ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction When it comes to ensuring a high rhetorical value of a particular speech, which is meant to convince people in the validity of the speaker’s line of argumentation, it represents the matter of a crucial importance for the person in question to make sure that the would-be-delivered speech contains the appeals to logos , pathos and ethos (Connors, 1979). What also appears a ‘must’, in this respect, is that the mentioned appeals are being properly interconnected, in the technical sense of this word (Mshvenieradze, 2013). In my paper, I will explore the validity of this suggestion at length, in regards to the 1789 Abolition speech by William Wilberforce, which is now being considered as such that exemplifies what the notion of a ‘rhetorical integrity’ stands for. Discussion One of the speech’s most memorable features is the fact that it begins with the application of the appeal to ethos , on the author’s part: “When I consider the magnitude of the subject which I am to bring before the House, a subject, in which the interests, not of this country, nor of Europe alone, but of the whole world” (Wilberforce, 1789, p. 1). Apparently, by having started his speech with outlining the sheer magnitude of the problem that he was about to discuss, the author strived to encourage listeners to believe that their willingness to subscribe to his point of view, on the subject of slavery, would deem them intellectually open-minded. This, of course, served as yet additional incentive for listeners to pay close attention to what Wilberforce was going to tell them. The above-stated correlates perfectly well about the role that the appeal to ethos is supposed to serve in the publicly delivered speech – namely, establishing the discursive credibility of the speaker’s argumentative agenda (Thompson, 2006). In order to win yet another credibility-related favor with listeners, Wilberforce points out to the fact that, while landing his views on the subject matter in question, he will remain thoroughly impartial: “I ask only for their (listeners’) cool and impartial reason; and I wish not to take them by surprise, but to deliberate, point by point, upon every part of this question” (1789, p. 1). This, of course, can be well interpreted as such that indicates that Wilberforce used to be capable of not only making the circumstantially appropriate appeals to the listeners’ sense of logos , but also of ensuring the emotional attractiveness of the concerned rhetorical device (Hoffmann, 2003). After all, the above-quoted sentence implies both: a) that the measure of one’s existential virtuousness positively relates to the extent of the concerned person’s ability to think in terms of logic; b) that the audience consists of individuals, fully capable of relying on their sense of rationale, when it comes to addressing a particular cognitive task. There can indeed be only a few doubts that, after having been exposed to Wilberforce’s assurance, in this respect, listeners will be much more likely to perceive the speaker’s line of argumentation fully plausible. The manner, in which Wilberforce continues with pro
Defining generosity, it can be stated that several common themes emerge in such definitions. Such themes mainly emphasize the purpose of a generous act and the requirement of being gratuitous. Notre Dame’s Center for the Study of Religion in Society (CSRS) for that matter adds those requirements to the act of giving “one’s financial resources, time, and talents” (Collett & Morrissey, 2007). The distinction between giving and generosity can be seen in that the former might or might not be done with generosity, and thus, generosity might be extended beyond giving. Such extension implies that generosity is dependent on magnificence which ensures that the community as a whole benefits from the virtue. The interchangeability of the giving and generosity as an act can be seen in the involvement of the concept of reciprocity. That is, despite the focus on giving something for free, there is a two-way relationship, which is not necessarily connected to two parties in an exchange. Social Learning Theory Generosity can be represented as a behavior that can be explained through social learning theory. According to Bandura’s social learning theory (SLT), relabeled as social cognitive theory (SLT), an action can be explained through its expectancies and incentives. In that regard, both aspects might confirm reciprocal action of a relation, even when such incentives are not apparent. Taking relation as an example, Generosity is regarded as a vital virtue in the religious context (Claire & Manuel, 2001). Christian teachings put a lot of emphasis on the virtue of generosity. The same can be said abo
Most successful leaders in today’s corporate world have confessed to have been mentored by managers employing a command and control management style, also referred to as a top-down approach. This is the most commonly used leadership style when an organization is undergoing change. During such a period, managers have to stamp their authority else there will be slow adjustment to new conditions. Besides, conflicts and disagreements may arise. An example of such a scenario is commonly seen when an organization need to move to new offices or adopt new technologies. In such a situation, if a command and control style is not exercised, conflicts may ensue between managers and their employees, particularly those who do not accept or find it difficult to adopt the changes. A command and control style is based on maintaining power and control over people and organizational processes. Conversely, there are many untrue assumptions that drive the use of this management style, for example, leaders always assume that they know everything and will tend to command without involving employees. In addition, most leaders tend to think that they as bosses, they have to make all decisions without seeking for