ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Different societies and countries have had unique gender relations, gender rights and national identity characteristics during different eras of their history. This uniqueness and diversity is a function of various factors including religion, history of a society, socio-political fundamentals, as well as unique societal cultural factors. It is needless to mention that most societies in the West, Africa, America, and in the East have been largely patriarchal in the sense that the male gender tend to dominate the social, economic and political spheres of a society for a considerably long period of time (Moghadam, 1999). The female gender has largely been denied the right to take part in governance or to own property. Even in Western countries, which are largely the origins of our notions of democracy, citizenship started to take on a more all-encompassing framework of reference during the early 20 th century when the right of adult universal suffrage was established (Moghadam, 1999). In fact, in most societies, women were treated as property by men, whether fathers or husbands. The purpose of this essay is to assess how women in the UAE participate in building and maintaining an Emirati national identity. It also seeks to find out gender-specific discourses and practices that the state employs to interpolate women into nation-building process and how women appropriate or resist these gendered state practices. How women in UAE participate in building and maintaining an Emirati identity The United Arab Emirates (UAE) commonly known as The Emirates is a federation located in the southeast of the Arabian Peninsula (Archive editions 1994). It borders Saudi Arabia and Oman and shares sea borders with countries like Qatar, Iran, Iraq, Bahrain and Kuwait (Archive editions, 1994). It is called The Emirates since federal regions which include Dubai, Abu Dhabi, Sharjah, Umm al-Quwain, Fujairah and Ras al-Khaimah are governed by emirs. Abu Dhabi is the country’s capital and its center of industrial, political and cultural activities. UAE’s political organization is based on the country’s constitution, enacted in 1971. Islam is the national official religion while Arabic is the official language (Archive editions, 1994). United Arab Emirates (UAE) is one of the Arab Gulf countries that have succeeded in embracing and institutionalizing a genuine sense of national identity and nationhood. According to Carreiras (2008), in the recent past, tribal arrangements have begun to fade away and state institutions are slowly taking their place. As a result, ethnic and tribal conflicts are no longer common in most Third World countries, especially in Africa. Currently, UAE citizens are highly unified in a way that has never been witnessed in the history of the Emi
Trends impacting the ancillary setting Changes in the global environment highly affect the ancillary setting. In the context of this study, diagnostic hospital ancillary services tend to be prioritized, and they include important matters such as radiology and laboratory testing. These aspects are vital since they improve the accuracy of diagnosis and minimize the frequency of medical errors. In the first place, changes in legislation, insurance, Medicare coverage, and payment system have a critical impact on the hospital’s ancillary setting. Aiming at the universal healthcare system modifies medical institutions’ functioning while causing an upward shift in operational costs (Arora, Moriates, & Shah, 2015). This matter may limit the possibility of developing the ancillary setting and decrease the number of available diagnostic services due to the need to reduce spending. Furthermore, the continuous development of technology can be defined as another salient trend affecting the ancillary setting. In this instance, it may be required to replace testing equipment frequently to improve the quality of the provided care and stay competitive in the market and comply with industrial trends. A combination of these factors has to be considered of high importance, as they can positively impact the overall quality of the provided healthcare and availability of the services. Necessity for more ancillary services As was mentioned earlier, ancillary services are highly important since they maximize the hospital’s revenue and improve the quality of the provided medical assistance. Apart from the well-developed healthcare infrastructure and the rising popularity of the universal approach, it could be said that adding extra diagnostic ancillary services is essential. One of the primary reasons for this claim is that some population groups’ needs are still unmet. For example, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) has a higher prevalence among Hispanics/Latinos than other population groups because their needs for ancillary services such as eye and dental diagnosis and public benefits are not recognized (Korhonen, DeGroote, Shouse, & Bradley, 2016). Consequently, this case shows that it is vital to introduce additional facilities to satisfy minority groups’ preferences, such as Hispanics, to reduce disparities in healthcare. This act will support the universal medical assistance model concepts and increase healthcare availability in the United States of America. Nonetheless, before introducing additional diagnostic services, it could be said that it is critical to evaluate the financial budget’s possibilities to ensure that this decision is relevant. Ancillary servi
