ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Abstract The KGB was a Russian secret police agency that played a significant role in the totalitarian Soviet Union. This paper engages in an informative discussion of the KGB to highlight the agency’s evolution and its role in Communist Russia. The paper begins by tracing the formation of the KGB to the establishment of the Extraordinary Commission to Combat Counterrevolution in 1917. It then traces the numerous evolutions of the organization; from the State Political Directorate (GPU) in 1922, the OGPU in 1923, the NKVD in 1934, and eventually the KGB in 1953. Efforts to decrease the power of the KGB after 1953 proved effective for only a short while. Under the leadership of Andropov, the agency was able to regain its previous prestige and autonomy. The discussion provided clearly reveals that the KGB was a highly penetrative agency that had vast amounts of power over the state and the society. The paper concludes by discussing the activities that led to the collapse of the powerful KGB. Introduction The Russian Komitet Gosudarstvennoi Bezopasnosti (KGB) was the Russian secret political police that gained worldwide repute for its efficiency in covert affairs. The KGB is regarded as the “most efficient political police system in modern history” (Waller 333). Historians record that the KGB system was so effective that other totalitarian states structured their own political police systems after it in order to enhance their grasp of power. This security agency was able to survive for decades and play an instrumental part in reinforcing the position of Communism in Russia. White and Kryshtanovskaya assert that the KGB acted as a guarantor of a system of single-party dominance in Russia (170). Up until its dissolution, the KGB was used as a tool for countering internal and external threats to the state. To effectively execute its directives, the KGB possessed exceptional powers, which were often abused leading to a repression of individual freedoms and violation of human rights both in Russia and abroad. Considering the huge significance that the KGB had in Russian life for over 8 decades, this paper will endeavor to provide an informative discussion on the KGB. It will discuss the creation and evolution of these security apparatus and highlight the role that it played in Communist Russia. The paper will conclude by highlighting the downfall of this once mighty security apparatus. Origins of the KGB The birth of the KGB can be traced to December 1917 when the newly empowered Bolshevik regime in Russia created a police system that was to act as the party’s machine for destroying all opposition (Waller 334). A number of the prominent factors in Russia at the time made the formation of a secret political police necessary. To begin with, the Bolshevik party came to power following a coup against the Tsar. During its
Introduction America is among a few countries founded on ideas. The American system of governance is based on the notion of political freedom. This means that every human being is born free and must enjoy equal rights. All American presidents had a unique relationship with these founding ideas. Andrew Jackson is a typical example of presidents whose reign upheld and digressed from these thoughts. Jackson exercised a philosophy of democratic equality. [1] This meant that his government did not play favorites, but provided equal protection. His presidency was also an indication that social equality was a reality in the US as he was the first democratically elected president from non-elite family. In addition, his capture of key states from the Spaniards and the Britons played a pivotal role in the expansion of the US. Nonetheless, his government outright racial prejudice and his support for slave trade was a departure from the US ideals. This paper gives a critical analysis of Andrew Jackson’s achievements and his role in the evolution of America’s founding ideas. Expansion of the US Territory Jackson took a pivotal role in the extension of the US boundaries. He was raised up when the American Revolution was at its peak. As a thirteen year old, he had already joined his two brothers in the army. He rose to the rank of a commander. His most important contribution as a commander came when he triumphed against the Spaniards to acquire Florida in 1818. [2] Although his troops withdrew from Florida afterwards, the US retook it after signing the transcontinental treaty in 1919 with Spain. [3] America is defined by an expansive geographical area endowed with resources. States such as Florida are part of the US since our founding fathers gathered enough courage to snatch them from colonial masters. For that reason, they should receive credit for their role in reshaping the American map. Promotion of Social Equality As more people began to participate actively in political activities, the issue of social equality took center stage. Most common Americans associated themselves with Jackson. [4] They found more refuge in him than the elite leaders from wealthy families. Jackson’s presidency is likened to a coup against the rich by most average Americans as he was the first American president from a humble background. Giving all citizens an equal chance to succeed is part of the American dream. Moreover, rising from ‘a nobody to a somebody’ is what most Americans cherish. From a humble beginning, Jackson forced his way up the American political ladder. His achievement is an example of results generated by tenacity and will to succeed. Americas’ economic system provides an individual with limitless possibilities. It is upon a person to exploit the opportunities given to the maximum. President Obama and other non-elite presidents should thank their predecessor for laying a firm foundation for them. A New Political C
