ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction The process of adult development is specific in different transformations in an individual’s mind and behavior on the whole. In this respect it is necessary to mention that a behavioral approach toward the theme of growing up is the most appropriate, for its methods can be helpful in outlining main callings and reasons for some definite actions. People grow and logically they should elaborate their capabilities in various fields of life. Thus, the idea of leadership skills worked out in the process of adult development is at a core of the research. This theme is significant because of its strategic destination for the well-being of a definite community of people. Furthermore, leadership just like growing up is a process which can go forward in its elaboration. However, it may also delay or even by the way of degradation. For the purpose of detailed evaluation of such a viable and significant process in an individual’s life the report urges for making efforts in comparison of adult development and leadership skills in the reciprocal relation toward each other. Discussion With a flow of time people notice some changes in their characters due to outside factors and their estimation of events happening at the time. It contemplates different psychological approaches toward processes of cognition and behavioral effects after accumulation and reflection of information about the environment, people, and world, on the whole. The manifestation of leadership skills begins with ordinary communication within peers, then with other age categories of people. This extent of interaction is flexible and provides a dynamic drive in terms of further authoritative attitudes from the side of other individuals. This is why the research deals with relevantly all three stages of adulthood, but the most attention is concentrated in this respect on the middle adulthood. The development of identity, moral reasoning, and ethical behavior, as well as cognitive frameworks for more sophisticated sensemaking (i.e., epistemic cognition) are all thought to be major developmental tasks for adults. Each of these areas is of fundamental concern in leader development (Day and Halpin 55). Social aspect of life presupposes correspondence to an individual’s position or status in the society according to how one has risen to prominence. As a matter of fact, the notion of effective leadership can be addressed to those individuals who feel a great responsibility for current goals in personal life, in the workplace, in the society. Moreover, the process of adulthood can be fastened when an individual takes responsibility for other ones. It is so due to the authority of an individual which can appear as a result of taken responsibility. A period of gradual change in character and interests which is observed on different stages of aging provid
Abstract Obesity in all age, gender, and ethnic groups has become one of the most pressing problems of our age. There are numerous types of health scenarios, which require different interventions to address the issue efficiently. Physicians and scholar may promote non-similar views on the condition and its treatment. It can be attributed to genetics, sedentary lifestyle, environmental factors, etc. Although plenty of programs have been launched at all government levels (addressing both childhood and adult obesity), the results of population cohort studies are quite deplorable. Obesity rates slow down only insignificantly for rather a short period of time after interventions are introduced (Masters et al., 2013). This implies that a totally new approach to research is required. Thus, the present study will assess the problem through different perspectives (instead of implementing a single-angle approach) to assess the arguments provided by supporters of each framework. Introduction Obesity in both adults and children is one of the most acute and largely neglected health concerns of the modern world. This public health problem coexists with famine and malnutrition in all parts of the world despite the commonly accepted opinion that its prevalence can be attributed only to developed countries (Masters et al., 2013). The condition is common not only for every ethnicity or race but also for every gender and age group, which implies that the heritage of the whole planet is at stake if the problem remains unresolved. However, if we study the historical background of obesity, it becomes evident that the condition simply did not exist during the early ages of our development. Paradoxically, numerous improvements in the human lifestyle (the transition from gathering and hunting to agriculture, the development of rural and urban infrastructure, food preparation
Introduction Quality is an important aspect in the operation of any firm. There are a number of perspectives that one may opt to explore while defining quality. On the one hand, quality is regarded as a philosophy and on the other hand, it is viewed as a form of scientific measurement. With regard to quality as a form of scientific measurement, Schlickman (2003, p.19) opines that quality is relative, and not absolute. This means that the definition of quality varies from one customer to another. In line with this, the definition of quality amongst customers also varies depending on their expectations. This makes the attainment of quality a challenge amongst firms. However, there is always an opportunity for a firm to improve the quality of its products and services. With regard to quality as a philosophy, a number of steps are considered in the improvement of quality in relation to products and services. The initial step entails the formulation of an effective improvement process in relation to quality objectives. This leads to the identification of action items by the firm’s management team with a view to improving the identified problems. A comprehensive audit of the findings is conducted and a conclusion drawn and this forms the basis for data analysis. As a result, corrective measures aimed at improving quality are undertaken and reviewed by the management. Considering the rate at which the business environment is undergoing transformation, it is vital for firms to consider integrating the concept of Quality Management System. Quality Management System (QMS) is defined as the number of activities aimed at directing and contr
