ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Historic background This research paper explores hepatitis in the United Arab Emirates, UAE, with a focus on several elements like historic background, etiology, prevalence, risk factors and management strategies among others. Hepatitis is a major health problem in the United Arab Emirates. While type B and C are commonly known to occur in Asia, UAE has always been threatened by hepatitis D. This has seen the country erect some measures to deal with the problem, including the listing of hepatitis C among deportable diseases in the year 2008. From July 1, 2008, hepatitis C joined other diseases like hepatitis B, HIV and tuberculosis, which gained the status after becoming a major health problem in the region (Travel Doctor, 2012). Based on this condition, the government further endorsed the testing of visitors while applying for labor and residency visas to curb cases of new infections. This directive was to affect the Ministry of Health of Dubai and Abu Dhabi and was to affect every new person with the intention of visiting the country. Furthermore, it was noted that those found positive were to be deported. This decision caused a lot of panic among patients with thalassemia, a blood disorder that requires constant blood transfusion for survival. It had also been found that several patients in UAE had contracted hepatitis C through contaminated blood needles (Abro, Al-Dabal & Younis, 2010). It is however important to note that the United Arab Emirates initiated blood screening in the year 1993 in response to WHO requirements. Following the 2008 decision, some people argued that thalassemiapatients deserved screening exemption due to their dependence on blood from other individuals. This was based on the fact that thalassemia patients were likely to get infected without their knowledge, through contaminated blood, donated by infected citizens. Moreover, minimum research has been done concerni
Introduction Nowadays, California is one of the most well-known American states in the world, as well as one of the most influential ones inside this country. It is often called the bellwether state of the US, meaning that it often sets the trend of actions in America. It is also the most ethnically diverse state in this country. In our paper, we will discuss California’s bellwetherness and the historical development of its ethnic diversity. California as a Bellwether State California is the third largest state in the US, and the most populous one. Its rapid development began in the middle of the 19th century. McWilliams argues that California’s progression rate was the fastest among the American states; it was “hurled forward… by a series of chain-reaction explosions
Introduction Oil Spill is the accidental or wilful release of crude oil and other liquid petroleum products into water of land. The term has acquired a very sinister meaning and an oil spill generally means an environmental disaster with innumerable animals and plants generally wasting away due to the harmful effects of pollution. While oil spill does not cause immediate death or destruction to life and property like other disasters such as hurricanes and earthquakes, the effects of an oil spill can linger for a long time and continue harming generations of living things. The paper examines various aspects of oil spills such as the damage to marine life, methods utilized for spill containment, their effectiveness and also examines a few major oil spills that have occurred recently. Ecological Risk Assessment of Oil Spill Weins (2007) has proposed a model for the ecological risk assessment to evaluate the damage that is caused to the environment due to oil spills. The author contends that when a large oil spill occurs, many arguments take place about the damages caused by the spill and the accusations, denials and heated discussion take place on the amount of damage that has been caused. The author has suggested that the ecological risk assessment of the damage can be predictive and retrospective. In the predictive system, the effects of oil spills, pipeline bursts, building of nuclear reactors are estimated and forecasted as accurately as possible. Retrospective is the calculation of the effects of an oil spill that has already taken place. According to Wiens, the ecological risk assessment is done in three phases and they are explicit formulation of the problem, analysis phase and the characterisation of the risk phase. In the explicit formulation of the problem phases, is created as a hypothesis about whether and why certain ecological effects result from specific activities of humans. The anticipated effects are identified clearly with a reference target that states the required condition of the system and the measurable end points. The aim here is to prevent any undirected searches for anything that seems as an effect or vague and un-measurable end points. In the analysis phase, the exposure to stressors and the possible ecological effects are identified and evaluated. It is not presumed that the presence of oil will definitely result in ecological degradation. Such relationships are assigned with a probability of occurrence when doing so is not possible, the plausibility of the relationship should be assessed. A characterization of the risk is the phase the likelihood that a stressor actually caused a specific ecological effect and this s evaluated. Certain inherent uncertainties in the measurement of the parameters, confusing data, any natural variations and others are also assumed. This method produces a
