ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Needless to say, contemporary society has recently evolved into a very twisted substance of rules and responsibilities. It is important to understand that society would not cohesively exist otherwise. However, the vitally important issue that has to be examined within the topic of social responsibilities and laws – namely the freedom of speech right – is the commercial speech rights and restrictions. Although commerce in the US is developing at a steady gait, this succe3ful advancement in the economical and advertisement world has its drawbacks as well. Among the shortcomings, the producers and manufacturers committed is the abuse of vulgar terms, pictures, and slogans which impacts children whose parents buy the products. As such, one of the most significant court cases in the world of commerce is going to be analyzed in this paper. Issue The case uncovers around the label provided by Bad Frog Brewery, Inc. which contained a frog with its unwebbed fingers one of which is extended in a well-known assaulting a human dignity manner. It is considered widely that the gesture of “giving a finger” cannot be understood anyhow but as an insult. The gesture ‘Fuck You’ is obscene and frequently appears in the streets it leads to fights and even homicides. This is exactly what brought the two parties: Bad Frog Brewery Inc. and The New York State Liquor Authority (“NYSLA” or “the Authority”) to the court. Though, it is necessary to note that the notion of authority as per Raz ‘… is one of the most controversial concepts found in the armory of legal and political philosophy ’. (2009, p. 3) The issue presented concerned the First Amendment protection of commercial speech. Significantly, the trial proceedings have been brought to a very unexpected conclusion within the area of assessing the importance of impact on kids’ upbringing. While Bad Frog Brewery Inc. was seeking permission to sell the beer with an image of the defiant frog, the Authority denied their request. So, the beer was not allowed to be sold in most of the states of the Us, though 15 states still have it on the shop shelves. Pennsylvania Liquor Control Board Chairman John E. Jones III was the one to ban selling. Rule It is essential to understand why Bad Frog Brewery Inc. appealed to the court in a desperate search for justice. Since the beer was well-sold in the majority of states before and only encountered a real challenge once got to Pennsylvania, I think, the company had serious grounds to protest and ask why the United States of America has such a different opinion all across the states. So, Bad Frog Brewery Inc. stated that the use of the image on the beer bottles was a commercial speech and, thus, could be entitled to First Amendment protection. It is necessary to outline here, that the First Amendment Protection stands for the right to receive information and for the right to speak in commercial interests. (Whaley,2008, p. 72 ) Analysis The rule is applicable enough because the freedom of speech especially the freedom of commercial speech is a
An expatriate salesperson is one who leaves their home country to work for their domestic employer in a foreign country (Cateora, Gilly, & Graham, 2011). Expatriate salespeople are the company’s direct tie to the customer since through them the company is able to transfer its technology to the customers. The company can also control its foreign operations through the expatriate salespeople. For larger global companies, expatriates are also a way of decentralizing power from the main company. Expatriates become useful when a company requires a direct sales force. Selling high-technology products may allow for the greater use of American expatriates since training natives of a foreign country may be costly. The use of expatriate salespeople can also be determined by legal policies. This refers to the restrictions set by the host country. For instance, selling consulting services will tend to require more participation by native expatriates than foreign expatriates. The problems that might be encountered in having an expatriate sales manager supervising foreign salespeople include the loss of visibility at corporate headquarters resulting in a communication breakdown. Host-country restrictions also pose a challenge to the expatriate sales manager since they determine the circumstances under which expatriates operate. Foreign environments can also be unbearable to the expatriate thus posing a problem of adaptation. Companies to include an evaluation of an employee’s family among selection criteria for an expatriate assignment since the employees treasure the comfort of their family during an overseas assignment Cateora et al (2011). Hence, the company needs to ensure that an employee’s family is well catered for when selecting the employee for a foreign assignment. Dissatisfaction among
Introduction For a long time, society has been subjected to universally standard natural settings, which tent to follow a certain path. The society naturally construes gender to be either male or female and any other type of gender is viewed as an abnormality, especially in conservative societies. At the same time, sexuality and sexual practices tend to take the same path, which is presumably a natural path that dictates sexual attraction to be between two opposite genders. Society has played a major role in demarcating the gender and sexual spheres by attaching moral issues and ethics to the two elements, thus making rules that seem to flow naturally from one generation to the other. Within its religions touching, this trend has been a trigger to society having teachings on the supposed gender and sexuality paths that people are meant to follow, as long as members of the society subscribe to the given religion. At the same time, society plays a big role in defining gendered bodies by creating unwritten rules that instruct or create expectations regarding persons of different genders and how they should carry