ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction The quest to determine who actually owns the past generally involves the digging and sinking deeper in the cultural heritage of different communities and exploring their cultural endowments in order to know who owns what and to what extent the community was involved in the development of the cultural heritage. In seeking to answer the question, who owns the past, exploration of the Elgin marbles or the Parthenon marbles becomes of critical importance. The transportation of the Elgin marbles from the Athenian museum to the British museum led to controversies in which, scholars and British politicians held different views on the appropriateness of returning the marbles to Athens or let them remain in the British museum. According to Rudenstine, “…the British Ambassador to the Ottoman Empire from 1799-1803, had obtained a controversial permission from Ottoman officials to remove pieces from the Acropolis” (1999: 356). The controversy of the removal of the sculptures and their transportation by sea to the British museum led to the public debate of the British Ambassadors action. Heated debates in the parliament led to the sale of the Elgin marbles to the British government. Still on the quest of who owns the past, the debate on indigenous cultural objects is inevitable. Cultural objects of a community including pieces of music and language and other objects of cultural heritage expression remain property over the community, which has authority over them all. in fact, the earliest inhabitants of any cultural heritage or art pieces hold that, they possesses the sole authority, control and presentation of their cultural heritage and not the local upcoming metropolitan museum or anyone else for that matter. Therefore, in the light of this insight on cultural ownership, who really owns the past? Overview of the debates on Elgin marbles and the indigenous cultural objects The heated debate surrounding the Elgin marbles led to the sale of the marble to the British government, which placed the marbles in the British museum. Before settling on the controversial selling of the marbles, the Greeks wanted the Elgin marbles back to the Athenian museum for in their campaigns according to Jenkins (1999, they wanted a reunion of all their cultural inheritance in Parthenon to restore “organic element” (43). The reunion of the cultural heritage preservation of cultural homogeneity and cohesion would facilitate the process of giving visitors an opportunity to see and appreciate the cultural heritage of the Greeks in totality. Jenkins continues to rue that, “…at present our cultural heritage is without cohesion, homogeneity and historicity of monumental museum” (1999: 44). This misfortune occurs, as a surprise to Jenkins because, Greece, a country highly endowed with a rich cultural heritage, now remains deprived of her wealthy historical cultural museums. Furthermore, for bette
The movie “Split” is a psychological horror-thriller filmed by M. Night Shyamalan, starring James McAvoy, who plays about a person who has 23 prominent personalities due to sexual abuse happened in his childhood (Fischer, 2017). Each character of the person has a name and story, but the first man portrayed is Kevin Wendell Crumb. He kidnaps and imprisons three teenage girls in an isolated facility. The main character has a dissociative identity disorder (DID): one day, he may be a little boy, and tomorrow he is a strict teacher. When one of his 23 personalities kidnaps three schoolgirls, some of the characters approve of this act, and some want to fix the situation. In the movie, Crumb shows typical symptoms of the disorder, such as the transition from one personality to another occurs spontaneously. Sometimes the change takes a few seconds; other times, it lasts for hours and days, while a person has a memory loss for some time. Each personality has its name, habits, intonation, facial expressions; for instance, “Dennis” imprisons girls, “Hedwig” has a childlike nature and wants to play with them, “The Beast” aims to kill girls and take ownership of the world. The character tried to “fix” the problem by having visits to a psychotherapist. In the movie, we see the scenes of Kevin’s appointment with a psychotherapist. The doctor asks the main character, who is in front of him by building hypotheses, and Kevin confirms or rejects the guesses. When a dissociative identity disorder hits a person severely, the only recommendation for the main character to resolve the psychological issue is contacting a psychotherapist and conducting comprehensive treatment. I would suggest using cognitive-behavioral and dialectical behavioral therapy approaches to treat the person with the DID because it helps to decrease negative responses to stressors, which cause the appearance of other personalities (Dryden-Edwards & Stöppler, n.d.). Furthermore, these approaches are recommended to help a person unite all characters and control them to avoid adverse consequences (Fischer, 2017).
