ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Communication of ideas is as important as it is because it allows humanity to evolve, share experience, survive even. Communication of ideas had begun with gestures and noises and evolved into instant messages and live translations from all over the world. Although this progress would appear miraculous to scientists from previous centuries, it will evolve into something bigger that we can imagine. In this paper, the history of communication of ideas will be discussed using three various historical events that will help understand the change that happened to it throughout the history. Communication of Ideas: Brief Pre-History To understand how ideas were communicated in the era when human civilization could not yet speak, it is necessary to give a definition of the word “idea”. An idea is a thought, a suggestion, or a concept that is formed in the human consciousness; although the ideas do not always deliver new information, they are often expected to do so. The means of communication of ideas can be various: verbal, oral, written, nonverbal. Our ancient ancestors used nonverbal tools such as body language and facial expressions to communicate ideas and information. Later they were able to use what we could call a proto-language to communicate; symbols and drawings, as well as nonverbal communication, were also actively exploited to transmit information. At last, written communication was invented. Here, I would like to discuss a particular historical event that has significantly contributed to the communication of ideas. Johannes Gutenberg’s famous printing press was a revolution in communication. The press was invented in Germany between the years 1446 and 1450 (Dittmar 2). As the technology diffused across the Europe, the price of books was falling, allowing those who could write communicate their ideas in a much cheaper way than ever before (Dittmar 2). Books were considered a luxury item, available only for the richest, but with the invention of the printing press, they became more accessible to different members of the so
Introduction Ethics, morals, and values are significant parts of the organizational culture. They guide the company’s actions and determine its social responsibility. This paper provides a description of Better Together and its activities. In addition, the report features a plan for developing ethics, values, and morals, as well as addresses the questions of inclusion and diversity in the workplace. The paper concludes that the company’s ethical actions and moral principles are vital for its performance. Description of the Organization Better Together is a local voluntary membership organization that offers high school preparatory programs for children from disadvantaged backgrounds. The company assists individuals of various academic levels between the ages of 11 and 13. Better Together is a non-profit organization; its programs are free of charge and are funded by local initiatives. The mission of the company is to help children to enhance their academic performance and improve their grades while motivating them to become engaged in the learning process. Better Together’s teaching strategies address not only students’ academic knowledge but also their emotional and mental states, as well as challenges presented by their social backgrounds. The main activity of the organization is preparing children for high school during courses. Currently, Better Together has three community-based programs, such as After School Academy, Weekend Academy, and Summer Academy. Children have an opportunity to attend Better Together’s courses after school, on weekends, or in the summer. During the lessons at Better Together, students are introduced to various learning strategies, including retrieval practice, elaboration, and dual coding. Children are encouraged to share their ideas with each other, explain new information to their peers, and actively participate in the learning process. Over 15 experienced educators work at Better Together to help young students to address challenging topics, understand complex concepts and information, and prepare for high school. In addition, there are more than 30 volunteer mentors working at the organization. It is vital to mention t
Aramex offers services in six categories known as freight forwarding, logistics, domestic express delivery, document management, international express delivery, and mailbox, shopping and magazine distribution. Aramex uses expansion into untapped markets such as Africa, which are less attractive to market leaders. Competitive Strategy Aramex avoids owning fixed assets such as aircraft, and the use of debts to fund its expansion or operations. FedEx for example, has “aircraft and related equipment accounting for 40% of its assets” 1 . Its strategy includes competing with the other big companies such as FedEx, UPS, and Expeditors in the form of presence in a global market rather than profits 2 . Competitive Advantage Aramex obtains its competitive advantage from non-asset based approach. Grant counts competitive advantage as “a disequilibrium phenomenon that is a consequence of change” 3 . For a firm to benefit from its competitive advantage, it must be faster and more effective in exploiting change. Its growth rate is the highest in the market through acquisitions, and franchising. The Aramex’s expansion includes acquiring companies that are well-known in other regions. The company has a management team that targets small companies for business agreements. In this case, Aramex targets them as customers. This reduces their bargaining power as their impact of withdrawal is lessened compared to the withdrawal of a