ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The readings that have been chosen for this essay have a common theme that is of great interest to many business administrators, workers, and employers. In particular, one should speak about the qualities of a successful organization that can achieve an ambitious goal and remains competitive for a long time. In particular, one should speak about the ability of a company to make employees committed to its strategic goals. This question has been examined in various empirical and theoretical studies. On the whole, the main task of business administrators is to create a culture that can make a person associate one’s interests with the values and goals of a company. In addition to that, one should work on the development of rules that can facilitate conflict resolution within an enterprise. Finally, business administrators should make an organization more responsible for the changes in the external environment. To some degree, this goal can be achieved with the help of appropriate HR management techniques. These are the major preconditions for the financial performance of a business, its long-term competitiveness, and ability to retain customers. In turn, it is necessary to discuss these issues in greater detail. Overall, researchers, who study organizational behavior, argue that companies have to focus on such issues as the recognition of worker’s rights, motivational strategies, and the ability of a business to respond to various challenges that companies can encounter due to various external factors (Kreitner & Kinicki, 2013). It should be noted that in the twentieth century, managers have attempted to single out the characteristics of sustainable businesses (Kreitner & Kinicki, 2013, p. 11). For instance, many researchers attach importance to the empowerment of workers and the need for continuous improvement (Kreitner & Kinicki, 2013, p. 12). This element is an inseparable attribute of total quality management (Martin, 2010). To some degree, this approach is useful for making businesses resilient to external stressors that cannot always be anticipated. The problem is that in many cases, businesses are not able to cope with the changes in the external environment. For example, one can speak about those cases when organizations cannot adapt to new economic conditions such as long-term recession and declining purchasing power of clients. In part, this goal can be attained by empowering employees who can suggest new methods of cost-cutting or innovative methods of manufacturing products. This is one of the issues that can be taken into account. In turn, it is critical to remember that effective business administrators strive to engage employees in decision-making. This issue is particularly relevant if one speaks about the development of HR policies within an organization (Workspan TV, 2010). In turn, this strategy is aimed at achieving three objectives. First of all, separate employees should feel that their opinions are not disregarded by the management (Workspan TV, 2010). Finally, the workers will not have to come into conflicts wi
Introduction After decades of slow activity, labor unionists have started to revitalize the labor movement in states all over the US. Through organizations such as the American Professionals Union, labor unionists have tried to attract greater membership by encouraging various professionals to unionize. One industry that has received the attention of unionists is the health care industry. The American Professional Union has approached many hospital
Introduction Entering a new economic environment is always a challenge, even for a successful organization. Caterpillar, Inc., which has been enjoying a borderline success over the past few years, seems to have certain chances at succeeding in the Chinese economy. It is desirable that the dozers produced by the organization should be viewed as the key product. However, to attain its goals, the company will have to consider the use of the sustainability principle and a cost-efficient strategy along with the JIT approach so that it could increase its profit margins. Revenue and Cost It is expected that, by introducing the principles of sustainability into the project and applying the concept of sustainability in resource allocation, the entrepreneurship will be able to reduce the costs to a considerable extent. In addition, the Just-In-Time framework may be incorporated into the firm’s design so that the amount of expense should be reduced to a minimum (Liozu and Hinterhuber 11). Considering the expected scenario, one may assume that entrepreneurship will take a total of approximately $270,000,000 in costs. In light of the fact that the framework designed for the company’s operations will allow for retrieving the total of $180,000 in the first quarter, $160,000,000 in the second, $130,000,000 in the third, and $100,000,000 in the fourth, it is assumed that the expenses will be covered successfully. Table 1. Direct Costs Allocation. Cost            Expected Amount (annual) Rent            $15,000                  Utilities       $5,000                   Transportation  $2,500                   Logistics       $15,000,000              Supplies        $20,000,000              Other           $1,000,000               Total           $36,022,500               Although the costs listed above can be viewed is set, there are still options for cutting the above expenses as well so that CAT could have better chances of integrating into the target market. Particularly, the principle of sustainability in the use of resources needs to be mentioned (Pride and Ferrell 63). Table 2. Indirect Costs Allocation. Cost       Expected Amount (annual) Equipment  $100,000,000             Salaries   $16,000,000              Logistics  $10,000,000              IT issues  $5,000,000               R&D        $10,000,000              Total      $41,000,000               As the list of expected costs provided above shows, CAT is likely to face certain challenges in allocating its budget. Even though having an impressive amount of money, the entrepreneurship is likely to spend a substantial part of it on marketing. Indeed, in the environment that can be defined as not only alien but also hostile, the design of a proper marketing approach is required (Chaffey and Smith 12). Particularly, the following steps will have to be accomplished, and the following costs will need to be taken in order to facilitate the successful integration of CAT into the Chinese economy: Table 3
