ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Global climate can be referred to as the information of humidity, atmospheric pressure, temperature, wind, atmospheric particle count, rainfall and other meteorological elements in the world recorded over a long period of time (Thornthwaite, 1948). Biologists and astronauts have argued that climate change assumptions rather than facts, and computer modeling rather than real-world observations, underpin political attempts to combat climate change. Existing data recorded in the past, both ecological and geographical, indicate that climate change is an environmental, social and economic challenge on a global scale (IPCC, 2007). Scientists who address the natural, economic, and sociological characteristics of climate change are mainly concerned about the direction or the timing of changes. In an attempt to discover the role technology can play in the research of climate change, several approaches have been recommended by the UN’s Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). One of the greatest challenges that the computer scientists are facing is coming up with technological solutions to climate change. The risks and vulnerability of developing countries (especially in Africa) by uncertain and complex climate change disasters is largely attributed to lack of modern equipment and human resource. Case analysis The UN’s Intergovernmental Panel on climate change (2007) revealed that the global average surface air temperature has increased considerably since 1970. It is estimated that the change in the normal temperature, of the Earth’s surface is mainly based on measurement from thousands of weather stations, ships and buoys around the world, as well as from satellites. The amount of rainfall across the globe is not distributed evenly. The normal distribution of rainfall across regions is primarily influenced by atmospheric circulation patterns, the availability of moisture, and surface terrain effects. Various researchers have argued that the several elements of climate have been exacerbated by human induced actions such as: the widespread use of land, the broad scale deforestation, the major technological and socioeconomic shifts with reduced reliance on organic fuel, and accelerated uptake of fossil fuels. Climate resilient development has received increasing recognition in the discourse of poverty and environmental problems. This was largely upheld by the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), which aims at stabilization of greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system (IPCC, 2007). The approaches that have been used in the past to tackle climate change have evolved over the past regimes from political science arena, to the conference of parties (COP) negotiations and finally targets and timetables approach. The most recent and innovative approach of use of technology was last considered during the Kyoto protocol. Use of technology in addressing climate change will not only provide reliable information to all th
Introduction Poverty reduction has been an important issue in the advancement of welfare economics. However, welfare economists have traditionally excluded the conception of poverty as a capability deprivation phenomenon. Instead, common perceptions of poverty in welfare economics conceived poverty as an income issue. Many people have had varying views about the nature of poverty and its potential causes. Such attempts center on alleviating poverty as a development policy agenda. These attempts have also focused on understanding poverty as an income issue. However, some modern researchers say that poverty is multidimensional. Therefore, the one-sided understanding of poverty as an income issue fails to capture the important human requirements that characterize poverty. Through the analysis of a Nobel laureate in economics, Sen (1), and his colleague, Nussbaum (33), this paper demonstrates that poverty is a phenomenon of basic capability deprivation, as opposed to its conception as a low-income phenomenon. This argument suffices albeit the acknowledgement that low-income is equally a cause of capability deprivation (Sen 1). Broadly, this paper explains the ten specific capabilities of Nussbaum (33) as supporting evidence to the arguments proposed by Sen (1), which show that poverty is the deprivation of capabilities (as opposed to a phenomenon of low income). Finally, this paper illustrates the importance of understanding poverty as a capability approach phenomenon, through the success of an antipoverty program (documented in a story titled, Swamp Nurse ). Low Income and Poverty Prevalence Common perceptions about poverty have always premised on the principle that impoverished lives are the result of low income. Sen (1) however says people should view the role of low income (in causing an impoverished life) as an instrumental factor in the spread of poverty, as opposed to an end. The capability approach is therefore intrinsically important in understanding poverty and its role in introducing low quality life. Sen (1) explains that income levels constitute only part of a series of other factors that generate capabilities. Moreover, other variables like age, location, family characteristics, and individual characteristics also affect income levels (Sen 2). For example, handicapped people are not fully empowered to earn as much income as people who are not handicapped. Moreover, even if handicapped people have a stable income, they are unable to convert such income into useful capabilities (Sen 2). This example helps to decipher the understanding regarding “real” poverty because “real” poverty manifests when a person’s capability to live a decent life diminishes. Income distribution within the family setup also provides a similar analysis as that witnessed above. For example, if a family enjoys adequate income, but practices sex bias (say, against girls); it is highly likely that such income will not directly translate to capabilities (Sen (2). Sen (2) explains the commonality of this situation in most parts of Asia and North Africa because most fami
