ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction International terrorism is one of the foremost security threats in the 21st century, and the United States is not exempt from the risk of terrorist attacks. National Preparedness Goal outlines such mission areas as prevention of an “imminent, threatened, or actual act of terrorism” and response, or the swift reaction to save lives and protect property (“Threat and Hazard Identification,” p. 4). The duty to prevent and respond to terrorist acts on American soil largely falls to the first responders, who constitute “the primary line of defense for US communities” (“First responders,” n.d.). As one may assume, countering or responding to terrorist events carries multiple risks for everyone involved, and those first of the scene bear the brunt of these. The possible risks include failures to establish an effective flow of information and contact with private security, misunderstanding of threats due to outdated cybersecurity models, hostile environment, and the inability to reassure the population in its security. Insufficient Information One of the risks involved in either preventing or countering an international terrorist event on US soil is the potential inability to ensure an effective flow of information. National Response Framework (2016) points out that ensuring stable communication between all emergency responders and between them and the local population is pivotal in responding to a terrorist attack (p. 25). First responders themselves have consistently stressed that their primary concern when
The emergence of modern technologies has empowered different professionals to design powerful applications and systems for improving health outcomes. Public health informatics is a field that has been catalyzed by this technological development. This concept focuses on public health systems and applications that can support the needs of communities and populations. Public health informatics also includes a wide range of interventions that are outside the medical care system. This paper gives a detailed analysis of public health informatics. Public Health Informatics Application and Human “Users” Aziz (2017) acknowledges that public health informatics is a field that entails the application of information technology (IT) in any particular manner that is aimed at improving or promoting people’s health outcomes. This discipline is meaningful since it has been expanded to include any form of intervention embraced within the wide field of public health to maximize people’s outcomes (Coye, 2016). This means that the field covers numerous initiatives and models that are applied inside and outside healthcare settings. From this kind of argument, it becomes quite clear that the public health informatics involve a human “user” that interacts with public health informatics applications. For instance, any kind of technology that has been designed to promote people’s health outcomes can be described as public health informatics. Sepulveda (2014) indicates that the field of public health informatics has suffered significantly due to the inability of different professionals to appreciate modern inventions that have the potential to mitigate various health problems. This gap explains why it has been impossible for many societies and communities to create effective healthcare delivery systems to prevent and/or treat various illnesses. From this analysis, it is evident that public hea
Introduction Deforestation was largely driven by the need to meet man’s needs. In the beginning, these were subsistence-based and individualistic; therefore, the level of destruction was not as enormous. Ancient populations highly depended on wood for fuel, and needed access to land for agriculture. The rise of industrialisation deflated pressures on forests for fuel, but technological developments caused commercialisation of tree-cutting. Patterns of deforestation since early modern times 1600s In the 1600s, deforestation was employed in order to provide man with land for agricultural use. Fire was the preferred method of forest balding among native populations. However, because the population was small, the effects of their activities were not as substantial at the time. 1 Later on, European settlers started moving into areas that were previously dominated by natives. They regarded forests as features that needed to be removed. In fact, most farmers in those early times spent most of their time clearing forests, making fences and establishing a new system of agriculture. Implements were few and far between, thus making the methods of deforestation less dependent on technology. However the pioneer farmer was still well aware of the importance of his forests in his life. He did not plan on eliminating all forests because they were crucial resource points. They provided him with food for fuel and house fencing. Forests were also a rich source of nuts, berries and other products. Axmen did most of the clearing through direct cutting. Alternatively, they would cut vital elements of the tree in order to cause the upper part of the tree to fall off gradually. 2 1700s In the 1700s shipbuilding became a common activity. The birth of the naval store affected the pattern of deforestation in Britain. A naval store encompassed all those products that were needed in order to run ships. Sails, ropes and planks in the ships required products derived from trees. In the previous century, pioneer farmers had discovered the commercial value of certain tree products. Alongside the products, timber itself was sold to various households through community markets. The products that were derived from trees included tar, turpentine, pitch and potash; they could all be used for various purposes. A critical shift in the eighteenth century occurred w
