ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Pierre Curie was fascinated by the ability of uranium to blacken photographic plates after months of exposure. At the time, the phenomenon was hard to explain as it was in contrary to the scientific fact that energy can neither be created, nor destroyed. When his wife, Marie Curie, needed support for her doctoral thesis, Pierre helped her work on solving the uranium compound problem. In the eight months that followed, Marie did her research and discovered two new elements that also signified the start of radioactive studies as a new scientific field. The two new elements were Polonium, discovered in December, 1898 and radium that was discovered a few months later. The tale of the discoveries demonstrates the importance of scientific rigour and an ever curious mind of the scientist (Mould 1998). According to Mould (1993), the two discoveries relied on other discoveries such as those of piezoelectricity, the electrometer, and the radioactive properties of uranium. The curious mind of Pierre on why a substance seemed to defy a scientific law started the journey that led to the discovery of polonium and radium. The basic application of chemistry and physics procedures, such as the use of the electrometer, precipitation, and crystallisation of compounds played a salient role in the discoveries. A critical property of uranium that eventually allowed Marie to isolate the two new elements was its ability to make the surrounding air conduct electricity, thereby providing a means of quantifying rays from uranium. Even with the ability to conduct quantitative measurements of the uranium rays, the results would not be reliabl
Introduction Organizational diversity is one of the prerequisites for the successful functioning of contemporary companies. An effective work environment implies that people with different backgrounds have an opportunity to cooperate and learn from each other. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the ethnography at a prior place of employment of the author and provide insights into the ways company leadership can enhance its work environment. Description and Analysis The company has a developed team structure. It is a multinational organization that encourages diverse workers to cooperate on various projects. After one project has been finalized, the teams are reorganized. This way, the leadership ensures that people interact with different colleagues. Importantly, the enterprise forbids any discriminating attempts. The rights of workers are protected on the regulatory level, and they can report to the management when their possibilities are anyhow limited (Hilliard 21). Depending on the project, people can attain different roles. When working on one assignment, they can be a fully functional team member; however, in other projects, they can function as team leaders or do secretarial work. The diversity of voices is also ensured by the flexible mode of working (Hilliard 23). When collaborating with different people, individuals are pushed to contribute their ideas to the project. Also, speakers at meetings also interchange. As a rule, leaders of teams present the results. However, since leaders always change, everyone has an opportunity to speak. The company under analysis is a U.S.-based organization, and white Americans are in the position of power. Their authority is manifested in the ways they finalize all the decisions. Depending on the team’s needs, the leaders employ either a democratic style or coaching (Hays-Thomas 155). Employees respond positively to the asserted power (both verbally and physically). The atmosphere is quite friendly, and the managers never resort to coercion to achieve results. However, all the employees comprehend the leaders’ authority, which contributes to productivity. In regards to the last meeting the author had attended, those who spoke and communicated project results occupied the most space. They utilized different multimedia tools to present the information and control technology, so they moved around the meeting room. During the event, everyone else remained seated while the presenters also controlled the screen using a remote control. Therefore, project leaders took up the most space literally and metaphorically. In terms of stories that people told, they were related to the project. Women and people of color are represented in the organization well. The teams are culturally diverse, and the majority of workers are women. People of color make approximately 10% of the entire staff. In terms of LGBTQ representatives, it is rather difficult to determine whether there are an
Introduction The term stress was predominantly applicable in the ancient centuries to imply hardship, difficulty, strain as well as affliction. In the growing centuries, the term has been used interchangeably. However, the core meaning has always remained poignant in all its definitions. Stress may refer to a state of psychological and physical discomfort of an individual, which is derivative of the interaction of external and biological factors (Antoniou & Cooper, 2005). The increased global organizational competiveness has immensely impacted on the expectations from employees. For instance, extra working hours and high performance out puts expected from workers has led to organizational stress. Stress within organizations and other workplaces may be categorized according to an individual’s skills or competencies. In addition, the job demands also include potential determinants of the level of stress within organizations. Notably, stress might