ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The recurrence of major depressions in the world economy has been a subject of studies by many economists. The first theory of economic crisis was provided by Jean Charles Leonard De Sismondi (1773-1842) in a critique of classical political economy’s assumption of equilibrium between demand and supply. Karl Marx devoted much of his time trying to develop an economic crisis theory. According to Marx, a general theory of economic crisis doesn’t exist. As a result of this, Marx developed different and generally contradicting theories economic crisis namely; underconsumptionist approach, the theory of capital over accumulation and approach of tendentially falling profit rate. However, Marx advocated over accumulation approach which is described as capital over accumulation under action of “absent causes”. This approach views economic crisis as capital over accumulation which is not brought about by a single systematically acting cause. Instead it views economic crisis as an outcome of capitalist development. The above theories give rise to different interpretation of classification of Marxian critique of political economy. However, many people find these theories as useful tools for understanding the mechanism of capitalist economic crisis. In capitalist system, flourishing operating business entities pay their workers less money than the value they realize from sale of those commodities produced by those workers. Therefore, profits go up significantly which are later used for investment purposes. In the long run, the aggregate economic activity of all profitably operating businesses lead to surpluses of goods produced. This is brought about by payment of low wages to the mass of the population (workers). The payment of low wages to workers reduces their disposable income and detrimentally affects their purchasing power. As businesses increase their capital base their also enhance their production capacities by adopting efficient and effective technologies. In addition the competition for the available market becomes stiff because businesses have more goods to offer for sale while on other end few customers are able and willing to purchase these commodities. The excess of goods over demand lead to a general fall in their prices causing a fall in rate of profits (Foley, Duncan). Though capital over accumulation approach offer more insight to economic crisis, its viability is largely dependent on main factors: Firstly, the extent to which is able to mop up excess liquidity from businesses. This can be done through imposition of heavy taxes and then returning it back to the mass of people in form of family, welfare benefits and ed
This is a case study analysis of Ducor Chemical Company, and it helps in understanding the mechanisms or strategies that can aid in collaborative working relationships among various managers involved in the implementation of a project. This case study is a clear indication of the effects of poor working relations between the project manager and line manager. The two managers conflict over everything, and subsequently, the line managers often develop a negative perception of the project manager. The aftermath is jeopardy on the implementation of the project, and this could be associated with the termination of the project by a client and great losses to a company. The case of Ducor Chemical Company is a representation of the diverse nature of project implementation, requiring collaboration and the skills of resolving conflict. The lab manager, in this situation, does not work to enhance partnership and collaboration between the managers involved; hence, tension and anxiety resulting from previous poor working relations are transferred to this project. In addition, he does not make any effort to notify the senior chemist (Thomton) of the need to mind his language. The poor relationship between the two managers results in poor channels of communication. Hence, even though Thomton’s innovative approach may be beneficial to the company, he takes the wrong approach to make his ideas known. Thomton’s approach threatens the relationship between Ducor Company and its client. The project manager, on the other hand, has taken the right approach of negotiating with the lab manager for the right person with the right attitude to enable the successful completion of the project. In this case study, the negotiation process is not successful because the lab manager stamps his authority without considering options that may work well for the project manager and the project at large. How do we create a partnership between the project manager and line managers when project manager focuses only on the best interest of his or her project and the line manager is expected to make impartial company decisions? Partnerships are developed when a group of two or more people works together for a common cause. According to Kerzner (2013), rivalry between a project manager and line managers results from the perception that they are not on the same level; hence, creating an environment characterized by competition and superior-subordinate relationship. The project manager may be deemed superior to the line manager, something that may not create a good and positive working relation between the two managers. Developing a healthy relationship between the project and line managers requires both the project and line managers to v
