ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction As a form of technical communication, Technical Writing is applied in such spheres as computer software and hardware, and other technical fields, including engineering and machinery. Technical writers, either professionals or amateurs indulge in technical writing by shaping an understanding of the purpose of the technical document they plan to create. They should be professionals in the above-identified areas to gather information and present proper technical writing. Due to its orientation on the audience and sources, Technical Writing should be concise, clear, and complete because it helps the reader to grasp a full idea of the document. Main body The emergence of Technical Writing dates back to the World War during which the need for technical documentation appeared in such fields as electronics, manufacturing, military, and aerospace industry. Later in 1953, the technical communication practice has been developed into the discipline by two organizations – the Association of Technical Writers and Editors and the Society of Technical Writers. In 1957, these organizations were united and created the Society of Technical Writers and Editors, which further became the predecessor of the modern Society for Technical Communication. The core feature of Technical Writing is audience analysis through communication served to render specific information to the target audience for specific purposes. There are procedural technical writing and persuasive technical writing. The former translates technical instructions and concepts whereas the latter is aimed at selling products and altering behaviors. Technical writers apply a presentational approach while delivering technical documents because of the context and purposes of Technical Writing. Most technical documents include headings, short paragraph structure, and plain and laconic style of details exposition. Technical writing is based on a top-down strategy which implies the representation of the main ideas at the beginning and further elaboration on this idea. It is also important to note that technical documents often have specific types of representation. Therefore, Technical Writing expands opportunities for readers to learn more information. Technical writers use various types of electronic communication equipment for accomplishing their work. According to 2010 statistics, the Median salary of technical writers equals about $ 63,000 annually and about $ 30 per hour. There exist about 50,000 types of jobs for technical writers with experience from 1 to 5 years. In order to become a technical writer, you need to obtain a bachelor’s degree. Conclusion In terms of writing style, level of knowledge exchange, and audience, Technical Writing can be split into thr
Introduction Crime rate have gone high in various parts of the world especially in the recent past. Consequently, various institutions have been striving to find ways through which crime rates can be controlled. More specifically, robberies and other kinds of armed crimes have increased with people getting killed on the process. The loss of property as well as the loss of lives that result from these crimes should not go unpunished. People need to get punishment for their evils so as to deter others from picking up the same characters. However, the problem has been getting the right kind of punishment for each crime. Death penalty that has been allowed for various crimes has elicited a lot of debate. People have varying views as regards this punishment. While others support it, there are those who oppose it with totality. Nevertheless, the question that we should ask ourselves is whether this punishment can be just and fairly applied. Arguments against the Penalty Protests have been staged by various groups of people who oppose the death penalty. On the same note, many people have also added their voice on the opposition giving various reasons why the penalty should not be used. To begin with, it has been argued that the basic human right is the right to life. Depriving any person of that right is basically going against human rights (Simon, 2001). Any person should be given the chance to enjoy the basic human rights. However, the death penalty takes away people’s lives. On the same note, the Bible as well as the Quran prohibits people from killing others. Therefore, it is immoral to execute the death penalty because that is tantamount to killing. A sin cannot be cleansed by another sin. The fact that criminals kill people does not justify the act of killing the criminals. Moreover, those against death penalty have argued that the penalty literally deprives the affected their right to due process of the law. While other punishments give room for people to appeal against the sentence, death penalty closes that door. The convicts are killed and if there is any new evidence or new technology that could lead to new ideologies about the case
