ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
There are several ways in which various kinds of disputes and conflicts are resolved. Arbitration is a type of Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR), where in a discrepancy between two or more individuals or groups are resolved by impartial individuals called the arbitrators. This is generally opted in order to keep away from a costly and lengthy proceedings process in courts. There are no judges or juries as in the normal cases of courts, but only an arbitrator or a panel of arbitrators chosen by the parties to conduct a hearing and determine the proper action to resolve legal problems, determine legal questions as well as legal controversies. This type of ADR has been in existence for a long time especially in the areas of labor, construction, and securities regulation, and is gaining popularity in other business disputes (iPay, Ltd., 2005). Aristotle wrote, “For an arbitrator goes by the equity of a case, a judge by the law, and arbitration was invented with the express purpose of securing full power for equity.” (Smith, 1998) Though this is an easy way of resolving conflicts there are several problems associated with it. This paper brings out some of the reasons why one should not go to arbitration. Though enormous number of unsettled stockbroker/customer disputes are resolved through arbitration, it is not always a right way to resolve legal problems. Even though it avoids lengthy, time-consuming and costly exercises such as depositions, interrogatories, etc., documents which are very important to supporting the customer’s claim are often in the control of the brokerage firm. As a result the arbitration rules for production of documents have been commonly criticized as “lacking teeth.” Though this might result in delays and customer may not be able to thoroughly review such information (Miller,
Identity theft is the use of another person’s identifying facts to perpetrate a fraud. According to Saunders and Zucker (1999), some of the economic crimes perpetrated are opening bank account, leasing cars or apartments, applying for bank or departmental store cards and obtaining credit. Reported Fraud increased from 12,000 in 1992 to more than 500,000 in 1999 due to increased use of internet data base (Saunders & Zucker, 1999). Identification information is made available to an organization as a means of authentication. Banks and other financial institutions use mother’s maiden name, phone number, driving license or social security number to authenticate an individual. Perpetuators of Identity theft access these facts by pick pocketing, obtaining temporary employment in banks, collecting mails or collecting wastes containing the information from thrash bins (Saunders & Zucker, 1999). Before 1998, laws which were available did not address the problem of identity theft adequately (Saunders & Zucker, 1999). Some legislation regulated collection and use of personal information by organizations while others like Truth-in-Lending Act of 1968 required sellers to disclose their credit to debtors. Identity Theft and Assumption Deterrence Act was introduced in 1997. It was passed and signed into law in 1998. The act recognizes private citizens as victims of identity theft and criminalizes the act. The first objective of the act has not been achieved. This is because people involved are not always traced, found guilty due to poor evidence or do not have substantial income or assets to compensate their victims. Secondly, sentencing commission is allowed to enact harsh penalties based on the level of involvement by perpetrator, amount of loss and composition of the commission. Finally, the Federal Trade commission is mandated to educate the public, receive and document reports, coordinate complaints from consumers and establish procedures for public to file complains (Saunders & Zucker, 1999). Lane and Sui Lane and Sui (2010) conducted a study which examined identity theft from a geospatial perspective. The study provided a national scale analysis of identity theft patterns in the United States between
The USA is one of the world’s most multinational countries. It is home too many individuals of African, European, and Asian descent, large Latino and Hispanic communities, Pacific Islanders, and, of course, native populations. Additionally, there are multiple individuals of mixed origin who identify as having two or more ethnicities. The issues of race and ethnicity in the United States have always been one of the central social, political, and economic questions. Besides, these issues have served as the sources of major tensions in the country. In the past, the country has faced some extremely serious tragedies related to race and ethnicity relations such as slavery and racial segregation. Today, these phenomena are referred to as known problems that are consistently battled. However, the issues continue to persist. Residential Segregation Boustan defined residential segregation as “the separation of racial groups in urban space” (319). Segregation is measured with the help of DI (dissimilarity index) that shows the differences in the racial composition of populations by areas. Residential segregation in the US is a historical phenomenon that has been developing since 1900 (Settles par. 3). Initially, African-American laborers lived alongside their employers of European descent evenly scattered throughout the cities. However, during the time’s World Wars I and II, the cities were re-planned enforcing segregation (Seitle
