ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Photo Spread analysis involves a systemic organization of a compilation of photographs in a spreadsheet for a particular purpose (Doyle, 2010). In the criminal justice system, this analysis involves identifying perpetrators of crime by an eyewitness. Photo spreads are primarily instrumental in cases where assailants or perpetrators are unknown to the victim. Photo spreads in the identification parades have increased in the recent past. The police department plays a significant role in conducting a photo spread in the most acceptable manner. The photo spread’s preparation is carried out by the officer in charge (also known as the lineup administrator) or the investigating officers in the case of more than one investigator. In most cases, the officer in charge will not usually be the one to conduct the photo identification procedures. Therefore, he is required to present the photos to another agent for that purpose. The reason for the aforementioned is to ensure that the accused suffers no prejudice. Since the agent knows the perpetrator’s identity, any gestures, signals, or cues from him will influence the witness’s testimony and thereby prove to be prejudicial to the culprit’s case. Secondly, it is important to understand the compilation of photos in a photo spread. In composing the photo spread, the officer is required to ensure that the accused person does not stand out (Garrod, 2008). Accordingly, the investigator should include persons (fillers) who as much as possible resemble the perpetrator’s identity. In cases where there is an insufficient description of the perpetrator, as in the case of Vicky and Dennis, fillers with significant features that resemble the accused should be included in the composition. An investigator is also required to include that photo that resembles the suspect the most. For instance, the Attorney General’s Guidelines on Photo Spread Analysis in the State of New Jersey require police officers to utilize a minimum of five fillers per identification procedure. The spreads usually consist of six photographs (2″ X 2″) of the head, neck, and upper chest (Garrod, 2008). In addition, writings of previous arrests should not be visible to the witness. The last requirement is for the preservation of the photos in their original condition. As far as the standard basis of the above procedures are concerned, there should be established guidelines in conducting identification procedures. The reason for compiling the photo spread in the above manner is to increase its evidentiary value and to decrease the shortcomings of the negative identification of the offender. Thirdly, it is important to gain an understanding of the display of photo spreads. There are two ways of presenting photo spreads: simultaneous and sequential. Simultaneous photo lineups refer to the display of several photographs to a witness per session. On the other hand, sequential photo lineups refer to presenting one photo at a time to a witness during an identification process (Garrod, 2008). However, there is a paradigm shift towards se
The modern art is characterized by the unique diversity of ways to express feelings and emotions. To a greater degree, it is preconditioned by the rapid development of our society and appearance of new perspectives on how objects should look to be attractive. At the same time, people always try to find new ways to embody their emotions and experiences to share them with the society or make other individuals think. In such a way, the contemporary architecture also has these features that promote its development and emergence of new forms. Postmodernism is one of methods to create innovative pieces of art that meet requirements of modern people. It can be determined as a particular style that appeared in the 1960s as a response to the dominance of formality and austerity 1 . Postmodernists wanted to find new shapes and lines for their buildings and other artworks 2 . They cultivated such notions as complexity and contradiction, which means that there are curved forms, multiple decorative elements, asymmetry, bright colors, and pastiche, or a mixture of styles and features peculiar to other periods 3 . Architects combined innovative and unusual features with elements of classicism to attain the desired effect 4 . In such a way, they try to challenge the modern society by ignoring existing dogmas and creating a new reality. Many of these ideas were utilized by Peter Corrigan and Maggie Edmond in their creativity. During their career, they managed to contribute to the development of diversity and pluralism in the world and Australian architecture 5 . The fact is that all their unusual approaches to art are driven by the ideas that there are multiple sources of inspiration preconditioning the choice of various forms to express a wide variety of their feelings and emotions. Accepting the fundamental principles of pluralism in architecture, they provided the idea that there is no limit to forms and shapes 6 . Artists might choose awkward, confronting, or unexpected forms as they are free in their choice. However, they should be humanistic in their nature and reflect the spirit and mood of an epoch 7 . At the same time, they cultivated the ideas of inclusiveness and tolerance regarding the existing diversity of styles and approaches to the creation of buildings and other objects. Corrigan and Edmond introduced a style characterized by the multiple forms peculiar to different methods and schools 8 . At the same time, the only motif for the creation of new pieces of art is the desire to embody particular feelings which can be realized by the utilization of numerous innovative technologies and approaches. The given building demonstrates how their unique peculiarities are combined. Curved forms along with lines and squares contribute to the creation of a new image. The architects play with forms and styles regarding their pluralistic approach and tendencies tow
