ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The Great Depression of 1929-1933 and the financial crisis of 2008 are very well-known economic downturns in the U.S. history. Nevertheless, the first similar severe crash of the American economy has happened much earlier – in 1819. It was so-called the Panic of 1819, and there were several main reasons for the crisis:   * The easy lending. After the restoration of the trade relations between the USA and Europe after the War of 1812, the agricultural products, especially the cotton, have become one of the main items of the U.S. export. The cotton price was high, as well as the demand for it from the textile industry. In order to create new cotton plantations, the federal government started selling the large plots of the western lands. In their turn, the state banks financed such operations; the loans were affordable, however, at the same time, the volumes of the real estate speculations, fraud and defalcations were growing.   * The lack of the government regulations. The postwar expansion of the U.S. economy required the firm guidance. Nevertheless, instead of stabilizing the economy, regulating the currency, and suppressing the state banks’ speculations, the Central Bank of the United States only fueled the panic and the inflation.   * The slump in the prices for the farm products. By the 1819, the demand of the European factories for the American agricultural products has decreased; therefore, the market prices started falling down. It was the hard blow to the U.S. economy, as the export incomes reduced substantially. The effect of the Panic of 1819 First of all, the ordinary Americans suffered from the crisis. Not able to repay the loans, many borrowers lost their property; some of them were even imprisoned. The loans became unavailable, a number of the industrial sectors collapsed, the unemployment soared. The standards of living in some regions were extremely low. Secondly, the crisis affected the banking system deeply. The mistrust of banks and paper money was growing fast. The banks faced the lack of gold and silver to produce the coins and back up paper money. Moreover, they faced the avalanche of foreclosures. That is why many banks filed for the bankruptcy. And finally, the farmers suffered from the crisis due to the decrease of the prices for the agricultural products and the depreciation of the land. The Panic of 1819 as a cyclic phenomenon Any economic development is characterized by the cycle. Every economic growth is followed by the further decline. The Panic of 1819 was
Introduction The concept of lies and the truth is a major aspect of ethics and leadership. Ciulla (2003) says that leaders should always be able to distinguish between lies and truth although ethical dilemmas may pose a challenge. The case study illustrates a situation where one person lies to protect the happiness of others. To this end, the manner in which people lie should have a deep analysis. In the case study titled ‘Is a lie always a lie?’, the author proposes that not all instances of telling lies are always misleading. To achieve the greatest happiness and good, Ciulla (2003) asserts that an individual (leader) should be quick to judge the rationale behind some lies given that it may result to achievement of a greater good. Lies in this case study are aimed at increasing the benefits of human beings and the organizations. Nevertheless, according to ethical considerations, lies are not morally upright and should not be applicable to any circumstance of human living. Borrowing from the perspectives of renowned thinkers, I will use this paper to explain the case study and answer the question that it poses. The critical thinkers who constitute a huge part of the paper include Immanuel Kant, Bernard Williams, Hannah Arendt and Confucius. The paper will explain how the thinkers would handle the situation in the context of a business. Main Explanations by Different Critical Thinkers on the Case Study Immanuel Kant   * Kantian ethics articulate that specific actions may not be the best solution for an ethical dilemma notwithstanding the fact that they may result to heightened happiness than alternative solutions.   * In deciding on what to action to embark on, it is important to look at various standpoints that other people would hold when faced with the same situation.   * If the action would receive disapproval from other people, Kantian ethics dictate that a leader should not make such a decision besides it is important to ponder on whether the course of action respects the fundamentals of human life and is not deriving happiness for the leader only.   * According to Kantian ethics, the decision should not be disrespectful to human life and that all decisions are equal, and the leader should choose the decision that does not cause such inconsistencies. Bernard Williams   * Ethics according to Bernard revolve around the rejection of moral standpoints that Kantian ethics and utilitarianism explored.   * He articulates that the moral theories and views capture an idealistic society that is not possible in human society.   * To be precise, he asserts that human life is undeniably untidy to have a systematic way of explaining and predicting behavior.   * His leadership model revolves around the ability of an individual to explain factors underpinning moral psy
