ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The project, which is going to be implemented by the government of Sydney as well by some private companies, can radically transform the landscape of Barangaroo suburb and the city in general. This development plan includes the construction of new Casino Events Centre, Multifunctional Convention and Entertainment Centre, and expansion of Exhibition Center (Whiteling, 2011, unpaged). This project can yield very good results for the community and investors. However, one has to remember this plan will require considerable invest into infrastructure of this area. First, we can speak about the development of transportation infrastructure (roads, highways, seaports, railways, etc). The existing transportation infrastructure of Barangaroo may not have sufficient capacity to cope with inflow of visitors from Australia and all over the world. Secondly, one should bear in mind that the new event centers can become the largest consumers of energy in this particular area. This is why it may be necessary to construct electrical power networks, generation plants or electric grid. Furthermore, this developmental project will inevitably involve changes in water distribution system of Sydney. This includes the construction of a new pipe system, storage reservoirs, sewage collection and so forth (Goodman & Makarand, 2006). Finally, we need to mention recreational infrastructure that comprises such elements as parks, green areas, restaurants etc. Overall, people, who are responsible for the implementation of this expansion plan, should take these issues into consideration. Each of these infrastructural elements is indispensible for successful work of event centers that are going to be constructed in Sydney. They will not yield considerable return on investment but without them this plan will not be put into execution. In the future, this project may have great ramifications for Melbourne which is one of the largest tourist destinations in Australia as well as in the world. On the one hand, it will create stiff competition in the labor market. Many people, working in Melbourne hotels, restaurants, or casinos may be willing to look for employment in Sydney, especially if they will be offered a better compensation package. So, there is great likelihood that many Melbourne service companies will have to incur great expenses on the recruitment and training of new employees. This is one of the challenges that they should expect. Their major task is to develop strategies for retaining the most qualified employees. Apart from that, successful implementation of the Sydney expansion project can significantly diminish the attractiveness of Melbourne for tourists. However, such scenario is possible only if the new event centers will be superior in terms of customer service. At any rate, Melbourne event centers, hotels, restaurants, o
Definition of Globalisation According to Bhagwati (2004), globalization is the integration of countries’ economies, people, societies and their culture across the world through the spread of technology, networks of communication, trade and transportation. From an economic perspective, globalization refers to the reduction and elimination of hurdles between national frontiers to facilitate the free distribution of goods, services, labor and capital. Business people around the continents engage in electronic commerce, buy goods and services online and even make advertisements for their goods through the internet. The internet also allows instantaneous communication between people who are separated by vast geographical distances thus insinuating globalization as the spread of new forms of non-territorial social activity (Scholte, 2000). Advantages of Globalisation Globalization provides opportunities and challenges. Large profits from the big markets help countries to invest in development projects thus reducing poverty in many countries. Consequently, the introduction of bans, tariffs and quotas to the industries, poor road and communication networks and unattainable trade policies can hinder the country’s ability to benefit from the world markets. The advantages of globalization include: Economic growth Most countries that have fewer trade barriers with the international markets experience high growth in their industries as well as increasing the value of their currencies. Due to the increased flow of international money, business people can invest in their markets of choice thus providing their customers with a variety of products and increasing their market share. Improved living standards Due to growth of economies, countries are in a position to provide cheap imports that are accessible to many people and through competition, efficiency and productivity are increased. This in turn improves their standard of living and reduces poverty. Improved health facilities Globalisation has enabled countries to gain funds that they in turn use to improve their hospitals, waste disposal methods and provision of clean water. This has led to an increased life expectancy as people do not contract water borne diseases like typhoid and cholera. Children below the age of five can access immunisations and receive free treatment of diseases like pneumonia and malaria. Networking Due to increased flows of communication, individuals and corporations are in a position to share important information across the borders. This makes it effective as even the remote geographical areas can access the information, provided there are satellites or are connected to the internet. Disadvantages of Globalisation Drug trafficking Due to less restriction of people to invest and travel internationall
