ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction When it comes to exploring the official catechism cautions of the Catholic Church, the majority of believers have the same principle of not idealizing physical perfection; however, there was not much mentioned about specific plastic surgeries. Nevertheless, according to Oppenheimer’s article in The New York Times , at least two popes have raised the issue of cosmetic surgery. For instance, in 1958, Pope Pius XII stated that the morality of cosmetic surgeries relies on the specific characteristics of every case; moreover, Pope John Paul II gave positive feedback to the noble mission of maxillofacial and dental surgeons who work closely with cosmetic procedures. It can be hypothesized that the stance of the Catholic Church on plastic surgery is not defined completely: while some operations such as post-accident reconstructions may be regarded as acceptable, it remains unclear whether the Church opposes the “ego-related” enhancements of appearance. The Evolution of Plastic Surgery The growing popularity of plastic (cosmetic, reconstructive) surgeries as a socially acceptable type of body modification have contributed to the expansion of the cosmetic surgery industry that keeps gaining momentum even today (Frederick et al.). In order to examine the topic of such operations in greater detail, it is important first to make a differentiation between reconstructive and cosmetic procedures. Reconstructive surgery is usually performed when there is a need to treat those areas (structures) of a human body that have been affected congenitally by trauma, abnormalities in development, diseases, and tumors with an aim to improve function and ability. Cosmetic surgery, on the other hand, is aimed at only enhancing the appearance of an individual; therefore, not in all cases, cosmetic surgery is performed to restore one’s appearance after a trauma or a disease. The stance of the Catholic Church on the performance of cosmetic and reconstructive surgeries remains dual. In medieval times, the Catholic Church opposed any kind of operations similar to plastic surgery on the grounds that they might “interfere with the Divine Will” (Sullivan 34). For this reason, plastic surgery was hidden in the closet because people did not want to admit that their beauty did not come from the Divine Will or God’s creation. Such an attitude can be traced back to 1st century Italy and Greece, where Aulus Cornelius Celsus advocated for the special operations performed on people’s lips, eyelids, and noses (Reiter 80). Moreover, in the sixteenth century, Gaspare Tagliacozzi from Bolognia became famous for his successful plastic surgeries and the enduring techniques of facial reconstruction of duels’ victims during the Renaissance (Reiter 80). According to him, reconstructive surgeries were not performed for the sake of pleasing the eye but rather to upl
Introduction Medical coding is an important activity as far as it is used for the proper evaluation of medical data. The two most common mistakes include over-coding or under-coding. Over-coding presupposes the insertion of information in such a way that it will result in a higher payment. When over-coding occurs, data are overrated. Over-coding is a kind of fraud aimed at receiving a better profit without doing the corresponding amount of work. Over-coding may be conducted in two possible ways — upcoding or unbundling. When the provider misrepresents the level and amount of work for the particular service or procedure, the upcoding occurs. Unbundling is the method of reimbursement that presupposes the provision of bills for all services separately. It is easier to increase the payment by asking to pay for two unilateral procedures instead of one bilateral (Hicks par. 9). Although under-coding is not a fraud, it is also negative for the organization. Under-coding is the wrong presentation of data that does not demonstrate all scope of already done work. If the amount of work is diminished, the revenue will be less too. Consequently, the under-coding leads to the loss of profit. However, some health care providers practice intentional under-coding to avoid inspections of insurance companies. Such an approach is not right as well. DRG is an abbreviation for diagnostic-related grouping. DRG is a system used to categorize the type of illness and overall cost of hospitalization for health insurance companies. Under DRG, health insurance companies pay a set amount of money for the treatment of a particular disease. In case the hospital manages to treat patients using not all payment, the profit is made. However, a hospital may need to pay more for treatment in particular instances. As a result, a loss of revenues occurs. Such a system is rather controversial. On the one side, it should encourage hospitals to avoid over-treating of patients. On the other, health care providers may try to discharge people even they are not healthy enough to make a profit (Davis par. 12). Discussion of items Impact of over-coding and under-coding As has been already mentioned, over-coding is a fraud that aims to increase revenues. The over-coding influences the length of patients’ stay significantly. Fred Schulte and David Donald have investigated the problem of the intentional insertion of incorrect data to make more profits. The researchers have found out that the hospitals’ fees for patient treatments increased drastically after the implementation of the medical coding systems. The increase in required financial support for treatment is especially vivid among older patients. Schulte and Donald state, “Doctors steadily billed Medicare for longer and more complex office visits between 2001 and the end of the decade even though there’s little hard evidence they spent more time with patients or that their patients were sicker and required more complicated — and time-consuming — care” (par. 8). This fact demonstrates that over-coding may result in a limited length of stay that will negatively inf
