ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The Paper Harris-Roberts, J Bowen, J Sumner, J Fishwick, D 2013, ‘Health and Safety Inspection of Hairdressing and Nail Salons by Local Authority Environmental Health Practitioners’, Journal of Environmental Health , vol. 75, no. 6, pp. 96-101 Do the authors have the required expertise? As indicated within the research article, the authors are researchers working for the Human Sciences Unit and Centre for Workplace Health, Health and Safety Laboratory. This indicates that these individuals have had an extensive period of time and experience with a variety of safety concerns ranging from ordinary work related safety violations to extensive violations of safety standards within specific industries within the U.K. This indicates that the authors have the necessary abilities to examine EHP related data and be able to effectively interpret the results in a way that can be understood. The research question The primary research question of this paper was whether or not hairdressing and nail salons within the U.K. complied with recent legislation regarding proper environmental health standards within their place of business. Literature Review The literature review consisted of a general overview of risk control indicators and includes, but is not limited to, proper disposal of waste, general cleanliness of the facilities, adherence to guidelines involving the disinfection of tools and other equipment, and lastly the general knowledge of the workers and managers regarding proper environmental health practices. The reasoning behind undertaking such an endeavour was to ensure that hairdressers and nail salons that utilize a large array of tools and equipment that regularly come into contact with the human body are following the mandates set forth by the government to prevent the spread of biological contaminants from person to person. When examining the general breadth and depth of the research material utilized, it can be stated that given the general length of the study combined with the data that was examined, the amount of literary sources was sufficiently diverse to encompass all the necessary factors related to proper environmental health within the context of hairdressers and nail salons. There was no excessive reliance on poor or inadequate sources; however, what was noticed was that more than half of the resea
Introduction The United States Supreme Court, which was established under the judicial act of 1789, is the highest judicial organ in the US. This court is the one that leads the legal branch of the United States government. The Supreme Court is made up of nine judicial members, its head being the chief justice with eight other members. All these judicial members are appointed by the head of state with approval from the United States senate. Main body The Supreme Court reviews all the cases that are filed by the federal and state courts and decide which cases are to be heard. This court is independent; this gives it the mandate to check the other two arms of the government that is the Legislature and the Executive. The decisions of this court can only be changed through a constitutional amendment. The federal and state courts are created by members of the congress. The history of this court is usually described by Chief Justices who preside over it as it I am going to discuss later in my essay. Civil right liberties are essential individual rights like freedom of association, worship and speech, protected by law against unlawful state, government or other people’s interference. With this in mind I will asses the impact of the Supreme Court on the future of key liberties in the United States. Let us consider the case of Morse v Frederick. The case revolves around a high school principal named Deborah Morse and one of her students named Joseph Frederick. In this case, Mrs. Deborah Morse, who was the supplicant in the case, allowed members of staff and students of her school to participate in the Olympic torch relay which was passing by their school, heading to Salt Lake City for the summer games. The students were to watch as the touch and its bearers passed by from one side of the street, while the teachers and other school administrators monitor keenly how the students acted and behaved because they were the custodians of the students. The claimant, Mr. Frederick Joseph a senior at the Juneau- Douglass School came late to school that day only to find that his school mates had already gone for the event. Frederick joined his friends and peers for the event across the street and as the torch carriers and the cameramen were passing by, the student and his pals unfolded a banner written “BONG HITS 4 JESUS”. When Mrs.
