ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Organizations are constantly evolving to accommodate different individuals from diverse backgrounds who posses different ideologies. As a result, people have ideas and beliefs that may sometimes lead to conflict within an organization. A group consists of two or more individuals who have common goals and seek to accomplish defined tasks. Groups have some degree of permanence, continuity and structure (Forsyth 8). For a group to exist, certain criteria must be met. Group members must visualize themselves as a unit in demonstrating the aspect of common ideologies as well as sharing goals. Members also perceive the group as providing a sense of identification (Aamodt 464). Group dynamics defined Group dynamics refers to interactions among team members (or people in the organization) usually shaped by knowledge, skills, beliefs and attitudes of each individual. These complex forces within the group arise from the fact that each team member brings to the team different assumptions and ideas that may conflict. A group requires purpose which motivates the team members as well as an outlined leadership structure to dictate responsibility. It also requires communication and acceptance to be embraced by the members of the group (Moir, Hanson and Wolf, 95). Conflict management Conflict arises due to the fact that each individual within a group or organization sees real world scenarios based on their personality, physical and emotional conditions as well as hidden agenda. Failure to manage conflict within the organization leads to breakdown of communication, development of animosity, rebellion and human resource inefficiency and ineffectiveness. Ultimately, the long term effect is the failure to achieve organizational goals. Conflicts can be viewed as a positive element in terms of creativity arising from alternative ideas usually as a result of individual differences. Such ideas can sometimes be considered as the best course of action within the firm. Managing conflict involves implementing strategies aimed at reducing the negative consequences of conflict while ensuring that the positive aspects are maintained. Conflict management is aimed at reducing tension and strengthening bonds between members of a group. This reduces disagreements in the event of varying interests. Dealing with conflict It is important to understand the forces behind conflict in order to effectively deal with it. Intrapersonal forces, including individual characteristics, define an individual’s behavior. Interpersonal forces like communication, status and degree of interaction determine how people behave and relate. Environmental forces are external forces like physical settings, temperatures and conditions that affect the group. Conflict in an organization or group setting can be dealt with in a number of ways. It may be resolved through consensus building and negotiation based on agreement upon tradeoffs. Collaboration may be applied whereby the problem is redefined to arrive at an amicable solution which satisfies both parties
Introduction I picked this topic because teenage drug addiction has prevailed in society, making it a growing problem. Teenagers frequently experiment with various activities and substances that often result in abuse and addiction. Brain development in adolescents is more vulnerable to drug deficits, which concerns society. Substance abuse causes injury, sexually transmitted diseases, teenage pregnancies, poor mental health, and suicide. The essay presents the issues and the causes of substance abuse among adolescents. Substance Abuse Issue The prevalence of drug use is higher in boys than in girls. For example, a survey conducted by Molinaro et al. (2011) presents cannabis as five times more prevalent than other drugs. Figure 1 below shows the rate of use of cannabis by male adolescents. Figure 1: The prevalence of drug use in males. Figure 2: The prevalence of drug use in females. A comparison of the two figures shows more males using cannabis. The prevalence of cannabis in 2009 in females is 24.7, while in males, it is 33.8, which affirms that males are more subject to drug addiction than females (Molinaro et al., 2011). The results show men being the bigger addicts to heroin, cocaine, stimulants, and hallucinogens. Drug consumption also exhibits a dynamic evolution over time influenced by cultural, political, and economic factors like changing laws and market price volatility (Molinaro et al., 2011). Despite significant legislative and social communication efforts in the field, the prevalence of drug use remained relatively unchanged for the commonly used drugs like cocaine and cannabis, with a decrease in heroin overbalanced by a significant increase in hallucinogen and stimulant use (Molinaro et al., 2011). Between 2005 and 2008, the trend for cannabis use and availability decreased while its price increased, whereas the prevalence of cocaine and stimulant use increased significantly (Molinaro et al., 2011). In spite of the various social communication and legislative initiatives to prevent substance misuse, the situation has not improved considerably. Causes of Substance Abuse There are various reasons why teenagers and young adults become involved with drugs. Regrettably, the root of substance abuse often goes deeper than experimentation. The availability of illegal drugs for adolescents predicts increased substance use as an adult. According to a survey conducted between 1999 and 2009, cannabis has been the most widely available illicit substance, with cocaine’s availability rising since 2006, where one out of every five students reported easy access to the drug (Molinaro et al., 2011). Substance availability influences the use of substances by adolescents as they can obtain them easily. Cannabis is a consistently available illicit drug that adolescents abuse. An increase in the prices of illicit substances affects the rates of abuse. The cheaper the illegal drugs are, the easier it is for adolescents to access them. An example is from the survey conducted by Molinaro et al. (2011) on cannabis. Figure 3: Cannabis prevalence and street prices. Cannabis use and availability decreased in 2006, and its price increased, although co
