ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
This article is about the theory of moral development and the major concepts which are related to this psychological process. Furthermore, the authors strive to discuss possible applications of these theoretical frameworks. The scholars examine this issue by reviewing various sources which can throw light on this topic. In this way, they try to analyze the major mechanisms of moral development. The readers can learn more about the models developed by such researchers as Piaget and Kohlberg. Overall, this article indicates that cognitive and moral development may be closely intertwined with one another. More importantly, the writers lay stress on the need to find empirical validation of existing theories. This approach can give researchers a better idea of this question. Overall, the main strength of this article is that the authors present a comprehensive overview of theories that can throw light on the moral development of a person. To a great extent, it can be used as a good starting point by learners. Yet, there are some limitations that should be considered. In particular, the authors do not provide many empirical examples that can be used to evaluate a particular theory. Thus, business administrators should not overlook other sources which can throw light on the topic. On the whole, this text has helped me understand that business administrators have a clear idea about the factors that underlie the moral choices that individuals are making. Furthermore, this article has demonstrated to me that people can attach importance to different criteria while taking decisions. For instance, some of them may focus on self-interest, while others may attach importance to conventions or public opinion. These are the main issues that can be singled out.
The upcoming PlayStation4 Pro (PS4 Pro) is likely to embrace the most innovative technologies concerning both hardware and visual effects. The PS4 Pro is the updated version of the PS4 system, which provides output images and streaming video in 4K resolution supports HDR, and is capable of smoother and more stable frame rates. In order to ensure the most effective price strategy, Sony can employ such concepts as bundling and versioning. Let us consider each option in detail. Versioning By the very definition, versioning assumes the release of several versions that would be suited to the expectations of different customers. It should be taken into account that some people value great storage capacity, while others tend to pay attention to the exterior of the console. At this point, price strategy can be based on hardware differences. For example, differing versions of a graphics processing unit (GPU) and a central processing unit (CPU) can be utilized. Leadbetter (2016) reckons that “the new Pro GPU shuts down half of its compute units and the rest are down
Marriage is a social unification between two persons that make them legally, socially and emotionally attached. The UK and other westernized countries are increasingly becoming secular. The religious and nonreligious persons view marriage as unnecessary and out dated. Certain issues make them have such feelings towards the union. These issues include; high rates of divorce, possibility of procreation outside marriage. Other issues are; financial stability of both sexes, possibility of child adoption, autonomy in life and changing trends in sexual behavior. The above mentioned issues are of great apprehension in modern lifestyles. They do not perceive the essence of entering in to marriage when they can accomplish most of the above mentioned issues outside marriage. This renders marriage out dated and no longer suits their lifestyle. Divorce Divorce is a tendency that portrays marriage as an out dated tradition. There is an elevated rate of divorce as witnessed in the world, from the Prince of Wales, Nelson Mandela to Tiger woods. Divorce does not discriminate on the basis of social backgrounds. Most people shun marriage because of the fear of experiencing divorce. It is noteworthy that costs as they pertain to divorce are sky-rocketing in a capitalist society. In the end, divorce victims suffer mental or financial instability. It is noteworthy that Infidelity is a triggering factor for divorce. In the contemporary lifestyle, most married couples find infidelity as the most noticeable dread. Individuals engaging in extra-marital associations ultimately dishonor their marriages thus culminating in separation. Most young people argue that they do not want to spend their life with one partner and end up facing painful separation procedures. They desire the autonomy to select different partners at a given time. In modern lifestyles, the attitudes towards marriage contradict the customary tendencies. Low earnings might also culminate in divorce. This leads to dissatisfaction of family needs. In modern lifestyle, most people do not want to get involved in such financial tussle, so they prefer to cohabit (Alison, 2007 pp, 150). This is experienced amongst unemployed individuals or those with low income. They cohabit with affluent elderly partners for financial satisfaction. This is a clear indication that marriage no longer suits their existence Unfair allotment of household labor decreases marital quality and leads to strenuous relations. This makes couples terminate such unsatisfying unions. It is evident that both men and women pursue their dream careers in the contemporary lifestyles (Cornelia, 2007 pp. 45). It gets complicated for a married couple to divide house-hold labor equally. This makes the young people shun marriage thus viewing it as an obstacle towards future accomplishments. Procreation In ancient time, couples got married because they exuded affection for each other to aid the procreation process. Marriage was a sacred institution and a merger between two adults thus the need for respect (Berry, 1988, pp, 60). In most cases,
