ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Abstract Although the primary goal of any health care provider is to achieve practical results in the treatment of their patients, it is still impossible for them to do this without getting acquainted with theories. All nursing theories are created to outline the principles, assumptions, and concepts that underlie the practice. Besides, they are always future-oriented, which means that they contribute to the generation of further knowledge in the field. Unless a theory is thoroughly analyzed and implemented according to its initial intention and purpose, a misperception may arise, which could lead to the wrong conclusion that this theory is irrelevant to practice. A nursing theory gives nurses a sense of identity, which helps them understand their mission more profoundly and comprehensively. That is why the paper at hand is aimed to provide a detailed analysis of the chosen nursing theory (which is Dorothea Orem’s Self-Care Deficit Theory). It attempts to identify the components of theory, its major concepts, possible applications in the particular clinical are, and some practical outcomes that it may have for potential patients. Introduction of Theorist and Theory Dorothea Elizabeth Orem (July 15, 1914 – June 22, 2007) was one of the most prominent American theorists of nursing. After finishing Seton High School in Baltimore, Maryland, she entered the Providence Hospital School of Nursing in Washington, D.C., from which she graduated in 1934. In 1939, Orem earned a B.S. in Nursing Education at the Catholic University of America. She became an M.S. in Nursing Education in 1945. Orem’s career in nursing was indeed remarkable. In 1976, she received Honorary Doctorate
Introduction The well-being of a society largely depends on how many people adhere to shared political preferences. It is not about forcing people to have one opinion, like in totalitarian states. On the contrary, a significant percentage of citizens with moderate political views indicates a healthy society. Simultaneously, the trend of political segregation, when a large portion of the population adheres to the extreme right and extreme left views is an undesirable situation. The influence of social media has become more significant in recent years. US citizens today trust social media more than traditional media. Moreover, traditional media in the United States are also becoming increasingly polarized. Political segregation in the US is increased by social media for three reasons: they spread disinformation, strive for monetization, and support unfair political competition. The consequences of growing political segregation include lack of constructive dialogue, undermined democratic foundations, and distortion of non-political relations between people. The most effective way to fix the problem is by enacting laws regulating social media, and targeting agents who spread disinformation. Facts Regarding the Problem Social media does increase political segregation in US society. As a rule, various agents deliberately use unfair practices that lead to political polarization. Tucker et al. note that types of political disinformation include fake news, rumors, knowingly false information, unintentionally false information, politically distorted information, and ‘hyperparty’ news. Researchers note that disinformation producers are independent trolls, hired trolls, bots, fake news, and conspiracy theorists (Tucker et al. 22). Troll farms can be hired by parties that work to undermine democratic values. For example, the Russian state, which meddled in the US 2016 election, still remains the primary employer of troll farms and an investor of disinformation practices (Howard et al. 3). These agents have different purposes: some of them claim to be apolitical – independent trolls and fake news, while hired trolls and bots intend to urge Internet discussions towards a particular direction. The analysis of communication changes on Twitter shows that online activity, leading to the political polarization of society, has been observed for a long time. According to Garimella and Weber, who analyzed followership, retweets, and hashtag fanaticism, “online polarization has indeed increased by 10-20% over the past eight years from 2017” (528). A study by Conover et al. conducted ahead of the 2010 Congressional elections found that “a network of political retweets exhibits a highly segregated party structure with minimal co
Introduction Weight-related epidemics have raised a global alarm which calls for immediate interventions to prevent future chronic problems. These epidemics are as a result of overnutrition, food insecurity and obesity with its related health problems such as; cardiovascular, diabetes diseases. Some literature review on the international strategies for overcoming the epidemics are presented, these includes; World Health Organization strategies, regulations on marketing secured food and public health policies on nutrition. Summary of Public health and law address on obesity (Article 1) The article is a discussion on how law can be considered in the attempt to address rising problems associated with obesity. With the application of the experiences with other bodies of public health law, an illustration on how several strategies could be formulated. The arguments on effective strategies that can be favorable approach for dealing with energy exercises and alternatively a focus on the ones that can enable energy food consumption have been analyzed. Important ideas concerning the role of public health policy in sponsoring change and the ability for it to be linked to initiatives for the achievement of a very sustainable society, are made crucial