ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Caste system in India The caste system in India can be described as a way of dividing people through socially differentiated categories such as status, religion, and tribe. Traditionally, the system had four main categories, namely ‘Brahmins, Kshatriyas, Vaisyas, and Sudras.’ The Brahmins (priests and teachers) were highest in the ladder of social stratification, while the Sudras (laborers) comprised the lowest group. The Kshatriyas (warriors and rulers) were respected members of society in the traditional Indian setup. Lastly, the Vaisyas (farmers, merchants, and artisans) formed the backbone of the economy owing to their involvement in various economic activities. The caste system is grounded on religion and derives its roots from the Hindu scriptures. Traditionally, religion influenced the system by asserting that classes should be determined by behavior rather than birth. Although castes were viewed as a way of differentiating people, the overriding claim is that caste groups were the very units of Hinduism. A caste was largely viewed as a self-contained religious outfit or a separate religious community distinguished from other castes by distinctive doctrine, social obligations, philosophical orientations, ritual, and culture. Consequently, it was difficult to divorce religion from the caste system. The demise of the Roman Republic The demise of the Roman Republic cannot be attributed to a singular factor but to a multiplicity of factors. The foremost factor revolves around the divisions that arose within the Senate as two factions ( Optimates and Populares ) competed for power. Another factor revolves around the social, economic, and political discord triggered by the ensuing conflict. Poverty and disenfranchisement of the masses are also cited as having contributed to the fall. Other factors include constant wars, unequal distribution of wealth, and self-interested leadership. The growing dissent was the first indicator of a possible fall of the Republic. The dissent was followed by the Civil War and Revolt, which served to weaken the Republic further. Afterward, the conspiracy led by Lucius Catilina presented the Republic with a ludicrous threat to survival. Having experienced political defeat, Catilina fanned discontent among the Assembly and the Senate alike by renewing calls for debt absolution. The entry of Julius Caesar and other competitors into the political fray marked the end of the Republic. Theravada and Mahayana Buddhism The differences between Therava
Task 1: Leader’s Management Roles and Responsibilities Being a director of an early childhood service centre entails quite a wide range of responsibilities. One is tasked to oversee all the details in the operation and management of the centre, the training and development of staff, establishing harmonious and collaborative relationships with parents and families and of course the quality of service rendered to the children. These are all on top of networking with various institutions likewise concerned with the welfare of the welfare and education of young children. The respondent concerned in the interview is D, the relatively new director of a community-based, non-profit Early Learning and Long Daycare Centre which caters to children aged 6 weeks to 6 years of age. The children are separated according to their developmental groups (0-2 yrs; 2-3 yrs; 3-5 yrs. Old). D is on top of everything from planning of children’s programs with the staff, making managerial and professional decisions in behalf of the centre, intervening with critical issues between parents and staff if needed, and the most recent feather in her cap is developing a training program for the staff where they feel involved in instead of made to go through. Culkin (1997) differentiates the roles of managers and leaders of institutions. Managers are involved with specific details of daily practice such as operational procedures, finances, and other policies while leaders are more involved with reflective, dynamic, value based planning and organizing. In other words, managers are concerned with setting up and managing systems while leaders give the school vision, direction, set standards and making tough decisions. Both roles are played by D. As the leader of the organization, her staff is mostly her followers since they are her major collaborators in running the centre smoothly. She shows personal concern for them, being supportive of both personal and professional stresses they encounter. She has engaged in much research and has developed a network within the local community to find out information about developmental courses available for the staff and has come up with a point system that they gain each time they attend a particular seminar or training course. Then the staff who attended are tasked to rate the seminar and echo to the rest what they have learned. Personal appraisals are part of the staff’s professional development and D takes the opportunity to mentor them when they have one-on-one discussio
