ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
What are the different types of local governments? What are their responsibilities, and what are their sources of authority? How are they funded? How are different types of municipal governments classified? What is the difference between a “home-rule” and a “general law” city? How do the political cultures of the three major cities in Texas differ? Local governments are those administrative authorities, which are considered to be smaller than a state (Maxwell, Crain, and Santos, 57). The types of this authority are the following: county governments (aim at providing general government in each geographically divided part of the state), municipal governments (are responsible for the local government of the population center), township governments (includes control of a defined area in the state), school districts (promotes the autonomy of educational institutions), and special districts (are authorized by means of state law and are limited with functions). These local governments are usually funded because of proper control of taxations and their raising. Municipal governments are classified in accordance with their responsibilities: the department of police, public works, fire, finance, tourism, housing, transportation, etc. The peculiar feature of the state of Texas is the presence of two types of cities, “general-law” and “home-rule” and three types of political culture. A “general-law” city is characterized by the powers, which may be possessed only if the State permits it, and a “home-rule” city is a kind of opposition to the above-mentioned type, where authority “to do whatever is not specifically prohibited by the State” (Anzalone 714). In Texas’ cities, there are three possible political cultures: economic liberalism, when politicians believe in the existence of free markets, social conservatism, when politicians respect morals, and populism, when politics takes care of ordinary people. The major cities of Texas, like Houston, San Antonio, and Dallas, are the representatives of such a variety of political cultures. How does the media cover news? What role do journalists play in defining what is newsworthy, and ultimately in shaping events? In what ways do the media help promote popular government, and in what way do they undermine it? What are the responsibilities of the media? What do you think is the proper role for government in helping to maintain a free and responsible press? Relations between media and government play a very important role in our every day life (Grossberg 86). Our current media covers news 24/7 by means of newspapers, TV and radio programs, the Internet, and everything else that may attract the attention of people in order to change people’s attitudes, raise their awareness, and stimulate actions. Unfortunately, nowadays, media appreciates financial support first of all, this is why journalists’ role in defying worthy of news lies into defying who can offer more money t
Introduction When companies embark on green or sustainable logistics, their main focus is to try and mitigate any undesirable effects that are associated with moving goods from one destination to another. All this is done in an effort to create a sustainable environment for the wellbeing of future generations, because of the negative effects of environmental degradation. For sustainability purposes, any unnecessary freight movements are eliminated and logistical aids like packages are always reduced and redesigned to have a more positive effect to the environment (Massawe, 2012, p. 261). Greenness is the new word used in the logistics industry, as it is the present code for many environmental concerns. It is necessary to note that logistics is the core of the modern transport industry, it is done by organising, and controlling freight movement, as this is the only way of eliminating any related environmental hazards (Mathez 2009, p. 63). Research Objective This paper seeks to establish the green strategies that firms use in ensuring that the environment is well maintained through reduced emissions. The paper will focus on specific improvements in the firms’ supply chain with the effects on green logistics. Research Methods Research methods are significant in the study of any market. In order to understand the UK market, this study will utilise the deductive approach that will begin with the observations made in the UK market concerning entrepreneurship issues. The researcher would formulate the hypothesis of the study and then observe the patterns that will then be analysed to fulfill the hypothesis that confirms the economic theory (Saunders, Lewis & Thornhill 2007, p. 125). This approach is different from the inductive approach that begins with the observation then formulation of hypothesis and thereafter statement of the theory (Kathleen 2008, p. 124). The top down approach of deductive reasoning could be combined with the mixed research methods that involve utilisation of both quantitative and qualitative methods. Quantitative research methods utilise statistical data with the collected data being analysed quantitatively (Hadley Centre, 2003). On the contrary, qualitative method will utilise qualitative data that will help the researcher understand the issues affecting entrepreneurship in the UK (Saunders, Lewis & Thornhill 2007, p. 125). The combination of these methods will provide reliable findings. Data for this study will be collected from qualitative methods. Qualitative methods try to establish the r
