ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Organization is a collection of diverse people with varied attitudes, emotions, personalities, values, religious, and political orientations, who share a common working environment and pursue similar organizational objectives. Diversity among organizational members and management strategies shapes organizational culture and behavior, which subsequently determines the realization of the stipulated objectives. The prime objective, of an organization or a team, is to achieve certain goals by effectively mobilizing diverse individuals with different attitudes, emotions, personalities, and values. Thus, diversity amongst members within an organization compels the management to build organizational culture and behavior, which are imperative in achieving desired goals and objectives. Smith (2009) argues that, organizational culture or behavior is its lifeblood for it determines both short-term and long-term development goals in an organization (p.1). Therefore, management has to recognize the diversity of organizational members and devise a plan that influences the development of organizational culture and behavior positively. Since organizational members have diverse attributes, how do emotions, personalities, and values influence behavior, and how can managers plan to utilize these attributes effectively in influencing motivation, satisfaction, and performance of a team? Attitudes and Emotions Attitudes and emotions are underlying attributes among team members since each member has unique preferences of working environment and form of tasks. Fundamentally, the nature of attitudes and emotions that team members have determine relationships within a team and subsequently influence team’s culture and behavior, which are critical factors in enhancing the effectiveness of performance. According to Harris (2005), effectiveness of a team depends on social processes that enhance positive attitudes and emotions, and improve capacity of team members to perform tasks cooperatively (p.2). This means that social processes are integral in defining relationships among team members, which constitute team behavior. A team consists of members with diverse attitudes and emotions that need harmonization through social processes, which recognize and integrate these attributes into team’s culture and behavior. Since social processes determine the harmonization of varied attitudes and emotions among team members, poor management strategies that do not consider social integration influence development of team’s culture and behavior negatively. Team’s behavior in
Introduction There are several characteristics that make up a good story. One of the most important elements of a short story specifically is a fully developed protagonist who can be seen to develop through the course of the story. Development of the protagonist developed enough for us to care about is essential if the reader is to have any reason for completing the story, but this development doesn’t necessarily have to be positive, nor does it need to be confined to the protagonist alone. Despite the relatively short space in which these writers work, they are nevertheless able to create characters with sufficient depth to convey a particular theme. In the short stories “The Yellow Wallpaper” by Charlotte Perkins Gilman and “An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge” by Ambrose Bierce, the characters are seen to be strangled by society finally finding release by mentally detaching from reality. Comparison of stories “The Yellow Wallpaper” and “An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge” In “The Yellow Wallpaper,” the protagonist is never given a name, and her development is negative as she sinks into insanity as the story progresses. The entire story takes place within a single, yellow room on the upper floor of a Victorian country house. The woman recognizes something is wrong at the beginning of the story as she disagrees with the diagnosis of her husband and her doctor regarding her treatment for depression. The two men determine she should be given plenty of rest and isolation as the best treatment. “Perso
Introduction Strategic leadership involves strategizing the management of an organization. In this case, leaders are very influential in ensuring that organizational change establishes and is permanent. There are different types of leaders. They include enforcers, visionary, serial transformational, administrator and deal maker leaders. However, due to specialization, the two kinds of leaders to be discussed briefly below are necessary in an organization setting in the process of transformation (Centre for Creative Leadership, 2005, p1). The charismatic leader – This kind of a leader has personal quality and ability to mobilize and sustains an activity in an organization. During the process of change, a charismatic leader is able to mobilize the employees and sustain an efficient adoption towards the new dynamics. A leader full of charisma can transform someone’s needs, values, goals and hopes. Though he is the popular kind of a leader, his leadership is observable and definable since his behavioral characteristics are very clear. A charismatic leader has three major components: envisioning, energizing and enabling which are vital to the process of organizational change (Schneier, 2011, Pg 281). Instrumental leader- This kind of a leader ensures that every person in the management team as well as all the employees follow the proposed line of change to ensure that the process is consistent and permanent. He invests in building of competent teams, clarifying the line of action to his team, both leaders and the employees, building in measurements and