ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Piaget’s theory of childhood development has been known for quite a while. It has provided numerous opportunities for studying the process of cognitive skills acquisition in children, thus, leading to the development of efficient strategies for managing developmental problems (“Jean Piaget”). The framework provides a detailed description of the processes associated with the development of specific knowledge in children and relies heavily on the importance of sensory experiences. The approach suggested by Piaget can be used as the foundation for developing a coherent teaching strategy. While the theory is viewed as rather dated at present, it remains an important addition to the overall concept of childhood learning. Therefore, it must be accepted as an important component of a teaching strategy (“Jean Piaget”). Key Concepts When considering the theory, one must mention schema as the primary unit of measuring the process of acquiring new information and skills by children. A schema represents a calorie of knowledge that is necessary to build the foundation for further learning. The phenomenon of assimilation implies that a learner should encounter a particular situation in which they face a specific stimulus and recognize the specified situation successfully. The assimilation implies that the child should use any of their senses or a combination thereof to identify the stimuli and define their key properties. The accommodation process that follows assimilation, in turn, suggests that the learner should acknowledge the presence of new data and incorporate it into the set of data that they have already acquired. Thus, the new knowledge is integrated with a preexisting schema so that the child could develop a deeper insight into a particular object, phenomenon, etc. Theory Description According to Piaget, there are four primary stages of cognitive development, i.e., sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational ones (Siegler 111). The specified stages imply that one should acquire the necessary knowledge and skills in a specific succession. In other words, the theoretical framework designed by Piaget suggests that a child should pass the stages from relying purely on sensations to the development of basic schemas to the acquisition of habits to the coordination of touch and, finally, to the study of objects’ property and using basic signs to express their emotions (Kolb 109). Problems and Opportunities Piaget’s theory has a range of strengths, the primary one being the fact that it allows for
Introduction Herbert Wells was an English writer whose works were predominantly of a science-fictional and political character. This interaction of fiction and politics merged into Wells’s exclusive views on the world political system that made him the supporter of globalization. The writer was always concerned with the fate of humanity thus emphasizing their bluntness and reluctance to see that the world is on the edge of extermination. The utopian and pacifist views on society prevailed in his works, albeit he also resorted to the description of the war as the main tool for triggering humanity to create the Functional World State (Partington, 2003, p.13). In his novels, he attempted to reveal the incessant resources possessed by people that provided an opportunity to create equal conditions for the world society in all aspects of life. Though other authors have heavily criticized his utopian ideas, Wells continued working in this course since this was the only method for the proliferation of his cosmopolitan views. In addition to his pacifist views, the writer saw the world development through the ‘ethical evolution’ of society, as the only means to survive from destruction and moral and cultural devastation (Partinington, 2003, p. 13). Anyway, H. Wells’s exaggerated predictions concerning such a globalization process as World War II and the modern integration have partially come true. The Shape of Things to Come and the concept of benevolent dictatorship Most of these views about the Modern State were explicitly revealed in his fictional novel called The Shape of the Things to Come. Apart from political and social views, this novel also discloses Wells’s outlook on the Modern State that should be created after the complete crashing of all deep-rooted moral principles and liquidation of all organized religions of the world. This act is viewed as a kind of necessary evil for the establishment of monopolist control over education enabling to shape of new generations of humanity in the world. The rise of global military actions leading to no victor but complete exhaustion of the struggling parties were perceived as the obligatory tool for equating the people and creating the Supreme nation. In this respect, Wells’s concept of benevolent dictatorship continues his idea of global thinking. Such a form of government is the only reasonable method to bring a peaceful order into the world. The establishment of “dictatorship of the air” can be also perceived as another theory of eschatological philosophy according to which the order is assumed to arise “from the chaos of the ‘final war’” (Von Clausewitz and Rapoport, 1982, p. 15). In theological theory, this form of government is often revealed through the forces that will revive around the Second Coming of Christ. In social eschatology, the dictatorship is presented by the governance of the proletariat that is predicted to transform the imperialist war into a war of soc
Color vision is used to distinguish objects from each other on the grounds of their color, which then overlaps with the perception of other visually distinguishable characteristics. It is part of the evolutionary mechanism since it facilitates a safer and more efficient relationship between a person and their environment. Color vision allows people to distinguish whether food is edible or not, as well as forms a part of the sexual selection process (Hamlyn, 2017). Importantly, the vision in these cases often operates in conjunction with the smell, but in many cases, why can only determine whether a fruit is ripe by its color? It is instrumental in deciphering the meaning of visual signals of danger, which in the natural environment are most often color-coded. Sound localization was instrumental for early humans in locating prey for their hunting efforts, as well as for protecting themselves from predators. It allowed them to estimate the location of the source of a sound they noticed, which was especially useful in the past prior to the invention of artificial lighting sources. Additionally, sound localization is an aspect of the hearing sense in general and, therefore, part of the way people receive information from their environment. The perception cannot be understood by simply adding its different aspects to one another. Instead, it originates on the basis of the whole aspects already combined, with different dynamics developing between them (Hamlyn, 2017). These aspects synergize in highly individualized and specific ways, affected by one’s personal characteristics and circumstances. The easiest example of this would be the taste of food getting affected by a person’s temporary lack of smell. The five senses of the human body are intertwined, and therefore any separate analysis is by nature imperfect. Reference Hamlyn, D. W. (2017). The psychology of perception: A philosophical examination of Gestalt theory and derivative theories of perception (Vol. 13). Routledge.
