ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
During 19 th and 20 th century Europe was fully involved in the struggle for freedom. In the process of achieving freedom its economic, political, and cultural sectors were affected in different ways. At the beginning of 19 th century, the presence of napoleon brought a great achievement in European empires. By defeating great empires Europe believed that was the road for attaining freedom and independence (Walsh-Atkins 35). In 19 th century a great improvement of its economy was realized. The improvement of the economy was as a result of several inventions that were made. For instance, people started using telephones, electric light, and some discoveries in the medicine field that improved the people’s lifestyle. It was now possible in Europe to prevent many diseases (Soames 112). The advancement in medicine field led to double increment of population. Economically, the construction of railroads brought a great positive change, as people conducted their commerce with fewer obstacles. These advancement encouraged urbanization and the population in cities increased rapidly. A lot of economic and cultural changes that were experienced in Europe in 19 th century were as a result of industrialism (Spielvogel and Duicker 330). Some of the changes experienced came naturally as a result of rapid growth and advancement of technology. Most of the European nations had some difficulties to adapt to the new era. The internal fallout among individuals brought about new political movements, and changed values. After the World War 1 the economy of Europe was affected greatly especially by inflation. This happened as a result of government funding the military with a lot of cash. Due to this, the government was forced to print and supply a lot of money, such that one would carry a lot of paper notes to purchase something. The First World War led to the deterioration of Europe where a lot of people were left homeless, as the economy had declined completely .The economic challenges resulted to political radicalism. On the other hand, the culture of the people in Europe was also greatly affected. Women were the most affected as they were forced to terminate their work and get married. When the labor declined, they were then ordered to go back to work (Soames 230). In the European society, households reflected some other social aspects (Walsh-Atkins 70). The house in which one lived served as his or her shelter, as well as his level of status. The middle level women who were taken from industries were made guardians of domesticity. Their main responsibility at homes was to cook and maintaining good life within the home compounds. The working class women were not in apposition to take care of the home, and hence were regarded as immoral for not caring for their homes. Th
When applying Biblical narrative to medical ethics, the concept constitutes four major phenomena: creation, fall, redemption, and restoration. The notion of creation stands for the process of God creating everything known to human nature, with human beings set apart from other creatures (Grand Canyon University, 2020). In such a context, the existence of human beings is inseparable from God. In medical ethics, creation serves as a pillar for serving patients in the name of God, as people have the moral obligation to look out for others since everyone is brought to this world for a reason. The second concept, fall, represents sin in the guise of illness and death. From this perspective, since the fall of Adam and Eve, human nature has become flawed and vulnerable in the face of sin and temptation. However, while people are to find peace and God in order to obtain from sin, no sinner hall be deprived of a second chance and help while seeking spiritual redemption. Thus, the medical practice serves as an embodiment of salvation in the world replete with the manifestations of evil (Orr, 2015). Redemption, for its part, is the process of healing the human soul from evil and sin. In the medical context, health professionals serve as God’s followers designated to exercise His blessings on earth with the help of medicine. Finally, the notion of restoration stands for one of the central ideas in the Bible: the new creation that would excel the limitation of the original creation (Grand Canyon University, 2020). The phenomenon of redemption manifests the limitations of the current medical practice, whereas the ultimate battle with death is not a terminal stage in one’s journey. Such an aspect of spirituality for human life serves as an assisting tool to explain medical or personal decisions inexplicable by the conventional medical paradigm. It is the concept of redemption that provides people with hope in the light of illness, as it shows that human sins, although make physical existence finite, allow for finding eternal spiritual peace. Moreover, it makes it easier for both patients and professionals to believe in the power of miraculous healing, which seems like an important part of treatment for me personally. It would be safe to say that while the Miracle itself should not always be regarded as verity, its presence in human life is sometimes a driving force for saving lives and making ethically difficult decisions.
