ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Philosophers and researchers have been trying to define and analyze the concept of individual knowledge for centuries. For most people, the difference between personal perception and truth is not clear. This paper includes descriptions of several approaches regarding the nature of knowledge, objectivity, and how it may affect people. It also considers the methods of interacting with reality that would be appropriate for the Christians. Philosophers try to understand the origin of environmental and social comprehension, its essence, and the potential practical effect on humans. Entwistle (2018) analyses Epistemology as a humanitarian field that explains the nature and grounds of knowledge. Basset (2006) considers it the process of searching for the truth. There are three models of connecting human perceptions with reality: naive realist, anti-realist, and critical realist. The first describes a person who believes that everything they see or think is completely synchronized with the world (Entwistle, 2018). Such a view is typical for children, as they cannot analyze the surroundings from someone else’s point of view or abstractly. An anti-realist believes that all people see and feel reality, distorted by social theories. Finally, critical realists hold the middle position, as according to them, the objective reality is somewhat influenced by human biases (Entwistle, 2018). Most people choose one of the mentioned models unconsciously and do not change their views easily. My position supports the critical realism model, as I choose to believe that absolute objectivity does not exist in human society, but the general truth could be acquired through observation and analysis. Such a view is comfortable for me as I can study my environment and make conclusions, but other people have the right to their opinion and beliefs. In the critical realism model, people with various world perceptions can co-exist peacefully as long as they respect each other and their environment. Different methods of knowing include logic, empiricism, revelation/interpretation, and hermeneutics. The first one states that people can separate the belief from the truth by analyzing the rational consistency of human reasoning. It could be done through deductive arguments, using premises, inferences, and conclusions, or inductive logic requiring generalizations. This method is limited by its reliance on one’s sense that could be erroneous. Empiricism analyzes experiences to evaluate claims; people who follow this method of knowing check the incoming information sources to form their opinion. Its limitations contain the possible irrelevance or invalidity of the chosen events or documents. Revelation and interpretation focus on observing the signs and events and deciding what they mean. However, one can use their imagination to twist the meaning of the phrases or events for their benefit. The last method, hermeneutics, assumes that careless freestyle conclusions may lead to misunderstanding of the source or event (Entwistle, 2018). It is limited by the unclear difference between the correct and false finding
Podcasts are generally free and are available on a variety of platforms. An individual only needs a device and an internet connection to listen to podcasts. Podcasts are versatile, enlightening and overpowering. One single medium has so much potential which should not be ignored by any marketer out there. Around 3% of marketers make Podcasts. This discussion analyses podcasts in general. Podcasts are becoming a useful form of storytelling as they are engaging. This is so because they only need one to play them as they are doing other chores such as cooking, washing or any other thing–they do not require full attention and hence one can multitask. This is contrary to communication platforms like Augmented Reality that do not support multitasking (Dolinsky 298). Podcasts require less input to start as you can make them from literally any environment, provided it is quiet. Notably, podcasts tend to be more effective as it is confirmed by various researchers that the majority of the audience is easily swayed or convinced to buy products being advertised during the show. Podcasts are creative as they are done freestyle–they do not have to follow any set of guidelines as radio channels do. Moreover, podcasts have created some job opportunities as brands tend to be marketed and promoted (Jetnikoff 60). One can even add some more social media accounts that can help air or share the cast for the betterment of everyone. Podcasts can be posted at any social media account to try and attract customers. Podcasts help one to associate and meet new friends, which leads to the establishment of deep connections with the audience. Lastly, they can be converted to blogs and vice versa. Podcasts are now a go-to tool for diving deeper into topical themes, whether they address environmental issues, indigenous, Black, and persons of color, or politics. In this sense, podcasts can be used as a form of activism which consists of the efforts to promote, impede, direct, or intervene in social, political, economic, or environmental reform with the desire to make. Uneven mapping of responsibilities onto persons or activities onto locations can undermine and disrupt established traditions, which Conlon (475) suggested can be discussed in a podcast. Since podcasts are created for any topic and at any time, they can be used to convey the intended messages. Podcasts are mostly being used to create awareness and social impacts as people tend to share what they have heard with their friends and relatives. From the podcast on Dolly Parton’s America (WNYC) we get to know the history of Parton, a great American music idol. Podcasting is no exception to the rule that new technology has a significant influence on education. Many educational institutions are reducing textbook purchases in favor of technology-enhanced instruction. As one of the most recent channels to enter the public, Podcasting is one of the technologies at the vanguard of this shift. Podcasting may improve accessibility and participation in education. Lecturers may effortlessly
