ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
A Programme Plan for the Control of Tuberculosis in Swaziland TB Problem Tuberculosis (TB) is potentially dangerous infectious disease caused by different strains of mycobacterium, usually Mycobacterium tuberculosis. In most cases, TB affects the lungs. Infected people may spread TB bacteria to others through spitting, sneezing, and coughing respiratory tiny droplets. Most TB infections do not have obvious symptoms and tend to be latent. However, asymptomatic TB may progress to an active status over time and cause death if not treated. People with strong immunity systems may have bacteria that cause TB, but they may not display symptoms. Hence, there are latent TB and active TB infections. Latent TB infection is inactive, and it does not cause any observable symptoms. Active TB is contagious and dangerous. Today, there are several strains of TB, which are drug resistance and difficult to treat. People infected with TB require a combination of medications for a given period (usually up to eight months) in order to destroy TB bacteria and eliminate possibilities of developing drug resistance cases. TB was rare in developed countries. However, after the HIV/AID epidemic, it became rampant among people with HIV/AID because of the weakened immunity system of the body. As a result, TB and HIV have remained major concerns for many countries, particularly developing countries. This is a programme plan for controlling the TB epidemic in Swaziland as one of the developing countries with highest prevalence of TB infections in the world. TB Problem in Swaziland The Government of the tiny Kingdom of Swaziland declared that TB as a national emergency as it intensified the fight not only against the ancient disease of TB, but also against the now well established link between TB and HIV (2). The kingdom faces a health emergency crisis in large proportions. The United Nations Swaziland observes that the country has the highest TB incidence in the world (1198 per 100,000 population), and it has the highest TB/HIV co-infection rates where 80% of incident TB cases are already HIV positive (2). TB kills more than 2,780 people in the country every year. This number consists of the most productive population in Swaziland. Swaziland’s prevalence of MDR TB is at the rate of 7.7 percent as new cases while 33 percent represents past cases. The country has recorded increasing cases of drug-resistant TB strains (nearly ten percent of diagnosed cases are resistant to TB medication). As a result, life expectancy in Swaziland has dropped from 60 years to 41 years today. There are ongoing efforts to control the spread of TB in Swaziland. For instance, the Ministry of Health and Social Welfare works together with Médecins Sans Frontières (Doctors without Borders) implemented an integrated model of HIV/TB in different locations. Many factors could be responsible for the r
Introduction This report presents a strategic analysis of Emirates Airline, a Dubai-based national carrier with operations in three segments: “airline, in-flight, and all other” (MarketLine 2014, para. 5). The aim is to identify the strategic choices of the firm that could improve its competitiveness in the industry. Emirates’ current strategies include improving in-flight services for travelers and lowering its operational costs to enhance efficiency. On the other hand, one potential strategy is expanding its network to overseas markets. The analysis will cover the suitability, acceptability, and feasibility (SAF) of these strategies. Based on the findings, the report will identify and recommend one strategy for implementation by the Emirates. The SAF model applied to Emirates indicates that each of the three strategic options is essential in the airline’s growth. Based on this framework, the three strategies are good choices for the firm. However, skill development and proper financial development are required to support implementation. In terms of acceptability, the three strategic choices can be considered appropriate for the firm, but their utilization would require sound stakeholder management to reduce political risks. Feasibility evaluation reveals that the strategies are executable because of the firm’s large capital base and internal resources. However, external constraints, such as industry rivalry and fuel prices, may affect the adoption of the first strategic option. Although each of the three strategic alternatives represents a viable option for Emirates, cost, financial risk, and customer service considerations make the second strategy the best choice for implementation. Identification and Review of the Strategies SWOT Analysis A SWOT matrix (Appendix 1) was applied to Emirates to reveal its internal strengths and weaknesses as well as potential market opportunities and threats in commercial aviation. SWOT analysis is a strategic tool for the evaluation of a firm’s internal and external environments to determine its strategic position in the industry (Kotler & Keller 2011). Based on the evaluation, the following three strategic choices were identified:  1. To lower the operational costs through a lean workforce and maintaining low overhead costs.  2. To enhance luxury travel through integrated passenger lounge and in-flight services.  3. To expand its network into emerging markets or international destinations in Asia and the Americas. Porter’s Five Forces Analysis Porter’s five forces provide a useful framework for analyzing industry structure and processes to identify the “sources of competitive advantages” for a firm (Porter 2008, p. 67). Applying this model to Emirates indicates that the forces could have a significant effect on the airline’s competitiveness. The threat of new substitutes, supplier power, buyer/customer power, and industry rivalry is high
