ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Synopsis of the Case Oliver’s Diner is a restaurant in Grand Bend, Ontario. Currently, the Oliver’s Diner is staffed with ten people, with the owner actively helping kitchen staff and front-of-restaurant coordination. Upon opening, it was successful in securing a steady customer flow and quickly became popular. However, it soon became apparent that the establishment does not have enough capacity to serve all of the customers without delay. On particular hours, especially on weekends, a queue of up to twenty people formed outside the diner. According to the owner’s expectations, the estimated time of serving one customer was 60 minutes or less. In reality, serving took at least 75 minutes on the average, largely because of the buildup of orders in the kitchen. Analysis Inventory in the System The main inventory in this system is the order filed by the customers, although along the supply chain it takes several forms. At the reception, the inventory is in the form of customers who are escorted to their table by the host (satisfying their first need). Here the inventory is created because the subsequent stations (restaurant space and the rate of meal preparation by the kitchen staff) can not accept customers at their arrival rate, creating shortages of tables (Vrat, 2014). After this, the servers take orders for meals and beverages from the customers, at which point the inventory (in the form of meal descriptions) piles up in the kitchen. At this point, the inventory is present in the system because the kitchen is not productive enough to process orders at the rate of their arrival (Jerden, 2015). Variability in the System Variability in the system can be categorized into predictable and unpred
Abstract Price mechanism is used to allocate scarce resources in a free market economy. The decisions made consumers and suppliers determine the equilibrium price in the market. This is done through price signals whereby when demand is high, prices are raised by suppliers so as to increase their potential profit leading to an increase in the quantity supplied. On a daily basis, the price mechanism is an extremely influential mechanism for determining how scarce resources are distributed amongst competing ends. the main reason why the government chooses to intervene in the market is to ensure that scarce resources are distributed optimally among all the parties and to improve the social and economic status. All governments of all political affiliation get involved in the economy to manipulate the allocation of limited resources among all the users. The main reasons for policy interventions are: to correct market failures, to achieve a more equitable distribution of income and wealth, and to improve the performance of the macro-economy domestically and internationally. The government can intervene in the market through many ways, for instance, it can impose a competition policy, employment laws, price controls, indirect taxes, subsidies, and tax relief. Most of the commonly used technique is indirect taxes and subsidies. An indirect tax increases the price of a commodity and reduces the quantity consumed whereas a subsidy reduces the price and increases the quantity consumed. However, both methods are influenced by the price elasticity of the demand curve. The purpose of this paper is to discuss the role of price mechanism in allocation of scarce resource in a free market economy and in a mixed economy where the government takes control. It gives the role and importance of government intervention in the allocation of scarce resources through the use of indirect taxes and subsidies. Price mechanism is an imperative phrase used in economics to depict how decisions from customers and business interrelate in the distribution of resources which are limited. Price mechanism plays three crucial roles in the market; signaling, transmission of preference, and rationing function. Through the signaling function, prices adjust in determining where scarce resources should be allocated. For instance, when the price of a product falls, the demand of the substitute product is affected and the government has to come in to adjust the allocation of resources so some people do not suffer at the expense of others. A price decrease or an increase is a signal that there are shortages or excesses in production. An increase in market prices as a consequence of improved demand is an indication to producers or suppliers to enlarge their production so as to satisfy the increased demand (Mankiw, 2009). On the other hand, a fal
Introduction The Commonwealth Bank of Australia is one of the most widely known financial intermediaries in the country. However, the situation with clients’ trust in CBA and other organizations in Australia has worsened after a series of scandals (Australian Prudential Regulation Authority 3). The Australian Prudential Regulation Authority wanted to help CBA analyze its current position and identify the most important opportunities to improve the level of trust and prevent client attrition. Types of Problems Identified and Their Impact Specialists from APRA conducted research and prepared a report focusing on existing problems and potential solutions. Presented in April 2018, the final report discusses a range of findings in a detailed way and is divided into chapters that characterize all types of problems (Australian Prudential Regulation Authority 8). The first type of internal issue includes problems related to governance. They include a lack of effective risk oversight practices for non-financial risks, the Board members’ “overconfidence” in decision-making, and inadequate use of benchmarking techniques (Australian Prudential Regulation Authority 96). In the case of CBA, APRA shows that such problems arise due to managers’ low “capacity to self-reflect” and learn from the outcomes of their decisions (Australian Prudential Regulation Authority 87). With this in mind, significant work is required to make the Board use self-criticism as a driver for success. The next set of problems is related to the distribution of responsibilities and accountability at CBA. As identified in the report, these problems include the lack of a clear risk ownership framework at the senior level. Due to this, there are issues with reporting incident
