ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Heinrich’s Domino Model The model originated from the work of H.W. Heinrich, who used it for the first time in his text Industrial Accident Prevention. It should be noted that Heinrich believed that the main cause of accidents was people and accident control is a managerial problem (Hollnagel & Goteman, 2004). The domino model consists of five phases or steps:  1. Lack of control. A managerial issue, where the control of a situation and its impact on various factors is stressed.  2. Basic cause. Human factors, environmental factors, and job-related factors are identified as causes of an accident (Heinrich, Petersen, Roos, & Hazlett, 1980).  3. Immediate cause. Conditions that are regarded as symptoms of basic causes.  4. Incident. Contact with the dangerous factor and the subsequent result.  5. Injury (personal) or damage (property). Both material and physical damage are included. The advantage of this model is that it was revolutionary in its time, and the following models often used it as a basis (Seo, 2005). It is easy to understand and implement for analysis, and it can help managers address the causes of accidents directly. However, its disadvantages are its simplicity, too specific focus on human error, and causality. Accidents often cannot be explained by a sequence of events as more complex and interrelating factors contribute to their cause (Hamid, Majid, & Singh, 2008). Furthermore, the original model developed in the 1930s emphasized social environment and ancestry as causes of accidents, which shifts the blame onto the perpetrator’s background (Qureshi, Ashraf, & Amer, 2007). Swiss Cheese Model Swiss Cheese Model was developed by Reason (2008), who demonstrated how vertical association of various factors led to accidents. Two types of errors, active failures, and latent conditions, are described in the model. Active failures usually result in immediate effects and effects of latent conditions are triggered by other factors, normally later (Reason, 2004; Reason, 2008). Defenses and safeguards are supposed to prevent the effects of latent conditions, but if they fail to do so, active failures trigger accidents, and latent conditions become the fundament for these accidents. The model is usually illustrated as slices of cheese where each hole represents a failure in a domain; when these failures line up, an accident occurs (see Figure 1): Figure 1. Swiss Cheese Model (Perneger, 2005). The advantage of the model is that it recognizes the influence of multiple factors (personal, organizational, and situational) on the accident. Strategic decisions, corporate culture, and workplace issues (insufficient staffing, pressures, etc.) affect the probability of the accident (Jeffs, Berta, Lingard, & Baker, 2012). Its disadvantages are the assumption that latent conditions play a more important role than active failures, when, in reality, active failures are the triggers and can be much more dangerous (Jeffs et al., 2012). The use of the model can lead to shifts in the investigator’s attention to one or several actors (e.g., the worker or the manager)
Introduction The Internet of Food and Farm 2020 data management plan provides all the necessary details on how the information created and gathered throughout the project will be processed and stored. This paper will address the five essential questions proposed by Briney (2015) to evaluate the plan. The discussion will also consider whether the document conforms to the data management plan requirements. Evaluation of the data management plan The plan contains extensive information about the types of data that will be produced during the project. Wolfert (2017) provides a table detailing various kinds of data, including third-party information, press releases, publications, and analytical data. The table also explains how data will be documented and organized by explaining sources of origin and storage formats. Therefore, the plan includes the information required by Briney’s (2015) second question. Wolfert (2017) also states that all data is to be stored in a central repository, but does not define security or encryption details. Additionally, the plan does not put forward data management procedures after the completion of the project, which is a significant drawback of the plan. To make data available for reuse, project leaders intend to disseminate information through research publications and press releases (Wolfert, 2017). Conclusion Based on the analysis above, the plan contains some elements of a comprehensive data management plan, but not all of them. It would be useful to outline how privacy and confidentiality concerns will be addressed and include a method for encryption and backup of data (“Data management general guidance,” 2019). This would help to ensure that project members can follow the plan correctly and have the knowledge necessary to prevent data abuse or leaks. Nevertheless, the document provides enough details on the types of data that will be produced, its origins, formats, and expected size which means that the plan fulfills most of the requirements.
