ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Network management refers to the activities, methods, procedures, and tools that pertain to the operation, administration, maintenance, and provisioning of networked systems. This includes managing computer networks through a wide variety of software and hardware products that help a network system administrator manage a network. Core Responsibilities of a network manager  1. Operation: The network manager is responsible for keeping the network running smoothly, monitoring the network to identify problems that may occur.  2. Administration: The network manager monitors the network resources and how they are utilized eliminating bottlenecks in the network. It is the responsibility of the network manager to ensure that the network is protected against unauthorized users.  3. Maintenance : Maintenance is concerned with performing of repairs on available equipments and the upgrading of the network resources. It also involves both corrective and preventive measures to make the managed network run effectively and efficiently. The network manager should oversee these duties.  4. Provisioning : This involves configuring network resources to provide specific services such as voice services. The network manager should make sure that the network is configured correctly for different services.  5. Coordination : The network manager coordinates all the network resources including the staff and the management tools. The five key management tasks  1. Planning: The process that develops, creates, and implements strategies for the accomplishment of objectives is called planning. The general approach to planning begins with the creation of strategic plans for the entire network. To better understand the planning process, an organization must thoroughly define its goals and objectives. The network management team must have clear goals and objectives to meet the network needs of an organization.  2. Organizing: The principle of management dedicated to the structuring of resources to support the accomplishment of objectives. Organizing tasks requires determining what is to be done, in what order, by whom, by which methods, and according to what timeline.  3. Directing: The network manager should be able to delegate the staff to perform various duties to ensure that the network is running properly.  4. Controlling: Monitoring progress toward completion, and making necessary adjustments to achieve the desired objectives, requires the exercise of control. In general, the control function serves to assure the organization of the validity of the plan. The controlling function also determines what must be monitored as well as applies specific control tools to gather and evaluate information.  5. Staffing: People are
Though there are still numerous debates on obedience, various studies clearly demonstrate the human disposition to obey the instructions given by those who occupy the superior positions. Studying the experiments and works belonging to such outstanding psychologists and researchers as Milgram, Zimbardo, Asch and Fromm contributes to the clearer understanding of the nature of human obedience. Though numerous causes of people’s inclination to obey can be determined, the most influential of them include moral standards, social pressure, striving for safety, and the power of authority. The analysis of each of these factors helps to reveal why man is “so prone to obey” (Fromm 686). Moral Standards as a Cause of Obedience Ethical norms have played an essential role in shaping the behavior of people during most of human history. Moral standards occupy a vital place in human life and have a huge impact on our opinions and actions. Fromm claims that “obedience has been identified with virtue” during the history of the humankind (Fromm 686). Therefore, disobedience has been identified with a sin (Fromm 686). Both religious and social authorities have tended to ensure people that obeying the rules is the initial duty of every person. Such situation can be explained by the need to find a method how the minority of people occupying superior positions and having access to most of material resources can control the majority. Such method was necessary for ensuring that the majority would not rebel against the unfair share of goods. Positioning obedience as a sacred duty is a vital characteristic of most cultures. For example, the educational system teaches the people to obey the instructions and accept the ideas shared by the majority, not to oppose them. Therefore, humankind is inclined to obey the instructions of those who occupy superior positions as obedience is regarded by most people as an attribute of high morality and one of the highest virtues. Social Pressure as a Cause of Obedience Any human is a highly social creature that needs to belong to some community. Besides the physical safety provided by being a part of the society, there is a psychological aspect that plays a crucial role in people’s need for socializing. Only by communicating with other people, a person can develop a personality and sustain mental health. People cut off from the society for a long period face severe psychological problems and cannot live the normal happy life. Therefore, it is unquestionable that society plays a crucial role in human life. As being a part of society is one of the initial needs of the human, people are inclined to take actions that enable them to become a well-respected member of the community. Therefore, society has huge power to modify the behavior of a person by using such tool as social pressure. Asch claims that the fact that “social influences shape every person’s practices, judgments, and beliefs” is a “truism to which anyone will readily assent” (2). The opinions of other people have a huge impact on the person and if they contradict the person’s position, experiencing being un
