ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Importance of Scientific Reporting Writing Skill for Undergraduate Science Students Scientific report writing skills help the student manage to think critically and creatively in approaching scientific applications. Creative and critical thinking helps the student have analyzing power for science and related fields; this makes them write clear and detailed reports (Biggs 1999, p. 15). In the field, a report must be produced for every research carried out; this helps the students be able to write satisfactory reports in the job field. This skill is trained to be applied for the course and outside the course. According to Brown, Bull and Pendlebury (1997, p 45), scientific report writing assessment helps the student in learning and understanding the report writing process; this helps the students to understand and not memorize the writing procedure. This assessment is used for grading and determines the student to qualify to the next level of study. Assessment Contribution to Student Learning Lloyd-Jones and Bay (1985, p. 65) note that assessment is the main determinant of the quality of training and learning in higher education level. Assessment should be set in a way to have clear expectations, establish a rational workload and present opportunities for learners to rehearse and practice their skills (Nicol & Draper 2008, p. 6). Assessment is an important component of a sound learning practice in higher education (Gibbs & Simpson 2004, p. 19). Assessments have their minimum target objective that is focused on high distinction, diction and credit, pass and fail (Rowntree 1997, p. 98). Students have the target of hitting a high distinction mark and as a result, this makes them learn because they are working hard to reach their goal. The set targets in assessments and ambitions of students to hit the mark encourage them to learn to achieve them. Low marks are embarrassment to those who score them, consequently making the students learn to avoid the lowest results (Gibbs & Simpson 2004, p. 21). According to Banta, Lund, Black and Oblander (1996, p. 52), assessments are the tests whether the students will succeed to the next level of study or not. This encourages students to learn and transfer to their next step in their studies. Through learning, students meet the requirements of the examination board by excelling in their assessments (Hattie & Timperley 2007, p. 33). This helps students learn and retain beneficial materials for their future use in either the job market or life. Success is the baseline of the tertiary level, which is achi
Introduction: Main theme and concept of the article The article under analysis called Why Study Photosynthesis? is written by Devens Gust, the doctor of philosophy at the Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry. The paper considers the significance of such biological process as photosynthesis, its actual process, and its connection with the economic policy. The author emphasizes major reasons of understanding process. Further, the paper enlarges upon the connection of this biological phenomenon with agriculture, industry, medical sphere and the ecological situation in the world. Main body The research reveals that the study of nature is important because understanding the basis principles of photosynthesis are crucial. Due to the fact that people cannot control natural processes but the knowledge enables them to use them in the appropriate way. By revealing the information about the details of photosynthesis, Gust encourages people to investigate and to develop the innovated techniques thus applying them to the problem solution in the different spheres of life. The detailed description shows how people can benefit from this information and apply this natural process for the well-being of people. The arguments presented by the author are logical and consistent based on variable sources. His interpretation of this process as transition from one type of energy into another is rather evidence-based. The ideas about connection of photosynthesis and metabolism are proved by its comparison with hydro carbonates conversion into cellulose. Author manages to show the connection between photosynthetic processes and production of photosynthetic products. The second part of the article explains the previous arguments about the results of photosynthesis. His ideas also explain why biology is closely connected with chemistry. In the article, there are some points that contradict one another. On the one hand, Gust describes photosynthesis as the most crucial biological process that serves as the basis for other natural processes. On the other hand, he points out that “photosynthesis is relatively inefficient” (Gust 1996) so that it requires the invention of more advanced method of production. This controversy generates other discussions about photosynthetic functions. Hence, Castelvecchi (2007) believes that photosynthesis has a deeper meaning and a wider range of functions. He insists on how the connection of this process with quantum physics explains the extraordinary efficiency of solar energy and water. Moreover, he proves that 90 % of light is used for the plant to generate oxygen. As Gust gives little importance of photosynthesis as the source of life, it is necessary to consider it as primary function, because no other biological processes could be more significant (Koh et al. 2007). Finally, there is an assumption that it is possible to create some artificial models of oxygen reproduction in future so that people could use it without applying the solar energy. To do that, it is
