ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Fierce deliberations concerning the sanctity of life have been in the public domain for a long time. Many nations around the globe have been engulfed in tussles with the church and civil rights organizations on many ethical and moral aspects of the legislation they enact. Among such issues is euthanasia, which although it is legally accepted in some countries, it still faces acute criticism from the religious realm. Many people hold the view that life’s importance is above any circumstance and thus it should be treated as such without interference. However, this view has not been the case as a growing number of nations have become rather accommodating insofar as legalizing euthanasia is concerned. Therefore, this essay seeks to examine the concept of euthanasia comprehensively with the view of illuminating its shortcomings to the conclusion that it is a concept not worth the attention it receives. An overview of Euthanasia In order to grasp the gist of the deliberations in this essay, it is important to first apprehend what the term euthanasia means and bring this meaning in the context of this essay. The word euthanasia originates from two Greek words “eu and thanos which when put together and translated to English mean good death” (Best 2). The English version of the word was thus coined from the two Greek words. The word has since received heavy attention from different people and as such, numerous definitions of the word exist. The definitions may vary based on the players in the chain of actions that eventually culminate in the death of the suffering patient. Euthanasia has become a multifaceted concept that needs a complex definition to accommodate all its aspects. However, for purposes of this essay, such a definition shall not be sought; instead, the different facets of the term shall be considered systematically in order to gain a holistic understanding of the term prior to discussing it. Euthanasia comes in several forms all of which have definitions. First, there is passive euthanasia, which is the “hastening of death by altering some form of support and letting nature take its toll” (Goel 225). Second, there is active euthanasia, which involves the causing of someone’s death via a direct action (Goel 225). Active euthanasia is further divided into physician-assisted suicide (PAS) and involuntary euthanasia of which in the former physician supplies information and/or a means to aid a suicide while in the latter, there is the killing of a person who has requested for termination of his or her life (Goel 225). For purposes of this essay, all these forms of euthanasia shall be applied such that at the mention of the term euthanasia, any or all the terms could be in reference. Ethical Implications of Euthanasia Existing literature indicates that there is a growing public interest in euthanasia. This observation shows that the masses are becoming increasingly aware of the idea that they can voluntarily seek termination of life in circumstances under which they feel they are suffering for no good cau
Introduction When in operation, a business is faced with external and internal factors that influence decisions and the trend of an industry. In Australia, a number of external factors affect businesses operating there in different ways (Fred, 2008). To evaluate the external factors and affect their effects on Pearson International Australia branch, this paper undertakes an S.T.E.E.P. (Social, Technological, Economic, Environment and Political) analysis, Porter’s five forces Model and Competitor’s assessment. S.T.E.E.P. analysis Social Factors A business operates in an environment with people who have different cultures, way of doing things, economic and cultural beliefs. A combination of these forms a social environment; in the case of publishers the operating process and quality of books as a result is of great importance. It is important for business coordination be in harmony with the social function of the larger society. There should be coordination between the values of the company as well as the community. Social norms are considered essential by the business organizations as the purchasing behavior of the customers living in a particular society is dominantly affected by these norms. In the case of Pearson International Australia, branch products offered and the services should be of high quality and responsive to education needs of the people. Legal Australia has legislation laws that a firm must comply with if it has to undertake business in the country; publishing companies not only need to comply with general legislations but they also have to abide to international quality standards of published material. Companies have to follow the companies’ laws and acts of the international business as well as domestic business. While working on the global level, the companies have to consider three types of the legal systems including common law, civil law, and theocratic law. The non-compliance with such laws creates critical legal issues for the company, which has an adverse impact on the business performance as well as corporate image of the company. Pearson International Australia branch has minimal influence on the legislations in the country, but is left with no option other than complies with the set legal laws (Haberbeg and Rieple, 2001). Political Australia has a monarch kind of government, this does not mean that the countr
