ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Many ancient cultures considered red lips as an important aspect of a woman’s beauty (Pallingston 357). As such, the desire and pursuit of beauty led to the invention of what is commonly called lipsticks today. The ancient Mesopotamian women invented and wore lipsticks around 3000-1500 BCE. Historically, they are the first users of lipsticks. It is worth noting, “Egyptian women also wore lipsticks” at around the same period (Pallingston 357). The modern lipstick is a result of many years of the scientific revolution of the first crude ones. This revolution process can be broken down into a historical timeline of more than 5000 years. 3000-1500 BCE During this period, two main ancient civilizations used lipsticks. The first wing of this civilization was the Mesopotamian women living in the Indus Valley. They crushed semi-precious jewels and wore on their lips to improve their facial beauty. Egyptian women, on the other hand, used a purplish-red dye taken from seaweeds. The weeds contained iodine and bromide, which was responsible for many cases of illness among women. Cleopatra, a renowned Egyptian stylist of the time, made her lipsticks from crushed carmine beetles and ants. THE 16TH Century (1501-1600) It was during the 16 th century that lipstick became widely used. Queen Elizabeth (I) popularized the use of blackened lips, which was widely imitated (Pallingston 358). During this period, lipsticks were associated with the high social class and male actors. However, the popularity of lipsticks was not long-lived as Queen Victoria, who ascended to the throne of England, banished it. Over the years that followed, lipsticks became associated with prostitutes and film actors. In fact, it is during this period that the phrase “the devil’s candy” was coined in reference to stained lips. It is the film actors who slowly but steadily influenced people to wear lipsticks again (358). 17 TH -19 TH Century (1601-1884) The beginning of the 17 th century witnessed an increase in the number of women wearing lipsticks. This rise in popularity was due to the influence of actors in the silent films who wore black lipsticks. The lipstick industry completely changed in 1884 when French perfumers produced the first modern lipsticks. The lipsticks, made with castor oil, deer tallow, and beeswax, became more and more popular. (Pallingston 358). 20 TH Century to Date The 20 th century witnessed the highest number of lipstick users than ever as many women abandoned the socially conservative attitude towards it. The invention of the first push-up lipstick tubes took place around the same period. Producers, especially in
BP’s attempts to compensate the victims, in my opinion, are not enough to change the corporation’s reputation. The company ignored the oil leaks that had been detected before the accident. In fact, this depicts an organization that does not embrace ethics in its operations. Therefore, compensation will do little to change consumers’ perceptions about the company’s operations. Equally, the company was slow in responding to the disaster because of inadequate contingency plans. Therefore, compensation will not restore the reputation of BP Corporation. In my opinion, the company should have averted the oil spillage disaster. BP failed to recognize a number of ethical considerations. First, it underestimated the risks and willfully cut corners to save money. In addition, BP did not have an effective crisis management plan in place. Finally, it did not have an effective contingency plan to deal with risks. BP’s reputation is important for the consumption of its products. A good reputation encourages and keeps customers loyal to the products of the company. However, a bad reputation discourages the use of the company’s products. A bad reputation will encourage customers to boycott the company’s product leading to losses. For instance, the oil spillage disaster resulted in customers boycotting BP’s gas stations and products. Therefore, reputation will determine the rate at which an organization’s products are consumed by customers. A good example of an organization whose reputation was at risk because of an ethical blunder is the Toyota Motor Corporation. The Corporation had sold millions of faulty vehicles. In an effort to regain its reputation, the corporation recalled three of its models (Ireland, Hoskisson & Hitt, 2012). Toyota Motor Corporation initiated recalls with the help of the National Highway Safety Administrators (NHTSA). The company started by identifying the faults in the three models. It then trained its employees on ways to correct faults that were found in the thre
There are several steps involved in a transition process that sees a high school move from one model to another. The transition could be taking place owing to the fact that the expectations of the citizens, the government and businesses at large are very high. The transitions mainly focus on improving high schools and implementing reforms that will help better the student’s performance closing the existing achievement gaps. The first step that should be taken during a transition from one model to another includes identifying and analyzing the different schooling approaches in high schools. This will enable the administration make an evaluation on whether the new model adapted will improve the academic standards as expected or not. They then will adopt a model that will help them significantly improve on their academic standards and effectively meet the needs of the students. After identifying a model which they are ready to adopt, they should consider the costs that will eventually be incurred in the transition process. The transition from an old model to a new model needs a lot financial input. Since it involves a lot of workforce in lying down the policies and strategies needed in the implementation of the new models structure and keep it operating. The policies laid down should be based on the student’s preference keeping in mind that the learning resources to be used should be relevant. The new model should be able to address the diverse needs and the interests of the students in their own communities. Students with special needs should also not be ignored since they require a lot of attention and resources that will ease their learning process. Having identified the policies and the strategies to be used in the new model, a most effective instruction method should be implemented and the method of instruction more engaging than the previous one adapted This will in the long run build up a cohesion among students and staff promoting a strong culture and bond amongst them helping them achieve their common goal. The instructors and
