ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
DHL over Baghdad and Qantas Flight 32 are two exceptional cases of airmanship when the flight crew successfully landed the plane despite the failure of normal flight controls that could have been “a death sentence” (Aviation Today par. 1). Due to excellent both technical and untechnical skills, stress management, collaboration, and wisdom in decision-making, the flight crew in both cases managed to do the impossible. DHL over Baghdad The DHL A300 aircraft was one of the planes that delivered mail and humanitarian aid to the US soldiers in Baghdad. On 22 November 2003, soon after the aircraft had taken off, it was hit by the SA-14 surface-to-air missile (Aviation Today par. 3). The missile hit the left wing of the plane and, although the left engine was not damaged, all hydraulic systems and flight controls were lost, which is why the flight crew had no other choice than to use throttles-only control. In result, they managed to turn the plane and land it safely in Baghdad. The accident with the DHL A300 was the first time when a civil plane was hit by a missile (Kirby 8). Admittedly, there were attacks before that, but all of them were against military or official aircrafts only (Kirby 8). However, in the view of unsafe airspace and the possibility of attack, a special take-off procedure was applied in order to accelerate the climb maximally (“Missile Strike” 22). Since the precautions had been taken and even that could not help, it can be concluded that the accident was probably unpreventable. As Lutz and Greeves stated, Crew Resource Management (CRM) “was absolutely essential to survival” (34). In this particular case, dividing the tasks among the crew members was of the highest priority. And the flight crew did it: Captain Eric Gennotte did his best to control the aircraft, first officer Steve Michielsen kept track of attitudes and distances and flight engineer Mario Rofail focused on the amount of fuel left in the damaged left wing (“Missile Strike” 23). During this accident, every member of the flight crew demonstrated composure, critical thinking, and excellent teamwork skills. After the accident with the DHL A300, those airlines that still provided civil flights to Baghdad decided to suspend their services (Kirby 2). Qantas Flight 32 The accident with Qantas Flight 32 happened on 4 November 2010 soon after the aircraft had taken off the ground (Australian Transport Safety Bureau par. 1). During the climbing, at an altitude of 7,000 feet, the flight crew faced the catastrophic uncontained engine failure that resulted in crucial damages of structures and systems. If this aircraft had crashed, it would have possibly been the “deadliest air disaster the world has ever seen” since there were nearly 500 people on board (Passion Aviation). The crew managed to turn the aircraft and land it at the Changi Airport in Singapore. The QF32 incident could have been prevented. As the Australian Transport Safety Bureau revealed in its report on this case, the explosion in the engine was caused because of too thin walls of oil feed stub pipes installed in the number two engine of the aircraft (par. 2). Since the w
The strong connection between legitimacy and power, as well as legitimacy and international laws, has always been evident and historically predetermined. Many powerful economies rely on legal systems and regulations to coordinate their actions and impose an influence on other economies. Therefore, legitimacy has always been considered a source of power and control. The crisis of legitimacy in the United States is brightly represented in the articles by Kagan (2004; 2005). The scholar has highlighted important connections and relationships between these concepts to explain the nature of power and legitimacy and their relationship to international law. Judging from the articles, legitimacy has always been used as a powerful tool for control, which always been restricted by the international legal system. Such a controversy is the source of relationships both at local and at international levels. The concept of legitimacy has a great impact on legal systems and order in a country. With regard to the U.S. system of law and regulation, legitimacy implies power and control on specific policies. In fact, because international law should be fundamental for other existing laws, the use of legitimacy for taking control over other economies is inappropriate. During the Cold War period, the United States, nevertheless, makes use of international law to approve their reforms and policies during the Cold War. According to Kagan (2004), “Legitimacy is a much a source of power as a force” (p. 66). Therefore, the claim about the reliance of the U.S. legitimacy on international law is false because the latter disapprove of the actions of the United States against other economies. Rather, Kagan (2005) asserts, “U.S. legitimacy derived primarily from the role the United States played as “leader of the free world” (p. 170). The power and legitimacy were often identified due to the bipolar nature of the Cold War because allied nations were not concerned about extreme power possessed by the United States. As a result, legitimacy can also serve as a substitute for various types of power. The end of the Cold War, therefore, has led to the development of a new power guided by legitimacy issues. Because of historical circumstances, it is inappropriate to believe that U.S. legitimacy bases solely on adherence to the international role. In this respect, the nature of international law is questionable because it identifies international legitimacy as the one depri
