ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
For several years, most debates about ethics and information technology (IT) have focused on issues of professional ethics and issues of privacy and security. The professional aspects of ethics in IT concern preserving and developing a successful reputation through tasks completions. In this context, the worker is constantly behaving well i.e. a case of character and action. Ethics now seems to be an inclusive term covering morality, value and justice, in addition to character and action. However, the recent developments in IT and business have created cases of new concerns in ethics. Critics now wonder whether removing a job from one country to another in order to exploit lower paid workers and probably avoid heavy tax are ethical, business or economic issues (Schultz, 2006). Offshoring and outsourcing of jobs creates the advantage of a social context by providing lower wages. These have become new ethical problems created by flexibility of the IT concept of “availability at any location”. These new developments have made IT rise beyond organizational borders in covering end users, supply chains, partners, countries, and continents in the broad picture. These are among the issues which have necessitated the governments across the globe to collaborate and develop comprehensive and detailed laws regarding the use of information technology. Ethical dilemma As new and unpredictable uses of information technology arise with the regulations, so do new and unpredictable ethical problems. IT is a part of the human world of relations, actions and institutions. Therefore, we expect interactions with the world of IT neither to bring predictable ethical problems nor predictable solutions. For instance, the creations of online downloading sites of copyrighted materials to promote sales, or as a form of charity, or to promote mediocre contents demonstrate how users can manipulate IT systems where ethical principles are not clear. People can make digital copies at will, and these copies are available to anyone on the network. The issue is whether it is a mere act of a friendship sharing information, which is ethical, or whether it is an illegal act, which is an unethical practice violating copyright laws. These instances are likely to create ethical dilemma to the comprehensive laws regulating IT industry. Conversely, if the comprehensive laws cover such unpredictable uses and results of IT industry, then the users are acting ethically and legally. Some problems of ethics associated with the development of social media, such as dating and readily available sex partners and spamming raise serious issues of ethics and the role of IT in perpetuating them (Robert, 1995). Regulations of IT There are diverse cultural and ethical perspectives created by information technology and communication around the global and their possible resolutions. These are genuine global information ethics, which need to be regulated as the industry continues to experience exponential growths. Therefore, the governments of the world in coming up with comprehensive la
Investment refers to postponing of consumption for future benefits and returns. Large categories of persons such as individuals, corporations, and government agencies save part of their income to accumulate funds enough to carry out large projects. Capital investment involves asset purchase in prospect of its future increase in value. However, investments, either asset based or human capital based, encompass long-term procedures that entail high risks as well as costs (Becker, 2009). Asset based investment consist of property, equity funds and securities while human capital investment includes educational programs such as a business degree course. This paper discusses my decision to invest in education and approximate returns on the investment. Education investment is less risky but highly expensive due to high program fees and other costs related to the course. My education investment, however, may be looked at as a consumption good aimed at boosting my future incomes and benefits. My decision to pursue a business degree course was prompted by good analysis of what the course offers in terms of skills and employment returns. A study carried out by Graduate Management Admission Council concluded that business trainees were highly employable, and well equipped with academic credits to develop their professional knowledge and satisfaction (Bundy & Norris, 2011). My analysis gave me supportive reasons to value the business course highly. One of the reasons is the career progression aspect to advance skills, abilities, and personal cognition. A business degree is treasured due to its value in one’s educational as well as managerial growth. This is enhanced by the role played in developing skills, working on difficult tasks, along with the ability to start one’s own business. In addition, my decision was influenced by the high prospects of employment opportunities. A business degree graduate may earn approximately US$100,000. Although this form of investment is rewarding and principal in one’s life, a number of costs and expenses are involved. This also calls for one’s time and other sacrifices in the persuasion of the program to earn better returns to offset the expenses. The costs include tuition fee, expenditure on textbooks, along with other living expenses. In addition, the search for school, application procedure, interviews, travel expenses, and other support activities are costly to an individual. For instance, a finance degree program in London Business School is at a fee of $134,152, training fee being $77,854. University of Michigan offers the same course at an annual fee of $24,034, which includes tuition fee and other learning expenses. In addition to the analysis, considerations for a program at the University of California showed an estimated cost of $107,456 with a budget of $77,270 to support other program requirements. This investment is costly in terms of financing with an approximate of 6.8% interest rate on loans. More so, education loan may be difficult to access due to the security
