ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Portfolio assessment is a process of evaluating the progress of students’ learning and understanding through the use of students’ portfolios. A student’s portfolio refers to a collection of works gathered over a specific duration of time, which helps a teacher to review the records of a student’s progress. These records include activities, artwork, writings, and other commendable works of a student in a subject or overall course. For portfolios to prove that they are valid means of assessing students, they need to measure what they are intended to. Due to the variety of items contained in a portfolio, there are several challenges that may make its validity questionable. Portfolios should be able to elicit a clear purpose. The main reason why teachers use portfolios is for them to assess students’ learning over time. However, the validity of portfolios is questioned when these same students are involved in collecting and deciding what goes into them. It is more likely than not that a student will only put works that meet the requirements of the assessment criteria in the portfolio. A student would want a situation where they present themselves in the best way possible. If this is the case, issues of honesty are likely to arise, especially where others strive to generate portfolios that show a balanced view of their learning experience, that is, their weaknesses and strengths. Results obtained from portfolios that are not a true representation of students’ learning capabilities will not be valid for they will be based on false facts. Another challenge to validity would be the content of the portfolio. As much as both the students and the teacher will work towards collecting several works to include in the portfolio, there has to be a limit of what goes into the portfolio. The portfolio’s content must be in line with the curriculum being examined. This poses a challenge because the teacher, besides doing the work of evaluating items in the portfolio, also has to monitor closely what students put in the portfolio. This in turn leads to more time being consumed in the process of trying to achieve a close relationship between the content and evaluation goals. Hence, achieving this content validity proves to be a tedious task that makes the whole process a complicated one. If portfolios are to be viewed as valid, they also need to be assessed reliably. A portfolio typically represents sample works of students. Students present their works differently, and deciding on whether they are wrong or right may prove to be a difficult task. Instead these works are evaluated using inter rater reliability, that is, according to the raters’ agreement. Inter rater reliability therefore depends on the extensive skills and experience that raters have gained over the years
Introduction The film’s title can be thought of as a summary of the film itself as it encapsulates the journey of the cruise ship that the documentary follows as it goes up the Yangtze river portraying the various landscapes, lives, and environments that were affected as a direct result of the construction of the 3 Gorges Dam. Hardships of the Yu Family In the film, it is seen that the Yu family lives in a dilapidated hut right beside the river. They have little if no income to speak of and survive by planting their vegetables right beside their home. Once the 3 Gorges Dam is finished and the area is flooded the Yu family will have to relocate to another area where not only will they have to pay rent but find local jobs, a daunting prospect for a family that is largely illiterate and uneducated. Understanding the Statement “Sacrifice the Small Family for the Big Family” The statement “Sacrifice the Small Family for the Big Family” is similar to the saying “the needs of the many outweigh the needs of the few”, this means that it is at times necessary to sacrifice the rights of a minority so that the majority can benefit. It must also be noted that the term “family” refers to China’s population with the “big family” representing the Chinese population that needs the 3 Gorges dam due to the electricity it could provide with “the small family” representing those that were displaced as a direct result of its construction. As for whether or not I agree with this particular philosophy, I would have to say that I do agree since it makes little sense to sacrifice the needs of many for that of the few. Explaining the Quote of Confucius In a way, it can be stated that the quote encapsulates the idea behind the documentary in that it somewhat criticizes the actions of the Chinese government as not finding its unique way in the world. For example, the second part of the stanza of the quote states that “imitation is the easiest”, this can be likened to how China has imitated certain aspects of capitalism to progress as a society. The 1st part of the quote states “reflection is noblest”, this can be compared to how the Chinese government has failed to reflect on its actions on orienting itself towards a capitalist approach. Throughout the documentary, it is shown that China’s progress has been supported on the backs of the poor and disenfranchised and as such is a complete reversal of what commu