Introduction Banks and other financial institutions have an elaborate criteria used to approve or reject loans. The principle approval method is based on the ability of the loan applicant to repay the loan. To give these loans, banks rely on personal information which they synthesize in order to approve or reject the loan. The main factors affecting these loan approvals can be deduced by analyzing financial loan records. In this project, data provided by the lending club was analyzed to determine the main reasons for rejecting a loan application. Statement of the problem Most businessmen and individuals rely on loans granted by financial institutions to develop their business, homes and other ventures. In some cases a loan application may be rejected based on a person’s data and other information. Such rejections affect the applicant the applicant financially. Examining the main factors and issues that result to rejection of the loan is important as it will guide businessmen and individuals during the loan application process. Research questions In this project, the following questions were answered:   * Does an applicant resident state affect the loan rejection rate?   * Does an individual’s credit score (FICO score) affect the loan rejection rate?   * Does the employment length affect the loan rejection rate?   * Does the reason for applying loan affect the rejection rate? Project objectives The main objective of this project was to determine the factors that affect loan rejection rate. The specific objectives are   * To determine if an applicant’s residence state affect his loan approval   * To determine if the employment status affect the loan approval process   * To determine if income affect the loan approval process   * To determine if the loan title or reasons for applying the loan affect the rejection rate. Hypothesis The null hypothesis statement is: The state, income, loan title and employment details influence the rejection rate of a loan application. Data collection methods The data used in this analysis was collected from lending club website (Lending Club 1). Lending club brings together investors and borrowers by providing financial information to them. It assist borrower identify pertinent requirements that they must fulfill for a successful loan approval. The website provides information about particulars of the loan applicant and includes details on whether the loan was accepted or not. The data provided in this site is divided into approved loans and rejected loans. For this project, the researcher relied on rejected loans data in order to establish if there are patterns in the loan’s rejection rate. Sampling method Sampling can be regarded as a method of selecting some elements from the entire population. The selected sample must be a representative of the population. It is important that an appropriate sampling method is used to ensure that bias and other systematic errors are reduced. In this project, simple random sampling was used to select the sample. Simple random sampling is a probabilistic method of sampling where sample elements are picked at random from the population (Levy and Le
The realm, in which the company operates, can be defined as monopolistic competition. There are little to no entry barriers in the specified market, both on the buyers’ and the sellers’ side. Besides, through two major companies are dominant, the market features a range of sellers and even more buyers (Koren, 2014). As it has been stressed above, two key companies (Lean Cuisine and Healthy Choice) can be identified as the leaders in the low-calories, frozen microwave food industry. To keep its net profit high, Lean Cuisine has designed two price bands, the premium and the standard (cheaper) one (Pauwells & Hanssens, 2006). Healthy Choice, in its turn, has resorted to reducing the prices for products in general (Pauwells & Hanssens, 2006). The profitability of both companies seems rather high, with a $987 million net profit for Lean Cuisine (Boyle, 2014) (a 9.5% drop compared to the previous year (Smith, 2014)) and $2.5 billion for Healthy Choice (Schroeder, 2014). The specified companies have been viewed as trustworthy and credible since the day that they were founded. Speaking of the structure of the low-calorie frozen food market, the assessment tool must comprise five key elements, which are the price, the buyers, the sellers, the technology, and the existing regulations. The price of the frozen meals should not exceed $3–5 per portion. Besides, the basic information about the buyers (age, preferences, lifestyle, changes in their number, etc.) must be defined. Likewise, the data about the sellers, i.e., the key competitors, must be gathered thoroughly (Fu, 2009). The