ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Substance abuse is one of the most critical health care concerns in modern society. It is associated with the detrimental influence of the problem on an individual’s health as well as their social integration. In most cases, the problem is connected to living in an unfavorable environment characterized by varying physical and emotional stressors, so different substances are seen as a way to mitigate the influence of these stressors on one’s wellbeing (Blume, 2016). Still, this desire to get away from problems by means of substances instead of making effort to improve an individual’s environment contributed to the evolution of the challenge of substance abuse into a real public health concern, thus driving the need for investigating it in detail and focusing on strategies for coping with the related issues (Gurganus et al., 2015). State of the Science Nowadays, special attention is paid to the challenge of substance abuse among both adolescents and adults. To cope with the problem, different approaches are designed and tested for their effectiveness in coping with the issue. Therefore, according to recent peer-reviewed and evidence-based studies, there are several trends in substance abuse that are supported by evidence. In general terms, it has been concluded that various interventions are helpful for making the scopes of the problem less significant (Blume, 2016; Estrada et al., 2017; Gurganus et al., 2015). Nevertheless, interventions differ in both targets and objectives. For instance, focusing on strict control of selling alcohol (the so-called point-of-sale interventions) is useful for decreasing the rates of adolescents and young adults drinking alcohol (Blume, 2016). On the other hand, there is a powerful impact of family-based interventions on addressing the issues related to the substance abuse problem mainly due to the improved family functioning and adolescents’ social interactions and life choices (Estrada et al., 2017). More than that, special attention is paid to the role of pharmacists in fostering the prevention of substance abuse because they might provide necessary education and as
Introduction The purpose of this essay is to analyse the transferable skills that a student gains from their college experience and how these skills are important for their future employment. The essay will analyse two transferable skills that a student gains from their university or college education. One of the most important purposes and outcomes of a student’s college experience is the acquisition of skills and knowledge. It has long been recognised that the role of higher education is not to simply equip students with knowledge but to provide them with skills that will be used in contributing to the global economy. These skills are also necessary in developing the holistic nature of the student which will allow them to advance their careers professionally. The current job market and the recent global recession have created a competitive situation in the labour market where the people with most skills, knowledge and job experience are more competitive than their counterparts. Having skills that are needed by an employer ensures that people looking for work in a particular company have a higher chance of being hired. Recent trends in the graduate employment industry around the world have shown that the traditional positions reserved for graduates in organizations have continued to become fewer and fewer over time. Graduate employees are now expected to perform their work effectively and efficiently as soon as they enter into their work positions. This requires them to utilise the skills gained while they were pursuing their higher education. It therefore becomes important for them to acquire important transferable skills that will be necessary once they begin working in the corporate world (University of Exeter 2010). Transferable Skills Two types of skills that have been identified to be essential for employers when hiring new graduates into their companies include the content skills and the transferable skills. Content skills which are also referred to as cognitive or intellectual skills are the skills that a person acquires while they gain academic mastery of their field of education. Content skills include computer or IT literacy, reading and writing skills, and foreign language skills. IT literacy or computer skills have now gained a lot of importance and are considered as core skills by most employers who are looking to hire new graduates into their companies (Gardner et al 2007). Content skills that are related to a person’s field of academic experience include the type of information the person has on the academic field, the rules and principles of the field of education and how the educational information can be applied to the professional context. Certain employers expect new recruits to have extensive knowledge on their academic field of study before they are hired. This applies to fields such as accounting, finance or
