ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The Reconstruction (1865-1877) was a period during which the life of the defeated South was to be returned to normal; it was also a time when the Black Americans attained some rights thanks to Lincoln and the Republican part of the Congress and despite Johnson’s intentions. An extremely violent time, it is sometimes called “the darkest period of American history”; still, it brought many important progressive changes to the US. Abraham Lincoln is known for proclaiming the black slaves Emancipation in 1863; he was convinced that it was necessary for the North to win the war. Lincoln believed that the Confederate states needed to be reintegrated back into the US while preserving the abolition of slavery; however, the 16 th President wasn’t planning to punish former Southern authorities severely (Foner 569). Andrew Johnson, before he became the president, supported Lincoln’s emancipatory policies; however, after attaining the post, he started realizing his racism openly. It is important to stress that he planned to return the old Southern elites to power while not providing Blacks with any rights. Indeed, he proposed a pardon to most of the former Southern authorities and slave owners, returning them the property and political rights they had before (Foner 569). He did require them to preserve the abolition of slavery, but the former Southern elites were restored to power. As a result, the Black Codes’ were adopted in the former Confederate states; they strictly regulated the freedmen’s lives (Foner 570). The factions of Congress did not have a unified plan; the Democrats supported Johnson, whereas the Republicans did not. The Radical Republicans, being indignant about Johnson’s activities, demanded to dissolve the Southern governments and guarantee the enfranchisement of the newly freed Black men. However, they were a minority among the Republican congressmen; the Modera
Introduction Each and every person has flaws and weaknesses. Usually, people try to hide these flaws from others. But sometimes the flaw is evident and hard to hide or avoid, sometimes the flaw puts pressure on the person’s mind and even becomes a disease. These kinds of flaws are torturous, they interfere with life and performance. Most people can’t even imagine that the weakness once can become the strength, which contributes to individuality and personal style. “The King’s Speech” movie is exactly about this kind of transformation, about surmounting difficulties, and becoming oneself. This movie tells us about pain, diffidence, feelings retention which causes the overall tenseness, and finally, about relief from these all. Main body The movie tells a story of a king, who was afraid of being a king most of everything else in his life. This is a story of George VI, who was one of the most significant Great Britain’s monarchs of the 20th century. Bertie, whose character in the movie is performed by Colin Firth, was an unlucky person, because he was born a prince, and because he lived in times of radio and newsreel. He terribly stuttered since childhood, he couldn’t even speak in front of other people: his throat cramped, the anxiety rose up and usually turned into a panic attack. Bertie couldn’t cope with it; he hated the whole world and himself. As a member of the royal family, George VI was to speak to people and to make speeches. When the king spoke, all the country was still and quiet listening to the radio and waiting for the words to reveal themselves from the unbearable throat seizures. The movie is about the attempt to overcome the disease and the healing. It starts when the prince’s wife (Helena Bonham Carter) finds for him a speech therapist (Geoffrey Rush). After some arrangements, they begin the work. In the first place, the therapist, Lionel Logue, asks the prince to read a passage from Shakespeare’s “Hamlet”. He puts the headphones on Albert’s ears, in which Bach’s music plays loudly. Bertie reads the passage easily without hearing himself. Bach’s music howls down the condemning inner voice that usually interfered with the speech process, and the prince starts to read without stammering. The therapy includes various methods assisting in the healing progress. For instance, Albert yells out swearwords and speaks with a mouth full of small stones. Logue asks him to quit smoking. He also teaches the king to pronounce words by dividing them into groups. He helps him to get rid of the fear of public performances. Over the period of time, the therapist helps Albert to obtain confidence, and it becomes the beginning of a great friendship. Conclusion “The King’s Speech” represents successfully that stuttering can become a serious problem especially for such a significant person as the King of Great Britain. George VI suffered from great humiliation while delivering a speech in front of thousands of British people. The shame made him stressed and prov
