ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction In any organization that is keen on achieving success, human resource is a precious commodity that must be guarded and protected jealously because it is to a large extent the major component of the organization’s brand name, which is the key to its success because personnel forms the backbone of the firm. For this reason, quality of employee is closely correlated with the quality of work output which is all the more reason why the company should adopt best practices in HR management. Because this paper intends to analyze and discuss the concept of human resource policies in general especially in the organizational context, our main focus will be on one of the most recently advanced human resource model and its subsets that is proving effective and reliable in human resource management; this is the Strategic Human resource management (SHRM). SHRM is a concept that had been advanced more recently by human resource specialist that recognize employee as key factor to the success of the organization (Pinnington and Edwards, 2000). SHRM is different from traditional personnel management in that it recognizes the need to incorporate and align employee work procedures with the organization’s long term business operations strategic objectives. Thus, SHRM is concerned with attainment of two main objectives, that is best utilization of the human personnel which is achievement of the organizations strategic business and operational objectives as outlined in the organization’s mission statement as well as ensuring that the human resource achieves job satisfaction in the process (Stone, 2006). Unlike ordinary personnel management strategies, SHRM goes beyond the routine activities of human resource such as recruitment, training, personnel development, and salary processing. The key concept of a SHRM is to achieve an efficient human resource that complement the organizational business goals and visions which also build on a framework that integrates the external factors of the organization as well (Fernado, 2005). SHRM Concept The SHRM model is based on seven groups of characteristics that have been designed to highlight the core values of a framework which should be incorporated in any form of employee management that is designed to be effective. There are four models of SHRM which have so far been advanced: Harvard, Soft or Hard, Unitarist or Pluralist and Relationship to IR (Butod, 2009). The Harvard model concept is build around employee efficiency that it identifies to be of crucial value that an organization must invest in order to achieve organization desired goals effectively. Hard or Soft HRM model is a two part approach to employee management where the Hard element of the model focuses on strategic employee management to achieve personnel efficiency, and Soft engages employee in workplace through consultation, communication and cultivates personnel commitment (Sto
Introduction This paper provides an overview of Ageism and defines it as a derogatory and negative stereotyping of old people who are regarded as a burden in society. The paper also discusses some myths related to Ageism and studies how the old has been treated since biblical times. What is Ageism Beth (Beth, 2003) has reported that with improved healthcare systems and technology, the life expectancy of senior citizens has considerably increased and this has given rise to a new kind of stereotyping called Ageism, for the old similar to racism and the discrimination and derogatory attitude shown toward African Americans and other race of deprived people. This attitude is not only shown by the general public but also by nurses and the medical fraternity who regard old people as a burden and who enjoy social welfare benefits, at the expense of younger people who pay taxes. Ageism is a very malevolent form of attitude since older people do not have anywhere else to go and rely on healthcare professionals to meet their basic needs. Todd (2005) has suggested that in the US, elders are institutionalized, marginalized, and stripped of dignity, responsibility, and power, and were regarded as a burden by their children and the state. Lindsay (Lindsay, 1999) has suggested that ageism and the stereotyping and aloof attitude is present among nurses and senior nursing professionals. The author suggests that these attitudes are inculcated right from their nursing college days and they continue even when the nurses attain seniority. Very little has been done by professional bodies and the nursing institutions to remove this bias and negative attitude and the author has suggested that measures should be taken and counseling provided to remove such harmful attitudes. Myths of Ageism According to Todd (2005), elders were regarded with great respect in biblical times and even in medieval times where the life expectancy was less and if anyone lived beyond 50, the person was regarded as chosen by God for a divine purpose and given great respect. Since in olden times, there were no printing presses or writing materials, elders served as the storehouse of knowledge and were frequently consulted for events of the past and they were valued for their wisdom. Family and village history had to be memorized and repeated verbatim back then and the knowledge was passed on to their disciples and so on. The elders could relax, not work, eat drink and keep merry and assist in the education of the village children. With the advent of the
Introduction For this task, I will be reviewing two performance evaluation software packages, which are:   * IBM Kenexa   * Oracle Taleo Cloud Service. Pros and Cons of IBM Kenexa IBM Kenexa is a performance evaluation software package made by IBM. While it is made for small and mid-sized businesses, it is notorious for its partnership with a large business giant such as IKEA. It has a free basic version and is compatible with multiple computer and mobile platforms. It is best used for competence tracking as it allows for browsing through and managing profiles very quickly. It is fast and user-friendly. However, many current users dislike its very basic interface and lack of customization. Pros and Cons of Oracle Taleo Cloud Service Oracle Taleo Cloud Service, produced by Oracle, is a more serious ATS software, and notoriously more complicated. It has plenty of functions that IBM Kenexa does not have, such as goal setting/trafficking and compensation management. Although it has many useful features and is praised by many companies, it also receives criticism for having a counter-intuitive and complicated interface. It does not have a free trial version. Conclusion If I were a sales manager in a small company, I would have chosen IBM Kenexa for its simplicity and a free basic version. For small businesses, advanced management functions are unneeded. Oracle Taleo Cloud Service is more useful for managing large groups of personnel.