concerns by the impacts caused by obesity (Reynolds, 2004). Article Critique (Article 1) Obesity as a public health agenda According to my own analysis, Reynolds’ article provides a clear indication that obesity is a new and dangerous lifestyle disease which has raised a public health concern. Today, as the author has identified, it is agreed that people are increasingly growing bigger and heavier rising in their proportional levels with the majority becoming obese. This has truly contributed to the current weight-related diseases such as; cardiovascular and diabetes health problems, which in actual sense they are substantial burdens to the victims. The increase in obesity levels is actually an area of concern for both the developing and developed countries, this has been well argued by the author as he has given an example of Australian and overseas’ governments that are seeking strategies and formulating policies to address obesity problems. Regulating marketing and promotion The major controversial and difficult aspect of obesity strategy is the restriction imposed on advertisement and promotion of food. Taxation is used to influence behaviors and suggestions on the advance role of nutritional polic
Literature Review Importance The importance of childhood education is well established, and numerous studies confirm the matter. International experience confirms that the quality of pre-school education affects the later development of children (MacDonald & Carmichael, 2017). Early acquisition of mathematical skills is crucial for toddlers to facilitate their learning abilities during the school years (MacDonald & Carmichael, 2017). Even though it is traditionally believed that children before seven do not have fully-developed ability to reason logically, a study by Wright, Robertson, and Hadfield (2011) confirms that 5-year-olds are well on the way to developing such skills, while 6-year-olds often demonstrate a full ability to think using logic. In short, early exposure of children to mathematics activity, including length measuring, positively affects future success in the acquisition of mathematical skills. Key Concepts Length measuring may become an intricate task for young children since it implies that they understand several important concepts. Bush (2009) states that there are three essential concepts that need to be learned for children to acquire the skill of measuring length, including transitive reasoning, identical units, and iteration. Bush (2009) states that transitivity is based on comparison and explains it as the ability to understand that if A=B and B=C, then A=C. The idea of identical units is essential for measuring with standard and non-standard scales since units of length for measuring objects must be identical (Bush, 2009). Iteration is the ability to use an object repeatedly to find measurements (Bush, 2009). While the three-concept approach seems appropriate, it does not provide enough details of the thinking process while measuring length. More detailed approaches identify six or eight basic concepts that children should understand to develop the ability to measure length. According to Clements and Stephan (2004), they are partitioning, unit iteration, transitivity, conservation, accumulation of distance, and relation to number. Partitioning is the ability to mentally divide an object into smaller equal parts, such as centimetres or inches. Conservation refers to the understanding that the length of an object remains unchanged even if observed from a different location. Accumulation of distance is an appreciation that “the number words signify the space covered by all units counted up to that point” (Clements & Stephan, 2004, p. 7). Comprehending the relation between number and measurement implies the understanding that discrete units can be used to measure continuous objects. Lee and Francis (2016) contribute two other concepts to this list by suggesting the addition of attribute, the appreciation that lengths span fixed distances and origin, the understanding that any point on a scale can be used to start measurements. In shor
Introduction Paper Overview Since time immemorial, man has always sought to explore other parts of the world and space has not been an exception. While traveling to space has for a long time been a preserve for scientists, a new crop of travelers has come up, that is space tourists. Different space travel companies have thus engaged themselves in extensive research to make this happen for interested private citizens. This research seems to have paid off as there has been progress in the development of sub orbital space vehicles, which will enable people to make such trips. This paper seeks to provide an overview of the space tourism industry, determine the advantages and disadvantages of various aspects of the industry, take a look at some of the major players of industry with the main focus being on those who are on their way to success when it comes to the provision of sub orbital flights, the main challenges they face, and eventually determine the level of success they have achieved so far and what more needs to be done for complete success to be achieved in this industry. Space Tourism Space Tourism refers to the process by which ordinary members purchase tickets from allowed companies to travel to space for leisure purposes (Conrady & Buck 215). Even though the opportunities for space tourism are at the moment limited and expensive, there is a promise for growth. Many of the players in the industry have started with short sub orbital trips as their focus, before venturing into full orbit flights which are more expensive and risky in future. In sub orbital trips, the flight reaches space but does not