ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The transition of the US economy from a colonial economy to a complex industrial economy has seen the Americans build equally complex institutions to match that change. This has led to the Government getting more involved with the economic trends. This paper aims to give in insight into the Economic history of America and the criticisms of the current financial state. Stiglitz (2018) argues that the transition of America from being an industrial-based to a service-based economy largely contributes to the fiscal gap between the social classes of Americans. However, Ioannidis et al. (2020) explain that equality of opportunity in the US has increased over the years. Evidently, economic changes have resulted in societal diversity in the US society creating a need to revisit financial regimes. Economic growth can be traced from the period of the first indigenous Americans to have settled in North America. The inhabitants of North America traded amongst themselves and never included outsiders or foreigners in their exchanges. They concentrated on land ownership and farming to earn a living. They also participated in small-scale handicraft production and the exchange of mainly gold. In South Carolina, the major cash crop was rice, and shipbuilding was the major non-agricultural economic activity. During this period, property such as land was communally owned, hence minimal division along economic lines. The industrial revolution later started in Europe and spread to the US. Despite the urbanized industry being limited, there were several manufacturing industries still operational. The civil war in 1861-1865 saw a rapid economic, which furthered the need for innovative inventions to aid in more efficient operations development. The American economy matured in the 20th century, and the Business Barons were replaced by technocrats who were more capable of delivering the needed inventions. With Economic growth came a need for taxation, and disputes surrounding the tax laws were unavoidable. Starting 1990 onwards, the American economy had shifted drastically and was on the rise. Few people were concerned with farming, and an increasing number of people sought employment in formal sectors. Stiglitz (2018) argues that the American economy became rigged3. He outlines that America moved from being an industrial-based economy to a service-based economy. The economic inequality in America is largely significant, and wealth is by far less equally distributed. Conversely, in what they term the “American dream,” Ioannidis et al. (2020) explain how equality of opportunity in the US has increased over the years2. Pro American-inequality argues that the laws of supply and demand in a competitive market determine wages, interest rates, and the price of commodities2 (Ioannidis et al., 2020). Economists have also argued that the advance in technology is what has largely contributed to the increased innovative economic opportunities in the US. With increased access to education, basic needs, and social am
Introduction In this report the Dove brand’s evolution will be mapped. The brand is one of Unilever’s most sought after one with annual sales in excess of $2 million selling in more than 80 different countries around the globe. The brand is the world’s number one cleansing brand in the category of health and beauty. Dove has been uniquely positioned in the eyes of the consumers as being more than just soap. It has to its history numerous eye catching advertisement campaigns which go further than just to inform the customers about the brand, by delving in a lot of social related issues about women and the skewed perception of beauty. Such uniqueness sets the brand apart from its competitors and has made the brand fetch its market share. Unilever Unilever is a global leader in the realm of consumer goods. The company was formed in 1930 with the merger of the UK based Lever brothers with a Dutch Margarine Unie. In the initial phases the company emphasized on the palm oil for the soaps and other foodstuff but since 1980s shifted the focus as its dependence on palm oil shrunk. By this time, the multinational company had increased its market share to include all of the continents with its particular strength in Asia, Latin America and Africa. Its vast product line includes the notable brands of Knorr, Lux, Dove, Sunsilk, Blue Band, Ben and Jerry’s, Lipton, Surf, Omo to name a few each with annual revenues of over $ 1 billion globally. Unilever’s change in Strategic Brands Strategies’ The company had operated on the concepts of global decentralization which paid dividends as each region or country had distinct cultural nuances and sensibilities, so to incorporate them in a Unilever brand was a recipe to success. Each brand manager was responsible to his brand and had independence with regards to his brand’s decisions in the country the company operated in. Though the company had successes but a source of concern erupted as the company’s same brand was being sold with different names in different countries around the globe. The exercise was not contributing to a globally united identity of Unilever’s brands which the company set about in putting it right. So in 2000, the company embarked on a major overhaul of the company’s global brands. It shrunk its product range to a quarter, keeping only those brands on its profile which had global identities and those that could be worked upon. It was named “Path to Growth”, where the master brands were to serve as umbrella identities for the company. This strategic initiative would set forth a common identity for the Unilever brands all across the globe with the same names and logos of the brands. Brand Management Unilever and Procter & Gamble have been following the same marketing mechanism known as brand management system. The two giants have several brands even in the same category. So each brand manager has to work differently looking after his own brand the way he deems fit with assistants to help them But following
