ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
In recent years, there has been a substantial amount of published research about the insanity plea, the insanity defense, and other issues that revolve around perceived mental impairment. Although these studies have offered helpful insights into the use of the insanity plea and the insanity defense, it is still not clear how the sentences arising from the insanity plea operate and what factors must be proven by the defense team for a defendant to be deemed legally insane (Bartol & Bartol, 2016; Gulayets, 2016). The present paper aims to illuminate these issues with the view to developing an adequate understanding of the insanity plea and the insanity defense. The Insanity Plea The insanity plea basically entails taking a plea of not guilty on account of psychopathological illness that satisfies the definition of legal insanity (Wilson, 2016). In answering the question of which sentence becomes longer (the prison sentence or a mental institution sentence) when one takes the insanity plea, it is important to evaluate contextual variables such as the nature of the crime and the description of the psychopathological illness (Smith, 2012). In the variable on the nature of crime, Wilson (2016) argues that it is better to seek a prison sentence in less serious crimes since a successful insanity defense on account of psychopathology often results in many years of mandatory treatment in mental institution, not a
Private aviation provides a pilot and one’s passengers to travel as usual but with no schedules, which is rather convenient. Such private jet charter services have existed in the UK and Europe for a long time already and are represented by different organisations, including Rubicon Aviation Ltd. This organisation deals with sales, acquisitions, maintenance, and transportation (“Rubicon Aviation Ltd”). Today the private aviation industry is not as expanded as previously, as its clients tend to choose alternative offerings. Thus, it is significant for all organisations that operate in this sphere, including Rubicon Aviation Ltd, to consider market trends and changes. In this way, professionals can focus on the driving forces of market economies on their basis so that they remain competitive. In this framework, companies need to pay attention to supply and demand to ensure that they will not fail. Analysing them, Rubicon Aviation Ltd has an opportunity to see the “big picture” and predict market changes, having a chance to prepare for them beforehand. In 2008, the demand for the jets that are usually used in private aviation was extremely high. However, the supply was low, as the producers were not able to manufacture enough jets so that queues occurred. Even though such a situation had adverse effects on customer satisfaction, the number of orders remained rather high. With time jet, manufacturing improved, which was expected to balance demand and supply. Still, the economic crisis decreased demand so that the number of orders became 1.5 times lower, which can be seen in Fig. 1 (Wright). Fig. 1. Supply of New Jets (number of items/year) The price of the jets that are often used in private aviation tends to change. For example, Rubicon Aviation Ltd often uses second-hand Challenger 300. In 2008, the company would buy them for $5-8 million more than today, which is shown in Fig. 2 (Industry Monitor 4). Fig. 2. Price & Quantity Changes (million dollars/number of jets) The analysis of the obtained data shows that the demand for the jets decreased while supply increased. Such results seem to be rather controversial but can be explained by the fact that jet manufacturing improved greatly and became more streamlined and less expensive while private aviation organisations still deal with the consequences of the economic crisis. It is also possible that the industry becomes less popular so that the companies can just increase the number of flights instead of purchasing new jets. The demand for passenger transportation decreased only during the years of the economic crises so that it seems to continue increasing right now, which can be seen in Fig. 3 (Department for Transport 7). Still, it seems that the representatives of the general public tend to use public aviation services that are cheaper and have their pilots. However, it also presupposes that Rubicon Aviation Ltd has a chance to implement new strategies and attract the potential market. Fig. 3. Demand Forecast (million passengers/year) Considering demand and supply alterations observed during 2008-2015, it
Introduction The story of Christy Fitzgerald shows the importance of cultural competence in nursing practice. The young woman had to take care of a Romani girl who was surrounded by her relatives. Christy did not expect the family to be in the hospital and was shocked when they tried to prevent her from treating the patient. However, had Christy been aware of specific cultural features of the Romani, she would not have been confused by their behavior. According to Marion et al. (2017), the culturally competent nurse should realize how “culture influences one’s health beliefs, health practices, and communication patterns” (para. 17). It is clear that Christy did not possess these skills. That is why it is crucial to identify reasons for the nurse’s negative perception of the Romani and understand how similar cases can be resolved. Main body While reading the story of Christy Fitzgerald, at first, I also felt annoyed with the behavior of the Romani family. It seemed incredible to me that people can impose their own norms in another cultural environment. However, as Murcia and Lopez (2016) point out, there are usually some “personal and contextual factors” that impede the acceptance of other cultures (para. 4). It was challenging for Christy to adequately perceive the behavior of the Romani because she did not know that they did not believe