ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Typology of Psychological Disorders The modern psychologists differentiate a wide variety of complicated mental disorders, which hinder the quality of human intellectual abilities as well as stimulate various health complications. Specifically, such groups of psychological conditions as anxiety, personality, disruptive, dissociative, eating, neurocognitive, and somatic disorders. The theory of contemporary psychology, however, enriches the classification with new types regularly since the nature of human behavior is constantly changing (Cherry par. 1). Psychological Conditions: Exploring the Reasons Anxiety disorders account for the feelings of excessive fear and worry. There are some subtypes of anxiety conditions, which include phobias, panics, and social anxiety problems. According to the experts, the problem stems from some previous experiences, which imposed threats to personal safety of the patients. Personality diseases stem from the individual phobias. For instance, if a person is dependent on drugs, alcohol or reveals antipathy to social relations, the respective disorders evolve. There is a similarity between personality instability and disruptive disorders. Thus, the latter is also based on personal phobias but they are distinctive through the constant demonstration of anger and absolute authority (“Disruptive Behavior Disorders” par. 1). Dissociative disorders represent the group of conditions, which are often inflicted by amnesia. Thus, this category accounts for reality distortion (“Dissociative Disorders” par. 1). The group of eating disorders embraces the conditions, which are revealed through abnormal eating. The category includes bulimia, anorexia, and binge disease. The primary reason for the nutrition instability is social pressure and the individual desires of a person (“Eating Disorders” par. 5). Neurocognitive disorders are stimulated by physical injuries. They may be traced in individuals, who lost at least one of the cognitive senses, which hinders personal attention and memory. Finally, somatic psychological conditions represent the reactions to physical pain, which is stipulated by some specific injuries. Mood Disorders The category of mood conditions is regarded as a special group of psychological conditions for it is hard to find the agreement on the nature of this problem. Thus, some psychologists state that mood changeability refers to mental disorders, and the others are persuaded that the issue stems from the peculiarities of human character. However, the condition tends to inflict some complications, which are regarded as psychology-related disorders. These are depressions, bipolar illnesses, and substance-induced conditions. According to the specialists, the preconditions of mood changeability embrace different genetic factors as well as environmental and personality concerns. The disorder may inflict some serious emotion
The theory of good life has been developed by Aristotle. This theory greatly emphasizes doing well and living well. In this theory, Aristotle refers to a good life as being a happy life. This, according to Aristotle, does not mean feeling amused or just feeling happy. To him, good life actually means that there is good functioning in ways that are unique and essential to all human beings. According to Aristotle’s theory of good life, there are various popular conceptions of what good life entails. They include the following; (McKeon, 1941)   * Wealth- according to Aristotle, the good life is just, but an end in itself, and wealth is just but a means through which ends are reached.   * Virtue- Aristotle says or rather concurs that virtue is one of the essential components of the good life. He, however, says that one cannot identify good life through virtue because he asserts that being virtuous means suffering greatly or just leading a very inactive life.   * Honor- to Aristotle, honor has got much to do with the external than the internal. This means how other people view you. He says that happiness is an internal and good life for the person who manages to lead. It is intrinsic in nature.   * Pleasure- Aristotle concurs that good life is actually very pleasurable. Aristotle also clarifies that a life of seeking pleasure is not a good one. This is because; he says that the people that seek pleasure are known to seek it in the wrong places. This normally distracts them from leading the desired good life. In the theory of good life, there is the notion of the existence of a hierarchy of needs. In this, he says that there are some ends that are pursued by people just for the mere sake of other ends. To him, there are still others that are pursued the sake of their own (Ackrill, 1981). In this case, final ends are those ends that are pursued their own sake. For instance, studying, if pursued its own sake, then it is a final end. When it is carried out to pass exams, then it is not a final end in itself. A final end, in this case, is that which is pursued not for the sake of another end but just for its own sake. Therefore good life or happiness, according to Aristotle, is a final end. This simply means that good life or happiness cannot be improved in any way through the addition of something else. Aristotle asserts that good life is complete in itself. Aristotle says that good life, since it is a final end, is explained in terms of human functions (Henry, 1974). This simply means that something is actually evaluated as good things of its own kind if there is well functioning in relation to its kind. In literal terms, an example can be given to a pen. A good pen can be described as that writes well without spilling ink etc. One can describe a good dress as one that fits very well to the person or the wearer. A good man
