ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Though being a rather recent addition to the analysis of communication processes, visual literacy is gaining increasingly large significance. Defining it, however, may become somewhat tricky. Brian Kennedy defines visual literacy as “ability to construct meaning from images” (Kennedy, 2015). In other words, visual literacy is the ability to recognize the information that images contain. Kennedy’s definition, therefore, begs the question whether visual literacy depends on the cultural factor; particularly, one may wonder whether the levels of visual literacy can be compared when considering people belonging to different cultures. Therefore, the same image may carry different meanings and a different number of meanings depending on the culture that it is interpreted in. Therefore, Kennedy’s definition begs the question whether the visual literacy of people belonging to a specific culture may be viewed as low due to the low number of ideas or concepts that they relate to a particular image. The definition of visual literacy provided in the book, in its turn, can be viewed as less restricting in terms of the perception of images by the representatives of different cultures. According to Ryan (2012), visual literacy is the tool that “allows individuals to communicate with others about what they’ve seen and sensed and to feel a sense of understanding and perhaps even appreciation for it” (Ryan, 2012, p. 1.2). The specified definition, however, also has its problems; being far broader than the one suggested by Kennedy, it may fail to encompass the concept of an individual interpretation of the information conveyed, which Kennedy’s definition offers. The significance of visual literacy as a universal language, therefore, can hardly be overrated. Visual literacy is an essential communication tool, which helps get an essential and a rather long message across within a relatively short amount of time. Moreover, when considering the images that are considered universal and, therefore, have a fixed meaning, visual literacy may be viewed as a tool for international communication and a method of removing language barriers. Instead of translating the information from one language to another, the use of visual literacy allows adopting a universal approach to data sharing, therefore, making sure that the information transferred to the participants of the communication process is not going to be distorted. The use of visual literacy may, therefore, affect the process of communication and global understanding to a considerable degree. By using the images that are interpreted in a similar way by a variety of cultures, one is likely to attain impressive success in global communication and avoid numerous misconceptions. The lack of visual literacy, in its turn, is likely to lead to the use of controversial imagery that may be viewed as questionable by one of the parties involved and, thus, trigger international conflicts. Although the interpretation of visual literacy as a universal language may be viewed as reasonable, viewing visu
The analysis involves reviewing and comparing material from the article “Behavioral Study of Obedience” by Stanley Milgram and “We Wish to Inform You That Tomorrow We Will Be Killed with Our Families” by Philip Gourevitch. In 1963, a professor at Yale University, Stanley Milgram, experiments, the purpose of which is to study the human nature of obedience, the willingness to follow a leader while violating generally accepted principles and rules. A documentary book by the American journalist Philip Gourevitch published in 1994 tells about the genocide in Rwanda. Gourevitch examines the causes, course, and consequences of the catastrophe and puts forward serious accusations against Europe and America. The works represent large-scale researches since the analyzed information and results will be valid for centuries until people move away from violence and obedience as from global phenomena. The results of Milgram’s experiment showed that people are unable to resist authority. The thesis of the experiment described in the article can be formulated as follows: a person can go far enough, causing pain to another, even if obedience to the leader is contradictory for him. The experimenter’s initial arguments were related to the German population; it seemed to him that the Germans were inclined to obey the orders of people who were authoritative for them. Milgram wanted to understand by experience why in WWII, the inhabitants of Germany were so cruel to the prisoners of concentration camps (Milgram, 1963). The experiment’s final results proved that regardless of nationality, the participants deliberately inflicted pain on other people if their superiors required this. In addition, the stunning results of the experiment became a visual confirmation of the central thesis. Of the 40 people, 26 increased the tension to the maximum level (Milgram, 1963). None of the 40 participants tried to complete the experiments at the first request of the “student” to release him. Having gone to Rwanda, Philip Gourevitch recorded dozens of interviews with victims, executioners, politicians, foreign witnesses, delve into history, add personal impressions, and explain why this genocide is essential to everyone. The author claims that the Rwandans committed the genocide, but this is only part of the truth (Gourevitch, 2008). Until the 19th century, Hutu and Tutsis lived together, had one common language and one religion. Then the Europeans came and pitted the peoples against each other for several decades, which led to dire consequences. The thesis of the work may be that the bloody events of genocide, the extermination of one people by another, were facilitated by several factors, inciting enmity between neighbors. Arguing the thesis, the author says that interference in the country’s politics, economic recession, and independent media calling for the extermination of “cockroaches,” preparing massacres for years, all this led to genocide. In an interview, the fleeing Hutu functionaries constantly spoke not about genocide but about chaos (Gourevitch, 2008). W
