ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction In the book, The Corporation: The Pathological Pursuit of Power and Profit, Bakan (2004, pp. 34-53) provides a critical analysis of modern day organizations. His arguments revolve around the power and the objectives of companies and organizations. He traces the foundations of corporations to the 17 th century and asserts that the objectives of the corporation have changed tremendously. His main aim is to prove that corporate organizations exist purely to maximize their profits to increase the wealth of the shareholders (Carroll & Buchholtz 2011, p. 204). Given the fact that the law treats an organization as a human being, Bakan (2004, pp. 12-19) says that the personality of corporations fits that of a psychopath. Despite his critical analysis of corporations, other renowned authors have presented various arguments regarding the role of corporate organizations. In particular, Friedman (1970, p. 39) argues that corporate organizations exist solely to make profits and increase their revenues. He absolves all corporations of wrongdoing citing that they subsist for profit reasons and should not engage themselves in redressing or addressing societal issues. This paper explores the concept of the corporation as elucidated by Bakan and other authors. The Corporation According to Bakan (2004, p. 11), a corporation is a business entity of massive size. It operates within a society to capitalize on the maximization of profits at the expense of society. His definition draws inspiration from the notion that corporations have continued to cause unprecedented harm to many societies. Like human beings, corporations have individual and legal rights. Besides, he argues that the law protects the corporations when they cause harm to society by granting them a ‘limited liability’ status. To that end, Bakan (2004, p. 18) perceives organizations as too powerful to criticize or go against. The rationale is that corporations have continued to demonstrate their influence on the law and governments. Despite calls by lobby groups to hold corporate organizations to account, corporations have superior lobbying ability. This ensures that they are never held accountable for their misdeeds and other harmful actions. Bakan (2004, p. 23) makes a distinction between the shareholders and managers (officers) of an organization. He says
Introduction In the modern world, people are often creative and it has been witnessed by the rising number of inventions, art, literary works, and commerce. Therefore it is of important value to protect the ideas of a particular individual from infringement or unauthorized use from other people since the idea belongs to one person. For instance, this paper seeks to answer problems that Belinda encountered during the invention of the machine (PETOMETER). Trademark Registration First, Belinda is supposed to register her invention and the business name to refute claims from other people. This also gives her monopoly over the ownership of the design of the PETOMETER. The protection period of the trademark name is 10 years after which Belinda has to show Mark to renew the brand after the initial period has expired. This is also evidence that she is the owner of the trademark. It is impossible that Belinda can register the name of the business as ANIMALTREADMILL because the business deals with products of the animal treadmill. This trademark name is similar to the product (animal treadmill) and can not be accepted for registration. This trademark describes the goods and therefore can not be registered (Aplin and Davies, 2009). Belinda must register the name of the business since she is entitled to benefits such as exclusive rights to the ownership of the trademark, a good trademark will market the goods for the business, the protection period for the trademark is unlimited, a trademark will assist in taking the legal action against those that have infringed the Mark. Finally. The trademark is one’s property and can be sold or leased. However, there is no legal requirement to register the business (Aplin and Davies, 2009). Belinda can take action through common law of passing off if someone used her trademark without her permission. Passing off requires that Belinda has factual evidence that the trademark belongs to her. However, the act of passing off is expensive and impossible to prove the evidence provided by the defendant (Bainbridge and Howell, 2009). Application for registration can be done by post, personal, or online at the Intellectual Property Office. Application is done at a fee by filling the trademark form, denoted as TM3. Information that is required to be filled includes; request for registration, identification, and address of the applicant, and information about the relationship of goods to the name of the business (Hart, Fazzani, and Clark, 2009). After filling out the form the application is sent to Trade Mark Registry for examination. The Mark that is examined should be capable of being represented graphically and should have distinctive features. The trademark is published in the Trade Mark Journal after it has been accepted. Opposition to the trademark can be done within 3 months of publication and the trademark is registered if there is no objection. Belinda should register her invention in classes 1-34 (Hart, Fazzani, and Clark, 2009) There is no infringement when Belin
