ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Abstract This work considers juvenile justice. It dwells upon its major principles and problems. The juvenile justice system has been changing throughout the years. However, its main peculiarity is that it bases on the idea of rehabilitation rather than punishment. Juvenile delinquents are unlikely to be brought before the “adult” court in the majority of the US states. The juvenile court aims to guarantee care, security, and protection and help the teenager to restore the position in society. The system strives to reconcile the criminal and the victim. Apart from discussing qualitative data, the work provides some official statistics figures on the juvenile crime rate. Juvenile Justice According to the statistics, juvenile crime happens to be a serious issue. However, it has been accepted that teenagers cannot be judged based on the same principles as for adults. Therefore, the juvenile justice system has been worked out to considered juvenile cases and help teenagers to return to the right mode of life without crimes. The most important ideas of the fatherly concern doctrine proved to be the principles of guardianship and education. The juvenile justice did not aim to punish the offender but guarantee care, security, and protection which corresponded to parental responsibility about the upbringing of children. Acknowledging a proper upbringing as its aim, the fatherly concern doctrine did not always presuppose a punishment. Thus, the doctrine did not initially accept a proper justice procedure in juvenile courts. However, later, some amendments were made. The basic ideas of the fatherly concern doctrine were reflected in both the states’ juvenile codes and federal laws concerning juvenile justice and juvenile crime prevention. In the majority of US states, the system of juvenile justice is independent of the “adult” justice. In many states, it is controlled by social services (Bartollas & Miller, 2014). Juvenile justice struggles to achieve two goals: rehabilitation of a teenager and public security. In the system of juvenile justice, there work the police, probation officers, attorneys, defendants, juvenile judges, and social workers (Bartollas & Miller, 2014). The significant majority of juvenile delinquents are not in the sphere of influence of the juvenile court. They are included in rehabilitation programs. These programs aim to involve teenagers in socially-oriented hobbies and activities and engage in a healthy lifestyle. Teenagers can attend programs in their neighborhood (Dillon, 2016). The probation service and the attorney decide whether to transfer the juvenile case to court or not. They choose whether the committed offense is subject to overlook, informal correction work, or juvenile court transfer. About half of the cases subject to the court considers are treated informally. If the teenager fulfills the conditions imposed on him in the course of the informal consideration, the case does not go to court. Otherwise, the case is passed on to juvenile court or criminal court.
Motivation theories were for a long time used in the field of psychology, especially in counseling and behavior change practices. A lot of achievements have been made in the use of motivational theories in the field of psychology. In the recent times, motivational theories have been heavily integrated into the field of business and general management. This is because organizations depend on their employees as the chief assets in the attainment of organizational goals (Mckenna, 2000). Therefore, motivation has become an indispensable tool in management due to the emerging challenges in management. These challenges include stiff competition and a volatile business environment (Beck, 2004). Motivation theories, as applied in business, are used during the motivation of employees in order to enhance employee delivery and thus leading to performance improvement. Also, in business, motivational theories have helped many organizations to focus the efforts of the workers on the real goals of the business as they perform their duties. There are many theories of motivation that are applied in different ways, and in different business organizations. However, they end up serving the same function, which is establishing a motivated workforce for improved performance and productivity (Gitman & McDaniel, 2009). This paper discusses how motivation has been applied at the place of work and goes further to explain the impact that this has had on productivity. The discussion focuses on business organizations. Therefore, the focus will be on the efforts of the organizations to motivate their employees and the outcomes of motivation in the organization. Motivational Strategies in Business Firms In business organizations, business ideas and strategies are often invented. These ideas have to be translated into reality that is depicted in business outcomes. This is done by the workforce of the organization. Inspiration encourages the hatching of new ideas, but for these ideas to be tamed and implemented, motivation of the workforce is needed. Motivation ensures that workers put significant effort in their duties so that the business ideas that result from inspiration become successful. Several motivational strategies can be applied in business operations so as to excite employees (Wiley, 1997). One of the strongest motivational strategies that have been found to work well for business organizations is the maintenance of open communication among employees, and between employees and management. Employees of an organization need to have a feeling that they count in the organization and that their ideas are taken into account by their managers. When this happens, the employees will feel more inclusive. They thus become more responsible as in the aspect of ownership is instilled through open communication (Gaspar, 2006). A strategy that accompanies good communication and is embedded in communication is feedback. When it is well utilized, it bears more results than even financial rewards as these rewa
