ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The feministic cultural theory deals with the essence of woman nature and its role in society. Moreover, the aim of the feministic movement is to improve the lives of women and establish their equality in the society. The cultural feminism developed from the radical feminism that focuses on the differences between man and woman in terms of biology, the issue of the patriarchy. At the same time, it formed under the influence of the social feminism that focuses the attention on the woman’s private life and uniqueness of every woman. In order to support and explain these ideas, the feministic cultural theory makes use of various methods and concepts. The feministic cultural theory can be discussed from the perspectives of structuralism or post-structuralism. These theories build the premises of the ideology of feministic culture and present several forms in which the issue can be explained and understood. Structuralism explains it from the point of view of binary opposition (male-female), thus, it deals more with the radical feminism. On the contrary, post structuralism is opposite to such an assumption and uses the concept of deconstruction in order to explain the relations and the position of women in the society. Consequently, it refers to the social feminism to some extend. These two approaches to the feministic culture theory are used in works of Simone de Beauvoir The Second Sex (structuralism approach based on the radical feminism) and Angela McRobbie The Aftermath of Feminism (post-structuralism approach based on the social feminism). These days, the post-structuralism theories are more acceptable in the feministic cultural theory than structuralistic ones. Post-structuralism denies the structuralistic theories of the structure. It appeals to the terms of “deconstruction” and “rhizoma”. Structuralism is based on the logic of language structure. From the point of view of structuralism, the human society should be analyzed as a system with a “center” around which the components of the structure are organized. Moreover, it suggests the binary opposition in terms of which all the elements of the structure are presented in the opposition. For example, good/bad, male/female. Such approach does not give a possibility to analyze all aspects of a social system and human relationships inside this system. It leads to a conclusion that the role of a woman in the society cannot be analyzed only from the point of view of “opposition” as there are also several aspects of woman’s life and her responsibilities that should not be compared to the man’s ones. On the contrary, post-structuralism reveals the notions of “multiplicity”, “subject” or “self” and “deconstruction”. In his lection, Structure, Sign and Play in the Discourse of the Human Sciences Jacques Derrida claims, “it has always been thought that the center, which is by definition unique, constitute
History of Oil Industry The oil industry started over 500 years ago and oil seeping up through the ground was mostly applied in waterproofing ships, medicine, lighting, and as paints for decoration and maintenance (Pratt, 2012). During this period, the demand for oil products was greatly higher than the supply, and several oil companies and individuals were searching for an alternative and durable source, currently called black gold. Aside from a short period of coal oil, the solution was accompanied with the expansion of drilling for crude oil, and land wells were foremost. As the demand for oil products went on to advance, exploration companies started to search for other sources like sea bed. Gulf of Mexico was the initial region where the oil well equipment was constructed, which was located in open waters. These structures were located in water depths of around 90 meters and built in a form of a piled jacket arrangement, where a framed template contained piles that were fixed in it to attach these structures to the sea bed. Such structures found in the sea bed were the precursors for the huge platforms currently found in the extremely deep waters and in several places all over the globe. Land oil wells have been present since the 1910s in Europe. Only in the 1970s the discovery in the North Sea actually started, however, for the further several years no any successful achievements could be seen. Eventually, in late 1960s, oil had been stuck (Pratt, 2012). There have been explorations of new oil fields since that time and succeeding expansion of the North Sea is among the supreme investment plans in the globe. History of ExxonMobil Company ExxonMobil is an American Multinational oil and gas company that is originated from Standard Oil Company and established by John D. Rockefeller (Pratt, 2012). It was launched in 1999 when there was joined venture by Exxon and Mobil. The company has its main offices in Irving, Texas. Exxon Mobil Corporation (NYSE: XOM) is associated with a Canadian’s Imperial Oil, which is among the leading companies in Canada (Pratt, 2012). ExxonMobil is among the biggest publicly traded organizations based on market capitalization in the globe and is the biggest organization in the globe based on the income. It is also positioned number three in the world by Forbes Global listing in 2012. Reserves contained by ExxonMobil were around 70 billion barrels during the evaluation in 2008. During that time, the production rates were anticipated to be steady for around 14 years. ExxonMobil contains 37 oil refineries in around 20 countries in the world that make up a joined daily refining volume of about 6.2 mill
