ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Necessity is the mother of all invention, this is a common phrase and it applies to language. The need to communicate led to the development of languages. With time, these languages have developed to suit the requirements and preferences of the people. These changes are responsible for the various languages and accent that are available worldwide. Change in language is therefore an inevitable and a natural process (Crystal). Although change in language is unavoidable, people always want to stick to their known ways and methods of speech. The issue of what is the correct language remains a big issue. If there is a perfect language, to what standards should it be. People have expectation on their language and they make a judgment. This essay therefore begins by looking at standardization followed by language expectations and finally the judgment on language use. Standardization of language is the process through which a language has been codified, this process also include grammar and spelling development. It is also through standardization that writing of a language in an official format becomes possible. Standardization is of great benefits to a language. Through standardization learning and teaching of a language is facilitated. The benefits that results from standardization of a language are numerous but the main issue that follows standardization is who is responsible for standardization of a language. The next issue is of course the need for standardization and if there are some persons responsible for standardization. In the past, language standardization process has been hijacked from the hands of linguistics. In fact, the process has been utilized as a way of creating identity for a state or a group of people. Institutions of learning have also been linked with language standardization process. Politics have also played a big role in standardization of language with the bottom line being the creation of dominance. Different standards in language have also been responsible in the creation of social classes that are present in today’s world. Language has been viewed as a cultural capital and that it create the differences between social classes, the educated and the uneducated (Finegant PBS. Org ). Deresiewicz emphasized on the role language standards play in society classification by stating that “mastery of standard English language was the ticket of cultural admission” (New York Times). This shows that although standardization of language is important for development of the language and people’s culture the process has often been misused. In order for the full benefits of standardization to be realized then it is important that standardization of a language be done for promoting the language. As stated, the natural process of language change still applies in standardization of a language and therefor
The scene for the study to unwrap in The study in question, i.e., the analysis of the efficacy of peer assessment on the performance of low-ability 7 th grade students as the latter develop the reading skills required for a Shakespeare class, is going to occur within a specific setting. The performance of low-ability high school students in a Shakespeare reading class is going to be evaluated after the application of a peer assessment strategy. In order to define the changes in the academic performance of low-ability students, it will be necessary to carry out several evaluations. First, the overall assessment of low-ability and high-ability students and their understanding of Shakespeare is going to be carried out prior the research. Then, the peer assessment itself is going to take place, with the supervision of the instructor and the provision of specific instructions by the latter to the students. Afterwards, the second overall evaluation of low-ability and high-ability students will be conducted in order to define any changes that may have occurred in the course of the research. For the study results to be as objective as possible, the choice of several student groups can be suggested. Thus, it will be possible to define the common tendency within the specified groups and to locate the average value of the change in low-ability students’ performance. As far as the low-ability students are concerned, choosing the learners with a particular health issue does not seem reasonable, since it will hinder the objectivity of the results. The research is aimed at identifying the success of application of peer assessment among all types of students with low abilities; therefore, no further specifications concerning the health issues should be made. It is also imperative that the study should be carried out within the setting of a traditional school with no ability grouping so that the low-ability learners could be provided with enough peer support. Peer assessment for low-ability students The study aims at identifying the effects, which the incorporation of a peer assessment intervention and a teaching strategy based on supervising is going to have on low-ability seven grade students. It is expected that the integration of peer assessment techniques will contribute to the overall attainment to the existing standards and the improvement of the overall performance of the students. The methods of teaching low-ability students the basic skills, which they will require as learners in order to advance in their academic life, are quite different. Some sources claim that students with low learning abilities require a specific setting and, therefore, must study in a unique environment that allows for meeting these needs. Other sources claim that low ability learners must advance academically in the traditional setting so that these students could improve their skills and should not be ostracized to the point where they would feel uncomfortable in the pro