In an article entitled “Further evidence for infection of pigs with human-like H1N1 influenza viruses in China” by Hai Yu et al which appeared in the 3 rd of January 2009 issue of Virus Research journal, a detailed molecular virology study has been reported which gives important scientific explanation that can help explain the current re-emergence of human like H1N1 influenza virus, and why pigs are important reservoirs of the influenza infection. Swine influenza is an acute respiratory disease caused by influenza virus which can lead to clinical manifestation including fever and acute respiratory distress in pigs, birds and even humans (Brown, 2000). The disease is common in China which has been regarded as the historic epicenter of the pandemic influenza viruses (Shortridge and Stuart-Harris, 1982). According to Ito et al (1998) and Peiris et al (2001), “the tracheal epilithium in pigs expresses receptors for both humans and avian influenza viruses, and this provides a biological basis for the susceptibility of pigs to both avian and human influenza viruses”. Pigs therefore act as important reservoirs of the influenza infection as they offer opportunity for human avian and human viral genetic “mixing” through co-infections, replications, and re-assortment which can also lead to inter-species transmissions (Brown, 2000; Landolt et al ., 2003). In the study by Hai Yu et al (2009), various molecular virology methods were used for understanding the molecular epidemiology of the influenza virus and unraveling the dynamics of the of the influenza zoonosis. The influenza viruses were isolated from pigs by inoculation and culture in embryonated chicken eggs (Yu et al , 2007). Viral RNA was then extracted from infected allantoic fluids and then reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) done before cloning the transcripts into appropriate cloning vector (PMD18-T Vector), and then sequencing of the viral genes before phylogenetic analysis using bioinformatics tools (Hai Yu et al , 2009). In the study under review, serum samples were also collected from pigs and serological analysis was done using haemagglutination inhibition (HAI) tests (WHO, 2002), and neutralizing antibody immunoassays for determination of cytopathic effects of the viruses (Hai Yu et al , 2009). The study reported for the first time, “the co-existence of recent (about 2000) human-like and early (1980s) human-like swine H1N1 influenza viruses in pigs in China” (Hai Yu et al , 2009). This was shown by the sequence homology assays, and the phylogenetic relationship and lineage analysis which detected the existence of human, classical swine, and avian strains of the influenza virus in the pigs. Molecular analysis for the determination of antigenic sites detected the interspecies transmission of H1N1 influenza virus from human to pigs and also showed interspecies conserved glycosylation sites in the swine viruses. Glycosylation sites analysis was important in understanding how new influenza virus strains are generated in the pigs (Schulze, 1997; Hai Yu et al , 2009). The study also showed that the “human-li
Introduction In the early 20 th century, the art culture in France took a dynamic turn from conventional art to adopt a contemporary form of art known as cubism. Initially, cubism was not widely accepted but pioneer cubists such as Pablo Picasso and George Braque played a pivotal role in perpetuating the new form of art to the mainstream. There are two distinct types of cubism; analytical and synthetic, the main difference between them being in the composition. The basic principle of cubism is the degeneration of an image, which is then re-assembled into an abstract image to articulate several viewpoints. The aim of cubism is to use a single image to depict different ideas hence allowing one single image to portray different perceptions. Cubism heavily relies on randomness thus the artwork generally lacks depth but is greatly enriched in expression. A significant influence to early cubism is Paul Cézanne (1839-1906); Cézanne was the first artist to paint with hints of cubism after he abandoned the application of depth in all of his paintings. He was of the view that paintings should embrace a two dimensions scope in order to show the difference between art and real objects (Becker 1). In line with this ideology, Cézanne abandoned the conventional three dimension perspective approach and removed special features and perspective elements from his work. In order to accentuate his paintings and still underscore his two dimension approach, Cézanne opted for abstract work and the tonal variation of color. This approach is prominent in most cubist paintings. Comparison between analytical and synthetic cubism Analytical cubism focuses more on breaking down an image into its many forms and viewpoints in order to “analyze” the image in all the possible angles and context, to the illusion of a three dimension appearance (Honour & Fleming 121). Synthetic cubism on the other hand focuses more on the imitation of an image usually using bright colors or collage hence the artwork is more often two dimension. A