ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction The debate on the effects of cell phones use in driving has been one of the most prominent discussions globally. The use of mobile phones while one is driving has been blamed for several road accidents and ultimately loss of lives. All over the world, people are trying to come up with measures and strategies to curb and to reduce road carnages. One of the most successful measures in this endeavor has been banning the use of cell phones among motorists. This paper seeks to prove that cell phone use on the roads can affect the psychology of a motorist and compromise his or her judgment and ability to make decisions while on the road. Current Research According to the current research from different areas in the world, it has been estimated that 1-4% of the world’s drivers use their mobile phones while driving at any particular moment (Kao, Higginson, Seymour, Kamerdze, & Higginson, 2015). The use of mobile phones in the car is a major cause of destruction among drivers and it should be stopped. Drivers can be destructed in a number of ways if they used their mobile phones while driving. They can be physically, visually, auditory, or cognitively destructed (Kao et al., 2015). When the phone rings, the driver has to use one of hinds to receive the call. This makes him or her to lose his focus and to concentrate on the phone other than maintaining high alert while driving. Visually, the driver has to look who is calling, or while dialing he or she has to look for the contact he or she intends to call. This shifts his or her eye contact from the road as he or she looks at the mobile phone (Klauer, Guo, Simons-Morton, Ouimet, Lee, & Dingus, 2014). This is even worse when the driver is reading or writing a text message while driving. Research has shown that even is the drivers eyes are on the road at such a moment, they only look but they do not see (Klauer et al., 2014). Auditory, when on phone, drivers shift their focus to the sound of the phone instead of listening to the adjoining atmosphere on the road (Klauer et al., 2014). This robs them the ability to notice if there is a car near or around them therefore increasing the chances of crashing. Lastly, the cognitive effect of mobile usage while driving is seen when drivers are conversing over the phone. Listening to the phone and the conversation makes the brain to lose focus. Drivers will pay more attention to the dialogue on the phone (Lepp, 2014). At this point, brain activity is reduced and the decision making ability compromised. At this state, it becomes very easy to cause an accident. Current research has demonstrated that listening alone reduces activity in the part of the brain responsible for driving by a third (Lepp, 2014). Policy Recommendations As a result of the aforementioned implications of driving while on phone, we recommend a complete ban. The us
Vision To create a dependable and superior bed and breakfast location that visitors can always count on. Mission To create a relaxing, home away from home experience where visitors will feel valued and cared for through continual added value and superior service provision. Value statement   * To carry out business in a principled manner by working with ethical suppliers   * To encourage great services by offering our staff the best workplace environment   * To deal with consumer concerns/ complains in a caring and fair manner   * To foster an environment of accountability amongst all staff by making ethical decisions The vision statement is invaluable to the success of this bed and breakfast business because it explains the big picture. In other words, it answers the ‘who’ and ‘what’ of the organization. This hotel was set up in order to provide leisure services to visitors at the selected location. Therefore, the vision statement has responded to the “for what?” aspect of this business (Kono, 1994). However, it cannot just be a service that will last for a while; it is something sustainable that will ensure the continued profitability of the business. By adding the term ‘dependable’ in the vision statement, visitors will be certain of having a place that they can go to when traveling and this dependability will ensure consumer loyalty hence sustainable profits. Also, the vision has responded to the “for whom?” query as well because it has specified that the business will be for visitors. The vision statement generally has shown where the company intends to be in the leisure industry and how this will affect the people targeted by Grover and Janelle (Kaye & Allison, 2005). The mission statement is very crucial to the success of this business because it is the one that delves into the practical aspects of the vision. In other words, it explains how Grover and Janelle intend on achieving it. The vision will be achieved in the short term by making consumers feel valued and cared for. In the long term, this will be done by adding value continually to the location or the business. In other words, the organizational vision is never quite complete unless there is an explicit mission statement that explains how the big picture will be formed (Brian, 2000). These are the nifty gritties of the organization. The value statement offers the tools that will be necessary in ascertaining that both the vision and the mission are accomplished. It will be crucial to the success of this business because it will first of all reflect the values of the
