ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
General The report under analysis was conducted by the Petrochemicals Market Intelligence (2021) and addressed the opportunities of encouraging the development of the petrochemical industry in Egypt. The general coverage of the issue appears to be quite decent, with a range of areas such as the solvent industry being addressed. The diversity of sub-specialties is also rather broad, with key aspects related to the petrochemical industry being covered. The design of the report, namely, the decision to structure it as a string of articles addressing different aspects of the industry, allows covering a broad range of concerns, which contributes to the value of the report. In turn, the language used in the paper is clear and concise, which allows for quick reading comprehension and makes it easy for different types of audiences to approach the presented information. However, the report also features professional terminology, which might complicate the text perception for some readers. The graphics and charts have also been developed in the way that helps to convey critical information fast and draws the viewers’ attention to vital information. For example, the use of color-coding in the charts helps to discern between different types of information. Finally, the report offers a perfect flow of ideas, making information easy to perceive. The key ideas, such as the solvent industry background and the following description of the market are arranged naturally and organically. Strategic From a strategic perspective, the paper meets its goals effectively, communicating the crucial data about the petrochemical industry in Egypt. Namely, the main message of the report is successfully communicated in the third paragraph, which specifies that Egypt has a plethora of resources for expanding its petrochemical industry and entering the global market (Petrochemicals Market Intelligence, 2021). Furthermore, the information represented in the report aligns with the main strategic objective. Specifically, the authors of the report make it abundantly evident that they strive to help Egypt enter the global market. In turn, the accurate descriptions of the state of the petrochemical business in Egypt set expectations and provide a roadmap of Egypt’s future development. Specifically, the authors should be credited for addressing the challenges related to the coronavirus
Introduction There are more than 30 blood grouping system in use in the world to day; the most popular and of great use to medical applications and related researches is ABO grouping system. This blood grouping was discovered by an Australian by the name Karl Landsteiner in early 20 th century. Works of Landsteiner that led to this noble prize winning development were observations that Red Blood Cells of some individuals were agglutinated by serums of some other individuals. This agglutination whose literal meaning is clumping together of blood cells; He associated with antigens on the Red Blood Cells and Antibodies in the serum (Yamamoto, 1995, p.5). Antigens are distinct macromolecules on the Red Blood Cells surface that trigger formation of antibodies; an immunogenic response to presence of foreign matter in blood compartment. Main body Antigens In broader sense are in themselves foreign to the body cells, but are introduced for the purpose of antibody formation to protect the body from future invasion by disease causing organisms ; a classical example being vaccination with attenuated life vaccine. Landsteiner’s works involved separation of these antigens and classifying them as either B or A, depending on the kind of antibody response they elicited. This reaction formed the bases of ABO blood grouping system (Hisao et al, 2000, p. 4). There are four antigens to the ABO blood group that is A, B, AB and A1; there is a sequence of oligosaccharides (a form of stored body sugars) that determines whether the antigen is A, B, or A1. The antigens attach themselves on oligosaccharides protruding above the red blood cells surface (Olsson and Chester, 1996, p.30). At a molecular level the ABO gene indirectly encodes the blood group antigen through ABO locus which present three allelic forms of A, B and O. A and B alleles separately encode an enzyme called glycosyltransferase that catalyses in finality synthesis of A and B antigen. “The A and B polymorphism is as result of several base changes on the DNA strand of the ABO gene resulting into A and B transferases distinct by four amino acids. O allele encodes an inactive glycosyltransferase that leaves the ABO antigen precursor unchanged” (Lung-Chih et al, 2000, p. 6). Blood group ABO antigens have antibodies produced against them; antibody A is present in people with blood groups O and B. Antibody B is found in people with blood group O and A. In an event of introduction of contra antigen in the serum through transfusion, respective antibodies bind to Red Blood Cells and activate the compliment cascade which breaks down red blood cells in circulation leading to intravascular hemolysis. This is the main cause of death
