ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Article Summary The presented article indicates that people in “Western Europe are going through a period of religious change” (Mortensen 21). The argument is supported using Philip Jenkins’ analysis. Jenkins indicates that the future of Christendom will have changed significantly by the year 2050. The demographic explosion experienced in the developing world will catalyze this kind of change. Jenkins also argues that Christianity is a religion that is undergoing rapid transformation (Mortensen 22). Since the religion is not bound to space and time, it will travel to different corners of the world. After new communities get to know about the religion, the Bible is translated to local languages to ensure God’s message is shared much faster. Secularization has become a reality as new religions emerge in various regions. For instance, many people are staying in church without caring about its progress. This means that Christianity has become a form of civil religion. The future of Christianity, therefore, depends on the choices made by believers today. This is something that will either result in a clash of religious civilizations or foster a multiethnic (or multicultural) coexistence. The author concludes by proposing a dialogue among cultures. Such a discourse will bring more people together and empower them to prepare themselves “for God’s transformative actions” (Mortensen 26). The practice will promote an authentic Christian coexistence across the globe. The Author’s Message: Main subject The author is trying to inform the reader about the future of Christianity. Using Jenkin’s ideas, he indicates that Christianity is a religion that is expected to travel or move southwards (Mortensen 23). This is true because most of the mainline Christian churches across Europe have declined significantly. The current rate of diversification is characterized by tensions as the religion tries to develop a sense of uniformity (Mortensen 25). This development will result in new priorities or goals in mission. In the future, churches will be confronted with the choice between a peaceful coexistence and a class of religious developments. Examples Used by the Author The author uses several examples to reinforce his argument. The first one is that of Hagia Sophia in Istanbul. The building, that was once a monument for Christianity, is now occupied by Muslims. This kind of transition indicates that Christianity is a religion that is one the move. The second example is the Christian exodus that took place in the year 70 when the Romans conquered Jerusalem (Mortensen 21). The author argues that the situation experienced today is similar to that of the first century. The third exa
Industry and Competitor Analysis The case study presents several opportunities for Safaricom and its closest competitors. First, the globalizing markets create the possibility of growth through acquisitions. While a large share of the company was acquired by Vodafone in 2000, it is possible to assume that the size and scope of Safaricom’s operations allow it to conduct several small acquisitions to generate revenue (Hitt et al. 1). This assertion can be partially confirmed by the history of Safaricom’s previous successful acquisitions as well as similar strategies pursued by Bharti Airtel upon its entering the continent (Hitt et al. 7). Another opportunity is Kenya’s relatively diversified economy, which facilitates a platform for prolonged economic viability and customer payment capacity. It also secures the steady increase in demand for their services, since the modernization of the economy necessitates the involvement of modern communications, online accessibility, and, in many cases, makes the presence of e-payments a desirable option. Thus, M-PESA, one of Safaricom’s services that offer mobile-based microtransactions, provides additional opportunities for enlarging customer base and increasing customer loyalty and satisfaction. Finally, the availability of emerging markets in other African countries can be considered an opportunity. During its lifespan, Safaricom has demonstrated a good understanding of the specifics of the local social-economic and social environment, which suggests that its eventual penetration to local markets can be successful. However, several threats should be acknowledged as pertinent to the described case. First, despite its relative diversification, the Kenyan economy remains relatively unstable when compared to most developed and some developing countries. For instance, several events that occurred in 2008, including drought, a surge of fuel prices, and the effect of the economic crisis which impacted Kenya’s partners, resulted in a severe economic setback. In addition, Kenya is characterized by restrictive government regulations that are being addressed in accordance with the changing political landscape. While there is a tendency towards improvement in all identified areas, it is reasonable to expect a slow pace of the change and uneven scope of improvements, and, by extension, the threat of underperformance and emergence of unforeseen setbacks in the short term. It is also worth pointing out that the described situation is relatively similar in many African countries that are considered possible targets for expansion, which somewhat undermines the possibility of profitable acquisitions. Finally, the information and communication technologies segment is currently among the most densely populated in terms of global competition, with a significant number of world leaders in the industry taking the direction of expansion into developing markets. In other words, the case of partial acquisition by Vodafone can be expected to reoccur on a larger scale in the foreseeable future. The review of the Safaricom’s competitors allows us to identify three companies that can be cons
