ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Abstract In this paper, I chose Rex Harlow as a historical figure in public relations. Rex Harlow is considered one of the most influential pioneers in the history of public relations. Harlow’s involvement in the Oklahoma City Chamber of Commerce and experience in publication provoked a public relations interest. Harlow’s interests were fine-tuned at Central State Teachers College and Stanford University where he specialized in public relations as a profession. Harlow’s contribution to public relations by writing books, journals, giving speeches and consultations is impeccable. From Harlow’s contribution, one understands the importance attached to Public Relations (PR) in respect to managing information. Harlow illustrates how public relations have been developed and transformed consistently with changes in society, human behavior and needs. As a student of public relations, one borrows a lot from Harlow’s commitment in accrediting the profession. Harlow’s work and studies on the code of ethics, sociological and psychological research is paramount for students of public relations. In this regard, students understand the founding principles behind public relations from an academic perspective especially through research. Harlow offers a variety of information regarding public relations through scholarly materials, lecture notes and speech recordings. Introduction It is imperative to understand that Public Relations (PR) involve managing information between the source and public. The history of public relations is traceable back in the 18 th century. The seedbed era between 1900 -1916 is associated with notable historical public relations events. During this period, organizations used public relations to inform people on various issues related to social reforms and workers’ unions. Public relations became significant during the World War one period (Brewer, Gross, Aday & Willnat, 2004). A change in public relations practices has been critical between 1920s and current globalization era. It is important to note that key figures were instrumental in shaping the history of public relations. Rex Harlow is considered a pioneer of public relations. In fact, Harlow is attributed with establishment of the Public Relations Society of America (PRSA). This research paper focuses on Harlow’s role in public relations over the years. Person studied Rex Harlow is considered a writer and public relations pioneer. Born in 1892, Harlow was lucky to get education in Missouri’s common schools (Penning, 2005). Harlow immersed himself in the world of the publishing business. In fact, Harlow used his skills to establish a weekly publication in Oklahoma. Eventually, Harlow upgraded the weekly paper to a publication company under his name. Upon joining Central State Teacher’s College, he specialize
Renaissance Art, Education, and Politics Renaissance is considered to be a transitional period between medieval and modern times. Renaissance artists and thinkers believed that their art was superior because it took the best qualities of the classic art and enhanced them. According to Wiesner-Hanks, many of the contemporary creators considered their creations to be improved versions of classical masterpieces (127). Therefore, the art of Renaissance was deemed more beautiful than before. In my opinion, such a self-assessment was also caused by the works of contemporary historians and artists themselves. The role of education and literacy was significant as well because many people were able to spread the opinions of these individuals and make everyone believe that the art of Renaissance was the best. Learning and literacy became more available than before as boys and girls were taught to read and write. However, while boys were able to learn these skills to a level that allowed them to continue their education and pursue different careers and aspirations, girls were restricted in their studies. Schools were separated by sex in the major cities, which created a significant discrepancy in learned skills for boys and girls. Moreover, young men were given an opportunity to learn more about academic matters, while girls were exposed to such subjects as sewing and embroidery. Therefore, men were able to participate in further learning. Women were not allowed to do anything more than teaching younger girls the same set of skills. Political theorists of the Renaissance period argued about the best political approach to ruling the country. They mostly considered their rulers as people with the power invested in them by God. Therefore, multiple arguments discussed the leaders’ sanctity and untouchability. Moreover, many theorists were perplexed by the roles of women in power. The negative connotations connected to one’s gender were brought up against people’s respect for education and upbringing. Religious concerns also significantly impacted people’s opinions as women were mostly disregarded as capable leaders. Contemporary politics were portrayed in a way that ensured people of the divine power of authority. Renaissance Humanism, Music, and Support of the Arts Humanists allowed people to gain knowledge from Greek texts, which explored various philosophical topics. The translation of Plato’s works, for example, gave individuals an opportunity to compare his ideas of love with the central concepts of Christianity. The teachings of humanists influenced the elite, as many scholars
