ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction This report presents the results and analysis of an investigation on the relationship between the length of tenure and divorce status of top executives of a certain corporation. Data was collected about the length of tenure of these and whether the executives have has a divorce. The information obtained from this study and analysis would be useful to the human resource department of the corporation in making decision related to hiring of staff. Data The data collected concerning the top executives is in the table below:     Tenure  Divorce 1.  9.0     No      2.  9.5     No      3.  11      Yes     4.  11.5    Yes     5.  10      Yes     6.  9.75    No      7.  10      No      8.  10.25   Yes      Procedure The most suitable procedure for evaluation of the relationship between divorce and tenure is performing a correlation and regression analysis. The regression analysis would involve hypothesizing a model of the relationship as well as using estimates of the values of the tenure and divorce parameters to develop an approximated regression equation. In additions, a z-test would be performed to establish whether the regression model is agreeable (Archdeacon¸1994). Subsequently, if the model is considered to be satisfactory, the approximated regression equation is utilized to predict whether a top executive has been divorced given the length of his or her tenure. The nominal scale variable divorce was coded so that a numeric value of one (1) represented a ‘No’ response while a numeric value of two (2) represented a ‘yes’ response. Correlation The correlation analysis of the variables tenure and divorce using Excel software gave a correlation coefficient (r) of 0.75. This coefficient correlation implies that the relationship between tenure and divorce is strong and positive. Correlation is useful in showing how good a relationship (correlation) of two variables is and whether it is negative or positive (Weinberg & Abramowitz, 2008). However, it is only suitable for relationships that are characterized by a straight line. In addition, “correlation does not mean causation” (Archdeacon¸1994; Weinberg & Abramowitz, 2008). Coefficient of Determination Further analysis of the variables gives yields a coefficient of determination, which is given by R-square (R 2 ), of 0.5625. This means that only 56.25% of whether executives have been divorced can be accounted for by their length of tenure. Similarly, only 56.25% of tenure can be explained by whether there has been a divorce. Lengthy Causing Tenure Divorce Since the correlation between length of tenure and divorce is positive, it means that divorce is likely to exist as the length of tenure increases, and vice versa. The results of the regression analysis show that divorce is related to tenure by the following linear equation: divorce = -3.5625 + 0.5 tenure. The p-value (shown as significance F in Excel) of approximately 0.0321 for the regression is less than the alpha of 0.05 (based on the 0.05 significant level). This means that the null hypothesis that the regression
Introduction The function of performance appraisal is to provide feedback on performance of employees during evaluation. Feedback is valuable to both the employees being appraised as well as the management of the company. Some of the most critical resolutions of an organization, including transfers, salary reviews, firing of employees and promotions, depend on the way the employees perform in their jobs. Organizational resources allocations are also based on performance appraisal. As such, an ideal assessment format enhances organizational development, analysis and flow of communication. This report discusses three performance appraisal formats, including, self-assessment, 360-degree feedback and management by objective. Also, discussed are the advantages and disadvantages of these performance appraisal formats. The 360-degree feedback method The 360-degree feedback provides a very ideal way of assessing the employee’s strengths and weaknesses. Its main aim is to help the employees improve on their performance. According to Edwards and Ewin, feedback from multiple and respected sources such as superiors, peers and subordinates tend to have more impact on people than a single source (215). Many employees view performance information, from this approach, as fair, credible, accurate and motivating. Employees are likely to be motivated to change their habits to reach the standards of their co-workers than comply with what is imposed by their seniors (Edwards and Ewin 216). In industrial psychology and Human Resources, 360-degree feedback is a feedback system that originates from the employee’s closest workmates. It is sometimes referred to as multisource assessment, multisource feedback or multi-rater feedback. This feedback relies on superiors, peers and subordinates, who help in issuing direct information regarding the employees’ performance. In some situations, this can be concerned with feedback from vendors, customer and other parties that are involved in an organization. A 360-degree response is different from an upward response, which involves strict use of reports, or the conventional performance assessment where only the managers and supervisors are charged with assessment of employees’ performance. The supervisor-only performance appraisal relies on the supervisor’s judgment and, therefore, it is subjective. They consume a lot of time, and they are disliked by those giving and receiving them. They are done once a year and they assess the employee’s performance and give the management the information it needs when promoting or increasing payment for the hardworking employees (Edwards and Ewen 253). 360-degree Feedback system also helps improve the quality of employees and performance measures by using multi-raters, hence providing a more comprehensive and balanced view. According to Edwards and Ewen, the information provided is more credible, valid and reliable since the sources interact frequently with the employee while at w
