ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The Song of Roland is an 11th-century French epic depicting the events of the battle of Roncevaux, fought in the 8th century, and featuring the defeat of the French rearguard commanded by Roland at the hands of Basques. The song was written much later, inspired by oral stories and legends, and in turn, served as an inspiration to many other works of literary art. The most famous one of them is the Italian Orlando Furioso, which is considered to be one of the longest poems (Cook, 2018). Unlike The Song of Roland, however, it features a much greater scope of events along with a wide presence of magical events and creatures (Cook, 2018). It is also much more drawn out compared to the original piece. The Song of Roland, unlike many similar tales of heroic sacrifice, does not end with the hero’s death. The story continues, talking about the capturing of Saragossa, the trial of the traitor Ganelon, and the conversion of the wife of Marcile, king of Saracens, into Christianity (Cook, 2018). This crosses the line between an epic retelling of factual events into fiction. Charlemagne never returned to Spain after his defeat at Roncevaux, and Saragossa remained the unconquered capital of the Spanish Emirate until well into the 11th century. It appears that the Song of Roland exists in a single manuscript currently being kept at Oxford library, dated between 1130 and 1165 (Sunderland, 2013). This manuscript is said to be a copy of the original, with the original having been written by a poet named Turold, who wrote it sometime before the 1100s (Sunderland, 2013). The piece was written in Anglo-Norman, which is considered a dialect of Old French. The most known English translation is that created by Charles Kenneth Scott Moncrieff and published in 1921 (Sunderland, 2013). His translation was based on the Oxford copy of the Song and remains one of the most popular versions to date. It is uncertain how much diffe
Introduction The modern world has the tendency that the male and female rights are equal, but in some countries, where economical and social development is n a low level the male domination under female representatives of mankind still exists. The prejudiced attitude to people with AIDS is a common problem, but taking Africa, the women are convinced of AIDS transmission, while men are also guilty of the disaster. The economical and social problems in Africa do not allow the country to provide the necessary protection of women from men in sexual relations, as sexual abuse and rape are not even considered at all. The necessity of medical care and sexual education, in general, is so sharp that the global community should interfere and prevent AIDS distribution in the world through the African continent. General consideration about AIDS in the world and prejudiced relation to contagious people The world society has used to the fact that people with AIDS are dangerous and should be treated differently than others. The modern world has used the information that HIV is connected with death and tries to avoid the contagious, thinking that the virus may be transmitted by casual contact. These prejudices are ungrounded and science had proved that casual contact may not be the reason for contamination. It has been proved that contamination may be provided for several reasons, though “sexual contact, exchange of blood, and transmission from an HIV-infected mother to her newborn infant during and after delivery” (Overberg 7). Living in the world of information and being highly educated, people continue to avoid infected people with AIDS. The prejudice is so strong that even the convictions and evidence of the scientists cannot ruin this bias. The world’s prejudice alienates infected people and does not allow them to lead a normal life in the hostile world. People try to protect themselves from the virus, which is not treated as “The threat of AIDS now confronts our generations with the endo earthly life which is all more overwhelming because it is linked, directly or indirectly, to the transmission of life and love” (Overberg 8). Self-preservative instinct is the main reason to avoid AIDS people and to consider them hostile to mankind as a whole. Cultural, social and economical factors of the increased rate of infected women with AIDS in Africa There is the version that AIDS has been found first in Central Africa (Overberg 8) and then the infection spread all over the world. There are several factors, which stimulate the development of AIDS infection in African society. Starting with the economical issues, the countries of Africa are the countries of the third world and the economy is very weak in the area. The poverty of the African region is the main reason for the high rate of AIDS-infected. The health care is weak and there is no ability to treat others from AIDS diseases, which
The success of children’s learning activities depends on their interest in the studying process and their parents’ support. That is why, establishing positive and productive relationships with families, teachers can contribute to developing the children’s abilities and to increasing the potential of the teacher-parent cooperation. Positive relations with children’s families help create the comfortable atmosphere of studying when teachers and parents have the same goals, and they are oriented to developing the children’s skills and improving their knowledge. To establish positive and productive relationships with families, it is necessary to provide the ongoing communication between teachers and parents and attract families to participate in the studying activities and decision-making process. The fact of establishing the cooperative relationships with the children’s parents is the significant component of the teacher’s competency. To provide quality early childhood education, it is important to plan the active work with parents in order to meet the requirements of the children’s development at the early age when the factor of communication with parents is very important for children. At this stage, the teacher’s task is to learn more about the family in which a child is brought up. Brief questionnaires filled in by the children’s parents can help collect the most important information about the family and parents’ interests when it is little time to learn all the details while communicating personally. The next step is to contact with parents regularly. To guarantee the parents’ responsiveness and interest in the children’s activities, it is necessary to inform them about all the significant events and children’s successes. The fact of sharing successes and presenting the information about children’s activities can help involve fa
