ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Enterococci bacteria are one of the most common classes of bacteria present in the human digestive system, primarily the intestines. In addition, to the intestines, research studies of the female reproductive system have also revealed the presence of bacteria in the female genital tract. Unlike other bacteria that can thrive in the human body without compromising human health, the Enterococcus bacteria can sometimes pose great health risks to immuno-compromised people, a fact that research studies attribute to the Enterococcus bacteria’s ability to resist antibiotics. Such resistance to the Vancomycin antibiotic, used in most medical cases to treat complications resulting from the bacteria is what bore its present name the Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococcus (VRE). Biologically, there exist six strains of VRE namely Van-A to Van-F, although the prevalent ones are Van-A, Van-B, and Van-C. As research studies show, most Vancomycin-Resistant Bacteria carriers get the bacteria from health institutions, because of the numerous contacts that occur in most health institutions. Common health complications associated with the VRE bacteria include painful wounds, urinary tract infectivity, meningitis, heart valve infections commonly called Endocarditis, and septicemia. Although most of these infections are treatable, VRE bacteria’ ability to resist most antibiotics makes the bacteria a great threat to human health, because of the lethal nature of antibiotic injections used to treat serious health complications caused by VRE (Cetinkaya, Falk, & Mayhall, 2000, pp. 686-694). History of VRE The presence of the Enterococcus bacteria in body systems is a normal phenomenon, although in some cases colonization can cause several health complications. The most susceptible individuals to health complications associated with VRE include frequent users of vancomycin, individuals hospitalized for extended durations, those with a weak body defense mechanism, and most individuals who have undergone surgery (primarily chest and abdominal surgeries). VRE is not an air-borne disease, but rather its primary mode of transmission is through contact with contaminated bodies, for example, body fluids and the human stool (Fraser, LIM, Donskey, & Salata, 2002, p.1). Medical researchers discovered the first form of VRE in 1986 in France, although at that time there were no proper medical methods of isolating the bacteria. In an endeavor to understand VRE better in 1987, through more medical researches UK doctors were able to isolate the first strain of VRE. In the United States, medical researchers discovered the first strains of VRE in 1989 hence, making VRE major governmental health, because of the rapid increase in numbers of individuals whose medical tests showed they had VRE. For example, between 1989 and 1993, there was a more than 7.6 percent increase in the number of individuals with VRE, from the previous 0.3% in 1986 (Edmond, Ober, Dawson, Weimbaum, &Wenzel, 1996, pp. 1243-1235). Such tremendous increases were also evident in 2003, with a reported prevalence of more than 28 % of individuals suffering from compl
Learning and teaching indigenous history is essential as it allows students to celebrate the ancient history and understand cultural diversity. While histories have numerous strategies for teaching and learning the past, the most effective way to understand indigenous history is still a question of significant concern. The rising neglect of aboriginal history is threatening the preservation of ancient cultures 1 . However, there is a hope of rectifying the challenges if historians put into consideration the concepts concept of cultural respect. The most effective way to teach and learn Indigenous history is to understand and respect their culture and tradition. Firstly, it is crucial for all historians to respect and embrace the oral stories of the indigenous communities as vital sources of cultural understanding. The aboriginal communities tend to pass their knowledge from one generation to the next by word of mouth. In most cases, experts tend to ignore the significance of such information in depicting how societies perceive their culture, history, and beliefs. Interestingly, the indigenous people have distinct narratives about their origin and culture. For instance, the Madan story explains so much about how the community perceives their creation. The Madan believes the Missouri River was the site of their creation, and the First Creator and the Lone Man made the animals such as buffaloes for their use 2 . Understanding such stories tell historians why indigenous communities value their ancestral lands and the wild animals. Secondly, failure to understand and respect the indigenous traditions has led to a serious confrontation between the government and the aboriginals. The challenge is that responsible government bodies overlook the importance of understanding the history, culture, and practices of native people. As a result, whenever the government intends to make a decision, enact a policy, or impose restrictions affecting the indigenous, it does so without background knowledge or consultation with the people. For instance, the negotiations surrounding the Treaty Six between the Canadian government and the natives faced numerous hurdles since the government assumed people’s perspectives and only focused on written records 3 . While the government was concerned with the settlement of the Euro-Canadians, the natives were disturbed by the rapidly declining population of buffaloes and erosion of their culture. Such communities value the sources of their livelihoods and are still mindful of preserving their ways of life. Failure to show concern and respect for their culture and history, the indigenous communities take as utter disregard of their value and existence, which results in conflicts. Lastly, learning and understanding the indigenous history requires engagement and interaction with the older people from these tribes. The aged individuals are not only
