ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
For the longest time in the history of the American society, black people faced severe discrimination from the white community. They were denied of their basic rights and they faced segregation, marginalization, maltreatment as well as poor working conditions. Other than these, slave trade which involved the dehumanizing sale of African Americans thrived and black men were also denied the right to vote. This provoked a fight for civil rights through the Civil Rights Movement which fought for the African Americans rights a ccording toFinlayson (11). This essay delves deeply into the contributions of Richard Wright and Gwendolyn Brooks to the Civil Rights Movement which played a great role in redeeming the black people from this discrimination. However, on the ground this was not the case as the African Americans were segregated, marginalized, maltreated, and subjected to poor working conditions. They also lacked opportunities and access to public amenities according to Levy (7-10). This saw the blacks come together in churches through song, literature, businesses, homes, families, poems and books all with the goal to fight against discrimination by the whites. Among these were Richard Wright and Gwendolyn Brooks who used literary works to voice out their displeasure on the discrimination against blacks as well as portray a humanitarian point of view on the plight of the African Americans in the 20 th century (Marshall Cavendish Corporation 4). Richard Wright was among the young Americans born in the period when segregation and discrimination was at its peak. During this period, blacks were not supposed to contradict a white person but take in the segregation happily, cheerfully and humbly (Rowley 5). Wright’s father abandoned their family when he was young and went to a segregated high school and was deeply hurt by the poor conditions that African Americans were living in. He published his first short story in 1924 and during the great depression; he did a variety of jobs and joined the communist party. He also wrote articles for the Daily Worker. He later moved to New York where he wrote a collection known as “Uncle Tom’s Children” which won him an award whose money he used to finish his famous book, “The Native Son” (Williams and Beard 358). Wright’s writing was mainly influenced by the prejudice and suffering he saw the black people go through as well as his own personal life. He was very outspoken on the injustices of racism and discrimination. His first book “Tom’s children” was soft and brought many to tears. To him however this was a failure in conveying his message as he wanted his audience to be shocked by the realities of racism which he was able to do in “The Native Son”. The book “Native Son” brought about racism in a very harsh and unmasked manner especially in the last chapter, “the trial”. It is the story of a man who kills two women; a white woman by accident and his black girlfriend purposely out of frustration and anger. He is caught and taken to trial but he is only convicted of one murder; that of the white girl which he committed accidentally. The murder of his black girlfr
Introduction Different institutions have emerged in the modern world to empower women to achieve their potential and ensure they enjoy the same status as men. Such organizations as Girls Not Bride are global corporations that protect girls’ rights, such as defense against child marriage. Child marriage is forced matrimony, whereby both parties lack full and free consent. In most cases, it results from inequality and the belief that girls are inferior to boys. The organization has multiple civil societies in several countries committed to ending early marriage. Girls Not Bride was formed in 2011 by some elders who were working for peace and human rights. In 2013, Girls Not Bride organization became independent, attracting many people from different countries. For instance, Sonata Alizadeh, Mrs. Graca Machel, and Archbishop Desmond Tutu are the champions of Girls Not Bride, and they advocate to end child marriage in our society. Therefore, Girls Not Brides is one of the organizations that advocate for women empowerment and have focused on eliminating child marriage. Girls Not Brides The institution’s founders wanted to end inappropriate practices that hold women back from realizing their potential and empowering other people to end child marriage. The co-founders of the organization sought to galvanize a global movement that would ensure equality of gender. Their vision was for everyone to be in a world that is free from child marriage and all genders to realize their full potential (Kohno et al. 16). The organization partnered with different organizations and societies based across Asia, Europe, Africa, America, and the Middle East. The mission of the organization is to foster change in girl’s lives in society. In this case, the organization focuses on facilitating those trying to end child marriage, protecting young females’ human privileges such as the right to education and health and supporting married girls. Moreover, the organization creates awareness on the harmful impacts of a child by marriage and the benefits of ending it. Girls Not Brides members globally ensure girls can acquire education, access good health, and build their future. The organization is funded through grants and donations from the government, foundations, and other sources. Their generous support partnership enhances broader support to end child marriage, advances the knowledge of child marriages, and creates awareness of the issue. Factors of Child Marriage Child marriage is one of the crises that girls under the age of 18 face globally. It is illegal in most developing countries and is practiced widely in rural areas. Despite the laws against child marriage, it is widespread due to poverty, lack of education, insecurities, and traditions. Lack of adequate funds has led to child marriages, whereby girls and families prefer early matrimonies (Bouman et al. 23). Poverty has led to a lack of food and financial constraint. Thus, marriage is seen as a wealth source since many communities pay dowries. The groom’s family believes that young girls’ marriage reduces payment than when she is wedded at an older age