Criminal psychology is mainly the study of the underlying factors that make people to engage in criminal activities. Psychologists involved in this area study not only the thoughts and the wills of criminals but also the reactions that follow after committing the criminal activities (Winfree, Abadinsky, & Winfree, 2009). For that reason, they are very significant in criminal justice as they help the judges in understanding various issues concerning the mind of a criminal especially because criminology is a problem in every community due to various structures in the society. For instance, Merton strain theory explains that the American society encourages crime since there are certain materialistic goals that every individual is supposed to achieve. Consequently, those who are not fortunate enough to achieve such goals in the right way end up getting involved in crime in the struggle for success. There are so many issues regarding criminology that the criminal psychologists seek to answer. For instance, it is not easy to understand whether anyone can become a criminal. Since there are many psychological and social theories that can be used to study criminology, this paper uses the Bandura’s social learning theory, Freud’s psychoanalytic theory and Eysenck’s biosocial theory to discuss theoretically whether anyone can become a criminal. Social learning theory by Albert Bandura happens to be among the major theories of crime. It explains that aggression which is associated with criminal behaviour and criminal activities can be acquired through modelling. This happens after making various observations of the behaviour of other people in the mass media or the surrounding environment. It further illustrates that individuals who adopt aggression believe that the behaviour can cause reinforcement which may make them to obtain rewards, praises, as well as developing self esteem. The problem of aggression is more common in young children and they grow with it and end up becoming criminals if it is not detected early enough. Therefore, according to the theory of the social learning, anyone has the capability of becoming a criminal as it is a learnt behaviour (Isom, 1998). Having gotten an overview of the social leaning theory, it is important to integrate all the factors that explain that anyone has the ability of becoming a criminal. Studies of Howitt (2006) indicate that results of the studies which have been conducted illustrate that there is usually a higher possibility of people living in high crime areas to become criminals compared to people living in low crime areas. Media is yet another factor that can lead to aggression as highlighted earlier. More often than not, people who are involved in criminal activities end up gaining much attention and becoming famous. Therefore, after making such observations, people adopt the behaviour of aggression in order to receive the same reward. Television is particularly a main cause of criminal behaviour especially when such criminals go unpunished. For instance, since in a certain movie some girls witnessed a girl being raped with a bottle, they also ended up committing the same crime. Furt
Introduction Memory, intelligence and personality are the three foundations of human character. For effective performance in enterprises, people should have the capacity of recollecting past discussions regarding product quality, be innovative and should have traits that facilitate the development of interpersonal relationships. With these skills, organisations can have a workforce that delivers according to their expectations and satisfies clients. The limited understanding of the role that human behaviour has on efficiency in workplaces forces the researcher to delve into some relevant theories. From the models, which are PASS and triarchic, individuals get insights into how personality connects with productivity. It is vital to dissect the relationship that exists between performance and employees’ character. Well-mannered workers deliver as per company expectations, whereas those that have unethical conduct underperform. Notably, smart managers need to know that motivation transpires when members of staff have virtues that facilitate excellent relationships, infuse respect and foster teamwork. However, in as much as organisations require decent workers, some individuals who present themselves in workplaces have conduct deemed by others as unprincipled. Comprehensive knowledge of the theories and their provisions, as well as personalities, is fundamental in addressing behavioural issues that often affect performance. The purpose of this essay is to examine how memory, intellect and personality influence efficiency in product delivery and establish a logical connection by analysing the relevance of PASS and triarchic theories of intelligence on workplace performance. Justification of the Chosen Topic Workplace performance has been gaining popularity in organisations over the recent past. Due to the rising competition among firms, managers are always working hard to recruit, develop and retain high performers so that they sustain exceptional productivity and increase their market share. In as much as education plays a pivotal role in improving the capabilities of individuals on a particular task, intelligence, memory, and personality are crucial in the overall productivity. At times, companies may have skilled human resources who have l
