ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction The cardinal issues of this question arise from privilege and public interest immunity. Before attempt to evaluate the current operation of the law of public interest immunity in civil trials it is necessary to discuss the definition of public interest immunity, current situation and the judgement of few cases in light of the statement made by Lord Wilberforce in Burmah Oil Co Ltd v Bank of England 1 . In order to answer this question it is important to consider Duncan v Cammell Laird 2 , Conway v Rimmer 3 , The Matrix Churchill Trial, Air Canada v Secretary of State for Trade (No 2) 4 , and disclosure cases. The phrase ‘crown privilege’ has been superseded by the term Public Interest Immunity (PII) or more colloquially gagging orders. PII formerly called ‘crown privilege’, is a rule of law that requires the withholding of documents on the ground that it would be harmful to the public interest to disclose them. Like competence and compellability that spouse are not compellable to give evidence, witness are not always be compelled to give information and be able to claim immunity from testifying. The need for confidentiality was also accepted in Bookbinder v Tebbit in relation to sources of information given to the Audit Commission, which was investigating alleged irregularities in the financial dealings of a local authority. The court, however, be satisfied that there is a real need to prevent the disclosure of an informant’s identity. Under the Crown Proceedings Act 1947, a Court may order the disclosure of documents in the interest of justice. However, Section 28 of CPA 1947 also provides that the power of the Court in civil proceedings does not extend to disclosure would or would not be in the public interest to make. There are two aspects of Public Interest entitled within this area of the law: the public interest in the administration of justice and the public Interest in non-disclosure of damaging information. The questions which arise are, who it is who has the power to decide whether disclosure would or would not be in the public interest, and on what basis the Public Interest is to be evaluate in civil cases. A convenient starting point for examining this rule is the decision of the House of Lords in Duncan v Cammell Laird and Co Ltd . That action was brought by the dependants of men who had died when a submarine sank during trials. It was alleged that the defendants who built the submarine had been negligent. Among the documents that the plaintiffs wanted to obtain on discovery were contracts between the defendants and the Admiral
Introduction Capital budgeting is the process undertaken by the business in order to identify and establish projects that are viable and worthy to pursue. Mostly; it involves acquiring and investing in new assets that can earn a return in a long run. Other companies prefer to issue bonds as a way of financing their operations and to maintain a proper operation cash flow. Steps of issuing bonds There are steps that a company follows when issuing bonds. First and the foremost, the registered company must evaluate its financial position to determine if issuing bonds is right. Based on the financial position of the company, it will resolve if obtaining outside financial sources is necessary. If the company has evaluated its financial position and decided to issue bonds, it goes ahead and identifies an underwriter. Led by the counsel, the underwriter and the company thereafter begin to review the specifics of the bond that includes, when it shall mature and the interest rates it shall attract (Cleverley, Cleverley, Song 2011). Thereafter, the underwriter shall create an underwriting syndicate by inviting another underwriter firm that will be involved in the deal. This pack of agreement shall consider the task started, giving the company an opportunity to present a registration report to the security commission in the U.S. Registration report normally provide details of the price of the bonds and the purpose for which the money is applied (Cleverley et al., 2011). Here all the parties who include the company, the underwriter and other invited underwriters that formed the underwriting syndicates, work together. They work and agree on the language and the presentation format in which the registration statement shall be submitted. The price of the bonds must be set and be submitted to the Trade Report and Compliance Engine (TRACE) ,that work closely as part of the National Association of Securities Dealers (Banner 1998). The bonds must now be marketed by the underwriter by duly filling the form from the Depository Trust and Clearing Corporations (DTCC).After the approval of the bond issue, the company shall therefore be eligible to start taking orders for the bonds. Finally, the bonds are deposited and distributed to the issuer by the underwriter Sometimes the company may decide to lease its property to other people to use, who will in return pay back some money to the company. The lesser uses the money from the lessee to finance its debts. The main purpose of the lease is to maintain the capital and the cash flow of the company. Types of the lease There exist two major types of leases that include financial lease, also known as capital and finally operating lease. Under the financial lease, the financing company leases the asset to the user for a specific period of time, after which the client can pu
Human euthanasia should be allowed because a person’s life only belongs to him or her and no one else. It is stated that there is a shift in a social attitude towards human euthanasia, where people are beginning to realize that people’s lives are their rights (Shala & Gusha, 2016). This means that adults need to have the power to choose if he or she wishes to preserve or end life. Thus, it is evident that human euthanasia should become a human right. Euthanasia should also be allowed due to the fact that certain disorders and abnormalities can cause immense suffering, which cannot be eased by medication. The study clearly illustrates that most of the requests for human euthanasia come from people suffering from unbearable psychological pain (Thienpont et al., 2015). Thus, it is important to understand that not only physical pain but also psychological one is a significant reason for enabling euthanasia. Euthanasia needs to allowed because people requesting it are most likely people who are already terminally ill. This argument is supported by the fact that most Netherland citizens receiving assisted death are people with complex mental, psychological, and psychosocial illnesses (Kim, De Vries, & Peteet, 2016). Euthanasia should be allowed because suicides are still prevalent, which means that people will have an opportunity to get assisted death without unnecessary suffering. It is stated that the opposition to euthanasia is not driven by compassion, but mere collective moral concern (Deak & Saroglou, 2015). Lastly, euthanasia needs to be considered as a human right because there is strong support among the public. The study in New Zealand shows that majority of people expressed support for euthanasia (Lee, Duck, & Sibley, 2017).