Introduction Community organizing invoke double thoughts of masses coming together to forge a common agenda and folks protesting against an apparent injustice. The social conditioning we are accustomed to imply upon us that these masses are ideologically antagonistic. However in the recent past, community organizing has undergone an overhaul and has altered the premise and performance of the systems. Broad based organizations have their heredity on the efforts of Saul Alinsky who defined and established the unprecedented associations of the general public in Chicago. He helped to merge two groups who would otherwise work independently. The work lobbyists associations and religious outfits, whose point of convergence was rooted in a common agenda and not on philosophies. His exploits were sensational such that community organizing swelled all over America. It is most notable that broad based organizing employs the use of intermediary bodies like churches, mosques and schools to forge for general plan and to constantly push for different welfare that concerns all the members. In broad based organizing, the intermediary bodies link the gap between members and the big organizations of government and marketplace. It enables the constituents to record their individual worries and the similar stands to be attended to in order of importance. These intermediaries are well prepared individuals who are economically empowered. The main issues here are broad based, interests and power that require additional explanations to enable us to understand this issue. There are interests of individuals which relates to the persons’ concerns, wants, needs or necessities. Our interests are varied but when in a multitude we find that we may have a single interest or related ones. In order to advocate for it or them successfully, we join groups, movements or even organizations. There we find a commonality, a sense of belonging and a shared identity. In political circles there is an assumption which has paid off very well that there is power in masses. Being together as a group is an important aspect of broad based community organizing. The aspect of power revolves in our ability to be prolific in our endeavors. Power accords us a platform to effectively push for our own ends. In an organization there is an advantage of being powerful, it gives the individuals the feeling of being p
Introduction Thomas Kuhn in his book entitled the structure of scientific revolutions provides an analysis of the nature of scientific revolutions and science in general. According to Kuhn (2000), progress in science is not in line with a linear increase in the acquisition of new knowledge but rather based on paradigm shifts. He adds on to say that the nature of inquiry in science changes rapidly. The concept of the paradigm of change is key to Kuhn’s analysis of scientific revolutions. He indicates that science makes progress on the basis of the prevailing paradigm to a point where it enters into a crisis. He further indicates that at the point of the crisis, a revolution emerges followed by the occurrence of a competing paradigm. At this point, Kuhn indicates that the old paradigm is forsaken in favour of the new one as science acknowledges that the new one is the truth. According to Kuhn (2000), there are various reasons for initiating the paradigm change in science. However, these reasons are not very coercive. Kuhn’s work as depicted in Structure does not provide an adequate analysis of the structure of scientific revolutions. The analysis provided is very inadequate and inappropriate in many respects, which give a wrong implication of the scientific revolution and the role of scientists. Critical Analysis of Kuhn’s illustrations To begin with, his analysis is limited to social sciences in which he confirms to have drawn most of his insight. The main approach used in his analysis was borrowed from the psychological analysis of the aspects implicated in scientific discovery (Fuller, 2000). This is a wrong approach because it does not acknowledge the differences between the scope and nature of social science from other forms of science. With a background of historical science, Kuhn basically provided a historic analysis of the scientific revolution, which cannot provide correct clues on the scope of other forms of science. To adequately provide an analysis of the entire scope of science, Kuhn’s analysis probably should have provided a comparison of several scientific fields besides social science. This is because social science is characterized by very minimal progress in change with much of the work formulated on the basis of existing theories. Most of these theories cannot be tested to provide proof of their efficacy. Other fields of science, which Kuhn did not examine are characterized by active research-based evidence and innovations. Although this type of historical analysis of scientific revolutions as implicated by Kuhn may provide insight following the definition of what is needed for scientific revolutions, the definition provided is not appropriate. The historical analysis of scientific revolutions as implicated by Kuhn does not provide an ideal definition of science. A proper definition of science probably would have provided a clear illustration of what he wanted to communicate. Despite
