ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction The 1993-1994 court case of Lorena Bobbitt, who severed her husband’s penis with a kitchen knife after being raped by him upon his return from a party in a severely intoxicated condition, involves the Not Guilty By Reason of Insanity plea (Samaha, 2017). Although insanity defense is rarely used and is less successful even in cases in which offenders appear to suffer from more severe disorders, the Not Guilty By Reason of Insanity plea was successful in the given case ( Commonwealth v. Bobbitt , 1993). This paper discusses the defender’s mental disorder, the relationship between the actions taken and behaviors demonstrated which could impact the decision of the court, as well as discusses the outcome of the case and its correctness. The Mental Disorder and Symptoms On the whole, the court decided that Lorena Bobbitt experienced an irresistible impulse, during which she committed the aforementioned violent act. The jury came to that decision based on the evidence that Lorena’s husband regularly employed violence against her, repeatedly battering her, throwing her against a wall, using torture to inflict pain upon her, and raping her, therefore causing her to live in constant fear ( Commonwealth v. Bobbitt , 1993). It was taken into account that on the day of the mutilation, John Wayne Bobbitt also raped his wife. It was decided that, due to being a victim of continuous and severe domestic violence, Lorena was suffering from serious clinical depression and post-traumatic stress disorder (Bell, n.d.), and eventually lost control over her actions when she saw a knife during her visit to the kitchen after the rape. It was also taken into account that Lorena allegedly did not remember the process of severing the penis, and only realized what she had done later, while she saw the penis in her hand while driving a car to which she retreated after the act of mutilation (“John Wayne and Lorena Bobbitt trials,” 2002). Thus, the indicators of Lorena’s mental condition during the crime included symptoms characteristic of clinical depression, post-traumatic stress disorder, the absence of memories pertaining to the process of severing her husband’s reproductive organ, and the evidence of being a victim to brutal domestic violence. Actions and Behavior Causing the Court to Remand Lorena for a Mental Evaluation Apparently, the actions and circumstances which took place prior to Lorena’s act of severing her husband’s penis, namely, the rape of Lorena Bobbitt by her husband, as well as the constant domestic violence of John Wayne Bobbitt aimed at his w
Introduction Wireless networks have helped telecommunication organizations and other enterprises avoid the costly installation of cables into buildings to provide the computer network. This has made the network available to many homes in the United States, as well as saving people’s time for physical connection of printers and other devices that can be linked to the home wireless network. However, this has also made accessing the World Wide Web possible from any point within the router’s ranger and therefore risking having the network used by neighbors. Though much has been done to control such users, such as protecting these networks with passwords, a lot of people find it easy to hack into them and enjoy the free internet while most homes do not even try to protect them. Discussion It is very unethical to enjoy free internet by using your neighbor’s wireless network. This amounts to stealing. It is just like taping their electricity lines or water pipes secretly. Though most wireless connections are priced periodically, meaning that there will be no extra cost incurred due to a stealing neighbor, this does not justify using the network without the owner’s consent (SANS Institute, 2003). Ethically, one should inform the owner of their network’s range and then request to use it. This way, the owner will be aware of the users and will protect any confidential information on their personal computers from being shared in the network. It will also be fair to strike a deal to cost share the internet charges. This is because it is very selfish for anybody to wait for their neighbor to pay for their internet connection so that they can enjoy it for free. It is worse when the owner of the connection has to pay extra charges for the other unknown users. Though this is rear, we should have a culture of respecting everything that does not belong to us. We may think that it does not cost the owner any extra penny for us to use their network, but the truth is it affects their internet speed. Having several users on the same network slows its’ speed and this is not fair to the owner. It makes the owner unable to download all the data he/she may have wanted or spend a lot of time downloading it. This may cause dissatisfaction by the owner in the service provide yet the mistake is the provider. The owner may even seek alternatives and this will force him or her to spend unnecessary to install new wireless network but so long as the network is not secure, the same problem will ari
