ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Historical Background of Boeing and Airbus Boeing was established in 1916 in Seattle, US. Today, the company is the world’s largest manufacturer of both commercial jetliners and military aircraft (Boeing 1). The company also designs and manufactures “defense, electronic equipment, rotorcraft, satellites, missiles, launch vehicles, and advanced communication equipment” (Boeing 1). Boeing is the main contractor for NASA and the key partner for International Space Station. In addition to these products and services, Boeing also offers several “military and commercial airline support services” (Boeing 1) in the industry. The company offers its services and products to clients spread across 150 countries globally. Moreover, it attracts high volumes of exports with the largest revenues in the US. Today, Boeing has over 170,000 workers in areas in which it operates globally and in Chicago where its head office is. Boeing has talented, diverse, and creative employees than most companies globally. Many employees have the advanced and technical knowledge, skills, experiences, and qualifications in different fields. Boeing also takes advantage of other talented suppliers and partners to leverage its operations. Airbus also claims to be the world’s leading manufacturer of both commercial jetliners and military aircraft (Airbus 1). The company was founded more than 40 years ago in France. Today, it is one of the leading players across Europe with a sizeable share of the global aviation market. Airbus has about 63,000 workers spread across different sites (16) in the EU bloc (European Union). Today, it has a site in Tianjin, China alongside other offices in the US, India, and Japan. These two companies claim the world’s leading position. This highlights the fierce rivalry between Airbus and Boeing over the years. This essay focuses on marketing concepts, particularly geographic segmentation, and differentiation as applied by Boeing and Airbus as they scramble for the global market, more so in the Gulf region. Marketing Environment Boeing and Airbus have developed one fierce rivalry over the years and it gets worse every year. This has created intense competition in the industry. The aviation industry has experienced rapid growth. However, different factors, such as expanding markets, desire to develop fuel-efficient, green, and sustainable airplanes, the increasing prices of fuels and constant demands from consumers who have the means and will to travel better than ever before, have shaped the competition in the aviation industry. Not in any market has this competition been fierce and apparent between the US giant and Europe’s Airbus than in the Gulf region or the Middle East. This has happened because of the Gulf’s attractive airlines and its geographical position as the airline transport hub for the globe. To Boeing, the performance has been impressive and simple. It has played the key role as the main provider of commercial jetliners since the 1980s until it relaxed and provided a way for Airbus to cater to the growing demand in the region. However, this did not last for Airbus as Boeing re-emerged to claim its number one position in the M
Sexuality is an important part of life that encompasses partnership, activity, behavior, attitudes, and function, and sexual activity is associated with physiological, psychological, behavioral, and environmental factors. Sexual dysfunction, characterized by disturbances in sexual desire and psycho-physiological changes associated with the sexual response cycle in men and women, is a major influencing factor in marital discord as dysfunction diminishes the pleasurable aspect of sexual expression. Erectile dysfunction in men is viewed as an important public health problem. Though medications, placing medical devices, and surgeries are helpful in the treatment of sexual dysfunction, these techniques may not be suitable for some patients due to drug interactions or side effects, inconvenience, or personal choice. Under such situations, behavioral therapy is found to be more beneficial because it has no side effects, and the treatment outcome may be permanent. It is considered that the cognitive behavioral treatment technique is an effective approach in treating sexual dysfunction. Sexual response is the integration of various physical, psychological, environmental, and emotional factors involving feeling, behavior, attitudes, expressions, age, environment, and health. Both men and women may experience some occasional alterations in sexual response, which may not be an indication of dysfunction. But a “persistent or recurrent inability to react emotionally or physically to sexual stimulation,” during the “desire, excitement, plateau, or orgasm stage of the sexual response cycle,” conforming to a healthy person or “according to one’s own standards of acceptable sexual response” has to be deemed as sexual dysfunction (Sexual Dysfunction: What is Sexual Dysfunction). Sexual dysfunction can be lifelong, acquired, situational, or generalized, and common types of sexual dysfunctions are: inhibited sexual desire (ISD), Vaginismus, Anorgasmia, and Dyspareunia, most commonly present in women; and premature ejaculation (PE), male orgasmic disorder, and erectile dysfunction are commonly present in men. National Institutes of Health Consensus Panel describe erectile dysfunction in men as an important public health problem, and data from “Massachusetts Male Aging Study (MMAS) showed that 34.8% of men aged 40 to 70 years had moderate to complete erectile dysfunction, which was strongly related to age, health status, and emotional function.” (Laumann, Paik, and Rosen). Studies indicate that the “prevalence of sexual dysfunction among all women is between 25% and 63%”, sexual dysfunction “in postmenopausal women varies from 68% to 86.5%”, and sexual dysfunction is “higher in women (43%) than in men (31%).” (Addis et al.). Reports suggest that sexual dysfunction is found to impact women’s self-esteem and quality of life and causes emotional distress, leading to relationship problems. Though the occasional loss of sexual desire in either sex is common, “persistent loss of desire disrupts sexual relationship,” which necessitates clinical intervention for effe
