ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Many historians believe that Greek philosophy has formed the Western world. The most outstanding philosophers of that time had a considerable impact on the political, economic, cultural and social life of Greece. Nowadays, their works became the handbooks of the governor who strictly followed the concepts. Nowadays, these works still are still unsurpassed masterpieces of literature. One of the founders of Greek ancient thought was Plato whose works became the handbooks of many modern philosophers and scientists. Main body A brief biography of Plato Plato was born in Athens, in 428 B. C (Copleston, Frederick 2003 p. 127). He was brought in the home of his stepfather being of aristocratic origin that greatly influenced his further political outlooks. Plato received a diligent cultural education and his life went on in the period of prosperity of Athenian culture. His teacher became Socrates whose philosophic outlook he supported. Plato travelled a lot and visited many countries such as Italy, Sicily, Egypt and he was forty when returned home. While travelling he studied the political systems of the countries. On his return from the journey, Plato founded his own Academy in 388 that was considered as the first European University. (Copleston, Frederick 2003 p. 129). The studies included a wide range of disciplines and the philosophy was one of them. Mathematics gained the high status among the Greeks and had an apparent practical application. In the Academy, Plato conducted lectures that, unfortunately, were not officially published and were partially preserved in his pupils’ notes. Plato’s pupil was Aristotle who inherited and developed the teacher’s ideas. Plato’s philosophy Plato wrote many philosophical dialogues where he expressed his ideas on political and cultural life of Greece. In his dialogues written in the form of conversation, his teacher Socrates was main participant of the dialogues (Benn, Alfred William 2008 p. 214). His most famous works were closely connected with ethics, politics, metaphysics, as well as human life. In his dialogues Plato argued that material world was unreal world and only part of could relate to reality. In other words, the philosopher regarded the material objects and events as shadows. In ethical learning, he discussed the problem of father and son as he viewed everything from the parental angle. Thus, he compared his considered his relationships with Socrates as relationships of father and son. The most outstanding works of the philosopher “Republic” and “Law” are considered to the most significant works in philosopher’s life since Plato paid much attention to the state and governmental system. (Pappas, Nickolas 2003 p. 3). Like Socrates, Plato classified the society into the three groups namely, Rulers of Philosopher Kings, Warriors or Guardians, and Workers. The most privileged clas
Introduction Every human being is born with unique character traits. Even identical twins cannot have similar characters. Despite the uniqueness, some people may exhibit related characteristics to some extent. This paper compares the characters of Gatsby and Eponine. Gatsby is the main character in the book “The Great Gatsby,” while Eponine is one of the characters in the book “Les Miserables.” Gatsby and Eponine Gatsby is a noted habitual liar. Even his closest associate, Nick, and his girlfriend, Daisy, were equally victims of his lies. One of his apparent lies was that “he studied at Oxford University” (Fitzgerald, 156). The truth is that Gatsby worked as “an army man, sailor and bond seller” after he dropped out of St. Olfa’s college, where he had learned for only two weeks (Fitzgerald, 153). Eponine’s character was filled with malice and perception. At the age of eighteen, she would fight much like men older than herself. She chose not to disclose anything about her past. Gatsby, at the same time, kept lying to his friends about his past (Roche, 161). Gatsby struggled from a poor background and eventually became a wealthy man. The much wealth he amassed through illegal means made him proud and flashy. Jay liked showing off with his money. The author narrates how he kept on organizing brilliant parties for strangers. He lived in the class of the rich; his mansion was built with expensive construction material
