ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Juvenile justice is a justice system that operates under the juvenile law, which aims at trying the offenders who are mainly between 10 and 18 years (Maggio, 2010). The operation of the juvenile justice system takes into account the differences that exist between the youth and the adults in terms of accountability as well as room for rehabilitation. It operates on the basis that the youth can be successfully rehabilitated, hence improve security in the community. Why Should the Juvenile Justice System Adopt Rehabilitation Program Due to a number of reasons, many children and teenagers engage themselves in criminal activities that make them end up in courts. United States being one of the countries that have a high number of child/teenage crimes in the world has been engaged in major debates on how to put in place a system that will help to curb the high rate of child/teenage crime (Cole & Smith, 2009). The juvenile justice system should focus on rehabilitating the children/ teenagers since the program operates on the basis that children/ teenagers can be successfully rehabilitated as opposed to adults and hence, improve security in the society. This rehabilitation program plays a critical role since it tries to identify why the children/ teenagers engage themselves in crimes. Several research studies show that there are diverse reasons that make the children/adolescents to engage themselves in crimes. Some of these reasons include being in a state of poverty, being discriminated on racial grounds, and having easy access to drugs (Beyer, 2003). Moreover, there are also several theories, which attempt to find out the reasons why children/adolescents engage themselves in criminal acts. These theories include genetics, and being neglected by parents as this lowers the child’s self-esteem (Siegel & Welsh, 2008). A combination of the above factors with other environmental factors such as television and peer pressure makes the children to engage themselves in criminal acts. Proper understanding of why the children/teenagers commit crime is paramount since it helps the juvenile justice system to know the kind of rehabilitation program that should be put in place in order to induce cognitive behavior. Explanation of the Juvenile Justice System Law Enforcement and the Court Process When a youth commits a crime, the police have the responsibility of arresting him/her and taking him to juvenile court’s custody where he/she awaits his/her trial. Juvenile justice system operates in a flexible manner since it tries to attend various needs of the child offender. In the court process, the Juvenile justice system works under a guiding principle whereby the child/adolescent undergoes through a trial that helps to determine the kind of treatment that he/she will be offered. The court follows the due process of hearing the case until the jury rules the case. The children/teenagers who are sentenced by the juvenile court are not termed as guilty but as delinquent children (Maggio, 2010) However, the juvenile courts have the responsibil
Introduction The power of the consumer is today widely recognized as the only force capable of making or breaking a company. If a brand is considered to be ‘in-style’ or ‘hot’, it can do virtually anything and get away with it through the use of a catchy slogan or big-name endorsers. Whether we care to admit it or not, there is a great deal of truth behind the statement that we are what the media tells us we are. “Much of what we share, and what we know, and even what we treasure, is carried to us each second in a plasma of electrons, pixels and ink, underwritten by multinational advertising agencies dedicated to attracting our attention for entirely nonaltruistic reasons” (Twitchell 468). Rather than the relatively straight-forward approach to advertising taken in the days of print-only media, today’s media outlets are designed around the product or brand first and then disguised to suggest other objectives. Because of this, the world of the image-makers, today referred to as graphic designers, and the world of adv
Asthma is recognised as one of the major non-communicable chronic respiratory diseases worldwide. The most recent approximate number of people suffering from asthma globally is about 235 million (WHO, 2013). The prevalence rate of this disease is increasing annually (Global Asthma Network, 2014). This air passage condition remains underdiagnosed, underreported, and undertreated; moreover, the exact causes of asthma are still unknown, but some of the primary contributing factors are chemical pollutants present in the air, as well as indoor and outdoor allergens (WHO, 2013). The cases of asthma caused by occupational factors compose the primary focus of this paper. Critical analysis of several research studies exploring this topic will be carried out to deepen the understanding of mechanisms of research on occupational asthma and its determinants. When it comes to occupational asthma risks, there exist JEMs or job exposure matrices designed for epidemiological studies and serve as a tool to assess the exposure to various workplace risk factors. Lillienberg, Dahlman-Höglund, Schiöler, Torén, and Andersson (2014) researched older and newer JEMs to find the differences in exposure assignment in them. The authors collected data from a large random sample and processed the data with the help of Cox regression