ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction In the historical development of gender relations, the social role of women established in a traditional patriarchal society was that of silent obedience to man. No idea of female independence or initiative could ever be raised, as the overall scope of duties that could be controlled by the influence of women comprised household matters and daily family routine. However wise or insightful a woman might be, any attempt at independent thinking was laughed at and dismissed as ultimately unserious by the dominating male society. Such a situation is described in Susan Glaspell’s play Trifles , where the dynamic character of Mrs. Peters reveals and enriches itself throughout the play: initially embodying the quality of obedience, with time she demonstrates the power of observance and attention to small things and consequently achieves a triumph over the male party. The development of the character The characterization of Mrs. Peters’ complex character occurs in Trifles via a whole range of means. The introduction of the play presents the woman’s appearance, which creates the initial impression of timidity and shyness. She appears on the scene together with Mrs. Hale, nestling to her as if seeking protection and support in the company of the other woman. Further development occurs through the character’s speech: by confessing it would have been way too lonesome for her to stay at the crime scene and by recollecting her experience of stillness and solitude when her first baby died (Glaspell 659, 661), Mrs. Peters reveals the abyss of emptiness that fills her soul having no company to share her feelings and ideas with. Another aspect of the tragedy of this suppressed quiet lady is that she should express obedience by duty: she is the wife of a sheriff, thus literally “married to the law” (Glaspell 662). Therefore her obedience has a double nature; she is obedient under the social standards of being a sheriff’s wife and under life circumstances that deprived her of worthwhile company. A deeper understanding A deeper understanding of Mrs. Peters’ character is made possible by observing her reaction to objects and events in her environment. However quiet Mrs. Peters may seem, at first sight, there is an inexhaustible source of liveliness in her, the quality of observance. Throughout the whole scene, she demonstrates an ongoing interest in the details of the surroundings, revealing trifles that lead her to logical conclusions which may seem insignificant only to a superficial observer. The woman’s revelation of the quilted plaid, the cage, and the bird gr
Introduction The Tuskegee syphilis study is the infamous clinical study of African Americans who had infections of syphilis in Tuskegee, Alabama. The United States Public Health Service conducted the research in conjunction with the Alabama State Board of Health for a period of four decades, from1932 to1972. The clinical study consisted of 600 African Americans males of whom 399 had syphilis while 201 acted as a control groups. The study meant to find out the natural progression of syphilis as the infected subjects did not receive actual treatment of the disease but rather received heavy metal placebo. According to Biber (2005), the head of the clinical research assured fellow researchers that, “…everyone is agreed that the proper procedure is the continuance of the observation of the Negro men used in the study with the idea of eventually bringing them to autopsy” (p.83). Furthermore, the researchers deceived the subjects that their diagnosis showed they were suffering from ‘bad blood’ and they needed ‘special treatment’, which they were offering freely. Eventually, the Tuskegee syphilis study resulted into questionable medical research ethics. Patient Consent Medical ethics demands that in any scientific research project, human subjects must participate voluntarily
Significant precursor of motion picture technology Motion pictures have been the most influential technologies of the past hundred years. A photographic technique for capturing action became a new medium, a significant part of the economy, and a dominant part of the economy and the popular culture (Stokes 28). A long series of technical development established the medium and allowed permission for it to grow as a way of expressing the visions of filmmakers and to offer entertainment for most of the world`s population. A significant precursor to motion picture includes the Zoetrope. This motion picture was developed in 1834 and it provided the impression of constant motion when the viewer watched a suddenly changing series of still images. In 1892, a practical viewing apparatus was developed by Edison and Dickson. This allowed an individual to look through a viewer at the top of a cabinet that looked like a box in order to see the black lighted film. During the years around 1900, the basic technology of camera and projector was created and refined. By about 1910, 34-millimetre film used by Edison became the international standard. Therefore, because of the establishment of the photographic film at that time that required the use of great illumination, the application of the electric spotlight that was introduced in 1904 in theatres became essential in making movies (Negra 84). In addition, in 1919, a much more intense carbon- arc lamp began to be applied although majority of the filming continued to use natural lighting. The rate