ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction According to the film Slavery and the Making of America , slavery had a profound effect on the historical development of American colonies into one country. One of the first colonies established in the newly discovered land was New Amsterdam, founded by the Dutch West Indian Company on a hilly island now called Manhattan. To make larger profits, the Dutch needed to reduce production expenses by using free labor. Hence, in 1624, the first enslaved Africans came to New Amsterdam; they are known as the first eleven slaves. As explained in the film, “their lives were controlled by the Dutch West India Company” ( Slavery and the Making of America) . The first eleven slaves regularly tried to negotiate their status but without any significant result. Their bonds represent two hundred years of history of what would become America’s the Northern States. Main body In the Southern States, in the Chesapeake colonies of Maryland and Virginia, at least some of the black people who arrived were able to acquire property. However, Bacon’s Rebellion accelerated the shift towards slavery, and between 1640 and 1670, black slaves started to be treated differently as opposed to the whites, who were indentured servants. By 1665, Maryland and New York have legalized slavery, thus depriving black slaves of their rights and freedoms. In Virginia and Maryland, the economy was organized around large and isolated plantations of tobacco, where planters used black slaves to expand their tobacco business and earn more profits. In North and South Carolina, “economic life was organized around larger but less isolated plantations growing rice, indigo, coffee, cotton, and sugar” (“Overview of the Colonial Era”). Of the thirteen original colonies, the Carolinas were the first ones where slavery was the center of economic production. It is here where racial slavery had been sanctioned by the Constitution in 1669 ( Slavery and the Making of America ). The primary resources assigned for this week paint a full picture of the colonial period. The textbook provides readers with the sequence of the facts, while the film and documents illustrate life in the colonial period vividly. For instance, the textbook tells of the religious persecution in the 17th century that resulted in the mass immigration of Europeans (“Overview of the Colonial Period”). The letter of an unfortunate English servant, in turn, provides an account of her experience: “What we unfortunate English People suffer here is beyond the probability of you in England to conceive” (Sprigs 151). While the film focuses mostly on black slavery, the documents also reveal the distressing stories of white convicts who faced a similar fate. For instance, Eddis writes, “these unhappy beings are, generally, co
The identified gaps or needs in the school (Model Middle School) Discrepancies exist among ethnic minorities. The two areas of concern are attendance rate and academic performance. The current attendance rate is lower for students of Hispanic or Latino ethnical background. Academic performance is also lower among students of Hispanic or Latino background. Another area of concern is special needs students’ attendance and academic performance. Like ethnical minority students, students with disabilities, the majority of which are of Hispanic and Latino background, perform worse academically than the rest of the students.  1. There is also the issue of school safety and the increase in the number of disruptive behavior cases. The number of offenses, including offenses against students and staff, substance abuse, and weapons offenses have been on the rise since 2009.  2. There has been an increase in the number of students enrolled in the “English as a second language” program, suggesting demand for such programs. A program to address the gaps or needs of the Model Middle School  1.       1. Prevention component  1.       1.           1. Surveillance: security cameras, security guards. Surveillance can be used to effectively address the issue of school safety.          2. Deterrence: disciplinary policies and regulations. Zero-tolerance disciplinary policies and regulations are needed to minimize the rates of various offenses and promote responsible behavior.          3. Psychosocial programs: universal programs and programs which target specific students (Wilson & Lipsey, 2007, p. 130). Universal programs can be used to improve students’ academic performance and behavior. Targeted programs adhere to personal and social needs of minorities and the disabled.          4. The Perfect Pals Program. The Perfect Pals program can promote higher attendance among students by rewarding those students who attend with a lunch and a small gift (Peek, 2009).      2. Intervention component  1.       1.           1. School-based consultation: individual and classwide counseling. Both individual and classwide counseling programs which address disruptive behavior have shown to be effective in reducing such behavior (Reinke, Lewis-Palmer & Merell, 2008, p. 315). Individual counseling could be used as an intervention for students who missed five or more days of school.          2. Performance feedback. Increased use of praise results in better classroom behavior and increased academic performance (Reinke et al., 2008).          3. Behavioral intervention services. Such services should be developed by school psychologists and aim to enhance students’ learning and promote responsible behavior (Gresham, 2004, p. 326).          4. Establishing culturally competent teaching practices and a cul