Introduction According to Locke, man has not been bestowed with any authority to dominate his offspring or the world, and if at all he does, then the offspring do not have a right to such dominion. According to this theory, there is no natural law or a low from God that determines the rightful successor of such authority and dominion and even if it was there, it could be lost by now. He therefore holds the view that world rulers should not enjoy such privileges and those who rule with force, violence and anarchy should be replaced. Political power should be geared towards ensuring the wellbeing of the people. Laws are therefore supposed to be enacted with the offenders having to face the consequences whether it is the death penalty or other penalties so as to ensure the safety of others. This is supposed to punish him and be a warning to other criminals. Civil Governance The theory stipulates that equality should be paramount and power and jurisdiction should be reciprocal with no subordination or subjection. This is because all people are born in this natural world using the same faculties. Under such equality, people should show each other love and derive the principles of charity and justice. Locke observes that a person can only receive as much love as he/she gives. If one is an offender then he/she should not expect any love in return but a measure of the harm the person will have caused others. This is evident in these words from section 5: “how should I look to have any part of my desire herein satisfied, unless I be careful to satisfy the like desire.” The liberty that people have is not a license for a person to do as he/she wants with his/her life or those under him. One is for instance forbidden from taking his/her own life or mishandling those under him/her as one cannot claim to own another person as though the person was property.This can be found in section 63. One is not allowed to kill another person unless it is under the administration of justice as it is in the case of capital punishment. This is because everyone is under the rule of the omnipresent God who is the only one with the ability to determine how long a person should live. The theory has often been perceives as falling short of full democracy as it allows capital punishment hence denying the offender the right to life. The offender if given a chance to reform is likely to change for the better yet killing such a person might not do any good to him/her at all. The theory allows a person to revenge incase he/she is offended so as to restrain the occurrence of such an offence. This is likely to cause anarchy as multiple revenges might only lead
Stories should be an authentic experience for readers, and for the authors to bring this realism, they use themes, characters, subplots, and symbolism. One of the simplest methods in a story analysis is symbolism. It is significant as it turns a typical place, person, color and object into something beyond literal. For instance, white represents purity, shackles symbolize slavery, and babies represent unlimited potential and innocence. The symbols are universal as people have similar ideologies about them. However, signs can also have individual meaning that interrelates to a specific character in the story. Thus, whether the symbol implies a certain feeling or is universal, it can add a layer that draws readers deeper into a story. Symbolism reflects in the stories “Young Goodman Brown,” “A Good Man Is Hard to Find,” and “A&P” through the use of strangers in their plots. In Flannery O’Connor’s “A Good Man Is Hard to Find,” she uses writing skills such as symbolism to get across different themes to the readers. The story revolves around the grandmother, with a somewhat artificial sense of goodness, and a criminal who symbolizes evil. The stranger in this peculiar literature is the misfit who brings out the theme that everyone has shortcomings and inadequacies. He has taken time to examine his experiences and consider the actions which he has learned lessons from them (Hani 50). The author uses the misfit to reveal the self-awareness that the grandmother lacks. The misfit acts according to his beliefs and has a more steady view of life than the grandmother, whose moral code falls apart when challenged. The story’s plotline speculates that the grandmother exempts her self-righteousness while she is no better than the misfit himself. In “Young Goodman Brown,” the wretch resembles an ordinary man, which suggests that everyone has the capacity for evil. The story is about how Goodman Brown journeys to the woods where he meets a man who is persuading him they go together. But Brown is reluctant until he finds his wife’s ribbon, which makes him lose his faith. The stranger in the story is a man whom Hawthorne addresses as decently dressed and resembles all other men in the village (Kharbutli and Al-Omoush 53). The presentation of the man in the plotline was to facilitate the downfall of Goodman Brown. He symbolizes that the prince of darkness can appear in any form and not necessarily out of place. The emphasis on evil being a chameleon in nature p
