ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Uber is a mobile application that allows taxi drivers to connect with their clients and to some level, make the drivers their chauffeurs. The application is a product of Uber Technologies Company founded about five years ago in San Francisco, US. There was profound growth in the popularity of the application especially in the US before it gained popularity worldwide. For instance, the Saudi market is one of the most recent acquisitions in the Middle East following a launch in Riyadh (Reynolds 1). There has been a tremendous response from people towards the application, with some of them describing it as an opportunity of owning a car and a driver. Such a response is albeit in line with the consideration that the country has about half of its adults banned from driving (Roth 1). As such, the people who cannot afford the luxuries of private cars get the chance of moving to places with the same comfortable private car owners. Today, the application operates in about 43 countries and more than 150 cities globally (Owen 1). Therefore, the application is an opportunity for many people in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia to gain access to cheap taxi services. In this work, there is an analysis of the application’s usage and its advantages and disadvantages. Privacy and Security Issues There have been considerable concerns about the privacy and security issues of using the Uber application. In this case, it is noteworthy that the security matters relate to the driver and their clients while the privacy issues concern the data usage on the application. In consideration of the levels of security, it is needful to note that the developers of the application designed a system that would enable proper care of the clients. For instance, all drivers undergo a stringent screening process, which includes verification of their ages. In line with such a factor, the company recommends that all the drivers must be at least 21 years and have an additional clean criminal record (Cook 1). The latter issue requires that the police clear aspiring drivers before they get licenses. Another considerable factor is the need that the drivers to have an excellent driving record, which is a record from the relevant bodies in the Kingdom, and their vehicles must not be older than 2005 (Jennings-Edquist 1). All drivers that pass the preliminary stages undergo training on the usage of the application as well as customer service delivery efficiencies. The users of the application have a chance of viewing their driver’s picture and profile once they accept their job offers. The profile is based on a rating system for both the customers and the drivers. The biggest criticism that the software faces is its inability to protect private data from customers. The application keeps the records of the passengers’ destinations and schedules, which could pose a potential risk of data trafficking, as well as p
Introduction Attention-arousing and orienting material Vaping has become a curse of the recent decade. Vapes are better than nicotine-containing cigarettes. Vapes do not harm the health of a smoker. Vapes are about vaping, not smoking. As one popular vape-producing company puts it, “live long and vape strong”. It seems that vapes create a new reality in which smoking could be safe. Well, what if I say that, in the US, in one week 12 people died because of vaping and 805 people were diagnosed with the breathing illness related to vaping (Pesce par. 1). If these statistics are not enough to give up vaping, the goal of the current speaker is to persuade that vapes are not as warm and fuzzy as companies want us to believe. Credibility Vaping is regarded as an escape for smokers who try to give up their addiction since the latter could substitute the former. Still, there are numerous sources that vaping is a decent and safe habit. The argument against vaping is backed by the results of the researches, the viewpoints of medical experts, and the experience of vapers. The importance of this topic is undeniable since even underaged people become addicted to vapes. Thesis Statement Vaping has numerous devastating effects and did not worth doing. Preview of main points There are two major reasons to give up a habitude of vape. Firstly, vaping is addictive and undermines the ability to self-control. Secondly, usage of a vape, even if it is nicotine-free, poses a health hazard and leads to diseases of the respiratory system. Main Body Vaping is addictive It is a well-known fact that there are numerous kinds of vaping liquids. They have various chemical compositions, tastes, and smells. Some of them might contain nicotine, while others are free of it. The problem
Harriet Ann Jacobs hides in her pen name, “Linda Brent”, the main character of the book, “Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl”. As Linda Brent, she expresses her woes as a woman who unfortunately was denied by destiny to have a happy and normal life protected by the Law. This book was published in the year 1861. The book is obviously a book pertaining to the appalling situation, which she had to live with as a slave. More than that, the book may be considered feminist literature as well. Truly, the author expresses how slavery has affected both the people around her (neighbors, white and Negro people) and the lives of the people she loved and cherished. But more than that, she expresses her woes as a girl who grew up in slavery and her contempt for her situation as a woman. The society in which Linda, the main character of the book, was not only inclined to slavery but also to patriarchy, two things which she despised so much. Her story began with how all other slave stories began. She was a colored woman (Negro), upon being born, and her ancestors being the same as well, suffered the same state as she was currently undergoing. She states how her grandmother was very virtuous and very industrious as well. She was well-loved by her