ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Music is a human construct, because humans have to acknowledge and define the existence of an objective reality of sound into music. Every human culture uses music to promote its ideas and ideals and music is intrinsically interwoven in the fabric of each society. Music is considered as a powerful tool for shaping individual abilities and character, and “musicality is a universal trait of humankind.” (Hallam, Susan, 2006). “If sounds are created or combined by a human being, recognized as music by some group of people and serve some functions which music has come to serve for mankind, then those sounds are music.”(Radocy and Boyle, 1988, p.19). With the advent of modern electronic gadgets students are exposed to more and more avenues of entertainment and study time is not devoid from the interference of these gadgets. How music, particularly background music, affect student learning is an area attracting much research, and it is finding difficult to produce conclusive evidence to support this habit. Main Text The Oxford Dictionary defines music as “the art of combining sounds of voice(s) or instrument(s) to achieve beauty of forms and expression of emotion.” The effect of music on individual to individual will be at variance as it depends on subjective judgments of what constitutes beauty of form and expression of emotion of an individual. Miller (2000) argues that: “music exemplifies many of the classic criteria for a complex human evolutionary adaptation. He points out that no culture has ever been without music (universality); musical development in children is orderly; musicality is widespread (all adults can appreciate music and remember tunes); there is specialist memory for music; specialized cortical mechanisms are involved; there are parallels in the signals of other species—for example, birds, gibbons and whales—so evolution may be convergent; and music can evoke strong emotions, which implies receptive as well as productive adaptations” (Hallam, 2006, p.2). Many historical evidences show that music existed many thousands of years ago and several musical instruments were developed in different parts of the world. According to theorization of Huron (2003), music developed among different cultures as a part of courtship behavior, social cohesion, group effort, perceptual development, motor skill development, conflict reduction, safe time passing, and a mnemonic device of trans-generational communication. Music has multiple functions which influence development of individuals, social groups and the society as a whole. Music as a medium of expressing human feelings transcend into enforcing social norms and continuity and stability of culture, at the same time contributes to the integration of society. In the perspective of an individual music is a medium for emotional expression particularly when words and verbal exchanges are difficult to establish. It has
Medicare reimbursement is a term referred to the payments received by physicians and hospitals for the services provided to patients covered by the Medicare program. Physicians who decide to participate in Medicare programs have to accept the rates established by Medicare as prices for particular services. Medicare is responsible for 80 percent of the price for the service, while the rest of the amount is covered by the patient (Green & Rowell, 2010, p. 308). To illustrate the application of this scheme into healthcare practice, an example of Medicare physician’s fee schedule amount code 99213 (office visit) can be used. If the usual charge of participating provider is $ 125, the 80 percent of $ 125 ($ 100) would be Medicare payment, and the rest of the price 20 percent of $ 125 ($ 25) would be covered by the patient. Therefore, the total Medicare reimbursement amount for a participating physician would be $ 125. The purpose of reporting diagnosis codes on insurance claims is to ensure uniformity among the different institutions and avoid any mistakes in calculating the reimbursement amounts for particular services provided by particular physicians. Additionally, the diagnosis codes allow institutions to simplify the procedures of calculating the total Reimbursement coverage for the Medicare guidelines. Current Procedural Terminology (CPT) comprises descriptive terms identifying healthcare services and procedures. Green and Rowell (2010) stated that the purpose of this system is to provide a uniform language and improve communication between the service providers, insurance companies, and patients (p. 203). These five-digit codes were adopted in 1983 to replace the four-digit codes which were used previously. The CPT codes should comply with the ICD-9-CM codes to explain the need for the performance of particular services and procedures. The CPT codes simplify the process of reporting the procedures and assist all participating parties inaccurate identification of procedures which is necessary for preserving the consistency among reports of different institutions and particularly the third-party insurance payers. Additionally, in case there is no CPT code for a particular procedure, a practitioner should attach a special report describing the extent, time, effort, and equipment that were required for carrying out the procedur
