ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction In public service, every leader faces barriers regularly. But they have the prerogative to decide what kind of management theory they want to use. Even though not every model would solve each issue, a variation of these theories would help arrive at the source of the problem with minimal effort. Each manager has to determine a suitable theory for them in the current situation. Furthermore, with each department experiencing a specific type of issue, it means that each section will employ different methods or strategies to solve the issues in their sections. As chief of staff for my local government, I must make sure that the arising issues have been resolved urgently and amicably. This paper will utilize democratic leadership, transformational, transactional, and bureaucratic management theories to handle arising problems, complaints, and discordance within these departments. Public Leadership in a Healthy Environment The public health sector constitutes of different departments with each having its challenges. Therefore, the Director of Public Health and related agencies would benefit significantly from using the democratic leader’s theory in addressing issues. This theory helps the team to offer feedback before arriving at a decision, even though the level of input could differ from one leader to another. This approach is useful when dealing with group agreements, but it can be challenging to apply if there are a variety of alternative viewpoints and ideas (Alvesson, 2020). Contemplating that there are multiple stakeholders with various complaints from different sectors, it may be helpful to hear feedback from all sides. The optimal decisions for democratic leadership in this sector are to listen to and take note of all grievances and complaints. Thereafter, all stakeholders should be invited and be allowed to share their experience and understanding of how best to remedy these issues. It is also necessary to provide sufficient time to enable members to offer their contribution in terms of views and opinions and in creating strategies. The most important aspect is in this theory is to maintain the power of people, which allows them to believe that they are part of the solution. While this leadership may seem to be technically democratic, the management should also provide an authoritarian management style that will offer clear guidance about what has to be accomplished and the way to achieve it. Another good style to have would be the transformational leadership approach. In this scenario, leaders play a motivational role by trying to inspire their team and by talking about the future and the results to be realized at the end of the task (Chunoo, 2020). It could be used by a top-ranking official while speaking to the group members to empower them and enhance their confidence before the solution-seeking
With the current medical advances and embracing of scientific innovations in the field of medicine, medical practitioners have come up with new methodologies of saving life. Unlike some decades ago when life supporting machines and life prolonging medicines never existed, currently doctors can help patients prolong their lives until that time that natural death takes their lives. Although such medical advances have helped to sustain and save life, some medical complications, for example, cancer are incurable. Because of their incurability, patients diagnosed with such complications have to endure extreme pain associated with the complication, as long as they are alive. In addition to pains, some medical complications, for example, leukemia completely impairs an individual’s immune system; hence, creating avenues for more health complications, which end up leaving individuals in a worse status. Considering this, one primary critical question always arises in the medical profession; to what extent should medical practitioners go in their endeavors of saving life? That is, in cases of immeasurable pain and extreme suffering, should doctors help patients to terminate their lives when requested? Considering the intensity of suffering and pain that patients must endure in their vegetative state, the amount of resources that the process of saving “dying” patients use, and the significance of respecting patients’ wishes, it is important for the government to legalize assisted suicide (Weir 77-89). Just like the issue of making abortion a lawful issue, legalizing assisted suicide is one of the most controversial issues in the present world. The practice involves assisting suffering patients to end their lives whenever they request. Although most countries have illegalized the practice, in some countries, for example, Switzerland the practice is legal under specific-lawfully defined medical conditions. In the U.S. although legalizing assisted suicide faces much antagonism, the practice is legal and has been practiced successful in some states, for example, Oregon, Washington, and Montana. As per the law governing the practice, doctors only offer a helping hand in ending patient’s lives, when requested to do so and after ascertaining that, there are no external forces making a patient to make such a decision. In addition, before assisting patients terminate their lives, doctors have to ascertain the mental state of a patient before giving the requested help (Oregon State Public Health Organization 1). As long as individuals are in their stable state of mind, and there are no external forces compelling patients to seek assistance in ending their lives, there is need for medical practitioners to respect patients’ decisions. Denying patients the autonomy of making decisions about their lives greatly violates their fundamental freedoms, them being the sufferers; hence understand the kind of pain they are going through. In addition, considering the fact that majority of t