in the type of treatment she was providing to the girl. At the same time, the nurse grew in a monocultural environment, and thus, she did not know how to interact with people from distinct nations appropriately. According to Brooks, Manias, and Bloomer (2018), when people feel that their cultural demands are not met, the health outcomes decline, as patients become dissatisfied with the quality of the care. When people need treatment, it is vital for them to feel secure and calm. This can only happen if their cultural demands are taken into account. Therefore, after reading Christy’s story and reflecting on it by completing the assignments, I changed my initial attitude to the Romani family and people from other cultures in general. It became clear to me that these people may feel afraid and uncomfortable in the environment, which is unfriendly to them. As it was already mentioned, this feeling can have an adverse impact on the process of treatment. In this case, it is essential to ensure that the specific cultural needs of people are addressed. It is
Introduction The 20 th century right from the beginning has witnessed major change in economic pattern of the world. In the beginning, it’s been the United States displacing Great Britain as the world’s largest economy and in the end it’s the globalization that made the biggest noise. For the United States, one can say that this century brought the tag of both economic super power and at the same time the locomotive of the globalized world. In the first half of the century, the nation witnessed two major economic events; World War II and the Great Depression. It was the depression, which raised its head but was later made to an end through the activities of the War. It’s been the war that revitalized the ailing American industry. The war had been instrumental in bringing unprecedented advancements in technology and its uses for both defense and civilian purposes. The continuation of innovation processes and permanent research created major job opportunities for scientists, engineers, government officials and citizens. The substantial increase in personal income brought significant in lifestyle and material expenses (US Department of State, 2006). The final result if viewed in terms of gain in current scenario is that of United States as the economic powerhouse that drives the world. The post war economic events in United States has been instrumental in overall economic condition and almost in each decade since 1945, United States has seen some fundamental changes in economic pattern of the nation and hence the world. Providing importance to five decades of US economy in the later half since Second World War, this paper has been developed to emphasize five significant economic events, each from the periods 1945 – 1950, 1950 – 1960, 1960 – 1970, 1970 – 1980 and lastly the rest of 20 th century respectively. The paper begins with rise in middle class in late 1940s and ends with globalized form of US economy of 1990s. Economic Buildup: 1945 –
Building trade relations is one of the main and most important aspects of collaboration between countries in the current period. Protectionism has become the crucial point in most existing industries for improving the inner economy of a country. In terms of general understanding of the notion, there is a great difference between the protectionist strategies in the US and European communities and the United Arab Emirates, which mainly consists in closing markets for the first ones and the possibility of leaving them open in some industrial and production fields for the latter. The definition of trade protectionism is quite broad, but it can be summarized as the strategy or the policy, presupposing certain limitations, quotation or taxing of the goods or services import from one country to another. Similarly to all economic policies, protectionist patterns also have their advantages and lowlights. The main obvious working point of the notion is that protectionism gives the inner economy and industry of the country a chance to grow stronger, more independent, and be more competitive in terms of inner markets position. If the import market is closed or limited, the companies and good providers inside the country are able to develop their business and provide the local outcome for the customers at the prices they set themselves. There is no influence from the outside and they have to compete only with each other without correlating or significantly changing the price policy according to the tendencies of the rest open world market. Small or newly created companies also do not feel the pressure of the price correlations from the outside, so they develop in their own capacity flow (Benarroch & Pandey, 2017). Nevertheless, there is another side of the discussed notion and protectionism cannot go without certain disadvantages. The main one is that being a long term strategy, instead of empowering the industry, it goes into a tendency to weaken it. The trouble is that in a long time flow and without the need of cross-country competition, the inner industry and goods suppliers are not motivated for improvement or raising the quality of their service. Together with that, having no competition necessity in price formation, companies can raise them, which has a negative effect because customers pay more for the service of a lower quality. To have a considerable balance between the competition right and fair import, countries tend to enter the existing or create new free market agreements, which are used to establish certain rules and standards for usage or non-usage of protectionist patterns (Gros, 2015). It is logical to suppose that protectionism has different influence levels in developing and developed countries. Being an economically developed country, the UAE has certain advantages and strong points in the world market. The high level of industrial growth tendencies and the broad variety of well-worke