In order to create a new appropriate tool that would embrace all the required aspects of food calculation and production raise in Abu Dhabi (UAE), it is essential to consider the existing models including their parameters and limitations and suggest a combination of tools. The limitations of Climate, Land, Energy, and Water strategies (CLEW) comprising the extended scope of analysis and complication of the tool due to its coverage of four interlinked components allow envisaging the similar situation for a new tool. Therefore, to make the system less complicated, it is significant to distinguish the areas of analysis between several responsible departments and persons. What is more, such limitations as the lack of frequently updated data and driving forces of the land of the Global Agro-Ecological Zones (GAEZ) model make to reflect on the enhancement of the principles of land assessment. In particular, the frequently updated data would be the best decision to overcome the above mentioned gap. Based on the present models, it seems that the new tool should be mostly connected to the Energy and Water Food (WEF) nexus tool 2.0. The energy and water are paramount aspects of food production as well as the parameters of the population growth, changes in the economy and climate. However, the linearity, static character, and local consideration are the limitations that should be overcome by means of enhancing the parameters. For instance, it seems suitable to expand the area of coverage and pay attention to the global context that might affect the food production. Besides, it is also important to consider the interrelation between the mentioned parameters as they might impact each other nonlinearly. The last but not the least, the parameter to be improved is the static character as the energy and water coefficients tend to vary eventually. It should also be pinpointed that there are some parameters to add in the tool that were not mentioned in the considered models. Thus, the thorough land evaluation that would include the pH level, soil airiness as well evaporation coefficient might vastly increase the food production and promote accurate calculations. Another parameter is the labor development that is an intensive system of mandatory implementation of measures covering the entire process of obtaining a high production including high labor discipline along with strict technological discipline. It would assume the effective use of all the factors determining the food production in the framework of workers’ labor: tillage, fertilizer system, proper crop rotation, integrated system of plant protection using agronomic, biological, and chemical methods, reclamation control techniques of soil fertility and water regime, and other modern technological means. To sum up, the new comprehensible food nexus tool should involve all the aspects that were counted above and integrate them appropriately. The suggested model is essential for Abu Dhabi as it takes into account the considerable issues connected to the food production increase and calculation. The model focuses on peculiarities of the
Background or Introduction Huang et al. (2011) developed a project about the peculiarities of the transition from pediatric to adult health care and the importance of the assessment of adolescents who have chronic illnesses such as inflammatory bowel disease, type I diabetes, and cystic fibrosis. They began their article with the evaluation of health care agencies and the description of the services that could be offered to children and adult patients. The objective of the article is to examine the transition process and the experiences of patients and to identify the factors that could contribute to the successful development of the process with the help of web-based technologies. Review of the Literature Huang et al. (2011) used the reports of the Department of Health/Child Health and Maternity Services Branch and the US Department of Health and Human Services to explain how the issue of health care transition was discussed in relevant societies. Besides, the authors mentioned that the transition process could be traumatic for patients and lead to mobility or even mortality outcomes (Huang et al., 2011). Therefore, it is important to analyze the qualities of medical practices, the abilities of the medical workers to improve the conditions of health care, and the expectations of patients with chronic illnesses. The evaluation of the literature available for the current transition process showed that there was a lack of interventions that could be used to improve the outcomes. Still, the researchers believed that the use of current technologies and the investigation of the needs of the population could help to change the situation and develop appropriate services. Young-adult patients who have chronic diseases and pediatric and adult health care providers have to be involved in research to clarify the issues of the transition and the improvements that could be offered. Discussion of Methodology Much attention is paid to the methods and steps chosen by the authors of the article. The qualitative study was used in the project. It was decided to develop focus-group interviews with the patients who have or had their transition experiences. The number of the participants was identified in the paper. There were six focus groups with 10 youn
