ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Article Review Mandel Naomi, Petia Petrova and Robert Cialdini. “Images of Success and the Prefernce for Luxury Brands”. Journal of Consumer Pschycology . 16 (2006): 57-69. General Problem Area The allure and desire for luxury brands is a universal urge for all consumers. However, the desire to consume luxury brands by consumers has been in the recent past been greatly influenced and impacted by the media. The authors will demonstrate the existence of this influence by conducting a pilot study and three other additional studies. Realistically, the media obviously does help shape a consumers’ world by sketching certain images in the consumers’ minds concerning certain products and services. Arguably, the media also does bias consumers’ views of reality towards the norms, values, and social perceptions that they ought to present. The main question that the author is trying to answer through this research is whether social comparison process, as a result of media influences, has any impact on a person’s rating of his/her abilities. Moreover, if they can, do such processes affect the person’s future expectations? To empirically provide probable solutions to the afore-mentioned scenarios, the author makes two propositions. The first one is when consumers try to compare themselves to other successful individuals, they may alter their future wealth expectations and consequently influence their brand preferences. The second proposition is that the direction that these effects will take primarily depends on whether assimilation or contrast has occurred. Objective of the Article The main objective of this article is to investigate how stories about other successful people might influence a person’s expectations and consumer preferences. Ideally, products do communicate certain information and attributes about their owners. The article, therefore, tries to explain that the propagation of various elements and attributes of successful others by entities like the media do have a direct impact on the consumption preference of others. Literally, consumption of luxurious brands do tend to enhance and individuals’ status (Schwartz, 2002). This article tries to unearth on how conspicuous individuals try to consumer such products in the quest of differentiating themselves from others. The article will achieve it by demonstrating how the possibility of reading literature about successful others increases a consumer’s perception about his/her future wealth. Summary of the Literature Review Today, it can be empirically proved that both contrast and assimilation effects that result from social comparisons by consumers do actually exist. For example, it is highly likely that female college students who see ads featuring attractive models will tend to have a lower satisfaction with their own level of attractiveness compared to those who see ads without a model (Salovey and Robin, 1984). Generally, one would find that a successful person might serve more as a role model, rather than a source of envy when it comes to assimilation of traits. In such cases, when consumers are more exposed to successful others, this tends to serve more as a substantial s
The article aims at establishing the relationship between nutrition and politics. The author has done a thorough job in writing this article because it has many highlights on how these two aspects of human life relate. For example, politics determine how individuals survive because political decisions have a significant effect on social lives and the economy. People must live per economic constraints in their countries (Pinhasi and Stock 92). Therefore, this article is extremely informative because it highlights different reactions to political impacts from different cultural backgrounds. The article also shows how dietary changes take effect depending on the class of people including politicians and high-income earners in the society. In this article, issues about differences in incomes and their implications in human feeding habits are evident. For example, the argument about egalitarian society, which consists of people who have insignificant differences in their wealth, makes a lot of sense. This is where people are discouraged to own personal properties hence concentrating on building their communities. Their feeding habits remain the same as diet is controlled by equal distribution of foods among members of the society. The fact that everything is done on a communal basis equal access to nutritional foods is emphasized (Pinhasi and Stock 92). This is because hunters will share their kill while farmers will share their produce hence ending up with a balanced diet for all. From the article, this argument is vital because if communities work as a unit, they can use their political powers in line with nutritional resources distribution for all. For instance, in the egalitarian society leaders exercise their political powers to ensure that people share their foods by discouraging the individual accumulation of wealth. This shows how the politics of a given society can influence eating habits by ensuring that all members get access to nutrition resources. This article is exceptionally convincing as it helps people in understanding how politics may be useful to communities by guiding aspects such as diet. For example, the argument about egalitarianism has direct evidence on how communities’ politics can determine peoples’ lifestyles. On the other hand, the argument has some weaknesses which include determining human health status by looking at mortuary records. For example, foraging subsistence and population densities should not be used to determine cemetery sizes (Peregrine and Ember 86). In fact, issues regarding setting up cemeteries should be guided by factors such as duration of intended use as opposed to foraging subsistence. The article further argues that burial grounds are determined by permanent villages and earthworks. Burial grounds should be set up in places where people live regardless of their numbers. It does not require permanent villages for people to die; therefore, that
