ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Human rights are the free wills where individuals are at liberty to practice and receive which include: being at liberty to live, way of expression and impartiality practices before the ruling law. Different states promote these human rights differently in respects to their governing laws. International law puts more into considerations on rights regarding human prosecutions (Koh, 2010). There have been conflicts occurring between Iran and the United States over human rights issues leaders within the last two years. The following discussion is a description concerning the conflicts between Iran and the United States in the promotion of human rights some violations of human rights by Iran, such as abuse of the captives. The conflicts are within the reign of Barak Obama as the U.S presidents and Mahmoud Ahmadinejad of Iran. United State president has always advocated the universal rights that every human should receive. In support of this, he, therefore, agreed to an executive order though signing it which was against the human rights abuse in Iran after the dubious presidential elections which took place last year in June. The peaceful protestants in Iran had been illogical arrested and imprisoned where they were beaten, and even some of them murdered following the arrest. There were also some attacks in Tehran University in Iran last year 15th June where many students were ruthlessly beaten and imprisoned under the command of Sadeq a leading minister in Iran. They that were imprisoned were ill-treated and tormented in torture. President Obama was against the torture made to the detained in Iran thus conflicting with the Iranian president as this was all done for him to remain in office by the fact that there were disputes regarding his presidency elections. Mahmoud Ahmadinejad argued that any critic, especially to the ruling government, is illegal in Iran (Schulz, 2008). All they that pose critics are supposed to be imprisoned, the law that led to the imprisonments of the protestants of the 2009 elections. Iran is an Islamic country governed by Mahmoud, where the law advocates for women discrimination as one man life is worth two women. In U.S men and women are have equal human rights such that in law court witnesses, there is no need of two women to represent one man which is the case in Iran (Osanloo, 2009). These diversities on laws have led to conflicts between the two
Difficulties Encountered by Cheryl Lakeland Wonders is a family-owned business that has been in operation for 94 years. In order to attain its vision of business growth and competitive advantage, the firm decided to employ a CEO who is an expert in management. However, things did not go as expected because of managers’ resistance to change. Primarily, the new CEO, Cheryl, was encountering difficulties in trying to impose her vision of the company because of lack of support from other managers. In addition, she faced a difficulty of convincing key managers in the company, specifically the senior vice president, Mark, to accept changes in the organisation. The vision that Cheryl had is to outsource production from China for the Lakeland Wonders Company; indeed, she was planning an ambitious and potentially viable business contract with Bulls-Eye Stores. However, some senior managers were not interested in that deal in the near future as they wanted to maintain the status quo. Another difficulty that Cheryl encountered involved dealing with the union. This is due to her new bonus plan and strict deadlines policy she introduced; the plan was not received well by the union. Cheryl also faced a challenge of fitting into a team that was closely bonded, both at work and family level. It should be noted that only family members have been operating the Lakeland Wonders Company for as long as it has been in operation. It is only after the retirement of the preceding CEO that the company decided to hire a person from outside. Therefore, the close ties existing between family members made them work as the whole, and as such, Cheryl needed to convince all of them that her plans were meant for good of the company. Another important thing is that Cheryl always did successful business with the Lakeland even when she was not its employee. In fact, her performance at her previous company, Kids & Company, was beyond reproach. Reasons why Cheryl was Encountering Difficulties There are two ways to look at the reasons why Cheryl was encountering difficulties in performing her duties. First, Lakeland Wonders is a wholly family-owned business. Secondly, people working in the company were reluctant to change. Cheryl always wanted to implement her strategies, beginning with the manufacturing strategy, but she had a lot work to do in order to convince the management to accept immediate implementation of the strategy. In most cases, it is often difficult to take control of things in a family-owned business mainly because family members do not want to relinquish their dominance or control to an outsider. This was a lesson that Cheryl learnt when she suggested the management hiring Cecil to take up outsourcing duties; nobody was interested in that idea. Normally, family-owned businesses collapse or fail to grow due to emotional challenges through which they go. For instance, one may have great ideas about the growth of the business, but when majority of family members fail to s
