ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction This chapter presents an account of published information by accredited research scholars regarding the connection between vitamin D and asthma disease in children. From the review, the paper emphasizes on the need of more studies to investigate whether vitamin D supplements can be used for prevention and treatment of asthma in children. Asthma prevalence Asthma is a huge public health problem that affects an estimated 300 million persons worldwide and 22 million persons in the United States [1]. A lot of burden of the disease is a result of asthma exacerbations. This causes the patient to have problems such as: increased absence from school, missed time from work, and increased health care expenditures. In children younger than the age of 15, the disease is considered to be the third leading cause of hospitalization. At the same time, the disease has 26.2 discharges per 10,000 populations [1]. The heath care cost of the disease is estimated to be 19.7 dollars in the United States alone every year. One third of this amount mainly comes from hospitalizations as a result of exacerbations [2]. The prevalence rate of the disease and any other related allergic diseases has grown worldwide, particularly from the 1960s [1]. The burden of asthma in both developing countries and the developed is significant and worth the need for drastic action. It is increasing at a very high rate with more than 300 million people in the world affected by the disease. The developed countries that are far away from the equator have the highest prevalence rate of the disease. This includes countries such as New Zealand, Australia, and the United Kingdom [2]. In children, asthma and other allergy related diseases are known be among the causes of morbidity. This represents 90% of all cases according to a research done by Edar et al. [3] which focused on children of 6 years old. The disease has remained in children as they grow up with the effects of the disease until adulthood. This incurs significant and huge health cost to the families of the patients [3]. Vitamin D and asthma Recent studies have shown that receptors of vitamin D are found in all tissues of the human body [2]. Deficiency of this vitamin is a widely spread disease, especially among children. The reaction of the host on the respiratory infections is closely correlated with the deficiency of the vitamin D [1]. The level of vitamin D in the serum is expected to be within a range that helps the host react appropriately against respiratory infections. When serum vitamin D levels are low, the risk of respiratory infection in children is high [4]. It may also contribute to morbidity rate and asthmatic symptoms [3]. The effects of vitamin D occur outside the osseous endocrine loop. However, new discoveries that suggest association of vitamin D deficiency with non skeletal conditions have shifted research focus on vitamin D by generating new interest in Vitamin D system. The article by Wittke et al. also suggests that there is a wide spread of v
Introduction The system of slavery has been practiced by different societies in human civilization for millenniums. Three continents that have been involved in large-scale slavery over the centuries are African, Europe, and the Americas. The Arabs participated in slavery in sub-Saharan Africa from 1100 to 1400 while the Ottoman Empire had a flourishing slavery system in the 1500s. The Portuguese colonizers engaged in slavery in Brazil and the Caribbean between 1500 and 1800. This paper will engage in an analysis of these three versions of slavery in order to highlight the similarities and differences among these different versions of slavery. Similarities A similarity in all the versions of slavery is that the slaves were forcefully relocated from their motherland. In sub-Saharan slavery, the slaves were captured in raids or sold off by their rulers who were mostly in the Middle East. In the Ottoman Empire, the slaves were obtained though military conquest or bought from the Crimean Tatars. The slaves for the Brazilian and Caribbean Islands were captured from the African interior and transported to the coasts where they were sold off to European slave traders. Another similarity among the different versions of slavery is that a significant number of slaves died in transit. In sub-Saharan slavery, the black slaves had to cross through the harsh deserts often on foot. Many of them did not survive this horrifying trek due to the extreme heat during the day and cold at night. The slaves in the Ottoman Empire were often obtained from the Crimean Tatars who engaged in the capture and selling of slaves. This process of capturing and transportation of humans by the Tatars was very cruel. The African slaves destined for Brazil and the Caribbean were transported across the Atlantic in overcrowded ships and under inhumane conditions. Many died during this journey due to the harsh conditions. The slaves played a major role in the social and economic environment of their new home. In sub-Saharan slavery, the slaves went on to become domestic servants to wealth Arabs. These slaves were entrusted with family business and they could represent their masters in important commercial undertakings. In the Ottoman Empire, slaves promoted the commercial well being of the society by working as skilled craftsmen. In addition to this, there were elite slaves who served as administrators and military commanders in the Ottoman Empire. In the Caribbean and Br
