ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Gender roles are socially stipulated behavior norms based on unique factors and images assigned to each sex. People perceive the opposite sex on the basis of gender determinants and principles. There are patterns of behavior and communication assigned to both sexes, different cloths styles and social values followed by men and women. In general, and almost universally, women have been assigned responsibility for childbearing, child rearing, and related household behaviors, while men have been assigned roles having to do with external relations, hunting, and warfare. Gender norms violations can be identified as adoption of behavior patterns and actions atypical for a given sex and prescribed to an opposite gender Main Text Gender norms violations are perceived as such because at the level of personality, the concept of sex role refer to differential expectations of general behavioral and temperamental characteristics associated with stereotypes of men and women. For instance, goatee (facial hair) is a typical gender norm violation for women. For a Western man, high heels and a skirt are also considered gender roles violations. While this aspect overlaps considerably with the structural usage of sex roles, the intersex consensus and persistence over time of sex role stereotypes suggests utility of the concept beyond the specific application to family role differentiations. The differentiation of expected behavior and personality characteristics of women and men is reflected at the individual level in conceptions of gender identity that are related to portrayal of masculine and feminine behaviors within and outside of specific role contexts (Schaefer 34). Following Schaefer (2005), gender roles are imperfect but useful concept to refer to those differences between women and men that are socially recognized and defined by appropriate normative role expectations. Sexual relations between men, lesbian elations and homosexuality are considered as gender norms violation. Whether these expectations are derived from social circumstances such as traditional role differentiation with the family, or from the needs of the sexes in interpersonal relations, or from some aspect of biological difference, is not a substantial issue in this research. The greater the difference the stronger the role differentiation is assumed to be. From this perspective, change in sex roles appears as change in the differences between the sexes. For a woman, a typical example of gender role violation is to get very drunk or be extremely violent. However, as women and men together make up society, obviously important aspects of change experienced by women are also experienced by men and are not, consequently, processes of sex role change per se, but rather of social change. The overlaying of social roles with sex roles precludes a precise and generally applicable conceptual distinction between these two forms of change. In spite of these changes, if men use makeup and have long hair it is always percei
At the beginning of the narrative, the authors indicate that ‘a decade ago, the city had been designated an all American City, but more recently, its normally tranquil environment has been disturbed by an increasing number of assaults and homicides’. The authors also indicate that the violent incidents have involved students at the university. This passage gives a solid background of the gunman incident. From the passage, it can be deduced that the city in which the incident occurred was initially peaceful and that a majority of the inhabitants were Americans. The passage also highlights the fact that the current assaults and homicides are common in public universities in that particular city. This gives the reader a clear picture of the episodes that occurred. The authors also give a detailed analysis of the gunman. In the passage, the authors highlight that the gunman, aged 43 years, was a graduate student studying actuarial science at the postgraduate level. The authors also highlight that the incident occurred on a school day, Monday, just a few minutes before the commencement of lectures on that particular day. The gunman was heavily armed. He had a vintage Korean War Military semi automatic rifle loaded with a thirty round clip of thirty caliber ammunition. On top of that, the authors highlight that the gunman had an extra thirty round clip in his pocket. At the time of the incident, according to the authors of the article, twenty students out of a total of thirty had arrived for the lecture. Their lecturer was on the way to the lecture room when the incident occurred. This passage has vital information regarding the incident. First, the reader can tell that the gunman was a postgraduate student aged 43 years. The age and level of study of the actuarial science student who had turned into a gunman are extremely essential in this context. Analysts of offenders use demographic information such as age and edu
