ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction The origin of the Sun and its orbiting planets has been a point of hypothesis and conjecture ever since man looked upon the stars and planets and wondered about their origins. For the ancient Greek and Roman civilization the celestial bodies they observed in the sky were thought of as Gods and Goddesses, looking down up the Earth from some form of godlike platform. Today, it is an established fact that the heavenly bodies we see in the night sky are composed of planets and stars, celestial bodies of rock, gas and varying forms of elements that were formed billions of years ago. Even though such objects have been observed for hundreds of years it is only within the last 200 that humanity has begun to understand their unique qualities. While there have been conjectures, varying hypothesis and age old established theories what must be understood is that as the science of astronomy evolves humanity begins to slowly adapt to new information, new discoveries and subsequent re-evaluations of what we knew of as fact. For example, early studies of astronomy adopted the geocentric model in that they believed that the sun, planets, moon and stars revolved around the Earth, not only that there was also the belief that the Earth was in fact flat (Copernicus, 2009: 83). It is based on this that when examining the established theories on the origins of the solar system one must do so with both an open yet skeptical mind, taking into account the given data and observations yet not clearly adhering to any one theory as being definitive proof. Another interesting topic that should be taken note of is the origin of the Earth itself for just as there have been numerous theories as to the origin of the solar system there have been a plethora of theories which have attempted to determine the origin of the Earth itself. Our home planet is unique in that it is the only planet within our solar system that has sufficiently developed to be able to support life. While there have been varying accounts of how life came to be on Earth, with religion and science vying for attention, the fact remains that the uniqueness of our planet should not be underestimated and as such bodes a certain degree of curiosity as to the origins of the unique circumstances that enabled Earth to become what it is today.
As one of the biggest electric utility groups in America, FPL has an impressive revenue and investment portfolio. The company’s dividend payout ratio is also one of the highest among companies of its kind. The company has managed to pay dividends to its shareholders for 47 consecutive years. FPL’s dividend ratio is also one of the most remarkable at the ratio of approximately 90% as compared to an average of 77% among its peers. For interested investors, the company operates with a debt to total assets ratio of 46.4%, which is a good indicator when it comes to performance. In this scenario, the company is seeking to distribute dividends to investors while putting all the relevant factors into consideration. This report analyses the case study on Dividended Policy at FPL Group Inc., and the factors that impact any dividned-related decisions at the company. It is important to analyze the main issue in regards to FPL’s situation. Some of the factors that have made the electric utility industry unique include its sequential mode of production, which includes generation, transmission, and distribution. FPL has enjoyed immense success in this industry because in the past
Video Briefing Situation in the Ukraine Crises in the Ukraine makes leading countries elaborate plans for possible military actions their governments may decide to use taking into account the objectives of the activities and the capabilities required to undertake the actions. In short, revolution on Maidan in Kiev took place in November 2013 and was connected with the position of the Ukraine’s President Yanukovych who decided not to make “initially painful deal with the EU to bolster integration and trade” 1 but preferred a loan from Russian Federation to survive current economic hardships. Consequently, after the protests turned into violent fighting of people and police that led to casualties, the President Yanukovych “fled to Russia, and a coalition government formed out of the opposition, agreeing to hold new elections on 25 May.” 2 Next, in March 2013, the President of Russia, Putin, “signed a treaty formally annexing Crimea.” 3 As a result, sanctions from the United Stated and the European Union followed, but all the actions and negotiations followed in 2014 and 2015 have not stopped military “unrest in east Ukraine” 4 so far. According to Foreign Minister Julie Bishop, Australia “condemns the breach of Ukraine’s sovereignty by the convoy of Russian trucks which entered Ukraine without permission.” 5 Hence, Australia joined the US and the EU in sanctions against Russia, and Foreign Minister Julie Bishop stated that “Russian President Vladimir Putin should withdraw all support for the separatists and ask them to lay down their arms, so the conflict can be brought to an immediate end.” 6 According to Australian Government Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade, Russia “stands accused of supporting and enabling the subsequent violent destabilisation of Ukraine’s eastern regions by pro-Russian separatists, which began in April 2014.” 7 Since the unrest in the East Ukraine has not stopped yet, Australian Government should be informed about the policy options involving the use of military force addressing the crises in the Ukraine. Policy Options Involving the Use of Military Force According to Australian Defence Doctrine Pub
