ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Empowerment is an effective management tool that assists the leaders in pursuing the goals of the company by granting employees the decision-making right. This kind of incentive not only gives authority to people who usually do not have it but also increases their accountability and responsibility. Moreover, for those employees who have organizational talents, it is a way to develop their leadership qualities and to show their potential, which increases the level of self-confidence and personal value. However, empowerment also implies shared responsibility for all major and minor decisions, no matter what consequences they might have (Lashley, 2012). Delegation of authority is another management tool that, unlike empowerment, consists in allocating tasks to each employee without giving him/her any right to decide anything independently. The manager specifies in detail what to do and sets the deadline for completing the task. To delegate authority means to choose the one who is going to represent the others. As a result, the employees act only within the limits set by the manager and are not encouraged to show any initiative. The responsibility for both success and failure rests totally with the leader (Lashley, 2012). The basic differences between the two approaches can be summed up as follows (Lashley, 2012):   * Delegation of authority assigns duties to individuals prescribing them what to do while empowerment presupposes granting employees the decision-making power, which makes them accountable for the results of their actions.   * Empowerment gives managers more work in the short term and less work in the long run whereas delegation of authority works in the opposite way.   * When you accept empowerment as the main strategy, you are on the periphery of the leadership activity while with delegation of authority you find yourself in the center.   * Empowerment produces leaders and partners whereas delegation of power results in the increased number of followers.   * Delegation implies that power remains in a single hand while empowerment presupposes division of power;   * Delegation of power makes the leader the only responsible side unlike empowerment, which encourages shared responsibility.   * Empowerment boosts employees’ confidence level, which is not the case with delegation of authority.   * If you are an employee, you can rely on your common sense in decisions when you have to do with empowerment but you cannot do it with a delegation of authority as the major strategy. Empowerment of employees as a management tool directly affects strategy execution. The point is that successful strategy formulation and application necessitates the engagement of representatives of all levels of the organizational hierarchy. Key people must be selected among middle managers and lower-level workers. It is a mistake to believe that they will stay detached from
Analysis A close analysis of the modern American presidents in terms of their power of persuasion reveals that many of them were rather effective in this respect. Here are the most demonstrative examples:  1. Franklin D. Roosevelt, who suffered from poliomyelitis, had to spend a lot of time in hospitals. When he was being treated at the Georgia Warm Springs Foundation, he had a chance to get in close contact with the lowest class of citizens, the poorest farmers destroyed by the Great Depression. This helped him formulate most of New Deal ideas and work them into the fabric of the American society as he never lost this personal contact with the nation. Coupled with his perfect rhetoric, this talent to establish connections helped him stir the whole generation to action (Jowett and O’Donnell 54).  2. John Kennedy enjoyed the same popularity due to his power of persuasion. He successfully achieved his goal of sending a man to the Moon and managed to beat the Soviet Union mostly due to his ability to capture people’s imagination. He was effective in this since he was never afraid of the big and bold and could transform unimaginable things into time-specific, detailed action plans (Jowett and O’Donnell 68).  3. Lyndon B. Johnson convinced American people in the success of his Great Society reforms using himself as an example. Since he grew up in poverty and knew perfectly what it is like to work up to success, the program became humanized and the statistics were brought to life. It happened to owe to Johnson’s talent to connect with people first emotionally and then intellectually (Jowett and O’Donnell 76).  4. Ronald Reagan used his power of persuasion mostly for pushing his ideas and policies through Congress avoiding resistance. His personal charisma played a great role. Although his idea of putting the burden of the government off people was totally opposite to Roosevelt’s plan of increased governmental presence, it was unanimously accepted by Congress due to his personal charm and sense of integrity (Wilson et al. 59). Conclusion Although it is still early to judge the current Administration, the ability of Donald Trump to persuade the nation is unquestionable. First and foremost, he understands that people are irrational and it is often the right move to appeal to emotions, making listeners ignore facts. Secondly, he avoids information that is not beneficial for him and warps reality until he gets what he wants. Finally, he successfully used social media manipulation, changing the game through direct right-wing propaganda, which altered the images of candidates in the eyes of voters. Works Cited Jowett, Garth S., and Victoria O’Donnell. Propaganda & Persuasion . Sage, 2014. Wilson, James Q., John J. DiIulio, and Meena Bose. American Government: Institutions and Policies . Cengage Learning, 2016.
