ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction People are very different from each other due to personality differences. The Cognitive Behavior and Self theories explore human nature in terms of material and spiritual aspects of life that determine the behavior of individuals. This essay explores the relationship between the Self and Cognitive theories advanced by Dennett. Multiple Drafts Model This is a mixed approach that aims at studying human behavior through two different ways that include the physical and spiritual aspects of life. The self theory proposes that human beings have a subconscious part called self. This means that the human brain is capable of influencing the body to produce words or actions without knowing what is happening (Ginot 2012). The body becomes a puppet that is controlled by the mind. However, the soul has the responsibility to know what the mind is doing by assessing the importance of its actions to the body. This means that human behavior is influenced significantly by the mind; therefore, the body responds to instructions from the mind. He uses this narrative to explain that human behavior is determined by what the mind dictates the body to do and not what the body wants. This is determined by tastes, likes, experience and motivation which are factors that influence the behavior of people. In addition, several people can share similar self and exhibit same behavior (Dunlop and Tracy 2013). This explains why people have a habit of looking for unique characteristics to identify individuals through language, narrative interactions and reason. Therefore, he argues that human beings will always use self for expediency reasons by telling stories to ensure they make sense of their life and they appear as characters in these stories for convenience purposes (Ginot 2012). On the other hand, Cognitive Behavior Theory explains that human beings are aware of their actions since they are actors. They can regulate their behavior to conform to societal norms. Their actions are predetermined by the values attached to them by the society. How Multiple Draft Model Supports and Explain Cognitive Behavior Theory His model highlights the origin of human behavior and the relationship between the mind and body. The Cognitive Behavior Theory explains the path taken by people in various aspects of life and which influences their behavior. Personality is derived from the mind and behavior of an individual as exhibited through different ways (Dunlop and Tracy 2013). The Multiple Draft Model uses basic behavior indicators like experience and reward to explain the role played by self in determining the behavior of human beings. This shows the attachment between the cognitive and narrative aspects of human life. His Perception of Cognitive Behavior Theory through the Narrative View of the Self-Theory His narrative view of the Self-Theory explains that human beings have mental constructs that enable the
Cloning at its basics is the use of artificial genetic and reproduction processes to create a genetically identical copy of any biological entity or material (cells, tissues, or genes). For animal or human reproductive cloning, the process is complex. A mature somatic cell, usually a skin cell, is removed and placed into an egg cell (oocyte) where the nucleus has been removed. This can be done directly via a needle or an electric shock to fuse the two. The egg then develops in an early-stage embryo before being placed in the womb of an adult female animal as a surrogate. The clone develops in the womb and eventually, the adult female gives birth, with the new clone having an identical genetic makeup to the organism from which the somatic cell originated (National Human Genome Research Institute, 2021). The largest breakthrough in cloning occurred in 1997 when scientists in Scotland cloned a sheep Dolly via somatic cell nuclear transfer, also known as reproductive cloning, as described above. Häyry (2018) examines the ethical issues surrounding cloning in his comprehensive article. Immediately after the 1997 event, most countries around the world and international organizations banned cloning. However, the ban does not apply to animals as scientists have cloned several animals since, nor does it apply to the technique of somatic cell nuclear transfer which is actively used in in-vitro fertilization (IVF) to increase odds of success. Therefore, the conjecture is that the combination of human cloning using somatic cell nuclear transfer is the primary issue at hand. Virtually all countries prohibit human cloning, while a small minority allows for therapeutic cloning and embryonic stem cell research which may use nuclear transfer, but any cloning done on human somatic cells is not permitted to reach a viable state. Häyry (2018) identifies three primary ethical issues with human cloning. First is the possibility of asexual reproduction which could lead to distorted families. Experts argue that humanity’s continuous renewal depends on heterosexual reproduction, it allows for the creation and evolution of the human genome as well as the numerous social benefits of families and connections. Asexual organisms are commonly selfish with only a single goal in mind which is to pass their genome as a whole. The next ethical concern is elements of design, control, and deformed societies. Cloning could destroy contemporary society – if, given the option of human cloning, parents or governments will want control over the reproductive process, which will lead to the destruction of the value of human life, self-awareness and freedom, and the unspoken truth that no human is the ‘make
