ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Petrified wood is a type of fossil fuel that has a composition of fossil wood. In petrified wood all its organic components have been replaced by silicate minerals. However, its original wood structure remains unchanged. Natural quartz is a type of mineral composed of silicon-oxygen tetrahedral with Mohs scale hardness of 7 and 2.65 g/cm3 density. Being an essential constituent of felsic igneous rocks like granite, it is commonly found in sedimentary rocks like shale and sandstone. Other than that, it also exists in many metamorphic rocks such as gneiss, schist and quartzite in different forms. A visibly resistant to weathering, it can also be found in residual soils and sediments of the water body (Hurlbut & Klein 11-31) Formation process Petrified wood is formed in a process known as petrifaction; a process that occurs when wood is buried underground in sediment. Water rich in minerals flow underground and consequently deposits its mineral components in the cell of these plants. The subsequent decay of the plant’s lignin and cellulose leads to a formation of a petrified wood, a stone- mould like substance. This process occurs in the absence of oxygen and the petrifaction process takes less than a hundred years. Unlike petrified wood, quartz takes millions of years to develop and forms into a concrete mineral that is seen and admired. The formation process is a complex series of chemicals and mineral reactions and interactions. While the formation of petrified wood occurs in the absence of oxygen, quartz formation must involve the reaction with oxygen that make the decay process difficult. This is why its chemical formula is SiO2, the second most common min
Introduction Carrying a gun for self-defense comes with great responsibility. This is because it does not give a citizen the powers to use it without justification of self-defense. Firearm laws of most states only protect those who use guns for self-defense. In fact, self-defense and use of handguns are some of the most controversial subjects for many Americans. However, examinations of the two cases present interesting scenarios. Case 1 In the first case, the use of a shotgun by the young woman to kill one of the two men who had previously raped her is not justified as a necessary use of weapon in self-defense. In fact, this is a clear case of revenge. Despite the fact that the men had allegedly raped the young woman, there is no evidence to prove their intention to repeat the same in the second incidence. The justification for use of firearm in self-defense would fail because the men did not present any physical threat to the young woman. According to Carpenter (2003, p. 667), “the defense of justification would fail, for example, if a defendant deliberately killed a petty thief who did not commit robbery and who did not appear to be a physical threat.” The justification for the use of firearm must prove the need to protect one or another person from an impending bodily harm, death or forcible felony such as, burglary, rape, or kidnapping. The young woman could face up to three years in jail for an attack that does not justify use of deadly force in self-defense. Case 2 In the second case, the 62 year-old retired army officer is justified in the use of deadly force to kill the two men in act of burglary. In fact, it does not matter whether the two men were unarmed. First, the two men were walking in the hallway towards his direction and there was urgent need to act in self-defense. Second, the defendant had all the right to use deadly force within the circumstances to protect his property. Fletcher (1990, p. 14) expounds on this in his analysis of Florida law by stating, “the use of deadly force is justified trying to prevent a forcible felony, such as rape, robbery, burglary or kidnapping.” It is discerned that the retired army officer had no means of ascertaining whether the men were unarmed or not. However, they presented real danger to his life and body by moving towards him in the hallway. This is a clear case duty of retreat, which states, “you need not retreat from your own home to avoid using deadly force against an assailant” (Fletcher, 1990, p. 21). The castle retreat legally applies to this case because the retired army officer is attacked in his home by burglars and as such is in danger of great bodily harm or even death. In this case, the 62 year-old retired army officer is justified within the law to protect his life and his property and is not liable for conviction. Conclusion It is discerned from the above discussions that the justification for use of deadly force must prove that the action is taken in self-defense.