The convergence to the International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) is linked with diverse issues related to accounting. The need to choose between historical cost and fair value (FV) accounting when it comes to non-financial assets is among the highly debated issues. Based on current studies, FV measurement’s insufficient standardization and partial reliance on institutional facts could reduce its helpfulness for accounting for non-financial assets. In relation to real estate, equipment, or intellectual property, FV is often unknowable, unstable, and disengaged from institutional reality. In their case study of pharmaceutical, telecommunications, and industrial companies that use FV accounting for non-financial assets, Barker and Schulte (2017) highlight FV measurement’s contributions to producing misleading information. From their analysis, FV accounting offers two possibilities: reporting well-established institutional facts (IFs) or creating new data not constituting valuable IFs. Based on the empirical evidence that Barker and Schulte (2017) retrieved, the second option is dominant in most cases. These challenges’ potential implications for accounting are tremendous, including substantial overall value deviations in companies’ financial statements. Another disadvantage of using FV for businesses’ non-financial assets is the absence of the universally accepted FV measurement approach that would facilitate international comparison practices. Despite the commonly discussed promise of FV in terms of accuracy, influential non-financial companies in Tanzania and India rarely practice FV accounting (Kaaya & Noorbasha, 2017). Resistance to FV accounting for non-financial assets stems from
Pearl Harbor is located at Hawaii. This is a lagoon that was used as the main base by the US army. It forms one of the strongest US military bases. Pearl Harbor is very significant in the history of the World War II because it is the place where the war started. This was back in 1941. The attack came as a surprise since it was not predicted. Soon after the attack of the Pearl Parlor, the Americans declared a war against Japan. This marked the beginning of the World War II. Before the Pearl Harbor was attacked, everything went well in the harbor after the US government agreements with the Hawaii leaders. However, something terrible took place in the year 1941. This was the year when Pearl Harbor was bombed killing a very huge number of people. This took place on 7 th December, 1941 (Merriam 49). Early during the attack, a submarine had been spotted by the men who were on patrol. Later, two torpedo planes approached Pearl Harbor over Southeast Loch where it made fierce blows to the harbor (Iserbyt 2). This led to destruction of two ships, which were bombed. Although the approaching Japanese planes were earlier detected by the radar, they were mistaken for the American planes. Therefore, there was no preparation made to counter the attacks. This reveals that the US government was not expecting any attack by the Japanese government. As the world’s highest power, America did not expect any attack by foreign countries. Therefore, there were no adequate preparations done to counter the attack. According to the Japanese attack arrangements, the attack was to be executed in two waves. The first wave attack was expected to be the main one where most of the tasks were to be fulfilled. The second wave was then to follow where all the remaining tasks were to be completed. Influences Long before the Japanese attack on the U.S. at the Pearl Harbor, the two had been in continuous rivalry. A few years before the attack, their relationships had worsened. The major cause of this rivalry was the Japanese action of aggressively expanding Manchuria and China (Merriam 59). Japan was also increasingly becoming more powerful and influential. Therefore, U.S. saw it as a great threat to its status. As a result, America was ready to abort any effort made by Japan to expand its territory. The attack of the Pearl Parlor could be anticipated sometime before the attack was executed. The main reason for the Pearl Parlor attack was to neutralize the U.S. pacific fleet. This was intended to advance Japanese mission to advance into Dutch East Indies and Malaya (WW II Archives 2000). The Japanese wanted to venture in these regions in order to get access to the natural resources which included rubber and oil. In 1930s, Japan was already expanding into Manchuria, the fact which led to intensification of tensions. Being the world’s largest power, America posed a major threat barrier to the Japanese in their efforts. In 1930s, the tension between these two countries intensified during 1930s, this tension led to Pearl Parlor attach which m
Introduction Background In the current competitive business environment, companies are struggling to meet the needs of their clients in the best ways possible to help them create a pool of loyal customers. The field of information technology has emerged as one of the most important ones due to the increasing relevance of information flow and management. In the past, large multinational companies did not have to worry about competition in the market because they dominated their respective industries. However, that is no longer the case. Firms are currently faced with numerous challenges, the top of which is stiff competition. As such, they need to mine information about changing customer needs, emerging market trends, and how to manage these new forces. Information is critical in such an environment. An organization needs a system that would facilitate the efficient collection, processing, management, and sharing of data among the relevant stakeholders. The information should help the stakeholders in making the