Introduction The literary works of American authors of the nineteenth century are focused on the description of morality as it is understood by them, and Washington Irving and Nathaniel Hawthorne are no exceptions to the rule. In their respective pieces, “The Legend of Sleepy Hollow” and “The Scarlet Letter,” Irving and Hawthorne reflect on the events from this perspective, and it leads to the similarity of values incorporated in their narratives. Therefore, despite the general differences in themes, these two examples can be viewed as stories, which are intended to communicate about the same spheres of human life. “The Legend of Sleepy Hollow” and “The Scarlet Letter” discuss human nature and contrast right and wrong, religion and science, and artificiality and naturalness as principal values conveyed by their authors. Human Nature The principal characteristic of the two stories is their orientation on describing events from the point of view of human nature, which controls all deeds of the characters. In other words, this aspect is considered something unchangeable and solid, which one can hardly affect. Thus, in “The Legend of Sleepy Hollow,” the main character, Ichabod Crane, is portrayed as a selfish and greedy man. This representation is contrasted by his alleged virtue confirmed by inhabitants of the village who believe he is intelligent since he was viewed as “inferior in learning only to the parson” (Irving, 1987, p. 13). Meanwhile, the true nature of Ichabod remains unrevealed to them, whereas the reader clearly sees his motivation in courting Katrina (Irving, 1987). This circumstance implies that this character’s conflict is in the seemingly good reputation and actual needs. In this way, the respectable looks are opposed by inherent vice, and the latter explicitly describes his values or, in this case, the lack of thereof. This specificity of the story is typical for Hawthorne, too, since his depiction of human nature is not much different from that of Irving. Hence, in “The Scarlet Letter,” this aspect is demonstrated by the contrast between people’s natural instincts, which are positive for their prosperous living, and their flaws. These two notions are interrelated in the novel since they are used to reflect on the propensity to sin and the need to fit in society. In this situation, the similarity of “The Scarlet Letter” with “The Legend of Sleepy Hollow” is in the presence of selfish desires in Roger Chillingworth, who does not take into account the feelings of Hester (Hawthorne, 1991). For him, revenge is the only option because he solely cares about himself in the way Ichabod thinks only about his personal benefits of marrying Katrina. From this perspective, the intention of Chillingworth to “dug
Introduction Background of the Study English is fast becoming an international language and the Middle East is embracing its usage in various activities. This means that it has gained popularity and learning institutions continue to diversify their curriculums by introducing this language in their programmes. Saudi Arabian students are embracing the need to pursue higher learning to ensure they diversify their employment opportunities beyond the boundaries of the Middle East region. It is necessary to explain that communication is an important factor in learning and teachers and students in this region look for ways to improve their expression skills (Schein 17). The need to communicate with the outside world motivates learning institutions in Saudi Arabia to introduce English language in their curriculums. This will equip learners with the relevant knowledge to share information with other students and people from other regions. The Middle East has widened its investment opportunities and businesses are being established at a high rate in this region. This means that learners will have to adapt to the inevitable changes of modernisation, globalisation and westernisation to ensure they utilise local opportunities created by investors. However, the study of foreign languages in Saudi Arabia has come under sharp focus and criticism because developers and implementers of their curriculums did not pay attention to the needs of students when proposing and preparing the criteria for teaching them. This has led to the development of a different perception regarding the appropriateness of some learning materials used in class to teach this English. Students should have a positive attitude towards the importance and suitability of learning materials used in class to ensure they do not have difficulties understanding various aspects taught by their instructors (Dooey 15). Secondary schools are considered to play significant roles in determining the future of individuals in this country. Most learners start specialising in various courses when they are in secondary schools and this means that the subjects offered and learning materials used must address their future needs to ensure they are aligned to promote healthy intellectual and career development in students. Speaking, writing, learning and reading are the main fundamental skills of English because they form its foundation that determines the success and progress of students. Students have developed different perceptions regarding the suitability of a study book used in class (Flying High for S.A Student Book) and they think that it has not addressed their needs. The appropriateness and success of this textbook in promoting the learning and usage of English language in Saudi Arabia will is determined by how students think about its
