ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction: On the Significance of Assessment It goes without saying that the assessment procedure is extremely important for the further studying process. Providing a detailed account of the students’ abilities, skills and knowledge of the learned material, assessment allows to figure out if a certain student does well in his/her studies; moreover, it helps to check for the student’s weak points and strengths, making it clear what the student’s further focus should be and what (s)he has already mastered. With the help of clear and accurate rubrics, assessment will not only provide a detailed report of the student’s achievements, but will also set the course for the further development. Rubrics: The Instructor’s Assessment and the Understanding Process The use of rubrics is crucial not only for the evaluation of the students’ progress, but also for their better understanding of the course material. According to Wolfe and Stevens, “Rubrics improve teaching, provide feedback to students, contribute to sound assessment, and are an important source of information for program improvement” (Wolfe & Stevens, 2007, 3). The importance of rubrics for students’ assessment and understanding of the material can be demonstrated with the help of the following scenario. Supposedly, there is a test for a History class, in the result of which one of the students, say, John, gets an A+, while another one, Sam, gets a D–. According to the assessment guidelines, A+ means “an excellent work”, while D– means “a poorly written paper”. Thus, neither John can find out what exactly he got his A+ for, nor Sam can figure out what he needs to improve to perform better next time. However, in an alternative scenario, the assessment guidelines say that A+ means “working beyond the assigned field”, while D– corresponds to “more than 10 grammar mistakes, poor use of citations and a weak thesis statement”. In the given scenario, the assessment criteria not only offer a fair evaluation, but also help students understand in what direction they have to work further on. Solid Models: Three Characteristics of the Best Designs It seems that the best characteristics of design to choose are the “time set aside for focused reflection,” “personalized approach” and “powerful feedback system” (Wiggins & McTighe, 2005, 197). For instance, in the situation when the students have to develop the ability to think critically, they will have to take time to evaluate the issue and prove their point. In the given situation, personalized approach is crucial, for each student has to develop the skill to think critically, which requires working with each student individually. Finally, only when having enough feedback, i.e., students’ reviews of a certain issue, the teacher can be sure that the students have learned the necessary skills. Conclusion: Learning Opportunity, Increased and Improved Therefore, it is clear that with a well-str
Introduction Characters with superpower always attract young readers since the latter value otherworldly stories. Interestingly, the creation of graphic novels allows making the best of textual and graphic means to present unique people or human-like creatures. This essay is aimed at comparing and contrasting Kamala and Maika, the characters of popular comic books. Both of them are soul-searching teenagers trapped between two worlds, but their personal features and fears present things that set them apart. The Two White Crows The main characters of Monstress and Ms. Marvel are put in totally different circumstances, but, in spite of that, they have a lot in common when it comes to their identity issues. Both Maika and Kamala present teenage girls who are different from their peers, and the fact that they st
Introduction The explosion of the Chernobyl reactor remains one of the greatest and most iconic nuclear disasters of the 20 th century. The incident allows us to examine the dangers of nuclear power. Chernobyl had profound effects on the surrounding ecology and public health, with consequences of radiation being felt to this day. Using the principles of time, distance, and shielding, this paper will seek to determine the extent of radiation exposure caused by the Chernobyl disaster. Time Emergency workers were exposed to direct radiation for prolonged periods. Helicopter pilots hovered over the reactor for several minutes, making several flights a day. On-ground workers were forced to work in shifts of several hours. People conducting operations within direct exposure to the reactor were officially limited to working in short shifts but considerably exceeded exposure times. Furthermore, even when off-duty, the laborers were exposed to the irradiated atmosphere in the plant area. The official death toll for Chernobyl workers stood at 56 but is estimated to be in the thousands (SFASUEM, 2016). The population in the nearby area was continuously exposed to radiation. While residential centers within the 30-km exclusion zone were evacuated quickly, the further one lived from the plant; the later an evacuation order was issued. Some villages only 4km from the plant were only evacuated after three days, resulting in citizens receiving a 130mSv radiation dose (Drozdovitch et al., 2011). Models suggest that significant radioactive isotope deposition could be measured in both urban and rural environments up to seven years after the disaster, similar to that of atomic weapon testing. Minor effective doses will be noticeable within a range of up to 1000km well into the 21 st century (Jacob et al., 1996). Distance