ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction The argument about how people acquire certain traits has been one of the longest with people giving different information about how these traits are acquired. Some say that these traits are acquired through nature; these are the genes that one is born with. Genes cannot be changed and are passed from our parents to us, meaning that, these genes determine how and what we acquire. People who support this view believe that we are born with these traits instilled in us and we cannot change. On the other hand there are some people who believe that certain traits are acquired through nurture or the environment that we are exposed to. People who support this view believe that people learn and acquire traits through the environment or culture they are exposed to the definition of culture being a people’s way of life. For example they hold the view that the stimulation of the brain is quite important for learning to take place. This stimulation can only be found in the environment and therefore the brain is able to take up so much from the environment that is the culture of the people. This paper will therefore seek to explain how people acquire gender, my definition of gender is, the relationships and roles between men and women. These roles and relationships are normally socially constructed in regard to the gender norms of the society. Discussion On one hand there are people who hold the view that gender is instilled by our genes. This explains the eating habits differences that are present between males and females in the society. For example, in most communities, generally most men take a lot of food than their female counterparts. This explains why in most households there is a significant difference between the amount of food consumed by boys and girls, males and females. Hence, the genes responsible for our body mass help to explain this scenario, due to our body mass. Furthermore the caloric expenditure of both males and females differ a great deal, consequently this influences the eating habits of males and females, and eating habits somewhat describe gender. So compared to the women, men are normally supposed to eat more food because of the much energy they require due to their body mass and caloric expenditure (Gould, 1997). It has been noted that our social behavior is influenced by our genes that is social behavior such as aggression is directly linked to the sex chromosomes that people have. Hence, this explains the differences between the behaviors of men and women in the community. Most females are known to be motherly and less aggressive but on the other hand, men are k
Introduction One main reason why human rights have been put in place is to protect the public life and public space of every individual being. One fundamental characteristic of human rights is that they are equal rights; they are aimed at providing protection to every person in an equal way. These rights have been entrenched through laws that are passed by states and international conventions. Human rights laws have evolved over time, and have been shaped by several factors, including philosophical theories in the past. This paper looks at the theories of two philosophers, Emmanuel Kant and John Stuart Mills, and how their teachings can be used to explain the sources of human rights. John Stuart Mills’ theory of utilitarianism also forms a solid basis for human rights, especially his belief that utility is the supreme criterion for judging morality, with justice being subordinate to it. The paper looks at how the two philosophers qualify their teachings as the origins of human rights, and concludes that the moral philosophy of Kant is better than that of Mills. Emmanuel Kant Kant’s moral philosophy derives its origin the formal principles of ethics instead of human materialism. “All our knowledge begins with the senses, proceeds then to the understanding, and ends with reason. There is nothing higher than reason (Kant, 2008)”. It creates an ideal universal community of rational individuals who can collectively agree on the moral principles for guiding equality and autonomy. This is what forms the basis for contemporary human rights theory according to Kant. He believes that moral principles are universal, and that all rational human beings are expected to conform to moral reasoning. He is implying that rational beings don’t do things out of their own selfish interests or desires, but to conform to certain standards expected of them. Kant calls this the categorical imperative, and he described it thus, “Act only on that maxim through which you can at the same time will that it should become a universal law” (Kant, 2008). This is the manner in which rational people are expected to behave and respond. At the same time, it is the manner in which such individual bring out their autonomy and equality. All rational individuals who are morally autonomous willingly comply with the categorical imperative. They then use it to determine the form and scope of the laws, which they will institute to safeguard the important conditions that form the basis of human rights (Denise, Peterfreund & White, 1999, p.63). Kant is saying that human beings have the ability to apply reason, and this creates the need to protect human dignity. This exercise of reason must meet the standards of universality, in that the laws formulated must be capable of being accepted universally by all equally rational individuals (Doyle, 1983, p. 143). Various accounts documenting the historical development of human
