ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Nationalism was a movement which stressed that people with common ethnicity were to share similar benefits under a ruler of their ethnic background. Nationalists realized that sovereignty was not monarch or church-based but was invested in people (Sherman & Salisbury 583). The main objective of restoration and nationalism was to liberate people from foreign rule and also to create cohesiveness among members of certain ethnic groups. Apparently, nationalism spirit emerged during French revolution hence France became the source of nationalistic sentiments. This paper explores how nationalism affected imperialism. Moreover, it will also examine why nationalism failed to unite the Australian and ottoman empires. To begin with, it is imperative to note that nationalism led to rise of states and ethnic groups who had fled away from foreign domination. For instance, ethnic groups such as Serbs and Czech revolted against German dominance. Moreover, Greeks, Italians and Poles began to liberate themselves from dominant empires which ruled during that time (Sherman& Salisbury 587). It is definite that nationalism set the pace for cultural groups to unite. This gave them a feeling of solidarity and the desire to have a national government. In this case, nationalism resulted to rise of nationality. It is imperative to note that states and unified ethnic groups began to develop new symbols to demonstrate their national unity (Sherman & Salisbury 587). One of the symbols was a flag with multiple colors. People were willing to devote and sacrifice themselves for the sake of their nation. Nationality also developed in people who did not have states. For instance, the German scholars and intellectuals were stirred up by the spirit of nationalism. Therefore, they mobilized the German speaking communities and emphasized on the importance of having a national state. The European powers spread the national movement to their overseas empires. As a result, there rose new governments and states. The governments embarked on economic development and more wealth was accumulated. Certain economies grew and the states advanced weaponry to enforce authority. For this reason, the leaders of the empires such as the Austria and Ottoman Empires got concerned on their weaponry and military capability (Sherman& Salisbury 621). In this case, they wanted to continue dominating overseas empires. By so doing, they would domina
Introduction The expertise in identifying wines is stated to be based on the high perceptual skills of the experts. The question that might be asked in that matter is whether such skills can be trained. One of the important processes of evaluation is olfaction, considering that the aroma of the wine is an important part of its flavor. Accordingly, the importance of such a process is related to the fact that humans are stated to have impoverished language for describing odors. In that regard, considering that accurate identification of odors can occur following brief training, there is a rationale for investigating olfaction as a training option. With the data important for such assessment being based on whether the identification was successful or not, such data is quantifiable, for which a quantitative research method might be seen appropriate. A quantitative experiment was conducted to investigate the ability of novices to differentiate different wines based on smell. Accordingly, the experiments aimed at identifying whether different factors can impact the ability of the novices to differentiate wine samples. The present report describes the methodology of the experiment and provides a discussion of the results. Method Participants A total of 27 participants were selected for the experiment, ten males and 17 females all of which were of the same age group, with a mean of 25. The participants were divided into two groups, natural group and enhanced group, with 14 and 13 participants respectively. The natural group consisted of 3 males and 11 females, while the enhanced group consisted of 7 males and 6 females. There were no significant differences between the groups in terms of such aspects as the number of smokers, nasal issues, or concussions. According to the Australian Wine Knowledge Questionnaire, there were no significant differences between the groups in terms of wine knowledge. Materials Odor samples of three wines were prepared which are Shiraz, Cabernet Sauvignon, and Pinot Noir, along with three relevant additives, Pepper, Blueberry, and Cherry. For each of the wines, a combination of wine samples was presented along with two identical wine foils. Procedure The experiment consisted of two blocks of testing, 1 and 2, each with 18 trials. In each of the trials in all blocks, the participants had to identify the target wine among three samples of two foils. In the first block, the natural groups were exposed to wines without additives, while the enhanced group was exposed to the samples with the relevant additives. In the second block of testing, both groups were under the same conditions, where the target sample had a relevant a
The excerpt “the problem of speech genres” explores the infinite diversity of speech. The manner in which a speech is delivered is said to be unique in every sense or piece of literary work. Speech is said to only have relevance in its immediate context. Once the style and words used in the delivery of a certain speech are moved to another domain, they become irrelevant. This inconsistency makes the classification of the types of speech into definite levels difficult. Styles that are common to certain professions or disciplines may give insight into the general orientation of the orator. The genres and styles have a relationship that cannot be changed or modified. In addition, the excerpt argues that style is complex and that it determines the nature of the grammar used in a specific speech. The author stipulates that communication is the ultimate goal of an utterance and the entire speech. The listener should construct a response according to his or her understanding of the utterances in the speech. The author articulates that an utterance must have a comprehensive meaning and should not be confused for sentences. The excerpt argues that styles used by a speaker are likely to be related to one unique genre. However, the entire speech is related to a standard language common to many people. The author emphasizes that the orator has to have a certain degree of familiarity with the discipline in question to be able to formulate the most apt composition of the speech. Furthermore, words in a speech are given their appropriate meaning by the utterance in which they are contained. In this regard, their primary meaning in the language is discarded. In addition, each utterance must be able to provide a link between preceding and the succeeding ideas in a speech. The orator continuously evaluates previous utterances in order to construct a meaningful speech. Once the orator understands the current situation, he or she can create a succeeding utterance. The author succeeds in expressing the diversity of styles of speech in relaying verbal information. The details of a speech are explained and their unique nature extracted. In addition, the author explains the most effective way of creating a communication link using speech. Although the author breaks down speech communication into its details, the relationship between various styles is not explored. Consequently, this seems to depict genres and different styles as independent languages.