“The Grand Inquisitor” is a part of Dostoyevsky’s novel “The Brothers Karamazov” which is one of the major and important pieces of literature written by this author. In this excerpt, Dostoyevsky describes a conversation between two brothers. Alyosha is very religious and wants to become a monk while Ivan is a self-proclaimed atheist who doubts the power of God. The contradiction between the standpoints of two brothers is emphasized by Ivan’s narrative of his work, which is based on the fantastic idea of Christ returning to Earth during the medieval Inquisition in Spain. The philosophical concepts of the nature of man presented by the author as a part of this narrative reflect the atheistic ideas of the major political movements that were popular at that time in Russia. The author utilizes a biblical parable as a method to illustrate certain philosophical assumptions. Therefore, the narrative can be interpreted in various ways depending on the competence of the reader. The ideas supported by Ivan are emphasized by the parallel between biblical temptations of Christ by the devil and the so-called temptations used by the old inquisitor in his speech to the Christ. Remarkably, Christ is forbidden to speak in the narrative, which might be a consequence of the atheistic denial of God’s existence based on the statements that God is silent. Moreover, the great inquisitor notes that “I know not who Thou art and care not to know whether it is Thou or only a semblance of Him, but to-morrow I shall condemn Thee and burn Thee at the stake as the worst of heretics” (Dostoyevsky 24). This statement is utilized for further denial of God’s existence. It also leads to the suggestion that even if Christ appeared before the public, he would be denied and condemned once more, which also illustrates human nature. The great inquisitor states that the questions asked by the devil on the day where three temptations of Christ took place were the wise ones and reflected the nature of man. The fact that an inquisitor regards these questions as wise might be interpreted as the suggestion that the Church is separated from anything spiritual and pursues such material values as power and wealth. Indeed, material proofs of God’s existence such as miracles or wealth and power given from above were always very significant to people. Therefore, human nature is shown as weak and unworthy. Most people cannot understand the notion of freedom that comes as a result of unifying with God and denying anything material in favor of spiritual. Misinterpreting of biblical values used in the narrative makes it possible to claim that people do not want any freedom at all. Thus, it is stated that the Church replaces freedom with security to make people happy. It is noted that “this craving for community of worship is the chief misery of every man individually and all humanity from the beginning of time” (Dostoyevsky 31). This standpoint was widely used by atheists to uncrown the Church and underestimate its functions in supporting religious beliefs
Introduction Ira Hayes was one of America’s Marine Corps who took part in the Second World War. He was born in Arizona. Ira’s parents practised farming. He was confined to the Reservation, before he was enlisted for the Marine Corps. In the three Pacific battles Ira fought, he displayed a steady character that was a source of admiration to his friends. He fought to take honour to his family since his chief had insisted that he should become an honourable warrior. It was with full dedication that Ira fought to give meaning to the chief’s words. His childhood at the reservation was normal before the Second World War broke out. His life changed swiftly after this. He was assigned to parachute battalion after completing a course under the United States Marine Corps Parachutists School. His active participation in Second World War made him part of the American force by 1945. He was fighting the Japanese at the stronghold of Iwo Jima. The US raised America’s flag in 1945 after conquering Iwo Jima that was under Japanese rule. The flag was hoisted at Mount Suribuchi. Ira was one of the six men who participated in raising the flag. The historical moment was captured by a camera and Ira’s life was transformed. The moment was highly celebrated with a postage stamp and a bronze statue to commemorate the moment. President Roosevelt called the brave warriors who had survived back to United States where Ira was named a hero. However, Ira felt different about the publicity and him being declared a hero. He did not take pride in the commemoration since a substantial number of his colleagues had died in the war (Melton and Dean 56). This essay will show how Ira participated in the raising of American flag in Iwo Jima Mountain. The impacts of such acts in the history of the Second World War and Japanese control of the Island will be considered. The historical marking of the event after Ira’s flag rising moment through monuments, writings and film creation and their impact will also be discussed. Ira could not understand why he had to be named a hero, yet his colleagues had died in the War. He felt they did not deserve any form of commemoration. He observed that they did not deserve any adulation since what they had done was not much compared to those who lost their lives. Ira returned to the reservation after the World War II. His aim was to lead a normal life. His life had dr
