ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Fighting a Beast One would be hard-pressed to find a more incisive candid autobiography of mental illness than Kay Redfield Jamison’s book An Unquiet Mind . The author is a professor of psychiatry who tells the story of her unending battle with the “beast” that is bipolar disorder. Jamison opens the book with a metaphor for her illness: an airplane overcoming the pull of gravity in order to disappear into the endless serenity of the sky. In a similar vein, her struggle against bipolar disorder can be described as a defiant fight against the suffocating obstruction of a glass jar that prevents her from enjoying a beautiful and fully functional life. The beast of manic depression living within the professor is a duplicitous creature whose cravings result in the bifurcation of the woman’s moods and actions, thereby pushing her to either the farthest extremes of sexual energy or to complete withdrawal from society. Even though Jamison’s soul-wrenching swings between the glorious highs of productivity and the dreadful lows of depression severely disrupted her youthful years, the neurochemical dysfunction has proven less daunting in the face of the light exuded by her husband, Alain. As the writer grows in her understanding of the intellectual steadiness provided by her husband, her irrational fears give way to energy and enthusiasm. By turning to the light, Jamison manages to escape the strangulating hold of the beast; nonetheless, however, she needs to rely on medication in order to control her psychotic episodes. The evocative and poignant chronicle of the writer’s illness suggests that even though it is not possible to completely overcome bipolar disorder, one can learn how to make the rollercoaster ride of extreme, mercurial moods more bearable, thereby opening oneself to the wonderful gifts that life has to offer. How Does Mental Illness Define a Person? William Styron’s Darkness Visible Monday Redfield Jamison’s An Unquiet Mind are both books that allow their readers to experience the horrific stages of their characters’ undoing and shame management, as seen through the eyes of people struggling to take hold of the shadows of their sanity. These two autobiographies of mental illness outline the contours of personal anguish in such exquisite detail that, at times, they are hardly distinguishable from the quasi-mechanistic case studies of mental illnesses that one would expect to find in psychiatric research reports. Nonetheless, these intense and poignant chronicles of madness are filled with the passionate language of desire as well as the elements of classical comedy. By infusing their writings with the Edenic bliss and tortuous anguish
This article is about the management of stocks securities in the market and highlights factors that may lead to a decline or rise in stock values. In any international market, there are universal factors that are used as co-determinants to guide investors and financial analysts in making sound financial investment decisions. These factors are divided into two main components; external and internal factors. The latter refers to the prevailing market conditions, inflation rates, government policies on lending and borrowing rates, and investors risk perception in a country while the former refers to factors that are beyond a country’s control and may include; international donor conditions, international exchange rates, terrorism, external political relations and etcetera. The current global economic downturn has left many economies wounded including big ones like the Japanese, America, Britain, and china. This article tries to explain how political relationships may lead to an economic surcharge in a country. Citing Russia and Ukraine as areas of the case study it is very interesting to understand how the two neighboring countries relate to each other and how their relationship affects their respective economies. The writer also draws attention on how poor government policies on borrowing can adversely plunge a country into a financial crisis. It’s also apparent that the donor conditions such as those imposed on different countries by the international monetary funds like credit limits can be a stumbling block in trying to seek financial aid in and out of a country. In this scenario, the writer cites the Ukrainian government as having adopted poor financial planning decisions that is actually responsible for the financial crisis that it is currently undergoing. Ukraine is currently having the lowest credit rating; this implies that it takes longer duration to pay back any credit facility extended to her by any borrowing agency. It is also clear that the citizens are not happy with the existing government since it has failed to control the inflation rate which is currently the highest in the region. The basic commodities are becoming unaffordable with prices continuing to shoot. Ukraine’s political situation is also likely to worsen since the current president clung to power through orange demonstration that saw the then pro Russian government being overthrown, this will consequently lead to its currency becoming weaker agains
