ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
What is meant by Whistle-blowing? What are the advantages and disadvantages of Whistle-Blowing to organizations? Cite examples. Whistleblowing is defined as the act of alerting the authorities or the general public of misconducts that are being done within an organization. The misconducts revealed by whistleblowing may include immoral or even illegitimate practices by an organization. The party accused of the misconduct may be individuals in the organization or even the organization itself and the reporting may be within the organization’s hierarchy or outside of the organization (i.e. to the public or other external authorities). One of the advantages of whistleblowing is that it leads to a reinforcement of ethical behavior among the staff and employees of an organization. This is because the threat of whistleblowing deters any misconduct on the part of employees or the organization since they understand that violations could be revealed with dire consequences. In addition to this, whistle-blowing can lead to damage control or even curtailing of an issue before it becomes a major disaster. This is especially the case when internal whistleblowing in an organization is practiced. By doing this, shareholders or other company personnel can be made aware of corruption or even fraud therefore enabling them to undertake remedial action before the problem becomes a public issue. Despite the evident merits of whistle-blowing, there are some major disadvantages to the practice. One of the major demerits is to the whistleblower who may be forced to leave the organization due to retaliation by coworkers or even his/her employees. While the United States does have laws in place that prevent the suffering of whistleblowers, many countries lack such laws and as such, the whistleblower may incur great personal risks or even death as a result of their choice to whistle blow. Whistleblowing may also lead to the wrongful damaging of a company’s reputation especially if the whistleblower’s information is from rumors or other noncredible sources. In such cases, reporting may lead to the unnecessary loss of livelihood for other employees of the organization due to baseless allegations. A recent example of whistleblowing was the leaking of videos that showed the killing of Iraqis by military personnel from the US to the press. This video was leaked to the press by an anonymous whistleblower whose aim was to reveal this misconduct in Iraq. The purpose of the report was to elicit public outcry on the issue and therefore lead to changes. What is the difference between positive and negative emotions? Please explain with realistic examples. Emotions are intense reactions (mostly of a short-lived nature) that may affect the work behavior of a person. Positive emotions include; happiness and pride while negative emotions include; fear, anger, and guilt. While most organizations do not take i
Introduction Dealing with economic questions is a highly significant element of any government’s work. In order to provide citizens with the necessary goods and services, it is crucial to analyze the economic situation and allocate resources correctly. The current paper focuses on scarcity as the basic economic problem and on different approaches to solving this issue. The Basic Economic Problem The basic economic problem faced by all persons, businesses, and countries is scarcity (Hoang & Ducie, 2018). In every country, there is a limited amount of resources. Thus, governments have to come up with decisions concerning allocating such resources to provide individuals with the necessary amount of supplies. Scarcity is present in every economy (Hoang & Ducie, 2018). Economics is the science that investigates how limited resources can be distributed to meet the unlimited wants and needs of people, organizations, and governments. In regards to the basic economic problem, there are three main decision-makers in the economy: individual persons or households, companies (businesses operating in the private sector), and governments (Hoang & Ducie, 2018). All of these agents cooperate with one another to answer the major economic questions:   * what goods or services should be produced?   * how should the services and goods be produced?   * for whom should they be produced? Market Process vs. Command Process Approaches to the Problem The major difference between the market and command economy is in the allocation of power over production (McEachern, 2018). In the market process, private companies are responsible for all the production. In the command process, the production is regulated by the government officials’ plans. Another divergent feature in the two approaches relates to the degree of government involvement. In a market economy, the engagement of the government is not present at all (McEachern, 2018). In a command economy, the government owns all the resources. One more difference between the approaches is the division of income (McEachern, 2018). In a command economy, it belongs to the government that further decides how to allocate the money. In a market economy, all profits go to the resource owners. The Difference Between Economic Profits and Acco
