ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction The agreeable fact is that negotiations are critical towards making human life more comfortable. Different parties use negotiations in order to solve their conflicts. Negotiations can take different shapes depending on the targeting goals (Lewicki, 2010). This paper will focus on the ongoing patent dispute between Samsung Group and Apple Incorporation. Companies Involved Apple Inc. and Samsung Company are the leading producers of smartphones and handheld devices. Apple is an American company operating in different corners of the globe. Samsung is a leading South Korean multinational company that produces superior devices. Apple Incorporation “produces revolutionary devices such as the iPhone, the iPod, and the iPad” (Blumberg, 2014, par. 4). Samsung commands a lead in the global market by producing powerful electronic appliances and mobile devices. Some of the company’s leading products include smartphones and tablets. These two corporations have defined their missions in an attempt to emerge successful. Analysis of the Dispute and Negotiation Strategies Samsung Group and Apple have been trying to solve their patent dispute within the last 3 years. This dispute has resulted in a major legal war. The issue began after Apple Incorporation examined the features of the famous Galaxy S. According to Apple Inc., “the smartphone resembled its iPhone” (Blumberg, 2014, par. 3). The programmers and executives at Apple Incorporation believed strongly that Samsung had copied their smartphone (Blumberg, 2014). Apple decided to sue Samsung for stealing its revolutionary technology. On the other hand, Samsung accused Apple for stealing its cutting-edge ideas. This situation explains why the two companies have been clashing. The companies have used different approaches in an attempt to deal with this patent issue. Their “efforts have not succeeded thus forcing the companies to settle the dispute out-of-court” (Blumberg, 2014, par. 5). However, their recent efforts to address the dispute have been unsuccessful. It is agreeable that the two companies have been using a Distributive Bargaining Strategy (DBS) in an attempt to
Instances of the mass shooting in schools and campuses are common in the United States. In 1999, 12 students and a teacher were murdered in cold blood by Eric Harris and Dylan Kledbold. Since that dreadful incident, over 262 institutions have been affected by school shootings. The country has laws that authorize individuals to own guns. Some criminals take advantage of these laws to terrorize students as well as teachers (Hanford, 2008). Hansford (2008) holds that it is imperative to allow the teachers to carry concealed guns to guarantee the safety of students and educators. The parents would prefer the police or military protecting the children to having teachers walk around with concealed weapons. The parents need to realize that there is not enough police to manage all the schools, not to mention classes. Failure to allow the teachers to carry concealed weapons only leaves both the students and instructors at the mercies of the attackers. Teachers have proved that they can protect the children. A case in point is the incidence that occurred at Pearl High School (Hanford, 2008). The school’s deputy principal managed to prevent a mass killing by confronting the shooter with a handgun. Had the assistant principal not carried the gun, a lot of students would have died on that day. Failure to allow teachers to carry concealed weapons would subject students to immense danger. Once the parents drop their children at school, they entrust the teachers with their security. What they do not realize is that it would be hard for an unarmed teacher to confront a shooter. The parents who advocate for gun-free schools do not understand the advantages of arming the teachers. A majority of the shootings happen because teachers cannot prevent them (Hanford, 2008). For instance, if teachers had guns, they could have stopped the Oregon shooting. Take a case of a teacher who is entrusted with the safety of children in the elementary school. In case of an attack, these children would not defend themselves. Instead, they would all depend on the teacher who can also do nothing since they are unarmed. One cannot imagine who would happen in case of such an incident. However, if the teacher had a concealed weapon, he/she could easily neutralize the attack. We should understand that there will always be evil persons in the society. According to Siebold (2013), it is hard to tell when a criminal plans to attack an institution. Thus, the only way to foil attacks is to be prepared at all times. There is a correlation between gun-free zones and massacre. Take for instance the cases of John Malvo in Baltimore, Klebold and Harris at Columbine High School, and Charles McCoy in Columbus (Siebold, 2013). All these incidents happened because there were no measu
Introduction Over time, several debates have been conducted by various scholars to aptly define quality. In essence, quality is a simple concept. However, there are many dynamics and aspects that are variably used by scholars to pin-point the exact meaning of quality. It is for this reason that quality means different things to different people and countless of debates are still ongoing to find an aptly fitting definition. For the purpose of this paper, quality will be generally, yet representatively inclusive, defined as the ability of a product or service to meet the expected needs of its clients (Pereira, 2008). In this definition, several vital aspects such as performance, perceived quality, value and aesthetic value have to be put into consideration. It is with this—and many other reasons in mind—that this paper seeks to define the key aspects of quality. In doing so, fitting examples from the field of Human Resource Management (HRM) will be used to exemplify each of the defined dimensions Performance According to Seidel et al. (2009), performance simply refers to the assessment of whether