ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Leadership is a very complicated topic as there are a lot of visions of and approaches to leadership. Generally, there are autocratic, democratic, and laissez-faire leadership styles. Depending on the leadership style the work is done in different ways, however, it does not mean that one approach is better than another one, these styles are too different to be compared. It is possible to divide leadership styles into the following groups, universal trait theories, universal behavioral theories, contingent trait theories, and contingent behavioral theories. While considering the case under consideration devoted to Ingvar Kamprad and his role in IKEA, special attention is to be paid to leadership models and specifics of Kamprad’s work (Nelson, & Quick, 2011). Trying to dwell upon the differences between autocratic, democratic, and laissez-faire leadership styles, it should be stated that only one of these styles is closely connected to the work of the followers. Applying to an autocratic leadership style, a director is the only ruler of the company whose demands are to be done. The whole power is concentrated in hands of this person. Democratic leadership style characterizes such companies where employees are responsible for their own decisions and actions. Laissez-faire leadership style is a particular style where the managers (followers) are responsible for the decisions and they are subordinate to the top manager (Hamilton, 2010). This is the example of the leadership style in IKEA. Ingvar Kamprad is the best example of the charismatic leader with the signs of transformational ideas. This is a person other want to follow, he inspires for actions and at the same time he is opened for new ideas offered by other employees. IKEA was created as a family business by Ingvar Kamprad and nowadays, having become a leading international furniture company, it remains a family business. Three Ingvar Kamprad’s sons work in the company and they are the followers of their father. It seems that the situational leadership model is used in the company. Being a leader and a manager, Ingvar Kamprad does all possible to use the whole potential of his employees, therefore, he is opened for new ideas and he always searches for fresh and innovative decisions. Ingvar Kamprad tries to combine the result and human resources needs. Being sure that the main success of business is in optimal use of the resources, Ingvar Kamprad always tries to get as much as possible from both, the raw materials and human resources, working with the principles “wasting resources is a moral sin” and “to create a better everyday life for the many people” (Lewis, 2005, p. 82). These are the key leadership lessons from Ingvar Kamprad. It should be stated that he personally follows these principles as being a millionaire, this person does not spend much on cloths, food and luxury things. He
Introduction The term culture is regularly being discussed in workplaces. The discussion is in such a way that its meaning is presupposed. However, culture has been observed as one of the aspects of the organization that is essential in achieving high levels of effectiveness. Though defining organization culture may be an easy task, it is marred with controversies about what constitutes an organization culture, whether organization culture can adequately be described, effectively be managed and what kind of management strategies are more likely to succeed (Smircich 1983, p.342). More like the wider context of national culture, organization culture is seen as a set of norms, principles, beliefs and behavior that gives the organization its identity (Madu 2011, p.9). How these cultural elements are managed contributes to the organization success. Organization success is a situation whereby the organization stakeholders be it customers or employees are satisfied (Quinn & Rohrbaugh 1983, p.340). Moreover, Quinn & Rohrbaugh (1983, p.340) claim that organization success is defined by its product quality and the profitability in terms of sales volume. The practice of cultural management and organization success is always being confused (Barney 1986, p.661). Nevertheless organization cultural management contributes to the organization success (Ogbonna & Harris 1998, p.274). This paper explores significant issues that relate to organization culture, its management as well as its contribution to organizational performance. Managing the organization culture The concept of managing the organization culture is new. Organization culture comprises of certain types of artifacts common beliefs and assumptions as well as special values. In this regard it is the culture that creates a true organization. The organization culture determines attributes that identifies the organization. Where as the organization culture is seen as being organic it is malleable. Organization management should focus on those attributes of culture that can be shaped or influenced. In some perspectives of organization cultural management like the anthropological, organization culture is defined by parameters such as concepts, language, boundaries and ideology as well as normative measure. These provide foundation for assigning power, status, rewards, authority, punishment, friendship and respect (Valentine 2011, p.106). Generally, culture determines the belief of an organization and forms a link between the organization and the external environment. Thus, organization culture and strategies are inextricably connected and interdependent. From this view, culture is not separated from the organization and cannot be manipulated or changed. Moreover, organization culture can
