ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Every individual has a set of values, which, can be personal or cultural. These values define the inward and outward being of such individual directly. Collective values and measures associated to an individual have a value system of self-concept and self-esteem. Self-concept, therefore, describe an individual through the attitudes, attributes, abilities and values categorized as positive or negative depending on one’s social or antisocial behavior. A child develops into an adult amidst internal and external factors like media that directly influence the general conduct. For instance, an individual who grows within an aggressive society develops antisocial behavior compared to the one within the responsive love and care of an older individual like parents or/and guardians. In order to determine and define an individual’s level of self- concepts, analysis of self-evaluation on positive attributes including contextual behavior change. Self-worth experience in a maintained criterion of positive experience and behavior change helps in defining the self-worth of an individual. One has to believe in him or herself to acquire positivity to self-concept and worth (Santrock, 2007). Role of Media in Adolescent Development The media create, produce, and advance multitudes of theories and ideas that massively influence the adolescent youth in their perceptions to themselves. Adolescents relate media materials to their own self-image and body image especially with the celebrities vastly featured in the media. For instance, media can present a documentary on ideal man and woman’s body will negatively lower self-esteem and self-concept of adolescents who feel they do not attain the ideality. The media literacy reaching the adolescents should contain moderate and general information that do not negatively influence the young (Muuss & Porton, 1998). The media post unrealistic images, sharps, stereotypic information that can easily capture the attention of the adolescents especially girls. These young people can easily make unhealthy and confusing decision on how to acquire these sharps or correct the defect without considering the end results consequences: For example, uncontrolled dietary, dieting pills, excessive exercise and other unscrupulous solutions like use of steroids. The study of media influence on adolescent’s self concept shows that media like advertisements, magazines, articles either screen play or print significantly influence the development of adolescent because their mental level cannot analyze or evaluate the extend at which the media can affect them. Positive Influence to Adolescents Although media influences the youth negatively, its merits yield beneficial results on the development of the child. The academic performances of adolescents who easily access the media tend to be higher than those
Smith argues that “the American evangelical commitment to “biblicism,” is an unattainable position that should be left altogether and proposes a better approach to Christian accuracy and power.” Smith delves into the archeology of both familiar and trustworthy evangelical biblicism. He accomplishes this by pointing out how biblicism frequently assumes comedic and tragic proportions. The evangelicals are aware of the possibility of turning the Holy Canon scripture into a self-help group that generates questions that are not the primary goal and are not addressed 1 . He clarifies that the way the scriptures are read to accommodate a support system and promote practices and beliefs that cannot be applied in one position. Smith’s objective was to articulate the unattainability of making a god from the Bible. Hence, he pointed out that conservative evangelicals face a challenging discussion over nature and practice. His writing on the image portrayal of evangelical Biblicism is quite exaggerated and adopts a rhetorically charged style. He states that countless evangelical biblicists exist in the United States, counting estimates of over 100 million 2 . He goes further to describe their project their perspectives on biblicism as foolish as well as arrogant, inadequate, lacking direction, dishonest, untenable, self-defeating, and intellectually and practically wanting. Furthermore, he asserts that evangelical Christians need to be fearful and ashamed since they hold their version of sola scriptura. Smith’s writing style is assertive and recurring, and he frequently employs sarcasm, which adds to the rhetorical element. The author’s rhetorical style created barriers for the potential audience that would otherwise assist and play a crucial constructive role. As a result, it shortened an audience’s attention span that could have benefited from reading. Smith keeps reminding the audience that they are ridiculous and arrogant, causing them to lose their minds and tune out. It is unlikely that a reader continues to read to materials in which he has been abused. Only a few people can stand up to the author and continue reading despite being labeled arrogant. Smith’s primary target audience in the United States was evangelical Christians. He investigates the issue of biblicism as a bible handbook. The audience can read the Bible as if it were a guidebook to help them answer all of life’s questions. He argues that some existing elements are properly arranged to suit avenues
