ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Abstract The goal of this experiment was to illustrate various parameters of radioactivity, including the plateau of a Geiger-Muller counter, finding the resolving time of a Geiger tube, verifying the inverse square law, measuring the penetrating power of alpha, beta, and gamma radiations, as well as evaluating the count statistics of radioactive substances. The optimal voltage for the Geiger-Muller counter was 900 volts, whereas the percent per change in 100 volts was 4.167. The threshold of the voltage plateau was 720 volts while the dead time was 3.42 ms. The radiations obeyed the inverse square law and their penetrating power was indirectly proportional to absorber thickness (x 1/2 = 3 mg/cm 2 and µ=0.231). The Gaussian distribution of Cs-137 explained the standard deviation better than the Poisson one but was not accurate in explaining the Cs-137 counts. Introduction Naturally occurring atoms are unstable because they contain excess energy within their nuclei. To gain stability, these atoms decay by releasing the extra energy in the form of radiations. Living organisms absorb small quantities of these radiations, which also have industrial and medical applications. The three main types of radiations are alpha (α), beta (β), and gamma (γ), which vary in strength, intensity and penetrating power (Eichholz 2018). Radioactive radiations can be detected and quantified using a piece of equipment known as a Geiger-Muller counter. The purpose of this experiment was to characterize the radioactive emissions of different chemical elements using a Geiger-Muller counter. Experimental Process The first experiment entailed determining the plateau of a Geiger-Muller counter. The radioactive isotope was placed in the Geiger-Muller tube followed by varying the voltage across the tube and measuring the counting rate. The ST-360 was switched on followed by double-clicking the STX software to start the program. Cs-137 was put as a button source in the middle shelf. A starting voltage of 700 volts was selected alongside a step-up voltage of 20 volts for 30 seconds and 150 runs. The ensuing data were saved and subjected to data analysis using Microsoft Excel. The second part of the experiment involved determining the resolving time. The Geiger counter was set up as described previously and set at the optimal operating voltage of 900 volts. The number of runs was set at 0, whereas the time was put at 60 seconds. An initial run was done devoid of a radioactive source to determine the background radiation. Two half samples were placed separately in the upper shelf at each run to measure the number of counts, which were recorded as r1 and r2. The value of r3 was found by measuring the counts of the two half samples simultaneously. The third part of the experiment aimed at ascertaining the inverse square law. The Geiger counter was set at 900 volts, 0 runs, and preset time of 30 seconds. Sr-90, which was used as the radioactive source, was placed on the top shelf (2 cm from the detector components of the Geiger counter) after fi
Department Group A group is defined as an interaction between two or more people aiming to achieve a common goal. According to Griffin & Moorhead (2011, p.241), there exists two types of groups in an organization; formal groups where members report to one manager and task groups, which are temporarily formed with an aim of accomplishing a certain task after which they are dissolved. Informal groups are formed by employees and are not work related; they include friendship and interest groups. In organizations, people join groups voluntarily due to shared work practices, beliefs, interests, and knowledge. Being a member of a certain group influences an individual’s work traits, behavior, and quality of work. In my organization, several types of groups exist; however, it has been part of a department group, which consists of the human resource personnel, a function group comprising of a manager and subordinates. The aim of our departmental group is to work together towards meeting the organizational objectives; therefore, rules and regulations have been set to manage this group, and members are expected to abide by these rules and regulations. The human resource department group comprises of both genders working in the department; the manager drives the group in achieving higher performance by assigning specific tasks to both weak and strong members, hence fostering communication and cooperation. This department group comprises of a third of the organization’s population, as it does not include members from other departments. Members in our groups are competent, all of whom have attained a degree course, which is a mandatory requirement in our organization. Nevertheless, the manager ensures that the members’ interests are considered as well as the organizational interests. Describe the stages of development your group experienced The phases of development in a group are important for the growth of a group, therefore enabling a group to face and tackle arising problems, find the solutions to these problems, and deliver quality results. Our department group underwent all the four stages of development; forming, storming, forming and performing. Forming was the first stage of building a team, whereby, the interested team members from the department came together and learnt the opportunities and challenges facing the organization, agreeing on the goals to be achieved. The manager, who is the leader of this group, directed members on performing tasks together, hence fostering communication and cooperation among members. Through cooperation, members have to be familiar with one another, hence friendships among team members developed. The manager also monitors individual performance in this stage. The Storming stage involved competition of team members’ different ideas; team members were involved in solving problems, demonstrating how they can perform independently. Nevertheless, our group experienced conflicts in this stage due to different competing id
