ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
St Louis wrote that “the arguments for naturalized racial athletic aptitudes might be summarized as based upon an observable and measurable physical and physiological genetic advantage among black athletes” (78). In other words, scientific explanation refers to the differences in athletic performance purely based on racial factors. Black athletes are believed to be more successful in sports compared to their white counterparts. However, St Louis suggests that this explanation is not right because there are other factors, including social, which affect the performance of an athlete in addition to or despite race. Undoubtedly, there are specific physical differences among black and white athletes. In particular, the skeletal structure and musculature (physical factors), muscles, and cell structures (physiological factors) differ among white and black athletes. Nevertheless, there is no established link between race and success in sports. These differences emerge from a genetic basis. In other words, these differences are encoded in the genes. It does not mean, though, the all-black people are inherently born to be more successful in sports than whites. The argument of St Louis is based on the statement that phenotypical characteristics which are derived from the articulation of genotype and environment are the foundation for sporting advantage while racial differences play a minor role. From standpoint of physiology, genotypes are responsible for generating specific physiological characteristics that may facilitate or slow down the specific physical capabilities. For example, sporting practices oriented towards speed or endurance can depends on physiological factors. However, St Louis argues that the success of black athletes should be understood with the consideration of an “atmosphere charged with direct racism and ‘unconscious’ racist attitudes” (79). Thus, St Louis adds social arguments into the explanation of the phenomenon of blacks’ extraordinary performance in sports. It is hardly possible to deny the importance or influence of race on the lives of people. Throughout American history, African Americans had to deal with social oppression and prejudices. While the current government and social norms do protect the equality of all citizens despite their ph
Literature may be used as a mass medium that is just as powerful as television or the Internet when it presents an individual take on an important event by showing it from the inside. Deogratias: A Tale of Rwanda by Jean-Philippe Stassen provides a collection of unique insights about the genocide in Rwanda and involves a Euro-centric perspective of the third world crisis; the book stands as an excellent example of the current tendency to reevaluate the past based on newly established views of equality, fairness, political correctness, and civil rights. Stassen’s graphic novel boasts multiple functions: it informs the reader about a frightening recent event (1994); it assists a reader in deepening his or her impressions of that event by tracking the emotional effects of the story; and, it engages many important themes of contemporary times, including social class divisions, relations between the first and third worlds, nationalism, and human rights. Deogratias A Tale of Rwanda by Jean-Philippe Stassen is a graphic novel that went to print in 2006 (Glover 106). The novel depicts a tragic and terrifying event that occurred in the territory of Rwanda in 1994, specifically the Rwandan genocide that resulted in the massacre of a large portion of the country’s population that belonged to the ethnic group known as the Tutsi (Silva 4). In the novel, Stassen presents an inside view of the horrors of that event, told from the perspective of an active participant – a young man torn apart by the conflict, forced to pick sides and to make sacrifices that eventually cause him irreparable damage. The genocide in Rwanda is often compared to the atrocities of the Holocaust, and in turn, Deogratias: A Tale of Rwanda has been compared to some personal stories written by Holocaust survivors, such as Night by Elie Wiesel and Survival in Auschwitz by Primo Levi. As noticed by Silva, the survivors of such horrific events admit that it feels impossible to find words to describe what they have witnessed (4). In fact, Wiesel was one of the survivors to admit that phenomenon, saying: “I had many things to say, I did not have the words to say them” (9). Under such circumstances, graphic novels may serve as a powerful means to help the authors express themselves on a deeper level via imagery in combination with prose. Being a graphic novel where the main characters are children and adolescents, Deogratias: A Tale of Rwanda is often perceived as a work of literature created for children. However, the deep political and social meanings of the book and the events it depicts are more appropriate for an adult mind. Despite the fact that the genocide in Rwanda is frequently compared to the Holocaust, the knowledge about this rather recent and significant event (considering the number of people slaughtered within a short period of time) is still slight in modern society (Hintjens 241-243). As admitted by Gangi, Western readers are mostly outsiders to cultures that have been affected by genocide (2). Th
