ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Abstract This paper considers the issue of special education. Specifically, the brief history of the emergence of this institution is provided, and the legal aspects of this history are touched. Further, contemporary challenges the special education legislation faces are described, and conclusions about the future steps are made. The study was conducted by carrying out an analysis of scholarly sources concerned with the topic and, due to the limited number of the latter, materials available online, mainly from official.gov websites. The study found out that the establishment of the special education system was a crucial step, for previous generations of disabled children who were severely discriminated against. On the other hand, it was also uncovered that the current version of the Individuals With Disabilities Education Act does not cover all the children who need such protection and that it contains several major loopholes which sometimes allow for classifying healthy children as disabled and, paradoxically, for the usage of the act as a discrimination tool. Therefore, we conclude that these loopholes must be closed as soon as possible. Introduction Special education is a system that provides students with special needs with an education that addresses their requirements to integrate them into the community. It is an important institution that is necessary to establish and maintain educational equity for children. In our paper, we will concisely discuss the history of the emergence of this system, also addressing the history of the legislation. We will then discuss some challenges that the special education system legislation faces nowadays, also making conclusions about what needs to be done in the future. A Brief History of Special Education, and the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act The first signs of future development of special education in the USA appeared at the end of the 19 th century. Before that, disabled people had few, if any, rights; mentally impaired, for instance, were placed in asylums, where “treatment” resembled abuse more than health care (Taylor, n.d., p. 5). After the precedent with Helen Keller, a deaf-blind child who was successfully educated, a social advocacy movement supporting children with special needs and demanding to provide them with education gradually began to arise (Rotatori, Obiakor, & Bakken, 2011, p. 22-23). After many years of endeavors, the movement began to achieve its victories. In 1946, Joseph P. Kennedy, Jr. Foundation was created, which caused a degree of public acknowledgment towards the disabled. In 1961, the newly chosen President John F. Kennedy “organized the President’s Panel on Mental Retardation; he formally established the panel in 1966” (Rotatori et al., 2011, p. 24). As a result, it was found out that the state institutions for mentally impaired were in an unsatisfactory condition, underfinanced; the impaired were often abused. In 1963, J
Introduction The ultimate of nursing practice is to complete the link or cycle of care delivery within the healthcare system. Professionals in this field collaborate with physicians and clinicians to ensure that high-quality services are available to the greatest number of patients. This paper gives a detailed analysis of my personal philosophy of nursing. It describes why I chose this field, my beliefs and values, and vision for the future. My current limitations and strengths are also outlined in this discussion. Choice of Nursing There are various reasons that explain why I pursued nursing as my career field. Firstly, my childhood dream was to join a profession that would empower me to meet the health needs of different patients. Secondly, one of my expectations is to support others and ensure that they address most of the challenges they face in their lives. Thirdly, I believe that I have a calling to work as a nurse. Camargo et al. (2018) indicate all nurse practitioners (NP) should be selfless, empathic, and sympathetic. The possession of such attributes explains why I have been able to achieve my goals as a practitioner. Fourthly, nursing is one of the outstanding careers that give people an opportunity to engage in continuous learning and acquire additional skills. Such gains can make them successful in life and overcome the problems they face. This kind of understanding encouraged me to pursue such a career path. These explanations show that I will always meet the diverse health needs of my patients and guide them to transform their experiences. Essence of Nursing Personally, I believe that the core of nursing is the ability to provide timely care, support, and empowerment to all patients with diverse backgrounds. This means that those who select it should not be focusing on a source of income or career. Instead, they have to develop various values such as trust, honesty, empathy, respect, and effective communication, that will eventually deliver positive results in healthcare. These aspects should become a true foundation of nursing practice. From a historical perspective, practitioners in this field have been pursuing action plans that can result in exemplary care. Over the years, new concepts and models have emerged to strengthen the nature of nursing and address patients’ expectations. Ethical values have become critical attributes that many professionals sh
