ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The struggle for civil governance has been the most challenging aspect in several governments across the globe with the urge for better governance becoming a hotly contested subject internationally. Indeed, political leaders have always been questioned about their leadership nature as human beings have gradually become more politically informed than in the earlier days. Democracy in civil governance has been arguably the most anticipated issue in the contemporary world with few leaders managing to employ democratic philosophies in their leadership. Perchance, the most tantalizing thought is Thoreau’s idea of “civil disobedience.” I do not like the idea of civil disobedience. Civil or national disobedience can simply refer to the contravention of certain regulations, laws/orders, or even government commands that are responsible for governing a given nation. Thoreau’s idea of resistance to civil governance resulted from slavery predicaments that existed in England during the 1800 century. The principle argument of Thoreau is that civilians should not consent governments to overrule their sense of right and wrong or simply ideologies. According to Thoreau, governments seem more corrupted than people can imagine, and thus inhabitants should not allow the government to take precedence over their principles since they use governance to manipulate civilians. Therefore, individuals have civil liberties to protect their individual dignity central to law and governance. Having a deeper insight into the arguments brought out by Thoreau, the common sense behind leadership and national governance is to have a single voice that leads a multitude of civilians. Truly, the contemporary world has regularly faced leadership crises with cases of civil wars and human suffering becoming largely eminent. However, the overriding reason is; should civilians follow Thoreau’s opinion of resistance to civil governance and contravene important laws? Sensibly, I disagree. The question is how can one manage to disregard laws and what is the importance after all? Thoreaubrings a commonsensical idea, but the nature of the reality behind it remains a controversy as most civilians who tried to attempt its application languish in dungeons for claiming their sovereignty. The government is normally the most superior commander, and the notion behind confrontation of civil governance does not seem appealing to true nationalists and patriots who should base their defense against governance manipulation through more decent approaches. Every government across the world has its own rules and regulations that allow smooth civil governance. A true nationalist or compatriot must believe in democratic national governance and must remain loyal and respect the rules and regulations governing a nation. Perhaps two important things that one must reason through are that laws govern multitudes of people who might have different opinions on prevailing governance. Seco
Artificial intelligence first emerged as a term when John McCarthy coined it in his book “What is Artificial Intelligence” in 1956; defining it as “the science and engineering of making intelligent machines”. Ever since AI has been a domain of intense research and study. What researchers have been looking for in the capabilities of intelligent machines is knowledge, the ability to communicate, predict, reason, and other traits like planning, learning, and perception. Artificial intelligence was more an issue of computer intelligence enhancement until it found a massive and dynamic field of robotics. Robots are machines that are designed to execute certain defined actions. They have arms and hands that follow certain instructions from a computer or a number of computers. The idea behind this is the researcher’s aim to design machines that possess the ability to move and manipulate objects. Strong AI, commonly known as General intelligence is a long-term goal of researchers. General intelligence includes everything that is humans. Their actions, perception, thinking, decision making, and execution; are some primary features. The field of robotics now stands in close integration with AI. The bottom line is: robots ought to be human-like, and the foremost requirement for being human-like is near-to-human intelligence. Primarily, intelligence is required for robots to be able to handle such tasks as object manipulation and navigation, and secondly, localization; knowing location, mapping; learning what is around and motion planning; figuring out how to move and reach the target (Russel and Norvig 815-905). The biggest challenge scientists are facing is the object affordances of the robots. An affordance is a quality of an object that allows a robot to perform an action. In the context of Human-Machine Interaction, affordance refers to those action possibilities that machines or robots perceive to intera
