ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The functioning of a Neuron and its effects on Behavior Neurons are electrically sensitive cells that transmit signals to other nerve cells or effecter organs. The effecter organs include glands and muscle cells. Neurons receive, process, and transmit stimuli through electrical or chemical signaling. Together with neuroglial cells, they form the nervous tissues, which combine to make the nervous system. Sensory nerve cells respond to stimuli like touch, light, and sound. All nerve cells have three parts; the dendrite, cell body, soma, and the axon. The dendrite receives stimuli from another nerve cell or receives impulses from the sensory receptors in cases of a sensory nerve cell. The cell body or soma contains the nucleus. The axon transmits the signal to other cells or effecter organs. Sensory nerve cells have a long dendrite and a short axon. Other specialized neurons are the motor nerve cells. The motor neurons receive processed signals from the brain and spinal cord and pass them on to muscle cells and glands. The result of the movement is muscle contraction, whereby glands produce enzymes and other fluids. The motor neurons have shorter dendrites and longer axons as compared to the sensory nerves. The outside of the plasma membrane of neurons has sodium ions, which cause a positive charge, and the inside has potassium ions, which cause negative control. This is the average resting potential of the cell. For a signal to be received and passed on to the next neuron, sodium flows inside the cell to cause an action potential. Potassium ions move out of the cell membrane, making the inside more positively charged than the outside. Sodium ions are pumped out of the cell membrane, and potassium ions into the membrane and, In turn, restore it into the original state (Nevid, 2008). This continues to the next cell as the signal is passed over. The password is sent and received from one neuron to the other through connections known as synapses. Neuron firing occurs when there is a combination of these signals in surplus or activation levels. Neuron firing is the sending of a call to other neurons connected to it. When the sensory receptors detect stimuli in the external environment, they send signals to the sensory nerve cells connected to the spinal cord and the brain. The movement is processed and sent through the motor nerve cells, which affect the muscle cells and glands. At this point, the body acts to respond to the stimuli from the ext
Dostoevsky notes that the Underground Man not “only may but must exist in our society, taking under consideration the circumstances under which our society has generally been formed” (1). The Underground Man is banned from the society in which he lives. As the main character, the Underground Man exemplifies the antihero in many aspects. First, it is important to define the “antihero” concept as “a protagonist who lacks the attributes that make a heroic figure, as nobility of mind and spirit, a life or attitude marked by action or purpose, and the like” (“Dictionary.com” par.1). In both the movie and book, Notes from Underground , the main character fails to portray the attributes of a hero. A hero stands out by making and executing heroic decisions. However, the Underground Man’s inactivity and indecision disqualifies him from becoming a hero. This paper highlights how the main character in the movie and book, Notes from the Underground, exemplifies antihero. The book, just like the movie, starts with main character’s words, “I am a sick man…I am a spiteful man…I was uncivil” (Dostoevsky 1). From these sentiments, we can see a hopeless man who does not have any goals. He is looking for a path to enable him to live in peace; unfortunately, his inactivity and indecision cannot yield the desired results. He is so paralysed by having to select what to do that his decision is not to choose. His over analysis of every situation makes him hypocritical of every situation and thus he does not know what to do. For example, when he says, “for the most part I preferred being alone not trying to justify… no that’s a lie…” (Dostoevsky 42), it becomes clear that he is very confused about himself. In addition, the man knows that the only reason he cannot execute any task is personal doubts, which emerge from over analysis of everything. Therefore, this form of confusion, which leads to indecision and inertia paint the Underground Man as an anti-hero as heroes take charge of their lives and circumstances to direct the plot of a story or movie. In addition, heroes overcome their situations and personal differences to establish working relationships in their lives. However, the Underground Man does not have any normal loving relationships with other people. For instance, when he follows his friends to a club rand realises that no one cares about him, he resorts to abusing his friends openly, which forces them to leave in a huff. A hero mends differences in a bid to espouse admirable characters, but there is nothing to admire in the Underground Man. The Underground Man is embroiled in a life full of shame
