ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The Soviet Union was ruled by a one-party rule of the Bolsheviks, which was dominated by liberal politicians. The government had less control over the streets than workers’ and soldiers’ councils, which were the soviets dominated by the socialist parties (Phillips 89). The one-party rule was apprehended because it eradicated capitalist exploitation in the Soviet Union and ensured peoples would be represented by the democratic centralism principles. It was dominated by liberal politicians. Vladimir Ilych Lenin and Trotsky were the best known influential figures in the Bolsheviks rule (Communist Party). Being the trusted aides of Lenin, Joseph Stalin had earned himself an authority in the communist party. He influenced the hiring of every top government official and hiring the new government lower-level workers. He out-maneuvered his rivals by hiring communists who were loyal to him in the government posts. A new post of the General Secretary was proposed by Kamenev to oversee and co-ordinate the different arms in the Communist Party. On April 3, 1922, Stalin became the General Secretary of the communist party of the Soviet Union. This made Stalin accumulate great power in the party. In March 1922, Lenin suffered a severe stroke leaving him mentally weakened and physically impaired, paralyzing his right side. Stalin was made in charge of Lenin’s medical staff and ensured that Lenin took a break in political work as well as taking rest. Lenin’s failing health could not have allowed him to get back to his full duties as a leader since he suffered another stroke. He expressed Stalin and Trotsky as the most competent leaders in the Central Committee in a letter meant to be read after his death. On January 4, 1923, Lenin wrote that Stalin is rude and holds enormous power, which he knows not how to use it. He, therefore, urges Communists to remove Stalin in the post as the General Secretary. Preparations to replace Lenin began, and Leon Trotsky seemed to be the greatest opponent to Stalin. Stalin held the advantage of understanding how leadership and politics worked. He made use of a party rule that outlawed factions by allowing members of the Communists to debate on a proposal until it became a policy. On Lenin’s death on January 21, 1924, Stalin organized a funeral ceremony for Lenin, where his body was laid out in the casket for display. Stalin stood beside the casket to win the public’s attention on his close bond with Lenin as mourners viewed the body. Stalin later highlighted Lenin’s key philosophies published in a book as “The Foundations of Leninism” (Havlat 45). Stalin joined forces in the left wing with Gregory Zinoviev and Lev Kamenev to keep Trotsky out of power, for they believed that Trotsky would dismiss them from the government once he becomes the leader. On the other hand, Trotsky had long been opposed to NEP, which was an unacceptable compromise to Socialism. Trotsky then called for a Marxist policy ‘Permanent Revolution’ based on the Marxist t
Introduction This report entails a financial evaluation and analysis of Tesco PLC with the underlying objective being to gauge its attractiveness as an investment for potential investors in the equities sector. Tesco PLC is a British company that distributes groceries, and it is passionate about providing services to clients in an improved manner each day, either in their stores or online interactions. This evaluation will be undertaken primarily through ratio analysis and the integration of additional company and industry information obtained from its 2019 annual report and other external sources provided concerning this company. Tesco PLC celebrated its centennial anniversary in 2019, having been founded in 1919 by Jack Cohen in East London as a market stall (Tesco, 2020). Currently, the company has operations across the globe, totaling 3,787 stores and employing more than 340,000 people as of 2019 (Tesco, 2020). 79% of the companys operations are found in the UK, with the rest being scattered in regions such as Europe and Asia-Pacific. Comparative Analysis Profitability Ratios According to Sharma (2020), profitability ratios are useful measures for evaluating the potential of a business to generate profits from available resources. Accordingly, the ratios provide potential investors with a clear picture of the company’s expected future performance (Gibson, 2008). These ratios provide a clear analysis of current and past statuses of the company’s performance in a comparable manner. Moreover, financial ratios help to determine whether the business is utilizing its resources effectively to maximize returns (Denny, 2003). In this case, Tescos PLC Profitability ratios are summarised as follows:   * Return on Shareholders Funds – This ratio declined to 8.88% in 2019, down from 11.5% in the previous year. The decline was a result of the company’s decision to increase the equity of its ordinary shares (Eley, 2020).   * Return on Capital Employed – this ratio, on the other hand, increased to 7.77% in 2019 from 6.42% primarily due to a higher reported operating profit of the company. This higher operating profit is an indicator of increased efficiency in the companys operations. There was an increase in Tesco’s operating and net profit margins for the year 2019, compared to the 2018 returns (Sabanoglu, 2020). One should emphasize that the operating profit margin excludes exceptional items to reflect ordinary operations, while the net profit margins include these items to show the whole of the operations. The increase in these margins is a positive indicator for investors considering that sales revenue in the same year also grew substantially to GBP 63.91 million, up from GBP 57.493 million in 2018 (Tesco, 2020). Efficiency Ratios Activity or Turnover ratios are used to evaluate a companys efficiency and effectiveness in the undertaking of its day-to-day operations, according to Sharma (2020). These ratios are a measurement of