Introduction The purpose of this paper is to analyze the Guillain-Barre Disease and the swine flu epidemic of 1976-77, to discuss their causes and outcomes, and to find out why the Guillain-Barre Disease was deadlier than the predicted swine influenza. There are maybe many reasons for what happened back then: a political farce, lack of scientific facts, the communication problems between the political leaders and the scientists. The measures were taken against the swine flu outbreak in 1976 was a failure because of the excessive confidence in scientific foresight and they led to the catastrophic development of Guillain-Barre syndrome. Main text Viruses are found wherever there is life, and they are believed to have existed since the evolution of living cells. Viruses spread in many ways, and in plants, they are often transmitted from one plant to another by insects. In animals, they can be carried or transferred by blood-sucking insects. Although the flu virus is considered a controlled infection, it remains unique. The ability of this virus to continually change with the appearance of strains with fundamentally new properties makes the flu unpredictable and dangerous. And today, despite the accumulated knowledge and modern achievements in virology genetics, molecular biology, chemistry, and the presence of high technology industries, the fight against the flu virus is not weakening. According to the standards of the World Health Organization, annual vaccination is the most effective method of preventing influenza epidemics and pandemics. Inactivated influenza vaccines are used in substances for flu vaccination (“Influenza (Seasonal)”, 2018). The effectiveness of an influenza vaccine depends on how well the circulating viruses match the viruses contained in the vaccine. Because of the ever-changing nature of influenza viruses, the WHO Global Influenza Surveillance and Response System (GISRS) – a system of National Influenza Centres and WHO Collaborating Centres around the world – continuously monitors influenza viruses circulating in humans and updates the composition of influenza vaccines two times per year (“Influenza (Seasonal)”, 2018). It is worth noting that the vaccine does not entirely exclude the possibility of getting the flu, but it minimizes the risk of complications of the disease, as well as the occurrence of a fatal outcome. The WHO Global Advisory Committee on vaccine safety has registered and studied cases of quite serious side effects when using certain vaccines (“Global Advisory Committee”, 2020). It turned out that universal immunization of the population is not an option, but vaccination of risk groups, with mandatory consideration of medical contraindications, carried out in the pre-epidemic period, can be effective. Most people who are vaccinated carry the flu shot quite easily, and there are no side effects or complications. In 1976, trust in vaccination among the population dropped completely, when reports emerged saying that it caused Guillain-Barre syndrome. That year, there was an outbreak of swine flu (H1N1) in
Americans have the power to elect a leader who they deem fit to lead them. The population elects its desired leader based on the policies and political manifestos that points out on what such leaders would do for them once in office. Normally, this is the right time to put in power a party with a vision for America. In the next general elections, I will be voting for the Democrats because the party has a leader who has a spirit to make a better tomorrow for the Americans by creating jobs, improving healthcare, taxation policies among other things. One of the most comprehensive strengths is the health care policy that has been introduced by the Democrats. In my personal opinion, the Republican Party is on the line again to mislead people so that they can get their votes. We require political scientists to educate and guide people on political issues especially on issues of diversity as people have little information on the role of diversity. This fact has been noted by Kanthak and Krause (842) who assert that ”political scientists are keenly interested in how diversity influences politics, yet we know little about how diverse groups of political actors interact.” When the Republicans were in power, there were allegations of inhuman treatment especially in Iraq. A good example is the torture of prisoners at Abu Graib prisons by American soldiers. The Republicans insist on a single party system of government. This sounds more of dictatorial than plain governance. During the past year when America had only one party to rule, the ordinary citizens had nobody to represent their claims in the government (Besley, Persson and Sturm 1341). All over the world, single party governance is associated with dictatorial and lack of respect for human rights. Sinlge party leadership also lacks respect for voter’s rights. Another issue that makes me detest the Republican was their policy on the war in Iraq. This war claimed the lives of many American soldiers and although they are currently compensated, the government took unnecessarily long time before the compensation was done. The delayed pay can be attributed to the lack of touch with the populace that characterized the Republican leadership. According to Kanthak and Krause (844), the afflictions of the Iraq veterans can be equated to the problems of being from a minority group, since the government had other issues to address at the expense of the soldiers. They quote that “…..group size affects how members of a political organization differentially value majority and minority group colleagues…” (Kanthak and Krause 844). In this case, this party has no point in promising peace to the American citizens. By the time the Democrats took over office form the republicans, the American economy w