In their daily practices, managers need to focus on a set of aspects that are critical for the effective performance of employees. For instance, one can speak about communication, allocation of duties, motivation, and many other tasks. This paper will discuss some of the practices that can help managers make their work more effective. Much attention should be paid to organizational culture because it can affect every business process within a company. In particular, it is necessary to discuss the way in cultural values of an organization should shape the interactions between business administrators and workers. Researchers, who study organizational culture, emphasize the necessity to strengthen human value of employees. They believe that employees have several psychological needs such as recognition, respect, autonomy, or personal growth (Stallard and Pankau 21). Therefore, the managers should create a culture that supports these needs. For example, business administrators should eliminate excessive supervision since it deprives workers of their autonomy (Stallard and Pankau 22). Additionally, they need to recognize and reward the performance of every person. On the whole, managers should develop a culture which is based on such values as empowerment, responsibility, and openness. These principles can be applied to other aspects of management, for example, teamwork. Scholars argue that in effective groups, every individual can openly express his/her ideas, and they will not be dismissed out of hand (Mealiea & Baltazar 146). Furthermore, such teams do not suppress dissenting opinions. Apart from that, in such groups, leadership qualities can be displayed by many people who feel empowered enough to take independent actions. It is also critical to think about leadership style chosen by managers. There are numerous studies which are aimed at highlighting the most effective strategies that enable mangers to impact the behavior of workers. In many cases, researchers discuss the benefits of charismatic leadership (Babcock-Roberson and Strickland 313). The advocates of this approach emphasize the need to persuade employees without relying on coercion or threats. This strategy can increase the motivation of workers and make them more engaged (Babcock-Roberson and Strickland 313). To a great extent, leaders are supposed to become role models for subordinates. This is one of the details that should be identified. Apart from that, scholars pay attention to the way in
Socially necessary labor, based on Marxist economic ideology, is the fundamental source of value. Value is a fraction of the social total. Philosophically essential work reflects the amount of labor needed by a worker who possesses average skills and efficiency, with ordinary tools of production required to produce a given product. The critical aspects of the socially necessary labor are the average level of tools or technologies, the average intensity of work, and ordinary skills and efficiency of production. For instance, if an average worker with average skills, ability, and tools of production takes one hour to produce a commodity while unskilled worker takes two hours to complete the same task, then he would only have created a value worth one hour about socially necessary labor time. In other words, any excess hours, which the unskilled worker takes to produce the commodity, do not contribute any social value. Marxist views value as a social element and not as a private practice. Thus, the amount can only emanate from people organized into a society. Socially necessary labor aims to summarize the fundamental aspect of value as it relates to labor time captured in terms of social importance and not merely as labor time. Therefore, any effort consumed on private agendas such as hobbies does not add any value under socially necessary labor (Marx 1). From a capitalist perspective, competitive forces are responsible for determining socially necessary labor within a country through the interaction of the law of market value. The fundamental constituents of socially necessary labor have an element of social value derived from a commodity, which determines the extent of a commodity’s social worth. Labor expenditure on the average labor power of a society determines the expenditure on socially necessary labor. In this case, the production of a commodity must not exceed the average required by society, as well as socially required (Marx 1). In socialist setup, social labor division must account for social performance based on the earlier developed plans among different areas of an economy. Therefore, any socially necessary labor, which aims to serve a social purpose, relies on a planned law of comparative development of the state economy as the major controller of social production. Thus, the law of development must work in tandem with the primary economic law of socialism, as well as other laws of economics. The labor of all workers in every socialist venture to which divisions for the production of specific goods are assigned forms a significant constituent of the total social labor power. Thus, during planning, this labor forms a part of the total social labor power
It is not quite often that a band performs in such a way that the face of music is changed altogether as never before. The Beatles could achieve this with many of their creations rocking the music world and making them one of the greatest bands of all time. One of their famous works is the album “Sgt Pepper’s Lonely Heart Club Band”. Background Sgt Pepper’s was conceived as an album with a dramatic whole rather than a collection of individual songs. The album recited the story as the songs went on and the album displayed the excellence of electronic music of the day. The album was mainly a studio work and hence could not be reproduced on stage. This prestigious album for Beatles won the attention of all the music lovers of the world to their novel experiments in music, especially from the younger audience. Members of the Beatle team were tired of touring and had decided to become an entirely studio-based band. Recording for Sgt. “Pepper began in late 1966 and early 1967 with two songs recorded then which were ultimately dropped from the album. The album was recorded in the famous Abbey Road studios during a 129 day period. The recording cost £ 25000 (BBC News).” The band could record all the songs using mono, stereo, and four-track recorders. The recording