ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction It is worth noting that sleep disorders are a fairly common problem observed in different age groups. They may be caused by various reasons, and susceptibility to the development of such conditions often depends on the individual characteristics of the psyche (Barateau, Lopez, & Dauvilliers, 2016). The purpose of this paper is to discuss the aspects of such sleep disorders like narcolepsy, obstructive sleep apnea/hypopnea syndrome, and insomnia. Literature Review Narcolepsy Narcolepsy is a condition caused by the weakening of neurotransmitter functions. This disease is characterized by the peculiar pathology that combines sleep and wakefulness disorders and the complexity of therapy (Barateau et al., 2016). The frequency of narcolepsy observed in the population varies, and it is impossible to determine the accurate prevalence of this condition since it has been studied in different countries to varying degrees. However, the disease can begin at the age of five to 50 years, but it is most common in people under 30 years of age. Narcolepsy can occur in both men and women equally often. The main symptoms of this disease are excessive sleepiness, accompanied by periodic episodes of short sleep and cataplexy. A person may experience sudden short-term attacks of the weakness of skeletal muscles of varying severity (Barateau et al., 2016). More rarely, an individual may feel hypnagogic hallucinations or cataplexy of sleep and awakening (Barateau et al., 2016). Such signs as latency to sleep for less than 10 minutes, the onset of sleep from the REM (rapid eye movement) stage, and other symptoms of sleep disorganization are other crucial characteristics of this state. An important aspect of the pathogenesis is the autoimmune lesion of the orexin neurons of the hypothalamus, which leads to a decrease in the level of hypocretin-1. At present, there is no therapy that can treat narcolepsy; however, a properly selected approach can alleviate the symptoms of this disease. In particular, the basis of therapy is the administration of drugs based on psychostimulants of the phenethylamine class, as well as the use of psychostimulants and their enantiomers and precursors (Barateau et al., 2016). Antidepressants with a stimulating effect and hypnotic drugs that stabilize night sleep may be prescribed as well. In addition, patients should follow the rules of sleep hygiene, stick to the recommended sleep schedule, and be physically active. Obstructive Sleep Apnea/Hypopnea Syndrome Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome is characterized by recurring episodes of complete or partial obstruction of the upper respiratory tract that occur during sleep. This condition worsens the quality of sleep, which leads to the development of chronic fatigue syndrome, irritability, headache, and reduced cognitive abilities (Franklin & Lindberg, 2015). This disorder is accompanied by desaturation, which can later lead to hypoxia. Moreover, episodes of apnea and hypopnea often cause short-term awakening, which leads to the fragmentation of sleep, and patients may experience constant drowsiness. This
Introduction There have been significant changes to the concept of intellectual property and the rights to claim one over the past few decades. With the advent of modern media and information technologies, the regulations for managing the subject matter have expanded to the online environment, thus extending the notion of intellectual property. Thus, the changes in the process of patenting were inevitable. Compared to the pat principles of giving a patent, the current approach is much more sophisticated since the past one involved giving a patent to the first person who invented an innovative device (Choudhury and Haas 981). Because of the simplicity that the described approach involved, it could be defined as a superior one since it prevented instances of theft that could occur in the identified circumstances. Main body The framework for granting a patent to an inventor, which used to be deployed previously, seems to have a range of advantages to the current one. The problem of intellectual property theft is the key one since, in the identified scenario, an investor may fail to receive the patent due to the possible inability to prove that they have designed a device in question (Bouchoux 342). Therefore, the system in which a patent is given for the invention and not for the act of filing a claim. Indeed, the bare statement of being the author of an invention, even if supported by substantial proof, may turn out to be false, whereas the presence of an invention and the ability to demonstrate its benefits creates opportunities for giving credit to where it is due and rewarding the actual author. In addition, the specified approach allows encouraging inventors to contribute to science and other areas with their innovative solutions. While the current system makes the process of patenting a product rather competitive and suggests that it might be not as fair as it needs to be in order to recognize the author, the previous system helps to foster the setting for the active exploration. The previously adopted approach creates the atmosphere in which innovators were inspired to break new grounds in the areas of their choice and offer unique solutions to complex problems. Finally, the fact that the public benefitted from the immediate introduction of a product into the environment for which it was designed. The improvement in the output that ensued from the integration of new solutions to a specific setting made it possible for businesses to thrive and achieve an impressive rate of economic growth (Bouchoux 341). Therefore, the system that suggested an inventor claiming the right for a patent was superior to the current one, which creates unnecessary competition and invites the possibilities of unfairness. Conclusion Since the patenting process that implies granting a patent to the inventor and not the first person to file it makes the process of idea theft much mor
