ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Definition A disease is an abnormal condition of an organ in the body brought about by an infection caused by a virus, bacteria, protozoa, or physical injuries that impair the correct body functions and that can be detected by specific symptoms and signs shown by the body. In a broader sense with regards to human beings, the disease is any condition that can cause excessive pain, distress, dysfunction, and even social problems. Diseases can be categorized depending on their causes. Such a classification can include diseases transmitted through air, water-borne diseases, sexually transmitted diseases, and vector-borne diseases. The latter groups consist of diseases transmitted from a vector as a result of a pest or insect bite that may contain the virus or the bacteria that cause the infection. Such diseases transmitted through a vector include malaria, filariasis, yellow fever, and West Nile. Malaria Malaria is a parasitic disease caused by protozoan parasites called plasmodium. Plasmodium is transmitted from the host, an infected female anopheles mosquito, through a bite to the victim. The parasites, once inside a human body bloodstream multiply in the liver and then infect the red blood cells. This hampers with blood supply to important organs and as a result, symptoms start showing up that includes: anemia, fever, chills, nausea, shortness of breath, and in severe cases coma and eventually death. Malaria is an epidemic disease worldwide but an endemic disease in Africa (WHO, 2007). Nearly 40% of the whole world’s population is exposed to the risk of contracting malaria. The threat is a reality in sub-Saharan African where statistics indicate that 60 % of all hospital admissions are malaria-related cases and worse still the disease kills one child out of twenty before they reach the age of five. Worldwide wide a child dies every 30 seconds as a result of malaria (WHO, 2007). Malaria is not merely a disease associated with poverty but it is also a cause of the same. This becomes a hindrance to economic development due to the large nu
There is increased eating disorder on various groups of people and especially the middle aged adolescent group. The eating disorders cause great morbidity and premature mortality risks mostly to young adolescent girls and women. Currently there are no solid proofs for the real causes of the eating disorders. The current high eating disorder prevalence among young adolescent men and women have triggered a need for the search for modifiable risks factors that will help in explaining the causes of the disorder and how it can be mitigated. Psychologists have associated the eating disorder to some psychological, socio-cultural and biological factors. This eating disorder is referred as Anorexia nervosa. The disorder is characterized by self eating denial commonly accompanied by excess body weight loss. Anorexia nervosa is identified when an individual weighs 15% less than his/her body weight (Klein, Schebendach, Gershkovich, Bodell, Foltin & Walsh, 2010). There is no exact known cause of Anorexia nervosa. Nevertheless, researchers have associated the disorder to be a resultant of some environmental conditions, personality traits, emotions and thinking patterns or some biological factors. In summary, the causes of Anorexia nervosa have been categorized into three classes by researchers. The causes are biological, socio-cultural or biological. Researchers attribute overlapping socio-cultural accounts to include the tripartite pressure and dual pathway. Research has shown that a lot of pressure from pears, family and mass media has a tendency to trigger body dissatisfaction and eating disorders directly and also through two mediating mechanisms. These mechanisms involve internalization of unrealistic and ideal societal attractiveness. An example for this is where ultra-thinness is considered as the ideal beauty for women. This entails from the tendency for an individual to frequently compare his/her physical appearance with pears or media ideals. The other mechanism is where one suffers from elevation in negative effect. It has been noted that appearances pressure from the mass media, family or pears has been caused by social sanctioned attractiveness ideals that cause one to be dissatisfied with her/his body. Consequently, body dissatisfaction eventually leads to eating disorders symptoms over time. It is perceived that plumb girls that have internalized ultra-thin ideals for attractiveness for women are vulnerable to later increases in disturbances that will affect their eating habit. Researchers have identified that women often engage in frequent appearance comparisons than men and this makes them suffer from body dissatisfaction more than their counterparts’ men. This reason explains why there are many women that suffer from eating disorders than men. Weight and body dissatisfaction have been highlighted as the major causes of eating disorders. It is noted that majority of the people