Two EHR software solutions that have been chosen for the discussion are eClinicalWorks and Cerner. eClinicalWorks is a privately held company headquartered in Massachusetts that offers unified cloud-based solutions, including EHR, management of population health, and patient engagement. EHR of eClinicalWorks (eClinicalWorks V11) is aimed at improving the care delivery process with information technology innovations. eClinicalWorks V11 allows for customizable documentation options and previsit planning (eClinicalWorks, n.d.). Three main features of this EHR solution are interoperability, the patient portal, and the possibility to access patient data anytime from anywhere. The interoperability feature of eClinicalWorks V11 enables providers to transmit and integrate patient information effectively. The patient portal promotes patient engagement and has health tracker integrations and an online bill payment tool. Healthcare providers can access healthcare data the way they prefer, be it browser on their PC or Mac, or smartphone, or iPad. Cerner Corporation is a private company with headquarters in North Kansas City that operates to enhance health care with information technology solutions. The organization offers a patient-centered interoperable EHR platform to assist healthcare providers within the continuum of care (Cerner Corporation, n.d.). Three main features of Cerner’s EHR are dynamic clinical documentation tools, the patient portal, and e-prescribing. Dynamic documentation helps avoid the doubling of charting information and transfers it immediately into patients’ medical records. The patient portal allows patients to send secure text and voice messages to healthcare providers. Electronic prescribing made it easier for physicians to administer medications by entering prescriptions directly into an EHR. Both EHR software solutions offer a patient portal to make patients more proactive, built-in interoperability capabilities, and care planning. Health data can be accessed from various computer-related devices, such as smartphones, computers, and tablets. Cerner’s EHR and eClinicalWorks V11 can be expected to reduce costs, streamline the workflows of nurses and physicians, and contribute to value-based healthcare. Both EHR platforms give patients the apps for booking appointments and exchanging text and voice messages with healthcare professionals. In contrast to Cerner’s EHR, eClinicalWorks V11 does not have such option as lab integration that allows for receiving lab results instantly and patient education resources. At the same time, in contrast to eClinicalWorks V11, Cerner’s EHR does not have a virtual assistant to help physicians at the point of care and revenue cycle management solutions, including such features as patient insurance
The formation and development of culture within a society is defined by various sociological theorists differently. Some consider language and routine interactions the basis of culture, some consider smaller groups and its functions more important than routine interactions, and others emphasize the role of dominant ideology imposed by those powerful and influential in a society. Symbolic Interactionism The first theory of explaining the culture is based on importance of symbols and language. The theory of Symbolic Interactionism owes much of its theoretical grounding to the works of George Herbert Mead (1863-1931). Mead was a philosopher teaching at the University of Chicago and he has an influential contribution in the sociological theory. He considered minor details in human social life more important than the society as a whole. This area of sociology later came to be called Microsociology, the study of common routine behavior in face-to-face interactions. Mead emphasized the importance of role of language and its forms in the human social structure and shaping of culture. This very vitality forms the basis of Symbolic Interactionism. Language is the most important foundation of a culture. Language includes speech, symbols, gestures, written characters and numbers and also pictures. These symbols acquire the vital nurturing part in human life. Human tend to attach symbols to each and everything they can think of. That is what forms the basis of human interaction in a society. Humans develop certain symbols for different behavior patterns. While meeting others, they can judge others’ feelings without hearing anything. They always look for what is appropriate behavior in a certain situation and how they are expected to behave. This process is extremely complex and passive, as one does not interact in symbols consciously. Mead gave the idea of “Social Self” and the “Personal Self”. The former is the image of us as that others see it. This self-conscious being develops due to a rich symbolic environment in which humans live. The theory has been further analyzed and refined by some sociologists. One of them, for example, is Erving Goffman who introduced various aspects of interaction into the study. Face, gestures, emotions and body language as a whole were studied in depth that formed the basis of Microsociology. Functionalism Functionalist approach looks at the society at a relatively macro level. Functionalism rests on the ideas of Durkheim and Comte. According to functionalist approach, one should look at the institutions within society who are interlinked and function on collective level to form a cultu
