ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Psychology is the science of the nature the function, and phenomena of behavior and mental experience. (Colman, 1999, p.4).The word is derived from the Greek words “psyche” and “logia” to mean “breath or soul or spirit” and the study of something respectively. Cognitive psychology refers to the branch of psychology that examines internal processes of the mind. The theory started in the 1970’s. Behaviorism was popularized in 1913 by John Watson, the father of behaviorism. It is based on the concept that behavior is acquired by training or learning to respond to stimuli. Behavioral theorists and cognitive theorists have always been in conflict. For instance, behavioral theorists understood depression because of a high rate of punishers and a low rate of reinforces in the client’s environment while cognitive theorists understood depression as the influence of negative, illogical, or self-destructive beliefs (Coady &Lehman, 2008, p.25). Recently there has been a move towards a merger of the two theories in what is known as the cognitive-behavioral theory. From the study of both theories, psychologists discovered two types of behavior, Observable actions (overt behavior) and internal mental behavior (Covert behavior).This paper seeks to discuss and intensively analyze both the cognitive and behavioral theories and expound on their application and expansion. Cognitive Theory The cognitive theory is a psychological theory that studies the internal state of the mind and explains human behavior by studying the thinking process. It is based on the idea that we are like a computer when processing information and have an input, storage and retrieval functions (Brown, 2007, p. 6). Its core focus is therefore acquisition, processing, and storage of information. The key figures of the cognitive theory are memory, perception, attention, language, intelligence, and problem solving. It deals with the processes in absence of response to external stimuli and even explores abstract aspects such as dreams and hallucinations. Whereas behaviorism concentrates on external behaviors, the cognitive theory concentrates on the internal working of the mind. There has been a variety of works and experiments concerning the cognitive theory. The theory has been applied to experiment and determine the extent of normal cognition in studies related to neuropsychology to
Brand vs. identity A brand refers to the functional associations that the customers attribute to the product depending on their expectations of its performance. The brand is concerned with the attributes that make the product to appear unique from the customer’s perception (Adrian 2000). Once the customer identifies a certain brand, he or she can then be able to make his or her purchase decisions faster than someone who does not have a specific brand. The customer can develop an emotional attachment to the brand if he or she perceives it to be satisfying his or her needs. The designer of the brand should design it in such a ways that it connects with the customer and not just the product (Kotler 2006). Identity on the other hand, is concerned with the image of the company. This image can be portrayed by the brand made by the company. The type of marketing collateral, the messages communicated by the company and other visuals displayed present the whole aspect of identity. Other features found in the brand identity may include the product name, the sound invoked by the name, trade dress and the brand’s personality. For a brand name to be effective it should suggest the products and services that it offers, it should also be easily recognized or pronounced and distinctive from other brands. In order to create a sense of belonging, there should be ad good design and discourse. Whatever is said in the visual context should be related to the appropriate narration that gives meaning to it. For example in the designs presented over the TV, they must be related to the real experiences that the consumers find on the use of the brand ensures some sense of modernity. Sometimes a visual language can be effectively used to convey some messages to the consumer as they can be associated with a certain meaning. For example, Joan’s visual language had been used to advertise market freedom instead of being used as symbol for political emancipation (Julier 1997). Development of a good brand may be very costly but can also result in increased sales as long as it is able to meet the customer requirements. It requires marketing research to be done specifically in the market segments so that the customers are able to give their views on various ways in which they want the product to be designed. Relationship between consumer and product There is a very strong relationship between a consumer and the product depending on how well the product is able to meet the customer’s specifications. For example, the most loyal consumers of a specific product tend to make repeat purchases from the product due to the continued satisfaction that they get from the use of the brand. Under the just in time method, the products made by the manufacturer depend on the customer’s specification. They are only made after the customer has made an order or a demand. There are no goods left in stock since all the goods made are delivered immediately to the customer. This may reduce the costs involved in holding these products in the warehouse as they can be delivered to the consumers as soon as they are complete. The designer of any given product on