mistress and treated well. She was given a chance to be able to bake biscuits after her work so she can earn some money. Truly her grandmother was blessed enough not to suffer the cruelties of slavery with the aid of a generous mistress. She tried her best to earn money to buy her children from slavery by selling biscuits because unlike the pleasant fate that she was bestowed, she is aware that slavery is far crueler. Due to unfortunate circumstances, she was unable to do so, therefore, each of her children was enslaved by the children of her mistress. In the beginning, Linda was lucky enough to have a kind mistress, a mistress who treated her mother like a sister and thought her the luxuries of reading and writing. Luxuries such as writing, reading, having proper clothing, are things that are denied to slaves. In fact, they are treated no more than mere property. Properties have no rights, not even the right to own is bestowed upon them. “ While my grandmother was thus helping to support me from her hard earnings, the three hundred dollars she had lent her mistress were never repaid. When her mistress died, her son-in-law, Dr. Flint, was appointed executor. When grandmother applied to him for payment, he said the estate was insolvent, and the law prohibited payment. (p. 6)” Happiness was scarce in Linda’s life. Both her parents died early and the kind mis
Introduction Language policy is currently used by various governments as a tool of protecting the cultural, social and economic values of the state and government. The enhancement of the language policy in this manner defends the country’s official language of a particular region which is threatened by other languages. Language bilingualism is a current practise conducted by various states in the establishment of two languages to act as communicating tools (Ferguson, 2006). The two languages are established as a national policy to facilitate a communication platform amongst different people from various cultural backgrounds (Ruiz, 2004). The policy adaptation involves the representation of the most commonly used and accepted languages to act as communicating tool by the population of the given state or country. Bilingualism has been effective in different countries and states. In addition, diversity in languages enhances development and growth. Definition of Language Policy Language policy stands for the facilitation of governing policies designed by a country to ensure the use of a common language amongst its citizens. Language policies have been used by different countries over time in the establishment of a communicating tool that would join the citizens to a common and cohesive goal. Preservation and protection of linguistic and cultural diversity in the 21 st Century is vital according to the research illustrated by politicians, writers, leaders, artists and by the human rights and linguistics activists (Shohamy, 2006). The current languages spoken word wide stands at approximately six thousand languages. These languages are a threat of being eroded and diminished in the 21 st Century. There are numerous factors that affect the usage and existence of the various human languages. The use of the language in formal learning and communication is the key determinant of the importance and effectiveness of a language. Some languages are very essential in the learning and communication practices of various people in offices, businesses, institutions and in the government (Ferguson, 2006). This means that these languages are vital in the communication of the entire region due to its diversity. The size of the languages native speaker also indicates the general usage and importance of the language to the people of the entire region, state or country. The languages used by the biggest percentage of the population acts as a common communicating ground amongst the population (Mackey, 2009). The adaptation of a common language used by the majority of the population leads to the desire to know and learn the same language from the other smaller tribes. Individual and personal reasons lead people to learn and
Individual Learning One of the main problems that I had during the individual learning experience was mastering the methods of data analysis presented to us. The material seemed easy to understand as the use of graphs was not confusing till the teacher started delving into areas related to statistics, such as means, standard deviation, and multivariate analysis. Mathematical analysis has never been one of my strengths; during the various discussions, I concluded that the use of qualitative research would be something that would be more in line with what I was capable of doing as compared to other forms of research. After the presentation on qualitative analysis, I became aware that it relied more on observations, academic literature, and personal views than quantitative research. As such, it immediately dawned on me that this particular research method should have been utilized by the group when it came to developing the research proposal 1 . If the group utilized a qualitative research basis rather than a quantitative one, I would be able to be a more active participant rather than a passive observer as prescribed by this particular type of research methodology. Fortunately, the others within the group shared the same sentiment, resulting in the research proposal that was distinctly qualitative though we added some minor quantitative elements to clarify the data. Group Develop and Group Dynamics After a brief examination of the various processes in the creation of the research proposal, the hardest aspect was related to coming up with a sufficiently adequate topic to research in the first place. Initially, it was perceived that developing a topic would have been easy in comparison to the main bulk of the research proposal which would involve considerable research and developing the necessary methods of data collection and analysis 2 . Unfortunately, it was quickly determined that a proper research topic should not have been answered by a mere ‘yes’ or ‘no’, rather, it must come in form of a relevant academic explanation which combines both the views of the researcher and the academic literature in a form of a succinct explanation 3 . Developing a topic took longer than expected since it was repeatedly met with conflict among members of the group. Various alternatives were suggested and constant debates ensued regarding the viability of particular topics. Unfortunately, as a direct result of internal disagreements on how to properly develop the research topic, it showed that the group nearly missed the deadline for
