ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction With the rapid growth in information and communication technology, the magnitude of transactions being contracted through electronic mediums like the internet has grown manifold. The term ‘Electronic Commerce’ or shortly ‘e-commerce’ is used to denote buying and selling of products and services over electronic systems. By adopting e-commerce systems a wide range of commercial activities is undertaken by businesses and professional service firms. Although a large percentage of e-commerce is being conducted electronically for virtual items there are other e-commerce activities involving the physical transfer of goods and services. Thus electronic commerce is an emerging model of new selling and merchandising tools wherein the buyers use electronic mode to go through the process of a purchase decision instead of visiting a store physically or a seller in person or contacting them through telephone. Electronic commerce encompasses the processes of enabling a customer to access the information on the products, choose the items the buyer wants to purchase, procure them securely and settle the bill financially. Despite the high cost of entry, electronic commerce is found to be highly useful for handling a large volume of transactions. Even though electronic commerce has some definite advantages, the traders in oil and energy prefer to execute the trading transactions through voice outcry rather than through electronic trading. However, it may not be possible for them to shun electronic trading for a long time. This paper brings out the reasons for the decision of the oil traders to stay away from electronic commerce and the factors that will help to facilitate the oil trading to be done electronically. Oil Trading and E-Commerce Normally proprietary traders like investment banks and large hedge funds make use of electronic strategies resembling the trading in equities for trading in oil futures. Such strategies include co-locating their trading platforms in such a way that they are entitled to the benefit of the lowest latency between trade entry and execution. They also make use of algorithms that could undertake large trades and execute them in smaller chunks of fine-tune automated spread trading. The volatility in the oil futures prices is driven up since the increased interest in oil futures contracts can be expected to come from various types of traders. Such traders include a range of traders from long-only pension funds to speculative hedge funds. The automation in such a market would flair up the volatility and volumes which may go disadvantageous to commercial traders. This is the main reason that the commercial traders in oil and energy want to continue their trading in the traditional outcry method rather than through electronic medium. It may be noted that the oil prices recently have gone phenomenally high and have put a lot of pressure on the politicians and consumers worldwide. US and UK regulators are investigating the sudden price rise and there is a continuous demand from the US politici
Introduction Within the world of science, the debate about nurture against nature will always remain as a confrontational subject. Some scientists along with psychologists allege that the behavioral aspects of persons are mainly influenced by the environmental, which comes into their life in the process of growing up. On the other hand, an opposing group of specialists argues that the behavioral aspects of individuals can be attributed to the naturalist phenomenon. The concept of naturalist phenomenon is based on the idea that the behavioral characteristics of individuals are mainly passed from parents to children through the hereditary genes. The two diverse viewpoints have historically brought about numerous theories, ideas, as well as arguments within the psychology field. Nature versus Nurture The American behaviorism father, John Broadus Watson, reinforced the idea of nurture greatly by conducting comprehensive studies on adaptive along with learned behavior patterns within the people’s environmental surroundings (Good, 2004). In the course of the same period of psychological revolutionary ideas, Arnold Gesell, who is an American renowned psychologist came up with a different theory, which was against the views brought up by Watson. The Gesell theory stated that physical long with motor growth as well as development are under a natural automatic process of monitoring and regulation. Most of the Gesell’s along with Watson’s ideas persisted strongly within the psychology world in the course of the 19 th Century up to the twentieth century (McGuffin, 2004). However, as at present, a novel as well as unified psychology world treats both of the Watson’s along with Gesell’s theories equally. It has been discovered that the elaboration on the people’s behavioral characteristics can be linked to both their heredity as well as the environment within which they have been raised. In my own perspective, the nurture aspects theories, in addition to nature play a role in the explanation of individuals’ complete behaviors. Within the recent years, numerous studies, as well as experiments, were carried out within the psychology field to offer this idea its deserved support thesis. An extensive research, as well as testing, has been carried out to resolve the bewildering results, which are associated with individuals’ growth development situational differences. The diverse causes, along with impacts of different situations, paying attention to the factual importance, along with the childhood development proper nurturing necessity have been made the central focus. Studies on children’s early developing years reveal the diverse environmental situations which have the potential of causing mixed personalities, sexual preference, mixed attitudes believes along with other diverse behavioral patterns which affect children (McGuffin, 2004). Examples of behavioral disorders Two examples of behavioral disorders are schizophrenia along with anti-social individuality disorder. These kinds of behavioral disorders mostly affect children living within adoption homes. Concerning the anti-social individuality disorder, numerous studies have been underta