Introduction Liz Claiborne Inc. is an apparel design company founded by Liz Claiborne, Art Ortenberg, Leonard Boxer, and Jerome Chazen in 1976. Soon after the establishment, it achieved sales amounting to $2 million in the same year and increased to $23 million in 1978 (Liz Claiborne Inc. 1). It took 4 years before Liz Claiborne Inc. could go public but by 1986, it had appeared in a coveted ranking popularly known as Fortune 500. No other company founded by a woman had appeared in the ranking by Fortune 500 before Liz Claiborne Inc made it. By this time, the company managed to make sales worth $1.2 billion (Burke 112). Liz Claiborne changed the departmental clothing arrangements when she insisted on the significance of placing collections together. This eased the shopping activity because shoppers could buy the entire outfit in the same store. Sooner after the company made a breakthrough in the fashion industry, the founders retired from active management. In 1985, Leonard retired followed by Liz and Arthur in 1989. Jerome’s appointment as the chairperson and CEO came from 1986 to 1994 when Paul Charron proceeded from the same year up to 2006. Charron contributed a lot to the company’s expansion through the integration of other smaller companies into their activities. For instance, he managed to get 85% possession of Lucky Brand Jeans in 1999, total possession of Mexx in 2001 and purchased Juicy Couture in 2003. After Charron’s tenure, William McComb took the responsibility of CEO from October 16, 2006. J.C.Penny Co later became the main retailer of Liz Claiborne Brand according to reports posted on the media relations website on 8 Octob
The first selected cultural artifact is the poem “The Colonel” by Carolyn Forché. It was written in El Salvador in 1978 in the middle of a civil war between the US-backed military and government on the one side and the Foarabundo Martí National Liberation Front on the other side. The second chosen artwork is the painting entitled “The 3 rd of May 1808” by Francisco Goya (see Figure 1). It was created in 1814, commissioned by the provisional government, and designed to commemorate the Spanish resistance to the occupation by Napoleon’s army. The painting is now located in the Museo del Prado, Madrid. Figure 1. The 3rd of May 1808 in Madrid, or “The Executions” (Goya, 1814). Common Theme The common theme shared by the two works is the brutality of war. In “The Colonel,” Forché (1978) hints at war right at the beginning of the poem, mentioning “a pistol on the / cushion beside him” (lines 3-4). However, the brutality of war is most clearly revealed when Forché (1978) describes how the colonel brought a sack and “spilled many human ears on the table” (line 17). The author does not try to romanticize violence; instead, she shows war as it is to make the audience realize how atrocious warfare is. In “Third of May 1808,” Goya (1814) depicts a brutal scene from the Spanish revolt, showing the captives being killed by the firing squad. Like Forché, Goya does not attempt to make war look heroic or attractive. On the contrary, he depicts a pile of dead men bleeding; a scared man with his arms raised in submission to his fate; a group of captives with desperate faces, waiting for their death. Personal Experience The theme of the brutality of war is familiar to me from history lessons and books. However, in history textbooks, wars are described in a factual way, with details concerning the parties involved, reasons, and consequences. Artworks, on the contrary, convey living experiences of people participating in wars and help me realize that war is a tragedy that cannot be reduced to a simple narration of facts. I think that understanding how the war looks in real life is important for people to attempt to settle conflicts in a peaceful way. In addition, I guess that some of my ancestors participated in wars, and these works help me better understand their experiences.
Introduction The case study presents a dilemma faced by Elizabeth (Liz) Ames. She is the Director of Consumer Marketing at Vision Software. Liz is a career oriented, positive, and success driven executive who believes in her work. However, her experience at Vision has made her believe that the company is tolerant of discrimination against women. For this reason, she wrote a memo to the CEO of the company, describing her observations and experiences, and expressed her apprehensions. However, she was in a dilemma whether to hand it over to him, for she believed that if he did not see her point, he might perceive her to be a radical feminist, which may be harmful to her career. Therefore, she expressed her concern to her most trusted friend at work and asked his opinion on the matter. Liz’s friend, the narrator of the case, was caught in a quandary, as he too believed that handing the memo over to the CEO, who otherwise was an open person, was egoistic, and might take it as a vilification of his current policies. Their predicament brings forth a crucial problem related to invisible gender discrimination that many women face within organizations. The question that emerges is should women turn a blind eye towards a discriminating culture within an organization in order to have a progressive career? Facts of the Case This section provides a few facts about the case. The case study points out that Vision’s policy enshrines hiring and promoting women and acknowledging women’s contributions. However, the culture of Vision Software infused in women employees a sense of loss of their “worth and place” . A few of the factual observations Liz presented in her memo are as follows:  1. Women executives who reached the top management level left the organization stating reasons like “spend more time with their families” or “explore new career direction” .  2. The corporate meetings held at Vision make women executives feel unworthy and devalued. Liz describes an incident when a woman executive’s idea was turned down for being backdated and ineffective by a board of mostly male executives while she felt that it was a perfectly good presentation.  3. The informal social networking among men in the office is a common phenomenon and most of the time; women are not welcome in such gatherings. Informal networking forms an important way through which information flows through the organization and because of their sex, women are excluded from it.  4. The culture of the organization, though boasts of an open policy, actually makes women employees feel discriminated against. Absence of female executives at the top management level also gives wind to apprehensions.  5. Susan French was promoted to the VP position; however, the decision-making powers of the position