In the contemporary world, the methods of statistical analysis are being continuously improved. Big Data is a relatively new definition of a comprehensive source of information, which is now possible to analyze due to the appearance of modern technical capacities. Despite being potentially beneficial, the use of Big Data causes public and specialists resistance to some extent. This essay will examine what triggers executives negative opinions regarding Big Data and a possible solution for the issue. Reasons for Mistrust Big Data is considered a powerful tool for personalizing messages and offers as well as for deciding global difficulties. However, the number of Big Data challenges using leave concrete reasons for executives to mistrust the analysis results. The first issue is Big Data management, which implies collecting, integrating, and storing a tremendous volume of data from distributed sources on the current technological capacity base (Oussous, 2018). The second significant difficulty is imbalanced Big Data, which means complications in classifying imbalanced dataset. The classical learning techniques are not adapted to imbalanced data sets because the model construction is based on global search measures without considering the number of instances (Oussous, 2018). The third problem is Big Data analytics, which is difficult to conduct. This challenge is attributed to the complex nature of Big Data and the need for scalability and performance to analyze data sets with real-time responsiveness. The abovementioned factors are the primary reasons for the mistrust for the results of such analytics among the executives. Possible Solutions Several solutions are successfully applied to overcome Big Data’s challenges. The imbalanced Big Data problem may be solved with methods categorized into two groups: those which extend binary classification techniques to make them applicable, and decomposition and ensemble methods. (Oussous, 2018). The other two problems refer more to the system performance and depend on either technical development or simplification of used analysis techniques. Despite the number of difficulties related to Big Data, there are specific solutions, while new improvements are being invited. Conclusion To summarize the challenges related to Big Data using, they are concentrated around data capture, storage, searching, sharing, analyzing, managing, and visualization. Like imbalanced Big Data and technical imperfection, the major reasons still raise mistrust to Big Data among the executives. However, in case of the implementation of constant improvements, Big Data can make even skeptics confident in its reliability. Reference Oussous, A., Benjelloun, F. Z., Lahcen, A. A., & Belfkih, S. (2018). Big Data technologies: A survey. Journal of King Sa
Assessment of criteria The Methodology Assessment Scale will be used to conduct a comparative analysis of the evaluation studies in this evaluation research. Explicitness, appropriateness, clarity and completeness of the evaluation have been elicited (Thornton, 2009). The clear and direct presentation of the methodology is explicitness. The suitability of the elements of the methodology determines the appropriateness. The evaluation is described as clear if the presentation is concise and to the point. Completeness is the inclusion of all possible components in the methodology (Thornton, 2009). The assessment criteria can now be graded into defective, substandard, standard and superior using a score from one to four. The poorest rating would be a score of one when the evaluation methodology is considered defective. A score of four would denote the superior rating. The variable used will be denoted as of good quality if the rating is high. The figure below shows the Methodology Assessment Scale and the scoring key. Variables of paradigm and theory have been identified as usually having defective scores due to being indefinite and inexplicit. Methodology Assessment Scale                  1 Point = Defective                            2 Points = Substandard                      3 Points = Standard         4 Points = Superior                 Explicitness     Implied, implicit or insufficient information  Somewhat explicit, difficult to understand  Explicit, good information  Very explicit, good information     Appropriateness  Inappropriate, invalid, and/or ambiguous       Somewhat suitable                           Appropriate                 Best selection for study, suitable/                                                                                                                                         appropriate                         Clarity          Ambiguous                                      Somewhat clear                              Clear                       Precise                             Completeness     Substantial omissions                          Some omissions                              Minor omissions             Thoroughly inclusive                 Scoring Key Translation of Final Scores  Total Scores of Summed Variables Defection                    4 and below                      Substandard                  5 -8                             Standard                     9 -12                            Superior                     13 – 16                           Methods Matrices Research problem formulation Study Citation               Literature Revi
