ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction It is hard to believe, but there was a time when going to the library was the only method of obtaining information during the learning process. At present, the sources forms which information can be obtained far surpass the printed books in libraries. Despite the variations in the learning sources, apart from printed books and journals, the rest of the sources share one attribute in common, they are all electronic. Such sources might include electronic books (e-books) and journals, video courses, interactive materials, web articles, audio lectures, and other digitalized versions of information. Despite such variations, it cannot be said that there is a complete integration of such sources in the classroom. Apart from distance learning, most educational institutions still use printed books as the main instruction materials in learning. Assessing the importance of both “categories” of learning materials, i.e. printed and electronic resources, it can be stated that there are two points of view that exist. On the one hand, there was a time at the start of the expansion of digital learning it was predicted that textbooks will gradually disappear. Needless to say that such a thing did not happen, whereas in 2010 analysis revealed that the percentage of e-books is merely six percent compared to printed books, the implementation of a total conversion to digital sources might be seen as very costly. At the same time, it is obvious that electronic sources have many advantages over the printed information carriers, which might far surpass the aesthetic pleasure of using a printed book, especially in terms of the benefits for learning. In that regard, the present research paper will attempt to provide an analysis of both types of content, arguing for the opinion that electronic resources have an unmatched potential and at the same time have a positive impact on the learning process. The paper is addressed to a wide category of readers, although students can be seen benefitting the most, especially those deciding between obtaining either a printed or a digital version of course material. Overview of Electronic Sources Electronic sources used for learning can be categorized into several types. The main criterion for each type to be included in the list of electronic resources is for them to exist in a digital form. One of the types of electronic resources is electronic publications, including books, journals, magazines, etc, which exist in electronic form. Such types of resources can be accessed either from computers or electronic devices, usually called e-readers. Within the scope of this article, the term e-book might refer to any of the aforementioned types of electronic resources such as articles and journals, not only books. Other types of electronic resources are used in conjunction with the word multimedia, i.e. adding visual or audio elements that enhance the perception of the material. Such resources can be seen on either an interactive interface delivered on such medium as CDs or DVDs, or through accessing web-base
Images of Diversity Elements Race The image shows that racial diversity is an extensive topic that involves many people from different parts of the world. Individuals of various skin colors look ahead with a smile and confidence on their faces, which proves the possibility of creating equal conditions for living. Gender Some people continue underlying their rights or responsibilities in regard to their gender. This image aims at showing the equality of female and male genders and providing a fair background for a common discussion. Age Age diversity is something that exists in every family despite the intention of individuals to avoid differences. In this image, the connection between the representatives of different ages is used to demonstrate support, care, and equality with respect to such an inevitable biological change as age. Social Class Although people do not want to believe that human lives and money are closely related, the social class question remains open. This illustration is created to display the penetration of classism into modern society and remove the distance between rich and poor, at least for a moment. Disability A disability factor divides people in a variety of ways, but this image expresses the possibility of removing unnecessary biases and prejudices about what individuals can or cannot do. Dance is one of the most beautiful human activities that may be presented in a variety of ways, and this union and harmony improve the quality of life regardless of their physiological differences. Analysis Essay on Diversity Issues in Society The evaluation of diversity in today’s society through photos on the Internet is a good chance to learn what people think on this topic at the moment. For a long period, differences based on racial, gender, age, social class, or disability factors were hard to ignore, and a number of negative attitudes and concerns were developed. In the essay, positive images are chosen to demonstrate the progress in diversity discussions and the readiness of society to accept the existing differences, not as a problem or a reason for arguments but as a uniqueness. Relying on positive impressions about the images, their variety, and accessibility, this analysis becomes a solid contribution to children’s development, the importance of exposure to informative advertisements, and the understanding of the five elements of diversity. My overall impressions of the images found are positive and associated with additional opportunities to extend my knowledge on the topic of diversity. In fact, when I began my search, I expected to find many negative stories and examples of how race, gender, or age divided people from multiple perspectives. In addition to these biological factors, debates about social classes and physiological disabilities challenge some individuals, demonstrating that diversity penetrates all spheres of human life. The chosen pho
