ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The First Part of Henry IV depicts the early years of reign and ruling of The Prince Hal. Henry IV shows what is running through the mind of the king as he considers the times in which he has lived. Shakespeare portrays him, is the young man too much given over to self-indulgence to be able to be either man or king. His story is that of an accumulation of woes on the head of a king who can do no more than bewail them. Hal is aware of his inability to sustain the position to which he was called; his last speech is a beautiful example of his deficiencies as man and king. He knows that he and that he ‘wasted time’ so that now time wastes him, but the speech itself is further illustration of the conduct Hal is engaged in deploring. In this part of the play, the Prince Hal is portrayed as a new brand of politician in Shakespeare’s view able to transform and change social and political conditions. In the political order, or the world of the state, the ruler is the divinely appointed head and chief, as the lion is among animals, the rose among flowers, the sun among planets, the dolphin among fishes, and the eagle among birds. To him all his subjects, his brothers no less than his humble dependents, owe prescribed duties. He also has certain obligations to perform, and the health of the body politic depends on this constant two-way traffic of duties and obligations. In its carefully ordered gradation of ranks, there is an interdependence of parts like that in the mechanism of a watch or an internal combustion engine, except that the two latter are human constructions, while the former is the creation of a God who rules the universe. For one part or one member, therefore, to arrogate to itself what was not granted by the divine plan was to jeopardize the whole, and to produce disorder. Such actions as the usurpation of the kingship, or a subject’s rising up against his immediate superior, were really sacrilegious, contrary to God’s law. Hotspur questions: “In Richard’s time,–what do you call the place?– A plague upon it, it is in Gloucestershire; ‘Twas where the madcap duke his uncle kept“(Shakespeare). This remark shows that Princes, no less than the most humble, were the playthings of Fortune. A large number of social changes and tracts were based on the ideas of the wheel of Fortune and the fall of princes. These ideas were pagan but, as they were applied, they could illustrate truths, for the awful spectacle of the ruin of the great or the daring could be taken as examples of God’s judgments. From the beginning of the play, Hal receives education communicating with the poor and thieves. His teacher, Falstaff and Hotspur, try to change his behavior and teach Hal the ceremonies and etiquette of the monarch family. Shakespeare’s ideas about the world and about man’s destiny were compounded by notions such as these. Some of his ideas may seem to us to be more medieval than was appropriate to the experience of a person living at the end of the sixteenth century. Our own notions of the world in which
Sergei Eisenstein is one of the most remarkable and famous Soviet film directors. His Ivan the Terrible (1945) was ordered and supported by Joseph Stalin who was interested in depicting the figure of Ivan the Terrible as the Tsar of all the Russias in the film. Thus, Ivan the Terrible was created by Eisenstein as a historical epic work to demonstrate how the Tsar succeeded in uniting the Russians during his rule. From this perspective, Ivan the Terrible can be discussed as promoting a nationalistic idea through the representation of historical events. The fact that the film was commissioned by Stalin influences the representation of the Tsar, but Eisenstein’s work is also outstanding in terms of using close-ups, shapes, light, and a unique portrayal of characters. In Ivan the Terrible, the key figure is the Tsar, and the plot is organised to represent the major events in the Tsar’s life. They include the coronation of Ivan, his marriage, the siege of Kazan, Ivan’s illness, and the death of his wife Anastasia Romanovna. All these events are presented through the perspective of Ivan’s struggle with his opponents: the boyars and Efrosinia Staritskaya with her son Vladimir (All soviet movies on RVISION, 2016). In this film, Eisenstein depicted the struggle of one powerful political figure oriented towards uniting the nation against both external and internal enemies. As a result, in the character of Ivan, it is possible to observe references to Stalin and his political course. In his film, Eisenstein is focused on demonstrating what psychological and social obstacles Ivan needs to overcome in order to develop as the great ruler to oppose the boyars and unite Oprichniki around his figure. Thus, the director’s approach to using dramatic close-ups of characters’ faces, the focus on their eyes to demonstrate hidden intentions, and exaggerated shadows of figures are used to accentuate psychologism in the film. Additionally, there are also grotesque and caricature figures of Ivan’s opponents and foreigners that emphasise the greatness of Ivan the Terrible using the approach of contrasting (All soviet movies on RVISION, 2016). Thus, light is used in the film as a tool for accentuating certain details to create a full picture. While referring to the film, one should note that Eis
