ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Every society promotes specific human behaviors, norms, and ideas that resonate with the established values, gender roles, and ethical principles. This kind of practice informs the understanding of identity. Many scholars and researchers analyze this concept as a social construct since it dictates a person’s position, relationship with others, and connections in a given community. The outcome is a symbolical representation of ideas, thoughts, and even emotions that pertain to a specific person or group. This paper applies the constructs of politics and identity to women’s activism and the challenges many women face when challenging established gender expectations. It goes further to explain why some female groups oppose such actions or initiatives. Main body Identity can differ significantly when describing a self, group, state, or society. This is true since groups in a particular state might have diverse views, roles, positions, and expectations. This means that the concept of identity is applicable to a state, a community, a social group, or a given individual. The term “identity” is, therefore, defined as what an individual or group is in a given society (Emejulu, 2018). Every person or community is expected to focus on established gender norms and responsibilities if desired outcomes are to be recorded. Although identity and politics might refer to different ideas, the outstanding fact is that they are inseparable. This is true since politics is what defines the way people are governed or pursue their objectives (Sa’ar, 2001). Identity becomes a powerful tool for informing the politics specific individuals, societies, or states associated with. The outcome is a leadership model that is implemented in such a way that the targeted followers prioritize their needs and concerns in accordance with their cultural, ethnic, sexual, racial, or sexual goals. These notions of identity and politics are essential when analyzing and defining gender roles and expectations in every society. For instance, many communities have been associated with a wide range of responsibilities that are designed for specific groups, such as children and women. There are also specific positions and identities that have been associated with women. This kind of social reality has resulted in diverse challenges, including disempowerment of females, denial of natural liberties and rights, and poor education attainment (Kandiyoti, 1988). Young children are forced to take up roles of homemakers even if they are underage or premature. In some African settings, females are forced or required to go through female genital mutilation (FGM). This is common malpractice that continues to attract the attention of women rights activists and leaders. Fortunately, the changes experienced in the modern world have created new identities and gender roles that remain unacceptable in specific regions. Some women in these societies have worked tirelessly and collaborated to challenge such gender expectations (Emejulu, 2018). Due to the presence of the above-outlined issues, they have decided to engag
According to Mankiw assertions, opportunity cost (OP) is the value of any prospect that is not considered when two mutually existing choices are present (p. 55). This implies that it is like a sacrifice associated with the second alternative available at individuals’ disposal when there are multiples options to choose from. Simply put, OP asks the question appertaining to what one would have done if the other choice had not been made. This cost comes into action in any decision that involves choosing between two or more options. As often applicable in economics, it is a crucial concept that is used in a wide range of business decision making. McEachern further claims that OP can be calculated on almost every action we do in life (p. 28). However, they are habitually ignored in decision making. For example, a student joining college would only consider such costs as tuition, books and housing which are deemed monetary costs in college. For this decision, scores of opportunity costs have been ignored. In fact, activities missed when in school, wages resulting from employment, experience that would have been gained for those working years and loss of revenue which would have been gained in investing the tuition fees serve as better examples. OP foregone may have significant value though not monetary value. For every action we choose to do we are foregoing another action that we could have done. In real life situations people are often inclined to forego some choices after considering the best alternatives that materialize to be beneficial. Thus, incurring opportunity cost. When one decides to watch a television, he dedicates his time that would have been used on various other activities (McEachern, p. 28). Mankiw claim that to protect the environment opportunity cost must be applied (p. 55). An example has been the legislation that required reformates carcinogenic aromatics to be eliminated from gasoline. Refineries are made to install equipment to the tune of millions of dollars and consequently pass the cost to the consumer. After its elimination, cancer cases dropped significantly. The decision was nevertheless highly criticized given that the money spent on installation of equipment could have been appropriately used in cancer treatment or in other ways. The decision made served as the OP of eliminating carcinogenic aromatics in gasoline. OP can also be applied by an individual in daily life situation to enrich the niche understanding. In essence, environment dictates the lives of individuals. Too much exploitation or misuse of natural resources can trigger disasters such as global warming. Individuals must forego some luxurious activities that might impact negatively on their surroundings (Mankiw, p. 55). Setback emerging due to lack of space where houses could be erected has proved to be a major global problem. Although