Overview Corporate social responsibility (CSR) gradually becomes one of the major priorities for modern businesses. This paper will examine the positive and negative aspects of applying CSR standards. One should determine if this strategy is helpful in establishing an organization that acts in a socially responsible way. At first, it is necessary to describe the concept of a CSR standard and identify its types. Much attention has to be paid to the specific examples of these norms like the United Nations Global Compact (UNGC) and ISO 26000. This discussion will illustrate the strengths and weaknesses of relying on CSR standards. Introduction Before discussing the types of CSR standards, one should briefly define this concept. Overall, this term can be described as the level or extent to which the organisation adopts socially responsible and sustainable practices (Williams, 2014). Furthermore, this notion is used as a reference to the norms and rules that companies follow to maximise the welfare of the community. This paper will be focused on the second definition of this term. The concept applies to different areas of performance, including corporate philanthropy, labour relations, environmental protection and so forth. These norms can be divided into four groups depending on their functions (Williams, 2014). At first, one should speak about principle-based standards; they are supposed to identify strategic objectives and ideals that an enterprise should attain (Williams, 2014). Process-based standards are aimed at outlining various activities that enable firms to become socially responsible (Williams, 2014). Certificate-based standards can be viewed as pre-determined criteria according to which the work of businesses is evaluated (Williams, 2014). Finally, it is possible to mention the reporting standards describing the requirements that managers should meet while presenting the information about the performance of their companies. Review Principle-based Standards In some cases, policy-makers, researchers and businesses administrators do not try to define CSR standards in a specific and measurable way. Instead, they try to single out a set of broad principles and goals on which enterprise should focus (Rasche, Morsing, & Moon, 2017). As a rule, it is difficult to measure compliance with such standards or enforce them. This situation can be explained by the purpose of these CSR standards. Firstly, they are supposed to draw managers’ attention to the most pressing problems that should be recognised and addressed by companies (Diehl, Karmasin, Mueller, Terlutter, & Weder, 2017). Additionally, by identifying such goals, policy-makers intend to set the stage for more specific initiatives and policies that will later be implemented by businesses (Diehl et al., 20
Introduction There are varieties of codes regulating the design and construction of buildings and building interiors. There are also a number of standards and federal laws that regulate buildings and construction industry. The regulations require the designer to comply with the standards set by referring to guidelines for Indoor Environmental Quality in the new International Green Construction Code. Interior designers are responsible for determining the locations where live plants can occupy in a building (Harmon, Sharon and Kennon 305). This essay argues in support of the proposed Interior Plants Density regulations. Definition of requirements Designers, building constructors and building occupants have realized the aesthetics and risks associated with the interior living plants. The proposal defines the areas where an interior living plant can be incorporated as regularly occupied spaces with distinct measures. The project elective clarifies the proposed changes and improves the practicality in implementation. The proposal clarifies issues concerning occupancy, provide consistence definition of terms, and sticks to the relevant scopes of the proposal by deleting terms referring to outdoor assemblies. The proposal defines the unit value for planting bed. Though, the value remains constant it does modify the density requirements. The proposal recognizes the fact that distribution requirements of plants may be inappropriate in some cases e.g. in movie theaters. It is flexible enough to allow changes in location of plants where appropriate, without changing the overall density requirements. The proposal clarifies that the plant expose to the soil surface determines it size. The proposed interior plants project elective provides exceptions depending on the nature and use of the building. The proposal exempts buildings where interior plants present hazards, interfere with indoor air management, and present unique hazards to building processes and occupants. Such buildings include hospitals, industries, and laboratories among others. Such cases might be determined by the code official. The ultimate benefit is that the proposed changes will not increase the cost of construction. Individual and public involvement Most organizations have their own procedures for changing and updating the requirements in their publications. The proposed changes in interior plants density used a consensus method to revise the publication. Individuals were able to identify discrepancies in the proposed changes. For instance, inspection and issuing of certificate of occupancy, verification after the plants are in place may result into enforcement dilemma. The enforcing authority may not have a regulatory mechanism to ensure compliance. The public proponents ensured consistency with definitions and content of the proposal. For instance, the changing of the definition of “occupied floor area” to “net floor area” provided consistency of terms between the International Building Code and the International Green Construction Code in relations to determining the floor area. In this provision, ne
