ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Marx’s concept of labor is among the most influential definitions in the modern economy. However, despite its flexibility and inclusiveness, it has produced several discrepancies with the shift towards a post-industrial society. The comparison of Marx’s concept of labor with that by Hannah Arendt reveals that the latter contains several important additions and clarifications which make it more suitable for use in the contemporary socioeconomic environment. Marx’s Concept In the most basic terms, the concept of labor according to Marx is based on the process of objectifying the materials. This is achieved by giving form to physical objects. In other words, labor is a process of creating a material product, which leads to the productivist interpretation of Marx’s theories. This has also led some scholars to believe that Marx used the industrial model as a basis for his concept, with factories being the easiest example. However, it is also possible that a certain form of craft, such as carpentry, is an equally suitable match for the described activities since its elements fit within the productivist model. However, it is equally important to recognize the philosophical implications behind labor. For instance, labor in humans serves an additional purpose of satisfying the spiritual need. This distinguishes human beings from animals, who perceive objects as potential means of fulfilling their immediate desires. Simply put, animals are likely to devour (or otherwise destroy) an object in the process of satisfying their desires. This process is capable of sustaining natural life but does not produce any meaningful development. In contrast, humans foresee their likely future needs and use labor to form objects that can be used for satisfying them. In other words, the immediate desires are ignored, which allows for a meaningful creation of value. Interestingly, since the labor is directed by humans and driven by their needs, the created products attain human-related attributes. From this perspective, it is possible to say that through labor people introduce their qualities to the world. According to Marx, the process also allows the participants to acknowledge their abilities and powers. The reflection that occurs in the process of objectification enhances human self-awareness and stimulates development. Finally, it should be understood that despite the evident emphasis on the operational element, labor necessitates the involvement of peers and is, therefore, a social activity, which again, differentiates it from the non-human counterpart. As can be derived from the information above, one of the key components of labor from Marx’s perspective is the mediation of activities to the desires and immediate instincts. Interestingly, such criterion excludes some actions that would otherwise be considered human. The easiest example is hunting – a form of labor that for a long time was crucial for human survival and well-being in the developed societies and that is retained in some form to this day. Marx specifically cites fishing, mining, and woodcutting as examples of such activities and argues that the presence of instruments (
Post Foods stakeholder structure has been analyzed in order to identify the key stakeholder groups. Upon the analysis, a series of stakeholders was defined:   * Board of Directors       + This group comprises eight directors: William P. Stiritz, Jay W. Brown, Gregory L. Curl, David W. Kemper, Robert V. Vitale, Edwin H. Callison, Robert E. Grote, and David P. Skarie (Post, 2016).   * Management Team       + This group is composed of CEOs and VPs: Robert V. Vitale, Diedre J. Gray, Christopher J. Neugent, James E. Dwyer, Jr. Richard, R. Koulouris, and Jeff A. Zadoks (Post, 2016).   * Consumers       + This group comprises all the consumers that buy the products offered by one of the Post Foods sub-brands.   * Ralcorp Holdings       + Ralcorp Holdings are included in the shareholder list as they own 80% of the Post Foods stock ( Post Foods on Its Own , 2012).   * Suppliers       + This group mainly comprises the farming community that might be affected by the scandal (Strom, 2016).   * Employees       + This group includes all the employees that work for Post Foods worldwide and in the USA, in particular.   * Community       + The community group comprises civil groups and environmental activists. The table below illustrates the stakeholders’ stakes. #  Stakeholder
Introduction Judaism is one of the most common, old, and strong religions that have existed since time memorial with a very strong and unwavering monotheism belief. Prior to its current state of integrating a Jewish state and a religion, in the past Judaism was only a religious practice of the Hebrews. Although it is a distinct religion and other religions have their own set of doctrines, which they follow, influences of Judaism on other religions are many. This is because, although religions such as Christianity and Islam have their own doctrines, which its believers follow strictly, they have many concepts borrowed from Judaism, it being one of the primary symbols of human civilization. Globally, there exist more than fourteen million Jewish believers, and approximately 3.5 billion others who belong to other religions that apply borrowed Judaism doctrines. To the Jewish, strict adherence to ritual laws is one of the doctrines that any Jewish believer must respect. Most Jewish believers never believe is the rigid religious beliefs, because most of them hold very liberal views towards spiritual viewpoints (Bamberger, 2010, p.1). As