ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
James’ classification of hypotheses as alive or dead and the types of options used in deciding between alternative hypotheses A hypothesis can be classified as either alive or dead. According to James (1896), a living hypothesis appears as genuine and possible to the person or scenario to which it has been proposed. On the other hand, if a hypothesis is dead, it will not appear as a real possibility to the given contexts. According to James, the ability to declare a supposition as living or dead relies entirely on the experiences that people have encountered before. James argues that there are three options used in deciding between alternative hypotheses. These include the living option where hypotheses are live and hence real, the forced option, which is a dilemma and hypothesis cannot be avoided, and finally the momentous option, which is the unique option. Why James does not believe it is rational to suspend the belief about the existence of God and religious matters James points out that religious beliefs and the existence of God cannot be suspended due to various factors. First, religious beliefs are reinforcing societal ethics that act as life-changing assertions for people to be in control of their lives by taking individual responsibilities for their actions. Secondly, they promote social relations for the coexistence of human beings. Thirdly, religion gives direction to human life. Therefore, suspending belief in God’s existence and religious matters may limit pivotal genuine life-changing choices that human beings make (James, 1896). James response about the practicality of Clifford’s claims about what we are permitted to believe When Clifford argues that one should not believe what he has no evidence of, James points out that any rule of thought that prevents one from appreciating certain truths, which unquestionably exist is irrational (1896). According to James, one cannot test everything including what is insignificant. When Clifford says that one should not believe in God if he or she does not have sufficient reasons for doing so, James argues that, if people do not believe in God for such a reason, they would end up losing every good thing that comes with religion. Reference James, W. (1896). The Will to Believe. Yale and Brown Universities: New World.
Abstract The horrific September 11 th 2001 attacks by the terrorist in the US has seen thousands of Muslims subjected to screening of their personal data and transactions, searches, arrests solely simply because their profiles have matched certain base criteria that is being used to track terrorists and in addition is an affiliation with Islam religion and not a terrorist. This has resulted to some public objection from human right watch as in the year 2005 the Open Society Justice Initiative which works around the globe advocating for Rights based law reform, launched an effort to address ethnic profiling by police in Europe in the fight against terrorism. Therefore, this paper will look at the long term outstanding sensitive issue in security matters, of racial or religion or ethnic profiling in law enforcement and its pros and cons at the same time giving suggestion on the terror war focus. Introduction The concept of community policing referrers to the act of collaboration between the police and community which invokes identifying and solving community problems related to law enforcement. This deviates from the historical ideology that police are sole guardians of law and order but rather community become active allies in the effort to enhance law enforcement (vijay, 2007, p. 67) to realize a safe and quality existing neighborhoods within the locality. Therefore Community policing in this sense has an expanded outlook on crime control and prevention as opposed to the historical view of crime control. In addition the community policing is structured on the basis of the theory that law is centered on the basis that law is society, and hence to manage the community (Barker, Mayhall, 2007, p. 240) the society should be active participants in the structuring and ownership of the law that affects their community that enhances better life. Main body The entire undertaking involves the members of the community voicing their concerns, contribute advice, and take action to address these concerns trough a constructive partnership with the police force. Through community insolvent in law enforcement is essential to deter crime and create more vital neighborhoods since it is logical that people criminal are within community. But the key issue is the constructive trust between police and citizens. In this regard racial or ethnic profiling mean the use of religious or ethnic or racial stereotypes in making law enforcement procedures; decisions in arresting , stopping and searching for the criminals. In a more broad perspective profiles are compilations of identifiable characteristics (Richard, 2007, p. 123) believed to correlate statistically with certain conducts. On the current unfolding in the crime environment is the most security threat: terrorism. Which is believe to bring the new a wakening in the security scenes. The
