ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Teaching Reading in Second Language Learning a foreign language is never easy. Because of phonetic, lexical and structural differences between the foreign language and the native tongue, the process of mastering the former becomes incredibly complicated. When it comes to studying English as a second language, the learning process can turn out rather slow. However, over the past few years, a number of peculiar methods of teaching reading in English have appeared. One of the most innovative methods, the use of literature circles, deserves taking a closer look at, since its popularity is growing increasingly. Despite the fact literature circles approach is a recent strategy, it can reinvent people’s perception of how English reading should be taught. Before going any further with the discussion of the learning process, it is necessary to define the phenomenon of scaffolding, which the strategy of literature circles belongs to. Defined by Beck as “A changing quality of support over a teaching session in which adults adjust the assistance they provide to fit the child’s current level of performance” (Verenikina, 2008, 169), scaffolding, according to Hsin and Wu, allows students “to participate at ever-increasing levels of competence” (Hsin & Wu, 2011, 657). The idea behind scaffolding is that scaffold is a temporary construction that helps workers in the process of building and that is removed when the building is completed. However, the given definition seems to be too vague to be used as an official one. Maggioli, in his turn, explains the idea of scaffolding from a behaviorist perspective, claiming that scaffolding is “one more instance of what behaviorists call ‘shaping’ – the provision of stimuli and reinforcement by which a task is simplified so that the novice can master it” (Maggioli, 2012, 39). Adding the last touch to the provided definition, Maggioli explains that scaffolding is a process that “enables a child or novice to solve a problem, carry out a task or achieve a goal which is beyond his unassisted efforts” (Maggioli, 2012, 39). As for the literacy circles, the definition for the given strategy is rather simple. A group of students that want to improve their reading skills for a specific purpose, literature circle is a common practice in scaffolding. As Cameron, Murray, Hull and Cameron explain, literature circles represent groups or clubs that are led mostly by students, whereas the teacher remains in the shadow and performs very basic control functions (Cameron, Murray, Hull & Cameron, 2012, i). Within such a circle, each student is assigned with a specific role. The key difference between a literature circle and a standard reading class is th
Dante Gabriel Rossetti was born in London on May 12, 1828. He was part of an educated and artistically talented family. From an early age, he was well educated in the literary and artistic classics. He expressed a passion for the arts and inspired to be a painter and poet. He attended the King’s College and Henry Sass’ drawing academy. Afterward, in 1848 he was the pupil of his mentor and lifelong friend Ford Madox Brown. At this time, Rossetti began to write poems, eventually mastering the sonnet form. Later that year, Rossetti befriended William Holman Hunt, a fellow artist. Together with John Everett Millais, they founded a group known as the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood; an artistic group focused on reforming English art. They believed that a mechanistic style and classical poses adopted by Mannerists of Raphael and Michelangelo were corrupting to the process and academic teaching of painting. The group gained public attention through publishing The Germ magazine and befriending a vocal critic John Ruskin. More famous artists joined or shared the opinions of the controversial company. Overall, Rossetti’s artistic style was influenced by Medievalism, which he expressed in dense compositions. In the 1860’s, he used oil painting techniques to depict close-up images of women who modeled for him. Throughout his life, several of them were his mistresses and lovers. His wife, Elizabeth Siddal died of a laudanum overdose in 1862, propelling Rossetti into severe depression. At the end of his life, Rossetti lived in a luxurious estate by the Thames funded by his patrons. He engaged in further portrayals of women. At one point, the artists were commissioned to paint the murals at the Oxford Union. He continued to write poems and books, many of which he eventually published. Critical response to his works caused further depression, which Rossetti drowned in alcohol and the chloral hydrate drug. He died on Easter in 1882, severely depressed, suffering from Bright’s Disease, psychosis, and paralysis. He is buried at Birchington-on-Sea, England, leaving behind a legacy as an influential English artist of the 19 th century.
