ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Abstract Continuous advancement in the research for higher speed micro processors and power electronics has led to more focus on the performances of electrical machines, their roles in the industrial drives and a higher thirst for the determination of their parameters. Furthermore, ways and means of improving these parameters have not been ignored. This paper seeks to open the lid on the various types of electrical power machines, their modes of operation, parameter determination and relevant applications. Towards this, an insight analysis on the various and practical methods of protecting electrical machines from the effects of mechanical damages and electrical overloads will be focused. This paper therefore seeks to open up more knowledge to practicing engineers on machine design, protection, maintenance and choice. Introduction Much has been said within the engineering circles on the need to fully understand basic principles and functions of electrical machines with an aim of making proper and correct use of them. Okoro, Agu & Chinkuni (2006). describe the various electrical machines as “The Direct Current (D.C.) machine, the synchronous machine, and the induction machine.” In Electrical Engineering, squirrel cage induction machines have a number of advantages postulated by Okoro, Agu & Chinkuni (2006). as “lightness, simplicity, ruggedness, and robustness, less initial cost, higher torque-inertia ratio, capability of much higher speeds and ease of maintenance.” Its stays a tough competitor against D.C. machines because of its lower cost in the drives field. In comparison to the D.C. machine, its cost per KVA is in the ratio of 1:50 and possesses unique ability to exist and function normally under hostile electrical and mechanical conditions. However, induction machines also suffer from a number of limitations that in turn favor the use of D.C. machines. “In contrast to D.C. machines, their speed cannot be easily and effectively adjusted continuously over a wide range of operating conditions.” (Okoro, Agu & Chinkuni, 2006). In addition to that, the synchronous machine has the ability to effectively run and function over a very wide range of power factors. These involve conditions in the lagging and leading and as such are suitable to for operations that involve bulk power generation. The difference in the mode of operation between these two machines is that in the induction machine, alternating current is relayed to the stator and induced in the rotor by the action of the transformer while the activity in the synchronous machine involve the supply of direct current to the rotor and a flow of Alternating Current (A.C.) in the stator. This research paper will discuss in depth the principles and basic features of various types of electric machines. Furthermore, it is common knowledge that for proper function of a machine, best knowledge on the m
Cummins is a global manufacturing giant that is composed of individual business units that manufacture, maintain, and distribute a wide variety of power solutions. The company is introducing revolutionary new technology that will transform the manufacturing process by making it quicker and cheaper while ensuring high volume production (“Cummins Implementing New Technologies,” 2019). The company has partnered with GE additive which produces binder jet printers that are modern high precision 3D metal printers (Sochol et al., 2016). Binder jet printing technology is a form of additive manufacturing in which a print head moves over a platform of powder and deposits liquid binding compound following a predetermined shape of the section being manufactured (Sochol et al., 2016). The liquid binds the spe
Introduction Managing an organization is a complex and difficult process because of the many players engaged in it, especially in making key decisions. This article examines how power, conflict, and coalition come into play in management as well as ability of making key decisions. Power, Conflict, and Coalition Making of major decisions often brings many players into a common platform to form a coalition. Each of such players tries to do his or her best to uphold interests from which he or she will get more benefits. When there are competing interests, conflicts emerge, and power, as a rule, prevails. The cycle of forming a coalition, emergence of conflicts, and later prevailing of power is often witnessed in decision making processes. Organizations, especially in the process of making decisions, can best be viewed as coalitions. In a coalition, there are players who need to come to a common view. The aim of arriving at a common goal is often hampered by the interests that the coalition members may share. Such interests often pit coalition members against each other, whereby each individual wants his or her interests to be primarily addressed. This often leads to conflicts in decision making process. In such a scenario, power comes into play. Power is an overriding factor in decision making. Power may favor a decision which may not the best but which is chosen by the vast majority of players in a coalition. This was the case of the Challenger Shuttle with consistent pleas by Thiokol engineers to have the take off postponed fell on deaf ears (Bolman and Deal 191). In a coalition setting, the players who have power often prevail. It is, therefore, important that such players would be appropriately informed so that they would not be swayed to making wrong decisions. Unfortunately, there are cases where even after the correct information has been channeled, still inappropriate decisions are made. This is often the case when some external powerful forces push for such decisions. There are various sources of