Political economy as a discipline had been abandoned hundreds of years ago and overtaken by “Economics,” but now with businessmen and politicians interacting more, its popularity has seen tremendous growth. Political Economy can be referred to as a study that defines how economics theories can influence the ideology of politics in a state. Political economy is a major key factor in the creation and implementation of public policies as it directly influences economics, law and politics together with how different institutions come up with the different social systems and economic systems, which are based on capitalism, communism or socialism. Simply put, political economy is the management of a country or a state in relation to its economy. According to Usher, economy is regarded as a major contributor to decisions making processes especially those that concern politics in matters including tariffs and taxes all which are run in accordance with the stipulated laws [1] . He also states that the economic growth of a nation influences the nation’s political organization as much as it influences the nation’s economic conditions. Today, political economy can be used to refer to some sections of a country’s economy that are influenced by politics and law or just the country’s whole economy being in relation to politics and law. Many economists explain that political economy is a study that combines how the supply of goods by markets influences the economic growth and how these markets rely on several other institutions in the society, institutions such as public administrations. Most countries, such as Russia, China and the states at the Gulf region are known to use businesses as a mechanism of state power. It is known that most of the world’s biggest companies, like the oil companies are always run by the states. Mostly these companies are governed by political influences as well as some economic considerations. According to article written by Schumpeter, people concerned with businesses are bound to know that they should consider political risks while managing their businesses [2] . Schumpeter elaborates with an example of Ahmed Ezz who was considered just about a month ago as the most influential business person in Egypt, controlling about 40 percent of the country’s steel production. Ahmed was also involved in the country’s politics as he was in the lead role of managing the
Every organization, whether public or private, is required to review its own organizational performance. This is especially true for the public administrative sector, where poor performance and delay affects not only the effectiveness of the organization but also the quality of life of the surrounding community. A hospital is an example of a public sector organization. Hospitals directly affect the life of the community around them, have an established hierarchical structure, and are financed by the government and various social funds. The purpose of this project is to provide an organizational analysis for the New York – Presbyterian Hospital based on the following criteria: motivation, productivity, diversity, group development, team building, collaboration and coordination with outside contractors, decision-making, communication processes, power and politics, organizational culture. Each section of the analysis seeks to answer the following questions:   * How is the concept defined?   * How is it related to the field of public service and administration?   * How can it be applied to hospital management?   * How can it be enforced and improved, in the case of New York – Presbyterian Hospital? Motivation The majority of management and leadership theories identify motivation as a process of stimulating people to accomplish work-related goals (Hill, Jones, & Shilling, 2014). Motivation is paramount to all organizations, public or private, as it defines the desire and willingness of the employees to go above and beyond the call of duty (Hill et al., 2014). High levels of motivation are associated with quality and productivity improvements, whereas low levels of motivation are associated with high turnover rates and decreased efficiency. New York – Presbyterian Hospital has high turnover rates, especially among nursing staff, which indicates a decreased motivational level (“New York,” 2017). This is explained by the highly stressful nature of medical work and 12-hour working shifts. According to Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, the primary needs of a human are food, sleep, and shelter. If the basic needs are not met or are interrupted, motivation levels will be low (Maslow, 2013). In order to improve the situation, New York – Presbyterian Hospital should consider switching to 8 – hour shifts. Productivity Employee productivity is associa
