ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Vietnam War is the American’s longest war. During the war, there were many turning points that influenced on the flaw of it and “changed its direction”. The Gulf of Tonkin Resolution that occurred in August 7, 1964, was one of the major turning points in the United States military involvement into the flow of the Vietnam War. The official title of the resolution was The Joint Resolution to Promote the Maintenance of International Peace and Security in Southeast Asia . George Moss (2010) mentions that “the key language in the 300-word document that granted Johnson the constitutional authority he later used to wage a war in Vietnam” (p. 173). The Resolution was not just another event in the history of the United States, it was really a major turning point because in has a great “impact on the Ohioans many of whom were members of the armed forces during the Vietnam War. Bealsville, Ohio, lost more people per capita in the Vietnam War than any other community in the United States” (“Gulf of Tonkin Incident”, 2005). In addition, Resolution also had a historical significance as this allowed the presidents greatly increase the involvement of the U.S. in the South Vietnam and have an “uncontrolled” interference in the war actions between South and North Vietnam, including the armed forces. The number of American troops there became more than 500,000. This led to enormous losses. More than 55,000 Americans who were engaged in fighting had been killed, as well as thousands of Vietnam people. The events preceding the Resolution were very important. First of all, after the Kennedy’s death, Johnson assumed the presidency and pro-American military leadership replaced the governing of Diem. The year 1964 was the year of elections and Johnson needed to “neutralize” Goldwater somehow. So, he stood against the “Communist threat” in Vietnam. It was announced that two American destroyers, the USS Maddox and the USS Turner Joy, were attacked by the Vietnamese forces, though the United States did not provoke these attacks. But, actually, “the United States provoked these attacks when they supported South Vietnamese commandos by letting them use American worships to identify North Vietnamese radar stations”. (Moss, 2010, p. 458). These events were named “the Gulf of Tonkin Incident” that permitted to accept the Resolution that worked as a legal justification of the president’s actions directed on the increasing of the American participation in the war. The events that were caused by this Resolution also were significant. First of all, it convinced American people in the fact that the Congress was confident in Johnson and his poll number quickly rose from 42 to 72 %, moreover, he got an individual power. Later, the Americans realized that they deceived. Cynthia Ann Watson (2002) says that “ The Gulf of Tonkin Resolution has had memorable effect on U. S. national security policy” (p. 170). After the events caused by resolution, many questions aroused about the real course of those events. Many scientists assume that ther
Introduction Although the proposed the venture can be beneficial to both sides, Stanford Medical Center (SMC) needs to consider various trade-offs that might emerge during the establishment and consideration of the business processes. Analysis First, SMC has to pay attention to services and products that the venture is going to include. The services proposed in the venture are human-based and impossible without the engagement of professionals and skilled personnel, which will require investments in staff’s repositioning and relocation. However, the identified expenses can be covered by SMC as the proposed business idea is a for-profit medical tourism center, which SMC will manage in the future according to the terms of the agreement. According to Berkowitz (2016), if the business is for-profit, some portion of this profit is often directed to shareholders. Thus, profits that will be gained by the facility (tourist medical center) can potentially cover the expenses SMC will have to endure and even provide revenues to the hospital. Another consideration is the product line that is not specified in the case study. As this is a co-branding arrangement, prior to the launch of the services under the logo of SMC, both the Vietnamese government and SMC itself need to control and assess quality processes and the personnel (Berkowitz, 2016). To use SMC’s brand, the Vietnamese government will need not only to train the staff of the medical facility appropriately under the supervision of the personnel from SMC but also to report various issues, including hospital-acquired infections, medical errors, and their consequences (both nonlethal and lethal) to SMC to ensure that services provided at the medical facility are corresponding to the quality of that provided at SMC. At the same time, SMC should also consider how possible mistakes or improperly trained staff can affect their brand and future operations. As the Vietnamese government plans to expand the services of the facility in Saigon and create a medical tourism center, SMC needs to evaluate what target market this affiliation will focus on. Patients from the USA or European countries can be a
