ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
In the Plato’s parable of the cave, Plato talks about prisoners who were shackled in a cave with their necks tied in one position. He explains how difficult the conditions in the cave are so that the prisoners cannot even see the sunlight. In this case, the prisoners are not allowed to turn their heads, hence cannot see what is happening behind their backs. Plato explains the presence of bright light that is visible during the day as a huge fire hanging from a fixed point. This is probably sunlight, which enters the cave via its opening. The prisoners perceive the light as fire since they are in a cocoon where they have no freedom to access the sunlight. Augustine’s confessions According to Plato (516a-516c), the prisoners observe the luggage carried by people passing along the low built wall ranging from carvings made of stone and wood with other artifacts made by people as puppets. This symbolizes the inability of these prisoners to see beyond the wall and compares it with the low curtain that puppeteers put as they demonstrate their puppets. In his confessions, Augustine illustrates the imagination of Plato as related to God and the creation of humankind. In his thought, people do not really understand the demarcation between men and God. Plato (1909-14) describes the shadow cast by objects as a misery. Saint Augustine, on the other hand, tries to explain that objects created by God are always in doubt. Augustine wonders if the existence of these composite objects can be considered according to their doubtful character in science. The perception to this is that there are so many objects created by God, which are of doubtful character. These include the Earth itself, the Sun, the Moon and more, so the shadow is cast by objects, which lack full scientific explanation. It has been difficult to belief in the all-powerful God, which makes the story of creation look like a dream. The Saint Augustine’s confession VII (10) describes the presence of God as light that is cast by sun. In his arguments, Augustine describes the ability to doubt the creation of humanity either by consequents or by fate as similar to the being of sun. This is because under any circumstances, one can prove or disprove where the Sun comes from either scientifically or by the story of creation. In fact, the same doubt is found in the Plato’s parable of the cave where he illustrates the sunlight as huge fire perceived by the prisoners in the cave. Augustine believes that no one can ascertain the Mighty being or believe that there is nothing certain. He rather foresees everything what is found on the Earth as deity and fabulous in comparison to the creation of God.
Introduction The focal point of the paper is to analyze and examine the nature how the fiscal policy or expansionary fiscal policy could help a country in recession and the possible problems associated with it. To understand this paradox it would be relevant to use the current crisis bailout plan to confront recession as a model. The trend of the international investment position of the U.S. could be termed as a problematic situation because with the balance of payment being negative there lays a subtle chance of market crash and even probability of deflation. The example of East Asia could be enumerated in this situation where it was found that the credit volumes of the economy of those countries lead to the massive market crash. Since the crisis emerged last year, most of the banks have had losses related to the investments in the poor USA housing markets. This has happened mainly due to the sub-prime borrowers who have very poor credit history and the default records of the USA home loans have caused the worth of the assets to sink, making the banks hesitant in lending money to each other. (Grynbaum, 2008) Main body The US Federal Reserve has put in major efforts to resolve the present problems involving credit and liquidity in the financial world as a rescue policy to counter recession. They are helping the financial banks to revive from the rock bottom, which they have hit in recent times, by engaging $180 billion. (3news, 2008) Nevertheless, the recession crisis continues even after several months since it first began last year. The mortgage lenders have announced a reduction in the total number of home loans that they are approving, mainly due to the problems that the banks are facing in producing funds on marketable money markets. This huge crisis in the credit market has not only hampered the world’s economy and its growth, but people also expect USA, which is the world’s largest economy to enter into a depression (Grynbaum, 2008). There is a fiscal policy plan that includes an additional input of US$800 billion by the Federal Reserve. The amount of US$800 billion would be instrumental in buying the debts related to mortgage and the credits of the consumers in order to instrument a lending free up. At this point of time, it appears that there are two major problems related to this fiscal policy plan. Th