a product or service has performed as it is purposed to do. In assessing performance, an evaluation has to be done on the strengths and weaknesses of the product or service then an overall rating is done as to whether it performed or not. For example, in HR Management, performance can be measured by assessing whether the workers of a company served its clients appropriately. From a managerial perspective, performance majorly entails profitability by the company, satisfaction of clients and satisfaction of the workers (Pilbeam & Corbridge, 2006). Features Just like the name suggests, features refer to the specific attributes, traits or characteristics of a product or service that enables it to serve its intended purpose (Gibbs, 2010). Other than enabling a product or service to serve its purpose in terms of performance, features also play the irreplaceable role of defining a particular product or service in aspects such as brand management. A good example of such is the difference in features of phones from companies like Nokia, Apple and Samsung. For efficacy in HR Management, there has to be close coordination between the managers, workers and clients so that products and services are tailored with the appropriate features that meet the needs of the target market (Seidel et al., 2009). Reliability With regards to HR Management, reliability emphasizes on the trustworthiness or dependability of a product of service over a given period of time. In assessing the quality, a product or service must be able to perform as is required over a given period of time while intermittently being able to avoid unnecessary brake-downs, failures and down-times (Gibbs, 2010). For example, reliability of a HR manager can be assessed by his ability to perform his duties in a dependable way over a particular duration. Just like features, reliability goes a long way in portraying a company image thus should be keenly considered by those in charge of quality issues in the company. Conformance This dimension of quality answers the question; does a product
The science of cognitive development is directed at the development of a child. But what do we mean, when we talk about development? The term development had firmly settled in our lexicon however everyone allots it with different meaning. The problem of development in psychology is not new, but complex, and far from being resolved. Prominent psychologists of the 20 th century – Piaget and Vygotsky had allotted to this problem and had different approaches on this matter. It appears that these two experts have simultaneously and independently dealt with problems of child psychological development, and their results appeared to be the opposite and mutually exclusive. The main discrepancies are the following. For Piaget the human psyche was the only evolutionary product that performed the function of balancing the human being with the world, and was and instrument of adaptation to the environment. For Piaget the most important developmental mechanism was interiorization. Hence we get a peculiar solution to correlation of development and cognition. Sure, Piaget understood that cognition plays a vital role in development, but cognition cannot alter the course of development. This course is well defined from the inside, and cognition can only make it quicker. Unlike Piaget, Vygotsky understood the very human psyche. He thought of its development not resulting from evolution, but from culturally-historical process. Vygotsky’s mechanism of interiorization is totally different comparing to Piaget’s. According to Piaget, internalization is a result of own experience. For Vygotsky it meant a conversion of human action from external form to internal (Oakley, 2004). This determines the difference between the cognitive theories of Piaget and Vygotsky. If for Piaget cognition is a factor of development, then according to Vygotsky cognition is a necessary form of development, and the purpose of cognition is joint activities of a child and an adult. If the child is not included into joint venture, it does not get any development, as the child is deprived of its source. Cognition according to Vygotsky can play a twofold role regarding development: it can follow development, or orient itself at the future of development. The whole theory of Vygotsky was born from an open and burning debate with Piaget. But Vygotsky had died early and this dispute was continued by his followers. In fact a very unusual approach had one of his foll
Introduction The heater and the pump supplying oil are made to use electricity mainly from a generator without the operation of any auxiliary boiler when it is not in operation for a long time. The procedure is meant to maintain the temperature of the oil in the service tank used. The auxiliary boiler is mainly operated by the fuel oil getting burnt. Thus steam is generated, which is worked on generating a heating coil to maintain the temperature of the oil service tank. A heater is meant to heat the oil, which is always stored in the oil service tank; this provides heat for the maintenance of the temperature of the oil from going down. There is the pump for supplying oil with the main function of enhancing the circulation of oil from the tank passing through a heater and back to the oil tank again; the temperature of the oil is thus maintained. The electric heater and the heater for steam are made in parallel. The heater consists of plurality; a preference that all the heaters are electric mainly for maintaining the temperatures of the oil. There must be at least one heavy tank for oil and the oil tank with low sulfur; these are mainly to help maintain the temperature of the oil in the tanks through reduced heat transfers to the external environment. There should be a heavy tank for storing oil and fuel sedimentation meant for the deposition and storage of sediments and the heavy oil from the heavy oil tank; this enhances temperature maintenance. There is a low sulfur tank for heavy oil service for low sulfur oil storage and low sulfur for oil sedimentation tank for receiving the low sulfur oil from the tank with low sulfur for the precipitation and the storage of the sediments; temperature is maintained. The types of control actions to be used in an HFO service tank There should be regular and thorough checkups on the level of water. The brake should be made sure it is in a release position during the operation of the system. The heater valve should be made sure that it is open at all times during the system’s operation; there is efficient temperature distribution when this is done. Additionally, regular checkups should be done on the feed pumps, checking on the operations and any factors that might hinder their desired performance standards. The temperature should always be increased at
