ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Leaders Julius Caesar and Czar Nicholas II Many prominent leaders have been assassinated at the worst possible time. It happened because they had numerous enemies because of their political efforts. It is hard to tell how modern history would change if those murders did not occur. There are numerous similarities between Julius Caesar and Czar Nicholas II of Russia. Many call the first one the greatest figure in the world’s history, and it is hard to disagree if all of his achievements are taken into consideration. He was born a hundred years before our era. During childhood, he was interested in subjects such as philosophy, strategy, and astronomy, and has got an exceptional education. He was determined to reach his goals during his early life (Canfora, 2007). He had to overcome numerous difficulties during his life that have led him to the path of becoming a leader. He had to leave his country because of the rivalry with a dictator Sulla. He has joined an army in Asia where he won numerous battles thanks to his skills. Julius Caesar was able to turn almost any situation in his favor (Nardo, Osgood, & Rosemary, 2009). He was a great leader and was respected by the people for his incredible speeches (Canfora, 2007). One of the most interesting topics is his relationship with Cleopatra because it was one of the most powerful alliances at that time. His decisions as a general were often bold, but sometimes they were reckless depending on the situation (Ferrill n.d.). It is known that he had suffered 23 sword wounds during the assassination because attackers wanted to make sure that he dies. He was stabbed so many times because he instilled fear, and many believed that he was immortal. Nicholas II was born in 1968, and most of his childhood was spent in the Gatchina Palace. His mentor has taught him how to speak English, and to pay attention to personal health. The adult life of Nicolas II has started after the assassination of his grandfather. He was incredibly calm and precise with his decisions (Thatcher, 2005). His reign was during the age of changes, and it was hard for him to accept. Tomaszewski states that “despite his reputation as a reactionary and weak-willed ruler, Nicholas II was consistent in his post-1905 foreign policy” (p. 43). In other words, he wanted to follow the steps of his father. He had to face the first revolution in the history of Russia and has changed the form of government. He had numerous accomplishments. However, the participation of his country in World War I has destroyed his dynasty. Nicolas II has died as a martyr and was buried only 80 years later after the incident.
Introduction The representative democratic republic of Ecuador is located in South America. On the east and south it is bordered by Peru, on the North is Colombia and on the west it is bordered by the Pacific Ocean. Galapagos Island located 965 kilometers in the pacific is part of Ecuador. The country covers an area of 276,830 kilometers square. The Name Ecuador comes from the fact that the country lies on the Equator. Main text Ecuador’s climate is largely influenced by altitude. The coastal Areas has tropical climate with harsh rainy seasons. In the highlands, the climate is relatively dry and temperate. There is small variation in daytime hours due to the location of Ecuador on the equator The capital city of Ecuador is Quito, located in the Pichincha province in the sierra region. This city is home to over 1.4 million people and the political base of Ecuador. On the Guayas coast is the city of Guayaquil, which is the biggest city in Ecuador. This city of Guayaquil has its importance as the port city of Ecuador with major export and imports taking place in this city. This city is home to over 1.9 million people. Cotopaxi is another important city found south of the capital city, Quito. This city is the home to the world’s most active and the highest volcanoes. Other important major cities in Ecuador are Cuenca, Manta, Machala and Santo Domingo de los Colorados. The coastal city of Guayaquil, the largest city in Ecuador The population of Ecuador currently stands at 13.9 million people of diverse ethnicity. Mestizos are the largest ethnic group. This group constitutes over 62% of the population and is made up of descendants of indigenous Indians and of Spanish origin. 25% of the population is composed of Amerindian ethnic groups.
