ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Kelly (1998, p. 88) notes that ‘power is perhaps the most widely used concept in the field of industrial relations, yet little research on the subject of power either theoretically or empirically has been done, “….to the extent that it now represents a major theoretical lacuna (gap) within the discipline (Kirkbride 1985, p. 44). Rose (2004, p. 6) defines power as “… the extent to which one party to a relationship can compel the other to do something he otherwise would not do voluntarily”. Employment relationships, according to Rose (2004, p. 8) it refers to “…the study of the regulation of the employment relationship between employer and employee, both collectively and individually, and the determination of substantive and procedural issues at organizational and work place levels.” The paper critically examines the importance and implications of power in employment relationships, its comparison to policy and the inherent conflicts. Literature Review The players in employee relations theory include employers and managers, employer representatives, employees and workers, employee representatives, the state, its agencies and other supra -national bodies. Faber & Dunlop (1958, p. 28) pioneered the systems approach’. He defines it as a sub system within the industrial society. “…an analytical subsystem of society”. By this definition, power becomes a consequence of distribution of power in a bigger society. Kirkbride (1985, p. 47) criticizes this definition on three grounds: it ignores any critical investigation into the processes of power within industrial relations. The system’s approach rejects the importance of behavioral processes in favor of structural processes (102). Furthermore, the system’s approach creates a possibility of conflict within the industrial relations because it does not recognize opposition (Poole 1981, p. 75). Unitary theory assumes that there is no possibility of opposition because the organization body is viewed as one integrated family, bound together by the values of the organization. Power as a concept is neglected by the unitary approach (Kirkbride 1985, p. 46). Action theory gives recognition to the theory of power in industrial relations “…it focuses on the relative power of the parties in the exchange relationship” Kirkbride (1985, p. 45). Though it lacks a definite form, two branches of analysis are clear, analysis of decision making of the various players in the industrial relations framework and of the interaction between the players. However, it fails to elaborate how an agreement is reached during the bargaining process. It has restricted focus on the negotiating table. The major strong point of the action theory is that it focuses on behavioral theory. Because of the inherent weakness on the negotiation table, it does neglect the possibility of conflict within the different organizations in the industrial relations frame work (Clarke 1977b, p. 109). Pluralist theory assumes distinct sectional groups within an organization, ea
Background The movie Silver Linings Playbook presents the main character Patrizio Solitano Jr. or Pat as an individual who got recently released from mental health facility due to his bipolar disorder. He is portrayed by actor Bradley Cooper, who performed an outstanding job of illustrating the severe case of the problem. Since the beginning of the movie, it becomes evident that the diagnosis is bipolar disorder. The symptoms include violent reactions, anxiety attacks, and outbursts, which indicate the presence of the condition. Although the movie is a love story, it perfectly demonstrates the intricate issues of individuals who possess mental disorders. Objectives The treatment plan objectives need to be based on a comprehensive approach, where both medication-based and non-pharmacological options are utilized. One should be aware that bipolar disorder cannot be eliminated, therefore, the process mainly focuses on stabilizing and minimizing the symptoms. Medications are the centerpiece of any successful bipolar disorder treatment because they are effective at reducing both severity and rate of mood swings. If someone has symptoms of depression or mania, it is important to educate them that it is important to see a doctor or mental health professional. The client should also be aware that bipolar disorder does not improve on its own. Getting treatment from a mental health professional with a bipolar disorder experience can help control symptoms. Assessment The assessment needs to be conducted by the DSM-5 description, where Pat’s condition is properly observed. The protocol ensures that there will be no misinterpretation and misconduct due to its standardized nature. Despite extreme moods, people with bipolar disorder often don’t realize how much their emotional instability is disrupting their lives. It also affects the lives of their loved ones if they do not receive the necessary treatment. People with bipolar disorder can enjoy feelings of euphoria and be more productive (Janicak & Esposito, 2015). However, this euphoria is always accompanied by an emotional disaster that can leave them depressed (Janicak & Esposito, 2015). This can negatively affect financial, legal, or other aspects of life. Clinician Characteristics Clinician characteristics must be focused on patience because Pat’s optimistic outlook is highly fragile. In addition, he is capable of committing violent actions, which means that he needs to be approached in a respectful and empathetic manner. Any form of negativity needs to be removed because he already underwent major traumatic events in his life. Inducing these unnecessary thoughts might discourage Pat from adhering to the treatment plan. Lastly, it is critical to be assertive r