Introduction Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi, who is commonly known as Mahatma Gandhi, was born on 2 October 1869 and he is remembered as an outstanding leader of Indian nationalism during India’s colonial era (Desai, 1994 ). Whilst other revolutionary leaders across the world were using violence and war to fight colonialists, Gandhi used a different approach. He used non violence civil disobedience to accomplish his mission; to liberate India from the colonial rule. Gandhi played a monumental role in the liberation of India from the colonial rule and his approach inspired many people across the globe. Gandhi hailed from the Hindu Bania community which is located on the coast of Gujarat (Desai, 1994 ). Gandhi is thought to have inherited leadership skills from his father. Gandhi’s father was a senior government official. Gandhi attained his law degree from the University of London. Gandhi “began the non violence civil disobedience campaign while in South Africa where he fought for the rights of Muslims and Hindu Indians in that country” (Desai, 1994, p.34 ). Upon his return to India in 19154, Gandhi master minded protests which sought to address the problem of excessive land taxes (Desai, 1994 ). Throughout his life, Gandhi opposed communalism and welcomed all religions. Gandhi’s revolutionary campaigns reached the climax in 1921 when he became the leader of Indian National Congress (Desai, 1994 ). During his tenure as the party leader, Gandhi organized campaigns to eradicate poverty, empower women, build religious and ethnic togetherness, enhance economic empowerment, end impunity, and above all achieve Swaraj. Swaraj was a movement aimed at liberating India from the colonial rule. One of the most memorable incidents is when Gandhi spearheaded a 400 km walk to protest national salt tax and demand for the exit of the British from India in 1930 (Devluk, 1997). However, the British colonialists locked him behind bars after they noticed that Gandhi had gained a huge following in the country. Upon his release, Gandhi endeavored to use non violent campaigns. Gandhi called upon other like minded leaders and people to use non violent means in solving crises. Gandhi saw all villages in India as one. Gandhi lived a simple life in a self sufficient residential community. Gandhi used to wear traditional Indian dhoti and a shawl. Gandhi’s dedication was also reflected in his eating habits and spiritual life. Gandhi was a strict vegetarian. In order to achieve self purification and political mobiliza
Workplace motivation necessitates that a team leader understands that not just a single person requires encouragement and guidance but rather a group of people with varying interests, approaches to their work ethic, and even goals. Thus, creating a productive environment and orienting people to achieve a shared goal requires understanding their differences. The assigned case study revolving around Rohit’s experience helps discern the problems that arise if team leaders take over the tasks their teams are qualified to do instead. Discussion The problem with Rohit’s case centers on a leader deconstructing their employees’ motivation. Having decided to move to Apex, Rohit did not do enough research on the team he would be joining, and relied his choice on personal impressions, rather than professional ones. Thus, after having experienced a leader who stimulated the working spirit of his team and encouraged his subordinates’ growth, Rohit’s new manager instead maintained a distanced and disinterested leadership style. This change made the transfer to a new job more stressful since the atmosphere did not satisfy Rohit’s expectations, built upon the idea of a leader as a motivational factor within the workflow process. Therefore, a lack of extrinsic motivation undermined his attitude towards both his job and work ethic, which could cost Rohit his overall professional growth in the long run if left as-is. Key Terms It is impossible to talk about motivation without outlining where it comes from and what it hopes to achieve. Motivation is the driving force behind all actions that any person pursues, which is affected by the ability to carry out these tasks and the opportunity to do so. Extrinsic and intrinsic types of motivation exist, with the former existing outside people’s control and, thus, independent from them, while the latter originates from a profoundly personal satisfaction with the carried out work. Physiological drives and social motives influence both, as they create the prerequisites for desiring something that a person does not yet have, which may be a skill, station, or even a pay grade. Thus, they help people adhere to a particular behavior to achieve their goals, which, along with the work put in to reach them, are reflected on later. This entire process is called motivation, which decides any action’s course and intensity. The Reasons for Rohit’s Disillusionment Multiple models can be applied to the case in order to understand the origins of Rohit’s disillusionment. A very frequently used framework is Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, which will be considered here in detail. The bottom of the hierarchy consists of needs that are basic in that their satisfaction is required for human functioning and for developing the rest of the needs; they include ph
