ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Effective leadership is a product of several qualities. Many researchers have often researched the elements that make a good leader. For instance, Katz (1974) explored the components of an effective leader and concluded that an effective leader possesses three skills: interpersonal, technical and conceptual skills. First, he explained that Interpersonal skills focus on the relationship skills of leaders. He also explained that technical skills relate to the ability to undertake tasks, and conceptual skills relate to the ability to come up with a clear vision aimed at motivating other people to work towards the realization of a common goal (Katz, 1974). This paper agrees with Kat’z assertion by explaining that, the characteristics of an effective leader fall in any of the three categories of leadership skills defined above. This paper supports this assertion by singling out the elements of communication and high-performing teams, charisma, trust and respect, and a strong focus on key elements, as key components of an effective leader. Communication and Charisma In effective leadership, the importance of having good communication skills cannot be underestimated. Researchers such as LeFasto and Larson (2002) hint that, cultivating a culture of effective communication and openness in the workplace is likely to lead to the creation of high-performing teams. Hurley (2006) also supports this assertion and notes that high-performing teams are realized if effective communication is nurtured because problems can be easily solved in this framework. Charisma is also been identified to be an integral quality of a good leader because, with it, certain positive elements in team building, such as motivation, and enthusiasm are realized (Kouzes & Posner, 2007). Though there is an ongoing debate if good leaders are born or made, there is little disagreement that charisma is a crucial element of effective leadership. Pentland (2010) explains that charisma is the ability of a leader to make his subjects believe in a common vision to enable him to lead the people in the same manner. Since charisma and interpersonal skills are seen to be crucial elements of effective leadership, it comes as no surprise that Katz’s assertion of interpersonal skills being a pivotal element in effective leadership is true (Clocke & Goldsmith, 2005). Charisma is part of interpersonal skills and it is perceived as a crucial tool in coordinating team efforts towards a common goal. From this standpoint, it is important to note that, an effective leader must have strong interpersonal skills. Trust and Respect Some researchers have explained that effective leaders do not have to be liked on a personal level (though in some instances, this may be false) (Tarkovsky, 2011). However, some researchers note that effective leaders need to be trusted and respected by the people they lead. They also note that it
Introduction America underwent high scale economic and social change which swept across the country in the 1970s and 1870s. There were revolutions in the social conventions; as the economy grew and wages shot up, every American citizen seemed to be enjoying a decent standard of living. Literally every sector of life was touched by these dramatic changes. From the work force where the number of women shot a record high, to the women’s dressing style. Prices fell and consumer consumerism went up by several folds. The infancy of 1970 saw the continuation of the activism of the previous decade, especially the women and other minority groups who were fighting for equal opportunities in the social and political realm. This paper will look at the economic and social changes that took place in America during the period 1970s and 1980’s, their causes and possible impacts. Economic and Social Changes in the 1970s and 1980s The on set of 1970 also saw the end of the Vietnam War and the countrywide recognition of environmental conservation strategies. On 22 nd 1970, America celebrated the “Earth Day” to drum up awareness on nature and its occupants. Though it was not a universal success, there was a great advancement and the whole world was put on notice on the effect of depletion of the ozone layer and other kinds of pollution ( Kaelble, 1986, p.183 ) . The government faced grave opposition from activists who criticized most of their development moves. The government also altered the demographic portrait put into effect some immigration laws. These laws changed a lot of things in the United States, and the way of doing things took a different turn; the cross boarder rules were made more stringent, and so were those guarding on trade and cross cultural practices. Illegal immigrants, particularly from Asia and Latin America as well as from Mexico and South America were barred from crossing the boarders into the U.S. It was said that the better living standards that U.S was giving to refugees in their country were the great contributor to the massive migration (Schultze et al., 2002, pp.14-17). The women did not relent in their quest to achieve economic and political equity with their male counterparts. Between the years 1971 and 1972, the women movements’ vigorously pushed for this equality. Top on the list were the NOW (National Organization for Women) and NWPC (National Women’s Political Caucus). The twin groups pushed the Congress to approve the ERA (Equal Rights Amendment) but opposition was too strong which led to the failure of the ratification (Warren and Provenzo, 1983, p.356). After the failure the chan