right decision on how to handle issues that the firm faces in its operations. Scholars have come up with various models and theories to help different organizations manage various forces in the market. The models are meant to provide different that can be used to address specific issues in an organizational context. Media richness theory is one of the models that have gained popularity in the recent past. This model was developed in 1986 by Richard Daft and Robert Lengel (Gyamfi & Williams, 2017). The theory was developed to help individual organizations rank communication media and choose the most appropriate ones. Using this theory, a firm can rank the appropriateness of phone calls, e-mails, video conferencing, and various other communication platforms that exist. The goal is to select the richest medium that would yield the most desirable outcome. The model explains how the top management should choose the most appropriate medium of communicating with important clients, strategic partners, suppliers, and employees assigned very important tasks. In this paper, the researcher will evaluate the appropriateness of media richness theory in helping an organization to achieve information goals. Research Problem According to Dainton and Zelley (2014), many organizations are currently struggling to come up with effective platforms through which they can maintain effective communication with their customers, employees, and other strategic partners. Advancement in the field of information technology has seen an emergence of various media through which information can be shared. Traditional media such as radio, television, newspapers, phone calls, and e-mails are still commonly used in modern society. However, new approaches are emerging which are more effective and very popular. The emergence of video-conferencing technologies was transformational, especially for multina
Introduction Human beings have been set apart as the only species capable of literacy. Just what is literacy, and how does it develop in an individual? Venezky, et al (1990) provides an elaborate explanation, emphasizing writing as well as reading: “Literacy is a minimal ability to read and write in a designated language, as well as a mindset or way of thinking about the use of reading and writing in everyday life. It differs from simple reading and writing in its assumption of an understanding of the appropriate uses of these abilities within a print-based society. Literacy, therefore, requires active, autonomous engagement with print and stresses the role of the individual in generating as well as receiving and assigning independent interpretations to messages.” (p. 142) Schools have been built to nurture and develop it and use a variety of methods to inculcate it in students, just so they may draw upon their literacy skills in becoming productive, learned individuals. Main body Much research has been dedicated to understand how people become literate. Literacy theories have been conceptualized by scholars which are universally applicable to all learners. Emergent literacy is the term used to refer to the earliest period of a child’s literacy development, specifically the time between birth and when the child can read and write (Sulzby and Teale, 1991). According to emergent literacy theories, the child is the central figure in the construction of learning. His life experiences directly affect his literacy. One theoretical perspective in the area of emergent literacy is that children are innately predisposed to becoming literate especially if they live in a literary-rich environment – lots of books, pictures, films, software, educational posters, etc. Piaget (1959) also has something to contribute to the theoretical perspective of literacy. According to him, literacy is actively constructed with a child’s interaction with the environment. Such interaction brings about learning, as concepts are constructed or changed, usually, differing from adult concepts. Still another perspective has been inspired by Vygotsky (1962), as he theorizes that a child learns literacy through conversation and involvement in literacy acts with an adult. This interaction between adult and child is called ‘scaffolding’. This occurs when a knowledgeable adult gently guides a child through successive literacy activities while
Unveiling the secrets of the unknown has ever been a basic instinct in human beings. Throughout the history of human civilizations, man has been eager to know the soil and the sky around which he lives in. all these eagerness resulted in great findings and finally man happens to live in an age of absolute wonders. Apart from this, knowledge about the earth and the space made profound changes in every-day human affairs. No system is devoid of criticisms. The space missions undertaken by the United States of America had to face severe criticisms throughout the decades. Even in the midst of America’s enviable space achievements, a large number of people oppose the undertakings saying they would not satisfy the common man’s requirements. They are worried over the billions of dollars spent for space activity. They add that it’s dangerous, expensive and uncertain. However, a deep probe into the concepts and objectives of space missions would reveal its multilayered opportunities. Such a study will underline the fact that any capital invested in space projects will