The monumental work of Herodotus, the Greek historian, titled The Histories, is considered to be one of the founding historical works in the world. It was written in approx. 440 BC. The book mainly focuses on the Greco-Persian wars, but it also provides detailed and rich descriptions of geographical, political, and cultural characteristics of the cultures he had approached and observed. The significance of the book is indisputable, as it has provided a clear standard of how historical works should be written. Although the book was written 2,500 years ago, it is still honored by historians as one of the main sources about the Persian Empire and the causes of the Greco-Persian Wars. This paper aims to discuss and compare the descriptions of Egypt in Herodotus’ book with more contemporary scholarly and historical descriptions of this civilization to understand the degree of accuracy of the descriptions recorded by the great Greek historian. Egypt: Geography of the State The detailed descriptions of Egypt begin in the second part of the book (other editions and translations of the book have the title Euterpe (The Muse of Flute Playing) but the original book apparently was not separated into these parts and had no titles linked to the names of the Muses. The City of Memphis In the first chapter of the second book, Herodotus makes quick remarks about some cultural and historical features of Egypt, which will be discussed in the section about the culture of Ancient Egypt. One interesting note that Herodotus provides about the history of Ancient Egypt is its earlier geography: “…the whole of Egypt… was a marsh and the whole present country below the lake of Moeris… was under water” (Waterfield and Dewald 96). It appears that the statement he heard from the Egyptians he had encountered is true. King Menes, who is called Min by Herodotus, is credited with the unification of Upper and Lower Egypt, as well as the establishment of the capital city Memphis (Gad 91). Nevertheless, modern historians argue whether Memphis was indeed established by King Menes or if it had existed before his regimen. For example, even the name of the city can refer to different locations; that is why it is not easy to understand which Memphis was described by Herodotus and how accurate these descriptions were. Love points out that the name Memphis can refer to various places such as the pyramid town, the capital, the royal necropolis, etc. (71). The necropolis can be defined by the two pyramids, the northern one and the southern one. The capital city of Memphis is known today as Mit Rahina; ancient ruins are the landmarks that define the capital (Love 72). Gardiner supposed that Memphis was located at the foot of a pyramid devoted to King Pepi I (Love 72). Herodotus’ descriptions of Memphis are assumed to correspond to the location of the modern Mit Rahina. However, argues Love, Herodotus did not explicitly call the city a capital (72). Moreover, Herodotus’ description of the founding of Memphis is very brief; the ancient historian mentions that the first ruler of Egypt had built a dam that was able to protect
Introduction One of the largest financial centers, not only in Asia, but also all over the globe, Singapore offers numerous opportunities to develop any business. Nowadays, it is considered an attractive venue for companies: According to the recent Global Financial Centres Index rankings, it is the third most significant center, having managed to outrank such cities as Hong Kong and Tokyo (Choudhury 2016). However, financial reasons are not the only criteria that should be examined. It is not possible to conduct various affairs without taking into account the peculiarities of the country or city and its political and legal issues. Whether a company plans to cooperate with Singaporean organizations or takes an independent stand in the Singaporean market, the task of primary importance is to scrutinize the political environment, particularly its political system, structure, political parties, and the possible political risks. Another essential sphere is the legal environment: Prior to performing any action, one should be aware of the characteristics of the legal system, legal issues in the international business, and legal risks. Political Environment in Singapore Political System The governmental authorities possess the most considerable political power. Singapore is a unitary state and a parliamentary republic. Its present-day political system is connected with the past. In 1963, Singapore won its independence from the United Kingdom as a part of Malaysia, and two years later, Singapore further separated from the latter; nowadays, it is a republic within the Commonwealth (Department for International Trade 2016). The transformed Westminster Parliamentary system has been implemented; the unicameral parliament consists of the elected Members of Parliament and the Nominated Members of Parliament. Each Parliament may sit only five years, and after that, new elections are scheduled; the last elections took place in 2015. The president elected by the Parliament is the Head of State. The last presidential elections were held in 2011. Political Structure That there is only one level of the government in Singapore can be explained by its small territory. The political structure of the Republic of Singapore is hierarchical. It may be represented in a descending order, with the most powerful political leaders or governmental bodies on the top and the least powerful at the bottom. One can see that the President is the highest rank in the political hierarchy. This person is to act explicitly in accordance with the advice of the cabinet or a minister under the authority of the cabinet (Morgenbesser 2016). The executive branch is re
