ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
A Brief Introduction to the Ironworking Industry Ironworkers are considered to have shaped the industrial revolution (Bezís-Selfa 8). Even so, there is very little written evidence of the initial endeavors of these professionals’ labor apart from some contract signatures, short letters, or account books. The industry originated in the 1620s in England, and it was a rather difficult and risky venture back at this time. Ironworks were very expensive, and they required “the marshalling of capital and labor” on a previously unheard of scale and scope (Bezís-Selfa 10). After the American Revolution of 1765-1783, the industry became truly “American” (Bezís-Selfa 10). At first, the ironworking industry utilized slaves who were not fully adept for work of this kind. Thus, it was necessary to modify the conditions of work and educate the laborers. With the end of slavery, the industry started engaging more white workers (Bezís-Selfa 11). Currently, a variety of people from different ethnic groups are engaged in the industry. The increasing interest in ironworks led to the appearance of such jobs as reinforcing, structural, architectural, and ornamental ironworkers. The contribution of various national and ethnic minorities in the industry cannot be overestimated. A shining example is that the majority of bridges and skyscrapers in New York City were built by Mohawk and other Iroquois tribes (“The Mohawks Who Built Manhattan”). Employees of the ironworking industry are protected by the International Association of Bridge, Structural, Ornamental and Reinforcing Iron Workers (“Who We Are: About the Union”). Ironworkers have a highly significant but also an extremely dangerous job. Usually, they work outside and at great heights (“Work Environment”). Thus, they need to strictly adhere to safety measures, including the wearing of protective devices. The job is physically demanding and requires much practice to reach perfection in the sphere. A Brief Historical Background of the Labor Events in the Ironworking Industry The union was established on February 4, 1986 (“Who We Are: History”). The reasons that led to the formation of the union were concerned with the dangers posed by working in the industry. When steel replaced stone and wood as the dominant material for erecting buildings and bridges in the late 1880s, there appeared a demand for a new kind of workers. Ironworkers were called “cowboys in the sky” (“Who We Are: History”). At first, the men engaged in the industry did not pay much attention to the potential dangers or the challenges presented by their work. However, as the number of individuals in the profession increased, and as they started realizing their responsibility to their families, they needed to consider the options of providing for their dependents during periods of injury, sickness, and death (“Who We Are: History”). The first meeting of the union that had been formed to manage these and other issues was held in Pittsburgh; it was attended by sixteen representatives. There have been numerous attempts by employers throughout the history of the union to break it up. Owners and employers wanted to hi
Introduction It should be noted that the widespread contamination of fish is a direct consequence of environmental pollution. The quality of fish products is affected by mercury contamination, which has an impact not only on the nutritional value of fish but also on the health of the population. Despite the latest research in the field of green technologies, the problem in this segment of the economy remains. The purpose of this paper is to review and evaluate the case of Masi Technologies which is a company that provides a solution to the issue of mercury in fish and suggests recommendations on how the enterprise can reach successful outcomes. Analysis of the Setting Comprehension of the current situation is a key factor in the success of Masi Technologies. According to the evidence, the presence of mercury in fish is a serious problem that affects the health of the population (Hisrich, Manimala, Peters, & Shepherd, 2013). In particular, it has a negative impact on the well-being of women and children. If a pregnant woman consumes a large amount of contaminated fish, it can threaten the growth of the fetus causing problems in the child’s mental and neurological development (Hisrich et al., 2013). Such a factor as acid rain also affects the environment leading to pollution of flora and fauna. Due to the fact that the harmful effects of fish containing high levels of mercury cannot be ignored, different organizations provide recommendations on the consumption of fish. However, this information does not protect people’s health at the required level. Nevertheless, Masi has developed equipment that helps to solve this issue (Hisrich et al., 2013). In order to properly position itself and build a marketing strategy, the company needs to use the existing scientific knowledge regarding mercury in fish and focus on this health-related factor in its approach. Technology To determine what Masi should do with their machine, it is necessary to discuss the implications of the technology offered by the company. According to the case, the equipment is highly complex and advanced, and the company has spent much time and money to develop it so that it is accurate and can test fish samples within seconds (Hisrich et al., 2013). Considering the fact that the technology is sophisticated, it is not easy to construct it. In addition, a big amount of money is needed to produce a similar machine. Moreover, expensive inventory is required to keep the parts of the technology. Therefore, it will be difficult for the company to sell it. Masi will have to charge approximately 150000 USD to cover all the expenses (Hisrich et al., 2013). It is difficult to determine whether fish distributors will be ready to spend such a big sum of money for the equipment. Moreover, if the technology is sold, it is quite likely that it will be replicated by the possible competitors. Despite the fact that the company can patent its invention, the possibility of replication pertains. Therefore, the protection from circumvention will be limited. The same concerns will emerge if the machine is leased. If the possible rivals rent the technology, it is quite likely that they will c