administration of rewards and punishment depending on how individuals handle the process. An instrumental leader ensures that the established process of change is not short lived but lasts permanently (Schneier, 2011, Pg 281). Effective organizational transformation requires both charismatic and instrumental leaders. A leader with charisma ensures that people within the organization are energized, committed and gain a new organizational focus. An instrumental leader ensures consistency in the adoption of the new organizational approach. From the exercise, we are going to evaluate strategic leadership through case studies provided in the models, compare leadership styles from the two case studies, give qualities of a good leader and discuss appointing of board of directors. Evaluating strategic leadership Strategic leadership refers to executives who how owe firm’s overall responsibility and solely responsible in the matters that affect organizational outcomes. Strategic leaders create principles and course that guides strategies formulation and implementation. More so they interact with stake holders, clients, government agencies and unions (Bondenm, 2009). Strategic leadership involves the application of strategy in the management of an organization. This involves managing for value creation, in the roles of strategic leadership in
Introduction The international relation theories attempt to provide a conceptual model upon which these relations can be analyzed and each theory is reductive and essentialist to different degrees relying on different sets of assumptions. These theories act as a pair of colored sunglasses which allows the wearer to see only the salient events relevant to the theory. An adherent of realism may completely disregard an event that a constructivist might pounce upon as crucial and important to be agreed upon by the theorist. Description of the international relation theories The number and the character of the assumptions made by international relation theories determine its usefulness for example; the realism theory is useful in accounting for historical actions but limited in both explaining systematic change and predicting future events. Liberalism examines a very wide number of conditions and is less useful in making predictions, but can be very insightful in analyzing past events. (Cynthia, 2004) The traditional theories may have little to say about the behavior of the former colonies, but the post-colonial theory may have greater insight into that specific area, but fails in other situations. The international relation theories can be divided into the positivist theory which focuses on principally state-level analysis, and the post-positivist which incorporates expanded meanings of insecurity, ranging from class, gender, and post-colonial security. There are different theories which include: The democratic peace theory argues that the democracies have never made war on one another and have few lesser conflicts between each other and this is contradicting to the realist theories and the empirical claim is now one of the great disputes in political science. Democracy conducts diplomacy very differently from nondemocracies. Institutionalism holds that the international system is not in practice anarchic, but that it has an implicit or explicit structure that determines how states will act within the system. The institutions are rules that determine the decision-making process and in the international arena, the institution has been used interchangeably with the regime, which has been defined as a set of explicit or implicit principles, norms, rules, and decision-making procedures around which the actors’ expectations converge in a given issue (Cynthia, 2004). The English school of the international relations theory maintains that there is a society of states at the international level, despite the condition of anarchy and it concerns the examination of traditions of the past international theory and it has a support on the rationalist theory. The Marxist theory has a rejection of the realist/ liberal views of state conflict or cooperation but instead focuses on the economic and material aspects. It assumes that the economic concerns transcend others allowing for the elevation of the class as the focus of study. Constructivism is concerned with the role of ideas in shaping the international system. By ideas, it refers to the goals, threats, fears, identities, and other elements of
Wealth is constituted only of money as per the document. Wealth is defined as the ability to have an abundance of many different types of goods at your convenience. It explains that the accumulation of capital results in an increase in wealth. The article puts into consideration whoever owns the property but assumes that everyone’s living standards will improve regardless of the property owner. The document explains that the value of money is somehow related to the amount that is in circulation. The value of a good is determined by the number of sellers and buyers. The article assumes that a country’s gold inflow determines how rich the country is, and this only increases with an increase in trade, but this is not the real case. For example, supplying Britain with less quantity of gold compared to other countries will make British goods cheaper. As a result, cheap prices would cause more inflow of gold from other countries. However, for money to be created, there has to be a debt. The idea is founded on the fact that debt is the basis of the moneymaking process. In general, the opposition to the interest rate regulation is opposition to price regulation. It states that England would be better off without the interest rates being set in the beginning. In this case, money is seen