ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Description of the Sample Completed 6 interviews with all mothers. (children ranged in ages from:1x 10yr old, 1x 13yr old,1x 15yr old,1x 16yr old and 2 x 17yrs old) (2 x female and 4x males). Understanding of the Role of the ADHD Clinic This theme describes the participant’s understanding of the role of the ADHD clinic. The clinic’s role is to is help parents manage their child’s medication. However, many of the participants did not have a clear understanding of the role and, overall, the participants felt that there would be greater involvement of the Multidisciplinary Team (MDT) in the care of their child. They did not realize that the clinic focused on medication and the associated physical health needs of the child. For example, they believed that there would be greater involvement from Occupational Therapists and psychologists and his weight is checked, his blood pressure is checked. “My understanding is basically that they are there to help to support the child and the parents and any other family member what’s involved with, as in, like my daughter and to help them understand it more and more than likely just kinda it is good that there is something there for them” – one of the respondents noted. This answer shows the respondent’s expectation of multi-faceted support for parents and children. It should be noted that the program for the diagnosis and treatment of ADHD in the clinic is a joint work of pediatric neurologists and psychotherapists, who are guided by generally recognized international standards for diagnosis and treatment. The main principles of the clinic’s specialists should be an objective diagnosis of the neurological status of the child and the characteristics of his/her behavior, the selection of drug treatment only on the basis of the principles of evidence-based medicine. An individual approach to the choice of methods of neuropsychological influence and building work both with the child and the family as a whole. It must also be remembered that ADHD is a variant of individual development within the normal range, characterized by the presence of motivation for learning, developed prerequisites for logical thinking, memory and the ability to fine motor coordination. However, to achieve the above-mentioned goals, ADHD clinics’ main task is focused on medication review. The analysis of interviews showed that respondents, in fact, expect complex results of neuropsychological influence based on MDT teams’ efforts and even the prevalence of psychotherapy approaches. At the same time, they are not considering significant regular physical examination of a child and reviewing drug treatment regular results, checking adherence to therapy, and so on: “…at the moment when we go, it is once every 3 months and his weight is checked, his blood pressure is checked, they ask me how he is getting on, they ask him how he feels. So it’s basically a check up and then a prescription, we don’t have any other interaction with the clinic.” Analyzing categories of the respondents’
The first article is “Results of the 2008-2009 International Pressure Ulcer prevalence survey and a 3-year acute care unit specific analysis” by VanGilder, Amlung, Harrison, and Meyer (2008). The abstract of the first article sets the expectation that the article is about the breakdown of Pressure Ulcer prevalence by year, unit, and type. The purpose of this article is to measure the prevalence of Pressure Ulcers in 2008 and 2009 and compare it to the data from previous years. The scope of the study is the Facility-Acquired Pressure Ulcer cases recorded from 2006 to 2009 in all care settings. The rationale behind the paper is that ulcer prevention is becoming more critical, and its impact on case prevalence needs to be measured to create an efficient strategy. The study is observational, and the research question “what is the prevalence of Pressure Ulcers?” is implicit. The key concepts are “Pressure Ulcer,” “Facility-Acquired,” and “Prevalence.” The literature review is provided in the article. The sample of the study is the US patients from the International Pressure Ulcer Prevalence survey, numbering 96,068 in 2009. The da
Language is a critical tool in the humanities and social sciences. It would be impossible to study communication arts, history, philosophy, religion and the classics if one will deprive himself of this tool. Language is the key that opens the door in the study of humanities. However, the same thing can be said when it comes to the social sciences. It would be impossible to understand human society, how it was formed and how it is being sustained without the use of language. It is the code breaker that will allow a student of the social sciences to understand the complex communication systems used by human beings. Language is the backbone for both humanities and social sciences. Benedict Anderson had a brilliant insight when it comes to the purpose of language and its link to the creation of social classes. He said that printed language is the reason why democratic nations were formed out of kingdoms ruled by tyrants. At the same time he also implied that prior to the rise of nationalism verbal language was used primarily to build communities. With regards to the rise of nationalism he was convinced that it would have been impossible to achieve it without a way for the common people to connect beyond family or tribal loyalties. Anderson argued that in the past there was no other means of establishing communities but through the rituals associated with kinship, clientship, and personal loyalties (Anderson, no date). These rituals can only be accomplished by the use of verbal communication and therefore the expert use of language to bind people together in marriage, treaties, and other forms of personal transactions. It is language that facilitated the knitting together of families, friends and neighbors. Language is the primary tool that brings people together. It is important to master the