British Got Talent Show is a reality TV show that has been instrumental in developing young musicians. The talent search competition is staged with an aim of getting a favorable winner and a talented individual who is worth nurturing through the media. This is evident since the media provides effective semiotic platform that enables fans and judges to make accurate judgment on artists. Indeed, media platforms such as radio, television and magazines are the credible means of access to thought. They also form credible means of understanding the existing reality into communicable forms and signs that we have. Evidently, the Got talent show that is a media based show has enabled various individuals to understand Boyle holistically. The show facilitated semiotic understanding of the artist by the audience and judges who later depicted her as a decent proficient singer. This was because of her comical nature and presentation ability. The video show shows clearly that, passionate musicians should participate in various shows to gain fame and international support. It gives a credible understanding that organized international competitions hold the capacity of elevating the status of musicians in the society. Such competitions provide a real and effective platform that facilitates confidence building among artists. The competitions also provide them with an excellent opportunity that enhances their capacity of building a strong fan base and semiotic thinking about the media. Indeed, the show has made people to understand Boyle’s journey in the music industry and the event’s proceedings. This paper gives comprehensive information pertaining to real events that took place at the Got Talent Show. It also covers the reaction of the audience and judges during and after Susan Boyle’s presentation. The things that took place in the video As shown in the video, Susan Boyle entered the stage with a lot of passion and determination. This gave her strength despite being skeptical about her performance since she was not used to making presentations on such platforms (Smith, 2012, p, 1). The singer was not a celebrity by then and everyone including the judges had a negative perception as she was walking in. They thought that she could not deliver quality music that matches the standard of the competition. This was depicted with the look on the faces of the judges and the audience who thought she was just in the competition to make a normal appearance. Indeed, one of the judges asked her if she was sure, she wanted to perform. The judge also asked her age and where she was all those years without making an appearance in the show. Consequently, the judge asked her whether she had the requisite singing ability and why she has not been active in the music industry (Smith, 2012, p, 1). Boyle in her response to questions stunned everyone as she started to speak. She became comical at the outset and funny. Her confidence once she got on the stage made the judges and the crowed to be curious in listening to what she had to present. The singer started by giving her names to the judges and
Abstract Queen Hatshepsut’s remains have not been found completely, and there is much evidence to discuss the role of Thutmose III in the female pharaoh’s disappearance. Historians Manuelian and Loeben and archeologist Tyldesley formulated different hypotheses to explain the mystery. In this context, Manuelian and Loeben’s theory seems to be more plausible and convincing. Main Body The mystery is associated with many aspects of Queen Hatshepsut’s rule in Egypt. On the one hand, during a long period of time, historians could not assume that the images of the male-dressed pharaoh represented a female Egyptian king. On the other hand, the number of these images was limited because Thutmose III, a successor of Hatshepsut, focused on removing reminders related to Hatshepsut’s rule. Additionally, the female pharaoh’s mummified remains seemed to disappear as well as wall-images and monuments (Sayre, 2011, p. 112). Thus, archeologists and historians focused on solving the mystery of the disappearance of the male-dressed Egyptian queen, and there are many hypotheses and theories to explain the mystery. Historians Peter Manuelian and Christian Loeben state that the secret of Hatshepsut’s disappearance is similar to many other historical mysteries associated with the rule of powerful kings. Thus, to demonstrate her ability to rule equally to males, Hatshepsut introduced a “radical step of representing herself as a man, complete with the male torso and ceremonial royal beard” (Manuelian & Loeben, 1993, p. 27). Researchers also note that Hatshepsut could die before her tomb was built at a certain place, and this fact explains the problem of finding the remains. Furthermore, Thutmose III’s attempts to remove traces of Hatshepsut’s rule should be discussed with references to his passion for strengthening the power, “expansion and incorporation”, then to the desire for revenge (Manuelian & Loeben, 1993, p. 28). In addition, the actual destruction of Hatshepsut’s monuments could take place two decades “after the king had taken sole rule and begun his series of military campaigns” (Manuelian & Loeben, 1993, p. 28). According to Manuelian and Loeben, there are no mystery in Hatshepsut’s disappearance and Thutmose III’s actions. Joyce Tyldesley, an archeologist, focuses more on the discussion of the social context typical for the period of Hatshepsut’s rule. It was unusual for the Egyptians to live and develop under the rule of the female pharaoh. Thutmose III could not admit the fact of Hatshepsut’s success, and he aimed to “rewrite Egyptian history” without the figure of the queen while removing all monuments and images (Tyldesley, 1996, p. 216). Tyldesley also provides the theological explanation to Thutmose III’s actions because the Egyptians believed that the spirit could live forever in images (Tyldesley, 1996, p. 216). It was Thutmose III who started a “vindictive campaign” to remove reminders of Hatshepsut and who could even k
