ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction The American’s With Disabilities Act (ADA) and the Affirmative Action were instituted to counter inequality. The ADA was instituted to offer civil rights protection to Americans with disabilities. ADA ensures equal opportunities for people with disabilities in government services and public accommodation. On the other hand, affirmative action was meant to introduce people of various races, genders, religious affiliations, and ethnic groups into workplaces and occupations where they were previously missing (Capaldi 15). This essay seeks to analyze both the ADA and affirmative Action and how they affect diverse populations. Affirmative Action Affirmative action is a concept that comes up frequently in day-to-day life. This subject comes up in workplaces, government organizations, educational settings, and even in performance arts. Calls for affirmative action began in the civil rights movements’ era. However, the term Affirmative Action was first used in 1961 through an order signed by President Kennedy (Capaldi 48). The concept was later amended to include women in the concept. During the 1996 general election, it was an issue of concern with republicans calling for its abolishment. According to them, Affirmative Action was reverse racism. The State of California removed affirmative action in its statutes in 1997. Affirmative action was touted under the banner; equal opportunity for all. However, marginalized populations are still reeling in poverty a few decades after affirmative action. Some have argued that the government put affirmative action in place and then forewent its responsibility of combating poverty among marginalized populations. Affirmative action just inducts a few members of minority groups into the system. On the contrary, a sizable majority of the same population is locked out thus making this concept quite ineffective. For affirmative action to work, another group of the population has to be discriminated against. For instance, the reason African-Americans were included in the affirmative action was to compensate them after centuries of social injustices. However, now whenever an African American is offered a job under affirmative action, there probably is an equally qualified white American being passed over. This, some argue, is unwarranted discrimination. Affirmative action may serve as an encouragement for medi
The valence effect of spanking is a controversial subject as the views of some parents and scholars collide. Most of the parents raised in homes that permitted spanking believe that spanking elicits a positive behavior change in children, which stems from their conventional wisdom. As a result, they embrace and continue with the trend. However, scholars perceive otherwise (Gershoff et al.). This paper seeks to critique the prediction by Gershoff et al., which states that “the hypothesized causal pathway (spanking is harmful to children) is plausible and coherent with existing facts about spanking and its harmful effects” (627). Authors’ Reasons for the Assumption To better understand the root of the hypothesis, it is essential to first understand the meaning of technical terms presented, plausibility and coherence. The term “plausibility,” as used in this context, refers to reasonability. Spanking is only considered reasonable if it is helpful to the child; that is, it elicits a positive behavior change. On the other hand, “coherence” refers to consistency, which is whether the cause-and-effect of spanking evaluated in research shows a character with that of conventional wisdom. Gershoff et al. begin by acknowledging that spanking indeed results in the change of behavior in a child. However, less is known about the nature of the change, whether positive or negative. As a result, the authors predict that spanking has a resultant harmful effect on the child, on which they support their hypothesis with several reasons. Overall, these reasons presented were obtained from the analysis of several scholarly articles; hence, guaranteeing their credibility. The first reason for the assumption was that their hypothesis should not be dismissed simply because it is incoherent with conventional wisdom. Parents have their definition and specific belief of effective parenting, which is guided by their cultural histories of physical punishment (Gershoff 628). Their past and culture emphasize the importance of spanking that arguably yields positive changes. Nevertheless, Gershoff et al. evidences the gaps and elicits doubts in their conviction by referring to a study by Hill, which delineates the thin line between research and conventional wisdom (628). Gershoff et al. further narrow down to defend their hypothesis by presenting previous research that had been conducted and proven their hypothesis. The results of these studies found out that spanking, as a form of physical punishment, is associated with more problematic behavior in children (628). Moreover, these studies consisted of decades of correlational research, therefore, suggesting that the harmful nature of spanking is concrete and has not changed and will not change over time. Finally, Gershoff et al. support their hypothesis by comparing spanking to other forms of beating (628). There is no lesser pain when comparing different forms of be
