ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction There are many people who feel that it is wrong to amend the constitution as they view it as an expression of basic and timeless personal liberties. There have been only 27 changes to the Constitution since it was written in 1787 and the first ten amendments to the Constitution are called the Bill of rights – made to guarantee personal freedoms for citizens (Mulcrone, 2001). The Framers deliberately made the amendment process so difficult that the Constitution would not be changed frivolously (Armstrong, 2002). Article V of the Constitution is devoted to the amendment process and provides two ways in which amendments may be proposed and adopted. In the first method, Congress proposes amendments that are approved by at least a two-thirds vote in both houses – the House of Representatives and the Senate. The States can then ratify the proposed amendments. The second method is less known and has never been used. This method requires Congress to call a constitutional convention to propose amendments when two-thirds of the States apply for such a convention (Rogers, 2007). Philosophical viewpoint The idea of accommodating and limiting legal and by inference, constitutional, change was not unique to the American Founders but was characteristic of views taken by philosophers over the previous two thousand years (Vile, 1992). Aristotle saw legal change chiefly as a means of introducing innovations pointed to by experience; Machiavelli, Gordon and Trenchard, and Montesquieu viewed constitutional change primarily as a matter of constitutional renewal or adaptation to changes in the habits of the people; Plato, Penn, and Rousseau suggested mechanisms for constitutional change while Machiavelli thought it could best be initiated by outstanding men (Vile, 1992). Locke, Trenchard and Gordon, and Hume did not clearly distinguish between legal change and revolutionary change, and, only Rousseau and Penn appear clearly to have distinguished ordinary legal changes from constitutional changes (Vile, 1992). In short, the philosophical consensus has been that legal change should be both accommodated and limited. Obstacles Two major obstacles to the development of an amending mechanism were the belief that some princi
Location, Storing, and Distribution One of the most important aspects of launching a new international business is finding the locations where the goods imported from abroad will be stored and handled prior to sale or distribution among the local retailers. Warehouses are the tool to solve this problem. For the purposes of storing the ornamental goldfish imported from China, the warehouses should conform to the set of criteria. First of all, they should provide high-quality storage opportunities for the goods. Secondly, the warehouses should have sufficient territory as an ornamental goldfish business is intended to be large scale. As well, warehouses should be financially accessible and properly located (the less time transportation takes, the less costly the business is). Finally, acceptable warehouses should provide opportunities for business, i. e. have office premises included. St Kilda Warehousing Location Geographically, the preferred areas of warehousing in Australia are Port Melbourne, St. Kilda, or certain South East areas of the country. According to Commercial Real Estate (2009), there are certain warehousing buildings currently offered in these areas for sale, lease, or rent. The preferred location for warehousing is St. Kilda. The reasons for this include the facts that in St. Kilda prices are much lower than in Port Melbourne, although the geographical location of the warehouses and their operating conditions are not so perfect as in Port Melbourne. The only acceptable variant is a 390m2 building having the office premises and equipped for good handling at the cost of $30,000. This warehousing location will allow placing the ornamental goldfish delivered from China and opening the office to handle the fish delivery directly at the warehousing location (Commercial Real Estate, 2009). Air Freight Costs As the ornamental goldfish will be imported to Australia from China, the problem of transportation and delivery becomes rather important. Seemingly the most convenient way to bring goods to Australia is by air. According to China Suppliers (2009) data, the best (in relation to quality and price) air freight forwarders are the Chinese companies like StarFly Logistics. This company specializes in the sea, railway, and air delivery of goods from China to Australia and New Zealand. The company provides air freight to Melbourne for $3200 – 7400 per ton of goods (depending on the goods type) but has a flexible discount policy applied mainly to the contractors, not one-time customers (China Suppliers, 2009). This is a rather acceptable variant as the import of ornamental goldfish to Australia is planned to be long-term and large-scale. Other Conditions Moreover, China Suppliers provides supporting services for its loyal clients. For example, the company includes picking and handling the goods samples, and single-rate delivery of goods from multiple locations to the list of
Introduction Conflict analysis is an organized evaluation of the possible sources, players, and dynamics of disagreements that occur between individuals, groups, and/or communities. It brings about an understanding of the context in which the conflict takes place and the existing relationships between the parties involved. The process is aimed at alleviating the devastating effects of conflicts while optimizing the constructive impacts. The conflict analysis presented in this essay falls into a private life context. This scenario is evident where various close family members are involved in varying disputes. Levels of conflicts can be categorized into intrapersonal, interpersonal, or intergroup. This analysis reveals that the level of the conflict occurring in this context is interpersonal. The differences occur amongst the members of an extended family. It is evident that various previous events and family relationships are the primary causes of the conflict. The fact that my father was involved in separate