ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
As a matter of fact, competent teachers understand that education may be organized in multiple different ways. Due to the pandemic caused by the spread of the coronavirus, distant learning with the use of digital tools, such as Skype, Zoom, Google Hangouts, and others, has become highly essential. In general, they provide an opportunity to communicate in real-time using all types of electronic devices. The use of Skype in a classroom setting provides multiple learning opportunities for students, especially for those who do not have access to the Internet at home. Via Skype, a teacher may organize virtual field trips and connect his students with experts from historical sites, museums, and national parks (GoGardian Team, 2020). In the same way, authors may be invited to discuss their books with classes. In addition, using Skype, teachers may conduct a shared lesson by connecting two classrooms even from different parts of the world for cultural exchange and sharing knowledge and experience. In addition, a teacher may use Skype to connect with a student who has Internet access individually in order to help with learning. The tool is easily accessible from PCs, mobile phones, and tablets and may work even from W-Fi hotspots. Along with an opportunity to make audio and video calls, Skype allows sharing documents, spreadsheets, files, screenshots, messages, and photos. Moreover, with a group call, teachers may organize teacher/parent conferences in order to distribute information between a group of people simultaneously. One of Skype’s useful options in relation to groups is the tool’s opportunity to save these groups – once they are created, they are permanent. Similar to Skype, Zoom also helps classes all over the world stay connected with each other, discuss various topics with experts, and work on projects. With a help of Zoom, students who do not have an opportunity to be present at lessons may still participate in the learning process. In addition, one teacher may monitor several groups of students occupied with projects to approve or correct the process. With the function of gallery view, all students who participate in a lesson are visible. Zoom allows screen sharing, recording video calls, messaging, and content sharing. It facilitates teacher-student communication as well – with it, teachers may organize individual homework help, tutorial, and review sessions that may be saved and viewed by a student to understand a topic better. Finally, Zoom also supports the function of a group call – that is why this synchronous collaborative tool is highly useful for online meetings with parents and conferences among teachers that can be organized and scheduled automatically. Google Hangouts provides great opportunities for classes to collaborate and learn together as well. Teachers may organize live lectures and involve hundreds of students simultaneously. With Google’s app Jamboard, they may graphically present a lesson’s plan, take a poll, place virtual sticky notes, an
Technological advancements have allowed individuals from different cultures and environments to work and communicate together. This experience has been exciting and frustrating to some. Some individuals find it hard to adjust to both institutional and national cultural differences leading to a drop in their performances (Nelson & Quick, 2008). Cultural values have an impact on a range of features in an organization. Notably, organizational and managerial behaviors are greatly affected by organizational cultures. For a corporation with several departments, organizational culture has intense effects on the leaders’ decision approaches and the results of these decisions. In every organization, the impacts of organizational culture are dependent on the cultural structures adopted (Nelson & Quick, 2008). As such, cultural norms and values play important roles in molding leaders’ outlooks and defining their leadership roles and functions. Since societies differ in their perceptions and facets of effective leadership, it is apparent that leadership is culturally bound. The above differences are primarily determined by cultural values. This article seeks to analyze how leadership is culturally bound. Values and behaviors are specific to national cultures and are never universal. This implies that each culture based on its values and beliefs appears to categorize leaders differently. Globally, leaders will portray types of leadership styles desired in their communities and organizations. This affirms that cultural values play a great role in determining the type of leadership exhibited by their leaders. In one of the modern studies on leadership, researchers found that cultural attributes and practices did not only differentiate cultures from each other but also served as predictors for leaders’ attributes and predictors. The same results showed that in the Nordic countries, integrity, inspiration, vision, team integration, and performance are the attributes expected from their leaders (Nelson & Quick, 2008). On the contrary, integration, performance, inspiration, and vision are the attributes expected from Latin leaders by their followers. Based on the above illustrations, it is apparent that different cultures prioritize their desired attributes differently. Universally, it is accepted that employees and leaders have shaped their businesses and institutions. Equally, leaders are the product of these organizational cultures. Over time, these leaders have learned and conducted business by their organizations’ expectations. For instance, when a manager trained in the US is employed in a Chinese firm, he or she is expected to learn and adapt to Chinese organizational cultures. Through this, he or she will be able to understand how Chinese workers carry on with their daily activities for effective management. According to researchers, it is essential that leaders learn to adapt their leadership styles to accommodate their specific organizational cultures. The failure of this will result in poor leadership, which may affect the productivity of a given organization (Nelson & Quick, 200
