ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The cultural outlook of the Americas has been forming for millennia, with multiple civilizations contributing to it. Different nations, now commonly referred to as “indigenous people”, were in fact, as diverse in their traditions and technologies as many European or Asian societies. Numerous events defined the Americas’ historical timeline throughout the centuries, but European conquest was arguably the most important, as it signaled the beginning of the new global historical era. As the most recent major ice age ended about 10-15 thousand years ago, it opened new territories for human exploration. During this period, tribes of hunters and gatherers crossed the Bering strait to lay the foundation for the early American civilizations (notes from the PowerPoint presentations). Climate change created favorable conditions for the development of agriculture, which was the defining factor in forming more sophisticated societies worldwide. However, Beezley (2011) notes that agriculture did not develop in the Americas until circa 3600 BC when corn was domesticated. For the next few centuries, the continuous evolution of agricultural technologies was the main driving force of progress in the region. The Valley of Mississippi river, Central America, and the Andes are usually cited as three main zones where new civilizations emerged (notes from the PowerPoint presentations). However, relatively little is known about the early American cultures that existed before the Olmecs. Olmec culture largely defined the period that is known as the Formative Era (2000 BC – 200 AD). Their legacy includes pyramid-shaped temples, giant carved head sculptures, and glyphs. Their architecture and art preceded the Mayan civilization that dominated the Mesoamerican region during the Classic Era (200-900 AD). Beezley (2011) states that the advanced agricultural techniques and the use of obsidian predominantly contributed to the prosperity and diversification of the Mayan society. Fertilizing the soil allowed them to use the fields for several years and yield better harvests (Beezley, 2011). Mayan knowledge of astronomy and mathematics was extensive and, in some ways, superior to that of Europeans and Asians (Beezley, 2011). It allowed for the creation of the extremely precise calendars that were unmatched among American cultures. Overall, even though Maya heavily relied on ancient traditions like sacrifices seen by Europeans as barbaric, some aspects of their culture were indicative of significant progress and potential. During Post-Classic Era (800-1519 AD), Maya and other major cultures of the region (Zapotecs and Teotihuacan culture) lost most of their influence. Az
Assessment As a nurse, I have such strengths associated with psychotherapy course student learning objectives as the implementation of evidence-based practice and guidelines as well as experience in planning educational interventions to increase patients’ awareness of their health problems. The first strength relates to the consideration of evidence-based research and its application in the context of a patient’s cultural background, family history, along with specific needs and expectations. Consistent with Corey and Corey (2013), I consider that relationship creation between a psychotherapist and a patient is a paramount goal in receiving positive clinical outcomes. Since the identified course also implies the construction of evidence-based care plans, I believe that my experience will be helpful. The second strong point of providing educational interventions was mastered by me while working with patients and explaining to them the essence of diseases. In psychotherapy, patients expect understanding of their mental conditions and the subsequent aid in addressing challenges. Accordingly, educational sessions are of great importance to meet patients’ needs in diagnosis and treatment comprehension. Along with my strengths, it is critical to outline some knowledge deficits. I have insufficient knowledge in risk assessment for homicide, suicide, and other similar mental states. Suicide ideation prediction and early identification of perceived burdensomeness are likely to prevent adverse consequences as noted by Ma, Batterham, Calear, and Han (2016). In this regard, I need to improve my awareness of the above issues. My second knowledge deficit refers to complete mental status examination that should integrate cognitive functioning, stress and anxiety levels, concentration, perceptual proc
Introduction The life of Thomas Hardy can not be comparable to his stories. Thomas Hardy was an English poet and novel writer born in England. Hardy’s father was a master and service provider in the construction of masons. With some certain pride Hardy on one occasion said that even though his associates on no account rose higher than the level of their master who was mason, however they did not at all downcast under it. (Turner 34) Hardy’s mother detected the talents of her son and since her taste was incorporated in Latin poets as well as French romances, she offered Thomas Hardy’s with education. After his education in Dorchester, Thomas Hardy was trained as a designer. He was employed in an agency, which focused in re-establishment of churches. However in the year 1874 he got married to Emma Lavinia Gifford. Hardy wrote about Emma in a cluster of poems that he identified as Vestiges of an Old Flame which was 40 years later after Emma passed away. (Tomalin 78) How Thomas Hardy’s Work Impacted His Age At 22 years of age Hardy shifted to London were began to write down poems, and this romanticized his country life. Hardy became a subordinate in the designing firm of Arthur Blomfield and he also at the same time visited skilled galleries. Apart from that Thomas Hardy attended some evening lessons in French at the King’s College. He mostly