ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Despite the potential benefits associated with gene editing, it has to be strictly regulated and approached with much caution due to its ethical implications, unpredictability, and larger environmental impact. Al-Balas, Q. A. E., Dajani, R., & Al-Delaimy, W. K. (2020). The ethics of gene editing from an Islamic perspective: A focus on the recent gene editing of the Chinese twins. Science and Engineering Ethics, 26, 1851-1860. Web. Perspective: For the argument. Analysis: This article is primarily focused on finding the place for gene editing in the religious minds of believers, in this case, Muslims, if there is one. According to the authors, gene editing technologies can be implemented even though it is unclear as to how they might fit into the religious worldview of hundreds of millions of people. The article will serve as an addition to the existing pile of evidence suggesting the devastating impact CRISPR and related technologies can have on the functionality of human societies as they are today. What makes the source credible is its relatively early publishing date and the feature in an academically-reviewed journal. Arlidge, J. (2021). Why Jennifer Doudna’s DNA discovery is revolutionising the way we tackle disease. Sunday Times. Web. Perspective: Against the argument. Analysis: The source underlines the greatest benefits of gene editing, including elimination of diseases and the creation of more adaptable crops, leading to more regular and reliable harvests. This article will be the primary citation in regards to the many advantages of gene editing. This article is the one of least credible out of the ones present in this annotated bibliography. Yet, it was still selected for the assignment due to it being published in a relatively well-respected newspaper and being written by a senior writer at the publication. Clarke, P. (2020). Debate: Gene editing the pros and cons for farming. Farmers Weekly . Web. Perspective: Dual perspective (for and against the argument). Analysis: The article offers readers two opposite perspectives in regards to gene editing supplied by two women, Kierra Box and Tina Barsby, both experts in the field of gene modification and editing as they relate to environmental sustainability. Kierra claims that gene editing remains a largely unexplored subject, which is why there is no efficient statutory framework to oversee its integration into the modern agricultural sector. In opposition to Kierra who supports the implementation of alternative solutions to the problems gene editing is trying to fix, Tina Barsby argues that it is integral not to ignore the pathways scientific innovation provides. The breakthroughs in gene editing allow the humanity to be better equipped to deal with the challenges of food security, biodiversity conservatio
Introduction In this article, the review intends to ensure that the shareholders are able to get their financial returns at a higher level than they used to get before. This was to be effective as provided by the land’s laws. As a result, the corporate executives decided to expand their territory by involving the consumers, employees and the environment as legal stakeholders. The author (Archie B. Carroll), studies the nature of corporate social responsibility with the aim of getting its components so as to characterize it in different ways that will help the top management improve their relationship with the shareholders (Carroll 1991) and as stated by the title, “The pyramid of corporate social responsibility toward the moral management of organizational stakeholders,” it clearly shows that the executives of the firm are trying hard to ensure that the organization’s stakeholders are treated with social responsibility and management’s behavior is upright morally. In view of the article, it focuses on the basics of social responsibility being enforced by the act of managers’ morality. I think this ethical approach of morality is a big step towards achieving the goals of the firm. Background information The article achieves its goal by isolating the ethical approach of corporate social responsibility and bringing it to a close relationship with the perspectives that show the three common management ethical approaches. The author also fleshes out the meaning of managing stakeholders in a moral and ethical manner. The article tries to understand the real meaning of corporate social responsibility and as Eells and Walton (1961) puts it, “it refers to the problems arising when corporate enterprise casts its shadow on the social scene” (Carroll 1991 p.39).The article suggests the possibility of the management getting involved with various responsibilities which will help them understand the shareholders and what they need to get full satisfaction. These responsibilities are the economical, legal, ethical and philanthropic responsibilities. Once the management has ensured that all these responsibilities are fully covered, there is a possibility that the firm will be able to make profit and thus be able to maximize shareholders profits. As stated by Carroll (1979), “it is possible for the firm’s management to make a lot of finances in the process of adapting to the society’s rules together with all those firms that are under this law and also those that are in this ethical custom.” This article has several shortcomings arising whereby some legal claims may come up when the management of the firm fails to treat the people they are responsible for in such a way. These legal claims may be raised by the shareholder, the consumer or even an employee. Other than a leg
