ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Most scholars and non-scholars assert that the concept of managing the purchasing and supply chain is modern phenomenon. However, literature recognizes the management of the purchasing and supply chain as an ancient phenomenon that railroad organizations used periods prior to the fiscal 1900 (Gryna 2001, p.416). As the purchasing and supply chain phenomenon continuously gained stature, individuals trained in the decisive procurement decision-making techniques. Such individuals were absorbed to play different roles including purchasing and supplying raw materials to support business operations (Gardner 2001, p.30). Thus, despite the vexing organization problems, it is apparent that integrated and sustainable organizational supply chain management strategies help businesses to gain competitive advantage over other market rivals. The paper discusses the importance of sustainable purchasing and supply for organizations in gaining competitive advantage. The paper first discusses the concept of procurement followed by the benefits derived by businesses for effectively managing the purchasing and supply chains. The paper discusses the importance of a good purchaser and supplier relationship, and the concept of competitive advantage. Finally, how the selection of a reliable supplier is an important issue in creating competitive advantage is discussed. The concept of procurement In all organizations including the oil and gas industry, the department of purchasing forms a central component when returns, credit, and purchasing orders are processed. In such corporations, the procuring processes materialize to be very complicated. For instance, in the oil and gas industry case study the procurement procedures incorporate the acquisition of both the services and products from either a single or multiple suppliers (Chase, Aquilano & Jacobs, 2000, p.33). The procurement process incorporates making decisions concerning the procedures on how to receive the commodities requested, the actual acquisition of services and goods, as well as when and how to pay for the commodities. According to the case study, the procurement cycles often warrant that the corporation obtains suitable services, supplies, materials, and equipment of high value and amount from suitable sources at the best prices. Procuring affects the business activities and integrates various departmental units in an organization instead of the purchasing division only (Carr & Person 1999, p.499). Thus, procurement includes all the four supply chain management parameters namely delivery, production, sourcing, and planning. The benefits of effective purchasing and supply to a business Effective management of an organization purchasing and supply chain tends to generate numerous business benefits. Proper management of such a chain enhances the organization or business competitive performances in the global markets. Besides, effective purchasing and supply chain management ensures that the in-house functions in any
Introduction Food is that significant part of a man’s life which underlines the further development of people in their preferences in meals. In fact, this approach outlines also the state of health that a man may have during perpetual choices in the cuisine of a definite country or culture as well. Socrates once told: I do not live for eating, but eat for a living. This phrase contemplates the whole picture of how food influences human beings. Furthermore, the change of dislocation or removal, more simply, can also provide changes in people’s preferences in meals, cuisine, etc. The syndrome of the crowd makes an impact on people. It is so because living in a society people want to match the cultural peculiarities of it. It serves for them as an additional point to be appreciated within communities. On the other hand, it is a fact of good manners. While choosing what to eat it is necessary to pay attention to one’s awareness of the food benefits for people. One should decrease the number of harmful meals and increase the number of healthy and useful food. In the era of population explosion, it is extremely significant to follow the health preferences in what to eat. Family is a unity of traditions and culture which was delivered from time to time. In this respect, it is vital to admit that one more side being influential for a man is the family. That is why the paper tries to evaluate the main reasons for food choices while changing place of location or community. As I see, a man is what he eats, and this prospect is stable even if a man changes country with all cultural and culinary peculiarities. Historical background From the historical perspective, peoples’ food choices are predetermined by those changes or, additional approaches toward the development of cuisine in previous times. It considers different stages of historical implications toward food and culture. In a civilized world people got accustomed to an appropriate culture in food preparation, serving, and the ceremony of eating, in particular. Due to the expansion of the European world into the Oriental countries, the multicultural touch to the meals became significant. Thus, in the twentieth century, particularly, the rise of culinary thought in many developed countries drew ahead. Hunter and Ward (2007) outline that by the early 1970s food enabled people with greater individual approaches toward what to eat with a wide assortment as well. What is more, Alan Bjerga (2005) notes that in the historical cut the food choices even helped many investigators of America to shape and share the cultural peculiarities of native peoples. In this framework, it is necessary to highlight the food story of my own. Transition points From the very beginning of a man’s life their several transition points in food consumption. In this respect, Bruce Pietrykowski (2004) relies on the idea of starting point i