Introduction The competitive capabilities managerial leaders perpetually seek besides human potential within the walls of their own organizations. If human resources are appropriately developed, all else should fall into place or be strategically put into place by these developed human resources. The case of DGL International shows that some organizational leaders do not act as if they consider people to be their most valuable asset, despite what their formal policies say. Managerial leaders must more competitively create value for the customers of their products and services. Managerial leadership involves setting and directing the transcending organizational purpose. The appointment of John Terrill is the right decision which helps the company to identify weaknesses and problems of management. Discussion Section The traditional leadership paradigm thus defines leadership behavior as a composite measure of different but related activities. An examination of these activity items would suggest that the measured behavio
Introduction The racial policy of the United States has long historical roots, beginning with the oppression of the Indigenous population of America—their persecution, massacres, and the creation of reservations. After that, people from the African continent began to be brought as slaves; slavery was abolished by law only in 1883. Nowadays, laws regarding racial discrimination in the United States prohibit inequality, but in fact, they merely state racial differences. In addition, the problem remains in the minds of the people. Certain similarities may be detected between the experience of African-Americans and the challenges that confront Muslim-Americans today. This paper focuses on a range of historical events to reveal the parallels between them. The Civil Rights Movement and 20th Century Discrimination US presidents over the course of the country’s history have tried to address discrimination. One point of emphasis on Hoover’s policies as fair social policy. In 1929, the president held a series of meetings with large industrialists and forced them to promise not to reduce the wages of African-American employees (Horwitz). In 1932, the Great Depression reached its apogee: 12 million unemployed, a twofold decline in industrial production, and thousands of bankrupt companies and failing banks (Horwitz). Companies and banks that the president had tried to save with state infusions declared bankruptcy after a time of painful agony. It was not possible to keep wages at the same level. The unprecedented increase in public spending forced the Hoover administration to sharply raise taxes. Roosevelt and his “New Deal” reform marked the emergence of the modern social state and the radical renewal of the social doctrine of liberalism. The core of these changes consisted of curbing the destructive market element and selfishness of narrow-group proprietary interests in the name of social stability and justice. It is noteworthy that the government refused to include provisions that might be inconsistent with the principle of equality of rights for white and colored workers in matters of employment. However, these discriminatory measures were excluded only in the codes concerning large enterprises, transport, and mining industries (Foner 718). The ability to discriminate against colored workers in small or private enterprises remained intact. President Truman’s domestic policy was aimed at alleviating the socio-economic and racial contradictions in American society. In 1945, he addressed the Congress, proposing a number of measures to increase payment, Social Security, exclusion of discrimination in hiring on racial or religious grounds, and housing construction (Foner 887). The so-called “Economic Bill of Rights” was rejected by Congress as too expensive. The only exception was the employment law of 1946, which placed the government in charge of ensuring full employment. Eisenhower’s presidency
Introduction Tesco, a major supermarket chain company in the UK has been experiencing a lot of internal and external conflicts in the past few years. The supermarket chain has had several conflicts with both individuals and other organizations. Internally, the organization has experienced conflict on its treatment to employees and its customers. The company has also had several conflicts with government authorities and human rights groups over its approach to its businesses in foreign countries. Externally, the supermarket chain has been in conflict with small businesses due to the perceived threat it poses resulting from product monopoly. The company has been so far unable to handle these conflict as a result has often been engaged in litigation to an extent it had to appear before the House of Lords. Conflicts within Tesco Most of Tesco’s internal conflicts began after it had instituted a given change. According to Mitchell (2005), change usually creates losers and winners and the former may usually be not very happy. Tesco’s conflict with its employees began in 2004 when it reduced its sick pay in order to decrease the level of impromptu absence. In the case of Tesco, the move to reduce sick pay saw the employees face the risk of working while they were sick or receive a much less salary. The company on the other hand managed to achieve its desired goal of reducing unplanned absence from its employees. The company’s move to acquire other supermarkets with the aim of expanding also resulted into conflicts between Tesco and local retailers, consumers and other groups. In 2006, the company was investigated by the United Kingdom Competition Commission over whether it was right for the company to gain such a powerful position such that small business owners are unable to operate effectively. Constructive Conflict Management within Tesco Most of Tesco’s internal conflicts can be handled through constructive conflict management. According to Tjosvold (2008), not all conflict is harmful and when managed properly, conflicts can help improve teamwork both within an organization and between different organizations. Tesco’s internal conflict with its employees has so far been dealt inappropriately resulting in the escalation of tension and the company’s perception by both employees and consumers has suffered. Looking at the ideas presented by Valentine, Godkin and Varca (2009), Tesco has applied poor levels of mindfulness in its dealings with the employees, suppliers as well as local retailers. Valentine et al. (2009) defines mindfulness as the ability to assess external and internal situations in a manner that will help yield important ideas. Tesco initial plan was to reduce the number of unexpected absence by its employees. It however did not take into consideration what putting its plan into action will yield in the long run. Once the plan was implemented, there was an immediate conflict between the company and its employees. Tjosvold (2008) noted that co
