ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Executive Summary Independence of auditors has been criticized vehemently during post HIH, Enron and other scandals. Various legislative reforms to bring back the sanctity of independence were introduced in different countries like CLERP 9 in Australia and Sarbanes Oxley Act in U.S. Before introduction of amendments and changes in the corporation legislation in 2004, recommendations of CLERP 9 were reviewed and analyzed under different studies and the important among those was the analysis and recommendations of HIH Royal commission report. In this write up, the independence of auditors have been viewed in wake of the recommendations of HIH Royal commission report as considered under CLERP 9 act that become effective from 1 July 2004. It would be revealed in this essay that in order to ensure the independence of auditors most of suggestions and recommendations of HIH royal commission report have been incorporated in the corporation legislation via CLERP 9. Introduction Independence of auditors during the conduct of audit is an auditor’s privilege to maintain the sanctity of auditing conduct. It is true that auditors’ image suffered a set back during the recent scandals, but efforts like introduction of CLERP 9 in Australia and SOX in US and other legislations in other countries is an effort to bring back the auditors’ privilege of independence. The amendments under CLERP 9 act mostly resemble recommendations made by HIH Royal commission that has been critically discussed here in this essay especially with references to legislative changes and additions brought in by CLERP 9 from the point of view of maintaining independence of auditor. It is argued that “the passage of CLERP 9 through parliament is a major step forward in corporate governance that will improve the transparency and efficiency of Australian business.”(Ross Cameron, 2004) 1 Discussion The Company Law Economic Reform Program (Audit Repot and Corporate Disclosure) Act, 2004 (CLERP 9) became effective from 1 July, 2004. The changes that have been effected vide CLERP Act, particularly relating to independence of auditors fall into the categories of  1. general auditor independence requirements,  2. specific auditor independence requirements,  3. restrictions on auditors being employed by an audit client,  4. auditor rotation for listed companies. When businesses do well, auditors need not worry about their reputation; but when business fair unexpectedly the auditors are expected to reason out the causes of failures through the independent conduct of audit. In order to do this onerous job, the auditor must possess certain qualities and one of those qualities is that statutory auditor must act independent of client during the performance of auditing duties. “Professional independence is a concept fundamental to the accountancy profession. It is essentially an attitude of mind characterized by integrity and objective approach to professional work.”(Kamla- Raj, 2005) 2 Though statutory auditors a
What are the advantages and disadvantages of computer graphics? The essay explains some benefits & drawbacks of computer graphics and gives numerous examples. Introduction The research and development in the manufacture of drugs, chemicals, automobiles, airplanes, industrial plants, buildings etc, has seen the production of higher quality products. Advanced computer animation techniques produce exceptionally high quality movies and games. These have been made possible thanks to the modern graphics systems, which give endless possibilities in the design and production of new products. According to Mraz, the era of using hand-drawn presentations for finalized designs is gone (Para. 3). Graphics systems include hardware and software systems used in the design, analysis and making graphical presentations of both real life and theoretical phenomena. Advantages of Computer Graphics Usability Graphical techniques offer more flexible and options compared to other traditional methods in design. One can make changes and undo them without tampering with the whole design. It is also possible to view a model from different angles by rotating it along various axes. One can also perfect on minute details of a design by magnifying it to see them clearly. Presenting images in three dimensions enables designers to illustrate inner parts of structures they design, bringing clarity on the structures they intend to build. Some graphical applications like Photoshop and illustrator come with tutorials, which help inexperienced users to solve any difficulties. They have a user-friendly interface, usually designed with diversified functions for simplicity. Research and Product Development Graphical representation software contributes much in research. Models can be presented in three dimensions giving researchers a broader picture of how natural phenomena operate. In engineering, presentation of models in three-dimensional manner enables engineers to identify weaknesses in structures and areas of possible improvement. Computer aided molecular modeling is used in computational chemistry to investigate molecular structures and properties using graphical visualization techniques. The techniques are very useful in polymer and catalysis science in the discovery of new synthesis pathways. The results obtained help to predict molecular properties such as structural information, atomic radii, bond angles, and molecular motions. Computer aided molecular design is highly applicable in pharmaceutical work in discovering, designing and optimization of compounds with desired structures and properties used as components in drug formulations. There are many applications for architectural work currently, which enable easy creation and modification of designs. They are useful in “simplifying the analysis and construction of
