ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The book “The keys of the Kingdom” was written by a great Scottish novelist and essayist Archibald Joseph Cronin. One of his works “The Citadel” represented all injustice of the medical system of Great Britain. A. J. Cronin was not only a writer of non-fiction, novelist, essayist, and dramatist but a Scottish physician. I believe his profession as a medic predetermined the creation of “The Citadel”. Cronin is one of the physician writers; the medical doctors who write in spheres outside their medical practice. But he was writing the book “The Citadel” not outside the theme of medicine but about it. His most known works are “Hatter’s Castle”, “The Stars Look Down”, “The Green Years” and “The Keys of the Kingdom”. The latter was written after a four-year pause. This book was a long-expected one; and as the contemporary newspapers were writing before the official appearance of the book: “All signs indicate that “The Keys of the Kingdom”, which depicts with such dramatic force one man’s struggle to live the good life, will be the most popular novel of the season” (“The Keys” 3). The action of the book takes place in China; the lifespan of the story is about six decades. It tells the reader about a Catholic priest of Scottish origin who tries to establish a mission in China. Many years earlier the priest Chisholm was assigned to the Chinese province, where he fulfils his destination as a missionary, suffering from plague, starvation and war actions. He is directed by indulgence and compassion, thereby other Chinese clergies respect him for his pleasant, noble, and brave ways. Englishmen did not understand and did not care that the Chinese people were happy with the customs, traditions and gods of their country and did not want strangers to spread alien religion. Father Chisholm expects that his congregation would be prosperous and assiduous, but instead of thriving meeting his wishes become broken because of the wall of hatred. Two first people who changed their religion and followed the Catholic priest are Joseph (Fong), a man of local society who helps Chisholm learn the local traditions and Anna (Shoo-Hoo), a little girl. Father Chisholm heals one of the inhabitants of the town. The priest uses some medical techniques to make that little boy recover. Thus the boy’s father becomes a friend of the priest and helps him to become a part of the people’s life; his church becomes a part of the community. After the beginning of the war the church of Father Chisholm was the basic spirit for those people who believe. The Catholic priest is the ground that holds the people and his faith helps people to believe it too. For many years Father Chisholm wanted to become a priest of the other segregation, and when his wish is fulfilled he does not want to leave the family where he spent the half-of-century life. The book tells about the life of a Catholic priest; the story is full of religious images and figures. It is impossible to tell about the life of faithful people without mentioning th
Criminal law relies on a variety of professionals to conduct evidence-based research and implement effective measures. Psychologists in particular play key roles in dealing with the different structures of law enforcement, courts, and the correctional system. They conduct theoretical research, apply the knowledge gained to solving real-life cases, evaluate the effectiveness of proposed policies, and advocate for addressing existing gaps. In different environments, psychologists also perform various functions depending on their role. As scientists, psychologists are directly involved in the development of scientific knowledge in their field, which is reflected in their primary roles. Basic scientists are engaged in various types of research and knowledge generation that may or may not be applied to real-world cases (Greene & Helbrun, 2019). Thus, psychologists can study various aspects of behavior, personality, and brain mechanisms to establish the causes and consequences of events associated with the law and its violation. Whereas basic scientists focus more on theoretical research, applied scientists focus on using knowledge to solve real-world issues (Greene & Helbrun, 2019). Such psychologists can directly participate in the investigation of criminal cases and act as experts. In addition to research, the accumulation, and application of knowledge, psychologists can also participate in assessing the effectiveness of legislation. Policy evaluators apply their methodological skills to assess the effectiveness of new laws or test changes made in old ones (Greene & Helbrun, 2019). Psychologists, in this case, use both theoretical and practical skills to identify flaws in policies and adapt according to real situations. They can also “advocate for their clients’ overall well-being, effective treatment, and access to needed resources” ( The advocate , n.d). In criminal justice, psychologists can identify existing barriers and problems and advocate for their transformation to the policymakers. In the environment of law enforcement, the different roles played by psychologists imply different real activities. In this setting, basic scientists conduct theoretical research on the effectiveness of police and court interventions in specific circumstances. Based on the data obtained, one can later “design and implement evidence-based intervention” (Proctor & Vu, 2019, p. 272). Applied scientists use accumulated knowledge in practice, for example, when providing psychological support to police officers or when consulting judges. They can also participate in assessing the testimony of victims and criminals. Policy evaluators in the law enforcement environment work with communities to assess the effectiveness of proposed measures. For example, they can participate in the development of amendments to laws related to adolescents by cooperating closely with the police and schools. Advocates identify aspects that cause psychological distress to the police or court officials in order to address these challenges and find solutions to them.
