ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Academic dishonesty is a permanent issue at all levels of education at school and in universities. Researchers explore the motives, intentions, and conditions that provoke such behavior. Students can cheat themselves or use the services of professional ghostwriters. The purpose of this paper is to classify academic dishonesty. Main body Students use the author’s materials without permission and present their information without any proof of its authenticity. They help others to use the academic information illegally and cite without naming authors. All previously mentioned can be summarized in four main types of academic dishonesty. The definition of academic dishonesty is as follows: “The first type of academic dishonesty is cheating, which includes the intentional use or attempted use of unauthorized materials or information in an examination. Secondly, there is fabrication or invention of any information or citation. Thirdly, facilitation relates to behaviors that assist other students in engaging in academic dishonesty. The final form of academic dishonesty under Pavela’s definition is plagiarism” (Eriksson & McGee, 2015, par. 6). In the Western tradition, plagiarism is “the unauthorized use or misrepresentation of the thoughts of another author as one’s own” (Simpson, 2016). Nevertheless, this point of view is not universal. In some cultures, copying an author’s words is a form of gratitude and respect. Researchers connect academic dishonesty to such personal traits as neuroticism, extraversion, openness to experience, agreeableness, and conscientiousness (Giluk & Postlethwaite, 2015). Miller, Murdock, and Grotewiel (2017) claim that the rates of cheating do not depend on the success of students (p. 1). Even higher-achieving students demonstrate academic dishonesty. Conclusion The issue of academic dishonesty remains unresolved. Students continue to cheat in several ways themselves or with the help of professional ghostwriters. The definition of academic dishonesty is complex and consists of four parts. One of the most serious types of academic dishonesty is plagiarism. By signing this paper, I hereby pledge that it is my work except for the parts that are properly documented. I promise not to be dishonest and not to plagiarize.
Illnesses are a part of all living organisms, which cause physical pains and some unexpected losses. Mostly, the patient and their significant others, such as the family members and friends, have to modify their previous roles and behaviors to deal with the challenges brought by the disease. The societal and personal expectations of health status often influence how an individual responds to their present health situation. The objective of this paper is to compare the portrayal of illness as presented in Dunning Norman’s short story Elipsee and Lorde, Audre’s biography The Cancer Journals . In as much as both authors share experiences with breast cancer, their perspectives are influenced by cultural and personal beliefs, which, in turn, affect how they manage their predicament. The conceptualization of breast cancer is different as influenced by individual beliefs. In her biography, Lorde is convinced that there are certain lifestyle causes of the disease. She wonders if there was a way that she could have prevented cancer and if she can do something to prevent its recurrence (Lorde 57). Later in the text, she mentions that her scar from mastectomy is a reminder that she may have been a victim of radiation, air pollution, animal fat, red dye, or hamburgers (Lorde 61). She appears to be informed about the predisposing factors of breast cancer. With this knowledge, she can make some lifestyle changes so as to enhance her health and quality of life. Conversely, knowledge of possible causes of the disease for Elipsee is different and mostly based on superstitions. Elipsee and her husband are clueless about the possible reason for the illness. The narrator states, “We’d stopped eating caribou for a month. We stopped sleeping in the same bed. We stopped kissing. We stopped holding hands-on full moons” (Dunning 8). In addition, Elipsee thinks she may have offended the spirits without even realizing it, and this can be a reason why she is suffering (Dunning 16). All these activities were perceived as possible cures for cancer. Ironically, Elipsee still insisted on smoking “weed stuff,” yet, it could be the medical cause of breast cancer (Dunning 22). Elipsee conceptualizes breast cancer superstitiously and has no regard for the doctors. Next, Lorde feels that she is not a lesser woman just because of the mastectomy. Hence, her focus is not on the disease or the changes that it has made in her physical body. For instance, “my primary concerns two days after mastectomy were hardly about what man I could capture” (Lorde 57). She had fewer concerns about what a man thought of her not having one breast. Furthermore, she was comfortable walking without wearing a lambswool or silicone gel. Her healthcare providers are concerned, but she is comfortable with her appearance. Contrarily, Elipsee is overwhelmed by her current situation and worries about what her husband thinks. At one point, she says, “Jo, I’m sorry I got sick” (Dunning 6). Her sentiments indicate that she blames herself for ca
