ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
This Report summarizes the proceedings of the 2015 Les Houches workshop on Physics at TeV Colliders. Session 1 dealt with (I) new developments relevant for high precision Standard Model calculations, (II) the new PDF4LHC parton distributions, (III) issues in the theoretical description of the production of Standard Model Higgs bosons and how to relate experimental measurements, (IV) a host of phenomenological studies essential for comparing LHC data from Run I with theoretical predictions and projections for future measurements in Run II, and (V) new developments in Monte Carlo event generators.
Three variational approaches, the hyperspherical-harmonics, Gaussian-basis and Lagrange-mesh methods involving different coordinate systems, are compared in studies of $0^+$ bound-state energies in 3$\alpha$ models. Calculations are performed with different versions of the shallow Ali-Bodmer potential (with and without Coulomb) and with the deep Buck-Friedrich-Wheatley potential. All three methods yield very accurate energies. Their advantages and drawbacks are evaluated. The implications of the disagreement between the obtained results and the experimental $^{12}$C energies in $3\alpha$ models with Coulomb interaction are discussed.
Image segmentation in the urban scene has recently attracted much attention due to its success in autonomous driving systems. However, the poor performance of concerned foreground targets, e.g., traffic lights and poles, still limits its further practical applications. In urban scenes, foreground targets are always concealed in their surrounding stuff because of the special camera position and 3D perspective projection. What's worse, it exacerbates the unbalance between foreground and background classes in high-level features due to the continuous expansion of the reception field. We call it Feature Camouflage. In this paper, we present a novel add-on module, named Feature Balance Network (FBNet), to eliminate the feature camouflage in urban-scene segmentation. FBNet consists of two key components, i.e., Block-wise BCE(BwBCE) and Dual Feature Modulator(DFM). BwBCE serves as an auxiliary loss to ensure uniform gradients for foreground classes and their surroundings during backpropagation. At the same time, DFM intends to enhance the deep representation of foreground classes in high-level features adaptively under the supervision of BwBCE. These two modules facilitate each other as a whole to ease feature camouflage effectively. Our proposed method achieves a new state-of-the-art segmentation performance on two challenging urban-scene benchmarks, i.e., Cityscapes and BDD100K. Code will be released for reproduction.
The discovery of novel topological states has served as a major branch in physics and material science. However, to date, most of the established topological states of matter have been employed in Euclidean systems, where the interplay between unique geometrical characteristics of curved spaces and exotic topological phases is less explored, especially on the experimental perspective. Recently, the experimental realization of the hyperbolic lattice, which is the regular tessellation in non-Euclidean spaces with a constant negative curvature, has attracted much attention in the field of simulating exotic phenomena from quantum physics in curved spaces to the general relativity. The question is whether there are novel topological states in such a non-Euclidean system without analogues in Euclidean spaces. Here, we demonstrate both in theory and experiment that novel topological states possessing unique properties compared with their Euclidean counterparts can exist in engineered hyperbolic lattices. Specially, based on the extended Haldane model, the boundary-dominated first-order Chern edge state with a nontrivial real-space Chern number is achieved, and the associated one-way propagation is proven. Furthermore, we show that fractal-like midgap higher-order zero modes appear in deformed hyperbolic lattices, where the number of zero modes increases exponentially with the increase of lattice size. These novel topological states are observed in designed hyperbolic circuit networks by measuring site-resolved impendence responses and dynamics of voltage packets. Our findings suggest a novel platform to study topological phases beyond Euclidean space and may have potential applications in the field of designing high-efficient topological devices, such as topological lasers, with extremely fewer trivial regions.
Bohmian mechanics reproduces all statistical predictions of quantum mechanics, which ensures that entanglement cannot be used for superluminal signaling. However, individual Bohmian particles can experience superluminal influences. We propose to illustrate this point using a double double-slit setup with path-entangled photons. The Bohmian velocity field for one of the photons can be measured using a recently demonstrated weak-measurement technique. The found velocities strongly depend on the value of a phase shift that is applied to the other photon, potentially at spacelike separation.
