ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The issues involved in resolving legal disputes in international transactions International commercial transactions entail business undertakings spanning across national boundaries. This has been necessitated by globalization, which has turned the world into a great village where individuals can conduct their business in any part of the world. The parties engaged in international commercial transactions are international bodies, states, multinational organizations as well as individuals. Based on their nature, international transactions are unwaveringly sensitive as diverse cultures and opinions are merged to facilitate survival of these organizational in the tumultuous business environment. Therefore, regulation of these business entities is paramount in order to ensure that cultural orientations are accommodated within legal and moral boundaries. Thus, these dictate the role of law not only in regulating and ensuring the harmonious coexistence of the trading parties but also in negotiating and determining the results of the disputes arising for the contractual relationships. In this regard, some of the legal issues affecting international dispute resettlement include the choice of law and the jurisdiction of the courts. For instance, in the United States, the state courts have wide-ranging jurisdiction while Federal courts have restricted jurisdiction. In this light, when two business entities enter into a contact and dispute emanated from the contract, it becomes difficult to determine the courts with the jurisdiction of hearing the case. In this regard, dispute determination clause should be in place to cater for any chances of violation indication the way of the dispute resolution like arbitration, procedure and the court’s jurisdiction. In addition, issues like the enforceability of the contacts remain a major challenge of the organizations. Disputes arising from transactions between states can be settled in a diplomatic way between the warring countries or can be solved by the United Nations, International Court of Justice or by the World Trade Organization depending on the nature of the dispute. Practical considerations of taking legal action against a foreign business partner based in another country Organizations entering into commercial trade with other businesses and companies must put into consideration some special factors that interplay within these particular transactions. The organization should ensure that the contract it is entering into is enforceable by both the domestic legislations and the legislation of the place where the contract is to be undertaken, while putting into consideration the manner in which any potential dispute can be resolved. In this light, It is appropriate that the contracting organizations pay adequate attention to such issues like the law and oversee the adjudication in the event of any future dispute if the forms of alternative dispute resolution mechanism, such as arbitration and mediation, can be employed instead of the common traditional litigation. In the event that alternative dispute resolution i
This paper is aimed at examining the notorious case of Ford Pinto. In particular, it is necessary to discuss the legal claims made by the representative of Ford Motor Company. Overall, these people wanted to make sure that the corporation could not be charged with a homicide. This task was critical for minimizing the potential losses of this organization. In turn, the court disputed some of these claims. These are the main questions that should be discussed more closely. The lawyers of Ford Motor Company made several arguments in order to defend this corporation in the court. In particular, they noticed that the organization could not be charged with a homicide (Braswell, 2014, p. 388). In their opinion, this accusation could be applicable only to a human being, but not to an organization (Cullen et al., 2006). This is one of the conceptual arguments that they put forward. This claim was important because these lawyers wanted to make sure that the company was not accused of homicide (Holman & Quinn, 1996, p..32). Provided that this organization had been found guilty, it would have incurred considerable losses (Bailey. 2004). This is one of the details that can be identified since it is critical for understanding the strategies of these lawyers. Additionally, the representatives of this organization argued that the actions of the company should be judged according to the standards of federal law. In their view, federal law took precedence over state law. In this way they tried to ensure that the company was judged according to the legal norms which were more acceptable to this corporation. Additionally, they said that the court could not apply an ex post facto law to this organization. In other words, they argued that the company could not be accused of activities that had been legal before the law was implemented. They said that the management manufactured Ford Pinto before the changes in the criminal change were accepted. Thus, they argued that from a legal standpoint, Ford Motor Company did not commit any crime, and possible accusations were illegitimate. These are the main aspects that can be distinguished. Overall, some of these arguments were not accepted by the court. In particular, the court noted that according to the criminal code of Indiana, a person could be charged with reckless homicide. In this case, the word person is not related only to a human being; it can also be applicable to an organization (Cullen et al., 2006). This is one of the details that should be considered. Therefore, this corporation could not dismiss criminal charges. Additionally, the judges ruled that the federal law did not have precedence over the state law. Finally, the court argued that Ford could be prosecuted for not recalling cars which had considerable defects. Therefore, this company was still open to criminal charges. Therefore, in many cases,
