ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Summary of facts The case is about Plessy against the state law of Louisiana on racial segregation and rights. In 1890, the Louisiana legislature passed a law on racial rights. The law required all railroads to separate passengers on account of race. This meant that there were designated seats for different races. In case there was only one passenger car on the train, there was the use of curtains or some partitions. Homer Adolph Plessy intentionally broke the law to initiate a case against the Louisiana state law. According to the State law, he was guilty. Ferguson (the trial court judge) issued a writ on the proceedings for a criminal violation against the Louisiana State law. In return, Plessy issued a petition to the State Supreme Court against those proceedings. However, he was convicted and fined by the State Supreme Court. The case circulates the 13th amendment and the 14th amendment, which gave an Equal Protection on the races. From Plessy’s point of view, segregation of facilities violated the Equal Protection clause, and it was unconstitutional. On the other hand, the State Law of Louisiana had a right to protect public safety, as of any other State right. In addition, there is no reasonable doubt why the State Legislature should not enact Public segregation statutes. The Supreme Court (presided by Justice Henry B. Brown of Michigan) noted that the Louisiana State Law did not violate any of the 13th or 14th amendments. However, the legislature cannot change the attitude of the public. It concluded that, as long as the facilities were equal, segregation was legal and constitutional. The legal issue before the court The legal issue that lay before the court was regarding the constitutional stand on the Louisiana law. Did the Louisiana State law violate the Equal Protection clause and was it unconstitutional? The court’s ruling The ruling of the Supreme Court was that segregation was constitutional and legal as long as the ‘facilities were equal’. Summary Justice Henry B. Brown stated that there was no violation of either the 13th or 14th amendments about the Louisiana law. However, he noted that legislation is powerless to remove racial instincts and clear out the distinctions on account of the physical differences. This means that the Legislation cannot change the attitude of the public. The 14th amendment gives equal rights to all races both civilly and politically. If so, there is no inferiority of any race. From a social perspective, if one race is inferior to the other, the constitution of the United States cannot put them in one place. On that matter, the Court saw the Louisiana law as a law enacted to promote the public good
Introduction My company has always marketed quality fruit products to its customers across the country. The company plans to expand its business. The company plans to expand its sales by marketing its products in a new foreign market. The targeted foreign market in Accra, Ghana. My company is located in Allentown, Pennsylvania. The company’s location supports its performance and profitability. Allentown produces most of the fruits used in our company. The location is near major seaports such as Port Baltimore and Port Newark. This paper identifies the best strategies to produce and export our product. The paper also examines the best sales and promotional strategies for our product. Financial Considerations Our organic jam does not contain sugar. The company has decided to use plastic containers to improve the safety of its product. The targeted market is both politically and economically stable. The country’s food sector is also growing at a fast rate. Ghana is one of the leading importers of semi-processed food products. The USA is a leading exporter of quality food products across the globe (Akkaya 4). This fact explains why most of our consumers will appreciate the product. My company should consider the best financial aspects to achieve its goals. The first important consideration is pricing (Akkaya 6). My company will examine the prices of different processed food products in Accra. This approach will ensure the company uses the best pricing strategy for its jam. My company should also market the jam at a lower price (“Basic Guide to Exporting” 57). This approach will ensure every customer purchases our fruit jam. This pricing strategy will ensure the company is on the right track towards achieving its goals. The company should also prepare the best budget for every operation. The “budget should consider the targeted objectives and profits” (Buckley 83). My company should provide adequate training to every to make the process successful (“Basic Guide to Exporting” 89). The company will also coordinate every business process, such as packaging and marketing. My company will also prepare the best budgetary allocations for taxes and commissions. Sales Strategy and Distribution The success of every marketer depends on his or her sales strategy. A proper marketing strategy will inform every customer about the new product. Partnerships “reduce most of the costs incurred whenever establishing a new business” (Buckley 73). I will form new partnerships with “established businesses such as quick-service restaurants, hypermarkets, and convenient stores” (Buckley 89). Such businesses always offer a wide range of products to their customers. My company will use these business partners to achieve its goals. My company will distribute its product using the above business partners (“Trade Freedom: How Imports Supp