Approximately 24,000 people within 15km of the plant received an average of 450 mSv before evacuation. The total radiation released is considered to be 5200 PBq (World Nuclear Association, 2016). The contamination spread to significant distances from the incident site throughout the Soviet Union and Europe. The radioactive cloud spread through Ukraine, Belarus, reaching as far as Sweden and Western Europe (SFASUEM, 2016). Heavy radioactive particles were mostly found within a 100km zone of Chernobyl while the wind carried smaller particles. The 30-km zone around the reactor was severely contaminated with cesium-137 ground deposits exceeding 1,500 kBq/m2 while territories 500km away ranged in the 200-600 kBq/m2 (OECD Nuclear Energy Agency, 1995). The ratio of radioactive isotopes in the atmosphere and deposited into the ground differs based on distance and velocity. In combination with time-related factors, public health exposure to radiation significantly exceeded established limits. Shielding At the time of the explosion, citizens in the surrounding areas had no effective warning or protection. Shielding factors that can be considered are residential buildings made from construction materials such as concrete or wood (Drozdovitch et al., 2011). Workers participating in liquidating the disaster received li
There are different types of information systems, which serve as support for business management (“Six Major Types of Information Systems”). This paper aims to discuss the distinct types of these systems, to describe the interrelations between them, and to provide positive and negative features. Finally, the conclusion will be made in the context of military service. First of all, there are four major types of information systems (ISs):   * transaction processing systems (TPS),   * management information systems (MIS),   * decision-support systems (DSS),   * executive support systems (ESS) (Nordmeyer). These systems interact with each other on management and strategic levels (Al-Mamary, “The Role of Different Types of Information Systems in Business Organizations: A Review” 1280). TPS provides support for different financial operations, such as payments, transactions, debiting, and crediting with the real-time update and access. MIS is of high importance since it serves for business planning, and the mistakes of this system can have a negative impact on the company (Al-Mamary, “The Impact of Management Information Systems Adoption in Managerial Decision Making: A Review” 14). DSS is a means of evaluation of the business’ development, and it helps to implement problem-resolution decisions (Nordmeyer). ESS is used to predict long-term trends in the strategic sphere (Nordmeyer). Also, it is possible to observe several disadvantages of information systems. First of all, the implementation of ISs causes significant expenses. Secondly, it increases unemployment rates because information systems process a vast amount of work which otherwise would be done by people. Thirdly, ISs can be hacked, which would cause numerous adverse consequences. Concerning military-industrial complex companies, the most efficient means of increasing productivity is the utilization of capacities of individual businesses and centralized management (Batkovskiy et al. 338). Another opportunity for development is the implementation of adaptive management, which allows learning from other business fields with similar objectives (Game et al. 275). In conclusion, it is possible to state that the major types of information systems and their primary functions were observed. It is evident that they are working reciprocally. In addition, the management problems in the context of military industry were discussed. Works Cited Al-Mamary, Yaser Hasan, et al. “The Role of Different Types of Information Sys
Introduction Contextually, the situation of Malawi concerning Sustainable Development (SD) is commendably growing in the realms of poverty reduction, development of tourism industry, exploitation of natural resources, environmental protection, and handling issues related to HIV/AIDS reduction among others (Economist Newspaper 1). This follows the efforts exerted by the Malawians, support from the government, and viable programs established and funded by the UN to ensure that the country attains its dreams on SD through MDGs. Additionally, the establishment and periodic success of Millennium Villages (in the southern district of Zomba and central district of Mchinji) have indicated Malawi’s progress concerning sustainable development (Voanews 1). The Malawi Poverty Reduction Strategy (MPRS) and the Malawi Growth and Development Strategy (MGDS) were established to uphold the provisions of SD. Through its MDGs, Malawians have been endorsed to use resources sparingly while conserving the environment for future generations. This constitutes the major obligations of SD when considered in the Malawian context and beyond. In Malawi, SD is a critical obligation steered by the UN through its varying projects. The country serves as a vulnerable state, which benefits comprehensively from the UN’s programs in various contexts. This is demonstrated by the mentioned MDGs and Millennium Villages in Malawi. Economic Sectors Various economic sectors in Malawi including agriculture, transport, health, and tourism have established the provisions of SD through environmental consciousness and HIV/AIDS awareness. Various sectors ranging from agriculture to transport systems and health provisions have ratified the requirements of SD (Sparks 80). In this milieu, Millennium Villages in Malawi have been established and steered through a powerful ideology. This includes poverty eradication enabled by transforming the lifestyles of the concerned citizens to meet MDGs. This has been possible by empowering the concerned citizens with proven, powerful, sustainable, affordable, practical, and relevant technologies. UN (through its Millennium village programs by Jeffery Sachs) has massively invested in health, food production, education, clean water, infrastructure, and other viable developmental provisions while observing the aspects of sustainable development in Malawi. MDGs and SD provisions