Introduction Psychological measure determines psychotic properties like depression. The Children’s Depression Inventory (CDI) measures the level of depression in children. It is necessary to carry out this measure since it helps in identifying the children who are suffering from depression and decide on the appropriate intervention for them in time. This will help in improving their self esteem, educational achievement and peer relationship. The author of the article on “Depression in Children: Children’s Depression Inventory”(Crowley 1993) has used both the classical test score and generalizability theories. Classical test score considers just one measurement error at a given time ignoring the possibility of interaction effects of other sources of measurement. On the other hand, generalizability theory which considers the sources of error variance and the interaction effects of the sources. He uses generalizability to assess the level of depression symptomatology so as to give data that can be generalized to tests, items and even different occasions due to its reliability. His study focused on the use of both theories in measuring childhood depression. The individuals used in his study included both males and females between ages 11-16, grades 5-7 from all ethnic composition even though the ratio varied. He used the CDI in exploring psychometric properties. He demonstrated on how the classical and generalizability theories gave totally different estimations even on the same data. In clarification of conceptual issues of depression in children, Chartier & Lassen(1994) in their article “Adolescent depression: Children’s Depression Inventory norms, suicidal ideation, and gender effects – weak”, demonstrate the need of studying the depression’s normative patterns in an attempt of examining the contribution of gender, developmental level and other variables to such parameters. Unlike Crowley (1993) who focused on lower grades, Chartier and Lassen based their research on the analysis among the adolescents. In this research there was also an examination of the responses of adolescents on suicidal ideation just the same as Susan’s article to the extent at which some killed themselves and others opted to but due to proper thoughts, they thought otherwise. This research used subjects from grade 7-12 and thus regarded as the continuation of the CDI measure. This group constituted both students in junior and senior high school. In both articles, the CDI uses the 27 scale in analyzing the level of depression in an individual where scores between 11-19 indicate mild depression and 19-27 indicate severe depression. In the second article, the research shows that there are no noteworthy effects when considering grade levels but with gender, there were appreciable differences realized since women showed a high overall depression
Introduction In the history of each country, whether it is a small state or a world power, there have been such events that had a significant impact on its development, citizens, and future. Some of these events are rather difficult to define as only positive or negative because their consequences have brought happiness and grief to different people. One of such events was the American Revolution, which lasted from 1775 to 1783; it created the independent country of the United States, changed the lives of thousands of people, and gave them the real Constitution. 1 The purpose of this paper is to provide a list of reasons for the American Revolution and explain how its events may be understood better. Moreover, the question of whether its experience was the beginning of the national history or a prelude for a continued struggle between the Americans and their competing class, race, and gender interests in the New Republic will be discussed. The Reasons for the American Revolution To better get the essence of the events of the American Revolution, it is crucial to understand those people who participated in it: their thirst for freedom, justice, and rights. Before deciding how to determine the aftermaths and influence of this event, it is important to provide a brief list of its reasons and circumstances. It started from the British colonists who were in America rebelling against the rule of Great Britain, and there were several severe causes for that. 2 They may be divided into political, economic, and territorial reasons, but probably the most important one was the restriction of freedom of the colonists, and precisely this problem unites all of the reasons. Restriction of Freedom The liberty familiar to the Americans was questioned; people were tired of such a life and wanted to have their own country and government that would protect their rights. According to the decree of the English parliament, the authorities could freely search any premises of the colonists looking for smuggled goods. Many magazines and newspapers were censored, and severe penalties waited for the citizens for violating the existing order. 3 The Americans asked for their representatives being in parliament and threatened that if their demands were rejected, the North American colonies would not pay taxes to the royal treasury. Economic Reasons The British authorities stated that the southern planters had to sell tobacco to England at low prices and buy fabrics, utensils, and iron tools at high prices. Merchants were not allowed to trade with other countries. 4 Moreover, since after t
