ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Crime is very difficult to explain and many criminologists have attempted to explain crime but none has come up with conclusive evidence about crime. Criminologists are accused of failing to achieve their goal because they are not willing to try new methods that are found in fundamental sciences (Beaver & Walsh 2008). The biosocial method incorporates the help offered by the fundamental sciences. It integrates the traditional methods used in criminology with approaches used in biological sciences. Anyone who would have tried to bring up the question of using biological sciences in criminology would only have been met with opposition and derision. This was because sociology was used in training most criminologists and sociology denies claims made by other disciplines concerning crime. Furthermore most criminologists had poor training in biology and few were interested in changing their view point in criminology by learning other methods outside what they learnt in school. This was sad because biological sciences in ten years have helped in understanding of behavior than sociology has done for about fifty years (Beaver & Walsh 2008). Nevertheless some criminologists are willing to embrace other disciplines to understand criminal behavior. The society set the stage for a crime to occur but crimes are executed by human beings who have genes, blood and brains and this entails biology. Not only does biosocial comes recognize the role the environment plays in influencing human behavior but also that the environment acts on different human materials. Therefore biosocial shows how similar environmental aspects influence human beings differently (Beaver & Walsh 2008). Biosocial criminology is dynamic in that it explains human behavior in the different paths of development. Things that were meaningful at one point in their life may become meaningless for example approval from peers. On the other hand things that meant little to them previously may become very important to them later. The approach goes further, gives explanations why the changes occur at one point of their lives and not others. In addition the approach explains how different individuals are affected by these changes differently. Unlike traditional criminology theories that are static. They entail the notion that criminal behavior once initiated in a human being it will become self perpetuating and thus continuous (Beaver & Walsh 2008). From research done criminal behavior has continuity. Antisocial behavior observed in childhood can be traced even in childhood. Researches done over a long period of time have shown that criminal behavior over continues over time. From the research it was observed that children involved in criminal behavior were more likely than those who did not have childhood delinquency to become adult o
Context and Summary Export processing zones contribute to the international economy, and this applies equally to the domestic economic arena. However, many export processing zones (EPZs) give priority to their profits and neglect the well-being of their workers (International Labor Organization, 2017). The protection of employees is an essential component of the International Labor Law (Cirera & Lakshman, 2017). The International Labor Organization (ILO), within the framework of the ACTRAV, protects workers’ rights throughout the world, doing it mainly because of the excesses of EPZs. The most pressing problems associated with the use of EPZ include the labor rights of workers. Quite often, EPZs ignore the welfare of their employees in addition to hiring mostly casual workers. These people can not create a union to fight for their rights (Cirera & Lakshman, 2017). Consequently, there is an international system for optimizing anomalies in the global labor market. History Export processing zones are typical for developing countries. There, they import raw materials, produce products, and export goods back to other countries (Cirera & Lakshman, 2017). EPZs have been in business since the beginning of the 20th century. These zones require the environment that provides the absence of any barriers to productive work and contributes to economic development. However, all the benefits of such zones were achieved due to their employees who put many efforts at production enterprises.
