ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The main argument of the Robinson is that, translation is a powerful way in which the colonialists utilized to conquer their subjects and form empires. Translation involves accurate interpretation of one language into another to allow effective communication while an empire is a political, military and economic system that dominates nations. The colonialists not only used translation as the way of effective communication with their subjects but also as a way of subjecting and converting their subjects to suite their political interests. The colonialists selected and trained translators to mediate the communication between them and their subjects. The main argument of the Cohn is that, the Europeans conquered and ruled Indians by use of the literary knowledge. The Europeans learned the Indians’ knowledge, culture and traditions, and then transformed them by translation to suite their interests. The Europeans believed that conquering literature translation would enhance their rule over the Indians and that why they establish a publishing company. To conquer the Indians, the Europeans learned their traditions culture and the knowledge, and incorporated the Roman and Greek knowledge as a way of civilization. The Europeans then supported the Indian’s educational, religious and literary specialists in the publication and transmission of the Indians’ traditions and culture. Europeans support made them appear as the custodians of the Indian traditions and culture. The question is why did the Indian scholars become the instruments of conquest? The Indian scholars entrusted their traditions and culture into the hands of the Europeans, which led to their employment in the East India Company where they translated their culture and traditions according to the dictates of the Europeans, hence they become the instruments of literary conquest. The main argument of Raj is that, the work of William Jones is the cornerstone of the Orientalism. The purpose of the Orientalism was to convert the Indian forms of knowledge and subject them to the western powers of the knowledge. William Jones made it possible to subject Indians to their knowledge because he was a prolific writer of linguistic and philosophy. He later becomes the high court judge where he influenced the development of colleges where the officers of his printing company learned languages, philosophies and languages. These colleges and the printing company transformed the Indians into the subjects and objects of colonial knowledge. Why did the Indians failed to establish their learning institutions? William Jones and the East India Company influenced the Indians to embrace the western knowledge thus the Europeans through establishment of the learning institutions led the scientific revolution. The arguments of the Robinson, Cohn and Raj agree that the colonialists used language and knowledge to rule their subjects. Robison argues that, “…the translation has always been an indispensable channel of imperial conquest and occupation” (8) and he further supports that, “one of the earliest areas of concern in the history
Struggle with essay about causes and effects of global warming? We’ve got your back covered! In the essay example below, you will learn more about this issue, as well as find out how to write global warming essay introduction and conclusion. Check it now! Introduction Global warming is one of the greatest problems facing the world today, because of its frightening effects that are evident in the present world. Global warming is the tremendous increase of the global temperatures, which results due to the trapping of heat in the atmosphere. Signs of global warming are evident all over the world with the increased temperatures, unpredictable climatic conditions, disappearing of some species of birds and animals, and an increase in the sea level. Although people are not only aware but have also have tasted the impacts of these effects, very few individuals have taken the required action to save the earth from destruction, as most people still embrace practices that are the primary causes of global warming such as the use of fossil fuels, deforestation, and the use of chemical fertilizers. Therefore, although some natural factors have contribute to global warming, human actions are the primary causes of global warming and unless such practices are controlled, likelihoods of Saving the earth from effects of global warming, for example, drought, flooding, and extinctions of some species of flora and fauna are minimal. Global Warming Causes The primary causes of global warming are the most cherished human practices that have existed since time memorial. One of the primary causes of global warming is the increased amount of the carbon dioxide emissions in the environment. With the ever-increasing use of electricity as one of the primary sources of energy in most sectors of the economy, there has been a continuous release of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. Electricity is primarily produced from burning of coal in power plants, and because it is very hard to survive without it, likelihoods of such gases filing the earth are high. Carbon dioxide is one the gases that trap heat energy in the atmosphere, leading to increased atmospheric temperatures. Another cause of global warming is the ever-increasing emission of greenhouse gases from burning of gasoline. The modern car culture is one of the primary sources of green house gases, as most transportation and manufacturing industry rely on fossil fuels as its primary source of fuels. Global warming is also a product of some agricultural practices such as planting of rice in paddies. Although agriculture is the backbone of most global economies, some agricultural pra