The struggle against racism has attracted much attention. Much effort has been put into eliminating this destructive phenomenon. But racial minorities from all over the world continue to experience racial discrimination (Clair and Denis 10). The analysis of sociological theory exploring racism and sociological strategies for combating it helps to understand that sociology plays an important role in reducing the manifestations of racism in communities across the globe. The development of sociology and modern racism is interrelated (Hund and Lentin 23). The current sociological theory focuses on explaining the nature of racism and the causes of its existence (Andersen and Taylor 281). Sociological concepts relevant to racial problems include ethnocentrism, ethnic group closure, and resource allocation (Giddens and Griffiths 495). Ethnocentrism reflects the suspicion to outsiders while group closure reflects the groups’ disposition to maintain boundaries separating them from others (Giddens and Griffiths 496). Resource allocation is related to the inequalities in the distribution of material values. Three sociological theoretical perspectives explore the specifics of racism and the terms related to it, such as discrimination and prejudice. They include functionalist theory, symbolic interaction theory, and conflict theory. Functionalist theory suggests that the harmonic functioning of race and ethnic relations can be provided only by the process of assimilation. This process helps the minority to become absorbed into the dominant society. It happens by giving up much of the initial culture. Functionalists claim that only assimilation can help to avoid racial and ethnic problems. They also emphasize that racial and cultural pluralism leads to inevitable conflicts. Symbolic interaction theory claims that social interaction between different racial groups is the key to reducing hostility and avoiding racism. The theory suggests that certain conditions should be provided to make such interaction effects. It is necessary to ensure that the contact is sustained and maintained between people with equal status. Besides, social norms promoting equality should be agreed upon by all participants (Andersen and Taylor 282). Conflict theory is based on the notion that racial conflict is tied to class-based conflict. Such conflict is a fundamental part of social interaction (Andersen and Taylor 282). Conflict theory adherents claim that ethnic and racial conflicts can be lessened or eliminated only if the class inequality is reduced (Andersen and Taylor 282). The analysis of basic concepts related to racism in sociology helps to reveal the premises to the development of sociological strategies for combating racism. Such strategies include actions aimed at collecting necessary relevant data, using this data in practice in the process of creating appropriate laws, training, and policies, and assessing the results of actions taken to eliminate the racism and analyze their results. The sociological strategy based on collecting necessary data includes actions aimed at revealing the specifics of social processes l
Gandhi, the great humanitarian world has ever seen, had his ideologies and principles regarding freedom and war. His teachings, based on truth, non-violence, and Satyagraha are relevant even in the present world. Satyagraha was the most effective weapon used by Gandhi during his lifetime to fight morally against the British and the whites of South Africa to attain freedom. Gandhi has proved before the world that Satyagraha is the noblest form of revolution that could win even great battles without bloodshed. His concept of Satyagraha was focused on the different concepts like love, truth, non-violence, non-stealing, chastity or Brahmacharya, poverty or non-possession, bread labor, fearlessness, control of the palate (asvada), tolerance, Swadeshi, and removal of untouchability, and never did he like to call it as only a “passive resistance”. Gandhi proposed some principles for the members of the Satyagraha and insisted that these principles must be followed to achieve the desired effect. The principles of Satyagraha never supported any form of violence and it was a war without violence. It never encouraged anger and insisted that the volunteer should not retaliate against the opponent but should pardon him. The main feature of the Satyagraha volunteer was that he learns to control his natural passions which often lead him to all the calamities. When Gandhi anticipated the principle of Satyagraha, he thought that its main object should be to wipe out the evil or to reform the opponent. Henry David Thoreau’s concept of civil disobedience is somewhat similar to Gandhi’s principles of Satyagraha. Both Gandhi and Thoreau were united in the case of slavery and they strongly opposed it by tooth and nail. Thoreau, like Gandhi, believed in the principles of self-reliance, personal integrity, and spontaneous intuition. He also promoted the spiritual energy that lies within every human being. Thoreau advocated simplicity, interdependence, magnanimity, and trust in his principle. The main goal of civil disobedience was to call attention to an unjust public law that tries to suppress the people physically and mentally. The volunteers of the civil disobedience protested against injustice within the framework of obedience. Thoreau, like Gandhi, encouraged people to love each other. Through this civil disobedience, the followers tried to appeal to the majority’s sense of injustice and forced them to reconsider and change their public policy. Thoreau began his civil disobedience by refusing to pay the poll tax as a protest against slavery. It was like the Satyagraha movement of Gandhi, based on non-violence. Thoreau strongly opposed the unjust laws and thought that they require their action to work properly. The followers of civil disobedience had the belief that if the abolitionists withdrew support of the government, then there will be a peaceful victory for the revolutionaries. Gandhi exhorted his people to be courageous and insisted
