ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Comparing Skinner’s theoretical perspective to that of Freud and Rogers The main postulate of Sigmund Freud’s psychoanalytical theory of personality is that one’s behavior reflects the unconscious workings of his or her psyche, and that is it is specifically the early (psychosexual) phases of people’s development, which define the qualitative of their existential stance. Hence, Freud’s model of psychopathology – an individual begins to experience some mental angst when the functioning of the structural elements of his or her psychic apparatus ( id, ego, and superego ) ceases to help the concerned person to release his unconscious anxieties in the socially appropriate manner. In its turn, this explains Freud’s approach to conceptualizing the purpose of psychoanalytic therapy. According to the founder of psychoanalysis, to be able to help a patient to restore its mental health, a psychologist must be capable of coming up with the proper interpretation of the actual significance of this patient’s consciously suppressed unconscious anxieties. Burrhus Skinner’s ‘behaviorist’ theory of personality stands in striking opposition to the methodology of psychoanalysis. The reason for this is that, unlike Freud, Skinner used to believe that it is specifically the externally applied stimuli (environmental circumstances) that determine one’s ‘operant behavior’ – something that implied the full appropriateness of subjecting people’s behavioral patterns to a positivist scientific inquiry. In essence, Skinner’s theory proclaims that there is nothing phenomenological about how people act and that for psychologists to be able to prove their high professional value, they must know how to assess even the most complex psychopathological cases within the methodological framework of the behaviorist ‘cause-effect’ paradigm. Carl Rogers’s theoretical perspective differs rather dramatically from those of Freud and Skinner. According to the founder of a ‘person-centered’ (or Rogerian) psychotherapy, the proponents of psychoanalysis and behaviorism overlook the importance of helping patients attain the state of self-actualization, as the actual aim of psychotherapeutic interventions. In its turn, this presupposes that the best strategy for such interventions is establishing a close and personal relationship between psychotherapists and their clients. The above-mentioned emphasizes the strongly defined phenomenological sounding of Rogers’s approach to addressing the formation of one’s personality/behavior. After all, the very notion of ‘self-actualization’, which lies at the foundation of Rogers’s theory, is utterly idiosyncratic (Schustack & Friedman, 2007). The main difference between Skinner and Freud is that, unlike the latter, the former considered the motivational force behind one’s tendency to act in one way or another, to be intrinsic. This simply could not be otherwise – the
Managing emergencies differs considerably from managing any other service or event, as the matter requires adequate responses in a timely manner. Unsuccessful responses to disasters often lead to victims and property losses, therefore, in order to decrease negative consequences from natural disasters, Incident Command System (ICS) has emerged. A core idea I learned as an emergency manager in the FEMA department is that using ICS for incidents or planned helps to maintain and improve the skills needed to coordinate more significant or more elaborate efforts. ICS as a Management Tool ICS Structure and Benefits As emergencies differ considerably from one another, it is only natural that a universal, flexible, and self-sufficient organization of management is to be applied. Besides that, coordinating efforts by upper-level governments should not be underestimated, as they have tremendous steering capacity and fundraising power (Jung & Song, 2014). ICS is a standardized management tool that allows better coordination and use of resources (Federal Emergency Management Agency [FEMA], 2018). While being a part of the N
Teaching special education is one of the challenging professions in education sphere. Nonetheless, it can be one of the fascinating occupations, if individuals approach the challenges that arise in this field with positive mind (Cheney & Barringer, 1995). Lessons taught in special education are different compared to those taught in regular education. One of the ways through which a person can serve as a leader in special education is by establishing new methods of information presentation. For instance, one may assist students suffering from visual processing challenges by giving them assignments that have font size they can process comfortably. Moreover, one may lead by enlightening other teachers on how to examine students and to change their activities whenever they show signs of fatigue. Encouraging students to work hard would go a long way towards enhancing their performance (Cheney & Barringer, 1995). Besides, one may involve students in coming up with new teaching methods. Students with disabilities have been receiving poor services in special education, for decades now. Majority of professionals in institutions of special education do not pay attention to interests of individual students. Instead, they generalize their interests and offer common services despite some students requiring intensive care (Cheney & Barringer, 1995). One of the factors that motivate me to be a leader in special education is the desire to make changes in teaching methods applied in special education. If institutions would focus on the needs of individual students, they would equip them with skills that would help the students to secure jobs in the future. Self-awareness and self-control are among the qualities that a leader in special education ought to possess. Individuals working in special education demonstrate self-awareness and self-control whenever they manage to deal with their emotions. At times, students with disabilities act in