ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The relationship between men and women in both stories is dictated by patriarchal societal norms Relationship between men and women where the former dominate the latter is the central theme in the two stories “The Yellow Wallpaper” and “Hills like White Elephants.” However, there is a slight difference in the portrayal of such relationship in both stories. In “The Yellow Wallpaper,” the relationship is not based on equality; men are not only considered superior to women, but the men, supported by patriarchal society, indulged in various forms of discrimination against women; on the other hand, in “Hills like White Elephants,” even though the woman is also ensnared in her gender role of those times (Siciles), there are several alleviating factors that make the equality between men and women not so lopsided in favor of males. The relationship in Gilman’s story is totally lopsided in favor of men The central theme of Charlotte Perkins Gilman’s “The Yellow Wallpaper,” published in 1892, is the subordination of women in marriage during the early 1900s in the U.S. Gilman uses her story to criticize Anglo-American male and societal attitudes toward married women in the U.S. She depicts the traditional nineteenth century male and societal view of marriage among middle class Anglo-American individuals that involved a clear-cut distinction between the responsibilities of a man and his wife. The man was engaged in active employment and provided for the family. The wife was expected to provide physical satisfaction to her husband, bear children, look after her husband and children and take care of all the household chores. Gilman depicts total male domination over women by showing 4 typical discriminatory norm The first discriminatory male and societal norm was that women were not expected to voice their opinion; if they did, the content was dismissed as trivial and inconsequential. At the beginning of the story, the narrator gives her opinion about the summer vacation house to which her husband brought her. She admires its grandeur, romantically calling it “a colonial mansion” and even “a haunted house” (Gilman 729), wondering why it was untenanted for so long, and comes to the conclusion that something is not right about it. When she questions John as to why such an elegant property is rented so cheaply, he dismisses her remarks as trivia, not allowing her to indulge in self-expression (Voth). While John’s overall aim is commendable , his failing is the self-awarded overwhelming authority that makes him convinced his diagnosis is correct. This causes him to turn a blind eye to his views on the subject. As an offshoot of this attitude, John does not take her seriously when she dares to voice her displeasure about the yellow wallpaper. On the contrary, he chides her by saying she is being paranoid about it. When she persists about her displeasure and requests him to repaper the room, he refuses, saying she was “letting it get the better” of her (Gilman 734). The second discriminatory male and societal norm were that husbands misjudged their wives. The misjudgment was based on the convi
Substance abuse and drug addiction among medical professionals and nurse practitioners (NPs) is a major problem that undermines their standards of practice. When NPs become addicts, chances of providing high-quality and timely care to their patients decrease significantly. Addiction and substance use disorder (SUD) are social issues that many communities have to deal with. This means that all stakeholders should examine how they affect NPs and other medical experts and propose superior solutions to meet their needs. Many citizens in countries that have ignored the complexity of this problem continue to record negative health outcomes. Most of the affected individuals become disoriented and find it hard to fulfill their duties, act in accordance with the stipulated scope of practice, and be unable to meet the diverse needs of underserved populations. The purpose of this term paper is to analyze the nature of substance abuse among nurses and examine various arguments, principles, and perspectives that different stakeholders can consider to address this ethical issue. Ethical Issue and Importance Substance abuse remains high among registered nurses (RNs) in the United States and across the world. A study by Burkhardt and Nathaniel (2014) revealed that around 10 percent of all nurses had a problem to do with drug abuse or alcoholism. The latest report by the American Nurse Association (ANA) indicated that about 6-8 percent of RNs in the United States had serious addiction issues that could interfere with their practice capabilities and goals (Epstein, Burns, & Conlon, 2010). Some of the affected professionals face the challenge of substance overuse. There are other nurses whose drug abuse might have been triggered by treatment of an underlying illness, such as depression, mental complication, or back pain (Burkhardt & Nathaniel, 2014). Nurses who encounter these problems require evidence-based care and empowerment in order to provide exemplary and timely medical services. This predicament qualifies to be an ethical issue due to various reasons. Firstly, NPs who suffer from this problem will divert different drugs and substances intended to meet the medical demands of patients. Nurses who use them will threaten the medical outcomes of such individuals. Pilgrim, Dorward, and Drummer (2016) acknowledge that such professionals eventually become liabilities in their respective facilities and organizations. Secondly, most of the existing codes of conduct require that they report or identify workmates who might be stealing medical substances and drugs. However, the practice is associated with social stigma and rejection in the workplace. Thirdly, forcing professionals to report individuals who might be suffering from drug use is a practice that can trigger various workplace challenges. Nurses who are labeled “whistleblowers” will be unable to practice independently or effectively due to isolation (Pilgrim et al., 2016). The established friendships in such working environments can also make it impossible for nurses to report their colleagues for drug addiction or theft. Finally, NPs are expected to use their skills and competencies to deliver
