ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Bismiallah Hir Nir The digital meter will measure electricity consumption similar to electricity meter but capable of converting power usage into digital signals conveyable to computer servers where usage and cost can be viewable in graphic format. Normally an alternating current meter is used in every house/office to note power consumption of users, a person has to visit the site manually to note down data where power is consumed. However, to make this system more efficient and cost-effective, use of computerized digital meters would be very effective and accurate way of demonstrating power consumption. As there are great disparities in measuring power consumption using analogue electric meters, the proposal of using digital meter will be much useful and accurate. The digital meter will have a light sensor and a light emitting component. The power consumption rate will be converted into digital signals which are then processed to indicate information in visual forms indicating different figures as cost of consumption, watts used and time durations. Digital meter is electronically connected with a computer via LAN (Local Area Network) directly at powerhouse, hence meter person to check meter manually is not required. Digital Meter can be connected with the computer server via network technologies using IT standards, appropriate software, and superfast computers. It is very useful for enterprises for integrated information to be processed to and fro in engineering operations, accounting & management, and maintenance. Ethernet, TCP/IP connectivity via PLCs and DCSs (distributed control system) so that all information processes will be conveyed via LAN / WAN in client server setting. Project manager would be able to view all the signals generated by the digital meter in form of charts and diagrams about usage of electricity and cost information. Digital meter will convey message in the form of graphics display and table of cost of consumption. Different fieldbus can be used. Profibus is device network technology most effective for open network standard. Foundation fieldbus uses physical layer, data link and application layers i.e. 1, 2, and 7. Layers 2 & 7 are bundled to form a communication stack. In Profibus PA-process automation sensors and actuators both have one common bus line and connected at same bus. In Profibus DP-Factory Automation introduces high speed and cost effective way for communication b/w automation control systems. At the device leve I/O is distributed. A coaxial cable is very useful and consists of a central conducting wire which is insulated and separated from outer conducting cylinder. The cables do not produce external electric or magnetic fields. Manager can easily view graphic display of signals in one window and accounting date in second window. Object linking and Embedding (OLE) and Dynamic Data Exchange (DDE) both can combine data streams i.e. production totals from the users and unit cost (from accounting) in one spreadsheet. Using LAN or WAN technologies, Internet or Intranet browser can access data and
Reality is the creation of human brathe in Many philosophers and thinkers still argue about many issues of human beia ng. One of the most disputable issues is the essence of reality. People cannot agree whether onthe reality is objective or subjective. One of the eminent thinkers of the 20th, Jorge Luis Borges reveals his own vision about reality in his famous story The Circular Ruins. Borges suggests that reality is the creation of human brain: every person has this person’s reality where the person is a creator and a creature, father and a son. Co-existence of different realities Borges depicts a wizard who lives in his own world, the world of his dreams and contemplations. The wizard had a purpose in his life: he “wanted to dream a man” (Borges 58). The wizard could start his creation only in his dreams, so he spent a lot of his time creating, i.e. dreaming. The real world of the wizard intermingled with his dreams. In this way any person does exist. Dreams bring to life new images and notions which penetrate the reality of people, changing their perception. Of course, people have their own realities, they perceive some situations and notions in different ways. However, people still co-exist and their realities also do. Borges admits that people affect other people’s realities. Thus, his wizard’s reality was disturbed by “two oarsmen” who told him about “a charmed man in a temple of the North” who was his creation, his son (Borges 62). This knowledge made him understand what he had to do. The reality is changed due to new visions and new dreams, each person experiences this million times. The relativity of positions of a creator and creation Of course, Borges suggests reveals his ideas about reality in his peculiar symbolic way. He uses such symbols as fire and creation. Borges states the relativity of the present world by the idea that a person cannot know what is real and what is just a dream, who is a creator and who is a creature. Borges suggests a formula which can explain everything. The wizard “understood that he also was an illusion, that someone else was dreaming him” (Borges 63). People should also feel that. The Fire is that incomprehensible force which makes people live and die. The essence of reality is beyond human’s understanding. Though, human creations will last longer than their creators, the god Fire will have no mercy to the latter. However, the reality is cyclical, and as Borges said, “what had happened many centuries before was repeating itself” (Borges 63). Creation is as much an illusion as reality itself. People will never reveal the nature of reality since it is given to them by somebody else. What reality is? In his The Circular Ruins, Borges suggests that the reality is a mere perception of every person. Reality is composed of the perception of events and dreams. Dreaming plays a very important role in every person’s reality creation, which is why the worlds of dreams and “objective” day perception should coexist. It is essential to accept that the reality is