Abstract Each and every organization aims at ensuring that it has in place the best practices in the market. Dignity and reputation of a firm depends on interrelations not only amongst staff, but also with customers and suppliers. As a result, having a code of ethics which defines the ethical actions that one can take in any given scenario has become the order of the day. Codes of ethics help in enhancing consistence of behavior among employees, orientation of new employees as well as communicating expectations of the company to all stakeholders. While having a code of ethics is vital in creation of ethical corporate culture, there are people who have a contrary view. The paper enumerates the various benefits of code of ethics thus outlining its importance in creation of a working corporate culture. Codes of Ethics and Corporate Culture The main aim of any business entity is to make as much profit as possible. Employees are therefore encouraged use their inputs in a manner that will maximize income of the organization. However, if pushed too much by the need to make more money, many people are bound to engage in certain behaviors that might not be in tandem with the visions of the organization. As a result, many organizations and professions have come up with regulations limiting the behavior that is allowed. These codes of ethics define what employees as well as people in a given profession can or cannot do. The process of carrying out a given activity is fully outlined and deviance from these may lead to punishment. Though many people have applauded these codes of ethics due to the benefits that they have to organizations, there are those who do not see the importance of ethical codes conduct to corporate cultures. To begin with, it should be noted that almost every organization has in place a code of ethics which regulates the behavior of its members. The main aim of having ethical code of ethics in place is not necessarily to increase output but rather to enhance correct behavior among people in the organization. As a matter of fact, good behavior among employees of a given company is known as one of the factors that attract customers and enhances customer retention (Shaw, 2010). In this regard, ethical codes of conduct are vital in providing the proper way of handling various issues especially if the course of action is not immediately clear. It is important to note that there are scenarios whose mode of action is not defined in the rules and regulations of a company. Situations like these require a defined way of handling them to avoid conflicts. On the same note, ethical codes of conduct are used to socialize new employees when they join an organization. It is important to note that new employees will need to be guided on how to behave while working in an organization. If they find that everybody is supposed to use his or her own means in solving a problem, they will also start using their own ways in addressing various issues. However, p
Introduction Medical practitioners should work effectively with interpreters to ensure that all patients have an equal opportunity for healthcare delivery. Therefore, by effectively working together with interpreters, physicians will ensure that certain groups are not denied access to quality healthcare. Studies have placed an emphasis on the importance of interpreters in the medical field. For instance, Elderkin-Thompson, Silver & Waitzkin (2001) concluded that untrained interpreters make the most translation errors in the medical field. The results obtained from this study seem to indicate that providing care to non-English patients may be challenging at times. This paper will discuss the greatest challenge experienced by physicians when providing care to non-English clients, the current interpreter policies, and approaches that can be used to improve the process of providing care to non-English speaking clients. Challenge for Providing Care to Non-English Speaking Clients Language barriers present a serious challenge to building relationships between medical practitioners and their patients. Studies have established that non-English speaking patients fare the worst in the contemporary healthcare systems (Baraldi & Gavioli, 2012). To begin with, when there is a language barrier, there are high chances that the patient will be diagnosed with more or less advanced disease. Errors in diagnosing patients with the correct disease come because of the misinterpretation of the symptoms. Another challenge that may arise as a result of the language barrier is that the patient may have trouble when taking the prescribed medication (Brisset, Leanza & Laforest, 2013). Lastly, a non-English speaking patient may spend more time in the hospital due to poor communication with the doctor. Medical interpreters play a significant role in filling the gap between medical practitioners and non-English speaking patients and improving communication with non-English speaking patients. Incorporating professional interpreters will help in minimizing challenges faced by healthcare providers when dealing with non-English speaking patients. Interpreter Policies Complexities that surround healthcare delivery to non-English patients have forced medical practitioners to adopt policies that will help in addressing communication barriers (Brisset, Leanza & Laforest, 2013). Interpreter policies in healthcare act as guidelines that are used by interpreters to provide their services to non-English speaking populations. Our institution provides both Cyracom interpretation systems and on-site medical interpreters. Translation approaches ensure that physicians and patients can communicate in a safe and effective manner. The institution’s medical interpreter policy requires that patients only use either a remote video translator, medical translator, or telephonic translator services. By using the institution’s interpreter service, the
