ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
In Part I of his book “Exterminate All the Brutes”, Sven Lindqvist embarks on a seemingly impossible task – proving to readers that Europeans, who became the undisputed masters of the world by the end of the 19 th century, were inferior to the nations that they have conquered. The author does not seem to be bothered with the fact that the very premise of such suggestion appears as being utterly illogical: “Our cannons met little resistance among the peoples who were more advanced than we were”, and he continues on saying: “Preindustrial Europe had little that was in demand in the rest of the world” (Lindquist, p. 55). It never occurs to the author that, despite the fact that Europeans did not have anything to offer to highly “civilized” savages, they nevertheless possessed plenty of glass beads, for which Natives in North and South America were willing to trade thousands of square miles of their “sacred” territory. Our sarcasm on this particular occasion is being quite a in place, as it shows why Europeans were able to conquer new lands with an amazing speed. Apparently, the existential mode of White people was not subjected to their animalistic instincts. Their mind was capable of operating with highly abstract categories, which in its turn, established preconditions for the development of culture and science, as we know it. The author insists that the reason why European ships, filled with uneducated White barbarians, began to sail the planet’s oceans, is because of irrational greed, on the part of European explorers. Had Lindquist ever set his foot onboard a sea vessel, he would know that ship’s crew has to work as one, in order for the ship to be able to reach its destination, after it becomes seaborne. This can only be the case with a crew that consists of highly idealistic individuals, who are capable of putting common interests above their personal agendas. Therefore, the blind greed, on the part of European sailors, could not have possibly been the only driving force behind European ships undertaking daring voyages, throughout the globe. Apparently, White people possessed spiritual qualities that allowed their fleets to “rule the waves”. Therefore, it was not the pure accident that Europeans were the ones to discover new lands, as Lindquist suggests. In Part II of his book, Lindquist talks about the sheer brutality, with which the colonization of new lands has been historically marked. The author provides us with numerous examples of Blacks’ mistreatment in Africa, in a time when Europeans were spreading the light of civilization on this continent. However, Lindquist also suggests that European colonization in Africa often proceeded without being opposed by natives: “Opponents (Natives) learned all too quickly that it was pointless to fight against modern weapons. They gave up before the British had the pleasure of wiping them out” (Lindqvist, p. 90). One of the reasons why Blacks were unable to effectively oppose White colonizers is because they
Proposal preparation is a complex process that involves undertaking several measures and steps. One of the pillars of effective proposal preparation is the interaction with team members as it can ensure the effective functioning of the team. It is important to engage people and encourage them to become active team players who are committed to achieving the goals set (Katz and Miller 51). Once the groups of people working on the project are assigned, it is crucial to have some consultations with team members. These consultations should be well-thought and properly designed. Writing meeting minutes will help the team leader when developing the action plan and communication plan (Gutmann 83). When writing meeting minutes, it is essential to address such points as the topic, team members’ responsibilities, gap analysis, as well as questions raised and answered (Butterfield 109). As for the responsibilities, General Manager will supervise the work of the team and coordinate the process; Sales Manager will develop a marketing strategy for the potential clients. Finance Manager will create a preliminary budget with the focus on benefits for the potential clients. Automotive Engineer and Workshop Manager will be responsible for the description of technical features of the products offered. After Sales Manager will develop plans for the collaboration and provision of the associated services. The meeting minutes will include the following sections: topic, goals set, responsibilities discussed, questions asked, answers provided, unresolved issues, timeline. The consultations will also help in developing performance plans for the team members mentioned above. These plans will include such sections as responsibilities, KPIs, competencies needed to fulfill tasks, and career development plans (Parmenter 11). The major responsibilities of the team members have been discussed above. The other sections of the performance plan are shaped by these responsibilities (see table 1). It can be important to focus on such areas as communication skills in terms of career development Table 1. Major Points in Performance Plans for the Team Players.                      KPI                                                                              Competencies                      Career Development