As soon as a company acquires stability and success in its own country, its management team starts thinking about expanding the services or products they produce to the global market. Frequently, such a strategy brings enormous success and provides good profit. However, there are cases when some crucial factors are not analyzed before expanding. In such situations, not only do the organizations lack the profit they expected to gain but also they may experience severe disadvantages and losses. The case of Euro Disney in France is one of the most well-known examples of an unsuccessful expansion campaign. The major mistake of Disney’s expansion process that is noted by analytics is that the company used an ethnocentric management approach (Karadjova-Stoev & Mujtaba, 2009). This method involves establishing the home management style in a foreign country. A common assumption, which is also a common mistake, is that what works well in one’s native country should also work well in another one. However, Disney’s human resource (HR) team did not take into account a large number of cultural differences between the Americans and Europeans, which led to a number of failures. Although Disney’s chairman Robert Fitzpatrick had many connections with France, he made a number of mistakes when predicting the situation (Matusitz, 2010). One of the biggest problems was misjudging the Europeans’ vacation habits (Karadjova-Stoev & Mujtaba, 2009). While in America, people often took their children away from school to take them to Disneyland, in Europe, such a tendency was not popular. The HR team’s hopes to alter Frenchmen’s vacation preferences failed, which led to the division of the park’s work into high and low seasons. The division into seasons led to another serious issue – the realization of differences between labor law in France and the US (Karadjova-Stoev & Mujtaba, 2009). French employees refused to be sent home in low season – the practice that was frequently employed in America. The need to accommodate to the country’s labor law and create a stable schedule for all employees also caused problems for Euro Disney. Some of the greatest losses appeared due to the miscalculation of Europeans’ eating and drinking habits (Karadjova-Stoev & Mujtaba, 2009). The primary aim of coming to the park was entertainment. However, since the people were staying for the whole day, they felt the need to eat something during their stay. As it appeared, Europeans’ food norms differed greatly from Americans’ ones. One of the biggest mistakes was not allowing any alcohol in the theme park whereas French people did not imagine lunch without a glass of wine (Karadjova-Stoev & Mujtaba, 2009). Also, Europeans preferred sit-down breakfast and lunch, and Disney’s team did not predict such a demand. Another example of an organization that made mistakes during its expansion process is the introduction of eBay to the Chinese market (Lu, 2011). The major mistake made by eBay was that it wanted to win the audience by its methods without adjusting the latter to the local
The church is part of a much larger building, with a front of very carefully carved stone, with heavy, old fashioned doors. It looks like a castle. Inside: white walls and dark wood seats. When I enter, a woman hands me a program booklet. She also shakes my hand and tells me that I am welcome, and to sit wherever I like. The room is set up like a lecture hall, with the seats or benches all facing the same way. There is an area set apart at the ‘front’ of the room, with a long table and a Christian cross set up on it and a piano to one side. A man comes to the piano and plays a quiet piece of music. A woman comes to the center of the front of the room and speaks forcefully, asking everyone to stand up and listen to her pray. Then everyone prays together. They sing a song together. They recite a prayer together. The woman asks the kids to come forward, and speaks to them directly for a few minutes. Then the children leave by a back door. There is another song. Then the woman who is leading the service reads from a big book. She stands at a lectern and explains what she has read. She asks everyone if there is anything they would like to pray about. People stand up and talk about partners, children, parents, and neighbors who are sick, and current events. Several people stand up and pass around a basket. Everyone puts money, checks, or envelopes in it. There is more singing, and the woman holds up her hand and tells everyone to go in peace. The people go out the back door and into another room that is set up with coffee, tea, lemonade, and a table full of snacks. They stand around talking, and the kids run or crawl around. Some sit at a table and draw with crayons. After a while, people begin to clean up the snacks and drinks, and everyone leaves.
