ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
To identify which substance among alcohol, cannabis and nicotine has a higher likelihood of causing mental disorders in early adolescence, Boys et al (2003) interviewed 2,645 children aged13-15 years. The sample was taken from data collected from the Office for National Statistics (ONS) in a 1999 mental health survey conducted in England, Scotland and Wales involving children aged 5-15 years. Whereas the stratified sampling ensured that the adolescents were interviewed, the group of children belonging to early adolescence (11-12 years) was biased against. This questions the validity of the findings since possible cases of early adolescents were excluded. It is however notable that the sample did not bias against any sex since each sex represented 50% of the sample. Farrell et al (2003) examined the comorbidity of psychiatric disorders and drug and substance dependence in a national household survey conducted in England and Wales. Simple stratified random sampling was conducted by selecting one adult (16-64 years) from each identified household. Interviews were conducted on 10,018 adults to assess psychiatric morbidity using Clinical Interview Schedule-Revised (CIS-R). Dependence on nicotine and alcohol was also assessed using questions from the Office of National Statistics. Despite the fact that gender was related to psychological morbidity and drug dependence, the authors of the study failed to consider gender proportions in sampling. The stratified sampling technique however ensured that almost all subgroups (according to age) were captured and the sample size was large, making the results more valid and can be generalized. Since the study revealed that persons aged 16-24 years were mostly alcohol dependents, the study would have reduced bias by considering persons as young as 12 years. To investigate the relationship between alcohol dependence and major depression, Fergusson, Boden and Horwood (2009) gathered data from 1265 children (635 boys and 630 girls). The birth cohort was selected from persons involved in the Christchurch Health and Development Study and assessments were done at birth, 4 months, 1 year, each year up to age 16 and then at 18, 21, and 25 years. In this study, causal links between alcohol abuse and dependence (ADD) and major depression (MD) were assessed in 1,055 participants at the age of 17-18, 20-21 and 24-25 years. Longitudinal data from this study was prone to confounding and the likelihood of failing to identify the causal directionality for ADD and MD was possible. However, the authors of this study were able to control for confounding to a great extent using fixed-effects regression model. The causal link and directionality is however still prone to confounding due to chang
Executive summary This is a report on the data analysis carried out in an attempt to understand more about the reasons why people travel to Yarragon village and the kind of activities that they engage in when they are there as well as the experiences that they go through during their stay. The report is presented through a format where data analysis is carried out and the results presented in a chapter named results of data analysis, then the discussions on the data analysis results are carried out and this is followed by a section the conclusions that the researcher arrived at after carrying out data analysis and finally a section on the recommendations made on the basis of the results of the data analysis is presented. The data analysis was carried out with the aid of the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) and the results are presented though the use of frequency tables. The analysis involved the determination of the respondents’ profiles through an analysis of the demographic characteristics of the sample such as their age, gender, family composition and the country from which they come from. This was important in that it helped the researcher to know whether the selected sample was representative of the entire target population. Other demographic characteristics that were tested were the mode of transport that was used to travel to the village and also the method that the respondents used to get information about the village and its tourist destination. The respondents were also requested to state the reasons as to why they visited the village and this was intended to answer the research questions about what made people visit the village and what experiences they had while on the visit. The researcher also wanted to know whether the visitors were travelling in a group all alone and if in a group, the number of people in those groups. Finally, the researcher carried out a correlation analysis and also tested two hypotheses which were aimed at helping him to answer the overall research questions. The main results of the study showed that most of the variables tested in the study had a correlation at significant levels of 0.001 and 0.005. The results also revealed that the hypotheses that were tested were true and these were that the purpose of visit differed across gender and that the intention to return to the village differed across gender. The study concludes that there are various reasons which influence people to visit the village and these reasons are mostly personal. The study also concludes that it is important to understand the different attributes of visitors in order to be able to segment them in to groups that can be specifically targeted for particular packages. The study recommends that it the tourist attractions in the village should ensure that they practice segmentation as well as other forms of marketing in order to ensure cont
