ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction As it is in the world since time immemorial, human beings have struggled with their disunified self identity. This is owed to the diversified compelling circumstances in our society. We have allowed ourselves to be controlled by highly capitalistic thinking in our quest for self authenticity that we can no longer identify ourselves. However, as we find out ultimately, each individual is unique in his/her own way and one does not have to conform or be like others in order to be complete as individuals. As James Hollis stipulates in ‘What Matters Most,’ we are here to be eccentric, different, perhaps strange, perhaps merely to add our small piece, our little clunky, chunky selves, to the great mosaic of being” (Johnson 35). This essay examines the concept of dual identity, its implications and the extents an individual goes to establish self authenticity in a society characterized by stratification and disunity. Dual identity Dual identity or double consciousness refers to the various ways individuals have at their disposal that can enable them defined and understand who they are and how they fit into their surrounding. Most importantly, it refers to person with a multifaceted identify; an individual whose identity is challenged by discrepancies that exist in the social norms and the day to day hustles faced by the individual. It alludes to the way one perceives himself and also how the person is envisioned by others. The Souls of Black Folk In The Souls of Black Folk, Du Bois (26) describes the concept by looking at the life of the blacks in the United States at a time when racism was at its worst. Through his metaphor of the veil, Du Bois advances that all black Americans wear this veil owing to their perception of the universe and its capabilities which is very different form the way the whites look at it. This veil is the color problem. He presents dual identity in; the ability of the white Americans to effectively generalize the blacks by compelling them into not standing up for their people when they know the truth of the situation (politically), the racial segregation of the blacks from the predominant society regardless of whether the were Americans or not and most importantly the inner struggle that the black has to contend with; being black and American at the same time. While dual identity may b
Generally, an economist will understand the law easier than a lawyer will understand economics. Therefore, it is common to find economists despising lawyers since they find the law as some sort of philosophy because, according to an economist, life is evaluated in mathematical terms (Charette, 58). It is, therefore, difficult for non-lawyers to understand law unless it is taught to them. The essence of law is to establish rules and regulations that guide the relationship between a person and others, as well as between a person and the state. Laws enacted are subject to interpretation by judges (59). In traditional Europe, the king could make laws that were binding to the subjects. The courts of the English king established laws that became laws of precedence for future courts, which would refer to such laws while determining other cases. These became common laws, which are adopted by many countries up to date (59). However, other countries such as France considered laws enacted by traditional judges as unpopular since they were seen as corrupted and unworthy. They, in turn, established civil laws, which were eventually adopted by some other western countries. Some countries which were colonized by the Europeans retained the traditional laws while others sought to replace them. For example, some Middle East countries replaced the colonialist laws with Muslim laws after gaining independence (59). The difference between common and civil law is that under common law a judge has no active role in directing arguments and asking questions, while the opposite holds for civil law (60). Law provides that the constitution takes preference over any other law, while statutes are superior to laws issued by government agencies (61). Since a constitution is mostly vague, courts have the authority to interpret the constitutionality of enactments made by legislatures. In the United States, the court system is arranged in a hierarchy of many trial courts, which are at the base, a small number of intermediate level courts being at the middle, and only a single court is at the top (61). Works Cited Charette, Michael. Lecture notes: Economic analysis of law . University of Windsor, 2007. 57-61. Print.