Introduction The J.C. Penney departmental store was founded in 1902. So far, it has over 1000 branches spread across the United States. It is a well-known brand in the US. For some time now, J.C. Penney’s pricing strategy has been based on sales, discounts, and promotions. The chain has indeed struggled with a pricing strategy for a relatively long period. The department stores operated by J.C. Penney are managed centrally. Some of the retail goods sold in the stores include housewares and apparel. Besides, there are several leased departments under the stores operated by J.C. Penney, such as 8jewelry repair, photo studios, and optical centers. Johnson’s pricing strategy Ron Johnson sought to reduce the number of promotional sales of retail goods in all the J.C Penney’s stores. The ‘everyday’ price was turned into a sale price for J.C. Penney’s merchandise. This meant that prices were no longer being jerked up. When the frequencies of promotions are reduced, customers are able to anticipate for sales events and also actively engage in buying during the promotion period. In the case of Ron Johnson’s strategy, prices for goods were marked down using the previous year’s sales. Markdown is a primary strategy for cutting down prices in order to increase the volume of goods sold. Second, Johnson opted to use an easy pricing model for the merchandise at JC Penney. Instead of using decimal figures like $25.99, Ron Johnson adopted whole figures (such as $25 or $30) when pricing the retail goods (Lublin & Mattioli, 2013). Such a model makes it easy for targeted customers to vividly distinguish various pricing categories set by a seller. Johnson also made changes in the price tags. They were made easy to decipher by customers. For example, the ‘best price’ was shown by the blue tag, a month-long value was displayed using a white tag, while an ‘everyday’ price was depicted by a red tag. The number of promotional sales was reduced substantially. For instance, a tag with an ‘everyday’ price remained to be so for the given time. The white tag for the month-long value displayed the product on sale for the whole four-week period. For items marked with the ‘best price’ tag, it implied that they did not sell as first as other merchandise. Hence, they were put on sale in the first and third Fridays of every trading month. It is vital to mention that setting specific sale dates prepares customers both psychologically and financially. Johnson also changed the design of the company’s logo. Any change in design reinforces the visibility of a brand, especially
Project overview The ministry of foreign affairs of Qatar deals with all of the international affairs and foreign policy of Qatar government and other countries governments. It has around 75 diplomatic mission around the world. The current methods of communication used to send confidential document are; diplomatic mail, e-mail and fax. Diplomatic mail service would take two to three days to deliver documents. However, faxes and private lines don’t provide any type of security as they are unencrypted. The emergence of virtual private network have created a secure and cheaper medium for transferring sensitive information, and documents between two or more organizations through public network such as; the internet site-to-site VPN. Throughout my studying period and work experience in networking technology, I have thought of implementing new technology in my work. My idea is to implement VPN technology to support mailing, and video systems in the ministry. This technology will solve many problems such as; providing a lower cost solution of communication and enhancing securing lines and sharing confidential documents. The VPN connection is to be created between the embassy of the state of Qatar in London and the ministry of foreign affairs IT data centre. Finding the user Requirements According to (Sommerville, 2004), Requirements capture involves three different phases which are as follow:   * Eliciting requirements   * Validating requirements   * Recording requirements All of theses separate phases were carried out in order to start the project. Eliciting requirements Both primary and secondary researches were performed to obtain the requirements from two different users who were interviewed and questioned. The two user categories are Ministry of foreign affairs IT staff and some users from the embassy of the state of Qatar in London. Primary Research Case Study Communication as a process has become most fundamental to any business. Initially at the start of the computer age, a lot of focus and weight was placed on data processing or traditional stand-alone processing. However as it became evident that these standalone systems could be networked and be able to collaborate even in processing, the aspect of communication began to gain attention. As it were, information that resulted from these data processes required transmission or dispersion. A communication dimension therefore needed to be added to this setup to ensure that the information resulting from the data processing would be effectively transmitted to where it was most needed to enable timely decision-making. The state of information received would then determine the decision to be taken by the recipient. This called for increased technological studies to ensure this. One such step was the introduction of the