Introduction An option is a term used in finance to define a contract in which the buyer has the right, but not a compulsion, to purchase or dispose the underlying instrument whether before, or on a specified date at a particular strike price (Zapart, 2003). However, if the buyer fails to exercise that right, the seller is obligated to buy or sell the underlying instrument. To determine the value of an option, various methods are used. These include the Black-Scholes and the Binomial. These two models account for a number of variables and explain how they impact an option’s price. This paper aims to identify these variables based on the two models. Variables determining option prices One of the variables that influence the valuation of an option, common to the two models, is volatility. Using the Black-Scholes model, the value of an option is assumed to exist as a function of the volatility of a share’s value. As such, where the volatility is high, the premium on an option will follow the same path. In Binomial model, the price of an option is understood to be a function of volatility and time. However, unlike in the Black-Scholes model, a large volatility does not result into a larger option’s price. Rather, the amount of time is factored in thus determining the true value of an option. According to Chance (2008), the larger the volatility, and the more the amount of time, the higher the possibility of an option’s value being high. A further variable, which is commonly used by the two models to determine the price of an option, is the prevalent risk-free rate of interest. The major assumption with the Black-Scholes model is that a higher present free interest rate brings rise to an elevated amount of lost interest. This means that a lower option’s premium will have to be offered to compensate for the forgone interest. In other words, the option will be provided at a lower price to recover the lost interest. The way in which the free interest rate is treated using the Binomial method is entirely different. According to Zapart (2003), the model assumes that the rate of interest is frequently fluctuating. When a fall in the rates is experienced, there is a huge likelihood that the price of an option will rise. Conversely, if the rates fall, the value is expected to lower. The two pricing models also hold out that the time to expiry plays a key role in determining the value of an option. When using both methods, the intrinsic value of an option is determined by calculating the difference between the strike price and the present price of the stock. Where the strike price exceeds that of the current share, it means that the option does not carry any intrinsic value, and vice versa. The level of the intrinsic value defines the nature of the option’s price. A lower intrinsic value implies a declining option’s price while a higher one means a high option’s value (Chance, 2008). Conclusion In conclusion, it is evident th
Background information The company is known as R & S electronic service company. The company has several employees whose majority are service technicians. The company deals with servicing electronics for customers, and service technicians get paid in terms of commissions (Ellis, 2005). The company is owned by Brad, who has a close relationship with Eddie, the company’s general manager. The payroll department is headed by a new employee known as Jane, who notices a lot of irregularities within her first month in the organization. One of the service technicians was known as Greg, who enjoyed monetary favors because he was a brother to the general manager. There were serious issues that needed to be addressed to ensure services provision was improved. For example, the general manager used his power to intimidate other managers since he had the power to hire and fire employees. This was evident when he fired Jane’s predecessor in the payroll department (Rowe, 2011). The firing was illegal since the employee questioned him about the unfair allocation of commissions to Greg. This issue was complicated more by the relationship between Brad and Eddie. In fact, Eddie threatened other managers so that they could keep his illegal deeds away from Brad. This was because Brad could have fired Eddie on learning how he awarded commissions to his brother unfairly. Problem identification The main issue in this company that needs to be resolved is the abuse of office by the general manager. This is because he uses his power to intimidate other workers. For example, a manager at the payroll department was fired because of questioning the general manager. This is dangerous since Eddie may keep on firing personnel in the payroll department for questioning the credibility of some actions. Every manager at the payroll department wanted to understand why Greg received better commissions than other service technicians. In fact, he threatened the new manager in the payroll department when she found him giving work tickets to his brother. It was illegal for the general manager to give work tickets to his brother personally. Greg should follow the procedure, just like any other employee in the company. It is against labor laws for managers to threaten their juniors for questioning their deeds. In fact, a skillful manager should welcome
