ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Outline Artistic music has undergone development through ages in terms of instrument used as well as style. This has been characterized by a transition from the medieval period where there was the development of physical notations to enhance communication to the modern period that applies modern technology as well as electricity. The development of modern music includes the introduction of synthesizers and computers to manipulate the sound thus giving the music a high quality compared to ancient times. However, all these elements are characterized by basic elements such as materials used in music composition and the use of rhythm to bring out the desired expression matching the message. All the ages have shared the meaning of a basic term such as harmony, pitch as well as the organization of beats. The development of artistic and popular music through the ages According to (Negus, 1997), the development of artistic and popular music together with its instruments has been classified into various periods though they overlap with each other. In the early music period, very little is known concerning musical instruments and records are in form of artifacts, writings, and pictures during ancient civilizations. In the medieval period, musical notation was developed with documentation of music in a form that was physical in nature to allow efficient communication. Different parts of instruments were introduced in the renaissance period such as lute, recorder, and today’s instruments’ early versions. In the baroque period, keyboard tuning replaced the modal system and an improved playing technique of the trumpet was introduced. In the classical period, instrumental music was domineered as compared to vocal forms of artistic and popular music. Viola’s technique of playing had not developed well and performers had a hard time playing music. However, in classical and romantic periods, there was a great improvement in how viola was played hence enjoying notoriety in popular music. Lastly is the modern period where, with the help of electricity; new gadgets like synthesizers, electric guitar, and computers for sound manipulation have been invented. (Negus, 1997). Basic elements of the music of all periods (Besson, 2001) states that, basic elements of music constitute the materials for music composition and they include; rhythm which is music’s quality and determination of its motion. There are also a number of notational elements for rhythm expression. Among them are time signature, beat, flags, ties, tempo markings, portato, stems, legato, fermata, and staccato. Another basic element is dynamics which is the sound’s volume and changes in intensity over a given period of time. In music, dynamics are subjective as they are dependent on instruments and the music’s context. For example,
Crime is a punishable offense (Reichel, 1999). This paper compares three types of crimes namely murder, property crime offenses, and rape cases in three different countries: the United States, Mexico, and Japan. The data shown in the table below are based on the statistical compilation of crime as well as arrest data specifically reported by agencies of law enforcement. The discussion will be general and mostly based on the crime index. The table shows the level of crime in the USA, Japan, and Mexico. Country        Murder                   Property crime offense     Rape cases                Crime Index                                 Crime data                                                                                                                               2012           2013                     2012                       2013                      2012                      2013               2014                         United States  8653                     8855                       9244701                   8,975,438                 5.5 per 100,000    5.8per 100,000 people  50.15   Mexico         38,024                   25,818                     67.18 per 100,000 people  57.18 per 100,000 people  13.05 per 100,000  14.26 per 100,000      52.46                                                                                                                                                                            Japan          0.74 per 100,000 people  0.06 per 100,000 people    4,673                     3,673                     1.2 per 100,000    0.1 per 100,000        18.10                                                                                                                                                                             Source: Author. Factors contributing to an increased or reduced rate of crime in the three countries Law enforcement agencies In the United States, crime is slightly coming down because of enhanced law enforcement agencies whose main functions comprise detection, prevention, as well as investigation of offenses and the apprehension of those who are alleged to have committed mistakes (Conser, Paynich, & Gingerich, 2013). There are very many law enforcement agencies in the US and some of the federal ones include the United States customs, FBI and Border Protection, ATF as well as the secret service. The crime index in Mexico is higher than that of the US and Japan and this is attributed partly to the disorganization of law enforcement agencies (Saragoza, Ambrosi, & Dolores, 2012). There are a number of law enforcement organizations and police that provide internal security. However, their jurisdictions and responsibilities often overlap making it hard for them to work properly. The rate of crime in Japan is much lower in comparison with US and Mexico because their system of law enforcement is highly checked and controlled. For instance, the Prefectural Police usually enforce the law
