ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction A school shooting is one of the terrible problems that affected modern schools and pedagogy. School violence is not unique to public schools or to the nation’s educational centres. Current media reports and news stories indicate that the issue of violence and shooting in schools is a national problem that has seeped into the very heartland of America. A today school shooting is a social problem that requires special attention of society, and prevention measures accepted on the governmental level. This question is extremely important because with over 200 million guns currently circulating within the US there is now more of a threat than ever for teen violence and violent crimes taking place. Many sociological theories try to explain school shooting, its social roots and causes taking into account social relations and social influences affected school students. Symbolic interactionism theory helps to single out the core elements of violent behaviour and explain the social causes of a school shooting. It is important for colleges and universities to adopt discipline as a guide in decision making for groups of students and staff. These rules are a student’s fundamental orientation toward life, what a student sees as right and wrong, and his/her obligations towards others. Discipline is also closely connected with ethical responsibilities which means how its decisions and actions show con­cern for what the com­munity consider fair and just. Symbolic Interactionism Theory According to symbolic interactionism theory and one of its founders Herbert Blumer (1969), social interaction can be explained in the following way:  1. Human beings act toward things on the basis of the meanings that the things have for them  2. The meaning of such things is derived from, or arises out of, the social interaction that one has with one’s fellows.  3. These meanings are handled in, and modified through, an interpretive process used by the person in dealing with the things he/she encounters (Blumer pp. 23-24). In terms of this theory, many teenagers follow the example of adults and film heroes trying to obtain guns and use force against innocent citizens. For most of them, guns represent “adulthood”, a stylish and trendy way of life. Social interaction theory helps to single outs such causes of a school shooting as TV violence and guns availability. Primarily, lack of control resulted in numerous deaths of teens who kill each other. Teens kill each other using arms as a tool to take revenge or prove their imaginary force and adulthood. Foss High School shooting in 2006 is one of the vivid examples of such behaviour. The chief comments; I’m not sure what the motive was or what was said “I know they were acquaintances. It does not appear to be a gang-related incident. It does not appear to be a random act of violence (Student dies in shooting, 2006). This situation becomes a common thing for media used as an integral part of the circulation of
Introduction I conducted a cultural interview on a 40 year old Indian lady. She had migrated to the US two years ago because of better opportunities in her career as a nurse here. She had studied nursing for her undergraduate studies. Her primary language was Hindi but she had learnt English to make it possible to work outside her country. She said that her country was very diverse in languages. The interview was meant to help me understand the Indian culture. I asked her questions on communication, family roles and organization, workforce issues, bio cultural ecology, nutrition, pregnancy and child bearing practices to help me learn more about the Hindi culture. Communication Indians names usually include first name followed by surname. It is appropriate to address a person using his/her surname. Majority of them have a family name (Michigan, 2011). Indians greet each other by a shake of hands. It is a sign of respect to bow your head while greeting an older person. Men only shake hands with men and not with women (Diplomat, 2011). Indians’ tone of communication depends on the context, whether it is business or official talk and often prefer to have short talks which are not necessarily related to the main topic before the main conversation. Indians are very detailed in their communication. They ask questions in a conversation and they tend to give more information when asked a question even in areas where little is required. They also maintain little eye contact in their communication and personal space of about 3-3.5 feet (Culture, n.d.). However, looking at a man for a long time by a woman is not entertained (Culture, n.d.). One of the surprising things in their non verbal communication is the meaning of nodding their heads. Some of the people move their heads side by side to mean yes while to some it means no. On the other hand, moving head up and down, to some people means no while to some it means yes. The third movement of the head is a semicircular motion, which means yes (Giri, 2011). India has a Long Term Orientation (LTO) of 61, meaning that it is very conservative and it upholds its culture which has been conserved through many generations (Hofstede, 2009). Family Roles and Organization Indians value family and hierarchies are highly respected. Older people are senior and are more respected. They also make the final decisions. Nuclear families form extended families which sometimes can stay together in one house including uncles, aunts, grandfathers, cousins and their children. Families are united which form caste. Men are the heads of the house hold. Women are supposed to submit to their husbands and to play the role of a mother, house wife and caregiver. In rural areas most women work in the farms and cottage industries. Indians men or women can move to reside into one of the partner’s place according to the traditions of the family (Culture, n.d.). Some behaviors such as “touching people, moving objects with shoes, winking, whistling, pulling or boxing on
