ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Theoretical Learning Issue One of the major theoretical learning issues many educators have in mind is concerned with the purpose of learning. Some believe it is the transfer of a set of skills and knowledge while others stress that developing life-long learners is more important. However, there are people who believe that the purpose is manifold, and it also includes another aspect, which is “becoming a member of a sustained community of practice” (Lave 65). The three visits shed light on the way this theoretical issue can be addressed. The visits to the museums and dance training show that learning outside of schools is characterized by diversity, communication, and interaction. Interaction and communication can take different forms. For instance, dancers move together, communicate through dancing. In museums, there is little communication and collaboration between people as learners communicate and interact with artifacts of cultures. In all three cases, the purpose of becoming a member of the community is achieved as learners become a part of an aspect of a certain culture (through dancing or through seeing some works of art). Teaching and Learning Patterns Scholars and practitioners, as well as other stakeholders, start claiming that school education is too formal and “divorced from experience” (Resnick 18). It is believed that school education does not have the necessary tools to equip students with the necessary skills and knowledge. The three visits show that activities outside the school can reveal new facets of teaching and learning tools. The role of the leader in the classroom is mainly taken by the teacher. When observing the dancing activity, the use of this concept was apparent. There was one leader, and the group followed all the instructions without questioning them. Dancers did exactly what they were told to changing movements and even facial expressions when the trainer mentioned. In the museums, self-learning occurred, or there was a leader (the guide) and the group. In the former case, the conventional pattern leader-group was not used as learners had complete control over the learning process. The way communication took place is quite remarkable as it still shares a lot in common with formal education. Resnick states that teachers in the school setting use a set of codes when communicating with learners (14). It is evident that symbols and codes are also used in non-school settings. In the dancing activity, the trainer used some codes (words, claps, gestures) while there were plenty of symbols in the museums that also communicated some messages to learners. However, the major difference between formal a
Introduction To begin with, it should be stated that the integrated estimation in accordance with the TLC and WLC methods are comparatively innovative, and may be used for the estimation of the costs and budget of any organization. Originally, the aim of this paper is to analyze the micro costs into the generic macro level stages of ownership of the Butler’s company. In accordance with the LLC, TLC and WLC techniques, there is strong necessity to give the analysis of the revenues and expenses of the company. In the light of this perspective, it should be stated that all the analysis tools are considered to be the matters of the financial estimation of the costs, spent for the development of the company, and satisfying its basic needs. Analysis The financial analysis of the Butler’s company is generally associated with the estimation of the business development. From the perspective of this consideration, it should be emphasized that the original analysis of the financial flow will be touching upon the company’s employment options, the financial reserves aimed at the development of the company, satisfying the need is salaries, risk management, advertising qualification improvement, technical support of the equipment and software etc. To address the company’s outsourcing options, Butler need to take into consideration numerous factors. The origins of the company provide an excellent opportunity of outsourcing the part of the working assignments, thus decreasing the expenses. The spheres which may be outsourced are the IT sphere, call center and part of the manufacturing process, which will not suffer th
Introduction The human race has elicited many unrelenting controversies concerning the different aspects of its existence. These controversies often yield debates that sometimes develop from simple arguments aimed at understanding individual behavioral differences to become politically motivated disputes over distributive justice and societal power (McLeod par. 12). A prime example of this nature of debates is the debate on whether nature or nurture has a greater bearing on the development of the diverse individual behavioral differences that exist. This age-old debate neither shows any indication of ending soon nor identifying which of the two factors has more influence on behavioral differences. Researchers and scholars have conducted numerous studies over the same, but the have not settled this debate. This paper seeks to explore this debate in the light of a recent article that appeared in The Wall Street Journal , “Nature vs. Nurture: New Science Stirs Debate How Behavior Is Shaped; Who’s an Orchid, Who’s a Dandelion”, in a bid to establish what it adds to already existing body of literature on this controversy. A Synopsis of the Article The article in question, Nature vs. Nurture: New Science Stirs Debate How Behavior is Shaped; Who’s an Orchid, Who’s a Dandelion, featured in The Wall Street Journal on September 16, 2013 with Jonathan Rockoff as the author. The article opens by