Introduction It is noteworthy that there are at least five explanatory theories for the origin and spread of HIV. Among them is the idea that the virus originated from a flawed oral polio vaccination that was administered somewhere in Africa in the 1950s. there is also another theory that AIDS is, in fact, a weapon of mass destruction that was invented in a lab in a ploy of biological welfare but it soon got out of hand and the perpetrators lost control of this critical creation. Regardless of the numerous theories that have been created over the years to attempt to explain the occurrence of AIDS, what remains as a fact is the particular intelligence applied by the HIV once it sets upon the body. In effect, what becomes clear in the field of virology (research on viruses) is that first, the virus invades a cell and permeates the plasma membrane. Subsequently, with the use of the complementary DNA (cDNA) that has already been artificially synthesized by the viral RNA (mRNA) upon the intrusion of the host cell membrane through reverse transcription, the viral regulatory proteins Vif and Vpr assist in nucleic acid transportation. The cDNA is inscribed into the host DNA leading to the production of various viral products. Later, the pre-integration complex is exported to the host cytoplasm and again with the aid of the secreted viral proteins, as well as cytoplasmic communication channels, the HIV virion is populated or assembled and later churned out of the infected cell. HIV is a genius or intelligent enemy to the human immune system. For a simple explanation of what occurs in the body, the researcher resorts to an allusion to human warfare to explain the attack and conquer tactics applied by HIV. The HIV attacks the body in the form of mRNA, which attacks the nucleus of the T cells and immediately replicates its DNA using the material in the host cells. Subsequently, the DNA produces a protein in the form of TAA, which is the virus that has been replicated. Thus, another T cell may be attacked. Therefore, when the virus enters the body, the body’s immune system reacts by producing T cells, specifically CD4+ cells to fight the invasion. On the membranes of these CD4+ cells, there are protein nodes that act like locks to the cells. The virus has glycoproteins (GP) that mediate entry into the cell membrane of the host cells and these are gp 41 and up 120. Subsequently, these glycoproteins attach to the relevant nodes on the cell membrane and induce the production of the enzyme responsible for reverse transcription as well as integration into the cell. Once in the host cell, the mRNA now attacks the nucleus and replicates itself. It then proceeds to produce DNA and then a protein that is a virus. This leads to confusion of the white blood cells, which are inherently wired to fight antibodies and thus have the relevant intelligence that is required to aid that fighting because fellow white blood cel
The contraction of the equity market in 2008 triggered by the fall of the banking giants Lehman Brothers led to a global financial crisis. The reason for the stock market failure in 2008 was the failure of the banking mechanism all over the world. The rise in the subprime mortgage rates led to the crash of the stock prices in the US. In other words, banks were lending money to people who were already enlisted as defaulters and therefore, creating bad debt. Thus the banks exposed to such loans eventually collapsed as they were lending more money than the banks had (Wiedemer par. 8). When the banks were flooded with bad debt and were unable to pull themselves through such bad dealings, the governments tried to bail out these financial institutions in order to ensure their continuance. Monetary policies were changed in order to restrict lending capacity of banks interest rates were reduced in order to encourage increased consumer spending in the market. However, consumer demand was dampened due to low trust level and fear of a financial crash in future. This dropped the prices of houses and the economy slipped into a recession. In order to safeguard the failing business institutions, the US authorities enlisted the Troubled Asset Relief Program (TARP). The program aimed at limiting executive compensation, tax benefits to corporates, and increase liquidity in the secondary mortgage market. The program has aimed at stabilizing banks and has been successful in saving taxpayers’ money. Further, it has also helped to revive the American auto industry. The revolving door is a workforce movement phenomenon in the US wherein the financial investigators were hired to work for the federal bank when the private banks were not working properly because of the recession. However, now that the economy ahs started to function properly and the private banks are growing, these employees are moving back to the private institutions. Thus, with expansion of the banks their compliance departments expanded so the employees returned to their private employers (Boesler and Kearns par. 3). Such movement indicates that the private sector will become a stronger employer than the public sector. This migration of finance professionals from public to private sector posses a regulatory problem. For instance the problem of Rohit Bansal who was hired by Goldman Sachs from New York Fed had illegall
