ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Authors Daniel J. Povinelli and Daniel J. Povinelli discuss the issue of understanding animals (“Can Animals Empathize?” 1998). They put forward various theories about whether monkeys conjecture and how they perceive the reflection in the mirror. Scientists put on different views about various primate species and their ability to feel empathy. The mirror test shows how much the mammal can perceive what is happening in the mirror as a reflection of itself, or they think that they are watching someone else just like that. The topic is essential because it is associated with human children’s development psychology and expresses an indicator of self-awareness in animals. The mirror experiment is whether the animal will understand what is reflected in the mirror. Gordon Gallup, Jr. claimed that yes. He tested different creatures and found that only Chimpanzees, orangutans, and humans recognize themselves in the mirror. The experience with gorillas has been mixed because they avoid eye contact naturally. Animals reacted to the applied marks they could easily see but did not notice the spots that could only be observed in the mirror. The experiment with chimpanzees proved animals perceive the reflection in the mirror as their own since they viewed and touched the red marks applied during sleep that could only be seen in the mirror. It means that animals are capable of self-knowledge and self-identification. However, it will take some time for the chimpanzee to get used to it and understand how the mirror works. During the experiment, they did not immediately react and understood what was happening. Age also plays an important role. Here we can draw an analogy with human children; they begin self-identification at 18 to 24 months. Daniel j. Povinelli agrees that great apes are capable of self-determination. It means that they perceive the self-concept as people do. However, this is where their abilities are limited. The scientist conducted additional experiments, which consisted of determining the type of reaction in monkeys. He argues that animals have a motor self-concept, not a psychological one. It means that the monkeys are guided only by instincts and learning skills. The scientist conducted an experiment in which the monkeys had to turn to one of the testers to get benefits. Participants were in various positions, with their backs turned, blindfolded, with the bandage on their mouths, or with an object on their heads. The idea was to understand whether the monkey would realize that the experimenter who had previously given a banana would not react to her gestures if he was blindfolded. As a result, chimpanzees did not always understand correctly who to turn to. Povinelli’s point of view is more topical. I think this is a continuation of the theory study put forward by Gallup. The scientist examines in more detail the concept of self-determination in animals. It is expressed in the concretization of self-perception
Healthcare is one of the most significant spheres of human activity because it is the quality of provided medical care that affects the overall health of the nation, death and disease rates, etc. The overall quality of human life depends on the quality of medical care provided; this is why medicine is under constant governmental control. Several legislative regulations have recently been adopted in the USA because of the growing need for improvement and raising the quality of medical services. Each institution has to comply with a set of laws and should be reviewed by monitoring organizations in the process of its functioning, so being knowledgeable about healthcare quality improvement appears so important. To ensure the continuous improvement of medical care services there was a Health Care Quality Improvement Act adopted in 1986 and dedicated to the issues worrying the government as well as the population of the country (Busey et al., 1994). The main aim of this act is to guide the improvement programs in health care establishments, impose penalties on institutions that do not correspond to the stipulated standards and do not care for the improvement of provided services. The act also presupposes the participation of physicians in the peer review – this means that all aspects of medical work will be subject to control and assessment (Busey et al., 1994). Clinicians and patients become active participants of the quality improvement process – patients, as the main recipients of medical care, can report about some unqualified specialists if they consider appropriate (Busey et al., 1994). Thus, as Busey et al. (1994) state, physicians who correspond to all requirements and standards are protected against any monetary damages, i.e. lawsuits or complaints because of their proper certification. Taking into consideration the way medical services are arranged and paid for in the USA, it is possible to suppose that quality improvement will also be understood differently by different stakeholders. As McLaughlin and Kaluzny (2005) state, four different types of quality improvement are chosen by a particular institution in the improvement process: localized improvement efforts, organizational learning, process reengineering, and evidence-based medicine and management. They concern different aspects of the medical institution’s functioning, so they are the subject of interest for stakeholders. Those interested in the process of reengineering deal with the investment of internal and external resources that will affect key organizational processes. If a problem arises in a certain sphere of the hospital’
