ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Many nations have established different criteria of determining the scores of different companies on the manner in which they treat their workforce based on sexual orientation and gender characteristics. Among the many scales deployed is the ‘corporate equality index’. This scale “rates organizations on a scale running from 0 to 100 percent based on their treatment of gay, lesbian and transgender employees” 1 . Many organizations such as shell oil, Google Company, and the American Airlines among others score perfectly. However, as the paper reveals, scores realized upon the administration of gender and sexual orientation scales in some other companies reveal that gay, lesbian, bisexual and transgendered labor issues are pronounced in terms of workforce segregation and stereotyping in the realm of labor and employment. In the age of globalization, many scholars contend that it is crucial to appreciate the contributions of every employee irrespective of his or her gender or sexual affiliation if organizations have to succeed. This argument arises from the belief that failure to harness appropriately people’s diversity is detrimental to organizational success. In fact, labor and employment human rights activists treat non-inclusion of aspects of gender and sexual affiliation as part of workforce diversity as an attempt to foster discrimination in the labor and employment sector 2 . It is for this reason that many nations enact non-discrimination acts to safeguard this category of people. For instance, in the United States of America, “the employment and non-discrimination act (EDA) is proposed in the congress in the endeavor to prohibit discrimination in hiring on the basis of sexual orientation or gender identify by civilian, nonreligious employers with at least 15 employees” 3 . The relevance of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgendered labor and employment issues is conspicuous in contributing to organizational success by considering the evidence of discrimination from the perspectives of sexual and gender orientation of the employees in the labor sector. Different nations depict conflicting levels of discrimination of employees based on their gender and or sexual affiliation. As Williams claims, countries that have implemented discrimination policies have the complaints of “lesbian, gay, bisexual, and the transgendered equivalent to the number of complaints filed based on sex though fewer than the number of complaints filed based on race” 4 . This infers that the trend of discrimination and stereotyping in labor and employment sector has shifted from the traditional approach, which primarily rested on ethicality or race, to
Unemployment rates in the U.S. in the recent past had been unprecedented in the country’s history. During the period from 1948 to 2010, unemployment rate averaged at 5.7 % except for a historical high of 10.8 % in November 1982 and a historical low of 2.5 % in May 1953. And in October 2011, it was 9 %. (United Sates Unemployment Rate). In November 2011, unemployment rate fell to a 2/12 year low. It has dropped to 8.6 % in November 2011 from 9 % prevailing since 2009. There were nonfarm payrolls which increased by 120,000 jobs. With this trend, the U.S. economy shows signs of recovery sustainability of which depends on the economy’s ability to create additional jobs (Mutikani). By this, the number of unemployed people placed at 13.3 million, was reduced by 594,000 in November 2011 (UnitedStatesDepartmentofLabor). In the last labor market downturn, unemployment duration remained higher than the previous levels. The extended duration is one of the indicators of severe economic crisis in the country due to recession. Consequently, duration of unemployment insurance benefits also extended up to 99 weeks as against the normal duration of six months. In fact, the 99 weeks of unemployment insurance benefits were facilitated by Congressional legislation that encouraged people to remain artificially unemployed. This would show that long unemployment spells might have been false, though historically unemployment duration tends to rise during recession. There are two explanations offered for this scenario (Kuang and Valetta). Extended unemployment insurance benefits may reduce the incentive to search for jobs by the unemployed people. It is quite likely to be true because “it reduces the net gains from finding a job” (Chetty) besides serving as a cushion for households to maintain reasonable levels of consumption during unemployment shocks (Chetty). The above said hypothesis of artificially inflated levels of unemployment rates is another explanation. This phenomenon is not new as the economists have always confirmed the correlation between “availability and the value of Unemployment Insurance (UI) benefits” and “unemployment spells.” (Kuang and Valetta). Chetty (2008) has found that 10 % increase in the UI benefits have resulted in the increase of unemployment duration by 4.8%. Other studies that focus on the duration rather than monetary benefits, have found lesser levels of duration than the above (Card and Phillip). These findings show some uncertainty of estimates of the impact of the unemployment duration. Further, the empirical study undertaken by Kuang and Valetta, has concluded that among the several unemployment determinants, UI benefits contribute to a smaller percentage of 0.4 out of 6 % increase in the unemployment rate during the recent past. However, it should be noted that the percentage of 0.4 represents a population of 600,000 unempl