verbal language and even the written language as a means of communication. But language should not be limited to the building of communities and societies. Language must be fully maximized because it can provide more than a set of symbols and sounds for communication purposes. Language is the only thing that can express what is deep within the spirit of man. Walter Benjamin said that storytelling is the best way to experience life to the full (Benjamin, 2003). Storytelling is different from the usual use of language such as a means to organize a community to compel them to action. Storytelling compels the soul of the storyteller and the audience to soar in regions inaccessible by the physical body – a place beyond this present reality. It can only be accessed by the spirit of man. The means of transport is the use of language. Time on the other hand does not contain symbols or even sounds. It does not have anything that can be perceived by the five senses – taste, smell, hearing, sight, and touch. It is some sort of an idea that can only be imagined but there is nothing tangible about it. This is perhaps th
Cars used in Formula One racing have undergone several modifications since the inception of the racing sports. Nevertheless, they have maintained fundamental elements of physics in designs. Physics plays a critical role in the design of Formula One racing cars. Contemporary Formula One cars have greatly borrowed design elements of aerodynamics. Engineers have ensured that the car is as fast and safe as possible with adequate down force and limited drag. The engine designs achieve optimization qualities with fuel that can release as much power as possible without affecting the engine functions. The tires are design to withstand prevailing weather conditions. These incorporated elements of physics are what make Formula One cars different from others. Introduction Formula One cars have resulted from tremendous efforts of engineers working steadily to understand design concepts that could provide speed and safety simultaneously. Over the last decades, Formula One cars have undergone minor redesign and changes with impressive outcomes, but they have always maintained the basic design of open wheel and a single seat. As technology changes, engineers have seen it necessary to enhance capabilities of cars and drivers. Figure 1: a Cooper T51 – mid-engine Formula One car. The dynamic structure of the car Formula One car engineers apply extremely complex aerodynamic approaches in designs. They aim to achieve high efficiency with similar performance of airplanes. The car has rear and front wings, which can easily generate adequate force to propel it off the track. However, these wings are fixed upside down to ensure stability of the car, keep it on the ground, enhance efficiency when negotiating corners and avoid toppling. Hence, the fast laps propel the car, but cannot lift it (Axerio-Cilies and Iaccarino par. 3). Figure 2: Formula One Car Structure. In down force, engineers have applied similar principles used in airplane wings for Formula One cars. In the case of cars, the design achieves down force rather than lift, and Bernoulli’s Principle has been useful. The Principle applies physics to achieve the role of car wings. Air moves at different speeds on both wings and at different distance because of the shape of the wing, which creates pressure difference. The resultant pressure balances the wing and makes it move in the direction of lower pressure (Cook par. 3). Both wings fixed on Formula One cars have abilities to generate almost 70 percent of the total down force needed. This role makes the wings necessary parts of Formula One cars. Today, designers have ensured that wings are skillfully designed in a complex manner to maximize efficiency. Figure 3: An example of a modern front wing Formula One car. Engineers must determine how to reduce drag in their designs. Drag is a force that opposes the movement of t
Introduction In contemporary occidental countries where human rights made comparatively notable progress, accessibility is one of the crucial criteria by which technologies should be judged. The disability rights movement, growing popularity of digital devices, and visual interfaces prompted the creation of assistive technologies providing access to information for excluded groups of the population. The main goal of this paper is to create a comprehensive picture of screen readers’ evolution and their current usability. The study results constitute a linear account of the instruments, technologies, and events that caused the advance of assistive technologies and screen readers specifically, outlining their history. The principal method used in the study is outcome-based information evaluation that helped to construct the account. The research led to conclusions apropos of the current state of assistive technologies and recommendations that can be followed to enhance accessibility. The History of Screen Readers Low vision is a condition that may interfere with even trivial daily activities in vexing ways. Limited peripheral and central vision, unfocused vision, tunnel vision, and augmented vulnerability to light affect how people interact with their environment on a day-to-day basis. Different visual impairments are an increasingly growing health problem, with millions of United States citizens affected. Moreover, with the current lifestyle that the majority of people adhere to, the number of affected will possibly grow. One of the challenges that low vision may pose is the usage of new technologies, computing devices in particular. Several inventors and researchers contributed to the progress in the domain. Among them is Jim Thatcher, the creator of the first screen reader (Ademi & Ademi, 2018). Alistair Edwards advanced the software with Soundtrack, one of the pioneering word processors with an auditory interface, and Ted Henter, a programmer who founded Freedom Scientific, a company that revolves around assistive technologies, created JAWS (Lazar et al., 2007). Despite the advancements, several gaps are still present in the research of assistive technologies, such as a lack of coordination between medical professionals and developers of assistive devices. This was noted by the lack of literature devoted to the topic in the last years. This paper aims to synthesize the history of screen reader
