ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death. One of every two women will die of a heart attack, stroke, or other cardiovascular illness. In 2002, 444,000 men and 479,000 women died of cardiovascular disease (Mahrman, 2006). Moreover, strokes caused 56,645 deaths in men and 87,124 deaths in women. In comparison, 246,000 women died of cancer of all forms; specifically, 43,100 women died of breast cancer, and 55,900 women died of lung cancer. Thus, more than twice as many women died of cardiovascular disease than cancer (Mahrman, 2006). That ratio increases to 10:1 when deaths caused by cardiovascular disease are compared with deaths from accidents, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and pneumonia or influenza. Once coronary artery disease develops, women do not have a survival advantage over men. In fact, in every age group, women with coronary disease have a higher risk of death from a coronary event than men. Most of the risk factors for coronary artery disease are similar for men and women. These risk factors include diabetes, hyperlipidemia, hypertension, smoking, family history, obesity, and aging. The main types of heart diseases are coronary heart disease, cardiomyopathy, cardiovascular disease, ischaemic heart disease, heart failure, hypertensive heart disease, inflammatory heart disease, and valvular heart disease. Heart work The heart is a unique muscle capable of generating its stimulation. The automaticity of specialized cardiac muscle fibers results in rhythmic impulses that are then transmitted to the remainder of the cardiac muscle (Mahrman, 2006). The finely orchestrated timing of the conducted impulse produces sequential systole in the atrium and ventricle, thus allowing efficient cardiac output. The primary pacemaker of the heart is the sinus node, a group of specialized cells located in the sulcus terminalis of the high right atrium, between the superior vena cava and the base of the right atrial appendage. The impulse emitted from the sinus node excites adjacent atrial tissue in a progressive wavefront that produces atrial contraction. The electrical bridge between the atria and ventricles is the atrioventricular (AV) junction, a complex group of structures beginning with the AV node, which transmits the impulse slowly and provides time for active ventricular filling during atrial systole. The impulse then travels throughout the ventricles in a rap
Introduction Combat survivors usually talk about the terror and the excitement of playing in a death match. People are taking risks because nowadays everyday risk is minimized and people want to be challenged according to Joy Marr, 43, an adventure racer who was the only woman member of a five-person team that finished the 1998 Raid Gauloises, the granddaddy of all adventure races as given in the article “Life On The Edge”, TIME, September 6, 1999. Old generations didn’t need to seek out risk. It can be easily reflected from global wars, childbirth complications, diseases and pandemics from the flu to polio, dangerous products and even the omnipresent cold war threat of mutually assured destruction (TIME, ). Many of those traditional risks have been reduced by science, government or legions of personal-injury lawyers for recent generations. Life expectancy has increased whereas violent crime is down. One is 57% less likely to die of heart disease than older generations. Diseases like smallpox, measles and polio have virtually been eradicated. Risk With Present Generation Children running towards danger and people attempting suicide generally do so to attract attention. Risk-aversion definitely kills innovation. One should always be ready to try out ideas. “If you’re not making mistakes, you’re not taking risks, and that means you’re not going anywhere. The key is to make mistakes faster than the competition, so you have more changes to learn and win”, says John W. Holt, Jr. Many people step into risk because they usually are natural problem solvers. Some believe that it is the way to make a difference in the lives of others. The risk is justified if taken for the right reasons. Teenagers are usually more risk taker. They indulge in more high-risk behavior than most adults. The understanding of why teens take big risks is a key to good parenting. Every day we hear of middle-of-the-night automobile accidents due to speed, alcohol and fatigue with young drivers. Teenagers are accounted more for markedly more fatal automobile accidents than do adults. They are not bad
