ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction The law of Criminal Procedure is an adjective law or remedial law which prescribes the methods of enforcing the rights or obtaining redress for their infringement. The law regarding the litigation comprises the stages of procedure, pleading and proof. The law of Criminal Procedure with respect to a DUI case involves steps as under:  1. Arrest  2. Booking and Bail  3. Arraignment  4. Plea Bargain  5. Preliminary hearing  6. Pre Trail motions  7. Trial  8. Sentence  9. Appeal (Mueller, p.292-1564). Arrest In traffic or any other criminal offence, the procedure gets initiated when the police officer arrests an alleged offender. A person is said to be arrested when he is taken into police custody and not allowed to leave towards any direction and the process is complete when the officer utters that he or she is under arrest. The sine qua non of an arrest is “the exercise of police authority over a person, and that person’s voluntary or involuntary submission.” (Arrest, p.1). A police officer is legally entitled to arrest the person (lawful arrest) in the circumstances under mentioned: The police officer himself witness to the commission of a crime, when there are extenuating circumstances and facts for the police officer to reasonably believe that a person has committed, or is on the verge of committing a crime. In given case, regarding the single car accident the defendant refused to give a chemical test. In such circumstances, strictly the police officer is legally empowered to arrest the person based on “the probable cause” belief that a DUI has been committed. (The Police Officer Has “Probable Cause” to Arrest, p.1). When the police officer has a warrant with him. A warrant is a Jus document, or written order from a judicial officer which will be obtained only upon submitting an affidavit, or sworn statement by a police officer. Booking and Bail After the process of arrest, the accused person is brought into the purview of the law by the process of registering a case. At this stage, the police officer extracts all the facts relating to the person, crime, nature of the crime, his criminal antecedent, evidence etc. Bail is the stage in which the DUI detenu is released from custody in return for payment of money. Upon release on bail the suspected person gives an undertaking that he shall appear before the Court, as and when required, or at all stages of the procedure. A suspected person can be released on bail either through bail bond, bail agencies or on personal guarantee. Arraignment This is the first step of court room process. In this stage, the criminal charges against the defendant is read over to him and asked whether he pleads guilty or not or is contesting. The next posting date of the case will be announced on this particular day. If the DUI defendant is not in a position to engage a counsel, or if he is in jail, the services of an attorney will be provided to him. Plea Bargains At this very stage there is a possibility of resolving the issue “through plea bargain between the government and the defendant.” (DUI: Plea Bargains). If t
New Problems and Challenges in Global Management Globalization and the absence of conventional, large-scale warfare are facts of life but the expected efficiencies have brought about new challenges for the leaders of global enterprises. Traditional intercultural barriers have merely manifested on new levels as the expectations and educational attainment of people in developing nations grow. The ideological conflict between democracy and laissez-faire economics on one hand and Marxist central planning, on the other hand, has been supplanted by religious strife as Muslim terrorists pervert their religion to sneak death and destruction on each other, on Israel and any convenient target among the OECD nations. Steadily wider acceptance of the World Trade Organization treaty terms has definitely helped global enterprises gain market access without as much bribery, politicking, or long waiting times as in prior decades. However, newly-industrializing and developing nations do not necessarily attain reciprocal access for their processed goods, and this fuels resentment. Furthermore, American businessmen under pressure at home to demonstrate ethics, good governance, and transparency continue to be surprised that Arabs, Asians, and Africans think corporate social responsibility is best practiced among their own relatives. In the face of a lingering recession already more than two years old, pious pronouncements of free trade wilt when American workers continue to lose jobs to China, India, Mexico, and the rest of Latin America. The present political leadership would rather send the Federal deficit sky-high with halfway measures that sound good on the evening news but do not stem the torrent of dollars and jobs overseas. In the last fifteen years or so, the Internet revolutionized business, driving down the costs for getting to market or monitoring competition. But this same technological marvel also freed call centers from domestic toll-free lines. Voice-over-IP allowed large contact centers and business processing organizations like Accenture and Convergys to expand overseas and take advantage of “labor arbitrage”. The new global enterprise operates 24 x 7 x 365, giving managers no rest when the email reaches them in an instant on their Blackberrys. The Research Process In synthesizing how corporate strategy is arrived at, Michael Porter had it exactly right with his “Five Forces” model. The opportunities and constraints global managers operate under are so numerous as to make strategic decisions a complex and risky undertaking. These “strategic factors” include geopolitics, regulatory environments that differ from one country to another, the bargaining power of markets, suppliers, distributors, and direct, indirect, and potential competitors. This lesson is immediately brough
