ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction The Great Britain has experienced one of the most devastating crises since 2007 following the famous economic catastrophe that hit the entire Europe. The crisis has come to be known as the European crisis since has affected most of the countries that lie within the euro zone. Since the United Kingdom is one of such countries, it has also been affected by the disaster. Researchers have indicated that the root of this financial crisis is the inability of most of the European countries to repay their financial debts. With such a calamity, countries must be bailed out through the help of third parties. Great Britain has enacted various economic policies to emancipate itself from the crisis. The Bank of England has also enacted various economic pacts in an effort to get Britain and other European nations out of the crisis. The European crisis emanates from both the government and the private sectors’ inability to repay their debts. Both the British government and the Bank of England have been trying to revive this economy but with little success. However, the crisis is not yet solved. In fact, over the last two years, the Great Britain has experienced a double recession. Therefore, the paper seeks to discuss the question of whether the British government and the Bank of England have been successful in running the economy over the last two years. The paper also endeavours to describe and evaluate the main macroeconomic policies that have been used by the British Government and the Bank of England over the last two years. The Extent of Success of the British Government and the Bank of England in Running the British Economy over the last two Years The British government and the Bank of England have not been successful in running the British government in the last two years. Although the British economy has experienced a recession since the year 2007, this downturn has doubled in the past two years. In fact, within the last three years, this economy has sunk twice. Worse still, the rate of unemployment has increased especially in the financial and construction quarters. The beginning of the crisis in England was in 2007. In this year, government and private sectors’ debt started rising very fast because of the increased levels of private and government debts in the world and the downgrading of debts owed by government in various states in Europe. Because of the increase in property bubble, the private sector easily became autonomous. This impact was also attributed to bailouts by various banks in Europe including the Bank of England. The Bank of England was responding to instructions from the government of England in reaction to stopping the post bubbles effects of the economy. At this point, individual states in Europe have begun to tackle the problem individually. Consequently, the crisis has threatened to split the European Union. Surprisingly, the Bank of England being one of the most established banks in Europe has contributed to the current recession problem facing its country. This bank helped Greece to cover its financial position for a
Sleepers directed by Barry Levinson is a dramatic film addressing juvenile justice system at length. It also gives insight of how New York City was in 1960s. Levinson bases Sleepers on a 1995 novel by Lorenzo Carcaterra going by the same title. According to this film, the juvenile justice system is inconsequential in the realms of justice. Justice systems are meant to correct individuals to make them better citizens who can abide to the law, not to harden them making them hardcore criminals. However, Sleepers paint the juvenile justice system as a faulty system. This is evidenced by the bestial events that occur to Lorenzo, Thomas, Michael, and John. After these juveniles kill King Benny, they are taken to Wilkinson Home, a correctional center for reformation. However, once these four boys check in Wilkinson Home, they meet unheard brutality in the hands of Nokes, Addison, Styler, and Ferguson, guards at this centre. They are raped, abused, and beaten, an experience that dents these juveniles’ personalities to become hardcore criminals. It is at this point, where Sleepers paints a faulty picture of the juvenile justice system. If the juvenile justice system were efficient, it would have reformed these juveniles. According to what happens in this movie, one experience can change a child so much that he or she becomes a delinquent or an adult criminal. After Thomas and John go through the beastly treatment in the hands of Nokes and the rest, they harden to become adult criminals. Ten years after they have been released from Wilkinson, they spot Sean Nokes taking some beer in a pub down street in Hell’s Kitchen. They confront him and tell him of what he had done to them ten years ago before shooting him six times. Nokes dies in front of everyone in the pub. Therefore, it is possible that one incidence, could change a child into an adult criminal just the way Thomas and Mike changed after the torture they went through in the hands of Nokes and his co-workers. These juveniles lived in Hell’s Kitchen in New York. The community that these juveniles are living in is very unfounded and criminal-minded. The community is unfounded because the only person who seems concerned about these boys is Father Bobby, who makes some efforts to look after the boys. The moment Father Bobby loses touch with these boys; they join a gang in the t