Introduction Slavery has contributed a lot to the long history of the United States of America. Much of the slave trade business took place in the southern colonies. Some of the southern colonies that had the highest number of slaves were Virginia, Maryland, Georgia, as well as North and South Carolina (Morgan 13). According to experts, several factors were responsible for the emergence and development of slavery in the United States. The main contributing factor was the colonialists who needed labor in their huge plantations. Studies have shown that climatic conditions in the southern colonies were good for agriculture. This encouraged the colonialists to grow cash crops such as tobacco, pine forests, rice, and indigo (Russell 100). Apart from the favorable climate, the close proximity of the colonies to broad rivers allowed the colonialists to ship in slaves and their produce with ease. The colonists mainly bought slaves from the Caribbean and Africa (Morgan 20). People from these regions were physically strong and had high immunity to diseases. The slaves suffered a lot of cruelty at the hands of their masters, who lived a totally contrasting lifestyle compared to theirs. Although the southerners had numerous theories to support their activities, the slaves did their best to resist any form of mistreatment (Russell 109). Arguments used by southerners to defend slavery According to experts, slavery in the southern colonies was a great violation of human rights. Although the southerners knew that the trade was illegal and inhuman, they always provided arguments in defense of the vice (Morgan 27). As the business of slavery continued to provide the colonialists with good returns, they quickly changed it from being a vice into a positive societal element. According to experts, the defense of slavery by the southerners tagged along crucial elements such as religion, social welfare, and economic growth among others. First, the southerners argued that prolonging slave trade was necessary because it provided a good opportunity for spreading their religion. The reason for this was that the slaves were easy to indoctrinate and convert into followers (Russell 117). Secondly, the southerners supported the development of slavery because they believed everyone was well taken care of, happy, and crucial to the achievement of their master’s welfare. They believed it was inhuman for them to release the slaves back into their native homes, where there was no food, medication, as well as an opportunity to adventure and learn more about life. According to experts, this argument was mainly motivated by the fact that the colonialists were racists, who considered their slaves as inferior and worthy of no respect (Morgan 44). Thirdly, the southerners supported slavery in order to maintain economic growth in the colonies. Studies have established that the slave trade had a huge impact on the economic development of the southern colonies (Morgan 60). The colonialists had huge plantations that r
How to address the Minimum wage versus ethical perspectives The main problem at Addison Ventures arises from the fact that the company is finding t quite challenging to balance between the cost of labor in terms of the minimum wage for its employees and the ethical standards it is supposed to uphold throughout its business operations overseas. Alternatives  1. Status Quo.  2. Upholding ethical standards.  3. Increasing the current wage level.  4. Reducing working hours.  5. Adding overtime dues after deduction. Facts Considered  1. Addison Ventures runs a joint venture with an overseas company in China.  2. The company opted for the overseas location due to the availability and relatively low cost of labor.  3. However, Chris, the company’s Chief Executive Officer was vehemently opposed to the ideas from the very beginning.  4. He feared horrible stories he had heard on how some of the foreign companies were not consistent with ethical standards when hiring their workforce.  5. His main concern was the minimum wage that would be payable to workers should Addison Ventures expand overseas.  6. He had insisted on a wage level above the recommended minimum wage.  7. Chris felt that the overseas working conditions would not align with Addison’s core operating principles.  8. Nonetheless, Chris felt a lot more at ease and reassured after a survey carried out indicated that the company would still cut down on operating costs while at the same time manage to pay its employees above the recommended minimum wage.  9. As a result, Addison Ventures went ahead and formed a merger with a local company. The condition was that workers would be paid above the minimum wage and also the overtime hours would be minimal. 10. However, it came to pass that employees were working up to fourteen hours per day when Chris visited the Chinese facility some months later even though company records showed that they were earning above the minimum wage. 11. When the company payroll was closely scrutinized by an external auditor, workers seemed to be at a comfortable earning zone only because o what the company’s auditor noted as ‘creative payroll’. 12. In any case, employees were earning 350 Yuan per month with a 100 Yuan deduction for expenses. 13. Although they were still left with 250 Yuan which was above the minimum wage, the working hours were far much above the expected levels. Also, the deduction was being effected after adding the overtime hours. 14. Addison Ventures is now at dilemma especially if the auditor’s report finds its way to the media. It may jeopardize its business status. Recommendations It is highly recommended for the management at Addison Ventures to either reduce the overt