Great leadership depends on a leader’s ability to be fair even when faced with challenges. In this case, the law dictates that the needs of the meritorious people should be addressed before those of the less fortunate. The king is willing to throw away the available food rather than distribute it evenly among the people. He fears that such a fair act may bring disorderliness and upset the balance that exists between different social classes in Qin. To some extent, the king is right. This is because enactment of laws facilitates the presence and continuance of orderliness. As such, going against the law is not only risky but also wrong. In addition, the meritorious people have levels of influence and resources that might be used to discredit the king if he does not uphold his duties. This would explain why stratification of the people on social and economical grounds is more important than saving lives. The king believes that poor people would rather die than receive the level of treatment given to the rich. However, the food is collected from various regions (Five Parks) and is produced by both the rich and the poor from these regions. As such, it is only fair that the food be distributed evenly among them. With these undertones, it is clear that discrimination is rampant in Qin. Basing such a consequential decision (feeding the citizens) on discriminatory grounds is not right. Every human being has a fundamental right to live. Despite what the law says, no one deserves to die simply because he/she does not belong to the elite members of a given society. There are alternatives that can be used to resolve this issue without leading to the disorderliness mentioned by the king. A quota system can be implemented put in place to ensure that each member of the society gets a share of the available food. The meritorious people can have bigger shares of the food than the poor in a bid to uphold the law. It still would be unfair, but everyone would have food on the table as they wait for the famine to end. This would make the king look considerate in the eyes of the less fortunate, and reasonable among the meritorious people. Similarly, the king has the power to suspend this law if circumstances call for such an action. In this case, suspension of this law would save lives, thereby making it a logical decision. Failure to feed the people may lead to an uprising. Despite the laws in place, people cannot die knowing that there is a solution to their problem. They will be forced to fight back leading to chaos and disorderliness. Suspending this law would ensure that such results are averted. The last viable alternative would be to come up with a tribunal, which would be set to address the needs of the poor people. Communication is extremely important in any society. This tribunal would act as a bridge between the rich and the poor. Members of the tribunal would collect the views of the poor and relay them to the king. This would provide an excellent platform for negotiations on various issu
The majority of the modern companies tend to employ person-focused payment systems in their management process. Such an approach allows managers to control and objectively evaluate the efficiency of every worker’s professional performance. “Determining the bases of pay,” enterprises choose their management style and regulate their wages expenses according to the productivity rates (Malik, 2018, p. 134). However, person-focused pay programs have some advantages and disadvantages both for corporations and employees. Despite minor detriments, a person-focused approach allows evaluating the productivity of the workers, motivating them, and increasing the quality of their performance and the success of a company as a whole. Considering the benefits of the person-centered payment system from the employer’s perspective, it is essential to underline that this approach guarantees the business’ professional growth and its success in the market of services or products. First of all, the performance-based payment gives a firm manager an opportunity to motivate the employees and make them utilize their skills for high-quality performance (Shields & Dolle-Samuels, 2015). Such managing approach increases workers’ productivity and enforces their interest in retaining within the company. It “creates healthy competition amongst employees” and contributes to the high quality of work of the whole enterprise (Rehman & Abbas, 2013, p. 513). Thus, the performance-oriented payment proves to be an effective stimulator of the corporation’s development. At the same time, the employees also benefit from the company’s utilization of a person-focused payment system. For example, a staff member who puts more effort and time in his or her job shows better productivity results and can be rewarded with “maximum pay while having maximum performance at work” (Rehman & Abbas, 2013, p. 513). According to the discussed system of payment, the worker is highly motivated and self-dependent in the workplace. He or she acknowledges the responsibility for the results