ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
According to Eyster and DeRoos (11), the American hospitality industry is one of its kind that has maintained a steady growth despite of the recent World economic recession. Some analysts attribute this steady growth to the friendly rules and regulations governing its operations. However, a considerable number of other analysts claim that the growth in this industry could be better than it is currently if it were not restricted by the “retrogressive’ policies and requirements created by the American politicians (legislators). In this paper, we are going to examine the political and legal activities that impact or are likely to influence the activities in the hospitality industry, especially the hotel and motel sectors. To start a hotel or motel business in America, it is mandatory to comply with the incorporation rules and regulations. The first legal requirement is the acquisition of the certificate of registration and hotel keeper’s/ hotel owner’s license. The certificate of registration gives the business entrepreneur the right to use the premises as a hotel, while hotel keeper’s license gives the hotel owner the powers to manage the hotel. Before the acquisition of these two fundamental certificates, the hotel entrepreneur must have acquired all other relevant certificates and complied with all other legal requirements for a normal business. Incorporation of the business to the registrar as a partnership, sole proprietorship, or limited liability company is one of the prior requirements. Registration is done so that the business is to be allowed to trade in its own name. Another prior requirement is obtaining written approval from the American Urban Redevelopment Authority on the use of premises as a hotel or motel. The government, through its machineries, also requires a Hotel Keeper, who is to manage the hotel or motel, to be appointed. In addition, it is necessary for the application for the certificate of registration to be advertised in the national newspaper fourteen days before the submission date. Before acquiring the certificate of registration, the business is to get clearance from the national Environment agency (certificate of statutory completion, and approval from the Fire Safety department). Finally, the owner of the hotel/motel seeks approval from the building construction authority, and if successful, a temporally “occupation permit” is issued and therefore, the business entity is ready to apply for the certificate of registration and operate as a hotel (Barth and Hayes 16). Today, the American hotel and motel industry is affected with a long line of political policies and legal requirements. It is mandatory for all the hotel operators to comply with these rules and regulations. The first requirement is the public entertainment/ arts entertainment license which is issued under the Public Entertainments & Meetings Act. This license is essential because a hotel or motel business cannot surviv
China is one of the most developed countries of the Third World. Also, it is the most populated country in the world. Thus, it is no wonder that its consumerism market is also one of the most fast developing among the countries of the Third World. Consumerism culture in China was developed under the influence of many factors: social, historical, political, and cultural. Chinese historical and cultural traditions are very important for determining and developing of Chinese economic reforms and consumerist culture. Over the last decade, the Chinese economy became more open, and the country addressed more to the consumerist culture. Under the influence of these factors, Chinese society formed its own approach to consumerism, and today there is a particular “consumerism behavior” in the country. However, today, because of the rise of inflation and “income disparity,” the consumer marked in China faces big challenges. There are also other issues that influence on this process, they include the increase of “purchasing power” and “the appreciation of yuan”. To understand the future development of Chinese consumerism culture and behavior, it is important to explore and understand their historical context. Indeed, the 20th century was a period of grea
Introduction The Adlerian therapy was named after Alfred Adler who is known to be the founder of this therapy. This therapy holds the belief that no one should suffer from any psychological disorder. It holds that any patient suffering from any psychological disorder should be able to handle it some way and move forward. “Adlerian Therapy is a growth model which emphasizes an optimistic outlook on human nature and confirms that people have power over their own fate and are not victims to it” (Perkins-Dock,2005, p.2). As such, the main objective of any therapist under the Adlerian therapy is to make the patient optimistic about whichever situation they are in thus encouraging them to change. This paper is therefore an in-depth analysis of the background, developer concepts, assessment methods and the clinical success of this theory. Theory background Dr. Adler was a great psychologist who mainly dealt with the therapy of family relationships. In fact, Adler is one of the people who have had major contributions in the field of psychodynamic therapies. Adler is said to have started his work together with Sigmund Freud though he (Adler) disagreed with the principles of Freud on several occasions. History has it that Adler once told a kid that had difficulty in swallowing