Having participated fully in a class, it would be easy to prepare for a test or exam related to that class by following simple guidelines. Preparation would include revising the notes taken during the class, asking for clarification from teachers, or even approaching a fellow student for assistance. By so doing, chances of getting good grades are very high. On the other hand, failing a test would take a great deal of effort and by following some laid out procedures; you are going to achieve the desired effort. Notes taken or given during class are not important as they are meant to burden the student. It is very important to ignore them completely as the test questions will not be taken from those notes. Instead, take time to read books and notes for future classes as most tests questions are taken from the subject that will be covered in the future. Any instruction on ‘further reading’ from textbooks should also be ignored until the morning of the exam, this is the amplest time to cram. If there is something that you never understood in class, don’t bother your teacher. Chances are very high that all students never understood or the subject was too hard to be understood at your level. Seeking assistance from fellow students won’t do you any good, as they are likely to confuse you more, instead, keep to yourself as the test will only cover what you understood. Engaging in test preparation discussion is likely to contribute to your failure in the test, avoid such discussions at all costs. On the night before the test, make sure you don’t sleep a wink, if you do; you are going to forget everything on the test day. Going to a movie or to the club with friends would be a better way to spend your evening as it will help keep your mind alert. Spare some time to watch television and/or read some funny magazines as they are an important source of food for thought. They also help to keep your spirit alive. Avoid food at all costs, but if you really need to eat, go for heavy junk foods as they are the most healthy food especially for students who are taking tests, ensuring you don’t go hungry when taking the test. On the morning of the test, go over the textbooks, cram every important note and make sure you arrive at the test center a few minutes before the start of the test; this will help you not to forget what you have crammed. To this end, you are now ready to take the test. Too often, students pass tests and exams because of failure to follow these detailed steps. Revising too much, bothering the teachers and fellow students, and failure to cram in the morning of the test have been cited as the main reasons why students pass tests. Following the procedures above has been proven over the years to give desired results as far as tests and exam preparation is concerned. This is the guaranteed method of failing a test.
Introduction Social existence is characterized by a variety of activities and occurrences in individuals’ lives. Such occurrences are characterized by experiences in individuals’ lives that can be viewed as either success or failure. Though people fail to perceive life in its broader perspective and on the contrary limit their personal evaluations on individual bases, there is an indisputable link between an individual’s experience and society. The sociological imagination is the understanding of the relationship between an individual’s life experience and society. This paper seeks to discuss the topic of unemployment. The paper will look into unemployment and its relation to social aspects. Unemployment Unemployment is a common issue that has been facing people over time. Data records with respect to unemployment have over time been varying just like the reported data of newly created jobs in the United States. The annual unemployment rates from the year 1990 have, for example, registered up to over thirty-five million jobs being lost in one year. According to Stone and McCraw (2007), the year 2001 recorded the highest rates of unemployment with the year 1993 reporting the least. Though corresponding created job opportunities are reported to be consistent with the rate of job loss, there are fears that the nature of created jobs is not as secure as the jobs that are being compromised. One of the causes of the job loss in the country is workers’ mobility that records the loss and the corresponding gains. There are also cases of workers being fired and even job losses and gains due to “companies startup, fail, downsize, upsize and filling of vacancies” (Stone & McCraw, 2007, p. 6) left by the mobility or the firing aspects. Unemployment is therefore a common experience among people in society. Unemployment and its Social Impacts Unemployment may arise under a wide range of circumstances such as loss of jobs due to an individual being fired or the employing entity facing strains into downsizing or closure. An individual can also be jobless after leaving college and prior to any employment attachment. The impacts of such unemployment are however the same and range from impacts being felt at a personal level as well as those that are felt at social levels. One of the impacts of unemployment that connects the unemployed individual with the social fraternity is the lost self-esteem that an individual suffers. This has a dual way perspective. Low self-esteem can be driven from within the unemployed individual who might start self-isolation from
