ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Motivation: Why college students like to join music festival According to Bissell and Dolan (2011, p. 63), music festivals are very popular among the Chinese college students. It is important to understand the reasons that make these festivals popular among these students. Aquinas (2006, p. 67) says that one of the reasons why music festivals are popular among the students is because they offer them the opportunity to express their feelings. Music is an art that enables one to describe the feelings about things and people in a way that is unique (Harris 2009, p. 12). Strong emotional feelings such as love, sadness, and disappointment can best be expressed through music. The music festivals offer them the opportunity to do this. These festivals also offer the students an opportunity to express their feelings towards various issues within their immediate environment. It may be an appreciation to the administration on the positive things done to the students or complain to the authorities on what has been ignored or not done right. Adetule (2011, p. 45) says that this is the only forum that students are empowered to speak their mind to their schools’ administration and the nation at large. The presence of media at such events makes it possible for these students to speak to the nation. Flint (2012, p. 38) says that another reason why students like to join music festivals is to entertain themselves. After spending a lot of time in class, the music festival offers time for the students to destruct themselves away from books. They get to entertain themselves in such forums as active participants. As DuBrin (2011, p. 90) notes, sometimes a student may have a talent in music. Not every student can be an academic giant. Others may be very good at acting, singing or dancing. In the current Chinese society, these are the careers that should not be ignored anymore. In the past, such careers were considered a preserve for those who failed to excel academically (Yee 2006, p. 62). However, this is far from being the truth. Some of the best musicians in the world are individuals who excelled in their academics. Moreover, music is turning out to be one of the best careers not only in China but also in the rest of the world. Some of the richest people in the world are musicians. According to Dwivedi (2006, p. 538), parents are also accepting careers in music. During these festivals, these get to exploit their talents in music. It helps them to determine if they may have a future in the field of music. Music festivals also help in creating new friendships and strengthening the existing bonds (Liu & Woo 2005, p. 84). Music festivals bring together students from various parts of China. At such festivals, they get to interact and share the social lives with students from all over the country. Through this, they get to develop strong bonds that help in enhancing national cohesion. Given that most of the college students are youths, the idea of meeting new friends is always thrilling (Kline 2010, p. 47). Others attend such festivals due to
In our societies, persons identify themselves with individual and group identities. Every person is considered to be related to a certain race, religion, and other social aspects of life (Appiah, 2005). Identity refers to the unique characteristics that an individual or a group possesses. The characteristics of a certain group influence whether an individual will remain or leave the group. Each group has unique social, political, and economic characteristics that are depicted in the behavior of each member. Cultural studies indicate that every person has unique identifiers such as nationality, race, ethnicity, history, religious beliefs, and language. In developed countries such as the United States of America, UK, and France, group identity is based on the social values and practices (Appiah, 2005). In this article, the events that led to the acquittal of George Zimmerman are analyzed with the aim of illustrating how tension between individual identity and group identity arises and how it can be resolved. The killing of Trayvon Martin by Zimmerman has never been documented with certainty. However, it is apparent that the two persons were from two different races (Yancy, 2013). Martin was an African-American, while Zimmerman is white American. The racial identity of Martin must have been the main cause that led to his killing. Therefore, it can be argued that Martin’s group identity and not his individual identity played a huge role in his demise. In the US, racial conflicts between the whites and blacks have existed for a long time. However, in some few scenarios murder cases between members of same races have been reported (Yancy, 2013). On 26 February 2012, the fateful day that Martin was murdered, Zimmerman was watching over the neighborhood in Sanford, Florida. Zimmerman was then a community security guard and had a gun. Coincidentally, Martin had moved to stay temporarily in the Sanford neighborhood. It is reported that when Zimmerman spotted Martin walking around the neighborhood, he immediately informed the police. The police advised him not to confront the minor, but he ignored their orders and proceeded to confront the minor. What Zimmerman feared most was burglary related crimes. According to the context of the murder, it is clear that he believed that the blacks engage in burglary crimes. Because Martin was an African American, Zimmerman must have thought that the minor was up to something bad in the neighborho