power depending on an organization and the kind of decisions being made. It is noted that managers in organizations need to align themselves well with the sources of power in order to influence decision making processes. Authority is just one source of power which can be easily overridden by other sources, such as expertise, alliances and networks, as well as reputation. It is, therefore, important for managers to be aware of this fact and stop relying solely on position powers. Managers who solely back on authority position display power gap in their leadership. Such a leadership is never effective and can be easily outflanked in critical times, when hard decisions are to be made. People with authority position need to form coalitions with those of other sources of power. This will lessen intensity of conflicts when they arise and make decision making process easy. Conclusion Conflicts are often encountered in the course of running organizations. Conflicts
Introduction The success of an organization is all about asking the right questions. Such an issue is particularly important for leaders since their task is to provide a shared vision for organizational success, which they encourage their team to attain. Peter Drucker laid down five most important questions that those in leadership position need to ask as they rally their team for achievement of the shared objectives of an organization. The five questions developed by Drucker are the following: What is our Mission? According to Drucker (15), the mission statement is a key to the organizational success. Drucker argues that knowing and understanding the mission statement of an organization is crucial since it communicates why the company engages in the business (15). Knowing as well as understanding the mission statement is also crucial since these guide leaders and followers on what they should do as well as what they should avoid doing (Drucker p.16). Therefore, according to Drucker, an effective mission statement should match the organizational opportunities, competence and commitments, which are significant in attaining success (16). In this regard, Drucker asserts that one of the key responsibilities of leaders is to ensure that everybody in the organization knows, understands, and abides by the mission statement (17). Who is our Customer? Drucker argues that knowing customers of the company is extremely crucial and determines whether a company is likely to be successful or not. In this regard, Drucker suggests that leaders must ensure that they fully know their customers and their needs that are to be satisfied and work to
The Tasmanian devil facial tumor is a contagious cancer that to a great extent threatens the life and existence of Tasmanian devil. The disease was first discovered in the early 1990s, when some researchers noticed that the faces of the devils had defects and were disfigured in the Northern part of Tasmania. The disease was transmitted from one animal to another one as they were fighting for food, or mating. These cancer or tumor cells are divided after transmission causing malignant cells growths (Brindley & Banfield 1961). The discussed illness spread steadily across this region and resulted in a great number of deaths, and therefore, necessary mitigation measures needed to be taken. It has now spread to the Northwest of the island and several deaths have been reported. Devil facial tumor disease (DFTD) grows and develops inside and around the mouth of these animals and makes it very difficult for them to feed. This fact leads to starvation and eventually to their death. The illness has now killed approximately 70% of these animals in Tasmanian Island (Lachish, Jones & McCallum 2007). If relevant measures are not taken to block and dispose of the disease, the animals of these species could go extinct within the next thirty years. However, many researchers have come out and have now initiated the research on the origin and causes of this fatal disease. It has now been discovered that diagnosis and vaccination against the DFTD is possible. According to the research results it has been noted that devil facial tumor disease initiated in the Schwann cells of the devil. They have also identified and established the disease genetic makers (Lachish, Jones & McCallum 2007). This has to a great extent helped the doctors differentiate between general cancer and facial tumor disease. The knowledge is, therefore, currently used by the doctors, as a stepping stone to their success in finding out the best and most efficient way to attack the disease. The scientists have also discovered that the DFTD also spreads through physical contacts, as the animals mate and feed. This fact clearly indicates that reliable and applicable research study has been done and the treatment of the disease can now be initiated. Since the disease has led to death of many Tasmanian devils in the region, many research groups have come up with suggestions on how to control the illness. They suggest that, if the host population of the infected devils is dropped below the threshold, there is likelihood of saving the species, which is a popular animal in the island and in the entire continent of Australia. The researchers also suggest that wide spread of the disease depends on the population density, and therefore, elimination method of treatment is applicable and reliable (Pearse & Swift 2006). Research shows that, devil’s population was very high ten years ago and this could have contributed to the steady spread of the DFTD. Thus, the disease has been concluded to be a population
