ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Many historians agree that the American Revolution was a culmination of a greater imperial conflict between natives and colonial masters who had occupied different colonies. However, the events of 1763 are accredited for being the turning point that accelerated the wheel towards the revolution. During this time, many colonists changed their opinion on the Great Britain. The three key events of this particular year that are very important to the American history include the French-Indian war, taxes, and frontier policies of the time. With reference to Anderson’s views, during this time, the French and Indian War (1754-1763) between the Great Britain and France ended with the Treaty of Paris 1 . The war had been fueled by disputes between France and the Great Britain based on their territories whose borders had not been well defined. Importantly, the dispute between the two countries concerning the possession of the upper Ohio River Valley was a major reason for the war. Although Britain lost to France in the early years of the war, after 1757, the reorganization of its army saw the tide turn around. France and its allied countries such as India lost in subsequent battles 2 . During the war, France had sought the help of Spain in what was referred to as the Family Compact of 1761, which was intended to push the Great Britain into accepting defeat or a ceasefire for war, which was proving very costly to France. However, poor disorganization of the Spanish Army meant that Britain won against the combined allies 3 . In 1763, a ceasefire was reached after both sides signed the Treaty of Paris. The Treaty of Paris awarded enormous territorial gains to the Great Britain. The gains by the Great Britain were not without cost. The cost of the war and the expenses of managing the new territories were staggering. They almost crippled the economy of the country. To stop the country from going into debt, the Great Britain imposed new frontier policies and taxes that required natives to pay the expenses of the war and to return the East Indian Company into profitability 4 . However, there was serious discontent on these policies and taxes, which contributed to increasing hostility by the natives towards Britain. These disputes ultimately led to a full-blown war that was waged by the American Natives with an aim of securing freedom and independence. In the count down to the American Revolution war, the thirteen colonies under the Great Britain rule rejected the authority of the colonial masters to tax them. Further, there were major protests, which were a clear expression of the natives’ discontent of their colonizers. One of the most notable protests was the Boston Tea Party of 1773 5 . However, with Britain responding with punitive laws that were referred to as the ‘Intolerable Acts’ in 1774, the conflict had span out of control. Despite the efforts by Britain to take control by whatever means, the natives had strength of mind in their push for independence. In 1776, the continental congress, which was made of delegates from all the thirteen colonies, declared
As you are all aware, we recently visited Colorado Edgar Mine. Before being what it is today, an underground lab used to train future engineers, it was one of the prominent mines back in the 1870s and produced highly valuable resources which included copper, gold, lead as well as silver. During the period of gold rush back in 1859, George Jackson came across placer gold, at what is presently Idaho Springs. This was thus the first gold discovered in Colorado. The native of Missouri was attracted by the steam that rose from a hot spring. He kept this for himself for a number of months. The place was later named Jackson Digging. After the place being occupied by people, it was renamed Sacramento City, other names include Idaho, Idaho City but the name currently used and known is Idaho springs. It is worth mentioning that that initial placer discovery was followed by other vein identification of gold on the creek. In 1903, the strike of workers in demand of working for eight hours come to what was termed as Colorado Labor Wars.. A number of films have been acted from the scene for instance Downhill Racer and Overbrook Brothers. Thus it is important to bring forth what was learnt during the trip concerning the mine. I thus seek to bring to your attention the various things we learnt during the trip and these include labor mining, types of rocks, types of equipment used, various silicon, and decaying wood among other things. It is worth noting that dynamite was not being used anymore, and the mining team thus opted for ANFO (explosive) ammonium nitrate–fuel oil mixtures (Hutchinson 214). I would like to know your take on the same, if you are in need of further information regarding the same then contact me through an email or a phone call (Student to provide the contacts) It is evident that mining calls for a substantially larger manpower. According to statistics, close to 7,000 individuals are employed as mining engineers. Colorado Edgar Mine back in 1870s did produce highly valuable resources which included copper, gold, lead as well as silver. We were taken through the various stages in mining for instance mineral discovery which entail identifying a mineral reserve, mineral determination where ore properties are determined, and feasibility study this is where the cost-benefit analysis of the project is carried out. What follows is the mining operation, which usually takes one or a combination of the following; hydraulic, placer, hard rock or open pit (Cartwright 234). The kinds of explosive used then to mine were of two types, high velocity and low velocity. It is worth mentioning that mining safety back then was not as advanced as what we have at the present time. Hydraulic mining or booming back was one method that was intensively used in mining gold. Hoses were used to carry high pressure water spray. This was used to wash deposits of gravel; thi
