ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Aspirin The chemical nature of aspirin is that it is acetylsalicylic acid (ASA), which is a synthetic derivative of salicylic acid. Aspirin is an analgesic that falls in the group of drugs called non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Aspirin is a common analgesic that has numerous functions. The major functions of aspirin comprise the treatment of pain, inflammation, fever, stroke, blood clot, and heart attack. In its mechanism of action, Chan (2015) explains that aspirin irreversibly binds to cyclooxygenase, which is an enzyme that synthesizes thromboxanes and prostaglandins. Fundamentally, aspirin irreversibly inactivates cyclooxygenase by acetylating serine residue in its active site. The reduced synthesis of prostaglandins prevents the brain from receiving information of pain and inflammation while the reduced synthesis of thromboxanes hinders the formation of blood clots. Figure 1: Aspirin Structure. Acetaminophen The chemical nature of Acetaminophen (Paracetamol) indicates that it is a synthetic and non-opioid analgesic derived from p -aminophenol. Acetaminophen is a mild analgesic because its major functions include treatment of pain and fever. It treats mild to moderate pain such as back pain, osteoarthritis pain, headache, postoperative pain, and cancer pain. Essentially, Acetaminophen is a mild analgesic because it has no anti-inflammatory activity. The mechanism of action reveals that Acetaminophen acts by selectively inhibiting cyclooxygenase-2, hence, preventing the synthesis of prostaglandins. Essentially, Acetaminophen binds to the active site of cyclooxygenase-2 and causes its inactivation (Hinz & Brune, 2014). Consequently, inactivated cyclooxygenase-2 fails to convert arachidonic acid into prostaglandin H 2 . The overall effect is that the concentration of prostaglandins decreases resulting in the inhibited transmission of pain and lowered fever. Figure 2: Acetaminophen Structure. Ibuprofen Ibuprofen is a synthetic analgesic, which is a derivative of isobutylphenylpropanoic acid and belongs to a group of drugs called non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. As an analgesic, Ibuprofen relieves fever and pain and treats inflammation. The common uses of Ibuprofen are relieving pain associated with menstruation, rheumatoid arthritis, and migraines. Since Ibuprofen is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it inactivates cyclooxygenase, which is an enzyme that synthesizes prostaglandins. It is a non-selective inhibitor of cyclooxygenase in that it inhibits both cyclooxygenase 1 and 2. Fundamentally, cyclooxygenase catalyzes the conversion of arachidonic acid to prostaglandin H 2, which is a precursor to all other forms of prostaglandins (Bushra, & Aslam, 2010). Reduced concentration of prostaglandins inhibits transmission of pain while the reduced concentration of thromboxane prevents th
Introduction World Vision Australia is a non-governmental organisation, which operates as a branch of the World Vision International Partnership. As a Christian organisation, the WVA’s mission is to eradicate poverty and its causes. The organisation has established its operations in over 90 countries. The organisation pursues its mission through the provision of relief, policy advocacy and change, the promotion of social justice, and personal growth. WVA is undertaking over 900 projects aimed at empowering local communities. Globally, the organisation helps over 2 million children annually. Despite the WVA’s commitment to eliminating poverty and its causes, the organisation is experiencing a major problem due to economic changes. WVA mainly sources its funds from donations offered by the Australian public. However, due to the 2007/8 global economic recession, WVA has experienced stagnation in the rate of giving from the public over the past 5 years. According to Scaife, McDonald, and Smllie (2011), giving amongst the wealthier Australians is relatively lower as compared to other countries. According to DFNS (2015), between 2007 and 2008, the number of high net-worth giving declined from 169,000 to 129,000, which represents a 23.4% decline. The reduction in the rate of giving has continued. Between 2011 and 2014, the on-going pledge programs in Western Australia declined from 20% to 11% ( DFNS, 2015). This paper reviews the available literature review on the current trends with reference to charitable giving in Australia. Literature review Australia’s economic performance A study conducted by DFNS (2015) shows that giving to non-governmental organisations [NGOs] increased significantly from 1999 to 2004. However, the performance declined considerably, as illustrated by graph 1 below. Graph 1: Performance declined considerably Source: (DFNS, 2015). Most Australians have experienced significant improvements in their purchasing power over the past decade, which has arisen from the country’s economic growth. According to Trading Economics (2015), Australia’s Gross Domestic Product [GDP] increased from US$ 348.54 billion in 1960 to US$1,560.60 billion in 2013. Its GDP is estimated to account for 2.52% of the global economy. Graph 2 below illustrates the trend in the country’s GDP. Graph 2: The trend in the country’s GDP. Source: (Trading Economics, 2015). The Queensland Government Australia (2014) emphasises that Australia’s economy ranks amongst the most resilient to economic cycles in the world. From the graph, it is evident that the country’s GDP was relatively low between 2007 and 2008. However, the economy has rebounded over the past few years, as illustrated by graph 2 above. Growth in the country’s GDP has been spurred by the positive economic performance in the different economic sectors. Some of the most important economic sectors in the country include tourism, mining, and the agricultural sector. These sec