The Forum of Trajan building architecture forms the structure of Roman city building construction/ The Forum of Trajan in Rome, built at the commencement of the second century AD, is one of the most remarkable existing models of Roman majestic architectural planning and patronage and formed a fraction of a much larger scheme of imperial building work adjacent to the historic Forum Romanum. The forum was built on the order of Emperor Trajan with the spoils of war from the conquest of Dacia. The project of the Forum was completely attributed to the architect Apollodorus of Damascus,[1] who also accompanied Emperor Trajan in the Dacian campaign. During the time of the construction, several other projects took place: The Markets of Trajan were constructed,[1] Caesar’s Forum (where the Basilica Argentaria was built), and the Temple of Venus Genetrix were renovated. Structure The Forum was built from a vast stoa-lined piazza measuring 660 by 390 feet (200 x 120 m) with exedra on two sides. The focal access to the forum is on the southern side, a triumphal archway surmounted by a sculpture of Trajan in a six-horse chariot. The Basilica Ulpia lies at the north end of the piazza, which was paved with rectangular chunks of white marble and ornamented by a huge equestrian statue of Trajan. On each side of the piazza are marketplaces. In contemporary times only a segment of the markets and the column of Trajan remain. Among Trajan’s public works, the most important were in Italy: roads, principally the Via Traiana in the south; great enhancement to Claudius’s artificial harbor at Ostia; and predominantly the colossal forum in Rome, surrounded by halls, libraries, and shops and center
Overview The local community has always suffered from lack of critical information as regards to the prevention of tuberculosis. Many people in the community have little knowledge concerning the management and prevention of tuberculosis. This project will aim at coming up with mechanisms through which the community will prevent and manage the disease since it is considered one of the killer diseases among the locals. The project will aim at empowering the community to take precautionary measures in addressing the challenges that the disease poses. In many hospitals, people are diagnosed with the disease yet preventive treatment is not given. Others contract the disease while in the hospital because of poor hygienic conditions and sanitation. Tuberculosis is a communicable disease that affects each person in society if preventive measures are not adopted. The project will aim at changing the people’s perceptions towards the disease because people think that those close to them cannot infect them with the disease. The issue came into my attention after a reported case whereby a close relative could not take preventive measures when caring for the sick suffering from TB. The healthy caregiver ended up contracting the disease simply because of ignorance. Indeed, research shows that many people contract tuberculosis out of ignorance. The project will mobilize the locals to utilize the available preventive strategies in keeping away from the dangers that the disease poses (Anderson, 1988). The community deals with the issue in a very casual manner because it does not accept the reality that tuberculosis is real and can affect any family member. The sick end up transmitting the disease from one person to the other without knowing. The public health ministry is in charge of curtailing the effects of the disease, but it is reluctant to liaise with the community to resolve the issue. Apart from the government, through the public health ministry, other stakeholders are also involved in dealing with the disease. However, other stakeholders, which are mostly non-governmental organizations, have failed in addressing the challenges that the disease poses. Many stakeholders are quick to provide curative measures instead of providing preventing measures. Tuberculosis is a communicable disease implying that preventive measures would be better than even curative measures. Currently, the community utilizes isoniazed drugs to cure the disease because it was very effective in the 20 th century. Moreover, the drug was cost effective and safe as compared to other forms of drugs in the market at the time. However, the drug is no longer effective in curing the disease in the 21 st century because of the emer
Introduction Abortion remains a contentious issue that continues to attract the attention of many stakeholders, ethicists, and scholars. Within the past decade, numerous thoughts, principles, and laws have emerged that seek to either support or oppose this practice. Pope John Paul II is one of the global leaders whose contribution to the topic cannot be ignored. This paper tries to examine the abortion ethical dilemma from the lens of the Pope’s thoughts and proposals. Explanation of Quotes In most of his works, Pope John Paul II identified abortion as malpractice that had the potential to threaten the future of human life. Towards the end of the 20th century, new ideas and thoughts began to emerge in different parts of the world since many people wanted to have this malpractice legalized. In the quote “call things by their proper name”, Paul II is trying to guide Christian believers and his followers to become more practical and considerate when addressing the challenges and debates in their lives. For instance, the leader believes that individuals commit a serious mistake by claiming that an unborn child