Introduction Modern architects viewed the architecture of the 19 th century as being severely bound to past styles which were one of the main reasons, they decided to invent architecture for the 20 th century that expressed the spirit of a new age and one that would surpass the style and technology of the earlier architecture. Modern architecture confronts traditional ideas about the types of structures or buildings that were suitable for architectural design (Italy travel, 2010). Structures such as aristocratic palaces, public institutions such as sports facilities, and churches were known to be the mainstay of architectural practices, but modern designers argue that architects should design buildings that were relevant to the current society’s needs. In the first half of the 20 th century, many modernists produced housing that included furnishings such as wallpaper and textiles which were meant to create a designed domestic environment (Italy travel, 2010). Rome According to Meier (2003), the beginning of modern architecture in Italy is epitomized by the late 19 th Century shopping galleries furnished with iron and glass roofs in Milan, Naples, Genoa, and Turin. This fashion of architecture however never made it to Rome which instead had a massive white marble monument that was built between 1885 and 1911. Mussolini and the Fascist era made their architectural mark with grandiose building schemes such as the Foro Italico Sports Centre (1928-1931) that is located at the foot of Monte Mario and the Esposizione Universale di Roma which is a district in the outskirts of Rome; a district that has axial monumentality, massive statues, and underutilized museums. Other than apartment buildings in the outer suburbs, Rome has seen a small amount of new architecture in the second half of the 20 th century with exceptions being the Stadio Flaminio which was built for the 1960 Olympics, the mosque in the Parioli area, and the new auditorium north of the city center. Other structures built in the 20 th century are the Dio Padre Misericordioso (God the Merciful Father) church which was designed by American Architects Richard Meier & Partners. The church is located in the Tor Tre Teste suburb in Rome (Garwood, et al. 2004, p.26). (Dio Padre Misericordioso, Rome) (Pirelli Tower, Milan) Milan Milan faced a tumultuous period in the 20 th century in the architecture sector which brought with it several innovations and designs. The post World War II period of reconstruction saw a rapid economic growth that was accompanied by an increase in the population which saw the formation of new districts unlike Rome (A view on cities 2010). This provided the motivation for architectural renewal in Milan that produced some milestones in the city’s architectural history some of which was the construction of the Pirelli Tower (1956- 1
Introduction It is one of the government’s roles to address poverty and inequality in the country. However, the question arises as to whether any help can improve the situation or the methods vary in their efficiency. In this speech, I would like to address the issue of financial support for the poor and outline a healthier alternative that would work in the best interest of the government. What Kind of Help is in the Best Interest for the Government? The idea that giving money to the poor is counterproductive still seems controversial at best and cruel at worst. However, there is ample scientific evidence that shows that poverty impedes a variety of cognitive functions, which may prevent a person to put social benefits to good use. For instance, like Carvalho, Meier, and Wang (2016) report, being poor decreases cognitive capacity: the respondents showed low performance in completing spatial and problem-solving tasks. Moreover, as stated in a study by Brito and Noble (2014) and Blair and Raver (2016), poverty counteracts creativity. Together with impaired long-term planning abilities, as proven by Crooks and Evans (2014), this combination may lead to adverse outcomes. This is especially true given that poverty is associated with the lack of self-control, meaning that those eligible for social benefits might as well waste their money (Bernheim, Ray, & Yeltekin, 2015). All these objective facts point to the necessity of helping the poor by educating them and improving their employment situation (Atkinson & Bourguignon, 2014). Conclusion A widening gap between the upper and the lower class may lead to the disappearance of the middle class, which is recognized as the backbone of modern society. Ongoing financial support might seem to be a feasible idea at first, but helping people escape poverty is trickier than it seems. Given the effects of being poor on the human brain, the government might be draining its budget and not amounting to anything significant. Helping the poor can and should be in the government’s interest, but only if it entails transferring skills and promoting literacy.