Introduction During production, raw materials are converted into finished products, and this process involves procurement, allocation of resources as well as utilization of the resources. This operational process requires that goods are produced efficiently and in the most economical way. For an organization to realize its profits and satisfy the consumers, production is a key area of focus. Production management requires decisions be made about the products design, planning and control. For the processes to run smoothly, the movement of information and materials should be consistent so as to unite the parts involved into one. This way, the goal, which is the final product, is achieved by many units working as a team. Given that the modern customer requires the products at the most convenient time, location, and at a low cost, an organization should perform its production process based on the nature of the targeted market. Inventory helps to ensure that the organization responds to consumer needs in the shortest time possible. The nature of the raw materials and transportation is also another area of focus in production because a lot of costs are incurred in this area. This article will discuss on operations management using the Stickley Furniture Company as the model to explain the procedures and processes involved in the production. It will further discuss how the management can efficiently improve product and service quality at a low cost while meeting the market demands (Ross, 2010). Efficient management in operations is an essential component in supply chain; it not only simplifies operations and cost but also acts as an area in which an organization can focus on so as to gain a competitive advantage. Stickley Furniture’s Production processing Production in supply chain management comprises of drivers that support the conversion of raw materials into finished products that appeal to customers. These include the procurement process, designing the supply chain, inventories, transportation of supplies and the finished products, warehousing and the collaboration of these units to work as a team. For the Stickley Company, timber is sourced from outside as well as other products such as glue and other equipment that are used in production. Its supply chain is centralized in one unit where procurement, production and distribution are operated. It has various dealers outside who are the main point of contact between the organization and the suppliers. Inventory involves the semi-finished products which are assembled and delivered once orders are received. The scheduling office is used in locating products; this is a one way form of communication in which may not involve the rest of the units (Stevenson, 2009). The main form of the production process in this company is a job s
Introduction In his article, ‘Does Unconscious Racism Exist ,’ Lincoln Quillian introduces the aspect of the influence of unconscious thoughts on behavior. Racial discrimination is characterized by subdued interactions of members of different communities in the United States. The country, however, has made tremendous progress towards stemming from the vice, which culminated in the election of Barrack Obama as the 44 th President of the United States. However, Quillian explores the aspect of implicit prejudice, which involves an association of negative behavior with minority groups, which can lead to discrimination. Review of the article ‘Does Unconscious Racism Exist’ by Lincoln Quillian The main argument in this article is that most American citizens unconsciously exhibit discriminatory behavior mainly due to the influences of mass media and personal observations (Quillian, 2008). Minority groups in the United States include African Americans and Latinos. These groups are associated with poverty and increased incidence of crime in their communities. Similarly, individuals from the above communities are perceived to occupy lower positions of authority as compared to whites. The above phenomenon results in the formation of stereotypes that are part of mental schemas that influence an individual’s interaction with different aspects of the environment. The article expounds on the aspect of association where whites are associated with positive traits, while blacks are associated with negative traits. This concept is referred to as implicit prejudice and is heavily explored in psychology literature. In the article, the author reviews some of the previous research related to the above subject. This includes the relationship between implicit attitudes and discriminatory behavior. Similarly, past research has established a relationship between implicit attitudes and behavior towards various attitude objects, including gender and class. In order to give increased weight to his argument, the author introduces two methods used to measure implicit attitudes. These methods include rapid priming and implicit association test. Priming is an experiment where participants are presented with primes, usually black and white faces, where an evaluation is carried out later. The evaluation requires the participants to access the probability of unspecified race target exhibiting acting in a threatening way or rather exhibiting violent behavior (Quillian, 2008). The participants, paired with the black prime, tended to view the behavior of the race-unspecified target as highly violent. However, only a small set of participants paired with the white prime viewed the behavior of the race- unspecified target as increasingly violent. An implicit association test, on the other hand, entails pairing two concepts. Pairing is based on established stereotypes, including the association of white with good and black with bad. The first pairing, therefore, is based on the above stereotypes where studies have established increased association of the above concepts among white study participants. Similarly, a considerable part of black respondents related to