The American constitution distinctly specifies powers that are bequeathed to the congress and those that are not. Enumerate powers, for instance confer on the congress the sole authority to pronounce wars and levy federal taxes. Also the congress is granted ‘implied powers’ that allow it to usurp other powers when passing laws that may conflict with states statutes. Even so, the congress’ authority is limited as it cannot pass ex facto laws; any law which outlaws an act after it has been committed. Congress can’t also pass bills of attainder; statutes that legalize punishment of wrong doers outside the courts structure. Moreover, Congress does not have any authority to suspend the writ of habeas corpus; a court order compelling the federal government to charge arrested persons in court. The American congress has five main functions. They include legislative representation of the people of the federal States that make up the U.S.A., helping constituents, enacting federal laws, educating the public on federal matters and performing oversight duties on the executive and the Senate. Members of the congress are expected to uphold norms in order to be adjudged fit and competent to represent the people. Being an elective position, congress man and woman woos their electorate every two years to either get to Capitol Hill in Washington, or remain there. Congress men and women therefore make every effort to attune business on the floor of the house to the perspective of their constituents. Consequently, three theories prescribe how a member of congress should carry him/herself. These include organizational, representational and attitudinal theories. The representational theory presumes that members wish to be re-elected and hence vote to please their constituents. The electorate makes clear their view on issues, therefore a legislator’s vote attract its attention and is markedly noted; with potential political repercussions. On the other hand, the organizational theory presupposes that most of the constituents do not know much of what their legislator voted on thus there isn’t any need to please them but there is need to please the legislators who vote to please fellow members of congress, either through party lines or ideology. The attitudinal theory supposes that there are conflicting pressures on the members which cancel out one another making them vote on their belief of what benefits them. The congress has two distinctive powers granted by the constitution. They include Enumerated and Implied Power
Introduction In the Inferno, Virgil is a guide and the voice of reason in the poem. He serves the purpose of reinforcing Dante’s Christian responsibilities in his pilgrimage. If it were not for his contribution, the journey may have overwhelmed Dante. Virgil’s role Virgil is highly knowledgeable about many aspects of hell. Without him, Dante would not have understood the historical, spiritual or geographical significance of the things he was seeing (Bergin 55). In Canto 14, Circle 7, Round 3, Dante asks Virgil about the river that they can both see. Virgil replies by affirming that: “In the middle of the sea, and gone to waste, there lies a country known as Crete, under whose king the ancient world was chaste. Once Rhea chose it as the secret crypt and cradle of her son; and better to hide him, her Corybantes raised a din when he wept.” (Dante XIV.7.3) Virgil, therefore, contributed towards a better understanding of the journey because he tells Dante about the history behind the events and features that they are witnessing. As such, he is a guide to Dante. Sometimes Dante was uncertain about the next step. These were all unfamiliar things that were potentially dangerous. Dante needed someone to assure him that he was going in the right direction. The journey would have been extraordinarily scary without Virgil. In fact, it is likely that Dante would have turned back at the entrance to hell if it had not been for Virgil. Dante’s own assertions emphasize these sentiments: “Thy words have moved my heart to its first purpose. My Guide! My Master! Now lead on.” (Dante II.133). Virgil reminded the main character about the importance of his mission and thus propelled him to achieve it. In certain scenarios, Dante even consider Virgil as a father because of the things he did for him. For instance, when they got to Dis, some furies threatened to turn both Dante and Virgil into stone. Virgil quickly urged Dante to cover his eyes and turn around. When Dante took too much time to respond, Virgil himself turned Dante around and covered his eyes for him. In such an instance, Virgil acted in a similar manner to a father. He cared about Dante and would not allow harm to come to him. Many Christians may ponder about the fate of non Christians who lived before Christ’s coming. Some contend that the non believers do not merit their place in hell because nobody gave them a choice. This controversial subject also troubled Dante, and as he travels inside hell, he gets answers to this troubling question. Through Virgil, Dante learns that Christians must make no apologies for their faith. Furthermore, there is no room for exceptions. Virgil helps Dante to realize that all pagans’ lives are condemned regardless of whether they existed before or after Jesus’ coming. In fact, famous thinkers and ethicists such as Aristotle, Socrates and Homer were all condemned to hell even when the