Homeland security officers risk their lives everyday for the protection of the general public from perceived and potential threats. From 1993 and beyond, the US has developed many security concerns. For example, the US has been severally attacked through acts of terrorism such as the Oklahoma City bombings that happened in April 1995. Other potential threats still lurk, like the World trade centre bombings of 1995 and the September 11 th attacks in New York. The fight against terrorism has thereafter taken a very broad dimension whereby the citizens to be protected now include the whole world and the perceived threat to state security is also taking a global dimension (Vaughan-Williams, p. 105). These new developments therefore mean that laws and policies need to meet the new challenges of state security. There has been a considerable degree of development in law enforcement to tackle newly perceived threats in state security and many proactive approaches have been adopted in the same regard. Although this progress is commendable, more can still be done to further improve state security from what it is. This therefore means that homeland security officers need to “think outside the box” by employing critical thinking as their core pillar in changing most of their policies (Vaughan-Williams, p. 105). More creative security policies therefore need to be developed and new paradigms also need to be arrived at. This study incorporates this thought by developing strategies that the US homeland security can use to improve the accomplishment of its security mandate. Core in this study will be the critical thinking model which will act as the ultimate model to the development of homeland security procedures. The eight elements of thought in critical thinking will outline the model and provide a blueprint to the development of new policies and strategies. Comprehensively, this study advances the fact that critical thinking can be potentially used to improve homeland security services. Elements of Critica
With more than one-third of the world’s population using mobile phones, it’s not surprising that all sorts of researches have been studying ways in which the young and old, rich and poor, have been using these devices. Texting (and mobile phones) carried cultural capital in and of itself – as a lifestyle accessory and a lucid resource. Irrespective of message content, the act of texting has cachet (to follow the cliché, the medium is the message) and necessarily communicates something about the sender/user. And part of buying into the cachet of texting means drawing on – or rejecting altogether – symbolic resources such as ringtones, keypad covers, and popularized linguistic markers like initializes, clippings, and letter-number homophones. Technologically the context and constraints of texting, including its cost factor and were real worldwide until 2008 or so. It contained some linguistics features, for example, words per message, acronyms emoticons, and many others. Its linguistic features also such as dialogue in nature (turn talking); language play and creative element of texting made it a formidable feature in texting. Text messaging, therefore, is a cheaper an alternative way of communication as GSM, who introduced the first text messaging services, launched it at a lower price, and the trend has been going downwards. Currently, most telecommunication services are reducing the price packages of texting, therefore, rendering it even cheaper at a time go by. Text messaging also expresses some pragmatic features, for example, intimacy and relative anonymity. The essence of texting is translated into convenience, for example, President Obama, during his campaign, sent a text to the senators to inform them of his chosen running mate in the presidential elections. Similarly, texting applies in airports and hotels as one’s luggage could be picked from the airport and taken to the booked hotel, then the owner will be texted on its arrival. In relation to widespread use of text messaging, most telecommunication companies have now come up with measures of standardizing the use of text messaging services by either giving out free SMS user services or other subscriptions of SMS services with cheaper costs and this has paid off as text messaging services is continuing to be the trend of most mobile users worldwide. Its advantages, such as attachment of media such as pictures and voice media, have enabled it to become a key in expressing emotions and have therefore made text messaging more populous. The entry of advanced text messaging services that embrace the use of the internet has completely revolutionized the use of text messaging. The entry of Whats app, We chat and other internet-enabled text services; it has made it even easier for people to communicate using instant messaging and is currently being used by most people worldwide with the y
Many organizations strive to embrace the concept of organizational change (Oswick, Grant, Michelson and Wailes 394). Despite the fact that organizational change is seen as the main way of improving performance of organizations, this management paradigm is constrained by many issues. One of the aspects identified as a barrier to organizational change concerns management of change in organizations. While organizational change is often a desirable activity that can transform organizations, sustaining change is a challenging affair to organizational leadership. This has been noted by many researchers in the field of organizational management. It is easy to plan and introduce change in organizations. However, implementing and enforcing the change is quite difficult because of the changes in organizational environment. The external and internal organizational environments generate forces that work against the full realization of change objectives. The change objectives are represented in the change programs and projects that are introduced in the organization. The failures of these programs are pointers to the general failure in the “change mission” of organizations (Bates and Bloch 29-32). The complexity of managing change in organizations emanates from the fact that the change may necessitate a total restructuring of organizational units or departments. This may not be receptive to all members of the organization. This means that organizational norms, procedures, work processes and even the cultural aspects of management used in the organization may need a total overhaul. Furthermore, the organizations may be required to identify and acquire new skills that will help in enforcing change and increasing the