The effect of computer-assisted cooperative learning methods and group size on the EFL learners’ achievement in communication skills The study points at the effect of the computer-aided cooperative learning method and the group size on EFL learning achievement in communication competency. It begins by providing the merits of small groups that accomplish tasks together, including the strength of language use, promoting mastery of language use, increasing participation by individuals, and providing a conducive environment for learning. However, demerits may include group conformity patterns that sometimes do not respond to wishes of the individuals, opposition to group ideals that may be treated with suspicion and rivalry in small groups with vested members’ interests. Loyalty to the group may lead to some members acting modestly to avoid victimization by other group members. Based on this fact, efforts were made to aid learning by eliminating the physical barrier. The assumption was that mistrust breeds conflict due to potential ar
Introduction Arabic is the official language of many countries. It has many dialects but only one of its versions is taught in schools and used across the Arab world. This Semitic language differs greatly from English. Arabic has a three-consonant root as its basis and all words (part of speech) are followed by combining the three root consonants with fixed vowel patterns and sometimes an affix. Arabic has 28 consonants whereas English has 24. It also has eight vowels or diphthongs against that of English, which has 22. Arabic texts are read from right to left and there is no distinction made between upper and lower cases and the punctuation rules are much looser than in English. English has three times as many vowels as Arabic and it is inevitable for Arabs to fail to distinguish some words they hear and have difficulties pronouncing such words correctly. Phonology deals with the distinction between tone language and stress languages. Languages with an extensive tonal system tend to make less use of stress and accent. This is because whatever functional load is carried by tonemes in one language may be carried by stress or the accent in another. Tonemes give a paradigmatic prominence to a syllable while stress mainly gives syntagmatic prominence. The main function of tonemes is to distinguish each syllable from any other possible syllable with the same
Heritage Assessment has brought cross-cultural interactions whereby different cultures are mixture together. This therefore means that geographical boundaries are no longer a limit to different cultures. There are however certain features of culture for example relationships and religion that can barely be worn down by global communications. Much concern has however been raised throughout the entire world over personalized health care awareness. It is essential that every organizational cultural setting have maximum effects on management and governance of issues related to health care. The fact that the public have become conscious towards encouraging sound health and prevention of various diseases have led to creation of methods and techniques that ease the work of health care professionals towards understanding the kind of patient whom they are taking care of. Heritage Assessment tool is one of the techniques that is being used to recover the traits of a patient before administering any sort of medical help (Edelman & Mandle, 2010). Heritage is distinctive to human being just like fingerprints. This is because different cultures have got exceptional features that they do not share with other communities. Heritage is the parameter used mainly in identifying the ethics, way of life and the religious background of particular people in a specific geographical boundary. Traditional health schemes used in restoring, improving and maintaining of human health stand out to be a distinctive culture. The concepts employed include the physical, mental and spiritual beliefs of an individual. It is not easy to outline the way in which health matters are being handled based on specifications of cultural heritage. This paper mainly addresses the usefulness of applying heritage assessment in evaluating the needs of whole person. It also compares the differences in health traditions between Middle Eastern community’s culture, Nigerian culture and Indian culture addressing mainly their health maintenance, protection and restoration. Many people’s attitudes and opinions concerning health care providers have greatly changed after apprehending policies set by national health care. Heritage Assessment tool is being used by health care providers to identify with the client position regarding his/her beliefs and cultures. Actually it is the best way in which they can be able to fully unders
