ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Abstract Gender is a major organizer of friendship (Traustadottir, 2008). It is a challenging act to establish friendship in our dispensation, where people will be lovers of self, lovers of money, proud, ungrateful, unholy, heartless, lovers of pleasure rather than lovers of God. Talking about friendship in antiquity, it existed even at Abraham’s dispensation, where God called him a friend – “Abraham believed God, and it was counted to him as righteousness–and he was called a friend of God (ESV, James 2.23).” Thesis Statement True friendships occur within the bounds of faith, hope, and the greatest of all, love. If there is no trust, there is no relationship. Female’s friendly relationships with other females are noticeable but male to male relationships are notable. Man’s love or affection for his fellow man is ardent and histories are witnesses to that conclusion. There may be some who maligned male-to-male friendships resulting in an erroneous assumption, e.g. those men involved in that kind of relationship are homosexuals, but I strongly disagree with their malicious supposition. Argument True friendships of men with other men are recorded in history and of the many greatest examples of a true friendship between men are Jesus and John; also David and Jonathan. I believe that the Bible must be the formidable bastion of this kind of belief, and as many people know, it is the oldest and the most sold books humans have ever known. Shakespeare’s play, The Merchant of Venice, which later Michael Radford used to direct the movie, The Merchant of Venice, is a remarkable example of a true friendship. In this story, Antonio loved Bassanio so much that he is willing to risk even his life for the sake of Bassanio’s love for Portia. Antonio’s love ( philia ) conceived another love ( eros ). Gallipoli, an Australian film
In the era of information technology, most people are guilty of sending text messages while driving. Whether it’s reading the text just received, sending a quick message to a friend, or having a full-text conversation, everyone has done one of these actions at least once. The invention of the smartphone did everything a person could wish for: get the news quickly, schedule a meeting with a friend, or inquire about how grandmother is feeling. Thus, most communication and entertainment needs can be met with a smartphone within minutes. This fact allows drivers to feel the need to perform multiple tasks at the same time while driving. Although drivers know that this action has legal consequences, many still do it today. The introduction of a ban on sending text messages while driving prevents some drivers from sending text messages while driving, but not all. Therefore, the introduction of stricter laws and tougher punishment would help reduce the number of text messages sent while driving, which would make the environment safer. With over 330 million wireless users in the United States, texting while driving has become an epidemic. Tontodonato and Drinkard note that over half of drivers admitted to engaging in cell phone-related distractions while driving (827). At the same time, texting while driving not only takes cognitive skills but motor skills as well. Studies have shown that driving while on a cell phone reduces brain activity by 37%. One may think that any distractions while driving, whether it is talking to a passenger or having kids in the car, possess the same distraction as texting. However the Center for Cognitive Brain Imaging reported that texting while driving is a greater distraction than talking to others due to the time eyes are away from the road and the amount of cognitive and motor skills it takes to text (Gupta et al., 89). Thus, many drivers send messages while driving, which is a distraction. Although sending text messages while driving is prohibited in many US states, drivers continue to break the law. About and Adams state that the initial number of accidents caused by distracted driving decreased in the months after the initial texting ban while driving (180). However, the effect of the prohibition wears off after a few months. They conclude that drivers are reacting to the ban itself and not the act of texting while driving, only to return to their old habits later. Drivers are likely reacting to limited enforcement of bans or learning new ways to not get caught. Ferdinand et al. assert that the relationship between collision claims frequency and texting bans in Washington, California, Montana, and Louisiana reported an increase in collision claims when these states implemented the law (1373). It may be caused by individuals trying to hide their phones while still texti
Introduction The article records that in the modern state, the key issues revolve around the citizen and the alien. These two have undergone certain changes currently. The key features of citizenship have not changed much in the formal way. The destabilizing effects of the changes in the work place have led to the creation of new types of political subjects and new urge for politics. There are some human beings who are categorized as non political, for example, the housewives. These people may sooner rather than later transform to be political subjects. The global city is a place where there are so many changes and this has its own shares of bad experiences. These include the harshness or brutality of the police which leads to unrest. Studies have shown that there are changes in the 1980s and the 21 st century in the area of citizenship and nationality. A number of scholars in the legal fraternity have concluded that there will