ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction There are four market types namely; monopoly, monopolistic competition, pure competition and oligopolistic markets (Peterson 1977). Pure monopolies and pure competition firms represent the two extremes of competition which is not easy to find in practice. The following is a review of an example of an organisation in Maryland operating in a pure competition market and one in a pure monopoly market. Example of a firm operating in a pure competition market Pure competitors such as retail operations however have no control of the market and thus no control over prices (O’Sullivan, Sheffrin, and Perez 2009). A firm in such a market could sell any quantities of its products without influencing the market prices. It is quite difficult to get markets that are purely competitive where buyers have full knowledge, there are no barriers of entry and exit, buyers can easily switch from one seller to the other, and where there are a large number of buyers and sellers. However, retailers of agricultural commodities could provide a good example of a pure competition market. Some traders have sought to differentiate their farm produce thus reducing price competition in this market. For instance, since consumers are becoming more health; conscious, traders of farm produce are venturing into natural foods in place of GMOs whereas packaging is also gaining prominence as a differentiation tool. Market for agricultural products is set to change resulting to a decline in price competition. Traders are seeking other forms of competitive fronts such as packaging and focus of healthy products. Therefore, the market is set to convert into monopolistic competition where differentiation is critical. Suppliers should therefore brace themselves for non-price competition. Example of a pure monopoly Monopolies are organisations operating in a market where a firm has full control of the market. Such markets are characterized by a large single supplier of a product with no close substitutes. Monopolies such as oil producing companies face no competition and can influence market prices by regulating quantity supplied. In practice, it is very difficult to get a pure monopoly since there are very few, if any, products that do not have close substitutes. Berlin Municipal Electric Company is however a good example of a monopoly firm. It is the sole operator in electric supply industry of Berlin Municipal. The main factors contributing towards this monopoly is mainly the huge initial investment outlay required to invest in the electric sector and the government restrictions. The Municipal electric companies are therefore maintained so as to reduce electricity costs and thus they do not compete with other private producers. They purchase energy in bulk and offer to consumers at cost with no profit motive. Their existence is therefore protected by the government. The market might change with the increased popularity of alternative sources of power and proliferation of private
Introduction This research paper will discuss the reasons and consequences of the revolutions that took place in the Middle East. The paper will also discuss some of the solutions to these revolutions. For many years, the Arab world has been living under oppressive dictatorships that made their lives difficult. These revolutions began in the year 2010, with thousands of people coming out to support them (McMurray, 2013). However, the people of the Arab world have risen up, to change the situation and restore democracy in their countries. Countries that took part in the revolution include Syria, Egypt, Libya and Yemen ( Arab World Uprisings , 2012). The reasons behind these revolutions Due to many years of dictatorship in these countries, the economic environment was not conducive to attract investors; therefore many young people had no jobs. The number of young people who were unemployed went up, making university graduates drive taxis to make their living (Behr & Aaltola, 2011). Most of those involved in the revolution were young people who had no jobs to support their families. The economies of these countries would have improved under a credible and competent government. However, the aging dictatorship had run out of ideas to rule their countries, therefore forcing the Arab people to support these revolutions. Corruption in these countries had made life difficult since it accelerated economic hardships. For example, the government of Egypt had collaborated with business elites to control the country’s resources without the knowledge of its citizens (Asseburge, 2012). In Tunisia, it was impossible to invest in the country without paying a large sum of money to the ruling family. Consequences of these revolutions The unrest in the Middle East had a negative impact on the prices of oil in many countries. The Economist admits that the five global recessions witnessed have been triggered by these revolutions. The rise in oil prices led to a rise in commodity prices, especially on food in developing countries (Watenpaugh, 2006).The second economic impact of rising oil prices due to the unrest is that investors lost confidence, therefore there was a negative impact on capital spending. The revolution led to high levels of crime during the political transition, which resulted in worsening of political and economic turmoil in these countries (McMurray, 2013). During the revolutions, many people lost their lives in public demonstrations, while others were wounded or detained by police. Solutions to the Middle East Revolutions There are many actions that can be taken by the government and people to stop the revolutions. Leaders should be democratic by ensuring
