ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
This article covers a study on arrangements that apply to accountability. The author, Thomas Schillemans is an expert on accountability and he has made numerous literary contributions on this subject. The article uses the situation in Netherlands to describe how horizontal accountability could be applied in the administration of agencies. Nevertheless, the author of this article makes a clear distinction between horizontal and hierarchical accountability. One of the most radical views in this article is that horizontal accountability often operates in the shadows of a hierarchy. The article also offers several explanations and definitions of relevant terms and concepts. This essay is a critical review of the article titled “Accountability in the shadow of Hierarchy: The Horizontal Accountability of Agencies”. One of the most prominent concepts in this article is horizontal accountability versus shadow of hierarchy. The author did a good job when explaining this point. From the article’s context, the main idea is that quality of accountability is influenced by much more than just reporting. Therefore, the shadow of hierarchy as described by the author is in reference to an entire mechanism of accountability. This is a farfetched concept in the study of accountability but the author does a good job in breaking it down. According to the article, horizontal accountability is not a ‘one phase undertaking’, but it involves three distinct phases. These phases are the information phase, the debating phase, and the consequences phase (Schillemans, 2008, p. 180). This hypothesis makes a lot of sense as opposed to the traditional horizontal accountability, which only concerns itself with the consequences. Through this model, the element of hierarchical shadows is exemplified through the exchange of information between partners, their subsequent deliberations, and the manner in which they are accountable to their decisions. The concept of horizontal accountability versus shadow of hierarchy provides new insights in the nature of accountability as it applies to agencies. The article has also added on the overall understanding of how partners should be held into account in agency settings. According to the author, the parties who are part of the hierarchical shadow of horizontal accountability should be held to account for their various forms of input. Therefore, partners who take part in providing the necessary input, delivering on promises, and achieving projected results should all be accountable. Furthermore, Schillemans argues that partners should also be accountable for how responsive or unresponsive their services are to recipients, maintenance of quality-standards, proper use of power, and fulfillment of partnership goals. The author’s overall definition of horizontal accountability is not as straightforward as the article puts it. After going through the entire arti
Introduction Among the great people who have contributed to the development of the ballet technique to a high level is Enrico Cecchetti. Following his contribution, he has turned out to be one of the most famous figures in the world. In a similar manner as people like ”Carlo Blasis, Thoinot Arbeau, and Pierre Rameau, Cecchetti owes his fame in a larger part to the written codification of his teachings and to the creation of a “method” through which his doctrines have been passed on to posterity” (Adshead-Lansdale and Layson 117). A large number of people believe that Russia is the world’s ballet capital and the man believed to be behind this is Enrico Cecchetti. However, the question to be investigated in this paper is; how did Enrico Cecchetti enhance the technique and performance value of the Russian Ballet to aid in Russia’s takeover of the ballet world? In this research, it is going to be established that; Enrico Cecchetti’s exquisite teaching at the Imperial Ballet School and ability to inspire through his performances brought the Russian ballet to its apex during the late 19th and early 20th century Enrico Cecchetti’s influence on the Russian Ballet Enrico Cecchetti was born in the year 1850 on 21st June. He was an Italian ballet dancer. His parents were dancers too and it was from them that he obtained his career. Enrico had exposure to dance scenes right from his birth (Kassing 145). He received praises following the agility and strength he had in the performance he carried out and he was also praised for his technical abilities (Wiley 375). He commenced learning about ballet from such people as Filippo Taglioni, Cesare Coppini, and Giovanni Lepri, all of whom were Carlo Blasis’ pupils. The initial dancing debut of Enrico Cecchetti was at La scala, Milan (Moore 133). After traveling around Europe, Enrico Cecchetti moved to Russia at St. Petersburg, and at this point, he joined the Imperial Russian Ballet. It did not take long before he was given a chance to serve as a teacher and started teaching at the Imperial Ballet School in St. Petersburg. This facilitated the building up and establishment of the Cecchetti ballet technique and the incorporation of the technique in a Russian ballet (Macintosh 353). Jean-Baptiste Landé brought the French ballet’s accuracy, stylishness, and sobriety to Russia which was initially set up by Pierre Beauchamp and King Louis XIV. The French ballet is considered as having been the original official ballet and plays a role as the base for the other types of ballet. The French technique’s main objective was to be seen as graceful, stylish, and soft as possible. Pierre Beauchamp undertook the composition of most of the rigid ballet rules. Among these rules were such rules as “the five positions of the feet” and there is a reflection of this in the Russian ballet. The Russian school went on copying the French style, classes as well as the French look, up to the mid-1800s. This was a time when new instructors arrived from various parts of Europe and this led to the development of an international aspect dance of the Russian ballet. In the year 1885, an I