Introduction Economist have over time identified the difference in behavior of goods and that of the market and people in how they react to market forces and more so supply, demand and pricing. As a result goods and services have been classified either as normal or inferior or other classifications derived from the normal demand and supply curve. This paper looks at the behavior of the movie theaters as product/service in the market. Reasons for higher movie ticket prices on weekends and week nights Economics academicians have always been baffled at the disregard of economic principles and ideologies by the behavior in movies and cinema consumers and definitely their suppliers. Movie theatres have continuously made use of this economic anomaly where higher prices do not lead to a fall in demand as the law of demand dictates for normal goods. But one thing for sure is that leisure goods do not take the route taken by normal goods in response to unit changes in price henceforth called elasticity of demand of movie tickets to price changes. It has been observed timing plays a very significant role in determining how demand and pricing of movie tickets is structured (Brue, and McConnell, 2005). During weekday afternoon shows, charges are lower than for a weeknight or weekend. For once we can deduce that movie theatres are very aware of our daily and weekly schedules. If not, why then not offer shows in the morning? They have noted that our culture, tastes and fashion trend dictates that one consumes leisure products in our free time in this context watching movies at the movie theatres. To some, work is throughout the week hence consuming leisure during weekends while some can afford to indulge in leisure activities during the weeknights and weekday afternoons. A closer look at the trend the movie theatres follow is that they have numerous shows during the weekends as demand is high and the prices are also high. From the fig 1, we have the demand curve for movies during the afternoons as D0, for weeknights and weekendsD1 and the supply curve as S0. Therefore, supply increases with demand. Demand D0 on the other hand will shift upwards to signify an increase in demand caused by other factors other than price and supply changes. As a result prices will increase from P0 to p1 We would expect that the supply of movies to be constant it has been observed that there are more movie shows during the weekends and night weeks than in weekday afternoons. This is represented by fig 2 which shows constant supply of movie shows as S0 and the demand curve for movies in the afternoon as D0 and during weekends and night weeks as D1 On the other hand we can view time spent viewing movies as a substitute to working hours. This means that an increase in labor wages (hourly wage rates) will reduce the number of hours for movie consumption hence a fall in demand. In realization of this, the movie theatres have set the prices of shows in the
From today’s perspective, the ideas promoted by the representatives of ‘flower children’ generation through sixties and seventies, appear rather overly idealistic and naïve. Nevertheless, there can be little doubt as to the fact that, while advancing these ideas, the affiliates of hippie and punk movements never ceased acting in an intellectually honest manner. It is not only that they genuinely believed in the beneficence of an idea of humanity’s liberation from religious/capitalist oppression, but they were able to incorporate this idea into the very fabric of their everyday living – they actively practiced their beliefs (Tarr 6). The validity of this suggestion can be illustrated in regards to a new edition of Patti Smith’s memoir Just Kids , in which she provides readers with an insight onto different aspects of her early biography, mainly concerned with author’s pursuance of a romantic relationship with Robert Mapplethorpe. As it appears from Smith’s memoir, ever since her childhood years, she has grown utterly fascinated with the poetry of Arthur Rimbaud: “I had found solace in Arthur Rimbaud… He possessed an irreverent intelligence that ignited me, and I embraced him as compatriot, kin, and even secret love” (21). In its turn, this defined the qualitative essence of author biography’s consequential phases, because even though that, formally speaking, Smith’s first encounter with Robert Mapplethorpe was essentially accidental, it nevertheless appears to have been dialectically predetermined. After all, in Smith’s eyes, Mapplethorpe was nothing short of a walking embodiment of Rimbaud’s values. In fact, even Mapplethorpe’s very appearance used to remind Smith of her favorite French poet: “He (Mapplethorpe) wore a huge Baudelairean bow and an armband identical to the one worn by a very defiant Arthur Rimbaud” (35). In its turn, this explains why, even after having broken up with Mapplethorpe as her boyfriend, Smith never ceased remaining a very close friend with him. Apparently, their relationship was deeply spiritual, which is why it would not be an exaggeration to suggest that it lasted right up until Mapplethorpe’s death in 1989. Apart from having succeeded in enlightening readers on the nature of her spiritual closeness with Mapplethorpe, reflected by the essence of both individuals’ artistic aspirations, Smith also succeeded in helping younger readers to gain a better understanding of what accounted for the actual realities of her ‘countercultural living’ in New York. As it appears from the memoir, there used to be a strongly defined spirit of genuineness to the ‘cultural revolution’, which was taking place at the time. According to Smith, unlike what it is often being the case with today’s artists and musicians, whose activities seem to be motivated by the prospect
