ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Archaeological evidence is a primary source of information about the past within particular archaeological context. By processing and interpreting such evidence archaeologists are able to obtain the approximate picture of “past human activities in an area over time” (Osu par. 1). The aim of this paper is to examine the methods for analysis and interpretation of archaeological sites, artifacts, ecofacts, and features. Artifacts, Ecofacts, Features, and Contexts All sources of archaeological information can be divided into four categories: artifacts, ecofacts, features, and contexts (Hardesty and Little 54). Artifacts are objects that have been made or shaped by man and are of archaeological significance. In order to analyze the information content of historical artifacts, it is necessary to divide them into three groups: historical documents, commodities, and ideas (Hardesty and Little 54). Artifacts that have clues about technology with which they were manufactured, or time period among other things can be considered historical documents. The majority of artifacts are consumer goods that used to have an exchange value; therefore, they can be placed in the category of commodities. Some artifacts also had a distinct meaning to the people who created them; thus, they can be treated as ideas (Hardesty and Little 56). Ecofacts are biological materials such as animal bones and plant macrofossils that have not been altered by people but can reveal information about the environment of archaeological sites. It should be mentioned that there is no strict line dividing ecofacts and artifacts because by “analyzing factors such as species, age, body parts, and butchering technique” it is possible to determine “status and wealth differences between sites and suggest the degree of self-sufficiency or interdependence of households or settlements” (Hardesty and Little 56). Features are another category of archaeological information, and it includes non-portable man-made structures. Building remains, structures, landscape, and artifact concentrations are some of the examples of features (Hardesty and Little 56). Artifacts, features, and ecofacts “occur first and foremost in an archaeological context that defines the containers of archaeological information” (Hardesty and Little 61). It also determines spatial and temporal associations between archaeological objects (Lewis et al. 205). The information presented by them can be analyzed during the post-excavation stage of an archaeological project. At the analysis stage, it
The humanity civilization experienced a long way of self-development with the flow of history. The oldest known civilizations are Egyptian, Greek and Rome, which were substituted by the various European civilizations of the later periods. In the tenth – eighteenth centuries Europe was a world center of the human civilization, which comprised the highest level of development in science, economics, technique and culture. Thus, this epoch is also characterized be the European conquer and colonization of America or New World. The book by Marry Doria Russel The Sparrow manifests the problem of religious colonization of the neighboring planets in the close future. This paper is dedicated to the study of the role of religion in real-world colonialism and in the novel through manifestation of the connections between the history of Spanish colonization of Americas and the colonization of Rakhat planet in the novel, the analyses of the character of the priest Sandoz as an ancestor of the Spanish conquistadors and the role of the religion in the flop of missioners on the foreign planet. The colonialism is a phenomenon that took its start after the epoch of the great geographical discoveries. The most common definition if this notion depicts colonialism as: “the establishment, maintenance, acquisition and expansion of colonies in one territory by people from another territory. Colonialism is a set of unequal relationships: between the metropole and the colony; between the colonists and the indigenous population ”.(Fanon, 95) One of the most active metropole countries was Spain. The Spanish colonization is characterized be the conquest of the American indigenous tribes, who lived on the territory of modern Latin America. The conquest was accompanied by the attempts to assimilate local culture with European by means of Christi
Abstract Customers’ satisfaction and customer loyalty are two quite different business concepts logically utilized in industries but are very important marketing strategies. According to the industrial experts, when the customer is satisfied, the business gains a huge leap on their faith and thus the continual loyalty. Marketing and customer relationship is achievable when the company has strategic approach to customer satisfaction as well as enough investment for supporting the business and financial objectives. In line with Crowder et al (2007, 13), this is a counter measure to achieving required business growth, strategy to retaining customers as well as maximizing profits. Today marketing entails rationality as opposed to the common transitional approach of advertising. According to the American Marketing Association (2008), marketing is a function of an organization that involves the process of creating customers’ values. It also entails corresponding and delivering them as a measure of managing customers’ relationships in the aim of acquiring maximum benefits. (AMA, 2008) In accordance with Harker and Egan, (2006, 215), this approach of marketing has become more acceptable as a modern style of enhancing business growth. In close link to Kotler and Keller research (2009, 3), the Customer Relationship Management (CRM), is more preferable and chosen as a top priority approach among most companies worldwide. It incorporates the use of technology, customer’s knowledge and any acquired or processed data involving the customer. In connection to Payne and Frow findings (2005, 167), Kotler and Keller (2009, 3) indicated