emanate from environmental factors within the workplace, exhaustive work arrangements and workloads, improper work conditions, role conflicts and communication breakdown. According to Antoniou & Cooper, (2005), Burnout is “a disorder associated with emotional exhaustion and minimized individual achievement that transpires amongst persons who perform extensive jobs.” It also refers to a gradual loss of focus, motivation and objectivity encountered by individuals within some professions due to their job conditions. It is an exhaustion and weariness that potentially minimizes an employee’s effectiveness and competencies. Generally, this situation is presently notable within organizations. This paper discusses the organizations’ and workers’ challenges related to stress and burnout. Problems of Stress and Burnout on Employees Stress and burnout on employees have had significant negative influences on both the employee’s professional as well as personal lives. Due to bur
Gilgamesh is “the semi-mythic King of Uruk in Mesopotamia” who is widely known by present-day readers from a classical, ancient piece of literature ̶ “The Epic of Gilgamesh” (circa 2150-1400 BCE) (Mark). In the epic, Gilgamesh embarks on a series of quests. In the first one, he travels to defeat Huwawa, a giant who terrorizes the inhabitants of the Cedar Forest. However, the second journey is the most meaningful one because Gilgamesh aims to find immortality. The reason for his decision to become immortal is the death of Enkidu, the king’s closest friend. Pereira states that “as a result of Enkidu’s death, Gilgamesh becomes afraid of dying” (14). Therefore, he decides to find the only man who managed to avoid death and survive the great flood, Utnapishtim. Ultimately Gilgamesh meets the immortal man, and the latter reveals the secret of a magic flower that can endow a human with eternal youth. The king manages to find this flower as well yet, the moment he tries to pluck it, the magic flower is taken by a snake. Thus, despite all challenges faced during the journey, Gilgamesh does not achieve immortality in the end. The epic reveals that in the Mesopotamian worldview, only gods can be immortal and all the efforts of an ordinary human being to obtain immortality are rather futile. Moreover, there is no heaven one can live in after he or she dies. At the same time, through good deeds and achievements, a person can become immortal in the memory of other people. As for the meaning of life, the epic suggests that people should celebrate every day and live in the present moment cherishing everything they have. Works Cited Mark, Joshua J. “Gilgamesh.” Ancient History Encyclopedia . 2018. Web. Pereira, Natallya. What is the Quest? . Web.
Introduction One of the greatest concerns in the filed of information security is verification that an individual accessing confidential, sensitive, or secret information is approved to do so. Such access is normally achieved through an individual giving their identity through an authentication process. In simple terms, the individual accessing any classified information has to validate their identity prior to accessing the information (Daugman 1148-1153). If the individuals fail to provide their identity, then they are denied access to the information. There are three authentication methods, which are use of passwords, use of tokens or smart cards, and the biometric authentication. Biometric authentication identifies users using their behavioral or physiological features. This paper will look at different types of biometric authentications, how they work, their merits and demerits as well as the privacy issues that affect biometric authentication. Types of authentication There are numerous types of biometric authentications. Among them include, fingerprint recognition, voice recognition, face recognition, and iris recognition. Fingerprint recognition Fingerprint recognition requires capturing a picture of an individual’s fingertips and storing its features such as arches, helixes, and loops together with the outlines of grooves, minutiae, and crests. There are three ways of achieving fingerprint matching. They are, “minutiae matching, correlation matching, and ridge feature matching” (Khan and Jiashu 82). According to Khan and Jiashu, “Minutiae based matching stores minutiae as a set of points in a plane. The points are matched with the template and the input minutiae confirmed” (83). On the other hand, “correlation based matching overlays two fingerprint images and it computes the connection between matching pixels” (Khan and Jiashu 83). Ridge feature based technique is, “an advanced method, which captures ridges since minutiae capturing are difficult in low quality fingerprint images” (Khan and Jiashu 83). Fingerprint scanning is consistent and secure. It protects entry gadgets for building door locks. Voice recognition The other type of authentication uses voice recognition. This form, “combines behavioral and physiological elements to come up with speech patterns, which can be captured through speech processing technology” (Zhang 46). The authentication method uses inbuilt features of the speaker such as nasal pitch, accent, and rhythm. Voice recognition method may be classified into various groups based on the nature of authentication realm. One of the categories is the fixed text technique, which uses a predetermined word for authentication purposes. The other group is the text dependent method, which requires a person to pronounce a certain phrase or statement. The word or phrase is then analyzed based on the person’s basic voice p
