ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction There has been a significant measure of confusion between the role of a leader and manager in educational settings in the past decades. Rodd (2013) has commented on the problem with the following words, “understanding leadership in early childhood has been plagued by its confusion with the concept of a management” (p. 19). Since the two roles are interconnected, it often happens that different stakeholders in the educational process tend to confuse them. The following paper aims at making distinctions between the roles of leaders and managers in educational settings with the focus on early childhood education. The Role of a Leader in Education The role of a leader in educational settings includes numerous aspects such as the ability to influence the group to achieve the set tasks and goals, strategy and tactics development, creation of vision and meaning for the group, policy-making, and empowerment (Gibbs, 2008). An important characteristic of leadership includes a genuine personal interest in students’ welfare and dedication to educational values (Rodd, 2013). First of all, the role of a leader in education implicates one’s ability to organize students in a way that allows optimal opportunities for the realization of educational goals (Rodd, 2013). This is to be done through the ability to influence the group members in such a way that promotes the ultimate results achievement (Rodd, 2013). A leader has an important role in the educational process. He or she provides oversight and direction, shows appreciation, and gives one’s feedback and recognition for students (Rodd, 2013). Students need such direction to be able to identify their level of progress and set new goals for themselves. Further, the educational leader is the person with the excellent communicational skills enabling one to reach one’s audience in the most effective way (Australian Institute for Teaching and School Leadership, 2016). This is especially the case when a leader works with the students of the youngest age category because one of the most important conditions for success in this age category is the teacher’s speech clearness (Australian Institute for Teaching and School Leadership, 2016). This peculiarity can be explained by the fact that the youngest learners only begin to facilitate their comprehensive abilities and develop new learning skills. An educational leader is also the person who knows how to create a positive learning atmosphere in class (Rodd, 2013). One knows how to facilitate mutual support and understanding between all students and the teacher. Another main characteristic of a good leader is inspiration by educational ideas and genuine personal interest to students. Such an attitude will become a miraculous chariot rapidly bringing a teacher to the elevations of success. Passion to knowledge is contagious. A teacher should be inspired by the ideas of the triumph of knowledge and education because ot
Introduction The Cathedral by Raymond Carver is a short story revolving around three characters, the narrator, his wife, and Robert, a blind man and a friend to the wife. The wife invites Robert in the narrator’s house, something that does not go down well with the narrator. He disapproves this act immediately after he enters the house and states clearly that, he is not ready to share his house with a blind man. However, as the evening approaches, the narrator relaxes his stance and engages the blind man in all sorts of questions as they watch a documentary on TV about cathedrals. Ironically, the blind man cannot see the documentary. The story closes on high note as the narrator changes his attitude about the blind man and learns a lot about humanity. On the other side, A Clean, Well-lighted Place , written by Ernest Hemingway, revolves around three characters; an old man, a young waiter and an old waiter. As the night closes in, these two waiters are left with only one customer, a visibly drunk old man. The old man asks for another drink; something that the young waiter disagrees with strongly. Nevertheless, the old man persists until he gets a beer to the irritation of the young waiter. We learn that the old man attempted suicide a fortnight ago. Finally, the young waiter forces the old man to leave the place as they close the café. The story ends with the old waiter going to a bodega to kill time for he cannot sleep even if he goes home. The blind man and the narrator in “The Cathedral” shares emptiness and nothingness with the old man and the old waiter, in A Clean Well-lighted Place. Character Comparison As aforementioned, characters in these two short stories share emptiness and this comes out clearly in the way they act throughout the story. As The Cathedral opens up, the narrator in shows his outright fears and prejudice. After learning of the blind man in his house he says, “A blind man in my house was not something I looked forward to” (Carver Para. 3). This comes out as prejudice but it sprouts to cover deep emptiness that lies within. On the other side, the blind man, Robert, is also experiencing emptiness in his life. We learn that he does not have friends as narrator’s wife asks, “You don’t have any friends?” (Carver Para. 6). The fact that this blind man does not have friends indicates that he is a lonely man; consequently, full of emptiness. Hearts of men are filled with joy that comes from friend
