ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction In my paper, I will discuss Ali Mohammed’s life, religious journey, boxing work and his role as a statesman. I understand Ali Mohammed was an American boxer who was born on January seventeen, nineteen forty-two, in Kentucky, Louisville Town. He was the first child of Marcellus Clay Cassius and Grady Odessa. Marcellus Clay Cassius was a painter who loved also acting, singing, and dancing; his mother used to work as a cleaning lady when his father was not getting enough money to feed the family. At the age of twelve, Mohammed Ali started boxing work. His calling begun one day when his bicycle got lost, then, when he went to the police station to report about the stolen bicycle, martin who was a policeman invited Mohammed to try boxing classes in a local center. After a period of time, Martin learned that Ali had the ability in boxing 1 . I can say that through his boxing ability and hard work Martin started showing Ali Mohammed on his local television channel shows Champions; furthermore, Martin started Mohammed working and training at Columbia Louisville’s Gym. Stoner Fred, who was African American black teacher, taught Ali Mohammed the art and science of boxing. At Louisville’s Columbia gym Mohammed learned boxing skills and moving with grace. Ali Mohammed spent most of his time in the boxing job hence leading to poor work at his school. Now at teenage, I can add that Ali Mohammed won the Golden Glove championships and national Amateur Union. Ali Mohammed won a gold medal in the Olympics in the light heavyweight boxing match in Rome Italy during 1960 Olympic games competition when he was eighteen years. These great works catch the attention of the Louisville group; hence leading to marking a deal with this millionaires group. This was so far, the first biggest deal to be agreed by a capable boxer. Ali Mohammed used to work his way out in the path of a chain of skilled successes, using ways that include great application of energy with speed. One of Ali’s was interviewed and said that Ali had the capability of floating like a butterfly and stinging the way bees do. In addition, I can say that Ali’s unique way of expressing confidence, rhyming and pride made him earn public and celebrity interest, especially in the media. The media always took an interest in covering him as he participated in various boxing events which he mostly won. Ali also had a liking for poetry and always wrote poems that were all about victory in the championships the poems played an important role in foreseeing the victory of the various fights. It was due to his interest in poetry that he was known as Louisville Lip. This uniqueness and the extraordinary skills he possessed really made Ali win a fortune out of everything he did. Furthermore, I can add that when Ali was only 21 in February nineteen sixty-four, he won the heavyweight championship in the world by fighting and beating Sonny Liston. Mohammed in his boxing career used to apply boxing skills such as speed, use of foot to fight the opponent and use of a hit to knock out when the opponent was not aware
In recent years, service animals have become an integral part of the lives of Canadian people due to their increased use in different spheres. Multiple studies show that animals provide benefits for their owners, including improved fitness, decreased stress, and improved happiness (Karetnick, 2019). However, service animals are special since they are required to perform tasks for people with physical or mental impairment (Karetnick, 2019). Therefore, these animals are to go through individual training to be able to perform the required actions. In Canada, one can acquire a service animal from an accredited school or train a dog themselves (Government of British Columbia, n.d.). However, in the second scenario, a dog must pass a public safety test. While the test is difficult to pass, there are no standards concerning the process of training apart from animal abuse prevention laws (Government of British Columbia, n.d.). Even though people are known to train animals for more than four thousand years, recent advances in psychology have discovered more efficient strategies concerning training practices of service animals. The present paper aims at reviewing the current body of knowledge concerning psychological theories and methods behind the training of service animals and synthesizing the findings. Classical and Operant Conditioning Classical conditioning is a training theory that can be applied to all living beings for basic training. This theory was initially developed by Russian professor Pavlov, who designed an experiment where a dog was fed at the same time with a hearing stimulus. After several training sessions, the dog began to associate the stimulus with the food, which caused it to salivate even when food was not provided. According to Wipperman (2019), the theory is easy to understand and use since it is based on post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The theory implies that any outside stimulus, including sound, sight, smell, or event, can be trained to cause a desirable reaction in an organism (Wipperman, 2019). While the method is easy to comprehend, it needed to be developed further to be applied to the training of service animals. Its primary flaw is that it focuses on the subconscious, which is difficult to regulate (Wipperman, 2019). However, classical conditioning is still used in animal training since it is the basis of behaviorism. Operant conditioning is a more complicated theory in comparison with classical conditioning because it targets conscious actions. The primary contributor to the theory was B.F. Skinner studied Reinforcers and Punishers as stimuli that help to either promote or restrict a behavior (Wipperman, 2019). Chiandetti et al. (2016) define operant conditioning as “a process of learning
