ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Tata Motors, which is one of the globally recognized automobile producers, was established in 1945. Its main offices are located in India. Tata is the world’s fourth-largest truck maker and second-biggest bus producer. Tata Motors has segments that are tailored to serve commercial, service, automobile, and commuter markets around the globe. In addition, the company has joint ventures with Cummins, Fiat, and Daimler Benz. In 2008, it acquired Land Rover and Jaguar brands. This decision is presented as a bad move due to the predicament it brought to the company. Regarding the company’s ownership structure, Tata Sons have approximately 27% stake while Tata Consultancy Services Limited and Tata Investment Corporation hold shares of about 73% and 68% respectively (Anand, 2016). The company operates in different geographical areas, including Europe and America. The available evidence indicates the extent to which Tata’s decision to acquire Jaguar and Land Rover (JLR) weakened the organization’s position. Particularly, the decision was characterized by trouble, which was complicated by the onset of the global financial crisis. Stakeholders, including the chairperson of Tata Motors Group and Ford Motors, supported the decision. This paper’s conclusions indicate that the decision was counterproductive because it resulted in challenges of cash revenue flow due to the prevailing inflexible credit conditions. Firstly, this case study discusses the basis of the decision to acquire JLR followed by how specific factors or social actors in the company’s internal and external environment influenced the idea of obtaining JLR. Finally, it examines power structures and relations in organizational decision-making based on institutional and stakeholder theories applicable to the JLR acquisition decision. Analysis of the Decision The Decision-Making Process According to Timmons and Bunkely (2008), the company was given a credit facility of about 3 billion USD to finance the acquisition of JLR. This money was scheduled for refunding in June 2009. However, by the end of 2008, Tata was only able to pay 1 billion USD. As the primary decision-makers and stakeholders in the acquisition deal, the company’s top management did not worry over the far-stretched credit facility since it corresponded with the organization’s strategic growth initiatives. Ford Motors’ administrative team also supported the move. Tata focused on consolidating its domestic and overseas markets through strategic collaboration and acquisitions (Nair, 2018). Tata Motors completed its acquisition deal of JLR from Ford Motors in June 2008. According to Nair (2018), some of the acquisition
Introduction Brands are an important phenomenon in the modern market, for they allow customers to distinguish between the products of different manufacturers and identify the goods of the company the products of which they want to buy. It is vital for a designer to know how to analyze brands in order to be successful in today’s world where art and business often intersect. In this paper, we will study Baby Dior, a brand of children’ apparel produced by Christian Dior SE. We will both examine the literature and other textual sources related to the topic and study a local store selling the production of the Baby Dior brand. General Information about the Brand Christian Dior SE, a company which is widely known simply as Dior, is a major European enterprise originating in France that deals in luxury goods, such as apparel, footwear, jewelry and watches, cosmetics and perfumes, wines and spirits, etc. Among its products are clothes, including clothes for children. The division of the company responsible for producing apparel and footwear for kids is known under the name Baby Dior. Clearly, clothes not only for newborn babies but also for older children, both boys and girls, are produced and sold by Baby Dior. This division of the Dior company was founded in 1967 by Marc Bohan, a creative designer working for the Christian Dior SE. It is stated that the apparel created by Baby Dior is among the most well-known luxury wear for children (“Baby Dior” n. pag.). The collections of clothes and footwear for the youngest can be viewed on the section of the Dior company website related to the children (“Children’s fashion” n. pag.). Organizational Structure, Location, and Marketing Strategy The Baby Dior is a division
Introduction People earn income for use in various activities including expenses, investments and savings. Expenses refer to all activities where money is used to purchase goods or services that do not generate income. Investments are those that involve depositing money in various activities with an aim of making profits in the future. Savings refer to the money deposited in financial institutions like banks for the future. However, all these terms are connected since an individual must earn before spending, investing or saving. Nations cannot develop if they have many unemployed people or if few people invest or save their money in productive activities and future use respectively. This essay explores various theoretical perspectives regarding savings, investment, income distribution, and growth. Savings, Growth and Profits Keynes proposes that a society that has a higher rate of savings will generate a higher growth rate that will promote social and economic development. This argument can be approached from two perspectives to elaborate on the facts about savings and growth. It is important to explain that this theory has been used to explain the link between savings and growth (Hicks 1985, p. 41). The classical approach uses cartels and competition as main drivers of social and economic development. Cartels ensure that capitalists distribute their profits amongst workers as salaries; therefore, their spending the total profits generated from the production process. The presence and power of a