ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction In the 1970s and 1980s, China’s housing market was based on a welfare-oriented public housing model, which was largely dominated by the government and public service sectors (Zhao 11). The socialist model was undermined by cases of overcrowding and poor housing conditions. At the same time, the supply of houses could not match the demand for the same(Zhao 11). Consequently, in the 1990s, the Chinese government undertook massive reforms in urban residential planning by selling most of its housing developments at discounted prices and encouraging the private investor to construct houses and substitute its position in the market (Man). Consequently, since then, there has been a significant influx of domestic and international investors in the country’s housing sector. The transformation that happened in the Chinese property market has seen the country construct twice the number of houses in the United Kingdom (UK) within a decade (2000 -2010). Zhao also estimates that the number of houses developed within this period is equal to the total number of houses in Japan today (11-12). Based on this progress, the Chinese residential market has significantly expanded in size. This development has been witnessed in different formats, including through an increase in residential floor space per capita and growth in the percentage of people who own homes, which is currently at 80% of the urban population, compared to 20% in the 1980s (Wang 4). This paper demonstrates that residential changes, which have happened in China within the last 20 years, have led to changes in land-use patterns, developmental imbalances between rural and urban regions, and social class differentiation. Evidence of this claim appears in the sections below. Social Class Differentiation Since China adopted residential changes in the housing market, there has been an ongoing trend where social classes have become more distinct than ever in China’s history. Some researchers posit that the shift towards market-oriented development has created a class-based movement in the country because people’s housing options are now defined by how much they can afford to pay (Wang 4). Consequently, those within predetermined income brackets have been forced to live together, while those who cannot afford to own a home are also forced to form small housing enclaves within isolated parts of Chinese cities (Marton and Wei 209). For example, Wang says that most of China’s urban poor live in old housing complexes built by the government in the 1980s, while the rich have moved to newer and better houses l
The Basic Narrative of the Poem The poem Blindness by Tateneni expresses the deep sorrow that the narrator had after the loss of a loved one (77). The author of the poem has presented the narrative in a highly skillful manner to demonstrate how grief can transform into depression, making one lose a sense of meaning to events and objects in the immediate environment. The use of diction in his sentences leaves no doubt that there is a deep sense of loss and the narrator is waking up to a reality that he or she knows not how to deal with appropriately. It is necessary to analyze the poem to determine how the author passes the message. The author has used different stylistic devices to narrate the poem. The voice in this poem is telling a story. In the first stanza, the narrator opens up by explaining the pattern of thoughts in the mind. In the first line of the first stanza, a sense of sadness already comes out when the voice says, “When I sit here in the dark” (Tateneni l. 1). The audience is left wondering why the narrator is sitting in the dark, probably alone, listening to the melody of organ music. The choice of words in the second stanza, the second last line, which reads “glowing at dusk, a shrouded welcome” is a further confirmation of the sorrow in the mind of the narrator (Tateneni l. 13). According to Huye, sunrise in the world of literature is a sign of birth and happiness (285). On the other hand, sunset is a sign of death and grief. The events in the first and second stanza culminate in the last stanza. The third and fourth stanza reads “after your mother’s death, say, or earlier, before her last trip to surgery” (Tateneni l. 16-18). The fact that the narrator is depressed is confirmed in the second last and last line of the last stanza that reads, “You see ghosts, waiting all these years to be named” (Tateneni l. 20-21). The emotional torture that the narrator has to go through is only comparable to having an encounter with ghosts. That use of metaphor helps to pass the message to the audience. The narrator is trying to say that after a long period of denial, s/he now has to face reality. However, facing reality is just as difficult as having to encounter and name ghosts. The voice also informs the audience that after many years of trying to avoid the reality, after the attempts to listen to the melody of the organ music to forget the sorrows, it finally dawned on him/her that the reality had to be faced, however ugly (ghostly) it appeared to be. It ends on a very sad note when the voice finally faces the ghosts. The Emotional Tone of the Poem