as a “pledge” to acquire goods and as a “counter” to determine value. The currency stock is always on the rise, and thus for a country to have a balance of trade, it should be in a position to accumulate a large stock of its own. According to the article, there is an estimated cash requirement for each economic group that is determined by the length of the payment period. Regulating interest rates will obstruct trade and make it difficult to lend and borrow. Interest rates regulation will also make life difficult for the less privileged in the society since they will get no profit that is allowed by the interest law. Regulating interest rates will also be an advantage to the bankers who lend money to clients at its par value. Money is an important commodity and is of necessity given that everyone must have it. The regulation has increased the number of debts making borrowing a regular norm. From the article, it is apparent that no one borrows money without plans given that it is forced to by various circumstances. The situation will cause individuals to look for money and have it at whatever cost. As a result, many people would decide to bank their money. If this happens to be the case, it means that there will hardly be enough money in the country to ensure trade flourishes. Politically, the document does not support the regulation of interest rates. It is opposed to the reduction of the maximum legal rate to four percent from six percent. These interests will not be productive since people will avoid the interests making the rates higher than before the regulation. The situat
Michaela MB Kelleher conducted clinical research on the effects of removal of indwelling urinary catheter (IDCs) at different timings on the early normal micturition patterns in patients, and on their length of date of discharge. The research was published in the British journal of nursing in 2002. The research is titled “Removal of urinary catheters: midnight vs. 0600hours.” (Kelleher, MB, 2002) . The title is short and self-explanatory. The article is about the links between IDCs removal at 2 different timings i.e. midnight and 0600 hours and comparing which time is better and will lead to normal voiding of the patient and early discharge. The study which was conducted encompassed patients admitted for urological problems and were about to undergo surgery. The author notes in the introduction that even though there is a lot of literature about the time appropriate timing for removal of a urinary catheter is at midnight, the current practice still follows their removal at 0600hours. The Joanna Brigg institute in 2006 published a list of guidelines concerning the Best practices pertaining to urinary catheters it stated that 6 out of 7 trials conducted to observe which timing is better for urinary catheters, found that midnight removal of catheters leads to a reduced length of hospital stay. It recommends catheter removal at midnight timings. 4 of the trials conducted noted a delay in discharge, in patients in whom the catheters were removed in the morning timings. In the abstract of this paper, Kelleher, MB produces a well-structured summary of the whole issue at hand and takes us through the study and its results briefly. According to her, there is not enough clinical evidence to support the practice of removal of catheters at 0600hours. The aim of this study according to the author is to observe the time it takes for patients to return to their normal voiding patterns after urinary catheters at different times of the day. The abstract informs us that 160 people were conveniently selected and randomly placed in two groups, one whose catheters were removed at midnight and the other group in whom the urinary catheters were removed at 0600 hours in the morning. The abstract summarizes the result component of the study and states that the group in whom the urinary catheters were removed at midnight voided a larger volume of urine in both, first and the second time they micturated after catheter removal with a P value less than 0.0001. Finally, in the abstract, the author links this result to the early discharges of patients from a hospital in which the catheter removal occurred at midnight and recommends that the tradition of removing the IDCs at 0600 hours in the morning must be changed keep
Reasons why the listed industries might form hard-core cartels Cartels form part of the serious marketplace rivalry breaches. Study literature and market structure reports state that the formation of cartels is an offense both internationally and domestically. Market competition authorities have intensified their efforts to track down hardcore cartels. However, the listed case study industries may create hardcore cartels compared with other great industries because they emerge as monopolies. These industries are the only famous dealers in their specialty areas. Thus, they are prone to the creation of market entry barriers in order to limit marketplace competitions (Sheth & Sisodia, 2001). According to De Kluyver (2000) report, the case study industries are prone to the formation of hardcore cartels because their sectors are largely characterized by various features. The features include established technologies, comparable cost structures, homogeneous merchandises, extensive market entry barriers and high concentration levels. In comparison to the other great industries, these hardcore cartel industries can easily reach planned agreements that can be preserved. The structure of industry The term ‘structure of an industry’ represents the scale and number distribution of industrial corporations. In an industry, the number of participating companies may range from hundreds to thousands. Provided the quantity of