Authors of the Article Manos Savvakis , an assistant proffessor. Department of Sociology, University of the Aegean:   * Studied sociology, sociology of health and illnesses, social and political philosophy, qualitative esearch design. Nikos Kolokouras , a master in science in eurotransplant kidney allocation system (ETKAS). Department of Sociology, University of the Aegean. Authors: doctors practising in sociology and science. Why the Article was Attractive to Present   * Focuses on connection between chronic pain and quality of life of the patients.   * Researches the other factors influencing chronic pain.   * Is useful for nurses to understand chronic pain management to enhance healthcare. The Aim of the Study “To investigate the experience of chronic pain and the quality of life of patients with musculoskeletal diseases. What is examined is whether the quality of life of patients with musculoskeletal diseases is exclusively or primarily affected by chronic pain or any other factors, such as social relationships, everyday life experiences, family environment, emotional ties , as well play a crucial role.” (Savvakis & Kolokouras, 2019, p.1423). The Concept Investigated   * Learning needs.   * Better understanding of patients in chronic pain life quality. The Qualitative Approach   * Based on heuristic propositions phenomenology and symbolistic interaction.   * Qualitative research methodology.   * Semi-structured interview technique. Sample Size   * Targeted sampling.   * Snowball methodological technique.   * 12 participants chosen.   * Selection based on the medical diagnosis of specific musculoskeletal disorders (cervical syndrome, back pain, chronic osteoarthritis, fibromyalgia, rheumatoid arthritis, osteoporosis, etc.)   * Diversity and heterogeneity in terms of age, gender, educational level, type of disease, years of diagnosis and total years of pain. Data Collection Semi-structured interview:   * Enables the researcher to better comprehend the personalia and social reality of the patient.   * Focuses on subjective expression of pain.   * Allows to interpret the multifaceted and complex chronic pain manifeststions.   * Encourages patients to reflect deeply on their experiences (comparing to closed questionnaries). Data Analysis   * heuristic concepts of phenomenology and symbolic interaction.   * Phenomenology: daily activities, interpretation of social circumstances.   * Symbolic interaction: clarification of the social interactions and mediations in a constant flow of social action. Results The connection between chronic pain and quality of life among patients with musculoskeletal disorders judging four criteria:   * exacerbation of pain;   * reasons that contribute to its aggravation;   * factors that transform the participants’ quality of life. Pain Exacebration One interviewed narrator:   * substantial impact on physical functionality;   * Effects on daily routine and self-management. “What do you think? if you are in pain you can’ t go out, you can’
Introduction The two playwrights revolve around issues of concern to contemporary society. These include violence, love, romance and care, among others. This is evident throughout the play as protagonists interact with other characters to develop themes such as love, chauvinism and romance, among others. One of the playwrights, Orphan of China, gives a story in which the emperor kills rivals in order to remain in power. These plays involve paradoxical events in which people sacrifice their lives for the king’s sake. Interestingly, women are given important roles in the playwrights. However, it is quite important to note that they play different roles throughout the stories. Moreover, their stance in tough situations is significant in both cases. This paper will explore these playwrights with a view to establishing similarities and differences associated with the role of women. In addition, it will also explore use of these characters in developing the main themes. Goldini’s mistress of the Inn This story revolves around a young woman known as Mirandolina. Mirandolina is a beautiful woman whose father dies and leaves her an Inn as inheritance. In addition, the father proposes a suitor for her in the name of Fabricius. Fabricius is a waiter in the same Inn. He acts modestly although with great interest in Mirandolina. Three other characters are introduced in the play as Marquis, Count and Cavalier. At first, only Marquis and Count are seen to admire Mirandolina. On the other hand, Cavalier is portrayed as a woman-hater. Marquis on the other hand, lives in poverty, although he is a noble. This is in complete contrast to Count who boasts of riches, which he uses to seduce Mirandolina. The two men circle around Mirandolina as Fabricius watches closely with envy. Mirandolina on the other hand, only wants them to worship her with the aim of remaining single, as she hates men. However, new twists are observed when she decides to seduce Cavalier in order to make him worship her. Cavalier ends up falling in love with her before she turns to marry Fabricius. Ultimately, the three men Marquis, Count and Cavalier decide to leave after realizing her deceit. Voltaire’s Orphan of China The play, Orphan of China is derived from a famous Chinese play, the orphan of Chao, which was written in thirteenth century. Its original version involved a war between Chao’s family and the conqueror who wanted to exterminate them. In the process, the emperor ordered Chao to kill himself, which he did. However, before that, he asked his wife to name their baby after him, in order to conserve his household. In the process, several people sacrificed their lives in order to keep the secret of the orphan’s escape from jail, where her mother had be