Nowadays, many seafarers are suffering from the impacts of a pandemic. There is a broken chain of command whereby they have presented with pandemic programs that are impractical to apply (De Beukelaer, 2021). Crew changing was strongly hindered by the directives that were given by most jurisdictions to close their borders. Under a claim of force majeure, the companies lured the seafarers into extending their contracts during the pandemic, a strong indication of how the maritime labor union is not well equipped to handle the seafarers’ welfares in extreme cases of a pandemic. The issue of key workers on seafarers during the pandemic has never been practical even after passing it through relevant government bodies. The labor convention has still had several unaccepted breaches of numerous stranded seafarers in the ports. The Neptune declaration was initially drafted to help ease tension among seafarers. However, the golden standards anticipated to raise the efficiency of health protocols and prioritize the vaccinations to seafarers became impractical (Chandra 2021). One more problem is that the work of seafarers will be automatized soon, and thus, seafarers are not the priority (United Nations, 2021). During the COVID-19 pandemic, seafarers and key workers had to move from one location to another for a crew change, exposing themselves to the risk of infection. Routes were blocked entirely, and travel schedules either by air, road or water kept on changing due to quarantine exercise. Moreover, there is a considerable gap in developing countries’ maritime processes, which does not provide a proper medical service for seafarers during the pandemic (United Nations, 2021). These aspects made the crew changing process difficult. Negligence and lack of interest in the seafarers’ welfare have affected the psychology and mindset of most seafarers. The issue of crew changing was equally minute to bulge and become an uncontrollable variable (Shan). If all seafarers were to be recognized as key workers, then entry restrictions and corresponding quarantine requirements in different countries on the crews would be eased. Stannard (2020) claims that 200000 seafarers remain on board even after the extended contract expires. They cannot change due to different and unforgiving restrictions across each country they pass as they deliver goods worldwide. Not enough has been done to protect seafarers from pandemic effects due to insufficient marine communication and unequal treatment of seafarers. Therefore, a lack of interest in the matter of crew welfare has impacted the maritime sector heavily.
Discovered in the year 1898 by a Nobel laureate, Marie Sklodowska Curie, and her husband, Pierre Curie, radium is among the heavy metals falling under alkaline earth metals. Prior to its discovery, Marie had noticed that unrefined pitchblende (material composed of uranium) had enhanced radioactivity vis-à-vis pure radium extracted from the same. Consequently, her quest to establish the anomaly led to the discovery of both radium and polonium. However, in pitchblende the quantity extracted is usually negligible- approximately 0.14gms in 1 ton. Commercially, radium is sold as a compound (i.e. RaCl 2 or RaBr 2 ) rather than a pure element partly because of its radioactive nature. Chemically, radium as an element has an atomic number of 88, and while its entire isotopes are highly radioactive the most stable of them all is radium-226. This one has a half-life of approximately 1600 years. Radium is a million fold more reactive than uranium (Wells 34). The discovery and subsequent isolation of radium by Marie Curie were received with absolute joy owing to the envisioned benefits anticipated. To this end, there was a need to explore large uranium ore deposits present then. As such, Joachimsthal in Australia received the first nod. However, with Australia exploiting the monopoly, and with the growing demand for the same, to date, there exist several deposits littered around the world including Congo, the US, Canada, and Russia. To this effect, the total worldwide production as of the year 1954, reached a new height of 2.5Kgs per year. Essentially, the discovery of radium was initially received thanks to its unique physical and chemical properties. As such, radium found application in diverse sectors of the economy. In particular, as regards artistic works, radium bromide was used in the illumination of paints. Moreover, in the medical field its radioactive product, radon gas, has been used in the treatment of cancer courtesy of its ability to decay fast. In the food and cosmetic industry, radium served as additives. Vitally, in the aesthetic as well as ornamental fields a mixture of radium and phosphor play a big part: this mixture is sparkling and attractive to the eye hence responsible for the glittering nature of watches and other ornaments made from the same (Curie and Bémont 1215). However, its applications in several fields have now raised eyebrows owing to the health and safety concerns fronted by both environmentalists and biologists. To this effect, these concerns have halted its continued use in various fields. Nevertheless, its application in paint products is still going strong hitherto. The health risks associated with radium are due to its highly spontaneous nature concerning the emission of radiations including alpha and gamma rays. To this end, long-term exposure to these radiations may result in the development of diseases associated with