Introduction Germany cannot forget the pioneer of combustion engines ‘Gottlieb Daimler’ and his contribution towards an industrial and post-industrial society. Daimler’s academic-industrial career began in 1876 when Daimler designed an entire exquisite gas engine along with his partner Otto. As a mechanical engineer, Daimler embodied the engine based on the four-stroke principle. This was an immense improvement over all the earlier types’ inventions, and the company enjoyed much success with this ‘Silent Otto’ engine, which is patented. Bardou et al (1982), writes in his book that Daimler was the one to make the ‘Silent Otto’ engine use in water and road vehicles and according to Ayres (2001) Gottlieb Damien was the one who enhanced Otto’s compact engines thereby making them more useful towards Industrial Society. According to Bardou et al (1982), “It would be incorrect to credit Benz alone as the ‘father’ of the automobile, for one cannot ignore the independent experiments conducted by Gottlieb Daimler”. Solving the problem of more power and less weight Daimler while realizing the then basic problem of obtaining more power with less weight, aimed to solve it by increasing the speed of the engine and remained successful to an extent. Finding that neither electrical nor gas-flame ignition operated effectively at speeds over 250 rpm, he adopted instead an incandescent-tube ignition system. After designing an ‘automobile’ he went throughout Europe for exposure. When with approached exposition, Daimler arrived in Paris with a new four-wheeled automobile, it was rather crude and contained nothing remarkable except its engine, a new design in which two cylinders were arranged in a V shape. This engine turned at more than 600 rpm and supplied almost two horsepower. It was a major step forward in the search for a lightweight power source for vehicles. Still, French entrepreneurs took advantage of Daimler’s brilliant work on engines more quickly than did the Germans. Daimler enjoyed much less success with automobiles in these years. In 1890 he found financial backing and formed the Daimler Motor Company. It concentrated on manufacturing engines, especially motorboats. While Benz was turning out hundreds of cars in the late 1890s, Daimler was making dozens. From 1895 to 1897 Gottlieb Daimler along with Wilhelm Maybach gradually regained managerial control of the Daimler Motor Company and produced a few cars, making only the engines in the Cannstatt factory. An engineer or an industrialist, Daimler kept busy adapting his engines to new uses, designing racing cars, buses, trucks, and rail cars. Like most European automobile engineers of this period, he found more satisfaction in design innovations than in identifying and solving production problems. During
The experiences of Ahmet in prison are the best evidence of his character one can receive from reading the book. During this time, he manages to adjust to different circumstances, which seems impossible to do for a person who has never been in such conditions. Therefore, the ability to handle similar situations for other people will not be the same as in the case of Ahmet. In the novel, he writes about losing his confidence and trying to forget his life before in order to survive. His stay in prison is accompanied by the thoughts of what might help him, and he concludes that “the lack of resources improves one’s creativity” (Altan 105). To avoid sad feelings, he continues writing every day and walks as much as possible to keep his life visibly normal. This fact shows that he is a strong-willed man, and being in the same situation, I would not be able to remain calm the way he did. Ahmet also mentions that receiving information through “the narrowest of channels, like the tapered glass piping in a chemistry lab” was challenging (Altan 130). Nevertheless, this issue was not an obstacle for him to manage emotions, whereas, for me, it would be complicated. In addition, “a sense of helplessness that we have all but lost our right to determine our own future” did not affect this aspect (Altan 159). Therefore, the man’s character played a significant role in his capabilities to maintain his sanity. To summarize, when reading the novel, I learned that Ahmet was a person who could discipline himself well. In this piece, he managed to accept the circumstances and find a way to live under restrictions. From this perspective, he deserves the admiration of the readers as being in similar situations, many people would not be able to survive by relying on their intelligence and will for overcoming challenges. Work Cited Altan, Ahmet. I Will Never See the World Again. Other Press, 2019.
