ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The first half of the twentieth century happened to be fruitful in innovative techniques and new ideas in every aspect of the human life. Major reformations affected not only political influences, social systems, and economies, but also the subtle levels of human existence – the cultural sphere with its array of art forms. The new art movements sparked in many parts of the globe all at once – each with its own set of characteristics, ideologies, and serving a particular purpose. The most notable movements included Impressionism, then Cubism, Expressionism, Fauvism, Suprematism, Abstract art, proponents of which contributed immensely to the establishment of a new perspective on the role of art in society. One of the first aims that the innovative artists addressed was the foundational aspects of painting. The fact that the academic painting had strict boundaries and a particular realistic aesthetic with meticulous brushwork and a set of rules to qualify did not suit their vision. The precursor of the radical forms of art now associated with challenging the artistic tradition does not look very extreme to a 21 st century viewer. Yet the first ones to question the purpose of art would be the Impressionists – with their idea of capturing a special atmosphere on canvas. Monet, Renoir, Degas tried to captivate “momentary and transient effects of sunlight” (Tate). They used small, chaotic brushstrokes as the core of their movement relied on an obsessively accurate depiction of natural light in different times of the day. Camille Pissarro “Boulevard Montmartre at Night” Impressionism was born out of the necessity to break the stale academic norms of traditional painting, and the movements that f
This paper discusses functionality of the human brain in a Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) laboratory. The paper argues that re-conceptualizing the fMRI visuals in a laboratory has an effect on the human understanding of the visuals. A human being does not learn by just looking at the brain visuals in a computer screen. Rather, humans learn by using all the five senses, except smell. This includes seeing and touching as the most useful. In this case, human beings want to touch the charts, maps and computer screens and coordinate this with the image in their head. This coordination perfects with time. Although most practitioners in the field of science use input devices such as a keyboard and a mouse to feed the computer with information, that affects the final image on the screen, they also tend to use their hands by placing them on the screen. This is not something intentional according to the argument in the paper. It happens almost automatically. Main Idea The paper further looks at the implication of this phenomenon on the results of brain scans. Additionally, it looks at the possible fact that practitioners may not understand a Human Brain Visual well without the coordination of senses and personal brain activity. In its argument, there is no possible relationship. The paper discusses visual brain areas as the places in the brain where industrious work happens. Further, the author discusses mutable and immutable inscriptions. Mutable inscriptions, according to the author, include those activities in a human being’s life that do not transform the brain. However, immutable inscriptions have the effect of brain transformation. The latter leads to a better understanding of fMRI because the brain can adjust quickly to visuals. Hence, practitioners tend to use less touching in this case (Morana 100). It is critical to note that inscriptions in a laboratory are quite fast. Sometimes coordination is a big problem. Blood flow in the brain is because of the various activities in the immediate environment of a practitioner. Hence, practitioners use charts frequently to analyze human brain critically. According to the paper, this practice is paramount and contributes greatly to better understand the visuals on a computer screen. Does this mean that a person should understand the use and interpretation of a chart before engaging a computer aid? The answer lies in the brain of a practitioner. However, the paper argues that this is the starting point for any trainee in this field. It concludes that it is virtually impossible to understand the finesse movements on a computer screen without adequate capability of analyzing a chart. Further, it is more practical to use images with colors. This makes the charts easier to understand and analyze (Morana 105). Conclusion The author uses two trainees to bring the idea into focus. He does this by progressively looking at every stage of a brain analysis. The conclusion is that for trainees it is
Introduction Scope of the Advertisement The Sony Ericsson Inc wishes to upgrade the technology world by introducing one of the best 3G phones ever. The phone, which has a multitude of features that not only makes it a choice phone but also makes it the phone of the future, has been rated as a substitute of the common and very famous I-Phone from Apple Inc. Although the Apple remains a very expensive and sophisticated phone in the market today, with loads of technological features that make it a real display of technological inventions and advancements in the world of Information and communication technology, it is also surrounded by a lot of drawbacks that make it a nightmare for many. With a few important features of the mobile technology missing in the I-phone, and with a lot of security issues having been reported showcasing the I-phone as a great threat to its customers, the phone is indeed falling back in the world as a phone for all. In fact, its greatest challenge is its price, a price that is usually not consistent with what it offers to the market in terms of its features, reliability and affordability. The new Sony Ericsson Vivaz is hence the choice phone since it is a mix of sophistication and simplicity, giving its customers real value for their money. The advertisement aimed at marketing the phone will