Brief Summary The authors of the article “Is it important to examine crime trends at a local “micro” level?” provide evidence concerning the importance of analyzing macro-level trends (Groff, Weisburd, & Yang, 2010). At the same time, they acknowledge the archetypal model which presupposes that criminology should be focused on large area tendencies. The investigation of these trends will lead to the discovery of new inclinations that are based on the ecological traditions of micro areas (Groff et al., 2010). The most important conclusion of this study is that small-area findings should be analyzed irrespective of the trends that are identified within bigger areas. This study broadens our knowledge in terms of the criminal patterns that are found in micro areas and helps us to comprehend the structure of the concentration of delinquencies better. In other words, the authors of the study noticed that there are several trends at the micro level that have to be re-evaluated and explained about the geographic inconsistency (Groff et al., 2010). The researchers believe that future investigation will help to gain more insight into the criminal patterns and characteristics that are inherent in the micro areas vulnerable to high crime rates. Criminological Theories and Crime Trends The two criminological theories that perfectly correlate with the current crime rates are the theories of social control and rational choice. The former is one of the most powerful theories that were developed throughout the history of criminological science. The basis of this theory presupposes that the majority of the crimes can be prevented by legal limitations imposed by the government (Anderson, 2015). Overall, this theory positively affects crime causation and the decrease in the number of delinquencies is visible. If we connect this theory to the article, we may notice that the theory of social control has very little to do with the local crimes when they are evaluated outside the statewide or nationwide trends. The theory of rational choice also positively affected the crime rates on a national scale. The connection between this theory and local crimes is much more evident. The contingency may be explained by peer pressure, socioeconomic factors, and psychosocial trends inherent in the local citizens including poverty, family structure, increased anxiety, excessive self-confidence, and discontent with the political regime (Wagner, 2013). The impact of each of these factors varies from one locality to another, but the key finding is that we should use a different scale to assess the impact of delinquencies on the US society within smaller areas, especially in poor neighborhoods. Classical Crime Causation and Crime Trends The ideas of the classical crime causation theory perfectly reflect the realities of small areas that are exposed to high crime rates. In these localities, delinquent decisions are made based on free will (Siegel, 2015). Under th
Even though it might seem as a minor part of the environment, rain and heavy snowfall can become quite problematic with an increase in their quantity. Stormwater and its drainage have been a part of the management system, as sometimes, the consequences might become severe for the geography of the place and its surrounding area. Cities have developed many systems of control but nonetheless, there are cases that are out of human reach. An important part of stormwater drainage is the way it interacts with the environment and how it is controlled. The design of the system can have a great effect on how the water is contained. The primary and major influence that stormwater might have on the surrounding area is flooding. Water has a great force and impact, if it is not contained and so, runoff must be controlled at all stages. Not only rainfall can cause flooding but melting snow and changes to the rivers, lakes and in some cases, oceans can become a problem. Another issue attained to stormwater is pollution. As the water moves through an area it collects all sorts of residue and pollutants along the way. Pesticides, oil, bacteria and other city garbage is all picked up and carried to one location. The connection between many waterways affects the public areas but also the life of organisms in the body of water. The public safety becomes a concern when the runoff water causes erosion. There is much danger when the debris is carried around and can cause blockages or unsafe conditions. But more importantly, is that storm waters can pool in certain areas and become a drowning hazard. There have been many cases when large amounts of water have severely affected roads and other structures, causing a collapse in the base of roads, bridges and buildings. Mud slides are known to inflict major damage to buildings and large populated areas (Butler 2010, p. 56). As the factors of the storm waters are studied, the control and management become more efficient. A key feature of the landscape architecture is to make sure that the water is used in the most beneficial way for the people and environment. Sometimes, the circumstances of water damage are hardly predictable and so, a lot of future planning must be done. The environment is very sensitive to the overflowing waters, as it influences top soil and the living ecosystem. The surface of the ground is particularly affected when the roots of grass and plants are washed off. The roots of trees lose connection to the ground and become largely unstable. Even though nature has established a balance between the amount of water and plants, sometimes it becomes hard to control. Not only there are natural causes but humanity has also impacted the way water circulates. When the ground gets largely saturate
