ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
During the reign of Napoleon, several outstandingly naturalistic marble sculptures that had been integral to the Parthenon were taken from Athens. The violation resulted for one of Napoleon’s men in the need for bringing sculptures to London instead of making copies, as he had wanted. Therefore, I find it unfair that the British Museum still houses the works and insist on passing them to the Greek government. Initially, one of Napoleon’s men wanted to create copies of the sculptures to decorate his home with. However, according to the permit he gave to his team, no one could interfere with “taking away any pieces of stone with inscriptions and figures” (Zucker & Harris, 2018). The team misused their leader’s office and actually removed the entire sculpture from the building, having partly destructed it. Simply put, this action is originally illegal, which is the main argument against housing the sculptures in Britain. It is also worth noting that the Parthenon has become the symbol of Greek national identity, which aggravates the unacceptability of storing the parts of it elsewhere. Although one would argue that the British Museum preserved the sculptures, they actually suffered while being removed from the building and then cleaned (Zucker & Harris, 2018). The only argument for housing them in Britain is that returning them to their place of origin would require doing that to multiple artworks in other Western museums, hence empty the latter. Along with that, not all of those works are real national and cultural symbols of their homelands. To summarize, I am against exhibiting the sculptures from Parthenon in the British Museum. In one respect, sending them back to Greece would probably oblige other museums of the West to do the same to a big amount of their artifacts. I do not, however, find that necessary, as Parthenon plays a critical role in Greece national self-identification, apparently unlike most of the other pieces of arts.
Purpose The project is intended to find out the impact of bottled water both environmental and cultural. In the past, people have believed that bottled water is superior to tap water and the research will provide evidence to support or oppose this claim. The study will determine the overall effects of bottled water and the results obtained will determine whether people should be encouraged or discouraged from consuming it (Senior & Dege, 2005). The research will also be important in the implementation of other policies. Examples are the policies to do with disposal of bottles. If it is discovered that water bottles are ineffectively disposed leading to pollution, the study will assist in coming up with ways of ensuring that such pollution does not occur but instead that the bottles are recycled which will also save on resources. It is evident that the recycling of water bottles is likely to compromise on the quality of drinking water by allowing phthalate into the water. By carrying out this project, it will be possible to come up with ways of ensuring that the environment is protected while at the same time guaranteeing consumers of quality drinking water. There are a lot of fossil fuels that are required in the production of water bottler and the research will assist in finding out whether there exists more fuel saving methods of producing such bottles. There are many different issues that arise from bottled water and an analysis of all of them is important do determine the relevance of the water bottling industry in society (“Regulations of bottled water”). Areas of investigation. The project will involve an in depth analysis of various factors that have to do with drinking water. The first issue is in relation to the cultural impact of bottled water. It will examine whether bottled water is actually of superior quality to tap water as well as water from other sources. The other area of study will be to determine, from bottled water companies, the proportion of water bottles that they actually recycle. This will assist in determining the exact effect that water bottles have on the environment. A study will also be carried out on the consumers themselves to find out their attitude towards bottled water as well as whether they are aware of any differenced between tap water and bottled water. They will be interviewed on the measures that they take to ensure that their bottles do not form part of pollutants (Elmer & Tanner, 2000). Research method Primary data will be collected from companies that manufacture bottled water through interviewing various employees. Consumers of bottled water will on the other hand be provided with questionnaires to fill regarding diverse issues related to bottled water. The following literature will also be helpful in collecting and analyzing of secondary data: “Effects of bottled water on the environment” Retrieved from: Web. Elmer, P. & Tanner, T (2000). Springs and bottled waters of the world: ancient history, source, occurrence, quality and use. New York: Springer Goodman, S. “ Fewer regulations for bottled water than tap, GAO says ”. Hall, N (2007) Federal and State Laws R
There are two possible types of student assessment, standardized and nonstandardized, which are characterized by different purposes, styles, and methods. The effect of both assessments is regarded as positive and reliable, because students get a chance to evaluate own level of knowledge, clear up personal abilities, work on own weaknesses, and improve them. The point is that these two types of assessment concentrate on different aspects of students’ abilities and knowledge and use different principles as the major grounds. The major difference between standardized and nonstandardized assessments lies in their sizes: standardized assessment allows to evaluate student abilities in different schools and even states, and nonstandardized assessment is aimed to check the level of knowledge and abilities of students from one school or even from one classroom only. The peculiar feature of standardized assessment is the necessity