ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
With the growing nature of commercial transactions, many cause laws have however emerged. These illustrate the various relationships between different parties into a commercial relationship. Below are examples of commercial laws. Aldi Stores v Holmes Buildings England (2003) This was a case in which there was a concern in the limitations to the issues regarding negligence in the claims against engineering firms on consultancy issues. In this case, Hugh was however had instruction by his instructors in regard to the claim of $30 million. Accordingly, Holmes had entered a building and designing contract with Laporte for the building of some two stores (Aldi Stores) in 1994. As per the agreement of the contract, Larporte was to construct the stores before letting them to the Homes building on a lease of 25 years. The work was completed in 1995 and the Larporte had the lease with Holmes. However, cracks occurred due to bunds containing some chemical sludges. Holmes proceeded to the court for a claim of damages. It was held that Larporte building company was at the discretion of awarding damages to the Holme building company because the entitlement of their original contract had been broken. Three Rivers DV v the Bank of England, England (2004) This was a case in concern of the basic and statutory responsibilities relating to the Bank (of England) which was to be a relation to the collapse of the BCCI in 1991. In this case, the Three. Rivers District Council was the respondent while the Bank of England was the Appellant. In 1991, the bank had collapsed with high losses to the depositors (customers). Before then, the bank had liabilities exceeding its assets. In England however, there is a supervisory obligation delegated to the Bank of England for all the financial institutions as well as banks. However, as per section, 1(4) in the England Banking Act of 1987, the bank of England is to be relieved of all the liabilities of a bank which have omitted the requirements as done in act of discharge of its acts as long as such acts are not on bad fault. Before the collapse of the BCCI, it had malicious ran into activities that were not bound to be in correspondent with the Banking Act. However, in the judgment of the case, the BBCI was held responsible for insolvency due to the negligence of the rules ascribed to all banks in England’s Banking Act. It was therefore supposed to pay it, customers, for the same loss that had been incurred from the bank. Chellaram & Anor v Chellaram & Ors, England (2002) The defendants and the claimants of this case were all members of the Chellaram family. This was a commercial case in which its claimants were seeking relief in the breach of trust regarding the various settlements. To the claimants, they were the legal beneficiaries of the settlements constructed by their late grandfather which were under a trust held by their uncle. However, the building was established
The documentary film Inside Job directed by Charles Ferguson examines the origins of the financial crisis that broke out in 2007. Certainly, this movie cannot be regarded as a scientific study of the recession, but it does raise several important questions about the behavior of financial institutions or political leaders. This paper will look at the ethical aspects of the meltdown from the perspective of utilitarianism developed by John Stuart Mill. Moreover, it is vital to examine this issue from the standpoint of social contract theory. In particular, it is necessary to speak about the ideas of John Rawls. On the whole, it is possible to say that different philosophers may disagree on various principles of ethics. Yet, they would agree that to some degree, the origins of the financial crisis can be traced to the immoral behavior of some individuals who attempted to maximize their own benefits of at the expense of others. Moreover, one can argue that the policies existing at that time failed to protect the interests of the majority. It should be noted that in the movie Inside Job stresses the idea that the employees of leading financial institutions were engaged in illegal activities such as fr
Introduction Healthcare is an important part of society, which is typically managed on a nationwide basis by both public and private entities. Subsequently, there are primarily two methods of healthcare provision: public and private. Public healthcare, in general, pertains to the services provided and compensated for by the government, which are available to all citizens (Meleddu et al., 2019, pp. 3). In Australia, as outlined by the commonwealth fund, it is a regionally administered program that universal health insurance called Medicaid (Tikkanen et al., 2020). A private system of healthcare delivery, then, is based upon individual service providers that allow people to receive medical attention on their own established basis (Meleddu et al., 2019, pp. 3). The two systems can co-exist within a society, and in most cases, citizens attempt to take advantage of both private and public healthcare to best realize their interests. Coverage and Funding The main difference between the two systems of healthcare provision comes with how they are funded and who can use them. In the case of public healthcare in Australia, Medicaid is funded through general tax and government levies (Tikkanen et al., 2020). Effectively, the money collected from the public goes through the government system to provide services back to the people. Coverage is universal, with any citizen being able to enroll free of charge and receive physician care, hospitalization services, and access to pharmaceuticals, among