ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
D.A.R.E. D.A.R.E. (Drug Abuse Resistance Education, DARE) is a drug-control educational strategy that was initially meant for elementary school, which made it unique. Despite not being exceptionally effective, it is one of the most widely adopted substance use prevention programs in the US (Kumar, O’Malley, Johnston, & Laetz, 2013, p. 590). Through DARE, Police officers inform children about the dangers of substance abuse, teach them respect the law, help them raise self-esteem and develop the skills that should allow them to resist the pressure of their peers. From the goals of the policy, it is obvious that its primary theoretical ground includes the strain theory (helping children resist the pressure of society) and social learning theory. Another theory that appears to have influenced DARE is the social control (SC), or, possibly, the low self-control theory that stems from SC (Williams & McShane, 2014). DARE corresponds to SC’s claim that training and socialization are necessary to improve one’s self-control. The attempts at raising the children’s self-esteem appear to be aimed at self-control improvement in a direct way; the rest of the measures help children with socialization as they explain social norms and values. Finally, given the social orientation of the policy, it can be suggested that the differential association theory has also had its influence on DARE (in the same way as the SC). In this respect, it can be added that the police officers involved in the program can be regarded as role models. DARE was deemed ineffective; evidence was found that the self-esteem of older (20-year-old) drug abusers who had gone through the program was lowered. As a result, DARE is creating a curriculum aimed at older students (Siegel, 2015, p. 454). Prison Rehabilitation Programs Modern and future criminological theory and criminal justice policies appear to be influenced by the recognition of the necessity of rehabilitation (Williams & McShane, 2014)
Abraham Lincoln was among the most influential leaders that the world has ever seen. He was the sixteenth president of the USA. He was instrumental in dealing with the civil war. He showed America a new road during the Civil War which is also considered by many as the toughest period America ever faced. This paper will throw light upon the contribution of Abraham Lincoln. The paper will also present a comprehensive analysis of why he became such an influential leader in America. “Lincoln warned the South in his Inaugural Address: “In your hands, my dissatisfied fellow countrymen, and not in mine, is the momentous issue of civil war. The government will not assail you…. You have no oath registered in Heaven to destroy the government, while I shall have the most solemn one to preserve, protect and defend it.” (Abraham Lincoln, 2008). “”I think Slavery is wrong, morally, and politically. I desire that it should be no further spread in these United States, and I should not object if it should gradually terminate in the whole Union.” (Abraham Lincoln, 2008). He was one of the most instrumental in abolishing slavery in America, he cared and though about the people, his selflessness made him very popular and adorable among the people. Lincoln played a very huge role in avoiding a war with Britain in the year 1861, he believed in peaceful coexistence. America had a very strong army at that time and an even stronger navy even though Abraham Lincoln settled all the issues amicably. Had it been someone else in his position the conditions at that time would not have been the same. He made efforts to safeguard the interests of the people; abolishment of slavery is just a small example which he did. In addition to this he did numerous other things like he promoted the passage of the thirteenth amendment, he was instrumental in issuing the Emancipation proclamation and the same was declared in the year 1863. Lincoln had a knack of handpicking people who were supposed to work with him, he made sure that the people he picked were sensible and stuck to him when it came to decision making. This enabled Lincoln to work freely without coming under the pressure of anyone else. “Abraham believed that the government should be a positive force, whose goal was to serve the people. He reasoned that in order for him to have significant influence and impact on the government, he must achieve a high position in government — preferably the position of the President of the United States. This goal eventually became his burning desire.” (The Compelling Story of Abraham Lincoln, 2008). Lincoln faced hardship almost all his life before taking charge as the president of the USA. His mother died of milk sickness when he was just nine years old. Lincoln never got along with his Father; he got along very well with his Step Mother but never got along with his Father. Lincoln faced bankruptcy early on in his life but these small challenges only made him stronger and doubled his will to achieve his goal. He was elected as the President in the year 1860, his hard work and dedication paid off and he achieved his goal of becomi
Central Theme In their article, Kaplan and Norton summarize the concept of the balanced scorecard which they introduced several years ago to address the issues of strategic development of businesses. The central idea of the article is that existing measurements of success used by companies are mostly based on financial performance indicators, which is a framework that overlooks important aspects of business development and fails to determine whether companies pursue their declared goals effectively. Apart from the financial aspect (but without ignoring it), the authors suggest measuring performance from three additional perspectives: customers, internal business processes, and learning and growth. Including these three perspectives in performance, evaluation allows not only obtaining a more comprehensive understanding of how businesses perform but also improving the management system. This is another point that Kaplan and Norton emphasize: the balanced scorecard is not only for evaluation but also for enhancing strategic planning and implementation. One of the main problems that businesses face in the context of strategic development is connecting vision, philosophy, mission statement, goals, and other aspects of their strategies to certain actions and decisions on lower levels. It is a challenge to ensure that everything a business does serves the purpose of achieving its strategic goals. Therefore, evaluating performance from the financial perspective solely is not enough, and this is where the helpfulness of the balanced scorecard for different aspects of development becomes evident. According to Kaplan and Norton, the scorecard facilitates the adoption of certain practices that help