The Garden of Eden theory is dedicated to the analysis of gender roles and reflections based on mythological presentation; the image of male and female is disclosed through Adam and Eve, being the principal mythological gender symbols. It is necessary to underline the fact that the illustration of gender theory is interacted with the aspects of Good and Evil, characterizing the tragic representation of gender in mythology. The analysis of female image based on Edenic Garden theory is to be illustrated through the image of Eve; it should be stressed that such features can be underlined in various mythological interpretations through female tragic fate representation. By theoretical study, the female was described as the symbol of the church and mother of every living being. The Woman was considered to be at the top of everyone keeping God’s commands. Nevertheless, it is necessary to stress that female nature was shown through tragic motives; the Bible underlines Eve’s pain based on serpent symbolic representation. Adam and Eve are illustrated as symbols of gender roles and place on Earth; they are the beginning of everything. The Female is shown as a mother and wife, whose basic life care is to protect her offspring and be devoted to one man. The theory is the illustration of gender unity, where females have a tragic destiny and are the victims of their devotion. Mythology represents the image of females based on Edenic Garden gender theory; it is necessary to stress that tragic endings of the myths are demonstrated through females’ sufferings. The book ‘Metamorphosis’ by Ovid is considered to be the disclosure of the woman as a victim of her feelings. Medea, the most complicated character presented in mythology, is illustrated as a mortal woman suffering corruption by her excessive love and pride. Having the power to metamorphosis, the female is on the way to escape from her tragic fate. Ovid managed to underline the characteristics and symbols of the female role being common for mythology, that is devotion, love, and care for others. ‘Speak thy desire, thou only just of men; And thou, O woman, only worthy found To be with such a man in marriage bound.’ (Ovid, 111) It is necessary to stress that the author centralized the power of love and its embodiment in woman’s image. Ovid strived to show tragic jealousy and the danger of love are underlined on the basis of tragic ending of woman’s path to high feelings. The image of woman is also illustrated in mythology ‘The Tain: from the Irish epic Tain Bo Cualinge’; the image of man-made woman having tragic destiny is disclosed on the basis of Biblical symbolism. One can investigate, that the authors almost used no names in the story, calling females ‘Woman’ as a kind of address. Females are shown devoted and peaceful personalities whose life is expressed through the males’ fate. Woman is shown forced to run the race being in labor; man’s image is demonstrated through his confidence and power. There h
Introduction Sampling refers to a statistical process where part of a given data from a target population is selected and used as a representative of the whole population. There are various types of sampling processes, including random, systematic, and cluster sampling methods, among others. In regards to random sampling, each element of the target population bears an equal likelihood of occurrence during selection. This is the most preferred method of sampling amongst all the other methods. Additionally, it requires minimal knowledge about the target population. Despite its preference over other sampling methods, it poses difficulties in carrying it out, thus inefficient. This is attributed to the fact that it requires every element of the target population to be obtained. Therefore, the investigator may not capture certain information of interest. In addition to the various types of sampling, there are several key terminologies used in a sampling process. These terms include analysis unit, population, sampling frame, sampling element, sampling unit, an observation unit, sampling design, sampling error, sampling bias, parameters, and statistics (Shi, 2008). Sampling Analysis In relation to the analysis unit or sample, it is the object upon which an investigator uses to make inferences about the study. Analysis units include individuals, groups, institutions, and events, amongst many others. Furthermore, the population is the complete target set upon which an investigator draws the study results. The target population usually bears similarity in something. A sampling frame refers to the list of the population from where the analysis units will be obtained. Further, the sampling element is the analysis unit to be surveyed and is usually specified before the sampling process. On the other hand, a sampling unit is the analysis unit to be considered in the survey. In addition, an observation unit is an actual unit from which data is to be collected. As for sampling design, it is a procedure/plan stipulated prior to the collection of any data meant for obtaining samples from the target population (Shi, 2008). When making inferences using samples collected from a target population, errors are prone to occur. These errors are defined as sampling errors. Moreover, sampling errors are of two types: random and bias. Random errors seem to cancel out; thus, the outcome obtained is still accurate. On the contrary, sampling bias is serious, consistent, and one-sided; hence do not cancel one another. Finally, the parameter refers to the unknown value characterizing the target population. However, statistics refer to the value and estimate from the sample that gives information about the parameter (Shi, 2008). Conclusion As far as the research outc