Summary This document discusses reasons as to why discrimination is a barrier in the work environment. It is apparent that discrimination in the work place involves some practices that depict a form of favoritism towards groups or individuals from a certain tribe, sex or even a religion. This document explains how this practice has adversely affected the entire working environment. Therefore, the practice eventually has resulted to low production, since workers do not devote themselves to work fully. Moreover, activities geared to limiting discrimination cases waste much time for the management team, thus the company end up recording losses. A different point illustrated by this essay is how employment discrimination for women has resulted to a barrier in accessing some life necessities. Finally, the essay indicates cases of companies that have failed to comply with some legislative acts on the issue of discrimination. In plain terms, discrimination in the workplace refers to the act of treating an employee differently from the rest. This discrimination involves acts that either favors or disfavors a category of employees. The majority of the discrimination cases in the work place have a strong basis for one’s race, gender, nationality, just to mention a few of them (Dipboye & Colella 2005, p. 150). It is perceptible that such a practice has several unfavorable effects to the working environment. Therefore, this essay uses numerous examples to explain why discrimination is a barrier in the working environment. Discrimination is a barrier in the working environment because of its numerous negative effects it presents. With respect to a new study, discrimination creates a poor, working environment; therefore, making it hard to accomplish duties effectively (Lawn 2009, p. 3). Currently, the working place consists of people from diverse cultural settings. Therefore, discriminating an individual who is from a certain tribe or culture may pose adverse effects, not only to the victim but also to the entire group from which they originate. Barriers emanating from the atmosphere created by such practices include poor communication, which also deteriorates the once strong relationship existing amid workers. Moreover, employees in the workplace usually develop mistrust and hatred amongst themselves, which eventually results into poor performance. At diverse locations in Australia, the majority of companies have failed to attain their goals, due to an escalated rate of discrimination (Lawn 2009, p. 17).   * Discrimination creates a poor working environment.   * The working place consists of individuals from diverse settings and its, therefore, advisable to treat them equally.   * Poor communication at the work place affects the workers relationship negatively, thus the poor performance.   * The majority of Australian companies experience high chances of hatred and mistrust, which is because of discrimination. The latest study conducted on the working pregnant women in Australia showed a disparity in the strategy used by employers when giving maternity
Introduction This paper is aimed at comparing such books as The Mismeasure of Man written by Stephen Gould and Ian Tattersall’s work The Monkey in the Mirror. The authors focus on different questions that are related to the process of evolution. In particular, Stephen Gould presents a critique of such a theory called biological determinism according to which the behavioral norms, economic differences, and social inequalities can be attributed to inherited characteristics of a person such as race. In turn, Ian Tattersall wants to highlight those aspects that human beings have in common with other mammals such as monkeys of apes. Yet, in this way, the author wants to emphasize the uniqueness of a human being. These writers may examine different issues, but they want to show that various evolutionary models require a thorough examination of natural phenomena and rigorous analysis of data. This is one of the main arguments that can be made. Main body It is important to examine the topics of these books in greater detail. In particular, Stephen Gould wants to show how evolutionary theory gave rise to many racist or sexist views. For example, many people chose to draw parallels between the competition among species and the interactions among the representations of different races or ethnicities. Additionally, they came to the conclusion that some races could be inferior to others. Moreover, they tried to provide scientific evidence that could support this hypothesis. In his turn, Stephen Gould wants to show how many researchers attempted to falsify the results of their empirical observations in order to show that racial origins affect the behavior of an individual, his/her intelligence, or income level. The writer is able to show the danger of these falsified theories. In turn, Ian Tattersall wants to show that human beings have many similarities with other mammals. For instance, this argument is applicable if one speaks about such aspects as mating, in-group competition, or the ability to experience various emotions like pleasure or fear. In the writer’s opinion, animals should not be regarded as mere automata because such an assumption overlooks the complexity of animal behavior. The author wants to show that people have a great number of similarities with other species. Moreover, he believes that evolution is a very gradual process. Although Ian Tattersall does not focus on race, his arguments can be used to show that the racial theory of evolution is inconsistent. This is one of the main aspects that can be identif