Introduction World War I (WWI) [1] refers to an international conflict that was mainly based in the continental Europe spanning from mid 1914 to late 1918. The conflict engaged all the great nations of the world apparently grouped into two rival coalitions: the allies, which mainly included France and Britain, and the Central Powers mainly involving Germany and Italy. Human casualty rate was particularly high due to technological inventions such as the lethal use of warplanes. Primary causes of the conflict entailed imperial, territorial, as well as economic quests of the leading European powers mainly involving the German, British, and the Russian Empires. The killing of Austria’s Archduke Franz Ferdinand in 1914 proved to be the primary spark of the battle [2] . The US was reportedly unsuccessful in inventing an airplane model of it’s own during the war though it also presented its underdeveloped airplane industry to battle with the basic momentum alongside some other ground works for stability purposes. Role played by Airplanes during WWI WWI was the first war to deploy airplanes on a large scale [3] . Tethered surveillance balloons had conventionally been applied in numerous conflicts. They were consequently utilized to locate enemy weapons. Germany particularly used Zeppelins for surveillance as well tactical bombing of the North Sea region of England. Airplanes, primarily reserved for reconnaissance, had just been introduced to facilitate combat activities incidentally by the onset of the war [4] . Pilots, as well as technicians, designed various superior models ranging from bombers, ground-attack airplanes, and fighters based on their experience [5] . Notably, fighter pilots were cherished as contemporary knights who were embraced as public heroes [6] . The battle further witnessed the assignment of top officers to overlook the belligerent states’ air war strategies. Whereas the influence of airplane in the course of conflict was still inadequate, vario
Abstract This paper focuses on Santeria as a religion and tries to compare it with witchcraft. The research tries to find out if they are the same thing or are completely different. The method of information collection used mainly is literature review. It is important to know the differences and similarities if any so that people are in a better position to make informed decisions. Santeria has existed for hundreds of years and it is largely believed to have developed in Cuba based on native African traditions. It has also evolved over time due to environmental factors and times. One of the major changes forced by the environment was the adoption of Catholic saints to hide when it was considered evil. Main body Santeria is an African-based religion that is rooted on native African traditions. It is believed to have originated in Cuba and primarily combines traditional Yoruban deities and the worship of Catholic saints. It honours a number of gods referred to as orishas (Ruben, 2015). Each of the gods has their myths and command certain aspects (Ruben, 2015). There is also a supreme being called Oludumare who is above all other orishas. In the past, Santeria has been largely compared to witchcraft because they have some similarities but is Santeria witchcraft or is it entirely different? This can only be known by doing extensive research and literature review on the topic. This paper addresses the above question. Santeria can be considered as a blend of different aspects of various faiths (Wiggington, 2015). This is despite the fact that most of these religions are contradictory. It is complex as it combines worship of divine beings and several Yoruba orishas (Wiggington, 2015). Santeria also uses spells like witchcraft (Spells, 2015). The spells are not easy to come by as spell work is a rare thing in Santeria. It is important to study Santeria in depth to understand how the religion works. It is important to study what the religion of Santeria involves so as to be able to know the differences and similarities between these religions. In the past, some sections of people have largely compared Santeria to witchcraft and even voodoo (Lanning, 2015). This study aims to clarify this by clearly defining if it is the same as witchcraft, just similar to witchcraft in some aspects, or they are completely different (Witchcraft, 2015). It is also therefore important to study it so that people who practise it can be given their freedom to do so without being discriminated as most people judge negatively what they might not understand fully. Santeria and witchcraft are bot
What is organization development? Organization development refers to a systematic and ongoing process of designing and implementing effective organizational change. It is also a scientific field of inquiry in which scholars study how best organizations can be developed. The underlying principle of organizational development is therefore the need to implement change in organizations and manage the change so as to achieve certain predetermined objectives (Cummings & Worley, 2009, p.1). Theoretical approaches to organizational development Systems approach Most of the modern theoretical approaches to organizations are derived from the systems theory founded by Von Bertalanffy in 1951. It conceptualizes organizations as being composed of sub-systems which interact with each other for the common good of organizations. Each sub-system is considered as being important for the success of the whole and therefore organizations need to be guided by mutual trust, harmony and a unity of purpose. Von Bertalanffy argued that each and every employee was unique and thus there was the need of treating them as such without any cultural stereotypes or prejudices (Burns & Flam, 1987, p.381). The systems approach has affected the field of organizational development by making organizations understand that each part of the organization is