ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
I found the excerpt from Frege’s work interesting because it challenged me and made me think about fundamental assumptions that we make in language but may not realize. Some time ago, I learned about E-Prime, a version of English that does not use the verb to be. I thought it was very difficult to exclude this verb fully, so I read some E-Prime translations, and I found them curious. However, it was not until I read Frege when I comprehended the entire complexity of using the concept of identity in language and in reasoning. Frege tried to introduce mathematical principles to logic because he thought that logic should be strict and precise like math. However, based on his work, one can say that math is squishy, too. For example, there are two figures: a and b; when we say that a equals b we might mean that their shapes and areas are the same, but it does not mean they are the same thing. However, we might also say that a equals b if they are the same thing, but it just so happened that different signs are used to designate one thing. It shows that, by identity, we might mean different things, and indeed, according to Frege, “[i]dentity gives rise to challenging questions” (25). I liked one example particularly: if the lines a, b, and c intersect in one point, will the point of intersection of a and b be equal to the point of intersection of b and c? It is the same point, and the entity designated by these different words is one, but I do not think that the point of intersection of a and b will be equal to the point of intersection of b and c because the contexts are different. Similarly, the morning star and the evening star (although both are Venus) are not the same things in a sense because they were given different names and different meanings and because they were seen in different parts of the sky at different times of the year. Philosophers have been arguing about this a lot, but what is important to understand is that an object is not equal to the sign or word that we use to designate it. Work Cited Frege, Gottlob. “On Sense and Reference.” Zeitschrift für Philosophie und philosophische Kritik , vol. 100, no. 1, 1892, pp. 25-50.
Florida wetland area is unique according to its surrounding geologic, hydrologic, and climatic conditions. These are unique habitats for different species. The Florida wetlands, it can be said that these are the key to maintaining the health of Florida’s naturally watery places. Especially, they provide flood control, aquifer recharge, coastal protection, and also help filter pollutants from the ecosystem (University of Florida n.pag). Earlier up to 2/3 of land in Florida was wetland. In over 200 years, Florida has lost an estimated 10 million acres of wetland, about half of the total area believed to have existed in the 1780’s. As of today, it is estimated that wetlands cover almost 30% of the state of Florida and account for just over 10% of the remaining wetland area in the lower 48 United States. Though there are several well known wetlands such as the Florida Everglades, the loss have been immense over the years. These wetlands play a vital role in flood protection, water quality and wildlife habitat in Florida (Clark –217). Florida continues to have millions of acres of wetlands and wilderness where exist a number of animals. However in recent years it is noticed that some animals are missing from the Florida landscape. Extinction has occurred and the wolf, monk seal and buffalo among many others have all disappeared from Florida. The Florida Game and Fresh Water Fish Commission at present list more than 100 animals in Florida as endangered, threatened, or species of special concern. Each of these species is in danger of becoming extinct unless the harmful factors affecting their habitats cease (Splash n.pag). This paper mainly concentrates on the endangered species found in the Florida wetlands and the laws that protect the animals and wetlands. It was estimated that major drainage of land began in the 1880’s. This, together with the increasing population in Florida in past decades after World War II, resulted in an incredible loss of wetlands. In the last 150 years or so Florida has lost more than 60% (approximately more than 12 million acres) of its wetlands. This drastic reduction in wetlands resulted in the declining fisheries in 1970’s, the “dying” of Lake Okeechobee, and saltwater intrusion into coastal aquifers. A number of state and federal acts were passed in the 1970’s to better protect and manage wetlands in Florida (Natural Resources Conservation Service n.pag). As we all know that the wetlands are highly productive because of the regular inputs such as water, sediments, and nutrients. Vegetation grows very rapidly in wetlands, producing a great deal of food for plant-eating animals especially found in these habitats and also timber for various purposes. The plant material which is not consumed by the aquatic organisms is broken down into rich organic soil as well as a substance call “detritus.” These detritus is very important as it is the main item on the menu of many aquatic animals. It is projected that as much as 90% of the commercial and sport fish depend on
