ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
History of Gene Therapy The field of research concerning the modification of cells to cure certain diseases became known in the early 1970s. Robin and Friedmann were the first to publish an article concerning gene therapy (Friedman, 1992). The research by Robin and Friedmann cited Rogers’ early works in 1970 that proposed the utilization of exogenous DNA to reconstruct non-functioning DNA. In the 1980s, scientists developed a retrovirus vector structure, and it was effective in penetrating and depositing foreign DNA materials that were compatible with other mammalian cells (“Gene therapy basics,” 2021). In the 1990s, the United States approved its first gene therapy (Wirth et al., 2013). The first patient was a four-year-old suffering from an acute immune system deficiency (adenosine deaminase deficiency (ADA)). Treatment was successful; however, the effects were temporary, and the child had to return for therapy after every two months. In 1992, gene therapy was performed to cure ADA in children (“Gene therapy,” 2021). The success of the procedure was then published and performed in 2002. However, there were minor complications that led to its stoppage. Due to technological advancements, scientists continued with this procedure within the same year.   * Gene therapy began in the 1970s with its publication concerning its potential capabilities   * In the 1980s, there was the development of a retroviral vector system that could deposit new genetic materials into a defective cell   * The United States approved the first gene therapy in the 1990s, which led to the successful but temporary treatment of ADA   * In the early 2000s, the field of gene therapy saw development with numerous successes in treating ADA; however, some complications led to its stoppage. With technological advancements, gene therapy continued with cancer being one of the conditions that could be treated   * In 2002, researchers conducted a study involving the treatment of sickle-cell   * 2003 was the year that scientists decided to find out whether gene therapy could be used to treat neurological disorders   * Scientists discovered that the procedure could treat the myeloid in 2006   * From 2007 to 2021, research has shown that numerous conditions could be treated using the procedure, including the use of an altered version of HIV in treating children with ADA-SCID (“Gene therapy,” 2017) Description of Gene Therapy Gene therapy refers to a field of medicine that primarily focuses on genetically modifying cells to generate an effect that is therapeutically in nature. In other words, Cross (1999) describes it as a type of treatment that involves reconstructing or modifying defective gene materials. Furthermore, it can be described as a type of treatment that is experimental and utilizes genetic material gene transfer into a sick person to cure certain illnesses. The theory, in this case, is to reconstruct the genetic data of the cell of the sick person that is causing the disease. The goal of this modification is to attempt to restore the normal functionality of that particular cell. To return a cell’s normal functionality, physicians use viral vectors (“Gene therapy basics
Developing Theory Through Simulation Methods by Jason P. Davids et al. is aimed at investigating when and how simulation methods can be used in theory development. The research starts with providing background on the science of simulation theory, then it turns to the basic steps of conducting simulation research (selecting research questions, choosing a computational approach, developing experiments) and ends with a discussion of the strengths and weaknesses of simulation research and guidelines for its evaluation. The paper is valuable for the contributions that the authors provide: a roadmap for developing theory through simulation and “positioning simulation methods in the “sweet spot” between theory creating using inductive case methods and formal modeling, and theory testing using multivariate statistical techniques.” (Davids et al, 1991, p.497) We believe that most of all the average reader of the article can benefit from the authors’ discussion of strengths and weaknesses for developing theory with simulation, as he or she gets an objective analysis of the problem under consideration. One more study conducted by another group of researchers (Harrison, Lin, Caroll, Carley) called Simulation Modeling in Organizational and Management Research also focuses on simulation modeling, but it investigates the problem through the management perspective. The research aims at promoting an understanding of simulation methodology and developing an appreciation of its potential contributions to management theory. The background on the science of simulation that the research opens with gives the reader an overview of the simulation methodology’s potential for contributing to management theory. Then the authors claim that computer simulation can be a powerful way to do science. The research explains why simulation can be a particularly useful research tool for management theorists. The authors provide the reader with both benefits and limitations of the simulation research. The Figure that the paper contains suggests a graphical presentation of the role of simulation modeling in management research that contributes to the reader’s understanding of the problem under analysis. Still, we are inclined to believe that the paper lacks a discussion of concrete techniques that will encourage management scholars to become users of simulation methods. The research Exploration and Exploitation in Organizational Learning conducted by James G. March considers the relation between the exploration of new possibilities and the exploitation of old certainties in organizational learning. The paper investigates adaptive processes related to exploitation of existing processes/knowledge and exploration of new choices and develops an argument that “adaptive processes, by refining exploitat
