ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The Cold War was an important period of history that shaped the geopolitical landscape of the 20 th century. In its general understanding, this term refers to a prolonged ideological confrontation between Western democracies and Communist states, mainly represented by the Soviet Union. While there was no direct military engagement between the world’s superpowers, local proxy conflicts still spread across the globe. Dr. Caleb Fisher notes that the feeling of looming nuclear doom threaded through the Cold War period. Residents on both sides continuously feared that a devastating war was to erupt once the tensions rise beyond the point of no return. At the same, Fisher states that the possibility of such a nuclear conflict was averted because of the fear of mutual destruction. Having sufficient arsenals to end all life on Earth, the leaders of the superpowers preferred not to engage each other directly, limiting the confrontation to the ideological front and proxy wars in Vietnam, Korea, and Afghanistan. In such difficult times, as the Cold War and the spread of terrorism, the role of Christians is to pursue one of God’s main principles, which is hope. Such a perspective is conditioned by a range of factors that revealed themselves across history. The Biblical story of Nehemiah serves as an important lesson to humanity. More specifically, while God is there to protect and guide all people, they are not to rely solely on divine intervention. The idea of benevolent choice is central to the Christian faith, becoming the Lord’s ultimate test for each soul (Moyn 2020). People cannot refrain from making a choice in difficult situations. Instead, Nehemiah’s example teaches Christians to become confident through making the meaningful choice in the name of God. Moreover, Christianity helps the public find its voice and make its values known to policy-makers. In this context, Nehemiah provides another excellent example for faithful people to follow. He was a true believer, which is why God answered his prayers and empowered him to hold a conversation with the king. The principles of Christianity guided Nehemiah and allowed him to contribute to the rebuilding of Jerusalem. In the present context, this example shows how God’s will can be made known to major policy-
Business Description The business has developed out of the need to create employment for young people in Amman who happen to be gifted in calligraphy. The idea is a personal product that has been in existence since childhood. The following is therefore a description of the business from its inception, structure, and ownership. The company that is to be established will be under the name H.T, which is derived from the initials of the partnership. The source of the capital is from a local bank in Amman coupled with savings of the partners. The main product of the business will be male jewellery. This decision is based on the market need for this product since business environment in the UK has much of female jewelleries and less of the male jewelleries (Bean 2007, p.17). The available outlets for the jewelleries are also rather expensive and monotonous since the trade is dominated by a handful of companies offering similar products. When established, this business will provide the population with a choice when shopping for jewellery besides creating a sense of satisfaction since each product will be unique. The bulk of shoppers in the UK has also changed with more and more men being involved in shopping and making financial decisions. With the well performing economy, the population will have more money at its disposal. The company to be set up aims to put in place an effective marketing strategy to attract buyers of all ages and ethnicities. Amman was chosen to serve as the headquarters for the business and as a source of labour raw material and resources required (Government in Jordan 1978 p.13) because it provides a good centre for the trade. Amman is known globally for her beautiful handmade ornaments, which have mostly been women’s ornaments (Jordan 1989, p.28). The population is largely gifted in making the ornaments. This makes the marketing strategy for the capital and the country in general (Skinner 2003, p.15: South 2008, p. 12). Calligraphy is an art that dates back in the country to the Middle Ages as evidenced by the discovery of ancient works of art in the prehistoric sites in the country (Herr 1983, p.45). The works of art have however been marketed in the country alone without exploitation of the international market. The jewellery will be made from different raw materials for start. Clients will be given the choice of selecting the kind of jewellery they want. Traditionally, the jewellery has been made from metals such as gold, silver, and bronze. This decision made the pricing high for the common market. This business enterprise targets to make cheap jewellery for the low income markets in the UK, as well as the upper class market thus creating a room for choice between the materials used. The capital required is estimated at a hundred thousand US dollars distributed in terms of equipment, labour, and export price. The three costs represent the largest financial requirements of the company. Buildings The company intends to start the trade by using an old warehouse that has been r
A Binding Contract with Customers The emergence of online trade has presented new questions related to the contracting process. Therefore, it is quite natural that Great Buys is concerned about the legal force of its online contracts. However, there is no need to worry because, according to the Electronic Signatures in Global and National Commerce Act, even if a contract is drawn up in an electronic format, it is still enforceable (“U.S. Code § 7001,” n.d.). This law, passed in 2000, stipulates electronic signatures used in the formation of an agreement has the same legal force as a handwritten signature (“U.S. Code § 7001,” n.d.). Consequently, customers are wrong saying that they are not bound to the online contract. International Laws Related to Online Trade Nowadays, international organizations are still working on developing laws regulating online trade. Some developments include WTO rules that oblige trading parties to be nondiscriminant and transparent in their transactions (Congressional Research Service [CRS], 2019). For example, the Information Technology Agreement cancels the tariffs on information technology products, while the Trade Facilitation Agreement reduces the costs of online trade between countries (CRS, 2019). Apart