ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The scientific revolution was a period in history that saw the development of intellectual thinking, a period referred to as the age of renaissance. This was accompanied by many scientific discoveries that sought to explain naturally occurring phenomena. Many intellectual thinkers at the time used experiments and methodology to provide a substantial basis for their assumptions and theories. One such great thinker was Galileo Galilei. He was a meticulous, celebrated scientist and mathematician who formulated many laws that formed the basis for modern-day physics. He went against the Aristotelian scientists who were mainly concerned with the ‘why’ questions while disregarding the ‘how’ questions. One iconic discovery that revolutionized the scientific community was the invention of the pendulum. Physics is defined as the study of the natural world using scientific measurements and experiments. The pendulum, as discussed below, provided the basis upon which Physics provided the much sought after answers to life’s questions. Providing equipment to students and directing them to make a pendulum is unfortunately not enough. In order, to engage students in Physics, teachers should be in a position to demonstrate the ‘how aspect’, just as Galileo did. For instance, educating students of how the pendulum was discovered and its application in many scientific theories could arouse the students’ interest in the subject. Teachers could apply history in describing the popular account of how Galileo discovered that the oscillations of the church’s chandelier corresponded with his heartbeat while in church. This led to the invention of the pulsilogium, a simple diagnostic instrument used to measure the heartbeat. This invention was also facilitated by the pendulum as a result of its oscillations. Therefore, to increase student participation, teachers can assist students in making a practical pulsilogium in order to illustrate the many functions of the pendulum. Teachers could also discuss the historical rift that existed between Galileo and Aristotelian philosophers. These philosophers, unlike Galileo, dealt with the application of physics in dealing with the world as it is and not the idealized mathematical world that Galileo dealt with. They followed Aristotle’s empiricism ‘if we cannot believe our eyes, what can we believe?’ The pendulum could also improve physics teaching and learning by indicating how its mechanics was applied in the validation of other scientific theories advanced by other philosophers. For instance, the studies of the pendulum by Galileo substantiated the following laws:  1. Newton, the father of modern physics used pendulum knowledge to validate the laws of motion, particularly the law of attraction. This is because this law formed a basis for the determination of the gravitational constant, g, which revolutionized the scientific world.  2. Richer, a marine scientist, used a marine pendulum clock that he used to discover the time lapse that occurred at the equator. Amidst major criticism from the church and the scientif
Introduction In business, a plan is put in place by the corporations to facilitate the aspiration of accomplishing the set objectives and long term aims. In fact, the tactical plan remains important for any company in meeting the corporate shareholders’ expectations and needs besides safeguarding the continuous success of the business. Hence, the vital component of any strategy is to expand the competitive benefit in the day-to-day fluctuating social, political, as well as commercial situations. The need for the effective and efficient administration of a strategic plan enables the company to realize its accomplishment. The process encompasses three key components, such as the tactical position, planned choices, and the interpretation of plans into practice. Tactical position Any corporation should be entirely aware of the existing strategic situation besides learning the features that might influence such a position for the smooth execution of strategic management. However, most businesses can never function successfully devoid of forces from outside. The external powers required by the business range from several subjects. Through external forces, the administration can observe where the pressures and prospects of the tactical plan come from during operations. With respect to corporate governance, additional rules have been presented. The varying consumer anticipations like a fair business, corporate governance, and the interchange of organic merchandises have come into being in most cases. A vibrant picture of the external factors will make it easy for whichever corporation to assess the existing threats and opportunities that must be considered in the strategic plan. The other constituent of position is defined by assessing the proficiency of the business. The valuation is aimed at appraising the weaknesses and strengths of the company. Perhaps, the company can aspire to learn that it possesses the necessary human and physical resources in discharging the strategies. The corporation might also know its regions of proficiency that offers the req