Introduction In the discussion about the full rights of the president, it is observed that the Supreme Court in the U.S has been very doubtful about the Bushs administration views on terrorism. This Court has limited restrictions on what the president can do or not. President Bush on most of the occasion has not been on the right an account. This has seriously reduced and demonstrated him as a violator of most of what the American constitution entails in resistance of the US Constitution delivered at Constitution Hall in Washington, DC. Discussion Despite criticism from a huge number of American citizens, the president claims that he has unilateral rights to go on with the war without a review of the recommended laws put in place by the Congress. Various depiction as a result of this abuse resulted to denial of any involvement by the Congress. The result was that, Foreign Intelligence and Surveillance Act (FISA) whose work is to be certain that overseas intelligence observation has been reluctant since it has all the mutual authority from the president. it is however during this period that the President in the process had to go out of his way to restore confidence to the American people that one some occasions the judicial permission is required for any government taking up war to another country. These lawful acts safeguards are still in place but astonishingly the President’s statements turned out to be false. Therefore the president of the United States in the resent times has been breaking the law over and over and persistently for his own good.In most instances, a leader who does not adhere to the law is a threat to the structure of the U.S Government.This is in accordance to the founding fathers who were unbending because they had put in place laws and they acknowledged that the structure of government which had been enshrined in the Constitution had an organization of checks and balances with a central purpose of governing through the rule of law. Recent studies declassified documents showing that the war in Afghanistan which was given a full backing by senate was actually based on false information. On the other hand, the judgment by Congress to give authority on the Iraqi War perpetuated on the basis of wrong information. At this point, America would have been better off getting to know the truth and trying to avoid both of these huge mistakes in the history. There is one thing that ought to be agreed upon, in that th
The rate of patient mortality in intensive care is a growing concern for medical practitioners. Although the cause of patient motility may be attributed to many factors even before the individual reaches the CCU, it has been reported that an effective tube placement during resuscitation aids healthy circulation. It is not known if the nurse’s knowledge of capnography affects its use in critical care units. The purpose of this project is to evaluate the relationship between nurses’ knowledge of capnography and its use in coronary care units. The project will provide valuable insight into factors affecting the use of capnography, thus contributing to the field and filling the gap in the literature. The intervention protocol will train nurses on the benefit of capnography and test their implementation in critical care units. Based on the training and testing, the goal is to facilitate the implementation of capnography use in the selected CCU. The intervention will also enable accurate tube placement to stimulate normal chest circulation during resuscitation, improve quality care delivery, and patient recovery in critical care units. The project will recruit nurses working in the selected coronary care unit in Central Jersey. This setting was chosen because of the high incidence of nurse’s refusal to use capnography during resuscitation. The project timeline is twenty-four weeks. The selected participants will be based on the inclusion criteria, and their test results will be confidential and used solely for testing nursing knowledge of capnography. This project will facilitate positive health outcomes by providing evidence to support nursing practice in implementing capnography during resuscitation.
The article by Kitroeff (2016) discusses the issue of the use of manual and automated labor in such an industry as storage and delivery. It is stated that, in spite of the fact that warehouses promised to create a large number of new workplaces several years ago, nowadays the growth of the quantity of the vacancies in these companies has reduced greatly, even though numerous new locations and facilities are constantly opened. For instance, the number of people working for Californian warehouses increased by 2,800 individuals, or by 3%, during the period starting in October 2015 and ending in October 2016; this growth of the number of workplaces is very slow when compared to the increase of 12,200, which corresponds to 14% growth, during the period starting in October 2014 and ending in October 2015 (Kitroeff, 2016). It is pointed out that the dramatic decrease in the numbers of individuals required for performing the tasks in warehouses is rather likely to make the problem of unemployment considerably more difficult to address; not only fewer people will be needed, but those who are required will probably have to do less unqualified labor. The number of new people hired to carry out tasks in warehouses reduced so dramatically due to the fact that warehouse companies now widely utilize the innovative technologies and mechanisms in order to carry out the tasks which were previously done by the representatives of the blue-collar professions. It is stressed that using machines and automatons so as to perform these tasks allows for considerably increasing the effectiveness and efficacy of performance – that is, the work is done much more quickly, and doing it costs significantly less (Kitroeff, 2016). For instance, a conveyor in one of the companies which are given as an example used to require 10 laborers in order to operate properly; a standard task of packing would take a number of hours to be finished. Nowadays, when the new mechanisms have been introduced, only three workers are needed so as to complete the same procedure, and the process of doing so only requires less than an hour before it is finished (Kitroeff, 2016). On the whole, the process of working in warehouses is stated to have undergone a significant change (Kitroeff, 2016). In the past, workers were needed so as to carry out manual labor, such as unpacking and packing boxes, putting things in boxes, moving boxes around the facility, and so on; in contrast to that, in today’s considerably more advanced facilities, employees very often simply need to oversee the process of retrieving, unpacking, packing, and storing, which is done mostly by machines. Thus, th
