ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Sewage contamination of beach waters is not a new phenomenon. It has always been a growing threat especially with the expansion of urban cities towards coastal beaches. Sewage and urban run-offs especially after a heavy downpour have been identified as the major contaminants. While urban run-offs can be minimized with proper sanitation in the respective towns and cities, sewage contamination is attributed to downright negligence in the construction and maintenance process or just sheer ignorance of the guilty parties. Sewage is usually carried by a network of pipes to the sewage treatment plants. Occasionally, these pipes do leak or just burst either due to overcapacity or damage by storms. The leaking effluent can flow directly into the ocean waters or may be carried by underground streams and other surface run-offs. (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2007). Points of Contamination This effluent is highly hazardous and contains bacteria and pathogens. These pathogens are ingested by humans and animals in a variety of ways when they come into contact with sewage-contaminated water. Ingestion can occur orally when a swimmer or surfer unintentionally gulps the ocean water. Also, eating contaminated seafood that wasn’t properly cooked can expose one to these pathogens. Dermal contamination occurs when one has some open wounds on his skin and the contaminated water seeps through. In aerosol, “one inhales water droplets such as those from breaking waves.”(Ambient Student, 2009). Resulting Illnesses The most common type of illness due to contaminated ocean water is gastroenteritis infections. The mode of exposure is usually oral but isolated cases of aerosol have been reported. Gastroenteritis diseases affect the gastrointestinal tract. The patient suffers from bouts of vomiting, stomachaches, and diarrhea. In extreme cases,
Conventional wisdom has presented the Enlightenment Period as a watershed in artistic and intellectual development, marking the beginnings οf the ‘modern,’ in terms οf cultural views and practices. For women, particularly, this period was even more liberating than to men. Great advances were made in art and literature for women, and finally after years οf oppression, the female voice was to be heard. Did women have a Renaissance? Literature reflects not only the author’s thoughts, but also the society in which the author lived. A close study οf the lives οf women in literature οf the pre-modern world shows they suffered from increasingly repressive social constraints. In early societies, women bore children, cared for the home and helped maintain the family’s economic production. Men hunted, made war, assumed primary responsibility for the family’s economic welfare. The patriarch figure Orgon in Tartuffe is a good example οf how the Father οf the house has absolute power and is a basic belief οf the Enlightenment Era. Male dominance was important from the time οf the earliest written historical records, probably as a result οf men’s discovery οf their role in hunting and warfare as activities necessary for existence. The belief that women were naturally weaker and inferior to men was also certified by god-centered religions. In the Bible, God placed Eve under Adam’s authority, and Paul urged women to be submissive to their husbands. In Hinduism, the reward οf a proper woman is rebirth as a man, ancient Chinese women were considered to be the property οf their fathers or husbands and in Japan, women were dressing in men’s clothing in order to obtain the same benefits as men (Reece). In most traditional societies, women generally were at a disadvantage. Their education was limited to learning domestic skills, and they had no access to positions οf power. The Enlightenment, with its egalitarian political importance, provided a favorable climate for the rise οf feminism in the 17th and 18th centuries, and many extraordinary women from all walks οf life found ways to exercise their
Ann Tickner uses a feminine approach to challenge Morgenthau’s assumptions of political realism. In particular, she challenges his assumptions about human nature. Hans Joachim Morgenthau, a leading figure in the 20 th century political science, made major contributions to the theory of international relations as well as the study of international law. In “Politics among Nations”, Hans Morgenthau introduced the “Six Principles of Political Realism”. Morgenthau explains his position in realism by infusing it with moral considerations. In the first principle, Morgenthau states that political realism theory tends to think that objective laws that are based on the nature of humans govern politics and the general society. Secondly, Morgenthau argues that the concept of interest is an important aspect of the theory. According to him, power defines this concept and is the principal signpost of the theory. Thirdly, Morgenthau argues that realism is aware of the cultural and political aspects of foreign policies and their impact on the meaning of power and interest. The fourth principle states that political realism theorists recognize the presence of the moral significance of political actions as well as the conflict between the needs of a successful political action and the moral aspects of the context. Moreover, Morgenthau states that true realism does not identify the specific aspirations of a country or community as per its morals. Finally, he states that the political realists tend to maintain the autonomy in a political world because the theory is based on the conception of the nature of humans, which is pluralistic. Although Morgenthau’s theory has been widely appraised, Tickner disagrees with him. Specifically, she disagrees with all the six principles of political realism because of “masculine bias” in the explanations given by Morgenthau. Tickner starts with the question “why is the field of international politics a world of males?” She argues that there is underrepresentation of women in the important fields of