Introduction: Onetech Changes the Course of Its Direction There comes the time for every company to change the chose strategy sooner or later (Harmon, 2007). Either because of the drops in sales, or because of high competition levels, a company needs to reconsider its policies, i.e., financial policy, the treatment of the customers, the rules concerning the relationships within the company employees and management. Likewise, Onetech seems to be in need for a change. According to the existing evidence, there are three major directions, in which the company can go. Considering each, one will be able to find the optimum solution. Considering Option #1: With the Untouched Portfolio It is essential that the estimated revenue income is supposed to be approximately £1,600,000 according to the data offered in the report ( BU3413 case study 2012 , 2012). However, Sylvia’s concern for continuing working in large groups should be taken into account as well (Luecke & Hall, 2006). While the company can aim at increasing its income, some of the employees might have hard times working in quite uncomfortable environment. Option #2 as a Possibility: Reducing the Number of Services Reducing number of services means that the estimated revenue will make around £1,115,000 annually ( BU3413 case study 2012 , 2012), with the less expensive payment scheme for the customers. The given plan can be considered a compromise between retaining clients and maintaining high income. However, the given solution might not fit the founder of the company, Tim Bale: “Tim believes in involvement of all parties” ( BU3413 case study 2012 , 2012), according to the report – and he actually has the point (Gennard & Judge, 2005). Money Makes the World Go Round: Regarding the Option #3 Presupposing that the charges are made according to the corresponding events, the third suggestion seems quite adequate, but very vague. Even the estimated annual income is rather vague – it makes approximately £1,020,000 ( BU3413 case study 2012 , 2012). Needless to mention
Executive Summary A country’s economic growth is subject to the development and maintenance of energy, water, telecom and transportation infrastructures in an effective and efficient manner. When planned, financed and maintained properly, infrastructure contributes to the socio-economic development and boosts living standards of citizens. In addition, an efficient infrastructure system facilitates trade and attracts foreign investments in a nation. Nevertheless, in spite of the apparent benefits associated with an efficient infrastructure system, many governments in developing nations face huge gaps in their fiscal budgets and are therefore unable to make adequate investments in infrastructure development. Consequently, these governments have collaborated with the private sector in order to access technology, capital and expertise that are essential in funding, developing and maintaining infrastructure projects in their respective countries. In addition, policymakers have discovered that, when sound institutional and economic policies are put in place, public-private partnerships (PPPs) can play a significant role in promoting economic development. For example, countries in the Middle East and North Africa region have immense potentials to drive economic growth, under the public private partnership framework, in energy and water infrastructure development. Introduction The main focus of this research is to explore the impact of public-private partnership models in the provision of energy and water projects in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region. According to Samuelson and Mark (1981), a public-private partnership model is a “simplified description of a process and relationship which is used to explain and predict…past and future outcomes respectively” (p.11). In the context of this research, the partnership between the government (represented by the public sector) and the private sector is referred to as public-private partnership (PPP). In other words, Public private partnership (PPP) refers to the reciprocally gainful relationship developed between the public and private sector (Al-Nasa’a 2007; Weirowski & Hall 2008). Under the public private partnership arrangement, partners from the private sector provide considerable equity investments. On the other hand, the public sector gets access to improved or new services (Shediac et al., 2008, p.1; Weirowski & Hall 2008). Thus, when PPP is correctly structured, it assigns risk to the partner with the best skills to address it (Menard 2012). Usually, the public sector shifts risks associated with low demand and revenue, operations and maintenance, design and construction, including other unique situations to the private sector (see table
Who Am I? It can be difficult to understand who you really are in terms of some psychological terms. However, in terms of social roles, it can be quite easy to describe a person. Karp, Yoels, Vann, and Borer (2016) state that people can be considered in terms of such dimensions as the family, education, culture, ethnicity, membership in various subgroups, and so forth. For example, I am an adult who has certain responsibilities and roles. It is possible to start with the description of family roles. I am a daughter and a sister. At present, I am a college student, which makes me a part of several groups. Apart from being a member of the student community, I am a part of a movement aimed at improving our society. I am also an athlete, so I also pertain to the world of sport. Of course, I am a friend who also has various responsibilities such as supporting my friend, helping her whenever she needs my aid, going out and the like. I am also a female, which makes me face many challenges and enjoy numerous opportunities. Finally, I am a part of the so-called middle class, which means that I have access to numerous resources such as high-quality medical services, education, good food and dwelling, and so forth. Another way to view an individual is to analyze this person’s status. In my family, I am the only person to study at a higher educational establishment. My sister is still at school. Therefore, I have a status of a highly educated person who knows the ropes in the academic world. Although there is some exaggeration in this statement and we make fun of this in my family, I still enjoy a certain status. I am a loyal friend, smart and reliable, which makes my friends respect me. Hence, my friendship status is quite high. I am a high-achiever (at least, I am trying to