Company background Hewlett-Packard is a private limited company that operates in the US diversified computer systems industry. The firm was established in 1939 and managed to attain a global presence. Its headquarters are located at Palo Alto, California. The firm specializes in designing and manufacturing various computer products such as software, hardware devices, data storage devices, and networking. To maximize its sales revenue, HP markets its products to both individual and institutional customers. HP has incorporated direct and indirect product distribution methods. The firm has partnered with major technology vendors, office-supply retailers, consumer-electronics suppliers and software partners in different parts of the world. Additionally, the firm has also integrated online distribution which has enabled it to be effective in distributing its digital products. Vision and mission statements In the course of its operation, HP views change as a source of the business opportunity that can stimulate its growth. As a result, the firm is focused on utilizing its financial and human capital capabilities in designing and developing innovative technology solutions that will continually satisfy its customers. Moreover, HP is committed to delivering value to its customers by offering high-quality products and services. As a result, the firm has managed to develop a high level of customer loyalty (“HP: Investor relations” par.1). Description of any unusual event disclosed to shareholders Currently, HP’s common outstanding stocks amount to 2 billion shares. On 21 st March 2013, HP’s management team announced to the firm’s shareholders’ regarding the Board of Directors intends to increase the quarterly dividend paid to investors with a margin of 10%. This will increase the quarterly dividend issued to shareholders to $0.1452 per share. The increase is expected to be effected in May 2013 (“HP: Investor relations” par. 2). HP faces intense competition from Dell Incorporation. This paper entails a comparative report of HP’s and Dell’s Incorporation. The report focuses on the two firm’s financial performances. Financial analysis Common size analysis This analysis is used to analyze the performance of a firm over a certain period for example 5 years (Courtney& Briggs 63). The common size income statement illustrated below shows that HP has experienced both positive and negative financial performance over the past few five years. For example, the firm’s gross profit declined from $ 29,726 million dollars in 2009 to $27,972 million in 2012. The decline may have resulted from an increment in the intensity of competition, especially from smartphones and tablets. On the other hand, the firm’s operating expense increased from $ 18,437 million in 2010 to $ 39,029 million in 2012. The firm has also experienced a similar performance about its net income as illustrated by the chart below.                                 Amount in a million $                                 2008                   2009     2010     2011
Populations I and II stars are two broad classifications used by astronomers to group stars and stellar assemblages by the abundance of heavy elements (“Star Populations” 2369). The property that is being used to classify star populations is metallicity, which is “the proportion of the stellar mass made up of chemical elements other than hydrogen and helium” (“Star Populations” 2369). According to this classification, star populations with mass fraction of metals or elements that are heavier than hydrogen and helium that is similar to that of the Sun fall into the category of Population I, and those that have mass fractions of heavy elements that are significantly lower than that of the Sun are classified as Population II (“Star Populations” 2369). Star metallicities range from 10 percent to 300 percent of the Sun metallicity for Population I stars and from 0.1 percent to 10 percent of the solar value for Population II stars (COSMOS). Star populations with negligible abundances of metals are referred to as Population III stars. Given that stars’ properties can be placed on a continuum, sometimes it is difficult to classify them according to their metallicities. Therefore, astronomers also classify stellar populations according to their photometric properties. It is generally believed that Population III stars were the first group of stellar populations that evolved in the Universe under the condition of only hydrogen and helium being present in the composing gas, which fills interstellar medium (“Star Populations” 2349). The evolution of this medium is triggered by various forces and processes such as supersonic turbulence, the gravitational force, magnetic field, and angular momentum among others. In the framework of the standard cosmological model, “primeval matter emerged from Big Bang as a mixture of H and He with negligible quantities of elements heavier than Li” (Miglio et al. 156). Taking into consideration the fact that there are no known stars with zero metal content, Population III stars had masses higher than 1M (Miglio et al. 156). It means that in terms of initial mass function, they were substantially different from the present ones. At the time of their explosion as supernovae, they introduced various chemical elements into the medium within galaxies, thereby giving rise to Population II stars. Within the Milky Way galaxy, meta- poor star populations can be mainly found in the halo (“Star Populations” 2369). It should be noted that light metals that dominate the abundance ratios of Population II stars can only be formed in Type II supernovae explosions; therefore, it is believed that they were created in approximately the first billion years of the formation history (COSMOS). If one were to look in the sky today, they would discover that metal-poor group of s