Statement of the Problem Primary Problem After recruitment of new employees in the company, a newly composed team/group to pursue the projects of the company faced difficulties thus making the organizational process impossible. The difficulties resulted from poor personal interaction and lack of teamwork. Satellite Problems   * The group is unable to function effectively due to personal opinions and differences.   * The company is unable to realize its goals from the duties of the group. Implications Organization   * It becomes hard to realize the goals of the organization. This will definitely affect the performance and sustainability of the organization.   * The problem affects the working environment and other individuals have their capabilities and productivity for the organization reduced.   * The situation affects the reputation of the company since more employees will find it impossible to work as teams. This might as well result in increased turnover rates.   * The eventual beneficiaries of the project done by the group are the consumers of the company. The continued problem will make sure they do not receive the necessary gains and services from the company. This will definitely tarnish the image of the company. Personnel   * The individuals in the group will be dissatisfied with the working plan. The inability to achieve and deliver will make them quietly and eventually affect the overall performance.   * Due to the nature of the problem faced by the group, definitely there will be more stressful working environment. This is because of poor communication and inability to address the problems affecting the individuals.   * With lack of proper performance while the individuals had joined the company with high expectations, the newly recruited employees in the organization might decide to leave the company. Majority are finding the working environment unbearable and unrewarding. This might make the individuals give up on the job.   * The problem results in a poor organizational structure within the group and the company as a whole. This is a clear indication that the employees will find it unbearable to work one another and this will definitely affect the performance of the
From the first day of his active life, Claude McKay was one of the most exciting and multilateral people from the political and literature perspective. This person represents the idea of how only one person may leave a significant trace on the whole world history by talking about his or her feeling while no one could decide (Camarsana). McKay’s biography analysis teaches us how to become a member of “world society,” in other words, an individual without a concrete country of living. While writing, Claude McKay was trying to be the locomotive in building international society by struggling with racial and social inequality throughout the whole world. Firstly, Claude was an interesting person from many points of view due to his zeal for disclosing new horizons day by day. He traveled around the world, residing in the USA, England, Morocco, and even the Soviet Union. All of these journeys made a significant impact on McKay’s life and work. For instance, many of his works are fulfilled with the “home” the
There are many debates concerning the effectiveness of different intensities in cardiovascular activities used in weight loss programs. Many people are confused regarding which exercises are good for their health. One of the most important aspects of weight loss is time. It is important to join training programs that ensure that individuals use time effectively while at the same time enjoying the benefits of the exercise program. In addition, it is important to understand how the body’s system works in relation to weight loss. The body had two main lipolytic systems. The oxygen dependent lipolytic system and the oxygen independent lipolytic system. The oxygen dependent lipolytic system relies on the breakdown of fats and lipids to enable the body to produce energy. This system aids the body significantly in lower intensity or endurance exercises. On the other hand, the oxygen dependent glycolytic system produces little energy and relies on glycogen and glucose. This system produces little energy and is not reliable. It is important for individuals to understand fully how these two systems operate. It is recommended for people who are taking part in weight loss programs to engage in low-intensity cardio-vascular activities because they use the oxygen dependent system. Low-intensity activities are encouraged because they use fat as their source of energy thus aid in weight loss. One of the most effective weight loss methods is the Tabata method. This method was invented by Izumi Tabata from Japan. He invented it from a study that he conducted on two sets of athletes that took part in high intensity and low intensity activities. He found out that high intensity training led to positive changes in both aerobic and anaerobic systems in the body. The other group of athletes that took part in low intensity training experienced significant improvements in their aerobic system and little or no improvements in their anaerobic system. The Tabata method involves an initial short period of intense activity for 20 minutes. This is followed by a 10-seconds rest, followed by a repeat of the previous activity for 20 seconds. This cycle is repeated for eight more times with a rest period of 10 seconds between activities. After the first cycle, a 2-minutes break is recommended, followed by two more repetitions of the whole cycle. This method can be effectively used in any training period. The Tabata method can be done using weights. Another effective method is the High intensity interval training (HIIT). It involves alternating between high intensity workout and low intensity workout. It is effective because it enables the body to burn calories and lose weight. These methods are effective foe maximum weight loss. However, other methods can be utilized if these two are strenuous.
