ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
For a long time now, managers have measured employee performance by use of very general and vague descriptions like excellent, above average, good, fair, satisfactory, and many more. In the US at around 1964, rights activists movements started pushing for the adoption of more objective methods of employee performance evaluation (De Koning, 2004). This then led to the passage of the Civil Rights Act 1966 and formation of the Equal Employment opportunity Commission (1970) which amounted demands that workers evaluations be based on objective, systematic and defensible measurements. The afore-mentioned developments led to adoption of several performance evaluation methods some of which are still in use in modern organizations. Having been appointed a team leader in a health division and have been requested to carry out performance evaluations, I will choose the management by objectives (MBO) method, as the most suitable tool for this task. Besides MBO method, several other methods can be used to evaluate data. First, you can evaluate performance through trait rating, which rates employees based on specific traits. To evaluate by trait rating you need to make a list of the desired abilities and qualities such as, ability to solve problems, mutual respect, level of participation in a team and many more. These traits can then be rated on a 1-10 scale, which will give more standardized, and objective results. This method is advantageous because its results can easily be compared throughout the entire organization. However, its critics posit that it is too vague since it is based on personality rather than behavior. Secondly, you can rate employees based on how well they perform compared to each other. This method is referred to as peer ranking. This method helps in the identification of good or poor performers. This on the other hand could a rouse jealousy and cause rivalry among team members greatly affecting teamwork. Thirdly, evaluation can be carried out by use of multisource feedback criteria, which is also called 360 feedback criteria. This method relies on a group of workers to evaluate each other and the group as a whole. This method is advantageous as it includes attributes, which are fairy long and therefore can give a more detailed result. However, it is complex as it presents several parameters for analysis and evaluation. Finally yet importantly, is management by objectives method which, I had indicated, would be the most appropriated approach for performance evaluation in a s the head of my local health organization division. I prefer this method because it is based on measurable goals and standards. Since this is a health organization, the one of the major concern would to evaluate the skills and specializations of each of the team members. Then these skills would form a basis for reward and duty allocations. In an instance where some members do not posses the required skills then it will be set that, they endeavor to acquire them by undergoing training. In addition, I will enlist the organization’s top goa
Introduction Background A remarkable literature exists on the investigation of the impact of macroeconomic variable changes on the stock market share prices. A number of models are provided by the existing economic theory which provides the framework to study the relationship (Andreas and Peter, 2). In the globally integrated world of today, access to information is easier and universal. The efficient market hypothesis theory depicts an efficient market to be the one in which there is a rapid change in the share prices as the new information is available. A significant literature has explored the correlation between the economic changes and macro economic variables. For instance Asprem, Mads (609) has studied the effect of changes in macroeconomic variables on stock prices in ten European countries, Nasseh, A liraza and Jack Strauss (229) researched affect of domestic and international macroeconomic variables on stock prices and Park, Jungwook and Ronald A. Ratti (2604) has studied effect of oil price shocks on sock markets of US and 13 European countries. The literature suggests that stock market indices are highly sensitive to the changes in basic and main variables of the economy (Pal, Karam, and Ruhee, 85). Aim of study and Overview of Research Paper An effective market is one wherein rapid adjustments in the security prices take place to introduce latest information. Hence, the information about the security is reflected by the prices of securities. It means that it is not easy for the new investors to predict the movements of stock price quickly, in order to make profit by trading the shares. As for the macroeconomic economic variable effect, for instance interest rate on stock prices and money supply, the hypothesis of efficient market suggests that the competition of profit maximizing investors ensures that all the new information is well know and reflected in stock prices, therefore the investors are not able to make unusual profit by predicting the future movement of stock market. The presence of the co integrated relationship in stock prices and macroeconomic variables brings the doubts to efficient market hypothesis The behavior of stock market, principally, needs to be predicted and policy makers may need to evaluate again their economic policies if the variables affecting the stock market are not what they desire (Maysami, Lee, and Mohamad, 58). The capital markets have to play very important role in the financial sector of every economy and an efficient capital market has capability to promote the prosperity and growth of an economy by stabilizing its financial sector and providing important investment channel to contribute for the attraction for foreign and domestic capital. Efficiency of capital markets indicates the fact that unanticipated part of the return on the security cannot be predicted and is almost equivalent to zero over a sufficient number of observations. Buyuksalvarci stated that, “The unanticipated in the actual return less what has been expected, based on the fundamental analysis” (408). Literature Review A number of researchers have studied and estimated the extent of effect of ma