Introduction Recent studies of political attitudes and voting patterns in the United States presidential elections demonstrate that voter loyalties and voting trends have undergone a major shift since the original large-scale voting studies were initiated in the 1940s and 1950s (Guterbock, 1980). In the American context, the presidential elections are often a hotly contested affair between the traditionally business-oriented Republicans and the labor-oriented Democrats (Gelman, Kenworthy & Su, 2010). However, as suggested by Gonzalez (2012), U.S. presidential elections are won on a number of platforms other than the philosophical leanings of the candidates or party interests. In this regard, it is important to evaluate the determinants of voting participation in the U.S. presidential elections not only to assist political parties to polish their campaigns during the electioneering period, but also to inform policy decisions at the party level. While it is a well known fact that most Americans consider themselves as Republican or Democrat, a strand of existing political literature (e.g., Newman, 2001; Pasek et al., 2009; Weisberg, 2007) demonstrates that presidential election results are paradoxically predicated upon a multiplicity of factors other than partisan voting. While these studies exhibit rekindled interest in the existence of factors outside party identification that are intrinsically involved in determining the results of the presidential election (Holbrook & McClurg, 2005), less attention has been devoted to examining the mechanisms by which these factors activate or deactivate partisanship and mobilize core supporters toward voting for a particular presidential candidate Wildavsky, 2011). Interestingly, many of these studies tend to deal with individual factors to understand voting patterns in U.S. presidential elections
Introduction Charleston is a city in South Carolina and one of the largest cities in the United States. Its ancient name was Charles Towne in the year 1670 (French, 2009). It adopted the name Charleston in 1783. The name Charleston was coined by Charles Towne – King Charles II of England. In 1980, Charleston moved to its recent location. It is a very old location was Albemarle Point. The majority of the people who dwelt in old Charleston were primarily from England. Charlton contained several migrants as protestant denominations from several countries like Germany, Scotland, Ireland, and France. At some time in the late 17th century, Charleston was much prone to attacks from both land and sea (French, 2009). In 1961, civil war broke in South Carolina which lasted for four years. However, the practice of slave trade and slavery reigned in South Carolina before and during the civil war. This paper speaks about slavery in Charleston, South Carolina – America’s capital for the slave trade, and where the majority of enslaved people first arrived. It speaks about the life and origin of the slaves and also highlights some of their experiences; their starting point, where they lived, hunger and hardship, life on the plantation, and brutal work regime. Slavery in Charleston, South Carolina before the Year 1865 Most history about slavery in America starts with Charlton. French (2009) asserted that Native Americans were primarily the earliest slaves of Charleston. Long before the coming of the European colonists, these Native Americans dwelt amidst the mountains and along the rivers of the Lowcountry. French (2009) pointed out that the various tribes of Native Americans in South Carolina often warred against each other. As a result, they hunted, captured, and sold ene
Introduction Cloud computing can be described as a system that enables users to work on their computers, process data, and store information using remote servers, which are hosted on the internet rather than using local servers. Cloud computing is a very recent phenomenon that is coming out as the next big thing due to the convenience it offers the user (Bisong & Rahman, 2011, p. 31). It allows users to work from a machine from anywhere around the globe with instant access to a database they have stored their information. At the same time, they are able to store whatever data they have generated without trouble. Cloud computing is solely dependent on the internet for storage and access of data. Thus, as Yan says, the availability of the internet is paramount for it to work (2010, p. 28). Internet use has so many challenges with some of them being directly transferable to the use of clouds. Even though all these advantages of cloud computing are significant, the study argues that several challenges with regard to cyber security afflict an organization deploying services of cloud service providers such as SaaS and PaaS. Cyber security Vulnerabilities and Threats Several vulnerabilities can be experienced while using the cloud facility. They include the following:  1. Danger of losing information  2. Coexistence of tenants  3. Challenges Posed by Technological Dynamism  4. Threats of Malicious Attacks Danger of Losing Information Cloud technology is fashioned in such a way that users of the facility are connected to a remote server form, which they access, use, and store information via the internet. Servers comprise physical equipment that can be stationed anywhere. Their connection to the internet is what makes them relevant to the cloud’s technology. Such equipment though secure can be vulnerable to any form of risk that can lead to its destruction. The physical destruction of server equipment that holds the memory of the server can lead to permanent loss of all the information stored in there. Dangers like fire, theft, and other phenomenon that can affect the servers can lead to loss of information stored there by different users unless the service provider has a back up that has not been affected by the destruction. Whenever such a damage or destruction happens, the users of the system are the big losers. Coexistence of Tenants Clou