Abstract In writing academic papers, it is important for the writer to observe general as well as specific rules. This is important for a student to get an A+ grade and avoid other serious consequences such as being expelled from the institution. Some of the serious offences include plagiarism regardless of whether it is intentional or not. Even though the tutor/lecturer may request different styles, there are rules for the basic format that have to be followed for all professional papers. These include the logical sequence of contents of the paper from the topic, introduction, theory, main discussion, and conclusion including the references. Introduction According to (Sternberg, 2008), an effective academic paper must be written using the required basic format even though there are different styles. If the writer decides to deviate or make an alteration, it should be with a good reason. The basic format is appropriate in writing papers on theoretical ideas that answer a particular question but for other types of papers such as on pure theory, some adjustment is necessary. It is therefore important for the writer to understand the importance of transforming good ideas into writing good papers because this is not an easy process. Each part of the paper must be understood about what it is meant to accomplish. If a proper format is not followed, the structure, as well as the content of the whole paper, may impede instead of helping the reader in understanding the main points. This is a common problem in reading papers especially if the reader is not careful when reading them. In this paper, the basic format will be explained along with the specific rules for writing an efficient paper. Each particular sub-section will explain various related rules. Basic format (Sternberg, 2008) argued that, an effective paper must address the main points and the writer must not make attempts to enrich his/her paper with too many asides. The writer should avoid comments that suggest implications that is not important in developing the central point. It is advisable to have a paper that is narrow and focused because it would be more useful than one that is rich but is ignored. Regarding the structure of the paper, the introduction is very important because it determines how much the reader will be interested in the rest of the paper. If the introduction is confusing and the reader cannot see the important issues dealt with in the paper, he/she is likely to pay little attention to the rest of the paper or even ignore the whole paper. It is therefore important to include the following points in every introduction: the problem being solved requires to be stated concisely followed by a clear discussion about the state of art being handled; for example previous work. One can explain why the current literature is confusing as w
Discussion Board The information article Intellectual Property , written by a group of authors under direction of Evan Davies, aims to define the concept of intellectual property (IP) and identify its key characteristics. Secondly, the authors give a brief overview of legal means that help to protect the right for IP. According to the scholars, intellectual property can be defined as any tangible or intangible asset that results from the process of human discovery, creativity, and invention (Davies et al, 2003). The authors single out the two characteristics, which are typical of IP: 1) immaterial nature, in other words, this asset can be owned by a great number of people at the same time; 2) inability of the inventor to appropriate it for private gain, since this kind of assets can be easily copied and transmitted (Davies et al, 2003). The key idea which the writers express is that contemporary legislation does not provide specific guidelines, regulating the use and transmission of intellectual property, for example, a person, who tries to sell a certain idea or invention, can easily be defrauded, and there is no way for him/her to prove his rectitude. These are the major issues, discussed in this article. Overall, it is quite possible to agree with the authors, when we are speaking about the use and transmission of intellectual property. At the moment, there are very few safeguards that can protect the author (inventor, designer, musician, writer, artists and so forth) from encroachment on his/her rights. In part, it is connected with the rapid development of Internet technologies which enable users to share copyrighted information (songs, videos, software, books etc) with any obstacle. Secondly, as it has been pointed out in the article, in some cases, the author finds it very difficult to prove that he/she is the inventor of a certain device or the author of some television show. However, the definition, proposed by the authors can be disputed. Evan Davies et al focus mostly on the origins of IP such as invention, creativity, discovery, and so forth. Yet, very little attention is paid to the qualitative characteristics of IP. One may point such qualities as novelty and utility, which means that any asset, protected by the copyright law, has to have some new elements and may have some practical application. Besides, in this article the authors emphasize the so-called “weightlessness” of IP, which means that the term intellectual property refers to some intangible assets, yet under some circumstances, IP can be both tangible and intangible, for example, hardware, vehicles, and mobile phones, which can considered as both tangible and intangible assets. In this case, the intellectual property is not easily transferred from one person to another. One should not assume that this definition, advanced by the authors is inaccurate or limited. At the given moment there are hundreds definition and interpretations of IP and its elements; they may fo
