ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The market for Anti-Malaria Drugs A graph showing the demand for anti-malaria drugs in Southeast Asia. How does the equilibrium change if counterfeits enter? What is their marginal cost function? The presence of counterfeits in the market affects the cost of products since counterfeited products sell at a lower price. This in turn affects the transverse state of equilibrium and causes hysteresis since counterfeits affect equilibrium positions. Contrast with Other Diseases Malaria is a disease that is not communicable from human to human. Does an infected individual choose a fake anti-malaria drug to impose an externality on others? Malaria is not a communicable disease. As such, an individual choosing a fake anti-malarial drug cannot impose an externality on others. What if the disease were HIV/AIDS or tuberculosis? Both AIDS and tuberculosis are communicable. As such, without effective treatment and appropriate drugs, an individual is likely to spread the aforementioned diseases to healthy people. Examine the cause of the problem and why it exists in some countries. Why does the problem afflict the poor and developing economies? The problem of malaria in poor countries has been attributed to the proactive nature of malarial vectors such as indoor and outdoor biting habits, increased susceptible population of children under 5 years of age due to high birth rates, the inadequacy of funds to buy drugs, and a much-reduced budget because of adverse socioeconomic conditions as well as new breeding sites for mosquitoes such as dams and irrigation schemes built to trap water for development projects (Abraham, 2004, p. 44). Additionally, other factors include migration by people to regions where transmission is high from non-malarial areas, civil unrest and armed conflicts that cause people to be displaced, and sometimes these people settle under in areas where transmission of malaria is high. Another factor would be the resistance that mosquitoes have developed over the years against some drugs and insecticides (Abraham, 2004, p. 47). Besides, in some poor regions, the spread of malaria is attributed to factors such as population movement, climatic changes, and resistance to anti-malarial drugs. It is imperative to note that eradication of this health scourge in poor countries and economies cannot be attainable due to a lack of indigenous capacity to initiate eradication programs such as those that are being carried out by developed nations (Rita, 2001, p. 109). Falciparum malaria is a complex disease with clinical and a non-uniform yet patchy distribution of manifestations. At this point, it is imperative to observe that there are other myriad health challenges and issues that poor countries have to squabble with on a daily basis. In fact, their budgetary allocation on healthcare matters is far from adequate. What government institutions or laws exist and how do they protect the consumers? Firms? In southeast Asia, the high demand for anti-malarial has attracted
The main focus of the bureaucratic style of prison management is to expand prisons and keep them in perpetual existence. This style of management is characterized by a rigid hierarchy. The higher up the hierarchy a person is, the more power they wield. Bureaucrats strive to increase their power and prestige by rising up the ranks. They can only do so if the system continues to absorb more inmates. Therefore, the primary focus of the bureaucratic style of prison management is to ensure the growth and continuity of the prison system. The success of this prison management style is measured by the number and length of convictions. The system is successful when more people are incarcerated and when prisoners receive longer sentences (Swearingen, 2017). This is evident by the exponential growth of America’s prison population over the years. In addition to this, an increased number of actions have now been criminalized. This increase in litigation ensures that prisons continue to grow. In turn, the growth of prisons ensures that the budget for prisons also grows. The pursuit for power and profit is done at all expenses, even the freedom of some people. Ultimately, similar to all forms of bureaucracy, the bureaucratic style of prison management has systems in place to ensure its continuity. When prisons are run through bureaucratic management, the reform of prisoners is not a priority. In fact, the primary focus is to get more prisoners to ensure the system is always engaged. Prisons are operated like profit ventures and sources of prestige for the bureaucrats. The people who benefit from this style of prison management include prison staff, judges, legislators, and government lobbyists. It is critical to question the primary objective of the bureaucratic style of prison management and whether it benefits incarcerated people. Reference Swearingen, V. (2017). The prison conditions cases and the bureaucratization of American corrections: Influences, impacts and implications. In Crime, Law and Society , 253-296. Routledge.