Abstract The mission tells us about life the struggles of the Guanari tribe, and the representatives of the Jesuit Order, who have entered the tribe to convert it. There are two main protagonists – Father Gabriel and Rodrigo Mendoza. The former acts as a symbol of holiness and martyrdom, whole the latter – as a symbol of atonement for one’s crimes. Even though the characters are fictional, and some facts are historically inaccurate, the movie overall gives a good picture of life in South America during that time. Introduction “The Mission” is a very unusual movie, which tells us about the struggles of the South American natives called the Guarani, and several representatives of the Jesuit Church, namely Father Gabriel and a former slaver Rodrigo Mendoza. The movie is unique in that the plot of the movie is closely attached to the Christian religion. Most movies tend to avoid any attachments to religion, in fear of provoking a backlash of some kind. Despite the fact that some historical facts were inaccurate, the movie serves as an excellent introduction to that time period, because it represents the ruthless realities of those days, as well as the interactions between the native populace, the slavers, and the Jesuit missionaries, who sought to convert them to Christianity. Short summary The movie revolves largely around the two main protagonists – Father Gabriel and Rodrigo Mendoza, and their life within the Guarani Tribe. Father Gabriel represents the force of ultimate good, as his character is generally flawless. He is the perfect example of what a missionary should be. Rodrigo Mendoza is a sinner who is looking to atone for his crime of fratricide. They find peace within the village and successfully convert the native populace. Mendoza even becomes a missionary himself, taking his vows from Gabriel. However, this idyllic picture is shattered when Spain concedes the Guanari lands to Portugal. With a slaver force on their way, Gabriel and Mendoza take different approaches, trying to defend the natives. Mendoza tries organizing defense and ends up dying in battle along with the Guanari. When the slavers arrive at the village, Gabriel meets them in front of the church, with women and children, holding a holy sign in his hands. This seems to have an initial effect, but in the end, both he and the rest of the Guanari are gunned down. Only a small portion of them escapes down the river ( The Mission , 2016). The Motives of Sacrifice and Redemption Although fighting on the same side, Father Gabriel and Mendoza represent two different concepts and two different world-views. Gabriel is a good Christian, and it reflects in all things. He suggests not to fight and turn the other cheek, as Jesus himself urged when dealing with oppressors ( Turn to Him the Other Cheek , 2015). Mendoza, however, could not stand for this. Even though he believed in Christian values and accepted them, he could not simply stand idle while injustice was about to be committed. It was what made him stand in defense of the people he once hunted down and oppressed. The focus of his redemp
Introduction According to Schedler and Proeller (2010), one of the most significant areas in the existence of governments and governance structures is public management. Political developments and debates in a substantial number of states today revolve around issues of accountability and the need for proper structures of management. The reason behind this is that there is growth in the limitation of the amount of resources, yet the needs and demands of people have kept swelling at an alarming pace. Therefore, from all angles, it can be noted that public management is the tool through which the resources of a society can be distributed and administered better in order to meet the needs of the citizens in different countries in the world. In the recent times, increased calls have emerged highlighting the need for improving practices in public management. The most critical question to ask is the reason why demand for reforms in public management across different countries has been rising in the recent times. It is vital to note that these demands are still persistent in a substantial number of countries across the globe (Schedler & Proeller, 2010). In this paper, it is argued that adoption of new public management is the best way through which governments can attain best practices in public sector management. The need for changes in public administration emanates from the flaws that have been dominant in the public policy formulation and implementation, which dictates the manner in which public management is carried out. Most of the needs that necessitate the introduction of newer practices in public administration are related to the malpractices that were prevalent in the way public management practices were conducted in a number of political regimes across the world. Other reasons revolve around current developments, thus the need for public administrators to adapt to the developments to improve the discharge of public administration practices. The concept of new public management began gaining prominence from early 1980s. It entailed the need for change in government policies in order to make the public sector efficient. This means that there were weaknesses in government policies, which impeded the full development of public sectors. It is argued that the concept of new public management is highly desired as it offers a wide room for improvement of public management. However, there are a number of policy areas that can impede the full realization of new public management (Shillabeer, Buss & Rousseau, 2011). This paper explores the concept of new public management. The paper begins by exploring the rationale behind the development of the concep