Introduction A cyber-attack is a threat source that uses an exploit to take advantage of an existing vulnerability. It causes unintended or unanticipated behavior to occur in a computer system or network (Rehman, 2013). Cyber-attacks affect the integrity and availability of systems. The end is beneficial to the threat source and detrimental to other users. People assume they are anonymous online, as long as they do not use their names. Anonymity remains an assumption, even in company intranets and particular databases. Scientists can easily deanonymize people by following the anonymity process backwards. However, they need appropriate tools. Unfortunately, the scientists’ intention cannot always be good (Harris, 2013). Reasons, motivations, and beliefs for cyber attacks Digital infrastructures of governments and institutions are increasingly becoming open for clandestine and malicious activities. Intruders can be organized or act individually when they attack a digital system. Employees and other insiders are also capable of making unauthorized intrusions into their networks and cause similar harm that external attackers would (Han & Dongre, 2014). According to Rehman (2013), the Internet is now a domain for internal politics. Its structure that spans beyond country boundaries makes many national governments vulnerable. International cyberspace security infrastructure is becoming more certain, as governments work together to limit their exposure to criminal acts online. Regarding the Internet, being the most common communication tool in the 21 st century contributes to its targeting by cyber attackers. In addition, the ease of assuming an identity of the Internet is also a motivating factor. It contributes to criminal activity online. Politically motivated hackers, cyber intruders, and terrorists create an economic espionage, theft of sensitive data, manipulation of systems, and revelation of secret information. In fact, activities of cyber attackers make the Internet both a blessing and a curse. Law enforcing authorities use legalized means to make cyber-attacks and gather evidence about criminal activities. Such an accomplishment would be impossible if cyberspace was not prone to penetration. Cyberspace refers to the Internet and other networks within companies, homes, and institutions. It also relates to electronic devices with computational power linked to any sort of network. Within cyberspace, there are software and protocols that allow management and transfer of information in connected computers or
A communication plan is a tool used to reach certain audiences by means of information channeling and dissemination. A good communication plan guides an organization in its endeavor to reach its target audience. It must give in detail the methods and timelines to be used so as to accomplish its objectives. It gives an organization an effective platform in which to exchange messages, ideas and information, both within and without the organization therefore, enabling it to align its strategies with its mission and objectives (Bell & Smith, 1999, p. 146).The Centre for Disease Control (CDC) is charged with ensuring safety of the citizens in terms of health. It deals with diseases ranging from viral, bacterial and even nuclear related diseases. Therefore, it must have an effective tool in which information is disseminated to the employees and target consumers. This paper is going to discuss the issues that affect CDC, its communication channels and ways to improve its communication. Introduction After the September 9 th terrorist attack in New York, the American citizens became more afraid about their security. The Centre for Disease control (CDC) is at the heart of medical field in the United States, it’s mandate among others include, keeping track of existing communicable diseases, vaccination against certain diseases like flu, tracking and preventing bio-terrorism and containing outbreaks of diseases, in extreme cases, quarantine the affected population. Therefore, it is of importance for CDC to have a proper communication plan that will enable them to disseminate information to its audience, in this case, the general public, the hospitals under its mandate, the medical practitioners and other government agencies (Bell & Smith, 1999, p. 156). The events that followed after the attack can only be described as life changing, since governments all over the world begun implementing strategies to counter such attacks. This communication plan is going to be affected by various factors (Bell & Smith, 1999, p. 254). Some of these factors are controllable and some are not. The controllable factors include but not limited to, method of information dissemination; either through the print, electronic or social media. The method one chooses to disseminate information is at one’s peril, one has to choose a method and medium that will ensure maximum reach for maximum impact (Paul & Jonathan, 2004, p.32). Other factors include the kind of information to be disseminated. You want to give your audience only the relevant information and information that is going to generate positive responses in terms of preparedness (Baldoni, 2003, p.61). As CDC, our work is in sensitive areas of health, some situations are life and death types, therefore, we only have to give information that is going to make the audience aware of a threat, but not enough to make them more afraid. For government agencies and other related institutions. We need to provide them with as much information because they are a source of help and
The bill-making is a multistage process that starts with an idea. While each subsequent step in the process rests upon the successful implementation of previous steps, it can be argued that the submission of a bill to Congress is the most important phase. The chief function of the body is to make laws; therefore, this stage determines whether a bill merits consideration and can be approved in the future (“How our laws,” n.d.). Public testimony allows all involved parties to effectively communicate pertinent information to legislative committees, thereby influencing the development of health policies. By delivering testimonies at hearings, it is possible to provide legislators with different positions on an issue of interest. This is extremely important because the presentation of oral statements during committee hearings can influence the language of a bill. A study conducted by Moreland-Russell et al. (2015) shows that this approach to law-making is often misused by interest and advocacy groups whose methods of information delivery can pressure lawmakers to accept their legislative proposals. This influence should not be overlooked because not all policy actions are beneficial for the general public. For example, tobacco and sugar companies have been influencing legislators for many decades (Surowiecki, 2016). When analyzing a policy, it is of utter importance to understand its implications for both the intended area of influence and the society at large. By utilizing a rigorous analytical framework, it is possible to detect and ameliorate a wide-range of weaknesses in a proposed policy, thereby eliminating their negative effects. For example, to analyze the effects of healthcare law, it is necessary to consider its effectiveness in targeting the intended healthcare issue. Furthermore, it is also necessary to predict its unintended effects. To this end, one must look at the consequences of a policy in terms of social equity, cost, and acceptability.