These are fundamental rights and freedoms accorded to every individual irrespective of his or her gender, religion, color, race, language or ethnic group. Under human rights, there is no discrimination as the rights are mutually dependent, interconnected and undividable. For example, every human being has the right to live and express opinions freely; and right to social and economic rights including food accessibility, the right to labor and the right to acquire education. In order to ensure these rights and freedoms receive the required recognition, countries have enacted them in their constitutions and many of them are now international laws and treaties. The standard for universality of human rights forms the foundation of global human rights. The debate on human rights started in 1948 during the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Since then, the subject of human rights has been inalienable (Amnesty International USA, 2010, p.1). Are Human Rights a Western Concept which is imposed on Asia? Depending on one’s culture, human rights can be an imposition concept of the west. For example, inhabitants of South East Asia argue that although the notion of human rights is universal both in ideology and in theory, it has so many obstacles due to socio-economic concerns, cultural dissimilarities and the patriarchal scenery of Asian society. Premised on ground of morality and ethics, universal human rights focus on creating an equal society without regarding cultural backgrounds. Many Asian countries apply a communitarian ethic that regards societies more than individuals do. Thus, it is difficult to have universal human rights in Asia. In western countries, marriage is a contract, while in Asia marriage is an alliance between lineages. Thus, it is not possible to accept women rights in Asia. In many western countries, gay marriage is acceptable but polygamy scorned. On the other hand, these countries denounce infanticide but allow abortion terming it human rights. The cultural and religious background in Asia does not allow this hence, making human rights a concept of the west (Shashi, 2002, p.1). What is globalization and how does it affect Asia? Globalization is the propensity of technologies, businesses and philosophies extending to all parts of the world due to economic integration brought about by the movement of goods, people, resources and ideas. Globalization has affected Asia’s security for example, due to economic integration; Southeast Asia is now in peace. On the other hand, Asia has witnessed a rise in transnational threats and weakened regional institutions. Due to enhanced economic growth, there have been shifts in balance of power leading to economic stagnation in Japan and China. Moreover, globalization has strengthened national power although previously seen as a threat to sovereignty. In Indonesia and China,
The emergence of information society has sparked the further creation of multiple opportunities for revisiting the current sociocultural, socioeconomic, and sociopolitical issues. Specifically, the problem of inequities in the modern community has been established as one of the primary global concerns (Chakravartty 298). In turn, civil society organizations as the bodies that seek to address the presence of injustice have been applying additional effort to manage the observed injustice. According to the World Summit on Information Society (WSIS), the post-colonial context must be clearly understood in order to build policies based on the concept of equity. A similar sentiment is expressed in Aginam’s essay, where the author introduces an example of a situation that requires the force of WIS to address the problem of inequity. Specifically, according to Aginam, the focus on the transcultural economy and involvement of a greater range of global participants into the trade process will allow leveraging some of the existing inequalities (247). Specifically, by seeking partnerships and business expansion opportunities with foreign communities, one will be able to focus on building socioeconomic equality and raise the voices of the victims of colonialism. The idea of supporting minority countries in the post-colonial economy with the help of WSIS and the related organizations appears to be quite promising. However, ensuring that the actions taken by the involved parties are based solely on the principles of ethics and diversity suggests introducing practical control tools. For this reason, creating a global communication channel for post-colonial communities will be necessary. Works Cited Aginam, Arthur-Martins. “Neoliberalism, Nongovernmental Organizations, and Communication in Sub-Saharan Africa,” Global Communications: Towards a Transnational Political Economy , edited by Paula Chakravartty and Yuezhi Zhao, 2008, pp. 243-259. Chakravartty, Paula. “Governance without Politics: Civil Society, Development and the Postcolonial State.” International Journal of Communication , vol. 1, no. 1, 2007, pp. 297-317.