The period of 1763 to 1776 was one of the most challenging years for the British policymakers. During this period, the American colonists experienced disagreements with their policymakers. After Britain and other colonial countries signed the Treaty of Paris in 1763, Britain was considered the super power, which earned her respect in America. Based on this conception, the colonists aimed at exploiting the advantage to gain more wealth and expand their economic stability. In spite of the initial understanding that colonies were regarded as a source of income to the mother government, the American colonies had changed this perception. In this regard, the mother government aimed at recovering the previous war expenses from its colonies. Therefore, Britain parliament continued to formulate policies that emphasized the need of resources and wealth generation for the empire. This was contrary to the wishes of the colonists who needed to enrich themselves and focus on their own business without any regulation (Appleby et al., 2009). In the bid to maintain the resources for their vast empire, the British government issued a declaration to limit the control of the territories by the colonial authorities. According to the proclamation act of 1763, the British government was to control all transactions pertaining land lying west of the Appalachian Mountains. Landowners and the colonialist understood this move, as a ploy to rein their power and ensure that some of the revenue from the land went to the British government. This elicited negative perception towards the British government by the colonists. In addition, the former supporters of the British government were infuriated since their powers were being undermined. Through this process, the colonial leaders and business people led retaliation towards the mother government. This form of upheaval declined the level of regulation of the colonists on leadership and business processes. The aftermath of the initial retaliation by the colonial rulers forced the mother government to enforce stringent conditions that would suppress their resistance. In this regard, the relationship between the mother government and the colonialists were severely affected. After the proclamation act had been imposed, the Stamp act was enforced to restrict the transactions that could be facilitated by the colonists. Moreover, the Stamp act and Sugar act were imposed to generate income to the mother government (Kutler, 2003). The Quartering act also worsened the relationship between colonial rulers and the policy makers. Therefore, the colonial rulers demanded for equal representation during policymaking. In this regard, they called for equal treatment with Englishmen in parliament. Similarly, the disparity that was created by the Englishmen through reduct
Table 1: strategic characteristics of the industry players Company (market share)  strategy  price          frequency  Quality/styling  Number of fleet  Advertisement ($M) Pacific Blue            Low cost  Below average  limited    high             50               1.5                Air New Zealand 10%     Low cost  below average  extensive  good             14               6                  Qantas airline          Low cost  Below average  limited    good             4                6.2                 New Zealand market is very competitive with most of the industry players competing on the limited passengers. Some of the airlines which are not competitive enough are likely to be trounced out in future, with one of the most helpless being Air New Zealand, given that its strongest competitors can absorb losses for quite some time due to their financial superiority. These eventualities herald enormous menace to the company’s profits or its survival at the worst (Kaynak, 1993). Air New Zealand is a monopoly supplier of many equipments and ground handling equipments, which requires new entrants to enter into agreements with them, especially due to New Zealand’s geographical isolation. Furthermore, Air New Zealand has established a strong hold on the industry such that it becomes easy to negotiate better airport charges (Evans and William, 1999). Air New Zealand has established strong customer royalty as many New Zealanders support foreign owned firm’s particularly the ones from Australia (Shiques, 2007). Additionally, Air line New Zealand has extensive net works that extends both in the domestic and the international market of airline routes. To further pursue its low cost strategy, Air New Zealand reduced its fare by 26 percent which increased its domest
Mullen, C. 2007. Curriculum Leadership Development: A Guide for Aspiring Leaders . New York: Taylor and Francis Publishers. The book provides critical approaches that assist readers to comprehend the complexity of curriculum leadership. It expounds on current and relevant studies, approaches, legislations, and the utilization in areas related to curriculum development, leadership, and sponsorship (Mullen, 2007). The author tries to connect curriculum and leadership, and democracy and accountability in instructive ways for teachers and managers. It sufficiently explores tensions inherent in curriculum and leadership, and democracy and accountability for schools (Mullen, 2007). Curriculum Leadership The text highlights first-person accounts from experienced teacher leaders. It focuses on curriculum and leadership development at the school level and provides educators with reflections on real-life curriculum leadership situations. In particular, it discusses professional development as an instrument for change; indicating