ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Tariffs Introduction When trade barriers are discussed, it is apparent that tariffs form the basis of the usually applicable form of protectionism. In fact, the world trade organization (WTO) was purposely designed to help affiliate states in negotiating for the joint reductions in tariffs. According to the WTO, tariffs include levies that are imposed on the exported and imported commodities. Nevertheless, in general terms, tariffs entail any duty charged when importing a commodity. Despite the fact that tariffs have been reported to have negatives effects on economies, they play key roles for countries that apply them. The advantages of tariffs include acting as remedies for trade restrictions, protection the local industries, and acting as sources of generating revenues for governments. The pros of tariffs Most state administrations depend on the incomes generated from tariffs to fund the state-run projects. In the previous years, the income generation purpose formed the basis of the application of tariffs by governments. However, the establishments of the regular local tax programs and economic growths have minimized the significance of tariffs in the industrialized states. For instance, in the financial year 1996, the Japanese government generated 90.0 billion yens through tariffs income. The amount of revenue generated in that financial year was just 1.70% of the overall tariff revenues (Edwards, 2012). Despite that, in most evolving states, the amount of revenues accrued may form an essential part of the tariffs functions. On the other hand, tariffs have commonly been used as a planning instrument in protecting local firms via altering the circumstances under which commodities compete. That is, when used as a policy instrument, governments or policy-makers may impose tariffs on the charged prices to make the imported commodities that are competitive to be disadvantaged in the domestic markets. In fact, the analysis of the tariffs imposed by various states shows that they are reflecting the level of rivalry among local firms. Tariffs quotas, in most cases, are employed when countries intend to create an equilibrium point amid the protection of local firms and market access. Such tariffs tend to assign high charges to the imported commodities, whi
Reading vocabulary is a way to enrich one’s vocabulary and to enrich one’s vocabulary, there are some stages of reading. This is closely related to the development of individual skills and it needs evaluation. The purpose of this study is to identify the changes and their effect on the learner who goes through various stages in reading vocabulary. The aim of the study is to have a clear idea about the process of acquiring vocabulary, the changes that take place in an individual and its impact on an individual, and its consequences of future developments. Moreover, it will be helpful to identify the development of Vocabulary consists of words that are helpful for efficient communication and development of skills. Here is an attempt to identify the stages and changes that occur at an individual level. In schools, the task to teach vocabulary falls upon a language teacher. The development of the individual as an able student is closely related to vocabulary acquisition. The attempt to examine the change that takes place in an individual who goes through the process of reading vocabulary is important. The proce
Most scholars dealing with issues emanating from International Relations have indeed found the subject of state sovereignty to be of immense significance. As a result, the debate surrounding the concept of sovereignty has had far reaching effects on global politics. Moreover, the geo-political system has also benefited a lot in terms of ideas generated from the sovereignty discourse. Some of the landmark and remarkable historical occurrences that have fuelled the sovereignty debate include the rapid pace of globalization and termination of the Cold War era. This kind of alteration was also proportional to the transformation of global society that was witnessed during the Cold War era. Although some International Relations experts argue that this phenomenon has worsened the state of international affairs, it is vital to reiterate that all the changes that took place after the Cold War era have been beneficial to the global society. Besides, the traditional understanding of conventional practices on the state sovereignty was significantly affected. It is definite that a positive change has been realized with the alterations meted on the state of sovereignty since the culmination of the Cold War era. This essay will deduce that during the post-Cold War era, the state of sovereignty was greatly altered by key payers in world politics In order to offer an in-depth analysis of this topic; this essay has been subdivided into four sections. To begin with, a discussion will be carried out on the impact of the Peace of Westphalia of 1648 and how it played a significant role of reshaping the state of sovereignty especially after the end of the Cold War. In other words, the fundamental application of the concept of sovereignty was embraced some centuries back and it is still being used in modern geo-political systems (Jackson 2007, p.367). In addition, the impacts of terminating the Cold War in regards to geo-political set up of key players in world politics will be analysed. This area focuses on the emergence of weak or