Research studies constitute educational and medical investigations among others. When comparing the two types of inquiries, they have some differences and similarities between them. In educational research, the primary aim is to investigate knowledge in order to come up with new information. The investigation of knowledge happens because of the need to extend it. Educational research also seeks to solve problems in certain aspects of the education sector. The truth will enable learners and scholars to learn further. In the process, many of them will apply the problem-solving criteria in dealing with their educational issues. On the other hand, in medical research, the inclusion of patients suffering from various diseases helps to come up with the conclusion and recommendations. The patients provide vital information that aids and validates the information collected. In relation to the information gathered from patients, medical research gives patient-feedback a higher priority than information gathered through other methods. The feedback that they provide offers a clear perception of the real picture. At the same time, the information helps to come up with evidence-based practices that will work well in the research studies. Both medical and educational research does not require ethical approval to conduct the analyses. Hence, they have this aspect of a similarity among them. In reviewing medical research, it is important to look at the disclosures of the study. The disclosures identify the source of funding for the research study in the review. After knowing the source, it will turn out that a researcher will know if the study was conducted rightfully with sufficient financing or not. Knowing the authors of the study helps in identifying the extent to which the information presented in the study has trusted information. Authors that have proper and valid credentials will provide useful information for future research. However, authors without good credentials provide loopholes for their information for it becomes hard to trust it. In medical research literature, the researcher uses certain criteria in conducting the studies and coming up with relevant information. For example, the study can show how the patients engaged, the number of patients that responded and if they had informed consent about the study. The information that goes beyond the abstract makes such a study valid. In addition, a researcher knows that the survey’s playground happened while following legal and ethical guidelines. On the other hand, checking on the results of the study helps a researcher. For example, the results assist in knowing what it has offered to the reader. If the results support the actual data, it turns out that the research will work well in the literature review process. Lastly, knowing the originality of the work will also validate the information. In conducting special education research, there are various challenges incurred. For example, obtaining the legal right to do the research does not come easy. As a result,
The opioid misuse has become a major crisis for the US healthcare system as the number of drug abusers, especially adolescents, is steadily rising. In 2018, almost 10 million Americans aged twelve and above were estimated to misuse opioid drugs (“Opioid crisis fast facts,” 2019). Opioid drugs are dangerous in terms of dependence as people can become addicted to them from a single use. Moreover, sudden opioid withdrawal causes stress for the human body, which can potentially lead to a person’s death. For safe withdrawal, scientists have invented agonist maintenance medications that give the human body the needed opioids without the effect on human consciousness. One of the most comprehensive programs of a kind is the Methadone Maintenance Treatment Program (MMTP), applied in 63 countries around the world (Julaeha, Rustamaji, & Priyatni, 2019). During the program, injective drug users are supposed to replace opioid drugs with methadone in order to reduce the body’s craving for the drug. It is also aimed at changing user’s behavior in society. (“Principles of drug addiction treatment: a research-based guide,” 2018). Today there is an ongoing discussion on the topic of whether such treatment is an efficient way to save the lives of drug users or a legitimate way to obtain opioids. The answer to this question lies in the opioid withdrawal patterns, which do not allow people to simply give up consuming the drug as the dependence level is exceptionally high. Without agonist medication, the human body may undergo struggle incompatible with life. Although such a treatment does not fully reduce the abuser’s craving for the drug, it can be successfully combined with cognitive-behavioral therapy. Thus, maintenance programs are not exhaustive but the most effective way of opioid addiction treatment. Drug-Based Medications The 21st century has become the age of opioid epidemics for US residents. With more than 10 million opioid abusers, 90% of them misuse prescribed medications. The major reason behind these statistics lies in the fact that many effective medications, especially painkillers, consist of opioids that are able to reduce pain considerably. However, the opioid dose in the medication is calculated precisely not to cause dependence, and the slightest violation of these calculations may lead to addiction. One of the most widespread medications of a kind is Imodium, medicine aimed at treating diarrhea (Levinthal, 2014). Although the drug is not supposed to cross the blood-brain barrier, nowadays, Imodium abuse has become an extremely important matter. The reason is that the drug users have discovered that high doses of the medication produce the same effects as opioids (“Loperamide addiction and abuse,” 2019). As a result, the human body becomes so addicted to the substance that it then needs rehabilitation to go through a medicatio