important for the functioning of the whole. Through the approach, organizations have been able to integrate their various departments to operate in an interdependent manner, a situation which has seen the emergence of what is referred to as line or horizontal management. The harmonization of organizational departments has also led to the emergence of team work in many organizations. The Contingency Approach According to Burns and Stalker in an article titled “The Management of Innovation”, as quoted in the FAO Corporate Document Respiratory, it is not possible to have a universal approach to all situations and that different situations require different guidelines and modes of intervention. Organizations do not exist in a vacuum but rather exist in an environment which is characterized by social, cultural, economic, political and technical forces. In order for an organization to attain its objectives in an efficient and effective manner, it is good to consider the environments in which it exists and come up with strategies which match those environments, then cultivate an organizational culture which would enable it to thrive in those environments. The contingency appro
Introduction A transvaginal mesh is a mesh device that is surgically placed to treat female gynecological and urogynecological problems, such as pelvic organ prolapse or urinary incontinence under stress. The transvaginal mesh is made of a synthetic material, usually polypropylene, and is made of a porous or microporous material. It is believed that these devices have become one of the worst in the medical device industry. They appeared about 20 years ago and were intended to treat weakened pelvic muscles. Women went to court claiming that these transvaginal meshes cause various complications, acute pain, autoimmune diseases, and organ damage. Main body Boston Scientific company is engaged in the production and sale of transvaginal nets for women. Women who received implants from this company began to complain about the deterioration of their health after they were installed. There were complaints of severe pelvic pain, bleeding, and urinary dysfunction. Hundreds of thousands of lawsuits have been filed by women affected by Boston Scientific’s implants. The state Attorney General announced that, together with a medical device manufacturer, they had reached an agreement to pay $188.6 million to 47 states for fraudulent marketing activities in the field of surgical nets (Tucker). In addition to women, state governments have also filed lawsuits against this company and other companies that produce similar products. Boston Scientific was accused by the state attorney general, who oversaw the multi-state lawsuit, of failing to warn about possible consequences and risks in the instructions for the transvaginal nets. The Attorney General also noted that Boston Scientific could not disclose the truth about possible scars and damage from the mesh used, chronic pain, the risk of infections, and other complications. This information was hidden because perhaps the company was quite intensely interested in making a profit rather than in ensuring the health of women. For this case, two theories of liability can be applied: fraud and warranty. Fraud may consist of the desire to gain benefits without paying attention to the danger to human health. The companies also produced a defective products that harmed the individual (Twomey et al. 456). That is, the companies failed to give reasonable guarantees of the safety of the product they made. It is reasonable to assume that as a legal defense, most women wanted to get money. Since the problem due to which the implants were initially installed did not find a solution, so even after the installation, women received additional health damage that can not be ignored. The jury sided with the plaintiffs and accused the manufacturing companies of failing to warn about possible complications and health risks, as well as developing unsafe defective products. The number of lawsuits filed continues to grow as the consequences and results of using transvaginal meshes continue to be revealed over time. Injured women naturally win in court against the defendant companie
In their article, Wu, Fox, Stokes, and Adam (2012) explore issues connected with the present-day nursing faculty and its professional work in terms of recruitment and retention of newly graduated students. According to their research hypothesis, the combination of two multilayer factors, the numerous roles that nurses perform and the low level of job satisfaction, leads to stress and the decision to quit and contributes to the shortage of specialists. To study two dependent variables, job satisfaction, and workload, the authors introduce many independent variables: gender, race, formal education, graduation time, academic rank, tenure, enrollment in formal education programs, and others. Some of them are nominal (e.g., gender) while the majority are ordinal variables. In this study, nominal variables are simultaneously continuous, and ordinary variables are discrete. In this research, a stepwise linear regression analysis was carried out (Wu et al., 2012). As the authors state, they administered independent t-tests to evaluate the differences in participants. Based on the results of the statistical tests, the following conclusions are made by the researchers. Since newly graduated nurses have to face numerous challenges connected with the process of transitioning from the student environment to the professional RN activities, all participants were subject to stress, but the indexes differ depending on the students’ status: junior RNs and BSN graduates are more likely to suffer from stress (Wu et al., 2012). The analysis demonstrates that only one factor, equipment issues, is directly connected with the nurses’ plans to leave their job. The authors conclude with the statement that it is necessary to explore work-related stressors and implement peculiar strategies to help newly graduated specialists adapt to the working environment.
