ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Remuneration and reward of employees are some of the ways that can be used to retain employees. By reward we mean that the efforts of the employee are recognized. Singling out and rewarding workers inspires them to look for ways of undertaking their tasks effectively and lack of it can completely dishearten them. A reward system has to be effective and able to instil the desired behaviour for efficient performance. The reward system can either use financial mechanism or non-financial. People need to be encouraged and appreciated in order to achieve their mission and that of others. Motivation is the act of encouraging someone to carry out a task better than he intended to. It is common for employees to take up jobs because of the motivation they get. Failure to motivate employees may result in poor performance of a company. There are generally many forms of motivation, for instance, some employees are motivated by the challenges they encounter while carrying out their tasks, others are motivated by the attention they attract, while majority are motivated by the amount of money they expect to earn. The last factor plays a great role in the success of every person, most people stay in jobs because of the pay scale, the incentives, and rewards they get from their employer. This paper will look at some motivational theories as it tries to relate them with an organizational performance. Equity Theory Equity theory is one of the theories of motivation. It is used to describe the relationship between employees and the motivation they get to work hard and their perception about fair treatment in the work place. For a long time, employers have considered their employees as just inputs to be used for the production of goods and services. However, this perception is gradually fading as employers get more and more enlightened about motivating their employees. From research, it is clear that, employees are not only motivated by money, but also their attitudes. The equity theory was first developed by John Adams in early 1963. Adams was a behavioural psychologist who held that, employees are always seeking for equity between the outcomes they get out of their efforts and the inputs they bring into a company. An employee inputs are the positive contribution he makes for the betterment of an organization including the work he does, his skills, behaviour, and experience while outcomes are the rewards he gets out of his hard work, this may be in the form of appreciation, promotion, incentives, salary rise, to name but a few (Jonathan 650). Fair treatment is a virtue that motivates employees to work hard for an organization and also to maintain a good working environment with their co-workers. When employees perceive themselves as being over or under rewarded, they may experience distress which may cause the organization to bring back equity in the relationship. Equity can be computed in terms of individual employee’s contribution and the accrued benefits (Anon. “Adams’ Equity theory” 2). This means that, the partner who contributes less (in terms of investme
Article Summary & Supporting Science The article “Four New DNA Letters Double Life’s Alphabet,” written by Mattew Warren, was published in the “Nature” journal. In this article, the author describes the work of Steven Benner and other scientists who contributed to the improvement in understanding the nature of synthetic DNA bases. The main argument that is highlighted by Warren is that the previously known DNA bases are not unique, which has several implications for understanding life and information storage. The DNA bases Z, P, S, and B are outlined in this publication. The critical factor is that prior, only four bases were discovered by scientists, “guanine, cytosine, adenine, and thymine, commonly referred to as G, C, A and T,” (Warren 436). Therefore, the scientists were able to create a synthetic DNA with similar properties to the natural DNA, containing eight building blocks. These letters form hydrogen bonds, which is the reason why they form pairs. Usually, in a DNA with four bases, each element pairs with another, A pairs with T, while C with G. Benner was the first scientist to create different bases, which happened in 1980 (qtd. in Warren 436). An essential factor is that this article suggests that the discovered bases can bind to each other. This means that they hold the double helix and retain their structure, which is a significant discovery. Due to the fact that this team of scientists was able to adjust the structure of the synthetic pairs, they now can be used in combination with natural bases. The main implication is the data storage capabilities of DNA, which are more significant when comparing four bases to the standard binary method used to retain information within the field of technology. With the eight bases described in this article, the potential for storing data doubles. Discussion of the Science Content Since the article is about a breakthrough in the understanding of the DNA’s four bases chemicals, it is difficult to assess its reliability. This publication refers to the breakthrough discovered and published by Hoshika et al. in the article “Hachimoji DNA and RNA: A Genetic System with Eight Building Blocks” and other works by scientists who worked on expanding the capabilities of DNA storage (884). The reviewed article also mentioned the term hachimoji – which translates from Japanese as eight letters and refers to the eight DNA bases. The notable publications that outline the structure of DNA and its constituents ar