role of technology in the specified industry is not to be underrated; the equipment used must provide the environment for maintaining the perfect quality of the products (Elfenbein, Fisman & McManus, 2013). A major emphasis must be put on the process of storage of the meals and their ingredients (Dunne, Klimek, Roberts & Xu, 2013). Eventually, the regulations regarding low-calorie frozen food must be addressed. According to the existing standards, it is demanded that frozen and quickly frozen food should be labeled correspondingly (U.S. Food Industry and Drug Administration, 2014). By taking the aforementioned parameters into account, one will be able to evaluate the success of a company operating within the realm of low calorie froze food market. The change in the market structure, wh
Introduction Between the World and Me is a non-fiction work written by Ta-Nehisi Coates in 2015. The book has a non-defined structure of a letter and is addressed to the son of the author. In this text, Coates concerns the hardships that African-American people constantly encounter in America. The themes of fear, violence, and physical, as opposed to intellectual and mental, approach to life continually persist in the book. The main focus of this paper is to summarize the first section of Between the World and Me that depicts the childhood of the author and points out the hardships that haunt African-American people. Early Years The chapter commences with the description of the early years of the author in Baltimore. Starting from childhood, Coates quickly realized the dangers the African-American people face in their lives. He mentions, “To be black in the Baltimore of my youth was to be naked before the elements of the world, before all the guns, fists, knives, crack, rape, and disease” (Coates 14). In families, parents often retorted to a strict regime to not allow their children to succumb to drugs and violence. The author states, “he beat me for threatening my ninth-grade teacher. Not being violent enough could cost me my body” (Coates 21). The quote implies that Coates fully understood the necessity of the severe attitude from his father, and it allowed him to become a better man. Fear on the Streets Throughout the book, the author constantly concerns the theme of fear in African-American people, and how it leads to anger and violence. Coates believes that the issue of despair involved every child in his neighborhood, and some children found their own ways to deal with anxiety. The author says, “the crews, the young men who’d transmuted their fear into rage, were the greatest danger” (Coates 17). However, the writer did not mean any hatred towards these people, as he understood that the cause of such behavior is rooted deep in the society, and not the boys themselves. This was the most frequent type of fear escapism – transforming it into violence. Standing out and not being involved in street confrontations could also be detrimental for young men, so there was no way to avoid danger. Physical Approach Along with the theme of fear, the author frequently concerns the issue of physicality in the book. As a child, due to the dangers on the streets, Coates did not see
Natural selection and the direct inheritance of learned connections were the approaches used by Darwin and Spencer to explain human mental and moral progress. On the other hand, each stressed the causal link about which they were most enamored. Natural selection is no longer an analytical judgment under Spencer’s “survival of the fittest” rubric: survival is the criteria of suitability, while suitability is the causative condition for survival (Ritzer, 2011). However, Darwin’s original view, which supplied natural selection with a function, namely its creative effect, became more acceptable than Spencer’s negative function of elimination. Unlike Darwin, Spencer thought that learned traits like economy and morality could be passed down through the generations. Spencer was a staunch opponent of any legislation that aided workers, the poor, or people he considered genetically vulnerable (Ritzer, 2011). Nature is considered a force for good in Spencer’s concept of evolution, directing the development of individuals and society, and competition lets the strong flourish by removing the weak. Spencer advocated for the premise that those who survive a fight are not just the fittest but also the morally best. The survival of the fittest was a simply descriptive observation of the evolutionary processes of Darwin. The organisms with the best fitness or adaptability have the best chances of surviving and so reproducing. In essence, this is a selection process, but it happens spontaneously without the intervention of a selection agent, thus the term natural selection (Ritzer, 2011). After all, unlike Spencer, who might be termed a philosopher, Darwin was essentially a scientist who valued factual information. Darwin coined the phrase “natural selection” to describe the mechanism of evolution, and Spencer went on to derive a whole moral prescription for the future from it. Reference Ritzer, G. (2011). Classical Sociological Theory , (6th Ed). Boston: McGraw Hill.