Davidsson defines entrepreneurship as a procedure of establishing anything divergent with importance, by indulging the essential moment and endeavor. It also encompasses assumption of associated economic, mental, and public risks; and getting the consequential rewards of monetary and own satisfaction 1 . This aggressive behavior moves market course and is usually successful or manipulative. Entrepreneurs are able to see opportunities during scarcity times and create remarkable changes in market trends, be it micro or macro- level of business industry. Entrepreneurs are vital stimulants to financial systems since they create viable markets, disband monopolies, and generate revenue. According to Druckers, recent outburst of ICT has led to a significant size enlargement of entrepreneurs 2 . They also indicate that innovation is a multifaceted progression whereby personalities of businesses change ideas into upgraded processes, production systems or services for development purposes, competition, and to distinct themselves in market arena. It is remarkable that innovation has association with entrepreneurship. People endowed with this gift are competent to stand high up and excel in world of business, even if there is shortage of capital. They have unique abilities and values from rest of the masses. Both entail victorious utilization of original ideas. This paper analyses entrepreneurial life of Richard Branson, a world’s renowned entrepreneur who is the sole creator of Virgin companies. The flamboyant Britain entrepreneur was born in the year 1950 in UK, Shamley Green village, in “Surrey Stockbroker belt” 3 . Richard has immense aspiration for establishing new business opportunities internationally. His industry’s brand dubbed “virgin” nearly spans all sectors of service and consumer goods. Some areas covered now include credit cards, music industries, and flight industry. He developed these entrepreneurial skills at an early age, then serving as a student magazine publisher at an age of sixteen. Dearlove indicates that despite the fact that he hardly attended any graduate school, Branson established virgin brand in1970, as a discount record that he worked on with a friend 4 . He then developed the virgin records in1972, an opportunity that granted him a powerful springboard as he started it with hit record. The triumph in trade had just started. V2 records followed in establishment in the year 1996 and this resulted into a major sale of great albums. As stated by Dearlove, Virgin brand has managed to cover several goods and utilities, especially in the United Kingdom. Some nations that the brand currently reached include US, Australia, Canada, Asian countries, Europe, as well as various parts of Africa. Richard Branson has shown typically the outlook of an entrepreneur. Kumar states that an entrepreneur has capacity to spot opportunities when nobody is able to 5 . This innovative characteristic is evident in virgin empire that he has m
The issue of youth justice in Canada began as early as the twentieth century with the formation of the Juvenile Delinquent Act (JDA)which was used from 1908 to 1984for youth justice. Under this act, the JDA, youth deviance was considered an aggregate of the social-economic and cultural systems existing in a given society. Interventions were aimed at reforming the youth offenders’ behavior rather than punishing them. However, in the early 1960s things changed with criticism of the arbitrary way of administering suctions for youth offenders under the Juvenile Delinquent Act. Reviews were made on this act by legislators in 1982 after criticism from the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms. The federal government responded by introducing the Young Offenders Act, (YOA) in 1984. This act advocated for youth rehabilitation and societal protection of the young youth minor offenders. (Richard Maclure, University of Ottawa, Faculty of education, Ottawa, Canada.). The act also enforced community-based diversion programs that reduced the exposure of youths to formal judicial action that could lead to violation of children’s rights.(Corrado and Marakwart, 1994). The Young Offenders Act was later replaced by the Youth Criminal Justice Act enacted in 2003 by the federal government to the use of suctions and change of the extrajudicial measures taken against young offenders. This paper presents a phenomenological focus on the implementation of diversion for youth justice in the urban community in Southern Ontario since there lacks enough research over diversion implementation in youth justice in the societies. Social policy implementation The social policy implementation must focus on changing the social behavior of the youths in the society as their attitude of the minor youth offenders. The social policy should not be gender biased and therefore should ensure uniformity in their implementation. Appropriation to both the professional practitioners and the society should also be considered before implementation. (Shore and Wright, 1997). In the Young Offenders Act, the involvement of the police in the diversion process of the Canadian Youth Justice system worsened the problem with the youth offenders because they ended up rebelling against stigmatization. This led to the continued involvement of the youth in criminal offenses. The implementation of diversion aimed at punishing the young offenders as well as rehabilitating them from ill behaviors which were accrued to their physical and mental immaturity. (Becker, 1973). The Young Offenders Act of 1984 stipulated a principle which stated that ”Where it is not inconsistent with the protection of society, taking no measures or taking measures other than judicial proceedings should be considered for dealing with young persons who have committed offenses”(Clark, 1994). The YOA reduced the overburdening of youth courts with minor youth crimes and also decentralized the society’s responsibility in youth justice administration. Diversion Programs in Ontario In Canada, the administration of youth justice is independent in every province even though the yo
