ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Despite the modern advances in social sciences, there are numerous negative connotations associated with blended families, some of which are based on facts. The construct is sometimes viewed as inferior to traditional pairings because the new spouse does not have the same parental attachment to the children. The perception may be accurate at times, but in most families, the members learn to live in harmony. The results of a ten-question interview, where the single ten-year-old son came from the mother’s side, are detailed below. The first question was the duration of the remarriage, which would indicate whether it has proven itself to be stable. The family I interviewed has been together for four years, with the pair having considered marriage for a year beforehand. The duration is likely sufficient for the formation of family bonds and the discovery and resolution of various potential issues. The family should be stable and capable of supporting itself, though further questions may reveal lingering concerns. The second question was the reason why the wife ended her relationship with her prior spouse. She answered that she and her first husband found that they could not understand each other and communicate, having conceived a child before deciding to marry, and chose to divorce. Ganong and Coleman (2016) note that such dynamics create loyalty conflicts for the child, complicating stepfamily relationships. They would be especially prevalent if the father visited frequently. The third question concerned such appearances and the overall degree of the man’s attachment to the child. The family answered that he lived a considerable distance away but still organized monthly trips where he would take the boy out for a day in the city or an amusement park. It does not appear that the father is overly possessive of the child, preventing him from integrating into his new home. The fourth question was the opinion of the boy about his stepfather at the time of the interview. Asked separately, the husband claimed that the child had opened up and accepted him, while the mother shared the opinion that he still held some reservations but understood that the man had good intentions. The responses revealed that there are yet opinions and dynamics the family did not share. The fifth question concerned the initial opinion of the child soon after the remarriage. Both parents admitted that the boy did not accept the man immediately despite having been introduced to him and frequently interacting for some months before the formalization of the relationship. The stepfather claimed that he must have intimidated the child due to his size, which was considerably bigger than that of the biological father, while the mother thought her son was confused by the change. The sixth question was about the introduction itself and the child’s reception of it. The family claimed that they took the slow approach, first having the man and the boy interact briefly, then going to various attractions together, and finally having the future stepfather visit the mother’s house. The child had reacted warily, though not with immediate re
Introduction Nowadays, people have extensive access to a number of innovative products, tools, and technologies in order to change their living conditions, improve their opportunities, and achieve a certain portion of success. At the same time, it is wrong to believe that all new things and achievements are always good and beneficial for people. Therefore, much attention is usually paid to the questions of quality and sustainability. Sustainability in architecture is a frequently discussed topic in terms of certain economic and environmental dimensions. On the one hand, it could be defined as a philosophical approach that makes people think about the necessity to improve the quality or leave a significant contribution. On the other hand, it is a technological term that promotes the survival of the chosen field by means of removal something that is unnecessary. Anyway, sustainability in architecture is a considerable move people should be ready to take in order to discover and use the technologies that make the reduction of waste and appropriate water and energy consumption possible. This paper aims at investigating sustainable architecture, its essence, factors, and approaches and clarifying the importance of sustainability in architecture regarding the existing economic and environmental challenges. Analysis In modern literature, it is possible to find a number of definitions for the term sustainable architecture, but the majority of them are connected with the idea that sustainability is the possibility to continue a certain behavior, style, or path regarding current conditions. Sayigh admits that sustainability is a kind of architectural essence that cannot be neglected because any good building or some other constructions should be naturally sustainable. Unfortunately, there is no clear guide on how to achieve sustainability in architecture or find out the balance between what is appropriate, effective, and less harmful. Still, it is clear that sustainable architecture has much in common with environmental and economic changes and human interactions with nature. Many famous architects and other stakeholders in this field admit that sustainable architecture should not be a matter of fashion but have to be a matter of