The progress of Saudi Arabia and the efficiency of its administrative system owe its success to the Saudi Arabian government and its politics. Through the great efforts of the monarchial government in Saudi Arabia, this nation has been able to make tremendous steps in the framing of its relation in matters of foreign policies with countries bordering it as well as in improving its own administrative policies (Mayer & Soufi, 1991). This and many other factors which include democracy, politics, political environment and the legal system are some of the factors that this essay will fully analyse and explore. For over a long period of time, Saudi has tried despite the huge challenges to sustain a central government. Challenges they have encountered over a period of time include party politics though not allowed, organizations that politically oppose the existing government, political critics and even tribal and regional rebellions (Mayer & Soufi, 1991). These opposing organizations include the Hijaz, the Shiite and the Sunni Islamists. Some of these organizations pose a huge threat to the security of the Saudi state through acts of terror and violence to state leaders and the civilians. This however is not a setback as the regime has spread royal family members all over and they are manning major posts in all sectors in the government. This helps to thwart any effort of the opposition groups from dealing a deadly blow to the government. In 2005, after the accession of King Abdullah, a number of changes have been seen in Saudi. This has been in order to modernize the political system of this nation. An appointment for the inclusion of ministerial post for a lady has been brought up though it has received opposition from the royal decree and even a faction from the royal family (Paulson & Gezon, 2005). This as a reform gives the women in this nation a platform to voice out their concerns on matters affecting them.Also, a democratic process through elections took place and this paved way to the legalization of political parties (Schaffer, Agusti & Earle, 2009). Also, the role of the consultative council has been and their positions increased. In Saudi Arabia, laws on taxation have enabled the Saudi government to raise revenue for profits from taxing its citizens and even non citizens.This is collected from shareholders who are non citizens but working in local companies, or does some business in the country (Nazir & Tomppert, 2005). These people could also be earning income in the country and are therfore to pay tax, others could be investors or those involved in the oil production centers.The law requires that the pay their taxes. Payment of taxes vary from one sector to another like for
Herbert George Wells, a prominent English writer, published his The Time Machine in 1895. At that time, the writer was 29 years old, and probably already had his outlook and ideas about the human race existence formed. During his student years, Wells studied biology and economics, and was making a research related to the theory of evolution (Hammond 15). These spheres of interest determined the issues risen in the young man’s science fiction. The ideas expressed in The Time Machine were most likely inspired by Wells’ several months stay in Uppark, a XVII-century estate with preserved interior and traditions of the century, which created an illusion of a trip back in time (Hammond 6). In addition, the writer’s ideas were influenced by works of Swift, Voltaire, Plato, and others. The Time Machine is one of the first science fiction works that appeal to traveling in time, and its socio-economic ideas are still a subject of interest even today. The first major socio-economic issue discussed in the novella is the distribution of people into social classes. The Eloi and the Morlocks represent bourgeoisie and working class correspondingly in a rather satire and exaggerated way. Indeed, the Eloi do not work, nor are they busy with mental activities; their daily activities, as well as language and way of thinking, are rather primitive. Moreover, Eloi are helpless without the Morlocks services. At the same time, in spite of the seeming dominance of the Eloi (they live on earth, while the Morlocks live and work underground; the Morlocks serve the Eloi, providing them with clothes), their actual hierarchy gradually switched during the evolution process, as the Morlocks hunt for the Eloi at night and eat them (Wells 36). This is Wells’ way of showing that lack of initiative, work and determination can lead a ruling class to becoming helpless and totally depending on working class. At the same time, lack of education, intelligent work and cultural knowledge (daylight) in the working class can lead its representatives to exhausting and cruel existence, not much different from that of animals. Undoubtedly, this issue is of great importance nowadays, when the policies of most countries do not fight, but even encourage social distribution into classes. In The Time Machine , Wells tries to convey a message that if the existing political system remains unchanged, the confrontation of social classes can gain a global scale, and the “elite” can become victims of their own system. Another issue discussed in the novella is the industrialization and its potential outcomes for the humanity. The writer shows that even though the humanity had reached its ultimate development point, the results of industrial development made its life not any easier, but instead empty and meaningless. While machines remained the central subject of the Morlocks’ living, the technical progress reduced the Eloi’s need for labor, which led to their loss of ability to analyze, think critically, plan their future and evolve. In other words, if machines do everything for people, the latter adapt to these changes and