Abstract Children between the ages of zero and six year are continuously learning and developing socially and emotionally. For an appropriate development, a child needs love and care from both parents. In the case of families experiencing domestic violence, the social and emotional development of children brought put in such families is affected negatively. Psychological wellness of the child is affected at early age and later in life. Introduction Domestic violence has been an issue in many societies in the world but considered as a family matter, it’s only of late that legal proceedings can be taken on an offender. Since women movements in 1970s, domestic violence has become a legal matter calling for police, courts and judicial process intervention. When one is talking of domestic violence, what comes in mind is wife or husband violence; in most case women are on the receiving end, they are subjected to physical, psychological and emotional violence. However the scope of domestic violence extend far beyond this believe to include child abuse and the effects that such abuse have on a child. Family violence is a term that can be used to describe the various forms of violence that happen within a family set up. A family is a sociological unit which includes parents and children. The most common types of violence within the family are wife abuse and child abuse. Violence in this sense may include slaps, pushes, sexual abuse, battering, and use of abusive words. A research conducted by in United States of America, shown that each year over 3.3 children suffer from domestic violence. The recognition of this is affected by lack of data that can be used for the analysis. The effect is mostly psychological, emotional and sometimes physical. The most noted one is physical and thus emotional and psychological remains not recorded (Shaffer, 2009). This paper discusses how children social and emotional development is affected by exposure to domestic violence. It will focus on children below the age of six years. Child emotional and social development and domestic violence Between the ages of Zero years to six years, a child is constantly learning and developing emotional and social health/character. At this age, he has no much choice on what and who to believe. Parents have the burden of developing a healthy emotional and social need of the child. The environment that a child grows in affects his social and emotional development. Socialisation factors dominate in his character building as well as personality. The family is the first socialisation stage that a child gets. What the child observes is registered in its mind and goes a long way in forming attitude, behaviours and feeling about a certain issues at hand. If the family is undergoing domestic violence, the child mind will be exposed to violence and will form perception and attitudes towards such. For example if a child is brought up in a family that the husband dominated and when he battles the wife it is generally accepted; a male child from such
Difference between thought-focused treatment and psychodynamic techniques Thought-focused treatment and psychoanalytical methods are used to achieve similar goals in the treatment of psychological dysfunctions, but there exist differences in the two approaches. The first variability arises in the application. Thought-focused treatment relies heavily on mental comparisons. It can be applied as a stand-alone method, or it can be combined with other nonpractical approaches. Moreover, the complexity of the human thought process between different individuals makes this approach rigid. On the other hand, cognitive treatment approaches are potent and flexible, with a wide range of applications. Usually, the application of the thought-focused treatment comes with a range of benefits that act as its strengths. For instance, accessing our thoughts is a minor task for anyone (Seligman & Reichenberg, 2009). When we decide to contribute to a particular subject area, our mind’s recollection of the said subject allows us to demonstrate how much we know as well as to conduct a meaningful conversation with different people. Moreover, it is of vital importance to note that therapists who prefer a thought-focused treatment approach spend time easier and less demanding than those who gain information about the patient’s feelings from the victims themselves. In addition, writing down one’s thoughts and conducting an analysis are easy tasks, but cognitions offer resistance to alterations and analysis. According to most therapists, the largest difference between the two methods exists in the speed at which one responds to positive gains in the first few stages of treatment. Thought-focused treatment offers faster reception, which is easily noticeable from how optimistic and motivated the patient becomes. These positive changes in the patient boost the treatment process. On the other hand, psychoanalytical psychotherapy takes up more time and hence slows down the treatment process. The delay results from the long period required in order to alter one’s behavior. REBT Irrational beliefs According to REBT, there are twelve irrational beliefs held by humans. They include the following (Beck et al., 2006).  1. There is a notion that there is an utmost necessity for adults to be loved by significant others for all they do.  2. Certain actions are classified as awful and iniquitous, so people who commit them are judge to be sentenced to eternal damnation  3. There exists the idea that things are horrible when they do not meet our expectations  4. The human misery is invariably externally caused and forced on us by outside people and events  5. Whenever something seems dangerous and fearsome, we should react by being extremely upset and continuously obsessed about it  6. There is a thought that it is easier to avoid than to face life challenges and responsibilities  7. There is also a belief that we have to have something that is of greater s