In this review, we explain recent progress made in the Babcock-Leighton dynamo models for the Sun, which have been most successful to explain various properties of the solar cycle. In general, these models are 2D axisymmetric and the mean-field dynamo equations are solved in the meriodional plane of the Sun. Various physical processes (e.g., magnetic buoyancy and Babcock-Leighton mechanism) involved in these models are inherently 3D process and could not be modeled properly in a 2D framework. After pointing out limitations of 2D models (e.g., Mean-field Babcock-Leighton dynamo models and Surface Flux Transport models), we describe recently developed next-generation 3D dynamo models that implement more sophisticated flux emergence algorithm of buoyant flux tube rise through the convection zone and capture Babcock-Leighton process more realistically than previous 2D models. The detailed results from these 3D dynamo models including surface flux transport counterpart are presented. We explain the cycle irregularities that are reproduced in 3D dynamo models by introducing scattering around the tilt angle only. Some results by assimilating observed photospheric convective velocity fields into the 3D models are also discussed, pointing out the wide opportunity that these 3D models hold to deliver.
A graph is called to be uniquely list colorable, if it admits a list assignment which induces a unique list coloring. We study uniquely list colorable graphs with a restriction on the number of colors used. In this way we generalize a theorem which characterizes uniquely 2-list colorable graphs. We introduce the uniquely list chromatic number of a graph and make a conjecture about it which is a generalization of the well known Brooks' theorem.
Given Y a non-compact manifold or orbifold, we define a natural subspace of the cohomology of Y called the narrow cohomology. We show that despite Y being non-compact, there is a well-defined and non-degenerate pairing on this subspace. The narrow cohomology proves useful for the study of genus zero Gromov-Witten theory. When Y is a smooth complex variety or Deligne-Mumford stack, one can define a quantum D-module on the narrow cohomology of Y. This yields a new formulation of quantum Serre duality.
Electric fields commonly exist in semiconductor structures of electronics, bringing to bear on phonon thermal transport. Also, it is a popular method to tune thermal transport in solids. In this work, phonon and thermal transport properties of GaN with wurtzite and zincblende structures at finite electric field are investigated using first principles calculations from perspectives of symmetry breaking and lattice deformation. Effects of electric field on phonon transport properties including phonon dispersion and thermal conductivity from response of electron density distribution only and response from lattice changes are studied in zincblende GaN. It is found that the former has a small but qualitative impact on phonon dispersion relations, i.e., splitting of phonon branches, since it breaks symmetry of zincblende lattice. While the latter affects both lattice symmetry and size, causing significant changes of phonon properties and increase of thermal conductivity. In wurtzite GaN, space-group-conserved lattice changes at finite electric field are studied with lattice deformation only, where thermal conductivity decreases at electric fields significantly with increase of anisotropy, much different from the changes in zincblende GaN. This work provides a comprehensive understanding on phonon thermal transport properties in GaN at finite electric field, which promises to benefit phonon transport tuning and provide reference for thermal management in GaN-based information and power electronics.
The magneto resistance of a narrow single quantum well is spectacularly different from the usual behavior. At filling factors 2/3 and 3/5 we observe large and sharp maxima in the longitudinal resistance instead of the expected minima. The peak value of the resistance exceeds those of the surrounding magnetic field regions by a factor of up to three. The formation of the maxima takes place on very large time scales which suggests a close relation with nuclear spins. We discuss the properties of the observed maxima due to a formation of domains of different electronic states.