Introduction In the American history, there are individuals who stand out conspicuously due to the influence that they had in society during the colonial era. It is amazing how some individuals would stir the society to wake up and claim independence from the Great Britain. One of these men is Thomas Paine. Though a mere resident, Thomas brought awakening call to millions of Americans when he wrote Common Sense . What baffles even contemporary scholars is the fact that within a very short time, probably months, there were over 120,000 printed copies of this masterpiece. The most intriguing part of it is that during this short time, thousands of people had read Common Sense and gotten the message clearly. The other significant figure in American history is the famous Thomas Jefferson, the man who supposedly drafted the Declaration of Independence. Jefferson, a president, political philosopher, a writer and a reformist, valued independence that he would do anything to see it happen. One of his popular lines were, “We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal , that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness ” (Jefferson). Response to Questions Thomas Paine was very tactful in writing Common Sense and used different ways to justify rebellion. He employs literal imagery and creates arguments to show that Monarchy was of no use and that England was of no help to the colonies. The first literal imagery is painting monarchy as a sin from the beginning of creation. According to Paine, there were no kings in the world not until Jews decided to go against the will of God and demanded a natural king that they would see. The argument here is that, monarchy owes its roots to sin. He goes ahead to insinuate that even if kings were to be allowed in society, their children should never be allowed to succeed them because this is unpalatable practice that nurtures incompetence, corruption and to some extent, civil wars. “The first King should have been appointed either by lot, by election, or by usurpation” (Paine 119). The subsequent kings should follow the same process; hence, rendering monarchy null. Paine creates imagery when he paints a picture of a minute group of individuals finding themselves in an island, isolated from the mainstream society completely. As these people get to know each other, they realize that t
Barnaba da Modena was an Italian artist. His life and destiny are rather unclear. The thing is that nobody knows for sure in what town he worked as an artist. Some experts admit that he worked in Modena. Others suggest that the town he worked in was Genoa (Gardner 6). Still, the majority of specialists highlight that specific art by Modena is the main thing to suppose that the artists worked in Siena, which influenced greatly his artistic manner. In that time, the fourteenth century, such a school of art as the Sienese one was highly popular. For example, one can observe elements in the works by Barnaba da Modena which resemble the works by such Sienese painters as Duccio, Simone Martini, Taddeo di Bartolo, and many others. Some people even argue that the majority of paintings that are ascribed to Barnaba da Modena are made by some of the artists mentioned above. Anyway, the tradition of the Sienese painting school became a turning point in the artistic life of Barnaba da Modena. It should be pointed out that the Sienese painting school existed in the period between the thirteenth and fifteenth centuries. That is why it is obvious that the peak of its development was exactly the fourteenth century. The main approaches used by the painters of the Sienese school were close to Byzantine art. In many aspects, the representatives of the Sienese school of painting followed its principles. Of course, certain manners of presenting different scenes were not the only distinguishing feature of works by the Sienese painters, as well as Barnaba da Modena. We should not forget about the historical background of that period. The fourteenth century was the epoch of religious motives which were represented in every sphere of life. The same can be said about the development of the art of the fourteenth century, especially Italian art. Still, we should not forget that for many years there was a confrontation between two sides: Iconoclasmists and Iconvenerationists. If the representatives of the first group were against the depiction of Christ, God, Mother of God, and other saints, Iconvenerationists preferred to depict various holy events and saints, but not simple abstract things. For some time, principles imposed by Iconoclasmists were the leading ones. Moreover, the opposition between the two groups was rather stern: many works of art of that period were lost for the community. Nevertheless, after some time Iconvenerationists won the artistic battle and caused rapid development of icon painting, which, in its turn influenced other spheres of art in the future. It goes without saying that traditions of Byzantine artists, topics which they revealed in their works were followed by the Italian painters. If one has a closer look at the Virgin and Child by Barnaba da Modena, it would become obvious that that painting bears resemblance to an icon. The painting was created by Barnaba da Modena in the 1360s. its size is 100 x 63 cm. Although the historical period was
