ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
A brief biography of the author Eusebius is commonly referred to as ‘The Father of Ecclesiastical History’. He was born in Israel and received his education in Caesarea. He spent most of his years in this region and later became a bishop. He was among the first scholars to write about the history of the church. Therefore, he set an example to the rest of the people who have written about the church and its history. The literary texts by Eusebius trace the church history from the time when Christ was physically on earth, the persecution that befell the church after Christ ascended as well as the conversion of Emperor Constantine. His literary works have been grouped into four major categories namely: the historical, the apologetic, the Biblical, and the dogmatic. His writings were greatly inspired by Pamphilus, a church leader and a theologian. The persecution of the church did not dissuade Eusebius from writing the text known as the history of the church. Later, he also suffered persecution due to his faith. However, he was not killed and his life was spared by God. He was able to write literary texts that have been useful in the history of the church. He was born around 260 A.D. he lived in Caesarea until 339 when he died. During his time in Caesarea, he was a bishop from 313. Introduction This book deals with the history of the early church, particularly what happened from the time of Christ to Constantine. To accurately give an account of the events that took place during this period, Eusebius mentions everyone who was there before him. This includes both Christians and non-Christians. He further notes all the legal decrees that were given by the various emperors during their reign and how they affected the church. Eusebius also writes about the persecution of the church and the martyrs who suffered greatly because of their Christian faith. These are people who decided that it was better for them to be imprisoned, tortured, and even killed instead of them renouncing Christ. An overview of the assigned reading from the author’s book and an evaluation of the writing as a historical document Diocletian was one of the Roman emperors who started persecuting the early church. He is believed to have initiated ‘the great persecution’ among the Christians. This happened in A.D 303. He was motivated by his great desire to do away with the Christian faith. According to Pamphilius (259), the laws that were formulated during his reign were meant to weaken the Christian faith, wipe out all places that were used by Christians during worship, kill those who refused to obey his laws because of their Christian faith and encourage people to move away from Christianity. It is not clear how many people died because of their Christian faith during the reign of Emperor Diocletian. However, numerous testimonies are explaining how Christians were tortured and killed because they refused to renounce their faith in Christ. Most of the Christians who refused to renounce their faith were taken in the Roman Coliseum, where fierce lions devoured them before cheering crowds. Although it was not possi
Recently, the topic of nursing mistakes errors has begun to concern the public seriously, as there is a tendency to increase medication errors among medical staff. It leads to the fact that the life and health of patients are put at risk because of, for example, the inappropriate dosage of medication or even prescribing the wrong medicine. That is why it is vital to study the causes of these errors and look for ways to eliminate them as Federwisch, Ramos, and Adams (2014) did in their article “The Sterile Cockpit: An Effective Approach to Reducing Medication Errors?” This essay provides a summary of the article and discusses its key ideas and main conclusions. Sterile Cockpit Strategy One of the main causes of medication errors among nurses is believed to be the intervention of other medical staff or patients, which leads to decreased concentration. Some medical institutions introduce a “sterile cockpit” strategy, whose aim is to create isolated rooms or use special signs for nurses, to prevent such cases of intervention (Federwisch et al., 2014, p. 37). For example, in one hospital, the place of medical administration was separated by strips of red duct tape. In another medical unit, nurses wear special bright vests, which meant that other people should not disturb them. Federwisch, Ramos, and Adams (2014) implemented Medication Quiet Time by posting “two octagonal red signs on the sides of each medication cart” in their medical unit (p. 50). They stopped signs, which read that medication administration is in progress. Bedside Rounding Another way to reduce the number of interventions, which also proved effective, was bedside rounding. This change helped “address basic patient needs at the start of each shift, thereby forestalling common causes of interruptions” (Federwisch et al., 2014, p. 50). The implementation of bedside rounding led to the timely detection of some errors connected with omitted medications. However, there were some difficulties during the implementation of this measure, such as the reluctance of some nurses to participate or their desire to finish work faster at the end of the working day. Nevertheless, the number of interventions, as well as the number of errors decreased, which indicates the effectiveness of bedside rounding. Research Outcomes and Take-Home Points for Nurses The consistent application of the two strategies in this study showed positive results. After the introduction of bedside rounding, “the number of medication errors dropped” from 21 to 9 within six months (Federwisch et al., 2014, p. 52). Moreover, a month after stop signs began to be used, this number reduced to three. However, surveys have shown that this strategy is not sufficiently effective, as some medical professionals and patients did not pay attention to the signs and continued to disturb nurses during medication administration. As for crucial points for nurses, the first one is that th
