ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The introduction So, first of all, I would like to point out that Neolithic Revolution is one of the most interesting technological discoveries of pre-history. The discovery of tools is recognized to be one of the most important events of human development, as it is a well-known fact that “The development of tools such as flint points, axes, weapons such as the spear and the bow and arrow, snares, and hooks is a reflection of the change from gathering and scavenging to hunting” (“Neolithic Revolution and the Discovery of Agriculture” 1). Another important point of humans’ development is recognized to be control of fire. Generally, I suppose that this aspect is of great importance as fire provided people of the Neolithic Age with heat and light. On the other hand, the discovery of fire helped people to cook food. In my opinion, this aspect is very important, as at that time numerous food items were not only unpalatable, but also unsanitary. The most significant discovery of humankind is considered to be the way to preserve fire. On the other hand, one may point out that another key technique people became familiar with is getting fire due to combustion processes. For this reason, I suppose that one can make a conclusion that Neolithic Revolution is the key moment in the history of humans’ development. Finally, another important aspect of the age is considered to be the invention of agriculture. This process includes domestication of various wild animals, management of plants, etc. Generally, when talking about the invention of agriculture, one is to make a conclusion that the dawn of profound social changes had started in times of Neolithic Age. It is said that “Agriculture was adopted repeatedly and independently in various parts of the world after the retreat of the Pleitocene ice around 12,000 years ago” (“Neolithic Revolution and the Discovery of Agriculture” 1). The discovery of the wheel is another important event, which is to be highlighted. Thus, this invention marked the beginning of the so-called mechanical revolution. Stages of human development Generally, the stages of human development include hunting and gathering, use of wild grains, and Neolithic agricultural revolution. The last point is characterized by the so-called New Stone Age, farming, domestication of dogs, goats, and other wild animals. Numerous social consequences also took place. The body The Neolithic Age and Agricultural Revolution This period started 10,000 years ago. The Neolithic Age is mostly associated with “the use of polished stone implements, development of permanent dwellings, cultural advances such as pottery making, domestication of animals and plants, the cultivation of grain and fruit trees, and weaving” (“Neolithic Revolution and the Discovery of Agriculture” 1). On the other hand, the definition of the Neolithic Revolution is mostly related to farming appearance. When bronze tools appeared, this period was call
Introduction   * The CIP theory focuses on mental events related to memory;   * Information acquisition, processing, storage, and retrieval:       + Sensory memory – stimulus, selective attention, familiar patterns;       + STM – chunking, rehearsal;       + LTM – episodic, procedural, and semantic memory.   * Learning new information entails mental associations;   * Information is organized into knowledge;   * Learning entails linking new information to existing knowledge (encoding). Cognitive information processing (CIP) focuses on the mental learning events underlying the formation of memory, which entail information processing, storage, and retrieval (recall) (Coker and White 78). Learners use sensory memory to organize new information. It is important that a learner is attentive to a stimulus to transfer new information into the short-term memory (STM). One way learners use to process sensory information is selective attention, which entails selecting a stimulus that has interesting qualities. Individuals also attend to a stimulus that has a familiar pattern. Thus, learners learn by relating new content to prior knowledge. STM is the working memory, which temporarily stores information for regular cognitive learning tasks (Driscoll 386). Learners use a technique called chunking to transfer information from the STM to the long-term memory (LTM). The technique entails the organization of small bits of information into larger ones. Other strategies include encoding (linking new experiences to prior knowledge) and rehearsal (repetition). The LTM co
Mass protests occurring in Belarus recently due to forged election results have affected not only the local community but the global one as well. The specified event has shaped people’s attitudes toward the issues of political integrity, police brutality, and totalitarianism, and encouraging a profound discussion in the online sphere, including social media. As a result, a range of global leaders had to reconsider their attitudes toward the notion of transparency, as well as the significance of honesty and alignment with the principles of democracy. By examining the problems that Belarus society has faced, one will find out that the presence of despotism and the lack of democracy in leadership will also lead to a divide within a state, causing a social conflict that will send massive ripples across generations. The event under analysis shows the importance of maintaining transparency and honesty, as well as considering the changes in the socio-cultural background of the target audiences. In the case under analysis, the blatant disregard for people’s plight for honest