ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Sovereignty is a term associated with the independence, nature of government authority as well as its ability to control its boundaries from external control. Ideally, the America we have today is because of the sovereign state we created many years ago. The essence of America is respected for being among the world superpowers is greatly linked to the concept of sovereignty. I think being a sovereign nation has made the people of America have confidence in their leaders and government. Sovereignty can have multiple meanings to different people. It can be the independence of a state to one person, the supremacy of authority to another person. Personally, I prefer to define it as the power or authority bestowed in a state. America is normally referred to as the United States of America and its prescribed boundaries. However, according to me, this term refers to more than just the United States, it also refers to its politics, people, resources and development. This term has shaped the way people believe in terms of independence, democracy and personal achievement. It is very interesting when you hear people around the world saying the American way is the right way. When people make tremendous achievements, they say they are living the American dream. America is more than just a country. It has changed the way of life of many people around the world through its intervention in terms of peacekeeping, support to other states through relief and technological innovations. Sovereignty can be associated with the American way of life. This is because the independence of America as a state made political freedom possible, the culture of people diverse, and the society a better place. It is through this term that the concept of the sovereignty of the people came into being, which influenced the culture and politics of the United States to a great extend. Sovereignty is what made the United S
Introduction Folklore is a critical feature of human life that has been part of human social existence in all parts of the world. Folklore pertains to all aspects of human ways of life that are disseminated majorly through oral communication and behavioural examples. Folk groups are characterized by common traits that give each group a sense of identity. As such, folklore genres are some of the key characteristics that play chief roles in determining the identity of a community or a folk group. It is imperative to note that varied definitions of folklore are given depending on the diverse views and perceptions. Some critics argue that folklore is old-fashioned and may fade away in the near future. However, it is evident that folklore connects people to their past while remaining a chief part of the present life. This essay gives a deliberated discussion on folklore of the African-American folk group. In particular, the paper discusses the folk songs in the group. After giving a brief history of the African-American folk group, the paper discusses folk songs and folk singers during the slavery era. The subsequent part is on the evolution and development of folk songs among the African-Americans after the slavery era. Of particular interest is the emergence of the folk blues and hip-hop. The essay is based on library research, obtaining key information from articles in peer-reviewed journals. The authors of the articles adopted academic and empirical approaches to the study of the African-Americans. It is imperative to note that African-American folk songs express community-based traditions articulating common knowledge, culture, history, and general feelings of the group. Folk songs and, music in general, is a significant tradition in the African-American folklore. The songs connect the African-American group to their rich and significant past. Additionally, the folk songs have evolved throughout the dynamic and eventful history of the African-American people. As such, the ancestral wisdom and culture are passed down to generations through the songs. It is worth noting that most of the folk songs in the African-American society reflect philosophies, knowledge, and general emotional states. The African-Americans History & Membership The African-American folk group has its ancestral origin in Africa, especially sub-Sahara and West Africa (Bryc, Durand, Macpherson, Reich, & M
What are the advantages, disadvantages, and limits of freedom of speech in social media? Learn more below! This paper focuses on the importance of social media and freedom of speech. Introduction The freedom of speech is one of the crucial features of the democratic society. The personal liberty cannot be achieved without the ability to express your thoughts freely. It also means the opportunity to participate in the discussions and debates. George Orwell said, “If liberty means anything at all, it means the right to tell people what they do not want to hear”. The media is a powerful mean of social progress nowadays. It is said that social media’s worldwide audience gives individuals new rights, responsibilities, and risks. Joshua Rozenberg claimed, “A tweet is not an email, it’s a broadcast”. The aim of this essay is to present my own opinion on the expressions by Orwell and Rozenberg and to discuss the influence of media on the human rights, responsibilities, and risks. Social Media & Freedom of Speech The social media represents the source and the mean of the information dissemination. It is difficult to imagine what the world would look like if we did not have the media. The dissemination of the true information is one of the pillars of the free society. Nowadays, the breakthrough in this