ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The video “Introduction to Negotiation” greatly benefited me as I learned new concepts and strategies. First, I understood what a reservation value or BATNA is and how it is determined. The narrator explains that the two main points of negotiation are to know your reservation value and do not pay more or less depending on your role of seller or buyer (Yale University, n.d.). Although this video gives examples of financial operations, it can also be used in any kind of negotiation. In addition, an essential aspect of this video is that it explains the positions of the buyer and seller. Hence, an important condition for successful negotiations is understanding the reservation value of the other party, since this knowledge gives an advantage in setting the most favorable price. The video “Start By Asking” is a helpful addition to the theoretical concepts presented in the first video. The speaker, using a specific practical example, explained how to use a reservation value in negotiations. In addition, the most useful information of this video for me was an example of how a speaker would find out information about a company and then use it to raise the price. This situation is a prime example of how one can use BATNA in negotiations. I once got involved in a negotiation selling my old game console. I charged a reasonably high price as the product was almost new, and I expected a buyer to try to lower the price. Thus, I used reservation value, although I was not aware of the concept. Eventually, I reduced the price to my reservation value, and although the negotiations were successful for me, I would like to get more for it. If I had known BANTA during those negotiations, I would have learned more information about the buyer before the price cut and could have made more profit. After the sale, I found out that the buyer urgently needed a console as a present; thus, he could agree to a higher price because he had no time to search another present. One of the main reasons why some valuation methods are not suitable for a startup is the lack of “historical” data. In other words, to evaluate a company like Apple, data from past years of its work, strategy, and also the organization’s reliability can be used. At the same time, startups are new companies that do not yet have information about their ways of working, making a profit, and other data necessary for evaluation. All startups have is an idea and an assessment of the success of its implementation. The dialog  1. I am afraid product X is a bit expensive.  2. It is more expensive than product Y, but it has some advantages.  3. Could you describe the terms that you will give us if we buy product X?  4. Please explain what you mean.  5. I guess you could give us more credit, could not you?  6. To be honest, I am not sure we could do it. It could be a little difficult because you are over your limit.  7. I am afraid we have a problem w
Generic business policies entail the views that competitive advantage depends on, in pursuit of a coherent and viable scheme. Competitive advantage underscores the advantage that a business has over its competitors, by ensuring that customers get better value for their money. Business leaders responsible for establishing and managing business-level strategies face challenges in identifying the key capabilities in the varied business departments, and assembling them together in a manner that enhances competitive advantage. This paper aims at using three articles in describing how organisations establish generic business strategies to enhance their competitive advantage. This paper then analyses the three articles in relevance to the situation of Ecowash Mobile. Gutterman (2007), Walters (2012), and Gallagher (2008) effectively outline the three generic business-level strategies that would help an organisation enhance its competitive advantage. Gallagher identifies three generic strategies, which are employed by organisations to enhance their competitive advantages. These strategies are cost leadership, differentiation, and focus. In his article, he posits that the overall cost leadership entails the business striving at becoming the leader in manufacturing and distributing products at the lowest cost. Gallagher’s article uses case studies from numerous renowned companies, which employ the strategies, thus reinforcing their usefulness in understanding generic business-level strategies. For instance, Gallagher affirms how in 1980, Michael Porter popularised generic strategies (Gallagher 2008). Gallagher describes generic business level policies that give a firm competitive advantage. Similarly, Ecowash Mobile uses these generic business level policies, which have given the company successful operation. Two companies might be in the same widely classified industry, for example, retail clothing, but choose to compete in dissimilar domains that are characterised by particular target client groups (Gutterman 2007). Gutterman states that, to achieve competitive advantage, a company has to cut down on operations cost, enhance organisational efficiency, manage labour costs, and do away with marginal consumer accounts. Gutterman uses the term segmentation strategy to refer to focus. This generic strategy entails concentrating on a certain market segment, product line, or market niche. It helps an organisation serve a small segment efficiently. Gutterman’s article also clearly describes the three generic strategies thus helping the learner understand the role of each strategy in enhancing competitive advantage. Gutterman identifies the business level strategies of McDonald and Amazon companies that give them competitive advantage. Like the Ecowash Mobile, these companies execute each strategy firmly and circumspectly through a thorough progression applied all through their franchise system allowing them to control the excellence of the experience that c