large company. DHL targets more big-sized companies. Direct and Indirect Competitors Empost, a delivery division of Emirates Post Group Holding, uses the same strategy of engaging in partnerships. It has partnered with DHL to have it “upgrade and manage all international shipments on behalf of Empost international services and offer superior logistics solutions” 4 . DHL wants to take advantage of Empost’s recognition, and retail outlets in the Middle East. Empost will benefit from its superior tracking devices, and DHL’s global presence. Collaborators and Complementaries Aramex collaborates with institutions of higher learning such as “INSEAD, IMD, Said Business School, the Judge Business School at Cambridge University to develop management and leadership skills and capabilities” 5 . The industry requires a well-informed management team, this calls for continuous training of its top personnel to have foresight on emerging trends. Aramex got its major boost a few years after its foundation when it was still struggling to keep up with a little revenue that was making it difficult to conduct its operations. The first global courier company to offer Aramex a good deal was the Seattle-based Airborne Express. This offered to grant many of its sub-contracting deliveries in Asia to Aramex. With this in hand, Aramex was able to enter into an agreement with FedEx as well. Its revenues increased substantially to make operations easier to finance than before. Aramex took advantage of “Airborne’s package-tracking device technology at a very low cost” 6 . It also benefitted from Airb
Preamble Product idea refers to finding information that is unique about the products that customers want but is not yet availed in the market. A realistic product idea may provide a lucrative business opportunity for an enterprise. It’s important that firms increasingly become innovative and research cautious. My research is about a motor company GENERAL MOTORS LTD a company that specializes in manufacturing and building bodies for small cars as well as busses. My proposal for product ideas is as follows:   * A bus that changes wheels automatically.   * A bus that links the mass of passengers with the standard fare.   * A bus that detects any weaponry equipment. These are very viable product ideas that if this company puts into use, then it will be able to survive both in the long and short run. A bus that changes wheels automatically In the modern world, there is no such idea, and consumers have been looking for a company where they can be able to get such vehicles. If GM goes ahead to implement this idea, it will be a big milestone in setting the s standard in the industry. This will increase customer satisfaction as well as choice. A bus that automatically links the mass of a passenger to the standard fare This will be a big boost not only to the firm itself but also to the stakeholders in the bus industry. It will eliminate cases of fraud as in third-world countries. Again it will significantly reduce the operational costs as there will be no need to employ a conductor. The bus will only have a driver. A bus that detects weapons Security has become a major global concern. In countries like Palestine, Iraqi, and Israel which are conflict-oriented, public transport should be guaranteed adequate security. If passengers are assured of their safety, then they will always be locked to a particular transport company and hence a boost. The manufacturing company will record booming sales both domestic and international. Product development stages There are four main development stages in a product. Introduction At this stage of the product, customers are still very few, and hence low sales volume may be recorded. Competition may also be insignificant, and the firms will be in most cases demonstrating or trying the products to clients. Growth During this stage, customers are becoming aware, and therefore the firm might begin realizing some profits, minimizing operational costs. Competition might be intensive, though not conspicuous. Maturation At this stage, costs begin to drop significantly while profits rising, sales begin to grow, competition starts to be eminent, prices tend to drop as a result of competitive offerings. Saturation This is actually the final stage is characterized by diminishing profitability, the decline in revenues, relative operational costs, and fierce competition. At this stage, a f
Introduction Online shopping is increasingly gaining currency among customers, not only in the United Arab Emirates (UAE) but also globally. As demonstrated in the literature, the application of technology-based online services has achieved tremendous growth in recent years due to the wide penetration of the Internet and its capacity as a channel of information and commerce (Behjati & Othaman, 2012). A survey conducted in 2010 by MasterCard Worldwide showed that the proportion of customers in the UAE using web-based channels to conduct their shopping had increased from 29% in 2009 to 42% in 2010 (Middle East Company News, 2011). There are several convergent factors that impact consumer buying behavior for individuals to either shop online or continue resisting this type of buying. In an attempt to identify these factors, the present study uses a mixed-methods methodology to show the importance of online shopping and how this concept has changed consumer habits on shopping in the UAE. Literature Review Available literature demonstrates that customers with tight work-related schedules cite convenience as their main reason for switching from traditional shopping to online shopping (Kapur, 2012). At the click of the mouse, these customers can use the Internet to make online