ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Arthritis is an inflammation of joints that results in pain in the affected joints and eventually, the pain spreads to the rest of the body parts. This condition is chronic and affects the elderly in society. However, even young people can suffer from this condition. There are different classifications of arthritis that depend on the part of the body of the joint, which they have affected. Arthritis makes the joint muscles stiff causing damage that leads to unnecessary fatigue that eventually translates into acute pain. Definition Arthritis is the most common cause of disability among many disabled people in Australia. This is because it causes the inability to move for the people suffering from the condition. The inability to move leads to further complications such as blood pressure, obesity, and eventually a heart attack. Arthritis is also a major cause of depression among the elderly. The condition comes in different forms namely, rheumatoid arthritis, gout arthritis, and osteoarthritis (VanItallie, 2010). Osteoarthritis is the most common form of arthritis. It starts with minor pain when walking. The pain gradually develops into continuous pain that occurs even when one is not walking. Osteoarthritis affects the weight-bearing joints such as the spinal cord and pelvic joint. This condition is chronic in that there is no absolute cure and only measures to prevent the condition from worsening can be put in place. It is a risk factor for obesity, heart attack, and blood pressure conditions (Crosbie, 2007). Rheumatoid arthritis is among the most common forms of arthritis. Unlike osteoarthritis, it is not only prevalent in the elderly but in all age groups especially those aged twenty years and above. This condition involves the body’s immune system responding against the body tissues and attacking them eventually causing damage. Among the body parts affected by rheumatoid arthritis are the cartilages and bones. It affects joints in the fingers, knees, and elbows. The condition too has no absolute cure, although when detected earlier and the patient administered with the right preventive medication, one can lead a normal and healthy life. In children, other symptoms of this condition may include body rashes and weakness, which results in inability to walk or handle objects with their hands (Felson, 2007). Gout arthritis is another condition that develops when uric acid is deposited around the joints. In the early stages, it occurs only in one joint but if it is not controlled early, it may occur in all joints. It may lead to multiple inflammations making the affected person crippled (Ali, 2009). Common experiences of those living with arthritis Arthritis manifests in a number of ways. The first one is general tiredness where the victims indicate that they are suffering from malaise and general body weakness that hinders their normal movement from one place to another (Becker, 2005). The other symptom that affects people suffering from arthritis is the inability to use their hands or walk. The
Under the conditions of the modern constantly changing and developing world of business relations, companies have to be aware of the latest trends in production, processing, promotion, etc. of their goods in the markets so that not be left behind by their competitors. The issues of logistics and production management are especially important in this respect as they allow reduce the costs of production and increase income at the same time (Blanchard, 2003). Therefore, innovations in production logistics, lean production, and rapid prototyping technologies are vital for companies’ development. All the above-considered issues were faced by the Valley Manufacturing Company (VMC), whose CEO Frank Richard sees the urgent need to reform the company’s approaches to production, planning, logistics, and outsourcing. The essence of the situation with VMC lies in the fact that production processes are uncontrolled, production sites are located not in order but in every possible space in the company’s plant. Drawing from this, VMC is behind its competitors in logistics and outsourcing initiatives because too much time and effort is spent on the regulation of the inside issues within the company and its plant. Finally, VMC’s partners turn it into their outsourcing location so that control over production becomes verbally impossible. Understanding this, Frank Richard sees lean production and reform of logistics policies as the only way out for VMC. Accordingly, the first area of VMC’s performance that needs improvement is a production planning and operations management. The determinant of every successful process is its clear focus and proper organization (Blanchard, 2003). Therefore, to structure one’s work, it is necessary to plan its work to trace future developments and make necessary timely improvements (DHL, 2009). Operations management is also significant as it allows the company to structure its work with the produced goods, their promotion, distribution, etc. Thus, not only inside but also outside interests of the company are considered in case if operations management is at the proper level of development (DHL, 2009). One of the theories of operations management is the Theory of Constraints that presupposes that for success the companies should not focus on their internal developmental processes exclusively but can reach out for experience, help, or assistance to other companies, whether they are partners of competitors (Goldratt, 1990). Based on this theory, a company can learn the experience of others so that to avoid their mistakes or take up the successful activities carried out by other companies before (Goldratt, 1990). Although originality is valued by the customers mos
