ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction In rational thinking, there are various components. The first constituent relates to the sense of being either incorrect or correct. Almost every person ought to have certain thoughts that some activities, measures, or even conditions appear to be better compared to others. Likewise, all groups and individuals must be well conversant with values as well as have a number of intuitive evaluative capabilities. The diverse approaches used to interpret such phenomena comprise of different assumptions of values. In fact, morality, which equally denotes ethics, assists individual actions and values to come together. This essay takes a closer look at this supposition as it appears today. However, special consideration is directed towards establishing whether ethics may be subjective or not (Velasquez 437). Deductions on the objectivity of ethics As indicated in various study literature and philosophical reports, the supposition that ethics either may be objective or not has emerged to be a controversial topic for debate. As it appears, a majority of individuals and groups are inclined to believe that ethics is objective. These people however have difficult time trying to define just what ethics entails and how everyone ought to understand it. The definition should be compatible with every culture irrespective of what they have experienced throughout their lifetimes. Other people seem to have resigned from the moral objectivity idea. In its place, they argue that any moral hinge on an individual’s life experience and culture. Addressing the controversies surrounding the topic under discussion require establishing the meaning of some terminologies. For instance, scholars and non-scholars usually talk of objectivity or being objective. They relate it to substances that are factual in spite of the opposing viewpoints of other people. In philosophy, objective has its real meaning. The phrase denotes treating things that seem to originate from the nonaligned judgments. It is believed that there is the possibility of acquiring objective knowledge, yet this type of knowledge can hardly be deemed perfect. People tend to talk about morals that might be considered real and they normally use a very different phrase, moral realism (Shafer-Landau 249). Such morals are perceived to be the actual aspects of the universe rather than the mere imagination figments. According to philosophical study literature, moral realism relates to the premises asserting that the moral beliefs of people should entail mind-free information. Some famous materialist philosophers have emerged and they claim that they are the ethical pragmatists or realists. When philosophers illustrate the kind of ethics that they are inclined to, what they stand to explain is the et
Introduction Advanced practice nurses (APNs) should possess adequate skills in project management in an attempt to introduce superior practices, processes, or innovations that can meet patients’ needs. Project managers (PMs) should embrace the power of effective communication whenever pursuing a specific project. This discussion describes the importance of developing and implementing an effective communication plan whenever managing a given project. Effective Communication Plan Projects bring together different professionals and experts to deliver positive results in a timely manner. These stakeholders undertake numerous roles and activities that determine the success of the targeted project. Synnott (2014) indicates that communication is a critical element that dictates the effectiveness of various action plans pursued in every phase of a given project. The PM is required to formulate and implement an effective communication plan. This becomes a powerful instrument for controlling a wide range of activities, guiding participants, and informed decision-making processes. The plan details how different individuals share ideas and monitor progress. Modes of communication are also defined in every plan. This tool guides individuals and indicates the right time for every meeting. Project managers should consider various attributes whenever developing a powerful communication plan. The first one is capturing the mission and vision of the targeted project. The plan should also define the goals and indicators of positive performance. The key players and stakeholders to be involved throughout the communication process are identified in the plan (American Nurses Association, 2015). The manager should be realistic and allocate adequate time for every activity. A plan that exhibits these aspects will make the targeted project successful. There is also a need for PMs to adjust their plans depending on every emerging issue, proposal, or challenge. Importance The ultimate objective of every project is to improve a certain situation and transform the experiences of the targeted beneficiaries. If this goal is to be realized, it is necessary for PMs to develop effective communication plans and implement them in a professional manner. Sipes (2016) acknowledges that a proper plan delivers numerous benefits, thereby making the targeted project successful. The first outstanding importance of an effective plan is that it outlines the communication expectations of the project. This is true since the manager will set the right tone for any form of communication whenever pursuing different objectives. This means that the leader will use the plan to set th
