ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction The citizens of the United States took the news of the NSA spying on them with shock and discomfort. Nobody fancies a breach of his or her privacy, especially when it entails access to the information we consider as private (Ekins, 2013). When the whistleblower broke the news that the NSA was running an illegal program that was spying on the US citizens, there were different emotions experienced by the people (Hill, 2013). Main body The information leaked by the NSA operative proves that the government through its NSA agency has been carrying out illegal surveillance on its citizens. One is forced to wonder for how long these violations have existed. NSA was established in the year 1952, and it has been monitoring communications since then. It acquired its staff from the other intelligence agencies to form an elite intelligent service with unrivaled competence (Pappas, 2013). By going through loads of data, the NSA can pick anything of interest. This is like searching for the proverbial needle in a haystack. The agency has set up listening posts all around the world including having an office at the NASA mission control center. Since the year of its establishment, NSA has been collecting data from all over the world. NSA since time immemorial has been spying on US citizens. It is on record that, NSA sought a New Jersey couple, which was leaking information to the Soviets through surveillance of their communication channels (Ekins, 2013). Some parts of the media have reported that we ought to have realized that this operation was in progress, and people should not protest (Sulmasy, 2013). This does not mean citizens should not protest against the government invading their privacy. It is worth noting that as much as the NSA has set up this operation legally. It has done so in secrecy. This means that even its budget is unknown. US citizens are often conservative when it comes to questioning activities carried out under the tag name of national security (Sulmasy, 2013). This operation carried out by the NSA is illegal. The people should speak against it, and demand for its closure after the government has released an official statement on the matter in concern. The sad bit of this revelation is that other private companies were involved in some way. The slide with this revelation does not state whether the companies gave up the information knowingly or unknowingly. The companies mentioned have denied any knowledge of the operation, and they have stated that they never gave out any data unless there was a court order involved or search warrant (Pappas, 2013). The law categorically states that the US justice department must prove that proposed surveillance will not target citizens abroad or US citizens, residents. It states that the justice department should comply with the fourth amendment (Ekins, 2013). The actions by
In The Story of an Hour , Louise Mallard is a young and beautiful lady. The author describes her as a woman who has a fair and calm face that portrays her as a strong woman. She is full of youth. However, she has a heart problem that her friends and relatives think might put her in danger. Because of her delicate heart condition, her sister – Josephine- and her husband’s friend – Richard- both believe that they must break the news of her husband’s death in a very careful manner. Both Richard and Josephine believe that the sad news might shock her to the point of death or worsen her condition. As such, they take their time and deliver the message in a more calculated way. Her heart problem can be seen to overcome her at the end of the story when she dies of shock after seeing her husband (whom she thought was dead). Despite her condition, Louise Mallard remains a character with varying personalities. Louise Mallard is a weakling. From the look of things, her heart trouble has deteriorated her health. She is a person who needs careful handling by people around her. The author describes her as having powerless white hands. She is always indoors and is not capable of doing difficult chore inside or outside the house. She is constantly in the house where her friends know that they can come and assist her in the best ways that they can because she cannot walk long distances away from home. Louse Mallard is a secretive person who spent most her time alone. She does not like sharing her problems or thoughts with anyone. After receiving the sad news of her husband’s death, she decides not to show any immediate reactions to her sister or
Introduction Music shapes the way people interact with another, how they define their identities and how they respond to their surroundings. DeNora (2004, 5) explains that “instead of using music to understand people, one should focus on how music constructs them”. Indeed, music has the capacity to shape and affect behaviour owing to its effect on mood, feelings and emotions. This essay aims at showing how music affects people’s behaviour in everyday life. It will do so by drawing on various effects on mood arousal, induction of feeling and music signifying emotion. Music redefines how people experience time To understand how music redefines how people experience time consider the example of someone who is impatiently waiting for a lift door to open. If that person needs to hold on for five minutes for the elevator to come down, it is likely that he or she may feel impatient and quite eager to get to his or her destination. Time may seem like it is standing still (possibly because of the person’s fast movements prior to reaching the elevator or because the person may assume that lifts are always supposed to be fast). However, if one’s favourite slow tune were to be introduced in the scenario, chances are that one would not even notice that the five minutes had elapsed so quickly. In fact, one may even think of the elevator as an interruption to this grand time. Essentially, music alters one’s experience of time because it changes the body’s reaction; it does this by altering neural actions within the body (Husain et al., 2002, 152). If, students are in an aerobics class doing rigorous and fast exercises, they would require music that resonates with their prevailing experiences. A fast tune would cause their bodies to respond in a similar manner and hence enhance the time spent in the gym.
