ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
“Where reason may not wade, their faith may swim,” Thomas Watson, a Puritan priest, asserts. Puritanism was a faith developed by Englishman in the 1600s. They were a group of staunch believers in the Holy Bible . Although Puritanism resembled Christianity, it made a sharper distinction between sinners and non-sinners. The religion stressed that each man had free will to choose, and the sanctity of his/her soul was at risk; in other words, every individual had the mandate to determine his/her destiny by making choices. The transgressions of sinners subjected their soul to eternal damnation. The Puritan faith of a man is put into question in Nathaniel Hawthorne’s “ Young Goodman Brown. ” A man, Brown, holds dear few things in the 1800s. This paper shall analyze the theme of puritanism in “Young Goodman Brown” short story. He has his Puritan faith, which he earnestly cherishes, and guards, the love of his wife, ‘Faith,’ whom he adores, and his ancestral upbringing, the deep-seated principles enshrined in Puritanism. These three elemental things help Goodman to navigate between good and evil; they form the platform from which Goodman decides his fate. As Brown faces the devil’s temptation, people easily persuade him to abandon what once grounded him, Puritanism. The Puritan values of the 1600s as well as the people’s openness to mystical ideas defined good and evil and influenced some Puritans to question the truth and abandon their faith just like Eve of the bible who challenged God’s truth before leaving it under the wiles of the snake, the devil. What Does Faith Represent in “Young Goodman Brown”? The Puritans followed the Old Testament of the Holy Bible. One of the most famous stories of man’s ability to be swayed into temptation is the story of Adam and Eve. In ‘Puritan Paradise Lost’ book review, Keith Stavely shows how Adam, Eve, and Satan represent the conventional idea of conflict in the Puritan faith (Stavely 495.) The biblical version of this story bears a striking resemblance to Nathaniel Hawthorne’s story. According to the book of Genesis, God created Adam, and from his rib, Eve was created. After creating these pioneer human beings, God set upon them one demand; that they were not to eat from the tree of knowledge of good and evil. Nevertheless, having been convinced to eat the forbidden fruit by the snake, Eve persuaded Adam to test God’s will and committed sin
Introduction In some countries, education is not privatized, that is; all parents take their children to public schools irrespective of the parents’ social and economic status. There has therefore been a debate regarding whether public schools should be dismantled and replaced with a system in which parents are able to choose where to send their children to school. On one hand, it is argued that some form of school choice can force schools to compete for students and therefore improve the quality of education. On the other hand, there is the counter-argument that the dismantling of public schools exposes schools in poor communities to financial difficulties due to inadequate funding from governments. The debate has created two opposing sides namely the pro-school choice and the anti-school choice. This paper is a critical evaluation of the pro-school choice point of view. It is based on the economic models of monopoly and perfect competition. The paper looks at the advantages and disadvantages of allowing public schools to exercise monopoly in the education sector. Discussion One of the key pillars of development of any country is education. The reason is that through education, people are able to learn and acquire new skills, abilities, and knowledge in various disciplines such as law, medicine, engineering, economics, business, public administration among others. These skills and abilities enable the people to be employed in different sectors of the economy, which increases the gross domestic product of their country. The ability of education to transform a country can be demonstrated by looking at the differences between countries with low literacy rates and those with high literacy rates. Countries with high literacy rates are better in terms of economic and social development than those with low literacy rates. Education is therefore one of the areas which governments must pay close attention to in order to realize sustainable development (Baez 12-21). In some countries, the provision of education is a role which is played by governments through public schools. One of the reasons is that governments are able to establish standard rules and regulations to ensure that children acquire high quality education. The other reason is that the education sector requires immense spending of funds in th
Comparison of the Four Industries in terms of Industry Attractiveness Using Porter’s Five Forces, a comparison of the four industries (fixed-line, mobile, television and broadband) can be undertaken to demonstrate their attractiveness. UK customers have more discretion to choose which company to use in the provision of fixed-line, mobile and television services, hence these industries are continually registering fewer profits due to customers’ power. However, the broadband industry is increasingly growing as there are fewer companies offering the services due to huge capital costs involved, hence customers have less power in this industry. The suppliers’ power, reflected by the services and infrastructure offered by British Telecom (BT) to various companies within the sector, is minimal in all the four industries owing to the many regulatory frameworks that have been developed and implemented by Ofcom (Office of Communications). Owing to low suppliers’ power, companies such as Vodafone can leverage on the profit potential by using BT’s networks and infrastructure to expand services. From the case, it is clear that the high rivalry between competitors has negatively affected the profit and customer subscription margins in the fixed-line, mobile and television industries. However, the broadband industry is