Towards the end of the nineteenth century and at the beginning of the twentieth century, there emerged a group of middle class women whose ideology and perception of things was unorthodox to the societal outlook on issues. These women championed the emancipation of other women in the society, they craved for an equal society and struggled to attain and secure the woman’s place in the society. They worked to have the rights of the women upheld and respected in regards to the norms that governed their society at the time. In the struggle, these women ended up being called rebellious, rude, misguided and sometimes even confused. On the contrary, their struggle won them the liberty to partake higher education, the freedom to take part in manufacturing, own property, to have a say in the democratic society that theirs was through voting and to be employed as professionals. The changes they had advocated for were by far much more progressive compared to what the women in the other centuries had to bear or go through, and could have been a stepping stone towards social equity among the genders (Feinstein, 81). The celebration to this achievement was however short lived as there were disruptions in the social structure that were caused by the Second World War. This struggle was given a fresh impetus by the various feminists who never relented in their quest to have their freedoms granted. They pointed out the fact that though women had the traditional roles in the home, they were grounded by the stereotypes that had enslaved the society by placing women far much below their potentials. One of these feminists happened to be Betty Friedan (Bloom,166). She was vocal with her thoughts on midwifery, how in as much as it was considered a job for women, it limited their potentials to mere house work. She urged that in totality, house work could be done in an hour’s time, leaving them idle for the rest of the day. Friedan claimed that this created boredom among these women. The boredom led to a problem among the American women which, according to her book is the unhappiness that came to be as a result of the boredom. She castigated the women who were comfortable with being house wives claiming that they were afraid of what life could offer beyond housewifery. She claimed they were sitting on their potentials and that whatever other women could do in the other professions, they could also do. They only had to change their mindsets about themselves and stop looking down upon themselves as servants to their households. Through her work, she refers to this state of dissatisfaction that leads to the ‘unhappiness’ in the women’s life as ‘the problem that has no name’. She claims that the main causative agent for this dilemma among women is the fact that
Introduction Pizza refers to a type of baked bread that is often topped with special kinds of meat and vegetables. Pizza is one of the best selling types of fast foods in the market apparently due to its diverse forms, mouth-watering aroma, and numerous ingredients (Torres par. 14). The modern pizza traces its origin to Italy albeit it has been customized to reflect the differentials in the customers’ tastes and preferences. Pizza is an all-time food that may be served at any time during the day. While the majority of people prefer pizza during breakfast, others like it at other times of the day when it is hot. Pizza is prepared diversely in different countries, and it may be sold fresh or frozen. However, inasmuch as pizza has gained acceptance among global consumers, it is attributed to certain health issues. Its high fat content and high-energy contents are attributed to obesity, hypertension, and cancer among other health complications (Gallus et al. 75). This paper analyzes the facts about pizza to gain insights on the reasons why it has gained much popularity across the globe. Reasons for its wide acceptance Affordability One of the reasons why pizza is attractive to the American populace is its pocket-friendliness. Unlike other types of foods, pizza is affordable to many people across the globe. The affordability of pizza is attributed to its customizability, which allows the clients to choose what to be added to the basic formulation. The pizza prices vary greatly from one restaurant to the other depending on the ingredients added. For low-income earners, the meat may be excluded from the final pie to make it affordable. For the middle-income earners, the pizza may be prepared at high-quality standards and sold at a premium price. The wide variety of ingredients compatible with pizza facilitates its customization based on the cost, thus, making it affordable for most people. In the contemporary US restaurants, pizzas are sold at different prices depending on the quality of the product (Galazka par.11). The pizzas also vary in size with the small ones retailing at a lower price than the bigger ones. The varying sizes facilitate the consumption of the meal in parties owing to the view that consumers can purchase one big pizza as opposed to many small pies. Therefore, price discrimination based on the client’s needs makes the pizza affordable and attractable to every individual. Deliciousness The other reason why pizza has turned into a worldwide favorite is its lusciousness. Pizza may be customized to fit the customer’s tastes and preferences and reflect different religious and ethnic backgrounds. It is important to note that the customers’ tastes are largely subject to their beliefs (Torres par. 16). In some religions, some types of meals are not allowed owing to stereotypical stories attached to them. Given that pizza may be customized to reflect such differences, it becomes attractive to the majority of individuals. In most restaurants, it is prepared based on the specifications given by a customer when placing the order. This aspect eliminates the chances of inclusion of ingredients that may not fit the customers’ dietary req