Introduction The traditional way of improving the community health level is organizing health fairs and providing educational interventions for the people of concern. However, recent research shows that there are significant correlations between community self-reported health and the unemployment rate of a community (Bambra & Eikemo, 2018). Unemployment affects mental health, increases suicide, and other causes of mortality rates provoke long-term illnesses, and are associated with a higher prevalence of risky health behavior (Bambra & Eikemo, 2018). The present paper provides reasons for giving up traditional health interventions for joining and supporting the initiative to increase job openings to increase the community’s County Health Rankings. Impact on Mental Health The initiative to increase the number of job offerings instead of spending money on health fairs and educational programs can positively affect the mental well-being of the community. According to Strandh, Winefield, Nilsson, and Hammarström (2014), job loss is connected to with deteriorating mental health in all age groups. Moreover, the longer a person stays unemployed, the more adverse are the consequences of the matter. The common impacts of staying with a job for an extended period are apathy, risky behavior, suicide, and depression (Bambra & Eikemo, 2018). The risk of suicide among unemployed men is almost two times higher if compared to the employed population (Strandh et al., 2014). While some of the consequences of the matter tend to develop throughout patients’ lives, most of the adverse effects do not linger after re-employment (Strandh et al., 2014). Therefore, the dedication of the hospital board towards increasing the number of job openings can let the community member avoid the long-term mental problems induced by unemployment. Long-Term Illness and Unemployment In addition to problems with mental health, unemployed people have an increased chance of acquiring chronic illnesses. According to Bambra and Eikemo (2018), the risk of reporting chronic illnesses is 1.5-2.5 times higher depending on the number of times a person was left without a job, and the unemployment period duration. Apart from emotional reasons for the matter, there also is an objective explanation of the emergence of long-term illnesses. Financial hardships after a job loss usually lead to deprivation in infrastructure, educational and labor market opportunities, and availability of healthy foods (Brydsten, Gustafsson, Hammarström, & San Sebastian, 2017). Moreover, unemployment is commonly associated with losing health insurance that can negatively
Tax Evasion or Tax Avoidance Asha’s action constitutes tax avoidance which is not a crime. Tax avoidance is the lawful exploitation of the income tax system to one’s personal advantages, towards reduction of the total amount of income tax that is owed or payable, through legally acceptable means (Slemrod 63). On the other hand, tax evasion refers to deliberate efforts that are aimed at ensuring one does not pay legally liable taxes (Slemrod 63). The taxable income of 2007 puts Asha in the thirty-three percent marginal tax bracket. Her decision to purchase new equipment for her business constitutes investment for the business, meaning it wouldn’t be taxable. A special election allows Asha to treat the $25,000, which is the cost of the equipment as a current period expense of (year 2007 up to the end of year i.e. business year which is a period of twelve months). This means she would be exempted from paying extra tax that is to be in a lower tax bracket come next year, 2008 which is the continuation of the year of income i.e. business year. She is entitled for tax deduction if the equipment purchased is for producing income for the business and in this case the equipment has to be capitalized in the year of purchase (2007). She therefore qualifies for a tax deduction which described as a diminution of a taxpayer’s overall revenue that decreases the total amount of cash used in calculating the tax owed (Slemrod 72). As a certified public accountant I would therefore prepare and sign her tax return because the Statements of Standards for Tax Services (SSTS) 2a states, “a member should not recommend that a tax return position be taken with respect to any item unless the member has a good faith belief that the position has a realistic possibility of being sustained administratively or judicially on its merits if challenged” (TaxExecutiveCommittee). Therefore, am justified to prepare and sign Asha tax return as she has filed tax returns that are accurate since I am sure this position cannot be challenged since it doesn’t contravene accounting principles and standards. Conor and Schneider Positions The position taken by Mr. Conor is tax evasion which is a crime and subject to charges and significant penalties (Slemrod 64). The purchase of artworks for home and office use does not constitute business as this is a personal expense and should not be treated as tax deductible expenses. Only those expenses that are meant to yield income for the business should be deducted for tax purposes; thus, any form of gifts to employee would not qualify for tax deductable expenses. Based on the case study it seems Mr. Conor has been doing this for several years which shows frequency of misconduct. Mr. Schneider did not comply with the professional norms of conduct as spelled out by the various relevant bodies such as Certified Public Accountants Statement on Standards for Tax Services of conduct and Internal Revenue Service circular 230 (InternalRevenueService.gov). Schneider who is the certified publi
