ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Andrew Johnson enjoyed a dubious honor as the first sitting President of the United States to face an impeachment trial at the hands of his government in 1868. Over a hundred and thirty years later William Jefferson Clinton, better known as Bill Clinton, became the second. Sexual morality or lack thereof, underpinned the allegations levied against the President according to his accusers (Miller 226). However, considerable speculation in 1998 suggested that Clinton’s impeachment represented a “partisan witch hunt” in much the same way as Johnson’s (Miller 226). A feeling lingered amongst observers at the time that Clinton’s political rivals inflated proof of Clinton’s “immorality” and applied incendiary terms to his behavior such as “deceit,” “sexual scandal,” and “obstruction of justice” in an attempt to characterize the events as flagrant presidential depravity, sufficient enough to warrant his removal from office. Members of the Clinton camp classified the event simply and tersely as a conscious and determined political action, an endeavor to remove Clinton from the presidency with the help of scandal since they could not defeat him politically. This essay analyzes the impeachment of President Bill Clinton from its inception to its conclusion, with emphasis on the political machinations that surrounded the trial and its outcome. The focus will be on how and why the “Teflon President” not only survived the impeachment but how the trial buoyed his political rating once it concluded (Miller 226). This paper asserts that Clinton’s impeachment trial relates to a much deeper schism in the collective American psyche: the partisan view of sexuality and monogamy. The Republicans at the time banked on acquiring enough public moral indignation to eject Clinton from office. However, the fact that the majority of Americans believed that the behavior of the president was, by all means, bad, but it was rather private and did not influence his political competence, so it could not be enough for impeachment thwarted their efforts (Pinkele 422). The impeachment engendered the surprising revelation that approval ratings, in this case, linked less to moral and ethical considerations and more to job performance, a hale economy and the general affability, popularity and magnetism of Clinton himself, popularity that effectively undermined the evidence, and which remains to this day (Silva et al. 468). This paper also speculates upon the impact on American history of the impeachment trial that resulted in Clinton’s removal from office as opposed to his acquittal. The trial over the president Investigation and charges The events that led to the investigation of Clinton began when Clinton was still the governor of Arkansas. On January 21, 1998, Kenneth Starr officially launched an investigation of President Clinton on charges of perjury and obstruction of justice (Moran 1). Starr and the Counsel’s decision to investigate originated in the legal case of Paula Jones, who once worked for Clinton, and who had accused him of harassing her sexually while he was still the Governor of Arkansas (Moran 1). In late 1997 Paula Jones’s
The building of Salk Institute in La Jolla is unknown for many people who admire the beauty of buildings; however, it remains one of the masterpieces of the modern architect. It appeared as a result of the cooperation between Louis Kahn, an outstanding contemporary architect, and Jonas Salk, MD, a developer of a safe and effective polio vaccine (“About Salk Architecture”). The scientist wanted to create a new research center that would be a place for further advances in research and invited Kahn to design a would-be temple of science. This decision preconditioned the future of the whole project and contributed to the appearance of the unique view of the Salk Institute that is now recognized as an outstanding example of modern art. Among architects of the 20th century, Louis Kahn is known as a creator with his unusual vision of the role of design in the life of people. He was sure that social changes could be fostered by architecture to inspire people and make them happier (“Louis Kahn”). For this reason, the majority of his structures possess numerous features that differentiate them from other works. He created buildings for factory workers during the world war and wanted them to have some positive emotions at those hard times (“Louis Kahn”). His unusual vision and combination of approaches preconditioned his recognition and becoming one of the prominent architectures of the 20th century. He designed the Indian Institute of Management, the National Assembly in Bangladesh, Yale University Art Gallery in Connecticut, which reflected his unusual style and vision of architecture (“Louis Kahn”). In this regard, his cooperation with Jonas Salk to create a unique building of the Institution was also exceptional and contributed to the creation of an outstanding masterpiece. The unusual design emerged because of the specific client’s demands that were supported by Kahn’s extraordinary vision of the facility. Salk wanted the Institution to be spacious, light, and attractive to inspire individuals and be able to adapt to the continuously changing needs of science (“About Salk Architecture”). Moreover, it had to be simple, strong, and solid to resist the pressure of time and provide shelter for many generations of researches. The facility also had to be open and adaptable to new conditions demands that could emerge because of the appearance of new ideas and research paradigms. This unusual request was fulfilled by Kahn, who created to mirrored structures, high and slim, and a spacious plaza between them (“A