Energy is referred as the capacity of a body or a system to function or operate. The concept of energy is very common and widespread in all scientific fields. This however, explains the varied explanation and approach of the term ‘energy’ across various contexts such as physics, biology, and chemistry. In the context of this study, energy is the vitality or power that would be needed for sustained mental or physical functioning of various bodies. In other words, this is the indirectly observed quantity normally viewed as the ability of a physical body to function or operate normally. As it would be observed, energy exists in numerous different forms, and these can be electrical, chemical, mechanical, radiant or light, and heat or thermal forms of energy. Energy is a fundamental part of modern life that plays a crucial role in almost every sector of human life. For instance, people use energy to make their work easier in various fields of operation, and to process things in a more convenient style. More importantly, energy is used for lighting purposes and to power machinery as well as other significant equipment that makes life easier and more exciting for humans. There are many sources of energy, and this would range from renewable to non-renewable sources. While energy is crucial and beneficial to human life in many ways, it is nevertheless one of the major causes of the common global issues currently affecting the human nature. A good example here is the combustion of fuels for the purpose of powering cars among other machineries and equipment, which is arguably one of the major activities having the biggest impact on the progressive issue of the global warming. Among other key concerns, the operations of the global energy sector have drawn incessant scrutiny from the global leaders as a result of the above reason. Concerns about the issue of global warming, which is observed to be necessitated by the combustion of fossil fuels, has immensely contributed to the implementation of a number of strategies that would be applied in dealing with the problem. In this regard, a massive shift from the use of fossil fuels to renewable sources of energy appears to be the most effective step which can successfully implement this goal. This plan aims at repowering America and the entire world with carbon-free forms of energy within the next one or so decade. The brains behind this plan have concluded that, there is a possibility of such a change if the necessary measures towards the plan where taken. Other big concerns that have had influential impact on the plan would include things such as high prices of oil, land use, the wildlife, global water supply, environmental pollution, and heightening government concerns. The many implications that the generation and use of fossil fuels would tend to have on all the above aspects are likely to be minimized or even eradicate completely the effect of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, through the use of renewable forms of energy usually generated from water, wind and solar. It has been proven that the construction, operation and exe
A sense of belonging is part of human nature and psychological well-being. By establishing interpersonal connections, people learn more about the kind of contributions to society that their unique roles involve, and a sense of connection to concepts also maximizes self-knowledge. This paper implements the module’s readings to explore the peculiarities of connections and creating them, the implications of interconnectedness, and personal links to God and creation. Connections and How They Are Created The people I feel the most connected to do not belong to particular socio-economic groups, political camps, or religious movements. Instead of using these categories, I would define such people as anyone with a sincere desire to spread kindness and explore the world, which does not depend on the characteristics above. For me, this type of connection is the strongest since a group of truly similar people has virtually no barriers to communication and efforts to change the world. These connections are created through recognizing a like-minded person by means of non-verbal communication and the likeness of energy. Bishop Robert Barron (2017) compares communication between humans to various interactions at the cellular level. Similar to human cells that distinguish between other cells of the same type and potentially threatening invaders, I can feel others’ energy and understand some of them even without words. Feeling Connected to God/Creation I feel connected to God and the narratives of divine creation, especially when they are understood as abstract symbols of unity. Semiotics, a study of how meanings are created, conceptualizes a symbol as a meaning created by society instead of being inherently connected to the object (Occam’s Answers, 2017). Aside from their original religious meanings, God and creation could be the metaphysical symbols of unity between diverse nations. The act of creation implies that modern humans have the same origin despite seeming to be radically different. In his lecture, Bishop Robert Barron (2011) explains that Genesis, with all its logical flaws, might seem a naïve work of mythological cosmology if understood literally rather than an example of theological poetry. Instead of detailing the process of the universe’s emergence as it is, the Book of Genesis argues that diverse nations have one and the same Father (Simone, 2019). For non-religious individuals, this statement also makes sense if “God” is understood as “nature.” Overall, I definitely feel connected to what these symbols mean since overcoming division is amon
