ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction The development of attachment in infants has been of considerable interest to psychologists, evolutionary scientists, and educators. Overall, this concept can be defined as a tie or bond which is formed between a child and his/her caregiver (Lightfood, Cole & Cole, 2008, p. 223). This paper is aimed at discussing various theoretical perspectives of attachment. In particular, it will focus on the views of Sigmund Freud, Erik Erikson, and John Bowlby about its causes and formation. Furthermore, this discussion will focus on such an experimental procedure or paradigm called A Strange Situation . One of the tasks is to examine the effects of temperamental, medical, or behavioral characteristics of a child or parent on the quality of attachment. These are the main issues that have to be addressed. Theoretical explanations of attachment Various theories strive to explain the causes of attachment, its formation, or patterns. The first important explanation of attachment was proposed by Sigmund Freud who tried to explain it from a biological perspective. From his point of view, it is caused by biological factors such as thirst, hunger, or state of arousal (Lightfood, Cole & Cole, 2008, p. 223). According to Freud, they urge an infant to develop an attachment to the caregiver, usually his/her mother. Such an explanation cannot be very plausible because at this point it has not been substantiated by empirical findings (Lightfood, Cole & Cole, 2008, p. 224). Many researchers disagree with the idea that attachment can be reduced to pure physiological mechanisms. Also, this approach cannot account for the changes in the attachment style which may occur as the child grows older. Besides, this explanation does not explain why children can display different attitudes toward their parents. Another interpretation of attachment was advanced by Erik Erikson. His theory is premised on the idea that children, especially infants tend to trust only those people who regularly take care of their needs (Lightfood, Cole & Cole, 2008, p. 224). The caregiver or parent, who fails to address the infant’s needs, can hardly strengthen a mutual tie with his/her child. Thus,
Introduction According to Frederic Hudson (1999), there are several approaches of coaching. Originally, all the approaches differ by the aim of coaching, the required objectives and initial data. It means that depending on the student and his / her abilities the approach will be selected. However, there are approaches which differ in the issues of methodology. Directed Coaching To begin with it is necessary to mention that direct coaching was selected as the most universal approach with the extensive experience basis. It is the fast and incisive process, which is aimed to direct the ideas of the trainee towards the traditional developmental spheres, which entail the principles of stimulation trainee’s thinking process on the matter of the situation. This approach is more suited for coaching people on the issues of getting what they wish to get. The fact is that, it is based mainly on self-stimulation, and self search of the basis and roots of the problem. Thus, this approach offers quick and accurate image of where the trainee currently is in comparison with where he / she wants to be in the achievement process. The timeframes of this approach should not exceed 6-8 weeks, however, successful trainees cope within shorter time frames as the space for timetable violation is left. The trainee may get everything he / she needs during the first 3-5 lessons, while the others would require 30 lessons. During a full-on session the approach is aimed to help the trainee make sense of all the data he or she has got and choose the following strategy and the direction of further attempts. As Hudson (1999) emphasizes, direct coaching is concentrated on personal goals, passions, and purposes. Whether the trainee is attempting to advance his or her career, reach a life goal, improve a relationship, or discover the real purpose in life — directed coaching is elaborated to kick-start this discovery. The trainees should take into account that they will be required to meet with their coaches on the regular basis, in spite of the fact that the realization may come rather quickly. One-on-one coaching is all about the trainee — where the coach will ask a trainee to challenge old and limiting thoughts about the personal life and preferences and the life situation that may be holding the person back. Direct Life Coaching provides personal and group coaching also concentrated on stress management. Peltier also emphasized the appearing of stress management program aimed to Arise Life Skills. Originally, this program is mainly delivered to juvenile improvements facilities in several US states. Peltier incorporated these same principles and filled his program within corporate surrounding principles, public workshop activity rules, and individual requirements in the process of one-on-one training. This program may be perfectly incorporated in the program of Directed Coaching in order to cope with anger and stress from a deeper and personal perspective that permits the trainees to not only gain tools for keeping their emotions under control, but also provide a basis for making better life choices in every sphere of their lives and businesses.