Introduction Technology has made people closer, but whether this closeness is good is rather debatable. Social media have become a great alternative to sometimes costly or time-consuming methods of communication (sharing information) such as telephones or mail. At the same time, such extremely popular social networks as Instagram, Facebook, or Twitter also tend to shape users’ lives as people change their behavior to fit into the online community. Some say that the benefits of social media overrun negative effects. Nonetheless, many researchers stress that the use of social networks may lead to body image dissatisfaction, life dissatisfaction, eating disorders, and associated psychological issues (Ferguson, Muñoz, Garza & Galindo, 2014). Young females are regarded as the most vulnerable group that is affected. However, sometimes people tend to overestimate some trends existing in society. It is possible to analyze briefly major concerns associated with the use of social media to understand their true impact on young women. Meeting Unrealistic Standards First, social media’s basic function is concerned with sharing information that is often revealed through images (especially Instagram). Young females often try to make sure they fit into the larger community that is characterized by rather unrealistic features (thinness, glamor, and so on). Thus, Perloff (2014) claims that young women often feel frustrated when they compare themselves with other users. One of the female users aged 18 admits, “I do feel insecure if I see girls who look prettier than me” (as cited in Gajanan, 2015, para. 14). It is noteworthy that Hollywood and fashion icons introduced particular beauty canons, and young women try to look accordingly. Ferguson et al. (2014) stress that this can have significant adverse effects on women’s psychological state including the development of depression due to body image and life dissatisfaction. Females tend to create images that are consistent with the existing trends rather than their real selves. In some cases, digital personalities and lives are created as people do not want to seem boring due to their boring life. Seeking Approval Another significant problem is concerned with the search for approval. Females (especially younger generations) expect that their photos or any other kinds of posts will receive positive feedback. If this does not happen, their self-esteem can be significantly damaged, and they can develop anxiety, depression, and other disorders (Staff Reporter, 2015). According to the survey implemented by Matikainen (2015), people share information to receive approval from their peers and ensure that their posts will be liked. A young woman, aged 24, notes, “I feel anxiety over how many likes I get after I post a picture” (as cited
The 18 th , 19 th , and 20 th centuries were full of different revolutions and movements to liberation. While the whole of Europe was covered with war events, the political reforms in Great Britain passed differently. Being on the peak of its success, the government in Great Britain did all possible not to allow the class conflicts, one of the most important actions on the way to political reformation in a different way. First of all, it should be mentioned that Pitt’s policies performed their function and the satisfaction of the population lead to successful peaceful living. British government succeeds in having conducted political reforms without war conflicts as the way of the government’s reactions. Being frightened by the revolutions in France and other countries in Europe, Britain expected that the revolutionary ideas would also reach its land. Therefore, all the attempts to conduct a revolution were followed, and in case of any action, the reaction was done on time. For example, the Manchester meeting under the leadership of Henry ‘Orator’ Hunt, the most gifted British radical speaker of his day, was severely depressed. Having an opportunity to control people, the government had complications inside it. Tory and Whig governments could not agree on the issue of the reforms as the Tory government was the supporter of non-reformation activities, while the Whig government was radically directed. Winter of 1831-32 is considered as the most severe as the situation in the government was too hot. However, in spring, the crisis was averted when Reform Bill passed (Evans, 2011). Therefore, it may be concluded that Great Britain managed to overcome the reformation based on the war actions only because of the professional work of the government. Reference List Evans, E. (2011). A British Revolution in the 19th Century? BBC . Web.
