ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The quality of human life depends not only on the level of physical health but also on the state of mental or psychological health. The way a person feels his inner balance largely influences his actions, activities, and, consequently, his lifestyle. Immunity is believed to be an important biological system that aims at establishing the appropriate internal conditions that allow humans and animals to survive. Optimism has a significant positive effect not only on the overall level of human health but also on the functioning of its immune system and the body’s ability to combat adverse elements. Optimism represents a state of mind that expresses a conviction or expectation that the result of a single attempt, or the consequence of all efforts, will be positive, beneficial, and pleasant. A cup that is half-filled with a drink or half empty is considered to be a frequent expression utilized to depict the struggle of optimism against pessimism. An optimist views the cup as half-filled, whereas a pessimist perceives the cup as half-empty. Pessimism, on the contrary, is a negative psychological approach, where one forecasts a bad result from a particular scenario. Pessimists are prone to concentrating on the unpleasant aspects of life. In addition, optimism is described in the manner in which individuals explain why situations happen the way they do. Optimistic people tend to regard losses or unfavorable events as temporary rather than lasting, local rather than global, and external instead of internal reasons for failures. Both optimistic and pessimistic approaches illustrate the specific worldview of a separate person. Human health is believed to be one of the most important life values that are obligatory to be protected to ensure stable well-being conditions. One of the examples of health defense processes is called the immune system. Immunity is the body’s capacity to survive and protect itself from unknown and potentially dangerous objects. It includes fighting viruses, creating barriers for foreign bodies and diseases, removing dust from breathing, and eliminating tumor cells. Immunity is compiled of two particular types that are described as innate and adaptive immune systems. The innate immune system defends the organism from illnesses but has no storage or memory; therefore, it does not provide long-term protection. Adaptive immunity, defined as the second version, has recollection and is considered to have a prolonged defense against emergent illnesses and harmful bacteria. The general working principle of the immune system is depicted as a set of interacting elements that adjust to every new infection they confront and can develop pathogen-specific resistance. Immunity is an obstacle to bad microorganisms that ensures the general vital activity of a person, which allows him to keep a fulfilling lifestyle. The level of human interna
The conflict that formed in the 1790s between the supporters of the federal government and the advocates of states’ rights, ostensibly triggered by varying standpoints under the Articles of Confederation, exercised profound ramifications on American history. The debate was characterized by two polarizing sides, with pro-federalists arguing their case for a strong central government that could act in the interests of commerce and industry, while anti-federalists argued for a decentralized agrarian republic that could not perpetuate tyranny or limit the freedoms enjoyed by states (The Formation, n.d.). Pro-federalists wanted a government developed by the people for the people in line with the American Constitution, while anti-federalists rooted for a government developed by the states for the states (Patterson, 2008). While the anti-federalists thought it was unnecessary to have a strong federal government because of their conviction that states were better placed to serve the people than the national government, the pro-federalists were directed by the conviction of creating a government that will serve the people and the states. This conflict eventually led to a governing system that is based on federalist principles; that is, the state enjoys power on local issues while the national government enjoys power on national issues. However, certain powers do overlap (Patterson, 2008), as noted in Article III of the Constitution. In this schedule, it is noted that the Supreme Court has jurisdiction over all states to determine cases that transcend state boundaries. Today, not so much conflict exists between the states and the national government, not only because the national government has more power over national policies but also due to the fact that states have stabilized due to the devolution of power (Patterson, 2008). For example, most states today have more say than the national government on such contemporary issues as gay marriages and smoking bans. Reference List Patterson, T.E. (2008). The American Democracy . 8th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill. The Formation of a national government . (n.d.). Web.
