ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The source for this assignment was LibreTexts, a public website that provides a wealth of thematic information on academic disciplines. The platform positions itself as a service for gathering academic literature, so any article available on the site is an excerpt from a book or the result of a meta-analysis of sources. This is true of the current article, “The Structure of DNA,” which describes the function, structure, and biological significance of the most important molecule in nature (OpenStax, 2021). It is essential to recognize that this article has no in-text citations or references, which may be an indication of its low reliability. However, this is a misjudgment since the very essence of this platform is related to the high reliability of published information. Any information posted there has been derived from scholarly literature, so unlike Wikipedia, LibreTexts presents fully authoritative, academically reliable, and up-to-date information on the subject. For example, this particular article was written by a team of three university professors. The partnership between LibreTexts and the U.S. Department of Education is another argument for the website’s reliability. At the bottom of any page, there is always information about who developed the site and the support of which structures. For example, LibreTexts lists several reputable partners and describes the grants they have. In addition, the site indicates that it has a current license as an open textbook platform. These facts alone are sufficient evidence of the credibility of this website. To summarize, there is no reason to doubt the reliability of the information published on The Structure of DNA. A large amount of accessible, comprehensible text, mixed with illustrative images, allows for a better understanding of the topic being studied and for gaining the correct knowledge. Reference OpenStax. (2021). The structure of DNA. LibreTexts.
Introduction Investment banking is an area of banking that assists various firms to acquire capital. Investment banking also provides companies with advices regarding various transactions. In the banking sector, various companies have a preference of investing in either commercial banking or investment banking. Although it was illegal for a single financial institution to own both investment and commercial banking in the US, the Gramm-Laech-Bliley Act allowed a single company to operate the two banking sections at the same time. This act was initiated in the financial sector in the year 1999. Many institutions have seen the importance of investment banks, given that many firms are able to raise capital by underwriting securities. The investment banks also act as agents of clients during the issuance of market securities. For amalgamated corporations and firms that are implicated in acquisitions, investment banks assist them in buying and selling a variety of stocks such as rigid income stocks, equities, derivatives and overseas exchange. The major discrepancy between investment bank and moneymaking banks is that an investment bank would never allow deposits. In 1999, the US financial regulations demanded the separation of investment banking from commercial banking. Other G8 countries have not yet appreciated the difference existing between the two sections of the banking sector. Some analysts recognize that investment banking can be categorized into two types. This involves both the buy side and the sell side (Klyuev 68). The sell side is concerned with trading of marketable securities for either marketable instruments or cash. The sell side further manages advertisements of services in the market through research and countersigning stocks. The acquisition side is concerned with a variety of finances such as the hedge finances, retirement funds and reciprocated finances. The sell side is also concerned with investment in the public. All investment banks are said to have both the sell side and the buy side elements. The investm
Introduction The board of trustee of El Camino Community College formulated some strategic plans for year 2004-2007. They came up with various aspects that constitute the school such as the college vision, mission, values guiding principles and philosophy and the goals of the college. In addition to all these aspects, they came up with several policies to be implemented by the administration during learning process. These policies were meant for both the learners and the administrators as well as the teaching and non-teaching staff. Among these policies included, catalog policy, independent study policy, academic policy and the board policy number 4225 concerning repetition of a course among other policies. As a common belief to many, policies, rules and regulations do not reflect a holistic representation of a particular target group, some learners feel that some policies used in the institution do not favor them accordingly. One such policy is the board policy 4225 which when generalized stipulates that students with high grades such as A,B,C or CR are not allowed to repeat the course. Learners who receive W at the end of the course are permitted to re-enroll for the same course for a maximum number of two times totaling to three enrollments. Again, those learners who attain grade D,F or NC are legible to repeat the same course and upon successful completion the learner’s transcript should be amended to reflect the current grades. The board of trustee of El Camino College who came up with these policies and in particular policy number 4225 overlooked and did not address certain issues that needed to be addressed before implementing this policy especially in relation to the target group which is the students. A student may fail or pass in a certain courses due to various issues in and out of his control. This particular policy brings about certain arguments and debates for and against it, thus need to be changed or be re-addressed to reflect