ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The purpose of this paper is to analyze the available research on the issues of racism within the National Health Service of the United Kingdom. Currently, numerous accounts indicate a high level of racial inequality in this healthcare system. Specifically, the scoping review will focus on the expecting mothers belonging to ethnic minorities. Overall, this review should accomplish two objectives, the first of which is ascertaining the impact of racial inequality on the childbirth experiences of the aforementioned women. The second is finding the ways, the NHS uses to address these racial issues. Over the course of the review, seven academic databases will be used: Google Scholar, JSTOR, Project Muse, Science Direct, Springer, ResearchGate, and Microsoft Academic. Furthermore, sources from the non-academic literature will also be included, as the issues of racism are not often documented. The methodology for this review includes the collection and synthesis of the available evidence of racial inequality in British maternity care. As most of the data will not be numerical a qualitative research design will be used, particularly, the collection of secondary data is the primary method. The conceptual framework is represented by a critical race theory. It is an academic approach that “emphasizes the centrality of race, racism, and White supremacy in describing educational structures and social practice” (Sablan, 2019, p. 178). The basic tenet of critical race theory is that laws and rules have been primarily written by people of white descent. Subsequently, there are few methods of monitoring the cases of discrimination, which forces the researchers to rely on stories and accounts as evidence for the fact of white supremacy. While it constitutes a fully-fledged qualitative research methodology, the sources of the evidence can be considered not credible. The same problem applies to the area of maternity care. As most of the interaction during the delivery is not protocoled, testimonies of women serve as the major source of evidence, which compromises the capabilities of the evidence base (Betron et al, 2018, p. 4). This conflict is further exacerbated by the fact that maternity care personnel are primarily white people. Therefore
Introduction In this paper, our major task is to discuss the impact of the United States Constitution on business relations; in particular, we should focus on such new sphere as electronic commerce as it sets entirely new standards for legislators, entrepreneurs, and lawyers. If we are speaking about E-commerce, one of the most stressful issues is the problem of privacy and confidentiality, because many people who prefer to operate in Web environment, try to make sure that their identity is not disclosed to unwanted parties. Therefore, it is of the crucial importance for us to analyze the regulatory functions of the US main law in connection with Web-business. In order to do it, we may refer to the article by Online privacy as legal safeguard, written by Jan Fernback, and Zizi Papacharissi. Discussion First, it should be pointed out that according to the US legislation, namely the First, Fourth and Fourteenth Amendments of the Constitution, each person has a right not to reveal personal data if he or she is willing to do it. These legislative acts are designed to ensure that each citizen of the country is protected from unsolicited intrusion, either physical or electronic. Again, we should stress the idea that modern conditions force the government to make new adjustments to the main law. In addition to that, they have to develop strategies to make sure that there is no loophole for unscrupulous individuals who take full advantage of someones personal information. At this moment, we should refer to the article by Jan Fernback, and Zizi Papacharissi. They maintain that currently, many clients are extremely vulnerable to the threat of external invasion or intrusion. First, the authors point out that in the overwhelming majority of cases, many Websites do not give any explanation for collection of confidential information. For instance, the authors mention such famous companies as Microsoft Networks, which claims to “be committed to protection of clients privacy”(Fernback & Papacharissi, 2007, p 724) but the management fails to tell why exactly these data are collected. The thing is that many consumers who use these services are very reluctant to tell their name, address, age, and so forth. However, they are practically forced to yield. Naturally, according to the US constitution, online networks have no right to make any use of these facts but even if they choose to do so, it is practically impossible to prove their guilt. In fact, we are observing a controversy according to the US legislation, individual information has to remain intact but de facto or in practice, there is no way to guarantee that every online service adheres to these rule. In this regard we may as well remember such case as US West vs. FCC. The case illustrates the implementation of constitutional principles, namely according to it, the consumers are free to choose from two options they can either
Hazard mitigation planning plays an important role in land use and the development of governmental interventions and jurisdictions. The Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) explains these strategies as a possibility to reduce or eliminate long-term risks to people or their properties as a result of natural hazards (National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine et al., 2017). The federal government, the state, and local governments are responsible for the development of effective plans, and their roles will be briefly evaluated in this paper. The evolution of FEMA and its impact on states and local governments prove the role of the federal government in mitigation and disaster assistance. When a disaster occurs, the federal government takes responsibility for three major things – the development of a joint preliminary damage assessment (PDA), the evaluation of requests for federal aid, and the organization of emergency support teams (Peterson, 2017). The state works by the emergency management agency (EMA) standards. Its functions include the evaluation of local situations, the proclamation of the state of emergency in a region, and communication with the federal government in case assistance is required. The role of local governments cannot be ignored because it touches upon the essentials of hazard mitigation, including community sustainability, resilience, and growth management. These representatives provide an essential emergency response, activate specialized centers, and coordinate people. Goal-oriented steps provide communities with confidence that certain solutions can be found soon. The evaluation of the impact of the disaster on land and public infrastructure is another task (Peterson, 2017). Activation of mutual aid for citizens promotes resilience for the state and the population. There is a strong connection between the work of local governments, the state, and the federal government. One body can’t gather all the information and analyze the results within a large territory. Therefore, the categorization of responsibilities and hazard-mitigation strategies should be promoted in each state. Although the governments find answers and offer different aid, the role of people and their prudence must be considered.