Causes of arteriosclerosis Arteriosclerosis is a condition where fatty materials, calcium deposits, cholesterol, and other impurities accumulate in the arteries forming a hard block that hampers blood flow ( Buzzle, 2012). The impacts of blood blockage are fatal since it can lead to a heart attack, stroke, and other peripheral vascular diseases ( Buzzle, 2012). Arteriosclerosis is a progressive process that is responsible for most cardiovascular diseases. According to Buzzle (2012), Arteries have an inner emaciated coating of cells called the endothelium that is in charge of building a smooth coating in the arteries to allow blood flow ( Buzzle, 2012). The destruction of the endothelium marks the beginning of atherosclerosis. The damage is caused by smoking, high blood pressure or high levels of cholesterol ( Buzzle, 2012). The presence of cholesterol in the inner lining of the arteries destroys the endothelium. As the process continues, cholesterol forms a plaque, which after some time if the process persists may form a bump ( Buzzle, 2012). The bump formed can grow into a big block hence hampering the flow of blood causing a heart attack or stroke. Signs and symptoms of arteriosclerosis Signs and symptoms of Arteriosclerosis are not easily detected until the artery affected becomes very narrow causing a blockage. Many people overlook the symptoms due to lack of knowledge or by attributing the symptoms to other factors like stress and bad shape. Some of the most notable symptoms of arteriosclerosis include cold hands and feet, blurred vision, high blood pressure, and chest pains (Moll, 2011). However, the most serious symptom that shows a person is suffering from arteriosclerosis is chest pain. This condition is medically called Angina. Nonetheless, it is important to note that signs and symptoms depend on the affected artery. If the coronary arteries, which carry blood from the body to the heart, are blocked, symptoms such as heart attack or chest pains are experienced. Moll (2011) asserts that obstruction in the carotid arteries that take blood to the brain might cause impulsive lack of sensation, vertigo, or weakness. The arteries that carry blood to the arms and legs when blocked may cause Legs to pain a condition called intermittent solidification. Male erectile failure and impotence may also be caused by atherosclerosis. Diagnosis of arteriosclerosis A stethoscope is an instrument used to listen to the heart and lungs beat. A doctor carefully listens to the patients’ heart and lungs using the stethoscope (Obeck, 2013). There are also other tests that can be administered including CT scans, cardiac stress tests, which are performed using sound wav
Introduction The worldwide consumers have positioned the marketing of motor vehicles as a major purchase since the year 2007 has been notified as a significant production period of above 73 million motor vehicles comprising 22.9 million sales volumes in Europe and at a net worth of £1.58 billion in UK particularly. Thus, the customers’ response to the buying decisions of motor vehicles will vary from person to person regarding the type of similar object in relation to the number of influential factors like family, friends, neighbors, media vehicles or individual influences. Decision making process In case of automobile, the recognition and determination of decision making tend to be complex since it is composed of traditional economic philosophy while a consumer is assumed to be rational and the new- approach of theory oriented psychology, sociology, and related attributes which can be shown by a model originated by Allport Graph: Allport consumer decision-making model Popular vehicle manufacturing companies A
Introduction The geographical location of Khor fakkan is in the Emirate of Fujairah. It is situated on the east coast of the Unites Arab Emirates on the Gulf of Oman, but it is actually a remote commune, which is the part of the Emirate of Sharjah. It is particularly a shallow port with oil refineries (Luxury Hotels U.A. Emirates, 2009, Para 1). Khorfakkan, one of the most prominent harbors of the UAE, has an extensive history of human arrangement. A research team from the Sharjah Archaeological Museum has found 34 graves and a settlement that seems to be from the period of the early-mid second millennium BC. These are collected on rock protrusions ignoring the harbor (A Walk Through Time, Para 1). History of Khor Fakkan During 1950 a Venetian jeweler Gasparo Balbi observed ‘Chorf’ in some places on the east coast of the UAE, which was called Khor fakkan later. A fort was built by Portuguese at Khor Fakkan but during 1666 it was reduced to rubble. The logbook of the Dutch vessel called as Meerkat talks about this fort and another fort. The book also discusses about ‘Gorfacan’, a place situated on a small bay, which consisted of almost two hundred small houses made of date branches in close proximity to the beach. There is the description about a triangular Portuguese fortress on the Northern side, whose bleak ruins can be observed. It also describes about another fortress on the Southern side of the bay, which has no garrison or artillery on it. This fort is also in ruins. This place has an attractive valley with large number of date trees and fig trees. The wines of melon and watermelon can also be seen there. This vegetation has lots of fresh water wells also which are used for irrigation (A Walk Through Time, Para 2). An