ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Lots of the experiential investigations concerning the collision of trade unions on relative salaries suggest that unionism can particularly adapt to the allocation of salaries. One denotes through which labor unions can influence the salary distribution is by escalating pay levels of those employees enclosed by collective haggling compared to non-covered ones. One more way in which unions may impact the overall division of earnings is to reduce dissimilarity among personal workers by using “normal rate” salary approaches. Trade unionism can alter salary dispersal in several ways. Presuming that the prime effect of trade unions is to boost pay levels of workers covered by combined trading agreements, unionism will tend to diminish salary dispersal within concerns if covered workers have below-average earnings and augment scattering if covered workers have above-average salaries. However, even conceptual from pay levels of arranged workers, when unions policies initiate salary dissimilarities among otherwise equal workers, the final effect on salary sharing will be an augment in spreading. A further goal of trade union salary policies has been the chase of “equity criteria” in setting rates of pay, to reduce discrepancies grounded on specific features of the person rather than on job missions and responsibilities. Furthermore, cooperative bargaining unions act to limit the number of job categories, thus restricting the ability of the firm to compensate personality workers differently: one pay level is recognized for all workers in a particular job category, rather than for personages. Thus, in organizations covered by collective agreements superior significance is usually allocated to factors such as seniority rather than to differentiated individual evaluations based on merit. As a result, union “rate standardization” policies reduce salary dispersion noticeably both across and within establishments Admittedly, acceptance of progressive economic ideas in the early twentieth century was a drawn-out process that may never have occurred but for the tragedy that was the Great Depression. Before the depression, people had been pledged that their own attempts, united with those of paternalistic managers would be adequate to protect them against financial risk. This turned out not to be the holder and was the major motive for the rise of the New Deal wellbeing state. Furthermore, the depression promoted a communitarian philosophy grounded on the comprehension that all social strata were defenseless to the same risks, an attitude that was resistant to the Second World War. Although Freeman and Medoff’s What Do Unions Do? took
Introduction It needs to be said that the importance of ethics in modern society should not be disregarded. One of the most important aspects that should not be overlooked is that such knowledge is necessary for every individual to have an understanding of how to behave and what course of the actions should be taken in a particular situation. The fact that numerous theories are suggested is critical, and it is paramount for every individual to have an understanding of each one most of the time. Egoism It should be said that most believe that such a concept as ethical egoism cannot be justified and is often being criticized. Also, it is imperative to say that it was also not accepted by numerous philosophers (Burgess-Jackson 529). It is understandable that many individuals may be attracted to egoism as an interesting approach, but some of the actions that it supports are not reasonable. It is necessary to note that it is benign most of the time, but the issue is that such behavior may not be liked by other members of society, and it can lead to numerous conflicts and disagreements. The issue that needs to be discussed is that many believe that humans are not capable of altruism, and they are active because of selfish reasons. For example, the fact that many want to make sure that guilt is avoided may be viewed as selfishness. However, numerous internal and external factors should be taken into account. However, this concept is still not fully understood, and there is a need for future research. It needs to be said that the interest in egoism has been increasing over the last few years. It is also interesting that many believe that there are different types of egoism, and the difference between formal and substantive forms is significant, and should not be disregarded. Individuals that prefer the second one do not seek benefits in each of their actions and have an understanding of the fact that morality should not be overlooked (Farnham 433). Utilitarianism Another core aspect that should be taken into account in most situations is that a consensus on such a topic as utilitarianism is currently not present, but most scientists treat it with respect. It is paramount to understand that the core concept of this theory is that one should always look for ways to maximize possible utility in a particular situation with ethical norms taken into account. The fact that different types of utilitarianism are frequently discussed is critical because certain dissimilarities between them are present. It is paramount to say that scientists argue which one is the most reasonable quite often