General geographic information Scotland is found in Europe, and it is a part of the United Kingdom. It borders England to the south, while it borders some major water bodies on its other sides (Turnock, 2005). The water bodies include Atlantic Ocean and North Sea to the east and south-west respectively. The nation has interesting geographical features that are the main sites of tourist attractions. The Highland Boundary is a major geographical site that has many islands and highlands. Furthermore, the fascinating feature has the oldest rocks in the country (Turnock, 2005). Throughout Scotland, there are numerous deposits of Old Red Sandstones that are the main sources of fossils. Paleozoic formations are found in the Central Lowlands that are important for agriculture (Turnock, 2005). In the southern part of the nation, the Southern Uplands contains hills that are about 200 kilometers long, and interspersed with valleys (De Blij, Muller, Burt & Mason, 2013). The Scottish economy is supported by agriculture, which contributes to a large number of the nation’s exports. It is important to note that water is abundant is the country due to its excellent geographical location and features. Abundant water is critical in supporting sustainable agriculture (De Blij et al., 2013). Current climate Based on the Koppen classification system, the climate of Scotland can be termed as being Cfb Climate, which implies that it has relatively warm temperatures and high humidity. The warmest months are typified by temperatures of more than 22 0 C, but the colder months can be characterised by ice formations. Weather patterns are predictable throughout the year. Vegetation cover is evident in most parts of the nation, but it disappears to some extent during periods of extremely cold temperatures. Precipitation is also rampant during cold and warm months. It is critical to underscore that the quality of soils is good for agricultural practices. However, if soil is overused, then farmers are advised to adopt crop rotation and/or apply fertilisers (Center for Global Development, 2014). Predicted threats with regard to climate modelling Climate modelling is an important approach across the world because it enables various specialists, such as geologists, to predict climate outcomes on both long-term and long-term trends. Extreme weather conditions are threats to the economy of the nation. It is anticipated that the nation can experience harsh weather conditions at any time during the year. Although the soils are fertile, lack of adequate rains may result in prolonged droughts in the future that may negatively impact farming activities and a number of industries. Due to the rugged terrain of the highlands and rift valley regions, the nation may experience threats in the form of soil erosion. However, flooding due to excess rain may typify the lowlands, which are poorly drained (Turnock, 2005). In relation to the current climate modelling, Scotland may have cases of desertification in
Paradise In Ashes is a narrative that is deeply engaged and accounts for the violence and repression that shaped the 1980s civil war in Guatemala. Beatriz Manz, who is an anthropologist, spent more than 20 years analyzing Guatemala’s remote Rain forests and the Mayan highlands narrates the story of Santa Maria Tzeja, a village adjacent to the Mexican border. Eloquently, Manz tells how the history of Guatemala was tortured and the birth, destruction, and then the rebirth of this village, Santa Maria Tzeja, and further the conflicts and forces in the country nowadays. Manz creates a well-detailed political account of the village from interviews carried on the peasants, guerrillas, society leaders, and the paramilitary forces; it’s in this village where the peasants of Mayan highland origin are looking for land settled around the 1970s. The village is described as a lush and isolated but misleading paradise that became the center of the war that shake the whole country, and it was entirely wiped out in 1982; the survivors fled to the adjacent rain forest and then to Mexico and further to the US while other was captured by the militia. With great passion and insight, Beatriz Manz followed the plight and the return of the village. The increase the power bestowed to the armed forces was one cause of the city in Guatemala; the United States also played a crucial role in the civil wars whereby it gave advice to the Guatemala officials, offered training to troops, machinery, and war equipment, and green berets and rangers in cases of counterinsurgency. The government used disappearance as a strategy in the urban centers, whereas aerial bombing was used to kill the villagers. Death squads would be used by the government to wipe out a group of civilians, and Manz states that “that support for military forces and intelligence units which engaged in violence and widespread repression was wrong, and the United States must not repeat that mistake”. The Mayan communities were viewed as natural enemies by the army since they possessed lots of wealth and therefore rebelled and were to be repressed. Since they rebelled and allied to the guerillas, their human rights were violated. All the communities were linked to guerrillas, including the elderly, women, and children. The scorched earth policy was used against them, and this included wiping out any living thing in the surroundings including the livestock and every basic essential for survival. They lost their wealth and many family members. The victims of the counterinsurgency were tortured in many ways, which included being buried ali