The article titled, “Aging and the family-work link: A comparative analysis of two generations of Mexican women” sought to investigate the effects of aging in the Mexican population by examining two different generations (Blanco & Pacheco, 2009). The research question in the study focused on evaluating the family-work link, particularly the experiences of women in relation to an aging Mexican population by comparing two groups of participants. The investigators adopted both qualitative and quantitative study designs to generate qualitative data relating to women’s life trajectories. The qualitative study was employed early in the research process to establish the relationship between work and family. The quantitative design was employed later to integrate the generated qualitative data into characteristics that can be compared (Blanco & Pacheco, 2009). The investigators started with relatively broad questions that categorized the participants into those who had never engaged in extra-domestic work and those who had worked both before and after marriage. This was important in bringing out the aim and initial focus of the study. The investigators also gathered data concerning work-family link, thus refining the study and making it comprehensible. Research questions in qualitative studies should be clearly and adequately substantiated in order to address the study and at the same time ensuring that the study is relevant. In the article by Blanco and Pacheco (2009), the research question is well developed through an intensive literature review on the implications of aging on the population, the state of pension in Mexico, the role of families in taking care of the elderly, and the resulting family-work relationships. The investigators also took keen interest in contextualizing the study population in relation to aging in Mexico. This demonstrated the effectiveness with which the study findings can be applied in the entire population. This also served to illustrate the life course dimension adopted in this study. In general, qualitative research studies are supposed to address well-defined research questions. This is because the manner in which the research questions are designed exerts some influence on the manner in which literature review is conducted; whether to carry it out prior to commencing the study or after (Creswell, 1994). In this article, Blanco and Pacheco (2009) carried out an extensive literature review prior to the actual study. Although this is fundamental in defining the research question,
Introduction The problem of machines replacing human labor is vital not only in our perception of the present, where robots and artificial intelligence are gradually replacing humans. In fact, this situation can be traced in history for centuries. Many technologies are associated with the simplification of complex functions, and progress in this way has historically eliminated the need for one or another human labor. However, due to the digitalization and automation of many processes, the workforce began to be supplanted by computers even more intensively. Technologies in the Times of the COVID-19 Additional worrisome prospects are observed precisely in the 2020s, when the pandemic that swept the world changed the rules of doing business and began to dictate its own rules. Due to the need for companies and industries to continue functioning, while people found themselves in a situation of needing to isolate themselves from each other, robots have replaced many workers. Automation of initially human work turned out to be not only safer based on the pandemic situation, but also proved to be more cost-effective. Many of the costs of complying with the isolation rules, the costs associated with the spread of the disease, can actually be offset by replacing the workforce with robots. Analysts predict robots could replace two million manufacturing workers by 2025 (Semuels). However, this data may be changed because the COVID-19 impact is hard to predict, understand, and analyze. Robots Replacing Humans in Workplace Robots are able to perform basic work at a high level due to a number of skills to be implemented as a part of their programs. As a rule, such work does not require specific social intelligence like emotional involvement or the manifestation of social and intellectual education (Partington). Artificial intelligence can be used to make automated calls, notifying the addressee or even providing automated assistance, and advice to a live interlocutor. Robots are gradually displacing the workforce in the textile and clothing industries, leaving a large number of the lower class in India out of work, unable to obtain other income. Automation is a rapidly evolving process in the service industry, as cashiers and waiters can potentially be supplanted by machines. The ongoing process of automation in the service sector has the potential to leave millions of people unemployed. Robots and AI in Healthcare The use of robots in medicine has a long history, since robots performed the simplest operations back in the 1990s. However, at the moment, artificial intelligence can be used not only for performing mechanical physical labor. The mechanisms turn out to be able to solve intellectual problems using the loaded database for decision making. Algorithms
The article “The Problem of Evil and Some Varieties of Atheism” gives a powerful argument to support the ideas of atheism based on the existence of evil. Human pain and suffering is evident in every part of the world. This “kind of suffering justifies the existence of evil in our universe” (Rowe 335). According to Rowe (336), “the world does not have any omniscient or wholly good human being”. Informed atheists should therefore “take a unique position concerning the rationality of theistic ideas and beliefs” (Rowe 337). The author explains atheists “should take the position of friendly atheism” (Rowe 335). Atheists usually deny the presence or existence of any divine creature. The main idea in this article is that the existence of evil in the universe confirms the concept of atheism. The article goes further to explain how atheists should have a friendly attitude towards theism. This article challenges me to think in different ways about my values and beliefs. I have always resisted the idea of atheism. I believe that the above concept is unfounded, wrong, and inappropriate. However, the author explains why atheism is undeniable. The article gives three prem
