ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Military robots are devices that are operated remotely in the battlefield. The 20th Century gave rise to this technological advancement that changed the face of the society. Discovery of Robotics is one of the new things that came into being. They have been used in warfare whereby unmanned robots are used to fight the enemy. This has brought about both ethical and logistical issues despite the fact that this innovation has been of great help in military campaigns. Strategies and tactics used by these robots in warfare have brought “revolutions in military affairs” because of the advantage they give those using them (Singer, 181). The military budget has risen over the years to fund more unmanned robots over the enemy territories and to fight war against terrorism. Terrorism has led to rise of robot technology and is equated as the answer to suicide bombing (Singer, 61). Use of Robots in war has lead to speculations on whether human beings will be replaced by these machines in military operations. Humans who will monitor and control robots in war will find it difficult keeping pace with them because they are fast, complex, numerous and small hence will reduce the level of performance by human beings (Singer, 126). The military advancement in the use of robots in warfare will at long last essentially drastically reduce the role of human beings in war. Use of this technology will affect the traditional role of the soldier by limiting interactions between soldiers and cohesion in military units. It will therefore be difficult to establish and develop psychological and emotional bonds. The army generals who normally have control of soldiers in the battlefield will see their command limited (Singer, 348-352). Despite not being on the battle field, the operators of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV) live a double life. At the end of the day they retire home to their families but they also experience the same emotional and psychological effect like the pilots who are in the battleground and work the same number of hours protecting their compatriots in the battlefields. The grueling hours are tiring and stressful because they are required to save lives and they take responsibility incase anything goes wrong. The use of high resolution cameras by these UAV pilots bring to them intricate details of their targets while remotely attacking enemies. These images are grimly and affect most of them. Some have even developed Post Traumatic Disorder. Even though not being physically on the battleground reduces cost and risk of losing life, this disassociation in effec
Introduction The protagonists and antagonists of post-high school education cost agree that going to college has series of benefits attached to it. For instance, college education guarantees more opportunities that high school diploma, especially when an individual is interested in changing a career or pursing further education. On average, in the US, persons with college education tend to earn more income in lifetime and are likely to experience growth in earnings with time in the labor market that a high school diploma holder. The first alternative would be to apply for a bank loan that is repayable over a period of up to 20 years to finance college education to increase chances of getting mid-level job in the labor market. The second alternative is opting not to go to college due to the high cost and joining the labor market immediately after high school and hoping to rise to mid-level job with time. This paper will present the arguments that supports and oppose these alternatives in order to identify the most rational choice. Why College education is worth it According to the poll conducted by Gallup in the year 2014, the findings indicated that more than 50% of those who have recently graduated from colleges indicated that the every rising cost of college education is still worth the benefits of obtaining post secondary education. According to the poll, majority of those who opined that college education is not worth the cost had taken an education loan of more than $50,000. The general finding established that more than 77% of the college graduates agreed that college education is worth its cost in the US (Abel and Deitz 26). As indicated by the head of the poll, “reduced conviction among recent graduates is hardly surprising. Those grads emerged with more debt and poorer employment prospects due to a struggling economy. As the debts get paid off and their earnings rise, they may have a change of heart” (Cox par. 6). Despite the high cost of going to college through bank loan, the long term outcome of this decision is often guaranteeing a place within the middle class society. The primary intention of pursuing college education immediately after high school is to guarantee more accumulated earnings during the entire career as compare to high school diploma holder. This means that college education is an investment that has stable returns over a lifetime, despite dynamics or swings that might arise in the labor market. For instance, college degree guarantees an individual a place in the job market, even when the unfavorable economic conditions forces mass retrenchment (Abel, Deitz, and Su 5). The persons who are likely to be the first victims of mass retrenchment are holders of high school diploma since their skills and competent might not match that of the college degree holders. According to Cox (2013), “if it costs $100K to finish your degree over two or more years a
The idea of introducing a merit pay for excellent performance in a team of employees is doubtlessly a good idea – it helps “gain employees’ commitment” (York 309), develops the feeling of self-importance in the people, who are especially good at their job, and motivates the “underachievers” to improve their performance. Therefore, creating a merit pay plan for a cross-functional team will obviously have some fruitful results. Because of the difficulty in evaluating and comparing the contribution of every staff member within a cross-functional team and providing the corresponding incentives for those with the greatest score, it will be reasonable to suggest that a merit pay plan should be created in order to both equalize salaries and acknowledge ranking efforts. The goals for the cross-functional team in question can be defined as improvement of the team’s overall performance by 15% and the resulting production of 700 units instead of 600; increase of individual members’ performance by 5% each; motivating specific team members, whose performance is statistically