process has been achieved due to the development and implementation of the new media and information and communications technologies (ICTs) ( IMS Conference on ICTs, 2008). I agree with the statement of George Orwell, who said that the liberty “means the right to tell people what they do not want to hear”. It goes without saying that all people are different and, thus, their views on the changes occurring in the surrounding world differ. However, the social progress cannot be achieved without the conflict solving and decision making. The availability of the different opinions contributes to the arriving at the best solution. The freedom of speech implies the opportunity of the unhampered expression of the opposite views. How can we say about the liberty and personal freedom if we are afraid of protesting and arguing? The truly democratic society is the one, which encourages the independent thinking and the expression of the opposite views. Katharine Gelber in her article ‘Freedom of Speech and Australian Political Culture’ considers the opinions of the Australian politicians, representing both the Coalition and Opposition in the beginning of the 199
Egypt is an African state situated in the northern region of Africa and it has deep roots of its origin based on Islam. This country covers approximately 1010 000 square kilometers. The immediate neighbors of Egypt are Libya and Sudan. Cairo is the capital city of Egypt and it is home to half of Egypt’s population. The Nile River is Egypt’s soul source of water. Egypt has greatly utilized the Nile River by using the resource to irrigate its farms. In deed the area next to the river banks is densely populated because it’s the only place that can support crop life because of availability of adequate and reliable source of water. According to a study by Mohamed, Egypt values the Nile River more than the rest of its natural resources. Since river Nile originates from Kenya and Uganda it had to bar these countries from using the source of river Nile for irrigation purposes. According to a treaty signed by the countries that share the source of river Nile that is lake Victoria which is shared by Kenya, Uganda and Tanzania, the three East African countries are allowed to fish from the lake but they can not use the water for irrigation because by doing so Egypt would run out of water. The pyramids and artifacts of Egypt create a great source of tourist attraction sites. Egypt is ranked among the most stable economies of Africa. This economic growth has been fostered by Egypt’s political stability and it’s ability to bait foreign investors. After the end of pharaonic era Egypt’s culture was remodeled to merge Christianity and Islam. Cairo is the largest city in Africa and is recognized as Egypt’s hub of education, business and civilization. Egyptians are appreciated for their contributions in architecture and art. They are the first people to use wall paintings for communication. These paintings were directed by the Pharaohs to deliver a certain message to their subjects. Organizations in Egypt are manned through hierarchical structures. Women in Egypt are prohibited from assuming management positions therefore men in Egypt have a higher bargaining power in management. When managers give their opinion or suggestion objections are unwelcome because by opposing a manager’s opinion implies lack of respect. Okasha argues that businesses in Egypt are owned and ma
Introduction Although people may work or perform other roles individually, there comes a time when they have to cooperate with other individuals. Groups are a common phenomenon not only in workplaces but also in other areas of life. For groups to function effectively, certain conditions must prevail. Group process determines the way individual members of a group are able to contribute to the overall goal of a group. It actually refers to development and changes in relationship among members of a group and therefore dictates how well the members are able to work together. Workgroups cannot be avoided in today’s global economy. The way workgroups members are able to coordinate towards an organization’s goals and objectives contribute highly to the organization’s performance. In this essay I will analyze my observations on a group in a work setting. I observed Bank of America Philadelphia branch employees in one of their weekly meetings. Definition of a Group Group is a commonly used term. This makes it problematic to define. Many definitions of a group try to set out the difference between a group and a team. A group is mostly defined as a collection of individuals with common characteristics such as workers in a particular department in an organization (Corey, Corey & Corey, 2008, p. 17). In comparison to a team, a group has relatively larger number of members and it’s easier to form. In context to Bank of Africa Philadelphia branch, the group consisted of operations employees at the branch. Membership in the group is as a result of being Bank of America employee and working at the branch. Members were brought together not by their complementary roles but their individual responsibility to the bank. Operation Staff Group The group meeting is a weekly meeting held every Monday from 9:15 AM. The meetings usually last for about 45 minutes therefore ending at 10:00 AM or some minutes after. The particular meeting that I observed was hosted by the branch operations manager. The manager usually attends the Monday meeting at least twice in month. The operations manager chairs the meeting when she attends. Other participants in the meeting were the branch’s operations staff that includes underwriters, processors and closers. The main objective of the meeting was reviewing performance in the previous week and setting the objectives for the starting week. Although the meeting was formal there was high interaction among members, indicating that the group was in an advanced stage of group formation. Leadership is an important factor in group process (Wheelan, 1994, p. 57). In the meeting, the operations manager’s leadership was overt. The rectangular sitting arrangement set her apart from the other members of the group. Apart from the sitting arrangement, the manager’