for all test takers to follow one concrete standard to compare students’ readiness for the next level of education. Such tests like SAT (Scholastic Assessment Test) or ACT (American College Testing Program) help to evaluate student level of knowledge and his/her understanding of the material passed. Due to these tests, the issues of language barriers, various background knowledge, and differences of social status become inconsiderable, and many students face certain challenges while passing this tests. Nonstandardized assessment is usually developed for one classroom with a certain number of students. These assessments are not used to compare knowledge of one group of students with knowledge of the other group of students. With the help of nonstandardized assessments, teachers can offer class discussion or group observations to develop new students’ skills and use them in everyday life. Assessments have several phases: one of them is instructional, also known as formative, and another is summative, also known as official. Summative assessment is the one that takes place periodically throughout year, and its results are recorded by teachers and used on different levels in order to find out which student is more competent in one sphere and incompetent in the other one. Formative assessment usually occurs on daily basis during the school year and represents formal and informal observations of student level of knowledge and abilities. Standardized tests may be both formative and summative because the results of these tests will be reliable and helpful for many purposes on different levels. Nonstandardized tests are usually instructional ones as they include lesson planning and promote the development of monitoring and adjusting. With the help of these tests, teachers get an opportunity to evaluate students’ creating thinking and abilities to explain the material in own words and from own perspective. Such assessment does not require following certain standards but does concentrate on student’s invol
Introduction Weeks 10-12 cover contrasting topics, but they are significantly related to materials we have studied before – ethical considerations, the concept of counterfactual, research design, and other issues. Topics discussed below include qualitative research tools, causal inference and counterfactuals, and randomized assignment. They are significantly related to the design of the evaluation and its initial stages, which we have studied previously within the framework of the theory of change and logic models. Selecting tools for evaluation, considering the fundamental problem of causal inference, and working with the sample in the first stages significantly influence the study’s success, which justifies their importance. Qualitative Tools Some evaluation features determine which tools to use for it. As we identified in the first two weeks, two data types are used to answer specific evaluation questions – quantitative, transmitted through measurements and numbers, and qualitative, presented through language. For every kind of data, particular methods allow its obtaining. The need for qualitative data and, therefore, the use of qualitative tools may arise when the focus of the evaluation is the experience of research participants (EDEP 657, 2021a). For instance, such methods are applicable when documenting processes or evaluating implementation. When selecting tools, it is also necessary to consider intended users – if the answers that can be obtained in this way satisfy them – it is another reason to use qualitative tools. There are three main types of qualitative design strategies and analysis approaches:   * Naturalistic inquiry occurs when the program develops in its way without a preselected focus.   * Emergent design flexibility is the ability to modify the design of the study depending on the information received.   * Purpose sampling is a focus on participants who have an evaluation- or program-relevant experience. At the same time, sampling strategies also differ – the evaluator can set a specific criterion for selecting participants or, conversely, include the possible number. Strategies are extreme or deviant case sampling, intensity, maximum variation, criterion, and snowball sampling. The main qualitative methods of data collection are surveys, interviews, and focus groups. Surveys usually include questionnaires and, depending on the answers – close-ended or open-ended – can provide quantitative and qualitative data. Interviews, in turn, more deeply assess the experience or perspective of participants concerning a specific program. There are several types of interviews, for example, structured, open-ended interviews or conversational intervie
Environmental context Racine, Wisconsin is a city that occupies an area of 18.7 square miles. Of the total area of the land the city comprises about 15.5 square miles. Water occupies about 16.76 percent of the area. As of the 2010 census report, it was established that Racine had about 78,860 people. This figure comprised 33,887 households. The city has a balanced racial mix. For example, according to the same census report, the white population was 60.91 percent, the African American population took about 20.32 percent, the Native Americans took 0.61 percent, and Asia took 0.05 as the Pacific Islander comprised about 0.05 percent of the total population of the area. The Racine Unified School District is a diverse community. With a student population of about 21,000 students the district comes out as one that takes education with a lot of interest. The students come from diverse backgrounds. Students come from urban, rural and even suburban regions. All in all, the students come from a catchment area that is within 100 square miles. The urban district of Racine is located on the shores of Lake Michigan to the south western part of Wisconsin. In the district, there are 21 elementary schools with 3 magnet schools. The SC. Johnson Elementary school is located on the south western part of Racine. The school occupies about 13.5 acres with 33 rooms. Majorly, the