ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Abstract Toxicants are poisonous substances that are produced artificially and introduced to the environment as a result of human activities. These toxicants have serious implications on human health. For instance, they have been found to affect vital organs of the body and lead to death in some cases. PCBs (Polychlorinated Biphenyls) are among the most dangerous persistent organic toxicants in the environment that have been known to adversely affect the health of humans, animals, and the environment. This article focuses on the effects of PCBs on the respiratory system, the immune system, and the liver. A toxicant is a xenobiotic substance that produces hazardous effects on the body or the environment. Toxicants are introduced into the environment through as a result of human activities. Most of these toxicants mostly circulate through the body and accumulate in specific target organs, which they eventually affect adversely. However, others can damage any cell or tissue that they come into contact with. There are numerous toxicants in the environment, including heavy metals, non-metals, radioactive pollutants, and persistent organic pollutants (Kacew & Lee, 2013). Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCB) toxicants are classified under persistent organic pollutants. They are artificial organic chemicals with a slow breakdown, thus they remain for long in the body system or the environment. A variety of health effects can occur in particular body organs and systems when the human body system is exposed to PCBs. PCBs can lead to immunotoxicity, either in the form of hypersensitivity like in allergy, as well as autoimmune, immunodeficiency, and uncontrolled growth. Studies have found out that PCBs impair the immune system function. They bind to receptors that are responsible for immune system function control, resulting in disturbances in lymphocytes and T cells. A study conducted on Dutch children found a remarkable reduction in the immune system function associated with PCBs’ exposure (Weisglas-Kuperus et al., 2000). Studies in the rhesus monkey revealed that exposure to PCBs can bring about reduction of the thymus, slowed immune response, and reduced Epstein –Barr Virus resistance, as well as other infections (Kacew & Lee, 2013). PCBs also affect the liver adversely. This was recognized as early as the 1930s. PCBs have been associated with the production of abnormal enzymes of the liver and suspected non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) (Shi et al., 2012). They induce microsomal enzymes, particularly EROD (this is the marker for CYP1A1) and urinidine diphosphate glucuronyl transferase (UDPGT), which in turn lead to hepatogenic porphyria, as well as high endogenous steroid degradation in the liver. Induction of CYP1A1 has been said to promote cancer and hyperplasia sensitivity, as well as necrosis and fatty infiltration (Kacew & Lee, 2013). Exposure to PCBs also poses
Amazon.com and security concerns Amazon.com understands that customers care about the security of private information. Amazon’s Privacy Notice provides customers with the information that the company receives from them, and how it is used. This company uses Secure Sockets layer (SSL) software to encrypt customers’ data (Smith, 2004). It also sends email updates to customers to create awareness and inform them about any changes it makes. Amazon.com seeks legal consultation from regulations governing cloud computing, and hence complies with the law. For instance, the law protects the customers’ data from being disclosed to any third party. Amazon keeps less confidential data on the virtual servers and the most important in secure places. The company reveals very few digits of a credit card number during confirmation of orders. It encourages customers to sign off from their website after accessing data to protect unauthorized people from accessing their accounts. Plan methods to manage systems development First, project managers should evaluate the existing system by interviewing customers in order to identify deficiencies. The second step is to define the new management system requirements, in relation to the existing management systems by proposing measures that can improve them. The third step is to design the proposed system. This should involve laying out plans related to physical construction, hardware, security issues including legal and privacy aspects, system operations, communication, and programming among others. The fourth step is to develop the new system. The project managers should ensure that they obtain, install the new programs and components after training the users. The fifth step is to put the system into action, or use. The last step is to evaluate the new system after observing how it operates. Organizations using the system should emphasize on high maintenance standards and ensure that the users get periodic updates with regard to transformations in the new system. Reference Smith, G. E. (2004). Control and security of e-commerce . Hoboken, N.J: Wiley.