elections has led to the use of brutal force by police against protesters (Higgins, 2020). Overall, the outcomes of elections in Belarus have proven the significance for a leader to respect their target audience. Democracy and appreciation for the opinions of each participant play a huge role in one’s success as a leader, as well as the opportunity to promote progress as a positive change in the environment of the target community. Finally, the role of global political and social factors on the management of the conflict are also to be regarded as important lessons in the context of the event under analysis. As a leader, one has to recognize and evaluate the influence of internal and external circumstances in which a specific scenario develops. Namely, when addressing a problem of mass discontent among disaffected voters, a leader has to acknowledge the importance of the media tools that make information available globally, as well as the changes in the relationships of other stakeholders toward the situation and the leader themselves (Picheta, 2020). Without the specified analysis, one is likely to face social, political, and economic ostracism reinforced by multiple legal repercussions. Therefore, global leaders may use the specified event as the case study of how to avoid the threat of falling into authoritarianism. The event observed in Belarus this year provides a perfect example of how leadership should not be implemented, thu
FDI is generally reckoned to mean the private capital flows from a parent investor organization to another organization located outside such parent investor organization’s national jurisdiction. These investments can come about in a variety of forms including vanilla equity, varied forms of options linked equity, and plain debt or convertible debt. These investments can also be in the form of ploughed back profits and contribution of knowledge, skills, and technology; with all the latter being either expressed in value terms or optioned in stakeholder stances. An investment is treated as FDI, as contrasted to the other popular concept of portfolio investment if the investment is sized sufficiently to lend the parent organization some degrees of control over the management of the enterprise, usually over 10% of the firm. (IFC, 1997) FDI, quite unlike portfolio investments, are made with a long time horizon in view and generally, they represent more stable ownership capital and are not hot flows in search of speculative gains in foreign markets. The main object behind making FDI is to serve domestic markets, exploit natural resources, or provide platforms to serve world markets through exports. The importance of FDI for capital accumulation well-acknowledged and FDIs are sought after by several foreign countries. The most apparent reason is the fact that FDIs add to foreign exchange reserves and participate directly in the process of economic development and growth. Since the 1990s, when globalization concepts caught on finally in the international trade terminology and riding on the unprecedented innovative growth in communications and information technology the FDIs have shown an increasing trend. In fact, he international capital flows have been largely comprised of flows of private capital. For instance, in 1990 44% of all international capital flows were private, by 1996 85% were private, and FDI was the largest single type of flow. (IFC, 1997) Foreign direct investment has even left behind growth in international trade in that the FDI grew at an average rate of 13 percent per year from 1980-97, whereas exports registered an annual growth rate of just about 7%. (Mallampally & Sauvant, 1999). FDI is virtually a decision testing the entrepreneurial quotient of the investing organization. Particular in the case of venture capital all FDIs translate to the entrepreneurial view of the chief investor or promoter which, more often than not, is either a single individual or a group of individuals. In fact, probing the factors which stimulate entrepreneurial activity is equivalent to probing factors promoting FDIs.Though FDIs may be further
The housing crisis is an economic bubble affecting many areas in the United States. House prices were high and peaked in 2006. Gradually, the prices began to decline in 2006 and 2007. They’re still lowering to date. As this picture unfolds, it emerges that any form of the housing bubble of the United States leaves a ripple effect which directly hits not only the valuation of homes, but also the states home builder’s, the home supply retailing outlets, the real estate industry as a whole as well as the mortgage markets. The crisis has posed a very huge risk to the American economy. As Randel stated, “the Federal Reserve lowered interest rates during the period of 1995-2000 which created easy credit for banks to make loans. Rates were extremely high by 2006 hence lowering demand and increasing monthly payments for adjustable mortgages” (Randel, 144). This increased supply and consequently ended up in further lowering housing prices. Popular belief that houses as opposed to other investments do not fall in value sparked the huge number of Americans to buy homes. However this is not the case. Furthermore, it’s also widely believed that homes result in above average returns on investment. It is therefore only reasonable to take for granted that the price of houses only just manage to top price increases over the elongated term. In the years of 2005 through to 2006, there were copious advertisements as well as shows on television which were aimed at enhancing investment in the real estate sector. Books on