ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The argument about Islam being a religion that practices war arose following the September 11 terrorist attack. “The fact is that Muslims today are involved in a serious argument about political ethics; this argument is framed in terms of practices that are central to the Islamic tradition” (Kelsay 4). Many people have been questioning the practices of Islam while the Muslim leaders hold strongly that Islam is a religion of peace. To understand the argument of just war in Islam, one has to first comprehend the meaning of Islam as a religion practiced by Muslims. According to President George W. Bush, Islam is a religion of peace. On the other hand, Franklin Graham holds that Islam is an evil and wicked religion that is only concerned about the welfare of its followers, while Osama bin Laden holds that Islam is a religion of Allah (Kelsay 8). This statements show that Islam is a religion with many controversies that are yet to be understood. To understand the notion of just war in Islam, one has to first understand the origin and development of Islam as a religion, as well as comprehend the meaning of the term Islam. It is good to look at the words that make up the term Islam. For instance, Al-Islam means submission. This signifies that human beings are supposed to submit or acknowledge God as the Supreme Being. On the other hand, Muslim means someone who submits and acknowledges God. Therefore, Islam is a religion in which human beings are supposed to serve God. Muslims live according to the teaching of Muhammad who is believed to be the first prophet. Just like Christians who follow the teachings and emulate the way of life of Abraham, Muslims emulate Muhammad and he is believed to be the mediator between God and Muslims. He was the first prophet to be involved in fights as a way of fulfilling God’s mission. The Qur’an reminds Muslims that they have been called by God through grace and have been given a mission to fulfill. This mission is not only carried out through preaching the Qur’an or worshiping, but also through fighting and involving themselves in political activities. Muslims believe that if their survival is threatened, they have to use all means possible to protect and guard themselves from their enemy. Kelsay notes that, “Fighting is thus justified, in the sense of permitted, in order to resist injustice” (24). War is perceived as a mechanism for self-defense rather than as a wicked or evil way, as many people have believed. He further observes that fighting is a form of agreement between Muhammad and the median tribes. This suggests that prophet Muhammad clearly understood the permission to fight as this prepares Muslims for the coming campaign. Moreover, “the story of the prophet’s campaign against the meccans is not only military. Diplomacy plays a part, as the st
Introduction When we think about our majors, most of us would choose pre-medicine, pre-law, business, economics, or some other science courses of the vocational type that may provide students with a more or less definite and bright future. After graduation, the vast majority of students can easily find a good job or get some funds to start researches in the chosen spheres of medicine or technology. However, there are the classes like philosophy, anthropology, or the ones from the humanity field during which students try to gain several practical skills and knowledge which could hardly be used to build a good career. Tutors make their students study the courses which are defined as “unpractical”, and not all students are confident of the necessity to pay their attention to such sciences. This is why it is crucially important to find several powerful reasons to promote students learning the “unpractical” courses and prove the worth of information offered. Main body The analysis of moral issues in philosophy helps to understand the idea of critical reasoning and the set of skills that can be utilized in various fields and bring benefits for students during the decades. Students have to face numerous controversies and challenges to prove their abilities. Let’s define all these problems as “it” and make use of reasoning rules to make the final decision and understand what has to be done. It can provide us with a tool to analyze the problems in 360 degrees and predict possible consequences: from the beginning of recognizing the issues till the end of generalizing the decisions and values, the critically reasoning act performs the function of a bridge that connects the activities which “are” in progress and which “ought” to be done in respect to particular values. At the beginning of the decision-making process, it is always easy for people to use a portion of common sense in the reasoning process. The assumptions that lead to different consequences seem to be the best form of common sense to rely on. For example, people decide whether euthanasia ought to be chosen. There are two different points, for and against euthanasia, that may be formulated. Those who fight against euthanasia presume that medicine is used to help people overcome death, and euthanasia violates the function of medicine as well as doctors’ duties. And those who support the idea of euthanasia claim that medicine is created to remove pain and provide patients with care, this is why euthanasia is used by doctors as the only possible treatment to help patients and deprive them of constant terrible pain that does not have time limitations. Therefore, euthanasia ought to be permissible. The different definition of medicine leads to different conclusions. If people believe that medicine aims at saving lives, it is easy to reach the agreement that euthanasia is morally wrong and should be forbidden. So, before the decision of what ought to be done is made, it is necessary to clarify the assu