Abstract The majority of epidemiological researches regarding the incidence and rate of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) infection show that it occurs to a greater extent in adult women when judged against the men. Studies affirm that heart failure is a major risk aspect of Alzheimer’s disease. Moreover, women with AD tended to perform poorer than their male counterparts. More experiments and studies should be carried out to establish the most effective treatment of Alzheimer’s disease in adult women. Patient Profile Name: Martha Lopez Date of Birth: 3/13/59 Age: 58 Sex: Female Occupation: Head of Literature Department, Literature Professor Marital Status: Married Patient Demographics: The patient is a 58-year-old, married, female, of Mexican descent, who lives with her husband in Emeryville, California, in a three-bedroom house. Familial History and Significant Relationships: The patient has been married for twenty-eight years. She has three children and five grandchildren. The patient’s mother recently died of complications from a heart attack in August 2016, which caused her father to move in with the patient. She describes her life as a mother as “gratifying” and “it kept me on my toes”. Education and Employment History: The patient reported she is a college graduate and has a master’s degree in Victorian Literature. She described her academic life as “stressful” but “rewarding” and was never diagnosed with any learning disabilities as well as rarely struggling with grades. The patient is currently working full-time as a Literature professor at UC Berkeley, in a large lecture hall and serves as the head of the department for the university. She has been employed as a college professor for 20 years. Presenting Issue : The patient was diagnosed with heart disease in early 2002; following her diagnosis, the patient has maintained good health. The patient follows-up with regular checkups and maintains a healthy lifestyle. Within the last year, her husband and colleagues have started noticing strange behavior and forgetfulness; beginning with missing a meeting that she conducts annually with the entire literature department. Concerns have arisen since, as she is now showing signs of being predisposed to early-onset Alzheimer’s disease. The patient’s husband describes what he has noticed about her as “abnormally forgetful” and “alarmingly frustrated with the little things”. The patient has consistently denied this, claiming it is a menopausal symptom. She has been experiencing problems with memory loss and regular confusion; sometimes accompanied by anger or mood swings. Introduction Paragraph Studies attribute gender differences in AD to the higher lifespan of females, in addition to lesser comorbidity than males (Viña & Lloret, 2010). It has been established that the sex hormones have a considerable impact on the brain and severe inadequacy in some adults may be a risk factor for AD. Elderly women may be more susceptible to suffering greater cognitive disorders all through the aging progression because of the horm
Introduction In a competitive market, organizations often use brand names to create an image and attract more customers. This makes a brand name a key asset to a company. ther than the main brand, companies introduce extension brands which are referred to as flanker brands. The current paper is an attempt to explore the concept of flanker brands, their uses, and advantages and disadvantages as a business strategy. For this particular case study, Toyota Corporation Motors has been used to analyse its main flanker brands and how they have been employed in the market. Overview and background information of the brand Toyota Japan is a strong brand that has been in the market for a long period of time. The company was initiated in 1957 in the America motor car and vehicle industry. 1 The company which uses modern technology in its production has over the years continued to increase its market share. The major competitors of Toyota are Nissan, General Motors, Ford, and Honda. Toyota brand is dominant in the auto market and is ranked third globally. The Japanese automaker has since 1975 remained as the largest foreign automobile brand to operate in US. 2 The currently projections indicate that the brand is expected to replace GM to become the largest and leading automobile manufacturer. Among the different strategies used by organization to differentiate and diversity, Toyota has embarked in brand flanking as a major strategy. For instance, to enter new markets and increase its market share, Toyota came out with Scion and Lexus brands which were part of the
Definition Unlike copper which makes use of electrical impulses, Fiber Optics is a medium for carrying information inform of light from one point to the other. A fiber-optic system will consist of a transmitting device that generates a light signal, an optical fiber cable that acts as the medium for carrying the light, and a receiver on the other end to accept and convert the light signal. The fiber is usually passive without any generative properties. Optical Fiber was invented in the 1970s and since then, its use has grown tremendously and it is used in numerous ways. Telecommunications, industrial, and medicine are the main fields where optical fiber is most used. In telecommunication, fiber optics use ranges from Global networks to home computers through the transmission of data, video, and data over few meters to thousands of kilometers. Leading telecommunication companies like AT&T and US Sprint use optical fiber in the provision of telephone services while Companies like IBM, Honeywell, Banks, and Universities have their own private network for data transmission. Cable Television companies also use fiber in video transmission. Intelligent transportation system is the new entrant in the use of Fiber optics leading to Smart highways complete with intelligent lights and changeable message signs to inform motorists on various issues including emergencies and delays. Types of Fiber Cables There are two main types of fiber optic cables namely:   * Single Mode Cable   * Multi-mode cable Single-mode cable is usually a single strand, and in some cases double, glass fiber with a diameter of between 8.3 and 10 microns. This cable has a higher transmission rate as it carries higher bandwidth than multimode fiber. It is more costly than multi-mode cable and has a smaller core than a multimode cable. The single light waves backed up by the small core eliminate distortion as they are no overlapping of light. Multi-mode cable has a slightly bigger diameter than Single-mode cable and they are very effective over a shorter distance. Light waves are dispersed and made to travel into numerous paths within the fiber cable. Over a long distance, the multiple paths of lights overlap resulting in distortion on the receiving end. Benefits of Fiber Optic   * The optical fiber systems have low attenuation and high signal integrity hence allowing for longer signal transmission intervals than copper-based systems.   * With increased demands for large bandwidth, the light and small diameter fiber cables rule over the copper cables.   * It is easier to install fiber optic cables and in most cases, a simple modification is all that is required when replacing the copper cable with fiber cables.   * The Dielectric nature of fiber optics makes it possible to install it in areas with Radio Frequency Interference (RFI) and Electromagnetic Interference (EMI) without any worry about interference.   * The Dielectric nature of fiber Optical fiber results in increased security as it is impossible to remotely detect the signal being transmitted like in the copper cable. Conclusion Fiber Opti
Introduction Nanotechnology is said to be the next big idea that will come to change the world. Think how airplanes, telephone, and computers have changed the course of history. The same thing is expected to happen the moment the general public begins to have access to nanotechnology. This can be said because nanotechnology provides the capability of designing and manufacturing items that are so small that it would be impossible to view them under a microscope. Some of the more well-known applications are the manufacturing of nano-sized materials as well as the manipulation of ultra-fine particles such as in nanoink printing. Nanotechnology Every area and every sector of society has been affected by technology. The technological innovations in the business world, especially when it comes to information technology and the manufacturing sector, have created significant changes in these fields of endeavors. It is now possible for businessmen, corporate leaders and employees to work faster, at a more efficient rate than ever before. It is also the reason why competition is at an all time high but overall it helps in creating a more productive business environment. The root cause for all of these innovations can be categorized into two: computer systems and the capability to miniaturize objects and equipment. This can be seen in the study of nanotechnology. This is a technology that enables manufacturer to develop miniaturized versions of equipment and machines. It is not possible to manufacture small machines and robots that can perform processes considered impossible a few decades ago. But before going any further it is important to take a closer look at what it means. It is important to have a clear grasp of the type of measurements used when discussing nanotechnology. Based on a review on related literature, there are different opinions as to how one can accurately measure particles that are below the micro-level. However, many scientists will agree that “you can think of nanotechnology dealing with anything measuring between 1 and 100 nm… larger than that is the microscale, and smaller than that is the atomic scale” (Binns, p.11). In this regard, when people talk about nanotechnology then they refer to measurements that are smaller than those that can be found in the microscale. This is indeed a breakthrough discovery because of the microscale measurement of products and items created through nanotechnology. One way to truly appreciate the impact of this technology is by examining the products that scientists were able to produce using this type of technology. The most significant contribution can be seen in the field of engineering as revealed in the following statement: “Engineers are trying to use nano-size wires to c
Introduction The economic recession that hit the globe in the later half of 2008 has caused its fair share of problems to the United Kingdom as a country and also to its government which has had to contend with a high level of national debt over the last few years. National debt refers to the sum owed by a government to both domestic and international creditors in any given period. According to King, (2010, para. 5) a country’s national debt becomes a problem when the government can no longer be able to pay it. The United Kingdom National Debt during the Recession The United Kingdom national debt is not yet at that point but the continued budget deficits are not doing the situation any good as they continue to increase the future cost of repaying the debt. This is because every time the bank rate goes up, the rate of interest on the debt follows suit. The build up in the deficit is caused by the fact that the recession affected the country’s public finances in that the government is not getting as much income as it should be especially from the tax and customs department while at the same time it continues to pay huge sums of money in the form of unemployment benefits (Conway 2009, para. 3). In order to settle these payments the government is forced to borrow further raising the national debt. The level of government borrowing is said to be the highest since World War II and is threatening to tarnish the country’s previously high credit rating. King (2010, para. 3) said the government’s national debt as of February stood at 848.5 Billion Pounds yet its expected income was 498.1 billion Pounds which represents a 170% debt over the expected income. This increase in debt was fuelled by the borrowing in January this year said to be the worst so far especially for a month that the government usually makes its highest collection in terms of income and corporate taxes (Allen & Wintour 2010, para. 1-3). This was