ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Thomas Jefferson was born in 1743 in Albemarle County in Virginia United States Of America. He later became the third United States president. He was first a powerful advocate. Thomas is said to have inherited a planter, a surveyor, and some 5,000 acres of land from his father, He had a high social standing in his community. In college, he studied law and married Martha Wayles Skelton, a widow, and took her to live in his partly constructed mountaintop home, Monticello. He was freckled, sandy-haired, tall and awkward, Jefferson was eloquent as a correspondent, but he was no public speaker. He donated his pen rather than his voice to the patriot cause In the Virginia House of Burgesses and the Continental Congress. As the silent member of the Congress he drafted the Declaration of Independence and in the years following, he labored to make its words a reality in Virginia. Some of his policies are as follows: Mode of governance When Jefferson assumed leadership of the Republicans he opposed a strong centralized Government and championed the rights of states. He developed a theory about self governance and the rights of people who established habitat in new lands. This he did and put down these thoughts in an article that summarized the British America and Rights View, a time he was to attend the Congress in Philadelphia. Thomas said America was the most important and shall separate herself from the systems of Europe. He observed that the circumstances, the pursuits, and the interests of Americans which were distinct and also the principles of their policy. He stressed that entanglements with the quarter of the globe should be avoided for peace and justices are the polar stars of the American societies and that if any person want to be a slave, navigators or agriculturists swallowed into one government or divided into a thousand, they should do so at will because America has nothing to fear in any form. His policy was to avoid entangling himself and his government in the system of European interests. He took no sides between its rival powers nor attached himself to none of its ever-changing confederacies. He believed this would divert the energies from creation to destruction. Government separate from Europe His next policy was first to avoid European Wars because he believed that the fundamental principle of his government is never to entangle with the broils of Europe. The second was never to suffer Europe to intermeddle with cis-Atlantic affairs. In both North America and South America, there are a set of interests distinct from those of Europe and are peculiarly her own. While the last he said is laboring to become the domicile of despotism. To this, his endeavor was surely to make the hemisphere of freedom (Lowry 1955). To avoid taking part in the war raging in Europe exhortations were a confirmation of th
Eric Foner’s Views of American Freedom Eric Foner focused on the various interpretations of freedom that Americans made and social factors that enabled freedom to exist when he wrote about freedom in America. Additionally, he focused on boundaries and exclusions of freedom. He argued that Americans developed different definitions of freedom. In addition, the definitions of freedom that Americans made differed with time. However, various broad categories of definitions of freedom existed. These definitions ranged from political freedom, which allowed free participation in political processes, to civil liberties, which aimed to protect individuals. Furthermore, the definitions of freedom that Americans made included economic freedom, right to own property and equality (Foner 15). Foner noted that changes in social conditions instigated the rise of different definitions of freedom. The different definitions of freedom made America an exceptional country. Development of American Exceptionalism American exceptionalism refers to the distinctive nature of the United States. The United States is a uniquely free nation that harbors personal liberty and democratic ideals. The unique nature of the United States traces its history to the formation of political institutions between 1776 and 1789, the American Revolution between 1776 and 1783 and the declaration of independence in 1776. Additionally, the formulation of the constitution in 1787 reinforced the uniqueness of the United States (Ignatieff 110). However, differences in politics occurred in the United States due to differences in property ownership. On the other hand, freedom enabled these differences in property ownership to exist. Hence, in early America, some people believed that political freedom required economic independence. American exceptionalism manifested itself in the creed that guides America. Ame
The idea of updating the current justice system so that it could incorporate the elements of correction can be viewed as rather reasonable; however, when it comes to the execution of the specified concept, the latter may be distorted significantly, thus, providing criminals a way to dodge the appropriate punishment, instead (Antonie 14). As the case of Bill’s murder shows, a positive past record of a criminal does not necessarily guarantee that the latter is going to reform. Nevertheless, the specified concept of restorative justice should be promoted further in the contemporary legal system, as it will allow for both altering the behavioral patterns of a culprit and creating the environment, in which the rates of crime may be brought down. The system of restorative justice is not perfect, though, and, therefore, may fail to restore the basic principles of humanity in the lives of criminals. When carried out in an improper manner and failing to address the issues lying at the core of one’s destructive behavior, the specified system is highly likely to provide offenders with a way to avoid the responsibility of the crimes that they committed (Crawford & Newburn 185). As the case study in question shows, some of the arguments that the