Abstract John Wesley is a renowned historical figure. His contribution to the revival of Christian churches in remarkable. Although part of his life was spent doing charitable and pious activities zealously, his zeal was not based on knowledge. He still had an emptiness that needed to be filled by the true joy which comes after putting one’s faith in Jesus Christ. Wesley’s early life was characterized by fear but this changed after his conversion. He became supernaturally bold such that even violence would not deter him from preaching the word. His legacy as an epitome of a true minister of the gospel lives on. Introduction Many historical figures are remembered for their contribution in church history. John Wesley is one of the people whose contribution in the formation of evangelical churches is remarkable. His passion for preaching, coupled with his courage enabled him to preach the gospel fearlessly amidst much persecution. This paper shall explore the life and legacy of John Wesley. The lessons that can be learnt from his life shall also be outlined. Thesis statement There have been many great leaders in the history of mankind in general and in the Christian history in particular. John Wesley is one of such leaders, who have had a significant impact on the church. Wesley was not like any other minister of the gospel but he was a courageous and spirit-filled minister of the gospel who preached under the anointing of the Holy Spirit, impacting mill
Peer Assessment: Theoretical Framework Though the idea of allowing students, and low achieving ones at that, to check the correctness of the work of their peers might seem lacking in insight, the phenomenon of peer assessment is based on a solid theory. Friedman, Cox and Maher (2007) explain that the phenomenon of peer assessment aligns with the key tenets of the Expectancy Theory and the motivation approach to teaching that the above-mentioned theory suggests. Among the key problems of peer assessment, the lack of proper knowledge on the subject matter, as well as the major assessment strategies among learners should be named. Indeed, students have a rather vague idea of the merits that academic endeavours must be evaluated on (Falchikov & Goldfinch 2000). As a result, the teacher must condition the positive impact of peer assessment (Friedman et al. 2007). Friedman et al. specifies that the process will only be efficient if the students have taken the concept of meaningful rating seriously. The Expectancy Theory states that, for peer assessment to be successful, it is necessary to motivate the students for carrying out the evaluation process. Triggering students’ enthusiasm may be a tricky task, Friedman et al. warn, since, in most cases, students have a negative idea of group projects due to the previous experiences of working in a dysfunctional group (Friedman et al. 2007, p. 581). In the course of the research, the areas such as new approaches to scaffolding, the benefits of peer reviewing and the possible issues triggered by scaffolding have been covered The specified fields seem to be the most important ones, as they allow for a deeper insight on the learning process. As a result, they enable the instructor to choose the peer assessment approach that helps enhance knowledge and skills acquisition among learners. Vygotsky and the Concept of Scaffolding It should be born in mind that the idea of peer assessment is not new – far from it, the phenomenon was suggested by Vygotsky in his sociocultural theory. In addition to the sociocultural theory and its key postulates, the idea of peer assessment should also be viewed through the tenets of the zone of proximal development theory (Fernández et al., 2001). According to the zone of proximal development theory, the instruction–response approach towards modelling the learner’s understanding of knowledge and the acquisition of the appropriate skills can be carried out through the provision of “symmetrical” (Fernández et al., 2001, p. 41) interactions between learners. These relationships, in their turn, facilitate the process of knowledge acquisition, reducing the zone of proximal development to its lowest. The sociocultural theory allows a slightly different perspective on the subject matter. However, the specified theory seems to provide an additional chance for a teacher to solve the problem researched (i.e., the introduction of
Introduction When change initiatives are made with regard to the context of concerned stakeholders then chances are that success will be achieved. Conversely, if one simply transplants one’s values into another culture, things can go wrong as was the case in the situation under analysis. Case analysis The expatriate manager suffered from a problem that is common amongst most leaders in the corporate arena; he presumed that there is one single leadership approach that can work universally. However, this may not be automatically true; any international manager needs to know that national and cultural differences have a huge role to play in organizations. Consequently, one’s values determine one’s reaction or attitude towards change. A majority of leadership theories have been developed in the western world such as Australia, North America and Europe. Consequently, US-based managers should not assume that these theories can work everywhere. Although they may be effective in certain societies, one should go through the trouble of first finding out what kind of society one is dealing with and what drives them. This expatriate manager had skipped that part before instating change within his organization (Latta, 2009). Nonetheless, studies carried out in leadership across various parts of the world have shown that certain universal functions do exist. At the end of it all, in situations that need change, what is needed is leadership to steer people in the right direction and the willingness to accept that change. In this case, the expatriate US manager had fulfilled these fundamentals but an exception arose because a cultural difference existed between him and his subordinates. Leadership in essence can be understood as the practice of influencing a group/ others. However, because of varying cultural contexts, the attitude to influence and the method of carrying out that influence may vary. In the US context, this particular manager would have influenced people very well using achievement and individualism (AIQS, 2010). However, because he was working with a Japanese team, ascriptive or collective values would have worked better. It should be noted that work-related values are highly dependent on culture. The expatriate manager hailed from what may be considered as the most individualistic society on earth. He was therefore driven by the need to reward individual traits. In Japan where collaboration and collectiveness are highly valued, the American way of
