ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction and background information New Balance is a footwear manufacturing company located in Boston. The company was founded in 1906, and since that time it has expanded its market activities in the UK and European countries. The company was founded by William J. Riley, an English immigrant. The first products of NewBalance were arch supports and other accessories. In 1934, Arthur Hall joined the company and sold it to his children. In 1961, the first Trackster,” was sold. Since that time, the main product line of the company has been shoes. In contrast to many other companies, New Balance offers a wide product range including B or D to 4E and 6E width. New balance follows a unique philosophy based on customers’ expectations and unique perception of shows. New Balance relies on innovative technologies and solutions which help the company to improve its product range and deliver the best quality to diverse customers. Since market environments specify the conditions that internal and external organi
Introduction Big companies offer an added advantage to the government in terms of providing various contractual agreements due to their financial resources, expertise, and reduced risks. Further, such firms are in a better position to engage in further cooperation and investments as compared to other firms that have less developmental, financial, and expertise experience. In this case, small businesses are often at a disadvantage when competing with big companies for government contracts. Hence, only affirmative action and policies can allow small businesses to have a fair share of government contracts. The Small Business Association (SBA) is an organization, which draws membership from small businesses in the United States. It proposes different approaches through which undersized businesses can access projects towards their development (Levenson, 2014). One of the primary achievements of the SBA is its Historically Underutilized Business Zone (HUBZone) Program, which was turned into a policy by the government. The primary aim of the program is to help small businesses, both in the urban and rural setting, to have a fair consideration in government tenders. Further, the key aim of the HUBZone is to increase employment opportunities, economic development, and investments in areas that are categorized under the HUBZone (Kahler, 2013). Under this program, various factors are taken into account for a commercial activity to be classified as a small business (Levenson, 2014). Firstly, such a business should have ownership of a minimum of 51% for US Citizens, an Agricultural Cooperative, a Community Development Corporation, or an Indian tribe. Secondly, it must be a small business as categorized under the SBA. Further, it must be located within a traditionally underutilized commercial sector. Lastly, 35% of the workforce of the firm must reside in the HUBZone (Cullen, 2012). Under the government budgeting system, all government agencies and programs are required to have ‘small business set-asides’, which refer to the process of setting aside certain acquisitions, which are exclusively meant for small businesses (Abegg, 2013). In other words, the program of small business set-asides allows miniature businesses to get a chance to work with the government as a way of giving them access to business opportunities that would have otherwise gone to bigger organizations (Maser & Thompson, 2013). For instance in the Department of Navy, when considering a small business that focuses on ceramic tiles and marble floors, the section is obliged to ensure that all the fi
Academic Writing Studying at colleges and other educational establishments students are to follow the particular rules for writing. These rules are usually comprised of the notion of academic writing. Academic writing is characterized by the usage of formal English, absence of abbreviations, and personal direction. While academic writing students are to avoid excuses, be objective and precise, and address the reader. Considering the difference between personal and academic writing, it becomes obvious that academic writing is logical and lacks emotional expression. The discussion is reasoned, and the data is supported, with the evidence considered incredible sources. Students are to provide only objective information while academic writing and avoid subjective considerations (Academic Writing). There are two main types of academic writing, descriptive and argumentative. The main features of descriptive academic writing are as follows. Having chosen this type of writing students are to describe the events or objects, their features, and their functions. Descriptive writing is used when people are to summarize some ideas in the articles. Argumentative writing is considered to be more complicated as students are to sound analytical. They should provide a clear line of reasoning supported by reliable information. When writing argumentative essays, student
Introduction Dissociative identity disorder is characterized by a series of personality behavior spectrums that affect individual’s perceptions and ability to recall personal information. The patients tend to suffer mental problems in the long run or experience conflicting reasoning in their daily activities. Studies in the early 1970’s viewed the disorder as a multiple personality disorder where individuals develop different identities, consciously or unconsciously. From the psychological perspective, the disorder occurs due to long term effects of stress and traumatic experiences at early stages of development that distract individual’s normal perception of phenomena (Coon & Mitterer, 2010). Understanding individual’s environment while growing up, the association of the disorder with reality and exploring its symptoms helps with the evaluation of the condition. To be able to properly diagnose and analyze the disorder the specialists need to collect a lot of data about the case they are working with. This complex and flexible disorder is hard to evaluate and treat, this is why the contemporary specialists rely on multiple approaches towards the evaluation of the development, symptoms and prevention strategies in the patients with dissociative identity disorder. Main Body Clinically, the majority of dissociative disorders revolve around “out of body experiences” whereby complaints of trances; time