marriages created differences between the stepchildren. For instance, I have not been on good terms with my aunt and stepbrother. Besides, I have not grown in the same family with my stepbrother and sister. Another major event that fueled the conflict between my aunt and me was that I once forgot her birthday. This essay provides a conflict analysis scenario by examining a personal case. It aims at discussing the levels, stages, causes, and outcomes of the conflict with a view of formulating a suitable negotiation process to resolve it. Brief Summary of the Conflict The conflict in this context occurs in various stages that are evidenced by my life experience in the family. I have an older half-brother and sister from my father’s first marriage. We did not grow up together in the same family. Therefore, I do not have a strong family bond. My sister has always been a good student. She possesses a university degree in business that has earned her a successful career. Although my sister enjoys a comfortable lifestyle, she cares more about people than money. My brother is the opposite of my sister. He has never studied much rather he preferred an easy life. However, he likes money. Our aunt (my father’s sister) never had any children. She is very rich since she inherited a lot of money from my uncle who passed away. My brother always made sure that he had a very close relation with our aunt and often asked for lavish possessions such as a new car, house, and/or money among others. I think my brother has always been lazy, but he thinks life has never treated him fairly. I have always thought
Introduction The struggle for energy ownership, control, and power among the rich states in the world is currently intensive. Examples of these energy-producing substances include oil and gas, which have become a major topic for debate all over the world. The reason why this war is taking place could be the speed by which the scarcity of these energy substances is extending worldwide. This scarcity is also introducing a different and new world form, such that, while some nations are fighting for energy power, others are in the race trying to secure the energy. For example, states like the US and EU nations have started to be involved in discussions, with the main objective being to address international future for energy and its advantages. Indeed, debates concerning the current and future energy requirement are among the challenging issues in the contemporary world. Some of the key supply areas for oil and gas today; and how is that geography changing These areas are the key points in which the whole issue is surrounding. Saudi Arabia is the largest producer of oil; the U.S comes second in production but the highest in terms of consumption (Mtsiva, 2) and China is the second highest consumer of energy after the U.S. This seems to be the initiation mark of the global race for un-renewable sources of energy (Belkin, 5). This production and consumption has however caused changes in geographical marketing and supply. For example, the U.S market was left depending on minor oil producing companies when bigger oil companies turned their businesses abroad, looking for larger market and suitable place for their investment (Mtsiva, 3) During the times of ancient world war, most of the nations depended primarily on market capacities of private companies and international oil companies for sufficient supply of energy. However, this is not true in contemporary world because the high rates of economic growth have triggered better policymaking, especially in high population countries like India, Brazil, and China. Other major predominant suppliers of energy to the European Union (EU) nations are Russia, India, Norway, Middle East, and North Africa (Cabral, Para 4). How do the industrial states work to secure oil and gas supplies through non-market means? This energy business has suffered security risk and scares in major industrial states in the past. In such tense conditions, agreement on better security agenda for energy sector becomes difficult, especially when some states decide to pursue their own interests (Korrin and luft, 335). There is a probability of energy-hungry nations to focus on their own economy, security, and environmental concerns in the process of securing energy (Korrin and luft, 357). As it has become more difficult to obtain oil and gas, countries are trying to create more energy sources other than geographical varieties (Korrin and luft, 337) Some countries like the U.S have developed a policy that aims at maintaining national security in t
This is a strategy/city-building game, in which the player is a board computer on the starship. The starship is crossing the Galaxy in search of new places and planets for occupation. There is a whole civilization on board, and they are all people with their needs, problems, and other characteristics. Generations are changing, and new people that have been born on the starship need some training in order to become useful members of the community. Therefore, the computer’s task is to train the people, maintain stability on board, and eliminate and prevent the malfunction of the starship. At the beginning of the game, a starship is being built, and the captain is preparing for the journey. He needs to find the people who want to join him on this lifetime trip and explore new worlds, and the computer is helping him to analyze the prospective candidates. When the preparation is over, the starship starts its journey from the Earth to unknown planets, and the main part of the game begins. The task of the player, the board computer, is to make sure that people will successfully reach their final destination. The core mechanics of the game include various events. The main threats for the starship are meteorites, which are unkillable objects and should be avoided, and space pirates, whom they have to fight. The passengers die in case if the computer does not manage the diagnostics. The closer the final destination is, the harder the game is becoming. There are also several options for possible paths, and the player has to choose the final destination at the very beginning and follow it till the end of the game.