Introduction Hospitals have to protect patients and their visitors under any conditions. There are many ways to cope with difficulties and avoid negative outcomes in care organizations. Ethical decision-making and team-based leadership are methods that are frequently used in urgent situations and disasters. A flood is a natural disaster that is caused by extensive rainfall and the inability to predict water levels (Yusoff, Shafii, & Omar, 2017). However, flooding events may not always result in a disaster if leaders and a team are able to take the necessary actions and manage risks properly (Tekin, Bayramoglu, Uzkeser, & Cakir, 2017). When a hospital with 70 dependent patients who suffer from depression, anxiety, and suicide risks experiences rising waters because of rainfall, a leader has to be ready to demonstrate effective, ethical decision-making and use team-based skills to deal with a flood and protect all patients and the staff. Main Body Floods may be developed in a variety of ways, and leaders should react properly and stay alert. Each decision has to be properly weighted and be ethically appropriate until it is possible. Evacuation of a hospital occurs when it becomes insecure for patients and the staff to stay at this place. It is a leader’s responsibility to analyze all human resources and equipment. Ethical decision-making is based on the necessity to choose between the alternatives and follows such norms as commitment (doing right things), consciousness (acting consistently), and competency (evaluating information and analyzing possible consequences). Evacuation should occur when it is clear that water can reach patients and cause certain discomfort and panic. Another important aspect includes the control and management of panic behaviors. A leader has to find enough nurses or other medical workers to make sure that evacuation is under control. All mentally ill and dependent patients should be removed from lower levels to high grounds. Regarding the fact that the flood has already begun, depressed or anxious patients should not see the events around. A perfect evacuation shelter can be a room with high windows so that the daylight illuminates it, but people cannot observe what happens around. These actions are called partial or internal vertical evacuation (Tekin et al., 2017). From the period all patients reach the room, it is called a safe zone. Leaders have to pay much attention to the process of transportation and the choice of supplies. Not to cause panic or anxiety among dependent patients, it is possible to use at least seven nurses to organize the transportation of 70 patients (one nurse per 10 patients). If family members or other caregivers are present in a hospital at the moment of the disaster, their help can be appropriate, and nurses as group leaders should explain the rules and the roles to be performed. Safe zones should be equipped with rechargeable aspirators, O2 tubes, sterile cl
Introduction It is impossible to predict a global understanding of regular purchasing in the absence of first of all understanding the interpretation that consumers connect to possession. A means to comprehending what possessions mean is appreciating that intentionally or unintentionally, we consider our possessions as component of ourselves (Belk 1988 pg: 143). This means that we are what we have and own. This is possibly the most fundamental and influential reality of consumer behavior. As stated by William James (1890); a man’s Self is the Sum total of all that he CAN call his, not only his body and his psychic powers, but his clothes and his house, his wife and children, his ancestors and friends, his reputation and works, his lands, and yacht and bank-account. All these things give him the same emotions. If they wax and prosper, he feels triumphant; if they dwindle and die away, he feels cast down, -not necessarily in the same degree for each thing, but in much the same way for all. (291-292) In his observation, James specifies that there is in addition a non-material self but substantially component of who we are is tranquil of the things we possess. The reason for this paper is to assess the interconnectedness between possessions and our sense of whom we are. Overdependence on ownership for self definition might be exhibited on how we purchase, how we mind for the things we attain, and the measure to which we adhere to our material ownership instead of discarding them (Etzioni 1991). A primary notion connecting the extended self to obsessive purchasing is that of self-indulgence (Kleine, Susan & Kernan 1993). Greed has been described as the significance a shopper attaches to worldly ownership (Kleine, Susan & Kernan 1993 pg: 223). At the highest pick of such self-indulgence, such material ownership presumes a central position in an individual life and is considered to give the greatest resource of contentment (Belk 1982) To the highly materialistic individuals, purchasing of consumer products provide the possibility for paranormal revolution of self. The notion that we make products a component of self by producing or altering them seems to be a global human belief (Sartre 1943/1969). Etzioni (1991) gives a more psychological clarification in proposing that we spend psychic energy in a product to which we have channeled our toil, moment and concentration. This energy/effort and its output are considered as part of the self since they have developed or surfaced from the self. Buying product gives another way for investing self in material ownership (Etzioni 1991). Property Possession How material objects come to be possessed is a vital puzzle for any individual