Introduction The field of nursing has changed dramatically in the recent century, with many changes tracked directly to the innovations initiated by Florence Nightingale. Therefore it is likely she’ll be delighted to see the progress made since the time she worked as a nurse. However, upon realizing the time we needed to make progress as well as the number of issues still left unaddressed, her second thoughts on the state of modern nursing would be far less optimistic than her first impression. Main body It should be acknowledged that some aspects of the nursing profession improved greatly and would likely be praised by Nightingale. First, today’s nurse is a respectable profession, especially in comparison to her contemporaries. More importantly, today’s nurses face a far greater range of responsibilities and a higher level of standards which means the quality of care is much higher than what Florence was dealing with (Fulton, Lyon, & Goudreau, 2014). Next, the design solutions for hospitals and other healthcare facilities are immeasurably better than those available more than a century ago, with most of them being built upon and consistent with components of optimal healing identified by Nightingale, such as pure air and water, sanitation, and light (Lee, Clark, & Thompson, 2013). In addition, nursing practice is evidence-based and incorporates research and statistical analysis to support the practice, which is in line with Nightingale’s approach. Another area that saw a change for the better and would likely be praised by her is modern nursing education which is capable of producing great specialists. Finally, the expansion of nursing roles is a change that cannot be overlooked. In today’s system, a nurse is a care provider, a counselor, an educator, a leader, a policymaker, and a manager, which again aligns with Florence’s ideas (Fraher, Spetz, & Naylor, 2015). However, we should not forget that it also introduced ambiguity and vagueness into the list of responsibilities and created new barriers that would undermine the positive impression. Interestingly, the diversification of responsibilities coupled with the enhancement of criteria for quality patient care created an additional workload for nurses. As a result, the shortage of practitioners and the heavy workload changed so little that she would likely see no difference. Next, despite our best efforts, we still strive to achieve holistic care, so this factor also shows little improvement. Finally, while safety rates in the sector definitely improved over the years, the change is so insignificant that it would likely be considered a lack of progress by such a progressive mind as Florence Nightingale. Despite the unsatisfactory results in the field of nursing, I would say the prognosis is relatively optimistic. Current trends suggest an improvement, and upon my understanding, the setting is favorable to positive improvements. The only concern is the same I ascribed to Nightingale – the time frame. The change is taking off slowly, and there is no reason to expect it to speed up. So all of the outlined fields will definitely see improvements, but
Introduction   * The topic is the role of recess in students’ performance on State Assessment Exams.   * The purpose of the study is to analyze if recess improves the quality of learning among students.   * It is highly important because solid evidence can enhance the education process.   * Research Question: How significant a recess factor in students’ performance on exams? Elementary school periods include a certain level of psychophysiological development, ensuring optimal adaptation of the child to the school regime and the possibility of learning curricula. Under these conditions, the decisive indicator determining the possibility of training is not the age, but the degree of the child’s functional readiness for school requirements. The duration, gradualness, and unevenness of development determine the differences in the functional capabilities of the body when interacting with factors of training and education, therefore one of the main tasks is to develop the physiological and mental foundations of the effective organization of the educational process, the psychophysiological substantiation of new teaching methods. Annotated Bibliography McMath, B. (2018). Assessing the impact of recess on academic achievement in mathematics and reading among third and fourth graders: A causal-comparative inquiry (Publication No. 87022) [Doctoral dissertation, Texas A&M University-Corpus Christi]. TAMU-CC Repository.   * The purpose of the study was to analyze the impact of recess on reading and math in young students.   * The author took a quantitative approach by conducting the assessments on fairly large sample groups.   * Research Question – What is the statistical significance of recess on the subjects?   * The hypothesis was that the recess group would outperform the group without recess on examinations.   * Participants were 168 third and 167 fourth grade students with