The recurrent soft X-ray transient Aquila X-1 was observed with Suzaku for a gross duration of 79.9 ks, on 2011 October 21 when the object was in a rising phase of an outburst. During the observation, the source exhibited a clear spectral transition from the hard state to the soft state, on a time scale of ~30 ks. Across the transition, the 0.8-10 keV XIS count rate increased by a factor ~3, that of HXD-PIN in 15-60 keV decreased by a similar factor, and the unabsorbed 0.1-100 keV luminosity increased from 3.5 times 10^37 erg/s to 5.1 times 10^37 erg/s. The broadband spectral shape changed continuously, from a power-law like one with a high-energy cutoff to a more convex one. Throughout the transition, the 0.8-60 keV spectra were successfully described with a model consisting of a multi-color blackbody and a Comptonized blackbody, which are considered to arise from a standard accretion disk and a closer vicinity of the neutron star, respectively. All the model parameters were confirmed to change continuously, from those typical in the hard state to those typical of the soft state. More specifically, the inner disk radius decreased from 31 km to 18 km, the effects of Comptonization on the blackbody photons weakened, and the electron temperature of Comptonization decreased from 10 keV to 3 keV. The derived parameters imply that the Comptonizing corona shrinks towards the final soft state, and/or the radial infall velocity of the corona decreases. These results reinforce the view that the soft and hard states of Aql X-1 (and of similar objects) are described by the same "disk plus Comptonized blackbody" model, but with considerably different parameters.
We present a Bayesian angular power spectrum and signal map inference engine which can be adapted to interferometric observations of anisotropies inthe cosmic microwave background, 21 cm emission line mapping of galactic brightness fluctuations, or 21 cm absorption line mapping of neutral hydrogen in the dark ages. The method uses Gibbs sampling to generate a sampled representation of the angular power spectrum posterior and the posterior of signal maps given a set of measured visibilities in the uv-plane. We use a mock interferometric CMB observation to demonstrate the validity of this method in the flat-sky approximation when adapted to take into account arbitrary coverage of the uv-plane, mode-mode correlations due to observations on a finite patch, and heteroschedastic visibility errors. The computational requirements scale as O(n_p log n_p) where n_p measures the ratio of the size of the detector array to the inter-detector spacing, meaning that Gibbs sampling is a promising technique for meeting the data analysis requirements of future cosmology missions.
We obtain local Lipschitz regularity for minima of autonomous integrals in the calculus of variations, assuming $q$-growth hypothesis and $W^{1,p}$-quasiconvexity only asymptotically, both in the sub-quadratic and the super-quadratic case.
It is argued that the constituent quarks are expected to show a non-- trivial spin and flavor structure, due to the anomalous breaking of the chiral symmetry in the U(1) sector. CERN--TH.7079/93\\
Topological phases of matter are among the most intriguing research directions in Condensed Matter Physics. It is known that superconductivity induced on a topological insulator's surface can lead to exotic Majorana modes, the main ingredient of many proposed quantum computation schemes. In this context, the iron-based high critical temperature superconductors are a promising platform to host such an exotic phenomenon in real condensed-matter compounds. The Coulomb interaction is commonly believed to be vital for the magnetic and superconducting properties of these systems. This work bridges these two perspectives and shows that the Coulomb interaction can also drive a canonical superconductor with orbital degrees of freedom into the topological state. Namely, we show that above a critical value of the Hubbard interaction the system simultaneously develops spiral spin order, a highly unusual triplet amplitude in superconductivity, and, remarkably, Majorana fermions at the edges of the system.
Examination of the free-fall motion of particles of extremely high-speed in the Schwarzschild geometry reveals that the gravitational acceleration of such particles is reversed when measured in Schwarzschild coordinates. High-speed particles decelerate when moving radially downward, and they accelerate when moving upward. The onset of this abnormal behavior occurs at a speed of 1/Sqrt(3) times the local value of the speed of light. However, the gravitational force always remains attractive. PACS numbers: 04.20.-q, 04.20.Cv, 01.65+g
We consider 2-dimensional cylinder spacetimes whose metrics differ from the flat Minkowskian metric within a compact region. By choice of time orientation, these spacetimes may be regarded as either globally hyperbolic timelike cylinders or nonglobally hyperbolic spacelike cylinders. For generic metrics in our class, we classify all possible candidate quantum field algebras for massive Klein-Gordon theory which obey the F-locality condition introduced by Kay. This condition requires each point of spacetime to have an intrinsically globally hyperbolic neighbourhood, N, such that the commutator (in the candidate algebra) of fields smeared with test functions supported in N agrees with the value obtained in the usual construction of Klein-Gordon theory on N.   By considering bisolutions to the Klein-Gordon equation, we prove that generic timelike cylinders admit a unique F-local algebra -- namely the algebra obtained by the usual construction -- and that generic spacelike cylinders do not admit any F-local algebras, and are therefore non F-quantum compatible. Refined versions of our results are obtained for subclasses of metrics invariant under a symmetry group. Thus F-local field theory on 2-dimensional cylinder spacetimes essentially coincides with the usual globally hyperbolic theory. In particular the result of the author and Higuchi that the Minkowskian spacelike cylinder admits infinitely many F-local algebras is now seen to represent an anomalous case.