Introduction Globally, many cities are integrating several elements such as infrastructure, technology, socioeconomic aspects, and environment to achieve smartness. As such, the “smart city” concept has become a focus of many scholars and researchers, especially on advantages, disadvantages, challenges, and the future of the cities (Hollands, 2015; Petrolo, Loseri, & Mitton, 2014). There are several definitions and descriptions about the term “smart city”. Nevertheless, a core aspect shared by the various definitions is the adoption of ICTs and technology as the drivers of city transformation (Salem, 2016; Hollands, 2015; Novotný & Kadlec, 2014). This research paper is centered on Dubai, which is one of the pioneer cities in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region and the entire Arabian territory to achieve city smartness (Virtudes, Abbara, & Sá, 2017; Novotný & Kadlec, 2014). Regarding large-scale digital transformation, Dubai has been a pacesetter in the Arab world through the adoption of advanced digital governance techniques, the use of IT for development, and using technological approaches to transform socioeconomic environments (Salem, 2016). The paper put a key focus on technological advancement, steps followed to achieve smartness, advantages, disadvantages, challenges, and future recommendations. Background Information The city of Dubai is the capital of the Emirate of Dubai and the largest city in the UAE (Efthymiopoulos, 2016). The city has demonstrated a drastic transformation from a backwater, oil-poor Arab city-state into an international megalopolis. The transformation is linked to technological improvement, branding, investment, and an open approach to globalization (Efthymiopoulos, 2016; Salem, 2016). Apart from competing with itself, as suggested by Efthymiopoulos (2016), Dubai competes with other cities globally, especially on innovation and technology. About New York (a city that never sleeps), for instance, Dubai is considered “a production machine city” (Efthymiopoulos, 2016) characterized by outstanding technological engineering plans, architecture, and postmodern infrastructure (Salem, 2016). Most importantly, Dubai sets a perfect example of cities that embrace technological innovations, which provide practical solutions and approaches to development and, therefore, enhance increases in GDP (Salem, 2016). As such, Dubai has set an example in the MENA region in largescale digital transformation through the implementation of impressive strategies on transformative technological approaches. Moreover, key attention is paid to ensuring the utmost public wellbeing and making the city to be one of the happiest cities globally (Salem, 2016). The Pathway to Dubai “Smart City” Transformation Dubai has undergone through el
Introduction American Heart Association is a voluntary health agency dealing with the treatment of cardiovascular diseases and stroke (American Heart Association, 2009). The agency is committed to ensuring healthy living through reducing coronary-related deaths as well as reducing underlying factors that contribute to coronary heart diseases such as smoking, blood cholesterol, and lack of physical fitness. The association was founded in New York by six cardiologists in 1924 to eliminate ignorance in heart-related diseases through collaboration with physicians and researchers (American Heart Association, 2009). It was later reorganized to take care of public interests through expansion and accommodation of voluntary membership of skilled professionals from different fields including business management and community organization as well as skilled fundraisers. Over the years, the agency has grown and transformed itself to be an international outfit comprising of medical and non-medical voluntary divisions that have been vibrant in championing public health initiatives. In collaboration with the federal government, the agency has been aggressive in health research and community programs that have been influential in promoting public health including emergency cardiac care and stroke. Currently, the association is made up of voluntary divisions whose driving force is “providing credible heart disease and stroke information for effective prevention and treatment” (AHA, 2009). This driving force has been tailored around cardiovascular education, science, and community programs, including the incorporation of women and minority groups to enlighten the public about heart diseases and stroke. Organization’s diversity The American Heart Association is committed to diverse health programs, with the view that heart diseases and stroke are not limited to any single group of people and considering that the association operates in an environment of a diverse population. Moreover, the agency has incorporated diversity in its staffing as well as in its voluntary programs as well as contractual partners. American Heart Association operates in a dynamic environment where it is responsible for not only all cardiac-related diseases and stroke complications, but also for promoting general public health programs. The agency takes responsibility for funding research and education programs for the benefit of all the members of the community at the national and international levels. The association conducts its operations with an ethical mind that endeavors to support a culture of openness, integrity, and equal opportunity of participation for every employee or volunteer in the association (AHA, 2009). In addition, the association publishes va