Why did Machiavelli, in his Prince, not discuss the question of legitimacy? All the pages of history are a collection of tales on how to obtain, retain, and rule. Both Machiavelli and Hobbes have written about the concept of power, its transitory and elusive nature. Machiavelli takes a cynical stand on who should rule and how they should rule. Machiavelli states, in one of his many works, that whosoever intends to rule must start by relying on the assumption that all men are evil and forever ready to display their vicious nature to accomplish their interests. Such a statement speaks volumes about Machiavelli’s view on the aspect of political governance and rule. In his book ‘The Prince’, Machiavelli evades the subject of legitimacy simply because of his rather cynical stand on the issue of legitimate governance. Prince was a forecast of what was to happen later. Machiavelli was responding to the political unrest and the endless wars between the Ducal and Pupal states of Italy (Machiavelli 194). Machiavelli was more of a realist than an idealist in his approach towards the issues of political leadership. According to Machiavelli, an ideal ruler is the one who draws legitimacy from the use of absolute force. He is the one who demands complete submission of their subjects. In his view, a leader should never collaborate with his subjects but should be dictatorial when enforcing rules. The citizens, according to the Machiavellian idea, should not have the voice to express an opinion. The ruler’s opinion forever overrules anybody else’s opinion. The subjects should also never have the freedom to speak against political ideol
Introduction Globalisation and IT integration have reshaped the business world with free flow of human resources crossing the limit of national boundaries and mass media has deliberated to the quick-changing competitive business environment where the theoretical framework of strategic human resources management (SHRM) is gaining central attention to respond to the business performance. The essential arguments rose from the conceptual perspectives how the organisation’s resource-based presumptions of competitive advantage would contribute to the implications of SHRM linking with theories and models of HRM practice. This paper has designed with conceptual framework of SHRM, its model and relationship with competitive advantage, linking corporate strategy with HR strategy, and organisational performance under SHRM practice. To come into conclusion, this paper also integrated the raising challenges to HRM that has driven the organisations towards the practice of SHRM. Raising Challenge to HRM Ansari and Babu (2010) pointed out that the poses of globalisation and IT integration in the business arena has raised tremendous challenges to the traditional HRM practice particularly who are working outside of the national boundaries, such as MNCs while the different international alliances and unions have confirmed free flow of HR and financial resources within their territories. Ulrich, et al. (2008) added that, such advancement has deliberated new market characteristics that put emphasis on the requirements to deal with HR successfully to achieve competitive advantage in the comprehensive marketplace. To meet these demands, it is essential for the organisations to identify and understand the factors those can resolve the needs of effectual HR practices. Different counties have diverse dimensions those persuade the charisma of attracting FDI 1 and such factors determine the economic feasibility to establishing a foreign operation for an organisation and it will bring predominantly strapping impact on the existing HRM of that country. There are various factors those have an effect on HRM practice in the global arena such as social and organisational culture, economic system, existing legislation of the country and human capital and all these factors possibly have measurable challenges to the traditional HRM where SHRM facilitate the organisations to gaining competitive advantage. Conceptual Framework of SHRM Datta (2007) pointed out that SHRM is an approach of decision making relating to the organisational objectives connecting people rather than employees who are essential to implementing the business strategy of the organisation. At the same time,
Executive Summary Biotech industry is dynamic in nature and has several companies globally. Furthermore, there are new products being developed in the industry that are new in the global economic environment. However, several people are not aware of the products from this industry. Moreover, the industry is still growing and is among new industries to be developed and is growing at a rapid speed. This is a marketing research proposal on biotech industry products. It highlights methodology to be used, methods of data collection to be applied in the research study, objectives of the proposed research, expected findings and research limitations. Introduction Biotechnology is a biological field of specialization involving use of bioprocesses and living organisms in technology, engineering and medicine among other fields that require bio products. Biotechnology utilizes bio products in manufacturing processes. Biotechnology involves modification of living organisms or bio to suit the changing needs of human beings. Generally, biotechnology uses technical and scientific advances in developing commercial products. There are several advances that have been developed in the biotechnology industry but still require more research, for instance, test tube babies among others. The United States is considered to be the highest consumer of biotech products in the globe. The research based on biotechnology industry provides an opportunity to a student to demonstrate application of his/her knowledge, skill and competencies required during the technical session. Research also helps a student to devote his/her skill to analyze a problem and suggest alternative solutions, to evaluate them and to provide feasible recommendations on the provided data. This research proposal can be useful for companies that opt to enter the biotechnology industry, and it can also serve as an information resource in the industry. This is a marketing research proposal on biotechnology industry. Problem definition or statement Which factors influence consumers’ decision on purchasing bio products in the United States? Objectives The overall objective of the proposal is determination of consumers’ attitude towards use of biotech products in the United States and entire globe. However, the objective is further subdivided into sub-objectives listed below:   * To determine uses of biotech products.   * To determine biotech products that consumers prefer.   * To determine why consumers prefer biotech products in the United States.   * Determination of biotech products’ promotional platforms (Nelson 31). The objectives have been detailed below. Determination of uses of biotech products in the United States This objective seeks to trace arrival of biotech products in homes or domestic setting, how they are consumed or disposed after use. It will help in estimation of households that purchase biotech products and the products that are mainly purchased by consumers in the United States. It highlights the current uses of biotech products
Fascism represents a kind of a political system whereby the state possesses total power. As such, every citizen is required to work for the country as well as the government. The head of state for such a state is a dictator or some other powerful individual who uses police force and strong army to maintain law and order. Fascism was first seen in Japan during the period in which it used to export most of her goods, mostly silk and luxury items (Tsutsui, 2009). At the beginning of the great depression, luxuries were foregone and this left Japan incapable of fueling her factories. In order to put a stop to the depression, Japan had two choices to make; invading China for some more resources or closing down their factories. During this time the Japanese government was being ruled by Emperor Hirohito and his army referred to as ‘a diet’ that was slowly becoming fascists. This permitted the military together with the factory proprietors to have great influences over the decisions of the country; thereby opting to invade China and Manchuria. It was at a later time that the Japan’s government began to closely conform to the Army Nationalistic objectives. Thence, as time went by, military fascism developed in japan (Tsutsui, 2009). With control over the government and, essentially, the whole country, the army pushed Japan further and further into the pacific war and ultimately led to more war with the west. A number of other reasons contributed to this Japans military fascism and one such reason was thirst for power. The Meiji restoration unleashed massive changes in Japan. This was a period of revolutionary modernization and as a motivation from these, came forth the desire for prestige, power and wealth as a way to redress the enforcement of unequal treaties placed upon them by the western powers during the past (Tsutsui, 2009). Moreover, the Sino-Japanese War victory, gave Japan a first real bridgehead on the continent of Asia, forcing China to acknowledge the independence of Korea and giving up Taiwan and Liaotung peninsula (Tsutsui, 2009). However, Russia, Germany and France dissented that the intrusion of Japanese to Liaotung would stage a constant jeopardy to China thence, forced a deeply chagrined Japan to desolate the peninsula. Furthermore, the Japanese exertions to incorporate their economy into a liberal global order became futile earlier on in the 1930’s when the economies of the west that were depressed placed a hindrance upon the Japanese trade so that they could guard against the markets of their colonies. The structure of international peace that was substantiated in the League of Nations was thought of by the Japanese to have favored the nations of the west who were controlling the resources of the world. Moreover, the west had played in a hypocritical way when
Introduction Educational standards refer to the learning objectives regarding what learners should know and capable of doing at diverse grade levels. The standards assist teachers in ensuring that the learners gain the competencies and information essential for success. Additionally, the standards facilitate teacher’s efforts in assisting parents comprehend teachers’ expectation of the learners (Chaucer, 2012). It is on these backgrounds that ‘Common Core’ (CC) was founded. Fundamentally, CC comprise of a set of precise college- and career-ready values for nursery school children through the 12 th grade in English language arts (literacy) and mathematics. This essay explores how common core and standardized testing issues impacts foreign language teachers and their teaching profession. It offers a direction on how foreign language teachers can react and handle these issues. Main Body Common Core and Standardized Test The CC standards were designed by state education heads, governors, teachers and experts across 48 states seeking to offer learners equal platform for all students across the country. The CC would enable learners to prepare adequately for college, occupation and life in a uniform manner with high standards of quality education. Two subjects were selected for the accomplishment of the CC standard goals. These are English language and mathematics. The subjects were purposely selected considering that they form the foundations on which learners form skill sets that are mandatory in all the other subjects (Chaucer, 2012). Learners must know how to read, write, talk, pay attention and utilize language efficiently in a multiplicity of content areas for easier internalization of all the other subjects. The standards were designed by state education heads, governors, teachers and experts in education curricula. The CC standards stipulate the literacy abilities and competencies essential for college and career preparedness in a variety of disciplines for foreign students. It is imperative to recognize that literacy standards in science, social studies and practical subjects for six to twelfth grades are aimed at supplementing content standards in those fields as opposed to replacing them (Harris, Smith, & Harris, 2011). Standardized testing is important considering that high standards that are unswerving across all states offer teachers, parents and the leaners a se