Introduction Works written sometimes are not just for mere satisfaction or means of enhancing once financial base or write-ups written out of fiction, but in most cases, the zeal usually emanates as a result of past experiences in the life of which the novel,” The Wrongs of Woman ” is a product of such. In the novel, it can be seen how Wollstonecraft was portrayed to have been under a crippled condition and as such had no option than to make her flashback about the unfortunates things that have happened to her which ordinarily were too hazardous to bear or to contain in view of trying to create or maintain her brevity and keep her great courage or tries to bring out other admirable qualities. As a result of this disastrous experience, she then had a wider knowledge about circumstances one is likely to find him/herself in, and as a direct consequence of this, she decided to write about the women stating clearly the way in which womanhood issue should be dealt with. Her series of research work also has shown that women were treated in a very disrespectful manner been embarrassed by all sought of assaults, also always denied their basic rights irrespective of their level in society. This can be justified by the fact that most of the people criticized her in some of the novels she wrote, they revealed clearly how life was so miserable for her, they went on to include details of how her parents were not supportive and how she was parasite relying solely on female friends who turn out not to render assistance deliberately. As a result of all these unfortunates’ happenings, she tried to protect herself a little but rather, the story of her life was becoming very alarming and stressed up, up to the extent that she regretted being involved in the act of writing in the first place since the story included even the inner-most parts of her life situations such that it could no longer hide anything concerning her life. Libertinism: The Wrongs of Women It will be imperative to have a basic understanding of the underlying concept so that the preceding discussions can be clearly understood. Various schools of thought have undergone research relating to this field and come up with different views but for the purpose of this work, it can be as explained as a way or manner in which people live or behaved which is usually noticed or identified as an act of not yielding to another person’s wish and not relenting in any life desires mostly the one that has to with sex usually with different kinds of persons, and refusal to adhere to religion and another lay down authorities. Reading through about the middle of the book, a relationship was created by Maria on how her work can be understood by others not be different from the context of the one she has packaged for her daughter. S
Following the initial plan is important, even if going over the established budget means more profit. A well-planned budget that is transparent, accurate, and complete leaves room for additional costs (van Aarde, Gous & Kleingeld, 2020). However, in case the costs exceed the planned amount of finances, the company should not engage in such activities. If the management is open about every aspect of the corporate budget to the employees, team members will have a deeper understanding of the restraints. Moreover, employees would benefit from knowing the real intents of the company, including how the spending are planned. This will encourage team members to have reasonable expectations towards organizational goals and investments in various projects that management deems unfavorable. Creating a corporate budget may give the impression that greed and unwillingness to spend extra resources are leading forces that cause restrains. Approaching the subject in an objective manner increases the chance of those restraints being reasonable and rational. Management greed influences such decisions at some level, depending on the organization’s goal. The overall goal of every company is to increase revenue for shareholders, which is why resources are usually limited. An example of greed is Walmart, one of the biggest international suppliers worldwide. Walmart’s budget is based on paying minimum wage to part-time employees who do not receive insurance or other benefits that other companies provide (Kovacic-Fleischer, 2017). Corporate greed certainly is one of the aspects that led to such adverse outcomes for the employees. However, this trait is not exercised within every budget that companies agree upon. Limiting resources reasonably is a crucial concept that organizations use to plan their spending and minimize financial risks.
Introduction SWOT analysis refers to strategic planning commonly used to evaluate the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats involved in a company or an organization. Strengths Canadian Pacific International Bank has a strong distribution network. The company has expanded its operations beyond domestic markets. It has many branches; hence it avails products and services to customers conveniently. The company offers extensive training and development programs to its employees. This equips them with relevant skills for quality service delivery. Weakness Evidently, the company’s process of hiring employees is poor. It is explicit that employees are hired without ascertaining the need. This implies that some employees will be redundant. Notably, the management practices embraced by the company have several limitations. The company does not have well-established rules and regulations which guide employees in the working environment. Employees are transferred from one branch to another without specific reasons. The company has been losing employees due to its ineffective reward system, as evident by the fact they are not rewarded based on their efforts and contributions. Opportunities The company can employ new technologies to enhance efficiency in various operations. This would guarantee cost-effective production thus can offer quality products and services at a reasonable price. Basically, the banking industry is not saturated; hence the company can access a large number of customers by opening other branches in new markets. Threats Canadian Pacific International Bank has been losing its employees to competitors and other industries. For instance, George Burns left the company and joined Bank of Winnipeg. In recent times, customers tend to value quality service from businesses. CPIB’s poor customer service is very dangerous as the company may lose customers of its competitors. Situation Analysis The success of a business organization depends entirely on the customer base. Therefore, enterprises must strive to attract and retain a large number of customers through quality products and services. It is vital for firms to undertake environmental scans on various areas that affect marke