Introduction and background of the study The World War II was a result of national tension among the superpowers of the World War I (Duiker & Spielvogel 24). There are numerous explanations about what caused the World War II. Historians and scholars link the World War II with the unsolved disputes of World War I. However, modern research on history shows that the major causes of World War II were political imbalance, economic stress and the need for military supremacy (Hart 43). Lack of political agreement among the victors of World War I in Europe is explained as the main cause of World War II. The World War I had left many countries in Europe helpless and they relied on the victors for their political and economical survival. During that Germany, Britain and France were very influential in Europe and controlled both political and economic activities in the region and other parts of the world (Henig 22). After the World War I, several political and economic issues were left unsolved and countries in Europe continued to compete for political, economic and military supremacy. This was as a result of the superpower’s desire to extend their territory and acquire more resources to replace what was lost in the World War I. Additionally; Europe was experiencing hard economic times after the 1930s Great Depression (Roberts 88-89). Consequently, countries ignored the political structure established after the World War I and started invading the weaker ones making them their territories. Although there are several factors that directly and indirectly contributed to the rise of the World War II, lack good political structures was the major cause (Conrad Stein 89). Statement of the problem Immediately after the World War I, most of the countries in Europe were left disorganized both politically and economically. The influential ones such as France, Germany and Britain did not make effective political agreements that could unite all the survivors of the World War I (Conrad Stein 115). Each of them struggled alone to re-establish itself and become the leader of the others. Although some of the countries in Europe tried to unite the victors of the World War I so that they can maintain global harmony, countries like Germany and Japan failed to support the move and went ahead attacking other countries in order to increase their ec
Introduction Money Management sometimes sounds like a science. The investment consultants or the fund mangers debate much on their trusted sources and the likely patterns. Usually investors do invest either by the knowledge acquired through friends or relatives or by consulting an investment expert. Invest mangers help in giving a balanced portfolio through out the economy. However the directions of the financial consultants not always results in gain. One such area of financial criticality is the investment option with Active vs Passive asset management. There is a much debate on the issue and several people an financial experts do analyze the historical perspectives of the Active vs Passive money management. At times, both active and passive money management patterns can be used as inter –related techniques while doing the investment management by the managers. Some investment decision makers do not find much difference between the two investment management styles, so they adopt both in maintaining a portfolio. So the current paper tries to explain both the concepts from their definition and figures out their operational differences and their historical performance. For any investment portfolio a good mixture of large, medium and small cap is required. However, for every kind of capital a due diligence is a must for the rate of return and to avoid risk. There is a connection between the approach adopted by an investor and profitability of the fund being managed. Still no Investment management style can be boasted as the only successful pattern in a long run. In the modern world businesses have evolved around portfolio management and the successful investment patterns change from time to time. Investment decisions are critical to the individual as well to the organization as they can seriously impact their financial status and their future operations also. Employment of a fund management strategy impacts the overall performance of the portfolio in terms of liquidity, profitability and diversification. So the mission of investment managers is to configure a multi-asset class investment opportunities that ensures diversification of investment risk and ensure long term profitability and liquidity maintained. However, the investment in multi-asset class investment cannot always be accepted as the best option by some of the portfolio managers. A structured portfolio also maintains the different roles and responsibilities in the policy statement to ensure proper governance, method of management of the investment segments. However, the general objective of an investment strategy beliefs adopts a particular style of investment basing on the expertise and beliefs of the fund manager. So among the several other options available under financial operations, Passive vs Active money management is one area of interest to many investors. Statement of t
