ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Recent years, inventory starts to play a dominant role in supply chain management determining the main management strategies and techniques. Modem supply chain management is aimed to help organizations deliver services at the best possible and cost effective way. Customers and products are separated in time, space, and ownership. The conduct of human activities presupposes the availability of an appropriate assortment of goods and services. Channels of distribution bridge the separations and support our life style. In a broad sense, channels are composed of middlemen and facilitating agencies wholesalers, retailers, financial institutions, and transportation agencies. In inventory, a special attention should be given to process. Supply chain decision influence prices, middlemen activities, and margins. They strongly affect inventory situations and production fluctuations, as well as marketing policies in such areas as advertising, branding, product lines, personnel selling, and physical distribution. Yet channel selection often receives less attention than such areas as the allocation of advertising budgets or the motivating of salesmen. Although a continuing task, channel selection is often treated as a decision to be made once for a relatively long period of time. Whereas channel decisions usually involve long-run commitments, channel policy is not irrevocable. It must be reviewed and changed to improve efficiency. The wrong channel choice can severely handicap a program, especially for a new product, and yet switching channels is not likely to be a frequent occurrence because it is a disruptive and costly undertaking (Cohen and Roussel, 2004). These decisions govern and affect other aspects of the marketing mix, including physical distribution, personal selling, advertising, credit, sales promotion, and product service. Through time, changes in the channels of distribution are not readily made, though, in theory, managers should continuously evaluate pertinent factors and select and shift channels accordingly (Chase and Jacobs, 2003). Notwithstanding, supply chains are shaped by changing demand configurations and current business structures. The alternative policy is to join short time and long time product lines and propose them in one menu. It will help to meet the contract and deliver the heist possible quality of services. The concentration or diffusion of states and customer wants and needs affect menu selection. In most situations, however, the choice is neither direct nor simple. Workable rather than optimal choices must be made because of the lack of complete information. Since existing alternatives present limitations and the wisdom of decisions is determined by unpredictable future events and long-run commitments, management must deal with expectations. Nevertheless, the consideration of channel factors can make the decision a very logical one. Thu
Labor problems mind mapping Note: the basic factors of production in the Nike Corporation, are the employees, any decision that affects their wellbeing affects the general productivity of the firm. However, culture has been established to be one major determinant of the type of decisions people make, this mind map, therefore, seeks to find out how the diversity of cultures globally has led to the rise of labor problems within the Nike corporation. Introduction Nike Corporation is an American public company. It is a manufacturer of clothing, footwear, sportswear, and equipment among others. Its products are traded in major markets worldwide and it is reputed for the high quality of the products it manufactures. The firm is headquartered in Oregon, Washington County in the United States of America. The fact that is has international presence implies that it produces and sells its products in bulk and to achieve this, the firm has millions of employees both in the United States of America and in other countries within which it has branches. Just like any other firm with employees, Nike is, compelled to handle its employees as per the employee regulations policies in the countries within which it operates. Given differing demographic, social, political, and economic factors within these countries, the firm has had several labor problems with employees of the firm opting for industrial actions in some of the Asian countries within which the branches of the firm are situated. The discourse below analyzes some of the forces of the business environment that lead to the rise of such diverse labor problems. Cause of labor problems relationship   * Code of conduct: this is basically how employees are required to carry themselves out while at the workplace (Ollapally, A & Bhatnagar J, 2009). It becomes a source of conflict should employees feel oppressed by the very codes.   * Remuneration: Money is the biggest incentive and motivator to employees, underpaid employees are slow at work and are normally not very productive, this is brought about by lack of appreciation that they feel.   * Social security, an employer that secures the future of her employees