Introduction When planning to venture into international business, it is important to consider the economic and financial situation of the country to venture in. The company and in this case New Belgium Brewery should conduct research in Chile to avoid risking its investments. It is important to understand the economic situation of Chile regarding currency value and inflation rate (DiPiazza 16). It is also important to study its market and barriers that may affect the daily operations of the company. By doing so, the company can evaluate the benefits and risks involved when moving to Chile and develop a market plan that would facilitate its existence in Chile. Demographics of Chile Chile is a country in Latin America with a population of approximately 17.6 million people and considered to be among the fastest growing economies in this region (DiPiazza 56). The GDP of Chile is estimated to be $334.8 billion with a growth rate of 4.2% (IMF 88). Over the past five years, Chile experienced an annual growth of 4.0%. This has been attributed to successful fiscal policies and being in control of the budget deficits (IMF 88). Chile protects property rights and this has seen many investors moving into the country. This has increased revenue to the country and the unemployment rate has reduced to about 5.9%. In October, Chile changed its interest rates to 3.25 percent to curb inflation. There are chances that the interest rates may rise more since Chile is still suffering from inflation. The GDP per capita in Chile was $9847.86 in 2014 and it averages about 78% of the Average in the world (DiPiazza 58). The income tax rate is 40% with the corporate tax being at 20%. There are other taxes such as property tax and VAT in its tax system. Starting business in Chile costs less as compared to other countries. There are rigid labor regulations and employees are allowed to join unions. Chile has a vibrant and well-capitalized banking sector making it very open to foreign investments (OECD 25). Foreign Exchange in Comparison with the US dollar The Central Bank of Chile regulates the foreign exchange market. The market environment maintains the value of currency as Chile uses the exchange rate system. Currently, the Chilean Peso exchanges for 694 for one dollar i.e. $1= 695.20 Chilean Pesos. When we compare the US dollar to the Chilean Peso, it is evident that the dollar is extremely strong when compared to the Chilean Peso (Carriere-Swallow 67). The strength of the Chilean Peso, when compared to the dollar, has been fluctuating. In September, the Chilean Peso was volatile but it became weak at the beginning of October (IMF 88). On September 29 th , the peso was trading at 704.1 Chilean Pesos per US dollar. This was very weak but at the beginning of October the currency gained value and it traded at 680.8 against the US dollar. Nonetheless, the Chilean currency has weakened against the dollar by a margin of 1
Introduction Abortion is an issue that is of a global concern. In the regard, there are two opposing groups of people: the pro-life and pro-choice groups. The groups have opposing lines of arguments that have created a global debate on abortion. One group supports abortion while the other group opposes it. This paper critically examines the views of both groups. In this case, it can be noted that abortion should only be allowed in cases when the life or health of the mother is in danger. The Arguments about Abortion The abortion debate is mainly based on the moral and legal aspects of the society (Soifer 193). One of the arguments advanced by the pro-life group is that aborting children is considered as a crime of murder. In this case, the group that is against abortion tends to reason from the standpoint of morality (Beckwith 129); it is believed that life begins immediately after conception. This implies that the existence of a human being begins immediately after the fertilization process has taken place. Even though the fetus has to depend on the mother, the pro-life group believes it is still a human being whose life should be protected(Beckwith 137). According to the pro-choice group, almost all abortions take place when pregnancies are in the first trimester (Napier 43). Actually, the pro-choice group advances the idea that the act of abortion cannot amount to a crime of murder since the fetuses are still attached to their mothers through the umbilical cords (Napier 43). Considering the arguments from both sides, some weaknesses can be identified. With respect to the arguments proposed by the pro-life group, it seems that the act of abortion is absolutely unacceptable, irrespective of whether or not the life of the mother is in danger. In the case of the arguments given by the pro-choice, it seems that the baby can be aborted, especially if the mother decides to terminate the pregnancy. To them, this is especially right as long as the fetus is not able to survive or exist independently; this is due to the fact that the baby is still attached to the mother through the umbilical cord. However, this argument can be refuted on the basis that a fetus is always attached to the mother until the time of birth. Hence, justifying abortion on the grounds that a fetus is still attached to the mother suggests that a child can still be aborted few days before the date of birth. The arguments of both pro-choice and pro-life groups tend to be rigid (Napier 43). The fact is that the act of abortion is morally wrong. However, due to certain factors that may put the health of an expectant woman at risk, the termination of a pregnancy may be necessary (Sengupta 571). This is where the law has come in to strike a balance between the need to keep the life of the unborn and the protection of women’s rights and freedo
