ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Tuffano (4) defines financial innovation as “the act of creating and popularizing new financial instruments as well as new financial technologies, institutions and markets”. The reasons for innovations are generally to increase profitability in the financial. Financial innovation is seen with regard to financial products, financial institutions and the processes that these institutions employ. Financial innovation is also seen in the financial markets by introducing many alternative investment options and reducing the transaction process and transaction cost while increasing returns. According to Dynan, Elmendorf and Sichel (3), financial innovation is one of the ways of solving global economic crises. Cavanna (15) defines financial innovation as a cause and a result of many structural changes observed in the financial systems today. The paper shall explore various areas of financial innovation and the impact that this has on risk return theories. To do this I will consider literature review from four sources and later give a conclusion on the impact of financial innovation on risk and return. All this will be done with regard to capital fund management. Examples of innovations According toTuffano (4) financial innovation can be divided into innovative products and innovative processes. Innovations in products include the introduction of derivative contracts, new corporate securities or new pooled investment Cavanna (15) describes the emergence of new instruments as a major financial innovation. Innovations in processes include new means of distributing securities, processing transactions, or pricing transactions. Innovation in products include the introduction of new derivatives, alternative risk transfer products, exchange traded funds and tax deductible equities. Other recent innovations in the capital market include those in mortgage refinancing and the ability to extract equity from homes and also the rise in exotic securities (Farrel, Bloomberg Business Week). According to Farrel (Bloomberg Business Week), the need for financial innovation has been brought by the growth in population and the increase in the number of people and markets that need financial solutions and especially with the spread in wealth from the advanced economies and into other emerging markets. The financial market is an important economic driver and capital markets are an important social and economic institution that communicates all kinds of information about the financial situation of an economy. One of the major financial innovations in the 1980s was securitization which is described as “financial intermediation with a counterpart in a tradable financial asset” and the growth in off balance sheet business of banks. The results of innovation Some of the results of innovation in the capital fund management sectors include the transfer of risk to the ultimate lenders, creation of many intermediaries which increases risk sharing and efficiency of the financial system. According to Cavanna (15, there has been increase in the number of new markets and rise in the volume o
There is no use denying the fact that nowadays the majority of people live in giant cities which cover great areas and shelter millions of their inhabitants. Blistering industrialization led to the development of cities as there was a great need in the workforce. People left rural areas in order to earn money and guarantee a good future for their children. That is why urbanization could be called one of the main peculiarities of the 20th and 21st century. However, it should be said that this significant process has its advantages and disadvantages. Satisfying the need of huge corporations in the workforce, big cities at the same time create a great number of problems such as environmental pollution, development of criminality and a great number of other phenomena which could be taken as a great drawback of the blistering development of cities. With this in mind, resting on these facts, it is possible to say that nowadays there is a tendency to reconsider the nature of cities and outline the main problems which influence their functioning, society and the state of the whole world. Under these conditions, environmental problems should be taken as one of the most important ones as nowadays humanity lives in the world which is polluted and the necessity of some actions to stop this process becomes obvious. That is why, the main aim of the suggested research paper will be to investigate the impact of great cities on ecology and their environmental health as these factors influence the life of people in cities greatly. First of all, it should be said that the importance of the suggested urban problem is proved by the fact that hundreds of scientists all over the world investigate the given issue and come to the conclusion that state of the environment in giant cities is close to catastrophic. Being one of the main energy consumers, they also become the main pollutants, producing a negative impact on the atmosphere, water, soil and the health of people. Moreover, due to the fact that big cities constantly grow, consuming new lands and demanding more and more energy, it is possible to suggest that the chosen urban problem can become the most topical for the following decade. It should also be said that like all urban problems, the problem of environmental pollution in cities is complicated by the fact that it results from the interaction of millions of people who had to communicate every day under various conditions. It is obvious that such a great flock could not but influence negatively th