Introduction The Elaboration Likelihood Model is a model in persuasion that involves the tapping into a person’s emotional aspects in order to persuade them. This paper looks into the Elaboration Likelihood Model, gives examples of situations where the model can be applied, and analyzes the data gathered, among other things. The Elaboration Likelihood Model is very famous in politics and political campaigns. The model has been chosen for this assignment because the assignment borrows data from the Middle East, which has used the Elaboration Likelihood Model to persuade many of its citizens. Theory selected The Elaboration Likelihood Model posits that persuasion is a cognitive process. This means that persuasion involves the use of mental processes to decipher the message. The theory proposes that there are two routes that a persuader can use in the process of persuasion. These are the central route and the peripheral route. The central route is also referred to as the long term route. In this route, the persuader uses logic, researched data and facts and long discussions to persu
Introduction Currently, there is a trend in the mobile telephony market involving the release of various new smartphones. These cellphone types have gained more popularity recently because of different reasons, but majorly due to their increased affordability. The first item I purchased was a Smartphone made by the Samsung Electronics Company, which was due to the influence caused by a reference group. This particular group has been referred to as the associative reference group since. In this social group, individuals had a lot of traits in common with other group members. In particular, the influence was from my peers in the university class. This type of reference group had its formation founded by commonality. These same traits granted an individual entry by possessing similar traits or even owning similar possessions as other members of the group (Hawkins, Mothersbaugh, & Best, 2010). Influencing by the reference group and making a purchasing decision As a member of this group by default due to the numerous traits we have in common, including, for instance, the same age or similar convictions, I have managed to understand their way of thinking and preferences. Also, by purchasing this cell phone, I felt more accepted in their gatherings since every other member had a smartphone produced by the same company. The fact that all the other members owned similar phones and had a lot of positive things to say about the smartphone convinced me that it was a good product. The second item was also a smartphone but of Apple Inc. These types of cell phones are commonly referred to as the iPhones, and I purchased it as a result of the influence caused by an aspirational reference group. This type of group is the one in which a person wishes to be a part of, and most of its members are famous and have even endorsed the same items. This influence stemmed from the fact that the persons possessing this kind of phone were assumed to be rich, accepting the high price of the iPhones. I also noted that an individual possessing one of these phones was, in most cases, regarded with more respect and received special treatment in social places. Owning such a cell phone was something prestigious even though it worked just like any other smartphone in the market. This aspirational reference group praised the la
Introduction My Grandfather had been in the hospital for eight months whereby, visits to the hospital were of the most painful experiences that I have ever had; having known that, he was undergoing extreme mental and physical pain, of which I had little control over. To make it worse, I had painfully watched his health deteriorate day by day, bringing him to a state of hopelessness, with only one primary thing to live and endure; pain. Although we lived with hope, the doctors had made their verdict, because they had done all that was possible with no success. My prayers for his recovery seemed unanswered because; sometimes I could watch him hopelessly as he screamed loudly, due to the extreme pains that he enduring, with no help to offer. In addition, as I watched my grandfather closely, I could confirm that the once enthusiastic face was gradually losing interest in life. This worried me very much, as his ailment had reduced his life into a shell of suffering, making him loose hope and self-esteem. Sometimes the situation was too much for us to bear because, even recognizing his friends, and relatives (including me, his favorite grandson), was a problem. Hence, to end his long-suffering, we had to take the “cruelest” option of terminating his life, it being the only remedy we had. Surely, this was another most painful thing I have had to endure in my life, for I stood there helplessly as the doctor cut off his oxygen supply. As a transition to his new form of life, he struggled and finally stiffened with a weak smile on his face. Although five years have passed since then, the memories are still vivid in me; for I knew and I have always known that we made the right decision for him. Mercy Killing Mercy killing is a mechanism of relieving both the sufferers and their families from extreme pain and anguish; them being witnesses of such suffering (Grisez and Boyle, 509). Frankly speaking, my grandfather was enduring extreme mental and physical pain, which had left him a hopeless being, with one thing to live for; pain. This made me to question the purpose his living because; he was struggling to breathe even with oxygen tubes in