Summary Eating behaviors and different food properties have been a matter of extensive research for decades, but little attention has been paid to the impact food texture has on health outcomes. The most recent studies linked to food texture mainly focus on such areas as definitions and terminology development, certain disorders (dysphagia and obesity) treatment, and effects on people’s preferences. However, the scope of research can be expanded substantially to include such domains as specific physiological outcomes, treatment of various gastrointestinal and infectious diseases, as well as solutions to diminish or eliminate malnutrition in numerous countries. Introduction The discussion of food tends to involve such aspects as nutrients, calories, flavors, smells, and even colors. The texture was the topic that used to attract little attention until recently. This property of food has gathered momentum due to its value to the food industry as well as its impact on people’s health (Wahlqvist 2016). It is noteworthy that the research related to the appropriate texture for babies, older adults, or patients diagnosed with certain disorders has been quite considerable (Rothenberg & Wendin 2015; Green et al. 2017; Ullrich & Crichton 2015). However, the actual effects of food texture on people’s health are still under-researched as scientists have only paid attention to a few aspects of the issue. Importantly, these findings have proved to be quite promising as they resulted in the development of interventions aimed at treating serious illnesses, so potential benefits of further inquiry can hardly be overestimated. This minireview dwells upon the existing gaps related to the association between food texture and health outcomes. Standards One of the areas that have received researchers’ attention rather recently is linked to the description of texture and the introduction of certain standards. To study a phenomenon, it is essential to have the necessary vocabulary that could be utilized in academia. It is noteworthy that food is primarily described with the help of concepts related to flavor and smell, but there are a few words to describe the texture. Nevertheless, when treating certain disorders, scientists need a range of specific terms so that they could develop a treatment that could be implemented in different areas and settings (Martin 2019). Some efforts to introduce the required terminology have been made (Hayakawa 2015). For instance, International Dysphagia Diet Standardisation Initiative (IDDSI) was established to achieve this goal, and
Introduction Ever since the early civilization man has always discriminated fellow men on the basis of their color, age, gender among other many factors. In the United States of America, discrimination is more spread across the different race origins that the citizens bear. The American population is made of people from different origins, for example, we have; the African American, Caucasians, Red Indians among others. Some races feeling superior to others have promoted discrimination for a very long period. One way through which this has been done is racial profiling (MacDonald 4). When the color of your skin or the origin of your race is used by the law enforcing officers as a basis of suspicion of having committed particular crimes in general non suspect investigations then that can be described as racial profiling (Glaser 4). This discrimination which most of the times has been based on religion, race, ethnicity or any other special character that one may be identified with undermines the human rights and freedom of every American citizen. It is a fact that law enforcement officers at all levels target people of certain races or ethnic groups most of the time as seen during traffic stops and inspection. For many years, Americans of African and Hispanic origins have complained of being victims of race profiling due to allegations of their likelihood of committing crimes compared to Americans of other races. For example, allegations of racial profiling have been on the policemen who suspect African American shoppers of being petty thieves. Individuals have been subjected to racial profiling when walking or shopping, for instance, blacks are often stopped and questioned by cops if seen walking in an area assumed to be a white dominated region (Muffler 2). This has become a major issue in the United States of America some debating on its essence and why it should continue or it should stop and thus the need to look into the matter. Current System or the Way Things Are Currently Done In Regards to Racial Profiling In the recent years it has become a major concern to everybody on racial profiling. Laws seeking to ban racial profiling have been introduced in the congress for example Both S. 16(Daschle) and H.R 2364(Engel), (Laney 2), contains provisions relating to racial profiling. S.16 is an “omnibus civil rights bill, which includes provisions that would express a sense of the Senate that Congress enact legislation banning racial profiling and requiring law enforcement at the federal state and local levels to prevent the practice (Muffler 3). The HR.2364 (Engel) aims to amend immigration and nationality act by establishing a Visa Fairness Commission to collect data on the ongoing racial profiling in the American Embassies and with the US border inspectors. The law enforcement departments have been accused of practicing racial profiling in their aim of controlling two vices: preventing the illicit drugs activities and containing terrorism threats. Many Americans disapprove traffic stops but when terrorism investigations are the clai
The essence of the modern individual is revealed, both in the creative nature of his/her activity and in abstract thinking or the ability to selflessly love someone else. A person is predisposed to certain feelings, as well as effects that have a destructive and destructive, self-destructive character. Such emotions include envy, jealousy, revenge, ambition, and more. Jealousy, even in spite of its certain significance of this feeling in everyday life of a modern person, as well as the huge interest of literature and art in this topic, is among certain peripheral as well as insufficiently developed problems in modern psychological thought. The causes of jealousy can be very diverse, and sometimes even unpredictable. Often a feeling like jealousy arises far from unfounded. The main aspects of the emergence of such a heart-breaking feeling are the following: distrust of the partner or doubts about him/her, sexual dissatisfaction or sexual stress, inferiority complexes; fear of loneliness, lack of attention from the partner, and jealousy of the past (Chung & Harris, 2018). In this situation, between virtues and values, on the one hand, and various vices, on the other hand, there are no clearly defined ethical boundaries. Quite often, they are intertwined with each other, and the problem of jealousy has an exceptional role in the context of the difficulties of relations. This is manifested both in sociocultural and artistic aspects, as well as in elements of a purely clinical