ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The Coca-Cola Company and Unilever are examples of global businesses. Global businesses are those which carry out their operations in several nations in the world. In the 2007 Annual Report, the Coca-Cola products consumption was noted 44% in the US, 34% in China, India, Japan, Mexico, and Brazil and, finally, 22% in the rest of the world. It has its brands in over 200 countries in the whole world. From this report, The Coca-Cola Company have its presence in many countries world over. Therefore, it meets the first qualification of a global business. This beverage company does not limit its activities to the domestic marketplace. On the other hand, Unilever has over 500 brands of beverages, cleaning agents, food, and care products in countries like the UK, Netherlands, Ivory Coast, India, New York, and Congo amongst others. Additionally, they use latest information technology to aid their services and outputs. First, the Coca-Cola Company communicates with its suppliers, consumers and other stakeholders through their well-designed website that they own internally. Their website, to say the truth, is full of pieces of valuable information such as, topics under discussion, all their brands, blogs, opinions, notifications, and careers amongst others. Unilever also have a well-designed website and even communicates through the recent social media such as Twitter. Evidently, these companies have embraced new information technology in order to communicate with the whole world. Moreover, global businesses also carry out cross-border transactions with the purpose of satisfying the needs of different organizations, companies, and individuals. The Coca-Cola Company is constantly ensuring that they build a sustainable environment among the communities that they serve, create a safer environment for all, and enhance development of the entire world’s economy. For instance, the company currently manufactures coke zero brand. This brand has no sugar content in it. It helps to reduce diabetes levels among the consumers. Further, the company is using plastic packages that are environmentally friendly. Unilever on its side became the first company to form the Rainforest alliance, which enabled them to utilize their tea in a sustainable way. There is also the Unilever Foundation, which has been engaging in community services like provision of clean water, healthy hygiene practices, and motivation programs along with other non-governmental organizations. The company also intends to halve its environmental
Summary The book Global Environment History was written by Ian G. Simmons and was first published in the year 2008 (Durham University). The author is a Professor in the Department of Geography at Durham University. At the institution he has developed research interests in human-environmental relations from the past and future. More specifically he has addressed the later Mesolithic and early Neolithic environmental setting on the English uplands (Durham University). The book is 288 pages and contains information on the changes that have been witnessed in the global environment since the last glacial maxim of the Pleistocene (UCP n.d.). The book also examines the flux between the natural environment and living organisms that inhabit this environment. The information contained in the book draws back into history from the period around 10,000 BC to the present day. In this examination the text provides a rich overview that explains how man has come to be in his present situation of an ecological crisis (UPC n.d.). The book does not only focus on the material world but also includes human ideas about the planet and their place on the planet. The book focuses on the major phases of human technological evolution over the last 12,000 years for direction (UPC n.d.). In the book, Simmons considers how the various changes have affected the natural world. The book further considers the response of the world to phenomenon such as climate change. Through a careful assessment of the humans and their environment in this long term perspective, the book reveals the history of some of the current anxieties. The book thus presents a very timely examination of the inter relation between history and nature. In so doing, Simmons draws on the work of philosophers, artists and literary figures to give insight into society’s point of view as they transformed the landscape (UPC n.d.). The gatherer-hunters and their world As stated in the introduction the goal of the book is provision of information about various different stages both in the past to present. This is then used in understanding how these stages have affected the global environment. The book progressively moves from one era to the next pointing out how the humans in that era survived and identifies their impact on society (Simmons 26). In this chapter of the text the book points out that until the early Holocene, the human population on earth practiced the hunter-gatherer way of life. Based on this point the author concludes that if human evolution as a genus began over a million years ago, then over 90% of human history has been as hunters-gatherers. This era in the history of humankind continued until the late Pleistocene characterized by a hostile climate that inhibited the transition to agriculture (Penna 57). During this period it is reported that atmospheric CO 2 levels were so low that it placed increased stress on vegetative life forms. In addition to that there were extreme weather conditions ranging from greenhouse to ice age conditions in a period of 150 years (Penna 57). It has been hypothesized by scientists that the decline of this situation was brought