advice or assistance from any entity. This mentality highly affects the success of the organization because the workers always feel undermined and this lowers their work morale. Clarity and decisiveness are vital to the success of the top-down management style. The leader should be decisive but willing to make changes when situations call and to clearly communicate what is expected of everyone. This management style projects an image of a confident and well managed organization because the rules set by management will be followed without failure. Additionally, to have any level of success, leaders should be ready to open their eyes and ears to listen and take ideas from third parties, mostly the employees. This management style has been viewed as dictatorial and leads to demotivation. Ina addition, it gives power and authority to powerful people within the organization and demands absolute compliance from the people under them; this makes employees feel less respected. Managers employing a command and control style will always use threats on employees and this demoralizes and reduces their productivity. This style also results into a manager getting a negative image from employees and once this occurs, there is always loss of respect from the workers. Consequently, most employees, especially the competent ones, will often seek for opportunities elsewhere. A manager-employee relationship is a two-way traffic; when a manager involves employees in change processes, there will be a high likelihood of success of the change. A participative change process is often considered the best management style. Under this style, employees’ opinions are sought even though the leader makes the final decision. As a result, the employees feel valued by the organizat
There are two main branches of accounting. These are Financial Accounting and Managerial Accounting. The two types of accounting have a number of similarities and considerably numerous differences. The following paragraphs compare and contrast the two types of accounting using the subject-by-subject comparison structure. Financial accounting refers to the type of accounting that deals with preparation of financial statements, using accounting techniques, for financial reporting. The main purpose of financial accounting is financial reporting which is a statutory requirement for companies. Thus companies must prepare financial account annually in order to satisfy the statutory requirement. From this fact, it can be deduced that financial accounts are prepared for use by external parties who include the government, shareholders, etc. Due to the stated fact, financial accounts are subject to independent audits to ensure that the information presented in the accounts is true and fair. This is meant to protect the parties who use financial accounts from being deceived by misrepresentation of the accounts. The practice of financial accounting utilizes historical data which is computed and reported to the concerned parties. Another very important aspect of financial accounting is the fact that financial accounting is governed by a regulatory body that ensures that standards are kept. The main concern by management regarding financial accounting is the possible inaccuracy of information in financial statements and the possible inadequacy of disclosure of financial information. Financial accounting is instrumental in summarizing the efficiency and effectiveness of the whole business enterprise using a set of financial accounts. Both financial accounting and financial reporting use currencies, accounting techniques and accounting terminology to achieve their objectives. Managerial accounting refers to the analysis of the information of an enterprise, using accounting techniques, for the purpose of planning on how to achieve the goals of an organization. It is thus apparent from this definition that results from managerial accounting
Introduction Triumph of the Will is one of the earliest propaganda firms that were produced in 1935 by Leni Riefenstahl. It is a chronicle of the Nazi Party Congress in 1934, which took place in Nuremberg in Germany. According to Foucault (2012), the film was seen as a deliberate attempt by the Nazi government to manipulate the German society by making some of their propaganda be acceptable. Adolf Hitler had just taken over the leadership of the country in the previous year, and due to his ambitious nature, he was keen on implanting the manifesto of the Nazi Party. The speeches given by Adolf Hitler, his senior military generals, and senior members of the party show the desire to gain absolute power. Adolf Hitler was elected to the office through a democratic vote. However, the movie presents him as a military leader who is keen on redefining his position as both a military and civilian ruler. The declaration by Hitler that Nazi party and state is a clear indication of the interest of a democratically elected leader to use absolute power with the help of the military apparatus. In this paper, the researcher aims at identifying the types of militarization as presented in this power. Kinds of Militarization In this film, there is a deliberate attempt by the political leadership of this country to militarize the society. According to Orr (2009), the Triumph of the Will is one of the best films that show the ambition of Adolf Hitler beyond the borders of Germany. This scholar says that the film presents various kinds of militarization at various stages. Militarizing the Body Militarization of the body is presented at early stages of the films by the pseudo-military drills. Adolf Hitler is presented as the savior of this society, and for him to save the society he needs the services of the able-bodied men who could engage in military battles. Through his inspiration, young people are seen to join the military and engage in military drills in readiness to serve their country. As shown in this film, it is not possible to win a war