nature. In conclusion, a holistic consideration of this phenomenon as the most characteristic ontological manifestation of human nature makes it possible to describe the space of various moral relations in modern society, the key features of individual morality in a complete form. The relevance of the appeal to the analysis of the phenomenon of jealousy is, first of all, determined by its universal and cultural-universal character, which makes it possible to have a certain holistic understanding of the multifaceted, as well as the contradictory nature of modern man. Thus, the study of jealousy and its impact on the individual is of great interest today. Jealousy is a feeling that is inherent in every truly loving individual. Jealousy is a negative feeling based on the lover’s possessive ways, emotions, and passionate love. Reference Chung, M., & Harris, C. R. (2018). Jealousy as a specific emotion: The dynamic functional model. Emotion Review, 10 (4), 272-287.
Introduction Northern Rock is a bank operating under the umbrella of Virgin Money in the United Kingdom. It was established in 1965 and 30 years down the line, it had acquired approximately 53 building societies in England. Over the years this bank was being considered as one of the top lenders in the UK, especially in relation to mortgages. Prior to 2007, Northern rock had an investment plan which was to result in securitization. This according to Milne & Wood involved “borrowing heavily in the UK and international money markets, extending mortgages to customers based on this funding and then re-selling these mortgages on international capital markets” (518). This, however, failed in 2007, when, owing to the global financial crisis, the demand for credit facilities from investors went down and Northern Rock was unable to pay back the credit it had obtained from the money markets. Lender of last resort This is a facility that allows banks to survive a financial crisis. It is mostly offered by the central bank. When Northern Rock was faced with the liquidity crisis in 2007, it looked up to the Bank of England for emergency support but this was not possible since it could not provide the facility. Many scholars, including Vesala (2006), Herring (2007), and Shin (2009) blame the situation in Northern Rock to the inability of the Bank of England to act promptly indicating that had it performed its role as a lender of last resort, the bank run would have been avoided. In fact, Shin indicates that “in its role as a lender of last resort, the Bank of England had been able to exert significant moral suasion over the banking sector, and the discount office was able to obtain information from banks on a purely informal basis” (2009,p.103). Other scholars believe that the Bank of England failed to act because Northern Bank had not provided it with sufficient information concerning its discount facilities. They also argue that the management of Northern Rock failed to heed to liquidity warnings and this acted as a hindrance when they needed assistance. These claims are, however, refuted by Freixas et al (2009). He asserts that a central bank is expected to perform its role irrespective of the actions of the other party (151). He states that “even when the central bank does not have the formal statutory responsibility for banking supervision, it can still obtain the information it needs to act as lender of last resort” (2009,p.152). Kane (2008) believes that the Northern rock issues exposed the faults in the government with regard to dealing with financial crisis. These faults include “the workings of emergency liquidity assistance, some others the workings of deposit insurance and some others the insolvency and pre-insolvency arrangements” (2008, p.50). All these boil down to the functions of the Central bank as a lender of last resort. Financial crises in banks are one of the greatest challenges in most economies, since failure of banks spells out a failure in the entire economy. Liquidity lending is therefore considered to be an important factor since it is
Introduction Biographical information is often used by readers and researchers who analyze literature works because it provides them with an opportunity to improve their understanding of the discussed issues. The same approach can be rather beneficial when dealing with Dickinson’s poems. Even though the themes she reveals in her pieces seem to be universal, they are taken from Emily’s life. With the help of her poetic imagination, Dickinson shares her experiences with the world. Main body The words of this poet are very personal. For instance, the influence of her Calvinist faith can be observed in her four-line stanzas and meter. They are similar to religious hymns and psalms that were familiar to her since her childhood. Nevertheless, Dickinson introduces changes to the stanzas by creating additional pauses, which reveals both her individuality and unwillingness to be focused on spirituality. The poet was familiar with religion from her early age due to the father’s influence (Williams). Her belief in God’s existence can be observed in the first works, such as “I reckon – when I count at all” (Dickinson). With the course of time, she starts questioning the possibility to get to Heaven, which reveals the fact that her faith is no more supported in real life and she experiences a tough period. Nevertheless, her doubts are overcome eventually. Her further works seem to reveal the relationship between two people. However, those who understand spiritual issues faced by the poet can also realize that these works reveal her connection with God and desire to be accepted by Him. Conclusion Being aware of Dickinson’s life, readers should use this information with caution because it can affect their perceptions adversely and lead to distortions. However, this knowledge allows recognizing some of her contrasting attitudes. At least general awareness of her biographical information can be extremely advantageous for the interpretation of her works. Works Cited Dickinson, Emily. “I Reckon—When I Count It All.” All Poetry , Web. Williams, Emily. “God the Father: Emily Dickinson, Psychoanalysis and the Paternal Relationship.” VoegelinView . 2018, Web.
