ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction The human body highly depends on food for survival because various nutrients play different roles in maintaining one’s wellbeing. Metabolism is the process by which the food ingested is processed into energy. An element everyone needs to engage in various activities. Meals mainly comprise fats, carbohydrates, and proteins, which are broken down in the digestive system with the aid of enzymes into acids and sugars that act as fuel to the body. Additionally, the body can make use of the produced energy immediately or store it in the body tissues. However, individuals with metabolic disorders can neither convert food into energy correctly nor store it for later use. Carbohydrate is the main source of body energy and are therefore responsible for the majority of metabolism disorders. Ordinarily, the body enzymes are supposed to break down carbohydrates into sugars. However, people with metabolism-related illnesses often lack the amount of enzymes required to successfully disintegrate carbohydrates, which can lead to other health complications, including death. Most carbohydrate metabolism disorders are hereditary, and it is always appropriate that are screened through blood tests. Parents with a history of the conditions are also encouraged to conduct genetic tests to ascertain whether they have the genes. When identified in good time, patients can receive treatments in the form of supplements, special diets, and prescribed medicines. It is also important to note that there is no cure for some of these disorders, but therapies are crucial in managing the symptoms. Understanding the various carbohydrate metabolism disorders and their features is necessary for medical researchers and also educating the public about the same. Research Objectives One of the most neglected areas in the subject of carbohydrate metabolism is the study of related diseases. Consequently, the research aims at investigating all pathways involved in carbohydrate metabolism and chances of illnesses from involved reactions. Secondly the paper will evaluate all the possible disorders associated with carbohydrate metabolism throughout the digestion process. Additionally, the paper attempts to identify the damages these illnesses cause to the general body function. However, the research will be restricted to disorders that relate to digestion, absorption, synthesis, and breakdown of carbohydrates. The main research question is, what are the metabolic disorders associated with carbohydrate metabolism? Methodology Since this is a scientific research, the selected methodologies are syste
Keanu Reeves Born 1964 in Beirut, Keanu Reeves is a Canadian actor famous for his various roles on the big screen. Other than acting, he engages in philanthropy, writing, and music. His heritage encompasses many cultures, including Chinese, Irish, English, and Portuguese, but he is mainly connected to his Asian Pacific Islander roots, e.g., Native Hawaiian. Some of his latest work is influenced by this cultural aspect; the Asian-dominated casts of Always Be My Maybe , 47 Ronin , and Man of Tai Chi serve as an example. Physical Development Exercise, Nutrition & Weight As an action star ( the Matrix, John Wick ), Keanu Reeves keeps in admirable shape. Being a master of martial arts and a capable wielder of guns, he also undertook physical training that allowed him to adhere to an upbeat rhythm and reduce pain while performing stunts. This included corrective exercise, balance, endurance, and power training, as well as practices for recovery. He generally prefers a healthy diet consisting of small and well-balanced meals that help combat cravings. Lifestyle Influences on Physical Health As it has been stated in the paragraph above, Reeves maintains a reasonably healthy diet and strict physical exercise regime, which are required for his action roles. Due to his profession, Keanu can perform complicated and demanding stunts even at his age (he was 55 when the third John Wick movie was released). Cognitive Development Midlife “Crisis” In media, Reeves has an image of a calm, collected, and positive person. However, even his resolute had been shaken by the milestone which was his 40 th birthday. He reported on feeling his age and struggling with the notion of aging and even buying an expensive car, which goes against his usual down-to-earth and humble approach to living. Gaining Expertise Gaining expertise in various aspects is naturally a big part of an actor’s career. For Keanu Reeves, is has been learning martial arts in preparation for The Matrix series and skills of an equestrian for an upcoming John Wick movie. He had to become proficient in Krav Maga, Boxing, Jiu-Jitsu, and Wushi, and years later, he trained to be able to trick ride a horse. Psychosocial Development Religion & Spirituality Keanu Reeves does not appear to be a deeply religious person. However, his spirituality is an ever-present subject in the public eye and among fans. When asked what he believes will happen to people after they die, he simply stated that those who love us would miss us. It proves a lack of a firm religious belief while suggesting that he is open to various possibilities of the afterlife. It might be an implication that focusing on personal connections and leaving an imprint on this world is much more important for him than being concerned with what would happen after death. Types of Coping Numerous personal tragedies had marked Reeves’ life. His best friend died of a drug overdose when Reeves was 29; later in life, he lost both his child, who was stillborn, and the child’s mother within 18 months. His relationship with his father was filled with pain and frustration. It is known that losing an object of attraction ca