Introduction The division of countries between the Global South and the Global North after the Cold War was one of the most remarkable economic and political events that touched the world. The regions of Latin America, Asia, Africa, and Oceania were named the Global South and characterized by low income and cultural marginalization. 1 Within a short period, a prosperous India-Brazil-South Africa (IBSA) dialogue was formed to support the populations and establish favorable trade and business relationships. 2 Due to the steps taken by the countries, they got a chance to improve their structures and stabilize the quality of life. In this paper, attention to Indian political and economic structures will be paid to identify the liberty-justice-stability-prosperity (LJSP) balance within the Biblical and political context. Strengths and Weaknesses in Political Structures Despite the intentions to achieve prosperity and success, India remains a developing country with multiple goals to be achieved. On the one hand, its strengths include the development and improvement of the federal parliamentary democratic structure and cooperation between governmental bodies. 3 On the other hand, such a rapid growth provoked new puzzles and the emergence of complex institutions, corruption, and damaged groups. To stabilize the situation and create a well-working political system, the country’s leaders should remember one of the main Biblical rules about a “relatively balanced-needs existence”. 4 In total, Indian democracy is beneficial for developing countries because equality and development are encouraged. Still, the influence of rich people cannot be ignored, which may challenge freedom of expression and control. Strengths and Weaknesses in Economic Structures Being one of the developing countries in the Global South, India continu
Goal and Mission of an Educational Program Heroin addiction was identified as a dangerous condition that could lead to a variety of serious health implications. In addition, the negative influence of the substance presents societal challenges, especially for communities where heroin is being sold illegally. Thus, the goal of an educational program associated with heroin abuse is identifying risk factors for addiction, developing steps for overcoming it, and creating an action plan to educate communities on how to prevent it from occurring in the future. The overall mission of the program is to make sure that participants overcome the problem of heroin abuse through having information and tools necessary for dealing with the issue. It is important to mention that an educational program is especially relevant in specific cultural contexts because heroin addiction is prevalent in separate cultural groups. This means that methods of dealing with addiction also vary across these groups. While some use counseling, others gravitate toward medicine-oriented treatment. Overall, the educational program targeted at overcoming the issue of heroin abuse is providing communities with all-encompassing information on the most appropriate ways of dealing with the problem. The cultural variable should be at the center of the program due to the variability of approaches toward the issue. With regard to the program’s general description, it is expected that it will be divided into four main stages. The first stage includes the preparation for the program, taking into account the cultural, ethnic, racial, and ethical considerations of a target group. The second stage is associated with the selection and enrollment of participants suitable for passing the program. Inclusion criteria will involve the history of substance abuse, unsuccessful efforts to quit the use of drugs and mental and physical challenges associated with abuse. Participants of any age, gender, ethnicity, and social status will be enrolled. The third stage implies lessons that participants will attend to get relevant information on overcoming heroin abuse. At the final stage, educators will conduct a survey to determine participants’ satisfaction with the program and identify what they have learned during the course. Support for the Use of the Model in the Educational Program W
Able Corporation is a diversified corporation which has production establishments in several states that are either horizontally or vertically integrated. Able is now one of the leading innovators of power tools and other home equipment. When Able Corporation started its vision, everything then referred to technology. But its founders realised it has to be more than just technology: Apple has to survive as an organisation to meet the needs of its customers not just in technical ways. The truth about Able Corporation may have already been laid open to the public, that it is not as successful as it used to be. Able’s fate lies somewhere not in the balance, and may be in the hands of the wrong people if things won’t go out how it should be. The question now is, “Is there still a future for Able Corporation?” Will the company thrive under a new strategy and management? Let’s see how the company made its humble beginning. Able Corporation sought to “change the way people behave” versus just competing in the market-place for traditional products. In doing so, it has been able to establish first mover advantages through radical concepts of power tools, and relatively perfect market timing to establish its advantage. Others seem to compete in commodity businesses with incremental innovations, while Able Corporation created a new concept in the consumer’s mind. It is most likely for this reason that other executives see Able Corporation as a strong innovator in power tools using battery. Able’s mission statement is to provide the best of power tools and other home equipment. This information can be sourced from the internet, provided by the website Business & Finance. Able is a company whose financial statement is terribly in trouble. It has no website, its strategic plans are in disarray, and the original founders or those who cared about the company are not anymore connected with it, in one or the other. This means Able is going to dismantle itself, if nothing drastic is to be done now. However, there is one problem with the company’s corporate set up nowadays. This is because Able is now owned by Walden Inc. (Business & Finance website), and it seems Walden doesn’t know what to do with Able now. Walden’s financial quota has superseded its mark because of Able, and the latter is now earning ever since its acquisition by Walden. Able has a pattern of success for its innovative products. Compare the past years with our futuristic data for the next five or six years, we can say that Able relies on its own strategies of innovations, captivating the customers’ way of looking at things. This age is an age of technological innovations, and Able seems to answer the call of the masses that are hungry for new things, and new innovations in technology. For the immediate six months, Able Corporation will continue to introduce new power tools and lawn mowers. Strategic management processes can be in