9 December 2021 Mr. John Milton, Executive Director Sound Trax Company 100 Jungle Beat Street Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 3R8 Dear Mr. Milton: As our company is currently at the crossroad of choosing the software platform, based on which the activities will be performed. With the wide availability of the software in the market, my proposal is concerned specifically with FL Studio, software, Digital Audio Workstation (DAWE) developed by Image-Line. The proposal briefly outlines the main aspects of using a DAW in our business and provides a framework for a further investigation of the capabilities of the software and the feasibility of its implementation in our company. In order for the aforementioned to be fully examined, your authorization is required. If there are questions regarding the proposal or any of its aspects, I’ll be glad to read them at [email protected] Sincerely Summary The present report presents a proposal to analyze the possibilities of implementing FL Studio in the company Sound Trax as a software platform. The proposal examines the advantages of using a Digital Audio Workstation in the recording business, its main parts, and outlines the significance of software as a component. The proposal compares FL Studio with two other products in the same category, showing the reasonability of choosing FL Studio particularly. The main stages of conducting such a report are examined and outlined. The proposal concludes that FL Studio is an optimal candidate for consideration, requesting authorization for further analysis. Introduction FL Studio is a popular digital audio workstation (DAW) and sequencer, which is used to play, edit and compose music, released by Image-Line Software. Being a newly established recording company, Sound Trax faces the decision of making capital investments for equipping the studio, in terms of software. In that regard, taking into consideration the significance of choosing the software and its long-term impact, we are considering the option of buying the aforementioned software from Image-Line Software, and the set of characteristics and features that will make this program beneficial for our company. This report is preliminary research analyzing the general aspects of using FL Studio in our company, making a proposition to develop a full-scale analytical report, which will help Sound Trax making the decision of adopting FL Studio software as the main recording base in our studios. Background In the world of music today, the usage of DAWs can be seen as a common practice, where the comparison between analog machines or modular digital multitrack and modern computer-based DAWs are totally inclined toward the latter ( DAW Defined , 2009). In that regard, it can be stated that the usage of a combination of a personal computer and a DAW is no longer an option, which only suits amateur garage-based recording studios. The capabilities of personal computers were raised so much during the last decade that the term specialized equipment in a certain sphere is an implication of the type of software installed
Introduction Osteoporosis is commonly seen among women a decade o so after menopause. Osteoporosis results from the inadequate accumulation of bone mass during childhood and early adulthood followed by rapid resorption after menopause. The primary treatment for this Osteoporosis inclusive consideration of underlying metabolic abnormalities and provision of supplemental calcium/Vitamin D in conjunction with bisphosphonates or calcitonin or both. It should be noted the hormone replacement therapy has been withdrawn since adverse effects were identified in long-term follow-up studies. Osteoporosis results from the loss of the normal density of bone the spine, hips, and wrists are common areas of bone fractures from Osteoporosis. The fracture can be either in the form of cracking or collapsing compression fracture of the vertebrae of the spine. Osteoporosis-related fractures also occur in almost any skeletal bone. [10] Aims and objectives One of the most significant health matters for middle-aged women is the threat of osteoporosis. It is a condition in which bones become thin, easily broken, and highly prone to crack. Numerous researches over the past 10 years have linked estrogen insufficiency to this gradual, yet debilitating disease. In fact, osteoporosis is more closely related to menopause than to a woman’s chronological age. [3] Each year about 500,000 American women fracture a spine, the bones that make up the spine, and about 300,000 will fracture a huckle. Nationwide, treatment for osteoporotic fractures costs up to $10 billion per year, with hip fractures the most expensive. Vertebral fractures lead to curvature of the spine, loss of height, and pain. A severe hip fracture is painful and recovery may involve a long period of bed rest. Nutrition is well recognized for its considerable, optimistic impact on academic presentation and students’ growth and expansion. Moreover, good nutrition and physical activity facilitate the expansion of good lifestyle habits that will add to students’ health and take advantage of achievement. Children and youth in Newfoundland and Labrador have the highest overweight and obesity rates in Canada. Harmful foods, physical immobility, and obesity are common risk factors of chronic diseases such as heart disease, stroke, diabetes, and cancer. Newfoundlanders and Labradorians undergo some of the uppermost rates of these diseases. Children and youth are enhancing diabetes and the risk factors for heart disease and cancer at a much earlier age. Moreover to obesity and related diseases, other health concerns are related to unhealthy food habits replacing more nutritious foods. For example, soda pop is replacing milk in students’ diets and it is significant for children and teenagers to have a sufficient calcium intake to reduce the risk of fractures and osteoporosis later in life. It is important to provide nourishing foods in schools where the meals and snacks guzzled can make a major contribution to students’ and staffs’ total daily consumption of food and nutrients. [8] Risk Factors for Developing Osteoporosis The following factors that will increase the risk of developing Osteoporosis are  1.