Introduction Urban planning has evolved into different forms throughout the history of cities and city planning. Urban planning aims at improving a city to cater for the future social and economic needs of its inhabitants. It seeks to link the existing knowledge with the appropriate forms of action (Sager 1992, P. 67). Planning, therefore, has to be visionary with an appropriate idea about the future design of a city and the implementation of that design. Modern urban planning entails two different approaches; visionary city planning that involves radical changes in the design of the city with substantial social and economic changes, and the institutionalized city planning, which proposes changes to the existing city structures and is affected by the prevailing economic and political forces within the city. Historically, urban city planning began in the nineteenth century with the sole purpose to regulate the new urban growth brought about by industrialization and improvement of transport and communication following the invention of the railway (Sitte 1965, P. 43). Military strategies to control territories and aesthetics of expression of cities significantly influenced visionary urban planning in the nineteenth century. Although visionary city planning made many achievements in city building, many of which are still monumental and beautiful today, it remained insensitive to the wider needs of the society and would have been disastrous if implemented on a large scale. The poor living conditions of the urban poor, forced most middle class urban dwellers towards the end of the nineteenth century to begin agitating for reforms in city planning, which culminated into utopian planning (Cherry 1970, P. 87). Central to this movement was Ebenezer Howard, who conceptualized the ‘garden city’ to be the ideal alternative to the city planning of the nineteenth century. The garden city was an attempt to connect the vision for a new social order to the spatial expression of the city (Fisherman 1977, P. 23). Le Corbusier conceptualized the “Contemporary City for Three Million People” in 1922 and the “Radiant City” in 1935 both of which proposed a centralized city with high population and many facilities including skyscraper buildings and residential apartments (Cherry 1970, p. 89). Frank Lloyd Wright on the other hand, envisioned the Broadacre City plan in 1935, which was a decentralized city with low population and suburban residential homes (Mumford 1946, p. 42). Ebenezer Howard and the Garden City The garden city was a brilliant idea conceived by Ebenezer Howard in response to the environmental and social changes that were results of industrial revolution in Britain. Industrial revolution encouraged migration into urban areas and consequently led to poor and unhealthy living conditions in cities. In a bid to curb overpopulation in cities and the associated deterioration of
Introduction According to Amaral and Larsen (2003, 99-161), when dealing with tort actions, government regulations, and contracts, lawyers are more successful if they have ample knowledge of economics. Heyne (1999 199-265) puts across that economics for lawyers is the most essential tool in understanding the economic basics of law. It determines major market issues such as the legislation’s social cost enforcement below the market prices, compensation, and non-competitive prices among others. Just recently, the UK government introduced Securing a Sustainable Future for Higher Education Brownies Report concerning higher education recommendations in England (Scott, 2000 145-178). Among the recommendations put forth include: a free market for the undergraduate education in social Sciences, Arts, and Humanities, enhancement of students’ choice which is believed to increase the quality of education, a financial plan that pays student’s learning costs upfront on their behalf, collects payment through the taxation from students and provides students with living costs money, replacement of current higher education bodies such as QAA with Higher Education council (HEC) in order to protect the public interest in terms of offering explanations on taxpayer’s expenditure and provided clinical training programs. The report has aroused a lot of mixed reactions that have driven most economic lawyers to carry out an analysis of the efficacy of the report in regard the market is successful or not (Machin and Vignoles, 2005 178-231). Most of them are inclined into believing that the recommendations put forth provide no economic efficacy, are inefficient and the Higher Education Learning institutions’ (HELs) market should be regulated. Owing to that market is the backbone of any successful enterprise and the basis of major success determinant functions such as sales increment, profit maximization, intelligent decision making, risk minimization, and analysis of the profitability of the product in the given market, we must carry out an analysis of whether the Brownie’s report will enhance economic efficiency or deter it with a focus on how the recommendations put forth are going to function in the current market ( Enders and Jongbloed, 2007 97-134). Absence of a good market A good market is one that offers Pareto optimality whereby consumers’ consumption externalities are not allowed and producers’ production externalities are not allowed either. This implies that the resources available should make parties accrued to benefit better without worsening the state of either party (Gough and Scott, 2007 111-187). Consumers (no consumption externalities) MSB=MB=p Producers (no consumption externalities) P=MC=MSC Hence, MSB = MSC However, the recommendations put forth raise major qu