does not have the physical body, abilities, and faculties associated with human beings. Those who decide to abort do so trying while trying to rely on the existing laws and provisions that seem to allow them to pursue their natural freedoms. However, Paul II believes that any act of abortion is equivalent to murder. He goes further to assert that any other reason or opinion that different people present on this subject is wrong and deceptive. This kind of knowledge is what compels him to encourage more people to start calling things by their real names without the need to identify new opinions or arguments to justify their actions or goals. The second quote focuses on the question of evil and good. The best interpretation for this thought can be obtained by examining the Pope’s views from a Christian perspective. Using this idea, this religious leader tries to caution those who try to change situations and deceive others in an effort to pursue what would be wrong or unacceptable in the eyes of God. Human beings are created in His image and they should be on the frontline to be part of His entire creation and protect life whenever possible. According to Pope Paul II, those who go further to put darkness for light will face God’s wrath during Judgment Day. This kind of malpractice appears to echo what this leader calls “structure of sin”. Many people have become victims of this form of disobedience since they pursue it as a way of maximizing their own experiences and gains while ignoring the life of the unborn child. When more individuals continue to be part of this sin, chances are high that they will be taking themselves closer to God’s wrath. The decision to allow abortion is, therefore, what Paul II refers to as calling evil good. Such malpractice is also against the teachings of Christ and God’s commandments. Agreement with Pope’s Quotes The selected quotes offer new insights and thoughts that human beings can utilize to get a new understanding of the abortion question. In the first one, Paul II encourages his readers and
Describe an organization (real or made up by you) that presents a challenge or alternative to contemporary neoliberal globalization.   * What specifically is their critique of contemporary globalization?   * What is their alternative vision of globalization (what are they advocating for)?   * What specific actions do they propose to enact their vision? Neoliberal globalization is also commonly referred to as economic globalization. Scholars agree that neoliberal globalization allows and encourages the dominance of big corporations, such that the smaller companies get a more difficult time penetrating new markets. One reason neoliberal globalization discourages smaller companies from growing is the presence of limiting laws that are promoted by neoliberal institutions, such as the International Monetary Fund and World Bank. The two organizations try to control trade using government and political aspects. One company that can be cited when discussing neoliberal globalization is Company Y . The multinational giant has a presence in three-quarters of the world’s countries. The company creates a challenge to neoliberal globalization by incorporating different countries’ economic guidelines and laws into its setup. It has also promoted the wave of neoliberal globalization by adapting to the cultures of the various countries. The alternative vision of neoliberal globalization is allowing all organizations to trade freely all over the world. Unfortunately, the inclusion of international trade laws regulates the process. It is true that such laws may be hindered by the political processes in different countries. However, bodies such as the IMF and the World Bank have been known to regulate the trading process by controlling the actions of governments. In the same sense, political motivations can be used to come up with suitable international laws that touch on globalization. Company Y suggests the creation of an international trading nongovernmental organization t
Introduction The paper defines the importance of the development methodologies in relevance to the developing technological advancement. It further defines the contents of the paper in determining to answers the usefulness of agile method in commanding software development in the future. Body It goes in depth in analyzing and discussing the usefulness of agile method in relation to waterfall in terms of structured and iterative method. It explores the strengths and weaknesses that are posed by agile which include flexibility, teamwork and quality of the product. It shows weakness such as poor documentation, management of the team and specific timeline of the project in relation to benefits and limitations that are associated with other development methodologies. Conclusions It answers the question that was posed. Agile methodology is a smaller chance of becoming dominant in the field of software development. This is because there are different requirements of different projects. Software development is an important component in today technological advancement. Software development ensures that the right software is development for specific task and need. Thus, software development may bring into consideration new development, re-use, research and maintenance. In the development of software, many approaches are used in developing the right software. It brings into consideration development methodologies th