Sytangmatics could be defined as the element within a musical presentation, dealing with construction of sentences and phrases in original languages. The analysis of syntagmatics seeks to establish the usage of language within an audio presentation. A paradigmatic analysis, on the other hand, seeks to analyze the paradigms embedded onto a presentation. The paradigms within a film present the core from where syntagms become created. Numerous discrepancies exist between the production of the film and the original stage performance of Rent. The presentations contain syntagmatic and paradigmatic discrepancies within the elements contained in the presentation. Though the fill could be identified as an adoption of the musical, there exist several syntagmatic and paradigmatic differences between the two presentations. The setting for the original presentation occurs in the nineteenth century, essentially displaying the existing elements of the time. While the original presentation indicated Mimi (a character in both presentations) as suffering from tuberculosis, the adoption presented the sickness as HIV/AIDS. The setting for these presentations could be accredited with the different presentation of the sickness. While tuberculosis might have been common in the nineteenth century, the prevalence of HIV/AIDS in the twentieth century presented a surmountable challenge. While presenting a similar paradigm in sickness, a syntagmatic difference occurs through presentation of different sickness from the original presentation. The timing of the presentation necessitated the change as majority of the characters, presented in the adoption, suffer from HIV/AIDS infection. Several songs within the theatre presentation do not appear in the film. The length of the original theatre script became an element that required numerous changes in production of the film. Several versions of the script continued to be presented through the years before completing the motion picture. Numerous productions continued to be created through the years in seeking to compose a final script containing the desired elements of the developed film. In making the motion picture, numerous changes became imminent to the structure of the theatre presentation. The success achieved from the theatre release appeared to entice the producers to work on the desired elements of the presentation. The background music used in the theatre presentation became transformed to spoken words in the film. The theme song for the motion picture became “ Seasons of Love”, composed by Stevie Wonder. The motion picture contains fewer songs than the original Rent presentation. Majority of the original soundtracks used in the theatre presentation became eliminated from the final motion picture presentation. The words presented in the songs used became spoken by the characters in the film. The theatrical presentation was performed in numerous languages within different countries. The film, however, only appeared in English language presenting a major language discrepancy between the presentations. The conversion of the script into a film included omission of several parts of the
Abstract There are several reasons why a country faces numerous problems that are directly or indirectly related to its existing food stocks. While there are several nations that are considered a storehouse for food items as not only do they produce a relatively vast stockpile of food grains, they also manage to have the benefit of owning extensive amounts of cultivable land under their domain, there are other member nations which do not seem to have the required natural resources in order to conduct substantial agricultural activities. Taking cue from the above statement, it would not be incorrect to state that countries such as India, the United States and Brazil, have vast cultivable lands under their personal domain whereas other countries such as Kuwait, Iraq and Dubai, are completely dependent on other countries to fulfill their overall supply for food and grains. In this
Maria Tecla Atemisia Montessori was one of the most famous women of the previous century. An outstanding physician and researcher, she gave rise to a specific philosophy of education which was named after her. Additionally, she also contributed to the evolution of scientific pedagogy greatly. The ideas and approaches suggested by her are still used in a number of private schools and establishments. She was born on August 31 1870 in Chiaravalle, Italy. Maria was brought up in a friendly family and had close relations’ with her parents. Besides, they had to go to Rome and she entered the public elementary school. At the age of 13 she entered secondary technical school Regia Scuola Tecnica Michelangelo Bounarroti and studied a number of sciences like arithmetic, algebra, geometry, history, etc. ( Maria Montessori Biography , 2016). Maria Montessori was a good student and had