The debate that surrounds the causes and effects of technological progress can generally be separated into two distinct sides: technological determinists and social constructivists. The former claim that new inventions, especially influential ones, lead to social changes and ultimately cause humanity’s progress. For example, the Industrial Revolution dramatically increased productivity and reduced the need for human labor, eliminating the need for serfs and bringing about the end of feudalism. By contrast, the latter supports the idea that emerging social changes make it more likely for a new invention to appear because people are interested in the problem that it would solve. People began looking for cheaper alternatives to hard labor, and the combination of many different inventions eventually led to the phenomenon known as the Industrial Revolution. Both positions have valid arguments, and this paper will discuss the primary differences between their paradigms as they are applied to the media. The first point of the technological determinists can be expressed in Marshall McLuhan’s phrase, “the medium is the message.” It is the claim that the content that is being transmitted using the media matters less than the medium itself (Griffin, Ledbetter, and Sparks, 2015). Each variety of platforms is associated with some specific factors that ultimately determine the nature of the works that appear on it and the reaction of the user. McLuhan uses the example of print in his lecture available from mywebcowtube (2011a), noting that the effect of any printed work is negligible when compared to that of the invention of the printer. New varieties of media emerge and change society by enabling new possibilities. In this context, the specific ideas that are being expressed are easily replaceable because they ultimately reinforce the overarching paradigm regardless of their content. The counterpoint from the social constructivist side would be that new media are invented to accommodate new types of a message as they become necessary. Wallace (2016) provides the example of radio, which was the result of a combination of the efforts of numerous engineers, most of whom are relatively unknown compared to Guglielmo Marconi. From a social constructivist standpoint, the radio was invented because humanity began increasingly needing a means of instant communication. As a result, more and more people would put their efforts into the creation of wireless communication until, eventually, one of them succeeded. The same reasoning can be applied to many other technologies, though the relationship will not always be readily apparent. Effectively, the emergence of new types of content drives the creation of specialized media, hence the difference in their material and effects. The second difference is in how tech
Introduction This assignment is a discussion on the topic of corporate social responsibility. In the assignment, I have argued if business can be moral entities. I have used information from various academic sources about the issue. I have also related the topic to a real life experience, whereby I have selected an article from PR Newswire business media about Toyota Company’s involvement in corporate social responsibility. The discussion therefore begins with a brief description of the topic and theoretical framework, summary of the article about the company, how the company has used or is utilising the practice of corporate social responsibility and finally how the topic can be applied in general business settings. Discussion Corporate Social Responsibility This concept is generally used to refer to the relationship between businesses and their environment. All the businesses operate in social, political, economic and natural settings. The concept therefore takes into account how businesses interact with these environments, either positively or negatively. The topic of corporate social responsibility can be broken down into four main components, namely, ethical, economic, philanthropic and legal components (Aras & Crowther, 2010). The ethical component of corporate social responsibility comprises the expectations of the society for any business. Such expectations include doing what is just, fair and right, using the law as the basis of organisational behavior, avoiding questionable practices and running a business in a manner which does not compromise the well-being of the people and their environment (Baken, 2004). The economic component comprises taking care of the interests of the shareholders, investors and customers, profit making and benefits’ maximization, minimization of the costs in undertaking the business and formulation as well as implementation of strategic policies which propel business forward (Aras & Crowther, 2010). The legal component includes the respect and compliance of the business to the policies, such as environmental laws, consumer laws, laws which protect the employees as well as ensure respect of contractual agreements between a business and its clients or employees (Carroll, 2008). Finally, the philanthropic component basically entails returns to the society from the business. Businesses may do this in a variety of ways like establishing or supporting programs which directly benefit the society like health, education and cohesion programs as well as activities which boost harmonious living of people from diverse backgrounds (Carroll, 1979). Theoretical Perspectives to Corporate Ethics One of the theoretical perspectives to business ethics is the normative approach. This approach constitutes two theoretical perspectives, namely, utilitarianism and deontology. The two vary in terms of how they contextualise business ethics. However, they have one thing in common, which is they are characterised by centralization of decision making on issues touching on ethics. This means that in both cases, the employees