The challenges at Beijing EAPS Consulting (BEC) illustrate the difficulty of co-conducting a project plan without a clear structure showing the roles and responsibilities of each manager. These situations are stressful, not just for the managers concerned but also for the people who work under them. The first implication of co-conducting a project as viewed from the perspective of the departmental manager is that it reduces the attention of the departmental staff because of the assignments that come from the project manager. This increases their stress levels and reduces their output. Secondly, it jeopardizes the roles that the department needs to play because the project manager does not have in mind the functional duties of the department. This puts the departmental manager at the risk of coming across as ineffective. Thirdly, there is competition for resources because the department has its own functions, which informs the quantity of resources availed. The project manager places demands on these same resources. When examined from the perspective of the project manager, the following implications come to the fore. First, the project manager comes into the department as an intruder to find a way to get tasks accomplished. This makes the work of assigning tasks difficult because the project manager is not a natural supervisor to the departmental staff, who may find it more sensible to report to the departmental manager. The second implication is that the project manager, being neither subordinate nor superior to the departmental manager, may fail to know whether a situation calls for consultation with a departmental manager or whether he can go ahead and assign tasks to departmental employees. These implications arise from the fact that the two managers have a duty to deliver on their individual mandates. To do this, they have to share the resources available without the benefit of a neutral arbiter to ensure that resource allocation is consistent to the organizations objectives. The two key strengths of the project plan are flexibility and adaptability. Evidence of the flexibility of the plan comes from the fact that the company was able to deliver on its commitm
Understandably, the proliferating research οf Cold War political and intellectual culture focuses on how different sorts οf cultural representations contributed to sustaining patriotic feelings during the period, in creating both national identity and a spirited non-conformism, individuality, and the “counterculture” οf the West. And yet the study οf cultural representations comes, as do all research paradigms, with certain constraints. First, the “culture concept” itself has been recently criticized as a static, even objectifying, tool which often cannot convey lived experience or behavior nor account for ambivalent personal feelings οf trauma, loss, confusion, and humiliation. (LaCapra, 1985) Second, many researchers in the field tend to concentrate on the cultural results rather than on the cultural practices οf the Cold War era, to investigate the activities οf prominent cultural agents rather than to look at unknown, ordinary cultural practitioners. A sustained questioning οf the aims, methods, and epistemologies employed by both main political regimes through their cultural politics during the Cold War is both inevitable and necessary. Yet we must ask if the continued sharpening οf this analytic scalpel limits our ability to perceive or to make sense οf the effects οf state construed narratives (and other cultural representations) on ordinary people’s lives and self-perceptions. The key idea οf recent collective, cultural, and personal memory studies is that memory can no longer be seen as reflection, as a transparent record οf the past, but should be understood as essentially performative. Not only it is never morally or pragmatically neutral, but it can come into existence “at a given time and place through specific kinds οf memorial activity.” (Wood, 1999) The “specific kinds οf memorial activity” exemplified by the above quotes are, indeed, very special. The members οf two educational communities, Russian (university and school teachers οf Ekaterinburg and the Sverdlovskaya region) and American (professors οf Bates College, Maine and other institutions οf higher education in New England), when presented with previously collected memories οf people οf both countries and the artifacts οf the period (e.g., children’s books, caricatures, films, etc.), found themselves enormously moved by this previously, totally unimagined opportunity to share their thoughts with former enemies. This method, among other things, makes it possible to access the imaginative and emotional investments Russians and Americans have been making in one another. They belong to strikingly differ