Omani Sheikh Mohammad Sohari who was the commander of the Persian navy invaded Khor Fakkan. This can be considered the main reason for the for the ruin condition of the forts of Khor Fakkan. Sheikh Mohammad Sohari mainly invaded the East Coast in 1623, which is now the Emirates. He faced a Portuguese counter attack and pulled out the Portuguese forts, which includes Khor Fakkan. When the Persians were pushed out, the Portuguese commander Ruy Freire asked for the loyalty of people of Khor Fakkan for the Portuguese crown. He also settled a Portuguese custom office. In 1737 after expelling Portuguese from Arabia, the Persians again attacked Khor Fakkan that happened with the help of the Dutch during their involvement in the Omani Civil War (A Walk Through Time, Para 3). According to a Carsten Niebuhr, a German Traveler during 1765 Khor Fakkan belonged to a Sheikh of the Qawasim (A Walk Through Time, Para 3). Archaeology of the Khor Fakkan: in the mountains of Khor Fakkan Rifaisa dam is a place of worth watching. It is said that t
Change Model: Overview The proposed model – The Johns Hopkins Nursing Evidence-Based Practice (JHNEBP). Benefits:   * The approach is proposed due to its simplicity and efficiency.   * It offers consistent guidelines for a step-by-step implementation.   * It is targeted at the successful incorporation of the research findings into clinical practice (Center for Evidence-Based Practice, n.d.). Change Model: Stages JHNEBP has a convenient three-level structure:   * Posing questions;   * Collecting evidence;   * Performing translation. PICO Question   * Population: elderly patients exposed to falls;   * Intervention: a complex approach to falls prevention;   * Comparison: a complex approach that considers both intrinsic and extrinsic factors opposite to narrow-focused methods;   * Outcomes: reducing the risks of falls and the number of fall-related injuries. The pivot question resides in whether a complex approach that considers intrinsic and extrinsic factors can be more effective than the narrow-focused methods (ex. the frequent rounding technique). The targeted population is composed of elderly patients that prove to be particularly exposed to the risks of falls. The proposed intervention is a well-structured prevention program that addresses both intrinsic and extrinsic factors and targets at eliminating all the key problems that make a patient more exposed to falls. The proposed complex approach is compared to the narrow-focused techniques. In other words, those techniques that suggest concentrating on a particular aspect: supporting equipment, psychological prerequisites, etc. The expected outcome is eliminating the risk of falls, reducing the number of falls, and preventing the falls-related injuries. Scope of the Question According to official statistics:   * Every fifth fall leads to broken bones, hip fractures, head and brain injuries;   * 2.5 millions of elderly people are treated for fall injuries annually;   * More than 700,000 patients are hospitalized due to a fall injury annually (Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 2016). Stakeholders The key stakeholders:   * A fall prevention team;   * Elderly patients;   * Healthcare organizations. It is proposed that a fall prevention team is composed of a falls consultant, a charge nurse, a nurse specialist and a psychologist. Another group of stakeholder is the elderly patients that ne
The witches’ chant in Macbeth is powerful poetry and powerful drama. It derives its power from several features. Among them are the rhymes, the rhythm of the words, the interpolation of a chorus, the increasing complexity of the lines as the poem progresses, and the vivid and horrifying imagery. Shakespeare may have had many aims in this play, some of them as deep as the Protestant/Catholic conflict that was roiling in Elizabethan England, but this particular piece of poetry stands on its own, apart from its historical context. The most striking characteristic of the poem upon first reading is the rhyming. As Clugson points out, most of the personae of the play speak their parts in blank verse for most of the time (Clugston, 2010). The appearance of these definite, assertive, unsubtle rhymes in the midst of the heroic declamation sets it apart instantly. The character of the rhymes is heavily constrained. Each line taps out a “four-beatrhythm”(Wilson, 2002, p. 126). Wilson describes the result as a “‘drumming insistence’ with a musical effect which is irresistibly conspiratorial, ‘hovering between a ritual and a threat’” (Wilson, 2002, p. 126). This wonderful description captures the feeling of a dance that this poem has evoked for many young people, even if they did not know what issues or events the play addresses. These lines are largely monosyllabic, a feature which, as Kranz notes, makes the iambic pentameter very obvious (Kranz, 2003, p. 346), almost a caricature of itself. The words that Shakespeare chooses for these lines also display what Kranz accurately describes as “fricative alliteration” (Kranz, 2003, p. 346). This gives the poem a hissing sound, which reinforces the nearly inhuman nature of the speakers and the spectral activities they pursue. A poem of equivalent power in using rhythm might be Vachel Lindsay’s The Congo (Lindsay, 1917). The chorus lines demarcate the verses, providing a welcome relief from the insistence of the ingredients list. The chorus also includes all the participants, transforming the poem from a recitation to an incantation, a shared, almost sacramental activity. This pattern is very reminiscent of the versicles/responses in the Christian mass, or the call-and-response of African music. In light of Wilson’s contention that the witches symbolized the Elizabethans’ suppressed and rebellious Catholic gentry (Wilson, 2002, p. 129), the chorus also seems more than a rhythmic change of pace. The altered rhythm makes the lines around the chorus stand out in greater relief. The imagery is where the poem really packs a massive punch. Shakespeare has assembled a collection of ghastly items that retain their power to shock and make us squeamish. This is true even in an era when the reader is quite likely to have a poison tree frog or an endangered tiger on their t-shirt. Shakespeare manages this by selecting animals that are not our cuddly barnyard friends. These creatures mostly hail from other ta