The bilateral approach to the parties in the United States characterizes the state power and its peculiarities for the newly born capitalist democratic country. In this respect, the observation of the political formation in the United States at the very beginning was due to the first statesmen. James Madison and George Washington were the most prominent persons. Their main argument is that in the United States there should be no more than two parties. This idea, as might be seen today, became predominant. The division of the Congress into representatives of solely two parties is the result of what James Madison once wrote in The Federalist Paper No. 10 . Thus, the firmness of the state power in the United States is the merit of the initial agreement on party division and representation between the great statesmen of the US. Polarization of the powerful forces in the United States is the fact which should logically be anticipated among two parties. In this respect, a bit philosophical position contemplates that everything in the world is broken up into two states: positive and negative. Thus, such bilateral unity makes balance in everything related to the nature and social processes in the society. To make it clear, a man living in the United States was initially encouraged to participate in the formation of a new community of people free from the imperial pretenses of England. However, it is no surprise that the first glimpses at making two major parties in America were loaned from Great Britain and its “Tory and Wigs” model. In fact, Americans are deeply inclined to support political parties as they manifests their hopes and worries about the best way of political and social development. Further still, the so-called embodiment of the state power can be weighed between two parties: Democrats and Republicans. Americans, as genuine representatives of the capitalistic model of relationships provided in the society, needed to have their job, land, and some other amenities secured by the state at the beginning. Thus, private property, rights, and obligations of citizens could be regulated through the tools of political regulation. James Madison remarked it through the following statement: From the protection of different and unequal faculties of acquiring property, the possession of different degrees and kinds of property immediately results; and from the influence of these on the sentiments and views of the respective proprietors, ensues a division of the society into different interests and parties (Madison 1). What is mor
Purpose Illicit drug abuse is a condition that causes multiple adverse events among different populations. Early detection of the problem can support timely intervention and improve patient outcomes. The purpose of the present paper is to conduct a review of the 10-item yes/no Drug Abuse Screening Test (DAST-10) to evaluate its benefits and limitations. Reliability and Validity DAST-10 is a questionnaire that is designed for the case detection of drug use disorders. The assessment tool is known for its high reliability and validity proven by multiple research. According to Villalobos-Gallegos et al., DAST-10 has been evaluated in various clinical and hospital environment with Cronbach’s alpha ranging from.86 to.94 (90). The test-retest reliability, as cited by Villalobos-Gallegos et al., is between.71 and.90 (90). Lam et al. also report high criterion, concurrent, and face validity of the test (3). Lam et al. suggest that high face validity may be a problem, since responders may give false answers about the history of drug use (Lam et al. 8). However, it can be stated that the addiction assessment tool is a reliable method to evaluate the addiction level. Other Characteristics DAST-10 is an easy-to-conduct test due to its time and cost efficiency and the lack of any special considerations. The questionnaire collects yes/no answers to 10 questions concerning the use of drugs. Every item can be accounted for a maximum of one point, and any score of 3 and above highly suggests an addiction problem. The test takes no longer than 5 minutes, and it is available for free for organizational or personal use. The test does not require the use of any special equipment, and assessors do not need to have any additional training for conducting or evaluating the test. In short, DAST-10 is a basic tool available for all addictions professionals to evaluate drug addiction. Benefits and Limitations The primary benefit of the tool is its simplicity and low cost. Since the items included in the questionnaire are yes/no questions with “yes” corresponding to one point and “no” standing for zero points, the results are easy to count and assess. The evaluation of the results takes less than two minutes. However, in most cases, they provide limited information about the problem. DAST-10 is very effective for primary diagnosis and cannot be used for an in-depth evaluation of a client’s condition (Villalobos-Gallegos et al. 93). Another limitation of the test is that it only allows evaluation of drug misuse. If a person needs to be tested for alcohol abuse, another screening, such as Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) should be used. Despite its drawbacks, DAST-10 is a useful instrument for detecting
