ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The aim of this research paper is to compare and contrast the gradual shift in America’s diplomatic position over the past 20 years with respect to two countries that matter a lot to its foreign policy, Russia and China. Both countries are huge in size and population, had experienced strained relations with the US during the Cold War and as of today, are considered immensely important to the US economy, with China ranking ahead among the top three trading partners of the United States. This research would seek to identify the transformation through key events in the past two decades, and use it as a basis to understand how US foreign policy has evolved in recent few years. Today, Russia is considered the successor state of the USSR, America’s arch rival during the Cold War. Although, following the historical break-up of the Union, the country is unlikely to regain its superpower status, it would continue to hold center-stage in European and Asian geo-politics (CATO Institute, 2010). During the Cold War era, the USSR had demonstrated its capability in matching America’s power projection in different arenas: military maneuvers, the Space race and external influence on other countries. According to the admission of key policy-makers in Washington, even the break-up of the Soviet Union did little damage to the towering legacy of a formidable superpower in the mindset of American intelligentsia (Merry, 2005, p.123). Although, present-day Russia is a shadow of its USSR legacy, it still commands huge importance in US diplomatic circles; the voice of Russia is taken seriously and it’s not just in the US – no country in the world can afford to be strategically misaligned to Russia’s interests. The road ahead for the US lies in fostering good relations with its erstwhile arch-rival (Merry, 2005, p.124). Basically, managing America’s diplomatic goodwill with Russia translates into seeking harmonious, stable relations, thereby undoing the bitter legacy of the Cold War. This can be a challenge in the face of several issues of international importance in which both countries find themselves at loggerheads, and lack adequate trust of each other’s intentions (Roskin & Berry, 2004, p.134). One of the conflicting issues is Russia’s existing influence in Europe, particularly among countries like Poland and Ukraine which were formerly in the Soviet Bloc, but ever since the dissolution of the Iron Curtain, have been shifting their loyalty to the pro-West faction represented by the NATO, which is a bloc led by the United States. America’s assertion of military supremacy in the NATO bloc, especially its “Missile shield” program for several Eastern European countries, is viewed as a direct threat by Russia which, as a legacy of the Cold War, continues to view these countries as its own backyard. Another conflicting issue is Iran. The United States has officially maintained a belligerent position on that country, given its hostile relationship with Israel, a strategic US ally, and its growing ambiti
Bullying is commonly defined as “negative actions – physical or verbal – that have hostile intent, are repeated over time, and involve a power differential between the bully and the victim,” which often take place in school or college communities (Pepler et al., 2006, p. 1). Overall, bullying is the way of interaction with others by expression of aggressiveness directly or indirectly. Despite the differences in its types, bullying always has a bad impact both on those who express aggressiveness and those who are victimized. Bullying can be recognized by such aspects as the power imbalance, bully’s intent to harm, victim’s distress, repetitiveness that causes the consolidation of the bully’s power (Pepler & Craig, 2000, p. 4). Even though bullying happens almost in each school worldwide, it shouldn’t be regarded as a normal part of children’s psychological development, and “should be considered a precursor of more serious aggressive behaviors” (Espelage, Jimerson, & Swearer, 2010, p. 2). Bullying occurs both among boys and girls. It was observed by many researchers that the boys’ behavior is “more visible,” but girls usually tend to express themselves indirectly and non-physically (Besag, 2006, p. 9). Gossiping, social exclusion, verbal aggression, and friendship-manipulation often take place among girls. It is recognized that female bullying often includes “socially sophisticated strategies of aggression whereby the perpetrator can inflict harm on a target without being identified” (Leckie, 1998, p. 6). Emotional and psychological manipulation is more complex and less noticeable. That is why the girls’ bullying is often neglected by adults. Along with this, many teachers also reported that it is more difficult to address the quarrels that happen among girls rather than physical conflicts among boys. The prevention and surcease of aggressive behaviors are essential for the creation of the wholesome environment in schools and the sound development of individuals. The positive results can be achieved by the implementation of the multiple educational programs, the increase in public awareness, and promotion of the values of the healthy relationships. “Mean Stinks” is exactly the program with the purpose of putting to an end girl-to-girl bullying in schools by the creation and dissemination of mantra statements. For example, “it’s rude to exclude,” “be nice behind someone’s back,” and “make this year drama-free: sign the Mean Stinks Pact with your friends” ( Mean stinks posters , 2015). For the decrease in the negative bullying impact on the community, first of all, it is necessary to raise awareness in schools and other educational institutions. The teachers must be provided with the relevant literature and training practices to understand the gender differences in behavior and the reasons for conflicts more profoundly. Knowledge is the key to successfully addressing the issue. It is very important to spread the concepts and values of the positive, nice, and healthy relationships in the youth community. It is necessary to address the teenagers with the message about the impo
