ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Art is a unique phenomenon that goes along with human society and helps individuals to manifest their attitudes or perspectives on various significant events, ideas, approaches, discoveries, etc. Being a powerful tool, it has always been used to alter peoples minds and form a specific attitude to an aspect of society that is important at the moment. In this regard, art was often used by dictators, political regimes, or other authorities to make their position stronger and justify the right to govern people by emphasizing the great potential of the existing pattern of power distribution and underlining numerous achievements made during the period of their rule. In this regard, any regime tries to gather support from artists and create a team of like-minded persons who would promote the existing government and alter peoples attitude to it. Therefore, totalitarian leaders also followed the same pattern. For instance, having an overwhelming power in Germany, Nazis still wanted to make their position stronger and alter peoples mentality for individuals not to have doubts about the legitimacy of the existing regime. Their attempts resulted in the creation of a unique style in art that was characterized by the influence of Nazi ideology. For this reason, all spheres and kinds of art were affected. Analysis Painting obviously belonged to the sphere of the Nazis interests. It is important to realize the fact that this ideology was focused on the appeal to the selectness of the German race and its prevalence over other peoples (“Art in Nazi Germany” par. 7). Art was used to proclaiming this idea and make people believe it. Besides, painting of the Third Reich was characterized by the adherence to some peculiarities of Romantic realism that was based on classical models (Gabbut 6). Moreover, Nazis considered modern styles degenerate and promoted traditional schools with special attention given to racial purity, militarism, obedience, traditional values, and simple virtues (Gabbut 6). For instance, Adolph Ziegler was among the favorite Hitlers painters whose pictures were able to satisfy the demands of existing ideology. Zieglers Girl with Two Fruit Baskets or his triptych The Four Elements could be considered good evidence to the above-mentioned statements. In these pictures, the painter promotes purity and natural beauty (Keats par. 5). However, there are also a number of artworks that are centered around military plots and emphasize the power of the German nation and justify the territorial claims of the Third Reich. Altogether, the painting was an important sphere impacted by Nazis to alter peoples mentality. The sculpture was another important aspect that could not but feels the influence of the Nazi ideology. Monumental possibilities of this kind of art suggested a number of ways to express theories of Nazism. The fact is that it helped to embody an ideal image of Aryan who belonged to the selected and dominant race. For this reason, it was given great attention. The nude male was the most common subject explored by sculptors. For in
Syphilis has been known to be one of the world’s feared chronic venereal diseases and Tuskegee syphilis is not exceptional. The study of the disease dates back to the 1910s. When there was research on guinea pigs and ever since this failed due to poor treatment administration and lack of advanced research, the focus was turned on man. Oslo clinical observations had revealed pathological manifestations in the white men observed thus need for scientific research on the disease pathology, clinical signs, disease cause, and fatalism, epidemiology and find convenient treatment with preventive measures. The kind of study that they did was retrospective and there was a need for a progressive study. Oslo also got a big blow upon the downfall of the stock market hence the lack of funding to continue with the research. It is to this call that in 1932, the longest nontherapeutic experiment was established by the Tuskegee Institute in collaboration with the Public health service. They got 399 infected persons for their subjects and 201 healthy persons as control. These people were taken from the poor illiterate African Americans at Macon country, Alabama. This research was concealed from the public as the physicians undertaking it knew that this was morally wrong and the highest order of racism in medicine with abuse of humanity. The government was at the forefront of supporting the research where the poor people were given some compensation for unknowingly participating in this fatal and unethical study. They were told that they were been treated for bad blood which could signify syphilis anemia or fatigue. Among the compensations were: free medical examinations, meals, burial money, and transportation to and fro their homes and clinical centers. In exchange, they have subjected Salvarsan, mercury-based, and bismuth drugs which were toxic with advanced side effects yet ineffective. In 1934 when penicillin was found to be a more effective drug with fewer side effects and fur much less toxicity, there was a national campaign for treatment of Tuskegee syphilis with specific clinics set up for treatment but, the men under experiment were not allowed to access medication. They were subjected to unproductive treatment to provide room for the assessment of the fatal progression of the disease. Once any of them died a post mo term examination was carried out to analyze the effect of the virus on the cells and tissues this was also the determinant factor to accord funeral benefits. The task involved several physicians key among them was, Dr. Oliver C. Weger who did the first developmental analysis setting down the protocols to be observed in the research. The site director Dr. Kario Von Pereira had to do the initial examinations to detect the presence of the virus as well as give down the ways to be followed in the treatment. Dr. Raymond H. Vondelehr gave policies to be followed and urg