The process of adolescents’ personal development is characterized by a psychological tendency to be independent, make their own decisions, and free choices. However, the character of an adolescent is not formed yet and tends to be easily exposed to harmful influences leading to addictions of different types, including drug, tobacco, alcohol, or Internet addictions. The choice of the topic is dictated by the fact that adolescent addiction remains one of the most serious problems within this age group. The disorder leads to adverse outcomes, such as insufficient school performance or failure, deviant criminal behavior, health issues leading to more severe problems in adulthood. The point is relevant in the modern world reality due to the variety of freedoms and easy access to information and products young people can get today. The scope of scientific literature on the topic is available now. However, most of the researches concentrates on one particular type of addiction without a general overview of the disorder as a whole. It is crucial to study dependence in adolescences in a variety of its forms to identify the decisive tools and methods of influence to provide treatment interventions. Addiction as a Disorder Adolescence is a period in human life that is marked by the need to behave independently. However, such willingness might lead to socially harmful activities and predetermine addictions. Addiction is a kind of disorder that involves an individual’s constant need to use some substance (drugs, alcohol, tobacco, and others), resulting in a set of “behavioral responses characterized by problematic self-control” (Adiele & Olatokun, 2014, p. 100). This disorder becomes the most obvious in adolescence but has relations to the character of upbringing in childhood, psychological family atmosphere, and environmental factors that might have their effect on the earlier stages of development. According to recent studies, drug addiction, “cannabis and alcohol use …, along with tobacco, are the drugs most often used by adolescents” (Moshki, Hassanzade, & Taymoori, 2014; Kelly et al., 2015, p. 627). The abuse of these substances might lead to health issues, academic failure, and more psychological severe disorders in adult life. Influential Factors Contributing to Addiction in Adolescences Any disorder has its reasons to appear, which are based on some influential factors. It is relevant to indicate
Introduction The current society is very concerned about the natural environment. Nature is under threat from various factors that affect it in one way or the other. The world is increasingly being globalized. Scientists are coming up with new strategies of approaching various issues within the society. Every aspect of life has been made easier. Communication has been enhanced through the invention of the telephones, the mass media, and the social media. Transport is also enhanced. All these inventions come at a cost. The cost of the inventions is the environment degradation. Most of the technological inventions have great negative impact on the environment. The manufacturing firms emit great amount of poisonous gases at their plants that poses great danger to the environment (Boschman 78). The wastes from the machines and other gadgets made for use by human being poses even greater challenge to the nature. This is has necessitated a lot of research from scholars who are concerned with the rate at which the environment is degraded. In literature, scholars have made an effort to fight for the environment. The scholars have used their literary weapons to defend the environment from pollution emanating from various manufacturing plants and various other sources. They have made effort to put to focus, the magnitude of environmental degradation from various human activities. This is the fo
The U.S. has undergone several civil service reforms through its history. From the Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act in 1883 that mandated that government positions should be filled according to merit rather than other criteria to lesser State reforms. In recent years, different states, including Georgia, Florida, Arizona, Colorado, and Tennessee, have been reforming their civil service policies. These reforms, in general, are aimed at making it easier to hire and retain government employees based on their merit and job performance. These reforms also make it easier for government agencies within these states to seek the most competent employees. In a large part, this is achieved by removing protections current employees enjoy, such as seniority, and converting their positions to “at will” status. This status means that an employee can be laid off without having to find a justifiable cause for termination. The exception is illegal termination, such as that based on discrimination on the grounds of sex or religion. Tennessee saw a major reform of its civil service in 2012, addressing the issues mentioned above. In the previous system, seniority was considered the primary criterion for employment, giving preference to more senior employees rather than ones who are more competent or suitable for the job (Barrett & Greene, 2015). The test given to applicants was described as “antiquated” and not necessarily related to the skills required by the position (Barrett & Greene, 2015). Finally, only the top 5 scorers on the test could be hired, giving preference to the most senior candidates, and thus severely limiting an agency’s hiring options (Barrett & Greene, 2015). State legislators targeted these issues with their proposed reform. The 2012 Tennessee Excellence, Accuntability and Management (TEAM) Act sought to change that, as well as introduce other improvements to the state’s civil service system. It concerns both hiring and layoff practices, and makes civil employees’ performance easier to evaluate. Specifically, the TEAM Act requires agencies to clearly define the knowledge and skills required for each position (Tennessee Department of Financial Institutions, n. d.). Furthermore, in case two candidates with equal qualifications are available, preference will be given to veterans (Tennessee Department of Financial Institutions, n. d.). Employees performance is now evaluated through setting specific, measurable, achievable, relevant and time-sensitive (SMART) goals, a system commonly used in private businesses (Tennessee Department of Financial Institutions, n. d.). Finally, though seniority is considered