Introduction A business is an activity of engaging in trade for the purpose of making profits. The profits are to be realized through the sale of goods and services to customers. A business can also be defined as an enterprise that is involved in selling goods and services at a price with the core purpose of satisfying their customers, earn profits, and increase wealth for the owners. There are different categories of businesses. These include the sole proprietor, which is owned and managed by a single individual. In addition, there is the partnership business, which is an association of two or more people who come up to start a business together. In partnership, the partners raise capital and run the business together with the sole purpose of making profits. Finally, there is the company or corporation where more than ten people may wish to start a business and register the business to make profits. There is no maximum number of stakeholders in a company, and the company acts under the legal guidance with the constitution of the country where it is registered (Poza, 56). Family business A family business is a business enterprise that is owned and managed by at least two members of the same family. In family business, the entrepreneurs are usually related by blood or marriage. The interest of the business is to make profits (Halkias, 12). The business is run and controlled by the whole family, but may also be run by the person with the largest share holding in the enterprise. The profits for the business are usually shared according to the number of shares each controlling interest or person has in the company (Shams and Lane, 256). It can be noted that some of the most successful enterprises are family owned and controlled. For examp
The modern world is very different from that which was about one hundred years ago. The attitude has changed to a lot of notions. Today women are not housewives as they were before: they usually work and build their careers. Every woman wants to be a mother, so when the question appears whether to choose a career or family, they usually do not hesitate: they choose both. How can they do so? They hire nurses for their babies and continue their careers. The nurses are faced with lots of problems. They often have to solve problems with nervous relatives who do not want to understand that there are some rules which should be followed without any exceptions. Let us imagine the following situation: I am acting as a charge nurse for the evening shift, when, at 8:30 p.m., an angry family member insists on talking to me. While the family member has a barrage of issues, he hinges on the fact that the staff nurse told the two visiting family members that visiting hours were over and that they have to leave. When they resisted, the nurse threatened to call security to enforce the rules. My task is to handle this conflict. So, what shall I do? First of all, I will take the visitors to a suitable place for a talk, offer them to have a seat, and only then will start the conversation. I will ask them to calm down and will give a promise that we are going to solve the problem as conveniently for them as we can. There is no need to talk with nervous people as it would be impossible to receive any reasonable understanding from them. Then I will tell them that the staff nurse was right that did not allow them to enter as she must follow the instructions she was convinced to – it is her professional obligation. My task will be to tell them about rules which everybody should follow and the staff nurse could not do any exceptions. My next step is going to be the conviction that the visitors should better leave and come the next day. The arguments can be the following, the baby is already sleeping or is going to sleep, and the appearance of anybody may bother him/her. The baby may distract its attention, begin to smile, even may become more active what could harm the baby’s good sleep. I will tell the visitors that it is very important not to excite the baby before sleep for his/her own sake, as the exited baby may have some problems with sleep. If after my arguments the visitors still continue to insist on seeing the baby, I will agree, but underline that I do it as an exception and will never do it again. I will tell them that they can see the baby with one condition: the baby should not see them! They will be allowed to see the baby for several seconds and after that, they will have to leave. All the conversation should be conducted with the calm intonation
The history of the United States of America since 1981 has been greatly affected by oil resources. As a matter of fact, oil has largely shaped the socio-economic and political history of the U.S since the 1980s. In addition, it is worth noting that oil has been the center of focus bearing in mind that it is the major source of energy that the country relies on. In addition, the United States of America has been a dependant importer of oil throughout her economic history (Baker 12). It is against this backdrop that the United States often undergoes tense economic and political moments when the oil prices fluctuate in the world market. For instance, consumers always feel the burden of high oil prices both economically and socially since they have to shoulder the extra burden of increased taxation. On the same note, the political arena was also affected as a result of high prices in oil products. The nation relied heavily on building political leadership so that it could be in a vantage position to control oil resources. It is against this background that this paper discusses how oil played a role in shaping the American history in three main areas of life namely politically, socially and economically. To begin with, it is important to explore the economic impact of oil in the history of United States of America. Monetary spending on importation of oil has indeed acted against the United States economy since there is a lot is spent on the importation of crude oil compared to the value received on exports although the latter is still impressively high. The U.S. financial system has become significantly reliant on foreign oil. It is interesting to note that most of the oil resources used