ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction According to Bennett, a chain of command is the chronological documentation showing the order of places where the acquisition of physical evidence takes place. In addition, it also documents the chronological order of persons relating to the physical evidence from the time of acquisition to the time of submission to a court of law (5). The importance of the chain of custody comes about in securing evidence. For example, when the acquisition of evidence occurs labeling the evidence takes place. The next person responsible for the transfer of the evidence to the lab acquires the evidence. He signs it over to the lab technician who examines the evidence. After completion, he repacks the evidence in the original pack. He signs the chain of custody log that accompanies the package after sealing the evidence in a new package (Bennett 9). The importance of the chain of custody is to ensure that there is no interference with the evidence from the time it leaves the crime scene until it reaches the court. Locard’s Principle of Exchange According to Fisher, Edmund Locard was a forensic officer in the early 1900s. He developed Locard’s principle of exchange. He argued that where there is contact between two objects a transfer of material between them takes place. The evidence of transfer might vanish because of the decay rate but the fact remains that the transfer took place (3). In his time, he solved many cases using Locard’s principle of exchange. For example, in a case that involved counterfeit money (coins) and three suspects he used the principle. Locard brought their clothes to his laboratory where he thoroughly examined them. He extracted small metallic particles from the clothes. According to Fisher, the chemical analysis revealed that they had the same metallic elements as the counterfeit coins. This evidence was sufficient to arrest the perpetrators who eventually confessed to the crime (Fisher 9). Individual identification According to Lee, the use of personal or individual identity is a technique that plays a huge role in both forensic as well as criminal investigations. The three major types of personal identification include fingerprint examination, identification of human hair, and forensic anthropology (3). Fingerprint examination According to Lee, fingerprint examination is an individual identification technique in a forensic and criminal investigation. It involves the use of fingerprints to identify an individual because fingerprints are unique to every individual. The fingerprint technique involves the development of latent prints and the comparison of known as well as unknown fingerprints. According to Lee, this system came about as a proposal by William Herschel in 1877. He suggested that fingerprints might facilitate the identification of c
Environmental research is generally considered as the central analysis tool for business activity. The aim of the paper is to analyze the business environment of the corporations such as Microsoft, Google, Apple, HP, and IBM. The analysis will be performed from the perspective of the demographic, sociocultural, political / legal, technological, economic, and global aspects. Considering the fact that all the analyzed corporations are American, the environmental factors will be similar for all the companies. Demographic The demographic aspect of the business environment entails several sub-aspects. Originally, these are the aging population and the approaching demographic crisis, as baby boomers are going to retire soon. The aspect of rising affluence points out the necessity of paying attention for more expensive technologies and production of the higher class goods. Nevertheless, the greater disparities in the incomes of the entire population will have to make the companies think of diversification, for satisfying the needs of all the income levels. (Sokuvitz, 2006) The fact is that the matters of the changing composition of the ethnic background does not play a serious role in business performance, as these corporations have an opportunity to search and suit professionals from all over the world. Sociocultural These factors entail the issue of the increased involvement of women into industry. Thus, women become not only managers, accountants, secretaries etc. Considering the specifications of the analyzed companies, women become IT specialists more and more often. (Applbaum, 2005) The companies often practice employing temporary and outsourced workers for performing temporary (seasonal) assignments. On the one hand it decreases the unemployment rates, on the other hand, the companies have to spend excess financial reserves for training these temporary and outsourced workers. Another employment concern is the factor of the increased concern for fitness. It is fashionable and popular to be fit, so, companies often resort to encouraging their employees to attend fitness clubs. (Mendenhall, Kuhlmann and Stahl, 2001) The increased concerns for environmental protection makes companies change the production and industry capacities for more environmentally safe. Postponement of family formation is positive for employment policies, nevertheless, it may increase the development of the demographic crisis. Thus, when baby boomers retire, the young workers will find this time suitable for creating a family, thus interrupting their work for a while. Political and Legal The aspects of the political factor generally entail the issues, which are closely associated with the tort reform, the socially oriented legislation and the acts, regulating the employment issues. Originally, these acts create a valuable environment for the employees, as they are more protected. As for the companies, they have an o