Introduction To begin with, issues of morality and what is right or wrong depends on the number of factors. For instance, what is s believed to be right or wrong may differ from individual to individual, group to group, and society to society? The same applies to what is right and what is wrong that is what is right or wrong differs from individual to individual, group to group, society to society. This means that as ethical subjectivism believes that what is right and wrong is a matter of personal opinion. This is due to differences in beliefs in choosing the right position on any issue. Culture relativism believes that what makes any action right or wrong is the culture. Since there are more than one culture and since cultures differ in their beliefs about what is right and wrong, there is no one right position on any given issue. Universalisms also believe that moral values are revealed (discovered, learned) and not created. They believe that what is right and wrong holds for every person, in every time, regardless of their personal beliefs, culture, or religion. President’s misdeeds The president’s act of concealing some of important information from public is right or wrong depending on the beliefs of the public members. When we reflect on general moral issues as they arise in this case, we are trying to use practical cases in determining issues of morality. In his work, Plato wrote relating to power in one of his works as “Those who practice justice practice it constrained by want of power to act unjustly. we might better perceive if we do the following in thought: granting each one of them both, the just and the unjust, license to do as he wishes, let us then follow them closely to observe whither his desire will lead each. We should then catch the just man in the act of following the same path as the unjust man on account of the advantage that every nature is led by its very nature to pursue as good, being diverted only by force of law toward the esteem of the equal. The license I am talking about would be supremely such if they were given the very same power as is said to have been given in the past to the ancestor of Gyges the Lydian”. In story of Plato he starts with an inquiry into justice by the story of a man who tries to escape responsibility for his acts, then, after showing us, in the body of the discussion, how, far from plunging into deeper chasms inside the earth, we should ascend on the path of education from the chasm we live in. He further states that a man should not try to escape responsibility but he should try to leave with the truth that can set him free from the invisible chains binding him to the cave and make him responsible leaders of others. Using the above extracts from Plato’s work, I will advise the president about being a good leader using this work. I will also remind him of being honest and the teachings of the Old Testament and the gospel of Mathew. However, the issue of extramarital affair can be very controversial to both the public and to me to state it. Since this is a
There are many reasons why a woman may undergo an abortion to terminate an unwanted pregnancy. The personal views of providers affect the care that these women receive. However, it is also vital to address individuals’ access to safe and timely abortion, which is often at the center of political debate in the United States. Depending on the state, a woman may encounter a lack of appropriate facilities, high prices for abortion, and an absence of after-abortion care. According to Jones, Ingerick, and Jerman, supportive states offer the cheapest options for abortion, meaning that this procedure is more accessible for patients with limited financial resources. Moreover, areas with hostile policies have a lower number of clinics that offer this procedure, implying that women have a tougher time finding medical assistance (Jones et al., 2018). These topics are essential in discussing women’s health since access to abortion determines women’s choices of giving birth or participating in unsafe pregnancy termination. Another point in accessing states’ policies regarding abortion is the existence of stigma. Prejudice toward people undergoing abortion can be external and internal. Hanschmidt, Linde, Hilbert, Riedel‐Heller, and Kersting note that many women deal with shame and guilt, not because they regretted their decisions but because they feared social judgment. These feelings were also linked to higher levels of mental distress, social isolation, and psychological problems (Hanschmidt et al., 2016). As one can see, the physical, psychological, and social risks of limiting access to abortion or proposing hostile policies are apparent. Women who do not feel safe in their environment are unlikely to change their view of their pregnancy, which increases their health risks in unsupportive communities.
