ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Dissemination refers to the distribution and spreading of knowledge to a particular audience with the help of carefully planned strategies (Rabin et al., 2008). The primary purpose of dissemination is to distribute the knowledge gained from evidence based interventions with the intent of transferring the most ideal methods which can be adopted and utilized in other clinical settings for enhanced outcome (Rabin et al., 2008). Within healthcare settings, dissemination plays an important role and has become a major priority in health care academia. The adoption of successfully implemented practices plays a crucial role in health care settings due to which the CDC and NIH have stressed on the need and importance of dissemination to increase effectiveness and outcomes (Harris et al., 2012). Important Dissemination Frameworks Successful disseminating of evidence based research necessitates some frameworks such as the Health Promotion Research Center (HPRC) which outlines the roles of researchers in the dissemination process (Harris et al., 2012). According to the HPRC framework, the spread of a practice can be successfully implemented using an active or passive process (Harris et al., 2012). The dissemination process is most effective when applied through three important steps – adoption, implementation and maintenance (Harris et al., 2012). When the dissemination process occurs systematically, it results in changes in personal behaviours of healthcare professionals and enhanced organizational practice resulting in improved health outcomes and productivity for the establishment (Harris et al., 2012). Researcher’s Role in Dissemination Process The HPRC focuses on the researcher as an active participant in the dissemination process seeking to create new knowledge to be used, adopted and implemented by the user organizations (Harris et al., 2012). The partnership between the researcher and disseminator is based on mutual understanding and close communication which is necessary for the appropriate refining and testing of the dissemination process (Harris et al., 2012). Dissemination of the Proposed Program The proposed implementation of the HH project for the reduction of HAIs will disseminate the significance of ABHs as a more effective and preferred approach as compared to using only soap and water. Through the project, the researcher aims to disseminate the awareness of the importance of HH using ABHs by HCWs. The results of the project will be communicated to all leaders, professionals and stakeholders of the organization to ensure their active interest participation in the dissemination process through ap
Phobia and classical conditioning Phobia is one of the emotional problems which the behavioral psychologists account for. This arises when a child is subjected to certain forms of fear by their guardians. The fact that children are extremely receptive with regards to the adult’s emotions and they also responds well when they observe their parents being terrified once they see a mice or a spider makes the child to have a deep impact. The child thus develops responses to phobia as a result of certain stimuli that are not naturally occurring (Hardy & Heyes, 1999). Addiction and operant conditioning Addiction entails the dependency on a certain drug that is considered harmful or developing certain behaviors and not letting them go. Addiction thus has the effect of developing an upbeat kind of feeling. Operant conditioning is common in drug abusers as well as those who consume alcohol in excess amounts. The addiction is voluntary implying that people seeks the addiction behaviors. Although the addiction is voluntary, there are certain stimuli that are common in the initial phase of the addiction process. Once the stimuli arise, one is thus forced to continue using drugs or alcohol so as to fulfill his or her needs. When the need is satisfied, the cycle continues again (Engler, 2008). Classical conditioning Classical conditioning was discovered by Evan Pavlov. Pavlov when undertaking an experiment discovered that dogs he was studying began to salivate before meat was placed before them. The dogs salivate when the person feeding them comes in because they are used to do it every time the person comes even if he does not have the meat. Basically, some responses that we have are developed due to the experience we have with the stimuli. The responses do not happen naturally. For instance, when one touches a stove, the reflect responds and cools the hand back. In doing this, there is no learning involved and it is merely a stimuli instinct. The experiment conducted by Pavlov involved paring the bell sound when ever he takes meat to the dogs. He found that the dogs would salivate when they hears the bell sound when the meat was present because they are used to hearing the bell sound every time the meat is brought. This shows that the behavior of an organism could easily be shaped using paring of stimuli. The emotions are therefore initiated by what the stimuli is pared with. This is what the classical conditioning entails. Classical conditioning is involved with the kind of behaviors that are wanted i.e. Pavlov was determined to make the dog to salivate. Also in this form of behavioral psychology, the learner is usually reinforced either positively or negatively. Positive reinforcement means adding something in order to increase a response e.g. adding praise increases the chances of one getting another date (Nicholas, 2009). Operant conditioning The operant conditioning refers to how our organism operates with regards to they environment. Operant conditioning thus entails how we respond to what is presente