History Marriott International was established in 1927 by Willard Marriot and his bride, Alice. The two started by putting a beer stand in Washington D.C. The beer stand could only accommodate nine people at the start of its operations. It was named “Hot Shoppe” where they prepared hot food substances like tacos, tamales and chili. These food items were mainly served to clients during the period of winter months. In 1929, Marriott International was officially incorporated as Hot Shoppes, inc. It experienced fast growth. In 1953, the company was listed as a public company. It laid its competitive advantage in world markets on product diversification (Hoover 2002). The company opened Twin Bridges Marriott located in Arlington, Virginia; this was the first hotel opened by the company. With its fast growing pace, Twin Bridges Marriott went international in 1966; this happened after the company took over the running of an airline catering kitchen in Venezuela. It later changed name to Marriott Corporation in 1967. The company later engaged in series of takeovers which enabled it to grow into a billion dollar corporation. In the year 1998, Marriott International was listed in the stock market as an independent public company after which it started to focus its attention on business and leisure lodging. To ensure success in such a new venture, the company sold its superior living facilities in 2002. Marriott International continues to diversify its operations. Nonetheless, leadership of Marriott International started with the two founders, Marriot and Alice. Today, the company’s top management entails six executives operating at senior level; it has also thirty six corporate officers (Hoover 2002). Vision and Mission of Marriott International Company The vision of the Marriott International Company is to be the leader in the global lodging industry; it aspires to be the world leader in providing excellent services in the hospitality industry. In order to achieve this vision, the company strives to provide the best services in the world within the hotel and lodging industry. The mission statement of the company affirms that company’s commitment in being the best and provider of excellent lodging and food services. It achieves this by treating its workers in the best way ever so that they can offer extra-ordinary services to the company’s customers (Brotherton and Wood, 2008). Competition The hotel is exceedingly disjointed. The competition is mainly based on the quality of the available rooms, service provision among others. Other factors that determine competition level include the p
Introduction and language Learning overview A great deal of a child’s acquisition of linguistic structure occurs during the first five years of life. This is the period when he is most active in discerning a set of underlying organizational principles of language from the expression that surrounds him. It is amazing how at a very young age, he is capable of abstracting meaning from direct experience with other language users depending on his own context. Beaty (2009) explains that even at an infant stage, the baby’s early nonverbal communication helps in preparing her for the spoken and written language to follow and at 6 months, she has become a language specialist, based on the sounds she hears most frequently. At 20 months, she may possess a sizable vocabulary if she hears adults around her talk to one another and to her all the time. Of course, good hearing and sensitive listening are paramount to language development. Vygotsky (1962, as mentioned in Clay, 1998) emphasizes the value of children’s talk and their growing ability to articulate their understanding of their world orally and in writing. Taking part in negotiating meanings is part of the educational process, and Vygotsky believes that just being with others helps children learn. Benson McMullen (1998) agrees that children’s collaboration with their peers in problem-solving sessions encourages listening to each other’s ideas and in turn, express their own thoughts clearly. The varied ideas on dealing with problems evolve in group discussions making children understand that there may be more than one solution to a problem. It also prompts children to negotiate with others which solution to try. Adults play a huge role in the language development of children, as they need someone who uses simple language incorrect form and is flexible enough to adjust his language to suit the child’s (Clay, 1988). Lindfors (1987) notes that the child’s language environment includes a set of specific sentences, however, it is not this set of sentences that he acquires, but deduces from these an underlying set of organizational principles and sound-meaning relationships. Over time, his language system will be revised in many different situations, and his sentences will become more adult-like. For his own purpose, he builds his own rule-governed constructions as he has deduced from his environment. (Lindfors, 1987) Language learning experiences The state guidelines on the encouragement of language development of children indicate four areas namely:   * Provision of an environment supportive of communication and where language is richly used by both children and adults.   * Appropriate use of language and communication with children.   * Being responsive to children’s efforts to communicate both verbally and non-verbally and   * Active encouragement o