Statistical process control is the use of statistics to supervise and manage a certain process in order to be sure that it operates to its maximum capability thereby producing results that conform to the required standards. In addition, control limits are horizontal lines that are drawn to scale, a distance of ±3 standard deviation of the statistics collected from the standard mean on statistical process control charts. Once they are drawn, the charts are used in the detection of signs that show that a given process is not in control as it ought to be. By detecting such errors, one maybe able to know which projects are not behaving as predicted (Hogg, 2005). The signals used in the process control are known points which are outside the control limits. In projects that have statistics that are distributed normally, the area that is bracketed by the control limits will contain 99.72% of all the plotted points on a given chart if the process is in statistical control and does not change from that position. On the other hand, a false-detection rate will normally be at a 0.28% rate. The data used in the statistics is usually collected from random data sources from different groups of a given product; this is known as stratified sampling. The random data is collected at the different stages in production process by use of inspection techniques. Once the data has been collected, the information is transferred to a control chart where it is used in plotting the data points (Stamatis, 2002). In addition, one has to make a distribution chart which will be used to group the collected data together. The variable data is the taken into sample sizes of 2 to 5 thereby enabling the data to have a specific range, known as R-Bar, and a mean known as, X-Bar. The range assists is determining by how much the process has shifted from the normal course. The X-Bar is got from a summation of the total measurements and dividing it by the number of the total sub-groups. When collecting the data sample, one has to be sure that the data represents the population size hence making the statistics more credible. Therefore, if we were to take a sample size of 60, it would be divided into two sub groups of 30 observations and 6 sub groups of 10 observations. The observations are important since they provide a reference for use in the creation of the factor table used in determining the control limits. After determin
Nelson Mandela’s Leadership The film “Invictus” is a 2009 drama and biography that depicts the challenging initiative of Nelson Mandela (South African President) to unite the country with the help of sport (“Invictus” par. 1). The movie is a representation of the real-life story of the difficult situation in South Africa in 1995. Apartheid divides the country. Racial discrimination is becoming more intense between the majority of African black people and the minority of white people. The black government is predominant in the country. This hostility divides the country into two parts, and the President has to find a way to unite South Africa. Nelson Mandela comes to the conclusion that the South African rugby team that comprises of white players should win the World Cup. Nelson Mandela’s leadership approach is unique as far as it combines several features. Thus, Mandela’s leadership is a vivid example of a trait perspective. The trait perspective presupposes that leaders possess particular features of character that make them unique and competent leaders. Nelson Mandela is humble. In the film, he prefers pouring tea on his own rather than waiting for somebody else to do it. One can suggest that he is open-minded to various traditions as far as drinking tea does not belong to customs in South Africa. The President is always polite. He is well-informed. For example, he is aware of the fact that Francois has an ankle injury. Finally, he is a visionary leader who sees a united country and one nation rather than two separate parts (“Leadership at the Movies” 16). Besides, Mandela employs transformational leadership as far as he creates visions and evokes emotions of his followers. One can suggest that it is combined with empowering leadership. Mandela empowers Francois to believe in himself and lead the team towards the win. The most distinctive type of leading is leadership by example. Mandela inspires Francois to become an example for his team. The President is an example to follow for everybody else as well. Nelson Mandela’s approach to change management Change management presupposes the accomplishment of particular goals by modification of behaviors or attitudes. In the film under consideration, the change management of Mandela includes the elimination of psychologically rooted barriers between two groups of people. First, the President faces resistance to change. The resistance is caused primarily by clashing perspectives of residents of South Africa. Black and white populations are extremely hostile towards each other. The first stage of change is unfreezing (Neck, Lattimer and Houghton 108). Nelson Mandela executes this stage when he has a meeting with Francois Pienaar. The President explains his vision of the role of the rugby team in the union of the country. Mandela persuades the captain of Sprin
