ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The UAE gained formal independence as a federal state on December 2, 1971. The agreement to form a federation was due to the need to form a viable, independent, political, and constitutional entity. The Trucial states formed a federation after the British government agreed to withdraw its rule and facilitated talks amongst the states. The British proposal included.  1. The establishment of a unified educational system with a central administration in Bahrain.  2. Common nationality and abolition of travel documents across member emirates.  3. The unification of the administrative authorities, viz. judiciary and legislative entities. The federation further sought to find links and alliances with the neighboring Arab countries, particularly Saudi Arabia and Iraq. However, continued negotiations between the seven Trucial states with a watchful eye of the British political agents could, at last, come to the establishment of the essential unity. A council was formed and provided a forum whereby the individual tribe leaders were given the capacity to operate at a broader level than that of sheikdom. This move was advantageous as it cut down the stiff competition amongst leaders, which gave them an opportunity to understand the basics and benefits of collaboration. Towards the end of 1968, the British masters made it clear that they would withdraw from the earlier treaty in 5 years’ time—this move intended to give the Trucial state’s independence. The rulers of the Trucial States were motivated by the move of the British government, which resulted in the Dubai agreement that defined the main federal, political, and executive authorities. The birth of a federation was not well thought, and thus not all frameworks and systems needed to sustain it were consolidated. Hence it was bound to fail afterward. The Federation of UAE was quickly planned under the watch of the nine leaders, but the terms of the agreement lacked commitment. Competition for leadership, particularly in Bahrain and Qatar, was the main cause of the failure of the Federation of the UAE, as sources of federal income were not well indicated in the agreement, thus stagnating operations. The emerging rivalry amongst the nine rulers led to the withdrawal of efforts to create a viable federation. However, Dubai and Abu Dhabi come out as the two largest emirates, and their rulers were given special powers in the supreme council. The supreme council worked alongside the president, council of ministers, and the federal judiciary as the main authorities of the union. The supreme council had the mandate to elect the president and the vice-president. The president is the head, and thus s/he has the prerogative to gather the Supreme Council at will to discuss any pertinent issues that s/he deems necessary. The council represents the union in both domestic and international affairs. In addition, it appoints all senior officials. The federal system favors the president since all other or
Sources of information for scanning the macro-environment of the school Any social or scientific research implies fulfilling substantial work on data collection. In many cases, an investigator has to combine different methods of data collection and use different data sources to get a many-sided picture of the studied phenomenon. Considering that a school’s external environment consists of several broad sectors, such as economical, social, technological, political and other, it is reasonable to collect information from the sources of different kinds. Particularly, the following information sources can be used: Elements of the external environment studied with the help of observation An investigator may attend events and visit institutions that influence the schools’ life and detect existing trends. The task of a person involved in observation is to record, interpret and use the results of their observation (Jupp & Sapsford, 2006, p. 58). Experience of specialists studied through interviews and questionnaires (p. 93) An investigator may develop a range of questions based on the theme of study and ask them to the representatives of the institutions that refer to the school’s external environment. As a result, the role of the information source is fulfilled by professionals who are aware of the changes taking place in different sectors of the environment. Printed and electronic sources (p. 124) Using books, articles and websites, a researcher can get familiarized with the results of other people’s interpretation and analysis of the primary data collected by them. These sources are especially useful in cases when fulfilling observation, or an interview is impossible. Documents (p.138) This range includes institutional and government publications (Goyal & Goyal, 2011, p. 39). When the changes that take place in different sectors are noticed by the representatives of the government or the local powers, it becomes necessary to pass the new laws and issue new regulatory documents to develop these changes or, backwards, restrict them. Recommendations for decision-makers in assessing and adjusting an organization’s direction to a changing environment According to Lynn, change takes place at five different levels:  1. cultural environment,  2. institutional,  3. managerial,  4. technical,  5. political assessment (cited in Longo, Cristofoli, 2007, p. 5). A school’s environment exists in the state of continuous change, which makes school authorities and representatives detect and interpret changes, and make the corresponding decisions. The following recommendations refer to change management in a school:  1. The existing change is crucial, but not the only component to take into account when making a decision. Having noticed the necessity for a change, a decision-maker should develop the purpose and the essence of this change. Thus, a change should be fulfilled in accordance with the organization’s missions, strategy and aims.  2. Use diverse and reliable information to make a decision for change. It is important to embrace the data of different kinds and from different sources in order to consider all the
