ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The Rise and Demise of Ancient Civilizations Quigly argues that civilizations rise and fall naturally. The Aztec empire rose, reached its peak and then collapsed. In Guns, germs, and steel, Diamond argues that certain civilizations had an advantage over others and this in part led to their conquest or demise over the millennium. The diamond indicates that Europeans and Conquistador had advanced technology than the Mesoamericans and with an unnatural thirsty for wealth and Christianizing zeal. Europeans prevailed over the Mesoamericans because of their technological strength (Jones, Wood, & Borstelm, 2004). In light of Quigly essay, I support Diamonds thesis. This paper will specifically apply the argument of Diamond to Aztec civilization. The arrival of Europeans It is without a doubt the technology, Christianity, and unnatural thirst for wealth helped European civilizations to conquer Mesoamerican civilizations (Blattner, 2000). Cortes and his infantry arrived in Mesoamerica and specifically in Aztec civilization at a time when Aztec inhabitants were expecting a white god, and this gave them a chance to fake the entire story of Aztecs (Jones, Wood, & Borstelm, 2004). Cortes was given a godly welcome, and that gave the Spanish some leeway in terms of invading the empire. The Spanish had sophisticated weapons with the best technology that effectively worked against the Aztecs. Diseases The Aztec civilization was not solely conquered by sophisticated arms and the best technology; the Spanish army introduced deadly diseases that weakened the Aztecs and made it easier to conquer them (Edmonds-Poli, 2008). They introduced smallpox, which upon exposure led to deaths of millions of Aztecs. The population stabilized at six million, meaning that more than nineteen million Aztecs succumbed to smallpox. For many years, Europeans had been known as conquerors in the field of exploration and expansion, but their expansion in Mesoamerica and specifically in Aztec civilization happened at a smaller level (Jones, Wood, & Borstelm, 2004). Both civilizations acted and behaved in line with their technological and cultural factors. The technology of Aztecs was primitive to that wielded by the Europeans. This does not mean Aztec civilization was weak. It was the strongest civilization in Mesoamerica. They used military alliances and conquests to create a strong empire (Jones, Wood, & Borstelm, 2004). The Aztecs amassed their riches by collecting taxes and resources from the conquered empires and kept strong. However, their defeat is attributed to the advanced weapons and technology used by the Europeans. Opportunities offered to Cortes Cortes, after gaining entry into the territory of Aztecs, he took advantage of the chance offered to him and overthrew the Aztecs (Jones, Wo
Al – Jazeera TV is Biased in its Reporting The emergence of technology that facilitates a comprehensive coverage of news in real-time has enabled many media outlets to reach millions of viewers globally. The modernization of the media industry has also escalated live streaming of news online. It is notable that the sovereignty, autonomy, and information over personal analysis determine the level of news coverage objectivity. However, some media outlets have failed the objectivity test because of their partiality when it comes to reporting certain events. This paper discusses the notion that some media outlets are biased and focuses the debate on the Al –Jazeera Television. Al – Jazeera is the largest media outlet in the Middle East reporting events mostly to the Arab world. Presently, Al – Jazeera has also expanded to the Western world. Notably, individuals in the private sector own and run the media outlet. The media outlet is insensitively anti – Israel and America. Al – Jazeera tend to report events involving Arabs and Islam positively and objectively. However, it has remained deeply against the Western ideals in its reporting of conflicts. The way it covers news in which the Western nations are involved normally shows a bias. This has been noted in its one-sidedness, unequal presentation, and unreasoned opinion on its commentaries. It is notable that countries such as Algeria, Morocco, and Bahrain among others have alleged that Al – Jazeera is biased in its reporting of events. The media outlet’s leniency towards Iraq has been evident in its reporting. The media outlet reported anti – occupation aggression news in Iraq, which received global condemnation. In fact, the media outlet appears to be facilitating a psychological conflict with its fundamentalist opinions. Al – Jazeera normally report news about the search for democracy in some Arab countries experiencing revolution. The media outlet has equated revolutions in Egypt and Libya with the ejection of totalitarianism in the search for political order. However, Al – Jazeera fails to report the lack of democracy in Qatar. For example, Qatar does not conduct elections and the citizenry have no basic political rights. This is an indication of bias because it delivers sensational reports about problems
