ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The first issue connected to the TPP is that TPP permits money-manipulating nations to reduce the number of available US occupations. The present TPP text does not cover enforceable money management guidelines. Countries that deliberately undervalue their currency trick the US companies and destabilize any benefits from price decreases (Rodrik par. 1). Implementing currency management directions is possibly the only productive thing the US could do to generate jobs. Another issue is the incorporation of investor rights. The TPP allows overseas businesses to bypass the United States legislature. The existing TPP regulations accept international companies deteriorating US regulations, protocols, and safety measures by means of a facility termed investor-to-state dispute settlement (Rodrik par. 1). ISDS is a remote justice organization that weakens democracy within the United States. By means of ISDS, external depositors can pursue reimbursement from the US for implementing protocols and safety measures premeditated to defend the employed United States residents. In reality, transnational corporations are now utilizing ISDS to surpass autonomous strategies and regulations in Canada, Australia, and many other countries (Rodrik par. 2). The up-to-date TPP does not comprise any enforceable environment change assurances or “margin payments” to counterbalance the cost of imports that are harmful to the environment. This demoralizes the US hard work to address ecological transformations and puts at risk the central United States – China’s two-sided agreement on environmental change (Rodrik par. 2). This is why the US still moves their sweatshops to TPP states with feeble environment rules. This jeopardizes both US jobs and American attempts to adapt to the climate change issue. Another issue is how gains from trade are distributed (Rodrik par. 2). The TPP does not reinforce transnational employment rights protections. There are universal, well-recognized industry complications in Mexico and Vietnam, but the management has not committed to necessitating all republics to be in full agreement with worldwide labor ethics before they get reimbursements under the arrangement (Rodrik par. 2). Employee rights requirements have never been completely enforced under current free trade contracts, which have offered too much discretion for employee protests to be deferred for years or until further notice. A reformist TPP would eradicate this deficiency, not replicate it (Rodrik par. 2). Assumed that no government has self-introduced employment administration ever under a free trade arrangement, any promise to sturdily apply the TPP should be encountered with disbelief. Regulatory arbitrage is a serious issue that may be spli
Outline High speed pursuits are a controversial issue in the United States as sometimes police actions result in injury or death of passengers. The United States courts have various laws which define liability for law enforcement officers. This paper analyzes the concept of liability for police during high speed chases. Introduction The last decade has witnessed discussion and reports exposure on police detections. These discussions have assorted from the issue of the police pursuit of any vehicle for any particular reason to pursuits that are not carried out which will give the reason to the illegal constituent to escape in a car as a positive technique to flee from fearfulness and hesitation. It is important to research on wide range court verdicts that is related to pursuits. Many of the pursuits have a disastrous end and have effected the rule and regulations enforcement organizations. Many police officers hold the opinion that a complete prohibition on pursuits would be disadvantageous and unfavorable to the society as a whole. Although proper training and better strategies should be used in the case of police pursuit. But the organization should be responsible for evaluation of all pursuits. Police officers are required to have the knowledge that their accomplishments which may have ended positively or negatively will be evaluated by the running administration in every case and not when something goes wrong. This will enable to perform a pursuit with a cautious state of mind. It is also essential to talk about and come to the conclusion how court decisions have implemented rules and regulations on police pursuits. It is also important to know how these bylaws effect police organizations and the individual police officer. Court Decisions There have been several cases which involved police vehicle pursuits. The court has taken various measures regarding authorized susceptibility of police officers, the Fourth Amendment safety and security and the subjective behavior by the police. These measured have been effective in controlling the unauthorized policies and tactics used by them. Some of the decisions taken by the court are sensible while some are senseless. For example, in one case, the claimant deceased was on the motorcycle which declined to pull over when an assistant sheriff indicated its driver to so. A second deputy sheriff was in a high speed pursuit and collided with the motorcycle after it inclined at an angle and fell which resulted in the death of the passenger. The U.S. Supreme Court had passed the verdict that the police officer has not defied essential principles applied the Supreme Court because of the 14 th Amendment to the constitution of U.S by causing death through premeditated or uncontrolled unresponsiveness to life in a high speed vehicle chase intended at arresting the alleged lawbreaker (Alpert, 2006). The U.S