from that, the U.S. has free trade agreements (FTAs) with a number of countries, such as Australia, Korea, Peru, Marocco, and Chile (CRS, 2019). Each of these FTAs includes a chapter related to e-commerce (CRS, 2019). If Great Buys wants to sell its products internationally, it will have to comply with the mentioned legislation. Arbitration Clause and Intellectual Property Arbitration is a process of resolving disputes with the help of a third party that is a neutral, unbiased person rather than a judge. The Federal Arbitration Act that establishes the procedure of arbitration preempts state laws (CRS, 2017). Therefore, if Great Buys includes an arbitration clause to its contract, it will be able to resolve its disputes through arbitration rather than in state courts. Since this company sells household electronics, its intellectual property may include patents, trademarks, and trade secrets. Therefore, Great Buys may add clauses to its contract, which would claim its possession of a unique design of its products and prohibit other manufacturers or traders from utilizing its trademark without its consent. Suggestions for Improving Internal Business Procedures To prevent customers’ complaints related to the contract, Great Buys should draw up the document in the most precise manner. It will reduce the possibility of misunderstanding and will be helpful in case of a lawsuit. Apart from that, Great Buys should include a contract clause that will explain to customers how they can resolve a dispute with the company without taking legal action. In this case, it will also be necessary to train the staff to handle customers’ complaints and negotiate with them to eliminate conflicts in a peaceful way. Perhaps, a letter of apology from the company’s employee and a quick solution to customers’ problems will discourage them from filing an action.
Abstract The largest library in Midwest is Harold Washington Library Centre that confirms to both traditional and postmodern elements of designing. The building is a neat amalgamation of traditional motifs from mythology and culture of Chicago and Midwest as well as postmodern architectural styles. The building is different in its construction and design from its contemporary library buildings due to its incorporation of both designing and not just that of functionality as is done in most modern buildings. This paper discusses architectural design of the building in detail. The libraries being built in the 21 st century are, according to Terry Webb, “more than just a repository of information and knowledge, and epitomizes a higher aspiration that is fundamental to civilization and its persistence.” (Webb 5) In other words, modern day library construction is moving beyond just technical requirements of construction. Traditionally architectural designs of libraries had entirely reflected upon the practicality and functionality aspect of the building, completely doing away with the designing aesthetics. Therefore, such public buildings have been designed with “preeminence of function and significance in a construction virtually devoid of pleasing form.” (Webb 7) Library designing is essentially designing of the interior space area such that there is a distinct reading area, circulation area, stacks area, etc. It has also been suggested that the simplest and most efficient shape for a library building is a rectangle (Webb 7). Classical architecture of libraries usually has a fortress like appearance with heavy bronze doors and small often-barred windows (Webb 8). However, this has changed considerably with the advent of the modern libraries built in the 21 st century. Libraries today has become more post modern in their orientation, with a lot of stress being put on the aesthetics of designing than simply catering to the functional requirements of the building. This paper discusses the background and building of one such example of modern day library. It is the Harold Washington Library Centre (HWLC) at Chicago built in 1990-2 is the main library of the Chicago Public Library (Watkin 682). The paper first provides a brief description of the background of the location and culture surrounding the building. Then provide an understanding of how it was built and in the end understand how it would have been built had it been built today. This paper presents a detailed architectural review of the modern library and its importance to architecture. HWLC is a monumental building and was commissioned as a part of the renewal of the urban landscape of the city. The designer of the building was Thomas Beeby of Hammod, Beeby, and Babka (Watkin 682). After refurbishing the Chicago Cultural Center in 1977, it was found that the building was outgrowing its collection (Becker). Then pursued a long debate on the contraction of a new library building in the city but was derai
In practice, true experimental design is the most accurate research design because the results are drawn on statistically proved hypotheses using randomly assigned participants. The article Experimental or RCT research designs: a crisis of nomenclature in medical education uses true experimental research design that is based on educational intervention. In this study, the effect of a manipulated variable on the dependent variable was observed based on pre-test and post-test control group designs in a clinical RCTs environment (Donnon, 2012). The demographic characteristics of the participants were defined in the study as the independent variables. According to Donnon (2012), a randomized controlled trial (RCT) of patients was selected randomly and assigned to different groups to fulfill the requirements of a true experimental research design (Trochim, 2006b). The changes that happened in both groups were noted. Besides, the confounding variables were controlled and their effects were observed to make the results accurate and replicable (Trochim, 2006a). The Posttest Equivalent Groups led to accurate results because random values were used to ensure that the attributes of true experimental design were followed. Two groups were used in the study and each group had the characteristics of the true experimental design. According to Trochim (2006a), treatments were not applied to the first group, but they were applied to the second group. Typically, the attributes of the two-group pretest-treatment-posttest design qualify to be defined as a strong true experimental design because both, the treatment and control groups, were used effectively. In conclusion, the results could be replicated because they were proved to be statistically accurate and reliable.