Executive Summary Business Description Warsha was founded by Fatima. Warsha is the Arabic word for workshop; it is a multi-disciplinary studio working out of Dubai, UAE. The services that Warsha provides range from producing corporate identities, wedding cards, brochures, and varies to web design, uniform clothing design, and event movie editing. As well as producing artwork, Warsha facilitates an easy and hassle-free printing service, which is done through a reliable printing press that produces high-quality eco-friendly prints. Everything that is produced by Warsha is produced with regard to the good of the environment. Realizing a void in the market in terms of recycled goods, Warsha is planning to undertake an expansion that will include The Warsha retail store. Warsha retail store will be a concept store that provides a variety of handcrafted products that produces 100% recycled goods (manufactured by a stay at home ladies and mothers). Consumers will now have a store they could rely on, they will find a large range of products through our product line. Business Contact Information Phone + 971 – 50 – 777 – 7777 Email [email protected] Owner Fatima Dubai, UAE Phone +971 50 777 3777 Fatma, founder of Warsha has been a designer for years. She has produced a number of campaigns nationally and has worked in several design backgrounds. Fatima has won the United Nations Development Program Design Award 2 years in a row, once for an AIDS design campaign, and the second time for an illiteracy design campaign. Fatima is highly motivated and creative. She finds herself in any field where there is space to create. One of the most things she enjoys, she says is to work alongside creative talents and to encourage them to utilize this talent to produce and develop themselves. One of the biggest achievements she has accomplished is producing the Knowledge without Borders campaign. She also produced and/or as part of the team that produced many of the significant brands in the UAE. Some of those projects were; Café Loop in Dubai World Trade Center, Qamardeen, and alManzil Hotels in downtown burj Dubai. She finds joy in seeing her work on building fronts and billboards that are even bigger than her own home! Her need to find a product that speaks on it’s own. A product that was not mass-produced and one that was manufactured in a green way pushed her to establish Warsha. Fatima has gained industry experience through working at Fortune Promo 7. One of the most prestigious design firms in the Middle East. She has worked in a team a
Introduction Agency theory, from a corporate governance perspective, assumes that the firm should have two centers of control i.e., managers and shareholders. This theory posits that there are frictions, mistrust, and conflicts of interest between the management team and shareholders. Thus, every group wants to promote its interest within the corporation. Corporate governance reflects the relationship between shareholders, senior management, and the board of directors (Wheelen and Hunger, 2012). However, it is the responsibility of the board of directors to approve all the decisions, which have long-term effects on the performance of the organization. In other words, the board of directors runs an organization by controlling the activities of senior executives. According to this theory, senior executives have both ownership as well as a financial stake in an organization. This insight should help the firm to align the interests of owners and senior executives in order to increase the overall performance of the company (Graham and Harvey, 2001). From the recent financial scandals involving large public firms, the UK and the US have formulated some documents in order to ensure effective corporate governance in listed companies. The UK has the ‘combined code’ and the US has Sarbanes-Oxley (SOX) act 2002. This essay analyses the extent to which, if at all, the ‘combined code’ and the SOX have assisted to improve corporate governance and agency concerns in the last two decades. The ‘combined code’ The Code combined both the Cadbury and Greenbury committee reports to develop a set of principles for corporate governance. It aims to make disclosure in two parts among London Stock Exchange-listed companies. In 2005, the Financial Reporting Council carried out a study about the implementation of the Code and established that the Code had “a positive impact on contributing to improvements in corporate governance practice and disclosure and greater engagement between boards and shareholders” (Financial Reporting Council, 2007). Therefore, there was no need for changes in the Code. Still, in 2007, Pension and Investment Research Consultants Ltd (PIRC) found out that only “33% of listed companies were fully compliant with all the Codes provisions” (PIRC, 2007). However, compliance with the Code was on the rise. These reviews aim to establish that the Code does not have adverse impacts on companies. However, the Code has some issues relating to its flexible approach and establishing consist
