ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction and Methodology The COVID-19 is an infectious respiratory disease that has amplified the integral role of society as the basis of almost all challenges afflicting the world. Within months of its emergence, the pandemic spread rapidly, claiming hundreds of thousands of lives, stretching the capacity of the healthcare systems, and exposing people to the adversarial impacts of the containment measures. This paper explores COVID-19 and its severity as a social problem, particularly regarding the exposure of the existing disparities in healthcare outcomes between diverse social groups, ethnicities, age, and gender in Washington D. C. The severity of the ravages brought by COVID-19 is depicted by the high number of infections, hospitalization, extreme negative economic consequences, and mortalities among the racial minorities compared to their white counterparts. To explore Covid-19 as an individual and social problem in Washington D. C., this essay utilizes statistics from reputable sources, including government websites, studies by think tanks, newspaper articles, and published journals. Various challenges were encountered in the process of data collection, including contradictory and inconclusive findings and the enormous volumes of information amount relating to the subject. Notably, this was paper provided the perfect opportunity for realizing the essence of integrating the appropriate methodology and obtaining high-quality data to promote inductive thinking and develop logical thoughts. This implies that the choice of a research technique used influences the possibility of encountering broader insights and the associated explanations. Additionally, the adopted procedure determines the soundness and quality of the conclusions and suggestions. Overall, the usage of reputable statistics enhances the article’s credibility, arguments, and analysis by relying on actual and verifiable data to achieve the desired purpose and expands the existing knowledge base. Sociological Roots As the COVID-19 pandemic continues to ravage all segments of the global population, its detrimental ramifications are differentiated across diverse races, genders, classes, and ages, with the most vulnerable social groups experiencing the most significant harm. Multiple studies have demonstrated that the economic and health impacts of the pandemic are being born by the socially disadvantaged and minority races in the United States. According to Boserup et al. (202
The Second World War is one of the most important events in the 20 th century. The scale of the conflict was so far-reaching that it included five continents: Europe, Asia, North America, Africa, and Australia. The significance of this event is not only due to the destruction and the great number of people that were killed in the said conflict but also the numerous precedents that help changed the course of history. It can be argued that one of the most significant precedents of World War II was the time when the U.S. Government actively sought the assistance of women to help in the war effort. After the war, these women found out that they can become an important contributor to the economic development of the country. The sudden increase in their ability to earn money and the chance to leave their traditional roles behind was more than a powerful incentive to enter the workplace and perform many of the jobs reserved for men. World War II In 1939 when Hitler and the German army initiated a war that would escalate into a global conflict, the United States found it prudent to not get involved. At first, the United States found no reason why it should go to war against Germany’s armed forces. From a political and economic point of view, this was considered as the more practical decision but in some quarters it was also condemned as the more cowardly option. But it is hard to blame the U.S. government for trying to steer clear away from the war as far as possible. First of all, it would be costly in terms of human resources as surely men will die in the conflict. Secondly, it was perceived as a war for Europe, not for the Americas. And thirdly, Americans can indirectly benefit from the war through the Lend-Lease agreement. It was the Lend-Lease agreement that increased the need for more workers in manufacturing plants and other support facilities needed to help Allied Forces in Europe. At first, there was an upsurge in male employment as more and more men are needed to man the factories and other facilities needed to produce armaments and war materials. Eventually, the demand for more products prompted industry leaders to tap women. But first, they had to change the way they look at women. They are no longer limited to housewives, teachers, babysitters, and other feminine roles associated with women. This time around, when America was on the verge of war, American women must learn how to do the work of men. In December 1940 the United States began sending help to Britain by lending or leasing material that the government believed should be returned after the war or be paid for after the conflict has ended. 1 For the time being it was enough to satisfy both sides. Americans were spared direct involvement w