There is a vast amount of materials dedicated to the Civil War, and movies occupy a prominent place among them. Although books written by renowned historians provide much data and evidence, it is much easier for the audience to perceive the events that happened in the past with the help of audio and visual techniques. Ken Burns’ The Civil War is a great example of a thoroughly constructed series of stories that help viewers to understand what happened a century ago, what causes led to the initiation of the war, and how people survived it. The present paper aims to outline the strengths and weaknesses of Burns’ The Civil War , but the main focus will be on benefits since limitations are quite a few. Probably the greatest asset of the series is its richness in documentary items. The director used a large amount of photographs, diaries, and original letters in the movie. Moreover, many speeches of people belonging to Civil War era were employed in the series ( The Civil War ). Burns understood the need to provide as many genuine details as possible in the film to make it the most impressive and persuasive. Thus, the director engaged not only the interviews with soldiers but also the ones with civilians. It was quite a good idea since both sides of war life should be reflected in order to present the complete picture of people’s life at the time. Therefore, the attention to detail and the inclusion of a vast variety of documentary items may be considered as the biggest advantage of the movie. Apart from being rich in details, The Civil War has some other features that made it so popular and highly-esteemed. The important place in this respect belongs to music and visuals. The use of instruments of the war period was a rather wise decision. By exploiting the suitable musical background, the director made sure that the attention of the audience was not distracted. Rather, the concentration of the viewers is intensified because of the highly suitable choice of melodies supporting the storyline. Thus, the musical accompaniment is another strength of The Civil War . One more advantage of the series is its duration. Burns divided the story into nine short episodes lasting between 60 and 100 minutes ( The Civil War ). Thus, the episodes’ length was sufficient to tell the story and, at the same time, not too long, which allowed the director to hold the viewers’ attention. Each part of the series is a logical continuation of the previous one, which creates the sense of the interconnectedness of the stories told in different episodes. The parts are arranged chronologically, thus providing the complete story of past events for contemporary viewers. While
Conflict is inevitable in day-to-day life, especially in a large number of the leading organizations. Its influence on employees’ behavior, satisfaction, and performance is a chief concern to the management. This happens due to the fact that success or failure of a business largely depends on the manner in which it handles conflicts, including dysfunctional and functional ones. For example, in the Walt Disney Company’s case study, it is clear that the company is able to survive the adverse effects of a severe recession through appointment of a leader, who understands the basics of resolving organizational conflicts. The Walt Disney’s case study offers an integral platform for understanding the basics of conflict management. The conflict between Michael Eisner and the Weinstein brothers, the two board members (Gold and Disney), and Steve Jobs was related to a dysfunctional form of conflict (Ivancevich, Konopaske, & Matteson, 2013). This is due to the fact that it caused the organization manifold serious issues that almost led to its collapse. For instance, it aggravated tension between the CEO and the Weinstein Brothers. In fact, the tension nearly caused a major division among the board members, consequently, causing Gold and Disney to call for Eisner’s resignation. Moreover, the conflict triggered an element of discontent between Eisner and Steve Jobs. This is the reason that Eisner gave a negative account about Apple Computer while providing his report on the issue in front of Congress. As a result, the testimony became a source of dissatisfaction for Jobs, who took the jab personally and vowed never to forgive Eisner. Felt conflict is the stage that best describes Eisner and Job’s stage of conflict (Ivancevich, Konopaske, & Matteson, 2013). Despite the glaring latent conflict that persisted between the two parties, their differences were felt and cognized (Ivancevich, Konopaske, & Matteson, 2013). In addition, the case study makes it clear that Jobs went ahead to personalize the conflict and declare his animosity to Eisner’s rather “unprofessional” conduct. Moreover, the stage of conflict is characterized by formulation of mechanisms about how to handle the conflict. For instance, Jobs threatened to culminate the business relationship between his company and Disney. He was also determined to avoid the engagement that existed between Disney and Pixar. Conversely, Eisner testified against Job’s company in his testimony to the Congress about film piracy. On the other hand, Eisner’s approach to resolving conflict is dominating . He consider
