ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Abortion is said to have taken place if pregnancy is terminated either unintentionally or willfully. Willful abortion, performed in 7% of total cases, is mandatorily carried out to erase the effects of rape and incest, or to prevent serious health problems from occurring to a mother or her unborn child. The remaining 93% of cases of willful abortion involve females undertaking to be purposefully aborted as a response to social and personal problems. Today, 34 nations in the world have laws in place that legally permit abortion to be performed at any stage starting from conception until giving birth (Maisie). The United States is one such nation where abortion became legal in 1973 after the country’s Supreme Court landmark ruling in the Roe vs. Wade case (Cain) on the grounds that the Fourteenth Amendment assures individuals of taking their own decisions on personal and ethical issues (Graber, 26). Controversy over the pros and cons of abortion has been raging ever since 1973 with supporters praising the Supreme Court ruling as a fundamental boost to women’s liberty and ability to fight against sexual discrimination, and detractors seeing the ruling as the unpleasant intrusion of secularism, narcissism and materialism into the American community besides turning women into ‘structural men’ (Ginsburg, 1&2). However, in the present situation of the world in general and the United States in particular, there is no doubt that abortion is a bad practice that deserves to be banned in all cases except where the mother’s life is in danger. While there are many arguments against abortion, the following are the main ones, which reveal why the practice is particularly heinous. There is unquestionable medical proof that the unborn child is a living human being. The United States Senate Bill 158 on the subject of human life states: “Physicians, biologists and other scientists agree that conception marks the beginning of the life of a human being” (Cain). Such a statement is total confirmation of the indisputable fact that an unborn child is a living human being as soon as he or she is conceived. Therefore, if an abortion is performed at any stage between conception and birth, it is equivalent to willfully murdering a human being, and those guilty of such murder include the mother, the doctor performing the abortion, and most of all the lawmakers of the country who do not enact laws to prohibit such murder. Abort
Introduction The US is the nation where industrialization first took place outside Europe. The most successful industry in this former British colony during the period of the civil war was shipbuilding. Other industries include iron manufacturing. The agricultural, construction, and mining industries also experienced an exponential growth during the mid 19 th century, which was further boosted by a respective population growth. It was during the late years of 19 th century that the United States of America became the leading industrialized nation on the globe. Shortly after the civil war, the industry was still characterized by hand labor that minimized the ability of production for most industries. However, the industry quickly gained momentum with hand labor being replaced by machines thereby increasing the rates of production. Many people therefore began concentrating in cities to work in these industries. Accompanying this change was the sharp contrast between the workers and the employers. The discontent of workers brought about movements that aimed at protecting workers’ rights. This work explains how the industrial workers and farmers organized themselves
Introduction In the course of studying crime, both scientists and criminologists have enlisted scientific methods. These methods have given rise to several hypotheses, some of which have become proven theories. In the study of criminology, the questions of why, how, and when are important to the understanding of the causation factors of crime. Another key element within theories of crime causation is gaining an understanding of the factors that differentiate law-abiding citizens from criminals. Consequently, there are several theories of crime causation, and they are often categorized as economic, political, or biological in nature. Some of the most common theories include Strain Theory, Control Theory, and Labeling Theory. This paper addresses two theories of crime causation, namely Social Bond Theory and Genetic Theory. The essay offers an in-depth look into the two theories and also their similarities and differences. Overview of the Theories The Social Bond theory was first forwarded in 1969 by Travis Hirschi, but later contributors have changed it into social control theory. The Social Bond theory has been applied to various social issues and their manifestation as a crime. This theory of crime causation addresses “elements of social bonding including attachment to families, commitment to social norms, involvement in activities, and the belief that these things are important” (Akers, 2013, p. 43). The defining factor in the Social Bond theory is the element of connection between peers and peer groups in a manner that suggests involvement, attachment, and commitment. However, the Social Bond theory posits that the same bonds that result in socially acceptable behaviors are also inspiring criminal activities. Another prominent element of this theory is the common value-system within a certain group of individuals. Social bonds are important to Hirschi’s theory, including parental figures, school-formed bonds, and other types of social attachments. The combination of the social bonds that are outlined in this theory contributes to shaping people’s behaviors. These pro-social attachments have the ability to control an individual’s behavior even when