a manner that provokes their teacher. In such a case, the teacher ought to exercise restraint when dealing with the students (Cheney & Barringer, 1995). Teachers need to scrutinize their students to identify and address emotional distresses that might affect learning environment. Teachers demonstrate self-awareness when they apply positive reinforcement strategies to improve the learning environment. Understanding about change process helps teachers to cater for needs of individual students during change implementation process. A leader in special education requires involving all stakeholders when implementing changes. The leader ought to create awareness on the importance of the intended changes and stages involved in the implementation process (Stuecher & Suarez, 2000). This would help the leader to gain support from the stakeholders. Requesting students to share their experience of the implemented changes would help a leader to make alterations in areas that the students lodge complaints. It would be prudent to seek opinions from students, even though the leader has the right to dictate on changes to implement. Having positive perspective towards a culture practiced in an instituti
Subjective Information   * Date: 06/23/2019   * Source of information: Patient   * Gender: Female   * Age: 45 years old   * Location: Clinic   * Level of reliability: High C/C : “I have been coughing for two weeks.” HPI : This is a 45-year-old African American female who presents here today with complaints of cough 8/10. The patient reports chest discomfort 7/10 severity and chills X2 a day. Over the past two weeks, she has noticed the production of white mucus several times. A week ago, she had a fever of 101 with relief of over-the-counter Tylenol 500 mg two times every five hours that day. Associated symptoms include expressive fatigue and occasional shortness of breath. The patient denies nausea, vomiting, headache, abdominal pain, or blood in the mucus. She is sexually active; the last OB/GYN exam was in February. PQRST : The patient was tending to flowers in her garden at the time of onset. She describes the cough as “barking” and says that she has been feeling much worse over the past three days. The pain is in the chest, but it radiates to the lungs. The patient rates her pain at 8/10, and discomfort – at 7/10. She reports having had the symptoms for two weeks, and she has noticed that drinking cold water makes the cough worse. Review of Systems GENERAL: The patient does not report any major health changes apart from the cough. HEENT: Eyes: near-sightedness. Ears, Nose, Throat: normal hearing, no throat pain, no abnormal nose discharge. SKIN: no itching or rash. CARDIOVASCULAR: occasional pain in chest; no oedema or palpitations. GASTROINTESTINAL: no loss of appetite, no vomiting, or diarrhea, nausea, or anorexia. No abdominal pain or blood. PMH : In their teenage years, she was treated for food poisoning and inflammatory bowel disease. In 2006, she had postpartum depression after giving birth to her first child. The patient also has chronic headaches and type 2 diabetes. PSH : She had laparoscopic appendix removal in 2000 and a Cesarean section in 2009. Allergies : The patient reports allergies to peanuts and milk; she has been avoiding these products since a very early age. She denies allergies to medications or any other food allergens. Medications : Headaches: Naproxen 250 mg PO; frequency depends on the severity of headaches. Type 2 diabetes: Metformin with a meal 2X a day. Family Hx : The patient’s father died of congestive heart failure, and her paternal grandmother had lung disease. Social Hx : The patient is married and has two children (aged 10 and 13). Her husband is the breadwinner, but she also has a part-time job as a copywriter. She is a member of the local Moms’ Club and attends church every Sunday. She is frequently asked to participate in her children’s school talent shows because she can play the piano and violin. The patient enjoys family gatherings and loves spending time outside. She is
Kate Chopin is a personality which deserves attention. Being an interesting person, Kate Chopin has written many stories and her life may be considered as boring and usual except for the particular moments which make her biography deserve attention. Of course, the lives of famous people are always interesting, however, the biography of Kate Chopin attracts attention due to a number of reasons. Being a person who wrote about the discrimination of women, their hard life in the patriarchy society and other similar aspects, it seems that Kate Chopin considered the society of her time unfair. Struggling for women rights and trying to present a woman as equal to men, it seems strange for me Kate Chopin described severe headaches once a month (each 28 days). Such confession seems strange and unusual, therefore it is possible to conclude that Kate Chopin agreed on the role of a woman as the society believed was correct (Chopin, Toth, Seyersted, and Bonnell 10). One more fact from the biography of this woman seems peculiar and deserves attention is the fact that after the death of her husband, Dr. Chopin, Kate did not follow the tradition of six months of mourning. This fact was rather confusing for the family members of her husband’s family (Toth 66). Considering the way how these people spent time together, one may say they fell in love with each and such behavior could not be understood in a proper way. Kate respected her husband, they spent much time together and her behavior seemed inappropriate. Therefore, these are two facts from Kate Chopin’s biography which caught my attention. They seem strange and at the same time interesting. Such aspects in the biography of the author of Awakening make her life particular. Poe uses both humor and horror to create the setting in The Cask of the Amontillado and this aspect is easily noticed. Reading the description of the catacombs and the way how Montresor makes Fortunato come there, doubtful opinion