Introduction For effective operation of an organisation, monitoring and control are necessary. Corporate governance comprises one of the ways of controlling and monitoring of organisational operations (Abdulla & Page, 2009). The key agenda of corporate governance is to alleviate any clashes of demands among partners. This task is mostly accomplished through the enactment of various customs, laws, processes, policies, and institutions, which influence the manner in which organisations are controlled. For example, the UK has established a set of rules that guide all organisations to ensure that they do not engage in unethical practices, which harm the interest of the shareholders. State-established policies and other control structures that are established within the field of corporate governance may help to regulate employees’ conducts and decisions. Alternatively, organisations may develop codes that guide the practices of their employees so that they do not engage in issues that harm their shareholders. However, even with the codes, directors and other employees may fail to uphold accountability as witnessed in the case of Satyam Computer Service Limited. The company misrepresented financial performance information. The act misguided the shareholders concerning the company’s performance. This paper discusses corporate governance issues in the contemporary organisations using Satyam Computer Service Limited as a case study. Summary of the Case of Satyam Computer Service Limited Satyam Computer is an Indian-incorporated information services organisation. At the dawn of 2008, the business announced its plan to secure two organisations. The first one was Maytas Infrastructures while the second one was Maytas Properties. Ramalinga Raju’s folks owned these two organisations. Raju was the pioneer and chair of Satyam Computer Service Limited. However, following issues with the stock market, the organisation withdrew its acquisition deal within 12 hours. Questions began to emerge from the company’s corporate governance systems. Satyam Computer Service Limited authorised an acquisition while knowing that the transaction was party-related. However, people began to take responsibility for the malpractice. Two independent directors offered to resign. At the beginning of 2009, the chairperson exposed how Satyam Computer Service Limited had been exaggerating its returns. This case increased concerns over the company’s corporate governance. In his resignation letter, the head confessed that the company had engaged in accounting malpractices that involved the manipulation of over $1billion cash balance. The collusion to engage in the acquisition without consulting
Modern students seek financial independence and opportunities to receive practical skills from an early age. Nowadays more than 57% of students worldwide work part-time to cover their living and tuition costs as well as to satisfy some higher personal demands (Richmond par.1). Working while studying helps students to realize their potential and develop crucial professional skills. Only in the working environment, it is possible to gain invaluable practical experience and knowledge. Apart from financial rewards, students receive necessary team-working, organizational, planning, time-management, leadership, and decision-making skills. They learn how to deal with real situations, take full responsibility for their actions, and efficiently interact with their colleagues. A person who is engaged in a busy working environment also develops interpersonal, communicational, and conflict handling skills (Department for Business, Innovation, and Skills 79). Moreover, employers are more favorable to those who already have working experience after graduation, especially if to speak about relatively prestigious positions (Wignall 21). At the same time, working while studying entails many challenges. A student will face pressure and need to achieve the balance between work and studying process. The quality of his or her studies might deteriorate significantly, as well as social life. A working person faces the risk of nervousness and tiredness, which may affect his or her ability to retain and process information at the University. In some cases, over-exhaustion may even lead to health problems (Department for Business, Innovation, and Skills 78). Thus, it is up to the student to decide whether he or she can combine studies with working. Working while studying might be exhausting and stressful, but it brings significant benefits to young people and facilitates their finding in the modern economically unstable world. Works Cited Department for Business, Innovation and Skills 2013. Working While Studying: A Follow-up to the Student Income and Expenditure Survey 2011/12 . Web. Richmond, Leone. Student Part-time Work Increases . 2013. Web. Wignall, Alice. The Guardian Postgraduate Guide . London, UK: Guardian, 2012. Print.
The main aim of writing this paper is to cast light upon the history of biomedical mechanical engineering and mechanical prosthetics which are so demanded in our society. More than that, this paper provides different models of prosthetics and their advantages and disadvantages compared to their costs. This material will be interesting not only for specialists in this area but for people who have to use prosthetics that facilitate their life. Biomedical mechanic engineering aims at the researching of a human body and production of the special tools which facilitate the life of people who have been injured. Biomedical mechanic engineering appeared with the use of x-ray machines and electrocardiographs which made it possible to make a diagnosis with the use of technology. The boom of the development of biomedical mechanic engineering is dated to the period after World War ll. The use of researches in mechanics and biology helps to produce prosthetic devices which resemble human limbs and can move. Mechanical prosthetics are well-developed in modern medicine. This branch of medicine concerns itself with the replacement of the missing parts of the body. Prosthetics has a long history and researchers and specialists have done their best to facilitate the life of the disabled. Although nothing can fully replace a part of the body, prosthetics make the life of the disabled better. People have used different artificial devices to compensate for the loss of the limb. A forked tree limb was used to replace the leg as a crutch in ancient times. The