Introduction International students face various challenges when studying in English-speaking countries. Apart from the stress of being away from home and in an unfamiliar environment, they may also experience financial problems, cultural barriers, and language challenges, which impact their academic success. Although most universities welcoming international students try to provide support and guidance to help students adjust and excel in their learning, their efforts are often limited by their understanding of the students’ struggles. The present research proposal explains the need for studying the challenges faced by international students at the University of Tampa and outlines the research objectives and methodology for the proposed study. Statement of Need International students play a significant role in the United States higher education system. The tuition prices for overseas students are often very high, and thus they help to sponsor the future development of higher education in the country. Nevertheless, the challenges that international students face upon coming to the United States might affect their experiences and the future of international higher education in the country. According to a study by Wu et al., it is difficult for international students to achieve academic success due to communication and language barriers (5). Moreover, they often experience social isolation and cultural challenges when coming to study in a foreign country (Wu et al. 6). The University of Tampa seeks to attract and retain international students to raise profits and develop its education services, which is why it was used as the site of the proposed research. However, the approaches used by the university to support international students may be weakened by the poor knowledge of students’ cultural, academic, and social experiences. Therefore, there is a clear need for an enhanced understanding of international students’ struggles so that the University of Tampa could develop effective support mechanisms and strategies. Research Objectives The present research will seek to consider three key types of challenges faced by international students studying at the University of Tampa in Florida. Thus, the research objectives are:  1. To outline and explain the social and cultural struggles of the international students studying at the University of Tampa  2. To determine the financial challenges faced by the international students of the University of Tampa  3. To identify the academic challenges related to language and learning experienced by international students of the University of Tampa Based on these research objectives, the study will seek to respond to the following research questions:  1. In what ways does the sociocultural background of inter
Difference and similarity in Ontological view by Spencer and Herbert Ontology is the study of objects and their ties. It gives criteria on how to differentiate objects which are real or non real, abstract or concrete with their ties. In short it is the study of reality. Marx idea on how human’s perception suggests that humans believe they see but they do not see (Allan, 2010). He says human nature is expressed in the work produced or created. The aftermath of the work should act as a mirror to the human being. Marx ontological work is based on human’s material dialect. To Marx, reality is perceived in two ways; by idealism and materialism. He says that the world only exists in our idea. Marx believes that what exists to man in the world is only man’s idea. In his materialism aspect he argues that reality is similar to physical properties which are the simple reflections structured by the innate physical properties. Marx disregarded the idea of materialism but was in at least support of idealism (Allan, 2010). Ontology in other words can be seen as what exactly occurs. Herbert on the other hand demonstrates the evolutionary theory to explain various phenomena. Herbert explains the aspect of organic and inorganic evolution. This he projects on human society, animal and the physical world at large. His work completely disregards the issue of idealism (Allan, 2010).In addition Herbert elaborates the issue of human liberty and moral rights. To him a life projected by these two issues means an amazingly free and enjoyable life. Also in his discussions he reveals that, progress in a free environment enables man to use all his faculties. This implies that the government’s sole work is to protect man. Moral sentiments and social condition are inextricably connected, constantly interact. For Herbert moral habits are the primary motivators of man (Elwick, 2003). Difference and similarity in Epistemological view by Spencer and Herbert Epistemology is the study of knowledge and justified beliefs. Knowledge here includes; sufficient conditions, sources, structure and limits. It focuses on knowledge production and dissemination of that knowledge to areas that need clarification. Epistemology can be combined with ontology to form metaphysics. To Karl Marx who is an idealist, knowledge is a product of the mind (Allan, 2010). The main concept of knowledge to him is to reason. On the other hand Spencer tries to inquire the basis of scientific study of education, psychology, sociology, and ethics of man from an evolutionary point of view (Alston, 1989). His work although not valued in the present time brought out the distinguishing factor between sociology and social science. His work on evolutionary progress from a single unit of matter was justified. Spencer social philosophy dominated in the 19 th century (Craig, 2002). The main ideas he coined were of free existence or laissez-faire and survival for the fittest. His work was against reform because this affected the balance between nature and human society. Difference and similarity in Human nature vie
