ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Learning is defined as a process through which a person acquires knowledge or skills arising from experience, practice, study or instruction. It can also be defined as a process through which a person’s behavioral tendencies undergo modification as a result of experience and exposure (Bandura, 1977). Training is defined as acquisition of competencies, skills, knowledge and competencies through teaching of vocational or practical skills and knowledge that have relationships with specific competencies (Illeris, 2004). Examples of learning   * First year in a new job   * First year in a college   * Computer programs used to instruct users how to perform a certain task Some of the synonyms of learning include; Literacy, education, scholarship, knowledge, erudition. On the other hand, some of the antonyms include; ignorance, illiteracy. Types of learning theories There are a number of learning theories. They include: Reinforcement Theory, Social Learning Theory, Goal Setting Theory, Needs Theory, Adult Learning Theory and Information Processing Theory (Ileris, 2001). Learning theories help in identifying the suitable learning methods according to circumstances (Marzano, 1991). It also helps in identification of the appropriate language to be used in learning. Social learning theory Social learning theory is a significantly important theory invented by Albert Bandura in the learning and growth sector. Bandura observed that people can learn new behaviors and information through watching how other people behave and do things. Social learning theory is hinged on three concepts namely. Second, is the fact that internally defined mental states are basically part of this learning process. Lastly, recognition of the fact change will necessarily occur because something has been learned. Usually workers in an organization observe how their colleagues perform certain tasks. Consequently they get to know how certain tasks are performed. For example newly recruited and inexperienced workers in Coca Coca company in USA observed how their colleagues went about mixing several ingredients in making beverages.Eventually,they got to know how to mix several ingredients in order to make the required product. This theory would generate the same results if a survey was carried out in a similar company Personal insight Learning can be both formal and informal. In addition learning is a continuous process and therefore one keeps on learning every minute. This brings about development. There exists a great relationship between learning and development. Through learning one gets acquires new ideas, knows new habits, skills which together bring about change. People get to know new technologies through learning. Conclusion Learning is the key thing in a person’s development and therefore massive investments should be made towards this end. Organizations should realize that the only way to remain successful is by ensuring workers keep on learning new skills and new ways of doing things.
Abstract The proterozoic era is the major event in the geological formation of Canada and Greenland. During the middle and late Proterozoic era, there were several geological formations of the landmass that gave rise to some landforms in Greenland and Canada. Evidence has shown that despite the short presence of oxygen, there was still evidence of life that showed the availability of some micro-organisms and other small animals. This paper examines the evidence of life in the middle to late Proterozoic era in Canada and Greenland. The research discusses the overall geography of the areas and the evidence of life is discussed. The Tectonics, uplifting and rifting is also examined during the middle and late Proterozoic. The research contributes to the greater understanding of evidence of life in the middle and late Proterozoic eras in Greenland and Canada. Introduction The Proterozoic era was the early historic period that started between 2.5 billion years ago and ended 543 million years ago. In the era of the Proterozoic, there was the occurrence of several exciting events that made the time to be unique in the geologic formation of earth’s surface. Meanwhile, during this era at about billions of years ago, there were abundant fossils that showed evidence of living organisms in the stable continent that first appeared about billions of years ago. Hofmann, (1994). Setting the areas The middle and the late Proterozoic cover part of North-West Greenland at latitudes 75°15’N and 78°N and longitudes 57°W and 73°W, a region with appreciable ice cover. The Baffin Bay lied across Canada. Dawes, (2006). (See appendix 1) The Proterozoic Greenland was situated in the southern hemisphere at the present north-eastern corner of North American. In addition, Proterozoic middle to late Ordovician age was located in the N-S trending basin, in which were found the most important element of the Proterozoic. Additionally, in the North-East Proterozoic Greenland was present in the Caledonian fold belt and within Caledonian nappe sheets, which include Independence Fjord Group and Zig-Zag Dal Basal formation. Henriksen, Higgins (1998). (See appendix 1) In Canada and Greenland, there is evidence of a mass of Mid-Proterozoic rocks (See appendix 2) Thus, the rocks found in this era are largely moderately metamorphosed supracrustal rocks and plutonic granites. In ad