Health Promotion When individuals decide to smoke the first cigarette, they should be aware of such a serious outcome as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, also known as COPD. It is a chronic inflammatory disease that is characterised by obstructed airflow in the lungs. At this moment, there is no specific cure for COPD, leaving this disease one of the leading causes of mortality and morbidity among adults (Çolak et al., 2019). More than 380 million people are diagnosed with COPD, and around half of a million lives in Australia (Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, 2020; Iheanacho et al., 2020). The point is that many people are aware of how dangerous smoking in terms of causing severe pulmonary diseases. However, they think that COPD may be predicted or avoided as smokers could also live long lives. Therefore, many recommendations and prevention plans are neglected by today’s youth. This public health promotion project aims to support adults under age 40 and help them detect COPD signs as early as possible. The offered intervention will have a clearly defined perspective, logo, and activities to show how adults should deal with COPD. Health Promotion and Target Group Outline In many countries, professional facilities want to predict the development of COPD at its early stages by educating people and sharing the threats of smoking as the main trigger. According to Blackstock et al. (2016), non-adherence in smoking cessation or starting in pulmonary rehabilitation leads to a number of adverse outcomes and complications. Therefore, instead of trying to work with young adults who could have COPD because o
Teaching games to students aim to get them to enjoy, learn, and continue with physical activities even after school. However, this is not always the case partly because of the teaching approaches employed by educators. Traditional approaches focus on competition and encourage physicality. This can exclude students who do not innately like sports or show signs of physical fitness. Instead of the conventional skill-drill approaches, educators should move towards modern approaches such as Teaching Sports for Understanding, Teaching Personal and Social Responsibility, and the Sports Education Model since they generate a multitude of benefits for students. I have mostly encountered traditional approaches in sports and physical activity. These methods are typically teacher-centered and fail to consider the needs of students. For instance, teachers typically pay more attention to and reward students who show physicality and vigor. They neglect students who are not interested in sports and those who appear physically unfit. Consequently, due to the emphasis on skill performance, the second group of learners often feel left out and dislike sports. This is further aggravated by the emphasis on competition in games. Overemphasis on performance and rivalry in physical education deters some young learners from enjoying sports and discourages lifelong participation (Braga & Liversedge, 2017). Some learners become physically inactive after they complete school because the teaching methods used for physical education did not motivate them to continue with it in the absence of an authority figure. For this reason, I have always had reservations about skill-drill approaches. Traditional approaches to physical activity have impacted my beliefs, knowledge, and skills about sport. I believe that for learners to enjoy physical activity, then it must be student-centered. This allows them to be more involved in the activity rather than relying on the teacher to control it. Additionally, it caters to their different interests and preferred learning styles. For instance, some students would be more enthused to participate in a sport if less pressure is placed on them to perform well (Brace, 2017). Rather than prioritizing performance and competition, I believe the focus should be on leisure, health, and fitness. Although Teaching Game for Understanding (TGfU) has existed for some time now, most instructors still prefer traditional approaches for various reasons. First, TGfU is considered a more complex approach than the other methods. For instance, the former involves six stages, which an instructor may find demanding. Additionally, Teaching Game for Understanding requires the instructor to have extensive knowledge of various sports. They need to know, not just the discrete skills of a sport, but also its tactics. This approach has not been received well because it is viewed as lengthier and more taxing than the traditional
Staffing a non-profit organization Staffing is one of the most important managerial functions. This function is undertaken by management teams of both profit and non-profit making organizations. Staffing refers to the process of attracting, hiring and maintaining employees who can contribute towards the attainment of organizational goals 1 . In their operation, non-profit organizations work with different parties such as government agencies 2 . However, non-profit organizations are different from profit-making organizations in a number of ways. For example, non-profit organizations are usually understaffed 3 . Therefore, it is difficult to clearly define the role of the employees. This means that one can be assigned a variety of task. Non-profit organizations are also very volatile. When hiring employees to work within my non-profit organization, there are a number of skills that I would evaluate whether the job applicants possess. These skills mainly relate to transferable skills. Transferrable skills refer to skills possessed by an individual and can easily be transferred from one environment to another 4 . Entrepreneurial skills Considering the dynamic nature of the environment within which non-profit organizations operate, the candidates to be considered for hiring should possess diverse entrepreneurial skills. Some of the entrepreneurial skills which they should possess include creativity and flexibility. Creativity will enable the candidates selected to be effective in solving problems that may arise. On the other hand, flexibility will ensure that the candidates are able to respond timely to changes that occur. Self starter Individuals seeking to work for non-profit