The tendency to block access to certain Internet websites by governments all over the world is getting more and more actual. Being motivated by concerns of morality and ethics, the governments deny access to the websites containing pornographic material, immoral hints, content related to gambling, or similar material. In addition, governments are now noticed to block varied websites that are reported as the infringers of copyrighting rights. Internet censorship exercised by governments all over the world becomes the reason for numerous protests against such measures. Thus, the issue is to be addressed from an authoritative and balanced point of view which will make it possible to develop a wise strategy in this area establishing a good balance between law and public values guarantees. The first position concerning the issue is the position of governments and those who support it. Their point of view is based on the following arguments: the necessity to control political stability, protect moral standards, and suppress illegal practices. For example, there exist numerous cases when certain websites initiate such discussions and arguments within society which can be evaluated as threatening peace and stability within society. In such cases, all the possible measures are to be undertaken to restrict them so that the state might function properly. One more example, the government of the United States has its position to block social networks sites in schools and other educational establishments. This is motivated by the results of researches proving that the above-mentioned websites are considered to be strong destructors causing poor academic achievements among students. The other example sites contain illegal content such as pornography. The position of the government is very wise in this case, and there exist no adequate people who will take courage to argue against it. The idea behind it is that pornography is nothing more than the corruption of people’s minds affecting their psychical health. Another harmful practice that is forbidden by the government and can be found on the Internet is gambling. The government blocks access to such websites being motivated by psychological concerns that gambling causes addiction, and is often mentioned as the reason for family problems and other troubles. The above-mentioned examples are usually accepted as unconditional cases of illegal practices which are to be forbidden or at least restricted by all means. However, there exists another group of websites causing a lot of resonance in society which is the websites with the content that can be addressed as online piracy. In this case, the amount of opponents is more than the one of supporters. The pe
The 21st century is characterized by its integration of technology into every facet of our society. A modern person is surrounded by computers, television, and smartphone screens, with information offered from every imaginable outlet. As a result, people are more educated and connected to the outside world than ever before. This paper will explore the ways in which modernity affected our society. With the rise of the Internet and citizen journalism, everyone is capable of having a voice and swaying the opinions of millions with solid facts, innovative ideas, and moving imagery. Individuals are capable of communicating with others thousands of kilometers away, eliminating ages-long biases and creating a mutual understanding of one another in terms of politics, ethics, culture, and religion (Smith et al. 1023). For a modern citizen, borders have become obsolete, and the value of information flow has been fully realized. Nevertheless, while technology fostered greater interconnected between nations and businesses, it also caused the atomization of society on an individual level. While people of the past have been well-integrated into the local community, many young men and women these days do not know the names of their neighbors. The number of true friends has been shrinking, and physical, social networks have been diminishing. As a result, people become more atomized and vulnerable, unable to cope with difficult situations and defending their rights and opinions on a local level (Smith et al. 1028). They have become easier to manipulate, divide, and control. It is hard to say which of the eventualities causes greater good or harm to humanity. Some researchers state that with the globalization of the market and the increased capabilities of travel, the attachment to localities and communities has become a historical anachronism (Smith et al. 1023). Others state that physical closeness and a sense of belonging is necessary both for the body and the soul. Humanity should strike a balance between the overarching narrative of the world and local community involvement. Work Cited Smith, Jonathan, et al. “Digital Socialization: Young People’s Changing Value Orientations Towards Internet Use Between Adolescence and Early Adulthood.” Information, Communication & Society, vol. 18, no. 9, 2015, pp. 1022-1038.
