ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Executive Summary For more than three decades, Africa was termed as an unattractive destination for international business. However, in the past 18 years, there has been a renewed focus on the continent because many MNCs are flocking to the continent to exploit emerging business opportunities. Consequently, there has been an increase in FDI flow in many African countries. However, it is unclear whether the continent has made significant governance gains to maintain a renewed interest on the continent as a long-term investment destination. This paper seeks to understand whether there have been significant governance gains in Africa to support the current wave of MNC entry in the continent. After analyzing data from the World Bank, which was gathered between 2012 and 2016, it is established that the gains made on the continent are insignificant. Therefore, it is difficult to claim (authoritatively) that Africa will remain a viable investment destination. Based on this finding, recommendations are made to use other economic measures (besides) governance to assess the continent’s readiness for international investments. Introduction Throughout the 19 th and 20 th centuries, many people thought of governments as having the key to economic prosperity. However, in the 21 st century, conventional thinking has changed and many people see markets as being the key to economic prosperity (Ietto-Gillies 2014). Indeed, governments that once privatized their corporations are now looking up to multinationals for investment in their economies to boost their social and economic growth (Ietto-Gillies 2014). Typically, corruption, political stability (violence, insecurity, and terrorism), government ineffectiveness, and the lack of rule of law (among others) are indicators that define poor governance. These measures of leadership affect the operations of multinational corporations (MNCs) because they increase the cost of doing business, promote unfair business practices and increase political instability (among other factors) (Nwanne 2014; Zhu 2014). Generally, poor governance affects different aspects of economic development, including the mobilization of capital, accountability standards in state and national corporations, and the unev
Ethics is a critical concept for nurses working in the contemporary healthcare environment since they often face controversial issues. Hence, nurses need to recognize ethical problems and make moral choices (Milliken, 2018). Sometimes, nurses may request the help of their colleagues or an ethics committee to resolve a particularly difficult situation, avoid legal complications, and maintain professional integrity (Catlin, 2014). However, this option is not always available, which is why nurses need to learn bioethics. Using ethical strategies and principles, nurses can evaluate the situation in a way that supports decision-making. One of the ethical issues affecting today’s healthcare providers is pain management. This area of practice poses many challenges for care providers due to the need for managing pain successfully without harming the patient. As explained by Paschkis and Potter, opioids are the most effective pain management option, but many care providers fear to prescribe them due to a high risk of addiction or misuse. In these cases, patients may suffer from insufficient pain management, which could affect their quality of life. Hence, the two primary ethical principles involved in pain management are beneficence and nonmaleficence (Campbell, 2013). On the one hand, the principle of beneficence dictates that the most effective option should be used to manage the patient’s pain. On the other hand, addiction to and misuse of prescription drugs could harm the patient in the long term. The provider must evaluate the patient’s risks and choose the right pain management option for them. The application of various ethical theories may also help to identify ways of balancing the two ethical princip
Before the Europeans stepped on the mainland Canada, the then traditional cultures of the Canadian inhabitants flourished. Different tribes existed here with their own ways of life independent from other tribes’ rule. With the discovery of the tribes by the visiting Europeans and other explorers, the adventurers gave them the general name ‘Indians’ as they thought they had reached the Indians’ mainland. The name has however been considered as impropriate by most people with the term ‘First Nations People’ being preferred. A distinction has also been made between the various tribes present here, one of them being the Mi’kmaq people, who inhabit “cape Breton, Nova Scotia, and Prince Edward Island among other parts of Canada” (Rodgers 16). The tribes in these regions had a hard time dealing with the visitors who came in the name of colonizing them with others coming to convert them into Christianity. Some of the invaders however had the ultimate goal of displacing them from their land besides imposing their rule on them. Their culture has been passed down throughout generations. There has been little influence by the visiting Europeans and or tribes from the south. The major group of the Mi’kmaq tribe lived in cape Breton, which was segregated from the other districts that the people occupied. The following is a research paper detailing the history of the Mi’kmaq people living in Cape Breton. It investigates their life before the Europeans, governance, religion, and demographics amongst others. Their History The Mi’kmaq people form part of the Algonquian people whose other members include the Passamaquoddy people, the Maliseet people, and the Abenaki among others. These are considered as the Aboriginal tribes of Canada who have lived in the land since time immemorial. Of these tribes, the Mi’kmaq is the most Eastern tribe living in the districts of Epegoitg (the current Prince Edward Island) and Nova Scotia (Earle 