failed states across the world. The failed or weak states are known to have worsened the state of world peace due to the system of unipolarism that was invented by the United States. The latter also led to conflicts both internally and beyond the territorial borders. Moreover, it will be imperative to note that lack of international order and peaceful co-existence was also instrumental towards setting up of the United Nations Organisation to oversee international peace. The world was indeed experiencing a fast-changing geo-political landscape. Bush’s main attempt was to create a unipolar system that would control the whole world with much ease. Nonetheless, there were notable adverse effects occasioned by the aftermath of the Cold war. For example, there were various failed and weak states such as in Southern Asia, Middle East, the Balkan region and some parts of Africa (Fukuyama 2006, p. 2). Moreover, other regions such as Kosovo, Bosnia and USSR were deeply absorbed with either intra-state or inter-state conflicts. In the case of USSR and other states that were being led under communist ideals, much of the violence had alrea
E-business security Security is the most significant risk for any e-business transaction. E-businesses face a lot of security risks when any part of their systems is exposed to other systems online (Cole 2009). Security risk include lose of information like credit card numbers from e-business database by theft, distortion or deformation of information, destruction of information, or broadcasting of information (Gattiker 2004). Distortion or deformation of information may include changes to payment files or invoices. This may lead to huge losses of money since people may appear to owe more or less than they actually do. Broadcasting information may include showing visitors real names instead of their nicknames in a forum or chat room. The losses associated with these security threats include financial losses for data recovery and for restoring the goodwill and confidence to customers (Smith 2003). E-business companies are responsible for handling their clients’ information safely. The solution for majority of security risks is investing in numerous layers of security. Information from the e-business site and from the consumer must be encrypted throughout the transaction (Ghosh 2001). In addition, secure socket layers are required to ensure that it is sent only to the right people. Firewalls and Kerberos protocol must be designed to ensure that the data is protected, once it is in the e-business site. It is important for the e-business security system to stay updated at all times. This is because hackers become more complicated every day and come up with new methods updated for new systems. Investing in proper technology is the key to securing transactions in e-business (Nardelli, Posadziejewski, & Talamo 2003). One of the greatest threats faced by e-businesses in case of security breach is that such cases are solved in civil courts instead of criminal courts. This means that a civil case requires the e-business company to produce its own evidence. For instance, if a company has its security system compromised by hackers, the e-business company has to collect evidence against the hackers take the perpetrator to court on its own dime (Scambray, McClure, & Kurtz 2001). Criminal laws require assistance from the police or any necessary authorities. The issue of prosecuting such cases in civil courts has a lot of consequences in terms of planning. Vital forensic evidence can be lost easily if the company does not have a ready plan and ready resources to carry out investigations. In addition, hackers know how to erase any form of evidence especially considering the fact that most of the evidence is digital. Without the evidence, the e-business company has no case against the hackers and chances are that more complicated violation of security will occur in future (Johnston & Mak 2000). E-businesses are sometimes faced with security threats from the inside and not from the outside, commonly dubbed “the inside jobs”. These are cases where company’s workers or former workers look into the causes of security problems and end up using the weaknesse
Introduction Individuals with disabilities still experience employment discrimination at their workplaces. Although the Americans with Disabilities Act 1990 was enacted two decades ago, it has resulted in marginal improvements. Presumably, companies are reluctant to hire persons with disabilities (PWDs) because of potential extra costs and other drawbacks associated with disabilities. This briefing focuses on how General Motors (GM) manages workers with disabilities. According to Langtree (2015), disability entails “physical or mental impairment that considerably limits one or more major life activities” (p. 1). While some cases of disabilities may impair a person completely, in some instance, some persons with disabilities can perform a job with or without reasonable accommodation and are therefore qualified disabled employees. The Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) of 1990 protects such persons from discrimination in the workplace, including access to training and career development. Organizations such as GM have been able to accommodate persons with disabilities as a wider strategy for promoting diversity. Perceived barriers to employ PWDs exist. For instance, some employers have cited high costs associated with mobility and renovation to