Introduction Written by Richard Wright, “The Man Who Was Almost a Man” is a story that focuses on an African-American farmer who strives to survive the racial frictions in Southern America. This paper analyzes Wright’s method of presenting the thematic characteristics of the story. Wright exposes the positions and conditions of the story’s characters through their dialogs and expressions. Without stating his opinion, Richard Wright engages the reader in the story and transfers his messages through dialogs and narratives. Wright’s story makes it evident that dialogs between a story’s characters expose the thematic characteristics of the narrative. He defines true masculinity by presenting the importance of self-recognition. The subsequent section provides evidence of Wright’s use of dialogs to express struggle, family interaction, and racial differences. Wright’s Use of Character Interaction to Promote Themes The author uses dialogs between his characters to expose the struggle in David Saunders’ household. Wright expresses struggle when David Saunders’ mother says “Waal that’s good. We kin use it in the outhouse” (879). David’s family was living under poor conditions and they found it difficult to meet basic needs. This made them improvise to meet their supplies. Wright used David’s mother’s discussion to expose the family’s low financial position. The poor financial condition of David’s family is further highlighted when David is not allowed to handle his finances. Wright uses a narrative to hint this by explaining that “She stooped, turned slightly to one side, [and] raised the hem of her dress. Rolled down the top of her stocking and came up with a slender wad of bill” (880). Although David feels emasculated by this gesture, his mother explains how important every penny is. Wright also uses dialogs and descriptions to depict family relationship. David’s father daunts and bullies him and this is shown when Wright explains that David could not discuss financial needs with his father instead, he cornered his mother “when she was alone” (882). The passage shows how David was emasculated by his father’s presence. Although David’s mother was more approachable, it was not guaranteed that his mother would support him financially. At a point, David seeks to purchase a gun to prove his masculinity but his mother explains that he “ain ganna toucha penny of tha money fer no gun! That’s how come Ah has Mistah Hawkins to pay me, cause Ah knows yuh ain got no sense” (882). Wright uses the dialogs and interactions between the characters to display the social role of racism on the setting of the story. The story demonstrates that the racial interaction between blacks and whites were not characterized by equity. Wright
Abstract Perceptual map in marketing is an important tool in positioning a company’s product in the market. The business environment is never short of competitors, prompting a company to devise strategies that will not only increase market share of its products, but also help it to remain relevant and competitive. This paper discusses the perceptual map of Thorr Motorcycles, Inc. in relation to its high-image product whose sales are declining, despite scoring high in terms of quality and lifestyle image. Although price is a factor, the company seeks to reposition the product by differentiating it, rather than altering the price. In so doing, it has managed to continue attracting the targeted market. Introduction The primary means to prosper in business is the ability of a firm to beat competition from rival firms and stake a sizeable market share. This is no mean business, as it requires a lot of intelligence in the market. Moreover, a product may be thriving during a given period, but start losing its appeal later. In this respect, differentiation and position of the product is important. This will be aided by having a clear perceptual map of the product as well as other competing products. Having a perceptual map will not only help the firm to reposition the product in the market but it will also help the firm to understand how customers perceive the product, based on their tastes and preferences (Jayachandran, 2004, p. 185). Thorr Motorcycles, Inc. is facing this problem of declining market share, more so due to the changing preferences of its customers. Importantly, the company offers one of the best brands in the market, but some aspects and attributes of the product no longer appeal to the targeted customers. It is also important for the firm’s marketing department to understand the pertinent issues related to differentiation and position of the product as well as the life cycle that the product undergoes since its first introduction to the market. More so, the firm must first identify its position in the market, as well as conduct its own SWORT analysis in order to know which direction to follow. This essay will discuss perceptual map in marketing in relation to Thorr Motorcycles. Primarily, the essay will look at the three parameters identified, including lifestyle image, quality engineering and price. It will discuss the situation existing at the company, give recommend solutions and assess what are the likely results. These will be done in relation to the differentiation, position and the lifecycle of the company’s product. Lifestyle Image One of the most important aspects in marketing is to retain existing customers, and one way of doing so is to ensure the product continues to meet customers’ needs (Armstrong & Kotler, 2011). Customers will always like to associate themselves with the product whose brand image is high. In Thorr Motorcycles, lifestyle image is very important, as the targeted customers will like to purchase motorcycles that improve their lifestyle image. The problem here is that, retaining the existing customers is becoming difficult, since, as they age, their lifestyle