First of all, it should be said that there is a great number of different 360-degree feedback surveys on the Internet and it proves the unique popularity of the issue. Nowadays it could be considered one of the main tools that should be used by an employee to determine the areas of change and engage in the improvement process (Carelli, 2010). Moreover, a well-thought-out 360-degree feedback survey could also foster teamwork and enhance cooperation between all workers in the collective (InfoTechRG, 2010). For this reason, the choice of an appropriate form becomes a crucial task, and there are several strict criteria that should be observed to contribute to the improvement of the situation and to outline the most problematic issues that should be given attention. Thus, among all forms that were found using Google search engine, one seems preferable (“ABC global 360-degree feedback,” n.d.). There are several reasons that precondition this very choice. First of all, it could be easily accessed by employees at any time which is one of the most important demands to online 360-degree feedback surveys (Carelli, 2010). There is no need for registration or some other steps. All you have to do is just to enter the site and use the form. Additionally, it is simple and confidential which means that a person could answer all questions easily and not be afraid that the results could be seen by people who are not allowed to do it (Carelli, 2010). Finally, its design contributes to the improved understanding of the most problematic issues that should be improved. For this reason, this very form was chosen. As stated above, the survey is a powerful tool that could indicate the most problematic areas th
Introduction Even though happiness is an essential component of human life, there is no clear definition of what it is and what a person can do to achieve it. Different theories suggest a whole number of approaches that converge in some points and diverge in others. However, it is commonly accepted that an individual is likely to become happier and release negative feelings through an act of kindness towards another person (Della Porta, 2012; Buchanan & Bardi, 2010). An act of kindness is understood as a generous deed (benefiting certain people) that requires some effort on behalf of an agent but does not bring him/her any profit (Layous & Lyubomirsky, 2014). The research at hand is aimed to prove that, to boost happiness through receiving positive emotions, a person should commit more actions that can be referred to as acts of kindness. Research Methods The present paper is based on the extensive literature review of the sources investigating the issue of happiness as well as various activities that help enhance personal satisfaction. These studies are analyzed to answer the following research questions: 1) How are acts of kindness related to happiness? 2) Which of them are the most happiness-boosting and what mechanisms do they use? 3) How can acts of kindness be applied to everyday life and treatment? Chapter 1. Importance of Acts of Kindness for Happiness Happiness is rather a vague notion having a lot of subjective definitions. Some researchers regard it as “experiences of frequent positive emotions and relatively infrequent negative emotions” (Della Porta, 2012, p. 1), while others define it as “a skill that can be cultivated” through the development of such important human qualities as benevolence, altruistic love, and compassion (Richard, 2011, p. 275). For the convenience of research, it will be understood as a state of mind characterized by a person’s total satisfaction with his/her current well-being, which makes him/her adopt an optimistic way of thinking (Lyubomirsky & Dickerhoof, 2011). According to the construal approach to happiness, this condition is not self-regulated and can be achieved through positive emotions and cognition as well as various acts of kindness that are defined as positive behaviors. According to Richard (2011), such kindness-oriented behaviors are primarily based on the creation of appropriate inner conditions that allow diminishing self-centeredness and increase altruistic intentions in individuals. It is worth mentioning that such acts have to be neither random and spontaneous nor classified into a particular category (e.g. an anonymous act of charity). Kindness is rather a continual and intrinsic orientation towards ethical and human values that makes people more emphatic and stimulates them for the engagement in “prosocial, generous behaviors that promote goodwill and the well-being of others” (Richard, 2011, p. 277). The most important and sole condition of kindness is that “the giver” must be selfless in his/her intention to do good to “the recipient” (Rudd, Aaker, & Norton
As with any other product, app developers and marketers need to employ the right strategies to engage potential customers and maximize the number of downloads. The AIDA model is an advertising tool, which demonstrates a consumer’s common decision-making funnel. First introduced in 1898 by Elmo Lewis, this framework has been used in various scenarios, particularly to assess the effectiveness of advertisements (Abdelkader & Rabie, 2019). The model serves as a tool to communicate with potential customers and decode the cues of their purchasing behavior. AIDA is an acronym standing for Attention, Interest, Desire, and Action, all of which are the primary cognitive stages one has to go through before making a purchase. The model functions on the assumption that the main aim of marketing is “to attract potential consumers’ attention, to increase the consumers’ interest and desire to do the last act” (Pashootanizadeh & Khalilian, 2018, p. 639). Therefore, an efficient ad worth the investment is the one that minimizes the time gap between the first stage (attention) and the last one (action). To explore the factors influencing potential users’ engagement in the application’s “download funnel,” it is important to examine each of the cognitive phases of AIDA in detail. Attention refers to the awareness of a customer, which means that the product should be designed and promoted in a way that the customer easily becomes aware of it and its unique features (Stepaniuk, 