excellent grades. Later on, being supported by her mother, Montessori went on to graduate from the medical school of the University of Rome in 1986. She became the first female doctor in Italy ever ( Maria Montessori Biography , 2016). Maria decided to work in the sphere of pediatrics and psychiatry. This choice predetermined the whole of her life and career. She had to work with many poor children who had problems with upbringing. That is why she created her own approach to them. Her investigations of early child development resulted in the appearance of the brand new method that implied encouragement of childrens creativity and the creation of a beneficial atmosphere. Montessori was focused on the exploration of the method that should mind the childs peculiarities and create an environment that could promote his/her evolution. Yet, her approach stated that a child should be given great attention and all his/her peculiarities should be considered important. It will obviously help to guarantee an individuals evolution and contribute to the great positive outcomes. Moreover, any child should be placed in a certain prepared environment that will assure that all his/her the most important needs will be fulfilled. This environment is extremely crucial for the work of any educator as it creates the background for the majority of the procedures and contributes to the increased efficiency of the methods used in the educational process. Finally, according to Montessori teachers should remain c
What trends has Apple followed in its history which has led it to be a successful company? Innovation is the largest driver of Apple Inc.’s growth. Throughout its history, the company has enticed consumers with better, stylish, and more convenient products. After the Apple, I was successful in the market, the company created Apple II. This computer was a general purpose. IT had color graphics and a color monitor. It also came with a cassette drive and some internal memory. Apple II has priced higher than Apple I but still succeeded in the competitive market and yielded an impressive $139M. Apple improved this product by replacing the Cassette drive with a floppy drive. They also increased the RAM by 44MB. Apple Inc competes based on a first-mover advantage. This is why the next new computer had eight applications and increased RAM by 90KB. This computer was very innovative. Some would say it was too innovative because its cost was way out of consumer’s reach. It failed in the market and was withdrawn. The company then focused on developing a common Operating System that was superior to the existing Windows. This software would enable all Apple computers to run on a common OS. Finally, the Mac OS was created. It served all its intended purposes and reached out to previous Windows users. The company also managed to reduce its cost margins while providing value to the consumer. The new computers were superior in terms of graphics, user-friendly, flexible, and cheaper than previous models. The market received them well. Diversification into the production of iPods, iPads, and MacBooks also helped to grow Apple’s business. These were products that did not exist previously, but everybody needed them. Innovation has put Apple in the market leader’s position. The decision to enter the retail sector greatly contributed to Apple’s growth. Their online stores and physical distribution stores have been a success, reducing the cost of sales while simultaneously increasing sales. Would you say that Apple is still a computer company, or has it become something else? What seems to you to be the primary product line for Apple now? Apple still produces computers today, but this is not their primary focus. Steve Jobs returned to the company when it was almost collapsing. He introduced new computers, which were smaller and faster than the previous ones. These Mac Books did very well in the market. However, the focus shifted from just producing computers to other digital media. This was evident in the name change from Apple Computers Inc to Apple Inc. The name change was accompanied by the release of two new digital products, Apple TV and the iPhone. The iPhone was a great success. Apple began competing with other phone manufacturers such as Nokia. Though Apple
The success of any technology business project depends on the accurate information of the market coupled with the reliability of technological components along with other user-based parameters. It was an old school thought that the technological information on innovations would have priority than market knowledge for any related product. The story of Polaroid which lost the advantage of being the technological leader in digital imaging due to the poor information on the markets should be an eye-opener to this conventional wisdom. Due to the limited insight into the consequence of technological and market knowledge for New Business Development (NBD)Projects, detailed research was undertaken to investigate the influence of the above-mentioned factors on the project management characteristics of NBD projects. The studies clearly suggest that project autonomy is the most driving force that determines the successful exploration and both technical and market information. The basic study was undertaken on NBD projects of a retail business chain called Domus. Most of its personal care and health care products were facing a significant reduction in sales and hence, new business opportunities