Abstract Google has been a successful company for more than a decade now. The company conducts millions of searches daily that come up with relevant results that satisfy the needs of its users. Therefore, this paper critically analyses its operations and success. To achieve this, the paper focuses on the growth of search engines, the growth and development of Google, its strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats. The paper also focuses on the corporate strategy of the company and in the end, it comes up with recommendations to increase its performance in the short run and in the long run. History of Search Engines A search engine is a complicated tool that is used by internet users to search for information within the network. The tool operates by connecting the keyword(s) typed by a user, queries it to its database and brings out a list of results with the most relevant result being placed at the upper end of the list. It is due to this fact that search engines have to maintain a huge and reliable database to keep up with the growth of the internet. In the year 2005 alone, Google had over 200,000 computers that acted as its database. In addition, the company reported that it had spent over $400,000 in maintaining the system alone (Hill 51). It is due to this fact that search engine companies need to have a financial model that will ensure that their operations are sustained both in the short run and in the long run. The first search engine that was used in the internet was referred to as Archie (Hill 52). Archie was launched in 1990 and enabled users of the internet to retrieve documents and other files that were stored within the network. However, in 1993, the internet growth surpassed the capabilities of Archie. The number of websites had also increased from 130 to over 600,000 by the close of 1996. This therefore brought about the need of having a powerful search engine. Matthew Grey from MIT came up with such a tool; the www Wanderer. However, Greys innovation was soon suppressed by the Web Crawler, a search engine that was developed by Brian Pinkerton. The Web Crawler was superior to www Wanderer in that it allowed users to view entire web pages from its search unlike www Wanderer that only gave out the title of the websites that came out of its search. In 1995, Web Crawler was sold to AOL at $1 million. This marked the first instance that a search engine was economized (Hill 53). Later on in the same year, another search engine, Alta Vista was launched. Alta Vista was superior to Web Crawler in that is was capable of sending out thousands of Web Crawlers in its searches. As a result, the tool was capable of searching a higher proportion of the internet bringing about a more complete search as compared to its predecessor (Bahney 15). However, the search engine failed to pick up because it lacked a financial model. At the same time, Excite and Lycos, both being search engines, were also launched. Both these engines came up with further improvements since they used algorithms to conduct their searches. This ensured that the results of their searches were relevant with regards to t
Introduction After reading The Second Shift, the book written by sociologist Arlie Hochschild and Anne Machung, I realized that this work is devoted to one of the vital problems of the society. It covers possible conflicts which usually appear between our workplace and our family life. Hochschild argues that nowadays male careers are like a “bomb” to a happy family. The author discloses the idea that working mothers who just at the end of their workday usually begin a new work and take the second shift in the family. Main text The author covers aspects that are very important for a family life. Vital problems such as career and home should be discussed by every couple before their marriage in order to avoid conflicts and misunderstandings in the future. I am interested whether young couples realize the difficulties of family life before their marriage. The author states that in our generation, housework is shared equally between a wife and a husband only in twenty percent of all families. Additionally in dual-career families, it almost always leads to frequent illnesses and chronic exhaustion of wives as they put all their efforts to their second family job. Hochschild was the first to raise such problem and by this he supported many women. I wonder how many women strive to be housewives. The author states that those females who have a public job seem far happier than those who are responsible only for housework. These facts are really proved but nevertheless career women are easily exhausted and less energetic by the end of their double-work day. The author underlines the fact that all these ques
