risk contracts sometimes can be very costly to the organizations undertaking them (Hurley 24). Background Information As for the fiscal year that ended in 1996, the Los Angels County Department of Mental Health used $275 million in funding three state hospitals, 753 mental contracts that had 100 community agencies, and two county hospitals. During the year the county department of mental health served roughly 7,000 patients. The figures provided are alarming if donors and stakeholders won’t be kind enough in good time (Hurley, 34) Definitions According to Krentz Slip, ‘risk contracts can be defined as those rendered on the probability of loss arising from failure in contract performance in this case Vendors have the highest risk in fixed-price contracts and least in the cost-type contracts, on the other hand, non-risk management contracts comply fully with the probability of loss arising from the contract (Wagner, 730) Considerations for negotiating a risk contract Risk contracting has provided the opportunity for the Los Angeles County Department of Mental Health to implement new clinical programs with enhanced accountability and flexibility and an increased emphasis on psychosocial rehabilitation principles. This is aimed at reducing the number of dienrolments and on the other hand, increasing the number of people in the streets with mental problems. There was the successful enrolment of 500 high-cost patients by the agencies and none withdrew from the project. It’s evident that these agencies provided efficient services and were still cost-effective compared to the usual services (Schlesinger, 23). Therefore to curb these, the private sector has to be integrated to cater to the needs of absolute pov
A Mexican woman who lives in the United States is more likely to provide substandard caregiving services to their loved ones as compared to an American woman. The basis of this argument is the fact that health literacy is an issue that has been ignored for a very long time in many cultures. One of the common assumptions is the fact that with money, the concept of culture can be excluded in healthcare giving (Kim & Xie, 2017). Health literacy is the level in which a person can access, understand, and process health information regarding a disease. Fei, Ong, and Denisse (2012) state that overall, health literacy helps one make the appropriate decisions that are required for either themselves or their patients. Health care literacy needs to be functional, where the caregi
Positioning Acer 6886 will be easy to position though advertisement to existing customers. Most people while purchasing devices online will be required to register with their email address. Through this, the company has an opportunity to send articles as the customers have subscribed. Weekly newsletters, manuals and software’s that are compatible to Acer are sent to the customers’ mailbox, describing how they should use their laptops. By purchasing the laptops, they have proved to trust the models and automatically become Acer’s loyal customers. This medium is suitable to position Acer 6886 to the existing customer. A guide can be sent to them containing the new features available in the new version. The guide book can have picture of the model and its performance rate. University students and young adults’ reason for purchasing Acer 6886 is
An effective conflict resolution strategy requires a clear understanding of the root cause of the conflict (Ramsbotham and Woodhouse 15). In the past, armed conflicts were examined using the framework of religious, social, and economic struggles (Barash and Webel 19). However, a closer examination of major conflicts in the post-World War II era compelled social scientists and policymakers to reinterpret the root cause of the strife as ethnic conflict. It can be argued that some of the major conflicts in the last 50 years were the end result of the ethnic conflict phenomenon, and the ability to recognize this phenomenon will improve the effectiveness of conflict resolution strategies. The Conflict Potential of Ethnicity The failure to recognize the impact of the ethnic conflict phenomenon is the main reason for the slow response of the Western World in general and the United Nations, in particular to the Rwandan and Bosnian genocides. There were several factors that can be examined to explain the reason for the failure to intervene. However, it can be argued that one of the principal reasons for the failure to diffuse the tension in Rwanda and resolve the strife in Bosnia was the inability to understand the role that ethnicity played in the said conflict. The Western world was obligated to intervene in the two instances of genocide. However, the Western world was slow to react because it was hindered by a conflict resolution framework that was far from perfect. Conflicts were interpreted using frameworks generated by European theorists. These theorists focused their attention on national security, the economy, and political instability. Little thought was given on the conflict potential of ethnicity (Young 11) When conflict arises in a particular region, the Western world attempts to understand it from an economic or political perspective. Thus, it was easier to respond to Saddam Hussein’s forceful entry into Kuwait than to make sense of a Serbian army’s desire to