Introduction The Ottoman Empire was one of the most influential entities in the world. The territorial possessions consisted of the European, African, and Asian countries. Moreover, the army was indeed strong and won a huge number of bloody wars. In addition to the territorial and military superiority, the empire had immense treasure possessions concentrated in the hands of sultans. However, despite these strengths, the Empire was destined to fall apart for various reasons. The Government and Society It is worth noting that the Ottoman Empire gained increased power in the XVI century. Its prosperity rooted in the success of its predecessors, and the accumulation of wealth. The rulers of the empire were able to consolidate the previous gains and resolve conflicts within the country to ensure complete stability. Regarding, the internal organization, the military-feudal system was established, and the land was owned conditionally because the Sultan had the principal right of proprietorship of all the conquered lands. It is important to note that social life was built in such a way that the ruling class existed mainly due to the exploitation of the peasantry. However, private serfdom was not present in the state. The Ottoman Empire was a feudal despotism. Sultan had, in addition to the land proprietorship, the unlimited state, and spiritual power (Cleveland and Bunton 45). The great vizier performed some of the functions of the head of the state. The religious communities were of great importance in the life of society. Muslims and members of other religions facilitated the social differentiation within the Ottoman Empire. It should be noted that religious communities took part in political and social life. For instance, they exercised jurisdiction over coreligionists (except criminal authority), and collected levies from the population including government revenues (Cleveland and Bunton 45). In general, non-Muslim communities made a significant contribution to the development of society. Mainly, the representatives of other religions (non-Muslim) have contributed to the preservation of national and cultural traditions and heritage. A distinctive feature of the empire that differed from other countries was that the conquest of the territories was simultaneous with the establishment and development of the administrative structure of the state. By the end of the XVI century, the Ottoman Empire was a state with a rich ethnic and religious structure, and various parts were mainly involved in farming. All regions showed weak economic ties and interaction with each other but, overall, it was a political community (Cleveland and Bunton 45). Such a rich background demanded the centralization of the vertical power, which was the main objective of the Sultan as mentioned above. Moreover, despite the well-built vertical, Sultan performed supervision over all aspects including military, financial, tax, administrative, political, judicial, and Muslim, and non-Muslim forensic activities. Regarding the religious communities, one of the Sultans establ
Marie de France wrote this wonderful piece of literature in the late 12 th century. The author is considered one of the earliest French woman poets but she was probably active in England. This trivia provides an insight as to why she wrote about her hero as someone who is an outsider because Marie de France was naturally an outsider, being a French writer in England. The genre is lai which is a “poetic and musical form popular among the poets of Northern France; these are long poems with rhymed stanzas of 6 to 16 lines and 4 to 8 syllables (Fajardo-Acosta, 2000, p.1). However, the lais of Marie de France are twelve verse narratives dedicated to a noble king, probably Henry II (Fajardo-Acost, 2000, p.1). Lanval is well known not only account of the lyrical beauty of this particular piece of literature but also because it talks about love, loyalty and generosity, themes that will be discussed in this study. Love Love is a prominent theme in this lai for it speaks about the noble deeds, the triumphs and trials of Lanval. The author paints different images to illustrate different types of love. The love of a knight to his king was the first image that leaps out of the verses from the poet’s pen. The love of a soldier is seen in the way he fights for king and country. Lanval participates in battles to defeat the “Picts” and the “Scots” (France, 2005, p.1). His love shines through even brighter as the author reveals that he is foreign born and that Lanval is no ordinary knight. He is the son of a king but his father is not the one he currently serves. The type of love mentioned earlier is between two men, however, this is merely t
Energy companies, by their nature, require large investments of finances, time, and, of course, technology. At the same time, there are uncertainties inherent in the nature of the business, which means that management is often forced to make decisions, especially those concerning large monetary investments, with only the approximate data, which can be quite uncertain and prone to change. In order to achieve its full potential and build an effective strategy, a company needs to conduct a SWOT analysis, to determine the businesses strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats (Mind Tools Editorial Team n.d.). Risk analysis is a key part of this process, and is vital for a successful strategy. By focusing its strategy on risk analysis, a business can identify potential issues that could undermine the current initiatives, reduce profits, and affect productivity. To be effective, risk analysis needs to me conducted on a several different levels. First of all, the external forces which impact the energy market need to be considered (Ray n.d.). The global economy is one of the major factors affecting the energy businesses, even