Introduction Today, school counseling has evolved as a viable profession manifesting national standards, a national identity, and a national mission to provide more accountability of programs and services for meeting the changing needs of youth, schools, families, and communities (Thompson, 2001; Sink, Eppler, & Cher, 2011 ). In the current age, the school counselor has emerged, and for the first time, there are National Standards for School Counseling Programs. Their intent is to (a) help school systems identify what students will know and be able to do as a result of participating in a school counseling program; (b) establish similar goals, expectations, support systems, and experiences for all students; (c) serve as an organizational tool to identify and prioritize the elements of an effective school counseling program; and (d) provide an opportunity to discuss the role of counseling programs in school to enhance student learning (Peterson & Deal, 2002) Points that shaped the profession The post-world war II years dramatically affected guidance and counseling in schools (Inc, 2007). New psychological theories and techniques evolved with the predominant advancement of psychodynamic methodologies of therapy. The influence of Carl Rodgers and his counseling orientation of person-centered therapy led counselors to consider counseling as their primary function (Holcomb-McCoy, 2007). The particular emphasis in school counseling was termed the therapeutic role. The Case Study This case presents a situation whereby students in a school in Kentucky have been performing dismally. Furthermore, it highlights a situation whereby the teachers and the education administrators are discouraged by the prevailing circumstances. Due to this, there is a need to establish intervention strategies in order to mitigate the negative perspectives which have been created within the institution. Some of the steps to be followed are outlined below. Step One This step involves identifying the prevailing problem. There are several issues which are arising from this case that need urgent attention. First, there is the issue off low morale among the teachers and the students. This has led to inconsistent school attendance. In addition, the school is located in an area that is characterized by low socioeconomic status. Step Two This step entails gathering information about the school situation. The information was to be gathered by interviews and looking at the archives. According to the records within the school, this problem started to manifest itself approximately five years ago when there was a change in the school principal who brought about changes in the school policy. Due to the fact that the school is located in a low-income area, the school depended on grants from the government. Step Three This involves identifying the stakeholders within and without the institution that can play a role in revamping the school. In this case, the stakeholders include the teachers, the students, the community, the funding organization, and the local government. The role of the teachers and
Introduction Economic growth is a narrow concept that involves an increase in the nation’s output observed using the increment in resources. On the contrary, economic development encompasses the normative aspect of growth. This aspect involves the measurement of people’s morality. According to Todaro and Smith, economic development is the increase that a given society realizes in terms of living standards, self-esteem and freedom from oppression (67). In order to measure development, economists have come up with the human development index that captures all sectors of the society. Unlike the economic growth, development takes into consideration the informal sectors of the economy. Many people have tried to explain the level of economic development that a country or society can undergo. Different people including Keynes put original theories of development forward and they were applied in the economic growth and development up to World War II. The theories originated from the classical school of thought. In their argument, they postulated that economic development occurs due to investments in capital and labor. Capital can be used to generate resources used in economic development. Stages of Growth Model of Rostow Immediately after the Second World War, the world was filled with cold war experienced n the 1950s and 1960s. In the course of this period, Rostow’s stage of growth model was uncovered. The model that was put forward by the American economic historian Walt Rostow postulated that the transition that an economy undergoes from underdevelopment to development occurs in phases. The phases of development as described by Rostow range from the traditional society, pre-condition to take off, take off, the drive to maturity and the probably the phase of high mass consumption. This theory further argues that countries perceived and ranked as developed have undergone all stages successfully to their current phase in which they consume products massively (Potter 86). Harrod-Domar Model This theory postulates that capital goods wear out in the course of their use and have to be replaced savings. The summarized from of the model indicates that the rate at which an economy gro