The notion of liberty as an irrefutable right of every citizen is central to the history and culture of the United States. The phenomenon of freedom as a political statement and a crucial human value was established since the creation of the U.S., yet the subject matter was expanded on to the extent required to introduce the notion into the American value system by Franklin D. Roosevelt. Having been introduced into American society as WWII erupted, the concept of liberty as viewed through the political lens of Franklin D. Roosevelt allowed setting clear standards and determining the concept of freedom as a multifaceted yet clearly delineated notion. By promoting the principles of the Four Freedoms, Roosevelt managed to change the perception of justice on multiple social and cultural levels, altering attitudes toward immigrants and contributing to the profound change in social interactions. It is also noteworthy that the concept of liberty started to be developed for the U.S. and its citizens during one of the most challenging periods in American history, namely, during the Great Depression. At the identified critical yet formative point of the American identity’s development, the concept of democracy as a set of irrefutable rights granted to every citizen no matter what their ethnicity, gender, or age was, was formed, allowing one to link these concerns to the American evolution and the plight for political autonomy (Foner 781). The case of Nicola Sacco can be seen as the starting point of the introduction of Roosevelt’s definition of freedom as liberty for all American citizens. As Foner explains, “The Sacco-Vanzetti case laid bare some of the fault lines beneath the surface of American society during the 1920ies” (Foner 780). It is truly remarkable how the idea of liberty as the foundational principle of building relationships within a democratic society started to emerge despite the presence of rather hostile attitudes toward immigrants and prejudices associated with them. As the phenomenon of immigration became increasingly
Contents of Microsoft 2017 Annual Report In their annual report, the authors from Microsoft (2017) provide a vast amount of information pertaining to their company’s activity in the fiscal year of 2017. The contents of their annual report are as follows:  1. An opening letter from Satya Nadella, Microsoft’s chief executive officer, to the company’s shareholders, partners, clients, and workers. The letter provides summarized information about the company’s activity and performance throughout fiscal 2017 in general, such as a brief description of the business’ financial situation, their largest customers and most important projects, activities such as charity, as well as the corporation’s plans for the future (Microsoft, 2017).  2. We selected financial data. This section contains the most important financial information about the company’s activities, such as total revenues, gross margins, operating income, and net income, diluted earnings per share, cash dividends per share, investments, total assets, obligations, and stockholders’ equity (Microsoft, 2017).  3. Financial review. This part of the report contains several sections providing a variety of financial information. For instance, the data about quarterly stock prices, the repurchases of stocks and dividends, and the performance of stocks are included (Microsoft, 2017).  4. Business. The section labeled “Business” is comprised of a vast amount of information about the business activities of Microsoft related to activities that were carried out and to the future plans of the company, such as the projections, assessments, objectives, and expected operating results, or forward-looking statements (Microsoft, 2017). The authors provide a general overview of the business, its vision, goals, and products and describe the products that are expected to be created in the future (Microsoft, 2017). They also elaborate what operating segments Microsoft consists of; what competition it faces; what operations it runs; what Research and Development activities it undertakes; how it organizes its sales and marketing activities; what type of licensing it provides; who its customers and employees are; and where further information about the company can be found (Microsoft, 2017).  5. Discussion & analysis. This section analyzes and discusses the financial condition of the Microsoft Corporation with the purpose of elucidating in detail the outcomes of the operations carried out by the company, as well as the financial performance and the
