ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction A cell is the basic functional, structural, and biological unit of a living organism (Latham 2009). The element can reproduce independently. As such, cells are regarded as the building blocks of life. Cells are made up of cytoplasm, which is held within a membrane. In addition, they contain numerous bio-molecules. In this paper, the author will analyze animal cells, tissues, and primary organ systems. The report will cover the structure and functions of animal cells and organelles. It will also address the structure and functions of tissues and main organs of the body. The Structure and Function of Animal Cells and Organelles The Main Structural Features of an Animal Cell Animal cells are eukaryotic. Thibodeau and Patton (2003) note that their structure varies based on their type and function in the body. However, a typical animal cell has various distinct structural features. Table 1: The main structural features of an animal cell. Main Structural Features of an animal cell Presence of a plasma membrane               An animal cell is enclosed by a plasma membrane. The cytoplasmic membrane is a biological feature separating the intracellular components from the outside environment (Martini & Timmons 2006).                        Size and shape                              Animal cells are of different sizes and irregular shapes. However, most of them range between 1 and 100 micrometers (Marieb & Wilhelm 2014). Due to their minute dimension, they are only visible through a microscope. Lack of a cell wall                         A cell wall is a tough rigid layer made of polysaccharides. It is found outside the plasma membrane of plants, bacteria, and fungi cells. The lack of a wall in animal cells is associated with their irregular shapes.  The Functions of the Main Parts
Introduction Classical conditioning is the presentation of occurrences defined experimentally through a discrete temporal association. It is also known as respondent or Pavlovian conditioning. It was initially established by Ivan Pavlov, a Russian Psychologist. In classical conditioning, learning takes place at the behavioral, neural and cognitive levels. The procedure for generating classical conditioning entails presentation of an impartial stimulus in conjunction with a stimulus of some importance. This neutral stimulus can be an occurrence that does not lead into an explicit behavioral reaction from the individual under examination. On the contrary, presentation of the relevant stimuli inevitably evokes an intrinsic and reflexive response. The common forms of classical conditioning used in the study of neural configurations and functions include fear conditioning, foot reduction conditioning and eye blink conditioning. A relationship develops between the different stimuli in such a way that the organism reacts to all the stimuli. The concepts involved in classical conditioning include Unconditioned Stimulus (US), Unconditioned Response (UR), Unconditioned Relationship (UR), Conditioning Stimulus (CS) and Conditioned Relationship (CR). Unconditioned Stimulus creates a reaction while Unconditioned Response comprises of things that are already educed by the Stimulus. Unconditioned Relationship refers to an association between the stimulus and the response while Conditioning Stimulus refers to a new stimulus delivered at the same time with the old stimulus. Conditioned Relationship refers to the association generated by combining a new stimulus with a former response. Discussion Factors affecting Classical Conditioning Timing affects classical conditioning. Timing of classical conditioning events has a substantial impact on whether the conditioned stimulus can be constantly conditioned to generate a conditioned response. For instance, salivation of a dog varies with the time food is presented to it. This can be repeatedly associated with the sound of a timer. At first, the dog only dribbles when presented with food. With time, the buzzer begins to evoke salivation. After several trials, the dog salivates once the timer sounds. The relative timing of unconditional and conditional incentive is hence a serious issue in classical conditioning. Predictability is another factor that affects classical conditioning. This is the degree at which the conditional stimulus predicts the unconditional stimulus. Classical conditioning may also be affected by satiation. This means that the efficiency of classical conditioning is either reduced or increased depending on the individual’s appetite for the stimulation. Contingency is a key factor in classical conditioning. If conditioning follows the target reaction, its efficiency upon the response is increased. The capability to modify the response is subsequently increased. A consist
The only way to find success is to answer who, how, what, where, and why. It is significant to find out the actual market JavaJoy is targeting in terms of its taste and consumer buying power. JavaJoy has not been able to penetrate deep into the market perhaps due to its high prices, it is therefore important to find out how JavaJoy could cover a wider market by filling the gaps. All this process requires is a sound research based on which strategic planning could be done. It could be almost impossible to conduct the research ourselves as this could bring numerous complexities as we do not have a research department within the company, there are time and money constraints as well. It is therefore very suitable to find a partner who has specialized in conducting the research at a large scale. However, there are numerous other reasons to select a research partner instead of going for the whole research solo. Selecting a research partner could be difficult especially when you already know a lot about the research process as later arguments can