Science has been the savior of humanity, and we can employ the same principles in exercise to achieve maximum benefits. Exercising requires commitment, which can be broken easily when one is not getting the desired results. While the physical manifestation of the benefits of exercise will not be realized in few days, going to the gym every day coupled with observing a strict diet may be discouraging if after several months one cannot point to changes in his or her body. Unfortunately, this scenario occurs in many cases, and people give up their quest for toned bodies or healthy living. Coming up with the right training culture is both a science and an art. You can call it an artistic science. While there are numerous time-tested training programs based on scientific proof, what works for one individual may not necessarily work for another. As such, picking the right program to fit into one’s preferences and training responses is an art that is learned with time. Remember, exercising should be fun, and nothing accomplishes that other than a self-developed program that yields the desired results. So, how can we use a scientific approach to develop working training programs for ourselves? The answer is simple. We need to follow the laid down scientific procedures to tailor personal programs. The conventional scientific method will have the development of the hypothesis, testing of the same, data collection and analysis, test/retest phase, and conclusions indicating areas that can be improved (Foster et al., 2016). Under hypothesis development, you need to state the goals that you are trying to achieve together with the methods that will be used. Try as much as you can to remain objective while stating your hypothesis and avoid non-specific questions, and statements like 100 pushups every morning will make me stronger. In hypothesis testing, you should adopt methods that you are familiar with, and they must be repeatable. Any scientific approach should be systematic, and so are your methods (Tamminen & Poucher, 2018). The repeatability aspect allows the body to adapt to the program under study. As such, the chosen method should be repeated for enough time to show some results. Otherwise, concluding that a certain muscle-building technique is not working after three weeks is amateurish and unscientific. The goal here is to ensure that the results gained are purely based on the adopted method a
Over the years, there has been an increasing trend of drug abuse globally (Goode, 2008). Drug rackets have intensified. There are different kinds of the drug: cocaine, heroine, marijuana, etc. the drug racket runs almost like a parallel economy. Estimates show that in the US in the year 2000 almost $ 65 billion was spent in the retail level on drugs which was almost 40 percent less as the amount spent in 1980 at constant prices which indicates that there has been a marked decline in the consumption of drugs (Goode, 2008). But the flip side is heroine consumption has declined and cocaine consumption has increased. And cocaine price per gram is 20 times as much as that of heroine (Goode). Research shows that the money spent on drugs has declined, but there has been a marked increase in drug sales, only the cheaper drug (i.e. cocaine) has been more in demand. Thus, there has been a significant increase in drug-related crime over the years. Drug enforcement has become a necessity due to increasing drug-related crime. But the question is why? Goode (2008) explains why drugs have to be combated:   * It constitutes a major chunk of the national income on illicit drug consumption.   * Drug rackets are organized and are controlled by groups like the “mafia”   * Drug abuse causes serious harm to the nation. This raises the question of there is a link between drug abuse and crime. If so what are the law enforcement duties of local and state governments in curbing drug abuse-related crime? But usually dealing with narcotics is done in a different way than the handling of normal crime. Logically the question that arises is if the method of enforcing narcotics crime holds more risk than normal crime enforcement and if there are greater risks related to issuing of warrants in narcotics crime. In order to understand the risk related to serving warrants in narcotics, it is necessary to understand the reason behind the relation between drugs and crime. Academic research has given birth to numerous researches that try to establish a connection between drug usage and propensity to commit a crime. The number of researches follows three generic models of connecting drug and crime viz. psychopharmacological, economic, and systematic models (Goode, 2008). The first model, the psychopharmacological model believes that as there is an increase in intake of drugs, it agitates and ignites the individuals’ senses that it makes them violent and abusive. The extent of the effect is so much that it forces the individual even to commit a crime. Second, the economic model deals with the connection between drugs, crime, and money. Researchers prior to the 1970s have tried to establish the connection between drug abuse and crime. Their research showed that individuals who become addicted to drugs take up the life of crime because they need to find money to
Nature of a Revolution Revolutions have always played a significant role the world history. Aristotle, de Tocqueville, Weber, Marx, Engels, and many other historians conducted a lot of deep research on past events and found various interesting patterns. Nowadays, experts continue to work hard analyzing the main causes and the major outcomes of the strike processes. Thus, there is quite enough material that provides substantial information about the course of revolutions, main reasons, and results. Definition and Characteristics of the Term To begin with, it is important to discuss the term. Many historians attempted to explain this phenomenon, but Huntington gives one of the most certain definitions. He states that revolution is “a rapid, fundamental, and violent domestic change in the dominant values and myths of a society, in its political institutions, social structure, leadership, and government activity and policies” (Goldstone, 2003). Therefore, it is a social movement that occurs due to accumulated regular dissatisfaction by the current ruling organizations. According to DeFronzo (2014), revolutions can be either leftist or rightist, or, in particular cases, they also can have a few