A teaching based on sensorial materials was suggested by Montessori and focuses on the development and improvement of sensorial processes including sensation, perception, and views. As sensorial processes are the first stage of knowledge that forms the area of sensorial perception, sensorial education acts as an initial step of rational training. Therefore, the key goal of the sensorial education is to create a basis for the intellectual development. Among other important goals sensorial teaching strives for, there is the formation of sensorial foundations of musical activity, graphic activity, and visual activity. In this connection, sensorial education also serves as an integral part of aesthetic education. Considering the specifics of the topic, it is essential to focus on sensorial materials. The Montessori environment creates a safe place for children to learn the world in a free manner. According to Montessori, “the sense exercises constitute a species of auto-education, which, if these exercises be many times repeated, leads to a perfecting of the child’s psycho-sensory processes” (224). Developing their senses throughout the day, children learn to distinguish any changes in the world around them by using sensorial indicators. This is called an auto-education. At that, the basic principle of the sensorial teaching is to encourage the child to self-learning and self-development. The motto of teachers following Montessori’s approach sounds like “help me to do it myself” (72). This means that a set of objectives put at the child’s upbringing include independence, self-confidence, respect for others, and diligence resulting in freedom. However, freedom here is not what the child wants but it is a naturally developing capacity of the children to choose the best for themselves and others. In other words, Montessori’s teaching leads to the development of the child’s absorbent min
The issue of ethical dilemma has been a common terminology in recent times, where people are faced with the problems of making decisions between two equally convincing issues. Significantly, the issue of making decisions regarding people’s life has been faced by many controversies. For instance, the issue of making decisions regarding abortion in order to safe the life of a mother is faced with ethical dilemma. Despite that the argument that consent termination of life is ethical, this can not be carried out at the expense of human life. This paper will discuss the elements of informed consent and more specifically the case of Mrs. Sparza’s consent. In addition the rights of Mrs. Sparza regarding end of life as well as the legality of the process (Byrne, 154-210). It should be wisely noted that, consent in decision making is at times justified while at other instances it’s deeply criticized. At times the idea is usually misapplied especially in the cases of fictitious and proxy consents. It is argued that, if the individual can consent; then the decision is ethical. This is not usually they case because many are the times people make decisions without consent in order to prevent suffering of the victim. Much evident is the case of abortions where the infants are killed without their consent; thus raising ethical questions (Byrne, 154-210). Informed consent entails various elements which are highlighted as below. Firstly, there should be a sufficient description of the foreseeable threats or dangers to the subject. At this point all the risks and dangers whether physical, social, psychological or financial should be clearly stated. This will help in ensuring that the subject is well informed about the procedures to be under taken thus make an informed decision. Further, there should be a sufficient description of all the benefits of the procedure to the subject. This should include; direct personal benefits, societal benefits alongside other benefits revealed by the sponsor or the investigator (Beauchamp, 123-156). Another key element in informed medical consent is the disclosure of all potential and viable alternatives forms
The main lesson that I was able to draw from this exercise is that companies do not operate in a vacuum since outside factors can have a considerable influence on internal operations. For instance, in this exercise, the points of contention involved salaries and work schedules wherein employees wanted better wages and more flexible work hours. On the other end of the spectrum, you have the company that wishes to maintain current operations since increased salaries and changes in work hours could have a negative impact on operations. One way to resolve this conundrum is to realise that since companies do not operate in a vacuum, strategies and examples utilised by other firms could be used to influence the bargaining mix during negotiations. For this case, this came in the form of studies depicting the advantages/disadvantages of the proposed changes and how some kind of middle-ground can be achieved by both sides during the negotiation. What this exercise taught me is that a compromise is often based on perception and how such perceptions can be influenced by information that is brought in from the outside (Fleck, Volkema, Levy, Pereira & Vaccari, 2013). Aside from this, the asynchronous text-based nature of this method was far from appealing. Yes, being able to read what was stated before was very convenient, but the sheer amount of information combined with not being able to see the person you are attempting to negotiate with detracts from the quality of the negotiation that you are trying to accomplish. Planning