ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Budgeting can be described as a type of planning that focuses on the financial aspects of a business and is limited to a rather short term (Atrill & McLaney 2013). Given the complexity of business financing, a budget appears to be necessary for any organization (Atrill & McLaney 2013b). According to Atrill and McLaney (2013), companies of different sizes acknowledge this fact: for example, in North America, 97% of businesses use budgeting as a formal practice. The key benefits of budgets include the following ones: they facilitate control, bring out problems, improve coordination between business sections, act as an authorization system; also, they can be used as a motivation tool and to develop some cognitive skills like forward-thinking (Atrill & McLaney 2013a). Therefore, to skip budgeting means to reject the creation of a short-term plan that should complement the company’s mission, objectives, and strategic plans. Nowadays, various budgets can be used to suit the needs of any organization. According to Atrill and McLaney (2013), even the smallest business needs a budget, but it may be limited to a cash one (which reflects the business in a comprehensive way) if the owner is too reluctant to spend resources on it. Bigger companies need more extensive planning; similarly, the accountability requirements of non-profit organizations are unlikely to be satisfied by basic budgeting. Also, for the sake of effective resource management, extensive budgeting is likely to be a better choice. Various budgets should be chosen to suit a business’ needs; for example, trade payables, receivables, and inventory budgets can be created for more detailed planning of the correspondent areas. Also, different approaches to budgeting exist. For example, zero-base budgeting can be used as an alternative to the incremental approach: when the latter is based on the previous year’s budget as its starting point, the former uses current data (Palmer 2014). Participatory budgeting (an approach that requires involving different stakeholders) is considered to be more democratically acceptable and capable of maintaining ethical conduct (Rossmann & Shanahan 2012). In other words, if a businessperson is dissatisfied with a technique, it is more logical to reconsider it rather than using budgets in general. A budget needs effective management. They should be timely, short-term, seriously taken, aimed at individual managers and certain clearly identified areas, and performed through established and effective means of analysis. Also, if the budget indicates an issue, actions to rectify it must be undertaken (Atrill & McLaney 2013a). Ethical conduct is required for successful budgeting: no manager is supposed to use the tool for their personal interests, and the
Introduction This paper is to explain the transaction codes and their uses. We are going to check the transactions code, but some of which are important have been demonstrated in this paper. In the process of work, system administrators use the set of transactions that include SU01, ST02, SM50, RZ10, DB02, and SECR. Main body The transaction SU01 can be used for the administrator authorization and the creation of a new system user. ST02 fulfills the functions of identifying the SAP system buffer performance statistics. SM50 transaction allows seeing and managing the work processes in the system and reducing or increasing the workload based on the data. Further on, RZ10 allows editing the instance profile by clicking the extended maintenance and change buttons in it. DB02 is another statistical transaction that allows seeing the database history, applications record, and current storage capacity. Finally, SECR transaction is concerned with security and environment audit matters. Accordingly, it is transaction SM50 that would allow modifying the threshold value for disk usage percentage for an alert monitor. In the very initial stage of the workshop several client-server models, both software and hardware, were taught. At the same time, the class taught us the basic fundamentals of the study with general information with a needed description related to issues that are important for the overall study. R/3 system architecture was presented with much clarity and it was indicated that the basic association of 3-layers. These layers are database, application, and presentation. Alongside, there was enough information that allowed gaining the understanding of the layers with their disadvantages and basic advantages. Clarifications were also made in the context of the introduction of the subject that included the numerous aspects of 3 tier layers including background and work processor type-dialog. In the context of the R/3 system, Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol or TCP/IP was used. This is a case-sensitive network and in wider usage, the Transmission Control Protocol or TCP and the Internet Protocol or IP belongs to the category of Internet protocol suite which can be defined as a set of implementation of communications protocols that is used for protocol stack. This protocol stack is the key functioning authority on which the activation and operation of most of the commercial networks and specifically the i