Introduction Global rivalry has shaped societies in the world today. Besides, regional organizations such as free trade agreements have increased global competition for foreign direct investment (Gerber 12). The most affected are developing countries, which have had to compete for such investments in a dynamic business environment (Benvenisti 621). Free trade agreements have come as a relief to most countries as it reduces tariffs and import quotas thereby facilitating trade. However, it has become clear that multinational organizations and powerful nations are benefiting more from free trade agreements than their poor counterparts are. This paper will explore Woods’ article on human rights framework and Benton’s article on quasi-sovereignty to establish how weak legal frameworks have weakened poor nations. A human rights framework for corporate accountability by Jeanne Woods Woods’ article laments corporate liability for its human rights abuses especially in Asian and African regions. In addition, Woods bewail the poor international law structures that facilitate unhindered pursuit of revenue by multinational corporations which have rights, but do not the duties, of international persons (Woods 322). Woods begins by tracing the history of trade agreements and laws regulating international trade. The author mentions state-centered Westphalian conceit of 1648, which symbolized consolidation of sovereign state structure in Europe. Accordingly, Woods mentions creation of international law from natural law philosophy also begun during the 17 th century, although, it did not water down the state-centric perspective of international law. Interestingly, multinational corporations exercised sovereign prerogatives by participating in all nasty treaties and wars across the globe without control. Multinational corporation’s powers were reduced once industrialization was achieved. Legal positivism came in to replace natural law thereby building European politically and militarily. In the 20 th century, corporations moved from being subjects to being objects of international law through protectionist trade policies (Woods 324). This brought about post war legal system that retained state-centric laws. Notably, U.S.’s triumph after World War II created financial institutions and global security, which led to Free Trade Agreement era. Woods argue that Free Trade regime eroded the protectionist trade policies thereby expanding reach of the once powerful western-based multinational corporations. Free Trade regime triggered globalization that diminished the a
Hot spots policing is one of the strategies adopted by police departments in the United States. The approach entails focusing on areas where crime rates are concerning as compared to the rest of the municipality. The definitions of a hot spot may be subject to a subjective judgment by police officers (Weisburd, Davis, & Gill, 2015). The consensus is that it is an area where crime is so frequent, the occurrences have grown predictable (Weisburd, Groff, & Yang, 2014). The police operate on the premise that once it controls the breeding ground for delinquents, which often takes over confined areas, it can prevent crime from spreading and reduce the overall crime rate in a city (Braga, Papachristos, & Hureau, 2014). I am particularly interested in this topic since the strategy has a robust theoretical framework and is routinely practiced across the country (Ariel, Weinborn, & Sherman, 2016). Rational choice theory assumes that offenders weigh pros and cons before committing a crime and choose particular areas for their illegal activities (Weisburd, & Telep, 2014). Routine activity theory reasons that for a crime to be committed, there must be the convergence of a delinquent intention, a victim’s exposure, and insufficient guardianship (Ratcliffe, Groff, Sorg, & Haberman, 2015). Lastly, environmental criminology takes spaces and their characteristics in consideration when assessing the likelihood of crime occurrences (Haberman, Groff, Ratcliffe, & Sorg, 2016). In my final paper, I would like to discuss the disparities between the theory and practical implementation as well as the effectiveness of the strategy (Groff et al., 2015).
Introduction Burberry store is more than 150 years old. It had gained success and became a luxurious brand in Britain. However, in the 1990s, the company experienced challenges related to consumer perceptions, retail stores, and brand image. As a result, sales declined and profit dropped. Elements of the Brand building factors used by Rose Mario Bravo since 1997 to rebuild Burberry brand In 1997, Burberry brought in a new CEO, Mario Bravo to run the company. Bravo took a company that had lost its position in the market and had an old brand image. However, the new CEO had the required experience to transform Burberry to profitability (Moore and Birtwistle, 2004). Bravo’s first approach was to introduce a young designer, Minechetti to change the clothes range at Burberry. Menichetti had to remodel Burberry’s raincoats and other conventional clothes by giving them a new image and making them striking to a new generation of emerging consumers. In addition, the young designer also had to introduce new clothe items for children, blue jeans, bikinis, watches, personal products, shoes, and home wares. This approach aimed to re-establish Burberry among modern, young, and trendy consumers. As a result, Bravo managed to restore Burberry’s name in the market. This strategy also aimed at attracting new markets and increasing the company’s sales base. Bravo also appointed Christopher Bailey from Gucci. Bailey would reinforce the brand name by designing heritage and classic clothe lines and presenting young, hip, modern, and fashionable clothes at the same time. This retained Burberry’s vision of heritage and classic to reflect its many years in the industry. All these strategies worked to restore Burberry in the market. Bravo also focused on building the brand image in the market. As a result, she hired an advertising firm and a photographer, Mario Testino alongside models to shoot images that would change the old brand of Burberry. She would later work with other famous models who appeared in Burberry’s different commercial advertisements. Burberry operated in an increasingly competitive fashion industry. As a result, it needed a greater focus on the brand image improvement in order to attract new consumers. Bravo noted that a well-developed advertisement message could play a significant role in developing Burberry brand image across its distribution channels and at all levels. The advertisement served to restore the company’s brand image by informing customers about the “functional abilities while simultaneously imbuing the brand with symbolic values and meanings relevant to the consumer” (Meenaghan, 1995). The two major focuses were to inform consumers about new clothes range of Burberry