The increasing globalization of modern businesses has posed a problem of integrating the headquarters of enterprises with their subsidiaries. At the point, there are many approaches and models helping us understand the nature of cross-cultural management as well as those strategies which business administrators should adopt in order to make the company more productive. This paper will discuss the theories of convergence, divergence, and crossvergence that show how different cultures interact with one another. Overall, the theories of convergence postulates that the key driver of value formation in any international organization is technology and economic development, which means that a less industrialized society tends to adopt the values of a more technologically or economically advanced country. For example, if a U.S.-based company has a subsidiary in India, China, or Taiwan, the value system of the subsidiary will resemble that one of the headquarters (Ralston, n. d. p 5). One should also mention the so-called divergence theory which opposes the idea of convergence. According to it, socio-cultural differences between the headquarters and the subsidiary can hardly be minimized (Ralston, n. d. p 5). Furthermore, they should be managed according to the principles that are habitual for the employees of a certain country or culture. Finally, one has to speak about the idea of crossvergeance. According to it, values of organization as well managerial strategies have to be based on a certain business ideology and socio-cultural innfluences (Ralston, n. d. p 6). The advocates of this approach assume that that the management of an international company depends on the demographic trends in a certain region, the age of employees, their religion, the product of a company, and certainly their culture. Overall, the knowledge of this theoretical framework allows the manager to better coordinate the effort between the headquarters and the subsidiary. On the basis of this research, one would be able to pinpoint a certain idea which would unite members of the personnel, irrespective of their cultural or ethnic origin. The theories of convergence are similar to other approaches to cross-cultural management.
Introduction Feminism is a compilation of activities intended at essential, beginning, and protecting equivalent political, economic, and social civil rights and like openings for women. Its thoughts have common characteristics with those of women’s rights. Feminists are human beings whose attitudes and actions are supported by feminism. Let us now see where the Feminist theory comes into view. It originated from these feminist engagements and includes wide-ranging theories and theories about the genesis of disparity and in a number of cases, about the communal structure of sex and gender, in a diversity of disciplines. Feminist activists have made movements for women’s rights—such as in agreement, belongings, and ballot vote while also endorsing women’s privileges to physical honor and independence and reproductive rights. They have conflicted household violent behavior, sexual harassment, and sexual attack. In economics, they have supported work rights together with an equivalent forfeit and prospect for careers and to start businesses. This led to the conception of ethnically-explicit or multi-culture varieties of feminism. Theoretical schools Feminist theory aims to comprehend gender disparity and highlights gender affairs of state, authority relationships, and sexuality. While on condition that an analysis of these communal and political relationships, much of feminist theory in addition focus on the back-up of women’s rights and interests. It has been found that the feminist reader studies the philosophy behind literary observable facts. The second is called the gyno-criticism, in which the female is the creator of textual sense as well as “the psycho-dynamics of feminine imagination; linguistics and the difficulty of a female verbal communication; the route of the entity or communal female fictitious profession and literary account” (WN, n.d). She calls the last phase as gender hypothesis, in which the “ideological writing and the legendary effects of the sex/gender structure” are discovered” (WN, n.d) Let’s now see the two major types of Feminism discussed very actively by feminists. Equity feminism and gender feminism are two different terms invented by scholar Christina Hoff Sommers in her 1992 book Who Stole Feminism? which she made use of to differentiate among what she illustrates as two ideologically separate twigs of contemporary feminism. Equity feminism Sommer describes equity feminism as a philosophy entrenched in traditional open-mindedness, and that aspires for full social and officially permitted equality for women. Investigation psychologist Steven Pinker makes it bigger on Sommers by writing, equity feminism is an ethical set of guidelines about equivalent action that makes no pledges on the subject of open experiential matters in psychology or biology. Sommer challenges that most Ame
Introduction The art in Saudi Arabia has experienced an unusually steep rise in the last few years. From the virtual non-existence in the early 2000s, it has become a formidable entity in its own right. The press usually highlights the issue as the triumph of liberty and human right to expression every time an exhibition takes place in Saudi Arabia, or a Saudi Arabian artist participates in the international event. Nevertheless, some evidence exists that the artists in Saudi Arabia are not recognized and appreciated enough. Considering the purported popularity, this is an interesting development that requires further investigation. This research aims at looking into the issue and find reliable evidence of the appreciation of Saudi Arabian artists or lack thereof. The research will include a survey that will challenge the initial hypothesis: Artists in Saudi Arabia are not recognized and appreciated enough. The