ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Over the centuries, leadership styles have been evolving due to development of organizations and the need to enhance efficiency and effectiveness of management procedures. Management experts have come up with several leadership approaches and theories that have helped managers to propel their organizations to achieve the stipulated goals. Behavioral approach is one of the approaches of studying and implementing leadership policies and decisions and has proved to be an effective way of management as it is consistent with theory Y. According to McGinnis (2006), organizations are social institutions with a group of people that need mobilization to work interdependently for organizations to achieve their purposes (p.42). Hence, given that an organization is a social institution, it means that organizational behavior reflects the capacity of management to offer leadership. During early19 th century, the theory of management emerged as a cooperative integration of various functions in an organization in order to achieve organizational goals; nevertheless, in early 20 th century, management became an art of mobilizing people to perform specific tasks that translate into organizational goals. Therefore, since organizational behavior is central in leadership study and management of organizations, this essay explores behavioral approach as one of the approaches of studying leadership. Behavioral Approach Behavioral approach of leadership study focuses on abilities of leaders or managers to mobilize human resources to achieve organizational goals. Perspective of behavioral approach in leadership is that individual behaviors cumulatively determine organizational behaviors, which ultimately determine the organization’s capacity to meet its goals. McGlone (2005) affirms that effective leadership depends on behavioral influence of leaders on individuals or groups in an organization (p.3). Hence, the ability of leaders or managers to influence employees through supervision and motivation shapes organizational behavior, which is essential in achieving desired goals. Since organizations are social institutions and that human resources are very critical in the 21 st century, study of human behavior becomes imperative as it gives an insight into management issues that play a critical role in organizational behavior. Leaders who utilize behavioral approach in their management have effective communication and relationship skills, which are essential in engaging employees to work coordinately. The University of Michigan has employed behavioral approach of leadership and has proved to be quite effective in motivating and satisfying employees. The strength of behavioral approach of leadership is that it is consistent with theory Y, which focuses on motivating employees. Theory Y
Introduction American Theocracy is a treatise against the political order inspire by Philips. He faces disillusionments on America’s leadership class including the present political status. Phillips’ has offered a sequence of interlocking criticisms as regards trends by the party of Republican. American Theocracy broadly analyses his previous arguments into a coherent whole and mixes historical analysis with political polemic. Phillips identifies tri-central, unifying planks in the Republican coalition- oil, radical religion and the unprecedented levels of national and consumer debt. Rules for Radicals by community organizer -Saul D. Alinsky-attempting to impart his theory and organization methods to the existing generation of youthful activists, squarely based on self experiences. He urges that the generation should change the world from what it is to what it should be. The Prince, by Machiavelli, was written for the Haves on how to stick to power. The Changing American Electorate brief overview Based on reputable statistic –in 1980, 32 % of the electorate was white Democrats. In 2008, 32 % were white Obama voters. However in 1980, approximately 9 % of the electorate were nonwhite Carter voters, 21% of the electorate are noted to be nonwhite Obama voters, 2008. Hence Carter defeated widely, while Obama defeated John McCain by a strong margin, Nate Silver. The American electorate is viewed as two contrasting electorates; one partisan (Democrats vs. Republicans), the other non-partisan. The former are extremely politically attentive/ involved, and have progressive voting behavior as compared to nonpartisans. Observers have suggested the polarization of the American electorate, a fact denied by others. Introduction to Economic and Political Class warfare The working masses which include the working class and working peasants are producers of all social wealth- intellectual and manual labor forming the crown of all societies. Political class of the products is being
Introduction China has grown from a third world country to become the world’s second largest economy after the United States. This ranking is based on nominal gross domestic products and purchasing power parity (Chow 3). On the road to becoming the second largest economy, China has experienced growth rates of about 10% in the last 30 years making it to top the list of the fastest growing economies. In addition, to the above achievements, China also prides itself at being the largest exporter and second largest importer of commodities in the world (Chow 12). According to a report by the International Monetary Fund in 2011 on countries’ per capita income, China attained position 90 by nominal Gross Domestic Product and 91 by Purchasing Power Parity (Inch 116). On the road to achieve the above, China has gone through numerous challenges both monetary and non-monetary. Among the biggest challenges it has faced is inflation. This has been an issue from the 1980s to the present. By gathering information from books, online articles from magazines, journals, and scholarly articles, this paper will examine China’s rapid growth and the resulting inflation. It will also highlight the effects of the inflation on the people of China. Body Internal Problems This study is important because most people tend to highlight only the brighter side of China’s rapid growth. The negative effects of the growth are ignored and yet they are just as significant as the positives. By conducting this study, most of the effects created by the growth such as inflation and its effect on the people will be highlighted. Inflation has adverse effects on the people. It is a dangerous and fatal disease which if it is not controlled early enough, it can destroy the society. It is vital to note that China is ranked as one of the most industrialized countries. However, what is never revealed is that most industries are located in the coastal regions leaving most of the hinterland being less developed. China has experienced rise in inflation due to factors such as increase in fuel prices and other commodities prices notably pork. It once attained an all time high of 7.1% in 2008 prompting the state to take rapid action to reduce it (Inch 214). Review of Literature Causes and Effects of Inflation in China Many governments through their respective central banks always try to put in place measure to control the inflation rates. This is due to the adverse effect of inflation on household expenditure and macroeconomic policies. In China, there have been periods of deflation and inflation even though inflation has been prevailing throughout. For instance, inflation was observed in the following periods; 1984-1984, 1988-1989, 1993-1994 and 2007-2008 (Inch 217). On the other hand, deflation was only experienced in the period 1998-2002 only. The inflation experienced can be attributed to expansionary monetary policies and rising wages i.e. China was experiencing cost-push and wage inflation. High prices of commodities such as crude oil and pork have also contributed to China’s inflationa