preparation and performing workplace bargaining While the goal of any negotiation is to reach an agreement, this exercise revealed to me that there are multiple ways that this can be achieved. For example, during the initial portion of the exercise, it was believed that we would be following a particular path based on our interpretation of the presented bargaining mix. However, when presented by the ideas by the other side, it became clear that alternatives may be necessary. One saying that matches this particular situation is “no plan survives contact with the enemy.” I am not stating that negotiators should consider the other party as enemies; rather, it is better to believe that the plans you prepared and the points you initially developed may not hold as much weight as you realise. Instead, it is better to believe that negotiations are an exercise of flexibility in action (Maaravi, Pazy & Ganzach, 2014). Both parties want to achieve the end goal of reaching an agreement but getting there often means revising what you initially believed and determining whether another path would be just as viable so that an agreement can be reached. Aside from this, the use of one-on-one video conferencing was definitely a step up from the text-based methods that were previously utilised. It really enhanced perceptions since being able to see the body language of the person you are talking to can really make a difference wh
Introduction Analysis of economic data and statistical results show that the distribution of world GDP is uneven caused political and economic factors. The top ten countries, with the highest GDP per capita are Luxemburg, Qatar, Bermuda, Jersey, Norway, Kuwait, United Arab Emirates, Singapore, the USA and Ireland (Economy Statistics GDP 2008). This list shows that only two countries form the EU have high GDP. Although the EC is relatively similar to the United States in wealth and level of economic development, it has a much wider range of regional diversity. For example, the per capita gross domestic product (GDP) ratio in the United States between the richest and poorest regions is 1.5 to 1 compared to a ratio of 2.1 to 1 in the EC. Persons dealing with regional policy in the EC generally assume that regional disparities are caused by geographical and economic variables. The data shows that geographical variables have received the most attention, but recently economic variables have been blamed for certain types of regional disparities. Obviously, the assumptions which policy makers make regarding causation directly affect the remedies that they propose (Pulselli et al 87). Analysis The lowest GDP per casita have Nicaragua (with GDP per capita: $2,500), Philippines, Indonesia, Zimbabwe, Afghanistan, Malawi, Mali. Most of the poorest countries located in geographically isolated regions and have poor natural resources and underdeveloped economy. Following Afghanistan (32), decades ago geographers pointed out that regions distant from the core of activity in a country fail to develop equally with areas closer to the core. The modern world has a core containing a high concentration of economic development, modern infrastructure, and advanced social indications and a periphery lacking these attributes. The poorest countries are deprived a chance to participate in global economy and compete with developed countries and their companies. In recent years, regional specialists have recognized that some regions are chronically poor because of their location and because of economic factors. Such regions had depended on one major economic activity, such as steel making or textile production. Such regions are not geographically defined and their economic and social characteristics differ from the ones in the periphery as well. Thus, the statistical results show that the distribution of GDP is uneven because the majority of countries have low GDP and only top 30 have relatively high GDP. Countries of these countries have an industrial tradition and skilled workers and are more urban. Regions have a high rate of long-term unemployment and a large number of persons socially excluded from labor markets. Leaders from poor member states feared that the integration would exacerbate the disparities between the core and the periphery. The removal of internal barriers to a single market would enable the factors of production to move freely acros
Abstract Outsourcing has been used by companies as a strategy to realize cost saving and to attain higher flexibility in staffing and general business agility. It was formally recognized in the late 1980s and organizations. Companies have been using outsourcing to derive benefits that it brings but it has been found out that a decision made by a company to outsource should be made carefully following some pitfalls it has and it does not necessarily lead to cost saving. In order to avoid risks, companies have been selective about which functions to outsource and which ones not to outsource. Over time, companies all over the world have been increasingly engaging in outsourcing/ offshoring; the global IT and BPO market is approaching more than six hundred million U.S dollars. This paper looks at the history, pros and cons, trends, and real cost savings to companies and bottom line impact and perceptions of outsourcing. Introduction According to Handfield (2006), outsourcing can be defined as “the strategic use of outside resources to perform activities traditionally handled by internal staff and resources” (Handfield, 2006, para 5). It is a strategy that an organization uses to contract out the major functions to the efficient service providers that are specialized, who turn out to be valued business partners. Organizations have always engaged in hiring contractors to perform particular types of tasks or to stabilize