ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction The modern world is characterized not only by a high degree of technological development and social progress but also by a significant gap between different regions. Consequently, the Global South countries are experiencing problems with the dissemination of ideas of gender equality. The traditional media made it possible to draw attention to various agendas. At the same time, the Internet and social media represent a tool to “create a network of hundreds of thousands of followers and to communicate with them” (Ajibade, 2020, p. 23). However, digital illiteracy, harsh stereotypes, and limited social activism characteristic of less developed countries make it difficult to promote gender equality ideas. There are still some proposals aiming to transform societies in the Global South. The essay discusses initiatives related to press coverage of violence, the role of digital tools in women’s career prospects in less developed countries, and Internet LGBTI activism in Africa. Further, each initiative’s role in transforming the existing situation and promoting ideas of gender equality is considered. The conclusion summarizes the ideas discussed and analyzes the importance of media and ICT in the feminist agenda. Coverage of Gender-Based Violence in Indian Media Modern media should inform society about current events, existing issues, and initiatives. However, the Global South countries are characterized by a strong influence of specific political and social groups on the media, which does not allow them to play a leading role in shaping public opinion (Couldry et al., 2018). Nonetheless, Moorti (2018) provides an outstanding example of how journalists’ attention to an episode of sexual violence against women that occurred in December 2012 led to widespread protests for the protection of gender equality. The gang rape proved to be a turning point for India’s feminist agenda, becoming “a site from which media discourses contested people’s anxieties about the shifts in gender roles entailed by globalization processes”(Moorti, 2018, p. 151). The incident was widely reported in the media, which sparked a debate at the state level. People began to discuss the role of modern India’s cultural, religious, and social conditions in the cultivation of gender-based violence. The media play the role of forming and conveying public opinion, which then impacts society’s life. Thus, the coverage of the gang-rape episode in India was the impulse to adopt important gender justice principles. Mass protests, which occurred due to feminist advocates on social networks, forced the government to regulate the situation at the legislative level. As a result, “the Committee on Amendments to Criminal Law — known colloquially as the Verma Commission — to review existing laws and make suggestions for legal reform “(Moorti, 2018, p. 151). The focus on the issue has led to a broader understanding of sexual violence, which has increased women’s safety and legal rights. Despite the uneq
The author of the “Discovery of the True Cross” was Roman historian Rufinus of Aquileia, who wrote it as part of his book The Church History, published in 401 AD. He wrote it in Rome, and the main topic of the source concerns the moment when Helena discovered the cross used for the crucifixion of Christ. The Patria was compiled by an unknown author in the late tenth century who lived in Constantinople, and among its main topics is the construction of Hagia Sophia. Mirabilia Urbis Romae was written in the twelfth century by Master Gregorius in Oxford and explored the topic of Rome’s architecture. Discovery of the True Cross provides the reader with an insight into the story of the discovery of the True Cross by Helena on the site of Jesus’s tomb. Additionally, it describes the decision by her son Emperor Constantine to build The Church of the Holy Sepulchre in the place where the cross was discovered. The historical event featured in the book was particularly significant for Constantine the Great since he was the first Roman ruler who converted to Christianity after observing a vision of a cross (YaleCourses, 2009). This source documents an early instance of the Christian tradition of belief in the power of relics, which continued into the medieval era (Boehm, n.d.). The Patria describes the interior of Hagia Sophia ordered by the eastern Roman emperor Justinian and talks about how it collapsed and then was rebuilt by Justin II. Despite certain historical inaccuracies, this source is reliable and extremely helpful in understanding Constantinople’s architecture. Mirabilia Urbis Romae is essentially a twelfth-century guide to Rome and all of its most significant examples of architecture. It also demonstrates the state of many structures which were abandoned, destroyed, or transformed after the spread of Christianity, including the palace of emperor Augustus and Pantheon. The overall theme of the sources is the influence of Christianity on the development of architecture. On the one hand, it enabled people to create many impressive buildings such as Hagia Sophia but also made them abandon the masterpieces of the past. In my view, the Patria is the most interesting source of all three ones since it contains a lot of historical information and small details about Hagia Sophia, one of the main examples of Christian architecture. According to Kleiner, the decision of Constantine to relocate the capital to Co
