ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction In our globalising world massive cultural and sport events are extremely popular. They always attract large numbers of fans and tourists. In order to schedule a sport event such as the Olympic Games or World Cup in football a series of procedures is being conducted. Several countries bid for the tournament and then a special committee with the experts and official representatives of the international sport associations determine who has the best chances and through the procedure of voting establish the winner. This country will become the future host of the big event. Normally, such competition as the World Cup in football is arranged beforehand in order to give the host country all the time necessary for the preparations of the infrastructure. The period of time that is given to the host country for all the construction building and arrangements is seven years. Of course, a massive sport event always requires a lot of effort. The stadiums need to be built or renovated; the hotels have to be ready to receive big numbers of visitors. The training bases and houses for the players need to be prepared. The country has to count and divide the funds and capitals its leaders will be using for the building of the infrastructure. If everything is done right, the popularity of the event, tourists and fans, all the media and sponsors will create massive interest in the tournament and this is how the host country gets to receive a big income, so that the costs spent on the preparations will be outweighed by the benefits from the event. My Perspectives In the contemporary world every massive cultural or sport event is surrounded by multiple rumors, scandals and gossips. The world has observed that with the winter Olympics in Sochi, London, Salt-Lake City, with the Eurovision events every spring, with the World Cups and Euro Cups every other year. The World Cup of 2022, which is currently scheduled in Qatar is the center of lots of arguments and discussions due to some of the severe violations and issues of social, economic, political characters. The previous World Cup in South Africa was also criticised in many aspects during both the preparation and the actual competition. The Cup that is currently going on in Brazil was not an exception. The pr
Spiritual gifts are abilities given by God to human beings the moment they receive salvation and become Christians. The spiritual gifts are supernatural and are to be used to give glory to God. Moreover, the gifts may also entail natural abilities but they are enabled by the Holy Spirit. The bible says in that”… let him do it as of the ability which God giveth: that God in all things may be glorified…” (1 Peter 4:11). God gives the spiritual gifts to individual Christians in church so that they can use them to build the church. Therefore, the spiritual gifts are not for personal edification but for the common good of the whole church or the body of Christ. Every Christian is important in the body of Christ because they have different gifts and each is very important. Paul says in 1 Corinthians 12:15 that every member of the church is important as he compares the church with the body and says that each part of the body is important because once it stops function the whole body hurts. On the other hand is the fruit of the Holy Spirit and they include “peace, joy, goodness, patience, love, self control, faithfulness and gentleness” Galatians 5:22-23. The fruits of the Holy Spirit are a sign of the presence of the Holy Spirit in a Christian. The fruits help a Christian to live Christ-like life because they change one’s life and work against fruits of the flesh. The difference between spiritual gifts and the fruits of the Holy Spirit is that the former are given to edify the body of Christ and the later to edify an individual. The spiritual gifts shows spiritual concepts when they are used for the common good of the church and the gifts’ bearers do not boast and use them for selfish gains. Furthermore, maturity is exhibited through spiritual gifts when all the members are treated as equal in spite of how insignificant their gift may look because each member of the body of Christ has a role to play to build the Church. Speaking in tongues is the ability bestowed upon a believer by the Holy Spirit and given to whomever the Holy Spirit desires. It involves uttering words in foreign languages that the person did not previously speak. The purpose of speaking in tongues was to act as sign to the non-believers (1 Corinthians 14: 21). Moreover, baptism in the Holy Spirit refers to the filling of a believer with the Holy Spirit. The evidence in the bible shows that Jesus Christ would baptize his people in the Holy Spirit and he told his disciples after his ascension to wait in the temple in Jerusalem for the baptism in Holy Spirit 1 . They were baptized and given the ability to speak in tongues during the day of Pentecost (Acts 1:2). People filled with the Holy Spirit have power given to them in order to make Disciples of Christ through the preaching of the gospel. Speaking in tongues is not a necessary sign of baptism in the Holy Spirit. It is not a sign because every believer is filled with the Holy Spirit the moment they confess Jesus Christ as personal saviour and the fruits of the Holy Spirit begin working in them to transform them from their sin