Clinical Manifestations Present in Mrs. J Clinical manifestations present in Mrs. J include fever, productive coughing, nausea, and malaise. In the past three days, she also experienced limited mobility, unable to perform daily living activities. Finally, she experienced a decompensated heart failure and acute exacerbation of COPD. Additional manifestations include irregular heart rate, jugular vein distension, and atrial fibrillation. Lung-related manifestations include pulmonary crackles, decreased breathing sounds, frothy blood-tinged sputum, and a reduced peripheral oxygen saturation level at 82%. Appropriateness of the Initial Nursing Intervention When Mrs. J was brought into the hospital, she was administered with 7 different treatments, including IV furosemide (Lasix), Enalapril (Vasotec), Metoprolol (Lopressor), IV morphine sulphate (Morphine), inhaled short-acting bronchodilator (ProAir HFA), inhaled corticosteroid (Flovent HFA) and oxygen delivered at 2L/ NC. These treatments were aimed to address the major symptoms and clinical manifestations found in the patient at the time of arrival. Lasix was used to deal with the liquid buildup associated with heart failure (Opie & Gersh, 2014). Vasotec was used to reduce the patient’s increased blood pressure (Opie & Gersh, 2014). Lopressor was used for the same purposes, only using a different action mechanism, with the former being an ACE inhibitor, and the latter – a beta-blocker (Opie & Gersh, 2014). The choice to use morphine is strange, as the report does not mention the patient experiencing severe pain, which would justify the use of the drug (Opie & Gersh, 2014). Short-acting bronchodilator and corticosteroids were used to allow the patient to breathe by expanding the breathing canals (Opie & Gersh, 2014). Finally, the oxygen delivery system served to improve the SpO2 levels of the patient. Overall, the prescribed treatment was adequate, minus the morphine, which should be removed. Cardiovascular Conditions that May Lead to Heart Failure Cardiovascular pertinent to Mrs. J’s case that may lead to a heart attack include the following (Mozaffarian et al., 2016):   * Past heart attack. The patient wa
Introduction Enrolling for an MBA requires one to invest a lot of time and resources. Therefore, people are very careful to find out if enrolling for this program is beneficial to them. This paper will deal with the issues that surround one’s decision to get an MBA. Raising and countering objections regarding the decision to get an MBA Studying MBA helps one to think like a business leader since it helps one be aware of the complex issues in the business world, and how to deal with these issues. The program enables one to have business skills that are essential in running a business successfully. Additionally, one acquires soft skills. These include skills such as leadership and inter-personal skills. These are some of the important skills that a leader should have to be able to run a business successfully (Robbins & Judge, 2011). An MBA is an important tool that helps one in the development of their career. Enrolling for this program helps one to get skills that lead to new opportunities. One is also able to have access to many senior positions that were out of reach previously. Once a person has done an MBA, there are many professional possibilities at their disposal. These include changing careers and promotions in the current career. A person who has earned an MBA is also viewed by the employer as one who is able to handle challenges. Studying MBA may usher one into new levels in their careers. Getting a promotion in senior levels translates to an increase in one’s salary. Better compensation is motivating to many people and every one seeks to earn a good salary. It is estimated that people who have an MBA earn an average of 66,500 dollars annually (Study2u.com, 2011). After graduating with an accredited MBA, one guaranteed of a salary increment in their place of work. Getting a salary increment is one of the major reasons that people choose to enroll for an MBA program. A recent study shows that 70% of the people who enroll for an MBA program choose the program because they want to access new opportunities, which lead to better remuneration. Another study shows that 70% of the people who have graduated with MBA work in senior positions, such as board directors (Study2u.com, 2011). Others also work as senior managers and other high ranking positions. MBA is a program that is recognized globally. Therefore, people who have an accredited MBA can work anywhere in the world. One is free to look for opportunities in countries abroad, which may offer a better package than the locally based companies. Studying MBA is beneficial to people who do not have a business background. The program helps in giving such people practical knowledge in the area of business. This knowledge is very useful because they are able to operate in the field of business administration just like people who have a business background. Studying a
Introduction Net Neutrality is a concept defining the freedom of internet access with minimal or no restriction from internet service providers and regional authorities on the web contents. In the principle of Net neutrality, every entity is entitled access and interaction with other internet users at the same cost of access. In this respect, the cost of internet access is termed as the subscription level. Owing to tight competition in major markets, proponents of internet neutrality suggested for establishment of certain regulations to control access by broadband providers in other sites. Since such providers would use their modes of communication to deter the services of their main rivals, the subject of net neutrality generated major debates from many internet users. Net neutrality promotes invention and innovation. As this essay argues, several net users usually freedom of internet communication and in this essay supports the concepts of net neutrality. Reasons in favor of internet neutrality Competition and innovation The current trend in technology, demands that professionals for internet services providers (ISPs) continue to buffer the free internet access offered at fixed rates. Advancement in technology, coupled with competition amongst broadband providers has resulted into many unethical practices in internet provisions. Towards this end, inte