ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Pricing Strategy Plans The low-calorie food business is facing price elasticity of demand at the ratio of 1.19. According to McGuigan, Moyer, and Harris (2014), ‘(price) elasticity of demand refers to the ratio of the percentage change in demanded quantity, to the percentage change in price” (p. 26). The development leads to changes in quantities demanded. According to Cutler, Glaeser, and Shapiro (2003), low-calories foods are relatively elastic with regard to price changes. Consequently, the managers of the company have to be very careful when planning for raising the prices of the product. Given the elasticity of the low-calorie foods, it follows that price increases will lead to reduced demand for the products. On the other hand, a reduction in prices will create an increase in demand. Elasticity in relation to the demand for low-calorie foods also varies with the various ingredients used. The element is also affected by other expenses incurred in producing the food. For instance, cross-price and income elasticity of demand are major concerns to managers (McGuigan et al., 2014). Given these aspects of elasticity in relation to the low-calorie foods, it is apparent that by increasing the prices, the managers risk losing revenue. However, according to Guthrie, Lin, and Frazao (2002), the sale and consumption of healthy foods are likely to rise with the increased availability of these products. People need to be convinced of the health benefits of the low-calorie foods for them to purchase these products irrespective of an increase in prices. The demand for this product has been shown to be inelastic with regards to advertising expenditure. Managers should consider increasing the availability of these foods, as well as labeling them. The two are some of the strategies that can be used to woo more customers even after price increments. However, since the effect of labeling is relatively small, the reduction in prices is the best strategy for enhancing the consumption of the products. An example is the U.S foods market. In spite of the increasing popularity of healthy menus, a considerable number of Americans continue to gain weight as a result of consuming unhealthy food products. According to Chandon and Wansink (2007), between 1991 and 2001, the proportion of obese adults in the U.S grew from 23% to 31%. As such, increasing the prices of low-calorie foods may lead to diminished demand irrespective of other control measures. Effects of Government Policies on Employment and Production in the Low-Calorie Microwavable Foods Industry The food industry is highly regulated due to its significant impacts on the wellbeing of the public. Consequently, various government policies regulate employment and production in this industry. The products fall under the processed foods category. Policies and regulations in the food processing sector influence the supply and prices of these products (Guthrie et al., 2002). In addition, the nutrition
Introduction A grand jury is an important component in a judicial process especially in a criminal case. It provides value to a trial process by embarking on a fact finding mission for a particular case. A grand jury can unearth crucial information that can be used to make the right ruling in a case. The Attorney General of a given country may direct the prosecutor to form a grand jury in regard to a certain criminal case. Individuals or parties may also request for the formation of a grand jury. In most countries, some laid out procedures must be followed when forming a grand jury. For instance, the President of the United States of America may not directly request for the formation of a grand jury but can do so by directing the Attorney General to constitute a grand jury. A keener look at the formation of grand juries reveals that there are salient issues that must be addressed like the need for reforms. The following analysis will help us appreciate why reforms in the federal grand juries are necessary. Formation of a federal grand jury A federal grand jury is a group of legally qualified individuals. In the federal system, the grand jury may include sixteen to twenty three members. The qualifications needed for individuals to be in the grand juries may vary in different countries and states (Hall, 2008). After the jurors are selected, they are sworn in by judges of courts of law. The sitting term of a grand jury is also dependent on a country or state. In a federal system, it can last up to a period of thirty six months depending on the case and the laid out procedures. Some juries convene twice a month. Others convene once a month while some do not convene at all until when the prosecutor requests them to do so. The grand jury that investigated President Bill Clinton’s relationship with Monica Lewinsky, a former white house intern, used to meet twice a week. The grand jury has no authority to condemn or declare if one is guilty of the charges conferred against him or her. After listening to the evidence given, the grand jury should make a decision on whether one should be charged or not. For example, in the criminal case regarding O.J. Simpson, the prosecutors wanted the grand jury to charge Simpson with the murder of Nicole Brown and Ronald Gold. However, the defense counsels objected this move. The prosecutors went ahead and filed a petition stating that the publicity of the case in the media could alter the facts of the case. This would lead to prejudiced charges. The judge consented to the view by the prosecutors. The grand juries may face objections in the courts. Individuals, governments or even the defendants may challenge the grand juries (Malloy, 1994). Various grou
