ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction There is a widespread notion that entrepreneurs are by nature risk-takers, individual rather than collective in outlook, and short-term innovators rather than long-term manager types (Thomas & Mueller, 2000). A universal assumption is that successful entrepreneurs are driven by their motivation to accomplish their goals, in spite of any possible setbacks. Intensely passionate about their work, they are often able and willing to invest 15 or more hours a day in their work when active (Houtz & Heasley, 2002). Although they are extremely focused on achieving their dreams, it is noted that the most effective entrepreneurs are also highly responsive to their employees and customers. Finally, entrepreneurs possess a strong desire to learn and grow that is reflected in their willingness to ask questions and acquire new knowledge. Based on the above profile, it is evident that entrepreneurs possess certain characteristics that enable them to be successful. On one hand, it is widely believed, wrongly or rightly, that men are more likely to be such risk-accepting innovators than are women, due to what are perceived to be inherent biological, psychological, and social differences between the sexes. On the other hand, women are considered to be relationship-oriented individuals who are able to relate to others—an important trait of a successful entrepreneur (Sonfield, Lussier, Corman, & McKinney, 2001). Opinion of Psychologists The psychological literature has studied the personality characteristics of entrepreneurs in great depth. One personality trait that has received the most attention in a variety of studies is the need for achievement that McClelland identified and explored in 1961. McClelland felt that achievem
Opportunities and Threats Opportunities Netflix has become a synonymous brand with internet streaming of television content and movies. It can capitalize on this brand recognition to grow its business globally. The Netflix service is pure, as that it does not bundle streaming with other products to frustrate customers by bogging them down with unwanted product offerings. The focused strategy gives it more resources to deliver quality improvement strategies and exceed customer expectations. The good performance of its shares gives the company an opportunity to raise more funds by selling more shares and using the funds to grow its content portfolio (Taylor par. 3-4). Threats The company is unable to monitor the intricate details of its service delivery. It relies on internet service providers to offer broadband speeds for streaming. Thus it cannot handle internet service disruptions. It faces a great risk and uncertainty on whether customers will understand the separation of quality obligations between Netflix and ISPs. Content liabilities threaten Netflix’s financial future. When the company is unable to pay for the content, it will jeopardize its credit situation and miss new content from content providers (Bylund par. 3). Its competitors can, therefore, easily displace Netflix as a content leader in the streaming business (Thompson 1). Near future trends in the marketplace and society The growth of mobile device technologies, such as high definition displays on tablets and smartphones, presents a good opportunity for Netflix’s increased demand. Televisions are also becoming internet ready, allowing people to stream directly to their TVs, instead of relying on computers. Gadgets, such as Chromecast, which deliver internet content to televisions through HDMI connection, also increase the number of accessible avenues for Netflix to reach consumers (Netflix par. 2). The prevalence of internet devices reduces the anxiety of taking up a service that is only available when there is internet (Wirtz, Chew, and Lovelock 34). Future trends Content producers who currently rely on companies like Netflix and cable providers to distribute their content will come up with their streaming services. This will not be competing against the current services, but a diversification strategy that gives them an upper hand in negotiating terms with distributors. Netflix and other distributors like Amazon will also have a substantial investment in content production to mitigate this threat. As a result, there will be a blurring of the nature of business between the producers of content and the distributors. On the customer’s side, the substitutability of services will increase choice
Mediation is a technology for resolving disputes and disagreements through the participation of a third party. Usually, the mediator is an impartial and neutral party who should help to work out a certain solution in the dispute. The importance of the role of such a negotiator is to facilitate it, that is, to work together with both sides of the dispute. However, there are a number of ethical issues that surround mediators. The ethical issues are the truthfulness, impartiality, and trust of the mediator, which directly affects the positive or negative resolution of the conflict. Taking into account everything that happens in the workplace, it becomes important to have a mediator who can be trusted. The mediator does not solve the conflict, he only helps the parties to come to a common solution and directs the entire negotiation process. The duties of this position include conducting mediation fairly, avoiding conflicts of interest, and following the procedure (Field et al., 2020). In the workplace, various disputes often arise, which can manifest themselves in negotiation processes with other organizations or parties. Since each of these parties is interested in benefiting from the decision, a third independent party is needed. The intermediary must take a responsible approach to their task and have a certain level of trust. The parties involved in the dispute cannot but trust the impartiality of the mediator, since the result depends on him. It is important for the mediator to avoid conflicts of interest, as it is his duty to help the parties reach a mutually beneficial solution. Thus, directing the negotiation process, the mediator must have a certain level of trust. The parties should not suspect the mediator of bias.
