ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Closely linked to defining leadership is the goal of motivation. Management theory indicates that motivation is characterized by two basic elements. These elements are intrinsic and extrinsic. Intrinsic motivation is a type of motivation that arises within an individual, group, team, or organization. Its execution influences self –actualization and production. On the other hand, extrinsic motivation arises outside an individual or organization under investigation. Attaining external motivation results in what Dyer refers to as social rewards (1973). Dyer (1972) designates three aspects affected by motivation. These are quality, change in the amount, or the direction of performance. Lewin et al (1969) did a comparison between the democratic and authoritarian leaders with laissez-faire. He used supervisors and employees who led individual organizations’ units. Laissez-faire leaders provided employees with materials, support, and freedom of action they needed. However, the supervisors refrained from active involvement in responding to questions when asked by employees. Besides, the supervisors did not make assessment remarks. These aspects differed from autocratic supervisors. An autocratic leader embraces regularity and gives instructions. Similarly, it contrasted with the characteristics of democratic leaders who gave options and inspired subordinates to direct themselves (Lewin et al., 1969). When a group of employees was required to execute a variety of projects on a higher level of laissez-faire control, they lacked organization strategies on the details to be accomplished. On the other hand, when an autocratic leader was followed by a laissez-faire leader, the employees showed sudden uncontrolled actions and were aggressive. This type of behavior is reduced after second and third encounters. Although laissez-faire did not inspire much belligerence, unlike the autocratic, laissez-faire leadership was ostracized because it showed a minimal amount of success, less lucidity on what employees should perform, and fewer employees’ unity. Under the laissez-faire environment, employees were less effective, less organized, and less satisfying compared to employees under a democratic environment. Besides, fewer assignments were accomplished and were of poor quality. Similarly, there was more irritation, incompetence, play, and discouragement in laissez-faire than under democratic leadership. Therefore, Lewin et al asserted that minimal satisfaction was present in laissez-faire than in democratic. Besides, there was little satisfaction in democratic leadership than autocratic (1969). Leadership deeds do not automatically support satisfa
Introduction Exploration had begun long before Christopher Columbus started off. Some studies indicate that the European explorers had discovered the New World before Columbus did in 1492. They note that the explorers of Viking Norsemen had already settled in northeast Canada around 1000 A.D. However, the exploration, or the settlement of the Viking Norsemen, had little effects on the lives of the Native Americans because these explorers soon sailed back across the Atlantic and to Europe. After the age of the Viking Norsemen explorations, the Age of Exploration started at around the fifteenth century until the seventeenth century. Occasionally, some historians refer to this period as the Age of Discovery. It refers to the period when “Europeans began exploring the world by sea in search of trading partners, new goods, and new trade routes”. 1 Other Europeans wanted to discover much information about the new world. The pieces of information these explorers gathered during this period have been useful in enhancing geographical knowledge and understanding the world. We can only attribute this period with advancement and discoveries in human history. Most individual explorers got sponsorship from their own countries. The states wanted to explore and establish themselves in the New World. Every territory the explorers discovered was claimed by the nations as their own, which is the main contribution of the explorers in the wide context during this period. The nations that sponsored their explorers included Spain, England, Portugal, Netherland, and France among others. Factors that favored exploration European explorers became the leading players in the discovery of the New World. There were a number of factors that favored their exploration efforts which included the following. First, growth of commerce and towns in European nations gave incentives for explorations. Europeans looked for goods and luxuries such as spices and gold from Asian countries. They also wanted to show their cultures to others in foreign land. The development of towns led to changes in lifestyles as secular topics dominated, and geography and humanism were among them. Explorers wanted to challenge the existing knowledge in geography. Second, we can also attribute explorations to the religious fervor in Europe. Most of the explorers, including C
History of Kuwait’s Banking Sector Kuwait’s banking system is characterised by stability and a focus on sustainability. Considerable governmental supervision is one of the features of the sector, which has had quite a positive influence on its development (Jeha, 2017). At present, commercial and Islamic banks offer their services in the country, and a trend to the increase in the share of Islamic banks has been recognised (Iqbal & Molyneux, 2016). The political, social, and economic issues the country had to face during the twentieth and twenty-first centuries affected its banking system significantly. The banking sector in the country was established in the middle of the twentieth century, which makes it one of the oldest in the region (Oxford Business Group, 2016). In 1941, British investors set up the Bank of Kuwait and the Middle East (BKME) based on a 30-year concession, and many other banking facilities were opened in the following decades. When the state earned its independence in 1961, substantial changes took place in the sector (El Mallakh, 2019). The government founded the Kuwait Currency Board that focused on the development of the national currency and its management. Prior to the 1960s, Kuwait did not have its currency as people used
