ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction The history of the Crusades can be characterized by nine military campaigns directed against non-Catholic religions. Crusades have strongly affected the East and Western Europe this is why it is necessary to provide some historical background about Byzantine Empire and to find out how the Crusades shaped Europe’s interaction with the East, how they affected Western Europe, Church reform, and whether Russia had any effect on cultural and military developments in Europe. Discussion To begin with, the fall of Western Roman Empire gave rise to Byzantine whose people valued their cultural identity above all. Rome together with surrounding territories was regarded as the most powerful part of the Empire which due to its flexibility lived through the sack of Rome being able to preserve customs and traditions of the Roman Empire, which included Latin and Greek art and works of literature. Ottoman Turks’ invasion of Constantinople “drove scholars of classical Greek to flee westward with their libraries, bringing Plato and Aristotle’s complete works to the Latin West” (Wider & Winks 3). This is how Roman customs and traditions were transmitted to the West. Back then Europe used to be treated as isolated from the rest of the world. European society lacked progress and was failing; Renaissance helped it get back to evolution because numerous Crusades “shaped European self-perception for three hundred years: The hidalgos in Spain saw themselves as carrying out a Cruzada, or Crusade, first against the Muslims and Jews within the Iberian peninsula, then against the Aztec and Incan empires” (Wider & Winks 3). Furthermore, the Crusades hindered growth and evolution of the Western Europe but it cannot be denied that they were to some extent beneficial for it. A number of crusaders and pilgrims who returned home from the East brought various foreign words contributing to the existing language. There appeared such words as “tariff” and “bazaar” borrowed from Arabic, “douane” and “dogana” borrowed from French and Italian respectively, and a lot of others. The Crusades also increased commercial growth of the West. “Thus, the Crusades contributed to introduction of new products and helped create the conditions that led to modern methods of finance” (Wider & Winks 10). They also resulted in moving of population to the towns, which improved the lives of rural people. In general, the Crusades’ impact on the Church reform lied in enforcing church laws and cutting the pope’s powers. Crusades fought ardently defending the Faith, while “the papacy devoted enormous effort to planning, taxing and campaigning, especially through naval warfare” (Wider & Winks 10). All this took place during the Late Crusades and resulted in Catholic Church’s using economic sanctions for protecting the land from Non-Christians. Finally, Russia did not have much influence on Europe in the Late Middle Ages. Starting from the thirteenth century Russia was under Tatar rule and remained under it for two hundred years. This weakened the country and resulted in its lacking behind the West. I
Conjecture I’ve heard that a preservative in some vaccines can cause autism – what’s going on? This controversy has been raging for some time, with government and mainstream scientists on one side, and several small but vocal advocacy groups on the other. And many parents have been left feeling confused and frightened about their children’s health. The advocacy groups say that thimerosal, a preservative used in vaccines, is toxic to the central nervous system and responsible for an alarming rise in rates of autism among children in the United States and around the world. Some health activists continue to challenge the validity of the existing science and assert that the U.S. government has conspired with vaccine manufacturers to cover up the truth about thimerosal and autism. Why was thimerosal added to vaccines in the first place? Explain what kind of experiment would be needed to test the conjecture There has been a raging controversy concerning a preservative found in children vaccines that has the probability of causing autism. This conflict between the government and the scientist against vocal advocacy groups has made parents to get concerned and alarmed about the children’s health and well being (Baby Centre 1). The claims made by the advocacy groups are that, thimerosal a chemical compound added to vaccines as a preservative is highly toxic and has adverse effects on the nervous system of children. It is blamed for the reported cases of increased rates in the rise of autism disorders among children in the United States of America. Despite of this claim, scientist argue that there is no enough scientific evidence that link this vaccine preservative to the development and prevalence of autism disorder in children in the United States (Baby Centre 1). This conjecture can be best tested through an experiment comparing infants who are exposed to thimerosal and those who aren’t exposed. Factors such as Age, race and environment should be kept similar for the subjects to be used for the experiment to reduce the probability of secondary factors to cause this autism disorder. Among these two groups, one of them is required to be exposed to vaccines containing thimerosal preservative. The other group should be given vaccines free of thimerosal preservative. After a considerable duration of two months an epidemiology study is recommended for both subjects. This examination should be done in order to discover any developments or changes in physical and neurological functions of the subjects related to autism disorder. This experiment can be best carried out by government disease control agencies such as, the CDC, Vaccine Research centers, Pediatrics disease and immunization groups among others (Baby Centre 3). Mention what you would have to hold constant to test the conjecture The preservative thimerosal in all the vaccines being administered to the subjects, age, race and environment are some