Introduction Credit rating agencies are normally mandated to provide independent opinions concerning the credit quality of issuers. However, investment decisions that are made by users in the market (by relying on credit rating) cause the credit rating agencies to affect credit rating of issuers. Rating downgrade can lead to increased cost of capital for the borrowing entity as it gives a bad impression to the investors about the credit quality of the borrowing firm. In practice, credit rating agencies have a challenge in terms of setting credit rating that best describe the credit quality of a certain issuer while taking into consideration the effect of these ratings on the quality of the issuer. Standard and Poor’s, Moody and Fitch ratings are the three commonly known credit rating agencies. They have been under serious scrutiny in the past and this was after the global financial crisis. These agencies have recently put their focus on the United States and European sovereign debt. This lead to the S & P’s unprecedented downgrade of the United States long held triple. This rating subsequently caused global sell-off and market volatility. United States and Europe have put some measures to regulate the three major rating agencies. This includes the formation of Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act, which was enacted by the United States. It holds rating agencies accountable as well as safeguards investors and businesses’ interests. On the other hand, European Union formed the European Securities and Market Authority as an independent authority. This body regulates the credit rating agencies’ activities. Fitch has downgraded the credit ratings of major banks in the United States and Europe. As a result, it induced fear concerning the impact to the world economy. This downgrade has increased concerns of a new credit model as the global banking system continues to deal with huge levels of debt. The rating agencies low
Introduction William Butler Yeats, a renowned poet in British Literature, claims that status by his mystic poems which cast a magic spell on his readers with abundant imagery. Most of his poems reflect his views and concepts about life and how to live it. The conservative nationalism which he held up with his life has influenced the works to a great extent. However, he never endorsed pragmatism and naturalism as a means of expression through literature and remained stuck to the relevance of imagination throughout his writings. Many critics hold a view that W. B. Yeats “rejected conventional religion while being inspired by essentially spiritual visions of human possibility.” (MacNamee, 1-2). His views on nature and human beings were distinct in many aspects and his poetry always gave an emphasis on the spiritual powers that humans possessed. The Stolen Child, an imaginary poem, proves the ability of Yeats as an artist who dwells on mysticism in every aspect. “In the stolen child, an 1886 poem by William Butler Yeats, a fairy – one of the mainstays of European folklore – lures a child away from the only world he has ever known.” (Kelly, 1). The poem describes how a child is made to get attracted to faeries through their sweet and plentiful words. The entire poem emanates from the words of a faery trying to explain the world of faeries devoid of pain and pressure. The poet, explicating the sweet words of promises achievable in the other world unknown to the child, has been able to evoke in the readers a real sense of the charm that promises bring. The poem entwines within its soul such wonderful imagery that it convinces the audience that a fairy world is a great space for humans. Appreciation of the poem The poem starts with the landscape appreciation, describing the beauty of it, using the deployment of apt words. The faery says that at the end of a rocky highland belonging to a dense wood there lies a green island with birds called herons and aquatic rats. These words depict the wild beauty where the faeries keep their hideouts. She says that their places are filled with berries and cherries which the child could enjoy. Now she tries to persuade the child to come along with her saying that life together with the faeries in the forests and lakes will be much more fun and merry than ever before because the world where the child is presently living is always full of grief and sorrow. We can consider those words of faery as the words from the poet describing how he has recognized the world as. A human child will be more comfortable in a place f fantasy where faeries live than in the world of reality which always is in misery. In the second stanza, the faery is trying to make the child more interested by telling him about the enjoyments those faeries make as the sun falls and the moon comes. She explains how she, with her companions, dances over the whole night on the sands which turn light grey due to the glossy rays of the moon. Through the words “Mingling hands and mingling glances” (Yeast, line 18), the unity and brotherhood within the faery troops are quoted. She makes the child excited by describing to him how gaily they play with