ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Executive summary There are several considerations one has to make before selecting a local or international HR association to join. In this report, six organizations have been evaluated it has been concluded that, although all these HR associations have a common agenda in that they promote the advancement of HR skills and knowledge through several social events and educational programs for their members. The Human Resources Professionals Association (HRPA) stands out as the best association that reflects the HR aspirations of practicing and prospective HR managers on an elevated scale. HRPA offers different membership categories that suit the requirement of any individual who aspire to join the association. In addition, the benefits offered by HRPA outweigh by far the membership and subscription fees. Membership fee depends on the category offered by the association. Above all, HRPA has attained a global appeal through its numerous HR events that bring together respected international HR experts to share their knowledge with budding HR professionals. Moreover, the association has an online blog that members can use to post their CV and network with other members from different countries to share HR experiences and knowledge. In addition, HRPA members can subscribe for free to receive the Professional Magazine to keep abreast with emerging trends in HR profession. Applied Research on Professional Organizations The current HR is at the core of business performance. Human resource professionals play a key role in decision-making processes that enhance the performance of their organizations. It is thus critical that managers recognize HR as a core business discipline so that they are able to convey utmost benefit to their organizations. There are a number of professional associations that are dedicated in supporting the development of HR capabilities. This report will thus evaluate six HR associations. Special focus will be on the costs and benefits an HR professional must consider before selecting the most suitable association that reflects his concerns. The Society for Human Resource Management This is the major alliance in the world devoted to HR running. Established in 1948, SHRM boasts of over 245,000 members in over 130 countries. The alliance promotes and serves the needs of the human resource profession within its body. SHRM has over 570 affiliate chapters spread over the globe that offer international best practices, resources and a network of precious contacts to its members. As a fraction of its obligation to enhance the HR occupation globally, SHRM has unlocked new workplaces in China, Beijing, and Mumbai to offer learning to its members. Moreover, has started a pilot program among selected countries. This program aims to create Member Forums that will promote networking amongst members (SHRM, 2011, p.1). The Executive Engagement team focuses on ways to bring together policymakers, academics to showcase SHRM’s elite members and augment its profile (S
Ischemia is a process that is highly prevalent in cerebrovascular accidents. Ischemia refers to the inadequate level of blood supply to the brain (Hubert & VanMeter, 2018). The lack of blood in the brain tissue causes its infarction. The stroke process is also known as the tissue necrosis caused by ischemia, which, in turn, is a result of the obstruction of the cerebral blood vessel. According to Hubert and VanMeter (2018), around 700000 strokes occur in the United States annually. Therefore, although a stroke is not the only condition associated with ischemia, it is one of its most prevalent consequences in healthcare statistics. Ischemia and stroke are commonly co-morbid with each other as one is often the cause of the other. Considering the similar factors between the two processes, elderly people are at a higher risk to obtain the conditions (Hubbert & VanMeter, 2018). With age, people become less mobile and, therefore, do not exercise as actively as in the past. Furthermore, smoking is another potential influence on stroke diseases. Using tobacco has a long-term effect on one’s health, which is why its consequences often become noticeable late in individuals’ lives. Understanding the correlation between ischemia and cerebrovascular accidents is key to learning about the patient’s health patterns. Considering the common risk factors and similar internal processes of the conditions, people who have at least once experienced diseases associated with ischemia are, therefore, more likely to experience strokes in their lifetimes. Similarly, those patients who successfully recovered from an ischemic stroke should be cautious
