ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
When it comes to qualitative research, scientists should draw specific attention to achieving the trustworthiness of data. This phenomenon is essential because it ensures that the study’s findings have scientific significance. That is why this checklist is created to provide individuals with the guideline to evaluate the data. The proposed list consists of four criteria, and each of them will offer three options to check data quality. Credibility is the first criterion that this paper will cover. According to Amankwaa (2016), this phenomenon ensures that the study’s findings are valid. There exist multiple techniques to make research meet high credibility standards. They are:   * prolonged engagement (researchers spend much time with respondents in their natural environment);   * referential adequacy (portions of data are archived);   * peer debriefing (independent peers offer their views on the data) (Forero et al., 2018). Transferability is the second phenomenon that comprises the given checklist. This criterion ensures that the findings can be applied in other environments (Amankwaa, 2016). Researchers have three options to check their data for transferability. They are as follows:   * thick description (shows to what extent the conclusions can be applied to other contexts);   * data saturation (the data do not offer any new information);   * purposive sampling (Forero et al., 2018). Dependability is another element that is significant for checking the data’s trustworthiness. Amankwaa (2016) argues that this phenomenon ensures that it is possible to repeat the findings. Multiple procedures make it possible to assess the data dependability. They include:   * inquiry audit (an external researcher examines the study);   * an exhaustive description of the study protocol (all steps are outlined exhaustively);   * inter-coder agreement (controls the coding accuracy) (Forero et al., 2018). Confirmability is the final element that is included in the given checklist. Amankwaa (2016) explains that this criterion shows the extent to which the findings are free from researchers’ bias and motivation. Possible checks include:   * triangulation (ensures that an account is rich and comprehensive (Amankwaa, 2016);   * reflexivity (demonstrates researchers’ and participants’ thoughts about the study);   * an audit trail (it is the detailed description of research steps taken).
Introduction Communication is a major requisite for unity, stability, social, economic and political development of a society. Equally important is the means and avenues through which communication between and among individuals and groups takes place. Importance of reliable means of communication is hinged on the premise that it is one thing to have the right information but if you do not have reliable medium of passing on your message(s) to the right recipient in the right way and at the right time it is impossible to communicate. In other words, sender, information, medium and recipient of a message are the most important fundamental components for efficient and effective communication at interpersonal as well as public levels. Therefore, mass media including newspapers, magazines, televisions, radio and now the internet and social networks like Facebook and Twitter play a very significant role of enabling efficient and effective communication. The aim of this paper is to find out how approaches to the study of content provide communication researchers with insights into transformative elements of the communicative process that they otherwise would not have. Communication as a Process Communication is no doubt an important human activity that is vital in the study and understanding of their behaviour in whatever they undertake in social, economic and political spheres of life. In another sense communication is a process that involves passing on meaningful information in terms of news, ideas and messages. A sender, a medium, information to be shared and an intended receiver consist of the basic requirements of communication. It is noteworthy that the recipient does not necessarily need to be present or know of the sender’s plan to pass on a piece of communication. As a result, communication takes place across huge distances in space and time. For instance, in our contemporary world information about happenings in one part of the world is relayed to remote places of world continents almost on a real time basis thanks to advancements made by man in the area of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) during the 19 th and 20 th Century. Efficient and effective human communication whether oral, written, nonverbal or visual communication requires that the communicating parties shares an area of communicative harmony. Therefore, the communication process can only be regarded as complete when the addressee of the information has comprehended the sender and given back the necessary feedback where it is needed and possible. Written communication varies in terms of layout, language, tone and more important content which carry most of the meaning intending to be communicated by the sender. This fact explains why articles on a similar event or issue featuring in two different newspapers may be understood by various news consumers differently. Hence presentation of a report or a story about a similar event or happening by two journalists influences what readers think and how they think about it in different ways. Therefore, studying the implication of the content aspect of information in communication studies is a major area of acad
