ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction The global humanitarian aid system involves various non-governmental organisations (NGOs) that strive to help devastated areas and underserved populations. When a disaster occurs, these organisations initiate missions, bringing food and shelter to local people based on the funding from governments, corporations and other stakeholders. However, the humanitarian sector has long been surrounded by silence regarding the misconduct of its employees (Green 2015). No tolerance can be shown to organisations that admit inappropriate behaviours of their workers. The eradication and prevention of misconduct is a global problem and an absolute duty of NGOs and international NGOs (INGOs). In this connection, it is of paramount importance to study the case of Oxfam Great Britain (GB) crisis in order to identify the key premises of the incident and elaborate on the ways to eliminate such situations in the future. Oxfam, a British NGO, aims to address the problems of poverty and injustice around the globe. Only in the United Kingdom (UK), 6,000 people work for Oxfam, while this is one of the major non-profit conglomerates with offices in more than 90 countries. Recently, Oxfam GB was banned on working in Haiti due to the incident that occurred between its workers and the local population. The reason for this was the scandal that broke out in February, 2018, when it became clear that a number of employees of the organisation, including the leader of the local mission, attended sex parties involving prostitutes. It turned out that women were often forced to serve the employees of the organisation by threats. The questions are how this situation occurred, what the underlying issues were, and how to prevent such incidents in the future operation of NGOs. The following research questions will be targeted:   * RQ1. What are the underlying premises and reasons for Oxfam crisis that led to inappropriate behaviours of its aid workers in Haiti, which should be addressed?   * RQ2. What is the role of public opinion in NGOs’ leadership improvement?   * RQ3. How can government impact policies and procedures of NGOs to resolve the case of Oxfam crisis and prevent further incidents? The main hypothesis is formulated as follows: A lack of transparency, reporting, credibility and ethics in INGOs creates threat of misconduct among their employees, which can be eliminated via changing procedures and policies in the UK. The methodology of the dissertation is based on the case study as a key way to collect, analyse and interpret relevant data. This research method is selected due to the need to explore the social behaviours of Oxfam employees and NGOs at a broader scale in order to interpret them in an in-depth manner. The analysis of data within its context as well as the opportunity to better comprehend the complexities associated with transparency and credibility of NGOs are the two advantages of the case study method, which are pertinent to this dissertation (Baškarada 2014). The literature review is used as a method to collect evidence from academic sources and official documents and data analysis was
Cardona-Hernandez, R., Schwandt, A., Alkandari, H., Bratke, H., Chobot, A., Coles, N., Corathers, S., Goksen, D., Goss, P., Imane, Z., Nagl, K., O’Riordan, S.M.P., & Jefferies, C. (2021). Glycemic outcome associated with insulin pump and glucose sensor use in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes. Data from the international pediatric registry SWEET. Diabetes Care , 44 (5), 1176-1184. Web. The advantage of this research was that it was a large international retrospective cohort study that retrieved data from the diabetes SWEET registry. The sample size was 25,654 participants diagnosed with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) more than one year ago and used technology to control their blood glucose (Cardona-Hernandez et al., 2021). Furthermore, the settings mainly were home-based in which the participants reported to the registry; hence, the results can be applied in a broader sense. However, the limitation of this study was the absence of time-in-range data (Cardona-Hernandez et al., 2021). Unfortunately, there were not enough people with this information to include this data into statistical analysis in the latter. The environment was controlled with the comparison group, but the authors missed randomization and blinding. Since this was an international study, the main barrier was the difference in GDP, which is a potential confounding factor. The researchers addressed this issue by implementing linear regression analysis to reveal the actual association between the parameters. Finally, the findings of this study could be implemented to reduce high HbA1c levels and DKA rates among children with T1DM by introducing wearable technology. McGill, D. E., Volkening, L. K., Butler, D. A., Wasserman, R. M., Anderson, B. J., & Laffel, L. M. (2019). Text‐message responsiveness to blood glucose monitoring reminders is associated with HbA1c benefit in tee
During this period of grant administration, several challenges were encountered. For instance, Oakes Ames and Massachusetts who were known to be the representatives and top most stockholders in the union had an idea of forming a credit mobilier. This was a company which was initiated with main aims of completing the 600 miles of railway which was remaining. During the process of conducting the work which was planned, both the stockholders and the national government were taken advantage of millions of dollars. Some plans of carrying out the investigations were initiated but Ames bribed the most influential people in the plan. Later in the year 1872, the deception action was exposed that Colfax who was the vice chairperson was the one who received some form of bribe. During the elections of 1868, Grant had a major challenge of lacking strong political assurance and people considered him as a person who loved money and luxury. Grant faced a great challenge from people as they regarded him as a drunkard and Negro-lover. During Grant administration, United States had a public debt. This debt was incurred as a result of pension payment and in the process of insurrection. Another major scandal was the