develop between you and the researcher, but it is important to select a research partner as conducting a research on your own (being a part of the company) could bring biases to the research. The key consideration should therefore be the coverage of the research; the research partner has to research a wider market area. It is expected that the researcher would make a sound judgment of selecting a research method that could best provide the analysis, also there should not be any mistake while picking up the samples as any irrelevant sample would not only result in obsolete data but also would be a waste of time. There could be certain other factors important while selecting a research partner, as we may need a long-term help from the researcher in terms of constantly identifying the changing trends in the market while the actual research may still be very limited. Marketing research process is always helpful in any research whether small scale or large scale, in the present research both the parties would help each other accomplish the task. The researcher may need to know certain facts about the JavaJoy’s target market, such information can only be made available to the researcher if we (as a part of JavaJoy) are aware of what the research is going to involve. The other point is the validity of research; the research is highly likely to be a success if we work together with the researcher as in this case the researcher would even be aware that any inaccuracy of data would be immediately identified putting the researcher’s position at the stake. However, we must also be aware that too much interference in the researcher’s task could worsen the situation. So it can be said tha
Introduction The economic environment of the 21st century requires companies to think beyond profit margins and performance indicators. To attain customer loyalty and build a true sense of community, modern business leaders have to shift their focus toward developing value-based relationships with the external world. They manage to accomplish that through the practices commonly referred to as corporate social responsibility (CSR) initiatives, which include various aspects. However, ensuring that the enterprise’s operations generate value for all the shareholders and stakeholders requires learners to master effective influence tactics. The purpose of this paper is to examine the CSR-related activities of Jeff Weiner, former Chief Executive Officer of LinkedIn, which is one of the world’s largest social networking sites. Based on the information gathered and scholarly research analyzed, this report offers recommendations regarding the use of leadership influence tactics in social responsibility initiatives to business executives in different fields. Leader Contributions to CSR The first CSR aspect that Jeff Weiner engages in is ensuring that LinkedIn remains a pleasant workplace for its many employees. In chapter 6, DuBrin (2018) notes that the company’s dedication to creating a comfortable and stimulating work environment is a crucial part of its overall CSR agenda since such efforts increase employees’ well-being. If an enterprise cannot promise its workers zero-tolerance policies in regards to abuse, bullying, or discrimination of any kind, it should not be expected to succeed in ethical activities targeted externally. In an interview with PayPal CEO Dan Schulman, Weiner reveals that he is committed to managing his venture morally (as cited in Schulman, 2019). Therefore, it is no surprise that LinkedIn is ranked 13th on Glassdoor’s 100 best places to work list (Columbus, 2021). Treating employees fairly and facilitating the best work conditions for them is the first step in operating ethically, which makes it the most crucial aspect of corporate social responsibility. Another CSR vector important to discuss is the company’s efforts aimed at building a sustainable environment. DuBrin (2018) emphasizes that such initiatives should go beyond binding legal regulations an enterprise has to follow. LinkedIn’s sustainability activities go beyond the minimum requirements set by the U.S. authorities. Jeff Weiner has made sure that the social networking giant would transition to green sources of power and support alternative energy companies, according to the company’s official website (LinkedIn Corporation, 2021). LinkedIn Corporation (2021) proclaims that it is committed to removing its footprint and becoming fully carbon negative through the Carbon Disclosure Project. Zero waste initiatives, shifts towards alternative power sources, and support of green start-ups are all a part of Jeff Weiner’s coordinated efforts to ensure sustainability. Leader Influence Tactics In terms of the tactics Jeff Weiner has used
Evans & Tate Limited is an Australian company listed in the Australian stock exchange with her headquarters in Wimbley, Western Australia. The core business of the company is production, distribution, and marketing. They produce branded and unbranded wines, for normal business, contractual purposes, and wine tourism using satellite stores. The company had a sound financial position and was posed to a world-class producer of wine until they borrowed heavily from creditors. The directors ignored a stable capital structure and took aggressive policy in managing finances until the company was caught in financial distress. They were unable to meet short-term and long-term obligations. In the year 2004-2005, they reported a loss of AU $ 71,568,000 which was higher lower than the previous year. In this year the current ratio was less than one meaning the current assets if liquidated can not be able to offset current liabilities. This meant the short-term liabilities like interest and fallen due to principal amount for debt holders were going to technically default. in the year 20005-2007, the reported a reduction of