The business concept of Taobao is to provide a B2C (business to consumer) and C2C (consumer to consumer) website where small businesses and individuals can carry out transactions securely. The business model of Taobao is to initially provide its services for free to encourage user participation, and then to gradually monetize the service by charging premium clients a fee for listing their merchandise at the top of keyword search lists, and by providing pay-for-performance contracts to its premium clients, where sellers would pay a fee for successful transactions. Taobao does not specialize in products, as it is the client sellers who determine what they sell. Popular products traded on the site include clothes, mobile handsets, cosmetics and clothes (Oberholzer Gee, and Wulf 14). Taobao is a service oriented business, and its main service is providing a platform for buyers and sellers to trade. Taobao also allows users to access the Alipay payment service for free, and to communicate online through Taobao’s messaging service, Wangwang. Taobao’s marketplace is exclusively mainland China, as the site is constructed to cater to the needs of Chinese customers. Taobao currently makes money from the auction of keywords and from the pay-per-performance contracts on its premium service, Zhao Cai Jin Bao. The cost structure of Taobao was insubstantial, as the company had focused on building critical mass, with the intention of monetizing its services once it had acquired the dominant market share in China (Oberholzer Gee, and Wulf 14). However, judging from their gross merchandising volume (RMB 43 billion in 2007), Taobao has the ability to convert its market presence into a formidable revenue stream. So far Taobao is successful in terms of market share but its success has not been matched in revenue terms. Its success in market domination was achieved by its tactics in the face of competition, in the international online auction site, eBay. Taobao managed to overcome its rival in China by catering to the social and commercial needs of its customers. eBay’s business model was designed for customers in markets such as the US. However Taobao, a local Chinese business, knew that Chinese customers preferred a site which would enable them to do business in the Chinese way, thro
The idea that the reality is socially constructed is supported with many concepts discussed by Berger and Luckmann in their work The Social Construction of Reality. Berger and Luckmann’s view is based on the analysis of the notions of knowledge and recipe knowledge along with the reciprocal roles, on the concepts and constructs, language as the necessary aspect of the objectification, the processes and phenomena of institutionalisation, habitualisation, socialisation, internalisation, and externalisation. According to Berger and Luckmann, reality is socially constructed because it is formed with references to the social knowledge and developed concepts which are distributed because of the people’s interactions. Thus, people operate the common concepts in which the definite knowledge is reflected (Calhoun et al. 2002). People form their reality with references to the commonsense, customs, and habits. The common ideas, values, processes, and notions are habitualised and then institutionalised, making the base for the people’s reality which becomes socially constructed. Thus, Berger and Luckmann state that “all human activity is subject to habitualisation. Any action that is repeated frequently becomes cast into a pattern” (Berger & Luckmann 1967, p. 53). As a result, the habitualised actions and processes are institutionalised within the society as the definite constructs. To understand the specifics of Berger and Luckmann’s view according to the socially constructed reality along with determining its strengths and weaknesses, it is necessary to evaluate the relevance of using such notions as objectification, internalisation, externalisation, habitualisation, institutionalisation, socialisation, and ‘recipe knowledge’ as important ones t
Pre-historic Greek artworks have influenced cultures and arts in many countries around the globe, especially in the sculptural and architectural arts. Right from the Roman Empire in the West to the Far East including Japan, ancient Greek artworks are a source of inspiration (O’Kelly 1982, p. 88). The Greek architecture left a lasting impression in the architectural design of public buildings. Contemporary buildings and the ancient Roman arts copied a lot of things from the Greek. This paper compares the Parthenon, a well known surviving building of ancient Greek with the War Memorial Opera House in San Francisco, which is a piece of contemporary architectural artwork. The Parthenon building on the Acropolis, in 5 th BC to replace an old temple destroyed during an invasion (Beard 2010, p.12). The temple building in Athens and it acted as a sign of Athenian dominance in the Greek Peninsula. The War Memorial Opera House located in San Francisco on Van Ness Avenue opposite the City Hall opened its gate to the public in 1932 (Couret 1998, para. 2). The building was among the last main American building built in the Beaux-arts style. This style of art borrowed a lot from the ancient Greek and Roman architectures. The Parthenon (Neils 2005, p. 3) The War Memorial Opera House (SFWMPAC Online n.d, n.p) The Parthenon building to served as a temple for one of the goddesses of Athens. It was built to offer thanks to Athena the goddess for their success and victory in the war. In fact, the name originated from a cultic statue housed in one of the rooms, in the temple. The building later invaded and turned into a church in honor of the Virgin Mary. On the other hand, the War Memorial Opera House was built to commemorate the people who died during the World War I. It also served to host the San Francisco War Memorial and Performing Arts Center since 1932 when it opened its doors (‘Parthenon, Lovell Minnick and Fisher Lynch Conclude Acquisition of H.D. Vest Financial Services’ 2011, para. 2). Classical Doric order or style, which, is normally calm and sturdy was used in building both buildings (Michos 2002, para. 7). The Parthenon, credited as one of the perfect Doric temple ever built in the world while the War memorial Opera House constructed using paired columns, an application of Doric order ( ‘ The Webby Awards 2001(R) Will Take the Stage at San Francisco’s War Memorial Opera House’ 2001, n.p). Doric style applied the directly standing columns on flat pavements known as stylobates and alternated metopes a feature common with the two architectural works under consideration. Ionic columns were also clearly used in both buildings. The materials used to make the two pieces of architecture were different mainly because of the different in their respective location. Wooden roofs, marble tiles and marble statues made up the Parthenon’s interior. Other materials used in the building were ivory and gold, and it stood on a limestone rock. Coffered ceiling; large aluminum and glass paneled chandelier made up the War Memorial Opera house’s int
