ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
To explore people’s attitudes towards local law enforcement, it is necessary to use qualitative data that will provide in-depth information concerning the issue. It is possible to consider such qualitative tools as interviews, focus group discussions, observations, and action research. The interview can be regarded as one of the most efficient methods that enable the researcher to examine people’s views, ideas, feelings, and so on. Interviewees share their ideas on the topic, and the process is guided by a set of prepared questions that can be extended (Maxfield, 2015). To address the research topic mentioned above, it is possible to run a number of interviews with several individuals. It is noteworthy that the number of participants is often quite limited due to the peculiarities of the research method and the need to analyze a vast amount of data to be analyzed. As for focus groups, this tool can also be employed. It is possible to recruit different representatives of the community and carry out one or several discussions (depending on the number of participants). This method enables the researcher to elicit the views and perspectives of a larger sample as compared to interviews (Maxfield, 2015). It can be more informative and open as people tend to reveal their perspectives and discuss different opinions. During discussions, life stories, feelings, concerns, and fears can be shared. As far as observations are concerned, this tool can be quite effective. For instance, the researcher can collect data when attending some public places (pubs, parks, and so on). The researcher can initiate discussions concerning people’s attitudes toward local law enforcement. Covert observations can help the researcher observe behaviors and identify some opinions of individuals in certain settings (Miller & Tewksbury, 2014). Nevertheless, some ethical issues arise as the participants do not even know that they take part in a study. Action research can also be utilized as a data collection method. Action research involves the planning and development of some interventions. At that, the researcher takes part in the intervention (Miller & Tewksbury, 2014). To explore people’s attitudes towards local law enforcement agencies, it is possible to develop an intervention that will involve the participation of law enforcement officers and people living in the community. The intervention can involve lectures and workshops on some topics (for example, police officers’ rights, individuals’ rights, and so on). People will inevitably reveal their attitudes in this or that way. Although all the four methods mentioned a
Introduction The drug war and class war by Froma Harrop discusses a serious and highly controversial issue of drug use. The author uses various literary techniques and rhetorical elements to convey his/her views to the readers. Analysing the essay one can see the characteristics of a motive language and sound features of statistics. It is clear that the essay considers various needs of the reader such as physiological needs, safety needs and Esteem needs. A reader can also find the elements of errors in this essay. Analyzing Froma Harrop’s essay gives various rhetorical elements such as language, connotation, statistics, examples and logical fallacies to the readers. Style of language The essay is about the illegal use of drugs and substances and the uneven application of drug laws which haunting the poor students for specific punishments. The essay provides many instances of the use of emotive language and it helps the reader to understand the social and cultural relevance of the issue that the contemporary discrimination by produce student’s use of drugs. One can see the author follows connotative language throughout the essay. The word ‘war’ in this essay can convey a real message to the readers. The word ‘war’ provides a number of allusions such as a legal war, social restrictions, judicial systems, racial discrimination. Euphemisms in the essay Euphemisms and other literary devices help to enrich the reader’s
Introduction One of the principal challenges for present-day healthcare requiring interventions is obesity, and it is especially critical when young people face it. The severity of their situation compared to other population groups is conditional upon the detrimental effects of adopted health behaviors on the future lives of individuals and their wellbeing (Martin et al., 2018). Moreover, the process of personality formation attributed to these years is complicated by the influence of society since people tend to stigmatize patients with these issues and cause social isolation (Pont et al., 2017). Therefore, this paper aims to examine obesity among children and adolescents, compare the corresponding national and state goals and their efficiency, consider available resources regarding the condition, and provide implications for clinical practice. Obesity in Children and Adolescents The problem of excessive weight in new generations is critical and well-studied by numerous scholars. They approach the subject from the perspectives of individuals’ physical activity and their eating patterns and strive to elaborate behavioral interventions for improving their functioning in society (Martin et al., 2018). The presence of overweight or obesity is determined by calculating one’s body mass index. It confirms the former state when at or above the 85th percentile and below the 95th percentile and the latter when at or above the 95th percentile for children and adolescents (“Defining childhood obesity,” 2018). As a result, this tool allows specialists to conclude on the need to provide care for some patients based on their assessment to promote the population’s health. The significance of the problem to the patient and healthcare community can be explained by the critical nature of the situation concerning the