Employees’ Protection In the last ten years, the question of workplace discrimination was often addressed by the US federal government, especially during 113th Congress. Passed in 2013, the Employment Non-Discrimination Act amendment stated that any gender discrimination at the workplace is strictly prohibited and punished by the law (Chech & Rothwell, 2019). The legislation touches primarily upon the rights of the LGBT community. Addressing Title VII’s statutory of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, the Employment Non-Discrimination Act protects the rights of LGBT representatives for equal employment (Chech & Rothwell, 2019). Thus, the recently passed legislation aimed at the employee’s rights protection regarding gender. Another vital type of discrimination that the US federal government addressed in the last ten years is employment pregnancy discrimination. The 116th Congress proposed the Pregnant Workers Fairness Act to highlight the importance of pregnancy employment protection (Qin, 2021). Thus, this act emphasized that employers, who violate pregnant women’s rights, treating them unequally with other applicants, perform unlawful actions, and should be prosecuted (Qin, 2021). Therefore, the legislation required employers to treat pregnant women equally to other applicants and hire them under similar working conditions. It is not beneficial for the employer to hire pregnant women because they can experience losses and have to pay maternal expenses. However, the legislation protects pregnant employees’ rights and encourages equal employers’ attitudes towards the workers’ diversity. Federal legislation sometimes can conflict with the state’s law settings. Constitutionally treating, federal law is supreme over state law. Such a process is called preemption and usually is put in action when employment discrimination cases cannot be solved at the state level. Thus, for example, in 2012, federal law preempted a state law related to undocumented workers’ prosecution canceling in Arizona (Coombs & Newman, 2020). The federal law implied that the state’s authorities should regulate such problems. Therefore, federal law is more important and can eliminate the execution of state law. Employment-at-will Doctrine The employment-at-will doctrine is the common law legislation act that regulates the United States employer-employee relationships. This doctrine allows an employer to fire an employee, stating the dismissal’s legal reason (Coombs & Newman, 2020). The court will not consider the appeals if the employees are aware that the employment-at-will doctrine regulates their working relationships unless the root cause is illegal. Since the passage of the Civil Act of 1964, particular limitations were put on the doctrine. Public policy is one of the main exceptions to the employment-at-will doctrine (Coombs & Newman, 2020). This exception empha
Evolution is the process by which generations of species undergo some changes in their biological traits over a given period. There are two theories that explain the process of evolution. They include phyletic gradualism and punctuated equilibrium. Scientists maintain that evolution can only happen as described by the theories (National Academy of Sciences 78). Phyletic gradualism is a theory that explains a slow and consistent process of evolution that occurs in biological species. It further maintains that change in characteristics of these taxonomic groups involves splitting of the hereditary features of the species into different traits in the subsequent generations. On the other hand, punctuated equilibrium is an evolutionary theory, which holds the belief that the process of change in biological characteristics is extremely fast. Punctuated equilibrium occurs immediately, and with respect to geology. People rarely notice the changed forms of the species because they exist and disappear very fast (Cook 53). Punctuated equilibrium makes the prediction of an impossibility in recording the characteristic changes whenever there is registration of an evolutionary process. For instance, there may be records of the ancestors of some species having resided at a certain place. At the same time, there could be a new taxonomic group undergoing evolution in a different area. The theory also predicts a reduction in the likelihood of ossification among the members (Ross 108). Several processes can lead to rapid evolution. These include rivers that contain toxic substances and changes in climate. Rivers with toxicants can result in the evolution of the fish that lives in its water. These toxicants remain on the riverbeds and do not undergo any process of
Introduction Quality is a very vital feature in any undertaking. Whether it is a process or product quality remains one of the most critical characteristic that must be carefully analyzed and controlled in order to add value to the process or product. Tools and techniques are available to ensure that quality management is professionally performed. This writing is going to summarize a number of these tools with a focus on the Pareto tool. Quality management tools Several tools are available that include Pareto chart, control, run charts and flow charts, Ishikawa diagrams (fishbone), scatter plots and check sheets and lists. Pareto charts Typically bar charts arranged in descending pattern from the highest bar on the left to the lowest on the right. During the Pareto analysis there are a number of steps followed that include:  1. Gathering the raw data  2. Defining the raw data by sorting and ordering  3. Assigning suitable labels to the axes of the chart  4. Deriving the bar chart for every category  5. Calculate the cumulative totals for every category  6. Optionally drawing a cumulative line as an addition to the plotted bar chart Scatter plots This is typically a line graph with no line. This diagram has the Y axis assigned to represent the variable whose behaviour can be predicted. Control charts This tool is used as a means of statistical process control. These charts are used to identify if the variables under consideration have consistent measurable characteristics. Flow charts This tool shows direction flow. This can be used to model processes, opportunities and decision points within a process. This is an important tool to help us understand process flows. Run charts This is a tool used to evaluate processes