In his book Immigration and Ethnic Relations in the U.S. (Revised Edition), Takeyuki Tsuda addresses the issues that are rife with dramatic levels of immigration from Latin American and other countries to the United States. The author argues that the unexampled rates of immigration to the country have become responsible for the change of the entire face of the nation (Tsuda 95). He makes special stress on the profound transformation of the system of ethnic and race relations. The other course reading, “Lecture 22. Hispanic/ Latino Americans”, also enlarges the theme of immigration into the United States, but it is mainly concentrated on the question of Latin Americans’ assimilation into the country. In the following paper, the two above-mentioned readings will be summarized and evaluated with the purpose of providing a reflection on the offered information. The book Immigration and Ethnic Relations in the U.S. (Revised Edition) speaks on the theme of reshaping the face of the United States during the period of the past few decades. The book presents a series of introductory essays into the matters related to US immigration. Among the central points, discussed in the book, are the reasons for immigration; the consequences of immigration for the social, economical, and political situation in the United States; and the issues that emerge on the reason for a dramatic increase in immigration rates such as racial discrimination, the formation of a new American-immigrant identity, the problems of assimilation, and the possibility of acquiring US citizenship by refugees and immigrants. In addition, the book provides a historical outlook on the immigration events in the United States beginning from bringing Africans and ending with the modern-day immigration of Latin American and Asian populations. Besides, another important feature of the book is a close examination of the ethnic diversity situation in the United States. In particular, it explains how Latin Americans, Asian Americans, White Americans, and African Americans play their part in the formation of modern American society. Reflecting on the value of Tsuda’s book for expanding the scope of knowledge regarding the issues, related to US immigration, it should be stated that it is significant. First of all, the book provides much insight into the issues that are raised by active immigration into the country. Moreover, it not only explains the causatives of problems connected with immigration but also offers a variety of effective solutions that could be implemented to improve the state of affairs. Besides, i
Business managers find themselves in a dilemma on the best market entry strategy to adopt among the first and late mover strategies when making an entry into a new market. Theoretical and practical investigations and evaluations into the merits and demerits associated with these approaches could help them make informed decisions on the most appropriate market entry strategy for their firms. Among the advantages a business organization is likely to gain with the first mover strategy is a significant occupation of the target market. This can be in terms of resource capitalization and buyer switching costs. Schnaars (1961) argues that switching costs stem from the financial burden of initial transaction costs, employee training costs, customer learning costs, and the cost of qualifying a new supplier. Theoretically, switching costs facilitate the creation of value and share of the market although it may not translate to higher profits. Another advantage argued on a theoretical framework is buyer choice uncertainty. Uninformed buyers tend to stick to initial products irrespective of the fact that newly launched products may be of a superior quality to their preferred choice. This perception revolves around brand royalty (Schnaars, 1961). Reinganum (1983) asserts that sustained leadership in technology is an advantage gained through mechanisms based on the learning curve and product patents. The learning curve theory demonstrates the advantage of falling unit costs with an increase in output volumes. In view of this, fierce rivalry may result from competing firms adjusting product prices downwards to bar new entrants. This rivalry often causes other firms to under price their products to gain an upper hand in the share of the market. This was the case with the mining of uranium at Proctor. Gamble endeavored to gain a sustained advantage by integrating this strategy in its pursuits to gain an upper hand in uranium mining. This was also the case with Lincoln Electric Company. The firm entered the market with patented products that were superior coupled with a distinct technological dynamism that lead the company to operate on distinctly high profits. First mover advantages can also be sustained by patenting products, a case with Xerox. Patents played a key role in barring competitors from entering the target market until forced entry was achieved through anti-trust actions. Wernerfelt and Karnani (1987) product detailed descriptions of managerial innovations that led first movers into greater profitability in product manufacturing and distribution. Another advantage is that firms may preempt the scarcity of resources in the form of machinery and related equipments. Weiss (1976) argues that first movers can gain an advantage in controlling already existing assets which may not have been necessarily created by the firm. These assets span the geographic space, product positioning, and input and output processes. The preemption of input factors may be in terms of a firm’s current and superior knowledge about mark
The necessity of the creation of an efficient distribution channel is proved by the experience of the majority of world-leading corporations. The growth of the level of rivalry combined with the complexity of markets and modern conditions result in the reconsideration of the role of the channel in business and its deep investigation. Managers accept the impact it has on the evolution of any business and introduces the channel management plan focused on the creation of the most efficient scheme which will be able to face the majority of challenges. Additionally, the aligned distribution channel could serve as the guarantee for the successful entry to the market and improvement of the competitive power of a company. This fact contributes to the further investigation of the given remedy. In the case of Tesla Motors, the successful and efficient distribution channel is vital for the promotion of its