ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Psychological assessments involve attempts by psychologists, among other skilled professionals, to explore facts about other people. Psychological assessments are usually conducted to predict peoples’ behaviors. Additionally, psychological assessments are conducted to explore how people function. DSM (Diagnostics and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders) is a manual that is usually published by the American Psychological Association. DSM manual offers a common ground for classifying mental disorders. DSM manual is utilized widely by stakeholders in health industry. This paper will define tools and techniques in psychological assessment. In addition, the paper will relate DSM to the tools and techniques mentioned above (Martin, 2014). Case History Data A case history data can be defined as a comprehensive data sheet that entails all information concerning an individual or patient’s psychological or medical condition. In most cases, a case history contains all-inclusive background information on an individual or patient. A case history must have an introduction, which establishes the focus of an individual or patient’s case. Essentially, a case history contains the pseudonym of the patient, as well as his/her age and occupation. Additionally, a case history contains data on a patient’s marital status, main problem and referral details. Furthermore, a case study must entail the problem history, psychiatric history, family history, medical history and personal history, among others. In essence, a case history provides detailed information on the patient’s background (Cohen, Swerdlik, & Sturman, 2013). Clinical Interview Clinical interview refers to the practice of assessing a client or a patient with the aim of revealing significant information on his/her personality. Clinical interview is usually utilized in psychological tests to get information about one’s past, as well as existing weaknesses and strengths. Clinical interview can also be defined as a tool of diagnosis, which enables psychologists and other skilled professionals to identify mental sicknesses. For instance, clinical interviews are usually conducted for DSM disorders. Clinical interviews are usually standardized to guarantee that each patient is asked similar questions. In most cases, the questions contained in clinical interviews concerns symptoms of the problem (POL, 2014). Mental Status test This defined as an appraisal, which examines an individual’s cognitive performance as well as an individual’s behavioral performance. The exam entails illustration of a patient’s general behavior and appearance. Additionally, the exam describes a patient’s insight and attitude, as well as a patient’s affect and mood. Mental exam also describes a patient’s attentiveness and consciousness. In mental examination, the most relevant tests examined
Introduction Budget cutting has become one of the challenges that many organizations face, including education institutions. As a result, managing capital and operational budgets has become one of the major challenges that leaders in higher education institutions encounter in their day-to-day life (Brock 109). In the last decade, public funding in higher education has been shrinking. As such, many institutions have put budget-balancing strategies at the top of institutional leadership agendas in many colleges and universities. In the light of the increasing budgetary constraints, many institutions are slowly adopting the “doing more with less” strategy where they gradually put in place cost-cutting strategies to operate effectively in the highly unpredictable funding environment (Newman, Couturier, and Scurry 23). The budgetary deficit issues are dire in non-profit education institutions that depend entirely on state funding. To ensure that an organization can maintain its programs, it is important to put in place strategies for ensuring that the institution can sustain its operations without going under or compromising its goals. Even a 10% budgetary cut calls for drastic changes in how an organization operates. The cut requires stakeholders to scale down their activities or devise new approaches to raising the deficit. As the Program Chair for Developmental Education, this report recommends five strategies that the department should consider following the planned 10% budgetary costs. Such strategies will be important in ensuring that the department continues to deliver on its mandate without comprising the quality of learning that students should receive. Strategy 1: Increasing Enrolment and Charging Some Fees It is important to note that the current department does not charge its students any fees. In this case, the department is very dependent on funding from the university. Such a situation leaves the department highly vulnerable to any changes in its budgetary allocation. Consequently, this situation can seriously affect its running and ability to provide quality education to students. Further, it can lead to serious challenges, especially among the staff members, who have to be paid promptly while at the same accessing the required resources to support their role as lecturers. However, despite the need for new funding strategies or reduction of expenditure to adjust to the expected budget cuts, it is important for the institution to guarantee affordability in line with its desire to ensure that the courses are accessible to all people. The first strategy that the institution should consider is an increase in enrolment an