Abortion is a crucial topic in women’s health, and learning more about people’s beliefs and practices related to abortion can help to address many issues. In countries where abortion is illegal, unsafe abortions and their consequences pose a significant public health concern. In such contexts, abortion is also tied to women’s rights violations. The article by Plummer et al. focuses on the beliefs and practices of young people related to aborting and suspending pregnancy. The findings have important implications for care providers and policymakers in Tanzania and other countries with legal restrictions on abortion. The authors explain the need for studying perceptions and activities related to abortion based on public health concerns. According to Plummer et al. (2008, 281), the legal ban on induced abortion does not deter women from attempting to terminate pregnancy, resulting in a high incidence of unsafe abortions. Unsafe abortions, in turn, can lead to minor and major health consequences, thus impacting women’s health. Studying abortion in the context of cultural, social, and economic factors is necessary to understand common views and practices related to induced abortions. The research took place in nine Tanzanian villages, and the data collection period took place from 1999 to 2002. The authors followed the principles of ethnographic research to observe participants in their cultural environment. The observations were conducted by six young East Africans, who visited the villages alone or in pairs (Plummer et al. 2008, 282). In addition, the researchers conducted semi-structured group discussions and in-depth interviews with male and female groups. Subjects for interviews were chosen from group discussion participants (Plummer et al. 2008, 283). Observations, group discussions, and interviews were recorded in writing and on tape, respectively. The results highlighted some crucial topics in young people’s attitudes and practices with regard to sex and abortions. The authors noted the early start of sexual activity, negative financial and social repercussions of premarital pregnancy, and the desire to conceal sexual relationships from others (Plummer et al. 2008, 283). For the majority of women, traditional charms and herbs constituted pregnancy prevention, with a small proportion of women using contemporary methods (Plummer et al. 2008, 283). The majority of young pregnant women carried their pregnancy to term, but some attempted to induce a
Confucianism is a traditional form of ethics that was developed among the Chinese people during antiquity. Confucius, a Chinese teacher, taught his followers various things about living in a society (Harwood 52). Other influential people such as Jesus of Nazareth did their teachings in a style similar to his. However, Confucius lived more than five hundred years before Jesus of Nazareth. Confucianism holds a belief that all humans can be molded through teaching to improve their conduct and productivity in the society (Harwood 54). Confucianism does not qualify to be considered a religion since it is not a belief system. It is an ethical system, which that demands people sacrifice themselves for their society. This ideology formed the basis of successive Chinese social and political structures. Today, this ideology forms the basis of the Chinese communist government, an authority much different from other communist setups. On the other hand, Chinese teachers developed Daoism much later during antiquity, at around 100 BC (Brine 3). Daoism is a philosophical field with a religious aspect. It is also known as Taoism, an older term. This philosophical field includes religious teachings, spiritualism, physical wellbeing, and societal norms (Hu & Allen 4). It is also deeply integrated into the Chinese culture. Daoism was developed for individual practice rather than for communal purpose. There are several differences between Daoism and Confucianism (Brine 7). Confucianism is a hierarchal philosophy where the government is highly regarded. According its teachings, the authorities are for the good of the society. For this reason, all men in the society are required to assist the authorities in the administration of the state. In addition, human beings are supreme in the world according to Confucianism (Harwood 56). All people are expected to conduct themselves properly through humility and obedience. Furthermore, people are expected to educate themselves and maintain order in the society. On the other hand, Daoism has little regard for communal practices. It does not integrate the individual into the social structure (Hu & Allen 3). Moreover, it does not support any form of hierarchal order in the society. According to Daoism, the individual is supreme. For this reason, it is not possible to form any kind or social order using Daoism. Art and skill are important aspects of practice of Daoism, particularly because it focuses on the enhancement of the individual. Daoism defines Confucianism as a distortion of human values. Daoism discourages communal practices since they are against any form of individualism. For Daoism, it is best to understand oneself since individualism is the true human na
Introduction Family firms are generally perceived to be small to medium-sized companies, sharing many drawbacks and problems with each other. While such a judgment may be accurate, family businesses do play a significant role in the global economy. There are also huge companies that are operated by family members, such as Walmart and Samsung. It is believed that family-owned enterprises differ from ordinary public companies in their long-term focus, and this particular ownership structure explains this difference in company goals. However, there is no consistent evidence about the extent to which families influence innovation outputs. A systematic literature review conducted by Calabrò et al. (2019) attempted to provide a thorough picture of the current understanding of family firm innovation. Its introductory portion provides a concise description of the problem and the reasons why it has both educational and scientific significance. The study goals set by the researchers are feasible because it is essentially a synthesis of available knowledge. The researchers aim to build a comprehensive framework for studying family firm innovation. Literature Review Small and medium-sized enterprises play a vital role in the microeconomy of any country because these companies provide job opportunities and drive innovation on a local level. However, there is a certain amount of controversy when it comes to companies owned by families because there is no consistent evidence on whether this ownership scheme aids innovation or restrains it. Family firms generally have more opportunities for innovation, but paradoxically, they express surprisingly low amounts of will