“In light of the current political climate, do you feel that Plato is right that people who go into public office for motives of financial gain (or power gain) actually destroy the republic? Why or why not? On January 30 th of this year, the Governor of Illinois, Rod Blagojevich, was impeached and removed from office after allegedly attempting to sell the Senate seat he was charged with appointing. According to transcripts from wiretapped phone conversations, the disgraced Governor said, “I’ve got this thing and its [email protected] #ing golden, and, uh, uh, I’m just not giving it up for [email protected] #in’ nothing” (Salon.com). Blagojevich was seeking a sum of money in the form of campaign contributions, as well as an appointment to a well paying job with a 501(c)4 organization after the his term as governor. This example clearly demonstrates the danger that Plato cautions about when he writes, “But if beggars hungry for private goods go into public life, thinking that the good is there for the seizing, then the well-governed city is impossible” (Book VII, 521, p. 193). In this instance, Blagojevich was not a “beggar” in the traditional sense, but displayed a profit motive in public office because he was lacking personal resources. Therefore, in order to cross apply Plato’s standards to the modern day, the term “beggar” cannot mean a homeless person from the street, since they would have no means with which to seize political power. Rather, the modern day “beggars” are those who would seek to translate political power into personal gain. In other words, anyone who is “hungry for private goods” would be covered under this definition a beggar. According to Plato and many other political theorists, a republic should be constituted to promote the public good and not private interests. For example, in the preamble to the US Constitution, its authors inform us they endeavored to “establish justice, insure domestic tranquility, provide for the common defense, promote the general welfare.” The framers had in mind the preservation of the public good, and not the promotion of private interest. Those who have in mind personal gain when they act are not acting in the interest of the republic by definition. However, some instances of personal gain are clearer than others. For example, Blagojevich attempting to sell a Senate seat is an example of using power for personal monetary gain; but what about a congressman who is influenced on a particular vote by someone who made a donation to his political campaign? In this instance, the motivation is to be reelected which enhances personal power. This scenario happens hundreds of times a daily, and is the way that many of this county’s policy provisions come into existence (Green 1). The notation that the motivation to maintain a position of power can be destructive was addressed by Plato: “But surely it is those who are not lovers of ruling who must rule, for if they don’t, the lov
Methods of Disease Transmission There are three major methods of disease transmission: contact transmission, vehicle transmission, and vector transmission. Contact transmission is defined as the spread of pathogens by direct contact, indirect contact, or droplets. Direct contact means coming into physical contact, such as touching, licking, or copulating. This category also includes the transmission from a woman to a fetus in her uterus and the transmission from one part of the body of an individual to another part. Indirect transmission is spreading pathogens by means of inanimate objects such as utensils, medical equipment, and tissues. Objects that can carry infections in this case are called fomites. Droplets transmission occurs via mucus droplets within a relatively short distance, e.g. through sneezing. Vehicle transmission mainly occurs via air, water, or food. Particularly, airborne transmission occurs via dust or droplets that travel long distances (longer than one meter). Waterborne transmission is the main method of transmission for many intestinal diseases, such as cholera. Foodborne transmission is also characteristic of many intestinal diseases: pathogens are transmitted through food that may be improperly cooked or contaminated with fecal materials. In the case of vector transmission, what is referred to as “vectors” are usually insects that cause diseases as they are part of pathogens’ lifecycles, e.g. mosquitoes can cause malaria and fleas can cause bubonic plague. Vectors are arthropods that transmit diseases from one host to another (Whitfield, Falk, & Rotenberg, 2015). Also, insects can carry pathogens, e.g. flies can carry typhoid or dysentery from a host to food eventually consumed by a person. Pathogens Pathogens listed in the videos on penetrating host tissues and inactivating and hiding from host defenses are streptococcus (including group A streptococci, Streptococcus pneumoniae ), Clostridium perfringens , pseudomonas, Leishmania , Legionella , staphylococci, Neisseria meningitidis , Neisseria gonorrhoeae , HIV, the measles virus, tuberculosis bacteria, Shigella , Listeria , the influenza virus, and Trypanosoma . There are surveillance mechanisms in a body that participate in the detection of pathogens thus ensuring protection from diseases. However, many pathogens may demonstrate various methods of hiding from surveillance or inactivating defenses, which makes such pathogens more likely to survive and reproduce within a body (Bauman, Machunis-Masuoka, & Cosby, 2012). One of the methods is encapsulation. Pathogens are detected according to the presence of certain molecules on their surface that are not normally found on the surface of host cells. However, if an invader
