ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Cultural relativism is the study of the part that values play in shaping cultures in different societies.The idea behind cultural relativism is that our judgment of morality is squarely founded upon our exposure to certain norms which uphold specific values in preference to others. The truth is that these cultures develop their value system based on certain assumptions borne out of experiential wisdom. The classification of cultures Cultures are classified by studying them under various headings such as economic structure, religious beliefs and practices, political organization and moral standards. Scholars of world cultures and their communities of origin have placed these cultures in the order of their complexities and functionality. These two attributes however may not consistently correlate as some complex social structures have been known to be dysfunctional at making life equally comfortable for all members. This therefore demonstrates the conflicts that exists in judging cultures especially in the lines of their standards of morality. In most communities, the judgment that determines which cultural practice is right is based on what works towards the desired values of that community. These desired values when assessed by an outsider may seem outrageously unorthodox. The society however manages to inculcated them into each members personal value system in order to create the harmony needed to perpetuate the culture. Other scholars have extended this view to propose that even our perception of reality is bound by cultural upbringing since we explain the universe using languages which are a core creation of our cultures. Ethnocentrism and cultural conditioning Ethnocentrism is a mind set that creates the idea that a certain way of life is superior to others. It make the people who follow such a culture develop elements that perpetuate and entrench these beliefs amongst them. These elements may include myths, poems and sayings. The repercussions of this are not favorable because they influence members of the said community to impose their cultures to all others who do not fit into their group. It is difficult to conclude that one culture is better than another unless we base our arguments on technological advancement. The reason for this is that, certain value systems preclude the more obvious basic advantages that are to be gained from the environment. It is these kinds of value systems that define what practices can be allowed to take form. They form taboos and ritu
Introduction The XXth century was a period of great economic growth with many theories emerging explaining key economic concepts. One element that captivated many entrepreneurs and scientists was quality. In order to stay competitive, organizations and businesses had to ensure steady quality. It motivated numerous economists to explore this field and create solutions for companies and organizations to maintain and preserve quality, with minimum defects in the process. Evaluation of Quality Doctor W. Edwards Deming designed a system for evaluating quality produced by an organization known as 14 points. He argued for the flawed nature of the system that reduces quality output, rather than blaming employees. Shifting responsibility to the proper management allowed to better regulate companies and organizations. Deming’s most outstanding finding was the decrease of variation in output by differentiating between its causes into special and common. Quality Management Joseph Juran took Deming’s understanding of quality control further. His idea revolved around the supposition that majority of defects in quality can be handled and prevented by management. Subsequently, Juran conjured up three primary elements of quality management. This approach was visualized by Kaoru Ishikawa, who designed a diagram that would help pinpoint the problem that negatively impacts quality. It is known as the cause-and-effect diagram and it is used to ascertain the causes of a particular problem. The subsequent analysis facilitated by visual representation will allow the manager to come up with solutions. Deficit Prevention An additional viewpoint was offered by Genichi Taguchi, who proposed to equate quality with the lack of defects. He argued for putting a product on sale when it actually meets all the depicted criteria and removing it once it deviates from them. Philip Crosby studied the ways to improve quality management in order to exclude the defects from occurring. He judged the quality of output in relation to the presence of defects – all processes and products should be as devoid of defects as possible. Conclusion Altogether, each of the theorists had a personal impact in the field of quality. Deming proposed to focus on management and distinguished between causes of variation. Juran and Ishikawa divided the process into stages that helped analyze the problems in it. Taguchi and Crosby focused on defects and means of measuring quality in relation to the present deficiencies. Overall, these theories allowed companies to develop strategies assuring the best quality possible.