Introduction Human Resource Management (HRM) and Industrial Relations (IR) play a significant role in the management of employees-employers relationship. However, nowadays, industrial relationship has become very sensitive and complex to manage. Progress in industrial relations is difficult because of lack of cooperation and harmonious relationships between important parties. The term industrial relations define the association that exist between employees and management, which results from the prevailing union-employer relationship. Initially, industrial relationship entailed all the existing relationships, as well as interactions between employees and employers. It represented all elements of employment relationships that entailed HRM, employees’ relationship, as well as union-management relations. Currently, the great development of HRM and its proliferation has made industrial relations to specialize in studying and practicing trade unionism, collective bargaining, as well as labor-management relations. Whereas industrial relations use unions in the management of people within organizations, human resource management is a nonunion employment approach that engages in the recruitment, management and development of policies in the workplace. Human resource management is an upcoming field that is highly effective in hiring, performance management, employees’ motivation and training of personnel. It is a very effective approach in managing people, as well as workplace culture and environment. An effective human resource management involves use of comprehensive and strategic methods for managing employees to effectively contributing in efficient production process. Effective and efficient productivity is important in enhancing a company’s overall production, as well as enhancing achievement of its goals and objectives. Industrial relations were more instrumental in the past and especially in ensuring collective bargaining and in disputes and grievances settlements. However, with the current great development and propagation of human resource management that encompass hiring, training, performance management and employees’ motivation, many organizations prefer to embrace HRM, rather than industrial relations for managing employees-employer relationships (Ackers, 2002). Whereas writers like Daver (2001), Carpenter & Raphael (2012), see this shift like a response to the rising international competition, others like Bech (2005) see it as an incidence of the privatization and deregulation in the management of workforce. Different Theoretical Perspective Underpinning Employment Relationships Employee relationship refers to all the elements such as indust
Summary of Apple’s Story Apple Incorporation is one of the leading producers of innovative handheld devices across the globe (Abdelsamad et al., 2010). The company was founded in 1976 in California. Throughout the 1980s, the computer industry continued to grow very fast. Apple’s superior Personal Computer (PC) competed with similar products in the market. It also developed powerful education software in order to remain competitive. In 1984, Apple introduced various graphical interfaces. Such interfaces included windows, pull-down menus, and icons (Abdelsamad et al., 2010). These tools dominated the world of desktop publishing. The founders of the company departed from Apple in 1985. The new CEO pioneered new strategies in order to streamline the company’s operations. Apple became the leading marketer of PCs in the county. By 1995, new companies such as Hewlett Packard, Dell, Gateway, and Compaq emerged in the market. Apple was unable to achieve its goals due to the increasing level of competition. Under the leadership of Gilbert Amelio, Apple made numerous losses thus being unable to achieve its business goals. Steve Jobs replaced Gilbert Amelio in 1997. Jobs reopened the company’s retail stores and introduced new devices such as the iPod. The company also opened iTunes music store for its iPod customers. The introduction of the iMac in 2002 was another effort by Steve Jobs to revolutionize the company. The iMac failed thus forcing Steve Jobs to innovate new products. The company also opened new stores in Canada and Europe. The success of the iPod encouraged the company to offer movies and music through its iTunes store. In 2007, the name of the company changed to Apple Incorporation. Steve Jobs introduced new products such as the iPhone and the Apple TV (Abdelsamad et al., 2010). The introduction of the iPad in 2010 was another effort aimed at supporting the company’s future goals. However, Jobs’ health deteriorated thus forcing him to delegate his duties to Tim Cook. Many people believed that the future of the company was debatable. This was the case because Steve Jobs was unable to offer his entrepreneurial competencies. The company succeeded due to its ability to produce superior products and services. Such products included Mac computers, Apple TV, iPad, and the iPhone. It also offered a wide range of software applications, accessories, and support offerings (Abdelsamad et al., 2010). Such products are currently marketed globally to different customers. The company has numerous retail stores, wholesalers, and value-added resellers. Apple also markets various products such as headphones, application software, storage devices, and acc