witnesses and the criminal’s relatives provide are rather dubious in terms of the possibility for his further correction. Particularly, the fact that the restorative justice principle may fail to work for teenage criminals due to the language issue deserves to be brought up. According to a recent study, the inability of mentors to appeal to the offender with the help of the corresponding language will result in the further aggravation of their state (Snow 18). The fact that Bill, i.e., the person, who has obviously committed the crime, denies his fault can be viewed as an example of him failing to prove that he is ready to reform. Hence, the efficacy of restorative justice in the case in point is questioned. Therefore, it can be concluded that the specified type of justice restores the values of the offenders primarily, therefore, giving them a chance to redeem themselves. Thus, it can be assumed that the approach in question may fail to work in the cases, where the offenders had no basic moral values to begin with (Pavlich 32). While in Bill’s case, there is still a glimpse of hope, seeing that he was exposed to certain positive factors and moral values, the instances, which feature a complete lack of moral upbringing, can be considered as incompatible with the idea of restorative justice (Cerruto, Hayes, and McGee 131). Seeing that the restorative justice helps alter the very moral fabric of the society, it can be assumed that the basic values of criminals can be restored with the help thereof. In other words, restorative justice helps both criminals and victims heal, therefore, leading both to the realization of the fact that they can integrate back into the society. One might argue that restorative justice may need the
Executive Summary Diversity has been an issue of concern to most organizations. Due to human activities associated with globalization, such as migrations, even the domestic organizations are not exceptional. Diversity in an organization is an asset that can be harnessed to become a competitive advantage to the organization. To manage cultural diversity in the workplace effectively, human resource practitioners are supposed to encourage integrative activities such as teamwork, enhance communication channels between the workers, invest a lot of efforts in the best problem solving methods, as well as employ effective means when dealing with varying perspectives, which are portrayed by workers from different cultures. Ethical practices such as ensuring equality in the workplace, and ensuring fairness in the recruitment and promotion programs contribute to the effective management of cultural diversity in the workplace. The consequences of neglecting diversity include decline in organizational productivity as conflicts and lack of motivation, among the workforce engulf the organization. Investing in mentoring programs, embracing global diversity as a competitive advantage, and employing motivational approaches that will ensure increased productivity from the workers, as well as organization of talent, are some strategic recommendations for an organization to manage the concept of diversity. In conclusion, cultural and ethical diversities should be managed effectively if an organization is to achieve efficiency and high levels of productivity. Even in the domestic organizations, these practices should be emphasized as diversity has become a reality in all organizations irrespective of their scope. Introduction In order to transform global diversity into an organizational asset strategically, human resource practitioners must manage it effectively. Several research studies in the discipline positions both global diversity and inclusion as the source of competitive advantage, which an organization cannot overlook in the ever-competitive global market. The concept of diversity in human resource management transcends national boundaries. The growing importance of globalization, global mobility and competition and demographic shifts in the labour market broaden the definition of diversity. Domestic organizations that were initially not adversely affected by diversity are not exceptional anymore. This is due to the global mobility in the form of migrations. Organizations are uniformly faced with problems that are related to ethical and cultural diversities that they have to consider in their strategic planning and policymaking (Morrison 1992, p.306). The “Think Global, Act Local” approach might be helpful to any human resource manager faced with such responsibility of managing diversity. This report evaluates the key issues related to culture and ethics, which shoul
Abstract The present paper deals with the inexorability of fate in Sophocles’ Oedipus the King. This author conveys the message that people cannot influence their future because everything is predetermined by God’s will. The sequence of particular events and actions from Oedipus’ life is depicted in the piece of literature to prove this idea. Thus, Sophocles states that those attempts that people make to avoid some events from happening in the future only advance them and result in severer consequences. Furthermore, the given research tries to explain why people in ancient times believed in rough fate and their inability to influence it. Then, the questions of what aspects of human life and to what extent they depended on the supreme powers will be answered. By focusing on Oedipus the King and its details, the paper demonstrates beliefs and ideas that both were popular in Ancient Greece and find their manifestation in the modern world. Introduction The question of whether people can influence their lives has always been challenging. Many prominent thinkers tried to present and prove their points of view concerning the given issue. Some of them stated that people could shape their lives with their decisions and actions, while others mentioned that the supreme forces predetermined the future of every person. Among all these philosophers, Sophocles deserves specific attention since this