Background and Justification for the Group The main activities of the psychoeducational groups include “role playing, problem solving, decision making, and communication skills training” (DeLucia-Waack, 2006, p. 11). In this respect, psychoeducational groups have certain goals and topics to focus on regarding the common problems faced by members of this counseling group. Sessions are held in closed groups and do not admit new members after the beginning because there are several stages and each stage has a certain purpose. The major purpose of the current group counseling is to encourage those patients engaged into the weight loss programs and provide them with e certain feedback. Telephone counseling and computerized counseling can be used as well. Objectives The main group objectives include the following points:  1. Applying results of the literature review to the design of counseling sessions.  2. Group counseling sessions should be design with regard to ethical considerations.  3. Develop multicultural awareness of counselors.  4. Integrate different theories and methods into the structure of counseling sessions.  5. Incorporate knowledge of dynamics, member screening, group organization, and leadership competences in designing group counseling sessions. Desired Outcome Goals The major desired outcome goals include the following issues:  1. Knowledge on different theories and methods integrated by various researchers that should be retrieved while reviewing the literature.  2. Cultural awareness of possible reactions of representatives of various cultural groups.  3. Well-structured sessions aimed at educating group members. Literature Review The effectiveness of group counseling as well as of psychoeducational approach in general can be prejudiced in terms of lack of a standardized procedure or a system assessing the efforts of counseling group members and a counselor. It is natural that education and counseling are different forms of a cognitive method. However, it is necessary to establish a set of grades to be used while implementing information acquisition in counseling therapy groups. The study by Neuner et al. (2004) supports an idea that counseling can be used in refugee settlements with people that have received a certain trauma. As you probably know, the refugees can be representatives of different countries. In this respect, the counseling therapy provides counselors with an opportunity to develop cultural awareness with people presenting different cultural layers from various parts of the world. Trauma is a complicated issue that is claimed to be treated through specialized methods that have d
Civility in the workplace and the strategies for its promotion is the topic that has attracted my particular attention this week. It was determined by the case of unacceptable behavior of my classmate who was sometimes aggressive with others, showed no respect by interrupting those who were talking, and provided rude comments behind people’s backs. All these behaviors may be classified as incivility or “low-intensity deviant behavior with ambiguous intent to harm the target” (Di Fabio & Duradoni, 2019, para. 3). It goes without saying that I felt extremely dissatisfied and upset facing it, and in the future, my self-esteem and even the quality of lime may be negatively impacted. In the workplace, the phenomenon of incivility is common as in the present day, the work environment is associated with high stress levels (Di Fabio & Duradoni, 2019). That is why it is essential to develop and apply strategies in order to improve civility as employees’ satisfaction leads to their productivity and retention. From a personal perspective, there are two major strategies for this improvement – the intolerance to unacceptable behaviors and the development of the right patterns by
Marine Pollution It is a common scientific belief that life started in the oceans. The ocean is also the largest habitants and home to a large number of organisms. Over the years, the ocean has been exposed to a lot of pollution. Marine pollution denotes the introduction of harmful materials or chemicals in our oceans which may disrupt the marine ecosystem, cause other harmful effects to marine life or change the chemical properties of the water. This pollution may be from natural processes or as a result of human activities. Marine pollution from natural process mainly involves the deposition of materials in the ocean during volcanic activities. Marine pollution has however been attributed to human activities. During the beginning of the industrial revolution, most people believed that since the oceans comprised a very large area, they had unlimited ability to disperse and dilute pollutants thus it was impossible for marine pollution to occur (Garrison, 2009). This belief led man to use the ocean as a dump site. Nuclear materials, chemicals, and other man made waste all found their way to the ocean. By the time people started noticing, a lot of pollution had occurred and a problem had started developing. Marine pollution due to human activities mainly occurs in the form of direct discharge into the ocean, atmospheric pollution and runoff due to rain (Ahnert & Borowski, 2000). Direct discharge occurs when harmful materials are directly introduced (dumped) into the ocean. Oil spills, dumping of radioactive waste and sewage into the ocean are but some of the few ways direct discharge occurs. Oil spills have become one of the modern means of direct pollution. The 1989 Exxon Valdez oil spill and the recent Deep Horizon incident in the Gulf of Mexico resulted in the largest oil spills in U.S. h