be dual citizenship and multiple nationalities in the future (Knop, 2001). There are growing numbers of people with nationality in two nations (Knop, 2001). The loyalty level of the citizens to the state is less or low (Taylor, 1992). Economic globalization has led to insignificance of the warfare in the nations that are highly developed. The rich nations have been discouraged from engaging in war amongst themselves by the international companies and markets (Turner, 2000). The welfare state has been seen as a contributory factor to social citizenship since it is a key factor or ingredient. There has been a challenge regarding the issue of citizenship. The old issues have brought new attention to the world (Sassen, 2011). These issues have an effect on human rights in relation to citizenship. Citizenship that provides equality is significant to the modernization of the institution of citizenship. The politics of the land and the identification of citizens are important since they have led to the provision of oneness amongst the citizens. This has led to the transformation of citizenship and modern state (Sassen, 1999). The article records that in Japan, for example, a housewife is a
Since the European Union is currently suffering from a variety of problems associated with such recent developments as Brexit, the financial crisis, and the migration crisis, researchers have extensively studied whether the Union’s legitimacy is under threat. It is important to study this issue for identifying whether the member-states of the European Union could overcome the crisis and restore its legitimacy. Economic and political experts have re-examined the foundations of democratic legitimacy of Western countries. It has been mentioned that debates about the European democratic deficit did not reach consensus, which meant that there was a significant conflict of standards associated with the Union’s conformity to both republican and liberal standards. An important argument many researchers presented is associated with the idea that the current crisis has managed to destroy the capacity of democratic member-states of the European Union to exercise their key governing functions in the environment of political and economic conditions. In this paper, the exploration of the topic of legitimacy in the European Union will be presented through the review of relevant literature. Chapters included in the paper will discuss such topics as sources of legitimacy in the EU, the Eurozone crisis, main actors that should participate in the management of the crisis, as well as problems of the legitimacy of the management during crisis. Main Actors in the Management of the Euro Crisis Solutions targeted at the management of the Euro Crisis vary depending on researchers approaches to the issue. For instance, Scharpf (2012) stated that an obvious solution was to “stop defending the euro, to acknowledge the common responsibility for having created a dysfunctional supranational regime, and to seek agreement […]” (p. 30). Therefore, key actors in the management of the crisis are expected to address the problems and prospects of legitimation. Member state governments are among the principal actors of mitigating the Euro Crisis and usually are more prone to considering whether processes of management abide by throughput aspects of legitimacy (Rhinard, 2016). The European Commission is another actor in the management of the crisis since it is considered the main governing body that is exposed to the majority of disasters of any character, whether financial or political (Schmidt, 2015). It is also important to mention the role that the European Council can play in crisis management; the organization has recently contributed to the development of a crisis management framework that included new instruments targeted at the improvement of economic governance of member-states as well as the effective supervision and resolution of crises (Anghel, Drachenberg, & de Finance, 2014). Such an overhaul of the economic governance framework has a potential to resolve the shortcomings of the existing financial processes to subsequently strengthen t
Since the beginning of his presidentship in the United States, Donald Trump has made a variety of decisions directly linked to healthcare reform and impacting the situation with health insurance in the country. Trump’s contributions to changes in the healthcare system are aimed at revoking some provisions of the Affordable Care Act also known as Obamacare. Although the current president has not removed Obamacare yet, some changes such as the status of the individual mandate, Medicaid funding, and Health Savings accounts (HSA) have been implemented. Donald Trump and his supporters make efforts to remove the most controversial provisions of the act and provide different states and individual healthcare consumers with more flexible services. One of such provisions is presented by the existence of the individual mandate, which involves penalizing people who can afford insurance but fail to do it for some reason (Rice, Unruh, van Ginneken, Rosenau, & Barnes, 2018). The decision to repeal the mandate helped Trump to achieve goals related both to his voters’ expectations and the optimization of federal healthcare spending. Also, Trump’s contributions to the healthcare system are strictly related to Medicaid services and the costs of insurance plans, but he has not managed to fulfill all of his goals yet. For instance, his campaign promises included the discontinuation of federal support for the provision of Medicaid services maintained during the presidentship of Obama (Rice et al., 2018). Nowadays, Medicaid programs still exist, “but premiums in insurance exchange
