ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The internet has exploded into just about every facet of human life today with the exceptions of those too young to understand it and those too old in spirit to benefit from learning a new gadget. Computers are essential in every aspect of life now when they were only on the periphery of generalized experience even 15 years ago. With the growth of the internet has come the growth of new ways of communicating, many of which have been based upon the example set by the WELL. This becomes clear when one compares the characteristics of the online community described by Howard Rheingold to the characteristics that continue to draw millions of users to the world of online games and virtual worlds established on the ‘net. According to Rheingold, “virtual communities are cultural aggregations that emerge when enough people bump into each other often enough in cyberspace” (1). This relatively loose definition suggests that any site used as a means of bringing individuals of shared interests and hobbies together could be justifiably considered a virtual community. Rheingold supports this concept by citing from the early pioneers in computer technology and philosophy. He quotes Licklider and Taylor (1968) as saying, “In most fields, they [virtual communities] will consist of geographically separated members, sometimes grouped in small clusters and sometimes working individually. They will be communities not of common location, but of common interest” (5). However, this doesn’t necessarily mean that these communities are modeled after the format originally developed within the WELL. To determine this, the common characteristics of the WELL need to be identified to determine whether or how they are comparable to the systems developed in the online gaming or virtual worlds. According to Rheingold, the WELL “was consciously a cultural experiment, and the business was designed to succeed or fail on the basis of the results of the experiment” (9). For the WELL, then, it appears that it was offered a do or die situation, either discover how to make the tools of communication available and useful for the development of an online community, or fail and go out of business. There are several characteristics within the WELL that can be seen to serve as examples of operation for many of the virtual worlds available today. These include the sense of place users gain as a result of participating on a site, the expansion of the site into a sense of a neighborhood, the constantly evolving features available as new technologies are introduced or retracted, the use of the site as a common source for news in the interest area and the use of ‘hosts’ or ‘moderators’ as a means of ensuring smooth communication and to solve disputes. All of these elements can be found in the virtual communities available online today to various degrees. Having fully realized the lack of physical presence such worlds provide, some communities have transcended human experience in their minds by adopting alternative universes in whi
The article overview The present article deals with such important phenomenon as buzz about products. The author focuses on the myths concerning this phenomenon. Dye (2000) also reveals the most effective strategies to create buzz. Dye (2000) notes that many marketers think that buzz is an “explosive self-generating demand” phenomenon (as cited in Dye, 2000, p. 140). However, the author argues that buzz can be predicted and it can be also created as it also follows certain rules and principles. Dye (2000) provides certain myths existing in the world of business. Thus, the first myth is concerned with the type of products which can evoke buzz. Thus, the researcher states that not only outrageous products can be “buzz-worthy” (Dye, 2000, p. 140). The second myth is that buzz cannot be created as it just happens. The author depicts several strategies to create buzz. Dye (2000) claims that it is important to give the product to vanguard (those who can shape other people’s preferences), to create ration supply as people tend to have products that are unavailable for others, to use icons (celebrities) to create buzz, to understand the influence of lists and to focus on creating grass roots (i.e. addressing community). The third myth is concerned with the audience to address to create buzz. Some think that the target audience will create much buzz. However, Dye (2000) provides examples that verify that it is possible to achieve success addressing quite unexpected groups of people who will create much buzz. The fourth myth the author debunks is connected with the period of time to act. Thus, Dye (2000) states that companies should not necessarily react when buzz is at its highest. Finally, the fifth myth is concerned with the use of media. Thus, the author claims that the use of media can lead to negative outcomes, as people can feel that they are pushed to make this or that decision. Finally, Dye (2000) reflects upon the future of buzz. The researcher claims that the Internet (forums, websites) will play an important (or even crucial) role in creating buzz. Key points One of the most important findings of the author is the idea that buzz can be generated. Importantly, the author highlights the products which can evoke buzz. Actually, almost all types of products can evoke buzz. Notably, products associated with entertainment, recreation and health can be largely or partially driven by this phenomenon. However, there are products which are immune to it: oil, gas, utilities. The author also portrays features of products which are likely to evoke buzz. These are uniqueness (be it functionality, price, look, etc.) and visibility (people should see the products used by others). Of course, this information can affect marketing strategy of any company. More so, it can affect market. Thus, companies can understand to what extent to rely on word of mouth while marketing this or that product or service. Apart from this, the