Effective Images in Seamus Heaney’s “Digging” The poem “ Digging ” by Seamus Heaney is a recollection of the persona’s childhood and present memories. In this poem, the poet efficiently utilizes audio-visual images as well as the persona’s voice to convey his message on hard work. The persona acts as a narrator and tells the story of the family’s heritage on hard work. He nostalgically remembers how grandfather used to dig for long hours without resting. Moreover, the poem focuses on the relevance of expertise in enhancing ones profession. Similarly, the father also works hard in his farm, with the sound of his shovel a constant reminder of his commitment to farming. While the grandfather represents the past, the father represents the present. The blood connection between the two signifies the poet’s attempt to connect the past and the present. This also illustrates that farming is an age old profession, but still relevant, despite the waning popularity. The persona admires both the grand father and the father whose rhythmic movements vivify the extent to which the two men are committed to their work. However, the persona acknowledges that writing is as useful as farming. This also shows a shift from occupations that require physical skills to occupations which require mental skills. The poet uses audio-visual image and makes the reader perceive farming as a primitive occupation. However, the persona is proud of the father and the grandfather’s commitment and vows to work s hard as his forefathers. The reader learns vital lessons from the poem. Success is not instantaneous but achieved through sustained effort. One has to work hard over long period of time before realizing the benefits of hard work. Furthermore, commitment and determination are key success factors. Thus, audio-visual images combine well to develop Heaney’s message on hard work. In the poem “Digging”, Seamus Heaney uses audio-visual images efficiently to deliver his massage that success only comes through hard work. Audio-visual images appeals to the reader’s senses of sight and sound through creative use of language. The persona hears “a clean rasping sound/ when the spade sinks into gravelly ground” (Heaney 2-3). These images of sound allude to the fact that the sound of the shovel not only wakes the persona from his physical sleep but also to reality. The persona realizes that his father works hard all his life. Furthermore, the poet uses the image of sigh to capture the repetitive nature of hard work. The persona looks down the window and catc
The demand for a certain product is considered seasonal if the underlying time series are subject to a predictable cyclic variation. The seasonality of demand, as a rule, depends on the time of the year. It is one of the statistical features, which is most commonly used to improve the accuracy of the demand forecasts. It is crucial to analyse the aspects of seasonal demand to be able to understand its implications for the suppliers, retailers, and clients. Seasonal Demand The seasonality of the demand implies the periodic changes in demand that depend on various factors. Varley (2014, p. 147) stated that ‘the seasons in the year influence product availability and demand’. However, seasonality cannot be tied to this aspect exclusively. The presence of seasonality can be identified when the peaks and downturns in sales are observed over several years. It should be noted that in such months as of December or January, it is more appropriate to analyse the weekly sales instead of monthly as 80% of sales in this period can occur at Christmas holidays. Typically, the seasonal cycle is one year but the demand fluctuations can be observed during a week or even within one day. Nevertheless, such fluctuations in demand should not be considered as seasonal (Varley 2014). It can be justified by the fact that no special actions are needed to equalize such fluctuations, it is necessary to understand such features of business and consider them when planning operations and performance. Typically, two kinds of seasonal demand can be identified such as the seasonality of production and consumption. Both types can lead to downturns in sales but the seasonality of production is less adjustable and is more complex. The seasonality of consumption can be caused by several factors. As mentioned earlier seasonality may depend on the time of year. Fluctuations in demand depending on the time of year relate primarily to changes in weather, climate and are influenced by the consumer characteristics (Varley 2014). Furthermore, seasonality of demand is the consequence of the necessity of certain products and services at specific times of the year. However, the possible fluctuations in demand may not be connected to these factors and are categorized as consumer habit or a settled pattern (Varley 2014). It is worthy of mentioning that most often, the different causes for seasonality are superimposed on each other and lead to smoothing the peaks and downs or, on the contrary, strengthening them. Seasonal Demand and Suppliers As a rule, the level of seasonal fall or rise in demand follows the same pattern yearly. However, the specifics of the business and the region a company operates in are of great importance for the suppliers. The efficiency of suppliers depends on the total costs in the supply chain as well as the stability of this circuit. The suppliers have to consider the implementation of delivery plans, which depends on the types of contracts. Recent studies have shown that the application of a particular type of contract may significantly affect the efficiency of the supply chain (Kersten 2011). Fo
