ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction The Nile River has for a long time been the source of political wrangles. The river is the longest in the world, measuring about 6700 kilometers. The river flows through ten countries namely: Kenya, Rwanda, Burundi, Eritrea, Sudan, DRC, Tanzania, Uganda, Egypt, and Ethiopia. About 123 million people depend on the river for survival. About 83% of Nile River’s water originates from Ethiopia and Eritrea, Sudan and Egypt uses approximately 90% of the water. In the past few decades, tension has continued to intensify three nations (Egypt, Sudan, and Ethiopia) that share its waters. The international community attributes the wrangles to concerns on ecosystem degradation, high levels of poverty, water problems, population increase, and political interests. Egypt’s Dominance In the past, the tension arose from such reasons threats of military rule in Egypt, the unending wars in Sudan, and minimal use of the resource by the other seven countries. As of recent times, the tensions still thrive in the region because of Egypt’s dominance over the water and some treaties the country holds purporting to control the river. The 1929 and 1959 Nile Water agreements are at the core of the tensions (Degefu 130-133). It is through these agreements that Egypt swore to protect the waters from interruption by any issues in the other basin states. The agreements also put an end to any constructions near or along its tributaries as it would interrupt the flow to Sudan and Egypt. The agreements are under scrutiny by the other Basin countries that claim their rights to the water (Allan 218-219). Use of the Water by Ethiopia for Developments The river’s water is essential for the survival of the states’ population. They require sufficient water supply for them to produce food, and feed their animals among other needs. The availability of the river’s water is paramount to their social and economic well-being. Ethiopia, for example, requires the water to support its industries and hydro-electric power stations. On the other hand, Egypt is jealous over Ethiopians use of the water and reinstates its intentions of protecting the river from exploitation. The state has made its intentions well-known that it is ready to use military force to control the river. As a response to Egypt, Ethiopia claims it is using its rights of exploiting her natural resources. The country has gone further to the extent of renouncing the old colonial treaties (Degefu 214). Sudan and its Irrigation Projects In matters concerning the river and Sudan, the state needs the waters mainly for its economic development. Sudan needs the water for its irrigation activities and hydroelectric power. The irrigation projects carried out in the country supports the population by providing food and exporting the surplus (Hopkins 723). The state also needs to protect her people who live on riverbanks from the annual rain floods that come from the Ethiopian highlands. In Egypt’s view, the
The relationship between Charles and Joan initially was based on friendship. The two were teaching at a local school after completing their college education. They became fond of each other and preferred working as a team in cases where this was possible. Given the fact that the couple was staying at the residential quarters within the school, their closeness grew day by day. According to Casto (2008), the first stage of a romantic relationship is always the infatuation stage. There was undoubtedly a strong attraction between these two individuals. They would spend every little opportunity they had trying to make each other happy. They were interested in understanding each other better. They went through the disturbance stage when the two became increasingly jealous of closeness that any of them developed towards others. The two would quarrel every moment the other seemed to give attention to others. Joan would demand that Charles should avoid the company of other women. Similarly, Charles would complain any moment Joan gave other men attention. This meant that one of the most common characteristics of romantic relationships is jealousy. One partner would feel that the other partner is his or hers and should not be shared in any way by others. The couple moved very fast to the next stage of opinion-making. They developed opinions of each other, which lead them to the molding stage. This was evident as they tried to understand each other and ensure that they avoided what would injure the feelings of the other partner. The couple would go a long way to ensure that the other partner is happy. It would even involve making personal sacrifice. This brings out another characteristic of romantic relationships as the ability of the partners to make sacrifices for one another. Charles and Joan’s relationship blossomed as time went by. They entered the happy stage of a romantic relationship. During this time, the couple would vow to each other to remain faithful and forget any past relationships that could have existed. At this time, it was apparent to everyone that the couple was in a romantic relationship. The two were so close that even students could easily detect that theirs was more than just being staff mates. The next stage involves many doubts (Rathus, Nevid & Fichner-Rathus, 2013). Both wanted to take their relationship to the next level but they were not sure if they were making the right decision. Charles would be seen making consultation with his friends about the possibility of Joan being the right life partner for him. Joan was also doing the same. At this time, the two would spend considerable time with other peers, probably to get as much opinion as possible. They then went through the sexual exploration stage. This brings out sex as another characteristic of romantic relationships. At this stage, the two found themselves strongly attracted to each other. They developed strong emotions towards each other during t
