ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Two strands of theories on the relationship between business ownership and the firm’s cost of debt. The first one includes the theories of agency cost and moral hazard. Debtholders predict that government ownership leads to higher risk-taking. The agency cost theory maintains that bureaucrats or managers who control government-owned organizations have no direct ownership of the businesses’ assets. Consequently, they are not keen on ensuring that these organizations succeed. Unlike the managers who run private institutions, these bureaucrats channel resources to personal growth at the expense of the businesses. The puny administrative inducements, coupled with misappropriation of resources due to manager-owner clash, results in state-owned firms performing poorly and assuming high risks (Barry et al., 2011; Berger et al., 2005; Iannotta et al., 2007; Sapienza, 2004; Shleiffer and Vishny, 1986, 1997). Borisova et al. assert that the poor management of government institutions has an indirect impact on the amount of debt that an organization takes. The moral hazard theory argues that government-owned companies do not entirely assume the burden of the risks that they take. As a result, these firms are unlikely to shy away from risky activities (Iannotta et al., 2013; Gropp et al., 2014). Moral hazard arises when an individual has a penchant for taking risky actions because they will not bear the consequences of their behavior. In such a circumstance, the decision-maker is protected from the dangers emanating from their actions. This theory attributes the lack of accountability to the risky behaviors that public servants exhibit. Based on this viewpoint, one of the advantages of state ownership (which cuts across most of the developed and developing nations) is that the government bears the costs, which state-owned enterprises (SOEs) incur. These risks include bailing out an institution that is on the verge of bankruptcy, injecting capital, and replacing non-performing assets. Hence, the bailout expectation of state-owned firms becomes an incentive for managers to take on excessive risks at the expense of creditors (Merton, 1977). Alternatively, the theory of soft budget constraint entails that state-owned firms are always bailed out with state-owned banks (Kornai et al., 2003) due to the advantages that come with government ownership. National banks are said to enjoy government assistance like implicit and explicit guarantees, capital injection, and resolution of unbeneficial loans. Consequently, these financial institutions are more likely to engage in uncertain activities than private banks. Nier and Baumann (2006) confirm that the entrenched government assistance aggravates business’ risk-taking motivation. For many years, scholars have blamed government-ownership for corporate ineptitude that is witnessed in public institutions. Sh
Introduction Sexual health products have continued hitting the market at a big rate. This is because a lot of people want to have a healthy sexual life. In fact, a lot of advertisements on sexual health products portray some characteristics of good sexual health. These advertisements capture incidences that show some couples who lead a healthy sexual life. Therefore, the prospective customers are attracted to these advertisements, and they are ready to buy and use these products. Vigor-Ex The advertisement of this product is found in the link on the internet. This image can also be found on the advertisement sections of medical products online. This product is used to enhance men’s sexual health. It takes care of men’s sexual issues by attracting men to sex, increasing their libido, and increasing their lasting time during sexual intercourse. The product appeals to the issues of human sexuality, and thus, any man who feels the urge to increase his sexuality, will buy this product. The customer examines his sexual health and feels the need to purchase the product. This is because the product deals with a variety of sexual issues and the customer may feel that he lacks one or few of the things advocated by the product. This is a marketing strategy that can attract a lot of customers. This is because the problem of sexuality is common in the society. A product that promises to revitalize the sexuality will attract a lot of customers. Therefore, through this, the product realizes its goals. The Circles of Sexuality in the product This product contains all the five circles of sexuality as published by Advocates for Youth in 2007. First, the product contains aspects of sensuality. The models used on the face of the bottle have come into terms with their bodies, and they have also come into terms with the bodies of other people. This is because they are naked, and they do not seem to mind about that fact; they are comfortable. In this product, the models are exercising their feelings through their senses by touching and kissing each other. They are looking at each other as they touch; thus, they are very sensual. The pose exhibited by the models is very attractive to couples. The pose is meant to suggest to the consumer that the models are sexually healthy. The customer visuali
