ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Peculiarities of human speech directly depend on the skills laid down in childhood. Children with a good hearing, as a rule, have serious speech defects extremely rare in comparison with those who are forced to use cochlear implants for health reasons. Such people perceiving sounds badly often have problems, and one of them is the poor expressiveness of the language. The effect of cochlear implants on speech seems to be obvious, and pronunciation and intonation skills of those who use such devices since the early childhood in comparative measure differ from peers’ skills. The Effects of Cochlear Implants Depending on Age In order to present all the effects that such devices as cochlear implants have on the development of speech, one of the criteria which can be used is the age of a particular person. The study by Dunn et al. (2014) says that those children who completely or partially lost their hearing at a very early age have much worse speaking skills compared to those whose perception began to disappear later. In other words, the later an implant is installed, the more likely that a child will speak better. In a similar study conducted by Hess, Zettler-Greeley, Godar, Ellis-Weismer, and Litovsky (2014) there is also information about the time of implanting that has a very significant effect on the linguistic development of a man. In this case, the effect of deafness affects absolutely all the skills of speaking, including intonation, and the correct pronunciation, and the speed of speech. Having developed a certain vocabulary database, it is easier for a child to apply it in practice. If the hearing is bad either since birth or since infancy, there are still chances that a man will speak fully as cochlear implants are a very versatile device that significantly increases the level of the child’s perception of reality and develops the ability to speak correctly. Favorable Factors of Speech Development with Cochlear Implants For a qualitative perception of speech of those who have cochlear implants, there are several positive factors in addition to the age that to some extent influence the better development of both children and adults’ conversational skills. Cruz, Quittner, Marker, and DesJardin (2013) note that continuous use of a hearing aid before surgery positively affects the speech of those who have cochlear implants. Moreover, Hoffman, Cejas, and Quittner (2016) claim that the absence of mental disorders (attention, general cognitive and communicative skills) may play an important role in a person’s better perception and automation of speech units. Parental involvement also plays a special role in the development of the speech of a child with hearing impairments. Gopalan, Madhavakurup, Somaraj, and Mohan (2016) note that in those families where parents are interested in their child’s speaking well, where boys and girls are constantly involved in working either at home or in special classes under the guidance of experienced teachers, the formation of speech passes faster and better. At the same time, it is possible to
Social media networks have become widely employed worldwide. These networks are normally applied for various purposes. In the article provided, it is evident that these platforms have been used to discuss racial matters of particular groups of people, for instance, in the US blacks have a hashtag, #BlackLivesMatter, which they use to address their issues. Because of black’s The article describes how social media platforms have been employed to discuss matters related to race in the US. The platforms such as Twitter and Facebook among others have currently been trending in the US and have now provided American inhabitants with a fresh basis for discussions regarding racial bias. Researchers have been on the frontline in crediting social media networks for their continued emphasis on the affairs of racism (Anderson & Hitlin, 2016). #BlackLivesMatter is one of the outstanding hashtags in the US that is employed by blacks to discuss their issues. I fully support what the article has described in matters relating to social media and racial conversations; social media networks have brought ethnic impacts on the way individuals communicate (Wilkins & Kaiser, 2014). In cases where a particular group of people feels biased, they tend to form their basis for conversation around the race to discuss their issues; a good example is discrimination against black Americans in the US where they use Twitter to discuss their concerns (Schemer, 2014). I have some black friends who have formed their personal WhatsApp group where they mainly discuss racial issues. It is essential to form such groups where individuals share their ideas; however, they ought to not be employed as the basis for creating a bias against a particular group of people.