history of prosthetics is dated to 300 B.C. People used crude devices to compensate for the loss of the limb. Early prosthetics were made by armor makers, blacksmiths, and other specialists who were very skilled at the work with wood, metal, and leather. One of the first references to the use of prosthetics is observed in the works of the French surgeon, Ambroise Pare, in 1579 where he described the methods of producing prosthetics used by him in the practice. Having been a military surgeon, Pare amputated soldiers’ shattered arms and legs and worked over the methods of designing and producing prosthetics (Waverly, 2009). According to German history, the Knight of Iron was described to have an artificial hand which fingers could even move (Pederson, 2008). In the 1700s prosthetics made from metal were ousted by the wood and leather ones and further on, incorporated joints began to be used instead of the stiff solid limbs. Prosthetics were in need during wartime. During the American Civil War (1861-1865), there were nearly 30,000 amputations that needed some decision for the disabled. Wooden sock limbs produced in New York cost from 75$ to 150$. During World War ll (1939-45), new materials were used in the production of prosthetics, namely aluminum and plastics which made the use of prosthetics easier and more comfortable. With the beginning of the Vietnam War during the 1960-70s years, t
Types of Human Resource Management Issues in International Business International human resource management is defined as the effective process of procuring, allocating and utilizing human resources in multinational corporations. The issues that are considered to affect human resource management in foreign establishments are as discussed below. Culture “Culture is defined as a set of assumptions, rules, and values about social interaction” (Hofstede, 2003). “HRM personnel should develop culture sensitive policies that are acceptable within the local culture.” (Sims, & Schraeder, 2004). According to Hofstede (2003) the following are factors that differ in national cultures and should be considered in defining management practices.   * Power Distance –Organizations in high power distance develop centralized and bureaucratic structures while those in low power distance are decentralized with more organic structures.   * Uncertainty Avoidance –In high uncertainty avoidance countries, people tend to rely on experts and ensure greater stability while those in low uncertainty avoidance areas take risks more lightly.   * Individualism-Collectivism – Individualism implies that everyone should be independent while collectivism holds that everyone should needs the other.   * Masculinity-Femininity – “Masculine societies emphasize the need to achieve something tangible while Feminine societies value helping others, having better quality living, and increased relationships with others” (Sims, & Schraeder, 2004). Economic Factors HRM practices are usually determined by the economic systems in different countries. “In free enterprise systems, the need for efficiency favors HRM policies that value productivity; while in socialists systems, policies tend to prevent unemployment regardless of the efficiency.” (“Global Human Resource Management,” n.d). Political Regulations and Policies Different countries have differences in industrial relations such as the governing relationship between the employer, employee, and unions. Employees of some nations are usually given legal rights to take part in formulation of company poli
This paper is aimed at examining several questions related to project management. In the first section, such a concept as stakeholder is examined. Furthermore, this section includes a strategy for communicating with different stakeholders. Additionally, this paper highlights the differences between agile management and PMBoK. Furthermore, it is important to evaluate their applicability to a specific project such as the construction of Wembley Stadium. Moreover, much attention is paid to project scope, especially the need to make a list of items that have be excluded. Finally, this report throws light on the problems associated with the management of multi-cultural teams and outlines the methods of addressing them. Within the context of project management, the word stakeholder can be defined as any individual or “organisation that is actively involved in a project, or whose interests may be positively or negatively affected by execution or completion of the project” (Pries & Quigley 2012, p. 84).
The ability of a bacteria or virus to resist the effects of another microorganism is widely referred to as antibiotic resistance. A providential experiment in 1928 by Alexander Fleming led to the discovery of antibiotics. Antibiotics can be defined as naturally occurring substances produced by bacteria and work to kill other competing bacteria. Fleming’s finding was a landmark and led to large scale production of penicillin from the mold Penicillium notatum in the early ’40s. Most surprisingly, the resistance of antibiotic was experienced in the same year. This has so far contributed to 75% of acquired infections that are linked to antibiotic resistance worldwide (Anderson, p. 318). Generally, antibiotic resistance is genetically evolved via mutation in the pathogen genome (a phenomenon referred to as horizontal gene transfer) but it can also occur as a result of the application of an evolutionary strain on a population. This is seen in the microorganisms that mutate to allow their survival and later they pass the genes to their offspring. Consequently, this results in the likelihood of a fully resistant bacteria colony. The bacterium carries or transfers important information in persons by the plasmid method. The bacterium may carry one or several resistance genes, where the latter is known as the multi-resistant process. Another microorganism may also transport genes and this class encompasses antimicrobial resistance. In addition, the introduction of antibiotics, which is specifically