ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Abstract Man has an inherent skill of developing his own culture. He is also gifted with craftsmanship and artistic abilities. His biological characteristics have helped him evolve his behaviour over time. Man lives by the concept of mutual cooperation and support. His survival is dependent upon the aid of his fellow beings. In order to accomplish goals and achieve success, he needs to support and cooperate with others. Many critics argue that the evolution of culture and behaviour have resulted in a negative outcome with man engaging in wars and conflict with his fellow human beings and term hostility as being part of human nature. Nonetheless, they do not look at the big picture. They give too much emphasis to a few past or contemporary wars instead of analyzing the minute details of the philanthropy and generosity committed everyday. Influence of Genetic Characteristics in the Evolution of Culture The history of biological evolution has been marked by a series of crucial watersheds…. Another much more recent watershed, of overwhelming significance for life on our planet, was the evolutionary emergence of the human capacity for culture. This relatively small change in the genetic material of our ancestors….. has had repercussions of gargantuan proportions…. (Boyden 2004). According to Boyden, the most vital feature on inherent ‘culture’ is the human ability to formulate different sounding words and organize them in statements to communicate with each other. It is interesting to learn that this capability to create a language is relies on the ‘characteristics of the brain’ as well as ‘on special anatomical arrangements in the region of larynx, pharynx and tongue’. ‘Culture’ is not restricted to language only. It includes ‘knowledge, assumptions, beliefs, values and technological competence’ which are related through language. (Boyden 2004). Boyden asserts that ‘human dexterity’ is another exceptional ‘biological’ skill which has led to the enhancement and development of ‘culture’. With time, man devised different instruments and ‘tools’ to help himself carry out and uncovered his ‘craftsmanship’ to convey messages through different forms of art such as ‘rock painting, sculptures’ and playing ‘musical instruments’. Evolution occurred with the passage of time as the man used another remarkable intrinsic biological attribute to pass ‘technical’ abilities from ‘generation to generation’. (Boyden 2004). E
Introduction British Petroleum Company (BP) is the third largest energy supplying company in the world based in London and with operations in over 80 countries around the world. The company supplies over 22,400 stations with 3.8 million barrels of oil in one day. It also provides petrochemical products and retails services to over 100 countries around the world. Before the company came to be known as BP in 1954, it operated under the name of Anglo-Persian Oil Company after it was founded in 1909. The company’s total revenues for the 2009 amounted to $246.1 billion dollars while its total assets for the same year amounted to $ 236 billion dollars (BP PLC 2010). BP products include Castrol motor oil, Bp service stations, Air BP aviation fuels, ARCO gas stations, Aral service stations solar panels and BP petroleum products. The corporate brands that fall under the company’s logo include BP, ampm which is a convenience store chain located in several countries, ARCO which is the company’s retail brand in US west coast states such as Oregon, Washington, Nevada, Ohio and Arizona and Castrol oil. Apart from these corporate brands, the company is involved in the provision of safer energy fuels to its customers (BP Global 2010). The company is committed to providing suitable energy alternatives within the oil industry and it has demonstrated this by investing $80 million dollars in energy alternatives such as wind, solar power, natural gas and biofuels. The investment has also been used in developing energy technology that is used in locating new energy sources. An example is the BrightWater technology which is designed to increase the recovery of oil in the oil fields. Other technologies used by BP include carbon capture and storage technology (CCS) that is used in dealing with carbon emissions into the atmosphere (BP Global 2010). The exploration and production segment makes up the upstream activities of BP while transportation of
Sometimes, poets are inspired by other writers’ works, and such adoption may result in a piece of literature creating. Joy Harjo is one of such authors who utilize Gwendolyn Brooks’ verse “ We Real Cool ” to outline the key points from Native American history in her creation “ An American Sunrise .” Harjo makes it simpler for readers to access the meaning hidden in the referential verse (Neely). It is not about expansion or re-direction but rather about adoption, addition, and clarification. It is done by explaining each of the verse’s lines and building the structured piece of literature from experiences from Native American history. Harjo tries to show in “ An American Sunrise ” to which events the words from Brooks’ verse are linked. It seems to be a dialogue between two, one of which gives a clue, and the second clarifies the point and adds to it. It is intended to make the form of the presentation more impressive while saving a precise initial meaning. However, the work of Harjo is not deprived of patriotism, while Brooks does not add an emotional dimension in her verse. Brook’s work is an excellent example of such literary devices as monosyllabic lexis, internal rhyme, parallel syntax, and what is the most remarkable, enjambment. It continuously emphasizes and repeats the word “we,” making readers associate the meaning of the verse with themselves and strengthening the impression. The phrases are brief and consist of a few words of one syllable. Harjo’s work is deprived of the above-mentioned literature devices but utilizes an incomplete anaphoric form, repeating “we” at the beginning of most sentences. Works Cited Neely, Tucker. Gwendolyn Brooks: “We Real Cool,” Two Ways . Library of Congress, 2020, Web.