Social exchange theory as an example of principle of interpersonal communication, proposes that people tend to weigh relationships by putting into account the ratio of their returns to that of their expenses. Communication within an organisation has been used by writers to draw conclusions of the theory for places of work. Insightful assumptions can be drawn through the application of this theory to work relationships. Some relationships have to do deal with status benefits, self-esteem, or satisfaction in communication. Costly relationships have higher chances of dissipation over time, while worthwhile ones are probably more enduring. If there is a need to enhance beneficial relationships in the work place, one has to consider ways that can intensify the perceived benefits they carry along. There is an implication of social exchange theory that if effective relationships are to be established and maintained, rewards have to be used in those situations. Similarly, continuity in relationships of a communication environment can be achieved through the development of superior communication skills. Interpersonal communication’s research puts into consideration the relationship maintenance factors. These researches have concluded on some elements that are deemed important. They include assurance giving, positive communication, networking and openness. Skills for managing interpersonal communication range from those having an influence on communication climate to those creating awareness of individual communication approach. Message is an element that has been emphasised most by scholars as compared to other elements. Research has shown that simply speaking the right words is not enough. Communication climate is a contextual element referring to those conditions present at the immediate communication setting. This element influences the feeling of acceptance and other emotions concerning relationship. The following formula is helpful in understanding it: Communication = Content + Relationship. Exchange of hurtful messages creates difficulties in building healthy communication climate. Supportiveness, non evaluative communication, spontaneity and openness are conditions essential for building a communication climate. Supportiveness entails encouraging, loyal and considerate communication. Non evaluative communication involves constructive criticism that aims at understanding first before judging. Immediate evaluation and critique smothers interpersonal communication faster than any other factor. In addition to this, communicating with descriptions and observations of behaviours, rather than personal interpretations are useful for the success of interpersonal communication. Examples of non evaluative communications include communicating mostly feelings, communicating mostly observations and communicating more behaviours than observations. The use of spontaneous rather than rehearsed messages is another factor which enhances
Introduction Ethical codes play an important role in systematizing general principles meaning they do not simply aim at prescribing the desired action. This implies moral principles serve four major functions, one of them being fulfilling the interests of individuals in any profession by recognizing a field as a legitimate one while at the same time promoting social objective, which ends up establishing trust (Hinman, 2013). Canadian professional coaches association code of ethics aspires to set standards for all practitioners by ensuring clients receive the best services that realize their interests. The codes guarantee professional autonomy seeking to control the behavior of individuals in terms of admission to the practice and instituting disciplinary measures. Through the codes, the welfare of students is looked into since they proscribe and stipulate actions as far as privacy, informed consent, management of conflicts, and charges are concerned. This article seeks to establish the strengths and weaknesses of the NCCP code of ethics. The paper goes a notch higher to identify the ethical issues, themes, and concepts as discussed throughout the course. Strengths and Weaknesses of NCCP A coach socializes an athlete into a particular movement scheme and the process is undertaken through issuance of instructions whereby good sportspersons are used as role models to be imitated. The coach is therefore charged with the responsibility of understanding what really constitutes norms and values. In an attempt to search for talent and develop it, the coach is expected to interpret the body of the athlete, which is important than quantifying the physical test. One of the strengths of the NCCP is its ability to bring happiness to the clients and reduce the chances of evil doings meaning pleasure is given an intrinsic value. The codes ensure that no athlete is taken through inhuman conditions that would result in injuries since it might impede the chances of success. Without the codes, athletes would be taken through unfair processes with claims that they are being trained to compete in the global arena. In several cases, coaches have been accused of mistreating their clients or taking revenge in case they clash with the athletes, but the codes exist to eliminate issues related to unprofessionalism. Unfortunately, the codes of ethics under the NCCP only focus on achieving happiness as far as
Introduction: Inflectional Morphemes in English According to the Cambridge dictionary , the meaning of inflection in grammar is “a change in or addition to the form of a word that shows a change in the way it is used in sentences.” Inflectional morphemes system in English is regarded as quite “poor” since it has quite “little inflectional morphology” as compared to other languages (Denham & Lobeck 158). Thus, there are only 8 inflectional morphemes that indicate at the form and the tense of a word. The list of inflectional morphemes includes:   * s – is an indicator of a plural form of nouns   * s’ – marks the possessive form of nouns   * s – is attached to verbs in the third person singular   * ed – is an indicator of the past tense of verbs   * ing – indicates the present participle   * en – marks past participle   * er – is attached to adjectives to show a comparative form   * est – is an indicator of the superlative form of adjectives Inflectional Morphemes: Examples Here