Introduction The January 25, 2010 issue of USA Today carried an update on teenage pregnancy rates, live birth rates, and abortion incidence. Based on complete nationwide statistics as of 2008, the information was noteworthy because analysis of National Center for Health Statistics data for 2005/2006 and done by the Guttmacher Institute revealed that all three consequences of adolescent sexual activity had risen again after falling continuously from the “peak” in 1990. In the spotlight was the matter of teen pregnancy since teen births and abortion are both consequences of the former. The report revealed a 2008 teen pregnancy incidence of seven percent and the corresponding rate of 71.5 pregnancies per 1,000 teenagers. Both numbers had risen minimally since 2005, when the last National Vital Statistics Survey ran, but remained below the 1990 peak of 12 percent incidence (Jayson, 2010). Teen pregnancies are a matter of concern because, for the most part, the marital status of the adolescent mothers involved is “never married” (Ventura, Mathews, & Hamilton, 2001). This is the “non-judgmental” term of art, politically correct alternative of liberal and progressive sociologists and media for premarital sexual activity. Marital status aside, the data cover the age cohort 15 to 20 years. This means the 750,000 pregnancies recorded in 2005 (2006 for state-level data) included girls who were minors or nominally adult (at 18 and 19 years) but still in high school or first-year college. In a high school class of 28 evenly divided between males and females, the pregnancy incidence of 7.2 percent is equal to a probability that one of the 14 girls in class became pregnant in 2006. Guttmacher contends that the slight rise is disappointing because the teen pregnancy rate had dropped the previous year to 69.5 per thousand, the lowest in thirty years. Using 1975 as the base year is by no means arbitrary or guileless since first births for (unmarried) 18- and 19-year-olds, by way of example, were considerably higher as the decade of the 1970s started (Colen, Geronimus & Phipps, 2002). To explain the phenomenon, Jayson (2010) accepts the Guttmacher view that campaigns promoting abstinence among unmarried teenagers are to blame. Since Guttmacher is ideologically inclined towards making “comprehensive sex education” – covering reproductive biology and the benefits of every possible contraceptive option – available down to sixth grade, the Institute derided the reversal of teen pregnancy rates as resulting from the “emphasis” given by the President Bush administration to “Abstinence Only” sex education. Discussion Based on Peer-Reviewed Sources The Tainted Debate About Cause and Effect There is a great deal at stake in the ideologically-biased discourse for the health and wellbeing of the 22 million females aged 10 to 19 years as of July 2009. Proponents of full-contraceptive education programs such as Planned Parenthood and Guttmacher argue, in effect, that “abstinence causes pregnancy”. They blame the Federal government for spending money at all on programs to promote abstinence. For one, the purveyors of
Causes of Deaths in Nursing Homes While families take into consideration all benefits and disadvantages of different nursing homes to choose the right facility for their loved ones, abuse and neglect in such facilities cause residents to die prematurely, which is an astonishing fact. According to Goldberg and Botero (2008), between 20% and 24% of deaths in the US occur in nursing homes. In many instances, the lack of staff training and inefficient operational insight lead to the elderly developing dangerous infections and preventable illnesses as well as experiencing falls and injuries. Unfortunately, determining whether the death was caused by negligence is complicated; the staff usually covers up the deaths by making false certificates, which state that the elderly were of poor health. Apart from natural causes of death that still occur in nursing homes due to the residents’ age and health condition, wrongful deaths are still a problem. As mentioned in the article “Wrongful death in nursing homes” (2017), wrongful death in nursing homes refers to the death that is “directly attributed to the fault of another individual or collection of individuals” (para. 2). Such deaths can occur as a result of the following:   * Life-threatening infections;   * Lack of supervision from staff;   * Falls and injuries;   * Neglect of basic needs and unsanitary conditions at facilities;   * Errors in medication. For understanding elder abuse and ending it, identifying neglect is an essential step. An important component is recognizing the most common signs of elder abuse, which include the development of unexplained injuries, bruises, infections, broken bones, unexpected death, malnutrition and dehydration, as well as other signs of lack of care. Who Should Be Held Liable? Nursing homes and other facilities for assisted living are required to provide their residents with a reasonable level of care that aligns with the current medical standards. If an injury or death occurs under the care of the nursing home or its staff members, facilities may be held accountable and legally responsible, which subsequently leads to the evaluation of the case-specific contexts associated with the death or injury in question. It is imperative that any claim for wrongful death or injury is proven and that it is demonstrated that the duty of care was breached and the breach was the main reason for the death or injury of the resident (Nursing Home Abuse Guide, n.d.). Nurses and other healthcare professionals should be held accountable for the mistreatment of patients due to the requirement to provide their services in a legal and ethical manner. Laws for overseeing and ensuring the safety of patients and the reliability of the nursing staff have been introduced for developing administrative regulations and rules that make the law specific (Barmak, 2017). Nursing home staff (RNs, LVNs, and LPNs) is liable for the injuries they caused to residents under the nurse practice act (NPA) and the standard of care (SOC) of their state. Therefore, they should be the first to be held accountable for wrongful deaths and injuries that take place in nur