Nowadays, almost each sphere of life undergoes certain changes and improvements, which are not always properly understood by society, and the sphere of education is not an exception. In order to improve students’ perception of information, check their levels of knowledge, and choose the best educative programs, teachers try to present more and more strategies to explain the material, to check students, and to work on and improve students’ mistakes. Modern standardized tests, aimed at evaluating students’ level of knowledge and readiness to study new material, are considered to be one of the quickest ways to check how a student learns the material, what he/she knows, and how he/she is going to use this material in future. However, there are many disadvantages concerning these tests, which are not always mentioned from the very beginning. On my opinion, standardized tests like SAT, CAPT, MCAT, or CMT are full of disadvantages, which deprive students of the opportunity to achieve good results and demonstrate their abilities; the cons like inability to demonstrate students’ creative thinking, necessity to use certain facts and give the answers within a certain period of time, and indifference to such factors like gender, cultural and social variety, and language barriers make be doubt about these tests’ effectiveness and the ability to evaluate students’ knowledge. On the one hand, the idea to use standardized tests like SAT, CAPT, or MCAT is really brilliant: students have several options to choose from in order to give answers, they do not have to spend much time on writing, and teachers can easily check students’ works by comparing these papers with another paper, where already correct answers are marked. What can be better? People improve educational process and make it simple and quick. On the other hand, I cannot agree that all these standardized tests are so helpful and fair to each student. Nowadays, many students come from different countries in order to improve their English or other foreign language, study the material on higher level, and get an opportunity to find good job. Standardized tests may check the level of these students from one perspective without paying certain attention to students’ background knowledge, language barriers, which may exist, and differences between students’ statuses (Topper 2001). I think that it is not correct to evaluate students’ abilities by means of standardized tests only, because these tests cannot say much about person’s desire to study, his/her attempts to learn the material, challenges, and other problems. Of course, it is necessary to create one system that will be able to define who
China is one of the few countries in the world with excess skilled labor force and this has made many Chinese workers immigrate to other countries to look for employment opportunities. The Canadian Press (par. 5) notes that the number of Chinese immigrant workers has been on a steady increase in many parts of the world. Many developed and developing countries are open to the idea of allowing Chinese workers to help in the implementation of various development initiatives that they wish to undertake. Canada is one of those countries where the number of Chinese immigrant workers is rising steadily. The favorable immigration policies in Canada imply that Canada is indeed one of the most convenient places for immigrant workers (CBC News par. 4). The Canadian Press (par. 6) points out that both the historical and current importance of the Chinese people, as far as the development of the country is concerned and it cannot be understated. Over the years, the Chinese have been instrumental in developing some of the country’s core infrastructural facilities. These include the main railroad that is still in use. The Canadian Press (par. 2) asserts that more than 17000 Chinese workers were involved in the construction of the railroad between 1881 and 1884. Currently, many Chinese workers still go to Canada every year in pursuit of “greener pastures”. Most of the immigrant workers who find their way into the country in search for employment opportunities end up in being employed in some of the country’s core industries such as the mining industry. However, as much as the high immigration rate presents itself as an opportunity as far as the advancement of the country’s economy is concerned, there are various challenges that the country has faced as a result of the high number of Chinese immigrants (The Canadian Press par. 5). The main among these challenges is the perception that the immigrant workers are being employed in sectors where the Canadians would have been employed. The case of HD Mining Company is a perfect example of a Canadian company that faced various challenges associated with hiring Chinese workers instead of Canadians. According to The Canadian Press (par. 1), sixteen Chinese-based workers working for a Canadian-based mining company had to return to China as a result of concerns raised by the organization they are working for regarding the impact of keeping them on the payroll. HD Mining, a Canadian-based Mining company, had to lay off some of its Chinese workers after a series of legal battles with a local union that sought to challenge a decision by the country’s federal government to allow the organization to hire more than 200 Chinese people to work in the mines instead of hiring Canadian workers. This situation made the company not to hire any more Chinese workers until the time when the conditions would allow. Mine’s temporary foreign workers case dismissed (CBC News par. 5) points out that HD management has specifically singled out the high liti