In this chapter, Colin Elman describes six different types of realism, which include classic realism, neorealism, structural realism, and neoclassical realism. The author presents the detailed explanation of differences between the above mentioned and also points out the causes and results of the conflict between the reality and its representation for each type. Classical realism, which can be viewed as the basis for the development of the rest of the approaches in question, has developed significantly, yet the links between different states of realism remain basically the same. Elman explains that whenever a change in interpretations occurs, it most likely happens in the same way. The specified phenomenon can be explained by the fact that human nature, which makes the core of classical realism, is flawed. One could assume that realists have a rather pessimistic point of view, others would take it as prudential. Although c lassical realism started in 1939 and is regarded as the original one, adherents of realism believe that realist thinking had existed even before twentieth-century classical realism (the one described in this chapter). Classical realism saw a human desire for power as the seed of corruption that affected lots of states during that time. It put emphasis on any aggressive behavior of leaders and the reason for conflicts to occur due to this. (Elman and Jensen 17). Neorealism does not share such views on the source and content preferences of states. Kenneth Waltz in his Theory of International Politics did not treat motivation of leader and state characteristics as possible causes for international outcomes, which the article under analysis also points to. He was rather skeptic about whether certain micro foundations could justify the changes in the states. Waltz believed that alterations in the states could be either a product of socialization or competition between them. Alliance of individual states is not the only thing that might influence the outcome of communication. Contrary to classical realists, neorealists do not consider international politics as the one driven by an aggressive behavior, but rather as something tragic. Defensive realism is rather similar to neorealism in certain aspects. For instance, it shares the idea of the insignificance of motivation for change among states and those seeking security in the anarchic international system. However, defensive realism does not accept the explanation of causes and implications of changes in the states. Instead, it relies more on a rational choice of the existing alternatives. It also adds the offence-defense balance that favors defense more and makes conquest harder. Combined with rationalism, followers of defensive realism believe
The given chapter primarily focuses on the art integration of music art form, which is distinguished through four major elements, where music’s constituent is sound, the patterns involve both silence and sound, it is intentionally made art, and music is a sound organized humanly (Zhou & Brown, 2018). In addition, it is important to note that music as an art form is comprised of improvisation, notation, and composition, where the latter is a process of song and music creation, a notation is the rhythms and notes expression in the written form, and improvisation is an act of instantaneous and spontaneous music creation. The music arts integration process revolves around implementing arts enhancement opportunities, which can be interstitial, ritual-based, transitions-focused, and organizational (Zhou & Brown, 2018). Integrated lessons can take a wide range of manifestations, where one needs to determine the concept, set the key objectives, build and develop the corresponding activities, and integrate the core ideas. To have a complete understanding of the appropriateness of the music integration process, it is critical to assess the latter through the checklist questions. These questions are unique and intricate elements of the arts integration, which are focused on evolving objectives, mutually reinforcing connections, creative process, an art form, the general understanding, and the main approach to teaching. One of the vital subjects of the chapter involves composition, which is one of the three components of music as a form of art, and it can be described as a practice or process of song and music creation. Although notation can be differentiated from the composition category, Western classical music incorporates the former into the latter because the notation is an integral part of the creative step of composition (Zhou & Brown, 2018). It is important to point out the fact that notation does necessarily include all specificities of the music and its performance, which is why performer interpretation is critical within the given context, and such an approach inevitably leads to variations in the performance of music. In addition, one should be aware that a musical composition is not limited to having only one author because several different composers might equally or differentially contribute to the process of song or music creation (Zhou & Brown, 2018). For example, one individual might be more focused on song orchestration, another person can put all of his or her efforts into the lyrics writing process, and the third one might be developing the core melodies for the work of music. Therefore, Western classical music can be considered a benchmark for defining the process of composition, but the term is not strictly bound by these measures since it can be applied broadly to different types of instrumental pieces and musical songs. The critical point of disagreement among educators might emerge in regards to the arts integration checklist, where understanding is determined by demonstrating and constructing rather than reciting and mem
