ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The preparation for pregnancy can be frustrating for a woman, and the role of a nurse is to provide assistance to the patient in this process. In the first case study, a 25-year-old female comes to the office on 1-15-13 and states that her home pregnancy test was positive. The patient also reports that her last menstrual period (LMP) was on 12-1-12. These identifiers can be used by a clinician to calculate an estimated delivery date (EDD) with the help of Naegele’s Rule (Morgan & Cooper, 2018). To further support the suggested EDD, one can also perform an ultrasound (Tharpe, Farley, & Jordan, 2017). Schuiling and Likis (2017) state that home pregnancy tests are trustworthy as well, pointing out that the symptoms of nausea and breast changes are common in pregnancy. After establishing the date, the patient and her clinician develop a care plan that includes the necessary procedures, treatments, and information. Applying Naegele’s Rule, one can calculate that the patient’s EDD will come 9-8-13. According to this rule, one needs to use the woman’s first day of the LMP (December 1, 2012) as the basis of all measurements. Then, a clinician should add seven days and nine months. This calculation includes a menstrual cycle lasting for 28 days with 14 days of ovulation (Morgan & Cooper, 2018). As a result, the date September 8, 2013, is found; this calculation, however, may not be final. According to Schuiling and Likis (2017), an ultrasound is another reliable way of determining when the baby is due. Overall, the patient’s LMP is a factor that contributes to one’s calculations. The first visit should cover all essential information about the patient’s medical history, her nutrition, physical examination and diagnostics (Tharpe et al., 2017). The patient undergoes an interview with a nurse, during which they discuss the patient’s prenatal health, both its mental and physical aspects. For example, the pregnant woman’s current concerns, nutrition, obstetric and gynecologic health, family, environment, and physical abuse are covered during the interview (Centers for Disease and Control Prevention [CDC], 2018). During a physical examination, a nurse records the patient’s vital signs, height, weight, BMI, skin changes (hyperpigmentation, erythema, striae). Breast issues such as their enlargement, tenderness, vascularity are reviewed (Tharpe et al., 2017). Then, an abdominal examination and pelvic evaluation are performed as well. If the patient does not complete the initial assessment, she may encounter some unforeseen issues. Diagnostics include blood tests (CBC, blood type and Rh factor, antibodies, HBsAg, HIV, syphilis, Rubella titer). Urine tests for culture, chlamydia, and gonorrhea are required (Schuiling & Likis, 2017). If the woman’s medical history has specific issues, they are assessed accordingly. Later, the patient undergoes a series of screening tests at different periods of gestation. These are maternal serum screening, nuchal translucency, noninvasive prenatal testing, quad screen, and an
Introduction Traditionally, education was viewed as a need that was optional and could be substituted to meet other life’s important basics. Today, provision of education has become a government’s social responsibility in a majority of the countries. However, the challenge remains on the provision of inclusive education and schooling, and how best to tailor the country’s educational system to produce citizens who can effectively meet the society’s desired qualities. The needs of the society have been continuously transformed by globalization and as such, countries and societies have had to constantly undertake reforms in their educational systems. Background Information on Education in Iceland In Iceland, the provision of compulsory education is the responsibility of the government. According to the reforms made by the government in 2008 on compulsory education, it is the responsibility of the local municipalities to provide education to all the children in the pre-primary and compulsory school level (European Commission. 2009). Compulsory education is applicable to all children between the ages six and sixteen. The state is charged with the responsibility of providing upper secondary and higher education (European Commission. 2009). The law requires that pupils attending compulsory education to do so on a full time basis and. In addition, the state has also defined the roles of the parent as that of ensuring that children register for school (European Commission, 2009). It is also the parent’s role to ensure that children attend school. The local municipalities ensure that pupils are given instructions recommended by the law while the Ministry of Education, Science and Culture supervises the implementation process. According to the Ministry of Education, Science and Culture (2010), the educational structure of schools in Iceland comprise of the pre-primary level, the compulsory level, the upper secondary level and finally, the higher education. The compulsory level comprise of the single structure-primary and the lower secondary. Pre-primary education is available for children between the ages of 3 and 5, after which they progress to primary schools at the age six and later on enter lower secondary schools at age 11. Students enter upper secondary schools at age 14 after completing their tenth grade and graduate from the upper secondary in the thirteenth grade at age 16 or 17 (UNESCO, 2008). All the state and municipality levels, schools are expected to follow the national curriculum provided by the Ministry of Education, Science and Culture. At the pre-primary level, the teachers in the schools are given the responsibility of determining the school’s curriculum. According to the European Commission, (2009), the subjects covered at the compulsory level of education include Mathematics, natural sciences, English, social sciences (including History and Geography), art and craft, Physical Education, religious studies