Facts The case involved the questioning of police conduct during arrest and interrogation. Police arrested Miranda after suspecting him of involvement in a robbery incidence. However, instead of law enforcing agents reading to him his rights as concerned confessing or giving of evidence and using services of an attorney, they used force to make him confess, something that violated his rights constitutionally. In addition, police denied him a chance of consulting an attorney, something they could have informed him although he never requested for one. Using evidence collected from him of raping some women some days early, the court convicted him of rape and murder hence, sentencing him to two jail terms that were to run parallel to each other; 20 and 30 years respectively. Later on, because he was not content with the nature in which the court had handled his case, He filed an appeal in the Arizona supreme court, something that led to the overturning of the case, hence granting him his freedom. The lower courts defended their opinion by arguing that, his confession was enough to convict him. In addition, the fact that he never expressed the need for an attorney concreted the case. The Supreme Court defended its decision of overturning the case by arguing that, the law dictates that, the arresting officer should give suspects warning as concerns provision of eviden as provided in the fifth and sixth amendment. Although the court overturned the case because of the nullification of the evidence, later on, since he the court tried him using the real witnesses’ evidence whereby the court found him guilty hence, convicted him of the two offenses, sentencing him to 20 and 30 years behind bars (U.S. Supreme Court p.1). Issue Should provisions in the fifth and sixth amendment as concernconcerndual rights during arrest allow the court to use the evidence collected using wrong procedures? Holding The constitution clearly directs on the naturthe e of criminal procedure that all law enforcing agents must follow when collecting evidence from suspects. In addition, the Fifth Amendment and in the sixth amendments provisions as concerns individuals’ rights of seeking help from attorneys clearly illustrates scenarios when the court can use evidence collected from suspects for conviction purposes. Referring to judgments made on a previous case of the same nature: Escobedo v. Illinois, the Supreme Court overturned the lower courts ruling hence, disbanding the confession evidence. Rationale Provisions of the Fifth Amendment’s self-incriminatio
Studies of obedience to authority have been important to social psychologists as they study the manner in which authorities change thoughts, behaviors and feelings of citizens. Despite the fact that Obedience has been perceived as a useful tenet in society, psychological research has suggested the existence of a dark side (Hill par. 5-8). Therefore, it is necessary for authorities to order people to be obedient, but the orders have to be based on moral standards. In this paper, the negative and positive aspects of the authorities’ orders are compared while maintaining the necessity of obedience to authority. The manner in which people obey those in authority has been the focus of recent debate and research. For instance, Stanley Miligram, a social psychologist described an experiment where ordinary citizens delivered electric shock every time a person failed to memorize certain words. In this experiment, shock givers did not know that no shock was being delivered, and the recipient was trained to respond by false pretence. The experiment revealed that about two thirds of shock deliverers were ready to inflict pain regardless of the recipient’s agony, simply because of authorization (Tourist 13). In line with Miligram’s experiment, the situation in Abu Ghraib prison (where soldiers participated in inhumane treatment of detainees due to orders from those in authority) and Okinawa (where residents were ordered by Japanese military to kill themselves using grenades) gives the implication that even decent people can end up torturing and killing when given the right circumstances. The fact that the soldiers in Abu Ghraib participated in torturing of detainees (they considered it principled or even romantic) raises the important question whether the bow to authority must exist among all people or moral oppositions should sometimes be put up. Therefore, a balance between obedience and non-compliance has to be struck, since obedience is required for smooth functioning of societies. Similarly, when people oppose authority blindly, it causes a delusional belief where they think they possess a certain moral virtue. This is contrary to the fact that real life always requires people to exercise compromise. Several authors (e.g. Wenker) have pointed out that blind opposition to authority serves no other role other than a satisfaction to one’s own egoism, which may be detrimental to society and people’s well being. Therefore, as much as authorities should order people to be obedient, the existence of opposition to authority should be principled, considerate and highly selective (Hersh 1-3; Kambayashi 1-3: Wenker 1-8). According to Wenker, a strong moral decision exists in the armed forces. Therefore, soldiers have a strong moral obligation to fulfill these decisions by choosing the best approach of attaining their goals in line with those of the military. Soldiers have always attributed the attainment of military goals as being extremely significant. However, this may contravene the rights and freedoms of those involved, as explained by the attempt of soldiers to milk evidence from detainees at Abu Ghraib priso
