ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Edgar Allan Poe’s works have thoroughly impacted American literature and European story writing approaches as well. Namely, Poe is one of the fathers of the short story genre, after Maupassant. However, the exquisite language, meaningful composition, and ambiguous images differentiate his works from Maupassant’s stories. The purpose of his style, ornate and yet concise, of the grotesque characters, the growing tension in the narrative is “the greatest possible effect on his readers” (Levine et al. 601). In his essays and novels, Poe attempted to issue various philosophical questions and mental phenomena (Levine et al. 607). The most important of the motifs featured by the author is the fate of ill-minded people, vicious, profligate, and arrogant. As such, his “William Wilson. A Tale” is a story about a wicked narrator’ twin man who seems to display consciousness. “The Masque of the Red Death” represents an elite group participating in excessive revels during a plague. Both works are unique in their representation of perverse human inclinations and consequences of virtueless actions; word choices and composition support the ambience of souls’ decay and the author’s judgment. First of all, “William Wilson. A Tale” is replete with lexis that reveals the self-condemnation of a narrator. The reciter of the story comments on his past full of misfortunes and wrongdoings, describing it as “unspeakable misery” and “unpardonable crime” (Poe, “William Wilson. A Tale” 642). Although the narrator recounts his actions as errorful, he is insincere in his reproaches to himself, since right after the words about the mishaps, he blames society for his own depravity. Precisely, he calls himself “the slave of circumstances beyond human control” (Poe, “William Wilson. A Tale” 642). The change to the madness of the storyteller leads to the unpredictable result: he killed the man who had copied his lifestyle and had given guidance on how to prevent a shameful deed. The rich internal world of the character, his refined language with metaphors like “oasis of fatality amid a wilderness of error,” contrast with the poor qualities he exhibits towards other people and his soul health (Poe, “William Wilson. A Tale” 642). Thus, the author uses literary devices and language effects to create a double-natured personality that would enable multilayered work. As compared with the mentioned work, “The Masque of the Red Death” differs in its frequently used words, which has significance. The initial tone of the story is pompous, majestic, and delighted. The feast organized by Prince Prospero is called “magnificent,” “a voluptuous scene,” a colorful “masquerade” (Poe, “The Masque of the Red Death” 662). Ample details are given for the
How do Sr. Dorothy’s words and actions suggest she lived by this simple principle of honoring the dignity of each person? Sr. Dorothy lived an exemplary life of honoring the dignity and sacredness of each person she encountered. This can be seen when she fights for the rights of the poor winning the hearts of many people leading to her earning the name ‘Angel of the Amazon’. She was motivated by a strong desire to create an environment that encourages the development of the whole person and to develop relationships that respect individual differences (Fearns, 2007). Dorothy identified with the poor and joined their struggle for justice accepting the outcome of her struggle. She saw them as being equal and important just like the rich and mighty, and she supported them in their fight for liberation. This can be related to the biblical story of Ruth, who told her mother-in-law that she would be with her anywhere she went. She worked with them trying to help them stabilize their agriculture. She fought against the logging companies, who always got permission for clearing large tracks of land even at the expense of the local population. She was accused of supplying guns to the peasants and was given death threats, yet she declined to surrender her mission. She said that the locals had the right to work for better lives on their farms with dignity (Fearns, 2007). Sr. Dorothy’s criticism of straying too much from religion Sr. Dorothy was criticized for straying too much from religion. This was always critiqued as she did what was expected of her. The purpose of religion is to make peace. The religious should rebuke the unjust without using violence. Dorothy sought justice and reconciliation to foster harmony for the good of all the people. This justice was sought without the loss of God’s love for all including her persecutors. Dorothy was even persecuted for her righteousness. She had a pile of letters that threatened her life yet she continued her work (Fearns, 2007). Jesus taught us in the beatitudes that the righteous will be rewarded for their righteousness. What do you think is necessary to live a happy life? Did Dorothy live a happy life? What is your evidence? We all desire to lead happy lives. We think that wealth and power will give us happiness. They are indeed necessary for our happiness. According to the Beatitudes, Jesus taught that happiness cannot be achieved through our worldly desires. Helping people is one of the best ways to live happily. Dorothy gave the poor some value by building schools and helping improve their lives. This clearly shows that she led a happy life.