Pre-industrial societies are those where the means of mass production of goods had not yet been developed by humanity. People used hand labor to create products, and this imposed certain limitations on the development of their societies. Moreover, many nations shared the same model for a community. Below is the comparison between modern research and the primary source of the pre-industrial era. Similarity of Patterns Patricia Crone has created a work where she discusses the trends and elements of pre-industrial societies in the world, particularly those that existed in the West. She discusses several elements that served as reasons for all these societies to be similar, having much to do with the speed of production and the satisfaction of fundamental human needs. For instance, she mentions that most people in the pre-industrial era were occupied in the agricultural industry. This is explained by the fact that the amount of food that could be produced without the help of various machines, plants, and chemicals was small and insufficient. Food resources were scarce, and it took a lot of human effort to satisfy everyone’s needs. This consequently affected the size of the population. There were not enough means to sustain growth, as an increasing population would face famine. Nevertheless, farmers were not considered poor despite the scarcity of resources. Of course, rulers were the most privileged class, yet people of all professions were regarded as a necessary part of the society’s model. Another widespread profession in all pre-industrial societies was the military. From the time people chose farming over gathering and hunting, there were those who wished to use force instead of
Introduction The Asian tourism and hospitality industry has continued to grow tremendously. Currently, the sector contributes significantly to the region’s GDP. Despite global threats such as terrorism and economic depression, the sector has continued to bolster impressive results. However, with the growing competition from other countries such as South Africa, USA, and China, many factors need to be considered to gain a competitive edge. Traditionally, the region’s economy has been, for years, propelled by proceeds from oil and petroleum resources. However, investment in the tourism industry has diversified the region’s economic pillars. This paper explores hospitality service trends in the region, analyses their impacts, and establishes the factors that influence the industry especially in Hong Kong, Macau, Thailand and Singapore. Hospitality Service Trends Many sectors of the economy have been struggling to find their footage and to get back to profitability after the 2008/2009 economic crisis. However, the Asian tourism industry was hardly affected. In fact, the industry’s profitability has continued to increase annually. The industry’s core services such as restaurants, luxury transports, cruise ships, lodgings, theme parks, and event planning have continued to attract more tourists; both local and international. Currently, many factors affect Asian tourism industry both positively and negatively. The factors include technological advancements, globalization, rule of law, changing lifestyles, and socio-demographic factors. Whereas these factors have significant effects on small towns, there effects on large cities such as Hong Kong, Macau, Thailand and Singapore have been minimal. According to Hotel Management Asia (2012), “Lodging markets in the Asia Pacific region will continue performing well through 2012 driven by strong performance in key cities.” Singapore, for instance, is expected to record a growth of 9.6%. This growth is attributed to its well-developed gaming services. Gaming is a critical aspect of the hotel industry especially in the current century where most workers, families, and businesspersons who want a break from their daily tight schedules, use hotels as a way of relaxation. Gaming has also played a role towards healthy social lives (Ferguson, 2012). Due to increasingly declining household sizes, families have had a better part of their income as discretion income. This extra income is often diverted to recreation facilities and
Introduction The purpose of this report is to analyze the marketing strategy of Carrefour UAE. The analysis will begin with a brief overview of the company’s history and background. This will be followed by an analysis of the market segments and the target markets that are served by the company. The company’s product mix and pricing strategies will also be analyzed. The report will end with the analysis of the distribution and promotional strategies adopted by the company. History and Background Carrefour is a leading retailer that was founded in France over 40 years ago (Carrefour UAE). In the last three decades, it has achieved rapid growth by joining several overseas markets such as the United Arab Emirates (UAE). The company joined the UAE in 1995 where it currently operates under a franchise agreement with the Majid Al-Futtaim Group (Carrefour UAE). The company’s mission is to offer a wide range of low-priced, high quality products, which include food, personal care, and household goods. In order to achieve this mission, the company operates over 20 outlets in the UAE. Carrefour is considered to be the most dynamic and fastest growing retailer in the UAE. The company’s success is mainly attributed to its ability to offer excellent customer service and to align its products to market needs. Market Segments and Target Market A market segment refers to a distinct group of consumers who share homogeneous characteristics and needs. Generally, Carrefour serves three market segments in the retail industry. These include grocery, personal