Introduction Modern management of business organizations remains to be very complicated, dynamic and challenging. Whether in accounting, finance, architecture, technology, human resource, consultancy, gender related issues or politics, diverse aspects of management have continued to lead to the emergence of critical concerns that relate to business and management. Proper management, allocation of resources, effective and strategic planning are fundamental issues that can no longer be ignored when addressing alternative perspectives of management (Billing and Alvesson 2000: 145-151; Clark and Salaman 1998: 27-31). Kornberger and Clegg (2004: 1095-1114) argue that most conventional perspectives of management relate to the manner in which business organizations are managed and the exact means through which some of the core operational functions are addressed. It is crucial to align critical perspectives to the exact operations and management of the business by focusing on integrating the views and experiences of employees, top level managers, shareholders and other existing stakeholders (Kornberger and Clegg 2004: 1098-1109). Critical perspectives It is very crucial for any business organization to ensure that business and aspects of management are neither presented as fully functional, political and rational activities nor are they detached from the existing or any potential stakeholders of the organization. According to Fitchett (2002: 315-322), it is very unfortunate that business and management are presented as purely functional, rational and political activities. However, as critical management scholars argue, this functional image is often detached from organizational members and other stakeholders’ experiences. In a business environment, understanding all stakeholders’ cultures is crucial. For a sustained level of consumer involvement to be realized, it is imperative for business managers to initiate strategic efforts geared towards ensuring that consumer culture is effectively addressed. Having such a goal in business can never be treated as a purely functional, political, or rational managerial function of an organization (Hines 1988: 62-74). Furthermore, understanding consumer and integrating unique issues of concern to the actual business operations are issues of utmost importance. Technical, managerial, accounting, financial, security and commercial activities can neither be assumed to be insignificant nor can they be assumed to be mere operational aspects of a business organization. According to Alvesson (1990: 373-394), functional, rational and political activities are fundamental aspects of business management that demand diversification of ideas in order to ensure that all other issues and operations of an organization are integrated in all other functions of business and that such issues are aligned to the n
Introduction Ecotourism is defined as “responsible travel to natural areas that conserves the environment and improves the well-being of local people” (The International Ecotourism Society, 2012). Ecotourism emerged in 80s with the aim of protecting the environment for the future generation. Ecotourism focuses on promoting conservation, communities and sustainable travel. Principles of Ecotourism   * Minimize impacts on the environment and local communities.   * Create cultural awareness.   * Offer positive experiences for tourists and host communities.   * Offer financial benefits for supporting conservation efforts.   * Promote host countries’ political, environmental, and social climate. Current Trends in Ecotourism The commonly held perception of ecotourism is that it is “a large and growing sector, both in terms of arrivals and income generated … the indicators however point to a decent, though less optimistic market” (Rawlinson, 2014). Ecotourism is the most well-known, widespread and the oldest in tourism niches. Trends Ecotourism is practiced across a wide geographical range such as national parks, coastlines, rainforests and mountains. Its longevity shows that ecotourism occupies a significant, well-established, stable and mature niche. Ecotourism possesses the advantage of being the first and only form sustainable tourism. Trends: Ecotourism’s Economic Impact It has generated $77 billion of the global market with double-digit gains. Issues of global warming could accelerate the growth of the niche. It spreads wealth and jobs in emerging economies than any other sectors globally (Center for Responsible Travel, n.d). Tourists believe in protection of the environments and local communities. Global Growth in Tourism   * 1950: 25 million tourist arrivals.   * 2004: 760 million tourism arrivals.   * 2007: 903 million tourist arrivals.   * 2020 Forecast: 1.6 billion international arrivals.   * In 2007, ecotourism was responsible for 7 percent of the international market (Center for Responsible Travel, n.d). Improving Sustainability Ecotourism service and product providers require a global standard of accreditation to differentiate ecotourism firms based on their levels of environmental commitment and responsibility. There is a need to develop an environmental assessment plan for the niche with a focus on specific local conditions. The niche requires guidelines and education. A focused local control will enhance the growth of ecotourism. Impacts on the Industry in the Future Long-term nat
A Recruitment Plan and Strategy An emerging company that desires to serve and survive in the business world would always require an effective plan for attracting, hiring, and retaining employees (Sayce, Weststar, & Verma, 2014). The progress of the coffee will be a great determinant in the subsequent employee recruitment plans that the company would probably seek to adopt. In the first year of the operations of the coffee shop, the management will avoid offering permanent employment, as it shall rely on contractual agreements. Contracts would give the enterprise an opportunity to scrutinize trustworthy and competent employees (Branine, 2008). The recruitment plan would be in two distinct plans since the coffee shop has only the store managers and servers. In selecting store managers, the company shall use external employment techniques, including outsourcing approaches. This would give the shop owner an opportunity to assess candidates with varied expertise in store management. Merit-based selection would be the strategy of choosing store managers, as it would allow the shop owner to assess candidates through a definite selection criterion (Sayce, Weststar, & Verma, 2014). Merit-based selection involves assessing work qualities of the candidates. These work qualities would involve abilities, skills, educational qualifications, work performance standards, level of training, and personality (Tabassum, 2011). Signing a one-year contractual agreement would be necessary to allow the company to assess the manager for a year. S