Introduction Most organizations’ managers have been faced with the hard task of fostering the goals of the organization in the modern day management practiced. The nature of organizations has evolved from the traditional organizational oriented approach to a modern customer oriented (Al-Aameri 89). More stakeholders have been added to the organization and it is the duty of every manager to strike a balance and ensure that all these stakeholders’ interests are satisfied by the organization in the best manner possible. Today’s organizations are characterized by revolutionary leadership styles that have resulted from alignment to the prevailing industry conditions and market requirements (Ambrose and Schminke 129). It is usually said that change is inevitable and as such, the sure way to die is to purpose not to embrace change. One of the organizational attributes that relates to change is the organizational culture (John 212). Organizational culture is defined as those set of practices and procedures that characterize the organization and those that an organization can be identified with. The study of organizational culture has become so much important in today’s organizational management and leadership. Some Organizations’ cultures have been a source of success while others have been a source of failure (Newstrom and Davis 69). It is therefore important to ensure that an organizational culture is modified in such a way that it positively impacts the organizational goals and objectives. This paper will highlight some cultural practices seen at Nordstrom that have aided it to remain a top organization for over one hundred years since its inception. Nordstrom Inc. Nordstrom is an American company dealing with trade in clothes accessories, jewelry and shoes. Its headquarters is based in Seattle, Washington D.C. The store was founded in 1901 by John Nordstrom and ever since, it has managed to open over 25 branches across the United States of America. The company has constantly featured among the best companies in the US managing to shake off the competition from its peers such as the Bloomingdales, Von Maur, and the rest. The company’s revolutionary leadership style and corporate culture can be said to be largely responsible for this great success. It has for over a century managed to maintain a customer focused culture. This culture coupled with the right leadership styles have enabled the retail outlet to remain among the best in terms of customer service culture oriented organizations in the country and the world at large. Creating and maintaining a positive culture is a hard task yet a manageable one among many organizational managers. Teaching core values Strong cultures are preferable in that it is asserted by many organizational behaviorists that they are great performance facilitators among employees (Hellriegel and Slocum 178). Nordstrom should therefore adopt some steps in order to teach its cultural values to the employees. One way of doing this is by organizing ceremonies or rites. Ceremonies and rites are the occ
MONY, or the Mutual of New York Life Insurance Company, came into being many years ago, with the sale of its first life insurance policy executed in the year 1843. It had been initially owned by its policyholders, following which demutualization took place in the year 1998, with a replacement by public offerings. The acting CEO had estimated profits, which unfortunately turned into great losses for the company, with a loss as high as $23.3million in the year 2002. However, later the same year, credit rating agencies downgraded the company’s senior debt, and they began making short-term investments, to protect their position in the corporate market. The reason behind the downfall of the business, was, their weak management, as well as the economic downturn, which had affected the economy world over. Sales in the life insurance sector were widely affected, and the technology and telecom sectors were also facing bond defaults. This in turn affected the range of resources that the insurers had to cover up their burdens from the policies sold. Management’s Incentives to Arrange a Friendly Takeover The France based life insurance group, AXA, was interested in achieving sales growth in the USA, by incorporating with MONY. They could help each other out in attaining profits, because despite MONY’s incompetence at this stage, it still had certain important growth locations in the country, which could benefit AXA. On the other hand, AXA had some new life-saving products that could be of much use to MONY, in their policy provisions. Many analysts complained that AXA’s offer to MONY was a low one, and MONY should not accept it. But the CEO Michael Roth stated that it was a good deal because of the matching operating styles of the two companies, and the way interdependency could be of advantage to them. MONY had been weak in performance since demutualization but was now hopeful of gaining its previous position back in the markets, by merging with AXA. There were certain changes in control contracts (CICs) that were renewed, and followed, according to which the compensation to be paid to the CEO would be $90 million, but in actual was amounted to $22.7 million. AXA had chosen to finance the cash offer through debt securities, of ORANs (Obligations Remboursables en Actions ou en Numéraire). This way, the AXA would not have to face any new equity financing on its books. The Takeover Bid AXA’s offer in September 2003 of $31 per share in cash, was accepted by MONY. MONY got around $1.5 billion for the 47 million shares it withheld. Alongside, AXA would have around $850 million of MONY debt. This offer was 6.2% above the closing price of the MONY closing price a day before the agreement. However, on the day following the agreement, the shares in AXA rose to 3%, which rose MONY’s share by 13% too. The deal was a good one, which would benefit both parties involved, and since AXA already held a stable position in the international market, the bid made would favor MONY, who was trying to get some relief from its instability lately. The Use of ORAN ORAN was used by AXA for the AXA MONY takeover deal. AXA issued 110,245,309 ORANS. If the deal was not execu
