ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Is it ethical to sell a product that is, at best, only mildly effective? It is unethical to sell products to consumers if they are only mildly effective. It goes against professional business ethics. Selling a mildly effective product can be described as fraud in certain situations. It fools consumers with the notion that the product can effectively perform certain tasks. On Hindustan Unilever website, the product is labeled “miracle worker.” It states that the product is tested and can change skin complexion by up to three shades. In the case study, an Indian woman has been using the product for eight years and it has proved to be ineffective. This contradicts HUL’s Fair & Lovely advertisements. The statement can lead to legal suits directed to the company since the product’s qualities are exaggerated. Is it ethical to exploit cultural norms and values to promote a product? It is unethical to exploit cultural norms to promote a product. The cultural issues have a certain level of sensitivity. Using one’s culture for advertising purposes may be offensive to other cultures. Certain factors in different cultures are handled with a certain level of sensitivity. The AIDWA pressed charges against HUL’s Fair and Lovely for exploiting Indian cultural norms. Using cultural practices to promote company’s products is seen as disrespectful and unacceptable act. Is the advertising of Fair & Lovely demeaning to women or is it portraying a product not too similar to cosmetics in general? Discuss The advertisements done by Fair and Lovely are demeaning to women. It is a part of their nature that makes other women seem successful or better just because of their complexion or fairness of skin. The advertisements define a beautiful woman as one who has fa
Introduction Strawberries are sweet supple red fruits with surfaces that are seed-studded. They come from a low-growing plant belonging to genus Fragaria of the rose (Rosaceae) family, enclosing white flowers, lobed foliage, and runners. They originate all through the north temperate zones. They are the most famous and trendiest fruits in the planet (Roger). There are over 600 assortments of strawberries that vary in taste, size, and feel; all of which have similar trait; heart silhouette, red fleshy tissue with yellow seeds shooting the surface, petite, royal, leafy green lids, and stalk that embellish their crowns (WHFoods). Below is picture of the strawberry fruit. Fig. 1. Ten great uses of strawberry (Zestycook) Detailed history The word strawberry is coined from ‘strewn” berries about the plants and thus the “strewn berry” finally turned into “Strawberry” (Roger). They are not actual fruits or berries but distended ends of the stamen of the plant. The seeds are on the external surface, rather than the internal berry. There are around 200 seeds for each berry. They are low in calories and are non-fat, loaded with vitamin c, folic acid, fiber, vitamin B6 and potassium (Roger). Over the years they have been utilized as medications for ailments like, stained teeth, sunburns, gouts and digestion (Hopley, 9). Strawberries were served up at medieval state occasions as a show of peace, wealth, and
Introduction In Science every piece of knowledge is established through a rigorous methodology that seeks to keep balance with all other concepts already proven to be true. There are methods of proof that are used for both the experimental and the theoretical. It is well accepted that scientific methods change with various scientific disciplines and hence there is no single defined approach (Gendron, n.d.). In a general scope however, developing new knowledge requires some level of suspicion based on our intuitive perception and acquired knowledge of everyday phenomena. An argument must be provided to support or disapprove these hypotheses and dispel any uncertainty that is laid upon them. Therefore, the scientist does not in fact simply take sides in the proposition of a hypothesis. He merely seeks to find out the truth or falsehood of his claim at which point any conclusion reached is recognized as a universal valid establishment of scientific truth. With this in mind, we see that science develops itself from a synthesis of principles that relate to each other without contradiction. Properties of the scientific method The scientific method has developed over time to include various viewpoints from a host of scientists and philosophers. Aristotle emphasized on the use of empiricism in deducing rationale for the creation of scientific facts. The ideas of Aristotle were carried over in the 12 th and 13 th Century by thinkers such as Grossteste and Roger Bacon to realize a new definitive methodology of testing new scientific phenomena (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, 200
Introducton Emo is a subculture that has existed for a long time and is not popular in 2021, but in the 2000s this subculture was one of the most actively discussed. The interviewee was once part of the Emo subculture. During the interview, both negative and positive aspects of the Emo culture were voiced from the point of view of the participant in the interview, as well as personal judgments about the correct participation in such subcultures. Background of the Subculture The interviewee noted that most of the participants in the subculture in reality “had nothing to do with the original meaning of the culture”, in many respects it was reduced to the visual component. The subculture included a certain style of hair, which was most often black and slicked to the side, black and pink clothing, aggressive behavior, and other similar outward manifestations. The interviewee herself never delved into the essence of the culture until 2015, although from 2009 to 2011 she proclaimed herself Emo. Only later did the interviewee begin to learn more about this topic, and found out that the Emo subculture itself was primarily based on the confrontation