ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The Brown v. Board of education case marked the end of racial segregation in American public schools. This ruling was made by the Supreme Court in May 17 th 1954 and it is still celebrated to date (Rountree 2006, 144). However, various newspapers reacted to the Supreme Court’s ruling differently (by the time the case was decided in 1954). Basically, newspapers from the North and the South had different reactions to the decision. From this basis, this study explores the different reactions by the Post Dispatch (from the South) and the Boston Herald (from the North). Comprehensively, we note that from an analysis of the different reactions; newspaper reactions to the Brown case were only a representation of the editors’ opinions and not the regions’. Post Dispatch The Post dispatch is a Southern newspaper originating from St. Louis. Before the Brown V. Board of education ruling, the newspaper had always avoided racial discussions in its publications because the owners had the fear that it was going to cause more controversy than it should (Andrews 2010, 7). In previous years, the Post dispatch received a lot of praise for its radicalism in advocating for the rights of the minority and therefore it did not come as a surprise that it openly supported the Brown V. Board of education Supreme Court ruling. This reaction is affirmed by Andrews (2010, 7) who notes that: “Immediately following the first Brown ruling, the City of St. Louis, like many other cities in Border States, reacted calmly, ready to make short term acquiescence and claiming to be poised to make the necessary changes required to comply with the ruling of the Supreme Court” Boston Herald In the Northern states, most newspapers also supported the Supreme Court ruling but certain newspapers were in opposition. In the Boston Herald for example, it was reported that equality was being redefined by the Supreme Court ruling and the decision was unfair and unjustified in a democratic state (Martin 1998, 199). In other words, the newspaper editorial was written to imply that the decision was contrary to the norms practiced in America then; and in a deeper sense, it was a contravention of the way people thought, back in the day. This article was published in May 18 th 1954. Similarities Both the Post Dispatch and the Boston Herald however agreed on certain major issues regarding the case. For instance, it is important to note that both newspapers only differed in the manner the court’s decision was arrived at, and nothing more. The Boston Herald and some other Newspapers from the North found fault with the ruling on the basis that the Supreme Court never relied on law but rather on psychological basis (Gitlin 2010, p. 46). However, the two newspapers agreed on the facts surrounding the case, in that, they both correctly presented the history of the case, the underpinning issues and other relevant factors that influenced the judges’ decision. The difference was therefore in the way they reacted to the ruling. Conclusion Considering the North overwhelmingly supported the Brown ruling, it is correct to say that the Boston Herald and the Post Dispatch represented divergent views based on the
With a variety of famous and magnificent hotels and resorts, Marriot International is the favoured retreat and business destination for most people. Here, guests are treated with flexible booking options, an outstanding care, and varied destinations in an exceptional sumptuous surrounding. Marriot International is among the largest international operators in hotels and cottage amenities. It was established in 1927 by J. Marriot in Washington D.C. Initially, Marriot together with his wife started out with a root beer tavern not knowing that it would expand and become an international retreat centre. The tavern then increased into a series of restaurant s and pubs. In 1959, Marriott established the Key Bridge Marriott in Arlington, which then was then the best operating hotel ever established. It incorporated 3100 properties. Currently, the company possesses more than 3000 lodging facilities in the United states of America and other 500 lodging facilities distributed all over the world. Marriot’s son, who is the current CEO, spearheaded this growth. In the year 1992, the company divided into Marriot International and Host Marriot corp. It was not until 2002, when the company restructured. Marriot International then centred on hotel management. Towards May 1995, the company purchased 50% interest in Carlton Hotel Company intended at generating additional sales and profits. The following year, Marriott international fully owned Carlton and took over its management. As a result, Marriot financed Carlton into a profitable business and assisted them with their expertise. During this period, Carlton regained its power and recognition in the market. Despite its tremendous success, Marriott has suffered tremendous setbacks. In 2001, during the 9/11 attacks, Marriott World Trade Centre was destroyed and subsequently in 2003 the Marriott hotel bombing occurred. These two attacks caused a significant decline in the number of bookings, and a reduction in the profit margins in the year 2001 and 2003. By the year 2004, Marriott became the first hotel to serve free Trans fats food in the US. Two years later, the company affirmed that it was going to ban smoking in all its lodging properties in North America. This ban affected all guest rooms, lounges, and public facilities in the company. In the year 2011, the company announced that they aimed at establishing 600 hotels before the year 2015 and that they were going to prioritize on the growing economies like China and India. At the beginning of this year, Marriott began the construction of the tallest hotel in the globe. The hotel is situated in United Arab Emirates and it comprises over 2000 rooms. In addition, it occupies an area of 5000 square metres. Consta