Today there are many specialized agencies for monitoring and supporting medical facilities in the American health care system. Their principal responsibility is to enhance the quality of medical services, distinguish and prevent multiple risks, and establish precise standards for each industry niche. One of these agencies is Quality and Safety Education for Nurses (QSEN). The organization is aimed at supporting nursing staff and carefully qualifying them to operate with patients. The organization uses the KSA model for medical faculty preparation. It tests and improves the quality of knowledge, skills, and abilities of nurses. Based on the research of the organization, specific guidelines are created for particular cases, for example, psychological support for cancer patients, preparation of operating rooms medical equipment, and so on. The cornerstone of the QSEN and its determined course involves an extensive national survey of heads of medical education programs and leading industry authorities. The survey was aimed at determining the level of competence of the curriculums, the work satisfaction and professional preparation of students, and the overall capability of educators. The agency works closely with leading nurses and collectively develops the necessary training programs and supplementary guidance for postgraduate education. In addition, the organization is supported by 15 top training institutions actively incorporated in the inclusive development of high-quality and safety skills. Nursing Quality and Safety Education is an establishment of great significance and impact throughout the whole healthcare industry. The agency provides an opportunity for high-quality preparation, professional growth, and high standards for estimating the state of work. All educational organizations for the training of medical personnel should familiarize themselves with the quality development activities of Nursing Quality and Safety Education. Reference Quality and Safety Education for Nurses. (n.d.).
For the chemical and metallurgical industry, a thorough study of the properties of the materials used and the application of reference data for analysis and possible prediction of the results of a practical application is essential. Thus, in fact, information about the material, its chemical composition and physical and chemical properties is crucial for making decisions about its usefulness in specific practical tasks. Generally speaking, the possibility of application of structural material in engineering sciences is determined by its characteristics. This approach is conditioned both by the necessity of conformity between material parameters and industrial application and minimization of damage combined with the creation of higher quality products. The research question of this work has been reduced to the analysis of two inactive metals — silver and copper — in terms of their physical and chemical parameters to assess their potential use in industry. Characteristics of interest, and therefore to be measured in this work, include temperature, thermodynamic and physical parameters. In particular, for copper and silver, melting and boiling temperatures have been described along with the density of materials and their specific heat capacity. Electrical resistance, in combination with the coefficient of thermal stability, has also been given. In addition, given that both metals are a classic conductor of electric current, increased interest had a regression analysis of electrical resistance as a function of temperature: if both materials linearly increase the resistance, it is important to determine a more suitable material for production tasks at a given temperature. At the same time, the study of specific absorbed energy is a task for the design of reduced mass elements. It is known that this characteristic is defined as the amount of energy — whether thermal or electrical — absorbed per unit mass of the substance. Thus, at different values of the parameter, the material that absorbs more energy in electrochemical and engineering industries will have a priority advantage. For this reason, the evaluation of this parameter is an intriguing part of the study, which allows determining the effectiveness of copper and silver as structural materials. The relevance of this topic was dictated by the need for qualitative and quantitative assessment of the two metals for the implementation of design tasks. Researches of a wide spectrum of digital scientific articles have led to the conclusion that though the comparison of silver and copper is not an innovative idea of the given work, the majority of works are focused on a narrow set direction, ignoring the general information (Hlina et al., 2017; Barahona et al., 2016). For this reason, this thesis will be the suitable material for generalizing the available information and demonstrating the logic of calculation and interpretation of some of the most important values. Deter