Introduction The term anemia, as used in medicine, refers to the decrease in the amount of erythrocytes (human red blood cells) of the amount of protein iron-rich oxygen transport protein hemoglobin in the body. In mammals, red blood cells (RBCs) play a significant role in transporting oxygen from the entry points (alveolus of the lungs) to other cells to maintain normal metabolism. In general, the onset of the anemia symptoms is slow and often vague. The patients experience tiredness, shortness of breath, general weakness and reduced ability to exercise. Different factors contribute to the development of anemia, which results into a number of different types of anemia (Janz, Johnson & Rubenstein, 2013, p. 11). Studies indicate that Pernicious anemia and iron-deficiency anemia are the most common types of the condition. This paper compares pernicious anemia and iron-deficiency anemia to examine the impacts of patient factors on the onset and development. Differences and similarities between Pernicious anemia and Iron-deficient anemia Causes A number of factors that may lead to insufficiency of a certain product in the body system cause both iron-deficiency anemia and pernicious anemia. In iron-deficiency anemia, insufficient intake and absorption of dietary iron and excessive loss of iron due to a number of factors cause the condition (Huether & MacCance, 2012, p. 126). Similarly, lack of vitamin B12 leads to pernicious anemia due to insufficient intake and absorption of dietary vitamin (Kumar, 2012, p. 31). It is also worth noting that gastric ulcers and gastrointestinal cancers contribute to both pernicious and iron-deficiency anemia. Nevertheless, excessive loss of B12 has not been shown to be a cause of the problem, unlike in the cases of iron-deficiency anemia. In addition, factors such as infection with parasitic worms (hookworms, roundworms and whipworms) contribute to the development of iron-deficiency anemia in children. Pathophysiological mechanism The mechanism of developing pernicious anemia is relatively different from the mechanism involved in the pathophysiology of iron-deficient anemia. In iron-deficient anemia, advanced-stage iron deficiency is the mechanism behind the disease. Ferritin complexes of iron resources are depleted and the intestinal cells are unable to absorb iron from the diet. Pernicious anemia results from a relatively different pathological mechanism. Human bodies require vitamin B12 in the process of making red blood cells in their bone marrows. Vitamin B12 is primarily derived from the diet, especially those rich in animal products (Moridani & Shana, 2010, p. 168). For the intestinal cells to absorb this form of vitamin, Intrinsic Factor (IF) protein is involved (Madhaiyan, Sridhar, Sundarrajan, Venugopal & Ramakrishna, 2013, p. 72). Lack of this factor, which is released from the stomach cells, leads to deficiency of vitamin B12, eventually causing anemia (Kumar, 2012, p. 30). How do Patient facto
Introduction: The Birth of a Conceptual Metaphor Living in the fast lane is hard for a young person, especially with all the choices that people of the same age have to make and the things that have to be done to achieve success. The very idea of striving for success is extremely challenging; more to the pint, it makes one experience the worst emotion ever, which the fear of failure is. As a result, some young people start feeling afraid of living in the real world, preferring different variations of escapism and creating their fantasy lands, where everything goes according to their plan. The given phenomenon might be considered rather innocent and charming, if not for one major problem: living in an artificial world deprives young people of the opportunity to socialize and acquire important communication skills, as well as experiences of interaction with different people. Moreover, reliving past events can lead to the fear of the future and the unwillingness to strive for success, which will ultimately result in a personal catastrophe. In the Whimsical Realm: When Everything Points in One Direction It must be admitted that I did not realize first how charming, inviting, and at the same time mesmerizingly repeating itself the world of memories was. Like any other person who suddenly stumbles over the means to lose the touch with reality and does not realize its power completely, I started exploring the opportunities that the world of memories offered. I never thought that memories can be that addictive; for what I had learned so far then, memories could smile at one once in a while – or, quite, on the contrary, could haunt one for days, making one regret about something done wrong in the past. However, soon they started looking more inviting. The Metaphor Expands: More Delightful Discoveries As my trip into the wonderland of daydreaming and recollections of the things that made me happy continued, I started stumbling across new impressive revelations. Memories stopped being just alluring time traps for me; in addition to being an incredibly irresistible waste of my time, they also provided me with an opportunity to make up for my past mistakes and see some of the past events in a different light. On my way to the culmination of my reminiscence, I stumbled across several people whom I felt like talking again. At first, I saw the guy whom I made friends within a camp; however, when we had return back to or places, I realized that we never exchanged either addresses, or e-mails, or even phone numbers, which was why I lost his track for good; however, in my memories, I could relive the fun that we had during that summer once again. To remember all those fun trips in detail was so delightful that I did not even go anywhere during the entire June and July; instead, I was going on imaginary trips with John once again, thinkin