Introduction Generally, all organizations have a code of ethics that spells out how they should carry out transactions within the business environment. However, some of these well-written documents are just but public relations efforts put by the management to present themselves positively to the public. This can be attested by the many times leaders in those organizations act contrary to the ethical standards as spelled out in their code of ethics. Although egocentrism may be the main reason for almost all unethical behaviors, power possessed by the leaders and expectations is the fuel that facilitates the unethical behavior. Such misuse of power contributes significantly to loss of trust on the leader by his followers. Description of the Organization Riverbank Credit is a microfinance institution found in the capital city of Kenya – Nairobi, a country in East Africa. It began as a self-help group in 2002 with only seven members. At that time, it gave out loans to its members without tangible security but based on the borrower’s character and cash flow of the business that is to be funded. However, as members increased it was no longer effective to use such terms in giving out loans. Therefore the institution was registered into a SACCO in 2009 and it has grown to have a membership of over 6000. The SACCO currently targets the low and middle-income families with a promise to empower them economically as spelled out in its vision and mission. Ethical challenge of the organization The management is mainly faced by dishonesty whereby it has in many occasions failed to keep the promises it gave to either its workers or clients.   * Dishonesty to clients When the SACCO is marketing its loan products, it makes its clients to believe that no tangible security is attached to the loan they secure. However when the client defaults, even for a short period, the company will be quick to seize some of the client’s property.   * Dishonesty to employees The employees have been short-changed in many occasions in their remuneration whereby some deductions are done based on unfounded claims of penalties. Therefore, employees end up with less pay than was initially agreed. Secondly, the management uses deceptive information to attract employees to the organization. For instance, advertising some posts yet when the employees apply they are posted to very different posts with a promise to give them their preferred post after some time, a promise that will never be fulfilled.   * Effects of the management’s unethical behavior Strategy recommendations of overcoming the challenge   * Train their marketers to be able to present the benefits of their loan products so that the issue of security will not discourage clients. This will help them to explain truly the penalties that face the client incase he/she defaults.   * Carry out a market research to find out the priority needs of the loan customers, therefore they will be able to serve those priority needs profitably.   * Cary out an internal research to determine the priority needs of the organization
In recent years, labor imitation becomes both an opportunity and threat for the developed and developing countries. Developed states have intentionally created migration flows attracting skilled labor and professional employees from other countries. Such problems as brain drain, import of cheap labor, and illegal immigration cause public and legal debates about moral and ethical issues of this process. Business ethics raises the question of how these processes affect the behavior of individuals and the values of society and concerns important ethical questions about the role of staff in the management process and the state economy. Much of the discussion on these issues centered on different approaches to business ethics and is reflected in policies inclined towards social responsibility. In practice, business ethics is aimed to meet high moral standards and obligations. Brain drain from developing countries to the western world is caused by the unstable economic situation, low level of social support, and low wages in the Third World countries. “Two major economic consequences could result from these demographic shifts. First, wages will rise in areas where people do not want to live or work” (The “Brain Drain” 2004). The notion of Brain Drain as a ‘challenge’ to the nation-state has two possible meanings. It may be taken conservatively as a challenge to be incorporated within the existing framework of nation-states, if only in the absence of an alternative political organizing principle (Watts 26). Or it may be taken progressively as a challenge that points to a fundamental transformation of nation-states. In spite of opportunities and threats created by brain drain, international codes of behavior are impotent because they would help to set policies and principles that guide this behavior (Watts 45). In this case, an international code of ethics would guide the behavior of all parties involved in this process and protect immigrants and the home labor force. By appointing an ethics committee, holding regular meetings, checking and enforcing violations to the ethics code, and reviewing and updat­ing the code, it can be seen that an enterprise is committed to the principle. The international community does not interfere in “brain drain” problems and immigration; it will lead to chaos and worsen the economic situation in the European countries. The main problems caused by uncontrolled brain drain are that: goods produced locally would price out of global markets, and businesses would move to areas where more skilled workers live. Second, and more seriously, a lack of specialized human capital in these metropolitan areas would hinder economic growth and competitiveness (The ‘Brain Drain’ 43). Taking into account the main consequences of brain drain, it is possible to say that the international code of ethics becomes a crucial part of guarding and controlling the decision-making process. This International Code should show that ethical pri