Introduction “Heidi” is a fictional children’s book that was first published around 1880. The book was authored by Johanna Spyri, a Swiss citizen. Given that this story is over a century old, it can be assumed that it has already lost its niche among literature lovers. This is an incorrect assumption because the book is an all-time literary classic. Since it was first published, the book has been adapted into various forms of art including television movies, cartoons, and plays. This paper will summarize the book’s plot, main themes, and the literary devices employed by the author. Plot The main character in this book is Heidi a young orphaned girl who is initially taken care of by her aunt, Deta. When her aunt’s life is strained by her career, she decides to take Heidi to live with her grandfather. Her grandfather leads a reclusive and cynical life on a farm next to her aunt’s village. Her aunt then leaves for Frankfurt to take care of her work requirements. When living with her grandfather, Heidi’s charming innocence almost manages to change her grandfather’s cynical nature. However, her grandfather is too protective of the young Heidi, and he does not allow her to go to school in a faraway village. Instead, he lets her tend the sheep with a young herd boy named Peter. Heidi becomes accustomed to this life, and she is very comfortable here. Three years later, her aunt comes back from Frankfurt and takes the young Heidi with her. At Frankfurt, Heidi is supposed to help a young paralyzed girl named Clara. Heidi and Clara become good friends. She also learns to read while at Clara’s household. Heidi’s main challenge is learning how to keep up with the mannerisms of her new abode. Consequently, she finds herself constantly clashing with strict housekeeper. Heidi’s struggles culminate in homesickness that eventually deteriorates. She is then sent back to her grandfather’s cottage where she is reunited with Peter. Afterward, Clara visits Heidi at her grandfather’s farm. Her close friendship with Heidi makes Peter jealous. Out of this jealousy, Peter pushes her wheelchair down the mountain. This dark act turns out well when Clara’s lack of means prompts her to try to walk on her own and with good results. When Peter is found out to have been the one who pushed the wheelchair away, Clara’s grandmother forgives him, and it all ends well. Themes The most common theme in “Heidi” is that of healing and restoration. Throughout the book, several characters seem to be in search of restoration. Before Heidi comes to live with her grandfather, he is a cynical and lonely old man who lives on top of a mountain. However, her grandchild’s visit turns out to be the healing element for the old man. Heidi’s needs prompt her grandfather to move into the village after years of resisting this idea. Through Heidi, the old man’s social life is restored. The healing theme is also explored through Clara’s paralysis. Heidi is sent to Frankfurt to assist Clara to get by with her condition. Mutual friendship is immediately struck between these two young girls. Clara is
The title of this research is appropriate to the extent that it generalizes what the research is all abouti.e. The content of the research (risk and liability in connection with maritime terrorist attacks on or involving passenger and containerized shipping). The title is also very specific as it highlights on maritime terrorism as opposed to general terrorism of which the research is about. The research however does not give the background of the author’s in terms of their areas of specialization in relation to maritime terrorism in order to determine if they were best fit to carryout the research. Research Question The research describes in detail aspects of maritime terrorism but does not clearly state the research question to be explored. However, in the summary part of the research paper there is several questions implied as to be guiding the research. These questions may include:  1. the nature of maritime radical/terrorist dangers and matching vulnerabilities;  2. the impending consequences/outcomes that might come after an attack;  3. the relationship between threat, susceptibility, and effects in assessing marine danger; and  4. The way in which the United States of America social liability organizations might react in the aftermath of a marine radical attack Study objective The main objective of this paper, is to address challenges associated by maritime terrorism by providing insight on:  1. The nature of maritime terrorist threats and corresponding vulnerabilities.  2. The potential consequences that might follow from an attack  3. The interplay between threat, vulnerability, and consequences in determining maritime risk  4. The manner in which U.S. civil liability institutions might respond in the aftermath of a maritime terrorist attack Hypothesis There is actually no hypothesis that the research intend to prove or test. However, the research paper argues around a center topic of risk and liability in connection with maritime terrorist attacks on or involving passenger and containerized shipping.The paper thesis seeks to analyze and understand the risks and vulnerability associated with maritime terrorism. The general hypothesis implied in this paper is that if there is an actual risk associated with maritime terrorism. “So What” Question The “so what” question seeks to pre-empt what the topic of the research is all about. The author of has tackled this question in detail showing risk and liability connected with maritime terrorism. The research paper attempts to answer the topic question, which is the main centre of the argument in the research paper. This research has tried to explore the dangers that come with attacks travelers and container transport by evaluating correlated threats and susceptibility based on past data. More over the research paper extensively describes human, material and economic elements in the maritime business are affected by the terrorism acts in question. To this effect the paper answers the “so what” question extensively. The study was worth doing as it unveils the new kind te