While for someone it may sound a bit sacrilegiously, others believe that the life of a young person is more precious than the life of an elderly one. In practice, it seems to be this way; we feel sorrier if a young person or a child dies than when a person who is 50 or 60 dies. People have rather a practical explanation to such a sentiment. An elderly person has lived a long life, has seen a lot, while a child or a younger person is just about to discover this world and all its wonders. However, let us look at this question not from a practical, but a philosophical perspective. What do philosophers say about life and death, no matter the age of a person who dies? Many philosophers believe in the soul and believe that it is immortal. They view life, death, and immortality from this very position. And, since every human being has a soul, it seems to be wrong to claim that someone’s life is more precious than the other’s. As for me, I agree with those philosophers who say that death means only the end of the body, but not the soul. I also agree with those philosophers like Thomas Aquinas who look at this question from a Christian perspective. God is the creator of our world. He gives life to a new human being, body, and soul, which is the form of the body. When the body dies, the soul is separated, but it does not perish (Melchert 284). Ideally, it may mean that if souls are immortal, humans, both young and elderly, are immortal as well. I also think that if God gives a soul to every human being, it also means that every human’s life is equally precious. Many othe
A rehabilitation center is a very sensitive organisation to run in the community. It is a very important organisation in the community and, therefore, tactics must be used in relation to ensuring that every member finally goes through the entire process. The target of the institution is rehabilitating people from their addictive behaviors like drug abuse. In most cases, the patient attends the institution through their free will. This means that they have the freedom to leave the institution if they so wish. For an organisation that gives short term care to the patient, the relationship between the therapist and the patient should be good and professional to ensure that the patients stay until the end of the intended period. However, when changing the short term sessions into long-term sessions, the relationships between the therapist and the patient should be the number one consideration to the organisation. For the internal patients, the organisation must consider is the specific relationships between the therapist and the individual patients. If a patient has been admitted as an inpatient, this means that he/she is very depended on the drugs and needs a very close time to time therapy. In other words, the patient gives his/her life to the therapist for the sake of redeeming it within the specified period of time. This is why the therapist has to ensure that the patient views him as skilled person and capable to redeem him from that addictive situation. The therapist must be presentable and dependable. For the external relationship, the organisation should know that these people meet tempting situations out there as the organisation has no power to control the drug supply to these people. Though they might not be as much depended to the drugs as those people rehabilitated internally, they have higher chances of succumbing to the addiction of the drugs. It is, therefore, very important for the management of the organisation to involve thes
The issue of illegal immigrants, and what to do with them, presents a major political and social issue for nearly every Westernized country in the world. In his article Costs Will Rein in Arizona’s Immigration Crackdown author David R. Francis hypothesizes that they are “perhaps 50 million illegal, undocumented immigrants” living in the shadows of Western democracies. In Francis’ words, illegal immigrants represent “a problem for Canada, Britain, France, Italy, and Spain. India tries to limit immigrants from Bangladesh. South Africa has troubles with illegal Zimbabwean immigrants. Even Mexico has to deal with illegal aliens from Honduras and Guatemala” (Francis n.pag). At the heart of the discussion lies the question: should illegal immigrants be deported? This paper will present both sides of the argument, and concludes with the suggestion that the idea of physical borders be revisited in the future, and replaced with global citizenship. Cost remains the most significant countering consideration in whole scale deportation, which may explain why of the projected 11 million illegal immigrants currently residing in the United States, the government deports under 4 percent annually (Francis n. pag.). On the con side, simply put, finding, detaining, and deporting millions of illegal immigrants could easily bankrupt the already strained economy of certain U.S. states. In Francis’ words, “beside the moral, humanitarian, and legal issues surrounding illegal immigrants, their apprehension poses a sizable financial cost. In Arizona, police could arrest them under the new state law, but keeping them in already crowded jails costs roughly $100 a day per person. For 5,000 people, imprisonment costs could add up to $182.5 million a year. That’s a hefty charge for a state struggling with a budget deficit of at least $368 million” (Francis n. pag.). States that admit to an illegal immigrant problem, such as Arizona, could doubtless cut their expense by surrendering illegal immigrants to the federal government for deportation. However, as Francis notes, the federal government lacks the resources to effectively expedite deportation: “In fiscal 2008, the US deported 369,221 people. Deportat
