ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Many people think that they are superior to animals. People think they are real masters of all animals. Nonetheless, many thinkers, writers, poets, artists and even ordinary people know that this assumption is absolutely incorrect. People cannot be superior as they are simply tiny elements in the Universe. Italian authors Leopardi, Calvino, Morante and Pirandello considered this issue in their works. These authors claimed that animals had to endure lots of violent actions. People use animals for their needs. However, this cannot be right. The authors stress superiority of animals which are perfect creatures living in accordance with the rules of the universe. The present paper dwells upon the authors’ standpoints concerning the relationships between animals and people. The present paper focuses on the authors’ ideas that animals, being superior creatures, have to endure a lot of sorrows caused by people, though some exceptions still exist. For instance, Elsa Morante (1912-1985) portrays people’s attitude towards animals in her works. This author lived in the twentieth century. This was the time when people thought there could be no limits for humanity: people landed on the Moon, people created sophisticated machines. Of course, many still think that people are superior to animals. Nevertheless, many understand that those discoveries mean nothing and they do not give any right to harm animals. Many people understand that animals are equal to people. For instance, Morante describes such kind of relationships in her novel stressing that a man believes that his dog is a member of his family (489). In fact, such relationships are not rare. Animals are always helpful and supportive and, fortunately, many people can see that. Nevertheless, some people take advantage of animals’ supportiveness, loyalty and trust. For instance, Luici Pirandello (1867-1936) describes such kind of relationships in his works. Pirandello was a modernist who lived during a very different historical period. Essentially, fascism existed in a very specific historical period. Born in Sicily he lived and studied in Germany. He wrote lots of short stories and few novels but he is most famous for the plays, modernist view of identity is his focus (relativism). He also believed that human identity was always in motion because time changed people. According to him although the imitation of nature should be simple and “nude”, he agrees that it should also be complete. He depicts everything in a great detail in his very special w
As soon as cinema moved from simply capturing what was happening on film to telling stories that had ever happened in the author’s reality and imagination, it became necessary to record what the director wanted to say. This was done not to get confused in the story and convey to the public what was intended. This is how the need for writing scripts arose. Creating an emotional connection between characters and the audience is the most critical task for a screenwriter (Hueth 2019, p. 12). This work aims to identify literary techniques for writing scripts, study how they are practiced in various genres, and interact with the text and performance. To make the film brighter, more expressive, screenwriters use various literary techniques. Literary technic is an important part, which has provided many opportunities to the filmmakers (Ramrao 2016, p. 153). One of the most popular techniques is a flashback. In most cases, the flashback is the background of certain events and most often represents a memory of the character, story, or dream. Flashbacks is used when there is no other way to move forward in the script without revealing or telling the audience something important about the character (Lucia 2019, para 2). Jim Uhls, in the script for the action movie Fight Club, used a flashback to reflect the state of its hero. James Cameron’s drama Titanic also uses a flashback that shows memories from the main character’s past. The flashback becomes a crucial moment in the characters’ lives in the film so that the viewer pays attention to the formation of certain behavioral aspects or the development of a particular situation. A metaphor is a figure of speech in which a word or phrase denoting one kind of object or idea is used instead of another to suggest a similarity or analogy between them (Severson 2020, para 3). A metaphor is clearly shown in the script of Todd Phillips and Scott Silver for the thriller The Joker. The main character, Arthur Feck, has a mental disorder, and from that he experiences problems from being in society. The very specifics of his disease aggravates the situation: after all, once in a stressful situation, the main character suffers from bouts of uncontrolled laughter. Laughter in the movie The Joker is a very original find, which works on the narrative. Diane Johnson and Stanley Kubrick infused the Shining horror script with metaphors and hidden meanings. One of the most famous scenes of the film is the bloody wave that engulfs the hotel. The depth of the metaphors of this scene is enormous. The blood in Stanley Kubrick’s film is the blood under the wallpaper and parquet of the hotel, the blood that can only be seen by