In his The Form of the Finale of Beethoven’s Ninth Symphony , Jason Weber has made two innovational maneuvers: firstly, he disputed the form of the Finale , having argued the existing versions; besides, he has extended the set of instruments that can be used while analyzing a musical composition. Besides the traditional descriptions, he uses the analytical method and provides visualized arguments for his statements. One of the most popular versions of the form of the Finale is the sonata form. The flourishing of the classic sonata form took place precisely in the period of Beethoven’s creative work; moreover, his music can be called a culmination of the sonata form in its pure form. After Beethoven’s era, the sonata form evolved and was enriched by other principles of composition. This makes musical critics think that the possible form of Beethoven’s Finale of The Ninth Symphony is the sonata form. This research is aimed at representing the schematic framework of the Finale and comparing it to the structure of the classic sonata form. In the research, we will represent the interaction of different sections used in the Finale. In his article, Webster defines the “domains”, which are the devices used in composition: tonality, musical material, rhythm, dynamics, instrumentation, rhetoric, “narrative” design, the verbal text, vocal tessitura, relation between vocal and instrumental part (Webster 26). We will consider some of these elements, representing their performance by means of the visual scheme, similar to those in Webster’s work. The classic sonata form looks as follows: Introduction → Exposition (Theme groups + Closing Theme / Codetta) → Development → Recapitulation → (Coda). We will define the following generalized sections in the Finale :   * the percussion section;   * the strings 1 (instruments with high-pitched sound);   * the strings 2 (instruments with low-pitched sound);   * wind instruments;   * female vocal;   * male vocal;   * solo vocal. These sections can be singled out clearly while listening to the Finale ; besides, each of them has it mission in terms of performing dynamics and emotion. We will watch their interaction in Tables 1 and 2. We also consider the cases of the appearance of the main theme, which is also an important characteristic in composition. Time        percussion  strings 1  strings 2  wind   female  male   solo   intonation/                                                                            dynamics    0:00        +++         +++        +++        +++                          anxious     1:18        +           +++        +++        +++                          calming     (2:18)                                        theme
Human rights and freedoms are thought to be one of the most important concepts in the world. Many nations are behind in setting up or upholding the laws that protect a person from violation of personal character. The Constitution is a major piece of legislation that ensures equal treatment and lawful rights of a human being. It was successful because it has several divisions, such as The Constitution itself, the Bill of Rights, basic Articles of Confederation and the government’s guarantee and responsibility to uphold the laws of a person. The constitution of the United States of America can be considered an example in the rules and rights of a democracy. It is successful because it sets out the rights and freedoms of people, as well as the organization of the governing bodies. The need for the U.S. Constitution arose from the fact that the Articles of Confederation were not effective enough in the governance of the country, which led to a more improved legislation. Because the Articles were not specific enough in outlining the freedoms of people and did not provide the much needed support and protection to the states and people, the laws were enhanced. The Constitution became a successful step to a better cooperation between states because the relations amongst different regions of the country were misrepresented and undermined. This made it strong and permitted for a “genius” unity between the states. It was successful because it provided the guarantee that there will be fair and orderly governance and just regulation of the public order and people respond to this. It was a great addition to the laws because it provided the protection from any outside threat and would be the support of the country in the difficult times. The Constitution would provide the prosperous growth of the population and the protection of rights and freedoms in the future since the rights of people before the Constitution would be constantly abused and ignored. This criterion made it even more successful among Americans. Since the Constitution is a set of laws that are based on the highest morality it is very successful. Some of the regulations and standards were taken from ancient philosophers and supporters of ethics and fair order who were genius thinkers of historic proportions. It is a sort of philosophical and political explanation that makes sense of the person and definition of individuality. An important part of the Constitution is the Bill of Rights. It was necessary for the Constitution to exist and be effective enough, as well as successful. The reasons for this came from the original drafting of the Constitution. At first, it was imprecise and did not specifically outline the protection of the state to the people. The final Constitution is considered to be the highest form of a document for a civilized and developed country which makes it very effective in a society. It is interesting that the Constitution sets out the rights that were “God given” and cannot be taken away in any