purchases and then have the goods delivered at their doorstep. Findings from a recent MasterCard survey on online shopping demonstrates a surge in customers who now prefer to shop online in UAE, with the growth being led by individuals within the age group of 25-44 years (Middle East Company News, 2011). The age factor demonstrates that within the general population, working customers are more likely to do online shopping than unemployed people. As demonstrated by Behjati & Othaman (2012), “the perceived reliability and notion of trust on the Internet is the basis for customer involvement in online shopping” (p. 306-307). Other customers have cited cost savings, cost control, and time savings as the basis for their involvement in online shopping (Kapur, 2012). However, according to this particular author, some customers who would like to use online shopping desist from doing so due to complaints that online products are priced higher than what big retail outlets offer. Extant literature demonstrates that “the UAE is fast emerging as the most attractive retail destination worldwide on its concrete fundamentals of a strong economy, growing the middle-class population, surging consumer confidence, and increasing domestic consumption” (RNCOS, 2011 para. 1). These fundamentals have been cited in Behjati & Othaman (2012) as the main drivers of online shopping. Hence it is expected that more UAE consumers will switch from traditional
What do we mean when we say that gender is a ‘binary construction’? When saying that gender is a binary construction, one implies that there are two genders, namely, the masculine and the feminine one, and two corresponding types of social behaviour, which are predetermined by the existing standards of masculinity and femininity. Indeed, if considering the two genders, one must admit that they are in fact the exact opposite of each other. While the masculine presupposes that one possesses such qualities as physical strength and the skills of leadership, the feminine implies a softer and a more balanced self and a personality which is less apt to conflicting. What are ‘hegemonic masculinity’ and ‘emphasized femininity’ and how are they mutually constitutive? The term “hegemonic masculinity” implies that in a certain society, the masculine behavior among men and the masculine code of conduct is appropriate and approved of. It must be mentioned that the given type of behavior is directly opposed to the feminine type. Contrasting the previous phenomenon, emphasized femininity is the type of behavior that presupposes a more feminine-like manner of behaving. In the societies where the homophobic attitudes are driven to nil and women’s manner is considered the standard, men follow typically women-like kind of behavior. However, it must be noted that the given phenomenon should be treated rather as the norm of femininity which is most appreciated by the given culture in the current time slot. Despite the fact that the two elements are the exact opposites of each other, they still make a single entity known as the gender. Like to parts of a puzzle, the two genders are quite compatible and introduce harmony into the humankind. Thus, the two are completely constitutive. How is gender something that we ‘perform’? Performing gender means accepting a certain code of conduct and behaving in the way appropriate for a feminine or masculine gender. Performing gender means wearing certain clothes (for instance, wearing a skirt or a dress means to be recognized as a feminine gender), or acting in a certain way. In addition to the looks and behavior, certain aspects of a person’s life, such as hobbies, a job, etc. can be used as the performance of the role of a certain gender. Using concrete examples, discuss the ways that gender differences are reinforced through the media. It is evident that the current mass media is filled with all sorts of gender prejudices and gender stereotypes, which leads to creating even greater gaps between the feminine and the masculine. For example, if speaking about the reinforcement of feminine features, it will be appr
Fig 1: Model of an essential amino acid Chemical characteristics of the amino acid created Every amino acid has a similar fundamental structure, which only differ in their side-chains. This side chain is usually designated the R-group. The side chain and the carboxyl group attach to the carbon atom, which is referred to the alpha carbon atom (C a ). In some cases, the R-group may only be a hydrogen atom. They may also be charged due to their dissociation or association of an amino group or a carboxyl group with a proton (Pauling, Corey, & Branson, 1951). The primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary structures The primary structure of a protein is the sequence of covalently linked amino acids. These amino acids are linked within the proteins by the peptide bonds. The peptide bonds link the many amino acids to form the polypeptides (proteins). The protein secondary structure consists of two main types; the alpha helix and the beta strand and was suggested by Pauling, Corey and Branson (1951). This structure is defined by the patterns of hydrogen bonds. These bonds appear between the main chains of the peptide groups. The tertiary structure is the three dimensional structure of a single molecule of a protein. The beta-sheets and alpha helices are usually folded to form a compact structure. This folding process is not driven by a specific hydrophobic interaction. The structure can only be stable if the parts of the protein domain are kept in place by the various tertiary interactions. They may include the salt bridges, the disulfide bonds or the hydrogen bonds. The