ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction The research study evolves from the idea of General Mental Ability (GMA) resurgence in the field of modern psychology. The conception, which was first described by Spearman in 1904, integrated some individual features that could measure intellectual performance. It was initially suggested that the GMA mechanism stems from genetic features. Therefore, the primary objective that the study set was to investigate a correlation between General Mental Ability indication and the occupational traits (Schmidt and Hunter 162). Moreover, the authors analyze the predictive abilities of the testing system since it is acknowledged that GMA differentiates the key qualities that influence future achievements of a person. Finally, the work explores the core features that impact the ability of an individual to learn and to gain occupational proficiency. Therefore, the fundamental task of the scientists, who conducted the analysis was to inspect the place of GMA in the world of work. The Key Findings of the GMA Analysis The research investigation was sustained on the basis of cross-sectional and longitudinal studies inspection. The general analysis of cross-sectional works revealed the primary occupational ratings. Due to the results of this study, the individuals, who score high on the GMA testing, are likely to obtain responsible positions at work. In contrast to it, the workers, which possess low GMA rating can not enter distinguished and respectable professions. The practical investigation of longitudinal studies revealed the tendency of the GMA early tests to show the subsequent job hierarchy characteristics. Moreover, the study showed that people with higher GMA tend to earn more than those, who demonstrate lower results. Besides, the analysis showed that there is a direct correlation between IQ results and GMA scores. A sophisticated examination of the occupational performance disapproved the claim, according to which GMA testing results account exclusively for academic performance. The authors of the work compared the achievements of separate professionals, who perform contrastive types of work and linked it to their GMA scores. There are some additional evaluative schemes that are often compared to General Mental Ability test. These are individual traits, aptitudes, and job experience measurements. Due to the findings of the work, such alternative tests can measure specific practical abilities. However, it was concluded that GMA ratings are the only indicators of training performance. Finally, according to Schmidt and Hunter (2004), there is a strong connection between performance and General Mental Ability. The work made a claim, due to which abilities are more significant in the job market than general training aptitudes and experience. Therefore, the research study discloses the theoretical foundatio
Introduction The case of Uber, the project that has changed the way taxi passengers are transported by, describes how the impact of an innovative approach to organizing a business can change market views on specific goods or services. The introduction of an updated system of interaction between drivers and customers has become a new round in the development of urban transport. Main body One of the main drivers of this success for Uber and the globalization of this brand is that in many countries, road transport is not within the scope of federal jurisdiction. This means that owners of such services as Uber can set their individual regulations and take into account the needs of the market in order to offer consumers an innovative project. As a result, the lack of control and stringent restrictions at the highest level leads to the reorganization of market trends and the emergence of new approaches to traditional businesses. Different carrier companies began to introduce applications and other digital tools for interacting with customers, which indicates a new trend proposed by Uber. In Figure 1, the key outcomes of such a market intervention are presented, which reflect the changes in the whole system of taxi driving. Figure 1. Outcomes of Uber Market Entry Conclusion Updating obsolete principles of interaction with customers is the most effective method. The feedback and rating system proposed by Uber in digital format has contributed to a change in the dynamics of the entire passenger transportation system. Although the project’s creators were not guided by the principle of disruptive innovation, their decision to personalize the taxi service and make it more accessible and convenient had a significant impact on this industry.