Aims, Objectives and Deliverables The aircraft parts are designed in such a manner that they carry much heavier loads than their material potency. They are likely to develop some flaws in course of time because of the cyclic stress experienced during landing, flying taxiing and pressurizing the cabin. The aim of this paper is to analyze different Non-Destructive Methods of detecting these flaws within the aircraft structures. Moreover, it intends to evaluate different NDT methods on the basis of their applications, advantages and disadvantages, in aircraft manufacturing and in-service maintenance. The NDT inspections will always hold a special place in the aeronautics as there will always be a need to carry out inspections in the manufacturing of new aircrafts and maintenance of the aging ones to ensure their operational and in –service value. The NDT aims at detecting the flaws while they are within tolerable limits so that appropriate measures can be taken in time. This paper focuses on the role of NDT in reducing the cost of flying airplanes and their maintenance along with ensuring enhanced safety in flying. Abstract The vulnerability of the almost all equipment, particularly the mobile equipment, to damages generates the requirement of some methods contributing to their safety and proper functioning. The components of aircrafts suffer from high cyclic stress level causing cyclic fatigue or failure. So, a periodic in-service inspection of the vital components is obligatory. Non-Destructive Testing, generally known as NDT, is applied to test various materials and components used in the manufacturing of an aircraft as it provides accurate inspection without dismantling the aircraft in pieces. This paper focuses on the various NDT methods like: Eddy Current Method; Magnetic Particle Testing; X-Ray Methods; Ultrasonic Inspection Systems; Gamma Radiography; Dye Penetrate Inspections; and advances in Thermographic Methods. The different NDT methods are discussed along with their principles, applications, advantages and disadvantages. The NDT methods for Composite materials and Shearography also hold a special position in providing safety measures in aerospace. There are certain standards set for the personnel working in this field. The requirement of personnel training, qualification and certification in carrying out NDT is made comprehensible. Besides adequate qualification and training, there is always a need for the suitable software programs which assist in the efficient execution of the testing methods. The different NDT software programs and their utility relative to their specific testing methods are acknowledged in this paper. Computed Rad
Introduction Culture is a way of saying or doing things. The transformation of goals, strategy, structure, management, resources, product, services, and procedures is called change. Organizational change is the transformation of various business segments to fit a business strategy (Armstrong-Stassen 1998). Organizational change can be partial, or complete. Organizational culture is a patterned way of feeling, thinking and reacting to business transactions. Two factors affect the level of transformation in an organization. The factors include culture and politics. Thus, organizational culture can be manipulated and managed (Olson & Tetrick 1988). Organizational culture influences the growth and stability of the firm. We will apply relevant theories to analyze the culture change in Barclays Bank. Organizational culture Organizational culture comprises the following;  1. Norms.  2. Beliefs:  3. Values. The change in organizational culture is influenced by three factors namely,  1. Management.  2. Organizational change.  3. Expansion. Factors affecting organizational change Organizational culture can be resisted by the employees. Thus, the management must determine a suitable method of change (Nord & Jermier 1994). The factors, which affect organizational culture include;  1. The feelings, attitude and perception of the employees.  2. The inclusion of the employees in the decision to change.  3. Management. Feelings attitude and perception of the employees Employee’s perception of the change process can affect the organizational culture (Nadler 1987). Cohesion between management and the employees influences organizational culture. Employees are scared of losing their jobs and will resist any change in organizational culture. The inclusion of employees in the decision to change The communication gap between the management and the employees threatens the need for change. The transformation in organizational culture must be communicated to the employees (Nelson, Cooper & Jackson 1995). An employee who receives the information from a colleague may resist the change. Change management The management must implement a perfect plan. The framework for the process must be flexible and plain (Goodman & Truss 2004). When the plan is open and plain, employees will not doubt the reason for the change. Culture theory and model The change in organizational culture can be categorized in three stages  1. Traditional culture: The pattern of the organization is influenced by administrative regime. Traditional culture is characterized by beliefs and values.  2. Competitive culture: Organizational culture is motivated by different business trends (Goltz & Hietapelto 2002, p, 20). Competitive culture may not work for two organizations. The reason for the change must complement the organizational strategy.  3. Transformational culture: Transformational culture is influenced by organizational structure. Kotter’s theory of change Kotter proposed 8 steps for organizational change  1. Urgency.  2. Coalition.  3.