Introduction The demand for articles and documentaries that seek to explain the current economic system has soared in recent years. Stagnating incomes and the rise of populism that always occur under such circumstances have become major discussion topics, as society is facing an existential choice while being extremely polarized. People who lead the country and voters who choose them are desperate in their desire to unite the nation by proposing certain tools meant to mitigate multiple crises, mainly by reshaping modern capitalism. The video and the articles analyzed in the paper allow for a comprehensive understanding of current issues, with the increasing income inequality that undermines the virtues of capitalism being the major challenge. I believe that capitalism provides people with the opportunity to choose a career and to perform tasks most efficiently. Moreover, innovators are always rewarded in this system, while competition enhances the quality of customer service. That is why I want to study the issue and am eager to find reasonable solutions. Analysis and Discussion The Netflix documentary follows Reich, the author of Saving Capitalism, on his book tour. One of the ideas that underpin the investigation is the assumption that capitalism is neutral. The system merely provides a framework that can be used by different people for the Common Good or their benefit. Capitalism is not meant to emphasize and praise the highly individualistic approach. It continues to provide benefits for society and the planet in general. Hearden (2019) notes that California’s timber industry’s efforts, for instance, utilize prescribed burning to reduce risks. Therefore, it is still the approach to capitalism that defines its core. Nevertheless, people who at some point managed to acquire wealth and received the financial tools to multiply their riches used the power that comes with the money for lobbying activities and various political contributions (Hess, 2019). This raises questions about the functioning of the democracy under such circumstances when people in charge are either lured by the chance to earn or feel the pressure to comply with the rich. The documentary provides an estimate which illustrates the scale of the abovementioned activities. It is said that “corporate interests spend $34 on lobbying for every $1 spent by unions and all other public interest groups combined” (Kornbluth & Gilman, 2017). Such disproportionate distribution of power increasingly leads to multiple challenges that American society has to face. One of the most vivid examples of lobbying (concerning the prices for the goods) that continues to raise questions, especially during the COVID-19 pandemic, is drug prices. The US pharmaceutical industry regulatory system does not truly focus on drugs as a public utility, allowing companies to set any prices. Moreover, pharmaceutical companies have long been lobbying their interests and influencing the research
Introduction The wizard of OZ is one of American’s children literature. The literature is liked by the children because of its interesting stories full of humorous personalities and exciting adventures. Adults claim to like it because when they read between the lines of the literature they can observe a variety of images of the United States when it was ushering in the 20th century. The literature has been printed countless times under the title The Wizard of OZ; this is the name that has been used on stage play since 1902 and the most popular, highly acclaimed film of 1939. This film aired an adventure story of a girl known as Dorothy in the land of OZ. The wonderful wizard of OZ was written by Lyman Frank Baum, a renowned poet, dramatist, performer, and independent filmmaker. He was helped by WW Denslow; an illustrator of some of the most popular articles in the United States juvenile’s literature. After its initial publication, the wonderful wizard of OZ was the best-selling juvenile book for at least two years. Baum’s literature on the wizard of OZ was thought to have hidden meaning and received a lot of criticism. However, he claimed that all his writings were meant to please the children. Interpretation of the narrative was associated with the political parable
Deficit spending is the amount the government consumes that overtakes revenue over a particular budget year. Globally, it is a system used by most governments for economic stability. Following Kelton (2019), the difference between what it spends and what it collects is in the form of taxes and other payments to itself. Deficit spending can be of either positive or negative impacts depending on the country’s aim in applying it. If well-strategized, it can be of immense aid to rescue the economic growth; it benefits every person in that specific government by opening room for investors. The paper discusses deficit spending, its advantages and disadvantages, and the impact it has on economic growth. Deficit spending takes place when the government consumes more than the revenues. The government uses deficit spending for economic growth by opening opportunities for private sectors. For example, the private sector can offer loans to people so that they can start their businesses. In deficit spending, the consumption rate is higher than the profit that the government acquires. Therefore, the government spends more than what is available in addition to having more needs. Deficit spending multiplies huge debts with high interests, forcing unstable economic stability and growth. Additionally, with