ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction This argumentative essay focuses on “The Yellow Wallpaper” short story by Charlotte Perkins Gilman. It examines how the description of the paper reflects the narrator’s changing character. The Description of the Paper & the Narrator’s Changing Character The yellow paper description reveals how women were determined to defy the powers that were imposed on them by men and hence create new roles for themselves. Women, therefore, challenged the patriarchal ideologies and moved beyond the restrictions to free from enslavement. The yellow paper thus shows women’s relentless pursuit to gain freedom in society did not value the role of women. The description of the yellow paper shows the life of a girl who was eager and ready to read books to get ideas on how she can free from slavery in a male-dominated society. The description thus reflects how the narrator was desperate to read at times when women were not allowed to read any book (Golden and Gilman 3). The yellow paper also shows how women suffered as a result of reading privately. The story thus portrays the transformative reading potential in that had the narrator failed to realize that the reading has the potential to transform her. The other women in the society could remain in slavery in their entire life. The reading transformed the narrator in that she started being sensitive that she started to realize that the room in which she was being locked in had one window only. The narrator began to view the house from a different perspective, and she says that “there is something strange about the house.” She hated the room, and she could explain the kind of her desired one. A room with pizza and roses is what she tells she desires. The yellow paper thus reflects the narrator’s changing character in that her eyes were open, and she began dreaming of better things in her life. She began to challenge John’s ideas concerning the room. More about The Yellow Wallpaper Who Is the Narrator of The Yellow Wallpaper? 5 70 Which Excerpt from The Yellow Wallpaper Contradicts the Narrator’s Belief that She Is Improving? 5 158 How Does The Yellow Wallpaper End? 5 99 What Happens at the End of The Yellow Wallpaper? 5 1946 The Yellow Wallpaper: By the Fourth of July, What Does the Narrator Admit about the Wallpaper? 5 897 How Does the Narrator Feel about Jennie in the Yellow Wallpaper? 5 577 The narrator gained courage over time to express her ideas in writing. Even though John would think the writing idea as absurd, the narrator was determine
In the essay “Machinery and Modern Industry”, Karl Marx sought to clarify the distinction between considering machines as tools or as mechanisms to replace the “human element” in the course of producing particular goods or implementing certain services. He does so by first succinctly breaking down the difference in capabilities between man and machine. Marx points out that machines are more efficient than human beings since they are not limited by human biology, rather they can be easily modified or adapted in order to perform ever more complex tasks. Such a feat is not possible with an average worker since they can neither be expected to move 10 times faster, grow 2 more heads or have 10 arms. He goes on to elaborate on how ubiquitous machines have become through their development during the industrial era. The paper utilizes examples in looming, shipping as well as other such activities to point towards the transition from human workers to machine made items. The main thrust of the essay though was not to point out how effective machines are in increasing the means of production, rather, it was the intention of Marx to reveal how the use of various machines in production lines is meant to benefit the owner of the business rather than the employees themselves. Marx attempts to show this distinction by clarifying that the machines utilized in the production of goods and services should not be considered tools to make the lives of workers easier, rather, machines are meant as a means of limiting their ability to influence the process of production. The less workers are involved in creating particular goods, the more they can be easily replaced and, as a result, their rights are slowly being taken away from them without them even realizing it. The essay proves this by showing how the concept of a “tool” is meant as a means of accomplishing a particular task. This can take the form of a variety of objects such as a sewing needle, a pair of clippers, a hammer, a chisel or a variety of other implements meant to aid in the production of a particular good or to perform a unique kind of service. Yet, what must be understood is that the use of a tool requires a certain degree of skill and experience on the part of a worker which cannot be easily replicated or replaced, this creates a necessary place for them in the production line thereby solidifying the necessity of keeping them happy and upholding their rights to prevent them from leaving. However, once the concept of “skill” is removed from production equation wherein the tool itself is incorporated into a mechanical mechanism this, as a result, removes the protections workers enjoyed. Once a job becomes easily replicable, a worker easily replaceable and the necessity of skill is removed from the equation of production, this is when workers lose all