Provision of quality healthcare is paramount for a healthy and productive population. The field of medicine has well outlined principles and standards that are expected of all the professionals and specialists in the healthcare sector. In the United States, a significant percentage of the healthcare industry is under private operators (Boyle, 2001). The nature of services as well as how they are offered become of much interest for everyone in order to avoid any instances of unethical practices in the name of healthcare. All medical professionals should uphold their commitment to adhere to the ethical obligations and values as provided in the course of their training. The essay discusses some of the major components of bioethics in healthcare. It gives examples in clinical practices that may be viewed as unethical with reference to the current nursing standards. Ethics entails the enhancement of right actions and good things by members of any given profession. It basically refers to the standards and actions that are expected of a group as provided in the profession’s code of ethical conduct. These actions are usually stipulated in the code of ethics for any given field although some may be at a personal level or unwritten (Morrison & Monagle, 2009). Ethical concerns in healthcare have been in existence for a considerably long period of time. Ethics in healthcare may be regarded as social ethics due to the fact that it is generally based on a
Barton’s Market Share The market share of Barton Company is going on a downward trend due to stiff competition from the Japanese rivals. Back in the year 1985, the company was the king of this industry, but now, her rivals are dominating the industry. Primarily, the company needs to assess the situation and identify the reasons that enhanced its success in the previous decades. Hage and Hage argue that once the underlying factors have been established, they should be documented and adjusted for them to be useful in this day and age (48). Back then, when the company enjoyed a bigger market share there were other companies in the industry, which means that competition started from the day Barton was reinstated. From the look of things, Barton Company focused on high-end customers and the Japanese rival has been able to capitalize on this vacuum. In every industry, the low-income earners outweigh high-income earners, but Barton does not realize this. The Japanese rival has been able to develop engine models that are pocket friendly, which has made the customers who were once loyal to Barton to shift camp. Moreover, the engines Barton makes are perceived to be less durable compared to those made by other companies. In addition, Barton’s engines take too long before they get started – this is one of the reasons that caused the market share of Barton to decline. According to Acharya and Richardson, the company would have been able to realize this problem early enough before the situation deteriorated (140). This would have been achieved by interacting with the customers directly with the purpose of prompting them to give their opinions regarding the products. Similarly, it seems that Barton was reluctant to respond to demands of the market and the Japanese company used this weakness to increase its market share. It is also certain that Barton does not emphasize on the importance of renovation. This argument is evidenced by the company’s product design, which has not been upgraded since the founder implemented it. On the other hand, the founder of Barton concentrated on building working relationships with the employees while at the same time ignoring the customers. The company’s market share would not have declined if the founder had interacted with the customers (Burns 1). Therefore, Barton Company should focus on value addition for it to cope with the competition. Hanft points out that the company should capitalize on durability because it is the major attribute most likely to attract more customers. Once the drastic measures have been put in place, the company should employ an appropriate marketing strategy; this can be done by using the media to market its products. Responding to Lawsuit Mr. Alvarez has already filed a lawsuit against Barton Company, and Ms. Payne shoul
Animal Cruelty Controversies about animal cruelty Animal cruelty is whereby one inflicts suffering upon an animal. In most cases, the harm is inflicted on them to gain from them. Animals have historically been killed for food, fur and other products that are beneficial to human beings. However, humans overdid this and turned cruel. They fail to realize that such cruelty has an indirect effect on themselves. They suffer as a result of inflicting suffering upon animals. There are several ways in which animal cruelty is shown. One of how animal cruelty is exercised is in the way they are used to obtain meat and eggs. For a long time, chickens have been used to obtain food. However, the need to commercialize this activity has led to their congestion in bureau farms (Akhtar 69). These animals are kept in huge numbers in relatively small areas such that the conditions in the confinements become unfavorable. When animals are kept in huge numbers, it is difficult to manage the diseases that arise within the confined areas. Various strains of diseases arise in these areas and have the potential of becoming lethal to the animals. The H5N1 virus, for example, is highly contagious as it spreads fast. This leads to the death of birds in large numbers. Another way in which animals are used for gain is in the fur trade. Millions of animals are killed yearly for their fur. These animals include the rabbits, chinchillas, minks and raccoon dogs. The fur trade has sparked outrage from concerned individuals due to the inhumane way the animals are bred and killed. Most companies involved in this trade usually rare animals in cages. In such