ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Scientists recommend adequate and uninterrupted sleep for a healthy life. Sleep disorder is an intricate physiological phenomenon that medical professionals and researchers are in the course of looking for its remedy. Espie (2007) alleges, “About 40 million people in the United States suffer from chronic long-term sleep disorders each year” (p. 217). Sleep disorders are classified into three groups, which are insomnia, narcolepsy, and sleep apnea. Sleep disorder has no particular remedy. However, it can be controlled once it is correctly diagnosed. According to Roehrs, Zorick, Sicklesteel, Wittig and Roth (2008), insomnia is the most prevalent sleep disorder. Insomnia is common among the elderly and women. Chemical variations in the blood and brain influence the sleeping pattern. Apart from the chemical variations, some drugs and foods also affect the sleeping pattern of individuals. For instance, caffeine, which is found in tea, coffee and colas, causes insomnia (Bryant, Trinder & Curtis, 2009). Medical professionals do not have a clear explanation on why we require adequate sleep. Nevertheless, research has shown that enough sleep boosts the immune system. Research Question Scientists allege that sleep disorders have adverse effects on the immune system. Consequently, the research question for this paper is: what are the consequences of sleep disorder on the immune system? Hypotheses Sleep disorders inhibit normal functioning of the immune system and prevent the body from fighting illnesses. Also, sleep disorders hamper the development of the nervous system and cell growth. Methodology Data collection The research will be carried out in a healthcare facility, and it will involve patients suffering from sleep disorders like insomnia and apnea. The researcher will liaise with healthcare providers to obtain permission to interview patients. The study will cover patients from different age groups. The participants will be aged between 10 and 50 years. The research will focus on both male and female patients who have been suffering from sleep disorder for at least six months. Focusing on different age groups will enable the researcher to come up with a comprehensive and general conclusion of the effects of sleep disorder on the immune system. The researcher will select a sample of 100 participants from a pool of 350 patients. The members will be chosen through stratified random sampling technique. The patients will be separated into mutually exclusive strata or groups, and the members picked randomly from each cluster. Stratified random sampling will guarantee that all the patients have equal c
Introduction The purpose of an airport is to facilitate aviation, which is also generally considered its primary source of revenue. However, due to pressure from competition and low-cost carriers, the profit margin on aeronautical income has been decreasing as airports tried to undercut each other’s prices. As a result, they have become increasingly reliant on non-aeronautical revenues such as rent from shops stationed in the facility. These cash streams are mostly dependent on the number and type of passengers that pass through the terminal. This essay will evaluate the reasons why airports increasingly focus on non-aeronautical revenues and their types. By doing so, it will demonstrate that the maximization of these types of income is necessary for airport survival but is not a viable survival strategy alone. Discussion The Rise of Non-Aeronautical Revenues As mentioned in the introduction, LCCs are among the primary reasons for the decline of aeronautical revenues. Francis et al. (2004) discuss how, seeing their rapid growth, many airport managers started trying to attract them in hopes of capitalizing on the growing traffic. However, the new airlines proved to be unwilling to pay the same fees as traditional carriers and began negotiating for lower fees. Their market power, which emerged from numerous airports’ simultaneous competition for their presence, enabled them to secure excellent deals. As a result, airlines have begun trying to compensate by extracting revenue from the visitors directly (Francis et al., 2003). They began offering a wider and more comprehensive variety of services that evolved over time to incorporate new conveniences. As a result of the various measures taken by airports to increase non-aeronautical revenues, their proportion in the overall income grew accordingly. Per Graham and Morrell (2016), among European airports, in 1984, the percentage was at 41%, but then it began growing steadily to become 50% in 1999. With that said, non-aeronautical revenue sources are still limited and contingent on the passengers that visit the location for flights. As such, there is a soft upper limit on their share in the airport’s overall earnings. Graham and Morrell (2016) confirm its existence, noting that airports have struggled to change the ratio since 2000, which averaged to 60-40 aeronautical versus non-aeronautical globally in 2013. Nevertheless, the airports have been successful in extracting additional income from their customers, doing so in a variety of ways. Sources of Non-Aeronautical Revenues Figure 1. The revenue structure of ACI airports in 2015 (Graham, 2018). Airports use a variety of non-aeronautical sources of revenue that work with customers both directly and indirectly. Dileep (2019) lists to rent, direct sales, catering, car parking, consultancy centers, visitors, and business services, but there are many other minor items that do not necessarily warrant a detailed mention. With that said, while they may not be significant when isolated, their massive variety can