Introduction The economic crisis in Greece has not only affected the country but the whole European Union region and the world. Greece is one of the smallest countries in the European, but this has not made its effect on the European Union any less. The cause of the economic crisis is due to the continuous extensive spending by the government resulting to rise of the nation’s debt. This has left it greatly exposed to a financial crisis as a result of reckless borrowing and great expenditure levels. In 2008, Greece’s percentage debt to its Gross Domestic Product was 110.7% and this increased to 142.8% by the year 2010. The nation’s economy is thus in danger compared to the normal 85.3% debt in the other Euro zones. It is evident that the country’s financial issue is not only of interest to government heads but also private individuals and corporations in other nations. Every nation in the EU region is now affected by the financial crisis in Greece because they have to spend on bailing it out. As a result, the financial crisis has transpired into the world’s economy. Research has shown that the effect the financial crises has had varies in different nations. This paper will discuss how the economic crisis in Greece is affecting the rest of the world. Discussion Greece struggle with a substantial debt load persists to affect the rest of the world. As the financial crisis in this country persists, it is experiencing a 16.3% rise in joblessness and a dramatic decrease in revenues (Madslien). Other effects of this financial crisis to the Greeks include the lack of pay increments, higher taxes, increased fuel prices, and increased retirement age. The financial crisis in Greece has made many investors apprehensive about buying the government bonds being issued. As a result, interest charges are increasing as governments are forced to pay a larger risk premium. For instance, it is anticipated that due to this financial crisis, the Central bank in Europe will increase its interest rates up to 1.5% (Madslien). European citizens are facing the problem of increased age retirement because of the financial crisis. Tax costs in the European region have been increased in an attempt to cover the financial cost of the crisis. As a EU country Greece expects the rest of the EU members to bail it out and this has resulted in an increase in cost of living in these countries. The countries have been forced to increase their taxes and this has weighed on badly on their citizens. Another effect the economic crisis in Greece to the rest of the world has been wealth reduction. In this regard, the net income of many people has greatly reduced as they are forced to pay large amounts in taxes. The fact that retirement age has increased has led to low salaries due to shrinking pensions. Pension funds invest the pensioner’s money in stock markets, and since this has been affected by the crisis, the wealth of the pensioner is greatly reduced. Pension funds in the private sector are also hav
Introduction ICT is concerned with storage, retrieval, manipulation and transmission of digital data. ICT involves software, hardware and systems. In an age dominated by computers, digital data has become integral to business performance (Suki 2010). This presentation focuses on one component of ICT (e-banking) and its impact on business performance. E-banking Definition E-banking involves delivery of banking products and services to customers via digital channels. Customers do not have to physically visit banks since services are delivered through computer-controlled systems(Arnaboldi & Claeys 2008). Examples of E-Banking Services   * Credit and Debit Cards;   * Automated Teller Machines;   * Electronic Funds Transfer Systems (EFT);   * Mobile Banking;   * Internet banking. Factors favouring development of e-banking   * Increased use of computers and the internet across all generations.   * Elimination of set banking hours. E-banking is flexible, customers can transact at any time.   * Lower cost of internet banking. Advantages of E-banking Convenience The use of banking services is separated from location. People can transact with their banks from anywhere in the world (Titrade, Ciolacu, & Pavel Florentina 2009). Cost Advantage E-banking costs less than physical/over the counter banking. E.g. ATM withdrawals are charged a fraction of over-the-counter withdrawal charges. Time saving Queues and other delaying factors in physical banks are eliminated hence making service delivery faster. Reduced errors Computers are less prone to errors than human cashiers. Disadvantages & Risks   * Lack of personal touch in service delivery   * Security Risk- Online fraud can result when unauthorized persons transact using customers’ accounts (Gemalto 2011) .   * Network Failures – E-banking is prone to internet failures which can disrupt or delay important transactions. Impact on Business Performance   * Efficiency of payments – EFT enables businesses to promptly pay suppliers thus increasing their satisfaction and supply chain efficiency.   * Reduced banking transaction costs – This results in increased profits for the businesses.   * Improved Financial Management – Businesses can monitor their banking transactions and impact on cash flow position real-time. Previously, they had to wait for bank statements (World Bank 2012).   * Lowering entry barriers in banking industry – Traditional banks with wide branch networks are exposed to competition from new entrants. Increased supply – chain efficiency reduces s