The corporate culture at Trader Joe’s is one of accountability, loyalty, and success, with each employee being made accountable for his/her actions. Indeed, it is uncommon to see employees going out of their way to engage customers in friendly conversations that are aimed at informing them of new products and promote the existing ones. The staff at Trader Joe’s engage in these conversations without being pushed by anyone, an observation that the author attributes to the rigorous recruitment and training methods employed by the firm, together with good remuneration packages, that result into employees becoming loyal to the firm (Chatman & Jehn, 1994). Consequently, they exhibit a level of loyalty that is non-existent in most retail firms. The motivation techniques Trader Joe’s uses to gain a competitive advantage over other companies in the grocery or specialty industry include giving employees a wage and benefits package that is typically far more competitive than its competitors. This strategy has seen the firm attract a high-quality staff that strives to ensure a customer returns to the store. Secondly, Trader Joe’s has created a culture of success that is non-existent among most competitors. The environment at Trader Joe’s is one in which jobs are assigned on a systematic basis and a place where employees’ opinions are respected and talents are nurtured. Generally, the gap between the management, supervisors, and the rest of the employees at the firm is almost non-existent, unlike other firms in which junior employees are downtrodden and look for any means to get out. Trader Joe’s has also put in place stringent measures in the recruitment and training of its staff. The company also takes good care of its staff through recognition of employees’ performance, treating them with respect and dignity, ensuring that they enjoy their work, and offering them flexibility to engage in other part-time activities, such as studies. Corporate Culture Changing the corporate culture at Trader Joe’s would be difficult because the culture has become so deeply rooted that it is almost associated with the company. As an example, the company has taken lead among competitors in aspects such as the way it treats its staff, from recruitment, training, remuneration, and other benefits, in addition to the way it treats its customers. This culture has subsequently led to its success in the highly competitive supermarket industry even when other similar firms are registering losses and downsizing. In a way, the culture at Trader Joe’s has contributed to its success on a large margin and to change it would be difficult as it would affect its performance on a number of fronts (Huselid, 1995). A reason why Trader Joe’s might choose to change in the fu
In the past, comparisons were drawn between United States and South Africa as the only industrialized countries that did not provide universal health care. However, current statistics show that United States is isolated in this respect. It is estimated that about 20% U.S. citizens lacks health insurance. Moreover, the level of disparity in this respect is higher than that of other countries. Interestingly, United States boasts of the most advanced technology in health care services. It is therefore quite surprising that a good chunk of its population cannot access state of art treatment due to health insurance policies. Moreover, its elimination from Social Security act was catastrophic. This paper will explore the effects of excluding health Insurance from Social Security Act. It will also ascertain how we could have changed our future in this respect (Morone, Litman & Robins, 2008, p. 16). More than 45 Million Americans lack access to health care insurance of any kind. This number would be greater, save for government programs such as SCHIP and Medicaid, which provides a cushion for low-income families, especially children. This is mainly due to exclusion of health care insurance from Social Security Act. Social Security act was amended in 1965 after its initial enactment in 1935. It was signed into law by former president Franklin Roosevelt. Its funds were deposited in Social Security Trust fund. This was to be made available for access after retirement. President John Kennedy anticipated provision of health insurance to elderly through Social security Act reforms in 1962. This bill continued even after his assassination in 1963. It was passed in 1965. This was mainly aimed at providing health insurance to the elderly and unemployed. However, it is quite important to note that nonelderly population was left out of the bill. This is because institutions like the Congress and medical industry such as American Medical Association opposed the move citing significant increase in social security expenditure (Vladeck, 2003, p. 16-19). In essence, health insurance for nonelderly people in United States has been from their own pockets. This has placed great pressure on individuals since they have to pay for it themselves. Moreover, health insurance premium are very high causing people to live unsustainable lives as they struggle to pay for health insurance. It is also quite necessary to note that people lack access to quality healthcare because they cannot afford it. To make it worse, United States has one of the best medical facilities globally. This is unacceptable as about 45 million non-elderly people struggle to access quality health care. Interestingly, some insurance companies have been found guilty of fleecing individuals of the high premiums by reneging on their tasks of providing quality health care. Exclusion of health care from Social Security Act has also caused a big rift between the population and their government as they contemplate changes. In fact, health care refo
The cognitive development of a child depends on different aspects and types of interaction of an individual with the world. Depending on different theories of cognitive development, it is possible to choose the effective approach for addressing the behavioral goal for a person while integrating this approach in the educational setting. In this context, it is necessary to refer to Jerome Bruner’s theory of cognitive development in order to change specific aspects in Rad’s behavior (Slee, Campbell, & Spears, 2012, p. 172). The paper aims to demonstrate how Bruner’s theory of cognitive development can be used in the educational setting in order to affect the student’s behavior. The Behavioral Goal for Rad The behavior of Rad does not address the criteria for the behavior of students who participate in classroom discussions and group activities. Thus, Rad demonstrates the lack of attention to students’ answers, and he prefers to make inappropriate comments when other students speak. Furthermore, Rad lacks attention to the teacher’s questions, and