Inter-rater reliability is explained in many different ways depending on the individuals’ field of study or operation. Despite the diverse ways in which inter-rater reliability is defined, all of the proposed definitions share certain characteristics or terms. The most important thing is that they almost altogether have the same meaning of the extent of agreement between/ among raters in the rating of either appropriateness of equipment, events and/ or performance. In simple terms, inter-rater reliability is a general class of reliability estimates, employed in the assessment of the degree to which various raters/observers provide consistent result estimates for a particular event or trend. It may involve two or more participants working independently in assigning categorical variables of a given assignment to their various categories. As a measure of reliability, it is a crucial one in the determination of the appropriateness of implementing a certain measurement system or coding (Carmines and Zeller, 2010). Based on the knowledge and understanding gained from the theory of reliability, the measure or value of inter-rater reliability cannot be exactly calculated. However, the inter-rater reliability estimate value is evaluated/ determined by getting the scores of two or more raters to test. Two or more ways of testing the scores are used. For instance, in one event, each rater using a specified scale, maybe 1 to 20, assigns a score to each of the test items provided. Using the resulting scores of the raters, a calculation of correlation is carried out to find out the correlation between/ among ratings, hence, determining the extent to agreement (inter-rater reliability). Another way of assessing inter-rater reliability is by getting the scores of the different observations that fall in the various categories, from where percentage calculations are done to get the inter-rater reliability measure. For example, in a case where raters agree 7 out 10 times, this gives 70% of the inter-rater reliability value. There are even many more other scientific means which can be used, but there are still crude and less-scientific ways that are used and in operation. One of these crude ways is the discussion approach used with large numbers of raters with limited time. The individuals hold discussions among themselves to come up with a consensus of application, or not to apply a particular rating to an item or attribute. This is crucial in setting up guiding rules for participants in the assignment of scores, besides acting as a method of training and educating them. This is the best way in correcting the arising differences in score assignment by the individuals since helps in the elimination of such a problem in future events (Carmines and Zeller, 2010). Focus group(s) is among the many methods used by researchers in the collection of data from different settings of our social life. The method can be used to gather
Blog Analysis Reddit’s r/gaming was selected as the object for this blog analysis. Most of the content is made up of various memes; there is also a discussion of video games, related news, and sharing of experience. Video game discussions include posts on the topic of the plot, characters, game mechanics, walkthroughs, co-playing, finding references, lore, and eSports events. The initial webpage also consists of a greeting, a description of the blog, an administration note, community rules, a list of moderators, and several ad units. Since Reddit does not require personal data for registration, the audience consists of both anonymous users and those who are voluntarily non-anonymous. The r/gaming’s color scheme is the contrast between black, gray, white, and red colors. Important information and links are marked in red to attract attention, while the data is present on a white background. Empty unallocated space is represented by shades of gray for less distraction from the content. Drawing attention to essential aspects of the blog was done efficiently, but the creators of the blog were not able to use the page space to full because a blank space occupies half of the screen. Audience Analysis As the observation shows, the dominant age group of r/gaming is young people, presumably from 18 to 30 years old. More than half of this blog is the male audience, the second place is female, and only a small part of non-binary people are present. The participants of the r/gaming are mainly residents of English-speaking countries, namely the USA, Canada, Great Britain, and Australia. The most frequent marital statuses are single and in a relationship. Also, most of the audience claims to be hetero, then bisexuals and non-binary. The average
Introduction To be able to know the evolution of radiology, it is important to know the background and history of radiology. Radiology has been an advanced technology in the field of medicine that has been known for years to help medical professors in detecting and identifying such cases of disease. In a simple thought, radiology is the way of producing electromagnetic energy from machines such as X-rays or any other examples to have an image or illustration of the human body that would give the physicians the ideas of what abnormalities are inside the patient’s body. X-ray is used in radiology and it is called roentgenology, which originated from its administrator Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen. In the Physical Institute of Wuerzburg University, they were the first spectator of the discovery of x-radiation last 8th of November 1895 by Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen and then attached the name in the discovery as “X-Radiation”. The one who takes in charge in the diagnostic radiology is called a radiologist. The evolution of radiology comprises of the innovations that it have for the past years as ultrasounds, computed tomography (CT) nuclear medicine and magnetic resonance imaging are becoming more present in the medical profession which is used to detect diseases in the human body. In that sense, it is obvious that the use of radiology is an effective way of detecting such cases. One procedure or tool used for radiology is the use of radiographs and Roentgenographs which are used in the evaluation