Introduction Knowledge is power. Consequently, it is also the fuel of any business. Some may argue that money is what is important in business, but no business exists without information, which is used in almost every aspect of entrepreneurship. Knowledge is used on all levels, from a practical and rudimentary level of the ground production floor to the directorial board, where major strategic decisions are made. The bigger the scope of the organization is, the larger are the amounts of information that it has to process. At some point, it becomes impossible to deal with large amounts of information. Almost every large for-profit and non-profit organization has a knowledge management department (KMD). The purpose of the KMD is to manage the corporation’s incoming and outgoing information streams by systematically organizing the processes of acquiring, compartmentalizing, sustaining, applying, sharing, and updating the information and knowledge available to managers and employees alike in order to enhance organizational performance and create value (Frost, 2014). The purpose of this paper is to describe KMD’s organizational structure, operating models, standard procedures, and their interconnection with one another. Knowledge Management Department’s Organizational Structure The structure of a KMD typically varies from one company to another, depending on its need for knowledge management and the number of available resources. However, the general organizational structure of a company typically resembles the one shown below (Fuller, 2012):   * Chief Knowledge Officer is the head of the department. The purpose of the CKO is to formulate department strategies, handling its operations and staff, and influencing change within the organization (Fuller, 2012).   * Knowledge Managers are executive officers under the CKO who typically run their sub-departments and help the CKO in the implementation of the overall strategic decisions to the lower levels of the organization (Hislop, 2013).   * Knowledge Leaders are specialists who promote change in the organization by undertaking specific tasks and initiatives that are part of the overall strategy (Yip, Ng, & Lau, 2012).   * Knowledge Synthesizers – their job is to keep the knowledge available to the organization up to date and constantly record and update the available knowledge banks (Hislop, 2013).   * Knowledge Brokers – specialize in finding information and delivering it to those who need it the most (Hislop, 2013).   * Knowledge Transfer Engineer – translates the available knowledge into code or any other format acceptable for the organization, in order to facilitate its use (Hislop, 2013).   * Knowledge Edito
Vals is a model of psychographic segmentation of consumers, developed in the 1980s in the United States. This type of segmentation determines what is essential for the consumers based on their values and lifestyle (Bhasin, 2020). Marketing segmentation began with the fact that economist Smith proposed a product separation strategy to increase the competitiveness of organizations (Liu et al., 2019). There are eight consumer segments, each of which is characterized by its attitude to life and aspirations. Segmentation is based on 8 psycho types of people, which include: achievers, thinkers, believers, strivers, experiencers, makers, innovators, and survivors. As for me, I am one of the achievers and innovators. As an achiever, I am characterized as a person focused on achieving goals, professional, hardworking, and also a person who is focused on the family. As an innovator, I am focused on the future, skeptical about advertising, and have a positive attitude to innovation. I agree with the results of VALS, as I belong to a group of hardworking people who care about their future and appreciate innovations. The world-famous Apple company that creates equipment is quite popular. This company should slightly expand the circle of people on whom the production of products will be aimed. For example, for me, as an innovator, changes are essential, and products must be explicitly aimed at my daily activity. In this case, the fundamental innovations of the company come out quite rarely, and the prices of Apple products are growing all the time. That is, the company is recommended to create truly innovative products at an affordable price. As for the group of consumers-achievers, the company is quite successful in creating products, but some changes can be corrected. For example, the family is essential for achievers. In this regard, the equipment must connect the devices in the family with each other. Apple products are quite expensive to buy for children. In this case, the company is recommended to create a budget line of phones for children. The VALS segmentation model helps companies identify the values and lifestyles of customers. McGuire (2020) claims that marketing segmentation allows you to determine what a specific segment of customers needs and create a product for them. Consumers make choices based on their ideals, achievements, and means of self-expression (Serrano, 2017). That is, buyers make purchase decisions, often consciously and with certain reasons and needs. To realize their motivation, it is necessary to study such character traits as energy, vanity, self-confidence, desire for innovation, intelligence, and leadership traits. In conclusion, the marketing segmentation model is quite effective for companies that are aimed at meeting the needs of customers of different groups. The more consumer segments are included in the basis for the production and sale of products, the greater the success and profit of the company will be. From this, it can be concluded that some companies should evaluate the segments that have already been affected and add the products necessary for those segments that have been ignored.
