ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Controversial and ethically challenging issues in nursing In a controversial, ethically challenging situation you encountered, what were your feelings and how did you react? How would you approach this topic in a teaching environment? In my practice, a man who suddenly became disabled did not want to receive help from others since he wanted to stay independent. Frankly speaking, I had mixed feelings; understanding that it was my duty to improve his quality of life, I did not want to increase his depression risks by urging him to receive any help. To approach the topic in a teaching environment, I would still adhere to the principles of patient-centered care to work with emotional issues (Gregory, 2014). Actually, to react properly and help him to resolve the conflict, I needed to provide a lot of examples to show that being helped by others did not mean “loosing” one’s personality or becoming totally dependent. What could be the related advantages and disadvantages of the position taken in case of ethical controversies? Among the positions that are commonly used in case of ethical controversies is the decision to stay neutral, which has its own advantages and disadvantages. As for its strong points, staying neutral and, therefore, unbiased allows evaluating information more objectively and being impartial (Cain, 1999; Hinde, 2004). However, as it follows from my experience with a disabled person, the disadvantages of neutrality include the inability to take this position in case of emotional strain. Controversial positions are often mutually exclusive, and staying neutral can be an attempt to square a circle. What are your thoughts regarding the experiences of individuals with MAiD that have occurred in Vancouver? The case of Ellen Wiebe, the provider who used MAiD at the nursing home despite the rules of her professional organization, shows that medical decisions are often impacted by religious views and formal rules (Gindin, 2018; Lazaruk, 2018). It is difficult to evaluate the situation, but to me, the provider did nothing wrong if we prioritize the interests of her patient and his family. As for another controversial case, Mr. and Mrs. Brickenden were elderly spouses who wanted to die together with the help of MAiD (Grant, 2018). Personally, I understand their fear to pass away before their spouses. However, in this situation, they should also think about children who will lose both parents simultaneously. Managing ethical dilemmas in nursing education How can nurse educators prevent cheating on exams and assignments? As for me, the cheating culture exists in any country because many nursing students just want to devote more time to hobbies or work. To overcome the issue, it is necessary to focus on a lack of motivation (Park, Park, & Jang, 2013). Moreover, to prevent cheating, it is important to make assignments more individualized. Apart from that, an instructor can identify cheating by asking in-depth questions concerning the content of certain assignments. What are some o
Brief Biographical Sketch of the Friedrich von Hayek Friedrich von Hayek was a great economist who was born on 8 th may in 1899 and died on 23 rd march in 1992 in Germany. He was a modern and prominent Austrian economist. His birthplace is Vienna a city of Austria. But he was a resident of Great Britain. At the time of the 1 st world war Hayek joined the Austro-Hungarian army. Just after world war, at the age of 19 he first came to the university. He admitted in the University as a student of Law but he has found his interest in Economics and Psychology. He joined the university of Vienna and get doctorate degree in 1921-1923. After taking doctorate degree he moved New York and here he spent one year. Hayek was in Vienna when joined as a first director of the Austrian Institute for Business Cycle Research in 1927. A famous research institute of Vienna where he worked up to 1931. He got an invitation from Lionel Robbins in 1931 who was an eminent Economist and teacher of London school of Economics. “He was a major figure in the Cambridge-London economics controversy with Keynes during the 1930s, first lectures at the School caused a sensation and were published as Prices and Production (1931)”. (LSE. 1931). Hayek started his research about monetary, capital and Business-cycle theory in the time of 1930s. In early of the 1940s his research work played a great role in different economic sector of Austria such as market process and methodological underpinnings. On that time Hayek become the second eminent and famous economist on the planet. The basic questions of economic policy, Professor Hayek of the London School of Economics and on the other hand Professor Keynes of Cambridge “University sparked a memorable confrontation between classical economics and the new-fangled “macroeconomics” of Lord Keynes’s 1936 General theory” (Hazlett , July 1992). When he was a student he always tried to improve the social condition of the country. Hayek was the great follower of Fabian and liberal socialism. He thought that society can be changed with the help of socialism. Fabian socialism changes a society day by day. And liberal socialism also helps to change society in a democratic way. Hayek has been decisively influenced by the liberal tradition in England. Hayek found international fame with the publication of The Road To Serfdom (1944), is a journal which tells about the democratic socialism. Again Hayek joined University of Chicago of USA for joining the committee on Social Thought. He developed the concept of social, Political and legal philosophy. His thought was very helpful on that time of USA. He passed a great time on there and his research work mainly developed on that time. After a successful time in USA in 1962 he got an appointment in the University of Freiburg, a leading University of West Germany. In Germany he passed successfully seven years for the improvement of Economic thoughts and methods. In 1969 he came Austria and joined University of Salzburg and he resided on there up to 1977. Finally in1974, it was a great time of