Introduction Poverty in Canada majorly occurs in specific populations and it is gender based, with women mostly affected. The prevalence of poverty is high among the Aboriginal peoples and women. In addition, most poor women in Canada are from the most susceptible groups. These groups include the Aboriginal people, individuals from racially-segregated populations and disabled people. The marginalization that these groups of people experience renders them very poor (Townson, 3). The Aborigines in particular are generally poor people in the population of Canada. As Noel & Larocque argues, the history of their poverty signifies poor government policies and initiatives, for instance past neglect of provincial governments (4). This paper will critically analyze the reasons for susceptibility of women and Aboriginal people to poverty, the response of government to this issue as well as provide some recommendations for action. Reasons for poverty vulnerability of women and Aboriginal people in Canada Women who are singe parents are the most affected in matters of poverty in Canada. These women face challenges of bringing up their children coupled with providing for the family. Studies reveal that these women who are single parents are likely to be five more times poor compared to women who have husbands. Policy makers usually ignore the problems of these women and deem them as unimportant in nation building. Some studies also indicate that among these women, older women who are single parents, might be 13 times more probably poor compared to seniors living with their husbands (Townson, 2). The major issue that makes the Aboriginal people more vulnerable to poverty is lack of employment and education. Their employment rate is probably less by ten percent compared to that of non-Aboriginal population. In addition, most of the Aboriginal people do not achieve basic education with approximately 43.7% of them having less than a secondary education (Noel & Larocque, 7). Problems with employment are also prevalent among women in Canada. Most studies indicate that even though there are always programs for offering employment to women, such women only become the working poor. The major reason for this is that most employed women only work part-time, with full-time jobs reserved for men. In addition, some women work under contracts rather than permanent employment while others work through a temporary help organization, or working individually. Moreover, even some of the women who work in permanent and full-time jobs receive poor payments, rendering such women
Social media and rapidly developing technology do not appear to surprise anyone nowadays. Not updating an Instagram page is considered strange, and not having a PC is hardly imaginable. However, the world was completely different just 50 years ago when computers first appeared. The tremendous change with the appearance of progressive technology is believed to give birth to inherently new technological and cognitive skills in people born in the era of technology. Nevertheless, the absence of empirical data finding an entirely different nature of how “natives” acquire the technological skills and many contextual factors affecting cognition prove that “digital natives” may, after all, be only a myth. The digital natives are determined as the generation born after 1980 with the appearance and popularization of computer technology (Margaryan et al., 2011). This generation, known as millennials, was subject to an increasingly technologized era, making them inherently savvy in it. The prominent features of natives are often believed to go beyond sophisticated digital skills to radically different cognitive abilities and learning skills (Margaryan et al., 2011). The immigrants, on the other hand, did not get the technological background from birth. They had to learn their ways around the computerized world, and not many immigrants adapted to the change well. However, such claims do not appear to have a clear empirical basis. The generation born in the era after the appearance of computers is believed to be technologically savvy (Margaryan et al., 2011). The use of various technological tools may be more comfortable for the so-called “digital natives,” but the newly evolved critical cognitive skills remain questionable. Generation Z’s are more likely to use computers better and be more accustomed to them, but not possess radically different learning styles. Since the first introduction of the personal computer (PC) in 1975, the world has indeed radically changed at a fast pace, but not everyone was accustomed to the new technology. Even the fact the PC’s broad distribution in different areas of the world happened much later, the division between different generations is necessary. People born in 2000 and 2010 would have a much deeper computer usage gap, even with the difference in 10 years (Margaryan et al., 2011). Nowadays, children are brought up with almost limitless access to computers and are surrounded by technology from the day they are born, which contributes to the belief that they are more technologically intelligent. Even in the era after the appearance of computers, the overall users utilize social media on a standard level. The amount of time spent online does not define the savviness in technology as well as different critical skills. The majors in technical disciplines appear to be more technologically intelligent, but that proves the necessity of more intensive and extensive use of technology apart from basic understanding to be a “digital native.” The typical internet users may use virtual worlds and spend hours chatting online but not u