Experience with SAMA In my previous job, I was instructed to monitor security risks and immediately report them. As it is required by Cyber Security Framework Saudi Arabian Monetary Authority, all potential risks were documented. However, in some cases, they could be accepted if they did not contradict the regulations. My duties required me to constantly check for risk identification documents as they provided information on whether a certain risk was accepted or not. Experience with Cyber Security & Data Privacy Another one of my duties was the obligation to preserve the confidentiality of customers’ information assets. As I had access to a large amount of data regarding deposits and customers’ accounts, I was also exposed to the personal information of the bank’s clients. Under no circumstance was I allowed to disclose this information. Failure to do so was perceived as a severe violation and could result in fines and further penalties. I was also contractually obligated to prevent cyber security threats. An important part of the job was done on computers and other devices, which were connected by a network. All-access had to be authorized in order to prevent any unidentified foreign presence. In order to eliminate the risk of virus exposure or data theft, I was required to ensure that every device I used for work was authorized and trustworthy. Experience with ISO 27001 Knowing the ISO 27001 standard was essential for safely operating with customers’ accounts and deposits. As such, I have knowledge of such control measures as physical access controls and firewall policies. Subsequently, I am skilled at risk identification since I am aware of the types of possible cyber threats, monitoring procedures, and incident management. As a result, I am fully eligible for ISO 27001 certification if such a need arises. Work Cited “Cyber Security Framework Saudi Arabian Monetary Authority.” Saudi Central Bank , Web.
TYCO is one of the leading companies operating in four main business areas: electronics, fire safety and security, health care, and fluid control (TYCO Home Page 2008). In this company, the planning function of management has a great impact on everyday operations and market performance. In common planning function of management demands the ability of managers to set goals for the organization as well as defining tasks and use of capital needed to attain them. Aims and strategies issues are the final goals of a planned set of activities. The remarkable feature of the planning function of management in TYCO is that all planning takes place within the context of the organization’s philosophy. The well-developed mission statement determines the fundamental exceptional purpose that sets TYCO apart from other companies of its type and defines where the company wants to be in the next 5 to 7 years. TYCO operates on the global market marked by fierce competition and constant changes. For this reason, TYCO uses planning as one of the main tools which help it to reach the stated goals and objectives. The implementation of strategy occurs at all levels of the organization, including both corporate and individual departments (TYCO Home Page 2008). To that end, each unit and team of the company match and support one another in order to improve the planning process (Boone and Kurtz 2002). At the beginning of the 21st century, legal issues, ethics, and corporate social responsibility become the core of any business. Legal issues involve industry requirements and product quality, product standards, and international regulations. The globalization of economic activity has forced TYCO to carefully consider its economic policies. The usual drive behind such regulatory and fiscal changes in the perceived inadequacy of current economic activity and government-protected large bureaucracies. One of the vivid examples of legal issues is TYCO’s compliance with the international price regulations. Operating on a global scale, TYCO follows international regulations and principles (Corporate Social Responsibility n.d.). For TYCO it is more in keeping with performance-based international principles and legal norms — that is, to develop rewards and incentives for efficient resource management. TYCO develops its plans and strategies in accordance with international legislation and market demands. An example of ethical issues is fair treatment of all customers and positive relations with both customers and suppliers. TYCO follows the deontological approach of ethics based on the idea of highnesses of intentions. An example of corporate social responsibility is compliance with environmental rules and deregulations in production and manufacturing (Boone and Kurtz 2002). The company’s strategic, tactical, operational, and contingency planning is influenced by internal and external environments including market conditions and social relations. The main factors which influence stra