The Topic for Health Promotion The topic of discussion focused on examination of the relationship that exists between mental health factors and smoking cessation among the pregnant mothers. According to Gyllstrom, Hellerstedt, and Hennrikus, it is highly recommended for pregnant mothers to quit smoking as a way of protecting the unborn child from physical and mental problems (2012). However, medical researchers have confirmed that smoking cessation may be very challenging for this population, especially for those who have been addicted for some time. It was important to determine the variables that may lead to postpartum relapse or a relapse during the period of pregnancy. As Storrs notes, some women find it easy to stop smoking during this period while others find it very challenging (2015). In this review, the researcher will compare and contrast two findings to determine the association between these factors with smoking cessation. The Intended Audience for Each of the Articles When conducting a research, scholars are always keen to identify their target audience and find a way of communicating with them in the most effective method possible. It is clear that the first article by Gyllstrom, Hellerstedt, and Hennrikus is intended for two main groups (2012). The first target group includes the medical staff, especially doctors and nurses, who are forced to influence the behavioral pattern of mothers when they are pregnant. The scientific data in this article makes it easy for them to handle this delicate population. The second target audience is the pregnant mothers who should understand the ways in which they can fight addiction to cigarette. The second article by Storrs is targeted towards the medical practitioners. It explains how various variables relate to smoking cessation (2015). How the Evidence-Based Sources of Information Compare and Contrast These two articles are very insightful when it comes to the issue of combating smoking during pregnancy and eliminating postpartum relapse. They both share a number of facts when it comes to handling the problem. According to the article by Gyllstrom, Hellerstedt, and Hennrikus, smoking cessation is related to stressful life events that may cause depression (2012). When an individual is depressed, it is easy to relapse into using of substance. The article also states that environmental factors such as education and income levels are also associated with postpartum relapse. This information compares closely with the findings by Storrs (2015). This scholar also emphasizes on the role of environmental factors in the fight against cigarette smoking among pregnant mothers. According to the article, it is true that environmen
Background Innovations have sometimes been considered as routine parts of organisational operations. In this regard, new product developments or shifts in company functions are often done systematically and will result in better performance of what the company has been doing before. However, once in a while, a company may make a revolutionary discovery that could dramatically alter the core function of the firm or even create a new industry in its place. These kinds of innovations are known as discontinuous innovations. The major challenge with discontinuous innovations is that their benefits cannot be easily detected. In fact, most organisations that have commissioned market researchers and consultants to investigate the degree of acceptance of their product have often found that those radical innovations posses very little public support (Christensen, 1997). A case in point was the fax machine invented by Xerox. When this firm commissioned market research on acceptability of their new product, they actually got negative ratings for it. If the administrators of this firm solely relied on the market sentiments at that time, then they would not have revolutionised the document imaging industry as we know it today. Not only do discontinuous innovations pose the latter challenge, it is likely that they may result in radical cannibalism. This term refers to the eventual elimination of old product and service offerings following the invention of a new form of technology. One such example is the discovery and growth of digital photography thus leading to the decline of chemical photography. Kodak Company has had to embrace digital photography which competed with its older product category i.e. chemical photography. It was a risk that had to be taken and eventually shrunk the market size of its former products. Furthermore, a discontinuous innovation may fulfil most of the functions that the previous technology could but may not always have the qualities that the previous invention had (Anthony, et. al., 2008). Given all these challenges, it is difficult to ascertain whether discontinuous innovations can translate into long term income growth. Research questions  1. An analysis of a discontinuous innovation’s perceptions by the public is essential in assessing its financial impact. How do firms deal with market research in order to understand consumer needs with regard to their new innovation?  2. Waiting for discontinuous innovation to occur may minimise their likelihood of its occurrence hence its ability to generate