Yasser-AlSanad is a Saudi C-level executive in Corporate Communications – an expert in PR, Digital Marketing, and Branding, including personal branding management for high officials and executives. Moreover, he has extensive experience in Project Management Office, Fund Raising, Budget Management, and Executive Office Management. Yasser took senior positions in banking, real estate, journalism, and corporate sectors and had 18 years of remarkable experience in Communications. He handled numerous portfolios in the corporate, NGO, and media environment, which were delivered above and beyond expectations. Currently, Yasser-AlSanad is serving the government as Director of Corporate Communications at the Ministry of Housing. These days, he is developing communication strategies and oversees a long-term business plan for Strategic Accounts. He supervises the communication campaigns, manages the budget, and advances project portfolios for the entire Housing Ecosystem, partnering with Real Estate Development Fund, Real Estate General Authority, and National Housing Company. Previously, Yasser worked at the National Water Company (NWC), one of the largest national companies in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, for a memorable ten years. He assumed the position of Executive Director – directly supporting the CEO. During his job at the NWC, he exceeded the revenue target of 1.2 billion SAR through the effective management of the Customer Services sector, comprised of over 900 employees. He was also a journalist who honed his communications skills at Al-Eqtisadiah Newspaper while assuming a senior editor’s position. Then, Yasser-AlSanad also worked as a Public Relations and Media Manager for Saudi Public Transport Company, where he acquired his expertise in handling corporate media. During his time as a Public Relations and FundRaising Supervisor for an NGO, Disabled Children’s Association, he became a capable Public Relations specialist. Yasser began his career at Customer Service of National Commercial Bank (NCB). The experience at the bank taught him to establish relationships and trust among customers and stakeholders and helped him advance to higher positions in his career. Additionally, he is proficient in public speaking and influencing public opinions and behaviors. He has a talent for conducting research to determine customers’ concerns and expectations and explaining these findings to the management. Yasser-AlSanad’s years of experience in Corporate Communications, Project Management, Marketing, Digital Marketing, and Executive Offices made him a proactive corporate communication expert who knows how to translate strategy into deliverables. Yasser has an MBA and Harvard Executive Leadership Development Program certificates.
Introduction The government of any given country forms the integral part in the growth and development of the country. Public and security services provision is the work of the government. Licensing and control of businesses as well as ensuring a suitable business environment is provided is also the mandate of the government in many nations (Roy, 2007). The government is thus faced with an enormous task of ensuring that its departments are not overwhelmed by the very diverse tasks. Efficient and reliable public administration is thus very important in the running of a successful government. Public supervision becomes the epitome of easing and implementing the various government guidelines; it has also the studious discipline that studies the execution process and the preparation of civil servants in carrying out the assigned duties. For government to function, public administration must advance the management skills and formulated policies. If the policies are poorly formulated, various scandals and malpractices are witnessed like the Sponsorship Scandal. The Sponsorship Scandal The sponsorship scandal arose as a result of the sponsorship program by the Federal Government of Canada headed by the Liberal Party of Canada, which ruled the country from 1993 up to 2006. The program was implemented in the Quebec province, which was calling for its independence from the main government. The main aim was to create awareness of the federal government’s massive efforts in developing the Quebec province especially through industrialization. The Government of Canada in this awareness program had the motive of countering the rising endeavors of the province’s government in promoting independence of the region. This sponsorship program was run from 1996 to 2004. Although the federal government had motives toward unification and deterrence of secession, the program’s administration was poorly executed leading to massive corruption cases, illegal and illicit activities within the administration of this government program. It was eventually discontinued in 2004 after the malpractices were unearthed. This program involved the misappropriation, misuse and misdirection of public funds which the government had mainly set aside for advertisement and mass sensitization in the province of Quebec. In the misdirection of the funds, the large sums intended for sponsorship was awarded to advertisement firms that did little or no work. Instead, the money was used in the maintenance of Liberal organizers and at other times the fundraisers who were weirdly maintained on payroll. At other times part of this advertisement money was returned or donated to the ruling party. When thorough investigation was conducted, the entire ruling party was negatively affected and many government officials were also affected including Paul Martin the then