Introduction Healthcare professionals should be equipped with adequate competencies to meet their patients’ needs. The targeted individuals might be from different cultural and lingual backgrounds. Adequate resources such as translation software, dictionaries, and apps should also be available. Different professionals can also be involved to support the process. This paper describes how language can be addressed when providing medical services. Personal Experience As a nurse practitioner (NP), I have encountered different scenarios that have resulted in poor health outcomes due to the language barrier. The outstanding one occurred when our team was treating a patient of Asian descent. The individual was unable not express herself in English, French, Spanish, or Chinese. This was also the same case for her relatives and guardians. Throughout the care delivery process, most of the patients’ needs could not be met effectively. The institution had a number of interpretation services to deal with the problem of the language barrier. Practitioners were encouraged to install different apps that could translate spoken words. The second one was the inclusion of French and Spanish translators. Each group had several members who could speak fluently in different languages. These approaches made it easier for the facility to offer superior medical services. However, the identified case could not be supported using the existing resources. The first pro of these resources is that they can empower practitioners to meet the needs of patients from Spanish, English, American, and French backgrounds. They also resonate with the expectations of many practitioners. Additionally, such resources can strengthen the concept of teamwork (Watts et al., 2017). On the other hand, they are incapable of addressing the needs of patients from Asian, African, and Russian backgrounds. The existing apps cannot spell out most of the words pronounced by different patients. Such gaps should, therefore, be addressed to prevent a similar scenario. Action Plans Several actions can be undertaken to remove language barriers to competent care. The first one is introducing advanced apps to translate spoken words. The use of modern technologies will improve every communication process (Watts et al., 2017). The apps should also be available to both patients and practitioners. The second one is encouraging the facility’s managers to recruit more practitioners from diverse lingual backgrounds. Consequently, the institution’s workforce will reflect the demographics of the surrounding community. For professionals who are not healthcare workers, several actions can be
Introduction Airbnb is a successful online marketplace offering various accommodations worldwide. Innovation Classifying the innovation in terms of Product/Service/Process, it is possible to pinpoint that Airbnb business is primarily based on service innovation. The creative entrepreneurial innovation allows people to travel and stay at different hosts connecting them in advance. Precisely speaking, the success of Airbnb leans on the variety of suppliers ranging from small rooms to A-listed buildings ( Airbnb , n.d.). The service continuously improves paying precise attention to hosts, photos, and comments posted by users. In its turn, the latter provides the basis for further rent and experience sharing. Therefore, Airbnb encourages people to travel more and enjoy their trips. Moreover, Airbnb focuses on the radical innovation designed according to the completely new architecture. If earlier people had to arrive and book a room in a particular place, now it is simple and easy to do it using the online platform. Simultaneously, the service provides not only accommodations but also traveling experience, namely, travelers’ evaluations concerning bars, restaurants, and other places. In terms of configuration, Airbnb undoubtedly applies the revolutionary profit model. Meeting both customers’ and company’s needs, the service obtains increasingly growing profits year by year. The product performance is also at the highest level as Airbnb positions itself as a safe and credible platform, with the help of which peopl
Origination of Green Tea According to The Story of Green Tea in 2001, Green tea is said to have originated in 2737 BC. It all started when the Chinese Emperor, Shen Nung, who was habitual of boiling his water, discovered that his habit was directly linked to good health and longevity. The Emperor was therefore remembered as the “Divine Healer”. One fine day, when he knelt to boil his water, the Emperor noticed that a few leaves from a nearby tree had strayed into his pot. When the Emperor drank this solution, he discovered that it had an unusual taste. Mesmerized by the taste and aroma, he went on to proclaim this beverage as “heaven sent”. Legend has it that the first cup of green tea was brewed almost five hundred years ago. Over the years, the popularity of green tea grew four folds and it is now considered as the second most popular beverage in the world. The only drink which surpasses green tea in terms of popularity is water. In a