405). These people have traditionally relied on fishing and hunting as their source of livelihood with the main animal hunted being the porcupine and the moose (Earle 414). They have taken the time to conform to the cold weather during the winters by devising many tricks of hunting throughout the year irrespective of the weather changes. The French people were the first Europeans to establish contacts with the Mi’kmaq people. They sought to convert them to the Roman religion, which was then Christianity (Earle 419). The French also tried to establish a lasting relationship with the people. The plan worked well as they fought alongside each other against the British. Most of the history of these people has been passed down orally from one generation to the other, as the Aboriginal people were not keen on recording their own history. There are therefore disparities in the times and events between the different narrators. These people were however good at walking long distances. Before the Europeans Before the coming of the Europeans, the Mi’kmaq people used to hunt
Linguistic diversity is one of the peculiarities that has become integral to contemporary classrooms. Reading is one of the four basic skills that each student should master and diversity sets specific requirements for the teachers to follow. The success of assimilation and retention of this skill, especially in multicultural classrooms, depends not only on the characteristics of children but also on the teacher’s instruction. Importantly, when reading, children use three systems:   * graph-phonetic (models of sounds/phonemes and letters);   * syntax (sentence patterns);   * semantic system (meaning). In terms of educational strategies, it is crucial to introduce these three systems in the context of a holistic text, and then divide it into particular parts to analyze each of the systems. Because linguistically diverse children cannot equally effectively comprehend these systems in isolation, they should not be represented in the form of language abstractions (Mascolo, Alfonso, & Flanagan, 2014). During reading comprehension, it is essential to pay children’s attention to the content while keeping track of whether they understand the meaning of what they read or not. When students proceed with the reading assignment, it is significant to make short pauses, so that children can make assumptions about what they are reading and check these assumptions later (Ward Singer, 2014). Also, during the reading task, the teacher should conduct literacy monitoring allowing students to conclude from general to the particular and from concrete to the abstract. Particular Strategies It is essential to differentiate instruction to meet the needs of linguistically diverse students. These discrepancies should be the basis for teacher planning. In particular, differentiated instruction will allow students to reach common educational goals in reading following different paths. The three important domains of differentiation are assessment, educational activities, and grouping (Perez, 2014). It is essential to conduct a continuous evaluation of student performance. It would enable the educator to tailor the instruction according to the current needs of learners. Also, the teacher should provide students with adequate activities. Notably, it does not imply that some students should have easier tasks, but the activities should be customized in cultural, linguistic, and ethical terms. It requires the teachers to be knowledgeable about students’ backgrounds and to prepare such reading activities that are respectful since linguistic diversity in the classroom goes in hand with the cultural multiplicity. Therefore, the context and the subject of the reading assignment should be understandable to all the learners inclusively and avoid allusions to topics that in any sense might be disrespectful (Gottlieb & Ernst-Slavit, 2013). Further on, when assigning group tasks, students should interact with various classmates. That is to say, grouping
Introduction According to Kuballa (2007), employee satisfaction can be defined as a measure of how enthusiastic employees can be towards their duties and their workplaces. Maintaining a high morale at the workplace can be of great benefit to any corporation since contented employees are more probable to produce more; they remain loyal to the corporation and usually take fewer days off. Maintaining high employee satisfaction involves several factors that can be implemented by wise employers. In addition, satisfied workers are also more probable to be inventive and innovative in developing breakthroughs, which can allow any business to advance and transform positively with shifting market conditions and time. To determine the level of employee satisfaction, most corporations conduct compulsory surveys of confrontational meetings with their employees to acquire information (Hayes & Ninemeier, 2009). The importance of this subject has led to a lot of research. In this essay, a literature review is conducted on various research works that have been done on employee satisfaction in the hospitality industry. Literature Review Hospitality business is one of the industries that is rapidly growing. However, there are still challenges of acquiring and keeping a competent workforce (Tanke, 2001). Basically, there are two things that are most prevalent in this business. The first one is high incidences of staff turnover influencing the capacity to provide a consistent brand experience, which adversely affects the industry; the second one consists in the fact that most individuals do not view hospitality industry as rapidly developing, which implies that they do not want to stay and advance their careers in such businesses (Gitman & McDaniel, 2009). These are indicators of employees who are not contented. As it has been mentioned, lot of research has been conducted in this field, however, there are still loopholes that have not