Introduction Designers can make their environments better places by using universal and sustainable design concepts. Universal and sustainable designs must reduce negative impacts of buildings and improve their performance for all occupants irrespective of their age and disabilities. Universal design concepts are not complicated. They involve using simple materials such as “pulls rather than knobs, lever handles, wide doors, shallow sinks and adapting bathrooms and toilets to meet needs of various users, including people with disabilities and the elderly” (Škoda, 2012). These minor adjustments can result in a better and much easier to use environments by various people. This research will identify problems and propose solutions to home renovation based on universal and sustainable design concepts. In contemporary homes, normal measurements for doorways, kitchen cabinets, bathrooms and toilets among others could present challenges to people on wheelchairs. However, applications of universal design concepts alter measurements of house fittings to enhance accessibility and usability by various occupants. Doorways and hallways may be extended to “accommodate wheelchairs and build to avoid any potential injuries to users” (Škoda, 2012). Škoda notes that the American Society of Interior Designers (ASID) refers to universal design as “design that serves the broadest range of people, regardless of levels of ability, mobility, age or g
Ten important amendments It is considered that the first ten amendments are the most important for the US Constitution (Anastaplo 1995). I suppose that ‘Freedoms’ constitute the vital part of law which protects citizens and the state from unfair and discriminative practices. These rights are: “Freedom of Religion; Freedom of Press, Freedom of Speech; Freedom of Assembly; Separation of Church and State” (Anastaplo 1995, p. 47). At the end of the 19 th century, there was very little opportunity at the Constitutional Convention for Madison to support a bill of rights of the conventional sort. The Convention’s charge was to enlarge, not to restrict, the powers of the federal government. In order to conform with American public opinion favoring he most important rights of all, Madison proposed to insert in Article 1, Section 9, a long list of further exceptions to the power of the federal government. These amendments were very important because Americans inherited the common law as a legacy to be used selectively, if at all. The Revolution freed Americans to make their own distinctive political culture, one consistent with their unique history and republican ideals. A firm belief that American’s time had come and it had been given the opportunity to regenerate the political world infused Madison’s conception of the separation of religion and politics. The secular sword and religious faith ought always to be kept separate so that each realm might flourish to the benefit of humanity (Anastaplo 1995). Abolition Slavery and Granting Women a Right to Vote Another important amendment was an abolition of slavery. According to the US Constitution, slavery was abolished under the 13 Amendment (December 18, 1865) which states that: ”Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime where of the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction” (Anastaplo 1995, p. 168). This amendment opened new opportunities for citizens and the state to create a democratic government and stable political system. Before this amendment, the “real difference of interests” lay not between the small and large states but between the northern and southern states, which were divided over slavery and its consequences. Another important amendment (19 th Amendment) granted women a right to vote. This amendment came into force in 1920, and states that “The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of sex” ” (Anastaplo 1995, p. 190). Throughout American history women fought for freedom and equal rights with men. They expressed ideology held by most women around the world as they knew their sacrifices would be acknowledged and valued by future generations. Taking into account its significan
Media influences forms of human perception of space, time, and objects, and it is closely associated with the history of human values. In this essay, I will be highlighting the impact of digital media and its virtual reality expressed in innovative narratives on the vision of a real life; particularly I would like to discuss distinguishing features of Beloff’s interactive movie Beyond created in order to connect past and present. Interactive movie Beyond was created about 1990s in New York by the Scottish artist Zoe Beloff. First, the film made me feel like I am watching something rather strange and even extraordinary as it was completely incomprehensible what the artist wanted to reveal through the movie. However, after a while, passing through the interactive links and reading the suggested sources, I understood the sense of the Beyond . The Beyond involves the person in a kind of three-dimensional architecture full of ghosts in the environment made of collages and performative DVD-movies – so called media archaeological machinery. Beloff calls it “an investigation of the “dream life” of technology, from around 1850 to 1940” (2002, p. 1). It confronts the viewer with pathologically magical inner world of the patient, and at the same time makes him close to that world. With the help of the pointer, like a wizard with a wand, one can activate the video sequences of medical training films, home video, and advertising clips that appear as an interactive loop on the matte display of A4 size (DinA4 Milchglas-Display). This historical kaleidoscope seems like properly chosen pieces of art connected with each other that the artist carefully gathered looking through the waste collected in archives. The movie integrates interactive and visual worlds of the past and the present in the context of resources, experiences, and