of the work not only for the personal well-being but also for the success of the company. Such a person is capable of working overtime, upgrading his or her skills to increase productivity and, as a result, the earnings. However, there are some disadvantages to this approach for both company managers and workers. One of the drawbacks of such systems lies in the probable occurrence of external factors influencing the productivity of a worker. For example, the completion of some tasks depends on the performance of a group of people. However, the productivity of each person separately is taken into account when evaluating their work. If one specialist in a responsible group fails, it affects the efficiency of the work of a whole group (Malik, 2018). That is why it is essential to justify the person-focused pay programs to the requirements of particular working processes. Also, experienced professionals perform better than new workers. That is why inexperienced employees lack financial motivation at the initial stages of their careers. In conclusion, despite some external factors influencing employees’ pro
Introduction Quick Restaurants or Fast Food Industries belong to places where consumable food is paid for by patrons. The food purchased could be taken on-site or it could be taken away or it could be delivered by the food company on request. Much of the sales recorded in food industries are franchise supported or are delivered by stores owned by the company. This paper will discuss five forces that drive successes for Fast Food Industries, namely:   * The competition is flanked by existing markets.   * The customer’s existent market power.   * The supplier-seller impact in the market.   * The possible threat of market saturation by new sellers inflowing the market.   * The product substitute threat to an existing market.   * The emphasis here will however be on Entry Threats, Supplier Power, and Buyer Power. Force 1. The competition flanked by existing markets The strength of rivalry or competition in the food industry as franked by existing markets is a pronouncement that helps in the determination of the existent value of the market at any instance. Otherwise, this is a pivoting force that depicts the flow of the market. This force is pushed externally by competitors who may decide to threaten the industry with substitute products. Force 2. The Threat of Entry A barrier created by entry is complicated and does not support the feasibility of economy for an outside’s replication of the position of the incumbent. The most familiar shape of barrier entry, apart from a legal obstacle or physical intrinsic, is thus stated:   * Scales of Economies: These include benefits accrued to massive purchases;   * Entry’s Cost: This is identifiable with technological investments;   * Channels of Distribution: This is notable of competitor’s effortlessness of entrance;   * Advantages of cost are not linked to the company’s size: this is shown of expertise and contacts;   * Legislations by the government: an example includes new government policies and laws which may abate the position of company’s competitiveness;   * Differentiation: this includes the inability to copy certain brands. Force 3. Buyer Power Buyer Power is linked with the horizontal forces which push the value allocation of an industry. Apart from this, the rate at which information is channeled to the buyer (either in a differentiated or concentrated form) supposes the power of the buyer. It is always essential to identify visibly the disparity involving the readiness of a purchaser to use purchase power for produce from buyer power which is likely. This force is nearly elevated in a situation where there exist intermediating retailers in the market. It is also clear in a situation where small suppliers dominate the market and where there is reduced cost of interchange between suppliers. Force 4. Supplier Power Supplier power is an expression of the control articulated by the purchaser. Hence, it is typical to hub
Introduction America has always had a problem when dealing with other countries because of the way America has been protected, for a very long time, by the oceans and seas that divide it from the rest of the world. It was this division that left America with little understanding of how the rest of the world lives and how the country can effectively help others even in times of war. This lack of understanding became highly evident and irreversible during its involvement in the Vietnam war. Although America was right in its decision to fight alongside the republic, it lacked the political will power to actually see any military action in that end of the world, through to completion. Thus shortchaning the South Vietnamese who really thought that America would be able to help them win because America never loses a battle. Admittedly, America tends to under estimate its opponents all the time. The country never guessed that the NVC would be able to win over people to fight for their side simply by supplying them with food rations in exchange for battle participation. Shrewed, simple, and highly effective. Such were the simple basis for the battle plan of the Viet Cong’s. Nothing that would amaze their high powered counterparts, but im