monopoly in a nation determines the shares of profits that national income generates. This is expressed in the following equation. P = C + A This means that capitalists’ consumption and gross accumulation determines the levels of investment in a region based on depreciation and appreciation rates. The consumption of capitalists is formed by two components that include the proportional to the level of profits, and an independent of profits explained by the fact that capitalists and cartels have a lot of capital that allows them to get loans from banks. Therefore, investments determine profits generated by an investor and profits determine production in terms of growth. In addition, the spending of capitalists determines national incomes and rates on salaries earned by individuals (Hicks 1985, p. 46). Therefore; this means that there is a close relationship between monopoly, capitalism and investments. In addition, credit facilities ensure they charge higher interest rates to traders that are not cautious and are exposed to risks. This means that a secured business will get loans at low rates compared to a risky business. The graph below shows the relationship between risks, interest rates and investments. Investment The Classical approach explains that profits are determined by how people spend money in investments while the popularity of an investment is determined by the risks involved. Those that have many risks attract few people compared with those without risks. The approach uses the perfect and imperfect competitions theories to explain how a decrease in salaries affects investments and profits ge
Abstract This paper looks at the events surrounding the sinking of Costa Concordia ship. The ship hit the rocks and this resulted in the death of several people and others went missing. The occurrence of this accident is largely attributed to the careless behavior of Captain Schettino. Following this, he was arrested and taken to court but later returned to his home in Italy after the judge granting him a house arrest. Costa Concordia, weighing 1145000 tones, is the largest passenger ship that has ever been ruined. Following such incidents, this brings fear among those who like going to cruise because they feel the high sea is no longer safe. Therefore, as it is looked in the paper, it is the responsibility of the cruise companies to ensure they reassure their customers about the sea safety. The cruise officers and staff need to receive adequate training that will enable them do their job in the most appropriate way possible. Introduction It was reported that at least six people were confirmed dead and twenty nine more were reported to be missing following an accident that occurred on the night of 13 th January 2012, in which Costa Concordia, an Italian cruise ship hit a reef and went aground off Italy close to Isola del Giglio (Rose, 2012). There were more than more than four thousand people in the ship, including about one thousand crew members and a minimum of three thousand and two hundred. Costa Concordia, weighing 1145000 tones, is the largest passenger ship that has ever been ruined. This ship swiftly “rolled on its side with a long gouge below the waterline right after the dinner had been served on Friday night” (Rose 2012, par.1). The local coastguard made an assertion that there was some hope that those people who had survived the accident could be found. As the owners of the ship engaged in blaming the captain for changing direction towards the shore on the day of the occurrence of the accident in order to display the huge ship to the local people who lived on the Tuscan island; a large amount of fuel (2300 ton) started causing pollution to the “surrounding Mediterranean waters of the nature reserve” (Rose 2012, par.1). In this paper, there is going to be a discussion about the events surrounding the sinking of Costa Concordia. The main issues that are going to be discussed include; what happened to this ship on the night of 13 January; what the crew and captain did. What the coastguard response was and the actions that were undertaken in searching the survivors. The paper will also provide a summary about how the cruise lines have reacted to this incident and the new policies that may have been introduced to ensure there is safety at the sea. Events Surrounding the Costa Concordia Sinking and Who to Blame It is reported that, while Captain Francesco Schettino together with his officers engaged in guiding Costa Concordia and the four thousand or more people over the waters off the Italian coast on the Friday night, 13 January 2012, “they could avail themselves of a bridge full of navigation equipment that would have made Luke Skywalke
Hiring Moral Individuals The process of hiring adequate individuals is one of the key contributors to the foundation of an ethical working environment. It is evident that any knowledge possessed by any given employee should be accompanied by moral values. Therefore, it is important to look for individuals who showcase high ethical standards and personal integrity. One of the ways to make sure that only ethical employees are hired is to perform behavioral analysis of the person’s resume and analyze the job announcement notification. It can also be vital to check their references and check their background. The HR manager may also expose the interviewees to several ethical dilemmas and conduct personality surveys. If the future employees are involved in the latter, it can become a critical part of the whole interview process. By doing this, the organization will be able to emphasize the significance of ethics before discussing some of the job aspects that may be characterized as company-specific (Braswell, 2014). All the interviewees should be aligned with the image of a perfect employee so as to create certain organizational expectations (that will be discussed further in the paper). Before hiring an individual, the organization