Following the current advancement in technology and modernization, competition among businesses has thrived to a great extent that the sales people can do anything to gain popularity in the market. More importantly, many business operators in the contemporary society have become so vigilant in marketing competitions to an extent that; they have lost the moral values expected of them in the society. In this regard therefore, it has turned out that most business people in the current society have failed to encompass ethical considerations in their business dealings. More specifically, many sales men and women have found themselves in a situation where they can not uphold the norms of businesses as a result of pressure of competition in the market. This paper presents an analysis of a case involving a sales man by the name Rowland, agents of his company’s competitor and his company seniors. As it is revealed in this case, there are various ethical issues involved; in which all the parties involved seem to be neglecting the moral standards of businesses in the current society dominated by technological advancements. Being the seniors of AllSafe Insurance Company, the vice president of sales and the president of D & M’s largest competitor should not have discussed their course of action in the plane. More specifically, the two seniors of AllSafe Insurance Company should not have revealed their deals while still in the plane. In this case, their action reveals a high degree of unprofessional dealings and lac
The novel The Exception was written by Danish novelist Christian Jungersen. It centers around four women who work together at the Danish Center for Genocide Information. Two of the women receive death threats and at first, suspect a Serbian war officer and known torturer. Eventually, though, they start to question their coworkers and, as their fear escalates, they turn on each other. At this stage of total suspicion and paranoia they begin to discover information about one another’s characters and backgrounds that they never knew before. Soon three of the women join to fiercely victimize the new suspect, the librarian, on whom they’d bullied previous to the death threats. The main characters are the four women in the office. Malene, Iben, and Camilla are close friends and work in the office together. Anne-Lise is the librarian who ultimately becomes the target of the women’s irrational suspicion. She visits her doctor with complaints of the tension at her work and her doctor delivers one of the most integral quotes of the book, stating that “Victimization is part of human nature” (Jungersen). This quote emphasizes one of the main themes of the book: the ability of any and every human being to exhibit victimization on another being. Even though these women work for an agency that fights global victimization, they slip into the role naturally when their fear makes them desperate for a scapegoat. The theme of victimization is evident in the Nazi-like threats and the obscure character of Mirko Zigic the Serbian war criminal. The fact that the author perpetuates these behaviors in the one place that shouldn’t host them sustains the theme that oppression is inherent. Another theme that is reflected in the characters it the viral quality of fear. When the women start to receive death threats their perception of everything changes: “But why should a killer take the trouble to go after her? Iben is so insignificant. Or is she? …If just one of them is ‘irritated’ enough, her fate is probably sealed (Jungersen 14). Iben, who has recently been freed from hostage in Nigeria, finds herself questioning even who she thinks she is in the terrorism game. Her fear makes her feel vulnerable and in the line of fire, which drives her to find a person to target herself so she can vent her feelings. It seems the author wrote this story to point out that this victimization is not reserved to the infamous and larger than life figures we know from history; the innate tendency to victimize in circumstances like these exist in everyone. Jungersen wants us to examine how we behave in our own lives, to avoid perpetuating the abuse. We live in the same type of society as these women, and we have to fight the battles on a personal level, not just globally. I see this reflected in my life because everyone I know has some type of pain and dysfunction they carry because they’ve felt victimized in the past, whether by strangers, friends, lovers, or even family. The Exception is an important book because it uses relatable characters and scenes that make us question how we’d react in the same situation. The
Tuesdays with Morrie is a television film that was produced by Mick Jackson in 1999. It is based on a memoir of Mitch Albom, an American author and main character of this story. The film describes the series of Tuesday meetings of Albom with his former professor of sociology. Morrie Schwartz suffers from a fatal disease. The lessons of life that Morrie gives to Mitch lie at the core of the film. Summary Mitch Albom is a young man; he lives in Detroit and works as a sports journalist. He is under constant deadline pressure, always on the telephone, and has to do multiple things simultaneously. He loves his partner, Janine, but cannot give her enough attention due to his busyness, and he is afraid to marry as he supposes that any marriage leads to divorce. One day, Mitch sees on TV his former professor of sociology, Morrie Schwartz. Morrie used to be a cheerful man who loved to dance, enjoyed life, and inspired his students. However, he developed amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and is currently dying. Mitch decides to visit his professor and travels to Massachusetts. Morrie is excited to see his former student after sixteen years; he asks Mitch about his life, passion for music, marriage, and family. He notices that Mitch is not satisfied with his life and wants to meet with him every week to give him life lessons before death. Albom reacts skeptically; however, later, he feels that he needs to clarify his life and agrees to visit Morrie. During their second meeting, Morrie, or Coach as he was called in a university, talks about age; he praises it as growth, not decay. He asks Mitch to come every Tuesday, and the next Tuesday, he rem