Introduction In the history of the human kind, scholars have observed suffering as an inevitable fact. Although theologians have sought to find explanations to the reason why innocent people suffer and reasons for occurrence of bad things in the lives of the good people, they are yet to explore its mystery, which is beyond human comprehension. Theologians define suffering as the God’s mysterious manifestation in the lives of His people. Most ethicists have ventured to answer the question of suffering without a conclusive realization. It is indeed presumptuous for the human kind to struggle to understand a concept that escaped the comprehension of the biblical Moses. In this paper, I see suffering as the mystery of God that we cannot understand but we can derive benefits and significant lessons of life. Using the biblical story of Job, I will demonstrate how the Christian’s worldview would support a Christian nurse’s thoughts and actions in a suffering situation. I will reinforce the benefits and purposes of suffering based on this story. Suffering; Job’s story Job’s story is the mystery of suffering. Job was a good person and innocent in the eyes of the people and in the face of God. According to Job 1.1 “There was a man in the Land of UZ, whose name was Job, and the man was perfect and upright, and one that feared God, and eschewed evil” (King James Version). How could such man of God undergo suffering? According to Christian worldview, Job’s suffering was God’s manifestation to his life (Rohrs, 2009, p.60). Although he had been faithful to God, Christian’s worldview holds that God wanted to reveal to people that life is all about the service for their fellow humankind. As per Job 1.5, the suffering was God’s punishment on behalf of the sins of his sons. Christian’s worldview is that, we are all called for the service of other people. Indeed, Jesus suffered for salvation of the world. The thought of Christian nurses on their roles in suffering is to serve and save the suffering people; consequently, Christian worldview supports their actions. In Job’s situation, nurse’s immediate act is to rescue the victim from suffering. For Christian nurses it is their responsibility and the call of God to serve the individual and that is actually the Christian worldview. As per the Christian worldview, Job’s suffering emphasizes God’s sovereignty over the human life. They view suffering as a form of God’s means to show His mightiness over creation as the sovereign creator whose decisions none has the autonomy to criticize. He is indeed the creator and the sustainer of human life (Yancey, 1977, p. 43). This perception influences the actions of nur
Abstract The Tylenol crisis faced by the Johnson & Johnson Company is one that revealed a communication dilemma in the company. The problem caused by the presence of poisoned products in the market left the company with the only option of analyzing its communication strategy and having to streamline it to conform to friendly means of reaching out to the public. The company had no initial relationship with the media and had to evaluate that aspect while mitigating its crisis. Open communication then become the strategy that the company used to give it an advantage in reception of information within the shortest time possible. Communication failure is an expensive financial cost to a company. When it has to set up emergency strategy during a crisis, its financial issues get further aggravated than would be the case when it had a ready communication channel to respond to any crisis. Statement of the issue under investigation In this paper, the case study under investigation is regarding a communication problem at The Johnson & Johnson about its Tylenol Crisis. For the sake of this study, it is worth noting the importance of creating a good rapport with the external environment through well-formulated communication channels. That can allow for prompt reception of information on the performance of an organization from the market and allow for the chance of formulation of corrective measures in good time before suffering any financial crisis. Since communication is the flow of information between two components, Johnson & Johnson made a mistake for not presenting the possibility of receiving information from its markets (Brown, 2012a). It led to a notable delay of getting information about the dangerous drugs circulating in the market to a point when the media was looking for information to discern the reasons of distributing dangerous Tylenol drugs. Literature review of the issue under investigation Organizational success depends solely on the effectiveness of communication. As Johnson (2007), asserted it is through the tone, timing and presentation of a message that Communication flow within a company extends to the public handling as it influences the financial performance of the company. Information drives business and without communication, the business performances of the organization can face serious challenges that can easily be mitigated through enhanced communication that ensures that the financial positioning of the company stays well controlled through company leadership (Preziosi, 2009). Through communication, an organization becomes capable of allowing free flow of information within and outside the company. It helps in building partnerships, which build intellectual resources for the promotion of ideas, services, products and organizations. It is worth knowing that communicati
