ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Background Many people practicing sports tend to use sport supplements designed to assist them in achieving their goals, be it weight gain or reduction. Several studies report that these food supplements may lead to endocrine disruption (ED) caused by contamination. It is essential to clarify that the endocrine system is represented by a class of hormones that transmit information from the endocrine glands to the internal organs, controlling a variety of physiological processes. In particular, in a female body, the concentration of estrogen varies depending on the state of the reproductive system and the phase of the cycle, and, with age, the secretion of sex hormones decreases and reaches a minimum by the onset of menopause. Accordingly, androgens, male sex hormones, are responsible for reproduction of men, secretion of metabolism, and the function of their nuclear receptors. The paramount concern caused by the increasing use of sport supplement is that people regard them as a safe option since supermarkets and shops offer them as minerals and vitamins. In fact, both endo- and exogenous anabolic steroid compounds are prohibited by the General Food Law Regulation, yet the question with deliberate and accidental contamination remains critical. For example, pro-hormones, a large group of substances, tend to turn into mainly male hormones such as cortisol, testosterone, progesterone. The meaning of their work lies in the fact that a large number of produced hormones in the body stimulate the development of masculine characteristics – increased performance, increase muscle mass, and burn fat. Side effects of increasing the level of male hormones are increased aggression, disorders of the central nervous system, as well as difficulties with memory and concentration. Another vivid example of the need to seriously reconsider the intake of sport supplements is associated with the anabolic androgenic contamination. A man taking them within four weeks was hospitalised with cholestatic liver injury and had to recover for 8-15 weeks, which shows the importance of continuous monitoring of one’s state when he or she takes such supplements. It is essential to emphasise the fact that the most relevant way of monitoring the level of hormonally-active elements of supplements is to focus on the steroid hormone receptors. Previously, luciferase as a part of the Reporter Gene Assays (RGAs) was utilised to track the mentioned changes. Such a method allows studying both known and unknown hormones and their alterations that may affect the endocrine system of a person. Aim The study under discussion aims at examining androgens and estrogens, namely, their physiological effects, based on the development of RGA screening assays in order to reveal ED in sport supplements. The target population is composed of customers living in Irela
Introduction To conduct various types of research, it is necessary to be able to select quality sources. They should not only correspond to the studied topic but also have several other criteria. For example, the most common standard for selecting articles is the date of their writing. Besides, they must be peer-reviewed and published either in well-known journals or in large databases. Finally, it is necessary to carry out a qualitative and critical assessment of the text, for which various kinds of tools, such as CASP, can be used. The purpose of this presentation is to select an article on the topic of road traffic accidents, a summary of it, and a critical assessment using the tool above. The road safety situation is a complex problem, which is simultaneously influenced by many factors. However, over the past year, the COVID-19 pandemic is the largest global factor affecting all areas. The economic one has suffered the most from these changes since, in many countries, the disease has led to the establishment of quarantine and lockdown. Accordingly, thanks to these measures, the roads have become significantly empty, and road traffic has decreased. However, road safety is still relevant since reduced traffic simultaneously allows better compliance with traffic rules and provides dangerous driving opportunities. The purpose of this paper is to develop questions for professionals about the impact of COVID-19 on road safety now and in the future. Economic Downturns The economy is directly related to road safety performance because, in an environment of increased risk of injury and death, economic communication cannot develop at a normal pace. However, the reverse is also true, as with reduced economic activity, traffic on the roads decreases. In general, research suggests the following positive effects of economic downturns: reduced vehicle mileage, fewer drivers, more careful driving due to lesser consumption of alcohol, and fewer cars sold. Research on the relationship between COVID-19 and road travel is sparse and contradictory. In different states, statistics say both increases in mortality and a significant decrease in road accidents. This difference is due to different topographic conditions, driving culture, police work, and other factors that must be taken into account and investigated to obtain accurate data. Unprecedented Nature However, to apply such data to the study of the current traffic situation, it is necessary not only to combine various regional factors but also to consider the peculiarities of the problem with COVID-19. Since all available research was carried out under normal conditio