There is no use denying the fact that the issue of labor relations could be taken as one of the most important for the functioning of our coherent society. The thing is that all relations that exist within the society are based on money and labor. That is why, it is extremely vital to create remedies that could regulate this sort of bond. Collective bargaining is one of these remedies. Nowadays, it is taken as a certain type of negotiations between the group of employees, which is given the right to represent the rest of workers, and a group of employers, which also has certain authorities, in order to determine the main conditions under which people will work. It could be taken as a very powerful remedy that helps workers to struggle for their rights and control the functioning of a company. It should also be said that there are four components of collective bargaining, which are compensation wages, personnel policies and procedures, workers and employers rights and arbitration (Ales 95). It is obvious, that all these components are very important for the functioning of any company, however, it is possible to assume that the aspects that regulate rights of the staff and arbitration could be taken as vital. The thing is that these aspects guarantee a certain level of independence and security for workers and officials at the same time. Schelzig, it his article devoted to the protest of the workers of Volkswagen group, underlines the fact that due to the main concepts of collective bargaining and the issue of arbitration, the staff managed to protect its rights and guarantee certain advantages (para. 2). With th
Forces that Influenced the Clinic’s Development Social, economic, and political factors are key determinants of people’s health. They influence health care quality and accessibility. The development of the clinic was influenced by the need to establish a medical center that offers primary care to underserved populations. Socioeconomic factors such as poverty, illiteracy, unemployment, residential segregation, and culture, among others, reduce access to care services resulting in poor quality of life (Kovner & Neuhauser, 2004). Health outcomes depend on factors such as eating well, physical activity, and regular medical checkups and screening tests. These services are available in the clinic, which is located in poor neighborhoods that lack hospitals to support healthy living among the residents. The owners and their wives practice family medicine at the clinic as physicians and registered nurses. Evidently, the proprietors’ medical skills and background influenced the establishment and growth of this clinic. The clinic’s staff also has diverse skills sets. The 69 staff members are drawn from nine specialist areas, providing a perfect skill mix for quality diagnostic, inpatient, and specialist care services. From a political perspective, the Affordable Care Act that was enacted in 2010 has led to a proliferation of clinics that have made health care accessible to the underprivileged. The law has expanded coverage and provided consumers with flexible and stable health plans (Rittenhouse, Shortell & Fisher, 2009). Thus, political factors influenced the establishment of the clinic, which now stands to benefit from federal funding following the passage of the Affordable Care Act. Economic forces also influenced the establishment of the clinic in many ways. People’s economic condition shapes their health outcomes by determining their ability to seek quality medical care. Poor people have low incomes partly because of limited access to economic opportunities like employment. In this regard, they have limited health care choices, resulting in poor quality of life. The clinic was established to provide affordable medical care to low-class citizens who cannot access expensive treatment options. Comprehensive Mission Statement The primary care clinic offers a wide range of outpatient, diagnostic, and specialist services to rural communities. Its mission statement reads; “At the Wellness clinic, we offer diagnostic, specialist, and outpatient services for low-income families built on ethical standards and a deep understanding of the diverse health care needs of individuals, groups, and communities with an aim of promoting the quality of life of the entire Georgian community”. This mission statement is comprehensive because it gives the name and type of