Introduction In the book Cosmopolitanism: Ethics in a World of Strangers” by Kwame Anthony Appiah, the author has categorically described the value of differing cultures and the methods which are primarily used to keep two varying cultures from staying poles apart. In the first chapter, the author talks about the facts and values, wherein values are simply desires or preferences. While values differ from culture to culture, there are a few values which are common to all, such as kindness, love and non-violence. This falls under the aspect of positivism, while facts and beliefs have subjective quality. Values should therefore be seen as tools which are essential for the business of living. Values here are a part of the shared values of discourse. The narrative value here is partly human and embedded values. According to Appiah, is possible owing to shared values and shared opinions (Appiah 30). Main body Persuasion is directly dependent on shared coordinates, which in turn would allow you to develop a better story by allowing you to fathom the flaws of the current story (Appiah 34). According to Appiah, our belief system stems from biology, which includes, color systems and the perception of objects in the world, while the rest are dependent on culture, upbringing and learning. While there is only one reality, humans make various attempts to understand that theory. Likewise, owing to the wide array of mathematical formulas, we always try and apply experiments and beliefs to ensure that we reach on the correct value. Appiah discusses moral disagreements, which occur within and across different societies. Here, different kinds of conflicts exist in thick and thin. Likewise, morals and taboos vary (Appiah 36-57) While taboos require the individuals to be purified, moral violations are not explained that way. Likewise, the feeling of disgust is biological, although it is based on culture. Metaphysical and religious matters are directly linked with issues of prohibition. Virtues and vices, which are acknowledged widely amongst human societies, have strong local values attached (Appiah, 57) Vices and virtues are openly textured. In the case of a disagreement, the cause is often looked upon as an epitome of judgment and discretion. Hence, vices and virtues are contestable, which means that they can be argued with ease. Likewise, our thoughts, actions and feelings are based on the basis of our evaluated language skills. Likewise, we should always try and take others interests seriously and try to expand our knowledge base by putting ourselves in their shoes. In case of moral matters, we might not share a language, we may share a language but apply it in different ways, and we might share a language and apply it in the same way but digress in terms of the values and virtues. In the chapter, The Primacy of Practice, the Appiah clearly states that life in civilized worlds is directly dependent on our agreement towards certain practices, such as indulging in charitable work and purchasing essential goods, with actually thinking as to why we did so. Such agreements are called incomplete theorized agreements (Appiah 71). Hence,
Artificial intelligence is applied on an everyday basis and infiltrating into the majority of the spheres of life. Such obvious activities as purchasing products in a supermarket, visiting a museum, or driving to particular locations predominantly imply resourcing to modern technologies. Artificial intelligence, including such directions as computer-assisted instruction and deep learning, appears to be neutral only at first sight. Whether observed more detailed and carefully, it may significantly influence the interests of humanity considerably in particular cases (Laukyte et al., 2019). In the majority of spheres of life, mathematical calculations are extremely beneficial. However, on the condition that artificial intelligence plays a too considerable role in a life of a person, which involves revealing repetitive behavioral algorithms, this occasion may redound upon the users. Therefore, it may lead to the limitation of human rights (Cataleta, 2020). This way, the purpose of this paper is to outline whether further development and spreading of artificial intelligence are threatening human rights. The statements that modern technologies tend to improve and relieve some tasks in the routine are common. In fact, this aspect appears to be true-to-life, and our artificial intelligence is an integral part of the lifestyle. Moreover, almost every person is convinced that he or she is safe while surfing the Internet, but the reality is the opposite. The contradiction between the advantages of AI and the limitation of human rights manifests in the field of personal privacy to a larger extent. This right is the basic need of each person, which is essential for safe and decent living standards. However, in the digital space, as well as when an individual uses applications and social networks, a considerable amount of personal data is collected (Livingston & Risse, 2019). It can be applied for creating an account without the knowledge of the user and predicting people’s behavior. Some algorithms may suppress the freedom of expressing opinions and gathering in a group. It is apparent Facebook and YouTube use the mechanisms of filtering for extremist content with rabble-rousing (Laukyte et al., 2019). The incentive to limit the spreading of such materials and the opacity of content moderation causes concerns. Another issue, which leads to apprehensions, regards the automatic filtration of the user-generated content at the moment of its downloading due to possible intellectual property rights violations (Laukyte et al., 2019). In some cases, automatic technologies address the rights the freedom of expression of opinion and privacy protection. Bots, targeted advertisements, and spam are promoted in terms of applying algorithms to determine the content of the particular user (Livingston & Risse, 2019; Liu & Zaweiska, 2017). The conflict between modern technologies and human rights reveals in the field of face identification. Being an extremely