mainly display its strengths compared to the I-Phone and will target the young generation as well as business people who may use the phone for different functions. The main objective of the advertisement will be to offer the choice phone to all generations and markets hence advancing the mobile technology to the next level (Oppapers 2010). Budget for Advertisement Activities The ad will consist of a strategy with different stages and levels so as to ensure the phone not only gains popularity but also is able to sustain that popularity in the market. The advertisement strategy will hence constitute of different activities including:   * Use of Commercials on Television   * Online Advertisements   * Use of Bill Boards   * Advertisement on news papers   * Awarding offers to customers after they purchase the given model of phones   * Awarding of gifts and gift packs from the company   * Offering competitions on the radio with many gifts, including the phone, to be won (Baker 2010). The predicted cost of advertising and of the whole advertisement strategy is as illustrated in the table below: Table for the Expected Cost of the Whole Advertisement Strategy Activity                                               Predicted Cost Television and radio advertisements                    $3,000         Online Advertisements                                  $2,000         Use of Bill Boards                                     $5,000         Advertisement on news papers                           $3,000         Cost of offers to customers on the purchase of phones  $5, 000        Cost of outsourcing evalu
Sigmund Freud is one of the distinguished psychologists of the twentieth century. He is considered the founder of the contemporary psychoanalytical school of thought. He has maintained profound curiosity into the complexities of the human brain and sustained brilliant insight into the functions and derives of the human brain that regulates personality’s activities. Freud was the first person to coin the terms id, ego and superego that he denotes to the unconscious, the conscious and the superego respectively. His innovative ideas and unique views on unconsciousness and sub-consciousness invite future theorists and scholars to make further experiments on the topic in order to examine and discover divergent functions and complexities of the human brain. “An ‘unconscious’ mental process or event, for Freud, is not one which merely happens to be out of consciousness at a given time, but is rather one which cannot , except through protracted psychoanalysis, be brought to the forefront of consciousness.” (Bettlelheim 1982). Being a physiologist, Freud had studied the structure and functions of the human brain and nervous system. He did not want to provide the patients with temporary mental relief; rather, Freud was curious to find out the root cause of the neural disturbances in patients, so that all the mental, emotional and physical problems could be resolved to cure the body in a comprehensive way. Freud had developed great tastes for basic human drives especially the ones that cause physical and sexual pleasures and gratification. By this, he was eager to discover the sources that bring relief and pleasure to the mind of individuals. He had associated sexual pleasures with the unconscious, which according to him, maintained a direct link with sex desires. “Thus, instead of treating the behaviour of the neurotic as being causally inexplicable – which had been the prevailing approach for centuries – Freud insisted, on the contrary, on treating it as behaviour for which is meaningful to seek an explanation by searching for causes in terms of the mental states of the individual concerned.” (Encyclopaedia of Philosophy) He also declares dreams as the royal road of the unconscious, which describes suppressed and hidden wishes and desires an individual contains. It is, therefore, Freud give proper attendance to the words slide unconsciously from tongue or pen as well as the dreams one experiences while sleeping in an unconscious state of mind, because he insists that all these aggressive behaviours, slipping of words and other unintentional actions, reactions and uncontrollable behaviours have been stored in the unconscious mind. Critics maintain divergent views regarding the reason behind the development of the concept of the unconscious by Freud. Stanley Fish (1986, 191) in his article, “Withholding the Missing Portion” argues that Freud’s primary concern in his writings is to convince the reader of the strength of his interpretations and the validity of his theory through his clever use of rhetoric. (Quoted in Maung
Mobile devices such as iPhones, iPads, Android gadgets and ipods are gaining popularity and being used in various fields of study. These mobile devices have seen the development of advanced applications that can be used in learning programs to assist learners in and out of classrooms. More apps are expected to be created as mobile technologies continue to advance. Mobile applications make learning easier by enabling students to access materials wherever they are and at any time they want to (Lytle, 2012). Although there are so many mobile learning applications, my favourite apps are Evernote Peek, StudyBlue Flashcards, and Trello. Evernote Peek is an educational mobile app that is extremely easy to use; it is available on iPads and for students to access it, they only need to own such devices. In the out-of-school environment, Evernote Peek is used by company secretaries to take and organize notes in meetings. Evernote Peek is endowed with the cloud service, which speeds up the process of note-taking (Murray, 2012). The mobile app enables learners to organize their notes according to the available study materials and derives study questions from the re-arranged content. Evernote can be used together with Smart Cover software, which is also installed in iPads, to view the derived questions and answers simultaneously (Baig & LeVitus, 2011). Evernote Peek also provides a way through which students can hide their