The history of propaganda shows that some means of encouraging the troops, or discouraging the enemy were undertaken in the ancient times, and the times have preserved and brought up the names of the greatest propagandists. Undoubtedly, that the most well known, and most professional were Julius Cesar, and Alexander Macedonian. The greatest ever conquerors just knew how to encourage the troops, and light up the desire for victory. The times have changed, and the new technologies of propaganda have partially replaced the initial tools, such as public speeches. But the principle stayed the same: to persuade own troops in the righteousness of the affair. By the beginning of World War II, radio and cinematography had not been so young to be unable to offer stable basis for propaganda. Over the previous decade the radio networks had enlarged into huge structures, filling every curve of the United States through their associations with local radios. The movies have become the beloved way of spending leisure hours. The state radio programs, supervised by advertising organizations for their business clients, controlled the daytime and nighttime air programs. And radio had eternally modified the daily routines and tempos of most Americans. Yet the broadcasting still required the element that would identify its significance as the amusement programs: radio news and commentary. The same happened with the movie industry. Advertising companies controlled it, and used to promote the developing trademarks. In distinction with radio it was purely entertaining industry, and documental and propaganda genres were still very undeveloped, inspite of the shy efforts to master these features (Horten, 2002). Columbia encyclopedia states the following on the issue of movie development: Special kinds of movies incorporate the documentary, the newsreel, and the animated cartoon. The documentary, widely classified, includes the newsreel, the travelogue, the educational film, and all other fact or nonfiction films, as well as some sorts of advertising. The term also includes artistic, interpretive movies of the type that enhanced out of the works by Robert Flaherty (1920s and 30s) and Pare Lorentz (1930s) in the United States and John Grierson (1930s and 40s) in England. The documentary proved its value in the schoolroom and in education programs during World War II and has been widely used as a medium for propaganda since its initiation. Documentary films on the enormous variety of matters and developing every possible film technique are a chief fastener of TV entertainment (The Columbia Encyclopedia, 2004). The war period It is necessary to point out, that the beginning of the war signified the worseni
Introduction: The Need for Economic Growth and the Obstacles in the Way The economic growth rates have been rather shaky in Russia over the past few decades (see Fig. 1). The observed phenomenon can be attributed to the fact that the state has been recovering from the effects of the USSR collapse for quite long and trying to identify a unique path that would define its further strategy in the global market. Because of the current political issues that clearly aggravate the situation, the economy of Russia clearly needs a rapid and powerful impetus so that it may revive. The focus on private entrepreneurship and, therefore, substantial investments in the private sector, along with the endeavors to build stronger ties with the global economic community, can be viewed as the possible recommendation from the further strategy of the state authorities. Figure 1. Russia: GDP Rates (1990-2016). Russia has recently had a conflict in the economic domain, mostly due to the political issues that the sanctions imposed on it by the EU members. However, due to the efficacy of the oil and gas industry, the country’s GDP has been bearable over the past few years. 1 Furthermore, a recent report points to the fact that the corruption rates are rather high in the Russian economy domain. 2 Therefore, the chances for a rapid improvement and the promotion of active economic growth are rather low in the designated environment. According to the 2016 data, the GDP rates have been dropping significantly since 2011, reaching their top in 2013 ($2.31 trillion) and plummeting to $1.326 trillion in 2015. 3 Therefore, it is imperative to introduce the measures that will help prevent further reduction in the economic growth rates. A combination of political, financial, and economic innovations is required for these purposes. Current State of the Labor Market in the Country: Essential Data and Its Analysis When considering the specifics of the labor market in Russia, one must mention that the state government has been developing a unique labor market model. The framework designed by the state authorities is quite different from the Western counterpart because it is supposed to represent the needs of the Russian people and be applicable to the environment of the target market. The model has been in development since the 1990s and is currently being tested in the context of the Russian market. The principles of hidden unemployment, which currently appear to dominate the Russian market, can be viewed as an obvious factor shaping the strategy in question. 4 Being the primary reason for concern, the unemployment rates define the choices made by the managers of Russian companies. For instance, dismissing the staff members is not considered a common practice in the labor market environment; instead, the hidden unemployment strategies, such as a shortened working week, unpaid leave, etc., are deployed in the system. The employees, in their turn, appear to be satisfied with the approach used by managers