Socioeconomic variables have a significant impact on community’s overall health. Poverty has been shown to harm wellbeing, with many health risks being found to be linked to socioeconomic status. The biological and physiological aspects of medicine are typically the subject of healthy lifestyles. These considerations include salary, job prestige, and educational attainment, among others. This paper aims to identify socioeconomic factors and clarify why they are harmful to one’s health. Since income affects an individual’s access to healthcare, it forms an essential component of socioeconomic status (SES). Mehraj et al. (2018) states that money enables people to live in a clean, safe neighborhood and purchase nutritious foods. The SES is a significant determinant of healthcare coverage. Low-income individuals are more likely to be Medicaid beneficiaries or uninsured, seek medical attention less often, and receive poor-quality health insurance (Mehraj et al., 2018). Individuals with higher income may obtain quality healthcare more conveniently, live in better housing, and eat more healthy foods, both of which are linked to overall health. On the other hand, more educated people are more likely to learn about healthy habits (Rodrigues et al., 2021). Well-educated patients will identify their healthcare needs better, obey orders, advocate for their families, and interact efficiently with their doctors than the less educated. SES is inextricably linked to racism, which has hampered minority community members’ socioeconomic advancement. The fact that whites are more likely to undergo a wide variety of specialized medical procedures than African Americans is one form of prejudice. African Americans often experience unfair medical procedures compared to other ethnic groups. Despite the recent focus on reducing health inequalities, this aim cannot be met without concurrent decreases in social class challenges, as social class differences influence racial disparities. Different legal interventions can provide support to eliminate such health inequalities. For example, the interventions can include free medical treatment and checkup for the elderly and low-income families. Other ways the interventions can help is by providing a cheaper medical insurance, which is affordable to all social classes. Therefore, legal interventions will limit or eliminate cases of inequalities and issues related to difficulties in accessing healthcare facilities and services across all racial groups.
The two videos namely the Japanese American Internment of World War II and the Japanese American Internment (U.S. Government Propaganda) center on how United States citizens with Japanese heritage were relocated to concentration camps during World War Two in the year 1942. This was done under the watch of the then president of the United States Franklin D. Roosevelt (Siasoco, Ricco, and Ross 1). The internment of Japanese Americans was triggered by anti-Japanese attitudes by farmers and the attack on Pearl Harbor by the Japanese authorities. As a result, President Franklin D. Roosevelt ordered the internment of Japanese Americans by signing an executive order 9066. In the executive order, all Japanese Americans were to be rounded up in 10 relocation centers which were supposed to act as internment camps. This led to the evacuation of about 120,000 Japanese Americans to internment camps which were located in Colorado, Wyoming, Arizona, Utah, Idaho, California, and Arkansas. To achieve its objective of relocating the Japanese Americans, a means of communication was necessary in order to reach the victims and to justify the actions of the American government. The propaganda communication means which were widely used were newspaper articles and motion pictures which justified the relocation in the name of national security. The relocation of Japanese Americans was not justified as it was later established that most of the people who were put in internment camps were American citizens who posed no threat to the security of the American people. The United States government at that time was faced with external aggression and it was not necessary to make its own citizens suffer by concentrating them in camps, but instead, it could have focused more on the external aggression it was facing from several nations including Japan. The internment camps did not provide the occupants with human conditions, but instead, overcrowding, lack of water, and cooking facilities were the order of the day which increased the suffering of the Japanese American people. There was also discrimination in the camps where leadership positions were offered only to American-born, Japanese and this was a clear violation of the rights of the citizens. Works Cited Siasoco, Ricco and Ross, Shmuel. Japanese Relocation Centers. infoplease. 2007. Web.
