ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Discussion Freedom can be defined as the relationship among individuals and the relationship between individuals and the government. Liberals are identified by the way they value the freedom of individuals, freedom of markets, and democratic freedoms. The term freedom is characterized by Liberals as they use it within the context of the relationship between individuals and society. This paper tries to explain ways classical liberals and modern liberals define freedom. It also enumerates the problems associated with these definitions. All liberals state individual freedom as the core value (Eccleshal 2002 p.24). Classical theorists defined the concept of freedom in terms of individuals enjoying certain civil liberties which are not interfered with by the state. According to them, these freedoms included freedom for individuals to acquire property, freedom of expression, and freedom of worship. They insisted that freedom flourishes only when a society that regulates individual ambitions allows them to practice free enterprise. In the eyes of classical liberals, too much government curtails the freedom of people. They challenged arbitrary powers held by the state. In the name of individual freedoms, early liberal’s majority who were radical Protestants challenged. In summary, early liberals advocated for freedom of religion and religious tolerance, freedom of speech, free markets for labor, and freedom for private property among other things they were concerned with during the early times. It was these classical liberals who enabled revolutions that transformed Western Europe and North America politically and economically. Historically, modern liberals emerged during the 17 th and 18 th centuries as an intellectual response to the kind of liberalism advocated by early liberals (Eccleshal 2002 p.24). They abandoned the ideas of limited government intervention and acknowledged the freedoms that afforded people little opportunity to make the best of their abilities. Many of these modern liberals think that ignorance, poverty, and other deprivations constraint people’s freedoms, and that the government has the ability to step in and assist through welfare provision. Most important, they emphasize on a less individualistic perspective, one which sees as collective and mutually dependent individuals who are not self-sufficient unless government intervenes for the public good (E
The story, set in a bar at a Madrid train station is about an American man and a Spanish woman having a conversation about possibilities of aborting their unborn child. The title itself bears the image of the hills symbolizing the distended stomach of a pregnant lady which captures the expectations on the side of the woman. Apart form the title, imagery is also implicit in the story. The pair is in a train station that is situated between two sides with variant features: one side is full of lush green vegetation, and the other one is dry and barren. Birth brings forth life while abortion leads to lifelessness. Lack of harmony between both sides symbolizes the divergent views that the man and woman have. The man opts for abortion, which in his view will bring freedom from the responsibility of child bearing and rearing while the lady cannot wait to experience the birth of her baby which will be a new beginning. On either side of the station, there are tracks. The fact that they run parallel to each other is an implicit image for a clash of opinions between the two. Also, at the end of the story, a decision is not made just as the tracks that run parallel never meet. The couple disperses five minutes to the arrival of a train, and the reader is left wondering whether such an arrival symbolizes the birth of a baby or beginning of freedom for a young couple as envisaged by the man. Imagery in James Baldwin’s ‘Sonny’s Blues’ ‘Sonny’s Blues’ is set in Harlem where the narrator, a teacher, exposes struggles of a young man, Sonny. The struggles within members of Harlem society are symbolized in the story, particularly as a struggle between evil or darkness and light. There is turmoil between forces of good and evil in Harlem neighborhoods where youths struggle to escape from it through drugs, crime, art, or denial. In various instances, an image of light is brought out. In the beginning, flickering headlights of a car provide illumination for the narrator as he reads about the arrest of Sonny. Towards the end, the narrator fears that bystanders will be destroyed by too much light as they stand behind the band stand. It symbolizes the care with which they should tread in their efforts to seek truth and happiness in life. This is because the world is said to be “hungry as a tiger”, symbolizing the harsh realities of life in Harlem. Darkness symbolizes ignorance and suffering; people that are on edge seek nourishment through song, dance, and drugs. At one time the narrator mistakenly blames jazz as the cause of his brother’s addiction only to see the ‘light’ at the end when he witnesses his brother perform which serves as an awakening of sorts. After the performance, Sonny places scotch and milk on the piano, and the narrator sees the glass glow reinforcing the awakening. Another image of light is the moonlit road which the narrator’s mother remembers a