Introduction Islam shares the story of origin with Christianity and Judaism in that they all originated from the Middle East (Esposito, 2002). Through the Caravan trade and the contact and travel by the Meccan traders, Zoroastrianism, Judaism (believe in one God) and Christianity had been brought into Arabia, and this suggests that they might have influenced the evolution and expansion of Islamic religion. Influences to formulation of Islam Sunnah (trodden path), which was a combination of tribal customs and traditions of the pre-Islamic Arabian tribes handed from previous generations by word and example, became an important basis for the formulation of the Muhammad’s Sunnah, interpreted as words and deeds of Muhammad. Muhammad reformed these practices (Esposito, 2002). The likelihood of influence of Christianity may be contested, but is clear in the fact that the Quran-which is God’s word to Muhammad-contains similar scriptures on figures like Abraham, Moses, David, Solomon, and others as those in the bible. In fact, the major argument in this respect is that although Muslims consent to the fact that God delivered his word first through Moses, Muhammad had the belief that there was distortion of the original word as delivered to Moses and latter to Jesus, which he may as well blame it on the Jews and the Christians (Esposito, 2002). The influence of the religions earlier mentioned can be captured in the fact that the earliest converts of Muslims contained the stamp of other religions. Muhammad claimed to call people into the return of worshiping one God and a society that was socially justice, and this happened in the environment of arising and growing division between the rich and the poor in Mecca as it emerged as a new commercial center and the divisions challenged the “traditional system of Arab tribal values and social security” (Esposito, 2002). The fact that there was an emphasis on social justice, call for rights of women as children and windows, call for social reforms, points to us that there could be evidence of injustices in the social set-up. The past life in the Arab environment and the way of life of the people influenced the formation of Islam since the customary norms of the society in the Western Arabia was a basis for the construction of the ideas of rights and wrongs held by the first Muslims. There is a correlation between the practices and rules formulated by the Caravan traders on commercial transactions, property rights, and the tribal virtues; and the teachings of Muhammad, which are said to be the expansion of the realm of rights and responsibilities (Arthur, n.d.). Early development of Islam was not devoid of contributions by the existing legal systems and institutions such as the Roman and Persian law judicial and arbitration probably because they were more developed, while Muslim was new. The need to amend the laws and systems so infiltrated was realized, and the laws of Islam
Summary of the proposed study Throughout the 90’s and early 2000, the PC was the most sought after gadget for personal and business use. While it is still early to declare it outdated, its getting a lot of competition from the introduction of the smart phones. The blackberries, iphones, androids and the now popular tablets have considerably reduced the significance of the PC. In fact, it is estimated that smart phone sales will eclipse desktop computer sales by 2012. Many more people will be conducting business and paying bills besides performing many other tasks using smart phones. Numerous companies in the world manufacture the apps used in smart phones. There are many companies in the world involved in the development of the apps available in the market today (Ezine Articles, (N.d). These companies exist to serve national as well as international clientele. Saudi Arabia has a number of these companies. Though the development of these apps in the country is not badly off, these companies have faced a few challenges and successes that this paper will seek to discuss and possibly come up with some recommendations. Purpose of the proposed study The purpose of this study will be to gain insights into the smartphone apps development industry in Saudi Arabia. The study will also aim at identifying trends, problems and successes of the industry so that they can act as the basis of continued strong growth. Relevant background literature According to Business Intelligence (2011), the UAE controls about 60% of all smart phone applications in the Middle East. It’s closely followed by Jordan and Saudi Arabia. Growth in Saudi Arabia has been phenomenal with more companies including the national telecom company entering the foray in producing smart phone apps. The latest smart devise in the Saudi market is the Sam Sang galaxy (A1Saudi Arabia, 2010). According to MENAFN Arab news (2010), the kingdom has a larger Smartphone market than Europe. Many companies like Sam Sang are also entering the Arabia market with new smart devices and subsidiaries that produce their apps. In January 2011, KSU became the first university in Saudi Arabia to launch a mart phone application. There are numerous companies in Saudi Arabia like MibileSOFT, Nafithtech that produce smart phone apps for