ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The laissez-faire leadership style comes from the French word meaning “let it be”. The manager does as little directing as possible and empowers employees. Employees must determine goals, make decisions, and solve problems themselves. This works well when:   * Employees are skilled and experienced   * Employees are very motivated   * Outside experts or consultants are being used   * Employees are trustworthy and loyal This style should not be used when:   * employees are insecure or unskilled   * managers do not provide regular feedback   * managers cannot give praise   * the manager does not know what to do (Styles of leadership 2008) This management style is found many times to create staffing and control issues. The strengths are its great flexibility, ease of change and democratic principles. (Staten, Clark 2004) Some of the more common styles of leadership include autocratic, bureaucratic, democratic, and laissez-faire. The Laissez-faire style was found not to provide enough guidance and support, and the team members in a nursing facility did not feel that the leader took enough responsibility. (Lipley 2004) The same was found in emergency medical services. Thye leadership was needed during a crisis and laissez-faire was not dependable. A laisses faire manager sets the tasks and follows up with minimal involvement. He or she is there to coach or answer questions, supply information if required. Employees are developed to take responsibility which may improve motivation and involvement. However, they may begin to feel lost and fail to reach the set goals. Sometimes it is best, usually within small companies or departments which need innovation. William Casey of the CIA had some good points. He said the following about his management style,”My management style is simple: you hire the best people, you give them clear goals, you give the them the authority to achieve those goals, and then you get out of the way. If they don’t perform, you fire them and get someone else.” This is laissez-faire with consequences, and it often works well. (untitled blog on line 2008) It worked really well for Paul Petrosino (Sichko 2008), who gets the most out of his employees by not spending much time around them at all. Four years ago Petrosino hired a manager from a to take over Integrated Liner Technologies, which makes tiny, specialized caps and cap liners for vials and other tubes and containers from silicone, Teflon and rubber. “His style of management destroyed the company for a year,” Petrosino said. “The sales force was completely disrupted. Finally, I saw that it was going to hell, and I took it all away from him.” After taking over again, Petrosino’s company continued to grow and now has annual sales of $12.5 million. So most of the time the Laissez-faire management style is too loose, but if you have a small company and a great staff it can work very well, because it gives loyal and smart employees power to make things work.
Introduction Ethical problems are, perhaps, the most complicated of all those existing, since different ethical theories allow to consider ethical issues from various standpoints and, therefore, presupposes that the choice of the solutions is extremely ample. As a result, numerous ethical dilemmas, which demand immediate solution, emerge. Despite the fact that in the case study in question, different solutions are possible from the standpoint of different ethical theories, a compromise can be achieved by viewing the situation through the prism of the Utilitarianism ethics. Background According to the basic details mentioned in the case study, the issue revolves around the problem of witnessing an instance of a petty theft. As the case study shows, a young woman named Lisa, who is a college student, was doing her voluntary work together with a college student named Tony when she noticed that the latter was taking some of the supplies with him, though he had no permission for that. Therefore, it will be most logical to assume that Lisa witnessed an instance of theft. However, not being completely sure and, which is even more important, not wanting to become a traitor and an informer, Lisa is hesitant about what she should be doing next. Case summary: the dilemma to be solved When it comes to discussing the case in question, one might notice that it features a number of ethical concepts and issues. To start with, it is necessary to point out that the case in question involves three participants, i.e., Lisa, Tony and the organization, who has allegedly been robbed. In addition, there is the dilemma, which is the choice between Tony and the organization. Finally, the problem under consideration questions the logics of the actual morality. Therefore, the problem can be summarized in the following way: defining the course of actions that harm each of the participants and the relationships between them the least, allowing for the personal growth of the person who is responsible for the theft and contributing to returning the stolen items back to the organization. Through ethical lens: applying the right terminology Considering the case in point from an ethical perspective means applying the right terminology to define the participants, the actions which they take and the choices that they make or should make. Therefore, the basics of deontological ideas and concepts must be introduced. However, relating the details of the case study to the elements and concepts of ethical theories is not enough; to choose the ethical dimension in which the solution to the problem is going to be located in, it will be necessary to address the key theories of ethics. Thus, placing the case study in question in different ethical environment, one can possibly pick the one in which the solution will become more obvious. To start with, the Utilitarianism theory should be given a proper mentioning. The theory that allows to address each side of the conflict and keep the damage done to any of the, to a minimum, Utilitarianism is an obvious choice as a moral dimension in which the dilemma in question should be considered in. According t
