ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Smiling has been recognized or identified as an expression of merry making, happiness and joy by each and every culture around the world. All of humankind have the ability to smile which reflects pleasure, gladness, gratification, inner fulfillment and so on. In all the facial lexis, smiling is used most often than not. There are basically two forms or types of smiles; a genuine smile and a fake smile. It often proves to be a real challenge to spot or pinpoint the difference between a genuine smile and a fake smile. Only few individuals have the ability or pinpoint the exact difference between these two types of smiles (Durayappah n.p.). This dissimilarity between the two types of smiles has been of concern to researchers for quite a long while now. An authentic smile has been named after a nineteenth century physician who studied physiology of facial expressions called Guillaume Duchenne and it is therefore called the “Duchenne smile”. Guillaume used electrical currents to excite the facial muscles. Both types of smiles involve the contraction of facial muscles. Contractions of a fake smile involves the use of a single around the face known as zygomatic major, whereas contractions of a genuine or Duchenne smile involves the use of muscles namely; the zygomatic major and the orbicularis oculi (Durayappah n.p.). Studies show that the reason a fake smile only involves zygomatic major is because it impossible to voluntarily contract the orbicularis oculi muscle, it has been discovered that these two types of smiles genuine smile and fake smile are essentially managed by two entirely different parts of our mind (Durayappah n.p.). For example, an uneven smile can be as a result of a damaged cortex motor on the left side of the brain’s hemisphere. The use of the same set of muscles namely the zygomatic muscle is a form of similarity between these two types of smiles other than they are both intended to imply joy or happiness even if one of them is a fake smile. However, when that same patient genuinely laughs or smiles, the smile is typical with no irregularities. This is evident that the genuine or Duchenne smile is controlled by some other area of the mind. On the other hand, there is no asymmetry in a smile that has been attempted by a person with a damaged limbic system (Durayappah n.p.). The smile is authentic or normal but when the same person smiles genuinely the asymmetry is evident. Consequently, fake smiles or as they are mostly called “cheese smile” look comparable to Duchenne smiles, but there are some critical dissimilarities. Unlike genuine smiles which are contributed by our inner emotions of joy and happiness, our cognizant mind tells or directs the cheek muscles to contract hence a Cheese or fake smile. In other words a fake smile can be executed at one’s will (Durayappah n.p.). These conscious directions engage the mouth only and can be held on faces for as long as it is needed. Human brain is remarkably good at telling apart genuine smile from cheese or fake smiles, it does so from a subconscious level. Studies clearly show that in circumstances where trust is critical for example, when a sales man is trying to s
Galatians is a letter that was written by St Paul to certain early Christian Roman churches. In the book, Paul addresses the existing controversy between Mosaic Law and Christians who were gentiles. The entire piece is a reflection of the original writings of St. Paul bearing in mind that the themes and styles used are unique. Moreover, they are only evident in the major letters that were written by Pauline Corpus. Consequently, the description that Paul gives regarding the Jerusalem council is distinct from the one given in the book of Acts. Further analysis reveals that Paul went to Jerusalem as a result of spiritual revelation. During his apostolic ministry in Jerusalem, he preached to the gentiles to convert them to Christianity. As such, it was the Holy Spirit that guided Paul in his mission. Hence, it is upon modern Christians to spread the good news since they will be always guided by the power of the Holy Spirit. When Nicodemus is used as an example, Paul emphasized the importance of Christians seeking God privately just like Nicodemus who went to seek Jesus at night. Moreover, in his teachings, he pointed out that other Christians should not be present when an individual is seeking and inquiring about spiritual matters. This is indeed vital bearing in mind that God values calmness and a serene environment when conversing with believers. In his teachings, Paul encourages Christians to avoid false believers. For instance, when false believers were brought to him, he simply ignored them especially when they argued about circumcision. The latter teaching is vital to the life of Christian believers bearing 9in mind that God does not separate gentiles from Jews. He loves them equally. Indeed, this provides yet another salient reason why Christians should study and understand the book of Galatians. In addition, it is evident that God does not make mistakes and therefore in his kingdom, there are no errors (Matera, 2007). Paul’s letter further emphasizes the importance of Christians correcting fellow Christians who go wrong and do not live according to the teachings of Jesus Christ. Using Solomon as an example, Paul encourages Christians to listen to any form of rebuke that comes from the wise than to listen to fools singing. While we may fully not ignore those whom we perceive to be fooled, it is imperative to treat them like our brothers and sisters in Christ as we correct them whenever necessary and possible. Paul does not mention that we reject them. In his teachings, Paul differentiated grace and law and modern Christians should put this into consideration. According to him, he was taught law by a Hebrew scholar called Gamaliel but his grace was revealed to him by Jesus Christ. Based on this modern Christians believe that grace is received from Jesus Christ and it cannot be taught like the law. Grace assists Christians to move away from sin and do what is right according to the Mosaic Law. According to Paul, observing the law does not save an individual (Matera, 2007). Galatians urges Christians not to perceive Christ’s death as a loss of possession or love. In addition to that when Christia
