ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Source Of The Study The source of this study is an article titled ‘Top 5HR Trends in 2013’. This is a source obtained from the society for human resource management, India. The source’s materials are all copyrighted. Area Of The Human Resource Covered The area of human resource covered is the Top 5 Human resource trends in 2013. How The Text Book Covers This Topic ‘5HR trends in 2013’ elaborates on the changes in the corporate business and how organizations want to cope with these changes. It talks about the highly competitive market and the influence of the nations world powers (Parry, 20). There are various changes in the global market that exist such as massive reliance of the social network and shift in global power. The HR tries to respond to all these changes by amending their policies and practices in the most effective way. Summary Of The Article The article ‘Top 5 HR trends in 2013’ addresses some of the critical issues that are being implemented by organizations. This has been associated with benefits that the organization is likely to receive. One of the trends is the rise of the HR Business Partner . Here, the HR department is required to establish and implement new methods of recruiting staff members. This will ensure that the organization is at the same level with its competitors. The article confirms that success will be attained by organizations that want to thrive. This is through deploying of work to people optimally. For this to happen, the organization needs to get the right people for their respective jobs. Organizations tend to become agile, cohesive and responsive in their function as a whole and to the organization. With the emergence of competitive corporate world, organizations are embracing the idea of One World, One HR . This is urgency of globalizing their strategies and operations. Currently, there has been the emergence of shift in the global balance. Asian countries, particularly India and China, are gradually becoming world powers. In fact, the practices and models of Asian management have become influential. The emerging countries tend to cooperate and trade between themselves. As a result, it builds tensions and risks that can cause a financial crisis. Organization leaders tend to be multilingual, adaptive and internationally mobile. By globalizing their strategies, HR has to be flexible with the diverse cultures and political status of various nations. This requires thinkers who are conceptual and collaborative. They should be diverse to blend in different environments. Best global organizations have a flow of authority, information and ideas from various directions rather than one point (the top). For a while now, it has been difficult for organizations to engage employees to the maximum. Human Resources have tried to Enhance Employee Engagement. The article states that, though there has been an improvement in enhancing employee engagement, the issue has always been a massive problem to Human Resources. The article reveals a report from AON on the Global Employee Engagement in 2012 (Sharma, 1). The report shows that there is a small improvement i
Federalism is allocation or division of power between the state and the nation. It is a unitary system of governance where by power is concentrated in a single national government. Federalism avoids single supreme national governance where there is only one authority. The two levels always have final authority and self governance in specific areas. This means that the citizens always have political responsibility to both governments who also secure their rights in the country. Advantages of Federalism  1. Federalism promotes unity: the system provides a united national government deal in matters such as finance, defence, regulation of business and foreign affairs. Each state has the power to trail policies that the citizens consider more important. Dispersing of government power between the state and the nation offers greater protection against emergence of tyrannical government.  2. Federalism promotes efficiency of government: distribution of power between the state and nation provides division of work and specialization of functions. Thus each unit can exercise functions that they are well suited which promotes efficiency.  3. Federalism test policies and training of leaders. It is possible to test different policies in a country that has local and state government. If the policy proves to be beneficial, then it can be expanded to be used nationwide. It also offers opportunity to test the courage of selected leaders and to prove whether they are responsible.  4. Federalism promotes liberty and self-governance. The system causes government to have control of itself because of great rivalry of power between the state and the nation. An action of one government is always opposed by other government to enforce civil rights in Southern states. Disadvantages of Federalism  1. Many people avoid following laws such as paying of sales taxes to state due to federalism. There are those who purchase goods in neighbouring state to escape sales tax in a particular state.  2. It is difficult to enforce law on criminals because of federalism. This is because most people after they have committed a crime in a particular state, they escape and move to other states. Different states also have different laws making it hard to enforce law on visitors who had moved in the state.  3. There are increased interstate conflicts due to federalism. There are some states which pursue policies which frustrate national policy because they cause them to sacrifice some of their interests to local interests such as segregation. States also engage in economic competition which causes economic warfare amongst them.  4. Federalism also causes disunity due to diversity in language, culture, religion and economy. This normally causes disintegration and internal conflict