Introduction Each person can identify themself from a variety of perspectives in the context of different groups. This identification is an essential component of a person’s personality, following which people behave in one way or another. However, there are often certain conclusions and assumptions about how people belonging to a particular group should behave in society. In addition, these concepts often diverge from reality, forming patterns of interaction and relationships that can be either positive and help a person or negative and harm their image and activities. The purpose of this essay is to study the concepts of inferences and assumptions in the context of personality identification and reflect on the existing inferences towards my personal self-identification groups. Concept of Inferences Unlike prejudices and stereotypes, the very concept of inferences contains a piece of common sense. While, for example, stereotypes are based on strange and illogical thoughts about a group of people, inferences are based on any evidence through reasoning. The most common dictionary definition of a given word that can be found describes this term as a conclusion that a person has come to based on available data and thought. However, in the context of social interactions and identification issues, the meaning of this word is somewhat different. In this case, inferences are understood as conclusions drawn from the available data but without absolute confidence in its correctness (Lavrakas, 2008). There is only a certain degree of probability according to which the inference drawn will correspond to reality. Thus, the main difference of this concept from, for example, stereotypes is the conduct of some reasoning that can give both correct and incorrect conclusions. Stereotypes are often taken by people on faith, without any attempts to justify or explain what is happening. These two concepts are close and may even overlap, for example, in deriving any stereotypes based on the available, incomplete data. Still, they are not identical since the word inferences mean conclusions from a process. In practice, this means that some people can decide the personal characteristics of others based on any noticeable qualities that are often characteristic of a particular group. For example, based on many black athletes, one might infer that most black people are more physically fit than white people. However, such a conclusion, not supported by valid scientific information, will be stereotypical inferences concerning a specific group of people united by race. Such find
According to the author, a knowledge-based economy is more powerful and reliable than complete reliance on an oil-based economy. Hence, there is urgent need to transit to a knowledge-based economy in order to accelerate economic development of a country such as Saudi Arabia. One way of attaining this type of economy is through a rapid boost in human capital. Saudi Arabia can adopt a number of human capital initiatives in order to enhance the knowledge base of its economy. Second, the author observes that it may not be adequate to invest heavily in education bearing in mind that non-cognitive skills are still a major challenge in the process of fast tracking and building a viable human capital. The adoption and full implementation of an SSGY program has been proposed in the article as the most fundamental way to strengthen the requisite skills. According to the author, it is necessary for each Saudi citizen to be part and parcel of a social inheritance scheme. The findings in Saudi Arabia are a clear indication that the country is still below par in terms of human capital investment. Perhaps, the oil factor is both a blessing and curse for the Kingdom since it is the main source of economic growth. Needless to say, the future human capital largely relies on scholastic achievement of citizens in any given nation. In the case of Saudi Arabia, it is interesting to mention that the country heavily relies on foreign professionals to drive its human capital economy. It can be recalled that the number of expatriates in Saudi Arabia has been growing over the years. However, it is necessary to strike a balance between the population of the local workforce and that of foreigners. When Dubai is brought into the same focus, it can be agreed that the country has made significant strides in the transformation of its economy using a vibrant human capital base. The current pace of development in Dubai does not rely on oil at all. However
Outline This paper discusses the emerging opportunities with respect to Nike’s ethical behaviors in relationship with Straw men, justice theory, righteous moralism, Utilitarian, rights theory and cultural relativism. It also contains personal views on how one can benefit business-wise with the emerging opportunities with regard to the above. Introduction Ethical behavior can be defined with virtues such as honesty, fairness, interpersonal skills, professional, academic relationships and research; it also respects the rights of individuals and groups of people (Maidment, 2001). For any business to achieve its set goals and objectives effectively, it must put into practice ethical behaviors starting from the top management down to the employees. That means ethical behaviors among the top management, middle-level management, lower-level management, among employees, and between the management and the employees. Righteous moralist Nike is one of the leading sport products industries in the world which has excelled with a strong base of ethical behaviors, especially in enhancing the rights of the workers. Despite the continuous criticism of Nike’s business whereby its products were accused of being made in sweatshops with many of workers being underage children and receiving wages that are below the usual standards, as well its wealth is said to be gained out of the world’s poor backs. Nike is also seen as a symbol of evil whereby its rich industry uses the poor to design expensive products to be marketed to developed nations. Due to these repeated criticisms, the human rights organization meant to promote the environment, political and social justice have been targeting Nike. It was also reported that workers with physical sensitivity were not transferred to chemical-free areas; others were exposed to chemicals that were beyond the set standards making a large part of the employees suffer from respiratory problems. Nike and its contractors had to revise the