Introduction Advertising dates back to the year 3000BC when businesspersons hung signs outside their shops in a bid to attract their would-be customers in the ancient Babylon. Advertising has witnessed a twist from the commercial aspects to the cultural landscape where it is currently playing a pivotal role in shaping political opinions. Political consultants have integrated aspects of market research and advertising techniques to sell their candidates and people have learnt to appreciate the creativity and humor that accompany certain advertisements while at the same time detesting the manipulative and misleading nature of these advertisements. This essay will categorically illuminate the major issues that surround political advertising. Issues in Political Advertising Political campaigns are organized in such a way that the structure bears semblance to popular advertising culture. Campaign managers are synonymous with the coordination of the campaign operations. Their major preoccupation is the execution of the strategy. They do come second to the political aspirant in terms of visibility (Hix, 1999, p. 73). Apart from the campaign manager, political consultants are charged with responsibility of giving out advice on all aspects of the campaign. They carry out research on the political aspirants, the voters, and the aspirant’s opposers. The activists basically conduct door to door campaigns and undertaking to make phone calls on behalf of the campaign. The most popular media used in campaign advertising are the newspapers, the radio, and the television. Their usage is pegged on their ability to influence the decisions that are made by the masses that double up as the electorate. Other than the use of mass media, public events such as demonstrations, rallies, and mass meetings where public address system are used can be of great importance to an aspirant for a political office (Barnes & Kaase, 1979, p. 103). As a matter of fact, modern technology has had its share in shaping political landscape. Faster communication has been enhanced by the electronic mail, the worldwide web, and podcast. Communication technology has enabled political aspirants to interact virtually with a large number of people. They have enabled candidates to do fundraising, conduct volunteer activities, lobby for people’s support, and initiate community building. Political campaigns in the United States in particular are so commercialized. This is because it is largely dominated by political consultants who use sophisticated campaign machinery not comparable to any the world over. This is occasioned by a huge number of elective posts in states, counties, and municipal councils. Parties in the United States do conduct fundraising where as political consultants contro
Background Todorov is a Bulgarian writer and philosopher. He grew up in Bulgaria. He moved to France and made a name for himself in his adopted country. Todorov made significant contributions in the field of literary theory, culture, and history. His works appeared in books such as The Poetics of Prose, The Conquest of America , and Hope and Memory . He wrote the original version of The Two Principles of Narrative in 1978. Porter translated the article to English in 1990. The translated work appeared in a book entitled Genres in Discourse , and was published under the Cambridge University Press. The title, Genres in Discourse is a misnomer, because its main theme is not about genres. It is a collection of essays that talks about different categories of literature. The article was written in response to questions regarding the nature of narratives. Main Arguments Todorov argues that a fascinating story adheres to the two principles of narrative: succession and transformation (Mills and Barlow, 2009). Todorov reached this conclusion by scrutinizing the works of other philosophers and literary experts. He borrowed some of their ideas, and he offered his own interpretation of how to construct a narrative, sot that it resonates in the hearts and souls of readers all over the world. Todorov’s understands the importance of “repetition and difference” within a narrative. Repetition makes it easier for readers and the viewing public to immediately understand the premise of the story. Readers and moviegoers are not expected to understand everything that they read, or appreciate the intended message of the movie that they are watching. Nevertheless, they are expected to understand the premise of the story, so that they have the incentive to keep on reading. For example, in an adventure story, the reader immediately senses that there is going to be a hero and a villain. Similar patterns recur in the creation of popular fairy tales. In adventure stories, the hero has to embark on a journey to prove his loyalty or his love for another person. Todorov accepted the need for repetition. However, he also acknowledged the other side of the coin so-to-speak. He said that “repetition and difference” must go hand-in-hand in order to create unique stories. In this article, Todorov argued that the manifestation of the “repetition and difference” aspect of the narrative requires the application of a specific formula. Todorov asserts that the mere presence of characters, the statements made about their needs and desires, these are not enough to constitute a narrative. Todorov pointed out that certain elements must be present in order to create a narrative. With regards to the “repetition” as