Introduction Whether in a continuing business or when starting up a business, there is a decision that has to be made. In making a decision the first thing to do is to define the challenge that calls for a decision to be made. There are problems that require either a “no” or a “yes”, others require an urgent solution and others can wait for a certain period of time for alternative solution to be arrived. Generally, to have a job well-done it is of great importance that people involved start from the beginning. Decision making is not an exemption. In this stage, a good context of the problem is grasped. It is only after getting the correct understanding of the problem that a person can make a good decision. People who are directly affected by the outcome of decisions and those who understand the way the problem arose should be contacted. Decision-making is central to an understanding of organizations and of business. Organizations which are in so many respects incredibly efficient and reasonable sometimes seem to do such daft or dangerous things (Po & Thomas 1997). The London Olympics 2012 creates a good opportunity for Coca Cola Company in the supply of soft drinks. However, the success of this opportunity depends on the decisions made by the top managers of the company. This paper looks at the process of decision making, the major techniques to be used in decision making, and the relationship between decision
Executive Summary MegCo is a private limited company that intends to venture into the UK coffee shop industry. The firm’s operations will entail producing and marketing a variety of specialty coffee. Furthermore, the firm will provide customers with high quality specialty coffee. This will enable the firm to position itself as best specialty coffee-shop in the UK. In an effort to cope with the intense competition in the UK coffee shop market, the firm will invest in continuous product innovation. As a result, MegCo will be able to align its operations with the changing customer tastes and preferences. Situational analysis There are different models that businesses can integrate in an effort to understand the business environment. Some of these models include the PESTLE and the SWOT models (Gilligan & Hird 2008). PESTLE analysis of the UK market Best (2009) emphasises that “the PESTLE analysis model outlines the broad industry environment or the macro-environmental factors in which an organisation operates” (p.18). The model categorises the business environment into six factors, which include the economic, technological, political, legal, environmental, political and social factors. The PESTLE analysis model enables businesses to comprehend and predict the future and hence the likelihood of survival (Best 2009). The chart below illustrates the main PESTLE analysis variables. Moreover, appendix 1 shows a summary of the PESTLE analysis. Figure 1. Source: (Gillam, Yates & Badrinath 2012) Political environment The UK is characterised by a high level of political stability. This has led to development of an effective business environment. The UK is a member of different economic zones and trading blocs such as the European Union, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development and the G20. This presents a perfect opportunity for MegCo to market its products to a large number of customers through internationalisation. Economic environment Over the past few years, the UK economy has experienced significant economic fluctuations such as the 2008 global economic recession and the sovereign debt crisis in the Euro Zone which occurred in 2012. According to Cha (2012), the sovereign debt crisis led to increment in the rate of unemployment with a margin of 11.2%. Consequently, most consumers have adjusted their purchasing patterns because of the high level of uncertainty about the future. Cha (2012) further asserts that “the consumers have reduced their spending on both big and small items such as cars and a cup of coffee” (para. 7). Despite the aforementioned economic fluctuations, it is expected that the UK will attain full economic recovery in the near future. Therefore, the likelihood of improvement in the consumers’ purchasing power is high. Thus, the consumers will afford various consumer products such as specialty coffee. A study conducted by This Money (2012) shows that increase in retail spending is one of the elements that will stimulate the country’s economic recovery. Social environment The UK c