Communication is the process of conveying information from one person to another. It is a two way process because it involves listening and reflecting the responsibility of speaker or listener, its clear, and uses proper feedback, whereas problem solving is a mental process and involves finding the problem and solving it. All these concepts are important in health care teams. When issues are analyzed and people reach to a mutual understanding, problems will not arise. In this case, we perceive and solve a problem of the present situation and the desired goal. In this light, problems in the health care team were caused by conflicts which involved the following: competition that occurred when a person was trying to achieve what another person was trying to accomplish, when team members were treated differently especially by leaders, incompatibility of aims and objectives in a group, ethnic differences, and a clash on peoples’ beliefs. In essence, conflicts arise when people feel threatened regardless of whether the threat is real or not (Cornell, 2010). Communication in problem solving was important in solving the conflicts because solutions depend on how team members relate. With reference to group management, the steps of problem solving are discussed here. The first step is problem orientation, which involves accepting that a problem is within the team. Each problem is tackled with confidence and willingness to take the best action and devote time to arrive at a solution. The communication should be started in a positive way; this can only be achieved by avoiding finger pointing. Pawar (2007) expounds that good listening skills are applied in conversations and time should be given for discussion if there is much pressure to arrive to a solution and if the matter is too emotional it can be discussed later when people have cooled down. People should treat one another with respect especially if the issue being discussed is critical hence kindness must be maintained all through. The next step is problem definition, which entails understanding the problem and knowing the cause of the current situation. This involves thinking about the problem, understanding it, and determining why the situation is distressing. This is vital and this is done by writing down the problem, discussing the problem with the idea of a positive outcome, and listing down the facts leading to the problem. Each idea is evaluated carefully and problems should be discussed one at a time because when many issues are raised they might cause confusion. In doing so, a feasible solution can be realized. Generation of alternative solutions is another step which involves taking measures of what can be done to work better. Possible options are written down and implausible ideas discarded. The next step is decision making which entails thinking about the discussed option and how to implement it and considering the likelihood that each option has in achieving goals. Solution implementation comes in when all the options are discussed, while examining the chosen solution, and how it is solving the problem. If a solution i
Research Sample: the Spanish Multinational Companies (MNCs)   * Telefónica , S.A. It is the telecommunications company functioning in the Latin America and a list of the European counties.   * Atento . The company offers the telephone and informational technology support for businesses. Located in Argentina, Peru, Mexico, and Central America.   * Iberdrola Generación , S.A.U. The energy and electricity company that operates in the USA, the UK, and Brazil. The functions of the political system   * “In every political system, there is a set of political structures or institutions which initiates and processes inputs and converts them into outputs” (Jay, 2009, p. 105). The political structure converts demands into policies and regulations, the application of which leads to particular results.   * The political system interacts with its environment. It draws human and financial resources from the environments, i.e. taxes. At this stage, the organizational performance is assessed by governments, and the businesses can experience the increasing level of the political participation.   * The political system sustains itself through legislation and its adoption in the society. The Political Risks in the International Business   * Overall, the political risk can be defined “in terms of loss of control over ownership or loss of benefits of enterprise by government action” (Fitzpatrick, 1983, p. 249).   * The causes of the political risks emergence include both the unexpected shifts in the political environment within the country and the changes in the form of relationship of the country to other countries (Butler, 2012).   * The risks involve the financial and operational restrictions. The government can limit the corporation’s freedom by imposition of the employment policies, exchange controls, limitation of the ownership and financial rights, discrimination through taxes, and even damage to property through riots or wars (Kim & Kim, 2009).   * The multinational companies also face the risk of expropriation. The government can confiscate the company’s assets or sale it to the local businesses. Telefónica, S.A. Risks                                                                                                                                                      The Impacts on Business Conduction and Outcomes                                                                       Recommendations                                                                                               Telecommunications is the “regulated industry” (Jimenez, Duran, & Fuente, 2011, p. 792). The level of the government’s participation in business is high.  The strict financial and operating regulations, tax burden, the requirement for the business and trade transparency.  MNC can decrease the tax rates by using tax-saving holding companies, and transfer pricing (Kim & Kim, 2009). The lower unemployment rates in the European countries comparing to the Latin America. The labor marke