Introduction Heroin addiction is a problem that bothers millions of people around the whole world. Multiple attempts are taken to prevent this type of dependency and protect the population against heroin in its various forms. Today, it is a well-known fact that heroin cause human death. Still, not all people are aware of such detail as that about 115 American people die every day (National Institute on Drug Abuse, 2018). The development and promotion of service delivery programs are serious steps to protect people against heroin addiction. People should be educated on how to dangerous heroin can be in their lives and for the lives of their family members and friends. In this paper, special attention to an educational program to prevent heroin addiction will be paid through explaining its goals, basic tenets, ethnic, social, and cultural considerations, and ethical concerns. Description, Goal, and Mission of a Preventive Program The creation of a preventative program is a serious step that should meet certain requirements and standards. It may be a community-based program with a number of laypersons being involved in it (Wheeler, Jones, Gilbert, & Davidson, 2015). In addition, preventive programs are expected to include the description of risk factors and other conditions under which people are exposed to this addiction (Albert et al., 2015). The chosen educational program meets both these requirements as its goals are to identify the risk factors of heroin addiction, recognize the steps to overcome this health problem and develop an action plan that can be appropriate for communities. The mission of the chosen program is to educate people about the threats of heroin. Nowadays, it is officially reported that more than 15 million people use illicit opioids that contribute to heroin addiction (Schottenfeld & O’Malley, 2016). Still, the unofficial number of addicted people remains unknown. It is wrong to expect that all people can be educated in terms of one program. Therefore, it is necessary to focus on one particular community to achieve positive results and promote change. The participants of this program have to get access to the information about heroin addiction globally and recognize the suggestions that can be made locally. The main peculiarity of this educational program is to determine the number of participants who are the people with unsuccessful attempts to quit drug use or mentally challenged people of a different age because of drug abuse. First, the participants work with a variety of sources about heroin available to them, and then, they discuss their personal experiences and outcomes to share their knowledge. Basic Tenets of the Etiology Model The etiology of heroin abuse may be explained in a variety of ways. The reasons for why a person decides to try heroin depends on different factors, including physiological problems, psychological changes, or social concerns. Jadidi and Nakhaee (2014) offer three main categories to describe the
The modern healthcare sector is focused on the gradual improvement of the health of the nation. This task can be achieved only if the central barriers to the delivery of care and factors that have a pernicious impact on people’s state will be eliminated. Under these conditions, social, environmental, and cultural determinants of health acquire the top priority as the central issues impacting people and the quality of their lives. The given paper is devoted to the consideration of one of the aspects and the way it influences the health status of individuals living in a certain area. The photo depicts the illegal dumping of household rubbish and other objects. They can be found in the street that is not equipped for storing garbage. From the image, one can understand that the given waste deposit is not new and people have been using this area for a comparatively long period. The object can be considered an environmental determinant of health. Several factors prove this assumption. First, garbage and waste deposits harm people’s health and might precondition the emergence of various health issues (Abbasi, 2018). Second, the lack of special equipment for storing means that substantial damage can be caused to the environment (Bricher & Kuruvilla, 2014). Soil, underground waters, and the air can be polluted because of the disregard of basic security measures regarding recycling and waste control (UN News Centre, 2015). Finally, this illegal deposit is located near residential buildings, which means that the people living there will suffer from its negative impact. There are several ways in which this very determinant can influence the health status of the community and residents. First of all, by the research, fermenting, domestic organic waste creates favorable conditions for the development and growth of microbial pathogens that might affect people and give rise to multiple infectious and chronic diseases (WHO, 2018). The situation might be complicated by the fact that such areas also provide a beneficial environment for rats and other animals that are known as infection carriers (Abbasi, 2018). In this regard, the health status of the community will be reduced because of these risks. Uncollected solid waste can also be a cause for injury or some other sort of trauma. Another way in which this health determinant can affect the health status is direct exposure. Researchers state that it leads to diseases through chemical exposure and precondition the development of chemical poisoning (WHO, 2018). Children are more vulnerable to it, which means that their health can be undermined significantly (WHO, 2018). It proves the negative impact of this determinant and shows how it can impact the local population, the quality of life, and the lifespan of the members of this very community. Approaches to Improve the Health Status The facts provided above evidence a negative impact the environment