An information system can be simply defined as a set of interconnected mechanism that gather, process, accumulate and dispense information to assist in making decisions in a given company or organisation. It usually contains information regarding the persons, places and facilities in the organisations surrounding environment. According to Oz (2008), the components of information systems are computer hardware and software, databases, telecommunications and human resource personnel. Information systems are of different types in respect with the kind of business or organisation. In this, case a brick and mortar business would require the following types of information systems (Oz, 2008).   * Office information system – this type of information system deals with software, hardware and networks in order to improve the flow of work and facilitate good communication amid employees. The workers perform their duties using electronics or computers as a substitute of manual labour (Gorry, & Morton, 2009).   * Transaction processing system – this information system gets and processes information realised in an organisations daily transactions as illustrated by Oz (2008).   * Management information systems – the management information system generates information on expected basis in accurate, organised and timely manner to be used by managers or the business controllers in decision making, problem solving and activity supervision as illustrated by Gorry and Morton (2009).   * Decision support systems – this type of information system collects data from the above information systems and from external sources and produces information that assists management to prepare and draft for the upcoming (Akiva, Palma & Kaysi, 2010).   * Office automation systems – in this type of information system, tools or electronics improve on the efficiency of the employees and reduce the amount of work in an organisations office (Buckland, 1997). The advantages of information systems are several. First, as argued by Buckland (1997), there is a significant reduction in the cost of recording and storing information. The number of staff required is lower as compared to the manual hence the cost and expenses are reduced. The storage of records and other information takes less time and space. This implies that the business allocation takes minimal space since information and data is stored in computers and its components. Easy accessibility of information is another advantage of use of the above information systems in a business or organisation. Updating and information retrieval is easy and fast when using electronic information systems as described above. Files and information is interchanged between computers hence making it possib
Introduction Organizational behavior of companies significantly affects their financial performance, cost-efficiency, and their long-term sustainability. It also shapes public opinion about these businesses. In many cases, journalists focus on the losses or revenues of many corporations without speaking about their HR practices, workplace hierarchy, leadership approach, or structure. This report is aimed discussing organizational and human problems encountered by Marks & Spencer which is one of the largest retailers in Great Britain (Moss & DeSanto 2002, p. 259). Within the recent years, this company had to cope with different problems. In particular, some corporate leaders left the company while many of their business initiatives were discontinued due to certain reasons. Moreover, the sales rates of this retailer declined during 2012 (White, 2012). It is vital to understand the main origins of these problems. Furthermore, this paper will offer recommendations that can help the managers of Marks & Spencer overcome these challenges and better withstand the competition. Overall, the challenges encountered by this company can be attributed to the hierarchical structure of this business and the relations between senior executives and frontline personnel. The organizational problem It should be noted that Marks & Spencer is one of the oldest retailers in the United Kingdom. It was founded in 1884, and currently it operates 703 stores in Great Britain (Moss & DeSanto 2002, p. 259). Furthermore, this organization has already entered foreign markets, and it can be regarded as a business with a fully-developed culture as well as policies (Moss & DeSanto 2002, p. 259). However, the competitive position weakened of this company in comparison with its major rivals such as Tesco or Wal-Mart. On the whole, it is possible to argue that the origins of the problems can be traced to extreme centralization of this company and its leadership approach (Simmons 2003, p. 20). In particular, close attention should be paid to the top-down approach to decision-making (Simmons 2003, p. 20). The problem is that the decisions of senior executives are imposed on the managers of local stores, while the initiatives of ot