annihilate a specific ethnic group. From the mind of a European or an American strategist, it does not make sense to risk reputation and goodwill for something that is non-tangible. There should always be a justification for engaging in armed conflict. There is a persistent belief that modern-day leaders and warlords fight for tangible things, such as land and resources. It is easier to prepare or react to conflicts borne out of greed or lust for power. It is not as easy when it comes to conflicts rooted in hatred towards a specific people group. It is high time to look into the conflict potential of ethnicity to prevent a repeat of the Rwandan and Bosnian genocides. According to one commentary: “Although it is not inherently conflictual, ethnicity has psychological properties and discursive resources which have the potential to decant into violence. No other form of social identity, in the early twenty-first century, has comparable power, save for the closely related forms of collective affiliation, race, and religion” (Young 11). Whe
DNA profiling is a widely known and used method in forensic science. This invention was a breakthrough for investigating criminal cases, since DNA comparisons made it possible to find the perpetrators of crimes and acquit the innocent more quickly and accurately. However, DNA profiling can be used as evidence only if other significant factors support the guilt or innocence of the suspect, since system failures or forensic professionals’ mistakes often lead to inaccurate results of the analysis. DNA profiling has become one of the most significant discoveries in forensic science as it introduced a new method that allows detectives to solve crimes that could not be resolved earlier. This method appeared in the early 1980s, and the police found many criminals and were able to acquit the innocent by using it (Bright et al., 2019). For example, Sean Hodgson spent 27 years in prison for a murder he did not commit, and comparisons of his blood samples and spot at the crime scene showed that he is innocent (McGuire & Holt, 2017). Therefore, the essence of DNA profiling is to extract a DNA from biological substances left at the crime scene, such as saliva, blood, semen or hair. Types of analysis can vary depending on the availability of samples, suspects and other evidence. The first advantage of DNA profiling is availability of different methods that are used for analysis, such as PCR, Mitochondrial DNA, STR and Y-chromosome analysis, since they allow scientist to examine even the smallest traces. PCR analysis allows scientists to select and copy data even from several skin cells or hair roots found at the crime scene (Mahajan et al., 2019). STR method evaluates specific areas (loci) that are found on nuclear DNA, which are unique to each person. Mitochondrial DNA analysis provides data in the abs
Introduction The PSD 2 (Payment Services Directive 2) is a regulation established and developed by politicians of several EU (European Union) the Member States. The Directive’s primary intention is to expand the competition among various companies that specialize in providing a wide range of financial services with electronic money. The context of the 117 articles provided in the document contains certain rules and methods that give regulators from such companies as the FCA (Financial Conduct Authority) powers to adjust the firms’ services to the needs of customers (according to their legal rights as of the EU’s citizens regarding any purchases they make and pay for). The following paper will summarize and simplify the most essential rules that have to be considered by regulators when working with companies that offer their clients various electronic payments services based on cryptocurrency (bitcoin, ripple, ethereum, and others). Summary of the PSD 2 Articles To begin with, it is necessary to mention that Article 1 of the PSD 2 contains the point (b) in its first paragraph accenting on the fact that the current document explains that all institutions operating with any forms of electronic money (cryptocurrency in particular) are obliged to follow the rules listed here and used by regulators of financial markets. The PSD 2 rules can be used against any company situated in the territory of the EU or have headquarters in other countries with representatives in the Union. According to Article 18 and its third paragraph, regulators must control the fact that all the services provided by companies in the global cryptocurrency market and used by their clients on a regular basis are not allowed to convert any investments into deposits. Moreover, users of such services cannot legally receive any forms of funds that can bring additional profits to them. In other words, it is prohibited to re