without proper preparation. The volunteers are taken through early stages of military training where they try to learn the basics about military. They learn how to use guns while in the battlefield. Given that they are not trained soldiers, they use spades as symbols of guns that they will use when they engage in warfare. The actual militarization of the body is seen on the third day of the film. At this stage, it is apparent that the main theme in the film is how to make the Germans ready for a possible outbreak of war. On this day, Adolf Hitler starts his morning activities by addressing youths in militaristic terms and informing them that they have to harden themselves in readiness for war. A military pass and the armored vehicles with highly skilled military officers demonstrate the effort that the Nazi Party had to ensure that the targeted group had all the military trainings. Militarization of the body is best demons
The term recovery is used to describe the part of the business cycle during which the enterprises of a country regain or surpass the previous levels of production as well as employment (Swart 175). As a rule, during this stage, the interest rates are relatively low (Swart 175). The declining value of British bound is more likely to decrease the consumption of the goods imported to the United Kingdom. This trend makes foreign products less accessible to buyers. As a result, they are more likely to buy the products of local manufacturers. Nevertheless, this outcome is possible only if British producers are able to meet the demand. Moreover, they should be able to compete with foreign companies in terms of price and quality. If these requirements are not met, the value of imported goods may not decrease. In this case, people will need to reduce their consumption. It is the main adverse effect that should not be overlooked. In turn, the declining productivity of the UK labor is more likely to result in the increasing growth of imports. There are two factors that should be considered. First, there will be a shortage of local goods, and British manufacturers may not fully meet the demand of consumers. Secondly, local companies will become less competitive, and foreign goods may be less expensive. It is one of the main factors that can contribute to the growing trade deficit of the United Kingdom. Overall, there are several benefits of a weakening British pound. At first, one should mention that British products will be more accessible to foreign buyers (Hill 55). So, British exports can increase. However, in this case, much depends on the competitiveness of companies working in the United Kingdom. They should be able to erode the market share of their foreign rivals. One should note that the governments of different countries deliberately avoid the strengthening of their currencies (Authors 7). For instance, this policy has been adopted in China (Napoleoni 89). Overall, this strategy can be more applicable to countries in which the labor force is inexpensive. Yet, it does not necessarily benefit very advanced countries. Additionally, the weakening of the British pound can lead to an increased inflow of tourists. They will find it easier to buy the services of British hotels or restaurants. Thus, on
Introduction Roland Barthes in his work ‘Myth Today’ gives a deeper insight into the understanding of the myth of romantic love done through the disintegration of the work into a number of sections based on the characteristics of a myth as explored by Barthes. The romantic love myth is the most celebrated and upheld and pursued myth in the world. As Barthes explains, “myth cannot possibly be an object, or an idea; it is a mode of signification, a form” (Barthes 150). According to this assertion, myth is a real thing and not any figment of one’s imagination. Marriage, where the Romantic love myth reaches its utopia, is a celebrated institution that immobilizes the world thereby giving a base for the myth. The myth of romantic love In the marriage institution, the couple bears the obligation of nurturing romantic love. The institution is naturalized to the extent that there cannot raise questions as to its intentions (Modleski 50). As Barthes states “Myth is experienced as innocent speech: not because its intentions are hidden but because they are naturalized” (131). In the institution of marriage, romantic love is naturalized in that the couples are supposed to keep each other company and live happily ever after. According to Modleski, the myth of romantic love conceals the underlying aspects of marriages. The myth covers the underlying turmoil that is present in the marriage institution. The fact that women are actually treated as objects to be purchased or sold out to men is concealed in the myth of romantic love (120). The overlying tranquility created by the myth of romantic love hinders people from perceiving the intolerable turmoil underneath. The myth of romantic love creates a perception that marriages, which are the nurturing bases of romantic love, lead to everlasting happiness, which is actually not the case as revealed through failures in marriages that lead to the separation of once seemingly happy couple. The myth of romantic love transforms history into nature in the sense that the institution of marriage is naturalized through comparing it to aspects of history relating to it. For instance, historical contexts of people who endured obstacles and remained with their significant half are over emphasized to give a basis to the idea portrayed in the romantic love myth. This over-emphasizes the possibility of happily ever after marriages, which in most cases are just mirages. The myth of romantic love supports a false nature including the idea that people can pursue happiness without necessarily being in any relationships. The myth holds that true happiness can only be found when one is involved in a romantic relationship. This creates a sense of oppression as people are forced to live lives that they could have possibly avoided. The possibility that love can come to end or expire between couples who once felt a lot for each other is falsified in the myth of romantic love. The romantic love myth immobilizes and harmonizes the world. As Barthes states, “Mythology harmo