Organisations are frequently looking for new ways of enhancing performance and profitability. Organisational citizenship behaviour as well as task performance have the potential to achieve these goals and the paper shall look at how the latter can be achieved. Leadership behaviour shown by supervisors that may enhance subordinates task performance and leadership behaviour that enhances organisational citizenship behaviour In order to ensure that task performance is enhanced within an organisation. Leaders need to possess the ability to match employee competence levels alongside the complexity of tasks allocated to them. This can best be achieved through institution of certain structures within the workplace. More often than not, when a supervisor lacks such qualities then employee expectations will be diminished and this may impede their ability to carry out certain tasks.(Xin & Pelled, 2002) Leaders need to know how to engage in effective conflict management because this affects task performance. Also, they should not in any way cause those conflicts by treating their subordinates in an inferior manner. (Xin &Pelled, 2002). They also possess an ability to improve task performance by practicing participative leadership. An analysis of several Fortune five companies indicated that frontline employees as well as managerial employees were substantially motivated to perform their respective tasks. Also, a high interaction with one’s subordinates causes staff members to remain committed to their organisation and hence be more motivated. (Organ, 2000) Task performance is an essential part of any organisation’s operations; however, companies need to recognise that there are still other aspects of employee performance that are not just defined by organisational tasks. Organisational citizenship behaviour refers to those components of employees’ behaviour that are not acknowledged and recognised by the traditional reward. However, this behaviour has the potential to increase efficiency of the workplace. (Watson & Michaelsen, 2001) Since organisational citizenship behaviour has two separate dimensions associated with it then it is also essential for leaders to think of separate strategies for enhancing these aspects. The first portion of citizenship behaviour is altruism and the second is compliance. Compliance means those aspects of good citizenry that are done naturally or out of a need to comply with rules. This can be improved by meeting one’s end of the bargain and thus causing employees to have an inherent tendency to comply with expectations. Also, when one creates an organisational culture that supports this compliance, then one’s employees are also likely to follow suit. (Kavanagh, 2001) The most important aspect of citizenship behaviour that needs to be encouraged is altruism because this causes them to stick to a certain challenge. There are no other wa
Introduction Equal opportunity in the workplace entails the act of treating employees fairly without prejudice and discrimination. The notion of equal opportunities in the workplace is based on the principle that all employees should be given a level playing field in the workplace irrespective of their gender, race or attribute. Equal opportunity in the workplace is a myth as many organizations have not fully embraced the concept. The art of managing employees in the organization is mainly about managing their diversity. Each employee is usually different with different ethnic background, gender, age and race. Whether the employee is disabled or not, he or she has different skills, values, attitudes and expectations and therefore equal opportunity in the workplace is aimed at maximizing the potentials of individuals (McKenzie & Baker, 2006, 14). Why equal opportunity in the workplace is a myth The following explains why equal opportunity in the workplace is a myth rather than a reality in many organizations today; In many organizations, employment equity is lacking i.e. many organizations have not fully embraced the practice of hiring minorities or women. Many organizations worldwide do not hire, promote, support or value female employees equally to men. Instead, these organizations do not take into account an important resource in a business environment that is competitive. Many companies have chosen to disregard women or the minority and only a few companies have extended their recruitment pool to embrace women in the workplace. The lack of employment equity among organizations implies that these companies lacks a competitive edge due to the fact that they fail to select the most experienced, talented and creative employees as a result of their gender. Diversity in organizations is associated with a cost reduction, increase in productivity, an increase in the market share and improved management quality. The few companies that have realized the importance of diversity in the workplace has initiated new equity plans. Employment equity is however least in many developing countries as only a few proportions of women hold managerial positions. In addition, only a few women in these countries have access to learning opportunities to train them for the managerial jobs. In industrialized nations, women aspiring to hold managerial positions face barriers with regards to full participation such as lack of access to resources particularly to jobs that offer wages and promotional opportunities similar to men. In most instances, women face barriers in participating in management as a result of such factors as race and ethnicity and the employing industry (Kainer, 2006, 25). Equal opportunity is a myth due to the fact that many organizations across the globe have hired unqualified workers and thus locking out qualified employees. Man