ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Summary The term terrorism is not a contemporary phenomenon. It can be traced back during the reign of Jacobin (1792-1794) and the early Roman and Greek republics. There are myriad of elements that arise from the concept of terrorism. For instance, assassination refers to the political murder of a renowned public figure such as the head of state. A case in point was President John F. Kennedy’s assassination. On the same note, the term ‘assassin’ is derived from Arabic word which basically means someone who perpetrates the act of assassination. It was initially used to refer a faction of terror Muslims. Although Islam has been associated with terrorism, none of the legitimate religious groups are violent. However, the infiltration of politics into religion has often resulted in violent retaliatory attacks in form of terrorism. The major world religions are all centered in the Middle East. Recent developments have witnessed the emergence of sectarian militant groups among Muslims fighting in a “holy war” to defend their religion. Both the Taliban and Al-Qaeda factions have caused havoc to innocent victims within and outside the Middle East borders. Hence, religion is the main impetus towards terror attacks. Another closer term to terrorism is tyrannicide, which means the murder of a tyrant or totalitarian leader. This was first proposed as a solution to bad rule by Juan de Mariana, a Spanish scholar. Political assassins often argue that their duty is divine. There are other states which have launched terror attacks against their own civilians and this has been counteracted by guerrilla warfare. The overall result is a cyclical act of terror with each side trying to revenge, retaliate or protect their interests. A case example is the September 11, 2001 terror attacks in United States. Current terror event The Abu Ali Mustafa Brigades, a Palestinian Militant group is reported to have launched a massive terror attack on Israel in the East of Gaza region on 8 th January 2011. They used mortar shells in the attack. This incidence was shortly confirmed by the Brigade and the terror group reiterated that the artillery units were targeted at an Israeli army post. This area is located between the Jewish state and the Gaza strip. It is roughly on the eastern side of Karny. According to Kuwait News Agency (KUNA) which reported the attack, the group has vowed to continue resisting Zionist movement which they claim is their dreaded enemy. Furthermore, the Brigade has emphasized that the terror attack was part of a retaliatory measure against continued domination of Palestinian people by Israeli authorities. Earlier during the day, the al-Quds Brigade launched yet another terror attack around the same region. This group is part of the Palestinian Islamic Jihad. As a resul
Abstract A few years after its enactment, the Affordable Care Act signed by President Obama still causes ideological disputes in healthcare. This paper uses factual data and research conducted by political experts to generalize on the role of partisanism and political strategies in the legislative history of the ACA. The rise of partisanism and cohesion in the Republican Party contributed to the conservatives’ unity in the ACA debate, whereas the Democrats could make deviations from the party line. The opponents’ approaches to strategy-setting also varied greatly, and the supporters of the act relied on media coverage, negotiations with centrist Democrats, and a thorough process of legislative drafting to win. The Republicans’ efforts included alignment with the strategy of internal cohesion, the strong anti-ACA political rhetoric in the media, and some post-enactment strategies, such as sabotage campaigns and further vilification of Obamacare. Introduction The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act abbreviated as PPACA or ACA is among the most widely discussed healthcare initiatives implemented within the last ten years. Despite the anticipated positive outcomes, the act caused an important ideological battle focused on aid allocation to financially disadvantaged citizens and the government’s responsibilities in the field of healthcare. At different stages of the legislative process, the Democrats and the Republicans used partisanship and political strategies to turn the situation in their favor. Discussion The arguments justifying the need for the ACA referred to the most problematic aspects of healthcare service provision. In particular, the act was said to reduce the number of uninsured people in the United States and improve the government budget balance and access to care (Hopkins, 2017). Therefore, several socially important positive effects were expected after the enactment of the initiative. However, the submission of the ACA for consideration was followed by “one of the most contentious ideological battles” in the history of the U.S. healthcare system (Choma, Barnes, Braun, & Hanoch, 2018, p. 641). The two-party political system in the country involves the presence of two large ideological groups whose values and approaches to priority-setting vary greatly and are, to some extent, built on mutually exclusive assumptions. This pattern of conflict manifested i