Introduction Breastfeeding is one of the activities that are crucial for improving the health of both infants and their mothers. This paper will focus on the lack of breastfeeding as a problem that can have dangerous impacts on newborns and women. Furthermore, it will describe an intervention that may be useful in addressing this issue. In particular, much attention should be given to the benefits of providing information about the nutrition of children. Overall, healthcare professionals should work on the education of women during the prenatal stage because, in this way, they can help families avoid many health complications. Identification of the Problem The lack of breastfeeding is one of the factors that pose a serious threat to the wellbeing of children and their mothers. Researchers note that this problem is associated with several risks to the health of a newborn, for example, the infections of the respiratory tract, food allergies, diabetes, obesity, asthma, and so forth (Kwabi-Addo, 2017). Moreover, it can have an adverse effect on the cognitive development of a baby (Kwabi-Addo, 2017). Due to these reasons, medical workers argue that mothers should breastfeed their children for at least six months (Pollard, 2017). This requirement is vital for safeguarding the health of the infant. One should also remember that breastfeeding enables mothers to improve their physical wellbeing after pregnancy. For instance, this activity is essential for reducing weight, minimizing the risk of ovarian cancer, and coping with postnatal depression (Buttaro, Trybulski, Polgar-Bailey, & Sandberg-Cook, 2017). Additionally, this activity can diminish the likelihood of breast cancer (Buttaro et al., 2017). Thus, the health of mothers is another aspect that should be considered while discussing the role of breastfeeding. There are several reasons why many women do not breastfeed their babies. Some of them are unable to do it due to certain physiological causes; in particular, it is possible to consider the low supply of milk and breast pain (Pollard, 2017). Nevertheless, in some cases, this problem can be attributed to the lack of knowledge about the benefits of breastfeeding and the risks of not doing it. Furthermore, sometimes, they are not confident in their ability to breastfeed an infant. To address this issue, one can rely on the PICO (Patient, Intervention, Control, and Outcome) framework. This proposal will be based on the following PICO question: Can breastfeeding education provide at the prenatal phase increase the likelihood of a parent breastfeeding at the postpartum stage? To a great extent, this discussion is premised on the assumption that medical workers can act as educators. In particular, they can increase patients’ awareness of the benefits and risks associated with different lifestyles. Moreover, these professionals can modify people’s behavior in a way that will minimize the threats of different illnesses. The Description of the Proposed Change The intervention will focus on the educ
Change is usually inevitable and almost every aspect in life undergoes the change process. Some changes come naturally while others are implemented in an effort to achieve better results in a particular issue or field. Social welfare entails the well-being of the society. This is achieved through looking at different aspects of life for instance the quality of the environment, drug abuse, religious and spiritual aspects, availability and accessibility of social services and crime issues among others (Ambrosino, Heffernan, Shuttlesworth and Ambrosino, 2007). This paper looks at the trends affecting social welfare and their effects in solving social issues. There have been social policy innovations in various parts of the world especially in western democracies. There is some evidence of change in social welfare state and organizations in the recent past. They have been transformed into empowering units that are characterized by positive attributes such as promotion of work through empowering the society, enhancement of private benefits and services as well as promoting target benefits to the most needy. The current trends are a positive move in the social welfare function and hence they favor the solution of the social problems suffered by members of the society. This is more so because unlike in the past when social welfare organizations were like a form of business, the current trends have ensured that the programmes and activities carried out by social welfare organizations are derived from community need assessment and hence designed purely towards satisfying the society’s needs. Transparency and accountability are aspects that have been emphasized in the recent past. These have greatly improved the situation by guiding how practices are carried out, free from corruption and discrimination. Rules and regulations have also played a critical role in streamlining the social welfare function. For instance, requirements to set up a social welfare organization and exemption from paying tax necessitates that the organization is not for profit but rather operated exclusively to promote social welfare. This ensures that only the genuine organizations enjoy the privilege and thus operate effectively (Kirst-Ashman, 2009). Although it is difficult to find a social welfare organization that is free from faults, we can come up with some general characteristics that should be possessed by an effective social welfare organization. It should for example ensure that all its programmes are value-based and thus deals with aspects like social justice, equity and prosperity among others, serves community interest, engage in non-market activities, are accessible to all without any form of discrimination and more importantly be accountable to the public through effective public and social administration among other desirable attributes. This is because a social welfare organization should be more society-assisting oriented as opposed to other interests. To achieve this, it is necessary that there are proper management and administration pr
