ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Danticat writes about the 1937 massacre of Haitians by a Dominican dictator, Refael Trujillo (3). Between October 2 nd and 4 th the Dominican Republic solders under the political influence of prominent landowners slaughtered approximately 15,000 – 20,000 immigrants from Haiti at the massacre river (Danticat, 3). The reason for massacre was to force out the squatters and make way for the big landowners to take over. The next year, the two governments come to an agreement of settling the matter without international court proceedings. The Dominican Republic agreed to pay $750,000 but paid only $500,000, which translated to approximately $25 for every victim to overrule need for justice. The massacre river that was once a swallow of bodies is today a place full of life, peace and habitual routine. The Haitians’ tale is part of global history as a remembrance of Haitian community, as well as correlation to the global denotations or results of such massacre. Danticat (11) presents the case of Haiti not only as a Haitian community problem but also as a global concern especially in relation to the military projects. There are therefore various facts that stand out from the massacre. This paper forms a critical analysis of racial discourses and the delimiting factors on military projects. The paper aims to advance understanding on effects of discrimination through analysis of the relationship between military men and women as well as between military and civilians. What really subjects soldiers to racial, cultural or ethnic hatred and thus negatively affect military projects? Historical Analysis the Haitians’ Massacre The Dominican Republic army used tactics to cover up their tracks from possible prosecutions. For instance, the murder of victims using machetes, bayonets, pitchforks, smashing children’s heads on walls, forcing some to jump over cliffs and drowning others. They avoided using firearms and this meant that it was not easy to trace back the murderers (Danticat 13). The agreement between the two governments shows the complicity of the Haitian government to cover-up the massacre thus ensuring denial of justice to victims. These are clear indications of racial discontents within the military and the vast effects on overall performance as well as project development for their units. Since time in history, particularly in a close reference to Haitians’ massacre in 1937, racial and ethical discriminations seem to be an element in the daily military contracts. General Analysis of the Army The appointment of army personnel occurs through assignment of duty and analysi
Introduction There are a number of economic issues which have to be evaluated by different scientists and philosophers in order to identify how it is possible to improve living conditions as well as introduce the most effective steps in the chosen field. The idea of international relations is widely spread nowadays and provides the representatives of various countries with the possibilities to define their skills and promote services through the whole world. International trade is one of the main components under which international relations may be based. There are many writers who share their knowledge and ideas about the development of international relations, and each author achieves good results in the chosen activities. In this paper, two different books will be analyzed in order to define weak and strong sides of international politics of trade and comprehend what may influence the trade process in different countries. The Politics of International Economic Relations is the book by Joan E. Spero and Jeffrey A. Hart about the peculiarities of the politics in current world economy. With the help of this book, it is possible to understand how globalization promotes international relations and how developing nations may achieve the desirable success. Another book chosen for evaluation is written by Syed J. Maswood. International Political Economy and Globalization is the source of information about different trade issues and financial stability that is crucially important for different nations. International trade is the way of how nations have to exchange different services, goods, and products. In order to select the right and, what is more important, effective way, it is necessary to have appropriate theoretical background and access to current changes and existed demands. International trade is a complex issue in political economy that requires certain attention and evaluation: there are many historical events which influence the development of this industry like World War II and Great Depression, however, the appropriate promotion of the WTO and the GATT has a number of positive aspects which are properly discussed by Maswood, Spero, and Hart. International Political Economy as a Discipline to Analyze the Relations between Countries International political economy, also known as IPE, appeared not long time ago. During the 1970s, there was a need of investigations among the existed economic foundations in order to comprehend the reasons of world oil crisis in 1973 and breakdown of one of the most popular monetary order known as the Bretton Woods system according to which monetary relations with different nations could be developed. However, the Bretton Woods system was not perfect and could not cope with a number of problems which challenged the vast majority of European countries (Spero and Hart 15), this is why businessmen as well as philosophers and researchers found it very important to promote the discipline the purpose
Attachment stripping is one of the most important tasks at our International Container Terminal. The management appreciates that this task is strenuous and poses a number of threats to our clients. However, it is also a fact that out terminal is under a great pressure to meet higher targets in our attachment stripping. Our current capacity is not sustainable, and we have to find innovative ways of bringing in new methods that can help improve the current output without necessarily hiring new employees. It is against this background that the management has organized for a competition where employees will be engaged in trying to come up with new innovative ideas that can be used to increase the percentage output in attachment stripping of the containers. The fact that employees are always involved in handling this task has convinced the management that the best solution can come from them. We want all our employees to brainstorm and develop a clear innovative idea on how to handle this task. All the employees of this firm are eligible for this competition. Those who decide to participate in the competition will come and register at the human resource manager’s office within the next two weeks. The competition will begin on January 4, 2015. The participants will be given four weeks to develop their idea that will be presented to the human resource manager at the end of the competition period. The participant whose idea emerges as the best will be promoted to the position of a supervisor to see the implementation of his or her idea. He or she will also receive a cash reward of $ 2500. Participants are encouraged to be as natural in their idea formulation as possible.