insights left by the art of the past. In other words, the work integrates different types of architecture, sculpture, painting, theatre, film, and photography through the simulation and inclination in the space of phantasmagorical effects. Beloff visualizes the cinema as intimate and interactive dialogue. One can hear sounds of short waves, popular songs of the 1920s and 1930s, as well as records of atmospheric and geomagnetic disturbances that create an atmosphere of the depressing scenario (Beloff, n.d.). In its turn, the atmosphere of the cinema explains the evidence of the presented schizophrenia. Referring to the Russian pioneer of the movie, Vertov, Beloff develops her individual movie style. As a result of the installation of specific aesthetic preferences and a peculiar game of inclinations such as the emergence of narratives, for example, she achieved something innovative in the movie value. Narration substantially is absent in the movie as one can only read titles and hear several voices. In my opinion, such a technique contributes to the penetration in the film and in the inner world of an artist. The interactivity of the Beyond defined by the numerous transitions and inscription that allow the spe
Juliet Bourke on Flexibility Evaluation of strategic threats and opportunities is important for an organisation in execution of strategic plans and decision making when managing labour during economic downturn. Company’s success and productivity depend on organisation of the human resource management, and how the same relate to flexibility. Reflectively, labour as a factor of production, determines the gross output, performance, and goal achievement at optimal resource use. In implementing flexibility policy, it is important to consider budget constraint. As opined by Juliet, this is no longer the case. For instance, following the short term need for restructuring and remaining solvent, companies have over relied on these short term counteractive strategies in managing labour, and are often characterized by overwork since the numbers of employees are reduced. Secondly, the modern human resource management has remained fairly irresponsive to sudden swings and very sensitive to changes in work condition. Due to the shift in flexibility, employees have suffered heavily, since the communication system for implementing changes seems to target interests of the company. In the end, the limited flexibility may give way to redundancy, lack of performance evaluation processes, poor employee testing, and unhealthy work culture. Flexibility is often compromised in companies facing uncertainty. In real sense, there should be a balancing system that is critical in improving leadership skills, evaluation skills, promoting creativity, and rewarding outstanding achievements. Therefore, the basis for flexibility implementation should function on a comprehensive analysis of how employers facilitate work-life balance during an economic downturn. Therefore, the concept should remain relevant even during economic downturn. Sharing the same sentiments with Juliet, it is apparent that human resource may end up seriously underdeveloped despite the fact that labour determines total output. Despite the fact that economic downturn is short term, fresh initiatives for correcting previous mistakes put in structures by management are not enough. In agreement with Juliet, the modern flexibility practices have not adopted an inclusive career development plan. Instead, it works on assumptions that the labour force is fully developed and well trained. Besides, the modern flexibility system lacks aspect of innovation, skills, and motivation evaluation as part of work-life balance. Magnitude of change is quantum because changes involving culture, structure and strategy of the company are required. This form of change is necessary in the cases of companies attempting to restructure their human resource component during the economic downturn. However, sharing same sentiments with Juliet, modern flexibility plans lack leadership responsibility, performance efficiency, and continuous motivational policies which facilitate responsive management. Implications of Excessive Working Hours on Employees and Managers In any organisation, there is always a laid down structure formulated in order to keep its staff in healthy
Currently, social media is the most utilized platform for advertising because of the large number of individuals using online platforms. Utilizing different social media platforms to advertise products is a better plan since it is cheaper and reaches many individuals present in the online domain. Social media marketers have mastered the art of rhetoric in advertising. Ethos in social media advertisements entails the use of celebrities to influence their followers on the product’s credibility (Tamuwritingcenter, 2012). Pathos includes the use of proper language for proper emotional attachment with the target market, and logos involve using high numbers for logic (Tamuwritingcenter, 2012). Advertising influences people by changing their attitudes towards a product. Advertising helps to change the narrative and beliefs about a given product in the market, motivating individuals to consume the product. This form of advertisement can be possible by using influential individuals on social media platforms to promote the product. It is a better way of advertising since it helps in capturing a larger market share through influential marketing. Pepsi, a leading beverage company, has contracted Lionel Messi, one of the best footbal