Introduction Sony is the global leader in electronics industry with operation in over 140 countries. The firm is involved in designing, improving, manufacturing and sales of electronic equipment and instruments, marketing of softwares and game consoles to final markets. In addition, it is involved in distribution of recorded music both at business format and musical genre. The company is also engaged in financial service provision in Japan where it provides non life and life insurance, internet banking services, rental and credit financing. Finally, through its subsidiaries the company provides network and advertising business services. Industry analysis In U.S.A., electronics industry is one of the leading and the fastest growing sectors with electrical and electronics subsector contributing an estimated 10 percent of all produced goods. In 2008, the total sales were valued at an estimated US $ 244 billion, annual growth of (3.2) percent and employment size of 389,257. Telecoms was the most active sector recording an annual increment of 18 percent while computer line slipped 5 percent due to global drop in computer prices and weak demand from Asian continent (Raymond & Benedict 1999). The main challenges revolve around economic and financial instability. To start with, financial instability has lowered sales and profitability levels of most firms. In addition, credit crisis witnessed in major economies have also impacted negatively on the firms’ sales values. Secondly, the high input prices like petrol have resulted in the massive rise of prices making most products expensive. However, the future of electronics industry is still very bright. This is because, first, there is renewed interest in electronic products in the fields of health, security, environment, and transport. Secondly, there is much demand within industrial revolution sector where electronics are viewed as the second most important engine for growth after oil. Finally, there is increased demand from poor and developed states which have since outweighed global demand. To achieve these prospects, efficient leadership, cross border standardization and collaboration both at local and international levels, shortening of value chains and adequate financial service provision are the key pillars. Macro economic factors The analysis of macroeconomic factors aids in monitoring of market signals thereby shaping the external environment, it supports detection of markets operating within the external environment and finally provides an excellent connection between competitive and general environment. However, these factors limit industry’s competitiveness and the achievement of company’s corporate strategy. The first main challenge to Sony is the instabili
Introduction The field of strategic management has been exposed to many new challenges that are often unexpected in the recent past. And, these unexpected challenges stem from organizational strategic action as well as strategic thinking, which are coupled with the changing dynamics of business environment. Therefore, it is important to not only adapt new interpretive strategies such as co-opetition , but also to integrate them into the existing theoretical perspective. The concept of co-opetition has been coined from two words that include competition as well as cooperation, which are essential in studying inter-firm dynamics (Brandenburger & Nalebuff, 1996, p.19). Co-opetition as a strategic method This concept is used in strategic management of different players that include the organization and other stakeholders such as suppliers, customers, complementors, and competitors. Essentially, coopetition defines both horizontal and vertical interdependence of a firm (Contractor & Lorange, 1988, p.26). Focusing on horizontal interdependence, a firm can make supernormal profits when it gains advantage over its competitors in an entire industry by mobilizing resources, using them competently to produce more superior products than those of their business rivals. Therefore, co-opetition is strategically used by firms for value-creation that results into supernormal profits (Drucker, 1954, p.47). Moreover, in vertical interdependence, a firm can strategically employ co-opetition to achieve value appropriation, which is linked to economic exchange. Under this concept, economic values created by firms are carefully shared among the stakeholders, following the allocative efficiency principle. The concept of co-opetition strategy employed in vertical interdependence can be used to enhance value-appropriation of economic returns (Kenworthy, 1995, p. 34). Co-opetition enhances strategic interdependence, especially in value creation and cooperation among firms. Importantly, firms employ co-opetition as a strategic tool for evaluating economic benefits and competitive gains derived from cooperative approach (Axelrod, 1984, p.53). Discussion and Conclusion Co-opetition combines both the elements of cooperation and competition, which make it possible for businesses to achieve value creation. Therefore, co-opetitive value creation contributes immensely to strategic management of organizations because co-opetitive strategy plays a crucial role in strategic interdependence among business networks. The concept of co-opetition as a strategic management approach does not only facilitate value creation, but also enhances value sharing that is often witnessed in the variable-positive-sum game strategy. In a