of injustice in this world. However, the interviewee claims that the vast majority of people previously participating in the subculture were adolescents, who, like her, were not interested in the prehistory of the emergence of culture and the meaning of its existence, but only followed external stylistics. The interviewee believes that this is a “great disadvantage of subcultures of the modern world”, since people join one or another culture or subgroup and do not understand its essence or purpose. The interviewee also emphasized that in recent years it has become easier to find information about any direction, while in the 2000s and 2010s it was difficult due to the lack of access to open Internet sources, which led to such a large number of people joining popular at that time subcultures without understanding their essence. In addition, the interviewee also mentioned other popular subcultures in those years such as goths, hippies and punks. However, according to the participant in an interview, most of the participants in these subcultures also did not know the origin of the culture and did not adhere to the goals of the subculture’s existence (Varnel, 2021). Thus, it is not known whether anyone who called himself a participant in one of the subcultures can be considered its real representative. The Value of Love Another value of Emo culture, which the interviewee mentioned, is the struggle for pure and sincere love. Emos are people who want to find a soul mate with whom they will go through their whole life. The Emo subculture does not imply active actions to find a soul mate, but it praises romanticism and love relationships in their purest manifestation. The interviewee says that if she knew about this essence of the subculture, it is quite possible that she would have appreciated it even more, throug
Introduction-comparison of CBM to formal assessment Assessment in schools is defined as the process of collecting information about the performance of students in specific areas of study. It is important as it helps educators to know what needs to be taught and how it should be taught. There are several methods of assessing students. However, this paper focuses on Curricula-based measurement (CBM) and formal assessment. CBM is a method of assessing students to monitor how they are progressing in basic learning skills like reading, writing, and mathematics. In CBM assessment, students are required to accomplish tasks within a specified time, normally 5 minutes. The method is simple, fast, and direct and can be executed without necessarily interfering with class sessions. It is different from formal assessment, which classically means using examinations involving standardized administration and has standards and official interpretive method. Standardized examinations and/or end chapter assessments are clear examples of formal assessments. Formal assessments, also known as standardized measures, have explicit correct or incorrect answers based on certain preset principles and have previously been used on other learners. The data is statistically calculated and presented with tallies like stanines, percentiles, or regular scores most frequently used. This is a case study of a student’s formal assessment. It also incorporates CBM assessment in math, reading, and writing. The name of the student is taken arbitrarily for the purposes of the case study. Student information Background and psychological report Duncan is a nine-year-old schoolboy at Hillcrest Elementary school. Presently, he is in the second grade, which is considered a suitable grade level for a nine-year-old child in this school. Duncan is from the Hispano/Latino ethnic group and can speak English and Spanish. He speaks English most of the time, though; they speak Spanish at home in their family. Duncan undergoes a normal class routine and also gets extra reading coaching from an assistant instructor twice every week. His class instructor gives instructions exclusively in English. The assistant instructor works with Duncan to improve his math, writing, and reading skills. There is no other service he receives from Hillcrest. Information obtained from his files and discussions with his instructor suggests that Duncan has no serious disability or illness history. He is hea
Introduction The fiscal cliff entails combined tax increases and large spending cuts which are expected to automatically take place in 2013. This is after the set temporary income tax cuts come to an end. Although both Democrats and Republicans want to avert the fiscal cliff because of the expected consequences, an agreement is yet to be achieved. The unemployment rate is expected to increase to 9.1% by 2013 and the economic growth would be 1.7%. Unemployment and emergency benefits enjoyed would come to an end. Federal Reserve Chairman Ben Bernanke has warned that the Federal Reserve may not be in a position to avert the effects. Discussion The article by Stephen Miller revolves around the Gramm-Rudman-Hollings budget Act which was pushed by Warren Rudman in an effort to balance the Federal budget. Mr. Rudman’s idea was that the federal budget could be balanced by cutting down the spending. The idea was to have a balanced budget at the end of each fiscal year. After passing the law, Congress later embarked on the process of addressing The recommended cuts and budget caps. The solution reached was to apply cutoffs and targets. According to Mr. Rudman, the fiscal problems faced could not be solved given the financial crisis faced by the country. In his opinion, if the problem went unchecked, it could result in either skyrocketing interest rates or hyperinflation. Philip Izzo’s article explores the “fiscal cliff” debate. The lack of an agreement by Congress on a “fiscal cliff” has hindered economic growth, and hence the slow rate of economic growth. The economic growth rate lacks the capacity to reduce the rate of unemployment. Given that the set tax cut reductions are