Abstract International education has grown over the last decade. More people seek better education opportunities in academic institutions they believe offer quality. The growth of the world economy has also made it easier for students to travel to different parts of the world to study. Many of the students that travel abroad for studies are usually from third world countries. It is common to find such students also seeking employment in their host countries. However, it has proven difficult for international students to secure jobs in their fields of interest in their host countries. There is little literature on why international students experience challenges getting employment. Some of the assumptions that have been made include the fact that the students lack the technical skills needed to work in a developed country. Additionally, cultural constraints have been blamed on the same. The study aimed at finding out the reasons why international students have difficulty getting employment. The researcher used three hypotheses to determine some of the reasons why international students find it difficult to get employment in their host country. The first hypothesis (H1) aimed at measuring the relationship between the job market requirements and the technical skills international students have acquired. The second hypothesis (H2) aimed at analyzing the relationship between the job market and the communication skills of international students. The third hypothesis (H3) aimed to determine the relationship between networking skills and the search for jobs in New Zealand regarding international students. The researcher used a quantitative approach and an exploratory data analysis technique. Introduction Avonmore Information and Technology Company’s Open Polytechnic has been chosen for the sample population for the study. Avonmore is a college that gives students modern facilities to learn about IT through a hands-on approach. The company has created a niche in service industries and has also included people-centered courses as opposed to industry-focused classes. The tertiary institution runs an open polytechnic in Christchurch where most international students study. Indeed, much focus has been put on international students. However, management has been thinking of better ways of attracting domestic students. Additionally, the administration is also thinking of broadening the curriculum offered in the school. Currently, the school provides Business Level 7 courses. The strategic plan is to have the Business Level 7 cour
There Is no Single Viewpoint Every male in the world tries to define being a man at least once in his life. Some researchers state that the first attempt takes place at the age of three in the majority of cases when a boy learns about certain peculiarities of his body. Of course, men try to understand what it is like to be a man much later. It goes without saying that men have different viewpoints on the matter. However, in the majority of cases they contemplate similar categories. Therefore, it is possible to draw a universal definition of being a man when these categories are analyzed. Though, such category as physical features (e.g. strength) should be taken into account, it cannot be the principal one. There are more important categories that make a man ‘man’. These major categories to analyze are as follows: social role, relationships in a family (interaction with females) and ethnic identity. Social Roles In the first place, it can be important to look at the way men identify themselves in the society. Interestingly, there are certain stereotypes concerning men in this respect. For instance, men often try to hold leading positions. They try to fit the image of a tough guy who can reach his aims and who can reach the top. Therefore, men often try to measure their ‘masculinity’ (or other male’s ‘masculinity’) with the help of this category. The higher post a man holds, the more manlike he seems. It is also important to note that many often think that men have no right to be sentimental when reaching their aims. However, these are only stereotypes. Now men are not expected to be sharks in the human society. Though, masculinity is still associated with a high social position, men are not expected to make their way over corpses. Now such feature as responsibility is more important. Men are regarded as human beings who are responsible when it comes to making decisions. Being a man presupposes being responsible for various projects and for various people involved. Now this is the most important measurement for males. It is also important to state that masculinity has always been associated with competitiveness. Thus, men have always tried to prove they are ‘to
There are some writers, that are loved but by their contemporaries but are completely forgotten after their death. But some writers’ books are created to be read and appreciated by next generations. One of such prominent authors is Mary Shelley. She was a famous dramatist, essayist, and biographer. During her lifetime she was widely known as a writer. However, after her death, she was mainly known only as Percy Shelley’s wife and the author of Frankenstein. Until the last years, the main part of her works was out of print and wasn’t therefore available to the reader. But nowadays her works regain their value. She is now considered to be a major Romantic figure, which is significant for her literature contribution and her political works. I would like to write a book on her because I consider her a wonderful example of a self-made woman. My book will consist of three parts. It will be dealt with Mary Shelley’s biography and will also contain a detailed analysis of the most famous of all her books, Frankenstein. The first part will contain Mary Shelley’s biography. I would write mainly about her young years because they give us a bright idea of Mary Shelley as a brave woman. I will write about her childhood when she started to write her stories. Being a young girl she left her father and decided to be with the man she loved. When married she could be only Shelley’s wife, but she managed to gain fame. I will try to provide some information on her personality and character. The second part will be dealt with Frankenstein as the most famous of her works. In the first chapter, I would describe the story of the creation of the novel. Mary Shelley began working on her Frankenstein, or