Ian Ingram Ian Ingram, Of Ash or Lead, 2007 (Ian Ingram 2014). Self-portrait description Ian Ingram’s large-scale self-portraits catch the audience’s attention because of their psychoanalytic content because the artist tries to represent the connections between the spirit and body in his works. This work is unusual because in spite of using traditional graphite and charcoal for drawing, Ingram does not focus on the contrast of black and white colours, but he uses all the shades of the grey colour. The work states the idea that the “location of the soul was not necessarily in the body”, and the focus is not on the man trying to breathe above the water, but on the vivid flowers on the water surface (Ian Ingram 2014). Ingram’s work is interesting because it accentuates the contrast between life and death with references to the personal vision of transcendence. Ellie Benuska Ellie Benuska, Double Self Portrait, 2011 (Ellie Benuska 2014). Self-portrait description While painting, Ellie Benuska concentrates on demonstrating her relationship with the universe and her personal interpretation of the world. Thus, the artist tries to convey the idea about the contrast between the personal world and the universe. Benuska’s works are discussed as intimate expressions with the help of which the author allows looking in her world (Ellie Benuska 2014). This large-scale self-portrait is impressive because the artist demonstrates two sides of her nature. One of the depicted women is frowning, and the other one seems to be indifferent. It is possible to state the portrait represents not only the artist’s double nature but also her reaction to the specific world situations, and this openness attracts the viewer. Oliver Duckworth Oliver Duckworth, Pop-Pop, 2011 (Oliver Duckworth, 2014). Photography description Oliver Duckworth is one of the artists who pay much attention to foreshortening the human body while focusing on the objects of the external world and details. It is possible to state that Duckworth’s works are most influenced by his surroundings, and many photographs are taken in the streets (Oliver Duckworth 2014). Looking at Duckworth’s photograph, the viewer sees a child as the main character, but all the attention is paid to extremely large objects such as a ball and a cup in the child’s hands. The work reminds that the objects of the external world can be very important in the people’s lives, and they even can be put to the forefront in the photograph and life. Josh Bowe Josh Bowe, Canopy, 2011 (Josh Bowe 2014). Painting description Josh Bowe’s philosophy is based on presenting vigour objects which can be discussed as figurative and even abstract. Bowe’s painting is often discussed as intuitive because the presented characters and objects are not correlated with reality, but they are perceived as unreal ones (Josh Bowe 2014). Bowe’s paintings where the subject is associated with depicting naked persons impress because of the use of unique gloomy colours. For instance, “Canopy” is associated with s
The article “Functioning, Problem Behavior and Health Services Use among Nursing Home Residents with Alcohol-Use Disorders” by P. L., Brennan, and M. A. Greenbaum, describes and analyses problems and difficulties faced by nurses working with the elderly. In this article, special attention is given to problem behavior, and possible complications caused by alcohol abuse among the elderly. The authors address one of the main problems faced by nurses and patients: alcohol abuse and alcohol-related disorders which influence communication and interpersonal relations. The authors underline that the perception that drinking is a sanctioned way to maintain social contact, which is preferable to not drinking and becoming isolated, is a very powerful consideration, particularly for men who are single-room occupants. The importance of this research is that “very few studies have focused on AUDs among nursing home residents” (Brennan and Greenbaum 2005, p. 395). The authors admit that the problem is that drinking alcohol depletes the body of necessary nutrients and often replaces meals, thus making an individual doubly prone to malnutrition. It is thought that nearly half of the elderly hospitalized for unstable chronic medical problems are abusing alcohol and that many others consume enough alcohol to affect their health negatively. Successful screening of a patient’s alcohol use involves addressing the chronicity of disease as well as the degree to which the patient is affected by alcohol consumption. Alcohol use should always be considered when looking for factors associated with unstable chronic health problems (Gurnack et al 2001). The article gives a literature review and is based on theoretical background. Using previous studies, the authors analyze such topics as health-related functioning, social functioning, falls, and problem behavior, health services use, and interaction of alcohol consumption and AUDs. They come to the conclusion that many elders attempt, some quite successfully, to manage their disorders with over-the-counter medication combinations, doctor shopping, or simply by years of habitual codependency with a particular physician. Any of these methods can result in addiction and leave the elder vulnerable. The aim of the research is to expand previous knowledge and research data, and “examine whether the presence of an AUD diagnosis interacted with alcohol consumption to predict poorer outcomes, including elevated rates of falling, behavior problems and more health services use, among older nursing home residents” (Brennan and Greenbaum 2005, p. 395). The research is based on both qualitative and quan