The music industry presents sex as a commodity to satisfy the ever-growing demand for explicit sexual content fuelled by human fantasy and vanity. In rap music, sex appears to be the only selling point, with lyrics littered with explicit content. Performers in videos or live concerts have to meet certain standards set by the audiences. In most cases, dancers come out as sex symbols. This commodification of sex makes it appear cool, and thus the audience idolizes the practice. As such, women are seen as sex objects, and they should have certain body features to look attractive. In the majority of music videos glorifying sex, dancers are barely dressed, which exposes their body parts. The ideal sexually attractive woman is presented as having a flat belly, large breasts, and huge behinds. Such women attract the attention of male performers who seem to worship such idyllic beauty that should be attained naturally or artificially. In the hit song Anaconda by Nicki Minaj, the performers expose their huge rounded behinds, and they ‘twerk’ throughout the sexually explicit action. The song has over 400 million YouTube views which underscore the demand for such content by the targeted audience. As mentioned earlier, if the ideal sexual figure cannot be attained naturally, then one has to look at it elsewhere. In the video, Nicki Minaj has undergone several plastic surgeries to attain the desired sexual bodily parts like wasp waist and huge behinds and breasts. In the song, Minaj rebukes men for only desiring women with certain bodily features. Ironically, she is punishing men by showing them exactly what they want to see. It appears that music without sexual content is like an engine without fuel – it cannot run. In another record-breaking song, Candy Shop, by 50 Cent, sexuality is glorified as something that happens casually, just like walking into a shop, buying a commodity, and proceeding home. In the video, 50 Cent enters a brothel before performing some sexual innuendos with a prostitute accompanied by the lyrical message of how he loves nymphomaniac women. The video presents sex as candy, and society appears to be purchasing this community wholesale, going by the popularity of such songs. The music industry continues to feed society with the fantasy that sex is appealing and should be enjoyed with abandonment. This perception has exposed young minds to a skewed mindset devoid of self-respect and appreciation. Every day the media is awash with stories of young women expressing their desire for plastic surgery for aesthetic purposes, specifically to boost their rear parts, hips, and breasts. To this generation of misguided souls, the only way they can be appealing sexually is to have certain standards which have been set by the music industry in its quest for profitability. Few mus
Introduction Published by the Yale School of Law in 2002, World on Fire by Professor Amy Chua points out various controversial issues within the society. The book digs deeply into cultural and sociological differences that are prevalent amongst different economic and governance structures across the world. In the book, Amy Chua discusses the phenomenon of “market dominant minorities, which are believed to be the Jews in Russia, whites in Zimbabwe, Indians in Fiji and East Africa, and the Chinese community in Southeast Asia” (Matteucci, 2006, Par.12). According to the author, these minority groups have a significant control, although disproportionately, on available resources within their countries. The book points out that the Chinese living in the Philippines comprise an infinitesimal percentage yet they own and run most of the commercial activities in the country. Other communities earlier mentioned in the various countries of residence depict such control. However, the author is quick to point out that the existence of potential dangers behind the free market aspect of capitalism especially amongst developing countries. Amy brings out various themes in this book; for instance, inequality in the distribution of wealth and resources in the non-western nations around the world. Such a move results into resentments towards the minorities, hence exposing the minority groups in question to violence and hatred. The theme of democracy stands out conspicuously, where the majority are empowered to some significant extent. However, democracy depicted here empowers the majority in the wrong way for they are encouraged to unleash ethnic differences, confiscate resources, and worst of all, initiate genocidal revenge (Ubel, 2009). The issue of globalization has not been left out in the book, where the US seems to dominate quite a large proportion of the global market (Chua, 2004). This aspect underscores the rising tide of anti-Americanism around the globe, since it is the perceived as the most visible minority dominant in the world market (Munck, 2005). However, although Chua is a supporter of globalization, she calls for nations to spread the benefits reaped from globalization, while at the same time shunning various destructive aspects behind globalization. Controversies and criticisms surrounding this book spark various researchers to give views on issues presented by Chua in her book. The literature presented in this paper shall discuss the question: why do free market democracies breed ethnic hatred and global instability? In addition, the paper gives the writer’s view on Chua’s analysis and ultimately addresses various issues as well as a critical review of the book, in order to come up with a concrete conclusion regarding the two questions posed. Summary Literary, free market is an economic ideology that supports the idea that trade “is undertaken as a voluntary agreement between two or a group of people” (Ubel, 2009, p.61). Commodities involved should be economic goods either tangible or intangible. In addition, both parties involved expect to gain from the undertaking and can be a repeti