of structures in the bones and soft tissues. In this process, an X-Ray releases radiation that tends to go by the lesser dense substance such as fat, muscle and other tissues but is immersed or sprinkled in a much denser material such as bones, tumors and severe pneumonia. To cite an example, a well-known Film-Screen Radiography has transferred radiation through a patient then strikes a cassette having the screen fluorescent phosphorous and as a result, the x-ray films were exposed. In this manner, the areas of the film that were exposed to higher counts and amounts of radiation will become visible as black and gray, but the areas that were open to the elements to a lesser radiation will be seen as in lighter color or white. This Film-Screen Radiography is just like the Computed Radiography and Digital Radiography that both hits x-rays through patients but the first one is known to its distinguishing way of being unusual to a sensitized plate and the outcome is then transformed, and apparently digitized into a computer image by a different machine (Knoll, 2000). The second one put-ups an image straightforwardly as when the time the x-rays hit an x-ray sensor plate. But in the modern era of radiology in U.S, a film-screen ha
People’s awareness of their belonging to a community, which allows them to understand their place in sociocultural space and to navigate in the world around freely is connected with the concept of cultural identity. In its essence, cultural identity is a sense of belonging to a particular culture. Each person needs a certain regulation of his or her life that can be found only in the community of other people, which determines the existence of cultural identity. The essence of cultural identity derives from the fact that a person consciously accepts relevant cultural norms and patterns of behavior, value orientations, and language. Cultural identity contributes to the understanding of one’s self from the standpoint of traditional characteristics accepted in a given society as well as to self-identification with its cultural patterns. Thus, without comprehending the essence of cultural identity and studying its problem, it is difficult to understand the modern world with its multiculturalism and multinational composition. The Problems Associated with Cultural Identity In the modern world, the relevance of the problem of maintaining cultural identity has increased. The intensification of the processes of globalization, cultural integration, and expansion of contacts between representatives of different countries led to the gradual blurring of boundaries between national cultures and the loss of cultural identity. The standardization of cultural patterns, brought about by the rapid spread of mass culture, has led people to wear the same jeans, listen to the same music, watch the same movies, and follow the same fashion trends (Audretsch et al. 685). Globalization damages national cultures, traditions, customs, myths, and other notions that are tightly connected with the cultural awareness of any region. Today’s processes of globalization and transformation violate traditional forms of cultural recognition and dissolute feelings of self-identity formed in the framework of previous traditions. This is especially acute in relation to the problem of cultural awareness of representatives of small groups as well as ethnic, religious, and cultural minorities. Their former sense of their own “I,” which was provided by the previous forms of identity, fell into decay (Freire 19). Thus, there is a gap in continuity, when the destruction of one type of identity must be compensated by the identity of another type. The lack of a mechanism for the continuity of identity for modern people began to be accompanied by a feeling of internal discomfort and anxiety, realized in the forms of isolation and strengthening of isolationist tendencies. Isolationism, in turn, prompts tendencies toward the reverse localization of culture and traditions, lifestyles, thoughts, and norms of human behavior. In connection with the active introduction of popular trends into the life of modern people, which, as a rule, are associated with the US culture, the question of cultural expansion bec
The article is written by Claire Atkinson and headed “Research Report: Youngsters Not Abandoning Live TV”. It discusses research conducted by the Council for Research Excellence on the video watching patterns of people aged between 18 and 24. The idea was that marketers believed that the modern youth spend more time watching TV and videos online compared to watching them traditionally on TVs. Hence they were starting to concentrate their marketing activities heavily towards online marketing campaigns. The article tells us that on average a person aged between 18 and 24 will watch 5.5 minutes of computer video compared to w significant difference of 209.9 minutes of live TV viewing. The official result given out by the study said that TV viewing still amounts to the highest viewing even in the age group studied. In the eyes of the researchers, this has created a dispute with the common belief of marketers that people in this age group are more skewed towards watching TV on their mobile phones or computers. This is certainly an enormous difference. However, the study also claims that digital media has now moved into second place just behind live TV after pushing the radio aside and leaving it at number three. In my opinion, this is not completely shocking. I have always been very surprised as to why marketers put more effort into advertising online. There are very few ways of advertising online and the major ones include pop up, pop-under, banners, and active x