ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Cultural Art involves the process of creating and arranging items of aesthetic value to in a manner that attracts an individual either emotionally, intellectually or just physically. Cultural industries combine creativity, production and commercialization of pieces of art capable of stimulating one’s mind and thought drawing them to such items. It is a combination of human activities such as generating movies, writing books or journals, architectural designs, journalism and advertising activities etc. Some technological advancements also represent culture, Everitt& Mills (2009, P 749-768). There is therefore no doubt that art is valuable, both economically and culturally, to the contemporary society. This essay will discuss the economic and cultural importance of culture brought about by creativity as well as how to measure and assess the various economic impacts of cultural art. Culture and Economy Culture has been for a long time the backbone of the economy for communities all over the world and thus should be looked at as a precious object, which the international community should behold. However both culture and economy are interdependent; culture brings about a sustainable development to a country on one hand and on the other hand “for a culture to thrive, it needs a supportive distributive system and investment infrastructure, as well as stimulating environment for its creators and artists,” (Fisher 2002, P.14). Culture contributes to both the intellectual capacity and cultural life of a country. Arts make up a substantial amount of a country’s economy thus “culture and development can no longer be viewed as independent of each other,” (Fisher 2002, P. 17). It does not only provide revenue through taxes and exports but it is also channel for creation of employment opportunities for a large number of people in any given economy. In Australia, “over 250,000 Australians are employed in the cultural sector, which represents 3.3 per cent of the total Australian workforce” (Fisher 2002, P 17). The cultural profession is no doubt of paramount importance if we are to continue enjoying these benefits and we need to recognize the efforts of those individuals who dedicate their lives in this industry. These individuals are referred to as cultural professionals. A Culture Professional A professional artist includes “any arts practitioner working in the arts (…architecture, dance, film, video and animation, literature, music and opera, visual arts and new media)…” (Madden 2002, P.3). Cultural professionals are important for the overall development of the society. There is need for creativity and innovation so as to handle new challenges that so often emerge and “without the creative process we languish,” (Mike, 2011). Creativity has enabled to fight diseases through new cure methods, overcome natural calamities by using items that can forecast the future happenings and so many other things. So what is creativity? Creativity In the contemporary global society, the world is always in need of new developments and enhanced commodities. This makes creati
With the imminent shortage of nurses and the accompanying problem of aging nursing professionals moving out of service, the issue of fatigue is a major topic of discussion in nursing circles, hence the selection of this topic. The nursing profession has the duty to provide a supportive environment to promote the health and safety of patients and staff; the problem of fatigue has however become a hurdle in the health promotion. Inadequate staffing, frequent overtime work, no coverage for breaks, keeping narrow safety precautions and problems in standardized processes have been considered as the reasons for fatigue. Fatigue has been defined as the “physical or mental weariness resulting from exertion” and a ‘tiring effort or activity causing weariness” in the American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language (2000). Other meanings have also been given: “decreased capacity or inability of an organism” and “weakening or failure of a material from prolonged stress”. These do not suit our context. The Collins Dictionary defines fatigue as “extreme physical and mental tiredness” and another out of our context, “weakening of a material caused by repeated stress or movement” (2006). Words with similar meaning are tiredness, lethargy, weariness, languor and listlessness. “Freshness” is a word with opposite meaning. The medical discipline defines fatigue as the “physical and/or mental exhaustion that can be triggered by stress, medication, overwork, or mental and physical illness or disease” (Davis, 1995). Fatigue is the way in which the body exhibits the need for rest and sleep. If these methods do not relieve the fatigue, the medical staff understands that something is absolutely wrong. Lack of energy, muscle weakness, lethargic movements or central nervous system symptoms or serious nervous breakdowns imply that much is to be done. Even memory loss may be noted. Effort would be taken to diagnose the underlying condition and treat as early as possible to overcome the fatigue. Alternate medicine recommends that life-style changes are sufficient to beat the fatigue: change of occupation, lesser hours of work, avoiding night duty, irregular sleep patterns, cultivation of a harmonious family life. The discipline of surgery has a component called post operative malaise and fatigue. A new theory states that postoperative fatigue is the result of physiological, psychological and cultural changes that occur in the body during the convalescence period (Salmon & Hall, 1997). Research is attempting to find means of preventing the problem by reducing the pre-operative anxiety with medicines and psychological advice and shortening the convalescence. Modern health care environments for nurses are facing a shortage of qualified nurses and a tough work environment due to “changing work patterns, long shifts and overtime” (Ellis, 2008). Heaviness of work schedules, fatigue and poor patient safety are the issues of nursing. Fatigue has been attributed to the prolonged hours of sleep loss and wakefulness and at the circadian time of day. It makes the nu