accommodate them, poor attitudes at all corporate levels, inability to perform the job well and possibilities of lawsuits. In addition, others have claimed that PWDs may not promote customer service and retention and quit their jobs. Researchers have however demonstrated that these claims could be myths. The US Chamber of Commerce report, Leading Practices on Disability Inclusion concluded that “hiring people with disabilities is good for the bottom-line” with the conclusion drawn from case studies conducted at 3M, PepsiCo, Merck and AT & T. It was established that workplace accommodations are low cost (most of these accommodations do not require more financial supports) such as “scheduling flexibility, allowances in dress code rules or allowing an employee to sit or stand”. In addition, employers could get several benefits associated with accommodation. These include attracting and keeping talented workers; enhancing output and morale, and company diversity; and reducing employees’ reimbursement and training and development costs. Further, People with disabilities are loyal, have low turnover rates and they are motivated to perform. The average cost of accommodation is $500, which is far less relative to the cost of employee turnover (Owen, 2012). Diversity at GM: A focus on People with Disabilities GM has created the People With Disabilities (PWD) Employee Resource Group to address various issues in all facets of the business (General Motors, 2015). The company focuses on several aspects of diversity to accommodate PWD. Moreover, GM’s concerns for PWD go beyond
Introduction Douglass’s book, Narrative of the Life of Fredrick Douglass- An American Slave , provides the best evidence about American slavery. In the book, Douglass gives vivid evidence that he was once a slave; a fact that was doubted by many critics due to his oration skills and impeccable language (Douglass 11).He also gives solid evidence of the inhumanity that was characteristic of this institution. Douglss begins the book by giving a detailed description of his childhood life and the effects that slavery had on him as a child. He then goes on to give a detailed description of the brutality that was perpetrated against American slaves during his time as a slave. The book is filled with names, scenes and events which evidence its truthfulness. This paper is a description of the brutality that Douglas witnessed as a slave (Douglass 4). Aspects of American slavery American slavery was characterized with many acts of inhumanity. Slaves were denied their rights to literacy, severely beaten, overworked in farms, provided with poor living conditions, abused sexually, separated from their families, killed, tortured psychologically and emotionally, dehumanized, etc. Let us have a look at the evidence of these acts of inhumanity portrayed in Douglass’s book. Whippings The most portrayed act of inhumanity is the frequent beatings that were perpetrated on slaves. After Aunt Hester had gone out, she was severely beaten and caused to bleed profusely. All this was done because she was not there when the master “desired her presence” (Douglass 14). This is an act of inhumanity because it appears that the slaves were “tethered” like livestock and were not free to attend their needs. Before the beating, she was stripped from her neck to the waist and then whipped
Introduction Students and scholars in the discipline of Religious studies might, without doubt, be filled with wonder and delight to have the definition of religion that is accepted and recognized by everyone or that could be agreed on universally, but no such definition has yet become known or apparent. However, among the explanation of the cause of the phenomenon for this lack of agreement is the tendency for people to define religion too narrowly, and in most cases from the perspective of their own backgrounds and culture. On a critical look at the religions been practiced worldwide one will not doubt the many reasons why so many countries view and perceive god from their own religious perception just like the case of the Indian Hindu religious practice and the reason why they refer to their god as She rather than He which is widely accepted and acknowledged universally. Is Hinduism a religion? The debated issues on the logical reasoning of whether Hinduism is a religion confront us the moment we attempt to define the meaning of Hinduism. Such a question further comes to mind if Hinduism is a true practicing religion, philosophy, or lifestyle. In defining what religion is, it must have some relation with God, the individual being referred to must believe in God. But God, on the other hand, is a Supreme Being who is the creator of the world and all that us in it. Transformation of Hinduism Hinduism is undergoing a transformation as it moves from its traditional homeland in Asia into European, Australian, and North American contexts. In so doing, Hinduism is rapidly establishing itself as a viable alternative to traditional religion for many in the West. It is not accidental that the western fascination with Hinduism coincides with Christianity’s loss of its position of religious dominance in Europe (Coleman, 2001). While the actual number of Hinduists in the United States remains comparatively small, perhaps around 4 million Hinduists in the US (Wuthnow and Cage, p.363-80.). Hinduism exerts an influence disproportionate to the number of adherents, as many American Hindus are found in culturally influential sectors such as education, entertainment, and the media. The growing attraction of Hinduism is both a product of and a contributing factor to the wider social and cultural transformations of religion in the West. The past half-century has witnessed enormous changes, brought about in part by increased immigration from Asia resulting in growing religious diversity. Further changes stem from the increased secularization of much of E