Many print advertisements which promote cigarettes, alcohol, sport clothes, and perfume for males present strong men who embody the concept of masculinity. In spite of the fact it is popular today to focus on handsome and rather feminine men in advertisements, the idea of masculinity is widely supported in the media and advertising. In his work, Michael Kimmel focuses on the key claim that the men’s life is regulated by a specific code of masculinity the basic norms of which are to never demonstrate emotions and weakness (Kimmel). This idea is reflected in the Stetson, Djarum Super, and Nike ads. Thus, masculinity is the complex notion which rules the life of men in order to confirm their gender, status, and social position. The Stetson, Djarum Super, and Nike advertisements seem to be about energetic and confident men and about products which contribute to the males’ active behaviors, but these ads are really about the features and qualities which are associated with masculinity and actions of a ‘real man’ according to the definite code of conduct for males. Masculinity is a complex of rules and ideas which are usually followed by men during all their life. It depends on the demonstration of strength and focus on success and victory, the demonstration of aggression and readiness to risk. The physical attractiveness and emotional expressiveness are perceived as the female qualities that is why they are prohibited according to the ‘Guy Code’ or code of masculinity (Kimmel). Men are afraid of being compared with women when it is a result of the other men’s perception. The Stetson advertisement seems to be about a handsome man using the definite perfume. The advertisement to promote the Stetson perfume for males presents a man in a car against the background of the wild nature (“Stetson”). Discussing the visual with the help of the masculinity lens, it is necessary to concentrate on the details which can attract the men’s attention and become associated with masculinity in order to make the potential male customer buy the product. Thus, the man’s appearance is associated with strength because of the accentuated muscles and the definite male face expression with frowning brows. These details help create the image of a masculine man. The man is depicted in a red car, and the color is typically associated with courage and aggression. The background of the visual is the picture of the wild nature which can be connected with the pictures of the American wild territories (“Stetson”). Focusing on the pitch, this advertisement makes the audience believe that the portrayed man can be discussed as the image of the typical American who uses the production of the Stetson company because it emphasizes his masculinity. From this point, the cultural context of the advertisement is presented through the manipulation of the male American’s image. The above-mentioned details allow speaking about the effective usage of the masculinity idea in promotion. According to Kimmel, men are inclined to focus on the images of ‘real men’ during their childhood in order to follow these ideals during their
Though automatism is an incredibly rarely used form of defense, cases continue to occur in which a plea of automatism leads to what can be perceived as both wrongful or fair sentencing. Automatism refers to actions of criminal behavior that have been committed unknowingly or unconsciously by the defendant. Such actions may occur for a number of reasons such as mental conditions, sleep-related issues, and substance-induced behavior. Essentially, automatism defines criminal acts done with lack of voluntariness, lack of culpability, or excuse. In a legal sense, the defendant was not aware of either the actions or the legality of the actions that they committed during their period of automatism. A case in 2002 saw Peter Buck absolved of a number of charges, including assault, due to the judge deciding that Buck’s behavior was of non-insane automatism provoked by the mixture of alcohol and sleeping pills (Ebrahim & Idzikowski, 2017). The prosecution was in disagreement as they believed the cause of Buck’s behavior was simply due to intoxication. Many cases of automatism employ very clear indications, such as in cases of crimes committed due to sleepwalking, while others create a more blurred line between automatism and simple criminal behavior. As such, the following paper will examine the current parameters of automatism as a defense, issues that arise within the use of such a defense, and whether any areas within the sphere of automatism laws require further research. The audience of this paper is likely to include legal professionals such as lawyers, judges, prosecutors, as well as specialists in mental health such as behavioral scientists. It is likely that these groups have diverse backgrounds, demographic features, social, and political beliefs, but are all likely to be within the academic fields of psychiatry, psychology, and the law. Currently, a number of criteria exist in order to properly establish whether a defendant was experiencing automatism during criminal activity. First, the person must not be at fault for the committed crime. This is reflected in cases where defendants may have fallen asleep at the wheel, diabetics who have suffered hypoglycemia during driving, and voluntary or involuntary intoxication, as well as in other specific situations. The first exclusion dictates that individuals may not be responsible for direct consequences of what happens as they are either asleep, overly intoxicated, or otherwise incapacitated, but they are responsible for their prior actions. Second, most jurisdictions create distinctions between ‘sane’ and ‘insane automatism. Cases of ‘insane’ automatism often ascribe an action to an offender’s mental illness