real estate investment were being marketed and sold all over. This sparked investment in the housing industry. Clarey observed the fact that, “as home prices began to rise in early 2000-2001 following reduced interest rates, purchase of homes was on the rise” (Clarey, 256). Speculators bought houses in large numbers with an intention of selling them back for a quick profit. Although the undertakings occurred well over twenty years ago, Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac were considered responsible for the credit crisis that resulted after the housing bubble of 2001-2007 burst. The two companies had a huge government backing and were both chartered by the US government as government sponsored enterprises (GSE’s). The treasury department of the United States of America has been widely criticized for going out of their jurisdiction in the field of spending taxpayer’s money. This authority is preserved for congress only and this is held in the constitution of the United States of America. The treasury also stands accused of overstepping boundaries that are put in place by the Housing and Economic Recovery Act of 2008. The two companies operating as monopolies had more disadvantages than benefits. Scrutiny by Sowell revealed that “the two companies ma
Research Question Research question: How did Manahel Thabet become one of the most successful female leaders in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region? The identified research question will be answered based on the primary and secondary evidence, including the literature review and interview. It is significant to answer this question to learn more about female leadership strategies and determine any challenges and gaps that need to be addressed in the future. Introduction Dr. Thabet is a prominent economist, scientist, and consultant. In the Arab world, she became the youngest and the only Doctor in Financial Engineering, and this leader received her second Ph.D. degree in the field of Quantum Mathematics. In 2013, she was rated “100 Most Powerful Women in the Arab World,” according to Arabian Business magazine (“100 most powerful Arabs under 40,” 2015). The leadership style applied by this leader may be identified as centered leadership since she assigns engagement, inspiration, connection, and positive thinking a top priorities. Secondary Research Manahel Thabet has numerous awards, including those for humanitarian work within the United Nations (UN) and scientific achievements (Jacobsen, 2016). Her intelligence quotient (IQ) is 168. In 2012, Dr. Thabet developed an innovative formula for calculating the distance in space without taking light into account (“Dr. Manahel Thabet, PhD,” 2018). This leader traded till 2008 and anticipated the global financial crisis. The representation of the Synergy School of Business in Dubai and Dr. Manahel Thabet reached an agreement on the patronage of the MBA program called Women’s Leadership (Jacobsen, 2016). It is a program designed to assist talented Arab women leaders who have great potential to reach the world level in managing and inspiring others by employing a centered leadership model. The centered leadership model was created by McKinsey experts in 2004 and served as an incentive for the study among female leaders to discover the principles they use in their work. Barsh, Cranston, and Craske (2008) identify five following dimensions, which, in their opinion, compose the core of central leadership. They are finding meaning in work, strengthening ties and acquaintances, transforming negative emotions into opportunities, taking action in the face of risk, and managing energy (Barsh & Lavoie, 2014). Primary Research To collect primary data, an interview with Dr. Thabet was initiated. Before it, informed consent was sent to her, and the approval was received. The interview session lasted approximately half an hour, and all questions about leadership were answered. The obtained data were recorded and analyzed as appropriate. Findings and Discussion Both the literature review and the interview show that Dr. Thabet is an outstanding female leader, who achieved great results in her career and leadership. Despite living in a male-dominated society, she could overcome challenges as
The first and the Second World War had significant effects that altered the course of global affairs irreversibly. The events before during and after the two world wars conspired to changed the political, social-cultural, economic as well as the technological affairs. The Two World Wars were truly global as they actively involved many of the world powers at the time. Even though the First World War shook Europe to the core, the combination of the first and the Second World War created a three world order, modeled along three rival political affiliations. These three worlds had two major and ugly effects: the cold war which would have destroyed the world and the mass killings, genocide, in many troubled countries. It is the two world wars that opened the world to the idea of globalization. For the period during and immediately after the two world wars the world experienced and upsurge of technological innovation in media, engineering and technology. These three supported the concept of globalization such that the world was almost becoming a small village. More significantly there have been improved standards of living amongst the people of the world as well as the rise of individualism. Thus the two World Wars played the role of setting the world up to adopt globalization. Initially the First World War was intended as a quick war with the warring parties hoping to have