This study of African agency in colonial courts and subsequent social conflicts in Africa applied law to establish and maintain its rule. Looking critically at these aspects, I intend to approach Law as a coercive force that assisted colonial state power to help in securing order, enhancing capitalist development, and restructuring of social relations. [1] Significantly, I examine how colonialists enforced new sets of rules and regulations to enable a general process of societal and cultural change. This process was a mission of civilization of colonialism. I critically look at how the mission was legitimized by importing Western set of laws that replaced traditional customs and rules. While historians were almost certain that Western laws were assumed to be more civilized, majority of colonial societies are still dealing with the effects this process and the legacy of this legal pluralism [2] . In Africa, colonialists enforced dual legal system in which colonialist law was superimposed in existing legal system. However, both sets of law depended on colonial state legal system. The establishment and maintenance of the legal system was a central feature European colonialist for many years. Majority of colonial societies are still dealing with the effects this process and the legacy of this legal pluralism. [3] In this context, I argue that it is important for the reader to understand that law was necessary for establishment of colonial order as it was the central mechanism of defining relationships between state and society. I guess colonial states were able to set boundaries of behaviour and control spectrum of private transactions through both criminal and civil law regulations. [4] More importantly, although the law was vital in the colonizing process, there existed some conflict concerning the ways in which this process actually affected those colonized. The law application of the law in strict sense perpetuated colonial interests and limited demands placed on the colonized land and labour [5] . I try to explain how the law was applied by both the colonized and the colonizer to resolve important disputes concerning authority and legitimacy. [6]/sup> In addition, I maintain that the entrenched state system of governance include established laws and institutions adopted in African colonies. Historians explore modes of control that recognize customary rules as well as state laws imported from colonizer states. I argue that it is important for historical scholars to understand that customary law referred to the law of colonized people as accepted by colonial administra
Teamwork is considered a major force that influences the interrelationships between individuals of the same group. Teamwork strongly controls how members of a group react and perform hence team dynamics are very important and at the same time vastly complex. It should be understood that team dynamics may exert a positive as well as a negative effect on the performance of a group. In a positive stance, team dynamics may generate bonded discussion with the members of the group. In addition, each member of a team that is positively influenced by teamwork feels that he belongs to the team and thus enjoys his presence and interaction in the team. More importantly, a team that carries a positive dynamical situation shows a greater level of motivation, as well as commitment to stick with the group, no matter what unfolds in the future. On the other hand, a team that is influenced by negative team dynamics has members who generally feel that they have been excluded from the majority of the members of the group. A negatively influenced team also has a less chance of having at least two individuals being included in every decision-making process, hence this group is usually observed to have subgroups or factions. A team that has negative interactions between its members also shows that the flow of information across the team is not complete, wherein only a few members are knowledgeable of the details and even the simple facts of issues that are related to the team. Such condition often results in miscommunications and as time goes by, misunderstandings ensue and oftentimes, the performance of the members of the team tends to be unsatisfactory. Team dynamics involves the establishment of friendships or bonds between members of a group. Aside from the oral communications that occur between individuals of a team, there are also other forms of communication that influence the performance of a team. Nonverbal communication refers to the communication process that is associated with the transfer and receipt of messages that are not connected to the employment of words. The messages conferred by one individual to another are often associated with body language, as well as movements, posture, dressing or clothing, facial expressions, and even hairstyles. Nonverbal communication is thus strongly prejudiced by visual messages which serve as symbols of specific meanings to the listener. Other forms of paralanguage of nonverbal communication include the features of the voice of the speaker as well as the style of speaking. It should be noted that any characteristics related to tension as well as the rhythm of voice of the speaker’s voice may also influence a listener as to the man