When speaking of any social phenomenon, it is a common mistake to consider an issue in isolation from a variety of external factors that may either mitigate or aggregate the outcome. Hence, in the 20th century, C. Wright Mills, an American sociologist, coined the term “sociological imagination,” meaning the process of correlating personal experience to a wider social experience such as national peculiarities (Shields, 2017). However, over the years, this definition has evolved into a more sophisticated and contextualized endeavor, which depends on a variety of factors, including modern sociological advancements and globalization. To understand the idea of sociological imagination more deeply, it is necessary to provide an example of how various factors may influence a certain social issue. For instance, suicide, as one of the most challenging and severe social problems, cannot be unified by a single cause or precedent people experience before deciding to terminate one’s life deliberately. However, many people still seem to assume that the ones committing or attempting to commit suicide are generally dissatisfied and frustrated. When reflecting on the issue of suicide, it should be mentioned that suicide risk rates are significantly correlated with the notion of gender. Hence, according to the most recent statistical data, women make more suicide attempts, while the suicide rate in men is generally higher (Indu et al., 2020). Simultaneously to this research, the World Health Organization’s data shows that violence is mostly exposed in relation to women within a family, resulting in one out of every three women suffering from domestic violence worldwide (Kavak et al., 2018). Hence, considering these facts, it is necessary to put the notion of suicide risk in perspective when related to the issue of domestic violence. One of the studies in the fi
Gender identity in Robert King’s Green Grass, Running Water is constantly overlapping and is developed from a native point of view. This deals majorly with the context of the invasion of the native values of communalism by the western ideologies of Christian patriarchy. The role of both men and women in the text is shown but women are the major ones who interest is centered on. Their role in the developing society mainly in the Blossom community is one that is highly remarkable and important. In the case of the first woman, she depicts a society where women are given respect because of their intelligence and in helping in maintaining good relationships with other members of society. Women really try to maintain cohesiveness in society and this can be seen in the case where the first woman wants to share apples (King 70). Hence we can say that in the book Green Grass, Running water, King paints the female character as one who wants to maintain good relationship between both living and non-living beings in the world. This can be seen to be the native values of communalism. The idea about braiding strands of air is also depicted as a way in which the strength of women is shown when they are together, this helps withstand the outside forces and this can be seen as a resistance towards the new cultures. Women in this context are used a symbol to form a unit, which is to bring unity in society with which a people can fight external forces. A literal example of “braiding in” can be seen in Lionel’s mother in her recipes, whenever she misses an ingredient, she finds a way of blending in some native ingredient to substitute the missing ingredients. This helps her prepare meals that are tasty and liked by all who eat them. For instance when Lionel asks her “What is it?” “Vegetable soup and artichoke omelet” “Where’d you get the artichokes?” “I had to substitute.” “So, what’s in it now?” “Elk” (Kings 81). She is therefore innovative; she can use both native and modern recipes, an indicator of how both native and modern ways can be braided together for a better life. The women in the story are brought out as epitomes that are overturning stereotypes and seeking to secure a respectable space in the Society of Green Grass, Running Water, for instance, Norma contributes towards the growth of the Blossom community. As a woman in the community, she is the one who organizes other members in the rebuilding of Eli’s cabin together with that of her mother when the dam bursts its banks (King 170). She is also a source of counseling and guidance on Eli and Lionel. This shows how a woman can rise against all odds to be a visionary member of society and helpful to fellow women and men alike. In as much as King uses men throughout the text, they have also contributed greatly to the growth of the plot to its climax but one thing that is for sure is the fact that women are the ones used