Jazz existence in the world of music has its own ambiguity in definitions. Jazz is a section of creative art that is mostly an illustration of African – American sense of art. It is a field which has become jargonized recognizing itself additional as separate from past forms rather than relevant to today’s world of music. It is much interesting finding out that even many of those who claim to be the die hearts of this type of music do not have a clear definition of what jazz is. There is uniqueness in this type of music in its inclusiveness in performance which I think is a combination of Africa and Europe cultures. The vagueness of the definition of Jazz is even made complex by the notion held by many fans that it is rhythmical music which is to be felt rather than being defined. According to John Philip Sousa “Jazz will endure just as long as people hear it through their feet instead of their brains.” Jazz is a music genre whose origin dates back to 1900 in New Orleans, America. The manipulations that led to those early New Orleans sounds date back to ethnic African drum beats and European music make ups. Christopher Meeder (8-10) Persuasions of Jazz appear to have come from all over, one being the African musical performances that continued a part of the slave culture and another being from the dominant white musical culture of Western Europe. The Western Europe tradition had simple harmonies, simple rhythms, and the form often used was AABA.
As at the end of 2009, what was the major strategic challenge facing Apple’s senior management? Apple is a global brand and a market leader. However, it is now battling to keep up due to strategic crisis resultant from a range of internal and external factors core to its design and related business strategy specifications. Although computer sales soured considerably for Apple prior to 2008, the company’s management faced numerous challenges in deciding on its various product categories and had to take precautionary measures to avoid the following notable issues that stood out in its previous years of operation (Apple Inc. 4).  1. Emphasis on the use of proprietary designs as opposed to mutually exclusive designs that can be cloned by other manufacturers.  2. Placing excessive focus on style and design at the expense of the real performance of its products. The above were the company’s key business strategic specifications. Apple’s generic strategy and a brief description Overview Apple Inc. has gone out of its way to bring about strategic value in the manufacture of computers and other related products in its industry of operation. The company has managed to stand out from its competitors with its emphasis on design, quality, elegance, outstanding customer service while at the same time outsourcing actual production to trusted electronics manufacturers. Even so, Apple has encountered various challenges ranging from stiff competition to the commoditizing of the notebook market (Apple Inc. 8). Generic strategy Since its inception, Apple has been pursuing a wide differentiation strategy by producing exceptionally high quality designs with customized service. The company’s strategy is broad, placing emphasis on unsophisticated product users to special needs high end users. The competitive intensity in the industry segments in which Apple competes The advent of personal computers and notebook usage have resulted in intensive competition characterized by dozens of manufacturers selling in the already saturated computer market globally. Consequently, the penetration of computer in the day-to-day life of individual customers and businesses has led to the gadget becoming a necessity and more of a commodity product. Most users place more emphasis on business economy as opposed to sophisticated features. Consequently, this has led to the upsurge of low end products from such competitors as Dell, Lenovo and HP. Further, the similarity of product features resulting from standardized industry settings has set the stakes high hence necessitating Apple to rethink its strategy (Apple Inc. 15). The specific strength or weakness, opportunity or threat that explain the cha
Introduction It is generally recognized that the absence of a causal link between the acts of a person and the future socially dangerous consequences excludes criminal liability. On contrary, establishing a causal link enables solving a subsequent question of guilt imputed to the person causing the harmful result and gives a basis to recognize their acts as a crime. This paper investigates the question of legal causation along with providing a historical background of the basic concepts of causation in the context of homicide in criminal law. Analysis In most cases, investigating the causal link in a criminal case is not faced with difficulties in its analysis, and often the case is solved without hesitation. This is due to the reason that in individual cases obvious development of reasonable events (usually binary causal connection) is enabled, guided by the understanding of causality and logic, to properly settle this issue. In addition, in several cases the question of causation does not even arise, the nature of constructing disposition of criminal law, when the inevitability of injury makes itself the object of a crime that a socially dangerous act. Extremely diverse are the attempts of solving the question about the causal connection in the doctrine, moreover in the newest studies, which removed the study about the so-called exceptional causality, there are two sharply outstanding directions, of which one, is the subjective-identifies concept of causality and guilt, and the other attempts to resolve a question about the causal connection based on the objective conditions, not dependent on the guilt. In the medieval doctrine, a question about the causal connection was examined especially in the context of a homicide, and the very concept “of