Assisting Kindergarten Learners To Improve Reading Skills Learning in kindergarten is not automatic but a deliberate effort. Thus, teachers need to develop a special tool to help in the achievement of learning objectives. This tool is called a rubric. Its development begins at the teaching level. Teachers have to know what learning outcomes they want to fulfill, and then develop the tool with those objectives in mind. An effective rubric is made up of several levels of assessment. The teacher arranges these levels according to the complexity of the content to be taught and evaluated. These levels help a learner progress from learning simple content such as identifying letters, to the very complex such as reading and comprehending a simple story. Each level is the launching pad to the next. Learning to write helps learners leaner how to read, as the two are interrelated. Teaching and assessment standards for reading should also include criteria for teaching writing. The criteria for teaching writing are also progressively complex. To help measure a learners progress in reading, a rubric must have assessment criteria that would identify not only how much learning has occurred at each level, but also identify a learners weaknesses. This assessment standard awards marks according to a learners reading competency. Kindergarten age is one of the most important years in a person’s life. This is because it is the formative stage where a person is starting to appreciate basic knowledge. How a child is handled at this level determines a lot about its progress for the rest of its life. This is especially true in assisting kindergarten children conceptualize basic academic knowledge like reading and writing. Therefore, kindergarten teachers need to develop a very effective criterion for helping kindergarten learners record progress in academic work. The criteria will help the teacher especially in measuring learning, and learners’ progress in a subjective area such as reading. This is because even though the learner may identify particular letters at this level, it requires specialized assessment tools to determine whether the child has understood clearly how these letters combine to form meaningful words. Thus the need to have a rubric. The purpose of this paper is to discuss how kindergarten teachers can use Rubric to help learners to become effective readers. Using a rubric effectively begins at the teaching level. The teacher must identify the desired learning objectives and thus develop a standard that will facilitate the achievement of those objectives. These objectives are isolated into levels of complexity. Then the teacher arranges these objectives from the lea
Abstract Ethics are an important part of modern business practices. The most popular ethical models currently in place are the utilitarian model, Rawls’ Justice model, and Kant’s duty-based model, also known as the categorical imperative. All three models have their strengths. Introduction Ethics deals with what is considered right and wrong. Within a business organization, individuals make decisions. The process of decision-making is influenced by the company’s corporate culture. Often, an ethical decision will involve rejecting the route that would lead to a quick short-term profit. Nowadays, ethics are an important concept in business, as they directly affect not only the corporate climate but sales and profits as well. Having a sound ethical policy in place attracts customers and ensures that workers remain happy and do not leave the moment an opportunity arises. A company with an unethical code of conduct, however, risks tarnishing its reputation and lose its employees and customers (Hoffman, Frederick, & Schwartz, 2014). There are three popular ethical theories commonly applied in business – the Utilitarian model, Rawls’ model, and Kant’s model. While each model offers a framework for business decision making, none of the theories is perfect, as there are instances in which it could not be applied. This paper will examine each theory and how it could be used in business practices. Utilitarianism The utilitarian approach to business ethics does not divide justice from morality but rather sees one as part of the other, with neither having priority. Utilitarians view pleasure and pain as the feelings that drive individual human beings, and their morality system is aimed at maximizing happiness and minimizing pain (McGee, 2010). The utilitarian model influenced the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, particularly on the rights to property, education, and social welfare. In business practices, utilitarian ethics are used as an argument for the promotion of equal education and welfare, for government company bailouts, taxes, and against scamming. All these practices are considered legitimate from a utilitarian point of view, as they do more good than harm. This is not a perfect system, however. Numerous critics have pointed out loopholes in the framework. It could allow implementing intuitively wrong acts. For example, from a utilitarian point of view, employing child labor in China to work in an American compan