Outline The presentation starts with an explanation of digital feudalism and proceeds to examine the various readings. The author includes personal take on each reading. From this assessment, it is clear that capitalists globally still exploit laborers in an attempt to meet global demand for products and services. Digital Feudalism The modern digital ecosystem seems to be organizing rapidly into a feudal power structure similar to the European feudal system where kings and nobles are on top of the pyramid, followed by knights, while peasants are at the bottom. Supposedly, kings, nobles, and knights offer land and protection to the peasants as reward for the services they render to the royal class. The same system now applies to the digital environment where users participate in various platforms and unknowingly surrender a large amount of personal and other data to the platform owners. Anatomy of an AI System One can use an AI system’s anatomy to comprehend human labor. With human labor, material resources, and data, an individual can successfully run a large-scale artificial intelligence system (Crawford and Joler 2018). Unfortunately, these artificial intelligence systems consume a significant amount of resources from the earth’s, threatening the continued survival of different life forms, including humans (Crawford and Joler 2018). The examination of the life cycle of a single Amazon Echo speaker reveals deep interconnections between the literal hollowing out of the earth’s materials and the data capture and monetization of human communication practices in AI. Thus, in the present moment of the 21st century, a new form of extractivism that reaches the furthest corners of the earth and the deepest human cognitive layers and affective being has emerged. I agree that the seemingly convenient use of the Amazon Echo and similar products could have a detrimental effect on human life and sustainable utilization of resources given the number of steps involved to produce a single unit. The Amazon Echo is a creative device that increases the user’s convenience and enjoyment. People can give it such commands as “turn the lights on,” and it will do so. However, what is not evident to the user is that a single command like that invokes numerous processes and interactions that require data, interconnectedness, and efficiency (Crawford and Joler 2018). Also, with each command, the Amazon Echo learns new information that it can use to respond better and faster in the future. Unfortunately, much labor goes into the production of a single Amazon Echo device. There are miners working under harsh conditions in different parts of the world and factory employees under pressure to produce goods on time to satisfy global demand. In all this, the manufacturer or copyright owner contributes to environmental pollution and endangers biodiversity in different ecosystems. In other words, the process of cre
Introduction Generally, pollution is the process of introducing new materials, contaminants, into the natural environment leading to adverse effects. There are different types of pollution. These include air pollution, sound pollution, light pollution, littering, and soil contamination. From the above definition of pollution, it is clear that pollutants are foreign substances and particles that contaminate the environment. This paper discusses the various sources of air pollution, the effects of air pollution, and ways of minimizing air pollution. The paper also discusses two classes of pollutants: indoor pollutants and outdoor pollutants. Air pollution Air pollution is the process of introducing pollutants into the atmosphere willingly or unwillingly. Human beings perform certain activities that lead to air pollution. For instance, the burning of bushes leads to air pollution. When pollutants enter the atmosphere, they pollute it. Examples of these pollutants include commercial chemicals, foreign particles, and biological substances. After entering the atmosphere, they become part of the atmosphere and they mix with air components. These pollutants are dangerous especially if living organisms inhale them. They can cause diseases, death of living organisms such as plants and animals, deterioration of the natural environment, and uneasiness. In other words, the introduction of unwanted materials into the atmosphere is a dangerous phenomenon. Air pollutants can also cause other problems. For example, they can dam