The novel “A Mercy,” written by Toni Morrison, explores the relationships between four different women. The women portrayed in the story are Rebekka, the wife of the farm owner Jacob Vaark, Florens, a black slave sold to the farmer, Lina, the Indigenous servant, and Sorrow, the woman with an unknown background also owned by the Vaarks after being found on the shore having survived a shipwreck. Even though the female characters are absolutely diverse, they have many qualities in common. First of all, each of them is absolutely lonely and helpless on her own, second – they all need to please one man. They end up clinging together since that was the only way for them to survive in the America of the 1690s when women’s rights and freedoms were very limited. Theoretically, there is a hierarchy between the characters. Jacob, who basically owns all of the women, is at the top. Rebekka is the close second since she is the wife of the farm owner. Yet, when she arrives at the Vaark farm, she is completely unaware of how to run it and needs help. Lina, who had come to the farm before Rebekka arrived, is also helpless at her job. The two women end up forced together as they have similar strengths and weaknesses, and “both are hopelessly ignorant of how to run a farm” (Morrison 69). Over the course of the novel, Rebekka and Lina develop a tight bond of sisterhood, mutual help, and trust. Lina is practical. She is aware that her wellbeing depends on the Vaarks. Lina becomes a loyal servant and a partner for Rebekka and does her work thoroughly, trying to show as much love and care as possible to her owners. Her relationship with Rebekka evolves as she adopts her new life and becomes protective of it. Lina is conservative. Having suffered a major loss of her family and tribe, she unconsciously starts to view the farm and people living there as her new tribe. Her indigenous culture becomes obvious in her attempts to form a family-like connection with Florens and Rebekka. At the same time, she is hostile towards Sorrow, probably because she feels that Sorrow is broken inside, which makes her potentially unstable, and Lina is scared of change, she is desperately trying to preserve her newfound stability. Sorrow does not interact with other women initially; she has
This article uses the quantitative approach for relating two research variables. The purpose of the research is to identify how gender, ethnicity, and nativity among Latinos contribute to medical complications associated with substance use. Specifically, the article integrates the multinomial logistic regression approach for explaining drug abuse among Latinos (Verissimo et al., 2014). Researchers have ensured accuracy by adopting numerical functions generated using statistical methods. As a result, the findings obtained can be useful for social workers in the EBP working context when perceived distinctly. For instance, the recommendations can help nursing workers identify suitable social initiatives to reduce substance abuse among Latinos. Cultural sensitivity and moral intelligence among identified participants are important professional attributes for social workers researching minority populations (Cano, 2020). Most importantly, statistical findings enhance practical knowledge regarding social interaction and conflict mitigation in diverse communities. Moreover, this article is intended to relate discrimination with substance use complications among Latinos. The scope of this research was enormous as identified population come from different ethnicity. Most fundamentally, the quantitative approach integrated into the article was suitable for achieving objectivity and accuracy in the findings. The identified variables are developed using the close-ended framework for generating specific data sets (Verissimo et al., 2014). In this context, the researchers used multinomial logistic regression for examining the association between discrimination and substance abuse complications. This quantitative approach’s role was significant in determining the impacts of specific data sets on increasing drug abuse among Latinos. It is vital to remember that categorizing social attributes such as gender, ethnicity, and nativity was critical for determining the survey questions (Verissimo et al., 2014). Most critically, the quantitative method was instrumental in answering researchers’ questions regarding substance abuse among Latinos. As highlighted by the researchers, this article was intended to examine the relationship between discrimination and substance abuse complications. It was objective for them to integrate a quantitative framework for generating accurate and factual findings from a large population. The use of digital surveys was objective in developing numerical data intended to identify how the variables inter-relate to answer researchers’ questions (Cano, 2020). Essentially, the researchers could have improved the research method using an integrated or mixed framework. For instance, they would have adopted a qualitative data gathering model to capture vital variables such as emotions, attitudes, and anger among Latinos. Implementing both methods can be critical for dev