Klein's simple group $H$ of order $168$ is the automorphism group of the plane quartic curve $C$, called Klein quartic. By Torelli Theorem, the full automorphism group $G$ of the Jacobian $J=J(C)$ is the group of order $336$, obtained by adding minus identity to $H$. The quotient variety $J/G$ can be alternatively represented as the quotient $\mathbb C^3/\tilde G$ of the complex $3$-space by the complex crystallographic group $\tilde G$, the extension of $G$ by the period lattice of the Klein quartic. Moreover, it turns out that $\tilde G$ is generated by affine complex reflections. According to a conjecture of Bernstein--Schwarzman, a quotient of $\mathbb C^n$ by an irreducible complex crystallographic group generated by reflections is a weighted projective space. The conjecture is known in dimension two and for complexifications of the real crystallographic groups generated by reflections. The case of $\tilde G$ is the first, and in a sense the smallest of the unknown cases. We compute the orbits and the stabilizers of the action of $G$ on $J$ and deduce that $J/G=\mathbf C^3/\tilde G$ is a strongly simply connected variety with the same singularities as the weighted projective space $\mathbb P(1,2,4,7)$.
A freely available Python code for modelling SNR evolution has been created. This software is intended for two purposes: to understand SNR evolution; and to use in modelling observations of SNR for obtaining good estimates of SNR properties. It includes all phases for the standard path of evolution for spherically symmetric SNRs. In addition, alternate evolutionary models are available, including evolution in a cloudy ISM, the fractional energy loss model, and evolution in a hot low-density ISM. The graphical interface takes in various parameters and produces outputs such as shock radius and velocity vs. time, SNR surface brightness profile and spectrum. Some interesting properties of SNR evolution are demonstrated using the program.
We consider mass-conserving self-similar solutions of Smoluchowski's coagulation equation with multiplicative kernel of homogeneity $2l\lambda \in (0,1)$. We establish rigorously that such solutions exhibit a singular behavior of the form $x^{-(1+2\lambda)}$ as $x \to 0$. This property had been conjectured, but only weaker results had been available up to now.
The spin of a number of black holes (BHs) in binary systems has been measured. In the case of BHs found in low-mass X-ray binaries (LMXBs) the observed values are in agreement with some theoretical predictions based on binary stellar evolution. However, using the same evolutionary models, the calculated spins of BHs in high-mass X-ray binaries (HMXBs) fall short compared to the observations. A possible solution to this conundrum is the accretion of high-specific-angular-momentum material after the formation of the BH, although this requires accretion above the Eddington limit. Another suggestion is that the observed high values of the BHs spin could be the result of an asymmetry during Core Collapse (CC). The only available energy to spin up the compact object during CC is its binding energy. A way to convert it to rotational kinetic energy is by using a Standing Accretion Shock Instability (SASI), which can develop during CC and push angular momentum into the central compact object through a spiral mode ($m = 1$). Here we study the CC-SASI scenario and discuss, in the case of LMXBs and HMXBs, the limits for the spin of a stellar-mass BHs. Our results predict a strong dichotomy in the maximum spin of low-mass compact objects and massive BHs found in HMXBs. The maximum spin value ($|a_\star|$) for a compact object near the mass boundary between BHs and NSs is found to be somewhere between 0.27 and 0.38, depending on whether secular or dynamical instabilities limit the efficiency of the spin up process. For more massive BHs, such as those found in HMXBs, the natal spin is substantially smaller and for $M_{\rm BH}\!>\!8~M_\odot$ spin is limited to values $|a_\star|\!\lesssim\!0.05$. Therefore we conclude that the observed high spins of BHs in HMXBs cannot be the result of a CC-SASI spin up.