Intervention Grid Marilyn Monroe was an American actress, singer, and model who was born in 1926 and passed on in 1962 at 36 years old. According to Dorfman, Soule, & Desai (2018), Marilyn Monroe died of overdosing of barbiturates at her home in 1962. Marilyn Monroe’s life was affected by the psychological, community, organizational, and political structures that can be represented in the chart on assessment of the intervention grid below. The thematic approach for the intervention is why Marilyn Monroe was addicted to substance abuse. Assessment intervention grid The reason why Marilyn Monroe was addicted to substance abuse.  Psychological level  Organizational level  Community-level  Political structure. Parental history of drugs abuse                                 X                                                                                Inadequate parental guidance and parenting skills                                    X                     X                                     Nature of job                                                                                              X                X                    Social isolation                                                X                                          X                                     Inadequate child care                                                                X                     X                X                    Discrimination ethnically or racially                                                                      X                                     Marilyn’s mental illness                                        X                    X                                                           Parental mental illness                                         X                    X                                                           Addicted substances                                             X                    X                     X                X                    Family dysfunction                                              X                    X                     X                                     Economic implications                                                                                      X                X                    Health-related implications                                                          X                     X                                     Substance abused accessibility                                                                             X                                      Evaluation Assessment skills that would be approved require more than one ability to enable the askance of questions beyond explaining t
Outline Embryo donation is a substitute to pregnancy. It helps a woman, who is unable to conceive, to give birth to a child. The process of embryo donation is to make use of another embryo to get conceived. Embryo donation gives opportunities to tackle the problem of infertility. This paper deals with various issues relating to embryo donation, such as, legal, medical, practical and ethical. An Overview of Issues Relating To the Embryo Donation and Adoption “Embryo adoption is the adoption of cryogenically frozen embryos from biological or donor parents to selected, approved adoptive birth parent/s.” (Bernard, n.d., p.6). Introduction to the Embryo Donation and Adoption What is embryo donation and adoption; various stages in the development of the embryo donation and adoption; types of embryo donation: known and anonymous; initial medical procedures; preparation for receiving embryo; possible risks; food and drug regulation; emotional changes; matching process; parentage; embryo transfer; “posthumous conception”; in vitro fertilization; embryo creation. (Snyder, 2009). Emerging trends in embryo transplantation; advanced technology and methods; advantages and drawbacks; factors responsible for embryo adoption; responsible factors for child growth and development; precautionary methods; practicability; characteristics of donors and recipients; health insurance and governmental regulation. Essentialities Application; “Donor Parent/s Letter”; Profile and photos of family, home, college days etc; “Letter of Understanding of process”; “Physician’s letter”; Criminal History and affidavit of criminal history; “Sample embryo agreement and relinquishment”; “Proof of income (pay stub/current income tax/employer letter)”; Documents like Home owners insurance; Life insurance; Health insurance; “Release of information”; “Protocol awareness letter”; Sex offender clearance certificate; “Counseling Awareness Letter”; Quality Survey documents, counseling and meditation awareness, “4 reference letters (non relatives)”; Sample embryos alive match cont