ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Executive Summary Glenmark is an Indian pharmaceutical firm that has broadened its business portfolio to involve high-risk research for new drug invention. Poor global economy situation between 2007 and 2008 affected the company as sales dropped. Glenmark encountered further business challenges as its venture into high-risk research failed to generate the requisite revenues for its business. The company should have considered pursuing generics business, instead of considering the drug discovery business. Generics business requires less capital and does not entail high skill in employee capabilities. Generics business also requires a short period before a firm can recoup its initial business capital. Drug discovery business takes between 10 and 12 years before firms break even. Glenmark had only $40 million in capital raised from IPO when it decided to venture into research vusiness. This strategy is expensive for the company because the firm has to readjust its operations to fit well into the foreign business market environment. The firm pursues a chemical leasing type of business model as it supplies its original product idea for further manufacturing to third parties. However, it retains the original ownership of the product. The company needs to consider forming partnerships with other firms to sustain its funding activities. This will eliminate the need for the company to enter into contracts with third party firms for further research development activities. Operating as a single entity currently subjects Glenmark to more vulnerability, including high losses because of the uncertain business scenario involved. Comparison between the Generics and Drug Discovery Businesses The decision by Glenmark to venture into drug discovery business was not the best of choices. Although the company had the capabilities required to succeed in generics business, it ventured into the discovery business that was evidently out of its capabilities. A comparison using VRIO framework Valuable The drug discovery business requires a huge amount of resources and time to succeed. Given the uncertainty involved, this alternative was eventually going to consume a large amount of the company’s financial resources and increase its operating costs at the end (Greenwald, 2010, p. 118). Acquiring and maintaining skilled personnel who were not part of the organization at the start was a costly affair that would use more funds. The research procedures taking between 10 and 12 years imply that the company’s capital base must be large enough to sustain steady operations (Monappa & Deepali, 2013, p. 68). Glenmark’s paltry $40 million raised during its IPO in the year 2000 is by far less an amount to sustain operations for this grace period. With 99% of the company’s profits coming from India in 1998, it is critical to point out that Glenmark lacked a steady financial base that would have sustained its new business area comfortably. India is a developing country whose buying power is low compared to developed countries. It means firms relying on the market for their business
Social stigma is largely a means of control by society over the individual, exercised through membership in a specific social group. When one suffers stigmatization, your “social identity, or membership in some social category, calls into question [your] full humanity—[you are] devalued, spoiled, or flawed in the eyes of others” (Crocker, Major, & Steele, 1998, p. 504). With stigma, there is a cost in several areas: “personally, interpersonally, and socially” (Heatherton, 2000, 1). As a result, when a person is stigmatized, there is great personal cost. Stigma can work to begin shaping the identity of the individual. When the people around you negatively perceive you, it is easy for a person to begin conceptualizing themselves in that manner. Lemert (1951) touches on this when he explains that “in a culture where a child is taught sharp distinctions between ‘good’ women and ‘bad’ women, a single act of questionable morality might conceivably have a profound meaning for the girl so indulging” (93). A girl who has crossed over the line separating appropriate (or “good”) behavior and inappropriate (or “bad”) behavior will begin to reconceptualize her sense of self. Her lens will shift to that of those around her. And sometimes, the more one is stigmatized with a label, the more that person will adopt and own it. This is especially the case if the person realizes “there are rewards, as well as penalties deriving from such a role” (Lemert, 1951, p. 93). The identity of someone with mental illness can also be shaped by the stigma of the diagnosis as well. In fact, Dubin and Fink (1992) explain, “Stigma against mentally ill persons is so pervasive it affects every aspect of their lives. It brings a multitude of problems from insurance, to housing, to jobs” (1). The stigma surrounding mental illness is not a facet of our new, moder
