ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Money is considered to be one of the greatest inventions of man. It became the primary instrument of trade and enabled different communities and individuals to engage in commerce with each other. When kingdoms were established, it became important for the rulers to establish a monopoly on the currency. Great significance was placed on the production of currency by governments in the Middle Ages. The making of coins, which were used as legal tender by the people, was one of the most important tasks of any government. The document titled “A Treatise on the New Money” provides some insights into the minting process and the roles of the Master and Warden of the Mint. This paper will analyze this document to highlight how it reflects and challenges the assumptions held in England during the late 13th century. The treatise begins by ascertaining the need for an authority to dictate the standard of coins. In so doing, the document reflects the key role played by the government in ensuring the quality of the coins. Suzuki (2009) notes that in the ideal situation, a coin represented a quantity of precious metal whose purity and weight were guaranteed by some trusted authority. According to the Treatise, the authority was the government, which provided a statute dictating the proportion of alloy in a coin and its weight. As the guarantor of the coin’s quality, the government needs some way of ensuring standard. The Treatise declares that the Master of the Mint is in charge of making coins on behalf of the King. This official exercised his authority to make the coin meet the set standard. The availability of standard quality coins was crucial to the effective running of the government and the stability of the economy. The government needed to ensure that adequate coins of good quality were available. The Master of the Mint was the official tasked with ensuring that this happened. The qualifications of the Master of Mint and the Warden of the Mint are also highlighted in the treatise. In England, the Warden of the Mint was in charge of procuring precious metal and making coins on behalf of the Master of the Mint. The ability of this individual to buy quality bullion and silver was key to making standard coins. The treatise asserts that the Warden of the Mint must be an expert in telling how much gold or silver is contained in an alloyed metal. The government held a monopoly on the production of coins and great care was taken to ensure that the dies and the standards used to verify the fineness of silver were safe. The Treatise notes the efforts taken to protect the dies used to mint coins. Desan (2015) reveals that the die was treated “as though were the king’s seal” (p.74). It was the Warden of the Mint’s supreme duty to safeguard this device and therefore ensure the integrity of the money. This great care was taken to prevent counterfeiters from using knowledge of the standard to make their coins. Sian (2015) observes that coin counterfeiting was undesirable and the Master and Warden of the Mint frequently pursued counterfeiters. The document touches on the issue
Analysis of the Non-Market Environment Political forces The leadership of the Brazilian government under President Luiz Inacio da Silva adopted an explicit policy that intervened on the strategic operations of business enterprises in the country. The government was putting immense pressure on Vale to increase its investments within the home country. The political leadership was in total opposition of the company’s international diversification strategy. With the global economic crisis’ effects biting hard, Vale had moved to safeguard its business performance by laying-off 1,200 Brazilian workers on top of slashing the investment budget. The government, however, was in opposition of such a move and looked at it as a failure on the part of the company to help Brazil tackle the global economic crisis’ effects. Vale was also facing pressure from Para state governor to increase its investment in the region. Part of the demands included initiating a steel mill worth $3.2 billion. President da Silva wanted Vale to give priority to Brazilian firms, particularly after the firm indicated its plans of purchasing carrier vessels from a Chinese merchant. Economic forces The global economic crisis that began in 2008 had its effects increasingly hampering business operations at Vale. The crisis affected demand levels and the company encountered poor revenues. Vale, thus, decided to cut down on its overall operation cost by laying-off 1,200 workers from its labour force. With the rising cost of business, there was need for Vale to achieve economies of scale in its business operations, particularly on the delivery of products to its main market in Asia. Given Brazil’s geographic location, it was becoming less economical for the company to deliver goods to China compared to its main competitors in Australia, which is comparably near Asia than Brazil. As such, Vale was forced to acquire large vessels that would help in the transportation of large volumes of its products. The pricing mechanism for Vale’s main commodity, iron ore, changed in the market from a practice of benchmark prices to spot market prices. This was influenced by the growing bargaining power of Chinese buyers of the product. The benchmark price mechanism that was of advantage to the firm, owing to the strong bargaining position that it afforded the company, was abandoned for the spot market mechanism, which gave buyers more leeway. As such, Vale had to contend with diminishing margins as t
