ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Issues or aspects that are related with the separation of powers doctrine have enjoyed an undivided attention in British constitutional growth and advancement. It actually has had equal probability of being viewed as an important part of the constitution as well as disdained as an irrelevant part of the constitution. This state of uncertainty has been caused by a number of factors. One of them is the fact that there exist conceptual differences in regard to the doctrine as a whole. The doctrine of separation of powers has widely been seen as an element of organizational design, and as an element of checks and balances. A number of people have also presented it as an instrument by which governmental efficiency can be monitored. The disparities in what people consider as the role and function of separation of powers made the doctrine to be captured in the famous quote by Geoffrey Marshall as ailing from such “imprecision and inconsistency that it should be discounted as a jumbled portmanteau of arguments for policies which ought to be supported or rejected on other grounds. Secondly, and possibly the most important is the fact that separation of powers is clearly in conflict with the central pillar of British constitution. The bone of contention is the sovereignty of Parliament in that all legislative power is vested in a single institution, instead of fair distribution between the three arms of government. Separation of power In any independent legislature, every aspect of distribution of power between the different branches of government is done in a hierarchical manner. However, power should be divided, as if the specific arms are co-equal branches. If the credibility of the sovereignty doctrine is to be guarded, it will be factious to think that a responsibility of government that is being performed by either the executive or the judiciary should continue as their responsibility for ever. In addition, the merging of the branches of government where members were selected by ballot in the British constitution shows the clear refusal of separation of powers as a guide of institutional design. This comes as the progressive growth and natural development of the British constitution seems to oppose the idea that the system of government has been intended to strictly follow a certain constitutional premise at any point. All these challenges notwithstanding, individuals who study the British constitution have not been able to avoid the analysis of the doctrine of separation of power in totality; this includes Stanley De Smith for example – who thought that “no writer of repute would claim that the separation of powers is a central feature of the modern British constitution,” – was forced to concede that a brief survey of the doctrine brings out more clearly some features of the British system of government. British constitutional system How then can we offer an explanation as to why the aspects of separation of powers have persistently appeared in accounts of the British constitutional system? The answer to this can possibly be f
Percival Everett is a unique writer. He differentiates himself from the other African-American writers by focusing his work on commercialization of literary culture. The book challenges the shibboleths of American culture and literature. It calls for an alternative to the commercialization of literary literature. The novel is funny. It engages readers through its playful jokes and references, making them feel like reading it many times. For instance, the author pokes playful fun at the publishing scene of America when he talks about the mutual back-scratching of the award judges. He also mentions the despicable promotions of junk novels. However, the subject of the novel is sensitive. The writer focuses on how race and political issues affect the black people in America. He looks at the stereotyped depictions of the black cultures and how the whites perceive them. For instance, blacks are perceived as drug dealers, sportsmen, or musicians, but not good authors. From his novel, it can be judged that Everett is a genius novelist, but a poor, or an average storyteller. He differentiates his writing skills from the other authors, and hence stands on a creative plane. I like the way he tackles complicated issues that people go through in their day-to-day lives. For instance, the author provides readers with a damning critique about racial attitudes, or discriminations in the literary culture and the publishing industry. He explains how the work of the black authors is measured in his country. Instead of looking at the capabilities of these marginalized authors, judges look at how well the authors present their racial ideas. The author lacks the skills to connect storytelling and writing. A good author should possess skills and knowledge in both fields. Everett lacks a complex meta-narrative to help him tie his narrative strands of the novel together. In some parts of the novel, the author uses a vague language that may not please all readers, especially the people from other cultures. For instance, he uses such words as ‘fuck talk, nigger, and bullshit’ among others. I like the way the author captures readers’ attention with the way he links the title of the novel with the contents in it. The novel provides a series of erasures, which contribute a lot to the novel’s title, ‘Erasure.’ For instance, he talks about several forms of erasures such as his sister working in an abortion clinic, and his brother turning out as a gay and getting thrown out by his family. The author also talks about how his to alter ego erases him, and how the mind of Monk’s mother, who has Alzheimer is slowly being erased. This way