Introduction Demand and supply are the foundations of any economic analysis as the interaction of the two forms a market. The law of demand and supply works in opposite ways in the sense that, when the prices of commodities changes, demand and supply change in opposite direction holding other factors constant. The magnitude of change of demand and supply depends on the type of the commodity in question. For instance, demand or supply of some commodities respond more than changes in price as compared to others. This brings us to the concept of elasticity of goods. In addition, it is not only price that affects demand and supply of goods, there are other factors that would affect the market such as changes in technology, taste and preferences, favorable climatic conditions and many other factors. This paper explores how various factors affect changes in demand and supply. Event Various determinants of supply and demand often change. For instance, the price of goods can increase or decrease, the cost of production can increase, the price of the substitutes and complementary commodities can change, and consumers’ tastes and preferences can also change among others. Consider an event in which the price of crude oil increases to $150 per barrel. The change affects a number of commodities in the economy as shown in the diagram below. Figure 1.0 Explanation From figure 1.0, crude produces a number of products such as diesel and petroleum. Diesel is consumed as a factor of production and in transportation. The other products are used for various activities. For instance, bitumen is used in road construction. Diesel is used as a factor of production of good and services such as sugar. An increase in the price of crude oil causes an increase in the price of diesel. Diesel is used in production of sugar. An increase in price of diesel results to an increase in cost of production. This causes a reduction in supply of sugar. Therefore, an increase in the price of crude oil affects the supply side of the economy. Demand and supply of sugar before changes Figure 1.1 Explanation Figure 1.1 shows the initial equilibrium status of sugar before the changes in the price of crude oil. DD 1 shows the demand curve while SS 1 shows the supply curve. Intersection of the two curves yields the equilibrium. P 1 is the equilibrium price while Q 1 is the equilibrium quantity demanded and supplied. Demand and supply of sugar after changes Figure 1.2 Explanation An increase in the price of crude oil to $150 per barrel causes an increase cost of factors of production. An increase in the cost of production leads to a decline in quantity of sugar supplied. The decline in supply is shown by an inward shift of the supply curve from SS 1 to SS 2 . The shift makes the equilibrium position to change. Price increase from P 1 to P 2 . The equilibrium quantity of sugar supplied decreases from Q 1 to Q 2 . Conclusion The paper ex
Introduction Shawn Carter, better known as Jay-Z, is a prominent figure in the American and world music industry. He is among the artists who made rap and hip-hop so popular, proving that his songs are more than just a few rhymes with a cool music sample. Although Jay-Z is often criticized for his seemingly simple or even primitive lyrics, it is impossible to deny their real meaningfulness and impact on listeners worldwide. Main body Jay-Z’s memoir, called Decoded , has uncovered social, political, and personal experiences that influenced the rapper and his art. Music is among these significant influences, as Jay-Z reveals that his family was always fond of it (Carter, 2011). Their house was always full of music, and it accompanied all family activities (Carter, 2011). Their musical collection comprised everything that was popular in the 70-s (Carter, 2011). Jay-Z admits that his whole generation was raised on the emotional music of that period, which has impacted them a lot (Carter, 2011). According to Jay-Z, those artists were sometimes perceived as father figures for his peers (Carter, 2011). Their soul and jazz music were used as a base for fresh, innovative works of hip-hop and rap artists that taught many people about politics, humor, language, and even respect toward women (Carter, 2011). Thus, hip-hop and rap impacted and changed Jay-Z’s life and are still important channels of his self-expression. Apart from general musical influences, Jay-Z mentions a lot of specific artists that had the greatest impact on him and whose music inspired his works. This list includes the Blackbyrds, the Love Unlimited Orchestra, the Jackson 5, Rufus, Curtis Mayfield, James Brown, MFSB, the Average White Band, and the Commodores (Carter, 2011). Some of the classic seventies soul also became the foundation for several of Jay-Z’s compositions. The Ohio Players, the Stylistics, Isaac Hayes, and the Four Tops were sampled on Reasonable and Marvin Gaye’s song “Soon I’ll Be Loving You Again” – on the American Gangster album (Carter, 2011). These artists and bands are only a few whom Jay-Z considers his favorite and most inspirational, but he notes that the special place among them belongs to Michael Jackson (Carter, 2011). Therefore, one can trace Jay-Z’s musical taste, preferences, and experiences in his compositions. One of the most important elements of Jay-Z’s songs is their lyrics, where he expresses his thoughts on many relevant issues. They might not be evident at first, as Jay-Z often mentions stereotypical rappers’ bragging about money, power, or girls as bait to mock lazy and ignorant critics (Carter, 2011). He finds it funny how they ju