The human psyche is a vulnerable system: the incredibly rapid rate of modern life often causes anxiety and stress, leading to various mental disorders. The emergence and prevalence of COVID-19 only worsen the situation: a feeling of isolation, fear for one’s life and health of relatives and friends, and risk of losing job and income weaken people’s nervous system. Therefore, it is possible to identify prevention and treatment of neurological and psychological ailments that negatively impact people’s lives as a current healthcare need that has to be met. Mental Disorders As an Urgent Problem Mental disorders affect people not depending on their age, gender, or race. Although in several cases, they can be explained by posttraumatic stress or genetics, ailments often choose their victims by chance, selecting the most emotional people. To date, mental disorders are one of the primary burdens of populations: “the prevalence of clinically significant levels of mental disorders increased from 18.9 to 27.3%” (Winkler et al., 2020, p. 1). They are “associated with severe personal suffering by patients and their relatives, considerable transgenerational transmission, huge economic costs, and increased levels of physical morbidity and mortality” (Cuijpers, 2019, p. 276). Since depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder, bipolar disorder, mania, and generalized anxiety disorder are more vital than ever, they have become an urgent problem in the healthcare sector. Millions of people worldwide try to pretend that they live full lives, in fact, daily suffering from anxiety, insomnia, and stress. Therefore, mental disorders are a pretty severe problem in the modern world. At the height of the pandemic, many people suffer from symptoms of depression. As studies show, “the prevalence of both major depressive disorder and suicide risk tripled and current anxiety disorders almost doubled” (Winkler et al., 2020, p. 1). Patients with COVID-19 are at significant risk to obtain mental disorders as a complication of this virus. In addition, even those who have not been ill complain about anxiety, insomnia, melancholia, and constant fear. The oppressive changes always negatively affect a person’s psyche: COVID-19 has become one of the most crucial changes for the worse. People are forced to replace face-to-face interaction with text messages and video chats and refuse trips, visits to the cinema, walks, and economic stability. Thus, the pandemic is one more reason why mental disorders are so prevalent in modern society. Mental Disorder’s Impact on Society The mentally exhausted society cannot contribute to the state’s prosperity and be a community of socially responsible citizens striving for self-development and self-improvement. People with damaged psyches are feared and nervous, which negatively affects the
Total Quality Management (TQM) and ISO standards (ISO 9000 series) have had substantial success in terms of acceptance in organisations worldwide, with available literature demonstrating that these continuous improvement approaches are often misinterpreted as being equivalent and addressing the same requirements (Han & Chen, 2007). The address this concern, the present paper dwells on comparing and contrasting the two approaches. TQM has been defined in the literature as a management philosophy aimed at seeking excellence through organisation-wide continuous improvement, while the ISO 9000 is a series of quality assurance standards that have been developed by the International Organisation for Standardisation in Geneva with the view to ensuring that a basic quality system is in place to enhance and facilitate trade (Han & Chen, 2007; Oakland, 2003). Consequently, the goals of the two approaches differ as TQM is to a large extent focussed on improving overall quality in an organisation with the view to meeting customer satisfaction, while ISO standards are generally focused on ensuring that a basic quality system is in place to be adopted by organisations for the sole purpose of facilitating trade. The underlying principles of TQM include customer satisfaction, supplier satisfaction and continuous improvement of business processes, whereas those of ISO standards (ISO 9000 series) include customer focus, leadership, involvement of people, systematic approach to management, continual improvement, factual approach to decision making, and mutually beneficial supplier relationships (Oakland, 2003; Su, Tsai, & Hsu, 2010). In a way, therefore, both approaches stress the importance of customers, suppliers, and continuous improvement of business processes; however, TQM has mechanisms in place to ensure these variables are achieved in an organisation’s attempt to enhance overall quality, whereas ISO 9000 registration does not in any way guarantee that the product or service quality of registered organisations is better than, or superior to, that of unregistered organisations (Han & Chen, 2007; Mezher, 2000). Moving on, it is evident that although both TQM and ISO standards seek for continual improvement of business processes, the former largely deals with customer satisfaction and worker effectiveness geared towards increasing organisational competitiveness and cutting costs, while the latter requires business organisations to document their plans, specifications, procedures and activities with the view to eliminating wasteful and careless practices for optimal efficiency and effectiveness (Mezher, 2000). Consequently, an organisation should first of all achieve ISO standardisation to achieve organisational efficiency and effectiveness, before embarking on improving its responsiveness to customer and supplier needs through TQM with the view to maximising the competitiveness of the organisation (Su et al., 2010). Lastly, although both TQM and ISO standards are grounded on more or less s