The best way to design a curriculum would be developing an initial perception of how the curriculum is viewed. For instance, a curriculum can be viewed as a product or a means that produces something out of the people who go through it. It can also be viewed as a process; meaning that there is no clearly defined content that learners are expected to know. The content can be adjusted any time depending on the need of the learners. However, having an integrated approach to designing a curriculum is more effective than dealing with individual models of curriculum design. Since the aspects of each model are very important, then combining them into one would yield more efficient and effective curriculum. Resources have to be considered in the designing of a curriculum. The resources are aligned with the curriculum in sense that each of the identified learning experiences and teaching lessons would require the aid of learning resources to enhance learning process. For instance, sometimes it requires instructors to use external teaching aid in order for a concept to be understood by learners. A good strategy has to be used to ensure that the curriculum is implemented effectively. The first thing is that the instructors and the school heads have to be in serviced since they are the main agents of implementation. The purpose of in servicing is to update the main implementers on any changes, discoveries and new knowledge that the curriculum will contain. This is necessary since in this time and age, the world is experiencing a revolution in Information technology. There are new discoveries and innovations that can be custom made to fit the needs of an educational syste
I disagree with Socrates’ claim that morality is objective. According to Dr. Jordan B Cooper (2018), sophists believed that there was no objective truth that could be concluded by the use of philosophy. The perception of life, including morality, varies from person to person. Morality is like a temperature, which can be cold for one person and hot for another person. People’s moral beliefs of what is good and what is bad is a construction of the knowledge that was obtained from other people of the same society as children learning from the parents. For example, some ancient societies had a human sacrifice, which was a part of social norms, while other societies did not see such activities as morally acceptable. Thus, the definition of morality is relative and can vary from society to society, and even from individual to individual. Modern law is a very complex set of rules. Those rules were based on the vision of lawmakers on what is moral and what is not. It is morally justified to break the law if the person truly believes that the action he is committing is within his moral concepts. According to the Academy of Ideas (2013), Socrates believed that evil is committed because of ignorance. If one knew that his action is evil, he would not commit such acts. Hence, the question of whether it is justified to break the low directly relates to the individual’s moral concept. For example, people smoking marijuana truly believe that marijuana poses no harm to society. Socrates’ reason not to resist the death sentence was part of his moral standards. In this sense, I agree with his decision not to escape from prison.
Riordan Manufacturing is likely to face several challenges in its production process and plan. One major barrier is the increase in the costs used to transport their goods from the port of Hangzhou to that of Shanghai. The long queues at every port waste a lot of time resulting in unavoidable delays in delivery. The company can however opt to use land transport whereby the goods are transported by trucks. This will not only save time by reducing the long queue but will also reduce the costs that would have been spent on shipping the goods. The language barrier between the Chinese and American personnel is another major setback during the production process. This is likely to occur if the vice plant manager, sole Chinese personnel within the management, is absent. This bottleneck could be solved by ensuring that in the absence of the vice plant manager, an interpreter is temporarily or contractually hired to ensure that the manager heading the American plant does not encounter any communication issues. It is important to ensure that the hired person has prior experience in management, is fluent in Mandarin and that he or she has a good production background. Riordan’s process of production is also likely to be affected by harsh weather conditions in the Hangzhou bay area. Though this is a natural problem, solutions can be sought to ensure that it does not in any way affect the manufacturing process. The use of road transport could be one significant way through which this problem can be solved in situations when the conditions are not favourable for using water transport. Overall the company needs to be prepared for any possible disasters that may deter their normal functioning by ensuring that they have an efficient and effective process of disaster control. In supply chain management, for example, emergency supplies should be securely stored in safe storage facilities that are likely not to be affected by any occurring disasters, (Hale and Moberg, 197). Prevention of bottlenecks and the establishment of effective control measures can be done by ensuring that strategic plans are developed and that prospects, possible risks as well as challenges are identified and relevant control solutions put in place (Deresky, 212-15).