Design and Integration Originally, the projected cafe should have all the components and elements, required for effective business and service performance. Thus, the required components involve a kitchen, integrated with the servery area and with the seating area. Thus, the required infrastructure components should be equipped with a reliable ventilation system and the sewerage system, for scents staying in the kitchen area. The toilet facilities, which are an integral part of any cafe may be represented by summer and winter variants, which may be used not only by visitors but also by beach users. The parking place for 50 additional car places must be provided for beach users and cafe visitors. Because the capacities of the cafe presuppose serving up to 60 users, 50 parking places will be enough. The structural systems overview is associated with the implementation of the measures, aimed at improving the structure of the building and improving the construction in general. Thus, all these components should be built from the perspective of load resistance, which is the main aim of structural system engineering. Structural Systems Infrastructural systems are available for the selected place, thus, there will be no problems with water, electricity, and sewerage. The only problem which should be resolved is the problem of thermal control for visitors. Originally, it should be based on effective ventilation, and the actual necessity of ventilation is also explained by the access of ocean air, which is the required element for the cafe atmosphere. Because the land is sandy, the infrastructure and building should be enforced enough, in order to endure sand motions and draw (Nadler, Tushman et.al., 2005) The key requirements of the structural system are closely associated with the reliable and functional exterior and attractive interior design. In general, the analysis of structural loads, required for the definition of structural systems, required for the construction, is closely associated with the analysis of the place, where the building would be located. Originally, the risk factors of the increased loads are sandy soil, winds, storms, and water. Seasonal risk factors are snowfalls and possible hurricanes. Thus, the structural loads will be powerful enough, and their effect should be minimized by implementing the structural system solutions. Originally, the solutions, which may be offered and regarded as an alternative are as follows:   * Base isolation   * Shear walls   * Space frames   * Monocoque However, monocoque should be regarded as the opposite alternative to supporting columns, and, considering the fact that construction of columns is the final decision for the project, a monocoque sub-system may be regarded as a recommendation. The structure should entail five co
Fire Department’s History in America In the past 400 years, fires have caused a lot of havoc in America. Even though firefighting efforts could be traced to the 2nd century, firefighting in America traces to the 16th and 17th centuries (AFP 1). State-funded firefighting departments were nonexistent then. The only tangible firefighting efforts were either organized through volunteer efforts or private practice. Privately-Run firefighting companies were very common because there was a financial incentive to make profits through insurance firms that paid firefighting companies. Privately-run firefighting companies, therefore, battled to outwit one another because the insurance companies only paid firefighting companies that arrived at the scene first, and extinguished the fire (AFP 1). This system forced many firefighting companies to recruit employees who were not necessarily skilled in fighting fires, but strong enough to fight other firefighting personnel (from other companies) and protect their employer’s equipment (dogs were also used to protect firefighting equipment) (AFP 1). The first real attempts of organized firefighting trace to 1630, in Boston, when fire departments hired skilled firefighting inspectors (AFP 4). The skilled firefighters provided a change to the management of fire departments, which ordinarily depended on unskilled labor (AFP 5). The inspectors patrolled the city at night to ensure that the citizenry respected firefighting laws. Any person found to have contravened the law received a fine from the fire inspectors. The fire inspectors were also supposed to look out for any fires and organize a bucket brigade to fight the fire if there was any. Among the most notable rules introduced by the fire inspectors was the legal provision that “no man shall build his chimney with wood, or cover his house with thatch” (AFP 5). The government intended these laws to serve as a policing tool that would reduce the incidence of fires. However, because most of the equipment for fighting the fires were ineffective and archaic, firefighting was not as effective as expected by the citizens. Later, about 1736, Benjamin Franklin started urging people to establish