Abstract Slaves were captured from Africa, mistreated tortured and abused from the 16 th century to early 19 th century. This paper reviews the general hardships that a slave went through in the hands of their white masters. The poor living conditions and denial of basic needs. It also features how the law and the constitution of that time never protected slaves. Introduction Between 1800 and 1877, millions of slaves were captured from the West African Coast and sailed to North America on over loaded ships through the Atlantic Ocean. The two months trip left many sick and some dead. Those who died on the way were thrown into the ocean a completely barbarous and inhumane action. The survivors were sold on arrival as property to the highest bidder at auctions separating them from their kith and kin [1] . The newly bought slaves were expected to work in the tobacco, sugar, cotton and rice plantations in their new Master’s home. Also all domestic work i.e. cleaning, gardening, nursing, transporting domestic goods etc was done by them. The domestic slaves were referred to as House slaves while the plantation slaves were known as Field slaves. The two kinds of slaves were exposed to different levels of mistreatment, torture and suffering. The house slaves were believed to have better living conditions than the field slaves as discussed below,. House Slaves House slaves had better living conditions compared to field slaves in that they ate better food slept in better shelters and even wore better clothes [2] . William Wells Brown who was a house slave in Lexington , Kentucky revealed his autobiography in a narrative where he clearly states that he was born a house slave and he was better clothed than the slaves the field because he was given the worn out clothes of his masters family, he ate the leftovers and slept in the basement. He also quotes that he was not forced to wake up at the ring of the bell at dawn like the field servants who were severely punished if they were a minute late. William would wake up thirty minutes after the ringing of the bell [3] . This was not what happened in all homesteads as Harriet Jacobs explains how her mistress used to spit on all pans and kettles after being served breakfast on Sunday mornings when she was around to prevent them from eating the leftovers. “If dinner was not served at the exact time on that particular Sunday, she would station herself in the kitchen, and wait till it was dished, and then spit in all the kettles and pans that had been used for cooking. She did this to prevent the cook and her children from eking out their meager fare with the remains of the gravy and other scrapings. The slaves could get nothing to eat except what she chose to give them” [4] . Field Slaves After introduction of the plantation system in America farmers discovered that buying slaves was far much cheaper
The Tuskegee experiment on syphilis became one of the most controversial examples of a crime against humanity in the field of health and care which was supported and sponsored by the United States Public Health Service. The issues of protection of human beings in research and violation of the people’s right for treatment and care are explored in “Miss Evers’ Boys” (1997) with references to the development and results of the Tuskegee experiment. The Bioethics Principles which were determined and defined in the 1970s can be discussed as the basis for analyzing the problem of violating the people’s rights and supporting actions developed against the ethical norms presented in “Miss Evers’ Boys”. The Tuskegee Study of Untreated Syphilis in the Negro Male was worked out in relation to following inhuman intentions to prevent African-Americans afflicted with syphilis from the available treatment in order to support the hypothesis about the racial differences in the disease’s progress. Thus, the problem of violating the ethical standards in providing the medical research in “Miss Evers’ Boys” is closely connected with the issue of racial tensions and the aspect of segregation in the American society. The Tuskegee experiment was started in the 1930s, and it was halted only in 1972, in spite of the fact the experiment was based on studying the disease’s development in the black men of Macon County, Alabama, without providing the necessary treatment ( Miss Evers’ Boys , 1997). From this point, the question of protection of human beings in research was defied from the experiment’s beginning. The characteristic features of presenting the facts of the experiment in the movie allow discussing the controversial issue of protection of human beings from different perspectives and with references to several ethical issues. The real purpose of the experiment is hidden from the participants of the study. That is why, all the people who are involved in providing the experiment can be accused of violating the ethical principle of protection of human beings in research which was not stated legally during the period of conducting the study. The fact of the need of the provided research cannot be discussed as the justification for preventing black males who suffer from syphilis from the necessary treatment, especially during the period when penicillin was available as the major medicine for treating the disease. Physicians and researchers were inclined to follow the idea of the experiment rather than focusing on the ethical principles. From this point, the position of the movie character Miss Evers cannot be analyzed only from one perspective. Realiz