Introduction Digital image refers to a two-dimensional signal in which every digital sample is a function of two spatial coordinates x and y and whose value at that spatial point P(x,y) is the gray level of intensity at that point[1]. Digital Images are depicted by a set of distinct sections referred to as pixels. Just like any other raw data, digital images have no meaning before they are processed. Thus, Digital Image Processing can be said to be the process where the digital images are refined through some computer algorithms to extract information that the computer can interpret. The extracted information can thus be used to carry out further calculations or arrive at some decisions. Currently, digital image processing has found application in many different specialties; some of the important areas include medicine and surgery, space science, robotics, industrial automation, satellites, and video surveillance [5]. Principle Steps in Digital Image Processing The major steps followed in digital image processing are as follows:  1. Image Acquisition  2. Image Enhancement  3. Image Restoration  4. Color Image Processing  5. Wavelets  6. Compression  7. Morphological Processing  8. Segmentation  9. Representation and Description 10. Object Recognition In the following section, a brief description will be given about each of the above steps. Image Acquisition This step marks the beginning of the digital image processing exercise. In other words, image acquisition refers to the process of obtaining the image in a raw form that is readable by the computer-guided imaging device/imaging sensors. Additional hardware or some computer software that supports the reading of the raw image is used to convert the image into computer-readable format [6]. Often the raw image data is converted into a standard image format setting the stage for further processing [6]. Image Enhancement This is the second step in digital image processing. This step is one of the easiest and enjoyable in the whole digital image processing activity. Image enhancement refers to the improvement of the suppressed image detail to achieve increased visibility and mark the regions of interest in the image [5]. Typical examples in the image enhancement process are changing the brightness and enhancing the contrast Image Restoration The image restoration step occurs together with image enhancement. The restoration is done by removing different types of noise that occur as a result of the imaging system or setup [5]. The noise may be manifested as white Gaussian noise that occurs during image data transmission or may be seen as a form of blurriness or a shaking effect as a result of a bad imaging setup. It is not possible to determine the particular amount of blurriness caused
Introduction The role of competition in the economic life of the society is profound and multifarious. Promoting the growth of the most effective productions and wash out ineffective economic sections, competition acts as a regulative mechanism of economic proportions. Initially competition acts as method orienting entrepreneur toward raising the effectiveness of the economic system. Addressing the issue of market competition, this paper analyzes the position of the Swedish company MySQL AB as participant of the market of database software. Analysis The company was founded in 1995, and implemented the dual licensing policy distributing their products. The implemented model distributed two different versions of their software, a free version and a commercial version. (Holck, Zicari and Mahnke) As of 2005, “leading research firm Evans Data Corporation found that MySQL was the #2 most-used database server according to survey respondents.” (“Market Share”) In 2008, MySQL AB was acquired by Sun Microsystems for approximately $1 billion. (“Sun Acquires Mysql”) Structuring the market of database management software can be found a bit tricky, due to the position of MySQL as open source software. Nevertheless, the share of the markets of the largest players in the market can be characterized as oligopoly, “a market that is characterized by the interdependence of firms” (Reynolds), where the major players are IBM, Microsoft and Oracle. (“Oracle”) The main advantage of MySQL that allowed it to enter the market and compete is the approach implemented through the open-source license. In that sense, the main acquired products of MySQL are the HR department, where the best developers worked in a virtual organization from their homes and offices, while after downloading the software, more than 35,000 people test it and report for the problems that might exist. As stated by Marten Mickos, the CEO of MySQL AB, “Not even Microsoft has 35,000 QA engineers” (Holck, Zicari and Mahnke) In other factors such as distribution, where most of the software is downloaded through the website, it can be said that the costs are minimal, and if not for the prices of maintaining the file servers for initial download, it can be said that the costs are close to zero. In that regard, we can say that MySQL was not influenced by the set prices of the larger participants of the market. The changes that MySQL has made in the market can be seen as innovative, where the implemented business model serving small and middle companies led to a large share of the market to be taken from the larger participants. A framework analysis of business models of open-source software applied to MySQL revealed that, “MySQL, using a combination of series of rapid incremental innovation, stack-based complement strateg