The general organizational goal of the relevant communication strategy resides in improving the photography service’s performance. In other words, it is expected that the relevant strategy will assist the company in attracting new customers and increasing the profit rates. As a result, the particular communication aims might be put as follows:   * Build social awareness about the service;   * Persuade potential customers in the high-quality of the service;   * Put particular emphasis on the service’s competitive advantage;   * Motivate clients to try the service or to inform their relatives and friends; about it. The accomplishment of each aim will be performed following the specificity of the targeted audience that is supposed to be composed of the middle-class population of the Seattle Area. Research and surveys that study public opinion in the framework of the demand for photography services show that people tend to use associate photography services with holidays or special occasions such as weddings, birthdays parties, anniversaries, etc. as a result, the public appeal must include the connotations for these events (Parker, 2016). Moreover, research shows that the middle-class population is often particularly curious about the so-called “luxury” products. In the meantime, they expect that the price of the service to be reasonable (Kharas & Gertz, 2010). The communication strategy can employ this insight to achieve the best results. Thus, the competitive advantage might be gained by offering exclusive quality at low prices. Also, the advertising message must take into account all types of clients. In other words, it is critical to assure that it equally addresses individual customers, families, and firms. To that, it is essential to list all the types of services offered – the more options will be introduced, the larger the potential clientele group will be (Sengupta, 2009). Before, identifying the most effective advertising and promoting tools, it is critical to determine the sensor focus (Lordan, 2003). In other words, it is necessary to decide whether the advertising appeal should be transposed through visual or audio tools. As long as the PR project is devoted to photography service. It is assumed that visual images will have a more powerful impact and will be able to illustrate the offer more explicitly. Therefore, it will be reasonable to focus on those sources that can reflect the visual aspects of the advertisement: web sites, television, billboards, blogs, e-mails, social networks, etc. It is recommended to carry out a simple survey to indicate the most popular mass media sources among the residents of the targeted area. The survey’s findings will be highly assistive while working out the implementation strategy. Finally, the promotion activity should be focused on increasing sales as well as the general awareness of the targeted population about the service. The aims can be
Brief Information about a Ferret (“Friendly Ferret”).   * A hob (a male ferret), a jill (a female ferret), and a kit (a baby ferret) (“Friendly Ferret”);   * Animalia (kingdom), Chordata (phylum), Mammalia (class), Carnivora (order), Mustelid (family), Mustela (genus), and Mustela putorius furo (species) (Duda);   * A young lady walked the ferret on Skinner Green. She found a piece (bark) of a dry tree, and the ferret was involved in studying the object;   * Parents presented the ferret to the girl to be someone nearby in a new place;   * It is legal for Massachusetts’ citizens to have a ferret as a pet;   * Ferrets do not play a significant ecosystem role in society. In a larger ecosystem, ferrets become food for predators like hawks and owls. Brief Information about a Hamster (McLeod).   * Syrian or golden hamster, teddy bear, or fancy (McLeod);   * Animalia (kingdom), Chordata (phylum), Mammalia (class), Rodentia (order), Cricetidae (family), Mesocricetus (genus), and Mesocricetus auratus (species) (Champagne);   * A golden hamster was found with its owner on Skinner Green. In its blue plastic ball, it tried to get around the wall of clothes;   * The girl bought the hamster two years ago and brought it to the campus;   * It is legal for Massachusetts’ citizens to have a hamster as a pet;   * In the existing ecosystem, hamsters are used as a food source for other animals. Ethical Relationships to Ferrets Walking on campus, it is easy to find students with a pet in their hands. Holland defined an animal as a multicellular organism and a “natural group (or clade) descended from a shared common ancestor” (4). However, to develop fair human-animal relationships, it is not enough to learn the terms and give definitions. It is important to understand the essence of ethical relationships and consider the full identity of animals and human beings. In this paper, a naturalistic discovery of a ferret’s life on the Mount Holyoke campus will be developed to shape various beliefs and practices in ethical relationships between a human and the chosen pet. The Mount Holyoke community is known for its clear and supportive attitudes towards animals and their roles in human society and a large ecosystem. The domestication of ferrets is a relatively new practice in the United States. However, in Europe, the first domestic ferrets were used for hunting about 2500 years ago (Duda). People like to share their knowledge about ferrets over the years. Such characteristics of ferrets as a complete digestive system, bilateral symmetry, red blood, and smell make them similar to humans and their basic needs like hunger, thirst, and sleep (Duda). The awareness of the taxonomic classification features provides owners with an opportunity to understand animal preferred habitats and the most appropriate conditions for living. However, ethical relationships between humans and animals are not as equal as they might be. Ferrets may produce some sounds when there are happy or scared. However, the fact that they have a voice does not mean they can express it compared to humans who clearly identify what is beneficial or harmful to them (Calarco 8). People find it nor