Introduction Water is a chemical compound that exists as a liquid in the body. It is a crucial part of the body systems and has even been called ‘the liquid of life.’ Importance of water in health maintenance Water has been known to prevent a number of illnesses hence restoring ones health. Most of these illnesses are; cancer of the colon, breast and the lungs. Drinking water may not necessarily eliminate the possibility of getting these cancers; it simply reduces the probability of their occurrence. Due to the crucial role played by water, lack of it causes some immediate symptoms. First of all, one experiences headaches and fatigue. Subsequently, one may loose part of their memory and may have trouble remembering small things. Water ensures that one does not have trouble concentrating because it is said that absence of water reduces one’s concentration span. (Kent, 1997) Constipation is prevented by water. This is done through easing digestion by providing a solvent in which the toxins can dissolve. Water is said to be the perfect moisturizer for our skin and prevents patchiness. It is also used to control one’s emotions. Functions of water in the body Water has numerous bodily functions. Perhaps its most important is the fact that it is a constituent of most cells, organs and systems in the body. It is a fact that water makes up about 90% of the lungs, over ninety percent of the brain and about eighty percent of blood. There are plenty of fluids in the body that mainly consist of water; one of these is saliva. Water is used to protect the interior organs from external shock. One such organ is the heart. In line with this role, water makes up most of the fluid that is found in between joints, as such, it is used as a lubricant to ease bodily movements. Transportation in the body is mainly done by water. It transports waste products from their areas of production such as the kidneys to the external environment. It therefore gets rid of toxins from the body. Water also transports oxygen from the lungs to other parts of the body that are in need of it. Nutrients are also transported by water from the digestive system to muscles and other body parts in need of it. Temperature regulation is another very important function of water. It acts as a kind of thermostat in the body. When body temperature exceeds optimum levels, the body sweats. Sweat mainly consists of water which normally leaves with a lot of heat when it evaporates thus cooling the body. This property of water is calle
A ceramic vessel with a handle was found on a beach. It is rather small but it is convenient to hold. It can hold around 250 ml of liquid. It is white and well-crafted. The surface of the object is very smooth. Notably, a face of a human is carved. There are traits of an Asian person though it is difficult to identify the race. The mouth of the person is open and there is a hole with capacity of 50ml. The object is well rafted and it is unlikely to be hand-made. Its production required specific machinery. Working with ceramics can be time and effort-consuming and such precision requires a technological approach. The paint is quite easy to produce and is of high quality. Thus, it is possible to infer that people at that time had quite developed industry and infrastructure as transportation of such object had to be carried out on special vehicles. This fact can prove that industries as well as the economy of that society were well-developed. It is possible to think of a number of possible ways to use this object. First of all, the object looks like vessels we use for drinking. It is acknowledged that vessels for drinking have been the same for centuries and even millennia. However, there are no other holes in our vessels. There is theory that a candle (or a heater and so on) could be put into the hole to keep the liquid warm all the time. This may mean that people preferred only hot drinking or there was a drink which had to be warm or hot all the time. It is also possible to infer that it was extremely cold at that period and people tried to warm themselves up. It is also necessary to note that people could value portability very much so they might have been nomads. It is possible to assume that heat could change the composition of the substance inside the vessel. Of course, it could be easier to study this issue if there were at least some particle of a substance but the object is absolutely clean. There was a theory that it is a vessel for drinking and eating at the same time. Of course, it is unlikely to be true though it has the right to exist. Again, it reveals people’s attention to portability as they could hold a drink and food and bring it with them in a comfortable way. Though, food should be quite small. This could be a set of pills or nutritious substances. This suggests that people had quite developed food industry at that time. Apart from a vessel, this object could have a sacred meaning. It could be an object of worship. It could contain some substance which could be constantly heated to enhance some effects (for example, evaporation of substances, emission of a gas and so on). This could also be a chandelier. It is likely that it was filled or covered with something. It