Abstract It is critical for all healthcare facilities to have in place an intact fire alarm and sprinkler systems. Healthcare facilities are at a greater risk of experiencing fire incidences because of the highly inflammable substances that are used in hospital laboratories. Automatic fire alarm systems have either smoke or heat detectors that sense the presence of the smoke and heat respectively and sound the alarm to alert occupants to evacuate. They are connected to the fire department, where the alarm signal is simultaneously sent for immediate response. Fire detectors must be located in all the areas of the hospital to enhance their effectiveness. Sirens, bells, or horns can relay the alarm signal, and need to be strategically located in the hospital where the signals can be heard or seen with ease. The sprinkler system should also be automatic in its response to fire outbreaks. The automation is effected by the valve ends at each pipe opening. The valves are made of heat-sensitive materials. In the presence of heat, the valves expand and the water contained in the pipes is released immediately. Sprinkler systems should at all times have water within the pipe networks. The system is highly effective as only valves near the heat will open up to release water, while the others will remain intact. The fire safety system should be constantly checked to repair damages and failures. Workers in the healthcare facility must also have appropriate training on how to react in the event of a fire outbreak. Trainings should also involve informing workers on ways of reducing fire accidents within the facility. Introduction Health care facilities, just like any other institutions and facilities require proper arrangements and systems in place to help cushion them from the threat of fire outbreaks. Healthcare institutions often include laboratory tasks, which involve working with flammable liquids as well as other hazardous substances. These conditions and substances of operations increase fire threats faced by the institutions. This paper seeks to discuss fire safety within the healthcare system, with particular focus on alarms and sprinkler systems that are used to enhance safety. Discussion of Subject Fire Alarm System A fire alarm system installed within a healthcare facility must be able to accomplish the four most important functions or reactions. Firstly, it should be able to detect fire presence. Once the detection is done, it should accomplish the rest of the obligations, which include notifying the occupants, notifying the fire department, as well as be able to perform other safety functions such as releasing the magnetically held smoke doors (Gagnon, 2007). The fire detection mechanism of the alarm system mainly uses special smoke or heat detectors. The specially designed heat detector will sense the development almost immediately when the heat within the vicinity of a healthcare facility increases as a result of fire outbreak. The s
As Andaleeb and Anwar (1998, p.35) argue, regardless of the size of an organization or the type of business an organization ventures into, salespersons plays a crucial role in determining the viability and success of a business venture. That is, in any organizational setting, the success of any marketing exchange program depends primarily on the competence and ability of salespersons to develop healthy relationships with clients. Therefore, because of the ever-changing consumer behaviors and the rapid changes in the business and technological world, for salespersons to remain competent in their daily practices, there is need for their employers to offer them skill and talent development opportunities. Such upgrading of skills will ensure that salespersons gain new insights on of dealing with different customers, because of the complex nature of business deals, which require proficiency in negotiation and passing of product information. To ensure that any training, skill enhancement or talent building methodology adopted by an organization succeeds, it is necessary for such a methodology to create desirable learning opportunities and learning environments. In addition, it is necessary for such a program to offer salespersons an opportunity to reflect and apply new knowledge acquired. Through reflecting and putting into practice the new learnt concepts; salespersons will be at a position of developing new strategic marketing plans, necessary in meeting the changing market trends and consumer behavior. It is important for individuals to note that, the success of any training opportunity depends on the ability of management and training teams to adhere to desirable training best practices, them being the only assurance that any training methodology will succeed (LSA Global, 2010, p.1). Generally, the sales training process involves making sure that, salespersons have the required product knowledge and characteristics, sales processing competency, and ability to interpret the dynamics of a market. Through having such competencies, salespersons can help an organization to build a good rapport, it being the primary factor that determines the business position of an organization. One primary factor that determines the success of an organization’s training program more so in ensuring salespersons acquire desired market mix skills is the development of training programs that are strategy driven. Regardless of the skill an organization wants its retail sales person to acquire, it is necessary for training programs to follow an enterprise’s overall strategic goals. Adherence to an organization’s strategic goals is one of the primary ways of ensuring a training program adopted produces the desired outcomes, outcomes, which are important to any business initiatives (Bjornberg, 2002, p.1). Going hand in hand with the strategically linking of the overall business policy with a training program is the ability of an organization to apply appropriate positive cost and benefit ratio measures. Such applications are crucial in ensuring that, any traini