Al Jaber Group is a privately owned enterprise located in Abu Dhabi. Started as a construction company in the 1970s, it soon became the largest business of such kind in the United Arab Emirates. Such success is attributed to the clever management and dedication displayed by its founder, Obaid Al Jaber, as well as the skill and passion of his daughter, Fatima Al Jaber. Al Jaber Group was founded as a company that offered services of earth-moving and transportation. However, for Obaid Al Jaber it soon became apparent that the direction taken by the country offers great opportunities. Aside from the rapid development displayed by the government, which offered huge possibilities for a building contractor, the oncoming cultural and social trends were underway. The former soon lead to the great demand on the market and by the year 2008 the company was responsible for building more than 5,000 kilometers of roads and a contribution to the construction of the Abu Dhabi International Airport (INSTEAD 3). More importantly, the latter became the reason for the selection of Obaid’s successors. Once the decision was made to buy out the company from the partners, Al Jaber Group became a family business. Mohammed Al Jaber, Obaid’s son, was selected the next CEO while his daughter, Fatima, became a COO – a quite unusual move for any business in UAE, especially given Al Jaber Group’s magnitude at the time. Fatima, who was already an experienced and well-educated manager by that time, has proven to be an exceptionally skillful and competent leader while demonstrating respect to traditional family values and principles. The case of Fatima Al Jaber is a story of leadership success, but, more importantly, a milestone in the social and cultural development of the country. She is an empowering role model for women and an early sign of the opportunities which await the UAE in the future.  1. Fatima’s success is determined by several factors. The first, of course, is her education, which she obtained in one of the country’s first universities (Kemp, Madsen, and El-Saidi 101). The second is her diverse experience in the public sector – by the time she was appointed COO, she has already worked in several positions as a manager. Finally, the environment has doubtlessly played its role – she was brought up in a far less restrictive environment, which has led to a development of responsibility (Naguib and Jamali 136). The latter is still uncommon for a woman in UAE (Al-Jenaibi 238).  2. Obaid Al Jaber’s role is currently of a mentor, which it is likely to remain in future. A family business can be easily weakened by inner tensions, so a uniting force is important to ensure integrity and a common vision (Spraggon, Bodolica, and Manoussifar 118). Thus, Obaid’s objecti
Creating a start-up and developing it into a successful organization is a difficult and risky enterprise, and such companies usually face a high probability of failing (Surowiecki, 2014; Teten, AbdelFattah, Bremer, & Buslig, 2013). The current paper analyzes the case study provided in a given video (“Start-Up Junkies,” n.d.), and supplies several recommendations for the described enterprise. The video briefly describes the fifth project of Ron Wheener, an entrepreneur who enjoys creating start-ups (“Start-Up Junkies,” n.d.). It is possible to point out several issues which may be viewed as drawbacks of Earth Class Mail, the business in question. First and foremost, it should the company has purchased or rented very large premises, much larger than what is needed to satisfy the needs of all its current clients. Ron Wheener demonstrates large premises which are to serve his multi-billion company in the future. However, the businessman also points out that the enterprise currently has only approximately 1,000 clients (“Start-Up Junkies,” n.d.). It can also be seen that the space that the entrepreneur demonstrates is not filled with any equipment or personnel; it simply stands idle. Therefore, an apparent major problem is that a large amount of money has already been invested in the premises, even though the organization can currently work inside a much smaller space. The money that has been spent on purchasing or renting this space could instead have been utilized to promote the company via buying advertisement, for example. Besides, it is possible to criticize the very idea of this startup. Of course, around the world, there exist a large number of individuals engaged in the delivery of paper mail, and it may be profitable to digitalize this mail, scan the letters and send them to customers electronically. However, in many cases, people seem to prefer to send e-mails rather than paper letters if they have access to e-mail anyway (Reiter, 2016). It may also be assumed that in cases when people use the classic paper mail, they often send some items (such as documents) which the addressee needs to receive in the physical form anyway. So there is little reason for individuals to write paper letters and send them to Earth Class Mail so that they would be scanned and digitalized (for additional cost) and then sent by e-mail. This seemingly undermines the prospects of the Earth Class Mail enterprise. Of course, this company may further develop because it probably will not have a large number of rivals; however, the threat of new entry may be rather high, as scanning letters and sending them electronically does not seem to require a very large investment; in fact, the classical post offices may start proposing such a service themselves. On the whole, Earth Class Mail has several problems that n