Brief description of the Final Paper The final paper will dwell on the constitutional issues connected to the Fourteenth Amendment and discuss the implications it has for society. The key objective of the final paper is to explain the issues inherent in the contents of the legislation and its ability to provide administrative equal protection to all the citizens of the United States of America. Therefore, the phenomenon of administrative constitutionalism and fairness of the legislation will be debated based on Tani’s (2015) research on the issue. Explanation of the Basic Premises of the Author The author is concerned with public safety and the approaches applied by the government when it comes to the provision of equal protection. The core author’s premise is that the rights of the poor and federal legislation do not correspond to the constitutional meaning of the Equal Protection Clause (Tani, 2015). Another idea is that the authority shifted from the courts to the federal agencies and it critically impacts the way criminal justice policies are currently functioning. The author underlines the unfairness of the current approach and believes that certain measures should be applied. Summary of the Journal Article In her 2015 research, Tani discusses the notion of administrative constitutionalism and the history of the Equal Protection Clause. She focuses on the stages of the policy’s development and outlines an interpretation of the Social Security Act. Tani (2015) stresses the critical significance of cooperation within the framework of the current legislation and discusses the limited opportunities of the poor that are commonly disregarded by the US federal agencies. The author of the article also summarizes the way that the rights of the poor are currently perceived and interpreted by society and the legislative body. Examination of the Recommendations of the Author Tani (2015) recommends to thoroughly review the three major areas of the US legal system – constitutional law, federalism, and administrative law. She realizes the discretion that is connected to the Social Security Act and believes that the outdated outlook should be re-evaluated and replaced with a modern incentive. The author also recommends reforming cooperative benefit programs and how the state can influence them (Collins & Ringhand, 2013). Effects of the Author’s Recommendations on the Criminal Justice System The recommendations provided by the author of the article can positively impact the current state of affairs of the criminal justice system. This supposition can be justified by the fact that federal agencies are fully engaged in constitutional activities (Marion & Oliver, 2012).
Public health is a broad area of healthcare, which is aimed at improving the quality of life in a community. According to Stanhope and Lancaster (2020), population-based healthcare lies in the foundation of overall well-being. Public health services mainly include disease prevention and health promotion, and the timely identification of threats and problems may contribute to maintaining the population’s health. One of the main public health problems is that unhealthy lifestyle among populations of different age and gender is the reason for many diseases, such as obesity, cancer, and diabetes (Glasper, 2013). A nurse’s responsibility is to address the importance of preventive measures. For example, a balanced diet, regular exercises, and stress management may help avoid different conditions, from flu to breast cancer (“International Nurses Day 2020: Case study of the week,” 2020). Being closest to communities, nurses play an essential role in providing a basis for the population’s well-being. It is fair to say that in the modern world, it is difficult to avoid unhealthy habits. People from my community and my colleagues work in offices and lead a sedentary life. A busy schedule does not allow many people to eat regularly and healthily; much time spent in front of a computer screen causes sleep disturbances and related problems. Finally, the high level of stress and anxiety may negatively influence people’s emotional state. There are multiple strategies of dealing with the global problem of an unhealthy lifestyle. According to the Intervention Wheel, at the system level, collaboration is a common type of intervention (Stanhope & Lancaster, 2020). Medical institutions may establish connections with other organizations focused on specific problems, for example, substance addiction. At the community level, interventions may include social media promotion and patient education. It is also important to understand the cause and the consequence of the current public health problem. Dr. Attia (2013) proved it through an example of obesity, which is presented as a result of insulin resistance. Therefore, people need to be supportive of each other rather than judgmental to solve the problems threatening their physical and mental health.