more sensitive issues related to the learners. Content One of the administrative policy procedure of 4225 is that, learners with low grades such as D,F or NC can be permitted to repeat the same course only one time. Enrolling for the third time will be permitted to learners who within the course of learning experienced unusual circumstances and must be upon a written permission from the relevant dean. These unavoidable circumstances are illnesses, accidents and those beyond the control of the learner and must be verified to establish the truth for example a student claiming to be sick must give evidence of a recommendation from a doctor. After a successful completion,the new grades replace the previous ones. A student may also complete an equivalent course from a credited institution may place a petition to have his/her previous grades disregarded in computing his/her grade point average (GPA). Learners with high grades like A,B,C or CR are permitted to repeat the same co
One of the burning issues existing in contemporary society is the multiculturalism and cultural diversity that tends to be more overwhelming and largely spread among individuals of different national identities. When a person realizes the importance of traditions and customs of a certain nation, it seems to be less complicated to understand people who present this nation in the international arena. Sometimes, people refuse to understand and respect others because of their habit to discriminate people who do not look, speak, or act like the ones they got used to see every day. In this case, people should learn the rules and traditions of other but should not forget their roots and their national identity, especially going abroad for study or work. People should not be hostile to strangers though strangers should be aware of a
Introduction E-learning is a relatively new medium of teaching in most post-secondary schools. The system poses various challenges to the leadership of the institutions. The challenges are especially about the quality of teaching and faculty management. Several studies have focused on this phenomenon. One such study is the one conducted by Jewell in 2007. In this paper, the author will explore the ideas presented by Jewell (2007) and the implications of the survey on leadership practices in digital teaching medium. The author will also highlight possible opportunities for future studies in this field. The ideas by Jewell (2007) will be supported by data from three other texts. The texts include those by Bell and Federman (2013), Nworie (2012), and Ribble and Miller (2013). New Concepts Learned from Jewell and their Adoption in E-Learning Jewell (2007) focuses on job satisfaction and the perceptions held by employees and employers. The article dwells on learning centers located at varying geographical distances from the main campuses. In addition, Jewell (2007) addresses the issue of the leadership styles that are effective and self-satisfying to the faculties. Other notable factors that Jewell (2007) discusses include digital citizenship and changes in education. The ideas can be discussed about e-learning in general. Digital Citizenship Digital citizenship is an avenue through which the faculties involved can understand the advancement in technology at every stage of e-learning. The idea can be adopted to improve teaching. According to Jewell (2007), this requires a dynamic leader interested in quality education for the learners and the teaching staff. Complexity Theory and E-Learning The theory focuses mainly on the outcomes and performance of a leader. The performance is based on the learning context as opposed to the leader (Jewell, 2007). It requires an individual who is goal-oriented and who can put all the resources into perspective for improved outcomes. Recommendations Made by Jewell According to Jewell (2007), structural frameworks are mostly used by deans to offer leadership in the online space. As such, the internal and external needs of the faculty are not fully met. Consequently, Jewell (2007) notes that the success and sustainability of e-learning in postsecondary education are not pegged on the introduction of many programs. Instead, the author recommends the use of technology and the adoption of a leadership structure that is dependable and accountable. A Review of Key Ideas Put Forth by Selected Authors The ideas put forth by Jewell (2007) are supported by other scholars in this field. Ideas by Nworie According to Nworie (2012), e-learning requires a leadership model that supports programs put in place to meet the needs of learners and institutions. Nworie (2012) supports the importance of structural frames. In addition, leaders should understand themselves and their core values. The aim is to provide learning that meets the needs of present and future generations. Ideas by Bell and Federman Bell and Federman (2013) explain a l
Introduction In the modern developing world, nations are ranked depending on their social, political, and economical status. Most countries that fall under the third world nations are the underdeveloped nations found in the Middle East, South Asia, Africa, and Central and South America. The people of these regions have ancient traditions and practices that they have refused to detach themselves. Some of these practices are unethical and “inhuman”, the purpose of this research paper, therefore, is to discuss how bias some of these practices are and how the affect the millions and millions of third world women and men. Biasness against Third World Women and Men Some traditional practices have made women in third world countries look inferior as compared to their counterparts in the western world. I Africa for instance, some nations have religious practices female genital mutilation (FGM) or clitoridectomy / female circumcision for ages, this is even though some of the women in these communities believe it is an outdated act that should be shunned. The women are forced to undergo the “cut” as a sign that they are ready for womanhood; this however is not true since such heinous acts expose them to diseases and the woman may develop complications during pregnancy. The women of Africa have also been subjected to all forms of slavery by their superior female and male counterparts, it has been observed that some young women are subjected to be sex slaves with the belief that having sexual intercourse with an underage girl is a medication to HIV / AID. This is a belief that most traditional leaders have held dear for years yet the truth is that it has increased the prevalence of the disease. As for the men, slavery is top of the least especially from the colonial master. This has made the African men no matter how intelligent they are appear inferior to their western counterparts. Religion is a very powerful tool and in some cases, people have become slaves of religion. In India for example, there is a religious practice known as the Suttee Practice, where widow ascends the traditional funeral pyres of their departed husbands to be cremated with them. This is a demonic act but one that is still practiced in some parts of the nation. Most of the biasness that women and men in third world countries go through is because of the traditions that the traditional African leaders adhere to. The Problematic Term to Avoid Categorizing people/nations based on social, political, and economic strength is unfair and unjust. The use of the term third world countries shows how low some nations and its population are rated. This is despite the fact most of the economies of the so-called “First World” nations are powered by the labor and skills from the “Third World” countries. It is human and just if the term was dropped and re
Introduction It is difficult to determine precisely the degree to which makers and abusers of OxyContin are responsible for the opioid epidemic. Nevertheless, it should be stated that the producers of the drug bear the liability for the worsening of the situation in the country since their actions have resulted in increased opioid abuse among US citizens. The purpose of this paper is to provide arguments to prove this position. Discussion Even though taking some drugs, as well as their abuse, is an independent decision of a person, in the case of OxyContin, opioid abuse is the consequence of the manufacturer’s activities. The producer has influenced the way the substance was perceived by the scientific community and society in general (Meier, 2019). Before this drug was introduced, doctors would prescribe natural and synthetic opioids to patients with oncology to alleviate pain or as part of palliative care. When Purdue Pharma decided to launch a new product, their goal was to change the opinion of doctors about opiates and reduce their fear of the addictive potential of this substance (Meier, 2019). To achieve this aim, the organization sponsored research and bribed doctors to create the necessary impression in society about the effects and side effects of the drug. It is possible to state that the marketing strategy was aimed at doctors who would convey unreliable information to their patients, which lead to the popularization of OxyContin (Meier, 2019). Moreover, the company was able to convince specialists to prescribe this drug to individuals suffering from less acute long-term pain and as a means to alleviate a large spectrum of symptoms. This has expanded the potential audience for using this drug. Conclusion Thus, it can be concluded that aggressive marketing led to a distorted understanding of the effects of taking the drug. In its turn, the mass prescription of OxyContin led to its abuse. Despite the fact that drug addiction is often a consequence of a person’s life choices, in the case of OxyContin, the marketing strategy conducted by the makers has aggravated the situation with opioid abuse greatly. Reference Meier, B. (2019). Sacklers directed efforts to mislead public about OxyContin, court filing claims . The New York Times . Web.
Introduction There are different theories that explain the understanding and interpretation of the Qur’an. The study of these theories is called Qur’an hermeneutics. Qur’an hermeneutics is important as it enables the Qur’an texts to be meaningful and applicable to the contemporary Muslims. Currently, there are several groups of Islam that came about because of diverse interpretations of the teachings contained in the Qur’an. The interaction of Muslims with the rest of the world is influenced by their understanding of the interpretations of the Qur’an. The intensity of interpretations of Qur’an verses differ from one group to another. These interpretations determine how different groups of Islam perceive the various facets of their faith (Rahman 2002). This discussion intends to look at how contemporary scholars are challenging the traditional Qur’an interpretations. Discussion The Qur’an is one of the chief sources of law in Islam. It also contains the rules that Muslims should adhere to while worshipping and the religious obligations of each person. The Qur’an does not clearly differentiate between the law and ethical issues. Therefore, these instructions needed to be added on. Prophet Muhammad and other scholars came up with supplementary interpretations and instructions. These instructions and interpretations were used in formulating the Islamic law (Knysh 2007). Muslims regard the Qur’an as the source of all truth. But some issues in the Qur’an are contradictory and therefore it was necessary to find solutions that could clear the ambiguities. This necessitated a thorough interpretation and creation of commentaries on the Qur’an in order to guide the Muslims in their daily lives. Some verses are also unclear and it is not easy for an ordinary Muslim to understand them without interpretation (Rippin 2006). The Qur’an has many meanings and therefore man can interpret it to any level. There is no end to the interpretations of the Qur’an. The texts have the outer and deep meaning. Anyone who is able to interpret its deepest meanings finds happiness. Some understand the inner meanings as future revelations of what is to come (Schimmel 1994). The Muslims have a practice of reciting the Qur’an verses. Reciting enables the Muslims to read and at the same time listen to the verses. This helps the Muslims to comprehend their deep meanings. While reading the Qur’an, the reader is supposed to understand that those are the words of God the creator. The reader should also have the fear of God. This can be achieved by thinking about the qualities of God like omnipresence, omnipotence, among others. The reader must also seek to understand the message and assume that God is speaking to him/her in that text. He/she should contextualize the text t