Health care workers face a variety of issues on a daily basis that can impede their ability to practice medicine in a safe and successful way. Though much progress is being made on a national level as well as through regional, state-level, and local involvements, low income continues to be a topic of serious debate and challenge for employers and employees within the medical field. Entry-level workers are disproportionately affected. Home health aides and nursing assistants are in high demand but are offered exceedingly low wages, uncertain work hours, limited access to benefits, or career progression. Due to current employment options, many health care workers are independent contractors and do not have a stable income or employment agreement (McDermott, 2020). This surrounds them with a multitude of issues such as being ineligible for paid sick leave or being protected against harassment and discrimination. Additionally, the schedule can become unpredictable and cause these workers to be penalized for not accepting last-minute changes. Currently, a fee-for-service, also known as FFS, is being implemented to pay most healthcare employees. But the current Resource-Based Relative Value Scale created by the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services places much more precedence on specialist services and a significant disregard for primary care (Park et al., 2018). The solution is not simply to increase wages but to create a strategy that will allow for performance growth and stability within the worker’s life and career (Vujicic, 2009). Though the accessibility it allows to patients is an advantage, it does not consider the well-being of primary care workers. As such, a solution was hypothesized in prospective payments within the primary care model. The comprehensive primary care payment and direct primary care (DPC) allow the work settings to manage the fees in a way that will benefit their community and implement a reliable primary care infrastructure. Since the models are risk-adjusted, they take into consideration the opportunities of the patients while not discrediting the difficulties the healthcare workers face and would allow these employees to take leave or speak up in the workplace without fear of being completely financially despondent.
Medical anthropology is regarded as cultural outsets of the corpse, physical condition, and disease. Medical anthropology is the science of ethnomedicine; elucidation of decease; what is the reason of decease; the appraisal of health, decease, and cure from both an ethic viewpoint; naturalistic and individual clarification, evil eye, the supernatural and sorcery; bicultural and political research of health surroundings; kinds of medical structures; enhancement of systems of medicinal skills and health care and patient-medic relations; political financial research of health philosophies and incorporating substitute remedial structures in ethnically varied surroundings. Ethno medicine is also regarded to be the study of customary checkup practice. Theoretical classic-Medicine, Magic, and Religion classified medication as a civilizing structure. In Puerto Rico, spiritism proposes a customary option to social healthcare services. Two structures of healthcare are present in Ecuador. Healthcare in India is featured by checkup pluralism, comprising self-care, discussions with customary healers, and principal healthcare services (PHCs) These remedial structures are harmonizing, option, and alternative. Moreover to conventional structures – Ayurvedic, Unani and Siddha there are ethnic types of medicine, spiritual treatment, and folk medication. Indian remedial procedure is not grounded on just customary medical procedures. The state healthcare plans are well-aimed but lack anthropological conference. To date, an investigation into customary medication
Patient History and Physical Exam Roles In this case study, a 44-year-old male complains about non-productive cough and chest pain. Since the patient has the history of HIV/AIDS and hepatitis C, his immune system should be regarded as compromised (Buttaro, Trybulski, Polgar Bailey, & Sandberg-Cook, 2017). Adults having concomitant diseases such as hypertension in the given case are at a higher risk of developing pulmonary health issues. The physical examination helps to reveal the critical details associated with the patient’s conditions: tachypnea, rhonchi, tachycardia, dullness, and egophony. Most importantly, an X-ray image also allows considering differential diagnoses based on the comprehensive view of the reported symptoms and objective data assessment. Primary Diagnosis and Differential Diagnoses  1. Tuberculosis. It is an infectious disease that is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The bacterium penetrates the body through the respiratory tract and then migrates to the bronchial mucosa, the alveoli, and the blood flow (Grossman, Hsueh, Gillespie, & Blasi, 2014). The most representative symptoms may be noted in the given patient such as high grade fever, weight loss, non-productive cough, chest pain, and dyspnea at rest. X-ray results also pinpoint consolidation in lungs along with hilar enlargement caused by lymphadenopathy. The symptomatology of tuberculous inflammatory process is similar to the clinical picture of other respiratory diseases of the viral and bacterial etiology.  2. Bacterial pneumonia. This microbial infection of the respiratory parts of the lung proceeds with the development of intraalveolar exudation and inflammatory infiltration of the pulmonary parenchyma, fever, and productive cough with mucopurulent sputum (Grossman et al., 2014). Patients may feel weakness, headache, dyspnea, myalgia, arthralgia, pleural pain in the chest, and tachycardia.  