Positivist vs. post-positivist approach The world of social science has suggested many answers to difficult questions. However, there are still many questions to the scientific approaches. Thus, the reign of positivist methodology ended in the twentieth century, and scholars worked out several alternative paradigms. Of course, the major dispute of the merits and demerits of positivist and post-positivist methodologies is still continuing. Scholars admit that post-positivist methodology is developed on the basis of the positivist methodology, and, thus, these approaches have many features in common (Morris, 2006). However, these two approaches have certain weak places since they can be characterized as two opposites. Thus, it is quite impossible to exploit one of the approaches to reach a complete understanding of human behavior. To my mind, it can be helpful to use an alternative approach to understand social behavior, i.e. constructivism paradigm, the middle road between positivist and post-positivist methodologies, which contains the most winning techniques of the two approaches. Merits and demerits of the approaches The major characteristics of positivist methodology In the first place, it is necessary to depict the major characteristics of positivist and post-positivist methodologies. Thus, one of the main postulates of the positivist approach is that the reality existing “out there” should be analyzed by science, and the essential objective of science is “to predict and control natural phenomena” (Guba, 1990, p.19). The inquirer’s aim is to observe the natural processes standing behind “a thick wall of one-way glass” which enables the inquirer to understand the nature of phenomena without altering them (Guba, 1990, p.19). Positivist methodology presupposes that the results of the researches held are based on “the foundation of indubitable observation” (Phillips, 1990, p.34). So, the results of the observation are summarized “in the form of time- and context-free generalization”, which can further become a law (Guba, 1990, p.20). Admittedly, positivism excludes any evaluation and it exploits mainly quantitative research methods. This approach is based on the research which initially formulates a hypothesis and then tests the validity of this or that theory. The major characteristics of the post-positive approach As I mentioned above, post-positivism has many similar features. For instance, this methodology also seeks to reach objectivity. According to Guba (1990), objectivity is still a central concern in post-positivist methodology. Post-positivism presupposes that reality is out there, but the inquirer can never have a complete understanding of nature. For instance, post-positivist methodology criticizes the reliance on the quantitative methods only, arguing that they cannot provide the observer with the comprehensive picture. Besides, this approach criticizes the positivist methodology claiming that it is impossible to keep to neutral, distant posture during research; the inquirer inevitably influences the results of the research. As Phi
Introduction A great personal computer must demonstrate superiority in three realms: performance, cost effectiveness as well as design. Three models have been chosen for analysis and they include the Apple iMac 27-inch, Gateway SX2850-33 and the HP Touchsmart 610q 1065qd. Comparison of the PCs All three personal computers have relatively high speed. The Apple iMac is critically acclaimed for its superior speeds owing to its core i5 central processing unit. Likewise, the Gateway model has a central processing unit of core i3. The Gateway has a central processing unit made up of an Intel core i7. These are all relatively impressive speeds that would be quite satisfactory for organizational or personal use. The nature of ports prevalent in the Apple iMac makes it comparable to the Gateway SX2850-33. In fact media users will find the former model quite useful owing to its ability to facilitate connected devices. One can expand the card slot, and thus perform tasks with relative ease on the Gateway model. Connectivity options are quite vast in this kind of PC (Brown a, 4). Design features are also quite strong in two of the computers; the 27inch Apple iMac as well as the HP Touchsmart. The display system in Apple model is quite superior. Because the machine is twenty seven inches, then one is bound to get a good resolution from this computer. In fact, this makes Apple quite ideal for viewing high definition video. Many all-in-one computers promise a lot but none of them really comes close to the screen display that is prevalent in the Apple model. When one watches videos or other moving images on the Apple screen, rarely will one witness motion blur as the lighting and the colors have been perfectly thought through (Rougeot, 8). Likewise, the HP touchsmart is also quite superior in this area. It has a twenty three inch screen that provides great flexibility. The screen can be adjusted in order to conform to the nature of one’s position and thus provide great freedom. Other design features that make both the Apple iMac and the HP touchsmart quite promising are the wireless keyboards that can be found in both computers. The mouse in both models also possess the same quality of being wireless. The advantage of using Bluet
