ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Abstract Succession is an important ecological concept that explains how ecosystems undergo a series of changes in terms of species diversity over a period. In this view, dune succession refers to ecological changes that take place in dune systems around lakes or along coasts. This study examined dune succession by assessing the species density of primary, secondary, and late species. Besides, the study assessed concentrations of water, carbon, and nitrogen along the succession of the dune. The findings show that primary species density decreases with an increase in dune age, but secondary species density increases with an increase in the age of the dune. Similarly, the findings show that water content, carbon concentration, and nitrogen concentration increases with species diversity and the age of the dune. Introduction In ecology, succession entails processes that an ecosystem undergoes over a period from simple colonization by individual flora and fauna through into a state of climax community. At the climax state, a community becomes an ecosystem that is only dependent on climatic factors in its survival. Raevel, Violle, and Munoz (2012) view succession as an essential concept that explains how ecosystems change with time. In this view, dune succession comprises ecological changes that occur in dune systems, which are common in coastal habitats. According to Martinez, Gabriela, and Sanchez (2001), succession is “the non-seasonal and continuous processes of colonization and extinction of species populations on a site” (p. 361). The intermittent colonization and extinction of species characterize ecological processes of succession that takes place in various ecosystems. Dune systems are unique ecosystems because they exist at the interface of marine and terrestrial environments. Hence, dune succession is dependent on terrestrial and marine factors that influence the processes of succession. Therefore, the dune study succession provides insights on how succession takes place at the interface of the terrestrial and marine environment. Succession depends on the nature of the environment in which succession occurs. Generally, succession can be primary or secondary, depending on the nature of the environment that succession takes place. Primary succession is a succession in which flora and fauna colonize an environment that no ecological community has ever occupied. Martinez, Gabriela, and Sanchez (2001) state that primary succession usually occurs in environments, such as sandy beaches, rocky surfaces, and volcanic surfaces. Mosses and lichens are common flora that colonizes such environments where no community has ever colonized. Comparatively, secondary succession entails the colonization of an environment that has already been colonized by other ecological communities. Emery (2012) explains secondary succession as the process of displacing a pre-ex
I have heard and met successful people in the United States of America who started their businesses with little capital. Many people around the world also believe that when you work in the United States of America you get rich quickly. However, after being in the United States of America for more than two decades, my perception about the American dream changed when I realized it is beyond earning extra dollars. American dream means freedom of opportunities, which are available to all the Americans irrespective of where they live. According to the third circle theory, human beings succeed in life depending on their actions on what they observe daily. Therefore, most Americans have become successful by observing those who have migrated to the country with a positive mind to succeed and thus opening up their minds. The actions of successful people have affected many people in the society that American dream means earning millions of dollars and accumulating wealth more than other people in other countries around the globe. Most people associate success with money, which leads to misunderstanding that when you have a lot of wealth then you are among the most successful people. The misconception arises when one knows nothing else as the measure of success other than money. Such a person beliefs that opportunity only rewards in monetary form. Many people lack the meaning of the American dream because they are always looking forward to find opportunity and fail to realize that the opportunity to succeed is always around them in the work they do daily. Most students like having fun first after graduating but due to unemployment and huge debts they have by the time they complete their studies they believe there is nothing like American dream. The American dream means exploiting every available opportunity to work and earn money. Wealth cannot be accumulated by being idle and hopping to earn millions of dollars in a day. The dream means being ready to work even if one is paid little at the start hoping that as work progresses the level of income will increase or one would get another better paying job or business. For people to succeed financially, they do not have to be employed. They can start their organizations and become their own chief executive officers or accept the little wage they underrate in the low paying organizations because it is still higher than what people that are more educated are earning in other states outside the United States of America. The Americans should embrace any work at their exposure even if it seems the wrong choice when analysed by friends and colleag