Negro spirituals are songs composed by Africans who were abducted and transported to the United States to be sold into slavery. While they were stripped of their languages, families, and culture, their masters could not take away their musical characteristics. A negro spiritual known as Ring Shout uniquely expresses African Christianity. Ring Shout is characterized by hand clapping, footsteps, and other percussion accompanying the lush orchestral singing of the leader and chorus in this folk spiritual. It has a highly stylized religious dance in which participants dance in counter-clockwise circuits (blackhistorywalks 6:24). In the United States, the term “spiritual” is most closely connected with the racial oppression of African Americans. In terms of traditional music, the African American spiritual, also referred to as the Negro Spiritual, is among the most significant and most prominent cultural practices (blackhistorywalks). A few well-known spirituals are Wallis Willis’ Swing low, dear chariot, and Deep down my heart . (African American Spirituals). The word “spiritual” comes from a King James Bible conversion of Ephesians 5:19: “Speaking to yourself in psalms and hymns and spiritual songs and singing and making melody in your hearts to the Lord.” (African American Spirituals). African slaves held “praise houses” and outdoor assemblies titled bush or camp meetings, and brush arbor meetings where they met informally to discuss their conditions of slavery (African American Spirituals). There were ecstatic trances at the gatherings where people would sing, chant and dance. Enslaved Africans sang about their plight to the American slave lords through the spiritual hymns (blackhistorywalks 5:34). Slave lords let their slaves follow certain Eurocentric religious rituals, even though they did not have the right to free speech. However, they had no idea that a rich culture full of outstanding and complex songs would arise from that, serving as the soundtrack to some people’s spiritual life (blackhistorywalks). Call and response is a crucial feature of negro spirituals. It later found its way into other musical genres, including the blues and gospel. According to Sonia Caldwell in the documentary Origin of the Negro Spiritual (10:20), as a form of resistance, spirituals were used by enslaved people because they wanted to retain African components in their lives. The negro spiritual is sometimes cited as the source of all subsequent musical styles because of its widespread influence. In the twentieth and twenty-first centuries, spirituals played a crucial part in black people’s protests. Spirituals and Gospel songs were essential in the civil right
Communication forms part of everyday lives. Whether people use their words to express themselves or not, they still communicate. In every social place, there has to be a way to pass a message from one location to another. Health institutions need to have clear communication channels to avoid misinterpretation of information. The case scenario about the young English student nurse is one of the many problems that occur when there is a breakdown in communication channels. The student nurse shouts at a patient who needs her care. It even does not work out well when the patient is unable to control the situation and has to wet the bed and throw up on the floor (Buchbinder, Shanks and Buchbinder 2014). The problem occurs because of the mentors who were supposed to have helped her before leaving the nurse to continue with the behavior. Instead of finding solutions to her problem, they shared it amongst themselves and other staff. The new mentor had to observe and talk to her later. Such a problem requires the health institution to have communication channels that are capable of solving the problem with immediate effect. There has to be a code of ethics that gives instructions on how a nurse should address a patient. The rules should provide disciplinary actions that allow the management to take appropriate measures to prevent repetitive mistakes. Confidentiality should be of utmost importance when dealing with employee problems. The management should set up rules on employee conduct and how sol employeese’s misconduct. The information shared with the employee, and
Introduction In the majority of cases, teaching English as a second language class involves the preparation of the students for the upcoming job interviews. Moreover, the majority of such lessons are concentrated on the professional language exploited during an interview. This lesson is very helpful in terms of assisting the students in getting acquainted with the structure of job interviews and utilizing an appropriate professional vocabulary. The notes taken by the students are intended to help them in the future and provide them with relevant information concerning the insights of an interview. After this lesson, the students will be able to develop their skills in three diverse ways. First, the teacher will make them aware of the events that the students should expect during a common job interview. Second, the teacher will provide the students with an opportunity to reflect on the actions and outcomes