increasing numbers of people with obesity and the consequences of this condition. According to the statistics, it is prevalent in 19.3% of children and adolescents in the United States, which means that 14.4 million citizens are affected (“Childhood obesity facts,” 2021). This issue is generally becoming more common among low-income families, with a few exceptions (“Childhood obesity facts,” 2021). In turn, the factors adversely triggering the emergence of the problem include unhealthy eating patterns and behavior, and they lead to other health risks. The latter is high blood pressure, breathing issues, and social barriers, among others (“Childhood obesity causes and consequences,” 2021). From this perspective, the importance of addressing this challenge correlates with public health as a whole and, therefore, is a matter of interest for the field. The selection of the target group, which is children and adolescents, is conditional upon their particular characteristics distinguishing them from adults with obesity. They are connected to the ongoing process of socialization, which determines the future success of individuals as members of society. The neglect of this aspect of their health status lea
In the chapter “Ideology and Terrorism: Rights from Wrongs?” Synthis Combs tries to examine the causes of terrorism and their transformation throughout time. Thence, the author strives to point out the ever-lasting motives as well as those triggers that have recently appeared. A particular emphasis is put on the problem of justification. Otherwise stated, Combs tries to determine whether violence provoked by other violence can be justified from a moral standpoint. First and foremost, Combs points out that the character of modern terrorism is different from that existing a few centuries ago, even though their cause is similar. Hence, the main distinguishing trait of the new terrorism is that it is targeted at the guilty parties but applied to innocent groups. Combs reminds that violence would be initially applied to the cause of the problems, whether it was the government or external aggressors (36). At the current point, it is applied to citizens – those people who are not considered to be guilty even in the terrorists’ opinion. Therefore, terrorist philosophy has changed significantly. Today, it is not the state that is the victim but a “third party whose injury or death is intended to hurt or frighten” the targeted politicians (Combs 37). To illustrate the changes that the concept of terrorism has undergone, Combs compares it to the anarchist violence in Russia and the USA, showing, in such a manner, that the latter would not target a third party as a victim. Therefore, the author believes that the so-called “revolution violence” has gradually transformed into what is now called “terrorism” (Combs 39). As soon as the transformation has completed, terrorism became inadmissible from the legislative perspective. Otherwise stated, revolution violence could be explained and partially justified by the people’s will to fight for their rights. Also, as it has been already mentioned above, it was targeted directly at the state. Terrorism, in its turn, cannot be justified as it involves third parties – innocent civil people. Speculating upon violence, Combs points out that it is intolerable notwithstanding the motives and causes. In the meantime, the author agrees that it is sometimes hard to distinguish between acceptable and intolerable violence. Hence, Combs provides the example of Nazi Germany that was proclaimed to be the universal evil. Combs notes that bombing the Germans led to the numerous deaths of innocent citizens, even though its motives were justified (41). Another critical problem elucidated in the chapter is the right of nations for self-determination. Thus, the author admits the necessity for such a right, pointing out, meanwhile, that its realization signifies inevitable violence. Combs refers to the example of the conflict between Palestine and Israel to show the ambiguity of this problem (42). A significant part of Combs’s speculations is devoted to the so-called “religious terrorism.” First and foremost, the author points out that this phenomenon appeared a long time ago. Thus, it would be wron
Introduction Nowhere is the quality of education is as important as it is in the domain of education. By successfully engaging in research projects, it is possible to improve the structure of the education system, thereby ensuring that it helps to develop successful career researchers who are capable of contributing to their respective fields. Thus, the future production and analysis of scientific evidence hinge on the recognition of the complex nature of educational research, its purpose, and key strategic and ethical principles associated with it. By understanding the epistemological, methodological, and ethical elements of research in the field of education, it is possible to guarantee that its quality approaches levels established by “empirical traditions of the social sciences” (Erickson et al., 2006, p. 33). Unfortunately, the question of what constitutes acceptable education research is open to debate. The aim of this paper is to provide a coherent debate on the principles of good research in education. The paper will analyze and criticize Martin and Firestone’s positions on the issue and compare them to the standards for reporting educational research issued by the American Educational Research Association (AERA). It will be argued that good research should be driven the desire to improve the well-being of involved social groups as conceptualized by the said groups. Discussion Hostetler’s Position Hostetler (2005) argues that education researchers have a moral obligation not only to improve the overall quality or educational studies but also to serve people. The latter presupposes a rigorous analysis of the educational model with the aim of “accomplishing something worthwhile” (Hostetler, 2005, p. 21). In the scholar’s article on education research, ‘worthwhile’ is foregrounded as the promotion of human well-being. Hostetler (2005) maintains that the pursuit of the improvement of the human condition should be of immediate concern even for those researchers whose inquiry is not directly related to social well-being. The scholar’s position rests on three pillars. The first is the emphasis on the questioning of whether human good is “good for these people, at this time, in this situation” (Hostetler, 2005, p. 20). The second element of his argument is that good education research should produce new questions, thereby expanding the knowledge horizon of an inquirer. The third pillar of his position is the acknowledgment of limitations of one’s knowledge. Critique Upon carefully analyzing Hostetler’s approach to the quality in the field of educational research, it is possible to summarize his position on the issue as utilitarian. The scholar does not explicitly admit that his argument is based on the philosophical theory of morality known as utilitarianism. However, he acknowledges that the pursuit of well-being is conceptually connected to utilitarianism. It would be unreasonable to criticize Hostetler’s position for its adherence to utilitarian principles based on their alleged distastefulness, impracticality, insufficiency, and impossibility. It has to do with the fact that these criticisms have been thoroughly dismantled by t
Introduction Geographic profiling, applies Geographic Information tools to assist law enforcement officers map out crime, establish where law offenders may be living or working, track telephone calls, among other functions. Before this technique was introduced, investigators employed paper maps as a means of tracking offenders. These paper pins were accompanied by color pin downs that identified the location where the crime had been committed. It approximately took 4 to 5 crime analysts each week to refresh these plots. The major disadvantage was that after this complex process was finished, the map became outdated and hence required another process of updating it (Brantingham, 1984). The situation has changed as now no less than thirteen percent of all the departments are utilizing the geographical profiling to either resolve crimes or thwart them. Geographical profiling has essentially changed the manner in which investigators analyze crime and its additional dynamics. It furnishes detectives with an investigative capability that was unheard of before. Geographic profiling connects databases that include all forms of data. These data could be in the form of addresses, durations, occurrences and sites. This information can also be accompanied with statistical representations on crime activities to identify models, movement, and collections of unlawful acts (Canter, 2003). Detectives are also exploiting the power of geographical profiling tools to plot criminal’s ways and activities to generate charts that track unlawful activities instantaneously. This is a big boost to crime fighting as criminals can be apprehended much faster thus reducing their chances of committing other crimes (MacKay, 1999 December). In the past, investigators had to have crammed link reports. This made prevention very hard especially in cases where the geography was complex and criminals were shifting quickly. D.C. Sniper Case The hunt for the snipers who threatened the residents of Washington, D.C. was another famous example of law enforcers exploiting the capabilities of geographical mapping to connect thirteen different hits that took place in a span of some weeks and happened in a number of states. In 2002, in a span of three weeks, individuals staying all the way from Maryland to Virginia were being murdered as they doing routine activities such as filling up their vehicles in petrol stations. The country bec
History and Epidemiology of ACTIQ The origin of ACTIQ can be traced to the 1960s when chemist Paul Janssen created fentanyl. Initially, fentanyl was used as an anesthetic because it could produce analgesia without making patients unconscious. Further developments saw the drug gain advance into different forms such as the fentanyl citrate (ACTIQ/oral transmucosal fentanyl citrate (OTFC). While ACTIQ was still being researched, a company named Anesta Corp was accused of publicizing the drug while at the development stage. The drug caused a stir in the cancer care world where it was lauded as the answer to breakthrough cancer pain (BTCP). True to the expectations, ACTIQ possessed an immaculate ability to arrest cancer pain within minutes of it being administered. ACTIQ, also commonly abbreviated as OTFC, is a narcotic (opioid) drug that is prescribed as pain medication for cancer patients who experience BTCP. BTCP has remained a major challenge to cancer patients for a long time. It is particularly worrying because it defies the ordinary cancer pain medication that patients are often prescribed. Patients who are tolerant of normal cancer pain medication are considered eligible for ACTIQ prescriptions. Despite taking at least 60 mg of morphine or 30 mg of oxycodone daily, such patients do not experience pain relief. Therefore, ACTIQ provides quick relief to breakthrough cancer pain by helping patients to manage this condition. Ordinary painkillers cause a “hurt respite gap”, which is the difference in time between when throbbing reprieve medication is taken and when the patient experiences pain relief. From the onset of its discovery, ACTIQ posed a major risk of being abused. Strictly, the drug is prescribed for cancer patients with breakthrough pain. However, due to its potent capabilities, ACTIQ can be appealing to people who experience different forms of acute pain. The drug is known to be fatal, particularly, to children. It can also pose serious health threats to adults. Notwithstanding, researchers are locked in efforts to determine the usability of ACTIQ to treat chronic non-cancer pain (Webster, Chun, Reinking, Stegman, & Taylor, 2013). The Pharmacology: How ACTIQ Works in the System As noted earlier, ACTIQ is a fast-acting prescription drug that arrests pain within minutes of administration. It is normally prescribed after the normal morphine dosage fails to curb cancer BTP. The fast