Executive summary   * Information is power.   * Credible information on quality improvement is important to this organization.   * The organization to adopt ‘quality electronic production techniques’.   * Methodology used helped in data gathering.   * This organization to advance its competiveness based on the findings this presentation. This presentation will discuss the importance of adopting and embracing quality provisions within your. It is important to adopt ‘quality electronic production techniques’ due to the sensitive nature of the electronic gadgets. This forms the proposed program that this organization should adopt. Information in this presentation emerged from secondary techniques helpful in data gathering. This ensured achievement of in-depth information applicable in facilitating the realization of factual findings (Lehman et al, 2010). Analytically, effective production of quality electronics will require this organization to set proper planning and use of non-defective materials. It is recommendable that this organization should advance its competiveness based on the findings of this presentation. Introduction   * Organizations endeavor to succeed despite the challenges.   * Quality improvement critical for this organization’s advancements (Kothari, 2005).   * Data was acquired through secondary resources.   * Results/findings helpful in advancing this organization.   * Recommendations will incorporate proposals (Dantzker & Hunter, 2012). This presentation will address growth-oriented and credible performance issues established to steer the production of electronic facilities (with functional value) in this organization. The discussions will be based on the diverse sub-headings set to improve service delivery in this organization. Evidently, this organization should enact quality improvement provisions based their validity and relevancy in the current market. Analytical aspects used in this study provided credible information on quality provisions for this organization. It will be crucial for this organization to advance and eradicate possible defects that might compromise the quality of electronic items produced. It is imperative to agree that this organization endeavors to grasp considerable market share globally; nonetheless, this can be achieved fully through establishment, ratification, and embracement of quality production processes. Statement of the Problem   * This organization experiences low performance and quality hitches.   * Items do not match functional specifications and durability required (Luo,
Theories on educational leadership The first article is by Howard Stevenson (2007) who focused on concerns of school principals amid continuing changes and innovations in the age of globalization. Principals feel the pressure and the changes which contrast their “professional educational values,” and they gain no support or aid from institutions they are serving. This situation creates a dearth in principal supply, as many of them seek early retirement while the number of those who want to replace them has been reduced considerably. Despite the challenges and demands, principals have to update their educational leadership knowledge and must have a clear understanding of leadership values in education and morality, with a sure focus on leadership guided by beliefs. Moral purpose does not just produce effective leadership but sustainable, effective leadership. Most parents and teachers expect much from their principals, for example, in expressing their plans and vision for the learning institution they were heading (Dempster & Logan as cited in Bush, 2011, p. 7). Values-enhanced leadership questions school leaders’ knowledge to develop policies and programs in their schools that provide knowledge on social justice that also challenges social injustice. Stevenson (2007) addresses two issues: 1) how principals or school leaders provide importance and “operationalize” social justice in their institutions, and 2) how leaders promote social justice. The second aim seeks to touch on aspects of national policy agendas and how these help school leaders in their dealings with a multi-ethnic population in schools. In simple terms, the paper aimed to address the issue that when school leaders have the opportunity to promote social justice, do they also have the space to do it? The paper touches on important factors of race and ethnicity in English schools, issues which have been regarded as “difficult and problematic within English schools” (Swann, 1985, as cited in Stevenson, 2007, p. 770). Traditionally, the academic community has long recognized the significance of moral purpose in educational leadership. Yet, the significant milestone is that there is a new thrust, or “re-assertion”, of the moral purpose of leadership at a time when new policies, which have been described as neo-liberal, seemed to have divested the school leader’s key role in education and reduced him/her to being a “crude” manager (Thrupp & Willmott, 2003, as cited in Stevenson, 2007, p. 770). In the study by Day et al. (2000, as cited in Stevenson, 2007), those kinds of leaders were expert at taking hold of opportunities and aligning these with the objectives of the school. This finding is supported by other researchers (Gold et al., 2003; Moore et al., 2002, as cit
Narcotic substances are widely used in modern medicine as painkillers and hypnotic agents. Drug addiction is a mental condition that includes an urgent need to take medications that affect the psyche. Medical workers often find themselves in ethically difficult situations that require a special approach. It is important for any medical professional to know in which situation it is worth applying one or another ethical method. The care-based ethics and the rights ethics will be discussed in this essay as the solutions for this problem. The Scenario The scenario: a twenty-five-year-old male patient who was seriously obese and was practically unable to move independently. He was a difficult patient, as in addition to a catastrophic physical condition, he had many psychological problems. This patient had a terrible temper with a tendency to manipulate and frequent tantrums. In addition, it turned out that the patient was dependent addicted to painkillers. The man came with a false complaint, so that the doctor prescribed him another dose of medication. When the doctor refused to give him pills, he called an ambulance and made up complaints to be given painkillers. The patient manipulates the medical professional to get the desired medications