Overview of safety culture The need for a safe environment in every aspect of human life has increased in modern days. Emphasis on the safety culture has become one of the most crucial aspects of managerial functions in many organizations. The role of management includes ensuring that the organization promotes a safe environment for employees and the surrounding environment. The safety culture is often centered on individuals within the organization and grows to cover the entire organization. Individuals observe safety practices and contribute to a safe environment in the organization. While individual practices are essential in enhancing the safety culture, it is the role of management to ensure that standards of safety are established to be practiced individually and collectively within the organization (Antonsen, 2009). Safety culture in the organization – the role or management The entire management should participate in enforcing a safety culture within the organization. All teams should work towards reducing potential hazards that may be experienced in the organization. The vulnerable situations are created by the susceptibility to physical hazards and work practices that exposes employees to serious risks of being injured. This presents a scenario in which all people within the organization have the responsibility of ensuring that the organization runs according to the established safety rules. While this responsibility remains open to everybody in the organization, there is the aspect of initiative and overseeing what is done by managers (Antonsen, 2009). According to Antonsen (2009), the development of an effective safety culture is backed by the notion that developing a safe work environment is a cultural issue. It is believed that a safety culture in an organization results to the achievement of the desired goals. Therefore, achieving a safety culture in an organization is a comprehensive and a continuous process that should be managed to facilitate the achievement of the ultimate goals. The process of developing a safety culture involves several steps that the management should grasp. The steps are as follows:   * Understanding all the possible incidences that can result from the existence and promotion of unsafe culture in the organization.   * Understanding of the possible remedies or mitigation mechanisms to the possible incidences within the organization   * The crafting of safety rules and procedures to aid in preventing accidents from happening in an organization.   * The implementation which is followed by continuous monitoring of the rules to ensure that an organization remains safe at all the times. The continuity of the safety standards is the most challenging aspect in the maintenance of a safety culture within an organization. This requires the intervention of managers to ensure that the entire process of maintaining this culture in the organization is achieved. Managers take the respon
Facts The plaintiff in this particular case sued the defendant, his employer, for injuries sustained while working and was awarded two thousand five hundred dollars for damages. The defendant specialized in the transport business, and he used to transport Texan steers. On the day the plaintiff was injured, there was a train accident that damaged one of the defendant’s cars, making steers escape. The defendant then summoned a group of his workers, and the plaintiff was a member of the group. The workers were supposed to recover steers, which had escaped, but in the recovery process, one of the steers injured the plaintiff making him sue his employer. The employer, however, maintained that the plaintiff had full knowledge that the steer, which injured him, was wild, vicious, and very dangerous. Being bruised in the train accident only heightened these dangerous tendencies in the steer. In addition, the defendant also claimed that the steer that injured the plaintiff was a Texan steer, which is known to be naturally wild, vicious, and very dangerous. Issue On the other hand, the plaintiff claimed that he had no knowledge that the steer was naturally dangerous, and his supervisor did not warn him of the potential danger it posed to him. This is what made the plaintiff sue his employer. The circuit court awarded the plaintiff two thousand five hundred dollars in damages. However, the defendant appealed against this ruling in the St. Louis Court of Appeals, and the judges in the court of appeal still upheld the same ruling. But one of the judges in the court of appeal maintained that the decision made by the circuit court contradicted some of its earlier rulings, and this decision also violated previous rulings of the court of appeals. The court of appeals then took over the case and justified the rehearing of the case based on section six of the 1884 amendment and article six of the constitution that gave it the power to rehear cases appealed through the ordinary process. Rule The plaintiff then filed a case that sought to deter the St. Louis Court of Appeal from rehearing the case. The plaintiff sought to deter the rehearing of this particular case arguing that an analysis of this case indicates that the conflicts in terms of ruling that were cited by the court of appeal judge do not actually exist. However, the case filed by the plaintiff to deter the rehearing was overruled by the court of appeals because the authority of the court of appeal in hearing such cases is not based on whether there are real conflicts in a case, but the decision to rehear a case solely depends on the fact that one of the judges of the court of appeals perceived existence of a conflict (Statsky and Wernet Jr., 5). Conclusion The court of appeal maintained that even if it is satisfied that there is no conflict, it cannot throw away the case because the constitution gives it the right to rehear cases under such circumstances and issue a ruling, in accor