are some examples of inflectional morphemes using in English. The verb “to mark” has many forms: mark (basic form), marking (present continuous), marked (past simple), etc. We add the inflectional morphemes (the endings) like -ed and -ing to the basic form of the verb to indicate its tense. Inflectional Morphemes: Main Features It is worth mentioning that inflectional morphemes do not create new words. They only change the form of a word indicating “grammatical function” of a word (Denham & Lobeck 69). Thus, certain inflectional affixes serve their purpose to create specific forms of the word. That’s their main difference from another morphemes type – derivational morphemes that are used to create new words in English. Due to the peculiarities of the English morphology, morphemes indicating plural form and past tense form can vary in pronunciations. So, some inflectional morphemes can have several allomorphs. For instance, the choice of allomorph in English morphology may depend on phonetic or grammatical conditions (Brinton & Brinton 91). Allomorphs that are phonetically determined indicate plural forms and present tense form [s], [z], [iz], and signs of the past tense form [t] and [d] in i
First Impressions and the Approach to Find Information The first impressions regarding the document are associated with the analysis of its title. It is expected that the document written by Arthur Young will provide the information, some details, and accounts about traveling during the years of 1787, 1788, and 1789. Also, the title indicates that the documented travels were in the Kingdom of France. Having read the extract from the document, it is possible to focus on the information about differences in the life of French and English peasants. It is possible to state that the life of the English peasants was better than the life of the French peasants because the Englishmen worked at large farms, and they were well-nourished in comparison with miserable French peasants. These impressions are the result of the focus on such colored words mentioned in the document as ‘enormous superiority’ or ‘constant state of improvement’ (Young 1794, 357). Readers can focus on the vivid picture of the peasants’ life in France and England during the 18 th century. Developing a contextual background related to the document’s content, it is important to find additional information on the source. Some research regarding the personality of the author and historical realities of France and England during the 18 th century was necessary to discuss the document. Also, it was essential to develop a clear understanding of the author’s motives and objectives for writing travel journals. The first important step to develop an effective framework for the analysis of the document was the research on the author’s personality. This step meant a collection of the information that could be found about the author of the document, his background, education, and career to explain the purpose of the document and the author’s position. Articles on Arthur Young’s personality works, and accomplishments were examined along with the contemporary prefaces to the author’s books. The second step involved finding the complete variant of Young’s work on travels in France during 1787, 1788, and 1789 to understand the context of the author’s considerations. It was important to determine and follow the document’s storyline. After determining the document’s storyline, it also became essential to determine the reason for writing the document. This process involved the understanding of the document’s form and purpose. These steps were based on the work with the source. The next step involved the focus on the critique related to Young’s work. Young’s notes were examined to determine the document’s intended audience. The purpose of the document and its relevance was discussed with references to finding and analyzing the articles which provided th
The analysis of human behavior is very crucial and compelling. It is paramount that we understand the reasons behind human beings’ behavior and the reaction towards different things, in particular, their fellow humans. This has been the pursuit of social psychology; a branch of science concerned with how people relate to one another. This paper specifically looks at the four main principles of social psychology as extracted from the four provided videos. We build our social reality persuaded by our social intuitions, community influences, our attitudes, and our genetic temperaments. The clip, 1984 the movie part 1, accentuates the principle of self-cognition. This is mainly related to how people create impressions of others, and how they remember them. The clip highlights a speech by an army general who is addressing the nation, and he is inciting the people to stand up and fight. We then see a man pick a book and start to open pages to read. He soon commences peeling pages, starting with the cover. As he does this, he uncovers some hidden truths in the book, and the actual reason for the wars and perpetual inequality in society (Orwell, 1984). This is what the principle of self-cognition stands for and explains. The clip relates to a specific theory of self-cognition referred to as the spiral of silence theory, which states that an individual might differ with a group but since they are in the minority, they do not air their opinions. Being self-cognizant, we are different, and we react to things contrary to others because we are informed on varying levels, and therefore we make different attributions and perceptions for the same actions. The reader advances this particular theory since he is aware the crowd is being misled, and he does not speak. The clip also shows the process of self-actualization in contrasting light. It exposes the gaps in the things we think we know, and how this discrepancy is related to our bias and obsession with things. The crowd being addressed is psyched to go to war for their country but in reality, they are being deceived. The leader is only