Introduction Water is a kind of chemical substance that is very important for all living things. Initially, water resources are the main source of water which is said to be a need for living things, most especially human beings. The utilization of water includes agricultural purposes, which serve as the main food for the plants, industrial purposes, a basic need in every household, and a lot more for environmental activities (Wolf, 2001). However, damages caused by various factors make the water polluted. Unfortunately, this issue became a wide concern for the whole world today. Though for the fact that planet earth is abundant with water and almost two-thirds of the planet is made up of water still it is viewed that in future years, a shortage of water may come to arise. A major problem that life on earth will face because the proper use of water today is disregarded, and indeed pollution is the main issue. The governments of different countries have tried to exert a lot of effort to be able to solve the problems regarding water pollution. Several kinds of pollutants are threatening the supply of water worldwide, just like, for example, in the underdeveloped countries that give out harmful materials that would harm the environment (Wolf, 2001). One citation is the raw sewage material that China, Iran, and I
Introduction The article “The critical role of school psychology in the school mental health movement” by Splett, Fowler, Weist, McDaniel, & Dvorsky (2013) was published in Psychology in the Schools journal. It is concerned with the subject of school mental health (SMH) programs and their implementation. The authors describe the role that school psychologists play in providing SMH services for the population, and examine the training and professional development chances that exist for them today. The authors also argue that it would be beneficial to increase the significance of the role of school psychologists in providing SMH, analyze the currently existing obstacles to this, and offer a number of recommendations that could help to achieve this result. Summary Splett et al. (2008) do not provide a description of the methodology that was employed during their research. Still, it is evident that the authors carried out a literature review and analysis in order to produce the article in question. The claim that increasing the role of school psychologists in SMH can yield significant positive results and should be carried out might be considered the thesis statement of the article. The authors support it by analyzing the role that school psychologists play today as a matter of fact, the role that they ought to play according to the standards of the National Association for School Psychologists, and the existing need for SMH services among the population. The authors also supply a number of recommendations that could be implemented in order to help increase the role of school psychologists in SMH. It is proposed to enroll more university and college students who are interested in offering SMH, provide them with a continuum of courses on SMH, encourage specialization in SMH, integrate SMH practices into field experiences on an international level, encourage collaboration between schools and various community institutions, emphasize the importance of SMH (in particular, by organizing public relations campaigns), and provide training opportunities for professionals. Strengths and Weaknesses To mention some of the strengths of the article, it should be pointed out that the authors performed a thorough research into the topic and analyzed a large amount of scholarly literature related to the issue, as well as various standards and recommendations that apply to providing SMH. Another positive aspect of the research is that the authors not only analyze the current situation but also offer a number of recommendations that could help to improve it. As for the weak sides of the article, it might be pointed out that the authors did not mention what methodology they used for the research. Indeed, the study was based on a literature review, but it still would be desirable to mention this, as well as e.g. describe the criteria according to which the sources for the study were selected. In addition, even though the r
Multinational Corporation (MNC) is a business institution which operates it business activities (selling good o services) in more than one country. Therefore, a multinational corporation plays an important role in globalization. Operations of multinational corporations are stimulated by economical and political factors (Ross, Westerfield, & Jordan, 2008). Therefore, multinational corporations involve high risks at both domestic and international levels. These issues faced by MNCs at domestic and global levels involve globalization strategies, exchange rate, international market, and taxation policies etc. The aim of this document is to study these issues faced by MCNs. International companies involve higher rate of risks and benefits. Therefore, the document shall also discuss differences between risks and benefits that MNC faces. Exchange Rate Multinational companies operate in different regions of the world. Their branches located in different regions face variations in the currency exchange rate. The fluctuation in the currency rate is one of the major challenges a multinational corporation faces. Foreign exchange risk involves unanticipated changes in the exchange rate between different currencies. Therefore, multinational corporations carefully analyze risks involved in the exchange rate (Chong, 2004). If the company’s home office is situated in the US, and the other branch is in Japan, and if the US dollar rate falls as compared to the Japanese yen, the anticipated profit will proportionately fall. One of the major exchange rate risks involves the transaction exposure. Every multinational company has contractual cash flows. These involve receivables and payables of the company. The unexpected change in the exchange rates may affect the actual value of the contractual cash flow. The contraction in the domestic value of the currency may affect the foreign denominated cash flows of the company (Chong, 2004). The fluctuation in the domestic and foreign currencies influences the actual cash flow of the company. Operating Exposure The degree of change in the market value based