Willa Cather’s novel “Death Comes for the Archbishop” was published in the year 1927 in New York. This novel had a biographical touch as the writer Willa Cather through the novel talks about the real life story of the first Archbishop of New Mexico named Lamy and Father Joseph Machebeuf who served as his vicar. The inspiration for Cather to write this novel was when he went through the work of Father Joseph Howlett. Joseph Howlett in his biographical work gives a detailed description of Joseph Machebeuf and the life history of the Christian missionaries in New Mexico. While reading this work, William Cather was encouraged by the real life story, the feelings, thoughts of the missionaries and the priests. It is from this book Cather got the idea and detailed information about both these well known personalities. In Cather’s novel “Death Comes for the Archbishop”, Arch bishop Lamy is transformed to the character Bishop Jean Marie Latour, and Father Joseph Machebeuf to the character of Father Joseph Vaillant. The story moves through the long forty years life history of Latour. Here, when one goes through this novel he can infer that through this the author discusses about how this priest achieved a pleasing personality among the public. This novel is also “peopled with numerous minor characters who functions to represent and relate the culture, folklore, history, and beliefs of the Mexican and Indian people in New Mexico” (Death Comes for the Archbishop/ Introduction, para.2). In this novel there is a wide portrayal about the landscape and how it functions throughout the novel along with the characters. . When the novel “Death Comes for the Archbishop” begins, one can see that the setting is the Great Rome in 1848 where the cardinals and the American missionary Bishops were indulged in a talk about the prevailing conditions of Catholic Church in New Mexico. The situations in the church activities were out of order. So, it was necessary for a young and energetic priest to improve the situation. The missionaries and others took necessary steps to overcome from this problem. At last they found that it is better to appoint Jean Marie Latour, a young energetic man who is at present doing his service in Canada, to solve this problem. Latour got the high position as a Bishop from the stand of a priest and Father Joseph Vaillant too was appointed along with him. When Latour traveled throughout Mexico he found that the priests who served there previously had misused their power. “While admiring the craftsmanship and artistry of the native church, Latour recognizes that the natives have allowed their own superstitions to permeate their Catholic faith.” (Death Comes for the Archbishop by Willa Cather, About the Novel- A Brief Synopsis, para.5). And while going through many of the churches in the town he found that his arrival forced some of the corrupt priests to walk out from their position. On the other side, Vaillant begins hi
Despite the fact that in the present-day world, prisons have become for the most part the means of punishing people rather than promoting their redemption and the desire to rehabilitate, recent researches have attempted at defining the avenues to encourage the latter. However, because of a specific structure, social relationships and ideas that it is based on, prison seems to lack efficacy in the given task. Despite the social isolation and the lack of motivation enhanced by discouraging environment, a prisoner may possibly rehabilitate, despite the legitimacy of a succinct yet all-embracing “nothing works” principle explained by Cullen. Challenging Martinson’s “nothing works” view: evidence and meta-analysis Despite the doubtless coherency of the argument and reasonability of the claims, Martinson’s article (Martinson, 1974) has a number of problems, which brings the significance of the results a few notches down. It is not only the radical statement regarding complete inefficiency of any rehabilitative strategy whatsoever, but also the claim that rehabilitation is actually impossible that rubs the wrong way about his research. According to Martinson, these were not the methods that failed to help prisoners mend their ways, seeing how the claimed that the represented array of correctional treatments has no effects on rates of recidivism of those convicted whatsoever (Lipton, Martinson & Wilks, 1975). Instead, Martinson was obviously pointing at the fact that the existing rehabilitative models failed to produce the desired effect and change prisoners’ attitude towards the crimes that they had committed, or the punishment that they need to take in order to restore the society’s trust. More to the point, Martinson stressed that some of the rehabilitative models had failed in the realm of their own terms (Lipton, Martinson & Wilks, 1975). Moreover, in Martinson’s paper, the intransigence of the offender is explained not by the incorrigibility, but by the faults of the correction system adopted by the state law. Hence, it can be concluded that in some regard, Martinson does have a valid point. In many ways, Martinson’s argument can be related to the problem of whether legal punishment must be based on fear or redemption. Clearly supporting the latter option, Martinson does not take into account the fact that fear of punishment has been the guiding principle for legal system existence and, therefore, to break the “nothing works” tendency, it will be required to reinvent the entire justice system. Meta-analysis and recidivism Social factors and their effect on not only the shaping of a criminal, but also the ways