still attractive to investors due to minimal rivalry among competitors. However, as the fixed-line industry faces a minimal threat of new entrants owing to the fact that customers are increasingly using newer technologies, the other three industries – mobile, television and broadband – face real threats of new entrants not only because of their potential for continued growth and profitability but also due to the ongoing acquisitions and partnerships affecting these industries. Lastly, in analyzing threat of substitute products, it can be argued that both the mobile and television industries face this threat as mobile providers bring into the market new mobile devices with enhanced capacity to roll out all the services in one single gadget, and as TV service providers look for innovative products that may enhance customers’ experiences. These opportunities provide adequate space for the proliferation of substitute products within the communications sector. However, the broadband industry may not attract such a threat due to the high capital costs involved in rolling out its services. Similarly, the fixed-line industry may not attract substitutes due to the nature of infrastructure and networks used. Key Drivers of Change in the Communication Industry From the case scenario, the key drivers of change in the communication industry include technological advancements, acquisitions, products and services diversi
The process of the implementation of the new equipment and reorganizing of the work is crucial for the functioning of a new company. The progress in the evolution of technologies results in the reconsideration of the majority of traditional practices and creation of the new ones, which are considered to be more efficient. These changes are an integral part of the development of the world. In this regard, the change management and the introduction of new patterns are the major concerns related to the functioning of a certain company. They promote the significant increase in the level of performance of an organization and improvement of the skill of the staff. In the case of the Bay Community hospital, the new diagnostic procedure has to be introduced to the functioning of a clinic to make it more efficient and innovative. This procedure implies the installation of the new medical equipment needed to perform new kinds of activity. Being responsible for the implementation of the new equipment, Dr. Windsor creates a plan which describes the most important instructions, their terms, and the spending. According to the given plan, the process of the implementation of the new equipment can be completed in 23 weeks. This term is needed to perform all activities indented in Windsors plan. However, Jack Worth, a common member of the Bay Community
Discussion Boards to Promote Critical Thinking Even though discussion boards are used increasingly as a tool to foster students’ critical thinking skills, recent findings based on literature review indicate that the levels of critical thinking exhibited during discussions remain low (Schindler & Burkholder, 2014). The reasons for low levels of critical thinking demonstrated by students were poor pre-planning and lack of prompts. This was validated in the study conducted by Alexander, Commander, Greenberg, and Ward (2010). When the prompts were included in the form of a four-question technique, similar discussion boards yielded better results and demonstrated higher levels of critical thinking exhibited by students. With this in mind, for the discussion boards to be effective in terms of promoting critical thinking skills, instructors need to engage in meaningful preplanning, designing prompts and using four-question techniques, and scaffolding to help students navigate through instructions (Schindler & Burkholder, 2014). The levels of instructors’ participation also need to be taken into account, as allowing students to lead the discussion boards on their own may result in them straying off-topic, whereas increased instructor participation may prevent students from sharing their ideas, leaving them with a feeling that they have nothing to contribute (Schindler & Burkholder, 2014). Feedback from the faculty is also essential in online discussion boards so that students feel that their input and contribution are analyzed by the faculty members (Schindler & Burkholder, 2014). Cognitive constructs that reflect the development of critical thinking from low levels, such as merely recalling facts, presenting an opinion, or stating a problem, are to be enhanced with the use of discussion models (Schindler & Burkholder, 2014). The use of discussion boards leads promotes critical thinking and raises its level of being able to apply new knowledge, make a judgment, and test the new ideas (Schindler & Burkholder, 2014). Use of Various Technological Means The technological advance that was fostered by the use of the Internet offered new ways of interaction and offered students involved in distance learning an opportunity of two-way communication. Various technological means which may enhance learners’ experience include internet-video conferencing where participants may see each other and engage in meaningful discussion and exchange of arguments. The instructor may demonstrate a power-point presentation that will be visible to all the students engaged in online learning. Other types of technological prompts that may facilitate distance learning include various computer software and programs which may test and foster students’ knowledge through a series of questions and interactive lectures. (D’Agustino, 2011). Based on a recent literature review, it may be suggested that students us