Rational The construction industry is a major sector of the economy that impacts heavily on the livelihoods of many people. UAE is a region that has witnessed tremendous growth in the construction industry. This industry employees many immigrants and make use of resources from different parts of the world (Weber, 2005). As a result, several challenges crop up as growth in the industry is sustained. The most important challenges that need to be tackled are cost effectiveness and sustainable practices (Bliss, 2006). The demand for construction resources has driven up the prices of construction materials and as a result, we need to come up with means of tackling costs. Sustainability involves analyzing several factors in the process of managing construction projects (Sassi, 2006). Sustainability involves the protection of the environment through the use of different strategies that ensure the environment is protected to a great extent. The pollution of the water, air and the soil should be minimized and every project should involve a sustainability manager. Sustainability will enable the minimization of costs from different aspects such as reduced cost of energy, water use and other forms of cost savings (VanDerZanden, 2011). The process of ensuring cost effectiveness in relation to environment sustainability looks into minimizing costs associated with construction. One of the best methods of minimizing costs is to ensure all the major construction activities occur at site (Gorgenländer, 2010). One of the examples in the minimizing of costs was the construction of the high rise Burj Al Khalifa and Burj Al Arabi projects. Most of the construction activities were conducted on site and this minimized costs associated with transportation, labour costs since there was a lot of time savings (Cavanaubh, 2010). Huge projects such as the Burj Al Khalifa minimize costs by ensuring that all infrastructural requirements are centred within the project site. The Burj Al Khalifa is an example of a cost effective project and from this project we learn on how to plan on cost savings (Halliday, 2008). Moreover, in the process of saving costs, construction project make use of technology to minimize workforce and wasted man hour that would be used if human resources were deployed. The Burj Al Khalifa made use of numerous technologies that meant the project finished on time and saved on a lot of costs (Uqaili, 2011). Sustainability is a task that ensures minimal destruction is meted on the environment while at the same time a task/project will eventually lead to cost savings. The newest trend in construction is to ensure buildings make use of minimal energy and save a lot on waste production (Edgerton, 2008). Water is a scarce resource in the UAE and therefore this resource has to be used effectively. Projects such as the Burj Al Khalifa have put in place measures whereby electricity consumption is minimized through use of solar panels that
A global city is characterized by several factors like a centre for world finance and trade flows, immigration in large scale, growing income, and polarized occupation (Sassen, 2001) & (Eade, 2000). London has attained the level of being characterized as a global city due to its effort of increasing citizen’s income and occupation. For several years, business inputs in London city have been high as well as large commercial spaces and availability of labour. Like other global cities, luxury goods are offered in most of the selling places. However, the immigrants and other minority groups cannot afford to purchase these goods, and hence why they take an extra step of purchasing them from the co ethnic producers or even from other low cost shops of other immigrants. In London, there are niche markets composed of small packed goods which are meant to target the most competent consumers. However, this has led to labour intensive which mostly results from immigrants (Atkinson, and Bridge, 2004). City of London like many other global cities has an increased population of immigrants which has led to a major growth of small scale producers. This has led to a noted competition between large stores and supermarkets with small scale producers. It has been recognized as a world class and full of much dynamism due to its ability of giving many people different types of benefits and creation of opportunities. To mention but a few, London is a centre for transport which creates a connection between Europe and most parts of the world. According to Amin (2006), airport terminals in London conduct more than 110000 flights in one month. Diversity is another opportunity offered by the global city of London due to its high population capacity which was estimated to be around 7.62 million by the year 2008, Cowan, (2005). The city population is mainly composed of black and other minority groups such as Asians. It is looking forward to have these groups as the majority in working age population by 2013. As far as communication is concerned, Londoners speak in more than 300 languages with more than 15 different religions. In terms of business and finance, London has qualified to be a global city as it received the highest number of votes as a European city conducting different types of businesses. This was based on the factors that it has an easier accessibility to various markets, availability of highly qualified personnel who can ensure the success of most businesses. Its internal and external transport and communication connections are effective. Different languages which are spoken in this global city also make it possible for the business transactions to be conducted smoothly (Block, 2007) & (Fyfe & Kenny, 2005). London city has also managed to be the European headquarters for the most prestigious global companies which are over 550 in number. Most of the issues affecting these companies are tabled in London city. Globally, there are a lot of foreign transactions which are conducted regularly and more than 50% of these transactions are traded in London city. This city has also offered a place to the whole world where majority