in the country is imported (Baker 42). In addition, transport department had used a great percentage of oil than any other department. Transport has consumed more because many of the citizens have vehicles that guzzle a lot of fuel. The nation has spent most of its finances on importing oil and this has affected the cost of life for the American public. Since 1981, the U.S history has experienced lasting price deflation through high oil price. High oil price has worked against economic development of United States. This phenomenon has also affected the price of basic commodities in the market and consequently hindered economic expansion. From the same period of time, price instability has of basic consumer goods has more than doubled bearing in mind that any slight change in the price of oil has a direct effect on the production of other goods and services. Price shocks slow down the rate of development and decreases the level of productivity. Low rate of growth coupled with weak level of production have been on the forefront towards aggravating recession. Consequently, this has led to the rise in price level of consumer goods and other important services offered by the government. The Iranian revolt in 1979 was behind this worldwide recession. Later, Iraqi invaded Kuwait in 1990
Introduction The destiny of this or that country depends on the people who are involved in the political processes, which occur in the society. People usually favor this or that politician or leader according to his/her personal qualities and the ideas and thoughts which people provide in the society. Rome is the country of public speakers and most of the modern thoughts and ideas are taken from that epoch. Different speakers and philosophers had their ideas, which differed in this or that way. Cato and Marius are ancient politicians who all their life referred to the country they lived in. Their thoughts were different in some way and these differences we are going to discuss in this work. Main Body To be able to compare the ideology of these politicians, their primary ideas should be discussed and evaluated. Cato was a statesman in the Roman Republic and his influence on the political life of the Rome was significant. Paying attention to the Roman education, Cato was sure that education must be valuable in the military service, that it should prepare good “leaders in political and military affairs” 1 . Cato was frustrated when non-Romans tried to interfere the state affairs of the Rome and tried to apply their own ideas, which contradict the Roman virtues which were constructed for many years 2 . Cato all his life followed the principles of Stoicism. The main doctrine, which was followed by Cato, was that the wise man is unmoved by others; that only the fool shows pity; that only the wise man is a king; that the wise man never changes his considered opinion; that all moral delicts are equal, so that he who wrings a chicken’s neck…is equal to the man who strangles his father 3 . Cato was a very honest person. He had never taken bribes and hated those who provided corruption in the society. According to his moral qualities and features of character, Cato was straightforward, stubborn and tenacious, and these qualities helped him to earn his reputation in the Roman society as powerful and fair leader. Cato was an “idealist and courageous patriot” 4 who tried to provide the affairs in the political world which could be regarded as serving to the country. Considering his life and ideology, it is not difficult to understand that he wanted either everything or nothing. He was a wise politician and cared about welfare of simple people. He said that the republic may finish its existence if it appears that the price of “delicacies and g
One of the most informative approaches in the study of physiological functions is pharmacological analysis. Evaluating changes in physiological parameters under conditions of targeted action of pharmacological agents on various molecular structures of cells, the researcher can trace the subcellular mechanisms of physiological processes (Pei et al., 2019). The method is based on the use of polar ligands of postsynaptic receptors to various mediators and other pharmacological agents. Agonists activate receptors to produce the desired pharmacological effect; they increase the proportion of activated receptors (Berg & Clarke, 2018). Antagonists enhance cellular function when they block the action of a substance that would normally inhibit this function. Ionic channels provide the selective movement of specific ions across the plasma membrane in cells. In particular, in nerve cells, along with ion carriers, they are responsible for maintaining the electrochemical gradient in the cell. G-proteins are a family of intracellular proteins capable of mediating signal transduction pathways (Senese et al., 2018). Each of them is a heterotrimer of three subunits: α-, β- and γ-subunits. Mutations in G proteins have been shown to cause diseases such as epilepsy, muscle disease, neurological disease, and chronic pain. Epigenetics is a promising direction in modern science, which, probably in the near future, may allow controlling at least part of genes. Now, this growing area is helping clinicians recognize how changes relate to disease. The biomarkers used in this science make it possible to improve the efficiency of drug development since preclinical and clinical trials get more efficient, take less time and become safer. Due to the development of neuroscience, people can now experiment with finding ways to stimulate the brain, improve memory, increase attention and mathematical abilities. In addition, ready-made sets of drugs have already appeared on sale. However, issues related to drugs prescription require special regulation, as the release of such medications itself needs control (Volkow & Boyle, 2018). Scientists are faced with a significant and responsible task – to carry out the neurobiological revolution honestly and safely.