Introduction Creativity refers to the ability of a person to bring something ‘new’ or simply one that did not exist before into being. It can also be defined as finding new applications for ideas or things that previously existed. New in this case is used relatively to refer to new ideas as is in the experience of the person. The process of creativity can be divided into two main processes, that is, coming up with the original idea and then acting on the original idea to produce it into a reality. A gifted person is one who shows remarkably extraordinary performance in doing something compared to other people of the same age and experience. Inventories for measuring giftedness The giftedness of a person is considered measurable and can be evaluated by administering the subject customized tests and then analyzing the results. A lot of research, in the past, has been carried out on the topic of giftedness as a result; different people have discovered numerous tests that are used to determine the giftedness of a person. Gifted children are identified and enrolled into programs for gifted people where they are nurtured into better people. These tests have been applied over time to determine which students are eligible for enrollment into the gifted programs. Some of the tests used include; The Cognitive Abilities Test that is used to measure a person’s mental ability, the Iowa Test of Basic skills together with the Iowa Test of Education Development both used to measure the subject’s achievement and Children’s Academic Intrinsic Motivation Inventory are used to measure the subject’s level of motivation. Tests for creativity of a person should also be used in determining eligibility into gifted programs (Kim, 2009, p.7). The capacity of creativity of a person is measured by The Group Inventory for finding Creative Talent and the Torrance test of Creative Thinking, which was named after its inventor Dr. E. Paul Torrance, a leading researcher in the field of creativity who developed it in 1966. According to Dr. Torrance, creativity can be summarized as a continuous process of realizing problems, deficiencies, gaps in knowledge, missing elements, disharmonies; identifying the difficulty and its solutions by making guesses, formulating hypotheses, testing, changing and retesting them where necessary and then eventually communicating the result. Tests for creativity should be used in evaluation of eligible students for gifted programs because they help determine the potential of the subject in creative tendencies (Davis, 1986, p. 63). There are many dimensions of creativity, and it is important that the correct test is chosen to determine each dimension of creativity. Therefore, different sets of tests to measure creativity should be used in choosing children for gifted programs depending on the focus of the program. The creative capacity measuring tests contain a wealth of information on them which can help reveal the divergent thinking and the fluency of the subject. When a person engages in creative tendencies, they are mostly framed by many factors including their background, their
The healthcare industry typically draws sufficient attention to patients’ education, especially when it comes to representatives of minority groups. That is why the article by McCurley et al. (2017) offers valuable information. The researchers demonstrate that Hispanic individuals deal with improved diabetes prevention when they participate in individual and group face-to-face sessions (McCurley et al., 2017). I believe that there is an apparent reason why such positive outcomes are achieved. It seems that face-to-face interventions are effective because patients have an opportunity to ask questions if they require explanations. Simultaneously, such educational sessions demonstrate that a patient is not unique with such a health issue. As a result, such interventions can improve people’s morale, which, in turn, will lead to increased motivation to take preventive measures and protect health. This information allows for supposing that face-to-face interventions can be suitable to my practicum project that considers measures to improve access to care among African Americans with heart failure diseases. However, the focus on patients’ cultural backgrounds should not lead to ignoring a broader context. This statement refers to the findings by Cajiita et al. (2017), who stipulate that the use of mobile technology in healthcare (mHealth) can promote better knowledge. These scholars focused on 129 older adults, and almost 25% were African Americans, to analyze whether mHealth leads to improved care (Cajiita et al., 2017). The use of mobile technologies can be as effective as face-to-face interventions because modern people spend more time online. That is why it is reasonable to rely on mHealth opportunities to improve access to care among African Americans. Finally, it is possible to suggest that combining mobile technologies and face-to-face educational sessions can result in the best outcomes.