Abstract There are different types of saturation indices used in chemistry. The measures are used to determine the levels or ‘saturation’ of calcium carbonate compounds in water. They include, among others, Langelier saturation index (LSI), Ryznar stability index (RSI), and Puckorius scaling index (PSI). In this paper, the author analyzed the major differences between the various indices. Finally, the measures that are commonly used were identified. The reasons for their popularity were reviewed. Langelier, Ryznar, and Puckorius were found to be some of the commonly used indices. Their applications in different settings, including in industrial water companies, were reviewed. In addition, the link between these measures and scaling in water was analyzed. Types of Saturation Indices The concept ‘saturation’ has different definitions in the chemistry field. For the purposes of this paper, however, the author will focus more on surface processes of liquids and gas mixtures (Han & Alzamora, 2011). To this end, saturation refers to the degree of full occupation of a binding site. It is noted that saturation indices are used to measure the degree of this form of occupation. In water, when the binding sites are fully filled, saturation is said to be balanced. Failure to inhabit the sites creates an ‘appetite’ for water. In this case, the substance is said to have a ‘craving’ for the said water. It is also aggressive for the ions missing from it. The right amount of saturation helps prevent precipitation of compounds. Precipitation creates the problem of clogging of pipes and cementing of filters, which reduces the efficiency of these elements. In this paper, the author will analyze different types of saturation indices. The researcher will focus more on Langelier index. The major differences between the indices will be reviewed. Finally, the measure that is mostly used will be highlighted. There are different types of saturation indices. They include Langelier saturation index (LSI), Ryznar Stability Index (RSI), and Puckorius Scaling Index (PSI). Other indices include the Stiff-Davis Index, Oddo-Tomson Index, and the Larson-Skold Index (Laier, 2003). The measures mainly focus on the description of how calcium carbonate behaves in different mediums, such as water, gas, and oil. As stated above, all the saturation indices seek to describe the conduct of calcium carbonate in fluids. It is noted that LSI, RSI, and PSI are the most commonly used measures. Each of these indices is described in detail in this section. Langelier Saturation Index (LSI) The measure is also commonly referred to as Langelier stability index. According to Stein (2008), the value of the index describes the stability of the calcium carbonate (CaCO 3 ) contained in w
Introduction With the advancement in digital technology, various approaches of digital versions in arts have come up. The condition has made different versions of digital art such as online art fairs and Google art among others readily available to art lovers through different art applications such as smart phones. While a few artefact lovers have shifted to consumption of the digital version, most people still prefer the physical artefacts. However, the debate over the subject of digital versions of art has risen in the recent past among the literary critics and philosophers on whether the digital technology can actually replace the physical artefact. Proponents of digital technology argue that technological revolutionary in the contemporary world is inevitable in every sector of human survival including fine arts. They argue that digital technology promotes ease and accessibility of the artefacts. Opponents however, assert that digital technology cannot replace physical artefact. Opponents such as Walter Benjamin note that, physical artefacts are unique and any attempt to reproduce or replace using digital technology distorts almost every aspect of it and therefore losing meaning. In fact, there are physical aspects, which digital technologies cannot display. This debate has left arts consumers puzzled on which style of art to consume. Can the digital version ever replace physical artefact, and should it be our goal in creating digital collection? This question is what separates the opponents and proponents to the digital versions of art. The purpose of this essay is to argue that digital technology cannot replace the physical artefact. Based on disadvantages presented by the digital versions in support with arguments by opponents to digital version, I will demonstrate that digital version cannot reproduce the physical artefacts. The essay focuses on digital versions of fine arts. Digital version cannot replace physical artefacts The aim of fine art is to represent or to display certain information. Creators of physical artefacts do so with a view to display specific information. In such a case, accuracy is very significant. Reproduction of an artefact in any form therefore interferes with the accuracy of the desired information. Digital reproduction cannot achieve the accuracy meant by the artist during the creation of the physical artefact. Physical artefacts in fine arts provide first hand information to the art lovers. A carving for instance may seek to illustrate the skull of the early man in history. From such fine artefact, the artist focuses on creation of the tangible real picture of the early man. Attempt to reproduce this artefact distorts some of the aspects. First, the digital version cannot provide a tangible impression of the information, thereby distorting the initial meaning of the art. Secondly, digital version cannot provide the authenticity of the original work [1] . The authority the original work (physical) commands will fade during the reproduction [2] due to the difference between the original and the reproduction pr