The idea of developing a perfect society where all are equal and justice reigns have always been a dream for many. In fact, justice is one of the pillars of a democratic society; those who enjoy equal rights and have access to equal opportunities are highly likely to understand that every action leads to certain consequences. It is therefore essential to ensure that rules are undergirded by specific measures that help to maintain the established order. This paper includes an analysis of two executions in light of the concept of justice. Both events took place in France at the end of the 18th century at a time when the country was transforming into a new democratic state: the French Revolution, in which the monarchy was beheaded literally as well as figuratively. Analysis shows that justice is difficult to attain due to the complexity of the concept and its subjective nature as a construction of the human mind, which is subject to bias. One of the executions under consideration took place in 1796, after the condemned person, Richard Ludman, had been convicted of killing another man. Although direct evidence to prove Ludman’s guilt was not found, some details existed that enabled the judge’s determination (“The Last Dying Speeches”). Richard Ludman confessed and was executed according to the decision of the court. The other execution, which took place in 1793, is an event in French history that continues as a subject of discussion because it involved the execution of the king of France, Louis XVI (“The Execution of Louis XVI”). The differences that characterized the two condemned individuals, as well as their crimes, affected the application of the principles of justice in each case. To establish a basis for analysis, it is necessary to consider the scene. The French Revolution, ending the monarchy, erupted in 1789 as a result of the collapse of social and political orders that had been established centuries earlier. French absolutism, largely relying on the power of the nobility and clergy over the common people, failed because the existing social construction was unable to respond to the needs of industrial society (Jones 4). The country was transforming as technological advances began to influence the production of goods. In the process, capitalism became a reality that the established order tried to dismiss. The economic situation in the country had also worsened due to losses from the Seven Year War, unfavorable weather conditions over several consecutive years, and ineffective management in almost all spheres of life in French society. Famine and a high level of unemployment led to numerous riots among people who were starving and oppressed (Jones
Introduction Globalization processes have had a great impact on dissemination of knowledge and idea and free trade relations. Those propositions of a normative kind that invoke the non-state, be they with regard to global economy, conflict and peace studies, or the promotion of human rights, have to be accompanied by some persuasive argument as to what the real-world conditions for the realization of such goals may be. The paper identifies the main knowledge dissemination strategies and concentrates on technological solutions and improvements in modern world. Enhancing the system at this time would also allow the leaders to serve clientele better. Since the leaders realize that making the decision to update the system and actually doing it are two different things, he/she begins to predict how he might go about the process. It is recognized that the leaders are aware that many technological advances have been made since the system is installed. The aim of the course work is to gather theoretical data on the topic of dissemination of knowledge and analyze the links between globalization, free trade and dissemination of knowledge. The proposed research question will benefit business community because it will identify the current problems in modern organizations and propose new solutions for knowledge management. Also, the paper will evaluate current literature on the topic and choose the best strategies for modem workplace. It is recognized that knowledge management is the process that has evolved during the last two decades of our century. The modern definition of knowledge management can be formulated in the following manner: Dissemination of knowledge is the process that is based on the use of artificial intelligence and the other concepts that can be learned by the machines. The paper will concentrates on the impact of globalization on dissemination of knowledge and relations between free trade and knowledge transfer. Critics admit that it is difficult to find a definition of dissemination of knowledge since it is difficult to define exactly what constitutes knowledge in the first place. Dissemination of knowledge can be summarized as the process through which organizations is able to generate value from their intellectual and knowledge-based assets. Knowledge will bring the following benefits for the organization:  1. Decreased costs  2. Saved time  3. Improved quality  4. Improved sales The process of generating value from the global knowledge is very complicated in its essence first of all because it involves both people and technology components. The components are gathered together in an effort to develop best practices about the whole issue. Literature Review The main layer of literature discusses the impact of globalization on knowledge development and technology proliferation. In their studies, MacGillivray (2005, p. 22) and Osterhammel and Petersson (2005, p. 12) state that establishing the market would entail the removal of all those barriers and factors which inhibited free movement. Thus, the challenge of integration is that nation-states are against enlargement outside the EC. Externally, the sing
COVID-19 has significantly influenced world politics, economics, and the daily life of many people. Some scientists state that it will be possible to end this disease with the help of vaccination. That is why there is no doubt that an anti-vaccination movement will respond to this issue. Thus, the principal purpose of the given paper is to predict how antivaxers will approach a COVID-19 vaccine. To begin with, one should state that two reactions are possible. On the one hand, some vaccine opponents strengthen their position. They believe in the fact that the vaccine development process is performed with violations, which makes this medication dangerous for people. Many representatives of this group live in Europe where, for example, 33% of French said that they would not take a COVID-19 vaccine because of safety issues (Stacey, 2020, para. 9). In the USA, vaccination is opposed by whole groups, including the Freedom Angels Foundation and others (Bogel-Burroughs, 2020). On the other hand, some individuals are changing their minds now. That is why many antivaxers start thinking that a vaccine is a useful weapon against a new enemy. In the UK, for example, the number of people who would not take a COVID-19 vaccine has reduced to 5% (Stacey, 2020, para. 8). In conclusion, no one can deny the fact that the coronavirus pandemic is changing modern society. As for an anti-vaccination community, it is challenging to predict how various people will respond to COVID-19, while the present state of affairs demonstrates that different points of view exist. One should state that any beliefs are acceptable when they are harmless. However, any anti-vaccination movements should be eliminated once it is proved that a vaccine is a safe and effective way to defeat coronavirus.