Industrial relation is increasingly becoming very complex and delicate issue in the contemporary industrial society. According to Yanou (2012), government intervention in an industry refers to the engagement of the government in the operations and activities within an industry. This scholar says that there is no way a government may completely refrain from engaging in any given industry within its borders. This scholar says that government acts as the umbrella that covers all the industries within its economy. There is however, a variation as to the level of intervention that exists between a given industry, and the government. The degree to which a government engages with an industry will depend on a number of factors. One of the main reasons why a government may intervene in an industry is because of the sensitivity of the industry (Edwards, 2003). For instance, health industry will always feel a lot of government presence because of its sensitivity. Similarly, the industry that relates to the security of citizens and the country may feel a lot of government intervention. Other industries may experience very minimal government intervention, especially those dealing with products considered as goods of ostentation. The industry for exclusive cars may receive very minimal government intervention. This is because of limited public concern. Government intervention may be broadly categorized into two groups. Government may intervene to encourage growth of an industry. This happens when the government realizes that the industry is weak, but is of great importance to the country. Government will intervene to stimulate its growth. Government may also intervene to discourage growth of an industry. This happens when the government realizes that growth of the industry may have devastating effects to the people. Government may also intervene in order to protect the local firms from threat posed by large International Corporation. This research focuses on government intervention on industries, and how this affects the industries. The United Arab Emirates’ government has clearly set labor laws to help govern business environment in the country. Federal Labor Laws No. 8. This law defines the relationship between employer and employee on such issues as salaries, gratuity, and termination. It is worth noting that this country is a signatory to the International labor laws. Government interventions always have a direct impact on an industry. According to Edwards (2003), government as an entity has a massive impact on operational activities of an industry. As was stated above, government intervention may come in two ways. The
Introduction The phrase “transnational IT operations” is used to describe the process or different organizations going beyond geographical and national boundaries for purposes of extending their business ventures using IT facilities. The process of creating a world wide market has ended up making new growth opportunities for many companies. As articulated by Boudreu, Loch, Robey and Straub (1998) it is almost a requirement nowadays that for any business to be successful, it has to expand itself to a global level. Additionally, any organization that is planning to go global would best opt for the adoption of “transnational organization” as the model for making enterprises at a multinational level (Boudreu et al, 1998) Aspects of Transnational IT operations The field of transnational information technology has overt time gained the synonymy with IT outsourcing (Palvia, Palvia & Zigli, 1992). An apparent increase in global bandwidth and the improvement in its global availability have been supporting issues for transnational IT operations. Additionally, cheaper paying rates and the upsurge of international organizations that are in deep need of bringing external IT skills onboard so as to diversify and improve their market outreach, are factors that have fueled the process as well. Albeit information technology is all about the modus operandi that basically goes beyond local, national and international borders, it is the different personalities within different organizations that have been the driving force pushing IT to such advanced levels. As explained by Khosrowpour (2001) transnational IT operations have the engine driving the economical, technological, socio- cultural and political developments within the realms of the global market. As a result, such ventures have made the establishment and repositioning of resources and facilities to other countries to be enriching and profitable. Strategies by different organization to decentralize their business operations have reduced the geographical distances; a fact that has the potential of growing even more as more countries get accustomed to the issue of globalization. At this rate, IT relations between different international organizations stand a chance of progressing to the level of international agreements between different states with regard to hiring and positioning of Information Technology resources. Advantages of Transnational IT Operations Transnational IT Operations would most definitely improve on the profits within an organization. This basically because, the market place is increased, more customers are available for supply of IT services and ther