answers, especially in a situation where they do not own the Smart Cover application. Unfortunately Evernote Peek is currently unavailable for other tablet computers (Costello, 2012). The StudyBlue Flashcards app also provides a great improvement in mobile learning. It is user friendly and does not require the use of complex technologies. Outside the school environment, the mobile app can be used by interviewees to memorise key terms and answers to the questions they feel are common in interviews (Alley, 2009). In schools, the mobile app is used by learners to memorize important information when they are about to sit for tests or major examinations. The mobile app also provides learners with an opportunity to test their understanding in a particular subject and helps them identify the areas in which they need to work on (Quinn, 2011). Students who are apt at using this app can easily set reminders on it to assist them in maintaining a proper study plan before an examination (Brock, 2013). This mobile learning app is available for iPhone, iPad, Android devices, and iPods. Like Evernote Peek, the StudyBlue Flashcards app is also provided free of charge (Lytle, 2012). Similar to the first two mobile learning apps, Trello is also easy to use in schools and in the outside environment. Collaboration is an important element in group d
Thesis statement A siege is the attack or a raid of a city or a fortress with aim of winning by wearing down the enemy, of their personnel, and cutting of the supply of weapons to them and denying their people foodstuffs. The medieval siege warfare was fought from the mid fifteenth century to the end of the eighteenth century. This paper seeks to explore the different methods used in defense during the late medieval warfare 1 . Introduction The medieval siege warfare was characterized by the use of weapons that had gunpowder. Gunpowder was mainly used in China and during this particular era, it gained popularity and now had spread to Europe. This characteristically changed the war tactics. The tactics however shifted between direct engagement and the siege tactic. The enemy would be surrounded in his city or fortress and the attackers would block the supplies from reaching the population. These supplies included food, and additional artillery. The main aim of this method was to starve out the defenders. The late medieval times witnessed the use of cannons. Cannons were used to attack the castles. The castles were built with tall walls. The weapons were heavy, large, and required a huge number of people to carry and operate. The use of castles with tall walls as defense mechanism became irrelevant immediately the siege cannons were invented. The siege cannon largely gave a big advantage to the attacker and hence the eventual winner. Normally necessity is the mother of invention; new tactics had to be developed. The sloppy walls that actually were the opposite of the original design replaced the tall castles. The sloppy walls then turned to being the new defense structures. This new development ultimately rendered the use of castles, which were quite thin, obsolete. The fortress was developed to r
Staffing systems refer to a sum of all the activities that a firm undertakes such as hiring, retaining, appraising, retraining, and dismissing its employees. Consequently, organizational strategy is a phenomenon, which explains the actions a firm plans to execute in order to meet its objectives. Proper alignment of staffing systems with organizational strategy leads to productive results in the firm and achievement of its objectives. Superior Energy Services is an organization that deals with the production of services and equipment used in oil drilling and supply. The organization is among the leading firms in the United States that supply drilling equipment and services for oil manufacturing companies. Therefore, the essay analyses the current orientation of Superior Energy Services and makes recommendations for its improvement. There are various orientation frameworks advanced by scholars in the field of marketing and management. Among the scholars, who have advanced orientation frameworks include Miles and Snow. Miles and Snow outline three frameworks that a firm can adopt, which comprise defender, prospector, and analyzer. In defender orientation strategy, the firm ensures that its products are high-end and emphasizes low prices. The main objective of the framework is high quality that is achievable under minimal cost and low product prices (Dreher & Dougherty, 2002). Firms that adopt prospector frameworks have their focal point on aspects of marketing, innovation, and competition, and hence, encourage identification of new opportunities so that they become the leaders in the venture. Analyzer firms focus on modification and innovation of existing products and services from competitors to advance their quality. As a result, analyzers upgrade technologies of other products from existing firms and use them to win their target consumers. The current orientation of Superior Energy Services reflects a prospectus organization, which has a staffing system that focuses on skills related to marketing and basic research. According to Dreher and Dougherty (2002), prospector firms look for new opportunities and lead in innovation. Since Superior Energy Services is a leader in the provision of oil drilling services and equipment, it qualifies to be a prospector firm. The firm’s strengths emphasize innovation, diversification, pricing, and competition. From the strengths outlined by the organization, it is evident that Superior Energy Services is a prospector firm that works on innovation, competition, and research. The staffing system of the organization focuses on people, who have skills in research, marketing, and are high innovators. For improvement in the alignment of staffing systems and organizational strategy, the firm needs to hire the right human resources, retain them, and encourage higher productivity. Remarkably, modern society is full of consumers, who are concerned with quality and value for their money and are unwilling to purchase products that do not provide their expected levels of satisfaction. Therefore, the firm must improve its p
