ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction General Background Data science is a discipline that entails the study of information. It cuts across many areas by helping experts in various fields to study and work collectively as well as making sense of data (Newman et al. 2016). Productivities from different works can spawn data in diverse formats. Processing, evaluation and reporting of data outputs are important steps for all economic sectors. In businesses, data science makes it possible to understand everyday problems and business performance on a daily, weekly, monthly or yearly basis. It also helps businesses to predict their performance and make the necessary adjustments. Data science is important for businesses because it facilitates the collection and analysis of data on business procedures, schemes and general performance. Consequently, businesses can use the outputs of data science to enhance their products, services, or operations. An additional advantage of data science in business is facilitating predictive modeling to enable the timely development of apposite strategies. A business data science (BDS) model is necessary to realize all these benefits. According to Newman et al. (2016), five key attributes make up data science. These qualities are summarized as the 5 Vs of velocity, volume, variety, value and veracity. Volume denotes the size and amount of data concerned, whereas velocity is the speed at which the data is created and stored for businesses. Veracity refers to the degree of accuracy and precision in the analysis and interpretation of results, which is critical to decision-making and business development. In contrast, variety refers to the different types of data generated and various formats that they can be presented. Value alludes to the additional worth created by BDS models to produce positive outputs for multiple organizations. Challenge There are no established ways of implementing BDS because current literature does not have a definite standard or best practice approach. Even though many organizations are interested in data science, they lack the knowledge of how to manage and handle data science. Newman et al. (2016) developed a business data science model in a format that can be adopted by businesses. The model provides an organized standard for the advancement of business projects and services. The authors focus on pertinent modeling and simulation methods to facilitate the smooth transition to BDS. Modeling and simulation are critical steps that must be done to guarantee that a BDS model can work efficiently with existing business activities, models, processes and
One of the at-risk behaviors of the seventh grader concerns poor reading and comprehension skills. As a rule, students that lag behind the group feel inferior and can experience emotional stress which can become the reason of other emotional-social problems and gaps in behavior. The poor reading and comprehension skills can be qualified as unaddressed learning problems or as poor performance in class which can influence a student’s academic progress in other domains. The interventions to cope with this at-risk behavior include the following:  1. Clear instructions and more attention can be paid to a student; besides, this individual should be involved into some special programs if other methods turn out to be ineffective.  2. Work in groups or with a partner can be effective in terms of improvements to reading and comprehension skills.  3. As a student shows interest in drawing, it is possible to visualize instructions to the reading tasks and make the understanding of material more available to this student. The next at-risk behavior is the daydreaming which can have negative consequences on the student’s social-emotional behavior and academic progress. Such behavior results in lack of attention to the subjects learnt and influence on the overall social-emotional and academic progress of this student. At the same time, daydreaming can be the result of self-analysis which is considered normal for the age of 13-18 when children start to think about the future and their futu
Introduction Creative works’ Authors are accorded by the United States copyright system with the power to control the use of their work for a limited time period. The expiry of this period is followed by the availability of the once copyrighted material for public use, under the public domain. Though many libraries have always relied upon the public domain, it has been narrowed due to the Supreme Court’s ruling in Eldred v. Ashcroft, 537 U.S. 186, 123 S.Ct. 769, 154 L.Ed.2d 683 (2003). The court decision held that the passage of the Sonny Bono Copyright Term Extension Act in 1998 encompassed the acting of Congress within its Constitutional authority, when it extended the copyright duration by 20 years for both new and existing copyright works (Eldred v. Ashcroft, 2003). This case’s prosecution is made up Eric Eldred, certain individuals and businesses whose products and services were extracted from the works contained in the public domain, whose copyrights were extended. The defendant in the case was John D. Ashcroft, the attorney general. The charges encompassed CTEA’s acting beyond their authority, under the First Amendment’s free speech guarantee and the Copyright Clause’s limited times prescription, when they extended the copyright duration (Guibault 135). The main issue included the extension of copyright duration for works in the public domain. This case took place in the Supreme Court of United States, in 2003. The other relevant information to be shared on the basis of this case encompasses the copyright and patent clause that accords the Congress with the power to provide authors the authority of controlling the use of their work for a limited time. What is at stake in this case is the Congress’s authority in patents and copyrights. Though the petitioners held that the Congress acted above its authority under the limited time prescription of the Copyright Clause and free speech guarantee of the First Amendment, CTEA terms did not violate the Copyright Clause’s limited time prescription and the First Amendment does not accord the rights to utilize copyrighted works. Prosecution According to the petitioners, the claims that warrant this law suit are three fold. The first one includes the violation of the Constitution’s Copyright Clause by Congress, as it accords the Congress with the power to promote useful arts and sciences by pro