Fish Many teenagers do not like fish. Some girls simply hate its characteristic odor and the way it looks on the plate. Why should I eat this ugly demon from deep waters? Girls! You should eat fish because it will help you to be smart, beautiful, and happy! Why Fish? Fish pluses Remember that adolescence is one of the most important periods of your life as you build the body you will be using for the next 100 years (that is, of course, if you have a healthy lifestyle). Certainly, you need to have enough exercise, and your diet should be balanced. However, you should also know the benefits of some particular products. Fish is a magician’s hat—you can get loads of great things out of it. It will Help You Be Even More Beautiful! Strong and skinny girl Of course, good health makes you beautiful. Everyone knows this simple truth. Fish is rich in omega-3 polyunsaturated fat that helps prevent heart attacks. This element also improves your body’s resistance to other diseases. However, health may seem like a dull topic at your age. You will be surprised to learn that fish helps females to be beautiful. Fish is rich in protein that is essential for the development of muscles. Skinny girls seemed attractive back in the 1980s. Now, strong and healthy bodies are in fashion. Firm abs and hips will make you a superstar! On top of that, fish reduces the risk of developing arthritis. Fish benefits Of course, you need healthy joints to be a strong and empowered woman. Your eyes enchant and subjugate. Nevertheless, it can be difficult to do that through thick lenses. Mind your eyes’ health! Fish has the necessary elements to keep your eyes healthy, bright, and beautiful. It Will Help You to Be Smarter! Fish is legendary for its outstanding effect on people’s brains. This product is the best source of such important elements as omega-3 fatty acids. Moreover, it has been proved that people who eat fish regularly have a larger gray matter in the brain that controls memory. Eating fish is specifically important during adolescence when your brain is still developing. Your academic performance will improve. It will Help You Be Happier! It has been found that omega-3 is also an important element that exerts a positive influence on the parts of the brain that regulate our emotions. In simple terms, you can be happier if you eat fish weekly. Of course, your mood will also improve if you feel that you are a high achiever and a gorgeous young lady. Meal Ideas for You and Your Friends! Fish dish 1 Fish dish 2 Fish dish 3 Fish dish 4 Another breathtaking thing about fish is the many ways it can be cooked. You can cook a healthy fish meal in any way. You can grill, roast, or bake it! You can eat your favorite tacos and be healthy, beautiful, and smart! Fish dish 5 Organize a grill party, and have fun! The only rule here is to add vegetables, and these can be your favorite vegetables. Try grilling them, and use some fresh ve
Introduction The Renaissance produced a brilliant thinker in the person of Isaac Newton and for two hundred years after his mind-boggling description of astronomy and physics his work formed the basis for various scientific theories with regards to physics. Newton was one of the key pioneers in the transition from astrology to astronomy and he formulated scientific laws that assisted scientists and ordinary people to understand the intricacies of planetary motions and how objects behaved in relation in the context of gravitational pull. However, a couple of centuries later, an unlikely game changer emerged and changed the way people perceived astrophysics. Einstein challenged the status quo and revealed gaps in Newtonian physics. Einstein changed the world. He influenced generations of scientists and space explorers. In the present time he is considered as one of the most popular and beloved scientists who ever lived. Background His parents Hermann Einstein and Pauline Koch Einstein welcomed a healthy baby boy on March 14, 1879. Baby Einstein was born under the auspices of the kingdom of Wurttemberg in the German Empire. 1 Both his parents were Jewish. His early struggle with a speech impediment and his rebellion against authorities compelled many people to conclude that he was a slow learner and that he would amount to nothing. Maja Einstein, his younger sister, remarked that Albert Einstein did not learn how to talk until he was more than two years old and this was a major source of concern for their parents. She said that his older brother had such a difficulty with language and those around him feared that he may never be as successful as his father. 2 His slow development when it comes to language was exacerbated by his cheeky rebelliousness. 3 One schoolmaster sent him packing and another schoolmaster warned him that he would never succeed in life. 4 But they were all wrong because underneath the struggles, Einstein had a strong foundation in science, thanks in part to his father and relatives who inspired him and influenced him to become a scientist. His father was an engineer and when Einstein was five years old his father and uncle founded an electrical manufacturing firm. 5 It was also at this time when his father gave him a compass and when he looked into the compass, he realized that there must be an invisible power out there and the reason why his compass needle pointed North. 6 Another defining moment in his life occurred when he was ten years old. A visiting medical student named “Max Talmud introduced him to Euclid’s book entitled Elements .” 7 Later on Einstein referred to this masterpiece as “the holy little geometry book.” 8 Although he had a brilliant mind, he had trouble finishing his studies. He finally graduated in 1900 and earned a degree in physics. After graduation he cannot find a job at the university and decided to work at the patent office in Bern, Switzerland in 1902. He married Mileva Maric in 1903. It is interesting to note that whi