The narrative structure in the movie Carol is distinct due to the focus on intricate elements of storytelling. The main reason for deviation from the traditional forms of the narrative approach is rooted in the fact that Carol provides a multitude of perspectives. The film does not solely revolve around Carol or Therese but rather smoothly transitions from one subplot to another. Both perspectives naturally merge into one cohesive and compelling story rich in information, emotion, and story elements. Firstly, it is important to note that the given film’s setting takes place in the 1950s, when the world was significantly more conservative and restrictive, especially in regard to the members of the LGBTQ+ community. However, “it’s the way the decidedly modern sensibility of the narrative meets classic style that is the point” (Turan par. 4). In other words, the modern approach of utilizing several viewpoints on the story combined with classical stylistics makes the narrative structure unique and intricate. The film is shot in such a way that viewers regularly become mere observers of the characters, who convey their emotional states not through words but rather through facial expressions, settings, postures, and musical backgrounds. Another review states that viewers watch “the characters through the windows of a car or house and left them in a hazy focus” (Raynes par. 8). At various points in the film, viewers can observe the protagonists sitting or standing behind windows, resembling the realistic experience since it is usually how people see strangers rather than being part of private conversations. Secondly, the
Introduction Tourette syndrome pertains to a genetic movement disorder that is typically associated with involuntary actions of the body and sound making. The uncontrollable movements of Tourette patients are called tics. Such movements vary from slow to sudden and in Tourette syndrome, the tics are usually quick. Tics may be classified according to the length of the contraction of the muscle that is related to the body part that is moved (Lyon 411). A tic is considered clonic if it involves cycles of jerks and relaxations of a specific body part such as the arm or leg. On the other hand, a tic is described as tonic if it involves a prolonged duration of contraction of a particular muscle of the body. It is unfortunate that patients positively diagnosed with Tourette syndrome often create sounds that are quite peculiar to the rest of the society because these are generated at unexpected times. The unsolicited and unsuitable words and sounds that are expressed by an individual with Tourette syndrome are called coprolalia and this occurs only in a small portion of the patients. Such outbreaks are generally unpremeditated and unfocused hence it is quite uncomfortable to the beholder to hear these types of words. In the case of sound-making, the Tourette patient may always be snorting or even coughing without any symptoms of having an upper respiratory tract infection or disorder. The spontaneous and uncontrollable movements of an individual with Tourette syndrome include random and sporadic blinking of the eyes, as well as making gurgling or clearing sounds of the throat (Weil 498). There may also be some sudden jerking of the arms and the legs may jolt at unexpected times. Some patients may also present symptoms such as shoulder movement and extreme cases may be involved with jumping. It is interesting to know that the Tourette patient is aware that are tic is about to occur yet it is unfortunate that they have been capability of preventing the tic from occurring. They have some control that is only strong enough to delay the occurrence of the tic, but they have lost the ability to stop one part of their body from jerking and thrusting. A complex tix can be a combination of actions such as jumping and saying one same word or phrase and making a particular sound all at the same time or in sequence. Symptoms The presentation of symptoms of Tourette syndrome is commonly observed before an individual reaches 18 years old. The syndrome equally affects individuals of almost all ethnic origins
Abstract Many research studies have been done to investigate the underlying issues influencing staff behavior. Considering the dynamics of carrying out research studies on such an important management facet, this study evaluates specific research studies done to determine the best way managers can manage employee behavior. Through an analysis of given research studies, we find out that observation, interviews and surveys were the most commonly used techniques in data collection while graphs and charts were the most commonly used tools in data presentation. Comprehensively, this study concludes that the research studies sampled were fairly done and the use of graphs, pie charts, interviews and observational techniques were appropriate tools in representing behavioral variables, but the use of surveys casts a lot of doubt to the accuracy of its findings. Introduction Analyzing staff behavior and its antecedents can be a daunting task for most researchers. This is because staff behavior is a relative issue and many factors affecting employee behavior vary form organization to organization or region to region (Currie 2006, p. 26). In this regard, it is essential for organizations to adopt the best research techniques in data analysis and presentation to come up with the most accurate results. Staff behavior being a critical component in organizational performance, this study will seek to evaluate research styles adopted by specific researchers in analyzing staff behavior. This will be done through the analysis of employed research techniques in the collection and presentation of data. However, focus is also put on the recommendations outlining the conclusions derived from the research. Research Purpose To analyze the best techniques management can use in managing staff behavior. Topic Review The performance of employees is directly dependent on their attitudes and behaviors in the organization (Marchington, 2008, p. 2). This is true because one employee has an impact on the behavior of other employees and the manager’s. Researchers have, therefore found this phenomenon interesting and many have over the years developed tones of research articles on staff behavior in organizational contexts. Since staff behavior is a pertinent management problem, researchers from various fields including marketing, strategic management, human resource ma