Since its inceptions in the early 1990, the worldwide web has dramatically changed the landscape of many organizations and the workplace. Although in many cases, the workplace and the organization culture do influence the use of information technologies in organizations, the influence is greater in the other way round. The use of the worldwide web significantly influences many aspects of the work process in organizations. The use of the World Wide Web influences many aspects of the business like business strategy, organization culture, workplace structures; communication in the workplace and the management processes of organizations (Andrew, 2004.p35). This paper outlines and reviews the impacts and the implications the World Wide Web has had on organizations and the workplace since its inception. The World Wide Web made its debut in the early 1990s and triggered a wave of changes that affected many aspects of organizations and their workplace around the world. The internet has changed the way organizations operate in the modern world. The internet technologies have changed the basis of organization structures from a basis on the use of manual labor to the use of knowledge management (Claire, 2004 p100). The use of the internet in the workplace has also changed the social systems of organizations. The internet has also become a key factor to the competitiveness strategy of organizations (Barbara, 2003, p75). The organizations that will not adapt to the rapid change in internet technologies cannot survive well in the modern or the future marketplace. The dramatic effects of the internet on organizations and the workplace have captured the headlines of the media and organizations have been experimenting with the ways of exploiting the internet for the maximum advantage (Jason, 2005, p332). The modern workplace has therefore become a netcentric environment in which the capabilities and the influences of the World Wide Web have permeated the working environment on a very big scale (David, 2003. P.270). Net centricity has triggered many changes in the workplace. One of the major changes netcentricity has been making the desktop or the personal computer a gateway to the world for communication using email and the social networking websites. With the internet, it is now possible for organizations to use the internet to share information or exchange ideas with other organizations at nay part of the world (Kate et al 2001, p 360). The internet has changed work context in organizations, the natu
Panspermia is one of the theories of the origins and creation of life on our planet, according to which life forms appeared on Earth from the outside of the Universe and are transferred through asteroids, meteoroids, and other celestial bodies that collided with planets (Wickramasinghe, 2011). The theory also runs that the life forms delivered to Earth can start the evolution process if the conditions for survival are appropriate. Although the theory can hardly compete with other hypotheses, there is still certain evidence that points to the extraterrestrial roots of life development. One argument suggests that the life emerged soon after the collision of the Earth with other celestial bodies about 4 billions years ago. During this period, the Earth experienced sequences of meteor showers. At the same time, there is also the evidence that demonstrates that the bombardment phase occurred 3.8 years ago (Joshi, 2008). These investigations prove that living organisms would have faced extinction, should life not originate on Earth. The theory of panspermia has a number of contradictions. In particular, provided the theory is true, there should a permanent planet containing these bacteria that are distributed through meteoroids and asteroids. The research of the universe assumes life would have faced serious challenges, surviving outside our planet. At the same time, it should be stressed that life on Earth can stand extremely high and low temperatures, from -196º C to 113º C (Joshi, 2008). Moreover, there are species that can withstand high dozes of X-ray emission, high pressure, or UV radiation. The definition of life should be reconsidered as well when it comes to panspermia because not all living organisms are cable of activating their evolutionary processes. Despite certain discrepancies and contradictions, there are research findings that cannot withdraw the ideas of transmitting seeds all over the universe. Specifically, Vaidya (2009) has commented on the flight of the Stardust spacecraft that captured the fractions of comet to analyze the samples and detect any displays of life in space. The scholar has concluded, “Stardust findings made it clear that some cometary materials formed in regions with temperature above 2000 K while others…appear to have been formed in regions below 40 K” (Vaidya, 2009, p. 227). Specific biophysical conditions of life distribution in space have been discussed by many researchers. According to Wesson (2010), biophysical conditions of most bacteria transferred through the Milky Way are severe and, therefore, the living organisms are frozen and activated only when the conditions are appropriate for the evolution process. There is also a discovery about the simplest form of life – the extremophiles – existing on the Earth under severe conditions,