People used to hunt and gather to survive, however, being smart and lazy, they invent various tools to make work easier. In the present day, in agriculture, there is almost no one needed to make food. For thousands of years, people are inventing tools to ease labor in all spheres of life. Mechanical muscles are more strong and reliable than humans, and the replacement of people by mechanisms in physical work allows society to specialize in intellectual work, develop economics and raise the standards of living. The modern level of robotic automation is immeasurably high, and the new kind of general-purpose robots is already created. Baxter is a robot that does not have a set of specific commands to execute; it has vision and can repeat any process after a human (“Humans need not apply,” 2014). Self-riding cars that do not need any human assistance are designed to be better than humans and decrease the number of road accidents. Mechanical minds are cost-effective, fast, and accurate. In the near future robots may replace people doing low-skill jobs, like cashiers in supermarkets and baristas. As economics is interested entirely in profits, mechanical minds may replace people, like horses were replaced by mechanical muscles in the past. Not only low-skill workers but intellectual and creative professionals may be gradually substituted by bots as well. Bots, artificial programs, are currently able to teach themselves, they do not make human mistakes, accurately analyze large amounts of information in a short time, or write music. They may substitute such significant professions as lawyers and doctors. People have experienced technological revolutions in the past, however, the modern robot revolution will result in the extinguishment of many jobs performed by people. Progress is inevitable, and society should focus on the problem of a significant number of unemployed people in the future. Reference CGP Grey. (2014). Humans need not apply [Video file]. Web.
Fast Food Restaurants The emphasis on efficiency, predictability, and calculability in the fast-food industry is based on the creation of a structured division of labor that requires employees to accomplish a set goal by the company. In essence, fast food restaurants have compartmentalized positions resulting in a well-established division of labor which is alongside a strict hierarchical structure of authority. This creates a bureaucratic organization where people are supposed to accomplish tasks in a particular way, follow the established rules and regulations and focus on developing their technical competence based on the needs of the position they are assigned to (Croteau and Hoynes 178). This level of bureaucratization is further emphasized through the use of performance-based metrics wherein the efficiency and effectiveness of employees at their jobs are “scored” based on a preconceived notion by the company of the level of performance that an employee should show. This creates a level of predictability and calculability in operations since businesses can set levels of required efficiency and if an employee continually fails to meet these goals, then they are terminated to make way for a more efficient worker. One of the best examples of this at work is the food “assembly line” that you can see in every McDonald’s outlet. Each burger they have on their menu is not created by a single person. There is a particular individual who handles the toasting of the buns, another who cooks the patty, someone who assembles the food and even an employee that does the wrapping and delivers it to the counter. The reason behind this method of operation is that it allows each employee to concentrate on a particular task which maximizes their efficiency. The result is a more efficient means of food preparation that is predictable and calculable based on the individual performance levels of each employee in their respective position within the company. However, one interesting aspect of this method of operation is that it induces people not to think beyond the confines of their job. This results in an extreme form of rational action wherein thoughts, perspectives, and their resulting actions are based on the limits of their position. As such, it maximizes their capability to do a particular task but minimizes their overall capacity to be more adaptable. Theory of McDonaldization Based on the given perspective on the fast-food industry shown above, George Ritzer’s theory on the McDonaldization of American society does have a certain level of relevancy. People within the U.S. have begun to be compartmentalized into their respective r
There is no doubt that Paul Broca’s contributions have been critical in terms of understanding a number of cognitive brain functions. He was the first person to discover that lacerations (in the caudal section of the lower anterior gyrus) were connected with complications in language comprehension. It is worthy to note that most of Paul Broca’s contributions are still relevant to date. This is exemplified by the escalating number of researches that show the involvement of both the ventral premotor cortex and lower anterior gyrus in language comprehension. As a matter of fact, music, language and action have a familiar syntactic-like structure. The unearthing of a mirror neuron system in monkeys motivated researchers to attempt to create a connection between motor and perceptual mechanisms for language. Some researchers believe that the activation of the human left frontal motor-Broca’s area- while listening to speech is caused by phonological and/or articulatory coding during phonetic perception (Imada et al 957).This paper will