3. Viral pneumonia. In the inflammation of the lungs of the viral nature, the cells lining the respiratory tract as well as the alveoli are destroyed, in which liquid accumulates later under the action of leukocytes (Grossman et al., 2014). These factors lead to disruption of oxygen metabolism and hypoxia. Productive cough and fever are the key symptoms.  4. Pulmonary embolism. It is a sudden blockage of the trunk or branches in the artery supplying the lungs with blood. Symptoms include severe dyspnea, dizziness, fainting, tachycardia, a sharp decrease in blood pressure, hemoptysis, cyanosis, and cough (at first – dry, later – sparse sputum with blood) (Sharifi, Bay, Skrocki, Rahimi, & Mehdipour, 2013). Potential Treatment Options The treatment of tuberculosis requires the long-term medication intake, namely, from six months to one year period. In the presence of HIV in combination with tuberculosis, specific anti-HIV therapy is used in parallel with the anti-tuberculosis therapy, while rifampicin should be considered with great attention in such patients. Raltegravir 400mg twice per day should be prescribed to th
For the last century, the oil and gas industry has witnessed an age of key investment. In the year 2013, the sector had a spending of $700 billion (Raymond, Deming, & Nichols 2007). Compared with other industries, the oil and gas industry has had an increased appetite for capital. However, it should be noted that the sector has been comparatively conservative with respect to its financial configurations (Inkpen & Moffett 2011a). The article below analyses the applicability of financing configurations for oil and gas project in the UK. Through this, diverse and appropriate funding options for the venture will be determined. In response to global political and financial instability, the oil and gas industry should expand their choices of funding (Inkpen & Moffett 2011b). The UK project, just like other projects, can source their funding from equity, bank loans, and project finance (Moylan 2015). The industry can source its funding through equity. Equity sourcing is habitually the primary choice for pure-play exploration firms. As such, these companies lack stable resources but offer a return of investment if the exploration is successful. Equity can be in private or public forms. With respect to public equity, stockholders purchase stocks of publicly traded firms. As such, the above is realised when a private corporation goes public and opens its shares to the masses. The procedure enables the company to raise resources. Concerning private equity, stockholders negotiate with the holders of pr
A learning curve demonstrates the realistic correlation between the used time for the production of units and the real number of units which can be produced during this time. Learning curves are also necessary to plan the effective corporate strategy in relation to the adequate prices set, capitals and investments used, and costs determined. Three assumptions are necessary to develop the learning curve. These assumptions are the time which is necessary to produce the definite unit or complete the task. This amount of time should decrease as a result of progressing in completing the task. Thus, the next condition is the obvious decreeing rate of time in production. It is also important to note that this reduction in time can be predicted according to the definite formula used to develop the most appropriate strategy. The main formula to determine the necessary effort per unit (y) is based on the constant, which is the effort to product the first unit (a), the definite unit discussed (x), and on the slope constant for the unit discussed which determines the decreasing rate. Thus, the number of labor hours necessary to produce the 50 th unit in relation to the learning curve of 90% and standard time for a job of 90 minutes is approximately 49.7 minutes. According to the principle of the decreasing rate the 100 th unit can be produced during the time which is approximately 44.78 minutes. To develop the plan in relation to the manpower loading for the production of 3000 units during the first four weeks, it is necessary to pay attention to the fact that all the workers are experienced, all the equipment is available, and workers can work during 7 hours and 5 days. Thus, the working week for one worker is 35 hours. The 90% learning curve is used to complete the task. It is important to remember that to produce the 50 th unit, it is necessary to orient to the time of approximately 50 minutes. Moreover, to produce the 100 th unit, it is necessary to pay attention to the 45-minute work. In order to produce the 3000 th unit, it is necessary to have 27 minutes. This time can be discussed as the final possible measure. From this point, during the first week, a person who works 35 hours a week can provide the maximum of 23 units. During the next two weeks, the maximum can be 42 units, if the staff is experienced and all the equipment is available for the work. That is why, the most appropriate plan should be developed with references to the number of employers used to produce units because an experienced worker can produce 46 units to the end of the final week of the work. From this point, the effective plan should be oriented to the definite number of workers involved in the process. The discussed numbers are the maximum, it is necessary to pay attention to the daily schedule of the workers. Thus, it is possible to state that during the first two weeks the workers should perform intensively, and 40-45 workers should produce units according to the plan. During the next two weeks, the number of the workers involved in the process of production can be decreased without decreasing the rate of the producti