Introduction Nowadays, people love and cherish jazz music for its bizarre melodies, lovely instrumental mixes, and caressing voices. It is generally agreed that this musical genre has gained popularity among the representatives of different social groups around the world, making jazz musicians be universally recognized. There is no sense in mentioning that jazz has become a favorite subject for contemporary writers. Still, modern jazz musicians should take their predecessors as role models because they may lose their musical legacy by not taking it seriously. The Early Days of Jazz Indeed, it took time for jazz music to achieve imperishable fame. According to Brennan, in the first half of the twentieth-century jazz was considered to be the interaction between African-American and European musical traditions, an opposition of low and high music (4). The main peculiarity about it was the fact that African-Americans finally became visible to the wealthy part of the population. They proved to the whole world that art, in general, is not about skin color. In fact, it is hard to find a single person not knowing the stars of the golden ages of jazz. For instance, Lois Armstrong is sure to be ranking highly in the list of celebrities of the past. He was even mentioned as the most eminent jazz musician in the story “Sonny’s Blues” (Baldwin 7-48). This story deserves special attention to understand what role jazz played in the 1950s-1960s. The Crime of Being a Born Musician in Trying Times Actually, one should never forget that people had to live in hard conditions after the war in general. As far as Harlem is concerned, it was practically impossible to earn one’s living by means of honest labor. The main character of the story is a person trying to escape from Harlem to seek a better life. However, adulthood turns out to be not full of hardships because a grown-up man has to abandon his true vocation for a dull career to become a successful member of society. The problem is that Sonny is keen on jazz; he wants to be a musician like Charlie Parker. Instead of it, he becomes a family disgrace accused of drug peddling. In the end, it is jazz that brings him to life and gives him the desire to live. The Dawn of Jazz While analyzing “Sonny’s Blues”, one may notice that Lois Armstrong is the only jazz singer known by Sonny’s brother. Meanwhile, the main character’s role model is Charlie Parker because Lois Armstrong is believed to be old-fashioned. This speaks a lot about what jazz was popular in different times. Sonny’s generation probably adored bebop, the main creator of which was Charlie Parker. Fortunately, jazz was no longer associated with “the abuse and exploitation of black musicians” (Horne 10). They started to spread their wings and make a sufficient contribution to the music of the 20s century. Among outstanding musicians of that time is Ella Fitzgerald, known for her purity of voice and intonation. It is interesting to admit tha
Telehealth Although the advancement of telehealth definitely has numerous advantages for both the medical personnel and the patients, there are disadvantages as well. The alternate effects of switching to distance-based healthcare should be analyzed in order to understand the full extent of implications. The first problem has been addressed in the post, which is access to technology. If the internet connection is disrupted or not assured, the entire purpose of delivering healthcare via the means of communication becomes defeated. However, the adoption of this technology has other important ramifications. In order to diagnose a medical condition, a doctor has to check the patient. The procedure involves the use of senses, such as touch and smell (Gajarawala & Pelkowski, 2021). Both of these are entirely absent during distance-based communication, which compromises the quality of doctors’ input. Furthermore, communications via electronic means has a larger probability of misunderstandings than in real-life setting. Almost any medical intervention has to be done manually, meaning that a doctor has to be physically present. As Gogia et al. (2016) note, “no telehealth system as yet can set up an i/v line and administer fluids” (p. 3). All of these facts prove that telehealth is not a full solution. However, the number of disadvantages does not imply that telehealth cannot be beneficial. In fact, it is the logical development of society’s reliance on technology and distance-based communication. Nevertheless, it should be stated that there are cases, when such healthcare is applicable and when it is not (Gajarawala & Pelkowski, 2021). If treating a patient does not require a direct input of a medical specialist, then telehealth is adequate. If a medical diagnosis needs doctors’ participation and physical tests, then telehealth is not sufficient. The current level of medical technology does not allow patients to be treated on a distance basis. Medical apps The prevalence of smartphones in modern life is indeed so high that it is reasonable to expect their implementation in different spheres, including healthcare. However, their use also has some disadvantages, which should also be considered. First, the use of medical apps presupposes an online database, where the users’ personal information is stored. Naturally, it creates a question of privacy and the possibility of disclosure (Bruce et al., 2020). As health data is a highly sensitive subject matter, many people are anxious to use mobile health applications. Users have to be assured that their private data is safe in order to use healthcare services without the fear of data breach. Notwithstanding all the anxieties surrounding cybersecurity, it is reasonable to suggest that the use of apps in healthcare will only grow. However, a different problem exists, which cannot be solved with assurances of privacy. All apps rely on strictly predetermined programming to provide assistance to its user. Yet, the range of medical conditions is so wide that it cannot be co