therefore dwell upon the role of Broca’s area in language comprehension as well as other critical human capabilities Broca’s Area and Language Ability Paul Broca (a French neurologist) was the first person to establish that the posterior section of the left inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) played a major role with respect to language acquisition. Leborgne was one of Broca’s notable patients who experienced difficulties in language comprehension. Leborgne language deficits were caused by the damage on his left frontal gyrus that extended from the lower section of the third anterior circumvolution to the striatum as well as the insula. Broca’s aphasia was consequently portrayed as a condition characterized by anomalous grammatical form, phonemic and semantic paraphasias, articulation and melodic line impairment and production of telegraphic phrases (Fadiga, Craighero and D’Ausilio 448). A number of scientific studies have been carried out to determine the role of Broca’s region in language acquisition as well as comprehension. Most of these researches have concluded that Broca’s area plays an important role in not only language production but also language comprehension in human beings (Fadiga, Craighero and D’Ausilio 449). Broca’s Area and Cognitive Capability There is a growing body of literature (particularly neuro-imaging proof) which demonstrates that Broca’s area (apart from its role in language acquisition) seems to be involved in a number of cognitive abilities. These abilities include calculation, music and working memory. Another critical contribution of Broca’s area (as demonstrated by studies involving monkeys) relates to the motor domain. In one study, researchers discovered that the Broca’s area (of monkeys) was fully functional when sorting out man-made artifacts from natural objects. A similar phenomenon was observed when subjects were asked to signify probable actions based on manipulable objects. As a result, the researc
In the 21st century, the old religious practices and traditions of the Blackfoot nation remain alive. It consists of four tribes: Siksika/the Blackfoot, Kainai/Blood, Peigan/Pikuni, and North Pikuni (“Blackfoot,” n.d.). The Blackfoot Indians are characterized by rich cultural and historical heritage. Their honored traditions assume that no one is born evil, and honesty and truth are the basis of living a worthy life. All the people are worthy of respect regardless of their rank and age. A good sense of humor is a crucial part of their lives. Four Elements of Blackfoot Culture It is one of the ten largest tribes in America. The Reservation of the Blackfoot Indians is the place of residence to over 17 thousand members of the given nation and spans 1,5 million acres (“Home,” n.d.). The reservation was established in 1855 and is currently situated in Montana. The reservation has around 180 water bodies and 520 miles of streams, including eight lakes (“Our lands,” n.d.). Additionally, it has significant natural resources such as gas and oil reserves, forestlands, numerous species of wildlife and fish. Health beliefs and practices Throughout their whole history, Blackfoot Indians assumed that plants play a key role in their identity definition. They hold a central position as spiritual power symbols, adornments, ornaments, and medicine. The traditional Blackfoot medicine intimately connects with the natural areas and wildlife zones, especially those bearing religious significance. For thriving traditional communities, the plants use is a mix of herbal medicines practice, cultural identity, and shamanic healing (Jaqcuet, et al., 2017). The knowledge of such plants is a part of sacred nature and is ceremonially passed only to the selected healers. Both plant harvesting and medicines preparation are followed by specific rituals, including prayers, songs, self-purification, and medicinal bundles use. Family Patterns Historically, women bared responsibility for the home, including cleaning, cooking, building the house, dragging the heavy posts in case the tribe moved, and other activities. In fact, they were the full-fledged owners of their houses (“Blackfoot Indian,” n.d.). In turn, men were the fam
Introduction The significance of creating a merger has grown exponentially with the rise in the globalization movement. Facing a range of major threats in the global economy, companies require the support of partner organizations to increase the extent of their competitiveness and minimize risks associated with economic and financial challenges. For this purpose, the use of a merger should be deemed as a viable solution. In this paper, the phenomenon of a merger as an economic concept will be scrutinized. Specifically, the concept of a merger will be defined, followed by an example of a successful merger performed in the global economy recently. Afterward, drawing from the example mentioned above, as well as exploring the concept of a merger using scholarly sources, key factors that make a merger successful will be identified. Finally, a hypothetical merger between two well-established organizations operating in the global market will be considered as a possibility, supported by detailed arguments that prove the reasonability of the described hypothetical merger. Successful Merger As a phenomenon, a merger is far from being an innovative solution, yet the rules for performing it successfully have not been crystallized into a final set of guidelines yet. According to Chathuranga (2015), a merger is a “combination of two or more firms in which the liabilities and the assets of the selling companies are mainly absorbed by the buying company” (p. 7). However, the phenomenon of a merger has recently been expanded into the concept of the companies involved in a merger sharing their controlling powers more charitably. Overall, the notion of a mer