a drug, can occur through transformation protocols. This is however useful in instilling effective genes into the microorganism. Recent studies have demonstrated that antibiotic resistance is contributed by how much antibiotic is consumed. For instance, the advancement of methicillin resistance is suggested to occur as a result of the overuse of second and third generation of cephalosporins (the broad-spectrum antibiotics). Other factors that cause this resistance includes; incorrect prescriptions and diagnosis, oral application of antibiotic in livestock among others (Mathew and Liamthong, p. 116). The bacteria cell is simply destroyed by an antibiotic and leads to the non-functionality of a critical process. An antibiotic can render the protein nonfunctional when it binds to its wall. This protein is then used in copying the DNA and making the walls of the cells more effective in the reproduction and growth of bacteria. The DNA of a bacterium may undergo a mutation that codes one or several proteins. The resulting protein is altered as the antibiotic is unable to bind to it and this leads to the survival of the bacteria by mutation. When antibiotic is present in individuals, the reproduction and survival of bacteria are highly enhanced (Purdom, p. 34). In most cases, antibiotics do not cause resistance but it creates an environment that is antibiotic-resistant friendly. Several microorganisms have shown resistance to
Criminal law is a division of law that elucidates crimes, describes their nature and defines available punishment for a criminal offense. Between civil law and criminal law, there exists a clear distinction. The main intention of criminal law is to safeguard society. For instance, a tort is a civil offense unleashed against an individual whereas a crime is considered as an offense committed against the public even though only one person may have been affected. In the case of civil law, an individual can initiate action for getting relief. For example, in a tort, an individual or his representative may initiate action against the wrongdoer. Under criminal law, a wrongdoer is being prosecuted by the state itself. However, if a person has committed a crime, a plaintiff may initiate criminal action against him and also he can file a civil suit to claim damages if he is entitled to the same under the law Criminal law can be categorized into two group’s viz. procedural and vital criminal law. Procedural law prescribes a limit on how the government may encroach on an individual’s privileges when a person is charged with a crime. Criminology differs from criminal law. Criminology is a body of knowledge. It analyses the process involved in framing the laws and evaluating the causes for the infringement of laws. Criminology is more concerned with past statistics and facts, present trends, and future outcomes. Criminology is a genus in nature. It is more concerned with the social, socio-economic grounds of the crimes and is more sympathetic to criminals and suggests ways and means to correct their behaviors. Different types of schools of criminology The main schools of criminology are as follows: They are 1) Pre-Scientific school 2) Free-Will school 3) Classic school 4) Positivist school or Lombrosian School 4) Geographical school 5) Ecological school 6) Typological school 7) The Sociological school 8) The Anthropological school and 9) Multiple factors theory. This research essay reviews various kinds of literature available on the Anthropological theory of crime in detail. Analysis Anthropological Theory of Crime “Anthropology “connotes the study of humanity as a division of natural science. The strong supporters of Anthropological theory which is based upon personality disorder of men or the mental illness for carrying out any illegal acts particularly sexual offenses. The reason is sexual desire is inherent in every man. Man is also like an animal. However, man is a clever animal than
I am sitting chatting with a colleague in the student lounge. A young black student enters the lounge and sits next to us. My colleague, whose phone is on the table, looks at the black student, picks up the phone, and puts it in her handbag. “Black male students are thieves,” she then whispers to me. After such an occurrence, I am wondering if stereotyping still exists in the 21 st century. Let us look at Rika Najera and Brent Staples essays on stereotyping in American society. Rika’s essay, The Hollywood lens on Latinos, is out of focus , is about gender and race stereotypes in the USA. Brent’s essay Just walks on by – a black man ponders his ability to alter public space, explains the triumphs of young Afro-Americans against the stereotypes created by society. Solutions offered to stereotypes include facing situations through confrontation, ignorance, or the application of both. Confrontation acts as a remedy to decrease future stereotyping. For cases that apply the confrontation method to offer solutions, use politeness to play a key role in communication, and the reasons for the confrontation are explained. The use of confrontation may differ depending on circumstances. Many people do not like being questioned about what they believe in, and this solution may create disagreement among people. When we ignore stereotypes, we face benefits and costs. One benefit is that it creates a calm and peaceful environment that lacks confrontation or exchange of words. This happens when stereotyped people ignore stereotyping comments. The less likely get upset by the attacker. The costs of ignoring stereotypes are very crucial as lack of confrontation leads to creating and supporting new and existing stereotypes. The person also falls into the stereotypes and approve of the behavior of the aggressor. Further, the person might be hurt and feel bad about the subject of the stereotype. When we look closely at solutions offered by both writers, we realize that there are Rika offers confrontation as the solution to dealing with stereotypes, while Brent offers ignorance. The author’