Introduction Death is a big enemy to humanity; few people if any would rejoice the death of a loved one. Even though some people see death as ‘promotion to glory’, many people fear death to an extent of shunning any discussions or thoughts about it. Death is a great mystery that religion, science, and philosophy find hard to fathom. Many questions about death and the state of the dead arise in people’s minds and rarely do they find satisfactory answers. What exactly causes death? What happens after one dies? Is there a possibility of one living again? Such questions cause people to develop many theories, myths, and legends to explain this. Many groups of people in the world therefore have varied views and perspectives on this topic. Modern Christians face this same uncertainty, because in as much as they use the same source of information, their interpretations vary and so they come up with diverse views and perspectives. Christian view about death Christians who believe in the Bible view death as a condition brought about by sin. When God created man, there was no death until the sinned against God by eating the forbidden fruit. Therefore, death is a condemnation that resulted from this disobedience. Christians hence now admit death as part of their lives in this world; as Solomon said, there is a time to be born and a time to die. However, many Christians refuse to accept the reality of death and as a result, many of the beliefs that they hold talk about death being a transition to a better life. For them that accept the reality of death yet believe in Jesus Christ are not hopeless for there is the promise of life after death. They believe they will be changed on His second com
Introduction Marriage is an entity that provides for companionship among the partners. The two partners help each other in their daily activities. The foundation of any marriage is usually love and affection between the two partners. Gay marriage refers to a relationship between two individuals of the same gender. One party is the husband whereas the other is the wife. Such entities have been legalized in some countries whereas some countries totally consider them illegal. There have been debates on whether gay marriages are acceptable or not. Historically, different cultures and nations have viewed same marriages in different ways. Some provide varied standards for female and male same sex relations. This topic is a concern in many countries including the US. Gay marriages have faced challenges from the codes of conduct of the community, culture and the known doctrines of religion. However, I strongly feel that such opposition is baseless since marriage is a covenant between the two parties who have agreed to live together. Gay marriages is not all about sex but is based on affection and love. About 70% of the people in USA are opposed to such marriages, a scenario which should not exist (Sullivan, 2008). There are so many reasons as to why such marriages should be authorized. Gay marriages should be allowed First, marriage is an individual right. One can choose either to get married or not. Condemning such individuals is a total violation of human rights. This is also supplemented by the fact that these people have weighed the pros and the cons of their decisions and have come to the conclusion that their decisions are the best. The spouse is also entitled to benefits accruing to a married couple. In the US, benefits like automatic inheritance of the spouse’s property upon death, being entitled to the pension of the spouse, domestic violence protection, medical scheme entitlement and bereavement leave are among the many privileges to such individuals. Gay marriages are avenues to curb the population pressure on the scarce economic resources. This is because parties of the same gender cannot produce a viable offspring unless biological methods are employed. Such an idea can be best applied in underdeveloped countries where much of the people’s income is spend in providing food to their population. This eases the tension on the country’s resources and promotes their development. Allowing such marriages tends to eradicate the discrimination that has been evident in the world. This will promote equality of humans of all calibers and provide an avenue for these talents to be tapped and nurtured in economic growth and development. It can be through erasing the prejudice that has for a long time restricted such individuals in their quest to sec
This book is a story of James McBride and his experiences with the mother, Ruth McBride. James had a hard time while growing up as he was inquisitive on racial identity, yet his mother never wanted to share racial information with him. As a result, James asked his mother too many questions about her identity, but she gave insufficient answers. This caused lots of confusion to James as he never got to realize his real racial identity. After he had grown, James decided to pay tribute to his mother by sharing her experiences together with his own experiences in a book. He wrote his personal encounters as a child with a mixed race, together with his mother’s persuasive narrative. Ruth McBride, then known as Rachel Deborah, belonged to a Jewish family in Poland that later moved to America. Her father was a rabbi, and he travelled to different parts of the world, with his family, in search of employment. However, he later neglected his family when he could not find a job and forced them to find a home in Virginia at a small town called Suffolk. At some point, he abused Ruth sexually and engaged in an affair with another woman, despite being a married man. As a result, Ruth thought that his father was an exceedingly cruel man. She considered him as uncaring, violent and disloyal to his wife, who had physical disabilities. She also thought of him as a hypocrite who was full of racism. Ruth opted to join any religion that would totally draw her away from Judaism as she hated her father deeply. She deserted Judaism and became a truly powerful woman. She led her family against the norms to grand success. Most outstandingly and paradoxically, her son linked their achievements to her Jewish customs. Although Ruth escaped from the Jewish origin, she instilled Jewish norms in her children, which made them thrive in life. Ruth lived when segregation was rampant in schools as the Jews together with blacks became discriminated. She experienced intolerance and mockery in school since other children were Protestants while she was a Jew. Besides, Ruth experienced discrimination in school due to the status of her family. Her mother was a cripple, and she could not speak English. She also suffered from visual impairment as well and this e