Since ancient times, people have been interested in such psychological phenomena as dreams, their causes, and their meaning (Nicoll, 1979). A substantial number of studies have explored the concomitance of cognitive quality and quantity of recall on awakening and psychological states (Pick and Roper 2004). In sleep, one is oblivious to most stimuli; in drowsiness, he is oblivious to many (Nicoll, 1979). In sleep, reactions will be few, most stimuli of ordinary intensities being rendered ineffective by the marked condition of dissociation (Nicoll, 1979). As in other cases of human conduct, such responses may be symbolic, autonomic, or postural (Nicoll, 1979). If symbolic, they take the form of ideas, thoughts, pictures, verbal reports, intellectual interpretation of the “meanings” of the cues prompting them (Nicoll, 1979). The cues themselves are usually overlooked, as is the usual case even in waking perception, or hastily passed over, for the sake of the consequences to which they lead (Nicoll, 1979). Dreams are defined as: “sequence of images and sounds occurred during the sleeping process” (Pace-Schott 2003, p. 4). The first attempts to define dreams were made by Aristotle (Pick and Roper, 2004). His concept extended temporally from the fragments of the earliest writings of the Egyptians and Sumerians; through the literature exemplified by Homer, the Old Testament, the Grecian plays, and the histories of Herodotus; into the collection of this extended literature by Artemedorus in the later Roman period of the second century A.D. (Pick and Roper 2004). As can be seen from these sources, with minor variations geographically, there was a common theme throughout the known world (Nicoll, 1979). While giving prototypical indexings of particular dreams and their meaning, Artemedorus emphasized the individual dreamer and the context of the time of the dream (Pick and Roper, 2004). These volumes were republished in 1518 under the title Oneicritica and published in English translation in 1606 (Pick and Roper, 2004). The continued popularity of this approach to dreams is attested to by a volume by Thomas Hall imprinted in London in 1576 (Pick and Roper, 2004). Another important contribution was made by Cicero (Pick and Roper 2004). Cicero considered dreams in his treatise, De Senectute, De Amicitia, De Divinatione (Pick and Roper 2004). Cicero included two kinds of divination: artificial, which “depends partly on conjecture and partly on l
Map comparisons The Canadian population is adhered to the South owing to numerous reasons that trace back to the ancient migration patterns, industrial revolution, climatic conditions, and urbanization. As highlighted in the introductory statement, the spatial population pattern of Canada is skewed towards the South Eastern region partly because of early migration pattern. This region represents the first habitat of European immigrants (1942) who owe their reasons for the mass exodus to several push and pull factors that include fertile land and favorable climate among others. As such, with enough human resource and technical know-how the region evolved along two fronts simultaneously; becoming industrialized and urbanized. To this effect, the then cities within this place were well served with communication networks inform of railways and roads, and teeming with activities consequently burgeoning and hence attracted more and more people as opposed to other regions of Canada (Schaefer 302). Moreover, the harsh climatic conditions of the North (humid and cold climate with short cool summers) are the reasons why the South dwarfs the North in population density. The spatial population distribution of North America is related to the physiographic pattern of the region to a greater extend. On comparing the maps in figures 3-2 and 3-19 a correlation between the two can be drawn. On observing the land terrain along latitude 40 0 as portrayed in figure 3-2 it is apparent that majority of the population reside at the lowlands below 2500 meters, and a few along the sea shores. With a wide area of land on the West characterized by high altitudes then it follows that it exhibits sparse population. Thus, a majority of the population is biased towards the East. The population is avoiding highlands in favor of plain lowlands. From the dispersal patterns as exhibited by figure 3-7 it is apparent that from the 19 th to 20 th century the population has been moving towards high atitude regions from the sea shores. This is evident by the increase in population in most Central States of Kansas, Missouri and Oklahoma among others. The population moves from the Eastern States and coastal States of New Jersey and Delaware among others. On observing figure 3-8 of North American Manufacturing belt it is evident that most industries are located towards North East and Eastern region of the US. On comparison to figure 3-14 of fossil fuel deposits it is evident that the two are correlated. The major manufacturing belts fall within the major fossil fuel reserves vital in running these industries at reduced running costs. Moreover, the belt falls within regions rich in industrial raw materials i.e. the corn and cotton belts among others. To boost its growth the region is served with international harbors that are open to Europe and the rest of the World. Moreover, the large population provides a ready market to already finished products (MacLeod 690). Figure 3-1
