ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The purpose to reduce the stigma of addition can be found in the stereotype of the addicted people who are different than normal people and can be dangerous. As this problem grows fast and many people face with it, it is necessary to use the various approaches in order to reduce the stigma of addiction. Public stigma can be changed by using of such methods as protest, education and contact. The approach of protest indicates the injustice of stigma and emphasizes an importance to stop thinking that addicted people do not need an attention and a special treatment. Educational and contact approaches help to indicate the problem and to develop the solutions. One of the approaches used by the counselors is the therapeutic-community approach with cognitive-behavioral relapse-prevention models (Myers and Salt, p. 13-14). Besides, all approaches consist of the collaborative planning which is assessment-based and convinces the clients to make the treatment more intensive. Moreover, the counselors use the harm-reduction approaches (Myers and Salt, p. 5) which include the methadone maintenance and such sharp and arguable method as the legalization of marijuana for medical purposes. Although many people suppose that the individuals who have not personally experienced addiction cannot be the affective counselors, I think that such attitude is wrong. No matter if the counselor had experienced addiction or not, he/she can be absolutely acquainted with specific and all peculiarities of the disease due to the experience of his/her relatives, friends or just from a long practice and professional knowledge and skills. It is natural for some people to demonstrate the special characteristics needed for the absolute understanding of the clients. Thereby, I disagree with a statement that those people who have not personally experienced addiction cannot achieve the good results as the professional counselors. Reference List Myers, P. L., & Salt, N. R. (2007). Becoming an addictions counselor (2nd ed.). US: Jones and Bartlett Publishers, Inc.
Introduction: Starbucks Advertising Campaign overview   * To attract the customer’ interest, the company focuses on psychological aspect to propagate the environmental issues;   * The products is design for customers who are aware of the global situation and who experience concern with urgent problems in the world;   * The company’s greater concern with the social and cultural problems, therefore, can be regarded as beneficial advertising techniques that influences consumer behavior.   * Specific attention should be paid to Maslow’s hierarchy needs. Overview of Maslow’s hierarchy   * Self-Actualization.   * Self-Esteem.   * Love and Belonging.   * Safety Needs.   * Physiological needs. Applying Maslow’s theory in Advertising   * Maslow’s hierarchy can be viewed from two-dimensional perspectives – physical and spiritual needs (Mohan 1);   * Starbucks applies to both facets to increase consumer demand through offering high quality products and providing it with greater symbolic meaning through fundraising technique;   * Hierarchy of needs should stand at the core of product promotion (Paxson 15);   * Red campaign invites people to serve greater purposes through satisfying all levels of needs represented in hierarchy (Malefyt and Moeran 27);   * Although coffee belong to the category of products satisfying physiological needs, the company manages to endow it with symbolic associations. More importantly, it provides an new approach to alternative communication with consumers (Capon and Hulbert 96). The art of Persuasion in Advertising   * Three main devices of persuasion – logos, pathos, and ethos – create a strong foundation for creating advertising;   * Starbuck applies mainly to pathos and logos to deliver their main message in the campaign;   * Using a hierarchy of needs creates a new mode of competition and focuses on a set of purposes and requirements of a consumer;   * Integration of individual-centered approach increases product value. Works Cited Capon, Noel and James M. Hulbert. Managing Marketing in the 21 st Century: Developing and Implementing the Market Strategy . Wessex Publishing, 2007. Print. Malefyt, Timothy deWaal and Brian Moeran. Advertising Cultures. US: Berg, 2003. Print. Mohan, Manendra. Advertising Management: Concept and Cases. US: McGraw-Hill Education, 1989. Print. Paxson, Peyton. Media Literacy: Thinking Critically about Advertising. US: Walch Publishing, 2002. Print.
