ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction While many people in the United States know about Harriett Tubman, it is not always so. Her biography, although shaped by historians that were often analyzing second-hand sources, bears critical knowledge of the success of the modern-day human rights movements in the country (Walters 186). Harriet Tubman can be rightfully called one of the first critical figures in the equal rights movement in the United States. It is crucial to evaluate each event in this person’s life to establish its significance for modern-day activists. Such an examination would reveal how rough life experiences can shape one’s personality into a force of positive change. This paper will review the events that occurred during Harriet Tubman’s lifetime that shaped her personality, intentions, and drive, as well as the movements that were affected by her. Early Life As with many Black people during the early 18th century, the life of Harriet Tubman began in slavery. The history of the Tubman family on the United States’ soil began with Harriet’s grandmother, who was brought to a farm in Maryland (Dunbar 18). A girl named Araminta was born in these conditions to her mother, Harriet Ross (Dunbar 23). Her rough start was marked by a severe head trauma that made her suffer from various neurological conditions, including hallucinations that were interpreted by her as a sign of God throughout her entire life (Levy). Perhaps, one of the few positive moments at that time was the release of Harriet’s father, Benjamin Ross (Clayton 18). The thoughts of freedom never did leave her throughout her entire childhood and early adulthood. Eventually, Tubman was able to compose a solid plan for escaping her bonds and not alone too. Her visions from head trauma continued to convince her of the rightfulness of such a decision (Clayton 22). By that time, Harriet was married to a freed Black man named John Tubman, yet she herself remained enslaved (Clayton 22). Not much information is known about the exact way of her escape, but she did manage to run away and take her brothers alongside her. Despite her success in escaping, there was no end to her troubles. Alas, her brothers Henry and Ben were terrified of the potential consequences of their disappearance, eventually deciding to return back to their owner out of fear of punishment (“Facts: Harriet Tubman”). Obviously, she refused to let her journey end there. Underground Railroad After escaping from her owners, Tubman began plotting how to help and convince others to follow her. Allegedly, with the help of a group of white anti-slavery activists, Tubman began to plan journeys throughout the state, eventually expanding to other locations that had anti-slavery networks and needed assistance (Dunbar 80). It has been said that she helped approximately 70-300 slaves to escape their masters across the coast of Maryland (Levy). She was described as a constant achiever, having eventually saved her family and many friends from slave masters (Dunbar 80). Not once she or the escapees she helped
Drawing on theories of moral panic and punitiveness, and relying on relevant contemporary examples, this paper purposes to critically discuss how politicization of criminal justice influences penal policy. Perhaps the best theoretical approach that could best expound on politicization of criminal justice, a process through which the political class snatch the opportunities to make use of criminal justice issues to facilitate their endeavours (Blumstein, 2007), is the moral panic theory. Stanley Cohen (1972) cited in Farmer (2010) is credited as the first person to use the phrase ‘moral panic’ to depict a situation where mainstream media and the police develop a twirl of respectable fear by focussing attention to a scenario, real or imagined, that threatens the values and interests of society. The main agenda of creating a moral panic, according to Farmer (2010), is to stimulate public anxiety with the hope of generating changes in critical areas such as policing and the administration of criminal justice. Going by this theory, it can be suggested that politicians have mastered the art of creating a moral panic out of situations that do not call for such fear, but which they use to penetrate essential institutions, such as the criminal justice, to influence the penal policy to their benefits. Although it cannot be denied that terrorism is a global threat, politicians in high positions of influence in society backed up by the popular media and other ‘right-thinking people’, employed an overly stylized and stereotypical demeanour to influence the community on taking moral positions and making judgements that the Muslim faith and terrorism cannot be separated. The result of such stereotyping under the pretext of war on terror is that, presently, “…Muslim immigrant communities are in crisis in the secular West con
It was the year 1497, King Dom Manuel dispatched four vessels in an unknown destination across the seas in search of spices, and, Vasco Da Gama was the Captain of one of these vessels. Paulo Da Gama, his brother was commanding one of the ships and Nicolau Coelho was commanding another. (Vehlo, Gama, Sá, & Ravenstein, 1) The discoveries they made not only opened the doors for Portuguese traders into the soils of Asia but vivid accounts of officers on Da Gama’s ship gives us lucid accounts of Asian history and culture as well. The accounts of the journey of Gama to India while became a source of awe in the eyes of Americans and their obsessions yet descriptions of voyage were also source of much speculations and debates. The two writers Disney and Booth gave edited version of the collection of essays and papers presented during 1997 conference to celebrate the quincentenary of Gama’s first voyage to India where there was not any dearth of uniformity in