ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Temperature-sensitive vending machines are not a novelty. Initially, such an option was offered by the Coca-Cola Company. However, the focus was made on charging more for cold drinks in hot weather. Even though this initiative was not fruitful, as ordinary consumers felt that they were exploited financially, I am strongly inclined to believe that offering hotter beverages when it is cold outside might be a successful strategy in case of keeping in mind particular conditions. First of all, it is essential to recognize that temperature-sensitive vending machines are synonymous with price discrimination. That is why it is critical to point to benefits they provide. That said, implementing this step requires conducting a promotion strategy, which would point to the fact that higher prices are seasonal and would decrease when it gets warmer outside. In addition, it is vital to highlight that location of vending machines is as well of significant importance. For example, setting them up in malls or other places with numerous alternatives would not be beneficial because consumers are less likely to spend more, especially in case of proximity to convenience stores offering substitutable products. Instead, locating them on streets or in places with no competitors would turn a marketing decision into an efficient one. Finally, it is critical to choose the strategy of selective launch, i.e. set up only several vending machines in order to find out whether ordinary consumers are interested in this initiative. To sum up, in my opinion, installing temperature-sensitive machines in crowded places without a significant amount of substitutes such as convenience stores and launching a well-developed promotion campaign is a way to make benefit of this novelty and turn it into a marketing success. Acquiring a franchise offers numerous advantages to those, who sign contracts with franchisors. For instance, the necessity for promoting an offered product or service is eliminated because of a well-known name of a chosen brand. This benefit is closely related to lower risks of business failure due to an overall recognition of a brand and already occupied market share it offers to a franchisee. At the same time, franchisors usually provide adequate training so that there is no need for past professional experience or expending funds on learning. Furthermore, relations with financial institutions such as banks and suppliers are easier to establish due to cooperation with big business. Finally, owning a franchise is a guarantee of exquisite rights in a particular territory. Nev
Income Statement The following is the income statement of Smith Company after adjusting some of the items that were not adjusted by the company’s bookkeeper: Smith Company Income Statement. For the year ended 31 st December, 2012.                                 $        $        Revenues                                 406000   LESS: COST OF SALES                               Cost of goods sold              234000   (188500) Less: Overstated closing stock  (45500)           Gross profit                             217500   LESS: EXPENSES                                    Depreciation expense            24350             Insurance                       1400              Marketing expenses              4500              Property taxes                  8900     (131350) Rent                            18000             Salaries                        67500             Utilities                       6700              Net profit                               86150     Adjustments made to the account There is one major adjustment made to the above income statement for Smith Company, that is the cost of sales figure. When the client of the company showed intention to purchase from the company, the bookkeeper recorded the transaction as a sale and indicated that some of the stock had left the company. In essence, when determining the cost of sales, the bookkeeper’s records showed a lower closing stock figure than the actual stock levels in the company. This understated the profits of the company since it resulted in a higher cost of sales figure. It is this flaw that has necessitated an adjustment to the cost of sales figure by subtracting the unadjusted amount of $45500 so as to reflect the real cost of sales. This transaction was also expected to affect the debtors figure in the debtors control account. I presume that following the double entry concept, the bookkeeper had credited the sales account and debited the debtors control account. Since the sales account was adjusted after realizing no commitment on the side of the client to make the purchase, it was also necessary to adjust the debtors control account in order to cancel out the transaction completely. It is not clear from the books as to whether the adjustment was made by the bookkeeper on the debtors control account. However, the debtors control account adjustment has no effect on the income statement since debtors do not form part of the income statement items. Other items of the income statement remain unaltered since there are no other clear flaws in the preparation of the books of accounts by the bookkeeper. However, the adjustment of the above transaction results in different figures for the gross profit and the net profit of the company; which is an increase in the figures by an amount of $45500. Importance of the matching concept The matching concept of accounting is also referred to as the revenue recognition principle. It