Introduction The Ford Motor Company is the number one manufacturer of pickup trucks in the world and the second-largest producer of trucks as well as cars. This company produces vehicles like Jaguar, Aston Martin, and Ford among other vehicles. The company has succeeded on the highest level in the manufacturing of F-series pickups and the Ford Taurus. More so, it possesses more than thirty percent of Mazda and has bought the operations of the “BMW Land Rover SUV”. This company as well owns the biggest car rental firm in the world, Hertz (eSight Directory of Disability-friendly Companies, 2009). Company’s Motivational Profile The main categories of the employees include those in the following fields; engineering, information technology, purchasing, sales, security, and clerical posts. The employee benefits in the company include the retirement programs, holidays that are paid for, the medical plan, stock purchase or saving plan, life and disability insurance, and discount on the GM products. According to Mulally (2009), the morale of the company is high. The company provides a big opportunity for one to acquire experience in the automotive industry. The company provides freedom for the development of professionals. It shows respect and maintains dignity among the employees at all times regardless of the circumstances. More so, the Ford Motor Company has a habit of rotating the employees from one job to the other every after some few years and this turns out to be a very much appreciated step since it prevents the employees from becoming decayed and giving room for the development of careers and makes the work more interesting. More so, there is the support of the balance of work-life. The Ford Parenting Network (FPN) gives support to the employees in terms of enabling them to balance between family life and work life. This provides an environment where there is an optimal contribution to work as well as the employee having accomplishment of own and family duties (eSight Directory of Disability-friendly Companies, 2009), In addition, the company has several exciting innovative projects on which the employees can work. The company puts much focus on executing faultlessly and looks forward to an excellent performance. The company is engaged in coming up with the right decisions in terms of the right product development to realize a successful future. According to Anonymous: Sustainability Report: Employee satisfaction (2009), the company is making great efforts to bring up the level of employee satisfaction in terms of having continuous improvement in the strategies for the promotion of open channels of communication with the employees. The company realizes the significance of effective communication, especially in the course of hard financial times. The company has carried out the enhancement of internal communication efforts to develop trust and bring up the level of transparenc
Tuesday, November 4, 2008 is the scheduled date for the 56 th presidential elections in the United States. President, as well as, vice-president of the United States will be elected in these elections. Many corresponding elections have also been scheduled that will be carried out with the abovementioned presidential elections, such as local elections, gubernatorial elections, elections for the House of Representatives, etc. Census of 2004 has been considered the partial base for the allocation of votes to each state in the 2008 presidential elections. Subsequently, inauguration of new president and vice president has been scheduled in the month of January 2009. In midst of high-budget and long political campaigns, one of the hottest questions that are rolling down is the chances of the first female president in the political history of the United States. This paper will analyze and discuss different opinions, facts, and perspectives of society that are in favor or against the female presidency in the country. One of the most discussed candidates for the presidential elections of 2008 has been the wife of former U.S. President Bill Clinton, Hillary Rodham Clinton. In November 2003, her run for presidential elections was announced by this Democratic senator from New York. Until the year 2007, no major party had ever nominated a female as a presidential candidate. However, media, bloggers, and American society came into controversy, when national image of Hillary Clinton established her as a candidacy for the presidential elections in 2008. Since then, different magazines, surveys, discussions, and interviews have been carried out, in order to discuss and analyze the position of Hillary Clinton as a presidential candidacy. Until now, opinions seem to be divided and perplexed in terms of deciding whether she can become the first president of the United States or not. Nowadays, every platform related to the presidential elections is discussing the topic of Democratic Senator from New York over her chances of becoming a loser or the vice versa, the first female president of the United States. A number of experts have indicated the chances of dragging down of Democratic Party in the upcoming elections in the year 2008, and the Republican Party will be sitting in the White House. Perhaps, no political question or opinion is has been sound enough to make a final decision, and therefore, this discussion is continuous and confusing in some sense. Presently, provision of a definite answer to this question is earlier and no one knows the result of these elections. Moreover, evaluation of Hillary by the U.S. voters is an unknown factor that may bring any decision in the country. However, a number of factors may affect, and are affecting the image of Hillary Clinton, which are discussed in this paper.