Introduction Setting an effective ethical tone within the top management of an organization is important and necessary in conveying a commitment to integrity and ethical values to the employees. The ethical tone is an ideal blueprint for creating and maintaining a high-integrity organization environment. The main high-quality propositions that management can implement to establish a high tone at the top that conveys a commitment to integrity and ethical values are improving new employee screening, assigning proper authority, and rolling mandatory ethical training programs. For these proportions to work, the top management must lead by action and example. These proportions are discussed below. Mandatory ethical training The management should create a clear management policy statement that has compliance standards consistent with different ethical policies to be followed by the employees. The management policy statement should be presented to the employees in the form of periodic and mandatory ethics training programs at the organization. During this training, the management should set a standard by being the first group to append signatures. The ideal training models should encompass fraud detection and prevention as the primary focus to ensure that the stance of the company on compliance, procedures, standards, and responsibilities are integrated into the policy statement. By integrating these elements, the management will set a tone in how employees report misconduct since the program is informative of the omission and acts that are prohibited by the company and law to minimize criminal conduct situations. The training program should have a standardized module besides including new employees. To make the ethical training effective and customized within the organization’s culture, there is a need to make the program continuous and an ongoing process for all employees (ASX 45). During these sessions, the top management should take the opportunity to communicate and proactively reinforce the code of conduct, values, and expectations. The training techniques that may be adopted include films, interactive workshops, and lectures that must meet preset compliance standards. The training program should also incorporate interactive lessons on disciplinary measures, consistency in discipline, and guidelines to appropriate punishment for different ethical violations. Since consistency in a discipline requires a distinct categorization of different sanctions for disobedience, there is a need to incorporate a strict adherence policy as a guide in prescribing the disciplinary measures. For instance, the top management may insist on fairness and equality by categorically stating that punishment and rewards for ethical and unethical behaviors are addressed without fear or favor (Gramling and Myers 35). For example, during the training sessions, the top management may remind the employees that deterring violation is a top priority by presenting attractive awards for employees with high ethical conduct to reinforce the significance of organizational ethical expectations in the eyes of all employees. Creating an explicit system for new
Introduction WidgetSupplies’ business is a distributor and supplier of medical equipment which in the recent past experienced rapid expansion. This ISO 9001:2000 certified distributor has got many departments managing various specific products in some locations of sales offices in different regions. The company has in the past ensured value addition in their products through proper packages and customer attractive discounts, besides offering after-sales services to ensure an increased customer base. The need for the company to participate in social responsibility Even though the company has not involved itself in social responsibility it is high time it did. Some of the social responsibility activities the company can participate in include; cleaning health centers, creating a foundation to support those who cannot meet their hospital bills, supporting campaigns to fight a specific ailment, organizing sporting activities for the hospital staff and the entire public among other activities. As the company experienced expansion its requirements also evolved. The company’s growth requirements super ceded the existing off-the-shelf retail management software and basic Excel spreadsheets which were applied. And therefore the management was confused on whether to acquire new systems or improve existing ones. Before experiencing expansion the existing simple template was ideal and satisfied the company operations. Any complexity could easily be handled through spreadsheet tinkering and duplicate data entry, though this brought a lot of time and other resources wastage and therefore diverted the management’s attention from the existing core business activities to the system maintenance. Explanation