Literature review The global move towards changing the global automotive industry through the incorporation of the Electric Vehicles (EVs) has forced China to embrace new ways of advancing its automotive technology (Neve 2014). China is seeing the chance of developing the electric vehicles as a technological advancement that will place the nation on the global economic map. However, despite the government and the private companies instigating massive development plans that will lead to the growth of the electric vehicles, it is still unknown whether the EVs will be marketable in China or not. In a recent research, Marquis, Zhang, and Zhou (2013) discovered that although the electric vehicles are suitable for conserving petroleum, China is still seeing the idea of embracing the EVs technology as a limitation of its future growth, which lies on an intensive use coal-fired electricity. Apart from the political influence, the behaviours of the Chinese consumers are likely going to influence the marketing of the EVs. Consumer’s Behaviour Role of Marketing Communication in Consumer Behaviour Theory In the practice of marketing, Bowden (2009) postulates that designing a perfect communication channel that delivers the relevant product information to the clients, is imperative especially when dealing with the highly unpredictable consumers. One of the consumer behaviour theories that support the notion of strengthening the communication platforms is the theory of utility (Chevalier & Dina 2006). The utility theory assumes that consumers are the ultimate decision-makers on the consumption of certain products, based on the perceptions of their available income resources and the perceived efficiency of the product. According to Croitor (2012), the economic utility theory considers consumers as rational decision makers, who balance their purchasing power with a wide range of individual spending factors that influence their purchasing. In business management, Croitor (2012) reveals that utility consumers tend to consider utility factors such as need recognition, the available consumer information, the purchasing intention, the consumption efficiency, and finally the product end life. The above consumption factors are the
In the novel “Disgrace” David, the main character had many experiences. Normally it is the life experiences which shape people’s lives. From the onset of the picture painted of David is that of a very arrogant, insensitive, unsympathetic, self-obsessed, and selfish man. He seems to think that his achievement in the academic world is very important in life. This was because of his constant obsession with language use. The way he handled the questioning by the committee at the university into the case against him of sexual harassment also gave a very negative image of his personality. His initial reactions when he met Bev who owned the animal clinic did not do much to give any impression of his love for animals. Despite all these, as the story progressed, it became apparent that there were some fundamental changes that took place in his character and this discussion will give an elaboration of them. Initially When David was still a professor of modern languages at the University College, specializing in romantic literature; he had been seemingly a man happy with his job. He was dedicated to the field of work he was involved in and had even written three different books in it. The changes that were effected in the country from the tyrannical apartheid to the democratic chaotic system of the post Apartheid era also affected the University he taught at as it was changed into a technical University. With the rearrangement of things, he became an Adjunct professor. He had been made to teach courses in communication skills, an area which to say the least, he finds unappealing and purely nonsensical. This change of events coupled with the frustrations he faces after the prostitute he used to visit for sexual satisfaction leaves him, takes the joy of teaching away from him. His teachings became no longer passionate and out of conviction, but rather a mechanical duty, something he just did for the sake of it so as to be able to earn a living. This lack of passion for his work eventually bring about distractions which make him get into a compromising relationship with a student in his class and eventually he had to leave his teaching job due to the repercussions. In response to the incident of his relationship with Melanie, David was taken to the academic tribunal for hearing of the charges of sexual harassment which were leveled against him. He did not defend himself against them. The committee had wanted to force an apology from him for his actions but he did not oblige and rather just gave an excuse for having been involved with Melanie. His explanation was that he had “not been himself, but a servant of Eros.