other things (Tikkanen et al., 2020). Additionally, the government offers additional insurance people can pay for, which includes dental services and offers such as private hospital care. Private healthcare, on the other hand, utilizes another system for its realization. As suggested by its name, healthcare services are provided to people on an individual basis, where they pay for insurance and services they require (Australian Government Department of Health, 2021). Care is then provided by for-profit organizations and commercial firms. The process can include hospital care, dental care, surgery, cosmetic surgery, medication, and any other potential options. Any person that can pay is eligible for access to private healthcare. Proposed Benefits There are several benefits to both systems, which in many cases serve to cover each-others detriments. For example, there is a variety of services public healthcare is unable to cover, including cosmetic surgery and some forms of physiotherapy. Private healthcare, then, works to cover these niches and allow people to get the care they desire. Furthermore, the private option allows quicker access to specialists, and access to the latest technologies and methods (Australian Government Department of Health, 2021). Comparatively, public healthcare can oftentimes take longer to serve the needs of the individual and feel less advanced in terms of approaches. However, it is also necessary to highlight the benefits of the public option, namely, the free nature of healthcare provision (Tikkanen e
Introduction The society has many ways of condemning practices that it considers morally and ethically wrong. In addition, owing to differences between different religious believers, there is a clear disparity of activities, which these religions consider right or wrong. Hence, considering these disparities, one main question, which many individuals lack correct answers to, is; is what the society or church considers right the right thing in reality? Abortion is one of the most controversial topics in the modern society owing to different stances taken by different individuals, either applying religious beliefs or using societal values. Depending on one’s position, many controversies arise as concerns the legalization and illegalization of abortion, hence the need to take an intent analysis of all factors surrounding the act before making any conclusions on its legality or illegality. Abortion If any individuals imagine that making the decision to do an abortion is an easy task, then they better sit down and critically analyze circumstances surrounding the whole act. Primarily, the practice encompasses the termination of pregnancy before a baby is born; a practice that leads to death of the unborn fetus or in some cases a live fetus. The practice has many associated effects, which include psychological trauma, stress, health deterioration, and the worst; death. Depending on the procedure and precaution taken by individuals, the entire process of abortion can be successful or fail, hence the need to always consider repercussions of the practice before doing an abortion. Legality and Illegality of Abortion Universally there exist two main divisions as concerns the debate on the legality and illegality of abortion namely pro-choice and pro-life views. The former argues that, individuals (women) have the right of making sole decisions as whether they want to terminate their pregnancies or not; depending on their cherished values and moral ethics. The latter argues that, considering the prevailing societal, religious, and general moral values, killing of an unborn child is wrong; hence, countries should eliminate the whole practice from the society. The main issue of contention between these two groups is the determination where practically human beings begin to be called living beings (Saletan, 2004, pp.187-190). All individuals accept that life is precious however, what if the created life is out of plan or chances are that, it will face many living problems. Arguing that, abortion can result in many health complications in life later for example, emotional damage, barrenness and death is not wrong. In addition, arguing that, although one may never have the requirements of upbringing up a child, hence seek for adoption is not also bad. However, it is good to consider the circumstances surrounding the mother and the unborn child. For example, likelihoods of a child with deformities, which majority of parents never want to see their children go through. On the other hand, what if whoever is responsible for the pregnancy refuses to take responsib
Introduction This paper relies on the works of two authors, Yu Hua and to Dai Houying, in their books, To Live and Stones of the Wall, to delineate how contemporary Chinese literature presents socialist violence and atrocities. To Live talks about the cruelty of the Chinese society and the experiences of many nationals who had to endure different forms of persecution during the Chinese Cultural Revolution (Doll 1). Stones of the Wall also discusses violence and daily social struggles that the Chinese people experienced during the same period. This book highlights three issues. The first one is how continuity and discontinuity underline the themes, characters and writing styles of the two authors described above in their presentation of socialist violence in contemporary China. Secondly, this investigation includes an analysis of what the representations of socialist violence tell about the history of China in a rapidly shifting status, and the third analysis contains a review of what their works represent in today’s global society where China