Introduction Effective listening refers to the ability of an individual to take in information from other sources, synthesize it, infer and interpret to his or other people’s benefit. It is essential in that one adopts listening skills because people are often more focused on what they are saying than on what they are hearing. Listening is difficult because people don’t work as hard at it as they should to perfect it (Kratz, 1994). Listening happens naturally and putting a lot of effort into it is unnecessary. Even though, effective listening calls for hard work, determination to get it right and effort to perfect this art. As a business studies student, I need to develop good listening skills as it is required that auditors listen to explanations, arguments, defenses of financial ethics and methods and must draw reasonable conclusions from the information table to them. They must always communicate with fellow employees whose backgrounds differ diversely. Essence of effective listening skil
Critique of Herzberg theory and application at the workplace Developed and proposed by the American psychologist Frederick Herzberg in 1950s, the Herzberg Theory states that job satisfaction and job dissatisfaction at the workplace are independent of each other and are caused by two sets of distinct factors (Herzberg 2004). The theory proposed the “two-factor” fundamentals, in which it states “job motivators” are the factors that produce satisfaction (positive), arising from intrinsic conditions at the workplace. They include recognition, personal growth and achievements (Herzberg 2004). On the other hand, “hygiene factors” do not produce positive satisfaction, but their absence results into job dissatisfaction. According to the theory, hygiene factors are the extrinsic conditions at the workplace and include a number of aspects such as company practices, policies and remunerations to the company employees (Schultz & Schultz 2010). Although this theory relates to Maslow’s theory of motivation, it has some differences since it disagrees with the previous theory in that it argues that satisfying and dissatisfying factors are not opposing forces, neither are they caused by same factors (Wilson 2002). Herzberg’s theory is applicable in both small and large organizations. In a large organization, the applicability of this theory can be viewed from the two sets of factors. For instance, it argues that an organization has “job satisfiers” that deal with those factors that are involved in “doing the job” and another set of “job dissatisfiers” that deals with those factors that “define the context of that job” (Hackman & Oldham 2006). For a large organization to achieve high performance, it must focus on both sets of factors. It is worth noting that a large company has different levels of management in its structure. Motivation and satisfaction must be achieved at all levels. To achieve this, the management level must initiate satisfaction and motivation by focusing on the two-factor theory. First, the organization must focus on hygiene factors in order to avoid “unpleasantness” at the workplace. It must focus on making hygiene factors more attractive in order to ensure that employees at all levels consider them adequately. For instance, the administration and policy must be attractive to managers and their employees. Herzberg theory at my workplace My organization, Spectra Company, is a small organization led by a manager, two assistants and a finance officer. It has 18 employees. In such small organizations, it is much easier to apply Herzberg’s theory than in large organizations because the managerial levels are few due to a small organizational structure. However, this is not the case in my organization, perhaps due to the managerial culture of ignoring organizational theories in their practice. In the organ
Introduction Society’s emphasis on social event and sports competition could drive athletes into taking drugs to achieve an athletic advantage. As a result of this, the strong motivation for many athletes to use or abuse performance-enhancing substances is the desire to boost performance, gain prestige, and status. Furthermore, many diverse pathways lead to drug use in sporting events. Factors contributing to the use or abuse of performance-enhancing substances (Illicit drug use) in sporting events include age, genetics, family influences, peer pressure, education, individuality, and a range of mental health factors, including stress and basic abnormal behavior (Murphy, 1995). Competitors in various sporting events are not resistant to these factors. The structural sources of the trouble/issue of “juiced” athletes Although most debates on drug abuse in sporting events concentrate on performance-enhancing drugs, however, abuse of so-called recreational or social drugs by athletes continues to be a serious problem. On the other hand, the intake of illicit drugs is restricted to a comparatively little and distinct group of athletes. In line with this, the use of recreational drugs (e.g., illicit drugs, nicotine) must be carefully analyzed within a much broader societal perspective (Murphy, 1995). According to Mills Wright, “The relationship between learning to acquire understand and subsequently societal change is the sociological imagination” (62). In line with this, the sociological imagination is the ability to distinguish the association between individual lives and larger social forces at work determining lives. Mills urged us to understand that human personal fortunes or problems must be fully apprehended in terms of general public concerns (e.g., the strength of the economy). Given Mill’s perspective, the issue of drug use among athletes can be linked to social pressure. The social influence regarding substance use involves the pressure in society to win at all costs. Athletes, however, consider the use of drugs, especially if it improves athletic performance. Certain drugs do have the desired result of instant performance enhancement. Many athletes who use performance-enhancement drugs become more willing to risk their long-term health when faced with pressure to excel in competitions from society. Athletic merit is often met with society’s reaction to overwhelming support and tremendous pressure to win and attain dominance. Athletes competing in organized sporting events or competition learn at an early age the significance of winning and excelling in their preferred field. Fairness in following