research studies on the origins of Judaism show, this religion has existed since the time Abraham was alive; one of the most respect biblical figures, for Jews consider him one of their greatest ancestors. According to the Jewish believers, Judaism is a symbolic representation of God in their midst, for it represents the covenantal agreement between God and the children of Israel. Historically, Judaism is one of the religious groups that have endured extreme suffering and persecutions, although this has never been an impediment to its spreading. Their suffering goes back to the times of the Pharaoh in Egypt, travelling through the desert and their eventual receiving of the Ten Commandments and the Promised Land. Although the Jewish people believe in the commandments, their views on what God gave Moses and the extent of including modern religious concepts in their practices varies; hence the current splitting of the early Jewish religion into the present Judaism groups namely the Orthodox, Reform, and Conservative Judaism. All this groups have differing Judaism beliefs, which guide their religious practices, although they al believe in the existence of one God (Bamberger, 2010, p.1). Comparison between Christianity and Judaism Although the two biggest world religions namely Christianity and Islam have distinctive doctrines, which their believers must adhere to, these regions have numerous Judaism borrowed concepts. It is important to note that, although the Islam and Baha’i religions use some Judaism borrowed concepts, the level of borrowing is not much as Christianity has done. Judaism and Christianity share very many theological and historical facts for example, the existence of Jesus and his twelve followers. In addition, according to biblical teachings Jesus’s entire family lineage was of the Jewish origin, hence his upbringing among the Jews. This is a fact both Christians and Jews believe hence, clearly showing the resemblance between this to r
Caramel Caramel was done by director/actress Nadine Labaki. It was acted on May 20 th , 2007 during the Cannes Film Festival. It was distributed in over 40 countries and became the most renowned Lebanese film. The film depicts the plight of Lebanese women. The film was submitted to the 80 th Academy Awards for Best Foreign Language Film and has received several other awards, for example, Directors’ Fortnight selection 2007 and San Sebastian Film Festival Youth Award 2007. The cast also received the Abu Dhabi Black Pearl awards for Best Actress during the Middle East International film festival 2007 and Nadine Labaki, an award for the filmmaker of the year. In the film, five women meet regularly at a beauty salon in Beirut. The talk mainly revolves around men, sex, and motherhood. The women are tolerant and supportive of each other since each has her own problems. This film is different from most Lebanese films in that it deals with nowadays social themes. A good example of these films is civil wars dated back in 1975-1990 that are detrimental to the country’s social fabric. In the salon in Beirut, the women talk freely to one another about their struggles without hindrance from their different backgrounds. The themes of premarital sex, adultery, unmarried conduct, and homosexuality are expounded throughout the film although they are taboo in the Arabic culture. These themes are expressed through th
The traditional fiddle music is a common folklore performance in Cape Breton. This type of music performance was introduced by Scottish immigrants in North America. The Scottish people who migrated into North America entered the region during the Highland Clearances. The Cape Breton Island has superficially preserved this category of music for a long time. The summer tourists who throng Canada are also attracted by the céilidhs in a great way. Specifically, there is a lot of music concentration in the Inverness County. For instance, the Judique and Mabou communities usually host several music performances from popular fiddle players. Some of the artists who have been recognized beyond the island include Barra MacNeils, Lee Cremo and Buddy MacMaster. This paper offers an incisive look at the fiddle music player called Buddy MacMaster. He is among the oldest fiddle players in the island and well known for his astute performance since the 1980s (Beisswenger, 2011). A host of folk styles of music is found in Canada just as it is the case with the United States of America. There are a number of Quebec’s rich French music, deep folklore performances, western cowboy tunes and native dance songs in Canada. The Maritime Provinces are also well endowed with the ancient traditional music. Each of the regions has a music icon who can be reckoned beyond the Canadian borders. Although there were several impressive maritime players in Canada, some of them stood out among the rest. A case in point is Buddy MacMaster. He was brought up in Cape Breton Island and he is still a renowned fiddle player. Buddy was the stage name of Hugh Allan MacMaster. His date of birth was the 18 th day of October, 1924. He was born in Ontario, Canada. His parents were Gaelic speakers and hence he acquired the same dialect while growing up. It is interesting to mention that his father was a seasoned fiddle player and he must have learned this art of music from him. However, the historical records indicate that his mother taught him how to match the tunes with words while playing the fiddle (Beisswenger, 2011). His family went back to Cape Breton when Buddy attained the age of four years. Before the end of the 1920s, Cape Breton Island began to record the first ever fiddle music. This type of music could be heard through various radio stations in the island. At this point, the automobiles were replacing horses and wagons. In other words, innovation in transport and communication was taking place rapidly. The 1930s witnessed gradual decline in indigenous styles of performing music. Various aspects of the native languages were also transformed. Accent was the main parameter that was used to identify Gaelic speakers located in various regional blocks within the island of Cape Breton. On the same note, the fiddlers and pipers were also identified through their accents. In terms of music, Buddy had the