on some of the WidgetSupplies’ business intelligence requirements One of the Widgetsupplies’ requirements was reports which were necessary for business planning and daily operations. As they experienced expansion the existing system could not easily access data in the time leading to a serious negative effect on sales and budgeting. The existing reports for instance could not readily calculate the profit margins. WidgetSupplies’ business needed a simple system to easily record sales and to compare the projected sales and the actual which the system could not provide. It forced the management to handle all these manually in spreadsheets which became too complex and difficult to update. Thirdly, the existing spreadsheet formulas were suspected due to the errors which existed in spreadsheet macros. The spreadsheet calculated the co
Introduction Privatization entails change of ownership of an entity from the government to the private sector. The definition also covers the scenario where the government outsources some functions of the private sector. Privatization can take several forms. The first form is through the issue of shares to the public. The second form is the sale of the entire asset of a government owned business. The third form is when shares of a publicly owned company are distributed to citizens at a lower price (Filipovic 2005). This paper discusses the benefits of privatization on emerging economies. Benefits of privatization on emerging economies There are a number of benefits of privatization in emerging economies. The first benefit is that privatization eliminates bureaucracy that is often experienced in state owned entities in emerging economies. This improves performance of public entities. The second benefit of privatization in emerging economies is that it results in an improved efficiency. Studies that have been carried out indicate that private companies have a greater motivation to be efficient in production. Private firms tend to be more competitive because they face competition from other existing companies. Competition results in an increase in productivity, and efficiency. This in turn results in an increase in an increase in gross domestic product of a country and economic growth and development (Filipovic 2005). Thirdly, privatization results in specialization. A private company has greater incentive to channel both human and capital resources in areas where it finds profitable to produce or render services. This may not be the scenario in state-owned corporations that focus on production in mass for public interest. Besides, the state owned companies may lack adequate resources for specialization. The fourth benefit of privatization is that it results in improved accountability. The executive managers in private companies are answerable to the investors, capital providers and other stakeholders of the company such as government, customers, community and suppliers among others. The degree of accountability in private sectors makes the managers to make decisions that take into account the interest of all the stakeholders. The final benefit is that privatization reduces corruption which is inherent in publicly owned institutions (Filipovic 2005). In most emerging economies, state owned corporations are prone to corruption. This can be attributed to the fact that the decisions that are made in state-owned companies depends on politics and individual gain not on the interest of the stakeholders as in the case of private sectors. Improved accountability in private sector reduced corruption (Filipovic 2005). How privatization affects the financial budget system of a country In most emerging economies, the state often allocates funds to the various public sectors to support their operations. This, however, depends on the nature of commodities provided by the public entities. Sale of state-owned firms is a major source of revenue for most governm
Introduction Modern architecture is a broad term which has been used to refer to works of architecture which were developed from the 20 th century. There is no specific definition of modern architecture considering the vastness of the architectural field. However, from a broad perspective, modern architecture refers to architectural works which have combined principles of architecture with advancement of technology. The United Arab Emirates has in particular embraced modern architecture and this is very evident in their high-class state of art buildings in most of their cities. This discussion looks at some of the buildings in the United Arab Emirates that are classified as modern and what makes these buildings stand out. In addition, this discussion will also look at what distinguishes modern architecture from traditional one. Is it function or form? Dubai Architecture The architecture in Dubai especially for the last twenty years has become a phenomenon so much so that it has contributed greatly to the growth and development of this country and especially in terms of the economy. Besides contributing to the economy of the country, modern architecture is one of the greatest tourist attractions in Dubai. What makes Dubai architecture quite unique is the fact that it has blended architecture from traditional Islam and trends from Europe to come up with designs that are quite popular worldwide. Looking at most historical buildings like mosques, the unique works of
