ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Lorraine Hansberry’s story is heavily steeped in racism. It does well to portray the social features of strong segregation and racial discrimination that prevailed during the 1950s in the United States, a time when the story’s younger family lived in Chicago’s South Side ghetto, as well as the struggles of the African-Americans to resist against the unfair treatment being meted out to them. Racial discrimination leads to the city being carved into two distinct parts – the first housing whites only, and the other housing blacks. Not only did blacks occupy a marginalized sector of society, but even within that margin, black women had to combat racial and gender prejudice. A majority of blacks did not accept the idea of assimilating into the dominant white culture because by doing so they would fit into white perceptions about their behavior and actions and thereby would be demeaning themselves. Blacks were searching for separate self-identities based on a celebration of their culture and heritage. They wanted to be treated as equally (like whites) contributing members of society, in pursuit of the American Dream (in those days it was to be a happy family that owned a house and a car). Characters of the story Claudia McNeil is commendable as Lena’s (‘Mama”) Younger. She constantly dreams about her family and herself being considered equal to whites in society. She does not allow racism to come in the way of her dream of creating a new life and future for her family that involves moving into a dominantly white neighborhood. Sidney Poitier’s phenomenal role as Walter Younger captures the central meaning of an African American’s intense desire for the American Dream. The power of his dream is to be financially well-off, educate his son Travis (Stephen Perry), and provide for his future. His endless preoccupation with finding quick riches and dominating his household makes him engage in arguments with his mother, wife, and sister; he turns wayward by resorting to constantly drinking. Diana Sands as Beneatha (“Bennie”) attends college and is better educated than anyone else in the family. However, she is hampered by her dependence on the insurance amount to pay for her education: an effective stereotype of a black woman in those days who was racially discriminated by white society as well as by her own culture as not being worthy of higher education and its related status in life. Ruby Dee as Ruth Younger portrays a pragmatic pessimist continually battling poverty and household problems. She dreams about getting away from their present slovenly locality, moving into a respectable house, and attaining a status equal to whites in society. Joseph Asagai (Ivan Dixon) is a forceful Nigerian character who takes fierce pride in his African heritage. George Murchison (Louis Gossett Jr.) believes the only way to overcome racist deficiencies, riches, and admiration of others is by assimilating into white society. John Fiedler as Karl Lindner portrays the typical “white Ar
The attitude towards the natural streams and creeks in real estate management can vary greatly. Building agencies may opt for covering everything up with gravel and pavement or purposeful exposure as a part of the landscape. This paper will focus mainly on the Bay Area effect of streams and creeks on the property because the author is familiar with it and can see examples in everyday life. Changing the Nature to Fit Human Needs Humans started to change the landscape around them centuries ago: cutting the trees for building materials, leveling the hills for convenience, and channeling the streams to have clean water access closer to home. Today, most houses worldwide have running tap water, but the presence of a creek nearby may still have an effect, either positive or negative (1). The following factors influence the interest of the Bay Area people in water sources near their homes: California forest fires, respect for nature, and cleanliness. Hiding the Streams and the Forest Fires The recent forest fires in California were devastating to both nature and people residing in the area. The Government institutions are putting together a plan to avoid such sacrifices in the future (3). The Bay Area is a relatively green territory but increasing urbanization has affected its ability to resist the forest fires by drying out and redirecting some of the streams to build homes. The effect of changing the natural course of the water may not be visible right away, as most of the continental hydrosphere is hidden under the surface. However, it prevents the underground flows from moisturizing the soil properly; this way, the nature of the state, in general, has less capacity to resist the forest fires. Living in the highly risky areas of California means that the residents have to pay more for the insurance. In this sense, covering the creeks and drying the streams may lead to higher property prices. Also, the presence of a water source near the house may make the area more fire-resistant, and that could either bring the price up or down, depending on the marketing strategy. Respect for Nature It is common for the residents of the Bay Area to promote respect for nature. The government institutions also pay attention to ecological initiatives and include “green” solutions into their urbanization plans (2). The forests and natural water sources could be tamed and incorporated into urban life without complete destruction or covering up. Well-designed rest areas with convenient yet natural streams could make property cost go up as the region would become more prestigious. The Cleanliness as a Factor Creeks can be more or less attractive as a water source or a rest spot, depending on how clean they are. Garbage makes people want to reside as far away fro
