ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The work under consideration is the poem by Emily Dickinson titled “If I should die”. This work was composed in the middle of the 19 th century, and the main features it presents are as follows. The persona of the poem is the narrator, who can be the author herself or some other imaginable human being, who thinks aloud about what it would be like if she or he had to die. The voice of the narrator seems calm and expressing readiness to follow destiny if necessary. Thus, it can be stated that the persona of the poem is a confident and peaceful person which is aware of the fact that other people will live and the world will still exist after his or her death: ’T is sweet to know that stocks will stand      When we with daisies lie,                       That commerce will continue,                    And trades as briskly fly (Dickinson, 11 – 14).  The use of figurative language in the poem is another typical feature of the works by Emily Dickinson. Her metaphors, metonymies, epithets, and comparisons add to the picturesqueness of the poem and brighten the sad relations of death and immortality of human beings. Speaking about nature, the author compares it to the abstract notions of time and life-creating her metaphors like this: And time should gurgle on,               And morn should beam, (Dickinson, 3 – 4)  From these lines, also the peaceful character of the poem can be observed, which tells all its readers that they should not fear the inevitable, but rather be ready for fate, because “noon should burn” even after the death of the poem’s hero. As for the meaning of the poem under consideration, it can be stated that the author wanted to show the peace that she had obtained in her attitude towards death and immortality. The inevitability of the former and the unnecessary character of the latter are the central points of this poem. The author also describes the process of parting which is rather painful when a person has a lot of people who would cry over him or her. This makes the person which is to go feel sad, but if he or she knows that their close people will keep living and remembering them, they can go to that “enterprise below” (Dickinson, 10) Thus, the main meaning of the poem under consideration is the person’s readiness to go to the better world and feel no pain about it. Finally, the poetic form of the work under analysis is rather clear which is also typical of the writings by Emily Dickinson. Her wish to render the full range of emotions with the help of the beautiful wording results in a marvelous combination of rhymes and images in her poems. As for the formal structure of the poem, every third line of it rhymes while the preceding two can ei
Introduction In the world of business, there are various structures that are used to organize the various establishments according to the extents of their involvement. Oligopolies are one such classification and these are well present in countries all over the world. This essay seeks to illustrate how elements of economic analysis can be used to explain the competitive aspects of business entities that take the form of oligopolies. To this end, a description of the term economic analysis and what it entails shall be provided alongside a complete detailing of all aspects of oligopolies. A section of the paper shall be dedicated to explore the possible impacts of long term strategic commitments on the competitive position of an oligopolistic firm. Finally a conclusion shall be provided and which shall serve as a summation of the arguments presented. Economic analysis Because of the scarcity of resources, the basic human needs and desires tend to be limited by a number of factors including the purchasing power and the pricing of commodities and services. Economic analysis is the process of assessing the supply and demand patterns as well as the options which customers are exposed to and the incentives that drive them to make certain purchases (Boulding 1966). This is therefore an analysis of how resources are utilized by a certain group of people. The field of economic analysis is divided into two main categories. These are economic feasibility analysis and economic impact analysis. These two are briefly explained below: Economic feasiblity analysis Business establishments and state organisations tend to go through periods of uncertainty where great risk-taking measures are required particularly when it comes to the decision making process regarding long-term strategies such as the introduction of new products (Schermerhorn 1978). For a proper economic feasibility analysis to be carried out, it is imperative that the individuals involved in conducting the study commit themselves to ensuring accuracy in the prediction of demand. To this end, it is necessary that the economic patterns as well as the purchasing power of consumers be tak
Building a strong customer relation with a product requires competent personnel to enable it thrive in the present dynamic and competitive business settings. For continuous and sustainable brand success, specialists should carefully select and position the products to the target market. The Champagne house has many skilled brand managers; they took different approaches and attempted several alternatives to position different brands of Champagne to their present status (Hirche 2012). Proper management of Champagne brands has increased the level at which customers identify themselves with the products. The strong brands have added significant values to Champagne products, as it is in the minds of consumers, thus most customers associate themselves with the brand. Dom Perignon brand makes Moet & Chandon Wineries Company to generate more value than other Champagnes that lacks such strong brands. Conducting a well-organized advertisement for a