The reasons why employees may purchase expensive non-liquid assets may vary. Some of the needs, such as buying a vehicle or a house, can arrive from social expectations which affect the worker’s behavior. A house is a debatable investment, especially for a newly employed individual. Although it can bring satisfaction to its owner, it can also result in unpredicted expenses and is a poor financially compelling and security providing option for the newly employed. The content of a recently employed worker from buying a house is undeniable. It may have several benefits for an individual, such as strengthening social status, owning a place to live, or being confident about the housing situation during a downturn. However, positive aspects of homeownership were considerably erased by the US mortgage crisis (Dwyer, Neilson, Nau, & Hodson, 2016). According to the research by Dwyer et al., home loans and mortgages have become less attractive to the youth after the crisis happened (2016). Thus, the house acquisition is not as effective security measure as the young workers can presume. Another advantage of acquiring a house is receiving tax breaks and other preferential treatment due to the acquisition. A study by Sommer and Sullivan demonstrates that even in case tax deductibles are canceled, the homeownership and welfare rate will still grow (2018). At the same time, few working individuals notice that the tax breaks are beneficial for expensive houses. This means the property below a certain amount can cause a financial burden to its owner (Monroy, 2016). Considering the facts above, employees should weight the decision of purchasing a house thoroughly. To summarize, many workers, especially the newly employed, tend to purchase expensive assets. While buying a house can be a goal of many individuals, this decision should be well-planned. Avoiding thorough budgeting and making spontaneous impulsive decisions while starting a career may undermine employees’ future financial stability. A new house can be a pleasant purchase but also become a burden and a weak investment option.
Introduction Racial prejudice has been in existence within the United States and other parts of the world for the longest time. Despite the many efforts that have been applied to curb the vice, it still prevails. Direct racism turned into discrimination, and it would later transform to segregation, which is all too evident in the modern world. It is a pity that during this entire transition period of the American society, the black man has always been the victim of circumstances. He has been branded different insulting names and placed at the very bottom of the social hierarchy through denial of freedom and opportunities for liberation. Dubois and Fanon express their sentiments about the issue, and their approach toward developing an understanding of the plight of the black man reveals the nature of the African-American man with respect to his consciousness. Dubois paints a picture that depicts the black man as having double-consciousness, whereas Fanon claims that the black man has an experience of being a triple persona. To be a happy black man in the American society, one has to assume a passive character to the discriminating nature of the racial identity-sensitive society. “To be a poor man is hard, but to be a poor race in a land of dollars is the very bottom of hardships.” This paper looks into Dubois’s and Fanon’s sentiment on the issue of the black man in the American society, with a close focus on the differences and similarities of their sentiments about racial identity. Similarities and differences Dubois and Fanon share the sentiments that the black man is directly discriminated and segregated in the American society. From their accounts, it is apparent that being a black man in a society where the white people are the majority is a great task for the black man. Dubois reckons that the American world grants the black man the burden of existing in a relatively unfair world. Freedom for the black man is just, but a dream despite the many attempts, he has made before to liberate himself from the social problems in America. Fanon concurs with this sentiment by asserting that the black man is not entirely part of the American society, but he has been trying to overcome social stereotypes against him. Both authors claim that the black man is viewed by his white counterparts as an inferior human being, who should strive to liberate himself into the white civilisation. Dubois’s double-consciousness is a function of the double aims held by a black man. The first aim is to uphold the Western civilisation that is associated with being an American, and the second is retaining his cultural beliefs as a black man. Fanon’s triple persona ideology also highlights the two aims provided by Dubois. Fanon believes that the black man is oppressed because he is neither entirely American nor African. Both authors also claim that no matter how hard the black man has tried to liberate himself from the social issues, he has failed. Failure has become commonplace for black men because the w