Introduction Motivation is usually an essential with regards to managers’ job because it enables a manager to make his or her employees want to carry out their duties enthusiastically so as to enable the accomplishment of the organizational goals. Motivation is developed from the term motive which entails an inner force which moves one to act in a particular manner. Motives thus may be arising from both the psychological as well as physiological needs. However, the environment in which one operates in usually affects the motivation and so the mere management of environmental factors helps to lighten the motivation function. Both the reward as well as the punishment concepts usually forms the basis to motivation. Punishment may be used to motivate the behavior of persons e.g. punishing prisoners so as to get rehabilitated. The application of rewards as well as punishments in management usually depends on individual manager. The motivational process Human motivation is usually a complex process which starts withy the human needs. When needs becomes strong, people in turn get involved in efforts meant to fulfill them. The process of motivation is a vibrant one entailing that one may at a certain time be faced with several needs that require being satisfied. The satisfaction of these needs takes place at different times. Motivation is thus a complex problem as far as organizations are concerned due to the variation of the needs, wants as well as the desires. This means that each person in the organization is unique with regards to psychological and biological make up (Nuttin, 1984, 45). Motivation can emanate from internal or external. External motivation is derived from the management and so the employees tend to react in a positive or a negative manner depending on what their managers are doing. Internal motivation on the other hand id derived from within a person as one satisfies his or her needs (Weiner, 1992, 87). Theories of motivation and management Motivation theories could be categorized into content and process theories depending on their applications and the theoretical basic tenets they deduce. The understanding of these theories is important as it can enable one to become a better manager. Content theories are concerned with the specific factors that influence one at his or her work place. The content theories thus identify the needs of the people together with their strengths and objectives so as to satisfy their needs. The content theories include the Abraham Maslow’s Hierarchy, Alderfer’s Modified Need Hierachy, Herzberg’s Two Factor Theory as well as the McClelland’s achievement motivation. Process theories on the other hand are concerned with the identification of variable factors that makes up the motivation. The main focus of the process theories is how the behavior is commenced, directed and continued. The process theories include the expectancy-based models of Vroom and P
The novel Last Exit to Brooklyn vividly portrays bohemian culture, its values and traditions, life style and ideals. The bothersome matter of the arts is just one of the problems surrounding any consideration of life style and its new values. This culture was influenced and shaped by ideas of free will and liberations, racial quality and new gender roles. During the Fifties, public attention was focused on art and freedom to an unprecedented degree in American culture. Even more than in the Twenties, being young was an enviable state. Even more than in the late Forties, when America looked benignly on its bobby-soxers and boys-next-door as embodiments of postwar vitality, teens occupied the fantasies of adults. In the Fifties, those fantasies were more polarized than ever before. Now America looked at its art and freedom with a new mixture of hope and fear, of intense fascination and even, at times, terror. The public constantly looked for something or someone to blame for this perceived epidemic of juvenile delinquency. Parents themselves, especially upper-middle-class parents involved with their jobs and social status, took some of the heat in magazine articles and in sociologists’ opinions; because such parents were emotionally unavailable to their teens, their children turned to the peer group for comfort. Whatever the cause, and whoever they actually were, the nation saw such “black leather barbarians,” as one pulp fiction author called, as a threat. Rejecting the conservatism and work ethic of the “man in the grey flannel suit,” they seemed to embrace lawlessness, sexuality, and rebellion. purported spies in the government, they were a danger from within, entrusted with the future of the country and
Introduction The glass menagerie is a play where Tennessee William, the author, creates a story where Amanda, who is the mother of Tom and Laura, confronts Tom who makes what can be called a grave mistake by attempting to match his sister and his engaged best friend. All these events are seen happening in the vicinity of family comforts and they act as a precursor of things which are about to fall apart, and in Yeats’ analysis, it is possible that the centre may not hold for long. This is evidenced by the family’s ultimate failure to communicate or understand each other thus making the audience to identify with the happenings. As we read the play and the events unfold, every character seems to seek sympathy and the family breaks up before our own eyes and we are surprised more when the characters are not able to bear it more, and they flee leaving the audience to be guided by stage directions and monologues. In this paper, we are going to evaluate how the play illustrates the break up of family structures with special focus of Tom’s endless struggles, Amanda’s maternal struggles and Laura’s unfulfilled expectations. Tom’s endless struggles Tom Wingfield is a brother to Laura and the only man in the family after their father abandoned them. Although Tom has a feeling of obligation towards his family, he is burdened in a way. Tom depicts a dual character in the play as he plays as a son and as a father in a family whose head of house abandoned. Debusscher, in this respect states that, the mention of “a double life,” could be the mask that Tom Wingfield wears to meet the world, in particular the “world of his mother and that of the factory, his diurnal personality; and finally a threat” (65). Unlike the other