ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Wildfires have been a common phenomenon in the 21st century globally, and they have resulted in untold suffering, devastation, and unimaginable losses to the communities involved. Disaster management experts in the United States have instituted robust measures to contain the spread and destruction of wildfires in presumably high-risk areas in a bid to save lives and control the loss of properties (Abatzoglou et al., 2020). The causation of wildfires globally may be ascribed to natural causes. Some of these phenomena include extreme heat acting on the dead and dry matter and consistent lightning strikes with high intensity, which, according to Abatzoglou et al. (2020), may trigger a spark in the vast and dense grasslands and forests. The State of California has been on the receiving end of the devastation and losses caused by the wildfires. To research, California has a unique arid (dry) climate and rich natural reserves of dry vegetation and bones that act as catalysts for wildfires (Cole et al., 2020). This paper presents a comprehensive analysis of California’s preparedness efforts for wildfires, an evaluation of the identified strategies’ applicability in other disaster types, and the recommendations if in a house with raging fires. Wildfires Emergency Plan and Efforts of Preparedness in California Developing an Evacuation Plan The fire departments and emergency agencies in the State of California have been keen on guiding families to establish an action plan in the event of a wildfire emergency. These organizations recommend that all the family members sign up for the state or local warning and alert services used to disseminate information or send message alerts in case of emergencies, including fire outbreaks (Kramer et al., 2019). This approach also allows individuals to receive real-time notifications from the National Weather Service. An evacuation plan is critical in response to a wildfire incidence since it guides individuals on the convenient exit routes while providing a fire-safety program, including the use of masks when the smoke is intense. According to Kramer et al. (2019), guardians should ensure that the entire household is knowledgeable of the actions to implement if there is an urgent need for evacuation. The above-mentioned approach helps the agile and highly active family members have a master plan for rescuing the elderly members, who may be slow to respond in a wildfire emergency. Preparation of an Emergency Kit California authorities advise that every family member, particularly adults,
Introduction Concepts change semantically over time to reflect different historical contexts. Identifying these temporal changes through church history is critical to the conceptual application of such words. The term ‘kind’, as a noun, is defined as a collection of entities with comparable features. This paper traces the usage of ‘kind’ within church history by analyzing quotes derived from writings dealing with this concept from a spiritual and philosophical perspective. It highlights the term as used by scholars writing in the Early Church period through the Modern Age. The Concept in the Early Church Period: 0-300 CE The first three centuries of church history featured a diversity of Christian beliefs and competing groups like the Sadducees and Pharisees. A prominent event that occurred during this period is the crucifixion of Jesus Christ by the Romans for charges of rebellion against the religious establishment and deity claims. Additionally, in 70 CE, the Jewish temple was destroyed following an invasion by the Roman army. The usage of the concept of ‘kind’ can be traced to the early church period. It appears in the works of Christian scholars writing in 0-300 CE, notably, Clement of Alexandria and Origen. An excerpt from one of Clement of Alexandria (2001) works reads: “choice and avoidance are exercised according to knowledge; so that it is not pleasure that is the good thing, but knowledge by which we shall choose a pleasure at a certain time, and of a certain kind” (p. 167). On his part, Origen views pain and disease as the seeds of sin concealed in the body. He notes that “although a man may appear to be afflicted with evils of a serious kind, suffering convulsions in all his limbs, he may nevertheless, at some future time, obtain relief and cessation from his trouble” after enduring his affliction wholly (Origen, 2011, p. 2342). The concept of ‘kind’ is evident in both of the quotes. The contexts in which the two theologians are writing are different. Clement is tackling the topic of the Stoics’ contempt for pain and poverty where he challenges the belief that the body does not affect the soul. Citing spiritual temptations of Christ and Job, he notes that being sinless forces the body to abstain from things of the flesh for the sake of
