ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction A content outline and assessment is used to give students a guideline and help them study for their exams. It also helps the teachers to prepare their lesson and exams to be given to students. Students can use a content outline to assess their knowledge and experience in each topic covered. They are also able to identify areas that need further studying before they take their exams. A content outline includes; the objectives of the study, information to be explained, procedures to be used, and the assessment criteria to be used on students. This paper provides a guideline on how to write a content outline, gives the things that are contained in a content outline and concludes by highlighting the importance of assessments and how to conduct them. Things to consider when writing a content outline   * What do students need to know?   * Which mechanism will be used to help students get what is required of them?   * How will they be assessed to ensure that they have achieved the goal? After putting the above questions into consideration, the content outline should contain the following categories. Goals The outline should offer a general overview of the contents of the material as well as how the material will be handled for an effective delivery of the information to students, in some times it may offer guideline to tutors on how to approach different issues. The goals should be written in reference to the National curriculum (Ritzel, 2010). If it is an outline for a specific unit, goals should be specific to that unit and the same should be assessed at the end of the unit. Objectives This part concentrates on wh
Introduction Game theory is a model for investigating how multi-person decisions affect various parties in relation to the payoff one agent garners from the decision of another. In the course of game theory, several decision factors are analyzed, including conflict, communication, and cooperation. Consequently, game theory has found relevance in various practical fields, including politics, law, economics, computer science, and biology. This theory consists of various basic tools, including information economics, mathematics, and conceptual analysis. Originally, game theory was meant to address the element of game-competitions where the gains of one person often resulted in a loss for the others who were involved. However, intense studies on game theory have extended its application to cover any form of logical decision-making that involves computers, human beings, and animals. For instance, a total of eleven game theorists have won the economics Nobel Prize as a result of their breakthroughs in game theory (Dresher et al. 18). There are several real-life applications of game theory, and they used in relation to decision-making management and within the context of competition. This paper explores various real-life applications of game theory of information economics. Manager versus Workers One real-life application of game theory has to do with handling competition within an organization. Although the theory is often used to harness competition between organizations, it can also be applied within an organization whereby different members of one firm are considered as independent players. The information economics in this scenario mostly applies to the players within an organization, but the competitive advantage applies to the whole firm. In this real-life example, there are two individuals within an organization who are competing against each other, with their main intention being to win. The first entity in this case scenario is a manager in the organization, and he is competing against his workers. His main objective is to increase workers’ productivity. In the course of the game, the manager wins when the workers become more efficient. On the other hand, the workers win if they do not necessarily have to work extra hard to raise their efficiency. The manager will promise an incentive to the
William Shakespeare broke the code of traditional sonnets established in England in his time both in his choice of content and organization of theme as he subtly poked fun at the romantic ideals of his age. English sonnets generally followed the Petrarchan ideal, in which an idealistic feminine figure was presented as both the cause and the balm for all of the male lover’s sorrows. His feelings for her cause him to experience multiple emotional extremes while also inspiring him to reach new spiritual heights. Shakespeare’s sonnets, such as Sonnet 55 “Not marble nor the gilded monuments”, alter this traditional theme, attempting to replace it with something more permanent than the external and changing attributes of the human form. At the same time, Shakespeare also alters the sound of the sonnet as he adjusts the way in which the theme is delivered from the traditional sestet/octet organization to one based on three quatrains and a couplet. These ideas become clear as they are applied to Sonnet 55 “Not marble nor the gilded monuments.” Shakespeare changes the content of the traditional sonnet in this particular poem by placing the focus on the true permanence of the image rather than the physical ‘permanence’ of the woman herself. In the Petrarchan tradition, the expected content was an idealized portrayal of the physical attributes of the idealized feminine to such a degree that she couldn’t possibly be a real woman (McLaughlin, 1999). Recognizing that the human body is doomed to decay and disintegration, Shakespeare constantly sought more permanent means of honoring the thought of his muse. In this sonnet, he turns to the more timeless yet still ultimately vulnerable forms of architecture to emphasize the greater longevity of a masterful sonnet as compared to these structures. After describing how the greatest monuments eventually become “unswept stone, besmear’d