was done using the technique known as “bouncing down” which gave Sgt. Pepper the effect of recording in a multi-track studio. Creators The album was produced by the Beatles. There were four members of the group – Paul McCartney, John Lennon, George Harrison, and Ringo Starr – all of them hailing from Liverpool in the United Kingdom. Each of the members of the rock band had previous experience in working on different rock groups before they joined to form the Beatles. Sgt Pepper’s Lonely Heart Club Band was released in June 1967 as the eighth studio album performed by the Beatles. This album is considered as one which has influenced the people most of all times. The success of the Album has been a roaring success retaining the top position in the UK Album chart continuously for 27 weeks. The album was also placed as the number one in American Billboard 200 for 15 weeks (Ingles). The album has the honor of winning four Grammy awards in the year 1968. The album topped the Rolling Stone magazine’s list of the 500 greatest albums of all time in the year 2003 (Rolling Stone). The concept behind the Album McCartney thought it would be a novel idea to create fictitious characters for all the fo
Problem Identification and Background For a long time, the global capitalistic society has enjoyed a long period of stability. However, in the early 2000s, economic stability in western nations threatened this stability (Li, 2012, p. 1). Since this period, America has experienced several economic and political changes. For example, the US has experienced several internal and external fiscal imbalances (characterized by debt-financing, consumption-led expansions, and a growing current account deficit) (Li, 2012, p. 1). Within this time, China has emerged as the dominant player in the global capitalist economy by sustaining most of the world’s economic growth (both in China and around the world). America has been unable to counter this growth. The endless wars that the US has fought in the Middle East have also added to the country’s failure to counter-check China’s growing dominance in global politics. Instead, such wars only threaten America’s position as the main center of global political power. Consequently, the rising dominance of China in the global political space has created tension in Sino-American relations. Now, the future of international relations between China and the United States (U.S) is unpredictable. Several researchers have explained the outcome of the relationship between China and the US by suggesting two outcomes – war, or peace. Deeper analyses of the Sino-American relations highlight a shifting power balance in favor of China. For example, Buono & Lara (2007, p. 324) say with the periodic economic problems faced by the US, an opportunity for creating multiple centers of power in global politics has emerged. Evidence of this claim exists from the expansion of international relations between the EU, Russia, and China (among other emerging global powers). Buono & Lara (2007, p. 324) believe some of these great world powers (including France) recognize the need to have a multi-polar reconstruction of world power to replace the single-power strategy (unipolar strategy) perfected by the US. Predominantly, China plays a central role in the realization of this multi-power strategy. For example, China has threatened America’s position as the ultimate global power. For instance, it has replaced America as the ultimate power in the Organization of Pacific Asian Cooperation (APEC) (Buono & Lara, 2007, p. 324). China is also the greatest commercial partner in South America, after displacing America in most commercial partnership contracts within the continent. For example, the Asian giant has signed different trade agreements with the main economic powers in South America, including Venezuela, Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, and Cuba (Buono & Lara, 2007, p. 324). Some of these countries (for example, Ven
Electronic Products have to be compliance tested by accredited testing labs for harmful EMI emissions. Before sending products to these labs, product manufacturers need to test their products and ensure that the product has EMI emissions that fall within the specified limit. Two main types of tests are used: Near Field and Far Field. Near field tests are used for small devices that generate emissions in the 500kHz – 1GHz frequency range and have small magnetic probes and test stands that allow testing to be done from a near distance. These tests are used for products such as domestic electronic products, TVs, DVDs, toys, devices in cars, cellular phones, and others (Adams, 1996). Far-field testing is used for larger products that operate in the Giga and the terra Giga range, such as radio transmitters, digital relays, digital signal processing devices, large towers used in telephony, TV, and radio relay stations, and so on. The amplitude and wavelength of the signals generated in such devices are much larger and not diffused over a substantial area, and rugged antennas are used for such testing. Near field testing devices are used when the EMI signals are localized (such as the emission from a cellular phone), often within a few square millimeters of area. Far field-testing is also used for testing the overall EMI emission of the product and gives the overall emission, while near field-testing allows a micro examination of individual circuits, ICs, and pins. This paper discusses near field-testing in greater detail (Smith, 1999). Near Field Testing Near field, testing measures the EMI radiations and allows you to ‘sniff out’ radiations from individual pins in a coaxial connector that may have more than 128 pins. EMC testing in near field testing often uses magnetic loops to measure and pinpoint the sources. The devices can be used to measure parameters such as inductive voltage drop along conductors, measure cross-talk, tracing current paths on conducting planes, measure currents, and find other parameters that lead to E