Introduction The European Court of Human Rights in Strasbourg was founded under the European Convention on Human Rights of 1950 to observe conformity by Signatory Parties. The European Convention on Human Rights, or officially called Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms became one of the most significant documents accepted by the Council of Europe. All 47 states-members of the Council of Europe are also parties to the Convention. Claims against Signatory Parties for human rights abuses can be brought to the Court either by other States Parties or by persons. It often happens that the regarded cases become a legal authority for the changing of the human rights defense system. The following cases are bright examples of such changes. Cases by the court In December 1977, the court regarded that the government of the UK was responsible for “cruel and humiliating conduct”, of men interned with no trial, by the courtyard, next to a case given by the Republic of Ireland (Case No. 5310/71). The court stated that whilst their imprisonment was an infringement of the declared human rights, it was reasonable in the situation; it conversely ruled that the experience of the five methods and the practice of hammering prisoners comprised cruel and humiliating penalties in violation of the conference, although not torment. After that case, the human rights defense system was improved by adding some additional regulative points on the means of punishment and forbidding any type of torture and beating. In 1980, the court regarded out the essential right to prosecute the mother carrying the fetus. In the previously regarded case Paton v. the United Kingdom, it was stated that the life of an unborn child is “closely linked with, and in no way can be viewed separately from, the life of a pregnant woman”. The 1980 case encouraged the court to adopt the means of punishment of the violators and gave a bit more clear explanation of the precedential case. In 2003 and 2004, the court regarded the case, stating that “Sharia is unable to get along with the essential standards of democracy”, as the Sharia principles and rules on heritage, women’s rights, and holy liberty infringe human rights as stated in the European Convention on Human Rights. The results of the procedure can not be found in the free access, but the only thing that is known for sure is that the result of the procedure was the statement on respect of other religions, especially those, which are regarded to be the key ones. In 2006, the court denied the admissibility of the applications of former Soviet secret services operatives convicted in Estonia for Stalinist crimes against humanity after Estonia became independent in 1991. This denial resulted in the tacit principle of solving such cases, which motivates alike denials by the fact, that the states joined the Soviet Union voluntarily. As the Russian armed forces entered Chechnya for the s
Introduction It all started on 1 st September 1939 when Germany attacked Poland without warning and that was when the world entered into war with itself. For a period which lasted 6 years, manhood was under the threat of extinction as men slaughtered fellow men like goats and destruction of property worth billions took place (Bachrach 4). The World War 2 began in the year 1939 and ended in the year 1945 after the United States of America dropped two atomic bombs in the two Japanese islands of Hiroshima and Nagasaki killing more than 120000 in the two islands and leaving thousands of others suffering from the radiation effects. Surprisingly, some Japanese soldiers, who were on the isolated islands in the pacific who never got the message that the war had ended or thought it was just but a trick, continued fighting even after the war had ended. The war was the deadliest conflict ever experienced in human history with the figures of the possible lost lives being estimated at 50 to 60 million people around the world. Most of these people were civilians who were either killed, maimed or were left homeless by the aerial bombings. With most of the soldiers having gone to the war as young and energetic people, on their return time most of them came missing limbs and also suffering from several diseases. The Effects Of The 2 nd World War: The fall of world major powers: The war did not just end, but it had some positive and negative effect to the countries both involved and those that were not involved with the main actors in the war suffering enormously. To the Germans, with the defeat of Hitler and collapsing of the Nazi regime, its leaders were arrested and tried for crimes against humanity though Hitler, the leader, did not go through the trial as he committed suicide to escape the trial and the execution. Germany was then divided into four zones by the victorious ally sides. Japan, another casualty of the war, was also in ruins due to the numerous bombings. The leaders were tried and the country was placed under the US rule for some years. For England, having been bombed severally by its neighbors (Germany), the country economy relied heavily on the aid by the US to develop and prosper to its previous economic level. Centrally to the losses countries like England, France and Germany among others experienced, the Russians in the process of defeating the Germans had established a powerful army which now occupied most of the Eastern part of Europe. The country’s vast resources made sure that the USSR along with the USA could emerge the superpowers. For the USA, the war stimulated the economy, new industries were built all over the United States of America due to the fact that the country had escaped the physical destruction that many other countries went through thus rather than building a nation it was increasing investments. Struggle For National Independe