The Fifth Amendment is described as an amendment in the U.S. Constitution, which outlines some rights of accused persons, or of people whose statements might make them be accused of a crime. It forms part of the “Bill of rights.” The Fifth Amendment comprises of many rights. Some of these include; the exclusion of double jeopardy and right to freedom unless the accused is charged by a panel of judges. Other provisions are the rights to due process and the right to avoid testifying against one’s self. Even though the Fifth and the Sixth amendment may seem similar in some features, they have differences when it comes to the rights of accused persons. While the Fifth Amendment applies to the rights of the accused to an attorney during interrogation, the Sixth Amendment is applicable after the indictment. The Fifth Amendment allows lawyers to help the accused person during custodial questioning by the law enforcement agents. Conversely, the Sixth Amendment warrants an officially charged perpetrator a right to an attorney that protects him or her from government attempts to intentionally draw from him convicting information about the accused subject. Both rights to an attorney may be put aside if the defendant is directed about and understands his or her rights in that case (Acker & Brody, 2013). The Sixth Amendment comprises of five values that influence the rights of a suspect in the process of prosecution. These include the right to prompt and open trial, the right to information about the charges, the right to allow witness participation in the due process, and the right to representation by a lawyer. Equally, the Fifth (through Miranda) and the Sixth Amendments give the rights to counsel to the respondent. However, the Fifth Amendment can be viewed as more expedient since it allows full participation of the defendant in the prosecution process. The fact that the defendant is given a right to an attorney during interrogation provides him or her with a better opportunity to present his or her case, protecting the defendant from the unfair ruling. According to White (2001), self-incrimination involves accusing oneself of an offense for which an individual can then be charged in court. An example of self-incrimination was illustrated in the case of “Miranda vs. Arizona” in 1996. In this case, Miranda was accused of kidnapping and rape. The police interrogated him for two hours after the arrest, which leads to a signed, transcribed confession. This was used against him in court, and he was charged for the offenses. The court ruling in the Miranda case was that, before police interrogation, the accused must be warned that they are entitled to remain silent, co
One of the most notable aspects of a contemporary living in America is the fact that, as of today, the sub-culture of Hip-Hop had ceased being considered in terms of a largely marginalized socio-cultural phenomenon. Probably the main reason for this is that, as time goes on, Hip-Hop continues to grow ever more discursively inclusive, which in turn creates the objective preconditions for it to acquire the status of a fully legitimate culture of its own. Even today, Hip-Hop has effectively stopped being solely associated with a particular music style – hence, causing people to increasingly refer to it as the multi-dimensional ‘style of life’: “Its (Hip-Hop’s) cultural forms or common activities, include — DJing (i.e., ‘turntablism’), rapping (i.e., ’emceeing’), dancing (i.e., ‘breaking’ or breakdancing), and art writing (‘graffiti art’)” (Brunson 6). In its turn, this allows us to hypothesize that Hip-Hop can be best discussed as the cultural medium that allows its creators (African-Americans) to project their existential anxieties unto the American society, which in turn makes it possible for them to contribute
Introduction Humanitarian intervention constitutes an essential subject in the discourse of international relations. Nations have the right to protect their sovereign rights. The goal is to safeguard their territorial integrity. Indeed, nations have the right to confront an aggressor country militarily. However, some states also intervene to address domestic matters within a government in the interest of acting as a good international actor as provided for in the global system. The objective of such interventions entails minimising or ending civilian suffering. While such involvements present a nation as good international actor, questions emerge on the morality of the intervention. Why should nations select to offer humanitarian aid to some and not others? If humanitarianism is a principle that dictates the use of force abroad, then it needs to apply universally. However, why did nations choose to intervene in Kosovo while at the same time showing little interest in ending the current pre-ISIL attack in Syria and the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, yet the two countries need humanitarian backup? Such selective application of the discourse of humanitarian suggests the non-existence of such things as humanitarian interventions. Hence, it suffices to conclude that states are not moral actors and that they only ever use force abroad in the pursuit of selfish ends. Nevertheless, as argued in the current paper, this assertion is contentious. The Contentious Debate of Humanitarianism Humanitarianism as a topic in the discourse of international relations (IR) dazzles most IR scholars. Schrock-Jacobson (2012, p.827) defines it as ‘a deliberate incursion into a state without its consent by some outside agency, to change the functioning, policies, goals of its government, and/or favour the intervening agency.’ The discussion on the issue mainly focuses on the fundamentals of humanitarianism (Krisch 2002). Defenders of the nations’ rights to intervene focus their debate primarily on morality. However, Krisch (2002) asserts that the historical chronology of humanitarianism replicates the arguments on power abuse by influential intervening nations. This situation raises doubt on the justification of the morality of the right to intervene. Although the author discusses various arguments raised by the proponents and opponents of humanitarian intervention after the Kosovo intervention, he raises doubts about its legitimacy. Support for intervention is mainly anchored on the principle of humanitarianism. For example, Spiro and Berkeley (2013) argue that citizens have all the moral grounds to end any violation of other innocent people’s rights, coupled with brutal treatments. He insists that it is through interventions that the deployment of force helps to enforce the standards of civilised conduct towards the innocent. This provision is essen