Monique is a 28-year old single mother of African American descent. She is unemployed while trying to nurture three young children. The oldest is eight years old, while the youngest is two years old. Victor, the middle child, is six years of age. Monique is unemployed and forced to live with her mother, Marion, who is unemployed just like her daughter. Thus, the whole family’s survival depends on one unlikely breadwinner. He is none other than Richard, Marion’s boyfriend. They live in an impoverished neighborhood in a two-bedroom apartment. Victor’s Development Stage and the Child’s Progress Victor is a six-year-old child. Thus, he is still considered as a young child, categorized explicitly under the early childhood development stage (World Health Organization, 2017). Queries regarding Victor’s progress in the context of early childhood development are assessed within a framework that examines specific needs. The said framework takes into consideration how Victor’s family and other social support systems are able to meet his needs based on the following criteria: physical development; cognitive development; and social or emotional development (UNICEF, 2017). Children falling under the aforementioned development category require the same solutions to basic needs, such as food, shelter, and clothing. However, young children like Victor require nutritious food, protection from the elements, as well as the time and space to grow in a safe environment (UNICEF, 2017). Notwithstanding the extreme poverty that they were contending, Victor and his family had enough resources to provide quality meals. This assertion was based on the pronouncements made by a pediatrician tasked to examine Victor and his siblings. Thus, the only problematic area of Victor’s physical development is the long-term impact of the physical injuries caused by maltreatment from the adults in his family (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2017). With regards to Victor’s cognitive learning skills development, one can make the argument that he possessed a satisfactory level of mental cognition, based on how he articulated his problems to the CPS operative. He was able to describe the domestic violence problem, as well as the manner in which he tried to cope with the said issue. However, he is at a stage wherein he needed to demonstrate a higher interest in literacy-related activities. Thus, he needed to attend a learning system that offers primary education to children his age (UNICEF, 2017). There was no evidence to suggest that he was attending school. Victor’s social and emotional growth requirements are two of the most problema
Corporate communication refers to a systematic collection of activities that are used by an organisation to manage internal and external communications that focus on providing timely responses and point-of-view messages to stakeholders. The stakeholders of the Ryanair are the management, employees, investors, and customers. This corporate communications plan aims to achieve the following objectives within the firm:  1. Improving the company’s customer service, identity, and image.  2. Ensuring the company gains positive publicity.  3. Developing a strong corporate reputation for the company overall. Improving the company’s customer service, identity, and image The organisation should utilise corporate communications to improve customer service. Customer service is an important aspect in business establishments because it determines the level of customer satisfaction. Customers who are satisfied by an organisation tend to remain loyal to the firm’s products and services. The communications by the company should focus on responding to concerns raised by customers on a timely basis. For example, if customers raise lateness issues about the Ryanair’s flights, then the communications department should respond by giving reasons for the issue and apologising. This would go well with customers because they would feel that the firm appreciates them. Corporate
The suggested article by de Vries, Bakker-Pieper, and Oostenveld (2009) has led me to the following assumptions. First of all, the study has made me think about the importance of communication which may vary depending on the type of leadership but cannot be denied. The idea of equating leadership to communication, as the authors suggest, is not valid for every leadership style. Still, it appears to be logical that the specifics of leadership are manifested through the type of communication the leader prefers. Therefore, communication is not only the means of knowledge and information exchange, but it is also a leadership tool that may be used to increase the employees’ satisfaction, trust, respect, and devotion (De Vries et al., 2009, p. 371). According to the article, the possible ways of achieving this result include (but are not limited to) exhibiting assuredness, argumentativeness, lack of verbal aggressiveness, preciseness, and supportiveness (De Vries et al., 2009, p. 369). It was especially important for me to receive a kind of scientific confirmation to the effectiveness of supportive leadership behavior (De Vries et al., 2009, p. 377). It is connected to my personal beliefs concerning leadership. Apart from that, the suggested article proves that either communication style has its positive outcomes. While I have to admit that the human-oriented leadership is the one that appeals to me, every leadership model appears to have its advantages. For example, the positive qualities of a task-oriented leader include assuredness and preciseness (De Vries et al., 2009, p. 377). It is the latter of them that I consider especially important. In my opinion (which is supported by personal experience) vague goals are extremely disturbing for followers and reduce the trust and respect that a leader may potentially inspire. Since I would always respect a leader who is capable of providing consistent and clear instructions, I intend to pay particular attention to the preciseness of my own communication style in future. Taking into account the fact that different communication styles offer various opportunities, incorporating the elements of several models appears to be a promising activity. It could be useful to point out that the models suggested to us by the previous studies are complex and extensive, but there is always a limitation to them. In my opinion the generalized ideas that describe the way people appreciate different kinds of communication or leadership may be misleading, even though they do provide useful guidelines. In the process of leadership, a variety of suggested models can be used, and their choice is determined by the specific circumstances and the characteristics of the group the leader works with. I am not trying to diminish the importance of scientific works, but I attempt to highlight the importance of practical experience. Therefore, I assume that a leader may and should custom his or her own communication and other leadership tools to achieve better results depending on any particular circumstances. I wonder, though, if my peers would agree with me on the matter. This is the first issue I would like to suggest for the