Descriptive statistics assist in describing and summarizing data obtained from a study sample and eventually aiding in making conclusion for decision-making (Korb, 2013). The descriptive statistics that are reported in the article The research analysis demonstrates the use of three types of descriptive statistics. First, survey results for 154 participants were presented in terms of frequencies to reflect the number of times variables occurred (Table 1) (Tudor, Berger, Polivka, Chlebowy, & Thomas, 2014). Second, the use of the mean also shows descriptive statistics. For instance, items obtained from FPR-BS and FPS-CS were added, and the mean rating was obtained for all the items of the scale to reflect the score ranges (results were presented in Table 2). Finally, the use of variance (standard deviation) also shows descriptive statistics. Comparisons between variables were determined using variance analysis and t test, which involved standard deviations (SD). How a nurse leader can use descriptive statistics to justify a course of action It is imperative for nurse leaders to understand how descriptive statistics can be interpreted and applied in decision-making. The application of descriptive statistics in nursing is a component of evidence-based practice (EBP) that has become synonymous with nursing education and practice (Stevens, 2013). A nurse leader can use descriptive statistics results to improve quality of care and transform healthcare practices. For instance, Tudor et al. (2014) used descriptive statistics to conclude that “nurses’ self-confidence and perceived benefit of family presence were significantly associated” (p. e88), and they further identified barriers to family presence and demonstrated implications for nursing as changing the practice of family presence. Descriptive statistics routinely use in practice I routinely apply frequencies involving percentages to assess changes in inpatient admission and discharge rates. Moreover, I also apply percentage to determine adherence to core procedures for improving quality of care.
Health care disparities affect numerous minorities in the United States, and one of them is people with intellectual and developmental disabilities. Such individuals face a variety of challenges in their lives, including problems with access to medical services. People with intellectual disabilities often lack the capacity to act consciously in a complex environment. As a result, they become dependent on other people who must assist them in getting all essential medical procedures. In addition to health care disparities, such as poor access to care, including preventive one, and dependency, people with disabilities also face higher morbidity and lack of insurance (Robinson et al., 2012). Although people with developmental disabilities are eligible for Medicaid insurance, health care providers often limit the number of such patients. In addition to biological factors contributing to health care disparities in people with disabilities, there are also non-biological ones. For instance, people with disabilities often experience a lack of financial resources because they are unable to work. As a result, they lack the ability to afford the services of healthcare specialists and have to rely on the help of relatives and friends. Medical social workers can address this factor by assisting people with disabilities in receiving social benefits and other types of public support. Another factor is public health policy, which is evident in the example with the Medicaid insurance mentioned above. Although there are government initiatives, such as insurance coverage for people with disabilities, such policies are poorly enforced. Medical social workers can
The term Philosophy of Science deals with all the foundations, methodologies, implications, and assumptions of science during a given process. On several occasions, it determines the magnitude of truth in a particular set of scientific results, thereby the merits or demerits of the same. Most importantly, problems, which may influence various other sciences, also fall under this category. It is noteworthy that scientific facts are anchored on observation, hence evolution and not creationist theories. The concept also covers aspirations of the practice in addition to modes of result interpretation (Newall, 2004). Paradigm Scientifically, the term paradigm defines distinctive concepts. It also covers contemporary circles when referring to practices, which define scientific disciplines at particular periods. This implies; the content availed for observation and scrutiny; questions to be probed regarding the available content; structure of the said questions; interpretation of results from scientific investigations. Nonprofessionals define the term as an exemplar, making it a set of archetypical experiments for emulation. Ontology As a concept, ontology refers to a study of reality and existence from a philosopher’s perspective. This study should incorporate basic existence categories and their relations. It deals with questions regarding existing entities, in addition, to possible grouping methods within a specified hierarchy. Most importantly, subdivisions have to occur according to correspondences and discrepancies. Summarily, it is a concern with establishing the elemental kind’s of being. Epistemology Epistemology refers to the study of knowledge. This makes it the