Introduction Organizational design is a framework that an organization applies with the objective of realizing its vision. This process involves coordinating various structural components of the organization in a certain manner. The paper will focus on literature review of organizational redesigning by narrowing down to departmentalization, specialization, spans of control, centralization and decentralization, and chains of command as evidenced by various scholarships in the field. Summary and analysis of scholarships in the field In most instances, the success and failure of an organization are attributed to its design or management’s ability. According to Johnson et al. (1973, p.144), an excellent organizational design should be flexible, economical, simple, and acceptable. Various theories have been put forward concerning organizational redesigning. The major theories of organizational redesigning are the neoclassical and classical theories. Scholars like Weber and Taylor put forward the classical theories. According to this school of thought, organizational redesigning should be founded on high organization efficiency. To the scholars, organizations can perform best when their design is grounded on efficiency. In fact, Dobbin (1994, p.138) posits that organizations that will adopt inefficient designs will soon be eliminated by the environment. Changes in the spans of control, departmentalization, chains of command, and centralization and decentralization should always target on improving an organization’s efficiency. The second category of scholarship is the neoclassical school of thought that comprises theories that were put forward by Sapru, Argyris, Wissest, and McGregor. According to this school of thought, organizational design should be centralized on basic human needs and people’s ability of self-expression (Taylor, 1911). Organizational redesigning should enable human beings involved in the organization to express themselves and have their basic needs fulfilled. To these scholars, the most important thing about organizational redesigning is to be people-focused. Analysis of these scholarships reveals that organizational redesigning is imperative to the development. Moreover, some organizational designs are more efficient and effective in relation to others. Johnson et al. (1993) affirm that the major determinant of the level of success of a certain organizational design is the level of skills that the designer has and the management quality. In some instances, it depends on both the management skills and managerial operation skills. From deeper analysis, one will further realize that the key building blocks of a good organizational design are flexibility, reliability, simplicity, acceptability, and design. These elements c
Once you have selected the candidate, what would you do next to maximize the chances of his or her success? The chances for success of a candidate can be maximized by applying job analysis practices, at least, this is the first step to be taken. The next steps include motivation and stimulation of the employee’s activity. For instance, a job analysis can be fulfilled by means of a personal interview, direct observations, and a questionnaire to be completed by a candidate. Some techniques can be considered rather effective whereas the use of others is not justified in terms of effectiveness and success of employees. As “…some job analysis techniques and recruitment and selection practices are incongruous with the principles of the boundaryless organization” (Nelson 2001, p.133), it is necessary to implement adequate techniques so that newly recruited employees had sufficient chances of success. Moreover, the candidate should meet the ‘minimum qualifications’ mentioned by Catano (2009, p.291) because an employee that does not fit the position recruited for, it would be impossible or at least ine
Introduction Michael Syrett is the author of this invaluable handbook in business management. It gives a detailed chapter by chapter analysis on winning strategies that are intended to keep business goals on target. The folly of most companies lie in their failure to track their performance against their set long-term goals. Syrett’s in-depth analysis is aimed at giving theoretical strategies with practical applications using real life companies as case studies (Syrett, 2007). The facts and anecdotes from these case studies set the backdrop for other companies to implement what works for them. Setting the scene Having a vision alone for a company normally does not propel it to success. Vision goes along with execution. Execution of strategy is not complicated. It simply requires that one develops an idea and carries it through to fruitition.A case study of Hewlett-Packard and British airways shows how the management made a complete turn-around of the companies using well-known ideas such as budgetary cost-cutting, breaking down barriers, focusing on the main goal, workforce empowerment and setting high standards for performance. Friction Despite the concept of breaking down boundaries being a contributing factor in success strategy, it may not always be easy to achieve. This is shown through the case study of General Electric’s relative ease in breaking into the American Market. On the contrary, they had a problem breaking into the Hungarian market due to culture and economic traditions. For a business to become ‘boundaryless’,considering the needs of the workforce is paramount in creating a united front so as to avert friction.Co-ordination is a winning strategy that ensures working together towards achieving the same goal. Focus The previous chapter on friction reiterates that everyone must be assigned their roles that when executed, works together in achieving a common goal.However,this freedom to perform roles works as many parts of a machinery that is focused to do one job. Focus is imperative in setting up objective company goals and sticking to them until success is achieved. The right focus gets people engaged. The focus goals must be clear and allow for individual employee input, right from senior management down to the lowest e