Introduction The history of our world is written by leaders who contributed to the evolution of our society greatly. The question of leadership has been an ongoing issue for generations of people who tried to investigate its nature and determine its impact on individuals, groups, and communities. The first leaders appeared at the dawn of our civilization and conditioned the further formation of the institution. The investigation of the ancient history evidences the overwhelming role this institution played in ancient times and the impact it had on the further evolution of our society. The attitude towards leadership has changed significantly over time. The alteration of the traditional image of a leader was impacted by the number of factors that appeared in various epochs. Besides, at the modern stage of its evolution, leadership, and a leader still play a crucial role in the functioning of all essential aspects of social life. Accepting the fact that the modern approach to leadership is different from the ancient
Introduction Project financing is vital in ensuring the success of a firm. Du Pont and PDVSA are in the process of financing a new project which will result in the establishment of a new entity referred to as Petrozuata. There are various sources available for the firms to use in funding the project. These include loans from private organizations and banks. Alternatively, the firms can finance the project externally by issuing corporate bonds through the capital market. Conoco and Maraven have agreed to sponsor the intended project until it is complete. In addition, these firms will also finance other unexpected costs which may occur before the completion of the project. The parent companies DuPont and PDVSA have got different credit ratings. DuPont is rated AAA while PDVSA is not rated. For rating agencies to effectively rate a company, a qualitative evaluation of the firm is conducted (Moody’s Investor Service, 2009, p.10). Some of the issues considered include the firm’s competitiveness and market share amongst other quantitative factors (Kronwald, 2010, p. 3). Credit rating serves in providing information that is not publicly available to the investors (Kronwald, 2010, p. 3). A firm’s credit rating is important in the process of making decisions related to capital structure. DuPont rating (AAA) indicates that the firm’s creditworthiness is high. This means that it is easy for the firm to pay off its debts without any challenges. In addition, it depicts that the firm is a potential investment destination since the default risk is low (Kronwald, p. 3). Several risks would limit Petrozuata from obtaining investment grades. In assessing the probability of Petrozuata investment being graded, the rating agencies would assess several issues which include its financial projections, construction risks, business risks, and technical reserves. These risks can be classified as pre-completion risks, post-completion risks, sovereign risks, and financial risks. Resource Risk At its inception, Petrozuata entered into a purchase agreement with Conoco in which Conoco would buy the first batch of syncrude. Despite there being a guarantee from DuPont, Conoco was not obligated to purchase the firm’s syncrude during its scheduled refinery downtime. In addition, there is no guarantee that the firm will be successful in its oil exploration. Despite this, the firm will be required to pay off its debt obligation even in the event of a reduction in oil price. This means that there is a high degree of uncertainty about the investment which would make investors reluctant to purchase the project bond. Sovereign risk Sovereign risk depicts the probability with which a country can default payment of internationally borrowed funds (Peter, Grandes, 2005, p. 4). Venezuela is characterized by a high degree of political instability. For example, the Venezuelan government can influence the outcome of the project making it difficult for rating agencies to grade the project. For ex
The RTI model presupposes the use of a differentiated approach aimed at helping students to acquire the necessary skills and knowledge. This methodology is referred to as tiered instruction and intervention and implies the use of three-level interventions (Shapiro, n.d.). Tier 1 interaction applies to all the students in the class; Tier 2 interventions are aimed at addressing particular issues of a smaller group of student (up to 8), and Tier 3 intervention is used in small groups of 3 to five students who have quite specific problems (Sanchez & O’Connor, 2015). Jasmine has problems with reading and math that require all three types of interventions. The reading interventions for Jasmine will be as follows. The tier 1 intervention to train reading comprehension involves reading a passage, finding, and underlying meaningful words that can facilitate text comprehension and help with retelling the stories. First, the teacher asks students to underline meaningful words. Then, students’ ideas are discussed, and the teacher writes down the meaningful words on the board. The tier 2 intervention will include reading passages and watching a video where corresponding pictures and meaningful words are revealed. Wanzek, Wexler, Vaughn & Ciullo (2010) claim that the intervention facilitated by the use of video is more effective since children having difficulties with comprehension develop certain patterns they can use in the