category of philosophy that studies the nature and limitations of knowledge. As a result, some of the areas addressed therein include the definition of knowledge and its acquisition. Most importantly, epistemology seeks to explain what people know and how they know it (Klein, 2005). Researchers endeavor to discern facts from myths, using credible evidence as to the benchmark. These terms are hence important since they define different aspects and areas of specialty researchers and practitioners will encounter (Klein, 2005). This enables them to distinguish between credible facts and personal sentiments when faced with a scenario. In addition, they enable practitioners to maintain objectivity in the course of their operations, by ensuring they test their methods rigorously instead of attempting to verify their concepts. Interpretivism This concept emphasizes the m
Interpretation of the karyotype results Chorionic Villus Sampling (CVS) results with short term and long term cultures show that the foetus has an added copy of chromosomes more than the normal 23 pairs in the examined metaphases. From the two, it is evident that the karyotype is due to the addition of an extra copy of chromosome 16 in the examined cells. The 46, XY karyotype detected in amniocentesis shows a disparity between the 47, XY karyotype in the examined metaphases. This is an indication that the three copies of chromosome 16 are evident in some cells of the foetus whereas some cells exhibit a normal karyotype with two copies. From the results, the fetus is of male sex. Discussion of the likely genetic mechanism that would produce the results The likely genetic mechanism that would produce disparity in the karyotype (chromosome 16 triplication) when assessing different cells of the 37 year old’s fetus is trisomy 16 mosaicism. In this condition, there is an error of cell division in maternal meiosis I during early foetal development that affects some cells while others are perfectly normal. These errors occur at random, and, therefore, there is no specific pattern in which the errors occur. In most cases, full trisomy 16 normally undergoes rescue to residual trisomy 16 mosaicism. This then becomes confined to the foetus or placenta of the surviving foetus (Johnson 1990, p575). Clinical significance of these results and outcomes for the foetus Many studies have determined that many cases of trisomy 16 mosaic pattern have noteworthy postnatal outcome. However, many pregnancies of trisomy 16 mosaicism that has been detected prenatally either through Chorionic Villus Sampling or amniocentesis have an enhanced risk of Intrauterine Growth Restriction (IUGR), maternal preeclampsia, intrauterine death, neonatal death and many fetal malformations. A variety of these foetal malformations include hypospadias and Cardiac Septal Defects, which all cause developmental delay to the growing foetus (Leschot 1991, p404). In the 37 year old female who was diagnosed prenatally, follow up amniocentesis that occurred 5 weeks after conducting CVS revealed IUGR on ultrasound. This is an indication that the effects of trisomy 16 mosaicism had started to manifest as early as the 16 th week of gestation. Therefore, it would only be a matter of time before the other classic signs started setting into the fetus, and, hence, clinicians should come up with control measures before many malformations would set up. It would also be important for clinicians to perform genetic counseling to the pregnant woman so that she would be aware of the potential danger that her foetus would potentially be in (Wolstenholme 1995, p115). The severity of potential malformations to the foetus is another important factor as it would determine the survival rates of the foetus. For example, the severity of the detected IUGR would have a serious implicat
The Halpin Approach Approaches to building sustainable database systems differ depending on the structure of such systems and the main goals to achieve. The Halpin approach implies utilizing a conceptual framework aimed at searching for informational needs (Halpin & Morgan, 2008). This model, as a rule, implies the first-cut design and is aimed at covering the needs of numerous users. One of the key objectives of this approach is to show how the entire individual organization functions to provide an adequate storage engine (Halpin & Morgan, 2008). This technique is also referred to as a conceptual scheme. The Relational Approach The relational approach, in turn, is a framework to adapt a database design to a real-world environment. According to Syverson and Murach (2016), “the job of the designer is to analyze the real-world system and then map it onto a relational database system” (p. 305). Tying to the specific needs of the organization forms the basis for working on such a structure. In the relative approach, the relationships between database parts are based on creating conditions for the input of each element by correlating it with the current conditions and needs of the system. The Main Differences The main differences between these approaches are in the environments that determine how databases are built. For the Halpin approach, the conceptual model involves creating a general framework that enables the organization to work. The relational approach, in turn, is environment-dependent and is not a generic technique to build a database but rather a method to tailor the required tasks to the needs of a particular environment. These distinctions should be considered when planning an appropriate database design for certain needs.