Terrorism is one of the major global concerns of modern society. The government of the United States is putting significant efforts to developing an efficient system of preventive measures against terrorist attacks. The purpose of such measures is to stop the destructive incidents that harm the citizens, property, and the entire quality of life of the nation (Bjorgo, 2013). The counter-terrorist programs are aimed at stopping the attacks from happening and prevent individuals from following the extremist groups. The authorities are working on increasing the national protection concerning the terrorism. In case if the attacks are impossible to avoid, the government is to make sure that the influence of such attacks is minimized. For an extended period, America used to address terrorism with “military forces and suppression” (Bjorgo, 2013, p. 3). However, lately, the officials give preference to the strategies that will ensure the longer safety. Such strategies include the thorough investigation of the enemy, known as intelligence. The Intelligence in the United States is considered the best in the world. American intelligence organizations use a broad range of methods and progressive technologies to seek and study data from around the world. They incorporate various satellites, air forces, vessels and internet technologies. Annually the government spends a significant amount of financial resources to budget such institutions. Currently, there are seventeen organizations involved into intelligence cycle in the United States. Their work is related to the national intelligence, defence intelligence, military service intelligence, and civil department intelligence (Richelson, 2015, p. 12). Numerous executives in the US administration need intelligence to accomplish their duties. The process of policymaking requires a profound research of data not only within the country but analyzing the situation in the world. Richelson (2015) defines intelligence as a product of gathering, processing, integration, evaluation and interpretation of data regarding the global conditions and possible threats to the society (p. 11). National security is a sector that requires the proper intelligence the most. Examining data regarding the activities and objectives of different terrorist groups is a primary concern of intelligence organizations in America. The undertakings of such organizations include collecting information from media, people, different reports, and statistics. The workers monitor domestic and foreign newspapers, radio and television. The foreign nationals could also be engaged in the process by secretly providing the information. The military forces often get information through interrogations of those suspected in connection with terrorists. The terrorist activity is being monitored geographically by using electronic and radio devices to build maps and mark the locations. The researchers define two types of intelligence: the raw and the finished one. The “raw intelligence” contains the complex information taken
Abstract This analytical essay presents a review of the book namely “Blood Done Sign My Name” by Timothy B. Tyson, focusing on the facets of racial prejudice presented in the book. The bibliography appends one source in MLA format. Introduction The book under consideration is named “Blood Done Sign My Name”, which has been written by Timothy B. Tyson”. The basis of the book is that racism still exists in the United States of America even though many believe that racism is rare now a day. In this exceptional personal history, Tyson, who teaches African-American studies and is white, courageously scrutinizes the civil rights effort in the South. The book’s center of attention is the assassination of a young black man, Henry Marrow, in 1970, a catastrophe that spectacularly widened the racial fissure in the author’s hometown of Oxford, N.C. Tyson depicts the killing and its consequences from numerous perspectives, together with that of his present-day, 10-year-old self; his progressive Methodist pastor father, who made every effort to show the way to his parishioners to triumph over their narrow-mindedness; members of the disempowered black community; one of the killers; and his older self, who comes to Oxford with the eye of a historian. Review At the mere age of ten, the author of the book Tim Tyson heard one of his childhood friends in Oxford, N.C. elatedly come out with the words that were to have an impact that would affect him for the rest of his life: “Daddy and Roger and ’em shot ’em a nigger !”. The hardhearted street murder of young Henry Marrow by a go-getting, quick-tempered local businessman and his family in the spring of 1970 would rapidly fan the long-flickering flames of cultural disagreement in the swollen with pride, inward-looking tobacco town into angry outbursts of rage and street violence. This was something that was would also turn the white Tyson down a long, distressed understanding with his Southern roots that sooner or later led to a professorship in African-American studies at the University of Wisconsin-Madison and this overpoweringly heartrending, if severely disconcerting personal meditation on the true costs of America’s chronological ethnic divide. The title of the book has been taken from a traditional African-American devout, Tyson competently intertwines perceptive memoirs (the father of the author was the town’s anti-segregationist Methodist minister, as well as being a man whose sense of right and wrong and human graciousness greatly informs the son)