What is memory consolidation? The conversion of labile memory into a more permanent one is understood as memory consolidation. The permanent memory however is liable to frequent reactivation and recall which constitute reconsolidation. Recent trends have changed the previous view of a single speedy process of consolidation to one which involves the stages of stabilization, enhancement, and integration lasting over the years. The processes are believed to occur during the wake-sleep states. Each recall is believed to shift the memory back to unstable form and a reconsolidation occurs to remodel the memories. The initially encoded memories keep improving with each recall. The processes of consolidation and reconsolidation involve molecular, cellular, and system-level processes. Memory is declarative and non-declarative. The memory stages start with a fast initial coding taking milliseconds or seconds when it is prone to lose or change. Consolidation involving protein synthesis is necessary to maintain it as long-term memory. Electroconvulsive shock (ECS) and protein synthesis inhibitors have proved that consolidation occurred during sleep at night. Consolidation has the power to improve memory and thereby accuracy of performance even without practice. For an initial period of stabilization, the consolidation process causing enhancement of a motor learning task was 10 times the stabilization time. For a visual discrimination task, it lasted 2 days. The stabilization process allows the memory to last for years. Recall would make the memory labile again. It then undergoes reconsolidation to maintain it the same or in a better condition. If the destabilized memory is not stabilized, it fails or maybe inaccessible to recall. Short-term memory which is mediated through Ca+ influxes will not be adequate for long-term purposes. Similarly, processes that support long-term memory like protein synthesis cannot be rapidly encoded for short-term memory. Episodic memories which are made possible by special network structures will not be able to support other types of memory. Consolidation processes are believed to facilitate behavior through offline memory organization. Role of Sleep The brain does not remain in a single physiological state all through the day; neural and metabolic activity occurs in diverse proportions during the states of wake and sleep. Sleep is further divided into REM (rapid eye movement) and non-REM (nonrapid eye movement) stages which alternate all through sleep. The distinct stages have differing neurochemical and physiological changes. Some stages of memory development are believed to occur during sleep and others can occur even when awake. Motor memory can occur when awake. However, the enhancement phases of moto
In psychoanalysis of Lacanian theory and practice, is evidence of symbolism, imagery and reality as the story develops. In fact, the story is primarily developed through these aspects of literature. However, all these have a close relationship and conciseness with other forms of psychoanalytic literature. The purpose of this analysis is to provide a critical evaluation of Lacanian theory and practice. In addition, the discussion describes how this theory relates to other psychoanalytic theories such Freudian theory, especially in its analysis relating to childhood Phobia. Not Much support has been given in the story that can actually be analysed based on Freudian theory. This is shown in the story where Hans’s father familiarises himself with the Oedipus complex (Kovacevic, 2003). This evidently shows that Hans had some imagination. In this case, he had fantasies in which he saw his mother entering into a marriage with him. Though Hans never had full knowledge of the complex, there was a possibility that he knew it existed. Freud uses symbolism and imagery, which is connected to the actual events as White (2008) asserts. Hans has a strong fear of horses with a ‘black mouth’. This symbolizes his father’s well-developed moustache. The story also states that Hans feared horses that had blinkers, which in this case symbolizes the father, who wore spectacles. Looking at his father’s skin, it resembled a horse because it was white. This symbolizes his father’s white skin that was also lovely. Several points tend to describe Freud’s view. For instance, in this story, Hans has fantasies of him and his mother indicating that he was sexually attracted to her. This is one indication that he was ready to eliminate his father, which actually prompted him to kill his father (Nitzgen, 2011). His sexual desire towards his mother brought a feeling of anxiousness when his feelings became real. To find a change of expressing his real feelings towards his mother, he pretended to be sick in order to draw her attention. The story ends with his fear towards the father diminishing after resolving his ‘Oedipus complex’ (Daiello et al, 2006). To evaluate this story, the fact that Hans had sexual desire towards the mother is arguable because there is little evidence that he wanted to have sex with her. Despite this, Freud states in the story that “…..by telling him of the existence of the vagina and of copulation”. The only evidence shown is that he only desired a contact with her, which in this case can be described as less sexual in nature. It can therefore be argued that the Oedipus complex could have been healed by ‘simple primitive’ contact (Schwartz, n.d). Relating to Lacanian, women have been used as imagery because they are perceived to be objects of pleasure. A good example is depicted by Mulvey in his formulation of a male gaz.