Introduction Residential fire is a dangerous event that can lead to serious consequences. The investigation of arson from the point of ignition to its spread is essential to identify the fire’s nature, its growth, and its further propagation (Caulton 2017a). This paper examines the Christmas tree fire presented in the given video, paying special attention to the behavior of the fire. To support the arguments, the paper will also refer to scholarly literature and technical terminology. Ignition In the video, ignition occurs rapidly and spontaneously. As this is an open fire, the combustion process proceeds freely, exhibiting a smooth flow. The flame cannot be characterized as having explosive reactions with flares. It quickly moves in all directions, striving for openings or cracks in the building. Subsequently, through such openings, the flames can spread to nearby buildings or neighboring territory (National Fire Protection Association 2004). The speed with which the ignition process proceeds depends on the area of ​​the building, the existing conditions for the exchange of gases with the environment, and the properties of the burning materials. Focusing on the presented type of combustion, it is possible to note that the width of the ignition front and its perimeter are constantly increasing. They have different directions, moving at an uneven speed. This is due to the materials involved in the fire, the dimensions of the flame itself, and the conditions in which heat exchange takes place (Tinsley & Gorbett 2013). Here, the wind is not a factor; thus, its potential impact on speed and direction does not affect the fire in the given video. The boundaries of the ignition are established during the formation of the main front of the fire. Heat and Temperature Transfer The dry Scotch pine tree acts as a medium that contributes to and increases the fire. Since the situation occurs in a residential building, the flow and supply of air are controlled by a ventilation system. According to Fernandez-Pello et al. (2015), this means that limited oxygen content in the room with a simultaneous excess of combustible materials and substances leads to temperature transfer and heat. In this case, the spread of the fire depends on the area of ​​the supply orifices and the airflow that comes through the mechanical ventilation system (Almirall & Furton 2016; Belcher 2013). As there is an excess of oxygen in the room, the combustion process depends entirely on the fire load. In terms of its parameters, this fire is similar to a wildfire that may be observed in an open space (Wang, Black & Zhao, 2013). Courty and Garo (2017), as well as Xin and Huang (2013), emphasize that high temperatures during a fire inflict the greatest damage. Therefore, high temperature is considered the fire’s main characteristic, along with the smoke. Flame a
Cults differ in terms of the adopted belief systems and as a result, individuals who specialize in the study of cults have tried hard to find some of the characteristics common to cults so that they can use them as a basis for studying them. These characteristics are then put to use at a time when the cult experts are about to identify how new cults now operate. As a result, it is now possible and easier to easily identify if an organization is a cult or not, regardless of their beliefs. A cult can be defined as any religion whose teachings are not based on the God of the Bible. They manipulate scriptures and infringe on one’s decision making ability. Cult leaders can never admit that they are one and always justify their beliefs. We cannot recognize cults by the mere use of common sense and the need to develop unbiased methods is important. Cults are based on two foundations; altering the bible and presenting alternative foundations that are separate from the Bible. Control and influence of lies is at the core of most cults’ activities, programs and relationships (Langone 17). Manipulative characteristics of cults Characteristics of cult include the pyramid power structure where the top figure head is at the apex. In ‘find it quick handbook on cults and new religions’, Rhodes states that authoritarianism is much prevalent in any cult (Rhodes, R. 12). As long as they are alive, the authority of the leaders is usually absolute and although they deny that their followers should not submit their conscience to them, people find themselves submitting to their rules because of the pressure put on them. Kaslow, F. & Sussman, M. (159) state that the authoritarian leader often makes absolute claims about his character, abilities or knowledge. The above authors suggest that those cult members who submit to the authority of their leader are never corrected. This shows the consent and acceptance to the unlawful activities involved. Cult leaders are manipulative of their followers’ character and will always accuse one’s character if you raise questions that differ with their standard doctrine because they feel threatened. The followers’ minds are controlled by men and not God’s spirit since the cult has distorted view of the Holy Spirit (Rhodes, R. 13). Information passed on to the flock is also tightly controlled and censured. A careful evaluation of
Spain is currently experiencing the worst economic crisis since 1950s. The economic crisis has been attributed to global financial crisis that the economy faced. However, its internal imbalances accumulated in the pre-crisis period aggravated the situation. The global economic crisis that began in the late 2007 and worsened in 2008 accelerated the end of expansive cycle. As such, it triggered a severe adjustment of the imbalances accumulated during the previous decade, whose correction continues to these days, four years later, pending its completion (Jackson, 2010). Changes in domestic demand The rapid deterioration of the international macroeconomic context highlighted the structural weaknesses of the Spanish economy, especially after 2008 (Miller & Vines, 2006). Ideally, the Gross Domestic product declined rapidly. This was facilitated by the contraction of the private consumption by approximately 1.4% in 2008. For instance, the demand for houses, new automobiles and retails decreased immensely in the early stages of 2011. According