Introduction There exist several approaches toward developing a curriculum, and some of the most common ones are developmental and developmental-cognitive. Within the first approach, it is assumed that children’s development is predetermined by biological factors. Hence, a curriculum based on the developmental perspective would take the specifics of each age group into consideration to moderate the contents of lessons and the difficulty of proposed tasks (Gargiulo and Kilgo 163). The developmental-cognitive approach is centered on behavior patterns in children. Hence, it is seen as more individualized and dynamic as it prescribes ongoing observation and continuous data collection to make amendments to the curriculum (Gargiulo and Kilgo 164). This essay will discuss the advantages and disadvantages of both perspectives for children with disabilities and delays. Developmental Approach: Advantages and Disadvantages Inclusive education hinges on the premise that differently-abled children share a classroom and are put into age-appropriate groups, which is based on the developmental theory. Many studies have shown that inclusive education benefits children with delays and disabilities as it challenges them in a positive way (Hehir et al. 15). In an attempt to keep up with their peers, they stay in school for longer hours and prioritize their academic achievements. On the other hand, a standardized curriculum might not quite meet the needs of a child with disabilities. If a child has language or other delays, they might require more time to adapt and complete tasks. It is easy to imagine how such a child could be left behind while his or her able peers do not have difficulties following the curriculum. Developmental-Cognitive Approach: Advantages and Disadvantages As compared to the purely developmental approach, the developmental-cognitive perspective offers “customized” solutions. It is difficult to predict how well children with special needs would complete tasks and how quickly they would make progress. Hence, a curriculum based on the chosen approach would address the emerging issues and challenges promptly. In alignment with the developmental-cognitive approach, teachers are to moderate children’s behaviors by giving them instructions. However, in the case of children with disabilities, the situation might be much more nuanced. A better approach would include tackling other underlying factors such as psychological problems. Conclusion Both described approaches are fairly reasonable and applicable but have certain flaws. It is possible to predict the age of the onset of specific skills and faculties: emotional, cognitive, and adaptive. Taking a developmental perspective when elaborating a curriculum may be advantageous for children with disabilities as it motivates them. However, the specifics of some disorders require heightened attention and specialized curriculum not based on universally recognized dev
In his work, McDonald points at causes of a modern focus on the historical turn and on the whole process leading to accentuating the role of history. According to McDonald, “new historicism” is a logical consequence of developing historical approaches to making “intellectual investigations” (McDonald 1). The author points at the tendency to care about history and explains this historical turn with the fact that researchers realized the “power of history” (McDonald 5). As a result, it is more important to focus on the “historicizing process” than on stable notions (McDonald 10). Thus, the author’s conclusions are associated with determining different paths for history and social sciences and with explaining reasons. Eley’s work is also written about the historical turn but in the social context. Eley explains the importance of focusing on history while pointing at “history’s ability to deal with the big questions” (Eley 497). The author pays attention to discussing transformations of social history and cultural history in order to state that the reorientation of modern historians is important to explain changes in societies from the perspective of the historical turn. From this point, Eley closely connects the ideas of social history and cultural history. Bradley and Fenton focus on the cultural and linguistic turn in the context of changes in visions of economy, race, and gender. The first argument is that culture and economy are interrelated, and it is risky to follow only a cultural or only economic approach (Bradley and Fenton 113). The cultural turn typical for Postmodernism is not good for societies. The cultural shift is also observed in race relations (Bradley and Fenton 117). Moreover, gender and linguistic turns become interrelated during Postmodernism, when the notion of gender changed in texts, and when Madonna appeared to be the “liberated femininity” (Bradley and Fenton 126). Thus, culture is closely connected with gender and race questions in the era of Postmodernism. Neoliberalism Discussing neoliberalism, Nonini focuses on controversies associated with the idea. Nonini states that, on the one hand, “racial stigmatization” and violence are the background of neoliberalism (Nonini 164). On the other hand, neoliberalism is associated with globalization and a multiracial approach (Nonini 167). That is why, neoliberalism is complex because neoliberals in the United States attempt to support global competition and promote regional markets, to manage diversity, and ignore racism and violence. Nonini’s arguments can be discussed as a critique related to modern neoliberalism. In his turn, Munck discusses the association between neoliberalism and politics. Munck discusses the “market-based society” and states that the political impact matters informing the economic progress (Munck 61). Still, Munck states that it is important to distinguish between actual and ideal neoliberalism in order to be able to find the democratic alternative to neoliberalism in a society where citizens are mainly discussed as consumers (Munck 68). In this context, Munck attempts to refer