The core of any human endeavor is belief. Beliefs shape our thoughts, actions, and the structural organization of all society. Unsurprisingly, it has also been the subject of many philosophical debates. Fundamental works in the sphere are William Clifford’s “The Ethics of Belief” and William James’ famous riposte “The Will to Believe”. The philosophers offer two different approaches to the moral justification for belief, and the essays have become a landmark for future discussions (Chignell, 2018). The conflict between Clifford and James is irreconcilable when it comes to religion, but a modern system incorporating elements of both is possible and even necessary. William Clifford states that individual belief is not a private matter. The beliefs of every individual are woven into the collective legacy of humanity, and thus we have the responsibility of ensuring our beliefs are based on irrefutable evidence. Every seemingly insignificant belief should be thoroughly investigated since it “lays a stealthy train in our inmost thoughts”, and prepares us to “receive more of its like” (Clifford, 2018, p. 108). If a person upholds false beliefs, he is in danger of becoming “credulous” and liable to believe any deception (Clifford, 2018, p.112). Eventually, society slips into the habit of carelessly accepting things at face value and “sinks back into savagery” (Clifford, 2018, p. 113). Regardless of circumstance, it is our personal duty to prevent this regression by questioning our ideologies. It may be bitter to realize the foundation of your faith was false, but there is nothing more intoxicating than the power of fairly-earned knowledge. Clifford’s essay is remembered for “a story and a principle” (Chignell, 2018). He describes a shipowner who was worried about his ship’s soundness. Instead of investigating or overhauling it, he simply hoped in Providence and sent it off to sea. When the ship drowned in mid-ocean, he faultlessly gathered his insurance money. According to Clifford, the shipowner is responsible for those sailors’ deaths because his faith in the ship was dishonestly earned. Even if the ship had made its voyage safely, the shipowner would still be guilty, just “not found out” (Clifford, 2018, p. 103). The morality of belief depends on its origins, regardless of whether it measures up to reality. It is sinful for anyone, everywhere, to believe without sufficient evidence. Fundamentally, Clifford argues against the religious idea of blind faith. Faith without evidence is extolled as a virtue in Christianity, but Clifford believes it is a corrupting force for humankind. Beliefs should be based on fair, unbiased inquiry and empirical evidence – i.e., the scientific method. If a man has no time to educate himself on the nature of the question and pursue inquiry, Clifford famously states that “he should have no time to believe” (Clifford, 2018, p. 115). However, Clifford offers no evidence to prove that blind faith is inherently inferior to empirical beliefs. In general, his conception of belief is quite narrow and unrealistic on a practical level. There can be no evidence for certain beliefs because they
Introduction The chemical formula for acetone is (CH 3 ) 2 CO. It is an organic compound, which is a flammable, mobile, and colorless liquid. Acetone is the simplest form of the ketones. It is miscible with water and it acts as one of the best solvents. Generally, acetone is used as solvent for cleaning purposes in most laboratories (Young 2001). In 2010, over 6.7 million tonnage of acetone was produced across the globe. Most of the acetone was used to make bisphenol A and methyl methacrylate. Besides, some acetone was used as a solvent. Other domestic uses of acetone include removing nail polish. Nail polish remover contains “acetone as one of the active ingredients and it also acts as paint thinner” (Young 2001, p.1156). Acetone is very crucial in the field of organic chemistry. Conventionally, acetone occurs naturally during metabolism in human beings. The compound is normally prevalent in urine as well as in blood. Individuals suffering from diabetes produce acetone in large amounts. “Reproductive toxicity tests prove that acetone has low chances of causing any reproductive complications” (Young 2001, p.1170). Indeed, nursing mothers, pregnant women, and children produce a lot of acetone. Their bodies require a lot of energy, thus leading to high levels of acetone production. Bahl, Andersch, and Gottschalk (2000) posit, “Ketogenic diets that increase acetone in the body are used to reduce epileptic attacks in infants and children who suffer from recalcitrant refractory epilepsy” (p. 202). Acetone (dimethyl ketone, 2-propane, CH3COCH3) has a chemical formula mass of 58.079 and it is the most crucial and the simplest of all the ketones. Moreover, it is a combustible, colorless, and mobile liquid with a slightly sharp and scented smell. In all proportions, “acetone is miscible with water and organic solvents like methanol, ether, esters, and ethyl alcohol…Acetone works as a solvent for nitrocellulose and cellulose acetate” Young 2001, 1163). Additionally, it is used to carry acetylene. As a raw material, acetone helps to manufacture a number of products like Methyl methacrylate, ketene, isophorone, diacetone alcohol mesityl oxide, bisphenol A, methyl isobutyl ketone, and many others. Manufacture of acetone Acetone is manufactured in different ways. Among the ways, include:  1. Dehydrogenation of isopropyl alcohol  2. The Cumene hydro peroxide process for phenol and acetone  3. Direct oxidation of hydrocarbons  4. Catalytic oxidation of isopropyl alcohol  5. Acetone is also obtained as a by-product during the propylene oxide process employed by oxirane  6. The p-Cymene hydro peroxide process for p cresol and acetone  7. The Diisopropylbenzene process for hydroquinone or resorcinol and acetone Physical and chemical properties of acetone   * Appearance: Acetone is a colorless liquid.   * Molecular weight: the compound has a molecular weight of 58.079   * Color: acetone is colorless.   * Acetone has a specific gravity (g/ml):- 0.79 at a 20 0 C   * The