Introduction The history of the development of the African continent is inextricably linked with its colonial past, which influenced the current state of African countries. In his 2017 article, Bruce Gilley notes that Western colonialism can be considered “the civilizing mission without scare quotes – that led to improvements in living conditions for most Third World peoples.”[1] The author argues that Western governance provides the African continent with social, economic, and political advantages that contribute to the development of the countries. Gilley advocates that modern recolonization will be able to end “continued chaos and displacement caused by a century of anti-colonial policies.”[2] Moreover, the author proposes a model for creating a new colonial system, which would not be an act of suppression and restriction of the freedom of Africans. Even though Gilley provided a detailed explanation of overcoming possible difficulties, recolonization will only lead to stagnation of the continent, not its development. The Case of Rwanda For a historical analysis of the view that Gilley supports, it is necessary to consider the cases of several countries in sub-Saharan Africa, which will help assess the prospects for recolonization. The civil war in Rwanda, which lasted from 1990 to 1994 and led to the mass extermination of the Tutsi people, is a significant episode in this debate. Despite the genocide in the country, the US government did not take sufficient measures to stop it. The EU peacekeeping mission and the activities of Belgian soldiers in Rwanda also failed to prevent hundreds of thousands of deaths among the local population. Samantha Power calls the muteness of the American public to the problems of Africa as one of the main reasons for the inaction of the world community regarding the events taking place in the country. [3] The position of preventing actions by the US, in this case, can be considered a policy of non-interference in the independent affairs of Rwanda, which seems morally and ethically fair. A fundamental aspect is the reluctance of the US government to intervene in a conflict that only remotely affects the interests of the state. Despite creating the illusion of concern for Rwanda, US officials did not consider the possibility of real action[4]. Thus, the situation is controversial
Discussion Politics and ethics are concepts that are identical according to the teachings of Confucianism. These aspects strongly contrast legalism. Confucianism demands politics to be considered on ethical convictions and not laws. It bases ethical convictions on goodness of human nature (Mou 112). With Mencius, Confucianism believes in innate goodness of man. Thus, it considers man as an emotional being. This kind of emotion forms the basis of morality. Confucianism values education as an avenue of refining emotionality as it deteriorates into an ego-centric attitude. Chinese civilization was ethically formed by Confucianism (Zhang 67). For more than two millennia, this remained Chinese ethical foundation. This paper discusses Confucian ethics and legalist’s authority in shaping Chinese history and explores: the analects of Confucius and how they would serve as primary moral and ethical code in shaping the intellectual period of the Zhou dynasty; how Mencius writings constituted an important development in the expansion of Confucian ethics and aiding moral argument of human goodness; and how Shang Yang’s writings would form the foundation for the Qin dynasty political program. Analects of Confucius in Shaping the Zhou Dynasty Analects Confucius contain conversations with disciples. In these conversations, Confucius adopts a detached view of Heaven. He once commended, “You are unable to serve man,” ‘how then can you hope to serve the spirits? While you do not know life, how can you know about death?” (Hardy 5). Here, Confucius interest in philosophy was clearly political and ethical. His construct of the universe was such that if human beings behave harmoniously in accordance with its purposes, their own affairs would prosper. Confucius was much concerned with human behaviour. Behaving in conformity with the Dao (cosmos) was the key to proper behaviour (Hardy 5). Confucius basic assumption was that all human beings had their own Dao, depending on their individual roles in life, and it was their duty to follow it. Confucius strongly felt that people will naturally follow example of leaders who lived according to high ethical standards. In terms of shaping moral sensibilities, Confucius taught the significance of ritual and music. Additionally, he advocated benevolent hierarchical social order (Hardy 5). The ruler also had his own Dao. The ruler ignored his Dao at his own peril, for to do so could signify the loss of heaven mandate (Hubbard 22). Confucius interpretation of the Dao contained two basic elements; one was the concept of duty. Human beings had the responsibility to subordinate their own interest and aspirations to the greater need of others. This assumes that each person works hard to accomplish his or her assigned destiny. In turn, this accelerates prosperity in society. Therefore, the ruler in this respect has to set a good example. The beneficial effect would be felt throughout society if he conforms in his kingly ways (Perry 40). Second
Introduction According to a definition given in Business Dictionary, quantitative research implies “the use of sampling techniques (such as consumer surveys) whose findings may be expressed numerically, and are amenable to mathematical manipulation enabling the researcher to estimate future events or quantities” (“Quantitative Research”, 2015). It is one of the most fundamental and widely used ways of producing information in both social and mathematical sciences. Threats to validity in quantitative research However, the methods used to conduct quantitative research, and the data gathered in it may be invalid or faulty. According to Lærd Dissertation Guide, threats to the external validity of research are “any factors within a study that reduce the generalisability (or generality) of the results” ( Lærd Dissertation Guide , 2012, p.3), and threats to internal validity “are things that make it difficult to prove that the independent variable is causing the changes in the dependent variable” (Boyd, n.d. par. 10). There are a few common threats to internal and external validity in quantitative research that are worth mentioning. For internal validity, they include experimenter