Introduction Starting from the fifteenth century, European interests around the world took the form of the colonial encirclement and formation of trading posts. Being driven by profit motives, European explorers embarked on sea voyages that resulted in the discovery of Americas, spread of Christianity, destruction of indigenous populations, and compelled migration of numerous people (Wiesner-Hanks 531). As a result of the Age of Discovery, vast land areas became controlled by European powers that promoted race as a marker of difference, thereby giving rise to the most pernicious form of prejudice. This paper aims to review the colonial history of Europe and discuss its effects on the world. It will be argued that the period was characterized by striking rapaciousness and economic dynamism that paved the road for Western dominance in the following centuries. Main Themes The first expedition of Columbus inspired a large number of volumes and new waves of explorations during which Europeans accumulated a large body of scientific evidence and an inordinate amount of riches. Colonies became veritable powerhouses of wealth that propelled European monarchs and private companies to increase European presence around the world (Wiesner-Hanks 494). Exploratory ventures involved the Caribbean, South Asia, Alaska, and Australia. Captain James Cook mapped New Zealand islands, explored large parts of the Pacific, and even crossed Antarctic Circle (Wiesner-Hanks 498). The expeditions were financed by the Royal Society, which was interested in scientific discoveries; however, there were also economic and political underpinnings for them. At the time, the Spanish and the British were engaged in a fierce exploratory rivalry fueled by the promise of sea routes domination. Furthermore, sea voyages introduced travelers to new products that quickly spread on the continent. A case in point is the establishment of coffee-houses in London, which became centers of cultural life (Colby 208). In addition to British, Spanish, Danish, and Russian explorers, trading ventures were undertaken by the Portuguese. Trade patterns in the Indian Ocean were completely transformed when Dutch merchants entered the exploratory and economic arenas. They were so successful that to promote their financial endeavors the United East India Company emerged. The company represented a state monopoly on trade (Wiesner-Hanks 500). Its success promoted the emergence of similar joint-stock companies, which further fortified Dutch dominance in the Indian Ocean. Several European powers established colonies in the Caribbean and the Atlantic by the seventeenth century (Wiesner-Hanks 505-512). Colonial authorities had been intent upon promoting racial segregation but were forced to yield due to the “shortage of European and African women” (Wiesner-Hanks 520). Therefore, the sexual relationship between colonists and local populations quickly rose above racial lines, which further complicated social structures by introducing mixed-ancestry individuals. The desire to differentiate different populations al
Amount sold by each salesperson The table presented below shows the sales for each sales person. The pivot table presented above shows a summary of the total amount that is sold by each salesperson. The total sales were: $2,650 for Albertson, Kathy, $3,700 for Brennan, Michael, $1,935 for Davis William, and $400 for Dumlao Richard. The total sales amounted to $8,685. The table presented below shows the total monthly sales. The results show that the total sales for the month January amounted to $5,175, $2,160 for February, and $1,350 for March. Security measures The first security measure that is available for protecting the customer is the encryption of the online store. For an electronic commerce website to be secure, it should provide safe transactions using various tools such as secure electronic transaction protocol (SET), secure sockets layer (SSL), or other types of encryptions (Rich 135). These encryption forms should accept and process the personal data of the clients without the data being breached or unintentionally made available to the public and other forms of security threats. Therefore, the technology of encryption helps in protecting the personal information of the consumers, especially during the checkout process (Becker 161). One significant advantage of this measure is that it helps the customers to protect sensitive information. Also, the customers have a better idea of the persons or companies they are trusting with their personal data. A significant drawback of this measure is that communication with SSL encryption is relatively slow. This is based on the fact that there is a two-way communication that slows down the network and reduces the speed of response of the runtime server (Sadeghi 157). The second security measure is two-step authentication. In this case, two bits of information are needed for every attempt of login. In most cases, websites require the use of an account password and a single-use verification code that is received through SMS or other recommended applications. Another example of the extra layer of security is the use of fingerprints in addition to passwords. An advantage of this measure is that it provides a higher level of security. A disadvantage is that it does not work with a number of applications. Besides, the process of two-step authentication is quite long and cumbersome because customers are compelled to fill in security information twice. From the company’s point of view, this measure is expensive to implement. The third measure is the use of a password manager. In most cases, customers often reuse passwords, or they use simple passwords because they are easy to remember (Parsons 71). However, when the security of the customer and the entire business is at stake, the use of simple or reused passwords may not help. Therefore, password managers work by creating strong passwords. Besides, they store the created passwords in an encrypted vault that has a single master password. This enables the customers to easily access their details (Rezaul 429). An advantage of thi