Introduction In a work set up, it is always necessary to consider employees or business associates’ communication and cultural diversity (Kottak & Kozaitis 2003). For instance, in Australia, individuals seeking employment are expected to promote themselves explicitly and show that they can work in an environment of diverse cultures. This is done by requiring them to state their skills in details with regard to culture and communication ability. This paper will discuss the role of culture and communication in work places, discuss the Arabic culture in Middle East and try to compare it with the Australian culture. Role of communication in work place In a job set up, the interviews given may at times be culturally biased especially if they have little or no regard to the interviewee’s skill pack in relation to their experience from their country of origin. Similarly, a business person may get upset when performing business with individuals from the Far East who have a tendency of consulting with their home country’s business counterparts before making a decision. If a person does not understand the work mate culture, he/she can consider their actions as pressure tactic rather than taking it as a reflection of cultural custom. When looking at the role of culture in a personified framework of reference, it is of great importance to keep in mind the fact that there are many factors that influence values and communication styles. These by and large include: family assemblage, personal experience, level of education, global occurrences and modern culture during decisive years (Kottak & Kozaitis 2003). For good relationships to exist in work place, it is necessary that a person be inquisitive and ask what is important to the other person. Questions such as how someone would know that he/she has done an excellent job and how learning of others’ culture and communication works best for them are critical. Understanding the role of communication and culture in work place will go a long way in minimizing the chances of misunderstanding and conflict in cross-cultural communication. As such, it is advisable that in dealing with culturally diverse individuals, one should avoid making assumptions, encourage discussion where necessary, offer a listening ear to colleagues or business counterparts and seek their understanding and create mutual interest (Kottak
Lipton Tea Industry Competitors Lipton Tea firm represents a global expert at tea production industry. The universal success of this company is referred to the exceptional quality of the products. It provides the customers with flavonoid antioxidants, which accounts for weight management and free radicals rupture ( Strategic marketing management-Lipton tea, 2003). The firm adopted a red ocean strategy of production since it serves as a distributor of a wide-spread product type. Therefore, the management of the company should be always committed to tea market innovations so that to prevent possible outrivaling. Moreover, according to the regulations of the strategy type, Lipton Tea established a link between its primary activities and its business strategies choices. Despite the production of Lipton Tea possesses the highest ratings in the sphere of tea marketing, the company stays in constant opposition to such rival firms as Tetley Tea and Society Tea ( Lipton tea: SWOT analysis , 2013). The former represents the culture of British beverages and holds a position of the world’s second largest distributors of tea. The power of the brand consists in its products diversity and persistent innovation of manufacture processes. Thus, the firm provides the celebrated Blend Tea Collection, Peppermint Mix as well as Super Green Tea, etc. Nevertheless, the prolong strives of the company to take an upper hand over Lipton goes in vain since the latter surpasses Tetley Tea in both quality and advertising strategies. The So
Any individual, who has an email address, is susceptible to encountering an e-mail spam. It is a term that refers to “unsolicited commercial e-mail (UCE) or unsolicited bulk e-mail (UBE)” (Knowledge Base 1) and is mainly comprised of advertisements. It also comes in a variety of forms for instance, “sale of health products, bank and phishing scams, chain letters, pornographic sites, fake investment schemes” (Knowledge Base 1). On the issue of e-mail spam, Cobb believes that “all spam is irrelevant and intrusive…offensive, fraudulent and illegal” (Cobb 2), the exact sentiments most email addresses’ owners will have. It is an ever persistent problem even with all the counter measures taken against it. How do the spammers obtain the email addresses? They do this by either guessing or using software that aids them in generating names (Knowledge Base 1). Another way could be buying lists “harvested from around the internet” (Jamie & Bobbie 1). Since they incur very little cost in sending, they send them out in thousands and in order to get one’s attention, they have perfected their tricks (Knowledge Base 1). Some tricks include: using third parties such as Yahoo!, AOL, or Hotmail and also spoofing, which entails “forging of headers” (Knowledge Base 1). Why spam is considered unethical Spam is taken with more seriousness than any other form of junk mail; a few people actually benefit from it while others are seriously cost by it (Spinello 2). What makes spam more popular, is its cost effectiveness to the sender i.e. “it costs the sender less that it costs all other parties impacted by the sending of the message” (Cobb 2). In essence, the consumers and the Internet Service Providers, ISPs, are the ones who bear most of the cost. Which raises the first ethical/moral question, why should the recipients bear the costs? According to Cobb, “if there was no spam, ISP could spend half as much as they currently d