Summary Overview This issue under analysis focuses on arguments that support and withdraw the evidence of altruistic behavior. Due to the fact that altruism can be defined as unselfish concern with problems and welfare, there are still contradictions concerning the genuineness of those actions. In this respect, individuals can help others to make themselves feel better. As an example, many people donate money for the sake of their own moral welfare, as well as for increasing their popularity. With regard to the slight distinction existing between altruism and egoism, assessing behavior is vital for making distinctions. Due to the emerged controversy concerning the nature of altruism, two sides of the debate have been presented. In the first section, the researchers have discovered that empathy is considered the foundational aspect of altruistic behavior because it identifies the ability to understand someone else’s problems and challenges. Thus, when we are genuinely concerned with other people’s problems, we are expected to help people for altruistic reasons. Such a hypothesis is described in detail and is proved by a laboratory experiment. The second side of the research introduces a different model to describe the nature of helping behavior, which is called the Negative State Relief Model. According to this framework, failure to help makes people suffer more and, therefore, their helping behavior is premised on egoistic pu
Male focused mythology has become very popular in recent times because many societies have been changing from matriarchal to patriarchal. The exploits of gods and other masculine figures have been given much attention by mythology scholars who have worked very hard to ensure that the masculine figures have been popularized. Proponents of matriarchal societies argue that matriarchal societies promote gender equality and peaceful coexistence without violence, while those opposed to the matriarchal societies see them as being backward and primitive and paint the patriarchal society as civilized (Leening, 1997). The manifestation of the masculine divinity in the Bible and other stories generates a great interest from mythology scholars who have divergent views about the male divine. This paper will classify the male story according to a system of types and, at the same time, highlight the roles and responsibilities of masculine figures in comparative mythology. There are many stories that have been published to try and fully classify and identify the exact roles and responsibilities of the male divine. The male divinity has been the center stage in many spiritual circles around the world for some time before the re-emergence of the goddess divinity (Leening, 1997). The divine masculine is depicted in the three major stages of human life. The three stages are youth, maturity, and old age, which represent a trinity in Christian circles. According to the Hindu religion, the tripartite nature of the male divinity is represented by Brahma, Vishnu, and Shiva. These three deities of the Hindu religion differ in terms of their cultural aspects, but they still represent the tripartite nature of the divine masculine. The divine feminine becomes complete with the presence of the divine masculinity (Moore, 1996). In the patriarchal system, men are portrayed as the central figures of authority in the social setup. The women and children fall under the authority of the father in the family unity. Women are expected to be subordinate to men in the institution of marriage. The adult men in a patriarchal society have authority over women and control the legal, political, economic, and social aspects of the society (Leening, 1997). This system has been regarded as unjust by the proponents of gender equality and in the process eliciting a lot of debate and competition. There have been conflicting views about the gender of God with some religions arguing that God is of the male gender and others, arguing that God’s image envisions both male and female divinity. The male divine is characterized by power, energy, and authority. There are both regional and historical differences in the origin of these stories that makes it difficult for one to come up with a clear conclusion on the exact roles and responsibilities of the male divine (Moore, 1996). Myth           Male Devine roles and characteristics        Sumerian myth  Sexual imagery and civilization              Yoruba myth    Trickster elements with political leadership Aztec myth     Survival of humans                            Fig1. A not
Introduction Motivation is a part of the concept of work and life balance. To state it plainly, there can never be work-life balance without a motivation on the part of the worker. Motivation drives people to accomplish their tasks and work for organizational objectives. Motivation is based on man’s desire to minimize physical pain and maximize the love for pleasure. There are many reasons for motivation at work and money is only one of them. Motivation is born out of the many needs and desires of humans. People work to earn a living. But other motivations of work include the desire for achievement, prestige, or recognition. This essay is about the motivational factors that drive people at work. Maslow’s hierarchy of needs and other theories of motivation will be the highlights of this work. Background Our concept of work has a negative historical background. The Bible tells us that work was considered a burden or a form of punishment from God. “You shall toil in order to eat,” said God as he sent Adam out from Paradise. Human beings then continued to build, innovate, and reinvent new things and technologies, only to be disappointed because they never satisfy themselves. The purpose in continuous building is to provide comfort, to ease the pain or to