noting that researchers are moving closer to explaining how nature rather than nurture has more influence on human behavior as the extent of individuals’ sensitivity to external influences varies based on the biological composition of their nervous system (Rockoff par. 3). As such, some individuals are more susceptible to external influences than others are. Individuals that are more susceptible are termed as ‘orchids’ while the less susceptible types are termed as ‘dandelions’ (Rockoff par. 3). A baffling finding is that orchids will perform very poorly in adverse environments, but they will thrive under optimum conditions in contrast to dandelions ( Rockoff par. 5 ) . This observation was confirmed by a 2010 study in the Journal of Child Development , which showed children performing poorly under fighting parents, but became best performers under a happier home life. A study by the National Academy of Sciences also supports this position by asserting that under
The key players of the Knights of Labor case The key figures of the chosen case study are the Central Labour Union (CLU), the Cigar Manufacturers Association (CMA), the representatives of the Knights Assembly and so-called Unionists, the members of local craft unions such as the Cigar Makers’ International Union (CMIU) and the Cigarmakers Progressive Union of America (CPUA). The CLU and the CMA can be defined as the organizations that represent manufacturers and employers. The CMIU and the CPUA represent the workers who use their skills and knowledge in the chosen field and produce cigars under special labels. The Knights is an organization founded by skilled and unskilled workers whose leaders belong to its radical fraction known as the Home Club (Kealey & Palmer, 1987). Working-class movements result from unsatisfied skilled workers who want to prove their readiness to lead their own unions. The main issue disputed in this case The main issue of this case is the line of conflicts between the Knights, the Cigar Makers’ International Union, the Cigar Manufacturers Association, and the Cigarmakers Progressive Union of America. Everything began after one of the bosses, Lillis, decided to open his own new shop under union principles and promoted the creation of new non-union shops that the CMIU did not favor. With time, working conditions and wages got worsened, and workers wanted to ask for protection. The CMIU led by Adolph Strasser rejected their petition, but the CPUA supported them and even got approval from the Knights. This support was defined as an intention to destroy trade unions by the Knights and led to several negative outcomes, rumors, and controversies. Winners and losers of the case Among a considerable number of conflicts and unclear situations, the main conflict was between the Knights who supported the CPUA and non-union shops and the CMIU. They did not accept the ideas of the strike-breaking cigar-makers, poor working conditions, and unreasonable bosses (Morton, 1998). The meeting was organized by the CLU to find a solution to this conflict. It ended with a resolution to support the CMIU and the necessity to remove un
There are various sources of capital available for any company that is in existence or starting a business. Without these sources of capital, no investment project will be undertaken and there will be no company. According to the balance sheet of coca-cola Company, the company has utilized both internal and external sources of capital. Therefore launching a new activating for 2012 Olympics will require capital. This capital must be raised from the sources well known for companies that are in global business. These sources of capital for multinationals include: equity capital, long term debt short term and medium-term debt. Each source of capital Is utilized for various reasons or purposes. Therefore the sources of capital that will be used by coca-cola for international expansion are discussed below. Equity Equity – this is a source of capital raised from the owners, of the company by issuing stocks to the public or to the existing shareholders or to new shareholders for subscription to become owners. The issue can be a rights issue, a bonus issue of public offering. A bonus issue is usually issued by a company with huge retained earnings as well as enough cash flows to be utilized by the project. Therefore the retained earnings are utilized as a source of capital to finance the project and since retained earnings are shareholders’ funds they are reduced a bonus share to reduce the retained earnings. A rights issue is the issue of shares to the existing shareholders to subscribe in proportion to their existing shareholding. It is issued after an ordinary resolution has been passed to allow the companies to utilize those sources. The issue of shares to the public takes various forms and this includes private negotiations, placing, offer for sale by prospectus and offer for sale by tender. Offer for sale by tender is where shares are offered to the public at no fixed price and the public is asked to offer a price of their choice and from their offerings a price is arrived at. Thus in this case forces of demand and supply are given an opportunity to decide the value of the shares. Offer by prospectors is where shares are offered to the general public at a fixed price to subscribe. The prospectus gives information relating to the company performance for present and prospective performance in future. The other methods of issuing shares to the public are placing where shares are given to specific institutions to sell or buy them. If the members of the public wish to own shares of the public they will be purchased from those institutions. Offer for sale, is an invitation of the public to apply for the shares of the company, based on the information contained in the prospectus. There is another source of raising equity capital for companies not listed in