competitiveness of the organization. In most cases, change is a continuous process. Therefore, there is a likelihood of losing pace and focus on change enforcement is important. Organizational change is treated as a competency that the organization should have (Macadam 33-40). Most organizations fail while implementing change or witness mal-activities during the implementation process. This is because they find it hard to run all the activities appertaining to change programs. Change programs need progressive reviews that meant to check how the organization is coping with change programs. These reviews should be conducted in a consistent and regular manner to keep the change projects on check. This is a strenuous exercise that is prone to ignorance from the management. While these change programs are in progress, most managers often make assumptions that these programs are running well, and they overlook the aspect of review and assessment. The result is that small flaws in implementation grow only to be dis
“Gay Marriage will stabilize society in general” Despite everything that has been said above, we are all aware that every one of us has an equal right to choose what we think is best for us, we all have an equal right to love the person whom we think is capable of loving us back, and this goes with the fact that all of us should have an equal right to marry the person we feel we loved the most. And this does not mean that we have to marry a person who is of the opposite gender. We may be unaware that there are still private organizations that are supporting this gay marriage movement. Their very reason for supporting this is because they see it as a matter of love, justice, basic fairness, and civil rights. Many agree that legal recognition of same-gender marriage would make very positive moral and social points – that we as a people value committed, caring relationships and do not discriminate based on gender, sexual orientation, or religion (Wolfson, 2004) “Children of married households (homosexuals or heterosexuals) can be better off than those who aren’t In Patterson’s research report (1992), she cited that there are major children’s perspectives on homosexual parenting. First among it talks about the phenomenon of openly gay or lesbian parents bearing and/or raising children that represents a socio-cultural innovation focusing on the present historical era; as such, it raises the question about the impact of non-traditional family forms on child development. Non-traditional because, as we are all aware of, it is only in today’s generation at gay relationship is being accepted – socially and legally. Patterson further concluded that as long as the homosexual parents could let their children understand the real scenario, there is a strong indication that children could very well accept and love their parents even though they seemed to be different from the traditional parents in the area. The second talks about the standpoint of the psychological theory which is: the children of lesbian or gay parents pass several challenging questions for existing theories of psychological development (Patterson, 1992). These challenges may include the capabilities of homosexual parents to raise and teach their possible children with good moral and right conduct. Based on Patterson’s report, there are no significant evidence that could differentiate how heterosexual and homosexual parents raised their children. As long as there is love and respect inside the ‘family’, raising the children morally and properly is not a hard task. Homosexual parents may be physically different, but their love and concern for their children is just equivalent on how the conventional parents do. It is actually not a matter of how a parent look in his/her physical attributes, but on what is contained in his/her heart and mind. Once a parent, of any form, realized his/her responsibility as a parent, all children could be in good hands. According to Patterson (1992), there is not enough evidence that could suggest that psychosocial development among children of gay an
The American South should have been treated as a rebellious state as they did not have evidence of any form of change after losing the war to the North. While the nation needed to move past the war, these states continued to undermine the tenets of President Lincoln’s campaign, limiting African-Americans’ rights and intimidating them from voting. The states understood the issues under contention as the war started but focused on segregation, a lifestyle that would permeate US society for almost a century. It is also important to note that while the South accepted defeat, it continued to propagate the traits that had led to the war. It discriminated against blacks in states where they were the majority, using threats of violence (Corbett et al., 2021). Individuals in this section of the US needed a stricter approach to work as a deterrent towards injustice rather than pardons. The Confederacy military leaders also gained power and returned to their former positions soon after the enaction of President Andrew Johnson’s Reconstruction Plan. While the previous Reconstruction plan protected black rights, President Johnson’s plan allowed Southern states to dictate the transition of blacks from slavery and denied their political representation in these areas (Corbett et al., 2021). As part of the US, these states should have been deemed rebellious states rather than a defeated nations as they were part of the greater country rather than a separate entity. President Johnson’s actions made him unpopular in the North as he neglected Black individuals’ protection under the constitution. Treating the South as a separate nation enabled the enaction of Jim Crow Laws, ignoring tenets established under President Lincoln’s government (Corbett et al., 2021). As rebellious states, the government would have imposed anti-separation laws that would grant African-Americans political, economic, and social freedoms in the South. President Lincoln’s egalitarian Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction protected black individuals legally, a factor that was eroded after the Congress Reconstruction compromise of 1877 that saw the North withdraw troops from the Southern states.