Improved performance and enthusiasm in the workplace are typically listed among the most sought-after characteristics of workplace performance. As a rule, the specified effects are achieved by increasing the levels of employee engagement (Graffigna, 2017). The latter notion has been a buzzword in leadership and performance management research for a while. Defined as the “an active, fulfilling concept that reflects the simultaneous expression of multidimensional energies – physical, affective and cognitive – that benefit organizations and employees” (Eldor & Vigoda-Gadot, 2016, p. 531), employee engagement invites numerous opportunities. The subject matter is often conflated with motivation, yet the two notions are slightly different, the former one implying sincere emotional investment in a company’s performance (Graffigna, 2017). Research points out that employee engagement entails a boost in performance rates, thus contributing to the profitability of an organization (Popli & Rizvi, 2016). In turn, the rates of employee engagement are quite difficult to gauge and are even more difficult to change once the staff’s attitudes toward their job are established. Nonetheless, with effective leadership, one can alter employees’ perceptions and increase their engagement, which can be achieved with the help of the Transformational, Charismatic, and Situational Leadership styles. Constituents of Employee Engagement: What Needs to Be in the Focus As emphasized above, it is important to keep in mind that employee engagement hinges primarily on two factors, namely, the emotional rapport with the organization and the reward retrieved in the process. As a rule, four essential items are identified when talking about the constituents of employee engagement (Jena, Pradhan, & Panigrahy, 2018). These are loyalty, commitment, motivation, and trust. While the four concepts in question are related, each will require a specific leadership approach. Namely, the levels of motivation will rise with the help of the Transformational Leadership, whereas commitment, trust, and loyalty can be increased by applying the Charismatic approach (Jena et al., 2019). By navigating between the two frameworks with the help of the Situational Leadership approach, one will be able to achieve noticeable progress. Leadership and Employee Engagement: The Connection Research proves that there is a distinctive link between the choice of a leadership strategy and the levels of engagement that employees show in the workplace. Namely, Gangai, and Agrawal (2017) assert that the extent of employee engagement can be regulated and increased by applying Situational, Transformational, Shared, and Charismatic leadership strategies. The specified frameworks will help to build the self-reliance, trust, and commitment needed for employees to become invested in the company’s performance and align their personal needs with those of n organization. A rise in employee engagement is typically associated with the presence of specific factors that drive the extent of staff members’ motivation up and encourage them to
The question of whether language services are essential in hospitals in the United States is non-debatable. More effort needs to be put to increase these services in anticipation of increased demand for interpretation between the patient and the healthcare providers. It is estimated that of all the residents of the United States, 18% of them have a second language in addition to English. Consequently, the American population boasts of having over 100 languages that are frequently spoken [Sobralske, et al, 2008]. Additionally, out of the total population of the United States, about 20 million people are categorized as having a ‘limited English proficiency; this segment was estimated to be about 8% of the population in the year 2000; this was an increase from 6% just a decade before. By all manners of measurement, the limited proficiency group is among the fastest-growing segment of the population in the United States [Dobson, 2007]. Apart from the growing number, limited proficiency patients offer unique challenges to the medical practitioner. First of all, the clinician has to extract information from the patient to enable the accurate and quick arrival at diagnoses; if the patient cannot communicate effectively; this very important step in medical treatment is made impossible. The doctor or nurse cannot get accurate medical history to make very important decisions regarding the treatment of the patient; consequently, persons with a poor understanding of English are overrepresented in misdiagnosed cases. During treatment, information also has to come from the doctor to the patient; this information is usually complex and requires in-depth understanding; some may even be essential for the survival of the patient. The patient and/or the family may get confused by the complexity of the information; compounding this with a language barrier makes it even worse. Consequently, the right medication may not be bought or properly used. Additionally, the family may not be able to make informed decisions regarding consent to medical and surgical procedures. Studies have shown that poor English-speaking patients are at a much higher risk of having potentially fatal events in American hospitals than the other patient population [Dobson, 2007]. This is attributed to the lack of trained interpreters in most American hospitals and clinics; the country’s health service has grossly underinvested in language services for its clients since only about 25% of all the health facilities have traini