Older adults often face a lot of health-related issues that affect their well-being and require special treatment. However, rather often their condition is affected by unexpected falls. In fact, this experience is currently treated as a major public concern, which proves that it requires proper investigation. In their work, Helgadóttir, Laflamme, Monárrez-Espino, and Möller (2014) emphasized that even in high-income countries where the elderly can obtain high-quality care up to 60% of the whole older adult population fall every year. Such numbers prove that the issue is extremely critical and cannot be ignored. The rates of morbidity and mortality increase due to this problem dramatically. Thus, negative influences of falls can be seen on both individuals and society. Professionals indicate that the elderly may fall and hurt themselves because of different reasons (Ramsey, Hin, Prado, & Fernandez, 2015). While ones believe medication intake to be among the most critical of them, others emphasize the influence of personal characteristics and lifestyle. Due to aging and aligned diseases, people tend to have several drugs prescribed, and scientists tend to argue whether this combination can affect other personal risk factors, such as health status or age, and worsen the situation. Physical activity and alcohol consumption, for example, can increase the probability of being injured, and some previous studies proved that medication can be fall-risk-increasing (Helgadóttir et al., 2014). Professionals believe that the number of falls among the elderly can be minimalized with the help of preventive patient education, assessment of their condition by screening, training in risk assessment, etc. (Chang & Do, 2014). What is more, they indicate that paying attention to the medication, the situation is likely to be improved as well. However, previous studies were not enough to make a clear statement regarding the outcomes. Thus, this research will explore them, addressing a PICO statement: in elderly aged 65 and above with multiple diagnoses who are at a greater risk for fall (P) how does taking more medications for multiple diagnoses (I) compared to taking less medications with lifestyle change (C) benefit/reduced risk for fall (O). Review of Literature In their research, Alpert and Gatlin (2015) focused on the use of different medications by an elderly person. They indicated that such treatment is often caused by the necessity to deal with several chronic conditions and interaction with more than one provider. The authors concentrated on the issues caused by polypharmacy. They claimed that it increases the risk of falls and adverse effects. It also worsens medication compliance. As a result, it can lead even to individual’s death. Chang and Do (2014) focused on the same issue but emphasized gender-related peculiarities as they are rarely discussed. They used cross-sectional study and addressed almost 15,000 individuals. The influences of socio
Occasionally, functions are written more succinctly than y = f(x), making it difficult or impossible to define y clearly in terms of x. Implicit functions are the name given to such functions; implicit differentiation may be used to distinguish them. It’s critical to do many practice activities to understand the concepts described here so that they become second nature. Implicit differentiation is commonly used across the business sector to solve various problems and optimize the output of the problem. In this post, I will discuss the application of Implicit Differentiation in the business sector. In business, this approach entails differentiating an implicit equation concerning the desired variable while treating the remaining variables as undetermined functions known as implicit differentiation. Price and demand interactions are daily in practice as a spreadsheet of prices and sales, and various variables influence their changes (May & Bart, 2020). So these are the theoretical foundations that are used to discover in reality; in the economic literature, calculus (Implicit Differentiation) provides us with some pleasant ways to interpret the spreadsheet. Even if there is no solution for y directly, implicit differentiation assumes that y is a function of x. This assumption does not need any effort, but one must be extremely cautious when differentiating and utilizing the Chain Rule to consider y as a function. Lastly, many business-based platforms are customized using implicit differential equations by software engineers. Algorithmic Adjoin Differentiation is a quick and easy approach to get price derivatives from input data. When a model calibration is conducted, it shows how the process can increase even further. Differentiating the numerical method utilized in calibration is not necessary when using the implicit function theorem. The outcome is a more practical application than automatic differentiation. Economists use this operation daily while software engineers develop complex platforms to solve the more challenging problem.
