ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction The use of communicative methods seems intrinsic to education, with speech and talking being main constitutive components of such methodologies. Dialogic teaching, reliant on the communication of ideas and concepts from teacher to student and the receiving of feedback from student to teacher, becomes an essential approach in education. The contributions of theorists such as Barnes, Mercer, and Alexander to the improvement of teaching methods lay the groundwork for the continuous implementation of dialogic teaching on a wide-scale basis within the education system. Douglas Barnes To understand the advancement of dialogic teaching, one must understand the roots of the idea’s development, acquiring knowledge of the original conception. The main aim of dialogic teaching angles at eliciting student responses based on the commonality of information and their general experience, thus developing student’s common sense ( Dialogic: faculty of education 2018). Barnes was one of the first theorists that developed the separation between the transmission and interpretation of information, calling for a balance in the pathways of knowledge among students and teachers (Jones, Myhill & Hopper 2006). Thus, dialogic thinking becomes shaped by an approach that calls for the exchange of ideas and their correction by an educator. Neil Mercer The creation of a conception calls for the development of a set of methodological approaches and the highlighting of its uses as a theory. The contribution of Mercer was in the outlining of communicative learning and dialogic techniques in teaching such as recap, elicitation, repetition, reformulation, and exhortation (Jones, Myhill & Hopper 2006). Bearne and Reedy (2018) in their theories of early language acquisition stress that children learn new conceptions through complex dialogue with others, children and adults alike. Mercer’s outlining of distinct methods of conveying information exists as a base of useful approaches, therefore creating specific guidelines for each manner of teacher-student conversation. Hence, the outlining of the dialogue prevalent in classroom-communication solidifies the complex development of dialogical teaching, its core components, and specialization. Robin Alexander The development of a country-specific method of learning becomes the epitome of theory application, and its contrast with other types of dialogical learning allows for the discerni
Introduction A wireless sensor network can be characterized as a self-designed framework of remote systems to screen physical or ecological conditions such as temperature, sound, vibration, weight, movement, or contaminations and to pass information through the system to a primary area where the information can be watched and analyzed. The sink or base station acts as an interface between clients and the system. Thus, the paper analyzes the capabilities and challenges of wireless sensor networks. The Capabilities That Make Wireless Sensor Network Useful Based on their capabilities, wireless sensor systems could be deployed in harsh locations where accessibility is difficult (Franceschetti et al. 1010). Wireless sensor systems have increased prominence because of its adaptability in various applications (Jiang et al. 940). Wireless sensor systems enable analysts to gather exhaustive information in extreme conditions. An extensive database of various surges of information is a resource for scientists. Another favorable position is that remote sensor systems are adaptable. Thus, wireless sensors are utilized in many applications, for example, structural health monitoring where there is a need for effective communication. Wireless sensor networks design can be installed without difficulties (Grossglauser and Tse 480). Military Applications. A wireless sensor system is a basic piece of military armor, control, interchanges, monitoring, front line reconnaissance, surveillance, and focusing on frameworks. Range Monitoring. In territory checking, the sensor hubs are conveyed over a location where events are monitored. When sensors recognize the event (warm, weight), signals are transmitted to the base stations. The capabilities of a wireless sensor network can be summarized below.  1. a. Network setups are possible without a dynamic framework.  2. b. Wireless sensor network is convenient in rough locations, for example, ocean, mountains, and rustic regions.  3. c. Flexible in situations were an extra workstation is required.  4. d. Design and deployment are cost-effective. The Limitations of Wireless Sensor Network Solutions Power Consumption. As observed, the difficulties of wireless sensor systems center on the constrained power assets. The equipment configuration should consider the issues of effective power use. For example, information pressure may lessen the quantity of energy consumption for radio transmission; however, they utilize extra energy for data transfer. The consumption strategy relies on the application in transmission. In some applications, it may be worthy to turn off some hubs to monitor energy consumption while others require all hubs working simultaneously. Thus, power consumption is a major challenge of wireless sensor networks (Grossglauser and Tse 480). The remote sensor is untrustworthy in nature. Disruptions can impede transmitted data from reaching its destination. Wireless sensor interference is a challenge in deployment. If two sensors transmit on the same channel, overlapping will occur. As a result, the hub may