Background By definition, packet sniffing is the process of gathering data packets passing through a particular network for analysis, regardless of how the packets are addressed. It is similar to what filters do, analyzing data packets flowing through a particular network by enforcing the host computer control access policy. The only difference is that the information collected from packet sniffing, can be used by network administrators to control the network bandwidth (Diyeb et al., 2018). Data and information are transmitted over computer networks in the form of packets. A packet in this context refers to small segments of data delivered over a computer network. Usually, no data sent over any network are ever transmitted in their actual sizes. For instance, an image is broken down into tiny segments (packets) and broadcast to the receiving end, where all the segments are reassembled back to their original state. In theory, however, it would seem much possible to send data in their actual sizes over computer networks, but this would be chaotic if more computers use the same transmission concurrently. If instead of broadcasting data packets, computers just forward long bits of data in the form of electric signals, other computers sharing the same network would have to wait until the long bits are delivered to their destination hosts before initiating other transactions as well. This would result in deadlock and excessively slow rates of transmission of computer networks. Contrary to this, the internet and computer networks use the packet switching technique of transmission for
The Organic Act signed on August 25, 1916, created a law that for the effective management of national parks. The law reads in part: “to conserve the scenery and the natural and historic objects and the wild life therein and to provide for the enjoyment of the same in such manner and by such means as will leave them unimpaired for the enjoyment of future generations” (United States National Park Service 10). A close reading of the law will reveal that the National Park Service and other outdoor management agencies have to focus on two key areas in park management. First of all, there is a need to preserve natural resources. Secondly, there is a need to provide means for people to recreate within the park. This mandate is easy to understand but at the same time it creates conflict in terms of managing the parks. It is therefore important to focus on conservation. If the parks are damaged beyond repair, then there is nothing that can be used for recreation. The Organic Act was signed in 1916 but it was not the first law in favor of conservation. On May 7, 1894, the U.S. Congress approved a piece of legislation that paved the way for the creation of the Yellowstone National Park. This law changed the way Americans view nature and wildlife. It was a landmark law made more interesting by the fact that 19 th century America is not yet as urbanized as it is today. Therefore, the need for conservation, although an important endeavor, was not yet an urgent matter. There were still large tracts of land to explore and tame. At the same time there were fewer people back then. Furthermore, the industrialization of the United States was still at its early stage. There were only a few urban centers and pollution levels were low. When the law was signed, cars and airplanes were not yet popular means of transportation. It is therefore important to point out the other reason why national parks were created in 1894. An evaluation of the events that led to the ratification of the 1894 law can help explain the two-tiered mandate that calls for conservation and recreation. It will also help clarify the need to support the primary purpose of conservation and not recreation. It is interesting to find out that the 1894 law that led to the creation of Yellowstone National Park was a political act: The rise in attention to nature coincided with the search for identity and pride among American literati. When compared to Europe’s thousands of years of history, its fabric of ancient structures and sites, its rich cultural legacy built on many centuries of interchange, the United States appeared a rude, uncultured backwater … Americans looked for elements in their own land to flaunt. In Yellowstone and Yosemite, Americans had what they needed (Dilsaver 7). The insight provided by these statement helps explain the true meaning of the Organic Act and the reason why it has to incorporate two conflicting statements regardi
