ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The movie presents Captain John Anderton (Tom Cruise) as the head of the Washington D.C police force. The law enforcing agencies apply one of the most sophisticated technologies in preventing crime. The technology makes it difficult for murderers to accomplish their objectives making the city crime-free. Unfortunately, the head of the police service is an addict of an illegal drug. Colin Farrell is given the responsibility of evaluating the behavior of the police boss using modern technology, whereby he determines that Anderton will kill a man named Leo Crow in less than thirty-six hours. Anderton is worried to the extent of seeking advice from the lead researcher named Dr. Iris Hineman, who notifies him that the technology can give different predictions. The doctor observes that the two reports might be similar, but the third one is considered a minority report where the predicted murderer might do something different. Even though it had been predicted that Anderton would kill Crow, it was later revealed that Crow wanted to die to benefit his family. The main subject of the movie centers on free will and determinism where philosophers ask the question whether the future is already determined or free will influences it. The idea of using precogs to determine the future is highly debatable because Anderton was not prepared to kill Crow; instead, it was a creation of criminal gangs who wanted compensation. Some philosophers allege that Anderton’s knowledge of the future was the cause of Crow’s death. The information presented is contradictory because of the accusation of an individual causes murder. If Anderton were not accused of murdering Crow in the future, he would not have committed the criminal act. The murder of Crow was a self-fulfilling prophecy to Anderton. It is argued that free will was never interfered with because Anderton managed to control his actions, but the precog visions played a role in making a choice. In the fourth scene, contradictions between free will and determinism are brought out because the pre-crime system infringes on the rights of individuals given the fact it leads to the arrest of innocent people. Even though it is claimed that people arrested would commit a crime, Anderton observes that the purported offense is simply an image that will never take place. To prove his point, Anderton threw a wooden ball towards Witwer’s direction who tries to catch it unsuccessfully. Asked why he tried to catch it before it fell, he claimed that the instrument would fall. However, Anderton challenges him to explain why the instrument never fell. According to Anderton, it does not mean the ball would fall if Wetwer never intervened to catch it. Kowalski had a different view, as he claimed that the ball has no free will meaning it acts based on the laws of physics. While Anderton relies on precog visions in giving his explanation, Kowalski is scientific, as he gives testable facts. According to Peter Van Inwagen (38), the main problem is not whether an individual has free will, but the issue is whether free will is compatible with determinism. The philosopher suggests
René Descartes begins his Meditations on First Philosophy by adapting what seems to be a rigorously scientific method. The French intellectual who is best known for the proposition “cogito, ergo sum” chooses to doubt everything that he knows and perceives in order to distinguish between certain and uncertain things. In his second meditation, Descartes sets out to prove that he truly exists in the world where nothing can be known for sure. Beginning with the statement that “nothing is certain”, the philosopher transits to asserting that his existence is beyond any doubt (Descartes, “Meditation II” 356). What are his arguments? Assuming that he is being deceived and thus cannot trust his senses, Descartes renounces his body and his perception of the surrounding environment and questions whether he can exist without a body. His answer is positive since the philosopher believes that if he asks questions, there should be someone who asks those questions (Descartes, “Meditation II” 357). And as those thoughts are his, Descartes concludes that he should be the one who is thinking. Interestingly, the intellectual seems to be unsure of how to define himself, yet all his attempts at doing so lead to the corroboration of the fact that he indeed exists. At first thought, the philosopher’s argument looks plausible. Once a person begins to think about it, he or she is trapped by the feeling of inevitability of human thought. Being conscious creatures, people find it hard to clear their minds of all the sensations, ideas, and reflections. Nevertheless, the logic of Descartes’ reasoning is not perfect. While he aims to doubt every aspect of his existence, the intellectual does not suppose that his thoughts can also be an illusion. Based on his reasoning, thinking should be no different from sensing or imagining as both actions supposedly have a subject. Descartes eventually arrives at this conclusion, but he uses the reversed logic. Once he establishes that he is real because he is able to think, the philosopher moves on to suppose that his senses can be similarly real, since he exists and experiences them. Descartes’ argument is further developed in “Meditation VI” where the philosopher interprets mind and body as independent though connected entities. To support his claims, the intellectual compares the qualities of mind and body and deduces that they cannot be the same thing since the body is divisible and mind is whole (Descartes, “Meditation VI” 362). In addition, Descartes notes that body parts can be removed without affecting individual’s ability to think. However, the philosopher only considers removal of inessential organs such as arm or foot, without meditating on the consequences of removing a head that is most closely connected to the mind. Such seemingly illogical omission suggests that the Descartes might have intentionally chosen certain body parts to support his main claim. It can be argued that the intellectual made a mistake in his interpretation of mind as the support for his existence due to his human nature. People’s