Introduction A methodology described a sequence of steps or procedures that build winning one another to arrive at a finish of a few sort, whether it is realized the main software agenda, updating an obtainable system, structure and organized a data storehouse, or performing arts innumerable IT projects. All methodologies have power and weaknesses that create them additional appropriate for a number of plans than others or focus additional heavily on one fraction of the growth or completion procedure than another. And since no two business situations are similar, a methodology offers options that allow the project director to achieve the preferred termination regardless of the situation. There are more than a few methodologies that a scheme director may decide to use to achieve or reach their preferred goals for their corporation, but the two most frequently used in today’s IT earth are Agile and tremendous indoctrination. Agile software growth is a hypothetical framework for liability software manufacturing projects. There are figures of agile software growth methods, such as persons espouse by the Agile coalition, a non-profit organization. Agile techniques effort to reduce risk and make the most of productivity by mounting software in minute iterations and de-emphasizing service on inferior or temporary work artifacts (Glaser, B, 2002). Scrum and tremendous indoctrination (XP) are two of the majority accepted Agile methods. However, there are numerous additional Agile methods, and nimbleness, as a hypothetical framework, might also be sensible to the accomplishment of extra customary techniques. Agile Manifesto In 2001, seventeen famous information was in the field of software growth came jointly at the Snowbird ski option in Utah to talk about the unifying subject of their methodologies. They shaped the Agile Manifesto, extensively regarded as the canonical meaning of Agile development, and supplementary Agile main beliefs. Adaptive vs. Predictive Planning Some incorrectly believe that Agile techniques avoid preparation. This is a misapprehension, as Agile methods pay substantial attention to preparation. However, Agile techniques apply a preparation procedure that is adaptive so as to house predictable modify. Traditional, non-Agile techniques tend to apply prognostic preparation that opposes modification and suffers the result of conflict flanked by stationary plans and lively realism (Williams, L. A, 2004). Scaling Agile Methods The agile expansion has been extensively documented as appropriate to small, co-located expansion teams. However, more than a few corporations, counting Valtech, have productively scaled Agile techniques to large and still globally distributed players and schemes. Critical Analysis by Experts Exploratory investigation is the research into a region that has not been deliberate and in which a researcher requirements to expand initial thoughts and an additional listening carefully research query. I will be by means of this technique supporting the investigation with a physically influent
In the present day, it is increasingly more difficult to get a college education. High performance at high school is required if the person is willing to enter a higher education institution and receive a scholarship. Moreover, it is necessary to maintain academic success at the same level during the whole period of higher education, so that the study remains free of charge. One of the major challenges students need to meet is excessive, not always justified, course requirements in colleges and universities, which have Bachelor’s programs, which can be solved by extending the length of the Bachelor’s program to five years and giving students more freedom in managing their workload. The first aspect of excessive requirements is the difficult, time and energy-consuming courses that students need to pass. Such courses normally involve several midterm assignments, papers, and various tests, administered practically at each lesson. Such a curriculum might be helpful when students take two-five courses per trimester, but when the number of disciplines one is studying within three-six months exceeds nine, the learner’s work/life balance is negatively affected. As the student feels stuck because of countless assignments and excessive university hours, they cannot involve in social life, meet their relatives, friends, and parents, or do sports. As Rich’s study suggests, this results in the pervasive feelings of loneliness and isolation as well as in the deterioration of health (Rich, p. 15). Secondly, among the excessive course requirements, it is possible to distinguish unnecessary hours which students must dedicate to studying a certain subject. For instance, several courses imply quite stringent attendance rules, which prescribe that lectures and seminars be visited, given that the examination contains the information from the lectures (O’Brien, p.6). This means, for instance, students pass an exam not actually in psychology, but rather in their instructor’s perspective on psychological theories. Thus, whereas lectures are normally declared as optional, i.e. students ostensibly have an opportunity to choose whether to attend them, it appears that missing lectures might result in the loss of the desired grade. It needs to be noted that third-fourth year students are also interested in applying their newly gained skills in practice and need to combine education with work to earn their living, so spending additional hours in the classroom has a destructive effect on their health, so they feel like racers in a long survival heat. As a result, they faint in the classroom and sleep in the library, because it is barely possible to remain fit after spending 6 hours in the educational institution, 6- at work and 2 – in the library, working on home assignments. Nowadays, colleges pay great attention to attendance issues, so that even a minor illness can prevent the learner from being evaluated properly, as missing classes leads to the deduction of several points from the grade, which cannot be fully re-gained even if the student prepares the assignment