Many countries nowadays are struggling to increase the quality of their health services based on the commonly appreciated need for providing universally affordable care. The primary strategies range from state-paid mechanisms to various insurance schemes. In this regard, it is worth considering the system developed in the United Kingdom, which is entirely different from the one traditionally existing in the United States. The British government provides universal care to all its citizens through the National Health Service, which is fully funded by the state. It is basically free, with co-payments normally applicable only to outpatient prescription drugs (Boudreau, 2019). This ensures a relatively high life expectancy value of 81.3 years, exceeding the European Union average (European Observatory, 2019). Therefore, the National Health Service generally succeeds in its mission of protecting the lives of British citizens. However, the United Kingdom system does not fully offer the gold standard of care for several reasons. The most critical problem is a workforce shortage, resulting in increased waiting times and rationing of specialized treatments (European Observatory, 2019). Such a situation is similar to the one existing in the United States, although it is less dependent on the socioeconomic status of the patient since the state system covers all the expenses. Besides, the removal of pay-for-performance schemes has resulted in a rapid decline in principal care quality indicators (Minchin et al., 2018). These problems reduce the overall efficiency and require substantial funding for their solution. The British National Health Service provides a useful example for evaluating and further enhancing the American system. Some of its principles have already been implemented in the Affordable Care Act designed to ensure universal coverage regardless of the patients’ income. Thus, it is reasonable to admit that the countries with a state-financed health care system played a role in creating this policy. However, the United States still needs to increase care accessibility, especially for those with pre-existing conditions. Therefore, the review of the approach applied by the United Kingdom provides some recommendations that could enhance the American system and drive it towards the gold standard of care.
What is Biodiversity? Biodiversity is the variability of life across all the living organisms found on earth. Within the ecological research, biodiversity forms the basis to which all the living organisms exist, especially about each other. A rich diversity means the capacity of the natural environment to have many living organisms to thrive ( What is biodiversity? , 2016). The availability of many living organisms within an ecosystem enhances the capacity of nature to recuperate from climatic change. The importance of biodiversity Biodiversity is important because a rich blend of living organisms within an ecosystem allows the facilitation of processes such as purification of air, water, and soil. Whereas the natural environment loses too much of its diversity, chances are that the indigenous species and varieties of plants and animals would deplete. This affects the quality of air and water, thereby limiting the quality of life for humanity, plants, and animals ( What is biodiversity? , 2016). Besides, the knowledge on biodiversity helps scholars to identify and understand the correlations between the different life forms on earth, thus inspires scientific research on improving the quality of biodiversity. How biodiversity is measured Biodiversity is measured in terms of attributes that explore the quality of nature; richness and evenness of the living organisms within an ecological niche. Whereas richness implies the quantities or clusters of genetically related individuals, evenness represents the proportionality of the functional groups found within an ecological niche ( Principles of vegetation measurement & assessment , 2016). According to Purvis and Hector (2000), most vegetation surveys express richness in terms of the number of species or varieties found within an ecosystem. An ecosystem with low evenness, virtually, indicates that a few varieties or species are found in an ecosystem. Extinction and what is causing it today Extinction indicates an evolutionary process, which gradually leads to the deterioration of species of living organisms. When living organisms become extinct, they face a series of genetic heritage loss. Through evolution, species may change into other organisms in the process of adapting to gradual environmental alterations ( The extinction crisis , 2016). Natural extinction is a biological process, which might not be misconstrued to mean a negative process that might be accepted as such. Changes in the natural environment might be unavoidable, and the living organisms tend to adapt to those changes to survive; this process is responsible for the extinction. The Endangered Species Act Passed in 1973, the Endangered