Friendly Financials is a sales-oriented organization and requires territory sales managers with a thorough understanding of their products and services and a sharp salesperson attitude. Thus, it is vital to have a strong recruitment and selection process in order to hire the most active and effective salespeople from the territory. After hiring the best, it is up to the company to make sure that the best stays with the company for a longer time. Recruitment Process A strong recruitment process is a key factor in skimming out potential employees for a company. Therefore, a strong recruitment strategy needs to be followed in order to reach out to the right people. Firstly, in order to attract applications for the position(s) a company has to let the potential employees know. Friendly Financials need smart marketers and sales people with good management skills. Therefore, the company should put up notices and posters in the particular area’s universities and colleges, informing the graduating students about the company and its recruitment process. This initial information should be followed by an on campus recruitment drive at the selected top business schools to conduct further recruitment/selection processes discussed further on. (Employee Selection and Employee Hiring, 2009) Another way of attracting applications is through advertising in the local newspaper, informing the public about the positions open at the company. The newspaper is a cheap medium that reaches out to a vast audience. Usually, many employers post an opening in the appropriate section of the newspaper, therefore Friendly Financials needs to stand out and at the same time be subtle. Contact information is provided in the advertisement, and interested candidates can apply for the job. A third way of attracting applications can be that the company can use online job search portals/websites to post a bulletin. The internet is another cheap but effective medium to put a message across. In a particular sales territory, all educated locals would have access to the internet, and many potential candidates would be browsing employment portals regularly. These websites provide easy access to an entire database of potential employees, and posting an opening on such a website can attract a lot of applications. (Heathfield) Selecting Candidates After enough applications have been received, the company now has to begin the process of selecting the ideal candidates for the job. The selection process needs to be strong and effective in order to eliminate the unsuitable applicants and choose only the ideal ones. Following are two types of selection processes that can be used with the above mentioned recruitment strategies. University Recruitment: Selection strategy This process would allow friendly financials to select fresh graduates with little or no work experience. The selection process would begin by interested students who are about to graduate, registering for a written/online a
Introduction The client system that this paper discusses is an individual. O. K. is a 22 years old woman with an alcohol abuse addiction. She is Hispanic, and O. K. grew up in a family with a history of alcohol abuse and child neglect. O. K. has been on probation, meaning that unlike individuals who are incarcerated, she had unlimited access to alcohol. Moreover, the probation process implies that a person stays away from any substances because the use of alcohol can increase the probability of relapse (Hyatt & Barnes, 2017). This means that O.K. was struggling with two main issues – having access to alcohol while dealing with substance abuse and adhering to her probation requirements. The etiology of O. K.’s alcohol abuse is connected to her childhood and exposure to bad role models. Common reasons for developing this problem include wanting to satisfy a psychological need, for example, if a person does not have a support system or another source of consolation. Self-worth and identity problems are also a common factor predisposing people to substance abuse. In the case of a person on probation, it is further worsened by society’s stigma about probationers. The social history of O. K. is connected to her alcohol abuse issue because she grew up in an underprivileged community, and her family has a history of abusing and neglecting their children. This was reflected in O. K.’s psychological assessment since, despite being physically healthy, she has shown some signs of psychological trauma. Both her parents have alcohol abuse problems, which affected her perception of the problem and her habits. O. K. left highschool and since then had several jobs, and at the time, she worked at Macy’s. Therefore, O. K.’s upbringing and the people surrounding her affected her perception of self, which developed into an alcohol abuse problem. Generalist Social Work Process The central premise of social work is to help client systems adjust their lives to ensure that their physical and psychological well being is not at risk and promote health by addressing the client system’s social and psychological issues (Scarnato, n.d.). In the case of O. K., the main target was to ensure that she does not relapse and begin consuming alcohol again, to ensure that she can lead a healthy lifestyle and adhere to her probation requirements. Additionally, from a social perspective, O. K. experienced difficulties because of the pressure and psychological problems associated with society’s perception of people accused of a misdemeanor or those who deal with substance abuse. Engagement There was an understandable issue with engagement at the first stages of working with O. K. because of her self-worth perceptions and belief that she is not worthy of receiving help and the shame she felt for her behavior. A senior colleague advised me t