Positivism declares scientific research as the only source of accurate knowledge and came out against philosophy as metaphysics (Alexander 2014; Spurling 2013). Positivism is a philosophy of constructive knowledge that rejects theoretical speculation as a means of obtaining information and comprehension. Mill, one of the creators of the identified philosophy, argued that only a collection of sciences gives the right to consider the world as a whole (cited in Hoefnagels 2017; Pearce 2015). Thus, if philosophy is scientific, then it should not attempt to judge the world as a whole. In this connection, the comprehension of truth is possible only on the basis of the coordination of scientific and cognitive activity with ideas on the uniformity of nature, the experimental origin of knowledge, while laws are perceived as repeated sequences (Hughes & Sharrock 2016). Positivism is a new type of philosophy that is designed to solve the problems of systematization, codification of scientific knowledge, and elimination of non-experimental constructions. The ideas of positivism philosophy were systematically developed by Comte, who considered classical philosophy as the one that lost a rational sense, overcome by the development of modern European science, and, therefore, not having the right to exist (Ryan 2015). Since the main tasks of scientific knowledge based on the principles of an inductive or experimental method are used to identify cause-effect connections, positivism will be used to reveal the role of financial incentives in job performance in the US. The key goal of the proposed research is consistent with the ideas of this philosophy (Aliyu et al. 2014). It is the facts, but not the inexperienced intellectual constructions that will form the answer to research questions (Killam 2013). In addition, positivism states that science has a cumulative nature as a continuous process of accumulating facts about essential properties of the phenomena of nature and culture. In this regard, the proposed research will analyze the effects of fiscal stimulus on job routine aspects in a long-term period. There are two stances that specify positivism, including ontology and epistemology. The latter is the doctrine of being that acts in the system of philosophy as one of its basic components. As a section of philosophy, ontology studies the fundamental principles of the structure of being, its beginnings, essential forms, properties, and categorical distributions (Walter & Andersen 2013). In its turn, epistemology is a philosophical and methodological discipline in which scientific knowledge is studied, both functioning and development (Yilmaz 2013). The key epistemological problems are the ways knowledge works, the principles of its implementation in practical and theoretical activities, and general tendenci
Introduction Political interest in the formation of the European Union started after World War II and was initiated with the unification of the coal and steel industries. The European Union was however officially formed through the signing of the Maastricht Treaty in 1992. The union is currently composed of 27 states, though there are several other states that hold an interest in joining the union or are involved in the union activities. The diverse number of active member states creates a varied and dynamic political outlook giving the European Union a uniquely transient political structure. Political institutions The authors states in the book that there are four main political institutions in the European Union are the Council of the European Union, the European Commission, the European Council and the European Parliament. These structures do not exclusively fit into the executive, legislature or judiciary models and therefore the European Union has no clearly identifiable government. The institutions are complementary and interdependent and their function is transitory (Jones 105). Democracy According to this book, the vague identity of the political institutions of the European Union according to Jones causes them to lack legitimacy and consequently have little influence on the people (Jones 363). It is therefore difficult to deliver equality among all states and citizens of the European Union, an inherent scenario by default due to political augmentation. The book also indicates that there is also a low information flow to the common citizen, compounded with ignorance and presuppositions of Brussels being a power hungry and bureaucratic center of power. However People enjoy freedom of movement through out the European Union states (Jones 355). Recognition and identity Also illustrated in the book is that the European Union has for a long time suffered from legitimacy deficit. There is no particular orientation in culture or patronage that can be thought of as belonging exclusively to the European Union. The European flag was adopted in 1986, with the 12 stars as a symbol of perfection. The European