The paradox of national prohibition is shown in the law’s simultaneous substantial reduction of alcohol consumption and its loss of popular support because of perceived ineffectiveness. Declining public enthusiasm for the liquor ban did not lead inevitably to repeal, the essay argues, because the actual and assumed difficulties of further constitutional amendment were so formidable. A well-organized pressure group and the unique method of amendment ratification by popularly elected state conventions contributed to the success of the repeal effort. Among the consequences of national prohibition’s perceived failure and rapid fall, the essay concludes, are as yet unresolved questions about the proper role of law in dealing with alcohol abuse as well as continuing political caution regarding any proposed constitutional amendment. Many of the essays which follow deal in one way or another with issues of alcohol control and the impact of constitutional change. The Temperance Movement was popular in the USA during the first two decade of the 19 th century. The battle over adoption of national prohibition and the implementation of the law disrupted organized labor, Prior to 1919 the scientific and medical community, the American Medical Association in particular, contributed influential arguments in support of a national ban on alcoholic beverages despite its own internal divisions of opinion on the issue, The problem is that none of these services are improved prior to the advent of alcohol prohibition. The city, county, and state do not have the available funds. Thus, these changes must await the increased revenues from real estate taxes and luxury taxes. None of these services improve in time. It makes sense to slow down the development of new markets to permit the public facilities to catch up. The law enforcement agencies in Atlantic City felt that they had a good chance to do this because the members of organized crime had not hitherto focussed their operations on Atlantic City. Members of organized crime would have to move into the city. The prohibition gave the Control Commission strong powers to eliminate the influence of organized crime from the ownership. Liquor licenses were examined for evidence that owners were involved in organized crime activities. However, a great many goods and services are involved in peripheral activities, and these are not subject to any regulation. The need to prohibit alcohol is explained by the following facts. There still remains the problem of attribution of the accident to alcohol consumption. It is not beyond the bounds of possibility that some of these accidents may have occurred even though no driver or rider involved in them had consumed alcohol. At the same time, some of the accidents in which no driver or rider was over the legal limit may have been due to the reduction in driving skills known to take place in susceptible individuals at blood alcohol levels below the legal limit. A forthcoming re
Introduction Learners study criminal justice courses for many reasons. The psychological study of the law enables students to diversify their career objectives. An understanding of psychology can enable a person to find a job opportunity in the criminal justice system (Greene, Heibrun, & Fortune, 2011). Psychology affects both authorities and offenders. The purpose of this article is to outline the function of a psychologist in the criminal justice system. The structure may be made up of applied scientists, basic scientists, policy evaluators, and advocates. Through this, comprehensive illustrations of each of these roles are illustrated within law enforcement, correction, and a court system. Law enforcement setting The law enforcement section consists of both the applied and basic scientist. Applied scientists comprise of workers with an associate degree specializing in law enforcement, corrections, or courts. Basic scientists are employees who have undergone basic training after high school completion. In this section, psychologists act as organizational development advisors, performance results evaluation counselors, and behavioral psychologists. For example, psychologists provide consultation, psychological services, and pieces of advice to applied scientists (Althouse, 2010). Th
Introduction The boiling point denotes the temperature position where the liquid-vapor pressure establishes an equilibrium with the atmospheric pressure, thus necessitating the liquid to transform into the gaseous phase (boiling). The molecular configuration of compounds in the liquid state is relatively closely packed compared to particles in gaseous compounds. This molecular proximity permits them to interact via non-covalent bonds. The interactions assist the binding of molecules in a definite volume and flow freely within the confined space. However, molecules of gaseous composites in a particular enclosed volume are sparsely distributed, thus having weaker non-covalent forces than liquids. Consequently, when the liquid is heated, the molecular interactions are broken by the energy, thus changing to the gaseous state. Conceptually, the transition is signified by the formation of vapor bubbles. This experiment aims to provide acquaintance with the steps involved in physical properties evaluation and recognize unidentified samples using their boiling points. The test employs a temperature range to ascertain the boiling points of the given organic liquids. This temperature domain symbolizes the liquid-gas shift at 760 mmHg of pressure (Boiling Point, 2021). Nevertheless, several organic compounds may share similar boiling points despite the element being an intrinsic physical feature of a blend. Experimental Procedure A volume of about 5 ml of the liquid was inserted in a 10 ml test tube. A one-end wrapped capillary tube was immersed into the liquid with its unsealed end down. The test tube was tightly secured onto a thermometer using a rubber band. After that, the whole apparatus assembly was clamped to t