Current research discusses the practicability of an ultrasound therapy in the treatment of low-back pain and knee osteoarthritis issues. It deals with the need to minimize side effect risks of a therapy course and help sufferers by all possible means. Throughout the research, the author stresses that safety measures are the key concept when dealing with patients who are subject to an ultrasound treatment course. The study applies to a number of qualitative and quantitative studies to demonstrate that the research findings are credible and derived using proper data collection tools. All in all, the author concludes that the clinical use of ultrasound equipment positively influences the state of patients’ health and boasts an accepted level of safety. Regarding the problem of chronic non-specific low-back pain (LBP), it is one of the most commonly met musculoskeletal disorders throughout developed countries. When it comes to treating this disorder, therapeutic ultrasound is frequently referred to by clinicians for disease recurrence to be stopped. However, despite the proven effectiveness of ultrasound intervention, many physiotherapists still continue to question its usefulness and criticize everyone who advocates for further method’s implementation. They stress that ultrasound may have an adverse effect on people with LBP since it transmits thermal energy. In the meantime, their opponents highlight that the beneficial aspects of the treatment course outweigh the risks related to the use of ultrasound equipment. The procedure causes soft tissue molecules vibrate from the interference of acoustic wave, which creates a molecular-based increase in temperature and excludes the presence of the outer heat. By engaging in such an activity, molecules increase nerve conduction velocity and stimulate a faster recovery process. Future Research Eventually, none of the two sides of debate shows the desire to accept proposed arguments, trying to refute those by a variety of counterarguments. Therefore, future research in the area is required to concentrate on the differential effects of various interventions into the treatment of NSCLBP patients. The author states that future investigation of the issue should be based on the measurement of electromyography parameters, such as normalized median frequency and mean frequency. Moreover, future research should critically focus on the shortcomings of the other studies and assess the outcomes in patients with chronic LBP considering the dose response. Risk Assessment The author identifies ultrasound intervention as a minimal risk procedure, which can be recommended for general use in medical practice. Nevertheless, the group of patients that has been reviewed in the study can be regarded as vulnerable since their disorders are often accompanied by a variety of complications. As a matter of fact, patients suffering from such diseases as knee osteoarthritis and chronic low-back pain are subject to falling more than others, for their vestibular apparatus is less stable compared to those who have no disorders of this
Introduction Race refers to the phenotypic appearance of an individual, which includes skin color, nose, and hair appearance. On the other hand, ethnicity refers to cultural factors such as nationality, religion, tribal affiliation, traditions, and language. This paper seeks to explore what impacts the differences in race and ethnicity cause. Race and ethnicity are intertwined; people of a particular race are likely to portray similar cultural traits. In the USA, during the slave trade, the whites were regarded as the supreme race with civilized ethnic characteristics. Intersexual sex or marriage was considered as moves that would lower human quality, threaten the existence of the white race and weaken the concentration of white power. The white people, who enjoyed a large junk of power, cooked a way to reduce racial and ethnic mingling, thus the genesis of the one-drop rule. One Drop Rule Deployment The one-drop rule encompasses a set of rules that had two aims; one was to block interracial cohabitation while the second desire was to put across the definition of a Negro. The rule defined a Negro as anyone “with…any negro blood whatever.” Regarding the identification of a Negro, the powerful race engineered blood fractional laws. The first blood law was in the year 1705 and was known as the one-eighth rule where one was considered black if one of their great grandparents was entirely of African decency. By 1910, twenty out of the forty-six states applied the one-eighth or one-fourth rule to define a Negro. Later on, appearance and behavior chipped in as a possible guideline in defining a Negro. The role of appearance is evidenced by the Guy v. Daniel case in which Abby Guy-a a slave, was granted freedom based on his behavior and appearance. In curbing interracial cohabitation, the government at various levels engineered ways. One of the ways was sound whipping, as was the case of Hugh Davis in 1630. Davis was suspected of interracial sexual contact with one of his black slave women; he was whipped before an assembly of Negroes while being accused of dishonoring God and shaming Christianity. In Virginia State, for example, extramarital sex was regarded as a crime. Moreover, during Oliver Cromwell’s era, the penalty for interracial sex was increased in 1662 (Painter 2009). In 1691, the celebration of interracial matrimony was criminalized- a move which Maryland too adapted. Later on, interracial marriage was banned, but extramarital interracial sex between white men and black women was tolerated. By 1910, twenty-nine states prosecuted interracial marriage but not interracial sex. Despite Sexual contact between white men and black women being tolerated, the arising offspring were considered people to increase laborers’ pool but have their freedom limited. Sexual contact between black men