Intersectionality Intersectionality is an idea that is usually applied in critical speculations to express the manner in which domineering societies, for instance, bigotry, chauvinism, and racial intolerance among others are interrelated to the extent that it is almost impossible to address one in the absence of the rest. Kimberlé Williams Crenshaw, a US civil rights activist, established the concept. According to Bright (2016), intersectionality is significant in the study of gender since it involves institutions that are discriminated in the society based on parameters such as sexual orientation. For instance, gender perception against women can be connected, stimulated, and shaped by race and even one’s ethnic inclination. According to Betancur (2012), intersectionality has some significant effects as far as health is concerned. For example, people who are sexually and rascally victimized in the society tend to have both mental and physical health problems. This finding indicates that if the concept is understood and addressed well, it can help in eradicating some of these health challenges. Besides, studying intersectionality can help in averting gender-based violence among people. According to Bright (2016), in connection with the issue of popular culture, this concept is relevant since people get to appreciate the need to protect one’s traditions, regardless of the underlying tenets. For instance, the feminist society is observed to be weak when compared to the masculine culture. Hence, studying this concept will build and/or create a strong bond in the society by supporting the efforts of eradicating biasness among people. Privilege Privilege is a concept or any merit that is special, unearned, and socially deliberated (Pinn, 2017). For instance, white people enjoy the privilege of being observed as straightforward and principled. On the other hand, black people are regularly perceived to be criminals or possible criminals until they show signs they are not. According to Stanley (2016), the privilege of being a white man has favored me in various ways, for instance, getting a first-class education, being to do my shopping without interruption from other people, and/or being able to enjoy my unique hair style without any questioning from other people. As a white man, I am allowed to exhibit individualism without being seen as racially motivated. Considerably, I can walk freely understanding that no one can discriminate me based on my color. As stated by Stanley (2016), the privilege of being white has given me an advantage over many things, yet it does seem to promote fairness among people as far as black people are concerned. I can use the privilege to advocate for equal rights to be entitled to all people, despite their color, as stipulated in the US constitution. I can also for
Introduction JD Wetherspoon is a pub that was founded by a 24-year-old law student in 1979. Tim Martin, the founder, developed a desire to open his own pub due to a poor display of standards by the local pubs. The pub’s strategy at that time was to offer an array of real ales. Following its massive growth, this company went public in 1994. Tim Martin being the majority shareholder. Currently, the company owns over 640 pubs throughout the United Kingdom (Hassanien & Dale 2010). The major driving point of JD Wetherspoon is the ability to retain total control of all the affiliate pubs. Due to this outstanding feature, the company has managed to maintain a clear standard throughout all the pubs. JD Wetherspoon’s Products JD Wetherspoon has an array of products and services available for the customers. Alcohol is the main drink that is served in these pubs. The company has introduced incentives for the customers with the aim of attracting them to buy their beer. For instance, the company sells its soft drinks at a much lower price in comparison to other companies (Kew & Stredwick 2005). The company has made capital gains by enjoying the economies of scale. In essence, the company is able to negotiate huge discounts gained from bulk purchasing. Huge discounts enable it to reduce the final price making it easy for customers to consider this pub. High sales turnover drives up the profit margins leading to huge profits. Friendly prices accompanied by a safe and welcoming environment are major factors that have led to growth (Hassanien & Dale 2010). Rapid growth has enabled the company to venture into lodges and nightclubs. JD Wetherspoon’s