future. Images help them comprehend texts easier. Tier 3 intervention will include the use of flashcards containing words important for text comprehension as well as corresponding pictures. The teacher asks the student to match the words in the text and the flashcards. The teacher may also help the student arrange the flashcards in the correct order. Jasmine also has significant problems with dividing without a calculator. Tier 1 intervention can be a Bingo game. Students write down several division problems on flashcards. The teacher solves the problems and dictates the answers to students who create their Bingo cards. They are allowed to put the numbers in any grid. The teacher then shows the problems and the first student to say the correct number can cross the number in the Bingo card. Tier 2 intervention will include asking students to count in rows consisting of three or five (or any number of) dots. Thus, the student will count in fives or threes, and so on. The students write down the number on the right of each row. Each column has the title (the number of dots), and
The case study discusses the story of a massive data theft that occurred in 2013. American retailer Target was the victim, with over forty million customers being affected. The investigation argues that a Russian team of cyber criminals hacked the company’s database, exposing the information of consumer transactions to the black market. I was particularly surprised by the number of alerts Target had received prior to the data breach, as well as the fact that the perpetrators used a well-known strategy for executing the data breach. Despite the solid cybersecurity, Target’s experts ignored the warning signs of a data breach since the company had been considered to have the best protection from cyber threats in the industry. The criminals managed to get access to the corporate network by tricking a Target’s employee into disclosing the firm’s user code and password. The breach could have been avoided had Target’s cyber experts taken the system alerts for serious. On the one hand, the data breach struck a substantial blow to Target’s reputation. Following the incident, the company experienced the exodus of customers and the significant drop in revenue. Moreover, the company faced over a hundred lawsuits, which are still unresolved. On the other hand, data theft underscored the vulnerabilities of modern cyber protection. Furthermore, the crime led to the discussion of cybersecurity in the US Senate, suggesting a forming law framework managing data privacy. Although Target’s customers retained their loyalty to the company, corporations should invest in information protection. Firstly, an entity that cannot ensure the privacy of its transactions is under the risk of new cyber attacks. Secondly, the lack of effective cyber security discourages banks and card issuers from working with retailers. Thirdly, a company can lose clients if it becomes known as an organization, neglecting the privacy of its consumers.
The numerous ways of gaining knowledge as it pertains to human behavior and the social environment. Scope of analysis Different sources studied to acquire this information. The objective of this research was to find out the sources of knowledge and their basis and some of the way they affect human conduct and their social setting. Methodology The research consisted of information from primary and secondary data. Observation and informal interviews are the sources of primary data in the research from various people. Books form the basis of the secondary data was. Introduction Human beings throughout their entire lives learn from different things and in different ways. It ranges from learning from customs and values from elders, witnessing or experiencing things, knowledge from researches conducted by different people and knowledge which is scientific. Firstly there is traditional knowledge. This is knowledge passed from generation to generation especially through word of mouth. The knowledge is informal in nature which is change averse. Traditional knowledge encompasses of values, norms and behaviors that are repetitive. This knowledge often becomes crucial when passing morals and values. Secondly there is experimental knowledge. Here, people acquire knowledge through, life experiences and direct contacts of occurrences. One achieves this knowledge through experience, and they then form perceptions about something. There are many disadvantages associated with the perception formed during experience. An example of these disadvantages is the perception based on tradition which results to positive or negative judgments. Perception can also be based on deduction of a part of the experience of part of the experience instead of the whole experience. Another disadvantage is the perception can be influenced by one‘s personal interest and goals. Lastly perception can link two events as one just because they are similar in some way which might not be necessarily true. Thirdly common sense is another way of gaining knowledge. It includes knowledge from both tradition and experience. Common sense is informal. There is no defined measure of one’s level of common sense although it is priceless and clear cut. Fourthly knowledge can be gained through journalism. Journalism relies on research conducted by journalists all over the world. The information acquired s rallied to people through mass media. It is through journalism where people learn about the world’s happenings regardless of the physical location. However, journalism as a source of knowledge is inaccurate because it involves journalist’s assumptions, which could be bias. Lastly science is also a source of knowledge. Science kno