product or service alters market perceptions. Advertisement of Champagne brands helped in formation of mental images in the minds of consumers. This has made it easy for the company to sell its common brands, such as Krug and Dom Perignon with ease, as there is little competition. Competition has been minimal in the sense that customers have developed strong taste and preference for the Champagne brands (Hirche 2012). In keeping with market dynamism, Champagne brands find there way into key functions like parties, football celebrations, and other significant functions. With such strong connections, consumers believe that Champagne brands are superior to generic wines. Dom Perigon, for instance, is an expensive brand that continues to dominate the wine market given the strong emotional association that it has with consumers. Therefore, consumers can pay premium rates to purchase this brand, instead of acquiring cheap sparkling wines. This strong brand connection has enabled Moet & Chandon Wineries Company to develop positive brand equity with consumers. Notably, the brand loyalty has taken a sustainable approach; it is reflected on the financial growth of the company. The strong brand connection that the firm enjoys from some of its brands indicates the difference that emanates from advertising different brands. It is nearly impossible for all brands to receive same market response. However, a single brand can influence the sales of other brands of the same company, as consumers do not only form strong connections with the brand, but also with the company (Brand Equity n.d.). Product equity helps companies in value generation from three fronts. It is the emotional and intellectual attachments or associations that consumers have with a given product or service. For instance, customers can willingly pay more for a bottle of Krug or Bollinger to a bottle of generic Champagne, such as Mumm or Perrier Jouet (Brand Equity n.d.). This occurs in spite the lack justifiable difference in the tastes of the two brands to support the reason for the
Abstract Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) refers to the use of packet-switched internet protocol (IP) networks to relay a voice message. VoIP is among the latest modes of communication. As with a majority of the novel technologies, VoIP comes with both opportunities and security challenges. It has a unique architecture compared to the conventional circuit-based telephony. As a result, VoIP is susceptible to numerous security risks. The benefits of a VoIP system to an enterprise include flexibility and low operation cost. There are different forms of Voice over Internet Protocol systems. They include mobile units, conferencing units, and the ordinary telephone handsets. For a VoIP network to meet the needs of a user, it has to guarantee the quality of service. A VoIP system has little tolerance for interruptions. There is no single solution to security challenges that face data transmitted over VoIP. Thus, organizations should ensure that they acquire the appropriate network infrastructure. Introduction Voice over Internet Protocol refers to a collection of technologies and methods that facilitate the transfer of voice messages over IP networks. Other terms that are used to refer to VoIP networks include Internet telephony, IP telephony, and broadband phone service among others. VoIP systems can run on any form of computer. Additionally, the conventional telephone handsets can be modified to handle VoIP services. Other equipment that can provide VoIP services includes mobile units, conferencing units, and “softphone”. Cheng and Lai (2010) argue, “Quality of service (QoS) is fundamental to the operation of a VoIP network” (p. 82). Thus, it is imperative to guarantee security measures when operating a Voice over Internet Protocol network. Since the management of a VoIP system requires implementation of numerous safety procedures, it is hard to guarantee the quality of service. Among the challenges that affect a VoIP network include firewall delays, jitter, encryption-produced latency and blockage of call setups (Cheng & Lai, 2010). One of the benefits of VoIP over other communication networks is that it is cost-effective. The VoIP system compresses the electronic traffic of an organization into a single physical network. Thus, it saves an institution from the cost of procuring a private branch exchange (PBX). To explore the challenges that affect VoIP
Introduction Statins are a group of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitors with anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects that might control the host immune response to pandemic influenza virus infection. This class of drugs lowers cholesterol levels in people at the risk of cardiovascular diseases by inhibiting the enzyme HMG-CoA reductase (Fedson, 2006). This inhibition in the liver results in decreased cholesterol synthesis and also of the LDL (low-density lipoprotein) receptors which in turn lead to increased clearance of LDL from the bloodstream. In a case-control study by van de Garde and colleagues, they showed that there was a 50% decrease in pneumonia hospital admissions in diabetic patients administered with statins. Statins are divided into two categories: fermentation-derived and synthetic-derived (Fedson and Dunhill, 2006). Fermentation statins are extracted from the process of oxidation of organic compounds using an ingenious electron acceptor, which is usually an organic compound. Examples of fermentation-derived statins are Lovastatin, Pravastatin and Simvastatin. Synthetically derived statins are prepared in the laboratory by purposeful execution of chemical reactions. Examples of synthetic statins are Atorvastatin, Cerivastatin, fluvastatin, pitavastatin and Rosuvastatin. Influenza, also known as flu, is an infectious disease