with sluttish time” (Shakespeare 4) and how “wasteful war shall statues overturn” (5), he indicates his poetry will be able to outlast these types of monuments because of its ability to be preserved within a hearts and minds of lovers “Even in the eyes of all posterity / That wear this world out to the ending doom” (11-12). Therefore, while Shakespeare is still satisfying his cultural expectations within his sonnet in that he is directly addressing the concept of idealized love, he changes the focus to emphasizing the emotion of love itself as being worthy of preservation as it is embodied, for him, in the figure of the woman to whom he has written the poem. Her memory is preserved better through this memory of love than through any attempt to capture her outward appearance or specific attributes. Shakespeare can also be seen to change the traditional format of the sonnet in his delivery of the theme. A common feature of the traditional sonnet is the concept of a turning point wi
Antitrust law as highlighted in section 2 of the Sherman Act seeks to safeguard small companies from any company that has monopoly power and can use its position to fix prices and exclude competition (Jones, 2000). Microsoft Corporation, a computer software manufacturing giant based in the United States has been accused severally for the violation of the antitrust law. One such civil suit was initiated in the year 2002 where Microsoft faced a civil suit by the United States for monopolization, which is against the antitrust law. In this civil case, Microsoft was found guilty of monopolization where it was found to use its financial power to fix prices in the market so as to exclude competition. In this civil suit against Microsoft, the company was found to occupy more than 80% of the total market share as many computers in the market use Intel chips which in turn use operating systems that are Intel compatible. This has made Microsoft Company to dominate the market as it is the main distributor of Windows Operating Systems that are Intel compatible. Another civil case against Microsoft was initiated by 19 states in the year 2007 where it was accused of violating the antitrust law. In this case, the software giant was accused of using anti-competitive means to lock out its competitors out of the market by using application barriers. The company was accused of blocking the use of middle-ware products that act as platforms to facilitate users to use any operating system of their choice. Microsoft was also accused of threatening other software developers to terminate the manufacture of middle-ware products. Microsoft Company was also under another investigation by the U.S. Department of Justice for violation of the antitrust laws. In this investigation, Microsoft was found to be unlawfully integrating windows and its browser program Internet explorer. The company was also found to be in an attempt to monopole the internet (Hepburn & Lopatka, 2007). The charges levied against Microsoft in all the above cases were valid. According to Hepburn and Lopatka (2007), Microsoft Company is not the leader in software manufacturing because of its innovative capability, but due to its prowess in taming competitors by use of unethical means. The company’s ability to block middle-ware products is a clear indication that the company fears competition especially in operating systems which is the company’s area of dominance. The company has also entered into agreements with other companies especially the ones that manufacture computer hardware such as Intel and IBM to make sure that most of the hardware produced in the market is customized to only use Mic
Historically, Russia has always been a key player in the development of the whole region and shaping continentality. From the czarist epoch to the Soviet Union and post-Soviet era, the influence of Russia in the region was robust, affecting smaller countries and their buildup. Once the Soviet Union collapsed, Russia was forced to seek options for preserving its dominance, and the promotion of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) and Eurasian Customs Union (ECU) was chosen as a strategy for reaching this objective (Dragneva and Wolczuk 3). As for now, there are three major vectors of Russia’s influence on the region: Eastern Europe (the Baltic States, Ukraine, Belarus, Yugoslavia, and the Balkans), the Trans-Caucasus and Central Asia, and Mongolia. They are seen as tools for building up might because of their economic dependence on Russia. The primary idea behind promoting Eurasian integration is the preservation of isolation from external developments and influence and fostering Eurasian integration processes (Cohen 217). The major goal is to avoid the growth of the U.S. and EU dominance in this part of the world and maintain the impact on the peripheral states mentioned above. When developing relations with these countries and imposing pro-Russian vector of development, emphasis is made on geographical and historical proximity as well as cultural ties and the spread of ethnic Russians all over the region. Nevertheless, as the Baltic States, Trans-Caucasus, and Ukraine decided to choose independent path of development, Russia’s plan for the further expansion and decreasing the role of the United States and the European Union in the region faced the risk of failure. Moreover, the interference of both Western States and Russia into internal affairs of independent countries mentioned above adds to the threat of turning the region into another shatterbelt because of the constant competition of interests between NATO and Russia (Blinnikov 132). Still, there is a risk of growing instability in the region. Nowadays, this area is referred to as the Eurasian Convergence Zone because five geopolitical powers (Russia, China, India, Japan, and Maritime Europe) converge here (Grosdev and Marsh 187). However, there