Introduction The article titled “Go easy on Coffee, you could start seeing things” was published in the Daily Mail in January 2009. Based on research conducted by Jones and Fernyhough from Durham University, it is clear that the press release captured the essence of the research findings, but also contained several misrepresentations of the same. The first misrepresentation- “you could start seeing things” The first misrepresentation is contained in the press release title, “you could start seeing things” (Daily Mail 1), and is supposedly meant to be a description of the hallucinatory experiences that can occur in a person if he or she consumes a given quantity of caffeine. Medically, however, hallucinations can take place in a number of sensory modalities. Such include seeing, hearing, or sensing “things”, which in reality are not there. The press release hence missed the point of what the researchers meant by using the “seeing things” description. To avoid misrepresenting the facts, it would have been better to write “go easy on coffee, you could start hallucinating”. Failure to identify the research hypothesis The author of the press release also failed to identify the basis of the first hypothesis that the researcher worked with. Having noted that the biochemical cortisol had a “key role in translating the experience of psychosocial stressors into biological factors associated with psychosis”, the researchers had worked on the assumption that a person who experiences hallucinations after drinking a certain amount of caffeine had to have given stress levels (Jones and Fernyhough 562). By failing to capture the researcher’s assumption, the press release is misleading readers that any person, whether stressed or not, is exposed to the risk of hallucination upon drinking a given amount of coffee. The omission of vital details In relation to the stress factor, the press release further missed another important detail. According to the researchers, not only did caffeine intake correlate with being prone to hallucinations, but it was also “positively related to stress levels” (Jones and Fernyhough 564). Having failed to mention the relationship between stress levels, the stress hormone- cortisol, coffee intake, and hallucination-proneness, the press release further omitted the researcher’s admission that they could not rule out the possibility that proneness to hallucination “could be a cause, rather than a result of increased caffeine intake” (Jones and Fernyhough 564). The press release’s omission of such vital details was therefore tantamount to giving its readers half-baked information regarding the findings. Readers on the other hand could easily have interpreted the information as absolute truth. As such, my observation is that the press release could have been more objective by incorporating the limitations stated in the research. Misrepresentation of facts According to the p
Prohibition or the 18th amendment was an act that was implemented on January 16, 1920, in the United States of America according to which any business related to intoxicating liquor such as import, export, transport, selling, buying, and manufacturing were declared legally prohibited. The basic purpose behind the implementation of this Act was to reduce the rate of alcohol consumption which would further improve the quality of life and economy and would reduce the increasing rate of crime, death due to alcohol, and poverty (Bowen, 1969). Thornton (1998) stated that the Act failed to achieve its intended purpose. Instead, it further aggravated the situation which it wanted to solve. Historians have reviewed the Prohibition Act and have declared it ineffective since it was unenforceable. The Act led to the rise of several social problems, such as a massive increase in the rate of organized crime, alcohol consumption, murder, and corruption among city officials. Economically the country suffered under prohibition because the government did not collect any tax from the multi-billion dollar industry. In this paper, I aim to highlight the social and economic aspects of the prohibition, which shall be discussed in detail. Social Aspects of the Prohibition The prohibition led to the rise of alcohol smuggling. Bowen (1969) writes that the prohibition failed because the government could not control the massive flow of illegal liquor from different countries, including Canada. Illegal alcohol was smuggled from overseas, government warehouses, and was produced privately. There were only 1550 agents of the newly established Federal Prohibition Bureau, which was not sufficient for the 18,700 miles coastline, which made it easy for the bootleggers to smuggle alcohol into the country. The success of the bootleggers is evident from the fact that the government could not capture even 5% of the smuggled alcohol (Wenburn, 1991). Alcohol was smuggled in hip flasks, empty canes, or anything that could be found. There was an increase in illegal speakeasies, and by 1925, New York City had 100,000 speakeasies. Not only New York but all the major cities had speakeasies. In fact, under prohibition, the number of speakeasies grew twice the number of saloons closed due to the Act. The situation made bootlegging a very attractive and competitive market (Bowen, 1969). Prohibition led to the rise in bribery. Wenburn (1991) states that the lucrative market of illegal alcohol fell in the hands of gangsters related to organized crimes. According to Bowen (1969), the gangsters secured their business by bribing high city officials. Many government officials and people holding important political posts such as mayors, judges, senators, governors, and Police Chiefs had their names written on the payrolls of the organized crime dealers. Laws were violated under prohibition. Bowen (1969) states that it has been studied that alcohol consumption during the Prohi