Familism is a social value that emphasize on powerful affection and devotion to one’s family. A family is prioritized ahead of personal welfare and engagements. It encompasses the duties done to the immediate as well as the extended family since they live near one another. It takes forms such as dependence on family support and embracing the family norms. Familism guidelines are pertinent to the family system as well as to the wider family institution that compose a society. These norms are conveyed to the juvenile generation if they are professed as justifiable and reasonable to compose a familistic culture. Familism is the core concept that helps to understand ethnic differences among multicultural setups. Through studies done across social networks on the immigrant cultures of Latino- Americans, African-Americans and Asia- Americans, it is notable that the most familistic group is the Latino-Americans through their manners and thoughts. Young Latino-Americans portray a higher familism level than African Americans and Asian Americans of the same financial status. Latino-Americans are powerfully loyal and more attached to their members of the immediate family and those of the extended family. The African-Americans come second while the Asian Americans are last. African Americans have a high regard for children and family and relies on their kin for housing during instances of financial constrains. Black women for instance take housekeeping roles even when they become aged. Nevertheless, this increased interdependence among the associates of the family does not necessarily disregard autonomy since it is one value that is highly advocated in these families (Goodwin, 1999). Moreover, Latino-Americans rely on kin for emotional and social purposes while the African Americans rely on kin for influential support. Latino-Americans follow parental guidelines in dating and marriage issues with some parents chaperoning their kids. It is notable that African American and Latino Americans families are alike in that they depend on extended family help while the Asian Americans are the least dependants on the help from the extended family. Asian Americans render women as passive and only engage in enticing their husbands and caring for their children. Asian families are different in the sense that they are eager to transmit their family culture to their offspring. However, migration of these families abroad changes their views of their customs although some may establish well and pass their traditions to the children and for wives to resume homemaking roles (Goodwin, 1999). In the American society, the immigrants have to be assimilated in by the main culture to enhance their adaptation. If these immigrants are not properly documented for instance, they become marginalized and this hinders their social st
Introduction The USA oil is drilled from the sea. This is done at the Gulf of Mexico. Considering that this calls for pipe connections to be able to distribute and get that oil to the people. The oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico was out of a leakage from one of the oil well. The oil spill was as a result of an explosion during the sinking of a new oil well in the Gulf of Mexico. A report by the government indicated that it was out of subsequence leakages due to ruptured pipes which resulted to an explosion. There was effort made to try and close the emergency valve which failed. The explosion consequently led to the sinking of an oil rig 1 . This caused an increased leakage of oil which was out of the hands of the engineers. Considering that the wells are made in the sea and there is a lot of pressure from the surrounding waters it ought to be professionally done. This in its nature made the control of the situation more complicated. The spillage cover was extensive above 39 miles along the Mexican gulf coastline. Environmental impacts of the spillage Having three things in place, the leakage of the oil, the explosion and the sinking of the oil rig, this made a tremendous spread of the oil in the Gulf. Though efforts were made to clean out the spillage it’s less possible to wash the oil off the rock. In the gulfs the oil has spread and it is now floating into the wetlands. This is possible to holds toxins from this oil for years. The mangroves along the coastland which act as a filter to the coast waters are endangered in that the oil is toxic to them which will adversely affect these plants and all the inhabitants of the mangrove forest. This speaks danger to the wetland animals. Considering that this is their nesting periods that is the time for hatching and rearing. This means there might be an extinction of species which hatch in these wetlands and also the species that are only found in the Mexican gulf. Taking an example of alligators which are preparing to reproduce, their young animals will be put into contact with toxic oil. This will also forced move through the oily waters in search for food. The oil spillage will harm most of the sea animals present in the affected areas. They include the bird species which are aquatic, species of fish and turtles. The wetlands are favorable place for nesting which is the periods of reproduction and multipli
Summary of Levitt’s Article Technology has changed the nature of business in the modern world. Advancements in travel, rapid transportation have made it possible to incorporate distant and impoverished countries into the global market. Worldwide access to communications has created a unique demand for advanced goods and services. Local and national preferences become sidelined by the convenience offered by global markets. The internationalization of life requires a shift in strategy to global thinking. The spread of technology to the low-tech countries exposed local populations to the conveniences available to people of developed countries. Subsequently, consumers have generated interest in possessing the latest global goods and services. According to Levitt (n.d.), “the result is a new commercial reality—the emergence of global markets for standardized consumer products on a previously unimagined scale of magnitude” (para. 4). The technological shift requires an organizational readjustment of modern corporations. Companies that base their products on regional preferences lose to competitors that view the world as a single consumer base. In order to compete successfully in today’s market, multinational corporations should transform into global