“Are we there yet?” The Economist, 2010 This article reviews in detail the impact of the policies of the Federal Government on the recession. According to the article, though the recession had ended, the growth has been rather slow, and it would continue to be so for another four years. Such recessions, according to the author, which occur due to the financial crisis, would exist at least for seven years. Therefore, the chance that America could walk out of the crisis early is rather low. The author also argues that though many financial professionals have been presenting that the fiscal policies of the current government and its funding, a larger government is not a good idea. Though this has not resulted in direct gains in terms of a financial recovery, the author says, it was a no-choice when such steps were taken. There was no other way the government could have reacted to the situation. He also says that all the tax cuts that were ushered in during the Bush regime need to be continued and should not be allowed to expire. The rate at which the economy is recovering is not very encouraging. With such a situation, it is only right that the government continues with tax rebates, he argues. The housing market is a reflection of the unemployment market. Though there was a nominal increase in the housing market rates when the government offered sops for the purchase of houses, the same did not continue once the sops were withdrawn. The same is reflected in the unemployment market as well. It seemed to gather momentum momentarily only to slow down further. There has been an increase in the unemployment rate of late rather than a fall. The author’s arguments seem well-positioned. However, the author has failed to point out that some of the basic corrective steps have not been taken to strengthen the overall financial market. It is common knowledge that the hedging of accounts and derivatives were the major cause of financial crisis when it occurred. Till today, no steps have been taken to correct those imperfections in the financial system. This has not been addressed by the author. The same way most of the think tanks on the financial crisis conveniently ignore the cause of the entire event. Instead, the companies and the papers concentrate more on government support to pull them out of the trouble. The author suggests that the mortgages on houses for the citizens should be written off to the current value of the house. Wherever the value of the house is lesser than the mortgaged amount or the money that the owner owes to the bank, then the loan should be written down on a prorated basis to the current value of the house. This would certainly help the citizens to tied over the situation and bring themselves back under control. Will such a measure help the country to come out of the imbroglio? Will it help the country never to face such a situation again? There are no strong answers to these questions without setting right what really went wrong and what really caused the financial crisis in the first place. Though the entire occurre
Introduction Mathew underlines the Pharisaic antagonism directed to Jesus by forwarding his case to the Pharisees regarding the adherence of the Sabbath provisions (New Revised Standard Version, Matt. 12:1-8). The Pharisees accused Jesus and His disciples of unlawful undertakings on the Sabbath after they plucked and feasted on the ears of corn. The move showed the opposition Jesus faced in His endeavors of spreading the Gospel as manifested by the confrontation emerging from the Pharisaic authorities. In this regard, this paper seeks to reveal Mathew’s stress that necessity does not overshadow percept through his characterization of Jesus as authoritative in the book. Meaning of the Text A correct comprehension of the passage related by Mathew portrays that Jesus was not demonstrating that necessity overshadows percept. Instead, Jesus acted in defense of His disciples from the unjust confrontation as he simultaneously questioned the motives of the hypocritical Pharisees. Firstly, Mathew relates that as Jesus passed through the cornfields on a Sabbath, his disciples felt hungry and plucked the grain heads before eating (12:1). However, this act by the disciples did not infringe on the laws of the land by then as eating was allowed under the Law of Moses (Deut. 23:25). Thus, the law provides clearly that necessity could not dominate perceptions regarding the Sabbath since it was unlawful to eat corn under that Law of Moses. Secondly, Jesus uses his authority to defend his disciples’ actions regarding their activities on a Sabbath by revealing the ill motives of the Pharisee’s condemnation (Matt. 3-4). In His defensive approach, Jesus talked of the instance when David and those with him became hungry on a Sabbath (1 Samuel 21:1-6). In this regard, the inconsistent application of the law revealed the Pharisees’ ill intentions towards Jesus and His disciples. A manifestation of the motive appeared later as the Pharisees plotted the destruction of Jesus (Matt. 12:14). Afterward, Jesus criticized the Pharisees’ twisted understanding of the concept of working on the Sabbath (Matt. 12:5) by describing the priests as blameless as well since they engaged in lawful acts, not because necessity overpowers percept. Therefore, the unkind motives of the Pharisees reveal that the confrontation concerning eating the corn on a Sabbath was just an approach to undermine the authority of Jesus. Finally, Jesus proceeded to declare his authority by saying “I tell you, something greater than the temple is here.” (Matt. 12: 6). By declaring so, Jesus underscored that he was the Messiah with authority. Moreover, His authority was emphasized in the book of Mathew as Jesus told the Pharisees, “For the Son of Man is Lord of the Sabbath” (Matt. 12:8). Therefore, an accurate exegesis of Mathew’s text reveals that attacks emanating from the