Introduction Snapchat is a leading mobile application that is used by millions of people all over the world. It was developed as a new social network offering a unique feature of sending pictures and stories that disappear after viewing or after a short period of time. Several tech giants attempted to buy Snapchat, but the owners opted to avoid acquisitions, generating funds from investors instead. This created a problem with valuation: although the value of Snapchat is estimated to be over $19billion, the company is only generating financial losses so far. The present paper will analyze the case of Snapchat to identify suitable options for resolving the problems that the company is facing. Identification Though Snapchat is a relatively recent application, it is popular and rapidly growing. The company is attractive to investors due to the fast development of its user base. Snapchat generates revenue from showing untargeted advertisements to users every 20 or 30 snaps, which amounts to 5-7 ads per day for active users. According to Snap, Inc., the company’s core strategy is “to invest in product innovation and take risks to improve [its] camera platform” (p. 5). The company is trying to achieve this goal by spending a significant part of its funds on research and development. Nevertheless, attracting new investors may become more difficult as Snapchat’s losses are over four times higher than its revenues. Furthermore, Snapchat has no clear path to high income despite a large user base. Research and development costs are affecting the financial health of the business, and thus it is critical for the management to address the situation soon to prevent the venture from collapsing. Analysis and Evaluation To provide appropriate recommendations, it is critical to understand the extent to which the company’s problem affects its financial performance. Table 2 shows that the company’s current ratio is quite high, meaning that there are no significant liquidity issues. However, the return on assets is low, and the net profit margin is negative, and thus the company’s position in terms of revenue generation not favorable. The rapid decrease in net profit margin between 2016 and 2016 also demonstrates that the company’s expenses have increased disproportionately to its revenues. The capital structure of the company consists primarily of stockholder’s equity, which amounts to $2,992,327,000 (Snap, Inc. 65). This shows that Snapchat relies heavily on its investors despite incurring heavy losses. Table 2. Ratio Analysis of Snapchat. Ratio              Formula                             Calculation                                                                             FY2017                           Current rati
The minimum standards for maintaining environmental quality while keeping costs at the minimal can be established by considering sources of emissions and their concentrations. These air pollutants may be acceptable to a given degree after which they become unacceptable due to the consequences they have on nature. It is important to determine the extent at which a given pollution is negligible and above which the damages are intolerable. In this case, there is an “important condition that market equilibrium coincides with the least-cost solution for attaining any predetermined level of environmental quality and does so for any initial allocation of licenses among polluters” (Krupnick, Oates, and Van De Verg, 1983, p. 234). When considering this approach in environmental management, optimal standards should be introduced to regulate the polluting activities and the concentration of emitters in a given region. All the polluting entities, regardless of the degree of emission, are regarded as accommodating to the environment. This is only if they do not act in violation of the standard optical measure on environmental quality. This implies that the cost of pollution remains equal for all entities. Therefore, it creates room for increased pollution activities in relatively clean areas at no extra cost. This allows license trading in regions that are least polluted thereby degrading the environment further. This will lead to a disabled equilibrium that should exist between environmental quality and abatement costs. There are biases in this model towards minimizing costs and thus insensitive to the environmentalists (Krupnick, Oates, and Van De Verg, 1983). McGartland’s extension on Krupnick’s perspective regarding standardizing the measure for environmental quality introduces a predetermined optimal measure in environmental quality. Both the environmentalists and polluters seek to improve the environment and reduce abatement costs. This perspective addresses each region on its own aiming at improving air quality level by the current status. This is done by ensuring that the predetermined standards are not exceeded. Therefore, the environmental quality standards are not uniform. However, they are dependent on each region’s level of environmental degradation. That way, those that are already good will not deteriorate to reach the optimal standard established. In this case, it is not the optimal standard of emissions in any re
Contrasting the orbits of Comets and Asteroids Asteroids have short, circular orbits which tend to form cluster belts, but comets have elongated and extended orbits. Again, Asteroid orbits are closer to the sun and are much more numerous, as compared to comet orbits which are farther from the sun and few. The reason as to why the Moon plays a larger role in tides than the Sun Sea and Ocean tides on Earth are primarily caused by gravitational pull, especially due to the Moon and the Sun. Although the Sun is very massive, its gravitational pull on the earth is relatively small, owing to the great distance of separation between the Earth and the Sun. On the other hand, the Moon, though less massive is nearer the Earth and exerts a greater gravitational pull, thus playing a larger role in tides than the Sun. Reasons as to why the largest telescopes are reflectors Largest telescopes are reflectors because they; are cheaper to design than