Introduction The American Museum of Natural History is one of the largest museums in the globe, which comprises 28 buildings and consists of 45 exhibition halls devoted to a wide variety of scientific and historical subjects. On November 11, 2018, I had a chance to visit the museum in person and see some of the exhibited items that I find the most peculiar. While I was strictly limited in time, my visit was reduced to seeing the Hall of Biodiversity, Irma and Paul Milstein Family Hall of Ocean Life, and the exhibition of reptiles and amphibians. Although it was only a minor part of the museum artifacts, my knowledge of life forms inhabiting the planet was expanded making me realize the importance of biodiversity and think of enhancing the exhibitions. The Hall of Biodiversity When I first entered the Hall of Biodiversity, I was torn by the desire to visit all available sections. While I was short of time, I paid maximum attention to viewing the Dzanga-Sangha Rainforest exhibition since I always admired the diversity of African plants and animals. From the notes and examples found in the hall, I have discovered that the African ecosystem is currently suffering heavy damages, losing a threatening number of species every year. The given fact made me think of the importance of biodiversity for the planet’s future and humanity in particular. The diversity of species is a clue to the normal operation of the major life processes. Practically all plants and bacteria on Earth are engaged in biological and geochemical reactions (“Deep-sea communities,” n.d.). The given reactions involve either the use of carbon dioxide or hydrogen (Devlin, 2018). With regards to this fact, biodiversity’s role is to boost the ecosystem’s productivity through the higher concentration of crops and massive production of oxygen. Dzanga-Sangha Rainforest is home for thousands of gorillas and elephants; insufficient amount of plants can reduce the count of these species (the existence of the latter is linked to consuming a large variety of plants). As to the relation of biodiversity to humankind, the former is the foundation for human health; it supports food security and provides important ingredients to produce medications. Diets based on food diversity can help one to fight the diseases caused by the insufficient amount of vitamins and minerals. Summarizing the facts, the absence of biodiversity can seriously threaten one’s health due to the lack of components required for the normal functioning of an organism. In addition, this issue can affect one’s adaptation to environmental or climate changes since no proper support for a cardio-vascular/immune system’s work is provided. The example of Dzanga-Sangha Rainforest shows that the destruction of habitats in the Congo Basin leads to massive losses in life forms. Other Parts of the Museum While staying at the museum, I took a chance to visit the Milstein Family Hall of Ocean Life and the Hall of Reptiles and Amphibians. Although the sp
Abstract The research paper deals with a scenario in the proposed (imaginative) amendment in s 1 of the Crimes (Dangerous Weapons Amendment) Act 2010 (NSW). This paper has broadly discussed the present law and how the proposed amendment would try to plug the loophole present and finally analyses the problem given and offers a solution to the issue. The Summary Offences Act of New South Wales is a set of regulations that is concerned with what an individual can do or cannot do in a public place like streets, parks, hospitals, churches, public places, and schools. This law highly impacts homeless or young people since it is these people who spend the majority o their time in these public places. This law offers a vast authority to police to warn, ask one to provide info, and ask one to move on. If anybody is charged under this act, he will be served upon an infringement notice demanding payment of a fine or the individual has to defend his side in a Local Court before a magistrate. Under this law, unless the crime is severe, there will be simple punishment like a levy of fines, community services, or good demeanor bonds rather than imprisonment. (KLC 2009). In case, if an individual possesses a knife, NSW police have the authority to frisk him if the police have a reasonable suspicion that the individual possesses a knife in a school or a public place. It is an offense to refuse to produce anything which the police officer finds out in a search or to turn down the request to be searched. A penalty notice may be served by police on the detection of a knife in a public place, and they may even confiscate the dangerous instruments. (KLC 2009). As per section 11 C of the Summary Offenses Act of New South Wales, if an individual or a person is in possession of a knife in a school or in a public place, the highest penalty for the crime of possessing a knife in a school or in a public place is five penalty units. Thus, for the first time offense for five penalty units, a penalty of $550 and 10 penalty units and for second time offense, a fine of $1000 or one year imprisonment or both and for 20 penalty units a fine of $2200 or two-year imprisonment or both for third and subsequent crime will be levied under the above law. Under the NSW present law, only a second time or subsequent offender will face the probability of imprisonment. It is to be noted that in the earlier act, the Knife possessors were let off with a meager fine. The specialty of the new act which is to be introduced through an amendment in the year 2010 is that the definition of a knife includes a kitchen knife since youths were found to possess ordinary kitchen knives while c