Introduction Written by David L. Lewis and first published in 1981 by Knopf, the book When Harlem was in Vogue is one of the few chronicles of the Harlem Renaissance. The book centers on the rise of black artists and especially writers of that time. Immediately after the First World War, a period of Negros’ thriving set in and it underscored the essence of the Harlem Renaissance, which was characterized by the black intelligentsia. The First World War offered a platform for Negroes to abandon their lowly jobs and participate in combatant roles, which gave rise to people like W.E.B DuBois. Lewis (1997) describes DuBois as a “senior intellectual militant of his people, a symbol of brainy, complex, and arrogant rectitude” (6). Under DuBois’ leadership, Negroes could air their voices through art. The Harlem Renaissance seemed to be headed for greatness until the Great Depression set in. The people that had hitherto funded the renaissance withheld their funding and support and so the movement lost its vigor even though it persisted long after the financial crisis. Analysis David L. Lewis’ masterpiece is essentially an account of black identity. The author solely wanted to highlight the fight of the Negroes for recognition and appreciation in an otherwise hostile environment dotted with racism and prejudice. Fortunately, Lewis achieved this goal by concentrating on the aspect of black artists’ fight for a place in a white-dominated environment. While the push for the black identity recognition took many forms, Lewis chose to focus on one element, which gave him enough space to explore this form of struggle. DuBois mistakenly thought that by exposing the Negroes’ artistry to the racist whites would prove that the former were intelligent, and thus earn them acceptance in society and perhaps tame the undying ghost of racism, but he was wrong. One of the strengths of this book is that Lewis did not take racial inclinations as most writers of his time. He gave credit where it was due by appreciating whites who decided to help the Negroes in their struggle. According to Lewis (1997), “The black Talented Tenth and the white Lost Generation shared the common premise that arts and letters had the power to transform a society in which, until profoundly altered, there was no place for their likes except at the margins” (XV). Lewis acknowledged white supporters of the Harlem Renaissance like DuBose Heyward and noted that the only adversary to the Negroes’ pursuits was the “intolerant, philistine America” (1997, XVI). Therefore, by taking this stance, the author painted the book as an impartial account of the Harlem Renaissance. On the book’s weaknesses, the author insinuated that the Harlem Renaissance died after the onset of the Great Depression. However, some authors like George Hutchinson differed with this opinion. Hutchinson (1995) noted, “…continued to support black cultural advancement and civil rights throughout the Depression and beyond” (23). Unfortunately, most writers during Lewis’ era majored mainly on racial interpretations of the period and thus they did not have an autonomous w
Animal Testing: Introduction Animal testing denotes the use of animals in medical experiments to unveil the potency, safety, toxicity, and viability of developed drugs. Concurrently, the phenomenon also applies to other biological experiments, which utilize animals as specimens. The method incorporates the administration of pharmaceutical compounds into biological systems (test animals). This usually occurs for scientific purposes and medical developments. The process is debatable and has been disputed by animal activists, religious groups, and ethical communities who believe that the trend is immoral and inappropriate since animals cannot be compared with human beings (Panza & Potthast, 2010). Animal testing usually involve vertebrates like rodents, cats, dogs, birds, and Guinea pigs among others. Since this is a disputable phenomenon, where one can argue for or against the act, this paper supports the aspects of animal testing with bountiful reasons based on its viability in investigating pharmacological compounds. Without animal testing, numerous drugs, which currently help the humankind, could have missed. Since human beings cannot commence crude pharmaceutical investigations as test specimens, using test animals is significant in this context. It is advisable to execute scientific investigations elsewhere before introducing them into human beings. It is crucial to agree that animal testing might be unethical phenomenon as argued by some groups; nonetheless, it should continue following its merits and contributions to the humankind in the realms of drug investigations and scientific discoveries. Animal Testing: Debatable Questions With regard to animal testing, debatable questions emerge. In this paper, “Should animal testing be abandoned due to ethical claims surrounding it?” forms the debated question. This question tries to unveil whether it is viable for biologists and medical scientists to cease from using animals for experimental investigations. Despite the conventional use of these animals in numerous scientific experiments, it is still debatable on their viability and potency. Arguably, the animal testing phenomenon should continue with regard to scientific investigations. The need for efficacy, safety, novelty, and certainty in the realms of drug-use require thorough investigative experiments, which