Introduction Gillette Fusion Power Phenom is the latest product for Gillette, the release of which required the company 8 years of research and shaving innovation. Due to the complexity of the razor’s design, specifically, the parts required development and research such as the blade technology, the microchip, the protection, the battery indication, and others, the development program of such product implies several areas of risks that might occur at different stages of the development process. Risk Identification The risk identification phase in risk management can be defined as a process of generating “a list of all possible risks that could affect the project” (Gray and Larson, 2003), in this case, a stage of a project. In that regard, the stages, with which the gates will be associated, should be mentioned, in order to identify the processes, for which they will be reviewed. The following stages were selected for the development of the Gillette Fusion Power Phenom, due to the fact that the processes involved in Gillette Fusion Power Phenom are directly related to the stages of the development, rather than manufacturing. The stages are as follows:   * Preliminary investigation – mainly, preliminary research of the R&D department (NREL, 2005). Considering that the period between the launch of Gillette’s technology platforms, i.e. Mach3 and Fusion, was 8 years, it can be assumed that both investigation stages, preliminary and detailed were the longest.       + The stage’s gate – risks associated with departing from current technology and establishing the research direction   * Detailed investigation – the stage implies developing technical specifications for the product, based on a review of the market, and a business plan for the following stages of the project       + The stage’s gate – the review shifts the focus from the technically associated risks to the business risks and the risks involved with patenting the technologies found, i.e. the micro-pulse, the five blades, the battery indicator, etc.   * Development – the costliest stage, through which process operations will be examined.       + The stage’s gate – identifying industry partners and confirming the specifications of the product.   * Validation –the processes are scaled to production and examined.       + The stage’s gate –identification of problems that might arise, including quantity and quality assessments, equipment failures, process conditions failures, etc. Accordingly, the risks that might arise through the identified stages and gates can be summarized in their chronological order (Lock, 2007) (See Table 1): Gate-stage  Risks                      Possible Cause                                                                                                                        Effect                                                                   Recommended Action
Introduction Technology has undergone and continues to undergo dynamic revolution every day. The world has moved from analogous technological equipments to digital equipments, and this has revolutionized the communication sector, as well. The Internet is the other feature of today’s communication systems, which has made globalization a reality. The world has become one big village connected from every corner via the Internet and this scenario enhances communication. With the increasing rate of urbanization and general modernization, more and more people are finding themselves in need of the Internet, which translates to rampant demand for the Internet distribution systems. The existing systems of transmission are no longer sufficient to meet these demands efficiently, which is why this paper is proposing Radio over Fibre, (ROF) technology as the most prudent approach in satisfying these demands. It does this by discussing several articles on this subject and then making recommendations for future research projects on the matter in question. Radio-over-fibre technologies have numerous advantages including their capacity to be multifaceted. They are usable for different purposes simultaneously including the provision of unregulated access to broadband wireless communications for different communication applications such as in the last mile solutions, for the extension of radio coverage and capacities, and back haul. With the imminent revolution of technology, the world needs systems that are much faster than the present technology. Moreover, the world population is on the rise, which means more users, hence, higher demand. Presently, Wireless LAN is capable of transmitting data of up to 54 Mbps at 2.4 GHz and 5GHz. WiMAX, on the other hand, is under modification to make it capable of transmitting from 2-66 GHz (Opatic 2011, p. 5). In creating efficient systems, innovators should take into account factors such as the losses that are incurred by high-operating systems in an indoor set up due to the loss to the building walls. With this in mind, they should come up with radio cells that are smaller in size and operating frequencies that are higher t
Volume of the problem Breast cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer and it is the leading cause of cancer mortality in women. Nearly 20% of breast cancer are familial, with 5 to 10% of cases being because of inherited gene mutation (hereditary). Approximately 65% of hereditary cases relate to BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutations (Breast cancer genes). The remaining cases of familial tendency are because of familial environmental factors or unrecognized gene mutations. Although more than 2600 mutations are identified on BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes, yet, the general characteristics of these mutations are; first, they are autosomal dominant. Second, their carrier frequency is nearly 1 per 800 individuals (in a white race) and may increase to 1 in 40 or 50 individuals in Ashkenazi Jews, and finally is that both genes are tumor suppressors. These gene mutations deregulate cell death and result in uncontrolled cell growth (Carroll et al 2008). Origin of breast cancer and genetic link The majority of breast cancers arise from the epithelia that line the milk-producing lobules and ducts of the mammary gland. All females have a similar number of these cells, regardless of overall breast size. Therefore, breast size is an insignificant cancer risk factor. Approximately 80% of breast cancers are ductal in origin, between 5–10% are infiltrating lobular carcinomas and the remainder arise from diverse cell types. Like several common types of cancer, breast cancer begins with defined precursor lesions. Small, noninvasive lesions, typified by ductal carcinomas in situ (DCIS), are believed to progress to first invasive a