do my best to study well) so I also have quite a high status among my peer students and teachers who know that I am diligent and intelligent. I also have a high rank in our little feminist society. As for my socioeconomic status, it is high as I know many people who do not have the things I possess and have limited opportunities as well. All in all, I can note that my social position is favorable and enables me to become a successful member of the American society. I perform various roles and have quite high statuses. Some of these responsibilities and ranks could be regarded as inherited, so-to-speak, as my parents ensured a certain basis for my present achievements. However, I also achieved a lot in the course of my socialization due to my characteristic features. Family As has been mentioned above, many factors affect the process of people’s socialization. I believe family, school, peers, and mass media have been the most influential agents that have shaped my development. I was raised with the focus on strong moral principles and family values, so the family is the major social unit, as I see it. According to the functionalist approach, all systems seek harmony and can be self-regulated (Craib, 2015). I believe my family is an illustration of this paradigm. We try to help each other and listen or rather hear each other. My moral
LOHAS LOHAS stands for Lifestyle of Health sustainability. Demographically, LOHAS encompasses a market segment that is involved with sustainable living. People with the LOHAS lifestyle are relatively large percentage of the consumer market. These kind of consumers seek healthier and lifestyles that are sustainable and that determines the services and products that they buy. Their lifestyles as well as purchasing decisions are basically influenced by the values that they have concerning issues like personal health, community health, social justice as well as the issue of environmental sustainability. Such consumers will for instance opt to go for renewable energy, solar power, organic food, products that can be or are recycled, natural cleaning products and eco-tourism among other options. People adopting the LOHAS lifestyle are known for campaigning for action to be taken on issues that they purport to be vital for human sustainability like cubing the problem of climate change, ensuring sustainability of the water resources as well as protecting the ecosystem (Carson, 1962). There is need for the producers or manufactures to consider the needs of the consumers with the LOHAS lifestyle so as retain these kinds of customers. The people with LOHAS values are increasing day by day and they are forming a very large market segment and tapping in such a market segment is vital. Businesses must therefore have this consumer population in mind by bringing environmental friendly products and this implies that they have to carry out socially friendly businesses. This therefore implies that values play a very significant role in the consumers’ purchasing decisions. Customer Value Hierarchy In marketing, the marketer is supposed to consider five levels of the product. Each level is supposed to add the consumer value and the five levels put together form the customer value hierarchy. The fundamental level constitutes core benefits. Marketers have to perceive themselves as being the benefit providers. A hotel guest for instance is perceived as buying rest and/or sleep. The core benefit is then turned to a basic product by the marketer at the next level which is the second level. A hotel room will for instance consist of the closet, a bed, the dresser and toilet among other products. At level three, the buyer’s expectations are met by the marketer by the preparation of the expected product as per the attributes or conditions that the consumer expects right from the beginning. The marketer may for instance ensure a quiet environment, a clea
Teleology is a philosophical term that asserts that nature is the underlying and final cause of existence. Teleology plays a role in Adam Smith’s ideas about the wealth of nations. The nature of the ideas can be argued from a teleological point of view. With regards to division of labor, Adam Smith argues that human beings have a propensity to truck and exchange. This explains how trade occurs and why nations and individuals become wealthy. From his arguments, it can be drawn that nature dictates the existence of trade. It is in the human mind that we are able to truck goods. In order for trade to be in existence, there is need to first persuade the natural inclination of the human mind. A trader becomes restless when someone tends to differ with them. Therefore, they make every effort to ensure that they be on the same mind. Tautology is also a philosophical proposition that assumes that if something has a logical implication, then it is actually accurate. However, nothing much is said about the real world. On one hand, the theories and economic ideologies of the Adam smith can be termed to be tautological in nature. This implies that the theories do not expose anything new about the real world. The things that happen in the world of economics have been in existence, arguably since the beginning of time. They also bound to continue existing because nature is their final cause of existence. Debates on tautology focus on symbols that describe existence of phenomenon. This renders the discussions to varying interpretations. Similarly, the debates about symbols of existence are not comparable to the actual observation of existence. On the other hand, Adam’s Smith’s ideas on economics can be argued not to be tautological in nature. The underlying reason is the fact that the theories focus on the action of human beings as their finality. These actions contribute to the existence of the world and can be used to develop a better understanding of the world. At the same time, human actions change with time implying that some activities that dictated economic systems in the past may not be relevant in today’s economic systems. A good example from Adam smith’s ideas is the notion of productive and unproductive labor. At the time when he developed the idea, the service industry was not fully developed to support the economy of a country. It is