The Difference Between Active Learning and Lecture The issue of active learning in favor of the outdated methodology of lectures is relevant due to the opportunities that students receive through involvement in the learning process. According to Alexander and Judy (1988), the academic performance largely depends on how efficiently the working load is distributed. As the authors remark, a domain-specific learning style aimed at developing certain skills allows achieving high results in comparison with the inefficient form of lecture teaching (Alexander & Judy, 1988). Similar ideas are supported by Angelo and Cross (1993) who argue that “teaching without learning is just talking” (p. 3). Such support for active learning contributes to working productively and involving students in the educational process due to their interest in achieving positive outcomes. The initiative to introduce active learning instead of lectures in the teaching process is also supported by Bonwell and Eison (1991). As the authors remark, “students do not learn much just by sitting in class listening to teachers, memorizing pre-packaged assignments, and spitting out answers” (Bonwell & Eison, 1991, p. 4). On the contrary, engaging in work through fascinating classes and encouraging activity allows developing individual interests and indicating the importance of the desire to acquire knowledge. Bransford, Brown, and Cocking (1999) share similar views and describe strategic approaches to learning in their work. As they note, “humans are viewed as goal-directed agents who actively seek information” (Bransford et al., 1999, p. 11). This proposition allows concluding that the desire to obtain knowledge in an active way rather than through routine memorization should be encouraged. Therefore, an opportunity to introduce the modern means of learning in order to achieve the high levels of education is theoretically justified. In order to demonstrate the success of active learning, some researchers resort to experimental methods. For instance, Felder (1996) describes his experience in the classroom for students who have chosen chemistry as their primary sphere of activity. According to the author’s findings, due to the updating of the educational process and the reorganization of the classes, a significant improvement in the performance indicators was noted (Felder, 1996). Also, Felder (1996) remarks that not only classes but also extra-curricular work has become more productive through the introduction of new ways of working, in particular, encouraging the individual activity of students and their personal initiative to prove themselves. Freeman et al. (2014) explore other fields of knowledge, emphasizing the use of innovative teaching methods in “the science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) disciplines” (p. 8410). In accordance with the authors’ study, “less than 40% of US students who enter university with an interest in STEM, and just 20% of STEM-interested underrepresented minority students, finish with a STEM degree” (Freema
Introduction The term deviance generally means the act of violating societal norms. Society has norms and rules that are to be followed by each person in the society (Millegan, 1999, p.1). Thus, in any society that upholds good morals, there ought to be deviants present because not all people can follow the rules and norms set. Deviants are therefore people who act to oppose the people who are out to control. In a nutshell, deviants are mostly criminals of offenses such as thefts, murders, smugglers, and even low weighted crimes like music piracy. Deviance is diversified depending on how who and where it is committed. A common aspect of deviance is elite deviance which is deviance is committed by the people with authority in the society. Elite deviance just like other types of deviance results in moral injuries such as cynicism, physical damages like frauds as well as health impacts such as illness just to mention but a few (Millegan, 1999, p.1). Even though deviance is of global concern different societies have their way of defining elite deviance. This, therefore, leads to global elite deviance and US elite deviance. Although elite deviance is committed by the powerful people in the society and those with authority, the Americans have a different view from that considered by other countries of the world. As a matter of fact, the United States has less stringent rules on elite deviance unlike in other nations. It is because of this that some forms of elite deviance are allowed in the US. For instance, elite deviance is not a crime until it has caused harm to third parties (Millegan, 1999, p.1). This was evidenced in the recent past when a celebrity was once accused of masturbating in the adult film but since his actions never caused any harm to anyone or cause damage to society his case was nullified as a