Since the start of 1980s, liberalization policies have played a pivotal role in defining how states exercise the control over their economies. It is important to note that an essential element of the liberalization policies has been the withdrawal of the state from utility (infrastructure) sectors which have been typified by market failures, for example natural monopoly situations that resulted in the reduction of the level of competition in the markets. However, the withdrawal of the state from these sectors have resulted in the introduction of policies that focus on regulating (but not imposing direct control) of the economy activities of the newly liberalized markets at the macroeconomic level. Thus, one of the notable aspects of the changes to regulatory policies has been the formation of specialized independent regulatory agencies (IRAs) that are different from standard bureaucratic structures. This paper examines IRAs in Turkey with the aim of analyzing their independent features. IRAs in Turkey are distinguished by organizational attributes that are not the same as the traditional bureaucratic structures in the country and they make up service-based (as opposed to geographical) decentralized governance according to the country’s constitution. Thus, analyzing how they were established and investigating their autonomous attributes is important in knowing the track of liberalization that began in the country in the early 1980s. After experiencing a long period of both economic and political confusion during the better part of the 1970s, Turkey started to institute market-focused changes during the beginning of 1980. This initiative was an important change from the country’s etatist past. One of the main aims of the 1980 reform agenda was to institute changes in the trade regime and it involved introduction of a more flexible exchange rate policy (Zenginobuz, 1). It also involved doing away with stringent import substitution policies. This was achieved by encouraging exports of goods and services and liberalization of imports. The reform process also aimed at lowering the size of the country’s public sector. This was intended to give opportunity to private initiatives and markets in establishing fair distribution of resources in the economy; thus, the process of privatization of state-owned enterprises and liberalization of financial markets were thought to be imperative aspects of Turkey’s reform agenda. The 1980 economic reforms in Turkey led to remarkable transformations in the way business was done in the c
Introduction Globalization is the integration of trade around the world to form an international marketplace where goods and services produced in one continent go to another. Advanced transport and communication technologies facilitate this integration. It has led to a drastic transformation in the way people live around the world, as more efficient processes result in higher quality products. Labour exploitation With globalization came diversified labour. Corporations outsource production of certain goods and services to countries that specialize in their production. Labour outsourcing saves immensely on production costs as corporations seek to utilize fully the cheap labour available in third world countries. Some even go to the extent of targeting countries that offer subsidies on their establishments. Critics call this labour exploitation as these corporations take advantage of poor workers desperate enough to offer their services for income enough to provide food for their families for the day. Moreover, diversion of these resources leads to the reduction in the purchasing power of the population in the home country. This then leads to an increase in unemployment rates in the same country the products will be up for sale. Environmental degradation Globalization raised the volume of trading taking place as it gave rise to technology that increases the amount of goods produced per unit of input. Advances in the financial sector then made this trading more efficient through possibility of making of product orders online and clearing the bills instantly. Improved standards of living also result from “increased personal incomes brought about by growth-induced trade” (Panayotou) as an added advantage. Consequently, increase in trade meant increase in pollution from industries and automobiles. Pressure to produce to meet the high demand then led to destruction of cultivating land and forests to avail space for industries. Changes in climate then follow, condemning the surrounding areas to calamities that include famine and floods. No corporation ever offers to take responsibility for such reactions, as finger pointing ensues when such issues come into light. Quality of life and economic measures for the family (Central Intelligence Agency) Life expectancy: 76.11 years Infant mortality rate: 12.7 deaths/1,000 live births Number of children per fam
Healthy living habits can be learned with determination and discipline; the habits neither involve strict nutrition philosophies, staying unrealistically thin, nor depriving yourself of the foods you love. It involves eating the right potion of diet at the right time to facilitate feeling great, having more energy, and keeping as healthy as possible. According to the article by Frimming, Polsgrove and Bower, 2011, the human beings are different and respond differently to different food diets, thus, the most important element when developing the right eating habit is to understand the response of particular food on oneself (Frimming, Polsgrove & Bower, 2011). Healthy eating habits can be taught to different class of people using the method that can easily access them. The article was researched from a university setting where the role that use of social networks when training or giving in