George P. Rawick in 1972 published his first nineteen volumes of the FWP (Federal Writer’s Project) slave narrative collection under the title “The American Slave: A Composite Autobiography”. The interview with Frank L. Adams is narrated on page 1 of Volume 2 of the series. Frank L. Adams, familiarly known as “Uncle Bud” is an intelligent and interesting character who is 84 years of age. During the years of slavery he was one of Abel Adams’s slaves. In the interview he talks kindly about his master who he says had about fifty to seventy-five slaves. Donna J. Spindel in her article titled “Assessing Memory: Twentieth-Century Slave Narrative Reconsidered” includes the ideas from many historians and psychologists to convey the fact that slave narratives are not always authentic and their limitations should be kept in mind. Woodward agrees with her and John Blassingame, Henige, and Starling have warned historians to “recognize the elements of untrustworthiness inherent in human testimony”. Further, Spindel makes it clear that memory deteriorates with age whereas intellectual ability may not. And recall of events may be different depending on the health and age of the slave. She also points to the fact that the interviews of the slaves were taken out of context and hence may not truly reflect the past. In the case of the interview of Uncle Bud, it is true that he is aged and is 84 years old. Moreover in the introductory section to the interview it is said that his mind is not stable and keeps wandering when he is tired. Thus it is true that the historical value of the interview is diminished by his age and health. But the interview is held very much in context a
Summary The short book Click, Clack, Moo: Cows That Type by Cronin Doreen is a hilarious short farmyard tale exploring the problems faced by farmer Brown and his typing cows. The story begins with the cows discovering an old typewriter that is used to pass notes to the dismayed farmer. He could not believe the ‘click, clack, moo’ sound was coming from his hens and cows who were leaving funny silent protest notes. The short notes carried messages about what the cows wanted to be changed. The problems are further expanded when the cows become contentious. For example, one of the notes read, “The barn is very cold at night. We’d like some electric blankets” (Cronin, 2012, p. 6). Farmer Brown then faced the wrath of the cows and hens upon failing to heed to their demand, and he could not get milk or eggs. With the help of a duck, the conflicting parties reach an agreeable compromise, and the cows and hens actually get their blankets. However, the story takes another twist when the neutral duck decides to take off with the typewriter. The beleaguered poor farmer’s troubles increased following the action of the duck. Identification, Description, and Definition of Phonological Awareness Phonological awareness is responsiveness to rhyme and alliteration. The concept of responsiveness to rhyme involves the repetition of initial consonant sounds of neighboring syllables or words such as click and clack. For example, alliteration occurs because click and clack have similar first consonant sounds. For instance, “All day long he hears click, clack, moo. Click, clack, moo. Clickety clack moo” (Cronin, 2012, p. 3). The aspect of phonological sensitivity to rhyme can then be accessed through the implementation of alliteration and rhyme contained in the sequential consonant sounds in click and clack. The first task is the identification of the initial syllable followed by the production of a word or words with a similar syllable, which in this case is ‘cl’ in click and clack. This is followed by rhyme identification and systematic rhyme production. As a result, the instructor will be in a position to observe the learner’s performance in relation to rhyme and alliteration within the tasks of identification and production. The analysis of the learner’s phonological sensitivity can then be made through the summation of the four tasks. For instance, the analysis of rhyme is done by summing rhyme production and rhyme identification activities. On the other hand, alliteration analysis could be performed through summing initial syllable ‘sly identification and production of another world with the same syllable. Phonological Awareness Activity The responsiveness to rhyme and alliteration can be used to express the barnyard mood in a class reading acti