Creatine is a supplement for strength improvement. Analysis conducted on creatine estimated that 70% of sport people use the supplement (Becque, Lochmann, & Melrose, 2000). Energy sports influences creatine usage for muscle improvement. Energy driven sports such as weight lifters, basket ballers, and boxers rely of creatine supplement to boost productivity. Some benefits of the supplement include an increase in body weight, size, strength, and health performance during and after field events. Surreys revealed the effectiveness of creatine in the body (Becque, Lochmann, & Melrose, 2000). Athletes prefer creatine to other supplements because of its global acceptance. Although medical results revealed adverse effects of its use, creatine marketers compliment their products with test results and certification. Creatine sources Creatine is a compound of protein deposited in fish and animal products. Creatine breakdown begins in the liver with the influence of amino acids, methionine and arginine. Thus, creatine is absorbed from the blood. Creatine absorbed in blood vessel is catalyzed by phosphate to produce energy (Brenner, Rankin, & Sebolt, 2000). Molecules of creatine carry high-energy components that boost body performance. As the molecules of phosphate react with creatine in the blood vessels, it secretes Adenosinetriphophate used for muscle improvement. Athletes supplement with creatine to boost strength, weight, and speed. Functions of creatine  1. Strength increase: During creatine metabolism, the molecules of phosphate donate energy to produce ATP. Creatine supplement in the blood vessel absorb water through osmosis, thus, increasing body and muscle mass.  2. Provide extra energy: During the breakdown of ATP in the body, extra energy is released by the influence of creatine supplement. Creatine supplements convert ADP into ATP. ADP conversion is made possible by various forms of creatine supplement. There are other ways of energy gain, but ATP energy donation is fast and effective (Cribb, Williams, Stathis, Carey, & Hayes, 2007).  3. Buffer Buildup: Creatine supplement block the buildup of buffered acid. Thus, an athlete can have a continuous play or exercise without burning sensation or soreness.  4. Protein synthesis: Protein synthesis, increase muscle mass. Thus, creatine supplement influence the rapid synthesis of protein compounds. Some adverse effects have been reported by creatine users. Creatine causes muscle cramps, aches, and brain dysfunction. Creatine causes kidney and liver disorder. Short-term effects include bloating, stomach upset, gastrointestinal disorder and pain. Creatine safety Creatine supplements may be taken orally or in food products. The dosage depends on the body and the mass weight of the athlete. Creative works better when the exercise requires a continuous play. When athletes perform continuous exercise, muscle strain is controlled by creatine supplement. Creatine overdosed m
Introduction Pollution entails the introduction of substances into the environment in quantities that can change environmental conditions and in turn, harm organisms. Acid rain and ozone pollution are a form of pollution, which entails the release of gaseous and dust particles in quantities that destroy the integrity of the atmosphere and affect organisms in their respective habitats and ecosystems. Essentially, the atmosphere is an integral natural resource of the earth because it contains and maintains gases in appropriate proportions, which are essential for the survival of organisms in nature. In this case, the occurrence of acid rain and ozone pollution is due to the emission of gases in huge quantities, which have the capacity to pollute the air. Singh and Agrawal state that human activities such as the burning of fossil fuels and natural causes such as volcanic eruptions release nitrogen oxides, sulfur dioxides, and ozone, which are precursors of acid rain (15). These oxides combine with atmospheric water and form acid rain. Aggarwal et al. state that the interaction of nitrogen oxides and volatile organic compounds contri
Background Information Alcoholism represents a major social problem for the adult population in the United States not only in terms of consequent addictions and financial dependence due to loss of productivity and absenteeism, but also in enhancing neighborhood crime, traffic accidents due to drunk driving, incarceration rates of offenders, family-related violence, and social costs related to fetal alcohol syndrome (Black & Paltzer, 2013). These authors acknowledge that the problem of excessive alcohol consumption among adults in the state of Wisconsin is deeply rooted, and has led to several public health challenges that require immediate intervention. The indicators of excessive alcohol consumption in Wisconsin are many and varied. In 2011, for example, excessive alcohol consumption in this state “resulted in approximately 1529 deaths, 48,578 hospitalizations, 46,583 treatment admissions, 60,221 arrests, and 5,751 motor vehicle accidents” (Black & Paltzer, 2013, p. 1). Additionally, as reported by these authors, Wisconsin has over the years reported high incidences of alcohol consumption and dependence among its adult population and pregnant women. Many of the victims reported in the mentioned statistics are 35 years or older, implying that these indicators are a true representation of how the problem of excessive alcohol consumption is affecting the adult population. Social Determinants of Health It can be argued