Introduction The fate of indigenous tribes all over the world is a matter of anxiety by those who wish to preserve some ethical and cultural factors, which these tribes donate to the world culture. The issues of assimilation seem to be dangerous for the future of global culture. But it also causes reasonable social troubles. It is suggested, that indigenous people will be living in states which have populations compiled of various ethnic or racial groups who are successors of the earliest populaces which endure in the area, and who do not, as a collection, control the national government of the states within which they live. Social Matters David Maybury-Lewis notes, that the difficulty with such a description is that it presumes that should indigenous people take control of the government, they would no longer be indigenous, nevertheless, it is obvious they are native to the states they live in and that they assert they were there first and have the rights of former tenancy to their lands. They also have been defeated by peoples ethnically, culturally, or racially dissimilar from themselves: they normally maintain their own language and, most considerably, “are trivial to or governed by the states that maintain control over them” – that is indigenous peoples are defined largely by their relations to the state. According to official statistics, Cameroon’s population of about 16.5 million entails 350 ethnic groups. The intermittent outbreak of inter-ethnic difference in Cameroon has accelerated anxiety on the future of this Central African state, in accordance to IPS writer Sylvestre Tetchiada: The first prominent anxieties among ethnic groups, he states, take their root at the beginning of the 1990s, also the time when the single-party government came to an end in Cameroon. As an alternative, lots of onlookers now note that the initial main concern should be to look at institutional and social matters from the ground up, by concentrating attention on the diverse inhabitants who live in such states and by gaining a greater enjoyment of the profundity and vitality of their societies, as well as their matters, as they subsist in the field. Probably not surprisingly, instantly paramount in such a study are usually two general characteristics – ethnic conflict and the flaw of the state – which, although compound, have to be independently tackled in accordance with the situation in every state. This, for sure, is very simple to state, but as John Ryle, Save the Children Fund advisor for Africa, has in recent times presaged those looking for easy explanations: “Each of these divergences appears from a meticulous background in which the prototype of colonial inheritance, community regulations, and state formation or non-formation is quite separate simplifications are hazardous.” Most of the so-called ethnic clashes are the results of poorly-examined and poorly determined social matters. The disagreements, before they are called ethnic, are originally – and remain fundamentally – social. Conclusion Ethnic conflict
Background information The new economic advancement in the world has forced China to change some of its communist concepts in order to suit modern development. This began with disintegration of the Soviet Union in 1991 and since then, the Chinese government has strategically sort to amend some of the communist ideologies in order to ensure both economic and political progress in the country. The massive tides of the economic globalization in the world have also created a massive policy change in china. Indeed, the Chinese economy has also been heavily boosted by the integration move adopted by the government. Its subsequent inclusion to the world trade organization (WTO) in 2000 has also greatly improved China’s economic performances with the rest of the world. Moreover, proper coordination and association with other international communities has assisted China to improve its reputation in the world. This has also encouraged economic interdependencies between countries as they seek to trade and interact with each other. Generally, the world trade organization and the general agreement on tariff and trade have modeled the Chinese policy to match with other international policies and standards. The organization’s resolutions have propelled China to remove the trade barriers and restrictions which were earlier established by the communist regime. Indeed, the huge population contained in the Chinese market enhances it economically as it efficiently offers ready market for domestically produced goods. The China’s membership to WTO has therefore enhanced economic stability. This is mainly because through integration China has been able to transact with the rest of the world. Moreover, integration has enabled the Chinese economy to receive enormous support from other international communities. Moreover, the Chinese integration with other economies has relieved foreigners from the investment fears, as well as enhancing free flow of capital and technology between China and other international communities. The economic integration of the Chinese economy with the rest of the world has tightly glued and empowered the country to grow and expand significantly in the resent periods. It has efficiently enabled the Chinese government to solve trade and other investment disputes in a more diplomatic way. China has also received an exponential growth in the resent times as majority of the foreign investors have opted to venture its market. This has been main