The Knowledge Argument Summary: Concerning the Key Ideas The process of the world cognition must be one of the most complicated ones that occur in a human mind. Indeed, the ability to make a coherent logical transition from experiencing a certain feeling to obtaining information, processing it and memorizing for the further use is what makes the human brain such an amazing organ. However, some of the stages of the cognition process remain quite obscure despite the fact that the world science has developed considerably, having explained a number of peculiar phenomena, the question whether recognizing a certain object or issue and learning about its key properties can be considered the process of cognition or the process of physical perception is yet to be solved. To be more exact, physical properties represent all the information that one can possibly obtain about a certain object, which is why the five senses are enough for learning all the essential information. Lewis’s Main Argument: Reading between the Lines According to Lewis, the five senses of a human being are enough to learn everything that is needed to understand the functions and the properties of a certain object. While Jackson insists that there is more than the tangible image of an object, Lewis still makes it clear that, with the help of the five senses, one can obtain the required information about a certain thing within practically no time. On the one hand, the argument is solely about the means of cognizing the reality. However, when digging a bit deeper, one will realize that there is more to this argument than meets the eye. Admitting that there are only the tangible parameters of a certain object or thing to recognize, Lewis makes it clear that the process of cognition consists only of obtaining a certain kind of information about the object in question. On the contrary, Jackson explains that there is more to learning about a certain object than considering its properties; according to Lewis the process of studying an object is a process of cognition and learning, which can be possibly followed by practicing the newly obtained skills. Against the Knowledge Argument: Joining Lewis’s Ranks It seems that Lewis’ argument is more valid than the one that Jackson presents. While both scholars offer sufficient pieces of evidence to back their ideas up with, there is still a grain of uncertainty about the arguments which Jackson makes. While the latter makes it clear that the process of cognition is a natural stage of experiencing a certain phenomenon, he still misses the fact that the process of recognizing the object’s properties comes first. Hence, the cognition process can be considered a result of the latter. Moreover, the peculiarities of short-term memory must be taken into account. It is clear that a human memory cannot retain all the experiences which one has had over the day; t
Miranda Right is a verbal warning given by a police worker to notify the suspected of their right of silence during interrogations. To be more exact, the police usually inform an individual that one can refuse to answer the questions without their lawyer. Otherwise, the suspect’s claims might be used in further criminal investigations and might even result in the eventual arrest of the alleged, no matter guilty or not. Furthermore, Miranda Right is a significant part of the American police and safety system as it is designed to find actual terrorists efficiently and not arrest innocent suspects. The right is also of high constitutional significance since “the right to remain silent … and … [the] right to the presence of an attorney” (Cagle, 2018, p. 449). In fact, prior to Miranda Right, suspects were themselves responsible for knowing about their fundamental rights during interrogations. However, in 1966, when the right was enshrined, it “placed the burden of informing a suspect of his constitutional rights on the interrogating officer” (Cagle, 2018, p. 449). As a matter of fact, it might seem that it is unreasonable to mention the right of silence to suspects to more quickly identify the guilty one. To be more particular, if the police officer does not notify an individual of his or her right, a suspect might confess to the crime. Nevertheless, if terrorists are given a chance to avert the questions about accidents, they might not tell the truth in further investigations and court. As a result, the actual suspects might not be found, and to close the case, police might arrest not guilty people. To sum up, Miranda Right is a crucial part of the constitution as it includes fundamental rights of suspects during criminal investigations. In other words, it provides people
Introduction Attention getter Consumerism is one of the factors that led to the rise of America. On the other hand, it also led to several economic problems. Time will tell whether consumerism will make China face the problems that the U.S. is facing currently. Link/Explanation/Source According to an 8 th September 2012 article in money.cnn.com, China’s economy is facing various problems that threaten its future stability. Inflation is one of the major problems. The annual inflation rose to 2.0% in August 2012. According to Riley in CNNMoney, on September 9, 2012, the annual economic growth of China reduced to 7.6%. This puts the country in a precarious position if the government does not address this problem. Reveal Topic Despite the fact that China is the world’s fastest and second-largest economy, the growth in CPI indicates some external problems that could affect the country’s position as a super economy in the future. Justification/Significance It is a fact that China will be a global economic force in the next few years. Therefore, it is vital