is created. On the one hand, the setting is horrible paying attention to the final scene. On the other hand, it is impossible to miss the fun in the way how Montresor makes a fool of Fortunato making him go to catacombs. Montresor says that he wants a piece of advice from an expert in wine, a friend advice, stating that “The thousand injuries of Fortunato I [Montresor] had borne as I best could” (Poe). It is rather strange that Fortunato did not notice the fact of flattery. The description of catacombs is also funny and horrible at one and the same time. The mentioning of human remains is horrible while the very fact of the inability of Fortunato to catch the atmosphere. The very process of immune seems rather funny. Being caught Fortunato repeats the title of the wine for several times, “The Amontillado!” as if he did not notice what happened to him. But the reader understands what is happening and this awareness makes the whole scene more terrific and comic at one and the same time. However, the reader understands what Montresor is doing and it makes him/her terrified. Therefore, it ma
Financial analysis can be an effective way to predict the further development of the company. It provides valuable information about successful business decisions and their impact and will also help prevent problems committed by the company in the past. An example of such a company could be Starbucks, which conducts a productive policy in this area. Thus, the analysis of this indicator will also help the company investigate its stability and profitability. An example of a company for which a financial analysis can be carried out can be Starbucks. This organization is famous all over the world and has won a reasonably high level of customer loyalty. Sources state that “Starbucks’ net revenue reached 24.61 billion U.S. dollars in 2021, reflecting an increase over the previous year’s” (“Net Revenue of Starbucks,” n.d.). People know Starbucks from coffee shops that are available in almost every country. The primary method of collecting financial data for the organization under investigation is the Cost Method. With its help, Starbucks has sufficient stable development and is an attractive investment for interested parties, as it can predict its further development. The financial analysis of any organization includes an assessment of the impact of external and internal factors on its functioning. For a more successful implementation of this process, it is necessary to develop a balance sheet and a cash flow statement, which will be considered the main aspects (Vogel, 2020; Langemeier, 2020). Then it is possible to conduct a study of the industry in which the company is involved, the most productive strategies to apply, and an analysis of competitors’ policies to calculate the necessary changes. Therefore, it can be argued that a deeper look at the economic aspect of the organization’s activities in the past and present can contribute to forecasting further development and creating of the most effective strategy. Moreover, it will help to assess the past and current state of the organization soberly and correctly. Starbucks is an example of a global company that resorts to using this type of research.
Despite frantic efforts by human rights activists, human trafficking remains as one most recurrent criminal activity in the global society. It has its roots is Mesopotamian environs and has continued to spread to other countries through different mechanisms. A formal definition of this vice is the recruitment and transportation of persons under either duress or abduction for purposes of exploitation. The exploitation ranges from rendering of prostitution services to compulsory labour. Studies indicate that most of the victims of this heinous crime are women and children emanating from poor family backgrounds 1 . Promises of a good life and the absence of education opportunities for women have led to the increased levels of human trafficking. Human traffickers often study the weaknesses of their victims before coming up with the most effective way to lure them into their trap. Human trafficking can be perceived to consist of three elements. The first element is the perpetration of the act. It can entail the conscription, the carrying or harboring of persons. The second element relates to how the action is achieved. For instance, this trade is known to succeed through forceful abduction, coercion, deception or purchase from the bearer of the victim. The last element refers to the purpose for the exercise. The process is often done for exploitation purposes that include sexual molestation, forced labour or, in other instances, for the removal of organs. According to the recent statistics, more than seventeen thousand foreigners are trafficked into United Sates. In addition, the numbers of those being trafficked within the country is greater than seventeen thousand. Presently, the greatest purpose for human trafficking is sexual exploitation, which has created a loophole for the spread of HIV to different parts of the world today. Poverty is considered the greatest catalyst of human trafficking. Statistics indicate that lack for funds to educate oneself have resulted in the huge unemployment levels, especially among women, in the developing countries 2 . Lack of decent ways of earning an income has left people with no other alternative than to engage in sex trafficking. In addition, parents have been reported to sell their daughters into slavery and prostitution dungeons to obtain funds to feed other members of the family. Therefore, among of the most efficient methods of combating human trafficking is the reduction of poverty levels and ensuring literacy levels are increased as much as possible. Various governments have realized the speed at which this trade is taking root and are beginning to put in place measures to combat the vice. Consequently, a number of countries are members of the United Nations Global Initiative to Fight Human Trafficking (UN.GIFT