Introduction The new economy is perhaps the most striking development in business evolution over the last decade. A competitive incentive has risen from the dynamic nature and velocity of the new marketplace for both business organisations and economies in general. Companies are increasingly being required to reconcile and consolidate their business assets, in order to create sustainable value over time. In line with these developments, Saudi Aramco is at the forefront of transforming Saudi Arabia’s economy through leveraging of intellectual capital and knowledge management. The following study seeks to determine the structure, nature and enactment of organisational informatics in Saudi Aramco. The organisation and management of organisational informatics in Saudi Aramco, as well as the supporting systems, are also highlighted in the study. Ultimately, organisational capabilities resulting from organisational informatics such as innovation, and drivers of knowledge management in the organization are also illustrated. The study’s ultimate objective is to establish how knowledge management affects the capabilities of Saudi Aramco, for instance, through an intellectual capital development and innovation. The effect of the developed capabilities on the intention of the company entering the retail market should also become apparent. The outcome also should indicate how this development is in line with the vision of transforming Saudi Arabia into a knowledge-driven economy, considering that the organization is a national oil company. Saudi Aramco Organisational Informatics Organisational Informatics Definition Organisational Informatics refers to the analyses of social informatics, with a particular emphasis on business organisations (Kling, 2000, p.217). The primary participants in the case of organisational informatics are located within bodies that can be identified. Organisational Informatics responds to several Information Science questions within business firms’. The responses include how people relate with one another, pursue, and utilise information within the organisation. Saudi Aramco in a bid to harness various capabilities emanating from technology has embarked on a well-designed structure of organisational informatics. In order to accomplish this strategic goal, Saudi Aramco pursues development of absorptive capacity, a factor inherent in the company’s information systems (Khursani, Bazuhair & Khan, 2011). Absorptive capacity entails ability to utilise prior knowledge in recognising the value of new information (Ramiller & Swanson, 2003). In addition, absorptive capacity also involves assimilating and ap
Introduction Zhang Yimou is a Chinese filmmaker, actor, producer, and screenwriter belonging to the group of the Fifth Generation of Chinese directors. He was born in the city of Xi’an in 1951 into a family of doctors. Being a laborer in the times of the Cultural Revolution, Zhang Yimou became interested in photography and painting. In 1978, he entered the Beijing Film Academy, where he studied together with future Fifth Generation filmmakers Tian Zhuangzhuang, Zhang Junzhao, and Chen Kaige. Having finished the Academy in 1988, Zhang Yimou shot his first film, Red Sorghum , which received the Golden Bear award (Tasker 412). Since that time, he has become one of the most internationally recognized Chinese directors. This essay analyzes the development of Yimou’s cinematographic style by examining some of the films he shot throughout his career. The Main Topics of Zhang Yimou’s Films A great part of Yimou’s films is dedicated to Chinese history. This includes both ancient ( The House of Flying Daggers, Hero and Shadow ) and XX century history (Red Sorghum, Raise the Red Lantern, The Story of Qiu Ju, To Live and The Flowers of War). In films dedicated to ancient history, Yimou shows significant historical events through the lives of rulers and warlords, hired assassins, and conspirators. These films are aesthetically inspired by the Chinese national fantasy, the so-called Wuxia. This genre is distinguished by the presence of many well-performed but completely unrealistic combat scenes (“Wuxia”). Using the form of a high-budget semi-historical quasi-fantasy fighter, Yimou creates colorful films that address deep philosophical and political issues which have always been relevant. Another part of Yimou’s filmography is devoted to the twentieth century, including the period of the Republic of China, China’s war with Japan, civil war, and life in communist China. He made films about this era mainly at the beginning of his career. In such fi
Introduction Corrosion is the steady degradation of metals as a consequence of chemical rejoinders with their surroundings. The capacity to transfer moist unprocessed innate gases via pipelines and other unreachable points is a crucial aspect in the progression of novel gas fields (Sridhar et al. 221). Therefore, it is important to understand corrosion and methods of controlling it for safety and economic reasons. This paper looks at the causes of corrosion in pipelines, methods of controlling corrosion, and the working principles behind these methods. The Occurrence of Corrosion in Oil and Gas Pipelines Corrosion is among the key reasons for failure in the onshore transportation of gases and dangerous fluids in the United States. Corrosion also significantly affects gas dissemination mains and facilities as well as oil and gas collection schemes. In