ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Diplomacy is an important institution to all the governments in the world. International relations among nations are maintained by various diplomats stationed in respective embassies of various countries (Siracusa 5). These diplomats are responsible for brokering international trade deals between states, discussing economic matters, war and peace making. Diplomats also negotiate international treaties before they can be accepted by politicians of respective countries. It is also the work of diplomats to inform their countries of representation, about the events taking place in various allocated countries. Diplomatic speeches and statements are supposed to be polite, moderate and non provocative. For diplomacy to thrive, good relations among nations must be maintained at all times (Berridge 70). The Cablegate scandal, which is the unprecedented leaking of United States confidential diplomatic information, began in November 2010. The scandal started when Wikileaks made public trough publications, details of the secret communications between various US diplomatic missions around the world and the US Department in charge of state affairs. Wikileaks would then in many instances forward the cables to main and recognized newspapers around the globe, which were five. The newspapers in conjunction with Wikileaks have been publishing the numerous articles since then. Wikileaks is a global, non profitable media corporation whose main activity is to find crucial news and information and then avail them to the public. The organization provides a convenient and secure way for anybody or independent sources to provide information to its established journalists. It does so by maintaining anonymity for its sources. The organization has been at the center of controversy for publishing sensitive topics on ethics, history, and politics. It has no major power base and mainly relies on the power of its worldwide supporters, urging members to pressurize those who try to impose censorship measures (Domscheit-Berg 50). The Wikileaks’ revelation of the contents in the classified diplomatic documents of the US has affected the institution of diplomacy massively. This has made the US relation with the rest of the world to become strained (Star 10). This is mainly in anti reformist countries whose policies contradict those of the US. Information by the cable has depicted many African leaders in a negative way. They have been portrayed as anti-reformist, corrupt, and greedy for power causing an outrageous uproar from the leaders. Other nations like Iran have been portrayed as a threat to international peace, citing that measures should be taken to curb Iran’s nuclear projects. Socialist like Chavez of Venezuela has been depicted as a dictator whose ideologies should not be allowed to spread. The Cablegate scandal has negatively impacted the institution of diplomacy. The leaks have made many nations to treat the US, which is a maj
The main speaker in this ballad is an unnamed Negro tenant trying to get justice and persuade the landlord to renovate his house. The ballad is actually a dialogue between the tenant and the landlord, although the first five stanzas represent only the tenants’ side of the dialogue. Thus, it becomes perfectly apparent how the mood of the main speaker changes and disappointment grows. The ballad compares value: how many words of a Black man go unheard and how little a white man had to say to ruin the first’s life. In addition, by depriving the landlord of words, Hughes made the character less personalized, thereby making the landlord a reflection of the racist society of that time.
Introduction After the United States of America liberated itself from the British, there was need for establishment of new government. A group of men who are currently referred to as the nation’s Founders are the ones came up with the government. The government was established based on the experience the founders had, what they had learnt as well as what they believed in. This group of men had a lot in common [1] . They had great political experience, were learned and had interest in safeguarding their property. As a result, the group came up with a strong agreement on what to incorporate in the government. Immediately after United States of America was established, numerous conflicts surfaced which included economic hardships, power devolution and conflict of interests. To contain the situation, there was need for establishment of a government which was to be mandated with ensuring there were not conflicts. This led to the Founders assembling in Philadelphia so as to put down laws that would be implemented by the new government. Despite the Founders managing to come up with the constitution, there were numerous conflicts that emerged during the process [2] . The constitution making process called for inclusion of diverse ideas. Moreover, the Founders had to compromise on some of their beliefs for the constitution to be completed. Conflicts encountered Despite the Founders agreeing on the need for establishment of new government, numerous conflicts arose. One of the conflicts that were experienced was the structure of the government. Edmund Randolph; the then governor of Virginia proposed a two-house legislature. The legislature was to have upper house which was to be given the mandate of electing the lower house. The Congress was to be given the powers of invalidating laws that it found to be contradicting the constitution. This structure comprised of a parliamentary form of government where the Congress was to be responsible of choosing the judiciary and the cabinet. On the other hand, William Paterson; a New Jersey delegate came up with a structure that gave each state equal vote to the Congress regardless of the size of the state [3] . The structure also called for the establishment of distinct branches of the executive and the judiciary. On top of the powers accorded to the Congress in the first proposal, this structure added the powers of the Congress to comprise taxing and commerce. In his plan, Paterson also included a clause that would have seen establishment of national government law that would have been superior to the states’ law. It was hard to immediately decide on the structure to adopt and debate between the two structures went on until July. To ensure that a constitution that catered for the views of