Cheating in academic settings is one of the problems that it is often discussed by teachers and journalists. Such behavior can significantly decrease the value of educations; this issue is particularly important when one speaks about different forms of plagiarism. On the whole, cheating is a serious violation of ethical rules adopted in schools or colleges and it should be punished; however, educators should remember only by punishing students they will not be able to cope with this problem. Their main task is to show that the main objective of learning is to gain knowledge and skills, and that education cannot be reduced only to good grades and recognition of other people. This is the main argument that should be discussed in this paper. It should be noted that academic dishonesty can take many forms. For instance, teachers pay close attention to plagiarism or presenting the work of other people as one’s own. This importance of this issue should be underestimated because thousands of students can submit essays or term papers that were either copied from the Internet or written by someone else. Very often, such practices may not be detected even by anti-plagiarism software. In his essay The Plagiarism Plague Raymond Schroth argues that cheating in academic setting can make students believe that dishonesty will help them achieve success (Schroth 14). In the future, these people may become managers, public administrators, engineers or other professionals, and they can take credit for the work done by other people. Raymond Schroth argues that “plagiarists present themselves as people they are not” (Schroth 14). This means that cheating in academic settings may have far-reaching implications. Furthermore, these students will not be able to acquire the knowledge and skills that are necessary for good performance in the workplace. So, the task of educators is to eliminate such behavior in academic settings. In part, this goal can be achieved by using anti-plagiarism software or penalizing those learners who use the works of others without acknowledging it. The most lenient sanction is to give a plagiarist a failing grade for the assignment. It seems that this penalty is quite justified. Nevertheless, educators should not assume that such strategies will be sufficient for the struggle against academic dishonesty. It is necessary to understand the reasons why students can be engaged in cheating or other forms of cheating. The essay written by Alfle Kohn is aimed at identifying some of these factors. For instance, according to the author, learners are more likely to submit plagiarized papers in those cases when they believe that their assignments are irrelevant to their academic or professional interests (Kohn 5). In other words, they do not understand why they should spend their time doing something that will be of little use to them in the future. Moreover, plagiarism is more widespread among people who think that the ultimate
Introduction The retail industry is a battlefield for a wide range of goods essential for daily use. There is stiff competition in the industry as giant retailers and emerging retailers seek to gain competitive advantage over each other (Pesendorfer 34). Companies that wish to survive must make regular but necessary adjustments in the marketing mix to stay ahead of competition. Wal-Mart products and services market Wal-Mart is an American Corporation existing in approximately thirty nation states. The firm has an average sales record of one hundred and forty US dollars in these countries. The United States-based company provides the enormous retail programs all over the world. However, as the world’s leading retailer Wal-Mart does not have market stores in certain global leading marketplaces. For instance, the corporation does not conduct business in India, Russia, South Korea and Germany. The realization and establishment of extra supercenters in India is hampered. The aspiration to operate cannot succeed following the recent breakdown of Indian partnership with the company. The problem of poor conditions of investment culminated in the 9 th Oct, 2013 termination of partnership with Bharti Enterprises. The sticking point emerges from the demand by the Indian administration that the overseas traders must resource more than thirty percent from the merchandise they vend from Indian SME’s. The inquiries whether or not Wal-Mart Corporation is probing any violation of laws of anti corruption of the United States is unclear. The head of Wal-Mart Asia in his interview never mentioned if any investigations on the alleged violation of foreign retail investment rules by Wal-Mart were underway. Conversely, the corporation is yet to figure the means of entering the Russian marketplaces. In the fiscal 2010, Wal-Mart closed down the offices in Moscow following an aborted deal with the Kopeyka that was a potential partner. The price discrepancy caused the plan of attainment to subsist. Nevertheless, in the year 2006 Wal-Mart terminated its businesses in South Korea and Germany. The German populace pitied the way the grocery handlers executed their work at the line of check. As such, many consumers chose to purchase from the local bazaars in doubt of the ever-smiling clerks whom they thought were flirting. Wal-Mart failed in South Korea owing to the adherence of US stratagems of marketing of clothing and electronics rather than considerin