Introduction Tourism has undergone significant growth over the past few decades as illustrated by the emergence of various forms of tourism across the world. Examples of the new forms of tourism include sports and volunteer tourism. Both local and international tourists are becoming more interested in urban tourism, which comprises the aforementioned forms of emerging tourism forms. Cities across the globe are putting efforts in developing and improving their tourism industry. Melbourne is one of the cities in Australia that is focused on improving urban tourism. As a result, tourism is one of the fastest growing economic activities in Melbourne. The city has one of the highest liveability indexes in the world. Consequently, the residents’ wellbeing and the visitors’ level of enjoyment are relatively high (Prideaux & Moscardo 2006). The city is characterised by a number of factors that attract both interstate and international tourists as various factors attract travellers to visit certain tourist destinations. This paper outlines the various destination attributes and motivations between first time and repeat travellers in Melbourne. The paper focuses on interstate and international context of tourism. The study will provide stakeholders insight on the most appropriate marketing strategies for Melbourne. Analysis. Destination attributes and motivations Art and culture Ritchie and Crouch (2003) argue that art is an important component of many tourists especially in urban areas. Thus, it is important for parties charged with the responsibility of promoting urban tourism to focus on developing arts and culture. One of the ways through which this goal can be achieved is by nurturing the development of live entertainments, the film industry, cultural festivals, and art galleries. Despite the fact that only local tourists mainly attend cultural events, they may also attract foreign tourists as illustrated by the case of the West End cultural event in London and the Broadway in New York (Ritchie & Crouch 2003). In addition to the well developed residential conditions and the region’s ecological environment, Melbourne serves as headquarter to numerous multinational corporations that specialise in art and culture (Campo-Martíne, Garau-Vadell & Martínez-Ruiz 2009). The city is considered as Australia’s cultural capital. The city harbours well renowned local and international cultural and arts organisations. The city also plays a critical role in supporting both local and international film industry. Its attractiveness arises from the numerous sceneries that are best suited for shooting film. In an effort to promote tourism in Melbourne, the Victorian government has constructed public cultural facilities (Prayag & Ryan 2011). Consequently, the city’s impression as a cultural capital amongst domestic and international tourists has been strengthened. Development of cultural facilities has developed a strong cultural atmosphere, and thus Melbourne is positioned effectively to highlight its unique cultural image and cultural characteristics. Mo
Introduction The evolution of science and the appearance of new devices significantly impact the modern world. AI, computers, and robots are an integral part of human activity today and continue to evolve. The scope of change and digitalisation process that can be seen today preconditions the appearance of the term the Fourth Industrial Revolution which states for a fundamental change in the way communities function and relate to each other ( Fourth industrial revolution , n.d.). It can be taken as a new stage in the development of the world characterised by outstanding advances in technology, which means that the degree of alteration can be compared to industrial revolutions of the past. Today, the biological, physical, digital, and social spheres merge and result in the appearance of a completely new environment, which impacts people’s actions and behaviours. The fourth industrial revolution impacts all aspects of modern life, including the most important ones, such as management, business, and governing. The advances in technology are broadly used by agencies and authorities to attain better outcomes and increase the effectiveness of major processes. For instance, the UAE, as one of the fast-developing states, accepts the new paradigm and tries to implement new solutions and integrate them with governmental entities (Gulf News, 2015). The central difference between the previous generations and the current one is the reliance of computer technologies, automation of processes, and the use of AI to minimise the negative effect of human factor and attain improved outcomes ( Fourth industrial revolution , n.d.). The proposed project outlines the current state of Abu Dhabi governmental entities and how they act regarding the Fourth Industrial Revolution. Literature Review As a fast-growing nation with outstanding opportunities for the further evolution, the UAE tries to integrate innovative strategies and relevant goals into the functioning of its government and support the development of the state (Gulf News, 2017). For this reason, there is a UAE Strategy for the Fourth Industrial Revolution that outlines the basic spheres that should benefit from the use of technologies and steps that should be made to digitalise the most important areas of the state’s functioning (MOCAF, 2017). The given policy includes some major assumptions such as innovative education, artificial intelligence, intelligent genomic medicine, and robotic healthcare ( The UAE Strategy for the Fourth Industrial Revolution , n.d.). The given milestones are selected to touch upon the critical aspects of the state’s functioning and guarantee its further evolution. At the same time, there is also focus on the effectiveness of government. Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum introduces the fourth generation of government excellence system which is expected to affect all governmental entities of Abu Dhabi and stimulate the achievement of the new levels of excellence (MOCAF, 2015b). This incentive is considered a significant s