Introduction Mao Zedong was a communist leader and the founding father of the People’s Republic of China. Although his policies such as Great Leap Forward face heavy criticism, Mao formed the foundation that anchors modern-day technological growth and freedom in China. Nonetheless, based on Mao’s leadership styles examined in this paper in relation to those of Pope Francis, he stands out as a bad leader due to various failed leadership missions reported when he was at the helm of the Chinese government. Why Mao Zedong Was a Bad Leader Mao enacted policies that lacked any scientific proof of their likely success. For example, the Great Leap Forward policy resulted in a food crisis that led to the death of many Chinese people (Pang, 2016). This program was introduced in 1958 as a five-year plan that aimed at ensuring rapid economic growth. Diverse levels in his communist party’s leadership fabricated statistics to ensure that individuals in higher ranks were conformable with the Great Leap Forward policy (Pang, 2016). Based on these fictitious figures, the state ordered for the production of agricultural produce for export at the expense of the ordinary Chinese citizen. The outcome was the starvation of millions of farmers who now had little left or nothing to eat after giving out all their harvests. By the end of the Great Leap Forward initiative in 1962, a huge number of people, including children, had died. Mao was assertive in the development and implementation of his policies. For example, all peasant farmers were compelled to work in massive infrastructural projects and tedious steel production plants (Rittenberg, 2013). Diverting labor to these projects accompanied by natural catastrophes caused a high drop in grain production, thus leading to a major famine. To fulfill anticipated volumes of steel production, people were forced to melt even farm machinery under harsh conditions that interfered with their health. Mao developed policies that encouraged him to abuse power. For example, Lee (2018) describes him as one of the notorious leaders in China, just like Qin Shi Huang. According to Lee (2018), Mao buried scholars alive as one of his policies that targeted intellectuals. His revolutionary ideas, for instance, the Cultural Revolution, led to the death and persecution of millions of Chinese. Mao’s Leadership Style Mao applied a charismatic leadership style. He discovered ways of winning in all situations, including during the most unfavorable moments. For example, his military judgments and advice turned out correct in all situations during World War II. This situation forced his followers and colleagues to not only believe but also respect him (Lussier & Achua, 2016). Mao’s charismatic leadership was manifested during these early years. He convinced people that his policies were right, despite the heavy criticism from other nations such as the United States of America. Comparison of His Leadership with Pope Francis Pope Francis and Mao stand out as strategists who believed in change. Although the Great Leap Forward and the Cultural Revol
Introduction Foundation of Silicon Valley Silicon Valley is located in Northern California, the southern part of the San Francisco Bay Area. The term originated from the fact that the area had a large number of silicon chip manufactures and innovators. As the years rolled by, the area became a base foe technological experts and entrepreneurs. The largest population composed of people of Chinese origin and Indians. They have had a great impact on the economy of the area due to the technological inventions that they are making in the area. As this is being observed, there has been a need for more of such technology to be pumped in to impact more on the trading activities of the region. The United States has put tough measures on the acquisition of visas to the immigrants who are basically the main source of technological expertise in the region (Pitti 49). The reason that has been given for such is to minimize on the rate of immigrants flocking into the country. There is a concern that they may overpower the locals and the natives with the ability to make and create wealth which will pose a threat to their growth. In this paper we focus on the impacts of immigrants on the economy of northern California and the reaction of the U.S. government to it. Discussion New products (now, in the past and in future) Silicon Valley is known for being extensively inhabited by foreigners from India and china. These are a group of individuals that are so much informed in the field of information and technology. Their settlement into the Silicon Valley is having positive impacts on the economy of California considering the job opportunities that they are providing for the people. These skilled groups of people are experienced in the area of entrepreneurship which is giving them a competitive advantage over the natives. They are hence creating job opportunities for the people of California which is also impacting positively on their standards of living. The sophisticated technology that is being used by theses people is enhancing on the quality of products that they are involved in such products to name but a few includes; household goods, cosmetics house hold consumables and commercial electronic appliances. The Chinese have created a total number of 41,684 job opportunities and the Indians have created a total number of 16,599 all of these jobs are in the industrial sector and some of the jobs are casual while others are skilled in nature (Dun & Bradstreet 1998). Most of the firms that have been created are technological industries that deal in the manufacture of spare parts, telecommunication devises and garments. There are also a good number of Indian companies that deal in the manufacture of household products such as bathroom and toilet facilities, swimming pool facilities and many other decorations for special functions or home decorations. The Chinese companies mostly deal in making electronic products such as fridges, microwaves,