The development of Neoclassicism in France had much to do with social and political changes that were taking place in the 1770s, 80s, and 90s. Neoclassicism was one of the styles that flanked the French Revolution before, during, and shortly after this historical era. The period was marked with the robust growth of symbolic art and architecture. In other words, an unprecedented degree of knowledge gave a major impetus to the classical revival witnessed even before the actual revolution began. As a matter of fact, the roles played by art in the social realms could not be ignored during the revolution years. In 1777, Jean-Baptiste Greuze developed a remarkable piece of painting that depicted what was referred to as the paternal curse. It revealed the general lifestyle of poor families. He crafted several sentimental and moralizing scenes that left an indelible mark in the face of the French Revolution. Although most of his works were already outdated by the early 1780s when neoclassicism was taking shape, his emotional and social contribution to the ideals of revolution could not be wished away easily. Both the Punished Son and Father’s Curse won him a lot of popularity at a time when the revolution fever was becoming more intense. To make it clearer, the two paintings were a masterpiece that depicted the corrupt nature of French society. The two paintings also symbolized the lost familial responsibility in France. According to Greuze, social strife and disorderliness that were being experienced in France was purely a construct of the French regime. Hence, there was a need for an immediate revolution to bring society back to order. Élisabeth Louise Vigée Le Brun was yet another renowned artist who boggled the minds of many with paintings of portraits that belonged to the noble class. After painting over 30 portraits of the Queen and her household, she could not withstand the pressure of revolution. She feared for her life and subsequently departed the country. Élisabeth was very critical of the aristocracy in her paintings, bearing in mind that she artistically symbolized the nature of tyrannical and oppressive authority that was running the nation at that time. In 1793, a heart-rending picture of the deceased Jean-Paul Marat was painted by Jacques-Louis David in order to act as a memorial to struggle for revolution. Marat significantly fought for the spirit of revolution when he was still alive. Even though he passed away later, his m
Executive Summary Susan is a single mother, who has been facing financial issues. Having a low-paid job and defaulting on her payments, she is now facing bankruptcy. To handle the problems, keep her children safe, and retain her financial assets, she will have to redesign her budget and reconsider her priorities. Client Information Page Susan is a 36-year-old single mother of two children, who works as a cashier. Susan has been facing financial issues; she has been defaulting on her payments and is now in a dire situation. Her current expenses are not compatible with the salary that she receives ($1824) (see Figure 1). Figure 1: Susan’s Expenses. Recommendations to Decrease Expenses A closer look at the current expenses rate will reveal that the situation that Susan is facing now can be defined as borderline bankruptcy. Indeed, given the fact that she has been defaulting on her payments and extending her credit card, therefore, increasing the debt consistently will reveal that she may be in desperate need of a different financial policy aimed at avoiding losing all money (Mahanty 17). Particularly, it could be suggested that she should consider reducing her mortgage obligations. On the one hand, the above step may create additional threats for losing the property. On the other hand, the financial resources that she will obtain can be used as the foundation for developing the lean approach and promoting the concept of sustainable use of financial resources. It is expected that, after adopting the above approach and using the money retrieved, Susan will be able to handle the current situation and set restrictions on the expenditures. Particularly, she will be capable of defining her buyer capabilities and, thus, avoiding buying products that are either too expensive or unnecessary. Therefore, the lean principle will be applied to the current situation and help the woman handle the problems that she is currently facing. The daycare-related problem can also be addressed. Seeing that a substantial part of Susan’s income is spent on daycare, it will be reasonable to ask her family members to babysit instead. Thus, she will be able to save $300 per month, which is an essential part of her income, and which can be used to improve her lean management skills. Major Issues Addressed One at a Time Susan needs to reconsider the use of her credit card at present. Seeing that going over her financial capacities is currently a major threat, it will be crucial to shift towards the use of cash. A simple yet efficient idea would be to redesign her budget completely so that the use of a credit card could not be an option at present. The student loan issue is another problem that needs to be managed before it gets out of hand. As stressed above, to acquire certain funds, Susan will have to adopt the principles of lean economy. As soon as she saves a certain amount of cash, she should use it immediately to cover her current loans and make sure that she does not owe any significant amount of money. In light of the fact that the expenses for the daycare servic