The history of humankind has witnessed several events that significantly affected large areas shared between several countries. One such incident is the explosion at the Chernobyl nuclear power station in modern Ukraine (Naoum & Spyropoulos, 2021). The accident happened in 1986 and has influenced numerous lives and regions (Naoum & Spyropoulos, 2021). The explosion at Chernobyl is a disaster with long-lasting effects that still present threats to the environment and should be remembered by the society around the globe. People’s mistakes have contributed to the nuclear tragedy, which the previous administration attempted to conceal. Chernobyl is located north of the Ukrainian capital, Kyiv, and the country is neighboring Russia, Moldova, Romania, Hungary, Slovakia, Poland, and Belarus (Mousseau, 2022). The station began to operate in 1977 in the former Soviet Union, and about 14000 people lived in the town before the explosion (Naoum & Spyropoulos, 2021). The closest city was Pripyat, with approximately 49000 residents, many of whom were Chernobyl employees and their families (Naoum & Spyropoulos, 2021). A reactor exploded on April 26, 1986, during a safety test, and the incident was due to several reasons, such as human errors, unauthorized manipulations, and design imperfections of the reactor (Naoum & Spyropoulos, 2021). The Soviet authorities had tried to hide the occurrence but failed, and the Chernobyl accident later ranked at the maximum classification on the International Nuclear Event Scale (Naoum & Spyropoulos, 2021). The fire burned for ten days, and a radioactive plume spread across Europe, with an exclusion zone remaining nearby Chernobyl (Mothersill, 2022). The disaster at Chernobyl has impacted numerous people, especially those who lived nearby. The Chernobyl accident has caused multiple consequences, primarily because of radiation. Radioactive substances significantly contaminated more than 38000 square miles, affecting vital natural objects like the river Pripyat, which was watering the broader area of Kyiv (Naoum & Spyropoulos, 2021). The explosion harmed agricultural lands and pine trees and led to the weakening or dying of wild animals (Naoum & Spyropoulos, 2021). According to Naoum and Spyropoulos (2021), d
Introduction Recycling refer to the process that enables unwanted materials to be reclaimed and used in making other products. The objective is to minimize the potential waste of valuable resources. Recycling helps to reduce the waste of useful materials. It also helps in the management of the use of new raw materials. In addition, recycling minimizes the consumption of energy, as well as air and water pollution. This is achieved through minimizing the use of conventional trash disposal, and reducing emissions from greenhouses. Recycling is a critical aspect of waste management in the modern days. It is the third aspect under the waste management hierarchy of “Reduce, Reuse, and Recycle”. The benefits of recycling are far reaching. Recycling does not only reduce and minimi
Foreign direct investment is an establishment of a long-lasting relationship by an investor of one economy in an enterprise owned by another economy. For the relationship to exist both parties must agree on certain terms of operations and the relationship starts with an initial transaction between investors and the enterprise of interest and among affiliated enterprises. Foreign direct investors may be organizations, people or public enterprises which run in foreign countries. This relationship between investors with foreign economies has a degree of influence on the management of various economies. The following is information about Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) in Argentina, Brazil and Chile. FDI environments of the three countries have been compared in terms of the countries’ trading partners and major foreign investors. The FDI performance index together with the merger and acquisition level for each country has also been highlighted. According to UNICTAD (2012), FDI in Argentina, Brazil and Chile and generally in Latin America is high and this has been attributed to major privatization and growth prospectus in the region. Foreign Direct Investment in Argentina Argentina is a South American country neighboured by Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Paraguay and Uruguay. Argentina possesses a mixed economic system characterized by private freedom and a centralized economic regulation and planning by the government. Major trading partners of Argentina in Latin America include Brazil, United States, Mexico, Paraguay, Chile and Venezuela. Foreign trade plays a bigger role in Argentine economic development and it contributes a lot to the Gross Domestic Product of Argentina. However, agriculture is the backbone of the economy. Export goods include grains, cattle and farm products. It has been reported that Argentina is the world’s largest cattle producer (globalEDGE, 2012). High technology goods and services at the moment are also becoming important export goods for Argentina. Argentina has many foreign direct investments; the leading firms doing FDIs are United States companies. About 500 United State companies are currently operating in Argentina. Main investment sectors in Argentina include financial, information and manufacturing sectors. Between 2001- 2002, it has been reported that increased arrears to international creditors and increased level of claims from foreign direct investments caused an economic crisis in Argentina and this is yet to be solved (globalEDGE, 2012). The Foreign Direct Investment Performance Index computed for three years from 2005 to 2007 for Argentina was 0.871 which ranked the country at position 90. This was a drop in the FDI index because Argentina was ranked position 81 based on the FDI performance index computed for three years from 2004 to 2006 (UNCTAD, 2012). FDI performance index is usually calculated for three years to account for errors which may occur during collection of data for estimation of the FDI performance index. Foreign Direct Investment in Brazil Brazil is the largest country of South America; neighbouring countries of Brazil include Argentina, Bolivia