Introduction Shanghai and Hong Kong maybe some of the fastest-growing cities in the world. Both of them may be part of larger China, one of the most important and significant economies in Asia. However, it is a fact beyond doubt that these two cities are rivals as far as the international economy is concerned. Both of these cities compete for the position of Chinese international financial hub. This competition and rivalry have attracted the attention of international investors. This is given the fact that the investors would like to invest their money in a location that will attract fewer costs and larger profits. This is likely to be the city that will emerge as the international financial hub for China (Chen & Orum 2). Shanghai is undoubtedly the most populous city in the larger China. It can be conceptualized as a Chinese global city. Shanghai is a significant city in China considering the influence that it has on the country’s commerce, finance, and other attributes of the Chinese society, including culture and entertainment (Frommer 2). Shanghai may not be one of the oldest cities in China. However, it is not exactly a recent city either. Historians are of the view that the first signs of human settlement in this area can be traced back to the year 5000 B.C (Frommer 7). It started as a small fishing village along the shores of Wusong Jiang creek. However, shanghai was recognized between the 5 th and 7 th centuries, when it was included in the map of the country (Eisfelder 23). Tang dynasty was one of the first regimes in China to recognize the potential of this fishing village. In the year 751, this region was made part and parcel of the larger Huating county. The major reason why this regime recognized the existence of this region is given the fact that it was located near Hangzhou. The latter was the capital city of the southern song dynasty, a dynasty that spanned from 1127 to 1279. In the year 1292, shanghai ceased to be a mere commercial center or a Zhen. It acquired a new status as a major political center when it became a county center, or a xian (Danielson 579). According to the latest census figures in this city, the population now stands at 19,213,200. This makes this city to be the third-largest municipalities in the people’s republic of China. It comes third only after Chongqing and Beijing. Successive census figures have pointed to the fact that the population in this city has been on a growing trend in the recent past. For example, it is estimated that since the year 1990, the population in this city has risen by about 25 percent (Danielson 579). Experts around the world are in agreement that shanghai is one of the fastest-growing cities in the world. These experts are of the view that the rapid rise of this city as one of the world’s major globalizing cities is something that has not been recorded in the past. This point is supported by the fact that the
Planning Theory The meaning of planning theory depends on the context in which it is defined. There are two categories of planning theories namely, the procedural and the substantive theories. The procedural category encompasses the theories of planning, whereas the substantive consists of the theories in planning (Galloway & Mahayni, 1977, pp. 62-69). In the procedural context, planning theory refers to the underlying ideologies, purposes, principles, and values in the planning process (Galloway & Mahayni, 1977, pp. 62-69). In the substantive context, planning theory refers to the descriptive and predictive body of knowledge about the morphology and functioning of a city. Generally, planning theory can be perceived as the tools and techniques that facilitate planning processes such as data generation and communication. Importance of Planning Theory The main objective of planning theory is to enable planners to determine the circumstances under which human activities can lead to creation of a better city that benefits all its residence (Fainstein, 2005, pp. 121-130). In this context, planning theory has the following benefits. First, it establishes the relationship between planning procedures and the expected outcomes. This helps planners to identify appropriate planning procedures in order to achieve the desired outcomes. Second, planning theory provides guidelines for determining the attributes of an ideal city. For instance, Friedmann (2000, pp. 460-471) states that a good city should have adequate housing and affordable healthcare. By considering these elements, planners are able to meet the expectations of citizens concerning the acceptable standards of living within a city. Finally, planning theory provides a framework for choosing the best strategies for planning and developing a city that satisfies the needs of its residents. It facilitates identification of the bottlenecks that are likely to hinder the design and development of a good city. Types of Planning Theories There are three types of planning theories namely, the substantive, procedural, and normative theories. Procedural theory focuses on the planning process, by providing a framework for transferring knowledge into the actual activities associated with planning. Thus, it encompasses procedural issues such as making decisions, selecting participants in the planning process, and identifying the best planning processes. Substantive theory provides the knowledge base that planners use to develop city plans (Healey, 1992, pp. 143-162). It includes the theories associated with the various disciplines that are relevant in the planning process. Normative theory is concerned with the role of planning in the society. According to the normative theory, planning facilitates achievement of specific economic, historic, and political objectives that improve the lives of all citizens ( Normativity in urban planning , n.d, pp. 76-99). Justification of Planning From an economic perspective, planning is a form of i