Introduction Globalization is a concept which is much discussed around the world. Globalization has definitely affected the lives of many nations around the world. Generally speaking, this process opens up national boundaries and allows free interaction among different countries. Globalization has been commonly viewed in the light of carrying out trade and has been characterized with international treaties for examples GATT, EU, ECOWAS among many others. As globalization, in the light of trading, picks up it has come to the realization of nations that there is a need to develop a common system which enhances the interaction among the nations of the world. There are challenges which have been brought up by economic globalization which include the issues unfairness whereby some countries are benefiting at the expense of others. Challenges such as recessions have their effects span beyond the boundaries of one nation. This takes place probably because of the interrelatedness existing among different nations such that if one of the nation is affected then the effect flow in a chain manner to the rest of the other nations which are linked to it. The need to smoothen interactions between nations has led to the birth of the concept of democratic globalization. Democratic globalization has been looked up as a likely solution to smoothen out the conflicts which have been brought by economic globalization. Despite the fact that democratic globalization promises a solution to all the challenges brought by economic globalization there is a need to ask whether it really is a viable and possible solution to the challenges that the world faces. In answering this question, the definition of democratic globalization is explored and how the need for democratic globalization has come about. This paper also explores the aspect of democratic globalization by analyzing both its positive and negative effects and checking whether it would benefit the world or will have a negative impact. An answer will be given by way of conclusion. What is Democratic Globalization? Literature has approached the definition of democratic globalization from different angles. According to Stiglitz, democratic globalization is necessary to correct the unfairness which has been brought about by globalizing agents such as World Trade Organizations According to Stiglitz therefore, democratic globalization is a movement meant to iron out the challenges which economic globalization has brought along; the key word is ensuring that fairness prevails in international relations. Many other authors have tied their definitions for democratic globalization to the concept of fairness. In the views of Knol: “democratic globalization goes further as its goal is to organize globalization itself in a democratic way so to get a democratic world governance” (Knol 1). Elsewhere it has been shown that some of the multinationals are worth more than the total GNP of some countries. In such kind of a market, as described by Imade, it becomes very hard f
Introduction Johann Sebastian Bach is regarded as one of the most important organist and composer of the Baroque period (Boyd 3). He was a German composer, organist, harpsichordist, violist, and violinist who works formed a major part of the baroque” music (Eidam 2, par. 4). This paper seeks to describe Johann Sebastian Bach’s personal life and contribution to music. Personal information Johann Sebastian Bach “was born on March 21, 1685, in Eisenach, Germany” (Boyd 1, par. 1). He was the last born in the family of Johann Ambrosius Bach, a church organist, and Elizabeth Lammerhirt Bach (Boyd 1). He was born in a devoutly Lutheran musical family that had a musical tradition going back for as many as seven generations. Bach received his initial musical training from his father who taught him how to play the violin. His good voice won him a chance to sing in the church choir. Bach’s father and mother passed away two moths apart in 1694. He was barely ten years old and thus he went to stay with his brother, Johann Christoph, who was an organist at St. Michael’s Church in Ohrdruf, Germany (Boyd 10). It was Christoph who first taught him how to play keyboard instruments. In 1700, Bach was offered a chance to study at St. Michael’s School in Luneburg school because of his good voice (Eidam 25). He “would later be transferred to the orchestra to play the violin after a change in his voice” (Boyd 12, par. 3). During this “time he often travelled to Hamburg, Germany to hear other musicians” (Boyd Boyd 13, par. 1). Late in 1707 Bach married his cousin, Maria Barbara Bach (Boyd 30). Maria died after 13 years of marriage and with seven surviving children. Later in 1721 Bach got married to Anna Magdalena Wulken who was a twenty year old singer at the time. She had to take over the role of a wife and a mother to his seven children (Eidam 54). In addition, during the next twenty years she presented Bach with thirteen more children (Boyd 67). Bach “gradually lost his eyesight in his final years and was totally blind in the last year of his life”. He died on July 28, in 1750 following a stroke and high fever (Boyd 120, par. 1). Musical carrier Bach was introduced to music by his father who taught him how to play the violin from an early age. He began singing in the church at an early age because of his beautiful voice. After the death of his parents in 1694 Bach went to stay with his brother Johann Christoph who taught him how to play keyboard instruments. He later joined St. Michael’s school to where he first began to compose preludes. In 1703 Bach was hired as an organist in a church in Arnstad, Germany and these gave him a chance to further practice and thus develop his talent (Eidam 33). In 1705 he was given a leave for one month to visit a church in Lubeck, Germany, to hear how Master Dieterich Buxtehude played the organ. Bach extended his visit by four months without informing the church he worked for in Arnstad. When he came back to Arnsta