The book Wingman on Ice , written by Matt Christopher, describes a wonderful world of sport. The setting of the story takes place at Tods home, at his school, and on a skating rink, where the hockey games between the junior teams are hold. The main character of the book is Tod Baker. He is a young hockey player, but he is far from showing a perfect playing. He is eager to improve his playing abilities. Buck Fillis is a coach of the hockey team in which Tod plays. He is a true enthusiast of his business. He tries to do his best in order to impart all his experience to his pupils and to promote love for the sport in their hearts. Tod also has many friends; Skip, and Jane are among them. The conflict of the story lies in the contradiction between Tods enthusiasm for the sport and his practical skills in hockey playing. Having received on Christmas Day a beautiful ice hockey stick as a present from his parents, Tod decides that this perfect stick deserves perfect playing. The resolution of the conflict takes place during the final game of the hockey season in which Tods team wins the championship. In this game, Tod uses his stick presented by his parents and shows beautiful playing. The main themes of the story are self-belief and practice that makes perfect. From the very beginning, Tod believes that this ice hockey stick will help him in his playing, but he does not realize the fact that it is not the tool, but a player who makes a game. From the very beginning of the story, Tod is not good at hockey, but in a process of training, he becomes a good player. The ice hockey stick serves for Tod as an additional mean of motivation. Tod decides that only a skilled player has a right to use it and he does his best in order to become such a good sportsman. As well as many other books of this author, Wingman on Ice by Matt Christopher encourages love for sport and promotes healthy lifestyle. On the example of Tod we can see how due to his sport activity he becomes a reliable and strong person.
Executive Summary The tourism industry of Abu Dhabi has grown steadily within the past two decades. This development has catalyzed by the region’s rapid economic development. The economic position is encouraging more people to support the industry. Domestic tourism has improved significantly in this country. Similarly, foreign tourists have been selecting Abu Dhabi as a preferred destination. Unfortunately, some negative issues have emerged in the recent past. These concerns have been observed to affect the industry’s profitability. Such changes are attributable to a number of factors such as the changing economic developments, environmental issues, and political forces. The unrest experienced in countries such as Syria continues to affect the industry. The emergence of new technologies and changing consumer needs are driving forces in the industry. Abu Dhabi’s children/family tourism subsector is still underdeveloped. This gap can therefore be addressed using powerful initiatives aimed at supporting the needs of different family members. With such gaps in the industry, new malls focusing on the needs of children should be considered. This is the case because the country has ignored the subsector for many years. This move will play a positive role towards supporting the Abu Dhabi Vision 2030. The mall will be aligned with the four aspects of the vision. These aspects include “economic, environment, social, and culture” (Fuller, 2013, para. 3). The children will engage in a wide range of exercises and eventually overcome various health conditions. They will eventually become healthy adults capable of supporting the country’s economic goals. This discussion gives a detailed analysis of the issues surrounding the nation’s tourism industry. The paper proposes new measures that can make transform Abu Dhabi’s tourism industry. External Environment Macro-Environment: PEST-D Analysis Political Factors Abu Dhabi is a leading tourism destination because of the current political climate experienced in the nation. This political stability has made it possible for many companies such as Al Abbas Group and Airlink International UAE to engage in successful business operations. Such firms have managed to offer holiday tours and support systems to more clients (Fuller, 2013). The uprisings experienced in the Middle East appear to threaten the tourism industry. Economic Factors This country has good economic indicators. The country’s gross domestic product (GDP) has been growing positively. More people in the nation are getting better salaries. This