based on time or order. This tool involves gathering, organizing, charting and interpreting data. Cause and effect/ Fishbone / Ishikawa diagram Also called the fishbone or Ishikawa diagram and is used as the initial step in problem solving process. Check sheets/ List The check sheet is an interpretive and adaptable data recording form suitable for both qualitative and quantitative data collection. The check list defines all the operational conditions and steps to be taken during a certain process. The Pareto analysis overview The basis of this study focuses on the Pareto principle. This is also referred to as the 80-20 rule by Joseph Juran which suggests that 80% effects are a result of 20% causes. The genesis of this suggestion was based on Italian economist Pareto back in 1906. Pareto tool and the Cause and effect tool / Fish bone tool The Pareto tool can be used to disintegrate a big problem into smaller pieces. This is aimed at identifying the most significant portions and assigning the necessary attention to these portions. The fishbone or Ishikawa
Introduction Utilitarian ethics is often applied by policy-makers when they need to address a complex ethical problem. Nevertheless, this framework cannot give a definitive answer to the dilemma described in this case, because it is extremely difficult to identify the consequences of a choice that a person has to take. An individual, who resorts to torture in order to save the lives of other people, cannot estimate the long-term effects of this action on the welfare of the community. Under these circumstances, one cannot tell how exactly this behavior can influence the general utility. Therefore, there are no valid criteria according to which the morality can be evaluated. This is one of the limitations that should not be disregarded by the CIA agent mentioned in this case. On the whole, the use of utilitarian approach is not quite suitable for addressing this ethical problem. In contrast, Kantian ethical framework is more likely to give a consistent answer that is based on the so-called Formula of Humanity. This is the main thesis that should be discussed in greater detail. To a great extent, this discussion can be important for understanding the complexity of ethical problems which require a person to commit the acts of violence against innocent people. Exposition This scenario illustrates one of the most complex dilemmas that CIA officers may need to resolve. In particular, a person has to decide whether it is permissible to torture the children of a terrorist in order to obtain valuable information that can potentially save the lives of many people. The CIA agent knows that the captured mastermind of a terrorist group has several accomplices who may carry out several deadly attacks. In turn, one of his colleagues mentions that the suspect has two children, and they can be tortured. In his opinion, this action can force this person to disclose the names of his accomplices. Thus, a person may have to take the action that can completely undermine his/her ethical integrity. So, it is important to apply different ethical frameworks such as utilitarianism and Kantian ethics in order to find possible solutions to this problem. The supporter of the utilitarian ethics will try to focus on the effects of such action on the welfare of the community. In particular, this person will apply the so-called general utility principle according to which a certain action is right if it maximizes overall happiness (West 146). It should be noted that in this context, the word happiness can also be defined as freedom from pain. Apart from that, utilitarian ethics imply that certain rights of people can be overridden in some exceptional cases. For example, one can speak about the need to save thousands of people. This is the line of reasoning that the s
Introduction The criminal justice system, due to its nature, is rife with all kinds of ethical dilemmas. This is to be expected, as the courts often deal with matters of life, death, sentencing, and punishment, which deprive individuals of their freedoms and liberties for a very long time. Attorneys and defense counselors face many ethical dilemmas, as they are supposed to stand for the accused. One of the most difficult dilemmas for any defense counselor to come across is the issue of defending the guilty. This dilemma represents the confrontation between the need to expose the truth and the rights of the accused, some of which include the right to counselor privacy and the right against self-incrimination. Defending the guilty is what earned the defense counsel a bad reputation in society, as criminal attorneys are viewed as dishonest and dishonorable individuals ready to defend murderers and rapists, obscuring evidence and misleading the jury in order to win the case. The purpose of this paper is to investigate this ethical issue through the prism of three ethical models and determine whether the truth or civil rights have more importance in the existing justice system. Defending the Guilty – A Side Effect of the Adversarial Justice System According to Woolley (2016), the issue of defending the guilty arises from the concept behind the adversarial justice system currently in place in the US. This system works in a way, where the judge and the jury act as mediators between the prosecution and the defense. Each side is supposed to try their hardest to prove their point. The search for the truth, in this system, is considered an inevitable side effect of the competition and not the sole purpose of the system’s existence. This brings up several ethical issues in regards to defending the guilty, such as:   * The issue of the defense willfully undermining its own position versus basing the defense on lies as well as shortcomings of the prosecution.   * The issue of the defense counselor being treated as a quasi-witness.   * The issue of the prevalence of civil rights over the objective truth. The majority of existing literature dismisses these issues for various reasons. The concept of quasi-witness, explored by Staler (2016) is dismissed due to its existence violating several rights of the defendant. The emphasis on rights over truth is further emphasized by Liebman (2016), who advocates for certain measures and techniques implemented in defense of the guilty that allow obscuring the truth while remaining ethical, from a rights ethics perspective. It is possible to see that the existing legal framework is largely based on rights-based ethics, which puts the existence of unalienable rights above anything else (Rohr, 2017). Alternative Ethical Perspectives While the concept of an adversarial justice system, as well as the concept of defending the guilty, is easily justified and defended within the scope of rights-based ethics, the perspectives of other prevalent models provide additional insights into the situation. From the perspective of Kantian deontological ethics, as well a