school has a kindergarten and first grades based in one wing while the other wing houses second through to fifth grades are housed in another wing. The school is replete with an outdoor learning center. Contextual Classroom Factors At SC Johnson Elementary every student comes to class with distinct learning abilities based on experience and personality. It is important for teachers to design the learning environment in the classroom to be accustomed to every learner. A classroom’s physical features include; information posted on the classroom walls and notice boards. This includes; parts of academic subjects’ content in short form descriptions of school’s vision, statement and mission and school rules. Such information if well arranged on the classroom walls acts as a reminder to the students of their purpose in the classroom. Students’ artworks and pictures especially the most outstanding also form part of classroom wall hangings. This acts as a motivation to the students as they feel recognized for their efforts in class. There are other physical features that have been installed in classroom, to help in the improvement and effectiveness of learning process. A sink is installed in the classroom to use when doing art activities and science experiments. There are many outlets since there are many things to be plugged in. There are also projector connections, and sound proofs. Lockers and rest rooms should be close to the classroom. Counter tops, book shelves, and cabinets are many in the classroom for learners to place their books and files. Ventilation and widows are esse
People from diverse backgrounds apparently portray differences in belief systems and behavioral patterns largely due to disparity in cultural settings (Lonner, 2000). On the other hand, similarities are also inevitable in human culture. These similarities and differences in cultural backgrounds have led to emergence of cross-cultural psychology, a study on the interaction between diverse human culture, belief systems and behavioral patterns. Cultural psychology attempts to create correlation between human mind and culture (Smith, Bond & Kağitçibaşi, 2006). However, the main challenge among theorists and researchers in this field is to understand the link between culture and functionality of human mind. Both empirical and theoretical studies have unanimously concluded that the two phenomena are interdependent. Therefore, cultural psychology largely examines the extent and scope in which they influence each other alongside their role in shaping human behavior and belief systems. On the other hand, cross-cultural psychology explores impacts of culture in human psychology by attempting to draw comparisons (Shiraev & Levy, 2010). Since the inception of The International Association of Cross-Cultural Psychology Association in 1972, proponents of this branch of psychology have continually contributed positively towards its growth through insightful researches (Lonner, 2000). According to Shiraev and Levy (2010), cross-cultural psychology is a recent development in psychology since it entails critical analysis and comparative studies on different aspects of culture and their effect on human psychology. A closer look at both cultural and cross-cultural psychology shows some degree of similarity since each one of them addresses interrelationship between culture and mind. However, cross-cultural psychology is extended both in perspective and variables being investigated. Cultural psychology is limited in scope bearing in mind that the major concern of researchers is to investigate individuals brought up in a particular culture. According to Matsumoto (2000), culture is observed characteristics shared among people. This may include attitude, customs, behavioral patterns and societal values which are highly likely to be
Introduction Due to competition and changing preferences, an entrepreneur must plan any business activity and micro manage the risks involved. Thus, this analytical treatise attempts to explicitly discuss my risk tolerance for starting a business. Besides, the paper examines the five factors of production and how businesses compete with each other. In addition, the paper presents the lessons learned and the most valuable concepts from the class videos. Risk tolerance The term sustainability refers to the ability to survive a risk level while at the same time within profitability mode. In business environment, sustainability is affected by the forces in the market, decision science, business structure, and real financial management both in short and long term. Therefore, a business must put in place stringent measures and strategies aimed and monitoring risk modules within feasible levels in order to effectively manage its operations strategies (Nickels et al. 25). Reflectively, there is a need for a certain level of operational risks in the business management matrix in order to track any changes and success of different business strategies. I may tolerate operational risks which involve threats associated with processes, people, and technological elements of running the business. The essential human input requirement towards the entry planning and development phases is part of the operational risk that has a positive impact on the stability of a business. Notwithstanding, the diversification of the workforce in a business may ensure flexibility in the definition of the interdependent components that translate to the realization of an elastic business operation. The above risk will ensure that my business has an up-to-date policy on safety and change strategies (Nickels et al. 35). It will also ensure that the content of the policy is made available to all stakeholders in the business. In addition, the risk will facilitate the establishment of clear reporting, investigation and resolution procedures. Factors of production Technology The mechanization of production demands that the production system matches production efficiency, while assuring quality of the supplied goods. Technology delivers on both efficiency and quality in the production of goods and services. With the appropriate technology, decisions can be made reliably and in a timely manner to ensure quality and efficiency in production. Quality improvement, as a result of technology, will be used to measure, assess, and improve the production channel. The success in quality improvement and efficient and cost effective production management is dependent on the alignment of the production s