Introduction Providing patients with adequate and effective drug therapies is essential for timely medical care and treatment. In the examined case of the patient with a number of severe diagnoses, one can single out the diseases that are characteristic of older adults and are less common in young people. As a consequence, as a factor to be analyzed in relation to the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic processes, age will be involved. This criterion can help explain appropriate drug interventions and identify optimal treatment regimens to address the patient’s needs. Influence of Age on the Patient’s Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Processes The examined case study shows that the patient has severe health problems associated with the cardiovascular system. While taking these diagnoses into account, the aspect of age plays an essential role in pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic processes. For instance, Rosenthal and Burchum (2021) note that diuretics, such as furosemide, are prescribed to treat high blood pressure and lower blood cholesterol. However, due to impaired body systems in adulthood, diuresis may start later and persist for less than the standard eight hours. As Thürmann (2020) argues, the kidneys and liver, which are responsible for removing harmful products from the body, function worse in older patients. Anticoagulants aimed at preventing blood clots in people with ischemic problems are poorly absorbed (Thürmann, 2020). Therefore, drugs in the body of older adults enter into chemical reactions worse and have a shorter effect on the body than in young people. Impacts on the Patient’s Drug Therapy These changes in the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic processes can affect the drug therapy recommended for the patient. Dodson et al. (2017) state that polyprogmasia may be one of the negative consequences of taking a large amount of medication in older people with heart disease. In this regard, due to the insuffic
Quotes on religion Ideas of Deity Paine’s idea of deity is that the first cause a man can attribute to God is the cause of all things. He rejects the traditional conception that there is a time that a man would have eternal duration. He saw the idea of conceiving and believing that there is no end as outrageous (Paine, The Age of Reason, 2008). The quote clearly depicts Thomas Paine as a deist but not a theist. He uses the model of enlightenment to purvey his issues on the logic of religion. Thomas Paine criticizes conservative views of religion. Strong in his texts is the belief that the traditional church is a mere creation of humankind and therefore false. Also, he describes the church as a setup not only to chain but also to frighten them. It aims at monopolizing yield and dominance. Paine was extremely sentimental about how religion maintains things as they are. It was a way of ensuring that the social structure remains the same. He dismisses the beliefs of the church as an established entity with a single God. His quotes on the duties of the church were insensible (Lucci, 2008). Traditional Christian values and virtues of justice, mercy and other creeds of the church were an invention according to him (Dolbeare, 2009). Paine discusses the inconsistencies that are present in the biblical texts. A good example he noted was that the first five books in the Old Testament were quite contradicting. The traditional view that Moses was the author of the books in his view did not hold. He reasons that Moses died before the era of the Pentateuch and contents in these books were irrelevant. He questions the value of morality in the bible. The descriptions of war and punishment that befall people in the Bible are his base line of argument. God’s morality is in question here as he allows his people to
Youth gangs have spurred a sharp increase in social problems. The development of female gangs dates back to the 1980s. Family pressure, peer influence, ethnic, and economic decline are some of the forces, which lead to the establishment of the female gangs. Categorically, female gangs fall into three distinct groups depending on the method and motive for establishment. According to criminologists, the gang can be independent, auxiliary, or hybrid. Socially, the gang drives fear in the community due to its involvement in criminal and delinquency activities. The following text expounds on the external/internal forces, which aggravate the establishment of the female gangs and the long-term consequences to the society. Contemporaneous female gang research cites immediate environment as the main aspect contributing to the formation of the gangs. Poor family background, early child abuse, sympathy, and self-affirmation are some of the motives behind the establishment of the negative social groups. In addition, social stratification also contributes to the formation of the gangs. Some communities sideline families believed to cause social problems like robbery, homicide, and abuse of drugs but eventually the isolation push the young stars to form or join gangs. Sociologists also point at economic hardships and loss of jobs as an aspect that drive young women to engage in criminal activities like robbery for survival. Moreover, illicit trading activities for instance, involving drugs lead to the formation of female gang groups who solely engage in the business. Criminologists categorize the female gang into three groups (Moore a
Introduction Operating system VISTA is the latest version of the windows operating system. VISTA operating system has much improvements and capabilities over Microsoft windows and it provides much support to security, and makes user more productive. It supports professionals in the IT field to organize and manage effectively. There are several features and tools in th