Introduction International organisations usually operate in a global market. Globalization has led to the increase in the number of international organisations that have widened their scope of operations in order to allow them to better serve the ever growing market. Cross- border and cross- cultural organisations thus have a diversified human resource pool. The paper acknowledges the fact that human resource and work force among international organisations is made up of employees from different cultural backgrounds. This cultural diversity greatly influences the functioning of the organization. There is therefore the need to evaluate the importance and impacts of workforce’s cultural diversity in organisations as well as the need for effective management and integration of cultural diversity in organisations as has been suggested in the paper. It is noted that culture is a way of life for a group of people achieved through cumulative gain of knowledge, beliefs, and symbols and which is passed along generations through communication and imitation. Culture is thus the behaviour of a group of people forming a tradition that distinguishes the group from others in the community or in the world (Rondinelli 86). Culture attempts to justify a people’s way of life with each practice having a story behind it. Critical study and analysis of culture is thus vital in understanding a people’s way of life. Recent research has shown that people in a given country have a tendency to adopt a culture that unites them as one and which they can all identify with. Organisations around the world have to acknowledge these national cultures where they occur. The cultures represent the practices of the organization’s managers and employees. Culture will thus play a great role in the determination of how various organisations operate since their activities must not interfere with the people’s norms. Activities must be carried out in a way that best reflects the way of life of the people in that particular region. In recent past, foreign direct investment (herein referred to as FDI) has become a common phenomenon in the world of business. Large international organisations have resorted to taking up other smaller firms with the aim of increasing their scope of operations (Lubatkin and O’Neil 668). These firms- both the acquirer and the acquired- hail from different cultural backgrounds and a lot of energy has to be exerted to ensure that there is a smooth transitional process as the two firms strive to form a strong single entity with the capability of competing favourably with other market players. This paper is a report on the approaches that have been used by international firms to integrate newly acquired firms and businesses into their system. The researcher gathered information from experts and economists who have wide knowledge in the field of acquisitions and mergers. The information was gathered using questionnaires. The purpose of the project is to device measures through which organisations can smoothl
Problem Statement   * The national debt is growing at an alarming rate.   * Deficit predicted to be over $17 trillion in a decade (Elmendorf, 2011).   * Research is necessary to determine cause of national debt and provide recommendations to alleviate the problem. Research will determine whether National Debt is growing due to:   * High levels of deficit spending.   * Federal government continues to borrow money from foreign countries.   * Many baby boomers retiring which increases government spending on social security. Argument: the Con’s   * Previous levels sales of notes, treasury bills, and bonds for every foreign country not examined.   * Federal government decision to borrow from foreign countries and sale of the bills and bonds not determined.   * Study is limited to levels of deficit spending, continuous borrowing, and expenditure on social security. Argument: the Pro’s   * The study sheds light on the consequences of high deficit levels, continuous borrowing, and high expenditure on social security.   * The Study gives insight into why the national debt has risen over the decade. Hypothesis/Introduction H1: High levels of deficit spending have no direct influence on increased growth of the national debt. H2: Increased federal government borrowing from foreign countries has negative effect on the national debt. H3: High rate of retirement of baby boomers increases social security expenditure and hence the national debt. Literature Review Theoretical Studies Dynamic economy theory: government utilizes budget deficits and surpluses to cushion taxpayers from a rapid increase in tax rates. The theory protects citizens from incurring extra tax burden that the government may impose due to budget deficits (Battaglini & Coate, 2007). Federal Reserve   * Policies and laws allow the Congress to recommend borrowing of money, to alleviate budget deficits.   * When a government is operating under deficit, it borrows money from treasury.   * These allows it to operate under deficit budget.   * The US is engaged in massive borrowing to stimulate economic growth and finance social programs. Social Security   * Baby boomers consume significant part of Social Security funds: of the 50 million Social Security beneficiaries, 64% are retired workers.   * This beneficiaries are projected to increase over the decade.   * Social Security benefits are going to increase from current 4.8% to 6% of GDP by 2035.   * Projections indicate that current fiscal policy of the United States is uns