Introduction A copyright is a legal restriction granted by law to a creator of an original work that gives that creator exclusive rights to it for a given period of time. This essay will highlight the issues that have been raised in the case study regarding copyright usage. The essay will analyze the legal situation that exists and suggest the best direction that Media Ltd and the DBC can take regarding the matter. Duration of Copyright Issues According to sections 12-15 of the CDPA, the possible authors have been alive for the past 70 years. According to sections 154 and 155 of the CDPA, a work qualifies for copyrights protection if it was first published in the UK or if the author was living in the UK at the time it was made publicly available. Therefore, the works qualify by right to be referred to as a work that was published in the UK because the party that authorized the manufacture of these dolls is a British company (Colston & Galloway 2010, p. 57). The dolls were first manufactured by the third-party producers licensed to make the Lawrence Lion dolls, books and children clothing by Media Ltd. The items are, therefore, protected trademarks and Media Limited has the sole right to allow how these items should be reproduced (Colston & Galloway, 2010 p. 62). The copyright law restricts the manufacture of the products by any person who is not authorized to do so by the copyright owner. Import Limited, the company that imports the dolls from Spain to the UK, is, therefore, liable for the infringement. The continued importation of the products by the company is likely to cause a big loss to Media Ltd and its third-party producers. Import Limited’s actions are likely to threaten the commercial well-being of the copyright owner’s interests in the UK Market (Colston & Galloway 2010, p. 65). The company’s operations are adversely exposed as a result of the actions of Juan and Import Ltd, which could threaten the commercial value of its products. Media Ltd must institute legal proceedings against Import Company Limited and Juan for contravening the law and selling products, which are protected by the copyright law in the UK. Media Ltd must take action against the harm done to its brand by the actions of Juan and Import Ltd and must seek compensation from the two parties. This compensation will cover the damage that has been done to the company’s brand by the infringement (D’Agostino 2010, p. 144). The company should also seek the court to compel the two parties to stop selling the products. Identity of the Works under Copyright The Lawrence Lion books are considered to be published work, which is protected by the copyright law under Section 3 (1) of the CDPA act. The book is recognized as a form of written work and as such, it is recognized copyright of the company. Therefore, any reproduction of the book or any material that is related to the character in the book is a violation of the copyright established for that published work. Under this law, Media Ltd has the sole right to publish the book, and any other third party that seeks to reproduce it must have its consent first (D’Agostino 2010, p. 148).
Introduction Leaders have to coordinate and monitor numerous operations if they are to take their organizations to the next level. The Four Frame Model is a powerful tool that researchers use to analyze how institutions operate and pursue their objectives. The four frames outlined in the framework include structural, political, human resource, and symbolic. This paper uses this model to understand the unique attributes that define small police departments in the United States. Structural Frame Government institutions play a significant role in the delivery of public services. Police departments also promote numerous activities that meet the needs of many citizens and their respective communities. In many small police units or units, a bureaucratic hierarchy exists whereby those in power guide and encourage all followers to act diligently and pursue the outlined goals. Analysts can deduce the main goals of such organizations from their mission statements. Many departments focus on the best actions and collaboration processes that can protect citizens and property and minimize crime (Burkus, 2014). They also focus on the best approaches to offer superior services to the greatest number of citizens in their respective communities or regions. In terms of roles, all police officers receive adequate and timely resources in an attempt to complete their duties much faster. They get appropriate instructions and support to pursue their activities diligently. The issue of collaboration is essential to ensure that various activities, duties, and responsibilities are completed as planned. Stakeholders are also expected to act diligently, present reviews and ideas, and propose strategies for transforming police departments’ performance (Burkus, 2014). Those at the top design the best models for empowering officers and guiding them to achieve their potential. Unlike in business organizations, the issue of rules is taken more seriously in every police department or organization. Burkus (2014) indicates that commanders and leaders encourage followers to identify and implement specific changes and practices that can add value to the targeted communities. There are also social links between departments and units, thereby making it easier for workers to share ideas and present their thoughts. With a vertical organizational structure, police officers and law enforcers are expected to follow the outlined code of conduct while communicating with their leaders directly. Groups are encouraged to formulate unique rules and guidelines that can support the delivery of security services within the shortest time possible. All members of this corporation have their unique responsibilities and obligations. For instance, those at the top of the organizational structure formulate superior approaches that can support the delivery of high-quality services. Leaders also utilize their competencies to a