enjoyed the work of Shakespeare although he had an immense influence from people like Charles Darwin, John Stuart Mills and Herbert Spencer when grasping their work. In the year 1867 Hardy went back from London to Dorset where his family was. He continued his work temporarily in Dorchester with Hicks. Throughout this period his life entered into a brief commitment with Tryphena Sparks who was a beautiful and sparkling family member aged 16 years. Hardy sustained his designing occupation by getting some encouragement from Emma Lavinia Gifford and by this he began to regard literature as his right career. (Turner 123) Before Work Impact At first Hardy could not find the community for his poetry work but one novelist by the name George Meredith advised him to write a narrative and by this he first wrote the novel “The poor man and the lady” in 1867. However it was cast off by many publishers hence Hardy was forced to destroy the script. Without loosing hope he went on with his work and in 1874 he produced his foremost manuscript that got noticed by many people by the name “Far from the madding crowd”. After this great achievement Hardy became confident that he can earn a livi
Life is full of choices. There is a need to make decisions all the time. A good decision will oftentimes lead to success and a wrong choice may often lead to misfortune. But more than the ability to make wise decisions, a human being must choose well because of the consequences that it would bring. Through the centuries philosophers from all over the planet struggle to create a system that will enable mankind to make wiser decisions. As a result concepts like deontology, teleology and utilitarianism became favourite topics in the academe and even in the world of commerce where ethical decision-making processes are badly needed. The following narrative will show how difficult it is to make decisions in a complex world and how different schools of thought like deontology and teleology are tools that can help a person to make the right decision. The Fable of Discriminative Justice This particular narrative requires the use of deontological and teleological perspective in order to help understand the dilemma faced by Kristen, the principal character. Kristen struggles to find a solution or even a middle ground between two “warring parties” within the National Museum. The point of contention is with regards to the correct way of depicting or showing the culture of different people. Her main concern is the criticism she and her department received from members of a minority group who felt that their culture was not presented the correct way. According to them they were not treated fairly because the presentation was biased towards the presenters and never was sensitive to the culture or people group presented in the museum. The officials of the museum believe that they did nothing wrong. According to them they adhered to strict standards and protocols and therefore as far as they are concerned they did everything by-the-book so to speak and no one has the right to question their motive and integrity. The situation was made more complicated by the fact that each group would not give others the benefit of the doubt and the moment they decide that they are correct then they create a wall instead of learning how to reach out and communicate. Using deontological perspective, one can take the side of the museum officials. There is a standard agreed upon the academic community, the government and those who are knowledgeable about the operations of a museum. Using deontological perspective they can reason out that the right thing to do is to follow rules and established procedures and that this is not the time to deviate from it. It is the right thing to do even if the conflict escalates that there is a need for a third party intervention they are confident that they will win in any venue of discussion even if the aggrieve party will go to the courts, they know that the legal system will back them up. However, if one will use the teleological perspective then he or she will become sensitive to how members of the minority group will respond to such a stubborn stance. Kristen knew what will be the consequence of such actions. It can even be argued tha
Reserve army of labor, also known as relative surplus population, is a concept initially coined by Friedrich Engels and further developed by Karl Marx. The German economist theorized and explained this notion in Chapter 25, on “The General Law of Capitalist Accumulation” of his famous work Capital . For Marx, capitalism’s logic as an economic and social construct is based on the hostile relations between workers and employers (capitalists) caused by the former’s continuous strive for capital accumulation. The labor force is seen as a variable cost of production that the bourgeoisie can control/manipulate in a way that exploits the proletariat (the working class). As a result, the entire capitalist history can be characterized as a class struggle. First, definitions should be given to capital accumulation and the reserve army of labor that is its byproduct. Capital accumulation is understood as economic behavior aimed to increase wealth from profits or investments (Heubusch, 2018). Its main objective is to generate a value higher than the initial investment by all possible means. The capitalist class wants to accumulate as much money as possible in the world of aggressive competition. On the contrary, as a necessary tool of capital, the working class is engaged in capital accumulation only until they are needed. Machinery and technological development (constant capital) introduced by employers reduce the required labor (variable capital). The cyclical periods of economic activity (business cycles) progressively produce a relative surplus population. Hence, the reserve army of labor is “a mass of human material