Modern communicative means that have become available to many people with the development of the Internet allow users to integrate into the international information space. In particular, this process has led to the transformation of interpersonal communication, which is now increasingly dependent on technology. Currently, residents of different parts of the world can instantly contact each other, which was previously impossible. In my opinion, modern means of communication have more positive than negative effects on youth in Egypt. The most important advantage of modern global and instant communication is the availability of any information. For example, users in Egypt can access content that was created in other countries. Such a global exchange of information has a signific
Introduction The advent of modern civilization has transformed governments into critical institutions. The importance attached to governments hinges on the view that they take responsibility for indispensable aspects of the wellbeing of their people. The sustenance of these principal responsibilities requires governments to adopt policies that are consistent with their development agenda. A good example of such a scenario is the United States’ enactment of the Patriot Act 2001 in the wake of the 9/11 terrorist attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon coupled with the anthrax deaths that followed shortly afterwards (Skitka, Bauman & Mullen, 2004). The involved policymakers drafted and enacted the Act hastily with nearly unanimous support from the entire US fraternity with the hope that it would curb any further attempts to instigate similar attacks against the Americans. The perception of the people has changed from unanimous acceptance of the legislation to a state of ambivalence. In the light of this development, this paper seeks to explore the psychological impacts of the US Patriot Act on the Americans and unearth the reasons behind the change of attitude towards the Act. Historical overview of the US Patriotic Act 2001 The US Patriot Act of 2001 was enacted hardly six weeks after the terrorist attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon. The name “USA PATRIOT” is an acronym for “United and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism” (Hamm, 2004, p.6). According to Abdolian and Takooshian (2002), after the 9/11 attacks there followed a notable number of anthrax deaths, which were perceived to emanate from the use of biological weaponry in the quest to perpetuate terror against the US public. Like the Antiterrorism Act of 2006 and other similar legislation in the past, the US Patriot Act of 2001 drew sharp criticism later and it remains the subject of incessant debates to date. Reservations have been expressed over the Act’s curtailment of fundamental liberties of the American people. This situation is aggravated by the view that the US was founded on a philosophy of democracy, which espouses liberty and equality for all. In this sense, the Act is inconsistent with the long-standing values of the US and thus it marks a major step in the departure from the foundational philosophies of the United States of America. The psychological impact The Act was almost unanimously welcome at the time of its enactment. The legislature overwhelmingly voted in favor of the Act (Abdolian & Takooshian, 2002). The position of the larger public was not any different as Skitka, Bauman, and Mullen (2004) assert that over two thirds of the US public was in favor of the Act at the time of its enactment. Skitka, Bauman, and Mullen (2004) observe that 49% percent of the US public was willing to sacrifice part of its civil liberties in favor of the fight against terrorism after the Oklahoma bombing of 1995. The figure rose to about 68% after the 2001 attacks, but was only 29% in 1997 when there was considerable calm (Skitka, Bauman & Mullen, 2004).Therefore, the overwhelming sup
Summary of the Paper Evidently, the provided paper discerns the use of daily motivational quiz to increase the participation, attendance, and preparation of students. It is noted that freshmen and sophomore students who hardly pursue accounting majors (as a career choice) later in their education programs embrace introductory accounting lessons. These are, however, not highly motivated and thus present instructors with the challenge of finding ways of motivating them effectively. The motivation is aimed at improving their ability to get ready for class, be punctual, and participate in constructive class discussions. The instructors have adopted the use of daily quiz to achieve this and empirical evidence supports the strategy. The abstract of the document has effectively summarized the document. It has noted the mostly affected students, the desired goals and the strategy adopted. In addition, it has included empirical evidence that supports the strategy that is used. Main Critique The authors note that it is a challenging and frustrating task to teach an introductory accounting program. However, it is also rewarding and satisfying to introduce the subject to students and give them knowledge that they can use in business. Nevertheless, the challenges are so great. The paper has clearly stated the sources of challenges to teaching introductory accounting lessons. The lessons are required in business majors in many institutions. This results in high population of non accounting students in the classes. This creates various problems. First, non accounting majors are likely not to be serious in the classes. Secondly, most of them are freshmen and may not have the requisite skills for studying. Additional challenge is the requirement that instructors teach other courses like critical thinking to better equip students. The authors thus managed to bring out clearly all the challenges in teaching introductory accounting courses and have given detailed explanation. The paper has also noted the results brought by these challenges and they are high levels of failure and high levels of withdrawal. It provides information and research findings to support these. An example is a study in United States comprising four-year colleges that found the average rate of withdrawal in two introductory accounting lessons to be 19.76% and rate of failure was 15.27%. Grades “D”, “F” and “W” comprised 40.8% of the grades the students had. Additionally, the authors have included the shift in paradigms from “provision of instructions” to “production of learning” by various institutions as it complicates the problem. This ensures that there are no gaps. Under production of learning paradigm, members of a faculty design learning strategies, setting and experiences and seek to inspire students to be able to find knowledge themselves instead of instructors delivering the knowledge. The authors have clearly given the strategy adopted to achieve the goals desired. Daily quiz in lessons can inspire students to be prepared for class, be punctual and be involved in the classes. They have used literature from other studies to support their