One of the social factors that might impact what groceries are purchased is the lack of healthy food. Addressing Wal-Mart in Forest Part allows me to gather enough information about available products and their prices. For example, one gallon of great value milk is $2.65, one loaf of Sara Lee bread is $2.44, one bag of gala apples is $3.58, and one bag of organic baby carrots is $3.88. Continuing my visit, the prices are as follows: one yogurt container is $1.92, 2-liter of Pepsi Soda is $1.98, one bag of chips is $2.84, and one family-size pack of cookies is $3.98. In Maywood, IL 60153, the population is mostly African Americans (68.6%), but white citizens (18.2%) and Hispanic/Latino (26.9%) also live there (United States Census Bureau, n.d.). The chosen living area lacks good grocery stores, but the number of fast-food restaurants has significantly increased during the last few years. It means that people are not able to buy healthy food but have to eat poor-quality products, contributing to their health problems like hypertension and diabetes. Another social factor that affects human health and shopping habits is poor transformation and the impossibility for the working class to visit Wal-Mart regularly. The median household income in the chosen region is about $50,176, and the poverty level is about 15% (United States Census Bureau, n.d.). It means that not all individuals can go to the stores with good food and make decisions, not at the expense of their health. The combination of transportation, low income, and food factors are critical for public health (Islam, 2019). It is not enough to identify a problem but find ways to solve it and help the population achieve improvements. A community health nurse (CHN) is responsible for promoting public health and the choice of interventions to address food security. According to Schffer and Strohschein (2019), there are 17 interventions introduced in five groups with different colors, and collaboration is a unique opportunity for all community members to promote and protect health. The main characteristics of this intervention are a high commitment level, partnership, and goal orientation (Schffer & Strohschein, 2019). Collaboration at systems levels helps CHNs reach all appropriate stakeholders, community collaboration is necessary to analyze the current state of affairs, and cooperation with families improves personal knowledge and engagement.
Leadership is a complicated topic. Thus, it is important to narrow down the discussion by choosing three leadership frameworks. For the purpose of this paper, the following leadership frameworks were considered: 1) charismatic leadership; 2) instrumental leadership, and 3) spiritual leadership. However, it is important to narrow down the discussion even further by examining the said leadership frameworks through the context of transformation. It is important to find out the commonalities and disparities of the leading frameworks in the context of transformational change. The Transformation Context It is imperative to analyze the strengths and weaknesses of leadership frameworks based on the need to “transfer information, resources, or energy between or among system agents that result in changes within the agents or changes in the system-wide patterns” (Glenda, 2004, p. 10). There is a gulf of difference between the need to maintain the status quo, and the need to transform the organization. Maintaining the status quo requires the work of a manager. However, the need to affect meaningful change is the work of a leader (Chemers, 1984). In commentary regarding the difference between managing organizations and transforming organizations, “managers are seen as providers of order and consistency to key dimensions, such as quality and profitability of products” (Kotter, 1984, p. 130). However, leaders provide the capability to cope with change (Kotter, 1984). Commonalities in Three Leadership Frameworks A charismatic leader, an instrumental leader, and a spiritual leader have the capacity to affect meaningful change within an organization. Leaders belonging to these three frameworks understand the importance of describing a common goal so that the resources of the organization are allocated towards the fulfillment of the said goal. The three types of leaders understand the importance of motivating subordinates and co-workers towards the achievement of a shared goal. The charismatic leader accomplishes this task by communicating a compelling vision. The instrumental leader accomplishes goals through the creation of competent teams and the clarification of required behaviors (Nadler & Tushman, 1984). Spiritual leaders use a holistic approach in order to transform an organization. Disparities in Three Leadership Frameworks Although the three leadership frameworks share similarities in terms of motivating subordinates and co-workers towards the accomplishment of a particular goal, the methods used are not the same. The charismatic leader utilizes his ability to articulate a compellin