Introduction In art, inspiration refers to an uncontrollable burst of creativity that prompts a person to generate new ideas and make them a reality. Though inspiration is often seen as an unconscious person, it would be wrong to say that it is never triggered by external stimuli. Throughout centuries, artists built on artistic traditions established long before and used others’ creative pieces as an inspiration for their own. Today, many paintings, sculptures, and buildings incorporate elements from and contain references to different styles and movements. In this paper, I describe Da Vinci’s Mona Lisa as a source of inspiration for my original work and explain the connection between the two. Inspiration Piece Image 1. The Mona Lisa (La Gioconda), Leonardo da Vinci, c. 1503–1506, probably continuing until c. 1517, Florence, Italy Mona Lisa portrays Lisa del Giocondo, an Italian noblewoman and member of the Gherardini family of Florence and Tuscany. The viewer sees a young woman with an upright posture sitting in an armchair. Her arms are folded beneath her chest, her pose is quiet and reserved, and her facial expression is nearly unreadable: at first, it appears almost blank, but later it comes off as pensive and mysterious. Mona Lisa is gazing at the viewer with a slight smile that has become iconic and unreplicable in the centuries to come. The painting displays some of the defining characteristics of Renaissance art, such as showing a woman modest and demure just like the Virgin Mary, the contemporary ideal of womanhood (Kemp & Pallanti, 2017). Mona Lisa is outstanding due to Da Vinci’s revolutionary technique of painting air perspective that makes the painting come alive. My Art Piece Image 2. Instafamous My piece Instafamous done in charcoal pencil is inspired by Mona Lisa ’s popularity that does not ebb. Paris’s Louvre is the most famous and popular museum in the world, visited by 102 million people each year (Willsher, 2019). Statistically, 80% of visitors at the Louvre are there to see Da Vinci’s Mona Lisa (Willsher, 2019). They line up and wait for hours to see the masterpiece with their own eyes. I wanted to depict the Mona Lisa surrounded by visitors, each of them wanting to take the best picture for their Instagram feed. As seen in the drawing, most people see the painting only through their phone’s screen. To them, it is more important to create a memory and share it on social media than to be in the moment and “connect” with Mona Lisa. Connection In both Mona Lisa and Instafamous, Lisa del Gioconda is at the center of the composition. However, in Mona Lisa, it is Da Vinci’s gaze that determines how she is depicted and perceived, while in Instafamous, the woman is observed by hundreds of eyes. Besides, my original artwork shows Da Vinci’s painting in a modern setting and with modern artifacts, such as smartphones and selfie sticks. The two works are created using different media: Mona Lisa is an oil painting, and Instafamous is a charcoal pencil drawing. The different media dictate the basic elements of the art pieces. Mona Lisa is colorful, while Instafamous is black-and-white. T
Introduction Change is inevitable. Different scholarly sources define change in over thirty different ways. According to Nayar (2010, p. 2), change can also mean transformation, turning to a different format, to replace or to substitute. Leaders from all fields including, academia, business, and politics are increasing touting changes in the various systems that they represent. The message driven across here is that change is important and urgently needed. The changes that these leaders are highlighting are not only needed but also necessary for the continuity and survival of these organizations. Change has also become a way of life and those that do not adopt risk being left behind or stuck in the old order of doing things. The transformational change that is engulfing the world right now represents a paradigm shift that is systemic and global and cuts across the whole social, cultural business and political spheres. Change can fall within the first order or second order. This paper will mainly deal with second order change but for purposes of understanding, there will a little comparison and contrast with first order. First order change First order change involves doing more or less of the action that is being done currently in any situation. Additionally, first order change does neither challenge nor doest it contradicts the existing system of doing things (Collins & Beer, 2008 p. 3). The people who operate in this system are comfortable and do not at any time feel threatened by the first order change. This change is always reversible. Because of its reversible nature, some scholars liken first order change to treating symptoms of an illness rather than the illness itself. Because the real problem is not addressed, the symptoms of the illness are likely to continue to manifest themselves. First order change when critically looked at is a sum variation of the procedures and processes that characterize a system. More often than not, these processes aid the system to remain the same while undergoing minimum changes over time. First order change for instance may involve improving existing procedures to perform the same tasks. Characteristics of first order changes include adjustment within the same or existing structure without making significant changes. As said earlier, it may also involve doing more or less of the same thing that has been in existence. First order change is reversible and easily restored to balance. This change is normally non-transformational and more often than not, no new learning is needed. It is important to note that first order change happens within the core procedures of an organization. These processes are supreme and rarely do they challenge the existing order. The existing culture, mission, vision and core values, and organizational paradigm are never called to question. The basic operation of the organizational machine is stuck in a comfort zone that contemplation of a paradigm shift is almost unthinkable. Instead, first order change encourages people to do better what is already existent. Second order change Second order change is making a radical shift from the ways things are norma