displays. Each of them has severe limitations. Almost all of these techniques can be blocked by any user who wishes to. All browsers now come with pop-up blockers pre-installed which only leaves banners and active x displays. Many cautious users do not enable active x displays on their computers and banners are so limited in their design that they can hardly attract a person browsing the website. But coming back to the point, the computer is a machine which I think will never be able to take over from live TV as the amount of effort to keep using a computer is much more than what is required to watch TV. Also, using a computer almost certainly means that you are multi-tasking. For example, you will be chatting to your friends and listening to music and watching TV on it. This wears a person out more quickly and just to relax the person will eventually go and sit in front of a TV. Using a computer doesn’t count as relaxation in my opinion. A computer was built for work. It was built to perform specific office-related tasks. It has been converted from a workstation into an entertainment machine. But since the TV was invented for the sole purpose of relaxation, it will be some while before the computer can overtake the TV for pure pleasure and relaxation
The Black Death brought to Early Modern Europe considerable and irreversible changes. The consequences of the Bubonic Plague are reflected in the complete destruction of all spheres of life. The rapid contraction of the population had a negative impact on political life and the economy in particular. The demographic changes led to changes in trade, in society’s attitude to church. The overwhelming depression interfered in music and art, and education as well. That horrible event induced people to a reconsideration of the previous conditions of life. Let us consider the main changes caused by the Black Death and its influence on society (Strocchia, Sharon T. 1). European economy of that time became the weakest point. The decrease of the population had a considerable on commercial relations since due to the disappearance of the working class which the main basis in the medieval economy, peasants become more conscious and prudent. Consequently, the rural population acquired a more beneficial position since that was the main source of profits and, therefore, they were more appraised the richest layers of the city. In their turn, peasants, who had to work hard to put soul and mind together, consider urban layer “parasites that lived off the peasantry.” (Huppert, George 16). They view the city as a “devouring monster in midst of a subjected countryside” (Huppert, George 17). As it can be seen, the urban wealth was due to rural poverty taking advantage of the privileged position. Bubonic Plague has changed European attitude to the church. After pandemics, the clergy lost their power on the villagers and, therefore was redundant. It was explained by the fact that all the bishops and the massagers of God did not a reasonable explanation for pandemics. Angry villagers expressed the burst of indignation through revolt and were discontent by the absence of answers (Huppert, George 144). They lost their faith in the church and believed that plague was the punishment of God. Consequently, the Christian church lost its reputation among the peasants. The rebellion was the result of the peasant discontent with the power and the reaction to the impossibility of the church to give reasonable answers. Peasants’ rebellion was also an outcome of their reluctance to feed the urban population and pay taxes and rent. The Black Death also influenced less important areas of life such as art and education. The Great Depression after the Plague completely changed the plot of the painting and turning into dull reflection mass extinction of the population. Naturally, the development of music stopped at all except music with grim motives. Dramatic demographic changes were followed by the rise of migration processes. The extreme decrease in population changed the political and economical system. While searching for a better place for living the survivors discovered new continents and set up new settlements. They tried to invent more means for protection and create a new vaccine for diseases. As a result, people began pay
Problem Statement Many foreclosures may result into harmful impacts in the neighborhoods they are located, especially when the foreclosed homes do not have individuals to maintain them and ensure that they remain secure. Most often, the ownership of the property title is passed back to servicers or the lenders. In cases where sound market conditions prevail for the neighborhood, lenders are entitled to strong incentives that shield them from protracted deterioration and vacancy. Selling out the homes in a hasty manner guarantees a profit, while the lender intends to maintain the good condition of the property while still on sale. However, lenders do not wish to incur high maintenance and security costs when foreclosures are in neighborhoods with lower prices since there are no incentives. In fact, huge costs may be incurred in the legal procedures that create foreclosures since lenders are entitled to pay for certain services such as attorney’s fees and cater to property management. When properties lose occupants and it becomes apparent that they are not taken care of, potential buyers and real estate representatives deem it as an indicator of distress to the neighborhood and a likely drop in property value. The effect of a certain level of under-maintenance may not be significant, but properties that are not secured are exposed to squatter invasion, vandalism or destruction of critical appliances and fixtures.