Introduction A goddess is often described as a female divine being (deity). Deities constitute a polytheistic system that in most cases is made up of several deities in a pantheon (a place of worship for all gods). Love, fertility, the earth and family, things that often reflect on historical gender roles of that ethnicity are what goddesses are associated with in a number of societies. In other societal beliefs, goddesses may be connected to community individualistic roles such as warfare, death, destruction and curative powers. Polytheism is understood as the devotion in the worshipping of many gods and goddesses. The degree of worship to the different gods within the polytheist community differs. Some of them put emphasis on one god more than others. Polytheists like the kathenotheists, worship different idols but they do so at specific times depending with annual seasons or what they need at that particular time. A woman is a female human being; this is based on gender and the biological make-up. The term ‘girl’ is used on a female child or teenager. When dealing with gender issues lie women’s rights and issues, the ‘woman’ is a blanket term that refers to a female human being. Near Eastern goddesses Astarte or Ishtar, Agrat bat Mahalat, Anath Anahita, Nanshe, Nikkal are common Near Eastern goddesses. It is also evident that religions influenced each other. “The Religions of the Ancient Near East were mostly polytheistic, with some early examples of emerging Henotheism (Atenism, Marduk). Especially the Luwian pantheon exerted a strong influence on the Ancient Greek religion, while Assyro-Babylonian religion influenced Achaemenid-era Zoroastrianism and Judaism. Both Greek and Jewish tradition in turn strongly influenced Christianity” (Harden 1). The Luwian pantheon heavily influenced the Ancient Greek Religion, whilst Judaism and Assyo-Babylonian was strongly influenced by Achaemenid-era Zoroastrianism. Christianity boasts heavy influence from both the Jewish and Greek cultures. Polytheism on the other hand was practiced in the ancient Near Eastern region with sub-regions in Mesopotamia, Ancient Egypt, Elam, Caucasus, Anatolia, and the Minoan region (Cyprus and Crete).It is alleged that these Near Eastern goddesses are myths (Harden 1). Astarte, a Greek god was worshipped for motherhood, fertility and sexuality, and during times of war. Astarte was a lion, a sphinx, a dove, a circle with a star inside (Venus) and a horse. The sphinx, and the dove, was in depiction of her as Venus, the planet. She is depicted nude is pictorial representations. The Greeks worshiped this deity but they called her Ap
Introduction There are many articles and papers written on the characteristics of capitalism, its negative and positive sides and the role in the world. The word “capitalism” is widely associated with one of the first countries, which adopted it – the United States of America. The impact of capitalism on this country is mostly positive. Although this is a controversial statement, but many economists say that the leading position of the USA in the world is related with capitalism being on the first place. To understand better the nature of capitalism, it is important to investigate whether capitalism allows social mobility. However, to conduct this investigation, the definition of the social mobility should be provided. So, social mobility is the process by which people move from the position to position in the society. This movement may result in possessing higher or lower rank in the society. Sometimes, this process is called the distribution of talent, even though ratio can not be perfect, the more close it is to the ideal, the better principle of justice is applied in the society (Bendix, 1959). Analyzing writings of Louis Hartz, James Madison and Karl Marx, answer to the main question of the paper can be found. The United States of America with its regime of capitalism has been promoting social mobility at much more significant extent, than it was done in the countries of Europe. It can also be found out that the process of industrialization, as one of the most common features of the capitalism, is directly connected with social mobility. However, there is one more tendency associated with social mobility: with the maturity of the industrial society the level of the social mobility is decreasing. How should these statements be understood? Capitalism is based on industrialization, which can be defined as the intensive of development scientific innovations, which leads to an increase in available job opp