Management is process of working with resources to attain goals and objectives of an organization. This can only be achieved through working with human resource, and proper planning and good supervision of all the processes involved. The organizational processes include marketing, transportation, accounts, manufacture of goods and delivery. Therefore, this paper focuses on the four functions of management, which are: planning, leading, organizing, and controlling. They are important in any type of organization including manufacturing, distribution, and service organizations. However, the following paragraphs define the functions of management in relation to manufacturing organizations. Planning is a function in management which means thinking ahead about the future of the organization and actions to be taken. It is an organization of activities tasks to be performed, and it determines who is to do a certain task, how the task should be done, and where it should be done. Planning reflects on human resources and physical resources to get valuable contribution, control, and the right regulation. It is the best function because when proper plans are laid down it enables others to carry out managerial functions perfectly to achieve the set goals (Bateman & Snell, 2009, p.19). In planning, there should be creation of objectives such as goals and also the formation of planning grounds. Since manufacturing organizations deal with procedural standards of creating products, planning enables employees not to turn away from the set goals and hence, they follow each step in a systematic manner. The courses of actions should be laid down, which entails the advantages, disadvantages, and the consequences. Witzel (2008, p.96) affirms that secondary plans should be reflected on. These are the subordinate plans that support the main plan which includes the budgets, timetables, and processes which helps with the program of manufacturing of goods. Cooperation of implementation of these plans should be assured by involving the employees together with the ma
Introduction The Awakening published in 1899, was a controversial book. In this book, Kate Chopin depicts Edna, her main protagonist as a woman with active sexual desires who dares to leave her husband and have an affair. What is significant about the writing of Kate Chopin In “The Awakening” is that instead of condemning her protagonist for overstepping the boundaries set by society, Chopin maintains a neutral, non-judgmental tone throughout and appears to even condone her character’s unconventional actions. The novel can be seen as an account of Edna’s progressive journey from ignorance into knowledge – the account of her quest to discover self. Thesis: Edna’s journey to the end of the sea at the end of the novel can be interpreted in two ways: the simplistic one being that Edna commits suicide and a deeper interpretation being it’s an expression of her ‘awakening’ to the oppressive nature of her husband and her own feminist side seeking freedom. Main body Different critics have interpreted the ending in different ways. Joseph Urgo maintains that by the end of the novel she has discovered that her story is “unacceptable in her culture” (23) and hence decides to “extinguish her life than edit her tale” (23). Here, her suicide is interpreted in terms of societal pressure. Edna’s life has become inseparable from the role her husband, lover, and society choose for her. Peggy Skaggs’ reading of Edna’s suicide is one of despair as Edna faces the hopeless situation that she can have all her needs satisfied only at the cost of her individuality. She could have her dream life with Robert only through the societal cage of marriage that she resented. Skaggs points out that her role of wife and role of mother adds to her conflict making it impossible for Edna to continue her quest for individuality. As she walks into the water and swims away from the shore she thinks of “Leonce and the children. They were a part of her life. But they need not have thought that they could possess her, body and soul.” She could not be the mother to her children if it meant the cost of her individuality (p. 53). Portales contends that Edna wants an undefined, unexpressed, ineffable life that she cannot articulate or shape. Rather than live a life of compromise Edna chooses to die (Portales 436). Elaine Showalter points out in “Tradition and the Female Talent” that drowning conjures up similarities between “femininity and liquidity”. Women’s bodies are “prone to wetness, blood, milk, tears, and amniotic fluid; so in drowning the woman is immersed in the feminine organic element” (52). By choosing to drown herself Edna seeks to go inside herself and find liberation. Edna battles with her innate sensuality and social conventions on the exterior level. Chopin portrays her as a woman whose sexual nature is unleashed and wishing to escape the enslavement of marriage. But then, her affairs with Arobin and her romantic dream of a life with Robert Lebrun do not adequately satisfy her. To Fox-Genovese, “