This paper is aimed at discussing the book Rites of Spring by Modris Eksteins. In this work, he explores the underlying causes of World War I, its effects on people’s experiences, and the long-term effects of this political and social catastrophe. This topic has been examined by various historians, but Modris Eksteins takes a slightly different approach to this question. The author focuses on various aspects. In particular, he speaks about the culture of the western civilization; moreover, he mentions that war, sacrifice, and violence were inseparable parts of this culture (Eksteins 15). He tries to demonstrate the link between modernism and the political history of the western world. Moreover, the writer discusses the nature of diplomatic alliances existing at the beginning of the twentieth century. In this way, the scholar attempts to identify the motives that could have prompted various states to enter into this military conflict. This source is also aimed at examining people’s perception of this war. This is why he focuses on various literary sources as well as diaries. One of the author’s intentions is to examine the way in which soldiers grappled with this war. This is why Modris Eksteins mentions the so-called Christmas Truce (Eksteins 97). Furthermore, the writer discusses the implications of World War I. For instance, this book throws light on the rise of National Socialism in Germany and Italy (Eksteins 321). Furthermore, Modris Eksteins’s book demonstrates how this military conflict paved the way to World War II. For instance, he refers to the Treaty of Versailles and its limitations (Eksteins 253). These are some of the main aspects that can be identified. This book does not follow a strict chronological pattern. Moreover, Modris Eksteins can draw the connections between the events that do not seem to be related. Overall, the scholar focuses on such themes as culture, attempts to adjust the word of war, and post-war beliefs and attitudes. They are critical for describing the history of the twentieth century. The scholar looks at various countries, but he takes the greatest interest in the cultural and political history of Germany. One of the most important themes examined by the writer is the peculiarities of the Western culture. At the beginning of the book, Modris Eksteins discusses the famous ballet The Rite of Spring composed by Igor Stravinsky. He attracts the readers’ attention to the idea that the idea of human sacrifice plays an important role in this artwork. In his opinion, “the celebration of life through sacrificial death” represents the spirit of the twentieth century (Eksteins 15). Eksteins argues that the modernist art, which began to emerge during that period, “transcended reason, didacticism, and moral purpose” (Eksteins 15). Moreover, it did not portray war and suffering as something outrageous. More likely, war and violence were glorified. This is one of the m
Introduction Marital matters are becoming eminent in most parts of the world due to increased rates of divorce. Marital issues also have a great impact on the social part of a community; the social problems that come as a result are not limited to children or the parents but they are common to everyone. The marital problems that occur at times are associated with lack of commitment of intimacy between them or at times insufficient marital skills that the couples have. Other attributing factors include inability to cope with conflict, lack of positive attitude towards each other and finally the degree of forgiveness which at times goes as low as being interpreted as un forgiveness (Everett, 2007:1). Intimacy has been viewed as the heart of every relationship and if not the heart it is a very essential part of the same. It is an integral part of complete love which entails zeal and dedication. Intimacy is in real sense a very hard word to define, no much consensus has been gained in its definition and there are so many components involved in its makeup. According to Harper & Elliot (1988), intimacy can be defined as attending and responding to both self and others. It is also argued just like love, intimacy is mutual meaning it is a mutual interaction. Self disclosure which enables one to share self with each other enhances growth in the feeling of closeness and therefore intimacy is increased. Sharing of personal experiences and exchanging cognitive and emotional information is one way of self disclosure for couples which help them to share themselves out to each other. Closeness which replicates a lot on intimacy is a matter of awareness. Successful marriage is enhanced through self disclosure, emotional intimacy, and understanding and caring. The above named elements are attained through trainings which will help the couples attain them. The most vital and acceptable training is the training of good communication skills. Communication skills are very important for they are a key element of increasing intimacy in a family. Though these skills are offered, personal maturity is seen to be a fundamental element for attaining an intimate relationship. Maturity in this sense is attained through the use of virtues that enhance human well being like honesty, trust and generosity among others (Natalie, 2005: 34). The key elements of intimacy Intimacy can be broken down into four domains namely emotional, intellectual, physical and shared activities. These are the factors that determine the health of marital intimacy. Where these factors are ensured, there is successful marriage and healthy marital intimacy. The above elements are meant to tie the relating people together out of will and love and work i