papers of these two. In the section named “Plenary Lectures” Felipe Fernández-Armesto wrote an essay where he described that the Indian Ocean was the world’s most influential ocean and the voyage of Vaso do Gama was the most important part of history. Maurice Kriegel and Sanjay Subrahmanyam explored the “ Lendas da India” (Legends of India), which was not so credited account of Gasper Correia on Gama. They posited the view that Correia’s book should not be read merely as an account of the Gama voyage and like chroniclers such as Joao de Barros or Fernao Lopes Castanhed, but should be read as a book that “sought nevertheless to observe and report on the other cultures in an ‘ethnographic logic.’” (Brooks, Online) Correia had spent many decades in the service of the Crown in India, but remained mostly aloof from the turmoil that was the part of the Reformation process of the period. His writings merely give the picture of the pre-1500 era of the interests of the Portuguese court towards the Christian and Jewish traditions, astrology, and other mystical philosophies. M.N. Pearson was another writer to develop deeper study on the Swahili coast of Eastern Africa during da Gama’s visit that he maintained a place characterized by “rich and variegated society”, (Brooks, Online) the place that embarked as a major trading zone. Gama forged a much close tie with this land than with any other land of the Indian Ocean. Maria de JesusMártires dos Lopes proved that despite the fact that there was large number of converts by Padroado missionaries in the Goa region; the Novos Convertidos was able to retain their own culture and religious traditions. These were all the part of contributions made in the book Vasco Da Gama and linking of Europe and Asia. (Brooks, Online). Ethel M. Pope in “India in Portuguese literature” mentioned how Alvaro Velho traversed their journey to the lands of Asia. He along-with his men when landed towards the Eastern coast of Africa at Melinda took a pilot from the king, who accompanied them toward their journey for Calicut where they arr
Introduction Cooking in a hotel encompasses the planning and execution of various activities. It may comprise difficult or easier tasks that involve the management of several resources. These resources at times prove to be hard due to the peak hours especially lunch and dinner times. The cooking and serving of Sweet and Sour Chicken on time is vital as far as the achievement of customer satisfaction is concerned. This requires quick and efficient kitchen operations in order to minimize declining their orders, which could increase operating expenses. In view of this, most successful cooking and servicing, an order has been evaluated using Gantt chart and critical path analysis. Nonetheless, the employment of Gantt chart and critical path analysis to manage cooking and serving process is that such a process does not provide options for uncertainties during the process of completing an order (Maylor, 2005). Culinary studio is the world’s most popular chicken restaurant chain, specializing in variedly flavored chicken varieties. It is adopting critical path analysis and Gantt chart in the servicing an order of Sweet and Sour Chicken order. This will help the customer patronize the restaurant again as the services will have been quick. The hotel will also use time and other resources efficiently (Meredith, 2006). Culinary studio mission is providing customers’ favorite Chicken. It focuses not only on the product of Chicken but also to the experience of having the chicken by creating an environment for relaxation as you wait for lunch or dinner. This mission encompasses five Ps: people, products, place, price and promotion, in an attempt to ensure that the customers’ experience at Culinary studio’s restaurants remains exceptional and unparallel. Culinary studio also remains committed to improving its operations constantly, which will eventually enhance customers’ experience. Culinary studio’s mission statement highlights the importance of four Ps in its corporate culture. By using these five Ps, Culinary studio has created a strong competitive advantage for itself; the company’s success is attributed to this competitive advantage. The mission statement of culinary studio, to become customer’s favorite place and the way to eat, is quite broad. In order to achieve this mission, Culinary studio has to improve every aspect of its operations and this improvement has to be continuous. Processing of Sweet and Sour Chicken order Sweet and Sour Chicken
This movie Gladiator is a Roman classical tale of the life and challenges of Maximus Decimus. Maximus is an Army General in the Roman Empire. He earned this title through sheer hard work and tenacity. As the movie starts, it is clear to notice these traits as he leads his Army in battle against the barbarians – who are a Germanic tribe that have consistently attacked the Roman Empire for a number of years. In fact, Maximus’ performance in battle is so great that it impresses his Emperor – Marcus Aurelius. The Emperor has a daughter (Lucilla) and a son (Commodus). Custom dictates that his son should inherit the title of Emperor after his father’s death. However, the Emperor had someone else in mind that is Maximus. Marcus believes that it is only fair for Rome to go back to a Roman Republic through the senate and this would be achieved through Maximus’ efforts. Furthermore, he thinks of the General as one of his own and deeply trusts him. However, Maximus is very reserved about accepting this offer because he has no political ambitions. All he really wanted was to reunite with his family back in Spain. On the other hand, Commodus who is now the defunct heir to the throne throws a fit after learning from his father that he will not become Emperor to the kingdom. In fact, he is so enraged that he murders his