Introduction In the present fast-changing world, leadership concepts are becoming extensively crucial in the government organizations at policy development and implementation stages. This means that a sense of urgency is being provoked to advance the performance of public institutions to accomplish the interests and demands of citizens and nation at large. It was also recognized that influential leadership can help government institutions make the significant transitions from intention to implementation, policy to practice and potential to performance (Martin, 2009). The ultimate aim of this context is to compare and contrast the Munich Massacre and the Beslan Crisis in Russia (Ewart & Woodhead, 2005). It also examines how different leadership models can foster proper coordination and cooperation of nations in fighting terrorism. The Munich Massacre Germany hosted the 20th Olympic Games in 1972, but tensions were extremely excessive since they were the first Olympic Games to be held in Germany from the time the Nazis hosted them in 1936. During those times, the level of terrorism was very high in the world, particularly in the Arab world and nations like Israel, as well as in some European nations (Klein, 2005). The Israeli athletes and their coaching teams were extremely anxious. This is because several of them had family members and relatives who had been killed in terrorist attacks in Israel, particularly during the Holocaust. Some of them though were Holocausts survivors. The first couple of days passed well, and the competitors began to ease their tension. On September, 4, the Israeli team had gone out where they spent the evening at Fiddler on the Roof and went back to the Olympic Village. It was around 4 a.m. on September 5 when eight affiliates of Palestinian terrorist organization jumped over the six-feet fence that surrounded the Olympic village and attacked the Israeli athletes while they were asleep. They entered the Connollystrasse building at around 4.30 a.m. and circled occupants of apartments number 1 and 3. Many Israeli athletes tried to fight back, but it was in vain and two of them were killed and some of them succeeded to escape out of the windows. Nine of them were taken captive (Klein, 2005). The police were alerted 1 hour later, and the news began to spread to the entire world. The terrorists threw a list of their demands through the window where they had demanded 234 prisoners to be set free from the Israeli prisons and two from the Germany prisons within four hours though negotiations extended to noon (Klein, 2005). They then asked for two planes to go together with captives and themselves to Cairo, Egypt and hoped that moving further would help get their demands fulfilled. The German officials concurred with their request but knew inside their hearts that, that would not be possible. Frantic to the last part of the standoff, the Germans arranged for Operation Sunshine, which was a set up to outbreak the apartment building (Martin, 2009). Th
Introduction The influence of managerial style on employee behavior is manifested in a number of fashions including the leadership styles adopted by managers in the management of their employees. The behavior of employees significantly affects their conduct, attitudes and interactions with customers when in essence this behavior is largely dictated by the management style of top executives within the organization. A number of leadership styles can be adopted in the running of organizations; a leadership style refers to the methodology and approach adopted by management in the provision of organizational direction, implementation of set targets and motivation of the human capital. Lewin, (1939) Autocracy In the running of day today matters within the organization, management may be autocratic or authoritarian, this management style has been misused by some managers (especially the general manager in the second resort) to mean ordering people around or bossing employees around and this has got absolutely no place in the contemporary leader’s repertoire. It may be likened to the phrase “I want you to…..” It finds application in instances when the management informs employees on what is to be done. Adler et al (2008) The most appropriate situation to use this style is perhaps when the employees have all the requisite information at their disposal on how they want a particular task executed and there is minimal time to execute this task. This approach should only be used in rare occasions because if management wants to influence and inculcate higher levels of commitment and motivation, then the democratic or participative style should be applied. The authoritarian style is the one applied by the general manager of the second resort visited by the researcher in Fiji. In this resort, he was found screaming instructions to the workers and the first impression was that the manager was overbearing on the employees and dictatorial. Instead of motivating the employees in his resort, he keeps complaining and whining about them calling them lazy and reprimanding them in public. He blames their culture for failing to inculcate desirable work values in them and blames everything around him including what he considers an odd and impossible system of owning land around the country. This also caused him to be at odds with the local chief. The effect of this leadership style is seen clearly when the researcher (a customer in the resort) leaves with less enthusiasm having sampled a paltry 23 bulas out of the possible 41. Asked about his future plans, the manager is quick to discount any involveme
