ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Policing policies have drastically changed since 1963. The changes have occurred over time with the purpose of suiting contemporary needs of civilians. It is not possible to apply the policies used fifty years ago in the modern society. Most of them are irrelevant due to evolution in the nature of criminal activities. The nature of police patrols has also changed and police officers have now adopted a close relationship with civilians. They have also adopted the Miranda laws, technology and organized structures in their operations in order to address people’s needs. In addition, they have changed their approach to capital punishment due to the development of human rights organizations. This paper discusses the evolution of policing policies over the last fifty years from crude and inhuman policies to ones that care about civilians. The first area of policing that has drastically changed is patrol. The way the police carry out patrols today is not the way they used to do it in 1963. Criminals have been changing their tactics. Therefore, the police also have to change in order to handle them appropriately. Fifty years ago, foot patrols were very common. Police officers patrolled the streets on foot, and people felt safe both in the streets and at home. However, an increase in the rate of crime has made it necessary for the police to use vehicles in their patrols. They patrol around people’s homes, as people no longer feel secure in their homes and the streets. In addition, state governments have introduced private police and community policing to supplement the regular police (Hartmann, 1989). Before 1963, the police used to force suspects to admit their crimes. They then used the admissions against them in court. However, the introduction of the Miranda laws has made it necessary for the police to inform suspects of their rights to remain silent. The police can use the suspects’ admissions in court only after informing them of their rights to remain silent (Weiss, 2010). In the 1960s, capital punishment was a very common tool for making suspects admit their crimes. The police also used capital punishment in suppressing demonstrators. In the 1960s, America experienced many protests that advocated for the rights of the blacks. Photos from such events show how police officers used force in handling the demonstrators. Using excessive force in handling civilians was not a big problem in those days. However, with the formation of human rights organizations, the police have no right to use capital punishment. These movements insist that even criminals have rights, and police officers must handle them like other citizens (Weiss, 2010). Technological advancement has also been very crucial in the evolution of policing policies. All police departments in the US have adopted technology in mos
Introduction Reconstruction of buildings and complexes for handicapped students is the required task for increasing the loyalty of the universities towards students with disabilities. Originally, the reconstruction process requires the adaptation of various facilities for increasing the comfort of using them for the students with disabilities, nevertheless, the reconstruction process itself requires detailed preparation and creation of the required documents. Thus, the aim of this paper is to prepare the necessary documents for managing the reconstruction process. The documents are Scope Statement, Work Breakdown Structure, budget outline, and lessons learned as the result of the paper. Thus, the actual necessity is to outline the management process of the reconstruction and define the key aims, stages, and difficulties, associated with the reconstruction. Finally, the lessons learned should be defined for summarizing the reconstruction experience, and the importance of this project. Scope Statement The scope statement of the project should define the necessary changes, associated with the required reconstruction actions. Thus, the main components which should be subjected to reconstruction are doors, elevators, toilet cabins, sinks, and emergency ramps. The reconstruction of all these components will be required for simplifying the access of the disabled students to all the parts of the building and for granting them a sufficient comfort level for the students.  1. Doors: The sliding doors will have push-button functionality because radiation will be annoying for both the students and the teacher. The doors will be designed from the outside of the wall and must put into consideration any window or handrail. 72 doors will be changed; 54 doors in the old building and 18 in the new one.  2. Elevators: The elevator will be added by eliminating the stairs at the end of the old building and adding at least 2m*2m elevator for more circulation.  3. Toilet Cabin: The idea is by joining 2 cabins to make 1 handicapped toilet cabin. The minimum of the cabin must be 160 diameters, when joining the 90 cm wide existing cabins will have 180cm wide to allow circulation. The total number of toilets to be changed is 8.  4. Sinks: For each toilet, there are 3 sinks, one of the sinks will be remodeled and will be at the wheelchair level for easy washing; 8 sinks will be remodeled.  5. Emergency Ramps: Due to the small space that we have and the non-handicapped constructed buildings, each emer