his nostrils; hence a clear indication that we were forcing him to live against his wishes. In addition, our forcing him to live is questionable because; for which purpose was he living, when he could not even indentify himself, and had to endure such extreme pains? Considering this, it is not wrong for one to argue that, all we did was for selfish gains; that is, our fear of losing him overlooked the great pain that he was undergoing, as we forced him to continue living; hence, the importance of mercy killing. Primarily mercy killing or euthanasia involves the ending of someone’s life either willingly or unwillingly. The entire process is painless to sufferers who are in a vegetative state; a case that is common in most medical scenarios, where medics; primarily doctors, have expressed no hopes of recovery of such patients. In addition, doctors mo
Introduction Capital punishment can deter crime. Many individuals oppose the death penalty because of moral and aesthetic reasons. The problem with these justifications is that they are susceptible to subjective interpretations. An economic analysis of the deterrence effect of capital punishment provides a rational and objective way of analyzing the effectiveness of such a mechanism. In this paper, it will be argued that offenders are likely to respond to the incentives offered by law enforcers concerning the commissioning of crimes. Analysis Murder is usually committed as a result of some interpersonal conflicts or due to jealousy, hate and pecuniary motives. Sometimes, it may be a product of property crimes (when a criminal tries to eliminate potential witnesses or officers who may hold him accountable for his actions). The propensity to commit murder (which is usually the main crime that necessitates the use of capital punishment) is indeed influenced by the losses and gains that can come from their commission (Mocan & Gittings 470). Most murders are committed against people who know each other or persons who have a relative degree of familiarity with one another. In economics, a person’s utility is affected by that person’s utility as well as the utility of other persons. Utility is usually constrained by the resource endowments of the affected parties and also by the transfer functions. It is also affected by the penalties and awards that may result from transfer functions as well as the degrees of uncertainty created by these differences. For the case of murder or crimes that necessitate capital punishment, the incentive to commit murder is directly related to the uncertainties that punishments for the crime will generate. When a person commits a murder, he/she will have to go through certain direct costs that include the planning and the execution of the crime. The offender will have to bear risks that will emanate from the punishment and conviction of the crime. If it is assumed that the offender behaves in order to maximize his expected utility, then the expected utility from the capital crime should be greater than the one that will come from another alternative course of action. The probability of committing the crime and getting away with it will be the greatest incentive to commit it. The probability of committing the crime and getting a less severe crime is also another possibility. Alternatively, the offender may get caught and receive the harshest punishment, i.e. the death penalty. A criminal will consider these alternatives prior to commission of the crime. If a deterrent effect is great, the probability of committing the crime is minimized (Alper and Daryl 44). In other words, the more undesirable the consequences of the crime, the more likely a criminal will avoid doing it, based on his subjective analyses. Thus, the greater the severity of punishment, the lower the expected utility for committing
Introduction: Brahmanism as the Predecessor of Hinduism: Back to the Roots Historical Vedic religion is one of the beliefs which are extremely hard to question and even harder to judge. Despite the fact that the Indian culture is becoming increasingly popular with the majority of the world population, there are still a lot of unknown facts about it; as a rule, it is a snowball’s chance that one will dig deeper than the elementary surface information. However, being actually the historical predecessor of Hinduism, one of the world’s oldest religions, Brahmanism actually offers an extremely complex idea of a human being – or, to be more exact, the spiritual part of any human being. Offering a theory of three main components which the human soul is composed of and which have a lot in common, Brahmanism creates an extremely complex theory of human soul, with three elements whose difference is barely noticeable yet crucial for the Brahmanism understanding of human nature. Brahmanism in Details: The Anatomy of Self. A Lesson in Dissection The ambiguity of the Brahmanism ideas and the numerous ways in which these ideas can be interpreted becomes obvious at the very point when the three elements which make the human being are defined. At certain moments each of these elements seems the continuation of the other. However, if taking a close look at each of them, one will be able to realize that they are quite independent and represent the ideas which do not even cross. Analyzing their specifics, one can possibly see the way these elements interact. Jiva: Feeling the Breath of Life One of the most complicated concepts of Brahmanism, Jiva is the first issue to consider. Although, generally speaking, one can call Jiva the general definition of a living creature, there is more to it