Introduction One of the contemporary global challenges is the depletion of aquatic animals due to natural causes and uncontrolled fishing. For example, some aquatic animals such as dolphins and sharks are on the verge of extinction. At present, there is a consensus among conservationists, politicians, and animal rights activists that drastic measures should be taken to protect marine life. However, the proposed strategies for protecting them have remained contentious among various stakeholders. In some countries, marine parks have been created to protect endangered sea life. However, some individuals have opposed this approach. The creation of marine parks is a fundamental issue that is worth debating because ethical, economic, and environmental factors must be taken into account in the conservation of animals (Daly, 1997). This essay supports the creation of marine parks because they protect endangered sea animals. Importance of Aquatic Parks The underlying reason for the creation of marine parks is to protect vulnerable sea life from unnecessary harm and to facilitate research activities on the same. Therefore, by bringing animals closer to researchers, the cost of conducting studies will reduce considerably. Moreover, research on animals can be conducted easily if they are quarantined (Daly, 1997). Therefore, marine parks are ideal laboratories for marine researchers because they can regularly examine animals. Nonetheless, research activities in marine parks have been criticized for providing myopic solutions because they are conducted in controlled environments. However, most research activities in the wild environment are often not consistent; hence, they cannot be used to make substantive conclusions. Conversely, animals in marine parks can be subjected to various stimuli over a long duration; hence, they offer the best research solutions. Moreover, research activities conducted in marine parks are often corroborated with those carried out in the natural environment; hence, they are reliable (Daly, 1997). The second important aspect of marine parks is its monetary value. In terms of marine tourism, aquatic parks offer the best solution for tourists because they are cheaper than watching animals in the sea. Many tourists can visit one aquatic park and watch various sea creatures. Thus, marine parks can save tourists the burden of traveling overseas to watch rare sea creatures. Tourists can save a lot of time by simply watching many animals in one marine park. Time saved can be used for productive activities and the conservation of the environment. Moreover, it is safe to visit marine parks because they have safety standards. On the other hand, people watch animals in the wild environment at their own risk. Annually, wild an
It is not always easy to collect primary data for analysis. There are various ethical and logistical constraints that may hinder the effective gathering of primary data. There are incidences when ethical considerations poses difficulties in carrying out a research process. In addition, logistical factors such as contact with the participants may have an impact on the outcome of the study. In some incidences, it is usually difficult to conduct primary research due to the magnitude of the study. Therefore, secondary data analysis can be adopted to address these challenges. In secondary data analysis, the data used can either be qualitative or quantitative. Secondary data analysis involves the use of secondary data to provide new conclusions. In this case, the previous research findings are re-analyzed to establish findings that complement or differ from the pervious conclusions (Wienclaw, 2009). The adoption of secondary analysis has been associated with negative and positive attributes. Secondary analysis can be economical on the part of the researcher given that little cost is incurred while conducting the research. In addition, the analysis of secondary data is critical in situations where there are ethical and logistical constraints in conducting primary research. It can also be noted that the collection of data for secondary analysis is faster because the data is readily available. Furthermore, it is worthy mentioning that, in most cases, the collection of data for secondary analysis is non-reactive. This is critical because it does not influence the behavior of the participants (Wienclaw, 2009). On the other hand, there are various shortcomings associated with secondary data analysis. Here, the researcher cannot have complete confidence in the quality of data used in the analysis because the data is not initially collected by the researcher. In this case, lack of control in the way data was primarily collected presents a major disadvantage to the analysis. In addition, the challenge of the researcher getting the necessary data sets for analysis is always present. The other disadvantage is that the researcher cannot ascertain whether the sample selection criterion initially used for the secondary data is genuine and scientific. In this case, it is not easy to extrapolate the findings due to the possibility of sampling and bias errors in the data used (Wienclaw, 2009). In secondary data analysis, various issues have to be put into consideration. Therefore, when the analysis involves the use of data that is collected using survey, the questions used in the survey should be appropriate for the secondary analysis. If the questions were not clear, an appropriate source of data should be