Executive Summary The paper investigates the development of the machinery industry in Russia. The country is rich in its vast territory, roads, and forests. Its economic position is considered transitional, and its primary develops due to its natural resources. Russia is a federal state governed by a president (currently by Vladimir Putin). Its main peculiarity is that the government controls major or minor businesses; therefore, a monopoly may devour small entrepreneurs. Sociocultural, economic, and political trends analyses observed in the paper help identify the machine industry tendencies. SWOT and Porter’s studies help to develop a strategy concerning market entry. For Potter’s company to enter the market, the best mode is partnering with Russian machine manufacturers to ensure stable production, resource pooling, and the ability to respond quickly to market changes. The disadvantages can be addressed by setting the policies guaranteeing equity in control and assets. Introduction Russia is a transcontinental country because it is situated in both Eastern Europe and Northern Asia. It is the largest country globally by area that crosses eleven time zones, share borders with more than 10 states, and take one-eighth of the continent territory. Russia’s territory stretches thousand miles from the East to the West and from the South to the North. Currently, the country’s population equals 146.7 million people, and its territory comprises 85 federal subjects (Bogdanova et al. 2016). Its capital is Moscow; however, there are some other major urban areas such as Saint Petersburg, Samara, Ekaterinburg, and Chelyabinsk. Currently, Russia consists of the following competitive industries: oil and gas, mining, aircraft, electricity, food, machine, and other industries. Mechanical engineering is a critical component of Russia’s non-resource and non-energy exports. It is one of the three driving ventures, second just to farming. Cutting edge creation is the premise of the Russian activity (Bogdanova et al. 2016). It presented to the worldwide community nuclear power equipment and icebreakers, the first artificial earth satellite, and a human-crewed spacecraft. Today, the Russian engineering school remains one of the leading in the world (Made in Russia n.d.). Subsequently, Russia keeps on providing the world with exciting hardware. Therefore, for a foreign company to enter the machinery market, it has to have a strong potential. Economic Environment Analysis of Russia The Russian economy is called a transition economy due to the upper-middle-income of the population. Russia’s tremendous topography is a significant factor in deciding its financial activities. A few sources assess that Russia has in stock more that 30 percent of the
Introduction “I won’t go to school mom. I have a big pimple on my face!” “Dad, I think I’m growing mustache and my biceps are starting to shape up!” “That guy/girl is so cute.” These are some lines we might have used during our teenage years – a time when major physical and emotional changes start to happen in our bodies. At first, we were not aware of these changes. But as time pass by, we start to notice them. Girls get all fidgeted when their hips widen, breasts develop and menstruation starts. On the opposite end, boys get excited when their voice deepens, muscles tone up and facial hairs start to appear. These are signs that we are leaving our playful “childhood life” and will enter a new and critical stage towards adulthood – puberty. Main body Much of the major adjustments physically, emotionally, and mentally start to happen when we reach puberty or more commonly called the adolescent stage (Dowshen 2005) Upon reaching this age, humans undergo rapid growth of muscles and bones, changes in body shape, and development of the reproductive system. Some of these changes manifest differently in both genders. Puberty begins when a part of the brain, called the hypothalamus, releases gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) to the pituitary gland (a small bean-shaped gland found at the base of the brain). The GnRH signals the pituitary gland to release more hormones, the luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH). The latter causes ovaries to produce estrogen for females and the testes to produce testosterone for males. The production of such makes the body undergo physical changes. (Mayoclinic) As an effect of what is physically happening, adolescents also begin to undergo psychosocial maturation. (Blondell 2005) They begin to have groups that are of the same age, spend more time with them, and discuss topics that deal with their hobbies, interests, people, and events. These things normally take place between 8 to 16 in girls and between 9 to 14 in boys. (Mayoclinic) However, in some cases, puberty starts to happen at an earlier age. (Ridley 2007) This event is called precocious puberty. By definition, precocious puberty (La: pubertal praecox) is an early onset of puberty. (Niche) It is an early development of sexual characteristics in girls before 8 years old and in boys before 9 years old. (Kaplowitz 2007) In other contexts, precocious is used more broadly to describe the “early appearance of any of the physical features of puberty even if the complete brain-directed process in not occurring.” ((NICHD) Scientists have various explanations as to why precocious puberty happens to some