Introduce the Section This section includes a discussion of the liquidity position of Wal Mart Incorporation and its comparison with competitors, i.e. Target Corporation and industry averages. Liquidity ratios are determined to evaluate the liquidity position of a business, which in turn allows the determination of a business’s strength with respect to the payment of its current liabilities(Gibson, 2012). Discuss results of ratios and trends The days’ sales in receivables for Wal Mart have shown consistent but small increments in the past three years. However, the value for the ratio is still indicative of a favorable position for the company and shows that Wal Mart’s cash flows are managed in an efficient manner as the company can collect amounts receivable more swiftly than its competitor. It is because of this efficiency that the accounts receivable turnover and accounts receivable turnover in days of Wal Mart is higher. On the other hand, although days’ sale in inventory for Wal Mart is on a rising trend, the lower values for ratio imply that the company can convert its inventory into sales more swiftly and it is due to this reason that the inventory turnover and inventory turnover in days are also presenting a favorable position for the company. In addition, the operating cycle for Wal Mart has also been determined, which indicates the number of days it takes for the inventory to be sold and cash received from debtors. The operating cycle of the company has increased since there have been unfavorable changes in the inventory and accounts receivable turnover during the past three years. Apart from this, the current ratio, cash ratio, and acid ratio show that the liquidity position of the company has remained more or less on the same pattern in the past three years. Comparison with a competitor While comparing the liquidity position of Wal Mart with Target Corporation, it can be observed that Wal Mart is in a much better position. The overall comparison of the two companies reveals that Target Corporation is preferring risk aversion. Comparison with Industry Average The comparison of Wal Mart’s liquidity position with that of industry averages indicates that the company is slightly behind the industry averages for the current ratio and acid ratio(Bloomberg Businessweek, 2013). Summarize the Section There are no significant changes noted in the liquidity position of Wal Mart during the past three years. However, the liquidity position of Target Corporation has been better as compared to Wal Mart during the past three years. Apart from this, Wal Mart has been more efficient than its competitor and it is therefore that the company has been able to maintain ample cash resources
Introduction With its Windows operating system, Microsoft has managed to monopolize the software industry in a way that few would have envisioned. Bear in mind that the inception of windows came at a time when the average guy on the street could not easily operate a personal computer or navigate the internet. With its easy graphical user interface, even your grandma could use it. However its monopoly in the market especially in the sale of computers with pre-installed windows operating system and its software copyright enforcement policy has raised a few eyebrows (Bjorn 2). A look at the company’s practices in corporate America might give an insight into what has set them poles apart from its competitors or whether the complaints and law suits they have received over the years justify the criticism they get when looking at their products and business practices. (Kotler et al.22) Environment With the climatic changes taking place in the world being linked to human behavior especially the large multi-national companies; innovative ways are being pursued to reduce energy consumption and emission of greenhouse gases to the atmosphere. Microsoft through its partnership with US Building Council tries to adapt policies such as energy efficiency, recycling of products and use of non-toxic materials when constructing new buildings or renovating the old ones. Even though Microsoft is not a construction company, it still aspires to attain at least a Silver certification level in the LEED Green Building Rating System whenever it’s constructing new premises. This is evident in its new buildings at Bellevue, Washington and Hyderabad, India which consume 10-15 percent less energy than previously constructed companies. With its recycling and conservation program at Microsoft Digital Campus, they have eliminated departmental and individual printers and gone for a public print program which hopes to sustain a high employee to printer ratio and minimize energy consumption. Furthermore, the program at Puget Sound facilities recycles (refills) its toner cartridges instead of replacing them. Adding to this, the printers at this facility are set to print double- sided to minimize the use of paper. Microsoft has put recycling bins at print stations inside the buildings in order to collect unused paper. Community Relations With its massive expansion program, Microsoft has partnered with various colleges and learning institutions around the world to familiarize people with the various products available. Even though the company has received extensive coverage for its products, it has also created employment in these countries (Davies 99) from the various colleges that spring up to teach the la