Land warfare has made leaps in bounds since this time some 200 years ago. 200 years to this day in 1807 it was Napoleon’s headway he pioneered the use of shock-tactics and combined-arms warfare in the gun-powder era. Despite his leading edge innovations then Napoleon would be lost in a modern battlefield. This paper aims to discuss the evolution of land warfare along the lines that Sun Tzu and Clausewitz taught. The standard infantry weapon of Napoleon’s troops and his enemies was the musket, this crude firearm while considerably more refined that what previous armies had to use it was still a ineffective by today’s standards. A musketeer could hope to hit his target as far as 70 yards. Any further and he was wasting ammunition. Today’s standard infantry firearm is the assault rifle two of the most common assault rifles the M-16 and the AK-47 have effective ranges of 600 yrds and 328 yrds respectively. Not only that but the magazine fed assault rifles are capable of automatic or semi-automatic fire spitting out their 30 round magazines in less time that it took a musket to discharge a single round. In the interim, rifles had increasingly better range to the point that World War I era rifles were comparable to Today’s sniper rifles in terms of accuracy. Artillery has also come a long way. Napoleon used 10-pdr or 12-pdr, defined by the weight of the shell they fired, smoothbore cannons to fling solid cannon balls or sometimes grape-shot which contained lots of small cannon balls. Their range was at best one mile. Artillery for the rest of the century became rifled to increase accuracy but decreased killing power or became bigger. The real limitation of Artillery was that the gunners could only shoot at targets they could see keeping their range limited to around 1 – 2 miles. It was not until improved communications brought about by the radio allowed artillery spotters to relay targeting information to the gunners could artillery really begin to shine. The famous Big Berthe could shoot at Paris from German positions some 12.5 km away (Jäger). Schwerer Gustav the massive German artillery piece used in the siege of Sevastopol could fling 60 cm 7 ton projectiles up to 48 km. However more reasonable ranges of around 10 km – 30 km and calibers 105 mm – 203 mm are used by modern artillery (FAS.org) since mobility is a more important consideration on a modern battle-field. Modern artillery is also more accurate but even with modern computer assisted targeting only 50% of all rounds fired during a bombardment will actually impact close to the target. Modern Artillery can fire everything from regular explosive shells, armor
Introduction Marginalization and poverty of rural women is a multifaceted problem that calls for a multidisciplinary approach to be addressed amicably. It has its roots in the social economic and cultural settings of the rural areas. The situation particularly paints a grim picture of economic development in the globe given that the majority of the homesteads in the world are increasingly being headed by women. This is so because in many households particularly in developing countries, the husbands are often likely to travel to the cities to look for jobs leaving behind their wives in charge of their homesteads. The women are left to take care of the economic welfare of the households. This means that poverty bites women most as they are left to feed their families especially in developing countries where the families are quite large. Marginalization and poverty have thus become common scenarios in rural areas particularly due to the cultural and traditional practices in these areas. In this paper, I seek to examine the causes of marginalization and poverty among the rural women. I will also attempt to propose a raft of recommendations to alleviate poverty and reduce marginalization of women in the rural areas. Causes of marginalization and poverty among the rural women Cultural practices and traditions Due to slow pace of development, many societies in the developing countries still practice anti-developmental cultural practices that are still deeply entrenched in their cultures. These practices tend to conspire with other poverty causative factors to ensure that rural women remain highly marginalized. A majority of these traditions are largely skewed to the disadvantage of women. Some of these practices include: circumcision of women, wife inheritance, polygamy, wife battery and sex abuse. The practice of wife inheritance and polygamy for example marginalizes women in the decision making processes by ensuring they do not have a right to make decisions over their lives. The cultural practices tend to inhibit the women‘s access to economic resources and services as a result (Rural women in IFAD’s projects, 4). Decisions over their lives and property are made by their husbands and relatives which exposes them to intense abuse. Circumcision is usually imposed upon them which expose them to early marriages and medical complications especially when giving birth. It also further tends to demean them in the society. The predicament of rural women is thus largely determined by customary laws and social sanctions imposed on them by the society (FAO documentary repository Para. 7). This limits the women ability to make economic decisions thus condemning them to marginalization and abject poverty. Unemployment The problem of unemployment is particularly rampant in rural areas especia