Introduction The Baldrige award came to be in 1987 when the death of the secretary of commerce Mr. Malcolm Baldrige. The full names are Malcolm Baldrige National Quality Award, and the award is funded by congress through the secretary of commerce. The sole essence of starting this award was to promote the organization to have promoted total quality management among American companies for easier ushering them to 21 st century. Total quality management seeks to ensure that an organization continually improves, as well as keeps in mind the satisfaction of the customers. In short, it seeks not to achieve perfection but to continually keep improving the organization’s services and achieve the highest level of success. The Baldrige criteria has evolved from being business oriented to accommodate other sectors of the economy. Some of these sectors include the following manufacturers, small businesses, Education, services industry, and healthcare. Other counties of the world have come to adopt it in the production since globalization has hit the world. All this can be attributing to the fact that there are achievable benefits by incorporating it especially in the business world. Strengths and weaknesses of the Baldrige Award There are various strengths that are so much of benefit to any organization in the world. To start with, organizations have been stimulated to improve their quality and productivity so as to gain recognition while at the same time having a competitive edge and gaining profits. The fact that there is recognition of the best performing companies when it comes to the quality means that a company will continual to strive to be among them since it promotes the image of a business organization. The fact that the award also runs through all sectors of the economy means that they are all enticed to achieve a high efficiency and through this, the whole economy develops (Davis et al., 1999). Applicability is another strength found in Baldrige criterion. The meaning of this is that it can be applied to all organizations irrespective of their size. It is also not discriminative to the type of industry involved, whether it is service or manufacturing, all of them are included. The same is extended to sectors of the economy, as it is applicable to both the public and private sectors of the economy. Awareness is also brought out through the existence of this award. The challenge of foreign firms is highlighted and as statistics have shown United States, national growth and competition has been low in the last two decades. There is also the impact in knowledge it offers to companies and business organization in various sectors of the economy. Facts like the circumstance that poor quality costs consume about 20% of all the revenues in the country have been revealed through it. In addition, essential information has been unveiled to various organizations, among them are the benefits that are accrued due to having quality products. For example, having quality prod
According to Ullman, technology has had tremendous effects on human behavior. At the initial stages of technology, it was supposed to supplement human efforts in making tasks easier to carry out. However, technology has currently taken center stage in directing how we as human beings should behave. Likewise, technology has led to change of behavior in people such that what seemed strange in the past seems very normal today. Technology has also brought about distraction in people’s lives. To illustrate these effects, Ullman uses several examples. First, to demonstrate how technology has taken up the role of directing people’s actions, she uses the example of the balloon that appears at the right bottom side of the computer. The balloon carries the message ‘there are unused icons on your computer’, suggesting that it is high time to do something about it. Multitasking, which was not an attribute of a normal person sometimes ago is now taken to be very normal. Ullman refers to the 1976 movie, ‘the man who fell to earth’ to show how technology has changed people’s behavior. This character in the movie was depicted as ‘not being a human’ simply because he could watch undisturbed, multiple television sets. Today, people can eat, talk and drive at the same time. To show how technology has brought distraction to people’s lives, Ullman uses multiple advertisements that interface an interesting program to the viewers on a television set. He affirms that the episodes of the program are always disturbed by the occasional advertisements. On a more personal basis, technology has impacted me significantly. These impacts have made my life take a certain orientation that has helped to define my behavior. Technology has affected my life by making me, dependant. I have always found it hard to do mathematics without a calculator. When it so happens that I have to do the calculations without it, I usually panic. This panic worsens the situation such that my confidence goes down. Without confidence, even those sums that I could have done without a calculator troubles me. My problems do not end there. My self-esteem falls as I tend to think that people will see me as stupid. Generally speaking, the problem of being dependent on technology such as this triggers many reactions and consequences in my life.