Contents of the Ramayana and the Mahabharata The Ramayana is an epic poem by Valmiki, and it majors on the life of the Kosala Prince, Rama, by exploring how his father, King Dasaratha, kicked him out of the kingdom and his adventures in the Indian forests with the wife and brother, Sita and Laksmana respectively. It also chronicles the kidnapping of Sita, which heralded the war with Ravana before the return of Rama to Ayodhya, where he became a king. The Mahabharata is an epic story by Vyasa detailing the Kurukshetra War and the life of Princes Pandava and Kaurava. The narrative contains works on philosophy and devotion like the four goals of life, which is commonly known as the purusharthas . Mahabharata is “the longest poem ever written as it contains over 200,000 individual verse lines” (Sharma and Gaur 137). Hindu deities Deva is a Hindu deity meaning a god of good spirit. This God is masculine, and he is present in people’s souls. Deva is responsible for the good things that a person accomplishes, and in some contexts, he is termed as the God of light or excellence. On the other side, Ishvara is the deity representing the God one oneness. This God is masculine, and in most cases, he is referred to as a king, husband, or ruler. In Hindu mythology, Ishvara is the God that unites all individuals by creating the oneness that exists in everything and everyone (Gupta 73). Freud, James, Otto, and Jung’s perspectives on why we have religion According to Freud, religion is needed to constrain people from violent impulses as a way of promoting civilization, which allows people to live together peacefully (Armstrong 357). Therefore, from a Freudian perspective, religion is needed to confine people to certain boundaries that allow coexistence. On his side, James held that people need religion because it gives them positive power, which then causes a change of mind (Allen 114). The changed minds lead to certain behaviors, which are acceptable amongst different people. On the other side, James believed that religion is a product of individual experiences as opposed to being a set of beliefs. On his side, Otto maintained that people needed religion, as it is part of them (Melissa 84). The dreadful side of God allows people to live within certain confines, which control the chaos. The fascinating side is attractive, and it brings out the love within individuals. These different characteristics facilitate coexistence. Finally, Jung held that religion is needed for the spiritual aspects of fear and hunger to force people to pursue purpose, which gives meaning to life. The four stages of life The four stages of life according to dharma include “Brahmacharya [student], Grihastha [householder], Vanaprastha [retired], and Sannyasa [renunciation]” (Mittal and Thu
Human Behavioral Ecology Human society is sometimes seen as the most sophisticated system where social factors are more influential than biological, genetic, or environmental. Nevertheless, a deep analysis of the sexual behavior of humans shows that social norms are often based on certain biological and environmental peculiarities. It is possible to state that there are certain universal differences between females’ and males’ needs across cultures. One of the major traits is males’ focus on mating and females’ focus on parenting although the opposite distribution of roles is not rare (Low 46). In the vast majority of cultures, females are regarded as major caregivers for their offspring while males may invest less time in the parental effort and spend more time searching for mates. This behavior pattern is determined by the biological peculiarities of sexes as females have the necessary features enabling them to feed and care for their children. Males are more fit to engage in reproduction rather than parenting. For instance, males are more easily aroused sexually when they see a new mate as compared to females (Mattison “Lecture 13 – Mate Preferences”). These roles can vary across cultures, but they are universal for the vast majority of societies. Another peculiarity found across cultures is associated with multiple mating. In the vast majority of cultures, both sexes may have multiple partners (Scelza 267). In many mammals, monogamy is not rare, but polygamy increases the effectiveness of the reproductive effort. In simple terms, having multiple partners increases the fitness of offspring. In human society, one marriage is often regarded as a norm or even an idea. Interestingly, males can have several wives in some cultures while females are expected to have only one mate during their life. Historically, this cultural peculiarity has been determined by the environment as scarce resources have made females dependent on males (Low 36). However, remarriage, premarital sex, and divorce are often accepted in the vast majority of cultures. Even in the Middle East where females tend to marry once there are different cases when women can divorce and remarry. Finally, the traits different sexes emphasize in potential partners are also quite universal across cultures. Both sexes seek the fittest to increase the effectiveness of their reproductive effort. Thus, in mammals, females often seek bigger males as they are physically stronger and, hence, more competitive and capable of surviving (Mattison “Lecture 12 – Sexual Selection”). In human society, this trait is also important in many societies. At that, the ability to provide for the family (having enough resources) is more important for females in the vast majority of societies. The availability of food, proper dwelling, and other resources is emphasized by women. As for males, they tend to choose females who have the physical