Introduction Global Healthcare Exchange, LLC (GHX) is an international healthcare company that specializes in cloud-based supply chain technologies connecting suppliers and providers. By moving some of their business processes online, healthcare manufactures and distributors can reduce the cost of delivering healthcare. The founding of GHX is an example of a strategic approach to managing innovations. In the early 2000s, many businesses discovered a new market: Internet healthcare services. GHX formed as a company focusing on customer value, and not market value. It was fresh and different at the time, which resulted in a massive success as venture capitalists invested in GHX. The company managed to attract capital even at the time of global economic declines by combining healthcare and technology as well as shifting its focus towards customer satisfaction. Problem Statement Innovation is not a single event, but rather an extensive, complex process (Innovation as a process, Slide 27). It requires strategy, organization, and proactive links (they enable the company to cross boundaries both inside and outside with customers, suppliers, sources of knowledge) to work together (Innovation as a process, Slide 12). GHX had a strategic advantage as it presented a new idea of an open and neutral supply chain market with high-quality, low-cost options for their clients. The company explored where it could be innovative and chose to establish its competency as a customer-centered business. The market was useful for analysis of trends and shifts in healthcare, but it did not provide revenue or sales for the business as customers did. In addition to a good product offering, GHX linked with external agencies to form beneficial relationships. An alliance with Neoforma and merges with HealthNexis and Medibuy expanded the company’s participation and equity ownership. Leveraging the skills of people outside the company (through proactive links), GHX failed to assess and utilize the potential of their employees. The company combined different structures and organizational models. It was founded by the largest names in the industry (Johnson & Johnson, Baxter International, Abbott Laboratories, etc.) that had their own established ways of doing business, but GHX was still an Internet start-up that required dynamic organizational capabilities. The company needed to form a shared culture and mission among employees, but also to be able to review its structure and adapt to the changing environment of online business. Implementing an innovative and effective structure was crucial for the company to maximize its functional capabilities and create a favorable climate to increase overall performance (Leadership and organization of innovation, Slide 18). GHX did not know how to successfully preserve the advantages of being founded by well-established companies while creating a new, highly adaptable organizational model. Employees were not yet resistant to constant stress that was a part of the start-up’s daily operations. There was not any integrated communication system among employe
The framers of the constitution drafted the constitution in such a way that no branch would be would be powerful than the other. The constitution aimed at separating powers because it was believed that leaving power in the hands of one individual would lead to dictatorship. The drafters borrowed the works of John Locke, even though he advocated for the separation of powers between the executive and the legislature. Theoretically, all branches of government should have equal powers. The role of each branch is to check the functions of the other branch. In this regard, the division of government into three braches was aimed at ensuring checks and balances. This system is referred to as the checks and balances. Under this system, no branch can claim to have excess powers than the other. For instance, the executive cannot claim to control foreign and domestic policymaking process because it must consult the legislature. As way of checking the powers of judiciary, the executive, upon consulting the legislature, has the power to appoint the members of the judiciary. The legislature cannot pass bills without the approval of the president. The president has the power to instruct the legislature to amend a certain bill to reflect the interests of the state. The framers of the constitution gave the legislature more powers as compared to other branches. The legislative branch is made up of the congress and the senate. The main function of the legislature is to make laws (Wasserman 71). Apart from making laws, it oversees the implementation of policies. In this case, it ensures that the executive and the judiciary implement the laws the way they were passed. The American congress is bicameral implying that it comprises of two main houses. One of the houses is the House of Representatives while the other is the Senate. Each American state is allocated one representative. However, some states may have more representatives based on the population size. The senate is more stable as compared to the house because the drafters of the constitution wanted a stable legislative organ that would oversee the affairs of the branch for long. In the senate, the executive is represented because the vice-president is the president of the senate. However, both houses must approve a bill before it becomes a law. The house has more powers that are related to taxation. However, the senate must approve any bill touching on taxation before it is made a law. The senate has more powers in matters related to approval of executive and judicial appointees. The senate has the power to impeach a government official on grounds of bribery, treason, serious crimes, and misdemeanors. The executive was given considerable powers, but it was under close supervision of the legislature. The main role of the executive is to executive laws formulated by the legislature. In the US, the president and his or her deputy are elected through the Electoral College. Upon successful elections, the president has the powers to appoint secretaries to head various departments. Some secretaries are expected to advise the president directly on matters affecting the state. Howev