themselves. How Societies Construct Gender Identities Society is a powerful tool of influence that makes and shapes the thoughts and practices of its people. Naturally, two main genders define society and these gender lines the society has set its foundations on. Society’s definition of gender naturally hinges on genitalia, especially where the genitals are normal. From the moment a child is born, the child’s gender is a subject to the genitals that the child carries, which can be either male or female. From the first day, a baby born of a certain gender will be identified by it and the baby will be named accordingly (Eugenides, 2003). The naming of persons in society points to the sex of the individual with the names for men being distinct from those for women. Initially, gender identities were constructed through the dress code with a clear distinction of each gender’s dressings (Marienberg, 2013). Allocation of tasks and duties in society formed part of this construct as the society allocated duties justifiably according to gender. The Jewish society was very strict in following this order and it would be viewed as prejudicial when a member of the opposite sex were found doing what is considered to be a role for the opposite sex. Though gender should naturally be either male or female, other genders do not fall within this description, and thus it is difficult for society to accept them. There is always confusion when a mixed gender orientation arises in a single person whereby such a person either has both genitals, like hermaphrodites or has opposite genitalia for their body. To society, what is contrary to general expectations is usually referred to as a disorder, an abnormality, and a sort of lameness. Society views such cases in a prejudiced manner as the
Zeno Vendler’s article, “Verbs and Time” , explained the complexity of the association of the two concepts. It is something that most speakers of the English language may not be aware of, but use it as he has explained. Trying to understand the context he employed can become difficult especially if the reader is not savvy with English grammar. He pointed out some nuances that can dramatically change the semantics of the phrase or sentence and dwelt much on how such semantics transform with the use of words depicting time. Verbs that show continuity of action and verbs that do not show such were compared by Vendler, as well as how they should be used and understood. The way he explained it seems to be catered to native English speakers, because if he presented his examples to students of English as a second language (ESL) or English as a Foreign language (EFL), then they would have been very confused even though he claimed that he had used clear-cut examples and avoided ambiguous terms. It takes someone who already knows the English language to understand the difference between action that is ongoing and action that has been completed using the same action word or verb. For example, the act of pushing something is different from having pushed something, the former being an activity term, and the latter an accomplishment term in terms of time schemata. Verbs can also differ in the length of time they occur. Vendler differentiates these as accomplishment and achievement terms wherein accomplishment terms refer to an action that lasts for a period of time, and achievement terms only occur at a single moment in time (148). For example, ‘it took a decade for the couple to decide to get married’ is a phrase that determined an accomplishment on the part of the couple, but in saying ‘the couple decided to get married’, the decision is already the achievement. The terms ‘can’ and ‘to be able’ were also analyzed. These are the words that show capability, but at the same time, emphasize something obvious. When one says ‘I can swim’ or ‘I am able to swim’, it means ‘I swim’, but with emphasis on the capability to swim, and not just swimming as something automatic such as breathing. Even the meaning of breathing can be interpreted in another context when one says ‘I am breathing’ and ‘I can breathe’. The former can mean a state one has reached and has maintained, while the latter can mean, it has just come to mind that he can breathe after an episode that he cannot. It is an achievement. Reading the article can become hypnotic because one needs to follow Vendler’s train of thought or else it is easy to get lost in a sea of words. It can be likened
Introduction The author addresses the evolution of filmmaking from the early years to the 21st century. The argument is on how information technology has transformed the way viewers experience narratives and images while watching different movies. Advancement in technology gives the spectators powers to control both the image and storylines with an unexpected pleasures such that the viewers are lost in the film and experience the episodes as their own (Sobchack). The author postulates that with the integration of technology into filmmaking, viewers have new ways of experiencing the images of the cinema. Additionally, the hidden stillness of the movies comes to light making it visible and accessible. The computer system has made it possible for anyone to understand the individual frame and the film’s kept secrets easily, accurately, and effectively. The angle of approach This book is a historical exploration of the role new media technology is giving to old cinemas by re-evaluating the history of films and their usefulness. New technologies give the viewers the ability to control both the image and story (Sobchack). Viewers are capable of repeating the episodes, they can do slow motions on sections of the film, and even free-frame the film (Mulvey, 147). This adventure makes spectators have an excessive and irrational devotion or commitment to continue watching. Further, the capacity of the viewers to manipulate the film images gives the cinema materials some aesthetic traits. Evaluating the breadth or scope of the argument Although this book is