Introduction The current report analyses the strategic marketing issues of market entry in developed and developing countries, England and Saudi Arabia, respectively, discussing macro-and micro-environments to propose business implications and entry modes for 7-Eleven. First of all, the organizational background of the 7-Eleven corporation is presented, outlining the company characteristics and its current position in the global market. After that, the evaluation of the company’s macro-environment is conducted in regard to the market of England and Saudi Arabia, highlighting the major features of each economy. Following this step, 7-Eleven’s micro-environment is also assessed, taking into consideration the brand’s possible competition and demand. Potential implications for the business are also examined in these two sections. Finally, an appropriate entry mode for each country is suggested based on the retrieved information and scholarly opinions of the subject. Organizational Background The company discussed in this report is 7-Eleven, an international convenience store established in the United States. Currently, 7-Eleven has opened numerous locations throughout the USA and continues to expand its business worldwide, has entered the markets of several developed and developing states ( About Us – 7-Eleven Corporate , no date). The corporation provides its customers with a range of convenience products, from food to electric appliances and clothes, making everyday purchases easier for various populations. Situational Analysis Macro and Microenvironment Macro-Environment Analysis for 7-Eleven Political Atmosphere The political component of the PESTEL framework is directly linked to the government’s impact on business operations. This element includes the laws and regulations that allow a country’s authorities to intervene in the economic processes, thus introducing and managing the policies establishing how corporate entities can conduct their activities (Feys, 2015). These factors are crucial to consider prior to entering the country’s market, as there are significant distinctions between the regulations sustained by various developed and developing states. United Kingdom As a country with a developed economy, the UK can be a beneficial entry option for various businesses. The taxation system in the UK is considered advantageous, as both UK resident and non-resident firms are required to pay the same tax percentages based on their income and gains (Edrich, 2020). Nevertheless, being a non-resident company, 7-Eleven will be forced to calculate its own corporation tax liability, reporting corporation tax returns on its own. In addition to choosing the corporate structure of the UK branch and complying with the tax rates, 7-Eleven will be requi
Overview Today, space exploration stands to be the most remarkable accomplishment by man. In the year 1957, the Soviet Union became the first nation to send a manufactured object into space (Grack 12). In response to the Soviet’s accomplishments, the US found a space exploration program, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) in the year 1958. Later, NASA launched the first American satellite into space. It was not until the year 1961, that the Soviet astronaut Yuri Gagarin became the first man in space. Realizing the Soviet ’executions,’ President John F. Kennedy mandated a mission to challenge the Soviets’ space race. Based on his opinions, NASA planned to take a lead and send the first man on the moon. On July 20, 1969, astronaut Neil Armstrong became the first man to set foot on the moon. Despite the successful explorations, space travel is still in its infancy. Problems The origin of the shuttle space programs dates to the discussions preceding the Apollo project. After the dramatic trip to the moon, NASA scheduled to design larger earth-orbiting shuttles. Out of this project, NASA planned to build a 12-person station before the year 1975 (Gehman 21). From the year 1976 onwards, NASA built subsequent larger space stations to accommodate more individuals. Thereafter, NASA developed skills and equipment for the crewed exploration of Mars (Gehman 21). It was amid these projects, that the concept of building a space shuttle that could be flown back and forth the earth’s orbit arose. To reduce the infrastructure cost, NASA had to design a reusable space vehicle. Although, the space shuttle was designed to reduce its operation cost, its design complexities and raised its development cost. Thus, NASA had to petition the government and other willing private investors to fund their development into a fully reusable space vehicle (Gehman 21). Costs During the year 1970, NASA leaders secured the government’s support in funding their development of reusable space vehicles. To improve on these vehicles, NASA and the military conducted a variety of missions aimed at reducing the cost of the space vehicles to be developed (Gehman 25). These vehicles were to become the first space vehicles to have wings, and the first reusable thermal protection system. Moreover, the shuttle was to be the first reusable space vehicle to use high-pressure hydrogen-oxyg
Introduction Fashion may be generally taken to represent the trends in style particularly in dressing, accessories as well as in beauty enhancement. In this context, fashion is taken to be the mode of clothing in relation, glamour, style and splendor considering personal appearance, identity as well as the cultural and social significance. Today, fashion is changing drastically to compose fashion trends, which is very relevant in the contemporary society as it’s reflected in the new colorful and stylish designs. Fashion portrays the manner of thinking and flexibility in generating new ideas and may emphasize other aspects such as architectural, technological, historical, recreational, political, and economic standpoint through self expressions. In addition, it contains a degree of escapism that sometimes individuals take advantage of, in a given setup. However, it is important to note that the mode of dressing carries a strong message that is so powerful that it depicts not only an individual’s personal identity but also the cultural norms that a person is associated with (Bennett 2005). The fashion industry is a free one where intellectual property is not necessarily emphasized since anyone can copy any other persons’ mode of dressing especially from public figures. If intellectual property rights would be imposed, it would distort the