San Francisco State University has one of the most dreaded writing tests by students. This test is known as Junior English Proficiency Essay Test, JEPET. JEPET test is taken after the first two years of study, upon successful 48 semesters and before their 80 th semester unit to fulfill the graduation writing requirement. Those who fail must take the English 414 whish will satisfy the university that a student has fulfilled their writing requirement for graduation. However a student must take JEPET before taking English 414. This is usually a timed exam handwritten and student must write a well organized argumentative essay on a given topic and base it on evidence provided. The only reference materials allowed are a dictionary, a thesaurus and a spell checker. This makes it a general writing proficiency test and students end up not learning writing skills in the subjects they are taking. This essay is therefore aimed at explaining why JEPET should be scraped. The first major reason is that JEPET is a highly generalized one-time exam and not a writing course that only tests a student’s general writing proficiency. A one time exam is not a credible criterion of measuring a students writing proficiency. As it also only test a students general writing abilities and not subject oriented writing proficiency it therefore produces students “who cannot write” (Turner para 4). Therefore CFSU needs to replace JEPET with a more intensive and subjects based writing course. Secondly, because JEPET is just an exam and not a course, there is a very high failure rate (Turner para 17). This is occasioned by the fact that student who fail JEPET have to sit for English 414, when passed qualifies a student for graduation. The problem with this provision is that it encourages failure as students do not have to re-sit JEPET therefore defeating the purpose of the exam, which SFSU has made mandatory for graduation. Thirdly, JEPET is not in favor with SFSU students, many of whom prefer to have “ a course intensive training within one major as it would make passing easier” (Turner para 17). Students will be motivated to be more attentive as they are being trained on subjects they have more appreciation for rather than a “general
Introduction When students immigrate to foreign countries in pursuit of higher learning, they find things very strange in their host country. This forces their purchase behavior to undergo radical changes in order to get used to the new dwelling place. The changes occur because they find different commodities from the ones they are used to back at home. This paper will address these changes and their underlying causes with regards to grocery shopping. Relocating from one geographical location causes the purchase behavior of international students to change drastically. According to Pride, Hughes and Kapoor, this is because they are far away from home and when they buy items they prefer the ones that remind them about their origin (1). When they go shopping they select the items they want to purchase depending on their taste. Sometimes this is difficult because the kind of food stuff in most grocery stores may not be familiar to them but then they have to buy something because they cannot survive without food. At times, the item that they are used to could be available but at a very high price. In such a case the students have to find an alternative item that is pocket friendly. For instance, a student from Japan may see food to be very expensive in America compared to its price in Japan, and thus the student may opt to go for chicken instead because it is relatively cheap. There are some students who become home sick in the first few days of arrival and hence they opt to drive a few kilometers just to have that home feeling when they buy products from their countries. Others prefer to buy products from their mother country simply
The Marvin Nichols Reservoir was planned by the Texas Society of Professional Engineers President Marvin Nichols. The proposed Reservoir would be built on the Sulphur River near Texarkana, Texas, in sections of Red River and Titus Counties. The Reservoir has been classified as a source of water for the Dallas area and is estimated to cost a huge sum of money and comes at a heft cost that is estimated to cost around $4.4 million. There have been debates and discussions that have been ongoing for decades on whether the Reservoir should be constructed or not. It had greatly faded from the spotlight but is now gaining momentum. In a bid to stop the construction of this Reservoir, coalitions were launched to sensitize people on the effects of its construction. Personally, I also agree with the sensitization because the construction of the Reservoir would consume thousands of acres of land owned by the local residents. This will take away their homes and inheritance and eliminate several family cemeteries and Native American heritage places. This will be seen as stealing from families who have owned the pieces of land for many generations and rendering them homeless. Under federal law, additional land called mitigation is required to settle the disrupted people. Fears arise as many doubt whether they will be compensated for their lands. Other residents feel that even if they are compensated, they are too attached to their homes as their ancestors lived and were buried there; thus, this remains a heritage to them. The economy would also be greatly affected since the many acres of land that belonged to the residents were mainly used for farming and fishing. Agricultural activities become impossible due to the interruption of the groundwater environment and the natural landscape (Sun et al., 2019). Apart from farming activities, the locals had established other business activities in the area that had been their source of income for a long time. The disruption of these activities would impact the growing economy. The area also had ongoing wood activities that supplied timber. If these were to be shut, people would have to go far away in search of timber, increasing the cost and price of timber. The inundation of animal habitats by the proposed Marvin Nichols Reservoir would be the Reservoir’s greatest impact on wildlife habitats and a huge number of endangered species (White et al., 2017). The Texas Parks and Wildlife Ecological Systems Classification data collection was created by analyzing color infrared and multi-spectral satellite imagery utilized in the Environmental Evaluation Interim Report. The Reservoir is proposed to have an impact on 5.2 percent of forested wetlands and 2.4 percent of bottomland hardwood forests. They include both wooded wetlands and bottomland hardwoods and are regarded particularly significant as wildlife habitats. The construction of the Reservoir would impact cultural resources since there are a number of cultural resources known to exist and human remains i