Article The first article to be criticized is titled “Should we lower the dose of iron when treating anemia in pregnancy? A randomized dose-response trial” by Zhou, S.J Crowther, C.A, Gibson, R.A and Makrides, M published in 2009. Sampling Inclusion Criteria and Exclusion Criteria The inclusion of pregnant women who were attending antenatal care diagnosed with anemia being included randomly is appropriate for the study. Similarly, the process of excluding those suffering from the disease but iron deficiency not being the cause has previously abused alcohol, is diabetic, and if they were taking supplements vitamins as well as mineral ones. In my view sampling has been identified Sample Size For this article, the authors did identify the sample size, the women selected were 180. However, the response rate was 99.0% as only 179 were able to complete the trial. It is worth noting that the authors’ research designed included dividing the sample selected into three different groups based on the concentration of ferrous sulfate which was 20, 40, and 80mg per tablet. These three distinct treatments or groups have been thoroughly explained by the authors making it possible for other researchers to replicate the methodology used. Power analysis reported Power analysis a technique used in experimental research aimed at estimating the desired sample size has not been reported for this article. From my judgment, it is evident that the sample size used although there was no power analysis is appropriate since the findings have been consistent with previous findings. Attrition Just like most research studies, there are chances of the selected respondent to refuse to respond, die, or move out of the study are. For this study, the response rate was high, 99.0% as the only 0ne out of 280 who gave their consent moved out of the study are. She sought antenatal care and birth in another hospital. Characteristics of the sample The authors of the article did a good job of giving a detailed demographic characteristic of the respondent in the three distinct categories or groups. It is worth noting that such an arrangement has made it easier for one to easily compare among the groups. The summary of all this is provided in Table 1 Trial entry characteristics of participating women. Sampling method and adequacy Sampling which is the selection of a representative of subjects to be used in research is of paramount significance. For this study, the selection of only women being diagnosed with anemia at the Children, Youth, and Women Health Service and the mid of their pregnancy seems to be non-probability sampling. The specific type of non-probability technique used is purposive sampling methods which are usually carried out with some purpose in mind (Zhou et al., 2009). Based on the type of sampling metho
Clinical and Psychosocial Facts As it follows from the case, the most important clinical facts include the child’s critical condition, her inability to breathe, further deterioration of the child’s health, and no chances for recovery. Apart from that, there is another child in the case who needs cardiac transplantation as soon as possible. The key psychosocial facts relate to the difference of opinions that increases parents’ stress. Obviously, the parents are the only people who represent the wishes of the patient in the case. Unlike the mother, the father sees nothing good in donating his daughter’s organs. The ethical dilemma occurs due to the conflict between parents and lies in the necessity to choose between two alternatives: remove life support to save another child or let the girl die naturally. Alternatives in the Case The girl’s parents are the key decision-makers in the case, and this is why the alternatives that can be taken into account represent their wishes. The mother thinks that it would be right to remove life support to help the infant to release from suffering and retrieve her organs to help another couple. Among the advantages of this position is Melanie’s ability to think about other people who need help. The above-mentioned position seems to be viable when it comes to the concept of the greatest good used in utilitarianism since the decision to apply it would save another child’s life (Collier & Haliburton, 2015). However, in terms of disadvantages, the alternative proposed by Melanie would make her husband suffer even more. The decision to remove life support and retrieve organs within the next ninety seconds would run counter to Luke’s beliefs about how people should die. The option would not violate laws since full-aged relatives of people in critical condition are allowed to make decisions on life support removal if patients’ condition constantly deteriorates. Luke believes that it is right to remove life support only when the person’s suffering becomes unbearable. In his opinion, making decisions about organ donation when the person is still alive is morally inappropriate. Speaking about the advantages of the decis
