ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Christianity is undeniably one of the most influential faiths in the world today. A number of reasons account for this immense influence. Besides the fact that it has been around for quite a long time, the foundation that is set by a selection of books that constitute the Holy Scripture has been a major attraction for people. The Bible is as organized as any book can get. This position was made even more effective by the timeless nature of the content in the scripture. The absence of competition made Christians to believe that the books contained in the Bible were the only one available and therefore the Christian story was of authoritative and foolproof singularity. But this has changed due to the sudden appearance of competing texts that contain not only convincing but well articulated positions that mirror the earlier ones. The Nag Hammadi Library tops the list of these new texts. The subtle but yet profound differences have led to the questioning of the foundation of Christianity. How has this happened? The initial story that nearly every Christian knows is that people who were inspired by the Holy Ghost authored the biblical books. What about the other texts that have appeared? Did different people author them? Did the Holy Ghost also inspire the authors of these new texts? Why were their texts left out? Why do they not contain dramatically opposing views that would have warranted their banishment? These are some of the questions that modern Christians have to deal with when looking at the Christian faith. The fact that these books are not outwardly offensive, but have details that are nearly similar to those in the established scripture leads to questions of fairness, honesty and objectivity in the canonization of scripture. For example, it is difficult to understand why the gospel of Thomas that is now part of the Hag Hammadi library was left out of scripture. In such circumstances, the question that comes up is a whether the Christianity that the world has known all along is the true Christianity or the Christianity that is being spoken about in the emerging texts such as the Nag Hammadi. Besides the above, the troubled history of Christianity and the presence of different bibles for different Christian churches add to the complication thus raising further doubt on the aspect of true Christianity. There are times when Christians were subjected to inhuman conditions as well as times when some Christian churches subjected humanity to torture especially during the times of the reformation within the Roman Catholic Church. Such happenings lead to questions of whether some influential elements in the Christian faith may have chosen to do away with certain parts of scripture that never supported their agenda; a move that may have prompted other figures to protect by hiding what is now being discovered. Would this be the way the Gnostic texts ended up being buried? There is also the presence of the Apocryphal books of the Roman Cathol
When the course stated, I never knew the difference between bibliographies and annotated bibliographies. My assumption was that writers use the same format while preparing both type of bibliographies. However, from our first lesson, the initial description of annotated bibliography by the instructor showed that it requires a brief description of each reference. The description helps each reader understand the relevance, accuracy, and quality of each reference used to prepare a document. Our weekly lessons and course book highlight the importance of choosing the right reference. By choosing the best references it becomes easy to describe their relevance and importance in the written document. This is the main reason why I cherry pick my reference list even when using different formats to represent my references. Each reader always wonders whether all references listed at the end of a paper were actually used to prepare the document. Annotated bibliography helps since it offers a brief paragraph on the relevance and quality of each reference. However, there are still unclear factors when it comes to annotated bibliographies. How does a writer offer annotation on a mathematical reference? One of my potential sources for the argument research essay is titled “Lessons from corporate influence in the opioid epidemic”. The journal was authored by Jonathan H. Marks and published in 2020 (Marks, 2020). The journal is better compared to the other available journals as it tries to establish the relationship between pharmaceutical companies and the opioids epidemic. It looks at how corporate marketing of various pharmaceuticals has influenced the opioid pandemic (Marks, 2020). The journal highlights how institutional and societal cultures leads to partnerships with industries through the promotion of products without understanding their impact on society. The journal covers the opioids issues currently affecting society. This includes pain management which eventually leads to opioids abuse. This information is relevant in identifying the cause of the opioids crisis and how it affects society. The information used in the journal comes from medical publication and other reliable sources. I had to read through the journal 3 times before identifying the main issues being addressed in the document. As a result, I gained more insight on the source of the opioids pandemic. Reference Marks, J.H. (2020). Lessons from corporate influence in the opioid epidemic: Toward a norm of separation . Journal of Bioethical Inquiry , 17 (2), 173-189.