The use of nuclear power is a very controversial question. The sustainability of this energy source depends on many factors, including economic, technological, political, environmental, and ethical ones. The first factor to argue about is whether nuclear power is safe or unsafe for people. Considering the Fukushima disaster and another one in Ukrainian Chernobyl, it is hard to conclude that this technology is safe. However, it is getting safer. Both Chernobyl and Fukushima plans were old; the present-day nuclear reactors are much safer and less likely to meltdown (“Arguments for and against nuclear power” par. 1). Admittedly, nuclear plans remain vulnerable to natural disasters, one of which has already caused the Fukushima tragedy, and terroristic attacks. However, any modern reactor is well-equipped and has a containment structure. Moreover, radioactive waste and spent fuel storage are usually located below the ground level (“The Nuclear Debate” par. 15). Another controversial aspect of nuclear power is its effects on human health and the environment. One of the greatest concerns in this regard is radioactive waste, which would be “a nightmare for our grandchildren” (“The Nuclear Debate” par. 13). However, all those countries that use nuclear energy take all responsibility for managing the radioactive waste that it produces. Thus, the waste is never released – it is stored, contained, and managed. To take care of nuclear waste, as well as for setting up and decommission nuclear plants, a lot of money is needed. That leads us to another aspect nuclear power’s sustainability depends on – the economic one. Besides, building nuclear reactors requires numerous technologies and investments in the research, which makes it difficult from a technological perspective. Still, nuclear plants have many economic benefits. An average plant brings approximately $470 million of economic output every year (Nuclear Energy Institute par. 1). Besides, it provides workplaces with decent salaries. Finally, the use of nuclear energy is a significant political and ethical concern. Such countries as Iraq and North Korea have used the need for nuclear power as a cover to create their nuclear weapon programs, and now the world is worried about Iran for the same reason (“Arguments for and against nuclear power” par. 3). If other countries, especially different parts of Europe and the United States, refuse the need for nuclear energy, it will be a great example for Iran to do the same. This dilemma is both political and ethical since it involves political figures of many countries and does not have a single right solution. From my point of view, even if the US and Europe give up on nuclear energy, that will not guarantee that Iran will do the same. Presently, people should use all energy sources they have since the energy demand is growing and no source of it can take over all the remaining ones. Nuclear power now produces
James M. McPherson is an American historian specialized on the Civil War period. McPherson is a well known historian and a winner of Pulitzer Prize for one of his books, Lincoln Prize and Pritzker Military Library Literature Award. McPherson was born on North Dakota and graduated from college in Minnesota, after which he got his PhD in Maryland. He currently works as a Professor Emeritus of the United States History. “This Mighty Scourge: Perspectives on the Civil War” is a collection of essays written by James M. McPherson about the Civil War in the United States. McPherson is convinced that the main role of a historian is to educate his contemporaries about the events of the past letting them view these events though the unprejudiced perspective of an expert taking into consideration only facts, but not emotions and feelings. In his essays McPherson studies various views of the causes of the Civil War and namely the role of slavery as one of the reasons of rupture of the armed conflict. The scholar explores the newly developed point of view, which argues that slavery was definitely a debated issue of that time, but it could not be considered as the main cause of the Civil War. McPherson points out a number of other aspects between the South and North of the country that were more likely to lead to an armed conflict and studies the validity of all of these arguments The intended audience of “This Mighty Scourge: Perspectives on the Civil War” are McPherson’s fellow scholars, teachers of history, students and other readers willing to understand the complex subject of the Civil War better. In his essays McPherson mentions the points of view of the most influential Confederates such as Jefferson Davis and Alexander Stephens before and after the War, before and after the abolition of slavery, citing their exact words and explaining the citations and opinions. The language of the document is rather scholarly, yet it is still understandable for a non-professional reader. The supporters of both sides of the Civil War would be interested in reading McPherson’s argument. McPherson cites more recent opinions of the Sons of Confederate Veterans, which state that the “overemphasis of the slavery issue rankles them”. 1 The author also explains of the opinion of the Progressive school about this problem. According to the progressive School, the causes of the Civil War lied in the confrontation between the agricultural and industrialized capitalism. 2 The author mentions that many scholars state that the actual causes of the Civil War were the financial policies, banking, tariffs, taxes, manufacturing and transportation which continuously heated up the misunderstanding between the industrial and planting interests. McPherson disarms this point of view stating that these issues were a part of the American being though the centuries, they were not new, they exist nowadays too. The author points out that slavery was the only inst