at which the motion picture grew was quite amazing despite the fact that there had been many previous storytelling films such as “The Great Train Robbery” by Edwin S. Porter that was released in 1903 and attracted much attention for its narrative style. In addition, Porter`s film “life of an American” is another film that made Porter to be a significant precursor of motion picture technology. For instance, this film was significant because of its outstanding manifestation of early cinema`s representational practices. The picture represents a consolidation of Edwin porter s development as a filmmaker. Nickelodeons where film was projected on a screen began showing in towns in about 1905. These were mainly long, narrow rooms that a large number of people could occupy. For instance, in the U.S., there were over ten thousand nickelodeons serving over te
Introduction There has been extensive use of human behaviors as an indicator of their consumer habits, in the recent years consumers go beyond the quality of the product but other factors like production practices, company’s social responsibility amongst others come into play. Satisfaction and Emotions Satisfaction is one key element that is used in assessing consumer’s post purchase period which can be characterized by anger, bitterness, guilt or sadness, all these depend on the consumer’s attitude towards the purchased item. This does not only emanate from the actual product alone, the company’s image comes to play. This brings to the picture a situation where an emotion, which is the primary source of human memory, and come into play in determining the pattern a consumer, is likely to take in future purchases. According to Westbrook and Oliver (1991), consumer behavior is largely influenced by previous experiences. The attitude consumers have towards any product in the market is as a result of either satisfaction or dissatisfaction from the previous purchases. A consumer who in a previous transaction purchased an item but later felt dissatisfied will not go for that item any other time and is likely to influence others in rejecting the same. This also applies in line with the image the company has cultivated amongst consumers. This study is important as it portrays consumer treads which have an effect on a products performance in the market; it is employed by researchers to come up with hypothesis on performance of various products. Animal Friendly There has been an increased activities around the world centered on preservation and conservation of animal welfare, this has brought about the emergence of a clique of consumers who base products purchases with how animal friendly the products are. There has emerged a group of conservationists who on top of emphasizing on anti cruelty laws which protect animals from abuse and neglect, this group has its focus on curtailing the use of animals in provision of cheap food and textiles. Changes in laws governing animal welfare especially in Europe has seen a rise in market demand for animal friendly products. Research has found out that after the European Union increased the size of laying cages, more consumers are insisting on eggs produced under the new set standards. (Saneddon at el 2010) In Australia, there have been vibrant campaigns aimed at ending mullesing an old husbandry act, practiced by the framers for centuries. Part of skin on the breech area of lambs is surgically removed allegedly to prevent fly strike a common problem occurring in sheep across the globe. There has been mounting activism in the recent past on the boycott of all animal products whose producers fail to abide with the new set regulations. The activists are demanding an end to what they are calling brutality on livestock. This wave is gaining popularity and consumers are keener on production processes and they are putting more emphasis on methods perceived to be less painful ton the animals. The impact is now being felt as leading apparel makers across the
Introduction Sales promotion is a type of product marketing strategy aimed at boosting sales through attracting traffic, introducing a new product and influencing the purchase of a product. Public relations serve to enhance the image of the company to the public i.e., the community. The objective of this assignment is to investigate how different industries incorporate public relations and sales promotion into their activities (Tench & Yeomans 2009, p. 645). It is meant to investigate and analyze how best PR and sales promotion can be integrated into a business strategy so as to achieve maximum results and also to show how PR can be used to solve a mistake that can harm a company. This report chose the publishing industry under the women’s tabloid magazine, as it pertains to media marketing which is a very big player in recording huge sales. The publishing industry is really broad and rakes in billions of dollars every year (Wilcox 2003, p. 421). The publishing industry incorporates a lot of companies ranging from those that deal with books, journals, newspapers, business media and magazines. The industry started off majorly as a printing firm but due to its rapid growth and change, digital media is now inevitably an effective way of passing across the message efficiently to the readers. Executive summary The chosen industry also effectively relies and incorporates sales promotion and PR into its day to day activities. This industry generates a huge turnover of over £10.1 billion GVA (Gross Value Added). This makes it one of the biggest earners in the media industry in UK specifically. It has a very big workforce since in the UK it employs more than 190,000 people, which translates to 36% of the media field personnel. It deals with consumer sales promotion, and its strategies are aimed at maximizing immediate and long term sales. The publishing industry is very competitive. On the side of PR, due to its reliance on image, the publishing sector puts a lot of emphasis on representation so as to maintain its relationship with the community and its customers as a whole. The report decided to specifically narrow down to two particular magazines – Marie Claire and Woman and Home, as they are among the leading women tabloid magazines and also due to the fact that they produce monthly copies. This is also because they heavily rely on strategic sales promotion and PR techniques consequently providing an effective platform for evaluation. According to Mintel, the UK media industry is growing and projects its sales to be in billions, due to the fact that it is now stable after experiencing a challenging year in 2008. Factors that led to its stability are attributed to sales promotion. This factor is applicable worldwide. This information forms a basis for an investigation on the two women’s magazines. It will present findings from media information about the publishing industry especially those pertaining to the two chosen magazines. It will also go through a number of the magazine issues so as to specifically pick out sales promotion articles and strategies as well as any information r
The attitude of the majority of U.S. citizens towards firearm possession is one of the reasons why legislation related to gun control is usually highly contested. The rifle culture is deep-rooted in the history of the United States (Alvarez & Bachman, 2019). The American Revolution and the American civil war were won by guns; therefore, it is not surprising that U.S. citizens perceive being secure as a synonym for firearm possession (Ray, 2018). The relatively high figure of gun owners increases the number of gun-related crimes. Trying to mitigate this type of crime involves undermining the supply of guns to civilians, which would be met with fierce opposition as it goes against the provisions of the Second Amendment. The United States’ history regarding gun culture makes it different from its industrialized counterparts. Even though other countries such as England provide similar privileges to those offered by the Second Amendment, the U.S. records the highest number of civilian-owned guns (Alvarez & Bachman, 2019). This shows that there are more factors other than legal liberty that influences the high demand for firearms in the United States. The culture of conflict resolution by violence is a common theme in the history of the U.S. This culture could be one of the reasons why the U.S. records one of the highest numbers of private gun owners and consequently a high number of gun-related crimes and violence. Culture plays a huge role in the propagation or curtailing of violent tendencies. The subculture of violence offers insight and influences one’s view on U.S. gun topics. According to the subculture of violence, individuals assume that the other person will become violent in the event of any strife (Alvarez & Bachman, 2019). This mentality leads to increased tension and almost always aggravates the situation to violence. This provides a reason why Americans have such a strong desire for guns.
In Europe, especially Germany there was a certain separateness of language and culture between Christian Europeans and the Jews. Though, this was noticed during the time of emerging heresy (new faith) in Europe. Consequently, Christianity was declared the official religion of the Roman Empire in the fourth century, but surprisingly Judaism was singled out as one of the rival religions to be protected by the church when the Roman Empire crumbled in the then Western Europe. Accordingly well-organized governance and order also crumbled with it, which brought about the medieval ages (Dark ages). However, St. Paul’s doctrine remained and was basically an admonishment of some of the mosaic laws. In line with this, it made the Jews view Christianity as blasphemy against God and their faith (Birnbaum 107). Additionally, the papal institutions that came into being after the fall of the Roman Empire led to the accusations of Jewry blasphemy against the church (Christian faith) on the basis that the Jews had inflicted torture and murdered the Messiah under the sign of the cross. Furthermore, the papal church began an inquisition and direct punishment of heresy in the Kingdom of France under the director of the cathedral school in Mainz Conrad of Marburg. The papal church considered the interethnic coexistence between the Jews and Arabs with hostilities. However, the Christians in northern Europe were still divided and did not accept Jewry in their social order as did the Arab society. Generally the view of Christians towards Jews has been their interpretation about the role of the Jews in the life and death of Jesus Christ and their accusation of the Jews as the murderers of Christ. In modern times very few people in Europe still hold these convictions. Nevertheless, modern study and psychology has brought about the feeling that, though the ancients Jews were guilty of Christ’s death. The Jews still had very close ties which united them with Christ, since they the Jews were of the same race with Christ, and witnessed of his death and resurrection. The modern Christians in Europe and elsewhere has since come to realise that, “Christ became the redeemer only because he was crucified” thus, holding the Jews responsible for the crime from which the Christians reap moral and psychological belief. Conditions that brought about the persecution of the Jews in the High Middle ages. A common view