Introduction The management of airline operations is often very complex and requires a high level of commitment from those involved. This paper looks at general aspects of the aviation industry and also provides a discussion on air traffic control towers. General Aviation Industry General aviation is a term used to denote the different aspects of the aviation. Apparently, this does not include planned military flying as well as scheduled operations that cover the transportation of both passengers and cargo (Seidenman & Spanovich, 2009). To a large extent, general aviation factors in those businesses that cater for unscheduled passenger or cargo flights. It also incorporates flight departments, personal aircraft operations, schools that deal with flight matters and storage as well as maintenance. As pointed out by Seidenman and Spanovich (2009), some general aviation businesses focus on providing services such as fueling, cabin maintenance, catering and other ground related aircraft activities. Statistically, the general aviation industry greatly supports the economy of the United States and employs a huge number of American citizens. Evidently, the industry contributes more than USD 150 billion to the economy of the United States (GAMA, 2014). General aviation aircraft are aircrafts used to transport people privately (Benny, 2012). General aviation aircrafts may be owned by private individuals or may be rented when required from a general aviation airport. General aviation aircraft also comprises different aircrafts that are used by corporate organizations to ferry executives, employees, or even customers. Non-military federal government agencies make use of general aviation aircraft to transport staff and to accomplish various missions in an organization. Among such missions are intelligence operations and law enforcement. General aviation may be used for law enforcement patrols, fighting fires, providing emergency medical air ambulance services, and rescue operations. There are other uses of general aviation which include agricultural crop dusting. To a large extent, this helps to improve food security by ensuring that crops are properly sprayed with pesticides while still in the farm. They are also very useful for controlling insects along rivers, lakes and other waterways that are located close to densely populated areas. Apparently, aircrafts that are used for flight instruction are also classified under general aviation. As pointed out by GAMA (2014), general aviation industry comprises more than 360,000 aircraft scattered across the world and includes all sorts of airplanes. Statistics indicate that this number is bound to increase with time due to increased aviation activities. The general aviation industry also serves as a good training ground for a majority of commercial airline pilots. Based on the study undertaken by Seidenma
In this video production of ‘The Last emperor’, the audience is immersed deep back into the 1950s where Puyi, who was previously under the custody of the Russians, attempts to take his own life in Fushun prison while under the custody of the Chinese government for his role in a number or war crimes. Fortunately for him, Puyi’s attempts at taking his own life are unsuccessful and he is only rendered unconscious. It is at this point that the creators of this movie; Jeremy Thomas and movie director Bernardo Bertolucci, take the viewers back to 1902 when Empress Dowager Cixi announces that Puyi will succeed her as the new emperor of China. Puyi’s rise to power earns him the title “The Son of Heaven”. The Last Emperor movie is one of the most amazing anti-heroes of contemporary times; an oriental Peter Pan perched like a stopper on the rivulet of history. His life embraces the entire century from the end of the Qing Empire to the first democracy of Sun Yat Sen; from the Japanese incursion to the State of Manchukuo, where Pu Yi becomes a marionette emperor controlled by the Japanese. The movie see’s china through very crucial stages of its development in the Second World War and more importantly its development into a republic. The movie provides a clear and detailed transition of power of china from an empire to a republic. Historically, it is unlike
Introduction Robert Kroetsch and Birk Sproxton are famous Canadian writers. Kroetsch was born in 1927 and died in 2011. He was one of the Canadian postmodernism novelists, poets, and non-fiction writers. Having been born in Alberta, he began his academic writing at Binghamton University. On the other hand, Sproxton was also a Canadian novelist and poet who lived in Red Deer, Alberta (Kroeller 71). He was born in 1943 in Flin Flon, Manitoba where he died in 2007. He went to study at Winnipeg before heading to Alberta. He also lectured creative writing at the Red Deer College. The two writers have some similarities in their style of writing and the context of their contents. Genealogy of place and self underpins the works of the two writers. Robert Kroetsch: Seed Catalogue Kroetsch poetry uses complex or jargon (Davey 3). His language is mythology of the ancient writers and poets. It can be argued that the reason why the poems of Kroetsch are mythical is his style in naming. Naming is thought to be a process that is believed to be a mythical process. Robert Kroetsch authored ‘The stone Hammer’ poems and the ‘Seed Catalogue’. He begins the stone hammer poems by presenting twelve sections of the poems in sequence namely the “Old man stories”. In the footnote, he