Introduction When conducting a survey, a researcher has to conduct a series of interviews. These interviews are put in place to obtain as much relevant and reliable information as possible. In order to achieve an efficient survey, the interviews need to be conducted using well-guided and closely followed interviews. There are certain types of interview techniques that need to be followed in order for a survey to be effective. The essay that follows is going to use a list of three types of interview techniques namely, personal interview, telephone survey and the self-administered questionnaire to find answers to a list of survey questions. Using these three methods to conduct the survey will ensure that reliable information is got from the sources. The essay will give various answers using the most reliable kind of survey method that will be most effective in obtaining the most reliable information. Personal interview and subdivision survey When conducting a survey in a subdivision, intending to gain information from the residents of a newly established division to find out why they choose the area in which they live. During the survey, you also desire to obtain information about the dislikes and the likes of the new subdivision. When carrying out this type of survey, the most appropriate approach would be the use of a one on one interview. A personal interview in such a situation would be a recommendable method because it would ensure that the interviewer gains the most reliable and first-hand information. Using personal interviews entails face-to-face conversation where the interviewer will be able to have social cues, which is very important in such a survey as this one where the interviewer needs to interrogate people present in a subdivision. In such a case, the interviewer will be in close contact with the interviewees and standardization of the interviewee situation will be attainable (Abramson and Abramson, 1999, p. 13). Self-administered survey and Metro University Due to a large number of individuals to be interviewed during a poll of students at Metro University on the candidate they are inclined to opt for among the list of three candidates that are vying for the position of leader of the student government, a most effective survey method to be used among the three is to employ the self-administered questionnaire. This can be done in various ways including the use of a Paper & pencil survey and the use of sent mail that ei
A Room of One’s Own In chapter 3 of A Room of One’s Own, Woolf begins by turning to history in an attempt to find information on the relationship between women and literature, however, she fails and employs fiction to tell her story. The lack of actual historical information is a testament to the treatment accorded to women in the 16 th century and this is an element of modernity that Woolf uses; the oppression of women in the Elizabethan age. Woolf finds very little historical material on the legal rights of women in the said period and despite this, she gives her readers a detailed analysis of the opposing roles to which a woman living in the 16 th century encountered, and which have been erased by modernity. She accomplishes this by pooling together the little historical material available and merging it with fictional works. She asserts that chauvinist assumptions would have been internalized, proving that oppression of this form comes from both internal and external factors. Woolf writes “It would have been impossible, completely and entirely, for any woman to have written the plays of Shakespeare in the age of Shakespeare.” (Woolf, chapt. 3). To illustrate her point on the oppression of women, Woolf uses an imaginary person known as Judith Shakespeare, William Shakespeare’s brother. Judith is as talented, possibly as her brother, but gets very little education. Even though she is her father’s favorite child, her family expects her to follow the conventional culture that leaves her with little space to develop her talent. The quest to follow her passion finally sees her run from home and her attempts to go into acting are met with negativity and scorn. A theater manager takes her in but impregnates her and she eventually kills herself. Judith Shakespeare’s life is a generalization of the life of a woman with Shakespeare’s ability at the time, these have however changed, thanks to modernity. Three Pictures and The Fascination of the Pool Woolf further promotes the theme of modernism in The Three Pictures through the concept that one of the goals of modernism is to open our minds to newer ways of viewing the world. She writes that although we can see pictures from the words that they create, these same pictures can deceive us. She cautions us from the beginning that we are walking on a risky ground for it is unavoidable that we can be ‘quite wrong’ in our interpretation of pictures (Woolf, para. 1). The first picture captivates our mind and generates joyful thoughts, the second, accompanied by an unexplained shriek, interrupts the harmony and compels us to doubt our judgment and we start to question whether the beauty that we seek to take in and comprehend is just superficial. We fool ourselves and believe it is “far more likely that this calm and content and goodwill lay beneath the surface than anything treacherous, sinister” (Woolf, para. 9). Woolf informs us that beauty is not necessarily found in that which looks beautiful. In The Fascination of the Pool, Woolf expresses the sense of modernity in the same context as stated above, i.e. that of opening our minds to newer ways of vie