Ethics in Organizational Communication In organizations across the globe, there are laid down structures formulated in to keep staff in healthy and stable mind in their duty of serving company’s interest through regulatory ethical communication models. These models define expected behavior, procedural patterns, and response to every deviation. As a matter of fact, stable mind performs optimally with little or no supervision. In line with this, an organization will always work alongside its staff to promote healthy communication ethics by recognizing and where necessary, supporting staff that make steady commitment in practicing accepted desirable healthy organizational communication ethics in their work departments. Thus, this reflective treatise attempts to explicitly identify reasons why communication ethics are key leadership and organization issues. The paper then presents a reflective personal philosophy concerning communication ethics and support the philosophy with quantifiable effectiveness. Organizational and leadership ethics determine the level of participation by the employees who after interaction with each other, identify hale and hearty workplace interventions passed through a feasibility test for implementation to initiate cultural shift in organization. Besides, communication ethics define content policy based on the need to address work related habits in order to strike a balance on environmental friendly work place in practice. Besides, the target of this policy implementation is the entire hierarchy of staff members from the top management to the casual laborers at bottom of the ladder. As a result of properly structured communication ethics, the work environment becomes holistic, soft and socially friendly to the staff. Besides, healthy ethical communication culture creates structural goals which develop norms, expectations of specific behavior display, and appropriate guideline controlling interaction with one another. Thus, “as saliency, time, and willingness to communicate increase, coping and constructing, further along the continuum, may be chosen” (Modaff, DeWine, & Butler, 2008, p.23). My personal philosophy concerning ethics would revolve around strong working culture, thus healthy work habits exists where ethics are fairly quick in response to a stimulus as they are aligned to organizational values characterized by smooth consistent operations, similar to a well maintained computer software program optimal in operation with very minor hiccups. In relation to this philosophy, the elements of aspiration and principles form the underlying regulatory mechanism (Zaremba, 2003). Among the aspired ideals in this model will include the need for an organization to strive to develop good culture by fostering a strong alignment on the monitored path of achieving its goals, missions and vision. This will include written rules of engagement, expected behavior, and repercussions for deviation. Each member of the organization community will become part of the philosophy upon confirming allegiance. Periodically, the organization will restructure these goals in consistency with the changin
Introduction Historical texts depict a wide array of barriers and oral methods utilized to avoid pregnancy. Even in ancient civilizations, women and men used various methods to plan their families using their understanding. Although early intra-uterine devices (IUDs), cervical caps, diaphragms, and condoms showed improvements in contraceptive effectiveness, some substances introduced into the vagina in the ancient civilizations were mechanical and toxic and could potentially cause discomfort injury. Throughout the extended history of trials to control pregnancy, social influences have been significant as research ideas. Moral and religious beliefs have interconnected with social and economic factors in the adoption and ban of contraception. It was unlawful to provide contraception information in most ancient civilizations, but health care providers had the authority to recommend methods in some cultures due to health concerns. Premodern Period Contraceptives During the course of history, several information sources describe the utilization of various birth control methods. These methods were in the type of magical chants and charms, potions, and devices, and they were all utilized to avoid conception. However, their safety and efficacy left a gap to be filled. For instance, the texts of Aetius of Amida instructed females to dress in cat testes in a hose around their belly button. 1 The 13 th -century women from Islamic culture were recommended to urinate in a wolf’s urine to prevent pregnancy. Other contraception methods included withdrawal (coitus interruptus) and abstinence, which are seen as the oldest known methods. Although not a pregnancy control method, infanticide (used by the Spartans) and abortion (used by Muslims) also had a significant role in establishing family size all over history. Besides, historical writings portray a wide range of oral contraceptives, including formulas with allegedly sterilizing products such as bark or leaves of poplar, willow, ivy, and hawthorn. 2 Several women perished from strychnine, mercury, arsenic, and lead poisoning during the middle ages because these products were considered highly contraceptive. 3 Barrier birth control methods were proposed, such as smearing alum to the uterus and covering the reproductive organs with genitals. 4 Contraceptive diaphragms made from mixtures of pomegranate seed, lime, and a crocodile or elephant dung were put in the vagina to avoid pregnancy. Other contraceptives included gold balls depicted and used in Casanova, sponges, sicklewort leaves, and wool tampons immersed in wine. 5 The following transitory histories demonstrate the several ways that men and women across cultures tried to enjoy their sex life while planning their families sensibly during the ancient civilizations. Behavioral Methods Most of the ancient birt