George Cruikshank (27 September 1792 – 1 February 1878) was a famous English book illustrator and caricaturist, known as the “modern Hogarth” during his lifetime. He started his career by producing satirical cartoons that depicted political events and then continued his work as an illustrator for children’s books mostly. Cruikshank was born in London in the family of Isaac Cruikshank who was a popular caricaturist and illustrator. George Cruikshank was apprenticed to him and became his assistant. During his lifetime, Cruikshank was married twice and became a father to over ten children, both legitimate and not. Cruikshank first gained popularity with his series of political caricatures for The Scourge, a Monthly Expositor of Imposture and Folly periodical. Eventually, he reached the success of James Gillray, the leading caricaturist of that period. Then, Cruikshank moved his interest from political cartoons to book illustrations. The most famous works were the illustrations to Sketches by “Boz,” (1837) and Oliver Twist (1838) by Charles Dickens. Friendship with the latter also contributed to Cruikshank’s success. Apart from making illustrations, Cruikshank was publishing The Comic Almanack (1835–53) . In the 1840s, he started promoting moral aspects. He called for temperance in Bottle (1847) and The Drunkard’s Children (1848) series of plates and painted a huge canvas The Worship of Bacchus in 1860-1863. George Cruikshank spent over 30 years in an attempt to influence the society and convince it to reduce the alcohol consumption. In general, he created about ten thousand works including illustrations, prints, and plates. Collections of his works are kept in the British Museum and the Victoria and Albert Museum. There is also a blue plaque to commemorate Cruikshank, which is located in Camden Town, UK.
Bernard Ortiz de Montellano’s review of Aztec dietary practices conclude that this culture exploited a vast range of food sources in creative ways, allowing for intakes of protein and other critical nutrients that may be surprising to modern nutritionists in the developed world. His analysis of the diet of the ancient Aztec is intensely illuminating, even given its self-admitted deficiencies. Of course, modern scholars cannot know exactly what these ancient people ate, but the guesses and inferences are shrewd and moderate, and use many nutritional markers that were not available in an earlier article in a similar topic by Ortiz de Montellano (Ortiz de Montanello passim). More importantly, they take into consideration, without squeamishness or derogation, nutritional sources which were sometimes discounted or ignored in earlier centuries and even in earlier decades. Thus, readers learn the role of spirulina, mesquite, agave, maguey, amaranth, and insects; just a few examples of the sorts of non-European foodstuffs with which the Aztecs supplemented the modest quantities of more familiar foods they consumed. Ortiz de Montellano also discusses the techniques used to collect, process, and store their foods; critical elements in garnering the greatest yield of nutrients from each source. An obvious example is the slaking of corn with lime; a less well-known example is the collection of spirulina from the lakes. With this information in hand, the achievement of the Aztec empire becomes more of imaginable. It is so difficult to imagine it today, just looking at the climate and the poverty in the region today. Ortiz de Montellano make The discussion of illness goes over the relatively small number of illnesses that probably plagued the Aztecs before contact with the Europeans. Ortiz de Montellano also notes the illnesses that inconvenience the population now. He also addresses the public health measures that they followed. Ortiz de Montellano takes some space to discuss the relationship between a culture’s notions of the origins of illness and the steps that they take to address it. In the case of the Aztec, their attribution of illness to supernatural, magical, or moral causes affected the way they treated them. They used divination, ritual incantation, and tonalli , or what could be described as personal essence, important to health, and crucial to understanding their approach to healing. He also reviews t
Online businesses allow customers to access products and services at their convenience. When operated professionally to meet the need of the customers and arouse concerns within a target population, it can make huge profits since there are reliable IT devices to enhance it. This plan develops a way to deliver a need demanded by the community around Abu Dhabi. It allows people to order special memories breakfast (SMB) for their personal use and as surprises to their loved ones. Purpose The SMB will meet the need of people living in and around Abu Dhabi. Ideas have been raised that people miss their breakfast after rushing to work. Like other places, punctuality is a fundamental virtue for employees in order to retain a good association with their managers. Therefore, SMB will be a business made to meet this need by providing an online channel where clients will order and pay for the delivery of breakfast meals at work or elsewhere. In this way, SMB discourages the cases of irregular feeding programs and unsubstantial eating behaviours. It will provide a unique solution to the working population as well as employment opportunities to the people living around these areas. SMB will meet the following objectives.  