Abstract Every independent institution’s survival depends on the incoming funds from the investors. Obviously, a single institution has to compete with other competitors in the field of free investments that exist within a system that pursues primarily liberal values. The fact of receiving investments from a single source is a show of trust from that very source. Trust embodies the confidence that lies in your performance, effectiveness, and, more importantly, superiority among the rest, as well as the future growth the institution can offer. If one falls short in terms of its performance compared to the rest on the market, this faith will vanish very quickly. Along with it will disappear, the money it brought and the business that inevitably depends on it will come to an end. Recently, unexpected news has been discovered by one of the insiders. The school has learned that it is going to have its funds cut by 10 percent in the nearest future. The school’s administration had demanded that the people responsible for the actual policies take measures in order to identify the reasons for such dramatic changes to the budget income. This paper will present the analysis of the current situation, as it needs to be resolved in the shortest time to avoid the negative consequences of the current state. Introduction As the school is facing its direst times due to the cut in funds that have been announced recently, the system has to undergo specific changes in order to ensure the survival of our institution. One of the possible reasons for the investors to pull back their investments could be the fact that our school staff is no longer capable of providing their students with the proper level of education. This lack of professionalism is due to the inability to function as a whole group of workers and psychological pressure applied to all staff members, which can be unsurprising, knowing the work they have to handle. As a means to better the circumstances the school is inevitably going to find itself in, the council has prepared an analysis of the actual situation of matters. Alongside, the reader will find the list of possible solutions that are believed to lead to improvements in the working environment and, therefore, their efforts’ overall results. This information will be presented as a new school policy that the administration should apply to all staff activity spheres. Changes Regarding the Staff First and foremost, it should be clear what attracts the investors’ attention that the school is currently lacking. Indeed, as the primary function of any education organization is the ability to give knowledge to its students, the most important quality of any school is the professional personnel that forms the essence
Introduction The term flexibility of language is used to describe its ability to alter responding to new conditions and satisfying the existing demands. Besides, native speakers could be considered the main contributors to the creation of new forms and meanings (Yan & Vaseghi, 2010). Being the main agents who speak the language and affect its further evolution and alteration, they are legally entitled to the introduction of new forms into the language. Thus, the language is an ever-changing phenomenon that is impacted by the environment. The great pace of life introduces the tendency towards new short forms and shifts of meanings of various parts of speech. For instance, native speakers could easily change the existing rules to introduce the new meanings or emphasize a certain part of a sentence ( The English language , n.d.). Furthermore, their flexibility concedes significant alterations of rules that determine the functioning of the language. Altogether, native speakers flexibility conditions the appearance of the new forms and promotes the evolution of the language which is crucial for its survival and existence. Examples of the language flexibility Speaking about the flexibility of language, it is possible to provide numerous examples that evidence the existence of some forms and meanings of the same word. Yet, one accepts the fact that representatives of various communities and locations have different peculiarities of pronunciation, speech tempo, accent, etc. (Dewaele, 2015) However, considering these differences in terms of the language flexibility, it is possible to admit the fact that people from various regions might introduce absolutely opposite meanings to the same words ( Ghorshi, Vaseghi, & Yan, 2008). For instance, central regions tend to verbalize any part of the word to introduce some additional meaning or emphasize the existing one (Cheung & Sung, 2016). A noun party could be used as the verb meaning to have a party, etc. ( The English language , n.d). Furthermore, there are various approaches to adverbs used in the flow of speech. People from different regions might use any part of speech to introduce the new meaning ( The English language , n.d). That is why it is possible to state the existence of various forms conditioned by the peculiarities of a certain location (Loots & Niesler, 2012). Conclusion Altogether, speaking about the term flexibility in terms of the English language, there are several important concerns. First, the existence of new forms results from the ever-changing character of language and the great impact of the modern environment. The appearance of the new forms tends to provide native speakers with the means to express their feelings. Additionally, there are numerous peculiarities of the language that come from regional characteristics and peculiarities of local speech (Ladegaard, 1998). Flexibility should be considered the most important aspect of the modern language that guarantees its ability to describe the modern world and fit the mo
