ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Executive Summary Most economists have described the financial crisis of 2008 as the worst economic crisis since the great depression of 1930. Using Kuwait as an example, this paper tries to explore the negative effects of 2008 global depression. Kuwait was successively growing economically with a GDP estimate of 6% per annum. The oil export of Kuwait was at its highest at an estimate of 95% in comparison to other nations which fall bellow Kuwait. Kuwait faced various challenges among which are inflation, credit growth, and the escalating asset prices. At the year 2008, the intensity of the crisis was at the peak, causing oil prices which led to a decrease in production and drop in GDP of Kuwait. This had very severe economic effects to the financial institutions, for instance, the Gulf bank in addition to Non-bank (NBK) institutions with no strong capacity to accommodate the great losses. The riskiness of NBK and several banks is their high capital adequacy ratios. The government of Kuwait had to come in to alleviate the underlying challenge of economic downfall. The government had to use capital injection specifying high level spending and other exceptional financial measures. The Kuwait Central bank in collaboration with the government implemented different strategies to rescue the fall in the stock market by liquidity support, both long-term and short-term deposit guarantees, and finally, the implementation of monetary easing policy. The economic activities of Kuwait expose it to risk as its main export dependence on the global market oil, demand, and prices had a negative impact as they dropped drastically. This caused unfavorable terms of trade to Kuwait foreign exchange. The GDP dropped at an estimate of 21.1% by 2009, approximately KD 8490.4 million in comparison to six past years. The decline of GDP is aliened to the dependence of Kuwait on oil and gas as the main GDP contributor at 50%, as estimated in 2010. The bank credit rise popped in within this period and continued at those levels calling for its recovery. The inflation rate of Kuwait went to greater heights, but as at 2011 it was 4.7% with the hope of further decrease, the employment rate also went high; at 2011, it dropped with consumer price index being stable. The stock exchange also experienced a decrease averaging to 3% of transactions during the year before the economic crisis. However, the volumes of trade raised approximately by 31.5%, around 25.5 million shares. Conclusion Robust understanding of macroeconomic and idiosyncratic shocks including identification of risk-prone financial system structures in the economy of nations will do a big deal in strengthening the capacity and capability to face away economic shocks. Kuwait, for instance, by being dependent on petroleum products only, is vulnerably exposed to a downfall in cases of the idiosyncratic shock with effects to oil market, demand, and prices. Economic diversification in terms of export is highly recommendable as a s
Schizophrenia belongs to the category of mental illnesses, and it is characterized by hallucinations, delusions, and problems with behaviour. Typical and atypical (newer) antipsychotic medications are used to treat the cases of schizophrenia. Antipsychotic drugs are prescribed to prevent the recurring symptoms and relieve the patient’s state. It is more common today to prescribe atypical antipsychotic medications to treat schizophrenia because of fewer side effects in comparison with the typical antipsychotic medications (Perry et al., 2007). Harry suffers from schizophrenia and such hallucinations as hearing voices which become stronger in spite of the medical treatment. Harry was prescribed to take Risperdal, Zyprexa, Seroquel, and Geodon in order to relieve the symptoms. However, he did not notice the observable positive effects of the treatment provided. Risperdal, Zyprexa, Seroquel, and Geodon are the newer antipsychotic medications which are discussed as atypical antipsychotic medications. In spite of the fact Harry tried several therapies using different atypical antipsychotic medications, the symptoms were not eased, but they became even more sever. That is why, Harry should be proposed the alternative antipsychotic drug treatment. If atypical antipsychotic medications do not work in relation to Harry’s case, it is possible to start using the typical medications such as Thorazine or Trilafon. These medications are effective to cope with schizophrenia’s symptoms regulating the balance of brain chemicals (Preston, O’Neal, & Talaga, 2010). However, Harry should be informed about the possible side effects. The patient can suffer from sleepiness, insomnia, blurred vision, extrapyramidal symptoms, and dry mouth. Thus, the state of Harry’s mental and physical health, and his reaction to the medication should be controlled on a regular basis. The problem is in the fact that Harry feels depressed because of hearing voices constantly. Much attention should be paid to the possible intensification of the nervousness or depressed moods. The main ethical concern which should be addressed in Harry’s case is the provision of the opportunity to decide about the usage of this or that typical medication with references to the side effects because Harry cannot rely on the doctor’s choice completely. Ralph suffers from visual hallucinations such as ‘glitters’ and ‘flashes’. While taking the medications, Ralph became to suffer from the extrapyramidal symptoms. Ralph was prescribed to take Mellaril. In spite of the fact the schizophrenia symptoms were treated successfully, the side effects were significant and prevented Ralph from his usual activities. Mellaril belongs to the group of the typical antipsychotic medications, and extrapyramidal symptoms are characteristic for this group of medications (Perry et al., 2007). Mellaril is highly effective to treat the schizophrenia symptoms, but the treatment can be changed in order to meet the patient’s interests and reduce the possible side effects. The atypical antipsychotic medications can be effective in overcoming such symptoms as ‘glitters’ and ‘flashes’. The risk of developing the side effects is minimal,