The Tuareg community from West Africa has interesting family life aspects. The books, “A Nomad in Two Worlds” by Kemil and Fallon and “Tuareg Nation” by Worley present themes such as nomadism and pastoralism. “A Nomad in Two Worlds” is a story about the memories of Ahmed and his travelling experiences in both America and Niger (Kemil and Fallon 2013:6). On the other hand, “Tuareg Nation” reveals fundamental information about the Tuareg family life. Some of the aspects about the Tuareg family life evident in the two books include nomadism, division of labour, and the value of milk. Therefore, what do the aspects of the Tuareg family life entail? The first aspect of Tuareg family life is nomadism. Tuaregs have no permanent homesteads since they constantly move to different places depending on the seasons. According to Worley (2014:40), the Tuaregs have annual transhumance to Azawakh valley. The Tuaregs undertake the migration during summer to take advantage of the available nutritious grass. In addition, they embrace pastoralism, given that they live in the desert (Kemil and Fallon 2013:3). While in the desert, they ensure that they find pasture for their animals. Therefore, the Tuareg family life is characteristic of nomadism and pastoralism. The Tuareg family life readily embraces division of labour. Both the adults and youths have their duties to perform. In “A Nomad in Two Worlds,” Kemil and Fallon (2013:8) narrate an event where Ahmed has the responsibility of caring for the young camels. Ahmed performs the task as a youth at the age of seven years. Taking care of the young animals and preventing them from breastfeeding was the responsibility of the youth (Kemil and Fallon 2013:8). In addition, according to Worley (2014:44-45), whereas the concern of men was ensuring that the livestock was well attended to, the task of the women was to extract milk from the animals. The last aspect of the Tuareg family life is the valuation and dependency on milk as a main source of food. According to Worley (2014:36), the Tuaregs success in pastoral nomadism relies on milk production. The Tuaregs have a proverb about milk, which suggests that milk is the sustainer of water and water is the soul of life. Even though water is a problem in the desert, the Tuaregs consider milk as the most essential need. Therefore, they are capable of surviving on milk alone when there is no food and water (Worley 2014:37). In conclusion, the Tuareg family life is simple, and the simplicity is restricted to the Tuaregs, as they are the ones who understand the desert life best. For instance, they can survive on milk alone whenever there is a lack of food or water. A n
What is AQA? Assessment and Qualifications Alliance ( AQA ) is an independent charitable organisation that produces specifications and examination assignments for 12th and 13th-grade students studying various A-Level disciplines, including mathematics. In order to maintain relevance and improve the efficiency of education, the AQA is continuously modifying the programmes created. Thus, the specifications described in this project have an expiry date of two years, starting from 2018. Motivation for Selecting a Specification For educational institutions, students, and private teachers, the choice of AQA is based on:  1. relevant specification;  2. cooperation with many universities;  3. compliance with the requirements of the Department for Education for A-Level mathematics studies;  4. excellent assessment structure based on multifactoriality and universality of knowledge;  5. proposed incentive policy. Teaching Aids for Studying Route Maps [All About Maths] — this book is designed for teachers who develop their methodological plans based on the AQA specification. Teaching Guide [All About Maths] — this is another teacher’s manual, which distinguishes between the levels of specification, provides assessment criteria and supports teachers in finding new materials. Textbooks — the textbook collection. Command words — this website describes the terms used to design the examination questions. Materials for Preparing for the Exam Assessment resources — this web page contains a list of numerous publications, manuals, PDF documents and text files that describe strategies for designing examination tasks, answer evaluation methodologies and sample tasks. The Additional Benefit A considerable advantage of using AQA as a guiding specification for the design of a mathematics course is the availability of an online tool for evaluating the results achieved by students. Enhanced Results Analysis, ERA is an excellent tool that offers a platform for comparing academic results with past or other students and other schools. By using the ERA, the teacher decides whether to compare academic performance, develop an individual learning plan, or address the weaknesses of individual students. Course Structure The essential principles of the developed course