a quick military fix to a small problem. The Germans had hoped that it was going to be a quick hit on its enemies lead by France. None of the parties were prepared for the total war that was to ensure. Instead of a small war involving Germany on one side Germans and the allied forces on the other side, small wars erupted in various fronts. As such land mines, machine guns wars took centre stage. The wars condition deteriorated to desolation, disease and vermin. There were emerging very many battle fields, on which many soldiers died. It was due to the realization of the full meaning of the war that both the allied and the central forces started to enegage fully trained battalions (Tignor, Adelman, Aron, Kotkin, Marchland, Prakash and Tsin 813). So intense was the total war that by the end of the warring period in 1918, more that 70 million men had fought in the war. Many more women had been involved in offering auxiliary service such as nursing, doctors and technicians. The proponents of the total war, in devising a way of rallying the masses behind the war resulted to radio as well as film as the propaganda spreading machines (819). While propaganda fueled the war to new heights it is the involvement of the mass media through radio programs such as The Lone Ranger
The difference in Licensure, Accreditation, Certification, and Education (LACE) in the States While the laws governing the practice of APNs are almost similar in various states of the United States of America, they demonstrate some differences. Fundamentally, the differences of APN roles related to the scope of practice, licensure, accreditation, certification, and education (Lugo, O’Grady, Hodnicki, & Hanson, 2007). In the state of Washington, licensure requires one to be a holder of a license as a registered nurse. The requirement is compulsory for all individuals who intend to practice as advanced practice nurses in Washington State. In the state of Illinois, licensure and certification can materialize if one is a holder of a doctorate, masters, or a Ph.D. degree in nursing. The requirements advanced by the state of Illinois compel individuals to pursue high levels of education and be smart in the field of nursing before receiving accreditation. Betancourt, Green, Carrillo, and Iia (2003) allude that although the state acknowledges the fact that all APNs are nurses, its provisions clarify that registered nurses with high-end skills qualify to be APNs. Consequently, LACE requirements in California dictate that individuals should be holders of RN license before them becoming practicing APNs. Moreover, the state needs accreditation from the certification board so that one qualifies to be an APN in the region. Before commencing work as an APN in California, one has to acquire a license as an active registered nurse. Restricted Practice for APNs in the States The states of California, Washington, and Illinois have different rules that govern the operations of their APNs. Although these rules follow a similar pattern, they have differences. Practically, states such as Washington have relaxed rules, which broaden the spectrum of APN operations. On the other hand, California falls among the states that limit the scale of activities that APNs can undertake in various medical facilities. Consequently, the state of Illinois compels APNs to work together with doctors when delivering healthcare services to patients. The restrictions limit the roles of APNs and compel them to undertake their activities under the guidance of a doctor. Avery, Germano, and Camune (2010) assert that the difference in operations emanates from the rules laid down by the various boards that determine the requirements of the healthcare sector in the respective states. In California, the regulations come from the Board of Registered Nursing, whereas in the state of Washington the rules governing APN operations come from the Nursing Commission. Evidence-based Strategies that Will Lead to Seamless Continuity between APN Practices in the United States of America The difference in the rules of operation governing APNs in the United States of America is one of the factors that prevent the seamless execution of healthcare. While some states allow the full practice, others limit the operations of APNs to reduced pr
Everywhere in the world people are afraid of death so much that if anything bad or scaring is about to happen, it will take a few seconds for all the people to disappear from that place. This is fear of death and any danger that threatens life possessed by humans. However, there are several arguments by philosophers which challenge this attitude towards death. For example, the argument that we are not harmed by our own death is put across by Epicurean, a well known philosopher. According to him, death does not harm an individual or their relatives as it is perceived by many people. For that reason, people should not have any fear of death as it lacks a direct effect on them. To begin with, he gives an argument of the death nature in relation to our lives and humanity in general. His assumption is that death of an individual is the end of his existence both soul and body, making the effect of death inconsequential to his dead body. In his argument, he wonders how death can be bad to a person when they are not there and consequently can not feel anything. As a result, people should not be afraid of death as this creates the feeling of desperation, which causes anguish that may otherwise be avoided (Craig 1998:p121). According to Epicurean, death should be treated as nothing because everything we perceive as bad or good is a result of o