Article Summary The article reviewed in the scope of this paper is titled “Interprofessional collaboration in health care: Lessons to be learned from competitive sports.” It was written by Brennan Bosch and Holly Mansell and published in Canadian Pharmacists Journal in 2015. It is a qualitative article that analyzes the utilization of highly efficient interprofessional collaboration in various sports, such as soccer, basketball, rugby, and football, to maintain health and restoring mobility after sport-related traumas. The article reflects on five key areas necessary for effective interprofessional collaboration in sports. The author states that there are five essential ingredients for team success. These are as follows (Bosch & Mansell, 2015):   * Role clarity   * Trust and confidence   * Overcoming adversity   * Overcoming personal differences   * Collective leadership These qualities are important in professional sports and interprofessional nursing teams. Sports teams typically have clear roles for its members, such as attackers, defenders, mid-fielders, and others. Healthcare teams are also supposed to have clear definitions and responsibilities (Bosch & Mansell, 2015). These include diagnosticians, prescribers, and daily care personnel. Trust and confidence are developed in sports teams and nursing teams by practicing alongside one another and training to perform under different circumstances. Overcoming adversity for nursing teams shows in dealing with difficult situations and supply shortages (Bosch & Mansell, 2015). Working together towards a common goal and overcoming personal differences is a similar trait in professional sports and nursing teams alike. Lastly, the author mentions collective leadership as an integral part of a nursing team. It stands for the ability to make decisions based not on a single person’s command or point of view, but objective input from all members of the interprofessional team (Bosch & Mansell, 2015). This method allows for more accurate instructions and precise actions, as anyone has the potential to take charge. Bar
Introduction The concept of management has been evolving for almost a century and is based on a complex mixture of assumptions and paradigms that were formed as reactions to the emerged challenges. In the 21 st century, management issues have become more urgent because of a profound transition of business and world economy. In this respect, to define problems and obstacles to management development, specific emphasis should be placed on the analysis of shifts in the world economy, as well as on changes occurred to the practice of management. To analyze these dimensions, it is important to define new realities and conditions under which business issues are formed (Drucker 2). Specific attention should also be given to evaluation of current policies and strategies that company and organizations adopt to deal with these challenges. The transition in management and leadership skills correlate with such aspects as competition, leadership styles, teamwork, and diversity that have a potent impact on social, economic, and democratic realities. However, these issues do not derive from political tensions. On the contrary, although they deal with politics, their underpinnings are more associated with free market, as well as how it affects the emerging economies (Drucker 3). The origin of management issues is debated and developed, but their resolutions take place predominantly within business organization through analysis of individual knowledge. In its turn, received experience has a direct influence on human resources that continue change management paradigms. So far, management dealt with theory and practice that identity right ways of managing, as well as right approaches to controlling employment. Practical issues were connected with technical insurance, internal development, legacy, and ecology of management and enterprise (Drucker 3). Currently, these assumptions have become absolute in front of the challenges introduced in the new century. Purpose of the Study With regard to the conceptual framework of management, the purpose of the report is to define new realities and dimensions in which issues are debated, discussed, and resolved. The second purpose lies in defining what strategies, models, and approaches should be implemented to face management challenges in the 21 st century. Collection and Analysis of Data While collecting information, online databases and libraries have been used to find necessary materials related to the topic under analysis. Specific attention has been paid to the recent researchers and articles dedicated to the contemporary problems of management. Most of the resources found (Raskin 25, Drucker 3, Wilmot and Paish 384) discuss the challenge of the globalization that poses serious problems for development. Some researchers are dedicated to the analysis of human resources management as the main underpinning of successful performance within an organization, should it be for profit or not. In addition, the data collection has also involved consideration of practical and theoretical implications for