Every company would like to develop and maintain a strong brand. A strong brand name is a marketing tool whose benefits accrues for a lengthy period; these benefits include customer loyalty, positive responses to changes in prices, minimization of marketing risks and offers a chance for brand-extension (Ehrenberg. and Scriven, 1996). Behavioural brand loyalty is conscious or unconscious brand identity by a consumer; it requires deep attitudinal attachment to the brand (Keller, Aperia and Georgson, 2010). This paper defends the motion, “Behavioural brand loyalty requires deep attitudinal attachment to the brand”; it will use Coca-Cola and Mercedes Benz as sample brands. Brand identity To attain brand loyalty, a company must ensure its products are differentiable in the market; this call for high quality good and making brand salience, the brand should be on top of a consumers mind so that they are willing to decide without much of consideration on the brand (Delgado-Ballester and Munuera-Aleman, 2005). It involves having a psychological attachment where a mention of certain industry products creates a stimulus in a consumers mind. For example, by the mention of soft beverages, Coca-Cola Company has ensured that customers will think of the company first, in a rather unconscious way. The mention of a soda is sometimes associated with Coke- the most sold brand by Coca-Cola Company. It has created the need for emotional attachment with the brand (Scriven and Ehrenberg, 1994). Consumers’ attitude and behaviour Consumer attitude goes a long way in influencing the choice of brand; attitudes are created by experiences with the brand, information from other people who have had an experience and it is subject to marketing and advertising tools implemented by a company (Fournier and Yao, 1997). Consumer behaviour keeps changing, they are persuadable though a company with a strong marketing team can correctly predict consumer behaviour and implemented appropriate strategies. Having a strong brand awareness campaigns that ensures customers can recall involves creating mental attachments like brand names, logos and symbols. When this has been effected, then customers will be willing to buy a company’s products without much consideration (Fennis and Pruyn, 2007). Mercedes Benz manufacturing company has invested in creating mental pictures about the brand; it is believed that the model is classic, expensive and has status. It is seen to have a “niche” products kind of approach because of its uniqueness and division of the market between those people who want their social status respected in the society. Customers who have purchased the brand in the past are operant conditioned to believe they have made it to a higher class than their counterparts who have other models like Toyota. For such a customer to buy another model, his mental picture as moulded by the company will show him
Identifying the Problem Area Importance of effective writing skills is enormous with regard to the existing academic and professional standards. During the peer-tutoring sessions, students are often challenged by the professors’ instructions and, therefore, they need additional assistance to cope with writing assignments. This is of particular concern to ESL students who often face a dilemma of proofreading because of lack of qualified proofreading services on campus. However, the point is that most of students are not fully aware of the necessity to check their papers for grammar and spelling before submitting them to their professors. What is more frustrating is that the current writing centers for second language learners fail to provide sufficient services for them, except for the expensive ones. Judging from the above-presented assumptions, two major problems come to the forth:  1. What are the main reasons for students’ unawareness of the need to proofread their papers before submissions?  2. What does the University fail to provide high quality proofreading services for ESL students? With this in mind, it is necessary to explore the main causes and origins of the problem, as well as define who these urgent issues can be addressed through an action research plan. Significance of the Problem The problem of disservice writing policies, as well as students’ reluctance to address professional assistance has recently become much more serious. Many ESL learners fail to meet with their supervisors merely because they are not able to communicate effectively, as well as understand what actually a professor want them to do. Therefore, students studying the English language as their second one often come to the writing center for not just writing assistance, but for the purpose of improving their communicational skills (Pistone, 2010). However, lack of sufficient communication skills might become a serious problem because it also influences the frequency of students’ attendance to the proofreading centers. Aside from the communication difficulties, ESL students can face significant writing problems that need especial intervention. The point is that writing skills cannot be underestimated because they demonstrate students’ learning abilities (Tan, n. d.). Therefore, students having poor writing level have greater changes to fail their academic exams. The problem area is of especially significance because it provides significant barriers for the ESL students and contributes negatively to the problem of international learning. The problem is also closely associated with cultural diversity issues which are often ignored by professors. Thus, students studying the second language do not consider proofreading service as a viable solution to the problem because independent learning is highly appreciated in some countries. Rationale for the Research Regarding the problem of second language learning and the consequences of