Practitioners and scholars have developed several teaching models to address different educational goals. It is noteworthy that the development of the models has been influenced by philosophies, values, and societal norms that existed at certain periods (Joyce, Weil, & Calhoun, 2015). For instance, the acquisition of a certain amount of information was regarded as the major goal of teaching up to the 20 th century. However, modern teachers do not simply transfer knowledge but teach students how to learn and be effective life-long learners. Since the development of the models was determined by different goals, it is but natural that each model addresses certain educational goals and is characterized by particular approaches. For example, behavioral models are associated with standardization and the acquisition of basic skills while information-processing systems focus on helping students to process (interpret, conceptualize, synthesize, etc.) information effectively. The connection with psychology is also obvious as the models are related to various psychological concepts such as cognition, behavior, and so on. The existing models can be applied in diverse settings, which can help teachers achieve their educational objectives. Teachers are free to choose among different models, systems, and approaches to help each student to reach specific academic goals. Apart from these teaching models, students can benefit from the use of technology. Teachers can use videos, the Internet, numerous technological advances to provide illustrations, explain concepts, and simply make the learning process interesting and effective. As has been mentioned above, the existing models can help teachers solve various educational issues. At that, the presentation of the approaches as the Informational Processing Family is beneficial for teachers. They do not simply use a set of approaches and methods but can see the ties and links between different models, which results in the most effective use of these systems. Being a teacher, I have used different teaching models. The choice of a model depends on the class or even individual students. I would not modify the models, but I think it could be helpful to develop (or rather share) frameworks for using sets of models. For instance, the use of a set of social interaction and personal development models can be specifically effective with students with special needs. Behavioral systems and information-processing models are central to the acquisition of knowledge and skills, as well as assessment. I would like to pay special attention to one of the information processing models, namely, the inquiry training model. This framework is specifically valuable when training students with special needs. The model focuses on the development of skills necessary to analyze, collect, synthesize data. It also helps students to make sense of the world around them as they learn how to learn about different things. The teacher using this model creates the need to address problems and helps students find the necessary answers to questions they come up with. This a
Society is not just a number of people who live and work in one country. Society is a special type of relationships which occurs between people who live and work in one area. The main part in the notion of society is communication. Everything which happens with people and has the impact on people in the country is social. Events of the universal importance are also social as the world consists from small societies. We are not going to dwell upon society in particular, but we are going to represent the reader with event which has a social meaning, the event which had stressed and rocked the whole world society. Swine flu, a virus which came from Mexico and killed lots of people, became the universal problem as soon as it had leaved the boarders on Mexico. “A woman died over the weekend of swine flu, becoming the city’s second victim and the nation’s 11 th ” – these are the starting words in the article “NYC Woman in 50s becomes US’ 11 th Swine Flu Death” published in The New York Times by The Associated Press. The article gives the information about the condition in the society and provides us with the statistics about the disease cases in the United States and all over the world. The Associated Press announces that there are 280 confirmed cases of swine flue in New York, and more than 12,000 cases of swine flue all over the world, according to in information received from the World Health Organization (The Associated Press 2009). There are cases of swine flue in prisons, where “inmates’ visiting hours have been limited and hand sanitizer passed around” (The Associated Press 2009). The virus is going to spread and people will have to cope with increased cases of illness. The panic which first appeared in the society is not felt so sharp now, when about a month has passed from the time when AH1N1 Virus came in the country. But one month ago people were frightened, they could not understand what was going on and what disease killed people. Government played the leading role in the situations like that, and US government did all correct. The first steps which were provided, that is to calm down the panic. People we told what they should do in the cases if they felt this or that symptom. The policy of the government was to give people understanding that the health care system knew what they had to do and how to cope with the problem which had appeared. The problem is under control now thanks to correct and in time reaction of the government. The problem could raise an international conflict or at least more serious consequences, but again the quick reaction of the World Health Organization and governments of different countries allowed centralizing the problem and to lower the scale of consequences which could have been. The financial problem is also the topic for discussion dealing with this problem. The quick reaction of health systems created an opportunity to find out what virus was the cause of diseases and that detection allowed to start work under the vaccine, which will help to save lives of lots of people. The existence of vaccine will allow people and government to save money, as there will not be necessary