Cultural Background Summary When people think about Michigan, Detroit falls among the first cities that ring in their minds. This is due to several reasons that make the city famous such as the high population density, ethnic diversity among others. I was born and raised in this city and spent most of my teenage life there until the year 2000 when I left for my military career. We were raised in the city by my mother together with my two younger brothers and my elder sister. The neighborhood I grew up in mainly comprised of African Americans with other few members of from other ethnic groups. As such, my identity would have been enormously influenced by my decision to reside in the city all my life. However, taking a step in pursuing my career changed several of my priorities and I now view things from a different perspective. Further information on how moving out of Detroit, Michigan impacted my character development is given in the following paragraphs. Michigan is characterized by a number of ethnic groups that have been migrating into the region during the 1970s and higher. However, the African American ethnic group accounts for the majority of the people living in the region; hence, the lifestyle there is mostly influenced by this category of citizens (Brookings, 2003). In 2000, for instance, the population of the black population was estimated at more than 80 percent of the whole population residing in the region (Brookings, 2003). Aside from that, there are other populations that reside in the region and include the Hispanics and Latinos, Asian Americans, Asian Indians, Filipinos, Chinese, Koreans, Japanese, Vietnamese, Polish and Pacific Islanders. These ethnic groups, though a minority, have contributed to the multicultural status of Detroit. As a result, the city has consistently experienced an increase in the number of distinct ethnic neighborhoods (Experience Detroit, 2005). Growing up in the city was an unexceptional experience since several individuals are raised in safe environments. Life there was threatening since violence was the order of the day, and people live expecting anything violent to occur every single minute (Experience Detroit, 2005). Daylight robberies, shooting, fighting, harassment and bullying were all the scenarios on the ground without a clear reason as to why these were happening. As a child, I became worried about this situation because nothing seemed to improve. At least someone in the neighborhood had to create some problem in the neighborhood in order to feel like a real winner. Unfortunately, this was so selfish, unrealistic and backward moves that should not be accepted in the society. In addition to that, racism was another issue that extremely affected people living in Detroit. On several occasions, one would see in the news white men harassed a Chinese, Japanese or Indian and so on. In the late 1990s, fortunately, I left this violent city in order to pursue my military career where I experienced a real break in a long time. It is now 12 years since I joined the military and interactions in a multicultural environment has enormously impacted on my cultural identity. Since I
A Brief Introduction Shall I Compare Thee To A Summer’s Day? by William Shakespeare (1564-1616), is a poem which has a unique blend of charisma, depth, passion, perseverance, the guilt of age and the eternal death, whereas TO THE VIRGINS, TO MAKE MUCH OF TIME, by Robert Herrick, has a blend of charisma, passion, commitment, love and the worth of youth and his achievements in practical terminology. Theme of shall I compare thee to A summer’s day? By William Shakespeare (1564-1616) William Shakespeare in his poem has tried to compare his beloved with the month of May, a bright summer month which is filled with joy, warmth and happiness (“Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May”, line-3). In the poem, the poet has also tried to compare his love life with the effect of the sun on the skin of a fair maiden. He tries to explain through the symbolic representation of the glowering sun in the month of May, that love is a feeling which is sure to get affected by the sun’s rays through skin burn and is also likely to get influenced by the flowering buds, which seem to compliment the start of the spring season (“And often is his gold complexion dimm’d”, line-6). William Shakespeare clearly states that love dwindles with time just like the complexion of a fair maiden shallows whence exposed to the harsh summer sun in the month of May. And although the skin may get burned with time, love tends to retain its original complexion and never one fades with the passage of time. It is therefore eternal in nature and it stays long after the two lovers have passed away. Love here is symbolic to the sun (“So long lives this, and this gives life to thee”, line-14). Theme of the virgins, to make much of time by Robert Herrick Robert Herrick, through the means of his splendid poem has tried to portray the essence of youth in a human life. While comparing and symbolizing it with the eternal sun, the poet clearly states that a human being should enjoy his youth while it lasts as very soon old age is going to encompass his frame and diminish his hopes like a nasty slap (“To-morrow will be dying, line-4). At the same time, the author tries to state that the sooner an individual tries to run towards his goals, the quicker he looses his energy, which in this context is derived from the sun, a symbolic representation of the universal source of infinite energy (“And nearer he’s to setting”,line-8). Robert Herick has also tried to a