Introduction The history of the Christian Church was an eventful process that was characterized by several periods marked by particular events and personalities. This paper looks at some of those events and personalities that shaped the Church as we know it today. The paper is divided into two sections. The first section (A) is concerned with the definition of some of the important concepts in the life of the Church. Section B provides a summary of some of the important events in the Church history. Definition of Terms Germanic Tribes These were Indo-European ethnolinguistic people whose origin could be traced to the northern part of Europe, and who were distinguishable by their Germanic languages. The word Germanic was coined during the classical by Roman authors to refer to certain tribal groupings considered physical and less intellectual than the Romans. Carolingian Renaissance This referred to the era of cultural movements during the late eighth century. It was the foremost medieval Renaissance that happened in the course of the rule of Carolingian rulers. It was marked with a rise in the amount of literature liturgical changes and architecture. Scholasticism This referred to a technique of analytical thinking and defending dogma that governed the teachings in universities around Europe during the medieval period. It focused on acquisition of knowledge by deduction in resolving contradictions. Saint Francis Saint Francis of Assisi was a priest of the Roman Catholic Church who created the Order of Friars Minor for men. He also set up the women’s group of the Order of Saint Clare. Beguines These were people belonging to a grouping that originated in the medieval period. It was started by a group of single women and widows who dedicated themselves to a life of prayer and good deeds after they lost their men in battles and during the crusades. Petrarch Often referred to as the father of Humanism, Francesco Petrarch was a poet and an Aretine intellectual who existed in Italy during the Renaissance period. He rediscovered the correspondences of Cicero’s, which were credited for triggering the Renaissance during the fourteenth-century. Marsilio Ficino Ficino was among the most prominent humanist academics during the early Renaissance in Italy. He was also an astrologer and was the first to translate the surviving works of Plato into Latin. Zwingli Huldrych Zwingli was one of the people who spearheaded reformation in his country, Switzerland. He was the only significant reformer whose movement did not metamorphose into a church. Anabaptists Anabaptists were a group of Christians who revolted against the system of baptism during the sixteenth-century Radical Reformation in Europe. They advocated for re-baptism, and disputed the credibility of the baptism that was administered to infants. Avignon Papacy This term was used to refer to the period in the Roman Catholic Church when the papacy was centered in Avignon, in France. Martin Luther referred
New technologies provide people with many opportunities to communicate and resolve everyday personal and business issues. Today, people often choose using cell phones in public places, and this new social trend can affect the nature of people’s interactions. Although the active use of cell phones in public places is the global tendency, people’s reactions to the public conversations depend on the country where the situation is observed (Campbell, 2007; Mak, Nickerson, & Isaac, 2009). The other important factor is age because students are more frequently observed using cell phones in public places than elderly persons, who can react to the cell phone use as the interrupting factor (Mak et al., 2009; Suki, 2013). Researchers also state that the use of cell phones in public places affects not only the activities and attitudes of strangers but also the relations with friends and family members because of creating the social barrier and uncomfortable atmosphere (Humphreys, 2005). From this point, it is important to study how people react to the use of cell phones in public places and how social relations can be influenced by the use of these technologies. Using the naturalistic observation, this study aims to provide the discussion of how Americans use cell phones in public places and react to the other people’s use of technologies. Method of Inquiry The naturalistic observation of cell phone users and other persons, including friends, family members, and strangers, was conducted in Eastdale Mall, a shopping center situated in Montgomery, Alabama. The whole observation was completed during one hour. Thirty minutes were spent while observing people in food stores, fifteen minutes were spent to observe cell users in personal services salons, and fifteen minutes were spent to observe people in fashion stores. The focus was on observing cell phone users and those people who could hear the conversation from distance or being near the speaker. The observed persons were aged between 18 and 60 years. It was important to focus on how cell phone users can react to phone calls, how they choose to interrupt or not their conversations and social interactions. Much attention was paid to the actions and behaviors of those persons who were close to the cell phone users (Humphreys, 2005, p. 828). Observed details on the people’s attitudes and behaviors were noted for the further analysis and interpretation (Berg & Lune, 2012, p. 112). The recorded qualitative data was coded and i