the loss by 12%. It reduced from Au $ 71,568,000 TO 63,900,000.the accumulation of such losses also leads the company to a financial crisis. During the same period, the balance sheet of the company revealed that the liquidity was in question as AU’s $90,930,000 current assets were available to pay an equivalent of AU’s $152,377,000,000 l current obligations which had come due within the next 12 months. The further scrutinize of the balance sheet for the period revealed that total liabilities of AU$207,445,000,000 exceeded total assets of AU$139,792,000,000.this meant that in case of liquidation the shareholders will be called to contribute AU$67,653,000,000. After realizing such a financial position entered into a series of agreement with various stakeholders to it from the financial quagmire. The company, Evans & Tate Limited agreed with her bankers, Australia and New Zealand Bank, and Pendulum Capital Pty Limited for a formula in restructure. The structure plan was that Australia and New Zealand Bank and Pendulum Capital Pty would partner in representing the investor’s community. The structure was to be realized through the issue of new shares in the form of rights issues. The funds that were to be generated were meant for working capital that is improving the current assets to meet the current obligation, capital investments, and strategic acquisitions to improve future profits. Costs associated with defaulting to pay debts Defaulting to pay debts by a company has many costs (argues David, 2004). the costs associated with defaulting to pay will affect the management, employees, shareholders, debt holders, and other stakeholders. The management will be the most affected as their jobs will be in question, litigation
Human security   * Human security is a diverse concept that cannot be defined or determined by one scholastic view. The fact that people every day are exposed to different vulnerabilities and threats calls for many forms of human security.   * According to the UNDP human security includes adequate protection of all human beings from threats such as food, environmental, health, economic, personal, community and political insecurities. Human security and health   * According to Ivan Illich, health is basically an adaptation process. The process results from an autonomous and culturally shaped reaction to realities created by the social settings.   * Health can also be defined as the ability of a person or individual to normally exists and function in a relationship that his/ her cultural context allows at any point in his/her lifetime. Additionally, health can be viewed as the condition that results from that ability.   * Dubois believes health is the ability of people to adapt to the dynamic environment and the social situations that characterize life. Effectively the “social situations” refers to cultures that different people have. All the above are important to human survival. However, some carry more importance considering their effect on human beings on everyday life. Good health normally encompasses access to nutrition in the right amount and disease and stress free life. Human security is only possible if elements like survival, safety, opportunity, dignity, agency and autonomy are available. The above elements are crucial to the achievement of universal health for all people (Acharya 2001). The field of health has for a long time been hampered by gender differences and inequalities that have bred huge gaps between males and females situations. These differences affect the extent to which members of both genders access health as a basic human security need. The elements listed earlier are a precursor to achieving good health and especially reducing vulnerability to HIV/Aids which is one of the biggest global health challenges. The third world is the most affected in terms of HIV infections and the aftermath impacts. Women form the majority of the people infected in these regions severely limiting their health hence rendering them insecure. In the third world, and specific instances of fairly advanced economies like china and Brazil, women and girls have a higher rate of HIV infection because of their dismal positions in terms of economic and social status. It severely impacts on their sovereignty standing that the UNDP stresses is one of the pillars of human security. According to Sovereignty Women in most cases are disadvantaged and underrepresented in various fields of human development especially literacy, income and education. According to statistics, (Garry and Murray, 2001):   * Two thirds of the world’s over 800 million illiterate people are women   * The average pay for women who perform the same work as men is less by 30-40%   *
Geoffrey Chaucer, the author of “the Canterbury Tales”, exploits the degeneration, immorality, and subversion of the church. The Roman Catholic Church ruled or dictated the entire Europe by the end of nineteenth century. Besides being popular, the church build its cathedrals (buildings) using expensive metals like gold while the clergy lived a flamboyant lifestyle. Although catastrophes like diseases, lack of employment, and food shortage marked the nineteenth century eon, the church possessed immense wealth while the clergies and the nuns lived a sedentary life at the expense of the catholic faithful. Geoffrey Chaucer figures out the immorality and corruption of the church by using the clergy and the Pardoner who seem to be on commercial tour and not a pilgrimage. For instance, the Pardoner works in church and receives donations on behalf of the church but sadly, he does not give the donations to charitable organizations as expected but rather keeps the money for his personal use. Ironically, he has the audacity to preach against greed yet he not only steals the papal signature to access the church funds, but also sells