food to spit it on the table instead of keeping it in the mouth for a long time (Bitter and Main, 2011, p.1). Most people could definitely not welcome this comment because it seemed unpleasant or rather critical. However, for Adler it was one way of dealing with the therapeutic problems among human beings. In this case, the comment by Adler left the child laughing but in the end, the kid would definitely swallow the food instead of spitting it as provoked by Adler. This way, Adler solved the kid’s problem without using much of his energy as the kid’s parents did (Bitter and Main, 2011, p.1). According to Bitter and Main, Adler began his work of working with families especially during child guidance clinics long ago in the 1930s. Most of clinics were carried out in the public for instance in schools, theatres and community centers just to mention a few (Bitter and Main, 2011, p.1). Concepts & techniques The Adlerian therapy revolves around certain beliefs some of which include the following: The first one is that human beings are social beings and should therefore be given the opportunity to interact and mingle with other human beings. Secondly, human beings are normally motivated by the internal desire of finding a place they belong and can call home. Third, is the idea of holism, which asserts that the personality of an individual is whole and not divisible. Finally yet importantly is that human beings are naturally active, creative and are able to make their own decisions. It is from the aforementioned beliefs that Adler concluded that human be
The “first mover” phenomenon, defined as a situation where a company enters a previously unoccupied field, confers a variety of advantages and disadvantages on the organization in question. However, the definition is somewhat unclear, as, for example, Apple is not the first company to introduce a smartphone. Nevertheless, it enjoys all of the benefits of being a first mover because the iPhone was the first successful smartphone model. Cases where companies failed because they were first movers who did not succeed while a later follower became the industry leader also deserve mentioning. Leonard and Pilarski (2018) analyze the reasons why large companies such as Douglas, DeHavilland, Avro, and Sud-Aviation did not survive the transition into the era of jets despite staying at the cutting edge of technological progress. Some failures were technical, others were due to a lack of trust and popularity, and Boeing was able to avoid the mistakes of its predecessors and dominate the aircraft industry. The financial advantages and disadvantages of being a first mover are the subjects of considerable debate about whether they justify the risks. Tsuchihashi and Hamada (2014) claim that the distinction benefits the company in the majority of cases, but they admit that the findings display considerably higher results than prior literature. Regardless, the first mover advantage comes with high danger, even according to the most optimistic estimates. The establishment of a first mover advantage does not require the opening of a new company or the debut of a new product line. According to Hirose, Lee, and Matsumura (2017), companies that implement initiatives such as corporate social responsibility before others enjoy a price advantage on the market. This tendency may be due to the perception of the followers as copycats and therefore less ethically commendable, as, unlike with products, consumers struggle to compare the quality of different social responsibility initiatives.
Specific software is a means of improving the quality of one’s statistics that are also supposed to save the investigators’ time (Wetcher-Hendricks, 2011). Using Minitab for descriptive analysis is very easy and involves copying or manually inserting the data, choosing the necessary means of analysis and clicking a couple of buttons. The result can be seen in Appendix A (fig. 1). It is apparent that Minitab provides a variety of information, including the possible reporting measures of central tendency, the indication of skewness, “tailedness” or the “degree of concentration of frequencies (observations) in a given distribution”, and other options (Sharma, 2012, p. 186). This amount of information should be sufficient for the majority of potential studies, and I can use it to analyze the data and find out its type of distribution and ways of reporting it. I can also create various graphs for it, including histograms (fig. 2, fig. 3, fig. 5) and pie charts (fig. 4) as can be seen in Appendix B. As for more tangible targets, the study of the Cocreation of Possibilities Intervention that has been defined by Bergdahl, Benzein, Ternestedt, Elmberger, and Andershed (2013), the proposal for which I have been preparing, is expected to produce a very impressive amount of information that will be analyzed descriptively, including the demographic and study variables. What I liked about Minitab (and what is important for this kind of software) is that it does simplify the process of analyzing and reporting the statistics. In particular, the process of creating the graphs is much easier and faster than that in Excel. At the same time, the charts are visually appealing, and the “Summary Statistics” for them can be included in the exported file. Also, the program offers to export the results of the work in PDF, which means a greater number of options. Minitab has a number of opportunities that our lessons did not include. Some of them are concerned with the remaining