Introduction Middlemen always play the intermediary role in whichever industry they participate in by meditating on the channel of distribution and making it either smooth for the seller or buyer involved. Many roles played by the middlemen are still controversial and have formed a subject of argument that they should be eliminated because their purpose can be served with or without them. Middlemen can either be merchants or agents. Merchants are involved in taking the title of the products and selling them while agents do not take the title of the products but are the brokers and sales agents. The debate of the elimination of the middleman is immense and tricky putting into consideration the channels of distributions and the functions that the middlemen played when technology was not much developed. Others have suggested the substitution of the middlemen. It seems that the advancement of technology is destined to replace the middlemen out, but their roles must be reassigned so that the channel of distribution remains intact and ensure that no loopholes are left to make both the seller and buyer suffer. Middlemen worries With technological advancements, middlemen are becoming more and more redundant. The roles they used to play have now been simplified. Indeed, the presence of online trading has made the role of simplifying the chains of distribution for a middleman disappear; However, with technology, some middlemen have reaped maximally especially in the hotel and hospitality industry due to online bookings (Mullaney, 2004). Instances, where the middleman was seen as a means to increase profit margins, are now translated to exploitation on the side of the manufacturers, and a cost of purchase increase on the consumers. The middlemen sometimes prove to be indispensable since they must earn their livelihoods through these sales. Therefore, whenever they broker any deal, they reap handsomely which makes them want to remain in business. Roles of the middleman Gadde & Snehota (2001) describe the three roles that a middleman plays in the market system as being a trader, distributor, and provider. As a trader, the middleman will offer different goods that are available to the consumer hence giving the consumer a range of products of the same genre to choose from as opposed to having the consumer exposed to one company’s products. He acts as the link of the consumer too many products, and the suppliers to many customers. Historically, the middleman had the roles of packing, sorting, advertising e.t.c, but currently, the roles are performed by the producer. As a distributor, the middleman often deals with companies that produce on large scale. They incur the costs of distributing the commodities to the consumers since the producer has the cost of mass product
Introduction The Second Indochina War began in 1959, five years after the division of the country, according to the Geneva Agreement. Vietnam was divided into two parts: the communist regime in the North under Ho Chi Minh and a democratic government led by Ngo Dinh Zyem in the South. Concerned about the situation, the Kennedy administration decided to increase aid to South Vietnam. The armed forces and military advisers were also provided to the Republic of Vietnam in order to assist them in fighting partisans. Main body In August 1964, a US warship was attacked by North Vietnamese torpedo boats in the Gulf of Tonkin. As a result, Congress passed a resolution on Southeast Asia that allowed president Lyndon Johnson to conduct a military operation in the region without declaring war. In 1965 the US aircraft launched military operations in Vietnam, and the first troops arrived. Then Nixon became a president, and the US decided to begin so-called “Vietnamization” to train local troops, so American soldiers begin to return home. Meanwhile, the protests against the US politics in Southeast Asia intensified after such bloody battles as Hamburger Hill, the killing of civilians in Mai Lai, the invasion of Cambodia, and the leak of Pentagon documents (1971). South Vietnam’s troops failed to substitute American soldiers, and in 1974 the peace agreement was signed in Paris to end the conflict. American military forces left the country. After a short period of peace, North Vietnam resumed hostilities in late 1974. They captured Saigon in April 1975, forcing South Vietnam to surrender and reunite. The conflict was deeply rooted in the Cold War between the Soviet Union and the United States. It was a bloody war that took more than 3 million lives of people, including 58 000 American soldiers. Moreover, Americans lost their confidence because of failure to stop the spread of communism, and the Truman Doctrine eventually was abandoned. Conclusion The status of the US as a world’s defender was undermined due to atrocities, while many Vietnam veterans faced psychological after-effects. The conditions of veterans encouraged the rebellion movement of the Hippies, who stood against war and for sexual freedom, nature, equality, and love. Moreover, the war intensified the civil rights movement of the 1960s. For instance, many Afro-American Vietnam veterans joined the Black Panther Party, which fought for social justice. The dispute over whether or not to back the war ignited the struggle for racial equality.