Introduction Despite decades of addressing the issue of equity in general and the impropriety of racial profiling, in particular, the misrepresentation of African Americans in media still remains a topical issue. The specified phenomenon can be explained by the fact that the factors, which stereotypes regarding Black people thrive on, persist in the modern society, particularly, in the form of media images and literary representations of African Americans. Seeing that the current image of African Americans is filled with the prejudices that used to be around for several decades running, it can be assumed that the specified image is shaped by the dominant part of the U.S. population and, therefore, that it blocks the actual African American culture from being manifested in the modern society. Methods The study of the subject of interpretation of the image of African Americans in media was carried out as a qualitative research, as there was no need to quantify the relations between the key variables. Ethnography was chosen as a research method, whereas the analysis of the existing studies of the representation of African Americans in modern and traditional media was used as the means of retrieving the data. The information was chosen with the help of the opportunistic sampling technique and processed with the help of coding based on a deductive approach. Findings The study has shown that the current representations of African American people in media not only incorporate a variety of stereotypes but also are mostly based on how the representatives of the dominant culture want to see African Americans. On the one hand, some of the early writings show African Americans as fighters for freedom and, therefore, the promoters of equality in relationships. Particularly, the creation of the National Social Equality League deserves to be mentioned (Cook 277); in fact, Cook specified that “a black man once headed” (Cook 277) the society in question, which serves as a graphic proof of determination and passion of African Americans. On the other hand, the current concept of Black culture seems to be shifting towards the image that can be defined as a rather laid-back, careless, and undetermined one (Franklin and Carlson 112). As the study of the existing literature shows, the specified difference in the actual identity of African American people and their image in media is linked directly to the tradition of portraying the specified denizens of the American population in media (Martinez 28). Herein the root of the problem lies; although the modern standards of societal interaction, including the principles of equity, promote the idea of subverting biased ideas and prejudices related to African Americans and other cultures, the very basis of modern representation of Black people and the African American community is rooted in the stereotypes created by European Americans, whereas the voice of the former can hardly be hard. Additionally, the stu
Executive Summary A country’s attractiveness to financial direct investment reflects the confidence international financial institutions have in its governance. A nation that has implemented a sound political, economic and social policies all anchored to the rule of law attracts FDI more than the one with weak governance structures. External investors cannot entrust their resources to a nation grappling with governance problems such as civil wars, corruption and high costs of business operation. This report examines the attractiveness of Brazil to FDI, and therefore, as a preferred investment destination. A. T Kearney, a financial consulting company has been famous since 1998 for ranking countries based on their FDI attractiveness. This information is vital to foreign investors in choosing foreign investment destinations. Brazil has been fairing well according to the A. T. Kearny FDI attractiveness ranking reports posted in 2007, 2010 and 2012. It ranked 6 th , 4 th and 3 rd respectively. Telecommunication, construction and banking sectors have especially been ranked as the most lucrative to foreign investors. The report looks at the advantages and disadvantag
Domestic Norms and Regulations The American car market has one very distinctive feature: carmakers have no right to sell their products to the customers directly. Such a prohibition is directly related to the so-called “dealer franchise laws” (Crane 2013, par. 1). Tesla Motors Inc. manufactures luxury electric cars that are unique in the US and the world’s car markets due to their special features and their ability to take advantage of electricity. The price of Tesla S, as the flagship model of the company, is considerably high, and the car requires special maintenance stations since it is an electric and innovative vehicle. The company has no rights to sell it directly to the customers and thus, set reasonable prices and satisfy customers’ needs as well as possible. Tesla’s cars were produced in the manufacturing plants in California while the company was expanding its locations in Europe (Randall 2016). The decision to penetrate other markets became a logical solution. Today, Tesla sells more cars abroad than on the domestic market because of the policies that different countries adopt to motivate the local population to purchase environment-friendly electric cars (Doyle and Adomaitis 2013). It is the situation when local laws and regulations work against the manufacturer of cars that can reshape the market and change the preferences of the customers. Electric cars have become one of the trends that cannot be ignored in any society. It is time to change the laws that came from the era of powerful gasoline engines, enormous consumptions, and wastes. Domestic Taxes It is rather obvious that since the domestic regulations are against the competitive approach to car sales from the manufacturers directly, Tesla Motors Inc. went global. The company has zero preferences on the domestic market as the producer of the innovative, ecologically appropriate cars. It is the policy of equal opportunities that every carmaker has to have since the beginning of the 20th century when the situation was very different from the modern one. In Norway, for example, the state regulations are aimed at the promotion of the environment-friendly cars’ purchase. According to Doyle and Adomaitis (2013), the government implements the programs that provide electric car buyers with subsidies up to $11,000. It makes Tesla cars affordable, not to mention other benefits that the owners of electric cars have. Thus, according to Ole Marius Lauritzen, Tesla owner, “the benefits are… too good. You can take bus lanes, get free parking, and it costs very little to refuel…” (Doyle and Adomaitis 2013, par. 19). The approach of the US government shapes the success of Tesla Motors Inc. on the global market to a certain extent Meanwhile, following the international strategy assists the company in avoiding regulations related to taxes. For example, currently, Obama is concerned about introducing a new tax system to obtain more governmental profit from compan