Shared governance is a leadership model that grants nurses control over decision-making in matters concerning the workplace. This management style has been popularized among medical institutions due to its remarkable success rates. Unit governance evaluates current practice and identifies areas of improvement regarding patient care, efficiency, and physician satisfaction (Lockhart, 2019). This essay reviews the case study about Letitia, a CNO officer who needs to thoroughly prepare to implement unit governance structure in her surgical unit. The initial step in preparation involves gathering vital information about unit governance. Letitia can achieve this through conversing with other CNOs who have already implemented this leadership model in their units (Brennan & Wendt, 2021). Experiences are a powerful tool in learning, and people who have practiced shared management can provide knowledge and better understanding. Another way is conducting extensive research using credible publications that discuss shared governance (Lockhart, 2019). To determine the most suitable role, Letitia needs to consider factors like her skill set, potential benefits (to patient and self), committees available, areas in need of improvement, and tenets required for a particular task. These elements are instrumental in determining whether a physician will thrive in a specific role or not. Letitia should also outline goals that correlate to patient safety and care and develop a strategy to implement them under shared governance. Importantly, as CNO, she needs to consider some of the possible limitations in the implementation and ways to maneuver around them. Drawbacks may include contending priorities, resistance to change, the inadequacy of dedicated resources, and a lack of knowledge among the nursing staff (McKnight & Moore, 2020). The resolve to be an active change agent also requires deciding the committee to serve and the task to undertake. Given that Letitia is a CNO, she should consider options like coaching or policy and structure management. Shared governance is a venue for excellence, change, and empowerment; thus, careful consideration is vital before committing oneself.
Introduction The topic under discussion is the gender differences in recall from category-based learning. It is seen that the interference theory plays an important factor in that memory that has not fully developed may become prey to interference from new memories, which may result in their erasure, even though the new memories generated may not be similar to ones they impair. It is also said that memories tend to consolidate for a long time after they are formed. Main text However, sometimes injuries to the hippocampus could damage, immediately preceding formed memories, although long-term memory may not be affected. (Wixted). The effects of drugs and alcohol on the memory are also considered. It is widely believed that these items induce anterograde amnesia without affecting the performance of the hippocampus to consolidate previously formed memories. Thus, under alcohol, no new inputs could be added to the memory, but the existing inputs remain protected. Again, coming to the aspects of learning, it has been said that short words are more remembered and recalled than bigger words, since the aspects of Two Second Span, within which the mind has to rehearse the word from memory, maybe too short for long words. There are two constituents for memory and are the size of the word and the memory power of the individual in a series of two experiments carried out, it was proved that although, in early trial, no word length effect was possible, over the course of the session, the advantages of using short words were realized. Similarly, in the second experiment, where 24 trials were held, the world length effect was visible, (Nairne, Neath & Serra, 1997). Next, it is needed to consider the effects of the integrity of word meanings in the dementia Alzheimer type (DAT) some researchers maintain that semantic memory is determined by the course of DAT, and during the early stages of DAT, this remains intact. The present research seeks to consider the buildup of PI. It could be seen that if one group Has higher forgetting rates, that group has less buildup leading to higher forgetting rates. The empirical studies conclusively proved that during the early stages, the presence of semantic memory in DAT individuals confirms proactive interference (PI) and release from proactive interferences (RP). (Multhaup, Balota & Faust). Next, the research studies that were conducted in order to establish whether the age-related changes interfere with the Recall under PI. In a set of two Studies I, and II, the effects of PI interference was sought to be established. Under Study I, it was needed to be seen whether PI interference decreased between 4-13 years of age, and under Study II, which considered children between 3-6 years, it was needed to establish whether relationships between memory and reasoning, as being age-related changes in memory could reflect th