Introduction Welding is a process of combining two metal parts through selected heating procedures (Welding, 2012). Here, two metal parts combine to form a permanent bond after cooling (Welding, 2012). The design of multiple structures, machines, and many engineering products depend heavily on welding processes. In an effort to develop welding approaches that align with different needs in engineering practice, engineers develop a range of welding products (Welding, 2012). Such a direction provides engineers with an array of welding products that can suit unique applications in engineering. Essay Body The need to install and use several engineering products in water habitats makes it necessary to do welding operations underwater (Lythall, 2000). Under-water welding is a product of years of research on necessary adjustments needed to carry out under-water welding. The United Arab Emirates ranks high among areas with high under-water welding activities. Emerging offshore infrastructures, such as offshore oil wells, profile the UAE as a high market for under-water welding (Keats, 2011). To deal with the many challenges that come with installing, or repair of the high number of offshore structures that emerge in the UAE, professionals who work in repairing and installing multiple offshore structures must acquire requisite training in under-water welding. There are two types of underwater welding: dry and wet welding (Vijay, 2011). Dry welding employs a chamber to seal the area that needs welding repair (Lythall, 2000). The chamber must have requisite components, such as oxygen (incorrect concentration and amount) to complement normal welding environments (Keats, 2011). On the other hand, wet welding uses a system that allows a welder to weld an area that is in a wet environment (Amit, 2005). Here, the welder must wear protective gear (suitable for movement in water environments). Besides, the welder must use an electrode designed for under-water welding. The main advantage of wet welding over dry welding is affordability and ease of implementation. Although dry welding results in strong and correct welds, dry welding is both complex and expensive to carry out (Silva, 1971). As a result, wet welding is very common in under-sea welding. Under-sea welding operates on a similar principle as ordinary welding. Here, a power supply located onshore connects to the weld through long wires. One terminal of the power source connects to the electrode while the other terminal connects to the metal body (Welding, 2012). A welder initiates an electric spark by placing the electrode in a momentary attachment with the metal body (Keats, 2011). The electric spark originates from a sustained effort by the electric current to jump the small gap between the electrodes and the metal body (Silva, 1971). Meanwhile, the electric spark heats the metal body and melts the electrode (Keats, 2011). Therefore, the welder needs (to keep up the electrical spark) to make sure that the electrode is close enough to the metal body by making proper adjustments, which coincide with
Three fundamental and major factors contribute to yield management and as a result customer satisfaction. These three factors are disciplines that help enhance the capability of the employees to perform well along with the capability of the company to provide the employees with major things that they need. The said disciplines include architecture, psychology and business. Each discipline contributes a certain factor in the satisfaction of the clients with revenues as well as with their advertisement. (Raymond, 2004). Large companies, especially multinational organizations consider their customers as the main source of strength of the organization. However, because of some circumstantial occurrences, the needs of the employees are at times disregarded because of the fact that the company focuses on serving the clients well to be able to generate high rates of profit for the organization and provide the yield management techniques in the context of the customers. This is the main reason why in this study, the revenue demands in terms of working environment and their psychological reaction to the actual job that they are doing. People who have been with an organization for a long time treated as major assets of the company. The fact that they are already directly acquainted with the company or organization, the efforts that they have placed forward for the sake of the company’s success determines their loyalty towards the organization. (Robert, 2004). Alongside, balanced relation with the workers it is important to take perfect decisions. The Ryan brothers publicized in the month of April 1986 that they were about to launch an air service between London and Dublin. This was the first time that their airline was about to face competition and steep rivalry from two fellow airlines that were operating on the same route. These airlines were British Airways and Aer Lingus. This was because this route was a very busy route and thus this Irish airline by the Ryan brothers subjected to face difficult oppositions. The best possible strategy for countering this competition was based on a movement the supported a low cost economic fare structure. (Regis, 2005). The £98 fare structure was to make money because the initial infrastructure of this airline lacked huge overhead costs gene