talking about the film industry, the author’s narration of cinema’s psychic and social aspects of life covers the events and discoveries prominent with the twentieth all through to the twenty-first century. During this period of time, several ways of doing things or systems changed into new ways because of computer technology (Grant). Many fields, disciplines, socialization, and human interactions started embracing information technology. The film industry was not left behind and the cinemas began integrating new technology. The book covers the aspects of classic visual pleasure and narrative film enabled by the digital spectrum which opens up other viewing positions of cinemas. The narrative captures the history of cinema indicating the “death” of traditional movies onto the birth of digital age films. There are case studies that have reinforced the argument that technology has revolutionized the film industry. For instance, about fifty years back, filmmakers had to assemble a full crew to be able to record movies; i
Madonna of the Stairs is one of the earliest known sculptured works of Michelangelo. It was created when he was only fifteen or sixteen years old (Michelangelo Buonarroti, & Goldscheider, 1975). The sculpture is important from a historical perspective because it helps the beholder to grasp the enormity of Michelangelo’s genius as well as his unique approach to the canons of Christian iconography. The aim of this paper is to provide a critical analysis of the sculpture. Identity Information   * Artist’s Name: Michelangelo   * Title: Madonna of the Stairs   * Year of production: circa 1490   * Medium: Marble   * Dimensions: 56.7 x 40.1 cm   * Present location: Casa Buonarroti, Florence (Müntz, 2011). What I See Madonna of the Stairs is a relief sculpted by Michelangelo. The sculpture presents Mary sitting on a stone of square shape. The figure fills the entire foreground of the sculpture. Madonna holds her Child; however, she does not gaze at him, but rather looks into the distance. The background is filled with three figures and stairs. Jesus is tightly pressed to his mother’s chest, and it is not clear whether he is nursing or sleeping. However, taking into consideration that the Child holds his right arm behind his back in a relaxed position, it could be argued that he is sleeping. Moreover, Mary grasps Jesus’s feet, also suggesting that she is protecting his sleep. The Child’s head is half covered in drapery from which the viewer glimpses only one ear. The face of the Child is partially hidden under the Madonna’s robe. However, it is clear that the sculpture does not depict a mortal child: The right arm that rests behind the Child’s back is extremely muscular. It could be argued that he is of a Herculean build. The Madonna assumes a relaxed position, as is clear from the way she crosses her legs and slightly leans forward. Her halo does not fit in the sculpture—part of it runs out of the frame. The figures depicted in the sculpture are so light and fluid that they create an impression of pencil drawings. Indeed, even though the sculpture is carved in stone, it looks nothing like similar art objects. It does not seem massive; rather it is reminiscent of a depiction created with a waxy substance. What My Research Has Taught Me Madonna della Scala is a relief sculpted by Michelangelo di Lodovico Buonarroti Simoni. It is sometimes referred to as Madonna of the Steps or Madonna of the Stairs (The Michelangelo Experience, 2010). It
Introduction The aim of this reflection is to provide a solution on how Emotional Intelligence can be utilised to improve the workplace. The researcher will also provide specific information on how Emotional Intelligence (EI) can enhance audience sensitivity. Therefore, it will be important to start by explaining the meaning of emotional intelligence then through deductive analysis show its impact in the workplace. Emotional Intelligence (EI) Emotional intelligence refers to the ability to perceive, regulate and evaluate emotions. Emotional intelligence may be acquired through learning which can also be strengthened. Emotional intelligence also serves as the capacity to monitor, access as well as generate emotions in order to enhance thought; having good comprehension of emotions and their control promotes emotional and intellectual development and maturation (Mayer & Salovey 17). Salovey and Mayer elaborated further on the four aspects of emotional intelligence which included the following: (a) emotion’s perception or identification (b) utilisation of emotions to enhance thought (c) comprehension of emotions (d) emotion’s management (Mayer & Salovey 23). Therefore, indentifying emotions refers to the capacity to understand the degree to which one and those around are feeling; use of emotions to facilitate thought refers to potentiality of exhibiting an emotion but regulating it through rationality. Comprehension of emotions is the capacity
Introduction Globally, millions of people engage in some form of illegal downloading of copyrighted material. This practice continues unabated, despite the understanding that the act of downloading copyrighted internet content is illegal. 1 The big companies that engage in the production and sale of these internet contents are unhappy with such developments because they fear an erosion of their profitability. 2 Policy makers also support the opinion of such companies because they strive to protect intellectual property by preventing the illegal reproduction of copyrighted work. 3 However, the legal argument surrounding the download of copyrighted materials outline one understanding of the entire debate regarding the subject because some people believe this legal understanding should also be subject to an ethical and moral understanding of the issue. 