Introduction Chronic illnesses such as rheumatoid arthritis and crohn’s disease are mainly caused by immune systems that tend to overreact. Apparently, the overreaction causes carrier substances that alert the body about infections to be generated in large quantities (Boehncke & Radeke 2007). Consequently, this is usually countered by setting up a very strong immune system in a patient’s body. In the process, various tissues that are found in the body are severely attacked and ruined. For normalcy to be realized, specific reagents are required to trigger the immune system to action. Possibly, this is where biologics comes in. According to Boehncke and Radeke (2007, p. 1), biologics are generally regarded as proteins that are responsible for modulating a body’s immune system. Biologic drugs also help to regulate inflammatory responses downwards. Despite being considered as a modern day idea, biotechnology has been in existence for ages. Unlike in the olden days, however, biotechnology currently affects every aspect of our lives. In generally, the uniqueness of biotechnology drugs or biologics as they are commonly referred to has to do with the fact that biologics help to improve the state of a patient’s body through a natural process. To date, biotechnology has been utilized to create numerous drugs for dealing with different clinical conditions. Apparently, hundreds of medical conditions can be treated using biotechnology drugs. Among the illnesses that can be treated using biologic drugs are cancer, autoimmune disorders, and hepatitis C. As opposed to drugs that are synthesized through a chemical process, biologic drugs are obtained from living sources such as animals and human beings (Wood & Foote 2008). In a definition given by the US Code of Federal Regulations, a biologic product refers to any virus or toxin used in the prevention or treatment of illnesses that attack human beings. Drawing from a study by Mulberg, Murphy, Dunne and Mathis (2013, p. 313), there has been a significant increase in the number of biologic products over the years. Considering that nearly 40 percent of pharmaceutical products are presently based on biologics, there is a rising concern among stakeholders concerning the effectiveness of biologic drugs. A key concern is whether the use of biologic drugs will dominate the future of the pharmaceutical industry. It is thus imperative to understand what the growth and development of biologics means for the future. This paper explores a number of issues related to the use of biologics and makes an attempt to answer this question. Specifically, the paper looks at various types of biologics, benefits and drawbacks of biologics, and contemporary usage of biologic drugs. Toward the end, the future of biologics in the pharmaceutical industry is discussed.
Persuasion and propaganda are two powerful tools used by media to influence the ideas, ideals, and opinions of target audiences. Both of these concepts motivate people into action by influencing beliefs and desires. It is not enough just to change beliefs. It is important to form a new opinion and attitude towards a particular event or phenomenon. Media emphasizes that reaching the target audience and establishing visibility with them is a necessary condition for success. However, it is not a sufficient condition since much depends on the persuasiveness of what is conveyed. The main difference between persuasion and propaganda is that they use different approaches of influence and have a different impact on a person. Persuasion is defined as “a conscious attempt by one individual to change the attitudes, beliefs, or behavior of another individual or group of individuals through the transmission of some message” (Bettinghaus & Cody 3). In persuasion, if message recipients perceive that they are free to reject the advocated position, then, they are free; and the influence attempt is regarded as “persuasive in nature” (Walton 117). On the other hand, if recipients feel that they have no choice but to comply, then the influence attempt is defined as propaganda. Propaganda is defined as the “management of collective attitudes by manipulation of significant symbols” (Carey 4). The main difference between propaganda and persuasion is their impact on the receiver. In contrast to propaganda, persuasion is characterized by private acceptance of the position advocated in the message. By contrast, in the case of propaganda, people publicly comply with the behavior urged of them, but, privately, they reject the position advocated in the message (Baker 4). For instance, in advertising, every ad aims to make the target audience respond to it in the way intended. However, while every communication invites a certain understanding, this invitation can be refused. Following Herman (1999, 62) it may be refused because the target audience does not have the necessary perspective to be receptive to it. If this perspective is missing, persuasion has to be directed at inducing the ‘right’ perspective. Critics underline that all persuasion is self-persuasion in that people are unlikely to be persuaded unless they understand the meaning of the communication. In contrast to propaganda, persuasion is based on emotional messages that have an impact at every stage in life (Herman 23). For instance, people are influenced by emotional messages communicated through the TV screen. Emotion is a major factor in persuasive advertising that aims to change viewpoints and not simply to demonstrate the logical implications of data. Social scientists have emphasized that there are important differences between persuasion and these other concepts (Baker 32). In contrast to persuasion, propaganda is based on mind control aimed to condemn the recipients of a particular persuasive message rather than to clarify or explain the persuasion process. The propaganda limited alternative
Introduction Utilitarianism is a theory of morality that defends actions that contribute to well-being or pleasure and counteracts activities that provoke misfortune or harm. At the same time, utilitarian philosophy attempts to explain how social, political, and personal decisions affect the nation’s quality of life and the individual. Thus, it is significant to establish whether the absence of human desire to influence one’s own life equates it with animal morality. Factual Component Utilitarians believe that some people are morally equal to animals because they have lost the value of any free action and agree to live by the laws of society. Hence, concerning a quiet and satisfying life, they can sacrifice dreams and principles as animals (File, 2022). That is such a person’s consent to having lied about the true state of affairs, which will enable them to live in an illusionary world. Utilitarians assume that such