Introduction Criminal law encompasses “rules and statutes that are written by the congress and state legislators dealing with any criminal activity that can cause harm to the general public” (Allen, 2005, p. 4). Different kinds of theft are among the commonest forms of crime and often involve the taking of property belonging to someone else without consent or permission (Allen, 2005). Theft can be categorized as burglary, fraud, robbery, looting, larceny, or embezzlement, depending on the specific elements identified in the given theft case. This paper seeks to evaluate different situations that involve the theft of a laptop with the aim of establishing the types of crime they represent and the differences between them. The scenarios In the first Scenario, Sarah goes to Makoto’s house at night and takes a laptop computer that is left unattended on a porch. She goes with the laptop computer to her place and informs everyone that it belongs to her. In the second scenario, Sarah forcefully snatches the laptop from Makoto while holding him at gunpoint and runs away with it. The crime happens at night, outside Makoto’s house. In the third scenario, Sarah breaks the door to Makoto’s house at night, enters, picks a laptop computer and goes with it to her place. Classification of the three scenarios The three scenarios can be classified under larceny, burglary and armed robbery depending on the specific elements that make up the crimes. Larceny All three scenarios constitute a crime referred to as larceny. Larceny can be described as a crime that involves the wrongful acquisition of another person’s property. Under the common law, larceny is identified as a “trespassory taking and carrying away of a tangible property belonging to someone else with the intention to permanently deprive him or her it’s possession” (Ormerod, 2005, p. 14). Larceny has the following elements: Possession versus custody Larceny can be regarded as a crime against possession (Dressler, 2001). An individual who commits larceny takes the physical control of a property and therefore denies the actual custodian the right to use the property (Dressler, 2001). Take As specified by the common law, an offender must actually be in physical control of the property, even if it’s for a moment (Ormerod, 2005). The term deprives can also be used to imply the same. Carry away This constitutes the removal of a property from where it was originally placed by the owner. Larceny takes place even when there is a slight movement of the property. Provided it’s proven that the offender intended to steal it. Personal property The property involved should be tangible personal property that exists physically (Allen, 2005). This implies that if the theft involves properties such as land, buildings or any intangible good then the crime cannot be described as larceny. Without consent The offender must take
Introduction Good communication skills are critical for the development and sustenance of healthy interpersonal relations (Anonymous, para6). Consequently, it is vital that all parties in the relationship hones up their communication skills which includes expressiveness in use of the communication dialect/ language, listening skills, responding to critics (as the latter are inherent and cannot be avoided) as well as skills in facilitating mutual sharing all of which must be practically present for a healthy interpersonal relationship to subsist. According to Anonymous (Para 8), good communication skills can either build or break interpersonal skills depending on the mode and the role that it is intended to play. Furthermore, conflicts are part and parcel of interpersonal relationships and ideal communication skills, particularly the responder’s skills in responding to day to day criticism from the other party in the relationship poses as the most ideal tool for effective conflict resolution (Curran, 336). This paper therefore explores using examples the significance of effective skills in response to criticism play in the effective sustenance of healthy interpersonal relationship as part of effectiveness in interpersonal communication while pinpointing my personal experiences in handling criticism that I am often faced with in day to day interpersonal relations. Non offensive response to criticism (personal experiences) In day to day interactions in relationships, an individual, including myself often encounters criticisms from different parties that I interact with. Personally, I have often been faced with such criticism from the varying sources presented by categories of people that I interact with in my day to day life. It is important to note that if not well handled or responded to, criticisms are more likely to culminate into conflicts and which could spoil the good interpersonal relations that existed among the parties prior to the critic’s claims. Examples of sources of criticism that I have personally been faced with includes, criticism from customers, criticism from my wife and from general friends. In order to effectively respond to the critics, I always assume that the complainant is right and thus seeks to find the extent of the critic’s truth to defend himself/ herself and avoid hurting the relationship between them. Criticism from my clients As a business person, me and the customers enj
Introduction Confucianism is considered as one of the philosophies that were developed in the ancient times yet it still asserts a significant influence on the contemporary society (Liu 2006, 47). One of the authors who have written widely on Confucianism is Yao. In his presentation of Confucianism, Yao (2005, 17) makes attempts to link the philosophy to its developer and the culture or tradition within which Confucianism developed. This paper looks into the conception of Confuciasm by Yao. The paper also assesses the classical development of Confucian, the Yi jing. The broader view of the philosophy Yao reacts against the constricted view of the philosophy, which comes from failure to open into the historical development of the philosophy and the role of the Confucian tradition as a whole in advancing Confucianism. By opening up into this history, it becomes easier to establish the role and influence of Ru in the advancement of Confucian teachings (Yao 2005, 21). Yao does not rule out the role of the founder of this philosophy. He tries to present a broader picture of the development of the philosophy by picturing it from his tradition and the society from which it developed, rather that basing on Confucius. This is achieved by focusing on the evolution of the philosophy of Confucianism. By placing the philosophy in the context