The Xbox is a recent Microsoft product in the market. This is an adult video game created by Microsoft Company. It was established in 2001 based in America. The Xbox games have undergone modifications from the sixth to the eighth generation. The Microsoft brand has excellent applications and online services that have made it a big success in the market. The best example of the online service provided by the Xbox is the Xbox live. Xbox live has attracted millions of users in the world. Virtual market services provided by this online service have facilitated the business of selling and buying video games. Through the Xbox Live Marketplace, millions of users can play games from different forms of multimedia. Microsoft Xbox series is a modification of the Xbox created by Atari Jaguar. The most recent series developed by Microsoft is the Xbox One. This is the third modification created by Microsoft to suit the eighth generation. Although the product has not been launched, it has attracted the admiration of many video game players in the world. According to Lowensohn (2013), the Xbox one has the following features; an expanded random access memory, an advanced core central processing unit, and a USB port with a faster connection. The hard drive has an expanded memory with the inbuilt architectural software. This product can use three operating systems at once. Another specific feature of Xbox one is the ability to use windows eight and RT has made it very enjoyable because it can be used with new devices like tablets. The Xbox one is more superior to Playstation 4 because of its features. The target market segments for the Xbox one are the casual and hardcore gamers. Casual gamers are a group of people who play video games once in a while. They play video games as a part-time activity, and they are not addicted to it. The hardcore gamers are a group of video game players that will play a video game at any cost. They can’t live without playing the game as they are addicted to playing the game. Microsoft Company did market research to determine the best market segment for its Xbox One. The research showed that hardcore gamers are the best market segment. This is because the cost of the Xbox one is very high. Therefore, casual gamers would do away with it. However, the new hardcore gamers would be found in the Asian market. The research established that the ideal market would be Taiwan, Hong Kong, Singapore, South Korea, and India (Hollister, 2013). Japan is also a target market because the initial Microsoft product had failed. The qualities of the Xbox one would win back most of the game players in Japan. The position of the product in the market would be the best. The product gives gamers more entertainment than
Introduction The good-neighbor policy, viewed as the Golden Rule, ensures democracy at the international level. The main aim of this policy is to foster mutual respect among the nations. The Doctrine of Nonintervention forms a significant part of this policy. The implication of this regulation is that there should be no imposition of a will of one nation on another one. However, it has been observed that what takes place within one country may have some effects on the neighboring states, and therefore, some exceptions to the Doctrine of Nonintervention have been allowed. The US has defended the good-neighbor policy and advocated for its application by the nations of the world. However, it is perceived that in the 1950s and the 1970s, in Guatemala and Iran, and Chile in that order, the US violated the Doctrine of Nonintervention. Using the evidence presented by Stephen Kinzer in his book Overthrow: America’s Century of Regime Change from Hawaii to Iraq , this article evaluates the perception that the US infringed the good-neighbor policy. The Doctrine of Nonintervention A good understanding on how the Doctrine of Nonintervention is applied in the context of international politics is required for a detailed coverage of the objective of this article. This doctrine bars any state from interfering in the rights of another state, which are guaranteed by state sovereignty. Such rights include the right to choose a political system, economical system, social system and cultural system of choice. Intervention, which seeks to manipulate these choices, is unlawful because it is clear sign of disregard to the sovereignty of another state. Human dignity has, however, been prioritized over state sovereignty. Consequently, interventions in the interest of preserving human dignity are allowed by the international community (Kinzer 1). Stephen Kinzer’s Book In Stephen Kinzer’s book, the cases of Iran, Guatemala and Chile are covered in part two. The book is divided into four parts arranged in a manner that covers the cases chronologically in the order they occurred. Kinzer significantly relates the three cases to an ambition to protect US foreign business interests. Particularly, US corporations are put on the spotlight on their contribution to these cases. Kinzer argue