been fully explored. In 2006, Hemdi and Nasurdin conducted research to investigate the employee turnover in the hotel industry throughout the world. In their research, they indicated that the turnover of employees in the hotel industry could be approximated at 60% to 300% per year, which is very high as compared to the manufacturing industry at 34.7%. This indicates that the turnover rate of employees is very high. Most significantly, they assert that this kind of turnover is unfavorable for the business because it is apparent that they are closely correlated to direct and indirect rates. In addition, it impacts the ethical, output, reputation and subsistence of organizations. In their findings it is highlighted that, in case the turnover is high, it is implied that employees are not contented with the work or payment. It could as well indicate insecure or unhealthy working conditions or the fact that very few workers perform well, probably, because of impractical expectations or poor employee recruitment. Conversely, low turnover shows employee satisfaction (Yeh, 1999). There are theories and models that have been used to explain the cause of high employee turnover in the hospitality industry. Some of the mo
Introduction In the world of philosophy, Plato is one of the most celebrated and studied philosophers. One of his major works is elucidation of ‘Forms’ which he describes them as supra-sensible entities. According to him, ‘Forms’ or ‘ideas’ are none mental entities and do not depend upon human mind. Plato’s main point on the ‘Forms’ is that it is only by studying them genuine knowledge can be obtained. His major work on the Forms came about in his attempt to come up with a concrete solution to world\s problems (Dancy, pp11). Therefore, the main purpose of this paper is to discuss theory of Forms as one of the main contributions of Plato. Plato’s Theory of Forms: Summary To grasp what is all about the theory of forms, he explains various qualities possessed by the forms. Transcendence is one of the characteristics possessed by forms. They are inherently in the nature and they are not limited to space and time. Due to the fact that forms epitomize a single property they are said to be pure. Material objects are impure simply because they combine more than one property such as hardness, redness and circularity just to mention but a few. Another attribute of forms is that they are archetypes. By this it means that they are perfect examples of that which they stand for He further maintains that all material objects as reflection of forms because forms are ultimate real entities and reality of object forms is derived from the forms themselves. Another characteristic of forms is that they are causes of all things in that they are real source of the being of all things in the world. Lastly, Plato maintains that there is systematical interconnectedness in forms as seen in dialectic process that we acquire from knowledge of forms (Dancy, pp 299). Plato formulated the theory of forms as a result of major problems in the world which he attempted to solve. The first problem which he attempted to solve was ethical problem. Before then, it was not clear how possible it was for humans to lead a fulfilling life in yet changing world in which those things they attach to them can be deprived from
Introduction Over the years, art has been viewed as a form of expression by scholars, enthusiasts and critiques. Art comes in different forms including paintings, architecture, poetry, and literature among others. Each style of art has its significance depending on the artist and the audience. In particular, paintings have been used to tell stories, express emotions and solicit various reactions from people. This paper shall critique Pablo Picasso’s painting entitled “Guernica”. This shall be done by describing, interpreting and evaluating the aforementioned work of art. Descriptive analysis The original painting was commissioned by the government of Spain in January 1937. It is believed that the painting was to represent the bombing and destruction experienced in Guernica during the civil unrest in Spain. It is painted on a 138″ x 308″ canvas. Picasso used oil based paint to create this magnificent piece of art and only gray scale colors were used. These colors were similar to the ink used to print newspapers during the civil war in Spain. The colors predominantly used throughout the painting consist of different shades of white and black. The artist has employed the use of lines and the formation of geometric shapes can be seen throughout the paint. In this painting, texture is not as pronounced as in most of Picasso’s works. It is a two dimensional painting, in which all of the painted objects appear flat. This is a clear revelation of Picasso’s cubism style. On the same note, Picasso has made good use of the canvas space. The mural occupies nearly all the space within the canvas and maintains the necessary balance required to make the painting enjoyable. Visually, the artwork contains images of a bull, a horse, a soldier holding a broken sword, a distressed woman holding a baby and an oval shape resembling an eye with a bulb at its center among others. It is an accurate representation of the chaos that emanates when hateful human relationships prevail in a society (in this case; Guernica, Spain). Interpretive analysis Symbolism is used extensively throughout this piece of art. The symbolic images in this painting have been subject to misinterpretation by various people. Generally, the painting has been viewed as a representation of the bombings that led to the loss of lives and destruction of property in Guernica, Spain. The use of black and white colors has been interpreted as a representation of sadness and darkness that covered this region during the civil war. However, research indicates that Picasso’s real intent was not to focus on the bombings but rather, to express the problem and its solutions. For example, according to Picasso, the bull did not represent fascism. It symbolized the brutality and darkness experienced during that time. Similarly, the soldier with a broken sword symbolized the broken spirits and resistance inadequacies among the people. The woman holding a baby represents