Introduction Interestingly, the first recorded European visitor to Easter Island gave the Island its name simply because he discovered it on Easter Sunday in 1722. At this time, the island had few inhabitants who were less than 2000 people. Although few people inhabited the island, there was evidence that the island had undergone sophisticated civilization with lush forest, which supported a relatively large population (at that time) of 6000 to 30000 people. The drastic decline in the population of people in the Island relates closely to the over-exploitation and overutilization of the natural resources of the island. The unabated depletion of the natural resources such as forests gave way to adverse climatic conditions causing people to migrate away from Easter Island. Therefore, overutilization of the limited resources causes adverse effects on the environment and the inhabitants. Observations Geographically, the Easter Island lies at an altitude of about 507 meters above sea level with an approximate land area of about 163.6 square kilometers. The altitude and land size favor the establishment of subtropical moist broadleaf forest, which the island supported before deforestation (Diamond, 2005, p.467). Due to the depletion of natural forests through deforestation for settlement and farming, the island in the recent time remains ’robbed’ off all the indigenous forest cover leaving the place remote and deserted. Moreover, the outstanding numerous statues erected on the Easter Island signifies that deforestation took place to create space for the formation and erection of the statutes. Trees are sparse, rarely forming natural groves and statues stand in ‘Y’ shaped wooden frames or have a wooden ladder used in the erection of the statues in their sites (Baker, Buckley, & Holland, 1974, p.85). Extinction of palm tree remains evidence of mass deforestation in the island although other factors such as the climatic inclination of the little ice age could have contributed significantly to the deforestation in conjunction with the Polynesian rat, brought by the original settlers of the Island. Polynesian rat “impeded the palm’s reproduction and played a very important role in the disappearance of the palm trees” (Englert, 1970, p.112), which led to the loss of palm trees in Easter Island. Hypothesis The population of Easter Island decreased drastically due to the depletion of the natural limited natural resources because, at the time of its initial colonization, the large broadleaf forests and palm dominated the Island; however, grasses, shrubs, and few trees mainly cover Easter Island and very few people inhabit the island in contemporary times. Results The presence of few people inhabiting Easter Island and depletion of the forest with marked extinction of indigenous palm trees is a clear indication that people have migrated away from the island as natural resources became exhausted and there
The Tragedy of Macbeth written by William Shakespeare between 1599 and 1606 is a sophisticated examination of evil and its vicious impact on people. Shakespearean tragic heroes reveal a great variety of themes and motifs among which are the tragic flaw of ambition, the role of fate, witchcraft and evil, superstitions, and others. In considered tragedy, ambition appears as a hazardous quality resulting in the demise of both Macbeth and Lady Macbeth and provokes a series of murders. Consequently, ambition is the characters’ driving force. The theme of ambition is undoubtedly one of the primary importance in the play. Ambition is determined as the strong desire to reach something, in this case, in the play, Macbeth, as well as his wife, craves to become a king. Lord Macbeth, the protagonist of the tragedy, is a Scottish noble, Thane of Glamis, later Thane of Cawdor, and a fearless warrior. The author describes him as “valor minion” and “Bellona’s bridegroom” (Shakespeare 25). This perspective is complicated, and Hubbard states, “Macbeth acknowledges his ambition in his first soliloquy when he enumerates many reasons why he cannot kill Duncan” (39). He claims, “I have no spur / To prick the sides of my intent, but only / Vaulting ambition, which overleaps itself / And falls on the’ other” (1.7.25-28). The compulsion that drives Macbeth to commit murder, therefore to self-destruction is more commonplace and controversial. He has the prophecy of the witches, but the tendency to self-doubt makes him struggle with conscience throughout the play. The character of Macbeth is used by Shakespeare to illustrate a man who lacks the strength of moral fiber under the affection of guilt and ambition. Macbeth becomes irretrievably evil, although he is separated from Shakespeare’s other great malefactors – Iago in Othello, Edmund in King Lear, Richard III in Richard III – by his weak personality. Macbeth wants to be a great king “The king-becoming graces / [are] justice, verity, temperance, stableness, / Bounty, perseverance, mercy, [and] lowliness,” as Malcolm says (4.3.92-93). Instead, he becomes a tyrant who is unable to cope with himself needless to say about the whole country. Jones characterizes Macbeth in the following way: “Macbeth, if compared with Richard III, marks the marvelous advance of the dramatist’s art in subtlety and impressive power. In both plays, criminal ambition with its consequences forms the central theme. The hunchback king, at the crisis of his fate, feels the avenging power of the conscience which he had so long deliberately set at defiance”. (194) Macbeth is stroked by worry and even considers not to kill Duncan. He is a great warrior in distinction from his lack of preparedness for the psychological consequences of crime. It makes Lady Macbeth encourage and push him into the action. After the crime, however, her dominant person