Netflix has a long-term strategy of providing its subscribers with a wide range of DVD titles. Acquiring new content is an important process for the company as its customers are always expecting for it. This requirement compels to developing relationships with video producing companies. The company provides its subscribers with a list of TV shows that might interest them. Also it has developed a website and application which allows toscroll through the DVD list. The company has traditionally used the strategy of fast mail DVDs delivery, and it has also expanded the availability of its content through streaming. Netflix highly values marketing, and it is a part of the strategy used to harness a larger market share regionally and internationally. The company has spent millions of dollars on Netflix brand marketing plan in purpose to create awareness among new potential subscribers across the world. The company has also focused on promoting the content streaming type because it aims at eliminating the email delivery service. Top priority issues The top priority should be attaining of consistency in Netflix’s delivery service strategy. In 2011-2012 fiscal year, the CEO of the Netflix demonstrated some incompetence in making strategic decisions, and the main issue appeared to be sudden fundamental changes made by the company. Subscribers prefer services that are stable and consistent. Netflix also needs to prioritize satisfying customer’s needs in the United States. The company has lost many subscribers owing to poor decision-making, but it can entice them back. Instead of focusing too much energy on the international market, the company should look into harnessing a larger market share locally. One more priority, Netflix should also pay attention to is an enhancing its competitive power. A critical view of the company’s case reveals that stiff competition is among the issues that have led to its downfall in the American market. The management needs to prioritize this three issues. Recommended strategy Netflix has the potential to rise back to its leadership position in the entertainment industry. The downfall of the company started when the CEO developed a novel strategy for streaming content and mail delivery prices increasing. The company should look into developing a business strategy that attains consistency for the subscribers. Sudden changes and increments in the prices of subscription services should be avoided by all means. The company should also focus on providing its products under one website and brand. Netflix is a popular brand that can make good sales if the price is kept at a competitive level. It has lost its glory at the local market because of lack of consistency, but it can regain popularity if it follows the people’s will. The company should take course into identifying the needs of the American people to develop dominance in the market. Shifting in the international m
Introduction The American west was dominated by a vast number of groups at the end of the 19 th century. These included the plains Indians, the Chinese immigrants, homesteaders, railway constructors, miners etc. These groups interacted differently and in distinct regions of the west. Research provides evidence that the federal policies by the Western government impacted profoundly on each of the groups in the west at this period. Moreover, each of the above groups was influenced by rules, acts as well as policies laid down by their interaction colleagues. The federal Indian policy stated under the Dawes Act greatly influenced the Plains Indians setting and activities as well as the homesteaders [1] . The discussion in this paper provides an overview of a comparison of the experiences of the plains Indians and the homesteaders in the west America at the end of the19 th century. Moreover, it will provide an insight of how the Dawes act influenced the lives of both groups. A comparison of the experiences of the two groups The changes and activities in the American west impacted differently on distinct groups that inhabited the west at the end of the 19 th century. This ended up causing great variations in the experiences of the different groups. These experiences are highly attributed to the European conquests of states as well as rampant imperialism that had dominated the west in the 19 th century [2] . Similarities Both groups were faced with similar challenges, bearing in mind the conquest and land occupation by European colonizers. The pushing of other races to reserved areas greatly affected the two groups, since for the homesteaders, it was not easy fro them to acquire the land they needed. The process had to take six months for official reclamation that the land belonged to an individual. More over, it was not easy for the Indians to leave their original land for the settlers [3] . Contrasts For the Indians, the period between 1870 and 1900 saw them face many challenges in the west. Their life was marked by oppression in all places, for instance school life. The students had an urge to wait anxiously on their yearly celebration day due to the massive oppression they were subjected to. Their items were plundered and stolen at school and had no peace at all [4] . On the other hand, homesteaders/ ranchers were enjoying the benefits of the education systems that had been enacted through the federal policies. Secondly, they had been desolately isolated and were living on tiny reservations that had been isolated from the Native Americans. The error was marked by displacements of the native people that had originally occupied the lands, the Indians not being exempted from the scenario. The homesteaders n the other hand were enjoying as they acquired massive pieces of land that had been taken away from the Indians by the conquerors. The homesteaders had a right to own pieces of land up to six acres with a very little