Introduction Prosecutors are more often regarded as the worst enemies of defense attorneys and their clients. The desire and pressure to succeed make the prosecutors even apply unethical methods that can backfire against their case. This has been witnessed on several occasions. This was reflected in Michael Jackson’s child molestation case and the Jesse James Hollywood murder prosecution. In very high profile cases before courts, the prosecutors are faced with a difficult task, and the burden of proof lies with the prosecutor, and hence they are bestowed with high ethical and moral obligations as compared to the defense attorneys. The overriding cause of unethical practice by prosecutors is a conflict of interest. Prosecutors just like attorneys have professional rules of conduct that govern their duties. Moreover, being members of the bar, they have to adhere to the ethical codes of professionalism of their countries or states. Consequently, prosecutors have to follow the specific codes of conduct that are required of prosecutors. Case Study: People of State of California vs. Michael Jackson The case between the people and the king of pop, Michael Jackson, elicited two main ethical concerns: the passion of the prosecutor to convict the defendant and the possibility of the prosecutor to be an actor in investigations that will likely result in him/her being a witness. The prosecutor has the duty to convict a defendant that he finds guilty, but it should be understood that he/she also has a duty to control life, liberty,y and regulation, and his discretion can be dangerous. In the case of Michael Jackson, the prosecutor had substantial evidence that the defendant molested the victims based on the sexually explicit magazines found by the police in Jackson’s estate and also the admission by Jackson that he had slept with the boy. The public had the perception that the case was turning personal. This created a lot of ethical challenges on the side of prosecutor Sneddon and underrated his credibility in the way he handled the case (Levenson, n.d.). Summary of the Case The case involved the accusations of Michael Jackson to have committed crimes of child molestation and other thirteen charges. The defendant was represented by attorney Steve Levine while the prosecution was headed by Tom Sneddon. The proceedings took place at the Santa Barbara District attorney’s Office (CNN Justice, 2003). Ethical Dilemma and Issue Prosecutors are the best only if they do not permit their judgment and prosecutorial obligations to be clouded by their own financial, political, or commercial interests. Prosecutors handling high-profile cases have to avoid permitting conflict of interests to their own agenda. While pursuing an investigation into the case, prosecutor Sneddon personally met with the witnesses in Los Angeles, took photographs, and noted down the description of the search location. This act by itself was gravely unethical since it presented a scenario where the prosecutor could end up behind his own witness (Levenson, n.d.). O
Introduction Heart of Darkness by Joseph Conrad (1902) and A Passage to India by Edward Morgan Forster (1924) are two novels that narrate the story of British people in Africa and India in the early 1920s. Though both novels disclose the similar theme of British colonial ambition and the way they influenced the main characters’ destiny, the two works differ in many aspects. The current paper is aimed at comparison of the works through three perspectives: the symbolism of the titles of the two novels, the way colonialism and racism are represented by the authors, and the way the main characters resemble and differ from each other. Main body Starting with the titles of the novels I should say that British colonialism is represented symbolically by them. The titles of the two works reveal feelings and attitudes. As for the Heart of Darkness, Africa was known as the Dark Continent and the title suggests the onward journey into the darkness of the continent where there is very little difference between good and evil, between light and dark, and between correct and incorrect. Also, the title stands to represent the darkness of the heart of the British people who were actually savages at heart under their fine clothes. Their instincts of dark behavior, a repressed desire to kill, and savagery as a whole come out when no one observes and censures them. The title of the Passage to India, on the other hand, reveals the torments and tribulations that the characters undergo in the brief time that they are together in India. Adella, one of the characters wanted to meet native Indians and sample the local places while Aziz wanted to meet and make friends with the British. Both had visions of grandeur, adventure, and, perhaps, romance but the passage of events provided them with bitter experiences. Adella has undergone a transformation after the incidents in the cave and Aziz has changed after he was subjected to false accusations of molestations. Hence, The Passage to India is more of a reflection of how events influenced different characters in the story. Another aspect the two novels can be compared through is the way British colonialism and the problem of racism were represented by the authors. According to Conrad’s novel, the British believed that the native Africans were sinister and evil and it was the only force that subdued them. Consequently, the British people supposed that they had a divine right to use floggings and beatings to instill respect in the Africans. The novel depicts how one of the shipping clerks has been offended by the behavior of an old African native after which he starts beating the poor fellow: “Therefore he whacked the old nigger mercilessly, while a big crowd of his people watched him, thunderstruck.” (Conrad 134) What strikes most of all is that the crowd kee