Reasons why managers suspect free consulting projects Management consulting refers to the process of providing business executives with advice from a third party. It is focused on improving productivity of a business. Managers prefer consulting for a fee, but not for free. There are several reasons that make managers suspicious of consulting projects offered for free. Most of the projects offered for free are not efficient in improving the performance of organizations (Block, 2011). Managers know that there are a lot of people, groups, and organizations who seek free consultations so as to benefit from their expertise. Most of them have no intentions of hiring these professionals. This makes managers suspicious that the consultants may offer advice that is not helpful to managers. Another reason why managers suspect consultants who offer services for free is that they are strangers to organizations, and one cannot tell whether they can hinder or improve their projects. In most cases, consultants choose to work independently at their own time and way from the organization. They lack transparency that good consultancy requires. Managers also feel that project consultants offering advice for free may not be committed to their projects compared to paid consultants (David, 2013). They are likely to provide scanty information or advice to managers, which may be unhelpful. Therefore, they view them as unnecessary in the projects. Different types of projects and their selling strategy for thorn on a no-fee basis The first project is the 3-year research funded by the CIPD (Richard, 2003). Without charging any fee, the first step is to advise the management of the business to set SMART objectives and goals for the project, with an aim of being hired by the company. The next step is to help those seeking consultancy to identify policies by advising companies to integrate new, or improve the existing policies in order to make changes. A lot of attention will not be needed in this case considering that consultation will not be charged. Since the selling strategy for Thorn is of no-fee basis, it is more likely that appraisals will be run poorly, and hence this will affect the morale of the staff. This can lead to a decrease in performance in the workplace. The second project is about a supermarket chain store called Tesco. Tesco has four stores (Richard, 2003). Each of these stores performs differently. Without consultation fee charges, the HRM can be advised on training its employees, setting goals, and promoting good relationships at the workplace. The company can also be advised to increase the morale of workers by promoting or rewarding them. The advice will be followed with a request of being hired. The other project is about Selfridges. Without any charges for consultation, the human resource management should seek advice which concerns using a central role to control and manage different stores from a centralized region. It should also seek advice concerning training and branding from consultants to gain a competitive advantage. The advice give
Sony Corporation is the fifth largest media conglomerate with its headquarters at Minato, Japan; the company concentrates in consumer and professional markets oriented commodities, its range of electronic commodities includes phones, radio, and television. Currently the company’s board of directors chairperson, who doubles as chief executive officer (C.E.O) is Howard Stringer , Vice president is Ryoji Chubachi and the chief finance officer is Masaru Kato. The current number of employees are above 167,900; in 2010 financial year, the company made an after tax profit of ¥ 7.214 trillion, which is equivalent to $88.205 billion. Sony is a public company listed in two international stock exchanges: Japan Stock Exchange and New York stock exchange; when operating in the stock exchange, the company’s ticker symbol is SNE. As a listed company, the company makes its financial accounts according to international financial reporting standards, and makes disclosures as per the standards requirements. It also has to comply with United States Public Company Accounting Oversight Board requirements: the company’s ends on 31 st March. The company’s public accountants are PricewaterhouseCoopers Aarata branch; they have been with the company for over ten years. Technology has assisted Sony to develop better customer service; mechanisms to get feedback and respond to customer issues are developed and facilitated by computer systems; the company has embarked on massive innovation and invention in electronic products. The company’s operating tag is “make. Believe”. In 2010, the company’s cash and cash equivalents are as follows 1,191,608 million Yens; in 2009, the company’s cash and cash equivalents amounted to 660, 789. The above figure was an 80.33 % increase with an amount of 530819 million yens.