corporate enterprises found within an industry is out-sized, the possibility of harmonizing business prospects among such trading corporations becomes abridged. Thus, it is true that the rivalry level in any industry rises as additional firms join the industry. From the case study, it emanates that these industries have consolidated industrial structures. This is because each industry has some firms that own a larger portion of the total industrial sales and output shares. This implies that each firm found within the industry is not relatively smaller when compared with the whole industrial size (De Kluyver, 2000). From the number of firms that each industry is probably composed of, the market structure that is embraced is called oligopoly. As said by Scherer (1996), an oligopoly market structure is an industrial state where only one or two oligopolies or sellers dominate the industry. These industries are the dominant market sellers because they are few and are aware of any marketplace actions that other industrial players might pursue. Besides, the options that corporations formulate are subjects to influencing the choices being made by other corporations. However, the nature, structure and type of these industries make up a special type of oligopoly called cartel (Hubbard & O’Brien, 2012). Hardcore cartels comprise of corporations that are inclined to forming colluding mergers
Introduction Love is perceived as the most beautiful experience globally, and whoever finds it has the prerequisite for happiness. Notably, many religious beliefs have set love as the premise of most of their doctrines. Philosophers of ancient times expressed love as an antidote for most social problems. However, the mention of the word love leaves minds focused on the relationship between men and women who come together courtesy of sexual attraction or desires. Despite being associated with most incidences of happiness and pleasure, love is also described as selfish and possessive, which can jeopardize a person’s quality of life. Love is an idea whose manifestation can significantly impact a person’s life. Numerous questions linger in many when it comes to the concept of love because of the multiple facets it represents. Love can only be appreciated when a person understands the different types of love and their corresponding characteristics before exploring any of the categories of love. The information available about love The concept of love is manifested primarily in couples, and the magni
Introduction The forming and setting of policies is an essential part of every organization and governments. Policies have to be developed to indicate the desired results that should be achieved in a bid to solve the fundamental problems that face organization (Sanderson, I. 2002). The common policies that are made by most states includes the macroeconomic policies, health, traffic congestion and climatic policies. Due to the importance of these kinds of policies to the economic growth and developments of the economies, various departments have been created and charged with the obligation of ensuring successful development of policies and their implementation. Tension between informing policy and setting policy In policy development, a distinction must be made between analysis informing policy and analysis setting policy. Analysis setting policy is the objectively critisising the policies that are formulated to ensure that they will lead to the achievements of the desired positive objectives. It includes the examination of the process of policy formulation and the impact of policies that are made. Analysis informing policy entails the evaluation of the methods and means by which the policies are publicized to create awareness.the awareness of the policies is indispensible where they are targeted to affect a particular population. The tension informing policy and setting policy may result between the policy formulators and those to be affected by the policies. At times, policies may be resisted at an immature stage if the information is leaked before fi
Introduction The concept of a note-taking system is rather basic, yet it implies the use of a particular strategy, leaving the choice to the author of the notes. The specified concept is an umbrella term for the idea of note-taking, in general (Tabor 2018). Cornell Method As suggested by Walter Pauk, the Cornell Method implies dividing the notes into the subject title and a brief description of its content (Danver 2016). Unlike the regular note-taking system mentioned above, the Cornell Method allows arranging notes systematically and, thus, provides an opportunity to manage information more efficiently. Mind Mapping Unlike the note-taking approach and the Cornell method, mind-mapping requires a spatial arrangement of data (Green 2015). Color coding is also widely used in mind-mapping, which is typically not the case with the two other frameworks mentioned above. However, similar to the Cornell method, mind-mapping also allows classifying information according to themes. Outline Method The outline method bears a strong resemblance to the general note-taking approach since it does not imply using any visuals like mind mapping. However, the outline may also be arranged in themes similar to the Cornell method (Alonzo 2014). Creating sub-topics is another opportunity offered by the outline method that makes it similar to mind-mapping with its numerous branches and subcategories (Dobbs, ‎Jessop, ‎Campbell-Hall, McDonough, & Nichols 2014). Charting Method Implying the creation of charts, the charting method is rather close to the Cornell method due to its structure, i.e., the arrangement of notes in a semblance of a table. The charting method, however, requires splitting