The Cuban Revolution was an organized revolt led by Fidel Castro. The main reason behind the revolution was to overthrow the dictatorial regime of Fulgencio Batista. Fidel and his army men initiated the revolution in the year 1952. This was after Fulgencio Batista seized power following an election. Fulgencio had been the country’s president from 1940 to 1952. The president decided to cancel the 1952 elections after realizing that he would lose. Batista decided to grab power and remained the country’s leader until the end of the revolution in December 1958 (Thomas, 2008). After decades of unemployed and poor leadership, the people of the Cuba wanted their country to be democratic and successful. Some of these people included Fidel Castro, Ruz Raul Castro, Alberto Bayo and Che Guevara. Fidel Castro and his men attacked various camps and cities to overthrow Batista’s regime. Throughout the revolution period, Castro used both large and small armies against Batista’s armies. In 1958, Batista and his team realized that Fidel was definitely winning the battle. They decided to loot everything and fled. After seven years, Fidel and his team continued to fight without surrender. In early 1959, Guevara and his men captured the city of Havana. It was victory for the revolutionists thereby making the country free. Historians have argued that the revolution was necessary because it brought new changes and better governance in the country. The revolution helped the people fight a dictatorial regime that had oppressed them for years (Chomsky, 2010). The Cuban Revolution resulted in new governance and management in the country. There are certain good aspects realized at the end of the revolution. On the other hand, the revolution resulted in certain bad aspects as highlighted in the discussion below. After Castro became the president, there were new reforms and progressive ideas that improved the living conditions of the people. The Communist Government decided to introduce some new laws. These laws provided equality for women and Black Cubans. The government also improved medical facilities and communication in the country. Historians have agreed that the end of the revolution brought new aspects that favored the population of Cuba (Thomas, 2008). For instance, the government improved the quality of health by constructing more medical institutions and facilities. With improved education, more professionals were able to provide quality health services in the country. The revolution marked the end of inequality and discrimination in Cuba. The people become free after the revolution. The people became aware of their liberties and rights. The president emphasized on good foreign policies for countries in Africa.
In this activity, the researcher visited Khalifa Park to monitor the games that children play, and the pattern of their games. Some of the common games that children were playing in this park include Hide and Seek, Kick the Can, Parachute, Football, Traffic Corp, Jump-Rope, Marbles, Simon Says, Blind Man’s Bluff, and Cat’s Cradle. Most of these games were played without any guidance from the adults because they are safe. The park was well maintained, eliminating any chances of the children getting injured during the games. The boys and girls played together in some games such as Jump-Rope, Hide and Seek, Blind Man’s Bluff, and Simon Says. However, there were some games that were exclusively played by boys, while others were played by girls. For example, games such as Football, Kick the Can, and Traffic Corp was dominated by boys. On the other hand, Cat’s Cradle was dominated by girls. It was noticed that there was a marked difference in the games boys and girls play and their reactions to winning and losing the games. Boys preferred physical games that involved running and using a lot of energy. That is why they dominated games like football and traffic corp. On the other hand, girls preferred less physical games. They like games where there is a structured pattern of play and with the least possible controversy over who becomes the overall winner at the end of the game. The reaction to winning or loss is also different among boys and girls. Boys have a more pronounced reaction to winning or loss compared to girls. Boys would shout joyously when they win, but in case of a loss, there would be a clear demonstration of disappointment in their faces. On the other hand, girls would show insignificant signs of celebration upon winning a game. In case they lose, it is not easy to detect the disappointment. It was noticed that children had an easy time socializing with new friends when they meet in the playing grounds. There are cases where some children did not understand how to play some of the games. Such problems were addressed with ease. Those who knew such games taught others so that they could play as a team. There was an effort from the children to ensure that other parties, including the competitors, understood how the game is played to create a fair, competitive ground. These children would also teach one another how to behave when playing certain games or when relating to team members. They did not hesitate to scold those who misbehaved in one way or the other. In most of the cases, they would supervise themselves. These games had some hidden curriculums that guided the children as they played. One of the biggest lessons that these children learned was that in every game, th