Feminist writers often hold that the female body is a cultural construct that dictates women’s experiences and behavior. They dispute naturalistic explanations of gender that presume that sex determines one’s socio-cultural identity and role. Atwood (1990) espouses this position when she notes that society has normalized the perception of the female body as a sexual object with accessories that are meant to please men. She conceives gender as a stylization of the body according to social norms. Feminist theorists consider it an embodiment of cultural ideals. When Shaw and Lee (2011) claim that femininity or masculinity is a quality inscribed onto a body, they clearly emphasize the cultural construction of gender as either male or female. This duality is designed to control the expression of femininity. In her part, Bordo (1993) likens the female body to a text engraved with patriarchal ideas of Western philosophers, such as Plato. This paper draws on different conceptions of the female body to illustrate how all gender constructions are inherently oppressive to women through punitive cultural norms. Main Argument Feminist Perspectives The feminist theory articulates the cultural influences on gender construction. The positions of different theorists are premised on the social construction of sexual differences, identities, and roles. For example, Shaw and Lee (2011) explain how gender duality confines men and women to certain normative standards and expectations in terms of dress and beauty. The male/female binary and other body or class categorizations, such as abled/disabled and racial groups, create privilege and oppression (Shaw & Lee, 2011). These arguments expose and deconstruct how society has created systems of inequality and subjugation. In particular, gender assignment at birth assigns one to a feminine or masculine development trajectory. The failure to conform to the expectations of a male or female in terms of behavior and expression of identity often attracts social sanctions. Evidently, the construction of gender is a process that is socially shared and one that is rooted in politics and history. Gender identities are prescriptive in the sense that they are concerned with rules and norms (Madsen, 2000). They do not express feminine or masculine realities. Rather, they conceal gender in a cultural interplay of normative standards and social sanctions. In this regard, the visual body becomes a subject of dominant patriarchal systems. Women have to conform to distorted masculine traditions and expectations conveyed through the media. Sexualized beauty ideals, medical interventions, female reproductive health, rape, and abortion are all means of social control. They confine the woman to a status of being an object of male gratification and pleasure. Patriarchal Systems Certainly, gender is a pervasive quality of
Research Article Rambur, Betty; McIntosh Barbara; Palumbo, Mary Val; Reinier, Kyndaron; (2005), “Education as a Determinant of Career Retention and Job Satisfaction Among Registered Nurses”, Journal of Nursing Scholarship, Vol. 37, Issue 2, Pgs. 185-192, Published by Sigma Theta Tau International. The literature highlights the shortage of nurses which is a major problem in the US healthcare system and must be countered with feasible long term plans. This research is timely and addresses an acute global problem. Graduates of hospital-based diploma programs, 2-year associate degree programs, and 4-year baccalaureate degree programs all appear for the same licentiate exam surprisingly and they become registered nurses who are equally accepted with the same remuneration, kind of job and responsibility. They are not being differentiated for any posting based on their qualification as is done for any other profession. There is no official regulatory difference. This probably has discouraged nurses from delaying their graduation and intelligently opting for shorter courses. However the baccalaureate degree has been preferred by the American Nurses Association since 40 years ago. The issue still smolders without resolution. A study conducted by Aiken et al (2003) is about the only evidence which indicates a link between nursing education and patient safety. This study suggested the careful consideration of policies concerning the quality of patient care that could be provided by the various nurses. Other studies have also spoken about the outcomes of having the different educational qualifications but none really touch upon the education and how it could provide a return of investment in terms of social returns or years contributed to the profession. This study analysed individual and social return on investment, job satisfaction, and career patterns in individuals of a group AD, whose highest degree was an associate degree in nursing (AD) and a second group termed BS for this analysis. BS comprised of those whose highest degree was a bachelor of science with a major in nursing or a bachelors of science in nursing. The professional acumen of a nurse with a baccalaureate degree should be recognized.. The investment f
Coaching is an educational domain and as such necessitates the development of a coaching philosophy. Coaching philosophy can greatly impact and enhance the daily coaching procedures and strategies and remains a very practical matter. In coaching, it is crucial that every coach follows certain principles based on his own playing experience. A coach has to assume several roles in life including those of a guide, a teacher, a role model, and sometimes a friend. Principally, a coach must have and reflect a positive attitude. A positive coach will always put the players before anything else. While coaching, an optimistic coach desires to triumph but at the same time must comprehend that before everything else, he is an educator, thus coaching primarily concerns the development of his players. Coaching is a resolute commitment to the best education that can be given to the athletes. Coaching then comprises the development of character as well as the skills of the athletes. In coaching, the victories and defeats are used as teaching instances to develop confidence along with affirmative personality facets for instance self-discipline, self-motivation, self-esteem, and most importantly an enthusiasm for life. Effective Coaching is an activity that facilitates athletes to learn and efficiently develop their skills. The purpose can be accomplished by setting pragmatic goals where the focus is on the effort rather than the outcome. Coaching ensures the laying of precise standards of incessant training and enhancement of the ath