The lighting inside a room makes a great difference. Lighting generally influences relations with elements inside the room and can transform the appearance and feel of the space alongside an individual’s idea and perception about it. It is therefore vital to assess the current lighting setting and improve upon them if necessary. The purpose of this essay is to focus on a living room, evaluate its roles, analyze the current lighting and propose a different method of improving space utilization. The living room selected for this review is rectangular. It has a transparent wall made of glass and a door on the east side facing the balcony. The living area consists of a two-seat sofa on the east section, a distance of one meter separates the balcony and the sofa. On the north, there is a three-seat sofa. In addition, on the south side, one can locate the television screen and the table adjacent to a tall cabinet for books situated on the southeastern section of the room. Lastly, the room also consists of a large coffee table in the middle and additional coffee table situated in the northeastern corner. With regard to the room’s texture and colors, white paint has been used on both the walls and ceiling. Brown glossy leather was chosen for the sofas and the coffee table at the center. The cupboard and tables made from wood were dark brown in color (see figures 1 and 2). The living room has multiple purposes. It is used as a conversation area for any social occasion, reading, watching television, general eating or listening to music. People in a living room tend to navigate the space with their eyes and observe its contents, decorations and watch television and gaze materials at the bookshelf. Living rooms are considered personal and intimate to their occupants and therefore a sense of welcoming ambiance is required in such a place. Normally, occupants of houses tend to spend most of their time relaxing. It is therefore necessary for lighting to account for the desired mood of occupants (Steffy 1990). Overall, occupants should derive visual satisfaction from the living room. The reviewed living room lighting system has four 50-watts Tungsten halogen bulbs that form a square shape in the middle of the ceiling. The four bulbs emit yellow lighting with strong, intense light (see figure 3). Clearly, the installed lighting system does the role of highlighting the living room. It does not serve this purpose effectively, apart from the central beam on the cupboard. According to D’Aprano and Diprose (2013), halogen reflector lamps are not considered as the best options for normal purpose living room. This has been identified as a common mistake in interior lighting. One can observe shades in the east side of the living room and the upper parts of the walls. This situation affects the general ability to see other contents of the room such as the wall clock. In addition, it creates a sense of anxiety in the room. Further, the position of the light creates a beam and intensity that i
Introduction The past couple of decades have seen the world’s population adopt various aspects of changes in terms of the food people eat, the entertainment activities they engage in, the modes of communication they use, their interests and other lifestyle changes. The main architects and pursuers of these transformative endeavors are the youths and the young adults. The ways in which people conduct their businesses have also changed. The new Japanese business trend is a good case study that can attest to these changes. However, during this rush to embrace new modes of lifestyles, there seems to be a whole generation that has been left behind, which is the elderly. This group of people played a very crucial role in the past, by offering wise counsel to other members of the society. They were heavily consulted when making important decisions, especially those that significantly affect the society. However, this is not the case today as the present young generation have not only ignored the elderly but also considered their counsel irrelevant (Borovoy, 2008, p 568). The Thesis Statement The aim of this research proposal is to study the relationship between the present younger generation and the elderly in the Japan’s family setup and establish their correlation. Methodology Each member will be issued with a questionnaire that he or she will give to the oldest member of the family to fill. In case where the oldest member of the family is unable to understand the contents of the questionnaire, then another literate member of the family will read it loudly and interpret it to him or her. Discussion In collaboration with twenty nine other students from my class, we shall undertake to conduct a study that is aimed at ascertaining the roles played by the elderly in Japanese households. The study will require each member of the team to perform interview tests to the eldest members of their families based on a couple of predetermined subjects. This study will generally be concerned with the perception of the younger generation towards the elderly generation. In order to effectively establish this, we will seek to find out the roles the elderly can play in their households so as to influence the perceptions of the younger generations towards them. It is common knowledge that the global economy has recently faced some hard times, normally characterized by recessions and depressions. In essence, there have been a lot of worries across many generations, on the best economic practices that can be applied to evade these scenarios. It is also important to note that the elderly in most households are people who are either headed for retirement or who have recently retired. They are therefore in great positions to offer sound counsel to their families on issues such as the global economic recession. On the other hand, there are new and bright market leaders who are not only young but also capable of understanding the global market trends. We shall seek to find out the views of these two gr