soon expiring and automatic spending cuts are expected to begin in January, lack of an agreement would slow the economic growth. Economists warn that the economy would go over the fiscal cliff thus reducing the 2013 economic growth by an estimated 2.2%. This would be detrimental to the economy given that under normal conditions, the economy is expected to grow just 2.4% supposing an agreement is reached. An official from J. P Morgan Chase warns that a recession could be realized if the situation is not dealt with. Although members of Congress have remained indecisive, economists hope that action will be taken by the Federal Reserve. Based on Jon Hilsenrath’s article, the chairman of the Federal Reserve has warned that automatic spending cuts and tax increases which are part of the “fiscal cliff” are a threat to the country’s economic recovery. To avoid the restrain on economic growth, Ben Bernanke has stated that the monetary policy stated earlier will continue to be applied. The policy advocates for the purchase of additional assets and mortgage-backed securities to ensure that the labor market is improved. The Feds have continued with the purchase of bonds so as to reduce long term interest rates and increase the rate of investment, spending, and borrowing. However, the job market has not improved and the unemployment rate has remained high and can be reduced once full recovery is realized. Given that the $500 billion of fiscal
Today, I watched many videos by Tarun Khanna, about his experience in southern India, and his explanations as to how the struggles of people and systems in developing nations could be seen as entrepreneurial opportunities. Personally, I found the videos to be very enlightening, as they showed how a single experience could demonstrate a potential need that an entrepreneur could fill in order to improve the lives of people while making a profit. The story made me think about insurmountable obstacles as entrepreneurial opportunities. In theory, the developing world presents a huge array of opportunities for those with talent, time, and money to invest into the project. The majority of the world’s population lives either in poor or developing countries with plenty of institutional issues that the people of first-world countries take for granted. So, why aren’t these opportunities seized by multinational multi-billion corporations, or even medium-sized businesses from the first world, that are looking to expand? The possibility of going into the Blue Ocean and carving a piece of the market there is much safer than trying to compete with one another in the oversaturated western markets, correct? I think the reason why there are not many individual entrepreneurs or organizations willing to jump at the opportunity to make the lives of people there better and make a profit is because of the obstacles surrounding building up such a system. Khanna covers this in the part about corruption. The corrupt government would often put hurdles in front of businesses, and threaten potential investments. It could even push out foreign competition in order to favor their own, less efficient and capable businesses, using protectionist measures. This is already being done in countries like China, India, and Russia. I can imagine that cultural and language barriers also play a role. Being a foreigner, I would view certain issues as problems, whereas the locals would have been used to it and not want to change. For example, the number of abortion clinics in many Muslim countries is very low, whereas their population growth rates are high. Western logic would dictate that opening a clinic there would yield great profits while answering a potential need. However, part the reason why abortions are not popular in these places is because of the Islam religion and local cultural traditions, which forbid women from doing abortions. If anything, a western entrepren
Introduction Road rage is defined as an angry or aggressive behavior of a vehicle driver. There are many road rage behaviors which include rude gestures, verbal insults, unsafe or life threatening driving. Road rage resulting in assaults, collisions and altercations usually lead to injuries and even death. These aspects of road rage clearly indicate that drivers only have the freedom of proper road use and no room for careless driving (Whitlock 211). Depictions of road rage This essay explains on common manifestations of road rage behaviors commonly associated with many road users. Generally, aggressive driving is the most common road rage behavior. Many times careless drivers are prone to sudden acceleration, breaking and close tailgating. For example, according to the road safety report of 2009, most of accidents arising from road rage behaviors are particularly due to aggressive driving (Whitlock 334). Cutting others off in a lane is also a common tendency of cruel drivers who don’t mind of road safety measures. Aljazeera net has reported that about 20% of road accidents have been due to motorists preventing other colleagues from merging. Most of the motorists have adopted poor road use tendencies of chasing other road users for fan and satisfaction of self ego. This aspect of road change has also increased cases of road accidents (Larson 21). Road rage behaviors have encompassed excessive use of flash lights or use of full lights without justifications. This has contributed to increased cases of road accidents and that is why the drivers should cautiously use flash lights (Larson 32). Careless drivers have been using rude and cruel gestures such as the use of fingers to intimidate female drivers. This road rage behavior has resulted in temper change amongst the intimidated drivers making them drive emotionally and end up causing an accident. In many cases drivers have tendencies of shouting verbal abuses or threats to other road users, and this may lead to the road accidents as well. For example I have witnessed cases where heavy truck drivers knock small vehicles by their trailers due to verbally shouted abuse. Data provided by most traffic personnel indicate that driving at high speed in the median of highway to terrify drivers in both lanes has been one of the main road rage behavior, that has caused fatal accidents in the most of the developed