“Trends in Global Terrorism: Implications for the United States” – April 2006. The above article released by National Intelligence Estimate, has within its course numerous instances of evidence not supporting the fact that the military activity in Iraq has proved successful. Yet there are even more backlashes with regards to the United States decision to remain in Iraq. We will discuss these implications in the first part of this essay. The opening of the article states that United States activity has “seriously damaged the leadership of al-Qa’ida and disrupted its operations…”(NIE, 2006). It further ascertains that although damage has been done to al-Qa’ida, they will still pose a threat to the US cause in Iraq and possibly the US itself. Evident and also established in this paper is the fact that al-Qa’ida and it jihad affiliates are adapting to the counterterrorist measures (Ibid.).With regard also to the increase of dispersion of Muslim fundamentalists the paper states the following: “If this trend continues, threats to US interests at home and abroad will become more diverse, leading to increasing attacks worldwide.” (NIE, 2006). This does not bode well for anti-terrorist operations in the US or other allies. However military action expects to suppress further growth of al-Qa’ida supporting groups through constant pressure and prosecution of terrorist organizations. The problem appears to be in this report, that even though stringent measures have been taken to undermine insurgents in Iraq and other al-Qa’ida supporting units, they appear to be growing with some form of insidious malignancy. The NIE report also states that Europe, including previous victims of terror, Spain, are seen as possible and likely targets for fundamentalist activity. The US attempt at peace keeping in Iraq, therefore cannot be seen to be successful insomuch as it has brought about increased al-Qa’ida activity rather than subduing it. Democracy, unfortunately, as seen in this case is not supported by all sectors of the Iraqi government, and although assumed to be a minority fundamentalist movement, al-Qa’ida holds sway primarily due to its terrorist actions. Where the United States and UN corps have ethical standards, such as the upholding of the safety non-insurgent civilians, terrorist organizations have little interest in protecting innocent civilians. September 11 2001, is a perfect example of the difference between the two parties involved in this conflict. In The Dynamics of Conflict Resolution, Bernard Mayer observed that we “…often have a difficult time distinguishing the impact of culture from the dynamics of dominance.” In the second part of this essay, we will examine the cultural differences that face peace-keeping parties in countries that are culturally different and how mediation seeks to understand both sides of the argument in order to reach a peaceful solution. Islam
Introduction Many of the law’s assumptions regarding human behavior have been contested by research in psychological science, including social psychology. These assumptions have been primarily featured in various legal processes comprising courtroom evidence and decision-making, especially concerning the jury. Juries entail a group of people (often twelve, but sometimes less) who have been conglomerated to decide on a legal dispute. To comprehend and acquire an understanding of how such decisions are made, researchers have evaluated a myriad of topics, which comprise jury nullification, racial bias, and juror comprehension of legal instruction, among others (Devine & Caughlin, 2014; Sommers & Ellsworth, 2009; Maeder, Yamamoto, & McManus, 2015). This paper aims to examine the evidence and effect of racial bias among juries on legal outcomes. It objectifies to do so by answering the following question: Are members of the public capable of making impartial decisions when selected for a jury, or does the factor of racial bias affect their decisions? The association between race and juror decision-making is a contentious subject, which has captured the attention of both researchers and legal professionals. However, by carefully examining the methods and results of published studies, it can be noted that the researchers have cast doubt on their conclusions regarding their positive relationship. For instance, in several studies, the sample size was relatively limited, and the findings were statistically insignificant (Elek & Hannaford-Agor, 2014; Williams & Burek, 2008). In summation, racial prejudice serves a function in jury decision-making, and it is more exacerbated in racially inclined trials; however, the strength of the correlation is relatively weak. Models of Jury Decision-Making It is vital first to understand how juries make decisions, to properly comprehend how racial bias comes in. Jury decision-making usually factors the decisions of individual jurors. Generally, the models of jury decision-making evaluate the manner through which personal preferences associate during a group discussion to result in an overall verd