This work analyzes several articles that provide information on the language that human beings use. The articles also define the language in a manner that cuts across all of its aspects. The articles also describe various aspects of the human language that make it unique. They look at the differences between human and animal modes of communication and the relationship between signs and the items they represent. They also discuss the effect of language on the content of thoughts, the difference between spoken and sign language, and the lack of proficiency in a language as a barrier to school completion. It is evident from the discussions provided in the articles that only human beings use language in their communication. Deacon defines language as “a mode of communication-based upon the symbolic reference and involving combinatorial rules that comprise a system for representing the synthetic logical relationship among symbols” (103). Sapir adds that “language is a purely human and non-instinctive method of communicating ideas, emotions, and desires by means of voluntarily produced symbols” (qtd in Deuchar 556). These definitions imply that all forms of animal communication are not languages. However, sign language qualifies since it has many properties of a spoken language. Users of any sign language can combine several symbols using definite rules in the process of communicating. In addition, they can communicate their ideas, emotions, and thoughts through signs. Apart from the few differences between animal and human languages in the two definitions of language, there are some other distinctions. Hocket argues that language has thirteen distinctive characteristics (qtd in Deuchar 556). These characteristics include vocal auditory channel, rapid fading, broadcast transmission, interchangeability, total feedback, specialization, semantics, arbitrariness, discreteness, displacement, productivity, traditional production, and the duality of patterning (Deuchar 556). One may ask, “What about the dances and cries that bees and birds use in their communication?” de Saussure acknowledges that such forms of communication have some superficial elements of language, but lack the symbolic and the combinatorial elements (65). Sign language qualifies to be a language because of its arbitrariness. It is iconic but lacks a direct relationship between the ‘sound’ and what it represents (Deuchar 559). This deficiency is what causes the arbitrariness in sign language. The difference between BSL and ASL is the best evidence of arbitrariness in sign language. However, many people still wonder whether sign language satisfies all the properties of language or not. People may also ask whether the content of a particular lang
The Great Recession has a tangible impact on the judicial system, just like on any other public and administrative fields in the country. The courts face significant financial losses due to decrease in budgeting and, as a result, they resorted to such measures as staff reduction, development of new positions taking large volume of responsibility, cutting salaries, and increasing fines and fees. However, the attempt to restructure the environment has not contributed to improvement of service qualities because previous structures were not oriented on staff and budgeting shortage. As a proof, Hall (2012) argues that lack of personnel has led to serious errors and has restricted the judicial power to take responsibilities for accomplished objectives. The inevitability of financial recession has also make the courts resort to inconsistent and unconsidered decisions, which were more premised on short-termed strategies, rather than on long-termed action plans. Finally, lack of available resources does not allow judicial institutions to keep people in prisons and therefore, most of them will have to be out. The above-presented challenges are sophisticated, and they require a consistent and well-though approach to eliminating those. In particular, Badger’s (2012) mentions that the solution to return to private sectors for re-organizing public institutions could become an interim stage of court restructuring because longer implementation of this strategy provide new challenges for financial sustainability of governmental establishments. Reducing the staff and remaining central positions is not an option as well because there should be a new consistent managerial structure before the shifts are implemented. Moreover, an isolated focus on court systems prevents the budget planners to look at the core of the problem and define the actual root of financial crisis. The collaborative scheme of managing prisons and litigations can be destructed due to the absence of people on certain positions. The decision