The Merriam Webster online dictionary 2008, defines Psychotherapy as the “treatment of mental or emotional disorder or of related bodily ills by psychological means”. The treatment requires the involvement of trained psychotherapists, a class of specialists whose exact definition is a matter of great debate. This essay aims at examining the need for psychotherapy as also the need for choosing the right psychotherapist. In the modern, fast paced world, the dictates of the job environment have had a concomitant effect on the human social structure. The traditional large joint families have given way to small nuclear families and single parent families. People are increasingly leading lonely lives with a result that mental illness or emotional disorders are now becoming common. Whyte states that “Mental health and emotional problems are common. It has been estimated that 10-30% of patients who consult GPs have mainly emotional problems.”(541). All normal people too face emotional stresses in day to day life. While in the olden days, the emotional counselors were the elders, parents or the family priest, now-a-days, greater fragmentation of family structures have led to a search for psychologists, psychiatrists and psychotherapists to fill in the void. Mental illnesses and emotional disorders are greatly ameliorated if tackled at an early stage. Therefore, consulting a psychotherapist in the initial stages, can in many cases help in arresting the further development of the affliction and in some cases lead to complete recovery. Thus consulting a psychotherapist is a necessity. Who is a psychotherapist? Alexander, defines a psychotherapist as “a physician who specializes in the treatment of disease by psychotherapy.” He also acknowledges that “In the large field of non-therapeutic efforts which contribute greatly to the advantageous use of psychotherapy, the social worker and psychologist may fulfill their legitimate and essential roles.”(308). It is important to choose the right kind of psychotherapist because the success of any psychotherapy treatment depends on three factors namely the patient’s personality and condition, the psychotherapist’s qualities of empathy and expertise and the type of treatment rendered. According to Vaknin, “the application of psychological theories (in the form of psychotherapy) is “tailored” and “customized” to the circumstances of each and every patient (client)”. Qualifications of a psychotherapist have been largely an unregulated area. Watkins, very succinctly states that “the
Introduction Although Iran’s nuclear program still remains one of the most vexing foreign policy challenges confronting the international community, scholars and political commentators still holds the opinion that this issue could fundamentally reshape the strategic landscape of the Middle East in general and Israel in particular (Grotto, 2009). In the meantime, this debate is increasingly typified both by mounting pessimism about whether the diplomatic efforts and economic sanctions spearheaded by Western countries can indeed prevent Iran from obtaining nuclear arsenal, and by fortified optimism that the ramifications of a nuclear-armed Iran are controllable (Edelman et al, 2011). As has been demonstrated in the article “Nuclear Iran, Anxious Israel”, the conflict exemplified by Iran’s nuclear ambitions is assuming new trajectories, but no viable solution to the impasse seems in sight (The Economist, 2011). It is the purpose of this paper to analyze the above named article with a view to present a well-argued and informative opinion on the Israel-Iran conflict and its implications for the Middle East. Summary of the Article The article, “Nuclear Iran, Anxious Israel”, demonstrates compelling evidence that Iran is still actively involved in developing nuclear weapons and this Islamic nation could indeed have at least one workable weapon within a year’s time from now if it opts out of the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT). As noted by intelligence sources, “…Iran has already begun moving part of its uranium-enrichment capacity to Fordow, a facility buried deep within a mountain in Qom” (The Economist, 2011, para. 2). The article is also clear that while Iran employs ambiguous tirades in its talk of nuclear weapons development, the top brass in Israel knows pretty well that the realization of a nuclear-armed Iran will never be in the best interests of Israel though opinion is still divided on whether and how to rope in Iran with the intention of stopping its nuclear ambitions. The article also brings into the picture the international community, particularly the United States, and attempts to describe how different scenarios may play out in the future should Iran go ahead to develop nuclear arsenal or in the eventuality that Israel launches preemptive strikes on Iran’s nuclear facilities in an attempt to discourage further nuclear development. Either way, the article is categorical that there is need to approach the Israel-Iran conflict soberly and exercise restraint if a viable solution to the conflict is to be found (The Economist, 2011). Analysis of the Main Points Perhaps one of the main points that come out clearly from the article is that politics, more than Iran’s technical and industrial capabilities, may determine whether the country and