Summary The chapter discusses the social transformation that the city of Unayzah underwent. It analyzes several social changes that resulted from the growth of the new city due to influx of people during the development stage. It discusses social changes in family ties, neighborhoods, and visiting patterns that people adopted. Moreover, it proves that family ties and kinship are not the only factors that shape social life. It discusses the importance of neighborhood ties as a vital component of social life. Finally, the chapter discusses occupational ties, employment ties, and peer group ties as manifestations of social life. The authors aim to show the reader that social life in Unayzah was not determined by only relationships among families but also by relationships between neighborhoods. They explore the social changes that have manifested in certain areas of social life due to the transformation of the old town. Reaction The chapter starts by giving a snippet of the main cause of the changing social patterns in Unayzah. It describes how people who took loans and started building houses developed the city. Others sold their land in order to make quick profits. This resulted in influx of people into Unayzah as landowners and laborers in construction sites. This influx resulted to the social transformation that is discussed in the chapter. The introduction to the chapter gives the reader enough and insightful background information regarding the origin of Unayzah. In addition, it gives sufficient information regarding the source of the current social structure of the new city. The authors describe the old social structure and composition of the city. The traditional composition of many households was similar. A typical household comprised an old man and his wife, their sons, and the families of their sons. The authors then give a reason for the composition: male labor migration. The authors also reveal the existence of lack of consensus in the community regarding the issue of sons and their wives living with their fathers. Sons felt that they should live in their own homesteads while parents insisted on their sons living in their households. The authors use examples of dialogue to augment their claims, which improve comprehension of issues under discussion. The evolution of the family structure is a reflection of a modern society. The concept of the extended family has been replaced by the concept of the nuclear families. Parents live separately from their sons’ families. This reflects the situation as it is in many societies today. The authors are right in claiming that the traditional extended family played a critical role in the socialization of children. It is true that in the traditional model, children grew surrounded by their grandparents and other children. However, the new structure has eliminated this. Children have only their parents for socialization. Grandparents used to disseminate cultural knowledge. This aspect of socialization is greatly reduced in the nuclear family setup. Nuclea
Introduction As the twenty-first century became established, the importance of multicultural counseling has become well-recognized. Several different cultural, racial, and sexual groups are now being recognized as that having unique counseling needs. Traditionally, researchers have identified cultural identity as a broad concept that includes demographic variables such as religion, gender, physical ability, economic and social status, and sexual orientation alongside ethnographic variables (Bidell, 2005). This research focuses on gay, lesbian, and bisexual issues including language and general guidelines, as proposed by the American Psychological Association’s 2002 Ethical Principles and Code of Conduct. This study also makes suggestions for revisions of guidelines and language used for the 2014 ethics code revision. Ethical Concerns: Sexual Minorities Only a few decades ago homosexuality was considered a pathological and deviant form of human sexuality. Homosexuality was removed from the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) only in 1973 (Cheng, 2003). Going even further, it has been completely removed from the diagnostic system only in 1987. Consequently, there are two major concerns for psychologists that result from the history of attitudes towards sexual minorities. Firstly, this is stereotyping on the side of practitioners and, secondly, this is a lack of proper, unbiased word selection. Both of these factors result from a lack of knowledge on the side of psychologists; nevertheless, the consequences are dramatic (Crisp, 2006). The most direct consequence of stereotyping and lack of knowledge about external factors that influence sexual minorities throughout their living is inferior treatment (Gamst et al. 2004). Several studies confirm that sexual minorities are likely to be misdiagnosed due to the inability of a psychiatrist to consider the individual and unique patterns of behavior that are common for a given minority group, either minimize or exaggerate the importance of sexual orientation of gay/lesbian orientation in person’s life, devalue client’s feelings or experiences, value clients strictly in terms of their sexual behavior, inform clients that they are not gay or lesbian if they fail some standard criteria, assume that gay or lesbian relations are just phases that come through, perpetuate self-hatred experienced by some lesbian or