models and Cohen’s kappa. The findings revealed a high degree of agreement between the established and the modified JEMs in the category of “any exposure”, but detected differences in regard to some particular types of exposure. The primary objective of this study matched the selected sampling technique and sample size; the authors used a large sample (over 13 200 subjects) because the assessment of the large-scale tool such as JEM was required. Since a substantial body of data had to be processed – the authors drew to statistical tools helping find agreement in the two matrices and distinguish the results in men from those in women. One of the major limitations of this study could be the preferred method of data collection – two questionnaires filled in by the subjects. When dealing with numerical and precise data, such a method can be a weakness due to the difficulty to test whether or not the answers provided by the participants were honest and fair. In order to determine the actual exposure statistics, the findings of this study would have to be compared to those of an expert assessment. Overall, the results of this study supported the initial argument of the authors in regard to the need for frequent updates and mod
Innovative governments are sustainable because they are efficient, and they help the citizens to come together for the common welfare. The governments that are not innovative stand the chance of becoming irrelevant, just like most Fortune 500 companies (89%) have died since 1995 because of failure to remain competitive. Uncompetitive nations face the risk of not experiencing human development and growth in their economies. Their people also face the risk of becoming an unhappy lot. Therefore, governments should borrow from successful private companies and consider innovation as a recipe for development. Enhancing the skills of civil servants is the main ingredient for innovation in governments. Therefore, governments should equip younger generations in all sectors of the economy with skills to avoid being servants of the most competitive nations. There is a need to be prepared for the future, which will be characterized by new job categories. Therefore, the younger generations must be taught to be creative and productive. Governments should also pay more attention to intangible investments, such as knowledge and skill development of the employees, instead of investing overly intangible assets. This calls for increased investment in education, as well as research and development. Today’s competitive companies have an innovative culture as a common characteristic. Their employees are motivated and ambitious. Governments should borrow from such companies to create a culture of creativity nationwide. Innovative governments should create an environment that attracts talented individuals. They should be efficient in their service provision while working hard to make all the citizens work together to drive growth and development nationwide. Nations that fail to embrace innovation are overtaken by time and become irrelevant.
Introduction Jesus Christ, as a figure of both historical and religious value, had been thoroughly researched by many theologists and historians. They have scrutinized his life and death, teachings and students, and what impact on society and history he left in his wake. Researchers have verified most points of his life and continue to do so even now. However, the views on the nature of the relationship between Jesus and his teachings and those of the Jewish community vary. Some researchers ascribe to the portrayal of Jesus as a rebel and opposition to the Temple that is provided by Gospels. Others look at sources more critically, noting that the Gospels do not offer any substantial evidence of Jesus being against the Jewish Law, especially given the fact that he grew up in the Jewish community and was shaped by it. In the light of that, it is prudent to acknowledge that while his teachings differed from the already established, Jesus was still a product of his environment and acted as such. Main body In support of that point is Levine, who writes about Jesus and his Jewish identity in the context of Judaism and its teachings. She takes the descriptions of his habits, type of dress, actions, and words from the Gospels and shows that he was a man who adhered to the Jewish Law and acted accordingly. For example, Levine describes his dress and notes that Jesus wore fringes, a detail which points out that, despite his disagreements with the Temple and Jewish priesthood, he still acknowledged the Torah and its requirements (24). She also describes his dietary habits, the fact that he abided by Sabbath, and his overall bearings and finds that they are all in accordance with the Jewish Laws and that he followed the Ten Commandments (24-33). In her work it is shown that Jesus is a follower of Jewish traditions and practices, though he is also going against the high priesthood of the Temple, provoking them and the community by his actions and words. Even then, Levine describes those acts as being done in a “very Jewish” way (41). All of that leads us to the idea of Jesus being more akin to the Rabbi than the rebel against the Temple and Judaism. However, the Jewish Law was only a part of his relations with the community. After all, Jesus in his teachings touched the Law only slightly, providing additions instead of substitution (Sanders 72). The main of his teachings is that of the kingdom coming, its inclusiveness is one of the factors separating him from the Jewish community at large, or, in this case, the inclusion of “sinners” in that kingdom. The fact that Jesus associated with them only acerbated the situation. Sanders notes that in this context “sinners” mean those who were beyond salvation by God and their inclusion was in direct violation of existing doctrine (63). Levine also mentions that the fact of Jesus was siding with toll collectors, who were among those “sinners”, over Pharisees angered the Jewish community greatly, as