Strategic management is a process that assesses the business areas that an organization operates. The process scrutinizes the organization’s competitors, both current and future, and comes up with its goals and objectives. Strategic management process has several components, including the vision, environmental scanning, strategy formulation, strategy implementation, and strategy evaluation (Moore, 2000). The vision formulation directs the company into its mission. A mission statement states how the management plans to offer products and services to its customers. Johnson and Whittington (2008) affirm that environmental scanning entails the process of analyzing the companies’ processes and coming up with detailed information about its strategic needs: It examines both the internal and external issues that control the organization. Environmental assessment is important because continuous evaluation of the organization’s environment helps the management to identify areas that require improvement. After analysis of the environment, strategy formulation is the next step, which involves making decisions on the best actions to take to achieve the organization’s goals and objectives while considering the political and society factors, opportunities and threats and the potential strengths and weaknesses. The company then formulates its business and corporate strategies (Moore, 2000). Strategy implementation is the next step, and it entails puttin
The article is about the annual Pro farmer Midwest crop tour. Marty Tegtmeier is a crop tour veteran, having done it for five years straight. He states that he learns something new every year. The crop tour stretches from Iowa to Sioux Falls every summer. The crop scouts meet in Columbus, Ohio, and receive training on sampling corn and soybean fields. The tour is by air with stops every fifteen to twenty miles. Tegtmeier confesses that he benefits more from face-to-face interactions with farmers because they get to brainstorm on ideas. They also rub shoulders with crop experts who are beneficial to them as farmers. The article then describes the conditions of this year’s tour being worse as compared to last year. The scouts discovered that delayed crops were not just a western Corn Belt problem. They encountered field after field of delayed corn. Chip Flory, a Pro Farmer editor, described how in 2012, the tour experienced mature corn compared to 2013. The article describes the events that take place during the Annual Pro farm crop tour. This is a new aspect of farming, involving fun and learning. The crop tour allows farmers to participate in learning a lot during their visits (Schafer). The editors of the article, however, failed to share what the farmers learned at the tour despite the delayed corn. They should have explained what they learned from the experts they met. Most farmers subscribe to these articles to get information on how to improve their practice. The article offers information the farmers already know. It would have been better if the editors tried to co
Introduction Discussion Several theories have been explained by philosophers in attempt to prove that God exists. However, it is important to defend faith by first beginning to understand the fact of the existence of the world as a way of proving existence of God. Such lines of arguments are referred to as “cosmological” arguments (Thompson 284). My objective in this paper is to state and explain St Aquinas’s five ways on proving the existence of God. Thomas Aquinas was a Christian theologian of the thirteenth century who applied Aristotle concepts to Christian theology. He endeavoured to devise a rational proof of existence of God by incorporating in part, upon conjectures of Aristotle that there must be a first cause (Owen 14). The first cause was the prime cause for creation. Initially, he devised five ways to prove existence of God; however, the first cause was termed by Thomas Aquinas as one which proceeds from the movement of sensible things. The argument St. Thomas gives from motion had long and varying history. In regard to that history, it would seem at initial glance to be anything but an easy and manifest prove that God exists as Thomas understood as a Christian. The paper begins by reviewing literature related to Thomas Aquinas and the Proof that God Exists by examining (Owen 16). A Review of Related Literature Cosmological Argument for God’s Existence Cosmological arguments are arguments presented to justify the existence of God. St Thomas Aquinas finds it useful to defend faith by presenting a way of proving that God’s existence emanates from the fact of existence of the world. The term cosmological refers to as ‘based on the fact of the cosmos’ (McKeon 14). The term has to do with cosmology a branch of metaphysics concerned with the universe as an orderly system. Obviously, the world exists and yet cannot explain its own existence. As such, something else must account for it. But, if we still don’t develop another unexplained existence of some kind, this “something else” must have within itself the cause of its own existence. Such example of an uncaused being is God (Thompson 284). This simple explanation provides the essence of cosmological argument; however it is enhanced and made logically defensive when stated more candidly. St Thomas Aquinas developed five ways of explaining the existence of God. The first three arguments are cosmological in nature (Wadia 54)). The First Argument from Change The first way of provin