Introduction The goal of every society is to become nurturing and prosperous, and the absence or a small number of children who grow up and develop without families is a characteristic feature of such a community. That is why specific efforts should be allocated to address the problem and promote adoption among American citizens. Numerous organizations provide their services to address this issue on federal and state levels. The National Council for Adoption (NCFA) is a nationwide organization, while Children’s Home Society of Florida (CHS) covers the Florida context, and they demonstrate that legal and personalized assistance is necessary to popularize adoption practice. National Association Name of organization: National Council for Adoption. Location/address: 225 N. Washington Street, Alexandria, VA 22314-2561. URL/web address: https://adoptioncouncil.org/ . Phone number: (703) 299-6633. The NCFA is the United States’ leading organization that focuses on the issue of adoption. This authority stipulates that its primary purpose is to make citizens understand what adoption is and why it is significant to promote this practice (National Council for Adoption, n.d.). The organization operates to create ethical policies and advance the adoption-positive legislation that will govern the sphere under consideration. This condition is necessary to ensure that all the interested individuals will not face any significant legal challenges when they want to adopt a child. There is no doubt that this state of affairs will contribute to a higher number of adoption cases throughout the US. The purpose above can be achieved since the NCHF offers a wide range of services. Firstly, it actively collaborates with adoption service providers by finding clients and helping children get families (National Council for Adoption, n.d.). Secondly, it offers different membership benefits to many adoption professionals. The list of possible advantages includes education and training discounts, specific webinars, policymaking activities, and others (National Council for Adoption, n.d.). Thirdly, the given organization offers excellent internship opportunities for students. This statement denotes that young individuals become familiar with how it is possible to promote adoption practices by relying on education, legislation, and research activities. Local Organization Name of organization: Children’s Home Society of Florida. Location/address: 482 S. Keller Rd., Orlando, FL 32810. URL/web address: https://chsfl.org/ . Phone number: (321) 397-3000. The CHS is a significant social service organization since it helps Florida citizens find and adopt children. This establishment admits that hundreds of children do not currently have families, and the organization’s purpose is to address the problem and limit this number (Children’s Home Society of Florida, n.d.). Simultaneously, the CHS does its best to ensure that a child is adopted by suitable individuals. That is why adults should meet many criteria, with good health an
This essay is aimed at examining six plays that I attended during this semester. Overall, the chosen works represent a variety of genres, styles, and cultural traditions. Nevertheless, each of them can throw light on various problems that continue to affect the lives of modern society and separate individuals. In turn, the key purpose of this paper is to show how these performances can be related to the coarse goals that had to be attained. To a great extent, one can say that these productions can significantly enrich the outlook of a person, and his/her understanding of such issues as race, politics, culture, economics, or politics and how these questions are represented in artworks. Moreover, the study of these productions can show how performance can be used as an instrument promoting social justice. In many cases, these theatrical performances can support those groups of people who can be discriminated against or marginalized due to some pretexts. Furthermore, the analysis of these plays can help a student elaborate his/her critical thinking skills which are necessary for expanding the boundaries of art. Moreover, by studying these productions, one can gain a good grasp of the terms that are necessary for the discussion of performances. These are some of the details that can be distinguished. At first, by analyzing these plays, I was able to develop a critical process that can help a person understand the history of performance as a tool for promoting social justice and addressing various problems that can impair the quality of people’s lives. This process includes several steps. In particular, one should pay close attention to how performance could be used to raise public awareness about certain social problems. Furthermore, it is important to focus on the directors’ choices who can modify the plot of a play or change the design of the setting to show how specific issues can affect modern communities or individuals. This argument is particularly relevant if one speaks about such a play as Ubu Roi which was first performed in 1896. I have been able to observe the performance of this play produced by The Cutting Ball Theatre. Unlike the original production, this performance is set in contemporary society. In this way, the director attempts to demonstrate that such problems as the lust for power and wealth lead to disastrous for the modern communities. In my view, this decision was very effective. Furthermore, to study the history of performance as a tool for social justice, one should look at how a particular play could be interpreted. For instance, the musical Little Shop of Horrors could often be regarded primarily as a black comedy. Nevertheless, nowadays, this performance eloquently demonstrates the dangerous effects