Abstract Outsourcing is a common practice of administering some processes of a business to a third party, mainly for the benefit of cost-cutting and efficiency. As such, it is often subjected to pitfalls and limitations, requiring one to use best practices, such as service level agreements, to ensure success. For example, the conflict between the cost of outsourcing and the profit the vendor makes can result in issues with the quality of services. Additionally, because the outsourcing organization is not a part of the business, it has a different culture and a different organizational environment, which can affect the processes. This paper examines the best practices of outsourcing and assesses the main pitfalls and limitations of this practice. Introduction Companies can experience issues when trying to integrate a new process into their operations because the cost of setting it up or re-engineering required for it is overly complicated. Outsourcing is a practice of involving a third party for managing a specific task, operation, service, of function. While beneficial in terms of costs and effort, outsourcing is also challenging as it may be challenging to align the objectives of the outsourcing vendor and client. This paper aims to review the best practices of outsourcing and analyzing methodologies, factors, and pitfalls. Best Practices, Methodologies, and Pitfalls The practice of outsourcing has become more widely accepted in recent years, and thus many theories and best practices were developed to ensure that outsourcing is beneficial for a business. In general, outsourcing is common for non-core business activities, especially in emerging markets, where the demands of the customers are increasing (Akbari, 2016). Therefore, the basis of outsourcing is to delegate only the tasks and work that is not critical for a business. Official agreements and contracts that clearly outline the responsibilities of the outsourcing company and the client’s expectations is the main strategy for ensuring a successful partnership. Service level agreements (SLA) are contracts mainly used by information technology (IT) companies, and they contain an outline of service level or an understanding of what services the vendor will provide (Overby, Greiner, & Paul, 2017). As such, it allows an outsourcing client to compare the results to set benchmarks. Thus, another best practice is to use contracts and agreements that clearly define all roles and responsibilities and protect the business from vendors’ mistakes. Transaction Cost Economics (TCE) is used to assess the tasks that a business needs to outsource and prepare the company for the process. Moreover, because outsourcing has become widely popular as part of the supply chain management, the TCE can be used in the complex process of examining vendor’s offers and selecting the best one (Willcocks, Lacity, & Sauer, 2017). For a more in-depth understanding of the preparation and relationship management phases of outsourcing, the combination of TCE and Incomplete Contracts theory can be used. TCE helps finds an
Introduction Department store retail is a business that sells products and services directly to customers. The businesses do not sell products with an aim of reselling them. Rather, they target family and individual needs. The major role of the departmental store retail is to get products from producers to consumers. They are important in directing the physical flow of goods and services from their point of production to their point of consumption. At the departmental retail, the retail operator has a direct contact with customers. This contact is crucial in any business since the operator can discover and attempt to meet the needs, tastes, and preferences of consumers. In departmental retail stores, there is a wide variety of product lines and merchandise dealings. Large departmental retail stores such as Marks and Spencer, Saks Fifth Avenue, and Debenhams have different departments and sections that sell different merchandise to customers at one point. With close monitoring of clients, departmental retail operators can strategise to attract more customers and to satisfy their needs through various management issues. Such management issues include merchandise assortments, store layout and design, customer traffic flow, retail pricing, and store location. This paper discusses and compares such retail management issues as applied by Marks and Spencer, Saks Fifth Avenue, and Debenhams. Management issues applied by Marks and Spencer Marks and Spencer is a British multinational departmental retail store with its headquarters at Westminister in London. Michael Marks and Thomas Spencer founded it in 1884 in a place called Leeds. According to Angeleette, Marks and Spencer have 703 departmental stores in the United Kingdom besides having 361 ot