Introduction Logistics is a type of goods’ movements from the time a customer orders it till the product’s final consumption. This process consists of several stages, which are planning and implementation. Effective logistics plays a very important role in economy of any country. Craig Voortman identifies effective logistics as supply of the correct product, to the correct place, in a proper condition, and in the necessary time. (2004, p 13) According to Pr. Christopher, there are three supply chains compounds, three feasible pipelines deigns, which are of great importance for effective logistics. They are product, demand, and lead times. Such designs may be effective for many other industries, not only pipelines. For example, these three pipeline designs may have value for fashion industry. Discussion Langevin and Riopel say that effective logistics may be perfectly organized only in case if managers investigate various areas, which have some connection to the chosen industry. (2005, p 1) In their turn, Martin Christopher and Denis Towill prove that the philosophy of “one size fits all” (2002, p 20) cannot be used to any pipeline design and its control. There are three major variables, which need to be taken into consideration in order to provide a customer with really effective logistics. Also, it is necessary to consider their possible gradations in order not to have any problems during the delivery and implementation. These compounds are: products (standard or special), demand (stable or volatile), and lead time (short or long). It is necessary to admit that SCM has already considerably influenced the development of logistics operations. Dr. Ross underlines that such innovations help to find out some new types of products and choose the quickest forms of transportation. (1997, p 137) Such conditions raise the level competitions between the companies and make them improve their products to attract more and more people. Let us analyze these developing market specific strategies of delivery into the frames of one concrete industry – fashion. If demand is stable, it is easy to forecast any possible difficulties and problems. If demand is volatile, any kind of management will be untenable. Fernie and Sparks prove that volatility of demand will hardly help to forecast possible sales. This is why conventional wisdom is rather simple – think about possible methods to improve the quality of forecasts in the fashion logistic pipeline. One of the essential characteristics of effective logistics is lead time. Fernie and Sparks present three important lead times, which need to be completed in all fashion marketplaces: time to market, to serve, and to react. (2004, p 83 – 84) During the time to market, it is important to choose the best product and give it to shops. During the time to serve, it is necessary to forecast during what period of time this or that product will be in fa
Any entrepreneurial activity is aimed at making a profit, increasing capital. Nevertheless, to get surplus value, organizations first need to invest something, and it is precise with these investments that the possible efficiency of business activity is limited. That is, it can be said that the costs are the determining factor for making a profit. That is why a cost control policy is so important in healthcare organizations. The objectives of cost and financial result control are to provide timely, objective, and sufficient analytical information about the organization’s cost structure for internal and external users and to develop the organization’s control environment. In addition, the policy provides increased opportunities for the development of balanced motivation of production and management personnel and increased opportunities for applying various approaches to analysis. Finally, the convergence of the principles of production accounting and cost control through integrated management also appears as a goal. The Activity-based costing (ABC) method is widely used due to several advantages compared to traditional accounting methods, which imply that resources for all types of products are consumed in proportion to their output volumes. ABC in health care organizations has been suggested to be capable of addressing costing challenges (Keel et al., 2017). However, it has some drawbacks, and it is not a panacea for all accounting and reporting problems. American scientists Cooper and Kaplan developed the Activity-based costing method more than three decades ago, which was adopted in one department and at first and is now widely used (Berg & Madsen, 2020). The basic principle of calculating the cost is the division of costs into direct and indirect and the attribution of both types of costs to finished products. As a rule, there are no problems with the distribution of direct costs in practice since they can be directly attributed to the cost of a specific cost object. The advantage of using ABC is to determine how the overhead is used more accurately. If the company considers the cost of production by this method, organizations can get more detailed information on compliance of business expenses with industry standards. McBain et al. (2018) point out that “health organizations need valid information on condition-specific costs and patient outcomes to make informed resource allocation decisions and cost–benefit trade-offs” (p. 16). The ABC method is an excellent feedback tool for measuring the current cost of specific services if the management is striving to reduce costs. It also gives an idea of all the costs
The ability to smell is mediated by special sensory cells in the nasal cavity of vertebrates. The Ability to taste is enhanced by the olfaction capacity to detect volatile chemicals through the process of chemoreception. Because of olfaction, taste and the activity of the trigeminal nerve, addition of flavour to foods and beverages is realizable. In this regard, the tongue can distinguish different tastes. The olfactory system is essential since it enables people to detect rotten or contaminated foods. The taste and smell receptors respond to chemical solutions (Ropper, 2005). In the event that the olfactory is removed, people are less likely to survive because the body’s taste system will have been significantly affected. This implication contradicts some analyses that indicate human beings can survive without the functionality of the system since they are not guided by the sense of smell like animals. The lack of olfactory causes one to lack appetite because of the inability to taste. During the