avoid the “punishment”. More complexities in globalization forced people to form organizations and multinationals. But the concept of work remains. Do humans really work for the money? Money can buy food, shelter and clothing for themselves and the family. If people are motivated of money, how can they have satisfaction and contentment in life? Money is important but it is not the ultimate aim. Theories of Work and Life We can examine some theories of work and how people are motivated to work. Theories on the concept of work and on why people work include McGregor’s Theory X and Theory Y . Theory X assumes that workers regard work as distasteful. Companies build a top-heavy organization with managers planning, deciding and formulating policies for workers. Work then became an obligation and a punishment. (Firth, 2002, p. 16) This theory states that workers work for the monetary reward. But Theory Y works on the contrary. Here people are motivated to work. They become creative and work not just for the money. Managers motivate employees to work for the team and the organizatio
Introduction This is a research essay on the marketing technique of Blu-Ray DVDs. Blue-Ray DVDs have grasped the attention of the recent recreational area. Thus, this essay would cover the marketing goals of Blu-Ray; along with the technique through they are successfully marketed in the marketplace, with the product reviews, website design, target markets, values, offers, and the website design taken into consideration for the right marketing of Blu-Ray DVDs with their SWOT analysis. Blu-Ray DVDs (About Blu-Ray, 2008) Often known as BD or Blu-ray Disc; Blu-ray is used for the purpose of storing large bulks of data and for recording, rewriting and playing high-definition video (HD). It is an optical disc storage medium which is just like a simply DVD or CD from the outside appearance. This type of storage disc is known as Blu-ray Disc because it is operate through blue laser and is capable of storing more quality and high definition data as compared to an ordinary DVD because this technology makes use of ultra-violet rays for the rationale to read and write the disc. The recorded shortest wavelength beam for Blu-ray Disc is calculated to be 405 nanometers. An ordinary double layered/two-layered Blu-ray Disc is capable of storing 50 gigabytes of high-definition video or data which is equivalent to 10 ½ times of a single layered DVD or six times of a two-layered/double-layered DVD at usual recording pace. Blu-ray Disc, the next generation optical disc format was first developed in the year 2006 by the Blu-ray Disc Association (BDA), which is a well-known group for developing electronics goods, motion pictures, media manufacturers and computer related hardware. Blu-ray Disc Association (BDA) group’s manufacturing circle involves many multinational world famous brands; such as, HP, JVC, Mitsubishi, LG, Hitachi, Dell, Apple, Philips, Sharp, Sony, Samsung, Pioneer, TDK, Panasonic, and Thomson. Since the time of establishment, Blu-ray is now being developed by almost 200 electronic companies around the globe, as the format of Blu-ray Disc has been approved and considered by the famous Hollywood studios and several other recording companies. Blu-Ray Marketing and Target Market Since now, the high-definition (HD) videos have seen tremendously welcoming gesture from all sides of the consumers and the sellers and the year 2008 is considered to be the year of Blu-ray technology. This includes all versions of video recording mediums, CDs, and DVDs. Blu-ray Disc is expected to beat all these records because it has the capacity to store large amount of data into single disc format. The marketing of Bl
Technology is present in the modern world in the form of gadgets and screens while invading regular life with digitalization. This matter causes the rise in the importance of digital evidence while being a driver for the establishment of a new branch in the legal sphere related to cyber law. In this case, the digital evidence could be defined as “any digital data that may be used to establish that the crime has been committed” (Don, 2010, p. 22; Purpura, 2013). In this instance, the critical goal of this essay is to highlight the importance of digital evidence while using examples and providing the guidelines for the working place. In the end, the conclusions are depicted to offer a clear understanding of the importance of the discussed concept and its need to comply with the established legal system. In this case, digital evidence is highly important in the modern world, as it contributes to the understanding of the presence of crimes. Meanwhile, it assists in the clear identifications of the suspect, as some types of information are only present in the digital form (Casey, 2011; Cruz-Cunha & Portela, 2014). In turn, it eliminates the possibility to minimize the existence of the information since it could be retrieved from electronic and digital resources (Casey, 2011). For instance, the employee could destroy the hardware on purpose while digital data could still be retrieved. It could be said that a combination of these aspects emphasizes the importance of digital evidence while making it one of the most critical attributes of the modern legal system. In this case, one of the guidelines is the clear definition of the different types of information while presenting the possibility of the certain type of data gathering in the company’s Code of Conduct (International Competition Network, 2010). This matter will assist in the minimization of the occurrence of the legal problems related to the violation of the rights of the employees and determine a connection of the firm’s actions to the company’s framework. In turn, another guideline should be related to the fact that the conflicts with the information manipulations and theft could occur with the rival firms. In this case, depending on the level of information, the company might need to address the third party and a legal consultant to find relevant responses to the issues (International Competition Network, 2010). The third guideline could be related to the establishment of a sufficient action plan, which will determine the overall procedure and steps in the data gathering and acquiring. In this instance, the primary steps will be associated with t