Introduction Hollywood industry has been playing a significant role in global film production since the beginning of the 20th century. There are many talented professionals in Hollywood who create exciting, engaging, and impressive films. One of them is Tyler Perry, an American actor and producer, who became one of the highest-paid professionals in Hollywood. Perry is a unique and important figure in the film industry because his projects aim not only to entertain, but also to raise topical issues of human beings. Thus, in his works, he discusses the issues that are mostly faced by black people, such as perspectives on race, class, and black authenticity. He also raises the questions of gender, religion, and spirituality. All these themes are topical for all generations, which is why his works are especially valuable in the Hollywood industry. In this paper, the answer to the question of why Tyler Perry is an important figure in the film industry will be included. In addition, the information about what distinguishes him from other black directors will be discussed. Main body Indeed, the projects of Tyler Perry are unique as it is difficult to find another producer or director who can intertwine all the mentioned themes within their works. Through his works, he managed to transfer many important ideas to society. Thus, he shaped and reinforced Black cultural identity, described Black cultural life, emphasized gender roles in Black families, and depicted class and religion in the Black communities (Jackson and Bell 8). Being a talented person, Perry could include a lot of important information in his works, highlighting the most crucial ideas, which made his plays and films very popular among people. What distinguishes Perry’s projects from the works of other black directors is that his films and plays are especially popular among black females, as they represent the target audience of the producer. Thus, Timothy Lyle examines Perry’s dramaturgy and asserts that a special connection between his productions and black women is ensured by Perry’s feminist advocacy (943). Indeed, one of his most famous works is about Madea, an elderly black woman who is always landing herself in a court for small violations. She tends to overreact when even a small and insignificant thing happens in her life. However, when someone is in a trouble, she is ready to help everyone around her. Using this unusual and controversial method of representing a protagonist, Perry demonstrates the true nature of black women. He explains the meaning of feminist spaces and motherhood and highlights the importance of self-sufficiency and self-definition for women. Also, Perry shows how black women overcome their crises and deal with conservative gender ideologies and patriarchal constructions of society (Carey 999). Even though it might seem that nowadays these issues are not t
Introduction The purpose of this report is to analyze Unilever’s Personal Care Products, review data with TOWS matrix, PESTLE, and VIRO analysis, competitive analysis using competitive perceptual map, segmentation strategy and buying behaviors for each segment, corporate and marketing strategies to reach target market and discuss product life cycle along with investment strategy and business level strategy for each SBU. Company Background A leading global manufacturer of packaged consumer goods, Unilever started its formal journey in 1930 through the merger of Lever Brothers and Margarine Unie; however, eleven of its brands had annual profits worldwide of more than $1.0 billion (Deighton 1 and Graul 13). According to the annual report 2011 of this company, it has more than 171,000 efficient employees all over the world and it has plan to double the size of the company in the near future, which would help the company to implement expansion plan of the company. Graul (14) stated that personal care is one of the segments of Unilever, which competes directly with Procter & Gamble; however, the following figure shows that Unilever occupied about 7.8% global personal products industry. Figure 1: Global Personal Products Market Share Source: Graul (35) Dove Deighton (1) stated that Dove was the world’s number-one “cleansing” brand of this company by competing with Procter and Gamble’s Ivory, Kao’s Jergens, and other related products; however, it was launched in 1957 and contained high levels of natural skin moisturizers. According to the annual report 2011 of this company, the management team conducted research and integrated marketing campaign to position this brand in global market and became market leader in personal care sector; therefore, sales of Dove exceeded €3.0 billion in 2011, underlying sales growth was 8.20%, and turnover was more than €15.50 billion. At the same time, Deighton (1) pointed out that Unilever interviewed 3,000 respondents of ten countries to assess their view to develop effective marketing plan and media plan, enhance relationship with customer and conduct IMC campaign. Axe Unilever launched Axe in France in 1983 and expanded business with this brand in more than 60 countries; however, this brand captured about 20% market share