My divorce with my husband played a very significant role in my life. I was sure that it would mark a turning point in my life but I was unsure if the change would be for the better or for the worst. As I got into single motherhood, I had mixed emotions for my husband and did not want them to show. The strength with which I contained the situation made me develop virtues I could never have developed while living with my ex-husband. After divorcing my husband, I was emotionally devastated. Although I did not show it I was deeply hurting inside and had to fight day and night to hide the feelings. This hiding of emotions however played a very great role in making feel like i’m hitting back at my husband. I did not miss him, or rather did not appear to, and thus from what we had shared I expected him to be hurt by this fact. For this reason, I got my encouragement to continue hiding my feelings until I eventually got over the divorce. Another major problem that arose with the divorce is single motherhood. I had never raised kids on my own and, having four children, it was not easy for me. I was obliged to take male responsibilities at some points and this was very challenging to me. I however learnt how to make up for the absence of my ex-husband and raised my children well (Meyer 1). My children were greatly affected by my divorce with their father. My suppression of emotions made me moody most of the time and my children had a considerably hard time relating with me. I also did not have experience in single motherhood and they had been used to a full family. They were thus certainly affected by the absence of their father. The fact that I was playing male roles also affected them. This is because it is something they were not used to. Despite the emotional problems I was going through as I divorced my husband, I did not let my feelings show. I made sure that I suppressed my emotions so that other people never knew how divorce had affected me. I particularly made sure that my children never saw me cry or undergo any changes that they could attribute to my divorce with their father. During the court proceedings of my divorce, I ensured that my emotions did not show. I was of the opinion that if I acted with emotions, it would appear as if I did not want the divorce. My suppressing of emotions worked out just fine. I regained my self esteem and became more self confident. I would never have developed these virtues while living with him so I can confidently say that this was an advantage of my divorce with my ex-husband. Immediately after making this decision, I was unsure of whether I had made the right decision and whether I was going to make it without my ex-husband but my determination and sacrifice saw me through. Breaking from a marriage is never easy, especially if there are children involved, but if one has good reasons for it, he/she should go ahead and divorce their spouse. There is nothing as degrading as holding on to an abusive r
Definitions Theology is the study of the concept of God. It involves rational and systematic methods for studying the existence of God as well as the nature of religions, religious truths and the relationship between God and humans. Cosmology involves systematic and rational methods for studying the origin of the universe based on evolution. In religion, mythological cosmology deals with the study of a body of beliefs based on religious, mythological, historical and esoteric traditions about the creation and the origins of man and the universe (Zuntz 126). Originating from the ancient Greece, Theogony is a synthesis of the ancient Greek traditions about the existence and role of gods. The Hesiod’s Theogony is an account of the narratives that show the origins and ancestry of gods. It also explains how these gods started controlling the cosmos. According to Zuntz (147), mythology is the rational and systematic study of myths of a group of people or society, including the body of narratives and stories about the nature, customs and history of the people, their beliefs and gods or deities. The impact of a culture’s mythology, cosmology and theology on the social value- Islam, Christianity and Mesopotamian/Babylonian traditions Babylonian mythology and its impact on social value The Babylonian Theogony provides a detailed origin of gods and goddesses who were involved in incest and murder at the beginning of the world. Although the writings present cosmic themes, they are based on realistic details that governed the social life in Babylonia. For instance, the gods, like humans, had to dig into the mass of the earth to release groundwater in order to form the sea. The Babylonian mythology also describes how the deities built cities such as the “Dunnu, the twin towers”, which became the seat of their rule on earth (Damrosch and Pikes 8). These provide adequate evidence of the Babylonian settled farming culture and the great cities. It justifies the Babylonian social value of equal involvement of people in economic activities in order to improve social welfare. Secondly, the Babylonian social values of peace, love and respect for humanity are portrayed in the Babylonian Theogony. For instance, in the Epic of Gilgamesh, the Earth considers respect for other people. She does not enforce herself on her son because she says, “…Come, let me make love to you” (Damrosch and Pikes 12). In addition, when Amankandu kills his father and marries his mother, he realizes the “crucial pair of sins” he had committed. To reconcile with the social norms, he treats his father’s body with reverence and lays him in the city of Dunnu. Thus, these aspects of the Babylonian theology indicate how the social values developed. The society expected peace, love and humility. In addition, it held marriage and childbearing with regard as indicated in the Epic of Gilgamesh. Christian mythology and social values In Ch