Introduction Digestion is the breakdown of food compounds into compounds suitable for the body. The digestive system is a complicated system that starts from the mouth to the anus. Gastric acid secretion controls the digestion of food compounds. The pH of the intestinal walls that control digestion is 0.8. However, the digestive disorder is an imbalance caused by differential changes in acidity levels. Thus, digestive disorders include blood stool, heartburn, abdominal pain, weight loss, inflammatory bowel disease, GERD, irritable bowel syndrome, gallstones, constipation, chronic pancreatitis, and ventral hernia (Hanauer, 2012). The pathophysiology of inflammatory bowel disease and irritable bowel syndrome To understand the pathophysiology of inflammatory bowel diseases, clinicians must correlate the effects of different environmental factors. A previous study suggested that environmental factors, genetic association, microbial agents, humeral immunity, cytokines, and sensory mediator might influence the pathogenesis of IBD ((Katsanos & Tsianos, 2010)). However, factors include an unidentified pathogenic organism, immune response phase, and an autoimmune process. The predisposing factors include genetics, abnormal immune activity, smoking, and the patient’s behavior. Clinicians believe that unidentified bacteria and dietary antigens penetrate the intestinal wall during IBD pathophysiology. As a result, the immune response activates the immune system that triggers the inflammatory process. Thus, the activation affects the permeability of the normal intestine. Consequently, the unidentified antigen enters the immune effector cells. Finally, diet, smoking, systematic immune deregulation, 5-ASA, NSAIDs, genetic predispositions, inflammation, and extrinsic factors control the pathophysiology of inflammatory bowel disease. Clinical examinations will assess the pathophysiology of irritable bowel syndrome. However, clinicians suggest that changes in GI motility, psychosocial factors, and visceral hyperalgesia induce the pathophysiology of irritable bowel syndrome. An essential activity occurs in the gastrointestinal tract. The enteric nervous system regulates and modulates the neurotransmitter serotonin. However, an imbalance in the GI tract alters signals transfer to the brain. As a result, the sensory neurons are stimulated to cause pain. Clinicians suggest that the 5-HHT4 receptors influenced the breakdown of sensory communication during the pathophysiology of irritable bowel syndrome. Previous studies revealed that visceral hypersensitivity controlled the balloon dilatation in the intestinal tract. Similarities and differences in
Introduction Marijuana refers to “the dry, shredded green and brown mixture of flowers, stems, seeds and leaves derived from the hemp plant” (Caullins and Kleiman 13). Marijuana is used both as a recreational drug and as a medicinal drug. In some communities, it is used to perform religious and spiritual rites. Marijuana is normally smoked in blunts, cigarettes and pipe. Blunts refer to cigars filled with a blend of marijuana and tobacco. Marijuana is one of the most abused illicit drugs in US and other parts of the world. Drug abuse refers to “habitual taking of addictive or illegal drugs” (Simpson and Weiner 321). While marijuana remains illegal in most states in America, its possession and use is legal in countries such as Holland. The debate on the legal status of marijuana revolves around its negative effects and its benefits to the society. Those opposed to the legalization of marijuana base their arguments on the negative effects. Proponents of legalization of marijuana emphasize its benefits such as its use as medicine. This paper argues for the premise that legalization of marijuana will improve the welfare of US citizens. Arguments against Legalization of Marijuana Consumption of marijuana is opposed due to the health risks associated with it. Short term effects of marijuana include impairment of memory, poor psychomotor coordination, as well as, loss of concentration. High consumption of marijuana can also cause hallucinations and delusions. Consumption of marijuana normally results into a rise in heart rate by between 20% and 100%. Consequently, users of marijuana have a “high risk of heart attack in the first hour after smoking the drug” (Caullins and Kleiman 77). The risk of heart attack as a result of marijuana consumption is greater among individuals suffering from cardiac diseases and the aging population. Smoking of marijuana also causes irritation to the lungs. Interest groups opposed to drug abuse discourage legalization of marijuana on the ground that it is a gateway drug (Joffe and Yancy 632-638). This means that the use of marijuana encourages the consumption of other drugs such as alcohol and cigarettes. Consequently, the combined health risk on the user will be very high. Such interest groups also argue that marijuana is very addictive, and thus, its legalization will increase the dependency rate. The increase in the number of citizens who depend on marijuana will lead to high medical costs or rehabilitation costs. Finally, the use of marijuana is associated with increase in crime. Examples of crimes associated with marijuana use include robbery and street fighting. Arguments for Legalization of Marijuana The production, consumption and possession of marijuana should be legalized due to the following reasons. First, empirical studies have proved that marijuana has medicinal value. Scientists have proved that marijuana has therapeutic effects. Consequently, it can be used to relieve pain, control nausea, as well as, stimulating appetite. Marijuana can be used to effectively treat glaucoma since its consumption reduces pressure on eyes (Caullins and Kleiman 98). Additionally, marijuana