Introduction The urban condition is the human condition. In 1950, one-third of the world’s population lived in cities, but by 2050, the figure is expected to rise to two-thirds, or 6 billion people. By 2015 each of the world’s ten largest cities will house between 20 and 30 million people. Possibly, even those people who are not included in these figures now owe most of their existence to the demands that cities place on the world economy. There can be no doubt that the last 100 years have witnessed a major shift in the world’s spatial organization. Recently, there has been a frenzy of research on this problem, much of which has concerned the exact nature of political agency when it is increasingly mediated by urban institutions. Classically, urban political agency has been thought of in three different ways. One has been to imagine the city as a place with powers arising from its particular nature. The second has been to make claims for the city as a community, and the third has been to argue that in some way cities bestow citizenship. All of these responses are problematic in some way. No one can deny the specificity of place, but increasingly, places overlap with so many other places that it makes it very difficult to say that they are truly concentrated in one location. The second response is even more difficult in light of the extraordinary diversity of impulse and orientation in any given city. And the final response confuses a political category with a place. Instead of jettisoning these classical interpretations, however, they should be redefined since they continue to have grip in today’s world. Indeed, many contemporary global political issues are linked to these three different formulations of urban political agency. For example, the urban spectacle of anti-war protest cannot be ignored in any consideration of global geopolitics. Moreover, the close juxtaposition of peoples and cultures from around the world in cities has to be placed at the heart of any politics of identity, belonging, and affiliation, while the sheer environmental effects of cities themselves produce both enormous problems and practices that international regulators still sometimes see as beneath them even when they are all around them. Cities matter politically, not merely as sites where the political occurs, but as part of the political itself. What is the Polis? There are three instances of urban political agency. The first begins with the question of place specificity. The sheer physical nature of the city–its bricks and mortar, daily routines, wires and wheels–allow many people to continue to think of the city as a bounded space. But all of these mundane things connect up with other spaces, physical and virtual. None of them are complete unto themselves. Think only of the porosity of the modern house, with its multiple inputs and outputs from all over the world (and indeed beyond if we include satellites). Think of the modern park, with people and plants from around the world. Think of a car drive through the city, which for many people is their key experience of place, involving a constant hum of world noise if the radio is on, but also many sen
Electronic health records (EHRs) are digital reports of patients’ paper charts. They are real-time records that are both client-centered and secure. The federal mandate requiring healthcare providers and organizations to incorporate an electronic health record by 2014 was unrealistic due to several concerns. First, research demonstrates that people have difficulties with accepting changes, particularly in the workplace (Gans, Kralewski, Hammons, & Dowd, 2005). Probably, the government’s directive was resisted by different stakeholders such as board members and clinical and support workers. The requirement was unrealistic since acceptance and positivity were not built in all healthcare institutions to encourage members to adopt the changes. Second, when applying EHRs, facilities encountered several issues such as reductions in productivity and workflow efficiency (Jha et al., 2009). Moreover, management teams in healthcare organizations could be required to offer additional support to achieve all the objectives of EHRs. Another concern that a healthcare manager could have is about the migration of the existing data, a process that is both time-consuming and wearisome. The management could be worried about transferring private and sensitive patient information, which should always be migrated accura
Introduction Religious concepts in research have long been subjects of misconstrued, misinterpreted, misunderstood, or even misjudged ideas and conceptions by researchers of different classes. The issue concerning the myth of Medieval Convivencia, which relates to the Spanish history, is little understood, and thus regularly misconstrued. Cohen presents medieval Convivencia as a Spanish historical myth that describes how Christians, Jews, and Muslims lived peacefully during the medieval Christian Spain (1). Cohen understands Convivencia as a concept that more specifically demonstrates the traditional co-existence of Jews and Muslims. Cohen’s main argument about the notion of Convivencia in the Arabic speaking world and the era of Spanish re-conquest is regularly misinterpreted as researchers contrast the concepts with the harmonious living era of the Jewish Christian relations in the northern parts of Europe (Cohen 1). Cohen absolutely refutes Jewish suffering during the Islamic regime. Conclusively, his