characters, Tom is acting in two places where; in one hand he addresses the audience directly and on the other hand takes part in the play’s action. Acting these two roles is representative of the kind of dilemma Tom has in life as he struggles to take the part of father and son simultaneously. In one of their conversations, Amanda faces him with anger when he tries to leave to the movies; AMANDA: Don’t think about us, a mother deserted, and unmarried sister who’s crippled and has no job! Don’t let anything interfere with your selfish pleasure! Just go, go, go—to the movies! TOM: All right, I will! The more you shout about my selfishness to me the quicker I’ll go, and I won’t go to the movies! AMANDA: Go, then! Go to the moon—you selfish dreamer! (Williams 236) This shows right away that there is a distance between these two related characters and that communication is poor in the family. There is also a revelation that his mother has been calling him a selfish person for so
Leadership involves a wide variety of roles that exerts weight influence on society. The most subtle dimension of leadership concerns values. Any person who influences others whether the impact is negative or positive can be termed as a leader. Leadership can be seen as not only morally based but lifting morality to a higher level. (Baron R. & Kalsher M, 2005, p.33& 34). The field of leadership is interrelated with conflict resolution. Conflict resolution is the process of managing a dispute or resolving it whereby the interests of both parties are addressed so that they are all satisfied with the outcome. Leaders need to get the people involved in a conflict invested in the outcome so that they can accept the resolution. This then ensures that not only the current conflict is resolved but further conflict is avoided by dealing with the underlying cause. The leader has to therefore have the conflicting groups working together to come up with various alternatives instead of having someone else prescribe a solution for them. Through working together, the groups can compromise and develop consensus in order to seek a workable resolution. It also ensures a higher chance of getting into the underlying cause of the conf
In what seemed to be a well-timed analysis of fan culture, Matt Hills analyzes the behaviors of the fans towards making the worldwide release of television series produce popular that was visible in the commercial and ‘fun cult’ success seen after the 2002 releases of Spider-man , The Star Trek Nemesis, The Two Towers , and Star Wars (Episode II) . Before that, there was The Lord of the Rings released in 2001. Here, the fans will either say that they are happy with what has been produced or become indifferent that the product is not to their expected standards. The nature of fan’s enthusiasm when waiting for the next episode or series is what baffles many scholars; that what makes fans stick to such a ‘religiously’ wait? Hills successfully explains this behavior and relate it to cult media in his work, Fun Culture, that he relates to Adorno’s Culture Industry. In his work Fun Culture , Mart hills explore that direct fan involvement with the culture industry products is one thing that is creating the fan cult, a trend worsened by the academic world. Hills visibly embarks on an effort to re-engineer Adorno’s work of culture of fandom, by indicating Adorno’s place in the present or contemporary cultural setting (Williamson, 2003, p. 3). Hills (2002) examines the “moral dualism” to understand and explore the study of fandom to bring bare the unjustified differences between the “rational” and “immersed”. The imagined notion of the difference is justifying the blanket classification of “bad” and “good” (p.21). He, therefore, says that the imagined “bad” consumer is the work of both fans and the people of academia who strive to draw a thick line between the so-called themselves. Hills (2002) however goes ahead to inform us that the fans are “always ready consumers” and even advises that it is necessary to analyze in include fan culture in a wider study of “consumer culture” (p. 27-28). This is why he advocates for the “resurrection” of Adorno’s ideas of commercial aspects of cultural products. He categorically separates himself as a scholar-fan from the past scholars whom he said had completely ignored the “fan culture as subject”, consequently sidelining the “multi-dimen
This research project produced results that reflect the progress of interviews with two respondents. The first participant was Ben Solomon, a well-known director of documentary films and commercials. The second interview focused on the success story of blogger Patricia Bright. Analysis of the interview allows us to assess which items of the participants’ history were given more time and which were not discussed. It is necessary to distinguish between interviews as a method of collecting information and interview as a genre. Interview as a genre is a broader concept and involves detailed work with the data collected during the interview (Jeppesen 1636). The mission of this project is to analyze interviews to integrate some synthesis between recording a conversation and critically examining what has been said. The common denominator between the two results is the fact that both interviews are personal. As shown in the transcript of the work, the conversation touched upon a whole range of topics, including both the background to the success story and the description of the work process. This genre of an interview does not have the task of obtaining strictly defined information – the mission of the journalist is to form the image of the defendant in the eyes of the reader (Kita 123). It is easy to see that this was achieved more with Solomon: the journalist was able to cover the story more comprehensively from childhood years. Solomon writes that “when I was in high school, I was drawing a lot,” thus creating the ground for the study of the topic of childhood. Later, the respondent will turn several more times to the past when talking about education and childhood friend. The results obtained during the interview with Bright are less impressive. Indeed, it initially seems that the dialogue with the girl is more productive and concise. However, it turns out that the communication between the journalist and the blogger was superficial and less personal. It is appropriate to point out that the journalist in the interview with the second participant began with an opening question in which he set the tone for the following dialogue: “thank you for answering… I understand you are very busy”. A kind of admission of guilt forced Bright to take a gentler and kinder position, and as a result, the reader got a rather lovely, but little informative work. Critical analysis of the two obtained results allows us to highlight another extremely significant thought for the journalist. In large works, calculated not for a few minutes of reading, bu