For centuries, the USA has been regarded as a cosmopolitan country, which unites the representatives of various races, beliefs, and gender identities. Historians claim that this state was predetermined to become a nation synonymous with equality (Takaki). However, it is hard to imagine that it has not always been a worldwide center of diversity. The US has come a long way to overcome social stigma towards minorities. Japanese Americans’ path to acceptance is one of the most vivid examples of human struggle in order to win respect. While nowadays, people who come from Asian countries are treated with respect in American society, their ancestors suffered a lot to assimilate to an entirely different culture gaining the same rights as native citizens. Since the beginning of the era of mass manufacturing, the USA became the embodiment of progress and innovation. People from all over the world were coming there to seek the fulfillment of their potential. The residents of Asian countries immigrated to the United States because they needed workplaces and believed that they would finally achieve a sense of freedom in the center of democracy. However, all their illusions dissipated over the horizon once they realized that Asian immigrants would never be equaled to the native country residents. The working conditions, along with the employers’ treatment and salaries, were horrendous. According to Takaki, Japanese Americans were not even allowed to bring their families while moving to the USA. After World War II, the situation changed drastically simply because American governmental bodies had to show a tolerant attitude towards all nations and minorities in the context of the Nazi’s policy. However, the events that took place during the war had a disastrous effect on Japanese Americans and their attitude towards the minorities in the state in general. In 1942, the US government issued an executive order due to which the representatives of various diaspora, including Japanese Americans, were to be incarcerated in the concentration camps ( Something Strong Within ). These actions took place because the ruling branch of the country believed Japanese immigrants to be potentially dangerous for its safety. The previous events were not spoken of for almost half a century. It was only in 2001, when various terrorist attacks took away thousands of lives when the truth came out on the surface. Feeling extremely vulnerable, country leaders started a policy of mass deportation of Muslim and Arabic cultures’ representatives. Such a racist decision appeared to have a striking similarity with the events connected with
Introduction Chicken production in industrialized countries has undergone huge changes in the course of the last century. In the past, chickens were fed on farm diets and kept to produce eggs and meat. This has changed with the establishment of specialized industrial production systems that are characterized by factory farms. Nierenberg and Garces (2005, p.11) define industrial farming as “a system of raising animals, using intensive ‘production line’ methods that maximize the amount of meat produced, while minimizing costs”. Chicken factory farms have thrived significantly in the past 2 decades and they supply the largest share of chicken meat demands in the country. This paper will set out to offer a detailed description of the process of raising factory farm chickens. The paper will focus on the environmental conditions that chickens thrive under as well as their food. Growth and Development of the Broiler The lives of the chickens that are raised in the factory farm begin at the hatching machines. Here, thousands of fertilized eggs are placed into incubators which play the role of brooding hens. In the incubator, the temperature and humidify levels are carefully controlled and monitored so as to ensure successful hatching (MacDonald, 2008). In 21 days, the breeding cycle is complete and the chicks are hatched successfully. When the chicks are hatched, they are delivered to the broiler shed where they will be raised for meat. In order to increase their chances of success, it is necessary to transport the chicks to the farm quickly and begin feeding them in the proper environment. Before being transported to the farm factory, the young chicks which will become broilers are administered with vaccinations to help them overcome diseases that are common to chickens. Monitoring the climate conditions is of most importance for chicks since they lack the ability to regulate their body temperature for a period of up to two weeks. Preheating the house is therefore crucial for the survival of the chicks. The air temperature should be 86F while the litter temperature should be 82⁰-86⁰F (Aviagen, 2009). The relative humidity (RH) of the houses should be relatively high when the chicks arrive from the hatchery. This is because RH at the hatchery is high at the end of the incubation process (approximately 80%) and if the chicks are taken to a house with low RH, they may suffer from shock and will be predisposed to respiratory problems. The ideal RH for the first few days should therefore be 60-70%. The chicks which are kept as broilers are specially selected fro their high growth rates and low feed to gain ration. Broilers are raised to 35-42 days of age by which time they have acquired a weight of 1.5kg. The Aviagen (2009) stresses that it is important for chicks to be able to feed and drink freely upon their arrival to the house. The water should have low mineral content while the food should ideally be in the form of pellets. Pellets are preferred to mash feed since they encourage food int