that teacher learning can enhance positive effects on students’ achievements where it focuses on curriculum (Mullen, 2007). It advocates for educational practitioners who are highly capable in their multiple roles to make excellent informants. Teachers and administrators who study issues they identify as critical speak as informed authorities and as action researchers seek to make a difference (Mullen, 2007). The author assembles an exemplary group of emerging leaders, empowered through the lenses of action researcher and scholar-practitioner. She depicts action researchers as individuals who require their findings to have an impact on the situation or context as the intervention takes place. Scholar practitioners, on the other hand, apply theory to inform their practice and permit their reflections upon their practice to inform theory (Mullen, 2007). Curriculum Leaders and Curriculum Leadership The text describes a curriculum leader as a primary force denoting effective leadership. It defines curriculum leaders as individuals or organizations that are part of the activities they have been involved in. both curriculum leader and curriculum leadership refer to active involvement in driving schools forward to offer learning programs that are vigorous and relevant in preparing students for a successful future and that demonstrate outcome over time. the book includes curriculum leaders at the school level to be the principal and deputy principals, as well as teachers, teacher mentors, administrative resource personnel, and curriculum developers and reformers. They are employed within school districts besides being researchers, scholars, and consultants. Curriculum leaders also work at places remote from schools, within districts, associations, universities, and parliaments (Mullen, 2007). Contributing teachers convey an image of administrative leaders who effectively lead schools in the
Introduction The following is an argumentative essay on stakeholders’ management and whether the corporations that practice stakeholders’ management are more sustainable compared to the organisations that do not practice this type of management. The discussion is about the theoretical perspectives underlying stakeholders’ management in the corporation. It also looks into how an organisation balances the stakeholders’ interest with the shareholders’ interests, as they are two different entities with conflicting interests. It examines the role of stakeholders’ management. In addition, it looks into the existing literature studies on management to prove that the stakeholders’ management leads to sustainability of the corporation. Stakeholders’ management It is imperative to determine who is a stakeholder in an organisation. A stakeholder is any individual with interest in a particular organisation. A stakeholder is an entity whose contribution to the organisation is influential such that the organisation cannot survive without it (Clarkson 1995). The stakeholders can therefore be the owners, the government, the trade unions, the political groupings, customers, suppliers, the communities as well as the public. This is because they play an important role in the survival of the organisation. The stakeholders’ theoretical perspectives show that the organisation is like an organism, which has different body parts and cannot function fully without one of its organ. The stakeholders are similar to the organs in an organisation and are crucial to the sustainability of the organisation (Clarkson 1995). Stakeholders influence on corporation’s sustainability To determine the extent of influence that a particular stakeholder has, there is a criterion that is used that involves the following aspects. The first aspect is on how the stakeholder influences the financial performance of the organisation. For instance, the customers and suppliers are key stakeholders of a corporation as they directly influence the profit that the organisation will make. The second aspect is the stakeholders’ influence on the productivity and operations such as the employees who have direct influence on the productivity of the organisation (Evans & Freeman 1988). Other stakeholders who are in the external environment involve the competitors, the government, and the public whose perception on the organisation can affect it positively or negatively. These stakeholders have influence on the corporation’s sustainability for a number of reasons (Morgan 2004). The first reason is that the stakeholders determine whether the organisation will achieve its strategic objectives or not. For instance, an organisation may have a strategy to expand its operations outside the country. This may require additional funds from the
Online Marketing This idea aims to utilize the internet to be able to reach more customers as well as potential clients. It is an innovative idea given the fact that the Qantas has not yet embraced the use of the World Wide Web as a marketing tool. This method of marketing is also cheaper compared with the conventional ways of marketing, like running advertisements in the broadcast media, as well as doing roadshows. It is also easy to reach a larger target market internationally since the internet is not limited to distance as compared to other forms of marketing that are limited to the individual customer’s preferences (Acker 2011). Thus, Qantas can embrace this marketing idea to enable development and acquire more business. The concept is simple as it involves starting the company’s social media account, such as Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram. Qantas then