Introduction Education has often been a predicting factor when it comes to the lives of American citizens regardless of their race, color, or creed. However, research studies have shown that most minority races such as Hispanics, Native Americans, and African Americans have a chance of about fifty percent of graduating from college when compared to other races. Consequently, it is true that African American might have to contend with below average lives as a result of this academic inequality. For instance, some political elements have alluded to African Americans being ‘uneducated’ and ‘unwilling’ to do so. The association of the African American race with criminal tendencies can also be traced back to their access and involvement with formal education. There is a need to address the problem of black people and access to formal education in a more exhaustive manner. Currently, empty rhetoric and stereotyping dominates the debate on educational attainment in regards to racial discrimination. There is also a significant chance of minorities having problems with their careers even after they attain formal education. Standardized tests also pose a challenge to minorities in regards to their attainment of formal education. In average, African Americans perform poorly than the White majority in their standardized tests. In this report, the issue of educational discrimination and its long-term effects on the lives of colored people will be explored. In addition, this report will be useful to educational stakeholders in their quest for finding a lasting solution to the issues of educational attainment and racial discrimination. Educational Discrimination Educational inequa
Introduction Leaders need to build a strong team that can realise its goals by incorporating certain aspects of effective team building. Such aspects would ensure that the team is efficient and effective in its roles. In this context, team members must be aware of the objective of the team and specific periods for realising the set targets. A team must have a method of sharing responsibilities and leadership roles. This ensures accountability within the team. A team should have a clear purpose and concrete outcomes from inputs of its members. Effective Team Building A clear purpose is a characteristic of effective team building. All members of a team should agree on the team’s goals. Shared goals and responsibilities enhance team effort by providing a clear sense of direction. All members should contribute in formulating objectives (Mealiea and Baltazar, 2005). A clear purpose would ensure that all members of the team have clear roles and responsibilities. Moreover, other members will also support such roles and the purpose of the team. Team building requires definitive decision-making strategies. This eliminates challenges related to prolonged and unproductive discussions, which could hinder the team’s effort. A definitive process of making decisions ensures that all team members contribute, and they may resort to consensus to overcome contentious issues. Members must express their opinions and review all areas of disagreements. Building a team requires an open communication system. This allows members to exploit communication channels to express their opinions and offer relevant feedback, as well as share information among themselves. Communication must reach all members of the team. Moreover, it should be consistent through various channels of communications. This ensures that all members are up to speed on the team’s progress and setbacks. Effective team building requires shared leadership. In this regard, the team carries out leadership roles like “contributor, collaborator, challenger, facilitator, and controller” (Mealiea and Baltazar, 2005). These roles are not exclusively for the team leader. However, shared leadership roles will differ based on the prevailing circumstances and skills of members of the team. Moreover, different members may also have different responsibilities in leadership. This is a participatory style of leading a team. Team members can suggest various ways of improving team activities and services. Participation by team members in various activities enhances decision-making processes within the team. Members can also rely on the group participation to facilitate self-efficacy and development of new strategies. Listening and acknowledging contributions of other team members can facilitate building of effective team. Team members should discuss and formulate strategies for problem solving (Taggar and Brown, 2001). Members of a team could use listening to enhance interpersonal sensitivity and understanding. Listening ensures that all channels of communication within the team