Introduction Physical security is essential to globalization and the continuity of information infrastructure. Online banking, e-mails, among others store private information that is critical to people’s survival. This information needs to be safeguarded to enhance customer confidence and mitigate online theft and hacking. This paper will discuss the physical security controls that most web hosting and business continuity providers offer to their customers as well as provide examples of such providers along with their products to potential customers. In addition, the paper will try to evaluate these control measures (Stewart & Chapple, 2008, p. 23. Physical security Physical security is a term used to describe the course of actions taken to deny unauthorized access to information, building, resource, facility, among others; and the controls that should be undertaken to design structures that would oppose any unreceptive acts. Therefore, physical security does not concern online materials only, but also the safety of data and the facilities they are stored in. Physical security controls that most Web hosting and business continuity providers offer to customers It is known that not a single physical security measure can achieve the objective of securing all information. They are usually applied in layers so as to provide effective protection to customers. Web hosting and business continuity providers offer a variety of physical security benefits to their customers, as well as potential customers. Among these include the use of security measures like proximity cards as well as biometric security methods such as voice, fingerprint, and face recognition, among others. In most cases, they employ the collocation method to improve service to
The rationale for international trade and investment has economic, political, and legal perspectives. There are economic advantages every country derives from international trade since no country can produce everything it needs. It is through trade with other countries that a country earns foreign exchange, which it requires to buy what it needs from other countries. Politically, international trade enhances ideological cooperation among nations, which in turn contributes to international security. Legally, international trade promotes the development of common laws between trading partners and in the process contributes to the development of legal systems. These perspectives contribute to the “progressive integration of economies” (Rivera-Batiz & Oliva xv). The goals of international trade fall into two broad categories. The first one is the attraction of foreign investment and the second one is the expansion of markets. Through international trade, capital moves from one country to another as investors find opportunities for a good return on their investment in overseas destinations. This brings down the burden on the investment destination to raise capital, freeing its resources for use in development of infrastructure and the provision of services. On the other hand, a country seeking trading partners, establishes a relationship allowing them to offload extra products from their country. This makes possible the earning of foreign exchange that many countries cherish. Theories of international trade and investment include mercantilism, the theories of absolute advantage, and comparative advantage, the Heckscher-Ohlin theory, and the product life cycle theory. Mercantilism stresses that the only way for a country to benefit from international trade is by encouraging exports and discouraging imports. In practice, it has the effect of choking trade since all countries are only interested in selling, leaving very few buyers in the international market. The theory
Introduction Culture is an important aspect of life and usually develops because a certain need exists. In developing countries, most aspects of life are governed by a specific culture that aims to help where poor government policies and inadequate infrastructure have failed. In China, Guanxi has been in use for a very long time and has been socially accepted as a way of life, both in the day-to-day activities and also in business practices. The concept of Guanxi has been applied in many cultures, especially in developing countries. In Russia, it is referred to as Blat; the Middle Eastern Culture has a similar concept named Wasta , while the Cubans have socialism . While most people in developing countries have derived many advantages from Guanxi relationships, the morality of Guanxi has been questioned. While the Chinese community views Guanxi as an important part of their life, most foreigners trying to infiltrate this society view Guanxi as a form of corruption. Guanxi and its application The term Guanxi has been described as the process of setting up interpersonal connections with the aim of acquiring favors. Luo (2000) states that Guanxi encompasses “interpersonal linkages” that are meant to ensure the continuous exchange of favors. The main idea revolving around this concept involves the creation of relationships among different groups of people with the aim of forming certain obligations amongst themselves that ensures a continuous exchange of favors. According to Tsang (1998) Guanxi starts from a base either through blood relationships or connections formed by social interactions. Social connections arise by having the same background, i.e., shared the same school, resided in the same neighborhood, or worked in the same company. Although having a base is of importance, strong Guanxi needs interactions, favor exchange, trust, and time together. In order to develop a system of Guanxi that is strong, participants usually interact with each other’s family, hold entertainment parties, exchange gifts, and support each other’s friends or family (Dunfee & Warren, 2001). As such, Guanxi has, through time, infiltrated many aspects of the lives of the people in the relationships. It can be traced to social, business, and political activities. In social life, Guanxi offers a means through which families can help each other face day-to-day obstacles in life. Guanxi can be used to aid members in getting employment by using connections from those already employed. Guanxi can also be applied in other ways, such as securing medical treatment that may be at times too expensive for one person, obtaining information, and acquiring goods that may