Executive Summary The Lincoln Sports Management Team has to decide on the best alternative between the continuation of the limited production and full production of the new cleats. The financial analysis suggests that the second alternative would make economic sense and should be adopted. This means that full production should be favored to limited production. The calculations indicate that limited production has a positive NPV only in the optimistic market scenario, while full production has a positive NPV in all scenarios. Moreover, the cost for goods sold under the full production is based at 64% of all sales or a profit of $10.08 per cleat. On the other hand, the cost is 67% with a profit margin of $9.24 per cleat. The ENPV value also suggests that a full production option would be ideal for the team. Specifically, the NPV for full production is $542,703 and -$173,435 for limited production. When the tests are subjected to different scenarios following adjustments in each scenario, the full production alternative would still give the best results as compared to the limited production option. For instance, under the base case scenario, the sales remained at $28 per unit for both cases. The same scene is depicted in the pessimist scenario, where the sales increased by 2% per unit. In the optimistic scenario, there was a 6% price per unit increase for both cases. Lastly, the guess best scenario presented a sale price increase by 4%. The unit sales also went up by 110% on new cleats and 120% on old cleats. In this scenario, the cost of production for the full option is 64% while that of limited production is 66%. At the same time, the cost of old cleats is 70%. Based on the results of the analysis, Lincoln Sports should consider the optimistic scenario because it brings positive profits, irrespective of the market testing and market conditions in the production of new cleats. Introduction The Lincoln Sports Management Team is faced with a decision-making challenge on the sustainability of the New Cleat project. Specifically, the team is interested in establishing the best alternative to take between full and limited production of the new cleats from a financial perspective. Specifically, the team wants to know the probability of success or failure of the two alternatives to adopt the soundest business project. The decision-making process will be angled on the sunk cost of production in each alternative, profit margin, and differences in the number of units sold for each assumption scenario. This analytical paper presents an evaluation of these two alternatives using different financial tools to establish the best option for the company. The analytical tools to be used include operating cash flow, networking capital, free cash flow, and expected net present
There are various wireless technologies that are beneficial to the Party Plates Organization. The wireless network devices are important because of their extensive application. These devices can be integrated into the various departments to improve the daily organizational activities. Some of the applications of wireless technology include wireless energy transfer, mobile telephones, computer interface devices, security systems, and wireless data communications. The devices proposed in this paper major on the security systems and the wireless data communications. In a bid to improve technology in the building, it is important to implement the wireless security devices. The organization should also integrate the computing devices to easily access the internet. This can be achieved through the installation of Wi-Fi in the organization (Caputo , 2010 ). Security will be enhanced in the organization if it implements wireless technology. The current security system is made up of cameras that are linked to the other components through long cables. Implementing the wireless security system will do away with these cables while increasing the level of efficiency. Wireless security cameras are easy to install and convenient. The process of data transfer between these security cameras and other components of the security system is fast. This is important in the overall efficiency of the security system (Caputo , 2010 ) . The system will be able to get accurate footage faster. Security personnel will also enjoy improved communications as the new system will be able to relay information through the different links quickly. The wireless security cameras also come with a user friendly manual. Unlike the old fashion cable cameras, the advanced wireless security systems are easy to use and contain a lot of options. The disadvantages of these cameras are mainly manifested in the price and durability. The cameras are expensive to obtain and they do not last long. The cameras are also easy to hack into since the level of their security system is low. Wireless security cameras have a high cost of maintenance (Mueller, 2005). In the event the company should install Wi-Fi, there are a number of advantages it will enjoy. Wi-Fi will do away with the multiple cables that connect the different computers in the organization. Individual deployers also enjoy the unlicensed radio spectrum which usually requires no regulatory approval. This installation will also improve connects by reducing costs and creating room for expansion. Wi-Fi is also important with regards to roaming. Through the installation of Wi-Fi, people with portable computer devices will be able to access the network anywhere within the organization’s premises. People will be able to move from a given access point to another and continue working. The price of Wi-Fi is considerably low with regards to installation and maintenance (Mueller, 2005). The operation limitations of Wi-Fi and the spectrum assignments are not consistent all over the world. The power consumption of the devices that come with Wi-Fi installations is fairly high. Perf