The development of in-app purchases in various apps and social platforms has become more evident at the beginning of the previous decade. The most popular digital markets, Google Play Market and Apple Market develop an explicit set of terms and services for customers’ convenience. However, once the online tools and games became available for minors, or kids aged under thirteen, there was a major shift in the digital policies. In the case of the Lee family, the situation can be discussed through the prism of two aspects. Speaking of the first aspect, the refund for in-app purchases made by kids has become a widespread procedure since 2014. The court case Amazon.com, Inc. v. Federal Trade Commission (2014) has proved that children tend to make virtual in-app purchases without considering the consequences of such an act. Once Amazon.com, Inc. won the aforementioned case, all the digital markets provided the policy, according to which, parents were allowed to get a full refund during ninety days since the purchase. As a consequence of this court case, FTC urged Apple, Inc. to refund more than thirty-two million dollars of children’s in-app purchases (Federal Trade Commission, 2014). To avoid possible misunderstandings, app markets started to notify credit card holders about any financial transactions via e-mail. Hence, this clarification makes Friendspot’s refund refusal well-founded in terms of the law. If the purchase was made more than ninety days ago, the user is not implied to return the money. However, the case can be reasoned from a considerably difficult point of view. Speaking of the evidence provided, Jenny Lee is a twelve-year-old child. According to the Children’s Online Privacy Protection Act, issued in 1997, children aged thirteen and under are not allowed to register on online sources without parental guidance and permission (“S.2326 – 105th Congress (1997-1998): Children’s online privacy protection act of 1998,” 2020). Hence, Jenny’s mother should have agreed to the terms and conditions introduced by the app. In such a way, even without checking the electronic mail, Suzy would have known that the app developers might withdraw money from her credit card. However, Friendspot app does not require any parental permission in terms of registration add, thus, violated the federal act on children’s privacy protection. Taking these aspects into consideration, one may come to the conclusion that justice should support the Lee family for a number of reasons. First of all, the app owners should submit the fact that the cardholder was notified about the financial transactions during the whole period, as it was not mentioned in the general case information. Second, and the most important aspect, is the fact of federal law violation performed by the app developers. Once Suzy is able to prove that Friendspot allows minors to create in-app accounts without parental permission, the case will obtain national scopes. In such a way, the Congress is able to release a court case concerning Friendspot’s neglecting COPPA.
In order to gather information about clients, Abu Dhabi passport control officers require passports. There are a number of conditions for checking documents during Passport control procedures, which are represented on the company’s website. The Travel Information Manual can be viewed for clients to know which information is necessary for receiving access to the flight ( Passport Control , 2012). Apart from manual checking, the Abu Dhabi Airport introduce eGates, an electronic equipment which allows the passengers to apply their eGate cards and go through passport control with no need to wait for your passport checked manually. ( Passport Control , 2012). The electronic gates are especially convenient for people with restricted physical abilities for whom standing in a queue is a challenge. Information storage is indispensible to the quality of knowledge share and exchange. The knowledge management value chain, therefore, will be associated with security issues as well ( Security Regulations , 2012). In this respect, the Abu Dhabi International Airport seeks to establish efficient client’s database where all information is stored about passengers. Proper management and classification of information will ensure security of aviation, as well as will improve the quality of airline services. In addition, the quality of data processing also depends on the techniques used for storing digital information. The Abu Dhabi International Airport seeks to make information sharing and exchange convenient for their clients. Therefore, the company has chosen a multi-dimensional approach to information distribution among its employees and clients. Employing advanced and innovative technologies simplifies the access to all possible flights. The clients can be informed about schedule by means of telephone calls, communication, and advertising ( Flight Information , 2012). Information about flights and possible delays are also available online. More importantly, passengers can book tickets online or by telephone, which is much convenient than standing in queues. In addition, the airport facility has an advanced navigation system by means of which the passengers can quickly find their terminal and define which flight they should take ( Flight Information , 2012). Although the company’s network of information storage and management is extensive, the employees can face significant difficulties in accessing data due to its different character. In order to be able to use information obtained from the client, employees should have a good command of information systems and computer software. Otherwise, lack of experience and skills can significantly restrict access to information and, as a result, data processing will be a significant problem. The development of new approac