The coffee beverage is one of the products that I frequently purchase. Ground from roasted coffee beans, the beverage is prepared by running hot water through the coffee and can be served either aromatic, flavored, or dark. Different cultures prepare and serve coffee differently; in Africa and the Middle East, coffee is served in fancy brass cups while Italians’ espresso coffee is served in tiny cups. The French prefer taking coffee with a combination of milk or cream and served in a bowl during breakfast. Coffee beverage lovers in Indonesia prefer coffee served hot in glasses. Nearly anyone widely consumes coffee; however, it is advisable to note that high levels of caffeine can cause heightened blood pressure, heart rate, sleep disturbance, or acid reflux. These effects might be dangerous to kids, pregnant mothers, or individuals with arrhythmia. Nearly one-third of the world’s population drinks coffee to either stay mentally alert, relieve physical or mental fatigue. Other consumers use coffee to prevent some conditions like dementia, Parkinson’s disease, among other diseases. Some quantitative questions about coffee include:  1. How do you like your coffee served?  2. How often do you drink your coffee at home?  3. Which coffee beverage do you purchase more often? While the qualitative questions about coffee include:  1. What is the most preferred name of your local coffee shop or café?  2. When getting your favorite coffee beverage, how do you get there? Scholarly Journal Article Relating to Coffee Beverage A 2019 study was conducted by Samoggia and Riedel to enhance knowledge on consumers’ perceptions of the health benefits of coffee and establish consumer motives for consumption and purchase of coffee. Through logistic regression, the researcher sought to find the willingness of consumers to pay a premium price for coffee based on its health benefits. The research findings indicate that the majority of the consumers are willing to pay a premium price for coffee with health benefits. The results also reveal that older individuals were more likely to pay the premium price than younger individuals, with a high percentage of the more aging population being women (Samoggia & Riedel, 2019). The research also employed a factor analysis in regards to the motives for purchasing coffee. The test results indicate a significant relationship between the perception of consumers on coffee health benefits and rationale for purchase and consumption of coffee (Samoggia et al., 2020). The test shows different motives for the coffee experience, including pleasure, habit, price, and aroma. The research hypothesis indicates that consumers will be more inclined to buy coffee associated with health benefits. Health properties linked with coffee have affected the level of consumption of coffee. Different scholars have come up with assertations that coffee bears biochemical characteristics with potential health benefits. The popularity of green coffee beverages has significantly increased owing to the prevailing belief in its antioxidant eleme
The Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA) is a federal agency in the United States Department of Health and Human Services. The agency is tasked with improving the health care of marginalized or isolated, medically and economically vulnerable groups. Different programs of the agency are funded depending on the load of care elicited. The data of Cark County in the Nevada region is reflected under a wide array of topics. The county has 26 Health Center Services Delivery, including the 12 Ryan white HV/AIDS providers. Only one organ transplant is available that belongs to the national government but housed in the county. Forty-six sites have been approved for the National Health Service Corps (NHSC). Among the agency’s programs, the Health Center program has the highest funds amounting to $6,382,798, and Ryan White Human Immunodeficiency Virus Acquired Immuno-Deficiency Syndrome (HIV/AIDS) Program awarded $7,482 295. Other programs funded include the health workforce with Nurse corps and the loan repayment and scholarship amounting to $529,746 and $177,777. Health professional training Grants to Support Institutions $1,599,987, Rural health $231,710, and maternal and Health $996,344 (“Explore Data and Maps on HRSA’s Health Care Programs,” n.d.). This data compares with the 2019/20 financial year close. Compared to the national level, HRSA presents comparative data of Nevada and Clark County. The national level has data on maternal and child health funding but not available in the county fact sheet. Data for rural funding amounted to 568 districts totalling $187,677,770 with the Ryan White HIV/AIDS Program (RWHAP) grant for the nation, region and local communities amounting to $2,243,866,629. This is way more than 40 times what Clark County was awarded. Shortage Designation Health Professional Shortage Areas (HPSAs) cover areas with population groups placed by the HRSA team to elicit health care and facilities following shortage of healthcare personnel. Medically Underserved Areas (MUAs) and Medically Underserved Populations (MUPs) are other departments dealing with isolated populations with limited access to primary healthcare services. HRSA has partnered with Primary Care Offices (PCOs), where the states PCOs perform needs assessment in the regions. The states assess what areas need the designations and submit the assessment to the HRSA agency (“Explore Data and Maps on HRSA’s Health Care Programs,” n.d). HRSA reviews the