Introduction The Olympics scheduled to take place in 2016 in Brazil is one of the most important events to this country. It took a lot of effort for the country to win the favor of the organizers and be considered as the best country to host the event. The country stands to gain a lot from the event (Akhter, 2008). The infrastructure of the country will be improved, the tourism sector is expected to boom beyond any other season in the country’s history. The country will also be positively sold to the world as a nation that has the capacity to not only support tourism, but also foreign investments (Blackshaw & Siekmann, 2005). It is therefore justified to see the government of the country making every effort to ensure that everything is put under control. They are making every effort to ensure that the infrastructure is improved and various institutions and accommodation places are expanded to support the expected number of visitors. Besides the obvious benefits that this country stands to gain, there is a course of worry as far as the rights and freedom of some of the locals are concerned (Blackshaw, 2006). If the events preceding the 2012 London Olympics and the 2008 Beijing Olympics are anything to go by, then there is a serious problem that Brazilians may face, especially those living in the informal settlements. In Beijing, families were eliminated from the streets, without any concern of where they were taken. The government gave the excuse that it was cleaning the city in readiness for the Olympics. As the world celebrated the Olympics, some Chinese families were rendered homeless, suffering in the cold with
Introduction Most organisations today understand the relevance of collaborative practices in task completion. Collaborative practices, such as task coordination, information, and idea sharing, learning, and integrating various perspectives, have become common. Teams are known to offer structural means by which individuals collaborate. One major characteristic of a team is noted in different people working together to attain a common outcome. Evidence suggests that working with other people on a team could be extremely difficult (Duhigg 2016). Simply expressed, some teams collaborate effectively while others fail to do so at all. As such, it is imperative to understand why some teams succeed while others do not. In this regard, it is important for members of a team to determine their perception based on interpersonal relations in order to comprehend teamwork and organisational learning and accomplishments. Organisational psychologists, statisticians, engineers, sociologists, and researchers have developed keen interests in understanding how a team functions. Psychological safety, which refers to the common belief held by different team members that the team offers safety for interpersonal risk taking (Edmondson 1999), is the focus of this research paper. The construct of psychological safety reflects the willingness of individual team members to contribute their ideas and actions to work collectively as a team. While there are various ways that a team can create psychological safety, this paper aims to demonstrate that one specific approach is the best to create a sense of psychological safety in a team environment. Creating Psychological Safety in a Team Environment Some employees might have experienced working in a team environment who never felt psychologically safe. In such cases, the team is dysfunctional and unsafe for the well-being of employees. In fact, job-related stress, anxiety, and depression could occur. On the contrary, some organisations, as demonstrated by the case of Google (Duhigg 2016), have managed to create psychologically safe environments for their employees. In such environments, employees usually feel safe to share their ideas and collaborate on tasks. In this regard, the often taken-for-granted practices, such as seeking a second opinion, employee personal and professional development, promoting learning opportunities, team participation, and worker engagement among others, have been shown to create psychological safety in a team environment. In this research, promoting learning opportunities is presented as the most effective means of creating psychological safety in a team environment. Promoting Learning Opportunities Learning and adjusting to change are critical because teams constantly encounter unexpected changes in their organisations and business environments. Yet, an essential component of learning entails challenging common assumptions and addressing variations in opinions openly within a team. In this case, an open