The Modern Prometheus when she was only 19. This all started on Lake Geneva in 1816 when Mary, her would-be husband, Percy Shelley, and their friend Lord Byron invented a ghost-story contest. I will write about their rest and Shelley’s first ideas in the novel. In the second chapter, I would give the summary of the book, providing quotations and comments of different critics. Robert Walton, an English ship’s captain, writes letters to his sister Margaret. He tells her about his nautical travel to the North Pole. During a sail near Archangel in Russia, His ship becomes trapped in ice. There the sailors notice a figure running at superhuman speed and a man pursuing him. They take the man, Frankenstein, onboard, and he tells Walton his story. Walton then includes it in a letter to Margaret. Frankenstein tells about his childhood in Geneva: about his parents, Alphonse Frankenstein and Caroline Beaufort. Caroline’s father was a friend of Alfonse’s, and after his death, the young people married. Victor was their first child, and he had two younger brothers, Ernest and William. After Alphonse’s sister dies, the family adopts her daughter Elizabeth and brings her up together with the other children. Victor and
The Harlem Renaissance was born as a result of the significant events which occurred in the lives of Afro-Americans at the beginning of the 20th century. The abolition of slavery, the mass migration of the Afro-Americans to the North, their participation in the First World War, and other historical events let black people express themselves through art. The Harlem Renaissance strived to change the social stereotypes and deliver the unique culture of Afro-Americans to white people. Through this movement, the conventional perception of whiteness, sexual and gender norms was changed. The Harlem Renaissance has significantly changed the Americans’ understanding of culture and liberty. The critical point why the Harlem Renaissance was that influential is it free of limitations nature. For example, blues music could have addressed any forbidden theme of sexuality and race. This is why it was so beckoning even for white people. The Harlem Renaissance artists like Louis Armstrong managed to change the conventional perception of race through sharing the Afro-American cultural peculiarities. For example, the song called East of the Sun expresses the emotions of black lovers, which are genuinely beautiful (Western Jazz Trio). Through such pieces of art, the white Americans came to an understanding of the Afro culture. The Harlem Renaissance is considered to formulate a tolerant and respectful attitude to the race peculiarities and the gender ones. Various authors were striving to highlight the significance of homosexuality through their creations. For example, Nella Larsen wrote the novel Passing , which described same-sex relationships as equal to the conventional ones (“Harlem Renaissance, Homosexuality, and Passing”). Not to mention the various events created for homosexuals, which were usually held in a nightie in different clubs of Harlem (“Harlem Renaissance, Homosexuality, and Passing”). By implementing the Harlem Renaissance aspect in the American culture, Afro-Americans managed to put the questions about equality and liberty of all genders into social cognition. As far as art is a powerful, influential instrument, the tolerance to different sexes and races slowly became entrenched in the Americans’ minds. Thus, the Harlem Renaissance is a significant element influencing the culture forming of the Americans. Works Cited “ Harlem Renaissance, Homosexuality, and Passing. ” Women in Literature. 2018. Web. Western Jazz Trio. “East of the Sun (And West of the Moon).” Spotify. Web.
Abstract Understanding structure and peripheral operation of Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) across the globe demand for explicit analysis of their matrix functionality. NGOs are reputable organizations in terms of international affairs and commitments. The NGOs’ objective is to promote social services internally and nationally as defined by the UN establishing charter. NGOs have an important influence on human society. Furthermore, they are neutral communities that encourage development policies. However, NGOs sometimes experience challenges of social, regional, and environmental conflicts. Culture normally influences the usage of technology in organizations. This implies that organizational inclination toward national attitude is influenced by the culture of that setting. National culture varies across the globe. For example, the effects of collectivism are different from individualism. This is visible in the way of life between Africanism and westernization. Management concerns people. Organizational management depends on the cultural values of people in their geographical location. This paper reflects on the culture, attitude, and management structure of NGOs located in different geographical boundaries. Introduction This paper shows justification for the structure of a Non-Governmental Organization (NGO). Though NGOs are reputable actors based on international affairs, these structures have not been described clearly to what pertains to NGOs (Martens, 2002). There are two essential components of interpretation of NGO: juridical view focuses on the legal condition of NGO and its implication according to international law and local (national) context. Sociological perspectives are aimed at social factors that attempt to analyze the functions and compositions of NGOs. Non-Governmental Organization (NGO) is an expression that is based on Post-World War II. The term was introduced by the United Nations organization (UN). In 1945, the UN charter got implemented thus stated that Non-Governmental Organizations are accredited as consulting functions to the UN (Martens, 2002). NGO is a term that was used to refer to social actors that are international societies, which engaged and operated under the UN context. In the 1980s, NGOs became famous for social services nationally and internationally outside the framework of the UN. The term NGO has been used to mean international pressure society, private organization, or voluntary agency. Currently, the term has broadened to include national liberation societies or multinational firms. NGOs have captured considerable attention from academic research, and play an important role in world issues (Martens, 2002). Such international relations have built beneficial effects on world politics. Its sociological views are focused on the international phenomenon to examine the effects of social transnational aims. According to sociological and juridical perspective