Introduction The purpose of this report is to suggest a market entry plan for BMW Group; however, it will propose this company to choose Somalia as a new market to start business operation. This report will discuss the background of the company, strengths, and weaknesses of BMW, market position, global business environment, and economic position in Somalia, income statement, balance sheet, and cash flow statement and so on. Company Profile Ranker (2014) stated that BMW Group was established in 1917; now, it is one of the ten biggest car makers in the world and it owns three finest brands and occupies robust position in motorbike division and runs flourishing financial-service business; moreover, it targets to engender lucrative augmentation and incomes through the first-class fragments of the global vehicle markets. According to the report of BMW (2014), it has resolutely placed on the finest zone of the global vehicle industry because of the three major brands, namely, BMW, MINI, and Rolls Royce; moreover, the company is dedicated to provide the best quality products and services through excellent research, development, sales, and marketing; these issues reflected through its performance. Products Ranker (2014) provided the characteristics of the products of the company in the car sector; apart from making countless models of vehicles, BMW also offers financial services; however, the next table provides brief description of its product line: Figure 1: Products of BMW Source: Self generated from Ranker (2014) Strengths and Weaknesses of BMW The strengths and weaknesses of the company have considered briefly in the table below: SWOT Analysis of BMW                                                                                                                                                                                                                             Strengths                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         It has super brand reputation as it is the third most expensive automobile company valued at twenty nine billion dollars; in 2012, Forbes noted it to be the most highly regarded company in the planet; It is building environment friendly carriages by making them additionally proficient; in fact, it has twenty models that release carbon-dioxide as low as 140g/km; it is also making environment friendly fuels like hydrogen;                   It has excellent engineering abilities, financial capabilities, comprehensive product-range, extensive modernization and quality management system; moreover, BMW recruits the expert employees to manufacture the cars                          Weaknesses
Introduction The contemporary society experiences a huge burden that is linked to crime and violence alongside the negative consequences on the quality of life that people live. There are several impacts of crime such as reduced lifespan, intense fear of insecurity and lack of social comfort as well as reduced working hours due to less time that is spent on the streets. The rising crime rate is a global challenge that can only be tackled with a vibrant criminal justice system in place. One of the devastating effects of crime that has been associated with violence is that it brings about social waste which emanates from the loss of value of goods as well as the destruction of assets and the fabric of social worth and dignity. Significant wastage also results from the expenses incurred in the course of crime prevention alongside other costs that are linked to the correctional and rehabilitation centers for offenders. In addition, the criminal justice process is also a costly affair that consumes a significant portion of a country’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP). Furthermore, crime brings about myriad of other negative impacts which may not be monetary but have the potential of precipitating a reduction in productivity and also thwarting the planning horizon on various investment projects, disruption of human capital which is usually the main victim of social crime, not to forget the physical capital which may equally be short-changed though in an indirect manner. This paper offers a succinct exploration of some of the terse measures that should be put in place to curb the rising crime rate crime as well critically discussing the role played by the criminal justice system. The essay argues that the conventional measures taken against crime control in the society may have been surpassed by time and aggravated by the numerous loopholes in the criminal justice system. Behavioral correction and rehabilitation of offenders should be given top priority in alleviating crime rate. Literature review Measuring the level at which crime becomes toxic or unbearable is pretty hard. Although the empirical measurement may be obtained, it is definitely a daunting task. It may demand significant time and monetary resources to gather and analyze data over a relatively long period of time. It is also vital to take into account several dimensions and approaches of fighting crime even though there is no common framework that can handle the challenge posed by crime in our society today. The direct costs and expenditures which are associated with criminal justice process and the prevention of crime escalation has been identified as adding up to a significant portion in all the regions of the world. Crime rate has been increasing by double-digit rate in