When George W. Bush entered the White House in 2001, he promised to embrace the Powell Doctrine and employ the military only to clear threats to America’s public interests. Following the attacks of the 9/11, however, anger overcame him and he distorted his humble foreign policy to a president who sought to kick evil out of the world and create democratic societies. Instead of George W. Bush focusing on the interests of Latin America, as he had promised, the President started the road to war in Iraq. America often used Latin America as a ground to display its power. At the start of the twenty-first century, wealth inequality in Latin America was at an all-time high. This was partly because Reagan and his successors introduced developmental models that did not succeed to offer better health care, education, and food. By 1996, the total number of impoverished persons in Latin America grew to a full third of the population (165 million people). As of 2005, four years after George W. Bush took over power, 221 million citizens in Latin America lived below the poverty line. A comparison between development levels in countries of the Middle East, particularly Iran and Syria, with countries in Central America leaves one wondering why the United States had to involve itself in the Middle East while its neighbor Latin America was in wretchedness. In terms of education, for instance, illiteracy in Iran was 20.6% of the total population and 23.1% in Syria. On the other hand, 29.4% of the population in Guatemala and 32.5% in Nicaragua were in 1990. As from 1976, there have been oppositions in the form of riots and global campaigns due to the misery that engulfs Latin America. Bolivians have protested to maintain control over their water and gas; Ecuadorians have sued oil corporations for polluting their environment; Amazon Indians have fought the patenting of medicinal plants by chief pharmaceutical companies. These are just but a few illustrations of the political activism that has turned America into a critical center of the anti-globalization movement. All these movements are open to integration, but they resist the type of corporate integration that Washington imposes on them. The sundry and often opposing constituencies that makeup Latin America’s new left fight owing to their desire to function while free from U.S. control. During George W. Bush campaigns in 2000, he promised to listen to Latin American leaders and not harass them to follow U.S expectations. Nevertheless, the bully is what he did following the 9/11 attack. When the Venezuelan president, Hugo Chavez, condemned the International Monetary Fund model, the White House offered its support to schemers who tried to overthrow him in 2002. Besides, the United States restores the heavy-handed strategies of the Cold War. For example, the U.S. deployed Otto Reich, a Central American crusader, and the old Iran-Contra hand to direct th
Introduction To begin with, it should be stated that negotiations is the integral part of any cooperation. The fact is that, the concept of negotiations presupposes particular behavior of the opponents, independently on their attitude towards each other, thus, there are specific rules and principles of behavior. The phases of negotiations, which are originally defined, presuppose the particular principles, which should be incorporated. The aim of this paper is to discuss and analyze the phases of negotiations, give an example of actions, which should be taken, and discuss the pros and cons of each type of frame, used for the negotiation process. Phases Originally, all the negotiations are divided into three main phases: preparation, negotiations and analysis. Taking into consideration the negotiations on the matters of Chevrolet and Volvo Alliance, it should be stated that the preparation phase is the fundamental, as only properly prepared negotiations may be properly arranged, held and terminated. This phase presupposes the collection of the necessary information, studying the opponent and the subject of the negotiations. Moreover, in order to arrange smooth negotiations, there is strong necessity to study the negotiation style of the opponent (in order to know all the tips and tricks, which may be used) and elaborate several alternatives of the negotiation course, if the key course will reach the dead end. (Ury, 2001) The next phase is the negotiations as is. It is divided into several steps:   * Setting the tone. Participants should clearly define and state their positions and aims, which they pursue. This step also presupposes the explaining of the possible benefits for the opponents.   * The next step is the exploring of the needs, which form the basis of the positions and interests, explained in the previous step. The opposite party does the same, and the conflicting points are defined. Nevertheless, if such points appear, there is strong necessity to develop creative alternatives without losing the win-win focus. Then, the tactics may be neutralized if necessary.   * After the interests have been defined, the parties represent their starting positions in the refining step. The first sketches of the agreement are made.   * The final step is the reviewing the results of the negotiations. Parties make the final amendments, and formalize the reached consent. The final phase is the phase of reviewing the course and the results of the negotiations. Both parties analyze their mistakes and achievements, and define whether the negotiations were successful. If all the de