Introduction The world continues to maintain a trend of annual growth in the number of emergencies caused by natural hazards, natural disasters, accidents, and technological disasters. This often entails human casualties, damage to human health or the environment, significant material losses, and violation of social living conditions. One of the essential tasks of implementing measures to protect the population in the event of a threat or natural disaster, major industrial accident, and catastrophe are to inform the people promptly of a possible or existing situation, rules of conduct, and methods of protection. Informing the population is bringing to the public information about predicted and emerging emergencies of a natural and human-made nature. It should be noted that informing the public, as opposed to alerting the population, does not require immediate measures to protect the community and is the responsibility of all federal government bodies, executive bodies of local governments, and organizations (Karami, Shah, Vaezi, & Bansal, 2019). However, the average modern citizens spend most of their attention on the internet, including social media. Therefore, it is will be highly effective to prevent and warn the public about natural disasters through social media platforms. The research needs to be conducted if the use of social media as a means of informing the public about a natural emergency is quick and reliable. Thus, the main research question is what makes the warning process effective and what is the role of social media in the given issue. Informing the Public Today, there are various forms of informing the public. Verbal informing is carried out mainly in the way of public statements by the heads of information structures of territorial bodies, representatives of supervisory organizations, and other services. Also included are lectures on life safety issues for various population groups using such forms as lectures, seminars, conferences, thematic evenings (Ukkusuri, Zhan, Sadri, & Ye, 2014). The second way is to inform by publishing in periodicals and other editions speeches by management, reputable experts in the field of life safety (Tong, 2017). In addition, scientists and representatives of public organizations, as well as the publication of manuals, brochures, leaflets on the rules of conduct in dangerous and emergencies, can also be part of this form of information. The third way is to inform via the media, including electronic and print. This approach is carried out using all possible information resources (Hagen, Keller, Neely, DePaula, & Robert-Cooperman, 2018). The main forms of information through the media include thematic sections in the print media, on the websites of news agencies, and in the print media. The fourth way is mediated advertising, which finds expression in organizing s
Cases of school shootings have increased especially with the large number of guns among civilians. A recent case in Sandy Hook in which a crazed individual shot more than 20 students and a teacher is evidence of a disaster that will visit any other school, eventually. Educators and lawmakers have debated the merit of allowing teachers to carry guns in schools in a bid to improve safety in schools. The move would help tame school shootings. This would reduce students’ death because teachers will stop crazed shooters. However, opponents argue that presence of guns in schools does not increase safety for anyone. Instead, schools need more computers, books, and other learning resources. This paper will demonstrate that arming teachers is a positive step towards curbing rising school shootings by crazed individuals. Kohn argues that arming teacher is the only way to prevent loss of innocent lives through crazed shooters (6). If some teachers have guns, gunmen would be hesitant to attack schools. The capacity for self-defense will make schools safer for children. Opponents of the move cite the presence and efficiency of calling 911 in case of emergency. Calling 911 is not an option especially when the nearest police station is more than 10 minutes away. Within these 10 minutes, a crazed individual can kill many people. Chuck Wright, the Sherriff of Spartanburg County in South Carolina, argues that calling 911 is not always the best option in times of emergency. Instead, arming some teachers and training them on gun use will reduce death and injuries. Teachers too deserve a fighting chance whenever confronted by crazed shooters in school. It is illogical to expect teachers to defend children against crazed gunmen while they are also vulnerable. Gunmen’s intention is to kill and failing to arm some teachers is tantamount to allowing criminals to have their way Experience shows that arming some teachers with guns will reduce exposure of students to danger. In 1997, a crazed student decided to open fire to his colleagues in Pearl High School. He killed two students before the armed assistant principal of the school could intervene. It would have been catastrophic if the teacher did not have a gun. The crazed student would certainly have shot more students before the arrival of police. A different scenario played out in Sandy Hook. Victoria Soto was helpless before a crazed shooter. All she could do was lie that children are in the gym. If she had a gun, she could probably have saved her live and many more. Those against arming teachers argue that schools will transform into battlefields and hurt more, deliberately or inadvertently. Experiences point to the contrary. Schools that have some of their teachers armed are saver than those with no armed teachers. It is impossible to fight fire without fire. Arming some teachers with guns will make students feel more secure and t