Introduction A shift from volume-based to value-based healthcare is viewed as a way to deliver more effective, patient-centered, and productive care based not only on the best clinical practices but also on patients’ feedback. Such an approach places customers at the center of a healthcare system, which allows for narrowing a perpetual gap between clinical realities in which healthcare providers and patients live. The given paper will discuss the executive proposal for the embedding of patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) in routine practice. Purpose Statement and Proposal Objective Even though healthcare professionals employ the best evidence-based interventions to improve patient outcomes, clinical understanding of the effect of treatment on patients is still little known. The purpose of this executive proposal is to suggest an innovation of PROMs that would enable healthcare providers to enhance care delivery. Then, an action plan for mobilizing an interprofessional team to lead this organizational change will be outlined. The objective of the proposal is to make a move from volume- to value-based healthcare. Problem Statement In contrast to volume-based care, value-based one provides for the establishment of a correlative relationship between value and outcome. However, the realities of the current healthcare system are such that customers usually pay for the care services received rather than the value obtained from these services (Baumhauer & Bozic, 2016). Embedding of PROMs will allow for measuring outcomes from the customer’s perspective, which will lead to an increase in their satisfaction. Recommended Action Plan At the first stage, the interprofessional team should be mobilized. At the second stage, these professionals will collaborate on the development of valid and sensitive instruments to collect information about patient-reported outcomes (PROs). At the third stage, criteria will be designed to assess PROs. At the fourth stage, IT personnel will be tasked to develop a reliable and precise patient-reported outcome measurement information system. Finally, the comparative trial will be performed to evaluate the outcomes of patient’s participation in the development of the healthcare system and quality improvement. Interprofessional Team The involvement of the interprofessional workers is the keystone of improved patient care. Therefore, the working group should consist of different healthcare professionals, such as nurses, physicians, therapists
Introduction Project management is an important concept in the success of a business or any organisation. The concept that is adopted needs to facilitate the performance of the organisation in general. Blackstone and Schleier define a project as “a sequence of unique, complex, and connected activities that have one goal or purpose and that must be completed by a specific time, within a budget, and according to some specifications” (2009, 7022). This argument means that it is related to goal formation and its achievement in any organisation. For a project to be carried out, some of the characteristics about it must be evaluated and planned for by the project managers. This function is performed through project management. Project management, therefore, is the mobilising, organising, planning, and controlling of resources that will facilitate the achievement of a particular goal (Blackstone, & Schleier 2009, p. 7031). The goals set in a project are temporary as compared to business operations that are routine and repetitive for a particular organisation. A special form of management is required to ensure that the goals are realised while at the same time dealing with the apparent challenges. There are a number of approaches that are used in project management with the most common of them being the traditional and the agile project management approaches (Blackstone, & Schleier 2009, 7032). This paper compares the concept and practice of quality control/management in traditional project management approaches such as Prince 2 with the concept and practice of quality control/management in agile project management approaches such as SCRUM. Quality control and management in traditional project management approaches Traditional project management is between the two major types of project management commonly used with positive results. There are many definitions of traditional project management with a standard definition being provided by the PMBOK. According to PMBOK, traditional project management is “a set of techniques and tools that can be applied to an activity that seeks an end product, outcomes, or a service” (Blackstone, & Schleier 2009, 7032). As stated by Saynisch, traditional project management “uses orthodox methods and techniques in the management process” (2005). A series of steps are used in traditional approach in project management. The five stages including the control are initiation, planning and design, execution and construction, monitoring and controlling systems, and completion (Saynisch 2005, p. 582). These stages are not present in all the projects. They are only included depending on the type of project, scale, and intended result among other factors. When the traditional approach of project management is applied, the results expected are easily predictable because the methods and techniques used as well as the