care products, and household goods market. The grocery market caters for customers who are interested in a variety of foodstuffs such as vegetables, meat, and soft drinks (Carrefour UAE). The personal care market caters for customers who are interested in cosmetics, toiletries, and other beauty products. The household goods market serves customers who are interested in various home appliances. Carrefour identifies its target customers in the three segments based on geographic, behavioral, and psychological variables. In geographic segmentation, the company focuses on serving the urban population in the UAE (Carrefour UAE). In this case, its target market includes the residents of major cities such as Dubai. In behavioral segmentation, the company focuses on serving customers who are interested in high quality foodstuffs and consumer products. In psychographic segmentation, the company considers consumers’ interests, values, and lifestyles to identify its target market. In this regard, the company targets customers who are interested in shopping in a one-stop store that offers a variety of products. Product Mix and Pricing Strategy Carrefour’s product mix includes a variety of goods, which include “groceries, manufactured fo
Introduction The conversion of raw materials for food and other substances is all entailed in the process of Food production. Food Production necessitates gathering the harvests and meat products from the farms and processing them to produce marketable food products. Due to the increase in population the rate of the food consumed has risen. Due to this, the rate of food production has also gone up. The food produced is now either low quality food or high quality food. The quality of food a consumer purchases depends on the income the consumer gets. This paper focuses on how food production and food consumption has affected the eating habits and led to the introduction of junk foods because of the production and consumption factors. The quality and quantity of food produced nowadays is higher in fats. Due to the increasing incomes, consumption of high fat diets has increased since the consumers can afford the products. Nowadays there have been a slowed production of farm produce and crop yields. Consumers have reduced the intake of staple foods like cereals and are now preferring dairy and meat products. Demand for these goods has grown faster than the production leading to the decline in the quality of the final products. While referring to the history and origins of food consumption, it can be stated that complex of huma
Introduction The advancements in technology and programming have enabled companies to adopt information systems intended to increase efficiency in operation. The use of computer applications is particularly common in financial and payment services, as well in eCommerce. However, these systems are often targeted by cyber attackers, often with remarkable success. For instance, Catota et al. (2018) reported that there were high cases of successful attacks in the USA, targeting financial institutions such as Target, Card Services, and JP Morgan. Cyber attackers exploit vulnerabilities in the security and information systems to access financial records and transactions. The attacks are conducted by threat agents, defined as an individual, organization, or group capable of performing an attack (Schoenfield, 2015, pp.35). Therefore, for a threat agent to exploit a vulnerability, there must be three factors. These factors are the capability of the agent, the motivating factor, and the opportunity to attack. There are different types of threat agents with varying abilities, and they attack a particular system based on their goals. This paper explores threat agents interested in attacking web applications that were created through AppMaker. Possible Threats The first aspect to consider when exploring possible threat agents should include understanding where the applications are used. In this case, the AppMaker focuses on customer applications that process financial transactions via the Internet. Therefore, the attackers snoop around the networks to identify vulnerabilities. The second issue one should know is the goals/objectives threat agents aim to accomplish by conducting an attack. With this in mind, there are three possible threat agents in this scenario. Cyber Criminals Web applications are open to public Internet traffic, which means that potential attackers continuously monitor them. Cyber attackers might use simple methods of snooping around the system, such as automated scripts, while trying to identify weaknesses. The cyber criminals, in this case, comprise individuals or organizations that intend to gain financial information by attacking a system (Schoenfield, 2015). The threat agents categorized under cyber criminals groups are many, such as scammers, denial of service attackers, and extortionists. The technique and motivation behind the attack may vary, but the goal is usually to profit from obtaining customers’ financial information. For instance, identity thieves might gain access to clients’ personally identifiable information that they might later sell in black markets. Another common example is card skimming, where the attackers get access to readers and illegally obtain users’ data (Catota et al., 2018). The cyber criminals then use the acquired credit or debit card inf