Executive Summary The state of Florida sometime in July 2003 in line with the Public Health Chapter of its 2008 statutes enacted a policy that regulated indoor tobacco smoking. It was natural to react to the failure by the Federal Government to enact a Federal Nationwide Smoking Ban. The ban sought to outlaw smoking in all enclosures with the exception of private residences, shops dealing in retail tobacco, selected smoking areas in hotels, bars whose earning from sale of food forms less than one tenth of its income, medical research premises smoking is specifically part of a cessation program as well as elected smoking zones in customs transit areas manned by the Department Of Homeland Security. The state of Florida spends up to 60$ million every year in efforts aimed at controlling tobacco and tobacco related ailments. This is 150$ million short of the recommendation by Center for Disease Control on states spending towards this cause. This amount can be substantially reduced if an effective smoking ban policy is put in place to reduce the number of people affected by this killer menace. Various other alternative policies have been suggested the object of which is to cut across the various interests affected by any Smoking Ban Legislation. It is important that all available options be examined before a policy is adopted. This paper seeks to lay out these options and suggest the most ideal of them. Nature of the Problem Up to 17.5 % of the adult population in the state of Florida is made of tobacco smokers.18.5% are male smokers while 16.4% are female smokers. Florida is ranked the 18 th in the list of states with the highest number of smokers in its population. Among the youths those between the age of 12 and 17, one in every ten teenagers is a smoker making it the 13 th state with the greatest number of teenage smokers within this age group (Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System Survey Data, 2008) For all intents and purposes Florida lacks a minimum price law but however requires that all retail sellers of tobacco related products be licensed. Despite the numerous statutes regulating the sale and consumption of tobacco the annual mortality rate attributed to cigarette and tobacco related ailments is up to 28,600 people. This makes it the 20 th in the list of states with the highest number of people dying from smoking. Even more compelling the state spends up to 25% of the revenue it receives from excise taxes to fund tobacco control. (Center for Decease Control, 2010) On the other hand the state receives up to 450$million in excise tax from its 40 cents a pack taxation policy as at 2004(The Smokers Club, 2008). It is also apparent that a policy on smoking does not only affect cigarette suppliers and retailers but also affects entertainment joints as well as restaurants and bars since smokers form part of their clientele. According to a Gullup poll 51 % of smokers think that smoking bans are justified and 47% are of the opinion that they are a form of unjust discrimination and victimization against them. Majority of people are of the opinion that there should be a total ban on smoking in restaurants as oppo
From ancient times people competed with each other, they tried to be the best in hunting, fighting, running, jumping, throwing, etc. Of course, people used all the ways available to increase their physical performances. Ancient warriors ate different substances to become stronger and defeat their enemies. The history of different sports and competitions goes hand in hand with development of different substances increasing athletes’ performances, now called “doping”. Nothing has changed dramatically since then: athletes try to win with the help of training and drugs, though, now people try to restrict the uncontrolled use of such drugs in sport. Now scientists alert that using steroids in sport or everyday life is not only unfair but it is also dangerous for health of athletes, or other steroids users and people who surround them (Taylor 10). To understand the essence and danger of anabolic steroids use in sport it is necessary to consider the history of doping in sport, the history of anabolic steroids extraction and its major impacts on people health, and the present situation with steroids in sport. Thus, some people consider that the history of doping starts in Eden Garden, when the first people, Adam and Eve, “ate the forbidden fruit to gain godlike powers” (Bahrke & Yesalis 2). People from ancient times used stimulants, for instance, Africans used Cola to improve their running skills; the Samoyeds ate fly-agaric (a mushroom) to increase their “combativeness”; Indians of Peru “drunk coca tea to increase endurance” (Bahrke & Yesalis 3). Ancient Greeks ate “hallucinogenic mushrooms and sesame seeds to enhance performance”, and Roman gladiators used “unspecified stimulants to overcome fatigue and injury” (Bahrke & Yesalis 2). In the 19 th century athletes heavily used different stimulants, moreover, it was not forbidden and no restrictions were cast. Athletes and their trainers practiced different methods to improve their physical performances via numerous stimulants. Thus, boxers of that period “used strychnine tablets and mixtures of brandy and cocaine” (Bahrke & Yesalis 3). The cyclists of the 19 th century used caffeine, with “increasing doses of cocaine and strychnine” (Bahrke & Yesalis 3). In fact, it cannot be surprising, since late 19the century could be characterized by different anti-human competitions. For example, in 1879 “Six Day” bicycle races” were held, “each race proceeding continuously, day and night, for 144 hours” (Bahrke & Yesalis 3). Of course, athletes tried to win and often overdosed and died. But these deaths did not prevent athletes from tryin