The major challenges Microsoft encountered in developing MS Office Office 4.0 The development plan appeared simple, but there were several challenges. Major challenges were associated with delays, for instance, Word 6.0 was shipped six months late while Excel 5.0 was shipped three months late. Office 4.0 was launched with old versions of Excel and PowerPoint. The customer expressed dissatisfaction with the released product. Further, Office 4.2 was buggy and unstable. Overall, Office 4.0 did not meet its set targets. Office 95 The product had a relatively shorter period for development to meet the new 32-bit architecture requirements and ensure compatibility with Intel’s latest microprocessor. Office 97 There was tension between the OPU and the application teams because they could not share codes willingly or optimally. Different elements of Office seemed to have diverse visions without relation to each other. The code was given low priority in the integration unit. Office 2000 Microsoft had learned from previous mistakes and decided to integrate different units. Thus, there were few notable challenges from management, development, and test. The product development process was extensive with wide consultation, but it shipped eight months late. It was difficult to produce a single stable product because of bugs. The major strategies Microsoft introduced in addressing the challenges for the products Office 4.0 The product failed to achieve its set targets and Microsoft embarked on the release of updates or maintenance versions to address the challenges (third one – Office 4.2c was successful). Office 95 To meet the deadline, Microsoft focused on redesigning the product to perform well with the new version of Windows with Intel’s latest microprocessor. Office 97 The teams shared codes unwillingly. Microsoft conducted a post-release analysis to improve its future processes. Office 2000 The teams were integrated, there were inputs from industry professionals and wide consultations were conducted on market issues, organizational factors, and setting a clear vision and designing the process were all considered. The pros and cons of checking codes with the main server every day in the development of Office 2000 Pros Checking codes allowed developers to receive feedback on product features. Moreover, they provided rules for developers on what they could handle without code base checking-in. Cons Feedback from the release team took nearly five days, leading to delays and tracing of problems because of the dynamics of software development. Nearly 400 people had to use a single checking-in site. Checking-in codes strategy was an effective strategy. Although the process was associated with delays, it allowed developers to identify bugs and improve upon them. This strategy contributed to the success of the Office 2000. The most powerful role at the Microsoft Office 2000 project Developers The developers had less power relative to testers. They wrote codes and passed to testers for extensive, complex verification procedures. Testers This group performed complex analyses on codes from developers. Testers’ roles gave them more power th
Ellner’s positive Chávez Wins Again and the somewhat negative A New Path for Latin America? by Michael Shifter are two papers that deal with Venezuela’s so called “Twenty-First Century Socialism” and its chief advocate President Hugo Chavez. Ellner speaks mostly about how the Venezuelans still support Chavez while Shifter speaks of how the Venezuelans are slowly become weary of Chavez and his socialist/militarist regime. Both are essentially true and can be reconciled because they speak from two different perspectives. Ellner believes that Chavez is still supported by his people, at least the majority of them, in support of this claim Steve points to the fact that Chavez’ party won a majority of the gubernatorial seats as well as the mayoral and state legislature posts in the 2008 Venezuelan elections. To stay any allegations that this was a rump election he also points to the fact that there was a 65% voter turn out, very high especially for an allegedly authoritarian regime. A president no longer beloved of his people can not possibly enjoy this much support. In contrast, Shifter’s article claims that Venezuela is tired of Chavez. To prove this he points to the failure of Chavez’ referendum to put into place his new constitution. A President who remains beloved of his people should have found it easy to convince his people to ratify the constitution. According to Shifter the sheer draconian nature and authoritarian flavor of the constitution were the reasons for the people not supporting it. Both articles point to the fact that Chavez still has a strangle hold of power in Venezuela, Chavez controls the vast fortunes that the country makes from its oil and suggests that he has virtually unlimited discretion to spend this money. Hence the social programs that he employs to prop up his regime are the direct result of oil largess, oil profits, instead of sound economic planning. The articles capture an interesting perspective. Shifter considers the failure of the Chavez referendum as the beginning of the end for his regime which would make sense if it were not countered by Ellner’s observation that country still voted overwhelmingly for Chavez’ party. Both views are correct, Chavez is popular because of his populist policies backed with oil money. The peace and order achieved under his presidency and the his political grandstanding on the world stage have also increased his popularity with his people and his Latin American neighbors. However his people are not willing to hand him absolute power. His brand of socialism while popular is not the prelude to absolute power he desires. The people still want to have elections and to have certain freedoms, freedoms which the new constitution will effectively deny. Venezuela is not likely to become a model for development in Latin America. In the first place natural resources are against them. Chavez’ strangle hold on power is made possible by the huge profits the country’s oil industry made when the price of Oil skyrocketed in recent years