blamed on the difference between tax collected and government spending standing at 4.34billion Pounds. This worsening situation has elicited different reactions from different quarters among them economists who disagree with the way in which the government plans to deal with the situation which is to put off paying off the budget deficit until 2011. They are of the opinion that the government should start paying off the debt immediately after the general elections to be held on later this year so as to avoid the loss in confidence in the government and country at large by lenders as well as threaten the planned economic recovery in the country (Stratton 2010, para. 1-4). Despite these concerns, Gordon Brown, the country’s prime minister, insisted that the country’s priority was to regain economic growth and not to cut budget deficits (Wearden 2010, para. 1). According to him, cutting down the government’s public spending would prove detrimental to their quest to regain economic stability in
Groups and teams of all kinds across the organization need to engage in the creation of their new culture. In this way, organizations are able to move beyond the games and techniques used to acquire and use power, beyond dysfunction and conflict in relationships, and toward a workplace of trust, integrity and authentic, genuine relationships. In this new environment, the workplace culture becomes an asset and not a liability. People are able to trust that their leaders are doing their best to keep their organizations sailing smoothly, irrespective of the salaries that their top leaders, whose work may extend even when they are at home. Growing interdependence among nations has accelerated the increase of international influences on U.S. business. The same is true for other countries. Since the traditional business education has been almost entirely inward-looking, U.S. managers are generally intellectually unprepared to cope with the new business realities that are rooted in the international sphere. International conflicts initially can be gleaned as a divider of nations. Yet when one looks at it closely, it is in fact a way of making nations cohesive and united in areas they thought will create divisiveness. An example here is the respect for people which has always been the philosophy of Toyota especially among its associates. Management notes that the hard work of these associates has made the company a success in its field. In its history, there was only one instance when it was made to choose between corporate restructuring and risking its collapse in the process. The President then was Kiichiro Toyoda fought for his employees. But the company was in the worst of conditions which showed that the company was unsustainable. He was so discouraged by the lay-offs that had to be done and because of this he resigned from his position as the president of the company. The company then began to nurture the people who remained its only asset. After that, the Honorary Advisor Eiji Toyoda states that
The Cold War commonly refers to the period of confrontation of the two superpower states – United States and the Soviet Union – after their successful defeat of the Nazi Germany. Due to the profound social, political and economic discrepancies, both countries sought to prove their military power and capabilities. The tension between the Westernized and communist world led to military confrontation that had a negative impact on other countries involved into the conflict. Though the reasons for military, economic, and ideological discrepancies were clear, no unanimity was presented concerning the origins and the beginning of the Cold War (Sheehan 2003). The majority of historians adhere to the idea that the period of ideological tension dates back to the period after the World War II whereas other scholars agree that its beginning refers to the end of the World War I since the actual tension between the Russian Empire and Western society had already existed since the middle of nineteenth century. The supporters of the Cold War beginning after the World War II argue that the actual conflict relies on the events happened in 30s and 40s of the past century and, therefore, they do not relate directly to earlier periods. In particular, Levering (2002) is definite that the gaps between global, democratic and capitalist visions in a post-war era were the major underpinning for the emerging conflict. In addition, Warner (2011) is also congruent with the arguments and refers to the Cold War period as to the one starting right after the World War II, although different underpinnings are highlighted in terms of origins. In particular, the scholar states, “Control of strategic raw materials played a key role in the origins and outcome of World War II and continued to be a source of power and policy during the Cold War” (p. 177). Although ideological influences should not be underestimated, there is evidence in regards to the real political intentions and strategies that undermine peaceful co-existence of two powerful governments. The second viewpoint on the onset of the Cold War also shed lights on different genuine reasons for the conflict. In this, Engerman (2010) suggests, “both Soviet and American leaders proclaimed the novelty of their respective views of international politics during World War I and the postwar settlement” (p. 25). In this respect, the origins of the conflict should be interpreted in a much broader context before analyzing ideological discrepancies between the United States and the Soviet Union. Thus, Russian vision on economic development contradicted liberal and democratic views proclaimed by the Americans. In addition, historical background proves that 1917 could be regarded as the starting year of ideological intervention and tension between the western and communist societies. With regard to the above-pre