Walmart is the largest world corporation of retail and grocery stores, which operates both on the US market and internationally. Its scale is tremendous, which results in a huge environmental impact. At the beginning of the previous century, Walmart’s reputation was deteriorating among consumers and environmentalists. Therefore, the company launched an environmental sustainability initiative in 2005 to comply with the trends of that time. Given that some consumers stopped shopping in Walmart, the company was eager to evaluate its impact on the environment and implement the appropriate strategy. Independent auditors and companies assessed Walmart’s activity and environmental impact, and identified three primary areas to concentrate on. The major focus was put on energy, waste and products. Such sustainability strategy was planned not only as an environmental initiative but a business strategy aimed to designate the company’s positioning and regain value among its customers. To address the areas for improvement, Walmart started with global logistics. Even though the company was known for its extremely efficient supply chain, the adjustments were needed to comply with the sustainability strategy. For instance, Walmart asked its logistics team to elaborate on the routes to contribute to the reduction of air pollution, and improve the efficiency of its fleet over several years. Also, the optimization of work and collaboration with its suppliers was needed to improve the environmental performance. In spite of diffusing its cooperation with more than 50 000 thousands of Chinese suppliers, the right decision was to concentrate on the major twenty of them (“Walmart’s Sustainability Strategy”). Moreover, an audit was initiated to inspect the factories and enterprises of the Walmart’s suppliers. Based on its results, the companies were given a definite status that indicated their compliance with the environmental requir
The history of the USA is full of different events and participants. Being a multicultural country, it is impossible to deny that a lot of tribes and different nations inhabited the United States. There were periods of out-migration when people moved to other regions of the countries to get a better life. The cases, when people from other countries moved to the USA, were not single. The situation became uncontrolled after the Civil War. “Carpetbaggers” and “scalawags” terms appeared exactly after the Civil War when people looked for a new better life. Carpetbaggers were people who moved to the South after the Civil War intending to make free for their knowledge and intentions. Carpetbaggers were named mostly people who were of Northern or European origin, who were “government political appointees, teachers, entrepreneurs, and self-serving opportunities and con-artists who moved into a defeated and dysfunctional South” (Flora, MacKethan, & Taylor, 2002, p. 127). New black and white inhabitants of the South hoped to make a quick profit from the undeveloped South. Their ideas and intentions were directed on the rebuilding of the South, its economic and political restoration. The attitude to newcomers was double: some people hated Northern ones, the others saw that it could be profitable to use the Northern capital and financial and educational injections (Flora, MacKethan, & Taylor, 2002). Summarizing the Carpetbaggers’ influence on the life of the Southern region, it should be mentioned that their interference to the Southern people’s life led to great success. First of all, the South began to be regarded as the “internationally recognized cliché” (Flora, MacKethan, & Taylor, 2002, p. 128). The level of people’s life increased, meaning that education and working places were created, as Carpetbaggers created new enterprises and educational establishments. In general, avoiding the information that Southerners hated Carpetbaggers, their impact on the region’s wellbeing was great. Scalawags, like Carpetbaggers, were also hated, but because of other reasons. Scalawags were people (mostly white), who lived and worked in the Southern part of the country but as the result of the movements, when Carpetbaggers came, they betrayed the native citizens and turned to newcomers. They were the representatives of the Republican Party in the society and worked together with Carpetbaggers. The Scalawags “largely consisted of wartime Unionists from small farm upcountry regions” (Harrell et al, 2005, p.525). They aimed to improve the political and economical condition of the area they lived in and “despite their own misgivings about allying with African Americans, risked social ostracism for supporting republicans” (Harrell et al, 2005, p.525). Infl
Introduction Rituals are very important aspects of religious practices. Some rituals are performed during certain occasions while others are performed at the convenience of an individual or community. Rituals are performed for various reasons. They could be performed to satisfy spiritual needs, convey respect, show one’s affiliation, for approval or comply with the requirements of religion. Rituals in religion preserve and help it to grow and be relevant to its practitioners. A religion without rituals is meaningless because it becomes characterless. Rituals are combined with faith and thus, become meaningful. Human beings depend on rituals because they have not reached a state where they can do away with rituals and concentrate on abstract symbols of religion. This paper will endeavor to look at some of the rituals in Islam and compare them with rituals from the Greek Orthodox religion. Religious rituals There are a number of rituals in Islam. First, there is the religious practice. The practices are not very many, but are very important in the Islamic faith. These are the five pillars of Islam: Hajj (pilgrimage to Mecca), zakat (alms), salat (prayer), sawn (fasting during the month of Ramadhan) and shahada (confession of faith). The pillar of hajj requires a Moslem to undertake a trip to Mecca at least once during their lifetime. Mecca is a sacred town of Islam. The trip is made during the month of Dhu al-Hijja that is the last month in the Islamic calendar. The trip can also be made at nay other time of the year, but to fulfill hajj one must at least