Kellogg’s is a well-known brand that produces consumer foods for the market of the United States, as well as for export. The portfolio of the company is considerably large, comprising an array of recognized brands that vary from ready-to-eat breakfasts to quick snacks. These affordable and easily made meals have gained strong popularity in the markets where Kellogg’s maintains its presence. One of the additions to this portfolio is called Kellogg’s Brans cereals, which use a zip-lock bag to keep the meal fresh at a longer distance. This is a promising addition to the brand, as the cereal becoming dry is the main problem encountered by consumers. At the same time, in spite of the solid level of recognition seen by Kellogg’s, the marketplace retains its intense competitiveness as several prominent brands continue to develop their portfolios of breakfast meals and cereals. In terms of direct competition, Kellogg’s is matched against other leading companies in its niche. More specifically, one of the most serious rivals of the brand is called General Mills. This company was founded in the 1920s and has acquired an equally strong level of public recognition over the past century. Both Kellogg’s and General Mills are widely popular brands of breakfast meals of comparable size and history. In addition, the direct competition for Brans cereals also includes newer additions to the marketplace, such as Mondelez and Kraft Heinz. On a wider scale, zip-lock cereals by Kellogg’s also compete with other types of breakfast meals and snacks. For example, the recent trends of ‘eating healthy’ have led to a more prominent role of packed fruit and vegetable producers in the marketplace, such as Seneca Foods. Overall, Kellogg’s competes with all traditional and healthier alternatives to breakfast meals, ranging from dry cereals to natural foods. The introduction of zip-lock packaging is an important step toward building a stronger advantage in this rivalry.
How oil has shaped the economies and politics of Middle East and North African countries Oil has been the major source of revenue and is the main commodity for exportation in the Middle East and North African countries. In these Arab states, oil revenue accrues 90% of the total budget revenue and up to 95% (or at times even more) of the states’ exports (Beblawi 89). The dependence on the commodity is so far-reaching that it has influenced the social political and even economic status of these states. Oil is a wealth generating commodity and those fortunate enough to be associated with its production possess immense powers, be it political, economic or social. The economies of the Middle East and the North African states are majorly founded on oil and the commodity can be approximated to be the generator of all other activities. The large revenue from oil has stirred the growth and development of the other sectors of the economies thus widening the economic belt of these Arab states. In political terms, oil has placed political power in the hands of a certain class of people – those who own this natural commodity. They become the distributors or rather the allocators and their core involvement is to allocate revenue to the rest of the population. The political class has brought about a one-sided document in the states’ budget (Beblawi 90). In this state of affairs, the government assures its citizens that it will spend the money and distribute the benefits to the entire population. This is also referred to as an expenditure program (Beblawi 91). The economic status of these nations does not call for much political participation. The people are virtually exempted from paying levy or taxes and as they say in these state, ‘there is no representation without taxation,’ as opposed to ‘there is no taxation without representation’ (Gwenn 296). The political class has used the non-tax payment as a shield to wade off the emergence of any political dissent. In this way, the government is relieved of political accountability since democracy is not a problem. Significance of rentier economies for the Middle East and Nort
Raphael Lemkin Lemkin was mainly concerned about genocide during and after World War II. He devoted all his time and energy to trying to persuade the new delegates of the United Nations of the importance of the fight against genocide. Lemkin tried to use the United Nations as an avenue to fight genocide. The United Nation was a new international body; therefore, it attracted a lot of interest from the media. It was not until 1946 that the United Nations General assembly declared that genocide was a crime (Lemkin 56). To outlaw genocide, the United Nations committee was tasked with the responsibility of drafting a full United Nations treaty. The Convention described genocide as a physical and cultural phenomenon. Genocide was a result of differences in ethnic, religious, and racial. However, despite all efforts, a number of countries in Europe supported genocide. The U.S Committee for the United Nations Genocide supported Lemkin’s work against genocide. The other group that supported Lemkin’s work was a Non-Governmental Organization formed after Christians and Jews came together. Through the hard work of a United Nations Committee, Lemkin managed to rally a large number of supporters. Lemkin used the supporters to convince the committee to draft a petition that would stand for a large number of people. In December 1948, the United Nations Convention for Prevention and Punishment of Genocide came as a law (Karpinski 1). Lemkin was proud of all the achievements he had accomplished. He continued with his work against genocide until his death. He was a lecturer at various universities where he lectured on the issue. This man-made a great contribution to preserving peace in the world while fighting against genocide through theory and persuading the United Nation to come up with policies that outlawed this crime against humanity. Unfortunately, Lemkin had to depend on donations in his old age, but Jewish donated a lot to show their respect to this great person. Eleanor Roosevelt Eleanor Roosevelt is among many highly respected women who lived in the twentieth century. She was born in October 1884. Despite the fact that she was born to an influe