The history of Hispanic community The term ‘Hispanic’ has different interpretation in the contemporary world. It could refer to the current Spain; it can also be used to refer to the Spanish language, or the term can be used to refer to the communities in the world that speak the Spanish language. Spain conquered and established her empire in several parts of the world. There was then movement of the Spanish to these conquered lands incorporating their culture in the regions. Thus, there were Spanish-speaking communities in various parts of the world like Central and South America, Africa, and North America. The Hispanic community in the United States refers to the Spanish-speaking group that has migrated from the former Spanish territories into the US. They include Hispanics from Cuba, Mexico, Puerto Rico, Central America, and South America. A major factor that favored the immigration of the Mexican, Central American, and the Puerto Ricans into the United States is the proximity of their homelands to the United States. Some could use the traditional means of transport to reach their destination (Miranda, 1997, p125). Primarily, the migratory movements that have been witnessed in many cases are caused by a need to search for greener pastures. The immigrants often move from their homelands that have had some economic crisis to seek for some economic opportunities elsewhere. Some also leave their home countries to seek refuge due to the political unrest they experience at home. The immigration of the Hispanics into the United States had similar driving factors; most of the Hispanics were attracted by the economic opportunities that were available in the United States, whereas others moved into the country in pursuit of their friends and relatives who had been to the country for some time. Other immigrants were running from the political oppression they faced from their country leaders (Miranda, 1997, p125); this was a major reason for the immigration of the Cubans into the United States in the second half of the twentieth century. The majority of the immigrants in this period were tired of the Fidel Castro reign that was prevailing in Cuba such that, many ran away hoping that they would be back after the incumbent president had been overthrown. The Hispanic communities have been in the United States since the mid of the twentieth century. Presence of the communities in the United States can be traced as early as 1948 when the Mexican Hispanics were present. Their number was however relatively low throughout the century; for instance, the 1975 census showed that only 311 Hispanics of the Mexican origin were living in Nevada (Miranda, 1997, p125), while Puerto Ricans arrived in the mainland of US towards the end of the nineteenth century. Fortunately, the adoption of the Jones Act of 1917 enabled them to obtain US citizenship and they could now enjoy a free movement between the mainland and their islands. The Cubans later arrived in the 1960s due to the communism policy established by Fidel Castro. The US Immigration Act of 1965 encourag
Introduction In many of these works, Ernest Hemingway portrays male dominance and masculine power as dominant features of the main characters. Critics admit that the structure that Hemingway establishes for the telling of stories, the apparatus and technique he uses, is complex. As he essentially describes a psychic battle, he interprets his terms broadly and mythically. Male dominance and authority portrayed in his works are caused by life experience at war and hatred towards his mother. Main text Due to poor health, Hemingway was not enrolled in the army during WW!, but he joined the Red Cross Ambulance Corps. He took no orders and gave no orders, and came and went wherever he pleased. This allowed him to understand hardship and cruelty of war, communicate with soldiers and record their memories. During the First World War, the United States got into the fighting so late that an American with true war stories to tell, and a wound besides, was something of a rarity (Meyers 65). Such, of course, was Hemingway’s situation. Hemingway’s compromise indicates that even while writing The Sun Also Rises he was conscious of the problems his realistic language and sexual content could cause. Masculine dominance and language prevail in this novel. At the same time, Hemingway was not interested in challenging the censorship codes of the period. He often changed words to avoid such a confrontation. However, he was dedicated to his craft and to the integrity of his stories; an integral aspect of this dedication was presenting experiences as realistically as possible. The main characters of the novel, Brett Ashley and Jake Barnes experience psychological pressure caused by WWI. He says “A man can be destroyed but not defeated” (Hemingway 103). Consequently, he felt the language and sexuality of his characters had to support and reflect this realism. His major pattern associates the Fascists with the Apollonian and all that might be associated with that, and he largely places the cyclical, the “revolutionary,” with the Dionysian (Meyers 76; Meyers 198). These polar oppositions become in a broader perspective and another vocabulary masculine and feminine, and the struggle between them emerges partly as a solar battle in which male powers accept feminine control and the solar world yields to the lunar. Following Fantina, “ The heterosexual David Bourne shares the masculine identification that prevails in much of Bersani’s view of the gay man. Hemingway, of course, also identifies most emphatically with the masculine, and with phallocentric power arrangements as well.