Introduction Education usually takes place in many forms depending on the purpose through the many institutions. Educational policy is meant to guide reforms or programmes in the education system of a nation or an institution. Education policy therefore is a collection of laws as well as rules intended to govern the processes of an education system. Since education policy affects the education outcome of those involved in the education system, the areas of debate in an education policy normally include the curricular content; teaching content as well as graduation requirements among other areas (Stevenson 2060, 21). Many countries have always come up with new education policies with an aim of reforming particular areas of their education system. For example, the National Curriculum education reform act of 1988 in England led to the creation of a unified and balanced curriculum (Stevenson 2060, 49). The education policy analysis seeks to find the answers to questions on the purpose of the policy as well as the objectives it is supposed to achieve. The analysis also involves methods of attaining the objectives and the benchmarks for measuring the success or failure of the programme. In the United Arab Emirates, it is mandatory for private schools to teach Muslim pupils Islamic education (United Arab Emirates (a) 2007). This law was adopted in 1972 (Daair 1987, 15) and became permanent in 1996 (United Arab Emirates (b) 2000). It was mainly advocated for by the native Muslim groups and the political class considering that larger majority of the population in the country are Muslims. This is compulsory to all the types of schools that exist in UAE including the public, Arabic private as well as the foreign private schools. The course is compulsory to all learners up to grade 12 and the curriculum is decided upon by the ministry of education. It is compulsory to all Muslim pupils including those who speak Arabic and those who do not; however, it is optional for non-Muslims. The language of instruction is Arabic except for the non-Arab students who are taught Islamic Education through English medium (Ali 2010). The aim of teaching Islamic education to all Muslim learners is to enable them acquire Islamic culture and principles. They are also taught how to worship. This is meant to improve their understanding of the Islamic religion. According to the Ministry of Education and Youth’s second goal, they aim to reinforce the national, Arab as well as Islamic feeling. It also aims to strengthen cultural identity among the Muslim individuals. The Ministry of education and Youth supervises and provides guidelines to the program (Gardner 1995, 289). In Article 3 of the Ministry of Education and Youth policy regarding the compulsory subjects in UAE schools, it is a requirement that any private school that has an Arab Muslim student provides Islamic education to the student(s) using books recommended by the Ministry. They are mandated by the Ministry of Education and Youth to teach 3 lessons of Islamic studies per week to pupils between grade one and three a
Introduction This essay seeks to bring out the life history of Mamphela Ramphele and Maria Elena Lucas by assessing the conversation that ensues from these two women when they meet at a women’s conference. Each of them is determined to learn each other’s live, communities and political activism. The discussion between these two women try to bring out their political struggles, their differences, their similarities, their family lives, their spiritual and religious lives, their relationship to men, their relationship to other women and their position on feminism. María Elena Lucas: Brief Description Maria has become one of the most tireless activists fighting for the rights of the Mexico’s immigrant workers in the United States. In her most famous writing, the book “Forged under the sun” there is a recollection of her most remarkable work as a Chicana woman in her survival against poverty, violence and a great range of other injustices especially because of her feminine nature. She suffered a permanent disability after an incident in a farm. She has proved that disability is not inability since she stands as an example to the rest of humanity with her condition. She is a woman who has beaten all the odds in order to survive. Dr. Mamphela Ramphele: Brief Description Mamphela Aletta Ramphele was born in 1947 in Polokwane. She schooled at Setotolwane High School after which she enrolled at University of the North where she pursues her pre-medical course. In 1968, the University of Natal’s School of medicine accepted her candidature as a medical student, from where she graduated as a qualified medical doctor in 1972. It is the only the University of Natal in the entire Republic of South Africa that admitted black medical students back in those days. In the university, she engaged in student politics and activism against racial segregation that was rampant in South Africa. She helped in the formation of the Black Consciousness Movement together with Steve Biko. She is a political activist who was born in South Africa. She has a pretty impressive resume including having had acquired several degrees, diplomas as a post graduate and a PhD in Social Anthropology. She was also the assistant to the Vice Chancellor in the year 1996 and has worked in various international organizations, one of which is the World Bank. The fact that she was born in a poor African background and having fought through the lines of poverty, while working for the “white community” is an inspiration to many. She has managed to secure 10 honorary degrees which are usually awarded to exceptional achievers from various internationally recognized universities. The two women met over lunch, just after Maria’s wonderful presentation in a women’s international conference. Both are curious to learn from each in their social role towards liberalization of the women in society. They have read and heard about each other, but never chatted face to face as act