new model and attraction of the targeted audience. The channel structure of any company rests on several important concerns related to the peculiarities of the functioning. First, the number of actors and stages should be determined. There are several schemes used by the companies to align the process of distribution. The manufacturer could sell its products directly to customers, with the help of retailers and wholesalers ( Channel Structure and Membership Issues , n.d.). Every model has its strong and weak aspects. In this regard, it is for the company to choose the pattern appropriate to the peculiarities of its functioning. Tesla Motors focuses on the manufacturing of innovative vehicles which imply the usage of the latest environmentally friendly technologies. It has its own targeted audience and uses various remedies to attract attention to its new model S. However, the structure of the channel remains unchanged. Figure 1. Tesla Model S channel The company adheres to the simple though efficient scheme presented in Figure 1. Being the manufacturer, Tesla Motors sells its products directly to the customers interested in the innovational vehicle (Musk, 2012). The chain of the company-owned stores plays the role of the retailer, providing the cars to customers. Additionally, Tesla Motors also uses its own website to align the mechanism of online sales. The scale of this segment is relatively big which evidences about the success of the given method. The given structure of the channel has its own advantages and guarantees a stable income for Tesla Motors. It does not have to cooperate with the retailers of wholesalers, providing the vehicles directly to customers (Lemkin, 2013). This pattern helps to exclude the elements which could have a negative impact on the functioning of a company. Additionally, the process of channel management becomes less complicated as Tesla Motors has unlimited access to all significant actors and can initiate the change process in case of an emergency. However, the efficiency of the given patter
Introduction Leadership is a very important skill which is not possessed by all; hardly very few people are blessed with this skill. Being a leader is not easy; it poses many challenges and the person who overcomes these challenges makes a successful leader. A leader instills confidence and provides motivation to the employees, motivation is an extremely important factor and motivation can easily transform an employee within no time. Once the transformation of the employee takes place, the goals of the company would become much easier to achieve. This is why motivation is considered to be one of the most important factors and almost all the companies look for new methods to motivate the employees and to bring out the best out of them. This paper will focus upon the analysis of team dynamics and a comprehensive understanding of the important aspects will be presented in this paper. Four Characters will be considered in this assignment and their views will be shared in the paper. Analysis of Terminal Values “Nothing matters more in winning than getting the right people on the field. Differentiation helps you do that.” (Welch Way, 29 January 2009). Getting the right people for the job is extremely important and the right people must be satisfied with their life in order to perform as expected. Let’s now consider the case of four people namely Eddie, Will, Trinita and Eric; the stats clearly show that Eddie is th
In addition to medical departments and intensive care units, there are an impressive number of institutions involved in tackling the pandemic. Equally important is the Disease Control and Prevention Centers network. These agencies are engaged not only in the problem of coronavirus but also in the prevention of other major diseases of mankind. The Center for Disease Control is a subsidiary of the Department of Health and Human Services. Because the Center is a federal agency, all information created within the work of the resource is transparent and available for review on the Web. These centers are aimed at collecting information, conducting examinations, and organizing databases on the main diseases affecting humanity. The mission of these centers is not only to prevent the spread of disease but also to raise people’s awareness and attentiveness to preventive measures. The centers represent an impressively branched system, in which such various issues of medicine and health safety as a healthy lifestyle or safety in industrial production are addressed. But it is important to remember that the Covid pandemic affects virtually all spheres of public and private human life, so each of the sub-organizations must make its contribution to the common struggle. The main problem in connection with the spread of awareness of the pandemic, the need for vaccination, and adherence to preventive measures is massive mistrust. The problem of the need for vaccination and, at the same time, the insufficient amount of time elapsed since the breakthrough of the virus causes alarm and frustration among a large number of the population. Vaccination is also not conducive to a restless social background, due to an excess of conflicting information that is mixed in the minds of residents. Prevention centers need help finding strategies that could bring more attention to the pandemic. Everyone should understand that by not using a mask or not getting vaccinated if possible, they can unwittingly contribute to the spread of the disease. The very fact of resistance to vaccination not least characterizes the social problem of differences in privileges. Some studies indicate that gender, age, social status, and race can significantly influence the credibility of the government and the government vaccine, respectively. What is impo