Theory The theory of human development views this aspect of social science from the perspectives of Id, Ego, and Superego. From the Id point of view, these theoretical bases and ethical considerations are created for the benefit of the clients of the social worker. At the same time, Ego views it as a matter of consideration for the social worker only as of the one who is interested in the efficiency of his work and fulfills all the ethical and communicational norms, while Superego considers the overall benefit of the above-mentioned considerations for the society as a whole. From the point of view of the strengths theory, such ethical and communicational principles of the clinical practices and social work with the patients with MICA substances abuses is considered to be strong as these rules for social workers regulate all the spheres of their activities in respect of communication with clients, taking measures if their clients’ health is in danger, etc. ( Key Issues in Clinical Practice, 15 – 16 ). Application The theoretical basis of every science is a rather important aspect. It allows the scholars to have a distinct and clear program of goals and achievements that direct the development of the science for a certain period of time. Social work is not an exception to the rule, and its theoretical basis is also clear and distinct. There are various guidelines that direct the work of the social workers, ethics they have to be led by, principles of communication with the different groups of patients, including those who demand instant help and those under the threat of suicide, and many other principles. Thus, the application of the guidelines for social workers presented, for example, in Chapter 2 (2008), is obvious, and its practicality can not be doubted. Ethics of communication with patients, privacy policy, and other aspects are widely applicable. Confidentiality and privacy policy services for the purposes of effective and fats treatment, which is the aim of every social worker. Thus, a person dealing with some secrets and personal data about one of their patients is not allowed to reveal this information. Another application of these guidelines is the prevention of possible suicide among clients with MICA substances abuse or other mental illnesses. Social workers who are well aware of such possibilities and of the measures necessary to prevent them are more successful than others ( Key Issues in Clinical Practice, 16 – 17.) Practice Having learned all the above-considered rules and guidelines for social workers, I had faced several cases when I had to implement my knowledge and skills. The brightest example of a situation of this kind was the case of a woman who displayed symptoms of MICA substances abuse and was assigned for care to me. This woman was in deep depression and displayed such signs of a possible suicide attempt as being permanently upset, talking about the uselessness of life, and looking for ways to finish it. As a s
The Trans Atlantic slave trade linked Africa to the larger Atlantic world during the early modern times. Africa was seen as a source of labor for the continuously changing world in Europe and its surroundings. Slaves from Africa were exchanged for manufactured European products mainly firearms. It was not until the nineteenth century that slavery came to an end hence the Trans Atlantic slave trade as well. Once a slave, an individual was deprived of his/her personal or civil rights hence they were readily sold as goods and could be easily punished. The African slaves worked in various sectors outside their homes like in plantations, as administrators, advisors, or soldiers. Slaves were used as a means of assessing one’s wealth. However, the end of this slave trade was a relief especially for the Africans, who were deprived of their rights to enjoy a life free from oppression and cruelty.
The world of communication is full of different ways and mechanisms of various expressions of mood people want to describe. So according to Jamie Whyte’s words with bizarre colouring in speech can be jargon, hooray and boo words, terminology ambiguity. Jargon is a verbal substitution of literary used phrases or words which were transformed with other graphical representations in more formal or colloquial forms. For example, speaking once about Spanish guitars then that speaker can say “Do not turn me to Spain!” meaning “There is no need to talk about guitars.” As for hooray and boo words, the thing is that the first ones outline a positive coloring of expressions used in speech, the second ones vice versa show a negative meaning of words in speech. For example, such words as goodness, justice, love, devotion are hooray words. Murder, cruelty, betrayal, lies are surely boo words. Terminology is a word with a narrow and specific meaning which can be outlined in a concept for this or that sphere of activities. Jamie Whytes gives such examples of terminology as net present value, supply, and demand, etc (Whytes, 65). Ambiguity is the emergence of two or more meanings related to one word. For example, the ambiguity is present in one play by Oscar Wild “The Importance of Being Earnest” where “Earnest” is the name of the main character and a characteristic feature of a man. The first statement of the Australian Prime Minister Kevin Rudd is intensified with a play of words which urge to make a paradox while pointing out that what is assessed by the Government should go through the procedure of taxation. In this prospect, the speaker encourages to “put out” peoples’ personal approach to tax. Here is a case of the