Abstract Alzheimer’s disease is a psychological disorder that does not only affect the functioning of the brain, but also the nervous system leading to poor coordination of the body. The disease is incurable and progresses slowly through consecutive four stages of pre-dementia, early stage, middle stage, and late stage that ultimately leads to death. A patient depicts major symptoms such as loss of cognitive ability, memory loss, and physical impairment due to inability to coordinate body functions. Advancing age and genes are dominant factors that can predispose individual to the disease. Introduction Alzheimer is a psychological disorder that affects normal functioning of the brain. It is a form of dementia that interferes with cognitive abilities and behavior of an individual. Dementia is a psychological disorder that is associated with other mental disorders but Alzheimer’s disease is an incurable and degenerative mental disorder that occurs mostly due to aging. According to statistics, “about 4 million Americans, 90 percent of whom are age 65 and older, have Alzheimer’s disease and the prevalence of Alzheimer’s disease doubles every five years beyond age 65” (Hoffman, 2000, p.1). The statistics imply age is the major predisposing factor that leads to the Alzheimer’s disease although at some instances, there is an early onset attributed to genetic factors, but it is quite rare. Alzheimer’s disease weakens the cognitive ability of the patient by destroying cells of the brain, unlike destruction that occurs in normal aging. Since the Alzheimer’s disease affects the brain, psychological characteristics of the disease include loss of memory, language interference, poor judgment, and change of personality. To understand psychological aspect of the Alzheimer’s disease, this essay explores literature review, development, symptoms, and causes of the disease in population. Alzheimer’s disease As aforementioned, Alzheimer’s disease is a form of dementia that occurs due to aging; a psychological disorder that affects brain cells leading to diminished cognitive abilities and changed behavior. Over the history, the disease mostly affected the old people with the ages above 65 years. Hoffman argues that, “Alzheimer’s disease is an irreversible, progressive brain disorder related with the changes in nerve cells that result in the death of brain cells. It occurs gradually and is not a normal part of the gaining process” (2000, p. 2). Earlier before its discovery in 1906 by Alois Alzheimer, psychiatrists considered it as an aging disease because it only affected old people. Based on the time of onset, there are two types of Alzheimer’s disease, the early onset and the late onset. Early onset of the disease affects individual who are below 60 years and appears to be more degenerative although very rare. The late onset of the disease affects individuals above 60 years and is th
This paper presents a summary of the article that discusses a model of transnational collaboration between universities teaching sustainability competencies. It explains the main ideas of the work, the choice of literature, and the implementation of the glocal concept. The paper also concerns the methods of data analysis used by the authors and presents its results. It concludes that the suggested educational model can make a significant contribution to the studies of sustainability issues. Article Summary The article discusses collaborations between universities of different countries as a tool for teaching sustainability competencies to students. It aims to prove that students’ curriculum and the teaching-learning environment should consider both local and global issues. The article studies the types of curricula the universities can utilize in transnational collaborations to prepare young people to address the problems of sustainability. The authors introduce the glocal model of interaction named the Global Classroom, which objective is to create a space for teaching and learning and a modern curriculum for the students (Caniglia et al., 2017). They discuss the practical results of its implementation in the form of a program in urban sustainability. A curriculum is understood as the intentional ordering of educational experiences (Caniglia et al., 2017). The article points out that glocal curriculum combined with the use of technologies can contribute to the improvement of the higher education in sustainability, and is exemplary for creating a positive teaching-learning environment. The advantage of the model is that it suggests a method of effective integration of curriculum, digital sources, and internationalization. The authors acknowledge that it may be challenging to perform their project at universities with different technological or financial capacities; however, they view the global approach to studying sustainability as beneficial. Literature The literature used for the study involves the articles on internationalization, sustainability in education, and social, emotional, and cultural aspects of teaching-learning environments. The authors reviewed the scholarly papers to address several significant questions related to the aim of their project. First of all, the literature considered the types of information that individuals should work with, including cognitive and knowledge of knowing. Secondly, the sources discussed the practical skills they should have and develop. Lastly, the authors referred to the literature that considered the mindset and attitude students needed to improve. Implementation and Methodology The glocal model was implemented in a project between the Leuphana University of Lüneburg in Germany and Arizona State University (ASU) (Caniglia et al., 2017). The authors performed the project in two iterations to develop a final version of the Global Classroom model based on their results. The project involved 72 undergraduate students, of which 68 were less than 25 yea