Introduction In an effort to gain accurate empirical understanding of what e-consumer behavior is, we reviewed electronic marketing literature to identify how the relationship is established and what retailers are doing to sustain it. E-consumers refer to the electronic consumer behavior on buying and selling information, products and services through computer networks. Lycourgos and Christou (2006) broaden this definition by stating that e-consumers include “support for any kind of business transactions over a digital infrastructure (p.1). Their primary emphasizes in assessing consumer behavior is placed on provision of information, marketing and support activities. In an objective and interdisciplinary setting, electronic buying facilitates the combined efforts of three channels in the buying and selling arena that includes communication, transaction and distribution channels. This paper addresses the importance of retailer-consumer relationship in an online setting as power is transformed from online retailer to online consumer through web display of products. Reasons for maintaining long term customer relationship are examined, along with suggestion how best to assess consumer buying behavior. This analysis gives us a blueprint of how an online business can grow and maintain good relationship with both new and old customers. While anyone can intuitively recognize online consumers, their significant impact to online business brings us to the question: how does consumer behavior begin? E-marketing delivers products such as non-digital products, transaction functions and communication through the display of a webpage without distribution. The aspects of distribution in this case depend on nature of the product and business to consumer (B2C) perspectives. The primary motivation to reinforce the relationship between the two parties brings together aspects of consumer behavior and retailers striving to meet consumer needs in an online environment. Since the long term relationship between an online consumer and a retailer positively affects the business objectives, the paper focuses on consumer information search process and consumer value, how they facilitate the search process and how organizations offer consumer value through websites and to assess how retailers are striving to motivate consumers to buy online (Lycourgos and Christou, 2006, p.2). Review of Previous Studies Establishing a long term relationship by offering products and services that meets online consumer needs helps a firm discover and improve their marketing strategies. In essence, customers are always looking for what the organization is doing best that sets them apart. Sweeney (2008) states that consideration of customer retention factors such as prompt product deliverance, responsive and flexible services as well as easy website navigation formed a basis for the evaluation of;  1. how the organization can discover, adopt and improve their marketing campaigns and market
House prices in the United States rose by almost sixty percent between 2000 and 2006, before their decline in 2007. The rise in prices was mainly due to a robust growth in demand for housing along with scarce supple because of a shortage in availability of land, mostly in the urban areas, and possibly, fragile competition in the construction segment. Furthermore, demand for housing was stimulated by some unsustainable elements, including excessive expectations regarding increase in house prices, easier access specifically to the mortgage loans, and accommodative monetary policy. It is, therefore, necessary to understand what is meant by the housing bubble. “A bubble is like a gold rush — lots of people trying to make a quick buck by betting that something is going to be valuable”, says Frank Ahrens of the New York Post. Bubbles happen when the price for the item is much higher than what it should actually be. Typically, housing prices are about 4 times a person’s disposable income. In 2006, right before the housing bubble popped, houses were selling at 5.2 times a person’s disposable income. (Ahrens) As a balloon is blown up, it keeps expanding to allow for more air. Eventually, the balloon cannot hold any more air and it explodes. This is what happened to the real estate market; prices continuously increased; however, it has now stopped. The housing balloon could not hold anymore air and it popped. Main Players in the Housing Market It is pertinent to mention that agents are actually trained to put home buyers into the most expensive home they can afford. There is a reason for this. For just a relatively small amount of additional payment, a homebuyer can usually get a much larger home. Real estate agents are paid on commission. As the price of the home increases, so does the amount of money that the agent receives in commission, this is where the agent’s greed comes into play. If one property is going to make a real estate agent more money that another, it is easy to understand the direction followed by the agent. Could it possibly be that agents encouraged stretching the limits of affordability in order to make more money. So, are the greedy real estate agents to blame? They could be, but they had help. There is another player in this that needs exploration, the mortgage lenders. During the years preceding the bubble burst, there was widespread marketing of risky, low “teaser” rate mortgages. Some of these “teaser” mortgages had adjustable rate mortgages with low to no initial interest rates were used to lure potential homebuyers into the lenders office. They were then shown how to afford the house they have always dreamed of. Because these loans were calculated using these introductory rate, people were able to qualify to purchase their dream home. However, the phenomenon of affordability of owning dream houses should have also been considered. The trick to these loans was that they were only at these low to no interest rates for a short period of time. Once the initial time was up, the repayments jumped up to unaffordable rates, and their dream