Fragile states refer to those states with an unstable political system. This means that these countries have a history of civil strife or war with neighboring autonomous political entities. Political instability has serious implications on the state of government and the provision of social amenities in the areas that are affected (Levy 2008, p.51). The greatest effect of political instability is that the countries have poor economies. The fragile states have a myriad of problems arising from poor coordination of their activities (Brock 2011, p.78). The United Nations has initiated programs to develop these countries’ social amenities up to an international level. These goals are scheduled to be achieved by 2015 and are known as Millennium Development Goals. These targets require an appropriate environment for them to be achieved (Sharp 2011, p.73). This means that any country with an unstable economy is likely to have trouble in achieving these goals (Brinkerhoff 2007, p.62). Furthermore, these millennium development goals require foreign funding to a considerable extent. The willingness of the donor countries to cooperate with the United Nations in the funding of the projects determines the fate of the MDGs. Millennium Development Goals have many objectives within their scope. Quality health for all the citizens of the fragile states is one of the major aims of the programs by the United Nations. Since the majority of the population in these countries consists of poor people, the United Nations has to work closely with the governments of these countries to achieve its objectives (Manor 2007, p.37). Some governments in the fragile states, which are uncooperative, and too preoccupied with political issues to attend the development issues, compound the difficulties experienced by the United Nations. Illiteracy in these countries is still high, and this makes it difficult to get the citizenry to cooperate over the issue of development. Since health requires a considerable degree of funding and a high level of awareness, quality is low in these countries. Background The concept of fragile states revolves around political and economic stability. Any country with the tendency to experience a sharply changing political or economic status is considered a fragile state. Political stability and economic prosperity are directly related to each other. This means that a poor economy is likely to have an unpredictable political atmosphere. Likewise, an unstable political atmosphere results in a continuously changing rate of economic progress. These countries are not necessarily poor, but they have a continuously deteriorating economic status. Some countries have had such a situation for a long time. Health has been one of the greatest losers due to political and economic instability. The basic criterion of determining fragil
Honor killing refers to the murder of a social group member by other group members, who is believed to bring dishonor to the said social group. Honor killings are rather common in the Middle East and South Asia; however, they can occur in other regions. Human right organizations condemn honor killings, and I tend to agree with this decision because, in most cases, the severity of the punishments does not coincide with the “offend.” Reasons for homicide include having a relationship outside the family, having premarital sex, or even being the victim of rape. The family who performs honor killing does not ostracize the abuser in a sexual crime. Honor killings are highly associated with the religious beliefs and practices of a social group or a family. Farnaz reports the case of Romina Ashfari, a 14-year-old girl who was decapitated by her father because she brought “shame” on their family by having a boyfriend and violating the Iranian dress code. Honor killing is a tool to uphold power in the community and keep the strict patriarchal hierarchy. The families who refuse to perform the killing may be subjected to ostracization from other communities or even punished legally, depending on the severity of the violation. Human rights organizations, including those operating in Iran, report that this tradition violates women’s rights, leaving them without needed protection. The penal code in Iran exempts fathers and male parental guardians from punishment for murdering their child (Farnaz). Despite that honor killing practice is dangerous for any community member, regardless of their gender and age, the majority of the victims are women. This practice legitimizes domestic abuse coming from male family members and criminalizes women’s rights. Cultural relativism restricts me from voting on this issue because I am not a member of the Iranian community. This theory helps recognize cultural differences and complexities, promoting the idea that no moral judgment can be universally valid (Tilley 5). On the other hand, absolutism suggests that some moral claims should be widely accepted as correct (Tilley 5). Absolutism presents a challenge in the form of deciding who checks the validity of moral judgments. In the case of honor killing, cultural relativists will say this is an issue where outside parties should not be involved, and this is a tradition important to this particular culture. However, there are moral agents from the said community who still disagree with honor killing. Despite the weaknesses of absolutism theory, such severity of violence cannot be justified by cultural relativism.
