ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
There is no use denying the fact that sport has always been an integral part of human society. Since ancient times, people have devoted great attention to games with a competitive nature and develop various skills of participants. Being part of physical culture, with the development of society sport has become a very important sphere of human activity. Nowadays, it is not just a phenomenon which satisfies the needs of people and entertains them. It is the part of social life that spreads its influence on many layers of society. Besides, the more adherers a certain kind of sport has, the more influential it becomes. With this in mind, it is possible to say that is the most popular game nowadays, soccer can be taken as a unique phenomenon in the world of sport. Thus, the rise of the popularity of this kind of sport can be connected with its blistering development. It is a well-known fact that soccer, as a kind of sport, appeared in England. However, it should be noted that games with a ball were popular in a great number of different countries all over the world, starting from China and ending with Greece. However, in England people created the first main rules which helped this game to obtain its well-known image. Students of Cambridge and Oxford managed to create the main regulations and rules which later became accepted by all teams which played this game. Additionally, in 1885 soccer was accepted as a professional kind of sport ( History of Soccer, n.d.). Since that time the blistering development of this kind of sport and the rise of its popularity has started. There were about 70 teams in England which played with each other. Moreover, the first international game between England and Scotland also promoted the development of this kind of sport. Being excited by the visual appeal of this kind of sport, people wanted to play soccer because It was rather easy to do as some special equipment except the ball was not needed. As a consequence of all these events, nowadays soccer is the most popular sport which is played in all countries of the world. Traditionally, England was considered to be the place where this game had the greatest number of fans. However, nowadays, things are changed. There are many countries in which soccer is taken as a sort of religion and national teams are taken as the heroes of the nation. One of the brightest examples of such an attitude is Brazil. Its national team is considered to be the strongest in the world and its football players have the marvelous skills that impress the whole world. Brazil is the five-time world champion and this result is not surpassed. Nevertheless, Pele, the best football player ever, was also born in Brazil. With this in mind, it is possible to say that soccer is the most popular kind of sport in the world which has its unique history. Europeans and people who live in South America consider it to be a sort of religion, while in other countries it is less popular, though it continues its development. The most well known and strongest clubs like Real Madrid or Barcelona promote this increase, playing in d
Introduction Depending on the new adventures and past experiences, the mental issues that pilots and their support team face before, during, and after flights are numerous; nonetheless, such issues are mostly psychological. Generally, the aviation psychology concepts are defined based on the context of discussion. Aviation psychology studies the psychological behaviors of pilots and flight crews with the objective of establishing and embracing safe flights. Clinically, psychological health and stability is a critical provision for safe flights. Psychologically, pilots and flight crews need to be well equipped so as to avert the psychological challenges that might interfere with their performance while on a flight. It is vital to assert that aviation psychologists must be well-informed in both psychology and aviation for successful flight missions. For instance, in the context of the U.S., aviation psychology remains largely as a socio-psychological operation or revolution that stipulates the disparities between personalities and work performance (Goeters 2004). Therefore, this concept upholds the different perceptions that individuals develop value through distinct experiences and encounters. Furthermore, it also values the backgrounds of personalities emanating from racial, tribal, gender, sexual nature as well as the class disparities within the aviation industry (Bor & Hubbard 2006). Aviation psychology in a broader context struggles to value the ideals regarding psychological steadiness, equity as well as liberty on which the fundamental human life and psychological concepts lie. Consequently, there has to be equal respect and regard to pilots and flight crews (Powell & Bartholomew 2003). This perhaps forms the principle pertinent to the psychological settlement and behavioral development. Observably, the magnitude of this concept in various professions and other practices within the aviation remains unavoidable. Therefore, it is crucial to explain how aviation psychology impacts the performance of pilots and flight crews in order to enhance safety during flights In regard to Aviation Psychology Aviation psychology relates to aviation saf