HIV-AIDs-Book Review The problem The world is experiencing a rapid increase in the spread of HIV despite massive campaigns that governmental and non-governmental organizations have taken. Some people are still irresponsible in their sexual behavior. Culture and personality differences are other factors that are increasing the spread of the disease. The dimension of the problem In the developed and developing world, in one way or another, every human being is affected or infected by the diseases, people have lost their loved ones, and they are continuing to duffer the effects of the disease. The economic standing of countries has been affected as the government is spreading a large fortune of its economy in managing and campaigning against the disease. In almost all world countries, the diseases had been a priority especially in the 1990s, the moves were aimed at creating awareness, giving out curative medicine, and managing those people who have been affected and infected. In the efforts of looking for a lasting solution, massive resources have been implemented in research and development policies however these programs have not borne fruits. When medical experts are involved in the management of the disease, it means they divert from the mainline of medical services improvement to fight the vice; this has created a shortage in professionalism and development in other sectors of the medicine world. The medical service sector is constrained in the kind of human and physical resources they have, when the epidemic of HIV came then the system was further constrained and lacked the capacity of catering for the new epidemic victims as well case of other diseases. The economy of countries has been affected by the epidemic; the government is using resources to look for a remedy to the disease; on the other hand, the population of a country is not healthy to produce at maximum rates. The sick in most cases has been the young people with young children and families to take care of, when they are infected with the disease, the dependency rate in the country increases. A country with a high dependency rate has low living standards and the people cannot get quality services offered by the government (Whiteside, 2008). Evaluating evidence In the two chapters, the writer has embarked on offering some statistical and periodical information on the issues at hand, the writer brings the issue from a clear angle, and he illustrates facts and data in a simple form that can be understood by the writer. The effect of the disease varies with nations and continents, he gets into the depth of the matter and the influence it has on the communities and the economies around. When the writer is discussing the way forward, he gives local advice that can be managed at an individual, community, or government level. The role of non-governmental organizations and community workers is well elaborated.
In any business contract, all involved parties should be able to negotiate in a manner such that they reach consensus and exchange the item in subject without landing into conflicts. Therefore, laws that govern contracts should be followed and respected to ensure that all involved parties get fair deals. This means that all negotiators should participate while in sober minds to ensure that decisions made on behalf of their companies are right. In this case, Grand Island Development Corporation has a right to sell their cottage lots at convenient prices. This means that they should not be compelled to lower prices for their cottage lots against their will. This should be provided in the law, and it has to be respected since they own the cottage lots and they can sell at any price. In addition, they had a right to sell their lots to any willing buyer provided that they agreed on the appropriate price. Therefore, there should be no offense if they sell the cottage lots to willing buyers regardless of the number of buyers with ongoing negotiations. For instance, by selling their lots to Cottage Contracting Ltd, Grand Island development Corporation did no mistake since the law allows that they respect any contract that is entered and completed. This is because they sold lots to the company because they had not heard from Onshore Construction Company. The confirmation letter from Onshore Constructing Company was delayed hence no formal communication was done between these two companies. The delay in the official letter sent by the Offshore Construction Company was liable for the confusion. This means that if the letter arrived in time, the cottage lots could have been reserved for the company, unfortunately, the letter came much later. In addition, Offshore Construction Company could have made their decision in a swift manner. This delay on their side was liable for their missing of the contract. In fact, if Offshore Constructing Company made up its mind on purchasing lots in a swift manner, it could have bought them. However, they were overtaken by events since the other company emerged and presented a fair deal to the seller who could not decline the offer. This was because the Offshore Company had not come out openly to agree on purchasing those lots. Therefore, the Grand Island Development Corporation had no other option but to sell those lots to Cottage Contracting Ltd. This case should be decided in a fair manner considering all aspects that should be used during transacting businesses. No one was offended by the deal because there was no agreement in writing between the seller and the Of