Upon their release from prison, most offenders find it difficult to adjust to their new environment due to harsh conditions experienced while in prison, leading to recidivism (Wilson, et al., 2000). It has often been said that it is easier to at times take matters into one’s own hands so as to serve the justice deserved by criminal offenders (Camhi, 1989). Currently, the number of crimes being reported in the United States alone is rising at a seriously alarming rate, despite the reports that the police and justice departments are doing their best to curb crime. Research shows that there are up to 900 new inmates each week in United States prisons (Wilson, et al., 2000)! And as if to make matters worse, society is starting to lose confidence in the judicial system with criminal offenders having to go scot-free by the end of the day due to either lack of enough incriminating evidence or bribing their way out (Camhi, 1989). The United States has more prisoners than any other state which includes China (Ibid, 1989). In prisons themselves, their conditions have been said to either be intolerable or unbearable due to factors like poor sanitation as well as poor diet. Rehabilitative programs as well as re-introduction to society programs seem to no longer be effective due to reports of recidivism by the offenders, once they are released into the society (Wilson, et al., 2000). In this paper, we will focus on San Quentin State prison, based in California, USA, where we will discuss factors such as current conditions of the prison, proposals, and approaches to help protect the public, the purpose of the prison, and others as well as rehabilitative programs in San Quentin to ensure that prisoners do not re-offend upon their release (Camhi, 1989). San Quentin state prison is a prison that first opened its services to the public in 1852 (Wilson, et al., 2000). It is a maximum state prison holding male-only offenders with its location in California, San Quentin city in the United States (Camhi, 1989). It also holds a capacity of about 3300 prisoners and inmates on death row are executed through lethal injection as well as lethal gas (Wilson, et al., 2000). San Quentin state prison is famously known for holding inmates such as Stanley “Tookie” Williams as well as housing prison gangs which include Aryan Brotherhood and Mexican Mafia, also known as La Eme (Wilson, et al., 2000). Before San Quentin prison came into existence, prisoners used to be detained on prison ships known as Waban which could hold a capacity of 68 inmates (Camhi, 1989). But due to prisoners being able to escape aboard the ship as well as overcrowding, the legal system of California decided to construct a more permanent and stable structure (Ibid, 1989). A 20-acre piece of land was then purchased and using prison labor, construction began in 1852 to be completed 2 years later, in 1854 (Wilson, et al., 2000). Both males and females were detained in San Quentin state prison up until 1932 where a California Institution for Women was built (Camhi, 1989). Torture was also used as a form of interrogation of inmates but was banned in
News reporting is one of the principal ways in which a society learns about itself. The main function of news media is to offer mass audience with information and account of events that occur in the world. Nevertheless, another less perceptible function is to act as an instrument of social control. The media plays a significant role in defining deviance and inflicting social controls, since it is the main player in interpreting public opinions and views. In this certain role, it acts as a type of deviance-defining elite that take a main part in constructing visions of stability, order and change and manipulating the control practices that agree with these visions. News media also stipulate what constitutes deviance. In the course of the regular practice of reporting news, media stations ideologically strengthen relations of ruling, sustaining the hegemonic power construction of the society wherein they are entrenched. The media also benefits the voices of those in legitimate groups such as politicians over those of deviant players. The power and social standing of sources determines their credibility, since reporters not only depend upon their objective construes, but also other sources when making news stories. News media deal with visualizing and, thus, defining deviant actions for their audience. In the course, the news media as well reproduce sound notions of community consensus and social order. Besides, the focus on deviance builds an entertainment approach that pacifies the business interests of news media groups. The television news industry, aware of its function in commercial entertainment, centers on heavily sensational, dramatic and titillating descriptions to draw and sustain a broad viewing audience. As Karl Max denotes, news media dictates to masses through creating false consciousness in the minds of the viewers. News media are among the groups that meet the criteria of what Max Weber calls the disenchantment of the contemporary world. Apparently, the role of news media in both distributing and representing public opinion and action is most evident when reporting on deviance, particularly on sub cultural youth deviance. The predominance of television news stories that underline black youths and violence shows how news media institutions assist in shaping the process of choosing, defining and circulating social problems to the public. American films like Juice and Fresh receive national attention because they highlight the common view that crime and violence characterize the lives of African-Americans. The media promotes deviant behaviors by portraying black youths as pioneers of crime, violence and moral decay, since even innocent young black