Parkinson’s disease refers to a condition, where a portion of the brain is damaged progressively over a period of many years. In essence, Parkinson’s disease is a neurological condition, in which the brain cells are destroyed progressively. The three principal symptoms of the disease are linked to movement; tremor, muscle stiffness, and bradykinesia. Other symptoms are not related to movement. These include dysphagia, daytime sleepiness, and depression. Who it affects most Parkinson’s disease mostly affects individuals in their late and middle years. This includes people between fifty and seventy-five years. However, approximately twenty percent of the diagnosed cases include people aged between thirty and fifty years. Hence, age is a major risk factor for the disease. The average onset age is sixty years. It is also worth noting that there is a significant increase in the incidence as age increases (Gandhi et al, 2009: 630). Early onset of the disease is genetic or as a result of gene mutations. Every year, approximately fifty thousand Americans are spotted with Parkinson’s disease (Surmeier, 2007: 930). However, it is impossible to give an exact number since the majority of the people with Parkinson’s disease symptoms never seek medical attention. This is because they assume the symptoms are as a result of aging. Moreover, diagnosis is usually uncertain and difficult. Therefore, there is a confusion of Parkinson’s disease with other conditions. Parkinson’s disease affects fifty percent more males than females. Irrespective of the fact that the disease is a global pandemic, it is more common in developed countries. Extreme exposure to toxins and pesticides may result in Parkinson’s disease. People residing in urban areas have a higher prevalence, similar to people in particular professions (Betarbet et al, 2000). Organizations involved in the Cure, Treatment, and Support Parkinson’s UK Parkinson’s UK is a charity organization that specializes in research and support. For approximately forty years, the organization has been seeking for a cure of Parkinson’s disease and improving the lives of those affected. The organization is
Introduction Normal children and children with disabilities have similarities and differences during their development processes. The rates and steps of development involved may vary from one child to another. In the first nine years, there are stages that all children go through. The milestones should be the reasonable ranges that the children would have (Oesterreich, 2005). Similarities and differences between disabled and normal children in child development The Venn diagram below shows the similarities and differences in the development of normal and disabled students. In physical development, the child with a disability may have problems with motor activity. This is due to poor coordination of muscles, abnormality in the movement of some muscles, or paralysis. For example, they may not be able to run down the stairs, jump several times without losing control, and hold certain objects for long with stability. This, however, does not mean that the children will have lower mental power than those without disabilities. They may just be able to do mental exercises as much as those who are physically fit (LD Online, 2000). There can also be problems caused by abnormal functioning of the tongue muscles or abnormality in the respiratory tract. This makes it difficult for the child to talk. Some people may think the individual is mentally retarded but this could not be the case. Complaints of physical conditions or tiredness are also a common occurrence among such children even when there is no medical problem. Students with problems in social development are poor in initiating and maintaining relationships with their age mates or adults. They may have frequent mood swings. The children may also have problems in the mental development but will be physically normal like the other children with no social disorders who have no problems in movement or performing usual personal tasks (LD Online, 2000). This may lead to problems in social development due to the embarrassment the child may be regularly going through because of mistakes they make in speech. This may make them grow up seriously withdrawn and not socialize well with others. In language development, there are students who may be having problems in interpretation, articulation, or replication of language. The articulation problem, for example, may mean that the child has problems with learning with phonetics. This means that the c
An examination of the English population during the 19th century shows that from 1801 to 1901 the English population grew from 8.9 million to a staggering 32.5 million. This means that within the span of 100 years, or precisely 2 generations, the population tripled in size creating a unique problem within Great Britain. It must be noted that during the 19th century England was undergoing a distinct cultural and social change brought about by the industrial revolution. As populations grew so to did the various populations centers however instead of effectively spreading out people tended to concentrate themselves within particular centers leading to the problem of overpopulation. In 1798 the English economist and demographer Thomas Malthus stated with population growth following an exponential trend but with food production developing linearly, food demand would eventually outstrip food supply capacity resulting in mass starvation which would in effect naturally cull the population. While such an argument is inherently fatalistic, for me, it does indeed have some merit. While various critiques may state that Malthusian pessimism was proven wrong in the 19th century wherein instead of starvation massive migrations took place the fact remains that it is logical to assume that a closed off system with limited resources cannot hope to contain exponential population growth. I group myself among the Malthusian pessimists due to the irrevocable truth that the Earth is a closed off finite system of resources that cannot hope to endu