An indictment of imperialism The novel, Heart of Darkness , by Joseph Conrad, a novel written in the late 20 th century is a classic novel that addresses the issue of colonialism in Africa during this century 1 . For most of the 20th century, the book has been considered not only as a literary classic, but also as a powerful indictment of the vices of colonization. The novel has been widely read all over the world and in the recent past, it has been declared racist and imperialist mostly by African critics. Conrad, according to them clearly brings out the theme of colonialism in the novel. In the Congo, he is clearly not in favor of the Africans but as a portrayal of how Africans needed the whites to salvage them from the darkness they were living in. The Belgians, from the novel, have taken over Congo, and the native inhabitants are overworked in companies owned by the whites where they are overworked and brutalized. When describing the natives, Conrad presents them like they were trespassing in their land. They are not supposed to walk freely in their land, and all their good land has been taken and taken over by the whites who have built magnificent bungalows. Africans are represented as ignorance as seen when the natives surrounded Marlow’s ship and started firing it with arrows he threatened them by a steamship whistle and they all run away foolishly. Conrad clearly contrasts white supremacy with the uncivilized way of life of the Africans, by describing Africans with negative adjectives. European motivations and activities in Africa The novel narrates a long and tiring journey that the protagonist who is European goes through as he finds his way to the African Congo to find Kurtz, another character in the novel. To some extent, the novel explains the white’s invasion in Africa as being well intended and bringing African to light for they had been living in the dark all through. When the whites went to Africa, they had the notion the Africans were backward people who were in dire need of civilization that entailed speaking of foreign language, wearing western clothes and conversion to Christianity 2 . This was not the major issue with the Africans. The main problem is that when the whites arrived in Africa their mission changed somehow and instead of ‘civilizing’ Africa, they started oppressing them by taking their land and forcing them to abandon their culture. Conrad tries to bring out this belief in the novel using the character of Marlow. Marlow represents the common European man with weird beliefs about Africans and colonialism as a whole. The story explores the historical period of colonialism in Africa to represent Marlow’s struggles. At the end of the novel Marlow seems to have changed his perspective about colonialism as he observes Kurtz dying agonizing on the things he had done in Africa. Criticisms The changing of Marlow’s perspective at the end of the novel makes Joseph Conrad’s Heart of Darkness to be viewed as an attack upon colonization. This idea however does not auger well with some African critics like Chinua
Introduction There is no use denying the fact that modern age can be characterized by a great development of tolerance and democracy. People start to understand that life is a great treasure and all people should appreciate it, no matter what diseases or problems a person has. With this in mind, it is possible to admit the changes in the attitude towards people who suffer from different mental diseases or who are disabled. Society obtains the idea that all these people also deserve the right to exist and moreover, they should be given the same conditions under which the majority of population lives. Taking the facts into account, it is possible to say that different counties try to promote development of creation of different techniques of working with these people and, additionally, great number, of special establishments are created. Especially this process can be seen in some rich states where amount of money given to fulfill these needs can be very big. Down Syndrome is one of the illnesses of this kind. Being a very serious problem, it obviously demands further investigation and creation of special conditions for people who suffer from it to be able to live with it and, moreover, enjoy their life. With this in mind, it is possible to analyze different approaches to people with this syndrome in different countries of the world. The UAE was chosen for our work because of its prosperity and wealth. General Impression Person under analysis is a young man who lives in Dubai and who suffers from Down Syndrome. However, at the first gaze he does not seem to be miserable. He is well dressed and the room, in which the interview takes place, is rather light and bright. Additionally, there is no depressing feeling which can appear while communicating with sick people. On the contrary, a person is smiling and seems to be very pleasant, though seek men. Moreover, he is not deprived of some curiosity and the interest for other people and is not sacred. With this in mind, it is possible to say that he does not suffer from some negative attitude or other manifestations of discrimination which can be seen in some other countries. Different activities There are several reasons for such a good image of this person. First of all, it should be said that in the UAE people who suffer from the Down Syndrome are not usually discriminated. Additionally, they are taken as sick people, who though need help and sympathy. That is why, they do not feel their isolation. Taking the mood and appearance of our respondent into account, it is impossible not to agree with this statement. Moreover, his answers can also serve as a good evidence. He does not have any complaints and is satisfied with his life and conditions under which he lives. The UAE devotes much attention to