Introduction Modern lifestyle is increasingly becoming dependent on information technology, which necessitates use of laptops for various functions. Since a lot of time is spent on laptops, it becomes important to consider laptop ergonomics as a protective measure. Therefore, a laptop holder becomes an essential tool allowing safe and comfortable use of laptops. This is a demonstration of various considerations in design of an ergonomic laptop holder which can be used to hold a laptop while lying on a bed. Design Structural Properties   * It should have a well-positioned fan to blow heat generated by the laptop away from the user.   * It should be structurally possible to fit it in a very small space.   * It should be strong enough to hold the weight of any laptop when being used in different positions.   * Made of low-density materials such as fiber composites in order to reduce weight as much as possible. Design Compatibility   * It should be flexible enough to allow multiuse in different postures and environments.   * It should be adaptable to different types and sizes of laptops.   * The design should allow for integration of other peripheral devices such as a mouse and external keyboard usually used with a laptop. Design Usability   * Joints should be strong yet flexible. It should be easy to make adjustments by use of hands alone.   * It should be simple to use for different people such as children and the handicapped.   * Different parts should be easy to dismantle and build to fit various needs. Pictorial Design. Conclusion When the whole structure is complete, it holds the laptop in a comfortable and ergonomic position. This will allow continuous use of the laptop while lying on a bed without fatigue or burns from excessive heat from the laptop. Due to efficient heat dissipation, laptop lifetime is extended.
Introduction An alternative organization refers to non-governmental organizations which have alleviating and reducing poverty in the developing countries as their main aim. Poverty is a major issue facing developing countries and most developing countries are finding it hard to alleviate poverty. As a result, most developing countries will seek financial aid in the developed countries. This relationship creates a diplomatic tie between the developed and developing countries. In some cases, the aftermath of the diplomatic ties is the establishment of alternate organizations in the developing countries by the developed countries. These organizations usually have set modalities to be able to achieve their aims and objectives. They provide a system that allows traders in the developing countries to access the global market in developed countries (Spulber, 1979, p.60) Global capitalism is a concept derived from two main words, “globalization “and “capitalism”. Globalization in economic terms refers to the global interaction of various economies on the global front. According to Levin institute (n. d, pg.1), globalization can be defined as the process by which there is increased interaction among individuals, companies or governments. It may also refer to the global distribution of services and goods. According to Bloomberg (2000, p.1), global capitalism has created a lot of job opportunities in the developing countries. Globalization can also be defined as the process by which various countries interact in order to facilitate and develop the economy globally. Globalization is aimed at distributing the various means of production of goods and services among various countries. Globalization has various diverse definitions but the commonly accepted definition is that globalization is the increase in interaction of people, culture and economic activities on the global front (Spulber, 1979, p.60). On the other hand, capitalism refers to an economic system in which the means of production as well as distribution of resources is corporately or privately owned (Case, 2004). Capitalism can be seen as being characterized by private control of the means of production. Capitalism is also characterized by free market for services and goods. Global capitalism may be defined as the concept of advancing the capitalistic ideologies throughout the various economies around the world (Uluorta, 2009, p.20) This essay is going to analyze how alternative organizations advance their ideologies. A case study of orange
Introduction The ongoing coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID-19) can be studied as one of the most dangerous diseases in the recent times. This condition has led to unprecedented problems that have shaken all aspects of human life. Before the onset of this disease, many economies were performing optimally and capable of meeting the demands of the targeted citizens. Unfortunately, the condition forced governments to implement lockdown measures to reduce its spread. The imposed initiatives have affected human life and the global economy negatively by creating money problems, triggering unprecedented job cuts, and compelling companies to downsize. Background COVID-19 is a pulmonary infection that has claimed thousands of life in different parts of the world. Experts have agreed that the disease was reported for the first time towards the end of 2019 in