Introduction A brief overview of the topic . The history is one of the vaguest concepts that can be interpreted as one considers it appropriate. In this way, we currently have different versions of the same events explained and described from a number of different perspectives that often contradict each other in all possible ways. As such, the historians that are supposed to tell truth as it appears in the real world should summarize the events without making inappropriate conclusions. However, some historical notes are written in the form of short stories that contain many stylistic devices that add other meanings and moods to the history even if the author does not give his own account of the event. Moral and religious issues are also of primary concern as they are recorded from the perspective of contemporary vision whereas the beliefs and values change and perception of history may change as well. Aim of discussion, Histories written by Herodotus are interesting and captivating but do not resemble the history books usually taught in class. What was the purpose of writing history in this manner and how did the author benefit from such narration are the burning issues enlarged on in the present paper. The Histories by Herodotus Morality and ‘philosophy’ of life . As moral obligations can be more referred to as subjective issues unique for every individual, it is impossible to judge a person due to lack of morality in his/her actions. Besides, the historical narration should include plain narration, description, and summary of events, people, and battles instead of becoming a novel about romantic affairs of main characters of the story. In this respect, morality of life in the Histories authored by Herodotus is a subjective issue that should also be assessed using a cultural perspective. It has been claimed that culture is a unique concept that has many dimensions and cannot be measured by one person or using the same scale as for calculating the number of objects. Example of immoral behavior can be seen in the story about Gyges who gained the kingdom of Lydia (Herod. Histories pp. 113-114 McK) but the audience would split into two or more parts supporting this or that character: was it the kings wife who acted immorally or she can be considered a victim of immoral behavior of him and his servant, a servant can be labeled as a criminal or as a victim as well. Immoral behavior is the concept that is typical of one person and goes beyond all rules for another. A crew that betrayed a man who hired hem can be considered either the one consisting of immoral men or the one consisting of businesslike men who saw a naïve person and took advantage of him (Herod. Histories p. 114 McK). Every person can use a situation for benefit but another person, in this case, can judge him/her of doing so and label this manner of behavior as immoral. Cultural perspective is the best way for considering this con
A surgical nurse is a health professional who has specialized in perioperative care. Therefore, surgical nurse takes care of the surgical patient before, during and after the surgical operation. Surgical nurse organizes the operation room and later helps the surgeon in equipments handling during surgery. Becoming a surgical nurse is a lengthy process. The individual has to pass basic education before admission in a medical institution for Bachelor of Science in Nursing (BSN) degree. After admission, a BSN student undergoes challenging studies on perioperative care procedures and ethics. After graduation, BSN nurses must obtain the National Council Licensure Examination (NCLEX) license to be eligible to work as a surgeon’s assistant (Chitty& Black 15). To become a surgical nurse, one should pursue a Bachelor of Science in Nursing (BSN) degree. The program provides students with theoretical and practical training on surgical care procedures. Furthermore, BSN acts as a foundation for further studies in masters and PhD programs. In general, BSN coursework concentrates in biological sciences, behavioral studies, nursing care, ethics and leadership among other topics. In addition, BSN course exposes students to research, analysis and data presentation techniques. BSN nurses heavily use research skills in evidence-based nursing ethics and practices. Admission to BSN course in American universities is extremely competitive. However, one can enroll for BSN in American university through either of the following options (Spencer 310). Applicants can enroll for the RN-BSN program to become surgical nurses. To register for this program, the student should provide evidence of high academic records. For instance, the applicants must have graduated with an associate degree or diploma in nursing. Besides, they should have successfully completed and passed the NCLEX-RN examination. The applicants should also provide evidence that they hold an unrestricted license that allow them to operate as registered nurses. A score of at least “C” in the 19 prerequisite clinical courses is mandatory for RN-BSN admission. A minimum grade of C in sciences and mathematics courses is mandatory for the applicants to be approved for RN-BSN program. Finally, the interested applicants who meet the above requirements must submit fully filled application forms to their universities for admission (Meleis 26). Medical degree holders without nursing experience can acquire BSN