Introduction Ethnic identity is an important aspect of life of an adolescent today. To be more specific, skin color is a crucial factor in terms of ethnic development of an adolescent and this paper will explore development patterns of young adolescent of different ethnicity in the American setting which include Americans of the following origins; Africa, Latinos and Europe. From this group of adolescents, two variables of ethnic identity were examined namely esteem and exploration. This paper will discuss ethnic identity during development of adolescents (Marcia, 1966). Past times There are enormous changes that are happening annually in a nation’s population in terms of ethnicity and people of different colors and backgrounds interacting. As a result, people are finding it an issue understanding ethnic identity in terms of historical and practical components. As times goes by, children of different colors are born and their numbers grow very fast with a possibility that they would defeat the indigenous population in the near future. The issue of social identity had earlier been researched by Clark in the mid 1950s when he examined racial partiality among black adolescent Americans (Clark & Clark, 1950). These studies had a great impact in the way the society perceived issues of ethnic identity and legislations such as inclusion of black children in public schools. In the traditional years, before people intermingled, there was no struggle among people to find ethnic identity. People were satisfied with their state of being and they had nothing to compare themselves with. The adolescents had a smooth transition in the quest for ethnic identity, unlike today when they face a lot of competition and polarized growing environment. Some communities who see themselves as leading innovators in the globe have their adolescents group esteem kept high creating superiority complex (Jones, 1997). Theories of ethnic identity Generally speaking, the period of adolescence is a critical period where almost all forms of identity are acquired in life including ethnic identity. Even though many researchers appreciate that this period is an important time of shaping identity, little effort has been made to study theories of identity during adolescence. There are a number of theories that have been proposed which explain ethnic identity among adolescents today, even though most of them have not been practically tested. By using these research theories, the issue of ethnic identity is explored in two ways which are group esteem and exploration. These two behaviors are observed over a specified period of time during which behavior is observed and quantified. In addition, these theories are not rigid but are subject to change over time depending on societal changes (Rosenberg, 19
Contemporary Thinking and Theories on Strategy The strategic management theory helps in analyzing a company’s relationship with the environment (Barca 2003), that is, the market. Senior management is therefore tasked with studying the market, which involves how industrial stakeholders (employees, consumers, retailers, competitors, regulators, and government authorities) could affect company performance. After learning that, the management goes ahead with planning winning strategies that will satisfy its stakeholders in different ways: employees get excellent working conditions and remunerations: consumers get high-quality products at reasonable prices; suppliers get paid in time for their supplies; and shareholders get good value for their investment. When all that goes right, the company is able to out-compete other firms in that industry, and thus become the market leader. According to Wan and Yiu (1999), the strategic theory has its roots in Greek Empire’s military conquests, which used various strategies during its conquests. However, the business application and its presence in academic literature did not happen until mid 20 th century. It is during this period that academicians started researching and writing on the connection between organizations’ strategies and structures, which tended to bring about weaknesses and strengths of different entities. The successes achieved by organizations with strong links between the laid down strategies and governance structures were the magnet that attracted other parties into copying such techniques. That cycle has been going on rapidly to an extent that it has become commonplace in today’s organizational management. Strategic theories theoretical framework has been undergoing some serious developmental stages since its founding. The first development came from Michael Porter’s industrial organization (Wan and Yiu1999). Porter induced the thinking of strategic groups and competitive dynamics into the strategic theory. This led to the new thinking that the use of strategic management in organizations increases competition within internal groups of companies and within firms participating in the same market. The current developments stage involves research on the contribution of company resources, leadership, decision making, and knowledge in the process of developing executing, and executing individual company’s management strategies. T