Introduction Many investors today, invest their funds in different kinds of securities in the stock markets such as the bonds, stocks and save funds in the financial institutions so that they can generate returns that can improve on their living standards in the future. Index fund refers to the investment schemes that are used to determine how the indexes in the financial market move and also determine the set of rules that are held constant in specific areas. They are maintained by companies that form part of the major stock or bond indices. Its assets are managed through the proximate performance of a published index. The investors of these funds do not incur expenses when paying for the selection of the individual stocks such as the proprietary selection techniques and research. Individuals stocks are sold and bought in the American stock market. They are used by the investors to make investment for their funds that can generate returns in the future. The companies that engage in this type of business offer to the customer’s up-to-the-minute stock quotes, historical performances and the forecasts for the stocks of each of the companies. The brokerage websites are used by the investors to determine the companies that they would like to invest their funds in order to evaluate returns that will be earned within a stipulated period of time. The individual stock involves a mugs game where there is indexing and low-cost buy and hold strategizes are implemented. Similarities of the individual stocks and index funds They are both listed and traded in the American stock exchange, where the individual stocks use of the ticker symbols. They are bought and sold by a service, discount broker or a dealer. The brokerage commission is awarded to the seller of the securities to the customers. The index funds such as the exchange–traded funds (ETF) have low–cost index that are traded more or less like stocks in the United States of America ( Arnott, Hsu and Moore, p. 99). The individual stocks, as well as the index funds that are exchange traded funds, can be leveraged with a margin, shortened, bought and held for a specified period of time. The dividend income received from the underlying stock or the index funds are later on distributed to the shareholders. The payment of the dividends is paid on quarterly and monthly basis depending on the amount of funds contributed. Differences between the index funds and the individual stocks According to Samantha he states that individual stocks are less diversified, less tax efficient and incurs more trading costs when undertaking their operations while the exchange traded funds are more diversified since they are composed of
Introduction An earthquake is essentially a quiver which resulted by sudden energy release from the earth inner surface. The release of energy causes a ripple of seismic waves that are felt in the form of shaking. The damage caused by an earthquake depends on the magnitude and the length of such earthquake. (U.S. Geological Survey2008, April 22). The length however depends on the size of the wave since the larger the wave the larger the area affected and consequently the longer the period of time taken. Each year the earth experiences up to half a million-earth quakes of which only 100, 000 can be truly felt. The probability of occurrence of an earthquake depends on the nature of the locality as well as its geology. South California alone experiences up to 10000 earthquakes a year. History of earthquakes in San Francisco Earliest reported earthquake in California was felt in 1769 the worst of them all was the 1906 San Francisco earthquake. There have been severel other smaller earth quakes that have hal minimal impact and even gone unnoticed. Others which have been of a greater impact Situational analysis and probability of an earthquake in the near future Research has predicted that there exsists a 25% probability of an earth quake with a magnitude of up to 7.0 occuring within the next two decades in
The Apple Watch is the best example of design and technological excellence. In is available in two sizes, which allows everyone to find the fitting one. Its digital is square and small, which looks stylish. Even though it has no GPS and bad sports features, the Apple Watch maybe one’s best purchase. Pebble Time is an upgraded version of its predecessor. Its design and iPhone and Android compatibility put this smartwatch among the best ones. The battery allows using it during the whole week without charging, which is advantageous for those who are rarely at home (Lamkin par. 4-6). The Samsung Gear S can be easily used instead of a smartphone. It has a superb display and runs Tizen. There is access to app store, and GPS is present. Tag Heuer is an Intel-powered smartwatch of an immense quality. It looks rather sporty and resembles a mechanical watch, which makes it appropriate for business and casual meetings (Corsillo par. 1). Sony Smartwatch is the best variant for those who like sports. It has a built-in GPS, so there is no necessity to carry a smartphone for a weekend jog (Lamkin par. 3). Works Cited Corsillo, Liza. 5 Things We Learned Wearing the Tag Heuer Connected Smartwatch . 2015. Web. Lamkin, Paul. Best Smartwatch 2015: Apple, Pebble, Samsung, Sony, Tag and More . 2015. Web.