In the course of the twentieth century and at the threshold of the twenty-first century, the images and roles of gender have constantly been changing. The concepts of masculinity and femininity have undergone significant shifts due to the media influence and advertising. More importantly, commercials have had a potent impact on constructing gender identity, which deviates significantly from normal, adequate outlooks on male and female roles across cultures and nations. In the United States and abroad, there is a significant deviation in constructing masculinity and femininity, which becomes an integral part of shaping habits, behavior, and stereotypes. While discussing the images of masculinity portrayed in modern commercials, specific emphasis should be placed on the role of violence and physical appearance in creating this concept. The video called Tough Guise: Violence, Media & the Crisis in Masculinity describes the current trends and patterns in perceiving female and male images. To enlarge on this issue, the narrator explains that toughness and physical strength are main qualities that all men use to characterize the new paradigm of masculinity. Hence, masculinity becomes strongly associated with violence. Such a perception is created by media, and these attributes influence the trends accepted in dominated culture. In contrast to violence and strength as common feature of male image in popular culture, women are losing their position because of their diminished role in social and political life. Women, therefore, are depicted as victims and their importance is mostly associated with gender issues whereas men are often disregarded within this concept of gender. Media fails to mark violence and crimes as being performed by males. However, newspapers and television programs pay attention to gender as soon as women are involved in crimes. The role of media in promoting the status quo is destructive because the images introduced in society distort the right and morally justified outlook on gender roles. Portrayal of women has been seriously deviated by concepts introduced in commercials since the beginning of the twentieth century. In the video called Killing Us Softly, the author of the book criticizes the media images of women, in which physical appearance and beauty are prioritized whereas other qualities, such as intelligence and professional skills, are often ignored. Hence, in case women fail to conform to these stereotypes, there is a higher probability that they will fail to socialize successfully. The current perceptions of gender roles have undergone dramatic shifts in terms of the appearance, social status, and relationships. In particular, there is a tendency in associating violence with masculinity, although mass media fail to underscore the role of male
Introduction Works of art are by definition methods of conveying feeling, consequently, they appeal to the moral perspective within their observers and would therefore be subject to moral scrutiny. Whether works of art are immune from moral judgment Works of art cannot be immune from moral judgment because morality itself is a central portion of human life. This is largely because man is guided by his or her religious beliefs; where religion itself is a reflection of the highest understanding of life’s meaning. Throughout time, man has ceaselessly tried to comprehend his reason for living and this has been made possible through religion. It is through religion that great men and women have arisen who have been able to articulate what man’s purpose truly is. In essence, these very leaders and the rites associated with their beliefs are what constitutes a religion. Given the latter assertion, it is imperative to understand how this argument ties in with moral judgment on art. First of all, people always convey different feelings to one another depending on and when this is taking place, there are judgments on whether those feelings are moral (good) or immoral (bad). If the feelings tend to move away from religious ideologies, then chances are that those feelings will be labeled as immoral. Likewise, good feelings are those that fall in line with people’s religious perceptions. Since art is characterized by the transmission of feelings between various parties, then it must also be subject to the same level of scrutiny as any other method of conveying feelings. It must conform to society’s perception of righteous or immoral actions as this is something inevitable in every being. Art that captures this yearning towards religious perfection will therefore be categorized as good art and vice versa. However, some people have put forward differing arguments concerning this matter – they have stated that subjecting art to moral judgment solely because religion is at the center of people’s lives does not incorporate the views of atheists or non-religious individuals. Adherents to this school of thought claim that even during the renaissance period when individuals started rejecting religion as the standard for enjoying art, they resorted to a different standard for assessing art i.e. beauty. At that time, members of the upper class felt that their lifestyles were contradictory to religious teachings and that choosing to stick to such teachings would be self-defeating. Nonetheless, they still needed a parameter against which they could judge the moral worth of action and this was its aesthetic form. While the latter view may have become a very common one, several problems emanated out of such a theory. First of all, it was retrogressive