ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The mystery fiction attracts many readers because of the plot richness and strong emotions evoked while reading mystery stories. The vividness of a mystery story and the effectiveness of unexpected finales depend on the author’s talent. The prominent masters of the American mystery fiction are Dashiell Hammett, Raymond Chandler, and Flannery O’Connor. Dashiell Hammett is the founder of mystery fiction as a genre. Thus, the writer developed characteristic features of the hard-boiled fiction as well as the principles of developing the mystery story which are followed by many writers even today (Hammett, 2001). Raymond Chandler is also the follower of Hammett. Chandler is the prominent detective fiction writer who contributed to the further development of a genre while creating a range of crime stories. Philip Marlowe, the protagonist of Chandler’s many stories, is the favourite character of many readers who prefer mystery stories because he embodies the traditional vision of a detective (Chandler, 2001). It is also important to pay attention to the works by Flannery O’Connor as the famous female author who created the wonderful world of mystery in her short stories. O’Connor’s story “The Comforts of Home” is a good example of the author’s use of the Gothic elements, grotesque, and ethical questions in the mystery story (O’Connor, 2001). These three authors are the real masters of the American mystery fiction who stated the main principles of the genre. A good mystery story should contain several important elements in order to attract and even grab the readers’ attention. These elements are a perfect mystery which is associated with the crime, a brilliant detective who is able to use his logic and mind in order to resolve the puzzle, a detective’s assistance, many secondary characters which can be the main murderer or stealer, and a lot of specific details which should be carefully analyzed by the detective. The role of a detective in the story is the main one, but the readers’ focus is on the process of solving the mystery. Thus, a good mystery story can be compared with the pepper sauce with a lot of ingredients which are intricately combined and mixed. This story makes a reader worry and empathize with the detective till the finale when the mystery or a puzzle is solved. The mystery genre has a lot of similarities with such genres as suspense, thriller, and suspense thriller. It is possible to state that there are more similarities than differences between these genres. The mystery genre is based on depicting the process of the problem’s resolution which is often a crime. Nevertheless, a mystery story can depend on r
Introduction The history of mankind has been marked with exceptional people who have demonstrated courage and strength in fostering the happiness of human beings. Their lives have been admired by many for their great qualities and accomplishments. One of them is Mother Teresa whose life has been a great source of inspiration to me. Her legendary life was marked with heroic deeds of courage, sincerity, bravery, and self-sacrifice. History of Mother Teresa Agnes Gonxha Bojaxhiu was born on August 27, 1910 in Skopje, Macedonia. After she received her first communion in 1916, a love for souls was awakened from within her. Her father passed away when she was about eight years old. This placed the family in financial constrains as the mother become the sole bread winner for the entire household. Her mother’s love, care and direction shaped the young girl’s life. At the tender age of 12, she decided for the course of Christ to be a missionary to spread His love to the world. Six years later, she left the parental residence to join the Sisters of Loreto in India. To signify her purpose in life, she received her new name Teresa after Saint Teresa of Lisieux. Her heroic deeds Mother Teresa performed heroic deeds that served as a witness of love, demonstrated the integrity of humankind and exemplified the life of Christ. She founded the Missionaries of Charity that was devoted to the service of the poorest of the poor in the remote slums of Calcutta. Their mission was to take care of people who no one was ready to watch over. She visited families, cleaned the deadly sores of some kids, provide
News coverage has been the focus of attention for many researchers in linguistics and communication studies. It is especially relevant nowadays when the expression “fake news” is drawing much attention. The issue of fake news and the following problem of trustworthiness in media continue to receive interest not only from the general public and journalists. It is also a crucial matter for politicians and the digital industry. In this report, the main emphasis will be put on analyzing the writing style of fake news, i.e., the linguistic form of text rather than its semantics. First of all, intentionally deceptive articles, headlines, and social media posts may appear for a number of reasons. Sometimes articles are created with the purpose of influencing elections. In some cases, they might contribute to an informational war between states. Other reasons include aiming at raising or lowering someone’s reputation. Finally, writing fake news is mostly about earning revenue. The intention is for the fake news to spread without readers taking the time to verify it properly. Journalists rely on attention-grabbing language and flashy vocabulary. Moreover, it is important to remember that outbreaks of false news are often initiated by recent events. They are written and then shared on the Internet among the audience who is expected to believe them. As with any text analysis, fake news analysis requires a cros