Introduction A business report is meant to provide investors and other stakeholders with information that is important in running a particular business. Specifically, business reports give the stakeholders an idea on the status of their investment. These reports also highlight problems encountered by the business. They also contain the strategic plans that will be put in place to solve the problems in the future. This paper is an evaluation of two companies’ annual reports. The paper takes into consideration all factors in business reporting, such as services, products, the environment, and the internal and external stakeholders. The paper will be based on the annual reports of Mitsubishi and Sony companies. The two companies have come up with reports to create awareness among all the stakeholders. This is as far as corporate social responsibility (herein referred to as CSR) in the two companies is concerned. The reports also address the CSR strategies that the companies are planning to undertake The Report Scope and Limitations of the Report This paper will focus on the differences between the reports of the two companies. This is in terms of the range of issues dealt with in the reports and how these issues are addressed. Specifically, the report will cover the following issues:  1. Explain the differences between the reports of the two companies in terms of such factors as country and industry of focus.  2. Assess the quality of reporting in the two companies based on Zadek’s 1997 criteria (Zhong 2009).  3. Evaluate the appropriateness of using standardised reporting procedures in the two companies.  4. Make recommendations on how each of the two reports can be improved. The need for such improvements will also be highlighted. These are addressed below: Identifying the Differences between the Reports of the Two Companies in Terms of the Range of Issues Dealt with and how the Issues are Addressed In this section, the author will try to identify the issues addressed by the two companies in their respective reports. The author will also try to analyse how each of the two companies address these issues. Mitsubishi Materials’ CSR Report for the Year 2011 A critical analysis of the report reveals that it was intended to provide information to investors and other parties interested in Mitsubishi Materials Group. It was also formulated to create awareness on Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) activities undertaken by the Mitsubishi Materials Group. The report was structured using clear, precise, and simple language. This is to make it easier for the stakeholders to understand (Mitsubishi Corporation 2010). It is also noted that the report covers nine different areas that were selected to highlight the best strategies to acquire materials in the 2008 fiscal year. The report has gone a step further to elaborate on the company’s medium-term management plan, which was put in place on August 2011. Additionally, it addresses the initiatives taken by the group to deal with the damage caused by the infamous ‘Great East Japan Earthquake’ and its devastating effects. The report is not a mere summary of the company’s CSR initiatives. On the contrary, t
Introduction The Grapes of Wrath by John Steinbeck is a classic novel that was published in the year 1939. Though the novel was published at the time the Great Depression was coming to an end, it describes the conditions and experiences that existed during the Great Depression. The novel brings out the poor and distressing situations experienced by the American migrating families in the 1930s. It describes a family migrating to California during the Crisis. Brief Summary The Grapes of Wrath begins by describing an occurrence of soil erosion in Dust Bowl Oklahoma that led to the destruction of crops, a decline in farming and farm produce and the migration of farmers and families to other regions. The novel gives the experiences of one such family, the Joad family. After the erosion, the Joad family set on a journey towards California with the hope of acquiring a better livelihood. (Steinbeck, p 2-3). A young man named Tom Joad who is barely thirty years old arrives home only to find out that his family has been evicted. He later finds them, his mother, brothers Al and Noah, and his sister Rose of Sharon living with his uncle John whose wife had died several years earlier living him in a state of depression. Rose who had recently gotten married to Connie Rivers is by then pregnant. The family begins their journey to California after selling some of their assets. (Steinbeck, p 112). Along with their journey Joad’s grandfather and family dog passed away. The family later gets into California where they face great police brutality and harassment. They then find temporary refuge in a government camp. It is during their stay at the camp that the family’s grandmother dies after a short illness. The camp then closes down forcing them to work at an orchard where Joad meets up with Jim Casy, a former minister from back home in Oklahoma. The workers and laborers have been highly oppressed a factor that leads them into forming unions with an aim of fighting exploitation. Casy who was then a labor organizer gets killed in one of the union strikes and Joad in turn avenges his death by killing the person responsible for a crime that becomes the second as he had previously killed a man back in Oklahoma. Joad’s family struggles to keep Joad far from the law. Joad’s mother asks him to leave for the wellbeing of the family a request that he obeys. Rose of Sharon whose husband had already left unfortunately experiences a stillbirth. The family remains strong despite all their difficult situations that include strong floods that destroy the campsite leaving them almost helpless. The novel ends with a painful and distressing scene where Rose of Sharon is seen breastfeeding a starving dying man with the hope that he will gain back his strength. The novel that is filled with trials and depressions depicts a strong act of determination, faith and hope for a better tomorrow. The Great Depression: A Brief Description The Great Depression (1929-1939) is a period in the American history that led into a great and severe crisis in the economy. The crisis was majorly as a result of the October 29, 1929