to Angelides (2011), there was a sharp decline in the new business activities and the service sector. In addition, fixed investment plummeted by approximately 5.2%. Overall, dismal confidence in household activities, increase in Spain’s debt levels, and aggressive increase of fiscal asceticism plan enhanced the decline in domestic demand. Dependence in property development and construction activities Ideally, the Spanish growth model inclined on the changes in the domestic demand, and specifically it depended on the property development and construction activities that affected the economy, which has proved to be a failure. The disproportionate growth in the real estate sector, coupled with the expansion of credit needed to finance it, is at the basis of the economic imbalances. In the real estate sector, a spiral off growth in demand, prices and supply fueled a substantial bubble, which burst when the impact of the international crisis was felt in Spain (Kolb, 2010). High unemployment rate Unemployment rate has always been a key factor in determining the stability of an economy. The available data, denoting the unemployment rate of Spain’s economy, is quite alarming. In 2007, the unemployment rate was at 8.3%, but currently the rate is over 20%. The young individuals, who had lower qualifications, demonstrated a high rate of unemployment, unlike the older citizens. In addition to the high unemployment rate, domestic demand in Spain fell by 7.6% unlike in the euro zone, which merely fell by 1.6%. Households reduced their savings rate to historically low levels and increased their fixed capital investment to maximum levels. In 2007, this behavior decisively contributed to the increase of the households’ debt up to 130% of their gross disposable income (GDI) (Angelides, 2011). Currently, the ratio of debt lies close to 125%, higher than the euro zone average (98%), similar to the United States (118%) and lower than the United Kingdom (151%). Non-financial firms’ debts Consequently, other cause of Spain’s financial crisis is the non-financial f
Abstract This paper introduces the topic of the research paper which is the Syntax (Transformational Grammar (the Chomskyan approach to grammar) ) and Systemic Functional Grammar (the Hallidayian approach to grammar). The paper goes ahead and highlights the important theories of language, namely: Systemic Functional Grammar, the theory of transformational generative grammar, an introduction of SF Grammar and Systemic-functional theory of grammar. The paper delves into the characteristics of the theme as highlighted in the theory and the problems with the SFG Notion of Theme. The paper further looks at Functional grammar, Cognitive grammar, Fundamental Cognitive, Grammar concepts as well as the Summary of Cognitive Grammar. The paper concludes by looking at language Syntax and structures, properties of English syntax, the importance of syntax and the importance of learning and teaching syntax. Introduction The human language is a unique and complex phenomenon that can be approached from different perspectives. The central conception of language, according to most linguists, is that it incorporates grammar. Language is a systematic phenomenon that shows structure due to its regular pattern in the way it is organized. Grammar can be defined as a structured system of regular patterns in language. The grammar of language embraces the domains commonly referred to as phonetics, phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics and pragmatics. A grammatical description of language should cover all these domains (Radford, Atkinson, Britain, Clahsen, & Spencer, 1999). The term Grammar does not include phonetics, phonology, semantics and pragmatics in its definition. It is mostly concerned with morphology and syntax, which are opposed to semantics. This definition is characteristic of formal theories that depict grammar
Introduction For over half of a century now, research into music education has increased immensely, if the articles and journals that have thus far been published are anything to go by. In addition, an increasing number of music educators and researchers have had to adjust the music education curricula for schools to keep pace with the rapid development into this discipline (Phillips, 2008) , seeing that a majority of these curricula were drafted several decades ago. Nevertheless, there appears to be limited research that has gone into the area of individual musical genres, such as the study of rock music. For one, rock music has cultural and social impacts on American society. Its teaching therefore would act as propagation of its history and importance to future generations. The aim of this research proposal is to explore the possibility of teaching Rock music and /or the inclusion of teaching Rock music with ensembles in the school. In light of this, a descriptive research study into music education shall be adopted for this particular study. This is with respect to the collection and compilation of the data for this research study. Furthermore, the interpretation and analysis of the research findings shall also be on the basis of descriptive research. Literature review Since music has been deemed as a valuable discipline for a multitude of reasons by both the society and culture for the better part of Western history, it is not surprising therefore that music education has been an area that academicians, music educators, and researchers alike have been keen on pursuing (Phelps et al, 2005). Notwithstanding the readily available evidence from a historical perspective, the question as to why music education is such a significant discipline still begs to be answered. Moreover, the importance of studying music education “invariably arises as our society continuously evolves and its cultural needs change evolve (Mark, 2002). Music