Rights and Liberties Rights and liberties is a term that refers to the set of rights granted to an individual by the virtue of them being American citizens. The major component of these rights and liberties are the contents of the fundamental freedoms and privileges contained in 13 and 14 th amendments of the United States constitution guaranteeing certain freedoms and privileges to all citizens of country [1] . Rights and liberties, just like other sets of laws, are subject to interpretation by the judicial branch, which determines whether such rights and liberties as provided for in the constitution have been violated. An important aspect that always comes up when it comes to the discussion on rights and liberties is the civil liberties guaranteed to each and every American citizen and precisely, to what extent an individual can enjoy such civil liberties without any interference from the government authorities [2] . There are certain situations where the rights and liberties of an individual might be lawfully curtailed and, therefore, the constitution allows such curtailment for the purpose of enforcing the law. This paper will discuss various situations where the rights and liberties of an individual can be lawfully curtailed and present the rationale behind each case. There are situations where the fundamental rights and liberties of an individual can be curtailed for the purpose of enforcing the law and ensuring that greater good is achieved. One instance involves the curtailment of the right to movement and association of a lawfully detained person [3] . A person who is legally detained for one reason or the other will not enjoy the right to free movement and association because extending such rights might interfere with an ongoing judicial process. In order to curtail such a right, the arrest and detention should be lawful in that such an arrest must be sanctioned by a court of law or the arresting officer must present justifiable course necessitating the arrest and detention of the suspect [4] . A second right that is increasingly becoming a major issue in the United States is the right to due process and the curtailment of such rights. Against the backdrop of the September 11 th , the US has put in place several provisions that are meant to enhance the country’s security and prevent such attacks in the future. [5] Chief among these are provisions regarding the handling of suspects who are deemed a threat to national security. [6] In such cases, the right to due process is at times shelved and suspects might be subjected to extended periods of detention and questioning depending on the severity of the case. [7] This is in contradictionsince a suspect should be arraigned in court within forty eight hours of arrest, which is part of the US judicial system due process. The third right that can be curtailed within the precinct of the United States criminal justice system is the right to life. The right to life is one of th
Introduction Genetic experimentation and development have the prospect of initiating a number of alterations as well as benefits to the human being. In addition, the genetic developments have the ability of creating new living things, prevent emission of toxic wastes as well as provide cure to various ailments. Further, through the utilization of genetic tools, modification of individual attributes is possible. The paper presents the shortcomings as well as the gains achieved through genetic development and experimentation. Moreover, the paper spells out how the ethical principles and moral system are affected by the genetic engineering. In this regard, the study will set limits where genetic development and experimentation should reach. Discussions about the extents of genetic development and experimentation Over the years, the global society has been involved in complicated debates on the bioethical concerns pertaining to the researches on human embryonic stem cells and human cloning. To begin with, the stem cells have the capability of forming assorted varieties of tissues. In this regard, the stem cells exhibit the quality of enabling development engineering that can aid in the reorganization of smashed up tissues and cure humans from lethal ailments. Secondly, embryonic stem cells from the human embryos majorly involve the destructions of living embryos thus could jeopardize the smooth functioning of the body cells and causing impairments to the donors (Thiroux & Krasemann, 2007). Generally, adult stem cells have played critical roles in curative undertakings compared to the embryonic stem cells due to their relative firmness. In other words, the utilization of the unstable embryonic stem cells is an ingredient for tumors. On the contrary, the versatile adult stem cells are effective in therapeutic purposes. Researches on the embryonic stem cells have resulted into the destruction of embryos. Therefore, conducting researches that do not involve the destruction of cells needs immense support. However, this has attracted debate from diverse quarters with proponents and opponents of genetic engineering raising different concerns. The supporters of cell modification contend that there has been increased cure of dangerous diseases that were otherwise untreatable due to the genetic engineering. In addition, through the application of modern genetic engineering as well as therapy technologies, devastating effects of cell diseases have been alleviated. On the other hand, the critics of genetic development argue that researches involving genetic experiments and development would lead to an escalating rate of embryo deaths (Thiroux & Krasemann, 2007). Further, opponents claim that genetic development is an unethical experimentation motivated by the activities of the sc