Abstract With the emergence of new threats to people’s health, the necessity to study the challenges and concerns to which vulnerable groups are exposed, as well as determine the opportunities for assisting the specified demographic, has emerged. The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA) has been represented as open to the major steps in the direction of expanding access to care for marginalized groups and underserviced communities in the United States. However, the implications of the ACA are yet to be analyzed in-depth, some of them being rather adverse and affecting the well-being of vulnerable groups directly. By considering the strategies for securing the rights of the identified citizens, one can coordinate the process of the ACA implementation more effectively and reduce the extent of the threat that marginalized communities experience. At present, three key outcomes of the ACA can be defined as the ones having the greatest impact on American society. The opportunities for rural residents to access care of better quality, as well as the methods of reducing healthcare assistance costs, should be the focus of the policies to be created in the future to address some of the ACA provisions. The problem with the mismanagement of the needs of women and the LGBT community is another matter that deserves thorough consideration and effective management techniques. By expanding the eligibility criteria for ACA and including all groups that may have potential vulnerabilities, one will be able to address a wide range of health issues faced in the current U.S. context. Introduction The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA) has become an important milestone in addressing multiple concerns in contemporary healthcare. Offering a solution to the problem of healthcare insurance to underserviced members of the American population, ACA has provided the breeding ground for numerous innovative solutions to addressing the health needs of people that have limited access to care (Lipton & Decker, 2015). Nevertheless, the ACA has also entailed several disadvantages that are likely to grow into full-fledged problems shortly. Thus, it is critical to consider the essential provisions of the ACA as a healthcare regulation that has cemented the idea of healthcare coverage for disadvantaged groups as the key concept of modern care. To embrace the range of outcomes that the ACA entails, one should focus on the outcomes linked to addressing the problem of infrastructure in healthcare, specifically, the lack of physical access to care in rural environments. Afterward, the problem of criteria for inclusion and eligibility as an essential outcome of the ACA should be scrutinized. Finally, the penalties for employers who fail to provide health coverage for their staff members deserve to be addressed as a very likely effect of the ACA integration into healthcare institutions should be analyzed. By exploring the identified issues, one will infer important conclusions that will help to amplify the positive outcomes of the ACA and build the foundation for long-lasting and profound change. Cost Reimbursements for Rural Hospitals In the grand sch
Sugar is bad for the human body when it results in diverse medical complications among consumers. This product is obtained from different food items, including energy snacks, processed drinks, and barley products (Meldrum et al. 835). People engaging in uncontrollable consumption may suffer severe medical consequences, which include chronic illnesses. It is vital to acknowledge that all individuals are unique in biological functionalities. There are people whose body processes ensure effectiveness in breaking down the sugar. The product is broken down into valuable nutrients, providing the cells are energized to conduct other functions. Other individuals suffer from both low and high consumption of sugar (Hardin et al. 291). Their bodies react negatively to both low and high levels of consumption, as noted by healthcare experts. Most importantly, sugar is bad for the human body since its negative consequences include long-term medical complications. Specifically, sugar is bad for the human body as it can cause blood sugar, as evidenced in different medical contexts. For instance, obese persons suffer from the condition due to uncontrolled eating behaviors (Hardin et al. 293). Normal biological functioning of their bodies encounters significant challenges due to high blood pressure. In essence, excess sugar in the human body manifests itself along the blood vessels in the form of fat. Specifically, the arteries take oxygenated blood to vital organs such as kidneys, liver, and lungs. Individuals suffering from high sugar content are advised to engage in physical activities for healthy living. Physiological activities increase the conversion of stored fat into energy when the body exercises. However, continued consumption of sugar might result in extreme death cases (Meldrum et al. 836). Organ failure arises when vital body parts lack sufficient nutrients and energy to facilitate beneficial human actions. Moreover, sugar is bad for one’s health as it enhances the chances of excessive body weight. This discussion previously noted that the primary form