Introduction In her article “The Heart, Mind and Soul of Professionalism in Occupational Therapy”, Wendy Wood presents the notion that one of the current concerns in OT (Occupational Therapy) is the endemic proliferation of the disheartened within the profession resulting in a reduction of the number of applicants to OT courses, the disheartening views of current OT practitioners and a distinct lack of overall conviction within the profession (Wood, 2004). As Wood notes, this “heartsickness” is not caused by external but rather internal forces within the profession wherein through her own experiences she realized that when her own conviction to OT was tested her heartsickness was actually caused by practicing her chosen profession. Based on her experiences she realized one of the potential problems an OT practitioner may run into was to be disconnected from the larger scholarly conversations that were moving the field forward. This resulted in her adopting practices based on duplication and selective education with the immediacy of her current type of job in mind. Such practices speak volumes of a degree of unprofessionalism within the field of OT which Wood states is an endemic trend that has induced the spread of heartsickness within the profession Development of Professionalism It is based on this that Wood advocates the creation of a distinct mindset within the field wherein a certain degree of professionalism and adherence to set of standards is done in order to prevent the endemic proliferation of heartsickness. As Wood explains those engaged in the practice of OT who are the least prone to conditions of heartsickness are those who have embraced “the mind of professionalism” and as a result have developed a sense of empowerment and inspiration (Wood, 2004). The concept of professionalism can actually be considered a balance between the “heart, mind and soul of professionalism” wherein an individual balances such aspects into a whole so as to feel inspired, connected and care for one’s patients and profession. A balance between the heart and mind creates an individual that levies established professional practices with a caring heart, when such a balance is connected to the concept of the soul of professionalism which connects individuals to the greater whole of the profession through collegiality and professional unity these combined factors in effect help to prevent an OT practitioner from developing heartsickness and find a true passion for what they do. Responsibility within the Field of Occupational Therapy Wood explains that each occupational therapist has an inherent fiduciary responsibility to contribute to the body of knowledge within the field of OT. This, as she explains, acts as a method of inoculation in that through contribution which results in societal recognition this in effect positions an occupational therapist as an indispensable health professional within a commu
The global crisis team members include; Christine LaGarde, Warren Buffet, & Colin Powell. These are people from various parts of the world who play major roles in the world economy. For example, Colin Powell is an American politician who has experience in military leadership. Having led the American army for many years, he has the required experience to advise the president on global economic crisis. In fact, Colin can contribute to solutions since he might have experienced most situations during his term in the army (Shiller, 2008). This means that he might have learnt about economic hardships while serving outside America hence remaining the best equipped with economic information in the team. Inclusion of Powell in the team is extremely crucial because based on his background he might explain some of the implications of global economic crisis to the military. In fact, this is vital because the team will have to look at the impacts of global economic crisis to national and international security. The military needs to be supplied with the necessary equipment in order to carry out their mandate effectively. In addition, as the government advisor on security matters, Powell can give pertinent information to the team regarding effects of the economy to security. Christine LaGarde is a lawyer by profession and the managing director of the International Monetary Fund. She was considered to be a team member due to her long service to the French government in various ministries. The fact that she is currently managing the International Monetary Fund makes her the source of the latest information regarding what
Abstract This purpose of this study is to point out the features of three stories Cinderella, The Three Little Pigs and Red Riding Hood in their relation to one another and to previous and current generations. The scope of the study encompasses rather wide audience of observers. It is implemented by means of historical and comparative types of analysis. The research showed that entire ideas in each story are still suitable for newly born generations as well as for the adults once having heard about all three fairy tales. It also highlights that the future studies should take into account achievements or innovations of time, so that to change the performance fitting new generations, but not a content in each story. Introduction Three fairy tales for children, namely Cinderella, The Three Little Pigs and Red Riding Hood, teach children different aspects of living. In this respect it is rather interesting to research the ethical and logical motives incorporated in these stories for different generations. Rather striking point is that of whether there are any changes in delivering the main ideas in each fairy tales between the old and the new versions. It is vital to identify the role of the message inside each story for the development of children. Moreover, current studies need more analysis on what becomes more significant for children today. It is known that classical folklore and re-interpretations of such eminent authors, as, for instance, Charles Perrault, seem to become unpopular. Thus, the research paper seeks for the analysis of real motives incorporated in Cinderella, The Three Little Pigs and Red Riding Hood, so that to make out their significance in a social, behavioral and historical meaning. Methodology The research considers using several types of analysis. Thus, for