that the strategy of CRM has a foundation of the additional organizational knowledge penetrating the involved sectors with the aim of strengthened relationship. Today the use of value added systems is important such as the electronic interactive programs for enhancing communication and thus collecting important consumer information. According to Kotler and Keller writing (2009, 3), to harness the success of CRM, the stakeholders ought to be educated; the idea behind the approach should ensure value of enhancing the firm to customer relationship and ensuring a strategic innovations of the organization. Satisfaction relates to results while loyalty links to relationship and this is achievable thought improved CRM system. If the customers are repeatedly satisfied with the goods or services, they are likely to become truly loyal and easily overcome the negative occasional impacts or business challenges. Satisfied customers may not necessarily be loyal or remain loyal but existence of a management system to strengthened relationship especially for the Small and Medium
Introduction “Babylon Revisited” by F. Scott Fitzgerald is a short story that depicts the life of Charles J. Wales, an American who goes to Europe after the Stock Market Crash of 1929 and the onset of the Great Depression. After losing his wealth, the main character – known as Charlie – decides to start a new life abroad. Even though he becomes successful in doing business, he faces numerous challenges and hardships in his private life such as the death of his wife and the loss of custody over his only daughter. The power of this short story is not only in the beauty of portraying human beings but also in the way it scrutinizes attitudes to and perceptions of life, the present and the past, love for the homeland, family, wealth, parenthood, loss, and transformation. This paper will analyze the main themes in “Babylon Revisited” through a psychological lens, trying to understand how different challenges in life probe moral courage and affect the personality development of the story’s main character. Relationships Between Parents and Children Parenthood is one of the central themes in “Babylon Revisited.” It can be traced not only to the portrayal of the relationships between Charlie and his daughter but also in the transformation of Charlie’s perception of parenthood. Parenthood is closely connected to the themes of death and loss, as Charlie realizes the importance of becoming both mother and father to his child after losing his wife. Because his daughter Honoria is sometimes disobedient and docile, Charlie decides that he should be more patient to preserve his connection with his only child (Tachibana 44). In fact, “he extended himself, reached out for a new tolerance” (Fitzgerald), thus taking another step toward significant change in himself. Once harsh, strict, and careless, he manages to overcome his demons – alcohol, wastefulness, and obsession with money – and seek ways to become a better person. The theme of parenthood is closely connected to the development of Charlie as a moral character. As Charlie says, “I’m anxious to have a home… And I want Honoria in it” (Fitzgerald), he signifies not only a change in his perception of parenthood and family-related responsibilities but also in his preferred way of life and his newfound desire to settle down and get to know his daughter (Tachibana 49). In this way, Fitzgerald hints at the subconscious striving for a family that all human beings share. Past and Present In this short story, the present is portrayed through the prism of the past. Charlie recalls major past events that shaped his personality and influenced the frame of his behavior. In this way, “Babylon Revisited” is a symbol of humans’ inability to escape from the past, as well as the strong influence of the past on the present and future. As Charlie visits the places he used to love when
“Mary Coin” is a novel by Marisa Silver that is based on the events surrounding the great depression. The book is based on an iconic picture of the great depression. The picture that is the subject of the story is Dorothea Lange’s “Migrant Mother”. Lange’s picture features a woman who is seated with her children surrounding her. Her jaw is supported by her hand, and she has wretched skin. The picture represents the plight of migrant workers during the great depression. Marisa Silver’s novel is chiefly based on this image. The author examined the lives behind the picture and made a story about it. By this time, “Migrant Mother” had long been forgotten together with its accompanying depression. However, Marisa Silver was able to relieve it in her readers’ memories using her book. “Mary Coin” is a well-written book that relieves the events of a past phenomenal. Silver’s novel uses the viewpoints of three main characters with parallel stories. These characters include Vera Dare, the woman who takes the famous photograph and is suffering from polio, Walker Dodge a professor, and the subject of the famous picture Mary Coin. Mary Coin is a poverty-stricken mother of seven and a descendant of the Cherokee ancestry. The characters of Mary Coin and Vera Dare are based on the characters of the photographer, and her subject in “Migrant Mother”. The author renames her characters to avoid being too confined to factual details about her characters’ stories. However, the author is still able to investigate intimate and factual details concerning the lives of the main character. The main aim of the author is to deal the issue of ‘who?’ in the story instead of dealing with the ‘what if?’ of the story. Silver is able to accomplish this task with ease. The book does not deviate from the stories of the main characters and its fictional stance is overshadowed by its factual stance. The author tells the story of Mary Coin in a tactful manner. The story begins with Mary’s childhood days in Oklahoma, up to the time she moves to California. Her story is characterized by several tragedies including several failed unions and lost children. The author is able to portray Mary’s poverty not only from the outside but also from the inside. The style of writing that is used by the author of this book is similar to that used in her other works. Her popular short story collections and her other novels all feature a similar style of writing. The author is often able to convey deep feelings to her readers without seeming fussy or self-conscious. Her focus on the wholeness of her characters is also quite remarkable. The Story of Vera Dare tracks her life as an artist. Silver portrays this character as an artist who is in search of a perfect subject. Vera Dare’s life is dominated by the fact that she had polio as a child but as an adult,