Introduction We all know that for one to thrive in the business world, change is paramount. Management has to develop new initiatives and catch up with the rapid technological and socio-economic advancements in order to stay ahead of the competition. There are various theories and models recommended to corporate managers on how they can handle organizational change. However, in implementing organizational change in practice, especially where a large-scale organization is involved, can be challenging and complex and if not handled properly, it can be disastrous to the whole organization. This paper discusses practical implementation of organizational change in a large-scale business. General Motors Corporation will be analyzed by looking into the various changes it has undergone through and problems resolved as well as recommendations on new changes that could be carried out to enable it retain its competitive advantage in the industry. The GM adopted the overall structure organizational change model in implementing its changes. Implementing organizational change General Motors Corporation Organizational Changes The GM recently changed its traditional organizational model from being decentralized to a more centralized and unified one. The traditional model was characterized by a hierarchical structure of management and leadership. Jobs are arranged into independent functional departments. “GM was divided into different independent automakers…each independent automaker was operated differently and competing with each other,” (Kenly85 2009). The new model, however, does not have independent departments but rather consists of a team and individual employees all focusing on a common organizational goal. This model was adopted to respond to problems such as harmonization of workers. The staff required to develop a central set of skills by learning from each other’s designs of work as well as improve communication amongst themselves so as to work as a team rather than as autonomous individuals. The management revised its management to respond to the declined demand for medium and high-priced cars which had been created by the depression. A new management staff was put in place at the five-car division with the operational committee being dissolved and the executive committee eliminated. “In order to cut costs, the divisions had to share frames, chassis and other parts. This meant that productions and designing cars would entail cooperation and coordination among the four divisions,” (Spector, 2010). This resulted into reduced operation costs and streamlined management system. Further, it was deemed necessary to reorganize the general office. The office was now empowered to oversee the operational and overall financial decisions. The top executive basically made all the major financial decisions in the organization. This is because financial decisions are very important to the future success of an entity through prospective policies and procedures. This made it a requirement to include general executives with special knowledge in prospective policies in decision making concerning financia
Plato hated the Sophists because they were interested in achieving wealth, fame and high social status. Plato noted that the sophists were not philosophers. He claimed that the sophists were selling the wrong education to the rich people. He described them as “hunters of the young people and money”, “traders of false knowledge” and “athletes in a sport of words”. The methods of teaching that the sophists portrayed in Athens were in conflict with Plato’s school of thought. According to Plato’s arguments, the sophists did not teach “the true knowledge” because their interest was not to build knowledge or share it with others. Instead, they wanted to fill their classes with wealthy students in order to make money. Their teaching was based on ‘opinions of things’. Plato thought this method was rhetorical rather than philosophical. According to Plato, the Sophists wanted to make their students believe in public opinion instead of providing them with knowledge. The rhetoric teachings of the sophists contradicted with Plato’s philosophy. This issue formed the foundation of Plato’s hatred for the sophists. For instance, the sophists based their teachings on issues such as power, relationships, truth and manipulation. On the other hand, Plato’s view was that rhetoric had the potential to cause “both good and harm”. However, he believed that there was a sense of moral responsibility. He thought that morality was the most important and essential aspect in life. According to him, morality is the universal good that humans must discover through language. Plato’s criticism of the sophists is based on three questions that he formulated. First, he questions the identity of rhetoric. Secondly, he argued that rhetoric was misleading the society because it was not based on knowledge. Thirdly, Plato believed that the morals of the society were being destroyed by the persuasions made by the sophists. To address these questions, Plato noted that the sophists were using a rhetoric approach rather than philosophy. Therefore, they failed to provide the actual and adequate view