Assessment Scope Target Audience The Graduate Management Admission Test (GMAT) is a test meant to assess a specific set of skills necessary for admission to a graduate management program (e.g. an MBA). As a result, the main audience is the students that are interested in business education, since approximately two-thirds of graduate business schools require the test scores for admission (GMAC, 2016). It is important to note that the students who apply for education in schools that do not require GMAT scores can still benefit from taking it as the scores are welcomed as a competent illustration of the applicant’s qualifications. Importantly, the schools that do not consider GMAT results as criteria of admission are considered as having lax admission standards (Versatile Academy, n.d.). It should also be noted that the test is the most valuable for students that aim at education in North America. Administration GMAT is a computerized adaptive test, i.e. the choice of questions presented to the subjects is based on their responses to the previous options. It is administered via computer software except for a situation where the computer is unavailable in the location, in which case the paper version of the test is used instead. The most common example of administration is a scheduled test taken in one of the dedicated test centers. The test can be taken on demand and requires scheduling. The maximal number of attempts at taking GMAT is five per year, with no less than sixteen days between tries. The average duration of the test is three and a half hours. The global fee of $250 needs to be paid to take the test. Goals The test is expected to assess the students’ problem-solving capacity, analytical abilities, logic, data handling abilities, and reasoning skills (GMAC, 2016). The test does not represent a measurement of intelligence and does not require business knowledge or skills to be taken. Therefore, it is possible to characterize GMAT as a summative test intended to predict performance based on generalized characteristics. Test Organization The test consists of four components, each of which is responsible for a specific area of inquiry. The analytical writing assessment consists of a single written response to an argument that requires identifying the reasoning and providing a critique. The integrated reasoning component tests the ability to evaluate the data from multiple sources in multiple formats. The quantitative section measures quantitative problem-solving capacity and data interpretation. Finally, the verbal section evaluates reading comprehension through a series of multiple-choice questions. Each section has a fixed numb
Literature Review This paper presents a critical analysis of five research articles related to the proposed PICOT question: In a group of patients between the ages of 13-18 with complaints of anxiety (P), does the implementation of a family-based therapy program or behavioral therapy program (I), compared to pharmacological interventions (C), resulting in a reported decrease in anxiety symptoms (O) within 12 weeks (T)? The researcher selected this question from many clinically approved topics. In this case, the topic selected includes the impact of implementing a family-based therapy on anxiety disorders in adolescents aged between 13 to 18 years in primary care. To locate the relevant sources evaluating family-based therapy, various databases, including Google Scholar, Semantic Scholar, Research Gate, and the American Journal of Mental Health, were consulted. Information was restricted to the current information published in English from January 2017 to April 2021. The keywords used in the systematic review included anxiety disorders, teenage behavioral therapy, and family-based care for adolescents with mental health disorders. Systematic Review of Five Research Articles The first journal acritical analysis is both a meta-analysis and a systematic review source entitled “Family‑Based Psychological Treatment for Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder in Children and Adolescents: A Meta‑analysis and Systematic Review.” It was written by McGrath and Abbott in 2019 and published in the journal Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review . The article falls under the level I of the EPB pyramid level of evidence. The study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of family-oriented interventions for adolescents and children with obsessive-compulsive disorders (McGrath & Abbott, 2019). Two types of family interventions were included: parental inclusion with direct address of family factors and parental involvement with indirect family aspects. In the systematic review, the authors recruited 1327 participants in uncontrolled and randomized control trials (McGrath & Abbott, 2019). Semi-structured interviews were used to assess participants’ clinical characteristics, and outcome measures included the Children’s Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale (McGrath & Abbott, 2019). For the meta-analysis, the authors included 1227 participants, and they performed a randomized selection of participants and a risk analysis to evaluate the articles they reviewed. They found that family-related issues should be minimized to optimize treatment responses. Influential family factors include conflict, family cohesion, and the blames that families place on adolescents. The authors asserted that there are many family factors affecting treatment outcomes, hence the need to address a wide range of them. Although mo