Introduction Filmmaking has developed over the years into what the citizens of United States see today in the form of blockbuster and/or independent films. Blockbuster films refer to the big budget films that hinge their success on the identity of the stars in the films as well as the advertisements surrounding the release of the films for extended periods that ensure that the attention of the audience is pegged on the worldwide launch of such films. On the other hand, independent films refer to the supplementary low-budget film productions that require the input of talent and creativity by directors and production teams, which often rely on critical reviews for the definition of their success. They comprise many of the films that are produced by studios annually. The blockbusters may only be six or so throughout the year. This marks the type of production regime that is prevalent in today’s Hollywood. However, there are also other factors that define part of the makeup of films in the twenty-first century that are either a slight reflection or a complete variation with respect to some aspects of films in the early to mid twentieth century, or more specifically for the period that is christened the ‘silent era’ in the film history. These aspects include the political influence on films, the relationship between films and the economic market both locally and internationally, and the exact nature of film production with specific attention to socio-cultural factors that influence the types of films produced in both eras. This study will carry out a brief but comprehensive review of the history of films during the silent era. It will then compare this information with the present state of the film indust
Find the mission and values statements for four different hospital types. Do their missions and values reconcile with your expectations for the type of organization? Look at a religiously based organization. Do their mission and values reflect their religious teachings and mission? Now examine a for-profit hospital. Do their mission and values include the need to increase their owners’ value and maximize their earnings? Why do you think the missions and values are structured as they are? Valley General Hospital: “Working together, we exist to serve the changing health care needs of our community. We will provide personalized patient care known for quality and excellence with a healing environment through caring relationships.” This mission statement identifies its competitive edge as personalized care but does not state how it will achieve it. It does not also state the boundaries that it intends to operate under, as well as uses vague terms such as caring relationships. For a public institution, the statement does well in stating the intention to collaborate with others to offer service that meets changing community healthcare needs. Stony Brook University Medical Centre: “Stony Brook University Medical Centre improves the lives of our patients, families, and communities, educates skilled healthcare professionals, and conducts research that expands clinical knowledge.” Precise and states the objectives of the hospital, the market segment that it intends to serve, and how it intends to serve it. It, however, fails to mention the institution’s values. As a medical center, the institution clearly states its commitment to medical research. Novartis: “To improve patients’ lives by providing customers with innovative science and differentiated healthcare solutions delivered by diverse and engaged talent with integrity, passion, and focus on performance.” The statement precisely states how it intends to deliver its service to the community. It also identifies the market segment it intends to serve. The company values are talent, integrity, and passion for work. As a pharmaceutical company mission statement is clear on the company’s intentions to provide healthcare solutions. St. Vincent Charity Medical Centre: “Faithful to the philosophy and heritage of the Sisters of Charity of St. Augustine, the St. Vincent Charity Medical Centre family is committed to the healing mission of Jesus. As Caregivers, we serve with: a deep respect for the dignity and value of all persons; our practice of quality care; our dedication to the poor; and, our commitment to education.” It identifies the values and objectives of the institution
In the chapter “Before and After,” Dr Carl Hart talks about his early childhood in which he faced many difficulties. From an early age, he witnessed the domestic violence that took place at his home when his father beat his mother. When the boy was about six years old, his parents divorced. However, the problems and worries did not end because Carl Hart’s mother left her children and went to work in another city. The author reflects on how such an act of his mother affected his character. Carl Hart was not used to talking about his feelings, and by the age of six, he had learned to conceal them, which certainly affected the development of his personality. However, as Carl Hart grew older, he understood what motivated his parents to make certain decisions. He realized that his mother and father had faced difficult challenges at a relatively young age: they had already had eight children by the time they were twenty-nine. That is why the author tries not to hold a grudge and not to judge his parents while at the same time acknowledging their mistakes. Moreover, the author reflects on the problem of imposed masculinity, which he also had to face. During the divorce, he wanted to stay with his father, which at that age seemed quite natural to him. However, as an adult, he realizes that such desires were not his at all, rather imposed by society and family traditions. Carl Hart also noticed different attitudes towards him and his sisters: in case of tears, his sisters were comforted, while Carl and his brothers were taught to “be men” (Hart 16). Moreover, the author talks deeply about racial problems that he noticed from an early age. As he grew up and became successful, he began to delve into research about the difference between white and black families. Such studies helped him understand the actions of his parents and find some advantages in his upbringing. Work Cited Hart, Carl. High Price . HarperCollins, 2013.