criminal offense. This is one of the many cases of elite deviance in the United States that have been ignored and not taken to the law courts for persecution. This paper, therefore, discusses accepted policies and practices in dealing with elite deviance and the projection of how this deviance will be treated in the next ten to twenty years. Research hypothesis Ho: There is no statistical significance of the impact of elite deviance on the society of the United States of America (Thio et al, 2008, p. 143). Background information Deviant behavior has been evidenced in a number of various settings in society (Salinger, 2005, p.187). Deviants have been found in learning institutions, working institutions, hospitals, and prisons among other social settings. Because of this, there have been many theories created to explain the causes and insta
Introduction Political realism is the belief in power as the main reason behind the action of a state. This theory also puts forward the fact that the state is the most important entity; other factors are not important. Worth noting is that the theory does not consider the world community. It assumes that there is no world authority and only individual nations matter (Ken, 1995). Marxists believe that state economies are a result of that state’s interactions with the outside world. It puts forward the argument that market forces are not the only factors that influence state economies. In addition to the latter beliefs, it does no believe n aggregate measurements of the economy. Idealists are concerned with preserving the existing order because they think that new ideas will result in a worse situation. At the same time, liberalists are concerned with the change they desire. Contribution of political realism in light of the alternatives Political realism is too presumptuous. The reason for the above statement is because the underlying principle behind this theory is that politics is rational and that there is a reasonable explanation for the actions of states in politics. However, this is contrary to human nature, which is itself irrational. Yet states are run by these irrational humans who may not always make sensible choices. An example of this is when political leaders apologize in public for a decision they made, clearly showing that they were not rational (Richard, 1993). Another great assumption of the theory of political realism is that power affects what states do or decide. By making this assumption, an observer is put in the position of trying to read a political leader’s mind, which is itself an exercise in futility. This is because motives are almost impossible to predict. In contrast to this theory, Marxism tries to focus its attention on the explanation of state decision rather than the motive behind it as in realism (Kimberly, 1999). Political realism focuses on self-interest by states and does not consider the historical background or the cultural background behind foreign policy and state actions. By so doing, the theory does not put decisions into perspective. For example, a state may not opt for war if it has never engaged in it before as part of its history- it may be known as a peacekeeper and will not just act out of its own interest but will put the nation’s history into consideration. Idealism considers th
“Poor, miserable man! what right had infirmity like his to burden itself with a crime? Crime is for the iron-nerved, who have their choice either to endure it, or, if it presses too hard, to exert their fierce and savage strength for a good purpose, and fling it off at once! This feeble and most sensitive of the spirits could do neither, yet continually did one thing or the another, which intertwined, in the same inextricable knot, the agony of heaven-defying guilt and vain repentance.” (Hawthorne & Robinson, 1954, p.274). These words throw light on the way adopted by the minister, Dimmesdale who repents for his deed against Hester and his daughter Pearl. The very strict social setup and his social position as a minister prevent him from acknowledging the reality that Pearl is his daughter in Hester. The imprisonment of Hester for adultery was the other reason for his self-torture and psychological distress. Here Hawthorne presents Dimmesdale as a light-hearted person who is incapable of bearing the stigma of his ‘crime’, torments physically and mentally. The novelist thinks that crime is for the iron-nerved persons who are wise enough for a choice. These sorts of people are either ready to put up with all the problems or fling it off by exerting their fierce and savage strength for a good purpose. But regarding the feeble and the most sensitive, they shall continually be lamenting over the same issue or another which are intertwined with the first. Such light-hearted people, like Dimmesdale, defy their guilt and engage in vain repentance. Concerning the remorse of Dimmesdale, it is understood that he is partially willing to acknowledge Pearl as his daughter, but the other half of his mind does not allow him. These two extremes are the cause of his psychological as well as physical suffering and it is the same issue that takes his life away. He could not bear the pressure of the moment when he revealed the fact. “Silly Pearl,” said she, “what questions are these? There are many things in this world that a child must not ask about. What know I of the minister’s heart? And as for the scarlet letter, I wear it for the sake of its gold thread.”(Hawthorne & Robinson, 1954, ed.2, p.336) These lines are from the ‘Forest Walk’ chapter of the novel where Hester scolds her daughter, Pearl for questioning the burned “A” on the minister’s chest. The seven-year-old child, Pearl finds its similarity with the scarlet letter ha