causing”, because of which in particular the tendency to soften the severity of punishments, was understood very limitedly. For the imputation, it was required in the first place, that the results would be caused exclusively by the actions of the guilty as, for example, the death from the direct shot; the origin of any other forces, which contributed to the result, removed the imputation of this result. In describing the issue of the basics of criminal liability, British theorists necessarily indicate that the criminal law of England for centuries rests on the principle of “Actus non reum facit, nisi mens sit rea” (the act itself does not prove guilty if the will is not). From here comes a general statement: to apply a punishment must prove not only unlawful act (actus reus), but also guilty consciousness that corresponds to it (men’s rea). The constitutive signs of a homicide, the majority of which is unchanged or a somewhat transformed form were preserved in the definition of this crime in present time,
Introduction The Eden Land Company has developed a new business idea. It plans to combine water with slices of fruits and serve them to customers. The water will be packed in uniquely designed and eco-friendly bottles. This paper provides a market research and feasibility study report for the Healthy Drink. “SMART” objectives Eden Land has set objectives and their feasibility tests. For instance, one of its objectives is to satisfy the needs of customers within the first week after the product is introduced into the market by meeting their needs. The Customers tastes differ in many ways, and the company understands that creativity is one of the ways it can use to influence the purchase of its products (Burns 111). The company has noted that many young people suffer from blood pressure and water retention problems. It has developed a remedy to this problem by offering the Healthy Drink product. This objective will be measured by the outcomes, testimonies, and reactions of customers to the product (Burns 221). Healthy Drink (Product) The Eden Land Company will offer the Healthy Drink product to its customers. The Healthy Drink is a type of water with minimum quantities of sodium and is ideal for people suffering from high blood pressure. It is also ideal for people suffering from water retention. The Healthy Drink product is packed in unique bottles different from those of their competitors in order for customers to easily recognize them in the market. The company will also ensure that the Healthy Drink stands out consistently by ensuring that it is treated in accordance with the required specifications. It will provide customers with a high quality Healthy Drink to influence post-purchase of the product, and hence maximize on sales, profits, and revenues. Market Research The market for the Healthy Drink product is readily available. Market research plays a significant role in successful business development (Carson 52). The product is targeted at the youths (generation Y) with water retention problems and high blood pressure. To avoid these problems, they should take the Healthy Drink product, which is a type of water with minimum sodium quantities. The company will add slices of fruits to this water to make it appealing to the target audience. The demand for pure healthy water is on the increase. This is an added advantage for the Eden Land Company because it meets the customers’ specifications. Pricing and Promotion The Eden Land Company will set affordable prices for its Healthy Drink mineral water immediately after launching the product. There is stiff competition from other products such as Masafi, Panna, Aquafina and Pellegrik among others. The company will ensure that it employs the price leadership strategy to gain competitive advantage over its competitors (Marn, Eric & Craig 79). The company also intends to integrate the most efficient promotional campaigns for its product before and after the launch of the new product. Considering that the target au
The health issue of water scarcity in rural Africa Water scarcity is indeed a substantial problem, which is largely ignored by the people who take the abundance of fresh water for granted. Although the absence of sources on rural parts of Africa is a noteworthy challenge, it seems to exist because of the lack of awareness (Cook et al., 2017). Drawing attention to the issue from both inside authorities and outside parties is an important task. Considering the general indifference of people towards the obstacles and problems of Africa, the most effective solution is informing people on the potential impact of water scarcity on their lives. Nurses can make a valuable contribution because they have knowledge of the health consequences. Therefore, they can emphasize subsequent human suffering due to the lack of clean water as an argument for taking action. The health issue of Mental Disorders Mental health issues can be considered a neglected healthcare sphere in comparison to physical illnesses. Partially, the reason for the lack of meaningful changes in the policies preventing the causes lies in the social stigma towards patients with mental problems (Halcomb et al., 2018). Therefore, the major challenge is breaking the paradigm of social stigmatization of those with vulnerable mental health. Nurses can utilize their experience with patients who have damaged psyche to showcase them as people who are no different from other healthcare recipients. Alternatively, they can emphasize the inherent connection between health and mental state. Some medical conditions can trigger changes in the mental brain capacities (Halcomb et al., 2018). Once people understand that the blind spots in policies preventing mental illnesses may affect them as well, they will change their perception. Subsequently, the more lawmakers can empathize with the patients, the more inclined they will be to change the policies.