emphasis on training and great facilities has played a major role in sustaining growth. In addition to soft drinks, the company has created a niche in the food industry. Improvements on the menu have played a significant role in upward growth. In line with quality service, customers have found it easy to relax in these pubs because of the friendly and ambient atmosphere. JD Wetherspoon pubs do not play loud music or entertain jukeboxes. As a result, the environment within the pub is quite enjoyable. JD Wetherspoon pubs are normally larger than the average pub. Furthermore, the company outlets ensure that customers can access food all day long within a non-smoking area. Television viewing is allowed during major sporting events. During the other days, the television or music is not allowed within the pub. The company records high bar sales followed by the sales generated from food. The company also runs Lloyd No. 1, which is a venture that targets the cocktail drinking market. The company’s strategic objective has made major contributions to the entire growth. In essence, the company has created a platform that appeals to the entire family through the nature of operations (Hassanien & Dale 2010). In addition, the firm’s focus on what customers want has played a critical role in establishing its presence in the pub industry. Conclusion Strategy is a significant factor when managing a competitive company. Re
Six Kinds of Power For The Effective Classroom Management Raven (2008) names six kinds of power that influence student behaviour. They include coercive, legitimate, expert, reward, ‘referent’, and informational resources. Coercive power is the ability to control the behaviour of challenging students using punishments or by the withholding of privileges (Canter & Canter, 1992). A teacher’s role as an instructor earns is a source of legitimate power in the classroom. Referent power stems from a teacher’s attributes that earn him/her trust and respect in the classroom. In contrast, ‘reward’ is the teacher’s power to honour or recognise a student for good behaviour or other achievements (Kohn, 1993). On the other hand, expert power arises when students perceive their teacher as being intelligent and skilled in the subject. Informational power is the influence teachers have over students that enable them to induce certain beliefs in the learners. The writer believes that referent, legitimate, coercive, and expert resources are important in classroom management because they are more interventionist and group-oriented than informational and expert power bases. Model of Group Management Comparing to Student-Oriented and Teacher-Oriented Models Proponents of the group-oriented approach would criticise the student-oriented and teacher-oriented models for various reasons. Concerning the teacher-oriented approach, one would argue that it is deficient because it forces children to conform to the teacher’s instructions (Lovegrove & Lewis, 1991). In this regard, the student has no right to make choices, which makes it difficult for him/her to learn to control his/her behaviour. Such students lack self-discipline as they depend on the teacher’s guidance at all times (Pearl & Knight, 1998). In contrast, in a group-oriented approach, students ha
In most instances, it appears that no regulation is universal. Different agencies establish their rules about accepting gratuities while individual officials could also have their standpoints. Though some agencies are against it, it is courteous for police officers to respond positively to acts of kindness from business owners and private citizens. Officers should accept such things as discounted or free food and water but not expensive gifts, which would be tantamount to bribery (Lobnikar & Meško, 2015). Nevertheless, while it may be prudent for officers to visit coffee shops and restaurants where their food and drinks are characteristically discounted or they do not receive a bill, it is reckless for them to demand free beverages or grumble when charged for the food. Some businesses, especially the ones providing food services, offer discounts to police officers as their policy. The concern of police officers accepting gratuities of whichever form has been a sensitive and greatly controversial issue. Some researchers have established that it is an insult for a law enforcement official to refuse discounted or free food. Police officers should not expect to receive gratuities but when it is offered, they should take it provided it is just a small token of appreciation for their good work and not money. It is hard to understand how free coffee, water, or food could corrupt a disciplined officer (Lim & Sloan, 2016). Private citizens or business owners who like offering something small to police officers should be commended. If an organization or an individual chooses to appreciate the sacrifices of police officers, why should the third party become involved? It is insulting to the reputation and dignity of the police force to suggest that officers cannot make personal decisions on whether to accept a free cup of water or a single plate of food.