Introduction The American Revolution of 1776, in a well-known formulation by historian Carl Becker, was brawl “not for home rule alone…but intended for the democratization of American people as well.” [1] Most historical discuss over the revolution has been concerned by means of the question of who were the main agents of this democratization. In the most important understanding, democratic scheme flowed as of the pens and swords of the Founding Fathers. In the alternative, fundamental sympathetic, obtainable by such historians as Eric Foner, Staughton Lynd, Gary Nash, and Edward Countryman, a extra revolutionary wish for self-governing scheme emerged from town artisans and farmers (and from in order like Tom Paine, James Otis and Samuel Adams), who necessary to redress the huge disparity in a civilization beneath opponent control by wealthy gainful and planting interests. Yet, this pressure of historians on the move aggressively for self-governing system as it was tacit in the radical age has had the unfortunate result of depiction imperceptible the preponderance of that income in or on the confines of the thirteen colonies: American Indians, AfricanAmericans, and women. Only recently contain scholars, lively by multicultural concerns, necessary reconsidering the revolution in position to take into consideration its collide on issues of race and sex as healthy as condition and class. If we analyzed then we come to know that this additional inclusive move in the direction of threatens to upset traditional–radical as healthy as mainstream conceptions of the revolution. As David Lyons argues in “The Balance of Unfairness and the War for Independence,” most blacks and most Indians who fight in the revolution fought on the surface of the British. For African-Americans the major issue was slavery and the main enemies were southern slave-owners. For Native Americans the revolution was joined to the struggle over the Indian lands. As Howard Zinn has on paper, “white Americans were hostility against British regal manage in the East, plus for their own imperialism in the West.” In adding, the revolution unsuccessful to speak to the forms of patriarchal oppression that confronted women in the colonies. These consideration have led David Lyons to raise the question as to “whether the American Revolution the British colonies’ brawl for freedom as of the Crown was ethically justifiable.” For Lyons the answer is clearly, no. Lyons’ case is based primarily on the fam
When a manager makes decisions, he/she thinks about the outcome of the affair. A good decision-making process is resulted in a successful project. This criterion may be considered as one of the signs that good decisions are made. The second criterion, which may determine whether the manager is making good decisions or not, is the possibility to meet the budget. There are always different risks which cannot be forecasted, but at the same time, the financial issues are usually stated and the possibility to meet them is a sign of good decisions-making skills. The third criterion, which helps a manager understand whether he/she makes a good decision, is the opportunity to follow the process. “Achieving success requires that a rational and explicit or structured decision process be developed and used” (Powell & Buede, 2008, p. 13). In other words, the decision process should be structured, without chaotic actions. To make sure that the made decisions are correct, it is always important to monitor the project, consider its results and critically analyze the whole process. Assumptions in Decision Making An assumption may be considered from different perspectives. Considering assumptions as a part of decisions making, it may be stated that this notion means responsibility a manager should dear. The most spread assumptions which usually go with any decision a manager works on are assumptions about information (the necessity to get necessary information on time and reduce the possession of limited information to minimum), assumptions of unitary actors (the possibility to involve other people in the process of decision making), and assumptions about the nature of the problem (the responsibility to define the problem correctly). The possibility to cope with those assumptions shows a manager a good decision maker (Ahmed & Triana, 2008). Assumption Scenarios To understand the main idea of the assumptions and the influence of those on the decisions-making process and the results, it is necessary to check the specific examples. The automobile and airplane industries are going to be considered. An automobile manufacturer’s assumption is that the demand for SUVs would continue because gas prices would continue to rise. The accuracy of this assumption cannot be put under question as SUVs are famous for their better efficiency. The raise of the fuel prices does not encourage people for buying cars with high fuel consumption. Otherwise, they try to find something based on economy issues. To test the credibility of this assumption, it is possible to conduct a research and identify the periods when fuel prices were high and when they were low along with the car buying statistics. The comparison and contrast of the information may help us understand whether the assumptions for decisions making are correct or not. An airline’s assump