Terminating the Relationships between a Physician and a Patient It must be admitted, though, that medical issues are not the only reason that may trigger a termination of relationships between a doctor and a patient. True, these relationships are traditionally terminated once the physician’s services are no longer in need, the physician has been withdrawn from the case, or the physician has been dismissed by the patient. The steps mentioned above, however, must be backed up with sufficient reasons; otherwise, the relationships cannot be terminated. This is the point at which the medical issues walk into a territory of medical ethics at best, criminal justice at worst. Among the strongest arguments that may result in the physician’s dismissal from his or her work, the ones that point at the obvious conflict between a particular situation and the existing code of medical ethics or law must be mentioned. The most common reason is the inadequate services provided, of the doctor’s incompetence. Sadly enough, even nowadays, the instances of negligence do occur on a regular basis, resulting in severe health damages. Negligence is the second most popular source of conflict between a doctor and a patient resulting in the dismissal of the former. A bribe is another common reason for dismissing a physician on a legal basis. The last, but definitely not the least controversial, is the sexualization of the patient-physician relationships. While the former three can be classified as legal offence, the given one falls under an umbrella of ethical code violations. At the given point, it will be logical to ask, though, whether it is only the physician to be responsible for the termination of relationships with the patient. Indeed, in the second and the fourth example provided, the patient is obviously responsible for the problem as well. Nursing and Justice: When Healthcare Involves Legal Issues Although people, as a rule, rarely relate healthcare to legislation, the former is for the most part coordinated by the later. More to the point, a number of issues regarding patient treatment have been blown to the epic proportions, reaching the point where these issues provided reasons for new laws or amendments to the existing laws to be created. Fernandez v. State. Perhaps, one of the most problematic issues in healthcare, the process of watching over a patient presupposes tackling a number of problems and answering numerous tricky questions, one of these questions being how far the precaution measures have to be pushed by the hospital staff and whether a nurse has the right to leave the patient even for a moment. According to the case details, Dolorez Jones wa
Introduction The development of the field of computer science has intensified the use of online platforms like the social media, websites, blogs, and emails to promote the products of various entities. In this case, technical and software solutions have been fostered through the online platforms since the services can be accessed by clicking the ads (Bangia 76). This paper focus on the description of advertising technology, the insights gained in its development, and the interpretation of machine learning coupled with how tech ads contributed to the development of machine learning and other technological advancements. Advertising technology (ad tech) Advertising technology, which is also referred to as ‘ad tech’, implies the integration of software or technical solutions and services that focus on the delivery, display, target, and control of online advertisements. Thus, numerous technology vendors have emerged to seize the opportunities available in the digital advertising platforms that have seen increased traffic from the tech-savvy generations (Ko, Cho, and Roberts 65). Consequently, the development of ad tech has elicited new insights among the vendors, online platforms, and the users. The essence of ad tech has been monetized as clicking the ads interprets to financial gains for the vendors of the technical services and solutions. Besides, ad tech supports the growth of communication and social media platforms like Gmail and Facebook as it boosts revenues. Additionally, the development of ad tech has been instrumental for the career growth of personalities like Sheryl Sandberg and Gokul Rajaram, who found their way to the helm of Google and Facebook (Mims par. 2). Machine Learning The concept of machine learning as pioneered by Rajaram infers to the aspect of computer intelligence that facilitates every Internet system to respond to the needs of the users (Mims par. 3). In this case, ads can be viewed as systems that integrate machine learning to respond to the unique needs of the Internet users through software and technical solutions. Further, the use of machine learning today is revealed by the useful search results, voice recognition, and enhanced interpretation of the human genome. The pervasive use of the machine learning today has enabled the solving of the problems faced by humanity. This assertion holds because the growth of computer science has made it easy to obtain results without explicit programming. Thus, vast advertising platforms have emerged due to the advancements in machine learning that interprets the unique needs of the online networks users (Sethuraman, Tellis, and Briesch 468). Why ad tech triggered the development of machine learning and other techno