Introduction Lakoff observes that morality shapes American political discussions and the US politicians have tendencies to apply morality approaches in discussing a variety of topics such as foreign affairs, social issues, immigration, healthcare, and taxes among others after every four years of the general election campaigns to advocate their different ideologies to supporters. Lakoff notes that diverse political stands of conservatives and liberals come from various mental models of a family to which such politicians appeal. He uses the metaphor of Left (nurturant parent) and Right (strict father). Lakoff puts the state as a family and the government as a parent to illustrate opposing political views of conservatives/Right and liberals/Left even when the two use same the metaphor to discuss the same topic such as abortion, social programs, and immigration among others. According to Lakoff, this “explains why liberals and conservatives could seem to be talking about the same thing and yet reach opposite conclusions – and why they could seem to be talking past each other with little understanding much of the time” (Lakoff 12). Nurturant Parent Model Lakoff’s nurturant parent model looks at empathy, fair distribution, restitution, love, and nurturance as important elements in family. The fundamental ideas about this model are care, love, happiness, and getting meaning out of mutual relationships. The model highlights that children’s obedience originates from love for parents and the community. It is not out of fear of punishment. Lakoff notes “children become responsible, self-disciplined, and self-reliant through being cared for and respected, and through caring for others” (Lakoff 108). Liberals see regulations as a means of “protection of those who cannot protect themselves” (Lakoff 210). This was President Obama’s approach after the financial crisis by “proposing new rules to protect consumers and a new consumer financial protection agency to enforce those rules”. This is Lakoff’s point when he noted that government regulation “doesn’t hurt or cheat anyone” (Lakoff 210). Strict Father Model This model emphasizes the father to have the main role of protecting and providing for the family, and respect for the authority in developing and enforcing rules that control behaviors of children. The mother’s roles are day-to-day house chores and raising children (Lakoff 66). However, upholding the authority rests with the father. Parental authority in Strict Father Model outweighs love and nurturance and children must learn respect for authority, self-respect, self-reliance, and self-discipline (Lakoff 66). These qualities will enable children to be on their own, and control their destinies with no parental interference. Mike Huckabee says “John McCain is a man with the charac
Introduction During my last two teenage years, I worked as a bookseller in a bookstore. There, my manager was a woman about 30 years old. She was a down-to-earth person who skillfully balanced her bright personality and professional attitude during working hours. I am fortunate that one of my first leaders was a person with a combination of characteristics such as a positive attitude towards employees, effective management, and a professional vision. She is still an example of a highly skilled manager to me. This paper is a retrospective of my experience working as a bookseller with one of the kindest and most efficient managers I have ever met. Theory Y and Emotional Climate in the Workplace Having learned the basics and some of the nuances of management, now I see that my manager adhered to McGregor’s Y theory in bookstore management. She often asked about our work goals and insisted that we openly share work-related issues. Now I understand that these were procedures within the motivational process, but I still believe she genuinely asked those questions. She also had a good understanding of employee relationships and almost always managed to prevent workplace conflicts early and successfully relieve tensions between employees. I believe that she was able to create and maintain a good emotional climate in the workplace because of her excellent understanding of management theory, well-developed practical managerial skills, and a bit of improvisation. Theory Y, Bookstore Performance, and Team Vision It is also noteworthy that our team has performed well under her leadership. During my time there as a bookseller, the growth in sales and salaries was small but steady. Moreover, more experienced workers told me that the bookstore never had financial problems while she was in charge. From an analytical perspective, it can be said that their good performance was due to her managerial skills and personal efforts, which have developed professional determination and a burning desire for career growth in staff and me. She relied on the employees’ positive views towards the working process in developing