ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction The study focuses on incorporating service marketing in the restaurant industry. There are over 8 million restaurants in the world today and over 300,000 restaurant companies. These restaurants are either full service restaurant or a fast food chain. However, the growth rate of the fast food chain in the world has superseded the full service restaurants (Parsa and Kwansa, 2002). This gives rise to the numerous business opportunities in the development of fast food restaurants all over the world. It was such an opportunity that was seized by Old Chang Kee which has developed into being a major fast food chain in Singapore. Background information of Old Chang Kee Old Chang Kee is a fast food restaurant in Singapore. This food chain restaurant has a very humble beginning. It started as a very small coffee shop outside Rex Cinema along Mackenzie road. It specialized in serving people with curried diets that were loved by many residents. Among its major pastries are curried potatoes, chicken, slices of chicken fried with herbs and spices. The customer service ensured that deliveries were tailored for each customer. As a result, torrents of Singaporeans wanted to visit the Old Chang Kee outlet. The hotel’s management under the pioneer leadership of Mr. Han’s management since 1886 has ensured that the business has grown and traversed into a major brand in the Singaporean fast food industry. The first objective of Mr. Han when he took over the management was to re-engineer the company so that it would modernize its business operations to meet the demands of its customers. He proposed a new system that would guarantee absolute improvement in the quality of services that were being offered at that time. This re-strategizing of the restaurants’ ways of operating resulted to the initiation of more aggressive competitive programs and this led to the growth of the restaurant whereby it has more than fifty outlets in Singapore, more than three in China, two in Malaysia and more than four in Indonesia. Another strategy that won the market share for the restaurant was the introduction of more diets in its menu such as the Sardine “O” and the Pepper ”O” that won the hearts of many Singaporeans. This has ensured that the company has been able to keep up with the trend in the customer satisfaction that has been diversifying due to the entry of more international fast food restaurant like the MacDonald Singapore franchise. Due to its growth and ability to evolve along with the customer’s requirements, Old Chang Kee restaurant has won a number of prestigious awards among them being the Singapore SPBA distinct brand awards of 2005 (Parsa and Kwansa, 2002). Service Marketing Service refers to the value co-creation that is achieved when there is interaction in the service systems that are involved in the creation, proposing of the a
Strategies of marketing adopted by different organizations enhance their competitiveness in local and global markets. The tactics combine four principles, including price, product, promotion, and place, to shape all marketing initiatives. Nike Inc. is one of the international retailers specializing in sportswear, ranging from clothing to shoes. Internal as well as external factors influence marketing approaches used by Nike Inc. for sustainable operations. This paper focuses on Nike Inc.’s SWOT analysis’s strengths aspects, which can guide its strategic direction. Nike Inc.’s Strengths The company’s strengths comprise all the internal factors which impact short-term and long-term plans. Robust brand awareness is a crucial strength for Nike Inc. (Media.corporate, n.d.). Nike is among the leading recognizable brands internationally. The company enjoys a considerable share of the world’s athletic footwear market. Every individual who enjoys sports is aware of Nike’s brand. Additionally, it has a unique name, which is memorable and more comfortable to pronounce. Moreover, everyone, including children, easily identifies the brand’s swish symbol. Indeed, it is appealing to all people making it easier to reach new more customers. Another notable strength of Nike Inc. is associated with its large customer base. The corporation has millions of faithful buyers who are not limited to one region. These clients follow Nike Inc.’s treads and voluntarily participate in its events. Additionally, they provided purchaser feedback, which helps the company offer products that meet specific consumers’ needs. Further, they recommend the products to their families and friends, accelerating Nike’s revenue growth and competitiveness in the global market. This strength can help the organization reach more potential clients at reduced costs and increase sales. Nike’s iconic relationships and side brands also enhance its strength to compete in the global market. The company’s lasting relationship with Michael Jordan has been beneficial in marketing operations and facilitates the development of “Air Jordan 1 Shoes” (Media.corporate, n.d.). The organization’s success can also be attributed to its capability to maintain and improve side brands such as Cole Haan, Hurley, Converse, and Nike Golf. Each of these brands targets dissimilar and clearly defined consumers. They boost Nike’s ability to maximize its reach and relevance globally by diversifying opportunities for sustainable growth. Moreover, Nike Inc. uses innovative technology in developing its products. They spend considerable time with consumers and athletes studying, listening, and observing to manufacture products that enhance their experiences. The company’s popular inno