The historic United States Civil War, which commenced with the attack of Fort Sumter on 12 April 1861, and climaxed when the South admitted defeat in April 1865, is regarded as one of the deadliest internal conflicts in the history of the country. The battle left about six hundred thousand men dead and massive destruction of infrastructure took place. Eleven Southern states who were fighting for the abolition of slave trade wanted to withdraw from the greater United States of America. Therefore, under the leadership of Jefferson Davies, the Southern states formed the Confederate States of America in order to engage in battle with the North (the Union). The bloody conflict literally divided the country into two sections. At the end of the war, the Union forces were declared the victors because of a number of strengths and advantages they had over their opponents. From the time the battle started, the North had clear merits. To say it plainly, the Union had enormous quantities of almost everything that their opponents were lacking (Tulloch, 154). The Union had vast resources that the South lacked any means of even acquiring. To begin with, the Union forces, under General William Tecumseh Sherman, had better leaders as well as an established government structure. As a result, they did not have to spend a lot of time in trying to establish a governing authority, as did the ill-prepared Southerners. In terms of manpower, the North was boasting of a significantly larger number of people. At that time, the U.S. had a population of about thirty-one million people and only about nine million of the people were residing in the breakaway states. This made the Union to have huge strengths in terms of the number of troops, which they threw in the combat with the Confederacy. During the war, the Union had at least three times the number of soldiers their opponents had. They had the objective of eliminating the Southerners through the shear use of more numbers of troops in the battlefield. The Northern states had enormous quantities of land that they used for cultivating food crops. This assisted them in feeding their soldiers as well as providing funds for their manufacturing industries that were also provisioning the soldiers. On the other hand, the Confederacy mainly concentrated on growing staple crops such as cotton, believing that the flourishing industry alone was able
It is worth noting that notwithstanding the industry, business area, or the intended audience, every new project or innovation development will require an evaluation of its market potential. Moreover, a new project always involves businesses’ scalability assessment and the possible return for investors and owners. This way, the question of estimation of the capacity and market share that the project could attain in the future is the key aspect in the development of any project (Kahn 2015). The purpose of this paper is to consider one of the latest novelties presented at Kickstarter, the Sevenhugs Smart Remote, and to review its market potential and product launch strategy. Innovation Description and Key Features A team of French developers has recently started fundraising for their Sevenhugs remote control that is capable of managing all possible digital devices. Their innovative solution will replace smartphones, other related devices, and the applications needed for remote control applications. Sevenhugs offers control of multiple devices with a simple interface and a touch screen, and it is managed through Wi-Fi or Bluetooth (Sevenhugs 2016). As shown in Picture 1, the remote control comes with three related motion sensors to provide a triangulated space in the house, identifying where Sevenhugs is pointed; after the smart remote system recognizes the device at which the owner has pointed, it changes the interface so as to connect to the device and provide wireless control (Sevenhugs 2016). It requires no applications; in addition, due to the special interface, there is no need to switch between devices (Sevenhugs 2016). As evident from Picture 2, Sevenhugs will provide its users with a simple unified solution to control their smart homes instead of a pile of different gadgets (Sevenhugs 2016). An additional feature is that the remote can manage the gadgets in other rooms o
Concept and Circumstances Off-label drug use in pediatrics is a common occurrence but creates concerns for the safety of such practice. Drug dosage in pediatrics differs from regular adult prescriptions and depends on the age of the patient that impacts the rate of drug absorption, physiologic response and effects, and interaction with the disease. The off-label drug is the prescription of medication to populations such as pediatrics in dosages that are extrapolated from the standard label recommendations for adults. It is based on the assumption that pharmacokinetics and drug dosage will have the same effects in pediatric patients as in adults (Arcangelo, Peterson, Wilbur, & Reinhold, 2017). Off-label drug use is not considered experimentation and does not require specific consent or review. Physicians should use professional judgment that takes into account a patient’s best interests. Off-label drug use is a public health issue, necessary in cases of a rare disease or severe symptoms in pediatric patients. The medical community as a whole agrees that practitioners should rely on evidence-based practice as a standard rather than label indications since less than 50% of medications have pediatric information (American Academy of Pediatrics, 2014). Essentially, off-label drug use is encouraged if it helps to achieve positive outcomes and does not create adverse side effects for the patient. Specific Drugs Until recently, it is estimated that only 20 percent of drugs were used in pediatrics in accordance with label standards. A series of drugs used in pediatrics adhere to the criteria of high frequency, elevated risk, and FDA priority. These include “dexmedetomidine, dopamine, hydromorphone, ketamine, lorazepam, methadone, milrinone, and oxycodone” (Czaja, Reiter, Schultz, & Valuck, 2015, p. 92). These high-priority substances are used for cardiovascular or neurological treatments. However, none of them have FDA approval to be used for pediatric patients. Nevertheless, despite the high-risk status, which may result in therapeutic failure or adverse outcomes, the off-label use rate remained at approximately 10% in the ICU alone (Czaja, Reiter, Schultz, & Valuck, 2015). Problems with Off-Label Off-label drug use creates an unregulated form of medical practice, which creates a myriad of potential issues. Du