Identify a specific area of data The selected data represent the survey on the quality of the line managers based on responses from employees (CIPD 2014). The time interval was selected to assess whether certain behaviours changed with time. However, the main tenets under investigations were the behavioural attributes of the line managers and how that related to employees’ satisfaction as earlier reported in previous work (Purcell et al. 2003; Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development 2012). Problem statement and justification Line managers play important roles in the productivity of organizations and that of their employees. How the line managers relate to employees and other managers affects production under their supervision. Employees are likely to either love or hate the line managers depending on how both interact with each other. Line managers, who treat their employees with respect and encourage them to excel, are likely to attract admiration (Purcell et al. 2003; Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development 2012). Therefore, behavioural interactions between the employees and the line managers determine employees’ satisfaction and motivation (CIPD 2014). Good relationship provides an ample work environment for all the employees to grow professionally and financially. Research question  1. Are there behavioural changes in line management over a given period?  2. Does this change impact positively or negatively on employees’ satisfaction?  3. What is the perception of the employees on the line managers with respect to the employees’ professional development? Analyze the data and present your findings in a way that will assist an aspect of decision making in the area of data selected Behaviours attributes of the line managers were fairly constant; a major drop was reported on the commitment of managers to the organization (CIPD 2014). More employees, 74% believed that the line managers w
Introduction Identification of the hazard Noise and vibration hazards are some of the risks that employees and public in general are often exposed to by the leading companies, especially in the manufacturing and transport sectors. Any sound beyond the normal level is often an irritant, and when it surpasses a certain level then it becomes hazardous. However, Guidotti (28) says that this is one of the industrial hazards which have largely been ignored despite the danger it exposes the employees and the general public to. In the United Arab Emirates, noise pollution is often common in companies, the transport sector, and even in nightclubs. The government of Dubai has set up regulations concerning the level of noise permitted for these clubs but reports indicate that these regulations are often violated without any consequences. There is a regulation that requires firms to ensure that employees are protected from excessive sounds from machines and other equipment they use in the workplace. However, most of the Emirati firms have not come up with effective ways of managing sound pollution at workplace. Guidotti (41) says that this is not a problem unique to Saudi Arabia. The developed countries like the United States and United Kingdom are still struggling with the problem of noise pollution from the industrial sector. Vibration hazards are the most commonly ignored industrial hazards which have serious consequences to the affected individuals. According to Hickman and Banister (79), “Hand-Arm Vibration (HAV) is a condition caused by regular exposure to vibrating and percussive tools, or working with material in contact with grinding or cutting operations.” This problem is very common among the employees working at the road construction sites and those working in excavation sites. These machines are very dangerous to the joints of the body, especially when one is exposed to such vibrations for a long time. Guidotti (55) says that it is very unfortunate that the United Arab Emirates’ government is still not clear in defining this hazard and how it should be dealt with in the industrial sector. It has been reported that when road construction companies are working within the residential areas, vibrations beyond the normal levels have been recorded. This is worrying. Noise and vibration hazards are concerns that have been in existence since industrial revolution, but the society is yet to come up with effective ways of addressing the problem. It has been challenging to come up with proper legislations that can ensure that people are protected from undesirable levels of noise or vibration either at work or in any other settings because of the health consequences that the problem has on the affected people. Quantification of the hazard According to Guidotti (44), it is not easy to quantify noise and vibration hazards because they are rarely reported. In the United Arab Emirates, most of these noise and vibration hazards are often ignored unless they have
Evidence shows that low-income countries collect significantly fewer taxes on their Gross Domestic Product (GDP) than high-income countries. In their article “Why Do Develop Countries Tax So Little?”, Besley and Persson try to find the reason for the matter by introducing a baseline model that aims at explaining the forces that influence taxation decisions and capabilities. The present paper offers a response to the article by discussing the major strengths and weaknesses of the arguments provided in the article and describing the implications of the findings. The central question discussed in the reviewed article can be found in its title. The authors provide a systematic analysis of economic, political, social, and cultural behaviors to answer the question of why the taxation level in developing countries is low in comparison with developed economies. The authors argue that the central economic reasons for the matter are the ubiquity of informal and small-scale firms, international aid and resource dependence, and failure to modify the tax system by governments (Besley and Persson 109-112). At the same time, weak institutions, fragmented polities, absence of transparency, weak sense of national identity, and a poor norm for compliance also determine the poor tax collection culture (Besley and Persson 113-117). The researchers justify their position using analytical reasoning, statistical analysis, and the opinions of experts. The central strength of the argument is the holistic approach to the discussed question. The authors acknowledge that countries’ economies are influenced not by economic factors, but also by political and socio-cultural aspects. The provided baseline model considers the major characteristics of developing countries and draws direct and indirect links between the maturity of systems and taxation level. The