caused by RNA (ribonucleic acid) viruses of the Orthimyxoviridae family that affects mammals and birds. It is transmitted through the air by sneezes, coughs; through bird droppings; contact with infected body fluids such as saliva, feces, blood and nasal secretions; and contact with contaminated surfaces. Sunlight, disinfectants and detergent such as soaps inactivate influenza viruses that is why frequent hand washing reduces the risk of infection. It spreads through seasonal epidemics around the world that leave hundreds of people dead and the appearance of new strains (Fedson and Dunhill 2007). For instance, in April 2007, a strain named ‘swine flu’ combining genes from pigs. Humans and bird flu evolved in Mexico, United States and has spread in many countries in every continent leading to the declaration by World Health Organization as an epidemic. Symptoms of flu include chills, fever, headache, coughs, sore throat, muscle pains and general discomfort. There are three types of influenza: influenza A which has one species and aquatic birds as natural hosts these include HINI, H2N2, H3N3, H5N1, H7N7, H1N2 and others; influenza B genus with one species and Almost exclusively infects humans; and influenza C which infects dogs, humans and pigs and cause severe illnesses and local epidemics. Why statins? In influenza pandemics, adequate supplies of affordable vaccines and antiviral agents are required and which are unavailable to most people in the world especially to the third
Introduction The paper is aimed at comparing the passages of democratization and economic decentralization in Germany and Poland from 1989 to 2002. In this regard, the political and economic policies passed by these countries are compared and analyzed by using post-behaviorism to find out which of these countries have adopted better political and economic policies to attain democracy and economic decentralization. The prospects of German future After the Second World War, the future of Germany was quite uncertain. Even the powers occupying the country at that time were not sure about the upcoming developments. There were no common or agreed-upon plans for Germany’s future because the allies of the occupying powers were divided upon this matter. In the year 1943, a negotiation attempt was made in Tehran by the allies to discuss Germany’s future and come to a common point. Later in 1945 negotiations were held in Yalta and finally it was decided that Germany will be divided into zones of occupation. The allies agreed that France should have its zone, in addition to those of the U.K., the U.S.A, and the U.S.S.R. The Soviet Union and the Western powers disagreed on the issue of reparations and the western frontier of a reconstituted Poland. In the Potsdam Conference of July 1945, these matters were discussed and America, Britain, and the Soviet Union were agreed that Germany should be regasified, demilitarized, and democratized however there was no specific, workable, and effected uniform policy formulated in the conference regarding the different zones of occupation. It was decided to constitute a council under the control of allies to administer the policies in the different zones. The Soviets asked for compensations from the West to repair their zone whereas the other allies repaired their zones separately. At the beginning of the 1990s, united Germany became the symbol of a new Europe. The West stood at the victory stand after facing a wave of bloodshed. Europe and Germany have to find their new roles in the new order. West Germany has been economically strong but politically weak since the Nazi period. The effects of the strong political agenda of Germany and its effects in Europe and the world was one of the major issues of the 1990s. Germany was facing three major challenges; the first one was to face and deal with the communists’ legacy of East Germany and the second was to confront a new nationalism and revival of Nazism on the local level. The third challenge was to bring together the people of West Germa
Introduction Currently, the government of the United States plans to expand the SDI program following the imminent threat that Iran seems to pose to it. Iran is quoted to have successfully built and tested a nuclear weapon, which the United States government considers a great threat not only to it but also to other nations. It is argued that with the current technological advancements, Iran may overpower other renowned countries, including the United States, due to its nuclear weapons. Although the SDI program seems to be an effective defense mechanism against the threat of nuclear attacks, some citizens are opposed to the plan citing that it will adversely affect United States’ international relations with other nations. This paper evaluates two articles: “My Part 1” and “My Partner’s Part 1”. “My Part 1” argues that the United States government should proceed with its plans to expand the SDI program since there is a high probability that it will protect the country from any possible future nuclear attacks and consequently enhance its national security. “My Partner’s Part 1” is totally against the SDI program, citing that it will destabilize the country’s international relations with other nations and adversely affect its national security in the long run. Evaluation of the “My Part 1” and “My Partner’s Part 1” The first article entitled “My Part 1,” supports the United States government on its move to expand the SDI program because the program will enhance the country’s national security by protecting its citizens from nuclear threats from nations such as Iran and the Soviet Union. The extension of the program involves the use of advanced technologies that can help the United States to easily identify and automatically destroy nuclear projectiles the moment they are launched against it and other countries. The government’s plans to expand the SDI program is purely intended to protect the citizens from nuclear attacks. As a result, it is not in an anyway meant to cause security threats to any particular nation, as argued by China and Russia. The expansion plan is only going to enhance the United States’ national security. It should consequently not be perceived to be a plot to attack nations such as Iran, whic