military, international relations and diplomatic fields. Tickner states that the international relations discourse is defined in a language that is distinctly masculine, which creates bias. A good example given in this case is the vocabularies used in nuclear strategies. Secondly, Tickner states that most professionals in the international relations and politics think that women are suitable in domestic matters that require the skills of nurturing. Moreover, Tickner states that the current state of the IR discipline, including IR academics, is hostile and unattractive to women. Moreover, she disagrees with all the six principle of political realism. She states that males have made objective laws that govern politics. Rational theory and political behavior are derived from these laws. She disagrees with the second and third principles, saying that interest is defined using power, yet power involves the control of males by males. Thus, there is bias against women. In addition, Tickner states that realism is concerned with the balance between morality of p
Introduction Sympathy and the influence of example are more important than formal precepts and didactic instruction in the development of moral sentiments which, on the other hand, lead to the development of character. For instance, if a father shows kindness to a dog by offering a bone, there arises within the child a feeling of kindness towards the dog which is produced by some kind of sympathetic action. On the other hand, if the father instead picks a stone and mercilessly hits the dog, the child will sympathize in the desire to hit the dog. Growing up within such influence, the child will develop a disposition to kill and destroy every helpless creature that comes within his or her power. In these cases, there is no need for formal instruction. Of the many children who are brought up under the former influence of cruelty, nearly all of them will exhibit this cruelty towards dogs. On the other hand, children brought up under the latter influence will definitely show kindness towards dogs. In this paper, my argument is that growing up within the right atmosphere and environment rather than receiving the right instructions is the most important condition in the formation of character among children. To support this argument, two cases will be considered for analysis: the Mary Flora Bell Case and Jamie Burger case. This paper also points at the failure of society to curb child delinquency and the role of both the media and the education system in nurturing accountability and social responsibility. In contemporary discourses, there comes a time when change and social transformation occurs on an unprecedented scale through an act that is considered deviant and aberrational with regards to the accepted rules of human behaviour. Such changes stimulate the need for personal reflection, the need for flexibility in the way we relate and judge others as well as notions of uncertainty, risk or even instability. Personal reflections and intellectual discourse sets the stage for a review of child-rearing and the adult concepts of childhood as well as giving birth to new regimes of rationality in our actions and practices as concerns childhood in the context of societal interrelationships, their education and development. With greater knowledge in the public domain, greater uncertainties are brewed and the need for expedite and expert knowledgeable individuals in the society to offer analytical or even a theoretical understanding of the evil unaccepted events, these processes constitute the moral panic. (Heinrick, 1997:57)The backlash of the whole process is always a new moral reflection and new policies and constitutional amendments that are driven by invaluable theoretical frameworks. Children who commit crimes are regarded as abhorrent freaks and evil entities in society. Their acts are always met with unmatched public outrage, opinion and debates that are mainly driven by preconceived notions a
Psychologists have been thinking about the influence, which is usually provided on people, what these factors of influence are and what sphere of people’s life is influenced. People are different as well as their personalities, and all of them are influenced differently by various factors. Furthermore, modern life is full of factors, which make people’s life stressed and disoriented and scientists think about the ways, which could overcome that stress and make people’s life flow smooth. To cope with stress, people should bear in their minds that there are two main ways, health and unhealthy (such as smoking, drinking, drug-taking), to overcome the stressed situation, which has appeared. Considering my personal experience, I have never used an unhealthy way of stress battle, as the situation is not changed and the perception of the situation is not changing, just for some time the problem is moved on the background. Such strategies as withdrawing from friends or family, and taking the stress to others also have never been used, as there is no sense in it. The first thing, which was tried, was either to change the situation or to change the personal perception of the situation. The change of the situation is not always possible, so the best way out is either to avoid the situation, to alter it, to adapt to the situation, or to accept it and do not fight. Understanding the individual personality it is always important to consider the cultural belonging of the person. Why is it so important? Plenty of behavior habits are imparted on children from their childhood. Let us take Hinduism as an example. People who follow this religion never eat beef, they believe in Karma and reincarnation, and these beliefs structure their understanding of life and actions. The Indian culture is rather variable and bright. There are a lot of different customs and traditions, which are not similar in different regions, as the processes of assimilation and innovation also influence people’s cultures. So, it may be firmly concluded that it is possible to modify an individual’s personality through manipulation of their environment. Indian people, who have moved from their native lands to other countries, usually continue to follow their religion, but this religion has some differences in the result of assimilation. Competence, moral self-approval, power, and love worthiness are one of the main influences on personal self-esteem. Taking the concept of competence it is impossible to avoid the fact that the person with the high level of knowledge will always feel better and with high self-esteem in the group of people (let it be the class), who do not have such a high level. Moral self-approval is the factor, which make people assured in himself/herself. The self-approval is usually developed and supported among the family members and friends, who are one of the main