Human resource plays a critical role in the management of port security. The human resource manager works in liaison with the port security manager in a variety of ways. For instance, the human resource manager consults the port security manager before recruiting or organizing for employee training. The collaboration between the two managers ensures that a port hires employees with requisite skills (Christopher, 2015). Additionally, the collaboration provides that a training program addresses all the security needs of a port. The primary objective of a port is to enhance the commercial undertakings that can facilitate the realization of the harbor’s goals, mission, and vision. A port cannot achieve its objectives and mission without adequate security. As a result, the human resource manager collaborates with the port security manager to come up with benchmarks aimed at enhancing performance. Christopher (2015) maintains that human resource management is a critical component in security administration. Thus, there would be no adequate protection without the collaboration between the human resource and port security managers. According to Christopher (2015), four key human resource management objectives facilitate security mitigation at the harbor and boost economic gains. The goals include organizational, societal, functional, and personal. The organizational objective holds that the core responsibility of the human resource management is to improve institutional efficiency. The human resource management cannot succeed independently. Instead, its success depends on how it relates with other departments. Christopher (2015) alleges that the human resource and security managers can engage in cooperative and productive practices with an aim of enhancing port security. The two can help the personnel bestowed with the responsibility of enforcing security at the harbor through coming up with the right job descriptions and classifications. Christopher (2015) holds, “Human resource management must be consistent with organizational needs and demands” (208). The functional objective maintains that the sophistication of the human resource must be in coherent with the organization. The human resource and security managers must be in a position to bring together their employees’ needs to enhance the safety of the port. The managers should ensure that they enlighten the employees on the strategic goals of the harbor. It would ensure that the employees work towards the objectives. According to Christopher (2015) the societal objective refers to the “effort that organizations make not only to be socially responsive but also minimiz
Genre and demographic classification function in manga and anime Manga and anime as the art forms have several genre and demographic classifications. Thinking about the ways how to increase the audience, the industry created the special gangers devoted to particular demographic groups. Obviously, people of different genders and ages have different interests; therefore, they need various types, genres of their favorite arts. According to Schodt, the most popular comic magazines in Japan are shōnen manga for boys and shojo manga for girls. Their audience is a wide range of teenagers and children around the world. Those magazines are thick and can contain 350 pages, including dozens of serialized stories. In general, the magazines for boys and girls have the same characteristics and basic format; they differ only in types of stories, main characters, and plots. Usually, the characters of those stories tend to be finishing schools; they have complicated relationships with coevals. Shojo manga is based on the stories about romantic relations and sexually explicit scenes. Komodo manga target child audience, those stories are based on moralistic themes and, obviously, do not contain sexual scenes or remarks. Such stories describe the adventures of different super-heroes, their power and abilities. The most popular examples of komodo are Doraemon , Avengers , Hamtaro . Adults of 18-30 years have their own magazines. For instance, seinen, young men’s magazines, are printed in the same fashion as those for children but contain fewer pages (about 200-300) and fewer stories. They are rather stapled than glued. Schodt indicates that young women got their own magazines recently and before they had no choice as to read those for children, teenagers, or men. Now they have josei manga. The stories for adults have deeper psychological drama, adult humor, etc. Their plot can be based on philosophical or religious reflections. They can depict more dreadful scenes or contain erotic or pornographic scenes (hentai). For instance, Akira , Gantz , comedy series Chobits , 20th Century Boys , and many others. The major difference between those types of anime and manga concludes in characters and plots of the stories. While teenagers are interested in reading the stories about their coevals who have unusual situations, fictions, and fantasies, adults like to read more about the romantic si