The main issues in the Wal-mart case include the corporate social responsibility that the firm has adopted. In addition, the effect of Wal-marts expansion on local merchants who cannot compete favorably with Wal-mart due to their pricing strategy is discussed. Wal-mart has been rejected in many countries because of the adverse effects on local businesses. The problems brought about by Wal-mart include loss of jobs and closure of business. The strategies used by Wal-mart such as the adoption of the ‘Wal-mart way’ is also discussed a major issue in this case. Wal-mart is a multi-billion chain of stores and the employer of more than 2.1 million associates worldwide, serving customers at the rate of 200 million times per week. In addition, its 2009 fiscal year sales came to $401 billion. This of course comes with responsibilities to the community like corporate philanthropy and providing sustainable development programs. Corporate social responsibility requires that as a company benefits in terms of profits, it should give back positively to the society that has enabled it to thrive. It requires that as a firm carries on its business operations, the ethical and legal components of the business be considered (Curt, 2009). According to the four part corporate social responsibility model, the components of corporate social responsibility are economic, social, legal and philanthropic. Wal-mart has contributed economically to the community by supporting children’s hospitals, educational programs and charities. Legal responsibility refers to an organization operating according to the laws and regulations of the local, state and federal governments. Wal-mart has consistently operated within the boundaries of the law (Carroll, 1991). Ethical responsibilities are mainly about fairness and justice and what consumers, shareholders, employees and the community see as passable (Carroll, 1991). Wal-mart has had many ethical issues especially because the company has caused the closure of many businesses. Although the company has caused many problems for local businesses, they are not responsible for the failure of those businesses. Wal-mart seems to have capitalized on the economic and philanthropic sections of the model. Its environmental awareness campaign for instance was driven by the fact that environmental issues were increasingly becoming common in the United States. The idea was used to woo more customers to the company stores and increase profits. Better still, wasn’t Wal-mart preaching water and sipping wine? Being the environmental awareness campaign champions, the establishments had devastating impacts on the environment in terms of heavy traffic snarl ups and sprawl. The organization has the responsibility of ensuring that the environment does not suffer due to their business operations. Therefore, Wal-Mart must come up with ways of eliminating the inconveniences faced by the public. For example, the traffic problem can be reduced if Wal-mart employs people to direct traffic. In addition, the firm can
Germany The German Stabilization Act This act was really helpful while the crisis as its main idea was the creation of the Stabilization Fund. This Stabilization Fund was aimed at overcoming liquidity shortfalls and strengthening capital resources for the German Financial Sector. The functioning of the Act had to be provided through granting financial guarantees, “refinancing such entities, particularly through the acquisition of equity stakes in such entities against capital contributions” 1 and “acquiring risky financial instruments and other assets, particularly receivables, securities, derivatives, and rights and commitments from stand-by credit facilities”. 2 The German Act for the Strengthening of the Financial Markets and Insurance Supervision One of the main ideas of this act is to regulate the market by means of strengthening the powers of the German Federal Financial Supervisory Authority. The most important aspects of this Act which encouraged the German government to accept is are as follows, prohibition on the distribution of profits and payments to affiliated companies. Moreover, the new reporting requirements help consider the risks and the stricter requirements for members of supervisory boards help avoid those risks and stabilize the market. 3 The FDICIA Act of 1991 This Act allowed the country to borrow from the central act. This is one of the most important opportunities while the crisis as the government can get money to cope with the inside problems. The Act was directed at supporting the country’s banks and making those effective leaders for others while complicated circumstances. 4 The Financial market Stabilization Act This Act was used for combating the crisis by means of a public Financial Market Stabilization Fund which is going to support those who really require assistance. Financial institutions are promised to receive the Fund credit guarantees of up to €400 with the purpose to improve the access of liquidity and strengthen the confidence of the bans in Germany. Finally, the Act serves for aggregating of up to €80 for capitalizing the financial institutions and for acquiring risky assets from the financial institutions to help those relieve their capital base. 5 France Article 6 of the Finance Law The Rescue of Dexia The bank was affected by the second wave of the crises and France, Belgium and Luxembourg agreed to save the bank by means of putting it at risky positions and then turning to safe bank. To protect Dexia, the bank borrows money from financial markets. The deposits are not used as they remain too risky during the crisis. Belgium pays €4 billion for acquiring Dexia Banque Belgique. To make sure that bank is protected the country pays €54 billion as a guarantee. Dexia’s French public finance unit as well as the company’s Luxembourg operations are going to be sold. 6 Bibliography “ Dexia Rescue: Belgium Nationalizes Troubled Bank. ” Spiegel Online 2011. Web. “Germany’s Response to the Current Global Financial Crisis.”. 2008. Web. Pak, Susi and Sandra Pfister. “German Act relating to the Strengthening of the Financial Markets and Insurance Supervision.” Practical Law Company . 2009. Web. “The G