Introduction & Background As they were trying to ensure the proper functioning of their newly built astronomic radio-antenna in the year 1965, two American astrophysicists, Arno Allan Penzias, and Robert Woodrow Wilson discovered what is now referred to as “relic radiation,” “white noise,” or “cosmic microwave background radiation” (CMBR). Despite the essentially accidental nature of this discovery on their part, both individuals were awarded the Nobel Prize in 1978. The reason for their winning the prize is readily apparent. What Penzias and Wilson did was to confirm once and for all the validity of the Big Bang theory of how the universe had come into being, thus helping humanity to deepen its understanding of the cosmos and its systematic nature. This paper aims to explore the validity of the discovery and its implications at length. What is CMBR? To answer this question, one must mentally project back to a time when the universe was only around 400,000 years old. According to the Big Bang theory, back then the universe consisted of an extremely hot plasma made of electrons, baryons, and the continually reemitted photons. The latter were continually interacting with the rest of the plasma particles, which in turn triggered the so-called “Thomson scattering”—the entropic dispersal of electromagnetic radiation [Belyi, (2018)]. At the time, radiation was energetically in balance with the universe’s physical matter. Its spectrum was that of what physicists refer to as a “black body” [Robitaille & Crothers, (2015)]. Nevertheless, as the universe continued to expand, the ensuing “redshift” effect was causing the plasma to cool down exponentially with time. Consequently, this made it possible for the slowed electrons to combine with protons (the nuclei of hydrogen) and alpha particles (the nuclei of helium), thus allowing the formation of atoms. The process had gotten underway when the universe’s temperature was around 3000 K [Blackwell, (2011)]. Because this resulted in expanding space between the elementary particles mentioned above, photons effectively ceased interacting with the universe’s early matter while being absorbed by it—a development that can be described in terms of the “let there be light” creationist concept. This makes possible the formulation of the most basic definition of what the notion of CMBR stands for: It is, in essence, the most ancient photons that were emitted at the time when the universe became “transparent” and that continue to fly through the cosmos as we speak. As Howard (2011) noted, “We call the electromagnetic radiation that still lingers from the very early universe the cosmic microwave background radiation— cosmic for its origin, microwave because it shows up in the microwave section (1.9 mm) of the electromagnetic spectrum, and background because it fills all of space” [p25]. Therefore, it would indeed be impossible to overestimate the importance of the 1965 discovery of CMBR, especially g
Introduction Eastern Flight 401 took off from John F. Kennedy airport in New York on 29 th December 1972 headed to Miami at 1920 hours. Up to 1132 hours, the trip was routine until it started approaching Miami International Airport. Stockstill, First Officer, observed that a green illumination that indicates that the nose apparatus is correctly locked in place, failed to light up. A damaged bulb had led to this phenomenon. When the light assembly was removed, the plane suddenly started descending gradually and soon lost half of the necessary altitude. This was noticed too late; the plane flew into the ground taking away the lives of 101 passengers (Krause, 2003). Apart from technical faults, poor communication between the crew members, the captain’s failure to delegate his authority, and lack of crew training are to blame in the plane crash. Concentration on the Minor Warning Indication First of all, the greatest mistake of the crew was concentrating on the minor warning indication. When the pilot noticed that the landing gear indicator did not illuminate, every single member of the crew got involved with this problem. Thus, the fixation on a nose landing apparatus position signifying system fault diverted the crew’s concentration on the apparatus and permitted the decline to be unnoticed (American Scientific Affiliation, 2007). This points at the improper work of the crew. Communication in the Cockpit Moreover, much testifies to the fact that the crewmembers failed to adequately communicate in the cockpit. For instance, when the C-chord alarm sounded in the cockpit, none of the crew members commented on it and nothing has been done to counter the loss of altitude (Smith, 200
Abstract The paper is for the opinion that the disposal of medical wastes on the environment has negative effects to the general public. Therefore the manner in which this waste is disposed on the environment should stop unless analysis is conducted to prove otherwise. Until then, the concerned parties should do more analyses so as to determine more effects which are accompanied by this move of disposing medical waste on the environment. The disposal of waste on the environment has contributed to numerous effects to both human and animals. In humans major diseases are caused whereas the animals contribute to the spread of undesirable effects in the food chain cycle. Worse still, the soil that is used for plant growth is also affected by this waste and this could lead to low harvest due to poor soil structure. In essence, proper measures should be adopted as the only solution to this problem. The measures should hence be initiated by the hospitals officials who are at the forefront. Introduction Medical wastes occupy a larger percentage whenever pollution on the environment is mentioned. This is a common occurrence since the number of hospitals in most countries continues to rise as the number of population increases. Therefore these hospitals play a vital role as far as human health is concerned since they are dedicated to safeguard that. Even with such motives, some if not all of the hospitals continue to pose a greater risk to the humans whom they claim to care for if they go around disposing their waste in uncontrolled manner. African countries for example Tanzania, has been on the limelight for lack of proper mechanism of disposing this waste. For the developed countries, this is a minor issue since