to let people out of the prisons seems to be the least possible for the welfare of the community, although it brings in financial solutions to the courts. Once again, Gramlich (2012) recalls the fast-growing rates of violence, crimes, and offences to emphasize that no special measures have bee introduced to explore the cause of such growth. Instead, the government focuses on any opportunities to reduce financing of imprisonment institutions, leading to even greater crime rates. Therefore, mere reduction of prisoners in California cannot provide any financial benefits to the state in general (Gramlich, 2012). Therefore, these policies could not be regarded as a long-term strategies focused on reducing financial expenditures. It should also be stressed that the judicial representatives fail to pay attention to the nature and a
Introduction This research paper is aimed at discussing the Chikungunya virus, which is also known as CHIKV. In particular, it is necessary to focus on disease agent characteristics, geographic distribution, transmission, pathogenicity, virulence, and other characteristics that are critical for understanding the risks posed by this virulent infection. Moreover, much attention should be paid to the diagnosis of this disease, screening, prevention, and treatment. This information is important for limiting the spread of this disease in various regions of the world. Overall, one should bear in mind that currently, there are no effective vaccines and medications that can help patients who run the risks of becoming infected with this virus. Therefore, much attention should be paid to prevention methods, especially mosquito control because in this way, patients can better avoid the risks of possible complications. These are the main issues that should be examined more closely. Agent characteristics Overall, this virus belongs to the Togaviridae family. Furthermore, it belongs to the genus of Alphavirus . The virus is believed to be a member of the Semliki Forest Virus. Its vision can be described as the icosahedral, spherical particle (Bisen 225). Its diameter is approximately 65 nm. The nucleic acid of this virus is a single-stranded, linear RNA (Bisen 225). This virus is susceptible to various solutes of ethanol, glutaraldehyde, and sodium hypochlorite. Additionally, this virus can be inactivated by wet and dry heat (Bisen 225). These are the main aspects that should be considered. This information may be necessary for developing the medications that can effectively treat this disease. Geographic distribution One should keep in mind that Chikungunya is one arthropod-borne virus. The virus is mainly carried to humans by Aedes mosquito (Krasner 169). In turn, this disease is more widespread in those regions where these insects live. The three continents that have been affected include Asia, Africa, Europe, and America (Krasner 169). In Asia, the CHIKV infection has been observed in such countries as Malaysia, Indonesia, Laos, Pakistan, Singapore,
Introduction As an educator, it is critical to always think of ways in which learning can be improved. This is best done by pausing and contemplating one’s actions i.e. reflection. There are a series of ways in which reflective practice can be carried out but the major focus of this paper will be the spiral mode because this is what I have practiced for a long time. Description of the reflective practice spiral All reflective practice models are founded on the fact that change must occur in any learning environment. However, other models think of this change as being linear i.e. taking an action, thinking about that action, and then coming up with effective remedies for the situation. Alternatively, other models assume a circular motion in which one first acts, reflects on the actions, changes the actions, and then goes back to step one which is acting again. The spiral model of reflection is unique in that it merges the latter two models i.e. the linear one and the circular one. This means that reflection can be repetitive (as is the circular model) and it can also be continuous (as is the spiral model). Spirals in common geometry are defined as cyclical lines that alter with the commencement of new phases. In education practice, the spiral model can be interpreted in the same manner. Here, circumstances are assumed to change and remain constant at the same time. The reflective practice spiral may not simply be a reserve for the individual as one’s peers, administrators, and colleagues can be crucial in causing change as well. Aside from that, some elements of this model may not necessarily be formal e.g. some teachers may be presented with a problem; they may opt to analyze the problem and then come up with immediate solutions towards it. (Schon, 1983) The reflective spiral is also distinct from other models of reflection because it brings out the fact that learning is a never-ending process. This was inspired by the fact that people are constantly in a stage of development and this is an aspect that is typical of life. Educators need to constantly improve their ways of teaching because it denotes growth and development. Therefore, constantly reflecting upon one’s actions often causes educators to combine facts from theory with their practicing capabilities. It should be noted that this reflective spiral is not merely restricted to the teaching profession as any other group changing needs it. The extent to