Introduction The research article under consideration for analysis is by Bacharach and Bamberger (2007) titled “9/11 and New York City firefighters’ post hoc unit support and control climates: A context theory of the consequences of involvement in traumatic work-related events.” The focus of this paper is on scales’ validity, measurements, anonymity, ambiguity and response sets. The paper will also characterize the DASS survey items and will analyze the sampling used to evaluate the sample strengths and weaknesses and offer recommendations. Scales Analysis The dependent variables depression, anxiety and stress were based on the DASS scale for measuring stress and psychological attributes. The scales ranged from 0 to 3 where 0 implied “did not apply to me at all,” 1 was interpreted as “applied to some degree or some of the time; 2 implied “applied to a considerable degree or a good part of the time,” while 3 implied “applied to the participant very much or most of the time” (Bacharach & Bamberger, 2007, p. 851). The independent variables of intensity of critical incident involvement were based on a measurement scale of 0 or 1 for affirmative to the 15 modes of involvement while for the four involving self injury a scale of 2 to 5 was used where 2 represented a minor injury with no requirement of treatment and 5 representing severe injury requiring medical attention and being placed on light duty or leave. The range for post traumatic distress was based on Weiss & Marmar (1997) Impact of Event Scale Revised (IES-R) which entailed a scale of 0 to 4 where 0 implied “not at all,” 1 meant “a little bit,” 2 implied “moderately,” 3 for “quite a bit” and 4 represented “frequently” (p. 56). The current unit control climate was measured on an input scale of 1 to 7 with 1 representing “little or no input” and 7 implying “a great deal of input” (Bacharach & Bamberger, 2007, p. 853). The current supervisory support climate was to gauge the frequency of support within a scale of 1 representing not at all, to 4 representing very often. The social desirability bias was controlled and measured using the Balanced Inventory of Desirable Responding (BIDR) scale. Other critical incidents involvements were controlled and assessed using the measurement scale used for critical incident involvement with inclusion of the scale indicating the number of times a participant was involved in a critical incident ranging from 0 (implying zero or no times) to 7 (implying seven or even more times). Face Validity and Measurement analysis The measurement of psychological states such as depression, anxiety and stress has proven to be reliable especially with the use of the DASS 21 scale. The use of the scale to measure depression, anxiety, and stress is face valid (Miller, Cardinal & Glick, 1997). The critical incident involvement measure used to test the involvement in a critical incident using the 15 modes scale on
In August 1953, Mossadegh, the then Iranian prime minister, was overthrown through a coup de tat; however, there have been intense speculations about the role of CIA in this coup and other coups that happened after the Second World War II. Some critics have looked at CIA’s involvement negatively. For instance, William Blum has come out clearly to criticize CIA’s involvement. This paper analyzes different excerpts, compiled by Mary Ann Heiss from works of different scholars either supporting CIA or faulting it. Mossadegh’s Removal Blum posits that Mossadegh pushed successfully for nationalization of Anglo-Iranian Oil Company (AIOC), which was owned by the British. However, this did not go well with the British and after she failed to reclaim her company, she enlisted the help of the United States of America. Amongst those who supported the removal of Mossadegh was John Foster Dulles, an anticommunist who referred to Mossadegh as a lunatic. Therefore, Americans got involved in the removal of Mossadegh than the British. Before the oust, the Americans tried diverse ways to attack Mossadegh including an attempt to announce Mossadegh’s ‘compulsory leave’ replacing him with Fazlollah Zahedi among other dirty tactics that would implicate Mossadegh in all wrong doings. Nevertheless, Mossadegh utilized his constitutional powers and stayed put. Unfortunately, the CIA invented new tactics and later overthrew Mossadegh. Blum insinuates that CIA’s interest was in the rich oil deposits around Iran. Jacobo Arbenz Guzman; Guatemalan President According to Blum, after CIA’s successful coup against Mossadegh, it applied the same tactics to oust Guzman, a year later. The reason behind this coup was that Guatemala was on the precipice of communism under the leadership of Guzman; however, Blum sees more than these claims in this coup. Blum reveals that John Peurifoy, the U.S ambassador to Guatemala warned that, “We cannot permit a Soviet Republic to be established between Texas and the Panama Canal…the Soviet Union might actually seize the canal” (Heiss 169). Therefore, America’s interest was not stopping Guatemala from plunging into communism; on the contrary, it was to protect the Panama Canal. After the coup, America accused Guatemala of getting weapons from Czechoslovakia; however, it emerged that Czechoslovakia ‘gave’ weapons to Guatemala but for money. This could have happened with any other country wiling to buy weapons. The other reason behind America’s interest in Guatemala was land. Blum points out that the United Fruit Company executives pressured America to topple Guzman because he had expropriated much of its land and the $525, 000 that the government was offering was peanuts compared to the company’s $16 million asking price. Moreover