This question has a hypothesis that answers and figures out the components of matter, the essential element of all materials and objects on earth. For instance, it leads to understanding water’s nature and behaviour elements as oxygen and hydrogen. This scientific question describes the different origins and nature of the materials that make the world look the way it looks today. The constituents of matter, such as water, break down to oxygen (the gas which supports burning) and hydrogen (the flammable gas) (BBC. 3). In this case, it can be argued that this scientific question plays an essential role in conducting experiments and creating inventions that have played a vital role in promoting humanity. The world has developed and reached it through notable scientists and inventions who worked tirelessly to understand the world and nature. Indeed, they played an essential role in going deeper and acquiring knowledge that others at their time could never contemplate. Through their sacrifice, hard work and learning, and quest to know more, they were able to achieve inventions that, up to date, have been developed by their successors to create a better world in which human beings are living today. This scientific question is vital in trying to identify what powers humanity. Indeed, human beings’ development and inventions depend on energy. This energy is essential in powering life and enabling people to live comfortably (BBC. 1). This quest led to the creation of chariots used to carry amour and soldiers along the coast. The same pursuit led to the integration of mathematicians and created more effective windmills, which would drain marshes and an entire lake. Human beings are wired to demand more even when they have enough. The quest for a better life and earning prestige are the most critical drivers who have played a vital role in propelling humanity towards inventions. Competition and the drive of power and prestige among human beings have been crucial elements in propelling innovations and development to create a new and better life to appear different from others. Human beings have always desired to have a better life. People have always desired to have prestige and have a better life when compared to others. Successive scientific inventions and the development of old technology have played a vital role in transforming the world to its current economic, social, and political success (BBC, 2). However, noble people and successful, wealthy business people had the desire. They fu
There are numerous works written by philosophers and scholars aimed to understand the nature of sexuality and the discourse on sex as natural elements of social life. In the context of this essay, two quotations from the works of a sociologist, Jeffrey Weeks, and a philosopher, Michel Foucault, will be analyzed. The key concepts of the quotations, as well as how they fit into the authors’ larger argument, will be discussed. Also, for each quotation, a film will be selected to be viewed in the light of the ideas and key thoughts of the statements. The first quotation is a fragment of the work of an English sociologist, Jeffrey Weeks, which is called “The Invention of Sexuality.” In his work, Weeks discusses the historical context of sexuality, asserting that knowledge of people about it used to be insufficient in the past. However, the author points out that, nowadays, the situation has changed as there are many works dedicated to the exploration of different manifestations of sexuality. In his research, Weeks raises various questions, such as what activities can be designated as sexual and how sexuality is shaped and articulated with economic and political structures. Also, the sociologist explores the relationships between sex and power and the role of class division and patterns of male domination and racism in defining sexual relationships. The primary purpose of Week’s work, however, is to reveal how sexuality is socially constructed. The author argues that sexuality is shaped by social forces and only exists through its social forms and social organization (Weeks 24). All further ideas and evidence provided in the work aimed to prove the argument and reveal the role of social factors in defining sexuality. Weeks managed to introduce a lot of information related to various aspects of sexuality, which allows readers to look at the discussed subject from different perspectives. The author says that “far from being the most natural element in social life, the most resistant to cultural moulding, it [sexuality] perhaps one of the most susceptible to organization” (Weeks 24). The main idea of this quotation in the context of the Week’s work is that sexuality has a controversial nature. On the one hand, it does not come into people’s minds when they think about social life. Many people would be surprised to know that it is one of the crucial elements of social intercourse. On the other hand, sexuality is exceptionally perceptive to social forms and structures. Therefore, the key concept of the quotation is that sexuality exists due to the process of sexual socialization, which is different from society to society. The statement mentioned above serves as the beginning of a large fragment of the work, which contains an evidence base provided by the author to prove his argument. Thus, Weeks cites the works of other scholars who support his point of view and discusses common assumptions that demonstrate the correctness of his thoughts
