ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
I have recently watched a few videos and read some articles concerning the Josie King case that occurred in 2001. Josie King was 18 months old when she suffered an accident due to drawing a hot bath in which she sustained serious injuries in the forms of second-degree burns. She was taken to the John Hopkins Hospital where she was treated with skin grafts, medication, and fluids. Josie was able to recover rapidly and was moved to the intermediate care unit of the hospital. However, even as her vitals were normal and the burns were healing, Josie had a high fever, vomiting, and diarrhea. The tests conducted by the doctors did not indicate an underlying illness, and they decided to remove her central line, as they assumed it may have an infection. Josie’s condition immediately worsened and she seemed incredibly thirsty. Her mother, Sorrel King, attempted to give her fluids but was warned not to. Sorrel requested for a physician but her request was denied. Josie was later given Narcan and the doctors advised no further narcotics be given. Josie began recovering, however, with the permission from a doctor, a nurse administered more narcotics to avoid withdrawal. Sorrel King was concerned, but her concerns were ignored and shortly, Josie’s condition worsened until she suffered a cardiac arrest as well as extensive brain damage. She died on the same night. This story has affected me deeply, and I feel both incredibly stressed by the thought that such medical errors continue to occur and also makes me more conscious of the patient’s or the patient’s family’s involvement and concerns during their medical care. The tragedy comes from the fact that not only individual errors occurred during the situation, but large systematic problems such as dehydration were the cause of Josie’s cardiac arrest. The symptoms were there, including diarrhea, extreme thirst, weight loss, but were not considered. Sorrel King has become active in the sphere of patient safety advocacy, which I find incredibly important as the issue was, and continues to be
Introduction Virtue theory, utilitarianism, and deontological theory have both similarities and differences. The foundation of utilitarianism theory is in the principle of utility. This principle emphasizes the need to rely on reason and not metaphysics. Furthermore, the law of greatest happiness is the main ideology behind this theory. Human beings seek to decrease suffering and maximize happiness. Hence, an action that is correct morally must lead to the greatest possible pleasure. On the other hand, the theory of deontology embraces the concept of duty. According to the proponents of deontology, actions should fulfill moral duties without caring whether they make people happy, or not. In other words, the theory of deontology holds that duties define right actions, regardless of their consequences. Main Body Therefore, both deontology and utilitarianism have different approaches to what is morally right. Proponents of deontology embrace moral duties while those of utilitarianism embrace the greatest happiness. Nevertheless, both theories are similar in that they focus on moral actions. Utilitarianism judges actions depending on their consequences while deontology judges actions depending on whether they carry out some set duties. Virtual ethics is another theory that explains moral actions. Aristotle came up with this theory. The theory describes the meaning of living well, for humankind. It considers the result of human existence as eudaimonia. The meaning of eudaimonia is flourishing. That is, human beings wish to live well. However, this theory does not refer to physical happiness, but that of the mind and soul. Aristotle divides virtues into the intellectual and moral virtues, which correspond to the happiness of the mind and soul. He considers virtue as a moral tendency of the mind, which occurs as voluntary action. Moral virtue controls the actions of the emotional part. On the other hand, intellectual virtue determines suitable actions for particular feelings. According to the theory, the greatest happiness can only come from philosophical reflection. Virtue theory resembles the theory of utilitarianism as both theories mention moral action and happiness. However, the two theories differ whereby utilitarianism theory refers to physical happiness as virtual theory refers to the happiness of the mind and soul. The key similarity among all the three theories is that they try to explain morally right actions. A personal Incident to Explain the Relationship between the Three Theories As I grew up, I took care of my younger siblings, since I was the firstborn in a family of five. Two of my siblings were girls while two were boys. My mother who was a nurse instructed me to make sure my two brothers got more food than my two sisters, who were older. Both of my sisters were in their teenage years while my brothers’ ages were 9 and 11 years. Every time during meal times, I served food as per the instructions, but my two sisters always seemed unhappy. I always felt that this was not right as