Gender in “The Laramie Project” and “How I Learned to Drive” “The Laramie Project” is a play written by Moises Kaufman at the very beginning of the 21 st century. It describes the events that took place at the end of the 1990s when a male student was murdered because he was homosexual. “How I Learned to Drive” is a play written by Paula Vogel that describes the life of a woman, Li’l Bit and her sexually abusive relationships in the play. The characters of these stories do not have much in common. However, they are severely affected by their gender identification, which makes them experience numerous problems. Matt and Li’l Bit were constantly facing gender stereotypes, which prevented them from living their lives as they wanted to. For Matt, “money meant nothing” while his expensive trendy shoes “might have meant something” (Kaufman et al. 19). Matt also did not fit in as he was very intelligent and polite. One of the people who knew Matt personally stressed that the young man had been an embodiment of “absolute mannerisms” that involved manners, “intelligence,” and politeness (Kaufman et al. 19). Matt never “had any problem just striking up a conversation” and tried to be respectful (Kaufman et al. 20). Such behavior was not consistent with the gender stereotypes that existed. In Li’l Bit’s family, a similar situation can be observed. Her grandfather always made fun of her desire to receive education as she had large breasts. Li’l Bit assumes that she must have “implanted radio transmitters” that make men think like that (Vogel 39). Gender stereotypes also affect the girl’s sexual life as she is taught to be submissive as all females should be nice and beautiful. She also feels “self-conscious” all the time as she believes that someone is constantly looking at her (Vogel 37). The girl stresses that she feels that such stereotypes or “alien life forces” make her feel devastated (Vogel 38). The two characters can also be associated with a metaphor of a drive Vogel created to tell her story. Li’l Bit’s drive is her life and her memories (Brantley). However, the drive can also be a metaphor for the characters attempts to come to terms with their gender and the way society sees it. Driving a car is related to following many rules and norms. However, living life as a gay in Wyoming or a girl with a very feminine body is also associated with following norms. When people break those laws or rules, they are punished. Li’l Bit was punished as she did not have any healthy relationships with men while Matt was killed. In conclusion, the plays in question unveil many vices of the modern society. People like Matt or Li’l Bit are often regarded as people who do not want to be like everybody else. However, everyone is different, which is a characteristic feature of the human society. Gender stereotypes make many people suffer as they cannot find their place in the world. In many cases, this inability to fit in results in wasted opportunities or death. Religion in “The Laramie Project” and “August Osage County” Religion is an indispensable part of people’s life defining their values, behaviors, dreams, and so on.
Introduction Proper nutrition is very important when it comes to athletes because of the amount of exercise and energy consumption is very high and hence the athlete needs some nutrition to keep him going. If the athlete does not obtain proper nutrition, the performance of the athlete will not only decrease but it will also affect his health in everyday life. A sensible athlete knows all this and understands that exercise has to be paired with proper nutrition if one wants to stay healthy and perform well. All the energy that we need for life and for exercise comes only from the food we eat and fluids we drink (Quinn, E., 2007). Food and drinks have different nutrients that are necessary for out body to function properly. For example, proteins, minerals, carbohydrates, fats are all necessary for daily functioning of the body and all this is obtained from food only. Therefore this shows how important proper nutrition is. This paper will talk about how proper nutrition improves performance. It will give a few recommendations regarding what should be consumed by athletes before a game and what should they have in daily life. Towards the end, it will outline a few more ways how an athlete can remain healthy. Five Ways How Proper Nutrition Improves Performance Proper nutrition is very important to boost the performance of athletes, in this case, a hockey team. Proper nutrition means that the athlete is consuming the necessary nutrients that its body demands for everyday functioning. This is very important in order for the body. Therefore proper nutrition results in good health and hence this results in good performance. The following are the ways how good nutrition improves performance. First of all, proper nutrition acts like fuel for exercise. Just like fuel is the running power in a car, proper nutrition is important when it comes to human beings. Carbohydrates are the best source of fuel for exercise. Food products with carbs get broken down to sugar or glucose which is stored in the body and when a person exercises, these provide the energy that is required. This shows the importance of having proper nutrition in order to maintain good performance. Proper nutrition also helps store energy and helps enhance speed and improve stamina of the athletes. This is important for a sport like hockey which requires a lot of exercise because it is all about speed and stamina. When an athlete has proper nutrition, he does not run out of breath and can run and move at faster speeds allowing him an edge over the other team/player. After exercise, proper nutrition helps in rebuild muscles which makes the athletes ready for future exercises. If this is not done, it will be impossible for the athlete to perform again. His muscles will not function is proper nutrition is not consumed. Proteins play the role of rebuilding of muscles. There