measures are always in place for handling this problem. However the comfort is not enjoyed in the developing countries because they lack the strict measures deployment. If strict measures on the disposal of this waste are deployed, developing countries will no doubt have a brighter future as far as medical wastes on the environment are concerned. According to Mato (2), direct exposure of medical waste brings about reproductive system damage, carcinogenic effects, respiratory damage and other effects which could go unnoticed to the affected persons. Damages of this nature can be quite expensive when treatment is undertaken. For some countries the process is not even affordable meaning that they will have to depend on well wishers and this could take time risking the lives of the affected even more. Such consequences can be handled by a few while for some it could be “the never ending nightmare”. Human resources can be at a greater risk if the ground water gets contaminated. Contamination normally begins at a slow pace and within no time, the existing or adjacent aquifers also get affected. The aquifer source will continue to serve the residence of that area without knowing the risks at hand. This can even go on for years without the contamination being d
Article Report The purpose of this report is to examine the Wall Street Journal’s article “StubHub Acquisition Puts Co-Founder Back in Charge” and assess the business strategy of StubHub. According to the article, Eric Baker was a pioneer in creating an efficient way to buy tickets online (Steele, 2019). In 2000, he co-founded an American-based ticket retailer company StubHub, and in 2006 he launched Viagogo in Europe after quitting StubHubs’s management. In 2007, the American company was sold to eBay, and in more than a decade, it is being sold back to Viagogo. Both companies’ co-founders long planned on this deal and managed to buy his brainchild back with far-reaching intentions in mind. StubHub managed to leave the parent-subsidiary relationship with eBay to create an equity alliance with Viagogo. The friendly acquisition will contribute to both companies’ value creation strategy (Loukianova et al., 2017). American and European-based companies are going to combine to be able to sell globally, which makes an economically promising strategic alliance, on condition that Viagogo takes measures to make their business more transparent. European ticket seller specializes in the distribution of tickets for sports matches, while StubHub offers tickets for a broader range of events, including concerts, theater, and comedy. The consolidation is going to provide a better differentiation advantage in the long perspective (Cohen & Lee, 2019). Therefore, acquisition and product-market diversification are the corporate strategies chosen by StubHub management. StubHub is a company that competes rather a on differentiation than on costs. Accordingly, several steps need to be taken to conduct the value chain analysis. It is necessary to identify StubHub’s value-creating activities that contribute the most to their customers’ value. As it was a pioneer in reselling tickets, its main strength is in the extensive database that allows for achieving an economy of scale in the industry of ticket selling for live events. The significant value for the customer is that StubHub is a platform where a customer can purchase a ticket for an event that has already been sold out. The company ensures that the ticket is legitimate; otherwise, it refunds the buyer. Another value provided to customers in handling the payment transaction, ensuring that it does not break down. As for vertical integration and its two types, it should be considered through the prism of upcoming consolidation. Eric Baker set the goal to distribute globally: “We want fans to be able to get to any event, anywhere, anytime” (Steele, 2019). The orientation towards sales and satisfaction of customers’ needs indicates the forward vertical integration rather than the backward integration that implies focusing on design and manufacturing stages. The forward vertical integration is supposed to improve the quality of service, facilitate planning procedures, and investments in specialized assets of the consolidated company (King & Walker, 2014). However, the new consolidated company, which is to become a powerful force in the booming industry of ticket selling, might perform a backward int
Introduction One of the elements of people’s daily life and the integral part of being a member of society, communication might seem a thing in itself which is so obvious hat it does not need any considerations; however, to one’s great surprise, communication theory is one of the strongholds of the society, the element that needs and has to be researched in order to improve the existing state of affairs in the field of socializing, both concerning the private and the business life. According to the existing definition provided by Holmes (2005), communication theory presupposes delivering a message to the recipient, which “describes a set of words or images expressed somewhere, somehow – words in a newspaper ad, lyrics of a song, or pictures in a comic strip” (p. 17). One of the most essential fields where the theory of communication can be applied, the sphere of family problem-solving is quite essential. Including a number of complicated issues that need to be tackled, the given issue offers a plethora of intriguing topics to dwell upon and a number of problems to consider. General Overview: Concerning the Crisis Management Approach Among the most essential issues concerning the use of communicational theory in the sphere of family therapy, it is necessary to consider the issue of crisis management. Since it is obvious that in most cases, the environment in which the family therapy is applied presuppose certain complexities concerning the sphere of the family members’ relationships, it is obvious that the crisis in the relations between the family members is to be eliminated or prevented from taking place, which the crisis management approach will contribute to sufficiently. According to what Hurvitz & Straus (1991) say, crisis management helps to incur the changes, persuading the couple that these changes are inevitable and must have the most beneficial effect on the family. Hence, the main feature of the crisis management is the fact that the couple realizes the necessity to change and starts fighting actively against the given crisis. According to Hurvitz & Straus (1991), The opening phase of therapy gives way to the change-inducing phase. In this phase, the sociocognitive therapist takes the spouses and family members back along the path which led them from personal limitations to interpersonal predicament to conflict to crisis. (p. 108) Hence, the necessity to introduce the crisis management in the case of family therapy is obvious. With the help of the efficient intervention, the family members will succeed in their communication. Moreover, the further communication will be more efficient, since the spouse