Introduction In most of the European Union countries, the issue of unfunded social security pensions has been of major debate for a long time. Aging increases the proportion of those who are retiring and in turn reduces the available workforce. With fewer people contributing to the Pay-as-you-go social security system and more people registering for it, there is a high possibility that the government may not be able to cater to the aging population in the future. This means that the ability to pay the social security benefits to future retirees is diminishing with time and there is a need to look into those factors that will promote the future sustainability of these pension schemes (Cremer 2005). Studies have shown that unless economic productivity goes up or sufficient financial provision is given to these systems, there is a possibility that the Pay-as-you-go social systems may not fully sustain the high number of retirees because the amount of money contributed is not enough to cover all the benefits that come with the pension schemes. How aging population can affect the sustainability of EU pension systems Pension systems are aimed at distributing incomes both across generations and within the generations. Cremer (2005) argues that the impact of the aging population on pension schemes depends mainly on the prevailing political factors. On the other hand, early retirement among the European Union workers is also affecting greatly the sustainability of the EU pension schemes. The key issue that has been arising is the way to deal with the aging population. It has been noted that there is increased average retirement age in most parts of Europe from 60.5 to 61 years in the past year. On the other hand, countries with higher retirement ages such as the UK which is at 62.6 years, Sweden at 63.7 years, or even Denmark which is at 61 years tend to perform better than those with low retirement ages like France at 58.8 years or Italy at 59.8 years. To be able to cope with the high rates of demographic changes, reforms have been continuously enhanced to lower the state schemes and make the private schemes more effective and sustainable. There has, in this respect, been a considerable rise in the participation of the private pension schemes over the last few years in the European countries, with most of them focusing their attention on the aging population and coming up with ways in which the pension schemes can help workers once their retirement period becomes due (Boldrin 1998). According to Boldrin (1998), the pension system can be considered a saving channel that can easily distribute incomes across and within generations. The aging population can be said to affect the social security system in terms of two aspects: the economic aspect and the political aspect. The economic aspect of the aging effect is represented by the rate of dependency among workers. That is, the dependency ratio of retirees to employees and since the return of a social security system depends on the dependency ratio as well as on the rate of
Introduction The selected organization for this analysis is Eastman Kodak Company, simply called Kodak. The company has been in operation for a century now and has its headquarters in New York, United States. Within the past decade, Kodak has been experiencing various organizational challenges that might affect its future performance and sustainability. This discussion begins by identifying Kodak’s “intended organization”, the actual organization, and the best suggestions to help the managers close the recorded gap. Intended Organization To learn more about the anticipated organization, interviews targeting one of the departmental managers and a salesperson at Kodak were completed. Such exercises were done via Skype and video conferencing since the company was not operating fully in Saudi Arabia. The completed exercise presented unique observations and views about the intended goals. The respondents revealed that Kodak was strategizing and focusing on the best approaches to become a leader and competitor in the imaging industry (Anthony, 2016). The leaders were keen to establish a results-oriented structure that would support a superior culture, provide experiences to more customers, and guide them on the best ways to process capture and even store pictures that contributed to their memories. The organization was also keen to consider solutions that were cost-effective while maximizing the quality of its products. Workers were empowered to deliver world-class skills and competencies while focusing on the changing goals and expectations of the targeted customers. These aspects form the ideal Kodak Company that is capable of maximizing profits and meeting the demands of all customers across the globe. The organization fosters a superior culture, structure, and hierarchy that resonate with the demands of customers and workers in different regions (Grant, 2016). The intended company would have a unique team of workers and innovators who take the concept of innovation seriously to meet the demands of different customers and take digital imaging to the next level. Actual Organization While Kodak is an organization positioning itself to become a leader in modern digital imaging, numerous gaps and challenges exist that affect the anticipated goals. In reality, Kodak has been facing financial problems since it filed for bankruptcy in 2012. Towards the end of the 20th century, the organization began to innovate and experiment with emerging digital