Introduction It is evident that macro-environment forces have had an impact on the way organizations behave; this is because of their uncontrollable significance to business environment. Technological change is one of the macro-environment; almost all organizations in the world are affected by changes in technology. The influence of macro-environment is normally beyond the controlling capacity of organizations especially in the market perspective. Technology has enhanced dissemination of information more than ever imagined; today’s buyers have a wide range of information at their disposal unlike in the past. It is with this respect that technology as one of the greatest macro-environment forces will be explicitly discussed. Technology as a Macro-environmental force In order to comprehend the significance of technology in the market, it is imperative to fully understand the meaning of macro-environment forces. In this sense, macro-environment simply means the environmental forces or factors that indirectly alter the operations of an organization. Organizations cannot change these forces since they are external, some of the common macro-environment force includes but not limited to the following factors; economic changes, political changes technological, and socio-cultural changes. In the modern world, one of the leading forces in the macro-environment sense is technology. The rationale for this is because of its influence on the buyer’s choices. In essence, a buyer today has a range of choices unlike before the development of technology. The internet is the world hub of information that can either benefit or disadvantage an organization. Leveraging on information can make a small firm appear larger. More so, it creates a balanced competing environment for all the firms involved. In this sense, considering that consumer have adequate information about different products and the expected quality which includes the manufacturing materials and their effects with respect to health, consumers are more cautious as compared to the past. This is the reason why the effects of technological changes cannot be over-emphasised. With the ever increasing globalization, technology is a pertinent of strategic alignment of many organizations. Since globalization creates both opportunities for new market venture and also increases the number of competitors, the products and services of a company are easily threatened. In this perspective, technology has the ability to change consumption rate of consumers and therefore imperative in market decisions of the firm. A firm can use the information acquired from the customer’s opinion to improve their services and products. The internet is also an imperative marketing tool that can increase the market of a product or service globally. The strategies chosen by an organization are ther
This reaction paper talks the social codes that guide how women and men interact in exercise and cyber clubs. The author discusses the detachment between Fassi women in Fes. Some Fassi women identify more with conservative practices while others identify more with liberal ideals. The concept of public separation between different genders is practiced differently in exercise clubs and cyber cafés in Fes. Conflict on Modes of Interaction Some women seek more privacy and as such, the club has partitioned their exercising space with heavy drapes. The liberal female clients find this to be suffocating because they are not able to get fresh air when the weather becomes too hot. There is divided opinion between female clients regarding if the separation of the space is necessary or not. This creates conflicts between women that seek comfort and those that want the space to be hidden from men’s prying eyes (Newcomb 2006). Fassi conservative female clients cherish their religious practices and do not seem to be aware that they infringe on the right of other women that visit the club to exercise. The owners of the club do not know how to satisfy both sets of clients. Another breed of younger women who have grown up in Fes find fault with the deep religious and cultural conservatism. They differ strongly with older women who still hold on to the conservative cultural norms and values. These young women do not want to be associated with conservative Fassi social norms and want fewer restrictions in public places. The exercise club cannot be distinguished as a public or a private space. It is difficult for all its members to comply with the principle of separation of the two genders in public places as stipulated by Islam. Newcomb (2006) observes that the club represents foreign values that are beneficial to the society yet; the Fassi society is yet to embrace these ideals. Changes in Culture Cyber cafes have brought about a change in the way women and men interact. Majority of clients in these cyber cafés are under 30 some of whom are single and still in school. Many female internet users interact through the web with men from other parts of Morocco. Some of these relationships lead to marriage and as such, the strict social codes do not restrict men and women in Fes from dating. The mixed gender interaction is made possible because there are fewer restrictions on the internet (Newcomb 2006). This shows a shift to foreign attitudes and values in the city and the country at large. Young people conduct their online interactions in French yet Arabic is the most spoken la