Although non-governmental organisations, or NGO, are not supposed to depend on the decisions made by the British government by definition, the impact that the latter has on their development and the choices that they make is quite tangible. The ethical implications, as well as the reasonability for state authorities to intervene the realm of non-profit companies’ operations may seem questionable. However, because of the threat that NGO may pose to the state security, as well as the effect that NGO’s operations have on the economy of the United Kingdom, the need for the governmental supervision of the specified organisations emerges. The fact that the members of non-profit companies may turn out to be secret agents attempting at disclosing the governmental secrets of the united Kingdom stresses importance of the influence that the governmental secret services have on the development and operations of NGO, as well as a solid justification for the secret services to control NGO. According to the recent data, the instances of non-profit organisations accused of espionage and proven to retrieve secret data concerning the British political and economic issues are not as rare as they might seem. It should also be mentioned that the threat of espionage has grown entirely out of proportions in the 21 st century, when the cyber reality exists on par with the real life environment. While the current security measures aimed at preventing the instances of espionage may seem quite legitimate within the present-day cyber reality landscape, the possible discovery of new loopholes in the security system will most likely pose a major threat to the safety of the state, its economic and political performance, and the lives of its numerous residents. Consequently, a very close supervision of NGO is the top priority for the British state security system at present; once an instance of successful espionage occurs, the consequences may be dire (KMPG International 2011). The significance of the state interference into the information management, financial transactions and other activities carried out by the British NGO is also essential due to the fact that the influence of state bodies on NGO is, in fact, reciprocal. A closer look at the changes that have been occurring in the British economy and politics over the past few years will reveal that NGO have altered the methods of capturing private investment and, therefore, affected the state economy on a rather profound level (Allard & Martinez 2008). The fact that the process of alterations is mutual makes the necessity for governmental structures to take control over NGO indispensable. One might argue that a close supervision of every single transaction carried out by an NGO is impossible, which is true. Nevertheless, regular audits coupled with a close analysis of monthly reports will help prevent a disaster. Even though NGO re tradi
In the theory of justice, the conception of the desert isn’t commonly accepted as the concept of punishment. The conception of desert implies the reward for the virtuous actions, and there are some particular judgments exist which help to determine the reasonableness of rewards. The dependence of rewards on the variety of external and conditional factors makes the public and scholars question the idea of the desert and its use for justice. Nevertheless, Miller calls into question the apprehension of the desert as “merely a conventional idea” (1999, p.135). Usually, the reward appears in the wake of a particular performance by an agent that can be a person or a group of people. Through the process of judgement of the agent’s responsibility for the action, the circumstances and the agent’s initial intentions are analysed. The analysed action must have value in society. Since people can have different motivations for their performances, it is essential to make sure that the best person is the one who is rewarded. Thus the assessment of the agent’s quality is important for judgement. Judgment should not depend just on the situational criteria or predictions and prejudices. According to Miller, the qualitative assessment is crucial, and thereby the person who deserves reward is the person who “will subsequently perform at the highest level” (1999, p. 137). Though desert implies the existence of institutions that fulfil the judgement, Miller claims that desert is “predominantly a pre-institutional notion” (1999, p. 142). Nowadays, many social institutions’ reward systems function in obedience to external factors and preconceptions. This approach often creates inequality, and its fairness is doubted. To provide the efficiency of the desert, the institutional standards need to be conformed to the idea of the superior performance that deserves a reward. Though nowadays, many writers and scholars do not support the significance of the desert for the conception of justice, David Miller successfully depicts its importance. The implementation of the desert judgment principals based on the responsibility, intentions and the quality of performance will help to improve the institutional policies and in some measure resolve the issue of social inequality. Reference List Miller, D 1999, Principles of Social Justice , Harvard University Press, Cambridge.