typical Cubist painting depicts real or natural objects from variable viewpoints, showing many parts of the subject at the same time (Becker 1). Such paintings can be viewed from different angles and this is achieved by reconstructing an image into a composition of geometric shapes planes and colors. The end result is the illusion of reconfiguration of space, where all sides of an object can be viewed on a two dimension plane (Hunter et al 19). History and composition Analytical cubism was the first form of cubism to be developed in the early 20 th century and that was between 1905 and 1912. Analytical cubism aimed to reduce natural forms into geometric subjects with altered viewpoints and spatial cues. This form of cubism did not rely much on color and usually dark colors like grey and blue were used (Honour & Fleming 122). Rather than color, analytical cubism tried to portray natural forms in geometric shapes like spheres, cubes and cylinders. Synthetic cubism was th
Communication is vital to the success of any organization. Communication always determines success or failure of many firms. A poorly packaged communication has a potential of bringing down a well-prepared project, or even an entire firm (Stuart, Sarow & Stuart, 2007). Best Games Productions is faced with a serious dilemma. It is considered the best provider of games for holiday fun. The production department has worked on an ambitious plan of introducing a new game to the market in the forthcoming holiday. The marketing and publics relation departments have informed the public of this and the market is eagerly waiting. Unfortunately, the quality control department has realized that bugs affect the game. This means that their introduction to the market in that form will cause customer dissatisfaction. According to this department, the bugs must be eliminated, and this means that more time must be created for this. However, other departments and including the shareholders are waiting to reap from this new game in the coming holiday and cannot afford the delay. This dilemma calls for a sound solution, and a proper communication to all parties concerned if the firm is to retain its market lead. Best Games Production has well-established culture, values and ethics that form its core competitive benefit. It has a culture of creativity and innovativeness (through its production department) that has helped it to attract a large market segment hence increasing its market share. Important values that it has maintained through marketing department are efficiency, teamwork and timely deliveries. This department has also maintained customer satisfaction by maintaining positive communication and promise fulfillment. Through its quality control department, the firm has ensured that it produces games that are up to the market standards. Customer satisfaction is also considered as part of ethics, according to this department. Production department feels that it should be allowed to go ahead with mass production. The quality control department is of the view that production should be delayed and the games debugged. The finance department wants production continued so that more finance is raised. The marketing department would like to fulfill its promise and therefore wants the products in the market as soon as possible. The public relation department is torn between promise delivery and public image. There must be a middle ground for all these departments. A compromise must therefore be found to meet the demands of each department. Best Games Production has gradually developed for the past several years to reach its current position in the market. Through its culture, values and ethics, it has successfully acquired the market share that it currently holds.
Ernest Hemingway emerged as one of America’s more colorful writers in the early to mid-1900s, presenting himself as the ultimate man’s man, worldly traveler, mighty hunter and hard-drinking spinner of tales. Within a short span of time, 1925-1929, he had established himself as having produced some of the most important literary fiction in his century. His short stories focused on the virtues held by men a generation or two earlier than him as well as the effects and aftereffects of war. He was able to keenly observe what was going on around him in nature as well as in human affairs thanks to his early years while his newspaper experience gave him the ability to cut to the heart of a story (Griffin, 1999). Yet each story contained a deeper message within the lines, if the reader felt the desire to go searching for it. He believed in omitting extra details as a way of strengthening his stories. He compared this to an iceberg. Just like only the top 1/8th of an iceberg can be seen above the water with the rest remaining below the surface providing it with its momentum and dignity, Hemingway believed his stories should follow the same structure. Although some critics loved him, others said his stories were shallow. “He had no sympathy for women, they said, portraying them either as manhood-destroying bitches or as mere objects of sexual domination” (Lynn, 1987: 10). A close reading of his stories reveals not only the messages the author intended to send, but also some insights as to the way he felt about things. In The Old Man and the Sea, Hemingway reveals his conception of heroism not as a measure of the glory and recognition his character receives, but instead in the determination of the struggle. The