People have long wondered about the origins of the Earth. Like any issue of this kind, Earth’s origin is rather controversial with the opinions being generally split into creationist and evolutionary ones. Each of these views lacks sufficient proofs, though people keeping to any of these viewpoints offer quite convincing evidence regarding the origin of the earth and its beings. Two viewpoints, Creationist and Evolutionary, have absolutely different convictions regarding the origin of the Earth. Thus, creationism posits that the Earth and all its life-forms have been created by God or another supreme being. This being can be any kind of deity, depending on the interpretations. In any case, creationism is believed to be religiously motivated because it rejects natural biological processes. Evolutionary viewpoint, in its turn, focuses on the naturalistic origin of Earth and its living creatures. These creatures are believed to have originated from the inorganic matter with their life being a product of random chance. The mechanism which makes this process possible has been explained by Charles Darwin who called it “natural selection”. Since that mechanism proved to be deficient, evolutionary biologists are now searching for a new one which would explain genetic mutation and the like processes. The main contrast between these two approaches to Earth’s origin lies in their different findings regarding the age of Earth and dating of ancient artifacts. Creationists believe that Earth cannot be older than 10,000 years, while the scientists who keep to the evolutionary viewpoint state that it is about 4.55 billion years old with calculating error being no more than 1%. Dating of ancient artifacts is usually fulfilled by means of Carbon-14, an isotope of Carbon. This method has proven to be efficient and more accurate than tree ring method. It has been worked out by the evolutionary scientists this is why creationists often reject it. Another conflict between Creationist and Evolutionary viewpoints consists in their different interpretations of fossil records. Creationists blame Evolutionary scientists in the absence of transitional fossils, which, according to them, does not allow representing transitional features correctly. One of the evidence which creationists present is the evolution of a whale which has long been puzzling the scientists who assume that it has som
Psychology as a vast theoretical and empirical science has become the umbrella covering different views on human personality. Carl Rogers’ humanistic or person-centered approach is amongst the most influential theoretical and clinical perspectives, as it is nowadays widely used as a client-centered therapy. The present paper is designed to discuss the major views within the Rogerian perspective on human social and psychological activity. First of all, it is important to provide the scholars’ brief biography. Carl Rogers was born in 1902 in Oak Part, Illinois, in a large family, consisting of six children. After graduating from school, Rogers entered the University of Wisconsin, selecting agriculture as his major, but later switched to religion studies in order to become a minister (Boeree). Nevertheless, after he once attended a student seminar, dedicated to the discussion of the reasons for which the learners did select ministry, Rogers quitted religious education and began to study clinical psychology. In the 40s-50s, Rogers published his major works, including the descriptions of his theoretical and therapeutic models (Boeree). Rogers’ approach was created partially in response to Freudism, the psychoanalytic and psychodynamic perspectives. He (Rogers , p. 160) assumes that an individual has an underlying tendency to self-actualization, directed to the enhancement of all personal abilities and capacities. This feature is universal and can be attributed to all human beings. This tendency can be oppressed, but it is impossible to destroy such a directive and constructive aspiration. All temporarily motives, desires and wishes can be thus united into this large force, so Rogers believes that each human action serves rather optimistic goal, i.e. personal growth and progress. The phenomenology of individual includes both conscious and unconscious experiences (Metzger and Straub 118). During one’s development, the individual differentiates certain part of these experiences, which in fact turn into human self, so the ‘self’ is a center of the theory, yet the scholar also takes into account the fact that human is a social creature and develops under the influence of
The Sicilian mafia emerged when the rule of the law collapsed in Sicily leading to the development of an illegitimate government. This created a closed system that encouraged the grabbing of resources and the development of outlaws in the town. The Sicilian mafia gained a lot of power in the absence of a legitimate government and started controlling land and business deals in the country. To intimidate their critics, they would use threats of violence and they would also use these threats to seal deals. The vacuum of power and authority that existed was filled by the influential nature of the so-called Sicilian bosses. Sicily is a geographically isolated part of Italy and the mafia ruled the island for almost five years with abandon and terrorism. They would kill anyone that challenged their actions and authority. Members of the political; and the judicial systems were the main victims of the brutality of this atrocious mafia that wreaked havoc in Sicily for almost half a decade. The people of Sicily lived in fear of the mafia until the mafia brutally murdered two anti-mafia jurists. This enraged the people of spicily who for the first time rose in protest to combat the mafia (Arlacchi, 1988). Reference Arlacchi, P. (1988). Mafia Business. The Mafia Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism . Oxford: Oxford University Press