is increasingly gaining a dominant position. This paper argues that the books To Live and Stones of the Wall present violence as critical in achieving an ideal society in China. Primary arguments of the analysis show how the authors of the literary works use a dichotomous description of violence and hope to show how they are necessary for creating a shared sense of respect between authorities and the citizens. Similarly, they use the expository stylistic expression to show how violence eventually creates a collective understanding and respect among different family members and social groups. The use of exact timeframes that coincided with China’s Cultural Revolution period and the narration of the characters’ experiences from actual events that happened to the authors are actual characteristics of the expository writing style (Curl 8). Nonetheless, both authors present death and suffering as undesirable outcomes of the Chinese Cultural Revolution that eventually led to lasting peace and a shared understanding of nationhood among the parties involved. This argument draws a close relationship with the principles of Marxism, and it helps to explain the effects of violence on a large scale (Barnes 12). Continuity and Discontinuity Underlying the Themes, Characters and Writing Style and Such To Live exposes different aspects of violence committed on the Chinese people by the country’s faulty communism regime. It does so by first explaining the devastation that the conflict brought to the people and lastly by demonstrating how it was instrumental in creating peace. The Sino-Japanese war and civil strife between the communists and the nationalists are some examples highlighted in the book, which showed the extent of violence and persecution committed by the ruling regime. Although the book highlights the suffering and deaths of thousands of people who lived through the communist era, it always presents a hopeful analogy of the same period through the Cultural Revolution and the Great Leap Forward
People often face situations that are controlled by different rules. Unfortunately, rules may be inhumane under circumstances in which people may appear. Such a situation happened to Mr. Jones who was trying to get home after a long trip. The case study “Reality Check: Who Makes the Rules?” on page 33 in Chapter 1 discusses his situation. Mr. Jones had an ailing wife. Mrs. Jones was ill for a few years, and her condition was complicated. Besides, Mrs. Jones experienced severe pains. In this situation, it is very clear why Mr. Jones was in a hurry to get home as soon as possible. However, in the airport, Mr. Jones did not find any manager who could be compassionate to his situation. For this reason, he had to wait extra time before he could get on board his plane. This sad situation shows that at times rules should be avoided which is important for the well-being of people because people are more important than rules. Evaluating the situation that Mr. Jones had to face, and the way the personnel of the airport responded to his needs, it becomes evident that rules do not always work for the good. It is true that rules are important for order in different establishments, but there should be common sense behind them. Mangers whose work is connected to following rules should have the freedom to avoid rules if it is necessary for the well-being of their clients. It is possible that all the three managers who talked to Mr. Jones had compassion for him, but their freedom of action was limited by the airport rules. This precedent proves the importance of reassessing the policies which control the work of so many establishments. In such policies, force majeure situations should be taken into consideration. Reflecting on what Mr. Jones had to go through, a conclusion can be made that the rules were inconsistently applied in this reality check. Of course, the rules mentioned by the managers that Mr. Jones approached were reasonable and important for order compliance, but it is absolutely evident that the situation in which Mr. Jones appeared was very different from the situations which are governed by such rules. The rules mentioned by the managers of the airport are aimed for controlling those clients who do not have emergent situations. Ethical principles show that people who appeared in emergencies such as Mr. Jones’ one have the right to be served in the way they need. The whole point of any rule or regulation, and the main idea behind them is to make people’s life better. If any rule does not meet this requirement, it may be automatically considered inconsistently applied. If the person applies the letter or the specific statement of the rule rather than its spirit, there are no doubts that there will occur situations in which this rule will be not a blessing, but a malediction for people. Ethical codes and the rules of morality are beyond any regulation, law or rule when the state of affairs requires so. Rules are created to be the guidance for people, but they are not sacred laws that must be obeyed in any case. In additio