Just like any other profession, an occupational therapist desires to become proficient in his or her field. The capacity to provide quality healthcare to clients would undoubtedly increase their satisfaction in the service provided. But more importantly expertise in care means the less chance of error. A Zen master was able to put it succinctly when he said, “In the beginner’s mind there are many possibilities, but in the expert’s mind there are few” (Suzuki, 2009, p.1). In other words a person having a broad view of the profession and well-informed regarding current practices would be able to make the right decision much quicker than others (McColl, 2003, p.5). It is a skill necessary in the context of helping those who are in grave need of assistance. In order to transform a beginner into an expert, mentoring and other training strategies should just be the beginning. It is also important to understand how human beings think and learn. A theoretical framework is therefore necessary to enhance research and practice in the field of occupation therapy. Background The baby boomers, the ever popular demographic are entering the latter stages of their lives, the part where they are going to feel the impact of being old and gray. And as a result they will need expert medical care. At the same time the realities of modern living, the pressure of working in a highly competitive world has taken its toll on the physical and mental well-being of the workers. This has created problems such as the inability to cope with job requirements, injury in the workplace, and failure to achieve efficiency. In w
People communicate with one another across space, time and contexts. Communication is an ongoing process that, in most instances, has no specific beginning or end (Wood, 2012). Context is an important aspect of interpersonal communication, which is defined in various ways. It is conceptualized as the areas which broadly define the communication discipline and can be interpersonal, group, organizational and mass (Casmir, 1994). It has also been used to refer to social settings, e.g., parties and institutional settings, prisons, schools, etc. (Knapp & Daly, 2002). It has also been understood as referring to the characteristics of objects which constitute an environment (Casmir, 1994). Context, therefore, may comprise behavioral, environmental and psychological perspectives (Casmir, 1994). It is the context that gives any communication its meaning. Explanation Various scholars have repeatedly asserted that without context, words as well as actions have no meaning. This assumption concerning the crucial dependence of a communication on context has gained substantial agreement among interpersonal communication practitioners and scholars over the years. Where the situation, in which communication occurs, has an influence on or affects the way the process is likely to go and be studied (Heath & Bryant, 2000). The place where something is said can have a crucial impact on how it is said as well as how it is interpreted by other people (Heath & Bryant, 2000). Further, the place and situation where we find ourselves, e.g., at a conference, an interview, etc., are likely to influence what we say as well as how and when we communicate (Heath & Bryant, 2000). To this end, it is the context that gives communication its meaning. Kinds of context that give an instance of communication its meaning As a rule, context is thought of as a static entity that can easily be understood. In reality, however, context is an emergent process (Casmir, 1994). In simple terms, context can be thought of as a place or conditions under which communication transpires. It may be easily understood as the relationship that exists between communicants. For instance, a prison warden’s office is a context. The non-verbal arrangement of the office and the decorations therein form a part of the context. A conversation or communication between a warden and an officer is influenced by that context. In the case of organizational communication, relationships between superiors and subordinates are a context. Further, if a subordinate is reproved in the presence of other employees, the context is different from the one where he is reprimanded in privacy. Contexts are not necessarily isolated. They often overlap and interlock (Casmir, 1994). For example, while watching television, a family is not only an interpersonal unit, but also a small group. In this regard, some researchers assert that even organizational communication is actually a matter of many overlapping and interlocking interpersonal relations. Others perceive organizati
Introduction In their interviews, two ex-slaves reveal their attitudes towards the days of slavery, remembering their childhood, parents, masters’ attitudes, and other details. Comparing the interview with Aunt Harriet Smith in Hempstead, Texas, and the one with George Johnson in Mound Bayou, Mississippi, one may note that both of them focus on their daily lives during their enslavement. Voices from the Days of Slavery Aunt Harriet Smith and George Johnson discuss how their masters took them to the local church and organized a music band for male slaves, respectively. According to the reminiscence of Aunt Harriet Smith, many slaves were unaware of God and related issues: “We, sure, didn’t know there was any such thing as God and, and, and God, you know.” Indeed, she explains that church was something unusual yet interesting for them (“Results 1-2 of 2 for Interview with Aunt Harriet Smith, Hempstead, Texas, 1941 part 1 of 4”). It is possible to suggest that by involving their slaves in the religious sphere of life, masters wanted to educate them and make them more spiritually enlightened, respectful, and kind. Taking into account the issue of slaves and the church, it seems essential to consider the situation from a different angle. Prichard claims that American slave-owners and churchmen sought out arguments in the Bible’s sacred writings to call upon slaves to obey their masters (109). It was not difficult to find such quotes in the Bible, given a bit of free interpretation and subjectivity. Indeed, the so-called “theoretical” justification for the enslavement of Negroes was found in the book of Genesis through the story of how Ham, the son of Noah, saw the “nakedness” of his hopeless father. The angry Noah cursed the son of Ham, Canaan, for