Narrated by the impractical dwarf Oskar, The Tin Drum incorporates features of German folklore and the grotesque to discover different aspects about it such as economic and political, social difficulties of German lifetime since 1900 through World War II. The readers are directed by Oskar Matzerath, the main character, who takes advantage of his position as the narrator and sheds light and presents his character as the main protagonist. At first, Oskar drums to put at a distance between him and grownups. He also drums for companionship since he has no company in his isolated bubble of life, at least, in his own mind; he thought he was getting so much advantage from it since he was a spectacularly talented drummer. It is possible to note that Oskar, being a little dwarf, transforms into a powerful man with the help of his drumming and his voice and his masculinity is embodied in his musical talent. Oskar really has a specific ability to affect people via his drumming. He makes use of this in numerous ways. For instance, he exploits his ability to drum to affect women and win their affection. First of all, it is necessary to state that it was Oskar’s choice to remain a child at the age of three. He did not want to grow into adulthood as he knew that adults made lots of bad decisions and were quite miserable. Nonetheless, Oskar grew up and developed into an adult personality enclosed in a child body. This enabled him to play the fool and remain irresponsible all the time. However, his little body lacked masculinity in common sense. He was hardly an object of desire for the majority of females as he was still seen as a child. Therefore, Oskar had to unveil his masculinity in a different way, other than the rest of men. He had a specific voice and a talent to drum. These were his tools and his own features of masculinity. Thus, his talent to drum helped him and those who were beside him to feel the power of his music. His walks with Auntie Kauer gave him the sense of his power as they walked and he drummed while she was singing. Notably, the main street traffic always stopped, and everything “came to a standstill” while they were walking (Grass 62). More importantly, Oskar understood his power over women as he noted, “I can safely say I dressed and undressed that skinny woman… With my drum,” even though he did not think about her body and did not aim at seducing her (Grass 62). The little man knew he had power over women and used it whenever he needed it. It is noteworthy that Oskar’s voice was really powerful as he could damage glass. Apart from this ability, his voice had a very peculiar effect on women. It is possible to state that his “divine but certainly devilish nature” of his “genius” made women submissive (Grass 158). Women felt his masculine power, which w
Introduction At the edge of the 1980s and the 1990s, European countries with transition economies commenced on a way to democracy and a market economy. Consequently, sets of reforms were initiated, including such crucial processes as macroeconomic stabilization, liberalization, and the building of institutional grounds for a market economy. It resulted in the necessity to create the financial systems almost from scratch because those systems in conditions of central planning were reflecting decisions of the authorities. All the countries had a similar purpose to create a stable and healthy financial system (Romaniuk & Sznajderska, 2013). Still, the achievements of every state were unique due to the impact of initial economic conditions, institutional diversity, and the models of capitalism that the countries selected to follow. Countries of Eastern Europe are of particular interest because they had to develop new economies on the post-communist background. One of the states that accomplished a successful transition from the post-communist economy to capitalism in Poland. This paper investigates the type of capitalism developing in Poland and the factors that led to the current economic situation in the country including institutional changes in the fi
Abstract This paper delves into the issue of mosquito control strategies through an examination of present-day issues and evaluates the literature on administrative, technical, regulatory, and professional practices involved in reducing exposure to mosquito-borne diseases and how are their strategies tailored to specific contexts. The main issue that this paper will attempt to address is the development of a more sustainable framework for the control of mosquitoes and their respective health threats. To accomplish this, an examination will be conducted with stakeholders involved in public health and mosquito control at local, state, and national levels that can comment on their activities with authority. A list of interview questions will be utilized that is tailored to different groups of stakeholders with the intent of eliciting data that answer my research questions. Through this process, the researcher will be able to examine the current processes that are in use within such organizations and determine whether they are efficient, forward-thinking, and can properly address the myriad issues involved in proper mosquito control when compared to current literature on the subject. It is expected that through this paper a better understanding of the current mosquito control processes within L.A. and Texas will be developed resulting in the creation of better practices as a direct result of the investigation. Before proceeding, it should be noted that one of the main issues that the researcher had with the project was that due to the method of investigation (i.e. structured interviews) there were few means by which the answers given by the individual participants could be verified within a specific amount of time. To resolve this issue, the researcher analyzed the interview results with the available literature on the subject to ensure that the information given was accurate. Introduction As population centers continue to grow within the U.S., the issue of disease prevention is becoming an increasingly prevalent issue within the past few years. Outbreaks of the West Nile virus in the U.S. coupled with the occurrence of Dengue fever in Florida and Hawaii as well as an assortment of other mosquito-borne illnesses have shown the necessity of developing planning frameworks for government agencies such as the Center for Disease Control (CDC) to mitigate and control the outbreak of mosquitoes in and around populated urban environments (AbuBakar, 1-9). The main problem of urban centers is the fact that the level of population density with nearly 1,000 peo