Introduction Many ways and methods have been used and developed by Christian denominations to supposedly “propagate” and “spread” the word of God. History has shown us how merciless these mercy-preaching mercenaries have been to thwart opposing beliefs and religions. Wars and conquests were brutally shouted on top of mountains and overseas “in the glory of God!” Today, more peaceful and acceptable forms of preaching have evolved. Others have become commercialized, and still, others, controversial. Nevertheless, Christianity itself is still divided. This paper shall try to find out the impact of Christianity today on the global community through the documentary film “Jesus Camp.” Discussion There are various reactions to the documentary film “Jesus Camp” by Heidi Ewing and Rachel Grady. Jesus Camp is about a Pentecostal summer camp for children who spend their summers learning and practicing their so-called prophetic gifts. They were also taught that they can do something about present-day America for Christ. While the distributor claims it, “doesn’t come with any prepackaged point of view,” and tries to be “an honest and impartial depiction of one faction of the evangelical Christian community,” (Christian News Wire, 2006), other Christian “evangelical” communities have other points of view. It is to be noted, however, that while the directors simply try to create an objective film about children and faith ring hollow in the earnestness and zeal with which the young people pictured attempt to live out their faith, may find that it appears that the children were unknowingly manipulated to cast evangelical Christianity in an unflattering light (Plugged In, 2007). After viewing the film where Orso (2007) noted: “A pledge of allegiance that would make liberals pine for the days when ‘God’ was the only religious allusion in the pledge; Becky Fischer, the leader of the camp, setting the text ‘Punishment for sin is death in a bloody red script for a presentation to children; Children smashing mugs with ‘government’ written on them with hammers; and the blessing of a cardboard cut-out of President George W. Bush, he sought the view of another Evangelical friend David Best. Best pointed out that, “Most mainstream Evangelicals would agree with 40 or 60 percent of the words that were used in that film, with the world view that there is a devil, there is a god, and we are in a battle against (the devil). The big dicey question just within the Evangelical community is what does that look like? It’s not just about abortion and abortion,” Orso quoted. It is worthy to note that “Jesus Camp” was nominated for the 2007 79th Annual Academy Award (Oscar) for Best Documentary Feature. It has been commented on by one passive film reviewer as “a nicely observed, if hardly revolutionary, documentary about a summer camp in North Dakota where pre-pubescent mini-Christians go to learn the evils of Harry Potter and abortion, and to sing along to catchy raps such as ‘JC is in da house!’ The film is mildly inflammatory
Introduction This presentation will focus on how three different news sources report on the Olympics 2022 in Beijing. The three articles were published in Sports Illustrated, ESPN, and CNN. The focus of the three pieces is on the closing ceremony of the Winter Olympics, which took place in Beijing. The Olympic games are a major event in sports on the global level because it allows athletes from many different states to compete and showcase their skills and potential. Therefore, by reviewing this event and how different news sources write about it, one can compare the different approaches to reporting and varying political and social positions. The first news source is Sports Illustrated, and the article is titled “How to Watch Winter Olympic Closing Ceremony: Live Stream, TV Channel, Start Time” and written by Carter (2022). In this article, the author writes about the Olympics’ clothing ceremony with a focus on the American athletes who have won medals and will be present at this ceremony. Also, the author provides some details regarding the time of streaming and the news channels where one will be able to watch the ceremony. This article is focused on glorifying the American team and on emphasizing the winners, such as Elana Meyers Taylor. The second article covering the topic of the Winter Olympics closing ceremony is the one published by ESPN. The author is Hamilton (2022), and the title of this article is “Winter Olympics 2022: Highlights from the closing ceremony in Beijing.” This article mainly focuses on social media’s reaction to the games and their closing ceremony, which is shown in Picture 1. Hamilton (2022) also mentioned the controversy surrounding these games due to the ongoing pandemic that continues to affect people’s lives. Hence, this