This paper will focus on studying the past and the present of the American Correctional System. It will center on the principles under which the American prisons operate. The paper will pay specific attention to the history of corrections in the United States, determining who formed the ideas mentioned above, especially why they were implemented and what effect they had on prisoners. The emphasis will be made on the legal rights of prisoners and the various correctional alternatives. Finally, the paper will examine the contemporary issues in corrections comparing the past and the present and defining whether there were any significant changes in the system. Working as a Federal Correctional Officer is a challenging experience, especially for the person who just graduated from AIU Online Campus. After long 16 months of the application process, it was time to proceed to practice, but the first task turned out to be theoretical. It has become a usual routine to pick the latest graduates and new hires to give classes to fellow officers. The reason for such practice is that they always have the latest teachings from the universities. This time, the task was to speculate on the past and present of the American Correctional System. One of the first prison systems, Pennsylvania System, was operating under a set of principles that included ideas about the organization and managing a prison and were used in the Eastern State Penitentiary. They were as following:  1. Do not treat prisoners harshly, but instruct them that harsh measures can be taken;  2. Solitary confinement can be used against further corruption in prison;  3. Offenders should reflect on their transgressions;  4. Solitary confinement can be exercised as a punishment;  5. Solitary confinement is economical (Clear, Cole, & Reisig, 2006). These ideas were developed by Robert Vaux, who believed that solitude could become the most effective tool for corrections because humans are social creatures (Stohr, Walsh, & Hemmens, 2013). Initially, these principles were implemented to minimize the cross-contamination of inmates, keep them silent during the whole day, and motivate them to reflect on their errors. Moreover, prisoners were given Bibles, so these principles were believed to lead to enlightenment (Stohr & Walsh, 2016; Hanser, 2014). However, this system was criticized because the prisoners often were punished too harshly and spent up to 23 hours a day in their solitary-confinement cells that resulted in mental illnesses (Whitehead, Jones, & Braswell, 2008). In addition to it, building and maintaining individual cells tuned out to be too expensive, not economical (DeLisi & Conis, 2013). Since then, the correctional system witnessed numerous reforms aimed at turning it into more humane and, at the same time, effective. Some stages of reforms that should be mentioned are introducing the mark system based on the possibility to reduce the term through good
Many outsiders view the size and form of the salaries that executives take home as a vital critical ethical issue. These considerations have resurfaced in the recent years as observers have become aware of the absolute magnitude and generosity of some pay packages. More so, observers have raised an outcry on the many instances whereby executives have been handsomely rewarded even as the companies they are suppose to steer have floundered. Public dissatisfaction has been aroused at the high pay package accorded to the senior executives when the company in question is experiencing financial difficulties, facilities closures, and workers dissatisfaction due to salary cuts and forced leaves (Matsumura & Shin, 2005; Rodgers & Gago, 2003). The United States has been the center of focus of the executive compensation debate. The criticisms focuses on the practices of the firms in the country to compensate their senior executives highly exceeding the rates offered by other international firms. Many evaluations have indicated that the ratio of executive pay package to that of non-executive employees has been on the rise in the past few years (Bohlander & Snell, 2009, p.468). This means that executive compensation has been on the rise at a faster rate than the employee’s compensation. This is an evidence of a system that is at fault in its practices. Is the huge pay package taken home by executives justified? Some individuals have argued that the top executives always have the last say in making vital investment decisions and that their decisions would either dwarf or make improvements to the firm. According to this school of thought, it seems justified to pay $100 million yearly to a senior executive whose decision can make a firm’s returns to be $100 billion (Kolb, 2006, p. 5). Certainly, such people are not easy to find. The refutation of this argument is in the fact that there are executives who rarely express such unique traits. It is easy to spot very highly paid executives who show no concern in making wrong choices and destroying the integrity of the firm. It is unethical for anyone to deserve such enumeration regardless of his or her brilliance at making decisions. It is not right for one person to have so much to himself or herself, regardless of how much benefits the person can give to others. An argument has it that an executive, like any other worker, wants the best terms of employment as much as possible, and that the company looks for the best-qualified leaders, based on its own ability to meet their remuneration demands. Therefore, both sides of the bargain, firm and manager, use their freedom in a free market to reach a consensus. Hence, the process is justified and leads to an enumeration package that is also justified. This line of argument is not realistic as the model of two independent agents striking an arm’s-length deal is not candid enough to express this situation, so the argument on freedom is misplaced. The remuneration of executives is most of the times set by the compensation committee, which comprises of the company’s boa