The peculiarities of the graphic design in the 20 th and the 21 st centuries The art of the 20 th century rejected the main principles proclaimed by the artists earlier and reduced the significance of Realism with making the accents on Modernism and later on Postmodernism. The processes in the development of the graphic design reflected the major ideas of the art at the beginning of the 20 th century, and then the tendencies in the graphic design were closely connected with the progress of the art and cultural visions. The art and graphic design became progressive and even revolutionary. The artists and designers concentrated on the idea to emphasize the inner meaning of their works and also astonish the public with creating a kind of the art provocation. The main trends in the graphic design of the period before World War II are based on rising the industry of advertising with the help of different types of images, using the contrasting colors to accentuate the elements of the work, presenting the images and texts within mathematically developed areas. The first part of the 20 th century is characterized by the progress of International Typographic Style which developed not only in the European countries but also in the United States 1 . The area for the presentation of the designers’ work was posters, advertisements, the covers of books where designers used different styles of scripts, various techniques in combination images, colors, and prints. However, the main accents were made on the perfect combination of the arithmetic exactness of the proportions, vivid scripts and meaningful images presented as symbols. It is important to note that during different periods of the 20 th century and the beginning of the 21 st century, the variation of using strict lines and proportions or abstract and modernistic images can be observed. The ideals of Modernism were developed during the post-war period and reflected in Postmodernism which influenced the shift in the graphic design to accentuating vivid illustrations and the scripts connected with them. Letters also became significant as the independent objects during the progress of the corporate design and creating the attractive visual logos for the famous companies. The most remarkable figures of the graphic design during the 20 th century and beginning of the 21 st century are Siegfried Odermatt, Rudolf de Harak, and Paul Rand 2 . The impact of the illuminated manuscripts and chromolithography on the culture, society, and imagery of the 20 th and the 21 st centuries from the historical perspective In spite of the fact it can seem that there are few similarities between the illuminated manuscripts and contemporary books or between chromolithographs and
London Bombing The terrorist bombs that hit London’s mass transit system on July 7 presented U.K. life insurers with a scenario that has become familiar in recent years: a highly public event and a number of potential claims involving yet-to-be-identified victims (Bombers target London, 2007). The identification of victims in the London bombings was hampered by the location of the Piccadilly Line train in which a large number of the victims died. Not only was the tunnel containing the train deep underground, but it had a very narrow clearance on each side. Flyers describing the missing were posted near King’s Cross Station (Bombers target London, 2007). The Oklahoma Bombing It was morning, around 9:30 am, 19th of April 1995 when the people in Oklahoma City were left dumbfounded because of the explosion that was heard in one of the business districts of the city. The explosion started from a rental truck parked near a 9-story building. The impact was so strong that a major part of the said building collapsed. Hundreds of deaths were recorded – young and old, males and females. A significantly high number of people were sent to hospitals because of severe burns and injuries caused by the explosion. Based on series of investigations conducted, the truck that exploded contained varied forms of chemicals, which are actually used by any normal civilian. The chemicals found in the truck includes some “5,000 pounds (2,300 kg) of ammonium nitrate, an agricultural fertilizer, and nitromethane, a highly volatile motor-racing fuel—a mixture also known as Kinepak or ANFO (ammonium nitrate/fuel oil)” (Oklahoma City Bombing, n. d.). The said explosion was viewed as a form of terrorist attack in the US. Based on the reports provided, the convicted person has been planning the said attack several months prior to the explosion. He was seen buying the above-stated chemicals as if it was just for a normal farm or household use. The effect and pain of the said bombing
Social Behavior Description Background: Child Sex Trade and Its Victims Human trafficking remains an unresolved problem on a global scale. Also known as the sex trade, the subject matter affects the lives of numerous people that have been forced into the sex industry (Greenbaum & Crawford-Jakubiak, 2015). However, by far, the most vulnerable population in the human trafficking business is children (Schwarz et al., 2016). Despite the efforts of numerous organizations aimed at protecting human rights and reducing the threat of child abuse, the specified demographic is still highly threatened by the child trafficking industry (Kiss, Yun, Pocock, & Zimmerman, 2015). Because of the lack of concern for the issues that the vulnerable demographic faces, as well as the necessity to adjust the management framer to the needs of specific patients, the efficacy of current approaches is rather low. Core Behaviors: Description Victims’ behaviors: what makes them vulnerable The issue of victimization is a rather debatable concept (Beck et al., 2015). However, the tendency to assume the behaviors that expose children to danger needs to be taken into consideration.