Introduction Leonardo Da Vinci is a genius! His imagination was amazing and the output he produced—from the arts, engineering, flight, architecture, and machines among others. After Aristotle, Da Vinci is considered as the “Renaissance Man” with a well-rounded personality and who can deal with multiple subjects and competencies simultaneously. He is a polymath, an inventor, a mathematician, an anatomist, a painter, an engineer, a scientist and even a writer (Priwer & Philips 25). The list of his achievements is very very long! Since his time, nobody else was able to duplicate his successes or at the very least, approximate the number of his expertise. This essay looks at the life of Leonardo Da Vinci and will explore several areas of his expertise. In so doing, the lessons that can be drawn fro his life will be highlighted. Moreover, the main themes and issues in his life as a genius will be explored. Such an undertaking will greatly enhance the understanding of this author about the life of Da Vinci and his major contributions, not only to the Renaissance of Italy, but to all of humanity. Da Vinci is a genius that helped shape the arts, science, and literature of the Western world. His genius is evident up to this time and the world still looks up to him as a genius and as a literary with important contributions to the world. Da Vinci’s Life Da Vinci’s life seems like a television soap opera. He was the illegitimate son of Messer Piero to a peasant girl. He was born at Anchiano in the town of Vinci, which is within the the region of Florence. His full name was Leonardo di ser Piero da Vinci. Little is known of the childhood of Da Vinci but he became the apprentice of the Italian painter Verrochio at an early age. Among his peers who became the apprentice of Verrochio were Boticelli, Perugino, and di Credi. Some of the works created by Verrochio may actually have been done by some of his students, including Leonardo. The painting: The Baptism of Christ is said to have been the wor
Today, many business owners actively use mobile applications because the whole market is changed, and more attention is paid to the Internet technologies to support the market’s progress. As a result, the use of mobile applications is beneficial for businessmen who change their approaches to building relationships with customers. To support John’s Kids-Heaven shop, it is possible to use mobile applications, and it is necessary to discuss the aspects of this technology within the business environments. The use of mobile applications can bring many benefits to John’s business, but it is possible to determine the six most important advantages. These benefits are increased accessibility; improved relationships with customers and increased loyalty; improved customer-related services; international coverage; the improved brand loyalty and reputation; and increased visibility. Increased accessibility means that many customers can do shopping without coming to the local place or visiting a website with the help of a PC. The relationships with customers are expected to be improved because customers can make the individual choice and contact the shop owner directly. As a result, the customer-related services are improved with providing the individual approach and availability of items. John can access not only Australian citizens but also sell globally because of the international coverage (The beginners guide to creating mobile applications for your business n.d.). Thus, the company’s reputation raises because of improved visibility and focus on innovations. While designing an effective mobile application, it is necessary to choose the appropriate platform. iOS supports Apple products, and Android supports a range of mobile products globally (Android vs. iOS 2012). If Android guarantees wide accessibility, and it is usually discussed as the dominant platform for mobile applications, iOS is characterized by the higher quality (Android Market update: support for priced applications 2009). However, referring to John’s case, it is possible to recommend focusing on Android because the wide coverage is more important for the business owner to contribute to increasing profits. Furthermore, Android is more actively used in Australia (Android, 2011). John has a range of requirements for the future mobile application, which can be addressed in relation to native applications and web applications. Nevertheless, all the requirements cannot be addressed only by native or web applications. That is why, it is reasonable to use the hybrid type of the mobile application according to which this application can be used in different mo
People often confuse astronomy and astrology, as both words sound similar and deal with many of the same topics. Many past astronomers also took part in the other discipline and vice versa. However, the two are substantially different, especially in their modern forms. Astrology is generally considered a pseudoscience that is invalid for most purposes, and astronomy is a scholarly discipline that makes important discoveries even now. Astrology originated in ancient history when people became fascinated by the formations that stars seemed to create. It is the belief that the various celestial bodies can affect current and future events on Earth in an observable manner. The Zodiac is likely the most well-known astrological concept, with horoscopes representing the idea that being born under a specific constellation will shape a person’s character and actions. Astronomy, on the other hand, is more concerned with the study of these celestial objects, along with many others that we cannot see, as they are. Instead of wondering about the meaning of the Moon’s phases as astrologists might, astronomers learned why Earth’s satellite goes through these phases. Thanks to astronomers, humanity now knows many facts about other planets and stars that are critical for endeavors such as space travel. Overall, astronomy and astrology were initially similar but diverged as better tools became available. Astrology, formerly regarded as a scholarly discipline, was debunked due to new findings and became a pseudoscience. However, due to its mystical nature, it still appeals to many people. Meanwhile, astronomy remains a proper and highly useful science that enabled achievements such as the moon landing. One should not confuse the two or conflate their findings and claims.