Today’s research on the matter of global health tendencies cannot be considered exhaustive if technological advancements are not successfully integrated into the examination process. Thus, the article presented by Dietrich et al. (2018) dwells on the specifics of using space technology in the field of global health. Although at the beginning it may be challenging to understand the interrelation between the two concepts, researchers present a clear research question by presenting the idea of four different domains of space technology that might be used in public health, including:   * Remote sensing, or collecting data from satellite or aircraft;   * Global navigation satellite system, which helps precisely identify the patterns of communicable disease vectors;   * Satellite connection as a major telemedicine contributor;   * Human space flight, which accounts for the ability to provide health care in space (Dietrich et al., 2018). In order to define the extent to which the aforementioned domains were relevant, researchers defined scoping review to be the most efficient way to collect data on the matter, as it helped make the inclusion criteria more expansive. Another goal of the authors was to identify the major stakeholders in the “space technology – global health” paradigm. Thus, Dietrich et. (2018) estimated that stakeholders included thematic journals, entities fostering data availability, national space institutes, and UN entities. The results of the research demonstrated that there indeed was a connection between the use of space technology and global health tendencies. Moreover, the implementation of the aforementioned technology would have a positive impact on public health policies. The major issue, however, concerned the fact that there was no exhaustive knowledge of the actual potential of such an endeavor. Thus, it may be concluded that despite the limitations of the study, such as its broadness and lack of empirical ground, the article provides recipients with quality data on commencing further investigations in the sphere. Reference Dietrich, D., Dekova, R., Davy, S., Fahrni, G., & Geissbühler, A. (2018). Applications of space technologies to global health: Scoping review . Journal of Medical Internet Research , 20 (6). Web.
Sport has always been an integral part of our life. Since ancient time people have been trying to improve their results and to do their best in order to amaze public and prove their power to the whole world. Things have not changed a lot since that time. Even nowadays, sportsmen try to do their best and excel their rivals and beat all records. It brings fame, wealth and recognition. However, it is only one side of the issue. People forget about the hellish toil which precedes all these achievements. Sportsmen have to work all night and all day in order to improve their results. In the process of trainings and competitions endurance plays the key role as it allows a sportsman to do more exercises and to prolong his/her training. That is why, it is quite obvious that for centuries sportsmen have been trying to improve this exponent. There were different methods to do it. Beginning with special exercises aimed at development of this quality and ending with special forbidden medicines or pills. However, in modern age people start realizing the importance of carbohydrates for development of endurance and positive influence of food, reach in this element. The issue of using carbohydrates for increase of the level of endurance among athletes is comparatively new. These elements were not given so much attention in the past as the great role in the trainings of a sportsman was given to protein, as it was considered to be the main source of power. However, “in order to maximize and optimize performance and recovery, athletes need to continually load and reload muscle glycogen stores. This process cannot happen with a low-carbohydrate/high-protein diet” (Kattouf para.6). New discovery led to the beginning of a new era. In this era carbohydrates were acknowledged and their great role for sportsmen and people in the whole were recognized. The issue is not so complicated as it may seem at the first gaze. The thing is that “carbohydrate is a key fuel source for exercise, especially during prolonged continuous or high-intensity exercise” (“Carbohydrate – The Facts” para. 2). Having understood it, the only thing to do is to determine products which have this element in their composition and create a diet for a sportsman for him/her to use it and increase the level of his endurance. This task seems quite easy on paper, however, it is still difficult to perform settlement and create really effective way of consuming carbohydrates for a person to obtain all the needed elements and be able to function and remain healthy. That is why, the degree of a bachelor is needed in order to perform this work. Moreover, it is quite clear that it is very responsible work as the health and results of a sportsman depend on the ability of a specialist to create a diet. That is why, to exclude possibility of a mistake, only well educated professionals with a degree of a