Ruggiero’s book addresses various aspects concerning the art of thinking. According to the author, the creative process has been the subject of various myths. Some of these myths have been in existence for centuries. For example, there are people who believe that taking drugs enhances creativity or that creativity is a preserve of the ‘crazy’ people. Ruggiero sets the record straight and details how the creative process is employed in day-to-day activities. The book acts as a guide for those who want to unlock their creative potential. This paper details a systematic process of how Ruggiero’s five-step problem-solving method can be used when dealing with a real-life problem. Ruggiero acknowledges that the human mind operates using two processes; the one through which ideas are conceived and the one through which the ideas are judged. During the creative process, the brain goes back and forth between these two processes. Creativity follows a certain process. This process has been the focus of various studies since 1950 when it was discovered that scientists had been neglecting the creative process. Ruggiero outlines five stages in the creative problem-solving process. These stages form the basis of creative thinking. The first stage in this process involves looking for challenges. Ruggiero argues that in spite of the fact that most problems do not need to be ‘looked for’, solving a problem should start with the act of identifying a challenge. This does not trivialize the problems that are already present, but it encourages scholars to focus on the improvement of products and policies. In this first step, a problem solver looks outward for any product or policy that might benefit from an adjustment. The initial interest in problem-solving comes from a particular shortcoming in the chosen product or process. The second step in creative problem-solving is expressing a particular problem or issue. This step involves listing expressions that relate to the problem or issue at hand. Examples of these expressions include ‘how can’, ‘which is’, ‘does’, and ‘should’. These expressions help a problem solver to focus on the aspects of the problem at hand. After considering a set of viable expressions, the problem solver then chooses the most appropriate expression. This expression will, therefore, act as a guide during the problem-solving process. The third step involves an investigation of the main problem or issue. Every problem is constituted of other smaller problems. In the third stage, the problem-solver lists smaller problems that contribute towards solving the main problem. This is also the stage that involves brainstorming especially for problems that are s
What’s New? Previously, physicians, radiologists, surgeons, and endoscopists have been faced with the challenge of clearly visualizing and detecting mucosal surface aberration that is characteristic of patients who test positive for various gastrointestinal tract infections, including atrophic gastritis, gastric cancer, ampullary tumors, colorectal cancers, gastric adenomas, and other types of conditions. However, the challenges are about to end with the discovery of Narrow Band Imaging (NMI) and Magnifying Endoscopy (ME) technologies that improves the detection and diagnostic precision of neoplastic lacerations that usually affect the head, neck region, and the gastrointestinal tract of patients. According to Muto et al, the discovery and advancement of NMI and ME technologies have made it possible to “…observe microscopic structures, such as microvessels, tissue structure, cellular nuclei, and even macromolecules” (1333). Such enhanced visualization and detection of potentially malignant tumors and early neoplastic lacerations, according to the authors, will allow improved targeting of biopsy and effective treatment procedures to be commenced, thereby facilitating optimal quality of life in addition to reducing the number of deaths associated with these health conditions. NMI improves the capillary images, while ME employs both standard video endoscopy and adaptable image intensification techniques to improve visualization. The Old Way The old procedure commonly used by specialists to detect infections of the gastrointestinal tract entailed either the use of conventional white light to observe the affected area or the employment of dye-based image enhanced endoscopy. These procedures, however, were largely incapable of assessing potentially malignant tumors and were also incapable of precisely detecting early neoplastic lesions. As such, physicians were largely incapable of arriving at an accurate diagnosis, and surgeons often operated on patients using deficient information (Muto et al 1336). The conventional white light, in particular, could not adequately illuminate the affected area to allow specialists to make the correct diagnosis. However, “…NBI system uses two narrowband illuminations of 415 nm and 540 nm by NBI filter…Under NBI observation, the broadband white light derived from the xenon lamp splits into two bands and illuminates the surface of the mucosa” (Muto et al 1333) The Way Forward There exists compelling evidence that ailments asso
Bank transactions are usually sensitive in nature and in all cases there should be confidentiality between a bank and its clients. In this respect, Brittany is not aware of the two transactions amounting to $724.93 on that very Friday. Despite the fact that she uses her personal account to run her business, I would advise Brittany to first report this matter to her bank immediately. Since it could be after banking hours on Friday, the best approach is to send an email regarding this issue before visiting the branch that will be operational on Saturday. It is only after doing so that she will be in a position to understand whether the withdrawal was a banking error or a fraudulent activity. In most cases, Brittany could have issued a cheque to a third party and forgot about it. On a different note, this could be a fraudulent act, hence the sooner the problem is discovered the better chances Brittany has to put this situation under control. In the United States, banking institutions, bank accounts, and banking transactions are regulated by overlapping laws, rules, and regulations that are developed and implemented by various federal and state agencies. A sole proprietorship, under the United States laws, does not have independent rights and liabilities from the owner and vice versa. In this respect, the owner of a sole proprietorship cannot be separated from the business that he or she is running. Having this in mind, Brittany and her business are one and the same entity. Furthermore, there are no rules and regulations that make it mandatory for her to use different bank accounts for her business as well as her personal banking. However, it is always advised to have separate bank accounts for personal and business transactions for varied reasons such as proper accounting, ease of taxation, professionalism and so on. If Brittany had taken this consideration