Introduction Corporate governance describes how power is exercised within corporate entities. It encompasses the multifaceted relationships between the board of directors, the executive management, shareholders, regulatory authorities, external auditors, and other relevant stakeholders (Larcker & Tayan, 2016). Corporate governance differs from the operational management activities which are undertaken by the executive management team. Instead, it is concerned with the overall direction and control of the organization. A board of directors ensures that the firm is well run – it, therefore, dictates the organization’s direction. The board has an oversight role over the executive management and ensures that the organization is accountable to its stakeholders. At the heart of corporate governance is a system of policies, rules, practices, and principles that helps the board govern the organization. Poor governance has adverse consequences for strategic goals; causing significant financial losses and damage to reputation. SingPost’s case is a classic example of a breach in corporate governance; it did not adhere to the principles of accountability, transparency, and security. All business operations must be underpinned with sound corporate governance, but SingPost became so focused on business deals that it overlooked the essence of good corporate governance. The ramifications of its lapse in corporate governance have been so severe that SingPost has been compelled to replace part of its board and management. This report offers a detailed analysis of the corporate governance breach at SingPost. Problem Statement (Based on the Case Study) SingPost had exclusive rights to deliver letters and parcels until they expired. When the legal protection came to an end, new companies entering the postal market led to increased competition for SingPost. Almost at the same time, a disruptive global trend was taking place with the widespread use of Internet-based services such as emails, which led to lower demand for postal mail. SingPost recognized the urgent need to readjust to the new market conditions to ensure its survival as a modern postal service. It hired a new group CEO, Baier, who developed a transformation strategy to expand its service volume in the region through acquisitions and strategic investment into IT, human resource development, and infrastructure (Lee, 2016). The strategy was to expand its operations through five different areas: logistics, retail, financial services, mail, and digital services to contribute more revenue. The new strategic approach was an instant success with an increase in revenue from S$920 million to S$1.15 billion between 2015 and 2016 (Bernile et al., 2017). SingPost also registered a record net profit of S$248 million in 2016. The problems started when SingPost acquired a 62.5% stake in Famous Holdings Pte Ltd (FHPL) for S$60 million in 2013; it then established its new acquisition as one of its subsidiaries. Through FHPL, SingPost purchased a 100% stake in FSM Mackenzie Limited (FSM) in 2014 (Teen, 2015). The following year, SingPost acquired 90% of the
Introduction Among the significant percentage of people in the world suffering from various disabilities are adolescents in secondary schools, post-secondary institutions and colleges as well as those in employment. Two of the major disabilities affecting students are: learning disability and behaviour disability. Grenwelge, Zhang and Landmark (2010), defines leaning disability as inability of one of the primary or learning processes such as writing, spelling and reading is not functioning as effectively as it is supposed to. On the other hand, emotional or behavioural disability has been defined as a condition characterized by extreme emotional change leading to persistent behavioural change. These two conditions can adversely affect educational performance amongst the students, as well as career performance for the employed adolescents. A learning disability for example causes young children difficulty in achieving success in education, despite the fact that they can perform some tasks very effectively. This study explores the difficulties experienced by young adolescents with the two disabilities defined above, with the aim of coming up with effective strategies make the situation better for them. This literature review separately focuses on the two categorical difficulties faced by the young adolescents: negative outcome of graduation and negative outcome in employment (Al-Yagon, 2011). Graduation Negative Outcomes According to Hamzah, Subramaniam and Abdullah (2009), statistics indicate that in 2003 alone, there was a 10% high school dropout in the US, a larger portion of which was made up of students with disabilities. This is an indication that a large percentage of students with behavioural and learning disability do not get to graduate from high school. There are a number of factors that lead to this. One of the causes of high school dropout of this group of students is the feeling of being out of place (Kemp, 2006). Students with learning and behavioural disability give up easily on high school education because they may feel that no one is there for them to identify with them and care for them. Most of the time they could be secure knowing that there is an elderly person to help them in making decisions when they