Back ground Back ground Johns Hopkins Hospital was established in 1889 it’s a facility of John Hoskins School of medicine. It offers out and in-service medical services. The hospital has an effective finance management. (The Johns Hopkins Hospital official website, 2010). This paper analysis the financial management of the hospital The goals of the financial leadership of the company The hospital aims at efficient management of its resources to the benefit of the society. It aims at being accountable to all stake holders who are patients, owners, employees and suppliers. The main aim of having financial leadership in the hospital is to ensure that money collected by the hospital is well utilized for the good of the company. There are financial targets set to be attained in a certain period of time; to attain this management determined the cost of services and products offered in the hospital. The following are the objectives of financial leadership in the hospital;   * For accountability in all monies collected   * Keeping good books of record   * Making accounts which will assist in decision making   * Gauging the level at which the company is attaining its set targets (Cleverly & Cameron, 2007). How does the management work toward achieving these goals The management maintains a finance department which is mandated with the task of ensuring that all financial transitions in the company are well vetted. The department does not work in autonomy but collaborates with other departments. When funds are to be released from the company’s bank account, the company requires at least three signatories from different sections for accountability purposes. The company has an internal audit/ internal control system which it ensures that there are adequate checks and balances. What are the unique aspects of the financial strategies used in the organization? The hospital has a different receipting system; this is where when someone has been treated, the doctor/medical personnel produce an invoice immediately and gives the patient to pay the bill at the cashier’s office. The cashier collects what the invoice says. Invoice is computer generated and after a generation there is a set of record place in the hospitals accounting package database (the company uses Sun system as its accounting software). In case of those customers who want to use debit card, credit cards, and Visa Cards, the company has a system which accepts this kind of payment. What are three reasons that the organization has been able to manage its finances effectively? One, the company has employed a high technology financial management system. This system has checks and balances and records all financial transitions. This has reduced chance of fraud since detecting them is easy. Second, the company has an effective internal audit/ internal control systems.
Introduction Asthma is one of the endemic diseases in the US and developing countries. Although asthma affects individuals of all ages, infants and teenagers are more susceptible to it than adults. Asthma is a respiratory disorder that causes inflammation of the respiratory system. Some of its common symptoms include breathing difficulties, chronic coughs, and chest pains. Asthma is one of the major factors that hinder children from attending school regularly. It also causes sleeping difficulties in children. This essay discusses the measures that can be taken to mitigate environmental causes of asthma. Ecological Causes of Asthma There are many factors that cause asthmatic conditions. However, environmental degradation is the primary cause of asthma in children. Generally, children inhale more air, consume more food, and imbibe more fluid than adults. They also have a weak respiratory system and immunity compared to adults. Children can be exposed to several ecological hazards at home and school. Thus, they are more vulnerable to environmental causes of asthma than adults are. Children exposed to the following environmental hazards can develop asthmatic conditions. There is a considerable proof that environmental hazards such as viruses and allergens can cause asthma. “Indoor airborne allergens are often produced by house dust mines, cockroaches, and animal fur”. Smoking of cigarettes in poorly ventilated houses can cause asthma. Furthermore, outdoor air toxins such as ozone, allergens, and smouldering firewood can cause asthmatic conditions. Control of Environmental Asthma in the US In the US, the government has developed a comprehensive strategy to mitigate environmental causes of asthmatic conditions in children. This strategy encompasses various interventions aimed at ensuring that children are safe from environmental hazards that cause asthma. The government has been funding research activities aimed at finding out the major causes of asthma. Through research activities, the government has developed comprehensive measures to mitigate environmental hazards. For instance, public institutions, social amenities, and residential properties must be properly constructed and maintained to reduce environmental hazards such as air pollution and allergens. Smoking in public is prohibited by the government to prevent unnecessary air pollution. Moreover, public health officials in the US have introduced community health based programmes aimed at creating awareness on the ecological causes of asthma. This project involves educating local communities on the importance of sanitation in residential areas. For instance, parents have been advised to ensure that their