informs his readers that the main figure in the poem is a trickster and a teacher who lived in the legends of the Blackfoot Indians of southern Alberta. The trickster is presented as a comic sexual ancestor and a hero. The young man plays various tricks to woo the woman. He manages to successfully woo the woman to receive sexual acts and fellatio by disguising his pennies as a berry. In fact, “He rushed his prick, like rawhide lariat” (Kroetsch 29). Therefore, he mythologizes sexual antics of the man in the story. The society goes through this behavior. It is natural, indigenous, and inevitable. The trickster is used ironically to depict the characters of the people. On the other hand, Sproxton’s work constructs and conveys his message using simple language that helps to enhance the meaning of a message (Hill 99). Sproxton further uses various writing styles including metaphors and form that fits the time and space. On the other hand, Kroetsch is wordy. His writings lack metaphors thus making his work plain. He is motivated and interested in writing more information that did not make sense (Calder and Wardhaugh 5). Kroetsch has done many works in poetry. Most of them revolve around his lives, as well as his hometown Hearse. Many of his poems i
Falls prevention is a significant part of geriatric health care because older patients are at a high risk of falls due to diseases, frailty, and aging factors (Holroyd-Leduc & Reddy, 2012). To decrease the number of falls in older people, medical professionals have to assess their clients’ possibility of falling. For this purpose, there exist a variety of evaluation tools focused on different aspects such as one’s gait, habits, previous falls, or age (Resnick, 2016). The Fracture Risk Assessment Tool (FRAX) collects data about a patient to calculate his/her risk of injury. Another tool that can be used is the Tinetti Performance Oriented Mobility Assessment (POMA) – it incorporates several tasks to evaluate one’s balance. The combination of multiple tools can help to analyze the health of an older patient with Parkinson’s disease and develop suggestions for fall prevention. Case Study The patient under the pseudonym JK is a 75-year-old white male. He was diagnosed with Parkinson’s disease eight years ago, but his condition started becoming increasingly worse recently as has been noted by his neurologist during the last visit a week ago. He has such problems as urinary and bowel incontinence, tremors, and difficulty walking. After his previous appointment, JK started to take medications that help relieve tremors. However, these and other symptoms continue to progress and affect JK’s everyday life. FRAX Assessment FRAX is a tool that evaluates the probability of fractures in older people in the next ten years after the assessment (Roux et al., 2014). There are twelve sections in the test, each having a question or a numerical measurement of the patient. FRAX incorporates a variety of patient characteristics, including one’s age, sex, as well as family and patient history of previous fractures (Roux et al., 2014). Moreover, it considers patient behaviors such as smoking, drinking, and medication use and inquires about the presence of osteoporosis and arthritis (“Calculation tool,” n.d.). The combination of these facts is used to calculate the risk of fractures. FRAX does not require patients to complete many tasks, making the test reasonably simple. Tinetti Performance Oriented Mobility Assessment (POMA) The second chosen tool is POMA which is performed in the form of 16 different exercises, where each of them is focused on a separate type of motion. The first portion of tasks measures one’s balance with such activities as sitting, arising, standing, nudging, turning, and sitting down (“POMA,” n.d.). The second part evaluates gait by asking the patient to walk and looking at his/her steps, path, and stance (“POMA,” n.d.). The test calculates the possibility of falls depending on the successful or failed completion of exercises and one’s confidence during their performance. This tool was selected because, in a contrast to FRAX, it
In 2008, dramatic events led to the most significant economic crisis in post-war history. One of the largest investment banks, Lehman Brothers, declared bankruptcy, and then several more leading financial organizations disappeared. The documentary “Inside the Meltdown” created by Michael Kirk (2009) reveals the details of the events. Despite attempts to stop the crisis, by the end of 2008, the problem had affected most countries of the world and significantly worsened the well-being of people. I previously knew that the causes of the crisis were risky mortgages that created a bubble in the real estate market. Many people could get a mortgage, and mortgage obligations were resold in the form of securities as part of investment packages. However, most people who received mortgages could not pay their debt, the value of investments fell rapidly, resulting in a giant bubble burst. The documentary complements knowledge of the crisis by providing detailed information on reactions to events, their key figures, and attempts to save the financial system. The film helps to understand what actions were taken to prevent the situation from deteriorating, which allows assessing its complexity better. While the documentary does not directly talk about the Dodd-Frank Act and Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (CFPB), it contributes to understanding the prerequisites for adopting this law and creating the bureau. The act and bureau aimed at protecting consumers and better regulating financial institutions to prevent the recurrence of events that led to the crisis (O’Brien, 2018). The documentary describes the prerequisites for these actions, revealing the details of attempts to support the economy and attract government representatives during that events. The State has a moral duty to protect its population, and the law and the bureau are its manifestations.