What is it to explain and define something? Does the explanation require universal law? Does it depend on context? In the broadest sense, defining something means listing its key properties and explaining how these properties influence the interaction of the object with the environment. A good example of such an approach is the definition of time offered by Newton. Time is defined as absolute, true, and mathematical (in contrast to a relative, apparent, and common) and is expected to exhibit these properties regardless of any external influences (Bridgman, 1927). However, the definition in question is based on several assumptions that essentially render it unsuitable for universal use. The primary reason for this is the speculative nature of these assumptions which, when applied to an existing phenomenon, describe the behavior that does not occur in nature. For instance, it is trivial to disprove the definition in question experimentally by demonstrating that natural phenomena with such properties are non-existent. This issue leads us to the necessity of defining something within the scope of the experiment while leaving out the areas not covered by it. At this point, I find it necessary to mention the role of universal laws in the formulation of an explanation. On the one hand, these laws are necessary for deducing the definitions that cannot be tested experimentally. From this perspective, these laws can be viewed as the backbone of the definition process. On the other hand, once it becomes apparent that such universal laws have zero probability, it becomes possible to exclude them from the process (Popper, 1959). Finally, I would like to emphasize the importance of context for the explanation concept. For instance, the length of a physical object can be altered by such environmental conditions as temperature, gravitational distortion, and application of electrical and magnetic forces (Hull, 1968). Thus, an accurate report of measurements should account for all of these parameters in order to ensure its relevance. Question 2: Visit the “What Works Clearinghouse” database maintained by the US Department of Education Institute for Education Sciences. What are the principles of positivism that you see present on the What Works Clearinghouse? What are the values these principles bring to the field of education? What controversies may arise from adherence to these principles? What would Bridgman, Hull, or Popper have to say about “What Works?” All of the principles of positivism are identifiable in the statements on the Find What Works website. For instance, the opening paragraph of the “About Us’ section states that the organization is non-partisan and independent, which aligns with the principle of neutrality of science postulated in the fifth principle. Next, the description of the peer review standards utilized by the organization (e.g. physical location of peer review staff) is consistent with the peer review p
Article Summary Lucy Morsen’s (2010) essay, “A Proposal to Improve the Campus Learning Environment by Banning Laptops and Cell Phones from Class,” is a formal request by the author to campus policymakers. The author seeks to convince the faculty to carry out a ban on the use of cell phones and laptops in classrooms. According to the author, some students, herself included, have become victims of the incessant use of gadgets in lecture halls. Morse’s reasoning is that discontinuing the use of gadgets in classrooms will improve the overall classroom experience for both students and instructors. The proposal points out that even some of the students who regularly use laptops and cell phones are suffering without knowing. The author cites several research studies that point out the negative effects of classroom gadget usage. The article concludes by noting that the decision to ban gadget use should not be left upon instructors. Instead, the university administration should make this important decision, thereby exempting instructors from the stigma that accompanies this ban. Rhetorical Critique This article is mainly intended for the school faculty, especially the policymakers who have the ability to affect a ban on gadget-use in classrooms. Consequently, the article specifically addresses this demographic. Furthermore, the author seeks to appeal to students who share her sentiments on the distractive nature of cell phone and laptop usage in classrooms. The manner in which the article is written makes it relevant even to the students who engage in the described vice. The article has the capacity to open the students’ eyes on a matter that they had previously ignored. The author uses various methods of persuasive writing to get her message heard by all the targeted demographics. The author is successful in her bid to remain objective even when she is covering a divisive subject. The author introduces herself as a student who is a victim of the vice that she wants policymakers to address. However, after this statement of interest, the author remains objective throughout the paper. For instance, the author shares her experiences in class not as an individual but as a random student in a classroom. Another successful use of ethos