Charts The graph presented below shows the 6-month chart for the stock prices. The graph presented below shows a comparison of the 6-month chart for the Home Depot Company, NASDAQ, S&P 500, and Dow Jones Industrial Average. Discussion In the graph above, it can be noted that there was a general rise in the value of the stock for Home Depot and the market as represented by the trend for NASDAQ, S&P 500, and Dow Jones Industrial Average. It can be observed that the trend for the three market indices moved in the same direction throughout the six months. The trend for Home depot was similar to the market trend until August. However, from August, the stock price for Home Deport rose faster than the market indices. Profitability The table presented below shows a summary of the total revenue, gross profit, operating income, and net income.                   2012        2013        2014        Increase Total revenue     70,395,000  74,754,000  78,812,000  11.96%   Gross profit      24,262,000  25,842,000  27,390,000  12.89%   Operating income  6,661,000   7,766,000   9,166,000   37.61%   Net income        3,883,000   4,535,000   5,385,000   38.68%    Based on the table above, it can be observed that there was a general increase in the value of the total revenue and income. Total revenue increased by 11.96% during the three years. The gross profit rose by 12.89%. The operating income and net income increased by 37.61% and 38.68% respectively. The rise in the values shows that there was an improvement in profitability. This also indicates the growing inefficiency of management in managing sales and pricing. The trailing profit margin (ttm) for the company for the year ended 2 nd February 2014 was 7.18%, while the trailing operating margin (ttm) was 12.12%. The values are quite high and it is an indication of high profitability. Analyst Opinion The mean recommended by the analysts this week is 2.0 while for last week was 2.0. This implies that an investor should buy the stock because they anticipate earning a positive return. Further, the upgrade and downgrade history show that the company had 5 upgrades and 3 downgrades. It shows that the company performs well financially. Analyst estimates The analysts estimate that revenue for the year 2014 will be $82.65billion. They expected the revenue to grow to $86.30billion in 2015. Further, the expected earnings per share for 2014 is $4.50 while in 2015, the analysts expected the earnings per share to increase to $5.21. Finally, this year, the company is expected to grow by 19.70% and by 15.80% next year. The industry in which the company operates is expected to grow by 9.90% this year and 21.60% next year, while the sector is expected to grow by 7.80% this year and 17.60% next year. Finally, the performance of the S&P 500 index is expected to grow by 7.90% this year and 10.90% in 2015. Thus, analysts expected that the growth of the company in 2014 will surpass that of the industry, sector, and S&P 500 index. Generally, analysts anticipate that the company will report growth in performance in 2014
Introduction The universal appeal of sports and tourism is without doubt. The two activities play a major role in our lives. It is estimated that about 700 million persons took a trip to foreign lands in the year two thousand. In the process they contributed over four hundred and seventy six USD, to the World economy. In a study (Harris, 2005) the choice and focus of tourism has also shifted as from just being a purely leisure activity but also health based activities have been in cooperated into tourism. Sports activities are also being factors that tourists choose when looking for destinations. The two activities are intertwined and one contributes immensely to the other. Many citizens in developed nations in cooperate sports tourism as part of their retinue. Patterns of both activities are hard to trace on a worldwide scale but we can agree that both are very universal. Apart from the economic benefits brought about by the two activities, there are also health and social benefits that accompany them. Members of the society can be kept pre occupied and away from bad vices. As they say that the idle mind is the devils workshop, sports, tourism and other activities related to them are good for the society. Politics of Gender in Sports and Tourism In the book by Bull and Weed (2003), Developing countries, there are sports that have been restricted to certain genders. Due to cultural restrictions and repressive laws set by dictatorship regimes, many ladies do not get the chance to compete against each other in certain sports. The issue of gender in sports has always been used to marginalize members of certain sex from enjoying the full benefits that accompanies one, when he/she participates in either of the activities. A good example of discrimination is how ladies are often restricted from wearing certain sports costumes during competitions. It is also due to religious restrictions that ladies can find themselves wearing extra clothing despite of the environmental conditions that they could be suffering from. In a study (Harris, 2005) this applies mostly to Muslim ladies who are always seen their religious clothing even when running or jogging. The issue of gender also plays a part in tourism whereby we also see religious restrictions playing a role in limiting members of a certain sex from enjoying tourism. The synergy between sports and tourism cannot be ignored and hence it requires that gender equality be respected in these two fields. I am happy to note that since the sensitization of gender rights all over the world, we have started to see some flickers of hope through lady athletes and also ladies competing in once men dominated games such as football and rallying. We have also seen men enter participate in tourism activities that were once thought to be connected to ladies. Men these days are becoming fashion tourists. Case Study Gender politics especially play a role in the running of both sports and tourist trusts. Even after efforts have been done in order to ensure that gender equality is upheld, the politics of gender has always remained unresolved. The issue of underrepresentation has always been a stumbling block towards