Introduction The business environment has been getting more complex and competition has been increasing everyday. Recent problems such as the economic crises and others have caused organization to find ways of staying ahead of competition. Organizations are continuously looking for ways to gain a competitive edge over the other organizations. This mostly affects the multinational organizations because the international organizations face global environment which is more complex than the local environment. One of the major areas of focus in trying to attain a competitive advantage is through the use of employees. Organizations have realized and embraced the fact that human resource is a strategic asset to an organization and if well used, it can make the organizations gain a competitive advantage (Kathy & McMackin, 2001). Most organizations are now competing on how to attract, maintain and motivate employees. Focus on employees has thus become a big strategic move for most companies. Strategic human resource management has been described as the process of linking the human resource function in an organization with the strategic objectives of the organization with the aim of improving performance. Strategic resource management like any strategy has a mission, vision, analysis of the environment, formulation of the strategy, strategy implementation and strategy evaluation (Lundy & Cowling, 1996). Toyota Motor Corporation has not been left out by this trend. The company has been able to use employees to gain strategic position in the global market. The main areas of focus on human resources for the company are strategic human resource planning and strategic recruitment and selection. These have helped Toyota Motor Corporation to gain a competitive edge in the market (Liker, 2004). The ensuing discussion will show how strategic human resource management and strategic recruitment and selection have helped the company to achieve its business objectives. Toyota Motor Corporation is one of the biggest companies in the automobile industry. It is based in Japan and it offers a wide range of products. The main products for the company include mini vehicles, buses, trucks and other models. The company has subsidiaries which have plants and manufacturing components in most parts of the world. The core business of the company is automotive business which accounts for 90% of the sales for the company annually. Other business activities include telecommunications, manufacturing and selling of leisure boats and pre-fabricated housing. The nature of the operations of Toyota Motor Corporation is labor intensive and this requires a great focus on the human resource management in the company (Toyota Motor Corporation, 2011). It is the policy of Toyota Motor Corporation to manufacture high quality products, satisfy fully the needs of the customer, provide quality service to the society and to maintain market leadership. The company is also committed to impro
Introduction Technological innovation is the force that enables progress, moving society forward and ensuring the achievement of a wide variety of goals. Without research, development, and, ultimately, innovation, no society can function. Therefore, it is essential to ensure a constant flow of new technologies, develop existing areas, and create new ones. To implement this process, it is also necessary to collaborate the efforts of different parts of society – both the private sector, consisting of personal businesses, and the public, represented in the form of state structures. In the context of the study of the influence of the private and public sectors and technological innovations in them, the countries of the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region are of particular interest. Most of these countries are traditionally highly dependent on oil exports, which account for 76 to 97 percent of their economies (Oukil, 2011). However, as practice shows, many states, including the UAE, are aware of developing other areas. States are striving to advance both the public and private sectors through various funding and business support programs. According to research, the UAE has been actively investing in the development of science, technology, and innovation in recent years, making these factors the main driving force of the economy (Hameed et al., 2016). However, research is needed to assess the success of such events and their impact on technological innovation. Thus, this paper aims to explore technological innovation in the private and public sectors of the UAE. The study of the features of technological progress, the mutual influence of the two sectors, and a critical assessment and comparison of available methods and their results are the objectives of this paper. In addition, such research can highlight valuable strategies that can be applied in a broader context – in other MENA countries or the development of entrepreneurship in general. Literature Review First of all, it is necessary to analyze the relevant literature on this topic, revealing the historical and current features of the interaction between the private and public sectors in the UAE. Traditionally, the private sector is usually much more developed due to competition (West & Lu, 2009). On the other hand, the public sector is a much more stable system. However, more and more signs have recent
Introduction Mount Everest: Into the Death Zone is a 2016 documentary by The Fifth Estate, a Canadian news magazine. The documentary tells the story of a Canadian that climbed Mount Everest and later on died due to complications caused by the climb (The Fifth Estate, 00:0:01-00:43:50). The film received both positive and negative responses from viewers. This paper provides a review of the film in terms of the cinematography and the storytelling techniques used. The paper proposes that while the cinematography approaches used are admirable, the storytelling techniques used were biased. It can be argued that the bias arises from the fact that the lady that died was a Canadian. Indeed, the news magazine is meant to tell the story without taking sides. However, it is clear that the reporter, Bob McKeown, picked a side while telling the story. The story does not have one clear theme. However, one can argue that the overlying theme is money. Other sub-themes that can be deduced from the documentary include self-determination, live and death, risk, and self-preservation. Plot Summary The documentary follows the final hours of Shriya Shah-Klorfine, a Canadian national who climbed Mount Everest. The young energetic and married woman had never climbed a mountain before. She, however, still was determined to make it to the top of the mountain and had