Introduction: The Aluminum Company The Aluminum Company of America seems to have started an entirely new page in the history of entrepreneurship and management by adopting a unique strategy of assessing its performance. Although the concept of performance management was shaped well before the company appeared in the world market and started the exploration of its possibilities, it was only with the advent of the Alcoa that the necessity to embrace the quantitative and the qualitative elements of the assessment became obvious. In his paper Quantitative exposure assessment strategies and data in the Aluminum Company of America, Damiano (1995) makes it clear that the Alcoa Company has defined the way to conduct both the exposure assessment, i.e., the assessment of the staff, and the evaluation of the existing health hazards, therefore, creating an ultimate way of assessing the organizational performance and making sure that the company’s standards are kept high. Discussion of the Article In conducting his research, Damiano seems to follow the principles introduced by the Alcoa Company pretty close. Not only does he manage to embrace every single process that takes place in Alcoa as a part of its evaluation program, but also to incorporate the elements of qualitative and quantitative analysis as well. The significance of a qualitative assessment According to what Damiano says, the qualitative and the quantitative approaches are inseparable; whenever one of these methods is used in research, the other one must accompany it, thus, making the research complete. To illustrate his point, Damiano uses the example of Alcoa, the organization in which both types of evaluation are used to address the goals of the organization and the needs of its employees at the same time. Data management as part of the program Coordinating the distribution of the information within an organization is extremely important for all its processes to run smoothly. Coordinating the work of several employees, not to mention several departments, is only possible when the principle of knowledge sharing is applied. Thus, efficient data management is especially important for Alcoa, seeing how the company attempts at satisfying the needs of both clients and employees. The author’s conclusion: creating exposure histories Damiano seems to have grounded his theory well and proved his suppositions well enough. By discussing the strategies used by Alcoa for information acquisition, processing and distribution, Damiano has managed to push the envelope in exploiting various research strategies. Evaluation of the Research Methods: Qualitative and Quantitative Analyses As it has been stressed above, the key specifics of the Alcoa Company concerns its reasonable use of both the qualitative and the quantitative approach. Likewise, Damiano also uses several methods to research the given phenomenon. It is quite peculiar, though, that Damiano does not state the methods of his research anywhere in the article; on the contrary, he goes straight into analyzing the specifics
Introduction Slavery is a term used to refer to an affiliation of supremacy and obedience whereby one person possesses another and can extort from the possessed person labor or any other services. Slaves can be people detained against their will, bought or born into this dehumanizing way of life, they are denied the right to leave or to reject work, or even ask for reimbursement. Slavery in Brazil created the country’s societal arrangement and cultural background. All through the regal period, and for a period of more than six decades after the 1822 independence, slavery was one of the strongholds of the Brazil economy, in particular in the mining and sugar cane production sectors [1] Slave Trade in Brazil In the years after the 1500s Portuguese colonies situated in Brazil began to import African saves in large numbers. This was easy for them as the Portuguese were in control of several slave trade centres in the coast of West Africa where slaves were sold. African slaves became the preferred choice to work in big sugar cane plantations and mines as they were resilient to tropical diseases and heat and the fact that they were reluctant to run away from their masters was a good thing for the Portuguese as they made more money this way. Soon after the 1600’s African slaves were found to be engaged in all economic sectors of Brazil. This is because they were good workers who worked hard for their masters; rarely got sick and rarely run off into the jungle. Slave trade was abolished in May 1888 when Princess Isabel signed the; Lei Aurea, the ‘Golden Law’ that made slave trade illegal therefore legally putting an end to slavery in Brazil. The original script and the pen used to sign this document are preserved in the Brazilian national museum as it part of the history of Brazil. This single document freed the slaves and if it was not signed when it was, maybe slavery would have continued for much longer. Due to the ending of the slave trade in 1888 in Brazil, the African culture is still very pronounced especially in the Bahia and the Northeast. The African slaves still practiced and practice their native cultures, food, music, dance and customs all which are viewed in the pulsating cultural assortment that is now independent Brazil [2] . Abolition of slavery in Brazil Brazil was the last country in the Americas to abolish slave trade as slavery. The plight of slaves was noted down in literature that spoke out against slavery and spoke for the slaves themselves. Literature in Brazil included poems that spoke out against the suffering of slaves at the hands of their slave masters who in most cases were than not brutal. Abolitionist literature i