Geological Repository of Nuclear Spent Fuel Geological repository of nuclear spent fuel is the nuclear wastes keeping technology popular in the majority of countries around the globe. Its popularity is explained by a relatively high degree of safety it offers and its economic affordability. According to Kollar, a geological repository of nuclear spent fuel should correspond to the following standards: (1) it should be first sited and be placed on a stable platform; (2) it is preferred to locate such storages in an unpopulated area; (3) the area should have no major ground waters; and (4) the depths of tunnels is to be no less than 250 meters (34, 36, 39). Safeguard designs for geological repositories of nuclear spent fuel have their primary objective to ensure high safety standards for nuclear wastes storage (Kollar 43). The theoretic background for these safeguard designs is based on the fact that properly chosen host-rocks are capable of absorbing radiation and dissipating heat (Okko 5). Besides, an efficient approach to choosing the rock types and depth of bedding will allow an engineer to avoid the problem of radionuclides interaction with the waters. The essential security solutions for a geological repository of nuclear spent fuel include the following: highly trained security force monitoring the perimeter of the storage. “high-quality fenced perimeter”, “bi-static microwave intrusion detection system”, “floodlights and infrared lighting system”, and “Intrusion reporting to a Central Alarm Station” (Kollar 38). Since geological repositories of nuclear spent fuel are built deep underground, there is no technical safeguard requirements need to protect them from human invaders in the same way as above-ground areas storing nuclear agents (Kollar 39). This feature of geological repositories is among their major competitive advantage over other solutions. Security Designs for Geological Repository of Nuclear Spent Fuel Security designs for geological repositories of nuclear spent fuel incorporate a number of measures to prevent the reciprocal action between the stored wastes and the surrounding rocks. Since the level of nuclear wastes storage safety depends directly from its depth below the surface, contemporary storage standards require using available mining techniques to drill repositories at the depth of no less than 500 to 900 meters (Kollar 49). The most common method of geological repositories building amounts to drilling a vertical shaft along with the access tunnels to reach the planned depth (Kollar 34). At the planned depth, further provisions are made to facilitate horizontal disposal galleries for placing SNF and HLW (IAEA 11). At that, the used fuels are put there entombed and then, they are surrounded by the chosen butter materials and backfilled and sealed afterwards (IAEA 18). To put off the threat of radionuclides migration, storage areas are equipped with multiple barriers (IAEA 11). These berries can be of two types: geological and engineered. Both
Introduction The Art of War was a book written by Sun Tzu during the year 610 BC. The author tried to provide the knowledge and skills on military strategies which could be applied across various fields and in the day to day activities of various groups of individuals. The targeted groups include those in the military, the businessmen and sportsmen. The book has gained popularity over the many years and has been used for various applications in the Western society (Tzu, p. 14). Book report Sun Tzu is also known to have written the book, The Lost Art of War, which is related to the first book. He has been accepted as a historical figure of his time. He can also be considered as a politician since he ruled under the king as a military general. Through his occupation, it would be correct to say that Tzu is in a position and is qualified to advice on military strategies and other related skills. The sources from which the author derives his ideas are very reliable since he talks out of experience. He was a qualified scholar who wrote a lot on military activities. He was also known to have had a successful career in military since he successfully applied his theories in war. The book is organized into 13 chapters and has been described as a formal and logically written discourse on the subject of Chinese military. It was written during the 6 th Century BC. It has since been translated into many languages but was first translated into the French language in 1782. Each chapter of the book gives a detailed explanation of a particular feature of warfare. Sun Tzu wrote a total of thirteen essays in his book. The first essay is on estimates (Tzu, p. 44). It describes war as a vital tool in a state and outlines the five constants that are critical in a person’s thoughtfulness. The second essay is on waging war. The theme emphasizes on speed and cost. Sun also talks of the offensive strategy. This shows the strategies employed in winning without the need of fighting or shedding blood. The forth essay, dispositions, talks about the use of wisdom and knowledge to conquer (Tzu, p. 54). It outlines the skills of defense and how not to make mistakes. The other essay on energy emphasizes on management and organization through numbers. Tzu also identifies the first group that arrives at the battle field as being stronger and this requires the group to be swift. The other essays are on terrain, marches, attacking by fire and the employment of secret agents. The book does not only have influence on military strategy and tactics but also on business tactics (Tzu, p. 121). This can be seen by the way some fights were not necessarily accomplished through battles. This book has found applications outside military and has become a training guide for various groups of people in the society. There are actually various business books that have been written and several strategies employed from Sun’s book. Some corporate strategies and methods of handling some issues of the office have also been devised from the book. In some companies in Japan, it has been made a prerequisite