Psychology achievement test PAT is mainly used in institutions to determine students’ knowledge in psychology. It is specifically the systematic analysis of an individual’s intelligence, character, knowledge and behavior. This paper will therefore show an example of a PAT, correct response in regard to the study of psychology and a specific systematic evaluation of a useful psychology achievement test. It will finalize by showing the reliability of this test in regard to psychology. To ensure a psychological achievement test is a good intelligence test, the examinees are put through a series of standardized assessments. These assessments are administered to individual candidates for maximum evaluation of everyone of the whole lot. This examination should also be done with a decision of a certain percentage. This percentage must be achieved to show a student is qualified. Instructions are also exposed to individuals and later questions are asked to ascertain what has been learned by the person. Behavioral samples should be used for the assessing of psychological knowledge. This knowledge is like the emotional functioning and the cognitive of each individual. Finally restrictions must also be put in place involving matters of ethics. This is for protection and secrecy of the tests as required by the psychology licensing board (Gorin & Embretson 400). To ensure the response is correct in regard to the study of psychology, the responses should be compiled into tables that allows for evaluation of mental functions and behavior. Collage freshmen should also be subjected to a systematic process to evaluate the usefulness of a psychological test. This test should be put in a form that addresses major issues. These issues range from intelligence, mannerism, brain functioning, personality and direct observation. In intelligence information must be presented showing personal and medical history. Tasks provided should range from general knowledge question answering, completion of puzzles and making of designs. Attitude test is used in assessment of individuals’ feelings about, people events and objects. These scales are mainly used to determine preferences for individuals through specific items. This can be done using Likert scale (Gorin & Embretson 406). Personality tests which comprise of objective and projective measures are also administered. These tests are either restricted to response format such as true or false or ones that allow freer type of response. Direct observation encompasses the observation of individuals as they complete activities. This helps understanding of the interaction of individuals with other people. This paper therefore shows that the psychology achievement test is a reliable test that is needed in the enrollment of psychology students. This is so as it helps in the examination of the mastery of individuals in odder to let them advance or retain them. Works Cited Gorin, Joanna and Embretson, Susan. “Item Difficulty Modelling of paragraph comprehension Items.” Applied Psychological Measuring , 30.5 (2006): 394-411. Print.
Health literacy is critical since, at any time in the patient’s life, they must discover, comprehend, and use health services and information. For an advanced practice nurse (APN), knowing whether patients have health literacy is important since the information enables the practitioner to match readability material level to verbal instructions (Logan and Siegel, 2017). Additionally, the significance and need for evaluating a patient’s health literacy influence the practitioner’s understanding of whether patients acknowledge their abilities relative to their requirements when it comes to compensating for their challenges using several coping strategies. The creation and sharing of health information that appears difficult to comprehend results in issues with health literacy. As an APN, acknowledging a patient’s inabilities is critical since it develops easy-to-follow steps when adhering to treatment plans (Logan and Siegel, 2017). The understanding helps solve communication issues that may result in unfamiliar, confusing, and conflicting steps to recovery. In the APN role, the importance and need for assessing health literacy in patients are implemented using evidence-based practice to improve the quality of care. APNs promote evidence uptake by developing clinical nurses’ skills and knowledge by facilitating change, teaching, role modeling, and problem-solving (Logan and Siegel, 2017). Relative to evaluating health literacy, evidence-based practice comes into play when APNs must organize how information is shared with the patient upon realizing their health literacy. Problem-solving is one of the evident uptake APNs practice, and once the practitioners understand their patient’s health literacy, they must give information that does not cause confusion and conflict. Patients must be made to comprehend the shared health information with ease, in a language they acknowledge based on their skills (Logan and Siegel, 2017). Further, APNs must work with their patients to help them familiarize themselves with health services and information and build their information literacy over time. Reference Logan, R. A., & Siegel, E. R. (2017). Health literacy: New directions in research, theory, and practice . IOS Press.