Introduction The invention of the computer and the subsequent creation of computer networks are arguably the biggest achievements of the 21st century. The interconnection capability of computer systems can arguably be described as the feature which makes them most versatile and invaluable to their users. Technological advances have resulted in moves being made to shift from the client/server computing model to the network centric computing model. Madria states that the underlying principle in net centric computing is “a distributed environment where applications and data are downloaded from servers and exchanged with peers across a network on as as-needed basis” (14). While this model has many major advantages, it still has to deal with a number of people-centric problems. James Robertson advances 10 principles of effective information management which are meant to help improve information management practices by IT personnel. Applying these principles results in effective information management. This paper argues that Robertson’s 10 principles are harder to apply in the context of a network. To reinforce this claim, a review of some the net-centric ideas and how they make effective information management even more complicated will be made. Principles that are harder to Apply in a network Context The first principle advanced is “recognize (and manage) complexity. Robertson asserts that the information needs of an organization are inherently complex and organizations must stop looking for simple solutions to the problems. The situation is even direr in the net centric context. Madria reveal’s that in net-centric computing, the complexity level is significantly increased since net-centric computing includes both communications and networking environments where the embedded systems are much larger in scope. The second principle advanced is that focus should be on adoption. Robertson proposes that projects should be designed from the start in such a manner as to ensure sufficient adoption by the users. This principle is harder to apply in the ever evolving net centric context. Madria revels that net centric is an ongoing area of interest and a wide-variety of software engineering researchers and practitioners are working on the model leading to its constant evolution (14). This evolution will call for constant transitioning by a business which may cause a lot of resistance from users who will prefer to continue using the system they are familiar with The third principle advanced by Robertson is “deliver tangible & visible benefits”. Here, information management projects are supposed to deliver products that are visible to the rest of the organization and also beneficial. The power that net centric environments afford the organization is great
Introduction Sexual assault is one of the most prevalent reported cases of violence in the United States (US). Women are disproportionately affected by this problem, specifically because they can also suffer from intimate partner violence (IPV). According to Modi, Palmer, and Armstrong (2014), every year, over 5 million women in the US are victims of IPV. The problem of sexual assault, especially cases related to IPV, is highly pronounced among South Asian immigrant women. Such victims are not willing to report sexual assault cases due to cultural aspects and the fear that the involved authorities may not act appropriately. Therefore, there is an overarching need to come up with a program to act as a resource for survivors of sexual assault. The purpose of this paper is to discuss South Asian immigrant women as a group disproportionately affected by sexual violence, specifically IPV. The paper also describes two programs that have been used in other places before recommending one that can be used in the context of South Asian immigrant women in California. South Asian Immigrant Women as Survivors of IPV South Asian immigrants form a sizeable number of the America population based on the available statistics. According to the United States Census Bureau (2017), 5.3 million South Asian immigrants lived in the US in 2017, which was close to 40 percent increment from the 2010 census. Women in this population cohort experience disproportionate cases of domestic violence, especially IPV. Jordan and Bhandari (2016) note that while the lifetime prevalence of domestic violence in the country is about 20 percent, South Asian immigrants report as high as 40 percent of sexual and physical abuse cases, which could rise to 50 percent when psychological and emotional abuses are included. However, despite the high prevalence cases of IPV cases among women in these communities, a culture of silence and shame prevents victims from reporting when abused. Gonclaves and Matos (2016) argue that women in this population cohort tend to remain in abusive relationships and there are few support resources for them. Jordan and Bhandari (2016) posit that the majority of mainstream service providers in the US either ignore or are unaware of the plight of South Asian immigrant women as victims of IPV. In addition, the cultural set-up of this community is organized in a way that discourages reporting cases of IPV. One of the main practices contributing to silence is the concept of filial piety or the belief that family comes first before self (Jordan & Bhandari, 2016). T