make a complete orbit around the earth (Kortenkamp & Fox 11). Background Information Even though the idea of space tourism has been around for a long time, there is no specific time line in which space tourism can be said to have began. Dennis Tito’s visit to the International Space Station has been documented as the first instance of space tourism (Conrady & Buck 215-216). His visit took place in 2001 after which a number of other individuals also paid for their trips to space. Benefits of the Space Tourism Industry The space tourism industry has time and again been described as having the potential for growth and with such growth come benefits which include the following: Economic Benefits: In as much as the space tourism industry is expensive to establish and maintain it also comes with huge economic benefits for any country which dares to invest in it. Governments can be able to gain a lot in terms of taxes from the income the industry generates as well as the taxes of industries that are associated with the space tourism industry. Since a lot has already been invested into the industry, it is time for the commercial realization associated with the industry to be exploited. This will open new opportunities for businesses to exploit space resources with the promise of profitability which will in turn develop into economic growth and development for countries (Collins para. 46-47). Employment: The growth of the space tourism industry holds the potential to create employment for peo
Introduction Oil has become an essential material for contemporary people, who use it as fuel and transform it into products. However, the uncontrolled use of this resource leads to environmental problems and climate change, which requires public and political attention. This paper will summarize the article “Transformations of Oil: Visibility, Scale, and Climate in Warren Cariou’s Petrography” by French. Summary In the introduction to his article, French explains the impact that the petrography works by Cariou have on the understanding of the causes and impacts of climate change (64). Cariou’s exhibits are a representation of the theme of oil through visual art. Hence, this artist uses visuals to show the viewers the impacts of the claim change induced by the use of oil and its derivatives. The broader impact of these photographs is that through visual art, one can enhance the efforts of communicating important messages to society and the politicians, such as the message about the changes in the Earth’s temperature, which will inevitably affect its inhabitants. French proceeds by explaining the basics of petrography as a form of art. According to the author, petrography is a type of visual focused on petroleum, or “petroleum-photography” (French 65). These images were later developed using the technique that Niépce introduced in the nineteenth century. This approach has allowed Cariou to show the relationship between the human and non-human domains. Mainly, French argues that the artist explains the issue of people continuing to extract and use the oil resources and the detrimental effects of such practices (65). Hence, in his article French examines Cariou’s approach to creating visual art and the purpose of the selected methods, as well as the artistic meani
Introduction This case is about changing culture at British Airways since 1980s to around 2000. Before the change, the organization was reporting losses year after year due to poor market perception as a result of bad organization image. The case outlines problems the organization underwent through late 1970s and early 1980s. The case also outlines the changes the company undertook to deal with the problems they encountered. In real sense, the company needed change to improve its financial strength apart from convincing the workforce about the significance of customer service to ensure good market perception. In addition, the company underwent culture change because the management wanted to come up with a strategy that will ensure maintenance of momentum as well as recapturing the focus that will enable the company to deal with different challenges it was facing like the 1981 crisis. Moreover, the company was undertaking cultural changes because the British government had announced the plan of privatizing through sale of shares. As a result, the organization was trying as much as possible to ensure that it attract potential public investors willing to buy shares at a better price. Moreover, the operation cost of the company was too high. This is because the company had a very large number of employees due to their poor market prediction. The company had anticipated their passenger volume to increase which required large staff to ensure efficient and effective production. Instead, the passenger volume decreased by around 4 percent. As a result, there was need to change the company culture. Moreover, the operations costs were high because of increased fuel costs. High fuel costs were as a result of diverse as well as aging fleets. In total, change was necessary to ensure that the above named factors are dealt with to ensure that by the time privatization takes place, the potential investors will be embraced with the ailing airline company. Due to the fact that British Airline was facing productivity problems, there was need for change. As a result, for the company to increase its production there was need for culture change. There production percent compared to other foreign airline production was 59% which was the highest ever production the company had ever reached. This is just an average to other competitive airlines. Apart from productivity, customer service was also