they are not active. For example, some people will feel overly self-conscious about littering even if no one can see them. The Genetic theory of crime causation proposes that there is an active link between a person’s genes and his/her criminal tendencies. The Genetic Theory of crime has been a subject of debate since its inception, with most of this debate happened in in the 1980s and the 1990s. Other scientists have also proposed that there is a connection between a person’s physical traits and his/her susceptibility to criminal activities (Cheung & Heine, 2015). Although the Genetic Theory of crime is not socially popular, various studies have successfully proved its hypothesis. Opponents of this theory argue that criminality is not the trait that is carried in the genes, but it is the other accompanying traits such as substance abuse. Therefore, other criminal causal factors
The short story explores the topics of love, truth, and unconditional flattery toward a person. The main character of the story, who is unnamed throughout the whole narrative, lost his love because of her disease. Now he visits the cemetery, unable to manage his distress and loneliness. In the end, however, her grave reveals that she died because of the cold she caught when going to her lover (De Maupassant, 1910). The author wants to tell readers that love and flattery often blind and ignorant people to the truth. The main character loved the woman so much that he did not suspect her unfaithfulness. I agree with the author’s point of view because trust is essential in love. While believing in the beloved one’s innocence may be a naive action, it is crucial to trust in order for the relationship to thrive. The story employs a first-person perspective, which tells readers that all descriptions and interpretations in the narrative are subjective. For instance, when the main character says that the woman loved him, readers cannot be confident that it is true. The end of the story reveals her unfaithfulness, and it is not definite that the woman loved him. Subjectivity introduces many other potential interpretations – when the man speaks of the dead coming out of their graves to replace stones with confessions. It may be that the main character is merely dreaming and that the woman did not betray him. A third-person perspective on this narrative would bring objectivity, and readers could make accurate assessments and uniform interpretations. The author, however, deliberately chose to use first-person narration because emotions cannot be objective – each person feels them differently. Reference De Maupassant, G. (1910). Was it a dream?
There is no use denying the fact that art is a very powerful remedy which influences minds of people and makes them think about certain issues. Nowadays, many different kinds of art exist. However, under modern conditions, cinema obtains especial significance. In the modern world, it is one of the most popular and influential kinds of art which has a great number of admirers (Worsnop, n.d.). There are many methods and ways in which a movie and its director can influence a person and make him/her think about some certain issue. However, not only modern cinema is able to add some changes to the mind of a person. Since its appearance, this kind of art became very influential, obtaining a great number of remedies to influence a viewer (Silverblatt, Miller, Smith, & Brown, 2014). The film Battleship Potemkin can serve as the best example of the perfect work of its director and usage of different elements of film style. It is possible to analyze the scene from the film to understand the peculiarities of the whole work. It begins with the description of peoples glee (International School History, 2014). They seem happy and careless. The director uses a strong remedy to underline universal delirium. Different people are shown. A viewer can see a rich woman and legless soldier, children and elderly people. There are many mothers with their babies. It becomes obvious that representatives of different layers of society are shown here. The director wants to underline the fact that men on the battleship have support from all people. Additionally, the film is black white, though there is one bright spot there. It is the red flag of the ship. It helps to understand who are the main characters of this video and who are loved by people. However, the mise en scene changes. It becomes obvious that something scares people. Happy faces are replaced by scared ones as people are in panic. A viewer cannot understand the reason of this change at once, though the atmosphere influences him/her and some feeling of anxiety appears. It is a very powerful remedy used by the director as uncontrolled and unreasonable fear is a very strong emotion. However, later, it becomes obvious that people are afraid of soldiers who are marching downstairs. Again, different small mise en scenes are used to make the feeling of anxiety and panic even stronger. One of the most powerful artistic devices used by the director is the scene with a child and his mother. They run down in horror, however, a child fells, though, mother is so scared that she does not notice it at the beginning. Some associations with animal fear come into mind. Additionally, the director also tries to show that people try to overcome their fear which was their first reaction. They try to organi