By strategy, we mean an informed plan of action that includes the processes of preparation and execution that have been designed in order to accomplish a specific goal. A vision is something that constitutes what we need to achieve but it is the strategy that tells us how to achieve it. Thus, strategy can also be viewed as a tool or the means of obtaining intended objectives which we systematical and consciously pursue and we can implement it by using operational or strategic action plans. The word strategy comes from “stratçgos”, which is a Greek word and has been derived from “Stratos” which means army, and “logos” which means leading or guiding. (Nayyar, 2006, 45) So, the strategy also has certain connotations as it has been coined from a word meaning army. But today strategy is more commonly used as art for projecting, directing, and analyzing business and functional campaigns. However, strategy is simply not just planning since it has to deal with competitive circumstances in an uncontrolled environment while simple planning takes place in controlled environments. When we are faced with a challenge a strategy is what our active, conscious mind comes up with to enable us to clearly view our potential future once the strategy is undertaken and thus, react intentionally and rationally without having to guess or presume. Since strategy can be considered as an outline, position, perception, and plan it acts as a bridge between goals and policies on one side and actual actions and tactics on the other. Thus, to sum up, strategy refers to the intricate mesh of expectations, ideas, goals, insights, perceptions, expertise, and experiences that provides us with guidance to take particular actions in order to detect specific ends. The strategy has a number of components which are:  1. Differentiation – This component appeals to a broad section of the market by granting differentiating features that make one distinguish oneself from the others on the basis of value or price or by establishing oneself as a dominant market player. This is done for making the customers eager to pay up certain premium costs. This component is successful only if the differentiation features of the strategy are difficult and expensive to duplicate.  2. Overall Cost or Price Leadership – This component appeals to a broad section of the market and can be achieved by providing services and products at minimal prices. To implement this strategy effectively we continuously need to make exceptional efforts in reducing costs without leaving out the major features and services of the products.  3. Response – This component helps to track the marketing results so that we can determine which is successfully working for the company and which is not. Through this component we can also determine whether operations and services are being provided to the customers on time or not, the quality of the product is good or bad and the promises made to the customers are being kept or not.  4. Ongoing Augmentation and Review – Through this component, we continuously assess the strong points and flaws of our business and sometimes even the marketing strategies so
Mental illness is a widespread disease. Today, mentally ill people not stay in hospitals. Some of them are housed with relatives or tutors, other have to keep the street-life in urban America. The history of public policy toward the mental illness has a long term of debates and discussions. The evolution of social attitude to the problems of mentally ill led to the decrease of number of the psychiatric hospitals. Exploring the origin of the transition from the governmental hospitals to the policy of deinstitutionalization, Grob states that the idea of this policy appeared before the World War II. Such problems took place even in the Colonial America. From the seventeenth century to the present day the American society has faced the problems of severely and chronically mentally ill people (“The Mad among Us”, p. 2). In 1880, about 140 public and private mental hospitals with 41,000 patients were founded in America (“Mental Illness and American Society”, p. 4). In this period, the so-called almshouses were popular institutions which provided the independent living and special moral treatment for mentally ill people and especially for lonely people. However, between 1880s and the first half of XX century the mental institutions started to lose their reputation. It happened in the same period when the number of mentally ill people increased because of the World War II. The conditions in hospitals were horrible. Many patients died because of the use of lobotomy and careless treatment. As a result, in the 50s such ideas were expressed in the policy of deinstitutionalization which was called to change the present order. The main ideas of this policy are the reduction of the number of psychiatric hospitals and the development of various forms of social care of mentally ill (“The Mad among Us”, p. 113). This approach had to prevent the syndrome of hospitalism and the infringement of patients’ rights. Nevertheless, this policy was a reason of the sharp discussions. Grob emphasizes the importance of the human and balanced policy. Although the hospitals for mentally ill, and especially the almshouses, were similar to prisons, patients had an opportunity to get the high-quality care (“Mental Illness and American Society”, p. 5). Meanwhile Grob insists on the humane care about mentally ill, sociologist Gofman provides the model of total institutions where those people can live and get a treatment in the conditions separated from the society. The main principle of those institutions is the reduction of the personal freedom of the mentally ill which is natural to their usual existence (Gofman, p. 157). According to this idea, the limitation of the social contacts and control of daily life are the im