that the two foremost social determinants of health impacting the issue of excessive alcohol consumption include lack of social support networks/social exclusion and stress. Adults and the elderly are more likely to lack social and emotional support systems and become socially excluded from the community due to factors such as advancing age, death of a spouse or close friends, retirement, altered activity levels, comorbidity, relocation of family and friends, and family dissonance (Briggs, Magnus, Lassiter, Patterson, & Smith, 2011). Similarly, it has been reported that adults and older people are likely to experience psychological distress due to varied life events, including retirement, menopause, children leaving home, assuming a caregiving role, and death of a spouse or partner (Sorrocco & Ferrell, 2006). The selected social determinants of health impact the health-related risk behaviors of adults in terms of  1. triggering withdrawn, isolated, impulsive or hypersensitive behaviors,  2. enhancing sleep problems and malnutrition,  3. reinforcing suicidal ideation,  4. increasing the number of deaths arising from cardiovascular disease (Sorrocco & Ferrell, 2006). Socio-Ecological Theory & Application The significance of the socio-ecological model is grounded on the fact it is a highly adaptable tool that can be used by public health professionals and other stakeholders to not only identify prevailing health issues by revealing the
Introduction Autism can be considered a form of neural development disorder which impacts the way in which an individual communicates and interacts on a social level. It affects an individual’s cognitive abilities in terms of memory, interpreting information, and the ability to respond to certain questions. However, despite knowing what manifests as the symptoms of autism, there are still numerous controversies as to how it is brought about in the first place. One of the most prevalent controversies involving the disorder that has been in the media as of late has been the correlation between autism and vaccination. For example, articles such as those from the website Activist Post, state that early vaccination of children supposedly has an adverse impact on the brain’s development resulting in autism (Walia 1). This is a rather strange assertion given that academic articles such as those by Dealberto, state that “….., there is no correlation between autism and vaccination based on years of research which has explored possible ill effects that could be brought about through early childhood vaccination” (Adalberto 341). Other researchers such as Eyal, also explain that while the precise “triggers” behind autism have yet to be determined, the fact is that the development of autism in children is more of a genetic issue than it is a developmental one (Eyal 867). This means that a child does not develop autism as a result of external factors (i.e., vaccination), rather, it is a result of inherent biological factors tha
Introduction Numerous cultural barriers impede effective management of obesity among Saudi Women. The barriers that affect weight loss among women make them prone to severe diseases such as type 2 diabetes, cancer, heart disease among others. According to Ogden (2011), the major cultural factors that influence the management of weight or obesity among women include attitude and behavior, type of food intake, energy output, eating patterns, type of food, activity preferences, and style of food preparations. Due to this, there is a great need for a critical understanding of the cultural barriers that affect weight management in the nation and the effective development of reliable solutions to contain the situation. Situating Self Notably, it is highly imperative to recognize and understand the responsibility of being the primary tool for the study as the researcher. A study such as this that studies human subjects on the barriers affecting overweight management requires selflessness and dedication (Ogden, 2011). It requires the presentation of incredible facts on human subjects purposely to attain the qualitative nature of the research adopted. In consideration of my role in the study, my main duty is to perform extensive research and present facts relating to the key cultural barriers that hinder the effective management of overweight among women in Saudi Arabia. I have interacted extensively with Saudi Women especially those suffering from obesity during my stint as a nutrition clinician who deals with patients on the weight loss program. The experience has enabled me to learn and experience diverse dynamics that complicate the process of managing overweight in Saudi Arabia. I strongly believe that culture has negatively affected the process of managing obesity among women in the nation (Luthans, Doh &Hodgetts, 2012). The major cultural barriers impeding the management of obesity among the Saudi Women community include inferior eating habits, poor attitude towards food intake, type of food, and activity preferences (Peeke, 2001). The aspects have formed their way of life hence hindering holistic adherence to weight management programs. In particular, the people in the region have a poor attitude towards noble eating habits. They have a culture of eating anytime and any food type without considering the nutritionist’s advice. The culture is attributable to a lack of willingness to observe nutritionist advice among women (Ogden, 2011). Similarly, they fail to follow recommended diet for the obesity people based on ignorance and cultural belief that they must