Machiavelli claims that a political leader should act in his own interests and : “should therefore have no other aim or thought, nor take up any other thing for his study, but war and its organization structure” (Machiavelli, 87). The problem of power is reduced, in the real world, to the control of specific acts of particular powers. It is not one problem but many problems; for there is no one abuse of power, there are only abuses, various in form and often markedly different in degree. Our quest, then, is the quest for solutions to the problems generated by the multiple abuses of power. Now of such abuses a necessary distinction must be drawn between those abuses associated with the acquisition of power and those resulting from the way in which that power, once acquired, is exercised. In the first instance, the fundamental abuse is the usurpation of the legal authority itself, the acquisition of power by unconstitutional or wrongful means. The election and presidential campaign of Barack Obama shows that he is one of those political leaders who really want to change the course of political relations and introduce high ideals. To speak of justice or of the unwarranted deprivation of rights is to raise certain difficulties, for these are clearly matters of disputation, and they are likely to remain so. Rights, for Obama, have most commonly been held to be those claims assured to men by the political system under which they live or by the moral code to which they give or ought to give their allegiance. These two sources of rights are not necessarily connected. They may, in fact, be intrinsically opposed. I suppose that leaders of modern democratic politics are not immune from real politics and Machiavelli’s challenge still they try to pursue interests of their nation-states (Eccleshall, et. al 2003). The rule of the people remains but a partial rule. The excesses of the minority, he thought, would easily be curbed by the power of the majority, exercised through regular vote. Whatever intrinsic limitations there may be in the application of the idea of majority rule, a democratic system should at least not interpose any additional obstacles of its own (Eccleshall et al 2003). The purpose for which political power is rendered responsible could be achieved only by the countervailing force of another power–perhaps a labor union, perhaps the government. If we turn to the government, its power is all too likely to prevail, but only at the cost of increasing the extent and degree of power in the hands of political officials. To increase a grant of power is not necessarily to abandon it, or even, in a p
Introduction In the last century, innovation has proved to be one of the most disruptive forces in business. It involves the creation and improvement of products or services in the market using different tools that foster information exchange at market, technological and national levels (Podcameni et al. , 2019). This process has contributed to the uneven distribution of resources across different regions because some places are more adapted to innovation than others (Li and Huang, 2019). For example, North America is home to most of the world’s most innovative companies in the tech industry, such as Google, iPhone, Microsoft and Amazon, while other parts of the world are catching up. As the pace of global commerce continues to increase, geographical differences in innovation capacity will continue to widen. Variations in the ability to innovate across different geographical boundaries mean that the same disparities will be transferred into business ecosystems. Similarly, the effects of innovation are often felt at different levels of performance, including economic (employment rate and exports), industry (growth and survival), firm (profits and growth) and technological (patents) (Zizlavsky, 2015). Stemming from this ranking method, in this paper, the European Innovation Scoreboard of 2018 will be used to evaluate Bucharest’s innovation performance, relative to other cities in Romania. Its performance will be compared to that of the industry and its peers using the central place theory, which highlights the roles of cities as central hubs of innovation for other undeveloped parts of the country. From its use, Bucharest will be presented as Romania’s main innovation centre. Literature Review Effective Use of Capital Innovation is an important contributor to organisational success because capital is scarce and sought by multiple prospective businesses. The Solow model examines the long-term growth of businesses through capital accumulation and analysis (Hendrik and Lewer, 2015). It traces its roots to the field of neoclassical economics, which positions business growth and development within two forces of supply and demand (Adams, 2019). Consequently, it relies on diminishing returns on capital as the main driver of business development and growth because the effective use of capital is an important requirement in the development of innovative ideas. Considering people are motivated to make a profit on their capital, innovation allows them to maximise returns through high yields associated with the introduction and adoption of novel ideas in business. Similarly, innovation gives firms an opportunity to recoup their investments through research and development because it is difficult to sustain high levels of capital flows if a business consistently makes losses (Gustafsson, Snyder and Witell, 2020; Patrício, Gustafsson and Fisk, 2018). This statement explains why, regardless of a country’s economic performance, there is a common per capita position assumed by citizens. The uniformity is based on diminishing