Introduction The Harlem Renaissance, a period spanning roughly the decades of the 1920s and 1930s, is frequently referred to as a literary movement, but the movement also encompassed a great explosion of African-American expression in many venues that celebrated the unique heritage, art forms, sights and sounds that were the African-American experience. One of the literary artists that gained the most recognition during this period was Langston Hughes. Hughes came into his professional years just as the Harlem Renaissance was becoming recognized on a more national scale and had the courage to both take inspiration from and yet disagree with his mentors such as W.E.B. DuBois by writing about the positive and negative aspects of black life. One of these experiences is included in his essay “Salvation,” in which he talks about an experience he had as a 13 year old boy in the kind of church revivals that were at the center of African American social life. Main Body There are several clues within the essay that it was written from the reminiscent perspective of an older man rather than the more immediate perspective of the boy he was including his choice of words, his more developed understanding of human nature shown through his sarcasm and his greater understanding of his own reactions. Hughes includes several clues throughout his essay that he is writing a memory by the words that he uses. He starts his essay by stating that “I was saved from sin when I was going on thirteen … It happened like this.” This is clearly a sign that what is about to be discussed is a memory and not something that has just happened. He talks about how he was ‘escorted’ to the front row and how the preacher preached a “wonderful rhythmic sermon,” words and phrases that do not seem completely comfortable within the mouth of a young teenager unsure of what is going on or hurriedly attempting to capture his confused feelings on paper. As the church celebrates his ‘salvation’, Hughes describes the “hushed silence, punctuated by a few ecstatic ‘amens’.” Here again is the voice of an older man with a greater vocabulary and the leisure to carefully chose the words he wants to use instead of the confused 13-year-old still stinging from his experience. Hughes also demonstrates that he has a much higher understanding of human nature in his descriptions of the people of the church and his slight addition of sarcasm withi
Balance of payments (BoP) is an account of acquisitions and sales on the foreign market done by a country. Certain economists tend to exaggerate the meaning of this concept as a predictor of adverse economic issues in countries (Stein, 2008). Due to the existence of misunderstandings in this sphere, this paper will discuss the importance of the balance of payments and its components. The Importance of the Balance of Payments as an Accounting Measure The balance of payments does not appear to be an effective accounting measure. If accounting is understood more broadly than simply a display of processed financial information about an entity within the economy, then the balance of payments cannot be viewed as a meaningful item. The reason for this is that BoP only shows that national currency was placed outside the country in exchange for goods, services, or other valuables and other nation’s currency in some form entered the border (Stein, 2008). It does not tell anything about the reasons why it occurred or is it a positive or a negative change. BoP only registers transactions and is not suggestive of the processes that run within the country or in the world. In comparison to a more complex accounting measure such as the loss/profit statement that demonstrates the financial health of the company, BoP does not contain any such implications. For instance, if an American businessman buys a factory in France for 100 million dollars, the country seems to lose that sum of money in BoP, but in a few years that factory could bring the U.S. an equal sum of dollars in taxes, eliminating the deficit. Therefore, this measure cannot be used to draw any conclusions about the economic health of a country. The Current Account and Its Components Current account is an integral part of the balance of payments that represents imports and exports of goods and services, foreign investor fees, fees received for investments abroad, and one-way payments such as foreign aid (Freeman, Shoulders, Allison, & Smith, 2014). The deficit in current account means th
Introduction Human resource management can be defined as a branch of management which deals with issues that pertain to personnel. The branch of management is normally tasked with the responsibility of resourcing employees on behalf of an organization, developing the employees and finally maintaining the achieved efficiency of the employees. Specifically, human resource management looks into an organization’s issues such as establishing and planning the goals of the department of human resource management, making arrangement for the works and activities to be carried out in the department as well as the organization, filling in of an organization’s vacancies, reviewing and controlling the efficiencies and effectiveness of workers and regulating work-related activities. It is actually an extensive department in an organization since the human resource is equivalently employed in almost if not all departments of each and every organization. This paper seeks to discuss various aspects of human resource management with specific interest in the management of employees. The paper will