How the Book Clashes with My View of the World The book “The Accidental Guerilla” indicates that the conflicts experienced in different parts of the globe are associated with various complexities and trends. These trends are characterized by insurgencies and terrorism (Kilcullen 21). The text presents contradicting views about my current understanding of what is right and wrong . The author has presented adequate arguments to describe the nature of the world (Kilcullen 282). The issue of unrest in the Middle East can be treated as a right. These unrests are usually aimed at addressing the problems affecting different populations. The invasion of different countries should be treated as something wrong . This is the case because terrorism has been misunderstood. For very many years, people have believed that terrorism is something aimed at changing the global status quo. Consequently, America’s mission to deal with terrorism conflates the developments and trends suggested by the author. This argument clashes with my view of the world. Additionally, the author argues that “around ninety percent of Taliban’s have been for Pushtin honor and to profit their tribe” (Kilcullen 39). Unfortunately, these individuals “are intimidated by a few religious fanatics” (Kilcullen 39). How My Views and Opinions Have Been Challenged The targeted text has communicated to me by presenting powerful ideas that have changed my views about the state of the world. According to the author, the issue of terrorism has been misinterpreted for many years. I always believed that the war on terror was executed in a professional manner. The author explains why the US should have used better strategies to deal with terror. The book indicates that “terrorism must be examined from the right perspective” (Kilcullen 72). The arguments presented can address most of the challenges experienced in Iraq and Afghanistan. Any form of aid to the affected nations should be delivered through constant cooperation with local leaders. However, the 9/11 attack is not examined from the right perspective. This weakness affects most of the notions presented by the author about terrorism. How the Book Addresses the Most Important Things From a personal perspective, I strongly believe that the book passes the “who cares” test. The author focuses on specific issues that matter the most to the world. The issue of peace for all people in troubled regions is something that must be taken seriously. By examining the issues affecting many people in the world, the text offers powerful insights to support many civilians in the Muslim world. All people can be supported using similar ideas. Equality and freedom should be applied equally to all global citizens (Kilcullen 278). A new strategy focusing on people’s welfare wi
Research works are necessary in every educational field. Scholars and educationists use different approaches to conduct their researches. A researcher should understand the issues associated with the targeted topic before undertaking his or her study. Academic studies are useful because “they help scholars predict different events, behaviors, and social problems” (Davies 18). Scholars undertake various studies in order to produce new models and theories. Such models are useful towards addressing different social problems. This paper describes the aspects of a research paper. Aspects of Doing Research Scholars must understand the major aspects of doing research. They should use appropriate methods depending on the targeted topic. A researcher can use a qualitative or quantitative method for his or her study. These two methods are effective whenever conducting different studies. Qualitative methods “make it easier for researchers to understand different motivations or occurrences” (Kumar 27). On the other hand, “quantitative methods are useful whenever analyzing or quantifying data” (Kumar 43). Some data collection methods include questionnaires, interviews, and focus groups (Davies 28). Researchers must also formulate the best hypotheses for their studies. Scholars should also use quality sources to support their discussions and arguments. Some of these sources include “books, journal articles, videos, documentaries, and newspaper articles (Kumar 46). Primary and Secondary Sources Students can use both primary and secondary sources for their research papers. Primary sources “are written by individuals within the targeted study period” (Davies 48). Primary sources give accurate details of an event or scenario. They include diaries, journal articles, works of art, and speeches. A “secondary source usually analyzes the issues and facts presented in different sources” (Kumar 98). Some examples include books, magazine articles, and encyclopedias. Some secondary sources “contain graphics, direct quotes, and pictures” (Kumar 104). These sources are useful whenever undertaking different studies. Quoting, Paraphrasing, and Summarizing Quoting is the practice of copying texts, sentences, or data from different sources. It “is appropriate to cite quoted information in order avoid plagiarism” (Clough and Nutbrown 54). Students must reference or cite every direct quote whenever writing their scholarly papers. Paraphrasing is similar to quoting. However, the researcher replicates an argument or idea without using the exact words. According to Rosenshine (36), “summarizing is a useful concept whenever completing a study”. The practice makes it easier for a researcher to give brief descriptions of different arguments. These approaches make it easier for researchers to borrow ideas from different sources. Citing Different Information As mentioned above, students must cite direct