leaflets, which contain religious quotes like forgiveness and carries the bones of pigs, which he sells claiming they will shield the faithful against the devil. The narrator taints the ‘reputation’ of the Catholic Church when he describes the immoral behavior of the monk and the priest as greedy persons with little or no intentions to serve the church or God for that matter. The Friar, an employee of the church as a priest, receives criticism from other people in the town due to his inability to obey celibacy; he has intimate relationships with attractive women or attracts rich men from the town and promotes corruption through acceptance of bribery. On the other hand, the monk defies the rule of staying in the monastery by wandering aimlessly around and about, which shows his love for food; therefore, the two men reveal the degeneration of morals in the church especially in the priesthood. Through the description of the contrasting characters of the Summoner and the Parson, the narrator is able to draw the picture of the Catholic Church during the nineteenth century. The Summoner is an illiterate, drunkard, and irritating man i
Introduction During the 21 st century, the issue of employment relations has increasingly become very complex and delicate. To survive in the current business environment, firms have to ensure that they establish and maintain good relationship with the various stakeholders (Kumar, 2011, p.374). This can be attained by integrating the concept of industrial relations. Sivarethinamohma ( 2010, p.5) further asserts that industrial relations are an outcome of two main aspects which include employment relations and human resources management. Industrial relations contribute toward improvement in the rate of productivity within an organization. Industrial relations create of an environment conducive for working and establishes a mutually beneficial labor-management relations. It also results into reduction of internal conflicts and maintaining democracy within the workplace (Kumar, 2011, p.374). This paper entails a description of approaches to industrial relations and their recent adaptations with specific reference to human resource management and neo-institutionalism. The element of conflict and cooperation at the workplace in relation to the two approaches is explained. Description of two approaches of industrial relations Unitarism approach to industrial relation In this approach, organizations are considered to be harmonious and integrated systems. As a result, they operate as one happy family. The approach also integrates an authoritarian or paternalistic approach which asserts that all employees should consider the organization as a team (Pizam, 2007, p.502). Through this approach, the employer convinces the employees that all their needs will be taken care of by making decisions with take into account their interests. As a result all employees are required to be loyal. In this approach, trade unions are considered to be illogical, irrelevant and uncalled for. They are also considered to be an intrusion to the operation of the organization. This perspective asserts that trade unions in organizations exist as a result of management failure to meet the needs of the employees or due to employees’ perverseness. The unitarism approach stresses on direct negotiations with the employees. This is due to the fact that it perceives organizations to be unitary with regard to purpose, structure, source of authority and to be composed of unified participants (Singh, n.d, p.15). Pluralism approach The basis of this approach is that organizations operate as coalitions (Singh, n.d, p. 15). As a result, conflicts within organizations are inevitable due to competing interests. The approach also asserts that the role of organization’s management team is to mediate between the various interest groups. Trade uni
Psychoanalytical and Adlerian theories have various similarities and differences. The similarities and differences are evident in the structures that define the theories. Some of the major similarities that emerge from the two theories include the effect that childhood experiences have on the life of an individual, manifestation of these experiences, and various unhealthy behaviors demonstrated by the affected individuals. Apparently, a study of Psychoanalytical Theory presents various issues that are useful in studying mental disorders. According to Ewen (2014), Psychoanalytical Theory claims that mental disorders are the outcomes of past traumas and painful experiences. On the other hand, Adlerian Theory holds the view that when individuals suffer from some level of rejection, they react and demonstrate behaviors that may comprise withdrawal or aggressiveness, a position similar to the one described by Psychoanalytical Theory. Therefore, it is clear that both theories help psychoanalysts to uncover innate feelings, which dictate the behavior of individuals, especially during adulthood. On the other hand, the differences that exist between Psychoanalytical and Adlerian theories include their focus and goals. While Psychoanalytical Theory focuses on the three aspects of humanity that include the Id, ego, and superego, Adlerian Theory focuses on the experiences of an individual. Moreover, Psychoanalytical Theory focuses much on mental disorders, which appear in adulthood. The focus is different from the one described by Adlerian Theory, which studies individual behavior right from childhood. While Adlerian Theory applies even to young individuals, Psychoanalytical Theory addresses issues that people cannot recall in adulthood. It is practical from the study of the theories that they have different goals. While Psychoanalytical Theory focuses on unearthing mental issues that affect old people, Adlerian Theory looks into factors that make people behave in a certain manner