organizations should have the ability to perform a variety tasks 5 .Therefore; the candidates should be able to deal with pressure emanating from the volatile working environment. In order to achieve this, the candidate should be self-driven. Additionally, the candidates should be able to meet and exceed the set goals. Collaborative The concept of teamwork has increasingly become important in the success of non-profit organization 6 . The candidate to be considered should be a team player. This means that he or she should be able to relate well with other parties. The resultant effect will be the development of a good working environment. Resourceful The candidate should be able to perform different tasks, such as basic accounting. The candidate must possess marketing skills in order to help the organization source for funds from third parties. Positive attitude Considering the volatile nature of non-profit organizations, the candidates should be able to maintain a positive attitude towards the job. The growth and development of not for profit organizations in Australia today There are numerous non-profit organizations operating in different economic sectors in Australia 7 . The 1 st non-profit organizations in Australia were established between 1810 and 1819. With time the number of non-profit organizations established in
In Critique of Judgment Kant addresses four main types of judgment which helps a scientist come to agreement. Kant singles out: the agreeable, the beautiful, the good and the subline. These are reflective judgment. The agreeable type of judgment can be used for subjective judgments; the goof can be used for ethical judgments, the beautiful – for analysis of a form and the will. Kant requires material principles as a formal principle. Kant also requires them for mathematics. In order to get a general view of how Kant enumerate the following principles: Kant pays attention to teleological judgment Kant’s characterization of the analytic principles here is the same as its development in the Critique . An analytic principle must be provable from concepts. When Kant asks how these propositions are to be classified, he faces an almost insurmountable difficulty. The propositions about equality, whole and part, etc. are difficult to order in one definite science and have always been shunted back and forth between ontology, logic, and mathematics. For Kant, a man is an ultimate end, and the nature is expression of this process. Judgment is of a kind which stays within the bounds of experience and is thus legitimate, while analytic judgment, on the contrary, goes beyond the bounds of experience. So, the main question raised by Kant is the relations between different types of judgment and human nature of decision-making. The question of where these propositions belong can even be posed with respect to Kant himself. He had a system of all the sciences in mind, at least as a goal. There are numerous Reflections on the theme of the analytic principles. All judgments are really judgments of identity. Such a resolution of two different definitions into the same basic concepts is, however, quite impossible. He has, indeed, entirely banned such a theory of judgment by the distinction between essentials, attributes, and modes of judgment requires, on the contrary, concepts which are wholly alike in form. It is possible to say that Kant does not clearly explain the relations between judgments and their universal meaning. For instance, he states that the beautiful can be seen as “form of finality” but “beautiful” is based on out subjective decision-making. “As regards t
Jupiter’s newly discovered moons elevated a question of a more realistic natural world, a question that was to be raised in the future every time a new solar system object was discovered. Since no one had ever discovered a new member of the solar system before 1610, no procedure had yet been established for naming either moons or planets, and Galileo simply seized the prerogative for himself. Galileo declared publicly his innovation of “four planets speedily turning on or around Jupiter at contradictory distant region and the interval taken to complete one cycle of the regularly repeating phenomenon, which has never been discovered by anyone.” Galileo perceived them and decided that they should be named the MEDICEAN STARS. However, he did this comparatively as a sense of showing his appreciation, to Ferdinand de Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany, who made arrangements for his non-elective position at the University of Pisa. A more important factor in Galileo’s choice of name, it is certain, was his desire to better himself politically and financially. The Medicis, rulers of Tuscany, were the most powerful family in Italy both politically and financially, and though they had a history of ruthlessness toward those who threatened them, they were also known as great patrons of art and science. In 1609, the Grand Duke of Tuscany was Cosimo 11, Ferdinand’s son, whom Galilei had tutored in mathematics when he was younger. Honoring Cosimo de Medici with Jupiter, Galileo thought, might result in the granting of substantial favors. In line with this, Galileo’s naming of the four newly discovered moons of Jupiter after the Medici family is the act not only of a canny courtier but of someone with a sense of the sky’s allegorical depth. In a move calculated to gain Galileo a plum patronage position in the Tuscan court, was his intention of naming the moons of Jupiter the medician Stars. However, the dedication was as florid as anything, complete with astrological references. After noting that the known constellations and planets have been named for Greek and Roman deities and mythological heroes he says it is only fitting that Cosimo should have the same honor by saying “Indeed, the Maker of the stars himself has seemed by clear indications to direct that I assign to these new planets Your Highness’s famous name in preference to all others. For just as these stars, like children worthy of their sire, never leave the side of Jupiter by any appreciable distance, so (indeed who does not know?) clemency, kindness of heart, the gentleness of manner, splendor of royal blood, nobility in public affairs, and excellency of authority and rule have fixed their abode and habitation in your Highness……. And so, most serene Cosimo, having discovered under your patronage these stars unknown to every astronomer before me, I have with good right decided to designate them by the august name of your family. And if I’m first to have investigated them, who can justly blame me if I likewise name them, calling them the Medicean Star