Introduction Background Technology has advanced some of the world’s biggest industries today. Not only has technology been used to enhance processes but it has also been used to push each industry forward. Carvajal, Maucec and Cullick (2017) argue that the industry of the oil and gas is the world’s largest sector in terms of dollar value. There are several states that are known for their crude oil exports. Today, the US is the largest exporter of crude oil on earth. More states that have mined large oil reserves include Saudi Arabia and other countries in the Middle East, states in North Africa, nations in Europe, Canada and the US. It is very essential to note that oil and gas industries are located in both developed and developing nations. However, much of the digital transformation has been driven by First World. This can be attributed to First World’s strong economies and accessibility to funds for research on technology. Interestingly, technology in oil and gas has been distributed to the different countries that produce the valuable natural resource. Carvajal, Maucec and Cullick (2017) explain that the near equal distribution of technological advances in the field has allowed the growth of the industry. Despite this, it is ironical that many of the nations that have oil reserves are also considered Third World. Unlike other industries that have observed direct value creation from technology, the oil and gas industry use to be and remain affected by complex factors that have in turn made it a complicated sector. In fact, as Longde et al. (2015) observe, the complexity of the sector has led to the association of nations that produce oil and gas as cursed since oil-producing nations are either poor, at war, or both. One can argue that despite the challenges, the oil and gas industry can redefine itself through the use of digital transformation (Shukla & Karki 2016). It is arguable that a large percentage of people working and making decisions in the oil and gas industry are from generation X. This means that they will be seeking to retire in the near future (Carvajal, Maucec & Cullick 2017). The upcoming generations are dependent, to some extent, on digital developments. It is critical that the generation that is in management right now lay foundations for the future leaders in the industry of oil and gas. Since technology is already a big segment of the oil and gas industry, the current generation should strive to standardize the processes in the sector to make it easier for the next generations to manage the field appropriately. The additional fact that the industry is expected to decline in the coming years puts pressure on the use of digital transformation to, first, maintain the current reserves, and, second, prepare for transition. This project report will determine how the mentioned digital transformation is currently influencing the industry of oil and gas. A global outlook will be adopted to cater for all the different technologies that are being used in the industry. As mentioned previo
Introduction The Arab world has experienced an unprecedented uprising that has scarred the community as a whole and inflicted pain and suffering on the people. The Arab Spring swept across the entire Arab world swiftly after what began as a secluded event in Tunisia when a trader burnt himself up in protest over the corruption levels in police and high handedness (Bhardwaj, n.d. p. 77). There was violence reported in the respective countries as the revolution took its toll. The violence continues to take its toll in the region. However, two significant occurrences can describe the Arab revolution. While the revolution has been successful in dethroning the incumbent authorities in some countries, it has failed in its mission in other countries. In most Arab African countries such as Tunisia, Egypt, and Libya, the revolution succeeded in replacing the authorities with new regimes that are considered to be people-friendly. However, in other countries such as Syria, the revolution has not succeeded in changing the leadership. Heavy fighting continues as both the authorities and the protestors engage each other for close to two years now (Sharp & Blanchard, 2013, p. 1). This paper seeks to discuss the challenges posed by the Arab uprising in detail, for both the states that have experienced change as well as those that continue to seek to influence the region’s political direction. Challenges for the States that have Experienced Change Control over militias or military by the public Most Arab countries that successfully underwent change because of the Arab Spring happen to have experienced strong participation from militia groups (Behr & Sasnal, 2012, p. 9). These militias, however, continue to operate strongly outside the control of the new governments established after the revolutions. Due to their participation and contributions during the revolution, the public still has a lot of confidence bestowed on the groups. The groups take the advantage to further their activities and agenda beyond the control of the newly established regimes. In Libya, for instance, several groups of militias who have taken control over parts of the country and continue with their activities sometimes run parallel with the government’s control (Behr & Sasnal, 2012, p. 25). On the other hand, the military in these countries has acquired some level of ‘political pivotalness’. In other words, the military enjoy the power, resources, as well as privileges that consequently enable them to suppress any opposition that occurs against the regime. However, these powers and privileges also act against the newly established regimes as they empower the military to act equally against them (Joshi, 2011, p. 60). A strong case in point that highlights this condition is in Yemen and Egypt. The Muslim Brotherhood, from which the Egyptian President Mohamed Morsi comes, has continuously been on a collision course with the military ever since it came into power (Amin, 2012, p. 33). There have be
