ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The organizational task entrusted with developing a structure within the population to decrease exposure to risks and cope with catastrophes is known as emergency management. Regular training, simulations, equipment evaluation, and community coordination in a crisis are essential aspects of emergency preparedness (Oliver et al., 2015). Forest fires, tremors, hurricanes, accidents, bombings, dangerous chemicals events, snowstorms, and flooding are just a few of the typical calamities that come under emergency management (Oliver et al., 2015). Mitigation, readiness, reaction, and restoration are the four primary stages in the above framework (Oliver et al., 2015). During the mitigation phase, management ensures that quick action is taken to resolve concerns before a significant tragedy (Oliver et al., 2015). This is an essential step since it aids society in minimizing human as well as financial costs. In order to respond to a crisis in the quickest period feasible, the preparation stage encompasses planning, administering, coordinating, training, equipping, regulating, evaluating, and improving operations. As a result, the reaction stage entails organizing all relevant emergency services as well as planning for first responders (Oliver et al., 2015). It is crucial to determine the resources required and how to deploy them efficiently at this step. The population will attempt to rehabilitate the impacted region during the recovery period. Emergency Management and its Development A Congress Legislation was enacted in order to offer monetary support to a municipality in New Hampshire after a wild fire had decimated the area. Thus, the legislation mentioned above was signed into law in 1803, marking the first time the federal government intervened to assist victims of a local disaster (Huang et al., 2021). During 1930s, the government authorized Reconstruction Finance Corporation, as well as the Bureau of Public Roads, so as to offer emergency credits for the maintenance as well as restoration of specific community amenities (Huang et al., 2021). Around this period, Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) came into existence in order to generate hydroelectricity and, as a supplement, to diminish flooding within the district. Congress approved an essential piece of disaster management law at that time. The Army Corps of Engineers were granted more power so as to design as well as develop all flood control ventures in the United States by the relevant authorities (Huang et al., 2021). As a result, the incidents above served as a springboard for other emergency management programs across the United States. Difference Between Emergency Management and Civil Defense On the one hand, civil defense refers to non-combatant efforts taken to safeguard civilians from imminent catastrophic situations and restore critical services and property in an assault. Civil defense, also known as civil protection, is an endeavor to protect non-combatants in a state against natural calamities. It employs disaster management principles such as prevention, abatement, preparedness, reaction, evac
Introduction At the beginning of the year, I received the projected budget of San Diego restaurant for the just concluded financial year, which shows the expected outcome, but due to several reasons, the actual results show some variances. The net income expected from the restaurant in the last financial year was 102,000 but the actual value was 32,000, which shows a variance of 70,000. In line with the requirements of responsible accounting, every department or line is expected to act as a revenue center, cost center, and profit center too (Bengu & Can, 2010, p.751). In this report, I will analyze the possible reasons for this variance and the actions that I will take to improve the performance of the restaurant for the next financial year. Variance analysis In the projected budget prepared at the beginning of the year, the restaurant was expected to make sales worth 900,000 but the actual sale for the year was 800,000, which shows an unfavorable variance of 100,000. Low sale volume can be attributed to reduced advertisement since the sale of the business depends on the level of advertisement. National advertisement reduced by 20% while local advertisement reduced by 40% during the year. On the other hand, the restaurant was expected to incur expenditures worth 798,000, but at the end of the year, the total expenditure was 768,000, which is a favorable variance of 30,000. This may indicate that the total variance in the net income was not due to high expenses but rather a low volume of sales. However, this does not rule out the fact that some expenses were higher than projected at the beginning of the year. It can also be observed that all the variable costs incurred in the year were less than projected; food expenses incurred were 60,000 less, hourly labor 30,000 less, and supplies expenses were also less by 4,000. These figures indicate that variation in expenses was because of fixed costs variances and not variable costs expenses. According to Anderson (2009), good estimates of costs will help in the allocation of resources (p.27). Fixed costs that show unfavorable expenses include utilities (7,000), insurance and taxes (7,000), and rent (15,000). If all these types of fixed costs were less than projected at the beginning of the year, then total expenditures of the restaurant would be less thus increasing net income reported at the end of the year. Supervisory labor expense, which is a fixed cost, was higher than projected at the beginning of the year because the salaries of all the supervisors were raised at the middle of the year by the area manager. As Roman (2011) argues, controlling cost is important in raising the profitability of the firm (p.181). The decision to increase salaries along the year increased costs of the restaurant by 5,000 which meant a reduced net income of the same margin. The salary increase could have been inc