confinement, animals usually undergo stress due to the conditions in the cages. Furthermore, certain activities (which inflict suffering) are done to the animals to preserve their fur. Some of these include the breaking of the neck, gassing, and anal electrocution. In China, cats and dogs have been used for their fur. They are turned into trinkets and trim. However, the conditions in which they are kept and the pain that is inflicted on them is unbelievable. These animals are kept in bad conditions and then beaten, hanged and left to bleed to death. Some are strangled with wire nooses or skinned while still alive. The fur may then be mislabelled to deceive people that it belongs to other animals. This way, they may be sold to other countries. Another way in which animal cruelty is shown is through animal testing. Some argue that animal testing is important when it comes to the advancements of medicine. They use animals to test certain treatments for humans. However, various campaigns argue against this unfair activity. It has been argued that human treatments should be done on humans instead. Every year, millions of vertebrates are used for these activities. Even though the use of certain invertebrates for experiments is important and necessary, this is never regulated. Animals are used for research in medical schools, farms and other indu
Introduction An event that serves as the basis for the following case study, analysis of strategic management and factors impacting decision-making revolves around International Business Machines Corporation (IBM) and its desire to meet the new requirements of society and its members by buying Red Hat company. IBM is an American multinational corporation that operates in 170 countries globally and significantly impacts the market of technologies (IBM, 2018). Its central office is located in Armonk, New York; however, there are many departments in other strategically important regions. The corporation manufactures, designs, and sells hardware, middleware, software and provides diverse consulting services in the area of innovation and nanotechnologies (IBM, 2018). At the moment, it is one of the leaders in this market segment with annual revenue of about $79,591 billion (IBM, 2018). The company is managed by the Board of Directors who accept all critical strategic decisions and are responsible for substantial growth. At the moment, Virginia Marie Rometty is the chair and president of IBM who correctly realizes the peculiarities of the company and contributes to its further evolution. Decision IBM’s strategic acquisition of Red Hat company with a total value of about $34 billion is taken as the background for the given case. In accordance with the majority of experts in the field of technologies, this purchase signalizes a new era of open cloud services as Red Hat is known as a leading designer and provider of open-source software products that can be used by the enterprise community (Bloomberg, 2018; Carey, 2018). The given act became one of the potent approaches to support the gradual improvement of IBM Corporation and its focus on dominance in the sphere of nanotechnologies and innovative solutions that can be used by wide populations globally. The scope of this agreement is also evidenced by the fact that it has already been called the biggest open-source transaction of all time, which will reconsider the balance of power in the market and precondition the emergence of new opportunities for IBM (Carey, 2018). That is why the given settlement between IBM and Red Hat becomes the central event discussed within the provided case study. The choice of this deal offers multiple opportunities for strategic analysis and an improved understanding of factors impacting the decision-making process and planning. Being the leading company in the sphere of innovations, IBM experienced both internal and external impacts that stipulated the appearance of this idea and its realization. For this reason, it is critical to delve into the peculiarities of the purchase to outline the central aspects that should be mentioned to understand how CEOs came to this conclusion. Structure The document has some important sections that are arranged logically to ensure that a clear understanding of the discussed events. In the introductory par
Introduction Every child has a right to access education which will help him/her in the future as the world has become very much inclined towards education and technology. On the contrary, this is not the same to every student, since some come from poor families which cannot afford basic needs of live hence are forced to drop out of school. Most of those who find themselves out of school are just victims of circumstances who could like to be in school, but must also find ways to satisfy for other economical needs. These students will require some help in acquiring the basic needs of life for them to attend school always. Inequality as a social vice When some people have access to the resources of the community while others remain behind, then unequal development is bound take place. Needy students will in most cases drop out of school and start doing odd jobs to meet their other economic needs. These will make them lag behind when development takes place in the society hence the whole community stands the risk of widening income gap, which is to some extent immoral (Berry 2006). The world would be a very unattractive place to stay if one would have every thing that he/she needs while the neighbor is suffering (Burton 2009). Some measures can be taken to mitigate the problems that these people face, therefore ensuring they are also as comfortable as possible. Assistance Programs Obtaining quality health care is some times a big problem for the needy students whose parents might be