Vehicular Search The search of vehicles without a warrant was first permitted by the Supreme Court in the Carroll v. United States case. The Court argued that a vehicle can be searched by a police officer if the police officer has a probable cause to believe that smuggled or illegal goods are being carried in the vehicle. The reasoning behind this lies in the mobility of vehicles which can enable the owners of the vehicles to tamper with the probable evidence should a warrant be necessary to conduct a search of the vehicle. A number of conditions were however required for the police to conduct a warrant-less search of vehicles. First, the vehicle in question ought to have been in motion and not stationary. Second, the police had to conduct the search immediately after stopping the vehicle. The Court did not permit the police to tow the impounded vehicle to the police station to conduct the search there. Following this ruling, the Supreme Court then created a “reduced privacy” justification to append the mobility justification. The Court argued that, “one has a lesser expectation of privacy in a motor vehicle because its function is transportation and it seldom serves as one’s residence or as the repository of personal effects…. It travels public thoroughfares where both its occupants and its contents are in plain view,” (Schmalleger and Armstrong, 1997, p.246). Based on this rationale, the Court allowed the police to conduct a search of an impounded vehicle on any items that are in plain view of the police. In addition, the Court also allowed the police to move an impounded vehicle to the stationhouse for a search. However, this must be done only if the police have a probable cause to believe that the vehicle contains some smuggled goods. In addition, the police can conduct a search of the luggage and containers found in the vehicle. The permission to search the ‘plain view’ items in the vehicle does not however extend to the passengers of the vehicle. Police are not allowed to conduct any search of the passengers but they can search the glove compartment and the spaces under the passengers’ seats without a warrant. Any evidence that is obtained from such searches is admissible in court and it can be used to incriminate the owner. Consent Searches The Fourth Amendment to the Constitution protects Americans from illegal searches. However, some people may opt to waiver this right and agree to a warrant-less search. In some cases, the consent given may be voluntary while in other cases consent can be given through coercion. It is therefore the burden of the jury to determine the voluntariness of the consent given and the awareness of the suspect of his right of choice. The actual knowledge of the
Geography facilitates the evaluation of land in terms of its use and planning by providing a framework for the analysis of history, laws and practices relating to both the private and public land. Data on the history and legal aspects of land determines the impacts of various factors such as government’s regulations that influence patterns of land development. Thus, geography is a crucial tool in the determination of outcomes relating to the struggles on public property. The use of geographic techniques in the analysis of public property provides a clear overview on matters of land planning, regional planning and strategic planning in the scope of economic development, infrastructure, human services and law enforcement. The location of business entities depends on the availability of major resources. In this regard, a geographer can help to create a distinction between the ownership of land and associated buildings thus mitigating instances of firms and individuals manipulating the use of land (Blomley, 2007). The lack of proper distinction on various forms of utilization of public property limits the scope of analyzing the use of public property. The designation of geographic space ensures that various forms of land utilization do not infringe on the interests of members of the public. Planning ensures that business premises do not curtail opportunities essential to members of the public. The regulation of the construction and expansion of businesses entities and residential communities through zoning ensures that all development activities adhere to land boundaries. Zoning protects public facilities from encroachment by prohibiting investments in the protected areas. Furthermore, zoning maintains the distinction on residential, commercial and industrial areas. In this regard, private developers cannot establish business premises in other areas apart from the commercial and industrial areas. When decisions on land utilization require consent by the state administration, entrepreneurs and citizens, patterns of land development adhere to the efficient utilization of resources. A geographer can regulate parties interested in various development projects to work within a framework that demands all parties to have access to the information regarding a proposed development project (Blomley, 2007). In this regard, government, entrepreneurs and citizens have enough time to analyze the scope of investment intentions and determine the effects of the proposed investments. Legal tussle relating to land utilization arise due to lack of records that describe geographical spaces during planning of land and its associated buildings. In this regard, improper geo
Today sociologists and historians actively discuss the development of the phenomenon of consumerism in the modern society with paying much attention to its positive and negative aspects. Consumerism is one of the main features according to which it is possible to characterize the contemporary society in the developed countries. It has a long history of its development, and different periods had various impacts on the formation of the customers’ behavior and the progress of the social phenomenon. The World War II era provided the society with possibilities to transform the attitude to the traditional aspects of consumerism. Women and African Americans became the influential figures which could regulate and change the peculiarities of the social consumption. The peculiarities of consumerism during the World War II era developed depending on the fact that in the new situation women became the major consumers on whom the whole market was oriented, and they could influence the market’s price policy, and African Americans acquired the right to reduce the discrimination with expanding their possibilities as consumers. These two social categories changed their consumer roles being affected by the alternations in the consumer economy and culture during the wartime. The economy during World War II was transformed in order to contribute to the war issues. The consumer economy of the World War II period affected women in such a way they changed their social roles and began to work in the war industry because of the significant demand for workers. They also worked as clerks and in service industries. However, wo