Philips and Matsushita are technology and electronics companies. Their scope ranges from Radio to Television and other electronics. The former was staterd by Philips and his fathers in Einhdoven Netherlands. They first started making bulbs but grew to international standards soon later. Matsushita in Japan started Matsushita. The two companies have common denominator in their activities. Both also experienced the effects of the world war and the great economic depression (1-8). Philips however took caution to ensure that it does not suffer the impacts. It decided to take control measures. It took its trust to America and Britain. The Second World War negatively affected its plant operation. The company however adopted several measures to mitigate the effects. It used the strategy of setting up national organisations in its subsidiary branches in other nations. These bodies would operate independently. They also had the responsibilty of obtaining local market and producing market tailored products. This mechanism ensured that Philips penetrated the market and established itself. The national organisations had expertise who would handle a country’s market. The production divisions retained the role of production and global distribution of the products. The national organisations produced consumer products in line with the market requirements of the specific country. The national organisations would report to the centralised production department at the mother country. The national harmonisation managers made several trips to the mother headquaters. This was to ensure that the activities and progress of the organisations was minitored (4-7). Matsushita runs parallel activities with Philips. Both companies deal in technology and electronics. More often, they venture into consumers products. The duo has heard intercompany market competition. They also receive competition from other companies in this industry. Mitsushita was earlier an under dog but it overtook Philips at some point. First, it ventured more into expert markets because of low distribution. It was also hard to expand its prodcut line. Secondly, it adopted a divisionalised organisation structure. This kind of organisation creates a condusive working environment for each division. It encourages interdivision competition and hence promotes innovation. Each division would leverage the technology and expertise at its disposal and come up with new sleek products. This ensured that the product’s quality was in tandem with the latest market demands (8-10). Both companies have made several changes in their business models, management and administration system. There are a large number of technocrats at
Significance of Cost Allocation Cost allocation entails a way of attributing costs to specified cost-centers in an organizational setting. Usually, the allocation of costs by companies is necessitated by the need to adequately satisfy sharing of relevantly incurred costs. This can be likened to spreading costs across end-users. The allocation of costs is therefore a mere assignment of costs to a number of units which constitute a company. In a multidivisional business which requires security services for protection of its infrastructure, for instance, the various units that constitute the business will be incorporated in costs for securing the required security. Allocating costs to the various departments of a company is usually done arbitrarily. Due to the arbitrary nature of allocating costs, it is mostly considered as a sort of cost-spreading (Yuawa, 1991; Maskell & Baggaley, 2003; Johnson, 2011). In the past five or ten years, there has been a noteworthy attempt aimed at enhancing bases for allocating costs by companies (Kaplan & Bruns, 1987). This paper considers cost allocation as has been put to effective use by California Pizza Kitchen (CPK). Considered Cost Allocation: Cost Allocation at California Pizza Kitchen CPK is a household name in restaurant service, and offers California-style cuisine, represented through creative pizzas, pastas, soups, sandwiches, appetizers, and desserts. Opened on March 27, 1985, by the attorneys Rick Rosenfield and Larry Flax, CPK is currently owned, licensed or franchised at 265 locations in 321 states and 10 foreign countries. This makes it a chain company with networked units that are centrally controlled from its managerial framework. The chain has two directions of development, the full service restaurants, and the CPK/ASAP concept which focuses on the fast-casual service in significantly smaller restaurants. As of 2010, the company employs approximately 14,600 employees, among which 190 employees are working in the company’s headquarters in West Century Boulevard (CPK, 2010). CPK has a market value estimated at $343 million, where the revenues in 2010 were $642.2 million, with a non -GAAP net income of $17.1 million (CPK, 2011; Forbes, 2011). The consideration of CPK here for an analysis of its costs allocation is limited to the year 2010, and is based on the company’s systemic administration through which it has achieved distinct allocation of cost to its various sects. In any case, the considered numerical values as well as the units to which the values apply are only arbitrary. The performance credibility and an effective cost allocation of CPK have been reflected in its rating by Forbes magazine as being self-made, and on enlistment as one of America’s best small