Introduction It is generally believe that the modern America was born in the late nineteenth century and this period saw the closing of the western frontier. Historically speaking, four hundred and thirty million acres area in the far west was occupied by the Americans during 1865 and the 1890s period. “But to open lands west of the Mississippi River to white settlers, the Plains Indians were pushed in a series of Indian wars onto restricted reservations”. (The Gilded Age, n.p.). It is also believe that the gilded age period was full of political corruption, unfettered capitalism, conspicuous consumption and so forth. Because of the fact that during that gilded age period small producers of agrarian society was transformed into an urban society prevailing by both small and large scale industrial organizations, one can also say that, that was the period of modern American formation. (The Gilded Age, n.p.). According to statistics, except Britain, industrial goods production and per capita income in the U.S. during 19 th century, was also rapidly increased as compare to other nations. As a matter of fact, dangerous working conditions, less fringe benefits and lengthy working hours were all those factors which led the workers to make, join and participate in labor unions. (The Gilded Age, n.p.). The political corruption of the Grant administration During gilded age period, Grant, the famous but not the richest politicians like others; his administration party was declared as one of the most corrupt politician party. In spite of infrequent futile reforms attempts, most of the politicians in the gilded age were monopolized by the two patronage-fattened companies, which vied smartly for spoils while fundamentally agreeing on most national rules and policies. Moreover, various constituencies, difference of culture, and profoundly felt domestic concerns fueled intense party competition and unexampled voter participation. However, “periodic complaints by “Mugwump” reformers and “soft-money” advocates failed to make much of a dent on politics”. (The Gilded Age, n.p.). Furthermore, during gilded age, rapid decline in labor wages and huge debts burden were some of the main reasons which compelled farmers to joined Populist Party. Harding administration during gilded age was not in the position to stop political corruption. Interestingly, it stayed particularly hale in domestic politics, where planned crime milked former political machines that had been countermined by the advent of the ‘New Deal’.( Wilentz, p.20). The end of Reconstruction and the loss of b
Introduction What is the best way to determine if an intervention had an effect? While there is always a possibility to come to a conclusion through observation, statistics provide a more efficient way to assess the outcomes. One of the ways to evaluate an intervention is to use a chi-square test. According to Tanner (2016), the test identifies whether a difference in frequencies between the expected and observed data occurred by chance or as a result of actions. The present paper provides an example of how the chi-square test can be used for research in behavioral and social sciences. Problem and Dataset A counselor working with people with developmental disabilities decided to carry out research to find out if different types of reinforcement had a statistically significant effect on the number of problem-solving tasks completed correctly in an hour. After three weeks of verbal praise, the participants could complete 17 tasks, and after three weeks of tangible rewards, the participants could complete 27 tasks. The observations tell that there is a difference in the outcomes depending on the type of reward; however, these differences may have occurred by chance. Therefore, a chi-square test needs to be conducted to identify if the changes in frequencies are statistically significant. In order to perform the calculations, the information was organized in the form of a table suitable for chi-square analysis (see Table 1). Note that the expected data was calculated by dividing the total by the number of categories. Category          Observed Data  Expected Data Verbal Praise     17             22            Tangible Rewards  27             22            Totals            44             44             Table 1. Dataset Utilized Test In order to answer the research question, the goodness of fit chi-square test was used, as it is the only appropriate method for the problem. Microsoft Excel was utilized to calculate the chi-square statistics. The Excel file is attached to the present paper. The calculations were arranged following recommendations provided by Tanner (2016). The null hypothesis for the test was that there was no significant difference between the frequencies before and after the intervention. The alternative hypothesis was that there was a significant difference between the frequencies before and after the intervention. The results revealed that the chi-square value is 2.273, which is below the critical value for alpha = 0.05. According to the chi-square table, the critical value for df = 1 is 3.841. The p-value was calculated in Excel, CHISQ.TEST function was used. The p-value was 0.132. The results of the chi-square test are presented in Table 2 below. In summary, the results of the test were insignificant as the p-value is higher than the significance level, and the chi-square value is below the critical value. Hence, there is no evidence to reject the null hypothesis in favor of the alternative hypothesis. Chi-square Value               2.273 Critical Value (alpha = 0.05)  3.841 Degrees of Freedom             1     p-value