Cyber Kill Chain (CKC) means a sequence of steps that assist in tracing the phases of cyber-attack from the early investigation to the exfiltration of data. From the CKC’s application and utilization, technocrats in organizations understand and fight ransomware, security issues, and advanced persistent attacks (APTs) (Abbasi et al., 2021). CKC works by a range of phases that reinforce attacking and phishing during the process. This article presents research on the third phase, delivery, by conducting the appropriate tools applied in the stage. Additionally, the article discusses why email is the most successful via spear-phishing attacks. Application of Delivery Tools in Cyber Kill Chain Delivery involves the transmission of the weapon to the target during the control measure. In this case, the attacker can utilize different Universal Serial Bus (USB) drives, email add-ons, and websites for this initiative (Williams & Polage, 2018). The transmission and distribution of weaponized packages to the affected website comes with some digital fingerprinting. There is a representation of the most important phishing protection during the CKC (Ju et al., 2020). However, performing the defense defeats specific key abilities and other sensitive data. This stage measures the effectiveness of fractional intrusion attempts that are hindered at the delivery stage. Figure 1. Example of warning email sent by Google on possible phishing attack (Kim et al., 2018). Figure 2. One way Google advises the user to prevent possible phishing attacks (Williams & Polage, 2018). Figure 3. Microsoft warning users of possible spam intrusion in their outlook account (Sinha & Thakare, 2021). Explanation of How the Above Screenshot Issues Would Be Solved Email is most effective via spear-phishing attacks because several solutions respond to attack at various stages during kill chain process. For example, Google’s ‘Gold Key’ program for Gmail usually cuts the kill chain at deception point by sending an indicator message to the user about the suspicious message (Fig. 1). Google gives a user an option of scanning to remove malware that might be present in the system (Fig. 2). Furthermore, Microsoft has a program known as ‘Green Shield’ that indicates trust issues in Hotmail and Outlook (Fig. 3). The stage involves posting website cautions for the users to avoid phishing. Additionally, organizations may use a ‘phishing filter’ that warns users upon clicking a website about giving out their information to scammers. At this stage of delivery, competent Information Technology (IT) departments usually pollute the data and cut the chain by making the ex
Introduction In Search of Self Governance, by Scott Rasmussen, is a book that reflects on the broken America political system. The author of this book manages to capture the heartbeat of the nation through his timely surveys which he has used to make a thought- provoking masterpiece about self government. The book is an advocacy about how people should govern themselves. This book vividly points out the big divide between the people and their leaders. The Americans and their leaders have a big disconnect and the people are very angry with the way they are being governed. According to the author, the Americans do not want to be moved from the left to the right and to the centre by their leaders, they want to govern themselves. The book extrapolates the big desire for self government by the Americans which he says, runs vey deep. Self government is a core value that Americans cherish and it seems to be a component of their cultural identity (Rasmussen 23). Principles of Self Governance Rasmussen, in the book makes it clear that self governance is not just about political and the political systems of government. It is not about the usual and the ordinary partisan gimmicks of the Republicans and the Democrats. It means more than democracy and the civil liberties that the Americans cherish. He notes that it is very unfortunate that the United States of America has been independent for more than 200 years, yet the values of self government has not been essentially realized. One of the factors that the author claims undermines the value of self governance is the immoral alliance between the government and the business sector. This is because this alliance has affected how the Americans live, how they make their choices at home workplace and in the entire community, and how they respond to many other things outside the political world. The author, who is a public opinion pollster, claims that political polarization in America is one of the other hindrances to self governance. This is because Americans see things from only two views; the Republican and the Democratic (Rasmussen 45). This has really divided Americans very much and under this great political division are some other sub divisions. This is because Americans are also divided along races, economic class, education achievement, business, religion and philosophical ideals. Though the Americans appear divided, they have a rich national heritage that unites them. This is the heritage that is fou