look into these issues with respect to the final desired output of the employees. People-Related Problems Likely to arise due to Changes in an Organization The changes that could be experienced in an organization are of varied degrees and types. An organization can for instance resort to changing its internal structures. Joining another organization through mergers, amalgamation, or even acquisition are other ways through which an organization can change its structure. The changes could be radical or incremental. Radical changes involve an absolute transition in the system in which almost if not all aspects of organizations are subject to change. Incremental changes, on the other hand, are transitional changes which are initiated in steps and bits and occasionally take a longer time to be implemented entirely. The changes initiated in an organization will eventually have effects on its employees in relation to the extent of the change initiated in the organization as well as the time that will be required to effect and finally complete the implementation of the change. The changes in the organization, which could either be radical or incremental, are also diverse. Change in an organization can be in the form of redesigning the organization’s structures, functions and activities. This could be internal to change the roles of the employees or external when it includes moves like mergers with other organizations or the subject organization changing ownership to another entity (Jackson et al., 2009 ). When changes take place in the forms of organizations merging, some old problems from the former organizations are brought up in the newly formed organization
To begin with, we must appreciate the fact that science and religion have been perceived to be conflicting concepts since time immemorial. While religion and science cannot be disentangled from the reality of God and creation, there is a sharp contrast between scientific discoveries and most of the biblical doctrines. Although Francis Collins is assertive that religion and science can co-exist and that there is no conflict between the two entities, it is factual that the two concepts conflict each other severally. Throughout the interview, the author reiterates that he is a strong Christian believer and that he cannot abandon his faith in God just because of being a specialist in DNA. He argues that he has passion for science. Nevertheless, true Christians believe that the Bible represents the spoken word of God and that every answer about life’s challenges is found in the Bible. From this perspective, Christian believers have been left in a state of dilemma for centuries especially when they have to correlate scientific ideas and religious doctrines. From the first question in the interview, Collins outlines that the concept of evolution did not jut spring from space (Beliefnet 4). It was God’s plan for evolution to take place. Even if God planned for evolution, he must have outlined it in the Bible. Evolution should be treated or perceived as a unique scientific aspect that goes against the ideals of creation. In fact, the scientific theory which asserts that all living species have a common ancestor should be further i
A Justification for a New BSN Program The increasing demand for new skills to address complexities in contemporary healthcare has turned attention to the educational preparation of nurses. Advanced training would build competencies in clinical leadership, policy development, and evidence-based care (Institute of Medicine [IOM], 2011). Through a new BSN program, nurses will learn health technology and informatics, such as electronic health records (EHRs), to support critical clinical decisions, improve patient safety, and function efficiently in an increasingly complex healthcare environment. Need for Program Diverse factors drive the demand for a new baccalaureate degree in nursing (BSN) program. Hiring policies enacted by healthcare organizations that favor graduate-level education are an essential institutional driver influencing registered nurses (RNs) with ADN qualifications to pursue BSN. Military clinics, Veteran’s Administration (VA), and accredited magnet hospitals all require staff nurses and administrators to possess a BSN (American Association of Colleges of Nursing [AACN], 2014). Thus, targeted institutional measures will lead to more RNs seeking BSN qualifications. A national health policy to address the nursing shortage is a critical political factor affecting nursing education. Systematic steps, including the removal of ADN-to-BSN transition obstacles, have been taken to shift the composition of nurses towards more graduate nurses. AACN (2014) notes that BSN-prepared nurses offer safer and quality care and exhibit clinical competency, effective collaboration, leadership, and evidence-based practice. Nurses with a BSN can take on faculty, clinical, and leadership roles. Students without an ADN or RN license can attain these credentials by pursuing a diploma in nursing as a pathway to BSN. However, compared to baccalaureate nurses, ADN-graduates have lower earning potential and career prospects. External Forces The IOM (2011) report, The Future of Nursing: Leading Change, Advancing Health, highlights the changes in nursing education that are required to transform the practice for effective navigation through practice complexities in contemporary clinical settings. A key recommended reform is increasing BSN-prepared nurses to 80% of the nursing workforce by 2020 (IOM, 2011). The goal is to produce RNs with an expanded scope of practice to function as clinicians, researchers, and administrators and ensure safe, comprehensive, patient-centered care. The AACN (2014) requires hospitals seeking Magnet accreditation to demonstrate systematic steps taken to reach IOM’s BSN target. In response, organizations such as the VA have implemented policies requiring nurses to obtain graduate-level qualificati
