ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Following the recent murder and break-in at Frank Aborio’s apartment, the NSW Police department asked Deakin Forensic Unit to help determine the culprits from the suspects in the murder case. Evidence collected from the crime scene included several beer bottles, visible footprints, an unfilled canister of accelerant, and some items thought to have both blood and fingerprints. The NSW Police department asked to determine the likely source of the fingerprint and drug sources. Fingerprint lifting and characterization were a crucial part of the investigation to be able to make out the culprit. The basis of Fingerprinting is that every human being has a unique design of tiny elevated ridges on the inner surface of the hands known as ‘friction ridge skin.’ The basic steps of carrying out fingerprinting involve lifting the prints from the evidence, identifying the pattern, and comparing with the patterns in the profiles of the suspects. Fingerprint lifting was done to evidence number 15 (Accelerant tin can), and evidence number 16 (novel pages). Presumptive tests were necessary in this case for identity purposes because drugs were part of the evidence provided. Presumptive tests are speedy tests carried out in order to determine the probable identity of a substance. The majority of presumptive tests involve observing for color changes during the reaction. However, presumptive tests are not precise and can yield a false positive outcome. A confirmatory test, therefore, needs to spell out the identity of a material (Presumptive vs confirmatory tests 2012). The advantage of presumptive tests is that they help in time-saving. They save time because they give a vague possibility of what a substance could be. This in turn makes it easier to determine the specific identity of a substance later using standard procedures. An ideal presumptive test is fast and inexpensive. It should be able to give a scientist a rough idea of the probable identity of a substance without him/her incurring heavy expenses. The logic of this is that the scientist would still have to carry out a confirmatory test to find the actual identity of a substance. Results Part 1: Using flour magnetic dusting powders to develop invisible prints Part 2: Lifting of fingerprints Lifting of fingerprints was done using two methods: tape lifting and mikrosil casting. Fingerprint lifting by tape lifting. Fingerprint lifting using mikrosil casting. Part 3: Characterizing fingerprints on real evidence Th
What forecasting/management tools does the company operate and how successful have these been in achieving company goals? To answer this question, it is important to consider the goals Nutricia Middle East and Africa wants to achieve. The central goal of the company is to transform the company from “trading organization into a customer- and customer focused one” (Martinez and Sha 1). The optimization of the investment in the medical representatives and the measurement of their effectiveness and efficacy with the further reporting to the company management for making decisions in the sales force and medical strategy are the main steps the company wants to complete with the purpose to achieve the results. The first step for making Nutricia a customer focused company was made in 1990’s when the company began its expansion to the Middle East and Africa via a string of acquisitions. The departments began to perform specific functions. The head of the organization understood the importance of management of medical marketing and stressed this function. Nutricia tried to involve the states’ government into the supply chain to make sure in its support. Understanding the importance of the primary choice of IMF formula and keeping in mind the restrictions to the direct advertising of IMF products to parents with children up to one year, Nutricia knew that they had to involve doctors and hospitals in the process. Pharmacies required detailed instructions and the reasons for prescriptions, hospitals were interested in scientific awareness of medical representatives, and private clinics needs samples to make sure that they are quality. It is important to meet these requirements to make sure that all the mentioned medical representatives are going to inform patients about their products. The strategy is successful and may lead to the desired goal, to become a customer-focused organization. An analysis of the key industry fundamentals. What are the key variables for the industry historically and what is your assessment of these for current year under study? The industry fundamentals from the historical perspective should be considered in logical and chronological manner. Beginning with the second part of the 20 th century, international attitude to breastfeeding had changed. After it was proved that breastmilk was full of nutrients and immunities more scientific research was conducted in the industry. It was stated that breastfeeding “was beneficial to mothers in the form of weight loss, reduced risk of ovarian and breast cancers, and healthy spacing of pregnancy” (Martinez and Sha 2). The results of this research activated the supporters of breastfeeding who accused IMF formula producers in too aggressive promotion of their products. The companies were prohibited to encourage consumers to choose IMF formulae instead of breastfeeding in 1981. The certification of baby friendly polices implied the intervention of the ideas of breastfeeding in the hospitals. Moreover, now IMF formulae companies are forbidden to advertise and promote their products in the relation to children under 1 year old. It is significant to understand that in case women