of sugar is broken down into glucose as its basic form in biological processes. Excess glucose is stored in the liver in glycogen form aided by insulin. Individuals face the threat of excess body weight when sugar consumption amount exceeds the conversion rate (Meldrum et al. 838). The weight increases to severe levels, which threaten mobility as patients find to move body parts from one point to another. Patients suffering from excess body fats from sugary products also endure related illnesses such as diabetes, high blood pressure, or organ failure. Specific actions can help avoid extreme conversion impacts of unrestrained weight increase (Hardin et al. 294). Health experts consider the consumption of indigenous food products and physical exercises to prevent weight increases. In conclusion, it is fundamental to regulate the consumption of sugar as it harms the body. Severe consequences of the product ca
The American Civil War involved the North of the Union and the confederate states of America. The uncompromising differences between the enslaved and free states over the prohibition of slavery in the region were the primary causes of the Civil War. France and England supported the Union because of economic factors and prevention of conflict between them and the North. Although confederate states were essential sources for textile raw materials for these two countries, they could not support the South since the North could have blocked their supplies. Additionally, slavery was unpopular in the European countries since most people considered it a violation of human rights. Therefore, the two nations had to side with the Union since they advocated for the eradication of forced labor. Equally, the Union had declared that supporting the confederacy was like wedging against America. Notably, neither England nor France wanted to start a war with America. The end of the Civil War benefited these two countries by reviving textile industries. Most factories had collapsed due to the scarcity of cotton caused by the war, leading to a high unemployment level and slowing economic growth. Conservative Republicans in the North supported Lincoln’s idea of prohibiting slavery in the United States because of economic factors. Although slaves were vital sources of cheap labor, their productivity was significantly lower than free individuals’ output. Equally, employers would pay the freed slaves for their work. Consequently, residents’ disposable income was supposed to increase demand and market for manufactured products. Additionally, they wanted to preserve relationships with international trade partners, who were against oppressive practices. Therefore, they supported Lincoln’s idea because it was meant to accelerate economic growth.
The Facts of the Case The plaintiff (Lepore) sued the State of New South Wales (the first defendant) and the teacher (the second defendant) in the District Court of New South Wales. The plaintiff was sexually assaulted in 1978 when he was seven years old and attending a public primary school. Lepore alleged that the teacher sexually assaulted him. The plaintiff claimed that the assaults were related to supposed misbehaviours and the subsequent corporal punishment. On several occasions, the teacher would send Lepore to a storeroom, order him to remove cloths, spanked and then touched him inappropriately. Occasionally, other boys would also witness and experience such punishment (New South Wales v Lepore [2003] HCA 4; 212 CLR 511).   * The Plaintiff (Lepore) sued against sexual harassment by the State schoolteacher   * Lepore sued for damages against the state based on vicarious liability The Relevant Law Relating to the Case The case is based on the employment contract and the law of negligence (Sappideen, Vines, Grant, & Watson, 2009). Employers must understand the possibility that a Court may consider the concept of non-delegable duty and vicarious liability, and that a fault on the part of the employer could result in consequences (Luntz, 2001). The Legal Arguments Raised By the Parties in Case The plaintiff argued that there was a fault or negligence on the part of the school authority. The plaintiff considered sexual assault as liability of school authority because of the alleged assault by the state schoolteacher. The Court of Appeal sought to establish whether school authority had breached non-delegable duty of care. This resulted in an argument about the concept of non-delegable duty. It also probed whether the school authority was vicariously liable for sexual assault claims against the teacher. Hence, the Court of Appeal sought to establish the imposition of vicarious liability. The practice and procedure of the case focused on trial of negligence, matters of liability and damage suffered by the plaintiff. It is imperative to note that the District Court of New South Wales did not establish facts of the case. Consequently, the Court of Appeal allowed the appeal or retrial in part. The initial ruling led critics to express concerns that the judicial system did not offer protection to children against assaults or showed a “general lack of appreciation of the context and nature of sexual assault in schools” (Thompson, 2012, p. 168). Vicarious liability Gleeson CJ argued as follows: The defendant was not vicariously accountable by simply providing an enabling environment for the employee to be negligent. The case should consider the extent of physical violence, seriousness of the criminal act and nature of the crime. In this case, the Court must establish the extent of personal, independent act of the doer or provisions within the employment contract. Extreme, unwarranted violence towards the victim might indicate purely personal cruelty as noted in the case of Deatons Pty Ltd v Flew. It is imperative to understand the extent and nature of employee’s responsibilities.