Each religion has a set of concepts that characterize it, defining the doctrine’s foundations and the main principles. In Judaism, such principles include Sacred Time and Sacred Place. The first concept refers to Shabbat, 25-hour abstinence from any activity and several specific holidays. The second means the allotment of the corners of the field for the poor’s needs, i.e., creating some blissful place (Kukla, n.d.). However, from my perspective, the concept of Sacred Time is much more significant in Jewish culture and religion. In contrast to the Sacred Place, Time in a broad sense is understood as a particular rite. Although this concept also includes various holidays, the first thing to be noted is Shabbat. This period has clear time boundaries, starting at sunset on Friday and ending at nightfall on Saturday (“Sacred Time,” n.d.). Besides, there is a unique custom of an evening family dinner to mark Shabbat. This religious tradition is very closely intertwined with the life of Jewish believers. Shabbat occurs at the end of each week and is also characterized by rest and devotion of this time to prayer, food and sleep. Precisely because of the constant significance this concept has in believers’ lives, I consider Sacred Time to be more important for Jews. In contrast to the somewhat vague idea of the Sacred Place, the Shabbat is given a well-defined time and frequency. Secondly, the time has a special sacredness due to its essence and symbolism. Space and place are entirely subordinated to the persons who can erect buildings and manipulate objects as they wish (Crosbie, n.d.). On the other hand, time is not available for controlling and manipulating. Its flow can neither be stopped nor reversed; it moves inexorably forward, subjugating a person’s life by its mere presence. While the environment can be changed at the will of man, in the inevitable passage of time, you can find a divine essence that is an eternity in disguise (Crosbie, n.d.). The only thing that a person can do over time is to put it into the service of God
In this paper, there is going to be a discussion on Ku Klux Klan, in particular, whether this organization is a peaceful or it is a terrorist one. It is going to be argued that going by the present day standards and definitions, the KKK could be classified as a terrorist organization. In order to support this statement, the history of the Ku Klux Klan or KKK is going to be considered by looking at the activities they have constantly been engaging in over time. KKK was a secretly organized group that engaged in violent activities. The group first came up in the course of the Reconstruction period in Alabama. It carried out its operations beginning from the year 1867. According to Lutz & Lutz (2009), the Ku Klux Klan is an example of an effective conservative terrorist organization (Lutz & Lutz, 2009). The initial KKK and organizations of the same nature that came up under various names were prosperous in the combined struggles they undertook in assisting the white elite to recapture power over local as well as state governments “in the old Confederacy” (Lutz & Lutz, 2009, p.14). It is pointed out that through employing intimidation and terror, the freed slaves as well as the Republicans were gradually excluded and effectually demoted to the political limits of the society (Chalmers, 1965). The attempts to ensure preservation of having equal rights by using the ‘criminal justice system’ did not succeed for the reason that it was not possible to get convictions. It is reported that intimidation of witnesses was carried out, and the judges did not accept to serve bec
Introduction The cruise line industry is considered as both diverse and competitive. The level of innovation is fast and improvements in customer service have been constantly changing. Among the current players in the market, Star Cruises is views as one of the largest. At present, the company ranks only behind Carnival Corporation and Royal Caribbean in terms of size and operational scope. Aside from the two main competitors, there are other cruise lines that are equally competitive. The fact that traveling is seasonal adds to the complexity in the cruise line market. There are several methods in which companies respond to global competition. Most cruise lines depend on massive marketing and promotion to ensure public awareness. There are some cruise that that focus on widening their service scope to cater wider clients. These strategies are critical as constant changes in the industry can affect the growth and development of a certain company. Aside from the main strategies, there are firms that rely on niches in the market. For instance, cruise ships mostly operate on selected regions. Cruise companies that maintain this strategy that aim to limit cost and take advantage of booming markets. Company Background As of December 2007, Star Cruises controls a combined fleet of 21 ships and an additional 2 ships that will be delivered by 2010. The company maintains two main brand names which Star Cruises and Norwegian Cruise Line. The other fleets operated by the company operate under brand names NCK America, Orient Lines, and Cruise Ferries. Most of the operations of the company are centered in the Asia Pacific region. Star Cruises, however, has cruises traveling in more than 200 destinations worldwide. The company is based in Hong Kong and has two ships operating in the area. It is estimated that at least 70% of the market in the Asia Pacific is controlled by Star Cruises. This coverage is a testament to the dedication of the company and their goal of becoming the foremost cruise ship line in the world. Financially, the company has been turning in good results. In 2007, revenues for the company reached USD2.5 billion, which is 10%, increase when compared to the 2006 figures. In addition, the capacity of the company has increase by 12% in 2007. Strategic Overview There are several notable strategies performed by the company during the course of their operations. The company continues to increase the fleet to accommodate the growing demand in the market. Outside the Asia Pacific, Star Cruises remains a major presence. In 2007, the company has introduced Norwegian Gem. The ship is 2,400-passenger vessel that will primarily operate in