The analysis of Abu Dhabi Police Department’s Total Quality Management is disclosed through structure, culture, and operations quality of the organization. The central aspects to be covered are considered to be the following: ethics, integrity, training, teamwork, trust, recognition, leadership, and communication; the analysis discloses the depth of management structure and environment developed within Abu Dhabi Police Department. Ethics: Abu Dhabi Police Department maintains cooperative environment stimulating stability and safety of human rights. The analysis of the Department Ethics is concentrated on both, organizational and individual approaches to its business code and employees’ performance guidelines. Integrity: the analysis of internal and external factors is to be demonstrated through values, morals, and fairness characteristics developed within Abu Dhabi Police Department; besides, it is necessary to concentrate on duplicity atmosphere rejected by the department management structure. Training: the productiveness and effectiveness of Abu Dhabi Police Department work is totally dependant on teaching the philosophies to be followed; besides, it is necessary to analyze the mixed style of employees’ teaching, covering such aspects, as problem solving, communication skills, interpersonal skills, and management performance. Teamwork: the basic principle of Abu Dhabi Police Department functioning is based on developing appropriate teamwork; the department is merely concentrated on Quality Involvement Teams and Problem Solving Teams training; this step allows the organization to tackle different complica
The ongoing crisis in Syria is the deadliest when compared to other uprisings taking place in the Arab world. The United Nations is the only international actor that is trying to bring peace in the country because the rest are engaged in supremacy wars. Before the annexation of Crimea, Syria was considered the hot spot because the powerful economies were all focused on helping the antagonistic groups in the country. The United States conducted an extensive study that confirmed Assad’s government had used chemical weapons against the demonstrating citizens. Unfortunately, the Obama administration has been threatening to take action without much success. Similarly, various European powers are threatening to attack the Assad’s government, even though it is surprising that no considerable action is being taken yet overthrowing the repressive regime in Syria is long overdue. The Arab league has been quiet on the Syrian case as well as given the fact the country is not a strong member. During the Libyan civil war, the secretary general of the Arab League declared that the membership of Libya had been suspended and this was seen as an attempt to put pressure on Gaddafi to accept reforms (Anderson, 2011). However, the Libyan leader retaliated by claiming the league was finished since his country was the foundation upon which the league was based. The European nations made a resolution to intervene in the Libyan case since its continued instability was affecting the continent economically. Consequently, France led the mantle in attacking Gaddafi’s forces leading to his capture and subsequent killing in his rural home. The US issued several warnings to the government before France attacked it, with the secretary of State, Hillary Clinton, holding talks with the country’s leadership on various occasions. The issue was discussed severally in the congress whereby several legislators supported the resolution to attack the country to force the dictator to surrender. It might be surprising to see many states in various continents being interested in the Libyan crisis and not that of Syria. However, the answer is simple since Libya is considered one of the greatest producers and supplier of petroleum products globally. In early 1990s, the Security Council was forced to slap economic sanctions to Libya because of its unethical behaviour of engaging in gross violation of human rights. At this time, the global economy was affected since many countries depended on its oil. It was felt that the continuing conflicts could affect the steady flow of oil globally leading to the worst financial crisis ever. Many economies in Europe were unable to meet their objectives because of the Libyan conflicts. Unlike Libya, Syria does not have sufficient oil deposits that usually attract the attention of major world powers, such as the US. Intervening militarily in Syria would not achieve the national interests of powerful states (Gardner, 2009). In fact, the UN resolutions are inapplicable in
Different currencies are used within countries of the world, and the exchange rate system determines their value. Thus, a particular approach selected by the government establishes the way in which the value of the currency is specified. Among three existing exchange rate systems – fixed, floating, and managed, China tends to apply the first one, also called paid system. Usage of this approach to determining the exchange rate suggests that the currency’s value is fixed against another currency. The paid system allows economies prone to instability to prevent inflation and avoid market panic. Such reasons as prevention of inflation and panic and the fact that a fixed system helps keep exports cheap and foreign products expensive push China to use it. Moreover, paid system contributes to maintaining trade balance in favor of the country. The question of whether China keeps its currency artificially low is controversial among economists. On the one hand, this approach helps the country to maintain its position in foreign markets, but on the other hand, it creates the image of a currency manipulator for it on the international stage. I agree that China is taking this approach to maintain the national economy. Since its economic reform, known as the Opening of China in the middle of the last century, the government has had a strong influence on the country’s economy. The cheapness of their export products evidences the artificial maintenance of the currency. Moreover, the understatement of the currency can be viewed as protectionism towards the national products. The expansion of export-oriented production allows more people from both cities and provinces to receive a job. Thus, China, when choosing the exchange rate system, is guided by the motives of protecting the national product and not the opinion of other governments about manipulations.