Introduction Ted Conover has managed to use fiction to produce a piece of art that gives a reflection of activities that take place in a normal correctional facility. He has managed to paint the picture of a standard prison to push forth his themes. This story is so real and very fascinating. It is simple in structure but with a smooth flow of ideas. Conover uses humor in a way that makes the story flow easily. The book is very captivating, as the author has used various stylistic devices to structure the story. As Sherman Alexei notes in the review of this book, Conover has successfully brought to surface the culture of American society in one of the most amazing pieces of literature. Summary for chapter 1: Inside Passage This chapter introduces us to the main characters and other supportive characters in this novel. We meet Conover, who is the main character. He is has just been integrated into the system of Sing Sing prison, a large correctional facility located in New York. This facility houses over a thousand prisoners. Furthermore, working in this environment is not only daunting but also very dangerous (Conover 6). However, he manages to fit into the system, though with difficulties. Sergeant Ed Holmes, his immediate superior officer, is far from being friendly. This is shown the first time we meet him. Unlike other officers who were a little more homely, this sergeant takes pleasure in inflicting fear in other officers. The chapter closes when Conover gets to duty to guard the gates of B-Block. He replaces the female officer who then had to take a break. Analysis for chapter 1 This chapter introduces us to the main theme of this story. We are introduced to a society of American prisoners and prison warders, and the kind of lifestyle they have to live. The main protagonists are introduced and it makes the reader grasp the general focus of what the whole book is about. It successfully introduces us to the subsequent parts of the book. Summary for chapter 2: School for Jailers This chapter is a flashback of the time when Conover was recruited to join the forces, as a correctional service officer recruit. Before, he was a journalist with New York Time Magazine. He finds life at the academy very different from what he was used to, as a civilian. In this academy, he has to put up with Sergeant Rusty Bloom. This instructor is very hash and makes life at the academy very hard. The recruits are categorically informed that they are one another’s keeper. A mistake done by any recruit would result to punishment of the whole group (Conover 13). The recr
Introduction Maritime piracy has increased in the recent past especially on the African coasts. Maritime piracy not only leads to the loss of innocent lives but also leads to losses of valuable goods and huge amounts of money spent either on the ransom demanded by the pirates or on the rescue mission by multi-international parties. The case brief under analysis in this paper entails five Somali fishermen who were arrested with the intent of seizing a Netherlands ship and demanding a ransom. In short, they were imprisoned for maritime piracy. Arguments for the case Attacking
Strategic management is intended to manage organizational resources to achieve the organization’s goals. With the help of strategic management, organizations can gain a competitive advantage and adjust their goals to changing market realities. One tool used in strategic management is vision and mission statements that define the organization’s strategic direction. Further, some elements of Caterpillar Inc.’s strategic management, such as vision and mission statements and competitive advantages and disadvantages, will be evaluated. Vision, Mission, and Core Values Vision and mission statements are a powerful strategic management tool that provides a sense of direction to employees in an organization. A vision statement is a big picture of what an organization wants to achieve (Hofstrand, 2016). A mission statement explains how an organization is going to fulfill its vision and usually begins with the word to (Hofstrand, 2016). Along with vision and mission statements, an organization can develop a core values statement, which outlines how employees will behave when accomplishing organizational vision and mission (Hofstrand, 2016). The guiding principle for preparing effective statements is to keep these statements simple, concise, and reflecting exactly what the organization is doing and what goals it is trying to achieve (Hofstrand, 2016). These statements should be easy to remember because they will guide employees’ everyday work. As for the mission statement, it should include customer needs, customer groups, and the company’s activities and competencies (HigherStudy, 2018). Effective statements are not developed once and for all; instead, they should be revisited to align with changing organizational goals and market realities. Caterpillar Inc.’s Statements Caterpillar Inc.’s statements conform to the guiding principles identified above and support organizational strategic planning principles. The company’s vision is “a world in which all people’s basic needs … are fulfilled in an environmentally sustainable way and a company that improves the quality of the environment and the communities where we live and work” (“Vision, mission, strategy,” n.d., para. 1). This vision statement is simple and concise; it reflects organizational goals and provides a big picture of what the organization plans to achieve. Caterpillar Inc.’s mission statement is “to enable economic growth through infrastructure and energy development, and to provide solutions