Introduction The area of advocacy I am most interested in is religious freedom as I consider faith an important part of my life. Thus, I am empathetic toward people who face challenges in practicing their faith freely. According to Jansson (2018), social workers are tasked with getting involved in either political or social action to provide everyone with equal opportunities to access various resources, housing, employment, and healthcare. With the growing number of migrants coming to the United States and ethnic diversity becoming such a pressing issue, religious freedom is an area of advocacy, which is only going to grow in scope and scale. Religious Discrimination and Related Policies The social problem, which is the primary concern in the area of religious freedom, is religious discrimination. It implies the denial of employment, education, self-expression, and other opportunities to people based on their faith or its lack thereof. Therefore, it is an act of unfavorable treatment targeted at someone because of their religious beliefs. In addition, a person might be discriminated against because they are simply associated with another religion through relatives, life partners, and so on. Studies demonstrate that Muslims are more likely to become victims of institutionalized discrimination, which puts them at a disadvantage when looking for a job or attending college (Warsi, 2020). Laws that directly affect the issue of religious discrimination are the Civil Rights Act of 1964 (Title VII), Regulations: 29 C.F.R. Part 1605, as well as numerous state legislative acts (U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, 2021). Other policies include garb and grooming regulations and internal codes of companies or educational institutions. It is important to note that immigration policies also factor in the issue of religious discrimination due to the growing number of Muslims seeking asylum in the United States. Ideas for a Social Change Project As for the ideas for a social project, I have two in mind, one of which is local, while the other is on the national level. The first idea is to create a religious freedom club at my school. Students need to have an opportunity to discuss religion and the common challenges they face. As a result, members of the club can become representatives of their classmates with the same issues and advocate for the appropriate policies to be considered by the school board. Even though the project is minuscule in comparison to nationwide or international policies, I truly believe that change starts in small communities and then grows to become something more. Another idea I have is for companies to provide annual reports on their actions to actively battle religious discrimination and harassment in the workplace. Such a project ensures that corporations are held accountable for their inaction as it relates to religious diversity. The Impact of the Project on Clients in a Clinical Social Work Setting When it comes to the nat
Introduction Art history generally refers to the academic study of objects of art in history and their development styles. This study will examine several methods used by historians to answer questions that help them come up with data on various historical periods. Art history began in the 19 th century but with dating of the ancient past. The reason it had not been perfected earlier was that many people were illiterate. Art history as a discipline is a chronology of advanced styles of an object commissioned by individuals or public bodies in Western Europe. The works of art vary with time and across genres. For instance, some works were done as a continuation of others using same styles while others were originally done by individuals. The two major ways that historians use to find information on arts are archaeology and the study of source texts such as recordings. The study of these arts played a big role in beginning of history as history means the study of man’s past events. This discussion will be based on two historical periods, classical art period and cubism art period (Harline, 1987). Classical Art Period The classical period is simply the period of cultural history concerned with old civilizations of ancient Greece and ancient Rome. The artists who were involved in studying this period were Johann Christian Bach, Ledwig Van Beethoven, Franz Joseph Haydn and Wolfgang Amadeus. This period is concerned with the study of music and its developments. This art has strong linkings connecting the art and philosophy of old Greece and Rome. This style became as an advancement of the prior Baroque style (Murray, 2003).The classical style was mainly dominated by homophonic music whereby the melody and the accompaniment of the melody are studied differently. This simply means that new forms of composing melodies were discovered to enable the transformation. The most important form of this style was the sonata and it continued evolving and advancing. In this period, the sonatas became different and better. This meant that it was possible for composers to survive in the industry of music without being employees of one party. Concerts were also done publicly as composers organized the concerts featuring their own music. Cubism Art Epoch Cubism was a very influential art style whose artists were painters Pablo Picasso and Georges Braque in France between 1907 and 1914. This style was mainly embarking on the flat, two-dimensional surface of the picture plane. These painters did not depend on direct copying of objects but they painted paintings that presented fragmented objects. The cubism period is further divided into two phases as each shows certain advancements. Construction of right angle and straight lines as some parts of the paintings appeared sculptural. Mandolin puts this by quoting Picas