Introduction (Overview) Over the last several decades, the urban centres of many of the world’s largest cities have faced the problem of decline that facilitated economic and social changes (Lupton & Power 2004). This tendency was evident throughout the world in many large cities and is mainly connected to the slowdown in the population growth trends due to which the predicted level of the domination of the large cities was not realised fully. This phenomenon is associated with the increasing shortage of economic opportunities in the area. This paper provides a review of literature in reference to the issues of city centre decline, revitalisation, and people’s perceptions focusing on the city centre of Riyadh. The aspects mentioned above are explored by means of the comparison of the tendencies in Riyadh to those in the other large cities of the world. Structurally, this paper will be divided into three parts as follows:  1. City centre decline  2. City centre revitalisation  3. People’s perceptions City Centre Decline According to their functions and roles, city centres can be divided into market towns, industrial towns, suburban centres, metropolitan cities, and resort and historic towns (Department of the Environment &URBED 1994). Starting from the middle of the 20 th century, some of the large cities of Europe, North America, New Zealand, and Australia went into the city centre decline (Moses & Gale 2001). The concept of the city centre decline can be defined as the process of gradual decay and deterioration of the urban environments (such as buildings, streets, and public facilities) eventually resulting in negative economic outcomes (such as outmigration, loss of human and business capital of the area, and the increasing rates of unemployment) (Moses & Gale 2001). Moreover, the researchers argue that some of the main causes of city centre decline are:  1. The population’s desire to live in a safer and quieter place  2. The attractiveness of suburban areas and life Naturally, the urban citizens are willing to avoid living in the city centres known for high crime rates, air pollution, decaying school buildings, and the shifting ethnic dynamics (Moses & Gale 2001). Besides, the businesses of the city view the central areas as unattractive as well due to their failure to provide enough clients, suitable offices and building in required quantity in comparison with the other commercial districts (Milder 2005). The city centres are required to develop their unique features of attraction to regain the attention of business owners and potential shoppers (Milder 2005). Due to the progressive nature of city centre decline observed in the large urban areas of the United States, the neighbourhoods primarily populated by the representatives of middle class eventually moved away turning the centre into the prevalently impoverished and low-income areas with the disadvantaged population. Over time, the owners
Historically, the XVII century is known as the Age of Enlightenment, also commonly referred to as the Age of Reason. This era is characterized by the principle: everything should be subjected to reason as the main authority. Outstanding achievements in science that started to belong to more and more intelligent people gave way to constant searches of reasonable ideas among ordinary people. The reason was considered to be some illuminating power that is capable of destroying chaos and shadows of ignorance. Figuratively speaking, the Age of Enlightenment called upon everyone to think independently. Such changes in the way of thinking contributed to considerable political changes like governmental consolidation, nation creation, greater rights for common people, and a decline in the influence of authoritarian institutions such as the nobility and Church. Literature as a constant reflector of the current events and ways people percept the world around cannot stand aside and fail to exhibit the characteristics and ideas of the new way of thinking. The current paper is concerned with three pieces of literature that originate from different countries, namely, Moliere’s Tartuffe , Sor Juana Ines De La Cruz’s Reply to Sor Filotea De La Cruz , and Jonathan Swift’s A Modest Proposal . The paper is intended to reveal the works’ reflecting the characteristics and ideas of Enlightenment thinking. Starting with the comedy of the French author, it is reasonable to admit that during the Age of Enlightenment, France was characterized by a varied ideological struggle, scientific creative deeds, and political events that influenced the country’s development. France was about to leave the morass of feudalism, political division, and economic backwardness; it entered the first phase of capitalism. Enlighteners strived for equality among people and cared much about the spread of education with the masses. Students and scholars of the Age of Reason believed that every situation and conflict could be solved with calm reasoning. Everyone who failed to act and react reasonably but, instead, did it passionately without considering this or that problem properly was to be ridiculed. The famous play of Moliere has a lot of examples of reasonable thinking required by the French society of the XVII-XVIII centuries. But the most brightly, the ideas and actions of the Enl