Introduction Infectious diseases are a serious issue for millions of doctors and patients all over the world. For centuries, scientists have been studying their causes, consequences, and cure methods. Infectious diseases, such as strep throat, are caused by pathogens and can be passed from one person to another. Studying them is important as the consequences are potentially deadly not only to separate individuals but to humankind. This essay will introduce the main characteristics of bacterial infectious diseases and strep throat as an example of one. Main body Infection pathogens not only cause a human to be ill but also mutate and adapt with time. The antibiotics that were effective in disease cases several decades ago may no longer have a significant effect. Besides, using them could have negative outcomes for the patients, such as damaged intestinal microflora (Esposito, 2016). Practitioners need to closely follow the current research about infectious pathogens to suggest the most effective and safe treatment to the patients. Strep throat is a relatively common infectious disease among children and adults that may develop into dangerous forms. It is caused by Streptococcus pyogenes , a human-adapted pathogen that can be transmitted via close or direct contact, most often through air droplets (Brouwer et al., 2016). The common symptoms include sore throat, pain when swallowing, fever, and red tonsils (Centers for Disease Control, 2018). Bacteria usually enter the organism through the upper respiratory tract and develop into a colony. The severe forms of the disease may cause septicemia, necrotizing fasciitis, or toxic shock. In most cases, Streptococcus pyogenes remains sensitive to some antibiotics, including penicillin (Brouwer et al., 2016). However, each infection case is individual and requires a professional examination and recommendation. Conclusion Analyzing data on infectious diseases and strep throat has led the author to the following conclusions:   * Infectious diseases remain an important research topic in modern medicine and require close attention.   * Strep throat may lead to dangerous consequences if not treated by a professional. Further analysis is necessary to understand the dynamics of infectious disease development and potential dangers.
In the capitalist society, there is a problem with the accessibility of quality medicine to all. People who need some specific type of remedy cannot receive the proper treatment because of merely having not enough money. As a result, the instances of failed treatment are growing every day and pose a problem for society, especially when dealing with contagious diseases. Hence, the issue needs to be addressed adequately without harming healthcare economics and providing a decision for the population’s medical safety. There is a proposed health policy that considers this problem in our society. The bill H.R. 987 (2019) “Strengthening health care and lowering prescription drug costs act” intends to increase healthcare access and reduce the prescribed medication prices. The primary objects for the effect of this bill are the health insurance and the drug pricing policy. There are seven bills in the given document, three for the former question, and four addressing the latter (H.R. 987, 2019). The method for the solution of the problem is the prohibition of the monopoly of individual pharmaceutical companies for the drug, and stimulation of the development of generic alternatives. I believe that the proposed bill has strong evidence for it. Primarily, it is ineffective for the modern healthcare system if there is no evidence for the efficacy of the medication. The big data in the form of reliable statistics for improvement can be available only if the individual patients have access to the medicines for the needed time (Sacristán & Dilla, 2015). Next, increasing the number of drug providers can result in successfully addressing the problems of invalid and impaired people in society. This effect shows the importance of adopting the policy to increase life quality in the community (Tummers & Bekkers, 2014). As a result, it is reliable and reasonable legislation to be taken by Congress.
Even though people meet persons communicating using sign language and see interpreters on screens, many individuals do not understand that sign language is not universal. It relies on a visual-manual sensory system through both physical and non-manual aspects to pass a meaning. The method primarily uses facial expressions as well as gestures and body language to pass information from somebody to another or others. Since this form of exchange is visual, I always thought it is standard across the world. Instead, it differs from one region to another in the same way as all other languages vary across the world.