Introduction Every human behavior has a motive behind it, which acts as a drive to the behavior. Chances that the behavior is repeated depend on the reinforcement to the motive. The drive to repeat a behavior is referred to as motivation. Fitzmaurice & Kuklewicz (2010, p.3) defines employee motivation as the liveliness, ingenuity and dedication that employees bring into an organization or company. This can either be intrinsic; drawn from within or extrinsic-drawn from material rewards. Companies and organizations need to motivate their employees in order to achieve high productivity from them. A number of scholars have advanced theories on motivations, which are widely applied in organizations to motivate employees. This paper discusses three motivation theories; Maslows’ need theory, Vroom’s expectancy theory and procedural justice theory. The paper further examines how SAS institute has applied these theories to motivate employees. SAS institute is ranked among the top a hundred organizations in the US to work with. Managers at the institution are committed to the welfare and motivation of employees. The institution adopted a holistic reward system that integrates both intrinsic and extrinsic motivation strategies. This paper also analyses the reward systems adopted at SAS institute and how the strategies help the management to realize a win-win situation. In the wake of the modern work conditions, employee motivation is a major concern in many companies and organizations. Employees feel secure, satisfied and ready to work if they are motivated to work. Managers apply most of the motivation theories to make employees feel motivated to work. Lack of motivation in work places often results in low performance, complacence and discouragement of the work force. Maslows Needs Theory Psychologist Abraham Maslows advanced the needs theory, in which he indicated that human beings have needs. The needs are ranked in a hierarchy, which he illustrates using the Maslows need hierarchy. The hierarchy has five levels of needs; ranging from; physiological needs, security and safety, belonging, self esteem and self actualization as the highest need in the pyramid (Hellriegel & Scolum 2008, p. 118). Maslow emphasizes that the lower level needs are the basic human needs – physiological needs must be satisfied first before the next need levels. Employees are motivated to work hard for an organization, based on the outcome they expect to satisfy their needs. They always seek to attain satisf
Introduction Alzheimer’s disease is defined as an unalterable, progressive brain disorder linked to changes in nerve cells which lead to the death of brain cells. Aging on the hand can be defined as the accumulation of different harmful changes in the tissues and cells that raises the possibility of disease and death. Dementia is mainly caused by Alzheimer’s disease and is mainly experienced in the brain. Alzheimer’s disease is typified by intra-neuronal fibrillary tangles, cell loss and plaques which are typical characteristics of the aging process. Alzheimer’s disease is diagnosed in adults of any age but common among persons aged above 65 years. Almost 77% of the people with Alzheimer’s disease are age above 75 years. (Rosenthal et al, 2001) Ageing always result in changes in the cognitive abilities which consists of changes in the memory and other intellectual functions and the magnitude of the change varies widely. “At its early stages, Alzheimer’s disease is characterized by the inability to recall things observed recently” (Hayflick, 2000). As the disorder progresses, the symptoms also advances to include loss of memory for longer periods of time, changes in moods of the victims, confusion and the victim also tends to avoid people due the decline in their senses (Hayflick, 2000). How has current research in Alzheimer’s disease advanced our understanding of the aging process? Alzheimer’s disease which is a neuro-degenerative disorder is costing a lot to the society and as the number of persons aging increases, these costs also increases. The number of young people working is low and this result in less economic support to the increasing aging population. Alzheimer’s disease robs the community of wisdom and expertise as well as the deprive one of his/her sense of self (Tanzi, 2005). The disease is also a serious type of weakness which is characterized by the disorders in memory, continual and perceptional abilities and cognitive functioning. The high cost of neuro-degenerative illnesses amongst the middle-aged adults’ calls for immediate detection and treatment of the disorder as it is difficult to assess the effects of this disorder at later stages especially when one is very old. (Rosenthal et al, 2001) The process of Alzheimer’s disease development takes three stages with early stages appearing amongst the young persons, while the more advanced symptoms appear amongst the old population. The formation neuro-fibrillary tangles which is a characteristics of Alzheimer’s disease is said to be dependent on the ageing process while dementia development is associated with the continuation of intra-neuronal changes (Hayflick, 2000). Aging unlike disease occur in an individuals after a given period of time, it occurs in all the species after the age of reproduction and occurs also in animals removed from the wild by people even if it had never experienced ageing. Research on Alzheimer’s disease has cleared the misunderstanding that was there between aging and age-related diseases and this notion had been an obstacle to funding