Through the Death and the King’s Horseman p lay, Wole Soyinka describes the experiences of British colonialists as they live alongside their African subjects in a post-Second World War Nigeria. The play is interspersed with a number of clashes between these 2 divergent cultures. Such aspects would make a casual observer to claim that Soyinka’s mainly seeks to explore the culture clashes that characterized this era. Such ideas are however refuted when a careful examination of the play is done. A close scrutiny reveals the playwright’s inclination to examine the themes of cross-cultural understanding, appreciation, and respect. Specifically, the play indicates that the native Yoruba community has values and interests that signify a confluence of Western and African cultures. These elements are employed by Soyinka to prove that the relationship between the Westerners and the Africans are characterized by mutual respect, understanding, and appreciation based on shared values and interests. The actions, utterances, and dispositions of characters, such as, Mr. Pilkings – the colonial District Officer, Jane – Pilkings’ wife, Elesin – the King’s Horseman – a nd Olunde -Elesin’s son, prove this point. To expound, Jane and Pilkings don traditional African clothing, thus indicating the Britons’ appreciation for African culture. Further, Olunde acquires Western education, thereby denoting his respect for Westerners’ educational prowess. It is also notable that despite Olunde’s somehow provocative statements, Jane does not become offensive, proving that the British lady respects Olunde’s opinions. The discussion between Jane and Olunde indicates a confluence of the idea of respect for human life among the Britons as well as the Yoruba. Moreover, the reactions to the tussle surrounding Elesin’s attempted suicide indicate a convergence of values regarding death for both the Yoruba as well as the Britons. The foregoing discussion indicates Soyinka’s portrayal of the confluence of Western and Yoruba values and interests through the experiences of Pilkings, Jane, Elesin, and Olunde. To illustrate, the Pilkings’ couple don traditional Yoruba attire when they go for a ball, thus illustrating the Britons’ appreciation for the local customs. Rather than regard themselves as being too civilized to wear their subjects’ clothing, Mr. and Mrs. Pilkings depict their admiration for local customs by wearing Yoruba garb. Soyinka uses this incidence to indicate the desire by the Britons to cordially coexist with their African subjects. Likewise, the Yoruba people demonstrate a desire to pursue Western interests as is evident through Olunde’s studies that are conducted in a W
The factors affecting demand and supply in the tourism industry The tourist industry can be affected by multiple factors, as shown by Ivanovic and Wassung (119-138). The demand is defined by psychological (motivation to visit a place because of its specific features), economic (for example, the economic situation in the world, the country of the traveler, and the destination country; currency exchange opportunities, and so on), political (intergovernmental relationships), technological (the presence of infrastructure) and sociocultural (especially tensions) factors. The supply is influenced by most of these factors including the demand itself, but its specific group is the legal one (related to the business regulations). A specific factor for demand is marketing efforts. The kinds of elasticity for Hilton hotels and the most important factors affect the price elasticity Elasticity describes the dependence of one variable on another one. For example, Mankiw defines the price elasticity of demand as a measure of “how much the quantity demanded a response to a change in price” (90). This type of elasticity typically used by firms and is likely to be of interest to Hilton Hotels (McEachern 111). Other kinds may include the income or cross-price elasticity of demand. The latter defines how the changes in the price of a substitute product affect the price of the one that is being discussed (Mankiw 97-99) The elasticity is found by dividing the percentage change in the dependent variable by the alteration in the independent one. If the number exceeds 1, the dependent variable changes significantly and is elastic; otherwise, it is inelastic (Mankiw 92). Demand elasticity depends on the factors that affect the demand, substitutes’ availability, and the type of the product: it is low for necessity goods, but luxury ones like hotel accommodations tend to be highly price- and cross-price elastic, which applies to Hilton Hotels (Mankiw 91-92). The law of elasticity and its validity for Hilton Hilton Hotels is a worldwide company and one of the most renowned brands in the hospitality industry (“Take me to the Hilton” par. 1). Hilton is a luxury hotel, which defines certain specifics of its customer profile (Sung et al. 125). A large portion of its clients prefers to receive high-quality service and do not mind high prices. Some consumers are attracted by the price and regard it as a sign of luxury and status. Finally, there are many loyal customers. For these groups of customers, the law of demand and typical elasticity behavior are less applicabl