Introduction The history of Chesapeake dates back to the 17 th Century when British colonizers migrated to the United States. The colonizers targeted Chesapeake because they wanted to acquire the large tobacco plantations (Day 19). Colonization of Chesapeake led to the emergence of several colonies. There were four colonies in the south of Chesapeake, namely Virginia, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Other colonies that developed in Chesapeake included New England and Jamestown, among others. Colonization of Chesapeake influenced growth and development in the city. The process created avenues that influenced the social, economic, and political development of the colonies. Development activities relied on the slave trade and agriculture, which were the main activities in the area (Meyers and Melaine 106). The huge plantations in Chesapeake created a high demand for labor. The colonizers relied on slaves from Africa and members of minority groups living in Chesapeake to satisfy the demand. The colonizers favored slaves because they were strong and easy to control. Slavery in Chesapeake resulted in the development of social and economic classes (Day 22). Studies have shown that slavery was one of the crucial activities that influenced the political, social, and geographical maturity of Chesapeake. Social development A number of factors influenced the social development of colonies in Chesapeake. Slavery was one of the main factors that influenced this phenomenon. Other factors that had a meaningful influence on social development in the colonies included religion and class hierarchy (Meyers and Perreault 113). The demand for labor in the plantations was very high because there was a need to increase tobacco production. Slaves worked as laborers in the plantations. The colonizers acquired them easily and at a low cost. By the turn of the 18 th Century, the population of slaves in Chesapeake was very high. The animosity between the various groups of people in Chesapeake started to develop, leading to the development of social classes (Meyers and Perreault 121). African Americans were considered low class, while the British colonizers were members of an elite class. Authorities in various colonies criminalized slavery and executed slaves who violated their white masters. These were strategies to regulate the population of African Americans. These strategies heightened the ill feelings between the two social groups (Day 27). Religion also contributed a lot to the social development of colonies in Chesapeake. Christianity was the dominant religion in Chesapeake. Religion in Chesapeake was greatly influenced by the culture of the colonizers. One of the main things that pushed the colonizers to move to the United States was religious persecutions that were taking place in Britain (Nelson 40). The colonizers had a st
Introduction The case was a class-action suit filed on September 8, 2006, by the College Athletes Coalition (CAC) on behalf of its membership comprising Division I football and basketball players advocating for student-athletes. The court certified the suit as a class action on October 19 and the respondent, the NCAA, responded with a motion to dismiss. Although the plaintiffs filed an opposing memorandum, the court agreed with the NCAA’s first motion to dismiss the case but left room for the amendment of the complaint. The plaintiffs then filed their amended complaint which was countered with a second motion to dismiss by the NCAA. However, the court denied the second motion to dismiss. Accordingly, the class counsel undertook the requisite preliminary investigations, discovery, and depositions in preparation for the trial. However, the NCAA also engaged their adversaries in negotiations through a series of mediation sessions during this phase that formed the basis of a settlement between the parties. Therefore, having considered all factors, the parties agreed to settle the matter without getting to trial. Facts The plaintiff brought suit on the ground that the NCAA engaged in anticompetitive behavior. This claim was premised on the fact that the Association’s grant of full scholarships or Grant-in-Aid (GIA) was conditional on an imposed cap restricting the amount of scholarship a recipient could get. Consequently, the cost of attendance set by educational institutions was usually higher than this limit with the result that student-athletes struggled to survive and were riddled with debt. The court was implored to hold the NCAA accountable for the deficit between the institutional costs of attendance and the GIA and to direct it to desist from implementing its erratic GIA policy (Kniss, 2017). However, the court did not have the opportunity to deliberate on the case as a settlement was reached before trial. Issue The primary issue for the court’s determination was whether the NCAA contravened the Sherman Antitrust Act by limiting the amount of aid that a student-athlete could receive a full scholarship. The restrictions meant that student-athletes had to bear the greater burden of the costs of attendance than they would have had to if the limitations were not effective. Hence, the question was whether the GIA cap was uncompetitive behavior. Case Outcome Accordingly, the court was being invited to decide on whether the NCAA had engaged in anticompetitive conduct in violation of the Sherman Antitrust Act. The decision would have been important because an adverse finding against the NCAA would have opened the litigation floodgates across the US. However, as noted, the matter never got to trial because the parties came to a court-mediated settlement that averted the trouble and expense of a long trial. Each plaintiff, under the terms of the settlement, got $5000 in addition to the $10 million concession to all student-athletes in the class represented in the suit (Anderson, n.d). Further, the NCAA paid for attorney’s fees totaling $8.6 million, established a new fund worth $218 million, and established a 5-year scholarships