Introduction Technological advances of the past centuries have benefited humanity in numerous ways, yet, most significantly, in terms of relieving the workload and facilitating the operations of different professions. As predicted by Marx, the growing productivity of labor would result in the expansion of “disposable time,” which, according to him, constituted the absolute wealth of every nation (Hughes and Southern, 2019). Nevertheless, even though the forecast of the German philosopher has been proved mostly correct, the question of how people choose to spend their free time remains topical. It can be suggested that the new technologies allowed people to free themselves from toil, but simultaneously, they started to consume more of their valuable time. Social media platforms are one the examples of disruptive technologies which were created to help people make their lives easier but eventually started to harm them. According to research, long periods spent online
The foreign policies of democratic countries differ from those of countries with military dictatorship, communism, party rule, and one-party rule. Interests and values coexist in the democratic nations, thus enhancing their common understanding of issues that affect them. In democratic countries, public opinion plays a key role in influencing the government’s decision-making. As argued by Immanuel Kant, peace can only be achieved when states are able to control the power of the ruling class (Kissinger, 1994). Countries that see themselves as democratic find other forms of governance difficult. They see their policies as more advanced compared with those of others’. Hence they want to force other countries to adopt their policies. This has contributed to the increasing number of wars between democratic and non-democratic states, like Iran and Israel and western states versus countries in the Middle East. The contention by liberalism that democratic countries do not go to war with each other is true to some extent. History has proved that democracies have a tendency to keep up a peaceful and non-violent relationship with each other, compared to other forms of governance (Waltz, 1979). Liberalists argue that democratic states are able to do this because of the following reasons. Firstly, liberalism argues that good conduct, obedience to the law, and international organizations are capable of transforming the basis for relations among nations. Unlike realists, they contend that human nature is not essentially evil, and they are able to coexist and collaborate with each other. As a result, good relations among these states become possible as they choose to co-operate with each other as a community and not just as independent and single units. Democracies have been known to work and relate very well with each other and therefore reduce the chances of waging war against each other. According to realism, states are unitary actors who use their powers to pursue their own selfish interests to meet their goals. Realists argue that the international system is anarchic, and as a result, states use power as a form of leverage during the process of bargaining (Morgenthau, 1948). In a conflict situation, countries have been known to apply several kinds of leverages to meet a more favourable outcome. The overwhelming majority of international transactions occur through bargaining, persuasion or reward, and not violence. Liberalism disagrees with this and contends that order can also be achieved by norms and institutions that work through reciprocity, collaboration, and law. Liberalism further differs from realism on the concept of rationality. For realists, rationality means that an actor maximizes its own interests in the pursuit of its foreign policy. Liberalists, however, believe that rational actors are capable of forgoing short-term national interests to further the long period of the well-being of the community they belong to. As a result, state
Promotion of healthy eating and prevention of eating disorders have become one of priorities in Australian public health. Eating disorders have become persistent as 10% of diseases are food- or drink-related ( Victorian Public Health 2011). Furthermore, the rate of overweight people is growing steadily and the rate of Australia’s adult obesity is 5 th highest in the world ( Victorian Public Health 2011). Australia spends more than $56 billion on treatment of these health problems (Lawrence 2009). Notably, all Australians are in a risk group, though the younger generation is the most vulnerable group. This group requires specific attention as young people are Australian future. Scully et al. (2012) have found that the rate of obese secondary students is only 5% while the rate of overweight students is almost 20 %. The researchers trace an alarming trend as the number of overweight and obese children is increasing. However, Dick et al. (2012) also add that a number of preventive measures and plans are effective and can be implemented in all educational establishments. Clearly, it is essential to efficiently address the issue which can negative affect the development of Australian society. It is necessary to identify major determinants of the problem and existing and possible preventing strategies to understand whether the problem can be solved in the future. It is possible to point out a number of determinants at different levels. Nevertheless, they are more persistent at the social level. One of the factors contributing to the spread of unhealthy eating habits is financial insecurity. Thus, families with low income cannot afford healthy diet due to high cost of the so-called healthy eating basket. Kettings, Sinclair and Voevodin (2009) stress that Australian families with average income spend 20% of their earnings on healthy food. Thus, families with average income can af
The book “winning” is an all-inclusive guide targeting all the aspect of any business. The author emphasizes on the importance of being the pace maker in a particular business discipline. This book gives business managers, owners, average employees and associates advice on how to relate amongst themselves in order to create a conducive environment for business growth and stability. Welch illustrate with mild and reasonably balanced opinions on how to create a better business environment for the business community, which puts a particular business establishment at the top of the performance gauge without compromising any party’s stake and comfort. The book illustrates various practices and regimes that have been the recipe for some of American companies’ cause of success, and other practices and moves that have brought about downfall and crippling of some businesses beyond redemption. Welch does not draw any strict lines in business and even continues to say that business is a game with a dynamic range of maneuvers and moves. The author insists that there are no definite governing principles in business, but principles that largely apply rationality and balance are most appropriate. Welch describes the techniques that an individual in business must adopt despite their seemingly contradicting nature. Welch outlines areas that require strict practice and those that require liberal thinking and flexibility (Welch and Suzy, 2). The book emphasizes the importance of business ethics for business survival. In addition to ethics, the book shows the need for focus as an important accessory to all employees’ ethics in order to thrive. The author has succeeded in presenting a non-radical stance while engaging in highly effective competitive business practices. A mission statement coupled with a plan on how to achieve the objective of that mission is a crucial ingredient for realizing