is as well the sixth power – the United States. All of them are interested in local natural resources such as gas and oil that are of significant importance to determining geopolitical balance of powers. For this reason, it would be better to preserve neutrality in this zone, avoiding imposition of interests and strategies for the further development. However, due to the homogeneity and historical ties of countries located within this territory Russia cannot but seek ways to promote Russia-led growth, thus preserving isolation and fostering expansion (Dutkiewicz and Sakwa 208). The risks of instability grew higher with the explosion of military conflict in Ukraine once the country decided to become a part of the European Union and follow the Western path of development, promoting openness and overcoming challenges such as corruption and isolation. Other appropriate examples of Russia’s activities in th
Mass communication refers to transferring of information and ideas to the community by using media. Individuals and organizations can share their ideas and vision effectively through mass media. Common mass media are news paper, magazines, radio, television, and films. The common purpose of this mass media is disseminating information and news across social communities. Mass media is also used for transferring business information and ideas through advertisements. Mass communication involves different ways for social communication. It is the way to communicate to a massive community. In mass communication, distribution of entertainment, arts, information and messages is carried on by mass communication media such as news papers, radio, television, magazines, and movie films. Mass media has the following social functions:  1. Surveillance of the environment,  2. Correlation of the part of the society in responding to its environment,  3. Transmission of cultural heritage,  4. Entertainment. Radio as a mass communication media There is a general tendency for the society to listens radio regularly and watch television as it gave information on politics as well as other vital information to the general public. Radio broadcasting acts as a better social communication media. But it suffers from certain limitations such as limited purview, and only hearing impact on listeners. Radio is focused on a limited community area. Cross cultural communication is not possible through radio broadcasting. Today the radio industries is dominated by commercial organizers which focused on advertising income through attracting special segment of the local and regional listeners. It is based on entertainment programmes such as popular songs. Radio industry is characterized by particular channels, each reaching and influencing only relatively small and differentiated audiences. While describing mass media, it is the institutional and technological system capable of producing mass audiences for mass distributed communications. On this regard radio have certain limitations. The impact of radio on social behaviour is much less than that of films. Mass communication by The Museum of Broadcast Communications Films as a mass communication media: It is a fact that sometimes film act as a media of communication act as parallel of mass communication. Creative directors and story tellers are influencing society to a great extent. Many of the actual events is making as film to show the public to influence them as well as for entertainment. Films mainly focus on the issues in the society and even make fun of the wrong practices or evils in the society. Besides film is focusing the role of women, drug abuse, minorities issues.Films play a major role in influenc
Introduction The department of security in the city faces a challenge of an increasing workload attributed to an ever-increasing city population of 5% per annum. For the last six years, the department of city security has not conducted any recruitment for an additional police force. The increased workload due to the increased number of calls at the call centre requires that the department propose an additional five police officers. The city statistics and survey conducted reveals that the rate of crimes has reduced significantly in the last six years. Although one of the members of the security office cites an increased crime rate, the record disputes this allegation based on the hard figures. In this presentation, the chief of the police (COP) anticipates to face two critical objections to the proposal from the city council office. To achieve its objectives, the chief of the police shall deliver relevant justifications for the proposed increase of the number of police by about five officers. Justification by the chief of the police for hiring the five police officers Justification One Our security office proposes to hire additional five uniformed police officers. Currently, the office operates with thirty uniformed police officers allocated to conduct all duties relating to law enforcement, civil request, crime prevention, and court security responsibilities (Auerbach, Burch & Gale, 2010). City censuses conducted suggest that the population growth increases by about 3% to 5 % every year. Currently, the city has an estimated population of about 75000 citizens. This implies that six years ago, the city’s population was about 30% less than the present size, which translates to a population of 57, 000. The statistics reveals that the police-citizen ratio for the last six years was 1: 1900. This shows that the ratio has greatly deteriorated for the last six years, hence resulting to inadequate security services rendered to the city residents. Apparently, the city’s security office has not hired any additional officer for the last six years. Justification Two For the past few years, the office together with its police and support staff have encountered a constant strain due to the complexity and the increased number of service calls. Additionally, the office has acquired many other duties and assignments that relate to responding to the city’s resident needs and city visitors. To align the city with the standards of security, the office has found it necessary to supplement its routine patrols with additional personnel via utilization of overtime scheduling (Auerbach, Burch & Gale, 2010). Although the office has carefully managed and monitored the overtime schedules and costs, the resultant costs have been above the budgetary allocations for our office. Throughout the last three years, the city security office undertook the extra responsibility of conducting investigative roles for motor accidents on the city’s roads under the