Introduction In online banking, bank customers conduct financial transactions with it online, that is, via the internet (wiseGEEK, 2011, 1). Online banking is according to Bhatt (2011, 5 – 19) both advantageous and disadvantageous, however, the advantages outweigh the disadvantages. An advantage of online banking is that it has reduced expenses and allows customers to bank remotely and at their own convenience disregarding normal bank timings. A disadvantage of online banking is that it inherently reduces the interaction between banks and their customers and in addition, security is not guaranteed in this type of banking, that is, hackers have a chance (minimal) to manipulate the system to their advantage. In this manner of banking, it is the duty of the customer’s bank to provide a secure internet portal through which these transactions can be started and completed safely. Thus, information security is of utmost concern and importance in banks that offer the online banking feature. The article “Why do organizations need information systems?” describes information as the lifeblood of an enterprise (Answers Corporation, 2011, 2). The article additionally points out that an enterprise that poorly manages its information attracts financial losses and liabilities such as lawsuits (Answers Corporation, 2011, 2). When a bank achieves information security it means that, the bank’s information and information systems are protected against intruders, leakages, any form of destruction and any unauthorized use. In other words, the confidentiality, integrity and availability of the bank’s information are safeguarded and maintained. The bank’s information that is secured is mainly of an electronic nature. As pointed out above, poor security of information in an organization attracts financial losses and liabilities such as lawsuits (Answers Corporation, 2011, 2). One way of enhancing information security is cryptography, which is mainly a defence against internet-based attacks, and it is the encoding of messages in such a way that its contents are hidden from unauthor
Introduction I totally agree with William Zinsser on the four pressures working on college students. Just like in the 70s, college students of today face ‘economic pressure, parental pressure, peer pressure and self induced pressure’. I am also in agreement with Zinsser in his argument that ‘there are no villains, only victims’. As this paper will show, the degree of pressures on college students tends to be higher now than it might have been in the 70s. Additionally, the prominence of given sources of pressure has also shifted. It is hypothesized that while parental pressure was high in the 1970s, economic pressure and self induced pressures have more prominence in the lives of college students today. College Pressures Just like in the past, getting a college degree or qualification remains a very expensive affair. Consequently, students are under pressure to pay fees and meet their educational obligations. Moreover, the economic terrain in our country and in most countries of the world has shifted. It is no longer the traditional workers who have money. Rather, the creative and those who tap into technology make lots of money driving economies up and placing pressure on the underprivileged to think of how to improve their economic welfare. This implies that while college students in the 70s had to deal with economic pressures relating to high cost of education, current crop of college students have to deal with high cost of education and pressure related to being creative or not being able to tap into a fast shifting economy. To make matters worse, recent economic slumps and credit meltdown related challenges only imply increased difficulty in accessing credit facilities. Government support for students has relatively expanded since the 1970s but pressures the economy make government interventions largely wanting. Jobs are hard to come by and as unemployment bites, fees related complications are compounded. Although parental pressure on children has been decreasing over the years, parental pressure on students still remains. Parents expect value for money spent on children’s education. They want children to work hard and meet given minimum educational standards and requirements. Parents expect students to undertake certain majors. All these expectations exert c