Introduction In the recent past, nursing profession has become a widespread career choice as more high school and college graduates are looking forward to embracing the profession. However, only effective management/leadership roles can help to achieve success in the nursing profession, since these roles play a critical role in shaping the goals of the health care organizations. More over, leadership helps to define the overall culture of the health care organizations, and it motivates the behavior of the nurses towards accomplishment of goals. Since the goals of a clinical staff must be patient centered, the managers are tasked with the role of ensuring that the implementation of the relevant leadership style is effected. This can be achieved by identifying a change initiative, and then coming up with viable ways that influence all team members in the medical circle to provide proficient services. Critical Analysis Of The Role Of Leaders As Agents Of Organizational Change Analysis of Change Initiative and Intended Outcomes The practice of nursing is compounded with a number of challenges, with needle stick safety practices emerging as one of the leading challenges. According to Centre for disease control and prevention (2009), there is a positive correlation between the use of sharp needles and diverse risks at various stages of their use. The high levels of risks are attributed to the following factors, among others: physical appearance of the needles, the methods of disposal used by the medical practitioners, the level of education of the medical practitioners, and the working condition for the medical practitioners. One thing that is of importance to note is that needle stick injuries pose a major threat to the health care workers, since they do not only expose them to blood borne diseases, such as the hepatitis B and C, but also to HIV/AIDS. Therefore, this calls for a change initiative within the health care institutions. There are a number of initiatives that have already been employed to improve the safety practices in a clinical setting. One of the initiates includes eradicating unsafe medical practices through providing education to medical practitioners. Despite the fact that many healthcare institutions have already provided education for handling sharp needles, the efficacy of this education has not yet been practical enough due to divergence of attitude amongst the health care workers (Van Knippenberg & Schippers, 2007), making the healthcare compliance program a challenge. This provides us with the information that unsafe practices in a health care institution may also result from workers’ attitudes towards implementation of safety standards. Therefore, management and leadership roles serve as key factors in making sure that the me
The concept of dry campuses was introduced in the 1990s. According to the law, students are not allowed to consume alcohol on the territory of the campus (Moak par. 14). Though there was an unwritten ban on alcohol consumption on campuses, there were numerous cases of injuries or even deaths associated with students’ drinking. The law was regarded as an effective solution to the problem. However, the law has proved to be ineffective as students still consume alcohol excessively. Therefore, it is ineffective to force students to drink less by making campuses ‘dry’ but it is necessary to launch a program involving the concepts of moist campuses and particular attention to universities’ culture. As has been mentioned above, the law has proved to be completely ineffective and needs revisiting. Scribner et al. note that alcohol is “a factor in 40% of academic problems” including 28% of dropouts in the USA (806). The researchers also claim that more than 1,800 student deaths are related to alcohol consumption (Scribner et al. 806). It is noteworthy that students still drink on campus (Moak n.p.). More so, students often leave the campus to go to the party and drink there which is associated with a variety of issues for the neighbourhood (Sanburn par. 5). Firstly, wild parties of students are noisy and often lead to certain damage to the neighbourhood. Secondly, drunk students tend to drive to their campuses form the parties and are a threat to people and property in the neighbourhood. Therefore, it is crucial to let students have parties and consume certain amount of alcohol (so, the concept of a moist campus is introduced) (Moak par. 7). However, universities also have to pay specific attention to their culture and educators have to encourage students to focus on their academic performance and share such values as decency, pursuit of academic and career goals and so on. Students have to understand what is good and what is wrong. They have to make a responsible choice as they will understand that certain behaviour can lead to punishment (inc
The impact of the media’s information about suicide on population behavior has repeatedly been the subject of various studies and discussions. One of the first evidence of an established connection between information in the media and the followed suicides was the publication in 1774 of Johann Wolfgang von Goethe’s novel “The Sorrows of Young Werther” (Yom-Tov & Fischer, 2017). The character of this writing committed suicide due to unhappy love, and soon after the story was released, many reports of suicides committed by young men in the same way appeared. Later, the name “Werther effect” began to be applied to imitative suicides, which spread widely due to media. Although there is the opinion that mass information negatively affects the depressive state and provokes suicide, a positive effect can be noticed. Due to the advent of Internet technologies in our lives, the issue of increasing the number of suicides with the dissemination of information about them requires a new understanding. In the Internet space, everyone can be a producer of any content without being limited to editing filters or other restrictions. Such specific features suggest bullying, increased stress levels, and the possibility of depression for users. Moreover, the Internet is a convenient tool for influencing a person’s psyche, and, like sects and cults, movements that provoke suicide can be created here. However, media have not only the ability to provoke suicidal behavior but can also carry a powerful preventive effect. This effect can be fully realized, but it is necessary to create a clear science-based strategy to counteract the propaganda of suicide. For example, it is vital to inform media users about psychological assistance resources – a helpline, online consultation, and more. Moreover, it is crucial to support the activities of organizations that detect suicidal movements and are engaged in the prevention of suicide. However, according to Till et al. (2017), a method such as helping potential suicides via