Introduction Environment refers to the totality of the surrounding conditions. The conditions of any surroundings directly affect its occupants and this being the case, it is essential for people to aspire to make their environment a safe place to live in. In the past, environment conscious individuals and organizations have played a major role in the conservation of our worthy environment. These efforts however have not been sufficient to combat the global environment crisis. In any nation with conscience about the environment, all sectors should be involved its conservation or restoration. Among such sectors are the religious sector and more specifically, Christians. In the past, Christians have not put sufficient effort to conserve the environment. As a result, they need to come up with actions that are aimed at conserving the environment. This essay covers Christian’s concept and attitude on nature and Christian involvement in environmental crisis; that is, efforts that Christians believe will enable them contribute positively in the conservation of the environment. It will be done in accordance with Toulmin model of argument. Involvement of Christians in environmental conservation According to Christians, matters related to the environment emerge from state of tension between behaviour of individuals, which lead to diminishing environmental value, and role of the civil society to preserve the environment. In the past, however, Christians have not been in the forefront in averting environmental degradation. From the story of creation in Genesis, the essential goodness of God came out when He created everything and made them perfect. Humans are required to emulate this goodness by taking care of His creations. Brandt asserts that since christians understand that after God was through with creation He gave man dominion over all his creation, which includes the environment, it is their duty to take care of this creation including the environment (2002, p. 134). Since there is a large number of people who believe in and value principles of Christianity, Christians should emphasize part played by communication and propaganda, in convincing people that the environment constitutes not only the surroundings but also its inhabitants. Moreover, it is important that they develop altruistic attitudes towards the same. Having known this, Christians have now fully expressed their interest in solving all the matters related to the environment, which is of invaluable importance to its inhabitants. Actions to be taken by Christians to conserve the environment In a bid to contribute positively towards the conservation of the environment, Christians need to primarily, develop self-conviction that conservation of the environment is their personal duty and a privilege from God. As such, they should show personal concern in matters related to care of the environment. Burnie, in his guide about protecting the planet, argues that the condition of the environment is a function of the collective responsibilities of its inhabitants, aimed at increasing its suitability to habitation
Introduction In leadership practice, motivation is important and functions between individual interaction and internal attributes of the involved parties. As a component of motivational functionality, expectancy theory discusses the aspect of perception that an individual holds towards leadership practice and influence. As a matter of fact, this theory expounds on the implementation mechanism of leadership in broad environmental spectra. Thus, this analytical treatise attempts to explicitly review the relevance of leadership expectancy theory in the leadership style of Nelson Mandela. Specifically, the treatise explores the significance of motivational, behavioral and collaborative functions in effective leadership practice. The Tenet of Mandela’s Leadership The expectancy theory offers the most ethically viable options for proactive leadership behavior management. This argument is supported by the experiences since performance and ethical decision making processes are skewed towards familiarity with a situation (Leigh and Maynard, 2002). Nelson Mandela’s proactive leadership was greatly molded by the past experiences and personal desires to rise above the environmental challenges of his time. His legacy is a classic reference of internalized leadership even when the formal authority is withdrawn. Despite being in prison for more than two decades, Mandela’s influence grew and he was later crowned the president. The influence did not stop and instead grew globally due to the positive impact of his leadership approach (PBS, 2009). On the other hand, the aspect of performance-outcome expectancy as part of expectancy theory apprehends the perception that an individual hold in regards to leadership reward. Thus, the higher the motivational expectation, the better the performance of such an individual in terms of leadership practice. For instance, a quantifiable paradigm shift in perception can be linked to the correlation between reward and performance of an operations manager in an organization. The valence expectancy explores the weight an individual allocates to a reward in motivating performance. The higher the weight allocated to the expected reward, the higher the motivation of better performance when all other factors are held constant (Leigh and Maynard, 2002). Mandela’s expected reward included change and better society. Thus, Mandela activated the elements of motivation, mobilization and integration of other members of the global society to ignite the internal satisfaction of collaboration for good purposes (PBS, 2009). The behavioral leadership model could also be applied in understanding the leadership style of Nelson Mandela. Mandela’s behavioral leadership model involved actual and observed experiences of individuals within a similar environment and under the same situation. The visual representational meaning of the memory stages conveys the relationship between the participants and the depicted structuring. The creation of a visual representational meaning proposes the space-based model for analysis centere