always ready for exploitation by capital in the interests of capital’s own changing valorization requirements” (Marx, 2017, p. 455). It is a general law of capitalist accumulation that makes it possible to absorb surplus labor value in sudden capital growth times. Marx believed that every unemployed or underemployed worker enters this surplus population. The situation when the working population uses technological advancements to increase capital contributes to their superfluous status. In other words, in times of prosperity, the reserve army weighs down the active workers while remaining laid off in times of over-production (Heubusch, 2018). For this reason, the surplus population plays the role of mechanism (class function) regulating wages and maintaining profits. It is a tool in the hands of the capitalist class that brings them superiority. As a result, a reserve army disciplines active labor (workforce), restrains their wage demands and puts them under pressure. It creates a situation when underemployed and unemployed workers compete with employed ones for available jobs. Nowadays, zero contract hours, over-employed, and sub-employed workers are exploited similarly
Organization Information Black Lives Matter aka BLM is one of the organizations that has effectively engaged social media to gain followers and send messages globally. It is a not-for-profit organization founded by Patrice Cullors in 2013 and headquartered in the United States (“About Black Lives matter”, 2020). It is a decentralized political and social movement that protests against police brutality and racial violence against black people. It comprises a wide array of people and organizations around the globe. BLM is headquartered in the United States but can be found in many countries globally. Essentially, the organization advocates for African Americans against violence propagated by police towards them and other policies that relate to black liberation. The movement was launched in 2013 after the co-founder Alicia Garzia shared the hashtag #BlackLivesMatter following the killing of a young man, Trayvon Martin 2013 (“About Black Lives matter”, 2020). The movement has relied upon social media platforms including Facebook, YouTube, and Twitter to spread messages to members. It has gained numerous followers and has been known for street demonstrations following other deaths such as that of Michael Brown which caused unrest in Ferguson, Missouri, and Eric Garner in New York City. The movement has been involved in politics as evidenced by the 2016 United States presidential elections. Description of Digital Media Influence The BLM demonstrations staged in 2020 were captured via videotapes and images that were spread through social media platforms. It was in the midst of the coronavirus, and many countries were experiencing lockdowns hence, social media was the best way to spread the message. An officer was videotaped kneeling on the neck of George Floyd, who later died because of this. Following the tragic death of George Floyd, the video was available across all digital media to raise awareness of police brutality. The movement staged protests daily across 50 states of America and in over 20 countries globally, including European countries such as the United Kingdom and France. Countless eyewitness accounts of the police surfaced on social media in the form of videos and images captured via phones. These media circulated across the globe and garnered immense support from sites including Twitter and Instagram, where a single share brought hundreds of views each hour (Illingworth et al., 2020). The 2020 BLM demonstrations against George Floyd’s murder led to the arrest of the police officer who had killed him, Derek Chauvin. In addition, the protests that were filmed live and spread via social media created awareness of the black community globally. The demonstrations showcased across different media platforms brewed mixed reactions. Amnesty organizations and governments reacted to the videos, and appropriate measures were taken evident in the United Kingdom, Canada, and France, which have high populations of b
In developmental planning and implementation, it is critical that the policy maker understands the needs of each individual, group, and class. In this regard, it should be comprehended that the needs of one community might not be similar to those of another community hence there is need to offer services based on the features of each group. Every group or community has different values, culture, and even practices meaning that they would not share the basic services, such as healthcare, with another group. In the given scenario, the major issue that would be facing the researcher is to establish whether the two communities share similar political and socio-economic chances. Obviously, the community that controls political power would tend to receive favours from the government while the one with no influence in government would be subjugated and oppressed. Therefore, the community whose children and adults would show signs of illness, which is not related to genetics, might have been discriminated. In this regard, the researcher would ask whether the community is amicably represented in government. Moreover, the researcher would seek to know the effectiveness of public administrators since they should be people imbued to service delivery (Paul, & Elder, 2008). They should always come up with policies aimed at ensuring that people do not go through various problems, such as unknown illnesses. The major question would be to establish the effectiveness and efficiency of civil servants, as well as the government of the day. The people to be interviewed include members of the community who know the real issues affecting them. Moreover, they understand the local politics, including how it affects service delivery in the community. If service