study assumes that such confusions have resulted in theological differences. In a bid to enhance a deeper understanding of Convivencia , this paper seeks to investigate this concept critically in relation to similar scholarly articles. Cohen’s argument critique The historical development of Convivencia of Jews and Muslims in the medieval Spanish Islam has undergone a series of critical analyses, disputed convictions, and misinterpreted histories and Cohen’s argument disputes certain issues articulated in this concept. Cohen disputes the European Jewish historians and their notion that Islamic-Jewish relations have been harmonious and they lived in interfaith utopia (1). He further disputes the perception of Zionist and Jewish writers who claim that Jewish life under Muslims in the medieval Christian Spain was absolute suffering and a full disaster. These writers also claim that Muslims fueled Muslim/Arab-Jew hatred characterized by Arab anti-Semitism. Cohen claims that both judgments are untrue and they fall under the best description of historical myths developed and argued by simple historians (1). According to his perception, the truth lies is the contemporary happenings and the history of Jews and Muslims in the Muslim Spain and in the medieval Islamic world was factual, but the harmonious living had some limitations. In his conviction about the historical Convivencia of Jews and Muslims in the medieval Islamic Spain, the history was characterized by legally stipulated regime that instigated discrimination and periodic violence. Cohen asserts that historical analysts should not undermine the cultural freedom of Jews in the Arabic Spain, the political acknowledgment that Jews received in Muslim courts, and the security that Jews enjoyed while living amongst Muslims (2). Cohen persis
Introduction Various organisations currently operate at the global business interface that is characterised by intense competition, dynamic changes in consumer needs, emerging trends of new products, changing technology, and different cultures. Such businesses strive to maintain operations that are geared towards striking a balance between the influences of the above factors. Most multinational businesses usually establish subsidiary branches in numerous countries across transnational borders with a view of expanding their market bases by attracting international consumers. For this reason, implementation of virtual teams of different employees from culturally diverse origins becomes a crucial interplay in the involved businesses since they facilitate communication amongst diverse consumers, employees, and subsidiary firms. Currently, many businesses are adopting virtual management whereby managers do not necessarily need to maintain physical contact with their employees. The research proposal aims at investigating effective communication and motivation techniques in the management of in virtual teams across transnational borders. Background According to Huang, Kahai, and Jestice (2010), virtual team management is a phenomenon that surpasses the limitations of time and space boundaries that are experienced in visual interactions. Misunderstanding of cultural differences, marginalisation, language barrier, team disunity, and mistrust are some of the issues that are associated with virtual team management. For instance, the GE Energy, an electricity management company in Atlanta recently faced an increasing number of diverse cultural workforces in its areas of operations. This situation led to the development of programs such as the GE Connect and WebEx to provide an insight into ‘Working in Virtual Teams’. The GE Connect and WebEx software adds a phone tab to the GE WebEx connects. The system can command the computer to manage call dials, history, waiting indicators, media, and instant messaging among others. Employees who do not understand common communication languages such as English among other dialects can successfully interact with their colleagues using the system to improve their communication. This situation is an implication of a need to conduct more research on the techniques and solutions to the challenges that arise from the management of virtual transactional teams due then unavailability of a common language. Literature Review A virtual team refers to a group of individuals who interact using internet platforms and profiles rather than maintaining face-to-face communication (Chen, Chen, & Chu 2008). On the other hand, a transactional virtual team is an organised group of persons who carry out various activities that are related to trade des
Introduction Historically, networks can be traced back to the early days of Marxism and later by Lenin. While their causes of action can be just or unjust, to date, networks and governments have failed to get in common grounds. Constantly, these bodies are ever under frictions. While nations have portrayed themselves as constitutional and their governance very much justified; network groups, legal or illegal have been treated with a lot of mistrust. Network objectives Despite their place in the society, network groups in every nation have emerged due to societal constraints. Both local and international networks, aim at deconstructing traditional norms, creating peace, fighting for environmental sustainability, ensuring equitable distribution of resources, and poor political policies and systems. While at times, they have tried to achieve these through peaceful means such as round table discussions and empowerment programs, most times their actions are associated with conflicts. Governance Network groups lack proper central government system; they operate through separate cells linked through communication system. As a result, technological development has greatly facilitated their activities. When telegraph came into existence, communication was made