Introduction Recent developments in design have brought about a lot of changes in the way design is approached by artists and corporate bodies. Design is basically the plan that forms the starting point for the making of every object or system in the artistic and professional fields and focuses on visual communication and presentation. Design is therefore a broad process and as a result it takes time to complete. The traditional design process has typically been considered to take place in a series of stages. Pre-production design is the first stage where the design goals are established and analyzed. Research is then carried out to determine the practicality of the design in order to conceptualize and document design solutions and certify the specifications in preparation for presentation. The second stage is design through production where testing, maintenance and development of a designed solution take place. The third stage is post-production design feedback where the designed solutions are introduced into the environment and constructive suggestions for improvements are taken into account. The final stage is redesign in which the design process is repeated and all the corrective measures are integrated to give a fully approved product. Changes in Design have led to an overhaul in the way the design process is regarded and as such modern processes have emerged. This essay aims to examine the current procedures involved in design and the impact of these procedures to business and society. Approach to design Conventional design has heavily relied on innovation as an essential part to its sustainability and progress. Designers for a long time have struggled with the ideology of doing things differently in an attempt to come up with new and unique designs (Getlein, 2008, 15). Design has therefore been regarded as a “doing” practice for a long period without weighing the productivity of the process. These design process models however do not present fundamental views into forthcoming situations rather are created to satisfy the prevailing circumstances (Caves 2000, 78). This is mainly due to the adoption of design systems which are rarely analytical or thorough. In addition, the situational study of these models has a tendency to be illustrative and therefore hardly ever offers the behavioral association between variables (Howkins 2001, 50). To cancel out the irregularities observed in design innovation, latest developments have led to user innovation where consumers and end users of a product instead of the contractors take the lead role in design. According to (Saw 2002, 4), many products and services are currently developed or advanced by users during completion and application and the user input is sent back to the supply netw
Introduction Traditionally, the buying and selling of products and services have always occurred either through a face to face transaction, a letter of intent or even a simple phone call where a person places an order and pays upon delivery (Bennett, 2008). Due advances in technology where the scale and scope of the retail industry have come to encompass a global market place, the traditional processes by which this industry has always followed has started to change. The internet has brought an unprecedented level of interconnectivity on a global scale through which more and more transactions such as banking and even retail are conducted (Chatterjee & Wang, 2012). Sites such as priceline.com, kayak.com, expedia.com, and numerous other online travel sites have enabled consumers to plan and book their vacation and travel needs all from one site. This is a growing indication of a shift in consumer preference from buying their wants and needs through traditional travel agencies to picking the convenience of the internet for all their travel needs (Bentley, 2005). As a result, numerous travel companies have shifted various levels of their retail operations to online stores to compete with their rivals and take advantage of this growing trend (Lee & Lehto, 2010). This trend has not been limited to small scale online retail transactions even airlines themselves have created online self-booking services where consumers can book flights, plan their itineraries and even choose what kind of meal they would get on the flight. The particular nature of the online travel retailing industry has not been limited to processes limited within the borders of states (in the case of the U.S.) or countries but rather is global phenomenon wherein individuals and businesses can avail of such services from anywhere in the world. It is due to this trend the numerous travel companies and agencies can reach a much larger consumer base compared to what they were capable of doing before resulting in a larger profit margin for the business (Law, Guillet & Leung, 2010). With this in mind, what this paper will seek to do is examine is how such travel sites impact the behavior of travelers in terms of their willingness to travel or spend based on the ease and convenience in which they can plan and purchase their trips from start to finish (Toh, DeKay & Raven, 2012). Background of the Study E-Commerce, an abbreviation of the term electronic commerce, i