Introduction The number of elderly workers in business organisations is on the rise. Institutions that want to maximise the productivity of this workforce must use adequate performance management practices and strategies. Failure to consider such policies and practices will affect the level of profitability. The selected organisation is a public health care provider that has over ten thousand employees. One interesting aspect of the institution is that around 50 per cent of its employees are categorised as elderly. Statistics indicate that the number of elderly employees in different sectors has increased by over 40 per cent (Deller 2015). The organisation is characterised by a hierarchical leadership structure that has been observed to affect the performance of some of the employees. The information was obtained after completing a research study characterised by the use of a focus group. The findings are used to present appropriate suggestions that can be implemented to transform the situation. Performance Management Practices for the Ageing Workforce Successful organisations implement powerful policies and procedures to ensure the needs of different elderly workers are taken into consideration (Deller 2015). The members of the focus group revealed that the organisation followed the existing laws and employment policies in the country. For instance, the institution was granting annual leaves and public holidays to its workers. The ageing workers benefited from the work-life balance arrangements supported by such policies. This practice makes it easier for the elderly employees to relax, exercise and engage in self-reflection. These aspects can re-energise elderly workers and make it possible for them to achieve their professionals and personal aims. Additionally, the country has instituted a number of laws to regulate financial retirement plans. The respondents indicated that they were allowed to buy five years of service in advance. Retirees were receiving 80 per cent of their basic salaries. They indicated that the mandatory retirement age was 55. However, the majority of the respondents revealed that they would retire much earlier in an attempt to lead better lives and get adequate time to take care of their families. The members of the group acknowledged that their institution was not undertaking or implementing adequate policies to ensure the needs of the ageing workforce were addressed. Ciutiene and Railaite (2014) argue that such kind of gap can make it impossible for workers to become empowered or realise their potential. Performance management policies are usually used as guidelines to come up with plans for empowering different groups of workers (Deller 2015). Such policies must be considered by different stakeholders to maximise the outcomes and achievements of the targeted workers. The interviewees indicated clearly that the health care organisation had failed to develop adequate policies that could be follow
The most prominent factor in establishing and developing Human Services is legislation. In the beginning of its history, Human Services were primarily initiative-sourced and focused on improvements in many different aspects of living simultaneously, such as health, education, and work conditions. During the 20th century, the government began active participation in protecting the population through the security of child welfare and unemployment and disability insurance. Legislation allowed the government to adjust Human Services to address the timely needs of the population. The first act in the Human Services field, The Social Security Act, was developed during the Great Depression and offered relief to families. In particular, the act provided help for women with children and elders by creating pensions and unemployment insurance programs. The Social Security Act Amendments of 1950 presented new legislation that highlighted the security of American families after the war. The act introduced protection through an insurance system, a new progressive kind of forward-looking legislation designed to provide both freedom and stability for American society. Thus, through the course of history, legislation allowed the government an opportunity to address the aftermath of significant events that posed a threat to the nation’s welfare and protect the population. Nowadays, the Human Services are all layers of the population in need: low-income families, the elderly, immigrants, and refugees, with the main focus on the children. According to Przeperski and Owusu (2021), family ties across the world were weakened in recent times, and the situation requires additional help from the government. The latest addition to legislation in Human Services, the Family First Prevention Services Act, emphasizes the need for child welfare support and covers the cost for foster care and adoption assistance services. Reference Przeperski, J., & Owusu, S.A. (2021). Children and the child welfare system: Problems, interventions, and lessons from around the world . Child and Adolescent Social Work Journal, 38 , 127–130. Web.