The rapid development of Internet communication technologies requires a substantial legal base that will address all minor aspects of the line between personal data privacy and borders for governmental inspection. It appears that in addition to providing the governmental agencies all users’ information upon request, ECPA (Electronic Communications Privacy Act) allows conducting inspections in an undercover way, which violates the citizens’ rights from the First Amendment. Furthermore, several details affect the progress towards more relevant legal regulations basis for online activities. Firstly, creating a new legal base for electronic communication requires a complex approach, as due to the fast development of communication technologies, the legal base can lose its relevance in a short period. Secondly, the data communicated and stored in the online space is exposed to several threats such as hacking and theft. Moreover, Internet communications present a potential threat to society, as dangerous groups use internet communications to sell prohibited substances and weapons. The potential threat to society is generally lower under governmental supervision; however, the limitation of citizens’ privacy leads to lower levels of freedom in the country and poor protection of citizens’ safety. While the failure to gain private information about citizens can decrease the safety levels, the prohibition of gag orders will allow the citizens to be aware of the state’s interference in their personal information. In addition, people who deliberately pose a threat to society generally can use different kinds of untraceable communication. Thus, it is essential to include the warrants for state inspections in the new legal basis to deprive the possibility of infringement of the privacy of innocent citizens. Therefore, the state’s concerns about terrorism and crime do not justify the violation of citizens’ privacy. It is time to change the ECPA or conduct a new legal base for online communication to reflect the fast development of communication technologies and provide more freedom to citizens. Another issue that contributes to complications in the process of revising the current ECPA. In 2013 and 2015, Congress proposed legislation of ECPA revisions, but they never made it through the legislative process. Even efforts to make a companion bill to the ECPA, the Email Privacy Act, supported by 272 co-sponsors, ended in failure (Pegoraro). President Obama’s administration explained that revisions to ECPA will interfere with the state’s law enforcement activities (Pegoraro). According to Calabrese, any minor reforms are hard to pass, and potential conflict of interests with the FBI and law enforcement system (qtd. in Pegoraro). Therefore, the action to revise ECPA was not taken due to long legislative passing processes and potential interference with the law enforcement system’s activities. In conclusion, the case of Microsoft demonstrates why all media organizatio
Introduction Microeconomics is a discipline that examines the economic functions of households and individual businesses. It is aimed at explaining the price factors and also determining the quantity of goods and services either demanded or consumed. This science can be regarded as the study of the choices that are made by firms, governments, or consumers. Microeconomics strives to understand how these decisions impact the market for certain goods and services. The government plays very important roles in regulating the microeconomic life of the country. Some of the functions include; providing legal basis for economic relations, sustaining competition, distribution, and redistribution of income, allocation of resources and lastly promotion of stability (Levy, 80). This paper will present a more detailed discussion of the functions that the government as an institution has to perform. Discussion Overall, the government plays a crucial role in providing the legal environment for microeconomic relations in the country. For example, this institution has to create the legislation which promotes or facilitates economic transactions and protects the rights of corporate citizens, employees, and consumers (Boyes & Melvin, 289). Businesses cannot flourish in countries where there is political unrest or corruption. Similarly, enterprises are not likely to succeed if there are no laws reinforcing property rights. This is one of the reasons why potential invertors can shun away from bringing capital to these countries. Therefore, it is paramount for any government to ensure that the state is well organized and that it has adequate legal mechanisms which regulate economic activity. Otherwise, businesses operating in this country will not achieve any considerable economic growth. Thus, legislative function of the government is critical for good microeconomic relations. Government should also enforce property rights, contracts and impose penalties on those economic agents who violate existing norms and regulations. For example, this institution must ensure that intellectual property rights cannot infringed upon without impunity. In this case, one can refer to the intellectual property law established in the United State and Europe. The thing is that that foreign business will be more willing to operate in a certain country if they know that its legislation d
Early life It should be known that Martin Luther King Jr was born on January 19 th 1929. As a matter of fact, he died on the April 4 th 1968 (Clarke 23). Although he was born as Michael he later on changed his name to Martin. The family’s long dominance as pastors was started by his grandfather in Atlanta. Martin Luther King’s father could later on serve as a pastor from 1931 (Reddick 37). In addition, Martin also served as a co-pastor until his death. It should be known that he attended various segregated schools before graduating from college in 1948. He later on attended a theological school in 1951 (Reddick 29). As a matter of fact, he married his wife in Boston where he had gone for studies. Coretta Scot- who was his wife- had uncommon attainments as far as intellectual skills are concerned and they together had four children. Martin became a pastor in 1954 while he was just 25 years old. As time went by, he became an important leader and activist as far as the civil rights movement in America is concerned. Martin Luther King Jr later on established himself as a strong brand name and iconic figure in the US and other parts of the world. Everybody around the world agrees that he was a heroic leader that contributed to the modern America. He used nonviolent methods in advancing his civil rights ideas. In this case, he