Introduction The brain is said to be a complex organ that enables us to perform many functions among them is to think, feel, see, hear, taste and smell. In Addition it also controls our body and receives analyses and stores information. (Willingham, 2007) Cognition can be termed as the act or process of knowing. This encompasses a range of high level mental functions which include the ability to learn and remember information: organize, plan and problem-solve; focus, maintain and shift attention as necessary. It also includes understanding and using language, accurately perceiving the environment, and performing calculations. (Macmillan, 2000) The Role of the Brain in Cognitive Functions Cognitive processes are either natural or artificial. These processes are analysed from different perspectives from different contexts notably in the field of linguistics, psychology, anesthesia, neurology, systemics and computer science (Grafman et al, 2002).In psychology the concept of cognition is noted to be closely related to abstract concepts such as mind, reasoning, perception, intelligence; learning is among many others that describe the capabilities of the mind and the expected properties of an artificial mind. Cognition is considered an abstract property of advanced living organisms and as such studied as direct property of a brain at the factual and symbolic levels. (Harrison and Owen, 2002) There were two major views on the localization of higher cognitive functions. Phrenology, one of the two views supposed that all cognitive and personality traits had particular areas of the brain that is in charge of each of them. This view was discarded because most its components did not conform to scientific forms. The second view said that higher cognitive functions and traits could only be kept in the cerebral cortex which functioned as a whole but any part of it could suffice to the other’s functions. It also stipulated that an effect of cognitive functions because of cortical lesions was caused by damage of tissues and not the localization of it as it were. This approach was widely accepted until some clinical observations contradicted it specifically the observation that aphasias happened when one of the two specific areas were lesioned.The two areas are the Broca’s area and the Wernicke’s area of the cortex which are localized in the left hemisphere of the brain.(Grafman et al,2002) The Broca’s area is found underneath the motor cortex that controls face movement and language expression. Patients with lesions in this region understand complex abstract concepts in conversations and language but their talk is unclear since the utterances are random though with proper intonation. A speech could for instance sound like “…..train came children food. Wernicke’s area is in the left temporal auditory cortex. Patients with Wernicke’s aphasia have a problem with understanding but not hearing. Patients can understand simple requests but they cannot understand even simple conversation. These patients however unlike Broca’s produce incongruent talk. They will make comp
Introduction Alaska has a minor human density, the maximum area of wildlife, and participation rates in numerous outdoor activities. Most Alaskans believe that chances to leave are the reason why they prefer to live or stay in the country, and a comparable proportion of visitors come to Alaska for outstanding outdoors. Both locals and visitors spend their money on the economy in their activities, making outdoor entertainment a significant business. This paper was written with the aim of exploring outdoor recreation in south-central Alaska and proposing the development of the area. How developed is tourism in Alaska, and which project would be best suited for the region? Tourism In the last ten years, tourism has been Alaska’s rapidly expanding economy and is a leading regional export sector. Opportunities to take part in outdoor leisure are also an essential aspect of Alaskan people’s quality of life. The strategic plan of Chugach National Forest would thus need knowledge of recreation and tourism as an economic sector, elements that contribute to the development, and future demands for recreational activities in southeastern Central Alaska. There are trends and patterns of activity utilizing a sector analysis methodology. Based on cross-sectional figures, Recreational patterns demonstrate the relevance as drivers of demand of demographic and economic factors. Management and planning implications involve the need to determine whether and when administration measures to improve forest-scale leisure services contradict other organizational goals, such as the maintenance or strengthening of animal habitat. The Economic Benefit The economic benefit of outdoor leisure extends beyond the initial spending impulse. Outdoor facilities help achieve a better quality of life, attracting new inhabitants employed by the state. According to Mullet and Morton (2021), “snowmobiling is an important recreational activity at higher latitudes and in alpine areas where snow occurs” (p. 1). Access to parks and trails makes neighborhoods more appealing; companies are more willing to invest in locations with high-perceived quality of life. Outdoor leisure also stimulates entrepreneurial activity in Alaska. In Alaska, emerging firms are building, designing, and serving both state-owned and out-of-state recreation items. Research Methods and Project Schedule In order to understand which project is best suited in a given region, there are many things to