Introduction Society has always been big on holidays. These events are celebrated with as much pomp and pageantry that could only be equaled by preparations for a state or royal visit and met with much excitement by everyone. Of all these holidays though, there are two which seem to stand out from the pack. These are Christmas and Easter. Although considered mostly religious events by most, it has become non denominational enough to warrant its celebration by most of the world. Religious Significance As religious events, both holidays mark a type of birth for the one they consider to be the Savior of the world although for highly different reasons. Christmas, marks his birth in the human world while Easter celebrates his rebirth as a spiritual leader taking his place in the heavens as a God.That is technically the big difference between the two holidays. Religiously speaking that is. Modern society however does not give too much weight to religious significance these days. Thus the current commercialization of the two holidays in order to make it more open as a celebration to people across the board. Religious followers choose to celebrate Christmas as the birth of their personal savior, Jesus Christ. It also marks the beginning of the religious calendar for most Christian faiths. However, as a non denominational event, Christmas had to be given a more commercial feel and generic meaning in order to make it more understandable and accessible to others. Hence the emergence of various Santa Claus incarnations and the tradition of gift giving among friends and family. Christmas was given a magical feel because of the time of the year when it is celebrated. The falling white snow, building of snowmen, families gathering to open gifts and rekindle relationships… These all fall under the magic that Christmas holds for everyone. It does not really require a religious belief in order to realize that special events require the gathering of family and some sort of commeration of the event, the gift giving. Easter on the other hand is more about the celebration of a rebirth. It is the marker of the end of the Lenten Season which celebrates the passion and death of Jesus Christ. It is significant in the sense that by his death on the cross and subsequent resurrection, he has fulfilled his role as “Savior of Mankind”. Once again, there was a need to make the event more accessible to those of the non religious sector of society. So the Easter Bunny was created as a way to celebrate the joyous occassion through games and family gatherings, less religio
Introduction This report covers various methods of improving aviation safety in Africa by implementing an effective and transparent regulatory oversight system. Africa has experienced a massive growth in air traffic in the recent past. For instance, the demand for air transport has increased, there are many airlines and Africa has experienced the highest growth in air transport globally. In addition, the African air market is large and many small airlines scramble for the market share too. The European Commission (EU) has noted that safety is one of the most critical weaknesses in the aviation industry of Africa, yet it is a necessary condition for development (European Union, 2009). Many indicators, such as the rate of accidents, safety evaluations and ICAO safety oversight audits show that perhaps Africa has the poorest aircraft safety record relative to other regions globally. Key stakeholders in the aviation industry, such IATA, ICAO and other regulatory bodies have recognized the need to enhance air safety in Africa. Between 2006 and 2010, IATA and ICAO conducted studies and analysis of air transport accidents that took place in Africa. The analysis showed that many air transport accidents in Africa were related to weak regulatory frameworks, oversights and failure to implement several safety measures (International Air Transport Association, 2012). The findings were used to develop intervention measures. From the analysis, they concluded that tools such as Flight Data Analysis (FDA) could help in identifying serious accidents such as “runway excursions, controlled flight into terrain and loss of control” (International Air Transport Association, 2012). Runway excursions were responsible for a significant percentage of air transport accidents in the continent. Therefore, enhancing air transport safety in Africa is imperative and the possible solutions must account for immediate resolutions of all identified critical safety issues. Implement Safety Management System (SMS) The SMS is a methodical strategy for managing safety issues in the aviation industry. It accounts for the suitable “organizational structures, procedures, accountability and policies” (International Air Transport Association, 2012), which can meet safety standards in the aviation industry. Based on ICAO guidelines, service providers and airline companies should offer their own SMSs, which should meet standards and regulations by their respective countries (African Aviation, n.d). In this case, service providers include training institutions on safety issues, operators, permitted aircraft maintenance firms, aircraft designing firms, aircraft manufacturers and qualified aerodrome service providers. Under ICAO guidelines, service providers should only implement recognized SMS in their respective countries. The implemented SMS must ensure the following safety aspects.   * A decline in costs and the need for audit resourc