short span of time, green tea shot to fame in Japan and Far East Asia. According to The Story of Green Tea 2001, in the year 1650, the Dutch brought tea from China to America. Later, in the year 1669, the British East India Company brought tea leaves to England. In the year 1721, the British East India Company was granted monopoly on all the tea leaves that were allowed to slip inside the British Empire. The Story of Green Tea 2001 indicates that in the olden days, tea was an expensive commodity and only the royalty and the rich could afford to make use of it on a regular basis. In those days, the price of tea per pound was $29 to $49. Likewise, a pound of tea was sufficient to make 200 tea bags. During the 1800s, ships laden with tea, used to race against each other in a bid to reach the ports with their cargo. The first clipper always managed to command the highest price. With time, as the ferrying continued on a speedy basis, England was loaded with green tea and this in turn led to the reduction in the overall price of tea. The Making of Japanese Green Tea Green tea is consumed throughout Japan. While there are numerous varieties, the early season sencha and the new season shin cha, are considered to be the best green tea varieties of Japan. These varieties are so popular that various regions compete with each other in a bid to outbid the other in terms of quality and availability. According to Japanese Green teas 2005, the Gyokuro tea is supposed to be the most expensive of the lot. It is derived from ten-cha. This luxury tea is made from the first flush leaves. It is pale yellow in colour and is blessed with an appetizing flavour. The leaves are grown for 21 days after which, they are harvested. This sudden change in climatic conditions alters the proportions of amino acids, flavones and the aroma content. The tea is sweet in flavour and is preferred by the country’s elite. The Sencha tea is a roasted variety, which is first treated with steam before being hot dried and finally fried in a pan. Sencha covers three quarters of all tea which is grown in Japan
Robert Hayden was one of those American authors, who created unbelievably deep and captivating poems with certain meaning and intention. Usually, his poems concentrate readers’ attention on such themes like black man’s place in this world, his desire to find out own identity, and numerous fights, a black man has to face in the streets almost every day. Many Hayden’s works touch not only readers’ minds but also their souls. These poems can make a person look at this world in absolutely different ways and realize that past challenges cost nothing in comparison to the challenges other people cope with day by day. Those Winter Sundays is a poem, in which Robert Hayden describes family relations, father’s constant sacrifices and unbelievable devotion that made a man neglect own pain and discontent in order to provide his family with warm and care, which were so obligatory their lives. Those Winter Sundays is the story about family relations, where a father plays the most important role because he works so hard with his “cracked hands that ached from labor” (Hayden n.p.). In this poem, the message of the author is based on his own life and his childhood. He was raised by his foster parents (Greasley 251), because his true parents separated before the child even was born. Considerable age gap between him and his father, William, deprived young Robert of the opportunity to comprehend his foster father’s love to its full extent. William had to get up early every day in order to p
Introduction As of late, observers of global issues have upstretched the anxiety that the media have increased their capacity to influence the behavior of US international relations and foreign policies. Referred to as the “CNN impact or CNN factor”, the effect of these new international, actual media is characteristically viewed as substantial, if not deep (Ewing, 2004). For numerous experts, policy-makers, and academicians, there truly is little uncertainty that media significantly influence international relations. Former Defense Secretary James Schlesinger, for instance, contends that in the last two decades the U.S. has been designing foreign policies based on impulse and image. In this case, the image reflects the media representation of specific personalities or issues (Kovach & Rosenstiel, 2001, p. 56). Despite the recurrence and instinctive advancement of this contention, an increasing number of researchers and analysts have started to address whether media do have the capacity to influence public opinion. The key variable to media’s impact on public opinion is not the existence or nonexistence of cameras, but somewhat the existence or nonexistence of political leadership (Kovach & Rosenstiel, 2001, p. 55). According to Beale (2006, p. 399), subjects related to stereotypes continue to be among the most debated topics in modern society. The mass media has b
Do you believe that recycling plastic number two is more cost-effective as compared to the manufacturing of new products? Recycling has been considered an effective way of managing plastic wastes. According to Fullerton (85), recycling of plastic number two has been considered the most effective way of managing environmental wastes. However, one issue that has raised concern is whether or not manufacturers consider recycling of such plastic wastes to be more cost-effective as compared to manufacturing new products using new raw materials. Most of the manufacturers have always considered the manufacturing of new plastic products to be more cost-effective as compared to the recycling of used materials. Unlike using raw materials, old plastic materials will need more processes to clean in order to make them effective in the production of other plastic materials. This may be considered a costly way of manufacturing new products. Most companies have, therefore, avoided recycling such products because of the high cost. However, Ackerman (47) notes tha