Introduction Born in 1940, Vicente Fernandez Gomez is an American performer, vocalist, and producer. He is also referred to as the king of ranchera music. He is known for his music in the whole Latin America. Vicente began his music career on the streets. He has recorded more that 50 albums today. He is the father of the famous artist Alejandro Fernandez. Vicente has won seven Grammy awards in Latin. His father Ramon and his mother Paula Gomez brought up the renowned actor in a ranch at Gadalajara. His mother would take him to watch movies as early as the age of seven years. Vicente is married to Maria Refugio. They have three children Gerardo, Vicente junior, and Alejandro. However, Patricia Rivera claims that she has a son named Pablo Rodrigo with Vicente. Pedro Infante influenced Vicente’s music career since his tender age. In fact, by the age seven, he would take the guitar and sing in rachera style. He also sang in Arendas music festivals as a boy where he emerged the winner. As the paper reveals, he has had much influence on the mariachi style of music. How Vicente Fernandez Influenced Mariachi across Mexico through his Music and Movies Fernandez has influenced the mariachi style of singing in Mexico especially via his captivating music and his movies. A good example of Vicente’s influence on mariachi style of music is the emergence of female mariachi star singers such as Lola Beltran and Lucha Villa. The two superstars have confessed having been influenced by Vicente’s work of art. The two women have influenced others to get into the mariachi. Mulholland reveals how women have got into the male dominated field of music out of Vice
How Media Consumption Shapes Our Personal Lives in Comparison to the 20 th Century and the Role of Media in Society There are numerous ways to transfer and obtain information that is currently known to humans. Nonetheless, it was not like this all the time. Even throughout the previous century, society was way more limited in terms of how they could obtain certain information or transfer it to someone else. While the quick pace of technological revolution shaped our perceptions regarding the ways of conveying all kinds of data, there is still the question of how effective were data transmitting practices back in the day and what are the differences that make the modern practices either good or bad. Therefore, the current paper will serve as a possibility to investigate the two outlooks on the processes of exchanging and obtaining information. This is going to be done in the form of comparative analysis to ensure that both my and an older relative’s opinions regarding the use of mass media are included in the evaluation. Much attention will be given to the use of social media and mass media (newspapers, TV, radio, Facebook, etc.). The interview will be conducted in person. It is vital to mention that the comparison is based on the idea that the focus of research is on mass media consumption that took place when the older family member was younger. The analysis will include the most predominant mass media sources that were used, how frequently they were addressed, and what were the benefits and disadvantages of those information sources. This research paper is designed to investigate the question of inter-generational differences in media usage and consumption and allow the researcher either to prove or disprove the usefulness of numerous social and mass media information sources that are currently available to humans. To start with, the relative mentioned that there was a limited number of information resources available to them at that time. Those sources included black and white TV (Cable Network of Egypt), several local newspapers (The Egyptian Gazette and Egypt Today), and a resident radio station (102.2 MHz Greater Cairo Radio). He said that it was rather interesting to see how there was no particular development of these sources and the majority of news tended to spread by word of mouth. Nonetheless, the relative also mentioned that the information presented in the local newspapers was always relevant and on point. One of the most important aspects regarding the times when my relative was younger was that there might be a situation where “each source could share their interpretation of the facts,” and the news would turn out to be different among all sources (relative’s name, personal communication, November 19, 2017). It was also surprising to find out that my older re