Virgin Group Limited is a British conglomerate that encompasses numerous companies that provide products and services in various economic sectors that include travel, money, lifestyle, music, health care, people and planet, and alcohol. Virgin is an example of the application of the brand extension concept. A brand extension can be described as the act of introducing new products and services into different market categories using a company’s name as leverage. Branson introduced Virgin Vodka, Virgin Cola, Virgin Money, Virgin Books, Virgin Galactic, Virgin Unite, Virgin Radio International and Virgin Wines following the success of Virgin Atlantic Airways and Virgin Records. Virgin Group’s extension strategy has evolved over the years, and it involves introducing products and services in categories where consumers’ needs are not fully satisfied. Brand Development The introduction of new products is one of the most important aspects of the brand development process (Strategic Brand Management). The success of the majority of Virgin’s products can be attributed to the initial success of the company after its incorporation in the 1970s. The success of Virgin Records and Virgin Atlantic Airways solidified the position of the company in the market. Brand extension results from factors such as the need for growth, financial constraints, and stiff competition. A brand name is a valuable asset to a company (Strategic Brand Management). Therefore, introducing new products under an established name is an effective way of mitigating the aforementioned challenges. Richard Branson has introduced several products under the famous Virgin brand in order to take advantage of the brand’s success so as to explore new economic areas. Advantages Brand extensions have several advantages. They facilitate new product acceptance and provide feedback benefits to parent company by clarifying brand meaning, increasing market coverage, and revitalizing the brand (Strategic Brand Management). The failure rate of a new business is higher than that of an extension. The launch of products such as Virgin Mobile in 1999 and Virgin.com was successful because Branson introduced them by leveraging the value of the Virgin trademark. The majority of the
Introduction Japan’s colonization of Southeast Asia between 1941 and 1945 had both positive and negative effects on the region. While under the Japanese occupation, Southeast Asia underwent major social and economic structural changes. Research reveals that the transformation that marred the region was as a result of Japan’s unique focus on the challenges that was facing the region and the many social and economic challenges that emerged during the colonization period. Having taken place during the Second World War, Japan’s colonization of Southeast Asia shaped the Southeast Asia’s social, economic, and political experiences in a number of ways. 1 Positive changes of Southeast Asia One of the major positive impacts of Japan’s colonization of the Southeast region relates to the fact that Japan helped to liberate Southeast Asia. Although its initial major purpose of the colony was to accrue a lot of economic and political gains from the region, Japan ended up being the “savior” during the Second World War period. Colonization process and the activities that dominated the region had serious effects to the region’s social and economic development. 2 Japan’s colonization played a crucial role in the definition and in-depth understanding of the concept of nationalism in Southeast Asia. During the Second World War period, Southeast Asia was much disintegrated. This was until Japan took charge of the region. Colonization enhanced economic awareness and the leaders’ desire to formulate reliable and effective territorial boundaries that enforced the political existence of Southeast Asian countries such as Burma, Malaysia, Vietnam, Singapore, Thailand, and Cambodia. By augmenting economic empowerment of the region, Japan managed to promote economic stability of the countries in which it operated in Southeast Asia. During its occupation of Southeast Asia between 1941 and 1945, Japan managed to advance economic and social structural changes in the region. This enabled the region to be economically stable. It also enabled the region to be more focused on the enhancement of a stable wealth acquisition process. Socially, Japan’s colonization of Southeast Asia made its colony to be a much diversified region with social and cultural practices. Indeed, Japan’s economic restructuring of Southeast Asian economic was successfully enforced by implementing strategic economic mechanisms that focused on streamlining the region’s economic development structures. 3 The colonization process and the Second World War that ensued during the period proved to be a crucial break in the Southeast Asian historical continuum. People, nations, and organizations were liberated. Thailand, Malaya, and the Philippines are some of the countries in Southeast Asia that enjoyed a lot of brilliance as Japan helped in the enlightenment of the people in these countries. This played a crucial role in encouraging economic development of the region as the enlightenment resulted in the availability of skilled labor. As a colonizer of the Southeast Asian region, Japan’s economic performance was “miraculous” as it greatly improved the region’s economic