The Appalachian Mountains chains are among the world’s greatest mountain ranges. The mountain chains extend 3,200 kilometers from Newfoundland in Canada to Alabama in the US. The mountain chains are the natural barrier between the vast interior lowlands and the coastal plains of North America (Svarney 377). The chains are in three regions: The Northern areas, which include shickshock ranges, the long range, the White Mountains and the Green mountains. The Central Appalachia includes the Catskills Mountains, the Blue Ridge and the Allegheny mountains. The Northern division forms the highest elevations of the Appalachians. The ranges include Mount Katahdin, Mount Washington and the White Mountains (Svarney 377). Most of the Appalachian Mountains are made of igneous rock. Most of these rocks are granite and basalt. The mountain ranges also have metamorphic rocks, which resulted from the subjection of the igneous rocks under extreme pressure and heat. The metamorphic happened between 450 and 265 million years ago. The igneous rocks in the Appalachian ranges are mostly intrusive. The rocks in ranges between Western Newfoundland to Western Connecticut are majorly intrusive of Ordovician age (Svarney 377). Apart from Newfoundland – Western Connecticut belt, the rocks in mountain ranges in Quebec are intrusive, but of lower Ordovician and Cambrian ages. The intrusive rocks in North Central Vermont were formed during the post early Ordovician Rocks in ranges along South-central Vermont are also intrusive. These rocks, however, were possibly formed in the middle of Ordovician age (Svarney 378). Uses of Igneous Rocks Igneous rocks have for a long time been used by humankind in manufacturing, building and construction industries. The rocks were used in making tools and weapons during the Stone Age days. At home, they are found from the kitchen countertops to floor tiles (Stille 7). This widespread application of igneous rocks depends on their rigidity from weather changes. Construction industry cut the rocks from quarries of gabbro, granite, pumice, rhyolite, basalt and other igneous rocks. The rocks are then crushed into gravels which are easily used for construction. The gravels can be used as the support beneath the concretes of the highway and in the formation of railroad track beds. In
Art is thinking in images (Shklovsky 5). Where words fail us images fill in the gaps and the vacuum. However, art is not a mere visual contouring of words. Words as semantic products have a definite and strictly drawn social life. It is through their social conditioning that words acquire a habitual meaning. The weight of habit informs the body and mind and trains it to respond to them involuntarily. “ And so life is reckoned as nothing. Habitualization devours works, clothes, furniture, one’s wife and the fear of war. ‘If the whole complex life of many people go on unconsciously, then such lives are as if they had never been.’” (Shklovsky 12) Art comes as a relief for that dreary existence of habit. A breath of fresh thinking, it makes the observer see, perceive and sense beyond the boundaries of given and habit. Even in daily existence, art imparts a new meaning, a new sense and a new perception. Thus, “…art exists so that one may recover the sensation of life: it exists to make one feel things, to make the stone stony .” (Shklovsky 12) A revolutionary way of sensing things is imparted to the customary human world by art. Art becomes the medium of redefining a habitual world in completely new perspectives. Viktor Borisovich Shklovsky in his exposition Art as Technique postulated this ingenious method of perceiving life. A groundbreaking work, as it is, the postulation of Shklovsky added a new chapter to critical formalism. In their love for ‘art as a way of experiencing the artfulness of an object’, the formalists implied “that any concern with the moral, political, emotional, or philosophical implications of art is a form of philistinism.” (Waugh, Literary theory and criticism: an Oxford guide 216) Indeed a shade of Nihilism plagued it; nevertheless, the formalists devised a magnificent system of narratology (Waugh 216-17). In their endeavor to create a narrative of perceptions formalism acquired the status and posture of ‘metafiction’ where the fiction tried to criticize the moral responsibility of the moralizing literature belonging to the bourgeois class, and in doing so become “self-conscious” (Waugh 3). Patricia Waugh has explained, “… the world… cannot be ‘represented’” rather is the “discourses” of the world that can be represented through literary fiction (Waugh 3). This dilemma is alleviated by metafictions. Metafiction allows a novelist to relate a fiction within a fiction and allow the reader to draw from their literary reading and construct the world. As has been mentioned by Waugh, “Metafiction may concern itself… with particular conventions of the novel, to display the process of their construction.” (Waugh 4) Shklovsky being a prominent formalist assumed art as a medium of acquiring and perceiving this self-consciousness. In his explication, art acquired the paramount task of magnifying the artfulness or the sordid reality (just as one deems perfect to perceive) of each character and theme embedded in it. In the light of formalism of Shklovsky, narration, as a prosaic or poetic art, assumed the role of a demystifying agent shocking the reader’s habitual introspe