father. Thereafter, he declares himself leader of the Empire and forces the true heir to submit to his leadership. However, Maximus is dismayed by the death of his father and rejects Commodus’ leadership. Commodus then orders his men to arrest the General. Maximus manages to escape despite the fact that he is deeply wounded. He soon realises that his family must be in trouble and rushes to Spain to rescue them. But he was too late because he finds his wife and son dead. What is even worse is that they were killed in the most dishonourable way. Commodus’ men crucified them and burnt them. These images are too much for Maximus to bear and he loses consciousness as result. Slave traders from North Africa soon visit Maximus’ location and they capture him while he is still unconscious. Eventually, he is bought by a manager to a gladiator school called Proximo. Maximus is forced to fight for his life as a gladiator and quickly takes to this role. He socialises with Hagen and Juba; a barbarian and an African respectively. These three friends talk about their values and the beliefs. But deep in Maximus’ heart, all he really wants is to avenge his family’s death and prospects of doing this become quite clear when they are all sent to Rome. When all the fighters get to Rome, they are taken into the Colosseum. Their first challenge is quite difficult because instead of fighting in pairs, they are required to fight in groups. It is obviously clear that Maximus’ team is disadvantaged. They have fewer armouries and appear to be losing. However, this hero takes on the lead and causes his team to reverse those roles. Eventually, the home team loses to Proximo’s gladiators who immediately win approval from the large crowd. Emperor
Introduction The assigned case study is about Ebola control in Sierra Leone and Northern Uganda, which are two countries in Africa affected by civil war. McPake et al. (2015) describe how conflict and wars have made it difficult to have a strong health care system in the two nations, thereby making it difficult for them to have a rapid and effective response to global epidemics, such as Ebola. Evidence is given to show how Sierra Leone and Northern Uganda suffered civil strife in the 1990s and how the conflicts made them ill-prepared for managing the Ebola crisis when it occurred. The response and role of global health institutions are also analysed to understand how they influenced the response of these countries to such epidemics. Comparing the management of Ebola in Northern Uganda (in 2001) to the management of the same epidemic in Sierra Leone (in late 2015 to early 2016), we find that the two countries had different success rates. The case study also highlights how international global health institutions and different elements of conflict in the affected societies came together to contain the disease, as it happened in Uganda in a matter of days, or as was the case in Sierra Leone where it took months. This essay will provide a brief description of the case study and discuss different aspects of the health problem, including a succinct understanding of Ebola as a global epidemic, its transmission methods, and its preventive mechanisms. Backed by literature explaining how health agencies have controlled it in several conflict-affected areas, this essay will also highlight how different social, political and economic factors concerning conflict and wars affected Ebola control in Sierra Leone and Uganda. Lastly, this essay provides a conclusion and recommendation section, outlining the main points and solutions of our analysis. Summary of the Case Study Conflict and its aftermaths are some of the main reasons for the
This review focuses on the Democratic Presidential Debate held on the 9th of March. The paper aims to analyze and overview the language, tone, and metaphors used in the debate as well as expand on Lakoff’s idea of the ‘nation as family’ metaphor. The part of the debate concerning the immigration policies and the candidate’s views of them is highly representative of the overall rhetorical strategies in use. Bernie Sanders, for example, continually accentuated the word “slavery” over and over again to point out the current deficiencies in the guest worker programs. Each time the word was underlined by the tone giving it more weight and impact. Remembering Lakoff’s description of the way neural pathways work, it can be discerned that by using the word with powerful negative connotations in the public mind and accentuating it, Sanders makes the listeners recall everything they know about slavery and start building associations with the issue being discussed. It is a powerful tool to instigate certain emotions through the use of existing neural networks in the brains of most Americans. It is a similar mechanism to the one fueling metaphorical thinking in people. By using these connotations, Sanders tries to underline how important it is for him to change the policies which allow for “modern-day slavery.” The rhetorical devices used by Hilary Clinton are similar. Where Sanders sought to invoke negativity with the mention of slavery, she used positive imagery by appealing to the associative thinking of the listeners. Clinton said, “I do not want to deport children. I do not want to deport family members”. The key point accented by her tone was the word “family”. By emphasizing it, Clinton tried to bring the image of listeners’ own families to their minds. With that move, she highlights her point by making people think, how awful it would be to have their family member deported. She ensures them that she would not be the one to do such a terrible thing. As for the metaphor of ‘nation as a family, it is used implicitly. The Democratic Party traditionally presents itself as a progressive party. As such the thinking of the politicians in the party and their supporters lean towards the ‘Nurturing Parent Model’ suggested by Lakoff. They stand for empowerment and responsibility for oneself and others. The candidates implicitly draw parallels between the USA and the family. The issues of immigrant families and immigrant children are constantly brought up. That ensures that the listeners not only draw connections between their families and the families of the immigrants but also implies the course to take responsibility for others who were not previously part of the nation. America is supposed to empower immigrants and care for them the same way a nurturing family cares for their children. Using that concept, Clinton tries to convince the listeners that Sanders does not fully follow the progressive state model, as he has supported unlimited immigrant detention in the past. While the metaphor of ‘nation as a family’ is not used directly, similar associations are drawn upon and the values named by Lakoff as typical for progre
Beauty was idealized for centuries as some unique and substantial essences that exist as the idea of beauty. Take Plato for instance who claimed that Beauty is present in beautiful things like their essence or idea. Beauty was often generalized to things that were not beautiful and the distinction between ugly and beautiful was promoted aggressively. Many things that are really beautiful were neglected because some ideal notion of beauty was welcomed. Though romanticism and other currents in art so beautiful in every possible thing and theology claimed that everything on Earth is beautiful things it was created by God, the notion of beauty was devalued during centuries of its regress. The regress of the beautiful notion is evident in the case of women and their representation in mass culture. As Naomi Wolf claimed in her book that women’s beauty myth was created within the frames of repressive society which transformed beauty into a commodity of journals, TV shows, and trendy magazines. Standardization of women’s beauty plays important role in devaluing the notion of beauty altogether which has a negative consequence on human culture. Beauty is reduced to the body and the latter is to some mechanic and standard parameters. Fjellman shows in his book Vinyl Leaves that the myth of beauty is similar in many ways with ideological manipulating tools like those described by Orwell and Huxley. Fjellman claims that ‘A good way to make sure that people police themselves is to get them to believe essentially the same stories about what the world is and why the way it is is good, true and beautiful. The world needs to be described, and it needs to be justified by arguments about nature, philosophical principles, history, or the gods’. These words can help us to understand how the myth of beauty functions. First of all, as this claim shows beauty myth is a narrative or story that is transmitted unchanged to every individual in society. It is used to allow him to recognize the phenomenon of beauty in his daily life. It makes it standardized and not reflexive which means that he perceives beauty not with his soul and mind but with his utilitarian instincts. The transformation of beauty into commodity form as Fjellman further suggests based on Marx’s theory of commodity fetishism is ruining its very notion and greater idea. It makes things that are not beautiful look beautiful in the eyes of ‘happy consumers’. Mansfield in his book The bones of Earth shows how a tree that symbolizes a heroic event may become the reference for beauty, courage, patriotism, and other virtues and feelings which are associated with human dignity. As Mansfield puts it, ‘The Washington Elm w
The definition of possible types of conflict can help to interpret a particularly tense situation that arises in the workplace. Nevertheless, when talking about disagreements among colleagues, it is necessary to know not only their varieties but also their reasons. The root of a certain problem is why a particular conflict has occurred and what has become the determining factor that has affected the divergence of views. Identifying the cause of conflict can facilitate its rapid elimination and the reconciliation of parties. Causes of Conflicts in the Workplace Factors that affect conflicts in the collective can be different. According to Alsubh, Hoque, and Razak (2018), the psychological incompatibility of people forced to work with one another is often found in teams that are not matched by a single principle, for example, in gender-mixed companies. In this case, it is essential to show loyalty to colleagues and not to allow prejudice regarding a certain feature. Another possible reason is the misallocation of labor responsibilities. As Babalola, Stouten, Euwema, and Ovadje (2016) note, each employee has his or her range of tasks, but there are situations when people try to shift responsibility for work to others. Such attempts to free time and at the same time to act as a conscientious worker tend to lead to conflicts. Finally, such a factor as misunderstanding often causes quarrels in the workplace. According to Baillien, Bollen, Euwema, and De Witte (2014), when communicating with each other, colleagues do not always listen to their interlocutors and often interrupt them not allowing them to express their thoughts and thereby demonstrate professionalism. Nevertheless, this manner of communication is unacceptable in the team, and mutual respect is the key to a favorable microclimate. Conclusion Identifying the causes of conflict in the workplace can help reconcile parties and help employees establish normal relationships. The psychological incompatibility of colleagues, the misdirection of labor duties, and misunderstanding resulting in disrespect significantly inflame the situation in the team. To avoid it, it is important to follow the ethical norms of communication and not to adhere to prejudiced positions.