The variables that affect the interest rate of a loan The interest rate of a loan is a major concern to both the borrower and the lender. The interest charged on loans is a source of revenue to the lender. Therefore, the lender will prefer to maximize revenue. On the other hand, the amount of interest charged is a cost to the borrower. Thus, the interest rate on a loan is a key variable to both parties. On the side of the lender, the major concern is how to estimate the rate of interest for each loan application. The other concerns are what variables to include during estimation and how to identify the variables. Objective of the study The paper seeks to carry out a study to establish the factors that have an association with the interest rate of a loan and thus can be used to determine the rate of interest. Several statistical tools will be used in the study. Some of the tools are descriptive statistics, correlation analysis, regression analysis and evaluation of the regression equation. Statement of the problem It is perceived that the interest rate of loan highly depends on the risk level of the applicant. The level of risk is commonly measured by the amount of income earned by the applicant and the credit worthiness. A number of measures are often used to gauge the credit worthiness of the applicant. The most common measure is the use of FICO score and credit report. Thus, an applicant with favorable periodic income and satisfactory credit rating has less risk and is likely to pay a lower interest rate. Hypothesis   * Null hypothesis (H o ): The interest rate of the loan depends on the level of risk of the individual   * Alternative hypothesis (H 1 ): The interest rate of the loan does not depend onthe level of risk of the individual Data collection The analysis is based on secondary data that is obtained from the website of Lending Club (1). The site provides data that contains details of loan applicants such as the amount of the loan applied, funded amount, terms of the loan, the annual income of the individual, number of queries in the last six months, and average FICO score. The data was downloaded on 14 th October 2013. Further, it contains seven variables for 30 people selected randomly. Interest rate  Loan amount  Funded amount  Term of the loan in months  Annual income  Inquiries in last 6 months  FICO score (Y)            (X 1 )       (X 2 )         (X 3 )                      (X 4 )         (X 5 )                      (X 6 )     11.86%         12,800       8,925          60                          41,000         1                           722        6.39%          3,800        3,800          36                          146,000        2                           787        11.12%         6,000        6,000          36                          42,000         0                           702        11.86%         6,000        6,000          60
Troy, to a small extent, is based on Homer’s poem The Illiad , which is considered the oldest and most detailed account of the Trojan War. In this 2600-year old poem, Homer gives detailed descriptions of the deadly battle between the Greeks and Trojans, with scenes of the gods bickering on Mount Olympus, arbitrating the combat, and fighting each other. Although the producers made an effort to make the movie resemble the real Trojan War that is thought to have occurred from 1200 to 1100BC, several historical inaccuracies are still evident in the movie . The Trojan war took place during the Bronze Age, therefore most of the weapons used should have been made of bronze, however, when King Priam reveals the Sword of Troy to Paris, the sword seemingly looks like it made of steel or iron, as do most of the weapons used in Troy . In reality, during this war, civilization was mainly based on the Bronze Age and iron swords would not have been available. Iron was used to make weapons almost 100 years after the Trojan War by the Philistines. While some weapons were ahead of their time, some were passed with time, for example, the large round shields and even Achilles’ helmets were used in the Classical period of the 5th and 4th centuries BC. During the Trojan War, the Greeks used small bowl-shaped helmets and the shields were made of leather. Llamas are seen in the movie although they only existed in Latin America and South America during the period and it was many years before these animals were seen in Troy. Finally, the Trojan War was fought for 10 years while it takes just three weeks in the movie (Troy Lies, para. 3). The filmmakers made the changes to bring more realism to the Trojan War, rather than that depicted by Homer in which there were numerous contacts with the gods. The film mainly illustrates the war between the Greeks and Trojans, all the divine features have been eliminated in order to maintain the universal themes. The movie Troy is so much informative, it gives aspects of the ancient world and specifically the Trojan War and the happenings during the duration of the war (1200- 1100 BC). To begin, I learnt about the types of weapons used during the period of the Trojan War (1200-1100 BC), not just the weapons, I got to learn of the mode of transportation of the Greeks during the time on water. At the beginning of the film, Paris and his brother, Hector, are on a ship heading home from a peace mission in Sparta. This ship, known as a trireme, has a black hull with sides held together by thwarts that also function as seats for the rowers, as Hector commands his men to steer the ship back to Sparta, we observe them take positions on the rows while others adjust the mast ( Troy ). On top of the ship is a stairway that leads to the lower chambers, probably an area for protection from harsh weather. The triremes are used in most of journeys made on water by the soldiers, for example, we observe the Achaeans arriving in Troy in a fleet of triremes. Other transport methods include horse-drawn carriages used in battlefields while other warriors rode on horses. Aside from the mode of transport, the film ex