Introduction The post-Second World War United States of America had a different face from the one that existed during the First World War. The United States’ foreign policy moved from isolationism to interventionism after World War II. Therefore, this paper examines the changes in America’s foreign policy after the World War II. It also examines Kennan’s long Telegram and how the United States may implement the suggestions. How United States’ foreign policy changed after World War II Before the Second World War, the United States of America practiced the policy of isolationism (Chandler & Write, 2001); isolationism can be defined as the state policy of shunning economic or political conflicts with other nations of the world. Isolationism was the basis on which the United States’ foreign policy was formulated before World War II. This was because the United States did not want to get involved in any form of war in case there would be an outbreak of another widespread conflict. Besides, it never wanted to be involved in any war and would do everything to thwart it while trying to remain neutral. Many individuals in the Congress and other influential personalities supported the isolationist approach to foreign policy. They established the Neutrality Act to penalize the other nations that were at war with one another (Dornbush, 2009). The experience of the United States during the Second World War completely changed the government’s attitude toward isolationism policy approach. It realized that for it to be safe from potential aggression, it needed to have strong allies. This prompted the United States to start lending its support to the Great Britain. In fact, the United States’ isolationism policy was put to test when Japan attacked the Pearl Harbor. This prompted the government to revise its stand on isolationism approach to foreign policy and hence embraced interventionism one. The United States realized that it was not safe from war and therefore needed to build alliances with potential allies. The United States’ shift in foreign policy approach was immediately witnessed when the government readily agreed to host the headquarters of the United Nations within its territories after its formation. The United Nations was formed to champion the interests of all member states. Besides, the United States also joined the North Atlantic Treaty Organization. After the Second World War the United States realized that it could not remain safe by keeping to pursuing only its interests, but by collaborating with other allies to defend their common interests (Chandler & Write, 2001). The realist approach by President Nixon in late 1960s and President Carter’s idealist approach of late 1970s President Nixon’s realist approach had the assumption that a nation state was actually the principle actor in the politics of the world. Furthermore, realist approach assumed that power was the definite driving force in politics. The approach posited that the quality of a relationship between one state an
Introduction Russia took 18 years to join the World Trade Organization, yet it had the largest economy outside the institution’s membership. It is imperative to understand why this process took so long in order to clarify whether those obstacles will resurface again among other bidding countries. Additionally, it is necessary to demystify why Russia wanted membership in the first place and why this desire fluctuated from time to time. Several theorists have come up with their own explanations on why accession dragged through two decades; it is likely that elements of truth exist in each analysis. After accession, one must also anticipate what will happen to the country. Benefits of WTO membership are contingent upon certain qualities. Therefore, it is necessary to analyze Russia’s ability to maximize on this membership, so as to offer suggestions on how the country can improve in the future. Why Russia sought membership Russia wanted to become a member in the WTO because doing so would give it influence over global economic decisions. The country’s leaders realized that membership would not solve all their problems at one glance. However, the institution would give it a platform for increasing the nation’s global presence. To a certain extent, this intention has some hidden implications. The country would gain from the prestige of being a WTO member as well as apply international norms in trade. Furthermore, the country was interested in exposing its economy to foreign investment or competition. It knew that the external environment refrained from investing in Russia because of some perceived hindrances, like corruption. The country’s leaders felt that they would eliminate these obstacles through assistance from an international institution like the WTO (Milthorp, 2009). Russia needed to improve its ability to deal with some of the challenges it encountered when trading with the EU. Prior to the accession, 160 billion Euros worth of oil and gas were exported to the EU. However, matters were not streamlined between these two entities. There were disagreements over energy policies in Russia and its trading EU member countries. Additionally, difficulties concerning the poor democratic principles in this nation also affected Russia. The latter country reacted by asserting that EU members were interfering in their internal issues. Excessive tensions between Russia and such a key partner necessitated an intervention in the form of WTO. Since 2007, there was not agreement between the two countries as it had been stalled. EU members awaited Russia’s accession in order to resume talks with them. Therefore, the WTO was perceived as a contributor to improved relations between Russia and its key trading partner. It would assist them in negotiating with such a partner. One should note that a third party was necessary because the EU had frustrated Russia on several occasions. In 2004, it persuaded Russia to enter a bilateral agreement in which it would engage in climate change alterations. The EU wanted to pursue its climate change goals but did not offer Russia something substantial in return. Therefore, Russia required a