Women have in the present day been accredited with playing a pivotal role in the building of our nation. This task did not begin in the recent years but can trace its beginning as far back as the advent of time where the traditional role of women was mainly to serve their male counterparts. Prior to the colonial era, the roles of women across the world were greatly limited by the traditional attitudes which viewed women as the “weaker sex”. While the lives of the women during the 1500s were marked with multiple responsibilities and hardships, the women also took the time out to make merriment thus helping to lighten their weary loads thus creating a balance that made life bearable. This study shall set out to document the typical life of the Egyptian and Greek women before 1500 AD by doing an extensive research and analyzing first hand accounts of how these women lived and survived in a chauvinistic environment. A detailed analysis of the similarities, differences and how these women impacted their civilizations shall also be discussed. Similarities between the Egyptian and Greek women The life of these women is interpreted in different light by many a historian. However, the commonly held notion that the society generally devalued the contribution of the women and subjected them to inhuman treatment and suffering is true as is demonstrated by Bentley, Ziegler & Streets (2008). Women were perceived in these societies as the “weaker Sex”, fragile and incapable of making sound decisions. As such, they were to stay confined to their homes and live to serve their husbands. In both civilizations, the women had slaves who could do all the hard work and protect the women when the husbands were away. Another similarity is that the women were expected to dress appropriately and conduct themselves in a respectable manner. As Sanders et al (2006) assert, women in these civilizations were not supposed to show any part of their face, legs and even hair to the public. That was a privilege awarded only to the husband. In addition, they were not allowed to eat together with men nor argue or interfere with the affairs of men. Also, Tastsoglou (2009) states that women in these civilizations were not allowed to learn how to read or write. There were restrictions on the events that they could attend as well as the duration of time they could spend outside the vicinity of their homes. Social roles In both civilizations, women were generally subjected to chores which evolved around child-care. As Sanders et al (2006) explain, Greek women often did repetitive tasks which could easily be interrupted incase their attention was required elsewhere. In addition, they were required to work in areas that did not require them to travel far from home and did jobs that would not amount
The book of Exodus is one of the fundamental points of Judeo-Christian theology in that it depicts the end of slavery and the commencement of the newly emancipated Jew’s journey to the Promised Land. Unlike the previous story in Genesis, which is wrought with complexities of the form of its many improbabilities such as the plague, exodus appears considerably more straightforward until it is critically analyzed. According to critics and historians, it appears to suffer from a consistent lack of empirical evidence, given that there has so far been no archeological proof supporting such a journey as described in the book and most of the events only exist in its wording. This begs the question, if it is possible, as some scholars have suggested that the Exodus is nothing more than a legend whose meaning should be sought in its symbolic and legendary rather than historical value. However, before attempting to contextualize this notion, one needs to consider the details of some of the accounts and their interpretive implications to the historical set-up. The bible describes the number of people leaving Egypt to have been 600,000 men, given that women and children generally tend to outnumber able-bodied men, one may assume the population was around 2 million people. However, this assumption quickly encounters serious logistical challenges. For one, the exodus appears to contradict itself when it states that those that left Egypt were far too few to populate the new land. Secondly, in Exodus 15:27, the Jews are reported to have made camp at an oasis of 70 palm trees, given the assumed population, fitting around two million people in such a space is not plausible. Another notable factor about the exodus is that although it is assumed, like most of the Pentateuch, to have been authored by Moses, historical accounts put is originality to question. The Kadesh poems and some of the reliefs describing Ramses’ reign are uncannily similar to the Exodus story with several overt parallels emerging in both accounts. For instance, when the Egyptians chase the children of Israel across the red sea, their horses and chariots are destroyed by water when the “seawalls” collapse on them. Similarly, on some of the wall paintings and in the poem, Ramses is described chasing his enemies, in this case, the Hittites, who plunge in the water and drown. Additionally, when this happened, his armies sang praises to him by the river describing his boldness and power. In the same way, after YAHWE successfully destroyed their enemies in the red sea, the Jews stood by the banks and composed praises to him. In both cases, the contents of the songs are nearly identical, although the Egyptian version is addressed to the Pharaoh who was, according to Egyptian tradition, a god. Granted that this could be a coincidence, its implications cannot be ignored since it shows the exodus may refer to events th