Introduction Nearly everybody spends a lifetime pursuing happiness and inner gratification; searching for peace. A huge cluster of humanity has been plunged in vain pursuits of redundant dreams, addictions, and even other people, fervent to fill the futility that haunts them. Ironically, the only place we ever need to search is within. The inner self must blend with the outer world for our individual goals to be realized. I found out a long time ago, that I must discover the right ecology to make a perfect match between what comes naturally to me and what the world needs from me. In other words, my career mission can only be accomplished by unifying my greatest job aspirations with my employer’s profound hunger for my skills. I envisage a spiraling climb in my professional ladder as a financial analyst, until I clinch the prized accolade of a financial manager in a banking institution. Certainly, my working milieu will afford me a chance to further discover and polish my life ambition and purposes. Blending my goals and aspirations with the organizational vision will bolster my motivation, passion, and energy for work. The massive task that will broach my preliminary days at the workplace will be the comprehension of my intrinsic needs about my work background. Thus, I will be in a position to discard disempowering relationships and augment a gainful network of loving support to help me achieve stability and supplement productivity. Through a systematic career plan, I will be able to achieve financial abundance as I pursue my passion, making a positive contribution to humanity. A career is not about distress and struggle; it is about living life to the fullest doing what you love (Lore, 2003:pp 67). To achieve this, I will have to hedge any limitations and bottlenecks in my career path. To utilize my creative gifts, special talents, and acquired skills I will have to delve into a thorough self-introspection to ascertain my challenges, threats, and opportunities(Levitt,2006: pp113). Being in tune with what works or does not work for me, will enhance a conscious decision on the journey to pursue self-development. Courage will be an absolute necessity, so I can take full responsibility to develop, train, and transform the self to fit in a daunting challenge packed work environment. Taking Stock Of The Self Self Assessment Unearthing the self is an intimidating, yet very essential journey for all career beginners. It all starts with a simple question; where am I and where do I aspire to be? To answer this question suitably, I will have to take a deep look within and consciously decide the kind of person I am and then get my external reality to harmonize with the inner being. A deep honest look at the self will reveal my strengths, weaknesses, threats, and opportunities (Kregler &Thuesen, 2002: pp 319). I know for sure that being endowed with good communication skills, a factor which gives me a team advantage. Further, am a positive thinker with an undying spirit, failure has never been an option to me, and yes failure never cows me down. This makes me an uncompromising hard worker although I can get irritable
During the past century, child labor has been increasingly viewed critically, despite it having been widely practiced throughout human history. As such, the civilized world has been increasingly attempting to eradicate it. Therefore, the question is raised: what improvements could be made in combating the problem of child labor across the world? Possible answers to this question include the development of a more effective inspection system, health insurance interventions, and a greater collective social effort, all of which can be seen to bring positive changes to the current existing issue. These thesis statements will serve as the framework for the development of the argument of this paper, and their evaluation will offer a comprehensive conclusion. Development of the Argument Overview of the Problem of Child Labor Alongside other socio-economic issues, the phenomenon of child labor possesses a stronger ethical concern because the use of underage individuals for work directly contradicts modern standards of care for children. Even though efforts to eliminate child labor can be seen as largely successful, given this phenomenon is much less present in developed modern countries today, the practice of putting children to work can still be found
Introduction The Republic of Cyprus, like most democratic governments, counted the welfare of citizens as an area of concern. Emulating a model that had been implemented for some time in America, the UK, and other European countries, the University of Cyprus and the Central Bank of Cyprus commenced a domestic version of the Survey of Consumer Finances in 1999. The study is so detailed – the authors report that respondents routinely needed an hour and a half to complete the questionnaire – that it has the potential to inform government policy extensively. Discussion Content and Findings Karagrigoriou and Vonta (2006) report on the results of the triennial Cyprus Survey of Consumer Finances (CySCF) with the express purposes of:   * Defining the structure of family financial assets as they evolved between the 1999 and 2002 CySCF survey runs; and,   * Analyzing the propensity to go into debt. The rationale for embarking on such analyses rests on the political, social, and economic importance of fielding the CySCF itself. As with all such data-gathering, importance is assessed from different perspectives that are either broad or specific in scope. At the level of international economics, for example, the CySCF is rationalized on the basis that it also appears to be considered worthwhile elsewhere in Europe (Finland, Spain, Germany, England, the Netherlands) and America as well. Given that these all count among the wealthier industrialized economies, the island nation took some pride in being the only emerging economy to mount such a survey. From a national macroeconomic point of