The principles expressed in the Bible are relevant to various human activities. For instance, one can look at the famous line from Joshua, “Have I not commanded you? Be strong and courageous. Do not be terrified; do not be discouraged, for the LORD your God will be with you wherever you go” (Joshua 1;9, English Standard Version). It is necessary to discuss this quote from the perspective of marketing management. On the whole, the success in this profession is possible when an individual can face challenges with fortitude. Furthermore, this person should not become discouraged when some problems arise. The chosen line provides an example of how people should behave. This is why the relevance of Biblical passages should not be overlooked by people whose task is to develop and promote various products or services. It should be kept in mind that marketing management requires a person to take innovative decisions and take risky steps that may not be readily accepted by others. For instance, marketing managers may have to abandon some of the outdated strategies. Therefore, one can argue that this activity requires some fortitude and strength of mind. This is one of the main aspects that should be identified. Apart from that, the introduction of breakthrough products is also impossible without fortitude (Panda, 2009). In fact, many people do not want to take any actions that contradict popular expectations (Panda, 2009). In turn, the passage under analysis shows that such an approach is not permissible for successful professionals. Therefore, one can say that the ideas expressed in the Bible can help people working as marketing managers. Apart from that, the work of marketing managers is impossible without the ability to overcome failures and challenges. For instance, the businesses in which these professionals are employee can pass through periods when the demand for products and services declines. Under such circumstances, marketing managers have to make sure their businesses can become more sustainable. Therefore, it is important for a person not to be discouraged if his/her initiatives do not bring immediate success. By following the principles expressed in this verse, marketing managers as well as leaders can greatly assist a person in achieving various goals. Certainly, some people, who work as marketing professionals, may not necessarily have strong religious beliefs. Some of them may not be familiar with the versed discussed in this paper. However, successful managers inevitably attach importance to such things as courage, confidence, and the belief that hardships can be overcome provided that a person takes much effort (Chandrasekar, 2010). To some degree, these attitudes are a part of their work ethics. On the whole, this discussion indicates that the ethical commandments postulated in the Bible remain relevant nowadays. These principles can be applied to various activities such as marketing management. In particular, one can see that fortitude and strength of mind help people take innovative decisions and overcome challenges. Moreover, these ideas can be ap
Mitral valve prolapse (MVP) is a medical condition characterized by improper work of the mitral valve in the heart of a human. It leads to the situation when the flaps are not sealed completely, and blood can come through the valve when it is closed. The goal of this paper is to discuss the causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment of MVP and to discuss what a patient needs to know about living with this disorder. The majority of people who have the MVP are born with it, and the exact causes of the condition remain unknown to the scientific community. Moreover, in most cases, the individuals with this disorder are not affected by it and do not exhibit any symptoms (Niu, Chan, Mesana, & Ruel, 2016). However, potential signs of the MVP include chest discomfort, short breath, fatigue, headaches, palpitations, and cough. Some of the people who have this condition also experience anxiety. In most cases, the MVP is found during the routine physical examination. By listening to a person’s heartbeat with a stethoscope, a doctor can hear specific sounds that are a sign of the condition. However, these sounds do not always take place, and the diagnosis might require additional procedures, such as echo tests, electrocardiograms, and chest x-ray. Medicines are used for treatments of the MVP if backflow is present. Surgery also can be used, but only in especially severe cases of the disorder (Levine, Jerosch-Herold, & Hajjar, 2018). It is suggested that people who are diagnosed with this condition consult their doctor about the schedule of follow-ups and prescription of medicine if it is necessary. Healthy eating, physical activity, and an overall healthy lifestyle are also important for such individuals. MVP does not always have apparent symptoms, but it can be found with the help of medical tests. Modern medicine provides different forms of therapy for people who suffer from this condition, including pharmaceutical treatment and surgery. In most cases, when the form of the MVP is not severe, abidance to the schedule of follow-ups and maintaining healthy habits can be enough to prevent the possible negative consequences of the disorder.