“How sleep deprivation affects psychological variables related to college students’ cognitive performance,” is a Journal of American College Health (J AM COLL HEALTH) written by Pilcher JJ and Walters AS. In this article, the authors attempt to bring out a case study regarding how deprivation of sleep can affect human nature’s cognitive performance by utilizing the psychological variables related to students. As a matter of fact, it should be noted that the authors hypothesize that sleep deprivation is such a common occurrence amongst most of the college students whose sleeping patterns are comprised of partial deprivation of sleep on certain occasions during the week, as well as, compensation patterns in which the student strive to oversleep during the weekends. There are three questions that this study attempted to address. The first is, “does sleep loss lead to changes in self-reported levels of psychological variables related to actual performance?” Because tendencies to deprive an individual of sleep often results into increased feelings of sleep and fatigue, the authors of the article expected individuals who are sleep-deprived to record low levels of concentration, estimated performance, effort, and high levels regarding off-task recognitions. This would be based on the ability to accurately make assessments regarding the psychological variables. Secondly, the study aimed at determining whether sleep deprivation has the power to cause significant alteration in the mood states which may have relations to the performance of an individual. In this regard, this study expected that the participants in the study would record instances of fatigue, tension, confusion, as well as, decreased vigor. The third question in the study was related to ways of determining how sleep deprivation tend to alter the ability of people to make accurate assessments regarding particular issues, estimated performance, and effort. Various research procedures were carried out in this instance. It was expected that the individual’s decision making processes would change based on the fact that they were deprived of sleep. This article presents various variables in the case study as demonstrated by the authors. The first is cognitive performance. This refers to a type of operation which utilizes the mental ability of an individual. Second is psychological variables. This refers to the type of variables that are related to the psychological functionality of a person (students). Self-reports are the third variable that has been utilized by the authors of this article in their study. This refers to the individual records, highlighting the procedural performances from the students, which were taken through the case study project. The last significant variable that has been adequately used by the authors of this article is sleep deprivation. This refers to a systematic or deliberate, infliction of torture characterized by depriving an individual of enough sleep. The sample pop
Executive Summary Proper coordination is important for the success of an organization. Therefore, organization design and structure require attention. Aquarius Advertising Agency is a marketing firm that operates under a traditional organization structure. This means that each department has its own functional unit. The firm has ineffective coordination thus; the human resource manager should develop strategies that address the needs of the firm. To begin with, Aquarius Advertising Agency has problems concerning the design and the structure. The firm lacks a separation between governance and operations. This means that employees involved in quality assurance and auditing do not subsist. Furthermore, role definition is absent yet it is imperative for proper functioning of the firm. Moreover, the firm has a wide span of control that creates havoc. Lastly, the current existing structure, which is functional in nature, does not work because of slowness in decision-making process, ineffective communication as well as many hierarchical levels with unbalanced authority and responsibility. The proposed solutions concentrate on either alleviation or minimization of the problems. Separation of governance and operations will assist the firm to produce and maintain high quality services. Moreover, role description will alleviate conflicts of individual interests that usually lead to dissatisfaction of most employees. Besides, Aquarius Advertising Agency should shorten its span of control for easier management of the organization. Lastly, to address the iss
Introduction Both “the mouse and “the storyteller” are wonderful short stories by Hector Hugh Munro, a British author who is popularly known by the pen name “Saki.” As it is observed, there is much in common with the two stories which revolve around the inescapable adventures of children as it would be perceived by the adults. One notable manner by which both stories would be similar is through their settings; the narration in both stories is contained in the characters’ brief journey in railway carriages where the stories’ thematic settings and subject matters are fully expressed. However, as it is observed from the text, both stories would differ greatly in terms of their thematic settings. The Story Teller This is a single narration of literature that tells the story of the inquisitive, notorious children (two small girls and a boy), the harried aunt, and the ingenious bachelor. The story is set inside a hot, sultry railway carriage on a summer afternoon. The aunt would be attached to the children while the bachelor was a total stranger who had just happened to share the compartment with them. Both the children and the aunt would constantly be conversational in a more persistent manner that expressed disagreement more than any form of consent or agreement. As the author observes in his own words, most of the remarks from the aunt’s side would be fraught with the authoritative term ‘Don’t’ while nearly all the remarks by the children countered with ‘Why?’ This argument is carried on in a very amusing and discouraging way that would draw the attention of the bachelor who finds himself getting involved in the raffle without a formal welcoming from anyone. However, unlike the aunt, who doesn’t pass the children’s assessment as a good storyteller, the bachelor succeeds at winning the children’s praise with his wonderful story of Bertha; the extraordinary little girl who was eaten by a wolf. There are several themes observed in this story about children. For instance, it is quite clear from the narration that kids may need variety to be fully satisfied. Another inner meaning of the story is that children should be allowed to apply their imagination where necessary and for this reason, adults ought to express their cooperation by offering appropriate responses to their unending questions no matter how amusing they might sound. The mouse This is a short story of Theodoric Voler, who had been brought up by a fond mother whose main solitude would be to keep him protected from the harsh realities of life. However, Theodoric would once find himself having to survive by himself in a ‘real world’ following her mother’s death. The setting of this story, just like “The Storyteller” takes place inside a railway car whereby literary elements are applied to emphasize the main themes of the narration. Considering Theodoric’s upbringing and temperament, even a simple journey by the railroad would be fraught with discords and petty annoyances. This is well evident one morning i
Motherhood is often portrayed as something pure, beautiful, as one of the most wonderful periods in a woman’s life. Although for many, having a baby is genuinely associated with joy, it is still hard work. This aspect of motherhood is not so often reflected in the literature, but Rita Dove’s poem refers to it. The text of this work demonstrates a short episode from the life of a mother, clearly showing the massive number of worries that women have to deal with every day. Dove writes, “she saw diapers steaming on the line, a doll slumped behind the door,” and thus demonstrates that there are signs of childcare throughout the house. Almost everywhere, you can find details that remind a woman of children and the responsibilities that she has to them. Although women, after pregnancy, take care of their children at home, this time cannot be called a vacation. Every day, every hour is focused around the child; the mother’s whole life revolves around them. As a result, she practically does not have any time for herself for banal rest and respite. It is this situation and this aspect of motherhood that are reflected in the poem. Dove writes, “So she lugged a chair behind the garage to sit out the children’s naps.” The woman takes a short one-hour break while the children sleep to sit in quiet and observe the world around her. She needs these moments of emptiness, in which she feels herself “pure nothing, in the middle of the day,” to escape from the massive burden of responsibility. The motherhood and its reflection in this poem can be seen from these small quotes, from the details of the mother’s attitude to what is happening. Personally, I can discern such moments because I have come across them in my life, observing mothers’ everyday lives. When I was in the house of one of them, I saw how the woman was constantly busy with something and had no opportunity to do anything for herself. Observing how much is needed to care for a child, I realized that this is a huge responsibility. Therefore, I find this portrayal of motherhood much more accurate and realistic than the lofty idealistic poems. In reality, mothers are much less likely to think about happiness and ideals and often about what else they need to do while they have tim
Death with dignity is a phenomenon widely discussed in literature due to its controversial nature. According to Szabo (2016), the supporters of physician-aid-in-dying have succeeded in legalizing it in five states. On the one hand, assisted death may be considered a form of suicide, which is illegal and immoral. Moreover, the law questions the sanctity of life may give too much power to doctors and can lead to decreased quality of care to terminally ill patients (BBC, n.d.). On the other hand, the supporters of the law claim that assisted death is not a suicide, and it allows more end-of-life options for terminally ill patients (Szabo, 2016). They believe that people have the right to choose which way they want to end their life. At present, terminally ill patients end their lives at home with their families or at hospices (McManus, 2012). However, these options require support from relatives or significant financial investments, which may not be available to dying people (McManus, 2012). Therefore, people need to be offered other options about how to spend their last days. Even though I understand the arguments of supporters of death with dignity, I strongly oppose it. The case of Brittany Maynard, who ended her life at 29 using death with dignity laws, is a vivid example of how physician-aid-in-dying can be applied (Szabo, 2016). According to Szabo (2016), Brittany feared severe pain associated with cancer. However, Blanke, LeBlanc, Hershman, Ellis, and Meyskens (2017) state that only 25% of people who used euthanasia laws are concerned with pain. The majority of people are concerned with control over their life and death (Blanke et al., 2017). However, I believe that the premature end of life is not in the best interest of the patient, and doctors should not have the right to take people’s lives. I believe that people should find peace with fate and God’s will.