of the interview. In perspective, this is a perfect way to point out the strengths and weaknesses of the students’ interview skills and approaches. Third, the teacher is responsible for helping the students to develop their practical English skills. These skills include the use of an appropriate vocabulary, correct grammar, and the ability to develop at least basic resumes and cover letters. The note-taking activity is considered to be an effective instrument within the framework of this lesson as it allows the students to critically evaluate their real-life job interview skills and look at the interviews from the spectator’s point of view so as to gain useful insights concerning job interviews. Structure There are several major elements that are absent in the existing lesson plan:   * The teacher’s name is not specified.   * The class’s name is not indicated.   * No connection to the curriculum is shown.   * No requirements regarding lesson plan resources are indicated.   * No demographic information is presented.   * No connection with other subjects. Nonetheless, the format of the lesson is clear to the reader, and the schematic representation of the lesson plan really helps to understand the lesson plan better. This structure is also called tabular. On the left-hand side, there are time intervals that are intended to help the teacher to plan the activities more efficiently. The lesson plan lacks several basic elements when it comes to the design, but the information in its major sections is relevant and concise. Contents Subject The subject of the lesson is moderately stated, but it is impossible to identify the topic of discussion without addressing the lesson plan right away. Lesson Duration The time frame of the lesson is
Introduction The Columbia Encyclopedia (2007) suggests the two-fold definition of motet : the one that stands to define the type of musical composition of the XIII century and the one that stands to denote the type that appeared during the Renaissance. In the first case the motet denotes “a polyphonic composition based on a tenor that was a fragment of plainsong (or, later, of any type of melody, sacred or secular) arranged in a brief, reiterated rhythmic pattern called an ordo. ” (33042) In the second case it is “a polyphonic, unaccompanied composition” that “had usually from four to six voices” and “but one text.” (33042) The history of motet There are two possible sources of the term: it may either come from the Latin movere (“to move”) or a Latinized version of Old French mot (“word”, “verbal utterance”). Jean de Grouchy, a music theoretician, was one among the first scholars to define a motet, he admitted that the motet was “not intended for the vulgar who do not understand its finer points and derive no pleasure from hearing it: it is meant for educated people and those who look for refinement in art.”(The Development of the Motet) From the beginning of the XIII up to the middle of the XVIII century the motet remained one of the most important forms of polyphonic music. There is no single set of characteristics to give a general definition of the motet. It can only be treated in historical and regional context. The motet originated in the XIII century: Perotin and his contemporaries at Notre Dame, Paris, added words to the upper voice of a Clausula, with a plainchant tenor. The motet developed from discant (clausula) sections, in a longer sequence of organum , with upper voices added to it. As a rule, the discant was a strophic sequence in Latin and was sung as a discant over a cantus firmus (typically, a Gregorain chant fragment with different words from the discant) This practice marked the beginnings of counterpoint in Western music, which meant the technique involving the simultaneous sounding of two or more parts or melodies. These first motets gave way to a medieval tradition of secular motets: two or three part compositions with several texts sung simultaneously over the cantus firmus . Soon the motet developed into the pre-eminent form of secular art music during the late Middle Ages. The medieval motet was a polyphonic composition in which the fundamental voice (tenor) was usually arranged in a pattern of reiterated rhythmic configurations, while the upper voice or voices (up to three), nearly always with different Latin or French texts, generally moved at a faster rate. The new period of motet The stylistic period in music of the Late Middle Ages is called Ars Nova . The term refers to music centered in France and embraces the period from the preparation of the Roman de Fauvel (a huge compilation of poetry and music, 1310 and 1314) until the death of Machaut (1377). The Roman de Fauvel comprises numerous medieval motets most of which are anonymous. Still, there are several pieces by Philippe de Vitry, one of the pioneers of the isorhyth