Introduction Sylvia Plath’s poem Lady Lazarus gives an account of her life. The speaker talks about her life and her three suicide attempts. The poem depicts the speaker as a victim before a cruel crowd that watches her in her suffering. She also suffers in the hands of a cruel doctor. She uses imagery throughout her work to communicate her message. She uses the image of biblical Lazarus to show how she comes back to life. To capture her sufferings she alludes to the Jews and Nazis. The Jews suffered in the hands of the Nazis during Adolf Hitler’s reign because he wanted to wipe them out of existence because they considered them inferior and a threat to the superior Aryan race. The focus of this paper will be to trace references in imagery to horrors of Jewish holocaust under Nazi Germany. Imagery Medical experiments The poem has imagery that refers to the horrors of Jews under the Nazi regime in Germany. Plath talks of doctors who save her life and bring her back after a suicide attempt. She despises the doctors that save her life because what she wanted to do was die and says “So, so Herr Doktor/ So, Herr enemy” (Plath 65-66). The doctors are similar to the doctors in the Jews concentration camps who would do experiments on the Jews in the cruelest manner for instance would test drugs on them, place the human specimen in pressure chambers. Moreover, they did brutal surgeries on them and even the Jewish children did not escape the horrific medical experiments. The Nazi’s doctors used the Jews as guinea pigs in the medical researches. In the poem, Plath says, “I am your opus/I am your valuable” (Plath 67-68) which means that the doctors used her for their own benefit. Similarly, the Nazi doctors did so by experimenting on the Jews because they wanted to build their name in the medicine field at the expense of the innocent Jews. In the hands of her doctor, she was “The pure gold baby” (Plath 69). Thus, the speaker sees herself as a victim of the doctors just as the Jews were victims of the Nazi in the concentration camps. She is a helpless victim because she cannot stop the doctors from bringing her back to life. Likewise, the Jews were helpless under the barbaric Nazi regime and suffered great atrocities in the German society. Stealing from the Jews The Jews who went to the concentration camps were stripped of all their valuables such as fine clothes, valuable rings and gold teeth and so forth. The speaker in the poem refers to the stripping of the Jews w
Introduction This paper is aimed at discussing the development of forestry education in Canada, as well as the challenges that it currently faces due to various factors. This topic is important because forests are among the most important natural resources that Canada has. One can argue that they are vital for the economic development of the country (Wallace 30). Furthermore, they are crucial for the environmental sustainability of the country (Wallace 30). Therefore, these natural resources have to be protected by the most competent professionals. This is why much attention should be paid to the peculiarities of forestry education in the country as well as the problems that should be overcome. Overall, it is possible to argue that the main problems are related to the lack of funding and the eventual unwillingness of many people to work in this field. Moreover, many people are not fully aware of the importance of forestry for Canada. They are often taken for granted, but people do not usually speak about the challenges that can arise provided that Canadian society fails to preserve its forests. These are the main obstacles that should be overcome. This problem requires a complex set of measures that should be taken by educators and policy-makers. It is necessary to create a more appealing image of forestry to cope with various challenges. The development of forestry education in Canada It should be borne in mind that the origins of formal forestry education in Canada can be traced back to 1903 when Bernard Fernow gave a series of lectures on various aspects of forestry (McLeish 55). After that, many universities in Canada began to develop courses for people who wanted to work in this field (McLeish 55). In particular, one should mention the University of Toronto, British Columbia, Laval, New Brunswick, and many others (McLeish 55). Currently, students can attend four-year programs that include both basic and applied natural sciences (Tindall 287). Apart from that, modern forestry programs are closely related to the culture of Native Canadians (Tindall 287). On the whole, the sophistication of forestry in the country can be explained by the growth of the industry involved in the processing of wood. At present, approximately 600.000 people work in organizations or enterprises that are related to the forest industry (Wallace 30). Moreover, this development can be attributed to the growing concern about the environmental value of the forest. For instance, they are vital to the existence of various birds or animals. Furthermore, they play an important role in the generation of oxygen. These are the main factors that contributed to the growing significance of forestry education in Canada. The Challenges of Forestry Education in Canada To discuss the problems that forestry education currently faces. One should pay close attention to the attitudes that people may have toward the natural resources tha