lower than the team average, so that each employee could at least meet the average standards established in the company’s list of rules and regulations; raising the quality of communication in general and information management in particular within the specified group by 20% (with an average of 5% accidents of information misinterpretation instead of the current 25%) by implementing the strategy of shared knowledge. The given task is going to be admittedly hard to carry out, seeing how the group in question is comparatively large, with eight people, whose further action need to be coordinated, yet with due effort, the mission will be completed within three weeks at most. Once a certain stage of the goals implementation is completed, each of the team members will receive a financial incentive. As soon as the goals are achieved, the staff members that have achieved the greatest results will be given a financial reward; in addition, their efforts will be acknowledged as the company leader expresses his gratitude during the end-of-the-month meeting. Speaking of the funds and the way in which they are going to be distributed, $150,000 is going to be used for the purposes specified above. The aforementioned sum is going to be split in the following way: 20% of the total merit pool should be used as a response to the efforts of the employees that work extra hours in order to achieve better results; 70% of the total sum will be used as incentives for those employees who have achieved the most outstanding results; 8% of the money will be spent on conducting reward activities, whereas the remaining 2% will be saved for the possible extra costs on reward ceremonies. The given actions will doubtlessly “show employees that their direct efforts will affect the desired results” (York 243). It goes without saying that calculating the score of every single employee in the team will take som
Introduction Critical appraisals of research articles allow for evaluating the quality of evidence presented in these papers to be further applied to practice. The article selected for the critical analysis provides the results of the study conducted by Murawski et al. (2018) on utilising an m-health intervention to affect sleep and physical activity in adults. Understanding whether the results provided in the selected article are accurate and credible is important to decide on using the presented interventions in the evidence-based practice. The purpose of this paper is to analyse and critically appraise the article by Murawski et al. (2018) as a paper providing the findings for a quantitative study. In this paper, the title, abstract, introduction, methods, results, discussion, and other information and sections included in the article will be analysed in detail. Title and Abstract In the discussed article, the title “Randomised Controlled Trial Using a Theory-Based M-Health Intervention to Improve Physical Activity and Sleep Health in Adults: The Synergy Study Protocol” clearly identifies a specific type of a quantitative study as a randomised controlled trial. The abstract that follows the title provides the purpose of a trial design and its summary and identifies methods and analysis, but there is no information on specific results and conclusions. Instead of these data, the researchers have provided the information on ethics and dissemination (Murawski et al., 2018). It is possible to state that the lack of a summary of the study results and conclusions does not allow for determining the effectiveness of the proposed interventions. Introduction In the introduction to the analysed study, a substantial scientific background for the problem of improving physical activity and sleep in adults is presented. Furthermore, the researchers have also explained the rationale for their study indicating that there are no other studies on multiple behaviour interventions focused on physical activity and sleep, and this study is important to be conducted with reference to applying an appropriate app-based intervention (Buccheri & Sharifi, 2017; Murawski et al., 2018). The researchers also formulated the objectives for the study, pointing at the necessity of testing the effectiveness of an app-based intervention, the role of using apps in changing behaviours, as well as alterations in health in the context of socio-demographic factors and a specific environment (Murawski et al., 2018). This approach is effective for organising introductions in this type of articles. Methods The selected trial design can be described as parallel, and the allocation ratio is 1:1, depending on the information provided in the article regarding randomisation. The researchers have not presented information on any changes in methods with the focus on the trial commencement (Copas et al., 2015; Murawski et al., 2018). Specific eligibility criteria for participants, as well as exclusio
The article “The Year’s 32 Best Media Plans, From Always and Nike to Oreo and Taco Bell” identifies various companies that have used appropriate strategies to advertise their brands. The most effective adverts were those of Nike and Always (“The Year’s 32 Best Media Plans, From Always and Nike to Oreo and Taco Bell” par. 3). These ads delivered quality messages to the targeted consumers. The advertisers used appropriate appeals to attract more customers. For instance, P&G’s advert for Always used humor appeal in order to encourage more girls to use the product. The brand also used rational appeal to attract more women. Similar appeals were also used to market Nike to more sportspeople. The two brands targeted specific market segments. For example, the ad for Always targeted teenage girls. The advert explained how the product could increase the user’s confidence. The product became a symbol of power for many young women and girls. As well, the advert for Nike focused on many people including sportspeople and young men. The advert also focused on the needs of many football fans (Yemen and Wilcox 4). The campaign was executed during the 2014 FIFA World-cup. The tagline “Risk Everything” attracted more individuals from different parts of the world. New media decisions were made thus increasing the targeted sales. The ad for Always reflected the corporate image of the company. P&G is one of the leading marketers of various health products. Such products supported the needs of many individuals. P&G’s Always continues to increase the confidence of many women. As well, Nike has always been the leading producer and marketer of different sporting equipment (Olson 3). The advert connected with the sporting community across the globe thus