Autopilot Over time, computers have been introduced into organizations and have been used at different levels to perform different tasks. One of these areas is the Aviation industry. In this industry, computers are used to solve several problems and improve the productivity of the workforce including pilots. Pilots are among the workforce in that industry who have benefited from the use of Autopilot in many ways. Modern aircraft are fitted with Autopilots to guide aircraft with very little support from the pilot. Computer software is installed on the Autopilot to control an aircraft’s control system. This is a real-time system that is divided into three levels. One level monitors the way an aircraft lands, another level monitors the way it takes off, and another level monitors the landscape. In addition to that, an aircraft is fitted with digital computers and backup systems. Should one computer fail, other computers may continue to run the control system. Information is relayed to the computers through digital signals received from sensors that are connected to a data store. A flight management system is integrated into Autopilot’s flight mechanism and the data store. This mechanism ensures that the stability of an aircraft during flight is controlled through the inertia guidance system using data from the data store. The inertia guidance system has software that statistically analyzes errors accumulated during the time of a flight. Digital Information The complicated nature of the software enables the Autopilot to capture all information related to an aircraft’s current position and uses the information to guide the aircraft’s control system. Errors may occur during flight. One of these errors, known as drift may arise due to a malfunctioning mechanical pump or positional data that has been damaged. This corruption may adversely affect the position of an aircraft in terms of its altitude or may lead an aircraft to underperform when flying on routes that require a specific performance factor. When a pilot wants to land an aircraft, the computerized system relays digital information about the landing gear. The computer tests all aspects of the landing gear and if the system is confirmed to work effectively, then the pilot is given a nod to land the aircraft. The Autopilot’s hardware and software are designed with reliability and a certain amount of redundancy. Therefore the implementation strategies of the Autopilots vary significantly from one aircraft manufacturer to another. However, the software and hardware in these machines are well controlled. To ensure reliability and redundancy, several quality assurance tests are done on hardware and software that are used to make the Autopilots. Sometimes it is critical to ensure the safety of an aircraft during flight. Different processor architectural d
Children are Citizens The City of Port Phillip, an inner local government city in Melbourne Australia, has developed strategies that will challenge the traditional view of children as citizens of the state by theorising children as major actors in the society who have a valid and important understanding of the world in general and can be able to contribute to the development of the society (City of Port Phillip, 2005). These strategies have been developed as a result of the little recognition children receive when it comes to voicing their opinions or getting their voices heard. Children also lack equal opportunities in the adult world in cases where they are faced with poverty, cultural diversity or disabilities (Smith et al, 2008). The development of the strategies will ensure that the City of Port Phillip has a theoretical and practical framework that will be used to create awareness to the adult community in the city that children should be regarded as citizens who deserve equal opportunities and also to be listened to. The strategies will be used to develop a children’s plan that will reflect on issues such as embedding the concept of children as citizens in the constitution, developing policies and frameworks that will be used to support children’s activities in civic duties within the city and structures of citizenship that will represent the needs of children in Port Phillip (City of Port Phillip, 2009). The decision to include children as citizens of the state arose out of a gap in the Municipal Early Years Plan (MEYP) that did not involve children in its formulation stage. The MEYP was an initiative by the State Government of Victoria which required all councils in Australia to develop a plan for children that would be used in developing strategies that would coordinate the educational, health care and early childhood development activities of children living in Australia. The City of Port Phillip recognised this gap and decided that a broader approach was needed in dealing with aspects that affected children and promoted new ways of thinking about children’s opportunities in the adult world. The new way of thinking challenged the State of Victoria’s policies on service delivery to children by proposing that their rights and interests should be considered before any strategic frameworks are developed (City of Port Phillip, 2009). MEYP did not involve any consultation or input from children during the formulation stages of the plan which would create certain gaps when the plan would be used for early childhood development programs and healthcare delivery services for young children (Smith & Smale, 2007). The various councils involved in the MEYP plan realised that they did not have the relevant skills and knowledge to develop strategies that are meant for children. The City of Port Phillip took the initiative to consult with children when developing the municipal plan especially during the implementation phase by analysing their ideas and opinions (City of Port Phillip, 2009). To develo