Introduction Chronic pain is a serious nursing practice problem that has numerous negative effects on the quality of life of the impacted population. The available pain management approaches are often associated with adverse health effects, limiting their use. The current paper proposes the introduction of mindfulness-based intervention substantiated by the findings of qualitative and quantitative studies and outlines its potential advantages compared to traditional techniques. PICOT Statement In adults suffering from chronic pain (P), is mindfulness meditation combined with administration of Acetaminophen (I) a more effective intervention for pain management (O) than the administration of Acetaminophen without the use of mindfulness component (C) in the period of three months (T)? Research Critiques Background The qualitative article selected for the review is the study by Moore and Martin (2015) dealing with the effects of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT) on pain management. The clinical problem identified by the researchers was the lack of clarity pertaining to the specific effects of the intervention. Despite the bulk of research dealing with the overall effectiveness of the intervention, the information is for the most part unsystematic, which prevents its implementation in the evidence-based practice. The study is significant since according to the authors an estimated 20% of the population is impacted by the chronic pain which constitutes a significant economic challenge as well as a noticeable detriment to the quality of life of the impacted population and can cause suicidality, disruption of social connections, difficulties in employment, and depression. Consequently, the purpose of the study at hand is the conceptualization of the perceived benefits of MBCT by patients suffering from chronic pain. Due to the qualitative nature of the research, the research questions are not specified in the article. Nevertheless, they can be inferred as follows:   * What are the perceived benefits of the MBCT program from the perspective of patients with chronic pain?   * What are the factors that enable or hinder the ongoing mindfulness practice?   * What are the best ways to assist the patients in developing their practice? Both the research questions and the purpose of the study are related to the identified clinical problem. Methods The qualitative approach was likely selected due to the exploratory nature of the research (conceptualization of the benefits rather their measurement) and the need to identify the factors impacting the patients’ participation (achievable through interviews). The inferred specific perspective adopted by the researchers was the positive impact of MBCT on the management of chronic pain. The literature review conducted by the authors revealed the abundance of qualitative studies that provided an overview o
In her book The Fine Art of Small Talk , Debra Fine provides readers with several insights, into what accounts for one’s ability to indulge in productive conversations with others. The main idea, that is being promoted throughout the book’s entirety, is that, for people to be able to become effective conversationalists, they may never cease increasing the extent of their psychological awareness of how one’s brain works. Below, are the brief descriptions of what each of the book’s chapters is all about:  1. What’s the Big Deal About Small Talk? – In this chapter, Fine explains why it is utterly important for people to strive to attain the skills of verbal communication.  2. Get Over Your Mom’s Good Intentions – Here, the author promotes the idea that, those who want to be able to attain a social prominence, must be willing to adopt an active stance in life, which is why they may never consider timidness a virtue.  3. Take the Plunge: Start a Conversation! – According to Fine, people should never miss the opportunity to start a conversation when it presents itself.  4. Keep the Conversation Going! – In this chapter, the author comes up with several suggestions, as to how the ongoing conversation can be prevented from ‘dying.’ One of the keys to success, in this respect, is the conversationalist’s understanding of what accounts for his or her conversing counterpart’s emotional need to take part in the concerned conversation, to begin with.  5. Let’s Give ’Em Something to Talk About – This chapter promotes the idea that it represents the matter of crucial importance, for the person who initiates a conversation, to ensure that the conversation’s participants have the unrestricted opportunity to express their opinions, in regards to the discussed subject matter.  6. Hearing Aids and Listening Devices – To be an effective conversationalist, one must know what accounts for the specifics of how verbal information is finding its way into people’s minds.  7. Prevent Pregnant Pauses with Preparation – In this chapter, Fine provides readers with several advice, as to what may be considered the effective strategies of ensuring the conversation’s uninterrupted fluidity.  8. Conversational Clout – According to the author, while indulging in conversations, people should never cease applying an effort into making sure that what they say does not end up misinterpreted.  9. Crimes and Misdemeanors – This chapter reveals what can be considered the most obvious indications of one’s inability to carry on a conversation. The author discusses them, as such that is being affiliated with the psychological types of: ‘The FBI agent,’ ‘The Braggart,’ ‘The One-Upper,’ ‘The Monopolizer,’ ‘The Interrupter,’ ‘The Know-It-All,’ ‘The Poor Sport’ and ‘The Adviser.’ 10. The Graceful Exit – This particular chapter is concerned with the autho