The main aim of public health is to ensure patient safety. It is as a result of this fact that numerous precautions and measures have been put in place to ensure that the overall health of the public is guaranteed. Despite the efforts that have been put in place to ensure that this goal is realized, the society still faces various health challenges. One of the health challenges that contemporary societies are facing come from medication errors. As asserted by Grissinger (2013), medication errors are considered as being one of the most common medical errors in the contemporary world. In the United States, for instance, approximately 1.5 million people are harmed by this predicament which result in the spending of approximately $3.5 billion directly or indirectly to put the resultant effects under control and a further $77 billion is spend on morbidity and mortality costs (PST, 2015). The Academy of Managed Care Pharmacy (AMCP) recognizes medication errors as a major public health issue and has put a lot of effort in terms of research and funding to reduce its occurrence in the field of medicine. Despite the efforts of the AMCP and other bodies engaged in this campaign, the instances and effects of medication errors are still felt all around the globe. This paper will this expound on this issue by defining medication errors, exploring the factors that lead to their occurrence, critically analyzing the procedures and steps that are followed in an event of a medication error, and the recommendations that can be put in place to control and reduce its occurrence in medical practice. Medication Errors PST (2015) defined medication errors as errors that might come about at any stage from the drug prescription process by a clinician to the receipt of medication by a patient. On the other hand, preventable adverse drug events only occur when a patient actually receives and uses a prescription drug resulting harm. It is critical to note that most preventable adverse drug events are preventable if proper measures are put in place. In some instances, a patient might not be harmed by a drug that has been wrongfully administered, either through early interception or by the lack of reaction by their bodies. Such errors are referred to as potential adverse drug events. There are those patients who are harmed after consuming drugs that had been wrongfully administered to them, but this administration could have been mitigated. Such errors are referred to as ameliorable adverse drug events. Finally, there are events whereby a patient is harmed by a drug that was correctly prescribed and administered. Such errors are referred to as unpreventable adverse drug events, more commonly known as side effects. One of the highest risk medications that is currently used in medicine is anticoagulant heparin. The administration of this drug is considered as being risky due to the fact that it dosage highly relies on the patient’s weight as well as consistent monitoring and testing of their blood clotting ability (PST, 2015). If the administered dose is
Introduction The invention of the internet revolutionised politics and social awareness across the world. The social media has flourished immensely since the inception of the internet. The internet stimulated the formation of web communities. It is these communities that communities that created avenues for communication across the globe. The internet connection enables people to convey their information through the web. Hence, the web provides an interactive forum where people can share ideas and opinions on any emerging issues. The discovery of the mobile phones connected with internet increased web accessibility to the majority of people worldwide. The media and the people can relay information in real time globally. For instance, politicians have turned to social networks to bolster their campaigns. Further, crisis awareness is communicated instantly due to the use of the internet and social networks. It is factual that the first witnesses of a crisis are people on the scene who respond by posting the news on social networks. In a short period, as many people connect with the network, they get to know of the crisis. The significance of the widespread use of internet in politics and social media is the subject of my research project. The Project Relevance, Objectives and Research Questions The internet presents a platform where anyone can post views, news or any other material that may trigger a reaction from the public. The most inherent challenge in the use of the web is the determination of authentic information and its source. Some online users post alarming information on the web, yet their message is vague and false. I found this trend disturbing. Hence, my research seeks to determine the influence of the internet communication on politics and crisis awareness. The project will focus on factual scenarios to depict the actual influence of internet communication on politics and social awareness. The research will seek to provide insights to the following research questions:   * How does internet communication influence politics?   * How does internet communication influence crisis awareness? I will explore case scenarios to illustrate how internet communication has facilitated politics and crisis awareness. A number of political leaders have used the social network successfully in their campaigns across the globe. Further, the social networks have been used to successfully remove governments from power, as well as agitating for reforms. The Scope and Depth of Project The internet is a tool that has interlinked all parts of the world. There is quick access to information from all over the world. Hence, my research will use the documented information to determine my findings. Research on various political developme