Introduction Traditionally, the cultural, economic, social, and physical environments of a mentally ill person have been some of the aspects that need to be considered when looking into the feasibility of any prevention program. This approach guides community psychologists since it allows for examination of a wider personal-environment fit other than just the psychological variables when designing for a prevention program. The second approach of a prevention program that has been widely used for an equally long time is when the prevention and integration programs activities are done in the patient’s day-to-day environment. This approach, though thought to be the best delivery system of both prevention and therapeutic help, has over time lost its niche but governments and granting agencies are looking to its restoration. The other approach that has also been used for a long time is that of directing interventions and preventions measures to the social cycle of a person other than directly to a person. The approach does not ignore the needs of the individual but rather acknowledges that systematic changes as a more efficient way of delivering help to the patient. (Norman, Allen and Julian 2002) Discussion Despite the success of the above-mentioned approach, different psychologists have over time designed other prevention and intervention programs. In 1964, Gerald Caplan explained that since prevention consisted of biological, psychological, and sociological procedures, then there are three different stages of prevention, namely primary, secondary and tertiary. Caplan described the primary stage as that of ensuring that no new incidences of mental illness were reported. The secondary measure was meant to ensure that through early detection and early findings, reduction of the period of illness and lightening of the course of disorders were achieved. The third effort, tertiary, was meant to ensure that there is a reduction of impairment caused by mental illness and prevent any possibility of a relapse. Between the years 1983 and 1987, Gordon revised the original classification of preventive stages and came up with three other stages, including universal, selected, and indicated. The universal prevention approach was designed for the general population regardless of whether one was a risk of developing a mental disorder or not. This approach is useful since it prevents incidences (new patients), and it is community-friendly since the methods used are derived from the target community values. The second prevention approach, according to Gordon, is select
Introduction Described by literal critics as the greatest work of Scott F. Fitzgerald, The Great Gatsby not only remains one the greatest stories of all the time but also opens insight into the intrigues of the real life situation during the “Roaring Twenties.” This book has been linked by many as the best symbol to the “Jazz Age” which is an era that was depicted by the emergence of class and great promises in the lives of Americans. On the other hand, I know why the Caged Bird Sings by Maya Angelou is another powerful literature that captures the subject of racism in the American society. The author presents challenges faced in the society as a result of the mixture racial and gender discrimination that a young black girl goes through in search of her dream and personal identity. In addition to the above, the book presents other social issues in the society such as child abuse, relationships between children and parents and the search for a future so distant. Main body Whereas these two powerful works are written by different authors, an analysis of the major characters shows both similarities and differences. In The Great Gatsby, Jay Gatsby is represented as a young man struggling to find personal identity and live the life of his dream by marrying Daisy Buchanan. This main character in this book is regarded as a young man in search of personal identity in a society that is polarized by social ills and separated by class. The psychoanalytic criticism of Gatsby character is well illustrated in the text by Fitzgerald (46) in stating that “there must be something in our biological make up as specie to explain this death work, this psychological and physical destruction.” This could explain the reason behind Gatsby’s desire of Daisy even if it the eventual consequence may be death. On the other hand, Maya as the main character in I know why the Caged Bird Sings also depicts the real search for personal identity within a society that is encompassed by racial and class discrimination. As a young black girl, Maya endures all forms of racial dis
Data management is an important part of GIS operation. However, there is a major difference between information in general and GIS data organization in particular. Fazal offers an overview of data and its use in GIS in a chapter of his book GIS basics . Although information and data are usually referred to as synonyms, in GIS perspective, there is a huge difference between the two. Despite the fact that in GIS, these two notions are admittedly related, they are still technically not the same. In the specified chapter of his book, Fazal explains that data is the source material, whereas information is the result of data analysis. Data can exist as a linguistic, symbolic, or mathematical expression, and even a signal. Information, however, exists only in the form of a message delivered to a recipient from a sender. At some point, Fazal states in a straightforward fashion that “data are facts” (Fazal, 2008, p. 100). In other words, the concept of “data” embraces all elements known as facts, which can be stored in a database, such as images, programs, rules, etc. Hence the function of an information system is defined – the latter is supposed to convert data into