Introduction The case study on Ok Tedi Mining Limited (OTML) in Papua New Guinea (PNG) presents an investment that has caused both positive and negative impacts on the society in which it operates. When such industries set up in a place, there are always obvious effects that occur to the natural environment, the local members of the society, the government and the sponsors. For example, members of the surrounding community will be displaced to create room for the construction of the plant. On the other hand, the same plant can offer jobs to the locals thus acting as a source of income. Evidently, any establishment that has benefits to a given group of people must also experience some shortcomings from other sectors. In PNG, OTML has directly employed over 1500 citizens of PNG and remains the only cost competitive producer of copper in PNG (Perspective and Links: Ok Tedi Mining Limited 2008). However, the plant has caused adverse effects on the environment such that there have been proposals to close the plant by mid-2013. This idea has elicited debates between two groups of people – the proponents and opponents. Others believe that the plant has caused major positive changes on the lives of PNG citizens and the PNG government in general. Different organizations have come up with different effects that the company has caused on the local village, the natural environment, and the entire management of OTML. This essay analyzes the responses that the government of PNG, OTML, and other interested bodies has taken towards the on going debate of whether to close the plant or not. In connection to the responses, the essay will vividly discuss the effects of the plant on the environment, indigenous people of the village, the government, and many others. PNG Government Action OTML believes that the construction and operations of the firm has affected close to 155 communities in the western province of PNG. Therefore, it has rolled out a compensation and development package plan for the affected communities. The company has been striving to balance between continuous operation to offer broad economic and social benefits to all stakeholders, and the continuous impact of the mine’s on the system of Fly River. These benefits have put many organizations and the OTML management at crossroads on the effect of closure to the local communities who were employed in the company. The government of PNG, for instance, had to submit a World Bank Report on the effects of OTML on the environment, local communities, and the economy in a broad-spectrum (Perspective and Links: Ok Tedi Mining Limited 2008). In the meantime, the governm
Introduction and outline As pointed out by the Institute on Climate and Planets (2010), the sharing of findings is a direct responsibility of people engaged in research. When one completes a study, they would be expected to communicate the results, and different tools can assist in the process. All future researchers need to be aware of their options and familiar with the diverse methods that can be employed for different types of inquiry. This presentation is going to discuss the use of the various methods of presenting the results of descriptive and correlation research. The following outline will be used to structure the content. First, both descriptive and correlation designs will be briefly defined. Second, various methods of data presentation that can be employed by them will be considered. Third, specific examples of such methods will be introduced and discussed. Finally, the strengths and limitations of both designs, as well as their data presentation approaches, will be investigated. As a result of this exercise, learners will be expected to be able to demonstrate some knowledge of the two designs and the data presentation methods that they use, explain their advantages and disadvantages, and provide their own examples to illustrate their points. Descriptive and correlational designs: Overview Descriptive and correlational designs are very different because they set and are capable of achieving different goals. Thus, descriptive research has the purpose of describing a phenomenon; it is generally done to improve the understanding of this phenomenon by responding to some basic questions about it. Thus, descriptive research is an explorative approach to inquiry, and it typically presupposes reporting the results of observation, case study, or surveys (Houser, 2016; Jackson, 2016). Descriptive research can only describe; it cannot be used to infer. Correlational research, on the other hand, is one of the predictive methods, which differ from descriptive approaches in that they attempt to find and demonstrate correlations between particular variables. Correlational research is specifically employed when the variables of interest cannot be manipulated; when they can be changed, experimental or quasi-experimental studies are considered. However, this presentation is dedicated to correlational studies, and in them, the relationship between variables can be assessed, although the causation cannot be demonstrated. In order to assess relationships, correlational studies use inferential statistics, which is the type of statistics that can help to make conclusions about entire populations while only employing the data from a particular sample (Polit & Beck, 2017). An example of inferential statistics that a correlational study would benefit from is correlational coefficients, which are meant to test correlations between variables that are measured on the scales from nominal to ratio. On the other hand, descriptive studies are supposed to use descriptive statistics. The most co