Introduction Male dominance was a trait that was popularly practiced by the ancient settlers of Mesopotamia in the southern part of Iraq. Sumer was the land of the Sumerian-speaking people who have also been termed the cradle of civilization. The Civilization in Sumer was the first in the world starting from the early Bronze Age. Sumerians are also the authors of laws worldwide. They were the first organized community to come up with the art of writing. The art enabled them to put down the laws of the land. In Sumer, the laws were enacted in a way that gave men more power over women. From leadership to dressing code, women were dominated by the men in society. Male dominance in Sumerian civilization In the early days, Sumer land’s women enjoyed an equal power just like the men in the society. Here, a Sumerian woman would be given the opportunity to serve as religious deities in the temple. For every temple, a woman would be placed as a high priest and the Sumerians were supposed to worship her. The women here had the authority over the religious group and were held in high esteem. This was however not reserved for all women but only those in the high decree class. It was likely that in ancient Sumer women were allowed to own properties and even perform other administrative duties in other states. A woman would perform these duties without any restriction from the husband. This was because initially men did not look down on women but saw them as their own equal. When a king by the name of Urukagina was in power, he was in favor of equality on both men and women in the land he once ordered “an equal pay for equal work regardless of sex” (Mitchell and Mitchell, 28). In that era, women enjoyed many other freedoms, one of the liberties was to be adulterous without being penalized by their male counterparts. This however did not last for a long time, as new reforms were made and women were rendered powerless. The men took over the society and put into operation laws that were in favor of themselves. Women lost every single right they possessed and were left on the mercies of men. This marked the beginning of male dominance in Sumer land. The new laws gave the men the mandate to be adulterous. The females in the society were prohibited from being adulterous. A firm decree was put in place regarding any adulterous practice by a woman. Any woman who was found practicing adultery would be punished under the law. The penalty was death by drowning. The law permitted a man to be as adulterous as he chose. This proved the distinction between the male and the female in society. Without the endorsement of any penalties to the men proved that the female members in Sumer land were regarded as second-class citizens. Sumerian civilization Civilization in Sumer was started from the ground as there was nothing, to begin with at the time. Agricultural technology such a
Introduction Hitler is widely regarded as the most disreputable world leader of all time and the crimes committed by his regime are still viewed as the most atrocious in modern history. His rule was marked by the killing of millions of Jews and a dictatorial rule that saw Germany turned into a police state. However, Hitler was also a charismatic ruler who was able to inspire the people with his ideas and restore German’s prosperity after the Second World War. His influence was so great that the Nazi party was popularly known as the “Hitler movement”. This Nazi ruler made use of the constitution to take power and hence demonstrated that he could make use of popular public consent. Considering this contradictory phases of Hitler’s regime, it would be useful to research on the nature of Hitler’s rule in order to gain a deeper understanding of the form of leadership that Hitler employed. This paper will analyse the extent to which Hitler ruled Germany with popular consent in order to demonstrate that while Hitler was primarily an authoritarian ruler, he led the country with a lot of popular consent from the masses. Hitler’s Rise to Power The Nazi Party was formed in 1919 as a Right Wing group that promised to restore the country’s prestige following the humiliating defeat in World War I and the subsequent imposition of the Treaty of Versailles on Germany. Hitler joined the party in its first years and rose to the rank of chief propagandist for the party. His brilliant oratory skills and leadership abilities led to his being made Chairman of the party. Hitler and his Nazi party gained formal power following the 1928 election where the party won 12 seats. This modest achievement indicated that the party had a significant following in the country and people were willing to follow Hitler’s leadership (Orlow 1982). The Reichstag elections of July 1932 were very favourable for the Nazi Party, which acquired 37% of the votes making it the majority party in the German parliament. Hitler was made the Chancellor of the Weimar Republic in January 1933. Hitler’s absolute hold on power was achieved in 1934 when he consolidated the office of the president and that of the chancellor in the person of “the Fuhrer and Reich Chancellor Adolf Hitler”. Rule by Popular Public Consent Once Hitler and the Nazi party had seized all power, they implemented policies that turned the country into a dictatorship. Even so, Hitler still engaged in some form of rule through popular consent. Once Hitler was appointed Chancellor in 1933, some positive changes became evident in Germany. Many people acquired steady jobs and security was restored. These factors made people hope for a better future under Hitler. Gellately (2002) observes that in the early years, Hitler was keen not to make any illegal moves that might turn the people against him. Instead, all illegal moves were presented as necessary measures to protect the German population from a communist