no not be in vain. Exploring the Unexplored Since Alan Sheppard, the first American astronaut, an array of people has come forward to explore the outer regions of less familiarity. What’s there out in the space? This question has been the root cause behind all ventures. The modern man, living in the advanced scientific world needs to resolve all enigmas concerning the Planet Earth and even beyond that. Mere hypotheses will not satisfy his analytical brain. All theories have to be supported by solid evidences. Only an objective study can stabilize the uncertain speculations. Undeniably, space activities open a vast realm of knowledge. The present prosperity and dominance of America could not have been possible had the nation failed to design missions like these. “All of the discoveries we have made that directly benefit us on the ground are only a small part of the potential of human space flight. The true benefits of our steps into space are probably little known as of yet. Who would have assumed, even 60 years ago, that there would be thousands of pieces of metal orbiting the earth reflecting radio waves for our communication purposes, or who then could have dreamed of the satellite pictures we take for granted now. The technologies from our space travel that are most important to our survival and happiness we may not know until they hit us in the face years, or decades from now” (Nicholson, 2003). A number of superb discov
Introduction Understanding the abilities of a student goes beyond the confines of classroom instruction. The activities covered in the tutorials agree on the value of one-on-one interviews to students (Clarke, Roche, & Mitchell, 2008; Burns, 2010). Teachers face learning difficulties in teaching fractions to students because of the poor comprehension of its concepts. Studies reveal that the phenomenon exists across junior schools and the college level (Clarke, Roche, & Mitchell, 2008). Important data from one-on-one interviews reveal insights into tips that teachers can use within the classroom to help students understand mathematic concepts such as fractions. The research-based tips are valuable in classroom activities because of their potential when tested in professional development settings (Clarke, Roche, & Mitchell, 2008). Confidence abounds that these ideas are valuable in making the concept of fractions come alive. The value of one-on-one interviews Burns acknowledges that teachers rely on assignments that students write when assessing their skills and understandings. Burns (2010) asserts that one-on-one interviews aid in revealing information that do not exist when teachers read the works of students. The information is appropriate in tailoring instructional decisions to each student. Burns (2010) points out that this information helps in making appropriate instructional decisions. Burns states that interviews are the best approaches of learning the mathematical strengths as well as weaknesses of students. With the information, teachers should be able to construct a mathematical profile for every student. The practical experiences reveal the weaknesses of each student, thereby allowing teachers to tailor instructional strategies to their needs (Burns 2010). Rather than rely on student’s writings, one-on-one interviews allow teachers to unearth misunderstandings that they failed to recognize while teaching. Misconceptions in learning mathematics Knowledge of fractions is important to student’s learning of mathematics. Algebra, ratios, percentiles, and proportions makes up the basics of learning measurement (Clarke, Roche, & Mitchell, 2008). Many students have trouble in conceptually understanding these basics. Therefore, probing the thinking of students allows one to understand the misconceptions that result from inappropriately applying a rule about fractions. According to Clarke, Roche, and Mitchell (2008), mathematics is often neglected where teachers carry out one-on-one assessments in subjects such as reading. Teachers often lack a similar understanding about the ability of students to handle mathem
The introduction Culture is a shared way of behavior and interactions among a certain group of people. Once people live together for long, they develop a common way of doing things and understanding, and that becomes their culture. Through the process of socialization, a bond of interaction develops linking these people with one another. Socialization is a process through which human beings acquire their behaviors, and beliefs (Kottak, 2008). The way a certain group of people do things and behave, may be different from any other group elsewhere. This essay will focus the culture of a certain area known as “Carla”. How the culture was in the past, and the way it changed, due to several factors that would be discussed in the paper. The history of this area dated back to 300,000 and 400,000 years ago. This is the period, which they believed the first ancestors came into existence. During this period, the ancestors directed every activity that was conducted by these people. The oldest people in the region offered guidance on what is to be done, and how people should behave (Robbins, 2008). The people of Carla were marked by their strong social and belief system. These people practiced family rituals to have a sense of identity among the rest of societies that were around them. Through their fa