In the realm of the 21 st century global economy, sustainability is considered one of the essential principles that any organization must be based on. However, maintaining a consistent balance in the use of the resources available, the relationships between the staff members and the communication with customers, partners and competitors creates a rather stressful environment, where the possibility of a mistake is increased considerably. In his study, Pfeffer (2010) questions the possibility of maintaining sustainability in the environment where the human factor persists. The research results show that the human factor does affect the sustainability of an enterprise in a rather negative way, leading to the threat of developing such problems as inequality, poor job design and the resulting increase in stress rates among the staff, a conflict between the personal and professional life of the staff (e.g., a number of employees have to choose between earning more and spending more time with their families), etc. In order to solve the issue and provide a strategy for creating sustainable environment within an organization, Pfeffer advises to incorporate the visibility of outcomes and design a strong ideology in order to create a sustainable environment, where the staff could feel secure and motivated for fulfilling their potential and carrying out their duties. Pfeffer’s article has a lot of strong aspects, especially concerning the overview of the dependent and independent variables. The author did an extremely good job by outlining the key factors affecting the staff’s performance, motivation and, therefore, the overall sustainability rates within an organization. Pfeffer evaluates every single element that has the least bit of influence on the staff and the efficacy of their performance, therefore, allowing the researcher to identify the strategies for enhancing the effects of positive factors and isolating the organization from the negative ones. Finally, the fa
Introduction Management planning involves the use of many approaches in business undertakings to ensure efficiency and productivity is achieved. In the course of business planning several factors have to be considered including legal, social and economic implications of the intended management plan. In this report we are going to analyse several measures and strategic plans undertaken by Boeing through its management planning and the implications of these plans on several issues or subjects. The report is going to look into legal, ethical, strategic and even contingency planning undertaken by Boeing. Safety The issue of safety is very paramount in many spheres of business, especially in the aviation industry where Boeing is a major industry player. Safety is considered a legal, ethical and social responsibility in that safety affects the lives of many people through various ways. For instance Boeing owes their customers safe airplanes that they can travel in, because if Boeing produced many faulty airplanes then they could face lawsuits from victims or disgruntled customers. Aviation authorities such as the FAA take safety seriously and in cases where an airplane manufacturer is found to be at fault concerning ignorance of safety procedures in the production of its airplanes then serious legal implications are bound to occur (Spindler, 2008). Authorities such as the FAA usually fine airline manufacturers in cases of design flaws in their airplanes since these problems usually lead to fatal consequences like air crashes in which many lives are lost. A good safety record is important in building an organisation’s reputation, airlines and other customers in the aviation industry take safety seriously into consideration during product acquisitions. In its management planning Boeing has undertaken safety plans during the manufacturing of its airplanes; the company usually conducts a lot of products safety tests. As a social responsibility measure, Boeing has recently undertaken measures to produce fuel efficient airplanes. These measures are aimed at ensuring environmental safety is enhanced by the firm globally, environmental protection is a social responsibility cause that should be undertaken by firms like Boeing (Ijjasz, 2004). Boeing’s production of less noisy and fuel efficient airplanes show its commitment towards environmental safety as the aviation industry experiences phenomenal growth. Over the years Boeing has strived to produce airplanes that reduce CO2 emissions to the atmosphere and thus all these efforts are a testament that safety is vital within the Boeing Company (Ijjasz, 2004). Education Several factors affect the strategic, tactical and operational plans that affect Boeing and education is one important factor highly considered in management planning at Boeing. The aviation industry is a fast changing industry that requires various initiatives to stay ahead of the competition. Boeing uses education especially within th