Every health care facility has an organizational structure that allows efficient management of departments and staff. Its type is usually based on the size of a hospital. Researchers found the correlation between the organizational design and performance of a hospital-based on the quality of care, efficiency, financial outcomes, patient satisfaction, and human resources (Crêteur & Pochet, n.d.). The commonly practiced type of structure is a bureaucratic organizational structure, also known as line structure, which implies a defined hierarchy of authority, strict rules, rights, and responsibilities for each unit. In my hospital, the combination of flat and line organizational design can be observed: all nurses have defined responsibilities, which result in high-quality nursing care and healthy interpersonal relationships. Furthermore, less hierarchical layers in decision- making and decentralization allows responding to emergency situations faster and taking effective preventive measures. This structure might be monotonous, can create a tense environment between employees as well as create difficulties in adjusting to changing work situations; however, it was proven to be sufficiently effective (Marquis & Huston, 2015). Being a float pool nurse, I get to work with different people; due to the shared responsibilities, the working process is simplified as well as expectations from my colleagues. The decision-making process in my hospital is decentralized. Managers eagerly involve staff in decision making. The committee performs assigned tasks and monitors the activities carried out by task forces. The taskforce, in their turn, are assigned specific tasks with a narrowed focus under the supervision of the committee. They report to committees, and committees report to councils. Council serves as a coordinator of all activities. Despite some features of a bureaucratic structure, both formal and informal leadership is present in my hospital. Council and committee are already appointed to sup
Historical Lenses and History’s Value It is important to note that historical lenses are crucial in studying history in a more specific manner. Through the lenses, people can often narrow on a particular topic that they are interested in instead of researching countless articles that provide a broad view of their area of focus (Madison, 1788). My Topic The topic will focus on changes to the US Constitution regarding the Electoral College, and whether or not they should implemented as time progresses. Three Historical Lenses The framework of analysis and argumentation will be primarily based on three major perspectives, which are manifested in lenses, which are political lens, social lens, and economic lens. Lens 1 The first lens is the political lens, which is the understanding of the power relationship between those who possess the power and those who lack it. Lens 2 The second lens is the social lens, which addresses the manner in which people interact with each other in society. It also revolves around the idea of right or wrong based on a preconceived basis of governance. Ethnicity, class, and gender are all critical components of the given perspective of analysis. Lens 3 The third lens is the economic lens, which the understanding of an event based on how society is financially divided. It is centered around the factors that drive an economy, and addresses issues of inflation and deflation. Historical Narrative Initially, it should be noted that many people believed that the Adoption of the Electoral College Vote System was a simple process that every person agreed with. However, after analyzing the historical context of the country’s voting system, it becomes evident that many people were involved in ensuring that the EC was used. Moreover, numerous people had to compromise since the system acted as a balance between popular vote and election by the congress (Edling, 2018). The system was a new approach worldwide though it was late adopted by countries such as Germany, Indian, and Canada (Wallison, 2016). Conclusions In conclusion, that has been witnessed with the electoral process; the system should be managed. The US is a democratic society, and in democracy, the winne
Introduction Nokia got it right when they thought up their slogan “Connecting People” The fast paced world that we live in now absolutely requires instant and immediate communication at all times and all places, be it at work, the house or even on the go. We take for granted how we have been facilatated by the communication industry, believing everything just came to be. Its taken years and a lot of hard work to come to the point we are at now Mobile Communication Communication has been around since the time of the caveman. Its not communication that has evolved but the form that has evolved. Back in the beginning we had things like drum beats and smoke signals, which then advaced to morse code and with a lot of things in between we were sweeped off by mobile communication. The era took the world like a whirlwind and still continues to amaze at incredible speed.Though the system is almost a years old, their actual emergence was not felt until until the early 1970’s when the first 1G phones, which used analouge circuit-switched technology, (History of Mobile Phones) hit the streets on a trial run. The official launch off these phones took place in Japan in 1979 followed by Denmark, Finland, Norway and Sweden in 1981. The 1990’s brought with it the 2G phones which made the use of digital technology and introduced features such as SMS and Called ID. Next in line were the 2.5G phones which were more technologically advanced and was seen as the first step towards 3G phones as people were demanding better data sevices and access to the internet. (History of Mobile Phones) 3G phones were first introduced at the turn of the century but did not become highly employed util 2007. According to a report by Strategy Analytics, 3G technolgy will take the world in a wave by 2014. There won’t be any electronic device that won’t be making use of it. From laptops to gaming consoles to digital cameras will all have 3G on them. 3G technology is already being employed widely by smartphones such as the iPhone and Android (Remarkable 3G and 4G devices to become reality by 2014) allowing fast paced access to the internet and other features suc