Introduction The law is a unique tool created to control people, protect them, guarantee that no harm is done to individuals, and avoid anarchy or the rule of force. At the same time, there are business laws designed to deal with business issues that might emerge when companies, organizations, or individuals interact. The major goal of such regulations is to control the existing contracts, guarantee that fair practices are used, and avoid fraud, inappropriate actions, and other unethical practices. The given report focuses on the investigation of bribery in the USA, forgery in the UK, and the concept of false pretenses in the United States. At the same time, there is an explanation of how the courts in the UAE work and provide their services. Bribery in the United States of America Starting the discussion, it is vital to admit that bribery is a severe crime in the USA because of the substantial harm done to organizations and individuals. The complexity of every case depends on who is bribed and the purpose of this action. For instance, bribing a public officer in the USA is covered by 18 U.S.C. § 201 and presupposes specific punishment to parties who are viewed as guilty (“18 U.S. Code § 201,” n.d.). Additionally, there is also a case of bribery presupposing the involvement of U.S. citizens and foreign government officials to promote some personal interests and acquire benefits. Such situations are analyzed by using the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act of 1977, which regulates this sort of relations (The United States Department of Justice, 2017). Both these actions are viewed as illegal in the USA and involve severe responses from the government and punishments. Examples of Bribery in the USA There are some examples of bribery in the USA which can be used for the investigation. For instance, the case of Kellogg Brown & Root revolved around the claim from the U.S. Department of Justice that the company paid millions of dollars to officials in Nigeria to secure a natural gas plant construction contract and acquire multiple benefits from it (The United States Department of Justice, 2009). In accordance with FCPA, such actions are viewed as illegal and should be provided with appropriate punishment (The United States Department of Justice, 2009). The investigation of the case showed that the company was involved in such unfair and unethical schemes to remain the most significant player in the region. Under these conditions, it had to pay $402 million, while its CEO Stanley was sentenced to 2.5 years in prison (The United States Department of Justice, 2009). Another e
Summary There are different management styles. However, one management style may not fit all types of business organizations.
The inconsistency of information flow between the school district authorities and the school staff often results in major complexities with defining a school district budget and distributing the district resources properly and efficiently. Seeing that the school district budget is influenced heavily by the students that attend the school in question, their social status, etc. (Silverman, 2011), its calculation requires an understanding of the key economic processes within a school. It is immaterial whether one is running a big, small, or medium size of business. However, a budget is essential for an organization to deliver a successful performance. Budgeting is the most fundamental and effective tool for managing the invested money. Nevertheless, several people think budgeting operations to be excessive and view developing a budgeting strategy as extra work. However, budgeting helps essentially in allocating and managing the organization money and other resources properly. Budgets play a crucial role in a range of organization’s processes, including not only financial transactions but also allocating the existing resources, planning partnerships with other organizations, designing new financial strategies, and helping consumers to pay off debts (Rabovsky, 2012). Thus, it alerts the owner of the organization about what is going on with the money and helps organize spending and savings, makes the leader decide in advance how the financing strategy will work within a certain context, and enables the leader to save for expected and unexpected costs. It also can provide one with an early warning of potential problems and enables one to deploy an efficient communication strategy (Moynihan, Pandey & Wright, 2012). Therefore, to make the system work, the organization leader has to pay attention to the subject matter. It is crucial to explore the innovative ways of managing limited resources to get the maximum benefit of it. Estimated Budget Information The estimated budget for the years 2012-2013 shows a projection of the items discussed in detail below. About Revenue:  1. The Assessor projects a 4 % reduction in assessments, which affects the items like Current Taxes, Delinquent Taxes, Sales Tax, and Intangible Taxes to reduce by 4% as compared to the actual figure shown in the year 2011–12.  2. It is assumed that the interest received from the investment will increase by $ 75,320 in the budgeted year.  3. The food service funding will increase by 3%, which will result in a rise in all local, state, and federal food services.  4. As new enrollment for the budgeted year is accepted, so an increase in Student Activities, Other Local, and Gate Athletic