Issues This is a tale of two companies that operated in a similar field. A large company bought a majority stake in another company. The new company was not interested in the electronics division the previous company had. Therefore, it sold this division to two persons. Acme Electronics and Omega Electronics were born. Subsequent operations in the two companies are the focus of the case study. Acme promoted one of the workers to be president while Omega hired an engineer of many years to be president. The case study reflects on their management styles, organizational structures and ways of motivating employees. Additionally, it focuses on operations and supply chain relations among others. Summarily, it contrasts these aspects regarding operations at both Acme Electronics and Omega Electronics. These are interesting issues. This is because they are the focus of what some organizations worry about more than anything does today. Funny part is that during the time the two companies enjoyed maximum growth, the issues mentioned above were beginning to interest scholars. Supply Chain Management became a home name and theories on motivation of employees were in sharp focus. Therefore, the two companies are like vintages whose prototype excellent management tactics were born. In further discussion, I will mainly focus on operations, Supply Chain Management, Organizational Structure and Motivation as my subtopics. I will look at how these were critical issues during the heyday of Acme and Omega Electronics. I will contrast this with the focus of management in organizations nowadays. I will also look at theories to bring these issues into a scholarly focus. Finally, I will propose solutions to these problems in both the current organization and the two organizations in the study. Definitely, I will use the case study as a point of reference. I choose the topics because in the current environment for business, these are the most pertinent issues. Organizations want to optimize operations to reduce costs. At the same time, it is paramount to meet customer’s expectations and reduce wastages. It is also critical to keep employees motivated. This is especially true as an organization deals with an array of different people. All of these people need a different approach to keep them motivated. The most notorious is Generation Y. How do companies structure their organization? This question generates so much discussion and hence the reason I will focus on it. Analysis Supply Chain Management This is a critical contributor to effectiveness and efficiency in an organization. It involves a calculated attempt to harmonize downstream and upstream areas of the supply chain for effective operations. At Acme electronics, this aspect does not feature well. It is important to know that a supplier closes for Christmas and to arrange to have necessary supplies during that time. However, a similar situation happens at Omega Electronics. In the current setting, a
This refers to the powers bestowed upon the courts to allow it change or alter a regulation or law so as to show its consistency with the constitution and even a statute. Judicial review could also refer to the authority that the courts have to review the constitutionality of a given statute. History and usage in the United States Supreme Court Judiciary review was first asserted under the constitution by passing several acts in particular years. These years are: The judiciary act of 1789, the court decisions from 1788-1803 and the responses to Kentucky and Virginia resolutions. However, it was not until 1803 when the decision of judiciary review was made by the first Chief Justice John Marshal in the case between Marbury vs. Madison to pin down an act of congress to be inconsistent with the constitution. This led to the Supreme Court striking all the state statutes that contradicted the constitution. History Warren E. Burger succeeded Earl warren as the chief justice in the year 1969-1986.Burger was considered to be more receptive to civil rights claims as opposed to Earl who was considered to be open minded in his decision making factoring issues such as the Bill of Rights and what laws affect the common citizen in the state. For example Burger helped to re-introduce the practice of executions to death penalty convicts. During the Warren era the laws existed more as a theory than a practicality since no executions were made during his reign. On the issue of civil liberty Burger was far less sympathetic as opposed to Earl Warren who was considered to be sympathetic. During the time of Earl Warren there was a lot of political animosity concerning racial segregation but warren stuck to his gun defending the equal protection clause which made it unconstitutional to discriminate a person on the grounds of his race. Later in the year 1954 he made the act of racial segregation unconstitutional. Being the chief justice Warren the court upheld the decision between Miranda vs. Arizona in the year 1966 which allowed this to be a method of ensuring the end of racial segregation in schools which were public. It also made it possible for the racial segregated persons to apply for contracts and grants. These social policies of which were passed under the tenure of Chief Justice Burger, the court created a new avenue which were later to be explored in the justice circle they include, the right to Affirmative Action, the right from gender discrimination, the Welfare Rights and abortion. In contrast though, upon taking over the mantle from Warren, Burger criticized the exclusionary rule which permitted the illegally obtained evidence to be admissible and the Miranda warnings of which were required to be given to a suspect by the police before interrogating them, unlike W