evidence behind the claims is substantial, which implies that the strength of the argument and reliability of findings are high. Moreover, the model is applicable not only to developing countries; instead, it can be used to explain the reasons behind taxation patterns of all nations. Despite having some distinct strengths, there are some weaknesses of the argument that should be acknowledged. As all baseline models, the findings cannot be applied directly to many real-world situations. In other words, while the tendencies described in the article are accurate on average, the financial performances of countries may differ considerably. For instance, the residuals in the linear regression model of the share of income taxes in revenue against the size of the formal economy are dispersed considerably, which implies a high margin of error. Therefore, economists can use the model only as a starting point for policymaking. In other words, before translating the model to practice, additional research should be conducted using the insights provided by Besley and Persson in the article. When applying
Anything that entails consumer beliefs concerning a particular brand of product and their actions towards the purchase of the brand is what is termed as buyer behavior. There are various factors that affect the behavior of buyers and they include: cultural patterns, price and nature of product and consumer income levels. The simulation being analyzed on buyer behavior mainly addresses different cultural patterns on how different communities around the world style their hair. Based on consumer behavior study, culture can be defined as the values, customs and beliefs that direct and guides how consumers behave in the society. Culture mainly constitutes of specific traditional values and ideas. They are actually habits that people acquire from the society they are living in. In the simulation being analyzed, we find that punk style of cutting hair was ramped among American Indians tribes in the past while the ancient Egyptians used to apply dye on their hair while others used to put on wigs made out of sheep’s wool or real hair. The human hair signified many things during the ancient period including: wealth, status and health. These practices are still present in the modern world today whereby you find that some tribes for example ancient Polynesian tribes still perform rituals with the human hair. A boy will become of age after his hair has been cut down. Several African tribes do value hairstyle as compared to grooming, tidying up and adornment. There are those who take hours making their hair while others will even take days and that shows how important their hair is to them. There are some cases in the modern world where hair has been used to create social statements. There are many changes that have been experienced in consumer behavior. In the past, cow dung was used to set the human hair. However, this is not the case in today’s world whereby people do not use cow dung anymore instead they use gel to set their hair. The Buddhists monks do tonsure their heads while the Rastafarians wear dreadlocks in their heads. On the other hand, many teenagers today do prefer to color their hair while others spike it to look more modern. In the past, the high priests of Aztecs used to keep their hair long without washing them despite the fact that they matted it with sacrificial blood which symbolized that they had savage power. However in the world of today, a person will be considered powerful if they have tidy and neat hair and that is why most people go to the salon. After identifying the buyer behavior, marketers can easily know the strategy to use to sell their products. Buyer behavior will also enable them know which products to market to which type of people since it seems that every community has its own culture and believes especially when it comes to making the hair. Most people tend to develop the culture of where they are born in and it goes along with them to determine their behaviors, values, patterns and beliefs (Hawkins, David & Roger 2007). This is why a m
Trial Balance Trial balance gives a summary of all general ledger accounts opened within an accounting period. The general ledgers are arranged according to their account numbers. The trial balance has debit and credit columns. Closing balances in the general ledger accounts are recorded in these debit and credit columns. There are several ways of preparing a trial balance. The first approach is the total method. Under this method, the totals of credit and debit entries in a general ledger account are recorded in the trial balance. The second approach is the balance method. Using this approach, the balances in the general ledger account are recorded in the trial balance. The final approach is the compound method. This approach combines both the total and the balanced approach (Haber 2004). The trial balance is a vital tool for analyzing the accounting information of a company. First, the trial balance is the foundation for preparing the final accounting reports such as a statement of income, the statement of financial position, and the cash flow statement. Secondly, the trial balance aids in identifying errors. It provides an initial point for identifying errors committed when preparing books of accounts. When the debit totals do not match with the credit totals, it implies that there is an error in the trial balance. Thirdly, the trial balance summarizes all the financial transactions of an entity. It provides a user with a summarized view of all transactions that were carried out within a financial period. Finally, the trial balance enables a user to check for completeness and accuracy of financial transactions recorded for a given period (Brigham & Houston 2009). Audit trail An audit trail denotes the ability to present a complete track of a selected financial transaction. It is the ability to identify each step when processing a transaction from start till completion of the transaction. Keeping a trail of a transaction entails providing supporting documents for all the steps involved in processing the transaction. In