The impetuous increase of career oriented commercial high schools in the USA during last decade is characterized by the specialists as “a private revolution”. Reflecting the political and economic tendencies of privatization, the for-profit higher education expanded greatly. It leads “major higher education changes fitting higher education reform trends internationally, from finance to governance, accountability, autonomy, accreditation and much more” (Altbach and Levi 293). The followers of the idea of private higher education claim that they provide the students with the knowledge that meets the brand-new requirements of the modern marketplace, while many complain, on the contrary, that the major goal all private colleges are revolved at is making money but not the achievement of high rates of studying,. Supported by the government, the for-profit education tends to monopolize the sphere of higher education. Gone are the times when the private higher education was the privilege of the elite class of society. Nowadays the government cares that everyone can be bowled to death. The percentage of private colleges should be increased and public higher schools must be substituted for them. The major reason for this is the fact that the for-profit colleges offer their students the knowledge of higher quality. They also declare that they “prepare students for gainful employment in a recognized occupation.” ( “Feds: Cut Aid to For-Profit Schools” ). Less regulated and controlled by the government in comparison with public institutions, private higher schools offer the students their own vision of what the students should learn in order to get a gainful employment. Thousands of unemployed former private college students might apparently support the idea. Senator Tom Harkin, the chairman of the Health, Education, Labor and Pensions Committee, admits that there is a great deal of graduates who treat his office. “Attracted by the aggressive recruitment and advertising strategies, students leave proprietary schools unemployed” (Dias). It’s obvious that the measure of the quality of education should be the value of the graduate as a professional in the area they aimed at. This is precisely why private higher institutions should play a substantial role in the educational system of the country. Another positive point that should be accounted is that the for-profit higher schools are donated by the government. This fact allows them
The traditional scheme of planning resources of the enterprises is currently becoming a thing of the past, with the new model – so-called collaborative commerce (c-commerce). The systems of planning the resources of the enterprise (enterprise resource planning – ERP) were the original center of the universe of automating business processes, around which there were control systems of interaction with customers (customer relationship management – CRM) and control systems of logistical chains (supply chain management – SCM). However, with the advent of new electronic market space, SCM and CRM will get rid of the subordinated role and will act on equal with ERP. In the traditional model of business where the system of planning the resources of the enterprise had the central role, the basic emphasis is put on the productivity of users. Henceforth, a more mobile interactive market where the companies can co-operate with employees, consumers, shareholders, supply chains, and suppliers within the limits of the global information environment is created. Another approach of facilitating the interactions within the business, the framework is corporate portals, or Enterprise Information Portal – EIP. A corporate portal is a set of applications that allows the company to open and offer the information stored which allow the companies to open the information stored within and outside of the organization, and to give each user a uniform point of access to the information intended only for himher, which is necessary for making administrative decisions, i.e. direct use of the acquired technologies of public information portals in the corporate purposes. In outlining the relation between corporate portal and c-commerce, the main point of interaction that should be mentioned is the way the corporate portal can be used in collaborative commerce. In that sense, the most effective classifications of a corporate portal for collaborative commerce are Enterprise Collaboration Portal, Enterprise Application Portal, and Enterprise Knowledge Portal. The classification based on purpose would be Business-to-Business (B2B) and Business-to-Employee (B2E). Being focused on the company, corporate portals supply employees with the mechanism of maintaining the records of their own official duties and administrative relations with the employer. Modern corporate portals allow employees to manage teamwork and to get access to the information of the status by using a uniform interface. This data is possible to be received, using the usual desktop computer, a remote computer, portable devices, and, potentially, interactive voice response. The companies should provide the initiations ofc-commerce in tandem with the portal developers. In that sense, the spectrum of issues that commercial projects are solving, e.g. the integration with existent systems of control, are not limited to representative integration. At the same time, the purposes, technical questions, and c-commerce should be considered together in order to minimize integration issues and maximize the interaction