The world is vastly growing into an incorporated global economy driven by technological astuteness, innovation, the urge for entrepreneurship, and an education whose foundation lies in both natural and social sciences. There is no doubt that with the rising social problems, people have resorted to research and education in order to solve problems. In various countries, the emphasis on science education is enormous—and scientist are busy working day and night to advance their countries technologically, lest they become doomed in the competitive global age. For instance, in the study of life sciences, the amalgamation of various academic disciplines only serves to enhance science education. Unlike in the past, people have seen the importance of studying life sciences, and with the support from private and public sectors, the number of students enrolling in life science courses is on the rise. Life sciences comprises of many disciplines of study, some of them interrelated. In fact, some disciplines in biology, for example, molecular biology, draw most of its dogmas from cell biology. Additionally, the discipline of biotechnology draws many of its dogmas from biochemistry. This paper will discuss the central dogmas of biochemistry and their impacts in biotechnology. It will also explain how the changes in biochemistry affect researches and discoveries in biotechnology (Ninfa, Ballou & Marilee, 2010, pp. 7-9). To start with, biochemistry is a discipline of life science that mainly deals the chemistry of life. In biochemistry, people learn about the physical and chemical characteristics of molecules. It is important to note that molecules are the basis of living organisms. In other words, biochemistry mainly dwells on the chemical reactions happening in the cells and tissues of living organisms, and the interaction of the chemical compositions of body tissues and cells. Thus, this makes biochemistry different from the normal chemistry courses. Biochemistry is also different from other disciplines of biology simply because it focuses on the understanding of molecular and atomic minutiae of the cells and tissues of living organisms. In biochemistry, students and researchers also study the chemical bonds within the cells and tissues of living organisms as well as the enzymatic reactions. These are some of the basic dogmas of biochemistry (Hunter, 2000, pp. 7-14). On the other hand, we look at how the dogmas of biochemistry affect those of the discipline of biotechnology. Biotechnology is the study of various modalities of manipulating chemical substances biologically in order to come up with medicinal products, especially drugs. Clearly, we can see that biotechnology applies the first principles and dogmas of biochemistry in order to come up with solutions to the problems affecting the biochemical composition of living organisms. We know that the cells of living organisms have genes. Now, having known th
Currently, higher education is undergoing a lot of changes as a result of the changes beings implemented in the international business. The changes have brought rapid developments in the education sector through introduction of better technology and communication systems, which in return have affected the roles played by teachers and students (Barnett 678). In addition, a lot of changes have occurred in the international labor market because of advancement in technology. Currently, higher education practitioners are required to have in-depth knowledge of world cultures, languages and business methods. Education is continually becoming more invaluable to individuals compared to the past because it provides better chances for individuals to secure employment. Higher education institutions from the west have realized that education is increasingly becoming a very essential element and as a result they have developed educational facilities in developing countries. Some scholars argue that, such a move is invaluable for the developing nations because it helps in raising their skills and education standards (Boan 607). However, others view the move as a modern style of cultural imperialism which might lead to establishment of an ultimately, universal western community. One major aspect of education as an international business has been formation of “twinning projects” between western and non-western universities. Higher education institutions are currently pursuing viable approaches, structures and mechanisms for identifying and accommodating students from different cultures (Dean 789). This move is aimed at attracting more profits for the institutions as well as broadening their coverage areas. Since higher education is increasing becoming an international enterprise, a number of intuitions are pushing for the privatization of the sector. Recent technological developments in education, such as introduction of electronic materials and programs in classroom teaching have greatly aided in making education an international business (McKibbin 789). Class notes are currently prepared and stored in electronic forms and can be used at the same moment in different places in the world. One can easily access information from computer maintained libraries at a small fee without necessarily having to go a classroom. In addition, education is playing a very crucial role in international business sector since individuals are able to acquire information on issues that cut across international boundaries and economies. The international spread of education has clearly created a lot of effects on world cultures. For instance, capitalist community is gradually increasing to every nation in the world as a result of strong emphasis that is being placed on free trade. Higher education institutions are reacting accordingly by being more market oriented with some focusing more energy in creating funds instead of providing students with sufficient education. Due to increase in international free trade which is aimed towards ending protection in many business sectors by i