Ancient Greece tragedian created a significant piece of literature on the given topic. His Oedipus the King depicts the inexorability of fate and its relationship to knowledge, political power, and civic life through a sequence of interconnected events. In the tragedy, Oedipus kills his father, has children with his mother, and deprives himself of vision, which demonstrates that people cannot escape what is predetermined for them. Essay Body Oedipus is King of Thebes, and he wants to discover why his kingdom suffers from the plague. He sends Creon, his brother-in-law, to the oracle to ask for advice. Creon brings unpleasant news stating that the nation will suffer from this curse until they find a murderer of Laius, their former ruler. Oedipus wants to discover who the murderer is, but Tiresias, a blind prophet, soon makes an unexpected announcement, stating that Oedipus is “the foul pollutant in this land” (Sophocles 27). Oedipus does not have trust in the prophet’s words, and he is supported by Jocasta, his current wife. While she was Laius’ wife, she mentions that some of such prophecies have not come true and provides a specific example. A few years ago, Laius was told that he “would be killed by a son who would be given birth” by him and Jocasta (Sophoc
Introduction Sports are an important part of any person’s life. The importance of sports in our lives touches all realms of life with valuable effects on health, psychological welfare, personal development and the like. Sports are specifically important to kids since they aid all aspects of development in children. Importance of sports in children is, therefore, a subject of great concern to parents since some parents may miss the importance of sports in their kid’s lives and deny them to participate in sports. This will make the kids to miss an essential ingredient of their development since with parents who do not value
Introduction It has been established through scientific studies that normalcy in human functioning can deteriorate significantly if there is schizophrenia, childhood and developmental disorders, and psychoses. Each condition has its own unique components, which when defined and understood, can be instrumental in developing effective solutions to these disorders (Damour & Hansell, 2008). A comprehensive analysis comprises the cognitive, biological, emotional, and behavioral components. Schizophrenia Components Biological Consistent scientific research has conclusively linked schizophrenia to the biological functioning and structures of the brain. Several theories and models such as the dopamine hypothesis have been developed with the aim of explaining the causes of this disorder. However, the causes of schizophrenia have been elaborated clearly and exhaustively on the basis of neurodevelopment (Damour & Hansell, 2008). As the brain develops from the fetal stage through to the adolescent stage, several factors including genetics and prenatal complications can trigger the onset of this disorder. Despite the fact that this condition is hereditary, it does not occur until environmental factors such as prenatal injuries, viruses, drug use, and toxins are introduced (PubMed Health, 2010). Emotional For quite some time, many neurologists including Freud assumed and believed that the chief cause of schizophrenia was biological factors. In this regard, the application of psychotherapy in dealing with this disorder was not given any consideration (PubMed Health, 2010). The deviant and abnormal behavior usually exhibited by individuals with schizophrenia was though to be as a result of repressed internal conflicts. Recent research studies have indicated that there is a connection between schizophrenia and human emotions. It has been established that people suffering from this disorder are able to experience emotion in moment. What they are incapable of is the ability to anticipate future pleasurable moment, a factor that discourages them from longing for such experiences (Damour & Hansell, 2008). Cognitive Hyper attentiveness of a particular kind has closely been associated with schizophrenia. Scientists have discovered that people with genetical make-up susceptible to this disorder easily succumbs to its effects especially when hyper attentiveness is combined with other stressors (PubMed Health, 2010). This is true because schizophrenic patients exhibit an inability to stop irrelevant stimuli. Some of these stimuli are known to stimulate hereditary genetical components that trigger delusions and hallucinations. Behavioral As is the norm, most Schizophrenia patients are faced with the problems of social withdrawal and social integration. Therefore, the major task of behavioral theorists is always to i
Introduction Since President Barack Obama took over office in 2008, there has been a heated debate on his healthcare plans for all Americans. A significant number of people have faulted the healthcare plan on various grounds. Some of the prominent critics of Obama’s health policy proposition were members of the Republican Party. This is well described by O’Connor, Sabato, and Yanus (166). However, there are also those who have lauded the plan. View about the healthcare policy It is important to note that healthcare is one of the basic human needs in the world and specifically in the United States of America. However, a significant number of American citizens do not have access to better healthcare and health insurance policy. It is approximated that over 45 million Americans lack medical cover and about 100 million have no sufficient insurance for long term or chronic illnesses. These statistics are discussed by both McKenna and Feingold (180). These numbers are alarming; hence, the government needs to take some measures to ensure that all citizens have access to sufficient medical services. According to McKenna and Feingold (180) the United States the world’s leader in medical research and training; as such, the citizens of the United States should have access to the best and sufficient