Introduction to the Research Problem The research question of whether there is a connection between rates of patient satisfaction and patient outcomes is of importance to current healthcare research. The issue is gaining notability as patient satisfaction is being used as a measure of hospital quality associated with the public reporting of the value and the increased connection between hospital scores and ratios of satisfaction. Thus, the hypothesis for the current research may be framed as such: within the healthcare context that focuses on quality deliverables as well as hospital scores as measures of quality, there is a possible connection between patient satisfaction rates and patient outcomes. Since numerous studies on the topic support the research question, it is expected that the current exploration will yield similar results. Research Approach and Methodology A quantitative approach to the research question will likely be more beneficial. Quantitative research implies the quantification of problems through the generation of numerical data or other data that can be subsequently transformed into useful statistics (Patten & Newhart, 2017). Th
Article Summary Life is particularly intriguing and complicated especially when looking at the choices that people make in life in the light of the story, “Life Is a Smorgasbord”, by Dan Lewis. The title of this story states that, life is a smorgasbord. This idiom makes one wonder why life can be likened to a smorgasbord. To begin with, smorgasbord is a buffet meal consisting of several hot and cold salads, dishes, and meat among others. The narrator’s mother invites him to a party, and he has already prepared for that party having cleared the whole day of other duties just to attend the dinner. In fact, the whole family would attend the dinner at Hometown Buffer, Elaine’s favorite joint. At the party, there are a number of foodstuffs. All the twenty-one family members have arrived. After a little hold up on the line, people get in and it feels to them like entering a land of plenty. There are mass-produced cuisines flowing from stainless steel cornucopia. Essay on the article Fundamentally, this story compares life to a party. Life can be stressful and disorganized because of the many confusing options that it offers. Therefore, it is a smorgasbord. The author heaped a lot of food on his plate probably because he wanted to taste everything at the buffet. Therefore, when he finally begins to eat the food, he realizes he is merely ingesting it and not enjoying the food. Only Lorna, and her child, misses serving chicken. She, however, feels chicken may not be the best for her citing that, there is a good catfish while the rest of the group is eating the bait. The goal of the narrator was not to waste time trying to make a decision one-food type but to try a little bit of everything. Overwhelmed by seeing, smelling, and tasting, he did not get the genuine taste of the food. To him, it was like feeding thirteen people at once. Life is like a buffet that people want to enjoy everything in one sitting. Everyone wants to taste everything on the menu like combining Chinese and Mexican foods. The danger of looking at life as a smorgasbord is that one tries everything and eventually life becomes confused. When asked by the cashier how the meal was, the narrator answers ‘confusing’. This means despite having tasted everything, the narrator still did not enjoy it. Besides having a heap of food on his plate, he kept looking at other peoples’ plates. This element shows that, in life, people are not contended with what they have, even when it is in plenty. He wondered how, these people took remarkably little food yet there was plenty at the buffet. An important issue to note is that, the writer likens his life to a huge menu without sampler plate. The narrator says she is scared of just taking one thing since he could be filed hence fail to taste everything else. For this reason, he ends up having small shares of each and these in most cases
Online and offline purchase behavior studies have become quite numerous and widespread. On the one hand, earlier studies argue that purchase intention is the key motivator for the consumers. On the other hand, recent inquiries show that purchase behavior plays a far more significant role than the initial plan to buy anything. Qualitative forecasting techniques show that individual buying habits are more critical in purchase decision making. Qualitative Forecasting Qualitative forecasting is an approach based upon subjective factors at times when there is no sufficient data to use quantitative techniques. Qualitative method is based upon judgment and intuition of the experts in the matter and consumers. Forecasters usually apply this method for intermediate or long-range predictions (Ezeliora, Umeh, Mbeledeogu, & Okoye, 2014). There are four basic qualitative forecasting techniques: executive opinion, sales force opinion, Delphi method, and consumers’ opinion. Executive opinion is averaged subjective views of key members from all departments about the number of sales during the examined period. The executives usually discuss a matter during a brainstorming session or other meeting. Therefore, the forecast is made quickly and easily without the need to elaborate statistics and charts. However, this is still groupthink, so leaders and other authorities present in the room may affect the opinions of individual members making the forecast less objective (Ezeliora et al., 2014). Another relevant and straightforward forecasting technique is sales force polling as it consists of opinions of people close to the action. Salespeople are the closest to the customers and can provide specialized predictions about the specific territory and period. Consumers’ opinions are usually obtained through surveys using telephone contacts, questionnaires, and interviews with the customers. This technique is especially relevant for business with a limited market to find out their customers’ future needs and make an accurate forecast. Equally important is the Delphi method which is a jury’s opinion taken anonymously and analyzed by a panel of experts. Even though all the techniques mentioned above are subjective and may be considered inaccurate, experts continue using qualitative forecasting at times when there is no sufficient historical data. Online Purchase Behavior Getting to know consumer online purchase behavior is crucial for those who want to succeed in selling their goods on the internet. In the past 60 year psychologists and consumer behavior researchers implied a powerful influence on purchase decision (Liu, Li, & Hu, 2013). This means that people who are shopping online often make their decision about purchasing somet