Introduction Nursing care delivery models are important, as they can affect patient health outcomes, nurse satisfaction, and organizational outcomes, such as productivity and cost-effectiveness (ARNBC, 2015). There are four main nursing care delivery models used in contemporary hospitals: total patient care, functional nursing, team nursing, and primary nursing. Each care delivery method has advantages and disadvantages, which should be considered prior to its implementation. ARNBC (2015) states that the choice of a nursing care delivery model is influenced by patient, organizational, and provider factors. This paper aims to review two models of nursing care delivery, total patient care, and team nursing, and to discuss their applicability to the chosen organization. Total Patient Care Total patient care is the oldest nursing care delivery model, which is also referred to as the case method or patient allocation. This model is widely used all over the world and relies primarily on the input of registered nurses (RNs) into patient care. As explained by Gunawan (n.d.), in total patient care, “the RN is responsible for all of the care provided to a patient for a shift” (p. 2). Thus, if RNs work in 8-hour shifts, the patient will be attended to by three different nurses in one day. Total patient care requires the RN to attend to all patient’s needs during his or her shift (Gunawan, n.d.). Patients are allocated on a shift-by-shift basis, and thus it is unlikely that one nurse will follow a patient from admission to recovery (King, Long, & Lisy, 2015). Total patient care has a variety of advantages and disadvantages that affect the implementation and use of this nursing care delivery model. First of all, it ensures the provision of comprehensive care and minimizes the number of medical errors, as only one nurse works with the patient throughout the shift (Gunawan, n.d.). Secondly, it improves communication between nurses and patients, which can help to promote patient satisfaction. Moreover, it also enhances the cooperation between doctors and nurses in diagnosing and treating patients, as the doctor knows which nurse is responsible for all aspects of patient care for a shift. Total care management was also found to reduce the length of patient stay (Gunawan, n.d.) and to be more cost-effective than the primary nursing model (Fernandez, Johnson, Tran, & Miranda, 2012). Finally, total patient care is the model that is most frequently used in nursing education programs, which enables recent graduates to be more efficient in providing care (Gunawan, n.d.). Overall, total patient care has a positive impact on many patients and organizational variables, which makes it effective in promoting better health outcomes and improving workforce characteristics, such as autonomy. However, total care nursing also has some significant disadvantages. For instance, it requires one nurse to perform all patient care for the shift; this feature requires nurses working under the total patient care delivery model to have the necessary qualifications and experience in conducting a wide variet
Barbara Smith   * Born December 16, 1946 in Cleveland, Ohio;   * Had to move several times from Ohio to Georgia because of racism;   * Studied at the New School for Social Research (New York);   * Volunteered at the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE);   * Disappointed in sexism in the African American Movement;   * Became a member of the National Black Feminist Organization;   * One of the key authors of the Combahee River Collective Statement. Beverly Smith   * Born December 16, 1946 in Cleveland, Ohio;   * Barbara Smith’s twin sister;   * Prolific writer and women’s rights activist;   * Works as a Woman’s Health Instructor (University of Massachusetts);   * One of the key contributors to the Combahee River Collective Statement. Sexism and Homophobia   * Sexism was an explicit element of the African American Civil Rights Movement;   * Fight against segregation was rather single-sided;   * Women’s rights were severely underrepresented, and women were invisible;   * Homophobia dominated, with the needs of LGBT and particularly lesbians being disregarded;   * The role of a woman in the society was defined as the one of a housewife;   * There was a need for change in the representation of African American women. Patriarchy   * Even with the introduction of Martin Luther King, Jr.’s ideas, sexism persisted;   * Women needed equal employment and education options;   * The presence of social constraints was detrimental for women at the time;   * Patriarchal principles dominated the Movement;   * There was a necessity for raising the voice for the rights of women and sexual minorities;   * Barbara and Beverly Smith led the creation of the Combahee River Collective Statement to address gender inequality. Quotes Barbara Smith: “I was just thinking about how could I add lesbian to being a Black woman. It was just like no place for us” (Gates and Burton 807). Beverly Smith: “It is galling that ostensible feminists and acknowledged lesbians have been so blinded to the implications of any womanhood that is not white womanhood and that they have yet to struggle with the deep racism in themselves that is at the source of this blindness” (Hull et al. par. 158). Work Cited Gates, Henry Louis, JR., and Jennifer Burton. Call and Response: Key Debates in African American Studies . W.W. Norton & Co., 2011. Smith, Beverly. “Three’s a Crowd: The Dilemma of the Black Woman in Higher Education,” edited by Hull, Gloria T., et al., But Some of Us Are Brave , The Feminist Press, 1982, pp. 103-114.