The world is undergoing a profound transformation that changes the whole way of life of humanity. Today, it is impossible to talk about the isolation of processes occurring in different regions of the globe. Fundamental changes in the economy and corporate structure of business sectors, the largest scientific and technological achievements, the creation of a worldwide information space lead to the formation of a global human civilization. Globalization is the most visible and dominant trend of modern world development. It is the totality of the processes of the formation of unified systems in the economy, finance, technology, political and legal sphere, information environment, as well as in culture and other areas of human activity. Many studies, scientific, philosophical, and journalistic works are devoted to the study and comprehension of globalization. Firstly, this is explained by the fact that globalization is becoming a reality, which is open, multidimensional, and multi-level (Ariely 5). Its system-forming parameters are developed in the process of forming a unified world. Secondly, this process covers almost all spheres of public life, such as social, economic, political, and spiritual. Thirdly, the variety of definitions is due to the fact that scientific research reflects the different perspectives of globalization, which are characteristic of specialists in various fields of knowledge. Fourth, this diversity is due to differences in the objectives of the study and ideological landmarks. According to experts, the changes currently taking place are connected with a profound transformation of the world (Khondker 177). For several decades, society has been restructuring itself by changing the world view, core values, social and political structure, culture, and key institutions. There are different and often diametrically opposed assessments of globalization. Some see the imminent onset of a bright future for humanity without borders. Other researchers of globalization predict an end in the form of the inevitable Americanization of the whole world and the transformation of the cultural diversity of modern civilization into a unified system (Roudometof 23). However, regardless of the assessment by researchers of globalization, most of them adhere to the point of view that the modern world is experiencing a certain critical period. It is defined as the bifurcation point, transitional age, and the era of uncertainty. According to a number of authors, globalization is a European phenomenon since, in the western part of the European continent, the most frequent is the deterritorialization of social and especially political norms (Roudometof 31). It is manifested in the erosion of national borders and the increasing role and significance of supranational principles. Many researchers believe that globalization is the process of forming a world society that transcends federal and state boundaries and acquires common economic, political, environmental, s
Main Differences between IWW and the AFL Both IWW (also called Wobblies) and AFL (American Federation of Labor) were labor organizations. In spite of their common goal of providing workers with greater benefits, they had significant differences. First, AFL advocated for craft unions, while, IWW believed in a single strong union. In 1903, 56 different unions providing such amenities as the parking house were affiliated to AFL (Zinn 330). According to the IWW pamphlet, AFL craft unions were similar to a divided army in front of a strong enemy: organized employers. IWW championed for One Big Union inviting the members from all industries irrespective of their race, skill, sex, or religion (Zinn 330). Specifically, IWW’s idea was to make sure that the union transacts contracts with employers on behalf of workers so that workers can get better deals that will allow them to participate in strikes where possible (Zinn 330). The Wobblies believed that a negotiation done by the union on behalf of workers could minimize the latter’s struggles. Why Government Targeted IWW Among the key reasons for the U.S. authorities to aim at the IWW, its growing popularity and defiance to the law deserve to be mentioned. IWW members preached their message of courage in most US states, writing articles, singing solidarity songs, and delivering inspirational speeches. In its turn, the US government attacked them through mob violence, military and police action, court injunctions, demeaning messages in newspapers, and passing of laws that illegalized their activities. For instance, in Missoula Montana, hundreds of IWW members were arrested after they defied anti-speech laws (Zinn 332). Further, in 1909 in Spokane, Washington, IWW organizers were arrested after they broke an ordinance against street meetings (Zinn 332). How WWI Justified IWW Crackdown When the First World War started, IWW was widely spread in the US. This made the government question the state’s stability due to class tensions. For instance, during the summer of 1906, a bomb that exploded at a Preparedness Day parade in San Francisco killed nine individuals (Zinn 359). As a result, the government jailed Warren Billings and Tom Mooney for two decades each because they might have been members of IWW. Simultaneously, the Senator of New York proposed the government make military training compulsory in order to avert the danger of IWW. WWI Contribution to Government Growth and Close Relationship with Big Businesses During WWI, the government of the US grew significantly and established a close relationship with big businesses. At the start of the war, the US government declared a neutral stand, yet never kept this promise. Zinn points out that “it was unrealistic to expect that the Germans should treat the United States as neutral in the war when the U.S. had been shipping great amounts of war m