Preface: Management summary memo The purpose of this memo is to show the effect of a shift that an Australian automobile company is planning to make; from dealing with ordinary cars to dealing with hybrid brands. One of the best way of improving corporate image is by ensuring that the company fully satisfies the needs of consumers. These needs would include the utility derived from such a product, the safety assurance of the brand and the overall best performance in the lifetime assessment as for the environmental effects. There is a global concern over the carbon dioxide emission in the Automobile industry and the consumers are now given a chance to adopt a lifestyle which is caring to the environment. Hybrid brand have promised to take over the traditional cars because they not only safe on fuel but are very friendly to the environment. This shift can not only be economical but beneficial to the mankind and their future generations which are expecting us to pass on the best of the environment we can afford. Today most government agencies are willing to subsidize the taxes for those companies dealing with hybrid vehicles because they have realized the cost saving of such brands in their overall GNP and GDP. As the demand of the green hybrid cars goes up, there is a need to make the best possible decisions at the policy level in order to ensure that what the company offers is truly what the consumer expects. In line with this need the company is shifting its interest and with a bid to boost its corporate image, plans to deal with hybrid brands in its fleet. I Propose therefore that the automobile company be very much concerned with this fact and arrange to evaluate all the brands and offer the best and safest promises to consumers. I also propose that the manufacturers of such brands to be evaluated so that they provide the company with all relevant information concerning their hybrid brand. Introduction Corporate image is the picture that investors and customers have in mind concerning the corporation in question. Corporate image is the duty of marketing experts and is usually done through public relations (Weygandt et al., 2007). In the corporate world, maintaining a good company image is important because without it, corporate run companies would not get anywhere. When a company is strewn with bad image, there is a likelihood of the company undergoing receivership or even a complete closure because of the damaging effects that such bad image brings (Weygandt et al., 2007). Many corporate companies ensure that they create good image in the public in a way that influences them to adopt the brand thus facilitating sales performance. An Australian multinational automobile company is planning to improve its corporate image by shifting its corporate fleet into hybrid vehicles such as Pr
Abstract Impaired working memory is one of the factors associated with symptoms of ADHD. Recent studies have aimed at testing whether repeated training of the working memory (WM) and its improvement can ameliorate the symptoms of ADHD. Whereas many studies have indicated the possibility of the beneficial effects of WM training on people with ADHD, critics have dismissed them on the basis of flawed research design and interpretation. Given the lack of consensus on this issue, cognitive approaches such as WM training are unlikely to replace traditional interventions for ADHD such as medical stimulants any time soon. Working Memory in Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) ADHD is common in school-age children and has been associated with negative development in social, emotional, academics as well as anti-social behaviors in adult life (Johnstone, Roodenrys, Phillips, Watt, & Mantz, 2010). Recent data indicate that ADHD prevalence rate has increased from the long held figure of 3 to 5% of school-age children but remains at 4 to 5% in adults (Antshel, Hargrave, Simonescu, Kaul, Hendricks, & Faraone, 2011). Three subtypes of ADHD are recognized namely: hyperactive/impulsive subtype, inattentive subtype and the combined subtype (Toplak, Connors, Shuster, Knezevic, & Parks, 2008). Risk factors associated with variations in prevalence include age, male gender, chronic health problems , low socio-economic status as well as urban living (Antshel et al., 2011). This paper is an attempt to examine new congnitve approaches relating to working memory that empirical studies have proposed as potential intervention strategy for ADHD. The view supported here is that even with improved working memory deficit ,cognitive approaches that result in such improvement are unlikely become stand-alone interventions but may serve to supplement traditional measures such as pharmacological interventions. Working Memory in ADHD The most widely accepted models explaining the cause of ADHD are those that attribute it to deficits in overall executive functions or various aspects related to these functions such as impaired working memory (Bidwell, McClernon, & Kollins, 2011). This view is supported by high number of studies over the last two decades that have emphasised on impairement of executive functions such as inhibitory control and working memory (Toplak et al., 2008). By definition, working memory is the short-lived ability of the brain to retain information necessary to guide present and future behaviors (Mezzacappa & Bukner, 2010). It is believed to be made up of three components : a visuo-spatial part for storing visual information, a speech component that handles verbal content and an executive section that directs attention and control of processes (Klingberg, 2007). Later, an additional component, an episodic zone was included. This new inclusion is thought to be a complex system that recor