Immigration has become one of the most discussed issues in the contemporary American society. A variety of polls show that Americans have a negative attitude toward immigrants. There is also a lot of tension between immigrants and Americans, especially in states where the number of immigrants is significant (Arizona, California, etc.). Existing policies on immigration has proved to be ineffective as the tension grows as well as the number of illegal immigrants does. It is important to address three major issues: economic, legal and cultural. As for the economic issue, it is possible to note that this is the major problem to be addressed. It is important to legalize immigrants who make up considerable labor force. There are many possible ways to do this. In the first place, it is important to raise awareness on the importance of immigrant’s work as there is significant lack of labor force in the USA. Thus, immigrants can (and do) fill in this gap. However, illegal status of such significant labor force leads to losses (e.g. the economy does not get taxation). Illegal immigrants should apply to obtain legal status. The legal status will be the win-win situation as people get social security and perks. At the same time, the US economy will not have any gaps in labor market. It is important to add that employers should also be involved in the process. Thus, those who employ illegal immigrants should be fined whereas those who assist immigrants to obtain a legal status (provide documents verifying their readiness to employ this or that individual, i.e. to verify that there is need in such a worker) can be rewarded. As for the legal part of the issue, it is necessary to strengthen immigration control. It is important to focus on addressing labor market’s needs. Of course, it is hardly possible to prevent people from coming to the USA. However, it is possible to better distr
In Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems, Galileo Galilei discusses the limitations of human understanding and knowledge. The author focuses on the necessity to find an objective method of proving or disproving a certain proposition, but he acknowledges that this objectivity is often difficult to achieve. The passage that is going to be analyzed is the conversation between Salviati, Sagredo, and Simplicio. These people represent different views on epistemological questions, especially, the certainty with which one can know the nature of things. The key argument that this work puts forward is that there is no completely objective way for the discovery of truth. This is why scientists should reject intellectual arrogance, and the idea that they can know things with absolute certainty. This work is aimed at showing that human intelligence can achieve great successes, but at the same time, it will always have limitations. This is the main premise that Galileo Galilei strives to illustrate through various discussions. The major theme of the passage becomes evident in Simplicio’s first comment, and it is the contradictory nature of human understanding. This character cannot understand how Salviati can praise the understanding or mental faculties of a “natural man” and at the time agree with Socrates who argued that “his understanding was nil” (Galilei, 103). Simplicio is unable or unready to accept a premise that a human being can indeed display prodigious mental faculties and ability to discover the truth; however, human intelligence remains very limited. In his opinion, these two premises can hardly be reconciled with one another. To a great extent, Simplicio’s views on knowledge and understanding are very categorical which that he cannot accept two contradicting statements. In response to Simplicio’s claim, Salviati who represents the author’s views on knowledge, makes a distinction between intensive and extensive knowledge (Galilei, 103). In his opinion, extensive knowledge can be interpreted as the intuitive understanding of many intelligible things, objects, or phenomenon, while intensive knowledge means a perfect or verified understanding of a certain question (Galilei, 103). However, from his argument it is not clear whether such knowledge can be achieved. First, he argues that there are certain propositions that human beings can know with certainty, but agrees that they are “
Research Question The issue of foreigners working in the United Arabs Emirates has become of great concern around the world. This is based on several factors, some of which will be discussed in this essay. The research question for this analysis is stated below: Should the UAE ban all foreign workers? Thesis Under normal circumstances countries around the world need each other in a wide-range of ways. In fact, there is no country, which is self-reliant to ignore the rest of the world. Through mutual relationships and agreements, nations benefit from each other, thus boosting their economies and international relationships. Moreover, foreign workers equally add significant value to the host country. Based on this, the UAE should not ban all foreigners. Introduction The United Arab Emirates has in recent years attracted the international community for its strict regulations, regarding foreign workers in the country or applying for a working permit. In most cases, majority of foreigners who apply are not considered. Additionally, the country’s administration has even gone ahead to ban some workers who do not have a university degree from visiting the country (Annabelkantaria, 2011). While these regulations are being discussed and analyzed, the primary issue that has to be addressed is the impact of foreign workers in UAE, the benefits and costs related to hiring foreign workers. Whilst this analysis is necessary, UAE has significantly benefited from foreign employees for a long period of time. This paper discusses the issue of foreign workers in UAE, by focusing on the benefits of encouraging foreigners to apply for working opportunities in the country. Since the issue has remained double sided, the analysis will equally explore some of the disadvantages of hiring foreigners in UAE. Current statistics of foreign workers in UAE will also be considered as t