On my first day at the antepartum unit, I had three patients. The first patient was not pregnant; she came in for a digital examination after having preeclampsia childbirth. She noted that she had a slight headache, and her risk for postpartum preeclampsia was high due to her condition during delivery and her age – she gave birth at 35. This experience was notable to me, as postpartum preeclampsia is a rare and serious condition. Therefore, a nurse should be prepared in all spheres related to her specialization and consider patients’ needs during each visit. My two other patients were pregnant and had similar complications. One patient, a 37-year-old female, was 36 weeks pregnant and came in with a complaint of high blood pressure. The patient had a history of herpes, which did not appear to be present now, and human papillomavirus (HPV). The latter part of the patient’s records does not present much danger to the fetus, as there is no supported link between HPV and miscarriage or pregnancy complications. Nevertheless, the patient also had a 20-week loss, which could potentially inflict mental stress on her, negatively affecting her wellbeing. Upon examination, her blood pressure (BP) was 137/74, and she was alert and oriented x4. Overall, she appeared to be in good health with good fluid intake and no other concerns. The last patient I saw on that day also came in with concerns about high BP. The patient was 36 weeks and three days pregnant – at 36 weeks, she was admitted with a BP of 154/93, but on the day of the examination, her BP was 146/86. She did not have any history before the pregnancy that could raise the risks of miscarriage or other complications. However, several days ago, she had an incident where her contractions started prematurely before being sent back to the antepartum unit. Overall, her current condition is improving, although her BP still raises concerns about preeclampsia. By reviewing two similar cases, I saw the patterns in patients’ symptoms and was able to practice my examination and communication skills.
Creativity and intelligence originate from learning and memory which shows that they are interrelated factors that are indivisible from one another. The work of Nordvik, Schanke & Landro (2011) introduces readers to the concept of the interrelation between learning, memory, creativity and intelligence by suggesting that activities/actions that have been internalized by individuals through learning can actually be improved upon later on through memory retrieval resulting in a more efficient method of action and processing (Nordvik, Schanke & Landro, 2011). Nordvik, Schanke & Landro (2011) asserts that an individual’s cognitive ability has a predilection to seek a path of least resistance in order to accomplish a particular task. This results in what we know of today as efficiency which in turn is generated through the process known as creativity. From the perspective of Nordvik, Schanke & Landro (2011), creativity can be considered a long term biological adaptation which is meant to enable an individual to perform actions in increasing levels of efficiency until it has been determined that there is no longer a more efficient manner by which a task can be accomplished. In fact, Nordvik, Schanke & Landro (2011) even asserts that this cognitive predilection to seek a path of least resistance is not part of humanity’s exclusive domain; rather, it manifests itself in various animals as well. McCallum (2012) points to the creativity shown by invertebrates such as the octopus, the intelligence shown by dolphins as well as the adaptability of animals to recent changes in their environment (McCallum, 2012). One clear example of the cognitive predilection towards a path of least resistance can be seen in the case of various warnings issued to tourists who visit Yellowstone Park that state that they should not feed the animals. The reason behind this is connected to the cognitive path of least resistance wherein animals would become predilected towards eating food offered to them by humans since it would be far easier than hunting. Such an action is not part of their normal behavior and, as such, shows a level of creativity on their part. As such, it can be seen that there is a distinct interrelation between learned behavior, memory and creativity. In order to understand the correlation between intelligence and creativity, an examination of the work of Kinga & István (2012) on human intelligence is in order. Kinga & István (2012) explains that while intelligence and creativity are abstract concepts that have no definite form in the human mind (i.e. it is still being debated as to what specific mental processes produce intelligence and creativity), the fact remains that they are both interrelated (Kinga & István, 2012). Kinga & István (2012) explains that what we know of as intelligence is actually the accumulation of an individual’s learned behavior/experiences which manifest itself through memory retrieval. Basically, for Kinga & István (2012), the measure of
Introduction International business operates in more than one country, region or continent. The location of international business is an important factor to the performance of any international business. Punnett and Ricks proclaim that the location of any business depends on factors e.g. the raw materials location, the labor force, infrastructure, government laws and regulations, the target market and even the viability of expansion. Because of these factors, the location of a business must be scanned well as it will determine the costs of operation. The location of international business must also take into consideration the cultures as the beliefs and practices differ from region to region. International Business It is therefore categorical that the location of an international business has a heavy weight on the performance of the business. The first theory of international business location is the agglomeration theory (Hofstede, 99). The theory asserts that since companies and people are concentrated in the same places, the businesses should also be located in these regions. The location of companies should thus be placed where there are people. The theory capitalizes on the fact that people are important factors of production and therefore the success of the business depends on this production factors. The theory has several advantages. To begin with, businesses that are located where there are people will incur a small portion of their finances on the transportation of these goods. The target market will be closer to the company