Introduction They consider us to be at ‘war’, even if the war is not a declared one with specific rules and a recognized enemy. pg. 103, In Goold, B., Lazarus, L., [eds.]. 2007) After the 9/11 bombings of the World Trade Center, the US government under President Bush executed and implemented a series of actions that catapulted the country to a period of war. In November 2001, President Bush pushed into law the USA Patriot Act. Among the things stipulated in the law is the “detainment of non-citizens for up to seven days before being charged with a crime; expanded wiretapping, which extends to cell phones and tracking people with multiple numbers; and unprecedented information sharing between the CIA and FBI” (PBS Online Newshour: 2001). In addition, the Justice Department has authorized the monitoring of conversations between attorneys and clients held in federal prison on suspicion of terrorist activity. The government has also announced plans to interview some 5,000 young Middle Eastern men who entered the country on temporary visas after January 2000. Undoubtedly, the protection of America has come at a high price in the name of “security” and “human rights”. Seven years after, America is still at war. Protection is still questionable. Human rights advocate contesting the government’s tactics of surveillance and inhumane treatment of detainees. Intellectuals debate over actions of the administration whether “right” or wrong”. US soldiers are deployed and are still being deployed in Afghanistan and Iraq to fight and rebuild. In light of this confusion, inaccuracy, power, and struggle, this paper presents arguments that would confer how constitutional rights and civil liberties are limited in the wage against the war on terror. At the same time show the ambiguities surrounding administration acts compared to in reality. Ambiguous Democracy A day after the 9/11 attacks, with less than 3,000 people injured and millions of properties turned into rubbles, President George W. Bush, said on the 12th, “What happened yesterday were more than acts of terror. They were acts of war.” This statement propelled the Executive branch of the government to usher in new directives to tighten the security of the country and to hunt the culprits behind the attacks. President Bush, t
Introduction Organizational behavior is the study and use of knowledge on how individuals and groups act in organizations. It is concerned with the relationship between people and the organization (Davis, 1993, p.57). This study encompasses a wide range of topics which includes leadership, change, and human behavior. Stone Cold Creamery This company was founded in 1988 in Arizona. The company deals with a wide range of ice cream products and has franchise stores spread in many parts of the world. It is one of the fastest-growing franchises in America (The Company’s Website). Mission statement The mission statement of stone-cold creamery states that “we will make people happy”. This mission statement shows that the organization plans to do more than just selling ice creams (but also to put smiles on people’s faces). Further, their mission statement portrays that they aspire to provide their customer with incredible ice cream flavor. They claim to deliver happiness with their expertise. Looking at this mission statement, about the organization’s behavior, we observe different expectations from different groups in the organization for the firm to accomplish its mission. The mission of any organization shows a lot in how it deals with its interested parties. It also shows the expectation of different groups when dealing with the organization (The Company’s Website). The organization has certain expectations from its employees, most importantly the employees are hired to enable the organization to achieve its mission. This is done by meeting its production, financial objective, and customer service. For Stone Cold Creamery to achieve its mission, employees are expected to possess a given code of behavior. The mission statement of any company is meant to be a guiding principle for all the employees in the organization. The main idea that is portrayed in this mission statement is that of customer service. This shows some attachment between what the customers’ expectations are and what the organization is offering. Research has shown that many organizations are focusing on the provision of excellent services, this is to ensure high customer satisfaction and retention. This organization expects its employees to provide world-class services both to its franchisees and the ultimate consumer. There is also the element of all the people dealing with the organization being happy, these include suppliers, creditors, customers, and the directors (The Company’s Website). In our case the organization expects the employees in the research and development to come up with quality ice creams that meet customer requirements and needs. Considering that consumers hold different tastes and preferences, this department is expected to be very aggressive in research and come up with products that give very high customer satisfaction. The employees from all the other departments are also expected to provide quality services to enable the organization to live up to its promise of making the people happy. The Organizational Chart The stone-cold organizational chart shows that the organization has adopted