Introduction Recent years, researchers admit high rates of turnover among substance abuse counselors caused by burnout and emotional distress. The main problem is that their work demands empathic relationships and often a great deal of emotional involvement. They risk being emotionally drained, giving of themselves until they have nothing more to give. In many treatment programs, counseling serves as the primary mechanism for maintaining the treatment structure. The counselor explains the rules and procedures to the patient, monitors the patient’s performance, and participates in the use of sanctions to obtain patient compliance. Thus, researchers admit that burnout and turnover of substance abuse counselors is caused by work overload and inadequate policies and communication within the treatment facility. The main functions of substance abuse counselors Burnout and turnover of substance abuse counselors is caused by the nature of work itself. The main functions of substance abuse counselors involve development of plans and supervision of clients, work with families and psychological assessment of their emotional and physical progress (Shoptaw et al 2000). The client is expected to participate in counseling sessions once a week, minimum. The weekly counseling sessions serve to identify specific objectives and assign specific tasks to enable the client to successfully attain the established treatment goals. The counseling sessions also permit periodic review and revision of the individualized treatment plan as necessary and appropriate (Perkinson, 2001). The primary goal of the treatment is to maintain effective functioning rather than require detoxification. The counseling component of the mobile health service treatment program is behavior change as it relates specifically to drug-seeking and drug-taking. While the “high tolerance” philosophy of the treatment approach subscribes to a procedure that offers and encourages counseling, participation in drug abuse counseling is not an absolute requirement (Perkinson, 2001). Following Barnett and Thomas (1997): “Substance abuse therapists may be at higher risk for burnout than other therapists because they work with chronic and difficult clients”. The counseling situation needs to be viewed as a two-person interaction, where each individual is constantly influencing and being influenced by the other. So, it is not enough to merely hang a label on the client or the counselor. Rather, it is important to focus on the way in which the client’s style and behavior. Counseling is often mandatory and scheduled. The counselor also engaged clients in HIV risk reduction behaviors if HIV transmission is to be prevented (Perkinson, 2001). The engagement is most difficult for reasons such as denial, apathy, grandiosity, self-destructiveness, lack of information, difficulty in obtaining materials needed to practice safer sex or safer drug use, and lack of cultural and social support. It takes a special manager with special counseling skills to develop a relationship with these clients. The counselor does not act as a therapist but doe
Introduction Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) refers to a disease that is common among middle-aged women and is attributed to hormonal disproportions. Women with the disorder present with elevated androgen levels, prolonged or infrequent menstrual periods, and enlarged ovaries containing follicles around the ova. These changes lead to irregularity in ovarian function in PCOS patients. Causes include heredity, low-grade inflammation, and excess insulin. Six percent of women of the productive age are affected by polycystic ovary syndrome. Those infected are at risk of poor prognosis, including complications such as endometrial cancer, eating disorders, anxiety, depression, type 2 diabetes, sleep apnea, metabolic syndrome, miscarriages, infertility, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, and gestational diabetes. 1, 3 Obesity has been known to enhance these complications among PCOS patients. This explains why dietary management and physical exercise are among the two main recommendations to improve the patients’ condition. Objective This study aims at evaluating the efficiency of a healthy diet compared to physical exercise in improving the condition of polycystic ovary syndrome patients. Methods This study reviewed five primary research articles published within the last ten years. The research articles reviewed employed the cross-sectional and prospective cohort study methods. Experiments were conducted in some of the articles to determine the effective implementations in the management of PCOS. The results and conclusions were also made in the articles reviewed. Results Older age, body mass index (BMI), and a high random androgen index were the most regular variables in ladies with polycystic ovary syndrome. Most PCOS-positive women were found to be obese and had elevated levels of androgen, testosterone, and insulin. There was no major variance in omentin-1, serum vaspin, and chemerin levels between the healthy and PCOS patients. 2 However, these levels were greatly elevated in obese PCOS patients. Cholesterol levels were also prominent in PCOS patients. The studies also demonstrated an apparent connection between androgen and disorders of metabolism in patients with PCOS. It also highlighted diet and lifestyle changes as the most reliable in the control of polycystic ovary syndrome. Conclusion Physical exercise is essential in managing PCOS, as being overweight is one of the most highlighted variables among the affected women. However, a healthy diet exhibits better results as it addresses the metabolism disorders such as dyslipidemia and help correct obesity. The two approaches of management produce the best outcomes when combined in the treatment and prevention of PCOS patients. Introduction Polycystic ovary syndrome, according to the world health organization (WHO), is the primary cause of infertility among women of reproductive age. These rates are even higher in obese women due t