Introduction Aero Space industry is the country’s largest employer and working mechanism. It has a very huge network of people and vast communication between government and private firms who collectively work to make progress and diversities in this field. The major task of this industry is to study the life in the outer space and to explore the facts about it. Also it manages the rapid advancement being made in the field of technology. Approximately one-fifth of the nations’ engineers and scientists are employed by this industry. Not only this but the Aerospace industry is one the chief exporters of manufactured goods. (The Aerospace Industry, n.p.) Neglecting the fact that it is still a bit limited; advancements and progress are being made which reveals that this industry is going to be the most expanded in coming era. It is also observed that this industry is becoming the center of attraction for the youth and new research centers and School of learning are being introduced in this field. The Government is also supporting its growth and no doubt the larger amount of fund is granted for the research purpose. The industry is so versatile that it links many other industries like: computing, defense supply, construction, capital manufacturing, logistics etc. (EH.Net: The history of the aerospace industry, n.p.) The Aerospace industry with its great effort and vast technological advancement is expanding day-to-day. According to a recent study it is expected that in coming 10 years there will be a job explosion in this industry and about 5000 new jobs will be offered. Specifically, the economists, businesspersons and educators of Arkansas made joint effort to think and work together for the betterment of this field and to create ways in order to have more people join the winning team. A number of firms which showed great progress and contributing towards the expansion of the industry are as follows: (Aerospace industry is exploding, n.p.)   * SoyEnergy Group, a biodiesal firm expecting to expand itself. It is the only firm in state, which uses soybean oil as its feedstock. It crushes and extracts the soybean at the same location and produces 3.5 million gallons of B100 biodiesel and other by-products. The plant is expanding itself to produce 10 million gallons of soybean oil.   * Walmart announces record-breaking profit in the current year. The world’s largest retailer made a profit of $106.3 billion, an 8.3 percent increase from the previous year. (Aerospace industry is exploding, n.p.) As the industry is making its wings wider in air and going high there is demand for fuel-efficient engines and fast hole making. The holes are important in jet engines because they work to internally to cool down the airflow
Unemployment, Gross Domestic Product, and Inflation Types of Unemployment Unemployment can be identified as a condition in the economy where those who are actively seeking jobs remain without jobs because jobs are not available for them. Unemployment can be categorized into three types, which include: structural, frictional, and cyclical. Structural unemployment results from low demand for the available workers. This can be caused by two reasons, which are changes in technology and changes in tastes. Frictional unemployment is what results when people move jobs, careers, and locations. It also includes people who are rendered jobless due to change in interest hence careers. Also, when they shift to new localities and on arrival, they are unemployed. Cyclical employment is when the economy is said to be under its full capacity, for example, recession. This leads the firms to absorb a few workers than expected due to productivity (Pettinger, N.D, 1). Understatement of Unemployment Mostly unemployment is understated due to various reasons, which include the inclusion of part-time employees in the category of full-time workers. The ‘discourage effect’ also leads to an understatement of unemployment. This is when people really desire to work, but they are convinced there are no jobs available; they, therefore, make no effort to look for jobs. These people are counted among the ‘not in the labor force’. Therefore the figures given for unemployment may be greatly understated. Understatement of unemployment may lead to unfair distribution of a nation’s resources, which may adversely affect the economy due to unexpected low gross domestic productivity (Schenk, 1997, 1). Gross Domestic Product The gross domestic product is the total value of all goods and services produced within the economy within its boundaries. It is obtained as the value of the services and goods that a country produces in a given year within its boundaries. It is positively related to the standards of living, so it can be used to determine people’s happiness. It is used as a measure of living standards (QuickMBA, 2009, 1). When the gross domestic product is high, the standard of living is high because the per capita income is also higher. When the per capita income is high, it means that the level of production per individual in the economy is also high. To some extent, it can indicate people’s satisfaction because when production per person is high, they have enough to satisfy their needs and wants. Inflation Inflation causes the buyers to change their spending habits as they keep up with the threshold in purchasing power. The producers, in return, suffer and are forced to cut their output. Hyperinflation is rapid inflation, which mostly has gone out of control; during this time, the cost of goods rises at an extremely high rate. Hyperinflation is common in the small third world countries, which have les