Introduction The issue of racism was very prominent in America in the early 20th century. Economic instabilities brought upon by the Great Depression and the Second World War caused the predominantly white population to become fearful and seek scapegoats to explain their own misfortunes and economic disadvantages. As it often is with racism, the targeted populations are often less numerous and somehow different from the main population. The article written by Patricia E. Roy, titled “British Columbia’s Fear of Asians, 1900-1950,” and published in Social History Journal in 1980, addresses the issue of fear-mongering and racism in British Columbia towards Asian immigrants, predominantly Chinese and Japanese. Roy (161) states that the fears of the main population, particularly in regards to economic matters, labor, and competition, were not entirely unfounded. The article claims that the fears were primarily rooted in the desire of the white population to remain the dominant social demographic in the province. Main Points and Arguments Roy demonstrates the attitudes and opinions towards Chinese and Japanese immigrants by citing newspaper articles, opinions of different citizens and politicians, the economic impact of Asian migrants, as well as laws and statutes that were adopted between 1900 and 1950 in order to curb Asian economic growth and prevent them from receiving citizenship and voting rights. The author then provides actual evidence for whether one fear or another is true or false. According to the article, the main reasons for British Columbia’s fear of Asians were the challenges to morality, overwhelming numbers, the threat of Japanese military invasion, and economic competition (Roy 163; 166; 167; 169). Challenges to morality and inability to assimilate into the Canadian society are easily debunked by Roy, who states that Chinese and Japanese children were as good as whites in studies (Roy 164). The overall criminality did not increase with the increase in Asian immigrant counts. The rumors of the Japanese military invasion were stoked after the attack on Pearl Harbor, but the Japanese navy had neither the goals nor means to stage an invasion so far away from home (Roy 168). However, the complaints about overwhelming numbers and economic domination of the region did hold some truth to themselves. The article states that Asian families, on average, had more children than Canadian families and that their numbers grew exponentially (Roy 166). The author also states that the Chinese and Japanese managed, in a very short span of time, to dominate the local agricultural market. This feat was accomplished, according to some of the Canadian farmers, by “living like rats and working like devils” (Roy 169). The article states that the Japanese held more than a half of fishing licenses, 91% of groceries licenses, 39% of small fruit growing, and 29% of cleaner services (Roy 168). These numbers, according to Roy, were convincing the population that Asians were bent on
Introduction In sports and exercise medicine, there has been a growing notion instigated by medical practitioners, athletics coaches, and athletes that altitude training is imperative as it compliments normal training (Pinilla, 2013). Most predominantly important among the athletes, the notion of altitude training seems to have a great physiological influence on the training and ultimate performances of the athletes. Scientifically, experts in exercise medicine have established several facts that make this notion trustable and noteworthy (Pinilla, 2013). Historically, medical scientists empirically established that a high-altitude environment often leads to physiological stress in human beings (Pinilla, 2013). The most crucial factors that can lead to the understanding of how altitude training has a physiological influence include hypoxia, low humidity, low temperature, limited nutritional demand, high solar radiation, and high winds (Pinilla, 2013). Due to such perceptions, this term paper predominantly focuses on establishing the existing relationship between hypoxia and the athletes’ bodies and performances. The Intermittent Hypoxia and the Athletes’ Body In weather science, it is common that an increase in the altitude or height above the sea level automatically results in a comparative decline in the barometric pressure of an area, and a subsequent reduction in the pressure of the atmospheric oxygen (Bartsch & Saltin, 2008). Such changes in the climate of an area lead to the production of hypobaric hypoxia, scientists have discovered that it highly influences the functionalities of different body organs in different ways. According to Bartsch and Saltin (2008), when athletes train at high altitudes, their bodies develop some unique adaptations that allow the occurrence of intermittent hypoxia to allow the body to maintain adequate oxygen levels that are paramount in supporting metabolism. This process brings about a universal transcription factor that medical scientists refer to as hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1). The HIF-1 acts as a controller of oxygen homeostasis processes that are paramount in the body’s response to the processes of hypoxia. A continued or habitual existence or training within the high altitude areas makes the bodies of the athletes adapted to the hypobaric hypoxia environment. According to Beall (2006), this regular exposure to the hypobaric hypoxia environment makes the bodies of the athletes enhance oxygen transportation, oxygen delivery, and oxygen utilization through changing the regular functionalities of the body’s metabolic systems and the cardiovascular activities. Regular exposure to a hypobaric hypoxia environment, therefore, alters the cardiovascular functions in such a manner that athletes who practice more frequently within the high altitude areas have a high propensity of enlarging their red blood cells concerning their multiplication and oxygen capacities (Bonetti & Hopkins, 2009). From the perspective of exercise medicine, increased capacity of the red blood cells to accommodate enough oxygen helps the athletes