Abstract There are two significant interventions the government could have done to prevent the credit crisis. The first one is that the government should have regulated the mortgage brokers. They advanced non-performing loans, pooled investment funds that traded more on liquid assets, and used the profits on more complex trading to gain extra income. The approach led to heavily leveraged and debt-burdened mortgagers who could not finance their debts (Jarvis, 2009). Government regulations might have softened the recession by reducing the burden (Amadeo, 2020). Appropriate directives would have ensured that loans were only given to creditworthy clients. The second significant intervention is that the government should have written off the bad debts when the crisis began. These solutions would have minimized the dire consequences experienced during the crisis. Effects of Government Regulations on Businesses Government regulations may have both positive and negative impacts on the economy. One of the significant contributors to the credit crisis was financial innovation that surpassed human intellect (Amadeo, 2020). Regulations may restrict organizational growth by limiting innovation and the effective use of resources. They can also disrupt the laws of demand and supply by disrupting production and distribution channels. Furthermore, they can cause problems in revenue and profit generation required for growth and sustainability. For example, a business will have to incur extra costs on environmental or workers’ safety regulations. Multiple restrictions can also reduce the number of ventures and have negative economic consequences. However, minimal government controls can lead to problems such as employee exploitation. The public may lose trust in these organizations resulting in the loss of customers in the long run. Therefore, the government should balance policy guidelines to yield optimal benefits to all stakeholders.
‘ Jossey-Bass Academic Administrators Guide to Conflict Resolution’ is a guide that addresses all academic administrators. The book deals with conflict resolution by academic administrators. This is because conflict is inevitable in all institutions and this book addresses this issue with profound understanding of the position held by administrators in a campus setting. This important literature comprises of several strategies used in recognizing as well as managing conflict amid persons within a faculty and also between different faculties. The book gives guidelines on how to manage conflicts into solvable problems. Lucas and Cheldelin (2004) provide tangible strategies which Academic leaders can employ to assess problems emanating in institutions as well as designing proper methodologies inn addressing the conflicts. The Jossey-Bass Academic Administrators Guide to Conflict Resolution is a very important tool that must be used by all administrators. The key issues that have been addressed in this book are directives for understanding an appropriate time to intercede in a given conflict, methods for assisting in bringing irrational change including negative notions into positive and rational thinking, various means of dealing with interpersonal conflict that is conflict amid two people working in the same faculty, it also provides guidelines for major strategies used in conflict management when at work and vice versa, the book also provides effective methodologies for curbing and solving particular conflicts. Jossey-Bass Academic Administrators Guide to Conflict Resolution is meant for upcoming leaders as well as those leaders who are not versant with leadership roles used in institutions of higher learning ( Cheldelin & Lucas 2004). The book identifies methods of diagnosing conflicts and ways in which administrators in academic institutions can employ to solve conflicts. Getting to learn about the strategies that can be employed in managing problems can help in the development of individual’s career path. For instance, waiting for individuals to resolve their own issues might take a very long time and this might instead bring out more issues such as formation of coalitions thus leading to fragmentation of the whole dep