Introduction The automobile industry is a major contributor to the economy of the United States. The industry requires diversified supply of raw materials from different parts of the world (Zino, 2010, p. 1). Technological advancements have been of great importance in the automobile industry, because they have helped promote the introduction of new models and contribute to the differentiation of the existing ones. The global economic recession that was experienced in 2007-2009 adversely affected the automobile industry, because it leads to China overtaking the United States in terms of sales growth (Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development, 2010, p. 11). The main players in the automobile industry in the United States are Ford Motors, General Motors Company, Chrysler, Toyota and Honda (Carfreaks, 2010, p. 1). Dominant Economic Characteristics of the Industry There are many customers for automobile products in the global markets, which makes this industry very attractive to many investors. Customers in this industry include individuals, organizations and governments. There is an increasing need for automobile products in the world, especially with the increases in urbanization, industrialization and civilization. It is notable that the automobile industry has been very profitable, which is another reason that has attracted many investors. Because the cost of raw materials for manufacturing cars is very high, companies in this industry focus on economies of scale. As such, manufacturing many products gives profits to the existing companies in the market. Barriers of entry to the automobile industry include high capital requirements and legal restrictions. In addition, establishing a good product image in the global markets is important, and this requires operating in the market for many years. New companies find it difficult to overcome stiff competition in the market, because the existing companies have built a strong customer loyalty and brand image for their products. The learning curve effect explains the causes of this dominance by the existing companies in the industry, because new companies require a lot of time to learn the market trends and establish a solid background about the existing customers (Feenstra, 1989, p. 103). Most of the existing companies in the US automobile industry have established a strong foundation about their position, making it very hard for new firms to penetrate the market. The pace of technological change is increasing and new technologies are being developed to reduce cost of production and produce better products. It is important to note that new car models are continuously being invented, because most of adoption of innovativ
WWII had changed the world order and established new patterns of communication and interaction between people. Culture and social life in Japan were influenced by Western traditions and values. The development of a capitalistic economy brought about a change in Japanese industry and contributed to augmenting national power. At the same time, it widened the gulf between rich and poor, between capital and labor, which in turn gave rise to a movement to organize labor unions intended to raise the living standard of workers. Such men of light and leading laid great emphasis on the necessity of promoting and protecting the interests of the working class. The WWII transformed traditional life of people limited by the Imperial regime and old laws. The scientific methods of the West came to be applied even to such studies as Japanese history, Japanese literature, Oriental history, and Indian philosophy. Phenomenal progress was thus made in all branches of science, it is true, but a scientific spirit can hardly be said to have permeated the general public (Kamachi, p. 43). While brilliant achievements were born in laboratories one after another, an unscientific, superstitious way of thinking was the rule outside among the people in general. Even today modern science has not yet taken its place in the everyday life of the masses. With the introduction of Western music, both vocal and instrumental, a taste for music spread throughout the country, due partly to the inclusion of singing in the primary school curriculum. In histrionic art a reform was effected in the kabuki , one of the legacies of feudalism; new ideas and devices were adopted in playwriting and theater structure (Kamachi, p. 20). Two new schools of drama were founded: the shrimp-get based on the manners and customs of the new age, and the shin-geki illustrative of the spirit of modern dramas of the West. The traditional kabuki and these two newly born dramatic schools thus competed in the sphere of stage art. “For most Japanese today, formal religion involves rites and services more than religious doctrines or discipline” (Kamachi, p. 29). Western culture was adopted and assimilated in Japan to an extent unparalleled before. Japanese society adopted elements and traditions of Chinese culture, it is true, to develop the native culture, but it did not bring about a complete change in the social fabric, economic structure, and everyday manners and customs. WWII completely changed the life of the Japanese; improvement was made