Introduction The short stories by Edgar Poe are full of mystery and barren sceneries. His style is known as Gothic, and it is featured with depressing decorations, horror memories of the storytellers, and the feeling of guilt. The subjects, described in his stories, deal with the matters of death, entailing its physical symbols, decomposition, awareness of early burial, the reanimation of the dead, and grief. His love to codes and word games may be observed in lots of his stories, as mystery without puzzle loses at least half of its charm. Analytical Analysis of Poe’s Short Stories Edgar Allan Poe, an American writer, born in 1809 in Boston, is widely known as a poet, critic and a short story writer who is attributed with great works such as “The Fall of the House of Usher” which is considered as one of the most popular writing of Edgar Allan Poe. His tales analyzing the depths of human minds are of great importance and fame. Short stories are one of his most essential elements of writing. The main theme of this story is terror that comes from the involvedness and multiplicity of forces that shapes human concentration. Awful, horrendous events result not from a single, uncomplicated circumstance but from a smash and merger of diverse, complex circumstances. Poe’s talent is depicted through the set of his words, which are responsible to add in to the overall outlook and effect of the story, thereby enhancing the effect of every event. This may be observed within the lines of “The Fall of the House of Usher”. The period of autumn is clearly demonstrated and enhanced through words such as wouldull,’ wouldark,’ and ‘soundless. ‘The scene is described in such an imaginative manner that it looks real through the use of phrases such as ‘the shades of evening’ and more. “The Fall of the House of Usher” possesses the essential features of a Gothic tale such as a haunted house, boring countryside, strange illness, and doubled personality. Apart from these mentioned elements, the greater part of the story includes terror depicted in vague boundaries. Poe retorts to using the traditional Gothic components such as gloomy weather and barren surrounding. Poe provides the familiar building blocks of the Gothic tale. He contrasts this standard form with a plot that is strange, unexpected, and full of unforeseen disruptions. The storyteller is tempted by Roderick’s attraction, and as he is trapped, it is impossible for him to escape, until the house of Usher finally falls. The characters of the story are not able to move and act freely in the house, as its structure is very compound. Therefore, it presumes that an ugly character creates perplexity between the living things and non-living objects by doubling the physical house of Usher with the inherent family line of the Ushers, which Usher himself calls the house of Usher. Poe uses the word “house” symbolically, but he also creates an image of a real house. The congested and limited setting of the funeral tomb figuratively spreads to the features of the characters. Moreover, before Madeline really dies, she is buried in the coffin, and with the tomb where he
Coming to Work Late As a minor violation, the manager can use verbal counseling at first to correct the behavior. In case of a repetition, a letter of reprimand will be more effective, serving as a warning (heat) according to the hot stove rule. The final punishment for the violation would be reassignment (to a position with flexible hours, for example). The employee can use a written response to address the action or file an appeal. Failure to Respect Safety Rules This violation can adversely influence the safety and security of the institution. The first response would be a letter of reprimand to emphasize the severity of the violation and ensure appropriate intervention (behavior correction). If a repetition occurs, the company can use administrative leave (without pay) to investigate the issue. As Catchpole (2013) points out, safety violations can reflect “good intentions to complete work efficiently, even if the behaviours are eventually misguided” (p. 2). Because the damage is already done, the company has the right to reduce the pay during the investigation and suggest administrative leave. If the employee violates the code of conduct once again, termination is the only choice to ensure organizational safety. The employee can file an appeal or a legal complaint to demand further investigation. Sexual Harassment Sexual harassment can significantly influence the workplace environment, resulting in fear, discomfort, stress, frustration, and depression (Thomas, 2015). Suggested disciplinary actions include a letter of reprimand, reassignment, and termination (Thomas, 2015). To increase employees’ awareness of the harmful outcomes of sexual harassment, sensitivity training can be suggested as the first step. The letter of reprimand will describe the issue in employee’s behavior in detail. Reassignment or termination is suggested as a final type of punishment. The employee can use an appeal or a legal complaint to investigate the issue or defend their actions. Playing a Practical Joke Depending on the practical joke, the behavior might undermine the safety of the institution. Verbal counseling (to ensure understanding), sensitive training (to raise awareness of the problematic behavior), and a reassignment/termination (to prevent further repetition and damage) can be suggested as a progressive disciplinary track. The employee has the right to provide a written response or an appeal, although a legal complaint is less likely to happen. Using Slurs Verbal counseling, sensitivity training, administrative leave (without pay), and termination are suggested as a disciplinary track. Verbal counseling and sensitivity training will help the employee understand how the behavior can be corrected and why it occurs. If no success is made, administrative leave without pay is an effective action as it emphasizes that slurs are taken as a serious violation that leads to financial penalties. A termination is undesirable but necessary if employee’s behavior is not improving becaus