There are many theories used in organizational behavior studies. The main theories could be discussed as follows: Fiedler Contingency Model, which, through questionnaire method assigns whether leadership is task dominated or relationship directed. The second stage in this Model would be in terms of determining variables like faith in leadership, the level of hierarchical steps and coherence of tasks, and the level of influence the leader is able to exercise. Essentially, the crux of this model is to match the leader’s latent and acquired competencies with the situation at hand and create situations whereby both “task-oriented” and “relationship-oriented” leadership is able to provide positive results and benefits to the company. (Robbins & Judge, 2007, p. 409-410). However, The second model is called Cognitive Resource Theory (CRT) which takes into account the stress factor as a major contributory factor for performance or otherwise, of the leader. It is believed that a “leader’s intellectual abilities” compare favorably when leadership is under little stress but unfavorable when under elevated stress. However, another attribute, “leader’s experience”, correlates unfavorably when under small stress and favorably under elevated stress. (Robbins & Judge, 2007, p.412). Next, coming to Hersey and Blanchard’s Situational Leadership Theory (SLT) considers areas in which leadership needs to accomplish tasks, especially in the context of the task are not able to be performed by subordinates, either due to incompetence or disinclination to do so. SLT reviews how leadership evolves in specific situational matrix and the level of leadership and managerial skills that needs to be evoked in each situation. Yet another major theory is called Leader-Member exchange theory , whereby it is seen that select few can access the exclusive domain or inner circle of the leadership and are thus benefited more than others; this is basically because they are more sincere, loyal, committed and competent than their colleagues. Coming to the challenging aspects it is seen that “understanding organizational behavior has never been more important for managers.“ (Robbins & Judge, 2007, p.14). Or for that matter, more critical, for attaining corporate objectives and meeting company’s goals. It is seen that organizational behavior is a complex subject since human behavior may be erratic and may not always be in conformity with social norms. No two persons would react similarly to a given situation; indeed, the same person may also tend to react differently given the same situation on a different day. Corporate harmony needs to be sought and, with organizational complexities increasing, it is necessary that inhabitants of the “global village” needs to live in complete peace with the environment. (Robbins & Judge, 2007, p.15). For this it is necessary to seek unity in diversity,
Introduction In this report, we have tried to present a comprehensive evaluation of Goodman Fielder Company. By considering the market and financial environment in which Goodman fielder operates, we have employed the use of several helpful tools to evaluate Goodman Fielder. Here, historical data on share returns, market returns and financial statements will be used to approximate the value of Goodman Fielder shares. The calculated values will then be compared with the actual values of shares at the market. The period of our interest runs from 1 st January 2006 to 2 nd February 2012. The Du Pont approach has been used to compute for equity returns. Later on, we used the CAPM model to estimate for the required rate of return. We then considered the DDM model, the cash flow model, the earnings ratio model and the price book ratio (Tobin 1969). These approaches have been helpful in understanding various facets (including price value and competitiveness) of the share pricing for Goodman Fielder (a major indicator of a company’s performance) (Viney 2009). Often, we found it necessary to identify a number of actions that can be undertaken by the management of Goodman Fielder to better the prospects of their company. Background Information Goodman Fielder is a food processing and retail company with base operations in Australia (Kenneth 1982). Among the products that are produced and marketed by the Goodman Fielder Company include bread, mayonnaise, milk, pizzas, cooking oils and pies (Kenneth 1982). The company ranks top among the main producers and distributors of food within Australia and the rest of the pacific Islands (Keown 2002). In New Zealand, it (Goodman Fielder) is the largest supplier of flour ands commercial fat to manufacturing industries (Oliver 2009). Thus, apart from being a major producer and distributor of grocery commodities, Goodman Fielder is also a supplier of edible fat and flour to commercial food companies (Ross & Sergio 2005). Many Australians love Goodman Fielder products; thus, the company has a good market segment here (Keown 2002). Goodman Fielder company employs more than seven thousand people within Australia and the larger pacific Islands region (New Zealand, Papua Guinea, New Caledonia and Fiji) (Oliver 2009). Market Segment As we have seen, Goodman Fielder has a large and wide market segment. Geographically, Goodman Fielder’s market segment cuts across Australia and the pacific Islands region (Collins & Kothari 1989). Goodman Fielder produces a variety of products that target various segments in the consumer market (Kopcke 1982). Among the most important segments here include baking, dairy market, fats and oils, and flour (Collins & Kothari 1989). All of the mentioned segments fall within two major categories (Cuthbertson & Nitzsche 2008). The first category can be described as one that consists of processed items that are ready for consumption such as packaged milk, bread and pies (Oliver 2009). On the other hand, the second category consists of items that need further processing before they can be supplied to local markets (Kopcke 1982). Such items, which are usually supplied to commercial food comp