Introduction At the beginning of the seventeenth century, the Aboriginal People inhabiting the modern territory of Canada encountered significant cultural and traditional losses, as well as disruption of their ethnic and national identity. This historical disaster had emerged after the contact of the first European arrivals who had attempted to conquer the land and impose restrictions on the rights of the Aboriginal People. In the process, several acts and treaties were signed to ensure that the indigenous population lived in peace and harmony. However, these Acts and Treaties led to the Natives losing their lands. The British invaded their land, segregated their families, and abused their rights. The aim of this study is to show the Aboriginal people’s loss of connection to their land and identity. This paper focuses on the fur trade, Indian Act, Treaties, and educational sphere to define how it contributed to the loss in connection to land. An in-depth analysis of facts and report has revealed that the indigenous population of Canada experienced the loss of culture and traditions, disruption of family structures, and marginalization. Fur Trade The French and the English colonists arrived at the North America because they were involved in fur trading with the First National People. To establish favourable relations with indigenous people, European traders provided them with tools and weapons for hunting. The established unions were also represented as mixed marriages of Europeans with Native Americans which resulted in merger of cultures, as well as loss of the First Nation ethnicity. The children of such unions had a mixed biological ancestry because they possessed elements of their parents’ cultural heritage. It has been found that, “many mixed-ancestry children grew up and raised their own families in communities that were both biologically and culturally mixed European-Indian” (Lawrence, 2003, p. 14). Involvement into economic relation with European nations contributed greatly to the loss of the land connection for the Aboriginal people. As it has been mentioned previously, the history of fur trade is of particular significance to process of shaping Métis ethnicity. Two largest fur trade actors – the North West Company from Montreal and the Hudson’s Bay Company – the two competing interests striving to interact with the First Nation people (Lawrence, 200
Executive Summary As of late eBooks have become a popular medium for publishers and readers alike due to their affordability, easy accessibility and portability since an eBook reader can carry literally hundreds of literary titles while barely weighing a kilo. Due to the easy way by which new players can enter into the EBooks market this presents an opportunity for enterprising individuals to establish their own unique niche in this market so as to provide a much needed and popular service while at the same time garnering a significant profit. One of the latest trends in the eBook industry has been the conversion of school textbooks into eBooks. The reasoning behind this lies with the fact that textbooks for high school and college students alike are ranked as one of the highest primary costs to achieving an education. EBook textbooks are far cheaper than their printed counterparts and far more portable as well, it is due to this that this business venture sees a potential niche market that can be created within the Grand Junction Colorado area. While there are numerous eBook textbook providers the fact remains that few of them cater to a specific area. Various high schools and colleges have their own unique textbook requirements which at times are not available even on the largest of EBook providers such as Amazon.com. This business venture will focus on the Grand Junction Colorado market and its neighboring areas in order to create a niche market for eBook textbooks that specifically cater to the lesson plans of the various high schools and colleges in the area. By doing so the venture will not directly compete against the larger eBook providers while at the same time will be able to become the first player in this isolated market. Company Description The company will be called Junction Books and it will be based in Grand Junction Colorado, the main bulk of the business will primarily be E-commerce based with all sales and transactions being handled by an online E-commerce system with a third party vendor handling payment processing. The website will have a function similar to that of iBooks or Amazon.com where customers can search for available titles, register for an account using an automated system and buy items using a sales transaction and processing system. By relying on third party vendors for the company’s payment system this reduces the initial startup cost of having to design and incorporate an in-house developed system which might have initial problems in functionality. By using a system already available online for a small fee the company reduces costs which can better serve improving site functionality. EBooks sold on the site are obtained via licensing agreements with publishers wherein a scanned copy of the book, textbook etc is provided in order for it to be converted into a compatible format for various eBook readers (Hadro, 2010). The contract for the sales of the eBooks will be done under a shared profitab
Introduction An earthquake is a naturally occurring shudder or movement of the earth’s crust. It mostly originates below the surface of the earth due to a swift release of energy along faults (Lutgens, Tarbuk, & Tasa, 2010). The two common types of earthquakes are related to their mode of formation. Tectonic earthquakes are prompted as a consequent of movement of the earth’s crust because of the strain. Tectonic earthquakes are the most common types of earthquakes. Volcanic earthquakes, conversely, are caused by explosive eruption of volcanoes and are less common than tectonic earthquakes ( What causes earthquakes? n.d.). Earthquake statistics are the documented facts in the aftereffects of an earthquake. Such information is of utmost importance to the work of many professionals including “seismologists, geologists, engineers, government officials, and statisticians” (Brillinger, n.d., p. 1). Seismologists employ numerical models to illustrate seismicity with high precision. According to Wiemer, there are two laws that aid in the characterization of independent and dependent elements of seismicity (n.d.). These are the Gutenberg-Richter law and the Omori law. The Gutenberg-Richter law illustrates the magnitude and distribution