1. To unveil the specific consumer requirements that will be fundamental in branding of the breakfasts  2. To understand the marketing trends suitable for the end product and services  3. To reduce the unnecessary costs associated with dummy products meant to test the general feel of the customers towards the meals  4. To assess and validate the suitability of the products and delivery services in the target areas through integration of preference rates of the existing competitors in the market  5. To estimate the number of potential customers of the proposed new business in order to understand the production plan  6. To create awareness in the target market to enhance the quick selling of the meals Product and Service The key aspect is the components of breakfast that the business offers to its customers. In order to determine the most suited compliments of the breakfast, a survey can be conducted in the market to determine the interests of most workers. Otherwise, the daily orders made through the website will present the type of meals to be delivered at a particular address. Target Consumers Although the loyalty of customers ensures trust and preferences for products from a trusted company, it is vital to spread information so as people become aware of the presence of a product. Essentially, marketing fulfils vital roles in business profit-making because it informs and attracts customers towards buying a commodity (Cravens and Piercy, 2006). The process of marketing starts when the products have been produced and distributed to the shops. The need for the product is identified during inception, which allows a business to select, determine, and inform the target customers. The marketing plan involves four stages, namely product, promotion, place and price (Bradley, 2003). First, the product is discovered together with its demands in the market. Secondly, the strategy is initiated to at
The current case study presents a dilemma that two nursing homes operating within the same community face due to an excessive number of underutilized beds in both facilities, which is associated with high fixed costs. In this regard, it is stated that if the admission rates remain low, the nursing homes can reduce the number of operated beds by dismissing a certain amount of workers. On the other hand, if the admission rates increase, the share of fixed costs would diminish as overall revenue would grow. However, since the decision-makers in both facilities cannot predict the future, their strategy choice is not quite straightforward. Moreover, being direct competitors, managers of each organization should consider the actions of their opponents. Therefore, the reviewed case study presents a market uncertainty scenario that can be analyzed by relying on game theory (Chiffi and Pietarinen, 2017). For this reason, the answer to whether each nursing home will reduce the number of operational beds is provided through the lenses of the framework mentioned above. Priyan and Mala (2020) maintain that the outcome matrix can be a good visual tool for representing the possible consequences that follow various strategic decisions of two groups of people. In this respect, Table 1 illustrates potential outcomes of decisions to reduce or not reduce the number of used beds assuming that the demand for nursing homes would not grow. Contrary, Table 2 represents the possible results of similar decisions but under the condition that the admission rates would grow. Table 2                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         Decisions’ outcomes assuming that demand increased                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               Nursing Home 1 Nursing Home 2                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   Reduce  Not reduce Reduce
In the modern context, a musical for the general public can be regarded as a mixture of different art forms. It combines various genres of art such as dancing, acting, music, and stage mechanics. Among these, dancing can be considered as the most essential part of a musical, for it conveys strong messages, not through verbal communication, but with the body. The musical choreographers should understand the function of dance and try to express what is to be said with the body. They need to help their audience understand what messages the dance is trying to express. Therefore, choreographers need to create musical dancing focusing on every movement of the body. In 2003, I went to see the musical “Chicago” by a British cast for the first time in my life. Until then, I had hardly heard of “Chicago.” As the musical began, I was surprised at the scantly clad actresses because I was able to see their body line. Frankly, I did not like erotic performances at all since they made me feel uncomfortable. So, even though I knew the fame of “Chicago”, I started feeling awkward. However, as the show progressed, I felt my interest growing. The British cast was wonderful: they were great singers as well as excellent dancers. Also, the movements of skillfully trained dancers captured my attention. They were not just making some erotic movements. I could identify ballet movements in their dance. Also, the slow and erotic movements were in perfect synchrony with the dark mood of the musical. From that moment, I found I was engrossed in what went on on the stage. The costumes were plain: most of them were just black skinny clothes. The stage was plain: there was no ornamental stage set. Under these conditions, only the movements alone lit the stage. Or maybe, the plain costume and stage inspired the movements on the stage. By the time the show ended, I got addicted to the erotic movements. When I came out of the theater, I had become a big fan of Bob Fosse, who was the choreographer of “Chicago”. Bob Fosse was the most talented choreographer in musical history and he created unique dance styles and made them original with characteristics of eroticism and humor. (