Judy Stokley’s Level of Success Successful project managers apply a range of practices, among which there are basic knowledge of the field they work in, personal qualities, technical understanding, and specific management skills and abilities. Fisher and Robbins (2015) argue that effective leaders are aware of the current issues, challenges, and opportunities in their organization, and they understand its mission, vision, and values along with how employees and departments interact. It is important for leaders to understand the production technology and background information. Fisher and Robbins (2015) emphasize that successful leaders put some emotions in their work, in particular, in interpersonal communication, power, or uncertain situations. Ultimately, they are to apply skills and abilities in making decisions and resolving conflicts. Judy Stokley is a program director, who implemented the Advanced Medium Range Air to Air Missile (AMRAAM) project and created a culture of trust and responsibility at Eglin Air Base. Her level of success is great since she implemented a range of useful changes and created an effective team as a directive leader. First of all, she gathered all 200 employees and explained to them that the organization will apply a downsizing strategy in the near future. In order to cope with employees’ frustration and fear, Stokley made it clear that the core goal is not merely to fire almost half of the staff, but to also help them to find a new job. Even though some extent of anxiety was noted, no serious incidents occurred. This is the first example. The acquisition reform may be noted as the second example. It was the most difficult part of creating trust and connecting contractors, the government, employees, and Stokley herself as a part of the team. During the meeting she organized with the representatives of Hughes and Raytheon, the project leaders expressed their concerns related to potential risks and the shortage of resources. This allowed making the project participants closer to achieving the key goal in a collaboration that also promoted mutual trust. The third example is associated with cost study dissemination. Dennis Mallik, the Chief Financial Officer, was responsible for the financial issues that were confidential and accessible solely to the project director. Stokley transformed the cost study, making it available to each of the project members, thus providing them with the opportunity to come with new ideas and discuss them. The mentioned change helped the project managers to begin trusting each other based on the sense of mutual awareness. During the process of downsizing, Stokley focused on partnership and developed a “heart and soul” relationship be
For this assignment, I chose to interact with a friend of mine, who is known to me for many years now. I thought it will help me in two ways. First, I will be able to perform better personality analysis, and second, thanks to the studies I’ve undertaken, I will be able to know her still better. Some of the info which I could gather by interviewing my friend is; Does the interviewee remember information more accurately if he/she observes the behavior being performed or does he/she prefer to read how the behavior is performed? Yes indeed, the interviewee remembers information more accurately by observing the behavior while some action is being performed. Her inner instinct seems to provide the uncanny ability to judge people while they are busy doing some action. Instead of reading about the action and then analyzing it, she finds it more convenient to record all the details of the behavior while watching it happen. Does the interviewee prefer studying in a library, or at home where there are background noises and some distractions? Though she thinks that the silence of the library helps in better concentration on one’s studies, but at the same time, the sense of loneliness inside the library hall, creates a kind of insecurity feeling in her. She appears more of a social person and instead of going to a library, she prefers to study at home surrounded by the normal noises of TV or music while interacting with other family members periodically. She prefers the study sessions interspersed by refreshing interactions with family members. Has the person you are interviewing taken the Myers-Briggs test? Report the results Yes, she did undertake the Myers-Briggs test. With the help of around 50 questions, the MBTI test helps in providing relevant information about the personality of the individual. In this case, as well, she was asked to opt for a score ranging