Introduction Human resource management is the function within a business organization that focuses solely on its people. It ca
Article Summary Author: Hendry, John, currently Professor of Management at the University of Reading and Head of the University of Reading Business School. Date: 30, December 2008 Area: Strategy/Theory Citation: Hendry, J. (2000). Strategic decision making, discourse, and strategy as social practice. Journal of Management Studies , 37:7, 955-977. Summary Main Point The author of the article argues “for an integrating conceptualization of strategic decisions as elements of a strategic discourse that is itself the most prominent feature of strategy as a social practice.” (Hendry, 2000, p. 971)  1. This conceptualization can be empirically grounded.  2. The strategic discourse of decisions mediating between cognition and action can operate at the structural level of social reproduction and the instrumental or agency level of intentional communication thus providing a basis for the competing rationale, action-based and interpretive views of strategic decision making. The conceptualization of strategic decisions as discourse has implications for both empirical research and practice. Key Quote(s) “… strategic decisions can be identified as part of an organizational discourse or body of language-based communications that operates both at the structural and at the communicative levels, and that constitutes a central feature of the strategic process. This strategic discourse is not the medium in which decisions are discussed and recorded, but also the medium through which interpretations are developed and expressed and strategic actions initiated, authorized and acknowledged.” (Hendry, 2000, p. 957) Gaps or Limits to Generalizability There is an urgent need for empirical studies aimed at understanding how the concept of strategic decisions interacts with other rationalizing elements, like intentionality, response, chance, and external events. Testable Hypothesis / Suggestion for Further Research The research should be continued in the following spheres:   * The role of strategic decisions in the interactions between management thinking and enacted strategy;   * Ways, extent, and conditions under which strategic decisions are followed by corresponding actions;   * Extent and conditions under which strategic decisions rationalize, legitimate, and make sense
Introduction “The Stronger” by play writer August Strindberg is an ironic work. It is one of the most famous of Strindberg’s one-act plays. He wrote it in 1889 for the Experiment Theater in Copenhagen. We need to mention some facts from his life that influenced his play “The Stronger”. While composing the work, August Strindberg had a love affair with Martha Hansen who was seventeen-year-old. Also, he had other relationships, as he always did, with at least two theatre actresses. His wife Siri always stayed with him as he returned to her after each love affair with other women. It is significant that he offered her the role of Madam X. She turned down this proposition at first but afterward accepted. Obviously, he considered his wife Siri the “stronger” in the real world and in real life. The brief elements of the play It may seem that there is nothing special about this play, that it is simple and commonplace. The two characters of the play are two women simply called Mrs. X and Miss Y. It is the turn of the 20th century, and here we can see the role and position of women in society. It is not important for them to have names; we know only a few facts about them (like they are some “objects”, not personalities). They are two actresses and they meet in a restaurant on Christmas Eve, one of them Miss Y, doesn’t even speak in the whole performance. The play “The Stronger” is rich in irony and allegory. Although the play is very short, one can actually spend hours thinking about it and trying to understand its deep meaning. As the play progresses, we can see that Miss Y and Mrs. X are actually rivals – Miss Y is having a love affair with Mrs. X’s husband. There are two different readings in the play. In the first, Mrs. X is an astute wife. The truth about Miss Y and her husband reveals to her. In the second reading, we can see Mrs. X as an apathetic and paranoid woman. The insecurity about her marriage has actually brought her to real slander. And here rises the question of who is “the stronger”. We have two variants: Miss Y, who maintains silence against Mrs. X’s dirty accusations (whether false or true). Mrs. X screams at her: “I hate you, hate you, hate you! But you – you just sit there, silent, calm, not caring—not caring whether it’s night or day, summer or winter, whether other people are happy or miserable—unable to hate and unable to love—motionless like a stork over a rat-hole” (Strindberg,1979). So, we have a question, if Miss Y is stronger in her independence. On the other hand, Mrs. X may be the stronger one, because she is courageous enough to accept the truth about her husband and she is able to go on. She says: “Thank you, Miss Y, for all the good lessons you’ve taught me. Thank you for teaching my husband to love! Now I am going home, to love him” (Strindberg,1979). This shows us the first of the allegories from the play. This is the debate about gender roles in society of that time. Strindberg shows the fundamental duality of
Introduction Race, class, and gender are issues that many people find incredibly hard to appreciate and recognize as characteristics of diversity that define people not only in the United States but also on global platforms. From this dilemma, this paper focuses on conducting a critique of various articles appearing in Rothenberg’s book Race, Class, and Gender in the United States . Racial Formations by Michael Omi and Howard Winant Michael Omi and Howard Winant discuss issues of class, gender, and race. They see these issues as social constructions as opposed to scientific aspects, which define people’s differences (Rothenberg, 2009, p.11). The authors view race as a concept that is deeply seated in the history of all people across the globe since time immemorial. Although human beings are seen as equal irrespective of their race, gender, or class with the modern approaches to race, gender, and class studies, Michael Omi and Howard Winant wonder why it is possible for one to see people who are different in terms of skin color, gender, and social economic status. Social economic status is a major factor that is used to segregate people into different classes. Although this debate is not consistent with the struggles by many nations including the United States to ensure that all people irrespective of their diverse characteristics are considered equal human beings whose fundamental human rights must be respected, the argument by Michael Omi and Howard Winant holds substance. I agree with it. Despite the extent to which peo