companies. The difference between the two types of entity is the targeted audience. A multinational enterprise operates within a few regions and specifies its products according to the regional specifics. In contrast, a global company sees the world as an undivided entity, offering the same types of goods and services everywhere. The current strategy of meeting customers’ needs by asking them is not viable. The desire for previously unknown technologies has shown that customers lack awareness of their needs. Alternatively, brands should generate demand via promotion and highlighting how a particular product can alleviate customers’ hardships. At this point, the world is undergoing the process of homogenization. Companies should offer the same lines of products to all markets. Differences in conducting business exist, but they do not mean regional distinctions. Some regions require customization of products for a market segment. However, such conditions are not exclusive to a particular area, as similar requirements exist worldwide. Subsequently, a company launches a line of products that are suitable for similar regions, whether it is the basis
Introduction Globalisation has been seen as an opportunity for international business. Indeed, it has become part and parcel of international business that influences the movement of goods and services and the nature of trade patterns. Globalisation has been associated with the expansion of international business in various regions around the world. International business relies on globalisation to bring together different cultures, markets, political settings, economic structures, and social elements (Shoham 2011). Despite these benefits, globalisation has serious effects on international business, which outweigh its positive impacts. Globalisation and International Business An assessment of the effects of globalisation on international business has mainly focused on its positive impacts. As such, globalisation has been attributed to expansion and growth of the global economy. Trade between nations relies on globalisation to foster international elements of business, such as foreign direct investment. The investment opens business opportunities in various countries across the world. It also plays an important role in removing the trade barriers, such as tariffs on imports and exports (Joshi 2009). Foreign investment provides marketing opportunities for multinational corporations. Another benefit of globalisation is that it increases consumer’s income by enabling multinational corporations to increase the wage earnings and salaries of different people employed by the firms (Daly 2001). Globalisation also increases the investment opportunities for investors and business entrepreneurs around the world. Due to globalisation, business entities develop new products to serve new market segments in various countries across the world. Businesses also develop new products to diversify their product lines and serve more consumers in various market segments. Development of new products has also enabled the consumers to access a wide range of goods and services. Consumers who buy goods from international markets are able to purchase their goods from more than one vendor (Meredith 2000). Introduction of new technologies is another factor that has greatly contributed to the positive assessment of globalisation in international business. Organisations in the global arena are exposed to new technologies that are developed by different industries. Such technologies enable organisations to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of business processes. For instance, a business organisation can use new technology to enhance the production process and ensure cost reduction for competitive advantage. The use of technology in production processes is also im
The success of a project is highly dependent on the project implementation process. Proper project implementation should discover red flags in the project and formulate methods of overcoming the problems, before the IT project goes live (Crum, 2002). Incorporating the ultimate users of the project in the design and implementation of an IT project is one of the key factors that determine the success of the project. Failure to follow the right procedure in project initiation and implementation would make an IT project face many problems. This is the major issue that faces the Technical Underwriting Financial System (TUFS) of Northern Insurance. Northern Insurance implemented Technical Underwriting Financial System (TUFS) to increase the efficiency of the underwriting process. However, the software was unable to solve the problem. Northern Insurance spends vast sums of money fixing errors in TUFS. This necessitates the company to determine the source of the problem to prevent continued spending on an inefficient system. One of the major factors that led to TUFS’ current problem is failure to incorporate employees who would use the system in the design and implementation of the system. Failure to incorporate relevant employees increased employee resistance to the system. Therefore, it is vital for the company to incorporate the ultimate users of the software in the design and implementation of TUFS. In addition, the company should ensure that it trains employees on how to use the system (Kerzner, 2003). Testing is one the critical phases of an IT project implementation. A company should ensure that there is ample time for testing the IT project. Testing helps in detecting red flags in the system. Northern Insurance did not undertake sufficient tests on TUFS prior to its implementation. This led to the discovery of various problems when the company had already implemented the system. Undertaking alterations to a system when it is up and running is usually more expensive than doing the alterations during the testing phase (Martin, 2011). Northern Insurance needs to undertake