Realco Johnny Chang has a typical supply chain management problem in his hands. The only silver lining in his dilemma is that he has a steady stream of orders coming in. But apart from that he has no clear grasp of the other aspects of the supply chain management component of his business. This was brought about by sudden and unexpected success of his company when it began to manufacture and sell Realco’s Breadmaster. The orders kept pouring in for the past two years. Apparently Johnny was busy focusing on marketing and perhaps the technology within them that he did not have time to look into the manufacturing and supply issue of the business. Two years later the company seemed to be operating on the basis of the demand made during the boom years – it was the time when was a novelty item and the market was not yet saturated with them. However, in the present time when Johnny Chang studied the inventory levels for this particular item, he was correct to be alarmed when he discovered that there are 7,000 units left in their warehouses. In his opinion this number is too high and the company has to find a much reliable method when it comes to manufacturing only the required units and create an oversupply of the said equipment (Proud, 2007, p.49). Facts of the Case The current production cycle is based on the idea that orders are estimated to be around 20,000 units of Breadmaster per week. This is the reason why the manufacturing facility has been churning roughly 40,000 Breadmaster every other week. This is equivalent to 80,000 units per month. But upon closer examination of the orders that were already listed for the upcoming month Johnny discovered that for the first week the order was 23,500 units. For the second week, the order was 23,000 units. For the third week the order was 21,500 units. For the fourth week the order was 15,050 units. For the fifth week the order was 13,600 units. For the sixth week the order was 11,500 units. For the seventh week the order was 5,400 units. For the eight week the order was 1800 units.
Introduction The dynamics of globalization are determined by the inequality of the stakeholders. Historical studies on the subject of globalization identify different stages of globalization. The first stage was discernible by the movement of capital and labor. The increase in trade resulted from the reduction of transportation costs and not from the formation of barrier-free trade. It was in this stage that Asia was in a position of superiority and China gave up control of the Indian Ocean as a regional trade pillar. This opened the Asian economies to interaction with Europe and developed the platform for modernization. Main body Marks’ revisionist view is that England’s dominance of the world economy was accidental. The concept of globalization is depicted as having resulted from the invasion of the Indian Ocean which was a crucial trade route in the early 1800s. Marks, the argument is that the expansion of Europe’s dominance resulted from the invasive and manipulative interaction with the Asian world. Globalization has accelerated the movement of resources and exploration of other lands. The invasion of the Indian Ocean was a foundation for the impending industrial revolution. By managing to invade China and the more resource productive lands in Asia, Europe would access the vast resources and ultimately propel itself to development. Marks’ postulation of the concept of globalization aims to indicate the similarity in reliance of Asian economies on the Indian Ocean as a major mode of transport. This unity in reliance describes the development of interdependence of independent states. It is best exemplified by the political and economic dependence that is currently evident in the relations between Asia and Europe. Globalization is evidently accelerat
Introduction Such a concept as authorship can be critical for evaluating and analyzing various cinematographic works. In particular, this notion can be applied to discuss the film Django Unchained directed by Quentin Tarantino. This movie is set in antebellum America; it depicts the journey of a former slave named Django and the bounty hunter King Schultz. The formal elements of this film and its themes have been both praised and criticized by journalists. In this case, it is critical to focus on the role played by Quentin Tarantino. Much attention should be paid to the main ideas and cinematographic techniques that are typical of this director. For instance, it is possible to speak about the aestheticization of violence and willingness to explore the factors that can prompt people to act cruelly or unethically. Nevertheless, it is also critical to examine the contributions that could be made by other people who took part in the creation of this movie. Overall, the concept of authorship is important for discussing the visual elements of this movie, its promotion, and the key ideas that are conveyed to the viewers. To a great extent, this analysis can be helpful for showing how this cinematographic work was created. The stakeholders that act as the authors of a cinematographic work On the whole, the concept of authorship cannot be easily applied to cinematographic works because there are many individuals who contribute to their creation. In this case, it is not permissible to speak only about creative choices made by directors since one can also mention the role of actors, camera operators, or scriptwriters who can dramatically influence the artistic elements involved in a movie. For instance, it is possible to recognize the work of Robert Richardson, who was responsible for lighting, the selection of costumes, the design of settings, framing, and so forth. He was able to create many captivating images of the Old West. Additionally, it is critical to recognize the work of actors who masterfully impersonated the characters. For i