Keeping the employees is a challenging process for many companies because of the increased competitiveness in the business world. In order to attract and retain employees, managers propose complex compensation decisions, various benefits, training and development opportunities, and improved workplace conditions. In spite of the fact that techniques to keep employees and promote their satisfaction are numerous, the managing compensation methods should be discussed as most effective in comparison with the other approaches because these methods are associated with the employees’ intrinsic motivation and external factors, these methods stimulate the employees’ productivity, and they respond to the employees’ individual needs. The managing compensation methods are used under the influence of different internal and external factors. Employees are inclined to find the places and positions where they are rewarded most effectively. However, the focus on managing compensation can provide leaders with the opportunities not only to keep employees but also to increase the firm’s competitive advantage. Developing compensation policies, managers can propose exceptional benefits and compensation packages which are correlated with the general tendencies in the industry and which motivate employees to choose the certain firm to work with (Snell and Bohlander 84). Being attracted by compensation policies, employees rely on receiving competitive salaries and benefits. The direct reference to the compensation is a strong stimulus to increase the employees’ motivation. As a result, both managers and employees gain significant benefits. Furthermore, the managing compensation approaches are important to increase the employees’ productivity. It is found that employees improve their performance and productivity when they are oriented to receiving concrete rewards for their efforts, and the employees’ efforts are more intensive in comparison with the efforts associated with the perspective to participate in training or change the working setting (Snell and Bohlander 84). Orienting to receiving additional material resources and compensation regularly, employees are inclined to increase their productivity proportionally to the proposed reward (Snell and Bohlander 97). That is why, to keep employees productive and satisfied, it is necessary to revise and manage the approaches to compensation because the material aspect works more effectively to retain employees. Although there is an opinion that employees are more stimulated when their individual needs are addressed with the help of balancing the work and life and improving the working conditions, managing compensation approaches are more appropriate to stimulate the changes in the employees’ behavior. Managing compensation, leaders can create the fair and equal conditions for all the employees to contribute to their professional growth according to the individual needs. Having chosen the position, employees pay
The definition of success may vary for every individual depending on the goals that one sets for life. However, The Collins Dictionary provides this explanation of the term – “Someone or something that is a success achieves a high position, makes a lot of money, or is admired a great deal” (2018). Individuals that have good careers and earn a decent income can be considered successful. Having this is something that many people strive to achieve. While hard work is an important component of success, it does not guarantee it. Solely relying on hard work will not lead one to succeed in America, additional elements such as education, talent, social connections, and psychological capital have to be considered as well. Achieving success is desirable for many people living in the US. In the book, The American Dream and the Popular Novel author Elizabeth Long (2017) argues, “The story of America has been the story of success“. She provides examples of many novels, published from 1945 to 1975 that portray images of successful individuals as peoples’ main characters. It is believed by many that to reach that one has to work hard. In the US, many other aspects contribute to achieving the desired, and that is why not every citizen can be considered a successful individual. The first and essential component for achieving success in America is the education level. Higher education leads to better career results and higher pay levels in the United States. Those who have a higher education are more likely to avoid unemployment and can outlearn the average population. The statistics presented by the Bureau of Labor Statistics (2018) show a direct correlation between the education level and salary. The weekly earnings of individuals with no high school diploma in 2017 were estimated at $520. In comparison, the earnings of those who have a doctorate were $1,743 a week. Additionally, people who do not have a high school diploma have the highest rate of unemployment. Approximately 6.5% of them are unemployed, in comparison to the 3.4% unemployment rate for those who have a college degree (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2018). While those individuals may be working hard to earn their income, the statistics show that they do not earn more than those who have been to a college or a university. In addition, a study conducted by Georgetown University found that the lifetime earnings of a person with a Bachelor’s Degree total at $2.3 million, when a person without any diploma earns less than $1 in the lifetime (Anthony, Rose, and Cheah, 2013). Therefore, one of the success factors in the US is the educational level – those who have graduated from college earn more and are less likely to be unemployed. Talent is essential for building a successful career in many fields for the US citizens. However, without contributing hard work to enhance the given abilities, it will not lead to a good job and high earnings. Griffith and King (2015) use the example of a famous US baseball player Andrew McCutchen to illustrate that talent, and hard work contributes