Richard Beresford was born in California in 1949 and has established himself as a successful business personality in the context of the production of mobile phones. However, it is essential to identify him as an able entrepreneur. What do you think is the fundamental attitude of an entrepreneur? I feel it is more about innovation than anything else in Entrepreneurship. How do you explain this Entrepreneurship? Entrepreneurship is essential for the organization to innovate. Mc Clelland (1987) points out three sections in an entrepreneurial role: Pro-activity, Achievement orientation, and commitment to others. The entrepreneur should be proactive and must take the initiative and make his assertiveness felt. He should have the ability to identify and act on opportunities, be efficiency-oriented, plan systematically, and constantly monitor progress. The commitment to others provides a trustworthy image of the firm in the market. Thus honoring work contracts and maintaining business relationships are essential to the growth of the company. What do you think about honoring work? This is actually motivation. The motivation of people is also essential in innovation. Motivation concerns the forces either within or external to a person that stimulates fervor and persistence to follow a particular line of action. It is a challenge for managers as it arises from within a person and also differs for each of them. Organizational behavior needs to be studied carefully in order to motivate the people of the organization. This is the fundamental of developing a business model, and as you know, the business model is a very important factor in organizational management. When is the difference between business model and strategy? It can be stated that a business model can develop at any stage of history but strategy, specifically in business and marketing, arises only when this opportunity can be motioned in a direction that would be instrumental in yielding a profit for the company. In other words, a need should be created in the market so that this idea can become sellable. From a personal point of view, it should be mentioned interest in selling refrigerators to Eskimos is an idea, but to create the need of the product within the customers by making them believe that this product helps the food to conserve from extreme cold is the strategy. How important is an invention in this context? The invention is the development of a strategy or product that has never been developed or known before. This is a completely new element in the parameter of the business, and the success of the business depends on the proper execution of this invention. It can well be stated that inventions are elements that become instrumental in creating Entrepreneurial opportunities. I believe that invention is important, and with
Social organizations in prisons are widely discussed in press and scholarly journals in the US. These organizations, more commonly known as gangs, are a considerable bother for the US legal system since they violate incarceration rules through smuggling, illegal drug sales and use, physical violence, and sexually abusive behavior. According to Jacobs (1974), newly imprisoned people join gangs for three reasons, including social rejection, material deprivation, and sexual frustration (p. 396). Inmate organizations promise to address these three issues in return for favors and loyalty. Moreover, gang members follow a unique body of laws, which helps prisoners to acquire coping mechanisms. This code of law allows inmates to hold a favorable picture of the self and avoid identity collapse by rejecting the rejecters (Jacobs, 1974, p. 396). For instance, Vicelords, a powerful gang in the US in the mid-1900s, had ten rules, which “Disciples” had to follow (Jacobs, 1974, p. 400). The fact that the gang members were called “Disciples” and the ten rules were a reference to the Ten Commandments demonstrate that inmates seek to find a purpose to follow. However, some of the gang members are more pragmatic and enjoy the material pleasures the organizations have to offer. For instance, Ferranti (2014) reports that an organization named Black Guerrilla Family, or BGF, turned Maryland’s prison system into its playground. Gang members had prison guards deliver them crab imperial and Grey Goose right to the cell (Ferranti, 2014). Being a member of a gang is associated with power and financial prosperity, especially on higher levels of the hierarchy. Vicelords, for instance, offered the newcomers coffee, tea, deodorant, and soap, which are valuable behind bars (Jacob, 1974, 400). Gang members are offered protection against violence and sexual abuse. Vicelords’ rules stated that fighting between Disciples and homosexual confrontations is not tolerated (Jacobs, 1974, p. 400). At the same time, gang members may have sex with female correctional officers in exchange for luxurious presents (Ferranti, 2014). In short, there are psychological and material reasons for inmates to join prison gangs. While prison gangs are often thought to have a high level of organization, it is rarely the case, since ruling and resource distribution are often inconsistent and unfair. According to Ferranti (2015), there are gang members that see one or two other gang members during their incarceration. Moreover, while leadership is of crucial importance, there are no clear patterns and strategies employed by gang authorities. However, it may be stated that leadership patterns among prisons differ considerably. For instance, in maximum-security prisons, leaders are more violent and aggressive (Jacob