Introduction The best stories are those that draw the reader into the plot, they create a certain level of anticipation, foreboding and incite in the reader the feeling of actually being within the story itself and experiencing the same feelings, the same terror or even the same happiness as the characters within. In the case of the stories “A Family Supper” by Kazuo Ishiguro and “Naema – Whereabouts Unknown” by Mohammed Dib, the narrator acts as the focal point that draws readers into the story and acts as a means of delving into current events and the back story of the plot points utilized. Told through narration, “A Family Supper” and “Naema” contribute significantly to a reader’s sense of “living the plot” thereby creating an interesting and entertaining story. Naema – Shock and Grief The narrator of Naema contributes to the sense of the reader living the plot through his depiction of the stages of shock, grief and despair. In Naema, readers are presented with the story of an unnamed narrator who is searching for his wife. The setting of the plot is during the Franco-Algerian war which was rife with instances of inhuman brutality with thousands killed on a massive scale both during the fighting and in the numerous concentration camps (Maerhofer, 204-221). The narrator in effect describes the feeling of utter helplessness at not being able to find his wife, his consternation at not knowing whether she is alive or dead and his anger at the situation in general. The means of narration within the story is one where the author attempts to convey to the reader the feelings of grief and despair felt by the unnamed narrator through a depiction of the events and the character’s feelings. In effect, Mohammed Dib attempts to make the character relatable by having him unnamed and making the reader feel as if he/she is in the same situation as the narrator (Maerhofer, 204-221). Evidence of this can be seen in the phrase “ Not to know where she is, what they have done to her is a torment” as well as the phrase “wait, that’s all that’s left to us “. These general statements are relatable to a certain extent given that many people have felt similar despair when presented with the concept of “not knowing” as well as “having to wait”. Such concepts are rife throughout people’s lives and, as such, are easily relatable. Family Supper – Understanding the Past The method of narration in the story “The Family Supper” draws readers in to understand the reason why the narrator left without actually stating it outright. While it may not seem evident the following phrase helps to encapsulate the essence of the narration within the story: “ We fell silent again. The sound of locusts came in from the garden. I looked out into the darkness. The well was no longer visible “. The focus given by the narrator on
The orientation of the society in contemporary times denotes the creation of pressure that necessitates the movement of people from one location to another location to ease the pressure. Migration is, therefore, a trend that is common due to the modern world that is characterized by the push and pull factors that influence the movement of populations across the world. As Castles (2003) argues, “The most obvious reason why we should study forced migration is that it has grown dramatically in the post-Cold War period” (p. 14). The underdeveloped countries often face a lot of internal challenges, forcing most of their population to migrate internally or externally. Political and economic instability and social pressures such as extreme poverty, joblessness, and conflict arising from scarce economic resources are some of the reasons for forced migration in search of better economic opportunities. As a result, forced migration causes underdevelopment of the home countries of the immigrants, as well as serving as a possible catalyst for economic progress both in the host and home countries of the immigrants if they land economic opportunities in their host nations. This paper discusses the causes and effects of migration on the people who are displaced. Political instability in most countries falls among the complex causes of forced migration in the modern day world. Since the end of the Cold War, there has been a tremendous growth of forced migration (Castles, 2003). Staples (2013) opines that states that are unstable, commonly known as failed states, bring a substantial number of problems to their citizens. These problems range from insecurity to lack of necessities like food and water. Also, such states exhibit high rates of human rights violations. In other words, these states become inhabitable as these problems keep rising in scale, thereby posing threats to human existence and survival in these states. An example that can be given here is Somalia, which has had its population migrate to other countries neighboring the Horn of Africa due to political instability. As long as solutions to the political instability in such countries are not realized, people in these countries remain exposed to risks that culminate into forced displacement. Most countries in the developing world do not have the economic capacity to sustain their citizens. Thus, cases of extreme poverty, joblessness, hunger, malnutrition, and conflict over limited economic resources are very common (Castles, 2003). A combination of these factors results in forced migration in search of economic opportunities. Accordi