4 This paper focuses on the moral understanding of illegally downloading copyrighted material by questioning the moral justification for criminalizing the practice. The utilitarianism concept informs the main argument of this paper because this document affirms that more societal benefits (as opposed to negative repercussions) may manifest if the government allows the downloading of copyrighted material. Moreover, this paper shows that many economic opportunities remain unexploited by disallowing the downloading of copyrighted material. This way, big film and music companies lose a lot of money by failing to adapt to the emerging trends of the digital file sharing market. Comprehensively, this paper demonstrates that downloading copyrighted material should be decriminalized. Moral Justification for Sharing Media content One reason that motivates people to download copyrighted material from the internet is the lack of a moral justification to prevent this practice. 5 Indeed, even though the law criminalizes the illegal downloading of copyrighted material, the act is not morally wrong. These sentiments replicate around the world because many people are now
Introduction: Blazing the Trail to the Taiwanese Culture Asia is a peculiar and mysterious place. Existing in its own world, it practically is a thing in itself. Each of its states is unique, yet there is something in common about all of them. However, by far the least explored one is Taiwan, with all its exotics and original way of living. Although Taiwan has been proclaimed an independent state, after years of occupation and dominance of other states, it faces considerable difficulties in finding its own economical and political trail. Themes Summary: The Key Landmarks in Taiwanese Development Considering the events that took place in Taiwan before the seventeenth century from a single perspective is impossible; concerning the economical, political and social changes within the state, and depending on a number of factors, both internal and external, the changes within the state should be viewed as a range of themes. Into the primitive: the Taiwan of the Neolithic Age Before going any further and discovering the ways of life of the pre-XVII-century Taiwanese people, it is essential to consider the time when the Taiwanese culture only started shaping. It would be wrong to suppose that the Taiwanese culture started together with the establishment of the Taiwanese state; going back to the Neolithic Age, the Taiwanese history is just as rich and ancient as the history of any other state (Rubinstein). Concerning the administrative geography: splitting the land As the history of Taiwan unfolded, it became clear that its location, or, to be more exact, the fact that its landscape combined the mountains and plains, as well as the isolation from the rest of the world, predetermined the specifics of its administrative geography. As the records show, the lands of Taiwan used to make a whole before the era of the Chinese invasion (Rubinstein). Getting Acquainted with the XVII-Century Taiwanese Aboriginal Population Being a reclusive state, Taiwan did not have much diversity. However, there were two major types of citizen. Mountain dwellers vs. plains people Weirdly enough, the village dwellers, who actually brought the highest returns to the state treasury, were not appreciated enough by the government (Rubinstein). According to the existing records, even the pictures created on the given time slot show the distinction between the respected highlanders and the less dignified plain dwellers, among whom, the Chinese invaders will appear later on: “Chinese dwellings are set directly on the ground, while those of the indigenous people are raised on pilings” (Rubinstein 21). The given relationships between the plains people and the head of the state must have led to the idea that expanding the economics of the cou
Introduction Financial markets play an important role in the stability and the external growth of local, national, and global economy (Campbell, Lo, & MacKinlay, 2012). Therefore, in case of emergencies or unpredicted changes, it is important to analyze the situation and clarify the reasons for the concerns. Recently, financial markets have undergone considerable changes and achieved numerous benefits. At the same time, a number of risks and challenges appear. In the paper, the explanation on how risk may play a role in financial markets and the evaluation of the Bernard Madoff’s scandal and its effects on the way people view the stock market and their investing plans will be developed. Risk in financial markets According to Brigham and Ehrhardt (2014), risk is the chance that something unfavorable may occur. Every situation may have its own risks, and the risk in financial markets is the situation when something unfavorable and usually unpredictable occurs with financing, financial transactions, debts, limited loans, etc. Financial market risks are usually characterized by volatility, default, or unstable interest rate or counterparty conditions. In financial markets, risk plays an important role because people want to be confident that their money and life savings can be in safe. However, the existing uncertainty in values and a variety of changes in stock prices, interest rates, foreign exchange rates, and even commodity prices that cannot be predicted or overcome create certain statistical measures people have to deal with. All stakeholders want to know how to manage risks, follow the standards established, and gain benefits. Bernard Madoff and the stock market A certain attention to the idea of financial market risk has been paid after the scandal based on the activities of Bernard Madoff, an American money manager, who created one of the most powerful and fraudulent pyramids and introduced it as a reliable investment company in the 1960s. Though Madoff admitted that one of the possible reasons for why the fraud took place was the development of the economic crisis in 2008 (Rhee, 2009), the situation touched upon a number of other factors that created the web which was impossible to leave without certain losses. Madoff offered people investments on good terms, and the investors did not even think that t