From the readings, it is evident that power relations are affected by social institutions in various ways. However, it is vital to understand the crucial roles played by the state when it comes to power contests and the desire to rule. The field of political sociological research has indeed attempted to define and explore the hidden aspects of new institutionalism. To understand the emerging trends in power politics, reputable scholars such as Theda Skocpol and Michael Mann have offered detailed social-political theories. For instance, taking part in voluntary organizations, nationalism, and genocide can be best understood by paying a lot of attention to the elements of new institutionalism. Moreover, challenges to power can be affected by institutions. This implies that mobilization is a crucial factor that can either be hampered or enhanced depending on the political system in place. To begin with, it is necessary to underscore the fact that power relations are affected by both cultural and social processes. However, it is not advisable to give a lot of prominence to such factors because the abilities of various groups of people can be misrepresented. It is only through political sociology that power contests in society can be understood. The state is the most critical institution and therefore, all facets of discussion should revolve around it. Power relationships in the modern political cycles are largely affected by the state. In regards to institutions that affect power struggles, political sociologists have different perspectives. The characteristics and profile of the bureaucracy is also an interesting starting point when exploring the aspect of a power struggle in contemporary societies. The political insights are given by Weber assist in understanding the entire scenario. Whenever there is a power contest, violence is inevitable. Although violence might be seen as an overreaction by the public towards political arrangements, it is important to understand that political instability is a technique used by the key political players to gain power. The citizenship regime as expounded by Jane Jenson is yet another clear indication that power politics are aggravated by party politics. As much as the state is a key player in power contests, we may not downplay the contribution of individual political parties within a liberal political system. At this point, it is pertinent to mention the roles of liberal democracies in contemporary societies. Democratic governments are generally perceived by global citizens to be the best. From the readings, the author seems to be supporting the notion that social democratic governments are the best across the world. This is the same perspective held by some political science scholars. Nonetheless, we have witnessed intense human suffering even in states that are broadly considered to be democratic. The Marxist’s view of capitalism explains why the so-cal
Introduction The notions that express people’s values or are in some other way related to them are often difficult to define. This may be due to the fact that, even though the values of individuals are significantly influenced by the society they live in and the ideology they associate themselves with (consciously or unconsciously), each person may have slightly (or sometimes significantly) different views than other people, and thus would define or describe these concepts in a different way. In addition, people might be mistaken (or misguided) with regard to what they want or value most. For instance, someone might believe that purchasing a new phone will make them happy; perhaps it will, but happiness from a phone will probably not last for a long period of time. Therefore, each person might have their own understanding (explicit or implicit) of concepts such as happiness. For me, the non-obviousness of the definition of this term became apparent rather a long time ago, when I became acquainted with a family who was rather poor and often had to economize money but was, nonetheless, very happy living together. Happiness is often understood as general well-being and welfare (Easterlin, 2003, p. 11176; “Philosophical Dictionary,” 2011), which was also my opinion; it seemed to me to include financial welfare. This is why the fact that the family was happy made me somewhat surprised and caused me to reconsider the meaning of this term. In this paper, I will examine the issue of happiness by scrutinizing it through the lenses of health, marriage, and success – the three components that previously appeared to me to be necessary for an individual to be happy. Health Health is rather often understood as one of the crucial elements of happiness. Delle Fave et al. (2016), has conducted a study in a sample from across a number of nations, found out that health was one of the most often mentioned by lay respondents components of happiness (p. 6). It is apparent that this category can be viewed as a rather universal one, for every person who, for example, is experiencing pain, or is forced to depend on other people to do even the simplest everyday activities due to their health condition, will not be glad because of these facts. Evidence also warrants this statement; for instance, it was found out that “the life satisfaction of those with disabilities is, on average, significantly less than [of] those who report no disabilities” (Easterlin, 2003, p. 11177). Simultaneously, the impo