Introduction Founder Fredrick Taylor brought about scientific management and the first book was published in 1911. His work received wide acclaim as well as criticism. Although it is one hundred years ago since Taylor brought his ideas of management practice it is necessary to explore whether they still exist even after emergence of new theories of management. The first part of this discussion will delve into the major principles and arguments fronted by Taylor in the concept of management. The second part is how the theory applies in the twenty first century, the organizations that are using this concept of management, and how it has affected their profitability and efficiency in production. Finally, there are limitations of the concept of scientific management and the reasons why some organizations are ambivalent in putting it into work. Tenets of scientific management The first argument fronted by Taylor related to efficiency in production. Taylor observed that the workers in the production worked with a low efficiency. They did not work hard as they should rather they worked enough to satisfy the employer. They only worked hard when there were incentives such as increase in salaries or wages. Scientific management called for a change in the way workers did their work. He advocated for workers to get payments as per their output (Taylor 1911). This did not augur well with the labour unions that felt that Taylor was advocating for enslavement of workers by the management. This worker apathy during working hours was referred to as soldiering where workers worked but at their lowest rate of production for the longest hours. Scientific management advocated for breaks during work time to enhance efficiency (Kanigel 1997). The employers on the other hand are also included in the tenets of the theory. The theory accused managers of hiring incompetent workers who were not skilled. Furthermore, the manager left most of the work to be done by the artisan. Scientific management advocated for the managers to hire people who are skilled in the production operations of the organizations. Other than that, the mangers needed to train the existing workers on how to work efficiently. This is because efficiency in production is important in ensuring the organizations profitability (Kanigel 1997). Taylor also called for separation of planning from production. Scientific management indicated that it was necessary to have separation of production tasks from those of planning. The planning role included activities such as making orders, preparing financial statements, predicting sales and trends in the market. These are separate activities from those of production and different people from those who are in production should handle them (Hughes 2004).This is because in those days people who were in planning were also the ones in production. This overlapping of roles slowed efficiency. Taylor advocated for managers to supervise labour closely to enhance efficiency
The incidence of medical errors due to miscommunication is indeed very high, based on the statistical data. The major problem is that communication failures are often extremely dangerous to patients’ health. As noted by Müller et al. (2018), miscommunication is particularly frequent during handover situations, throughout the perioperative period, and in settings with intensive care units and emergency departments. While the SBAR (situation, background, assessment, recommendation) communication tool is commonly implemented in many hospitals, its routine use is associated with merely moderate improvements in patient safety (Müller et al., 2018). It means that in order to reduce the incidence of medical errors, a regular and systematic application of effective communication techniques may not be enough. It is also essential to enhance the overall culture in settings, foster team collaboration, provide professional support for care providers, and enforce adequate policies. Another common issue associated with miscommunication is the failure to disclose medical mistakes. Disclosure of errors is legal and ethical behavior, and it is essential to share information about practice mistakes timely in order to prevent severe health complications. As stated by Petronio et al. (2013), disclosing own mistakes is always hard as one’s involvement in medical errors is “filled with second guessing, guilt, and self-blame” (p. 74). These adverse emotions induce tension between a sense of responsibility and a desire to protect oneself. For this reason, each hospital must adopt a strategy on how to handle disclosure of mistakes effectively and alleviate the psycho-emotional burden on practitioners involved in mistakes. It is valid to say that by improving their medical error disclosure mechanisms, hospitals will become able to decrease