the U.S., for example, the yearly costs incurred from the destruction of structural machinery caused by corrosion surpass the harm from natural disasters such as upheavals, floods, storms, hurricanes, and fires. Other countries such as Britain and Germany also report similar findings. According to reports by NACE, it is approximated that all forms of corrosion lead to the loss of $276 billion (Baker and Fessler 1). Of this sum, the deterioration of onshore gas and fluid transportation pipelines accounts for $7 billion. Causes of Corrosion A number of factors contribute to the corrosion of pipelines. These factors can be classified as internal and external. Internal factors lead to corrosion of the inner surfaces of pipelines, whereas external (environmental) factors cause the destruction of the outer surfaces of pipelines in what is known as external corrosion. The constituents of the substances that are transported in pipelines greatly determine the occurrence and rate of corrosion. Gases such as carbon dioxide, oxygen, hydrogen sulfide, and condensed water usually determine the rate and extent of corrosion (Sridhar et al. 221). Carbon dioxide corrosion, which is also known as sweet corrosion, occurs in two steps. The gas dissolves in water to form carbonic acid, which is a weak acid. Carbonic acid subsequently dissociates into bicarbonate ions that react with iron ions in the pipe through electrochemical reactions that yield ferrous carbonate (FeCO 3 ). As fluids run through the pipe, their motion eliminates a section of the ferrous carbonate deposits leading to corrosion. Water hastens the rate of CO 2 corrosion by providing a medium for salts to dissolve. Hydrogen sulfide corrosion (sour corrosion) happens as a result of the reaction between iron and hydrogen sulfide to form iron sulfide. This layer peels off as it becomes thicker thereby increasing the rate of corrosion (Nesic 4311). Recent research shows that certain microorganisms enhance corrosion by their activities (Baker and Fessler 13). The two categories of such microorganisms “are sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) and acid-producing bacteria (APB)” (Baker and Fessler 13). Cathodic shielding currents often yield gases such as hydrogen. Bacteria use up these gases thereby e
Introduction This paper is about Oleg Penkovsky and his profound contributions to the UK and US military intelligence. He is considered one of the most valuable double agents during the Cold War because the information he provided was critical to the United States throughout the Cuban Missile Crisis 1 . The political race of the Soviet Union and the United States began after the end of the Second World War. It was a confrontation between the two states in economic and military spheres. The Cold War lasted until 1989, and observing countries chose allies based on their interests. The culmination of these hostile relations occurred in the 60s. During the Caribbean Crisis, the whole world was on the verge of the start of the Third World War. Self-preservation driven by the principle of mutually assured destruction helped the sides to avoid nuclear confrontation. The USSR and the USA tried to gain leadership on the world stage, and at that time, it was not without espionage. The task of spies was to obtain secret intelligence about the enemy, particularly data on military research and experiments. Penkovsky offered his service to the UK through a British businessman named Greville Wynne. 2 He then, between the spring of 1961 and the autumn of 1962, passed a substantial number of photographs of classified documents to the British intelligence before being captured and executed by the Soviet government. 3 Summary Oleg Penkovsky was born in the Caucasus region in 1919. 4 His father died during the hostilities of the civil war, and his mother had to raise him alone. After high school, Penkovsky enrolled in a military school in Kyiv. He participated in the Second World War, and by the age of 30, Penkovsky already became a colonel. In 1953, Penkovsky began working in GRU and was sent to work in Turkey as a senior assistant of the diplomatic representative at the Soviet Embassy. 5 His first alleged attempts to make contacts with foreign intelligence agencies took place in Turkey. In 1960, Penkovsky started working as a deputy director in the foreign affairs department of the Office of International Relations. 6 Officially, the purpose of the organization was the promotion of cooperation with other countries in all sectors. Special attention was paid to attracting foreign scientists to scientific research, but in fact, the spies traveled abroad to acquire intelligence on the latest technologies and developments. Penkovsky began working for British intelligence in 1960. He was paid well, but his account was registered in a foreign bank, and the spy needed to emigrate to be able to use his financial resources. Penkovsky was arrested and executed after the discovery of his connections with an uncovered MI6 agent Janet Chisholm. 7 Recruitment On May 1, 1960, during a traditional military parade in Moscow, an American aircraft was shot down in the sky over Sverdlovsk. 8 Pilot Francis Powers survived but was captured by the Soviet forces. This provided the Soviets with undeniable evidence of persistent US espionage activities against their country. A month later, through a group of American students in Moscow, a letter was relayed to the US embassy.