Becoming a parent involves a sudden lifestyle change; it causes both happiness and a lot of stress. When noticing something that they do not understand, parents seem to press the panic button and believe that there is something wrong with their child. Unfortunately, their fears are not always groundless as the number of children with disorders tends to grow. Catherine Maurice, the author of the book Let Me Hear Your Voice: A Family’s Triumph Over Autism knows how it feels to be a mother of an autistic child. In this book, she tells her story without holding anything back. Autism is considered to be a more general term; it comprises different disorders caused by the maldevelopment of the brain. It usually begins in early childhood or even at birth (Wing, p. 6). If the necessary measures are not taken at the right time, the child is likely to be unable to establish normal social contacts (Schopler and Mesibov, p. 16). Autistic children tend to have problems with learning and communication, and their reaction to every single change is overemotional (Schuler 35). If we assume the present autism rates, it becomes clear that the epidemic is getting worse. Nowadays it occurs in one of every five hundred births, whereas last century it appeared in one in every ten thousand births (“Autism: Facts and Statistics” par. 2). Catherine Maurice was not the first to touch upon the topic of children with brain disorders. Nevertheless, her book can be called unique and valuable as it tells about her personal experience, her heartbreak and sleepless nights, her self-condemnation, and the force of character. Her motivation to write this book likely stems from her feelings of empathy for other parents who are faced with this same difficulty. With this book, she gave a ray of hope to those who are only at the beginning of the road that she walked together with her family. The story of her children begins with the first birthday of her daughter Anne-Marie. That day Catherine and her husband noticed the first signs of a possible disorder in their daughter’s behavior as she did not have an interest in the toy she received as a present, and they tried to find an explanation for her strange behavior. However, the symptoms of autism, such as a disinterest in communication and no increase in affection, were becoming clearer. Being truly frightened by Anne-Marie’s condition, Catherine took her to the doctor, who made the unpromising conclusion what the girl was autistic. At that time the disorder was believed to be incurable, but Catherine and her husband, Marc, did not abandon their hope and instead started searching for anyone who
The Asia Pacific region refers to the territories near Western Pacific Ocean, which include Asia, specifically its Eastern, Southern and Southeastern parts, Australia, the United States, Canada, Russia, Peru, and many other countries ( Countries of the Asia-Pacific Region n.d.). As the result of historical circumstances, many of which are examined further in this paper, the regional cooperation between those countries has always been, and still is, rather complicated. In 1989, the majority of the fore mentioned countries established the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation, or so-called APEC (Ashizawa 2008, p. 581). Although it was a huge step forward, numerous challenges were still ahead of the APEC members. According to Wang (2013, para. 8), APEC now joins 21 economies and an overall population of nearly three billion people. The countries APEC includes are too different, and they have too much discord in their past to reach the agreements easily and quickly. Divergences in Evolution To start with, by the moment APEC was established, the US and the majority of Asian countries had already been at different stages of evolution. The United States was a well-developed and fast-growing country, which wanted to strengthen its internal power with the help of external cooperation. Many countries of the Asia-Pacific, on the contrary (to the exclusion of Australia, Japan, and New Zealand), did not progress at the same level, and that is why they did not strive for international institutions so much. From the very beginning of the cooperation, the differences between the member countries made themselves felt. The Asian way to solve problems gradually and slow began to annoy some member countries of APEC, and especially the United States. The US leaders became more and more frustrated about the fact that Asian countries could not address issues in concrete and measurable terms. They started to insist on concrete results, and, obviously, that was not welcomed warmly by Asian countries. The United States took the position of liberalization of the market while most of the Asian countries were convinced that they just needed to encourage ‘a free flow of trade and investment’ (Togo 2010, p. 209). Gradually, these two sides began to win more and more support of other countries, and APEC split into two camps. That led to one of the greatest dilemmas, which the APEC members faced from the very beginning – the one between Japan and the United States. The US continued to force the member countries of APEC towards liberalization. However, Japanese leaders were deeply convinced that ‘any decision which would apply greater pressure toward liberalization other than the WTO process was simply unacceptable’ (Togo 2010, p. 209). The arguments o