Introduction Although the world is full of ancient literature, very few of these existed before the twelfth century and those that existed before then serve as pointers to the past way of life. By reading such works, a person is able to get an understanding on the beliefs and customs that were practiced in the ancient world. In addition, reading ancient literature gives people an understanding on how they are supposed to conduct their lives by basing it to that of the characters in those works. Unlike today, most ancient works of literature were meant to educate people on the right way of living. Personally, I view ancient literature as a source of entertainment and inspiration. Some of the ancient works of literature that I have read and which have been a great help to my life are Beowulf and Medea . In this paper, I will explain why these two works of literature interest me and then I will outline their relevance to my life and to the modern society. While reading Beowulf , one thing that I found interesting was how the characters conduct themselves. Although the play contains much violence, nearly all the characters fight for worthy causes. In the play, Beowulf who is the hero fights for causes, which he believes are meant to better humankind. Beowulf’s life inspires me and gives me the desire to pursue only the causes that can benefit the society. On his part, Hrothgar the Denmark king is described as a nice person who is concerned about the welfare of all his subjects. According to the author, the king is “given such glory of war, such honor of combat, that all his kin obey him gladly till great grow his band of youthful comrades.” (Francis) the character of the king teaches me the importance of humbleness regardless of the position that I hold in the society. By examining the character of Unferth, I am able to learn the danger of being jealous of my colleague’s achievements. In the play, Grendel the monster can be used to signify people who oppress others in the society. Pushed by hatred, Grendel goes around ensuring that people do not have peace. This is best presented in the occasion where Grendel killed thirty soldiers for no other reason but that “he heard each day the din of revel high in the hall: their harps ringing out, and the clear song of the singer.” (Francis). This character can be likened to the case where some people in society deny others the privilege of having things that they themselves do not need. Apart from my life, the Beowulf story is also very relevant in modern society. The character of Hrothgar is a good example of how those in authority are supposed to govern. The king is depicted as a nice person who has the sense “to build his henchmen a hall uprear, a master mead-house, mightier far than ever was seen by the
Background Genzyme Pharmaceutical is a leading pharmaceutical manufacturing company based in the United States. The company has been successful in manufacture of pharmaceutical and biotech products. Success in the recent past has enabled the company to expand to other markets. The company boasts of high-quality products that have enabled it to be competitive with other biotech manufacturing companies. To remain competitive there is need for continuous improvement to production and quality assurance. Success in manufacturing and quality assurance requires continuous improvement to technical ability of production and quality assurance employees. The company also aims at ensuring progressive improvement and cost-effectiveness in all its operations. Genzyme Pharmaceuticals manufacturing is made up of six production lines and three supplementary support functions. Production in the manufacturing company is divided among the four production lines. Each production line is assigned certain products that vary in type and size. Particular number of workers are required to sustain production schedules. The personnel required for each production line is determined by production schedule. The production schedule is not constant but varies with time. The fluctuations in the production schedule depend on production orders, availability of raw materials, regulation and components. The fluctuations in production schedules have effect on staffing. Depending on the product, the production lines assign workers in eight, ten or twelve-hour shifts. In some cases the shift may overlap and cover twenty to twenty-four hours. The production workers are responsible for day-to-day production activities. The workers are grouped as Wash Room Technicians, Fill Room Technicians and Packaging Technicians. There is variation in the skills required in each group. In each area, there in various job titles depending on responsibilities. Supervision is in form of Team leaders. There are Assistant Team Leaders, Team Leaders and Senior Team Leaders. A production line may also have a Supervisor that is responsible for overall supervision. Quality assurance personnel are responsible for ensuring quality of product. They monitor activities in production lines to ensure high quality of products. Quality assurance workers are grouped into Quality Assurance Auditors, Label Coordinators, and Quality Assurance Material Administrators. Supervisory positions in Quality Assurance include Quality Assurance Manager and Team Leader. Purpose Genzyme Pharmaceutical intends to expand its operations to meet increased demand for its products. The purpose of this paper is to propose a staffing plan that can enable the company to meet its staffing need and well ensure efficiency and cost-effectiveness. Staffing Requirements A Director and Plant Managers act as leaders in the manufacturing company. Production line supervisors and Plant Managers are responsible for coordination coordinating production workers. Department heads are responsible for en