Criminology cooperates with many disciplines to prevent and eradicate crime. Examples of such disciplines include criminal law, which studies responsibility for the commission of crimes and the punishment that will follow a committed crime. Moreover, criminology cooperates with forensic medicine, which provides the necessary forensic statistics (Hagan and Daigle 6). In addition, criminology interacts with sociology, which studies society and its processes, and psychology, which studies the inner life of people and their behavior. Criminology has a direct connection with all of these and many other sciences. In criminology, there are two schools that have specific ideas on which their teachings are based, and it is called Classical and Neoclassical schools. The idea of the Classical School is that people have free will when making decisions, and punishment is a deterrent for them when committing a crime. The teachings of the Neoclassical school are based on the fact that they consider the motives and other circumstances of the commission of a crime, which make it possible to reduce or increase the penalties. Situational crime prevention aims to reduce opportunities and incentives for committing criminal acts. This is done by maximizing the risk of being detected. In addition, situational crime prevention minimizes the benefits for criminals from committing illegal actions. It helps to assist victims of crimes, as well as correctly organizes the environment in public places. The crime prevention strategy is aimed at improving the well-being of certain groups. Furthermore, this strategy increases the availability of social benefits for the population, such as healthcare, education, employment, and others. There are many different theories of crime that have been proposed by various authors to explain the reasons for which crimes are committed. One such idea is the biological theory of crime which was created by the Italian forensic psychiatrist Cesare Lombroso (Dunnage 1). This theory lies in the fact that people have certain innate anatomical and psychophysiological features, which as a result, lead them to commit criminal acts. However, biological theories do not have reliable confirmation, and natural causes are part of many other general theories. In the modern world, the biological approach to crime is not used in the investigation of crimes committed, as it is not entirely reliable. From a biosocial point of view, a person has a dual essence. Since humans are social beings, they regularly enter into social relationships. Besides being social creatures, humans are also biological organisms. The joint presence of both signs in humans forms an integral entity that has its own biological and physiological characteristics. Criminological, the biosocial essence of a person is expressed in violence, that is, the desire to hurt other people. There are various theories of the commission of a crime, but they are all different and have their characteristics. Psychological theories of crime basically contain the idea that the urge to commit a crime is dictated by the psychology of pe
Introduction Various forces and circumstances that influence the performance of international businesses are traditionally categorized into internal and external factors. This paper focuses on the impact of external factors as they tend to be less controlled by a particular business or company, and thus more effort is needed to handle them. The importance of the external environment is largely recognized in the contemporary scholarly literature concerned with business issues. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to give an overview of different perspectives on the role of external factors on the performance of international businesses because each industry has its distinct features. By referencing scholarly literature, this essay aims to retrieve recent and valuable knowledge about business operations in the context of external environments. Overview of the Importance of External Factors Janković, Mihajlović, and Cvetković (2016) argue that “external factors affect almost every aspect of the business, whether it is the location of the market, product price, product distribution” (p. 32). External factors are defined as the “aggregate environment that may have a direct or indirect impact on the performance of companies” (Janković et al., 2016, p. 33). Cao (2017) focuses on a more particular aspect of the problem in his article, stating that channel operations of companies are significantly dependent on external factors. Shaw and Luiz (2018) observe that four principal dimensions of international business, namely cultural, administrative, geographic, and economic, have a direct impact on how knowledge is produced, disseminated, absorbed, and transferred within multinational corporations. Also, Shaw and Luiz (2018) employ the term “cultural distance” to describe the external environments. Additionally, Camisón and Forés (2015) assume that external factors are significant in the context of the tourism industry since the companies in this industry have to operate in various environments. The authors also enumerate the following examples of external forces that can influence international businesses: “the general environment or country effect, the regional effect, the competitive environment or industry effect, the district effect” (Camisón & Forés, 2015, p. 477). Overall, it is appropriate to state that the topic of external factors and their impact on the performance of international businesses is well-developed in the contemporary academic literature. This section provides an overview of the business articles by various authors that explore the application and influence of external forces on international organizations. The following sections will provide more particular insights connected with certain areas of business. The Influence of External Factors on Competition in