Scansion and Analysis A thorough analysis of any poem cannot be done without providing the background on the time it was written at. Langston Hughes, the author of the poem, was quite a significant person during the Harlem Renaissance – a movement for the revival of the African American culture which took place in the 1920-1930s. He fought relentlessly for the African American cultural legacy to be recognized, cherished and protected. Moreover, Hughes also was one of the poets who first tried to promote the jazz poetry – a form of literary art. The poem Trumpet Player embodies the concept of the jazz poetry, while simultaneously reflecting the suffering and the humiliation the Black community still faces from the world. Now, the structure of the poem is quite unusual for traditional poetry. It is comprised of forty-four lines, which are split into four eight-lined and two six-lined stanzas. There is a lot of similarities between the first, second and fifth stanzas – they are opened by the same line of “The Negro / with his trumpet at is lips” (1-2; 9-10; 33-34). Each of these three stanzas bring out the exposition, describing the said man both emotionally and physically. Hughes uses metaphors such as “dark moons of weariness” (3) or “honey / mixed with liquid fire” (18-19) to represent both the exhaustion and some sense of soothing that emanates from the player. The rhythm of the poem is not hard or marching which is in character for most poems in the aggressive genre of commination and denunciation. Rather, the poem flows like a serene river – strong and steady, without the rapid power of a too big a flow. However, such an approach does not make the poem any less powerful in its meaning or sounding – the lines resonate deeply with the rhythm, and elicit a feeling of deep story behind each of them. Explication The free rhyming of the poem allowed Hughes to experiment with his words, creating unusual transitions and strong metaphors. The first line “The Negro” (1), which repeats itself throughout the poem, is a statement rather than a description, a declaration of belonging and understanding. The next line, “with the trumpet in his hands” (2), represents the settings the author finds himself and most of his fellow creators in most of the time. Those are the dim, cheap bars where Black people could speak and perform more freely than anywhere else. The memories of being enslaved are fresh in the lines of “where the smoldering memory of slave ships / Blazed to the crack of whips about thighs” (5-8). The authors reinstates that there is still a long way to the freedom than it seem, for these memories live in the dark bags beneath the trumpet player’s eyes. This was the era of the Civil Rights, and the prejudices against the Blacks were strong due to the fact that they fought so fiercely to become equal to the Whites. Later, these prejudices would lead to even more deaths and aggression, to the case of Emmett Till, but for now, the society was yet stemming in its own controversies. When the author speaks of how the “vibrant hair” of the hero were tamed, sm
introduction Suicide among adolescents and young adults is a subject that receives extensive media coverage and academic attention (and it is, in fact, a disturbing issue), while late-life suicide is much less covered and studied. At the same time, research shows that older adults constitute a vulnerable population in this regard because their suicide rates are often higher than those of young people (Conwell, Van Orden, & Caine, 2011). Individual suicide cases may reveal psychological or physical health problems, but the phenomenon in general (measured by suicide rates in a country or among specific groups) may reveal larger-scale problems with the social or health care systems. Suicide rates are different for men and women and different races. To explore the issue, it is necessary to examine epidemiological data, address the causes and factors of late-life suicide, and discuss prevention measures and efforts. Epidemiology According to Conwell et al. (2011), suicide rates for both men and women peak in old age in many countries. Some countries (including the United States and Canada) nonetheless demonstrate different dynamics, as there are slight decreases in rates after middle age, but there are still several points on the graph at which suicide rates grow after the age of 65. The authors provide rather disturbing statistics that show that men commit suicide in their later life significantly more often than women; in this context, white men display the highest rates, as 45 out of 100,000 white men of older age commit suicide in the United States annually, while the average is 11.5; i.e., almost four times less. Historically, people aged 65 and older constituted the age group with the highest suicide rates in the country, and it changed only in the early 2000s, when their rate decreased (and it has further decreased since then, too), while the rate among people who are 34 to 64 increased and exceeds 15 per 100,000 annually. Despite the decrease in suicide rates, suicide remains one of the leading causes of death for men in the United States, according to Oliffe, Han, Ogrodniczuk, Phillips, and Roy (2011). The authors also show that the rate is directly connected to age; i.e., men who are older than 75 commit suicide more often than men who are 65 to 74. This is a particularly disturbing statistic if it is assumed that the decision to commit suicide is linked to the conditions (including social or health-related conditions) associated with old age, as according to the estimate referred to by Conwell et al. (2011), 20 percent of the United States population will be comprised of people older than 65 by the year 2030; i.e., more and more people will be entering this vulnerable group with high suicide risks. Causes and Factors Considering the factors of age and gender, it can be argued that the influences contributing to the high suicide rate among older men include psychological pressures, health problems, and social issues. First of all, Oliffe et al. (2011) stress that severe forms of depression are the primary cause of suici