domestic ones. The profits of a company can be severely affected by changes in government politics, currency devaluations, international treaties, etc. In the most recent years, wars and terrorist attack have shown to play a drastic role on businesses. Finance and major financial institutions also need to be monitored. While to an inexperienced entrepreneur they may seem less relevant, factors like interest rates, availability of loans and credit can impact an energy business in many ways, and, what is worse, they are few ways they can be controlled. Weather and geographical aspects bring their own risks, and, what is worse, affect economies at large. This means that drastic events like hurricanes and erratic weather can cause both damages and stagnation. Laws and trends in both the local and global society have to be accounted for, and accommodated to avoid problems with the government and maintain consumer loyalty. Adverse changes in laws can limit businesses, and energy industry in particular has been under scrutiny from both the public and the governments to be more environmentally friendly. A good example of this is the UK 2010-2015 government policy for the energy industry (Department of Energy & Climate Change 2012). Next, the business needs to consider internal resource capabilities to support their strategy. Management needs to understand its corporate model in order to be able to conduct a preliminary corporate analysis, in order to determine the markets and products that the company serves or is able to serve, what business units does the company consist of, how do they inte
Introduction Developments in East Asia’s region in terms of vitality and connectedness are quite amazing. Their economic, political and social lives have created linkages between the people and opportunities for growth in this region. Instability in the Middle East and South Asia has been contributed by North Korea through its engagement in missiles and other weapon systems (Cronin, 2009, 260-284). One main problem that North Korea has continued to encounter is issues surrounding its nuclear systems; hence, efforts by international community in resolving these issues have had no visible results. Evidently, North Korea has collaborated in programs involving nuclear materials in Syria, Iran, Libya and Pakistan. They are accused of providing weapons and training resources to terrorist groups in both the Middle East and South Asia. This paper will describe the ends, ways and means of United States policy towards North Korea (Klinger, 2009). Ends of US Policy towards N. Korea Resolution of nuclear problem in North Korea is not an easy task since they always attempt to leverage on their nuclear material in order to receive compromises of the United States during negotiations. In another dimension, the United States principles that they lead reduction in nuclear weapons and not to be in a position to compromise on their first task of North Korean nuclear problem. On the other hand, it is not easy for North Korea to relent on its development of nuclear weapons since it is the ultimate trump card for guaranteeing security of the regime of Kim Jong-il (Bechtol, 2009, 99-115). Ways of US Policy towards N. Korea The United states are using an approach that both includes nuclear negotiations, human rights as well as sanctions enforcement in dealing with North Korea. In nuclear negotiations, United States’ objective is to denuclearize North Korea off its nuclear weapons completely. In addition, they aim to develop strategic blueprint through clea
Although Sri Lanka holds a thirty-year record of the word’s least safe place with the greatest number of natural disasters per year, it still remains a place beloved and inhabited by an entire nation. Therefore, it is necessary to take a look at the disaster statistics, especially their frequency and impact on people’s lives in Sri Lanka. Below is the key information concerning natural disasters in Sri Lanka in 1980–2010: Type of Disaster           Number of Occurrences  Average Disaster per year Drought                    9                      0.19                      Flood (Wickramaratne 115)  33                     1.45                      Landslide                  2                      0.06                      Cyclone (Zubair 303)       3                      0.10                      Storm                      3                      0.10                      Earthquake                 1                      0.02                      Mass movement wet          1                      0.02                      Tsunami (Ruddock 217)      1                      0.02                       Judging by the information provided above, floods are the major problem in Sri Lanka. The given phenomenon is quite predictable, given the specifics of the Sri Lanka geographical location and river structure. If considering the Sri Lanka river map, one will see distinctly that the surface of Sri Lanka is mostly flat. Hence, it will be reasonable to choose here specific disasters to analyze them and compare them with the rest of the catastrophes that have taken place in the state so far since the 1980s. To make the analysis more objective, it will be necessary to consider different disasters, e.g., a flood, an earthquake, and a drought. Considering the table above, one will find out easily that over the past three decades, floods have been the major problem in Sri Lanka. Reaching the number of 33, they have become more numerous than any other disaster that occurred in Sri Lanka over the past thirty years. Oddly enough, drought comes as a close second in this list, peaking to nine accidents over around thirty years. While the floods can be explained by a large river system and the relatively low above-sea-level of the island, the drought might seem rather a rare occurrenc