The French have two commandments that set them apart from other people. First of all, they believe that too much work is unhealthy, and second of all, they regard food as an important aspect of life. They believe that they work to live unlike other people who believe that they live to work. They take long weekends and have many holidays that keep them out of offices. Many fulltime employees get more than 37 holiday days every year. They work for 35 hours a week, being a reduction from 39 hours since the year 2000. The government has requested employers to increase their working hours. What is more, state workers spend a lot of time doing things that are not connected with the work itself because government agencies and corporations do not have strict work regulations and policies. In addition, they argue that they do not work a lot because they earn peanuts for their great efforts at work. Despite few working hours, the French achieve their goals because families usually work on various projects simultaneously. The French do not set many targets at work because they are certain of their failure. Their meetings do not give results because of poor communication between members of the group or a team. On the other hand, they go on strikes to get conditions or privileges they want at their work. Dialogues are rarely sued to solve problems. The French have another commandment that makes food an important aspect of their culture. They have preserved many stone-age culinary recipes. However, their recipes receive numerous criticisms for lack of hygiene. French people believe that bacteria should be allowed to breed and multiply, thus exposing food to microorganisms. They do not practice hygiene when preparing, transporting, or preserving food in restaurants. Even though they treasure food, they ignore the importance of maintaining hygiene. For example, they do not clean utensils properly after and before their use. The French love to eat raw food especially fruits. Their culinary preferences are unique because while other countries have celebrity chefs, France has celebrity food. The French also love junk food, however, research has shown that they are less fat than people from other countries are. They accuse Britons of consuming overcooked and boiled food, which they accompany with beer after meals. Despite criticism, they love several British meals such as cakes and biscuits. Britons spend a lot of money on staff and the décor of their restaurants and little money on food. On the other hand, the French hate American food because they consider it to be junk. The French love a
“Boule de Suif” is a short story by Guy Maupassant. Translated, “Boule de Suif” means ‘Ball of Fat’ and it is used in reference to the title characters’ physical characteristics. This short story is often considered to be one of Maupassant’s best works. The short story was published as part of Maupassant’s “Les Soirées de Medan” short story collection. “Boule de Suif” was published in 1880, the period after the French were defeated in the Franco-Prussian War. “Boule de Suif” is a story about the different classes of the French people at the time and Society’s hypocrisy. The story is about Elizabeth Rousette, a prostitute who has the nick name of Boule De Suif. According to the narrator, Rousette is “Short and round, fat as a pig, with puffy fingers constricted at the joints, looking like rows of short sausages… much sought after, owing to her fresh and pleasing appearance” (Maupassant 10). The story is about ten city residents who are fleeing from Le Havre. The group is made up of people from different classes including shop owners, factory owners, and nuns. The respected citizens of the city are not comfortable with the idea of travelling together with Boule de Suif the ‘lowly prostitute’. However, when the other travelers learn that Boule has packed food, they all warm up to her. The coach is then stopped in a German-occupied village where the top soldier refuses to let it go unless he receives sexual favors from Boule. Boule strongly refuses this arrangement but she finally agrees just to set her fellow travelers free. However, the rest of the travelers repay her by isolating her and refusing to share their food with her. Consequently, Boule de Suif is outraged by the hypocrisy of the citizens and she is overcome by emotions. Maupassant’s story features insightful character descriptions and a well laid out dialogue. In addition, the author exhibits great skill when describing scenes in his story. The most dominant themes in this story are hypocrisy, class conflict, appearances, and reality. The story’s title character finds herself at the receiving end of hypocrisy and class-based judgment. The other passengers feel that Boule’s status does not warrant her the privilege of traveling with their kind. However, when they are in need of food and Boule is the only one who has some, their feelings towards her change. The narrator of this story remarks that Boule de Suif “felt at once indignant with her neighbors, and humiliated at having yielded to the Prussian into whose arms they had so hypocritically cast her” (Maupassant 40). This happened after Boule had returned to the couch after giving in to the German Commander’s demands. This line marks the point at which the story turns around. Both Boule and the readers were expecting a different reaction from the rest of the travelers given that Boule had just granted them their wish. However, the author chooses to use this scene to highlight the collective hypocrisy of the society. All the other travelers represent different classes in the society and none of them expresses a different opinion. Acco