Abstract An organisations is composed of many entities that form its core and are charged with the implementation of its objectives (Florjančič & Pape, 2003). Strategic planning is one of the key areas that organisations have to address well to ensure they are headed towards their vision. An organisation’s vision conveys a lot about the organisation as it shows its culture, values, aims and mission (Thompson & Mchugh, 2002). Therefore, to ensure success the planning and implementation of strategies aimed at the development of the organisation must be in line with its plan, be all inclusive and have a good implementation and control mechanism if any success is to be achieved (Hacth & Cunliffe, 2006). Failure in addressing any of the above will lead to poor implementation no matter how good the plan is. Introduction The case looks at attempts to introduce multi-skilled ward based teams of support in a medium sized NHS trust in the UK. It is part of a wider strategy change in NHS with focus on the human resource side. The case is set in a NHS trust which provide full range of acute and midwifery services to a population of about 250000. The personnel in the organisation are 2800 with 1659 working full time, 80% of whom are female. Absenteeism rate is normal though, among the staff affected by changes it is prevalent. The implementation of the changes was done by the size services director. The generic worker concept is part of a large business plan that included reduction in waiting times, compliance with government initiatives and introduction of new information systems. The objective of the plan is to introduce teams of generic hotel services assistants at ward level so as to improve flexibility an
The society has several ways of defining deviance and deviant characters. Although deviance is a simple term, several social scholars have come up with different theories that help in defining it. These theories can be put into context using several social behaviors and situations. The 1975 movie “One Flew over the Cuckoo’s Nest” is an example of a social tool that explores deviance. The film is based on the experiences of Randle McMurphy a convicted rapist who chose to serve his term in a mental institution as opposed to serving the sentence in a prison labor camp. When he made this decision, Randle was not aware that his release from the mental institution was subject to the approval of the institution’s administrators. While at the institution, Randle became a ‘problematic’ patient who always clashed with the head nurse by inciting the other patients to revolt. The film’s main themes were insanity and deviance. This paper uses the characters in this film to investigate the sociology of deviant behavior. Deviance in this movie is best exemplified by the film’s main character Randle McMurphy. Randle was banished from the society as a result of his deviant behavior when he engaged in statutory rape. When he engaged in this behavior, Randle had already exhibited deviance by going against the expectations of the society. His deviance went a step further when he avoided spending his time in a prison labor camp and ended up in a mental health institution. This was in spite of the fact that he had no mental health problems and he was just trying to take the easy way out. Conforming to social norms ensures that there is order in the society. Therefore, deviance naturally leads to disorder as Randle’s actions in this film exemplify. While society usually considers deviance to be a bad thing, sociology scholars might disagree with this notion. Sociology scholars agree that deviance is not necessarily ‘bad’. For instance, not all of Randle’s deviant actions were bad. His statutory rape and avoidance of a jail term were bad actions. However, his deviance towards the actions of the mental institution was beneficial to some of the institution’s patients. Through his deviance, he was able to bring joy, freedom, and power to his fellow patients. Labeling theory might be responsible for Randle’s deviant behavior. According to labeling theory, Randle continued with his deviant behavior after he had already accepted this label upon his conviction. Randle had not considered his relationship with a fifteen-year-old girl to be wrong until society condemned him and labeled him a deviant. When other people began seeing him as a ‘bad’ person, Randle decided to ‘own’ this label and continued to be a deviant when he entered the mental institution. The differential association theory of deviance also applies to Randle’s behaviors. Randle did some of the things he did so that he could stand out from the rest of the patients in the mental institution. Therefore, Randle was able to go against conformists such as Nurse Ratched. Differential associat
Goals and Forms of Corporate Governance in Global Marketplace Several new forms of corporate governance have surfaced in the last decade partly due to the failures and weakness of traditional forms of regulations (Drezner 2000, p. 64). The novel forms of corporate governance consist of what can be termed as social regulation of the market in which advocacy groups collaborate with the private sector to regulate activities of corporate organizations. This collaboration usually entails developing systems and codes of conducts for monitoring and compliance, codes for public disclosure as well as using certification systems to generate market enticements for precise forms of conduct (Haufler 2003). Forms of Corporate Governance Some scholars have asserted that the emergence of economic globalization has gradually weakened conventional regulatory systems (enforced by national governments) in order to attract foreign investments (Egan 2001). As a result, co-regulation has thus emerged as the standard practice in which both the government as well as the private sector collaborate in the processes of regulation. Under this system, the market actors are assigned the role of crafting codes of practice while the government applies sanctions for non-compliance. For example, the US Environmental Protection Agency has implemented a co-regulation system on a trial basis (Egan 2001). Industry self-regulation is another form of corporate governance in which the private sector designs best practices and technical standards for its use. Self-regulation is particularly prevalent with regard to the development of codes for technical innovations (Spar 2001). In essence, industry self-regulation entails a close collaboration among firms in developing their own codes of conduct. Unlike the traditional