Definition of a Job Interview Job interviews are as old as employment itself. During the early years of the working man, an interview was as simple as coming up to Farmer Dan and asking him if he had a job open. He would respond “I need a cowhand. Can you do that?” A simple yes from the other person and a handshake were all it took to close the deal. But that was during simpler times. These days, job interviews are highly evolved and calculated selection processes that are geared towards finding the person who can do the required job the best from a pool of hopefuls who mostly have the same training and job experience. This is normally done by asking job applicants a preset group of questions and basing their capabilities on their oral responses. A more thorough definition of a job interview is presented by McDaniel, Whetzel, Schimidt, and Maurer (1994) in the article ” The Validity Of Employment Interviews: A Comprehensive Review and Meta-Analysis” as published in the Journal of Applied Psychology. They state that: The interview is a selection procedure designed to predict future job performance on the basis of applicant’s oral responses to oral inquiries. Interviews are one of the most frequently used selection procedures, perhaps because of their intuitive appear for hiring authorities… Managers and personnel officials, especially those who are interviewers, tend t o believe that the interview is valid for predicting future job performance. (McDaniel, Whetzel, Schimidt, and Maurer, p. 1) Job interviews are used to make hiring decisions through a verbal evaluation of the candidate after having narrowed down the list of potential applicants using their submitted resume’s. It also allows the candidate to get an overview of the job he is expected to do and the type of corporate atmosphere that he will be required to participate in. Interviews As Part of the Job Selection Process The Human Resources Department of any corporation or company has a very difficult task on hand. It is their job to make sure that there is a constant stream of reliable and efficient people manning the desks at the company. Without these reliable and efficient people, the company functions could come to a screeching halt. Which is why they must be highly selective of the people whom they interview for open positions. Most Human Resources representatives have a complete picture of the employee that they require for a specific position. So they use the oral interview as a tool for judging the personality of the applicant and to decide whether or not the applicant is right for the job. Aside from the specifics that they look for in the applicants, they also look for some standard personality traits such as the following:  1. Presence – as we all know, first impressions count a lot. Most specially during job interviews. The interviewer looks for an applicant who exudes positivism, manners, and the ability to properly conduct himself in public…  2. The Ability To Communicate – interviewers gene
Introduction Many international students face many problems as they try to cope with the transition. The western counselors face a challenge in trying to help this group because of its unique characteristics. All students require adjusting to the educational environment International students need help to ease their adjustment to new cultures (Mori, 2000). However studies have shown that they usually do not use counseling services provided in the universities (Kilinc & Granello, 2003; Zhang & Dixon, 2003). Domestic students are more likely to utilize the services for instance in the UK domestic students’ usage of these services was higher. But this does not suggest appropriate usage rates by the domestic students. Using ethnic evaluation with domestic students more Caucasian American students utilize the services more than their Asian American counterparts (Kearney, Draper, & Baron, 2005). Main Most of the international students have a negative attitude towards counseling. According to several studies done females have a more positive attitude towards counseling compared to men. However other studies did not find gender differences towards seeking help. This attitude is related to culture and acculturation. For instance the students from Vietnam students are reluctant to seek counseling help due to the stigma associated with mental problems (Atkinson, Ponterotto, & Sanchez, 1984). The other reason for the negative attitude is due to cultural beliefs. Asian students fail to use counseling facilities because they are afraid of their families’ disapproval. The families would be embarrassed by them by seeking counseling. This is due to the stigma associated with mental health. They belief such problems should be solved in the family and yet because their family members are far way they keep their problems to themselves (Zhang & Dixon, 2003). It is embarrassing to seek counseling. There is a stigma associated with emotional openness in their cultures. Their cultures encourage collectivism and depending on one another for support. The family authority must be respected and this includes not giving personal information to strangers. These students are also put off by the counselors who are from another ethnic group. They feel that they would not understand their problems due to their different beliefs. Thus most choose to deal with their problems alone while some may seek help from friends in the same social network (Uba, 1994). The cultural differences make some students uncomfortable and this leads to doubts of whether the service would help. Asian students would prefer to be helped by a counselor who is older from their own or similar ethnicity. Asians insists on privacy and this discourages them from seeking help from people outside their families. Language may also be another problem that keeps students from visiting counselors. When they find it difficult to express themselv