Introduction Annual reporting is no longer a preserve of shareholders as it had been in the past. The stakeholder theory is applied in determining how businesses are managed and stakeholder theorists argue that for a business to be completely successful. Hence, the business must be managed in such a way that all the stakeholders’ interests are addressed. The reporting is no longer only about the financial performance but on the overall performance of the organization and its involvement within its environment. Thus by organizations voluntarily reporting on social and environmental issues, they are showing their credibility. Annual reports are the most relied-on reports by stakeholders who are interested in the social and environmental involvement of corporations (Burrit 1997). The stakeholder theory requires the management of the organizations should address the business policies and corporate social responsibility (CSR). The stakeholders will want to know how the organization is participating in social and environmental issues. Some suppliers and customers are environmentally conscious and they will not do business with organizations that are not environmental conscious (Mackenzie, 2009). Some stakeholders are involved in human rights issues and they will only conduct business with organizations that are not abusive of their employees (Guthrie, 2008). Environmental and human rights activists Environmental and human rights activists are stakeholders in an organization. If an organization is violating human rights by unfair employment regulations; or if it is involved in activities that pollute the environment, these may raise issues with the activists which may spoil the organization’s reputation which will affect the business (Drever, 1997). To avoid these frictions, organizations are advised to include social and environmental issues in their annual reports including which should also include an action plan to improve on the situations. Reports have indicated that there is a connection between an organization’s financial performance and its environmental performance (Elijido-Ten, 2005). The social disclosures relate to corporate social responsibility (CSR). CSR includes the organization’s involvement with the community, the treatment of employees. Environmental issues will include conserving energy, safe ways of production, minimizing pollution, and safe ways of disposing of waste (Murphy, 2003). Legitimacy Theory Legitimacy theory bases its arguments on the assumption that the social contract binds businesses, which expects that for the businesses to gain approval and other rewards they are to carry out some socially desired actions. These actions will act as a guarantee for their survival and their continued existence. Legitimacy theory argues that organizations have to behave in ways that the society that surrounds them expects of them and that thei
Infant’s motor development depends on routine exercise and child rearing. We can develop a related treatment for gait modification. Posture setting influences a child’s walking experience (Witherington, Campos, Anderson, Lejeune, & Seah, 2005). The article presents different scenarios about infant development. We will study the factors that affect the decisions of a child. Surveys revealed that newly walking infants could walk through risky slopes and heights without fear. Such development can be attributed to the infant’s locomotor experience. While newly walking infants show no sign of fear when placed at heights, experienced ones refused to walk or stand-alone. Researchers suggest the development of the locomotor experience as a reason for their decisions. Surveys suggested that new walking experience influenced the judgment of infants. To test the assumptions stated above, the article will review the experiment carried out on newly walking infants. Research questions  1. What motivates newly walking infants to avoid slopes more than the crawlers?  2. What is the effect of locomotor experience on infants?  3. How can we develop an infant’s locomotor experience? The experiment was conducted on forty infant. Ages of the participants varied between 293 and 398 days. The participants were categorized into crawlers, infants with walking experience, and experienced crawlers. Newly walking infants were categorized as experienced crawlers. The experimenter assigned experienced crawlers based on the parent’s report. The experimenter observed the participants at the onset of their walking experience. (Witherington et al., 2005). Infants were tested across a virtual height without support. A virtual cliff tool was used to test the participants. During the trial session, participants were videotaped. The experimenter tested infants on deep and shallow boards. During the first trial, the parents of each participant placed their wards on the virtual cliff board. Eye contact with the infants was minimized to prevent distraction. The length of the cliff board was 38 x 38 cm. Coder blind was used to verify the results. For the trial to be successful, the participant must either walk on two legs or crawl on four limbs. Analysis of the experiments showed no significant difference between the ages of the participants (Witherington et al., 2005). Crawlers crossed deep and shallow cliffs without fear. Newly walking infants refused to cross the deep side. Experienced crawlers preferred the shallow cliff to the deep side (Witherington et al., 2005).