smelling of food, molecules of the food enter the nasal system and dissolve in the olfactory membrane before stimulating the receptors cells in the olfactory epithelium. The smell reaches the mouth through the pharynx and initiates the saliva to dissolve it. In this regard, the taste receptors of the tongue are stimulated in anticipation of the food. This generates the appetite to eat. When food is administered in the mouth, the taste cells in the tongue determine the food’s properties. Notably, the whole mechanism of determining the food’s taste is facilitated by the presence of the olfactory system within the body. In the mouth, the taste bud facilitates the tasting of food and beverages. This bud constitutes of three particular epithelial cells. These are the gustatory cells, basal cells and supporting cells. The cells are arranged to form a v-shaped row on the anterior and posterior parts of the tongue while others are on the tongue’s folds. Additionally, some are scattered randomly over the whole tongue’s surface. The tasting process is promoted by the saliva, which dissolves the tastings before penetrating through the taste cells. Later, the taste cells depolarize the taste and the taste type is transmitted to other recognisor nerves. Because of the basic taste sensation, we can derive the taste modalities mediated by certain chemical substances. These modalities include salt, bitter, sour, sweet and Umami flavours (Chiras, 1995). Each modality reflects the components of the food. The salt flavour reflects the availability of metal ions, bitter flavour reflects the availability of alkaloids and gustducin, sour flavour reflects the availability of hydrogen and sodium ions, sweet flavour reflects the availability of sugar and some amino acids and Umami flavour reflects the availability of Gustducin. After analyzing the factors that influence our taste for food, there is a possibility that taste can be achieved without the olfactory system. This is because taste influences the way in which we appreciate food as either tasting good or bad to enhance its consumption. In the event that food properties are characterized by
Managing organizational change in a business has become one of the most important pillars supporting business productivity bearing in mind that through change, the performance of a business is enhanced, workers are motivated and new methods of innovation are introduced. Studies indicate that change management is an imperative structured approach that managers apply to transit organizations as well as employees to desired outcome. Many individuals in organizations are quite often opposed to the process of change. They rather prefer status quo. Beugelsdjk and Slangen (2001) posit that by overcoming forces restraining change, organizations can make tremendous developments in terms of growth, sales and productivity. This paper examines organizational change in the distribution system at Heineken Inc. and its impact on the business. Heineken’s distribution system has been considered to be one of the best among beer distributors in the world since its inception. Besides exporting its products, Heineken also sold its beers via agents to small and big pubs which were linked to consumers in the beer market. After the Second World War, Freddy Heineken, the CEO at Heineken foresaw the forthcoming developments in technology where machines such as televisions and refrigerators would be introduced and revolutionize the market. On that front, he felt the need to radically abolish the traditional distribution system and initiate changes in distribution that would meet the expected changes in marketing patterns. Changing distribution system and opposition from people In 1947, the traditional distribution pattern at Heineken was changed from pubs to wholesalers and supermarkets where more people frequented after television and refrigerators were introduced. However, as indicated earlier in the paper, the move to create a change encountered massive resistance from other leaders of the organization who felt that by shifting from the traditional system of distribution via pubs, chances were that they would lose their crucial distribution channel. Besides, change would interfere with the normal routine the business had of distribution by opening up to professionals from wholesaler groups and supermarkets. Benefits of changing the distribution system Mary Jo Hatch posits that change in the culture and normal practice of a business plays a pivotal role of enhancing performance and raising sales levels (Frimpon, 2011). The decision to change the distribution system at Heineken increased sales of beer by 35 litres per person in 1968 from the previous 10 litres in 1949. In addition, reports indicate that its market share also rose by 18% from a low of 21 to a high of 39% (Beugelsdjk & Slangen, 2001). Frimpon (2011) posits that the importance of an organizational change is that it introduces and implements strategies at organizational and individual levels to respond to opportunities, t
There are four major approaches to therapy: cognitive, psychodynamic, humanistic, and behavioral (Feldman, 2019). The latter two will be analyzed here in a dialogue based upon the case study of a woman named Sara, who has Depression and Generalized Anxiety Disorder. Humanistic therapy, which is less direct in its approach than other methods, relies on the belief that humans intrinsically yearn for self-actualization. Clients usually feel more supported (Feldman, 2019). On the other hand, behavioral therapy relies on the assumption that “both abnormal behavior and normal behavior are learned” (Feldman, 2019, p. 738). It is especially beneficial in the case of anxiety issues, as it offers clients direct action to establish greater control (Norton & Price, 2007). The two approaches are thus highly complementary, as while humanistic therapy aims at perceiving and resolving inner troubles, behavioral therapy tends towards changing external behaviors (Feldman, 2019).