Ever since scientists began to make inquiries into what accounts for the surrounding reality’s fundamental essence, it started to become increasingly clear to them that the process of attaining more knowledge ever, in this respect, cannot be considered thoroughly objective. The reason for this is that the concerned process always occurs within the conceptual framework on a particular scientific paradigm, which in turn causes the situation when the empirically obtained data invariably ends up being affected by whatever happened to be the utilized gnoseological approach. In other words, science cannot be concerned with ‘seeking the truth’ by definition, but rather with building the informational models, which more or less adequately describe the observable emanations of a particular phenomenon in question. At their turn, these models are expected to serve the essentially utilitarian purpose, as they provide additional momentum to the ongoing socio-technological progress – hence, allowing people to enjoy the ever-increased standards of living. This paper will explore the validity of the above-stated at length while exposing the actual significance of the suggestion that, “Though the world does not change with a change of paradigm, the scientist afterward works in a different world” (Kuhn, SSR, 121). The paper will also aim to promote the idea that, regardless of how objective a particular scientific paradigm appears to be, it never ceases to remain utterly subjective, as it reflects the genetically predetermined cognitive predispositions, on the affiliated scientists’ part. Until quite recently, it used to account for a commonplace assumption, among scientists, that the very concept of gnoseology implies the appropriateness of the specifically positivist methods for discovering the laws of how the universe actually functions. These methods are concerned with testing, as such, that allows us to categorize the reality’s emanations and, consequently – to gain an in-depth insight into their fundamental essence. As Kuhn noted, “In the field of the empirical sciences, more particularly, he (a scientist) constructs hypotheses, or systems of theories, and tests them against experience by observation and experiment” (1998, p. 11). Nevertheless, despite the fact that the earlier mentioned idea does make a perfectly logical sense, it is important to understand that there are a number of clearly discursive overtones to it. That is, this idea reflects the most fundamental premise, upon which the methodology of the 19 th century’s empirical science used to be based – the assumption that the universe is, in essence, an utterly complex mechanism. One can be well unaware of the sheer complexity of how it functions; however, the eventual obtainment of a comprehensive understanding of just about all the universe’s laws is theoretically possible. After all, the positivis
The state of Illinois vs. Drew Peterson The case was heard at the circuit court of the Twelfth Judiciary Circuit, the Appellate Court in Will County, Illinois. It was brought before Justice Holdridge (who delivered the judgment), Justice Schmidt (presiding Judge), and Justice Carter. In this case, the defendant was Drew Peterson, a middle-aged American man accused of murdering his third wife. Kathleen Savio, the deceased, was found dead in her bathtub in 2004. It was an appeal case seeking to review a judgment previously delivered by Justice Stephen D White, the presiding judge in the Circuit Court of the Will County. The legal issue was to determine whether hearsay statements were admissible in court as valid evidence against the accused. The state had filed about five appeals from previous rulings consolidated in People v. Peterson , 2011 IL App (3d) 100513, 75. In this case, the petitioner argued that the Circuit Court had made an error by denying it the right to admit hearsay evidence against Drew Peterson. It argued that the right to admit hearsay under the doctrine of “forfeit by wrongdoing,” which is allowed under the common law, was erroneously denied, making it impossible to indict the defendant. Facts The Illinois Police investigated the death of Savio and sought pathological evidence from a qualified pathologist. According to the autopsy, Kathleen had drowned in a bathtub in her house. The jury argued that death could have been due to accidental drowning in the tub. Thus, nobody was charged. However, Peterson’s fourth wife, Stacy Peterson, disappeared in October 2007 at the time the couple was discussing a divorce. As the police conducted a search, they suspected murder and connected the case to that of Savio. Therefore, they sought a court order to exhume her remains for further analysis. The second pathologist cited homicide in the case of Savio. The state of Illinois filed a case against Drew Peterson, accusing him of the death of Savio. The state argued that Stacy and Kathleen had made statements in their divorce, which could be admitted in court as hearsay evidence as described in the code of criminal procedure Act 1963, section 115 as well as under the doctrine of “forfeit by wrongdoing” in the common law. After a lengthy analysis of the evidences from both sides, the Panel held that the Circuit Court of the Will County had erred in denying the state the right to present the statements of hearsay under the law and the doctrine of “forfeit by wrongdoing.” Therefore, the panel reversed the decision of the Will County court, thereby remanding the case for further proceedings. Why was this court the most appropriate for hearing the case? The answer to this question is simple. The court was the second last in the judiciary process to hear the case before it reached the Supreme Court of Illinois. In this context, it is worth noting that the court was responsible for determining whether the circuit court had erred in its decision. In addition, the case is criminal in nature, dealing with first-degree murder. As such, it was important