The Disaster Many parts of Springfield, New Jersey, are floodplains, so the area is often affected by floods. Floods occur during or after extreme rain events such as hurricanes and associated remnants, inland storm, and the like (Blaikie, Cannon, Davis, & Wisner, 2014). In their turn, extreme weathers are caused by climate change. Whereas, human activities can also lead to floods as the irresponsible use of lands can create the premises for the occurrence of floods. The natural disaster in question can have a significant negative impact on the community including casualties, the loss of property, damages to the infrastructure, and various health risks. Floods are associated with such health issues as infectious diseases diarrheal diseases, wound infections, chemical hazards, injuries, animal and insect bites, and electrical hazards (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC], 2017). It is noteworthy that the major cause of deaths during floods is drowning, and it has been estimated that over 2,500 people drowned in floods between 1963 and 2012 (U.S. Global Change Research Program [USGCRP], 2016). As far as infectious diseases are concerned, these health issues can lead to detrimental effects as they can result in epidemics. The infectious diseases associated with floods include tuberculosis, Hepatitis A/B/C, E. coli, cholera, salmonellosis, rotavirus diarrhea, typhoid fever, shigellosis (CDC, 2017). The development of these diseases usually occurs during a major disaster that causes substantial damage to the infrastructure (especially water supplies and disposal systems). It is also essential to make sure that corpses are handled properly as they may cause certain health hazards. The Nursing Response Springfield, New Jersey, does not have its own disaster mitigation plan so the disaster mitigation team and other stakeholders involved will follow the state’s hazard mitigation plan (State of New Jersey Office of Emergency Management, 2017). The county also has its hazards mitigation plan that can be used in the town. It is necessary to note that the plans do not include a specific section concerning the roles and responsibilities, as well as particular actions, of healthcare professionals. Each healthcare facility has their guidelines and emergency plans that are developed on the basis of the state and county plans mentioned above. During disaster events, the nursing staff of healthcare facilities is working in a more intensive mode. As for the existing practices and guidelines, it is necessary to note that all states and many countries have their mitigation plans that are developed by a team of professionals involved in such spheres as the emergency department, city management, health care, law enforcement, and so on. Cowen and Moorhead (2014) name different roles nursing practitioners can perform during emergency events. For instance, emergency nurse
I, Martin Van Burden, served my country to contribute to its development and growth. I was the eighth President of the USA, who faced many challenges but also brought order and integrity (Johnson, 2012). On Indian Relocation (1831) We are all blessed to live in the country where people of different backgrounds live freely and share their ideas openly. Our fathers managed to create a strong nation that concentrates on major challenges and successfully achieves the goals. One of the reasons for such collaboration and understanding is the focus on the values we have. We have our culture and our beliefs we have our laws that keep our nation safe and sound. However, there are groups that do not want to comply with our laws and have their own sets of values. These are Indians. We have been trying to coexist in this blessed land where we could all benefit from working together on building our nation. Nevertheless, Indians seem to be hostile to our values, culture, and the entire civilization. In many instances, they prevent the progress from penetrating into other parts of our country. However, we should respect their choice as we are civilized people who have formed a democratic society where people exercise equal rights. We provide Indians with the land they may use to their understanding. They may live according to their laws and rules. We will not interfere, but they should not hinder our effort to make the country better and more industrial. We will guarantee new lands and even financial support in the process of relocation (Roark, Johnson, Cohen, Stage & Hartmann, 2014). I believe this path will bring us to the land we all would like to live in. I believe this is the only possible way to choose to avoid conflicts that have already cost many lives. We know that our responsibility is to make all people live in peace in this land that was given to us. On Money (1832) Our country is now facing one of the hardest periods in its history as the economic wellbeing of its citizens has deteriorated significantly. Businessmen cannot find money to pay their workers and workers do not have money to provide for their families. The banking system that