Overview   * Use of social media affects all areas of life;   * Attracting talent is a key business strategy;   * Companies use both job-related and other social platforms;   * 84% of US businesses use social media (Society for Human Resource Management);   * 9% are planning to start recruiting through SM (Society for Human Resource Management). With the ever-increasing competition in the marketplace and the rules of the new economy, attracting and retaining talent has become as important as ever. Choosing the right people for one’s team is one of the key strategies used by companies to gain a competitive advantage over their contenders. The phenomenon of recruiting new employees through social networking both targeted at building work relationships and non-related to business has attracted researchers’ interest. So far, recent study findings revealed that 84% of United States companies use social media for finding appropriate candidates. The rest of the companies do not plan to be left behind in the race: as Society for Human Resource Management States, 9% of the businesses consider using social networking tools. Advantages for Businesses   * Recruitment through social media has its advantages;   * Companies want access to more candidates;   * Traditional ways attract actively seeking candidates;   * SM allows to contact passive specialists;   * Passive talent acquisition is the main reason for using SM. The main reason why companies all over the world turn to use social media is the desire to gain access to a larger pool of suitable candidates. As Koch et al. put it, traditionally, when it came to advertising jobs, businesses could only ‘spray and pray’ meaning that their choice of potential employees was limited to those who were actively looking and sending applications themselves (1). The exponential growth and popularity of social media have allowed for so-called passive talent acquisition – interacting with individuals who might not be seeking employment at the moment but who advertise their skills online. Society for Networks and Recruitment found that recruiting passive candidates was the top reason (82%) why businesses used social media. Advantages for Businesses   * Benefits are associated with global trends;   * Screening candidates is easier;   * Access to specialists all over the world;   * Communication is more personal and authentic. Since many people post personal information online, potential employers can draw conclusions about their character and make a judgment whether a given individual would fit. Screening candidates thoroughly before scheduling an interview is reasonably time-effective. Second, the modern world is fascinated with the opportunities that wor
Introduction Advancements in technology over the last two decades have added new dimensions to the aspects of security in human affairs. The connotations of ‘security’ not only encompass individual security but also security of communities, businesses and nations. The galloping technology in an increasingly wired world has forced certain changed behavioral patterns among the global polity. The underlying principles of psychology as postulated by the pioneers however, still find relevance albeit, with some new principles and rules being included to measure up to the changed circumstances. Ryan West in his work on ‘ Psychology of Security ’ covers considerable ground in trying to explain the new paradigms of security with its relations to established principles of management and human psychology. The Main Points The main focus of the work by West is to address the problems of corporate security. He does this by examining the concept of human risk taking behavior and the art of decision making amidst uncertainty and its relation to security mechanism. The author opines that the latest developments in information technology has made the task of maintaining adequate security more complex as many people do not have the necessary understanding of the underlying technological principles of electronic security in relation to the administration of their lives and businesses. The author offers generic solutions towards improving security without getting into the specifics of the actual process of security management. The author develops his argument based on a precept of behavioral psychology of cognition. He opines that since humans are cognitive misers , they have a limited capacity for information processing and routinely multitask thus favoring quick decisions based on learned rules and Heuristics. This is especially true when humans interact with technology. Humans tend to believe that computers are always right, safe and that complicated security procedures are unnecessary. The Military Genesis of Security West’s allusion to military cryptography as a start point of his article is valid introduction to the subject as modern thinking on organizational security has its roots in the progress made by military thinkers. Anderson and Moore in their work Information Security Economics – and Beyond, amplify this statement by surmising that “Game theory and microeconomic theory are becoming important to the security engineer, just as the mathematics of cryptography did a quarter century ago”. Security is an established “Principle of War”, Johnsen et al (1995), which has been adapted to the needs of corporate sec