Romeo and Juliet is a famous play by the great playwright William Shakespeare. People who read the play or watched films that adopted its plot feel the touch of this tragic love story of Romeo and Juliet. With regards to this play, people hold different opinions and interpretations. Some feel sorry about their eventual death while others think that their final death reconciled their feuding families and united the two lovers. This essay will argue that by breaking the rules, Romeo and Juliet finally attain success and independence. This argument stands on the fact that even though both Juliet and Romeo died through committing suicide, they attain success in the form of unity between the Montagues and the Capulets. Their death helped their families go through a recognition stage. They unanimously throw away their feud after seeing the consequences it brought. At least there is hope for independence for future members of these two families. Romeo and Juliet are star-crossed lovers who come from two feuding families, the Montague and Capulet, who live in Verona. Their families are in an endless conflict with each other. The two lovers ought not to show their love to each other because of this long standing feud. Both families disapprove of such an affair. However, in spite of the feud between their families, Romeo and Juliet assert their independence but end up in a tragic predicament. The Balcony scene is the first indication of Romeo and Juliet’s readiness to break social rules and have independent wills. Even though Juliet is well aware of her family’s hatred of the Montague, she falls in love with Romeo and goes ahead to organize for a marriage with him the next day. In the “balcony scene”, Juliet tells the following lines “O Romeo, Romeo, wherefore art thou Romeo? Deny thy father and refuse thy name, Or if thou will not, be but sworn my love, And I will no longer be a Capulet” (Act 2, Scene 1, Lines 74-78). These lines reveal Juliet’s willingness to deny her own family name just to marry Romeo. She asks Romeo to deny his family name so that they can fall in love without the disapproval from their families. When Juliet utters these lines, she stands in sharp contrast with her rigid family rules and wishes to be an independent person capable of pursuing her own love rather than staying in the trap of her family name. This shows that Juliet is already proving her ability to think independently. However, her wishes cannot be accomplished as things stand. This is because of the feud between their families. It is this quest for independence that leads to the death of both Juliet and Romeo. Juliet meets her death when she takes a drug that would help her run away from marrying Paris. When she feigns death, Romeo thinks that she is indeed dead. He takes poison and kills himself. Upon realizing that
Introduction In today’s world, education is a vital tool for survival. One’s level of education is an accurate determinant of one’s level of success. Education itself has had to survive the changing human thoughts and perceptions over the ages to acquire its current status and structure in society. (Gutek 14) Looking at education in England and Russia, certain periods in each country’s history stand out as having played a huge role in morphing education into what it is in both countries. English Education System The 19 th Century was a reckoning era in English education with a culmination of reforms being embodied in the 1870 Education Act. Reforms saw the widespread establishment of elementary schools for children aged between 5 and 13 years. Later the tripartite system was adopted where pupils joined Grammar Schools, Modern Secondary Schools, or Technical Secondary Schools based on their performance in the highly controversial 11 Plus Examination. Grammar School students joined universities while the rest of the secondary school students joined the working world. Currently, the system is divided into Primary School, Comprehensive Secondary Schools, and universities. Entry into university is determined by examination while entry into Comprehensive Schools is indiscriminate (Gutek 344). Russian Education System Modern education in Russia can be traced back to the late 18 th Century when Peter, then tsar of Russia, established an education system similar to that of the Germans. The system has remained fairly consistent since then, except during the 1917 Revolution where svobodnoe vospitanie [free upbringing] was adopted and saw the abolishment of an exam based system of education. During Stalin’s reign, the exams were reintroduced and the government dictated pedagogy styles and content. Modern Russia subscribes to a system with primary, secondary, and tertiary education (Gutek 428). Philosophies and Practices That Shaped English and Russian Education English education was founded with the goal to ensure society’s spiritual, mental, and physical well being. Thus, there has been a great influence on the church in the history of English education. Ever since the era of the 11 Plus Examination, English education has always been exam-oriented. Protestantism challenged the establishment of a nationwide education system, which required a collectivist approach chiefly because of its teaching of individualism. However, the social, economic and political importance of education trumped the challenges (Gutek 365). The Russian Revolution of 1917 arguably had the greatest impact on Russian education. The Russians at the time used literature to forge their campaign against the Tsar rule, thus literacy in the country went up by record breaking figures. Lenin’s time in power was marked by a revolution in Russian education which adopted very liberal styles of pedagogy. Exams were done away with and the student body democratically chose how and what t