Introduction Religion is one of the most fundamentally crucial aspects of humanity which defines people’s morals, believes and culture. In essence, it determines the manner in which people conduct themselves, socialize with their fellow human being, and how they uphold the societal values. Since the church covers such an expansive scope in regard to its roles, there are many controversies which revolve around the roles it should play and those that it should not accomplish. In addition, there is much contention on whether religion should be used as basis of making certain decision especially when it comes to matters of public interest such as politics. This paper will thus develop an argument contending that religion should not play a role in matters of public interest. Making Political Decision It has been profoundly evident that religion has been used as a tool of making critical political decisions in the public sphere. This tendency has rendered such decision inappropriate owing to people who hardly understand that religion is more of a personal rather than a public value. For example, Benoit revealed that religion was one of the reasons as to why the citizens of USA rejected Mitt Romney’s bid for presidency (176). In this regard, Benoit pointed out that Romney believed in Mormonism which is a religion drawn from the Later Days Saint (LDS) movement. The Mormons broke up from the LDS to adopt other values such as polygamy. On the other hand, Obama when responding to a question concerning his faith admitted that he believed in Christianity. In essence, most of the USA citizens believe in Christianity more than Mormonism. Additionally, Christians oppose some of the values of Mormonism including polygamy. They believe that a religion that purports such ideologies is impure and unacceptable. Based on this aspect, most citizens preferred Obama’s to that one of Romney. Whereas the Christians consider the Mormonism as an impure religion, Dawkins provide a compelling argument where he contended that religion has misdirected people on issues concerning the appropriateness of morals. He states that religion is the main aspect that purports the existence of absolute wrongs and rights (266). He then compares this absolutism with the philosophy of consequentiality which determines the legitimacy of actions according to their impacts on the decision maker. This comparison shows that believing in Mormonism or Christianity was not either right or wrong. Instead it was only a depiction of what a person believes and what the other one does not. As a result, Romney’s decision of believing in Mormonism was not wrong.
Bank of America faces significant challenge in product offering, specifically the Mortgage Unit. It is known that the mortgage business is responsible for one of the largest financial crises in the US. As such, this product offering in the value of chain of the Bank has significantly affected its earnings. Bank of America, for instance, has experienced a decline in mortgage refinancing alongside the delinquent loan portfolio. Besides, the federal jury in New York found that the Bank was liable for fraud because of shoddy mortgages associated with the Countrywide – an entity the Bank had acquired (Raymond 1). This outcome has affected the mortgage business of Bank of America. Source and Explanation of the Weakness For this link, the most appropriate elements of Porter’s Five Forces have been identified to explain the possible sources of external factors that contribute to weaknesses in the link. Buyer power Buyers generally have significant control on product costs and uptake. It can be assumed that buyers have decided to punish Bank of America for mortgage related complaints and offences. The Bank has scored poorly among surveyed mortgage customers in the US. In fact, Bank of America has been the worst performing bank on customer satisfaction. In addition, other publications have shown that the Bank has the “worst reputation among customers and its noncustomers” (Maxfield 1). There are multiple claims of abuse associated with the Home Affordable Modification Program of 2009. To demonstrate the buyer power over the bank, it was observed that other banks and other non-financial institutions claimed significant market shares in Massachusetts, except Bank of America (Brown 1). From the negative publicity the Bank receives on how it is dealing with the troubled mortgages, Bank of America was overtaken by some its major rivals in Massachusetts claiming only a small percentage of the market share, which indicated a drop relative to the previous year performance. Threat of Rivalry It was observed Bank of America lost its positions to its major rivals, including Wells Fargo, Mortgage Master Inc., Citizens Bank, and Sovereign Bank, and it continued to face threats from financial and non-financial institutions such as Quicken Loans, and Leader Bank (Brown 2). The Bank only managed a small performance by the end of the fiscal year. It is imperative to recognize that in the year 2012, lenders advanced more loans and refinanced others than they had previously done since 2007. While some larger bankers recorded increased volumes in trading, there was overall decline in market share. For a competitive mortgage market in the US, the year was promising. However, while all ot