Learning Outcomes  1. Understand how the development of slavery could influence the social and economic life of the Southern states and the role of the plantation system in the process.  2. Explain how slaveholders could benefit from slave trade and development of the plantation system with references to the social and economic outcomes. Warm-up Activity Ask students to think about the term ‘slavery’ and their associations. What characteristics of slavery can they list? Students are expected to point at oppression, free work, and absence of freedom, and it is necessary to ask about the causes of slavery in the United States. Why can people choose to be so cruel to oppress the African Americans to make them slaves? What differences can be observed in the life of slaves and slaveholders? The students are expected to begin listing possible causes of slavery referring to its role for slaveholders. Topic Outline and Teacher Activities The key points to discuss during the lesson are the role of slavery for the states’ social and economic life. Tell the students that they are right while focusing on the great role of slavery for the development of the economic and social life of the Southern states. Nevertheless, it is important to note that the problem is complex, and it is necessary to start with the fact that the development of the plantation system led to demands for slaves, and slaves’ work contributed to the system and led to the increased demand for more and more slaves. Explain the role of the cotton gin procedure for the plantation system. Focus on the idea that the plantation system developed because of the slaves’ labor, and demands for slaves increased while intensifying the slave trade as the other sphere of the states’ economy. The presentation of the new material is associated with demonstration of illustrations on the topic. Ask the students to pay attention to the demonstrated picture in which enslaved people use the cotton gin (Appendix 1). Ask to refer to the copies of the picture which are provided for each student. Explain that students have two minutes to look at the picture closely and to pay attention to all the details in order to discuss the picture after examination. Ask the students to focus on people, objects, and activities depicted while covering the parts of th
Introduction The phenomenon of data hiding is urgent for current practices in computer forensics and involves information storage in places where this information is not expected. This specific technique of data storage is present in popular operating systems to hide some unnecessary folders and files with the help of the hidden attribute (Fadia and Zacharia, 2007, p. 233). Such an approach is aimed at protecting the information from accidental deletion. For instance, Windows has specific files and folders that are not allowed to delete and that are essential for normal functioning. Data carving is an approach used in Computer Forensics in case data cannot be extracted by traditional methods because the necessary data is unavailable within the file system. Searching for the information for file signatures is one of the most known means of data carving. Hiding Data in Operating System and the Registry In operating systems, data hiding is used to protect files from illegal intrusion and accidental deletion. The parameters for this approach are set by the system attribute designed for identifying system files that should be protected. The system itself cannot be installed in the File Property, but its function can be carried out with the help of the attribute command. Particularly, this option can hide a file in such a way that it will not be displayed even if the Show Hidden Files command will be set (Fadia and Zacharia, 2007, p. 224). Data presented in the Registry differs on configurations presented in the OS. Hence, earlier versions of Registry consist of files with.dat extension whereas Windows EX and 2003 have a wider variety of extensions among which is the.alt extension storing hives. The hive presents a set of keys to block the information and carry configurations concerning various types of data (Fadia and Zacharia, 2007, p. 224). Carving Data Hidden in the Registry Sometimes data hiding techniques can constitute a serious threat to existing operating systems. On the one hand, the usage of stenography and other types of encryption and information coding can be quite successful for protecting information from external intrusion. On the other hand, password-cracking tools can be used for illegal and criminal purposes to conceal information and draw it from secret databases (Kruse and Heiser, 2001, p. 83). Therefore, all tools of carving and disclosing the data hidden in the registry are necessary skills that should be acquired while studying computer forensics (Kruse and Heiser, 2001, p. 83). Furthermore, this skill will allow specialists to discover the information that has been intentionally concealed but is important for users. Hiding Data on Virtual Machines and Drives The introduction of virtual machines provides great potential for data hiding, particularly for hiding schemes used with disk images. Their role of a secret is not limited to secret watermarking and communication;