Introduction The invention of the modern computer and the Internet has truly made the world a smaller place. Every day, millions of data are being exchanged worldwide to fill up the needs of the earth’s entire populace. Most of the data being sent and received are packets of intangible knowledge and information that should be filtered, refined and maximized for the welfare of the entire modern civilization. Every sector in the economy, whether agriculture, industrial or services benefits from the lifeblood of the Information Age—knowledge. If knowledge is transferred haphazardly, economic catastrophe could strike any time that would endanger the lives and livelihood not only of the developed countries, but also of the developing ones. Without the discipline and wisdom inculcated into the sophisticated minds and lifestyle of the present era through education the mentioned calamity is inevitable. For the developed and developing countries to start, to maintain and to continue thriving economically in the Information Age, they should put premium on education. Therefore the writer believes that Thailand, a middle-income economy striving towards becoming a developed nation, should prioritize more on effective, timely and up-to-date academic education than on the industrial skills of its populace. Development of economics Through effective and updated education, humans can acquire the necessary skills needed to beef up the economy. Nowadays, aside from technical knowledge on the Internet, people all around the world should learn how to communicate with people of other nationalities. The geographical division is slowly breaking down because of the emergence of information technology. Aside from learning language skills, cultural literacy and adaptability should also be learned by every nation in order to communicate with someone online. Being a country that was not colonized by foreigners Thais can have a problem regarding this. Though Thailand’s educational system is one of the best in Southeast Asia, it still fails to teach their students the important skills in cross-cultural affairs. It is true that they are already implementing and still devising ways to improve English language education in their curriculum, but their isolation from foreign colonizers in the m
Common law and civil law are two opposite systems that influence the criminal justice regulations in the European countries, in the Eastern countries, in the United States, and in Australia. From this point, the criminal justice systems in such countries as the United Kingdom, France, and Kuwait can be discussed as impacted by different and often opposite principles, rules, and norms . In this context, the approaches to organising the jury trials in these countries are also different and rather specific. Furthermore, it is important to mention that the authorities in Kuwait only discuss the possibilities to use the jury system in the country, without implementing this model in the judicial system. While referring to the examples of criminal justice systems in the United Kingdom, France, and Kuwait, it is important to claim that jury trials should be used in the civil law, common law, and mixed systems more actively because the use of juries improves the court decision-making; increases the level of accountability; and promotes the principles of justice and democracy. In order to concentrate on the advantages of jury trials for citizens and criminal justice systems in different countries, it is necessary to discuss the differences in the civil law and common law. Thus, the common law is typical for the United Kingdom where legal statutes are absent and precedents are taken into account. From this point, the main focus is on the jury’s verdict that follows the discussion of the case’s facts and on the judge’s final decision based on that verdict. The principles of the civil law that are observed and followed in France differ significantly from the norms of the common law because the main focus is on discussing the aspects of the case in the context of legal codes. In this situation, the role of the jury is rather limited, but the jury trial is still actively used in France to state justice in courts. The criminal justice system of Kuwait is even more comple
During the last decade, findings of the way genome and chromosomal rearrangements function were made. Those led to new conclusions regarding many severe diseases people are suffering globally while also contributed to the approaches toward treating them. In the framework of this essay, the role genetics information plays in treating cancer will be assessed. Besides, we will discuss laboratory testing, existing Food and Drug Administration’s (FDA) regulations, the role of grants in the scientific advances, and the involvement of families into decisions regarding health care. Description of the Disease First of all, it is essential to describe the disease, its prevalence, and incidence. Cancer is the word that describes the malevolent forms of neoplasia, the process of uncontrolled cellular proliferation that leads to a tumor (Nussbaum et al., 2016). It comes from an imbalance between the cellular proliferation and attrition processes, but to become a cancer, a neoplasm should be malignant (Nussbaum et al., 2016). That, in turn, means the capability to invade neighboring tissues and metastasize (Nussbaum et al., 2016). As for the genetic basis of cancer, it was discovered that most mutations were passenger, meaning they did not directly caused progress in the development of cancer, yet some of them were found to be driver gene mutations (Nussbaum et al., 2016). Driver genes are those that frequently mutated in many samples of different types of cancer and proved to be involved in disease progression (Nussbaum et al., 2016). Besides, chromosome mutations can also be driver mutations, as well as chromosome rearrangements, also known as chromosome shattering (Nussbaum et a