Introduction Lufthansa is a leading airline in the global aviation industry (Lufthansa 2010). Its headquarters is in Frankfurt German. The company was founded in 1926 as a result of a merger between two airline companies that were initially competitors of each other(Lufthansa 2010). Therefore the company has been in operation for the last 84 years (Lufthansa 2010). The founding companies are Deutsche Aero Llyod and Junkes Luftverketr. Lufthansa Airline is owned by the Deutsche Lufthansa AG which is the parent company(Lufthansa 2010). The group operates five business segments namely, passenger airline business, logistics, MRO, catering and IT services (Lufthansa 2010). The group’s total assets as at 11-03-2009 were worth 26.4 billion Euros (Lufthansa 2010). The group’s total revenue in the last financial year was 22.3 billion (Lufthansa 2010). The group employed 118,000 employees in the same period (Lufthansa 2010). The group is committed to offer products and services of high quality, maintain financial stability and innovation (Lufthansa 2010). Notable events in the group’s calendar include the incorporation of Swiss Airline in 2005 as an autonomous airline within the group (Lufthansa 2010). Between 2006 and 2008 the group expanded its operations by acquiring 20 Boeing 747-85 and a new A380 maintenance hanger (Lufthansa 2010). In July 2009 the group purchased 45% of Brussels Airline and completed its acquisition of Australian Airline in September of the same year (Lufthansa 2010). Lufthansa is a low cost network airline. Main Analysis Operational Characteristics Initially the Airline served the domestic market which involved flights within the German state and the neighboring European countries. At the time of the company’s inception technology in aviation industry was limited. Thus it was a great challenge to provide long haul flights. Advancement in technology has made it possible to build new aircrafts with more space and better equipment. This has led to the introduction of long haul services and more flights per destination (Morrell 2008, vol. 24, pp. 61-67). Consequently, the Airline’s route network has grown to 197 destinations as at June 2010(Lufthansa 2010). The group has recently added three new routes in its network. The new routes include Bogota, Pointe Noire and Luxembourg (Lufthansa 2010). The new routes have been introduced as part of the group’s expansion strategy. They will help the company to increase its long haul flights to Africa and South America with the aim of increasing revenues. The introduction of the new routes i
Human beings have been known to be social beings for as long as they have existed. Every individual has personal attributes that makes him or her unique but the need to live and co-exist with other people is inevitable. Therefore, people interact at significantly different levels and as a result they influence each other in one way or another through a process known as social influence. Social influence refers to the ability of an individual to influence another person or a group of people in according to one’s own will (Forgas & Williams, 2001). It is a form of power. Individuals with significantly large amounts of money, high status jobs, exceptional beauty, and such attributes and material possessions will tend to be more socially influential, especially on the otherwise known as ordinary people. However, it is incorrect to think that good looks and the like will automatically and solely enable someone to exert influence on others. It is the person’s self-perception and esteem that play a central role in determining how greatly one can be able to be socially influential (Friedkin, 1998). This essay seeks to discuss two major forms of social influence; conformity and obedience to authority. It will explore the reasons that make people conform to majority group pressures as well as obey authority. Social influence has been known to take a number of forms. The forms include; socialization, conformity, obedience to authority, leadership, peer pressure, persuasion, marketing, and sales. Three types of social influence have been identified by Herbert Kelman. First, there is compliance characterized by public conformity and private dissent. The second is identification where an individual is influenced by someone who commands authority from people. The last one is internalization which refers to people accepting a given belief and undoubtedly agreeing with it (Genova, 2009). Conformity is a form of social influence where a person’s set of beliefs, attitudes, and general behaviors are ch