Brine shrimps are tiny organisms that are found in the saline lakes. As the name suggests, the word brine means a salt solution while the shrimp is the organism itself, thus the name brine shrimp. Brine shrimps usually live in salty water bodies that have inlets but no outlets. They are aquatic crustaceans that are about 1 cm long and have what looks like wings that enhance their movement in the water bodies. Brine shrimps like any other creature that has life are categorized into female and male in nature and obtain food from marine life such as bacteria. Their mode of reproduction is almost similar to that of other marine creatures (Loc 558). The creatures mate and the female brine shrimp gives birth to small young brine shrimps after which they release eggs into the water that hatch afterwards. The eggs of the brine shrimp cannot be hatched unless they are in a favourable environment mostly in salt-water bodies. It normally takes around six months before larval shrimp reaches maturity. Brine shrimps are categorized as one of the animals that are salt tolerant (Moe 24). Not only in the natural water bodies can brine shrimps survive but also in artificial places as long as the water that they are in is salty. This means that you can keep your own brine shrimps for various purposes such as research for students in colleges and universities. You can raise them up easily because they do not require complex knowledge to raise them. You can raise them to maturity from the larval stage and still maintain a continuous stable population growing in your chosen place of research. What the researcher needs to ensure is that he or she feeds the brine shrimps constantly or else they die at their larval stage. They can survive with baker’s yeast in one week’s time. In addition, the researcher should ensure that he moves the brine shrimps to a new, larger container after the first two weeks of their life cycle (sorgelous 19). Researchers are not only interested in analyzing the life cycle of a brine shrimp but also connect various researches to their core research. An example is where Brine shrimps can be used to investigate light as they seek it. In addition, brine shrimps generate a few advantages to the people that rear them. These advantages include being purchased as fish food and being used for food chain analysis. It is important to note that brine shrimps can also be referred to as sea monkeys or fairy shrimp. If by any chance you at one point wish to rear brine shrimps for your personal research, they are commonly found in the lake mono in California. Also, if you have started rearing the brine shrimps but they do not hatch any egg, you can purchase them at delta education or from any fish stores o
One of the main challenges of assessing the actual significance of a particular development in the domain of international relations (IR) has to do with the abundance of many different theories of IR, which provide their own unique insights into the inquired subject matter. Therefore, it is crucially important for political scientists to be aware of what accounts for the qualitative aspects of these theories, and of what makes their practical deployment circumstantially appropriate. Probably the most notable among the theories of IR are Realism and Post-structuralism. The logic behind this suggestion is that; whereas, Realism is undeniably the most ‘long-lasting’ and academically refined of these theories, Poststructuralism does appear to be the most unconventional of them, which in turn is often taken as the indication of this particular theory’s consistency with the discourse of post-modernity. In this paper, I will compare/contrast the main conceptual provisions of the earlier mentioned theories, while promoting the idea that, even though some of the Post-structuralist assumptions about the actual nature of politics are indeed rather insightful, it is specifically the Realist outlook on the deployment of power in IR, which should be considered the ultimately legitimate one. As the theory of IR, Realism is based upon three major conceptual premises:  1. States are the only legitimate subjects of international relations. As Jervis (1998) noted, “Realism has many versions, but the assumptions that states can be considered the main actors and that they focus in the first instance on their own security are central to most” (p. 980). In its turn, this implies that dynamics in the world’s geopolitical arena should be seen reflective of the sporadic interflow of energetic potentials between the countries.  2. As a system, the domain of IR exists in the state of never-ending anarchy. This Realist postulate refers to the absence of any higher authority in the world of international politics, capable of settling disputes between the nation-states.  3. While adopting one or another geopolitical stance, the countries are primarily driven by the considerations of self-interest. Consequently, this presupposes that they exist in the state of fierce competition with each other for territory and natural resources. The latter provision implies that the actual purpose of just about country’s existence is solely concerned with political/economic expansion, maintenance of political stability within, and destabilization of competing states. Partially, this explains the logic behind the Realist practice of applying the ancient principle of Cui bono (to whose benefit?) , when it comes to defining the significance of a particular political development. Realists believe that this type of developments is innately interest-driven. Essentially