Executive Summary There are significant differences between the management ethics of different countries and regions. Western nations follow the same frameworks, but the United States focus on morals much more than European nations. Confucianism is still prominent in the Far East, with China struggling to abandon them. Japan has been somewhat successful in transitioning away from the paradigm, though not entirely, and South Korea has significant displays of both Western ethics and Confucian values. Developing countries such as India are starting to recognize the importance of ethics in business, with new companies adopting them more than established ones. Lastly, in Middle Eastern Arab countries, managers think highly of their ethics but are ready to abandon them if ordered to do so by a superior. Ultimately, regardless of the country, companies can convince employees to follow their ethics by introducing a powerful organizational culture. On the flip side, a weak employee identity can lead to internal fracturing and complicate any initiative to improve ethics. Introduction Management ethics is part of the broader concept of business ethics, which have emerged throughout the world in the 20th century. It has emerged due to changes in business values that put moral behaviors by companies, and their management, in particular, into focus. However, the change happened at different times in various regions throughout the world, as the social changes that created the phenomenon were not simultaneous. Moreover, the environments of geographically and culturally distant areas may have influenced the formation of the principles of local management ethics. With the modern trend of international expansion efforts, managers need to understand these differences in values and how they may be addressed. This essay will review major organizational cultures that exist throughout the world in terms of their business values and management ethics. Major Organizational Cultures The Western managerial culture has played a significant influence on the overall theory surrounding the concept. As such, its developments will be used to explain parts of the analysis and to put the different cultures discussed in this essay into the same framework. Carroll, Brown, and Buchholtz (2018) list ideas such as utilitarianism, Kant’s categorical imperative, rights, justice, virtue ethics, servant leadership, and the Golden Rule as noteworthy ethical concepts. All of these principles have benefits as well as issues, which often lead to conflicts that do not allow one to combine several approaches effectively. As such, most Western managers will prefer one paradigm and adhere to it in their work. Other prominent cultures will have principles that do not strictl
Introduction Williams-Beuren syndrome (WBS) or Williams’ syndrome is a neuro-developmental genetic disorder affecting the central nervous system and most connective tissues. WBS is caused by hemizygous deletions within the critical region of chromosome 7q11.23 including the GTF2IRD1 gene (Ewart 11). Moreover, insufficient levels of the dosage-sensitive genes within the 7q11.23 region have also been implicated in the genesis of WBS. Additionally, reduced levels of elastin, which occurs as a result of deletion of ELN, lead to a prominent feature of WBS known to as supravalvular aortic stenosis (SVAS). Accordingly, human genomic studies show that the GTF2IRD1 and GTF2I genes play a pivotal role in the occurrence of certain features of WBS such as craniofacial dysmorphology, visuospatial deficits, and hypersociability among others (Ewart 12). In this paper, we are going to review three experimental studies regarding WBS to highlight the major DNA, protein, and phenotypic alterations implicated in this genetic disorder. Here, it is expected that the results of the three experimental studies will point out the major predisposing factors in the development of WBS particularly the gene deletions involving the 7q11.23 critical region. Method To identify the most appropriate research materials for this paper, the PubMed internet search engine was used. Therefore, some key words such as Williams’ syndrome, phenotypic alterations, and chromosome 7q11.23 were used to locate scholarly and peer reviewed journal articles published in 2003-2011. Results/Observations Using the above-mentioned approach, three scholarly and peer reviewed articles highlighting different experiments on WBS were identified and used in the discussions provided below. Here, it is worth noting that all the experiments are centered on chromosome 7q11.23, and thus, there is evidence to suggest that most complications associated with WBS relate to major alterations or deletions in the critical region of the chromosome. Discussions Experimental studies show that some of the copy number variants (CNVs) within some duplicated segments of the 7q11.23 region predispose the carriers to the development of WBS (Cusco et al. 683). To determine this factor, the authors studied samples from 180 WBS patients who had been diagnosed of 7q11.23 deletions. Moreover, the study involved 420 blood donors and 180 non-WBS-transmitting progenitors, as the controls. The study entails extraction of genomic DNA from the peripheral blood samples of the participants. Subsequently, the genomic DNA was analyzed relative to various parameters such as quantification of copy number variants (CNVs), quantification of multicopy microsatellite markers, and sequence analyses (Cusco et al. 684). In this study, the experimental r
According to a report released by the United States Government Accountability Office (GAO) in July 2005, prices of textbooks at the postsecondary level have significantly increased in the past twenty years. GAO’s report indicates that “college textbook prices have risen at twice the rate of inflation over the last two decades, following close behind increases in tuition and fees at postsecondary institutions” (Cornelia 2). GAO’s report revealed that since the academic year of 1987-1988, textbook prices have had an annul increase of 6 percent (Cornelia 2). In the same period, tuition and fees had a 7 percent annual increase (Cornelia 2). Moreover, since December 1988, according to GAO’s report, textbook prices have had a 186 per cent increase. On the other hand, tuition and fees have increased by 240 percent (Cornelia 2). In general, this represents a 72 percent increase in the cost of postsecondary education in the United States (Cornelia 2). According to Howle, “increases in textbook prices for college students have surpassed increases in the median household income, and when combined with rising student fees, constitute a financial burden that could cause some students to delay or abandon pursing postsecondary education”(19). In addition, Howle notes that from 2005 to 2008, increases in the cost of college education made a number of students question why they should go to college. Students who join community based colleges, which often admit students from financially unstable backgrounds, are facing these challenges just as their counterparts in private and public institutions of higher learning. A study conducted by Howle indicated that it might cost $692 to $902 on textbooks per year for individuals who wish to pur