thereby making the transportation costs to be low. Another advantage of this theory is that the international business located where people are will be capable getting the required human factors of production. With these skills available for the company to utilize, the company will be in a position to improve the efficiency and therefore realize high returns. The high supply of labor will also enable the international business to get labor costs at low cost. This will further reduce the operation costs and thereby increase the business profits. Moreover, the location of people in the same place may mean that the cultures and beliefs will be shared. In circumstances where there arte diverse cultures, the international business will be forced to take a long time in order to segment its market and customize its products. The marketing department will also have to customize the promotion message in order to attract the varied interest. Wirth the same cultures and operations, 5the business will be in apposition to reduce the costs of product development and promotion, this will thus lead to increased returns. Strength of this theory is that with the location of production factors at the s
Introduction Kerala is a state in South India and it has received a lot of attention due to its unique situation regarding development. Like most other states in India, Kerala has a high population of more than 33 million people within an area of 38,863 square kilometres. The main issue that has put the state of Kerala at the centre of controversy in recent years is the perception shared by many scholars that the region’s performance in terms of economic development is poor especially in relation to the amount of progress that the state has made in the education sector. Most developing nations around the globe use education as a means of achieving their development goals. Sceptics use this notion as the basis for their argument, which essentially suggests that application of education, as a strategy to achieve economic development, is futile. However, another group of scholars holds a contrary opinion by suggesting that despite the view that educational expansion has done little to promote growth, people should not regard Kerala’s approach to promoting development as a failure. This paper explores the viability of the latter opinion through a discussion on the failures and successes that the education system has facilitated in various sectors of development in the state of Kerala. Brief background Most scholars recognise education as one of the main requirements for the achievement of social and economic development for any nation alongside other factors including political stability and adequate population. As such, most people expect regions with high literacy levels to experience matching levels in terms of economic development. The premise that educational progression results in economic progress is the main cause of criticism against Kerala’s development policies concerning education. Kerala has the best literacy levels in the region and one of the highest in the world with 93.9% of its population being literate. The state boasts of numerous schools offering both standard and higher education to resident of the region and some from other states in the country. Despite having such high literacy levels, the state’s economic growth is low, which raises questions concerning the viability of using educational progression as a strategy for economic development. Arguments for and against Kerala’s approach to development According to Szirmai (p.213, 2011), ‘education is both an end and a means to an end’. The end in this case is development. Therefore, in application, Szirmai’s statement implies that educat
Introduction One of the most common practices in terms of controlling and monitoring financial reporting is to examine both normal and abnormal financial accruals, as well as cash flow indicators to make a forecast concerning future earnings. However, because in the situation, where earnings management has already taken place, it is harder to distinguish whether the stock prices that are reported in those documents did not undergo the process of smoothing earnings. For that reason, Sloan attempts to analyze to which extent such components as information in financial accruals and cash flow elements can indeed be used as indicators of the financial performance of a particular company and, therefore, influence the prediction of the company’s future earnings. It is also important to point out that one of the most significant aspects, in this regard, is that in terms of earnings management, such components as stock prices defined from the accruals and stock prices based on cash flow indicators are not different in the extent to which they are managed. In other words, if earnings smoothing took place, both those components would be equally inaccurate for predicting the company’s future profits. Sloan in his article attempts to support and develop this idea based on the testable hypothesis using providing evidence. Hypothesis development It is paramount to have some benchmarks and tools in order to be able to estimate the organizational performance, power, and potential for future earnings. In common practice, the analysis of two types of financial reporting, such as financial accruals and cash flow, serve as such tools. Moreover, the researchers often emphasize the role of those two factors in making analysts’ forecasts and predicting the potential of a particular company in the future. There are, of course, different methods of evaluation, including various arbitrary services and amortization techniques. The main underlying factor of such type of valuation is that cash flow analysis and studying abnormal accruals are considered to be ultimately different in terms of smoothing earnings and representing information on the stock-related aspects. However, cash flow is associated with the current earnings performance of a particular company and its profitability, whereas the component of the accruals that also relate to the high earnings performance is less likely to be persistent in affecting the analysts’ predictions in the same way. Thus, given the fact that both cash flow analysis and accruals analysis can be attributed to the forecast on the matter of profitability, there is less distinction between them than it is commonly thought. However, on the other hand, it is important to analyze the reasons why their linkage to components to the level of current profitability of a particular company and future predictions about its performan