The breakdown of the earth’s surface into fragments or segments is known as erosion. The agents of erosion include gravity, water, wind or animals. These agents carry the weathered rock sediments and particles from one location to another. The transportation of the eroded soil materials is called deposition (Berhe 4). Erosion can occur where these agents act on the rock sediments or soil particles. Erosion and deposition are interrelated because deposition can only occur after erosion must have taken place (Brunner 3). Land use, climate, land forms and hydrology are factors that influence erosion. The process follows three stages 1. Breakdown or detachment of rock or soil sediments: This is the first stage of erosion, the rock or soil matter begins to disintegrate. The disintegration is caused by either wind, water, ice, animals or man. The bonds between the soil particles are weakened by the agents of erosion. The process is called weathering and the forces of weathering can be physical, chemical or biological. The impact of raindrops on the rock can force the disintegration of the rock particles. The weathered rock or soil particle becomes ready for the second stage of the erosion process (Mitasova 9). 2. Entrainment: This stage of erosion begins with the movement of weak particles from the original form. Scientists believe that the stage is similar to the breakdown of the rock sediments. The differences between detachment and entrainment can be seen in the movement of the soil particles which is caused by the forces of erosion. 3. The transportation stage: The particles are moved from one location to another by the wind or water. The velocity at which the particles are transported depends on the force of nature. The transportation of disintegrated particles can be by 1. Suspension: This is caused by wind, water or gravity. The eroded particles are transported as suspensions by air, water or gravity. 2. Solution: The mode of transportation of weathered particles is water. The weathered materials are carried along by water from one location to another. 3. Saltation: The particles are transported by a patterned cycle. The agents of movement can either be wind or water. 4. Traction: This mode of transportation involves rolling the weathered soil particles on the weathered surface. The product of erosion process is called deposition. It refers to the process by which the eroded soil particles are transported to a different location. Deposition of eroded materials can be caused by wind, water, gravity, or ice. The rate of deposi
Summary The book talks about a person whose biological father was poor where as his friend’s father was the rich dad. Mike whom his father was rich happened to have been the author’s best friend. These two personalities gave the author two different approaches of becoming rich later in life. It was now the author’s discretion to discern which approach would best work for him. The author keeps comparing these two fathers on their financial practices and their depth in terms of dynamism. The author’s poor but educated dad could not much the real dad in terms of building of assets and business mind. According to the author, his dad is one of those people who are determined to be rich in life but are held back by lack of sufficient knowledge relating to finances. He doesn’t blame his actual dad for this but hips blame on education system that has no curriculum on financial literacy. However, his rich dad who represents the affluent takes advantage of his financial advisors coupled with his tax and accounting expertise to enrich himself. The author tries two portray characters of personalities who harbor the can-do attitude and the other who is a fearless entrepreneur. The author tries to bring to the attention of the users how basic knowledge of finances is very vital in any business undertaking and how corporations can contribute to the rich becoming even richer. He underscores how ones upbringing can contribute to his or her to acquire financial freedom. He highlights six main topics which he gives prominence to throughout the book. These include: importance of financial literacy; reality that the rich never work for money; the issue of tax and how they relate to public corporations. The author also emphasizes that people should work to learn and not to work for money as widely perceived by many. The reality of the rich inventing money is also brought to the attention of the reader. Analysis When Mike and the author teams up to form a first-reach scheme, Mike’s father insists that they both have to attain financial literacy to be successful in any business enterprise. The boys dedicate their free-time to learning about finances and economics. When the author is employed in Mike’s father grocery shop he decries his being paid meagerly. The author routes for salary increase but is instead paid even less. The author uses this to show the ineffectiveness of rat race in pursuit to acquiring riches and that the rich do not work for money. The author depicts the disadvantages of working the whole of your lifetime putting little money into your very own po