Undertaking any new venture is a strenuous activity because the person faces unpredicted situations they may not handle. It is even more challenging for family social workers who are waiting for their first interview with a family, as the list of potential adverse outcomes includes stress, pressure, and unsatisfied family members. This paper presents several possible situations that may occur during the first interview and ways of alleviating the adverse effects. Situation 1 One of the common barriers that may arise between a social worker and the family is the unintentional adverse effects of family problems. Members may share their issues too actively and chaotically with the professional that it becomes almost impossible to identify the potential causes and distinct communication patterns. Failure to treat the problems is only one of the unfavorable outcomes for the social worker. The specialist may even face burnout if he or she is continuously found in such shambolic situations. There are two possible ways this issue may be mitigated. The family social worker should develop a concrete treatment plan for each family member prior to the first meeting. Studying family files and learning about the family’s specific problem through relevant literature is beneficial, as suggested by Collins, Jordan, and Coleman (2013). The second approach to dealing with potential chaos is to take an active position from the beginning. The social worker should ask specific questions so that the interview is focused and manageable. As with the previous solution, preparation plays a crucial role because it is not easy to develop appropriate and precise questions. Situation 2 It is natural for any individual to doubt the expertise of another person if they do not have much experience in the field. The same principle applies to family social workers that are preparing for their first interview. The family may be reluctant to share their issues because they have questions about the specialist’s level of knowledge. Some workers, when faced with mistrust and doubt on the interviewee’s behalf, may show a decrease in their performance, and some may even quit. The relevant evidence is given by Lanaj, Kim, Koopman and Matta (2018), who claim that frequent mistrust at the workplace leads to emotional exhaustion, conflicts with co-workers, and even harsh disagreements at home. These are serious consequences, and the family social workers should always be ready to tackle mistrust. The specialists should always behave professionally and proceed with the treatment plan. Being professional also means not taking clients’ words too emotionally and personally. They should also refrain from having arguments with the family members, and instead, facilitate effective communication. The second solution is to plan well before the interview to make a favorable first impression. When a social worker evinces a high level of preparedness, clients are more likely to consider the specialist seriously. Conclusion First interviews have a high level of importance in terms of the probability of future success with the family and motivation for further development and growth. It
Introduction A hub and spoke system is a system or distribution model that is based on a linkage configuration used to control traffic. In the simple terms, the traffic moves along a stream that is often referred to as a number of spokes which are linked to one central location that is referred to as a hub. This system applies in a number of sectors including the transport sector, telecommunications as well as in the computer world. This model has been mostly used in the transport sector and is centered on the organization of route plans. In the aviation sector, the model is used to organize flights to transit from the central hub to non hub stations or cities (Yale, 201). This system with credited with reducing the cost of operating logistics around the country as plans are made to utilize channels carrying full capacity and less concentration on those carrying less. The system also enables the airline management be able to simplify routes. History Delta airline attributed with starting the concept in 1955. The system is compared to the hum and spoke system that can be found in a bicycle wheel. The system has one major hub that connects to the rims of the bicycle using spokes. When this comparison is introduced to the aviation industry, we get a clearer picture of how the system operates. Delta airlines first started using the system using Atlanta, Georgia as its main hub. The number of hubs increased over time so as to have solid and redundant network that would enable planes have an alternative route under any situation. Another reason that Delta Airlines conceived the system was to be able to become more efficient in its competition with Eastern Airlines which at the rime was threatening to eat into Delta airlines market share. It was not until the mid 1970s when the system was fully adapted by Fed Ex. The hub and spoke system has encountered several modifications and reforms to include additional hubs that are located in some different regions elsewhere (Babcock 52). This was also followed by the creation of other major routes to connect the hubs. The main essence of this system is to shorten the distances between the regional hubs which eliminate the need of travelling long distances. Another reform or development that has been adopted within the system is the utilization of focus cities so at to provide for point to point service. This technique normally implemented in areas of high traffic seeks to go around hubs hence reduci