After reviewing the three categories of criminological theory and their explanations for illicit drug use, I found that drug addiction is best explained from a sociological perspective. Although addiction to drugs often arises from a fusion of biological, psychological and social factors, I believe that the development of deviant behavior is best explained by social learning theory. Social learning theory assumes that people tend to adopt the behavior of those around them. It implies that people, watching others take drugs, imitate those (Bahr & Hoffmann, 2016). People are also likely to be directly taught by friends, peers, or family. Sometimes this “learning” occurs through reinforcement or punishment: drug use is encouraged, and refusal is condemned. I selected this theory because it seems that more addicts are formed in this way. It is especially relevant for young people who are easily influenced by the society that surrounds them. Sometimes people see such deviant behavior in people whom they strive to be like and copy them. There are some special rituals, habits, and behavior patterns in any small group of people, whether a family or friends. When some teenagers get together to play computer games or see the movies, other bands get together to “get high”. Children of disadvantaged backgrounds can learn to take drugs from parents, siblings, or other family members. Alternatively, people may be seduced by stories that drugs are enjoyable. Moreover, the use of reinforcement is generally used to shape sustainable behavior. Since the influence of society and the environment is robust on a person, the social learning theory principles can also shape drug policy. However, since that theory affects small groups of people, that “shaping” cannot be global, though more depends on each person. To generate conforming behavior, one needs to surround himself with suitable people, avoid drug addicts, and not participate in groups with deviant behavioral habits (Bahr & Hoffmann, 2016). The addict himself plays a significant role in the struggle against drugs since success directly depends on his desire to learn new behavior patterns. Reference Bahr, S. J., & Hoffmann, J. P. (2016). Social scientific theories of drug use, abuse, and addiction. In H. H. Brownstein (Ed.), The handbook of drugs and society (pp. 197-217). John Wiley & Sons.
A case for a refugee in CWS RSC Africa helps people to be resettled in the USA. Individuals complete their applications, and the organization creates files that are sent to US Citizenship and Immigration Services. CWS RSC Africa also communicates with the agency and provides additional information about an applicant if necessary. The president’s Executive Order affects the USRAP in several ways. For instance, in 2017, the number of refugees that can be accepted is reduced from 110,000 to 50,000. According to the Executive Order, refugees from Syria cannot be accepted. Besides, the Secretary of State will pay more attention to the organization’s functioning and will analyze its impact at local, state, and federal levels. Program Integrity guidance is essential for proper functioning of various agencies including PRM. The guidance outlines major areas of concern, which enables entire agencies, as well as each employee, achieve their organizational goals. For example, PRM helps refugees in different parts of the world. However, the organization does not provide aid directly to people but collaborates with other organizations such as the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. Program Integrity guidance helps PRM to ensure that the funds allocated are used properly, and the organization’s partners do not violate any ethical or legal norms. Landowners have to develop and implement conservation plans to ensure conservation of species that are listed as endangered. However. In some cases, landowners can obtain permits that allow them to violate some provisions of the plans under some circumstances. Clearly, when the increase in the population of some species poses some threats to the landowner’s life or some property, the government ensures that the landowner’s rights are safeguarded.
The author explores the history of slavery in the creek tribes. The Creeks lived in modern-day Georgia, northern Florida, and Alabama starting around the year 1000. The creek tribe traditionally enslaved others captured in battle, but this ownership was not inherited by their offspring. The creeks also sold captives to Americans or British middlemen. The creek’s practices of slavery changed with the times. Analysis Creek Indians, the original occupants of modern-day Georgia, Alabama, and northern Florida have had a long history of enslaving their captives. In fact, the arrival of slave-owning whites looking for refuge in the Indian country barely shocked the Creek Indians for they had also captured, mistreated, and sold slaves. The history of slavery among the Creeks dates back to their ancestors, even before the arrival of Europeans and Africans in the 16th century. The tribes regularly came together to fight off an enemy and captured their slaves during such duels. To them, captivity was an institution that they were not ready to relinquish (The Free Library, 2007, para. 1). The captives served a variety of purposes among the Creek tribes: warriors seeking revenge could bring their captives to be killed at the village poles, families that had lost a member through death could adopt them, or they could be employed by their owners to create wealth. Gradually, these tribes established their slaveholding custom drawing from their interactions with other Indian tribes, and later with Africans and Europeans (Snyder, 2007, para. 4). The Creeks maintained the tradition of killing their captives violently up to the late eighteenth century during the war with Americans. In one instance, trader John Fitzpatrick watched as the Creek’s leader, Alexander McGillivray, killed six American surveyors, subjecting their leader through a ‘more ceremonial, torturous death’. The torture of captives provided liberation for the Creek families that had lost their clan members, a practice is known as blood vengeance, and they believed that the spirits of their kin could only enter the afterlife