One of the topics that have already been learned is dedicated to the concepts of attempt, conspiracy, and solicitation. The present paper focuses on the act of solicitation that could be defined as an act of asking another person to commit an illegal action. This concept is illustrated in the example of Chris D’Elia, a famous stand-up comedian, who was accused in early March 2021 of soliciting pornography from a 17-years-old girl, Chloe Neely. Wurtele and Kenny (2016) write that social media have become a popular instrument used for the solicitation of youth by adults. Besides, approximately 9 percent of youth suffer from solicitation of pornography (Wurtele & Kenny, 2016). In D’Elia’s case, the comedian used direct messages on Instagram to talk to the victim (Trepany, 2021). During the period from 2014 to 2019, the underaged plaintiff sent Mr. D’Elia “100 sexually explicit photos and videos” (Trepany, 2021, para. 8). The girl was flattered by the attention of the celebrity and, thus, it was easy to manipulate her. Chris D’Elia was accused of solicitation because it is illegal for underaged people to participate in pornography. And even though D’Elia did not make these shoots personally, he manipulated the plaintiff to make her send him photos and videos. Therefore, he forced another person to break the law that recognizes child pornography as illegal. By the way, in addition to the solicitation, Mr. D’Elia was charged with the sexual exploitation of teenaged girls (Trepany, 2021). Interestingly enough, it took several years for Chloe Neely to gain the strength to declare what happened between her and Chris D’Elia. However, in spite of the exist
The main origin of the civil war in America was the declaration of seven states that had split from the U.S and grouped to form a confederacy. The main reason b ehind t ofhis was the devastating effects of slavery.The southerners felt that the northerners were against slavery, and they were grouping to form political parties that were to oppose the growth of slavery within western territories. The southerners felt that this would pose a threat to slavery and thus violate their rights. Even without the optimum support of the southern states, Abraham Lincoln won the elections that were carried out in 1860. This victory catalyzed the rise of secession from slave states within the deep south when seven of them teamed up to form the confederate state of America just before Lincoln was sworn in to presume office.in addition, C.A.F was not recognized by nationalists from every part of America especially from the north. Even the U.S government declined to surrender its forts which had been claimed by confederacy. Civil war then started in 1861 following confederates attack on fort Sumter being the main fortress of United States in South Carolina. As historians continue to emphasize, slavery and other multifaceted discontents were noted as the main causes of the uprising. Tariff issue later became entangled in slavery matters. The rest of the factors that contributed to civil war in America were party politics, sectionalism, modernization, industrialization, southern nationalism, economics and also abolitionism which took place during the antebellum phase. The United States then became two divided nation. There was also a significant growth in population among the states in New England, mainly due to high birth rate and immigration. In the south, most of its dominants were planters based on slavery. A high growth rate was taking place within Texas due to higher rates of birth and large immigrant numbers coming from the south east as compared to the ones from Europe. Debates over the years were focused towards explaining the future of slavery and how it could change before the civil war began in 1861. On May 26th, 1836, the house passed Pinckney resolutions, which stated that the Congress did not have constitutional powers to interfere with states that practiced slavery. Secondly, it was not to practice it in the District of Colombia. Thirdly, all information and inquiries related to slavery and its activities were all enshrined in the infamous gag rule. This provided a blue print on how slavery would be ended, although it did not yield much. Slav
Introduction It is illegal for firms in different sectors to practice any form of discrimination. To guard against this, various governments such as the Unites States have instituted legislations that stipulate penalties due to discrimination. On the other hand, firms have instituted policies aimed at ensuring non-discrimination. This paper evaluates the degree to which Publix Incorporation is committed towards ensuring that there is no discrimination. The charges filed against Publix as a result of discrimination are also discussed. The paper also analyzes other anti-discrimination laws that employers should adhere to other than the protected categories. Discussion Despite the claim by the management of Publix Incorporation that the firm is committed to ensuring non-discrimination; the firm has not effectively implemented policies aimed at abating discrimination. This is evident from the intense criticism and law suits by the firm’s former and current employees. For example, there are a number of law suits that have been filed by former employees claiming that the firm is not committed towards ensuring that there are equal employment and fair promotion opportunities for both women and minority groups within the firm. Despite the management claiming that it has implemented a policy that gives 30% of managerial positions within the firm to women and minority employees; the employees claim that there are no benefits associated with the said managerial positions. In 1991, approximately 100,000 women employees of the firm filed a class-action suit against the firm claiming that the firm systematically denied them promotion opportunities. The firm was ordered to pay $ 81.5 million in damages (Aitcheson, 1997, p.109). The firm’s minimal commitment towards ensuring that there is no discrimination with regard to employment opportunity is also evident in the law suit filed by 13 black males who included both the current and former employees of the firm in 1999. In their law suit, they claimed that the firm fired a large number of black employees and also denied them promotion opportunities. This has made the firm to be dominated by a large number of white males which indicates a high degree of racial discrimination. Due to increased lawsuits, Publix Incorporation has increased its sensitivity towards eliminating cases of racial discrimination and sexual harassment (Groeller, 1999, p.34). The firm has is also increasing its commitment towards ensuring equity in promotion by ensuring diversity in training. Antidiscrimination law requires employers to avoid any form of discrimination as stipulated by Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. The Act prohibits any form of intentional or unintentional discrimination with regard to age, race, nationality, religion and gender during the course of employment (Miller &