2017). Thus, the purchasing funnel starts at a point where a person does not even know about a certain brand’s existence (Pashootanizadeh & Khalilian, 2018). For app developers and promoters, this means that they have to integrate attention-grabbing strategies into their marketing activities, including triggers such as social proof, unique selling proposition, and the influence of authority. Apart from relying exclusively on the benefit of the application itself, it is thus crucial to display the number of downloads it already has or the ranking it has in various categories. Interest implies a potential customer’s effort to collect more information about the product or service they have recently found out about. Therefore, it is the task of marketers to ensure there is a concise message, which explains the application’s benefits (Pashootanizadeh & Khalilian, 2018). For example, the advertising team of the app can include a segment that shows how it solves a person’s problem. The task is to show the advantages through key features instead of relying on the technical characteristics and nuances only. The next stage is desire, which refers to “the extent of the individuals’ intentions and decisions to purchase the advertised products” (Abdelkader & Rabie, 2019, p. 1695). Stepaniuk (2017) notes the importance of this phase to demonstrate how the service or produ
Ho Chi Minh is a revolutionary leader whose efforts led to the liberation and independence of Vietnam from France. Although some Americans and individuals in western nations believe that Minh was a communist, many Vietnamese acknowledge that he was a hero. This discussion gives a detailed analysis of his achievements. Vietnam’s service during World War II Ho Chi Minh’s speech of 1945 appears to compel the free world to support Vietnam’s independence as a payment for services offered throughout the Second World War. It is agreeable that Vietnam rendered support during this upheaval. To begin with, Americans managed to defeat Japan because of the resources and assistance offered by Vietnamese people. The Vietminh Guerilla Movement opposed any form of Japanese or French occupation in the country. As a freedom fighter, Minh collaborated with the US army to form an anti-Japanese alliance. Since many citizens in the country had sacrificed their resources and time to deal with Japanese Imperialism, it was appropriate for the country to be granted its freedom. Additionally, the French massacre of many political prisoners amounted to atrocities and crimes against humanity. The best compensation would be to establish a positive relationship between France and the proposed independent nation (Logevall, 2014). He acknowledged that every citizen in Vietnam had paid the price for this vital human right. Vietnam’s independence and the philosophical principles of the Allies In his speech, Minh argued that Vietnam’s independence was something consistent with the philosophical principles that appeared to matter the most to the Allies during the Second World War. The major values targeted by this nationalist revolved around the American Declaration of Independence and the French Revolution Declaration. According to him, it was important for these two nations to ensure that the rights of all citizens in Vietnam were protected. This was the reason why he declared that the country was ready to be independent and free (“Declaration of independence,” n.d.). Minh went further to make references to specific occasions where such principles were reaffirmed. For instance, France and the US had met severally to draw the best future for the world. During such meetings, these nations focused on self-determination and the desire for peace across the world. Similarly, Minh believed that the Vietnamese required such liberties, rights, and emancipation. Crimes committed by the French during their occupation of Vietnam Minh was keen to identify various criminal acts committed by the French throughout their occupation of Vietnam. The most severe crimes committed against the people of Vietnam, as described by Minh, included deprivation of personal liberties and freedoms, exploitation of workers, and abuse. Vietnamese people were also forced to pay unjustifiable taxes that led to increased poverty levels
Introduction History has many a reason to remember the younger generation of the 1960’s. It is the evolution of the Hippie culture followed by the formation of the Hippie Subculture. Hippie culture may be defined as a way of life where people wanted to create an alternative culture which was of their own and never wanted to follow the teachings of their forefathers. Main body The new culture also aspired to have a novel own name since it was a radical society. Therefore the hippie culture was born and all who followed the culture were known as Hippies. The Hippie Movement originated in San Francisco and spread all over the United States and the Hippies were young and belonged to the age group between fifteen and twenty five years. Hippie culture is also known for its care free life style. With the onset of the culture hippies left home for some reason though they belonged to wealthy middle class families (Preview: The Hippie Culture). Hippie culture envisaged a liberal attitude and culture who wished to escape from the realities of the society. For this reason they were considered as a subculture that disrupted the society (The Hippie Culture). Hippie subculture promulgated a great change in America with the development of technology, war against communism and racial discrimination. All the young adults who followed the culture were restless with activities of the world around them. The agitation and opposition to contemporary activities is the one of the main reasons that led to the formation of a subculture called Hippies. As time passed this subculture became a society of its own. The new culture recognized themselves with the Native Americans and their indisputable tyranny, sacramental drugs, and true ties to America. The Hippie style stood test