Introduction This assessment seeks to relay to you an evaluation of an investment decision to be made by Computer incorporation. The company has planned to purchase a new machine with the following details. Amount to be invested = $ 100,000. The machine will be assigned to CCA class 8 and will be depreciated on a declining balance basis at a rate of 20% per year. After seven years, the machine has no salvage value. The machine is estimated to provide incremental after-tax cash inflows of $ 40,000 per year for seven years. The cost of capital is estimated at 14% and additional working capital is required. The corporate tax rate is at 40%. The company seeks an expert judgment on whether to purchase the machine or not. Below are two approaches to help the company make the investment decision. The first approach is the use of Net present value and the second approach is the use of the payback period. Below are the evaluations to help make the decision. Payback period of the investment (120,000/40,000) = 3 The payback period is three years. This means that it would take the company three years to fully recover the initial investment (initial cash outflow). The rationale for the above computations The above initial cash outflow is arrived at by adding the price of the new machine and the additional working capital requirement. The rationale for that is because the working is required purposely to facilitate the operations of the new machine therefore, it forms part of the initial cash outflow. Since the annual inflows as measured by after-tax inflows are constant, the present value annuity factor is suitable for computing the present values of the stated cash inflows as done above. The net present value method is that which takes into account discounting factor or cost of capital and the respective cash flows. Both cash inflows and outflows are discounted to reflect their period of earnings. The initial investment is therefore subtracted from the sum of the discounted inflows. On the other hand, when calculating the payback period, the main idea is to find how long it will take the company to recover the whole initial investment. If the payback period is within the acceptable duration, an investment is accepted. Recommendation When using the NPV rule to make the decision, Computer incorporation should purchase the new machine. The NPV rule states that if an investment venture has a positive NPV, that is, NPV >_0, then it should be accepted. The above-calculated NPV is a positive figure (51,532.2) and that means that the purchase of the new machine by Computer incorporation is a good venture. The company should purchase the new machine because the move will boost its cash inflows. A company derives its wealth from positive cash inflows. According to the above payback period, it would take the Company three years to recover the total amount invested. The period is less than the useful life of the machine and therefore, there is a high possibility of making profits out of the investment.
The stereotypical behavior, which stems from the social life of multiple communities, is a peculiarity of organizational management. The restaurant business is acquainted with many gender-related biases, which influence the quality of service delivery and determine the marketing results for the establishment. Thus, for instance, it is often claimed that one can divide food types into “female” and “male,” which has to be taken into consideration by the menu compilers and the waiters, who offer the dishes to men and women (Wiseman par. 2). Besides, in diverse cultures, the tradition of paying the bills, which comes from a man, is a stable rule (Fottrell par, 7). The experiment, which is described in this paper, targets the issue of check paying that stems from the feminist concern. The acting parts of the investigation are a couple, which dines in a restaurant, a professional waiter, and two observers, who have to observe the customer-waiter communication. Their primary tasks include data collection. Specifically, they are oriented on the influence of dressing on the general impression about the couple, the strategic behavior of a waiter, who considers the gender-related orientation of two people, the style of communication between the sides as well as the efficiency of marketing. First, the observers notice that a couple looks quite young: the boy and the girl, who take their places in a restaurant, are, apparently, students in their early twentieth. It is concluded that two people do not have any romantic relationships for they are not trying to produce an impression on each other. Moreover, the boy does not help the girl with taking off her coat. Furthermore, the couple is dressed in a rather casual style, which predicts that both people do not haunt expensive dishes. The behavior of the waiter, who approaches the table, may seem odd at once. Thus, the young worker places his hand on the table and, naturally, starts a non-official conversation with the students since people are laughing and behaving like the old friends. At first, it may seem inappropriate. However, the proficient marketer will point out that table-reading abilities of a worker are stunning since it is a duty of the waiter to enter a comfort zone of the clients if they are willing to be on the friendly terms with him. It enhances trust between the collocutors and contributes to efficient marketing (Nassauer par. 5). It is evident that the employee has instantly predicted the relationships between the young students. Therefore, he did not address only a man, who is usually choosing the dishes for his wife or girlfriend but talked to both in a friendly manner. The waiter also managed to figure out that the cou