We discuss the interplay between transport and dissipation in quantum Hall bilayers. We show that quantum effects are relevant in the pseudospin picture of these systems, leading either to direct tunnelling currents or to quantum dissipative processes that damp oscillations around the ground state. These quantum effects have their origins in resonances of the classical spin system.
We discuss top quark production and its subsequent decay for searching new physics at lepton colliders. The angular dependence of the decay leptons is calculated including both QCD corrections and anomalous gamma Z - t tbar couplings. The off-diagonal spin basis for the top and anti-top quarks is shown to be useful to probe the anomalous couplings.
Consider the Kirchhoff equation $$ \partial_{tt} u - \Delta u \Big( 1 + \int_{\mathbb{T}^d} |\nabla u|^2 \Big) = 0 $$ on the $d$-dimensional torus $\mathbb{T}^d$. In a previous paper we proved that, after a first step of quasilinear normal form, the resonant cubic terms show an integrable behavior, namely they give no contribution to the energy estimates. This leads to the question whether the same structure also emerges at the next steps of normal form. In this paper, we perform the second step and give a negative answer to the previous question: the quintic resonant terms give a nonzero contribution to the energy estimates. This is not only a formal calculation, as we prove that the normal form transformation is bounded between Sobolev spaces.
We analyse the current build-up of stellar mass within the disks and bulges of nearby galaxies through a comparison of the spatial distributions of forming and old stellar populations. H alpha and R-band imaging are used to determine the distributions of young and old stellar populations in 313 S0a - Im field galaxies out to 40 Mpc. Concentration indices and mean normalised light profiles are calculated as a function of galaxy type and bar classification. The mean profiles and concentration indices show a strong and smooth dependence on galaxy type. Apart from a central deficit due to bulge/bar light in some galaxy types, mean H alpha and R-band profiles are very similar. Mean profiles within a given type are remarkably constant even given wide ranges in galaxy luminosity and size. SBc, SBbc and particularly SBb galaxies have profiles that are markedly different from those of unbarred galaxies. H alpha emission from SBb galaxies is studied in detail; virtually all show resolved central components and concentrations of star formation at or just outside the bar-end radius. In these galaxies, star formation has the same radial distribution as R-band light, i.e. stellar mass is building at approximately constant morphology, with no strong evidence for outer truncation or inside-out disk formation. (Abridged.)
In this note we construct an unlimited family of irregular algebraic surfaces of general type with canonical map of degree $ 8 $, irregularity $ 1 $ and arbitrarily large geometric genus such that the image of the canonical map is not a surface of minimal degree.
We present a consistent calculation of the structure functions within a light-front constituent quark model of the nucleon. Relativistic effects and the relevance of the covariance constraints are analyzed for polarized parton distributions. Various models, which differ in their gluonic structure at the hadronic scale, are investigated. The results of the full covariant calculation are compared with those of a non-relativistic approximation to show the structure and magnitude of the differences. It is also shown how measurements of transversity in doubly polarized Drell-Yan lepton pair production are a clearcut sign of covariance requirements for the spin.
In this paper we survey and further study partial sums of a stationary process via approximation with a martingale with stationary differences. Such an approximation is useful for transferring from the martingale to the original process the conditional central limit theorem. We study both approximations in L_2 and in L_1. The results complement the work of Dedecker Merlevede and Volny (2007), Zhao and Woodroofe (2008), Gordin and Peligrad (2009). The method provides an unitary treatment of many limiting results for dependent random variables including classes of mixing sequences, additive functionals of Markov chains and linear processes.