after the killing of those responsible or their close relatives (The Free Library, 2007, para. 7). Forms of Torture The Creeks mainly killed their captives through a slow death by fire in fields while a few others died on the blood poles, mostly men. The form of torture to be accorded to a captive was decided on by the women and whenever a captive showed emotions of fear or pain, they were jeered and laughed at by the villagers. After death, the scalps were left on the poles for some days, these served the same cultural belief as did torture. Apart from the ritual function, another motivation for the torturous killing of captives was the elevation of men who undertook such acts by the society, those who participated in such acts were given titles in the society. The Creeks’ desire to punish the Americans for grabbing their lands also acted as a factor in the violence meted on captives (Snyder, 2007, para. 18). Although men we
It is possible to say with certainty that a rare person never had a feeling that he or she wasted time for some useless thing or, conversely, spent insufficient time for something truly meaningful. In the column, “Learn to Edit Life,” Charley Reese claims people can avoid such frustrating feelings if they make deliberate attempts to realize what they can and want to do in life. When for a larger part of a day, people are constantly bombarded by immense volumes of information and face endless options to choose from, it is easy for them to get lost and forget what is really important. For this reason, Reese concludes that “in our Age of information, editing is by far the most important thing we can do.” By editing, Reese implies a skill of making decisions according to personal preferences and needs. One of the primary implications of Reese’s article is that the understanding of its own capabilities, interests, and limitations, as well as the ability to implement this understanding in real life, provides multiple benefits. To achieve success, a person should set the right priorities, formulate goals, and focus on their realization rather than performing random activities. As Reese fairly observes, “it is by choosing what things they will not do that most of the great people have been able to achieve excellence in what they did do.” It means editing and purposeful navigation through a vast ocean of information is key to craftsmanship and professionalism in any sphere of performance. Reese’s ideas seem absolutely valid as it is hard to imagine a person of supreme skills and knowledge allowing trivial things distract him or her, and wasting too much precious energy on them. A good share of planning and strategizing is always beneficial because it helps to map a course to move forward. “Our lives are constructed moment by moment, decision by decision, like stringing pearls” (Reese). This statement shows the value and significance of responsibility for everything that happens in a person’s life. Overall, people who dive into anything indiscriminately risk never to grow either personally or professionally. However, it also seems that excessive planning can be harmful. If every single second is planned, and one strives to adhere to the plan by any means, without paying attention to anything else, life becomes narrowly focused and loses multidimensionality. Moreover, strict adherence to a particular program can make a person stressed and neurotic, leading to burnout. Therefore, while focusing on something genu
Abstract This study explores the school district’s bilingual program and the challenges teachers face with teaching non-English Hispanic students. With the growing population of Hispanic families in Southeast Texas, the school system is not set up for English Language Learners (ELL) entering on the secondary level. There are not enough bilingual teachers to help the ELL students, which causes a communication breakdown. The No Child Left behind Act of 2001 does not include English Language Learners students. Accommodating English Language Learners (ELL) is a legal requirement in the United States (Mentze, 2001). This research shows that the bilingual education in this district faces a problem with teachers being improperly trained in bilingual education and not having a model to go by that could help them and students. I have included a model in this qualitative study, strategies which could aid teachers of non-English-speaking Hispanic students on the secondary level. This model by Annabelle Nelson (1998) will help teachers that have students from different cultures design lesson plans to fit the needs of the students, and help them be successful. Dedication I dedicate this work to my loving fiancé, who has supported me from the beginning and has been my strong tower to lean on. He is my dearest friend, my voice of reason and my extra eyes and ears. Thank you for your help and understanding of the long nights of my researching and even the times traveling with me to school to be not only my support but also my long life cheerleader and counselor. I thank God for all you have done and still doing. You are forever the love of my life. Acknowledgements This dissertation has been a wonderful experience and it is because of the individuals along the way and their inspiring help and encouragement. From the beginning of my graduate work, I have had someone to give me good advice and have encouraged me to keep moving on so that I can receive the reward God has for me. To my very first advisor… who quickly became a mentor, you continuously pushed me and reminded me the importance of receiving this degree…. Showed his interest by staying in contact with me until this very day giving me encouragement and cheering me all along. To my chair… from the very first day, I asked him to be my chair he has shown so much interest in my topic and in my future