Globalization is a worldwide structural development and integration in several social areas. These could be beliefs, cultural views and understanding of concepts. The benefits of cooperation strengthen infrastructure and action within the cultures.   * Hegemony is a government or a government body that is indirect and rules other states by the threat of military strength and not with direct involvement.   * Imperialism is a relationship between the states, which is considered unequal and on the oppression of the native population for personal gain.   * Globalization is somewhat related to internationalization where it assimilates a product, which is predominant and defined by the local culture. It is a business term about a service or product being offered.   * Bretton Woods Conference is a financially oriented conference, with the official name of the United Nations Monetary and Financial Conference, the goal of which was to come up with regulations for the international monetary system.   * Washington Consensus is directed towards the countries that were in a crisis; it is a set of prescriptions and criteria that would be put in place and promote reforms.   * Neoliberalism is focused on the private sector, in its promotion of trade and marketing, by de-regulation of the policies to enhance the functioning of the private sector.   * Debt bondage is a deal made between people about a loan, where a person offers their services/work for the said loan.   * The Cold War lasting from 1945-1991 was a political and military tension between the Eastern and the Western world, with dominant superpowers being the United States and the Soviet Union.   * War on Terror is an organization of worldwide cooperation of countries, with leaders being the United States and the United Kingdom, to root out al-Qaeda and any other military terrorist organizations around the globe. For some time now, since 1944, the US has become a global superpower with its influence all over the world. Just as other countries, it had its set of wars and crises that affected it but the United States has become a world superpower. It was able to achieve this through great cooperation with others and the understanding that allies play a great role in global relations. One of the major factors for the globalization of the United States’ culture and influences, is its involvement in the World War I and the provision of military efforts to the countries in need. It has collected a financial gain that helped in the development of economic power and international reputation. It would be impossible for the US to achieve such dominance if it had not gone worldwide. It has become a leader in the fight against terror and in su
Introduction Racism, unearned privileges based on race, prejudice against others, and stereotyping are things that poison our society. Although someone may claim that racism does not exist anymore, unfortunately, it does. In 1988, Peggy McIntosh made her list of white privileges, and a lot of items on it remain unavailable to dark-skinned individuals even at the present time. Stereotyping is a more innocent type of prejudice if compared to racism, but it is still offensive, and people should avoid it. In this paper, I explore the concepts mentioned above and discuss my personal experience with racism, privilege, and stereotyping. Defining Related Concepts Race The term refers to the division of people into different groups in accordance with their physical characteristics, primarily the skin color, hair type, etc. As Hollins and Govan (2015) state, there is no biological basis for doing so because people have more “within-group variations” than “between-group variations” (p. 159). Hence, races are socially and politically constructed categories. Racism Racism can be defined as prejudice against other people based on their racial groups. It appears at many levels, including individual, cultural, and institutional ones, and can be manifested as an action (or inaction), a belief, an attitude, policy, etc. (Hollins & Govan, 2015, p. 159). Ethnicity Many people use the words race and ethnicity interchangeably. However, those are not synonymous. While the race is tied to physical characteristics, ethnicity is related to cultural ones, such as nationality, regional culture, traditions, and so on. Identity Identity is who or what a person or a group of people is, how they see and describe themselves, and what characteristics differentiate them from others ( Identity , 2016). Privilege A privilege can be described as an unearned benefit or a set of those, which one group of people is given with, and the other one is deprived of. In their book, Hollins and Govan (2015) talk about white privilege that exists on the individual, cultural and institutional levels (p. 159). Stereotyping The term refers to “overgeneralization” based on social status, class, age, gender, sexual orientation, abilities, as well as many other factors (Hollins & Govan, 2015, p. 159). Stereotyping is not supported by any solid arguments or strong evidence. All of the concepts mentioned above are connected and intersect or interact. For example, race and ethnicity overlap in many cases. The concept of identity is more individual, even though this word can be used with reference to both a person and a group of people. Ethnicity or race can influence it, but not only these factors define identity. Prejudice based on race is racism, while prejudice based on other factors can be called stereotyping. Privilege is usually connected to a particular race and can be considered as a form