Background Environmentalists have often accused the Australian mining industry of contributing to environmental degradation through pollution (Abbott 2013). The government has responded to these concerns by introducing punitive taxes to discourage local companies from emitting greenhouse gases (Manufacturing Australia 2014). This strategy has revolved around the carbon tax proposal. However, it has created a new debate about its viability to introduce sustainable change and the potential for adopting alternative strategies of environmental protection, such as the direct action strategy and the emissions trading scheme, in its place. The Mineral Council of Australia is an instrumental stakeholder in the mining sector. It has encouraged the government to adopt these alternative strategies. Whom Does your Stakeholder Represent? The Mineral Council of Australia represents the interests of mining companies in the Australian mining industry. Its operations are both domestic and international because it is the top industry body in the mining industry that promotes the ideals of sustainable development in the sector (Manufacturing Australia 2014). What is their Perspective on the Carbon Debate? The Australian government introduced the carbon tax, in 2012, after proposing a set of taxes for companies and institutions that emit greenhouse gases. It said the carbon emission tax should be $23 for every tonne emitted (Lubcke 2013). The revenue generated from the taxes would serve several purposes, including compensating affected industries, income tax reduction, and welfare payments (among other factors). The Mineral Council of Australia did not support imposing a carbon tax because it believed the measure could not meet its environmental goal – carbon reduction. Instead, the body perceived the carbon tax as an unnecessary tax burned on Australian mineral-producing companies. In its view, paying such taxes would simply increase the cost of doing business for their members, thereby making it difficult for new and existing companies to profit from their activities (Lubcke 2013). What are the Implications for Your Stakeholders if Australia adopts ‘Direct Action’? The direct action plan strives to cut carbon emissions through a q
In recent years, the nature of the alcohol beverage industry has changed drastically. This leads to a need for a new strategy for managing companies that would correspond to the changes in how consumers perceive these drinks. The amount of beer consumed in the US has been decreasing for years. Moreover, the trend is similar for other countries, as the global level of alcohol consumption has fallen by 1.4% in 2016 (The Data Team, 2017). The issue possesses a threat to the alcohol industry as it may result in lower profits and an inability to expand operations. This paper aims to review the recent management trends in the alcohol beverage industry that are directed at enhancing the potential of the sector. More specifically to examine the strategies of CSR and the importance of addressing ethical dilemmas associated with the industry, which affect the managerial decisions within organizations. CSR Model and Social Initiatives of the Companies The implementation of Corporate Social Responsibility can help alcohol Beverage Companies respond to the negative perception of the industry’s products. This trend in management is occupying other industries as well. According to Meier and Cassar (2018), “among the largest 250 companies in the world, 92% produced a CSR report in 2015, informing shareholders and the public about the firm’s activities” (para. 1). Thus, it is becoming more critical for a company to create a favorable ethical climate with how it operates and manages people. Alcoholic beverage companies need to address the ethical issues due to the current negative public perception of alcohol, associated with alcohol addiction. Being aware of ethical problems associated with the industry is becoming increasingly important. Pantani et al. (2017) state that the new trend that the management of alcohol beverage companies uses is the CSR model. The approach aims to enhance marketing potential and its effectiveness to help companies sell more products. Pantani et al. (2017) conducted their study in Latin America and the Caribbean. They suggest that creating legislation directed at the regulation of public health initiatives in the alcohol industry can be helpful for the executives. Nevertheless, the research can be useful in understanding how to increase the potential of companies that operate in the US. Beverage companies are becoming more involved in philanthropy and the promotion of socially necessary actions. Firstly, the authors concluded that it is crucial to connect the marketing strategy to the CSR model (Pantani et al., 2017). The need for it arises from the conclusion that the actions of a company that were directed at raising awareness on alcohol consumption among young people that had a marketing objective had better outcomes for the organization. Thus, alcohol production companies are more likely to promote their brands when engaging in social activities. The trend emphasizes both the importance to address social aspects associated with the industry and the marketing strategy of promoting the p