A combination of biological, familial, and social influences defines whether a mentally disordered individual may commit a crime. Biologically, genetics may be the cause of criminal behaviors, and criminality factors, such as mental disorders or personality, are heritable in 40-60% of cases (Ling, Umbach, & Raine, 2019). Another biological cause of antisocial behavior is the symptoms of disorders, for example, hallucinations or delusions (Peterson & Heinz, 2016). Frequently, mentally ill people commit offenses not because of direct influences of mental disease but because of poverty, a lack of social support, or substance abuse, which are social factors (Peterson & Heinz, 2016). The family may also contribute to antisocial behavior if they do not understand a mentally disordered relative or fail to recognize the symptoms of mental illness (Peterson & Heinz, 2016). Thus, psychiatric disorders alone do not define the likelihood of criminal behaviors in psychiatric patients. Further, the case of the Sandy Hook school shooting will be analyzed. The shooter was Adam Lanza, who killed “20 first-graders, six educators and himself” on 14 December 2012 (CBS News, 2018, para. 3). The published writings of Lanza reveal possible reasons for his crime. The most likely cause was his fascination with mass murder. He made up a large spreadsheet containing details of mass killings that had happened since 1786 (Kovner & Altimari, 2018). Perhaps, Lanza’s mission behind his crime was to find his place among murderers. Another reason is his loneliness, due to which he felt no empathy with other people, and they stopped being real for him (Kovner & Altimari, 2018). He once wrote, “I incessantly have nothing other than scorn for humanity” (as cited in Kovner & Altimari, 2018, para. 57). By the time of the shooting, Lanza had developed obsessive-compulsive disorder with sensory defensiveness (Kovner & Altimari, 2018). Hence, Lanza’s contempt for people and mental illness led him to commit the massacre. The Connecticut State Police was the first responder to this incident. During their response, the crime scene was full of people, which made it difficult for police officers to do their work and exposed the staff to the terrifying picture (CBS News, 2018). Although police officers were compassionate while notifying relatives of victims, they made some mistakes (CBS News, 2018). After the shooting, the family liaison program was established, and although it was helpful, victims’ families felt that police officers were not trained for that kind of work (CBS News, 2018). Thus, law enforcement responded to the accident effectively, but some improvements were possible. The outcome would have been better if the number of authorized officials at the crime scene had been limited, and police officers had been trained to communicate with victims’ families correctly. Although mental diseases do not always determine antisocial behavior, mass shootings are often committed by mentally ill people. Therefore, such individuals should be prohibited from possessing guns of any kind. So far, the U.S. has not enacted
Culture refers to elements of a society such as arts and other expressions among people. It is defined as a set of manifestations of a group of individuals who share common characteristics. Differences within a culture lead to further classification of individuals into subcultures. A subculture consists of members of a larger culture who have specific characteristics, distinct from other members of the parent culture. This paper seeks to discuss the ‘hip hop’ subculture. Based on an interview with a member of the subculture, the paper will discuss some of the terms used in the subculture, how its members dress and look, as well as how they act. Terms that forms the subculture Language is one of the elements that distinguish ‘hip hop’ from other subcultures that are based on music. The subculture has specific diction and vocabulary that are attributed to its origin. The subculture that originated from the United States had racial roots that greatly influenced the terms used in communication. Having developed from African American and Hispanic American races, most of its terms are a corrupt integration of the languages. The terms, though closely related to English, are modified with additional letters either within the original English words of at the end of the words. There are terms such as ‘dis’ instead of the term ‘this’ or words such as ‘homie’. Other terms are derived from the regular English language but are given special meanings in the ‘hip hop’ culture. The term ‘old school’ is for instance used to mean the early period of time in which the ‘hip hop’ music developed. A regular consideration of the English language would offer a different meaning to the term. The subculture also uses the term ‘biting’ to refer to a person who infringes other peoples’ rights over proprietary musical styles and forms. The subculture therefore has terms that distinguish it from main artistic culture, of music, that involves other subcultures such as rap and rock and rhythm. How they dress and look Like its language, the ‘hip hop’ culture has a distinct dress code that distinguishes it from other sub cultures. Though a number of transitions have been witnessed, there has been a uniform trend of loosely fitting clothes among the group’s members. The initial dressing style of the group was a set of lose cloths with generally bright colors. Tracksuits and jackets were also common. Developments in the subculture also witnessed acculturation of hairstyle designs and specially designed caps. Currently, the subculture is characterized by sports wears that are specifically loosely fitting. At the same time, specially branded jewelry known as ‘bling bling’ have been adopted by the subculture. The dress code is also defined by special brands of products that are attributed to the subculture’s music legends. Members of the subculture are therefore distinct in the way they look and they can be distinguished by their appearance. How they act A ‘ghetto’ form of behavior identifies the ‘hip hop’ subculture. This particular set of attitude and reaction is attributable to the origin of the subculture. Having originated from minority races tha