of justice. For instance, the Sophists taught ‘Doxa” or public opinion. However, it is worth noting that Doxa is based on persuasions. Thus, the sophists aim was to persuade rather than find justice. Secondly, the sophists failed to apply episteme or true knowledge. They were interested in persuading their students based on public opinions. Therefore, they failed to discover the epistemic truth, which compromised law and justice. Arguably, a person cannot use public opinion to provide justice. Instead, knowledge must be used to provide justice. Moreover, Plato hated the sophists because they claimed that they were teaching justice, yet they did not have the required knowledge to teach. According to Plato, justice is knowledge that can only be achieved through dedication and thorough study. For an individual to discover justice, he must employ deep thought, scholarship and virtues. He stated that the Sophists did not consider this aspect of justice. Instead
There are many advertising theories that show how the advertisement of products should be carried out (Mecca 2011). Among all these theories, the order of effects remains the same. In advertising, the sequence or the order of effects is commonly known as the hierarchy of effects . These are the activities that can be explained using a pyramid, as they start from the lower level, i.e. awareness to purchase level which progresses from subsequent objectives. This hierarchy of effect starts with awareness, knowledge, liking, preference, conviction, and purchase (Mecca 2011). Fig 1. The hierarchy of effects (Mecca 2011) Awareness In the first place, consumers cannot purchase products that they are not aware of. The producer must make the product known to his targeted market audience when it is introduced to the market for the first time. This targeted market may be from the market segment of his choice with regard to the nature of his product(s). The brand name of the product should be made focal to the potential buyers, but not capture the attention of the potential buyer only. Knowledge Final buyers will have to know the meaning of the brand name. This involves the act of creating brands awareness. At this level, the potential buyers of the product have to know the appeals of the product and the main benefits retrieved from them. Consumers also need to know how the new product is different from the competitor’s brands. Liking The next stage involves carrying out an outside-in strategy to find out how the targeted consumers or users feel about the product. This involves finding out if targeted buyers like the product. If they appear to react unfavorably to the product, the producer or the communicator should find out why. If the product’s problem can be rectified, it should be fixed and the renewed version of the product should be communicated. Preference The preference of a product by the people varies from person to person. The targeted buyers may like the product but fail to prefer it to the existing products (Mecca 2011). This makes it necessary for the salesperson to improve the consumer’s preference by quality, the value of the product, performance of the total product, packaging which seems beautiful and attractive to the consumers, among other consumer preferenc
Summary This project is aimed at the exploration of two organizations based in Abu Dhabi and Dubai to research their attitudes towards customer satisfaction. The organizations selected for this project are Abu Dhabi Quality and Conformity Council and Dubai Police. To collect information for the analysis, the members of our team reached out to several representatives of both organizations. Focused interviews with open-ended questions were conducted with the aforementioned professionals. A substantial body of information was gathered and analyzed. The interpretation of this data helped to conclude the attitudes towards customer satisfaction in quality-oriented organizations. Introduction Many contemporary organizations and business and management experts are focused on the exploration of customer satisfaction and factors that may influence it. This is the case because customer satisfaction is known to be linked to customer loyalty – a tendency that is highly beneficial for the success of a particular organization in its industry (Ilieska, 2013). Moreover, customer satisfaction is also connected to the overall organizational performance as it may impact the way this organization is perceived by its existing and potential clients (Ambroz & Praprotnik, 2008). As a result, taking all measures necessary to maintain customer satisfaction at a high level is a duty of every customer-oriented organization regardless of the industry in which it operates. Two large organizations based in Dubai and Abu Dhabi were selected for this research project. It was particularly important for the two organizations to be involved in the provision of services to many different clients. This is why the choice of our team fell on Abu Dhabi Quality and Conformity Council and Dubai Police. These organizations are well-known and respected establishments with very large and diverse customer bases. Their performance is driven by their public image which is formed primarily based on the perceptions of their customers. The performance of the Abu Dhabi Quality and Conformity Council and Dubai Police is tightly connected to the impressions of the quality of their services and the behavior of service providers that the clients witness daily. As a result, a conclusion can be made that the leaders and managers of the two organizations selected for this project take customer satisfaction very seriously and make it one of the highest priorities for their employees. For this researc