“Conversing with strangers was discouraged. If someone asks you to help take a photo of him, watch out: this is a prime opportunity for thieves. I’d been in and out of Europe over the years, but the instructions put it in a new light, and I was oddly reassured to be traveling with three dozen others and a guide. The notes concluded with a piece of Confucius-style advice that framed our trip as a test of character: He who can bear hardship should carry on.” – Evan Osnos. This passage by Evan Osnos highlights the perils of modern-day traveling. Travel magazines promote traveling as a hustle-free experience that is characterized by beautiful sites, friendly people, and extreme comfort. The ideal image of a modern-day tourist is also quite different from the reality on the ground. Most travel magazines paint the image of a relaxed tourist whose job is only to ‘enjoy’ the foreign flora and fauna. Nevertheless, travel narratives are more reliable when giving out the truth about modern-day traveling. According to Osnos, his travel experience started with a list of advisories about the dangers of being a tourist in Europe. Europe is considered as one of the most secure destinations in the world. Compared to destinations like India, Africa, and South America, Europe is a secure haven for tourists (Scheyvens 150). However, Osnos is told to expect thieves, dishonest characters, and harsh administrations during his travel experience. The last line in the travel brochure highlights the hardships of a modern-day tourist through this caption; “He who can bear hardships should carry on” (Osnos 1). Travel narratives can capture the travel experience in a better way than other travel resources such as guides and magazines. The perils of modern-day traveling have contributed to making traveling less fulfilling. For instance, Osnos notes that the travel brochure advises tourists against talking to strangers. By not talking to strangers, tourists miss out on a great part of their traveling experience. For example, some of the best parts of Osnos’ travel narrative are exchanges with fellow travelers. A wholesome travel experience involves interaction with the natives and fellow travelers. Previously, travelers chose to ignore this risk and mingle with the local population. However, the travel industry has highlighted this aspect too much. This effort has ended up instilling fear on travelers. Works Cited Osnos Evans. Re: The Grand Tour: Europe on Fifteen Hundred Yuan a Day. 2011. Web. Scheyvens, Regina. “Backpacker Tourism and Third World Development.” Annals of Tourism Research 29.1 (2009): 144-164. Print.
Self-identity is an issue that affects many people in the world. A good understanding of self will lead to a more reformed world where people understand their identities and therefore able to take care of self. The essay that follows is a summary of how self-identity operates. Self-identity is a fundamental need that people need to come to terms with. The essay will give a summary of two articles, how they are related and a broader picture of what the two articles present. A remodeling of the past requires one to understand the future, which begins with assessing the past. Critically thinking about the path life takes enables one to realize that they are not tied to the time that is running out but taking each day as its own and living it the way you want it and not conforming to some decided path. In the formulation of self, an activity that is encountered in a day-to-day course is choice. Because of this wide variety of things to choose from, consequences also arise. One of the things that people have to choose from is lifestyle. However, looking at the subject of lifestyle broadly, one can realize that in these modern times lifestyle is already something that has been chosen and people just have to follow. 1 For any given individual, lifestyle is governed by life chances. The habits of someone’s lifestyle revolve around the social status of a person, cultural styles and the made of activities the person engages in. Relationships with others are also one of the wide varieties of choices this entails a person’s relationship with others. 1 Giddens, A. Identity: a reader. SAGE Publishers, California, 2000, p. 32 All kinds of relationships tend to approximate to pure relationships, which rely in the domains of sexuality, matrimony and lastly companionship. Lastly, the body forms a vital part of self-identity and self-actualization. The body is a form of an action-system, which forms a significant feature for self-identity. Bodily appearance is the physical appearance of the body. Demeanor is what determines how an individual perceives himself or herself. Sensuality is the ability of the body to relate to pain and pleasure and finally the regimes in which the body operates. In current modernity, bodily appearance and demeanor are highly considered. Bodily regimes and sensuality are the basis on which modern social life operates. A good analysis of body sense gives a good understanding of these two issues that are related to self-identity. In the current modern world body, regime and sensuality are not given the option of the plurality of choice as it has been defined along the perception of modernity, which has led to things such as slimness and youthfulness that have led to the development of anorexic individuals. Anorexia is a condition that has been associated with dieting and the current views on body appearance. Anorexia is a search for identity in a world where plurality of choi