Elasticity of demand Elasticity of demand gives the relation of the price of a commodity and its quantity demanded by measuring the percentage change in quantity demand that is caused by a percentage change in the price of the same commodity (Riley, 2006, p.1). Elasticity differs for different commodities. “This is because there are commodities that do not react to changes in price due to their necessity in the life of a consumer, that is, despite an increase in price of the commodity consumers will continue buying the commodity” (Riley, 2006, p.1). Such commodities are said to be inelastic and they are said to have a negative price elasticity of demand. Examples of commodities that are elastic are the basic needs like food. While others that the consumer can do without will have a great change in quantity demanded in case of even a slight change in price. Such commodities are said to be elastic or having a positive price elasticity of demand. Commodities in this category include the luxury items like jewellery. Elasticity is calculated as shown below. “Elasticity of demand= percentage change in demand/ percentage change in price” (Riley, 2006, p. 1). The answer to this equation is the elasticity coefficient that shows interrelationship between changes in price and demand. A positive answer shows that the price elasticity is elastic while a negative answer (below one) shows that the price elasticity is inelastic. In case the resulting answer is equal to one, the commodity will have unitary price elasticity (Gibbs, 2001, p. 1). Cross-price elasticity Cross-price elasticity shows how two commodities are related in terms of quantity demanded and their prices. It is expressed as a ratio of percentage changes of both the price of one product and the corresponding change in the demanded quantity of a different product. This kind of elasticity is very useful in economics because it is used to evaluate the effect of introducing substitute products or complementary products in the market. From the stated fact, it is apparent that the computation of cross price elasticity gives the relationship between two commodities. A positive result of the computation indicates that the commodities are substitutes. That is, products which replace each other. Examples of such commodities are coffee and tea. Conversely, the computed value of cross-price elasticity of a complementary product is normally a negative (
Executive Summary This report presents a number of notable abuses of statistics. Literature research on the topic has revealed that the abuses of statistics can occur during sample collection or during evaluation of the collected sample. Some of the contributing factors include bad or small sample, misleading graphs/charts, misleading percentages, incomplete data, guess estimates, loaded questions, partial pictures as well as correlation and causality. Abuse results when inference is made without regard to some of these factors. This can be due to deliberate attempt to produce deceiving results or application of a wrong methodology. In this report each of the mentioned abuses are explained. The explanations are supported with relevant examples. At the end of the report recommendations for avoiding such malpractices are suggested. Introduction The foundation of modern statistical inference was laid in the late 20 th century, with the field having its roots in classical mathematics. In a relatively short period of time, statistics has undergone immense growth to become a multidisciplinary subject. The is evidenced by the high number of disciplines it has become incorporated in such as social sciences, chemistry ,ecology, geology as well as finance ,to mention just but a few. A number of completely novel subjects have also spurned of from statistics. These include econometrics, chemometrics and environmetrics. Basically, statistics involves mathematically evaluating a sample and drawing a plausible conclusion about its population. The conclusions gathered are used to build the knowledge base for the related disciplines. In business enterprises statistical results are crucial for decision making. For accuracy, the sample collection and analysis should be carried out cautiously and interpretation made without any bias. However, in some cases, the inference is skewed or is entirely incorrect. The inaccuracy may be due to unintentional methodological and computational errors or as a result of deliberate manipulation to deceive about perception and ideas of a particular subject. The later is what constitute an abuse of statistics. This report is as a result of a literature research conducted on how, why and when statistics can be abused. It explains using appropriate examples ways in which statistics is abused and offers suggestions on how to avoid such errors as well as how to identify flawed statistical inference Specific abuses of statistics Case study: Abuses of statistics in geology Kriged variance and covariance Kriged variance and covariance are some of the widely applied computations in geostatistics. In a marked deviation from classical mathematical statistics they are based on, they do not fully observe degrees of freedom for a dataset. Proponents of geostatistics continue to disregard the degrees of freedom ( d (f) (r or o) ). However, a set of n independently measured values has been found to have df(r) = n-1, while that for a temporary set is df (o) =2(n-1). Variance for a randomly dist