Introduction: African Diasporas Around the World In the modern world, the process of culture fusion is no longer a miracle – due to immigration and emigration, cultures and national traits are mixed in the most unbelievable fashion, which leads to the development of completely new traditions. However, it is important to keep in mind that it is not only the cultural backdrop of the new location that shapes the specifics of a certain diaspora, but also the attitudes which the local people shape towards the newcomers, as well as the political aspects of the given state. Because of years of colonialism and racial capitalism, the African diasporic culture has shaped a rather vague idea of collective consciousness and deviated considerably from its racial identity. Racial Capitalism and African Diasporic Culture: Against Prejudices There is no doubt that retaining the national specifics in the atmosphere of a completely different culture and absolutely different traditions is incredibly hard. No matter how strong and solid the diaspora is, it has to take into account the ideas and principles of the country which the given diaspora is located in, which affects the recognition of the national identity. Thus, even with all the integrity that the African diasporas have, they have been affected by the principles of the states which they were located in. The given phenomenon presumably has had a negative effect on the African diasporas, according to Clarke and Thomas: “global capitalism and its development models are destroying cultural diversity and creating a monoculture,’ – they “identify ‘Americanization’ as solely imperialist and nonnegotiable” (Clarke and Thomas 346). Still, it has to be admitted that the above-mentioned idea of the impact which capitalistic postulates have had on the culture in the African diasporas is rather radical; as Clarke and Thomas explain, capitalism had both the negative and the positive effect on the diasporas. For instance, in Jamaican African diasporas, capitalism enhanced the promotion of the Black culture: “This emphasis on capitalism and consumerism has, more recently, been linked to the elevation of a racial identity” (Clarke and Thomas 348). As an economic strategy which the African people are not quite familiar with, capitalism has offered the Western model of development with no regard as to the specifics of African culture whatsoever. At the same time, however, capitalism has opened a range of new opportunities for the African diasporas, which means that the latter can possibly make efficient use of some of the Western ideas. Colonialism and African Diasporic Culture: The Question of Power Knowing the true reasons behind immigration shape one’s personality a lot. There is no secret to anyone that the African population left the continent being enslaved. As a result, two adages pervade the collective consciousness of the older African Diasporas of transatl
Introduction All professions are important as existing in this world people of different professions make our life easier and happier. Turning to physical therapists, it should be mentioned that it is not a simple profession, it is a vocation. People who have chosen a profession of a physical therapist are really brave and generous people. Physical therapists help people live, they make their life free of pain and full of other emotions; moreover physical therapists give their patients not only knowledge and skills they obtained but also their souls and hearts. Physical Therapist, Definition, Purpose and Functions A physical therapist is a person who gives people hope live further without pain and suffering. Being more concrete, a physical therapist focuses his/her attention on people’s care by evaluating and assessing patients with orthopedic concerns and provides their physical rehabilitation. Even though, helping people corporeally, physical therapists’ responsibilities are much broader as they also perform the functions of teachers. Physical therapists teach people how to behave in order to recover faster and successfully. Often, people’s problems are more mental than physical and being perfect professionals, physical therapists help people both recover physically and reclaim mental health. The functions of people of the discussed profession are numerous. Still, there is the main one, helping people, that in considered to be the most crucial. Personal Feelings on the Physical Therapist Profession Having followed the working day of a physical therapist I have understood that it is not so easy to take such occupation, both mentally and physically. First of all, there is a feeling that physical therapists work without lunches and strict schedules. The physical therapist I followed performed different functions. She often had to work in lunchtime as there was some work that had to be done in time. Moreover, I noticed situations when she had to work for 13 hours and it was necessary to accommodate patients who were running late. It was also difficult to get used to people’s problems mentally. Not every person is able to see people’s pain and understand that nothing essential may be done. Though, it is a real happiness when people sand up and walk. So, only people with strong mind are able to be physical therapists. What Readers Are Expected to Feel After Reading This Paper The main purpose of this paper is to show that the profession of physical therapists is hard both mentally and physically. Still, it is also important that people understand a great value of it. Physical therapist are people who give their patients hope, they care about them, worry with them and always try to encourage for