information through conversion, organization, structuring and modeling. Apart from the difference between data and information, there is a huge gap between geographic data and data in general. Geographic data concerns solely providing characteristics for features and resources of the Erath. A geographical reference is another important feature of geographic data – as a rule, latitude and longitude are available to the recipient of the geographic information instantly. In addition, geographical data is supposed to be used for solving geography related problems. Containing both a descriptive (non-spatial) and a graphical (spatial) element, geographic data provides a three-dimensional view of the current state of the Earth, as well as major geographical issues and dilemmas. Among the issues that GIS data can help solve, a reasonable use of exhaustible resources and the means to restore renewable ones are the priority. When dealing with the use of GIS data, one must keep in mind that it has three dimensions: a temporal, a thematic and a spatial one. Temporal data concern time related information, thematic data concerns a particular problem, and spatial data allow locating the affected areas. The difference between the spatial and non-spatial data is also to be kept in mind. Spatial data characterizes a particular area or object within this area by denoting its “location, shape, size, and orientation” (Fazal, 2008, p. 100). Non-spatial data concerns the information that is unrelated to geometric considerations. It is typical to refer to the elements of a non-spatial, or descriptive, data as a “data item” (Fazal, 2008, p. 86). The organization of data items is rather specific and can be viewed from four major perspectives. The first one is a Data Perspective Information Organization (DPIO); the second one is called a Relationship Perspective of Information Organi
Writing is the act of representing language in a textual method using symbols or signs to represent the different sounds of speech. To enable pupils to become good writers or develop writing skills, it is necessary to imbibe reading habits in children at an early age (Albert, 2005: 100). To achieve this tasking and tedious goal, there are certain factors that are of utmost importance which the teacher should take into consideration. Involving students personally in writing exercises is considered the most important factor because it gives lasting value to the learning experience. Also, to make a good start in writing and reading, children need teachers to listen and talk to them. Furthermore, a particularly pragmatic approach is necessary because it enables students to participate actively in test exercises and refine writing skills at the same time. A teacher ought to be specific on the type of skill him/she wants to develop in pupils. If a teacher is able to define a particular skill target area and the method of implementation, the next step becomes the topic. It is worthy of note that, by pragmatically combining the aforementioned objectives, students will learn effectively and enthusiastically too (Albert, 2005: 111). A lot of factors determine the targets that are chosen by a teacher. These factors include the level of students, the average age of students, reasons for students studying the English language if students intend to write professionally and the product of the students after undergoing the exercise. Having all these factors clearly set out, the teacher then begins to devise a method of involving the students in the activity (Albert, 2005: 120) With the target area clearly set out, the teacher’s priority becomes the method necessary to achieve this type of learning. Talking to children helps them understand how language is converted into sentences (Albert, 2005: 130). It is important to note that reading and talking to children enables them to learn faster regardless of the environment. Children from their earliest days enjoy looking at colorful books and listening to stories told. Teachers need to have this in mind as it is instrumental to developing a student’s writing skills. Children naturally immolate or copy what they see adult
From a philosophical viewpoint, it may be stated that the autonomy of a human being became reduced with each large technological leap. With the increased complexity of technology, the economy became just as complex in turn, which severely limits the participation of a regular, non-specialized, human being in the economic system. In the industrial sector, the automation of factories and mining equipment severely reduced the role of human beings. This issue is likely to be exacerbated in the near future. However, it is difficult to apply this notion to the scientific process as Jacques Ellul does. While science often relies on previously discovered technologies, it is far from a linear process. New technologies and approaches to their creation often occur from unexpected ideas, innovative solutions, and other unexpected sources. Moreover, the agency and autonomy of scientists and engineers should not be underestimated even when the introduction of technology seemed inevitable. There were numerous times in history where outside factors created distinct changes in technological advancement. For example, the burning of the Alexandria Library resulted in an almost permanent loss of technological solutions information which was stored there. A similar situation may happen in the modern era through an EMP event, and it is likely that the technological progress after it would result in a much different path than the current one. The technological imperative may state that if something is possible, then it would be done, but it is just as possible to prevent it from happening, which makes it difficult to call technology autonomous.