In the article “The Functions of Crime”, Emile Durkheim argues clearly that crime should be treated and analyzed as a normal aspect of a given society. This happens to be the case because crime remains a classical phenomenon of every functional community. Although crime is inevitable, it is a factor that characterizes every health society. According to Emile Durkheim, crime is a norm in every society (Durkheim 136). Many communities across the globe have found it impossible to do away with the crime. This fact explains why crime is “evident not in the majority of societies of one particular species but in all societies of all types” (Durkheim 136). Throughout the centuries, men have acted against the existing laws. When new laws emerge, the nature of crime is observed to change accordingly. Every society will, therefore, record different forms of crime despite the nature of laws or policies implemented to deal with them. With this knowledge, the article acknowledges that crime should be classified as one of the trends of typical sociology. Durkheim goes further to explain why the criminal plays a critical role in every aspect of social life. The other outstanding issue is that a society devoid of crime is impossible. In order to support this fact, Durkheim uses the example of a society comprised of saints only. When such a society is established, faults and acts that deviate from the expectations of the other saints will emerge. Consequently, the saints will formulate new laws to punish such faults. This explanation echoes the developments experienced in every society across the globe. It is also notable that crime changes in accordance with the existing aspects of social life when the laws in a given community evolve. Durkheim indicates that “the better a structure is articulated, the more it offers a healthy resistance to all modification” (Durkheim 138). This argument shows conclusively that a society that works hard to eliminate crime will never realize its goals. This happens to be the case because crime is an integral attribute of society. It is, therefore, agreeable that human crime evolves and changes depending on the patterns of the community. Societies usually evolve depending on the changes experienced by its people. This kind of evolution is characterized by functional changes and consequences. Durkheim believes strongly that there are functional consequences of deviance and crime. According to the philosopher, crime reshapes the wave of societal evolution. The occurrence of crime, therefore, results in collective sentiments aimed at addressing the issue. With these notions regarding the issue of crime, societies focus on the best ways to redefine morality. The criminal is, therefore, a social being that is parasitic in nature (Durkheim 138). The scandalous person is present in the society in order to dictate the laws, policies, and moral values that govern it. The definite role of the criminal in social life is something that cannot be ignored. Deviance (and crime) is something functional and exists in societies to establish ethical or moral boundaries (Durkheim 138). The occurrence of
There are several key reasons for linking classroom activities to the elements of the students’ everyday life experiences in the context of science education. Unlike adults, who are capable of accepting theories based on a series of logical conclusions, children need to link the concepts taught at school to the elements of everyday life; otherwise, new information will not be processed and used for not only carrying out typical tasks but also solving complex problems (Scamp, 2012). By analyzing the strategies that teachers can possibly use to stretch the boundaries and help young students realize that science, in fact, is a set of complex methods of cognizing the world. However, by far the most complicated issue regarding teaching science to young children concerns the process of translating scientific concepts for the latter to fit into the child’s vision of the world (Harlen & Qualter, 2009). Hence, the need to look at what children’s ideas are, as well as analyze the specifics of children’s cognitive process arises. Seeing how there is a considerable difference between the cognitive process of children and adult students (Kamphaus, 2005), it will be required to consider the methods that may possibly help young students relate the school material to their daily experience, thus, learning to understand the mechanisms of the scientific method and laws of nature, as well as spot the implementations of these laws in everyday life. Hence the specifics of the research questions stem. It is required to analyze the peculiarities of children’s perception of reality and adapt lessons to these peculiarities in order to help students relate class experiences with real-life ones. The given paper is going to provide the answers to the following questions:  1. What classroom activities can possibly incorporate the theory and its implementation in the form of life experiences of the young students partaking in the activity in question?  2. What specific pedagogic approaches may enhance the student-teacher relationships so that students could display a keen interest in the subject matter and be able to relate the newly acquired information to their daily experiences on their own, therefore, developing the skills of analytical thinking? Methodology Seeing how the given research will require a thorough analysis of the existing strategies for teaching science to young and adult students, as well as the exploration of children’s vision of the world and its laws, it will be reasonable to suggest that a qualitative case study with the elements of quantitative research must be carried out. In other words, it will be necessary to consider several case studies concerning teaching science to young and adult students, as well as on the possibilities regarding the enlargement of the space of science education, base the research on a theory of cognitive development (Piaget’s theory is recommended for the given study (Robson, 2006)), define the recurring patterns with children’s perception of the world and understanding of the material taught at school (Abell, Appleto