Industry and macroeconomic factors Inflation and economic recession are some of the economical factors affecting the search engine industry (Jones 2). Since the search industry depends of revenue from companies, any slight performance of these companies affects the performance of the entire industry (Jones 1). Competitiveness and emergence of other customized portals, such as eBay, get into the search market making traditional players unable to break even (Jones 7). The shifting consumer demand also affects the search engine industry. This is in the sense that players have to adopt capabilities that can deliver on the end user demand (Jones 10). The future prospect of Yahoo Yahoo generates substantively its revenue from the sale of advertisements on short-term contracts. By January 2010, Yahoo had the world’s largest market share in online display advertising. Yahoo’s United States market share for display advertising was at 17 percent followed by Microsoft at 11 percent and AOL came in third at 7 percent. The other competitive advantage is its customized web pages and services that meet the needs of customers (Jones 5). Yahoo’s high standard places the company at sustainable competitive advantage. The new innovative and novel products helped Yahoo set the benchmarks from the onset. Yahoo also has a stake of 40 percent in Alibaba Group Holding Ltd, which is valued at $120 billion (Jones 12). The success of Yahoo 2011 Table: Yahoo Revenue in millions Years          2011    2012    2013   Total Revenue  $4,984  $4,986  $4,680 Net Income     $1,048  $3,944  $1,360  Source: (Frier, Sarah and Aaron Ricadela par. 4). In the year 2011, social network Facebook overtook Yahoo in becoming the top search engine. The online entry of Facebook greatly reduced the market share. The loss of the top spot is attributed to the leadership strategies. The strategic recommendations by the top managers did not work effectively with the external and internal environments (Frier, Sarah and Aaron Ricadela 4). The future revenue earning is estimated at over $80 billion from commercial advertisement through its radical business model by 2010-2015 (Frier, Sarah and Aaron Ricadela 5). However, this estimation has been scaled down due to the entry of Facebook, economic recession and other competitors. In September 2011, Carol Bartz is removed as CEO of the company. This was followed by successive removal and replacement of CEOs within short periods (Jones 11-12). The implementation of strategies by the top management was ineffective and this created wariness amongst the shareholders. Hence, the company had a challenge of finding a proficient CEO, who would provide effective leadership with innovative, proper vision, mission and policy. Nevertheless, since the hiring of Marissa Mayer as a CEO on July 2012, the company performed successfully. Marissa Mayer was a former executive of the Google Company. Investment decision If I had money, I would have invested in the company, because Yahoo has promising future prospects. On July 2013, Yahoo outshined Google due to the number of visits to its website
Food justice is an initiative set up by society to combat food security and economic oppressions that limit access to healthy and nutritious foods culturally acceptable. Food justice was formed based on social movement theories, and it viewed the available food system as not fair (Alkon & Agyeman, 2011). According to the movements, food production and distribution were biased against the blacks and the low-class people (Smith, 2019). Food justice movements have helped to overcome nutrition issues such as dominance, food security, racial, and gender biases. Urban theorists came up with the urban planning theory build on the scale to globalization; they debate that scale is not standard or fixed but created and that social movements more often work globally. It is viewed that within a globalized environment, there are network creations that operate within local, intermediate and transitional levels (Brons & Oosterveer, 2017). This theory points out the concept of resistance and self-dependency and directs networks and movements that link issues and scales. The state is also discussed for its role in promoting or hindering food justice movements by the policies they put in place. This theory influenced the movements to be soft oppositions to the global economy, and it informed them to be resistant to the global scale. A theoretical framework of place-based movements argues about how food justice movements were held in place, their culture, daily activities, knowledge, and policies. The theory argues that place-based movement strategy enhanced the identity and defense of a movement. Place-based movements are viewed as advantaged because they can participate in locality production by setting up politics of scale from the ground, enabling a simultaneous focus on locality and state partnerships. Place-based theory informed the movements to be democratic and self-servicing in their activities and daily practices. The movements were created to solve food issues that affected the communities objectively. The key goal was to promote food security to combat hunger and provide essential daily meals. Family empowerment was also an objective whereby the movements aimed at ensuring families could sustain their land and guarantee them access to healthy foods (Gottlieb & Joshi, 2010). Food justice movements also target opening up opportunities for community members to network with food producers and distributors. Linking consumers and producers would also