The Video Business Cases introduces the Interview with Michael Horton, the vice president of C.S.C. Computer Sciences Corporation. Mr. Horton elaborates on his business activities, the mission, and the vision of his organization, daily working activities (Hammond 376). The vice-president also introduces the analysis of the company’s customer base, as well as how their products and services are introduced about the demand and supply rates. While introducing the main goals and objectives of the organization, Mr. Horton emphasizes the importance of the vision and mission of the company as the leading aspects of successful management. In particular, the corporation is focused on meeting the technology needs of governmental agencies, as well as introducing the services at the international level (Doty 647). The efficient and well-grounded mission, therefore, shapes the foundation for the corporate culture and social corporate responsibility. Analysis of customer demand is an integral part of organizational activities because it contributes to the development of consumer values. In the interview, the vice-president focuses on the significance of project and team management in enhancing the quality of products and services delivered to customers. In particular, the interviewee asserts that successful project management consists of developing “good people” skills that are necessary for dealing with ambiguous and uncertain situations (Horton n. p.). Finally, Mr. Horton touches upon such important issues as team management and conflict resolutions. These theoretical frameworks play an important role in enriching the organizational culture and promoting a favorite working climate in an organization. An individual-centered approach, therefore, is indispensable for the advancement of corporate culture and encouraging employees. Analysis of Causes and Issues and Their Importance to the Organization In the interview, Mr. Horton focuses on such problems as conflict resolution, cultural diversity, globalization, and international cooperation. To begin with, a conflict situation occurs when there is a communication gap between the service provider and the consumer. To solve the issue, the vice president insists that the best solution will be introducing efficient listening, which is the basis of successful interaction and cooperation. Further understanding individual needs stand at the core of conflict resolution and, therefore, negotiation and diplomatic approach should suit the situation in the most efficient way. Competition is another problem that Horton’s organization encounters. In particular, the interviewee focuses on the fact that the organization had to compete with the companies they collaborate
Public safety is a major concern of the government, and it is the responsibility of the state through the criminal justice system agencies to offer security to the citizens. Despite the effort to provide proper protection in all places, there are specific areas where the level of insecurity tends to be high, threatening the welfare of the people. In most cases, the police and other bodies inform the general public about crime-prone streets, especially in urban centers and cities where the menace is rampant. When such locations are identified, it becomes easier to prevent the rate of criminality and enhance civilians’ protection. Therefore, the concept of hot spot policing is crucial in crime replacement, and recognizing the affected areas makes law enforcement easy. The term ‘Hot Spot’ refers to areas with high chances of crime occurrence in law enforcement. These regions are considered dangerous because of their level of criminal activities (Lab, 2020). These locations can include segments of the street, block faces, specific buildings, or given addresses. Similarly, the term ‘Hot Product’ denotes the commodities attractive to the offenders, thus influencing their act of crime to obtain them. Robbers usually focus their targets on the items because of their value and other features linked to them. Generally, before robbers engage in criminality, they have to survey the surroundings, including the commodity. The routine theory argues that when a thief comes across the target product when there is no guardian, then crime takes place (Felson, 2017). In most cases, the offenders’ aims at items that have value, inertia, visibility, and accessibility are defined as VIVA (Felson, 2017). Criminals aim at stealing products that have value and are easily accessible as well as visible. Moreover, offenders have advanced features that determine the kind of items they steal. When targeting the product, they weigh whether it is Concealable, Removable, Available, Valuable, Enjoyable, and Disposable, terming it as CRAVED. The commodities that possess all the characteristics become the primary target for the criminals. Some of the products that contain the VIVA and CRAVED features include phones, parts of vehicles, cash, liquor, and cassettes. For example, cash is valuable and enjoyable, making it the main target for robbers. Furthermore, money cannot be identified due to its homogeneity, making it suitable to be stolen (Chernoff, 2020). Similarly, parts of the vehicles have value and can be removed, thus, they become a possible target as when they are sold in the market, offenders obtain more money since there are people who require them. The practice of hot sp