Introduction The Second World War represents the worst war that has ever been fought on the face on the earth. The war involved majority of the world’s nations and culminated into the death of over 50 million people. During the war, major world powers and resources were thrown to the war (Allen and Polmar 1995). Towards the end of the war, the United States dropped two atomic bombs on Japan. This paper seeks to describe the reasons why the US used the atomic bomb against Japan. There are two main reasons that prompted the United States to use the atomic bomb against Japan; the refusal to surrender by Japan and the need for the US to assert itself. Japan’s refusal to surrender Japan was persistently stubborn during the Second World War and this can be regarded as the main reason why the US used the atomic bomb against it. The government of Japan refused to surrender and pull its troops back even after its forces had been significantly weakened. By August 1945 Japan was on its knees as most if its industrial plants, air bases and harbors were destroyed. The country was also experiencing a severe short supply of food and raw materials and yet it continued to cling on most of the contested Islands. The US had successfully tested the atomic bomb (fat boy) in July 1945, and together with the other members of the allied forces, issued the Potsdam Declaration on 26 th July that called on the Government of Japan to proclaim the unconditional surrender of all of its armed forces. “The alternative was a prompt and utter destruction” (Harrison 1987). On July 30th Japan gave its response- a total rejection of the ultimatum and at about the same time, began negotiations with the Soviet Union in hope of better terms. As a result, the first atomic bomb was dropped on Hiroshima in August 1945 followed by further calls for Japan to accept the Potsdam Declaration or face further ruin (Heina and Selden 1997). The Government of Japan still hesitated and on August 9 th the second atomic bomb was dropped on Nagasaki. After further quibbling, Japan finally agreed to surrender on August 14. The need for the US to assert it’s might The use of the atomic bomb against Japan was widely discouraged by various advisers of President Truman due to the Bomb’s ability to cause mass destruction of civilian life. After Japan’s refusal to heed the calls stipulated in the Potsdam Declaration, a section of Truman’s advisers encouraged the demonstration of the power of the atomic bomb on a desert or barren Island to encourage Japan to surrender (Heina and Selden 1997). Truman disagreed and insisted on the use of the Bomb against Japan. Many analysts have interpreted this as a move by the US to assert it and influence the course of war. This was particularly intended to display superiority against the backdrop of a growing disdain between the allied forces and the Soviet Union. This can be justified by the cold war that followed the Second World War. Conclusion This paper sought to describe the reasons why the United States used the atomic bomb against Japan. It has been established that the US used the atomic bomb to
Introduction: Gas Hydrates as the Fuel Problem Solution Over the past few decades, the idea of natural resources as something exhaustible has led to introducing sustainability into a number of spheres, including not only environmental field, but also economy and politics. Hence, the issue of gas resources exhaustibility has been raised. Despite the viability of the offered alternative of gas hydrates use, the threat of the latter towards the environment seems to have become a major problem. Research Context: Concerning the Setting and the Related Issues The given research is going to consider the most promising techniques of gas hydrates extraction. Based on the existing researches, it is going to be conducted as a theoretical exploration of the problem. That said, the research context is going to be represented by a set of models with the help of which real-life situation can be simulated. Aims and Objectives: Analyzing the Techniques and Defining Their Viability It is necessary to keep in mind that each of the suggested models poses a threat to deepwater production and seafloor stability. Therefore, it is crucial to once again reconsider not only the reasonability of the use of gas hydrates, but also the existing means of gas hydrate production to figure out which methods are the more reliable and the least damaging to the environment. The objectives of the given research are to consider the positive and the negative aspects of each gas hydrate production methods, as well as to revisit the alternatives to the gas hydrate use, which will ultimately bring to the question whether the use of natural gas hydrate is reasonable enough. Methodology: The Key research Tools and Theoretical Foil Before answering the research question, it is necessary to mark the key steps that are going to be undertaken. First and foremost, the literature on the issue must be analyzed carefully so that the data concerning the gas hydrates could be properly represented. Literature review It is necessary to mention that the issue of the use of gas hydrates as the alternative to the use of natural gas has been researched for years. Starting with the early 80s, the problem was explored by the Soviet scientist Makogon (1982). Further on, Englezos (1993) devoted his paper to the issue of clathrate hydrates, thus, opening a new page for the further researches. In the same year, Kvenwolden considered the use of gas hydrates as the possible solution