Introduction For anybody who wants to understand the concept of race and how the concept of racism has played a great role in shaping the social, cultural and political life of the United States, the book Racial Formation in the United States from the 1960’s to the 1990’s by Michael Omi and Howard Winant, published by Routledge, is a compulsory and enlightening reading. This book presents the first edition of the book in an updated form. It is more detailed and provides a better understanding of the racial formation process of United States. The book gives clear evidence of the exceptionally deep research of the authors on the controversial and much avoided topic of race. The authors have brought forward the various concepts of ethnicity, class and race to explain the origin and role of race in the United States. Race is such a topic that has become the centre point of several issues, including the inequalities and political discriminations. Moves have also been initiated in as a mark of protest in several occasions. But it is not possible for anyone to understand the reason of race still being able to shape the “ Identities and Institutions ” (Omi & Winant vii) or to go with or go against racism without understanding the sociohistorical context of race. In the words of the authors themselves Until we understand the concept of race, it is impossible effectively to analyze familiar issues which involve race. It is hard to grasp the way racial identity is assigned and assumed, or to perceive the tacit racial dimensions of everyday experience, for example, without a clear sense of the socially constructed meaning of race ” (Omi & Winant vii). The authors have advanced in their way of discussing racial formation through providing a historical account of the development of race, the concept of racism, and the “ race – class – gender interrelationships ” (Omi & Winant 230) which surfaces in everyday life. The authors have described how race has changes through the course of time. They have described how racial formation has been influencing the politics of the United States from the 1960s to the 1990s. For that purpose the have updated this book with a concluding chapter which speaks about the prominent instances of more recent political events involving racial angles like the Los Angeles Riots, Presidential Election of 1992 and the various racial politics and policies. This essay is a humble effort to analyze the enlightening book that has become a classic among the literature that discusses race and ethnicity. The paper contains an introduction that has already described the book in general. The later sections contain the summary of the book, critique of the book and a conclusion. Summary of the Book The book, Racial Formation in the United States from the 1960’s to the 1990’s, contains prefaces of the second and the first editions. The preface of the second edition explains the necessity updating of the chapters. It contains
Abstract This research investigates the relationship between depression and environmental stressors, and how job stress, being a major example, affects the psychological wellbeing of people in a working environment. Rationale and Justification Due to the competitive nature of every job and job environments, people across the globe take a lot of time revolving around the job environment, for example what to do about particular crises such as depression of the persons involved. Literature Review Home-work Job Stress Job stress has influenced employees’ job satisfaction and to the overall performance at work, reason being; organizations now demand for the best job outcomes possible. Al-Aameri A.S., 2003, defines stress as a situation which will force a person to change stand actually from normal functioning due to the change in his/her physiological condition that generalizes a rational being. From the management perspective, role of management in an organization is one of the aspects that affect work-related stress among workers. Workers in any given organization can face occupational stress through the role stress that the management gave. Role stress means anything that an organizational role is capable of producing adverse consequences for the individual. Thus, management needs to have their own role that stands as their guide to success. Role related are also concerned with how individuals perceive the expectations that others have of them and includes role ambiguity and role conflict. Work and family are interrelated in that the extent that the experiences that an area has affect the quality of life of others. An interface between home and work, can involve vital sources of stress especially at work affecting home life due to demands from work. In conclusion, it is truly essential for an individual to recognize the stresses that are facing by them in their different careers. Some demographic factor may influence the way a university academic staff may act in their work place due to stress related issues. The consequences are so diverse to an extent that the individual feels out of place and demotivated. Methods of data collection and Sample of the study Survey was the only instrument in the form of close-ended questionnaire that was developed for the purpose of collecting the main data for the study. This study was conducted in a public university in Australia. Vital factors that were put into consideration included; population size, time and cost constraints in selecting sample size. A non-probability sampling technique was put into place and a total of 450 respondents were selected as a sample of the study from that university. The respondents emerged fro