Introduction Australia is a state in the southern hemisphere, known for its unusual nature and beautiful sights. Interestingly, the country that I will discuss today has many beaches, and if one decided to visit a beach each day, it would take them approximately 27 years to see all (Sukhwani). This is because there are about 10,000 beaches located across this country. You may have guessed that the country that I will discuss today is Australia. I have never been to this state, but I am fascinated by the images that I see of nature, the locations, and the animals that live there. In this presentation, I will discuss the indigenous and English settlements in Australia and how these affected the state’s culture and the national holidays. First, let’s discuss the basic facts about Australia and the difference between Australia and Austria. About Australia Picture 1. Map of Australia. Picture 1 is Australia’s map, as one can see, it is a large state divided located in the southern hemisphere. It is known for unusual animals, for example, kangaroos and giant spiders, and natural sights. Interestingly, Australia is often confused with Austria, with the latter being a state in Europe. Picture 2 acknowledges the common confusion with the motto “No Kangaroos in Austria!” But in actuality, there is no direct connection between the two countries and their names, Austria is a derivative of German words, which can be translated as “eastern empire.” In contrast, Australia’s name translates from Latin as “southern” (“Why Do Australia and Austria have such Similar Names?”). Apart from nature, Australia has an interesting history. Picture 2. Australia and Austria. Significant Historical Moments Although the indigenous people lived across Australia before the English settlers arrived, the main historical events known to the general public happened after establishing the first colonies on this continent. Captain James Cook was an Englishman who discovered Australia in the 1770s and claimed the territory as the British Empire’s part (“History”). Before this, sail men and navigation ships from France, Britain, and the Netherlands mapped the coast of this land. In 1788 the Englishman arrived in Australia to establish the first colony on this continent (“History”). These first colonies were penal settlements, meaning that they were created for convicts. However, free settlers also moved to Australia, and in the 1830s, they established the first colony for free settlers only (“History”). In 1901 after six colonies united, the Commonwealth of Australia was established (“History”). Picture 2 is Australia’s coat of arms, a national symbol where one can see a kangaroo and an emu and a shield with six states. Hence, Australi’s history is connected to the British Empire’s settlements on this territory. Picture 2. Coat of arms. Cultural Norms and Values Modern Australia combines the norms o
Recently, almost twenty million USA residents faced the problem of their inability to use the Affordable Care Act’s website established by President Obama. Many people complain that their login information cannot be entered sometimes. Therefore, they are not able to access some necessary files. The following paper is intended to discuss the question and identify particular issues that led to the Affordable Care Act website’s inappropriate work. The Biggest Mistakes in the ACA Website Code It is a well-known fact that the Affordable Care Act website does not work correctly sometimes. Such a situation happens because of the tremendous number of people using it simultaneously (Bleiberg & West, 2016). Some patients need to receive financial support for their prescription drugs and medical treatment. Many other individuals are obliged to use the website according to their law (medical personnel and insurance companies). Unfortunately, sometimes people cannot use the services established by President Obama because of particular problems of the source’s technical part. The most significant mistakes that were made when designing and implementing a necessary code for the Affordable Care Act website will be specified below. The first major mistake of the ACA website code is its overwhelming amount of “cookie” files used on one page. Such an issue does not let users of the site access their personal accounts for particular needs or information (Ornstein, 2013). Professional IT developers claim that this problem is caused by the fact that the website was not precisely tested before it was launched. It would be proper to mention that the former President of the United States of America always said that all the ACA website breakdowns happen due to the source’s popularity. However, IT specialists noted that the design of the site was not elaborated properly. Therefore, this factor might also cause various failures. Moreover, the architecture of the website does not meet the primary safety requirements of any development team. The given problem might be caused only by the fact that the system was invented in a rush and some of its pages were not tested. Another problem was caused by certain errors not eliminated by programmers at the first level of the project development. This issue delivers false or incomprehensible data to some health insurance companies involved in the program mentioned above (Merkow & Raghavan, 2010). Therefore, employees of these firms cannot be aware of the righteousness of the information they receive. Due to this issue, they do not have any right to use the corrupted data in the future for other purposes required by patients. It would be essential to mention that the website has been facing regular breakdowns for three weeks in a row. This fact made President Obama admit that the source’s system had multiple mistakes that remained unaddressed for an ext