The book “The Critical Criminology Companion” edited by Thalia Anthony and Chris Cunneen presents the studies of various components of the criminology, provided by the prominent scholars. One of the contributors to this book, Janet Chan, famous policing researcher analyses the police culture in the historical retrospective. In the chapter “Police Culture: A Brief History of a Concept”, J. Chan highlights the roots of this phenomenon on the basis of thorough analysis of eminent scientists’ works. The introduction of this chapter is devoted to the definition of the term “police culture” and the main points presented in this research. The author draws reader’s attention to the components of this phenomenon and the attitude of the publicity to the image of a police officer. The scholar suggests the analysis of major works of the distinguished scientists on the history of this concept in order to understand the nature and origin of the contemporary police culture. The research of the scientists usually was conducted on the ground of former police officers’ experience. As every occupational culture, police culture is characterized by a number of particular traits, such as customs, opinions, rules and values. Very often policemen perceive themselves as the world saviours from the disorder and chaos. Developing effective professional interaction with their colleagues, they underestimate the importance of social environment. The author underlines the conservatism of the police officers in the questions of morality. Often, they divide the society on reliable and suspicious parts. It gives rise to the prejudices concerning the attitude to the national minorities (Chan, 2008). The scholar claims that female police officers are unable to change the stable system of the relationships in the collective. Thus, they should obey the unspoken rules of the group and be an object of male colleagues’ ridicule. This tendency can be explained by the historical background of this profession. It also has historical roots as female police officers remain new and a rather unusual phenomenon in this service. J. Chan divides police culture into two types. “Street cop culture” treats police managers as those far from real policing routine. “Management cop culture” is concerned with the efficient organization of this routine (Chan, 2008). Very often the peculiarities of the police culture are caused by the specificity of this work. Mutual support is of high significance in police activity. There is certain police brotherhood with their values and restrictions. The scholar states that distinctive features of police culture are similar all over the world, regardless of religion, ethnicity, and traditional differences. Police forces are characterized by salient invariability and anxiety about the changes. The author mentions that the understanding of the police culture cannot explain the structure of this work. She underlines the significance of the historical background of this phenomenon; however, the technological, so
Meteorites give clues to planet formation Ancient meteorites (angrites), among the oldest rocks ever found, provided clues about the conditions at the formation of our solar system. Analysis of 3 angrites showed that during the early stage of solar system formation, planetary accretion, smaller objects than previously thought possible melted almost completely. The conclusion was made by linking the magnetism of meteorites to the formation of a dynamo. When planetesimals melt, the heavier, iron-rich materials sink to the core and rotate, producing a magnetic dynamo. The origin of the magnetic properties of meteorites was previously a mystery. This study points towards planetesimals truly being tiny planets themselves, complete with cores and crusts, and not cold, rocky lumps as previously assumed. The strengths of the magnetic fields found in the study are up to 40% as strong as the Earth’s today, despite forming relatively soon after the birth of the solar system itself. The formation of the solar system may have then been a faster process than was first thought. The study links to Chapter 1 (Geology and the Earth) by providing more detailed insights into the origin and evolution of the solar system and the Earth. The idea now presented; that planetesimals may have been already partially molten before collision, could have implications on how we understand our own planet’s formation, and specifically the distribution of elements and minerals throughout the layers of the Earth. The D’Orbigny angrite meteroite, one of the meteorites analyzed in the study. The meteorite is approx. 4564 Ma old. New activity at Krakatau Krakatau, in Indonesia, most famously erupted in 1883, blowing apart the existing island, and forming devastating pyroclastic flows and tsunamis that swept across the surrounding ocean and killed more than 36,000 people. Following this, the area was quiet for some time, until 1927, when the new cone of Anak Krakatau (Child of Krakatau) began to grow in the caldera of 1883. This site has been the site of frequent small eruptions since 1927, the most recent activity occurring in 2009. Center of Volcanology and Geological Hazard Mitigation (CVGHM) reported that seismicity from Krakatau increased during 19-25 March. On 25 March, white/gray plumes rose up to 400 m above Anak Krakatau. The Alert Level for the volcano was 2 (highest is 4). During 27-30 March and 1 April, ash plumes again rose high above the Anak Krakatau crater, this time reaching 200-800 m. An ash eruption on 2 April, and resultant ash plume was seen on satellite imagery and reported by a pilot. The ash plume drifted more than 60 km to the south. The Alert Level remained at 2. These activities followed a mass of activity in the summer of 2008, and show that, while the current eruptions are in no comparison to that in 1883, the volcano can still be considered dangerous. An ash plume from the 2008 activity at Anak Krakatau. This event links to Chapter 5 (Plutons and Volcanoes), and shows that volcanoes are not always one-time events, and can be always changing and evolving. Krakatau erupted very violently in 1883, and is now re-buildi