Introduction Emotional intelligence is defined as the processes that are involved in the recognition, the use, and management of ones own emotional state and also the emotional state of others to solve emotion-laden problems and to regulate behavior (Salovey and Mayer, 1997). Emotional intelligence (EI) is one of the various categories of cognitive abilities; others are social, practical and personal intelligences. Emotional intelligence is distinguished from general intelligence because the later relies on hot cognitive-emotional process which is critical to individual development and the surrounding environment whereas the former operates on cold cognitive processes. Emotional intelligence describes the ability of an individual to regulate his impulse, to sympathize with others and also the ability to be tough and flexible in times of hardships. Emotional intelligence is considered a product of the quantity of communication that takes place between the rational and the emotional centers of the brain (Mackin, 2006). Emotional intelligence is linked to the following different types of skills: Self awareness : this is the ability of an individual to understand his moods and feelings; this enables an individual to keep sight on his thoughts and emotions which is instrumental in their understanding of why they feel or behave in a particular manner. Managing emotions : this helps individuals to exhibit their emotions in an acceptable and appropriate manner; it enables individuals to regulate their anger, fear and sadness. Motivation : motivation enables people to utilize their emotions in trying to realize their goals; it enables an individual to control their impulses and also to delay the gratification of achieving their goals. Empathy : empathy concerns how other individual feel. Social skills : this involves dealing with other individuals in social interactions, it concerns engaging in a conversation and analyzing other peoples emotions (Mackin, 2006). Relations
Introduction and Brief Background of the Topic Network security is a broad term. It encompasses a wide range of protective measures that include incorporating protection, detection, and reaction capabilities which are aimed at protecting and defending information and information systems by ensuring their availability, integrity, authentication, confidentiality, and non-repudiation (CNSS Instruction No. 4009, 2010). The concept of network security has become crucial as computer networks were introduced into private and corporate use. The main concerns of security are maintaining the functionality of the network environment, securing privacy and providing the integrity of confidential information. The threat to the points mentioned can emerge due to network malfunction or a deliberate disruptive effort. The latter is the most common cause and primary concern of security specialists. They differ widely but are most often grouped into two distinct categories – active and passive. Active is defined as a direct attempt to obtain or disrupt information by altering it and include such methods as distributed denial of service, phishing and DNS spoofing. Passive attacks are activities that capture the data without altering it, like port scanning. As network technologies evolve, so do security systems, to provide up-to-date measures of protection. These include both hardware and software solutions which need to be timely maintained and updated to keep up with both changing environments and improvements made by the attackers. Recently, several major reasons have contributed to reorganizing the basic principles of network security. Firstly, mobile devices capable of network connection gradually rise in popularity among the general public, which requires making security measures easily accessible and maintained by a consumer with no IT training. Mobile devices, such as smartphones and tablet PCs, comprise the majority of such devices, providing for another serious issue. Mobile devices network connectivity is entirely wireless, with open public networks becoming more popular each year. Wireless networks differ significantly from traditional wired hierarchical ones. Finally, the cloud-based services have since their introduction been embraced by both corporate and private sector and has become a fairly widespread phenomenon. All of the networks mentioned above differ from traditional ones, moving away from declining client-server structure and shifting towards more up-to-date machine-to-machine data traffic. Such changes open new possibilities for both system malfunction and del
Wendell Berry, an American author and farmer, was a devoted countryman as well as a person of place. Being the first son in a huge family, Berry realized that the attention and respect to the land you live in is important. He realized that love to land and native home is integral for many people, and he truly believed that his devotion to his roots could make him more humane. Wendell was greatly inspired by the land where he lived in and decided to stick to the old farming methods of using horses to plough instead of modern tractors. At age thirty, he acquired a farm in his indigenous Henry County where he became a full time farmer and improved his teaching and writing (Kramer, A Farmer’s Gift , para. 1). In his works, Berry makes a wonderful attempt to compare a soldier’s attitude before and after war, analyze what aspects of war are able to change a soldier’s mind and principles, and explain why war has to be accepted as the merciless disperser only that negatively influence the current state of affairs. According to Wendell Berry, war plays a crucial role in the life of everybody involved. If a soldier leaves home for war, he has to consider whether or not he will survive, and how he will be welcomed upon his return. War has a significant characteristic to influence everything around and inside a person: his mind, his home, his relationships, and his existence. Berry has written approximately twenty-five poetry books, sixteen essays, and eleven novels along with a collection of short narratives. Berry devoted about fifty-five years of his life to the improvement of his publishing career, and as a result, he has become quite admired in the American publishing sphere. One of Berry’s more popular literary works is a short story called “Making It Home”, which is from a book called “Fidelity: Five Stories”. This particular story expresses many of the War related problems a soldier is faced with upon returning home. The essay that follows will clearly attempt to demonstrate how war and home are two things that cannot be separated from a soldier’s mind. Berry clearly explains himself by stating, “War is the great scatterer, the merciless disperser” (Peters, Wendell Berry: Life and Work, 17). From this, we can conclude that war has the drastic effect of devastating the homes that were left behind by the soldiers just as much as it has agonizing and devastating effects in the battlefield. Berry introduces the main causality of war as the death of a country because truth usually perishes during the process of diplomacy; however, the country remains to suffer the devastating consequences of the war long after it has ended. The aftermath of war on both the opposing and the attacking side is usually what brings out this relationship between war and home for the soldier. Did we win? If we lost, how it is possible to return home? How do we as a nation