Daisy Miller written by Henry James is a realistic novel that represents life of young girl. Writing in a style of the literary realism, Henry James presents a narrator of the novel as an observer who describes the events happened in life of the characters. As the representative of literary realism, Henry James in his novel Daisy Miller uses a number of realistic features such as concentration on details, accent on reality instead of reflections and on characters instead of plot and feelings and the presentation of narrator as the witness of the events. For the literary realism, character is more important than plot. The author concentrates his attention on the peculiarities of the relationships of the main character with others in the context of their social places. The feelings that the character expresses are caused by the social conflict where the individual is rejected by the social rules. For instance, Mrs. Walker whose social status is higher than Daisy’s one considers Daisy as the girl who “is naturally indelicate” (James). One of the major characteristics of realism is description of the events, paying the attention to the details. The author focused his attention on the small external details rather than on the interior reflections of characters, their emotions and feelings. For the realistic literature, external details can be considered as the symbols and signs that can tell about person more than the description of one’s feelings. While Romantism is focused on development of character’s mind and one’s reflections about the relationships with others, the realistic character is expressed by the description of the exterior characteristics of the society and the events happen around him or her. Thus, in Daisy Miller, one can see such that the major character Daisy is described as the girl whose “place in the social scale was low” (James). For the society, the peculiarities of Daisy’s character, her experience and skills are not important. The main aspect of her personality concludes not in her intellectual capacity, skills or experience, the most important feature is her social status. The ethical choice of the character and the issues of the social class in this novel are the key characteristics the novel is based on. Another characteristic of Realism is that the narrator in Daisy Miller is the witness of the events. The narrator does not explain the events, trying to reflect about the causes and consequences. The author wants the readers to understand the story by themselves, to reflect about the events and to find out those details that are not represented in the text. In literary realism, the narrator is a person who talks from the position of his experience. Narrator is also a character of the novel; however, he has to be in the shadow. His destination is observation of the events and their description in details without the conclusions. The readers have to take those deta
A Sustainability report of PEPSICO Company One of the companies with a sustainability report is PEPSICO. It is a parent holding company with several subsidiaries in and outside of the United States. Its head office is in Purchase New York. It mainly deals with beverages, snacks, and other types of food. It is also listed among the leading agencies in Africa that are helping to develop a sustainable environment. The ability to be independent and diverse in its operations has helped the company to maintain a good track record of being self-sustainable in an extremely competitive market. Some of its products are sustainable in the long run. Some of the resources or materials used in the production process are recyclable for example the returnable glass bottles for the Pepsi Cola Drink brand. The concept of ‘cradle to cradle’, helps the company to save on capital and cut the financial expenditure required in future production (Braungart and McDonough, p. 117). In terms of ecological sustainability, the company has embarked on producing its own inputs in several farms around the world that are ‘green’. The factories that the company runs meet the recommended carbon emission standards thereby helping to contain global warming. From a business perspective, a good competitive edge is kept by providing a balanced diet in its locally manufactured products because of the extraction of ingredients from freshly harvested and chosen fruits supplied by the farmers. With the decision to reduce the amount of added sugar in the beverage brands, the number of fats and oils and increasing the level of whole grains in the main meal categories, fruits and vegetables, incidences of diseases tied to the types of food eaten by an individual like diabetes and cancers are greatly lowered hence improving human health. This way the company helps to create a healthy nation and at the same time improve sustainability in terms of the productivity among its employees by them being able to work in an eco-friendly environment. Environmentally speaking, the company is sustainable for instance in the utilization of land that it owns, energy and water used in the production processes as well as using recyclable materials for packing the products. These are natural resources with the capability to be used in the long run because at all times they are available and sustainable. The company acquires innovative ideas and information from external stakeholders to generate appropriate decisions in its business (Sand, p. 126). How PEPSICO might implement a cradle to cradle