easy to different parts of the world. Other forms of communication, such as radio and cell phones have become vital linking systems. Cybernetics, also, has been a vital tool as most all places in the world can easily be accessed. Consequently, many people can stay in the link despite geographical distances. Additionally, computers have enhanced e-commerce for running different activities. The objectives of the network groups such as creating neo-liberal society have made them accessible to many people despite their societal class, race, nationality, and cultural system. Consequently, networks such as Al-Qaida have gained entries in almost all the nations across the world. Additionally, some of these networks have got support from other groups such as Non-Governmental Organizations and political parties, thus, they easily penetrate into the societies. Most of the network groups have been portrayed by the government and the m
Introduction Medical professionals often deal with unpredictable situations, which they must navigate by following principles of healthcare ethics. A healthcare worker is generally associated with help, safety, alleviation, professionalism, and the common good. The environment nurses and doctors work in is often complex, overwhelmingly stressful, and, therefore, chaotic conditions. To manage this environment, doctors and nurses need to apply concrete ethical principles that help them make choices and decisions in unpredictable situations. Healthcare ethics, or bioethics, includes four basic principles applied across all practices and levels. These principles are autonomy, beneficence, nonmaleficence, and justice. Overview of the Case Study E. L. Straight is an experienced healthcare professional known for his thoughtful approach to managing hospital personnel. He is devoted to patients’ well-being as much as to his staff’s satisfaction with the working environment, as he knows that it directly influences the quality of medical services. One day, at the end of the day shift, E. L. Straight is informed by the operating room supervisor that there might have been an accident involving one of his most experienced surgeons, Dr. Cutrite. The supervisor said the doctor forgot a plastic needle protector inside a patient’s stomach after the operation. The operation occurred three days ago, and the patient, Mrs. Jameson, was released from the hospital the day before. Right after the operation, the supervisor was unsure whether the incident occurred. Yet, now that she recalls the situation and her conversation with Dr. Cutrite, she is certain there was a case of unintended retention. Mr. Straight’s immediate concern is, of course, the patient’s safety. He urgently calls Dr. Cutrite and the scrub nurse, who worked with the surgeon that day, for questioning. Without a patient’s medical examination, it is impossible to confirm that unintended retention has occurred. Still, the surgeon and the nurse confirm it might be the case. Mr. Straight calls in the chief surgeon to examine the possible implications for the patient’s health and decide the hospital’s reaction to the incident. The top surgeon confirms that a foreign object, such as a needle protector, can cause severe damage to a patient’s health and that the situation demands immediate medical intervention. Mrs. Jameson has a right to sue the hospital for the accident. E. L. Straight faces an ethical dilemma: whether to inform the patient about the accident and call her in for an urgent examination to determine whether there is a for
Introduction First and foremost, we want to acknowledge that we reside in Edmonton, an ancestral land for many ingenious tribes, including the Métis, Blackfoot, Nakota Sioux, Saulteaux, and the Cree people. The indigenous inhabitants of the land of Edmonton city in the province of Alberta have sought the recognition of their identities for decades. Their right to inherit their traditional land has constantly been violated. Bringing their oppression in their own land to the light is the first step towards effective reconciliation with these indigenous communities. Indigenous History Edmonton, which lies along the North Saskatchewan River, is the capital of Alberta, Canada. Since the last glacial period, more than five hundred generations have inherited the land of Alberta. The tribes that originally inhabited the land were the Métis, Blackfoot, Nakota Sioux, Saulteaux, and the Cree. These First Nations people are diverse in character, culture, and size. According to the research by Alberta Health Services (2019), the Métis is currently the largest indigenous community living in the province of Alberta. According to this study, the Métis communities cover at least 512,121 hectares of land in Alberta (Alberta Health Services, 2019).Their culture is a conglomeration of English, French, and indigenous traditions. Like most indigenous communities, the Métis have unique practices compared to their non-indigenous counterparts. A prime example is their music, which is a combination of jigs and reels. Their attire usually comprises beaded pipe-bags, deer hide caps, embellished gun sheaths, and woven sashes. History of Colonization The First Nations people’s contact with the European settlers considerably changed their course of history. One significant challenge was their exposure to contagious infections to which they had no cure. Due to many social, political, and economic disturbances, the indigenous people had no choice but to live in huge communities. As a result, the number of infections exacerbated, and many deaths followed. Moreover, they lost their traditional means of livelihood, and food shortage became commonplace. The fur trade also stifled their regular activities such as hunting and trapping. The Indian Act, signed in 1876, deprived indigenous people of some of their fundamental rights. As a