The advertisement which will be analyzed in this paper is of FIFA 09, the game is a sequel to the FIFA series which is released by EA sports each year. This paper will throw light upon the game and how good the game is. The game is released every year by EA SPORTS, EA stands for Electronic Arts. The paper will also throw light upon how big the gaming industry is. Gaming has grown as a business over the time, these days there are consoles specifically meant to play games like the Playstation3, Xbox, and Nintendo. This goes to show that the gaming industry presents a very good opportunity for those who are creative and are ready to try their hands at this field. The FIFA series is the most popular football game series, EA sports has established a brand name over a period of time. The game is really a very well designed game, the features of the player’s faces is very visible from the trailer. This goes to show that EA sports are working really hard to maintain the top position which they have achieved because of the FIFA series and the most developed game till now is undoubtedly FIFA 09. The advertisement of the game showcases the best players to catch the eye of the people who have been waiting for the launch of the game. The advertisement is a very well crafted advertisement it is an impeccable advertisement. It shows trailers of many intriguing matches taking place. The company has left no stone unturned in making sure that they attract as many people as possible. The game has been an immediate hit among the players and some have already started waiting for the next sequel of the game. The madness in the gaming industry is being made use of by EA sports, the company is just making sure that the advertisement designed by them for the game becomes immensely popular and works for the benefit of the company.
The term government as stated in the work of Hornby (2005) is used to define a body that has administrative power in the control of the state and its internal affairs and the manner in which this governing body is structured (P. 646). Every government in the world has various responsibilities to its citizens. These responsibilities may differ from one government to another because of the different policies and legislations which these governments follow. However, there are those responsibilities which all governments to provide for its citizens. Rosen (2005) argues that the responsibilities of a government are divided into two: those which the government must provide to its citizens, and those which the government may provide for its citizens. Responsibilities which the government has to provide to its citizens include:  1. Defending the country from intrusion or attacks by foreign nations or states.  2. Defending the people against natural calamities such as droughts, floods, earthquakes, avalanches and contagious diseases.  3. Protecting human rights.  4. Safeguarding freedoms such as life, liberty and property.  5. Facilitating the means to solve disputes among individuals and the government by using the justice system.  6. Contributing to the growth and development of the society. The government ensures that it fulfills these responsibilities to its citizens exclusively by itself without any assistance from the society (Rosen 2005). As stated earlier, there are responsibilities which the government may provide to its citizens. These are responsibilities for which the government requires participation of the society for their success. They include protection from non-transmittable diseases, education, and development of infrastructure and alienation of poverty (Rosen 2005). The implementation and success of these programs requires active participation of the society. This is because it is the society who knows their own problems and needs thus they can work towards their alleviation. The government only assists in these operations, either through provision of funds, skilled manpower or the necessary machinery and equipments (Rosen 2005). The aforementioned responsibilities e
Introduction Native Americans are the people who lived in the supercontinent of America before the Europeans went to settle there. They are the indigenous people of the continent of America. Some people also call them the American Indians. These people did not welcome the Europeans movement to their continent. Like any other society in the pre-colonial times, the Native Americans faced the Europeans with hostility in their attempt to prevent the whites from settling in their native land. Their actions and nature made the Europeans develop a negative attitude towards them since they did not give them a chance to control the society. This became the platform for moviemakers in the film industry not only during those times, but also in the present time. It created the atmosphere of stereotypes in films especially those from the West. According to Lippmann, stereotypes are standardized mental pictures that members of a group hold in common and present a simplified opinion, prejudiced attitude and judgements that are not critical (24). Native Americans were simple people who based their culture more on mystery than science. North America had approximately six hundred different indigenous American societies speaking two hundred different languages. The whites treated all these societies as one entity in stereotyping the Native Americans (Barnett 72). The film industry has played an important role in bringing out the perceptions of the Europeans towards the Native Americans. According to Battaille and Silet, Native Americans have appeared in movies/films since the beginning of