Leadership is a human art driven by inner values to influence the accomplishment of an action using the capacity available from one’s skills and training. Stephen Lewis has exhibited actions of a leader from the details of his work in Africa. His experience appreciates remarkable leaders who had the guts to stand out and act in the correct way irrespective of the whole community perspective of the issue. It is their stubborn insistence on good governance that is impartial and representative that has earned world renowned leaders like Lewis international acclaim and fame. This paper discusses this and other leaders and the various aspects of their leaderships that have separated them in history as eccentric and leaders of repute. Stephen Lewis is a leader. His works are coroneted because of his tenure in the various international organizations and they further stretch even after he leaves the positions he still pursues his humanitarian activism. His previous big international positions notwithstanding, he reaches out to the HIV/AIDS patients in the developing countries and initiates activities through his foundation to help the victims. Former US president is also a leader. He exercised leadership when he stood out as a president; when pharmaceuticals were unwilling to reduce their drug prices to India, he showed great leadership when he negotiated for the same quality content drugs at cheaper prices to be availed and traded between the countries. It was such a remarkable action that its impact has been felt today: some drug for HIV/AIDS go close to free. Another remarkable leader is Sophie Klocby who leads a group of HIV/AIDS women. She takes the initiative, and defies all odds such as even though she struggled with HIV, she continued to lead a demonstration against their King of Makmoha who was acting against the requirements of his people. Doctor Danie Makweg is also a confident and compassionate leader. He offers to treat the women reproductive tract in his country Congo, and specializes in those cases where the women have been brutally injured. Most of these women are the ones that have been raped shot
Sources of Business Start-up capital When starting a new business, there are different sources of funding, however every source has its own advantage and disadvantage, the following are the main sources of business startup capital and their rationale: Personal savings and borrowing from friends and relatives : this approach happens mostly with small-scale businesses whose capital is not so huge, the capital comes from saved funds and incase there are some willing friends, they can be consulted to offer some grants in the business. This source of finance is good as the money lenders keep the start-up on its toes to ensure that the business has succeeded. Financial institutions lending : with current rise and growth in the financial sector, there is money available from banks and micro-finances institutions that can be used by a start up. In developing countries and some developed worlds, financial institutions are offering loans to women and youth groups to assist them start up business; the financing may come in different forms like loans, extension of house mortgage, credit card, and groups lending. The main rationale of this approach is the weight placed on the entrepreneur to pay the funding. Government, angel investors and non-governmental institutions: to facilitate economic growth, some government has come-up with micro-business financing projects; the projects are mostly targeted at the most vulnerable among the communities like the youth, women or people from a location with a low economic growth rate. Angel investors are people who finance a certain idea; if an entrepreneur has a viable idea, they are willing to offer the necessary capital. A number of nongovernmental organizations that support poverty eradication offer some business startup capital. Discuss whether the venture intends to accept government grants or guarantees as part of the capital structure Government grants are available funds in the United States, however the nature of the grants seems to support existing businesses to expand their business through the purchase of fixed assets like machinery, complicated motor vehicles like drilling machine, research and developments. In most cases, unless when they have been specially being made to support a certain sector of the economy, they are not meant for capital for startups. The above said and done, if the funds are available, there is entirely no problem or crime using the funds for capital structure. The repayments rates of the grants is flexible and one that can allow a business to generate the funds and repay the grants comfortably, thus they offer a cheap and reliab
Introduction Form and figurative language form the backbone of poetry. Form refers to the physical structure of a poem while figurative language entails the use of various stylistic devices in a poem to express a certain meaning. Such styles include similes, metaphors, personification, symbolism, irony, among others. On the form, poems are structured into lines and stanzas. Based on this, poems can be categorized as free verse or sonnets. This essay will focus on the analysis of form and symbolism in three selected poems. The poems are Ozymandias by P.B. Shelley, The Sick Rose by William Blake and The Road Not Taken by Robert Frost. Most importantly, the essay will draw a comparison of the use of symbolism in these three poems. Use of Symbolism The three poems rely heavily on the use of symbolism to put their messages across. In Ozymandias the poet analyses the issue of mortality through several powerful symbols. An “antique land” (Shelley, line 1) is the first symbol in this poem. It is central to the understanding of this poem since it is a pointer to its subject matter. An antique land is an area full of historical relics and artifacts. It is, therefore, a symbol of long periods, long enough to create history. It creates the feeling that the reader is going to be treated to relics of the past