and maintaining the bookstore’s productivity. Productive Management and the Harm of Theory X As I recall, my bookstore manager never took an authoritarian approach to management. I suppose her avoidance of Theory X in managing the bookstore was because this leadership model did not fit her personality. As noted above, she disliked workplace conflicts and brought the most peaceful solution with benefits for both parties. However, it is possible that she was an opponent of Theory X and believed that this approach to leadership was dysfunctional for both employees and employers. Reviewing my experience, I now see that she was the person who showed me the benefits of applying Theory Y and the damage that Theory X could do. Conclusion This essay serves as a retrospective of my personal bookstore experience through the lens
In their attempts to receive education and get a variety of academic and job opportunities in the future, students face certain psychological and social problems. According to Horowitz and Graf (2019), about seven-in-ten American teens suffer from anxiety and depression and regard these conditions as their major problems. There are many reasons for the identified mental health concerns, and prejudice or discrimination could be on this list. Taking into consideration such factors as the number of students with anxiety and depression and the effects of these problems on human health and development, this topic has to be explored further within the frames of the scientific method. The hypothesis of the offered project will be as follows: “Prejudice and discrimination will lead to a decrease in anxiety and depression symptoms among American college students”. The expected variables should include the causes (prejudice and discrimination) in the form of common phrases or behaviors and the outcomes (anxiety and depression symptoms) in the form of test results and evaluations. Questionnaires will be used to gather information from participants and measure the results. Explanations should cover several research areas, including social, clinical, and developmental psychology. However, the closest fit is social psychology because it studies the ways people think, feel, and behave (Newman, 2016). The decision to work within this field is explained by the necessity to focus on internal and external factors of human behaviors. College students are exposed to different irritants and opportunities, and their choices are usually free and unique. Anxiety and depression are the disorders that influence human development, and as soon as prejudice and discrimination are proved to be their potential causes, new treatment methods and behavioral interventions could be offered.
Introduction Every organization has a certain dress code that has been established to allow employees to work at ease in the office. Employees have to be dressed in a professional way that depicts the work they do. This dress code should project a professional image to the business clients and the society. Not all casual clothing is appropriate for the office. Every organization should have a clear guideline of what is acceptable and what is not acceptable in the office. Dress codes differ according to the work place for example there are certain clothing that work well for dance clubs, beach, and sports which may not be suitable for an office setting. Companies change employee’s dress codes from time to time if they feel that the present dress code is not appealing to every one especially to employees, customers, and community. For example clothing that disclose to a great extent the chest, back, feet or underwear is not suitable for an office setting or a business environment. Clothing should be well pressed, all seams finished, with words or pictures that are not offensive. Some companies persuade employees to dress in clothing that has the company’s emblem or wear uniforms. This paper will look at the different types of dress codes, explain why women feel it is unfair to be restricted from wearing nice work pants and gives some of the strategies to be adapted by the company while introducing the new dress codes. It will also give the expected outcome of the change in dress code. Types of Dress Codes Basically there are three types of business attire; Business casual, Professional Dress, and Campus casual. Business Casual is not common in a professional business or an office setting but can be found in a semi-conservative workplace. It comprise of a shirt with collar, dress paints and nice shoes for ladies. The dress paints should be of knee-length or longer. For men, it consist of shirt (collared or pollo), good shoes and pants without a tie. Professional dress code emerges to be the top most traditionalist type of (business) wear. It is common in finance office, accounting office or other conservative business environments. Sometimes employees are forced to wear professional because of the conservative employers who have hired them (Heathfield, p. 1). A professional dress for ladies covers a suit (pants or skirt) whereas for men it encompass (business) suit and a tie. Campus casual refer to the clothing that one puts on during his/her leisure time. It comprise of jeans, sneakers, tee shirts among others. Campus casual can be worn under certain circumstances in the work place for example in casual networking events (Heathfield, p. 2). Before the management of a company decides which dress code should be worn at work, it is good to understand the work environment. It may decide to change women’s dress code if women are wearing offensive paints or are exposing a great part of their bodies to the public. The best way to ensure that women put on dresses that appeal to everyone is to put a restrain on the dress codes. The change of a dress code policy is deemed to upset some employees. Why Women F