from ‘very inaccurate’ to ‘very accurate’ in response to questions like ‘I tend to keep working on something until it’s done; I avoid unnecessary interaction; I focus far more on possibilities than present reality’ etc. and the results were summarized. The results are of course dependent on the truthfulness of the responses. But I am sure she has been truthful in her responses all through the test. Results of the test are summarized as below; Extroverted (E)  56.76%  Introverted (I)  43.24% Sensing (S)      65.79%  Intuitive (N)    34.21% Feeling (F)      59.46%  Thinking (T)     40.54% Judging (J)      65.63%  Perceiving (P)   34.38%  Her personality, therefore, comes out as ESFJ Does your interviewee feel these results are accurate? Why or why not? She feels the results are fairly accurate because I also found her more pronounced in her expressions about her feelings and her curiosity to know more about people around her. Which experiences does this person feel contributed most to the development of his/her personality? The experiences of her childhood, particularly the childhood interactions with her mother, seem to have a deep impact on her personality. For example, she grew up in an environment, where e
The identity crisis is caused by different historical values and traditions of two different races. In many cases, identity development occurs primarily in response to racial oppression and as a normal part of the human self-actualization process or the need to be the best self that one can be. In the book Nisei Daughter, Sone describes the experience and life troubles faced by a Japanese-American girl and her search for national identity. Sone writes: “I didn’t see how I could be a Yankee and Japanese at the same time. It was like being born with two heads. It sounded freakish and a lot of trouble” (Sone 19). Sone underlines that for the second generation of Japanese-Americans, it is difficult to find their true self and identity because of racial prejudices and envy, negative attitudes towards immigrates and non-whites dominated in the society. Sone discusses it is difficult to be a Yankee and Japanese at the same time and follow different values and customs. The identity crisis is expressed at the most sophisticated level or type of racial identity development, whereas less sophisticated resolutions represent various kinds of reactions to racial discrimination. Taken together, identity crisis may have implications for personal identity and personal orientation in life. In particular, emotionality and sentiment might be most evident during this stage. Identity crisis also represents the person’s first deliberate acknowledgment of an ascribed identity. The person is angry at Yankees because of their role in racial oppression, themself, for having been a party to such a system for however long. On the other hand, a person is rejected by the Japanese because of American ancestry and origin. Thus, one’s acknowledgment of Americanness is high though it is not internalized; the person seems to be conforming to a preconceived notion of identity. Similar ideas are expressed by R. Takaki, who states that racial identity crisis is caused by the inability of a person to join two separate cultures and racial values (Takaki 23). Identity crisis is caused by a dominance of one group (Yankee) and a subordinate position of the other group (Japanese). Sone depicts that Yankee becomes the primary group to which one belongs, though the quality of one’s belongingness is no longer externally determined. However, because in developing a stable identity, the individual can face the world from a position of personal strength, it now becomes possible to renegotiate one’s positions with respect to Yankee and American society (Sone 20). The assumption that racial identity is relatively stable means that
Today the name of Abraham Lincoln is known almost to every person in the world. His outstanding achievements in the political sphere made professional historians consider him the greatest president who has ever guided the USA. Due to Lincoln’s commitment to his country and its nation, the most devastating period in the history of America passed away. Lincoln is known for saving the USA from dissolution. He made the slaves free and triggered the development of racial equality. Abraham Lincoln was born at the beginning of the 19th century in the family that came from England to Massachusetts. His grandfather was killed by Indians, which affected the life of his father greatly. As Lincoln wrote, he turned into “a wandering labor boy… who grew up, literally without education” (“Abraham Lincoln” 1). Still, Thomas Lincoln managed to buy several farms and improve the family’s condition. Little information is known about his mother, Nancy. Historians have several versions regarding her possible parents, but none of them are proved. All in all, Lincoln’s family had three children, including Abraham. His life was mainly connected with his older sister, as a younger brother died, being a baby. Soon the family moved to Indiana, where the boy was raised to f