Introduction Truancy refers to the habit of students staying away from school without permission. There is a growing concern over the increasing number of truants, despite the millions of dollars invested to improve school attendance. Both local and central governments are committed to reducing absenteeism in schools (Rosenheim, 2002). Truancy as a problem has also been largely linked to geographical location of schools. Schools falling in regions associated with social deprivation often record low attendance levels compared to those in affluent regions. Local and central governments have developed both disciplinary and collaborative measures meant to address the problem of school absenteeism. Punitive measures developed involve the legal measures adopted by the government to support families with truants and at risk adolescents. Social workers play an important role in the success of the collaborative intervention approach. This paper reports on a truancy intervention program I developed while working as a social worker in a high school. My task in the school was to intervene on the truanting behavior of three high school students identified to frequently cut classes. In my quest to intervene on my clients’ problems, I sought first to establish the root cause of the problem I was tasked to solve. In this quest, I worked closely with the teachers, the school principal and the parents of the three children. Community Relationship The three students go to one of the schools in Baisley Boulevard, New York, established in 1971 as an educational options school. The school was established through the initiative of the community leaders, union representatives and members of the aviation industry. The school’s gender distribution stands at 45% female and 55% male. The school’s racial composition comprises of blacks as the majority at 80%, followed by the Hispanics who are 10% and Asians at 5%, as per the school’s register in June 2012. Attendance at the school is marked both at the subject and class levels. At the third period, the class attendance is taken, where as subject attendance is taken by each subject teacher at the end of the lesson. The school keeps an attendance record for each of the student and has a truancy policy, where students who skip class without a valid reason are given up to three warnings. Majority of teachers in the school are blacks, and the surrounding community comprises of low income people. Poverty levels in the school’s catchment area play a major role on students’ attendance levels. I established that most of the parents struggle to sustain their children in the school, as most of them cannot afford fees. Most students do not have tutors as parents cannot afford to hire for them. The school occasionally organizes sensitization programs to educate parents on the need to ensure their children attend school regularly. The Issue My clients were three high school students who were noted to have developed a habit of skipping classes. I took interest in intervening on the behavior to ensure the students attended classes regularly as required. I came up with an intervention program to help the students at the schoo
In the context of public policy and economics, decision-making processes are conducted with a level of uncertainty, despite the abundance of information in the hands of those making the critical choices. These decisions, both public and private, are uncertain due to the inherently complex nature of the systems in the context of which they are made. The global economy or geopolitical balances are influenced by a wide variety of forces, ranging from climate to military conflict and diplomacy. The systems are imperfect which creates such difficulty in predicting outcomes (Rivlin, 2003). In economics, there is an underlying theoretical principle of rational choice theory that is theoretically should be allowed to predict any economic behavior. However, in reality, it is evident that human psychology is highly irrational. Therefore, despite some structure and regulation and the significant capacity of computerized analysis, it is practically impossible to forecast the behavior of such complex systems. Based on the above-described factors, it can be argued that experts differ significantly in their forecasts because they are imperfect. Various experts may use different forecasting models and methods of analysis. The initially collected data may have certain flaws. Furthermore, even with the use of computer analysis, experts must decipher and interpret the data. It is done based on individual experience, as well as personal judgment that inherently introduces a level of bias whether the expert wants to do so or not. Despite the illusion of unbiased and scientific basis of public policy forecasting, it is most often a highly subjective process. While the public expects forecasting to be a critical analysis for a choice of action on public policy, direct superiors and clients often expect data to document and justify a politically predetermined course of action. In a manner, public policy forecasting becomes a matter of lobbying and advocacy (Wachs, 1990). Therefore, in the current political environment, it is significantly challenging to ensure objectivity and lack of bias in public policy analysis.
The topic for the final paper is Data Security and Governance. As long as at present, information technologies (IT) have embraced all sectors of the economy; for most companies, data becomes one of the principal resources, the preservation and proper disposal of which is of crucial importance for business development and reducing the level of various risks. Therefore, data security is becoming an urgent problem for an enterprise. The purpose of the final paper is to examine how businesses can ensure complete and reliable information security. Data governance is a new concept, as the IT sphere is growing; therefore, the research is accompanied by data limitation and a lack of theoretical background. Literatu