Does a VPN use link encryption or end-to-end? In the majority of cases, a VPN uses link encryption as the data encryption between the VPN client and the VPN server. The end-to-end encryption is the more complex process that can be discussed as the data encryption between the client application and the server provided with the help of additional technologies. Does a VPN use symmetric or asymmetric encryption? VPNs use both symmetric and asymmetric forms of cryptography for encryption. There are some differences in the usage of these types. Symmetric cryptography can utilize one key for both the processes of encryption and decryption and can be considered as more efficient in using for protecting the definite data. It is typical for asymmetric cryptography to use different keys for encryption and decryption, and it is used for authentication. Does a PKI perform encryption? According to its functions and peculiarities, a PKI can perform encryption, but the process is limited by the fact a PKI can perform only one action effectively at a time and, it is rather difficult to perform, for instance, the full authentication and encryption . That is why a PKI can perform encryption, but it is not used for continuous mutual authentication. Does a PKI use symmetric or asymmetric encryption? A PKI uses asymmetric encryption based on the key pair. Thus, both keys are necessary for the realization of the processes of encrypting and decrypting. The asymmetric encryption is also used because PKI usually works with public and private keys. Firewalls are targets for penetrators. Why are there few compromises of firewalls? The firewalls are controlled and protected with the help of passwords. Nevertheless, there are few compromises. The modern and developed firewalls continue to protect the network even if the system is attacked, and a firewall is compromised. Suppose you are a customs inspector. You are responsible for checking suitcases for secret compartments in which bulky items such as jewelry might be hidden. Describe the procedure you would follow to check for the compartments. It is necessary to check suitcases with the help of a scanner to observe the hidden items. If there are no possibilities to use the scanner or an inspector have some doubts, it is possible to check the exterior characteristics of the suitcase, to open it before the owner and check the obvious large and small compartments about the double sides or bottoms with paying much attention to the thickness of the material and its qualities. Your boss hands you a microprocessor and its technical reference manual. You are asked to check for undocumented features of the processor. Because of the number of possibilities, you cannot test every operation code with every combination of operands. Outline the strategy you would use to identify and characterize unpublicized operations. It is possible to examine the documented operations and features of the processor carefully without paying much attention to their effects. The expected number of operands can be used for testing the possible combinations of the oper
Benefits of utilizing linear programming (LP) for marketing research Linear Programming According to Bazaraa, Jarvis, and Sherali (2011), linear programming is a mathematical model with an objective function and constraints that can be used to make the right decisions on how a business can optimize an existing market and make sustainable profits. Benefits The model enables practical problems in marketing research to be solved using thousands of decision variables and constraints. The underpinning strength is to use an extreme point of a function to satisfy certain constraints (Bazaraa et al., 2011). Here, the problem constraints are linear and the function in the linear equation is referred to as the objective function because is used to optimize solutions for the marketing research problem. Canonical nature of LP The typical canonical nature of a linear programming problem is maximization (≤) and minimization (≥) of the linear programming problem. The model can be used to make decisions under conditions of certainty, uncertainty, and under those conditions of risk. Under uncertain conditions, the decisions can be made based on the maxima criteria, which provide the right optimistic criterion for decision making. Here, the pay-offs have to be considered depending on the random state of nature, and the value can be computed as follows: α(maximum payoff) + (1- α) (minimum payoff) How LP can be used for marketing and/or consumer research Marketing research Marketing research is scientific process business organizations use to gather information and establish the needs and wants of customers and the best methods of fulfilling them while ensuring to make sustainable profits (Zopounidis & Pardalos, 2010). The objectives are to enable the business organization to fine-tune the marketing mix to address customer needs and expectations with a balanced supply of products according to customer demands. Decision making The right decisions can be made using descriptive, diagnostic, and predictive research at the strategic, tactical, and operational levels by the business organization managers using the right market research information. Decision making based on the needs and requirements of the target market can be beneficial to the organization if the management optimizes the linear programming model. Example For instance, to conduct a marketing/consumer research program, an organization can decide to use various tools to reach the target audience and make the right decisions on the best combination of product features to address the customer needs and wants using the right media outlet (Zopounidis & Pardalos, 2010). The choice of media alternatives to select from depends on the budget allocation, restraints, and the total amount of money available to use. The media outlets consist of magazines, radio, social media, and other outlets that can be optimized to reach the market. Besides, the linear programming method can be used to determine the right advertising expenses among different advertising vehicles. A typical example is where linear programming is used to determine the effectiveness of the available advertising alternatives