troughs and peaks in the organizations’ workload, and have established long-term relationships with the companies whose ability serve to either supplement or complement their own. Under the outsourcing topic, there are such terms as; “offshore” and “near-shore” outsourcing. Near-shore outsourcing involves sending work to the nearby neighbors while “offshore” outsourcing involves sending work overseas. However the term “offshoring” is the term used to refer to both “near-shore” and “offshore” outsourcing. In this paper, the history, trends, pros and cons, real cost savings to companies and bottom line impacts and perceptions of outsourcing are going to be discussed. History of Outsourcing Beginning from the industrial revolution time, corporations have been dealing with the issue of how they can effectively exploit the competitive advantage they have in order for them to increase their market share as well as their profit levels. Handfield (2006) points out that “the model for most of the 20 th century was a large integrated company that can own, manage, and directly control its assets” (Handfield, 2006, para 1). In the course of the 1950s and 60s, the “rallying cry” was diversification to make the corporate bases to be wider and to capitalize on the economies of scale. Through engaging in diversification, the companies had expectations of offering protection to their profits, even if expansion called for t
Introduction It is worth noting that the psychological or physical abuse of senior individuals is a serious public health issue, and it affects all aspects of an older person’s life. Any form of violence can lead to serious physical injuries and long-term psychological consequences that have an impact on the quality of life of an older adult (Stone & Humphries, 2017). The purpose of this paper is to discuss the connection between abuse and health problems experienced by senior individuals. Discussion As people get older, they experience bone wastage, and their muscles lose in strength since muscle fibers shrink, and tissue is replaced much slower. Age-related alterations in the nervous system result in reduced muscle tone (McKean, Ross, Dressler, & Scheurer, 2017). In the case of abuse, the situation deteriorates, and the senior individual cannot recuperate quickly, which affects the way they function. If a person becomes less mobile due to trauma, they start losing muscle tissue. Moreover, joint movement becomes stiffer, and it may be painful for them to move. Importantly, physical abuse always implies psychological harassment, which may result in various health-related issues in the senior individual. If a person experiences violence, they may develop anxiety and depression, which often lead to digestive disorders. Depressive moods may result in improper nutrition, inadequate eating behavior, and problems with swallowing and food digestion (Bonder & Dal Bello-Haas, 2018). Such dysfunctions affect the normal movement of food and the individual experiences additional stress due to the digestive disorder that causes discomfort and improper nutrition. Concluding Points It is crucial
Introduction Modern facilities and educational organizations pay much to the ways of how to save money and provide students and other campus inhabitants with the best services they can. In this case, the representatives of the University of Oregon make a decision to cooperate with a single private company that promises to lower food prices because of the available resources and stakeholders. The idea of the University seems to be beneficial from a variety of perspectives, but it is necessary to remember that the dominant global agrifood system may have a number of invisible negative outcomes. The purpose of this project is to identify one of the major problems with the dominant global agrifood system and offer an alternative to food production. Global Agrifood System Problem The intentions of people to reduce their costs and obtain a
Introduction Most artists get their inspiration for their artwork from the things that they know or from the things that they have had some kind of experience with. For African-American artist Kerry James Marshall, this means including his own background and experience into his artwork so that these elements of his life provide a meaningful backdrop to the images he paints. Marshall’s paintings are relatively easy to understand in spite of the great deal of activity occurring on the frequently large paintings, perhaps because they are drawn from a broad area of relatively recent cultural experience. Most of Marshall’s work is based upon the 1950s Civil Rights Movement, the Watts riots in Los Angeles in the 1960s and a number of other uniquely Black experiences in the reluctant American cultural landscape. In his paintings, Marshall conveys a sense of his own experience growing up as a black boy in a racist society, his own understanding of how the black people are kept down by the practices and policies of white business and the hope and perseverance of the black race as they struggle to attain equal status and respect in spite of the white efforts to ‘keep them in their place.’ Main body Born into the heart of the Civil Rights movement, Kerry James Marshall was born in Montgomery, Alabama in 1955. Although black people were again riding buses by the time Marshall was a year old, Alabama was still a hotbed of violent activity. “Snipers shot at buses, forcing the city to suspend bus operations after 5 P.M. A group tried to start a whites-only bus service. There was also a wave of bombings. The homes of two black leaders, four Baptist churches, the People’s Service Station and Cab Stand, and the home of another black were all bombed. In addition, an unexploded bomb was found on King’s front porch” (Cozzens, 2006). It wa