Introduction Ensuring environmental safety is an essential measure that is particularly important in the face of global warming and the pollution of the air due to harmful emissions. Appropriate policies aimed at requiring enterprises to organize production so as to limit carbon emissions would require controls on the volume of emissions. Government initiatives in this area provide for the monitoring of corporations’ potentially dangerous activities and the taxation of those that exceed the norm of carbon dioxide produced. The relevance of the emissions control program lies in its benefits to the economy due to payments made to the budget, as well as in the positive effect of reducing the level of environmental pollution. Relevance of the Implemented Strategies The possibilities of this policy are significant. For instance, Field and Field claim that “the essence of the charge approach is to provide an incentive for the polluters themselves to find the best way to reduce emissions” (223). In other words, the state does not use all available resources to prevent air pollution, but acts as an independent board, guiding and regulating businesses’ activities. This approach makes it possible to monitor the level of expenditures in the search for alternative sources to mini
Target Profile Target Audience: Families who Appreciate Spending Time Together Demographics   * Male and female (more heavily female);   * Age 14-60;   * High school, college, university, graduated, working;   * Parents come with their children, thus different education levels;   * Average annual income: $200,000+ household income;   * Marital status: adults – married. Geographics Targeting cities in the state of Missouri located close to Lake Ozark:   * St. Louis, MO;   * Maplewood, MO;   * Chesterfield, MO;   * Columbia, MO;   * Joplin, MO;   * Springfield, MO. Psychographics   * Treasure time spent with their family;   * Enjoy relaxation;   * Love active leisure;   * Have high family values;   * Appreciate status brands but are willing to try something new;   * Not very social, but polite and well-educated (parents);   * Sociable and enjoying something new (children);   * Involved in community activities;   * Cautious about their finances;   * Plan everything. Purchase Behavior The purpose of buying Kakao brand products is to make a treat for a family. Other terms which might fit are: buying chocolate as souvenirs and variety seekers. Brand Extension and Cooperation for Kakao  1. I think it would be a good idea to extend Kakao products into biscuit making and organize the collaboration between Kakao and BelVita.  2. BelVita is known for its healthy biscuits rich in energy and nutrients. Kakao Chocolate uses only natural ingredients, which will provide a perfect combination of healthy snacks with various unique flavors.  3. Such a partnership will be successful because people are becoming more conscious about what they eat. If chocolate is viewed mainly as a dessert, its combination with biscuits will be considered a good idea of a snack. People might take such snacks to work or give them to their children to eat during a break at school. Both companies have different advertising methods which will double when they start to cooperate. Thus, both Kakao and BelVita will benefit from such cooperation. Discussion Questions A Brand I Love Since the early childhood, I have loved Coca-Cola products. I realize now that part of my admiration was due to the taste and another part – due to the company’s branding strategies. The image of a huge truck with Santa Clause bringing the refreshing drinks is one of the most magical pictures from my childhood. The music has become a legend, and I believe I am one of many thousands or even millions of people who can say that Coca-Cola has a flavor of childhood and happiness. The company’s recent marketing activities support my feelings towards the brand. On its official website and social pages, Coca-Cola promotes the idea of love and support through charity and various events making people closer. The company invites its customers to share their stories, which creates intimate conne
Today, business activities are performed far beyond national boundaries, involving individuals from different cultural contexts. Furthermore, given current trends inherent in globalization, interactions between culturally diverse individuals are projected to increase. Thus, diversity education should be mandatory for Business students because their competence in this area will allow avoiding misunderstandings, facilitating cross-cultural communication, creating inspirational organizational culture, and enhancing the performance of culturally diverse personnel. Being aware of cultural dimensions inherent in others, a person is able to comprehend their attitudes and behavioral patterns (Stahl and Tung 392). The failure of Best Buy, one of the largest retailers in the world, in China was caused by the underestimation of cultural peculiarities specific to Chinese consumers and the retail environment. The company had to close its branded stores. What is more, evaluating the importance of cultural intelligence, Bogilović and Škerlavaj claim that a person with relevant diversity education is able to minimize possibilities of “emotional and relational conflicts in a culturally diverse group” (56). Irrespective of a business area, communication between managers and personnel is a crucial factor that promotes a positive workplace environment, influences employee job satisfaction, and reduces turnover rates. Therefore, diversity education is a prerequisite for the prevention of conflicts and contradictions. Appropriate knowledge of cultural diversity facilitates cross-cultural communication between professionals of various ranks. Creary et al. emphasize that this competency is essential for manager-subordinate relationships (542). According to Hofstede’s concept, relationships within an organization and work-associated attitudes are influenced by such cultural dimensions as power distance, uncertainty avoidance, individualism and collectivism, and masculinity and femininity (Andreassi et al. 58). For instance, the consideration of Hofstede’s dimension of power distance allows managers to predict employees’ attitudes to subordination and supervision in such multinational organizations as the International Business Machines Corporation (IBM). Focusing on these dimensions, a leader who is competent in diversity theories is able to select the most effective forms of communication. A manager’s competence in the concept of cultural diversity is a precondition for the creation of inspirational and motivational organizational culture. Cultural characteristics of coworkers and employees influence the way they perceive information and make decisions. If managerial decisions are in line with employees’ culture-grounded perceptions, they experience elation and perform more effectively than when they face the violation of their cultural values and conventional norms (Andreassi et al. 69). Furthermore, culturally competent leaders are able to motivate “the culturally diverse team to accomplish tea