Introduction Considering the ever-changing business scenarios in the corporate world and the current modifications in working patterns, it is necessary for organizations to have working ethics programs, which primarily act as guiding principles in any business dealing. In addition, noting the diverse nature of most business dealings, likelihoods of misconducts are high hence, making it necessary for an ethical program to be in place, mostly as a judgmental conduct tool on individuals’ morality in business undertakings. Failure to have working ethical programs can lead to business failure; a case that was evident in the 2008-2009 economic crisis, which saw many world economies go down the slopes of inflation (Ferrell, Fraedrich & Ferrell, 2009, p. 2-5). It is important for organizations to take the concept of this ethical program very serious primarily because, any failure to honor the set ethical standards of an organization, not only leads to visible organizational, economic problems, but also it can lead to many social problems on global societies. Developing an Effective Ethics Program As suggested by Weston ((n.d.), p.1), regardless of an organization’s nature, it is important for any ethics program to take into consideration six major principles namely accountability, considerateness, respect, citizenship, trustworthiness, and above all equality. Also, it is important for top management organs to remember that created values should have a clear correlation to employee, suppliers, customers, and stakeholders’ orientations. To develop an effective program, it is important for top management to specify the nature of behaviors, which an organization expects and those that it does not expect from its employees. Because many organizational ethical concepts have many associated complexities, it is necessary for management teams to have desired agreements on what such programs should encompass. To make sure such programs work effectively, management teams themselves should respect laws directing such programs, because the majority of misconduct cases results as individuals endeavor to maximize an organization’s incomes due to organizational pressure (Ferrell, Fraedrich & Ferrell, 2009, pp. 206-207). To alleviate the occurrence of such instances, it is important also for organizations to establish and put into strategic action methodologies of enhancing the process of ethical decision-making; a case that is common with big companies, for example, Ford Motors and Texas instruments (p.10). For any ethics program to succeed, as concerns achieving desired outcomes in organizations, management must put in place effective communication and monitoring measures. Such measures must take into
Terror groups are political, religious or ideological movements that resort to terror in order to achieve their goals. These are groups that use terror to manipulate and influence personal gain. Under normal acts of terror; intimidation, fear or coercion to the civilians are the main tools used by these terror groups. Abu Nidal is one of the many terror organizations based in the Palestine. Abu Nidal is the Arabic meaning of ‘father of the struggle.’ The terror group was named after its leader and founder Sabri al-Banna who was born in Palestine to a land owning family (White 20). Getting support from a number of Muslim countries including Syria and Libya, this group of international terrorists has claimed responsibility for a number of attacks in the Western countries, Israel and Arab countries. This paper will discuss the origin and survival of this terror group through its years of active operations. This group had international targets but mostly their target over their years of operation was the Israelis (White 66). However, Palestinian Liberation Organization’s ‘PLO’ officials and government representatives were among those being targeted. Among the many goals of this terror organization, the greatest was to eliminate Israel form the map of the world. This group was in support of armed struggle against the Israelis and constantly and openly opposed any attempts for the Arab-Israel peace negotiations (White, 100). The Abu Nidal however was not operating alone on the terror activities but had state support from a few other countries as I mentioned earlier. Iraq, Syria and Libya provided funding support as well as training and logistical backing for the group. These countries also used the terror group for some of their internal military operations. The Abu Nidal Organization was expelled in Iraq for a while when Saddam Hussein sought support from the American government when he was at war with his neighbour Iran. Later on when the war ended, Iraq resumed its support for the ANO. During the period when the Abu Nidal organization was expelled in Iraq, the terror group sought backing from Syria where they got support to enable them to continue with their terror activities. Working from Syria, the terror group worked hard to destabilize attempts to hold peace talks among Jordan, Israel and Palestinian liberation organization ‘PLO’ (White, 222). After sometime, the Syria government was under pressure from the American government to distance itself from terrorist and terror activities. Due to the mounting pressure on the Syrian government, ANO was
Advanced Dental Hygiene practitioners (ADHP) could provide solutions to the current oral health crisis in the United States as they possess the ability to increase accessibility to needy patients. The paper shall look at the problem of accessibility to oral care in the country and the possibility of the introduction of a mid-level provider as a possible solution to this problem shall be addressed. Statistics indicate that there are several vulnerable groups (children and the elderly) who cannot access dental health. In fact, this is largely the reason why children are continually susceptible to tooth decay. The latter has been listed as one of the most common chronic illnesses among them. Besides this, several types of research indicate that there is a gap in the dental health sector since it loses close to two thousand dentists every year through retirement. Consequently, oral health care stakeholders need to think of methods that can increase oral health care accessibility while at the same time making use of current dental health providers. An effective way of doing this is through the introduction of a mid-level oral health provider such as the Advanced Dental Hygiene Practitioner. (ADHP) The latter practitioners are comprised of Masters’s Degree holders who can be equated to nursing practitioners. (American Dental Hygienists Association, 2009b)They bridge the gap between preventive oral health care as well as dentistry and they also