Introduction Background Information The holocaust is one of the saddest tragedies in human history. The event was a result of the various policies formulated and implemented by the Nazi Party in Germany. 1 Some of those plans were intended to create a society of what the authorities referred to as a pure race. As such, elements (including parts of the population) that were considered to be blemishes on the race were to be eliminated. The development led to many deaths among the Jews, who were affected significantly by these policies. The current paper is written against this background. In the paper, the author examines the holocaust on the basis of whether or not its occurrence could have been avoided. Schweizer is a figure of authority in this field. The scholar argues that the event was a result of the racial imperialism championed by the Nazi Party in the country. 2 In line with this, the author of the current paper examines Nazism and the policies the party propagated as the leaders advanced the concepts of racial imperialism. The author of the current paper holds the opinion that racial imperialism was the main factor behind the holocaust. It is a fact that long term planning for ‘asocial’ and other races were made by the Nazi regime. However, even if these discussions were never held, the deep rooted race ideology characterising the Nazi party would have led to the same conclusions that resulted in the holocaust. The eugenics programmes of Nazi Germany show that many people shared in this perspective of breeding a better society. The barbarism of war just created a channel to make the transition, which culminated into the holocaust. Adolf Hitler and his cronies supported this ideology and other anti-Semitism sentiments. Spero supports the historical roots of these sentiments. Spero states that, “ The so-called modern anti-semitism of the nineteenth century rose on ancient foundations”. 3 As such, Hitler was just taking on something that was already ongoing. On ascending to power, the leaders executed their initial plan of exterminating the Jews. The holocaust was inevitable. The only question was when and how to make the killings a social acceptable norm in the society. Nazism and the Nazi Party Nazism is regarded as a political ideology that was practiced in Germany in the 20 th century. It is also referred to as National Socialism. 4 According to Schweizer, Nazism was not restricted to the Nazi Party. 5 On the contrary, the pol
Price gouging is a practice when the seller raises the prices of their products higher than a reasonable level. The article “Florida lawsuits allege price gouging” describes the act of price gouging in Lakeland and West Palm Beach after the natural disaster. Hurricane Charley left thousands of people without their homes, so they had to turn to hotels for help (Phillips, 2004). Day Inn and Crossroads Motor Lodge charged the prices up since many people needed to stay somewhere. This situation can be explained through graphs A and D. While the supply of the living places decreases because of the hurricane’s destruction, the demand for them rises. Since both of the curves SHIFT, supply to the left, and demand to the right, the price increases and sets a new EQUILIBRIUM. The SHIFT on the graph occurs when there is a change in demand or supply, but not quantity demanded or quantity supplied. EQUILIBRIUM is the point where demand and supply balance each other; in other words, where they intersect on the graph. The next article presents a similar issue that also revolves around price gouging after a natural disaster. Munger (2007) describes that people have come from other cities to sell ice to people who suffered from hurricane Fran. He notes that the victims have still purchased the ice, despite recognizing the greed behind the seller’s intentions. Therefore, the people celebrated when the police came to arrest the ice sellers for violating the anti-gouging law. Graphs A and D also apply to this situation because while the supply of ice in Raleigh fell, its demand increased. This case demonstrated that the anti-gouging law helped people during the crisis; however, not everyone would agree. Mohammed (2013) describes common problems when this law is implemented: hoarding encouragement and business-boosting supplies discouragement. He suggests introducing a hybrid version of the law by “providing subsidies to retailers on essential products” (Mohammed, 2013, p. 1). Therefore, the anti-gouging law cannot be introduced without any reforms to fix the price problem. In conclusion, the anti-gouging law is not an incorrect solution to stop the seller from charging up prices; however, it should be adjusted to maximize its utility. Subsidies on the essential products would help boost stock for the entrepreneurs without taking advantage of the unfavorable situation. At the same time, the customer will suffer less from the consequences of a crisis by having their needs for the essential products satisfied.