the industry in 1894 (14). It is important to note that the stereotypes held towards the Native Americans are negative and damaging and this underscores racism and segregation that this minor group has experienced throughout the history. Stereotyping of the Native Americans was not only by films, but also by other forms of art. The western community also used fiction and literature. However, films/movies earned masses of audience due to its ability to show moving images. The images in the films helped the audience to get a more precise image of the stereotypes than the other forms of art. However, the stereotypes of the Native Americans in films have exhibited a gradual change over the centuries. Films and perpetuation of Native Americans stereotypes There are several reasons why the media, films, stereotyped the Native Americans. The Western Community wanted to confirm their superiority. They viewed the Native Americans as people who had juvenile and unsophisticated minds (Tuska 18). They wanted the American Indians to embrace their civilized way of living-their social values, worldview, social structure as well as their beliefs. However, the Native Americans had their own ways of living and did not find it necessary to adapt the ‘civilized’ ways of the Europeans. Stereotyping of the Native Americans was a type of entertainment. It is because the films have the ability to give an audio-visual presentation of events as well as people’s views. Films and television presentations reach masses of audience. By presenting the stereotypical images
In the history of human society, drug addiction is almost always spoken of as a crime. The criminal drug business has become the 21 st century’s epidemic, fevering all countries of the world without exception. According to Laidler (2016), “the connection between drugs and crime has been a second dominant theme, emerging as a key research agenda in the 1930s through the 1970s” (p.3). While pharmacologists research “the molecular action of drugs on organisms,” (Goode, 2014, p.92), sociologists and criminologists are more interested in their “capacity to influence moods, emotions, and intellectual processes.” (Goode, 2014, p.72). However, in order to understand these behaviors, it is essential to adopt a pharmacological perspective and understand drugs as physical substances and their effects on human beings. It can be stated that drug addiction is a social, psychological, and medical problem at the same time. Criminologists assess drug addiction in different ways: some call it the cause of crime, others – a condition, as well as a factor accompanying criminal behavior. Regardless of the position taken, according to Goode (2014), understanding ED/LD ratio, acute-chronic distinction, drug use, and its consequences is “central to any social scientists” (p.93). Moreover, Goode (2014) highlights the significance of the intersection between drugs and human behavior. According to him, four factors, such as route of administration, dose, potency/purity, and drug mixing, are also crucial for a more profound understanding (Goode, 2014, p. 92). Understanding drug effects allow criminologists and sociologists to recognize the relationship between drug addiction and crime. In conclusion, as stated by Goode (2014) and numerous studies, the pharmacological perspective is extremely important for social scientists. Drug intersection and drug use are claimed to be central topics for understanding. Whereas pharmacologists study drug effects in laboratories, sociologists study the effects of drug use in vivo. Thus, pharmacologist, sociologist, and criminologist perspectives complete each other and give a more holistic view of drug use and its effects.
Describe how the major types of knowledge (e.g., tacit and explicit) are transformed in the Nonaka and Takeuchi knowledge spiral model of KM Nonaka and Takeuchi knowledge spiral model includes four major parts: socialization, externalization, combination and internalization (Dalkir, 2005). These four parts may also be referred to as stages. Knowledge occurs in a tacit form, it transforms from tacit to tacit, then it becomes explicit, it transforms to explicit, and finally, it becomes tacit. This circle can be traced while considering a particular example. For instance, a bright idea comes to an employee’s (let it be John) head. He understands the way how to improve a report form (socialization). He is thinking about it, and his knowledge is tacit. He starts talking about it with his colleagues during breaks, but the knowledge remains tacit as no one discusses specific ways to bring the idea to life (externalization). Soon, John goes to his supervisor and discusses the new form of the report. They have a discussion, and they may have a brainstorming session (combination). This is when knowledge becomes explicit. Finally, the report is developed, and people start using it (internalization). This is when the knowledge becomes tacit again as each employee uses it in his/her own way, individually. The most difficult stage is a combination, as many people have a different vision and try to promote their ways. It can be difficult to work on an idea and bring it to life. At the same time, socialization is the easiest stage as many “bright” ideas come to people’s heads. However, these ideas remain in their heads or disappear as people are overwhelmed with other tasks. Notably, such key factors as intention (clear goals set by the organisation), autonomy, creative chaos (stimulation of interaction between employees), redundancy, requisite variety are also important for successful work of knowledge spiral model within the organisation. What is the major advantage of a complex adaptive system approach to a KM model? What are some of the drawbacks? A complex adaptive system approach to a KM model provides valuable insights into effective knowledge management in organisations. The major advantage of the approach is that it relies o