Introduction Success or failure of any business institution largely depends on the effectiveness, efficiency and organizational structure of the business. Due to the current volatile and competitive market conditions, all business institutions are doing their level best to improve on their management to enable them meet the current market demands and keep their brand competitive.Management is a wide term and it is always more convenient to deal with each aspect of management at a time. This paper discusses different management concepts: effectiveness and efficiency, organizational structure, management skill mapping and capacity building as well as organization behavior. The paper will also examine Mirvac Companyand how it has used these concepts to achieve its success in real estate development. Management Management,according to Draft (2007),is the “attainment of organizational goals in an effective and efficient manner through planning, organizing, leading, and controlling, organizationalresources” (Draft, 2007, 6). For any organization to be successful, the management has to optimize the organization’s resources by focusing them towards the mission, vision and core objectives of the organization. Proper planning of the available resources both physical and human is essential. The leadership in any organization plays the role of planning and making sound decisions, does the organization and controls by overseeing that every detail is implemented as planned (Draft, 2007, p.6). Organizational structure One of the most important aspects of management is the organizational structure. Organizationalstructure determines the effectiveness of the management team. Different business bodies have different organizational structures depending on the nature of their services (Murray, Poole and Jones, 2006, p. 4). How the management team is structured through divisions such as senior managers, assistant managers, CEOs and other various leaders of different departments in different levels in regard to different functions of every section of management determines how information, authority, and delegation of duties arecarried out in a company (GriffinResources, 2010, p. 4). Efficient and effective management It is worth noting that efficient and effective management is essential for success and that the two have to be given equal priority since one without the other may result to mana
Thesis Statement Diplomacy is one of the fields of study that has taken root in the modern international system. It pertains to the efforts that states make in order to achieve national interests both locally and abroad. The US has not used its veto power to block Palestine from becoming a state. This is due to a number of reasons including safeguarding national interests. This paper explains why Obama refused to block Palestinian move and why use of force is dangerous as well as necessary in solving world political problems.  1. Prevention of building settlements  2. Rationale  3. Why it failed  4. Israeli-Palestine Conflict  5. Public opinion  6. Obama’s standpoint  7. Foreign Policy  8. Use of force  9. Use of consultation 10. Bibliography Obama assumed power guaranteeing a more dynamic and unbiased approach to the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. However, beyond some supercilious speeches as regards to Palestinian agony, he has presented no significant policy change or precise plan for taking consultations a notch higher. Obama’s effort to prevent Israel from building settlements in the seized regions failed when he gave in to Israeli obstinacy. The government then had the courage to sanction a nonbinding U.N. declaration accusing the very settlements Obama himself had criticized. The Israeli premier mocked the president’s exciting proposal that consultations for a two-state resolution be derived from the 1967 boundaries with territory exchange. Obama’s proposal is not new since every US president has suggested it. The proposal is based on the Oslo treaty. The president’s suggestions to Netanyahu and the Israeli extremists have made the U.S. seem feeble in the international arena. Obama had no other option than to confirm to the globe that the U.S. is not Israel’s fanatic. He had to cut short his plans of preventing Palestine from being a state. The majority of Americans support Israel in their fight against Palestine. However, research reveals that most Americans think the U.S. must not support one side over the other in the crisis. Leaders from the media industry, armed forces and foreign relations observe that US foreign policy to Israel is rigorously detrimental to America’s welfare and image around the globe. Basing on the 2008 J Street research, 78% of American