Introduction Value chain As described by Michael Porter in his 1985 publication, the concept of value chain is an attempt to describe how a company builds value for its customers using a series of activities to achieve the service or product that successfully and effectively satisfies the customer needs. It rests upon the need to identify, select and analyze each organizational activity or task and assess the value or meaning it adds to the desired products and services (Malaval, Bénaroya & Aflalo, 2012). Consequently, the term ‘activities’ includes the organized systems and activities within the organization (Malaval, Bénaroya & Aflalo, 2012). Background information Emirates Airlines is a member of the Emirates Group that consists of Dubai National Air Transport Association and transport related activities and a hotel group. The company is owned by the government of the Emirate of Dubai, a member of the 7-emirates that make up the UAE (Emirates Airlines, 2014). From its headquarters in Dubai, the company serves more than 140 cities in about 78 nations across the world’s six continents (Emirates Airlines, 2014). Currently, the company is among the first airline operators boasting of luxurious fleets such as the Boeing and Airbus and a number of routine wide-body fleets (Emirates Airlines, 2014). It has created value in its services due to the use of luxurious but at relatively lower prices compared to most other international companies. Value Chain analysis of the Emirati Airlines’ Activities Inbound logistics The company has a number of activities related to inbound logistics. For instance, the exclusive Emirates Terminal 3 is an important facility in Dubai international airport built for the purpose of the company’s use. It was completed in October 2008 at a cost of about $4.5 billion, becoming the second largest building in the world in terms of floor space as it occupies more than 420 acres of land (Emirates Airlines, 2014). The capacity of the facility is estimated to exceed 43 million passengers per year. In addition, the company completed its new concourse 3 in 2013 meant to handle the large Airbus A380-800 flights (Emirates Airlines, 2014). In addition, the company focuses on the management of yields and strives to reduce dependency on supplies. The Dubai international Airport, which is largely owned and controlled by the mother company, gives the company a competitive advantage over the regional and international competitors, especially because it has exclusive rights to use most of the facilities therein. Operations The company focuses on self operations in a number of areas in order to improve its knowledge of customer needs. The Emirates has developed a strong web-based service provision with an aim of ensuring that customers enjoy quick and efficient self-service in a number of activities. For instance, a number of tasks have been automated to allow self-service for the customers, includi
Abstract Innovation according to Rodgers (1983) is an idea, practice or object that is viewed as new by units or an individual for adoption. It is the invention of more effective or better ideas, services, processes, products or technologies which are readily accepted by the society, governments and most importantly the market. In business field, innovations are deemed catalysts to growth. Industries must continually transform structures of an economy from within by being innovative in products and processes. Businesses must also incessantly seek for better ways and methods to gratify their customer base with improved and better quality, price, service and durability. These are the products of innovation which take place through the integration of organizational strategies and advanced technologies. Such innovations will not only add value to the customers but also make business economically viable (Tushman & Anderson, 2004, p.42). This paper explores innovation with regard to Kodak Eastman which used innovations to become the leader in the film and photography industry, but was unable to determine what the impact of other companies’ innovation would have on Kodak Company. The innovations by other companies effectively competed with Kodak, thus rendering it unprofitable. Introduction Kodak is an innovator in the camera, digital and film markets. The company invented the digital camera in 1975 (Sparkes, 2012, p1). For many years, it was one of the key players in the visual and film making fields. The company had almost been kicked out of the market by the late 1990s. In 2000, Eastman Kodak vowed to be the leader in digital cameras. According to many individuals, this was an absurd idea. By the year 2005, the company was ranked first in digital camera sales in the United States. The sales from digital cameras had surged by 40 percent to $5.7 billion (Sparkes, 2012, p.1). However, the company’s film-based business had fallen by 18 percent (Hamm & Symonds 2006, p.27). The key to increase in profits from digital cameras was product innovation. The company was a leader in the innovation platform. It designed various award-winning products one after another. This made digital photographing almost as simple as clicking and pointing (Hamm & Symonds 2006, p.27). In recent times, Eastman Kodak has announced that it had plans to stop the supply of pocket video cameras and digital cameras despite being innovative. The company will focus its business on photo printing. The corporation will issue brand certificate to enterprises that create the devices after it withdraws from the camera trade. The company had disrupted the camera market by introducing the digital camera but it could not determine what to do with the new product. While other corporations absolutely centered on know-how, Kodak grieved from technological know-how. The com