huge debts, citizens of that specific country will suffer through high taxation systems concerning the increased rates. However, deficit planning does not apply to every government; developed countries have stable and innovative economic statuses. Deficit spending is different from the public debts of a country. Public debts are money owned, and deficit spending is money taken in by the government. Moreover, public debts are more intense than deficit spending when refunding the money (Ehigiamusoe, 2020). Therefore, they are correlated in establishing economic growth; the effects of financial development change in the same way as debt and deficit. Deficit spending has numerous advantages to the particular government. First, it helps in developing the economic growth in the country by ensuring it falls with time. Second, the funds acquired as debts are used in sustainable development since investors can get loans from the amount. Third, the problem of unemployment is solved since several businesses can be open. Both the loan lenders and the investors will benefit from deficit spending. Therefore, it is a strategy for ensuring the economic growth of the government. Deficit spending helps during hard and unpredictable times that may occur. During a recession time, they can use the amount to secure their economic status. For instance, with the COVID-19 pandemic, most countries went bankrupt with people losing jobs and investors closing down. Deficit spending, therefore, rescued the economy as the government was capable of managing itself using the amount. On the other hand, high taxation will weaken the economy instead of strengthen it. Regarding the fact that the pandemic disabled the economic status, high taxation would load the citizens instead of sustaining them. Deficit spending can also cost the government in great ways. To begin with,
Summary of the Article Teenage years and middle age are considered to be the time when individuals are exposed to increased self-sufficiency. This increased level of independence can also become a premise to delinquency or a serious crime (Harris-Mckoy & Cui, 2012). Therefore, the role of parents and their control over their child becomes slightly blurred and uncertain. On the one hand, a number of research projects conducted prior to this study identified a functional dependency between the level of parental control and teenage misbehavior. On the other hand, only a few of those studies
More than 180 million people in the world are diagnosed with diabetes, and the alarming number is expected to double by 2030 (Corser & Xu, 2009). These alarming statistics make diabetes a major health concern, and as patients have to struggle with the disease for the rest of their lives, the educational strategies for diabetes education to patients need to be developed and enhanced. It is true that considerable success has been made in the treatment of diabetes, however very little is published on the limitations and difficulties in applying effective strategies that patients with diabetes may successfully integrate into their lifestyles (Nagelkerk, Reick, & Meengs, 2005). The Journal of Advanced Nursing reports that “The most frequently reported barriers were lack of knowledge of a speciﬁc diet plan, lack of understanding of the plan” (p.156). With this in mind, it becomes absolutely essential to implement a strategy of educating newly diagnosed diabetic patients, since they have little to zero knowledge on how to maintain and manage normal blood sugar. An effective education strategy lies in developing a collaborative relationship between nurses, registered dieticians, physicians, and patients. The educational strategy needs to be two-sided, implying that not only the patients, but also the nurses, dietitians, and health-care professionals need to be educated on how to communicate with the patients in simple terms, and ensure that the patients perceive the information. A positive learning environment needs to be established with the support group encouraging patients to make alterations to their life style. Furthermore, the newly-diagnosed patients need to be educated on how to manage blood sugar when the body is stressed, and how to handle high and low blood sugars. The success of patients in taking diabetes under control may be measured by their ability to adhere to specific educational strategies, however as practice shows, patients reluctantly follow a predetermined set of strategies over the course of their life (Funnell & Anderson, 2004). This phenomenon of patients’ behavior highlights the importance of early implementation of strategies for newly-diagnosed patients. The patients who incorporate diabetes educational strategies from the genesis of the disease are more likely to stick to them than those who realize the need for educational strategies to be implemented long after they’d been diagnosed with diabetes. The common mistake in applying strategies for diabetes education is when the strategy is designed to fit patients’ diabetes, but is not tailored to fit patients’ priorities, values, and lifestyle (Funnell & Anderson, 2004). With this in mind, educational strategies designed within our project take into account personal and psychological factors of the patient. The health-care professionals examine the adult learning style characteristics along with the culture and ethnicity, age and aging, gender and literacy levels before coming up with a str