What is throughput? Throughput is a healthcare term used to describe the number of patients served in a hospital or a unit within a period of a week, a month, or a year. Since hospitals experience challenges of serving increased number of patients due to limited resources and inadequate number of medical staff, increasing efficiency is one approach of increasing throughput in hospitals. Hence, increasing the number of patients that a hospital serves in a given period is equivalent to increasing throughput. A hospital has several ways of increasing throughput. For example, a hospital can increase throughput by increasing bed occupancy. Occupancy rates in hospitals are always below 100 per cent with most hospitals having occupancy rates of about 65 per cent. Despite hospitals having low occupancy rates, they experience overcrowding because of inefficiencies that create artificial peaks and valleys of patient flow. Thus, increasing bed occupancy enhances throughput; that is, the number of patients a hospital can serve in a given period. Litvak and Bisognano (2011) posit, “Research has demonstrated that large gains in efficiency can be made through streamlining patient flow and redesigning care process” (p.76). Throughput can increase occupancy rates of hospitals by at least 15 per cent of their current occupancy rates. Therefore, increasing bed occupancy enables hospitals to use the same bed capacity and staff number while increasing the number of patients that it serves because of enhanced efficiency. Why hospitals are overcrowded while its average bed occupancy is usually less than 70 per cent Although bed occupancy rate is less than 70 per cent, overcrowding in hospitals occurs due to inefficiencies in the scheduling of elective admissions. Infrequent scheduling of elective admissions in hospitals creates peaks and valleys and causes a significant variation in bed occupancy. On days when there are many scheduled admissions, bed occupancy goes up, but on days when scheduled admissions are few, bed occupancy decreases. Normally, emergency admissions cause peaks and valleys because disasters and accidents are beyond the hospital’s control. On the other hand, schedule admissions are under the influence of the hospital, and thus should have minimal peaks and valleys. However, unplanned scheduling of admissions results in peaks, which causes overcrowding in hospitals. A study on Children’s hospital indicated, “Presumably controllable flow of patients scheduled to come in for elective procedures was in fact more variable from day to day and week to week than the unpredictable flow of patients being admitted as a result of emergencies” (Litvak & Bisognano, 2011, p. 77).
Hilton is a well-established hotel brand that operates across the globe and provides its clients with the exceptional quality of hospitality services. Recently, the group decided to expand its operations into the region of Asia. This report aims to examine the area and its importance for the company, present a SWOT and PESTEL analyses to identify environmental forces that affect the industry and provide a market research proposal. Hilton in Asia Asia is an important market for the hotel group because over the past years the economy of the region continued to grow and develop. Therefore, many opportunities connected to entering new markets are presented to the group. AHC Editorial Team (2018) states that in Singapore the hospitality industry is undergoing a process of rapid growth and development. Firstly, the country has become popular with tourists from Europe, the US and other regions. Secondly, the economy of the domain presents various business opportunities for those travelling for work. This is the case for other Asian countries as well because many of them transformed into successful states over the last years. Therefore, the primary reason that guides Hilton in its decision to enter this market is a growing number of individuals visiting the area as tourists or business travellers. The company recently opened hotels in Philippines and Manila with plans to expand its presence in the market. According to Sturken (2018), the Asia Pacific and East Asia region is the primary focus of the Hilton’s plan for expansion. Thus, the Asian region presents many opportunities for Hilton Hotels. Additionally, in 2018 the quality of services that the groups provide to its clients was recognised as Asia’s Best Multinational Workplaces award (The Hotel Property Team 2018). For the company, this means that the strategy that was chosen for this market is viable and can be applied in further establishments. The company launched the band Curio Collection by Hilton specifically tailored to the region (The Hotel Property Team 2018). These examples provide an understanding that Hilton has solid plans to become a well-established brand in Asia through its many affiliate companies and properties. However, there are potential dangers that can obstruct Hilton’s growth. Chee et al. (2018) state that until 2017 the number of transactions in the hospitality industry was declining; however, since then many countries displayed significant increase in this area. Moreover, the authors state that tourism contributes to over 3% of the GDP in the region. Therefore, a closer examination of the dynamic is required to determine perspectives for the industry. In total, during 2017 the company opened over forty hotels in the Asian region. According to Rosenthal (2018, para. 2), “of the 2,257 hotel projects in Hilton’s global pipeli