Introduction Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a chronic and severe disease of the nervous system that affects people in their early adulthood. It is characterized by chronic exacerbation, with remising symptoms that leads to disability. The number of people affected by this disease is increasing, especially in the western world. The cause of the disease remains known. Patients face an array of challenges in their life because almost 98% of them proceed towards disability (Compston & Coles 2008). In addition, there is no cure for the disease. Comprehensive and complementary medicine (CAM) provides different and effective approaches to manage multiple sclerosis. Studies have shown that the prevalence of using CAM throughout the world varies significantly from one country to another (Kuhle et al 2007). For instance, in Spain, around 41% people use CAM, while the number is quite high in Canada (70%) and Australia (82%) (Rosati 2001). This report provides a detailed description of ‘Best Diet’ as an effective CAM for providing relief to patients of multiple sclerosis (MS). Description of Best Diet as a CAM method for MS ‘Best diet’ attempts to provide an alternative way of managing MS in patients. Ashton Embry first described this method in 1996 (Farinotti, Simi, Di Pietrantonj, et al 2007). The method has two major components that define its process. First, the patient must avoid “potential problem” foods. “Potential problem” is a term used in reference to those foodstuffs that contain some proteins similar to those found in myelin sheath of human nerve cells (Farinotti, Simi, Di Pietrantonj, et al 2007). In biomedical science, myelin proteins are attacked by the body’s immune system, causing the disease (Olsen 2009). As such, it is necessary to avoid these foods, which include dairy products such as milk and milk products- yoghurt, butter, cheese and others. Gluten foods such as products of wheat, barley and rye contain myelin proteins (Olsen 2009). Leguminous cereals such as beans, peas, peanuts, soybeans and their products must be avoided. Although sugar does not contain myelin proteins, it is important to avoid refined sugar because it promotes inflammation (Olsen 2009). Other sweeteners such as honey, stevia and syrup are recommended instead. Eggs and yeast should be taken in limited amounts (Olsen 2009). The second aspect of the process involves taking large quantities of minerals, vitamins and herbal supplements in the diet (Vieth 2009). Specifically, certain vitamins are very important for this CAM. For instance, vitamin D3 is the most critical aspect of Best Diet CAM (Vieth 2009). Cholecalciferol (vitamin D3) should be taken in quantities of 2000IU per day during summer but the quantity should increase to 4000IU per day in winter (Vieth 2009). The patients are then teste
Introduction A family supper is a short story written by Kazao Ishiguro, a well-renowned Japanese writer known for his tactful inclusion of emotions and his preferential use of widespread symbolism in his work. The family supper is an example of his distinct writing style that holds deeper meaning and significance as a form of creative writing. The plot, character analysis and setting reflect a range of themes that reside throughout the story (Das 12). The story is set in Kamakura district, in modern day Tokyo, Japan. The region was synonymous with the well-known Samurai Japanese tribe. According to Beardsley and Smith (23), the Samurai tribe upheld the rich and traditional Japanese culture that had been passed down many generations. The age-old traditions provided a social balance in the Japanese community as individuals could easily relate with different situations without compromising the status-quo. The participation of Japan in the World War II led to the introduction of new rules that threatened to upset the familiar Japanese culture (Prasol 38). The war changed perceptions of traditions as well as roles of individuals in the society. This situation rocked the quiet country as individuals sought to find their place in the new society under new sets of rules. As expected, this change did not augur well with the older generation who sought to cling to the old and familiar Japanese culture. The Japanese history explained above is vital for understanding the basis of the story as presented in this paper. Thesis statement : The acceptance of change is vital for the survival of individuals in the society. Summary The story involves three main characters, the narrator, his father and Kikuki, his sister. The narrator returns home to Tokyo for an uncertain period of time after spending 17 years in California. The story is presented in form of an alternate dialogue between two characters. The narrator returns home to join his family for a special supper organized by his father. The family was meeting for the first time after the death of the narrator’s mother. The story begins with the recognition of ‘fugu’, a Japanese term for blowfish or puff fish. The narrator makes a special mention of the fish as a result of his unfortunate encounter following the death of his mother from partaking in the meal. His mother did not like fugu but was anxious to please her friend from school. The narrator did not keep in contact with his family and from his visit, he comes to learn that his father’s partner of 17 years, Watanabe, had commited suicide and killed his entire family in the process. His father identifies him as a man of principle and honor. His father’s firm collapses as a resulf of foreign intrusion as the two partners do not manage to cope with their demands. As a result, he retires and takes up a hobby in ship-building that helps him reminisce of his time as a war veteran. He also tries to convince the narrator to come back to Tokyo and live with him in the big house. The narrator is non-commital, althou