Introduction Diabetes mellitus and diabetes insipidus represent different forms of alterations in a person’s processes of hormonal regulations. These disorders have many unique qualities that they do not share. The onset of diabetes insipidus is caused by the dysfunctional hypothalamic-pituitary system, while diabetes mellitus is connected to issues with the endocrine pancreas (Huether & McCance, 2017). However, some of their symptoms, including increased thirst and polyuria can be highlighted as similar features of both conditions (Hammer & McPhee, 2014). Thus, the disorders may be difficult to distinguish without additional diagnostic measures. Such patient factors as ages and gender affect the development of both conditions. Diabetes insipidus and diabetes mellitus have different pathophysiological processes but possess some similarities in their clinical manifestations; the occurrence rates also differ by gender and age. Pathophysiology The pathophysiology of the discussed conditions differs depending on the cause. Diabetes mellitus has multiple types, each of which has a distinct set of processes. Type 1 diabetes mellitus is a chronic disorder that often manifests itself as an autoimmune response of the body to insulin. In the pancreas, the immune system activates T-cells that destroy beta cells, decreasing the production of insulin as a result (Huether & McCance, 2017). In type 2 diabetes mellitus, some factors such as the abundance of insulin antagonists, altered glucose transporter proteins, or abnormal molecules of insulin lead to the increase in insulin resistance (Hammer & McPhee, 2014). Thus, while the body may produce insulin, the latter does not reach vital organs. Diabetes insipidus can also develop in multiple ways, including central (neurogenic) and nephrogenic types. Central diabetes insipidus develops when the body does not produce a sufficient amount of anti-diuretic hormone (ADH) (Huether & McCance, 2017). This can be caused by any type of brain lesion as wells as some genetic disorders. Neurogenic diabetes occurs in a hereditary pattern – the renal tubules of the affected person do not respond to ADH adequately, causing a disbalance in water regulation (Huether & McCance, 2017). As can be seen, the pathophysiology of the two disorders differs. However, water regulation problems can be seen in both conditions because, in diabetes mellitus, the high concentration of glucose causes reabsorption and dehydration. Patient Factors While genetics significantly influence the prevalence of the discussed disorders, other factors such as age and gender also play a crucial role in the conditions’ development. The frequency of occurrence of nephrogenic diabetes insipidus in men is much higher than that in women, while women develop diabetes mellitus (type 2) more often
One of the topics that interested me much in “Conversations: Readings for Writing” is that of marriage and family institutions and the revolution they have undergone from the past to the recent years. According to the authors, marriage can be described as a kinship link that is created out of a social or lawful union between two people. Marriage practices are different and varied from one culture to another, yet most of them are characterized by a wedding ceremony as a means of formalization. The act of marriage changes both the social and personal status of the two individuals involved and comes with legal and social responsibilities as well. However, the present perceptions of marriage have evolved greatly in comparison to past attitudes. Marriages in the past were a rite of passage and any two individuals getting into a marriage would be known to be getting into a lifetime commitment. At a certain age, every person was expected to get married or to marry someone and the idea of remaining a bachelor or spinster for the rest of one’s life was unheard of. This was a social and moral responsibility and starting and raising a family at some point in life was deemed as giving back to the society. Once married, one could not simply get out of a marriage; persevering any mishaps or problems encountered along the way was not a choice but an obligation. In relation to this, divorce was neither supported and one had to fight to keep his/her marriage together (Bosanquet 137). Conversely, in the current society marriage is a matter of choice and the decision to stay single is not altogether unpardonable. Nowadays, men and women are perceived to be more independent and can easily take care of themselves and their children without the need of a spouse. For some people, single life can get lonely but day by day, more people seem to be happier with being single as their jobs and perhaps children, give them enough gratification. In addition, the current society does not dogmatically follow the vows “till death does us part”. In fact, the society supports getting out of a marriage if it’s not working as expected and thus makes it easy for people to divorce without being frowned upon. Bosanquet (119) argues that “the institution of marriage in all societies is a pattern within which the strains put by civilization on males and females alike must be resolved, a pattern within which men must learn, in return for a variety of elaborate rewards, new forms in which sexual spontaneity is still possible, and women must learn to discipline their receptivity to a thousand other considerations.” A marriage between two people is more often than not succeeded by the establishment of a family. A family can be described as a group of people who share a genealogical link or share a common ancestor and who, most often than not, live in the same household. In the past societies, a family