Introduction Management involves the procedures that are undertaken for the achievement of set goals. It includes the actions and controlling of actions to meet ends (“Leadership 501”, 2008). We are all managing something or the other at all times, ourselves, our families, or our homes. To achieve our goals, we have to go through the processes of planning, controlling and evaluating. In this paper we will discuss what is generally thought of management, and what it actually is. The Seven Beliefs There have been some beliefs which some managers have put into the field of business, known as the ‘seven deadly myths’. Many managers staunchly believe in them, while others disagree with what they have put forth:   * Experience makes a person wiser   * If you have more information on a subject, decision making will be better and more effective   * All problems can be solved rationally   * Emotions are troublesome   * Leaders must encourage the subordinates   * You cannot find something you have lost, in the dark   * Seven is not a magic number Experience Makes a Person Wise This is a belief of many people, including most parents. Every now and then the youngsters of today get to hear their parents talking of their past experiences and then mentioning the fact that they are “more experienced”. But just because a person is more experienced, does not make him wiser from any aspect. The new consultants of this date are however, looking at management from a different viewpoint, and are bringing better methodologies into their businesses. Better Decision-making through More Information Often it seems as though a better decision would be made to implement, if a substantial amount of related information has been gathered. This does not have anything to do with the management process, as managing involves carrying out of activities and making judgments based on little, or even incomplete information. This is what management is all about (Drury, M. & Kitsopoulos, S., 2005). Managing things and handling matters without complete information. All Problems Can Be Solved Rationally Each problem that a person in any organization deals with is related to other human beings, and their differences. Every individual has his or her unique style of delivering services, which may cause objections in the minds of others. The myth that all problems can be solved rationally does not hold true for any case whatsoever, as problems do not occur due to inanimate objects, but due to the relationships and the shortcomings of employees. Emotions and their Effects Emotions whether positive or negative, affect the environment you are working in. negative emotions may include anger and fear, and positive emotions are happiness and joy, amongst other feelings. Emotions affect our decision making (“Importance of Emotions”). The environment in offices is usually a tense and stressful one, with people worried with the responsibilities they have t
Medical errors happen, and people cannot avoid them because of different reasons. Instead of thinking why something bad or wrong happens, it is necessary to understand how to inform people about a medical error and how to get prepared for a medical error disclosure. There are many Dos and Don’ts for healthcare workers that have to be memorized:   * Do not try to avoid conversations with patients and family members because they have a right to know what happens and why;   * Underline the importance of initial discussions with team members, supervisors, and other medical workers;   * Consider the role of team support and coaching and the necessity to exchange experiences;   * Find a private location to discuss the situation and the possible development of the conversation with patients and their family members;   * Focus on communication and the necessity to describe a situation;   * Be present for patients and family members and ready to help them any time;   * Be ready to cope with emotions before a conversation with patients and family members because it is normal to have fears, shame, doubts, and concerns about what has already happened, but it is unnecessary to make them aware of such concerns;   * Avoid isolation and self-punishment because mistakes could happen and it is obligatory to solve them but not to suffer from them;   * Don’t blame others;   * Don’t try to control others’ reactions;   * Stay confident, supportive, and transparent during conversations with patients and their family members;   * Look in the eye because one-level eye contact promotes the feeling of trust and care;   * State clear facts to make sure people understand the essence of the situation;   * Inform that professional doctors and other experts are ready to help;   * Don’t use jargon or too complicated medical terms that could confuse patients or family members just in order to cover the mistake made;   * Remember about empathy and say “I am sorry for…” but never ask for forgiveness because patients and their family members are free to make their own conclusions and decisions;   * Provide patients and family members with time to think, evaluate the situation, make conclusion, and express their emotions;   * Prompt for questions because sometimes patients and their family members do not know what to ask or expect from the current situation;   * Don’t speculate during conversations with family members;   * Ask for questions and demonstrate readiness to help;   * Don’t panic in case some answers are hard to give because it is normal for a doctor not to know something;   * Develop a sense of trust with patients, family members, and medical workers. All these ideas and suggestion could help a person to be ready to develop a well-performed disclosure of a medical error. People have to understand that there is a human factor in all situations. Mistakes could happen, and fears and shame could be developed. Self-pity should be changed for empathy and professionalism. Doubts have to be removed. Besides, it is necessary to remember that empa