Two Uses of ICT at Home ICT has a variety of utilities, and it has proved relevant in the home environment. In the home environment, it is used for social media access. Currently, people can communicate and interact with others in the comfort of their homes. Another good use of social media is when it is used for business. ICT now enables people to order goods via e-commerce platforms, and these products are delivered to their home addresses. Similarly, people can also run their online businesses from their homes while paying their bills. Key Skills needed to use ICT The main E-Mail management skills relevant to ICT include word processing, e-mail management, electronic media presentation, website design, database management, web navigation, spreadsheets, and camera usage skills. Three differences between a smartphone and a tablet The first difference is that tablets have relatively larger screens than smartphones. Secondly, smartphones are more portable than tablets because of their smaller size, which makes them easier to carry. Thirdly, the tablet is designed to offer more entertainment perks. For instance, they have larger screens to provide better capabilities for watching movies and playing mobile games. Five ways to improve the format of word-processed academic reports/essays The first consideration is choosing the word processor that one is most comfortable using to ensure that the written content will be presented is of superior quality. The second thing is to clearly understand what to write after a session of brainstorming relevant ideas. All ideas should be presented formally, as it is a requirement in academic writing. Thirdly, it is imperative to understand how to utilize the preferred word processor effectively to present work that follows all the instructions of academic writing, including good grammar, punctuation, font size, and line and paragraph spacing, among others. The fourth way to improve the format of word-processed academic reports is to use the correct vocabulary and to ensure all words are used correctly. There are useful features that are availed by word processors, such as the synonym option, which can help people to use numerous variations of words. The translate feature is also relevant to help users understand the proper meaning of words. The fifth way to improve the format of academic content on word processors is to use online tools to make requisite corrections on writing and ensure that all written content is grammatically correct. Three health problems caused by computers and how to avoid them One of the prevalent health issues caused by computers is eye intricacies. Computers tend to emit light that tends to affect their users. Therefore, computer users should control the amount of light their computer screens emit to ensure it does not affect their optical health. Extended usage of computers has caused headaches among a significant number of computer users. The only way to prevent consistent headaches associated with computer u
Introduction On the whole, outsourcing can be defined as transferring some of the firms activities to a third party or subcontractor for a certain period of time (Greever, 1999, p 3). This process can be of two types, namely, long and short-term outsourcing. Under certain circumstances, each of them can be effective. In this essay, we need to compare their advantages and disadvantages connecting theoretical aspects of this question with the experience of leading companies, which have already used these techniques. In particular, we need to focus on such aspects as cost-effectiveness, quality of the products or services, and organizational changes, entailed by subcontracting. Long-term outsourcing As regards long-term outsourcing, we should first mention that the management can employ such strategy for several reasons either to reduce operating expenses or to improve ones services. There are several positive sides, namely, 1) ability to access new technologies and knowledge, especially if an enterprise is willing to find an expert, which is more competent in a particular sphere. Secondly, we should not overlook a good chance to minimize the cost of manufacturing. Provided that the company off shores ones activities there is an opportunity to hire less expensive labor force. In the vast majority of cases, this is the real of motive for such transfer (Child, 2005, p 347). Short-term outsourcing or out-tasking Yet, it should be borne in mind that long-term outsourcing cal lead to several adverse consequences. For instance, in late nineties, many American IT corporations such as IBM, Microsoft, or HP decided to outsource their support services to India, but this significantly decreased the level of customers satisfaction mostly because many of new employees were not quite proficient in English. In addition to that, the firms were not always able to monitor the activities of the subcontractors (Gottschalk, 2005, p 77). However, the main danger is that long-term tranferring makes any firm fully dependent on the vendor. It would be very difficult and cumbersome to switch to another contractor. Apart from that, it causes massive downsizing or lay offs and insecurity in the workplace. In sharp contrast, short-term outsourcing or out tasking serves some other objectives. It is most suitable for one specific project. It is quite possible for us to say that risks are much lower, because while transferring one particular project a company can choose the most appropriate vendor. Secondly, such approach is more time-efficient, this can be of great avail if the timelines are very stringent. Furthermore, short-term contracts are more flexible; in this case, the company that makes the transfer can always search for some alternative solutions. This is why so many enterprises give preference to short-term agreements. Yet, there are some drawbacks: first out tasking is usually more expensive then long-term outsourcing, and secondly, there is practically no opportunity to gain recourse to new technologies and discover a talent pool (Kehal et al 2006, p 43). Conclusion To conclude, both long-term