Introduction Social inequality refers to uneven distribution of resources based on factors such as race, gender, wealth, and religion among others. This situation leads to favoritism, which obstructs fair allocation of resources to people of diverse racial and cultural backgrounds. Primarily, social inequality occurs in societies that experience racial and ethnic distinctiveness in terms of skin color, physical attributes, origin, and/or culture. This essay provides an overview of social inequality by examining how racial segregation has resulted in uneven attainment of education amongst the black and white students in America. Social Inequality and Uneven Educational Distribution Social differences occur when people split along racial lines that lead to development of various social hierarchies. Eventually, social hierarchies lead to conflicts that lead to formation of majority and minority classes in the society. Social inequality has a greatly influenced the distribution of resources in the American society. Particularly, educational resources have been unevenly distributed amongst American students due to social distinctions that are based on color, race, and ethnicity. The majority class has created a culture of favoritism that has resulted in suffering amongst people of the minority class (Carson 28). In the United States, social inequality is significantly pronounced in the education sector. Racial inequality has been rampant in the American schools. The blacks, who form the minority group, are alienated from the whites, who comprise the majority group. Although this situation has gradually changed, schools that are meant for both blacks and whites face discrimination challenges. This state of affairs has affected the quality of education of the black children owing to educational bias (Carson 25). A survey that was conducted by Bazelon reveals that the performance of white students who attend the white schools has been higher than the performance of the black children who attend less privileged schools (2). Segregation in schools has profoundly led to emergence of psychological effects amongst the black students. As a result, their grades are lower than the grades of the white students (Bazelon 3). Bazelon proposes that social integration is crucial for leveraging the use of educational resources in a society that has experienced social segregation for many decades (2). The assimilation of children to different schools by considering the number of black students in each district has served as a workable plan to address the problem. This strategy involves fair distribution of black and white students amongst the schools in each district. This situation has significantly improved racial integration; hence, mixing students of different colors and origin is likely to bring about equality in the American society (Bazelon 3). Krugman posits that the white community has a superior influence on the goings-on of the American society than the influence of minority group; hence, it possesses dominant power to control important matters that affe
The book “Outlaw Platoon” by Sean Parnell is story on heroism. The author begins by explaining how he became the commander of the infantry platoon at the age of twenty-four. This paper explores how Sean Parnell lived and displayed three army values as he describes in the book. The three values identified from the book include “duty, respect, and personal courage”. From the book, it is notable that the author displayed and lived most of the army values. The first value that comes out clearly from the book is that of “duty”. After the platoon arrived at their base in Afghanistan, “the insurgents attacked them with rocket fire” (Sean 12). The fire killed and even wounded several children. As a soldier, Parnell ran into the village to help one of the little girls. He grabbed the girl and sprinted towards the First Aid Station. The girl was bleeding in his arms. Afterwards, “the image of the bleeding girl came back to him when he was in bed” (Sean 15). Parnell had to accept the situation and move on with his life. As well, he believed that the other soldiers in the platoon must have had experienced a similar scene. This shows clearly how the soldier lived the value of duty. It is also a sign of commitment towards helping civilians and children. The value of “duty” requires that the soldiers do more than what is required of them. The other value that is evident from the book is that of “respect”. According to this army value, soldiers are supposed to treat other people well and with respect. Through respect, soldiers are able to appreciate the best in all the other people. During the 16 months in Afghanistan, the author explains how he encountered the noblest attributes of human spirit. Through respect, the soldiers were able to develop the best bonds amongst themselves. Although this was the only way for the men to survive, Parnell upheld the value of “respect” thus developing the best relationships with the soldiers. The author goes further to explain how they worked as a team. Parnell clearly understood that every individual had something to contribute towards the success of the operation (Sean 104). The book goes further to present the value of “personal courage”. Personal courage is one of the oldest values associated with the American army. During the 16 months, Parnell was always ready to face adversity and danger. The team endured physical challenges and risked their safety in order to help others. The approach made it easier for them to attack the insurgents. According to the author, the platoon was fi
Kaufman (2013) Does WM allow one to control their train of thoughts so that one’s everyday intellectual functioning could be improved? According to Kaufman (2013), encouraging the acquisition of WM-related skills contributes to a significant improvement in one’s intellectual abilities. Particularly, the adoption of WM-based strategies helps one control the thinking process successfully. Being one of the crucial multiple interacting cognitive functions, WM must be deemed as the skill that defines one’s cognitive development (Kaufman, 2013). Specifically, the opportunities for developing fluid reasoning need to be listed among the key advantages that the WM strategy has to offer. Does WM help improve one’s critical thinking skills? Kaufman (2013) specifies that, while WM contributes massively to the improvement of one’s ability to focus, it does not affect one’s critical reasoning abilities directly. Apart from WM-related training, one should also participate in discussions, analytical