Introduction The article ‘From Coins to Big Bucks’ reflects the tendency of using the marketing prepaid cards, which could be sketched back to the prepaid telephone ticket. Firstly, the article begins with a brief excursion to the history of the prepaid cards and how they were introduced into the United States. Earlier, before the cell mobiles were created, pay telephones were applied for exchanging information when persons were absent from the household. As a substitute for spending cash, the prepaid telephone ticket was designed in Europe in the second half of the twentieth century and was presented in America by the late 1980s. The prepaid card concept rapidly extended to contain explicit commercial cards (‘private-label prepaid cards’), or also known as ‘gift cards’ (Bennett, 2015, p. 1). At the beginning of the 1990s, the administration of the country started substituting paper-created food hallmarks with ‘electronic benefits transfer prepaid cards’. The said cards could be applied to extensive diversity of wholesalers. In the interior of several years, the prepaid phone card idea concept stirred an even more superior inkling: the prepaid card marketplace (Bennett, 2015). Review Furthermore, the article explains the features of the general-purpose prepaid card. At the moment, there is an extensive amount of diverse kinds of prepaid cards, as well as reloadable ones. Moreover, in the latest time, deviations in customer expenditure customs have predominantly augmented the acceptance of the general-purpose reloadable type of cards, which is also referred to as GPR. The general-purpose reloadable card appears to be the firmest developing method of reimbursement that does not involve cash. The relevance of the GPR in today’s economic environment is depicted in the following statistics: the number of connections amplified at a yearly percentage of almost thirty-four percent in the period from 2009 to 2012. Moreover, a whole of three billion general-purpose reloadable prepaid card dealings was conducted in 2012; this number is almost two billion more dealings than three years before. A general-purpose reloadable prepaid card looks like a “debit or credit card, carries the logo of a major payment card network brand—American Express, Discover, MasterCard, Visa— and can be used as a debit card” (Bennett, 2015, p. 2). It could be applied in order to conduct acquisitions wherever the card trademark is recognized and to acquire currency at any ATM that attaches to the system of the general-purpose reloadable card. Additionally, the article explains how and where the card could be obtained, what the features of a card are, and how the customers are able to use it. A general-purpose reloadable prepaid card can be acquired at a store or on the Internet and has no worth up to it is obtained and have some sum of cash on the account. The card is not connected to any account in the financial institution; moreover, every time an acquisition or money extraction is completed, the same sum of money is withdrawn from t
Introduction The financial planning process enables an individual or a family to plan for earning with an aim of converting finances to wealth. Financial planning process is used in the managing investment for an individual. Before carrying out an investment planning process, an individual needs to come up with objectives that reflect on character, lifestyle, future and goals of an individual. Aim of the paper In the paper, I seek to come up with the right investment decisions for my future finances. The investment will focus on investing in Exchange Traded Funds (ETFs). The ETFs are one of the most traded financial instruments in the world due to their flexibility. The essay will discuss the possibility of investing in a number of selected ETFs in connection to an investment objective of an individual. About the Client Currently, I am aged 50 years and married. I have a daughter who is currently a university student. My annual income after tax is $100,000. Further, I expect to retire at the age of 60. The monthly after tax income needed after retirement is 60% of my current income. This amount of income will be required until the last age of expectancy that is, 90 years. Apart from my retirement objectives, I would also like to adequately secure the college education of my children. My current investment and risk profile The table presented below shows the composition of my current portfolio. Investment                       Percentage Cash                             5%         Bonds                            25%        Stock                            40%        Satellite commodities and stock  30%         Based on my current portfolio, I fall under the category of a greater-than-average risk taker because 