Introduction Crude oil entails a complex fluid that comprises colloidal particles including asphaltenes and resins spread in a blend of aliphatic and aromatic solvents. The particles mentioned above attribute for the extreme stability of water-in-oil emulsions (Santos, Brinceño, & Loh, 2017). Complete separation of water from crude oil is essential for economic and operational purposes, mainly before transportation and refining. The process aims at reducing the water content of the produced crude oil. It is critical to breaking down the water/oil emulsions, a process referred to as emulsification. Different scholars have attempted to study the numerous mechanisms responsible for the stabilization of water-in-oil emulsions. It is worth noting that emulsions have for a long time been of significant practical interest for the widespread occurrence (Santos et al., 2017). Notable applications of emulsions include food, cosmetics, pulp and paper, pharmaceutical, and agricultural industries. In recent years, significant advances characterize the crucial stages of emulsions including drilling, production, transportation, and a procession of crude oil (Wen, Zhang, & Wei, 2016). This paper presents a literature survey in the emulsification of heavy crude oil in water. Heavy oil is exceptionally resourceful. The recent decades have witnessed an increased demand for heavy crude in the wake of the shortfall of conventional oil (Jha, Mahto, & Saxena, 2015). Multiple types of research have studied the emulsion of heavy crude with a central focus on leading a greater understanding of complex systems, which characterize oil composition (Ashrafizadeh, Motaee, & Hoshyargar, 2012). The heavy oil contains surface-active molecules, which cover an extensive range of chemical components, structures, particles, weights, and Hydrophilic-Lipophilic Balance values (Santos et al., 2017). The complexity of heavy oil emanates from the interactions between the chemical structures at the water/oil interface (Martínez-Palou et al., 2013). It is important to note that transportation of highly viscous hydrocarbon entails dispersing the heavy crude oil in water in the form of droplets stabilized by surfactants (Wen et al., 2016). Heavy oils are made up of large quantities of asphaltenes, which involve high molecular weight polar components that oil explorers describe as natural emulsifiers. The process of separating heavy crude oil and water is complicated and costly. Jing et al. (2015) demonstrate that heavy crude has higher room temperature viscosity of between 10 3 mPa-s and 10 5 mPa-s. Considering that the desired thickness of heavy oil for easy transportation and processing is typically at 200mPa-s when the temperatures remain at 15°C, it is arguable that heavy crude is more difficult to transport and process compared to the case of light crude. This finding is supported by Kumar and Mahto (2017) in their discovery that carrying heavy crude oil is challenging due to the high viscosity in heavy crude oil emulsions. To address this challenge, players in the petroleum industry engage in several processes meant to reduc
Introduction Poetry is the kind of art creators of which convey their thoughts in various ways, giving food for thought to their audience. Every poet has their own style, and quite often, the only possible approach to comparing works by different authors is analyzing the themes and ideas expressed. Studying “After Making Love in Winter” by Sharon Olds and “I Am Learning to Abandon the World” by Linda Pastan is both challenging and very interesting. The two female authors have some personal stories that impacted their creative lives. In Pastan’s poems, much attention is given to the problem of life, death, and survival (Rubin 1). Meanwhile, Olds’s poetry is focused on physicality, sexuality, and personal relationships (Dillingham). While the topics in the two poems seem different, it is still possible to find some similarities between them. In particular, both poets’ literary works were influenced by their family life. Thus, there are some similarities and differences in “After Making Love in Winter” and “I Am Learning to Abandon the World” based on their creators’ personal lives, perceptions, and the level of openness. The Main Ideas in the Poems Generally, it is possible to say that the major themes in both pieces are similar, and they are solicitude and the desire to understand oneself better. It is a common aspect in two works, but looking at them in detail allows concluding that there are some peculiar angles of this solicitude which each poet tries to explain in a different way. In Pastan’s work, the state of loneliness and fear is depicted: the author is “learning to abandon the world” (1), and she has already “given up the moon / and snow” (3-4). The poet complains about the world, saying that it “has taken” her father and friends (Pastan 6-7). Pastan has “given up melodic lines of hills” (8) and some other things that used to make her life joyful. Each of these issues used to be important to the author, and she feels sad because of that. Therefore, the title and the initial line in the poem are concerned with “learning to abandon the world” (Pastan 1) before it abandons the poet. Thus, Pastan’s poem concentrates on the fear of becoming left out and neglected. The emphasis in Olds’s poem is also put on loneliness, but this is a different type of loneliness: a somehow selfish type, where the poet speaks only of her own physical and sexual senses. The partner is only mentioned a few times: “at those points our bodies touch” (Olds 8), “you run your palm, warm, large, / dry” (Olds 23-24). The rest of the poem is dedicated to the woman’s contemplations and thoughts. As well as Pastan, Olds seems dissatisfied with the state of affairs in which she finds herself. The narrator says that “anything is painful, a plate of / iron laid down on my nerves” (Olds 2-3). At the same time, Olds’s poem conveys the theme of satisfaction upon intercourse. This idea is expressed in the following lines: “a / figure throwing up its arms for joy” (Olds 12-13), “you can see that the angle itself is blessed” (Olds 15),