Having a darker skin color and having two X chromosomes and being discriminated against were things of the past. The nation that fought so hard to transcend these inhumanities is now struggling with another type of discrimination: the act of smoking. Stanley Scott says that “If you happen to enjoy a cigarette, you are the potential target of violent anti-smokers and overzealous public enforcers determined to force their beliefs on the rest of society”. Why does this happen? It’s because these days’ smokers have to abide by an infinite amount of laws that dictate what locations smoking is prohibited in and when they are allowed to smoke in those locations. People can’t smoke in planes, trains, office spaces, schools, colleges, and etcetera. There are ‘public interest’ organizations in place that work to prohibit smoking amongst people and go as far as to encourage “harassment of those who smoke.” There are societies present that come up with creative ways to ambush people who smoke, such as blasting them with horns and attacking them with water guns, and burning their effigies. There comes a point when harmless fun becomes a terrorizing act that ends up hurting people. In the midst of discouraging smoking, some people have gone overboard by committing violent and hate crimes against smokers. A few examples include being sprayed in the face aerosol cans, being held at gunpoint, being stabbed, and getting brutally wounded over small incidents of smoking in public spaces. America was built on the idea of freedom, equality, life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. When these basic principles are violated the essence of America starts to blur. The question raised is that “Tomorrow, who knows what personal behavior will become socially unacceptable, subject to restrictive laws and public ridicule? Could travel by private car make social engineers’ hit list because it is less safe than public transit? Could ice cream, cake, and cookies become socially unacceptable because their consumption causes obesity? What about sky diving, mountain climbing, skiing, and contact sports? How far will we allow this to spread?” Is an analogy of healthy food against fatty junk food really applicable to be compared to smoking behavior? The answer is provided by Watson Laughton Lafayette who wrote a letter to the editor in response to Stanley Scott’s article, “Smokers Get a Raw Deal.” Lafayette explains that people who make laws and influence other people to exercise these laws are obviously at the top of the ladder and should be able to understand the difference between the harm sugar does to a human body and the effect smoke produced by cigarettes has on another human beings body. In other words, he does not believe that smokers get a raw deal when it comes to following an infinite amount of rules concerning where a person can smoke and when he or she can smoke. He believes that if someone is involved in an activity that inflicts harm upon someone else should be stopped and there should be legal sanctions in doing so. Therefore he insists
Introduction Over the past few decades, the use of Information Technologies (IT) has been extremely prevalent (Kayrak, 2014). Many sectors, including private and public institutions, are increasingly adopting IT in their operations driven by the needs to augment efficacy and effectiveness. Nonetheless, the embracing of IT in the management of information in public and private sectors raises numerous concerns pertaining security, confidentiality, reliability, and integrity of information (Kayrak, 2014; Wongpinunwatana & Panchoo, 2014; Héroux & Fortin, 2013). Furthermore, the failure of companies to carry out IT auditing has been disastrous in the past leading to great losses and even collapse of firms (Weiss & Solomon, 2011).Therefore, it is of paramount importance for sectors that adopt IT to carry out regular IT audits. It is generally agreed that IT auditing is a function of accounting since it independently examines and assesses operation systems and records while evaluating “organization’s internal policies and activities” (Weiss & Solomon, 2011, p. 6). IT auditing is broadly categorized into organizational, compliance, application, and technical auditing (Weiss & Solomon, 2011). This paper carries out a research on IT compliance auditing. IT “compliance auditing pertains to ensuring that specific guidelines, laws, or requirements have been met” (Weiss & Solomon, 2011, p. 7). IT compliance auditors, therefore, are concerned with testing or evaluating whether IT controls are designed acquiescent with management policies and set procedures. In IT auditing, compliance is based on internally set procedures and guidelines or on externally established regulations that IT infrastructure should be in line with to enhance effectiveness and efficacy while preventing information related security breaches (Kayrak, 2014; Weiss & Solomon, 2011). Literature review According to Kayrak (2014), IT is increasingly becoming a central aspect of organizational operations and, therefore, information management is vital. He noted that annual global investments in IT go beyond $3.6 trillion and are likely to increase drastically in the future. Nonetheless, data breaches continue to be major sources of concern for both public and private institutions. Furthermore, the increasing levels of noncompliance affect all countries regardless of the level of their development. The findings of his study on the Turkish courts of account revealed that the leve