New Korean cinema is a period in the movie industry of South Korea, which resulted in transformation and innovation on all levels of film production. It was the entrance of South Korea into the world stage, an ability for filmmakers to express creativity or criticism, and allowing the industry to reach a natural state without restrictions. Old Korean cinema was limited in all aspects, the majority focusing on low-quality budget melodramas. The few classic films of the era were mostly known for emphasizing traditional conservative values. Meanwhile, the political leadership of South Korea throughout the 20 th century virtually maintained strict control and suffocated the industry by introducing quotas, propaganda, and censorship. Various political factors contributed to the transition to the New Korean Cinema inside the country. The Cold War was over and despite North Korea and China remained Communist, the tension dramatically eased. Meanwhile, internal South Korean politics experienced a shift as the country gradually transitioned to a constitutional democracy in 1988. This affected the film industry in several ways. The transition resulted in an economic boom and open exposure of South Korea to foreign influences. While the country continuously remained close to the US, the 1990s saw a rapid entrance of consumer culture as well as an increase in the population’s financial abilities (Robinson, 2005). However, that also led to a growing class divide and a period of cultural transition, which are often portrayed in New Korean films. In this period, South Korean films began to achieve critical and financial success, including in the domestic box office, which has been dominated by Hollywood productions. A political and economic shift in the country led to a change in social values and cultural taboos, which, combined with an elimination of government censorship, gave the film industry to use its medium to express ideas and provide social commentary openly. There were no longer strict requirements to obtain licenses, review the script with appropriate censorship agencies, or requirement to insert propaganda that was evident before. At times, this transition created clashes in social and cultural values. For example, The King and the Clown was one of the first films to portray open homosexuality in Korean cinema. It explored a traditional concept of family in Korea and how it contrasted with sexual identity. The audience, relating to the struggles and emotions of the characters, began to accept homosexuality. The film essentially localized the Western cultural model
Nowadays, people live in a highly technological world that seemed to be impossible a few decades ago. Nowadays, people can cure serious diseases, travel for significant distances over short periods of time, and talk almost to any person on Earth via their mobile phones. Besides, these tiny gadgets offer limitless possibilities to their users, including an opportunity to conduct payments. Thus, Apple Pay is an accessible technology that provides numerous people with an option to pay for something using their iOS devices instead of cash. Even though this payment technology is quite requested nowadays, it regularly faces specific issues that should be handled properly. Key Marketing Strategy Issues Over its lifetime, Apple Pay has witnessed many issues, and some of them are relevant even today. According to Gupta, Santana, and Rodriguez (2015), competition is the most crucial among them. In the mid-2010s, Apple competitors in the target market, including Samsung and Google, designed and launched their own payment technologies (Gupta et al., 2015, p. 10). That state of affairs was not pleasant for Apple, but they did not worry much about it. In the company, they were sure that they would be able to beat their rivals. Users’ information security is the second essential issue Apple Pay should handle. The fact is that it is necessary to input both payment details and personal data to allow the technology to work. This fact, in turn, creates some potential for fraudsters who prefer stealing the money of others. In Apple, they understand this danger and try to do their best to prevent possible problems by introducing modern solutions (Gupta et al., 2015). However, it does not mean that it is necessary to forget about personal measures for financial safety. In addition to that, Apple has faced a psychological issue that, however, resulted from technological peculiarities of Apple Pay. Thus, it refers to a service encounter and its actual outcome. On the one hand, when a successful contact occurs, users feel “satisfaction through an elevated sense of coolness” (Liu & Mattila, 2019, p. 268). On the other hand, a failed encounter leads to a sense of embarrassment (Liu & Mattila, 2019). These different feelings appear depending on the technological performance of Apple Pay. Thus, it is necessary to make the payment technology better