Historical context The document exploring protestant capitalist ethics in the USA was written in the year 1903, a time when the secular undercurrents that characterize capitalist dealings today had yet to take root. Although the country was not particularly religious, the church appears to have been instrumental in facilitating the smooth transaction of business and other money-related affairs for parishioners. In the contemporary period, one’s worth as a businessperson is largely determined by their liquidity or the state of credit, according to their banker. However, in the period examined, church-mindedness occupied the position of credit investigations since churches would only admit people whose fiscal reputations qualified them to mix with the rest of the flock. While faith was a consideration, if one was found to be unreliable in their business dealings, it could result in their ex-communication or denial of admittance into the congregation. Consequently, churches acted as mini financial institutions, and this gave credit to the Calvinist claim that the Protestant ethic contributed a great deal to modern-day capitalism. Baptists and other sects, by carefully screening the people they admitted, managed to increase the prosperity of their church since people would naturally gravitate towards fellow Christians in business transactions. Therefore, many entrepreneurs tried to associate themselves with the various sects since they were sure of a consistent customer base, unlikely renege on their financial obligations. In addition, the connection between an individual’s affairs and the church was so strong that the latter would take responsibility for their debts if one inadvertently come to ruin. Ultimately, it is apparent that during the period in question, several sects existed both as corporate and religious entities. In most cases, the corporate aspect was more overt, probably because it is easier to regulate and control finances than personal piety. The nature of money An overt and explicit argument addressed in the document is that money, in the United States at the time, could independently buy one power but not social honor. Simply being wealthy did not qualify one for admission into a higher social class. Unlike other countries in Europe, such as Germany, where the backdrop of feudalism made it honorable to be of noble birth or breeding, in the US, it was quite different. Pedigree, while it had its value, was not as respected as the idea of being a self-made man. In the social circles, a man with inheritance found that having struggled to create one’s wealth was deemed the more honorable way to riches. In the Puritan tradition, money was used by society to create a balance between the secular and religious. One’s acceptance of salvation in the church was proof they had it right with God while their prosperity was seen as a sign that he had accepted them since wealth, after all, came fr
The article written by Hryvniak, Dicharry, and Wilder (2014) is dedicated to exploring the relationship between barefoot running and the chances of injury/trauma in runners. The central claim of the source is that barefoot running does not increase the chance of most common running injuries and is actually beneficial for runners. The article’s intended audience includes academic researchers, sportspeople, coaches, and individuals interested in running. It provides key information on how injuries and beneficial effects were allocated in barefoot runners when compared to the control group. According to Hryvniak et al. (2014), “runners responded that their previous knee (46%), foot (19%), ankle (17%), hip (14%), and low back (14%) injuries all proceeded to improve after starting barefoot running” (p. 132). The authors concluded that barefoot running is beneficial or non-harmful to those participating. Significance and Value The reasoning provided by the article is grounded in medical knowledge and empirical observations of the matter. The issue was dealt with in-depth, with a biomechanical analysis of the results present. The source offers good insights on the effectiveness of traditional running shoes, methods, and prescriptions of such for runners. The evidence is supported by examples presented for particular respondents. Since it is an exploratory study, no contrasting views were presented. The authors did not expand on the foot-strike side of the topic. Reliability The article is posted in a peer-reviewed journal, which attests to its credibility. The authors utilized a quantitative method of gathering information, which is then analyzed using statistical tools. It helps eliminate bias and present the data in the most objective way. To conclude, the article is credible, reliable, academic, and not biased. Its results and conclusions can be applied to practical matters or used as a resource to support a more in-depth kind of research. Reference Hryvniak, D., Dicharry, J., & Wilder, R. (2014). Barefoot running survey: Evidence from the field. Journal of Sport and Health Science, 3(2), 131-136.
Introduction   * The goal of the present literature review is to examine the main causes of divorce. The topic is important for the field of psychology since marital happiness is one of the pillars of maintaining a high quality of life. I am interested in the topic due to my preoccupation with the peculiarities of modern marriage and how both centuries-old issues and new trends influence matrimonial bonds.   * Research questions pertaining to the chosen topic embark on the internal and external factors contributing to the likelihood of divorce. Researchers seek to establish whether relationship issues are more detrimental to marriage as opposed to difficulties experienced outside the bond, be it being on bad terms with rel