Islam and European civilization Across the Indian Ocean The rise of Islam in the seventeenth century had various important effects on the Indian Ocean. In various ways, these important effects led to the development of the regions on the Indian Ocean shores. This development has been researched and most of the research dwells on the activities of the Islamic rise between the seventh century and the 15 th century. One of the most enviable effects is the establishment of an Islamic community across the Indian Ocean coasts. Two, trade routes and trade ties were established across the sea. Thirdly, settlements along coasts developed and an Islamic culture was manifested. Islam began as a small faith in the seventh century in Arabia but over the centuries expanded into a great religion across Asia, Europe and Africa. The impact of Islam on the history of the Indian Ocean is a diverse context. Islam is credited with the establishment of the merchant states of East Africa. Such states include Zanzibar, Pemba and Pate. East Africa has a large share of the Indian Ocean shores. These shores were great trade outlets and they facilitated the spread of Arabic culture and Islamic faith (Pearsons). The European incursion and civilization is credited with the weakening of major Islamic kingdoms in Europe. The collapse of Islamic kingdoms In Europe happened mainly in the 17 th century when major kingdoms like the Muhals, and the Nadir Shah states faced revolt and collapsed and subsequently conquered by the British. The next two centuries saw Europeans take direct and indirect control of the Muslim states. However, the Indian Ocean basin continued to experience both Islamic and European social-economic infiltration. Comparison between Islam and European effects on the history of Indian Ocean Core effects of Islam on the Indian Ocean history are diverse. Islam stimulated trade across the Indian Ocean Diaspora. In comparison to the Europeans, the Muslims expanded market and urbanization. The emergence of states like the Zanzibar, towns and cities like Lamu, Mombasa and Dar-Le-Salam, which were core trade points and urbanization centers are indicative of this. Unfortunately, the Europeans sought autonomy and settlement across the Indian Ocean nations. In fact, most of the Indian Ocean nations became colonized by Europeans especially the British, Portuguese and the French. British colonized Kenya and India both which were strategic trade points. Security and establishment of free Islamic heartlands is a diverse impact. Looking at the European approach, conquering and dominating the Indian Ocean were their core objective. Colonizing states and forcing out other traders in the trade routes was a principal objective. Unfortunately, their ambition was not long-term. Most of the colonies up rose against their colonizers and became independent. Islamic heartlands remain Muslim nations and continue with trade and conforming to Muslim religion and culture. Somalia, Arabian nations, East African States and Island on the Indian Oce
Application of research, scholarly evidence, and technology to inform the delivery of care I had a strong feeling that using scholarly evidence to support the decisions for care delivery is the right approach. Scholarly evidence can point at effective interventions in care delivery, which could be left unnoticed otherwise. For example, research by Ashcroft et al. (2018) provided empirical confirmation of caregiver-directed psychosocial interventions (CDPI) effectiveness for schizophrenia treatment. In particular, CDPI lowered relative risks of hospitalization and relapse and improved medication compliance (Ashcroft et al., 2018). Therefore, nurses should periodically study contemporary scholarly works in their field of practice. A knowledge that care delivery should be informed on the best available research is common. My preceptor and I tried our best to apply research evidence to inform the delivery of care. For instance, we utilized the translational research approach that fosters the multidirectional integration of basic research, patient-oriented research, and population-based research (Curtis et al., 2017). Overall, applying research in a clinical setting seems to be an important pathway for improving patient outcomes. My preceptor and I used healthcare information technology (HIT) to inform the delivery of care. In particular, we stored patient data in the electronic health records (EHR) system and used it to make important notes regarding the patients. Technology allowed us to quickly assess all necessary information, such as which medications were prescribed, what interventions were made, and how patients reacted to them. Our further steps in treatment were based on the data stored with the assistance of technology. I can confidently state that technology was immensely helpful in informing the delivery of care. Application of concepts of quality and safety using outcome measures to identify clinical questions In my opinion, data support in healthcare becomes increasingly available due to the development of HIT. For example, clinical decision support systems (CDSS) assist clinicians with preventive and monitoring tasks, prescribing drugs, and diagnosis. Consequently, data support made possible improvements in treatment safety and identification of clinical questions. My preceptor regularly used functionalities of the EHR to mon