95% my current portfolio is made up of investment in long term assets (bonds, stock, and satellite commodities and stock). It is a dynamic risk profile. Besides, I can be able to invest in some of the assets for a period longer than seven years. This portfolio will be consistent with my long term objectives. Besides, I will be able to adequately finance my expenses after retirement (Stevenson 2013). My regular investments amount to $10,000 per quarter. Factors to consider when coming up with an asset allocation and an investment plan with my time horizon There are a number of factors that I took into account when coming up with an my current portfolio. The first factor was my investment objectives and goals and my current financial condition. In relation to the objective factor, my main motivating factor for investing my finances is to secure my kids’ college fund in the future when they will be in a position to attend college. Moreover, I plan to live a fulfilling retirement life and thus this will include covering the major bills such as healthcare, travel and entertainment (Lydon 2009). As a result, my objectives for investing will for the long term since these n
Positivism Positivism has a double meaning. From the one side, it rather useful in order to understand physical processes in connection with the social world better and easier. Sometimes, the creative approach contributes to the investigation making it groundbreaking as a result. Therefore, the system of the logical and consistent methodology, organizational and technical procedures of the sociology science impact not only social phenomena and its processes but also physical sciences. From the other side, the positivism theory described by Baronov might cause misunderstanding of the nature and structure of the real scientific knowledge and the desire to reduce it only to the empirical knowledge (“Embryonic Positivism” 12). Moreover, it might lead to the insufficiently informed decisions as people cannot investigate physical sciences only the social world. Speaking of positivism, it seems necessary to mention The Effect of Country Music on Suicide research. Stack and Gundlach compared the frequency performance of country music on the radio in different cities with suicide rates in them and revealed a high correlation (215). Then they found out how to apply the statistic methods and if the correlation disappears in the case when all the possible factors such as the divorce rates, the average income of the population, the level of alcohol consumption, the availability of firearms, and the ratio between Whites and Afro-Americans are considered. It revealed that the correlation remains even after taking into account all these factors, thus, it is potential suicides who like country music. However, the trend applies only to White people. Idea of “subjectivity” By the idea of “subjectivity”, Baronov means the role of self-understanding of the subject (in other words, of a person) and coincidence with the interpretation of his existence (“Hermeneutics” 113). The main purpose of understanding is moving into someone else’s subjectivity. Indeed, it is impossible to understand the other one without feeling yourself in his or her place. It is important in hermeneutics as it is the so-called hermeneutic circle that establishes the link between generations and continuity (moving into someone else’s subjectivity). However, subjectivity is the main distinction between human beings and inanimate concepts. Therefore, it might include emotions, words, and expressions of human activity. There is a differe
Introduction Ethnic minorities and the diversity of cultures in different nations have frequently been used as a scapegoat during times of crisis. Racial discrimination primarily groups people on an ethnic or cultural basis. The classification does not take into consideration people’s somatic differences. Racists believe that differences in human traits make some “communities” more superior than others. This makes people or institutions to be prejudiced, oppressed and denied certain rights or advantages. Global racism is mainly based on skin color, language, “origin” and culture. Racism has always existed since time immemorial among western groups, Asians and Africans. For example, during the slave trade period, Europeans oppressed many Africans. The oppression was based on the belief that Africans were not fully human as compared to Europeans (Gregory and Sanjek, p.1). This paper will discuss the role played by the political elites and the state in relation to racial discrimination. Roles of political elites and the state in matters related to Racism Political discourse plays a major role in propagating racism. Many politicians address race-related topics through the media. Critical studies among many parliamentary debates on ethnic issues bring out many humanitarian inequalities that are valued by people. On the other hand, the political elites dictate the nature of rules that govern immigration and minority treatment (Dijik, p. 2). For instance, in Europe, many political debates in the past on immigrants have changed citizen’s perceptions of refugees. In America, congress in 1990 had a debate that tried to analyze the civil rights of all citizens living in America. This was to help fight discrimination among the whites, Africans and black Americans. This however did not last for long because the