Stating the Problem   * Substance abuse is the leading cause of preventable deaths in America and worldwide.   * It greatly influences one’s cognitive abilities and makes one severely dependent on the entity they consume.   * The most common substances can be divided into two categories: legal and illegal. Legal substances relate to all kinds of alcohol, painkillers, tranquilizers, and some kinds of stimulants, while illegal ones are hallucinogens, cocaine, and marijuana (Kim et al., 2019).   * Substance residue can enter the sewer system, impacting water supply and the surface waters. Some drugs, just as the utensils they were used from, have the ability to stay within the soil and livestock (Szyszkowicz et al., 2018). Direct emissions of substance manufactures influence the quality of air around people and animals alike (Szyszkowicz et al., 2018).   * The current situation with substance abuse is harmful not only to the human population, but also to the surrounding animals such as opossums, which could potentially have new forms of mutations as well as less chances to survive. Opossum’s Standpoint   * Consuming something that is not food is rather dangerous, which reduces the chances of survival.   * People ruin their lives, and relieve their aggression caused by substance stimulations onto the innocent animals.   * Waste from the drugs and alcohol such as syringes, empty bottles, packs of cigarettes are often thrown into environment and sometimes inexperienced animals consume them, which intoxicates their body and makes them die.   * Substance residue is everywhere: it can affect the water everyone consumes, the soil, the livestock, the animals. The Harm Inflicted by Substance Abuse   * About a half of suicides and violent crimes are caused by substance abuse (Kim et al., 2019). More than a half road accidents are related to the excessive consumption of drugs and alcohol, who knows how many road accidents related to drugs are killing innocent opossums. The majority of domestic violence reports are caused by or related to substance abuse (Kim et al., 2019). The majority of animal-related violence is connected to substance abuse.   * Drugs and alcohol gravely influence one’s body and brain. First, it affects the immune system, weakening it and making it severely dependent on the substance (Kim et al., 2019). Second, drugs can cause an increase in the aggressive behaviors of a human being, which directly affects the opossum population, since violent humans usually tend to kill the nearby animals with excessive cruelty.   * (Concession) While it is true that substances are harmful both for humans and for the opossums, some people use it to relieve their p
Introduction When seeking a movie that is emblematic of comedy as a genre, one would inevitably mention a film directed by Chaplin, the Modern Times released in 1936 being the most common example. Modern Times was released and distributed by the United Artists Corporation, Chaplin being the main star of the film and impersonating an employee working at an assembly line (“Modern Times” par. 1). Although the film did not belong to any particular movement, it set the standard for slapstick comedy and, therefore, should be seen as a crucial art piece. The plot of Modern Times is surprisingly complex for a comedy. The presence of numerous details and themes elevates the genre and the film to a new level, thus wetting the standards that other movies would try to achieve and supersede in the future. Modern Times starts with the lead character being employed as an assembly line worker. The lead character quickly loses track of his responsibilities and introduces confusion and havoc to his workplace (“Modern Times 1936”). After being imprisoned and then placed in a hospital, he asks to be put in jail again, but with little success. Soon he comes across a little orphan, Ellen, who stole a loaf of bread. The Little Tramp assumes the responsibility for the theft, but a casual witness prevents him from doing so. Afterward, he rescues Ellen from imprisonment and is hired at a department store, where he meets three burglars (“Modern Times – Overview” par. 2). They face numerous challenges as they try to find jobs and escape the police. After a moment of hesitating whether their efforts are worth anything, the Little Tramp and Ellen decide to start their lives anew, which their walk down the road at dawn symbolizes ( Modern Times ). Being a comedy and one of the pioneers of the genre, Modern Times might be seen merely as a combination of physical humor and an absurd premise, yet it also reflects socioeconomic anxieties of the time, thus becoming extraordinarily relatable to its viewers. Genre Analysis The tendency to see “Modern Times” as a staple of the comedy is a rather telling, albeit somewhat subjective, justification for defining the genre of the movie. On the one hand, Modern Times meets the criteria of both Bergson’s and Freud’s definition by representing “something formal under attack by something informal” (Bishop 23). Indeed, in “Modern Times,” Little Tramp challenges the status quo by bringing chaos to the factory, which, on a superficial level, can be viewed as the main source of comedy. On the other hand, the underlying anxiety about the industrial revolution and its possible effects on economic and social issues, such as employment and dependency on automated technology, also becomes the emotional core of the movie (Fawell 21). Thus, “Modern Times” not only establishes the idea of comedy but also expands it, implying that it should not be restricted by its own rules. As a result, the dramatic nature of “Modern Times” also becomes apparent to viewers. The presence of profound social, economic, and philosophi