Introduction The works of the American author Edgar Allan Poe are the bright examples of the neo-gothic style. His prose and poems are filled with dark mysticism and symbolic figures. Poe’s poetry can sometimes bring readers to a sense of sadness, fear, or anger. The Raven and Annabel Lee are examples of such works. There is a belief that both poems were influenced by the early death of his young wife, Virginia Clemm (Meltzer, 2003, p. 27). Although the plot is different in each of these poems, both Annabel Lee and The Raven share the themes of death and lost love, as well as the symbolic language. Theme The main theme of Annabel Lee is love. The narrator claims that his love with Annabel was “stronger by far than the love of those who were older” (Poe, 2012, p. 73). Unlike many other pieces of poetry, this work brings up the idea that love is not always a happy feeling. The narrator claims that “the moon never beams” and “the stars never rise” (Poe, 2012, p. 73) without reminding him of his lost love. The same attitude towards love can be traced to The Raven . The poem reveals the narrator’s “sorrow for the lost Lenore” (Poe, 2012, p. 61). Both poems share the theme of death. Annabel Lee has the final lines telling that the narrator lies by the side of his loved one “in her tomb by the sounding sea” (Poe, 2012, p. 73). The Raven also features death as one of the important subjects through the repeated word “nevermore” (Poe, 2012), which can be understood as the sign that nothing is eternal, and everything will eventually seize to exist. Symbolism Annabel Lee mentions “the kingdom by the sea” (Poe, 2012, p. 72) several times. The image of the sea is used to draw similarities between the roaring, yet empty, nature to the narrator’s heart that is filled with sorrow after losing his loved one. The same emptiness in The Raven is translated through the act of “deep into the darkness peering” (Poe, 2012, p. 61). The darkness represents the shadows that have fallen onto the speaker’s soul. Moreover, the raven is seen in many cultures as the symbol of death. It is possible that death has come to the narrator and he perceives it as the possibility to let go of the bitter memories of the past. Another symbol that is shared by both poems is the reference to mythical creatures. In Annabel Lee , the narrator blames “angels in heaven above” and “demons down under the sea” (Poe, 2012, p. 73) for trying to separate him from hi
Executive Summary Kazakh culture is enriched with century-old traditions and protected by strong family values. This is a land where Asian and Slavic cultures emerge and create the beautiful country of Kazakhstan. This self-assessment report will analyze not only the history of Kazakh culture but also evaluate its business potential. Starting with an introduction to my upbringing, it will create a wholesome idea of the country and its family values. The report on the culture must broaden the audience’s ideas about the country and explain some of the most respected traditions every Kazakh follows. In the next section, the influence of such beliefs on adult citizens and their formation of personality is explained. A thorough assessment of Kazakhstani culture is presented according to Hofstede’s theory of cultural dimensions, which allows the readers to see the full picture of social nature and their life views. Lastly, considering all the factors reviewed in previous sections, a business application of all elements is formed to become an entrepreneur in Kazakhstan successfully. Introduction to Oneself Growing up in Kazakhstan, a child is pampered with love and attention. Most Kazakh people have large families with whom you inevitably spend a lot of time on family gatherings, weddings, and birthdays. The family connections are influential in Kazakhstan; therefore, if one relative faces a challenge every other is willing to help with what they can. Family values are fundamental in my country, which are translated from one generation to the other. Though strict upbringing is conventional in Kazakhstan, where children are taught to respect the elders, know the worth of money, and be thankful for everything they have. However, no one complains about a specific childhood because each child knows that parents do it from the point of love. Respecting all nationalities is natural for Kazakhs, as our country has an incredible mix of Slavic and Asian people, where we celebrate Christian and Muslim holidays. Growing up in Kazakhstan can be challenging at times; thus, it is an incredible country with unique traditions. Kazakh culture Kazakh culture is a distinct reflection of centuries of history and the undying traditions of nomadic tribes. The unique worldview and eclectic customs that distinguish the culture of Kazakhstan from any other Slavic or Asian country is what creates such a mix of traditions and customs not familiar to the other nations. The influence of Russia is apparent in the Kazakh culture, mindset, and art. However, the unique modifications of it make Kazakhstan a land of exceptional people, valuing their history and beliefs. Even though young Kazakhs tend to wear modern clothes daily, rare demonstrating of traditional clothes is still present in the cities and more frequently in distant villages of Kazakhstan (Kazakhstan – Cultural life | Britannica, 2019). Traditional clothing is a representation of pride and respect for cultural values throughout the years. Women’s national dresses with headscarves and men’s unique hats with a traditional coat “shape” manifest the origins of the Kazakh’s customs. A h