characteristics of both. Left-wing movements aim to transit existing political, social, or economic relationships, while right-wing actions tend to keep traditional order. Such shifts in the communities do not happen quite often, and they usually enhance modernization. Revolution is “the extreme case of the explosion of political participation” (Goldstone, 2003). The most prominent and meaningful revolts that resulted in altering institutions occurred in France, China, Mexico, Russia, and Cuba. Differences between a “Revolution” and a “War” Revolutions and wars have a lot of similarities, and that might cause confusion between these two terms. However, Goldstone, argues that the main difference between a revolution and a war is that the first one supposedly brings changes to the environment (2003). Wars usually occur due to confrontations of the armed communities and their incapability of reaching consensus, but the result of them might be just reconciliation without any shifts within the existing structures. Most of the time, revolutions involve political aspects and strikes for modernization. In addition, revolutions more often aim to fight against t
Executive Summary Jackson Memorial Hospital in Miami can be numbered among the key healthcare facilities in the state in terms of the annual number of patient visits, the physical capacity of its departments, and its professional development programs for employees on various levels. The hospital provides a range of healthcare services to people and encourages small and historically underutilized businesses in the state to participate in the procurement of goods and services. Unfortunately, the financial costs of implementing modern health records leads us to review the organization’s key goals and values to ensure its fiscal viability. The proposed strategy aims to implement a new mission related to providing medical services of the highest possible quality. According to the proposed vision, our company will need to become the best in terms of patient feedback. Therefore we are going to promote such values as customer satisfaction, respect for employees, leadership, effective communication, and innovation. In working with people who face health issues, we understand the importance of patient satisfaction, and our new research-based strategy aims to improve nurse-patient communication and satisfaction rates. The proposed strategy involves the implementation of a new staff bonus system based on feedback received from customers. The system is expected to make salaries more competitive, motivate nurses to improve their communication skills, and propel the quality of our services to the next level. Flowchart: Strategic Process Flowchart: Strategic Process Goals and Strategies  1. The financial goals that need to be achieved with the help of rebranding are based on improving the working conditions for employees and patients. First, the wages that are currently paid are not competitive, and they have a direct impact on the quality of work performed. The average hourly wages of registered nurses do not exceed twenty U.S. dollars. One of the key financial goals is to increase the wages by at least 25% in order to attract more experienced specialists and improve the quality of service that patients receive. Also, our organization will need to improve its competitive advantage to withstand competition from Florida Hospital and other institutions in the state (“Quality measures,” n.d.). To do that, it will be essential to increase the number of heart surgery patients who choose our healthcare organization.  2. The strategies for achieving these goals will rely on improving the quality of service. For the first goal involving a gradual increase in wages, it is possible to investigate the effectiveness of creating special scales to measure the performance of particular employees. Specialists whose work helps to increase the level of patient satisfaction most of all will receive bonuses. Thus, if the system leads to increased employee motivation, it will be possible to increase the quality of service, improve
One can distinguish between various types of political systems, including uncentralized (bands and tribes) and centralized systems (chiefdoms and states). Each of these political systems has its own political and social order. According to Trondal (2020), a political order “consists of a relatively stable arrangement of institutions that are fairly formalized and institutionalized” (p. 121). The definition of a social order includes such concepts as social relations, social structures and establishments, social connections, beliefs, standards, and morals of a particular culture (Cole, 2019). Both types of order are formed with the help of power: more powerful institutions control less powerful ones, create laws and rules, and ensure that people adhere to these laws. Social and political order can be maintained in different ways. For instance, wearing a mask and social distancing became both political and social issues in the United States. According to Kahane (2021), health officials and the government of the USA urge people to wear masks and keep their distance when they are in public places to reduce the spread of COVID-19 and maintain order in society. Another example of maintaining social order is a security check. If a person wants to withdraw money from their bank account, they have to come through a security check procedure to confirm their identity. This process allows people to prevent fraud, preserving order in society. Different societies have diverse opinions about the notion of social order. For example, conservative societies emphasize tight laws and regulations while liberal societies tend to be looser in their collective concerns (Janoff-Bulman & Carnes, 2016). Those societies that practice both tightness and looseness are more successful in keeping social and political order (Janoff-Bulman & Carnes, 2016). If people and their government feel responsible for maintaining order, they will act accordingly to keep it. However, if governmental institutions use power and force people to obey, social and political order will be disrupted.