Introduction Life continually presents us with various difficulties and surprises. We have to deal with these incidents and how we respond determines if our lives become miserable or joyous. When faced with a difficult choice in my life, I simply ask myself which is the best alternative—one of the most significant decisions I have had to make in my life concerned about my marriage. Unlike in Western culture, where couples choose their partners, the most common way of getting married in my culture involves the mother of the groom selecting a bride for her son. This is what happened to me when one day, a woman started communicating with my mother in the hope that she would get me for her son. Being a young person, I was very apprehensive and very fearful of this development. News of a Wedding It all began in May 2012 when a woman named Moneera called my mother to arrange a meeting. She informed my mother that she had a son who was seeking a bride. They arranged for Moneera to visit my mother at our house. When my mother gave me this news, I was filled with fear, for I was not considering marriage. While I planned to get married someday, this was to be in the distant future when I would be mature and sure of what I wanted in life. I requested my mother to give me some time to think about the issue. She was very understanding and made it clear that I had complete freedom to decide on whether I wanted to get married or not. After thinking hard about the matter for a few days, I informed my mother that I would give it a try. I also told her that I would only agree to the marriage if I was comfortable with my prospective husband. My mother smiled at me and said to me that she understood the uncertainty I felt. She reminded me that she would support any decision I made. My mother was right about the confusion I felt. At that time, there was a war inside me, with a part of me wanting to try a new life while another part wanted to remain in the familiar environment of my parents’ home. I was thankful that my mother understood what was going on inside me. On the arranged date, Moneera and her son came to our house. My family greeted them in the traditional way, which involves offering a cup of Arabic coffee with sweets followed by a cup of tea with pies (Zuhur 262). By the time we were settling for the talks, I was so nervous that I could not hold my cup without spilling the tea. To begin with, it was a new experience for me to sit in the presence of a man who was not related to me. Zuhur acknowledges that in Saudi culture, women are segregated from all men who are not closely related to them (262). From my observations, Moneera’s son was nice and polite. I, therefore, liked him and felt comfortable with the proposal. By the end of the day, w
Introduction The current world situation, accidents and catastrophes are common phenomena. There are a lot of different disasters which lead to human deaths, inconveniences in the society and economy, the loss of million dollars of properties, etc. These numerous accidents and catastrophes result in economical, social and environmental losses and they influence many people and geographic locations. Different countries develop strategies and measures to mitigate complications associated with disasters. Modern day threats are associated with industrialisation and sociological factors. For example, terrorism attack is a sociological generated incident that results in human targeting other people believed to be against their ideological or philosophical views (Bramble 2006). There are other types of disasters which occur in the modern world and are caused by industrialisation. They are usually associated with negligence or errors in the side of systems operators (Cockell 2003). Three Mile Island and a number of different Airline catastrophes are the examples of such disasters. Even though emergency measures are in place, there are situations when the contingency plan cannot fulfil its requirements and thus industrial accidents usually occur. Business continuity management is a process that indentifies any business threat (such as a natural disaster) and prepares contingency measures. This kind of management is extremely important as if to consider the recent crisis of 2007, it may be concluded that there are a lot of different disasters which may lead to the instability in economics provoked by both human activity and natural disasters. There are a lot of examples when human activity was not the reason for the crisis, but it was the nature which has decided to play a trick. The main purpose of the report is to consider the emergency, crisis and disaster. It is important to define each of those, consider practical consequences by the example and compare and contrast business continuity management, crisis management and disaster recovery as the main means for combat with numerous problems which are caused by human or natural activities. Business Continuity Management and Crisis Management The nature of business continuity and crisis management Numerous organisations and legislations have been formed to ensure that threats and risks are controlled (Bramwell 1997). Still, the existence of such activities as business continuity management, disaster recovery and crisis management state that there are a lot of problems which need consideration. There are many different definitions of business continuity management which are considered to be correct. Relying on the information provided by Hiles (2007), business continuity management is “the identification and protection of critical business processes and recourses required to maintain an acceptable level of business, protecting those resources and preparing procedures to ensure the survival of the organisation in times