delivery programs for the community are combined with those of the city, there is a high likelihood that resources would be channelled to one place. The most appropriate type of research is ought to be explorative in nature because the problem facing community is complex. It would take the researcher a number of days or even months to understand it. In this regard, the researcher would better employ a mixed method research whereby both quantitative and qualitative types of research would be carried out. Some of the obstacles to critical thinking in this form of study would be related unreflective acceptance of social and political attitudes, stereotyping, loaded language, uncertainty, including unlimited access to information, and relativism. All these obstacles would be overcome through self-reflection, expression, evaluation, testing, data investigation and reflecting on evidence, and surveillance and explanation of facts. One of the strategies entails the use of critical thinking tools, such as surveillance
Considering the movie To Kill a Mockingbird, one can claim that this piece, though rather old and deprived of special effects so popular in the modern cinematography is still a perfect specimen of how a good movie must be shot. It is quite peculiar that, despite the black-and-white cast of colors, the movie benefits due to the camera movement. For instance, in the piece where Scout rides the tire, the camera moving sides, making the picture toss and turn, offers the audience a ride together with Scout. Speaking of the movements which convey the essence of the film without any speech “intrusion”, it would be a good idea to drive the example of Boo Radley standing in the darker corner of the room and watching Jem lie unconscious. As Scout takes him by the hand, the way he moves describes him better than any words can – it is really weird to see how a grown-up man, rather big, walks so awkward and uncertain. As the plot of the movie unwinds, one can trace the pattern of the shots length. Most of them rather lengthy, they allow the audience to understand each of the movie characters better, making each of them individual. Thought the use of the high- and low-angle shots in the movie is minimized, most of the shots being taken at the eye level, the movie scenes look even more impressive with the rare low shots taken. Thus, the low shot of Jem hiding in his tree house and Atticus watching him from beneath looks most hilarious. Considering the composition, it is important to mark that the most crucial scenes in the movie are structured according to the rule of thirds. A perfect example of such scene is the shot of Dill and Jem approaching the house where Boo Radley lived: in the given scene, the porch of the house serves as a foreground, with the boys in the center of the composition, their emotions clearly seen even through the dark of the night, and the bushes where Scout was left behind as the background of the shot. It is quite peculiar that the camera movement in each scene is used to enhance the effect of the acting. Sometimes swift and almost chaotic, sometimes slow and making time stop, the camera emphasizes the strain within the plot and makes the emotions of the characters and the situations in the movie as natural as they can be. For example, the way the camera swings in the scene where Atticus, Scout, Jem and Walter Cunningham are having dinner makes the dialogue livelier and more natural. In terms of cinematography alone, one can notice that the movie skips certain pieces of the novel. On the one hand, this could be an attempt to make the film more vivid; yet on the other hand it seems that the intention of the screenwriter was to create the right impression of the lead characters. This can explain why the scene of Jem and Scout destroying Mrs. Dubose camellia garden, in which the two childr
Introduction There are different ways of reducing energy use and GHG emissions. These include the use of electricity, transport and industrial output for less coal, oil or gasoline. GHG emissions have adverse effects and thus need to be addressed right from homes, institutions and state government (Australian Greenhouse Office, 2007). Barriers and Benefits of Less GHG Emission Methods The use of less GHG emission methods entails experiencing benefits as well as barriers. Benefits that are experienced include health, high agricultural production, energy security and natural ecosystems preservation. These benefits contribute to growth and development of a nation. Barriers of using less GHG emissions methods include lack of available technology, difficulty in implementing of policies concerning GHG and finances to cater for the same. Barriers of Public Transport Public transport such as bus travel has got barriers that make the means unattractive. This is despite of its importance and the role it can play in reducing energy consumption and GHG emissions. Time of operation for instance is not reliable hence making it unattractive. It can cause delay in terms of departure time hence affecting other businesses of the day. It is also unreliable because it cannot reach everybody. In most cases bus travel do not serve all home addresses hence to other people it is out of reach. In addition, bus travel is expensive as compared to private car travel. These challenges discourage people from using the public means and opting for private means. Public transport such as bus travel is advantageous in that it is one way of using less energy at same time reducing greenhouse emissions. Moreover it reduces congestions in the cities. This in return reduces traffic jams and parking problems. It is also relatively cheap means of travel especially to students who have no income. It also encourages unity among people. This is because people of different backgrounds meet in the buses and learns to accommodate each other. Assessment