Radey and Figley’s “The Social Psychology of Compassion” examines the implications of the existence or lack of empathy amongst social workers and the possible impact of it on individuals, organizations, and society. The article draws from the field of Compassion Science to suggest that positive outcomes in social health work are subject to gentleness. The provision of high-quality, gentle care is the basis of the helping profession. In this regard, individuals working in the caring sector often seek to alter the emotions of others through support. However, they also need to find the ways of coping with their feelings. In the context of caregiving, providing therapy after a traumatic event can end up being stressful for the social worker and result in compassion fatigue and languishing. Four major factors have been identified as the causes of fatigue: failure of self-care, lacking control of stressors, unresolved past trauma, and dissatisfaction with work. The article, therefore, introduces the various ways in which social workers can capitalize on energy culminating in satisfaction rather than focus on dysfunction. This can be achieved by increasing affect, resources, and self-care to produce a high positivity-negativity ratio. The article explores a theoretical model for predicting compassion satisfaction with clients, using affect, resources, and self-care, which are incorporated in the context of social work. With a reflection of personal experience, Radey and Figley offer a description of how the lack of affect, resources, and self-care can have a toll on the wellbeing of professionals, colleagues, and clients. On the contrary, the presence of the three factors does not guarantee satisfaction but rather the proper use of discernment and judgment to comprehend responses to different situations. The failure to discern and judge altruistic behavior in various situations may result in over or under response. This causes disruption of the mechanism used to reinforce empathy, and, in turn, leads to burnout, apathy, and fatigue. Thus, discernment and judgment stand out to be the most important features in how workers respond to stress. Despite the importance of affect, resources, and self-care in bringing satisfaction, discernment and judgment have been identified as the determinants of the positivity-negativity ratio. Cultivating the three factors, therefore, increases the potential of experiencing satisfaction, hence the potential to flourish. In the absence of positive affect, resources, and self-care, the efforts put by social workers can only result in negativity, which causes fatigue. Nevertheless, the article identifies compassion and empathy as factors necessary for the survival of humans, which are likely to help social workers to burgeon. In this sense, the core of the profession requires social workers to avoid emotions that increase negativity or otherwise convert them to positivity. It is most likely that practitioners encounter negative emotions in the line of duty, which creates the need for them to cont
Chapter 1 Chapter 1 of the book by Schaefer (2011) acts as the introduction to the book, where it gives the definition of sociology, as well as the terms and concepts commonly used in sociology. Some of the terms defined in the chapter include sociological imagination, macro sociology, micro-sociology, the functionalist perspective, the feminist view, the interactionist perspective, nonverbal communication, applied and clinical sociology, and basic sociology. The chapter elucidates the difference between sociology and other sciences. It also emphasizes the importance of testing and analyzing the information as part of the sociologists’ roles. The chapter further examines the application of theories in explaining relationships between observations. Some of the founders of the discipline of sociology, which are discussed in chapter 1, include the 19th-century sociologists like Auguste Comte, Harriet Martineau, Herbert Spencer, Emile Durkheim, Max Weber, Karl Marx, and W. E. B. DuBois. Pierre Bourdieu, Charles Horton Cooley, and Robert Merton are some of the mentioned 20th-century sociologists. Chapter 2 In chapter 2, Schaefer (2011) focuses on the application of the scientific method in research work. Therefore, some of the concepts discussed in the chapter include the scientific method itself, research variables, research hypothesis, sample, validity and reliability, research design, interviews, and questionnaires. Other concepts in the chapter include a discussion on ethnography, experiments, secondary and content analysis of sources, the code of ethics adopted by the American Sociological Association, and an emphasis on neutrality when conduction research. The role of technology in sociological research is also mentioned. The chapter concludes by discussing the development of the National Health and Social Life Survey (NHSLS), which was established by researchers with no government funding involved. The survey looks at the sexual practices of US adults. Chapter 3 Chapter 3 of the book is focused on culture, where the social practices that are ubiquitous to all cultures are mentioned. Moreover, the elements that different cultures are elaborated. The culture universals, such as marriage, sexual restrictions, and cooking, formulated by George Murdock, are provided. Cultural relativism, as opposed to ethnocentrism, is discussed too. Discovery and invention are elaborated as components of innovation of culture. The diffusion of culture is also central to this chapter. Other concepts in this chapter include the idea of a subculture, countercultures, language, and the formal