medical coverage as compared to citizens in other nations. It is ironical to see other nations like Canada, Great Britain, France and Germany provide better healthcare to their citizens at low cost yet their medical research and education are ranked below that of the United States. Therefore, the United States of America needs a national health insurance. The private sector is mostly profit-oriented and the players in the sector will always ensure their profit margins are as large as they can make them. Therefore, living the healthcare to the private sector will lock out low income earners from accessing better and high quality healthcare. National health insurance will ensure that all American citizens, irrespective of economic class one belongs to, have access to better healthcare services. It is unfair for the law to grant all citizens the right to better healthcare services yet the state players do not ensure it by providing easy access to health insurance and medical cover. Without state involvement, the right to health may just be on paper. Even though it may be viewed as an element of socialism, it is crucial for the government of the United States of America to play a significant role on the iss
The Crimean War of 1853-56 was the first major military conflict in Europe since the Napoleonic Wars and, as such, often attracted historians’ attention. Fought between Russia and a coalition of European powers together with the Ottoman Empire, the conflict demonstrated considerable advances in technology, communication, and the art of war. As the name suggests, an important part of the conflict was the campaign fought in the Crimean peninsula between the defending Russians and the expeditionary force of British, French, Ottoman, and later Sardinian troops. The most famous events of the war, such as the Charge of the Light Brigade, were associated with the siege of the Russian naval base in Sevastopol. However, this siege would have been impossible if not for the allied victory in the first major battle of the Crimean campaign. The battle of Alma, fought on 20 September 1854, opened the road to Sevastopol and proved the superiority of the allied arms and the French tactics over the cumbersome Russian military. Before delving into the battle itself, it is necessary to briefly cover its context. In 1852-1853 a seemingly trite dispute between the Orthodox and Catholic clergy in Palestine escalated into a diplomatic conflict between Russia and France (Tate 15). Alarmed by the Russian propositions to partition the Ottoman Empire, Britain began drifting closer to the French side. After the Ottoman Empire refused the ultimatum that would give Russia the right to intervene in its internal affairs on Christians’ behalf, war broke out in October 1853. Russia engaged the Ottomans on the Danube and in the Caucasus, but with no decisive result, and was soon forced to abandon the latter theater due to Austrian intervention. Unwilling to see Russia upsetting the balance in both Europe and the Middle East, Britain and France began mobilizing and declared war on Russia in March 1854 (Tate 18). A combined French-British force arrived in Bulgaria and then, reinforced by some Ottoman troops, launched
Introduction Reward management is one of the most important practices employed in modern organizations to achieve employee commitment and improvement of the overall performance (Armstrong & Cummins, 2011). In the UK, several regional and multinational institutions are actively involving different techniques and approaches to reward their human resources and achieve improved performance. Although these methods are different, it is worth noting that they demonstrate evidence of the principles of rewarding system, presence of equal pay policy as well as fairness and equity in rewarding decisions (Gross & Friedman, 2004). This paper provides an analysis of two case studies in the UK involving two organizations that have applied different but effective reward management methods. Standard & Poor McGraw Hill Standard and Poor (S&P) is a division of The McGraw Hill Companies based in the US. The group is the world’s first provider of independent cash ratings, investment research, data, valuations, ratings and risk evaluation among other services. It is an example of organizations in the UK with effective reward systems within their HR management. Two years ago, the mother company adopted a ‘people strategy’ aimed at enhancing responsibility among its line managers under what is known as “accountability and ownership”. The strategy emphasizes on a system for enforcing practices that to deliver the desired workforce and effective outcomes. Within the strategy, three strands were developed- talent acquisition and development, performance management and rewards. At S&P, the system was introduced to enhance performance. As indicated above, the three strands are under the HR management system, which is highly enhanced with IT. The rewarding system at the company means more than just providing cash to the employees. In fact, the company has adopted four major classes of behaviors to enhance performance through reward management systems. Behavior 1: Talent Building and development The company has employed a method of targeting talented individuals and recruiting them in its workforce. Specifically, it targets talented and knowledgeable young but inexperienced individuals. To employ reward, line managers must be actively involved in managing employees through job placement, rotation as well as design of members within their work teams. Teams and their members are assigned different tasks, which include placing in other European nations apart from the UK. A wide range of training facilities has been developed to build talent in the inexperienced young people. They obtain an opportunity to learn and build their career once recruited. In addition, they increase personal worthiness in the competitive European job market. Strong alignment between employee interests and corporate strategy (wo