educators may inherently be aware as to why music as a discipline is popular today, yet not many of them have endeavored to explore the discipline by way of descriptive qualitative research techniques. Further, not many music educators are also aware of “the vast body of historical justification, rationales, and philosophies that illuminate why society has always valued music education and why it still does” (Mark, 2002). If at all music education as a discipline is to become popular, it is necessary that music teachers are in a position to seek novel ways through which they can progressively involve a large number of their students. One of the ways through which music teachers may ensure that they have performance programs that are all-inclusive is through endeavoring to ‘go beyond’ conventional jazz bands and concerts, choirs and orchestras, to present other musical ensembles that could prove more appealing (Woodford, 2005). One such example is the incorporation of musical ensembles in the curricula of rock music teachings. The idea of a musical ensemble blends well with rock bands, seeing that there are several musical inst
Introduction As much as love and war are contrasting themes, the connection between them can be apparent in the devotion one can feel to either subject. In the modern world, where mass media influenced every aspect of our life, both terms differ from each other as much as they differ in their perception in people’s mind. Addressing the difference in this perception, the poem “To Lucasta, Going to the Wars” by Richard Lovelace is a perfect example of how love and war can be smoothly interconnected. This paper analyzes the aforementioned poem stating that historical period of the poem implied that going to war was an honor priority above one’s feelings as fulfilling the call of honor is the reason why people love. Main body The author starts his poem, by asserting his love for his mistress in calling her “Sweet”. It could be said in general, that the whole poem is based on contrasts. In the first verse, Lovelace shows that he deserves to be blamed. In that manner, Lovelace at first introduces the statement, and then he addresses the first stanza to explain the reason behind this statement. In the second and the third verse: “That from the nunnery 2 Of thy chaste breast and quiet mind 3 ” The author uses figurative language to describe his mistress, where by using such words as nunnery, chaste, and quiet mind he explains the reason why he is unkind leaving her despite the aforementioned qualities and go to war. The contrast also can be obvious in the feel of sadness for leaving his mistress and the description of his excitement in going to the war, “To war and arms I fly” 4 , which is also an implementation of a figurati
The enrolment to the college or university makes a former school pupil enter an unknown institution and face various challenges. One should learn how to meet all specific requirements, find motivation for studying, manage time properly, and successfully integrate into a new community. Reaching all of these goals might be possible after gaining own unique experience but making lessons from somebodys practise is a hallmark of a clever person. The most actual and useful tips for succeeding at university would help to develop a winning strategy of studying like a top student. A Strong Motivation is a Solid Foundation First of all, any success takes its beginning from a strong motivation. This power makes a student work hard even in challenging conditions. According to Smale and Fowlie , “identifying what you want to achieve and why at the start of the course is important, because there will always be days when you wonder what you are doing it all for” (18). Indeed, every student had to ask himself whether his further education is worth of all those nerves and sleepless nights but only those who have firm goals manage to proceed. For example, getting a diploma as a paper required for the future employment is not enough. One should aspire to broaden his horizons and get the best qualification possible to become a valuable specialist because education is all about acquiring useful knowledge confirmed with a degree. Meeting the Challenges of a Students Life Since the very first lecture every rookie tries to accustom to new conditions, requirements, and activities typical for a students life. He meets writing which is a nightmare for numerous generations of students. In fact, every student will sooner or later get used to writing out piles of copybooks, but this will bring him more pain than pleasure. Developing the proper writing technique is the best possible solution for writing haters. Solomon claims that every student should be aware of writing as the way of pulling ahead both in university and life (Solomon 11). Indeed, it is easier to prepare oneself for the exam with a skillfully highlighted and abbreviated important data in your own copybook than to search for all necessary information in endless volumes. Writing is an exhausting activity, but once you have forced yourself to do it, you will become mentally stronger and hard-working. One of the most important students rules by Dopp and Parish expresses the idea of doing everything as your professor asks (Dopp and Parish 930). Newport shares this idea and calls professors as “the gatekeepers to student success” (22). Of course, we live in a democratic society and creativity will always be appreciated but on many occasions, your lecturer is the only man responsible for your note and sometimes the difference between the perfect and the unsatisfactory answer lies in meeting his requirements. A top student is the one who knows how to find a balance between expressing his individuality and satisfying a rigorous tutor. Exams have always been characterized by any student as the period of the highest tension. Ne