Introduction It is imperative that a healthcare institution address issues related to the duty of healthcare professionals during a pandemic crisis. However, this must be done legally through a formal policy. The compelling and threats subjected to the health care professionals during a pandemic outbreak raise some questions about laws or policies governing health care professionals during an outbreak. Discussed here is a proposal of laws that can be applied during a pandemic. Moreover, this proposal includes provisions that can be used by the organization in the employment agreement signed by health care professionals. Since the organization has no laws addressing the discussed issues, the following laws can be applied Employment-related obligation This law implies that a health care professional is mandated to be at the place of work if the employment agreement stipulates so at the time of the pandemic. This means that only health care professionals who are on leave will be protected from the consequences of not working. The Family and Medical Leave Act provides for such a regulation. Besides, the healthcare employees may be restrained from working in pandemic events if the situation endangers their health and if it can cause physical harm or even death. The National Labor Relations Act (NLRA) provides these specifications. Contractual obligation law This law should be clear as to whether the health care professional is obligated to be at work during an outbreak of a pandemic. This law is enforced by the principle of the ‘emergency-care responsibility’. This responsibility is assumed and followed as law during emergencies. The termination of this contract can only be done under the notice of some days before the predetermined time. Federal statutes The employer needs to take into account the federal statutes associated with healthcare during a pandemic event. These statutes should be included in the employment contract, to which healthcare employees must be a signatory. Some of these statutes include the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) and the Emergency Medical Treatment and Active Labor Act (EMTALA). The above laws are applicable in the employment agreements. However, organizations can ensure that the following provisions are used to ensure the effectiveness of the laws.   * Assumption of risk : the laws should be formed under the assumption of risk. The law assumes that health care professionals are fully aware of the risks associated with the pandemic.   * Social contract : The laws recognize that health care practitioners are socially obligated to offer their services and skills for the promotion of health in society.   * Special skills: The law recognizes that health care practitioners have spec
Introduction According to the definition of the oxford American university, apathy means “lack of interest, enthusiasm or concern”. And this lack is usually regarding issues that carry significant importance in one’s life (Gelhar, 2006). One of the most fundamental and widely talked about the type of apathy is student apathy. Student apathy is generally associated with student’s lack of interest in academics, low attendance rates, missing exams, refusal to learn and explore, ignorance to penalties, no desire to cite their opinions, and little or no involvement in student activities (Chiasson, 2005). Students with this problem generally take learning as a burden instead of as a source of delight. They are not usually motivated to learn and exhibit a “don’t care” attitude. Causes of Student Apathy According to some apathy is not a disease but a mentality or an approach to life that one chooses for himself or is forced towards it due to external or internal factors. One of the reasons given for student apathy is the student’s interest in other social activities rather than their studies that are students have become more friends–centered, though some do argue that building relationships and socializing is necessary for personal survival. Secondly, students become disinclined when they are forced to learn either by their parents or teachers. Many also believe that some students feel that they lack the skills required to be successful so they prefer not to give priority to their school work. (Gelhar, 2006) However, that is just a perception that can easily be changed through constant encouragement. Family background is one of the other main reasons for passiveness in students. A home environment that does not encourage learning and exploration leads to children finding the learning experience as an unexciting activity and develop little capabilities to face academic challenges and ultimately are more affected by the failures (Lumsden, 1994). There are also people who blame media for this type of behavior among students. The horrific images of poverty, crime, and wars have led to students having little or no expectations about a bright future (Gallozzi, n.d). This is one of the most important underlying factors for the lack of motivation among students. Solution and Conclusion Since student apathy is not really a problem but a behavior that can easily be changed if tackled properly. Firstly the learning environment should be such that values everyone’s opinions and ideas and there must be more focus on short-term goals that are easily achievable (Lumsden, 1994). This is because students of today’s fast-paced world tend to favor things that provide them with quick benefits. Learning should not be purely theoretical but more practical so the students shall feel to be a part of it. Moreover, teachers and parents should ensure that the fear of failure among students is eliminated by helping them find solutions and alternatives to their mistakes so that they do not attribute their f