Introduction Gabriel Cramer (1704-1752) is a familiar name among mathematicians. Cramer was well known for his passion for mathematics such that at his tender age when he was 18 years “he shared a position with Calandrini as the chair in the mathematics department” (Robertson 3). At this stage, Cramer took advantage of his position to travel the world, visiting great mathematicians including Euler, Johann, and Daniel Bernoulli among others. Apart from his academic prowess, he excelled as an editor. One of his popular publications was the “ Introduction à l’analyse des lignes courbes algébraique ” (Robertson 4). The contents of this book are founded on Newton’s works concerning cubic curves. As such, after introducing Newton’s works, he proceeds to simplify the understanding of these curves in the subsequent chapter. In chapter three, Cramer classifies curves concerning shapes, and it is here that he introduces his famous ‘Cramer’s Rule.’ Here, Cramer applies several arbitrary factors in an equation of the order n, to test his theory. To this end, Cramer “deduces that an equation of degree n can be made to pass through n points” (Robertson 5). To assert his point, Cramer assumes a figure, 5, for n and demonstrates how the equation can be made to cross 5 points. In his solution, Cramer formulates five linear equations and finds a solution using his theory. In this paper, the primary objective is to demonstrate Cramer’s Rule in finding solutions to the two systems given below: System 1 System 2 Method According to Cramer, the first step is to transform the linear equations into matrix form. For system 1, the linear equations take the matrix, = As such, the values for a, b, c and d can be obtained using Cramer’s Rule as per the equations below where the determinant is denoted by the letter D. But, D for this matrix is obtained by reducing it from a 4-by-4 to a 2-by-2 matrix as shown below. Similarly, the value for D a is obtained from the matrix, Where the first column is replaced by the answer matrix, , in equation (1) above. Therefore, D a = 33 Thus, a = 1 To obtain D b , the second column is replaced by This gives; Therefore, D b = 33 Thus, b= 1 To obtain D b , the third column is replaced by . This gives; Therefore, D c = 33 Thus, c = 1 To obtain D b , the fourth column is replaced by . This gives; Therefore, D d = -33 Thus, d = -1 System 2 follows a similar trend. The matrix formation of the linear equations is represented as: Similarly, the values of p, q, r, and s are obtained using equations 2 above. Therefore, D = 83 On the other hand, to obtain D p column 1 is replaced with a matrix to obtain a matrix, Thus, D p = 166 and, And, p = 166/83 = 2 To obtain D q , column 2 is replaced with matrix to obtain a matrix, Thus, D q = -166 and, And, q = -166/83 = -2 To obtain D r , col
Background and Introduction Exercise is a crucial undertaking that enhances our health. In order to achieve health benefits, many people desire to engage in exercise. However, they are overcome by laziness. People working out at the gym need something to motivate them in order to continue with the exercise. According to Barwood et al. (2011), the prospect of going to gym and completing work out can be very intimidation. There is thus the need for something or someone to act as the motivator for the exercise. An example of the motivator is music. There are many studies that have investigated the role of music in relation to exercise. A study conducted by Karageorghis et al. (2009) found that music plays an imperative role in enhancing repetitive endurance. Music elevates the exercise mood and increases the body’s endurance. In addition, Simpson and Karageorghis (2006) noted that music reduces the perceived effort during the exercise and thus plays a critical role in enabling an individual to continue with the exercise. Music also evokes emotions and can be applied to ignite the motivation to start the physical exercise. However, not all music can result in motivation. This implies that there is the need for particular types of music to guarantee the feeling and the motivation to exercise. The Function and Uses of the Innovation The interplay of music and exercise can be traced back to 1911. An American researcher, Leonard Ayres discovered that cyclists pedaled faster while a band was playing than when it was silent (MacDougall & Moore 2005). The discovery was related to the effect evoked by the music in making an individual want to boogie to the rhythm. The functional usage of the type of music is to encourage many people to exercise and make the exercise facilities such as gyms attract more people. The innovation will promote the health of the people attracted to exercise facilities and secondly, it will create more business for gyms. According to Karageorghis and Priest (2012), aerobic dance music increases the feeling of vigour. Hayakawa et al. (2000) carried out a study to assess the effects of traditional Japanese folk music during an aerobic dance. The findings indicated that the music reduced the feeling of fatigue. Nakamura et al. (2010) noted that music can release psychological queues that prepare an individual for the exercise. Nakamura et al. (2010) compared music to the way people salivate when they are invited for their favourite dinner. Similarly, the sound of music that is associated to exercise psychologically prepares the mind and body for the exercise. Therefore, the music invention will be used as a motivational tool for exercise. It will wire the humans to respond to it by psychologically thinking about the exercise and its benefits