Introduction Despite not being a native language to many, English has continuously dominated the international communication and diplomacy, and is currently present in many national curriculums across the world (Al-Saidat, 2009). Although gradually influencing learners of different languages and different nations to adopt this language, learning English has never been a simple task. Reading, writing, and pronunciation are some of the major concepts of English that also pose great challenges to the non-native speakers (Hammond, 2004). The concept of the English phonology, which describes a linguistic branch concerned with the logical arrangement of sounds within languages, has existed for quite some time (Kessler & Treiman, 1997). Phonotactics is a linguistic branch that deals with constraints in combination of language phonemes. According to Jabbari and Samavarchi (2011), all languages possess unique phonology that seems similar but quite different. When the English words have a difficult phonological system, learners get complications in learning. Review of Al-Saidat’s case of the English phonotactics in the Arabic English learners can best explain this quandary. Article Summary The non-native English learners have always found themselves in speech lapses, with little being clear on the cause of such communication errors. Due to having dissimilar phonological rules in different languages, it may become essential to undertake a re-syllabification of the words learnt (Whalen & Dell, 2006). Al-Saidat’s article of the phonological analysis of the English phonotactics among the Arabic English learners is a study that aimed at examining the phonotactic issues connected with learning the English language by the Arabic English students (Al-Saidat, 2009). The study principally aimed at establishing the pronunciation difficulties encountered by the Arabic English learners and in specific, investigating challenges caused by the Arabic inter-languages. The article examined how the differences in the phonological rules in pronunciation influenced the re-syllabification of some consonant clusters to enhance the learning process in these students. As noted by Jabbari and Samavarchi (2011) as well as Coady and Aslin (2004), differences in the phonological rules between the non-native English learners and the English phonological rules force re-syllabification of words learnt to match the phonological constraints of the learners. Since English remains a foreign language in many nations, several factors may contribute to the phonological constraints that impel re-syllabification to enhance English learning among the non-native speakers (Estes, Edwards & Saffran, 2011). In examining the phonological constraints hampering proficiency in learning English among the Arabic learners, Al-Saidat (2009) aimes at discovering, categorizing, and analyzing mistakes of insertion made in the realm of pronunciation by the
Introduction Michael Jackson was a very famous singer, songwriter, and dancer who won several prizes before his sudden death in 2009. He was praised globally for transforming the pop music and many respected him as the king of pop since he actually changed the music industry and the popular culture. He was born in Gary, Indiana on 29 August 1958 and his music career started when he was a child singing alongside his family under Motown group. The group became famous in the city, as well as nationally, something that made the family to be admired. With time, Michael Jackson started writing his own songs based on the plight of women and the blacks in society. He was the first singer to have produced a single album on popular music in 1982 and this placed him in his own class even though he was still considered a young person with a great potential 1 . In 2009, the entire world was shocked by the announcement of his death since he was believed to be in good health shortly after the news. It was difficult for the family and friends to accept his death, something that sparked a controversy leading to legal tussles. Consequently, his personal doctor was charged with manslaughter since a postmortem revealed that his body contained dangerous drugs. In 2011, the doctor was handed out a four-year jail imprisonment for unintentional killing. This article gives an account of Michael Jackson’s life with focus on the controversies that surrounded his death in 2009. Early Life Michael Jackson was from a working class African-American family that resided in Gary, Indiana. He was born on 29 August 1958 being the last born in the family of four children. His other brothers were Jermaine, Jackie, and Tito. When he was five years old, he was incorporated into the family band and went on to become the group’s leader, as he was extremely vocal. At this tender age, he showed an extraordinary range of depth that electrified audiences with his capability of conveying intricate feelings. His father was a guitarist and he wanted his children to succeed in the music industry that served as an inspiration to the young Michael. His father was hard on the family and demanded perfection forcing the group to spend several hours rehearsing and polishing its skills before performing in the public. In 1968, Jackson 5 was signed by Gordy, which was a local producer having been impressed by the activities of the group in the town. The family was forced to relocate to Los Angeles due to the hard financial times experienced in the hometown. 2 The group established itself as a live performing music group in the new city while Michael’s father, Joseph, was the manager. Gordy and the Supremes singer Diana Ross hosted Michael’s family for several months in Los Angeles upon arrival in 1969. The family was later introduced to the aggressive music business in an extraordinary event. Solo Career Michael Jackson is said to have started performing alone at the age of thirteen when he released a single album. In 1971, he launched an album titled, “Go to be there,” which impressed several individuals making it one