Introduction A water heater is a device that is used at homes to heat water for bathing. It works on the principle of converting electrical energy into heat energy. The following components make up water heaters: tank, dip tube, shut-off valve, heat-out pipe, thermostat, heating elements, drain valve, pressure relief valve, and a sacrificial anode rod. It is important to underscore that all the components should work in a coordinated manner for the device to function. Modern water heating devices are designed with efficient systems of saving energy. For example, setting a water heater to relatively low temperatures could greatly save energy. Many manufacturers recommend that the devices should have temperature settings within a range of 49 o C to 60 o C. Discussion The following discussion relies on the components shown in Figure 1 in this paper. Tank The inner portion of a water-heating device is made of a heavy metal material that contains a protective liner. In most cases, a tank can hold about 151 to 227 liters of water. The exterior part of a tank is composed of an insulating substance, such as polyurethane foam. In addition, an outermost layer gives the device more insulting properties. Dip tube This part is at the top of a tank. Water enters a water heater through the component. Shut-off valve This is located outside the heating device. Its main function is to stop water flowing into a water heater when a tank is full. Thus, it is essential to avoid water wastage that could result from overflows. Heat-out pipe Once the water is heated, it is critical to allow it to exit the heating unit. Thus, this component is important to act as a channel through heated water flows out of the device. If heated water does not flow out, then this could result in some levels of inefficiencies. Thermostat This is used to control temperatures within a water heater. In fact, when a maximum temperature value is attained, the component leads to a disconnection of electrical circuits, which are only reconnected when temperatures reduce remarkably. Heating elements Heating elements are contained within a tank. They are the main components that are used to heat water. They conduct electrical energy and convert it into heat energy by becoming red hot. Drain valve This is situated near the bottom of the external part of a tank. It is used to achieve three goals. First, it empties a tank when it is necessary to replace the elements. Second, it is crucial to remove sediments. Third, it is used when moving a tank to another location. Pressure relief valve This component is utilized to maintain pressure in a device within safe limits. It is important to note that excess pressure could result in damage and altered heating efficiencies. Sacrificial anode rod The purpose of the component is to retard corrosion. It is made of magnesium or aluminium. A gas heater looks like an electric unit, except that it doesn’t contain the two heating eleme
Introduction Health is wealth. A very simple statement and yet many will agree, that in this world, nothing is more important than good health. The multi-million dollar contracts and the college degrees will not mean a thing if someone is bedridden and could no longer enjoy life. In this regard, the cost of healthcare is very important because a simple health problem can be exacerbated if a sick person has no access to basic healthcare. The irony of it all is that in the most powerful country in the world, rising healthcare costs are driving many to desperation. There is, therefore, a need to examine public policy initiatives that will result in low-cost healthcare. This paper will tackle this issue within the context of healthcare costs in the city of Los Angeles, California. Rising Cost of Healthcare It seems that the cost of living is rising in every part of the globe. This is more obvious in a country that transformed the meaning of what it is to be a consumer. The cost of a product or a service can be attributed to a host of different factors, such as an increase in demand or the unavailability of the sought-after commodity. In the case of healthcare, there seems to be an upsurge in the number of people who are getting sick while at the same there is a reduction in terms of the number of health workers as well as an increase in the cost of production of medicines and other medical paraphernalia. Aside from direct costs, there are related issues that must be pointed, and these are listed as follows (author, year):  1. The U.S. health care system absorbs a massive proportion of national resources, and that total spending from all sources was $2.0 trillion in 2005 alone.  2. There are an estimated 47 million U.S. residents that have no health insurance.  3. The retirement of the “Baby Boomers” is causing strain in the U.S. health care system. According to one report, the cost of healthcare in California continues to rise, “…the average California family will spend $2,788 in 2006 for health insurance premiums and health services … That works out to an estimated $42.8 billion on health care for California families in just one year” (The Wi