The role and the sole existence of YouTube seem not to be understood. Viacom filed a U.S $ 1 Billion lawsuit against YouTube claiming that YouTube created and has benefited from a successful media business which according to them reaps its benefits from copyright infringement. Viacom and others claim that the site owes its popularity to display of content from large media producers without monitoring uploading of copyrighted material. However the issue of determining popularity of content by looking at the most viewed content seems to be misunderstood since we should also be looking at what is most discussed or most responded to. The big question that everyone needs to ask themselves is whether YouTube and Google really benefit from the materials claimed to come from the large media producers (Green 2). YouTube can be seen as an interactive distribution platform whereby the audience has a hand in shaping the media content. YouTube should be seen as a media platform that facilitates practices of “audience-ing” just as publishing. Linked clip and quote should be viewed as active audience-hood. With time the platform has become so popular not because of the content from large media producers but because of its interactive nature which has also made it achieve economies of scale due to widespread distribution (Green 3). It should also be understood that materials posted may go beyond the local community but that may be attributed to nature of the system that leaves the content long enough in the site till it becomes searchable. We have to come to terms with the reality that media has changed platform to a new one whereby existing content is edited to produce yet another materials and that is what YouTube is all about and this should not be seen as entirely as copyright infringement or piracy (Green 3). It is important to note that the short snippets of YouTube materials though profitable for media companies have been misunderstood and the society should understand that we are living in a new era of the audience editing their materials. By having a different thought about the snippets being a product of audience hood rather than unlawful distribution then we may be in a position of understanding more about ownership, value and labor. It may be true that Viacom may have exclusive rights over the valuable content they seek to reign in but they should understand that they are not the sole producers of the value of that content. Viacom should understand that commercial media on YouTube is like transformational of cultural commodities to cultural resources and YouTube just offers a platform for the audience to produce second order commodities that they can and still trade on. It may be true that YouTube may have gained promotional value from programming brands, channels and broadcasters and Viacom may be seeing that YouTube is generating revenues they have no control over. Hitting on YouTube would amount at striking on the
Introduction While terrorism has been practiced by various groups and individuals throughout human history, the events of 11th September 2001 brought home the painful reality to Americans of the capability of terrorist attacks to disrupt society’s life. While terrorism was condemned before the 911 events, the 9/11 attacks resulted in terrorism being labeled as the most perilous global problem that hampers the safety and freedom of humanity. Undercutting the power of terrorist organizations and groups therefore became one of the major goals of nations in their bid to achieve security for their people. The key to containing terrorist groups is developing a deeper understanding of the particular terrorism movement; its organizational structures, ideologies, political affiliations, and how the organization obtains and maintains recruits. This paper shall set out to give a deeper understanding of one of the contemporary terrorist groups; Hezbollah. The paper shall perform a critical analysis of this active terrorist movement by reviewing the group’s ideologies, economic factors, and political significance. The paper shall also explain what draws new individuals into the group and provide some suggestions on how the recruitment efforts of the group can be curtailed. Hezbollah Terrorist Organization There is no universally accepted definition of “terrorism” and each nation or organization prefers to use its definition. This lack of unified description springs from the fact that what may pass as “terrorism” for one party may be a legitimate use of violence by another. Nevertheless, the US Department of Defense defines terrorism as “the unlawful use of – or threatened use of – force or violence against individuals or property to coerce or intimidate governments or societies often to achieve political, religious, or ideological objectives” (Hoffman, 2006, p.38). The political angle sets apart terrorism from other kinds of crimes, and as Hoffman (2006) insists, one should distinguish terrorists from other types of criminals since most terrorist organizations have a deeper ideology and higher motives than common criminals or irregular fighters. Hezbollah is therefore rightfully classified as a terrorist organization due to its use of violence in an attempt to gain political leverage as well as champion the cause of the Lebanese Shia population. The Hezbollah organization began in the 1980s as a resistance organization whose aim was to fight for the rights of the Shiite population in who felt discriminated against by the Christian minorities who had an overrepresentation in the government. However, the group’s affiliation with violent extremist organizations and its incessant attacks on Israeli and Western targets in Lebanon quickly elevated the group to a terrorist organization status. While the UN General Assembly has denounced terrorism as endangering and taking innoce