Introduction Background Olympic Games are among the popular sports events that bring people across the globe together. History indicates that Greece was the first country and the initiator of the games. The games that take place after every four years bring all the member countries together. Approximately 200 countries who have competitive athletes participate in the games (Nola, Sheranne & Heather 2012, p. 125). Owing to the popularity of the games, many spectators across the globe travel to the host countries to experience these spectacular games. Countries that have hosted the games have testified the various impacts in terms of economy, social, and environmental that these games have had. Objectives This report aims:  1. To identify the economic, social, and environmental impacts resulting from hosting of Olympic Games  2. To give a detailed analysis of the identified economic, social, and environment effects of Olympic Games Scope The report revolves around the realm of the various economic, social, and environmental implications that come with hosting of Olympic Games. These three variables are important, as they get a lot of attention from both the organisers of the event and the host countries. The report gives a brief history of Olympic Games, which is important in laying a foundation of the report besides evaluating the various issues relating to the game in the host country. Furthermore, the report provides some findings and suggestions that can be of great use in the future games. Procedure In compiling of the report, information was obtained from various credible sources. Both secondary and primary sources of information were used for both information and analysis. Secondary information was obtained from books, magazines, manuscripts, and newspapers. Adequate and reliable information was also accessed from the World Wide Web such as information from the government websites, electronic libraries, among others. Primary information was also used in compiling the report. This information was found through observation, interviews, and administration of questionnaires to the relevant persons and organisations. They provided their opinions about the economic, social, and environmental impacts they believed to be associated with Olympic Games. Analysis of findings Economic effects of Olympic Games In the recent past, various countries expressed interest in hosting the Olympic Games. The interest of many countries was due to perceived economic benefits that they could reap while hosting the games. However, the athlete’s body has come up with guidelines that enable it to select a country that hosts the games after every four years. From appendix one, it is true that indeed hosting Olympic Games comes with economic benefits on the host country (Chengli
Collaboration between schools and communities is a beneficial way of uniting efforts with the aim of increasing opportunities for students and citizens. Partnerships between educational establishments and community centers prove to be an excellent way of growing connections, developing supportive behaviors, and generating advantages for every member of the neighborhood. The Lake None YMCA Family Center is one of the pioneers in the sphere of organizational-community alliances. The video is focused on the exceptional advantages that appeared in the community due to combining a public school and a YMCA wellness center. As local people admit, the main convenience is the Family Center’s location (Central Florida YMCA, 2009). It is highly comfortable to go to a place where children are being educated while their parents can have some physical training or engage in fitness activities. The theoretical concepts discussed in the video are the reaction to changing environments and the ability to adapt quickly. Also, the issue of leadership is mentioned in the video since it encourages leaders to seek new opportunities for their communities and ensure that their organizations are on the way to pursuing success. In this connection, the idea of combining a school with the first-aid educational center seems rather relevant and practicable. Knowing how to help people in crisis is the need that everyone should obtain since in case of emergency, such knowledge can help to save lives. First-aid skills are particularly necessary for teachers since they bear responsibility for their students’ safety. Therefore, the example of the Lake None YMCA Family Center demonstrates how successful organizational and community partnerships can be. It is necessary to promote the appearance of combined centers so that each member of the population could benefit from them. Reference Central Florida YMCA. (2009). Lake None YMCA Family Center . Web.