should make sure that they are careful and behave consciously as these two aspects are the key two predictors of high ethics and employee performance. The HR manager should be able to see if the job candidate is responsible and capable of adhering to the organizational code of ethics. Conscientious individuals are less more likely to deceive other workers and do not take part in conspiracies and trickeries. Cognizant behavior relates to the employee’s ability to help others within the workplace setting and showcase organizational loyalty. It is a well-known fact that such individuals receive higher scores in a variety of reports revolving around the quality of customer service and overall performance quality. Creating Accountability When it comes to the area of ethical training and action, there are several ways to create accountability in these organizational segments. The first strategy can be based on having
Bronze Column (Germany), 1015-1022 The St. Michael’s church rests on a piece of land measuring 0.58 ha. It was built in the period between 1010 and 1022 on a proportional plan. This plan had two apses, similar to those of the Ottonian Romanesque art in old Saxony, and the churches interior comprised bronze doors, the Bernard bronze column, painted stucco-work and a wooden ceiling. The church is located in Germany, district of Hanover, state of lower Saxony. The church was built by Bernward, the bishop of Hildesheim, and had a great impact on architectural developments as one of the important monument of art in the middle ages. The bronze column dates back from the period around 1019. It has a spiral décor that was inspired by Trojan’s column, symbolizing a panorama from the New Testament. Stokstad tells us that the bronze column and the bronze doors, which retrace the occurrences from the book of genesis and the life of Christ, were commissioned by bishop Bernward for St. Michael’s (184). The elements of interior decoration in the cathedral and church of St. Michael were unique for the Romanesque era. The Carolingian buildings were used as models for the architects who desired to create buildings as splendid as those of the past empires. The use of bronze for sculptures was found to enrich the churches more than ivory or wood. Bishop Bernward borrowed the concept of commemorative columns and carved doors from imperial Rome, and asked his architects to produce the same, using scenes from the bible, based on iconographic deigns of his own making. The scenes omitted from the bronze doors, which included the earthly life of Jesus from his baptism to entry into Jerusalem were incorporated in the bronze column, which was completed before the death of Bernward in 1022. The doors had an aggressive Ottonian style, whereby huge figures were compressed to fit the narrow space, symbolizing more of power than refinement (Stokstad 185). The Ottonian artists served a religion that had great focus on spiritual values. They displayed conservativeness in using the arts of past imperial courts as well as innovativeness in the creation of the western imperial style. The arts praised the emperors in their combinations of secular and religious authority, exhibiting a spiritual and intellectual impact. The Ottonian art is a combination of severe forms and complex interconnected spaces, in making a figurative art that displays bodies with both ornamental and narrative functions. The Ottonian artists used a combination of inspiration from past designs and creativity to produce the monumental style for a
Throughout almost the entire history of humankind, the social roles of men and women were entirely different. Traditionally, the role of a husband was that of a breadwinner and a patriarch of the family, whereas a wife’s duties were to take care of their children and keep the family hearth. The position of women was mainly a submissive one, and their access to education, art, and socially important occupations was limited. At the end of the 19th century, this state of affairs began to change: slowly but surely, women were acquiring social and professional equality, and traditional gender roles were becoming more and more blurred. An equal partnership has become an ideal of marital relationships, which is expressed, in particular, in the works of Marianne Weber, a known German sociologist of the early 20th century. A position of a woman in a patriarchal society was a basis of Marianne Weber’s philosophical and social ideas. Many of her works were devoted to the experiences of the contemporary women, who were making first steps to engage into the workforce. This trend has led to the shift of the gender-based segregation of duties, which, according to Weber, required a revision of a woman’s role in a family (Abrams, 2017). In general, Weber’s position regarding marriage could be characterized as moderate feminism. In her works, she explores “the contradictory character of marriage as both diminishing individual autonomy and making a meaningful, ethically autonomous life possible for the individual” (Stoetzler, 2017, p. 11). In other words, while fully acknowledging that marriage might restrict women’s freedom, Weber believed that it is also essential for their protection against the brutal power of men. According to Marianne Weber, an ideal of marital relationships is an equal companionship, which primarily consists in mutual respect and “can naturally only exist when husband and wife relate to each other not just as sexual beings but as human beings” (Abrams, 2017, p. 104). Advocating for the intellectual and professional autonomy of women, Weber simultaneously believed that both husband and wife ought to constantly improve and complement each other. To a large degree, Weber’s views of companionship were influenced by the nature of her marriage with Max Weber, who was also a prominent sociologist and a feminist. Stoetzler (2017) states that “Max and Marianne Weber developed an intense companionship that seems to have been a rather different kind of marriage from what Max had experienced in his parents’ house” (p. 250). Indeed, having common interests and inspiring each other’s intellectual ambitions, the couple managed to preserve a strong relationship despite all the misunderstandings and problems they faced. A number of Marianne Weber’s ideas might be useful for modern women as well. If one tries to imagine the advice that Weber would give to a young bride today, first and