Introduction Starting from the early 1970s, there has been the emergence of a female dimension to most of the theories that have been in existence. This is what came to be referred to as the feminism theory. This development led to the emergence of a new crop of theorists referred to as feminists. These theorists were challenging male dominance in most of the fields in society. The new crop of theorists was fighting for the recognition of the female as an important part of society. The major role of these scholars is to interpret social and other realities in society from a female perspective. At times, the feminists engage the other conventional theorists and scholars in the society in an open and overt confrontation. At other times, their engagement with these scholars and the riding confrontation is more subtle but aggressive all the same. Feminism was initiated mainly by the emancipation and liberation of the women’s movement that started in the early 1970s. This movement recognized that woman was capable of playing other roles in society apart from those that are conventionally allocated to them. The woman could perform as effectively as a man in the business world. Criminology is one academic field that has been flooded by feminist theorists in the past few decades. Many theories in the criminology field seek to explain the dynamics of crime in society. Feminist theorists try to explain this phenomenon from a female perspective. The visibility of these theorists has especially been enhanced by the visible increase in the number of female individuals that are engaged in criminal activities, a hitherto preserve of the male figures in the society. The women are not only claiming their rightful place in the legal spheres of the community; they are also emerging and becoming visible in the criminal world, attracting the attention of the theorists in the criminology field. Freda Adler is one of the most prominent and most vocal feminists in the field of criminology. In the year 1975, this scholar wrote a book that represented her stand on the female individual and crime in the community. The book was titled Sisters in Crime: The Rise of the New Female Criminal, and in it, this scholar sought to explain her views on female criminality. In this book, Adler puts forth and defends her belief that the rise in the number of females involving themselves in crime can be explained by the fact that the liberation of this segment of the society has given them the right to engage in almost every economic activity, crime been one of such activities. This paper is a review of this book. In this paper, the researcher will try to analyze several arguments made by Adler, and compare this with the opinion of other scholars in the
According to Fay (1996) 1 , the study of political science involves a close analysis of dates, governments and politics. This discipline concerns with the study of human behavior and all issues related to politics as observed in controlled environments. This means that it would be very difficult to reproduce results through experimental methods. Many scholars have argued that the study should be based on observations rather than experiments. Historically, most advances and conclusions in political science are derived from observations of the general trends of nation’s politics and government. The fact that the results from studying a variety of governments of a given number of nations limits the probability of obtaining reproducible results and thus limits the study of political science to be classified as a scientific enterprise. Political analysts utilize a variety of means to obtain their research data. Most primary data is obtained through historic records and official documents. The secondary materials have been traditionally derived from results of surveys, case studies, statistical analyses and experimental models and research buildings. Political science builds its theories on critical observations of political elites, individuals and groups, as well as institutions. These patterns are drawn, generalized before the theories are being created. The correlation between the study of political science and science is a subject to debate due to some specifications that scientific studies and models stipulate as mandatory in all scientific models. This paper analyzes some of the scientific requirements in a scientific enterprise and then correlates them to the model and research methods used by political analysts to draw its conclusions Literature review The definition of political science has changed over the years since the 1950s. Initially, the discipline had been comprehensively descriptive in nature, but has since relied on statistical methods. Political analysts have over the years rejected political science as a science based on two approaches: practical and philosophical objections. In the first one believes that political behaviors are very complex and therefore mislead researchers having made the data collection quite hard. Philosophical objections, on the other hand, base their arguments on the fact that human reasoning cannot be objectively quantified. This leaves observations and perceptions by the researchers as the only alternative (Rosenberg, 2012) 2 . Political analysis lacks a standard methodology for quantifying the validity of its measurements and therefore makes it hard for obtaining testable results. The complexity and uniqueness of the political analysis make the results of the study unreliable. According to Cherry (2010) 3 , reliability is a measure of consistency of a given measurement. For a test to be r