Executive Summary The purpose of this report is to analyze the operation of a selected company in the international environment and this report will concentrate on the British Airways to identify important issues related to business strategy. However, this paper will focus on the international strategy of British Airways, forces behind this strategy, and the process of international business operations. In addition, this report will address the specific challenges of BA in internationalization of the business especially focus on the challenges in the US market and provide the solution of the dilemmas to operate in this market. Finally, this report will concentrate on the external and internal environment of BA, influence of global financial crisis on the company, volatility of fuel price, and other possible challenges in the future. Introduction This report has organised on the British Airways Plc to identify its different strategic issues in the international environment and to make recommendation for its effectual operation. British Airways the pioneer of global airlines industry connecting 20 million passengers through London, the world’s largest premium travel market, has been passing throw a most hard time of the history. In 2008, tremendously raising of oil price and the shock of global credit crush has seriously injured the national flag carrier of Great Britain and still British Airways facing the recessionary impact and may continue up to 2013. The BA accounted its revenue of £7,994 million in the financial year 2009/10, which was £8,992 million 2008/09, at the same time, it identified £531 million losses before tax and operating losses of £231 million when as an FTSE 100 company it has been continuously loosing its share price in most of the trading hours (The Guardian, 2009). Figure 1: Basic Charts of British Airways for 2007 to 2011 International Strategy of British Airways As the global financial crisis and recessionary economy has seriously influenced the growth of British Airways, it has strongly stood on its Global Premium Airline strategy to attain its objectives of industry leadership by cooperative strategy and cost reducing policy. Following this global strategy BA has aimed to take the challenges of being official carrier of London Olympic 2012 and overcome the major shocks of financial downturn. The cooperative strategy has driven BA to work together with its competitors in the in the international operation while its cost driven strategy already contributed BA to drop £597 million fuel cost (British Airways, 2010). BA 1 addressed the British business community to collaborate with US business to triumph over t
With over two decades down the line, culture changes continue to attract attention of many organizations. In normal cases, cultural interventions give participants hope of a remedy to both academic as well as organizational imbalances. With cultural changes in place, the paper aims at handling the British Airways case and providing reliable answers to various questions. This will help understand various issues that relate to the company. What life was like at the old British Airways Initially, things were not good at the company because aging airplanes were the main hitch to successful transportation. The industrial disputes were the major source of poor performance comparing to competitors who surpassed the standards laid down by British Airways. Further information reveals the dissatisfaction of customers that incurred big losses. With the detrimental effect, the company was compelled to revise its cultural aspects and choose to focus on cultural change (Grugulis & Wilkinson, 2002). What was difficult about making change Bringing changes to British Airways was accompanied by difficult moments in adjusting the attitudes of the employees, stakeholders and customers. This is evident from the to launch a training programs that were aimed at addressing the major concerns, especially among the staff members, who had a direct contact with the potential customers. bringing culture of wearing clothes that were not part of the company’s official wear faced big resistance. The course majorly aimed at addressing the behavioral patterns. The attendance staff were advised to consider taking a positive attitude especially when coping with stress. Employees were to develop a positive attitude when setting their personal goals and build confidence in oneself that would drive their spirit of achievement towards success at both a personal and organizational level. What factors created the sense of urgency A number of elements were involved in the unease at the firm. Preliminarily, the clarity and helpfulness factor were majorly aimed at satisfying the urgency of establishing both clear and specific objectives for all the subordinates. This was further directed at supporting the subordinate members and enabling them to comprehend the requirements for their jobs. This factor was also directed at addressing guidance, as well as availing clear-cut decisions. The second factor was about promotion of achievements to create an emphasis and a demonstrate commitment towards achieving the set goals. The third factor covered influence on a teamwork and personal excellence based mainly on the appreciation of extra efforts while expressing a sense of dedication. Finally, care and trust cover the last but not the least factors that is building friendly and warm relationships. Who made up the guiding team and what were their credentials The leading teams comprised mainly of personnel handling PPF messages. Requirements for the guiding teams entailed multi-skills aspect and team work. The direct contact with the members of the staff played a significant role in ensuring an inclusive duty that called for su