of earthquakes, whereas the Omori law depicts the decay of aftershock activities. However, despite the existence of these laws, it is practically impossible to envisage the happening of an earthquake. Earthquake statistics, therefore, give numerical information concerning earthquakes with the aim of improving the “detection, location, and quantification of seismic events; risk assessment; prediction of earthquakes; the distinguishing of earthquakes from nuclear explosions; and learning about the Earth’s interior” (Brillinger, n.d., p. 2). Frequency of Occurrence of Earthquakes Earthquakes occur in varying magnitudes all over the world. The USGS National Earthquake Information Center detects and records numerous earthquakes globally. It approximates that millions of earthquakes take place worldwide annually, but countless go unobserved since they strike isolated areas or have very small magnitudes ( Earthquake facts and statistics, n.d.). This implies that earthquakes with small magnitudes are more common than those with large magnitudes. The following table summarizes the average number of earthquakes experienced annually. Table 1: Estimated Frequency of Occurrence of Earthquakes (Earthquake facts and statistics, n.d.). Magnitude     Average Annually      8 and higher  1                     7-7.9         15                    6-6.9         134                   5-5.9         1,319                 4-4.9         13,000 (estimated)    3-3.9         130,000 (estimated)   2-2.9         1,300,000 (estimated)  The USGS National Earthquake Information Center reports an increase in the number of detection and location of earthquakes with the increased installation of seismographs ( Earthquake facts and statistics , n.d.). Types of Data Used In Earthquake S
Critical Analysis The article by Kovacic (2005) presents a study of voice education in teacher training. In the study, the author focused on voice and voice care knowledge in teacher-training students. The study is important to educational research, as it indicates gaps in voice knowledge and voice care, which could potentially affect learning and teaching outcomes. The author also explains that voice education can assist in preventing and treating voice disorders in teachers, thus allowing them to use their voice more efficiently. The article provides a wide range of background information that highlights the importance of research and voice education in general. The key result of the study was that it indicated the lack of sufficient knowledge about the voice and voice care in teacher-training students considered as part of the research. The primary goal of this essay is to offer a critical analysis of the study and the report provided by Kovacic (2005). The critical analysis includes a detailed examination of the work and allows indicating its strengths and weaknesses. In addition, the findings offered by the critical analysis can inform further research on the topic by explaining gaps to be addressed in future studies. The primary focus of the analysis will be on the methodology of the study, although a full overview will also be provided to ensure a comprehensive investigation. The work will largely rely on books by Cohen, Manion, and Morrison (2007) and Porte (2002) to inform the evaluation of methods. Using an established analytical framework, the essay will identify the key achievements and limitations of the research, as well as review possible options for improvement, thus offering a thorough evaluation of the study. Overview The author begins with an introduction to the use of voice, and how voice skills can be useful to people of various professions, including lawyers, politicians, presenters, and others. Kovacic (2005) explains that, although teachers are not normally considered to be professional voice users, they can still benefit from voice skills. Moreover, the author describes the issue of voice disorders, explaining how they can be prevented using voice education. Kovacic (2005) states that the key aim of the study is to determine the level of voice and voice care awareness among teacher-training students enrolled at the University of Zagreb in Croatia. The study used a quantitative met
Malnutrition and work capacity Malnutrition can be described as the condition that emerges as a result of few or no nutrients. It threatens the physical well-being of the people. Work capacity refers to the capability to keep on repeating quality effort that is high. Food security can be defined as the accessibility of food and nutrients for the provision of energy and maintenance in order to lead a good life that is healthy and active at all times. When food insecurity is high, it becomes hard for people to live comfortable lives. For instance in the case of Hurricanes in Nicaragua, a poor country in America, hurricanes have impacted the residents negatively as it has caused deaths, displaced people and buildings, damaged crops and wiped out fruit trees. The infrastructure of the community in the affected region is seriously destroyed, and the subsidence farmers have no otherwise since the land for agriculture is already flooded. This destruction has led to food insecurity in the country especially in the affected region. As the international donor, there are measures I should take to ensure that the country gets both short term and long term solutions. The short time solution, in the provision of food security, is the support from the Red Cross with support from the local authorities, SINAPRED, Catholic Church and the world food program. Support from other nations is critical at the moment. The long term solution is that the FAO (food agriculture organization) with the support of other nations should launch a project that is aimed at improving productivity of the association of local farmers and also to provide food security to households. Learning and training programs in production, processing and marketing is also of