Abstract The Emirates Group has invested in both the Dnata services and Emirates Airline. This company was established in 1985 at the United Arab Emirates (Al-Abed 2005, p. 9). In the year 2102, the company was rated among the biggest airline companies in the world. The company offers flight services across all the continents. Emirates provide cargo services in over 40 destinations under the management of the Emirate Skycargo department (Peng 2009, p. 337). It works in cooperation with Dnata, a division of the Emirates Group, offering flight services. In this article, the competitive environment of the Emirates Airline is analysed using the Porter’s five forces model. Similarly, the article focuses on the role of information system in the company with the aim of highlighting on its importance. Through this, the article illustrates how effective management of information systems has placed the company at an advantageous point against the competing airlines. As such, the use of IT has made the company unrivalled in the airline industry. Emirates profile in the industry The Dubai based Fly Emirates is considered one of the fastest growing global airlines. Recent statistics indicate that Emirates airline is a prolific profit earner.It employs over 50,000 workers worldwide and has a turnover of about $18.3 billion (Boermeester 2006, p. 106). The company has a remarkable big number of sophisticated and luxury aircrafts, which includes about 180 large, A 380 Airbus, and Boeing. Year after year, the Emirates Company expands and gains international acceptance. The company strategic plans have made Emirates Airline to win over many passengers’ confidence becoming the largest carrier of passenger with approximately 125 destinations worldwide. The company over time has won several excellence awards. These awards are about 500 in number indicating that the company has had a successful past. The company also ventures in tourism and travel related services boosting its international popularity. The workforce of the emirates is diverse as its employees come from about 160 countries across the six continents it operates. Th
Research Background American healthcare system is the eighth largest in the world. An average American spends most of its income on health care immediately after food and housing. Given the share of capital invested in the healthcare, it is important to carefully analyze present healthcare conditions and impact of ongoing healthcare policy. In order to meet the changing requirements, the USA’s traditional physician-dominated healthcare system has undergone tremendous changes from time to time due to open-market competitions, technological changes, and recent advances. Patients have reported dissatisfaction with the quality of time and amount of care received from the practitioners in hospitals. In this respect, the Affordable Care Act (ACA) was brought as a major changer to organizational structure and adjust insurance cover to improve healthcare. Nevertheless, hospitals across USA have been reporting impact in their prior functioning. This work aims to analyze the impact of the Affordable Care Act 2010 on the USA health care organization and delivery in hospitals. Problem Statement In the USA, the complex structure and delivery system makes it difficult to analyze the impact of ACA on present issues of healthcare in hospitals. The Medicaid revenue shows increasing profit for hospitals and increasing insurance cover for the wider population (Cunningham, Rudowitz, Young, Garfield, & Foutz, 2016). However, published research works show that ACA has reduced hospitalization and impacted non-for-profit hospitals working style. This work discusses positive and negative impacts of the ACA and analyzes its impact on the hospitals using information gathered from secondary sources. Problem Hospitals are reporting the ACA has increased healthcare demand and revenue. Now, due to the complexity of USA’s healthcare system, new problems are often created while solving the previous problems. For example, healthcare insurance has been given major reforms in the United States. However, due to increasing revenues from the patients, the act has reduced compensation to Medicaid Disproportionate Share Hospital (DSH) (Cunningham, Garfield, & Rudowitz, 2015). This has impacted hospitals which serve large number of uninsured and Medicaid patients. It should be noted that many not-for-profit hospitals focus on giving care to underprivileged patients. Now, if ACA act implements lower uncompensated care costs- these non-for-profit hospitals and Disproportionate Share Hospitals (DSH) will ensure huge impact on their revenue. Healthcare sector is labor intensive with the periodic requirement to cope technological changes. ACA primarily focuses on primary care and reduces hospitalization cases. For example, the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA) conducted a pilot project to check commercial viability of Medicare (Barlas, 2014). This program encoura