Content of the Article The article “ Translanguaging in the Bilingual Classroom: A pedagogy for Learning and Teaching ” by Creese Angela and Blackledge Adrian discusses bilingual pedagogy based on the assumptions on Gujarati and Chinese language schools within the United Kingdom by Cummins. The authors are comprehensive in the aspects of language ecology and how complementary schools balance bilingual pedagogy. Among the critical issues identified in the article is a smart division of the languages into two-way education. The process should involve translation and rapid separation between the fist language and the second language which should be treated as independent. As it is a research article, quantitative methodology provides a reliable and quantifiable result on the position of flexible translanguaging as part of bilingual pedagogy. The study consists of five parts which yield the same results. Among the benefits of flexible pedagogy and flexible bilingualism identified by the authors are ease of communication and preservation of culture, indiscrimination of a second language and simultaneous ‘literacies’ endorsement as students participating in bilingual translanguaging are assured of preserved identity in the process of acquiring education. As a result, the authors recommend assimilating of translanguaging in the curriculum to promote appreciation of world culture and making the learning process more accommodative to minority cultures. The article proposes a complete bilingual education as a form of instructional education where information is presented to learners in more than one language. Any system of education applying two or more languages in educational physiology can be termed as a bilingual presentational system. Relevance of the Article Based on the connation presented above, it can be stated that most programs in modern schools are bilingual at the least literal sense. The only difference in use lies in the degree and multitude under which it is applied and actively recognized by policymakers and reformers in the education system in their proactive reorganization for relevance and non-discriminative reforms. Bilingualism is a strong policy for resistance to assimilation and cultural extinction. Though young minority group members face a difficulty relating to fluent English speaking majority, they have a chance to present a lot in terms of diverse and preserved cultural background associated with unique pride which can be maintained, while at the same time, they have a chance to learn English effortlessly as a tool for interaction with the mainstream culture. This article supports bilingual education system because the world is becoming a global village. It is desirable for the United Kingdom to be counted as part of this talent pool. Perceived threat to the mainstream English language is just a speculative opinion as natural language changes if well integrated in modern communication tendencies. This article dwells
The issue of brand promotion becomes relevant at the time of product creation, even before it goes on sale and becomes available to the mass buyer. The effectiveness of organized marketing activities is determined by the chosen strategy, which, in turn, reflects the characteristics of the company’s business. Today there are two main options for promotion, called push and pull strategies (Su 2020). The key difference between them is the role that intermediaries play in the business-wholesale and retail-customer chain. Marketing efforts to push the product are aimed at developing attractive offers and bonuses for the next chain in the distribution of goods. In the pull strategy, the company’s communication is built to influencee the final consumer of the product. This paper aims to analyze which is the best strategy for a modern business and where the balance between the two of them is. The implementation of the push strategy assumes that the mediator takes an active position in the process of promoting goods. In this chain, the manufacturer hands over the product and related promotional material to the wholesaler, who in turn takes on the responsibility of selling to the retailer? Thus, the product is pushed to the market through several distribution channels (Su 2020). For the company, interaction with dealers and agents becomes a priority since they are responsible for creating demand for the product. This explains the high cost and narrow focus of the manufacturer’s advertising activities. To implement the strategy, it is necessary to carefully consider such issues as personnel training and the creation of an optimal system of discounts, taking into account long-term partnerships. The implementation of the pull strategy is aimed at providing a powerful and long-term information impact through the media on the end consumer of the product. The impulse caused by advertising should lead to the fact that buyers themselves begin to pull goods from sellers. The chain in this case starts in the reverse order: from the consumer through retail and wholesale distribution channels to the manufacturer (Vinerean, 2017). Typically, the strategy is focused on promoting consumer goods of a particular brand, such as Snickers chocolate bars or McDonald’s Happy Meal. Its application requires significant advertising costs since it implies the creation of a positive attitude towards the product among the target audience by the time it appears on sale. The third type of promotion strategy is the strategy of complex influence that is push and pull strategy when the manufacturer simultaneously influences both the consumer and the intermediary. This approach is more costly and is typical for big companies (Su 2020). Many large manufacturers use both of these strategies in various combinations because they complement each other. Most businesses use blended strategies, distributing their communication and product promotion efforts throughout the supply chain to consumers. In the case o