story is not a long one, although it is longer than a short story. Comprised of approximately 100 pages, The Old Man and the Sea details five days in the life of Santiago, who is an old Cuban fisherman who was once known as the champion fisherman of his village but has recently had a streak of bad luck, not having caught a single fish in 84 days by the time the story opens. Santiago is attended by his young apprentice, Manolin, who seems to be the only person in the village he still loves, but Manolin’s parents are concerned about their boy working on a boat that catches no fish and order him to work on someone else’s boat. Despite this, Manolin remains dedicated to Santiago, recognizing in him qualities that are not present in any of the other fishermen. In an effort to try to break his losing streak, Santiago sets off alone into the Gulf Stream in his little boat to try to catch one of the big fish that live out there. He hooks a giant marlin by noon, but the fish is too strong for Santiago to pull in and the little boat is dragged behind the fish as it tries to get away. Santiago fights with the fish for two days and nights before it finally begins to show signs of fatigue, but in the process, Santiago’s hands have been ripped open, he ha
Major League Baseball Players Association (union) is an association of expert major league baseball players. The association was founded in the 1953. In 1966, Marvin Miller from united steel workers association was hired to head the organization. He served as an executive Director until 1953. In 1977, Donald Fehr joined the MLBPA. In 1985, he was named an executive director. He led the association through the Major League Baseball strike in 1994. He then stepped down in 2009. The Major League Baseball Association is a communal negotiating representative for major league baseball’s players. The association consists of 1,200 players (“Encyclopedia Britannica Online” par.1). MLB constitutes of major experts sports league of Canada and United States. It consists of 30 teams, 1 in Canada and 29 in the United States. MLB manages the global baseball classics. It has the fifth highest average attendance among NLF, AFL, Bundeslinga and premier league sports. It is governed by Major League Baseball Association constitution (Okrent, Lewin & Nemec 33). Role of Major League Baseball Players Association The Major Baseball League Association has various roles in the modern world. One of it roles is to protect the rights of the players. It negotiates employment contracts in a collective order
The federal government in the United States like many other governments in the world separates the state and religion as well as secular organizations. However, these organizations opinions are usually put in to consideration when the government or the state is settling down on some sensitive issues. In most cases, the secular organizations opinions differ from the religious organizations opinion though they may be at consensus in a few instances. Also, the opinions of the religious organizations may differ depending on the beliefs of the various religions that are present in every nation some of which include Christianity, Islam, Judaism, Buddhist and others. Just to mention but a few, some of the religious organizations prevailing in the United States include United States Conference of Catholic Bishops, the Religious Action Centre of Reform Judaism, the National Council of Churches and others. In 1947, the federal government ruled that no taxpayer’s money would be used to fund any religious activity. Though there is a legal barrier between the government and religion, there is no law prohibiting public officials from making personal religious view nor does the law prohibit the interaction between the religion and culture. This is because religion which supports morality is a very basic pillar in any patriotic nation (Anon 4). However, religion plays a very important role in the American politics as well as public policy (Duncan & Jones 132) The religious and the secular arguments concerning individual policies probably on immigration, climate change, national drug policy and federal funding for stem cell research differ a great deal since these two areas differ a lot in making. Religion is mainly based upon the supernatural and the spiritual believes whereby their arguments are more inclined in the word while the secular world is more inclined towards science which helps human beings to better understand the natural world mainly through facts (Wuthow 156). Religion particularly the Christians opinion on immigration is that people should not be limited on where they should live since their own Jesus Christ was an immigrant on his birth and immigrated severally during his mission on earth. Catholics propose that all people are one God’s family on earth (Kerwin para. 4). This differs from the secular approach on immigration since various factors have to be considered before immigrants are allowed in a foreign country. On climate change, religion differs from artificial methods of climate alteration by scientists since God alone should determine weather and climate. Human beings should only maintain or restore Gods creation (Lever-Tracy 236). A survey undertaken by the SMART Recovery group in the United States showed that the secular individuals participate more than the religious people due to their religious beliefs (Kleiman 729). On the same issue most religious groups differ with the secular a