Introduction Personal experiences influence the development of the “self’. This assertion implies that the environment plays a key role in shaping the attributes of an individual (James, 1968). Additionally, a person’s perception of what other people in the society think about him/her is a crucial aspect of determining the self (Mead, 1934). Notably, people with disability experience diverse perceptions dominated by stigmatization, thus resulting in negative personal perceptions. To understand the various factors that influence the development of a sense of self, various scholars have created concepts to address the issue. The common concepts that illustrate the development of the “self” include “speech acts”, “the looking-glass self”, “adjacency pairs”, and “the transmission model of communication.” These concepts foster an understanding of how individuals construct their personalities in different social contexts of interaction. The application of the concepts could also fit in the contemporary age of mass media influence where people adopt trending issues to perceive the personality of others and themselves. Therefore, this paper demonstrates how the production and shaping-up of the “self” occur from a personal observation point of view. Additionally, an incorporation of the different concepts of “self” construction would be discussed in this paper, and it bases its explanation on cultural rules and the mass media especially regarding the disabled individuals in a given society. Information Transmission and the Self Information dissemination is the key essence of communication among different individuals and parties in the society. Particularly, the accuracy of the information relayed through a given channel determines how the recipients interpret it (Hartley, 2012). In this light, the way people interpret information prompts them to perceive different phenomena and act out of the construed understanding. For this reason, the “transmission model of communication” concept holds that the transmission of inform
The orchestra concert I have to evaluate and discuss is exciting and unique because it represents a beautiful combination of the works by such great composers like Strauss and Tchaikovsky, Schoenberg and Barber. Their compositions are magnificent indeed and make their listeners enjoy each sound and each instrument. Richard Strauss’ Serenade in Eb for Winds, Op. 7 is a generous combination of 13 winds: flutes, clarinets, oboes, bassoons, and one contrabassoon. The genre of chamber music that is inherent to this very composition provides the listener with a chance to be involved in a new world, full of emotions and feelings. This serenade is performed in major, and the use of compound meter makes it possible to hear polyphonic motives, which cannot leave indifferent any person, however also prove Straus’ lack of experience with the use of double bass that has to support the final accord. While listening this composition, I imagine that I open a door and enter a new world, where nature fights with people and tries to persuade that it is essential to respect each living being in this world, and at the end, a kind of alternative is achieved, where people start enjoying and respecting nature and the world they live in. Samuel Barber’ Violin Concerto, Op. 14 is one of the greatest compositi
Animal abuse and plant abuse is defined as a deliberate infliction of psychological pain, distress, deprivation, or death of an animal or a plant by human beings. Animal abuses occur every time human beings fail to meet the animals’ basic needs. In general, animal abuses comprise of all intentional, socially, and unacceptable behaviors that threatens the welfare of our fellow animals. Notably, in our factory farms millions of animals such as dairy cows, sheep, pigs, and chickens suffer extremely in the production of food, clothing, and other animal products for human consumption. Surprisingly, many individuals in our society are unaware of these sufferings inflicted on animals. On the other hand, plant abuse occurs when human beings and animals destroy plants’ parts and environment. Through genetic modification, plant life is changed. Plants activists argue that plant genetic modification is a violent change (Nardi 56). This paper seeks to compare and contrast two articles focusing on animal and plant abuses. These articles are Brussels Sprouts like to Live Too by Natalie Angier and Animal Vegetable Miserable by Gary Steiner. In the two articles, the authors focus on ways in which human beings have abused both plants and animals. As such, Steiner focuses on how humans have abused animals, while Angier focuses on how humans have abused animals and how humans and animals have abused plants. In the article Animal Vegetable Miserable, the author argues that currently more people are concerned with where their animal products come from (Steiner 1). Notably, the author notes that at present people question the quality of life an animal had before being slaughtered for human consumption. Steiner argues that through this, individuals can identify whether these products are fit for human consumption by investigating on the animals’ backgrounds. Through these arguments, the author feels remorseful for the way humans treat animals (Steiner 1). Equally, in the article Brussels Sprouts like to Live Too the author focuses on plant abuse (Angier 1). Just like Pa, Angier argues that she is slowly transforming into a vegetarian. She asserts that she stopped consuming mammalian meat 8 years ago. Like Pa, Angier argues that killing of animals for their products is unjust. According to her article, she believes that animals have equal right to be alive just as humans. In her article, she quotes some committed vegetarian philosophers such as Isaac Singer (Angier 1). In the quotes, she emphasizes that killing animals to satisfy human needs should be perceived as outright murder. In the same way Steiner felt, Angier felt remorseful for the way animals are being treated by human beings. Unlike Pa, Angier argues that plants too have suffered because of animals and humans feeding on their parts. She argues that although plants cannot escape from these destructions they can stand their ground (Angier 1). In the article, she describes several mechanisms that plants have adopted to prevent animals from destroying their parts. By doing so, she illustrates that just like animals plan