Introduction In the economic and political relations between Russia and the EU, the matter of energy continually remains one of the most important, complicated, and debatable issues. The relationship between Russia and the European Union demonstrates an obvious interdependence of the two, where Russia is an essential supplier of energy, and the EU is a crucial market space for energy sales. In such a situation, it might be expected that both parties would be interested in developing collaboration, mutually beneficial; however, this relationship is characterized by constant conflicts. Energy relations represent a field where economic factors are strongly intermingled with the political strategies, different and often opposite in the case of Russia and the EU. This paper will explore and discuss several issues between the EU and Russia concerning energy relations, providing their historical context, and examining the economic and political perspectives of both parties. In the first part of the research, a brief historical survey of the development of the Russia-EU relationship will be provided. In the second part, the three case studies will be investigated with the analysis of the political and economic perspectives of the parties. The first of the cases is “bilateral” energy cooperation between Russia and Germany as an individual financial subject of the EU (Tichý 137). The second case is the Russia-Ukraine conflict of 2014, which distinctly exemplifies the collision of the interests of Russia and the EU. The third case represents further consequences of the conflict manifested in projects of the gas transportation pipelines, such as the South Stream (not implemented) and the Turkish Stream. In the last part of this study, a conclusion about the motivation that underlies the actions of Russia and the EU, and the interconnection of the political and economic reasons for such activities will be made. The objective of the research corresponds to the aim of reaching a better understanding and mutually beneficial decisions for both parties, which is a matter of continued relevance. Historical Background of Russia-EU Energy Relations Energy is the central factor of economic processes in modern societies. Therefore, issues related to energy availability, sustainability, and affordability can lead to severe implementations for every field of social reality. In addition to it, in the energy sector, economic factors are strongly intermingled with political interests, and underlying reasons for the former are often attributable to the latter. The energy relationship between Russia and the EU significantly demonstrates such interconnection. For the European countries, Russia’s contribution to the energy supply became sizeable in the 1980s (Aalto 23). It was the time for searching for the new model of the relationship between the two formerly opposing politico-eco
Introduction The targeted Applied Research Project seeks to understand the role of management towards effective organizational performance. The title of the project will be “Improper Management that Results in Turnaround and Poor Morale”. According to many researchers, improper management can affect the performance of every business. The final project will highlight the major issues associated with poor management. Some of these issues “include lack of proper leadership, inadequate motivation, and inappropriate relationships in the workplace” (Dubrovski, 2012, p. 342). This research will highlight the major malpractices associated with improper management. The study will examine how ineffective management affects the performance of many organizations. This paper identifies the nature of the targeted problem. The essay will also identify the targeted audience. The essay highlights the value of proper management for effective business performance. The completed study will offer new views about the issue of poor management. Statement of the Problem Improper management might occur in a specific organization without knowing. Poor managerial practices will affect the performance of different employees. Improper management occurs when a leader fails to support the needs of his workers (Reilly, Minnick, & Baack, 2011). This problem continues to affect many organizations today. However, it remains impossible for different “leaders to understand when the management process is poor” (Dubrovski, 2012, p. 348). The occurrence of poor management makes it impossible for many firms to realize their potentials. Some signs can be used to analyze the nature of management in an organization. The occurrence of certain symptoms dictates the presence of improper organizational management. The first sign of poor management is the increased level of absenteeism. Many workers quit their jobs due to poor leadership. Some employees leave their jobs due to a lack of good working conditions. A “chaotic working environment results from ineffective management” (Dubrovski, 2012, p. 348). The performance of the targeted firm will be affected negatively. Improper management will discourage more customers from purchasing the firm’s products. This “problem is closely associated with poor management” (Dubrovski, 2012, p. 348). Some problems such as low morale arise from ineffective leadership practices. As mentioned earlier, this problem affects different stakeholders such as employees and customers. The targeted customers will identify new firms that can deliver quality services. The workers will become unhappy with their working conditions. Firms with ineffective leadership strategies cannot address the needs of their surrounding communities (Reilly et al., 2011). The level of turnover will increase significantly and eventually affect the profitability of the targeted firm. This study will use a powerful plan to identify the issues associated with ineffective management. A comprehensive plan will be used to gather quali
The article under consideration focuses on such issues as athletic injury, and its psychological consequences. The author studies the differences in reaction to traumas between men and women. It is necessary to discuss this work from several perspectives, namely, the methods of data collection, employed by the researcher, the results, and most importantly, possible applications of these findings. In his research article Psychological Response to Athletic Injuries: Gender Differences , Vincent Granito examines the way in which men and women react to traumas. In particular, the author studies the peculiarities of male and female behavior. The scholar focuses on such aspects as relations with coaches, relatives, and concerns for future health. This work throws new light on the problems of athletic injury and gives helpful tips for overcoming this obstacle. As regards the methods, employed by the author, it should be pointed out that Vincent Granito gives preference to the qualitative approach, namely to the unstructured interview. Thirty-one participants (fifteen men and sixteen women) were interviewed about the feelings which they have after the injury. It should be borne in mind that the athletes answer the questions severa