Every organism whether it is a plant or an animal belongs to distinct species. A species is a group of organisms that can breed to produce offspring and propagate. The gradual evolution process of species is called speciation and it is believed that it is through natural selection that new species evolve from existing species (Kenneth and Levine). This paper discusses in detail with examples the way in which species undergo changes and new species evolve. Plants and animals have specific genetic makeup and genes are the chemical structures in the cells that carry the information regarding the genetic makeup of the organism. These genes are responsible for the nature of the organism as it is the genetic material that is passed on from the parents to the offspring. Under some circumstances these genes undergo mutation. The mutation is a process by which there are occasional gene changes that occur inadvertently. From the time this mutation occurs the further generation gets the mutated genes from the parents. In general, it is considered that most mutations result in adversities, however, in some cases, these mutations act as a blessing for the organism and are helpful in better adaptation and make the organism more successful in its life. Organisms that take over that good new gene are most likely to become more abundant and will be able to proliferate. Over a period of time, the population of a species that has undergone the mutation gets separated by either geography or by climate. As a result of this, the two populations will no longer be able to breed with each other. Further, the two groups undergo change by natural selection in their respective locations and in a totally different manner. Eventually, both these groups evolve in such a way that the two groups are so different that they will not be able to breed and produce offspring. They have become two different species (American Geological Institute). Based on the distance of separation of the two groups of speciation populations there are basically four modes of natural speciation. These are classified into allopatric, peripatric, parapatric, and sympatric speciation. There also exist techniques to artificially induce speciation by the process of animal husbandry or through laboratory experiments (Boxhorn). In fact even today the process of natural speciation that has a subject of debate. This process of evolution and change in biodiversity has been an interesting subject of research (Baker 303–326). The disadvantage or the negative part of speciation is that some of the species that are not able to adapt to the changes will be extinct in a few year’s time. There are several such examples that have occurred. In general, the process of speciation makes it impossible to keep up with the population size until no more organisms of that species are left alive further propagation. Biologists have listed several reasons for the extinction of species. For instance, if the environment is under go rap
Introduction These are technologies or disciplines of asceticism and meditation which are thought to lead to spiritual experience and profound understanding or the insight into the nature of existence and it is connected to religious beliefs and practices of Indian religions. It is one of the most ancient spiritual concepts of east, and despite a philosophical look it has an equally significant physical basis and it is a collection of simple practices, a kind of body rituals, consisting of action, method and the technique. It is a science that yokes the finite with the infinite, or the finite spirit with the supreme spirit. Most of the animals have been mistreated in all places and their cry is secret as there is no communication a human being can here as we mistreat them. The cats and dogs in were killed for fur something that is seen as a mistreat to them because people do not think and they seem to enjoy being in denial and adopt a non- questioning attitudes where animals are concerned and it makes them feel better about themselves to call animal activists irrational than to see themselves as a supporter of a painful and cruel trade as a meat- eater. The sutra form is a distinct type of literary composition, based on the short statements, generally using various technical terms and it is designed for concision, as the texts are intended to be memorized in some of the formal methods of scriptural study. The violence can be of three types: done by oneself; got done by another; and approved when done by other and can be violence because of greed for example killing of an animal for its meat and skin, also through anger, if one feels the other has wronged them in some manner and also through delusion, thinking for example that by sacrificing animals in rituals one can acquire merit. The ahimsa is one of the five basic ethical precepts, which must be first cultivated for purifying and calming the mind, as a stepping- stone towards the ultimate enlightenment. Main body Some people may have many resources when others are lacking and it is some sorts of violence people have over others the ahimsa is the highest self- restraint, the greatest charity, the highest penance, highest sacrifice, greatest fruit, greatest friend and highest happiness. The moral attitudes are meant to bring our impulsive life under control and the desire not to harm others is an essential ingredient in cultivating a mental state and recognizing the essential unity underlying all the living beings, leading towards the ultimate mystical union. The ethical precepts have a social implication that is it involves a violence perpetrated by one another for the selfish gains by helping one to rechannel the powerful survival instincts. These social interactions through moral discipline help us to suggest the ways in which the psychophysical energy can be freed and be further harnessed to take the yogi to the next level and if they give a positive restraint to our relations and others then our individuality can be addressed through: purification, contentment, penance, self- study of sacred texts, and the surrender to God. The physical purification leads t