Introduction Benjamin Franklin was born on 17th of January, 1706 in Boston, Massachusetts. His father was a real and true Puritan. In 1682 he migrated from England and almost immediately married a Boston native, Miss Folger. Being neither a farmer nor mechanic he commenced business of tallow-chandler and soap-boilder and carried out this business throughout his life. (Gaustad 75-95). Benjamin’s parents wished him to become a minister of the gospel and started educating him accordingly. However, their slender means were not appropriate for their goals and the intention was later on abandoned. Benjamin remained at a common school for some years and ultimately joined his father’s business, although he was not satisfied with the business activities. He left family’s business and went to New York but did not obtain any employment and then proceeded to Philadelphia on foot. Although Benjamin Franklin received extensive religious training but his humane nature as well as good sense compelled him to rebel against the inhuman and irrational tenets of his parents’ beliefs. (Gaustad 75-95). Franklin as senior statesman Franklin was older signatory of both the Constitution and Declaration of constitution as well as senior statesman of the Revolution attended the proceedings of committee that drafted the clauses of Declaration. Franklin won international fame as an author, printer-publisher, philosopher, inventor, scientist and philanthropist. Benjamin Franklin was considered less religious as compared with Jefferson and Washington. Some signs indicate that Franklin believed in the Occultism mysteries, although he never wrote or expressed much about it. (Gaustad 75-95) The main Founding Fathers of nation- Washington, Jefferson, Franklin and Adams’- were intensely suspicious of a particular European style of government involvement and association with religion. Most of the founding Fathers of the nations were also Deists. It is pertinent to mention that deism was, in fact, a religious philosophy evolved from Enlightenment. Moreover, God lets nature to watch out itself. At almost end of his life, Benjamin Franklin highlighted his deistic views in a letter that he believed in One God specifically as the Creator of Universe. He also expressed his opinion that God governs universe by His providence and as such God must be worshipped. These thoughts make Franklin a religious man with a firm believe in God as a creator of the Universe and everything. Some of the scholars even described him as a confirmed Deist who did not endeavor to ‘wither Christianity by ridicule’. (Gaustad 75-95). Unique philosophy of Franklin One unique philosophy of Franklin, in religion, politics or science, was; anything being important, meaningful and consequential had to be practical. Franklin was persuaded that for himself and also for most people, a strong belief in God is decent and good, whether false or true. His parents had a robust Puritan background and as such they expressed their grave concern about his particular religious expressions. Franklin stated his views through letters that opinions should be judged by their effects and influences. Due to his old
Homer is regarded as a legendary Greek due to his great works of literature such as “The journey to the Land of the Dead.” This epic poem focuses on Odysseus, a Greek hero who makes his long journey back home to Hades after the fall of Troy. It also focuses on Aeneas heading out to Orcas as well Dante going out to the Christian Hell in the famous Inferno. This essay will focus on the reasons why Odysseus and Aeneas make the journeys to Dante and Orcas respectively as well as their findings and the lessons learnt from the people that they did converse with. Observing the Greek hero Odysseus, he is returning to his home in the island of Ithaca after the Trojan War ended after a decade. He had a son called Telemachus who lived with his mother Penelope. Odysseus had stayed so long from his home and his wife Penelope. Subsequently, numerous suitors came to Ithaca Island to persuade and get Penelope’s hand in marriage as well as misusing the wealth of Odysseus that he had left behind. During Odysseus journey, he met a couple of people on the way such as the goddess Athena who agrees to inform his son Telemachus of his pre-arrival using her supernatural powers. Athena visits Telemachus who is overjoyed to hear of his father’s final return home. Odysseus also meets calypso who provides clothing, food, and clothing to him. A vicious storm attacks his raft, wrecks it and he has to seek shelter among a pile of leaves. The next morning, he meets Nausicaa who is the daughter of Arete and Alcinous. She besieges him to plea for assistance from her parents who welcome him. During his stay with Nausicaa’s parents, he encounters a blind singer Demodocus narrating two poems. The first poem was about the obscure Trojan War known as “Quarrel of Odysseus and Achilles” while the second poem was about a love affair between the two gods, Ares and Aphrodite. After he is through, Odysseus begs him to recite the Trojan War poem once more and this result in Odysseus revealing to his hosts that he led the Trojan War. Odysseus’s return to Ithaca is assisted by several comrades for example Phaeacians who are skilled mariners that delivered him to one of Ithaca’s hidden harbor. He is also assisted by Athena who disguises him as a beggar, reason being to learn the lifestyle of the people of the place he had left a decade ago. Meanwhile Odysseus finds shelter among one of his former slaves Eumaeus as Telemachus and arrives at Eumaeus’ hut as goddess Athena pre-arranges the re-uniting of father and son. Meanwhile the suitors are still pursuing Penelope while wasting Odysseus property. Odysseus and his son plan to eradicate the s