study will also try to obtain the possible reasons for this phenomenon. Literature Review The rise and rapid development of the contemporary art scene is a recent phenomenon, so little reliable research exists on the topic. However, two points relative to it – the connection to the social climate and the reasons for the late emergence – have been thoroughly studied. The results can be grouped into two broad categories. First, the art in Saudi Arabia has long been suppressed. According to Behrens-Abouseif and Vernoit (2006), the reason for that is the country’s long history of conservative policies. While the Sharia law does not explicitly forbids any art form, it strongly discourages most of them. For this reason, classical art’s presence in the culture has been limited, and contemporary developments almost non-existent. Several artists mention in their interview that their practices are comparable to sin (Hubbard 2016), the fact which severely limits their possibilities. In his regard, the emergence of contemporary art can be tied to the changing social setting. Gradually more liberties are granted to Saudi Arabians, and, as a result, more of them engage in creative activities. This is especially clearly observed among the female population, as women in Saudi Arabia are historically the most suppressed population stratum (Moghissi 2005). As more freedom is granted to them, more women become artists (Congdon 2014). However, very little is known about the actual magnitude of the phenomenon or its relative significance on the world scene. The description of art pieces and their importance are primarily restricted to the popular news media. While accounts of worldwide recognition abound (Smith 2014), little is said about the actual demand or recognition in its homeland. Methodology Research Approaches The research will consist of a survey of a small number of participants. The questions will
There are over 500, 000 students in high schools and other institutions of higher learning enroll for online classes either as full-time students in the online schools or as part-time students for specific tutorials. I wish to submit to you that the need for extra input in terms of study has caused many parents to enroll their children in online study classes to supplement the knowledge they get from class (Areskog, 1995). It is also evidently clear that most people have had the opportunity to get degrees from credible universities oversees by simply enrolling through the online degree programs for such institutions of higher learning. However, in this speech, I intend to prove to you, as parents, that enrolling high school students to online class can help boost the performance of the child greatly. First, I wish to submit to you that online classes are helpful in terms of inculcating a study mentality upon the children, thus boosting their overall performances in their respective schools. In the age of computing and technology, it is quite clear that most students generally fail their exams as a result of too much concentration on computerized games, movies and music. Quite frankly, it has proven difficult to keep the children away from handling computers. The result of this has been linked to poor performance of these students in class since they spend a lot of time in computer-related leisure activities and fail to study for their exams. Allow me to inform you that introducing such children to online classes would be helpful in terms of giving them a chance to improve their performances (Wolfe & Wolfe, 2001). Since these children are so addicted to computer-related activities, it would be wise to initiate them into an activity within the computing world that would help them improve their studies. Studies have revealed that 60% of high school students who enroll for online classes as supplementary part-time programs improve their overall academic performances by over 50% ever year (Hiltz, 1990). Secondly, online classes provide variety of the knowledge through internet searches that expose students to high volumes of information which can boost their studies. It is a reality that class work given by tutors is limited to the syllabus for the schools. This limits the capability of these students to gain adequate knowledge concerning the respective topics they cover in class. Online classes expose the children to internet searches through online libraries which contain variety of books and articles which can help boost and supplement information provided in the classroom. With the increase in search engines in most browsers in computer progra
Introduction To begin with, there is a strong necessity to mention that Import and Export activity requires the observation of numerous rules and principles of customs procedures. The fact is that international trade is not the innovative approach towards the trade process in general, nevertheless in order to better control the flow of goods, countries and international trading corporations initiate the incorporation of the international regulation rules and norms of the international trade. This paper aims to research the trading process of the company, engaged in the international trade process, and describe such aspects of this process as products appropriateness, the relevance of destination, the issues of customs, and possible obstacles associated with quarantine, including tariffs and taxes. The matters of finances, financial institutions, which control the trade process, logistics, and transportation will be regarded. Then, the legislative background of the international trade will be regarded, such as the international agreements, consents, and the mechanisms of solving the conflicts, presupposed by these agreements and the internationally accepted practice. Company Name and Product The name of the company, selected for the analysis is Skipper Electronics, engaged in the vending of electronic household appliances (ACN – 390 653 851, ABN – 67 369 589 432). The product which is exported is the electronic appliances, and ICT components aimed for the household use, their spare parts and all the necessary components to the countries of Western Europe.   * Supplier: the companies, which are engaged in the production of household technical appliances (Whirlpool, Samsung, Asus and Dell).   * Manufacturer: these are the industrial forces of the suppliers, which cooperate with Skipper Electronics. Originally, the company acts as the international retailer of the listed companies, consequently, there are no direct manufacturers of Skipper Electronics.   * Distributor: the distribution of the electronics is the direct assignment of Skipper Electronics; nevertheless, there are licensed distributors in Western Europe, which are engaged in the distribution of appliances retailed by Skippers Electronics company. Taking into consideration the fact that Whirlpool, Samsung, Asus and Dell companies are located not in Australia, it should be emphasized that Skipper Electronics aims to lower the prices as much as possible by direct supply of the product to the distributors, avoiding the importing of the appliances to Australia. Surely, everything depends on the quantity of the transported appliances. The minimal quantity which is subjected to direct delivery is 50 components to a country. The more components are delivered – the lesser the final price is. Taking into consideration the specification of abroad delivery, it should be emphas
Christopher Columbus was a colonizer, explorer, and navigator. He was born in the republic of Italy (Gies & Gies, 1995).He was one of the greatest explorers of the 15 th century from Europe. He managed to complete four journeys across the Atlantic Ocean. He is credited for having discovered the American continent. The mission to the discovery of the new world was enhanced by the ruler of Spain in 1492. He was given three ships, 90 crewmen and all the supplies needed for him to succeed in his mission (Gies & Gies, 1995). Since he had all the requirements needed to succeed in his mission, he managed to sail across the Atlantic Ocean several times. As much as he did not know where he had landed, he managed to reach the shores of Florida in 1492. He discovered the American continent and decided to develop a small colony in 14 93 (Gies & Gies, 1995). He is therefore known for highlighting the existence of Americas to the Europeans. During this era of Columbus, several European nations were fully established. Most of these nations had embarked on increasing their spheres of influence through acquisition of new territories (Gies & Gies, 1995). Direct colonization was one of the ways through which the Europeans boosted their influence. The spirit of colonization was enhanced by the struggle for supremacy and the increased technological advancements that were witnessed in the 15 th century (Gies & Gies, 1995). To begin with, the Europeans had advanced in the ship making skills. They had managed to develop huge ships that could carry many people on board. These ships were also able to cruise on the surface of water for quite a number of months (Gies & Gies, 1995). This is a major technological advancement that enabled the Europeans to reach distant lands. Furthermore, the increased knowledge in navigation skills offered them a basis to advance their expeditions foreign nations. They had already understood the working principles of the compass. They also drew maps and trained many people in navigation skills (Gies & Gies, 1995). The availability of these resources and the personnel made it possible for the Europeans to increase their exploration and discovery of new lands. The ships were also mounted with canons and other war artilleries (Gies & Gies, 19
Standards in Education Instructional Standards exist to help teachers with the coverage of the curriculum while statewide assessments are designed to evaluate students’ attainment of these standards. However, there have been numerous cases of teachers blindly using them to ensure their students pass exams. Consequently, many learners concentrate on specific information, instead of the overall content of the syllabus. To avoid narrowing the curriculum, teachers should be cognizant of the fact that, standardization is meant to be a general guideline, not a specific blueprint. They must widen their scope in accordance to learners’ needs, as opposed to narrowing it to fit the standards. Read the World then Read the Word Paulo Freire argues that teachers must help their learners understand their world before they attempt to impart formal learning. When teaching peasants, he would first discuss with them their condition of poverty and then try to condense this social experience in a word. His method is highly progressive because it depicts pedagogy as a problem-solving tool. As a teacher, am alarmed that most of the theory taught in class is only applied in exam questions. However, “reading the world” would be very useful in helping learners to internalize what they study, and find ways to connect it to their environment. Democracy in the Classroom In his letter, Freire discusses the need for teachers to both speak to, and with the learners in a manner that indicates their willingness to listen. He criticizes teachers who, in their talking with learners, make it appear as if they are doing them a favor. In a democratic classroom, the teacher should create open-ended communication channels, where learners do not perceive him as the sole source of knowledge. Freire argues that the teacher should be prepared to learn from the student since this will improve the overall quality of their relationship, and enhance the learner’s understanding of the subject matter.