on the economical market conditions and presence of competitors is known as operating exposure of exchange rate. This is one of the risks that a multinational company encounters (Ross, Westerfield, & Jordan, 2008). This involves changes in the market position, share value, etc. Operational exposure affects the present and future values of the cash flow. If the company’s operation has remained effective and the foreign currency fluctuated negatively in comparison to the domestic currency (Ross, Westerfield, & Jordan, 2008) then it may adversely affect the market value of the company’s share in the international market. Translation Exposure Multinational corporations prepare consolidated financial statements to determine their overall profitability. According to the international standards, multinational companies are required to prepare consolidated financial reports (Ross, Westerfield, & Jordan, 2008). This allows companie
Introduction: Facing the Bosnian War War is an ugly word. It is not only that being at war means murdering people. The state of war also means being forced to hate someone that one barely knows. Therefore, the phenomenon of war is based on a lack of understanding. Which is even worse, it blocks people from being rational. War causes pain and suffering, making one go against one’s nature by killing the enemy. The Bosnian War is no exception. The war occurred in Bosnia and Herzegovina from 1992 to 1995 (Hansen 11). Although the subject matter grew into a military conflict, the main issue was religious instead of a political one (Ching 7). Particularly, the confrontation between Muslim Bosnians, Orthodox Serbs, and Catholic Croats (Vullamy 13).The war-affected every citizen directly. The infamous Siege of Sarajevo along with the Srebrenica massacre can be considered the most tragic point of the conflict development. The event itself has become a notorious example of awful war crimes. In his short story Zambak/Muslims , a part of Sarajevo Blues, Semezdin Mehmedinovic, a Serbian writer, addresses the problem above. He shows that the nature of a wise guy helped him survive the horrors of war and its outcomes. However, he also makes it clear that he had to turn into a wise man as it ended. Thesis Statement Although the war hit the author as something truly horrible, the sensation of freedom and the experience of his unique self can be viewed as strangely positive compared to the following turning the Bosnian Muslims into social outcasts, as the sarcastic remarks in Freedom and especially Zambak/Muslims by Mehmedinovic show. The Language of Freedom: Sem’s Concept of Self Freedom points out that the author addresses the complex issue of the Bosnian war wisely developing a philosophy based on peace. Therefore, the transformation is clear. Sem makes a wise commentary on the overall nature of war: “War is a mythological time” (Mehmedinovic 86). However, at the current stage of his development, Sem cannot avoid being sarcastic. Indeed, the statement mentioned above can be interpreted in numerous ways. Placed in the context that the author sets, it may indicate that Sem considers the events above from a sarcastic perspective. Indeed, the author might mean that the mythological elements of war emerge as a result of retelling the story and covering the truth. There is no secret that whitewashing is a part and parcel of policies in a range of states. The process of covering the ugly truth and replacing it with acceptable lies can be viewed as creating specific war mythology. Therefore, the remark made by Sem can be interpreted as bitter and sarcastic. Similarly, Sem considers his childhood experience from a rather ironic point of view. Looking back at his childhood, he mentions his misconception of war: “
Key Points of the Article Significance of organization culture imbued in mission and vision statements Microsoft has been in existence for almost half a century and its mission is one that inspires workers to change the world. Organizational culture is an aspect imbued in the perpetual character of a company and it determines the originality of an organization, which sets it apart from similar players in the market. Diversity as a profits regulator Maintaining originality and all the ethical and other principles that form an organization is not easy. However, despite the need to change to adapt to market forces of the tie, it is necessary to retain some originality that consumers can associate with the company. Analysis of the Article Speaking in an interview with WSJ, Ballmer, the CEO for Microsoft, opined that whereas the initial mission that Bill Gates-co founder’s mission was to have a computer on every desk in every home, the new Microsoft is now more concerned with giving all its users the ability to achieve their full potential. A case in point here would be in reference to the power outages mentioned in the first systemic review and the ability of those CEOs to continue working as long as they had a smartphone with a running battery. Microsoft has launched a new Smartphone-Windows Phone 8, which was created with the idea of a touch screen, yet incorporating a windows operating system therein including the office. This practically makes the phone a small computer, which justifies the discussion of the Microsoft tab that is not too far removed from that of Apple and Android. What sets Microsoft apart despite the almost obsolete state of PCs, which are still dominated by Microsoft throughout the world, is that Microsoft maintains its organizational culture in its never-changing, but constantly updated operating system. Additionally, although Mr. Ballmer posits that the mission statement has changed, it has not done so in an overly dramatic fashion but has instead matured into its present form. Secondly, the unique or original nature of Microsoft has ensured that the company still derives profits from old projects, manages to keep clients loyal and confident in the brand, and impress them with innovations that serve to build upon the older ones