There are dishes that seem to be an integral part of a particular culture. When speaking about the traditional cuisine of the Dominican Republic, Mangu is the dish that perfectly represents the culture of the entire Caribbean region. This dish is made of mashed green bananas with red onions stewed in vinegar sauce, fried cheese, eggs, and grilled salami (Agaronov et al., 2019). I have chosen this dish because it reminds me of the community in which I grew up and which is important for me. I started eating it as a child and I have nice memories connected with this dish. My weekends always started with a hearty breakfast, and Mangu was one of the main dishes that my mother prepared. To cook Mangu, we need four green bananas, one large red onion, four tablespoons of butter, two tablespoons of olive oil, 1 tablespoon of fruit vinegar, salt, and water. Additionally, we need to fry salami, cheese, and eggs. The first thing we need to do is to peel the bananas and cut them into eight pieces. We put them into the container with water and 2 teaspoons of salt and let them boil (Agaronov et al, 2019). After the bananas become soft, we need to add oil and mash them. After getting a banana puree, we take an onion, cut it into thin slices, fry it with olive oil, season it with fruit vinegar and salt, and add to the banana puree. Then we may add salami, fried cheese, or scrambled eggs. It takes just up to half an hour to prepare Mangu, so it is easy to cook, and the ingredients are affordable. Picture 1 Mangu is not just a Dominican dish, but a tradition that represents the eating habits of the whole nation. This dish has a deep-rooted history and its name is of African origin. Green bananas or plantains arrived in the Dominican Republic together with the first African slaves. Different dishes with mashed bananas are part of West African cuisine, and Mangu is not an exception. Its place of origin is Congo, where it is called Mangusi, and its history is closely connected with the slave trade. Thus, it can be said that African slaves were the first who introduced this dish to the Dominican Republic. Reference Agaronov, A., Entwistle, T., & Leung, M. M. (2019). From the lunch table to the family table: A grounded theory approach to understanding urban adolescents’ experiences of food culture mismatch between school and home environme
Introduction Movement is vital for all of you because it provides you with the opportunity to live your lives to the full. Just as other human beings, you fall and stand up to continue moving forward. But what provides you with this opportunity? It is your skeletal system. It does not only facilitate your physical activity but also supports and protects your bodies. This system consists of hundreds of bones that are full of calcium, which makes them strong enough to carry your weight. Bones are connected with the help of joints that facilitate motion. The majority of you were born with about 300 bones that fuse with the course of time so that now you have only 206 bones. They all are divided into two parts: axial and appendicular skeletons. Axial Portion of the Skeleton Your axial portion of skeleton is composed of “the skull, the vertebral column, and the thoracic cage” ( Skeletal System: Bones and Joints 120). Due to its location, it manages to protect your brain and spinal cord from injuries. In addition to that, it supports the organs in the ventral body cavity so that you do not need to carry them in your hands. Twenty-two bones that are separated into two parts form the skull. You have 8 bones of the cranial cavity that are known as braincase. They surround your brain so that you do not hurt it when fall or receive a headnut. The rest of the bones (there are 14 of them) form your face. They are tightly connected to one another so that your nose is always in the right place. The only exception is the mandible that makes chewing possible. Otherwise, how would you eat? Minimal movement can also be observed within the middle ears. Each of them includes 3 auditory ossicles that are hidden deep in your head. The vertebral column, or backbone, usually consists of “7 cervical vertebrae, 12 thoracic vertebrae, 5 lumbar vertebrae, 1 sacral bone, and 1 coccyx bone” ( Skeletal System: Bones and Joints 125). It is the central axis of the skeleton that has four major curvatures. Normally, the cervical and the lumbar regions curve anteriorly. The thoracic, as well as the sacral and coccygeal regions, curves posteriorly. However, considering the way you sit, abnormal curvatures are widespread. The thoracic or the rib cage protects your organs and supports them. All in all, human beings have 24 ribs that are divided into 12 pairs, but you can recount them to make sure. They are categorized according to their attachment to the sternum. Thus, a direct attachment by costal cartilages is true (1-7); an attachment by a common cartilage is false (8-12); and the absence of attachment resorts to floating ribs (11-12). The sternum, or breastbone, consists of three parts: “t