Consideration of Hesiod’s poems is advisable to start with “Theogony” because it contains the cosmogony regarding pre-philosophy, which develops within the myth and destroys its rational understanding of the world. The poem tells the story of three generations born of Earth and Heaven (Uranides), sons and daughters of Kronos (Olympian gods and the main among them – Zeus), and also about people and giants. The beginning and the end of the stories are the chants of Zeus who took power over the world by force. It seems that the truth taught by Hesiod is not in the description of the sequence of generations of gods, but the chanting of Zeus. The author also glorifies the laws “that govern everything,” the ruling of “the blessed gods of Olympus,” Hesiod, Theogony, p. 35 in GHM. He is interested in the steady state of the world and the dominant position of Zeus, according to which the author glorifies his qualities at the beginning and the end. Although the main bloodline of the gods covers the birth of three generations, Zeus is at the center of the narrative. He releases “his brothers and sisters Uranides,” they give him the “thunder and smoky thunderbolt and lightning,” Hesiod, Theogony, p. 41 in GHM. The result of this act is the rule of Zeus: “he rules over mortals and immortals.” The episode about the sons of Japetos is placed in the center of the story as the conquest of the supreme power of Zeus over the people and gods. Here comes the inclusion of anthropogony in Theogony: the appearance of a human in the historical arena. Prometheus, taking the side of people, tries to deceive Zeus. The deception lies in the unequal section of the carcass of a bull intended for sacrifice to the gods. Zeus sees the trick: the best part of the corpse was wrapped in skin and stomach, and the worst (bone) covered in “gleaming” fat, Hesiod, Theogony, p. 42 in GHM. Prometheus tries to help people avoid submission to the gods, and above all Zeus. Zeus is depicted in this episode as a cruel, ruthless god. He sees deception and taunts Prometheus. His behavior is dominated by emotions, especially anger. Submission of people to Zeus turns into one of the central scenes of the struggle of Zeus and the Olympian gods for “power and honor.” While Prometheus was forgiven in the end, the author argues the idea of the impossibility of deception of Zeus and the inevitability of his anger. In this context, Hesiod tells about the appearance of humanity: Gods create one half of the human race. A woman, “a beautiful evil thing to pay for the good one,” was created on misfortune to people, Hesiod, Theogony, p. 43 in GHM. Zeus represents a brutal cult, before which men should lie in fear and awe. The attempt to deceive Zeus led to the greatest evil in the life of mortals — the creation of women. The creation of a human is included in the context of honoring Zeus as the most powerful god, as well as the idea
What could be more normal than sitting on a bed with silk bed covers, sipping tea out of a porcelain cup, reading a book or a newspaper, getting ready to have noodles for lunch? This average description of a modern person’s day is filled with things that centuries ago were considered the most miraculous and amazing inventions of their times. And all of them came directly from China. Nowadays Chinese firms and companies are being accused of copying and faking inventions of other countries, starting mass production of bad quality goods, and flooding modern markets with them. In spite of this stereotype, China is the Motherland of many inventions of the past. As Deng (2011) notices, the achievements of Chinese civilization and culture have contributed immensely to human society. Paper and printing were invented in ancient China. This influenced multiple spheres of human life – traveling, discoveries, communication, and learning. Centuries later, paper still remains one of the most essential objects of human life. The first mention of noodles was made around four thousand years ago, states Clark (n.d., para. 2). Silk became China’s link to the rest of the world. In the process of turning a cocoon into a thread, the spinning wheel was invented. Being one of the most popular and valuable goods of that time, silk helped Chinese trade ways and the famous Silk Way spread to Europe. Also ancient Chinese were trying to conquer the sea territory and came up with snorkels, which eventually started to be used in the military, the diver with a snorkel was supposed to track approaching ships, place a pot filled with gunpowder under them, and set it on fire. Kites come from China, of course. Beautiful, gracious kites floating in the wind first were used for fishing without a boat. Kites were used for military purposes too; they were designed to deliver packs of gunpowder to the soldiers. Porcelain is another beautiful material that originates in China and is a common object of modern life. Porcelain quickly became one of the most valuable Chinese goods. Vessels and vases made of porcelain had some new qualities that pottery of that time was unable to compete with. First of all, porcelain was much thinner than clay. It also had a white color that was easy to paint on. It is also known that alcohol is mentioned in Chinese legends. It turns out that beer was brewed in ancient China long before it appeared in Europe. Another well-known Chinese product is tea. But to make good tea, the tea leaves had to be cut to pieces first. The handmade shredding of tea leaves was taking too much time until a special shredding device was created. It was used to cut the leaves into strips and made the process of tea making much easier. Gunpowder is one o