Sexual addiction is the state or a term used to describe a behavior of a person with an unusual interest in sex drive and obsession, and they will always dream sex talk, sex, and play sex most often. Such people cannot wait another day since they lack control of their bodies, and the emotional drive in them will overpower them into performing sexual activity. The phenomenon of sexual compulsivity is real because it is the nature of men to think about sex every time they touch their private parts or when they have seen erotic films leading to the weaker in heart and those who can get it easily look for a partner for sex. Some people are weaker in that they give in to sexual temptations very easily compared to those who are self-restrained who will take sex as sacred and should not be played around with. The increase of sexual images in mass media has drastically increased the prevalence of sexual addiction because every time a person watches a program which contains mild or strong sexual positions actions, the individual will try to imagine him or herself doing or being done for whatever they have seen or sometimes would be tempted to practice what they have watched. Some of the programs are repeated every day this will increase somebody’s desire because in his daily life, if you are reminded to use that part of your body that you don’t use frequently, you will end up trying to figure out how you will use it or even if they were not thinking along the lines of sex one might end up thinking of how to practice what they have seen. In the local market today, pornographic materials are sold to all age groups, which leads them to know what sex is at an early age in their development, and since the youth are more energetic, they will engage in sex without getting tired of it thus they play it often and becoming addicted. These materials found on the streets normally have an extreme sexual position which by all chance will make one desire for sex; some of these materials are so addictive on their own therefore an individual will try to reach them every day, in the process, their urge for sex will increase every day, and if they have a chance of getting it, they will be addicted to it. Sex in college is so rampant that it is practiced aimlessly, and at this stage, students are freedom to do whatever they find makes them happy. It is here that most students break their virginity since they explore what they could not have done in the presence of their parents, and thus, after realizing how it feels to play sex, they will do it more often in the process of becoming addicted. In some research done at a local college, it was found out that when the school was in session, contraceptives used in the prevention of sexually transmitted diseases are sold to reach their 100% mark, but when the school is in recess, not even a single condom is sold at the shops around. Sex, in general, is most common among the male, they are the ones who can have many ladies just to h
In traditional eastern cultures, adulthood is more clear and prestigious than in the US. The present paper aims at comparing how the principles of emerging adulthood are applied to the traditional culture of India and the modern US culture. India is the second-most populous country in the world, with a population of over 1.3 billion people (Satpathy, 2015). It is home to one of the world’s oldest religions that are based on the Sanskrit scripts (Satpathy, 2015). India still has the caste system, which is one of the world’s oldest social stratifications, and family is of extreme importance to society (Satpathy, 2015). India is situated in Asia near China, Thailand, and Pakistan. The country is formally a democracy; however, the folk and tribal traditions have remained consistently vibrant (Satpathy, 2015). The US culture does not have such a long history; therefore, the influence of traditional customs is weak (Mitra & Arnett, 2019). The culture supports democracy, and the dominating religion is Christianity. There are significant differences between the two cultures and their understanding of adulthood. These differences come from various career and educational opportunities and core values of the two cultures. For instance, the majority of jobs in India are low-skilled and low-payed, while in the US, most of the jobs require education after high school (Satpathy, 2015). At the same time, the problem of gender inequality is central in India, while the women’s movement in the US has provided better education and career opportunities for females (Arnett & Jensen, 2019). Moreover, the US culture values individualism, and family is of decreased importance, while the traditional Indian culture is more collectivistic, and family plays a central part in people’s lives (Mitra & Arnett, 2019). The differences described above influence the period of emerging adulthood in these two cultures. The theory of emerging adulthood states that there is a new life stage between adolescence and adulthood. This stage appeared due to four changes, including the economic revolution, the sexual revolution, the women’s movement, and the youth’s movement (Arnett & Jensen, 2019). However, these changes did not have full force in traditional Indian culture. Women in India are still deprived of career and education opportunities, and their priority is to find a good husband. The sexual revolution is not as open as in the US, and adulthood is still a privileged class, unlike in the US. Finally, the economy has not moved to the knowledge economy, and people do not have