Currently, the number of injection drug users has increased considerably. Researchers note that “even more alarming is the 109% rise in use among those who are 18–25 years old and live in the United States” (Vidourek, King, Yockey, Becker, & Merianos, 2019, p. 111). Consequently, this growth affected the spread of blood-borne infectious diseases, such as HIV, Hepatitis B and C, syphilis, and others. Over 60% of the people injecting drugs have become infected with these diseases (Vidourek et al., 2019). Therefore, it is essential to establish and develop some efficient strategies and programs that would help to reduce the speed of the blood-borne infections spread and its risks. One of the vivid examples of such policies is the needle exchange programs (NEPs). The primary function of this strategy is to offer clean needles to injection drug users in exchange for used ones. During the past years, NEPs have been an utterly disputable social health program in the US with changeable attitudes towards them among authorities and the public. This paper aims at determining the resultant benefits and drawbacks of these programs and analyzing them. To start with, it seems significant to delve deeper into the history of the issue. According to Weinmeyer (2016), NEPs first appeared in Amsterdam in 1983 as a means to decrease infection transmission, causing considerable public controversy. In the US, the most popular and supported point among people who were against the implementation of NEPs was a concern that it would contribute to increased drug use. In addition, the opponents of NEPs claimed that it would contradict the US’s efforts in terms of “war on drugs,” and, moreover, would adversely influence children. Nevertheless, researchers note that NEPs were officially endorsed in 1998 by the US Department of Health and Human Services (Levinthal, 2014). In addition, it was proved that NEPs could remarkably reduce the spread of HIV (around 30%) without raising the use of drugs. In spite of the fact that the implementation of NEPs was officially endorsed, the public and government attitude was not entirely in favor of their development. According to Levinthal (2014), “although the ban on federal funding for needle-exchange programs was lifted in 2009, it was reinstated in 2011” (p. 45). The primary cause for the ban was a misgiving that NEPs would undermine an ideological political message about drug consumption being morally wrong and against the law. Only around 2017 did the US Congress lift the ban and allowed NEPs to be federally funded. What is more, NEPs were finally approved by such medical organizations as the American Medical Association and the World Health Organization. In addition, NEPs provide various drug treatments, such as group therapy, lectures on drug consumption and abuse, and different ways of curing drug addiction. Currently, there are many NEPs working around the world, including such countries as India, Australia, Ukraine, and 33 US states. It is possible to note that there is a large US organization called the North American S
Description of the country of Brunei The state of Brunei is located on the North of the equator within the latitude 4-5°N and the longitude 114-115 22°E. Brunei is an independent sultanate which is located on the northwest coast of Bomeo in the South China Sea. The location of this state is between Malaysia states of Sabah and Sarawak. It lies on a land area of 5,770 square kilometers with a population density of 72 per square kilometer. The estimated population size, which is mostly composed of Malays who are Muslims, was 395,027 by 2010 where the growth rate was 1.7 percent. These individuals are divided into seven ethnic groups which are “Brunei, Belait, Bisayah, Kedayan, Tutong, Dusun and Murut”. According to the same statistical records, the sultanate has a life expectancy of 75.9. The capital city which is also the largest city in this country is Bandar Seri Begawan with a population of about 78,000 by 2003. The other large cities are Kuala Belait and Seria with populations of 27,800 and 23,400 respectively. The country uses Brunei dollar as their monetary unit. Brunei state was a trading partner of China during the 6 th century after which it came under strong influence of the Hindu from its loyalty to the Javanese Majapahit kingdom during the 15 th century. Later the influence of the widespread of Islam led to high rate of conversion of individuals of this state to Islam. As a result the state became an independent sultanate. However, during the World War II, the state was taken by Japan but Australia liberated it in 1945. In 1959, the constitution t
Introduction The character of Faust and, most importantly, whether he is qualified as a heroic figure, has occupied critics for a long time. Looked at from the standard moral standpoint, Destro says: “We would be forced to decant the apparent heroism we were meant to accord him”. That he was eventually saved in spite of all the morally questionable deeds he had committed seems the only reason why anyone might consider him heroic. Destro is of the view, however, that we would be wrong to subject Faust to standard morality. I do agree with Destro’s assertion that it would be practically impossible to find any moral or heroic merits to the character of Faust. This is particularly so if one was to base his/her argument on the contemporary understanding of morality. It would still be problematic for one to apply the philosophical notion of morality during Goethe’s time. In this essay, I will show that Destro’s view presents the most viable manner of comprehending Faust’s character. Discussion Faust was never meant to be judged using standard morality. Destro fields the assertion that in the eyes of his creator, Faust was already a morally decadent character. He was probably meant to be immoral from the viewpoint of standard morality (Destro). This would be supported by his egoistic and hedonistic attitude that runs throughout the text. It leads Destro to conclude that “the salvation of Faust, the magician, the robber, the instigator of murderers, sounds like a mockery of any kind of ethical judgment on him”. Why then would Goethe have Faust saved at the end? Here, Destro interprets it to mean what we were to subject Faust to was not the standard morality but that of the superman: “In reality, the law that Faust follows is not that of morality in its everyday meaning, which from Moses to Kant was rooted in our relation of responsibility to others but rather the immoral ‘morality’ of superman for whom the supreme law is self-realization”. Faust is immoral. His immoralit