Introduction Parents from different cultures use different methods to scaffold their children’s learning. The learning process is not limited to specific activities since learning is a universal process that affects every aspect of the children’s life. Therefore, parents from different cultural background essentially perform various tasks to ensure that their children are well equipped both mentally and physically to survive in the prevailing environment. The children’s future independent performance and development of cognitive skills are primarily determined and affected by the types of guidance provided by the adult in the immediate proximity of a child who is more often than not the parent of the child (Farver, 1993). Scaffolding is used to illustrate the supportive approaches used by parents to guide children in solving cognitive problems. In this context, scaffolding is used to describe the different kinds of instructional interactions that take place between the children and their parents in informal learning conditions (Rogoff, 1990). Role of parents Playing with the children is one of the most significant foundation for learning among young children, where learning of the child basically takes place through observations and associations with vastly skilled and highly developed members of the culture who are within the zone of proximal development (ZPD) of the children and are in most cases the parents(Farver, 1993). Diverse cultures use simple games such as hide and seek to complex games such as monopoly and jigsaw puzzles which according to Swiss psychologist Piaget Jean, help the children improve their cognitive abilities through the help of their parents assume a range of roles during mutual play with their children, some roles being socially oriented while others are more didactic (Rogoff, 1990). Role of culture Culture is a major component in determining the learning space for children. Most cultures are liberal and allow children from both sexes to generally interact and learn together (Farver, 1993). However, other cultures have social restrictions and taboos which inhibit certain groups of people from interacting (Rogoff, 1990). Remote societies such as those in Asia and Africa where the roles of both men and women are separate, children learn gender specific tasks (Rogoff, 1990). Boys are supposed to learn from their fathers and other males in society while female children learn the feminine activities from their mothers (Farver, 1993). Activities such as cooking, washing, foraging and other domestic chores which are c
Introduction Expectant women can have their pubic hair shaved using a razor (perineal shaving) on admission to labor wards. Shaving is one of the routine procedures of delivery in some countries around the globe (Mangram et al, 1999). Clipping using electronic clippers has also been common, especially for women undergoing caesarian sections. The two procedures have been in existence for several years, allegedly because they contribute to high levels of hygiene during childbirth. Some scholars and physicians argue that clipping is far much better than shaving. On the other hand, critics argue that these are procedures whose time is long gone, and have no clinical benefits. Evidence-practice (Pros and Cons) Hair removal is done by physicians as a necessary procedure when performing Pfannenstiel skin incisions. It is essential to improve hygiene, but several studies reveal that it enhances the risk of surgical site infections (SSI). In a 2011 Cochrane review of incidences of preoperative hair removal, three subsequent trials revealed an increased risk of SSI with shaving as compared to clipping (Tanner, Norrie & Melen, 2011). Shaving enhances bacterial growth through the microscopic skin abrasions that arise out of shaving. Thus, clipping is preferred to shaving in many instances. Planning: How to Prepare For the Procedures (who, when, where, and why) Doctors or midwives advise on shaving in case they anticipate an episiotomy in a vaginal birth, and hair clipping when the abdominal hair is extraordinarily thick during a caesarian birth. In a vaginal birth, shaving is done to remove the lowermost hair. A razor is to perform the procedure on an expectant woman just before delivery, or hours before delivery. This is done in the delivery room or labor ward as the woman awaits delivery. During a caesarian birth, a doctor or midwife clips only the topmost pubic hair using electronic or manual clippers to allow for skin incision. This occurs before the surgical operation in the labor ward or delivery room (Mangram et al, 1999). Outcome (Final Verdict) Studies reveal that when shaving and clipping are done a few hours before the operation, the risk of SSI is reduced. However, performing these procedures within 24 hours before the operation increases SSI by creating foci that enhance bacterial growth (Tanner, Norrie & Melen, 2011). Many studies have argued against hair removal by stating that it increases SSI rates, and thus no hair should be removed at all. There are no clinical benefits of clipping or shaving as the procedures later lead to multiple side effects on the woman. For instance, many women report irritation, multiple superficial scratches, burning, redness, and itching of the vulva after shaving. However, there are no significant problems associated with clipping. In other words, it is better than shaving in the aftermath. Thus, if doctors and midwives still insist on hair removal, then they should go for the option of clipping as compared to shaving using a razor. This will help to curb the
Colombia, like most of Latin America, represents a mixture of cultural and ethnic influences including the Indians of the New World and the importation of slaves from Africa. in Colombia, Iberian culture predominated, and the cultural and racial mixtures created a society distinct from that of Spain (McGreevey, p. 4). Indeed, the Colombian way of development is as typical as that of any in the Latin America founded neither in one of the major centers of Indian civilization, as in Mexico or Peru, nor in one of the least advanced, while at the same time including, but in lesser degree than in, say, Brazil, significant numbers of persons of African heritage. Thesis Colombia won its independence in political struggle which helped it to create a strong political system and the independent state. From historical perspective, Colombia has further shared with most other countries of Latin America more than a century