The perils of prosperity, 1914 – 1932 by William Leuchtenburg covers the 1920s, one of the most controversial periods in the history of the United States of America. Leuchtenburg’s book can be defined as an overview of the historical period of fundamental changes in America caused by the shift from rural to urban system of values. The main theme of the book is the challenges for the rural way of life and the growing significance of metropolis and its inhabitants. Most historical events are viewed through the lens of this shift from the rural towards urban dominance on the state level. Exploring the wide range of subthemes, including the rejection of the League of Nations, consequences of the World War I for the country and main preconditions of the market crash in 1929, Leuchtenburg emphasizes the revolution in the system of values as an important underlying factor. The author explores the issue of political fundamentalism, discussing the anxieties of citizens who had lost their confidence in the power of American democracy, the Ku Klux Klan and immigration restriction. Shedding light upon the 1925 trial, the author implies the struggle between country and metropolis as the main conflict which caused the trial. “The campaign to preserve America as it was, to resist the forces of change, came to a head in the movement of Protestant fundamentalism climaxed by the ScopesTrial” (Leuchtenberg, 2010, p. 214). Developing the main themes of the book, Leuchtenburg focuses on city-country animosity, trying to get to the roots of the problems instead of providing the detailed description of particular events. Understanding of Leuchtenburg’s main points requires profound background knowledge of the historical epoch, main tendencies of country’s development, major events and personalities. The title of the book can be helpful for guiding readers in understanding the primary line of the author’s argumentation. The author emphasizes the consequences of flourishing and ideological shift in America. Leuchtenburg tried to establish the cause-and-effect relations between the economical prosperity of the country at the beginning of the twenties and the market crash in the end of the described period. Though the historical period under Leuchtenburg’s consideration is not that broad, it can be defined as a turning point in the history of the country. For this reason, for understanding the main points made by the author, readers are expected to read between the lines and use their background knowledge and skills of analytical thinking. To understand Leuchtenburg’s main point concerning the inner conflict within the country as the precondition of the economical crash, readers need to use their background knowledge. Working on The perils of prosperity, 1914 – 1932, Leuchtenburg pursued the goal of getting to the
The creation and use of the atomic bomb may be considered as the beginning of the new world if measured by the technology and science as this particular event has created the time line before and after. There are a lot of reasons why this particular event should be considered as the beginning of the modern times, and one of the main reasons is the absence of the way back. People are unable to forget about the invention, scientists cannot stop the process of producing the bomb in the world and, therefore, they cannot guarantee that the atom bomb will never be used. It is just possible to remember the events before and during the World War II to understand that the modern world will never be the same as it was when the atom bomb did not exist. One of the sources states, “War dominated and can almost be said to have determined global politics in the twentieth century. War strained the empires the Europeans had constructed so laboriously in the nineteenth century. In the first half of the twentieth century, those empires barely endured, and in the second half, they all collapsed” (Fernandez-Armesto 987). War and tension in the relationships between the countries were the main reasons for the burst of innovations and development in the weapon sphere. The arms race was really important for the countries as even because of the Postwar Disillusionment (Fernandez-Armesto 958) after the First World Was and the desire to prevent another conflict, the World War II was inevitable because of the number of reasons. However, the wars cannot be called the beginning of the modern world as many wars were held earlier and the improvement in weapon cannot be considered as the issue. However, atom bomb is another aspect. It is the beginning of the modern world as it offers absolutely new level of leading the war and Hiroshima and Nagasaki is a great example. Remembering the history of the creation of the atom bomb, the quite simple story emerges. Being afraid that Hitler will make an atom bomb US and UK decided to work together on the creation of such weapon. Thus, the bomb was created and it was used on Japan. The day when atom bombs was used in Hiroshima and Nagasaki is the day of the beginning of the new modern era, the period when the weapon of the mass destruction was applied in the direction of a human being (Hepp 126). Therefore, this events (the creation of the atom bomb) is the beginning of the new modern life due to the fact that this case is crucial. It has made the Japan population to start a new timeline which starts with “after” the atom bomb use. Dwelling in detail about the beginning of a new Age of Atom weapon, the recollections of a person who survived after the attack on Hiroshima in 1945 should be considered. Dr. Michihiko Hachiya remembers that “Suddenly, a strong flash of light startled me – and then another” (“Surviving the Atomic Attack on Hiroshima” n.p.). The description reminds about the world creation, when a splash gave birth to the whole mankind. Atom bomb use is really the beginning of the new era, the era when people are o be afraid of the inventions they make, the era where the science begins t