The two most compelling arguments Most compelling arguments are:  1. Selecting a career that you love and enjoy no matter the pay scale because if you love your work, you will be happy;  2. Considering a career in business because it gives one infinite career option. The one with a logical error in it but is still important:   * Considering a career in education since it is the best way to make a difference in the world. The most compelling arguments are those of the grandmother and the father. These tow arguments engage the listener or the reader into deep thoughts of their truthfulness. They cannot be easily dismissed unless one thinks of them critically. This is why I selected them as the most compelling arguments. The statement by the mother has a logical error but can still be considered important. Errors in truth within the arguments The statements have:  1. logical and factual errors: there is evidence of hasty generalization;  2. Informal fallacies: the premises fail to fully support the conclusion. It is false to link:  1. Happiness to love for work;  2. Infinite career options to business courses. The first selected argument (that of the grandmother), may be compelling but has an error in truth. The argument has an informal fallacy based on its strong inference. Such inductive arguments can never be absolutely true or entirely useless. Since this argument recommends its conclusion with a greater degree of probability, it can be said to be strong. The second argument made by the father tends to link infinite career options to business career choices. Such an argument has a false premise which makes the conclusion to be false. Despite having some degree of probability, the argument can be misinterpreted. The image illustrate another example of an argument with a logical error. Errors in validity Valid arguments must have:   * True premises;   * True conclusions (Goodwin, 2000). The second argument has an error of validity:   * It has false conclusion;   * It also has false premises. The first argument has valid premise but false conclusion. The one error of validity identified in the arguments is that of false premises and conclusions. If the individual being referred to has interest in music he cannot select a career in business or education. But the first argument has a logical premise. The individual is requested to select a career in whatever area he is interested in. Logical restatement of the arguments The first argument can be restated as follows:   * You need to select a career you love because you will always enjoy your work. The second statement can be restated as follows:   * You need to consider a career in business because it will expand your career options. The restatements of these two argument increases the degree of their probability in addition to validating both the premises and the conclusion. The statements are now more logical and can be used to convince someone into the individual a
When one kills, will the demise of the perpetrators help in getting justice for the bereaved and victims? Today, the use of the capital punishment has become controversial. It is the execution of those found guilty of crimes that are considered serious by different states or governments. Does capital punishment help in reducing crimes or justifying enough punishment for an offender? This controversial subject is something we all have to deal with directly or indirectly. With two sides of the coin to look at, picking the right choice is difficult. The main factors leading to differences in stands between the anti-capital punishment and pro-death are the morality and religious issues surrounding the matter. First, the people against capital punishment reason from a religious perspective on the matter. The major reason given is based on the story of Jesus and the woman who was accused of adultery in John 8:1 at a time when it was punishable by death. Further, the Ten Commandments are frequently used to argue against capital punishment. Most religions are against taking another person’s life. They believe in the sanctity of life. Additionally, according to McCord (2013), the Capital punishment, it does not help to reduce crime. McCord (2013) and other scholars argue that killing a killer does not prevent others from committing the same crime. The method is seen as an eye for an eye strategy. Therefore, efforts to prevent crime can serve the purpose of reducing its rates (Mannes & Raphael, 2015). For instance, The U.S experiences high rates of the capital crime despite having the capital punishment in full force in most States. However, as McCord (2013) argues, the method has not seen a reduction in crime rates. Last but not least, one major concern on the validity of capital punishment is the increase in complaints surrounding unfair judgment especially against the poor and minority groups in the U.S (Epyoshkina, 2015, p. 78). This situation can be attributed to corruption in many countries. The disturbing question among most people is whether capital punishment seeks to victimize the poor and foster racial segregation or deterring death crimes (C. Steiker & J. Steiker, 2015). On the contrary, those advocating for capital punishment term it as reliable and morally right (Durlauf, Chao & Salvador, 2013). Arguments are based on the victims’ perspective and the fact that people expect good actions for good actions. Most pro-capital punishment supporters feel that the method fosters justice. Moreover, it encourages a morally active society. The common argument is that prevention of crime in prisons needs strict mechanisms. Epyoshkina (2015) argues that when other criminals learn of the demise of their colleagues, the fear of commit