Introduction There is a great diversity in the field of culture. Culture covers aspects like race, gender, language, values and beliefs and is developed from a combination of individual uniqueness and organizational or environment characteristics. Different people and communities have different cultural values and beliefs in regard to daily life. It is usually a hard task to understand and accept different cultures and people find themselves perceiving their own culture as the best compared to the other cultures and in most cases tend to treat communities with different cultures negatively. People find themselves discriminating others on the grounds of religion, ethnicity, language, physical location, sexual relations, educational background etc. Multicultural competency is an aspect that tries to counter the cultural differences issues by teaching on the spirit of appreciating other cultures irrespective of the differences that prevail. Multicultural Competency in Psychology It is natural to develop strong personal ethnicity and identity as one grows from childhood to adulthood. Although this is inevitable, it is usually good to learn and appreciate others by developing an inclusive identity and perception. Psychologists are faced with the problem of cultural differences since they deal with a wide variety of people each with different ways of life. The psychologist should be able to learn and understand the minds of people and try to identify where people behave the way they do as the job requires. A psychologist should be cautious and sensitive in his or her practice with an understanding that there are differences in the ways of life of people and hence they should be treated differently to avoid offending them. The American Psychological Association (APA) has set guidelines on how the psychologists and other related professionals should carry out their duties in regard to multicultural issues. The principles stresses that psychologists should at all times act as leaders of social justice and foster fairness by avoiding discrimination of any kind (Constantine and Derald, 2005). Biases, Perceptions, Attitudes, and Beliefs towards Culturally Different Groups Apart from the fact that psychologists have undergone training on their career aspects they are faced with the problem of cultural differences in their practices. As a psychologist I am bound to have biases, attitude, and beliefs towards people of different cultures. This is because I have my individuality and may find myself treating people of a different cultural background differently. For example I may be biased on the basis of race where I may treat the whites different from the blacks. I may also find myself discriminating on the basis of language by treating those that we share common language features better than th
Introduction As a chronic disease, diabetes has a marked influence on the physical, psychological, and social aspects of individuals. Type 1 is a form of diabetes mellitus that occurs due to diminished levels of insulin, loss of energy, and increased levels of glucose in the blood (Markowitz et al., 2019). Since type 1 diabetes is common among young people, it creates a lot of challenges in management. Limited experience and insufficient knowledge are the problems that complicate and hinder the successful implementation of self-management strategies. Patients need to understand the physiological mechanism, treatment and management interventions, long-term effects, educational materials, social reactions, and misconceptions regarding diabetes. Smith and Harris (2018) recommend the early diagnosis, consistent use of insulin, and stringent control of blood glucose as effective strategies to reduce the impact of diabetes on the health status of individuals. Hence, the assessment of patients’ knowledge and experiences would highlight their ability to manage diabetes using appropriate strategies and improve health status. Statement of Purpose The purpose of the study is to examine the perceptions that a patient with type 1 diabetes holds about this condition and its impacts on people. The study employed the qualitative approach in the collection, analysis, and interpretation of data collected through interviews of a patient with type 1 diabetes. The qualitative approach is appropriate in this study because it allows the interpretation of knowledge, experiences, and attitudes that patients with diabetes possess. As self-management is an integral aspect of the treatment of diabetes, individuals need to understand their conditions and make appropriate adjustments in their lifestyles. Management strategies such as regulating the intake of carbohydrates, physical activity, and monitoring of blood glucose levels would alleviate the effects of diabetes on the body (Smith, & Harris, 2018). The knowledge that people with diabetes possess determines their ability to manage and improve their health conditions. Health education is usually a critical strategy that healthcare providers employ in promoting the understanding of diabetes and its respective management interventions. Therefore, the analysis and interpretation of the interview transcript of a patient with type 1 diabetes would highlight their perceptions and the capacity to undertake self-management strategies. Literature Review Diabetes is an enduring condition that stems from the inability of the body to control the levels of blood sugar within the normal limits for utilization in the production of energy. Depending on the course, diabetes can either be type 1 or type 2. While type emanates from the deficiency of insulin, type 2 occurs due to the resistance of cells to insulin (Markowitz et al., 2019). Moreover, type 1 diabetes is common among children and young adults, whereas type 2 is prevalent among adults. Tr