since he does not have medical indications for prescribing painkillers. The doctor can use various ethical theories to solve this problem. The Care-based Ethics The feminist care-based ethics is characterized by a sharp critical pathos towards the moral and philosophical tradition originating in antiquity and retaining its influence in modern ethics. The criticism of classical moral philosophy determines the peculiarity of the care-based position is conducted here in light of the differentiation of sexual roles that have developed in European culture (Rachels & Rachels, 2019). The Care-based ethics is built as an alternative to the classical tradition; it attempts to create a moral and philosophical concept based on the rationalization of women’s moral experience. The care-based ethics implies, first of all, the creation of a particular, trusting relationship between the doctor and the patient. The advantage of the feminist ethics of care is that the concept of care was first placed at the center of morality and became the starting point for constructing a moral theory (Jordan, 2020). The care-based ethics solution to this problem would be to form a close and friendly relationship between the doctor and the patient. The doctor could reject rational-logical ways of recognizing and solving moral issues and instead focus o
Introduction Cloning is a biological process of producing populations with genetically identical DNA as their predecessors through asexual reproduction. In layman’s terms, it’s like producing multiple copies of a product that are identical to the original/parent product. My essay will focus on reproductive cloning which refers to a procedure of creating new multi-cellular organisms that are genetically identical to each other. Fertilization of the eggs or gametes from the hosts does not occur hence the mode of reproduction is asexual. Asexual reproduction is however a “naturally occurring phenomenon in many plant species through vegetative reproduction” (Panno, 2004, p. 57) and other species like an amoeba. Reproductive cloning is a very controversial issue in today’s society with a majority of people fearing scientists are playing God and they may attempt to clone humans. Currently, most of the attempts involve the cloning of certain animal species like Dolly the sheep, and only a few of these attempts have been successful. Reproductive cloning utilizes a procedure called “somatic cell transfer to come up with offspring that are genetically identical to the parent nucleus” (Panno, 2004, p. 61). This process entails the removal of a nucleus from a host’s cell and transferring it to an egg that lacks a nucleus.
Impact of the welfare State One of the questions that dominated American Economic Status within the last twenty years has been based on the size and operations of the Federal government. Research in recent years reveals that one-fourth share of the nation’s Gross Domestic Product went to the Federal government. There has been tremendous increase in Federal government expenditures since World War II. However, the Federal government has contributed significantly towards enhancing functioning capabilities of U.S. economy. These include provision of such necessities as common defense, establishment of legal framework used in resolving disputes, construction of infrastructure as well as supervision of minimum safety conditions within the country. However, such positive contributions have been impacted by some negative aspects such as excessive taxation, over-regulation, over-spending within the some sectors as well as offering special favors (Visco 1-12). Impact of Inflation The rate of inflation over the past twenty years have greatly impacted America’s economy since it is directly linked to standards of living within a country. However, economists have proved no accuracy on the exact timing when inflation normally interferes with market signals. The rate of inflation that has hit American economy over the years was at some point referred to as ‘public enemy number one’. This was because differences in prices over time were seen as reflection on fundamental changes within societal values rather than economic forces. Besides, inflation has done economic damage within the last twenty years by distorting investment as well as consumption decisions. This is evident from the nature of uncertainty inflation’s impact has created amongst household and businesses on future courses. There is also inflation’s point of interaction with United State’s tax code which has easily distorted decisions on purchasing power (Samuelson and Solow 177-194). Impact of Outsourcing Outsourcing has had both positive and negative impact on the economy of United States over the past couple of years. In the positive aspect, outsourcing is seen as one avenue which has enabled companies to save money as well as opened up opportunities leading to majority of Americans holding employment at higher positions within the global market. Such practice has provided significant gains towards United State’s economy owing to its contributions towards cheaper imports and also strengthening of exports. However, on the negative side, outsourcing has contributed towards stripping jobs from thousands of Americans on the skilled and semi-skilled platforms. Creation of jobless Americans has led towards low purchasing power leaving producers with inability to obtain revenue due to lack of buyers. There has been record loss of income within the local, state and federal governments. This has led towards fewer contributions towards Social Security as well as Medicare and created damage on the side of sales and tax revenues. The revelation behind this is that outsourcing not only leads to loss of skilled labor but also monetary gains.