Washington Crossing the Delaware is a piece by German-American painter Emanuel Leutze (1816-1868), which is currently displayed at the Metropolitan Museum of Art (par. 1). It depicts the historical event of Washington and his men crossing the Delaware on the night of December 25 in 1776 (see fig. 1), which was a significant strategic decision that resulted in a successful attack on Trenton (Conway 74). Within its cultural and historical context, the painting appears to depict certain values of the American society, including patriotism, freedom, and hard work that is aimed at achieving major goals (Adam 884; Phillips 132) Fig. 1. Washington Crossing the Delaware by Leutze from The Metropolitan Museum of Art; “Washington Crossing the Delaware”; The Met. Emanuel Leutze was born in Germany, but he grew up in Philadelphia (Phillips 132). As a result, and even though Washington was created in Germany, the painting is considered to be a piece of American art, which has become favored by the American people to the point of becoming an icon (Adam 884; Davis 149). Two versions of the piece were developed, but the original one was damaged by fire; the second one was sold for $10,000, which was an incredible sum at the time (Metropolitan Museum of Art par. 1). Thus, the painting has been appreciated since the date of its creation, especially in America and Germany (Adam 884). There is a certain historical value to Washington since it depicts a critically important event
Among a variety of qualitative research designs and methods, phenomenology is recognized as the one, focusing on the meaning of human experiences through new insights being developed. Edmund Husserl was a pioneer in using phenomenological methods and removing subjectivity blocks to study conscious experiences (Levitt, 2016). With time, phenomenology was introduced as a philosophy, an approach, and a research method in such fields as education, nursing, and psychology (Katsirikou & Lin, 2017). Its main features include the description of meanings in human experiences, the evaluation of subjectivity and consciousness, and the investigation of coexistence between a person and a group of people. Katsirikou and Lin (2017) underline that humanitarian and intellectual goals are usually set in phenomenological studies. For example, Suryani, Allenidekania, and Rachmawati (2018) use phenomenology to identify and understand the level of comfort children could experience at the end of life. Decision-making preferences, teaching practices in online learning communities are also suitable research topics for this design. As well as other qualitative and quantitative research methods, phenomenology is characterized by specific data collection and analysis techniques. In qualitative studies, the goal is to interpret what has been observed, which may be a challenging task for novice researchers (Newman, 2016). To be applied in phenomenological methods, qualitative data can be obtained from interviews, diaries, or participant observations. As soon as a phenomenon is identified, and enough information is gathered, it is necessary to analyze data. Interviews have to be transcribed to divide the material into meaningful sections. The phenomenological analysis aims to examine the correlation between an object and an experience itself (Katsirikou & Lin, 2017). Open coding or the Colaizzi method can be used to reveal the required themes and define a variety of relationships between variables (Suryani et al., 2018). The benefit of phenomenology is the possibility of its combination with other methods, either qualitative or quantitative.
Introduction History has demonstrated that human society has undergone tremendous changes and advances – it is not likely that the progress would stop. Adam Smith, the seventeenth-century Scottish ‘father of modern political economics and the author of Wealth of Nations , outlines the concept of the economic and political status of contemporary society. He considered social aspects of economic development, such as labor: its division, value, and cost in society. He also viewed the use and origin of money taking into account the pricing of commodities. The need for revenue to cater to the commonwealth needs is also looked into. Adam Smith and Jean-Jacques Rousseau’s views comparison He also analyzed the political systems that have been developed to run various countries and colonies; he claims about numerous restrictions existing in the trade sector of the world economies. The development of affluence among members of a society is one of the topics discussed by Adam Smith. Economic progress leads to a need to develop dominance over the less privileged in terms of skills or money by the more privileged. Smith, through his writings and concepts, explains functionalities of human society by outlining the vices of modernity and economic development Smith through his writings and concepts helps to bring an understanding of the human society while outlining vices of modernity and economic development; his concepts of the economic wealth of society resemble the ideas of Jean-Jacques Rousseau introduced to explain the origin and inequality of people. The Wealth of Nations touches on the nature of the state and components essential for its normal maintenance. Smith considers aspects of social life that contribute greatly to the wealth and operation of all divisions and subdivisions existing in the state, state machine, or economic and social spheres. It is necessary to consider the ideas on a state introduced by Adam Smith with a view to Jean-Jacques Rousseau’s concepts presented in his books Discourse on the Origin on Inequality and The Social Contract . The first chapter of the first book focuses on the division of labor where the author introduces the idea that the labor, to be more exact, different branches of labor should be maintained by different people who would specialize in definite spheres. As the author claims, in every improved society, the farmer is generally nothing but a farmer; the manufacturer, nothing but a manufacturer. The labor, too, which is necessary to produce any one complete manufacture, is almost always divided among a great number of hands. (Smith 3) This idea seems to resemble the one introduced by Jean-Jacques Rousseau in his work The Social Contract which describes sovereignty and division of political powers. Rousseau had analyzed the experience of the hum