Every average adult person has a steady system of priorities that are the core of his/her social behavior. These beliefs are called personal values that are the concepts with a hardly underestimated role in humans life since matching or ignoring them determines your level of happiness or satisfaction you get from your job. The aim of this essay is to determine the connection between my values and ethical decision making in the workplace, especially in terms of possible whistleblowing. First of all, it is important to define core values before trying to predict possible ethical dilemmas that occur almost every working day. It was quite challenging for me to decide which things I appreciate the most since there are many adjacent and conflicting concepts but my list of values includes the following:  1. Worthiness.  2. Comfort.  3. Satisfaction.  4. Loyalty.  5. Involvement.  6. Partnership.  7. Assurance.  8. Pragmatism.  9. Optimism. 10. Reputation. 11. Honesty. 12. Balance. In fact, I originally considered wealth to be my highest priority, but few minutes later I understood that money cannot substitute satisfaction you get from the real worthiness of your decisions and actions, thus, I can claim that I have reconsidered my values while preparing the given list which suits the features of the Utilitarian ethical approach. One of the main principles of this theory lies in the search for the best possible proportion of benefits and harms (Meeler, n.d.). The Utilitarian approach is the closest to my list of values since I try to assess the possible options in any situation according to whether they are worth of the consequences. Perhaps, following such pattern is not very useful while making an on-the-spot decision but every cleverly calculated action requires a previous reasonable considering. Of course, one cannot make up an ideal list with no values capable of creating ethical dilemmas since it might be possible only in case of totally similar priorities among all people. Analyzing my list, I have come to a conclusion that there are some values that are the most productive in terms of formation of the ethical dilemmas. Honesty seems to be the most problematic priority from this perspective since sometimes it is hard to be an honest and an efficient employee simultaneously. For example, if your boss does not want you to report something, you should remain silent in order to save your job anyway, even though such behavior contradicts to your highest value (Marshall, 2014). Nevertheless, such sacrificing would pro
Music is everywhere around us. The world we live in consists of rhythms and repetitive patterns. The human body consists of many rhythms too – the sound of our steps, our breath, heart beat and pulse. Some of us enjoy such patterns and find them calming. For example, I know a person who cannot fall asleep if there is no clock ticking in the room. For others these patterns are absolutely maddening and annoying. They have the most interesting effect on human minds. Such tunes and rhythms have the capacity of catching a human mind, trapping it inside the repetitive pattern and creating an endless loop. No matter how complicated and brilliant a human mind is – sometimes it has hard time getting out of such loop and the repetitive pattern in the brain will go on for hours or even days. Modern music industry is familiar with this fascinating phenomenon and uses it very successfully to create their catchy tunes and melodies that keep on spinning in the head. According to public opinion, popularity and success of a song happen spontaneously and depend on the singer’s talent; science offers another approach to this phenomenon. Officially, “Wrecking Ball” by Miley Cyrus is the success of a beautiful voice and a charismatic performance, scientifically it is a brainworm with many layers designed to penetrate human brain on the unconscious level. I took the term “brainworm” from the article called “Brainworms, Sticky Music and Catchy Tunes” by Oliver Sacks, which explores the effects repetitive melodies have on our brain when penetrating it. Sacks explains that the terms “earworms” and “brainworms” first appeared in 1980s (46). The awareness of this phenomenon is not new. Most likely this happening first appeared in ancient times when our forefathers were just getting acquainted with music and tunes. It is interesting that old melodies that managed to survive through centuries and generations are actually the most contagious earworms. How many times each of us found ourselves playing one melody in the head again and again? How many times did we lose our sleep annoyed by the same catchy words endlessly spinning in our brains? These catchy tunes do not have to be our favorite songs, in most cases they are the songs we dislike, yet they stick to us. Not only song’s lyrics work as a brainworm. It could also be the tune. Melodies with no lyrics can penetrate our brains the same way – good examples are classical melodies or soundtracks from the most famous TV shows or films. Melodies are not the only examples of brainworms. Basically, anything that has repetitive nature is able to trap a human brain into a loop. Brainworm