The book Medieval Children written by Nicholas Orme illustrates the activities and lives of medieval children in England lavishly, starting from the Anglo Saxon to the later parts of the medieval period. Orme’s attempt in this regard is the first in discussing this subject for the period prior to the Norman Conquests up to the sixteenth century. The book is of interest to the general reader and of immense help to those who seek to know of the history of childhood. It is very clear that the book aims to ‘reveal the richness of the material about medieval English children’ (p10). Orme has drawn together on the vast collection of disciplines and art, religion, literature, and history to comprehensively bring about a depiction of medieval childhood. Having begun with pregnancy and childbirth, Orme has explored the different stages of the child’s growth towards adulthood. He has discussed baptism, the importance of ages and birthdays, family life that includes sleep, clothes, food, and the troubles of the underprivileged. He has gone to the extent of recording the hardships pertaining to childhood from illness, accidents, abuse, disablement, and death. He has very fascinatingly reviewed the special cultures of children by describing their games, toys, and rhymes, their religious beliefs and relationships with the Church, and their desire to be acquainted with the literature pertaining to children. The final chapter of the book goes into the details of how youngsters grew up and crossed into the world of adulthood. Amongst such a vibrant regeneration of childhood as prevalent in the middle ages, Orme has underscored the significance that society assigned to childhood. There is no doubt that childhood was considered to be a distinctive cultural phase of life, and children were regarded as both different and special as compared to adults. There is no doubt that Nicholas Orme has more knowledge about childhood in medieval times than anyone else. He has drawn on some unusual sources such as stained glass windows, memorial brasses, details from miniatures and woodcuts, schoolboy scrawls on manuscripts, and toy utensils. The author has distinctly illustrated that the little faces reflected immense fun, humanity, and excitement in making the brilliant endorsement that childhood has always overflowed with immense magic and with high spirits, whether it was during the medieval period or in the present times. Orme has plunged deep in pointing out the world view of children, what pleasure meant to them, what was the process that made them learn, and what were the dangers they faced. It is evident that the author was more interested in exploring the inner child and has touched a little on dress and diet. He has brilliantly highlighted the concepts of children in regard to rhymes and play. Orme has provided a fascinating portrayal of childhood prior to 1550, which takes the reader to an entirely different world. All aspects of the child’s life were associated in some way with religion. Learning
Cybercrime entails the use of a computer or networking device to endeavor in criminal activities. A data breach is one of the primary cybercrimes that significantly affect consumers and the business under attack. The unlawful acquisition of information from a particular system without permission from the owner causes adverse effects to the organization, for example, loss of trust from consumers and financial losses. In 2013, Target experienced a cybercrime that involved a data breach of Target’s system hence accessing the service database consisting of customers’ personal information. The data breach at Target caused adverse impacts to almost 70 million customers. The cyber attackers accessed the customer’s contact information, which allowed them to monitor their whereabouts. Target also announced that more than 41 million customers’ payment cards were affected, which captured their verification codes giving access to their finances (McCoy, 2017). Consumers not only lost their finances due to the data breach but also lost their trust in shopping at the retail giant. Target also faced adverse effects caused by the data breach in 2013. The weakness that was detected in their system, which allowed attackers to maneuver and acquire managerial access to the organization, caused a class-action lawsuit against the company. Regardless of their loss, Target was required to pay up to $10,000 to consumers who provided empirical evidence of their losses caused by the cyberattack (McCoy, 2017). An $18.5 million multistate settlement was also required to be met by the organization while providing monitoring services to the unfortunate consumers affected by the cybercrime (McCoy, 2017). The company was forced to use some of its shares to educate the consumers on cybercrimes. The data breach experienced at Target expounded my knowledge on the possible cybercrimes that might occur. The case scenario that occurred at Target modified my behavior as a consumer while dealing with credit cards. As a consumer, it is essential to ensure the security measures of an organization before giving out personal information. In case of a suspicious request, it is critical to confirm by contacting the company to countercheck the request. Unfortunately, my mother was situated in cybercrime where she clicked on a spam email that tricked her to provide the password to her email. This cybercrime is known as phishing whereby spam emails are randomly sent to individuals. The phishing campaign enticed her with a shopping voucher, which, in turn, ended up corrupting her emails and illegally accessing her personal information. After her case scenario, we learned various ways to protect ourselves against cybercrimes. Reference McCoy, K. (2017). Target to pay $18.5M for 2013 data breach that affected 41 million consumers . USA Today. Web.