Introduction Everybody wants to own a decent house at an affordable price that too in a place adjutant to their office, schools and hospitals. No doubt, superior quality with reasonably priced housing offers secure and stable family lives. Any one would be happier, healthier, and richer when one has affordable decorous homes proximate to healthcare, schools and transport links. Superior and affordable housing can perk up one’s social, economic and environmental well-being. It assists to foster superior communities that can draw skilled workers and investment. During the sustained economic stability and growth phase in UK, more than million people were able to own their own house thanks to the lesser mortgage rates. However, UK house price have plummeted by more than 20 percent from the highest price it enjoyed in August 2007 during 2008. There are many reasons that can be attributed for this sudden fall in house prices. This research essay analyzes the changes in house price in UK over the last two years and predicts what is likely to happen to the market over the next year or two. Analysis In economy, there is always co-relationship between consumer spending and house pricing. According to Attanasio et al, house prices do not have direct independent impact in explaining consumption behaviour whereas Campbell and Cocco is of the opinion that they play a larger role. Quigley and Schiller find empirical evidence of a housing wealth impact without having regard to common factors where as Aron and Muellbauer is of the opinion that a major portion of the earlier correlation was responsible for variation in common casual factor. (UK Budget 2008: P.162). In rising house prices scenario, house owners may have a feeling of pride due to increase in their networth substantially and hence will be spending more on consumption. It is to be remembered when UK experiencing a fall in house prices, it fosters a negative impetus thereby causing house prices to keep declining. When house prices are declining, it creates a negative sentiment towards purchasing a house as it makes investor to follow wait and watch approach. During recent recession, UK witnessed a sharp decline in interest rates. In such scenario, those who wish to avail a variable mortgage for purchasing a house seems to be more fascinating for residential purpose than renting. House price data released by Halifax during January 2009 indicates that UK house price have plummeted by more than 20 percent from the highest price it enjoyed in August 2007. It has been predicted that UK housing market is anticipated to fall by a minimum of 15 percent during the ensuing 2 years. This decline is going to be increased by 25 percent in the near future despite of the fact that UK is going to organise the 2012 Olympics. As per the Roya
Introduction Technology has proven to be very useful in law enforcement as in any other practical field. But as crime fighters and their allies work out solutions to develop and evolve further, crimes that are committed using technology or thwart law enforcement also advances, thereby allowing a stalemate situation where public safety is compromised. This paper shall try to examine the role of Technology in law enforcement as a strategic capability and prepare a set of recommendations to use technology in order to make the organization a High-Performance organization focussing on biometrics and robotics. Discussion Biometrics It is clearly acknowledged that information technology, basically computer-based recordkeeping and dispatching, when introduced into the police organization, is a material resource aiding a speedy investigation and solution. The involvement of the concept of “Biometrics” and law enforcement was intertwined as its conception has been used primarily for crime recording, validation of identity, and determination of individuals who have the right to be protected from offenders. Biometrics technology has been developed from the past and is still rapidly being developed up to the present. Although Biometrics apparently had been used earlier to identify newly born or children, and later on lawbreakers, modern biometrics is closely associated with the use of law and legal matters. But identity authentication had been the more prevalent purpose. Starting in the 1980s until today, Biometrics developed from a single method of fingerprinting to more than ten discreet methods. There are hundreds of companies now involved with new methods that continue improving their system and technology (NCSC, 2006). Biometrics was defined as “the development of statistical and mathematical methods applicable to data analysis problems in the biological sciences,” (NCSC, 2006) used primarily for authentication. It is derived from the Greek words “bio” meaning life and “metric” which means to measure. In its current use, biometrics refers to technologies for measuring and analyzing the physiological or behavioral characteristics of a person such as fingerprints, voice patterns, facial patterns, eye retinas or irises, and hand measurement with the purpose of verifying identification so that technically, use of biometrics is for identification and verification (NCSC, 2006). As the NCSC (2006) provided, “Biometrics are used in two major ways: Identification and Verification. To date, laws and government agencies have incorporated the use of biometrics in their identification and security systems (Hunter, 2006). This involves the use of slim biometric chips in passports that the US government hopes to deter terrorists. This has been viewed to need multiple costs as there is not an integrated approach to the use of biometric technologies of the 27 countries the US required to in lieu of visas as it adds up to the complexity of passport checking. Biometrics could also ease up tracking of criminal elements at the speed of light due to its gro