and a half of political independence. For Latin America, within a few decades of the independence of 13 of the British colonies to the north, became part of the first wave of “new nations” created out of erstwhile European empires, a very long time before the creation of the new nations of much of Africa and Asia in the wake of World War II. Along with that independence came new political institutions (Bushnell 54). It is important to note that formal independence did not necessarily mean fully realized independence; nor did adoption of the institutions of republican government always signify their effective functioning (Spain and the Independence of Colombia 382). Early independence and republicanism gave Colombia a framework of institutions and a legacy of historical experience in their operation that sets it, as most of Latin America, quite apart from much of the rest of the Third World (Kline, p. 23). During the 18 th century, the empire depended on Madrid. Much has been made of the municipal councils in which the Creoles took part. Spain had municipal traditions that had taken firm root in response to defensive needs in the warfare against the Moors prior to their “final expulsion from the Iberian Peninsula in 1492; and municipalities, and their councils, were at once established in the New World” (Kline, p. 23). During the colonial era, especially at the beginning, the municipal councils often had certain powers in such matters as taxation, licensing, and public works. As virtually the only bodies in which Creoles had representation, they were later to play a leading role in the movement for independence. Most of the municipal councils lost whatever autonomy they had had. Membership became principally honorific, and seats on the councils were frequently purchased or went to appointees of the Crown. They decayed as effective organs of local self-government. With some exceptions in the early ye
Introduction Movies and films form an integral part of people’s normal living. Central to their fundamentalism, especially in shaping the social life of human beings, several studies have continuously concentrated on major film metrics including examining the historical significance, cultural phenomena, and filmmaking techniques incorporated in such movies. Several traditional movies and other recent movies have constantly remained educative in spite of modern movies, which carry little social significance to the viewers. Therefore, in special attention to the aspect of ethnography, this paper seeks to provide a comprehensive film analysis of City of Sadness by Hou Hsiao-Hsien. Overview of the Film Hou Hsiao-Hsien is a world-renowned movie writer, dramatist, and an actor. Talking of movies acted by Hou, emphatically no one can match the antics and humor incorporated in Hou’s movies with several lessons drawn continuously from the actions. His movies are often emotional, down-to-earth, and socially compounded aspects. Hou Hsiao-Hsien films have always addressed particular geography, history, and cultural phenomena with modern and educative cinematic elements breaking the European norms within the acting scenes, which were initially based on fictions and theater knacks. This aspect has contributed to the increasing fame on Chinese movies especially in France and England within the European countries and across sub-Saharan Africa, which has continuously contributed to the expansion of Japanese and Chinese movie markets and enhanced their consumption as well. One of the most famous movies and interesting movies include City of Sadness , which has become one of Hou’s most popular movies that have brought several social changes among communities across the world. City of Sadness demonstrates an enthusing story of real lifetimes during the 1947 massacre popularly dubbed as 2/28 incident, which focuses on bloodshed portraying that the consequences of the suffering in individual families were most dependable on previous history and time. The story concerns one of the Taiwanese families entangled in tragic incidences known as the “white terror” that engulfed the Taiwanese community in that era. It portrays the political injustices involved in the Taiwanese community that led to the killing of several people in a government clampdown that occurred in the 1940s. Using the Chinese language to avail the message to the population has contributed much to the consumption of the movie as most of the people affected by the massacre involved the Taiwanese and the Chinese community. The events unfolded during the crucial error of Second World War of 1945-1949, and thus the movie gained international fame because this war affected nearly all countries across the globe. City of Sadness revolves around the story of a single-family living in Taiwan. The film illustrates the story of Lin’s family experiences during the “White Terror”, an event created in the story to demonstrate the existing picture during the World War II terror. Four brothers form an i
It is always pleasant to experience positive emotions. Everyone strives to attain a positive mental state. There are various perspectives that define happiness. Many religious approaches and perceptions on happiness define happiness as a spiritual fulfillment that is transcended with inner peace and contentment. Such religious perspectives towards achieving happiness are advocated by religion factions such as Christianity and Buddhist. Psychologists also have a strong view on happiness. In this perspective, psychologists view happiness as a scientific concept. Nonetheless, the sociological approach in defining happiness is more satisfying. For example, the approach acknowledges that happiness has two dimensions; psychological and economical (Hirata 5). As a matter of fact, many people are accustomed to the above dimensions whenever happiness and well-being is discussed. Personally, I always feel happy when I am able to meet my basic needs and afford a luxurious life. For example, if I don’t get sick within a year, I tend to think that as a sign of positive well-being. Moreover, if I can buy a luxur