on new product lines were also on cards. The NBD projects, that Domus handled, were cross-functional in nature with both engineers and managers assigned to each project controlled by a Project Manager. The detailed analysis of the projects chosen for the research clearly gives valid explanations on the hypothesis that “autonomy is necessary for the collection of proper technical and business information” for successful NBD projects. Among the eight projects investigated, in spite of the absence of proper market information, two of them were very successful due to their ability to utilize the existing business information. Out of the other six which required detailed market information only two turned successful. The failure of the four projects was accounted to the introduction of poor business criteria before putting into commercialization. The success of two in this segment was attributed to a well-structured test marketing program designed to assess the effectiveness of developed product propositions and marketing campaigns. These cases clearly emphasize that the success of NBD projects can be assumed by establishing an alliance with the management team for the new market information. Business intelligence is a critical component in any commercial venture, especially in new launches. This calls for a simultaneous collection of information from both the technological and marketing divisions of the units concerned. As the study outlines, project autonomy is the key deciding component in determining success. This is certainly convincing as unless the basic issues addressing the technological capability as well as business issues are known, a business-winning proposition cannot be framed. Further, the system must also have the flexibility for a strategic alliance with external sources which might be necessary to generate
Introduction The First and Second World Wars significantly affected global economics. The Second World War resulted in intensive economic growth. The necessity of financial stability and development appeared in different countries around the globe. Western and Eastern countries chose different ways of market development. As a result of two wars, international financial institutions appeared and different strategies of national economic growth were introduced which led to the economic and political system development. Economic Effects of the World Wars After the First World War, an economic recession affected all the countries-participants. This recession was connected with the economic intensification due to the war needs as well as the destruction of industrial plants, agricultural lands, and roads. In the United States, the recession was transformed into an economic depression. Mostly, the recession affected the German economy because
Introduction It is imperative to note that the real estate industry in the United Arab Emirates (UAE) has been developing at rapid rates, and it is a crucial part of the economy. It has to deal with numerous issues that may complicate the processes and decisions of investors. It would be beneficial to analyze particular aspects of the industry to get a better understanding of how it functions and what approaches may be utilized to address current problems. One of the most significant aspects that should be highlighted is that the regulatory environment has improved, and it has helped to draw the attention of foreign investors. Market Structure The real estate market in the UAE consists of office, residential, retail, and hotel sectors. Enterprises have to spend funds on salaries, insurance, advertising, and other activities. Start-up expenses also may also be quite significant. The fact that construction costs in most regions are stable also should be mentioned (Colliers International, 2015). It would be beneficial to analyze core real estate indicators in the biggest cities in the UAE to get a better understanding of the situation on the market. The office sector is worth highlighting because it has been affected by economic shifts. The growth of completed supply in Dubai has been steady, and it has increased from 1,02 percent to 1,09% from 2014 to 2015. On the other hand, the numbers in Abu Dhabi were 1,01% and 1,05% respectively. The demand for office space has remained at high levels, and an increase of four percent in Grade A rents could be noted in Dubai, and 7% in Abu Dhabi (JLL, 2016). Residential supply is also quite important, and statistics suggest that productivity has been slowing down in both cities from 2014 to 2015, and it has grown only by 1,02% in Dubai and 1,004 in Abu Dhabi. Available data suggests that the value and amount of transactions were reduced by 33% and 28% in 2015 relative to 2014. The level of performance when it comes to rents has been much higher than sales in 2015. Prices are also worth noting, and one had to pay close to 16,000 AED for every square meter. Rental rates for similar two-room apartments have increased by four percent (JLL, 2016). Retail supply also should not be overlooked, and numbers indicate that the sector has been steadily developing in the first city, and 3,107 sq m of gross leasable area (GLA) are available. On the other hand, the progress in the second one has slowed down from 1,2 percent to 1,07% and 2,741 GLA sq m can be utilized. Available data indicates that rents have remained stable, and most enterprises have used techniques such as discounts for businesses to stay profitable. The