If it is really so that every person is destined for some particular occupation, then I suppose that endodontics is the field that I am destined for. No matter how self-assured it might sound but I do believe that one day I will make some outstanding achievements in dentistry as a whole and endodontics in particular. I strive to know as much as possible in the field and I hope that one day my assiduous work will bring expected results. The more knowledge in the field I get the more knowledge I want to acquire. And in this magnetic force of dentistry, its significance for my personal and professional development is rooted. My Life has always taken a natural course and I have been very fortunate with the opportunities given to me. Circumstances and opportunities in my life have always pushed me in the right direction. It so happens that dentistry runs through all my life. Since early childhood, I saw the example of my dad who is a dentist and always dreamed of becoming a dentist myself. Until nowadays I clearly remember my visit to my father’s work. A place with a funny smell, the gratingly loud drill, the sparkling chrome-plated tools, and my father skillfully operating all those things that the office was full of. That day I felt subconscious that I would devote my life to this field of knowledge. As I grew up I realized the importance of dentists’ work. I often saw the happy faces of my father’s patients who got rid of their toothaches; I observed how grateful to my father’s service the patients were and wanted to get that kind of gratitude from my work too. 5 years of study at a dental school in India were the first step to realizing my dream. I worked for my dad in Mumbai (India) for 1 year. I am thankful to the father for giving me an opportunity to implement my theoretical knowledge in practice. With his limited knowledge of endodontics, I was initially pushed to do all the root canals in the office. I enjoyed performing root canals so much that I landed up doing all the root canal cases in the office. Now I realize that the initial nudge turned out to be crucial for all my life. During my work at the dad’s office, I first realized that I love endodontics. That is when the spark of doing endodontics was ignited. I wanted to learn more and I came to the United States then and was accepted into one of the most honorable 2 years international programs in the country at the University Of Pennsylvania School Of Dental Medicine. These 2 years was the most wonderful period in my professional life. The faculty at the e
Introduction On the morning of December 7 th , 1941, the Japanese made an attack on the United States naval base at Pearl Harbor. It was an unprovoked attack which caught them by surprise. This attack is known to have been a major cause of America’s entry into World War II. Following this attack, America declared war on Japan. This attack is considered to have been highly unethical. It was an uninformed attack without any formal warning by Japan. It was conducted while negotiations between the two countries were still under discussion. This attack resulted in a lot of damage and significant loss of life. Statistics report that 2,402 men were killed and 1,282 were wounded (USSWestVirginia 2000). The Japanese carried out a series of simultaneous attacks. “They hit the American ships, military installations, military airfields, the fleet at Pearl Harbor and many others” (Navy.mil 1991). Through these sudden and simultaneous attacks the Japanese aimed to destroy the US planes before they could fight back or defend themselves. The immense damage that the Americans suffered included the destruction of approximately 200 aircrafts and four navy battleships were sunk. On the other hand, Japan’s losses were much lighter with only around 65 fatalities. Ethical Issue This attack was also unethical in the context that Japan did not attack the US pacific fleet with the aim of a direct war with them. This was only a preventative measure they took to make sure that the Japanese could carry out their plans against East Asia, China, and United Kingdom without military interference from the US. Hence, all this destruction and loss of life was merely collateral damage. This uninformed attack identified Japan as treacherous and deceitful. Outcome The outcome of this attack was that the very next day America declared war on Japan. All Americans united with their allies and just one attack changed the course of the war. It led to the internment of the Japanese in the western United States. This was the exclusion and detention of people with Japanese descent. This gave rise to strong anti-Japanese sentiments and hostility towards them. The most important and drastic outcome of this event was the bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki by America (History.com 2011). These unimaginable bombings marked the beginning of the nuclear age. On the 6 th of August, 1945 America conducted its first nuclear bombing on the city of Hiroshima. The bomb named “little boy” was dropped on the city. Within seconds of this bombing, “around 30% of the total population of the city was killed instantly and around 70,000 were injured severely” (Truman 1945). All that was left of the city was just a scar in the ground and monstrous grey clouds of smoke emitting from it. “Practically all living things, human and animal, were literally burnt to