What is the difference between a final good and an intermediate good? Give one example of each. How are they treated in GDP calculations? Intermediate goods are goods that are used for production purposes. Fuels and raw materials are examples of intermediate goods. Intermediate goods are non-durable and are meant to be used within a year. Conversely, finished goods are those goods that are used for investments and final consumptions. Cars, vegetables, and fruits are some examples of finished goods. Some goods can be categorized as either intermediate or finished goods depending on their use. For instance, a sugar that is used to make biscuits is regarded as an intermediate good, but the sugar that is directly used by consumers is regarded as a finished good. Intermediate goods are not included when calculating the Gross Domestic Product because their inclusion can render to double addition. It is only the value of finished goods that are used to calculate GDP (Upadhyaya, 2012). Give three reasons why real GDP is not an adequate measure of a nation’s well being. Despite these limitations, do you think real GDP is a useful statistic? Explain your answer Gross Domestic Product is the measure that is used to determine the economic well-being of a country. GDP is calculated using three methods: the income, expenditure, and product method. GDP is calculated using the income method by summing the total income that producers receive. GDP is calculated through the expenditure method by adding the total expenditure of consumers and buyers. GDP is calculated by the production method by calculating the total value of goods and services produced in a country. GDP per capita is derived from the GDP and is taken to indicate the standard of living of the people. The GDP per capita that is derived from GDP is not a reliable value because of the weaknesses that are associated when calculating GDP. For example, by using the GDP to calculate the GDP per capita, the GDP derived does not factor in the economic disparity of the nation residents. Similarly, the GDP does not take into account the underground activities that residents use for saving tax as well as considering the economic aspects of voluntary productions while calculating GDP. Also, the GDP cannot be used to give the well being of a nation because it does not consider the quality of goods produced, but only the quantity produced. GDP is
Grape growing and wine making are the inseparable parts of the French image. As the Old World wine producer, France should pay more attention to the modern technologies. However, it is also highly important to keep the historical methods in order to save the unique quality and taste of the French wine products. The French government should stay on the traditional national methods. Today, developing the Common Agricultural Policy of the European Union, the French Minister of Agriculture should get as more as possible freedom for the agricultural sector of his country. It is well-known fact that France as well as Spain has the largest agricultural sectors in Europe. Therefore, obviously, France can receive more benefits under the Common Agricultural Policy. Today, the French wine industry is in crisis. It is extremely important to provide some methods of the problems regulation. However, the way of distillation of the wine into alcohol is not the helpful method. Such position can break the deep traditions of the French wine industry. The government should provide the acts of subsidy for those vineyards who tries to keep the traditional methods instead of make the products more salable and less qualitative. The Head of the French Wine Industry Association should remember that, in spite of the complicated economical situation, the French wine industry should keep its face and quality. The industry with such long history cannot be involved in the process of mass production based on the reduction of the quality if order to get some doubtful profits. Therefore, the French Wine Industry Association should support those vineyards who want to use the traditional methods. In case if this organization starts press on the traditional vineyards, France can be in a risk of losing its traditional industry. Broking the old wine making traditions, the county can lose a number of customers. One of the major problems of the French wine industry is the incapacity to produce the cheap wine due to the climate characteristics of the region, luck of commercial interest and the low support of the government. As the Head of the Association comprehends the danger, the French wine industry will use the right methods of solving the current problems. Although France is the biggest agricultural producer, the owners of mid-size vineyard should not expect to survive by only a subsidy. It is necessary to develop the competitiveness in order to provide more balanced and profitable business. Such vineyards have to increase the productivity, keeping the same high level of quality of their products. In the context of the complicated economical situation in Europe, those owners who produce wines in the premium and super premium categories should pay attention to the less expensive but more demanded products. For instance, they can use the computer-controlled steel machines in spite of the oak barrels. Besides, today, it can be profitable to product wine-in-a-box packages. Such method helps maintaining the financial situation of the companies without a strong damage. At the same time, those vineyards still can produce the win