Local Demographic The city of Preston is a potential market for Preston Outdoors. The current statistics on hunting and fishing in Preston is appealing to the firm. The population statistics on hunting and fishing activities gives a positive image of a potential market. The total population in the town as of 2011 was 5,230 people. This is a high number which demonstrates that market in Preston is potential. There are around 1,743 households with an average of 3 people per household. In regards to hunting and fishing activities, one should mention that residents of Preston are mailnly involved in these two activities. The survey results obtained from 60 people give a clear picture on the percentage of people who like hunting and fishing constituting a high proportion of Preston’s population. The majority of the population shop in Preston 80% being local citizens while the remaining 20% are foreigners. This is a clear indication of the strong local market for fishing and hunting in Preston. Based on this statistics, a strong interest in hunting and fishing in Preston can be clearly demonstrated (CLRsearch.com 1). Growth Potential There is a high growth potential in Preston which translates to a bigger market size for outdoor hunting/fishing store. The current market size is projetected at 1,360 households. The 2011 census puts the population of Preston at 5,230 people. This is a good size which can help Preston Outdoors to attain its planned objectives. The number of people engaged in the conducting of the survey is only 1.38%, which is small compared to the population living in the town. It must be noted that the actual number of people interested in hunting and fishing activities is definitely bigger than the projected figures. There is a higher growth potential of Preston based on the overall economic and social development. Infrastructural development and favorable climate form the basis for a large number of clients in hunting and fishing activities. The number of foreigners is expected to increase from the current 20% to over 30% in the coming months. The frequency of engagement in the fishing and hunting activities is high, meaning that there is the future for the industry development in the town. In particular, Preston Outdoors has a high growth potential due to the high number of people going for hunting and fishing activities. The high percentage, that is, 95% of the population is willing to buy at Preston being a clear indication of high growth potential of Preston Outdoors since it will attract the local market (Idaho.gov 1). Customer Benefit Preston Outdoors offers three primary customer benefits including location, seasonal product, and bow tuning services. To begin with, the convenient location of Preston Outdoors will save customers’ time since they will not have to travel long distances. The business will benefit customers through the provision of s
Health insurance in US Health care is arguably one of the most pressing concerns of governments all over the world. All developed countries are characterized by having elaborate healthcare systems which are in place to ensure that majority of the population has access to medical care when they need it. Arguably, health care insurance is a relatively new trend in the US. Before 1920, doctors and medical practitioners did not have many insights on diseases and curative techniques. As such, the cost of receiving medical care was relatively low and affordable to many Americans. However, as ore discoveries were made and new techniques of delivering healthcare services emerged, the cost of receiving the same began to increase. As a result, many people could not afford quality care due to financial constraints. To this effect, private companies started offering health plans to their employees. However, the healthcare plans only covered against accidents related to travel by rail or water. However, these plans paved way to more comprehensive covers that catered for other illnesses and injuries. In 1847, Massachusetts Health Insurance of Boston became the first company to offer group policies that gave comprehensive cover to its clients. Consequently, in 1890, insurance companies started offering individual disability and illness policies to their clients (Northern California Neurosurgery Medical Group, 2007). By 1929, group insurance covers had gained prominence in the US. Baylor Hospital was the first organization to enter into a contract with a group of teachers from Dallas. This agreement aimed at ensuring that these teachers receive room, board and medical services from the hospital. The teachers on the other hand agreed to pay a monthly fee in exchange for these services. Soon after, several life insurance companies joined this seemingly lucrative field. A precursor to future health care insurance schemes in America was Blue Cross which was the first innovation that changed the shape of the health care system in America. This plan developed in 1930 advocated the payment of small premiums that would be cover the medical costs should one be hospitalized. The rationale behind this scheme was that while huge medical bills were unaffordable to most people, little deductions over a long period of time were