effects and subject effects, compensation, compensatory rivalry, demoralization, diffusion (or imitation) of treatments, causal time order, experimental mortality, statistical regression, selection biases, instrumentation, testing effects, history effects and maturation. For external validity, these are history effects and maturation; the “real world” versus the “experimental world”; constructs, methods and confounding; selection biases. All of them should be taken into account when research is conducted so that the results would not be compromised. Case study A case study for this paper shows that the validity of the results can only be assessed under one condition – there is enough data. The problem statement is as follows: In a published article about exercise, self-esteem, and happiness, the analysis shows, for women but not men, a high, positive correlation between the number of hours exercised per week and being childless or having no children under the age of 18 … the researcher concludes that women who have grown or no children are happier than those who have children at home. This is all the information given in a newspaper. Although there is not enough inf
Introduction Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) is an example of talk treatment intended to assist individuals with perceiving needless contemplations and practices and figure out how to transform them. Treatment centers around the present and the future, instead of focusing on the past (Manassis, 2016). The methodology can help all individuals, including children and teenagers. CBT pays attention to what considerations and feelings mean for behavior. Therapy for the most part includes a settled-upon objective and a set number of meetings. The advisor will assist a child with learning to supplant negative idea designs with more positive ones. Through gameplay and different strategies, a child can find substitute methods of dealing with unpleasant circumstances (Manassis, 2016)es. CBT for youngsters has useful daily applications. This treatment can assist a child with understanding the pessimism of their cognition and figure out how to supplant them with more optimistic ones. Finding better approaches to seeing things assists a youngster with figuring out how to react distinctively and improve as opposed to deteriorating unpleasant circumstances (Manassis, 2016). CBT strategies There are several CBT strategies such as play treatment, trauma-focused therapy, modeling, and exposure. Play treatment includes games, dolls and manikins, or role-play to help the kid address issues and work out arrangements (Manassis, 2016). This can likewise help keep younger patients attentive. Trauma-focused therapy is the strategy where a therapist aims to treat youngsters influenced by traumatic accidents, including catastrophic events (Manassis, 2016). The advisor will primarily work on conduct and psychological issues straightforwardly identified with the injury the youngster has encountered. In modeling, the specialist may showcase an illustration of the ideal conduct, like how to react to a bully, and request that the youngster do likewise or exhibit different models (Manassis, 2016). During exposure, the specialist gradually opens the patient to the things that trigger ne
Faulkner journeys with the help of a third-person narrative point of view where he utilizes the brain of the story’s hero, Colonel Sartoris Snopes. However, his third-person story viewpoint is explicitly a limited third-person viewpoint since Snopes knows something but not everything about the events that transpire and the involved characters. The story is consistent; the narrator sees everything through Sarty’s eyes and even reading his thoughts. For instance, Faulkner italicizes all Sarty’s thoughts, whereas the words he speaks loudly are not, thus adding a layer of reliability to the story. Faulkner uses the omniscient storyteller since it reminds readers that there are several points of view, remembering a supernatural one for which all realities are known to the creator. Also, sharing Sarty’s immediate impressions and decisions produces a solid bond between the kid and the reader. While Jig was in dire need of sympathy when she compared the nearby hills to white elephants, the American man takes himself to be more reasonable and ends up patronizing her. The two had a sexual and complicated relationship which resulted in pregnancy. Their dialogue reveals the unborn child to be the subject of their conflict; the man wants the girl to have an abortion while the girl is unsure. Although Jig appears to be subservient, both partners are strong-willed, preventing them from understanding each other. On the other hand, Fitzgerald exemplifies Charlie’s family turmoil in his quest to gain custody over his daughter. He loves his daughter wholeheartedly and makes an effort to become a new and reformed man. We get the impression that Charlie would make a wonderful father; Fitzgerald never questions his comprehension of his daughter and the goodness of his intentions throughout the novel. However, a part of Charlie wants to return to his old life, making the reader question his credibility in reclaiming Honoria. Ellison uses the Black Royal to signify the social and political power struggles depicted throughout the novel. The author addresses issues of race, class, and gender which are central to the struggle a black man undergoes in the hands of the white population. Reflecting on the narrator’s grandfather’s words that led with “Live with your head in the lion’s mouth” (Ellison, 1952, p.15), I conclude that he is encouraging the boy to play the w
Introduction As human beings, our lives are mostly crowded by work and we are left with little time to spare for ourselves. Making the best use of the free time we get is therefore very important. Hobbies which are activities that we engage in for pleasure present the best way to use our free