George M. Thomas – Contemporary Controls Mr. George M. Thomas is current president of company called Contemporary Controls which manufactures industrial networking products. This Company under the direct stewardship of Mr. Thomas has operating bases in the United States, United Kingdom, Germany and China. He is a qualified and accomplished engineer himself and holds many prestigious positions in many engineering fields. He is certified under BSEE and MSEE degrees from Illinois Institute of Technology (IIT). He has also completed American Electronics Association and Stanford University Executive Institute in the field of high technology. He also holds directorships on the Board of companies, eminent among them being American Electronic Association, and finally, Management Association of Illinois. Besides he is also holding memberships of IEEE, and Chairman of its Chicago Chapter, and also holds senior membership of the Institution, systems and Automation Society. It is seen that with over 3 decades of electronic designing, developing and production techniques, along with the able and efficient leadership provided by its President, it is seen that the capability provided by the company could provide strategic and competitive solutions to vexatious problems of customers and has proved it self to be a major provider of needed solutions along the customers’ supply chain management systems. The leadership and entrepreneurship qualities provided by its President, Mr. Thomas is no less significant and it is this that has extricated it from very delicate and tight solutions over a period of time. Mr. Thomas’s involvement in his organization is palpable. Over the course of his stewardship, he has constantly contributed immensely to the overall growth and development of this unit. His dramatic decision making abilities, his man management systems and ability to think and evolve constructively has endeared him to one and all. Moreover, he always wishes that the company is constantly on the move, reaching greater heights in increased performance through hard and sincere efforts, aimed at the improving the lot of his workforce and personnel. It is indeed through Mr. Thomas’s innovative and entrepreneurial skills that this Company has undergone the growth and transformation that it has been able to achieve over the last 30 years or so. From a tiny and obscure unit, Contemporary Controls have evolved into a giant well developed unit having high turnover. “The company manufactures its own designs to ensure the highest level of quality while being responsive to customers’ changing requirements. We offer lead-free surface mount (SMT) equipment in two locations, the United States and China. Continuous efforts to reduce costs, improve quality and improve customer service are coordinated between the two plants as part of the company’s lean initiative.” (Stasiek, 1). It is widely believed that in the years to come, the high quality and demonstr
Greek mythology is known for its great mythological heroes one of which was Hercules. This hero deserved general recognition for his courage and strength. The name of Hercules is widely known in different mythological legends of modern time. This character is always presented as the embodiment of strength and power who can resist any difficulties and life obstacles. His name is considered to be Roman; being the son of Alcmene and the God Zeus he experienced great level of unfaithfulness and cruelty in his life. The ancient mythology is rich in myths and legends describing the fate of the powerful god’s son. Being a little boy Zeus’ wife Hera wishing to kill Hercules managed to send serpents for his destroy; though Hercules managed to strangle those snakes and remain alive. His courage and power allowed him to kill a bear being young and inexperienced man. He is widely known in the Greek mythology for his 12 labors introduced by Eurystheus as a kind of penance. The labors of Hercules covered twelve difficult tasks created in order to test the courage of Hercules. The character of Hercules and his achievements have been described not only in the sphere of mythology. The theme of his legends interpretation was to show the power of mythological heroes on the example of one of the most strong and powerful. The Roman and Greek mythological legends managed to disclose the peculiarities of Hercules’ adventures and achievements. (Wilson, 2008). Hercules is considered to be a significant hero in the sphere of science and art. Hercules was recognized as one of the most great and powerful representatives of the Greek mythology; he managed to turn from a mortal person into the god. His bright achievements and victories brought him immortality. A bright representative of the scientific theories about mythological characters and events is considered t be Carl Yung. This great person of his time managed to continue the theories of Sigmund Freud regarding the functions of the mythological events. He managed to continue psychological approach and the theory of collective unconscious and archetypes. He considered that archetypes are always presented in the myth and legends. “… myth-forming structural elements must be present in the unconscious psyche…” (Carl Jung and the Collective Unconscious, 2005). According to his statements the identification of the Hercules myths should take a start from the identification of archetypes. It was stated that myth should be perceived symbolically; it not about the gods or physical world. The myths of Hercules should stress the symbolism of strength and power, courage and braveness rather than the story disclosing the process of man’s transformation into the god. He did not stick to the goddess of the myths. The legends of Hercules are perceived as the process of a male self development during the lifespan. Jung supported the idea that in myths people were usually motivated by a psychological energy pushing them for