view, secondly, governments concerned with the welfare of their constituents also track economic wellbeing in point of income, savings, and other financial assets. Viewing matters from their perspective, political economists zero in on the debt burden that consumers bear for they are concerned with the financial risks that families expose themselves to. In technical terms, this was a cross-sectional analysis of the 2002 benchmarking study. At the same time, the availability of the earlier study (the CySCF first ran in 1999) enables a tracking comparison akin to a two-interval longitudinal study. The authors build on partial reporting of the CySCF since Antoniou et al. (2004, qtd. in Karagrigoriou and Vontae, op. cit.) had already done a longitudinal comparison of debt distribution while Kourouyiannis (2005, qtd. in Karagrigoriou and Vontae, op. cit.) had completed a cross-section profiling of Cypriot household assets form the initial survey run. Hence, Karagrigoriou and Vontae advance the state of knowledge by scrutinizing changes on both sides of the family balance sheet as well as reporting on changes in net wealth. Taking the family as the unit under study, two external, macroeconomic factors came into play during the period under review. The first one, a bull run in the domestic stock market and then a crash, implies that families rode the bandw
Introduction The brave new world of social media has captured the attention of academics and media industry players around the world, in large part due to its spectacular growth and the public attention commanded (Perez-Latre et al 2011). Social networks such as, Facebook, YouTube and Twitter have broken the conventional communication mode, bringing about a humanized point-to-point communication which is not only intensifying the connection between subjects and objects by turning communication into interactive discourse (Xie & Sun 2011), but also availing a relatively easy and financially reasonable method to offer information to a wide audience (Stefanone et al 2010). Not surprisingly, therefore, there has been a growing need from media scholars to gain insight into how differing theoretical paradigms have conceptualised audiences with respect to these forms of media (Lester 2012). To expand on this critical research thread, the present paper aims to critically analyse how existing models of audience research inform debates on the use of social media. The paper will proceed as follows: First, a brief description of the ‘audience research’ concept will be provided, followed by an equally concise description of the ‘social media’ concept. Following this, the paper will detail two models of audience research – Encoding/Decoding Model and Uses and Gratifications Theory – and how they inform debates on the use of social media. Every attempt will be made to compare and contrast the models with respect to how they inform debates on the use of social media. The paper will conclude by outlining in brief some of the salient aspects arising from the discussion. Audience Research & Social Media Though used in everyday discourse, media scholars and other commentators are in agreement that the word ‘audience’ is ambiguous and complex to define, in large part due to differences of meanings and conceptual disputes. Therefore, this paper provides an outline of what audience research entails with the view to comprehend, in later sections, how differing
Two specific learning needs the student has as an English learner based on the student’s description and responses The student identified in the case study needs remediation during teaching. From the response that the student gives to the two questions, it is clear that the learner may not understand every English word and sentence during the lesson. For instance, there are no articles and discourse markers in his sentences. It is also worth noting that the parent of this student works for long hours. The implication is that the learner may not have someone to assist him with his homework. The student requires deep and slow explanations of concepts at a personal level in order to achieve the understanding level of others. Since the language grade of this student is below the expected standards with two levels, the learner will require more attention in order to cover more work relative to others. The premise is that, apart from learning earth science during the lesson, this learner will also be learning the English language. Such a student also requires assistance during the lesson. The other need that this student requires is an after-learning follow-up. Although the learner is not badly off in learning the English language, there is a need for constant reminders. The environment that the learner seems to be glowing up in may not be encouraging him to learn more of the English language. For example, the student lives with his brothers, sister, and uncles. All relatives of the student speak Spanish. He also speaks it fluently and hence the reason why he is tempted to use the name ‘abuelita’ and ‘abuelito’ in his written response to his best family day. Since his mother is entitled to work for long hours in order to provide for her family of five, the learner has low interaction levels with her after school. One instructional strategy or student activity from the outline of plans that could be challenging for the student One of the student’s activities that are likely to be very difficult for him is reading the textbook about rock characteristics. The student in question has problem reading materials written in the English language. It is therefore likely to be challenging the learner to read textbooks that are written in the English language. Perhaps the learner is slow in language learning. It will be difficult for the student to distinguish between thousands of textbooks found in the library. Such a challenge will even be made worse by the fact that the learner cannot comprehend English vocabulary. Rock Science is a specialized subject of study, which uses subject-specific language or jargon. Guillermo may not be able to understand the English titles that are written on geology books. For example, the words sedimentary and metamorphic are geological words. Distingu