Defined as a universal syndrome of attitude and behaviour that entails the tendency to view the world from the perspective of one’s culture (Brown, 2003), ethnocentrism has profound impact on individuals, society and multinational corporations. This is because an entrenched belief in one’s cultural superiority over the others determines the forms of relationship an individual extends towards people of different cultures. However, research abides in the fact that everyone is ethnocentric and it is almost impossible to avoid being ethnocentric. After watching Dream keepers: A Spirit Journey into Aboriginal Australia by Harvey Arden, what rings into the mind is the effect of ethnocentrism on an individual and society. Total neglect and marginalization encompass the daily lives of the aborigines because of the ethnocentric belief that their culture are not only inferior, but they are not fit enough to join the Australian mainstream society. The effect of ethnocentrism on an individual is precipitated by false assumptions about cultural differences. It reinforces wrong assumptions and premature judgements on people of different cultures and therefore gives a vague feeling of superiority. Through such a wrong evaluation, an individual misses important aspects of life because ethnocentrism tends to evaluate others by what we are best at. According to Sanders (2002), “membership in an ethnic group is typically evaluated in terms of one or more observable characteristics (such as language, accent, physical features, or religion) that are regarded as indicating common descent.” Furthermore, it affects interpersonal relationship an individual develops with a person of a different culture. At the society levels, ethnocentrism deters the interaction among people of different cultures, ethnic groups, gender and age. Chirot and Seligman (2001) indicate that ethnocentrism has impacted largely on ethnic conflicts, wars and patterns of voting. It is pointed out as a major impediment to societal cohesion and peaceful co-existence among people of different cultures. According to Rogers and Laitin (1998), “ethnocentrism can be in-group favouritism or out-group hostility.” This is a pointer to the fact that societal problems such as ethnic cleansing, colonialism and racism are products of ethnocentrism of out-group hostility. Multiple forms of discrimination against members of different societies have denied people their human rights and fundamental freedoms. Furthermore, governmental neglect and group marginalization are directly linked to ethnocentrism. I
Value management and value engineering report For SBEinnovations Ltd to maximize on the value of its potential investment opportunity, it should apply value management (VM) at the introductory phase of the project. Value engineering (VE) will not bring about the desired results if the value management objectives have not been defined. Value engineering in this instance would be based on guess work, and may not serve its purpose. Introducing VM at such an early stage ensures that the project proceeds in accordance with the available £9M budget, as well as meeting the needs of all stakeholders. VM requires that all the requirements of the potential stakeholders of a project be emphasized first before any major decision is made (Venkataraman and Pinto 2008, 159). An early start to the VM program will bring together all parties that will be involved in the project. This enables the client to take advantage of networking with all professionals in the construction industry, which enhances collaboration. Early collaboration reveals alternative avenues of working, which may result in reduced project time and management costs. Another benefit is that VM prevents, or minimizes, conflicts that may arise in later stages of the project, before they become problems. The cumulative effect of recognizing and implementing several modifications at an early stage will make a major contribution in terms of savings and future benefits. VM also looks at how design can be improved so as to increase value, in case of a construction project. Discounts may be taken advantage of where supplies are bought in bulk in pre-determined amounts. Therefore, VM has a positive effect on cost savings, reduces waste and overall project time. VM also allows for a smoother handover among contractors during different stages of the project, which results in minor defects or time wastage. The VM study should first establish overall project objectives. The local authority partner is clear on its targets, whereby it wants to improve on the quality of life for its citizens. This can be achieved if social amenities and infrastructure are focused on in the original plan. The private developer wants to maximize on the returns from their investment. A key area to consider is the location of the project, which should be in an area close enough to a local community, but should also allow for future commercial developments so as realize potential future business opportunities. Prime land is also guaranteed to appreciate in value, so this should also be considered in the study. Another factor to consider is scheme of the project, that is, whether it is a build, operate or own scheme. The concept of the project, as well as the design, should be formulated in early development stages. The VM team must review revenue sources for the project, potential risks, and concentration of expenditure before making any recommendations. This team is to be made up of individuals who clearly understand the goals of the customer firm. They may be from within the organization or outside or from either the two. However, in a small project an individual c