Case Story Mike is a 20-year-old black male that grew up with a single parent in an impoverished community in Chicago. At the age of 16, he engages in primary deviance by stealing a product from a local convenience store. This is an isolated incident that does not get punished or labeled Mike as a criminal neither by his parents, peers or other individuals who may have found out about the incident. After doing it on a few more dares, however, Mike starts stealing from stores on a regular basis as means of obtaining the items he wants, is apprehended a few times by the local police force, and is branded as a juvenile delinquent with a record of shoplifting. This case is formulated around the labeling theory of primary and secondary deviances, with the latter declaring Mike a juvenile criminal, thus framing his identity as such and encouraging further crimes (Walters 38). Explanation Using Conflict Theory Conflict theory explains that crime occurs as a result of socio-economic factors, gender and race disparities, as well as power disparities between people. As Mike comes from an underprivileged background (one parent, a poor neighborhood, being black), he does not have an access to various goods that the privileged people could easily afford using pocket change (Walters 51). At the same time, the disparity of power between the rich and the poor causes his peers to view his defiance of the system as a badge of honor. These factors combined together explain both the primary deviance (caused by a dare, to prove oneself) and the subsequent repeated performances, which were done less for approval and more so to obtain the goods Mike wanted. Thus, Mike is both at high risk of engaging in such behavior and at high risk of being convicted for it – conflict theory says that the poor are punished for crimes more harshly than the rich (Walters 53). This is confirmed by the follow-up of the story, where Mike receives a record for shoplifting, further inhibiting his chances of increasing his socio-economic standing through legal means. Explanation Using Merton’s Strain Theory Merton’s theory of strain focuses largely on societal pressures as a primary motivation for committing deviances. The theory states that individuals would seek to either conform, rebel, or something in between in regards to society’s norms and goals depending on how accessible they are (Walters 70). If a person is poor, they can attempt to either alleviate themselves through hard work (conformity), achieve wealth through crime and theft (survivalism), aim for more modest goals (passivism), retreat from the society (retreating), or seek to overthr
Introduction The medical workforce of most countries comprises of a greater number of generalists, the U.S has a higher proportions of specialists. This generally affects access and quality of provision which would determine whether there are any prejudices in delivery. There are several new technologies which are also being employed for social gain by several institutions, thus not realizing the wider collective mission in health liberation. The neglect of some facilities, to the extent of leaving them to market forces has also influenced the state of care in the state. Generalists present principal, all-inclusive healthcare to population of all sexes, sickness or generations. Specialists, contrastingly, have a superior certification and training in a specific field. The errands of the two classes of specialists in healthcare are divisive, based on their ratio to the masses. There is especially inadequate information on the proficiency and practices of generalist and specialist physicians in their fields and the healing they govern. It is an inference that family practitioners and internists are unaware or uncertain on the recent advances in some methodologies of treatment (Golin, Reif & Smith, 2004). There is thus a need to progress the diffusion of proficiency from specialists to generalist physicians, especially now that their accountability is getting larger in the evolving therapeutic field. Achieving an equal number of both specialists is a superlative choice, but it would impose some transformations in the cost, access and quality of healing. Cost Economic forces are restructuring the delivery of therapy at diverse states, hence the need to delineate the position of specialists. Further, the fiscal opportunities of specialists are enhanced by the wide-ranging public craving to seek the care of specialists for singular medical conditions. The heed given by a specialist is more costly contrasted to care offered by generalists. The cost of physicians relates to the percentage of specialists against generalists in a section, instead of factors such as the severity of illness or diagnostic studies conducted. Access to prime health care would mean less hospitalization for habitual care, and thus lessen the expenses. Generalists utilize less medical assets than specialists, and thus, their lessening would condense the expenditure of healthcare. Access There would be augmented access to health care. Having more specialists habitually contributed to discontinuity of individual care, and the deficit of physicians in countryside areas. A balance between the two would thus facilitate intense deliberation on a larger population, and more healthcare providers to be pervasive across all regions to advance access of health
Introduction The Wire was a crime-drama television series that aired from 2002 to 2008. It mainly explored the community struggles of impoverished urban youth in America (through illegal drug trade). The producers of the series based it in Baltimore City, Maryland. Its narrative highlighted how the city’s police department struggled to contain the drug menace in the state. Although HBO aired more than four seasons of the series, this paper reflects on its third season, which follows the theme of the first season (illegal drug trade) in Baltimore (season two focused on drug shipment at the port). Although this paper mainly reflects on community struggles and conflict in the wire , it also focuses on showing how institutional failures create a cycle of impoverishment among America’s urban poor. The last section of this paper shows the lessons learned from the series. Institutional Failures The Wire shows how institutional failures and education system inadequacies have contributed to the growing social and economic challenges that affect the urb