Introduction Preventing failures in reporting financial information requires the development of quality financial reporting systems (Burns, 2006). Effective financial reporting system allows stakeholders to accurately evaluate the financial ratios and other information relevant to decision-making. Also, effective financial reporting clearly shows the value of the company. Even without the usual promotional activities, firms can easily invite investments through the precise figures presented in the financial report. The systems used are critical because it serves as the framework used for the preparation. Also, the individuals taking part in the process has to develop some sense of honesty, responsibility, transparency, and accountability. The principles and guidelines have to be constantly evaluated and reviewed to determine their conformity to the changing demands of stakeholders. Institutions have to contribute their share to ensure that accounting practises remain basic and financial reporting is classified as accurate in form and in substance. Corporate Reporting Policy In the UK, the Financial Reporting Council (FRC) is tasked to develop policies related to financial reporting issues. The financial reporting standards are governed by the the UK Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) (ICAEW, 2007). Aside from accounting standards, it also covers company laws. the UK is one of the earliest countries that adapted corporate reporting. The existence of the the UK GAAP is guided by the Companies Act of 1985. It is evident that the UK is bent on preventing firms from manipulating accounting figures. The corporate reporting environment in the UK is similar to other progressive economies. It is one of the premier financial hubs in the world. the UK also houses some of the biggest companies in the world. Because the industries in the the UK are complex, there is a need to create flexible financial reporting systems. Aside from the guidelines, the UK has also established agencies to monitor corporate activities and reporting. Strict implementation of these policies is ensured. There have been some instances when reporting issues were determined. Firms have been investigated and punished for inaccurate corporate reporting. After the UK joined the European Union, the corporate reporting methods were changed. But this happened in 2005 after the Union agreed to enact the International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) (IAS, 2005). Aside from the Union, the IFRS is used in other big economies in the world. Before the IFRS came to effect, only 350 companies in Europe use such reporting system. At present approximately 7,000 listed companies us
Rating of the Movie “Restrepo” It is no doubt that with technological innovation, the quality of movies, as well as television shows, has continuously improved. Thus the viewing experience is being brought up to an improved level which makes the experience more amusing and enjoyable. Nonetheless, there are a group of people who hold that with improvement in technology in the filming industry there are instances where the quality of the cinematography and animation improves but the desired level of morals are being sacrificed. Movie rating usually helps prospectus viewers to choose whether to watch a given movie or not. This later is useful in guiding producers and directors to seriously think about all aspects of movie production. The essay is a rating of the movie Restrepo directed and produced by Tim Hetherington and Sebastian Junger back in 2010. The movie is about the efforts of Junger and Hetherington who spent a year with B Company the second platoon that was sent to a combat zone in Afghanistan. Korengal Valley in northeast Afghanistan was their exact location. It was deemed to be the most dangerous place on earth since there were about three to four attacks daily (Hetherington and Junger, 2010). The region is a desert with no vegetation; the surface is filled with dust. The American soldiers were to get rid of the Taliban insurgence group and gain the trust of the civilian. However, the soldiers were ambushed and two members lost their lives, Restrepo and Vimeo. Capt. Dan Kearney who was the leader of the troop sought to establish an outpost which was later named after the fallen soldier Restrepo. To rate the chosen movie, the system I will adopt is based on letter grades A, B, C, D, and F. ‘A’ being the highest grade and ‘F’ being the lowest. There is a list of points I will be analyzing in a film to appoint a specific grade, they include;  1. Storyline/plotline  2. Character development  3. Dialogue  4. Cinematography  5. Entertainment Factor I will rate the documentary to be a grade ‘A’ film. For a movie to be rated this high, the film must be strong on the five points stated above. Concerning story or plotline, it is a story of the second platoon of Battle Company that was deployed for 15 months in Korengal Valley to deal with the insurgency of the Taliban. The producers and directors followed the chronicle of the events from pre-deployment and the actual life the soldiers faced while in Afghanistan. The actual task began when the soldiers worked at OP Korengal and it is here that they lost two men, Vimoto and Restrepo (Hetherington and Junger, 2010). Through the leadership of Capt. Dan Kearney an outpost was created in honor of Restrepo. Additionally, his efforts to engage the local communities into negotiation and