Outline There exist a number of classic philosophies with different issues of discussions written by the classic scholars. Some give explanations of completely new ideas while others give critics of previously written philosophies. Some philosophies are those written by Aristotle and Locke, where each has its share of new ideas as well as criticism, though that of Aristotle has more of criticism of Plato’s work. Locke’s and Aristotle’s work differ at more instances than it agrees developing an argument between the two. This can be derived from their different writings on human mind, reason, understanding and politics, among others. Introduction According to (Murray, 1997), John Locke, a philosopher of the British origin, was also a researcher in medical and academic areas. During his research work, Locke associated himself with Ashley Cooper and consequently became an official in government whose duty was to collect data on colonies, politics, economy, and revolution. In politics, Locke wrote on oppositional kind of politics regarding institutions and individuals as well. He insists on the usage of reason so as to have an understanding of truth. Aristotle writes on different aspects of human beings though he divides his work into two sections that is logics and ethics. The logic part of his writings does not have much relation to Locke’s work as its more of definitions. However, ethics more or less relates to Locke’s works where arguments on their way of reasoning can be derived. Argument Locke’s has explained his philosophy in several writings with the major one being where he explains human und
Introduction The New Testament is considered to be one of the most important parts of the Bible that depicts the true nature of human duties, demands, and desires, that teaches everyone the truths which have to be followed, and that explains what has to be appreciated in this life. This work consists of numerous gospels, apostles, and epistles which are worthy of recognition and attention, however, right now, I would like to underline the Epistle of James , and to be more exact his ideas about the tongue and its nature. The tongue is one of the most difficult areas for people to control. Very often people just forget about the necessity to control their worlds and thoughts and suffer because of the tongue’s unpredictable power. James represented a magnificent analysis of people’s words and actions and the outcomes of human mistakes. In spite of its size, tongue has a huge power to control and influence human lives. James as a devoted servant of God made a wonderful attempt to explain the essence and the power of human tongue, the necessity to control the tongue in order to please God, and human unbelievable desire to become teachers without being a perfect example in everything. Discussion James’ role in the New Testament . Before the analysis of the New Testament ’s passage written by James, it is necessary to identify the role of James in the Bible and the peculiar features of his contribution to the history. He was “an older stepbrother of Jesus by a conjectural marriage of Joseph preceding his marriage to Mary” (Gundry 474). He became recognizable as the author who paid much attention to law, legalization of rights, and promotion of rightness among the society. However, it is necessary to admit that for a long period of time, James and his works were under a considerable suspicion by many historians and writer. The point is that James was the only one who was not afraid to conflict with other writers of the New Testament . Due to certain divergences of Paul’s opinion, James views were disputed considerably by many people who regarded his works as something that was less important in compari
Communication Studies Communication is generally defined as the exchange and flow of information and ideas from one person to another. However, the communication can be said to be effective only when there is a desired response. Communication sometimes gets distorted due to various barriers such as cultural differences, language differences, etc. When communication is distorted, it can lead to various conflicts between people and seriously affect relationships (Allen, 2002). This effectiveness and disastrous consequences of communication are best seen in the case of marital relationships where two people are in a close relationship with each other. Of all branches in communication studies, the one that impacts all of us in a day-to-day manner is “interpersonal communication”. We all need interpersonal communication whether we are talking to a friend, trying to convince the boss, comforting a relative, or handling complaints from a client. However, of all such situations, one of the most interesting fields of study of interpersonal communication is in the marital communication context. Interpersonal communication (IPC) has been defined by Miller as communication between two persons nearby, in a position to give immediate feedback and utilize multiple senses (Dainton, 2004). There are many theories of interpersonal communication of which the Social exchange theory (SET) is best explains interpersonal communication in the marital context and also provides deep insight into conflict resolution among marital partners. Explication of the theory The Social Exchange Theory was developed by Thibaut and Kelley (1959). It explains why some relationships are satisfying ad why some relationships end on a drastic note. Moreover, the theory also explains how satisfied a person would be in a particular interpersonal relationship. Thibaut and Kelley’s (1959) SET theory views relationships in terms of costs and benefits. However, this theory is based on three assumptions: all personal relationships can be studied in terms of benefits gained and costs given to attain those benefits; secondly, people desire maximization of benefits and minimal costs in any interpersonal relationship, and this is known as the minimax principle; thirdly, by nature, humans are selfish. These three assumptions are best understood in the framework of SET’s three elements: outcome, comparison level, and comparison level of alternatives According to the SET theory, the ratio of rewards to costs in any interpersonal relationship is given by the equation: Rewards − Costs = Outcome (Thibaut & Kelley, 1959). ‘Rewards’ refers to the benefits that an individual perceives as enjoyable or fruitful in a relationship. Relational ‘costs’ refer to the limit