Medical mission trips provide opportunities for students and educators to learn and acquire new skills in an international environment. Nevertheless, the ethicality of global medical volunteering and whether it is advantageous for a host community are questions without a clear answer. My attitude towards short-term experiences in global health (STEGHs) is fluctuating since STEGHs have the potential to improve life quality in a community, but also give numerous opportunities to abuse power and put local populations at risk. In my opinion, it is difficult to be utterly opposed to the notion, as a large percentage of the global population in developing countries may depend on outside help. Volunteering, especially international, can be seen as the best chance to exercise the code of medical ethics. Sznajder, Chen, and Naughtonv (2019) present a situation where a medical school in the United States advertises a volunteering program in a clinic in South America and depicts it as the most excellent experience and a source of learning. Contrarily, the presence of foreign medical workers diminishes already scarce resources of the clinic, electricity, and running water, for instance, that is barely sufficient for local doctors and patients (Sznajder et al., 2019). These circumstances have started to trouble the participants of the program and have raised concerns among them. From the perspective of a nurse practitioner, international medical volunteering seems like a great chance to prepare for a more extended stay abroad with professional purposes and the basis for future work with inadequately serviced individuals. Nevertheless, the case study changes the way of seeing STEGHs and challenges the common idea about medical volunteering, which is in danger of becoming voluntourism. Thus, participating in this type of programs requires from a nurse practitioner the ability to see a comprehensive picture of the situation and goals that could be achieved without harming a host community. The ethical problems of STEGHs are, to a degree, provoked by the behavior of international students that may vary from instances of cultural insensitivity to actions that potentially threaten patients’ lives. Sznajder et al. (2019) name overstepping one’s capabilities while practicing as an example of unethical and dangerous actions. As seemingly there are no specific federal guidelines for STEGHs (researchers, professional, and hospital associations are their primary source), these instances raise legal concerns (Bauer, 2017). In developing countries, laws on medical malpractice and negligence are weaker, and citizens’ access to justice may be limited, permitting the volunteers who exceed their responsibilities to be unpunished (Rowthorn, Loh, Evert, Chung, & Lasker, 2019). The actual system of international help is viewed as flawed, patronizing, and racist, as it tries to fill in gaps rather than build an efficient healthcare system in a local community (Bauer, 2017). In this way, the
Carbon Carbon sequestration is estimated to cost $10 to $15 billion per gig watt this is quite uneconomical in consideration to the costs of mining, processing and transportation. This cannot meet the needs of the current generation without compromising the needs of future generations. Carbon based energy is unsustainable this is so because the Carbon capture is relatively expensive (Barber, F & Ulgiati, 20). Petroleum The use of petroleum products in the long run will prove unsustainable for businesses due to the increased pump prices of crude oil. Businesses are turning on cheaper means of energy. Also petroleum is a major air pollutant due to the release of carbon materials in the air and with the ongoing campaign for adoption of more environment conserving energy, the use of petroleum will be unsustainable. Governments have increased taxes on petroleum products too (Schobert, 36). Petroleum is not a renewable source of energy and the crude oil wells are fast drying out thus, in years to come petroleum products will be hard to find due to the increased demand with no increase in supply since petroleum consumption demand has grown over time (Hassler, 103). Petroleum demand grew on average of 1.76 percent from 1994 to 2006. It is expected that the consumption of petroleum will grow 36 percent over 2006 levels by the year 2030 to 31 billion barrels annually. According to peak oil theory, increasing production will result in a decline in production in the future, while decreasing production will result to a gradual decrease, as the bell-shaped curve will be spread out over many years (Blackburn, 54). Coal Coal is used to fuel heavy machines and equipments and with the improvement in technology, businesses are venturing in less heavy machines which consume less energy thus the use of coal can prove to be unsustainable in the long run. Also the drastic increase in demand of coal with the diminishing supply will eventually lead to high prices of coal and become uneconomical to use coal (World Bank, 37). Use of coal has faced a lot of criticism due to the polluting nature of burning coal. Coal is a high air pollutant and environment conservationists are against the use of coal and governments are advocating for use of other sources of energy as a result. The annual consumption of coal globally is, 6,473,786,000, short tons, there has been an annual increase of 52% to 9.98 billion by 2030. Thus this source of energy is not sustaina