Introduction Social media is becoming a major force in the world of business. Human beings have created social networks to exchange ideas, views, concepts, and information (Bradley & McDonald 2013). Social media increases the level of interaction among individuals in many societies. Social media platforms ensure communities, organisations, and individuals create and share user-generated ideas or content ( What Role Can Social Media Play For Your Business Organisation? 2014). Social media continues to change the way people and communities communicate between themselves. The role of social media and internet-based applications in organisations is immeasurable. Many businesses have succeeded because of their continued use of social media. This essay highlights the unique roles of social media in modern organisations. Role of Social Media in Contemporary Organisations: Advantages and Disadvantages Many corporations have succeeded because of new technological applications and resources. Companies are using modern technologies to create the best plans and strategies. Information technology (IT) has helped many firms address most of their problems. This approach has increased the level of communication and decision-making. The internet is ‘a powerful invention because it supports many operations and activities in every firm’ (Harris & Rae 2009, p. 29). The globe is embracing the use of these modern technologies to provide quality customer services. Leaders and business managers are using new technologies to support their consumers. Every successful company uses new technologies to achieve its goals. Social media is a fundamental ar
Summary of the Articles Article 1: An Award Journey For Business Excellence: The Case Study of a Public Sector Unit The article provides a critical analysis of the business excellence journey that was taken by Bharat Heavy Electrical Limited, one of the leading public power generation equipment manufacturers in India (Madan, 2010). The journey started in 1997 following attempts of this firm to sell its products beyond the borders of the host country. One of the main markets that this firm targeted was Europe. However, it was not easy for its products to be accepted in the European market if it lacked the quality specification set by the authorities in this market. As such, it started a program that primarily aimed at redefining quality standards within the firm. The primary objective was to ensure that it met the quality standards set out by the European Foundation for Quality Management (Madan, 2010). For a firm with over 6500 employees and a turnover of over USD 446.48 million, this was a very challenging task. The management launched Total Quality Management in 1997 to help it align its processes with the quality standards required. In 1999, it introduced Employee Self-Service, Customer Self-Service Survey (ESS, CSS) as a way of ensuring that employees and customers played a central role in quality improvement. In 2000, the management introduced ISO 14001. It introduced the CII-EXIM Score in 2003. By 2006, the firm was able to achieve the award, ten years after its initiation. Article 2: Fit Between Organizational Culture and Business Excellence: A Case Study of Heavy Electrical Equipment Plant, BHEL In this article, the focus is to determine how relevant the culture within Bharat Heavy Electrical Limited is in enabling it to keep up with the high level of excellence as desired by the top management (Sinha & Arora, 2012). A CII evaluation that was conducted in 2006 revealed that HEEP is the best manufacturing company in India, given the effort that it has put in over the years and the level of success it has
Lessons Learned The module has provided a number of important and interesting insights into the process of managing finances and addressing financial risks. In the environment of the digital economy, factors affecting the financial progress of an organization are as numerous as they are in the context of a physical market. However, the digital environment introduces essential changes to the risks in question, making them more pernicious for those organizations that have failed to understand their unique properties and build an appropriate risk management framework (Anshari et al., 2019). Therefore, helping to discern these risks ad providing vital pieces of advice concerning their management, this course has become a path to the effective functioning in the target market. In addition, this course has helped to understand that companies working in the setting of the fintech market have to face a range of unique challenges that require an elaborate strategy and a proper understanding of the digital market. Specifically, the process of digital wealth management appears to be the most complicated issue to have been addressed during this module (Moşteanu & Faccia, 2020). Specifically, evaluating the digital market expansion opportunities requires a slightly different forecasting approach, which needs to consider the viability of a particular digital technology and the significance that it has for the selected segment of the digital market. A range of issues touched upon during this course have also been quite useful to me as an entrepreneur. Specifically, the concept of digital risk management and, particularly, the need to evaluate the target market for the emergent trends, as well as their further development, has been of huge importance to me. Performing the market analysis that will point to the possible areas of interest to me as a fintech developer and a businessman has been truly value and quite helpful. My Family Tree Determining the source of the financial income for a particular product is vital for ensuring the viability of the product in question and its significance for a company as a source of income. “My Family Tree,” a digital application created to build a framework for managing finances for an entire family, is expected to be quite successful among the target audiences. Given the nature of mobile applications, the product’s revenue stream is believed to be derived either from ads or from monthly payments that users will submit after getting a subscription. Each of the models has its advantages and problems; however, the former model appears to be the most effective tool since it will attract a greater range of users. The paid monthly subscription concept should remain as an option fo