he does not demonstrate willingness to answer these questions. In addition, Rad often interrupts the studying process and rejects to participate in group activities as well as to cooperate with other students. Therefore, the general behavioral goal for Rad is to improve participation in the classroom activities with the focus on the increased attention to other students during discussions, to the teacher, and to the members of the group during cooperation. Specific behavioral goals include the following ones: by the end of a three-month period, Rad will listen attentively to the students’ answers, react to four out of five answers, and increase his cooperation with students in groups by 30%; by the end of a four-month period, Rad will participate in class discussions and answer the teacher’s questions in a respectful manner in three out of five cases. Jerome Bruner’s Theory of Cognitive Development Jerome Bruner developed his theory of cognitive development in the 1950s. This theory is based on the idea that persons learn and develop their thinking abilities as a result of the interaction with the society. Furthermore, they form their vision of the world depending on such three modes of thinking as the enactive mode, the iconic mode, and the symbolic mode. These modes are determined with references to the types of the knowledge representation (Schwartz, Chase, Oppezzo, & Chin, 2011, p. 760). In spite of the fact that individuals develop different types of thinking successively,
Introduction Global warming refers to the continued warming of the earth’s surface due to the effects of climate change. The major cause of global warming has been cited as the release of greenhouse gases to the atmosphere. The gases act as a blanket over the earth’s surface making it warmer. It has, therefore, been controversially argued that human beings are the major contributors to the problem of global warming. Global warming has had a lot of effects on the environment and also on a myriad of species of flora and fauna. It is actually predicted that in a matter of centuries, some of the most valued species of animals will become extinct due to the effects of global warming. This paper explores the impacts of global warming on the environment and also suggests some of the measures that can be taken to mitigate the impact of global warming on the environment. Effects of global warming on the environment Global warming has had innumerable negative impacts on the environment. Of more concern are the facts that more adverse effects are being experienced now, more than ever before and also the fact that future predictions of the warming effects of greenhouse gases are even more threatening. This calls for a serious investigation of the global warming issue and also calls for development of suitable intervention strategies. One of the effects of global warming is the fact that it is leading to continuous melting of ice caps. It is predicted that with the stated melting of ice caps, marine ecosystems will be adversely affected and this will consequently result to a worldwide ecosystem imbalance. This is predicted as a likely occurrence because the ice caps will produce fresh water after melting and this will lead to the dilution of the salt in the ocean. This is bound to interfere with the ocean currents in a major way leading to poor regulation of temperatures in the ocean which will make it difficult for some species to survive. The melting of the ice caps is, of course, carried out by the warming effect of greenhouse gases and it also accelerates the rate at which global warming is increasing. This is because the ice caps reflect atmospheric temperatures and give a cooling effect and therefore their absence will undoubtedly increase atmospheric temperatures (Houghton, 1994, p. 9). Other effects of global warming on the environment include the rise in sea levels that have had adverse effects on the environment. The rise in sea levels has been a very serious effect of global warming due to the destructive effect it has in the occurrence of other calamities like ear
The current study has been conducted among both male (4) and female (16) interviewees of diverse age groups – 24-30 (6), 30-40 (8), >40 (6). The average length of employment is reported to be seven years. The questionnaire consists of 20 questions on the suitability and effectiveness of the electronic healthcare system (wareed). The options for the answer are “Strongly Disagree,” “Disagree,” “I don’t know,” “Agree,” and “Strongly Agree.” According to the study results, the interviewees are experienced specialists and, thus, can provide a credible opinion on the issue. The specialists receive adequate training on how to use it; technical support is provided, as well. The experts note that the wareed offers access to patient data and analysis, and reduces time in registering health data. For example, the treatment plan is clearly documented in the patients’ records. The system lowers the possibility of medication errors and consumes less time than the paper-based ones. However, its usage may be slightly complicated and needs some time to be learned. The interviewees noted that it might be difficult to add the digital radiographs and the consent forms to the patient records. Other difficulties might consist of charting the patient’s dentition on the system and selecting the proper diagnosis from the ICD10 list. The interviewees, although, did not consider the system highly complicated. The specialists agree that not only the quality of one’s work improves due to the wareed system but also the communication between professionals. In general, the electronic system is reported to improve the quality of care. The study shows that the majority of the interviewees would recommend the use of wareed or other EHR for their colleagues. The wared, therefore, is a rather efficient electronic system that offers the digital record-keeping system and ensures the accuracy of the data.