acquired the services of an agency to help her reach her goal. The climb had its challenges but her determination and passion saw her reach the top of the mountain. Despite the agonizing climb, Shriya made it to an infamous part of the mountain, the “Death Zone”. Others, traveling with her, were left behind due to fear and fatigue and did not make it to the “Death Zone”. Additionally, on her journey down, she was left behind as she became paralyzed due to the extreme cold (The Fifth Estate, 00:31.29). Indeed, Shriya had seen the warning signs and had been cautioned by experienced Sherpas, but she was determined to get to the “Death Zone”. Despite her success, things start going wrong at this point. Description The cinematography used is average but sufficient in regard to similar documentaries. The Fifth Estate relied on pictures of Shriya and those of former climbers to tell her story. Additionally, the news magazine uses generic shots of Mount Everest to show the different peaks, people walking up and down, and the climate of the place. The film goes further and uses real videos of Shriya during her journey. Most importantly, the documentary incorporates videos captured by phones of Shriya’s body being rescued after ten days in the “Death Zone”. The voice and sound in the film are well done. It is important to note, however, that since much of the story is told by family and Sherpas, a good number of the shots were done in a green room. Thus, getting quality sound and lighting was not a challenge for the producers. Overall, the film is able to give the viewer a wholesome feel of what happened to Shriya. This is done through the use of real videos shot b
How industrialized was the Canadian economy towards the end of the nineteenth century? Most studies on the development of the Canadian economy suggest that the industrialization of Canada did not take place until the twentieth century. McInnis, on the contrary, argues that Canada was among the world’s most industrialized nations by 1890. His deductions are based on the analysis of various economics factors including net output per capita. Using this scale, McInnis holds that the only nations whose industrialization ranked higher than Canada were United Kingdom, United States, and Belgium. Other countries in Western Europe also ranked high, but Germany, France and Sweden had a lower output of manufacturers per capita compared to Canada. As a result, researches suggesting that the industrialization of Canada was laggard are flawed and misleading. O’Brien and Keyder suggest that the primary industries in most countries began to experience rapid growth after 1890, though there are still some nations that had attained a significant level of manufacturing. Recent studies on the industrialization of economies have devised new measures of analyzing economic development and industrial advance (Cemeron 4). Economic historians propose that other lines of manufacturing development can replace the impact of cotton and iron industries in the economy. According to Temin (189), the US was not considered among the industrialized nations by 1890 because it was still heavily reliant on cheap water power and showed reluctance in adopting the stationary steam engines for its manufacturing industry. Based on the new interpretation of industrialization by economic historians, it is possible to highlight the various successes of Canada’s manufacturing industries. While some of these industries comprise craft-tie industries like tailoring and dressmaking, blacksmithing, and furniture making, there were still modern industry trends that involved their manufacture of agricultural machinery, steam engines, locomotives, railway rolling stock, and iron rolling mills (Cameron 5). Canada was also involved in manufacturing for export in various industries including pork packing, cheese making, and lumber milling. American historians suggest that pork processing and packing indicates large-scale continuous processing that is a typical feature of modern manufacturing (Chandler). Cheese factories use simple technology and are mostly small-scale, though they exemplify a transformation from household agricultural processes to specialized, factory-based production. This process was identified by economic historians as typical of the industrial revolution. The lumber mills in Canada constituted a significant amount of Canada’s producti
Industrial regulation Industrial regulation is a scenario where the government regulates an entire industry for instance the oil or banking industry. It does so by putting in place rules and regulations that govern the way the organizations in that industry conduct their business. Industrial regulation aims to make sure that no business entity can monopolize or merge with another to restrict trade. Social regulations Social regulations are regulations that seek to benefit the public interest. It requires that firms in an industry conform to no discrimination, safety of their product and services, and environment-friendly practices. The regulations benefit the users by making sure that the end-user only gets to use the best quality products, the firm does not discriminate on who it employs and the manufacturers on the other side do not pollute the environment which they use to operate in for the benefit of the society. Entities affected are the general public, producers of goods and services, and their employees. This is due to the regulatory requirements which require the producers to abide by strict production standards and produce quality goods, protect the environment by not polluting it, and their employees are employed without discrimination and have a healthy working environment. The general public benefits by getting quality products and services, equal employment opportunities, and a clean environment. Monopolies Natural monopolies are monopolies that come up because of the nature and characteristics of the marketplace or production process in the industry but not due to government intervention in the marketplace with the aim of favoring a certain firm. Antitrust Laws Antitrust Laws are laws that are used to discourage unfair trade practices and seek to encourage fair competition in an industry. By doing so they prevent firms and an ent