the Internet may be more effective than repressive methods of blocking dangerous sites. Moreover, communication on social networks for many, on the contrary, becomes a kind of cure that eliminates feelings of melancholy and loneliness, which reduces the risks of depression and, therefore, suicidal outcome. Most people who commit suicide tentatively try to draw the attention of others to their problems and let them know about suicidal intent. Thus, many residents of the forums support those users who agree not to harm themselves and decide to seek psychological help. This phenomenon is called Papageno Effects – a decision on suicide can be influenced by how the media talk about this problem and its causes. Thus, the media plays a dual role in the emotional state of people prone to depression and suicidal behavior. On the one hand, it can encourage a person to take his or her own life; on the other hand, it can provide psychological support. The period from the emergence of suicidal thoughts to the attempt to implement them is called presuicide: the individual is in an oppressed state, his or her glo
Introduction Culture is one of the main factors that differentiate human beings from other animals and it is a culture that informs the beliefs and behavior of individual members of society. Culture can be described as a complete of human behavioral patterns that are learned with time through the process of enculturation. New members of the society are encultured differently depending on the beliefs and practices of a particular society. Culture is one of the most powerful human tools used for survival; however, it is a flimsy phenomenon [1]. The importance and obstacles related to culture Culture varies across many groups of individuals and it is what differentiates one part of the society from the other. Due to this difference, culture has sometimes become an obstacle when it comes to cross-cultural interactions. A cultural practice by a section of members of the society may seem to be criminal or intolerable to other sections of the society with different cultures and may be used as a defense against external aggressions like in the case of terrorists and suicide bombers. From a sociological point of view, the perception of other cultures as bad or intolerable is ethnocentric. Sociology appreciates the cultural differences even though some are harmful to other members of the society; this is exemplified by terrorism. It is important to note that cultural beliefs inform an individual’s actions and behavior and also that there exist varied cultures in the whole society. Due to this fact, terrorism is also a set of activities that are rooted in cultural beliefs and practices and are passed on to succeeding generations. The implication of this is that terrorism is purely cultural and the individuals who practice it have been born and brought up in a certain cultural atmosphere which allows for enculturation of individuals based on a stereotyped comprehension of religion and societal expectations. Terrorism is a form of culture that is used mostly by Islamic radicals to achieve their end. The fact is that those engaged in terrorism activities do not view such activities as criminal, but as a cultural duty that every member of that society must be made to internalize. Terrorism becomes an obstacle because it is a practice against other societies perceived as enemies of the terrorist groups. Terrorists and suicide bombers cannot be crazy as most members of society have come to believe. The fact is that, according to the Islamic religion, the act of suicide bombing is an act of martyrdom and anybody who wants to be a martyr cannot refuse to become one of the suicide bombers. The fact that other society members consider suicide bombers as criminals and insane, is directly due to ethnocentrism and lack of proper understanding of the cultural motivation behind suicide bombing. If another group of individuals in the society hate suicide bombing and those who practice terrorism, then, this is the basis on which it is even practiced more; this means that the members practicing terrorism
Landscape is the skill or art of organizing horizontal surfaces. It has emerged as a model for urbanization in the past few years. The architect behind this concept of urban model was James Corner. It is worth noting that this concept has greatly benefited from the intellectual and cultural revitalization. It has also become the most pertinent discipline in structural and city designs as well as planning. The basis of landscape urbanism can be drawn from postmodern critics of modernist architecture and planning. They observed that modernism could not possibly come out with meaningful and livable public realm. Hence, postmodern architectural scenographic’s approach did not tackle the structural settings of developed modernity which seems to focus much on urbanism. However some designers argue out that landscaping is not just a formal model for urbanism today. However, it is also a model used in the process of urbanization. In this case, landscape is a medium which is capable of reacting in response to temporal change, transformation and any form of adjustment. Interestingly, the first schemes to disclose the prospective for landscape to function as a model for modern process were not produced in North America but in Europe. The 1982 Competition for parc de la Villette was among the first projects. During the wake of la Villette’s influence, the architectural culture was part and parcel of landscape’s role as a practicable framework for the contemporary city. Landscape urbanism does not merely present strategies for designs. It also grants a cultural category. This acts as a lens through which designers are able to see and explain the features of a contemporary city. Some of the advantages of landscape urbanism include conflation, integration and fluid exchange between environmental and infrastructural systems. The discipline of landscape architecture observes its historical and theoretical underpinnings while the general public is concerned with environmental issues. One can argue from the implication that landscape urbanism is a remediating practice. It brings solutions for the hurts of the industrial age. This fact is evidenced through the work of many contemporary landscape architects. Another major strategy of landscape urbanism is incorporation of transportation of infrastructure into public space. It provides public parks and highways. According to West 8 Landscape Architects, one of the multiple roles of landscape urbanism deals with reordering the relationships between ecology and infrastructure. Some of the international design competitions for industrial sites in North American cities have used landscape as their key medium. Downsview Parks and Fresh Kills are critical examples. These two