Mearsheimer justifies the reasons for Modern European war by the existence and disposition of poles of power, which affect the determination of states to engage in hostilities. He considers the multipolar system the most conducive to rivalry because states’ authority is not distributed evenly (Mearsheimer, 2014). Furthermore, it is most predisposed to instability, as relations between countries change from hostile to sociable and vice versa. Such frequent transformations contribute to the constant emergence of wars. Moreover, they prevent a rational assessment of the capabilities and intentions of adversaries. An unbalanced multipolarity is the most unbalanced form because it is characterized by a hegemon pursuing as much power as feasible. Other states are fearful of such urges, and therefore their policies can be more aggressive. Mearsheimer (2014) argues that wars in modern Europe under a bipolar order occurred with minimal frequency. This system is the most steady because there is a balance between the countries, contributing to their mutual understanding. However, Mearsheimer’s concept cannot be applied nowadays because it is challenging to define the current world order. It is evident that multipolarity prevails and establishes the course of action. Still, it is closely intertwined with bipolarity, which indicates that the modern world is a unique system with dissimilar approaches and impacts. This connection distinguishes the current state of the world structure from the previous one. Therefore, one cannot associate the reasons for military conflicts solely with a specific system. Mearsheimer’s ideas regarding the grounds for wars are rational and reasonable. Nevertheless, the author doubts them because of the nuclear weapon, which existed when Europe was bipolar (Mearsheimer, 2014). It was not present in multipolar order, and therefore the arguments are not valid as the atomic weapon is one of the world’s most significant forces. Mearsheimer (2014) suggested that it, not the system, could be the foremost reason for the absence of war in bipolar Europe between 1990 and 1945. The balance of power cannot affect the outbreak of war as much as the fear of nuclear annihilation. Reference Mearsheimer, J. J. (2014). The tragedy of great power politics: Updated edition . WW Norton & Company.
This discipline deals with how the environment affects human health. It discusses the externalities to human beings that can cause harm to their health. Environmental health practices involve instituting measures of preventing diseases and health supportive measures. Environmental health encompasses both built and natural environment; the concerns include noise pollution control, housing, food safety, climate change, disaster preparedness, occupational health and safety, radiological health among others. The World Health Organization (WHO) has rolled out information programs that have enabled people access information on environmental health perspectives, risk factors, and preventive measures. Human beings should ensure that their safety is supreme by practicing the preventive measures. Food Safety Unsafe foods are responsible for the death of 2.2 million people per year, 1.9 million of which are children (Food safety 2009). Some of the acute diseases include diarrheal diseases and different cancerous diseases. These diseases have caused enormous threats to human lives until they have become a public health concern. The WHO through its vision and mission is helping Member States to identify and prevent various causes of food borne diseases. This program helps to ensure food safety from the production to the final consumption point. In ensuring continuous food safety among the public, the WHO in 2010 launched a new resolution on food safety dubbed Advancing food safety initiatives. The resolution was to put a strategy that could survey food borne diseases and efficient exchange of information
Introduction The history and evolution of healthcare economics can be described as the typical application of economic theory to phenomena and problems associated with health. Healthcare economics as a subject started after Kenneth Arrow’s seminal study. The history of healthcare economics started when plague emerged in Europe in the year 1520 that led to one medic known as Paracelus, try finding solutions. This was followed by thirty years of war between the years 1618 and 1648 which left so many people in poor health. This saw the emergence of Cameralists who championed for the creation of healthcare policy measures. The development of industrialization pushed more people irrespective of gender and age from farm labour to forced labour for longer duration. These made Roscher to research on health related problems and seek for ways in which health of individuals could be protected. The rise of industrialization led to high level of insecurity within the urban population, which also marked the start of war between social classes. This led to the designation of market-based social institutions that targeted some basic areas such as health insurance and cooperative accident insurance (Arrow, 1963). History and evolution of healthcare economics In medieval times, health institutions were built and operated under municipal foundations which gave much attention to keeping of medical records. The data bases on patients’ health conditions kept in hospitals made it possible the application of accounting methods for proper record keeping. Economic concerns played a big part in the application of statistical methods. Monopolization of healthcare which emerged in early 19 th Century encouraged the existence of fraud and provision of low quality services to patients. This received opposition from the Cameralists who gave guidelines on how peoples’ health would be made better; they went ahead and interpreted the population health as an equivalent to the Gross domestic product to make it clear for the government that prosperity of any nation lies with the health of its citizens (Wilhelm, 1894). After the thirty years of war Christian Wolf suggested a bottom-up approach towards provision of health care services. This promoted the focus on households, where the nearest healthcare services were to be relied upon. This was followed by the suggestion of improving the health of the population through government policies and administration. This idea brought clear the focus on agricultural policies which were meant to prevent starvation related diseases through improvement of gross domestic product as well as sanitary conditions (Wilhelm, 1894). Another medical officer Roscher, who lived between 1817 and 1894, brought about