Throughout history, there have been many scandals concerning famous men whose reputation was severely damaged due to women’s accusations of sexual harassment. There have been cases in many countries, but the US seems to have occupied the first position on the list. Recently, the number of charges against powerful men in the US has raised unprecedentedly. It is necessary to consider the possible implications of such accusations. In the US, the situation is becoming tenser every day. Not only do the men who made fantastic careers in business, politics, television, cinematography, and other spheres lose their acquired status due to being accused of inappropriate sexual conduct (Criss). What is much more serious is that their future is under threat since society turns away from them. They may lose important contracts or even get fired. One of the most well-known stories of the last few months is that several advertisers refused to cooperate with Fox News because of accusations being posed to the chairman (Steel and Schmidt). This case is just one of many. Organizations refuse to have any connections with the men who have been accused of sexual misconduct. Companies are afraid that they will experience considerable losses if they continue to cooperate with such celebrities. Therefore, the problem seems to become more intensified with every new case. The US women arrange movements aimed at disclosing their stories, and there is a considerable number of stories told (Criss). With the “#MeToo” trend flooding various media, the greatest national debate on sexual misconduct has been initiated (Criss). The situation in the US seems quite unpromising for the men. The society tends to trust females’ accusations or at least to take them into consideration, which inevitably leads to adverse outcomes for the males. While the situation is not as drastic in other countries, it does not differ much there. In the UK, a recent scandal was initiated by female lawyers (O’Neill). The women report that harassment is “endemic” in their profession (O’Neill). Meanwhile, a UK journalist Caitlin Moran talks about the issue in a rather sharp tone. She says that it is time for women to stand up and fight for their dignity instead of believing that men’s behavior can be justified (Moran). While there is a popular opinion that being “sassy” may help females to protect themselves from being harassed, the author is convinced that it is not an option (Moran). She says that harassment is the problem of men, and it is unacceptable to accuse women of insufficient “sassiness” (Moran). Thus, in the UK, the scope of the problem is also growing, and it may reach the same level of intensity as in the US. In my opinion, the situation is not going to simply be forgotten. The sources from different countries testify that the question has reached the point of no return. The men will have to change their attitud
Introduction The issue of gun possession has always been a burning one for the human society on the whole and the Canadian community in particular. And it is natural, that the idea of controlled gun possession has always had its supporters and opponents. The former argued about the increased control over firearms possession and traffic in the country as the sole positive effect of such a control. The latter always claimed the control system applied to firearms possession and use was nothing but the waste of money. They motivated such a point by the assumption that ordinary people living according to the country’s law would never use guns illegally even without such a control system, while criminals would never voluntarily agree to register their firearms with the state. The case study of the Canadian Firearms Program developed by Wan and Neufeld (2006) discusses the situation in which the opponents of the gun control system turned out to be right. The Canadian Firearms Program proved to be ineffective and excessive in costs, while its major expected effects, i. e. the reduction of gun deaths and increase in safety levels, were never achieved (Canada Government, 2009). This report focuses on the analysis of the Canadian Firearms Program, defining the reasons for its failure, and recommending the ways for the Canadian Government to solve the CFP problem. Background History of the Program The major point about the Canadian Firearms Program is that the period of almost 15 years it has been in use proved to be not enough for this program to give any notable results. Approved by the Department of Justice in 1995, the Canadian Firearms Program has a long history of development and the similarly long list of the failures it had in this history (Canada Government, 2009a). According to Wan and Neufeld (2006, p. 1), the main reason for the Government to implement the Canadian Firearms Program was the need to increase the safety of people after a number of tragedies that involved uncontrolled gun possession and use:   * December 6, 1989: Montreal massacre during which 14 young women were killed;   * August 24, 1992: Concordia University shooting during which four professors were killed;   * April 28, 1999: Taber tragedy during which a student was killed and another one wounded by their former classmate;   * March 3, 2005: Four Royal Canadian Mounted Police officers shot dead investigating the marijuana growing case. Finally, the last point that made the Canadian community protest against the Canadian Firearms Program was Toronto Boxing Day shooting in 2005 that took the life of a 15-year-old girl as a result of a quarrel between 10 to 15 youngsters that possessed guns (Wan and Neufeld, 2006, p.