different smart devices such as iphones, ipad, Blackberry and symbian windows mobile. The companies which have been in business for over 40 years are diversifying there operations due to what they refer to as the growing market for smart phone applications. Current estimates show that over 60% of Saudi internet users access the net using their mobile phones. Smart phones users make up a large chunk of these. The RNCOS (2011) says that the number of these companies is growing signifying the potential that the country holds. According to Arabian Business (2011), the Middle East market is likely to grow by 39% by 2015. The above successes show the potential that Saudi Arabia has in the smart phone app development. There are however some challenges that these developers have faced. Lack of government support or unfriendly business decisions from the authorities threatens to
The play ‘Trifles’ by Susan Glaspell is written in feminist spirit, in a spirit of aggressive revolt against androcentric domination; this tone probably dictates the distinctive features of its plot. The most notable aspect of the play is the emphasis on female personality traits, such as cunningness and strong logic, when it is necessary to notice and analyze ‘trifles’, or minor details. Human life is actually composed of trifles rather than global issues, and the underestimated women characters from the play are the greatest example of this life wisdom. The beginning of the play is the first episode demonstrating the inferiority of the female gender: the women characters must stay behind their husbands’ backs – this symbolic scene actually represents the conditions, to which middle-class women are fated, more precisely – to the life of eternal housekeeper, mother and wife, but nothing more (Ben-Zvi, 1995). Thus, thus first reason for the limited revelation of the nature of crime is ‘female revenge’ or ‘female camouflage’. The men mock the women’s interests like quilting and knitting: “They wonder if she was going to quilt it or just knot it. (The men laugh, the women look abashed.)” (Glaspell, at www.vcu.edu, 2008). In addition, the men’s wives are left in the kitchen for only reason: the investigators are sure there is no evidence in this room: “nothing but kitchen things” (Glaspell, at www.vcu.edu, 2004). Kitchen, a typically ‘feminine’ symbol, is viewed by them as deserving no attention. As Ben-Zvi asserts, “the concerns of the women are considered little or silly and insignificant and this is the most important reason for the men’s comments about them. The Sheriff laughs when the women express that maybe the frozen preserves have some meaning” (Ben-Zvi, 1995, p. 319). Mr.Hale, one of the witnesses, says: “women are used to worrying over trifles” (Glaspell, at www.vcu.edu, 2004), so ‘small-minded’ wives decide to teach a lesson to their husbands. Another significant reason for the stress on female reasoning that, as the author demonstrates, excels male
Abstract The film unravels the synopsis of the events involving disorders encountered in the psychology. Abnormal psychology is the main area of interest. Bob Wiley (Bob Murray) herein described as a reclusive patient of a hedonic psychiatrist Dr. Leo Marvin (Richard Dreyfuss), is referred from his former doctor who fails to diagnose him of any health related condition. Frantic, emotional disorders in Bob extremely annoy the psychiatrist, contrary; this is fun for Marvin’s family. He is afraid of leaving his apartment, shaking hands, using elevators, touching doorknobs, riding buses and darkness. He is a troubled patient who seems to fear anything and everything. To his newly referred doctor, Bob feels relieved. He strongly believes Dr. Marvin would help him. When the good doctor took his family on Long vacation in New Hampshire, he was apparently running away from his patient. Bob is afraid of being alone. The patient manages to outwit the telephone operator in tracking down Marvin’s where-about. There is a revelation of emotional disconnection within the doctor’s family; his relationship with Fay, his wife, is also disconnected. This is because Leo is a parent with rigid rules and little flexibility. Bob brings closeness and flexibility to this family, which Dr. Marvin resents but the family loves it. As the events unfold in the movie, the misadventure of Bob becomes therapeutic for him progressively. However, this also results into nervous breakdown of Dr. Marvin majorly because of the shift of attention to Bob by his (Dr. Marvin’s) family. Bob seems to have a lot of trust in his new therapist, who turns out to be mean. On realizing he is going to lose his family members to his patient, Bob, due to his comic and wittiness which is contrary to his dullness; Dr. Marvin plans to kill his patient instead. Bob views the murder attempt on his life as a symbol of “Death Therapy” exercise by Dr. Marvin arising from faith he has in his doctor. Throughout the comic movie are the predicaments of the two characters: Dr. Marvin and his patient, Bob. Ironically, Dr. Marvin, a psychiatrist of Bob turns out to be a victim of psychological disorders in need of psychotherapy as the psychological conditions of Bob improves progressively. Bob Wiley DSM-IV-TR Diagnosis based on all five axes In the movie “What About Bob” the character Bob is portrayed as having many mental disorders. However, on taking a keen observation of his behavior, it becomes apparent that he has a single disorder that replicates itself