Introduction Asbestos refers to a mineral that is composed of fine fibres. Asbestos is classified into three main types. These include crocidolite asbestos, chrysotile asbestos and amosite asbestos. The first category is made up of asbestos that is white in colour while the second is made up of asbestos that is blue in colour. The last category of asbestos is brown in colour. Apart from these main categories of asbestos, there are other minor types like anthophyllite, which refers to grey fibred asbestos (Early 2011). Asbestos fibres can enter the human body when a person inhales it. Some fibres subsequently get trapped within the body and end up causing diseases. Damages asbestos has loose fibre, which enter the lungs when breathed causing cancer. Research has also shown that “long, thin fibres are more likely to be deposited deep in the lungs, while shorter, wider fibres are relatively less dangerous” (Fayed 2010, p. 1). Asbestos is a common phenomenon although it was banned some fourteen years ago. Almost everyone has therefore been exposed to it. This paper is an investigation into how asbestos causes cancer. How asbestos causes cancer Among the cancers caused by asbestos is mesothelioma, which is quite rare. In the UK, this cancer is found in approximately 3000 people per annum. Mesothelioma has been observed to occur in more men than women (National Cancer Institute 2009), which is because exposure to asbestos is more likely for men due to the nature of their work. Abdominal mesothelioma also known as peritoneal mesothelioma is less common than pleural mesothelioma, which occurs in the chest. Asbestos is responsible for most cases of mesothelioma of the chest (pleural mesothelioma). The risk depends on the amount of asbestos one is exposed to and the length of the period during which one is exposed to asbestos. Many cases of abdominal mesothelioma can also be attributed to exposure to asbestos (Rosen 2010). Additionally, mesothelioma can occur in the pericardium, the heart’s lining. This type is called pericardial mesothelioma (Early 2012). Studies show that 90% of UK men with mesothelioma and 80% of UK women with mesothelioma “have been in contact with asbestos” (Cancer Research UK 2012). Asbestos may stay in an individual’s body for a period ranging between 15 and 60 years without causing mesothelioma (Cancer Research UK 2012). This is because after a person breathes in asbestos fibres, the fibres move to the lining of the lung, known as pleura. Once there, they take years to irritate the pleura and cause mutations in the genes of the lung. It is only after these mutations that pleural mesothelioma can occur. In some cases, the irritation of the pleura makes the victim to develop a cough. As the patient coughs, he/she may swallow some of the inhaled fibres, moving t
Introduction This evaluation of comparative risk among three investment proposals considers both qualitative and quantitative analysis. The Acme Consulting proposal requires a very high discount rate or an ROI on a par with the 35% p.a. average returns promised by aggressive growth funds because it is a low-return but high-risk proposition. The business model is untenable and the projected net income is below 6%. Interstate Travel is a high-return, moderate risk but highly leveraged model. It is recommended that an investor seek returns of at least 20% to offset this level of risk. Silvera & Sons, on the other hand, has excellent prospects for its expanded capacity, superb product quality that engenders ready acceptance from direct buyers and end-users, and return that may top out at 7.6% at the end of three years. Since the only risk inherent in this proposal is that intrinsic to any foreign investment and the country is a low-to-moderate risk, an investor can indeed be satisfied with a return that equates to that on Treasuries (2.5%) plus a foreign-risk surcharge of around 5%. Findings – Qualitative Analysis The Acme Consulting venture seems ripe with opportunity, given the possibility of taking away business from generalist consultants and offering both business development and marketing research for high-technology companies wishing to do business in North America, Europe and Latin America. There is certainly no lack of third-party market research companies, with many already engaged in high-technology markets. However, Acme seems to have set its sights wrong with the strategy of undertaking business development for large and medium high-technology firms like HP, IBM and Microsoft. The rationale for outsourcing business development spadework must principally be the greater objectivity of outside consultants and presence in markets where the client has no subsidiaries or affiliates. But this is not true of the targeted companies which have infinitely better global reach and well-informed local subsidiaries than Acme can ever hope to achieve, notably with just 3-5 partners initially. Other significant vulnerabilities of the Acme business plan have to do with the macroeconomic environment and the fratricidal nature of the high-technology space (Ellis, 2007). End-user investment in high technology that cannot show a positive ROI immediately has shrunk markedly in the face of the current recession (Arohan, 2009), which has spilled over into overseas markets and for which there is unhappily no end in sight yet, according to no less than Mr. Obama (Babington, 2009). Secondly, the intensely competitive nature and short times-to-market of high-technology mean competitors are very guarded about divulging their plans for new products, services and markets to operations like Acme that are so specialized they are likely to service direct competitors all the time. Findings – Quantitative Analysis The extremely high risk of an Acme i