Introduction The Bible and the Koran are both wonderful books that have been used for numerous years to guide and counsel members of the religious cultures that these two books represent. The reason why these books are popular is that Christianity and Islam are the only two religions that command wide following in every part of the world. Although these two books draw their inspiration from different sources, they contain scenes that carry identical story lines. This is best demonstrated in the story of Joseph that is found in the Hebrew Scriptures and the Koran. By reading the two stories, one is quick to realize that both stories contain the same foundational principles and plot. However, by closely analyzing the two stories, one realizes that the each version contain deep-seated variations that might be theoretical in nature depending on the passage being analyzed. (Submission.Org) To begin with, the story of Joseph in the Bible that appears in the book of Genesis starting from the 37 th Chapter gives a detailed account of how Joseph spent his youth and explains why the brothers were jealous of him. In the story, we get to learn that Joseph was 17 years and that his occupation was a shepherd boy. In the Bible story, Joseph is seen intermingling with his siblings and letting them know of his frequent dreams. (New Revised Standard Version) This differs from the Koran version where we only encounter Joseph telling his father of his recent dream. Unlike in the bible where his brothers know the content of the dream, Joseph’s father does not allow him to disclose the dream to his siblings for fear that they would “plot and scheme against” him. (Submission.Org) However, both stories are similar in their account of the cause of the brother’s hatred toward Joseph. In both stories, th
Introduction There are many ways to study history and to understand the lives of people from long ago. One can pore through voluminous documents and unearth archaeological materials from digging sites. But another way is to study the architecture of buildings that remain standing to this day. A good example is the Library of Congress, specifically the Jefferson Building and the Boston Public Library. These great structures are not just examples of breathtaking designs but also speak volumes of the time period when these were commissioned and built. Modern creations like the Central Library of Seattle on the other hand tell of a different story, reflecting the needs of the 21 st century such as efficiency – that form has to follow function. Boston Public Library The library was constructed from 1887 to 1894. Built a year before the Jefferson building, the Boston Public Library was constructed for a purpose. Just like other monumental undertaking of that period this library was supposed to make a statement. It was built during a period called the American Renaissance (Cashman, 1993). A century after the United States gained its independence from British hegemony its people and government are now ready to build a nation not just for the sake of nationhood but to show the world what Americans are made of. The best way to do that is to merge knowledge and beauty as depicted clearly in the inscriptions found at the entrance of the library and it reads: “Built by the People and Dedicated to the Advancement of Learning” (Cashman, 1993, p.284). The graceful design and grand scale of the Boston Public Library bring to mind the type of wonderful architectural designs that are common in Europe. A glimpse of its architecture can be had through a short description provided below: The form of the Boston Public Library is that of a large Renaissance palazzo in pink Milford granite … designed by Charles Follen McKim to contrast with the darker colours of neighbouring buildings in Copley Square. All the different interior elements – entrance function and decoration – are subservient to the outer form of a solid block. However, the interior is dark – handsome t those who admire a stolid design giving an impression of stability but heavy and oppressive to those who find libraries intimidating (Cashman, 1993, p.83). A key term that helps in deciphering the significance and meaning of the architecture of this period is the word Renaissance. Technically it means rebirth but in the study of late 19 th century American architecture a historical context provides a better definition: “In the mid-16 th century, the painter and art historian Giorgio Vasari used the Italian version of the word ‘Renaissance’, rinascita , to refer explicitly to the revival not only of the artistic standards and literary prototypes of the Classical age, but also to distinguish the art of the present from that of the more recent Medieval past” (Johnson, 2005, p.4). More importantly, it refers to the “visual culture of ancient Greece and Rome” (Johnson, 2005, p.4). Greek temples such as the temple erected in the honour of the goddess Athena comes to mind. Roman column