Introduction The present study is focused on the urgent need for organizations to develop and implement strategies and policies that will facilitate the reduction of gendered occupational segregation in engineering and technology-oriented domains, particularly in Europe and the Middle East. Towards the attainment of this broad objective, a survey was conducted on a sample of 100 female participants working for telecommunication and ICT-oriented firms, either in Europe or in the Middle East. An online in-depth interview was also done on a sample of 20 management personnel/supervisors of the selected firms for the purpose of having a deeper understanding on why female professionals continue to constitute a minority of the labour force in these sectors. This section purposes to detail the results of the two exercises, followed by a wide-ranging discussion of the findings when evaluated against existing literature on the topic. The discussion will be focussed on unearthing the reasons and providing tenable solutions/alternatives to the problem of gendered occupational segregation as per the study’s stated objectives and key research questions. It is important to note that the researcher received 62 completed questionnaires, representing 62% response rate. 14 in-depth interviews were conducted to their logical conclusion, representing 70% response rate. Of the 62 returned questionnaires, 34 (54.8%) came from Europe while 28 (45.2%) came from the Middle East Statement of Results (Questionnaire Schedule) The major highlights of the study are not only interesting, but informative too, particularly in relation to understanding why women persist to constitute a minority of the labour force in engineering and technology-oriented domains of the economy. An analysis of demographic information demonstrates that engineering and technology-oriented firms employ a young female workforce, with the majority of the female participants’ sampled (62.8%) saying they are yet to celebrate their 30 th birthday, both in Europe and Middle East. Only a handful of the participants (5.2%) have celebrated their 40 th birthday. A substantial number of participants (70%) had been in active employment for a period not more than five years. A major research finding is that many participants in the two research regions (Europe and Middle East) reported working in low cadre positions as demonstrated in the figure below. Figure 2: Area of Engagement The above figure demonstrates that 42% of the female professionals in the sampled firms worked as support personnel; while a mere 10 % were engaged in administrative functions. A cross-tabulation analysis aimed at noting the differences between Europe
The current institutions environment is largely dependent on intellectual capital for its performance and therefore human resource has become a valuable asset since it determines an institution’s success or failure. Institutions need to concentrate on managing their human resource for easier operation and one of the methods to achieve this is through performance appraisal “. It is an analysis of an employee’s recent successes, failures, personal strengths, weaknesses, and suitability for promotion or further training” (Tsiakkiros, 2002,42).It involves collection, analyzing and keeping information about each employee so as to use it for examining the particular employee performance instead of using productivity method only. It is therefore necessary to have a performance appraisal in an institution strategic plan, because it is an essential tool for production: the importance of the appraisal can be analyzed using two different methods of strategic planning the SWOT and the PEST analysis (Cooper, 2000). “SWOT analysis is a strategic planning method used to evaluate the Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats involved in a project” (Armstrong, 1982, 198).The objectives are stipulated then the factors necessary for their achievement analyzed to determine their effect. In this case it is the police in the force; they are a very important component of the force since without them the force can not operate. The performance appraisal is therefore important because it shows the strengths and weaknesses of the police; their potentials and threats are also evaluated. The force strengths could be: competence of the police in preventing crime, the force could also be known for its fast response meaning that the police are always available to perform their duties, the awards allocated for good performance, promotions, organization development and communication. This shows the strengths of the force, therefore a performance appraisal could very useful if included in the strategic plan for measuring the force performance (Allison, & Kaye, 2005, 95). The weaknesses of the force could also be examined; because they will affect the force performance negatively. Some of the weaknesses could be: lack of equipment for service delivery, few officers in comparison to the work available, lack of technology in performing operations, corruption and even police disunity. This will have negative effects on the efficiency of the force and therefore it would be useful to have the weaknesses included in the plan for improvement. Another component of the appraisal is the opportunities or potentials: these involve the external environment of the force which also affects its performance, this could be new methods of performing it duties, new technologies, new public needs or new government polic