using them to advance his agenda. The crowd is easily persuaded to go to war because they believe what their leader is telling them is consistent with what they advocate for. There is consistency with what they hear and what they believe in internally, and this inspires action. On the other hand, the reader is alone but he is more informed than the multitude at the rally because he is in a better position to clearly understand everything well. The second theory is emphasized by the clip, The twelve angry men . It is a clip showing twelve men on a table, deliberating about a case and its ruling. One man vehemently opposes the stand of the other eleven, who maintains an open mind about the innocence of the accused. He insists that the man is guilty and cannot be blameless. This is until the others start standing up to him one by one, and he is forced to sit down and withdraw his views. This clip highlights the principle of attitudes in social psychology (Rose, 1957). Prejudice and stereotyping are the specific beliefs we ha
Terrorism has been a continuous topic of discussion despite the fact that there is no universal definition of the same. However, although it is a common occurrence especially in the current society; the word conveys different meanings to different people. It has been defined by the English dictionary as use of violence or coercion with an aim of achieving a political goal. Groups which make use of terrorism to achieve their goal are inclusive but not limited to religious groups, police department, army, political organizations and nationalists. Although there is no universal definition of terrorism, it bears noting that the word has got a long history. History illustrates that the word terror was used for the first time in the 18 th century signifying continuous use of terror as a government policy. In the view of the fact that there are various aspects of definition of terrorism, this essay shall lay its focus on the same. Apart from that, the essay shall focus on the meaning of the same to different groups of people in the society. Despite the fact that it has been difficult to come up with a precise definition of terrorism, history illustrates that a lot of law enforcement agencies have been putting in considerable effort in order to develop a proper definition. For instance, the United Nations Office for Drug Control and Prevention and Control came up with a definition which illustrates that it can be used to mean war time or the opposite of peace time. Since the definition was not precise, other definitions were latter formulated given that it was necessary to come up with a precise definition bearing in mind that it is a sensitive issue. It is worth noting that a clear definition of terrorism is mostly subjective and is rarely objective due to the fact that it is an act of political violence. For example, the Department of Defense defines terrorism as “the calculated use of unlawful violence or threat of unlawful violence to inculcate fear; intended to coerce or to intimidate governments or societies in the pursuit of goals that are generally political, religious, or ideological” (International Terrorism and Security Research Para 2). Although the definition is quite in
Introduction The establishment of democracy in Sudan is the main prerequisite for the development of peace across the nation. Ever since the nation split into South and North Sudan, there have been calls from the international community for the two resultant nations to develop democratic approaches toward running the respective states. However, despite the many negotiations between the respective governments, Sudan has been faced by numerous ethnic conflicts between the societies from either side of the nation. The main reason for the conflict is the quest for ownership of the oil mines in Sudan between the two sides. Sudan has been traditionally characterized by military conflict and conflicts between militia groups trying to govern different regions of the state. For instance, the war in Darfur has claimed more than 300,000 lives, and it is influenced by the presence of militia groups that fight the government. This has forced millions of Sudanese people to flee from the nation into the neighboring states like Kenya. After the partition of South and North Sudan, the two sides assumed a peaceful negotiation to assume democratic ruling, but they ended up in a conflict that is currently claiming many lives. One of the underlying issues in the conflict is the lack of strong governance to tap the resources of the nation and lead the people into a democratic nation. Thesis Sudan has been in internal war for over half a century and the main issue is the war between the government and the militia groups in the nation. The recent partitioning of the state saw the development of a northern side that is characterized by the presence of Islamic extremists in the government, whereas the southern part is characterized by leadership by the militia groups. Since there is no clear boundary set between the two sides, the northern part has been claiming the parts of the land that are associated with large deposits of oil, whereas the southern people believe that the oil deposits lie on their side. This has led to a conflict that has seen children being recruited by the militia groups to fight against the army from Khartoum. It is apparent that the competition for resources, particularly the oil in the south, is the main barrier for democracy in Sudan. List of Objectives This paper will reveal the factors that have led to the recurrent violent conflicts in Sudan, with a close focus on the role that oil has played in influencing the lack of democracy in the nation. It is clear that even after partitioning the nation into the southern and northern region in the quest for peace and democracy, the militia groups and the government in Khartoum are still fighting. The war has led to the killing of children and soldiers, and many civilians in the southern part have been displaced