this, promising that he would be a slave of slaves to his brothers (“Joseph Sold Into Slavery (Genesis 37)”). The theologians of that period argued that Negroes were the descendants of Canaan, and, therefore, it was legitimate to place them into slavery. Referring to the authority of the Bible, the clergy demanded patience, obedience, and submission from the slaves. Especially popular were references to the epistle of the apostle Paul to the Ephesians, where he compares Jesus Christ to the slaveholder, urging the slaves to obey their masters with fear and trembling. George Johnson notes that his master’s band of Negroes consisted of 14 men who played songs such as “Dream On,” “I’m a Soldier,” “Flower Flop,” and more. Singing was something powerful and allowed slaves to express themselves—not only for the band members but also for other men, women, and children on plantations, at homes, and in yards. More to the point, like Aunt Harriet Smith, George Johnson notes that they had dances and “danced ah, thirty-two on a set” ( “Results 1-2 of 2 for Interview with George Johnson, Mound Bayou, Mississippi, September 1941 part 2 of 6”). In this regard, one may claim that the era of enslavement was al
Psoriasis, unspecified Pathophysiology Immunological triggers provoke a discharge of a large number of leukocytes to the dermis and epidermis; the epidermis becomes infiltrated by activated T cells inducing the proliferation of keratinocytes, and then an unregulated inflammatory process occurs along with the ejection of various cytokines (Mahajan & Handa, 2013). Symptoms and Signs Psoriatic rashes on the skin, sudden occurrence of scaly areas of redness, pain, itching, joint pain without visible changes on the skin, rash developing after a recent pain in the joints. Lab and Diagnostic Tests As a rule, the diagnosis is established based on a typical clinical picture. To exclude a fungal infection, especially if the foot or hand is injured, microscopic examination of skin samples for the presence of fungal cells may be required (Mahajan & Handa, 2013). Urolithiasis (N21.8) Pathophysiology The most common cause of urolithiasis in adult patients is an intravesical obstruction which can be caused by prostatic hyperplasia or prostate cancer in men, stricture of the urethra (after trauma, surgery, inflammation), etc.; whereas the mechanism of stone formation is associated with the impossibility of complete bladder emptying, stagnation, and concentration of residual urine leading to precipitation of salt crystals (Gould, VanMeter, & Hubert, 2014). Symptoms and Signs Impaired urination with frequent urges during movement, interruption of the urine stream or acute retention of the outflow, urinary incontinence due to a stone stuck in the narrow neck of the bladder. Lab and Diagnostic Tests Urine analysis allows identifying the microflora and its sensitivity to the selection of antibacterial therapy. Ultrasound of the bladder helps to see the stones as hyperechoic formations with an acoustic shadow. Nephrolithiasis (N20.0) Pathophysiology The pathophysiological process is multifactorial and complex, yet important premises for the onset of the disease are the change in kidney function caused by a disorder in the regulation of blood circulation and impaired lymph flow; due to imbalance between colloids and crystalloid urine, the salts begin to precipitate and crystallize (Sakhaee, Maalouf, & Sinnott, 2012). Symptoms and Signs Blunt pain in the lumbar region, renal colic, severe sweating, as well as increased frequency of urination. Lab and Diagnostic Tests Ultrasound and roentgenology, general and biochemical analysis of blood and urine. In nephrolithiasis, micro-constrains (sand), depleted renal epithelial cells, and erythrocytes can be found in the patient’s urine (Sakhaee et al., 2012). Urolithiasis (N20.1) Pathophysiology Calculus of the ureter usually develops on the background of chronic urethritis, prostatitis, prostate adenoma; fistulas, diverticula of the urethra, stricture of the urethra; urolithiasis; mineral metabolism disorders, inadequate diet, dehydration, urinary tract infections (Gould et al., 2014). Symptoms and Signs Severe pain, difficulty urinating, weak
The current approaches to teacher performance supervision and assessment lack such a vital aspect as improving students’ learning outcomes. Instead of focusing on their needs and expectations, the existing methods merely target educators. In this regard, it is essential to design a new curriculum and instruction appraisal model that would fit the modern learning environment. Formative Phase The model that will be presented in this paper may be called “Integrative Supervision,” and it builds on the lesson observation and reflection that were made in the course of the previous assignments, as well as the synthesis of the available scholarly literature. Methods and Approaches for Observations The philosophical substantiation for the proposed model is based on the creative supervision that was elaborated by Gebhard (1984). According to the identified theory, creativity should be understood as a form of looking at the appraisal that may be dynamic and expressed in a variety of ways. In other words, it seems important to ensure that supervisors would have the opportunity to consider several evaluation methods simultaneously. As stated by Gebhard (1984), “the creative model allows freedom to become creative not only in the use of the models presented but also in other behaviors we may care to generate and test in our supervisory efforts” (p. 507). The above theoretical underpinning allows integrating the elements of different models and combining them in any productive way to contribute to the appropriate instruction appraisal. With the mentioned creative model in mind, one may suggest that adequate appraisal procedures should involve a supervisor’s personal experience, knowledge of the relevant guidelines and literature, as well as observation techniques per se. Consistent with Mar