The name of Emily Dickinson and her works are known to almost every reader, but some stereotypes concerning her anchoretic lifestyle and unusual poetry still linger. Scholars used to emphasize mystery, isolation, frustration, and negation, and only the past two decades are marked by the paradigm shift – it is demonstrated that she also used humor, irony, satire, and puns in her works (Smith and Loeffelholz 3). Moreover, Dickinson does not shy away from the topics of God, mercy, life hardships, and humility. She puts her reflections and perceptions in the abstract forms and shows her attitude towards these issues. The poem “254, or “Hope” is the Thing with Feathers” is a magnificent example of the author’s homiletic style (Dickinson par. 1). The ideas of the fervent hope and the humble acceptance of hardships are vividly depicted, and a specific “role model” is given. On the surface, the plot of the poem is very simple: the narrator tells the story of a small bird which she calls the “thing with feathers” (1) and compares with hope. At the beginning of the poem, the first two lines introduce the bird, and the narrator describes it as the creature that continues singing “without the words” (3). For this reason, the narrator admires the bird. Further, the events unfold: the bird is pictured in different moments of its life, such as the most brilliant times when the wind carries the beautiful song and the harsh situations when the storm is likely to “abash the little Bird” (7). It is mentioned that the bird “kept so many warm” (8). In other words, it helped many people, but its fate is quite cruel. At the end of the poem, the narrator remembers the circumstances when she met the bird: whether it was “in the most chill land” (9) or “on the strangest Sea” (10), it was the same bird which did not ask anything. Although it is possible to interpret the poem as the story of a person who admired a small bird, its courage, and modesty, the meaning of this text is deeper. The hidden sense may be traced throughout every line of the poem. The characters, the symbols, and the set form the undivided whole using which the author manages to demonstrate the significance of hope and humbleness. At first glance, it seems that there are two characters in this poem: the bird and the narrator. The bird is represented as a modest yet persistent creature because it continues to sing and be patient despite the external difficulties. Its song is similar to sacred texts which preach and educate (Sawyer 3). In other words, the bird’s song teaches people and translates hope as the core value. It may be stated that it is a round character because one can see it in different types of environments. However, taken alone, the bird seems to be a static char
The modern image of ghettoes is completely inaccurate. The white media is creating an image that does not address the problems of the poor living there. The social problems are glorified and made attractive for the white teenagers. That prevents any serious discussion of the real issues. The article by Asante talks about ghettoes in detail. He tells how the word was first created in the 17 th century to talk about Jewish neighborhoods. It was used much more since the Nazi government used the term to describe the places Jews were forced to live. It gives much more weight and history to the word. Originally, living in ghetto meant certain death. The author also mentioned that originally these neighborhoods in America were not so bad. They had local business and people supported each other. However, government programs like Urban Renewal and Interstates destroyed all of that. In the 1960s, the “hoods” started to resemble the overcrowded, unsanitary Nazi death camps. All of these things made me really think again about the impact segregation can have. Moving all poor Blacks into one neighborhood made all the problems they faced worse. They had worse hospitals and schools. They had no jobs, and no business opened there. Ghettoes just compressed all the people who needed help and allowed the government to forget about them (Asante 40). I also think that the article shows why the word “ghetto” is important. It is a term with long and cruel history. It relates to segregation and injustice against Jews and Blacks. However, some people think that the word has be
Introduction In the book Dream from My Father by President Barack Obama, the story begins in New York where he has just received the news of his father’s death through a tragic road accident (Obama 5). Obama can only relate to his father as a myth rather being a man and the news brings back several memories as he tries retracing his family’s unusual history. The history includes his mother’s family migration from Kansas to the Hawaiian islands and the love that her mother found with a Kenyan student, nurtured by youthful innocence resulting into something more (Obama 6). The story also incorporates his father’s later departure when Obama was just two years of age as the effects of power and race reassert themselves as well as Obama’s own awakening as concerns doubts and fears that were existent within himself (Obama 7). He makes an effort to work to turn back the ever-increasing despair of the inner city against the backdrop of racial and political conflict (Obama 12). Obama’s story blends together with the individuals he works with while in Chicago as he gains knowledge concerning the necessity of healing old wounds, the value of community as well as the possibility of faith even amidst adversity (Obama 13). He finally decides to go to Kenya and see those he had never gotten a chance to meet (Obama 27). He also realizes that he is innately bound to sisters and brothers living an ocean away and that he can finally reconcile his divided inheritance by embracing their similar struggles (Obama 44). Essay Stanley Ann Dunham Stanley Ann Dunham was the mother of President Barack Obama and was also an American anthropologist in addition to being a left-wing social activist (Obama 45). She was born in Kansas to Madelyn and Stanley Dunham and graduated in 1960 (Obama 45). Her family then moved to Hawaii. Shortly, she began engaging in inter-racial relationships in an effort to get back on the community. She later met Barack Obama Senior who hailed from Kenya, in her Russian language class (Obama 46). They fell in love, married when she was just 18 years of age and Barack Obama Jr. was born in 1961. Barack Obama Sr. returned to Kenya on obtaining a Master’s Degree and attained a position within the Kenyan government. Unfortunately, he died in a car accident in 1982 (Obama 47). Maya, Obama’s half sister was to be born later on and they