The Military Tribunals initiated in 2002 have triggered criticism regarding their violation of several established procedures. The current administration was inclined on the suspension of the proceedings, but instead re-initiated them, introducing several new complications. Currently, the Tribunals violate several human rights, allow for the undue process, and accept the questionable practices of treating the evidence. The first major violation deals with the rights of the defendant related to the evidence. According to the currently established procedure of most of the states, the accused has the right to gain access to all of the evidence at any time in the process (“Texas Young Lawyers Association and State Bar of Texas” 4). The military tribunals override this right. For instance, during the trials of Ghassan Abdullah al Sharbi, a Saudi accused of war crimes, the prosecution claimed to possess the evidence that was not accessible to the public or the defendant. The reason given for this restriction was the “sensitivity” of the information which, once made available, could potentially compromise national security (Flynn par. 4). While this may sound plausible given the character of the information the military cases deal with and the matters at stake, it also means that the defense has no means of properly defending themselves. While this violation can not be characterized as unconstitutional, as the Constitution does not explicitly require the disclosure, the federal system and most of the state statutes specify the rule. However, another highly controversial topic regarding the evidence used in the Tribunals can be deemed unconstitutional. According to the Fourth Amendment, the evidence can not be obtained as a result of the unreasonable search or seizure (Justia par. 4). The Fifth Amendment also specifies the right to remain silent during interrogation, protecting the defendant from self-incrimination. Both amendments effectively protect the accused from coercive interrogation process. Any evidence or confession that falls under suspicion of being obtained with violation of these rights does not have weight in legal proceedings. This, however, is not the case during Military Tribunals. The case of Omar Khadr features several prominent violations of the Fourth and Fifth Amendments. There is strong evidence backed by Khadr’s statement that his testimonies were extracted under torture and abuse. The interrogations also were conducted immediately after his imprisonment and did not take into account the life-threatening wounds he sustained only several days prior. One of the interrogators also testified of using the “fear up” technique by telling Omar stories of the previo
America is one of the most developed countries in the world that suffers from a shortage of primary care physicians because of difficulties it experiences in finding and maintaining them. The shortage of primary health care physicians has a great relationship with the ever-advancing incidents of serious health conditions in America. To solve its health care problems, America ought to come up with stringent measures at short notice. It ought to come up with amicable measures; measures that could aid in attracting many individuals into the primary health care profession. In addition to health careers being very expensive, most of the people working as primary care physicians in the USA earn the unsubstantial amount of money that bars them from repaying their loans. Thus, it is crucial for the American government to provide additional incentives to persons taking primary care as a career as well as offering a competitive salary to qualified primary care physicians. In doing so, the American government will manage to maintain the primary care physicians in diverse health centers. Through the use of financial incentives, the government of America will also manage to attract primary health care physicians to rural areas that suffer most from a lack of enough personnel. Keeping electronic health records is very expensive. The expense poses a great challenge to primary health care physicians. Therefore, it is crucial for the American government to subsidize the cost of keeping electronic health records. In doing so, they will
Introduction The Australian retail grocery market is composed of the most purchased commodities. This is similar to grocery business in other nations around the globe like the United States and United Kingdom. In Australia, the grocery market has a high number of customers who either purchase these products from chain stores or supermarkets. However, the biggest market shares in the grocery retail market of Australia are held by a few firms. This has brought about competitiveness problems in the market in spite of the government carrying out market regulation (Gans, 2011). This paper thus discusses the grocery retail market of Australia by looking into the problem of market dominance and unhealthy competition in the market. The causes of these problems and measures of addressing the problem are also discussed. Competition in the Grocery Market of Australia The grocery market of Australia has regular customers as it is composed of goods which are consumed by the population each day. In Australia, there are two grocery market sectors, the independent grocery sector and the other sector that is composed of few dominant firms. The biggest share of the grocery market is controlled by the non-independent sector which according to the business statistics of 2010 holds an 80 per cent share while the independent sector holds the remaining 20% market share (Wardle and Baranovic, 2009). For any market system to be flexible in a liberalised market economy, there has to be competition as the main driving