It seems that there can hardly be anything more sweet and innocent than fairytales, with beautiful princesses, cuddly creatures, wizards and knights without fear and blemish. Weirdly enough, fairytales seem to have become the cultural element that transcends cultures, since many plots traditionally considered to belong to one specific culture, can be found in another one. Moreover, after a detailed analysis of these cultures, one is likely to find out that the two cultures in question do not have any evident points of contact other than the given fairytale. A graphic example of such phenomenon, Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs, which can be found in such cultures as German, African and even Slavonic, is definitely worth taking a closer look at. Known mostly in the interpretation of the Grimm Brothers, the tale of Snow White has actually been transformed greatly, sometimes for the sake of keeping the story engaging, sometimes to make the moral of the story more obvious, but mostly to keep the audience’s shock level to the minimum (Kawan). In a step-by-step comparison of such elements of the tales as the leads, the plot, the settings and the supporting characters, the difference between the original tale, the Grimm’s’ version, the Slavonic and the African interpretations is bound to come out. To start with, the specifics of the settings should be discussed. Speaking of the plot, the basic storyline is there in all four versions; the narrator tells about a girl whose skin is white as snow and who is beautiful beyond all possible reasons. As a matter of fact, in the original, there are quite a number of details about the plot, the characters, and almost every other element – unlike in Grimm Brothers’ interpretation, where everything that the author says must be taken for granted. The original version told by Giambattista Basile, in fact, even combines several storylines from different tales, like the Sleeping Beauty, the Bluebeard , etc. (Windling para.4-5). As for the lead character, Snow White is described in quite the same way in every story, give or take some insignificant facts: in each of the four stories, she is an orphan whose evil stepmother is plotting her murder. Again, the folk version of the tale seems to offer much more details. In Grimm brothers’ interpretation, the reader does not even know the name of the girl – it is only her nickname that is left; Snow White seems more like a nickname. In the original, the narrator says at the very beginning that her name is Lisa (Windling para.3). Speaking of the lead character’s personality, however, one must admit that the original focuses on the character description and development considerably less than Grimm’s version. Finally, the rest of the characters are
Different authors have discussed marketing as a concept that is built on various attributes such as segmentation. In this discussion, two videos on Market Segmentation were analyzed. The first video is titled ‘Market Segmentation Introduction’ while the second one is titled ‘Market Segmentation ‘. We can only hear the voice of Karlsson (2012) who authored the video ‘Market Segmentation Introduction’. The video, Market Segmentation is first introduced in a general way before commencing a detailed discussion on the four pillars of the marketing concept. Karlsson (2012) provides the general definition of a market as that which consists of actual and potential buyers of different products designed specifically for the target market. Market Segmentation is generally defined using demographic, geographic, psychographic, and behavioral attributes. According to Karlsson (2012), each attribute has subcategories that detail how to implement segmentation. Besides, the video shows that companies that adopt the concept make gains such as effective use of resources, focused expenditure, and high profits because the company can provide the right products for the right market segment. The second video, which is titled ‘Market Segmentation ’, introduces the topic by noting that the concept is valuable for creating new target markets and for effective strategy formulation ( Market Segmentation, 2012). Here, the video focuses on Market Segmentation as a tool that companies use to identify the right market for their products and design market penetration and positioning strategies using the market characteristics of customer demographics, behavior, psychographics, and geographic factors. The video uses pictures sparingly because a significant portion of the video uses text and voice data to explore the topic. The key differences between the videos are that each discourse approaches the topic differently but tackles each element with the results being the same. Market Segmentation in the first video is seen as a company’s market positioning tool for its products and services. However, the video on ‘Market Segmentation Introduction’ precisely discusses the commonly used success factors a company is likely to use when investing in the market. The assessment criterion includes the use of elements such as substantial, differentiable, measurable, and accessible concepts. On the other hand, the ‘Market Se