Introduction Trade union membership has declined drastically in various nations in the recent past. This has attracted economists, especially those in the industrial relations, into conducting studies that would investigate the cause of the slowed growth in trade unions. The understanding of such factors is essential in determining the strengths and weaknesses of unions. Various econometric models have used which have been based on comparisons between union memberships in various unionized nations. These studies are essential since the reduction of union membership may result to reduced bargaining power of the trade unions and this would directly have impacts on the labor market. The puzzle comes in where union members have more employee benefits than the non union members and yet there is erosion of union membership in many of the unionized states. For instance, union members enjoy higher wages, job security, good working conditions and provision of training services, among other benefits (Bernd 2006). This is in contrast to non union employees who may lack all or most of these benefits. The question then arises; with all these benefits, why are employees in unionized states not joining the trade unions? This paper looks at some of the factors that determine union membership. Determinants of trade union membership The determinants of union membership can be grouped into various categories. These include personal reasons, workplace regulations, social and economic factors as well as political factors. The age of employees is one of the major determinants on union membership. As most workers age, major responsibilities come their way from personal goals to family responsibilities. Similarly, capital increases as one ages resulting from promotions in the workplace. As a result, older workers get more interested on job security than the young ones are. They therefore join trade unions as a form of security for their jobs. However, this interest may fade away when employees get confident on their success in the labor market. A group of employees with approximately the same age may also have similar impact on the membership in unions. Another determinant of union membership is the sex of the employees where male employees are more likely to join trade unions than their female counterparts. This is because women are not as attached to labor market as males are. In addition, females are less likely to accumulate much human capital thus may not require security for the same. On the same note, many trade unions are essentially directed to serve the needs of the male employees rather than the female members. It is, therefore, less likely that women will join the unions (Fatima 2002). Since the number of women in the labor market is increasing each day with many of them less interested in the trade unions, the rate of union m
Introduction In the contemporary world, with its continuously growing birth rates and developing international industries, the problem of overconsumption is presented evidently. It is possible to observe that this issue has an immense impact on the majority of aspects of modern life. Overpopulation demands more goods and services for a greater number of individuals, and the companies, trying to meet the demand, tend to overproduce, which leads to the exhaustion of the natural resources and the pollution of the environment. It is evident that the overconsumption of food products (and, accordingly, the growing amount of food waste) is one of the most important aspects of the issue under consideration. Therefore, the goals of this paper are: (1) to identify the problem of food overconsumption, (2) to discuss the critical factors which influence the development of the given issue, (3) to propose a solution, and (4) to observe possible challenges and limitations, related to the implementation of the solution. Identification of the Problem Historical Changes in the Food Industry First of all, it essential to identify the problem under consideration and to elaborate on its principal aspects. One of the most important causes which led to the current situation was the changes in agricultural practice that took place in the second half of the 20th century (Kearney 2010). Developed countries became more capable of providing greater amounts of food with less seasonal dependence. Since the average income level increased and the food prices were reduced, more significant diversity of nutrition products became available for a wider amount of people from different classes. The combination of the mentioned factors is the causal aspect of the contemporary growing level of overconsumption. Statistics and Trends Further, the most common trends in the given issue are to be discussed. In his profound research of the subject matter, Kearney (2010) employs two primary sources of information about food consumption: food balance sheets and individual dietary surveys. Based on this data, he implemented large-scale research, which covers the nutrition patterns on global, regional, and inter-country levels. In general, Kearney (2010, p. 2794) notices that the worldwide amount of food consumption per person has been improved, rising from 2411 to 2789 kcal per person per day between 1969/1971 and 1999/2001 respectively. However, the author observes that several developing countries are still experiencing the problem of under-nutrition. Further, he focuses on the topic of overconsumption. He distinguishes the following categories of food products: (1) cereals, (2) meat, (3) dairy products (eggs, milk, etc.), (4) fish, (5) vegetables, roots, tubers, fruits, and (6) energy providers (vegetable oils, animal fats, and sugar) (Kearney 2010). Observations and Projections Assessing the results of his research, Kearney makes some notable observations. He notices that there was a threefold increase (62%) in the c