While journalists are called to report news and important events, they sometimes fail to use information appropriately or check the reliability of the information source and is the reported cases are true. Such carelessness leads to the violation of both ethical standards and legal norms accepted in journalism. The case under consideration reflected on the situation when ethics and law clashed. In fact, it is a story of mixing up professional journalism standards, which resulted in taking a famous journal to court.[1] This analysis presents the background for the case, alternative variants of the situation development, outlines the possible solutions and proposes recommendations for the case. Background The case involves a well-known magazine Rolling Stone . It is a controversial case that implies an ethical aspect of media as well as a legal one. The issue is that Rolling Stone initiated an investigation of the story about rape at the University of Virginia. Having a desire to examine the situation, the magazine delegated the Columbia University School of Journalism to study the related journalistic processes. The report provided by the school comprised diverse details of the story and was published. However, immediately after the report was released, Rolling Stone faced the threat of being sued. First of all, the fraternity that became the focus of the story threatened to sue. Secondly, the school dean, Nicole Eramo, who was accused of being indifferent to the problem of the girl, received a damaged reputation of the chief villain in this story and demanded a $7.5 lawsuit.[2] Journalists mentioned that she could have asked for a bigger lawsuit, and her claim could have been satisfied. Since the report was prepared by a journalist student, the mistakes and misunderstandings could probably not have been avoided. The facts were revealed that the writer did not talk to all the witnesses, these students who claimed to be her friends. Moreover, the fraternity that was accused of rape was not informed about the article, and its members could not express their opinion about their role in the case under consideration. When Rolling Stone suggested the Columbia Journalism School dean Steve Coll review the published reporting about “A Rape on Campus,” it became evident that mistakes appeared both in the process of writing and editing. Thus, something that was “thought would be a bombshell story, but was ultimately centered around a false narrative”.[3] Finally, it was concluded that there were some problems at different stages of report preparation. First of all, the writer, Sabrina Rubin Erdely, did
Marquez’s work titled “One Hundred Years of Solitude” gives an account of Buendías family, who found the isolated town of Macondo (McMurray 113). For days, the township did not get in touch with the outside world, apart from gypsies who passed by, at times, selling goodies like telescopes and ice. The founder of the family unit, José Arcadio Buendía, was curious and inquisitive. He was, also, a head, who was extremely introverted, as he separated himself, from other people, in his obsessive inquiry into mystifying affairs (Márquez 5). Buendía’s character traits get passed on to his offspring throughout the novel. Aureliano, his younger child, inherit his extreme, mysterious focus. José Arcadio, his oldest child, inherit his physical might and impetuousness. Ahead of establishing contacts with neighboring towns, Macondo loses its innocent state. Civil warfare begins, bringing bloodshed and fatality to calm Macondo, which, formerly, had experienced neither of them, and Aureliano becomes the head of the broadminded rebels, attaining distinction as Colonel Aureliano Buendía. Also, Macondo changes to a township permanently linked to the outside humanity through the disgrace of Colonel Buendía, during and after the warfare (Wood 7). At one point, Arcadio rules authoritatively and finally becomes shot by gun men. Later on, a mayor gets chosen, and his supremacy remains calm until another civil rebellion gets him killed. The civil warfare ends with the signing of a peaceful accord, subsequent to the demise of Arcadio. Marquez’s work, in the novel, is realistic in spite of its magical and fantasy aspects. The novel covers the happenings of a whole century. Hence, much of her work revolves around the actual events, such as, work, births, deaths and marriages of the Buendía lineage. Marquez does not shy away from the portrayal of sex and brutality, although she is a woman. She portrays a number of the Buendía men as sexually promiscuous, through explaining how they frequent brothels (Márquez 198). Other men get portrayed as brutal and introverted. Such men apt to stay indoors, as they make minute golden fish (Márquez 199). Besides, Marquez portrays the sexual promiscuity of ladies through Meme, who once takes home seventy-two of her friends from boarding school, and Fernanda Del Carpio, who get dressed