Introduction Fire presents one of the greatest threats to property. As such, building design and construction must take into account the wide range of fire safety features. Not only must the interiors and contents of buildings be protected from the dangers of fire; the building site itself must be planned to ensure accessibility of both fire departments and water suppliers. Building plan and construction procedures have changed considerably during the past century (Allen and Iano 12). A century ago, design techniques and materials, such as structural steel, reinforced concrete, and slab construction, was unknown and unimagined. In that era, major fires were common occurrences in cities. Due to combustible construction and poor city planning, whole cities were often destroyed by fire. As a result of those disasters, increased attention was given to fire safety in building design. This paper examines the building materials that can withstand fire. Fire safety in buildings through design Before a building designer can make effective decisions relating to fire safety design, the needs of the client regarding the function of the building and the general and unique conditions that are to be incorporated into the building must be clearly identified. Decisions regarding the fire safety design and construction of the building should be made in the following areas: life safety; property protection; and continuity of operations (Association of Fire Chiefs International 12). These objectives describe the degree to which the building should protect its occupants, property contents, continuity of operations, and neighbors. The objectives should be quantified wherever possible, rather than stated in broad or general terms. Design considerations for life safety must address the question of who the occupants of the house are and what they will be doing most of the time. The identification of a specific function patterns and constraints is vital in designing fire protection features that recognize occupant conditions and activities (Allen and Iano 15). There is an important question to be asked about the design of buildings with regard to protection of property. The requirements with regard to protection of property within a building are often fairly easy to identify. Materials of high value that are particularly susceptible to fire and or smoke can usually be identified in advance of building design. For instance, vital records that cannot be replaced easily or quickly can be identified in advance as needing special fire protect
Factors Behind the Decline There were several important factors behind the 2007-2008 Starbucks decline. Starbucks’ consumer fulfillment rates began to decay regardless of the fact of Starbucks’ irresistible existence and handiness (Koehn et al. 5). There was a very slight appearance of merchandise distinction between Starbucks and the less significant coffee shops. Nonetheless, there was a substantial difference between Starbucks and the autonomous coffeehouses. The trademark perception of Starbucks also had some jagged edges. New clients were beginning to settle with the fact the Starbucks was interested principally in gaining profit and constructing more coffee shops (Susanty and Kenny 17). Additionally, even with the great consumer print scores, customer fulfillment rates were diminishing. It was supposed that there was a provision breach between Starbucks totals on major features and consumer contentment. In surveys by clients, enhancements to service, predominantly quickness of service was utmost brought up for development. The total corporation service had not essentially deteriorated. Generally, customers were satisfied with the cleanliness, atmosphere, and merchandise excellence (Aiello and Dickinson 307). Nevertheless, the time lag was progressively growing. This was the core issue because some individuals went to Starbucks for the experience, but the general public got their coffee and left the shop. Consequently, the wait time was exceptionally central. Although the wait time was a measure of client happiness, it was not the single factor that regulated consumer fulfillment (Gurski 11). The consummation level of consumers similarly varied with the category of clients. Customers that stayed more frequently and were more faithful inclined to be very much contented. Furthermore, Starbucks was evaluating how the public looked at the business, as trying to grow and make the profit, rather than support the image of the company (Schultz 99). Despite the not so obvious fact that consumer service has degenerated to some extent, the central problem was the interpretation of the Starbucks business. Mostly, the problem was that the company became too energetic. In Manhattan, for instance, there were almost 200 stores. Even New Yorkers saw that as a bit too much. As the study by Harvard Business School stressed, Starbucks was guilty of excessive extension (Koehn et al. 11). To develop, Starbucks progressively attracted the clients for whom it meant rapidity of order provision instead of acknowledgment by and discussion with a barista. Undeniably, Schultz himself recognized the problem as it was obvious that Starbucks no longer had the personality of the past and represented a characterless store as opposed to the heartfelt sensation of a local coffee shop.