Introduction As governments around the globe attempt to tackle the problem of tobacco use in their respective countries, new generations of tobacco products appear to replace the less available ones. The efforts to extend the tobacco market and flood it with electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes, ECs) has already led to the emergence of a global vaping problem. Although public health policies are adapting to the changing paradigm of tobacco consumption, they seem to lag behind the fast-growing market. Main body The problem appears to be especially grave in the United States, where the age of starting smoking continues to shrink. E-cigarettes (that also include vapes) are defined as “battery-powered devices that provide nicotine and other additives to the user in the form of an aerosol” (Cullen et al., 2018, para 1). While e-cigarettes first entered the US market in 2007, by 2014, they became the most used tobacco product among US youth and later on boosted the spread among middle school students by five times (Cullen et al., 2018). It is widely believed by many that transitioning from smoking to vaping is a healthier alternative for adults, but it does not imply that vapes are to be utilized by adolescents. The reasons for concern also stem from the fact that the long-term effects of vaping are understudied. Besides, it is not clear what potentially harmful substances e-cigarettes or vapes contain (“New Jersey Department of Health,” n.d.). With cases of poisoning by swallowing, absorbing, or breathing e-cigarette liquid remaining widespread and fires and explosions caused by defective devices resulting in injuries, a more balanced course of action is necessary (“New Jersey Department of Health,” n.d.). As the problem of traditional smoking appears to have found a solution, new risks for the public health system continue to emerge. There is no consensus reached among scholars or medical practitioners on the severity of the situation, as some believe the pervasive substitution of smoking with vaping is a win for the public health sector. According to Ronald Seifer (2019), the devastating effects of tobacco have little to do with nicotine and are instead caused by the byproducts in tobacco smoke. There is no substantial research on the harmful effects of e-cigarettes byproducts, so it is only the issue of the nicotine that remains disturbing (Seifer, 2019). Thus, the behavioral change is a positive achievement that should not be disregarded or nullified by misinformation about vaping presented to teens by their parents. Still, the supporters of the positive effect of the spread of vaping are in the minority group for now. The multiple research findings suggest that e-cigarette
The structure of the housing market in Sydney The demand for housing in Sidney greatly outweighs the supply as Johnston, (2003) says. This trend is attributed to increased international immigration and reduced interstate movement of people and is expected to adopt this trend in the future. The population is growing steadily in New South Wales for the last decade; however, the housing supply has not been able keep up. It is projected by the Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) that by 2020, NSW will have 412,300 more households who will be in need of homes (Center for Affordable Housing, 2010). This leaves the market very fragmented and the choice of where to invest very important. The housing market structure in Sydney is characterized by a number of factors such as the number of investment firms, market share of the large firms, product differentiation, diversity of buyers and renters among others which affect the price and competition for housing in the city. This market has the characteristics of an oligopoly where the industry players set the prices for houses for rental or for home owners. The major players in the market are the private developers on one hand who operate on maximizing profits and the government agencies such as the State property Authority and not-for-profit agencies who mainly provide housing to the lower income brackets. There are also barriers to entering the market especially for private developers such as the 2009 planning laws which extends the period for approving new buildings and new assessment procedures for development proposals, which favored the government and not for profit agencies, and curtailed the private developers (Battenbough, 2009). Another barrier to new entrants in the market is the prohibitive land tax, stamp duty and infrastructure charges. The housing products also are differentiated as they range in low rent to prime properties which fetch high prices (Center for Affordable Housing, 2010). Characterize the real estate auctions The residential and rural property auctions in New South Wales are regulated by the government’ Fair Trading Agency and stipulated laws must be followed in the auctioning process. In order to buy a property in Sidney through auction, one must produce proof of identity during registration for bidding and an address. If jointly buying a property with another person, be it a partner or a spouse, only one participates in the bidding. If a person is representing another or a company adequate authorization from the person one is representing or the company must be produced during registration (Australian Residential property Planners, 2011). During the auction, the person who makes the high
As a rule, in the times of adversity, facing death closely, individuals tend to rely upon their faith as a source of the moral strength, resistance and as the only support for the intrinsic humanity and mercy. On the other hand, the writings, shedding light upon the events of WWII, explicitly operate within the context, in which God is dead, and individuals are driven precisely by their survival instinct. Both Vonnegut and Hemingway provide the coping alternatives to religion, but naturally take distinct approaches: whereas Hemingway places earthly love as religion, thus not going too far beyond the Christian doctrine, Vonnegut , influenced heavily by existentialism, tries to develop a different type of sacred or spiritual knowledge, embodied by the Tralfamadorians. Main text At the very beginning of “A Farewell to Arms”, the major categorically claims: “All thinking men are atheists” (Hemingway, p.8), actually expressing the author’s views. Hemingway clearly divides his characters into two categories: faithful, deeply pious peasants (including the priest) and officers, who simply appear incapable of reconciling the fact of long cruel war that in fact has been occurring since the beginning of the century, and the existence of the supernatural force, believed as the source of grace and salvation. In fact, all religious institutions, dep