Introduction On April 16, 1963, Martin Luther King Jr. wrote an open letter to his fellow clergymen, from the Birmingham prison: We know through painful experience that freedom is never voluntarily given by the oppressor; it must be demanded by the oppressed. Frankly, I have yet to engage in a direct-action campaign that was “well timed” in the view of those who have not suffered unduly from the disease of segregation. (King par. 11) This letter was written during the heat of the protest campaign against racial segregation in America. The US has a history of malice and maltreatment towards African-Americans. Before the foundation of the US as an independent state, millions of them were shipped from Africa to be used as slaves in the fields. They were forced to perform hard manual labor and other dirty and tedious tasks that their white masters found beneath them (Smith 5). Even after the Declaration of Independence and the creation of the Constitution, slaves remained in captivity. It took a long and bloody civil war to change the status of slaves to free citizens. That was the situation in the year 1865. Almost a hundred years since then, true equality was still far from becoming obtainable. The African-Americans were often treated as second-class citizens, especially in the Southern states, which were bitter about the loss in the war, even many generations after. The segregation system was, in many ways, a surrogate replacement for slavery (“Racial Segregation” par. 2). While King’s views were considered radical at the time , The Letter from the Birmingham Jail was a groundbreaking manifesto, because it gave insight on protests in general, showed King’s struggle for Black Rights, and gave insight into the peaceful protests. In this paper, these points are going to be explored in greater detail. The Segregation The fact that the word segregation was used in the second half of the 20th century is astonishing. Yet, for the US, this was a reality, which would have continued being a reality, had it not been for Martin Luther King Jr. and his supporters. The segregation was, in general, a form of social control, which the white elites have promoted in order to impose their will on the African-American population. It was a replacement for slavery, which had been abolished after the American Civil War of 1861-1865. Such an unjust divide had reduced the non-white populace to the status of second-class citizens and violated the 14th and 15th amendments of the Constitution. (“All Amendments to the United States Constitution” par. 18) The segregation imposed numerous limits upon the African-American population. The most obvious and important one being the separation in education. The whites and the African-Americans had different schools, and although they paid taxes on the same basis as any other American citizen, their schools received very little to no funding from the state (“Racial Segregation” par. 3). The situation was so desperate that they had to address the church in order to receive any sort of funding. The quality of education in such harsh conditions had plummeted, and the difference in education meant the difference in labor – the
Introduction Psychological tests play a crucial role in learning and understanding human behavior. In a psychological context, the term test refers to any standardized procedure for measuring sensitivity, mental ability, and personality of an individual (Kline, 2000). Psychological tests are objective in nature, as they seek to identify strengths and weaknesses in an individual. Psychologists use these tests to gather information and determine the performance of an individual at a specific time represented by the period of data collection (Kline, 2000). Assumptions and questions The first assumption is that every test is independent and used to examine a specific element (Kaplan & Saccuzzo, 2012). Test validity is important because it helps in getting the right results. The second assumption applied in psychological tests is that test results and an individual’s demeanor are constant variables. This assumption believes that as along as the variable tested does not change, the results of the test and behavior of an individual remain the same even if the test happens another time (Kaplan & Saccuzzo, 2012). Another major assumption is that people involved in psychological test have a similar understanding of the elements involved. This means that they are likely to give similar or closely related responses. Psychological tests also use the assumption that people will always provide correct information about their lives (Kaplan & Saccuzzo, 2012). People involved in these tests have greater personal awareness and psychologists should assume that all the information they provide is accurate. The most fundamental question asked in these tests is whether people are sincere when explaining their feelings about something or someone (Kaplan & Saccuzzo, 2012). Categories of tests, their major uses, and users Psychological tests belong to four major categories, namely clinical interviews, intellectual functioning tests, personality tests, and behavioral tests (Kline, 2000). Clinical interviews are short tests conducted by a clinician in an office. Practitioners use this test to examine mental health patients. Intellectual functioning tests are used to assess the rational aptitude of an individual. They are done through intelligence test, which have Wechsler and Stanford-Binet scales, as well as neuropsychological assessment (Kaplan & Saccuzzo, 2012). The tests can take up to two days. They are used to test people suffering from various forms of brain damage. Personality tests play a crucial role in establishing elements that define an individual. There are two types of personality tests, namely objective and projective tests (Kline, 2000). Objective tests use a true or false approach, while projective tests assess an individual’s optical ability to differentiate things. Behavioral tests help to establish the cause of an individual’s demeanor through observation. This test helps in assessing people with various forms of addictions. Psychologists can track their behavior patterns and help them to change (Kaplan & Saccuzzo, 2012). Reliability and validity Reliability refers to the quality of test data remaining stable and dependable th