Barbara R. Bergmann has given her response to Gary Becker’s theory of family, criticizing his approaches to the analysis of polygamy, altruism in family, and fertility, as well as the methods used in his research. This work is aimed at analyzing Bergmann’s statements in terms of logical grounding and finding out whether Becker’s assumptions are really “preposterous”, as Bergmann states in the name of her article. The introduction of Bergmann’s essay includes certain logical inaccuracy: she says that the functions of a traditional family, such as mobilizing tangible and moral resources for raising children, do not work in modern society. She states that, firstly, in many countries, the share of children brought up in one-parent families is increasing; secondly, the uncontrolled population growth in some countries causes social problems (Bergmann 1996, 9). Her arguments are similar to a statement that the hammer is not effective for coping with nails, as some people manage to drive them in using a fist. A growing number of single-parent families does not refute the functions of a traditional family: it is rather unlikely that it is easier for a single parent to mobilize resources for bringing a child up compared to two-parent families. Perhaps, it is a social precedent that encourages lonely parents for child-bearing, as well as the cases of divorce which become more frequent. In the past, society denounced such situations, which explains their rarity. In the chapter devoted to the analysis of Becker’s view concerning polygamy, Bergmann calls it false, as the status of a woman in a polygamous society is dismal. She states not groundlessly that in many polygamous societies, females have no opportunity to develop their talents and participate actively in social life. Nevertheless, the traditions within any community develop simultaneously. It is difficult to imagine that once men decided to marry two
Introduction Germany has conventionally been the largest economy in Europe and the leading in global science and engineering development. Today, Germany stands as the fifth largest economy in the world with its gross domestic product (GDP) estimated to be almost a third of that euro-zone. In fact, its GDP per capita is the highest in Europe and the living standard is among the world highest. German demographic, political and economic background With a population of approximately 82,329,758, Germany is among the most populous countries in the world. Its demography is distinguished by the declining growth. The aging population is ever increasing as opposed to the youthful population which is continuously decreasing. People aged above 65 years account for 20.3% of the overall population yet women alone account for the highest number of about 9,701,551. This is almost equivalent to the overall younger population aged 0-14 years whose tally is approximated at 13.7% of the entire population. The middle age (15-64 years) accounts for 66.3% of the total population. German’s fertility rate which stands at 1.42 children born per woman, is at its lowest just like many developed countries. The low fertility rate is attributed to greater literacy levels and educational achievements with the most educated having less children (Dunning, 1999). Religion has also been found to play a greater role in determining fertility rate whereby most conservative Christians seem to have more children than the contemporary Christians (Dunning, 1999). According to the sex ratio, there are more females than males. Male appear to be the highest at birth but continuously decreasing with the increase in the number of years. At birth, the sex ratio (males/females) stands at 1.06. At around 15 years, it decreases to 1.05, but between 15-64 years, the sex ratio is 1.04. Above 65 years, the ratio of men to women is 0.72. Thus, the overall sex ration is 0.97. Germany further experiences low infant mortality rates of about 3.99 deaths per thousand births. It is estimated that over 99% of the German population are literate. However, the younger population appears to be illiterate as compared to the older population. About 0.1% of the younger population is unable to understand anything beyond basic level texts. The illiteracy levels depend on the socio-economic class and ethnic group (Dunning, 2011). Despite scanty levels of illiteracy, the world’s highest education level is in Germany. This has contributed to the greater technological development and increased economic productivity which materialize to be among the best in the greater euro-zone (Dunning, 1999). Germany boasts of its best trade dealings and technical schools with the annual number of students entering universities tripling. Moreover, Germany has experienced a stronger economic growth subsequent to the World War II. This growth could be characterized by the hybrid social welfare and technical market capitalism (Pommerening, 2011). Free market has been promoted by the greater cooperation among governments, private sector and the labor organizations. Cooperate responsibility is highly practi