people neglect their own autonomy to benefit from the delusion of a tranquil life (File, 2022). Although in reality, such individuals will gain nothing except missed opportunities and a lack of choice in their own lives. They argue that people who decide not to consider their own values and desires receive not a better life but a lifestyle without understanding the situation around them. Instead, they will live by the rules that have been imposed on them from the outside; this perception of the world resembles not human freedom but animal instinct (File, 2022). At the same time, utilitarians provide the example of Robert Nozick. He indicated that if a person believes that he is living a happy existence only because he does not know the truth, his life will be primitive and incomplete (File, 2022). This can be compared to the life of animals, which obtain certain benefits but are totally dependent on humans. Meanwhile, utilitarians hold a parallel between dying patients who refuse painkillers and those who abandon conscious choice. They argue that patients have the courage to assess their condition clearly and want to make their own decisions (File, 2022). Therefore, in order to be independent and intentional, autonomy is an essential part of life, which
Introduction There are several studies conducted analyzing the admission, transfer, and retention rates of the students, but these studies are normally focused on the traditional students alone. Traditional students referred to those “full-time secondary students” with ages ranging from 18-24 years old. But what about the non-traditional students? Because the non-traditional students seemed to be always ignored when an analysis about school and student performance is done, this study swerved away from the norm and focuses on “attrition rates of the non-traditional students (such as the transfer students, adult learners, commuters, part-time students, graduate students, students with disabilities and minority students)”. This research is conducted through qualitative research design within the ethnographic research tradition. The researcher opted to use the ethnographic research method because she wanted to analyze the various human behaviors within a particular university. Specifically, the researcher also opted for this method because she felt the need to understand student behavior from an everyday perspective. As for her data gathering method, a semi-structured survey through in-depth interviewing was done. Midwestern university Monroe chose a middle-sized Midwestern university as the foremost location to conduct her research. she particularly chose the school because there is an apparent consistency of the number of students that goes in and out of the school every school term. Thus, her query of how and why students choose to attend and then leave an institution will be readily answered. More so, it was the newly positioned administrator of the school himself who announced that the school must address the issue to significantly increase the number of enrolled transfer students in the next five years. Results Based on the results gathered, it cannot be denied that the institutions of higher education must realize that they hold the higher responsibility when it comes to admission statistics of the students. But this does not mean that they are not accountable for the retention rates of the students, because they still do. both the admission and the retention rates are the focal points that measure the overall institutional effectiveness. It is
Introduction International cooperation is a relationship that exists between different countries. It is largely influenced by politics, diverse human personalities, culture, science, technology, and/or economic aspects. These factors facilitate the exchange of resources internationally. Various interests and objectives of individual countries usually govern the exchange of resources. Many nations have benefitted from the associations in ways that focus on establishment of peace across transnational boundaries. This situation has led to rapid increment of air, water, and land transportation, communication technology, and international economy. Availability of peace amongst various countries has resulted in the formation of trade treaties. International cooperation has also heightened the immigration of people internationally as they seek job opportunities, education, and settlement among others in different countries. International cooperation also promotes culture. Sharing and exchange of values amongst global societies results in appreciation of diverse social practices. Syria is one of the countries that have been involved in civil war. The Syrian war began as a tussle between the government of President Bashar al-Assad and rebels who were opposed to the state rules that prevailed at the onset of 2011. This essay provides an exploration of war crimes, the International Criminal Court (ICC), and Syria. Why the commission of War Crimes, including torture, is universally condemned According to Snow, war crimes refer to grave violations against international humanitarian laws (46). Usually, such unconventionalities result in criminal acts, mass killings, and other inhuman transactions. Various activities that characterize war crimes include murder, mutilation, torture, abduction, and performing intentional attacks against civilians in areas such as religious buildings, educational centers, charitable properties, and hospitals among others. Brutal actions such as pillaging, rape, sexual slavery and violence, and recruitment of underage children to serve in the armed forces among other forms of hostilities are also evident in war crimes (Snow 47). Evolution of War Crimes concepts In the ancient times, war crimes were considered to be normal and were accepted part of human nature until recently when it was realized that war crimes are devastating. Many centuries ago, brutality against opponents or soldiers was only punished depending on who won the battle. Commanders and politicians who lose wars in many occasions can run in to hiding or face cruel punishment like execution or imprisonment. No procedures had been stipulated in place to deal with cases of war crimes and nobody for instance politicians and military officials can take responsibilities for their actions and those of their troops. During the World War II, many murders were committed where millions of people were killed especially in Germany where the Nazi under the leadership of Hitler killed Jews. Other cases involving mistreatment of prisoners and civilia