The idea of states pursuing national interest can be the source of many problems. In America, this idea is the subject of debate by various groups and organizations. Currently, there are several scholarly materials that theorize the concept of national interest. Most of the theories that are forwarded on the subject of national interest tend to have similarities. The paper summarizes the subject of national interest, its theories, and the schools of thought behind this subject. Realists agree that it is impossible to separate self-interest issues from national interest issues. According to realists, people always act by their interests and their levels of power. Realism argues that there is no difference between the interests of the individuals and those of states because states are made up of individuals. This means that when politicians are pursuing the national interest, they will tend to ignore all ideological and theoretical interests of other countries. Realists point to the problem of individuals who are charged with the responsibility of pursuing national interest. These individuals can, at times, mistake their biased opinions with the reality of national interest. An example of this conflict is the Vietnam War, where a policy maker’s interest was mistaken for the national interest. Realists also find the idea of applying moral principals when pursuing national interest unfeasible. According to realists, applying public emotions in matters of national interest is likely to be the source of problems. The leading realist scholars are Hans Morgenthau and George Kennan. Morgenthau’s school of thought argues that it is possible to predict the behavior of nations in their pursuit of national interest. On the other hand, Kennan’s school of thought argues that a legal and moral approach when pursuing national interest is unyielding. However, the two scholars agree on the fundamental principles of realism. The idealist school of thought presents ideas that oppose those of realists. Idealists dispute most of the assumptions that are made by realists concerning human nature. For instance, idealists argue that human beings are fundamentally good and that it is possible to apply morality issues when pursuing national interest. Another fundamental principle of idealism is that it is possible to achieve international peace. Also, matters of national interest should be fused with ethics and democracy, according to idealists. Idealists oppose the concept that global politics are dominated by anarchy. Idealists are of the view that it is possible to achieve peaceful co-existence among states. Also, the ethical and emotional needs of the public should be considered as part of national interest issues. The principles of idealists are used by special interest groups all over the world. Groups that aim to promote peace, fi
Google is a multinational company, and it servers millions of customers around the globe, including the Chinese. Recently, the company raised concerns following hacking attacks by the Chinese. Like any other company, Google also adopts different strategies on its attempt to remain competitive in the market. However, their efforts are surrounded by several setbacks; for instance, the Japanese market. Porter’s five forces Porter five forces can be applied in evaluating market rivals, opportunities and other market condition. The model can be summarized using the following terms i.e. rivalry, customers, suppliers, substitutes, entry/ exit obstacles. Rivalry The essence of Google extending its services to the Chinese was a strategy to reduce the potential market, for its competitors. Google faces stiff competition from Baidu, and thus wanted to acquire the company so as to monopolize the market. The brilliant move was, however, unsuccessful and thus resorted to sell all its Baidu shares. Incase the strategy had been successful, and thus the company could have dominated china’s market share by over 80% share. The Chinese government poses several conditions that have to be met by both local and foreign companies. These conditions complicate the business environment for foreign companies, which in turn boost the local companies. This is, to a certain degree, influenced by the close relationship that Baidu has with its government. Customers As noted in the year 2002, the company expanded its market coverage to Korea China and Japan. This move by Google targeted market share domination i.e. by increasing the number of its customers (bearing in mind china’s population). Despite the effort, Google still faces stiff competition from Baidu, which dominates the Chinese market share with an overwhelming 64% (Quelch & Jocz, 2010). Google has raised concerns that some of its websites and accounts were hacked by the Japanese. This concern is of great magnitude to Google, since it may lose a number of its customers on lack of privacy grounds. Suppliers These latest developments in the Chinese government can enormously affect Google suppliers and supplies. Incase Google lose some of its customers due to privacy threats, its suppliers will also feel the impacts of the loss. This is because; lesser customers translate to minimum supplies for Google, and thus reduced sales for suppliers. Additionally, Google will have to reduce its customer supplies following the reduced number of buyers. Substitutes The unfavorable Chinese political environment discourages Google’s growth. Furthermore, it directs the compan