Sustainability According to the textbook definition, sustainability is a series of measures that allow us to conserve the existing resources for future generations. Therefore, it can be interpreted as the reasonable use of resources that helps not only to save existing non-renewable resources from extinction but also to develop the strategy that will offer an opportunity to replenish renewable resources. Therefore, sustainability can be seen as a foot forward in people’s relationships with nature, i.e., instead of taking from it without considering the consequences, working on a flexible strategy of resource use. Like any other theory, sustainability has several basic postulates that make the bulk of it. Usually referred to as three general assumptions, these ideas prevent from viewing nature from a consumerist point of view and suggest a manner of careful treatment of both renewable and especially non-renewable resources, such as soil. One such assumption is that renewable resources management can be changed towards their replenishment. Ano
Alcoholism is a broad term for excessive and addictive consumption of alcohol that leads to adverse health outcomes and social problems. The main implication of alcoholism and other opioid addictions is that individuals feel a continuous urge to consume a new dose, which is usually larger due to drug tolerance (Gale Research, p. 52). In order to stop the drinking problem and treat the alcohol-use disorder (AUD), successful intervention is needed. Taking into consideration that it is a brain disease, intervention should comprise an allopathic treatment approach and medication that helps to avoid relapse. Allopathic treatment of alcoholism is based on modern medicine and includes detoxification and recovery as its main stages. Nevertheless, such drugs have been used with variable success, and further research is needed. Despite the overall advance in treatment, alcoholism is still a challenge due to the lack of successful drug efficacy appraisals and pharmacotherapy personalization in patients with AUD. Alcohol dependence and alcohol abuse are common AUD causes. According to Zastrozhin, 60% of AUD cases emerge due to genetic reasons, which is a high heritability rate (p. 132). More than 17 million US adults were reported to have drinking problems (Charting Alcohol’s Impact on America, p. 58). Face-to-face interviews with 44,000 of the US civilians indicated that self-reported alcohol dependence rate declined, and alcohol disorder rates were highest among young adults. Moreover, Kimbrough et al., in their research, found that mice’s functional architecture of brain modularity and activity was reorganized as a consequence of alcohol abstinence (p. 2155). It showed that particular parts of the brain are involved in alcohol addiction and how the whole-brain modularity is affected. Those findings may be applied to the human being because mice generally have almost a similar brain structure, but further research is needed. In general, alcohol changes the functional development of the cerebellum, cerebral cortex, and also prevents the formation of new synapses. Adult children of alcoholics were believed to be AUD prone because of genetic heritage and childhood experiences, but analysis of previous studies showed that there is no enough evidence. According to Vail, the main researches on parental alcoholism and its impact lack the appropriate categorical approach and reliable knowledge base (p. 117). Nevertheless, the government needs to design appropriate health programs to prevent the initiation of drinking patterns during adolescence. It is crucial because continuous alcohol consumption causes addiction and adverse changes to health. For instance, AUD was estimated to result in more than 5% of total deaths in the world (Zastrozhin, p. 134). Excessive alcohol consumption usually leads to health problems within the cardiovascular, reproductive, gastrointestinal, and nervous systems. Withdrawal states
Financial decisions should always be made with due caution in a company context due to their vast effects. Capital investments should be approached with particular consideration since they affect a company’s financial performance in the long term, allowing it to place its assets to the ventures that appear to be most promising (Kiln, 2017). Therefore, the described decision is associated with multiple risks, some of which include management, communication, and the choice of investment. Although each of the threats listed above may have a drastic effect on the performance of a firm, the information-related risk is worth particular attention since it implies the failure to locate critical data and use it in decision-making, which makes the Probable Maximum Loss Plan the most valuable risk management tool. In order to decrease the risk, one will have to deploy a vast array of risk management techniques, the Probable Maximum Loss Plan being one of them. Allowing one to chart the essential steps of the capital investment process, locate key milestones, and define probable outcomes, the plan will set the criteria for performance assessment (Kiln, 2017). As a result, whenever there is a significant deviation from the plan, a company can introduce immediate changes to the current course of actions, thus leveraging the risks. While the concept of capital investment is inherently tied to numerous risks as one of the essential financial decisions made by a company, the threat of data mismanagement and, thus, making a fatal error leading to the loss of financial assets is the primary threat. The described issue can be addressed with the help of numerous types of risk assessment techniques, which include data comparisons and market analyses. However, a meticulous Probable Maximum Loss Plan seems to be the most effective devoice in addressing the risks associated with capital investment. Reference Kiln, R. (2017). Reinsurance underwriting . New York, NY: Taylor & Francis.