Introduction Human rights NGOs are private associations that engage in the promotion and protection of human rights. Various NGOs around the globe have dedicated their efforts towards the protection of human rights and elimination of human rights abuses. These NGOs have been on the forefront in monitoring the activities of governments and mounting pressure on the governments, forcing them to adhere to human rights tenets 1 . This paper will establish when and how human rights NGOs become most effective. Essentially, the NGOs intervene whenever there is a perceived violation of human right principles. Human rights and NGOs The nongovernmental organizations play a critical role in governance issues across the world. In the world today, there are numerous international human rights treaties which stipulate the obligations of states, and the rights of the citizens in these states and beyond 2 . Despite this, the civil society has continued to play a fundamental role in helping the establishment of a strong and operational human rights system in various countries across the world. The NGOs engage in various activities including the collection of critical data and offering advisory services to victims of human rights abuses. Also, the NGOs take it upon themselves to file complaints in regard to observed weaknesses in state agencies. At times, the NGOs may support legal cases that are brought before national, regional, and international conventions and courts 3 . In the case of a national context, political tension is most likely to arise between the NGOs and the government. The assertions put forward by Peter R. Baehr on international NGOs also apply to the human rights NGOs at the national and regional levels. He asserted that: “despite the abundance of non-governmental human rights organizations, little is actually known about their effectiveness or impact, except for the fact that they tend to rely on what is commonly known as the ‘mobilization of shame’” 4 . Amnesty International (AI) has played a leading role in enhancing human rights across the world. AI conducts research and come up with an action plan aimed at preventing and eliminating human right abuses. It also demands for justice to victims of human rights abuses 5 . AI was formed in 1961 by individuals who wanted to oversee the implementation of the human rights across the world. Since its formation, AI has been more interested in the suffering of people who have been killed, subjected to torture, and incarcerated due to political reasons. In the recent past, AI has started focusing on the general human rights protection; this is achieved through legal redress and mounting of public pressure from the international community. Following the formation of AI, there have been notable improvements in cultivating norms and behavior that is in line with human right principles 6 . When and how NGOs effectively executes their duties NGOs are forced to swing into action when human rights are perceived to have been violated specifically due to political reasons. A good example is the case of
General Description The concert of Jordan Ramsey, a contemporary award-winning mandolin player and instructor of music, took place in St. Peter Claver Hall on 7 February 2017. The style of the event was casual. Listeners were wearing casual jeans and shirts, and the musicians had semi-formal outfits. During the concert, the audience was quiet and attentive, while the band members were focused on their performance and happiness. The concert of the traditional and contemporary West African Drum and Dance Ensemble, Mokomba, took place in the same Hall on 21 February 2017. The audience was dressed casually; some people were even wearing sports clothes because prior to the beginning of the main event there was a short workshop where the visitors could learn some elements of the traditional African dance under the guidance of the professional Mokomba choreographers. All dancers and musicians were dressed in garments with the traditional colorful African patterns. Their outfits contributed to the overall friendly and happy atmosphere of the concert. Due to the informal and interactive style of the event, there was a strong connection between the musicians and the audience. The visitors could vocally support the dancers and musicians throughout the event and exclaim during the climax moments of the performance. When speaking of Jordan Ramsey’s recital, only the first composition was a solo piece performed by the mandolinist. All the other pieces were performed by the band named “Expresso.” Along with the mandolin, there was a guitar, a bass guitar, and a violin. The overall genre of the music was jazz-grass or bluegrass. At the same time, we could feel the French influence as a singer, Emily, sang in French in some of the pieces. The major techniques used by the performers were the chord progression and improvisation. Most of the compositions were played in duple meter and major scales. They were mostly homophonic and fast-tempo. During the concert, the mandolin and the violin stood out among the other instruments and worked together a lot. Their sounds were the most distinctive and loud. In the songs, both instruments played solo interchangeably, while the chords played by the bass were somewhat the same throughout the concert. It is possible to say that all the pieces played during the show fitted the overall mood of the performance. During Mokomba’s performance, musicians combined various Southern and Northern African dance styles. The overall genre was African fusion. The compositions played throughout the performance were very rhythmic and fast-tempo (Molto Presto, Prestissimo). The text