Formality in writing is essential for scholarly works. Even the best ideas lose their appeal if they are poorly described. This issue can be avoided through the use of formal writing. This paper will cover how writing can be improved through formality, by editing the provided passage and then justifying those changes. Second Draft of the Passage Education is the foundation for personal success. In the field of education, teachers play a leading role. They are responsible for expanding the knowledge of the students and have a strong influence on the future of the generation. During their career training, they are prepared to teach either average classrooms or inner city schools. Department of Juvenile Justice outsources teachers, but they are often unprepared for the task. A study from Florida suggests that about half of the teachers that join the DJJ team leave to have a career elsewhere. The reasons for this phenomenon are clear. When educators are introduced into these correctional facilities, they are faced with educating children with learning and social disabilities. However, the system is the main culprit. Teachers need to be a part of the professional staff. They are a key component of the juvenile correctional system, just like the Juvenile Correctional Officers. Teachers receive an extensive course of specialized training, not unlike the JCOs. The system could greatly benefit if the teachers were trained with the same guidelines as JCOs. Teacher satisfaction would increase if they had the proper training. Subsequently, this satisfaction would result in the longer careers for teachers in DJJ. On the other hand, JCO’s should be educated on the committed youth’s disabilities. This information should help the teachers outside of the classroom. Unified training could prove to be highly effective for the teachers and disciplinary facilities alike. Justification I have changed the first sentence to make it less wordy and accentuate the importance of education. The issues of clarity were common in this passage, so I have chosen to address them. The second sentence was too informal and short, so I chose to expand it and slightly change the meaning for the sake of clarity. While this is not a complete analogy, the text does not lose anything from it. I have changed the third sent
Introduction One of the most important aspects of defining whether a building is a harmonious continuation of the city landscape is the integrity of its own elements. It is paramount to note that buildings significant in terms of both their role in a particular city and their architecture and design often have various extensions and renovations. In relation to the Boston landscape, two of such important in both senses buildings are the Christian Science Center and the Museum of Fine Arts. Both buildings underwent some changes over the years, which is why it is important to compare and contrast their main extensions in order to define their role in the urban landscape. Thus, the objective of this paper is to compare the major extensions of Christian Science Center and the West Wing of the Museum of Fine Arts in relation to the original buildings, in particular, and to the city landscape in general. Also, the paper is to contrast the program, site, and planning of both buildings, as well as their structure, materials, enclosures, entrances, organization of spaces and functions, and circulation. Christian Science Center extension in relation to the original complex of buildings Some of the most notable innovations for Christian Science Center were buildings of Reflection Hall (235 Huntington Avenue), Church Colonnade Building (101 Belvidere Street), 26-story former Administration building (177 Huntington Avenue), and reflecting pool with the children’s fountain and public spaces included in the Center’s open plaza. The original construction plan of the Christian Science Center dates back to 1894 and relates to earlier traditions of architecture and design, whereas the majority of buildings located on Huntington Avenue were built from 1971 – to 1973. Reflection Hall, Church Colonnade Building, former Administrative building, and Christian Science Plaza, as well as the Museum of Fine Arts, were designed by I. M. Pei & Associates. “Plaza Exterior” Reflection Hall still serves its original purpose as a building for Sunday school. The first impression of it is that its design is rather neat and smooth, but it still has a certain twist typical for Boston architecture. The former Administration building on Huntington Avenue is 26-story construction that is one of the most impressive buildings of the complex of Christian Science Center. At the moment, it does not serve its original purpose since the administrative affairs of the Center are regulated from the Publishing House, the 26-story tower is now a rented office space (Ross par. 3). Part of the Church Colonnade Building changed its name to the Belvidere Tower, but it is still a remarkable 699 feet high construction that, at the moment, is a rending living space. However, the original Colonnade still leads to the Mother Church building and is located above the reflecting pool. It is impossible to deny that one of the most grandiose ideas of Pei & Associates is the Christian Science plaza that involves reflecting pool represents an important part of the Boston landscape. Linde Family Wing for Contemporary Art in relation to the existing building of the Museum of Fine Arts The West Wing