Introduction White-collar crime in business designates offenses that are committed with the purpose of obtaining financial gain by resorting to a particular form of deception. Generally, they include lying, stealing, and cheating in a business context. The variety of white-collar crimes is limited only by the fantasy of the person who commits them and may include: tax evasion, insider trading, bribery, embezzlement, money laundering, and a long list of other offenses (Shover, Hochstetler, & Alalehto, 2013). This type of crime is typically linked to business people who are involved in a lawful activity and have access to considerable amounts of other people’s money. Generally, such people occupy respectable positions until their illegal actions are discovered (Payne, 2016). However, it would be a mistake to attribute white-collar crimes exclusively to large businesses where millions of dollars can be stolen. In fact, fraud and theft are even more widespread in small companies as they have much less reliable protective systems. Even a long-trusted bookkeeper, who initially has access to small amounts, can gradually steal a considerable sum of money from an organization (Payne, 2016). According to the Federal Bureau of Investigation, white-collar crimes cost the United States app. $300 billion annually; a substantial part of these financial losses have to be sustained by small businesses, which suffer indirectly even from crimes committed by public officials (Payne, 2016). Small companies have to pay more taxes because of reduced government revenues–this is another reason white-collar crimes are ruining them and can even lead to bankruptcy when they cannot face an advantage created by a fraudulent capital infusion to their competitors in the market (Shover et al., 2013). Thus, the paper at hand is going to investigate what strategies can help small businesses prevent white-collar crimes. Crimes of Fraud by Vendors Small businesses can fall victims to crimes committed by vendors who contract the company, which is not a rare case. There are several possible scenarios for this type of criminal offense. The first possible situation is that the company purchases a bulk of goods from another company at a considerably lower price (e.g., pens), but when it receives the order, it finds out that these goods are low-quality or do not have all the characteristics of their alternatives (the pens may have the only half amount of ink). According to the second scenario, the company may buy used products (e.g., furniture) in order to save money, but after the delivery discovers that some items are broken or too old to continue being used (broken chair wheels, damaged desks, etc.). Finally, the company can give a deposit for needed supplies, but the vendor disappears for good after the payment (Payne, 2016). In order to make sure th
Every project needs a robust project management structure. The GenRays HRIS project is no exception. There is need to establish a strong project management team that will deliver on the expectations of all project stakeholders. This paper outlines the project management structure and proposes the best people from GenRays to take up the positions. HRIS Project Team Organizational Chart The HRIS project management team will have three team leaders working under the project manager. Each manager will have a technical team to deliver on specific aspects of the project. Apart from the active project management personnel, the project will also have a project sponsor whose role will be to oversee the work of the project managers and his team. Figure 2: Project Management Structure Roles and Organization of Positions The project sponsor for the HRIS project will play three major roles. First, the project sponsor will be the link between the project management team, the project senior review board, and the stakeholders of the project. The sponsor will not participate in the day-to-day operations of the project in executive capacity. However, he will monitor the daily operations of the project. The sponsor will provide the project team with patronage. Secondly, the project sponsor will be the custodian of the interests of the senior review board. This board exists to protect the interests of all GenRays stakeholders. Thirdly, the sponsor will serve as a goodwill ambassador for the project. This means that the sponsor will work to ensure that all stakeholders hold the project in favorable regard. This is very essential for the success of any project. The project manager will lead the executive team of the project. The project manager will report directly to the senior review board. The main duties of the project manager will be as follows. First, the project manager will chair all meetings of the project management committee. The manager will ensure that the meetings achieve their purpose. Secondly, the manager will be in charge of managing the schedule of the project. At any time, the manager will keep track of the progress of the project to ensure that it proceeds to completion within time and within budget. This is arguably the most important role the project manager will play in the project. The third role that the project manager will play is to direct the efforts of the three managers and other project staff. The HRIS project is essentially about the installation of an IT system to manage HR issues. Therefore, IT skills will be the knowledgebase that will lead to the achievement of the deliverables of the project. This realization informs the inclusion of an IT team in the project. The main duties of the IT team will fall into two categories. At the execution level, the IT team will spearhead the installation of IT infrastructur