anthem was adopted in 1972, though most European Union citizens are not aware of it (Jones 359). There is also the standardization of European Union passports where all passports of member states contain the same badges, are of the same color and shape. So far, the passport has not achieved the unity envisaged by the union (Jones 359). The other identifying symbols according to Robert are the euro currency and the driving license. Laws and policies So far, the laws and policies applied to the European Union have been successful in varying degrees, mainly due to the fact that almost every state in the European Union bears different opinions on each law and policy. Another reason for the different application of the European Union laws according to the book is because of the lack of a clearly defined judicial mechanism responsible for enforcement. Each state has a different j
Case Background David Lowish, the director of the global industrials sector at Generation Investment Management, was required to develop energy infrastructure in India. His research in the area allowed the Generation to build a positive relationship with the ABB India that was a part of the Swedish-Swiss ABB Group. Lowish saw India as a potential area of investment but was hesitant in terms of capitalizing on it. Despite the strong financial position of ABB India, Lowish was interested in protecting the Generation’s image, especially given the coal-based energy generated by ABB India. Even if the quality of life could be improved in the region, it would lead to increased CO2 emissions. Case Issues The problem with the current case is that the market share of ABB India and its willingness to innovate do not go in line with the environmental impact that ABB could have on the region. The regulatory environment of the Generation would not allow Lowish to give up on environmental safety for the sake of financial benefits. Given that Lowish would invest in ABB India, he would have exposed the company to significant negative backlash from the environmentalists, as vast cheap coal reserves would generate excessive CO2 emissions and devastate the local natural environment. This co-accountability for the contribution to global warming (paired with incredibly high returns on investment) created a paradox that split the decision-making team. One half advocated for the alleviation of poverty through a more stable economy, while the other sided with the idea that a CO2-intensive path is not the right one, even if the GDP growth will be substantial. Recommendations and Alternatives A clean environment is a critical asset itself, leaving the GDP out of the return-on-investment equation. This may be a hint at the fact that there may be no clear trade-off between the income and well-being of the environment. Lowish should turn down the idea of investing in ABB India if the latter refused to seek innovative energy sources and discontinue coal utilization. In order to stay away from unethical decisions, the Generation should promote technical progress in the area to motivate the industry to give up on coal mining and switch to more environment-friendly assets. The energy industry and its structure allow for on-the-fly amendments that could help ABB India reach common ground with the Generation. If the environment is going to be sacrificed for the sake of the energy sector, the damaging backlash is going to bury the Generation under a ton of negative reviews. Coal fire is not a decent source of energy, meaning that ABB India should make more ethical decisions instead of focusing on increasing its GDP. On the other hand, this is also the responsibility of the Generation to ensure that the power generation sector in India is going to emit less carbon. The main focus for the developing nations should be to invest in intelligent development. In the case where the Generation is going to be persuasive enough
Three Type of insurance Insurance firms aim at covering the losses or other adverse events that may hamper a firm’s ability to meet its goals and objectives. Apart from property insurance, there is life insurance; it covers the lives of the insured persons. In essence, the entire concept of insurance deals with the mitigation of risks for better management of future activities. Risk management, therefore, is the process of identifying, analyzing, assessing, controlling, minimizing or eliminating unacceptable risks to help in apt management of prospective functions. A plan of this nature entails techniques and strategies that recognize and confront the threats directly. Organizations should strive to have operational and effective risk management strategies to assure insurance companies of their commitments to loss prevention and reduction. Insurance is an important tool for risk management for individuals and businesses. Even though insurance cannot avoid the occurrence of bad things, it has the capability of transferring the financial consequences of the events to an insurance carrier, thus limiting the financial commitments of the insured firms. The essay discusses three different types of insurance, namely life, travel, and automobile insurance. To enhance the analysis, the discourse identifies different companies in the United Arabs Emirates (UAE) that offer the types above of insurance. Finally, the paper looks at different types of health insurance and analyzes the ethical standpoint of insurance in general. Life Insurance Life insurance covers the lives of persons. Here, the insured pays a determined amount of premium, while the insurer offers a lump-sum payment in case the insured dies. This type