can be boldly referred to as one of the best orators that the country has ever had. All in all, King received the Nobel peace price in 1964 becoming the youngest person to get the award (Clarke 45). This was done to appreciate his work of ending racial discrimination in the country. While doing this, he used nonviolent ways and means thereby being recognized. King was inspired by Gandhi’s success thereby visiting his birthplace in 1959 because he also used nonviolent activism. This is what turned him around thereby enhancing his commitment to the civil rights movement. His work The most renowned influence on Martins life was Howard Thurman. This is because he was his fathers’ classmate and thereby had a great impact on the future Martin. Another person who had an impact on Martin was Bayard Rustin who mentored the young man on non-violence activism. As a matter of fact, Rustin was his main advisor and mentor in his activism life. The 1963 Washington march was a great success because of Rustin’s plans and organization skills (Wintle 29). As far as his career is concerned, he spoke frequently and openly because of his experience as a pastor. In 1955, he organized the Montgomery Bus Boycott that lasted for
Introduction Art History is an important concept in today’s society especially since it is very resourceful in understanding our past culture, generating positive and useful ideas, and portraying different aspects of meaning among many other reasons (Chin). In this paper, as we try to elaborate the similarities and differences between ziggurats and Khafre’s pyramid of structures, it will be important to make an analysis of the two arts separately in order to have a broad overview of the structures which is discussed below. Discussion Ziggurats were strong ancient structures which were built around 2050 BC in one of the most popular region of Mesopotamia valley (Architecturecourses.org). The wonderful structures whose images have been preserved up to date have taken the shapes of pyramid displaying a creative art that is very attractive due to its beauty. The Ziggurat art is a monument which has been preserved up to date because it was constructed using very strong solid mud-bricks that were covered with a thick cover of burned bricks (Architecturecourses.org). The ziggurats structures were constructed to serve a multiple of cultural and religious practices in this region of Mesopotamia; in fact, the Ziggurat served as an administrative centre for the entire city due to its location (Architecturecourses.org). In addition to this, it also served as a religious place and it has been commonly known that the moon god known as nanna was dwelling here. For this reason, in the building there was an altar and shrine known as the bedchamber which was meant for the gods and was strictly placed at the ziggurat’s pinnacle (Architecturecourses.org). The Khafre’s pyramid is among the most prominent and the second largest pyramid of the ancient Egypt (Bayuk). This monument which is also known as the pyramid of Chefren, was constructed by pharaoh’s son who was known as Khafre between the years 2532-2558 B.C and was a constructed using beautiful limestone block making the monument to be very attractive (Bayuk).
The article attempts to look at the reasons that have individually or collectively reduced the rise in the surface temperature of the earth in the last 15 years even though greenhouse emissions continue to be accumulated in the atmosphere at a record pace. To date, no conclusive explanation to this phenomenon has been given by climate scientists, leading the author of this article to make a submission that there are important gaps in our knowledge and understanding of the climate system due to lack of superior measurements (Gillis para. 1-4). Although the author is clear on the fact that scientists cannot expect global warming to be a smooth and continuous process due to natural variability in the number of human emissions released into the atmosphere over the years, the notion of reaching a “plateau” as marked by the minimal rise in the surface temperature of the earth in the last 15 years still begs a valid response. Individuals opposed to the global warming paradigm have already taken advantage of this situation to disprove the concept that greenhouse emissions serve as the triggering agent for global warming; however, they fail to explain why most of the warmest years in the historical record have been experienced recently, hence their argument lacks in scientific rigor (Gillis para. 6-8). Scientists using objective instruments to measure the long-term temperature trends for the earth have concluded that the planet continues to warm through time despite the recent lull in the surface temperature relative to the high carbon emissions and other greenhouse gases being released into the environment through human activities. In this light, the author brings into the fore two theories to explain where the heat coming from the greenhouse gases might be going as it is not contributing to any substantial rise in the surface temperature. One of the theories, known as the deep-ocean theory, posits that the deep ocean might be involved in drawing down the extra heat generated by the greenhouse emissions due to possible changes in winds and currents, hence the lack of significant rise in the surface temperature of the earth. The second theory is predicated upon the fact that sunlight-blocking pollution from dirty facilities in China and other places may in fact be reducing global warming by blocking some sunlight (Gillis para. 12-15). Opinion Although the article is informative and insightful in explaining the relationship between greenhouse emissions into the atmosphere and global warming, the author fails to provide conclusive findings on why the earth is experiencing a sudden lull or insignificant rise in surface temperature of the earth despite the fact that greenhouse gases continue to be produced and released into the atmosphere at an al