I believe that the modern judicial system should represent a well-balanced combination of a structured set of strict rules and common sense. The main function of the law is to provide citizens with safety, which implies the law must not be violated by anybody, including police officers. The exclusionary rule obligates the executive branch to follow formal instructions within the framework of the law, defending possible innocent people from police misconduct (Schonrock, et al). However, the exclusionary rule does not always correspond to common sense and requires a specific approach in individual cases. Therefore there are some exceptions, for example, the “good faith exception”, which allows the court to not ban the introduction of evidence obtained by bad law enforcement under certain circumstances (Colb). Even though in some cases exclusionary rule might lead to the release of a culprit, it is crucial to maintain order in the judicial system and with some exceptions should be considered reasonable. I am equally bothered by false accusations leading to punishment and by the release of a dangerous criminal because of the imperfection of procedure. The first case leads to the destruction of an innocent person’s life, whereas the second may potentially result in
In public health, several theories are used in order to systematize and explain the knowledge related to certain phenomena and situations. Theories are also applied to practice when it is necessary to demonstrate the relationship between determining variables. In this case, variables can be health behaviors and the use of new practices among others. In order to understand why theories are important for the sphere of public health, it is necessary to focus on the analysis of such two main theories as to the Social Cognitive Theory and the Diffusion of Innovations Theory. The first theory that needs to be discussed in detail is the Social Cognitive Theory. This theory is used in public health to explain how interpersonal relations can influence people’s behaviors, and then, their health. According to this theory, people’s health behaviors depend on their interactions with the social environment (Glanz, Marcus, & Rimer, 2005, p. 19). The other theory to pay attention to is the Diffusion of Innovations Theory. According to this perspective, all new ideas, visions, inventions, and products need to be diffused and combined to achieve a certain goal as a result of the spread of these ideas and inventions among researchers (Glanz et al., 2005, p. 27). These two theories can be discussed as key perspectives in public health because they provide the background for interpreting the patient’s and practitioners’ behaviors and actions. The theorist who developed the principles of th
Strengths and Ethical Aspirations My code of ethics focuses on being sensible and prudent above all things and committing such values to all actions that I do. I believe that as a nursing practice that is part of a larger organization that is responsible for safeguarding the health and wellbeing of others, it is important to others first and yourself second. I apply this line of thinking by focusing my actions on doing what I think is right based on which course of action is more prudent and sensible at the time. This can often entail staying in the hospital past my shift to make sure a patient is well taken care of, double or triple checking every facet of a patient’s current condition to ensure that it is stable as well as focusing on developing my knowledge so that I can take on more complex cases in the future. My future ethical aspiration is to better understand what choices would be fair to everyone involved in the healthcare organization that I am a part of. This aspiration is based on my choice to be a nursing director in the future and, as such, it would be necessary for me to make choices that are fair and prudent to all those that I am responsible for managing in the future. Values that have had a positive impact The main values that have had a positive impact on my life are sensibility and practicality in all things that I do. I am not the sort to purchase extravagant items nor do I take unnecessary risks when a more prudent course of action is available to me. It is with these values in mind that their application into my career as a nursing practitioner would help me immeasurably. The basis behind this is the fact that nurses need to be sensible when it comes to dealing with their patients. For instance, even if a patient states that having a certain type of meal would make them feel better, the fact remains that if such a meal is prohibited to them by the surgeon before the operation, then a nurse needs to be sensible in placing the patient’s long term well being ahead of their short term discomfort (Johnson, 2005). Aside from this, I believe that a nurse should also be practical when it comes to how they approach their job. While it may be true that many enter into this field with the desire to help people, the fact remains that they are only human and, as such, have a limit when it comes to how much work they can do. A nurse would need to be practical when it comes to balancing both their job and their life outside of their career. It is important to understand that all individuals have limits and that it is often necessary to rest to do your job properly (McNiesh, Benner & Chesla, 2011). Thus, being