Introduction This article critique concerns an article titled “Mobile Social Networks and Social Practice: A Case Study of Dodgeball” authored by Lee Humphreys. The research explores the communicative differences between the Dodgeball users and internet users in relation to how they influence the informants experience on public space and social relations. The study notes that Dodgeball is an MSNS facilitating the social networking and relationship among friends leaving in the urban public space (Lee, 2008, p.1). The main purpose of the study is to explore the use and perceived effects surrounding Dodgeball as a mobile social network system (MSNS) as integrated into everyday life. Research questions To help examine this claim, the researcher developed two research questions. The first research question relates to the examination of the nature of interactions created around the MSNS that is, the users and the purpose for use. The second question concerns the effects of the interactions to the thinking of and experience of the users in the public urban spaces. Lee (2008) utilizes a normative questioning while generating the first research question. In his second question, the author maintains an impact-based research approach to establish the effects of the research independent variable on the subjects of study (dependent variable). From the analysis, the research questions posed by the researcher have captured the main essence driving the study. They constitute clearly articulated statements that can ascertain the understandability of an average reader. Because the study aims at exploring the effects of this mobile network service on the nature of face-to-face social communications, posing a research question of the second nature serves to address the research purpose. A research question, according to Rubin and Babbie (2009) and Bulmer (1982), should be able to inform the research purpose, measurable, and capable of eliciting a research insight. These two questions have merited this particular criterion. Review of the literature It entails the process of researching the previously conducted researches about the topic of study or a related theme. This ensures that the researcher gains insight into the issue under review in order to build a theoretical framework upon which the research shall address the fundamentals of the study. In his article, Lee (2008) clearly forms a basis of the research through laying a vivid background that allows one to gain requisite knowledge about the subject of study (Bulmer, 1982). To accomplish this task, a researcher must devote him or herself toward researching relevant and current literatures that give a quality and up to date secondary data about the research topic. The use of this type of data literatures remains critical to the extent of scope, relevance, and need for the study. In this evaluation, the researcher has ventured into ensuring an extensive and in-depth examination of the background of the subject to
Introduction In the last twenty years, the Turkish economy has undergone two major crises. The first crisis began at the early 90’s while the second began at the beginning of the 21 st century. During this time, the Turkish government was in the middle of a stabilization program in its exchange rate. Although the government managed to calm market tensions through numerous assurances, things soon got out of hand. Towards the end of 2000, the country’s interest rates quadrupled within a period of one month. This also marked a five times increase over the rate of depreciation that the government had predicted for a two year period. At the beginning of 2001, rates had jumped to an all time level of close to 6000%. This led to the collapse of the exchange rate and the beginning of the country’s second economic crisis. Some things stand out as having caused the economic crisis. One thing that comes out as having contributed to the 2000-2001 economic crises in Turkey was the poor macroeconomic performance of the country. During the period, the country’s public sector was relying highly on borrowing and the sovereign debt to GNP was on the rise. The rising public debt and the appreciation of the lira were becoming a cause of concern for investors. This was worsened by the external interferences caused by the rise in oil prices at the time and the rising of the U.S. dollar against the other currencies. To compound this situation, the country lacked a flexible banking system, something that made the lira unable to deal with the crisis. During the preceding years, the banking sector was in a risk itself. Almost all the major banks had a load of non-performing loans and had an increased currency and maturity imbalances. This made the banking system unable to deal with any capital reversal. These weaknesses in the banking sector had a big contribution to the economic crisis experienced during the time. (Ozatay 3) On top of the problems at the country’s banking system, the other problems that caused the economic crises were political and policy uncertainties. In 2001, the country was hit by two negative occurrences in the political sphere. These started after the Prime Minister was suddenly taken ill sparking a spate of rumors about his health. This led to instability in the political sphere since there was a possibility that his party, which was the largest partner in the coalition government would dissolve. On top of this, the coalition parties were unable to agree on the necessary steps to be