Introduction Numerous changes in personnel management over the past two decades have necessitated the need for HR managers to come up with strategies of addressing the constant and dynamic market needs. Effective human resource management considers the changes in market trend, customers’ needs, and employees’ desires in applying an inclusive and effective leadership style (Odusina, 1977, p. 11). From the global perspective, globalisation has turned the world into a ‘global village’ where businesses interact easily with their clients. Additionally, businesses find themselves competing for one globalised market, which is already crowded. Therefore, organisations have to put in different strategies on how to attract and retain their competent employees in order to provide services and products that outshine those of their competitors. From this dimension, organisations are applying strategies that enable them gain competitive advantage over their competitors. The dynamism in the current market implies that tastes and preferences of customers change at high rates. Therefore, for companies to comprehend the changes in customers’ preferences so that they can satisfy the needs of their customers, they need to absorb or hire creative staff (Lewis, 2000, p. 14). Hiring of competent and creative staff is not the final requirement, but conducting continuous training in order to update them on the changes in the market, as well as listen to their demands helps in implementing strategic business objectives. In addition, effective human resource management has to ensure that employees meet their set targets within the firm, as well as create appropriate performance appraisal systems in which motivation becomes the key aspect in making employees work and yearn to work for the same organisation. Recruitment and selection of the right personnel, development of an effective training program, and creation of appropriate performance appraisal systems make a complete cycle for effective HRM (Kushal, Ravishankar, & Kalla, 2010, p. 74). The report discusses the essence of the aforementioned effective HRM cycles in current organisations. Main Body Recruiting and Selecting the Right Personnel Staffing and recruitment are essential aspects of effective management in organisations. During recruitments, managements have to apply numerous selection options that meet the requirements of the vacant positions. Various managements do not only utilise criterion-related validity and content validity in selecting suitable personnel but also utilise face validity. In these categories of validity, there are minimum qualifications that the recruitment team has to adhere to in order to enh
Summary of the story The Cinderella story is a children story about a girl whose mother died and her father remarried a proud and ill-tempered woman. The woman had two daughters of the girl’s age who were as ill-tempered as their mother. After remarrying her father, her stepmother always gave the girl hard chores but she never complained. On finishing her chores, she would warm herself in one of the corners of the chimney and thus her sisters called her Cinderella. Then the two sisters got invited to a ball at the palace in honor of the Prince. They left her behind. As she wept for being left behind, her godmother came and magically showed her how to go to the palace. She also dressed Cinderella magnificently. After reaching the palace, the prince invited her to the next ball in which Cinderella lost her glass slipper. The prince vowed to marry the girl who could wear the slipper and it emerged that Cinderella was the only one. She was thus married by the Prince (“Cinderella”, n.d., p. 1”). Characters The characters in this story include, the main character, Cinderella whose mother dies and she is left with her father. Cinderella is depicted as a good girl. The next character is Cinderella’s step mother; depicted as ill-tempered. She has two daughters who are shown as proud and as ill-tempered as their mother. There is also Cinderella’s godmother who is shown as a good woman, others include: Lord High Chamberlain, heralds, six mice, a rat and six lizards. The mice, rat and lizards were used magically by Cinderella’s godmother to escort Cinderella to the palace (“Cinderella”, n.d., p. 1”). Theme The theme of the story is the importance of human values. Cinderella is very good to her stepmother even after mistreatment. She is also good to her stepsisters even when they despise her. Her goodness pays off when, in the end, she is the only one who can marry the Prince. She is adored for that and her stepsisters apologize to her.