regulation, this system is grounded upon voluntary actions and standards (Haufler 2003). Although industry self-regulation system is not new with respect to technical product standards, corporate firms have transcended this system in the recent years by controlling their actions on the environmental and the manner in which they manufacture and market their products. For instance, the 1990s saw a significant rise in the number of new forms of corporate codes of conduct whereby corporate organizations (acting on their own or via trade associations) strived to protect environment, sustain fine labour standards as well as behave as excellent corporate citizens (Haufler 2001). Multi-stakeholder regulation is another form of corporate regulation employed by firms. This regulatory framework has been developed (on the basis of several global policy issues) by a number of different actors from non-profit communities, private sectors and the public. Some examples of multi-stakeholder regulation include: Forest Stewardship Council; Global Reporting Initiative; and the World Commission on Dams. These initiatives normally entail a set of goals and/or standards, a decision-making framework as well as a procedure for acc
Nursing is a profession that develops fast, and the future might hold big changes for all professionals in this sphere. The development of new technologies and techniques can influence the nursing profession. Nurses of all backgrounds, skills, and from all settings need to be aware of the potential differences in their work. This paper will observe the possible changes that nursing might go through. Nurses’ Influence on Patient Outcomes Nurses’ work and duties are centered mostly on working with patients. This is why changes that might happen in nursing will influence patient outcomes as well. For instance, Gillham (2016) believes that if the pay-for-performance scheme of payment will be accepted in hospitals, it will seriously improve the quality of service. With this incentive, nurses will be interested in providing high-quality care to people. Gillham (2016) also finds that access to knowledge enabled many people to learn and develop as specialists. The rising level of knowledge and education among nurses can affect patient outcomes positively. Capable nurses will perform their duties more professionally, which can lead to a decrease in the level of failure. In addition to that, the development of modern technologies will increase the level of service nurses will be able to provide to patients. They will let nurses make fewer errors and allow them to carry out their duties faster. Pittman, Bass, Hargraves, Herrera, and Thompson (2015) suggest that the number of staff is increasing, which means that in the future, a more desirable nurse-patient ratio can be achieved. Such a change will let nurses pay more attention to their patients and further improve the health outcomes of the latter. RN’s Role and Responsibility Pittman et al. (2015) project that hospitals will rely more on nurses in leading organizational change. There will also be new responsibilities that nurses will receive such as administration. As a result, the level and quality of service in such hospitals would increase. The responsibility of nurses as health care might also increase, as people would expect more professionalism and knowledge of the health care system in general. Gresh et al. (2015) argue that shortly, it will be possible to achieve greater collaboration with other health care specialists, which will also transform the role of a nurse. These professionals will be managing coordination tasks and work together with global health organizations to promote innovations at work. Health Change Adaptation and Addressing Patients’ Needs As mentioned earlier, technology will soon play a more significant role in the health care system and be more often used in daily operations. Nurses will need to adapt by developing technical competencies and building knowledge and expertise to use these technologies properly. There are also concerns about the rising demand for quality service, and the shortage of high-quality personnel. As such, Saarnio, Suhonen, and Isola (2016) note that experienced nur
Introduction A recent article by Bonnie Greer named The White Stages enumerates the lack of presence of black actors in British theatres (Greer, 3 May 2008). This situation was supported by various reports which appeared in the mass media supporting the ‘underexposed’ state of black British actors (Land, 11 April 2008 ), the drain of talented black actors from Britain to America (Harewood, Friday 9 May 2008), lack of black stars and blacks getting fame and awards (Akbar, 16 October 2007), and the question of colour blind casting in Britain (Rule, 8 September 1990). This issue leads to the lack of acting opportunities for black actors in Britain and the causes which prevent them from attaining their rightful position. British racial construct has been embedded in the imperial past of the country and ever since the arrival of the African-Caribbean immigrants in Britain there has been an innate racialism against blacks who were always considered to be the ‘others’. This concept of otherness has helped the British society to develop its stereotypes of blacks and in their superior attitude Britons prefer not to mention blacks in their soil and turn a blind eye to their existence. Given this social construct in Britain it is argued in this article that commercial cultural media such as television, theatre, and cinema has historically taken forward the British construct to completely neglect Black culture, history, artists and above all Black existence. Going through the history of the media we see that there has been a presence of ‘vicious circle’ of racialism which prevents blacks actors from attaining lead roles: “People say we can’t employ women, disabled people, Africans, Asians, in these