Introduction Facilitating change is one of the important duties in human resource management. In order to adapt to the ever-changing conditions of the market, organizations must constantly evolve, adopting new techniques and improving the quality of production, organization, and services provided to the customers (Kaufman, 2017). At the same time, not all change processes are handled properly due to various issues that happen during the conception and implementation phases of change. This paper will provide a reflection on personal experiences in a copywriting center. Copycat Copywriting Center Copycat Copywriting Center (name changed for privacy reasons) is a company that provides website content, SEO texts, and other writing services to any companies located in the US or abroad. It has over 40 copywriters actively working within the company’s office and over 100 part-time freelancers. For a long period of time, the company operated without any vision or an overarching mission to govern the company’s actions. The top management of the company decided it was time to change things, creating a mission statement, which was focused on bringing happiness and satisfaction to customers. This was supposed to be achieved by increasing employee autonomy and providing more tools for them to interact with the customers while simultaneously optimizing the company’s structure. Thus, it was a big change both in terms of mission parameters, operational, and organizational efficiency. What Worked? One of the very few successes of the implemented change was the creation of coherent vision and mission statements. It emphasized the focus on quality as a means of making customers happy, as opposed to quantity. It marked a gradual shift in how employees perceived their work and made them focus more on making sure that the parameters of the texts were to the letter and in accordance with the demands of the customer. What Did Not Work? The office personnel accepted the proposed changes poorly. One of the reasons was that there were no preparations made to properly prepare the employees for the changes, which were dropped on them without warning. The company was doing well, and the majority of the employees saw no need for changing their routines. Words of dissent were suppressed, and some of the more ardent protesters were fired, which created a poor working climate. In addition, many employees found the mission of the company to be dishonest. Copycat Copywriting Center was notorious for underpaying their workers, thus leaving very little room for altruism and concern for quality or customer relations, as the majority felt they were not paid to do that. Lastly, the optimizations that took place effectively removed the front-end department and placed the responsibility of contacting and dealing with the customers on copywriters. It added to the amount of stress on individual employees without being adequately compensated. As a result, there was a massive surge in turnover rates. Conclusions and Recommendations There are six stages of organizational change: initiation, investigation, intent
The convergence of technology witnessed in the last two decades has enabled organizations to adopt systems, programs and processes that not only serve to leverage competitiveness, but also improve organizational efficiencies and add value to business partners, supply chains, and customers (Kunsoo et al. 115). The vendor-Managed Inventory (VMI) is one such program which have been made possible due to rapid innovations in technology, but which has continued to receive increasing attention as a means of supply chain collaboration, particularly between the retailers and the suppliers or manufacturers (Farhoomand 5). This section deals specifically with evaluating the advantages and disadvantages of investing in a unique VMI from the retailers’ perspective. From the critiqued article, VMI can be described as a continuous replenishment program, whereby the vendor has the capacity to create or generate the purchase orders based on the real-time demand at the store or the warehouse level (Farhoomand 5). Consequently, this program can be perceived as a backward replenishment tool that facilitates the vendor to create and fulfill demand for products based on real-time front-line sales data. It is imperative to note that this program evolved into the limelight in the 1980’s, but it has particularly found wide usage in recent years (Pasandideh et al. 329). VMI offers multifold advantages for both suppliers and retailers, but this section will focus attention to the advantages and disadvantages accruing to the retailers. From the critiqued reading, it is evidently clear that a retailer using the VMI platform accrues two major benefits, namely cost savings and efficiency gains (Farhoomand 5). In cost savings, the retailer is able to reduce inventory level and minimize stock on-hand by virtue of the facts that the VMI platform turns the responsibility of replenishing stock to the vendor (either a supplier or manufacturer), who will monitor real-time sales for the retailer and replenish products, thus ensuring continuous flow. A flood of critical literature demonstrates that the coordinated decision-making made possible via the VMI platform generates potential benefits for retailers in reducing the need for inventories (Bookbinder et al. 5549). Additionally, coordinated decision-making under virtual integration as made possible by the VMI platform will inarguably enhance the harmonization of the supply chain, allowing competitive leverage not only for