Personal ethical statement As a person, who works in a healthcare organisation, I will always follow the principles of integrity, empathy, and responsibility. These values are critical for ensuring that every person, who seeks medical assistance, can receive adequate help. Moreover, these rules can enable to me establish better relations with my friends and co-workers. Overall, my professional activities will be driven by deontological ethics according to which a person should act primarily out of duty, rather than other motives such as self-interest or the desire to win the recognition of other people. There are several goals that I would like to achieve. In particular, I want to be a committed and highly-skilled professional who can effectively serve the needs of people looking for medical help. Additionally, my task is to assist every patient in making informed decisions. Overall, this approach is useful for avoiding pitfalls that patients may face when they rely on healthcare professionals. Provided that I face a challenging situation, I can ask myself several questions. In particular, I will try to determine if I have any conflict of interest. Much attention should be paid to the conflict between personal interests and my professional duties. Furthermore, I will ask myself if I have disclosed every relevant detail to a patient. This step is important for the integrity of a person. Apart from that, I will remember a quote by Ralph Waldo Emerson who once said, “The greatest homage we can pay to truth, is to use it” (Emerson as cited in Riemer 12). This quote highlights the idea people should be courageous enough to comply with the ethical principles that they proclaim. In my opinion, this courage is important for my professional career and personal relations. These are the main points that can be made. Organisational ethical statement I work in the healthcare organisation consisting of several departments. This institution assists people representing different age groups. I am very familiar with the work of this hospital, and it is more convenient for me to write about it. Furthermore, I can better determine what kind of ethical principles should be adopted in this setting. Overall, the work of this organisation is based on the premise that the needs of patients should be the main priority for every employee. Additionally, they should attach importance to such values as integrity, accountability of every worker, and concern for every patient. This organisation should focus on continuous improvement of their operations. In particular, they should work on the improvement of the following aspects: 1) time-efficiency; 2) elimination of bureaucratic barriers; and 3) provision of medical services to people who struggle with economic difficulties. In my opinion, every employee should be responsible for achieving these goa
Introduction The gaming entertainment industry has recorded tremendous growth over the last few years. This growth has been aided by the evolution of technology. Gambling has been the mainstay of the gaming industry. Gambling includes casino gambling, non casino gambling, and betting. In the United States, gambling has been legalized and thus most adults find it as their most preferred pastime activity. Gambling can be an addictive behaviour which may result in such instances as escalated personal debts. The paper explores gambling addiction and initiatives by various stakeholders. Discussion Compulsive gambling Compulsive gambling refers to the inability to control an individual’s urge to engage in gambling activities. It is also referred to as pathological gambling. Prevalence of pathological gambling is estimated at between 2-5% in the United States. There are various causes of pathological gambling but it is mainly caused by other psychological conditions like bipolar disorder and schizophrenia. Other causes include addiction to drugs such as cocaine and an antisocial personality. Contrary to popular belief, regular stressors are less likely to result in pathological gambling. Signs and symptoms associated with pathological gambling include the use of gambling as an anxiety reliever. In this particular case, an individual uses gambling to relieve him/herself from a depressive state. Other signs include an excessive urge to engage in gambling which results in the individual running into debts. Also, such individuals are highly irritable especially in cases where they are not in a position to engage in gambling. Treatment of compulsive gambling involves both use of psychotherapy and drug therapy. One of the most effective psychotherapeutic interventions is the use of group sessions. Such support groups as Gambling Anonymous (GA) are very effective. Also, personal counselling is used to counter compulsive gambling. Individuals are encouraged to explore other alternatives that can replace the urge to engage in gambling. Counsellors can also recommend remedies for situations where the individual has accumulated huge personal debts including financial counselling. Use of anti-depressants is combined with psychotherapy in conditions such as depression. Compulsive gambling control Initiatives Various players in the gaming industry have introduced initiatives aimed at controlling the prevalence of compulsive gambling. One of the initiatives introduced is the National Problem Awareness Week. More gaming companies participate in this initiative by providing their customers with materials on pathological gambling. Materials include brochures and web postings of used to create increased awareness on the problem of pathological gambling and thus customers are in a position to easily identi