The immunohistochemical analyses of OSE layer using PCNA and Ki67 clearly revealed proliferative activity only in cycling ewes, that too in close proximity to steroidogenic antral follicles and CL, suggesting that ovulation stimulates multiplication of OSE cells. Apparently, this enables the post-ovulatory replenishment of existing cells with new ones. Further, compared to cycling animals, distinct features in follicular development in anoestrous and pregnant ewes were observed. Pregnancy did not affect early development of follicles, primordial and transitory, but did inhibit the later growth stages (primary, preantral and antral). During pregnancy several factors, notably high steroidal hormones produced in feto-placental unit and CL, may retard follicle development, and suppress OSE proliferation. Consequently, large antral follicles were absent in this group. Presence of large antral follicles in cycling and anoestrous groups can be explained from the reported high level of gonadotropins, especially FSH, in the two groups. Another interesting finding was that, relative to cycling, in pregnant and anoestrous ewes negligible or low Ki-67 staining was observed in GC’s in late differentiated follicles. PCNA staining was more intense and followed a similar pattern. Comparing reliability of PCNA and Ki67 as suitable nuclear proliferative markers, it was found that PCNA expression was observed even in the resting primordial follicles with ameiotic oocyte, whereas Ki67 expressed only in the proliferating follicles (at late growth stages and up-regulated in cycling ewes). Ki67 seems to be a better marker and PCNA expression can be confused with DNA repair or other DNA synthetic activities not necessarily associated with cell division. Collectively the results indicate that in sheep pregnancy leads to,  1. inhibition of proliferative activity in the OSE and  2. suppression of follicular growth. In rodent model, OSE cell differentiation was investigated in presence of exogenously supplemented estrogens and progesterone (Gotfredsonand & Murdoc 2006). The cells varied in types, from simple squamous to stratified. Stratification of epithelial cells increased with estradiol treatment, and was completely suppressed with progesterone. Stratified cells were also found to be highly proliferative and prone to neoplastia. Apparently, progesterone restores the epithelium of postovulatory ovaries to a resting or non-proliferative state. In our study, though such OSE morphological differentiation was not discernable, estradiol production in cycling antral follicles and CL might have induced proliferative activity in nearby OSE cells. The same explanation also holds true for observed proliferative activity in differentiating follicular GC’s. During pregnancy progesterone seems to have suppressed these events. It is proposed that estrogen-progesterone antagonistic regulation of OSE proliferation near antrum and CL may lead to neoplastic transformations, which may eventually initiate epithelial ovarian cancer, unless for some reasons like
Compensation Plans Compensation plans are meant to pay workers fairly for the work and contribution that they do to an organization during their time of employment. It is a systematic approach that serves as a method of motivation, reducing turnovers and maintaining the high spirit and working efficiency within the organization. The compensation plan can range from company to company and it is not regulated by any independent bodies, rather, an individual company can come up with i
Electronic File An electronic filing system is one where correspondence and other documents are kept on computers instead of using paper-based storage systems, such as filing cabinets and files. We need different equipment. Computers create different kinds of files for filing purposes according to the software used. Different software is required for different jobs. Electronic filing allows us to arrange files in a number of different ways without having to file them in different places (Mand, 2009). Types of categories Alternative Assessment ideas An alternative assessment idea is, in many cases, the most appropriate means for determining whether students have indeed mastered these complex skills. A number of assessment ideas for teachers have emerged from all this. These ideas, or activities, are thought to be useful for measuring and enhancing critical thinking skills and the application of knowledge. Examples of alternative assessment include:   * Products : These are tangible, concrete items that students create through either the written, visual, or auditory media. In this method, students are to make drawings of themselves performing physical activity. Students created brochures advertising the benefits of physical activity for parents and friends, or colleges of pictures and photos showing healthy habits.   * Process-focused tasks: these show the thinking process and learning strategies students use as they work. For example, students might write down and explain how or why they designed a game or movement sequence.   * A portfolio: is a collection of student work and additional information gathered over a period of time that demonstrates learning progress. Portfolios may include results from the traditional assessment, product tasks, process-oriented tasks, and other information.   * Performances: these are observable affective or psychomotor behaviors put into action. For example, students may demonstrate their abilities to throw by stepping off with the opposite foot and their cooperation with others during an activity. Therefore, alternative assessment ideas determine students knowledge, skills, and attitudes in ways that are enriching, motivating, and more instructional than a written test (Mand, 2009). I used this method of alternative assessment ideas during my service learning hours, and it was amazing because students were motivated to work on and improve their sequences. They easily evaluated their own performances according to a simple rule, and they were tougher on themselves. They developed skills relating to analyzing and critiquing their own work, not to mention their own physical skills as they worked on the assessment task. The class taught was of the fifth-grade students. Articles Articles are reading materials that help students improve their reading abilities as well as their vocabulary, thus gaining confidence when speaking. Examples of articles include magazines, journals, short stories, and newspapers. All these materials are available in my school area. A written journal kept by students over the semester provides a cumulative, anecdotal record of activities done, student self-observation, and m