Many philosophers and atheists believe that a loving God should not let His children suffer. Explaining the logical problem of evil, Horner states that evil and good cannot coexist. For that reason, if God exists, then, there is no evil. Likewise, if evil exists, then, God is a fairytale. Existence of evil is, therefore, the main opposition to God’s existence (Horner). Theologians, on the other hand, maintain that God allows evil as a way of strengthening people’s faith in Him. However, the same people uphold that God is a loving father. As a result, God protects His people from evil and suffering. Therefore, theological doctrines are sometimes inconsistent with each other. This essay tries to find out whether there is a logical contradiction between the existence of God and evil. There is a contradiction between the existence of an all-powerful God and the existence of evil (Mackie). God is supposed to be omnipotent or unstoppable. Therefore, what God can do has no limits. In addition, people should not suffer from all manners of evil in the presence of an all-powerful God. Some logical rules connect evil and omnipotence (Mackie). Horney adds that good cannot exist in the presence of evil. Therefore, a loving God must completely eliminate evil. For that reason, the notion that evil and an omnipotent God coexist is debatable. A logical explanation to the coexistence of good and evil can only be given if God’s power has a limit. As a result, some scholars have opted to restrict the meaning of omnipotence when referring to God. Amazingly, these scholars are known to record a list of some of the things an omnipotent God cannot do (Mackie). Furthermore, the problem of evil can either be emotional or intellectual (Horner). The intellectual problem explains the relations between Evil and an omnipotent God based on the reasons. This problem is further divided into logical and probabilistic problems (Horner). The logical problem maintains that evil and God cannot coexist. According to the emotional problem, people question God’s existence when faced with hardships. These people fail to understand why a loving and an all-powerful God can allow such evils to befall them. Therefore, in some cases, the objection to God’s existence is merely emotional. However, it is not necessary for God to eliminate all evils (Horner). In some cases, doing away with an evil may bring about a greater evil or get rid of a good that outweighs it (Horner). For instance, God cannot sterilize females to eliminate pain experienced during the birth of children. If God was to control the actions of all people, then, no one would be free. Likewise, all people would behave and act in the same manner. God created free people with a mind that is able to differentiate between good and evil. It is, therefore, widely expected that people will commit evil because God has given them an independent mind. People commit evil out of their own freewill. This evil is what philosophers call moral evi
Religion and science have been at each other’s throats since the dawn of times, which has given people the opportunity to note the principal difference between the two. While science tended to explain specific phenomena and statements, religion relied on people’s faith. However, things changed when presuppositional apologetics came into existence; trying to promote Christian beliefs as the explanation point for all the phenomena and events that occur in the world, presuppositional apologetics opened a door to the whole new world of arguments and misconceptions. Despite the fact that presuppositional apologetics still focuses on the idea of faith as the ultimate manifestation of religiousness, it can be considered that presuppositional apologetics lacks reasonability. However, the novelty of the approach wears off quickly, since the only original idea of the presuppositional apologetics is that Christian religion is the only rational explanation for everything that happens in the world. As Fernandes explains, “This technique for defending the faith teaches that a believer must assume or presuppose the truth claims of Christianity rather than argue for them” [1] . As it has been mentioned, though Presuppositional apologetics was offered as a new approach towards exploring the specifics of the Christian belief and offering grounds for its existence, it had many problems. One of these problems was that, though defined as a new method, presuppositional apologetics was actually another interpretation of the absolute faith, i.e., believing without questioning the reasonability of the religion. While the above-mentioned actually is the basic principle of the Christianity, it seems that there was no obvious need for establishing teeth-grindingly old principles as something entirely new. In addition, presuppositional apologetics also aimed at convincing people despite the existing evidence of the completely opposite. According to Sproul, Gerstner and Lindsley, the problem of presuppositional apologetics is that, trying to make people reach absolute faith, it neglected even the Biblical evidence: “This school of thought has not suffered from a lack of nerve but has boldly rejected the traditional theistic proofs and Christian evidences” [2] . Therefore, the key problem of presuppositional apologetics is that it not only tries to explain everything from a theistic point of view, but also does not accept any proofs concerning the Christian religion, even if these proofs come from Bible. To its credit, presuppositional apologetics could also be considered as a step forward for the Christian religion. For example, it of