the constructive process of researching the main topic historical and comparative types of analysis are used. It is the way to maintain the whole picture about subject in its details. The audience for the research is quite wide, for the subject matter is recognizable for different layers or groups of the society. Results Cinderella This fairy tale is about a poor girl whose worries go down when goodness of an elve helps her to become the princess (Perrault & Innocenti, 2001). In old and in modern versions the same themes are taken into consideration. The first one is to show the supremacy of goodness over the evil. The second theme states that dreams come true any time a person longs for them. On the other hand, it is about living alone and without somebody’s taking care. Modern psychology examines so-called “Cinderella effect”, as a pit in parenting genetic and stepchildren (Daly & Wilson, 2008). For contemporary families the example of Cinderella is a case of making children believe in some “power” from above that will take care of them even if they are alone. The Little Three Pigs This fairy tale describes how three pigs were building houses. Two of t
A disease cluster is a sudden incidence in which many people are diagnosed to be suffering from a certain illness in a given region during a certain period of time (Meehan, 2006). Disease cluster can be suspected when a large number of people such as family members, neighbors, schoolmates, workmates and among other groups are diagnosed with a similar illness (Meehan, 2006). On the other hand, disease outbreak is a phrase used to refer to a sudden occurrence of a disease, which has a bigger impact than expected (Toshiro, 2010). Disease outbreak may affect thousands of people in a region, a country or even in a continent. Numerous cases of tuberculosis were reported early this August. To determine whether these cases are either a cluster or an outbreak, there are a number of steps that should be followed. When investigating whether a disease is a cluster, a researcher should gather adequate information, which will help him/her to make a conclusion. Researchers need to gather information such as frequency of the disease and infection statistics (Meehan, 2006). Researchers should also have information about the environmental condition of the affected region. Such information is vital since it helps scientists to distinguish actual disease excess. Getting to know whether the suspected cluster could have prompted a disease outbreak is also vital information (Meehan, 2006). Lastly, a researcher should also have adequate information in regard to the number of cases reported (Toshiro, 2010). This information is crucial in determining whether the affected populatio is significantly greater than what is expected. When investigating whether a disease is an outbreak, a good researcher should gather the following information. To begin with, one should confirm background information of the affected group. This will help in determining whether the affected group is usually normal for that period of the year. Secondly, researchers should inquire about the cause of the outbreak (Meehan, 2006). This information is useful in developing a good hypothesis. Information that is also useful in this investigation is acquiring valid data about who/ what has been affected (Kumar, 2005). This data is useful in making a conclusion to come out with reliable data. Since diseases outbreak in many patterns, there is also a need for researchers to gather information and understand outbreak methods for each disease. This information is vital in predicting the future infection rates and determining the disease category (Meehan, 2006). The procedure for gathering all these vital information is thorough. There is a need to carryout survey in the affected region
There are many ways to honor a bygone era and its glorious personalities. With the advent of cinema, the process of giving tribute to the connoisseurs seems to have become much easier; however, the simplicity of the task is only what one can see on the surface. Digging deeper, one will be able to see the numerous challenges lying in front of the moviemaker, starting from the threat of misinterpreting the work to merely miscasting an actor for a crucial role. That being said, it is necessary to consider Fellini’s Satyricon as a way to both honor the memory and discuss the contribution of Petronius with his famous work. By reconstructing every possible element of the scene and adding the details that help convey the veracity of this scene and, therefore, help the movie transcend the boundaries of not only its genre, but also its universe, Fellini makes the scene as real as it can possibly be, making the audience sink into the realm of the Ancient Rome. When speaking of the visual elements of the scene, one must admit that Fellini did his best to reconstruct the air of the epoch along with its architecture. While the setting does look impressively grandeur, it would have still been much like a cardboard cutting unless Fellini had incorporated other elements of the Antiquity into the scene to restore the spirit of the Roman Empire. To start with, Fellini uses fresco in a very interesting manner. As Paul explains, “Most striking is Fellini’s use of the fresco, perhaps today’s most fragile remnant of ancient visual culture, so quickly does it fragment and fade” (Paul 213). Of course, it would be wrong to believe that Fellini’s Satyricon is the exact imprint of the original; claiming the opposite would be disrespectful towards both Fellini and Petronius. To start with, the conversations that took place in the course of the dinner must have been the figment of Fellini’s fiction, for Paul does not indicate what conversations exactly tool place in the original version of the story. As Paul explains, “In the finished film, the narrative rupture between the dinner at Trimalcione’s and the voyage on Lica’s ship is marked; in the treatment, though, Encolpius is introduced to Lichas and his wife Tryphaena […] at the dinner” (Paul 205). Although these details might seem inconsistent at first, as the story unwinds, the audience sees that these details add to the plot and character development. Therefore, it can be considered that, despite a few discrepancies and misconceptions, Fellini managed to get