quaternary structure is a large group of many polypeptides. The disulfide and non-covalent bonds mainly stabilize this structure. Fig 2: The primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary structure of proteins How a peptide bond is made through dehydration Fig 3: Model showing how a peptide bond is made through dehydration Peptide bonds are formed between two molecules as the carboxyl group of one of the molecules reacts with an amino group of the other. This causes the release of a molecule of water and therefore, this process is called a dehydration synthesis reaction. It can also be referred to as a condensation reaction. The formula of the resulting peptide bond is C(O)NH. The resulting molecule is called an amide. A peptide link is a functional group made up of four different atoms and is represented by the formula, -C(=O)NH-. Amino acids for chains called proteins, which are held by peptide bonds. How a peptide bond is broken through hydrolysis Fig 4: Model showing how a peptide bond is broken through hydrolysis The breaking of a peptide bond is by the process of amide hydrolysis. Hydrolysis is the adding
The rise of new technology has transformed every aspect of our lives. Some on the new technology are so useful that we would not imagine our lives without them. The internet is one of these inventions, the fact that they offer cheapness and urgent passing of information is of great importance. Almost all sectors of the economy have incorporated the internet. In the field of business ,internet has established some networks like E-commerce and E-business, which are proving to be very important in the running of the business. The combination of all this system is what has led to the rise of new economy. New economy and old economy are two concepts used in description of how the economy operates. While old economy can be described as an economy whose infrastructures are based on manufacturing and industrialization, the new economy is characterized with having services and technology. The two concepts of the economy base their difference on the approach they have in carrying out business operation. However, notable between the two is the fact that the old economy existed before the new economy. Old economy can be traced its roots from the industrial revolution when production of goods was changing from production into small quantities to mass production. The new economy has enjoyed its rise from evolution of the old technology and the development of skills that formed the bases of new technology (Lowson, 2002). New technology is characterized by recent productivity, inflation, and unemployment gains, which are results of new economy forces, and include technology, globalization, and increased competitive pressures. There are two interpretations to how the economy operates. Moderate interpretation is one of them; it proposes that these forces contributing to economic gains are doing it in a way that they are consistent with conventional economic theory. New economy extremists on the other hand urge out that something more profound has happened and that the structure of the economy has changed and new set of roles have now been set. The two sets of school of thoughts cannot be refuted since they have truths in them. To start with, the moderate’s arguments are evident because the U.S productivity has been revived due to information technology (Siebert, 2002). Similarly, inflation and unemployment has improved due to due to technology, globalization, and increased competitiveness. The thought that the economy has experienced deeper changes is also true; some are even urging that the Philip curve has been rendered obsolete due to global competition. The moderate thought mostly supported by economist is the one which is carrying much weight since it links technology, globalization, and
Introduction Education is one of the key pillars for the development of modern Saudi Arabia. The benefits of modern education in this kingdom are wide spread. Education touches every aspect of life in this society and thus not only part of the kingdoms socio-economic activities but also a tool for enlightenment as well as a means to globalization. Efforts to modernize education to cater for the current and expanding needs of the Kingdom began in 1953 and have continued to the present day. These efforts saw the establishment and expansion of public education through development of education institutions such as schools, colleges and other forms of tertiary education institutions. The efforts also saw the reconstruction of the national curriculum as part of the Kingdom’s national development plans. The Saudi national curriculum is highly religious. It borrows heavily from Islam. Not only is the curriculum content shaped by Islam but also requires student to spend most of the times learning and reciting Quran. Thus the education has promoted Islam over other religions and as such has led the educational system to be criticized as a system that does not tolerate other religions. There have been fairly commendable attempts at promoting gender equality in the provision of education opportunities. The royal family and the government have required that both men and women be given equal opportunities in education. However this has faced several challenges. This is because the conservative culture overtly grants more advantages to men than women as well as limiting the opportunities for socialization between men and women. The kingdom also has an assessment criterion that needs massive improvements to ensure that the Saudi children acquire the necessary skills and knowledge as well as make them globally competitive, while promoting science and technology