Racial discrimination is the main theme of the book, strongly reflecting the situation that prevailed during the 1950s in the United States, a time when the story’s Younger family lived in Chicago’s South Side ghetto. Racial discrimination led to the city being carved into two distinct parts – the first housing whites only, and the other housing blacks. A majority of blacks did not accept the idea of assimilating into the dominant white culture on the grounds that by doing so they would fit into white perceptions about their behavior and actions and thereby would be demeaning themselves. Blacks were searching for separate self-identities based on a celebration of their culture and heritage. They wanted to be treated as equally (like whites) contributing members of society, in pursuit of the American Dream. All the minor characters in the book indulge in actions that reflect the racial discrimination prevailing at that time. George Murchison, the rich black suitor of Beneatha Younger, believes that assimilating into white society is the only way to attain riches and the admiration of others. Instead of feeling pride in his African heritage, and like other black members of the community, resist racism, George in fact supports racism by willingly submitting to white culture. When Beneatha says he ought to be more considerate about the causes blacks were fighting for, he arrogantly replies: “Forget it baby! There ain’t no causes” (Hansberry, p. 136). He even goes to the extent of using his God given sharp intellect and debating ability to ridicule other blacks . Due to his perceived pro-racist stance, George becomes increasingly repelling to other blacks . Joseph Asagai is the exact opposite of George Murchison. He is a forceful Nigerian character, an African intellectual (Hansberry, p. 42), who takes fierce pride in his African heritage (Hansberry, p. 72). Having fallen in love with Beneatha, he tries to awaken pride of her heritage in her by giving her Nigerian costumes to wear and fondly calling her ‘Alaiyo’ . He pleads with her to marry him and accompany him to his native Nigeria that he promises she would like so much, it would feel as though she had “only been away a day” (Hansberry, p. 130)}. While Asaga
Introduction The primary purpose for which a firm exists is to coordinate and motivate the economic activities of the people. Normally markets provide efficient solutions to the problems of coordination and motivation (Tracogna, 2000). When the markets fail to yield efficient solutions, firms become the principal alternative mechanism to support the coordination and motivation of people to promote economic activities. Because of specialization in their activities, individuals become interdependent for satisfying their needs. The satisfaction of the needs is accomplished by the exchange of the limited things and services each individual produces. These interdependencies necessitate the coordination of the activities of different individuals and this becomes the primary purpose of the firm in addition to motivating the people for producing goods and services and making such exchanges. In general in the purest sense of the activities, markets emphasize motivation and hierarchies emphasize coordination. Usually every organizational form takes a midpoint in between these two extreme activities. In the process, the firms establish their own trade off between personal initiatives and enforced cooperation. Markets and Firms Market form of organization has some special characteristics. The markets are characterized by transactions carried out at arms’ length. Personal initiatives dominate the market form of organization and there would be cooperation among the participants only when there is a possibility of an acceptable bargain which can be struck. Thus markets become highly efficient mechanisms capable of delivering simple and powerful incentives. On the other hand, forms which are hierarchical forms of organizations lead to loss of personal initiative to some extent in order to achieve cooperation among organizational members. Internal and external disaggregation, are the factors which can be considered as shifts away from enforced cooperation needed to promote personal initiative and make a hierarchy look more like a market. Internal disaggregation in effect is the process of decentralization and empowerment which many companies have adopted in recent period. External disaggregation lies on the other extreme where firms spin off parts of their business to the financial markets. By doing this the firms reduce or surrender their ownership interests. Joint ventures are the typical example of external aggregation. While internal aggregation allows the corporate center to continue to have its intervention in planning and operation, external aggregation sets formal limits to the ability of the corporate center to intervene and take decisions. It is to be understood that no form of organization possesses superior qualities inherently. Firms use several hierarchies where there is the need of tighter control. In case where activities can be outsourced firms use more disaggregated forms for coordinating and