In his essay titled “Anti-Intellectualism: Why We Hate the Smart Kids,” Grant Penrod strives to explain why people demonstrate different socialization preferences and characteristics. He is particularly interested in intelligent children’s experiences within the school setting, where they encounter the wrathful influence of anti-intellectuals. Penrod notes that intelligent children usually have difficulties finding friends among school and classmates because of harmful stereotypes about them (760). Anti-intellectuals advance harmful social stereotypes labeling intelligent classmates names such as nerds “excluded from a social activity because of their label, and that label, in turn, intensifies through the resulting lack of social contact” (Penrod 760). The implications of these stereotypes are far-reaching because some students become reluctant to study to avoid being labeled nerds by anti-intellectuals. Penrod attributes anti-intellectualism to bad influence from peers who have little interest in academic success. Anti-intellectuals criticize intellectual peers for spending much of their time studying instead of focusing on social engagements. Since the majority of peers tend to acclaim success in sports and other non-academic activities, “intellectuals constantly see their efforts trivialized in the rush to lavish compliments elsewhere” (Penrod 759),. However, much as Penrod makes legitimate assertions, he is not convincing enough with his argument about the cause of anti-intellectualism. Ostensibly, so many cliques exist in school settings that everyone interested in social groups can identify and associate with one. Students with an excessive passion for reading tend to have shared interests and hobbies that should bring them together. Nevertheless, a student can be an academic performer and still perform exemplary in academics. Therefore, brighter students should not use the committed pursuit of academic excellence as an excuse for social isolation. Works Cited Penrod, Grant. “Anti-Intellectualism: Why We Hate the Smart Kids.” pp. 759-763.
Every investment decision involves cost analysis and opportunity cost. This necessitates a comprehensive analysis of market situations and dynamics before committing funds. The cost of capital is the driving force behind investment decisions, as it is responsible for persuading investors to invest their funds in specific projects instead of others (Rossana 2011, p. 144). When confronted with two risky investment decisions to choose from, investors will always go for the one that promises high returns. Financing options are, therefore, subjected to scrutiny by investors to come up with the most profitable and reliable financing option. Essentially, all financing options have risks associated with them. However, the level of risk and efficiency varies with each financing method. Below are a few financing options open for most firms with their respective pros and cons. Initial public offering (IPO) An Initial Public Offering occurs when a company places its shares, for the first time, on the stock market for members of the public to buy. Lately, IPOs have become effective tools for small firms to expand their capital base. The advantages of IPOs are numerous. First, it helps a firm generate capital for funding its operations. Secondly, it promotes a firm as it raises public awareness about it and its products. Finally, it may lead to increased performance and market share. On the negative side, increased awareness comes with added responsibilities, especially to investors. By going public, firms are expected to comply with stringent international accounting regulations, which is a cumbersome task for small firms. The cost of complying with such regulations can be extremely high. Lastly, the management of public firms faces immense pressure to perform, which could be detrimental to inexperienced managers. Retained Earnings Retained earnings, which are funds plowed back by firms from their profits, can be of great help in times of financing problems. The advantages of retained earnings include their availability. Retained earnings are readily available considering that the money is generated internally. Secondly, as compared to external funding, retained earnings are cheaper. Additionally, it eliminates any fears of receivership resulting from loan defaults and carries a positive connotation. On the negative side, however, retained earnings provide limited finance. A firm cannot retain more than it earns. Another disadvantage of retained earnings is its high opportunity cost implication. To plow back profits, investors must forego taking the profits home. Bonds When accompanying issues with a corporate bond to finance its operations, it opens up avenues for many benefits as well as problems associated with bonds. The main advantage of bond financing is that it provides capital for the company. Bonds also have fixed interest rates, which enable planning and budgeting. Bonds are amortized, hence, no surprise package at the end. Repayment is flexible as one can increase the amount remitted in times of high income. Bond financing also has its disadvantages