Introduction The HIV/AIDS pandemic has led to an increased focus on adolescent sexual and reproductive health programs. This is because reports have shown that this group is quite vulnerable to the scourge. Additionally, to stem the problem, there is a need for advocacy of these programs during adolescence since it is just the right time that the youth are getting more sexually active and aware of their reproductive functions. While there are other methods of promoting awareness on the need for adolescent sexual and health education, advocacy seems to be a very important tool. It is defined by the Centre for Development and Population Activities (CEDPA 3) as “speaking out and drawing the community’s attention to an important issue and directing policymakers towards a decision.” This definition is consistent with that of other scholars (Kumah 3; IPPF 7). This paper attempts to answer various questions that relate to advocacy and the need for awareness on adolescent sexual and reproductive health (ASRH). These questions are drawn from various advocacy programs, policies, and modules aiming at making the topic more understandable. Differences in ASRH and SRH As a planner for an ASRH program, there
In the United States, the common understanding of a family is a couple living with their young and unmarried children. This nuclear family configuration is perceived as the ideal basic unit of a society (Yau, 2016). In addition, Americans view marriage as monogamous relationships, and detest any polygamous family entities. Moreover, they perceive both maternal and paternal relatives as equally important. Authority in the family is mostly vested on the husband, although the idealised condition is an egalitarian family where both spouses hold equal power. In most cases, Americans marry outside of their clans, which is referred to as exogamy. However, some racial groups prefer to marry within their racial confines. In all cases, parental responsibility is shared by the married couple based on their incomes. In some cases, the couple might not be legally married but still cohabit as a husband and wife. Families with cohabiting couples have been on the increase in the US. Nevertheless, while cohabiting spouses and single-parent households have been on the rise, most Americans prefer to settle in a marriage, and even a majority of divorcees end up remarrying. Lastly, the divorce rate has declined sharply since the 1980s. Nonetheless, the rising cases of divorce and remarriage have led to a steady increase in stepfamilies across the country. The following are the definition of common terms that relate to the modern family unit (Little, 2016).  1. Cohabitation. This refers to a state of two people that live together and have a sexual relationship but are not married.  2. Domestic partnership. It is a legal relationship among two individuals that live together but a
The continuity of generations assumes that every subsequent generation accepts and develops the culture of its ancestors as these ties help to understand history, relationships with other nations, and plenty of other vital issues. Umm al-Nar can be regarded as one of the most important locations in Abu Dhabi that represent the features of that epoch, namely, Umm an-Nar culture, including its traditions, people, and life in general. This report aims at revealing the essentials of the Umm al-Nar site along with its significance in the framework of cultural heritage and tourism to understand the role of this geoarchaeological complex in nowadays national and global contexts. Umm al-Nar Site Umm al-Nar refers to the bronze age that existed during 2600-2000 BC of archaeology and is located on the territory of the modern United Arab Emirates. It was the place of the first archaeological excavations on the coast of Abu Dhabi when such tombs as Tomb A, Tell Abraq, Mowaihat, Al Sufouh, and Shimal were detected ( Umm al-Nar , n.d.). Even though Umm al-Nar is currently under the protection of the government, it is located on the border of two countries, in particular, the United Arab Emirates and Oman. At the same time, this site is the United Arab Emirates’ center of oil refinery and construction of power plants that, in their turn, limit the access of citizens and tourists to this cultural heritage representation ( Umm al-Nar Culture , 2016). However, according to the recent data, the government of the United Arab Emirates conducts negotiations concerning the expansion of access to this monument complex. Maps and Images Both print and electronic resources offer a great variety of images and maps illustrating Umm al-Nar outside, inside, and from the cosmos. A series of visual representations of Umm al-Nar can be found below. Figure 1. Umm al-Nar – cosmos photo. Figure 2. Umm al-Nar tomb. Figure 3. The island of Umm al-Nar. Figure 4. The typical plan of tombs. Figure 5. Umm an-Nar tomb at Tell Abraq – the non-local woman skeleton. History of the Site The designation of Umm al-Nar can be regarded as “mother of fire” ( Umm al-Nar Culture , 2016). This site consists of two parts, namely, tombs and settlement. Previous to Umm an-Nar culture, it belonged to the Ubaid period (5000-3800 BC) and the Hafit culture (3200 – 2600 BC) accordingly ( Umm al-Nar Culture , 2016). The Ubaid period is characterized by the onset of trade with foreign countries, especially Mesopotamia that embraced parts of modern Turkey, Syria, and Iran. In its turn, the Hafit culture is best known for the appearance of beehive burials. The Wadi Suq period (2000-1600 BC) followed the Umm al-Nar epoch. The last phase of the bronze age period (1600-1300 BC) is represented by a small number of settlements and the overall decline of Umm an-Nar culture. However, it is Umm al-Nar that was marked by a cultural splash of this area that occurred due to the trade with other countries. The first archaeological excavations began in 1959 when the expedition from Denmark explored the site and identified severa