force in the economy and or market(s). When the Australian Grocery retail market is looked at, many questions remain pending on whether the market embraces competition. This is so because of the imbalance that is prevalent in that market. The grocery market of Australia is dominated by a few firms, majorly two firms that control more than half of the market share. When there are a few firms controlling the market, that market cannot be termed as fairly or perfectly competitive. (2004). Therefore, with a good basis in economics, the Australian retail grocery market cannot be termed as a perfectly competitive market. Perfect competition exists where the market power is left open and no firms hinder others from acquiring the market power. Obliteration of market power is usually prevalent in a perfectly competitive market. Independent firms in such a market are free to participate in the market and help in bringing favourable commodity prices. The market is bigger than any single business firms in that market (Delforce, Dickson & Hogan, 2005). Independent grocery stores in Australia are controlled by the National Association of Retail Grocers of Australia, and they only control 20% share of the market. By the year 2010, there were about five hundred independent grocer firms registered by the association. These firms employ slightly over two hundred thousand workers. The two firms that dominate the grocer retail market are Woolworths and Coles. These firms hold about 50 per cent of the grocer market. The growth of these major firms in the grocer market has been as a result
Identifying the Recipient of the Report Meals of Wheel is a nationwide program located in Southern Delaware that nutrition lunches to the elderly people who cannot prepare food independently. Volunteers from different regions are ready to deliver hot meals to seniors and help them sustain good health, remain independent, and find time for personal affairs. The program ensures regular delivery of healthy food people throughout a week. Introducing the Service: Expanding the Boundaries The program is a good starting point for spreading the culture of healthy and nutritious food. It can also create a basis for organizing traditional celebration for seniors who have no time and opportunity to do so. To introduce a service, it is purposeful to create an official website where different traditional menus will be presented for a client to choose the dish for delivery. Volunteers, therefore, can deliver traditional food in specially designed baskets to create an atmosphere of celebration. Purpose of the Report The proposed recommendation pursues the following goals. First of all, it allows volunteers to expand their knowledge and experiences in traditions and cultures of various countries. They can reveal their creativity while designing packages for the customers. Second, the service enhances and fully meets the mission and vision of the programs, as well as allows seniors to feel essential support on the part of the volunteers. Because some elderly people are duly attached to their habits and cultural values, delivery of authentic food designed in accordance to existing traditions and norms can help clients sustain normal lifestyles they sustained before. Hence, while entering the website or contacting the agency, they can choose the cuisine that meets their cultural expectations. Importantly, the given program also adds to the concept of delivering nutrition, healthy, and authentic food. The service should be presented separately because it will be provided only for certain celebrations. The clients, therefore, can enjoy foods and sustain their traditions. Potential Resources Needed to Support In order to launch a new service, the organization can establish a contest for volunteers for designing a new website revealing information about different cuisines of the world. The program will address to volunteers’ creative approaches to arranging online options for the clients and attracting more enthusiastic people to the program. While drawing information about specific cuisines and traditions, it is purposeful to consult concepts and basic frameworks of home health aid (Allen, 2004). Catering for all celebration events should also be associated with the essentials of nursing care and medical treatment. In addition, the program aims at exploring the philosophical foundations of meals delivery (Council Older Adults, n.
Introduction In the modern world, countries are usually divided into developed and developing ones, depending on a variety of factors, including the level of capita incomes and their industrialisation processes. Despite their recent achievements and contributions to world trade and the global economy, many nations remain developing. Such countries as China demonstrate good results in converting power resources into the necessary outcomes, but their per capita incomes do not reach high levels (Jing, 2019). Therefore, many world organisations consider China as one of the most successfully developing countries. According to Jing (2019), Chinese people are hardworking and smart, and their results in the technological, electronic, or mobile industries are impressive. Xiaomi is the name of the company that has already been recognised globally. This organisation has gained success and become famous due to its smartphones production in both developed and developing countries. Among a variety of products offered by Xiaomi, smartphones are frequently demanded by consumers from different parts of the world. Xiaomi is chosen for analysis in this paper because it is one of the recent and most successful innovations in the consumer electronics industry. Being founded in 2010, Xiaomi has already gained global recognition and offered its products and services to millions of people. This company is a strong competitor for other organisations in this field, which makes the industry a crucial topic for analysis. While its home co