Introduction International trade heavily depends upon the logistics of cargo between countries. It is crucial for a business to select the most appropriate form of transport to ensure product safety and timely delivery of goods. However, there are many considerations that must be taken into account before deciding the transport route and method to use. The current report evaluates the possibilities of transporting the selected product from one country to another. The assessment of transport facilities and logistics infrastructure of both countries is based on the information available from different sources. Furthermore, the current paper also includes three export documents and one import document that must be prepared for meeting the requirements of international trade. For this purpose, different templates are selected from the internet, and they are completed on the basis of the product and countries selected in this paper. Selection of Export Country and Product The selected country in this report is India, which is a developing country and presently experiencing high economic growth because of the increase in the demand for its products and services. The chosen industry is the textile industry, and the company fictitiously considered in the report is ABC Textile Limited, which manufactures bedsheets and towels. Therefore, it could be stated that the product selected in this report is a dry product. The company packs its products using packaging material that meets the international standards of energy consumption and reusability ( United Arab Emirates – labeling/marking requirements, 2016). The packaging includes plastic bags and also cardboard boxes. Such packaging ensures that the company’s products are delivered to customers in the best condition. Moreover, the use of cardboard boxes allows stacking, which is suitable for transporting large orders of bedsheets and towels. Selection of Import Country and Product The selected import country in this report is Dubai, U.A.E. Dubai is a growing economy, which has a trade surplus. However, the country’s textile output does not meet its requirements. The demand for textile products is expected to grow as the country prepares for hosting Expo 2020. Therefore, companies import textile products from other countries to meet the market demand. The country introduced a value-added tax of 5% on logistics and textiles in 2016 (Tsui, 2016). The implication of this additional tax was the increase in the cost of transport and also textile imports from other countries. Dubai, U.A.E. – Infrastructure and Transport System The country has a strong logistics industry, and it has remained one of the m
The role of an interdisciplinary team is different from that of a multidisciplinary or transdisciplinary team. For example, a multidisciplinary team is controlled by a doctor, the team meets to discuss and coordinate client care and clients do not take part in the decision-making process. In contrast, an interdisciplinary team might not be coordinated by a doctor since such teams usually consist of professionals from different disciplines who work within their areas of expertise (Schultz et al. 2014). Decision-making in these teams is also different: professionals base their decisions on the results of case conferences. At the same time, the individual with the most expertise serves in the role of leader in the given case. One of the most important factors affecting the roles of individuals serving on an interdisciplinary team when compared to a multidisciplinary team is patient-centred care. The client is the team’s focus, and he or she also significantly contributes to the goal-setting function of the team. A precise definition of an efficient interdisciplinary team is as follows: “This team represents a joint intellectual effort of working together in mutually supportive teams optimising the skills and knowledge of each individual to the fullest extent” (Petrakis 2018, p. 115). Contribution of Social Workers, Nurses, and Psychologists Mental health nurses bear a variety of responsibilities as they determine clients’ goals and the interventions that can help achieve them, assess the mental status of a client, help complete a mental health care plan, assist the client’s family, provide care and support and more. Nurses are also responsible for monitoring clients’ health and self-harm or suicidal tendencies, home visiting and counselling if necessary (for example, when clients experience psychological distress due to their condition). Mental health social workers work with people who have mental health disorders to resolve subsequent psychological problems, as well as with families coping with issues such as distress, unemployment, poverty and disability (Schultz et al. 2014). The scope of their practice includes providing cognitive behavioural therapy, skills training, interpersonal therapy, narrative therapy and more. These social workers assess mental illness in individuals and its influence on their lives as well as work with communities to find solutions to identified mental health problems. Psychologists are responsible for implementing client programs that can prevent illness or facilitate self-management. They also work with emotional and behavioural issues related to chronic conditions. Additionally, they help clients with life-threatening or terminal illnesses to manage pain, adhere to treatment and cope with the side effects of medications. Mutual Impact According to Schultz et al. (2014), health professionals from different areas have different sets of responsibilities and qualifications helpful to individua