Introduction Literature has offered man opportunity to present real life scenarios in a dramatized manner to entertain, educate, caution, or just inform society members the realities of life. Novels, poems, short stories, proverbs, drama and other genres of literature have been popularly used by people as a way of presenting life situation to people in an entertaining way (Galvan 23). Drama became very popular in fifteenth century, when William Shakespeare was very active on stage. Their performance had to be watched live on stage for there was no means through which it could be recorded for future use. This changed with invention of tape recorders. Through this, actors could have movies recorded for future use. The inception of Hollywood completely changed the world of drama. It enabled recording of plays as movies in tape recorders (Dawidowicz 45). Many actors and movies gained fame as one could watch them from different locations, provided that the tape player and the recorded tape are available. “Girlfriends” was one such movie. Launched in 1970s, this thriller brings to focus, the realities of the world. Realism from “Girlfriends” This is a creative movie developed in 1978, directed by Claudia Weill. The movie is not only interesting but also very educative as it is a representation of a real life situation. This documentary is done in such a way that it presents the realities of the world in a simple but clearly structured manner. The story gives us a representation of life in America in the seventies. Based in a society that was development conscious, this documentary provides a picture of American society and the place of women in this society. This piece of art is designed in a manner that presents how the society members viewed women and how women viewed their position amongst themselves. We are introduced to two friends, Ann Munroe and Susan Weinblatt. They both stay together in a house they have let. They have a strong emotional attachment towards each other. They share their secrets and as we see them initially in the movie, their world seems to be tied together. They have the feeling that their friendship has a strong bond and that their destination is bound by this love they have towards each other. Although very decently presented without any scene that appears to be immoral, the documentary presents several themes that are intended to show that this United States of America is loosing out on morals. This movie presents us with the following themes as the story unfolds. The two main characters are self supportive, though Susan is more successful. They therefore have the feeling that they should be free from anyone’s instructions. They want their own space where no one has control over them. This seemed to be working well with them till one of them, Ann, meets a man who according to her is caring and very loving. This man is an engineer. She realizes what she had been missing. It comes to her realization that she may not be in a position to live without a man in her life. She tells her friend of her decision to marry. Her friend Susan is against this as she fee
In today’s business world, the information gathered is very critical because it constitutes the important part of decision making in the organization. Intelligent decisions needs to be made to drive business forward thus the importance of business intelligence which is the computer based applications and technologies for gathering, storing and analyzing business data such as sales revenue and turnover to help in decision making in the organization. Systems application for business provide business people and organizations with the ability to interact with the organizations database and the ability to manage assets, finances, personnel, cost accounting, materials and production operations which are critical to the organization. This application popularly known as SAP has also some problems in consumer and customer management where it has straggled to penetrate (Dipen, 2010). The strategy of business intelligence helps and benefits the forward thinking business in reaching their goals. It helps the organization to learn the enterprise efficiently capitalizing on the available data, the system can be implemented in different ways and the organization would need to figure out the kind of business intelligence applications it would need to use for the maximum benefit. In order to streamline the operations and have an advantage the application prays a crucial role in tracking and analyzing data. Based on its output the management is able to make decisions which are in line with the business operations (Doan, 2000). This is of great benefit to the business since it cuts down the cost and produces results which are more accurate unlike the traditional system which heavily relies on the intelligence and experience of the involved person and in some cases can be prone to errors. Informed decisions are made using this software. Employees in the organization also gain knowledge and thus become informed through the software on how to position there product in the market and edge out competition. Every business has different requirements and therefore it is important to ensure that it gets a business system developed and customized by developers who truly understand the requirements of the business and thus can provide the services required and can deliver accordingly. The software provides up-to-date information which is used by management to act accordingly. Despite its popularity and importance the business information software has its drawbacks which in some cases can be critical (Linthicum, 2009). Roman Stanek advices that business intelligence is a luxury and only big organization can cope with its failure due to their financial power. Its use of single true parameters which in some cases is not based on real time to aid the management, its non scalability to cope with the changes in the organization and its success not being easily measured constitutes a big factor in its lack of success. The lack of communication with the business to get the real needs since many of the questions which needs to be answered for its success are psychological and sociological and not technical w