Wuhan, China. The forces of globalization and international transport are believed to have led to the spread of COVID-19 across the globe. By March 2020, this condition had already been recorded in most of the countries in different continents (Sikder et al. 328). The mysterious nature and complexity of COVID-19 forced governments to institute a wide range of measures that would minimize human contact and travel. Some of the implemented strategies included washing hands with soaps, carrying and using hand sanitizers, and keeping social distance. Communities and regions would rely on the power of lockdown measures to achieve better results within a short period. Nonetheless, many people continued to contract the virus with some of them losing their lives (Lebleu). Within the last twelve months, international health organizations, pharmaceutical companies, and world health organization (WHO) have been working hard to get an effective vaccine and support the anticipated economic recovery. Human Life: Before and During Covid-19 Economic growth depends on the inputs the government provides and the measures different people put in place. Before COVID-19, many countries were performing optimally and engaging in international trade (“Coronavirus World Map”). Most of the people were able to get better jobs and earn competitive salaries. Most of the companies and industries were able to achieve their goals due to the processes of globalization. International trade was also undisturbed for many decades. Such forces were making it possible for some of the emerging economies to compete with giant ones (Sikder et al. 329). For example, China and Brazil were capable of producing additional goods and meeting the increasing demand in the global market. These scenarios reveal that many people were leading better lives in most of the successful countries. For instance, unemployment rates had reduced significantly in both the developing and the developed world. The changing social and cultural dynamics were allowing people to travel across the globe and search for new job opportunities. Such trends were capable of transforming the experiences and lives of many citizens (Lebleu). Most of the implemented fiscal policies and economic stimulus packages had the potential to improve performance. Unfortunately, the em
The contribution of Gilbert Herdt, a renowned America cultural anthropologist, to this field of science can’t be overestimated by no means. The specialization of his studies on construction of gender and sexual attitudes, practices and identities has made possible the significant expansion of cultural anthropology in such interdisciplinary sphere as discourse and communication studies. His theoretical generalizations are built on empirical studies of ‘Sambia people’ (he created this pseudonym) for which he devoted the bulk of his research activities. The theoretical assumptions underlying his empirical studies concerned a long-standing tradition of structuralist and discourse studies, first formulated by Claude Levi-Strauss, renowned French scholar of the 20-th century. Moreover, following the dominant currents in contemporary gender and sexuality analysis he uses the Foucauldean schemata of discourse formation and practices’ constitution. Proceeding from the basic methodological point relating to the fact that discourses constitute practices and provide structure of the meaning for their realization, he applies it to the empirical study of Sambia rites and customs, attempting to find out how sexual meanings and practices constitute various layers of social order. Apart from this he paid a lot of attention to the study of adolescents, the dissemination of HIV/AIDS and gay culture in the United States. His contribution to the field amount to 30 books and about 100 scientific papers and essays on different topics. To understand his comprehensive contribution to the field of anthropology of gender and sexuality this paper analysis his research on “ritualized homosexuality” and “boy insemination” in terms of these theories implications on scientific understanding of sexuality and sexual orientation. Herdt’s study of rites and customs in Sambia culture showed that homosexuality plays unique role in socialization practices and unlike modern western societies is institutionalized in the fabric of dominant social meanings. This phenomenon was described by him as “ritualized sexuality” which according to Herdt was “clearly known from only a small number – perhaps 10 or 20 percent – of all Melanesian groups that have been studied” (Herdt, 1984a: p. 8). Besides this some generalizations and conclusions, according to Herd are possible. The Sambia tribes regard women as inferior creatures due to their reproductive functions and menstrual fluids; thus, separate living of sexes is maintained. Male children rest with their mothers only for the period of six-twelve months and then, after the rite of first initiation (there are six initiations during 14 years) are taken by the male tribesmen, who brought them up. “Ritual homosexuality”, thus is regarded by Herdt as a gender practice, which demonstrates and symbolically constitutes the superior status of Sambia men and postulates the inferior position of wo