tasks, and other activities that encourage critical thinking. Regner et al. (2010) Does a better understanding of the individual differences and the following drop-in stereotyping levels allow increasing the efficacy of WM-related training? According to Regner et al. (2010), there is a direct link between the ability to develop WM skills and the degree of stereotyping to which one is subject. Regner et al. (2010) specify that gender-related biases have a tangible effect on people’s ability to acquire WM-related skills. Women are especially vulnerable to the threat of stereotyping as the primary barrier to the acquisition of WM skills, as the researchers declare (Regner et al., 2010). Is the process of WM development affected by the phenomenon known as choking under pressure? Regner et al. (2010) state that the process of developing WM may be impeded once a patient is exposed to significant pressure caused by stereotypes and similar social issues. What Has Neuroscience Contributed to Our Knowledge of Working Memory? Neuroscience as the discipline that studies the nervous system has created opportunities for developing an understanding of what WM is. Furthermore, with the help of neuroscience, it became possible to explore the phenomenon of WM from a cognitive perspective. For instance, the theory concerning data being encoded into WM by the long-term memory was developed based on the premises created with the help of the perspective provided by neuroscientists (Regner et al., 2010). Furthermore, the framework that cognitive neuroscience provides can be utilized to study WM and, therefore, identify the tools that can be used to improve it significantly. As a result, a range of myths about WM has been addressed and subverted successfully, including the one stating that WM –related training cannot be used to improve one’s intellectual abilities and skills (Kaufman, 2013). As a result, neuroscience has created opportunities for successful cognitive development. What Might Be the Practical Applica
There are many reasons to admire “Beowulf,” one of the most recognized poems in entire world. To start with, it is so ancient that one cannot help gasping in awe; second, “Beowulf” is the first written and, therefore, the most treasured British poem; third, the poem is truly epic from beginning to the very end; and, finally, it takes quite a while to figure out what the mysterious lines mean, which makes it close to solving a puzzle. Taking a closer look at “Beowulf,” starting with the lines “Then a powerful demon…” (“Beowulf” 36) straight to the “frilled with the broad lap of the world,” one can taste the whole range of flavors the poem has. The style of “Beowulf” can be defined since the very first lines sound: “Then a powerful demon, a prowler through the dark” (“Beowulf” 36); the word “powerful,” as well as “prowler” create the atmosphere of something grandeur, making the poem epic. As for the genre, it does not come just as obvious. The realization of “Beowulf” being a poem comes rather unexpected – the writing has no rhyme, which is not typical for a poem (e.g., dark–him–banquet). It is also quite hard to define the meter of the poem, al
Research Aims and Objectives Long-term debt is one of the components of capital structure. The capital structure can be optimized to increase the shareholders’ wealth. The capital cost is also much affected by the capital structure. The capital structure refers to the value of the form and its scale. Enterprise’s capital structure of the debt and equity is the scale which largely determines the repayment ability and financing. It is an important indicator in a company. The reasonable cost of financing structure reduces the amount of finance used and enables financial leverage adjustment to more enterprises of their own thus leading to profitability. Aim of the Research The aim of this dissertation is to study the impact of debt in capital structure. Capital structure is much affected by the debt ratio. The research seeks to find out the percentage of debt in the whole capital that is best for the company. Research Objectives   * To evaluate advantage and disadvantage of using debt in the firm   * To evaluate impacts and implications of using debt in the firm   * To find out how debt can be used and limited so as to maximize the profitability of a corporation.   * To identify the best structure of debt and equity in a firm   * To identify the differences between an equity company and leverage company   * To find out the impacts and implications of debt in the firm Rationale The Background Rose et al. (2008) states that, “capital structure refers to a source of capital and constitute a long-term scale, specifically, the long-term debt and equity capital funds in scale”(p.1). On the other hand, Baker & Martin (2011) states that, “in 1958, the financial economist France Modigliani and Merton H. Miller created the famous theory of modern capital structure” (p.151).Baker & Martin (2011) further notes that, “Modigliani and Miler 1958 asserts that under certainty, the two criteria of rational decision making-the maximization of profits and the maximization of market value are equivalent and that using debt instead of equity to finance a given venture may increase the expected return to the owners but only at the cost of increased dispersion of the outcome” (p.153). These theoretical frameworks form the basis of this study. Why this Research is Useful This research can be used as a reference by finance managers who want to know how to maximize the value of a company buy use of capital structure (Bessley, 2007). It also enables us to know the impacts of capital structure of the enterprises on financial leverage (Pettit, 2007). From the research, we get to know how the equity capital cost is changing, from the business of tax to paying profits (Mankiw, 2011). The capital structure refers to the value of the form and their scale. Our chief research is on a long-term equi