Introduction The learning process involves the generation of new knowledge that changes the way people understand and view activities around them. This learning can be unplanned as in the case of small children developing skills such as feeding themselves. Planned learning involves grown-ups who yearn to learn a given subject and embark on it. The mode of instruction depends on the age of the learners. In this case, clinical educators instruct adult students who have previous experiences (Cooper, Smith & Upton, 2002). Behavioural, cognitive, and adult learning theories have been a guide to clinical educators. They have enabled educators to introduce and teach nursing students effectively. These theories have enabled them to introduce subjects, measure their progress, and get feedback on the level of understanding. They provide a platform for students to gain knowledge, develop understanding, and acquire skills. This simplifies the instruction process for trainers because they are able to pass knowledge and assess the depth of understanding by simply observing (Pritchad, 2009). This paper examines these theories and analyses the roles that they play in the learning process for nursing students. Theoretical Framework This paper will discuss the introduction of a course to new nursing students. It will illustrate how behavioural and cognitive theories guide the clinical instructor in developing this course. The adult learning theory will also be outlined as these students are grown-ups. This theory is also applicable for practicing nurses who wish to advance their knowledge. Through this paper, the effectiveness of the three theories in the learning process will be illustrated. Behavioural Learning Theory This theory is based on the reaction triggered by a certain stimulus. This response, when repeated over the duration of time, it becomes like a signal to the brain. It is easily communicated to the brain, and the response is automatic despite the level of concentration at the given time. This has been demonstrated by the model of a Russian psychologist, Ivan Pavlov in the early twentieth century. He showed how conditioning occurs by giving dogs food after ringing a bell. This process was continued over time until the sound of the bell made the dogs salivate regardless of whether a food was available or not. Their behaviour changed, and meal times were dictated by the ringing of the bell. This model brings out four stages of learning. Firstly, acquisition of knowledge; in this case, the sound of the bell, meant that food was ready. Secondly, after the conditioning of response, the dogs began salivating even before they saw the food; they could salivate even in cases when food was not available. However, salivating would later stop if the bell was rung and no food was provided for s
Abstract The world we live in today is very different compared to the one our fore fathers lived many years ago. It is clear that tremendous change has taken place over the last ten decades, and whose impacts has been felt in all the facets of human existence such as social, political and economic. Over time, man has been trying to employee various means in order to improve his living standards through innovation and inventions of new machines and equipments with the aim of enhancing production in the society. The involvement of machines in the process of production has made it possible for many nations in the globe to produce enough food, treat disease, eradicate the menace of poverty and facilitate capacity building of the people through education, to mention but a few. The introduction of computers and the internet in the 1970s marked the end and the beginning of a new era where human labour was no longer required in the production of goods and services. Workers were replaced with machines and in the process rendered jobless. But today computers are used to perform a large volume of workforce in organizations, such as storage and processing of data, coordination and planning of duties, controlling and regulating of operations and retrieval of information if need arises. At this point in time we can despite the fact that information revolution has altered to a larger extends various components of human existence such as employment, education, production, religion, human relations, family structure and democracy. In order to counteract the impacts of information communication technology (ICT) in the society, researchers developed computer and information ethics body that is essentially an applied scientific body (Weckert & Adeney 1997). It can be defined as the scientific approach that is mandated with the obligation of laying down the frame work of operations of professionals using technology at the work place. The involved state holders have devised moral codes and regulations that affirm how professionals should safeguard the welfare of the organization using computers by explicating good practices within the workplac