Introduction It is necessary that employees be empowered in their places of work. While there are varying methods in achieving such empowerments, the reasons behind any approach used by employer must be made known to the employer, in order to for employees to reach sound decisions individually. When this is achieved with the right measures and intentions, it will results in increased productivity and satisfaction among the employees. The hotel industry continues to experience high attrition rates, which are set to double in the next few years. Therefore, employers are actively seeking ways through which they can make their staff stay; one such method is through empowerment, so that they can perform hospitality services with personal discipline. This paper shall discuss the concept of employee empowerment in the hospitality industry and examine the extent to which it contributes to job enrichment and satisfaction among employees. We shall look at contemporary trends in empowering employees in the industry, issues affecting the empowerment process, and the benefits of employee empowerment. We shall see that the empowering employees supersede the shortcomings of the process. Findings and analysis Employee Empowerment This is the process of enabling employees to work and make decisions individually. The employee is able to control and take responsibility of the outcome of a given task without stringent supervision from management. Employee empowerment requires management to give up some of its powers to the employees. Management will, therefore, have to take up new responsibilities, roles, and knowledge that were previously left for employees. This, however, does not mean that management will have to relinquish all its authority, delegate all the process of decision making, or let employees work without accountability or supervision. Conversely, empowerment provides for the chance to build mutual trust and cooperation between management and employees. The two develop a concise agreement about the roles and responsibilities that each has to perform, and through trust, one is led to perform the tasks independently (Blanchard, Carlos & Randolph, 1997). For effective employee empowerment, certain measures must be put in place. Employees should posses the required training skills and knowledge to enable them to perform the additional responsibilities with ease. Secondly, empowered employees will be required to make decisions that were previously made by management. As a result, they must have access to the required and appropriate information necessary to make such informed decisions. Lastly, employees need to have initiative and confidence that they are willing and can take up the additional and greater responsibilities as prescribed (Ward, 1996). The need to empower employees arise
Introduction This paper consists of an analysis of the article with a critical look at some of the issues raised in the article and a discussion of these issues with regard to the appropriate business ethics theory. The arrangement of this paper is in a comprehensible format, starting with a discussion of the business ethical issues identified in the article, an overview of the appropriate theory, and possible ways of resolving the issues that the article highlights. The paper also identifies the stakeholders that these issues are likely to affect, and finally comprises a conclusion and overall recommendations. The article, Behind the cover story: Mark Bittman on the Reality of ‘Healthful’ Fast Food (Nolan 2013), encourages people to develop a habit of eating own prepared food. The maker becomes aware of the food ingredients rather than eating fast foods. The author argues that most of these fast food centres serve junk foods. The few people that prepare healthy food set prices that most people consider as expensive. In addition, Nolan (2013) argues that apart from encouraging people to cook their own food, the general community has a duty to make sure that healthy fast food is prepared and served to the customers and not junk fast foods. The author considers serving customers junk fast food as unethical business behaviour. Highlighted Issues The first ethical issue highlighted in the article is that most fast food centres sell junk foods and overlook the health implications that such food has on their clients. The selling of unhealthy food is unethical business behaviour that deprives the consumer of his or her right to health. The author of this article notes that most people no longer possess the desire to cook their own food, for understandable reasons. Although eating own cooked food ensures a healthier diet for a person knows the food ingredients and the safety of the food contrary to fast foods, people opt not to cook. According to Nolan (2013), most people consume fast food in the present age, whereby people are busy, fast, and have limited time to cook their own food as opposed to earlier years where the demands of life were fewer. This phenomenon has resulted in people rushing for fast food. Given that a large portion of community eats this food, there is a need to make sure that it is well prepared in conformity with healthy food preparation methods. The article cites examples of people who are likely to eat fast food as travellers, children, and people who are generally in a hurry. A second ethical issue identified in the article is the use of harmful additives in fast foods in order to minimize production costs, enlarge the