Introduction Children from a very important part of society because they define the future of a nation. In many nations, children form the largest part of the population. This implies that these children represent how society will be in the future. According to Weiss (2011), children are very important for any nation that intends to grow. This scholar points out that children are a blessing to society. Hence, they should care for and protected from any possible harm that is likely to face them. Children are very quick learners and whatever they are exposed to may have a lifelong impact on them. It is, therefore, worrying that some nations expose children to conditions unfit for their age. These children would grow with such a bad mentality that some people are good while others are bad and this has a serious impact on the nation as a whole. Urip (2010) argues that it is the duty of every member of the society to see to it that moral ethics are upheld in the upbringing of the child. This paper seeks to explore some of the issues affecting children globally, how different people respond or can respond to them and address possible ways to make ‘We Care’ a better organization. Issues Having a Negative Influence on Children Globally According to Manoj (2012), children are facing serious issues that have adverse impacts on their entire lives. These issues vary from one nation to another. Some other issues affecting children are felt worldwide. One of the issues that are currently affecting many children in poverty. Several types of research including the reports by the UNICEF demonstrate that several children die every day because of exposure to extreme poverty situations. Many families lack basic needs like food, shelter, and even clothing. Due to poverty, children from such families suffer malnutrition and other diseases. Although the impacts of poverty are felt globally, developing countries are reported to be the most affected. In these countries, several families lack access to clean water and proper sanitation. In most instances due to severe impacts of poverty, many children are neglected or are forced to work to get food. This child labor affects children and lack services like education and health care. Another issue that is currently affecting the lives of children negatively is exposure to media. Technological advancement has greatly taken place worldwide. This has turned the world into a small village. In the olden days, children in their early stages of development were exposed to the natural environment to physically play and engage in other activities that make them develop properly. In the modern world, children do not even get
Peer Review Abstract Jung’s analytical theory of personality is based on four functions, such as sensation, intuition, thinking, and feeling (DiCaprio, 2010). Jung considered humans to be equal since they all possess those four functions. He also claimed that variations in personality were based on the strength of those functions within individuals (Hall & Lindzey, 2007). Jung analyzed the theory of personality and argued regarding the self and ego as well as the process of individuation in human beings (Goodwin, 2008). Introduction Carl Jung shared a belief that personal awareness is divided into three levels, the consciousness, the individual unconscious, and the collective unconscious (DiCaprio, 2010). His expressions were a reflection of humans’ progressive role in achieving individualization. Jung suggested that individual consciousness and unconsciousness are to unite. He proposed that human dreams can reveal personal issues like sexuality and tendencies to violence (Goodwin, 2008). The behavior of an individual is influenced by a combination of expected outcomes and past dealings (DiCaprio, 2010). Carl Jung Jung stated that the study of human psychological functioning was performed through a holistic process, whereby the three levels of the human psyche worked in conjunction. Human beings possess both personal thoughts and the collective unconscious, which contain personal memories drawn from experiences (Hall & Lindzey, 2007). Unless the conscious and unconscious are in harmony with each other, human beings appear to malfunction. Jung’s theory of individuation is based on his belief that human beings are born perfect and have the ability to achieve different goals. Individuation involves an ongoing process of one’s understanding of self, which defines human maturity. As such, his analysis is aimed at assisting patients in improving their wholeness and building on their spirit. This process involves integrating the unconscious elements into consciousness (Hall & Lindzey, 2007). Individuation requires extensive knowledge of one’s abilities and skills. The individuation is achieved by embracing personal uniqueness and private identity. It is necessary to combine various elements, including dreams, imagination, and religious beliefs, to unite the conscious with the unconscious (DiCaprio, 2010). Psychological development occurs when creativity is released in multiple spheres of life. Creativity can be expressed in the form of art, philosophy, or spirituality due to the symbolic nature of the unconscious mind. As such, people should be receptive to the various symbols that they encounter since they ma