The Studied Gene-Drug Interaction Long-standing opioid maintenance is largely the cost-effective method of dealing with reliance on an opioid. Then again, the nontoxic and successful utilization of replacement opioids, for example, methadone depends on an immense deal on the best dosage that lessens withdrawal and unpleasant opioid side effects, and simultaneously cuts down the use of heroin. The thin therapeutic index and disparities in individual response to drugs further complicate this treatment process. According to Barratt, Coller, Hallinan, Byrne, White, Foster, and Somogyi (2012), Australia witnesses high incidences in methadone maintenance plans notwithstanding the personalized treatment tactics it employs (comparison of the patient’s indications and the dosage of drug). For this reason, a profound comprehension of factors lying behind personal reactions to methadone is of extreme consequence. Such knowledge is helpful in enhancing treatment and enriching clinical effectiveness. There is genetic inconsistency in the ABCB1 gene, which encodes the P-Glycoprotein efflux carrier (Barratt et al., 2012). This gene is associated with changes in the doses needed to maintain methadone levels during therapy. Previous studies indicate proof of a possible interaction between OPRM1 (encodes the receptor of the mu opioid) and ABCB1 to influence reaction to morphine in a contradictory manner (Barratt et al., 2012). This research aspires to establish if such gene to gene relation transpires for methadone during methadone maintenance therapy. Study Design and Conclusions The study subjects 119 individuals who depend on opioids to a genotypic examination to test for the presence of five single nucleotide polymorphisms of the gene ABCB1 and OPRM1. These are the 61A>G, 1199G>A, 1236C>T, 2677G>T, and 3435C>T, in addition to OPRM1 118A>G (Baratt et al., 2012). The study uses polymerase chain reaction in determining the genotypes. Restriction fragment length polymorphism is then carried out. According to Barratt et al., Polymerase chain reaction-restricted fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) spots the 2677G>T via the Cascorbi et al. technique (2012). An agarose gel electrophoresis assists in the visualization of the digested portions. For OPRMI, the 118A>G phenotype utilizes allele-specific polymerase chain reaction. The original case study records provide patient information on dose, pharmacokinetics, and demography. Noteworthy differences unrelated to glycoprotein P have a likely effect on absorption, distribution, breakdown, and removal of methadone. For this reason, the research also investigates “the trough plasma (R
Bureaucratic politics, as well as organizational dynamics are characterized by a long, categorized, and non-essential political process that involves too many players before a decision is made. As a matter of fact, bureaucratic politics and organizational dynamics’ time consumption are disadvantageous to the political players and the political playing field, as it slows down the process and does not serve to protect or respect the best interests of a nation. Welch (1992, 125) notes that information on Soviet missiles launched in Cuba was brought to the attention of President Kennedy on October 14, instead of three weeks earlier as a result of the routines and processes of in the organizations that made up the U.S. intelligence community. Often, the political leadership of a nation is faced with decisions that require fast determination and arrival at timely decisions, lest the agenda of the decision is rendered nugatory. These decisions require fast thinking, reasoning, and determination. However, long and bureaucratic processes negate this aspect and deal with such matters too procedurally. Such slowing down of the processes brings about a lot of negative effects on the analysis of the situations and decision making is made ineffective in some circumstances (Bendor and Hammond 1992, 305). Besides, bureaucratic politics and structural dynamics may make a nation’s political players arrive at wrong decisions in their quest to adhere and follow the requisite channels of procedure. As Preston and Hart (1990, 50) note, after the first incursion of South Korea by North Korea in 1950, President Harry S. Truman dispersed a memo to his staff detailing the changes that he decided to carry out in the arrangement and working of the presidential advisory group. He no longer wished to receive proposals on policies regarding Korea. Instead, he ordered that such proposals be taken to him through the National Security Council body. He additionally restructured his advisory team to a limited number of trusted officials to carry out policy formulation. The restructuring of the advisory arrangement brought about a lot of bureau-political struggle amongst factions in government, leading to a fundamentally incorrect set of recommendations being presented back to Truman. Thus, it is undeniable that the longevity of a bureaucratic process of politics and structural dynamics will not only impact the political process by slowing it down, but it will similarly lead to confusion and incorrectness in arriving at decisions (Preston and Hart 90, 51). Additionally, bureaucratic politics and the structural dynamic have an impact on the costs incurred in decision making, as well as policy formulation. One might argue that a single-time-period model is appropriate for crises. However, even in a crisis, the effects of options may be spread over multiple time periods. Consider, for example, President Kennedy’s concern for the United States’ international reputation for firmness and resolve; such reputational consequences may endure for years. In estimating the consequences of any option that a government might choose, the same is to be done rati