go during the month of Dhu al-Hajj. Hajj is only mandatory for those who are financially stable because exemptions are made for those who cannot afford. Those who can afford, but are unable to make the trip can send someone on their behalf (Cornell, 25). Zakat requires Muslims to give their wealth to the poor and the needy in the society. Every able Muslim is required to give this tax. It serves as an act of worship. Similarly in the Greek Orthodox believers are expected to give part of their wealth to help the poor as doing so brings blessings (Cornell, 17). In addition, Confession is a pillar in Islam and every Muslim is required to proclaim it as it is a prerequisite for admission into the Muslim community (Cornell, 3). In the Greek Orthodox they believe that God comes to them through sacraments. The sacraments are: baptism, confession, ordination, chrismation, marriage, holy Eucharist and holy unction. For one to join the orthodox family one must receive the sacraments of chrismation or confirmation and baptism just like Islam one must confess (Greek Orthodoxy, 1). Birth rituals Birth means a great deal to the two faiths. In the Muslim faith families are encouraged to have many children so that the followers of Islam can be many. This could explain the large families that Muslims have. On the other hand, they are not restricted to use birth control as long both spouses agree. Life of a child is sacred in this faith and abortion is not allowed unless the life of the mother is in danger. After birth a mother must purified, as she is considered unclean. In the Greek O
Introduction This paper describes the negotiation process and what role cultural differences play in the outcomes of negotiations to the international community. It will also focus on the importance of negotiation to society and explain how cultural differences can lead to unfavorable negotiation outcomes. Negotiating with a foreigner Negotiation can either be face-to-face confrontation or electronic. When negotiating with a foreign party, it is advisable to have a face to face negotiation; this is likely to yield positive results. Researchers observe that during a face to face negotiation with a foreigner, the body language, facial expressions and cultural attitudes will be noted by the other party and might result in misunderstanding (Brett, 2000). On the contrary, if negotiation has to occur between two parties which are well known to each other, then the best mode to carry out the negotiation should be through electronics or a third party. Many cultures around the globe prefer carrying out negotiations through a third party. The use of a third party method is an indirect means utilizing an agent who has a mission to represent either of the sides to the other. The third party is in most cases, expected to be neutral. This extra party is also used as a facilitator for information exchange between the two negotiators (Brett, 2000). In international negotiations, culture plays a major role in the regulation of values and norms that encompass the process of negotiations. These establish to members of a given society what they should regard as important and what should be left out. Norms, on the other hand, provide the members with the information on which behavior should be regarded as proper and improper within their culture. Therefore cultural values and norms enhance the characters of individuals from different cultural backgrounds. This is why people of different origins perceive and react to situations differently, as well as react to behaviors of
Introduction Kodak has undergone some difficult changes in the last couple of years. The company built a strong brand before the digital age came along even with stiff competition from the likes Fuji Photo Film Co. Outgoing chairman of Eastman Kodak George M. C. Fisher spent his entire five- and half-year tenure trying to push this company into the digital age When he was stepping down, Fisher declared that his digital strategy has worked and the company’s financial woes due to sluggish sales would be a thing of the past. His various strategic initiatives into the digital world predicted a boost in overall sales by 8-12% a year for the next 5 years. Fisher claimed, “We have finally turned the corner; even though we do not have the results to prove it yet.” Certainly, analysts beg to differ. With companies like Sony Corp and Fuji Photo Film all fighting for a piece of the digital world market, Kodak will need some divine intervention to return to its former glories. (1999) A Ray of Hope The company’s hope now lies in the hands of Daniel A. Carp, a 29-year Kodak veteran. His new mission would be to rebuild consumer confidence in digital products; the same kind of trust the company has been enjoying in the film industry. This would certainly be a tall order. First of all, success in the digital market requires constant innovation, something a big company like Kodak is not known for. Carp has built a reputation as a brand builder and the initiatives he’s undertaking appear to be directed towards brand building instead of revenue generation. This is a risky initiative since prices for digital technology have been predicted to reduce and this will expose the company to new competitors. However, the company must cut a niche in the digital world since it provides a direct threat to its core 35mm film business. New Strategies Kodak has pinned its core business on coming up with a strategy that bridges the old and new worlds of photography. Quoting Daniel Carp “We see digitization creating a film and a photo-finishing aftermarket that should fuel an explosion of pictures and use” While the company is still hoping for improved sales of its digital cameras, “the cash gold mine lies in the uploading of traditional pictures onto the internet, expanding its share in the market for reprints and photo editing software”(1999) Most industry analysts still criticize these projects saying they are long term projects and they won’t provide the “short-term sales jolt that the company badly needs.”(1999) Nevertheles