Introduction The amalgamation of cultures is both a benediction and blasphemy of the K-12 teaching space. With more variety than ever, educators have to fine-tune approaches from one scholar to the next. Multiculturalism essentially means more than a schoolroom with diverse skin color – it comprises watchful inspection of the localities, parenting styles, and overall experiences that outline all of the K-12 scholars. This paper scrutinizes multicultural education and what effect the miscellaneous pupils of these days will have on the next peer group of teachers. In its utmost elementary sense, multicultural education is a liberal method for renovating education constructed on educational equivalence and societal righteousness. The gears obligatory in cultivating a multicultural education are content incorporations, bias decrease, authorizing school philosophy, and communal philosophy (Rata & Arslan, 2013). These all necessitate consideration as they relate to the hard work of conflict resolution in the present day. What children learn in their schoolroom settings when it comes to contacts with those who are dissimilar to them renders into how well they will succeed in life in the universal sense. In the 20 th century, there has been an upsurge in international reciprocated acceptance of opposite views and diverse beliefs – though debatably, there is still a lot of work to do. Unambiguously, when one talks about America, it is central that multicultural education is present with the growing number of scholars for whom English is not their first language and come from a different country. Multiplicity is real even within typical society, and scholars need to have the communiqué life abilities that multicultural education endorses. While no classroom is the same, each method will be mixed as well. Some significant points when it comes to multicultural education must embrace several things. Firstly, it is cautious observation. To put it differently, multicultural teaching cannot be taught in a book. It must be established by each teacher on the basis of a specific scholar group. Secondly, it is the learning style of supervision. Teachers can assist students in realizing their hypothetical assets by helping them determine their own learning style. In this manner, students learn what technique of understanding works best for them founded on their own experiences and characters. Thirdly, it is the pride in legacy. Teachers should search for ways to accentuate the variances between scholars in an encouraging light (Peters-Davis & Shultz, 2015). This could mean writing p
The interaction between corporate governance and information security governance is hitherto unknown to most organizational managers and information security experts. Consequently, vital information-security governance concepts should be communicated to corporate-governance ranks by ensuring that each organization has an information security policy that is well defined and understood by all stakeholders. This information-security policy should include a statement of an organization’s key business-drivers, its legal frameworks, the profile of its impending threats, and the regulatory policies that apply to it (Veiga & Eloff, 2007). All these factors are pertinent to corporate governance, and packaging information-security governance as such reconciles the two departments. For example, most boards of directors are governed by a set of outlined policies. Lack of a well-defined information-security policy might mean that a board of directors is exempt from this responsibility. It is up to an organization to ensure that its security program, which includes standards, policies, firewalls, and security personnel, among others, are well represented within all management ranks. Currently, most organizations tend to confine their security programs to the administration of small teams. Seamless integration of corporate and information-security governance has only been achieved in a few organizations, most notably leading tech companies such as Apple, Facebook, and Amazon, among others. The main point-of-reference, when incorporating information-security governance concepts into corporate governance, is to ensure that security policies are distributed within the whole organization and responsibility is shared equally (Whitman & Mattord, 2011). The committee structure in information-security governance serves the purpose of bringing all the stakeholders together. In most modern organizations, information-security committees are made up of the Chief Executive Officer, Chief Financial Officer, Chief Information Officer, Chief Security Officer, representatives from the human resource department, and a public relations officer, among others. One advantage of using a committee structure is that it serves as “an effective communication channel for management’s aims and directions and provides an ongoing basis for ensuring alignment of the security program with organizational objectives” (Williams, 2001, p. 32). In addition, a security committee acts as an educational platform for all the major stakeholders who sit in the committee. For example, the Chief Information Officer who sits on the committee passes vital information to the human resource officer in the same circle. One challenge of having a committee structure is that this model utilizes a significant amount of resources. Furthermore, without a clearly laid out structure, it is almost impossible for a committee to achieve its goals. Information security managers are bound by regulatory policies that apply to various jurisdictions and organizations. Expectations of regulatory agencies range from “having an understandin