The article discusses the ways in which the economy could be best stimulated in order to usher in a recovery from the economic crisis. The author discusses two competing approaches coming from two different theoretical perspectives. The first approach that is discussed is a demand oriented policy represented by a policy of increasing social security benefits in order to boost demand. The second one would be a supply-side view that argues for the lowering of taxes as a way of creating jobs. By citing a research that compared the effects of tax cuts to the effects of increased social security, the author argues that the effects of fiscal policy cannot be analyzed in isolation from the decisions on the monetary side. According to the article, the effects of an increase in social security are felt immediately in the rise of consumption, but the increase is also followed by the interest rates hike. In contrast, there is not such correlation when it comes to tax cuts. The author concludes, by citing expert opinions, that tax cuts do not cause monetary policymakers to tighten the monetary policy while the increase in social security does. The insights of this article are very important in terms of gaining broader understanding of the power and potential effects of fiscal policy. Namely, if it is true that all effects of fiscal policy can be offset or virtually negated by a monetary policy that is aimed in the opposite direction, it follows that fiscal policy cannot even be discussed without reference to monetary policies. The effects of fiscal spending, tax cuts or tax increases cannot be discussed in isolation without analyzing accompanying monetary policies. Mush of our political debate concerning fiscal issues revolves around tax increases and tax cuts but the effects of these policies cannot be predicted if we do not know the accompanying response of monetary policymakers. Taking into account the power of monetary policy to counter any change in fiscal policy is then the crucial political message of this article. Of course, the ramifications should be taken into account only if the argument that is provided is actually convincing. This article expresses only one of many arguments pointing to the power of monetary policy in the modern economies. Essentially, it shows that fiscal policy is virtually powerless to affect the actual economy of the country if
The writ of habeas corpus is a post-conviction relief available to convicts who have exhausted their right to appeal. It is an essential, lawful protection of the liberty of a person. Neubauer (2006) states that as a court order, it requires a detained person to be produced and an explanation as to why the person is detained be given. This writ is different from an appeal in that, first, it is only available to a person who is in prison. Secondly, whereas appeals are grounded on technical matters, the writ can be based on constitutional faultiness. Finally, unlike in appeal which is limited to objections advanced at the time of trial, the premise of the writ is broad since the petitioner can raise new issues. He/she can assert constitutional protection, notwithstanding that it was not available during the trial. Neubauer (2006) affirms that under the writ a petitioner can also contest circumstances of his/her detainment. Moreover, a convict can file numerous petitions for habeas depending on the available levels of the judicial system. The case of House v. Bell 547 U.S. 518 (2006) illustrates the above facts. Facts According to House v. Bell 547 U.S. 518 (2006), Paul House was charged with capital murder, convict
Abstract The present paper dwells upon Europeans expansion and exploitation of Indians and Africans. Europeans saw these races as savage and incapable of being civilized. These ideas made Europeans think their inhumane exploitation of Indians and Africans could be justified. Introduction British imperial policies were based on such concepts as civilization, religion, expansion. Great Britain reshaped life in North America completely. British people forced out Native people from their lands and brought Africans to ‘help’ them create the ‘brave new world’. To expand and developed, British people chose the tactic of dehumanization which proved to be very effective as Indians and Africans were some kinds of tools in Europeans’ hands. Indians It is possible to find reasons why colonists dehumanized Indians. Colonists tried to justify their inhumane and unjust attitude towards Indians. Colonists claimed that Indians were savages and their race was declining due to their savagery. Colonists pretended to civilize the ‘savages’ to ‘help’ them survive in the new world. Thus, one of the founding fathers, President Jefferson, noted that Indians had to assimilate to survive. Jefferson stressed that civilization was what made Europeans stronger, and savagery was what made Indians almost extinct, “When the white people first came to this land, they were few, and you were many; now you are few” (as cited in Takaki, 1993, p.47). Of course, no one mentioned that Europea
Neurotransmitters refer to messengers of the brain that are in chemical form. That is, they are biochemical compounds found in the brain that are responsible for the transmission of signals coming from neurons across a synapse. Neurotransmitters have an impact on the mood, appetite, temperature, fear and anxiety among other psychological occurrences of an individual (Ankrom, 2008, p.1). It is because of this reason that the production of neurotransmitters in the body is required to be neither too low nor too high since they can be a cause of mental disorders such as depression, dementia and schizophrenia just to mention but a few. A neuron on the other hand is a special type of nerve that is responsible for the reception, processing and transmission of information throughout the cells of the body. Neurons therefore form the sources and receiving ends of the information carried by the neurotransmitters. The neurons together with the neurotransmitters are important components of the nervous system. There are many types of neurotransmitters in the brain which include; acetylcholine, serotonin, glutamate and dopamine among others. Being the first neurotransmitter to be discovered, acetylcholine is endorsed with many functions in the brain and body of an individual. To b