The Histories is one of the most brilliant works by Herodotus that represents the grounds, the development, and the outcomes of the conflict that happened between the Greeks and the Persians, who also were regarded as non-Greeks or the barbarians. The author underlined that the Persians wanted to win the Greeks by means of a huge army; however the power of Athens saved Greece and proved that the Greeks characters were more successful and ready to fight and win. With the help of such a deep analysis of the conflict, described in The Histories , and the events, which happened in real, the reader gets a wonderful opportunity to clear up the major elements of Greek identity, the challenges, the Greeks faced when organized a kind of alliance against the Persians, and the benefits, which the Greeks were eager to get from their alliance. In the first book of The Histories, Herodotus presented the ideological reason behind the conflict between the Greeks and the Persians to his readers. Through this account, Herodotus described the differences of identities, which were inherent to the Greeks and all those, who were considered as non-Greeks. Herodotus successfully created a Greek identity, which was dependent on their cultural traditions, including the language they spoke, their physical appearance, and their beliefs. These three issues are considered to be the major elements of Greek identity. Such combinations like “a non-Greek language”, “the same language”, and “a new language” (Herodotus and Waterfield 24) proved that the conflict between the Persians and the Greeks started from the differences, which were inherent to the Greek identity. When the conflict developed with unbelievable speed, the Greeks realized that the appearance of their enemies was not the same to their own appearance. This is why their identity by the whole world was under a threat. Herodotus’ account demonstrated that the Persians, in their description of the Greek-Persian conflict, blamed the Greeks to have started the conflict (Herodotus and Waterfield 3). He accounted for the misspelled stories that the Persians have woven to show that the conflict was a conduct of the Greeks and Phoenicians first committed offensive acts against the Persians to which they merely retaliated. However, Herodotus stated that this Persian account was not true, and he provided the real story. He went on to present an account of how barbaric and uncivilized Persians were and, in their greed and immorality, they did all those barbaric acts, which were not forthcoming for a civilization (Herodotus and Waterfield 25). This account showed that the Greeks were more civilized than the barbaric Persians were. They had certain moral codes and were not warmongers. Their participation in the Persian war stemmed out of their need to retaliate the Persian attack. This very point of view identified the civilized nature of the Greeks. When Herodotus described
Introduction History tells us that humans have always looked for ways of governing themselves in order to maintain social order in their respective communities. To effectively achieve this goal, some form of political organization was needed. This essay looks compares some of the political organizations in the history of man’s existence in the world. World Political History The world political history has been dominated by two types of political organization depending on the place in which the people using it are located. These two are the centralized political units and the decentralized political units. Centralized political units were political organizations in which political power and authority were vested in one hereditary ruler. It is strongly believed that political centralization started in ancient Africa then spread out to other parts of the world through trade, religion and culture. Centralized kingdoms were large with large populations of people. They enjoyed economic diversity and social stratification. Only a few selected people bearing hereditary claims could be allowed to lead the people. Many African communities formed empires under the leadership of a king who had almost all the powers in the society. Such empires existed in Ghana, Egypt, Zimbabwe and Mali, just to mention but a few. These political units had similarities to those in Europe such as the Roma Empire. They had kings with almost absolute power. An absence of separation of power meant that the king carried out all political functions. This type of political system did not last for long as kingdoms and empires were often threatened by conquests that led to overthrows. For example, in Africa, the kingdom of Ghana was overthrown and replaced by the kingdom of Mali. Poor leadership also led to the fall of empires and kingdoms. Centralized political units did not promote economic specialization (Exploring Africa 1). Decentralized political systems are political organizations in which power is shared. In the ancient days, power could be shared among kinships or elders given status depending on their rank in the society. Heads of these kinships exercised authority, but decisions were made through consensus. There was also specialization as the society selected those to carry out judicial and religious functions. Examples of societies that had decentralized political units include the Igbo of Nigeria and the Japanese kingdom. At first, Japan had a centralized political unit with a well defined social hierarchy headed by an emperor who was followed in rank by lords. The bushi, a warrior leader was in charge of the estates where by he enforced laws, collected tax and supervised public work. The kingdom had it own army of warriors called the samurai. However, the extravagancies weakened the central government. Wars followed in the emperor lost power to the Minamoto clan leading to the emergence of a feudal system of governance, hence decentralization