Introduction Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a method of investigation that appeared at the end of the XX century and continues to develop intensively. It is widely used in medical and biological researches and clinical practice. In general, MRI provides an opportunity to create an image of the biological tissue, using a strong magnetic field. This technology is based on the phenomenon of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (Bushong and Clarke 5). Based on the main principles of magnetic resonance imaging, several approaches exist to increase the speed of images obtaining, including pulse sequence, k-space-filling techniques, and parallel imaging. The Main Principle of Magnetic Resonance Imaging The beginning of the MRI era was connected to the discovering of nuclear magnetism. Stern and Rabi discovered this phenomenon in the 1930s and received the Nobel Prize. After that, Purcell and Bloch firstly described the phenomenon of nuclear magnetic resonance and received a Nobel Prize in 1952. Based on this principle, NMR spectrophotometers were built. In the 1960s, Damadian, using the NMR spectrophotometer in his investigation, showed the difference between spectrums of malignant and normal tissues. In 1974, an NMR image of a rat tumor was first obtained. In 1976, an image of a human body was generated. A technology that was similar to the current one was firstly used by Lauterbur and Mansfield independently. For their discoveries, they shared a Nobel Prize. However, it was required four hours to get the first images (Bushong and Clarke 4-5). Therefore, it was essential to develop new technologies to shorter the needed time. To create an image of the body’s tissue, a strong magnetic field is used in magnetic resonance imaging technology. Current MRI scanners produce a magnetic field which is from 1.5 to 3 Tesla while the Earth’s magnetic field is approximately 0.00005 Tesla. A scanner creates a pulse sequence – a series of changing magnetic gradient and oscillating electromagnetic fields. Produced energy is absorbed by the atomic nucleus (Constantinides 29). In MRI, hydrogen atoms nuclei are used because they are the most common in a human body (as a part of a water molecule). After absorbing the electromagnetic energy, a nucleus emitted it later. The power of emission depends on the numbers and types of presented in the environment nuclei, in other words, on the composition of tissue (Johansen-Berg and Behrens 186). To create an image, magnetic resonance uses the response of the hydrogen nucleus. The atom consists of a single proton and a single electron, orbiting around it. A proton has its spin which means that it rotates around its axis. If a proton is placed into a strong external magnetic field (B 0 ), it changes its orientation and its magneti
Introduction The signs of climate change have become evident, the most noticeable of them being the worldwide average temperature rise. Organizations monitoring climate change assert that even if humanity stops all its greenhouse gases (GHG) emissions, the risen temperatures will remain, as well as sea-level rise due to the irreversible ice cap loss (Hunt et al. , 2018). Concurrently with climate change, the share of the world urban population is constantly increasing, from 30% in 1950 to 54% in 2014 and projected 66% in 2050 (Grafakos et al. , 2018). Hence, it is the primary responsibility for cities’ authorities and other stakeholders to alter the built environment to mitigate climate change and adapt cities to its effects. This paper aims at discussing multiple challenges faced by Abu Dhabi City in the UAE because of global warming, including sea-level rise, heatwaves, air pollution and water shortage. Further, a climate change mitigation and adaptation plan for this city will be proposed, with such measures as green and white roofs, seawalls, green infrastructure and wastewater use. The implementation of this plan will bring the city environmental, economic, and social benefits. Challenges Faced by Abu Dhabi City Abu Dhabi is the capital city of the UAE and the Abu Dhabi Emirate and is located on a triangular island in the Persian Gulf. Abu Dhabi demonstrates the stable growth of the city population, which increased from 1.26 million people in 2010 to 1.8 million people in 2016 (Statistics Centre Abu Dhabi [SCAD], 2019). For the small territory of the city, it is a large number of inhabitants, so the population density in Abu Dhabi reaches 164 persons per square kilometre (SCAD, 2019). Figure 1 shows the distribution of the population density by areas of the city. Figure 1. Abu Dhabi City population density (Environmental Atlas of Abu Dhabi Emirate, no date). The building types in Abu Dhabi City differ from district to district, reflecting different stages of urban development. The Central Business District is characterized by “high-density city blocks