exist in other countries of the world such as Australia, the UK, New Zealand and many others. If such systems have worked in the latter countries, then there is a possibility that America can borrow the method as well. Given the current lack of dentists in many rural communities, ADHPs have the capacity to deal with oral health challenges in both preventions as well as restoration. The latter professionals have the capacity to heighten the numbers of patients receiving oral health care at any time. ADHPs’ main role will be to provide preventive dental healthcare hygiene services. They will be expected to promote health as well as carry out dental assurance. In other words, primary oral health care will be their main healthcare forte. However, it should be noted that the latter group cannot be expected to do all oral health work. In other words, there will be limits to what they can offer oral health care patients. For instance, they will not be expected to carry out invasive restorative services. Also
Introduction Since ancient times philosophers have tried to understand the purpose of a human being, why we are born, and why we live. Some believe that we must seek what we enjoy to acquire meaning for our lives. Others claim that committing our efforts for the benefit of society should be our ultimate goal to live a meaningful life. These beliefs are called subjective and objective, respectively, and are contrasted to a dual aspect approach, which proposes achieving both subjective and objective meaning simultaneously. However, I believe that obtaining self-awareness is what fills our life with purpose. In this paper, I will discuss Susan Wolf’s and Richard Taylor’s ideas about meaningful living and consider how self-awareness fits into the context. While there are many objections to my viewpoint, I believe that self-awareness can help acquire a meaningful life not only for ourselves but for others as well. The Meaning of Life Susan Wolf’s Perception Before proposing what life needs to become meaningful, Wolf asks what it means for life to have meaning. We know what life stands for, what it is, but we do not fully understand its purpose (Wolf 1). However, the question about purpose is also quickly answered if we consider the existence of God – if he exists, then he had the reason to create us; if he does not exist, then there is no reason why we exist (Wolf 2). Therefore, when we ponder the meanings of lives, we consider whether or not individual lives have sense. Wolf slightly touches on the topic of subjective meaningful living – she claims that the subjective criterion is not sufficient to label life as meaningful. Instead, she proposes a different approach – life has meaning if a person is committed to a project that has positive intentions and at least partially succeeds at it. Wolf emphasizes that positive values do not need to involve moral values or anything similar (Wolf 7). Therefore, it is reasonable to conclude that Wolf advocates for objectivity. She claims that achieving personal happiness does not equate to obtaining life’s meaning. Richard Taylor’s Ideas Richard Taylor suggests that people have struggled to understand the purpose behind life because it is challenging even to understand what it means to question life about its meaning. Therefore, he attempts to explain meaningful living by describing meaninglessness. He uses the popular myth of Sisyphus to aid his explanations. The tale is about a man who continuously rolled a boulder up a hill from where it went back to the bottom; Sisyphus had to repeat the action without stopping. Taylor considers his life as meaningless because his actions do not result in a more significant outcome other than being repeated. Taylor emphasizes that the difficulty of the task and the amount of time needed to accomplish it are not relevant to the concept of meaninglessness (Taylor
Introduction Walmart Empire, having penetrated once into the American society and economy seems to always stay at the position it is now. Wal-Mart stores have been supplying people with commodities for more than forty years. So, it would be accurate to assume that the philosophy of the company is quite good if it managed to expend to such a size. Nonetheless, I guess the strong recession is in store for the Incorporation and my strong belief is that it is the Walmart history, which is oxymoronic with its future as the authorities and community will deny it. Main body Firstly, in my opinion, the employees, tired of being treated inappropriately are to give up their jobs and are to look for better fortune, than to work in a Wal-Mart store. As the philosophy of Walmart does not include the benefits for its employees, or they are slim to nothing, they manage to gain astronomic profits, shoving money. One of the commentaries to the film was that depriving the employees from the live and benefits WM is showing nothing, but a” corporate greed” (Walmart – high cost of Low Prices, Webpage) It is a known fact that the turnover of the shop is 50 % as, while they spend a lot on some techniques, they try to economizer on the work labor. Secondly, the local authorities are to stop supporting this mega business as it prevents the local stores to develop and moreover exist. It is not concealed that the “Grand open” of WM in any small town is a big event. It is expected to employ thousands of people, it is to give a bigger buying opportunity to those, whose income is not so big, but it is to destroy the local system of stores and simply to put them out of business. 20 % decrease of the local economy (1000 Friends of Iowa, Webpage) is the result of the abovementioned benefits. So, not to destroy the inner market infrastructure they are to be cautious and deny WM someday. It would be really interesting to observe the WM development in 10 years. Thirdly, the government is to restrict the freedoms they take as the overall result of the existence of WM does not support the state anyhow taking overseas-buying- in-orientation (namely Chinese one), thus selling chip commodities, whi