Introduction The Middle East is a region situated between the western part of Asia and northern Africa. At times this region is also known as the Near East. The history of the region is rich and stretches back into the ancient times. Historically, this region has been the main center of world affairs. This region is well known to be the home for some of the world’s great religions including Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. Middle Eastern countries consist of various cultural and sectarian groups who have lived together in harmony and, somewhat, shared a common geographical, environmental and cultural setting. However, an observer of a number of events present in the Middle East may easily notice serious clashes among some groups which led, in some cases, to armed struggle and produced complexity at various levels. It is observable that the ongoing intervention of external powers and the creation of the state of “Israel” in 1948 have harmfully contributed to the unsteadiness situation in the Middle East on many fronts. As a result of the above-mentioned factors, a controversial view has emerged and popularized. This view claim that the Middle East is not only consisting of varied conflicting cultural groups fighting each other, but also experiencing difficulties in interacting with each other on various levels, including the cultural level (Salzman (b), p 5). This paper will provide a critical analysis of the cultural aspects in the Middle East. Cultural and Sectarian Groups in the Middle East Culture can be defined as a shared set of beliefs, traditions and behaviors that is shaped by various aspects including ethnicity, nationality, religion, and language among other factors. The Middle East consists of well over twenty countries which have different religious, ethnic, and linguistic groups. Despite these variations, the people of the Middle East have common norms and values which are shared among themselves. Previously, the Middle East has been portrayed as a desert region that is characterized by nomadic lifestyle. Also, this region has closely been associated with oil wealth and territorial and religious conflicts. Though this is true about the region, it has to be noted that there are more aspects related to this region. Life in the Middle East is quite complex to be comprehended as simple since there are various variables which influence the way in which people live in this region. It is worth to note that a common thread known to be running through the Middle Eastern society is the importance that has been placed on the family institution and values that emanate from a solid extended family ties such as loyalty, honor and respect (Salzman (b), p 16). The Middle East is characterized by various cultural and sectarian groups. The cultural groups include the Persians, Arabs and the Jews. Predominantly, the Jews are found in Israel whereas the Persians are found in Iran. The Arabs form the bulk of the pe
Introduction Family aggression bothers millions of Americans. Children usually face physical or emotional aggression in families without even knowing what aggression actually means and what effects it may have on further human lifespan development. In this paper, Bronfenbrenner’s ecological systems theory will be used to analyze the problem of family aggression and evaluate the relationships between each system and the chosen issue. Problem Description The peculiar feature of the cases of aggression is the fact that many parents truly believe that their decisions to hit or yell at children are morally correct because such activities help to stop child misbehavior and gain the required control. However, not many parents understand how influential such kind of aggression may be for their children. Numerous forms of aggression and social bullying are observed in schools and colleges (Espelage, 2014). College smoking and rude behavior cases are increased promoting new public health problems (Otsuki, Tinsley, Chao, & Unger, 2008). Therefore, it is necessary to investigate these family cases from different perspectives to realize if there is a solution to this problem and clarify what parents should be ready for if they decide to hit a child. This problem is chosen because it is high time to think about the ways of how parents treat their children and what life lessons they are ready to share with society. Ecological Systems Theory and Human Lifespan Development Some many models and theories can be used to investigate child behavior and its dependence on parental aggression. In the discussion of the chosen problem, it is necessary to understand the context in which parent and child behaviors occur and develop (Brose, Scheibe, & Schmiedek, 2013). Hurd et al. (2013) suggest using Bronfenbrenner’s ecological model according to which the interactions between individuals and contexts shape individual outcomes and changes that may be observed during human lifespan development. Bronfenbrenner was one of those theorists who believed in the distal influences of such environments as a family, school, work, and culture (Sameroff, 2010). The role of the family remains to be crucial in lifespan development in terms of the recognition of personal characteristics and the possibility to develop specific interactions with family members, as well as other people outside the house (Rosa & Tudge, 2013). The impact of this ecological systems theory on human development cannot be ignored or neglected, especially when aggression is discussed in family frames. Elements of the System and Family Aggression According to Bronfenbrenner, there are five primary environmental systems, including microsystems, mesosystems, exosystems, macrosystems, and chronosystems (Espelage, 2014; Griffin et al., 2013). The chosen topic of aggression may be properly interpreted in terms of the microsystem that refers to the groups of people that have an immediate impact on the child’s development. A family is a place where aggression is rooted, and it is the possibility for parents to prov