for the country to lay strong foundations for its future growth. The purpose of this paper is to provide an analysis of China’s CPI with respect to its status as the world’s emerging economic power. Preview Today, we are going to analyze the CPI of China and the difficulties that the country faces as it strives to become the world’s new economic powerhouse. Body Problem (internal preview) China’s economic policies expose the economy to various risks. One of the main domestic issues facing China’s CPI is the structural inadequacy of labor, which led to a decrease in the volume and value of export commodities. Part one Chinese CPI faced a structural inadequacy of labor. The structural problems later translated into a decrease in exports of commodities. The Chinese CPI experienced an increase in the first one-half of the year but quickly slowed down the rate of GDP development. China’s economy was volatile, with unchecked exports and reduced imports. In addition, the government did not monitor corporate behavior. Review part one, preview part two According to McCarthy in Intellasia.net on October 6, 2011, China’s government policies usually hide the actual value of the local currency against the dollar. Part Two China’s policy with regard to CPI has been partisan. The government tries to hide the actual domestic value of the yen. After joining the WTO, these policies did not change to fit the international standard, which caused a slow growth of the country’s CPI. This may pose several problems for the economy in the future. Review problem, preview cause The external environment forced China to make several changes to its economy to suit its de
Abstract The motion of a freely swinging pendulum is believed to be a Simple Damped Harmonic Motion (SDHM), and as such it decays with time until it comes to rest (Papoulis 526). The objective of this experiment was to determine this motion using an ‘eyeball’ analysis. In this experiment, concurrent results of the ‘eyeball’ and the graphical analysis were taken for a swinging Styrofoam ball. The graphical analysis was used to confirm the ‘eyeball’ analysis. Prior to this twin experiments, the value of gravity g was determined using a pendulum bob (tennis balls) to enhance precision in subsequent calculations. From the experimental results, the value of g was found to be 9.97m/s 2 as opposed to its theoretical value of 9.81m/s 2 . This translated to an error of 1.63% thanks to external influence of forces within the earth which tend vary the gravitational acceleration form place to place. The calculated value was used to obtain the quality of the wave (448). This indicates that the wave will have to undergo 448 cycles before it decays. With regards to the sin fits of the motion, the ‘eyeball’ gave θ (t) =0.3℮ (-t/25) sin (3.77t+ Ø) while the graphical (computerized) fit gave θ (t) =-0.2927℮ (-t/26.56) sin (-3.758t+ Ø). The twin experiments gave almost analogous results were it not for the experimental errors. In future experiments, this experiment should be done in a laboratory free of wind motion to minimize errors that might have brought about the observed deviations. Experimental Objective The objective of this experiment is to investigate the motion of a swinging pendulum using an eyeball. Procedure In this experiment, two sets of experiments were set. In the first setup, the objective was to obtain a correlation between the periods, T, and the length, L, of a swinging pendulum. A tennis ball with a known diameter was set to oscillate 20 times about its center (at a small amplitude of 0.1 radians) while maintaining the length of the pendulum. L was varied six times momentarily while maintaining the amplitude. The periods and their respective lengths were recorded for analysis. Alongside this setup, one set of pendulum was used to draw the relationship between the amplitude and the period by varying the amplitude 5 times (between 5 0 and 25 0 ) In the second setup, using a Styrofoam ball of a known diameter, the aim was to investigate damped harmoni
Introduction Modern scholars in the field of organizational theory have presented diverse concepts that can revolutionize performance. Some of these attributes include quality improvement, change implementation, and continuous learning. Both small and large companies will encounter diverse forces that have the potential to affect growth and competitiveness in their respective market segments. Leaders of such businesses should, therefore, consider emerging ideas and strategies that will deliver positive results within the shortest time possible. They should take into consideration all factors that can influence or impact employees’ performance and involvement. This paper describes the concept of a learning organization, its features, and how firms can enhance the transfer of training. Main body Since companies operate in challenging and evolving environments, it is always necessary for organizational managers to consider evidence-based strategies that can improve performance amidst such developments. Mitleton-Kelly (n.d.) defines a learning organization as “one that is able to change its behaviors and mind-sets as a result of experience” (p. 1). From this information, it is evident that such a firm will be willing to analyze emerging issues continuously and identify misbehaviors that might be affecting the targeted outcomes. This kind of information is critical since it will guide decision-making processes and support the implementation of superior models. There is a need for firms to consider such approaches in order to deliver better results. A learning organization will be willing to restructure its operations and initiatives until positive outcomes are recorded. When specific models fail to promote profitability, new ones are designed and implemented immediately in order to transform operations. Employees and other stakeholders will always have to be involved. This practice is essential since it ensures that desirable or appropriate behaviors are introduced continuously. Practices are designe