Introduction The publics of the world support the idea of globalization. Thus, aspects such as multinational corporations, free markets and trade have been encouraged. Nonetheless, publics are not supporting the negative aspects related to globalization. For example, immigration facilitates adverse effects on the locals’ culture and surroundings. Thus, this has contradicted the positive impacts associated with global trade. While the Asian economic powers (China and India) channel their resources toward global trade, American and Western Europe are not supporting global trade. In fact, globalization and other social and economic forces are reshaping the world. This has seen to it that there is a conflict between morality and religion. Effects of Globalization have hindered free speech, honest elections and fair trials in developing countries. Nonetheless, gender equality has been on the rise in regard to education. Benefits of globalization Globalization has seen to it that there are improvements in developing countries. This is evident in the market and commerce sectors. In spite of the disparities between the poor and the rich, it is believed that most people are doing well under capitalism. In East Europe and Latin America there have been improvements in financial sectors. This has been achieved through the support of free market. This has seen to it there is increased satisfaction and personal progress. However, there are concerns about globalization. Publics are disturbed about maintaining their cultures and identities. Thus, there is the need to protect the public’s culture against foreign influences. It is believed that immigration brings about cultural influence, and it is a threat to a country’s culture and people’s way of life. Immigration Fears Immigration has been associated with negative influence on the culture of other countries. Thus, restrictions have been enacted to control and contain immigration. Countries like the United States and some countries in Europe had tight restrictions five years ago. This has reduced and risen in other countries. For instance, Italy is one of the countries with the tightest restrictions regarding immigration. In addition to Italy, Jordan has also tightened its immigration restrictions from 48% to 70% within a period of five years. Religion and Social issues Most people from the Middle East, Africa and Asia believe that morality and good values can be achieved through having faith in God. Besides, 57% of Americans believe that, for a person to have good values and morals, they must believe in God. The rest disagrees on this aspect. As well, there is a relationship that encompasses religion and economic situations of nations. Religion remains common in poor nations while the developed nations exercise secularism. This is evident across the whole world apart from a few nations. For instance, the United States is associated with richness and religion. Other countries include those within the Middle East. Apart from being rich in oil de
Introduction Post-1980s is the decade when the greater majority of China and basically Hong Kong are preparing for the inevitable turn-over of Hong Kong to mainland China. This period, however has been described as still an era when Hong Kong defined influence in the Asian fashion scene that extended its clout even in the conservative mainland China. The presence of European and generally western expatriates in Hong Kong for a long period has shown not only the extent of economic but also lifestyle influence that locals and Hong Kong residents or even visitors have adopted. Luxury fashion was definitely included and widely reflected. This chapter of the paper investigate the most effective media tools available to the Western luxury fashion brands for the “post-1980s” consumer market in China. While it is recognised that the total luxury market is growing to US$2 trillion by 2010, the market was described as still basically controlled by some 35 companies from Europe and the US (60%) led by brands Giorgio Armani, Gucci, Versace and Christian Dior (Just Style, 2006). Just Style (2006) reported that luxury fashion represents about 5 percent of the total luxury market translating to about US$50 billion led by LVMH, Gucci group and Christian Dior Couture. In the UK, luxury clothing and fashion remain as one of the more palatable as the market maintains some £32 billion in 2002 alone. In 2005, LVMH Moet Hennessy Louis Vuitton posted a revenue rise to $13.90 or £9.57 billion from the previous year’s $12.48. In September 2006, it has reported a first half pre-tax profits of £1.519 billion indicating 45 percent coming online. Paris-based PPR SA Gucci, that also houses Yves Saint Laurent, Fnac and Surcouf, is included in the report of PPR SA with a 2006 July-September revenue of $5.35 billion (AP, 2006). Western luxury fashion have always been set apart despite the forces of other global brands, specifically Asian, and segmentation in the UK has actually been categorised as: McFashion, UK or London style, international superbrands, and the micro markets (Priest, 2005). However, another trend called McFashion coined by Lee (2003) after the McDonald marketing phenomenon of uniformity and predictability has been classified as disposable, quick fix international fashion, trendy, and affordable by the mass market. It most distinct qualities include star qualities that shine and busts in a short period, or those which fill high street cheap chic stores working to formulas. These are considered as the speedy trickle down version of high couture exemplified by celebrities that are replicated, but not exactly copied to give room for versatility, in a matter of ten minutes (Jackson, 2006). These brands include items that are found and purchased at Gap,