Introduction In the daily running in life, people engage in many premeditated and involuntary activities. Most of the impromptu ones that come up require rush and closest to accurate decision making. It is from these that individuals make most mistakes at the end of the day. It may be considered a better way of expressing regret, or just instilling the consolation required to move on, but many call out on 20/20 hindsight bias as a would-be solution to show their best at certain situations considered unsatisfying. These situations may be either failures or activities that resulted to unexpected results. The space shuttle Challenger has had space exploration enthusiasts, patriots and ethics specialties among others, succumb to the hindsight bias by speculating all the other positive possibilities were they in the same position as the decision making panel on that fateful day. The Space Shuttle Challenger Disaster Back in 1986, the anticipated launch of The Challenger happened with all the unexpected results. After several rescheduling, the final day of reckoning was set and fixed. The 28 th of January 1986 saw the perishing of seven astronauts in a mission viewed live by millions all over the world. 73 seconds into the flight, the shuttle experienced glitches that led to it disintegration in a scenery that many thought to be an explosion. The high-density cameras noticed the first malfunction when they recorded dark smoke coming from the right solid rocket booster. This was about 67 seconds from take off. The next six seconds sealed the fate of the shuttle and i
Conflict Criminology The conflict theory is based on the supposition that crime is an essential element of capitalist civilizations. The key idea of this theory consists in the fact that inequality and bias can be found in any community. Therefore, the members of the society who are marginalized have to fight for equality by engaging in unlawful activities. These actions are aimed at obtaining the material wealth that is one of the basic constituents of the capitalistic societies (Siegel, 2015). The ideas of the conflict criminology are based on Karl Marx’s works and the concept that there is no equilibrium between the citizens and the state. In the modern society, the problem with the conflict theory is that the more authority the individuals have (in terms of economic and political power), the more possibilities they have to break the law and get away with impunity (Wagner, 2013). This can be explained by the complexity and subtlety of the unlawful activities which are backed by the individual’s extensive resources used to conceal the defilement. In modern society, this became a common way to defend oneself against any allegations and influenced the legal processes using authority and monetary resources (Siegel, 2015). Relative Deprivation and Stratified Society The theory of relative deprivation is inextricably linked to the notion of reference groups. This means that the feelings of dissatisfaction or deprivation are only contingent on the frame of reference. The idea of relative deprivation is that the desires of a given individual may become authentic expectations (Braswell & Fuller, 2014). At the same time, these desires may be blocked or not accepted by society. The notion of relative deprivation can also be defined as social displeasure. If we connect the theory of relative deprivation to the stratified society and criminology, we will see that the majority of social movements are based on the phenomenon of relative deprivation. The manifestations of this theory can be found in the missions aimed at social change and other similar events. In other words, numerous delinquencies occur due to the display of communal moods of relative deprivation. The theory of relative
Introduction This article examines how religion and family produces the idea of gender. It presents an initial literature review on religion and family as these factors relate to shaping gender ideology. Case studies are used in the article as reference to elaborate how family and religion interrelate to influence gender ideology. How Religion and Family Produces the Idea of Gender Gender is the way society creates, patterns, and rewards our understandings of femininity and masculinity, or the process by which certain behaviors and performances are ascribed to women and men. Gender is a form of social institution of sexual difference (Susan & Janet 172). Although man and woman are biologically different, the society understands these differences and gives the humans their gender roles. The way society does this is influenced by family values and religious practices (Susan & Janet 174). Several scholars have indicated the functional nature of religious participation for family relationships and have focused on how such participation increases feelings of satisfaction and happiness in marital and parent-child relationships (Judith 1). The scholars have also emphasized the part played by religion and family in shaping gender roles and child-rearing practices (Roy 60). Susan and Janet asserts that, from the studies to bring materials and perspectives from Women’s studies into the rest of the curriculum, they noticed men’s unwillingness to grant that they are over privileged in the curriculum and in the books of religion (186). Demographers agree that there are unexamined family and religious factors that are independent from economic development factors that have sustaining effects on gender (Jiexia 2). Modernization has dramatically increased women’s participation in labor force and enrollment in mandatory education (Judith 1). However, several studies have shown that the patriarchic and religion driven nature of gender relations in the world have continued to be dominant (Jiexia 17). In India where there is a caste system which heavily defines the religious practices of the three castes of Indian, the ‘white’ Indian men do not have to do the “dirty work,” such as housework which is usually done by the lower caste inferior group, usually the poor women of who are the black Indians from the lower caste (Palmer 36). India