The world is endowed with an incredible number of diverse religions. These different communities have varying forms in which their religious tradition was shaped up and how they related to the sacred. Generally, these religious traditions have structures and patterns which can be easily followed and be understood. Also the religious traditions were simultaneously linked to the sacred, that is the sacred being, the sacred places, the sacred artifacts among others. The sacred was to be feared and be respected by all (Oraka, 1983). Teachings were among the key pillars that held the religious traditions in place. Each religious tradition had a way of conveying people’s understanding of spirituality and the sacred. Explaining and elaborating their understanding to others was the only way the communities knew to make others believe in what they believe. In various religious groups, the teachings were primarily passed to the young ones. To begin with, these teachings were stored somewhere. In some more civilized communities like the Islam their teachings were documented religious text which they referred to as Qur’an, sira and hadith were developed in Umayyad Empire. These teachings were passed to children by the elderly who had a vast understanding of the religion. The teaching was conducted in selected places where the children gathered. Other communities never had ways of documenting their religious teachings so they preserved the teachings in their memories. In this case, the teaching was communicated to the younger generation orally (Oraka, 1983). It goes without debate that every religion had its own doctrines. Doctrines varied from community to community. Most of the doctrines if not all were dogmatic in the sense that no one was allowed to question them. But the bottom-line agenda of these doctrines was that they were meant to make people act and behave in a certain manner with respect to their belief in the sacred. Because of the belief of the existence of a Supreme Being various communities involved in worshipping and prayers. Some communities were monotheistic while others were polytheistic. The religious traditions that were monotheistic believed in the existence of one God like the Jewish religion. Jews believed in one God to whom they used to worship and offer prayers to. Worship was considered as a way of acknowledging the supremacy of their God and a way of adoring Him. This was meant to appease Him (Oraka, 1983). Prayers played an important role in all the communities. They considered it as a way of communicating with the Supreme Being and the sacred. The prayers were offered as a form of gratitude, worship or request to the Supreme Being. Most prayers were accompanied by rituals. Like prayers, rituals were done depending on the issue at stake. For example, in the Igbo community when a prominent person dies, he/she is placed on a stool in a sitting position clothed in the deceased finest garment. Then animal sacrifice is offered to them and they are well perfumed. The burial follows in the next 24 hours (Oraka, 1983). Pilgrimage is another component in religious tradition. This is a long religious journey to a sacr
Introduction Christology is a field of study in Christian theology that entails the study of the nature of Jesus Christ (Dowley & Briggs 1996). Although Jesus Christ lived one life, the writers of the “good news” or the “gospels” (McGrath 2006) chose to report the events in perspectives that are not entirely similar. For instance, the Gospel according to Matthew commences with a description of the genealogy of Jesus, whereas the Gospel according to Mark begins with a fulfilment of Jesus’ birth as it was prophesied in the Old Testament, and his baptism. It is evident that the writers of the gospels had different perspectives in relation to the events performed by Jesus and therefore reported them in a manner such as to suit the perspectives. This is an illustration of the different theologies in relation to Christology. According to Wilson (1999), Christology is the assessment of Jesus in respect to who he was and the part he played in the Godly plan. Thus, the writers of the gospels assessed Jesus differently and reported the events of his ministry slightly differently. There are also different interpretations of the Gospels by readers. Different researchers appraise the Gospels differently by interpreting the verses and making comparisons in line with different points of view. This is what is referred to as redaction criticism. Nevertheless, there is still more debate on interpretation of the Gospels (Houlden, 1995). This paper looks into the various theologies of the Gospel writers and redaction criticism of the books according to various scholars in theology. The Theologies It is undisputable that the writers of the four Gospels had a humanity perspective of Jesus. Each of the Gospels has a description of Jesus as a human being in different ways. For instance, Matthew describes Jesus as an offspring of the genealogy of Abraham (Smart 1989). Thus, this book describes Jesus as a “son of David” and a “son of Abraham” (Smart 1989). Whilst the writer of the Gospel of Matthew gives a detailed account of Jesus genealogy, the book also describes him as a new lawgiver, a great teacher (much like Moses of the Old Testament), “Emmanuel” and King of the Jews (Smart 1989). Therefore, there is no doubt that that the writer of the Gospel according to Matthew revered the humanity aspect of Jesus. According the Easton Illustrated Dictionary, the Gospel according to Matthew is full of citations to passages of the Old Testament in which Jesus is greatly predicted and foreshadowed. True, the books of Genesis, Isaiah and many more have pr