major leading roles because they never played major leading roles. Obviously, that vicious circle will never be broken unless at some point people have the imagination to give people chances.” (Rule, 8 September 1990) This shows that the Blacks have been traditionally been cast in minor, non-significant roles and are still being cast in similar roles as there are no liberal directors in Britain who can take up the onus task of taking the ‘risk’ to cast a Black actor. The ‘risk’ factor of casting a Black actor is so intense that in several television dramas, Black actors were taken off air in order to gain more audience or popularity. There were many controversies which amounted due to depiction of inter racial relation on screen or casting of a black man in a significant role like that of God in a West End musical. Colour-blind casting in Britain is still a thing of future even when many argue that the lack of black roles is due to unimaginative director and writer and not racialism, but practical experience shows otherwise. The complete whitewash o
Introduction Sustainable agriculture has dominated the sociological understanding of the rural world largely. Following the enthusiasm around the concept as a means of eradication of poverty and turning the economy to a “resource-efficient, low carbon Green Economy” 1 . Global population, and consequently consumption has increased. However, technology development has matched the demand for food in terms of food production, but the distribution of food is not evenly distributed. This has brought forth the question of the possibility of supplying adequate food to the ever-growing global population. Further, the challenges posed by depleting non-renewable sources of energy, rising costs, and climate change has brought the issue related to sustainability of food production and the related social and economic impact of the food production into forefront. This paper outlines the meaning and technology related to sustainable agriculture and tries to gauge its impact as a possible solution to the impending food crisis. Sustainable Agriculture Sustainable agriculture is a process of farming using eco-friendly methods understanding and maintaining the relationship between the organisms and environment. In this process of agriculture and animal husbandry are combined to form a simultaneous process and practice. In other words, sustainable agriculture is an amalgamation of three main elements viz. ecological health, profitability, and propagating equality. The concept of sustainability rests on the principle of not wasting any resources that may become useful to the future generation. Therefore, the main idea of sustainability rests on stewardship of individual and natural resources. Before understa
Introduction Note-taking compliments short-term memories as it ensures recalling and remembrance of all details. Note-taking is helpful as it frees one’s mind from having to remember everything. Note-taking is the enactment of writing small pieces of information down systematically to remember everything later. Note-taking is a powerful craft in the medical field because accuracy, authenticity, and clarity are key for health care workers, especially medical interpreters. Medical translation necessitates many features of human health such as medical manuals and devices, medical history, drug transcription and interpretation, clinical literature and, educating patients, and in each of these fields, efficiency is key. Note-taking is important to medical interpreters as it increases their efficiency by adding memory support as the patient can explain themselves longer without the medical translator halting them. It also helps them develop their techniques for note-taking because they are mostly taken down in one’s character. Medical interpreters need to practice note-taking skills as they increase their precision and also enables the patient to speak longer without interruption hence making the medical interpreters more efficient and confident while they are talking and giving prescriptions to the patients. Note Taking Techniques In 1956, Jean-Francios Rozan established a note-taking method that comprises seven principles. The first principle is noting the idea and not the word. The interpreter should focus on the idea and note it down properly and clearly. The two rules of abbreviation, which are an abbreviation of words and indicating gender or tense, are essential in note-taking. Long words can be abbreviated by writing down the first two letters and the last two. Visually presenting linking words by stacking method removes the need to write downlinking words making it easy. Using keywords and abbreviations and not full sentences of what is being said is another principle to effective note-taking for medical interpreters. They will listen actively and not miss a point of what is being said. The use of pictures and symbols as doodling helps with jogging the memory during interpretation. Use of symbols such as underling a word twice can be used to show emphasis. Noting down the main vocabulary words in order of how they were said gives the medical interpreter a visual timeline of the conversation. It helps in pointing out the smaller details too. The medical interpreter should also group both main ideas supporting ideas and use keywords of points to support the ideas to flow the interpretation. To sharpen their skills in note-taking, medical interpreters should practice the above skills as practice makes perfect, and it will also help them in effective note-taking. Medical interpreters should familiarize themselves with effective note-taking techniques as the whole process is composed of multi-tasking, more like simultaneous interpreting. Note-Taking in Consecutive Interpreting In consecutive interpreting, note-taking is not simple as the medical interpreters have to analyze, understand and render just what matters to t