promoting Nike’s corporate image. The advertisers used specific appeals in order to make their brands successful. These appeals placed much emphasis on the benefits of the products. For instance, more young women were informed about the product’s benefits. As well, more young men were sensitized about the importance of purchasing the brand. The approach increased the brand’s awareness thus encouraging more people to purchase such shoes (Kotler and Armstrong 63). The adverts informed the targeted customers about the superiority of each brand. It is therefore agreeable that such appeals were successful. The companies recorded more sales thus realizing their potentials. Advertisers can use various message strategies to support their respective brands in the market. The marketers of Always used affective approaches to inform more people about the product’s benefits. The advert portrayed the product as the best source of pride and confidence. The use of this product could make it easier for young women to achieve various goals. Cognitive approaches were
The Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution prohibits warrantless searches or seizures (Currier & Eimermann, 2010). The amendment demands that for a search to be constitutional, it must be authorized by a judge or magistrate. In Katz v. United States , 389 U.S. 347 (1967), this amendment was reaffirmed when the United States’ Supreme Court ruled that before the rights of a citizen under the Fourth Amendment is breached, government authorities must obtain a warrant from a Judge or magistrate who is neutral. Fifteen years ago, drugs found during a warrantless search were not admissible in court. However, today they are. Hemmens, (2010, p. 78) says, “The National Security Agency has a secret backdoor into its vast databases under a legal authority enabling it to search for US citizens’ email and phone calls without a warrant.” It means that there have been fundamental changes in the principle and spirit of the law. In this paper, the researcher seeks to explain these changes and their relevance in the fight against drug trafficking and other criminal activities within the country. The presumption of innocence till proven guilty as defined in the United Nations’ Universal Declaration of Human Rights that was adopted from English Common Law and Justinian Codes was integrated into the United States’ Constitution (Currier & Eimermann, 2010). This principle demands that one should be considered innocent until a fair trial in a court of law proves otherwise. As an innocent citizen of this country, the Fourth Amendment protects one from warrantless searches because it infringes one’s right to privacy. This is a golden principle that has been held for several years. However, Hemmens (2010) says that some unscrupulous citizens have been abusing this right by engaging in criminal activities such as drug or human trafficking and organizing terror activities among others. The events following the September 11, 2001 Al Qaeda Attack in the United States changed the principle of this law. It became apparent that people were able to commit crime, because deaths of innocent people, harm many others, and destroy properties worth millions or even billions of dollars. Currently, drugs which are found during a warrantless search are admissible in court (Currier & Eimermann, 2010). It has been confirmed beyond any reasonable doubt that there are cases when the officers cannot afford to obtain a warranty and still be able to make an arrest. For instance, if officers are convinced that an individual is ferrying drugs in a van, plane, or sea vessels, it is not reasonable possible to go get the warrant from the magistrate or judge because by the time the warrant is issued, the criminal will be gone. That is why it is now illegal for the officers to conduct a warrantless search if they are convinced that any time wastage would jeopardize their ability to succeed in making an arrest. In California v . Acevedo , 500 U.S. 565 (1991), the Supreme Court ruled that the police may search automobiles for contraband goods or evidence (Hemmens, 2010).
Case Study 1: Faith Integration (Dual Morality) Having analyzed Christy’s list of occupations, it is possible to state that some of the presented jobs can be unethical with the focus on Christians’ visions, but almost all the mentioned positions contribute to the social progress. A state executioner literally kills people, and Christians can reject this profession because of their religious views. The actions of a CIA spy can be viewed as unethical only from the perspective of victims of his or her activity, but this profession contributes to social security. Liquor retailers, bartenders, adult video store owners, cigarette manufacturers, psychic hotline receptionists, and potato chip manufacturers can be viewed as involved in unethical activities, but their actions cannot be widely discussed as immoral (Hill, 2008). The reason is that, interacting with these people, adults usually make their own moral or healthy choice, and they are typically not provoked to make unethical choices by the representatives of these professions. Christians can become nuclear plant operators and perform their responsibilities effectively to address the community’s needs because any risks at these plants are associated with employees’ inattentiveness and poor quality of work. Being a Mercedes-Benz dealer, a Christian can help other religious people receive rewards in the form of a high-quality car for their ethical activities or job performance. The work of gun shop owners and nerve gas manufacturers should also be discussed from two perspectives because guns and nerve gas are used in the sphere of national security to protect people’s interests. It is possible to agree with Christy’s views only on such an occupation as a state executioner. Some Christians can face ethical dilemmas while deciding whether to take some of the listed jobs, and Joan’s position seems to be more rational in this case. The occupations presented in the list can be analyzed from the perspective of how these professionals can serve other people and follow God’s will. Referring to the concept of vocation, it is possible to state that only some of these jobs can be really contributing to the development of a community (Hill, 2008). It is almost impossible to provide reasons for discussing cigarette manufacturers, gun shop owners, state executioners, bartenders, adult video store owners, liquor retailers, and Mercedes-Benz dealers as persons whose serve their community through their activities. Thus, these jobs are mainly oriented to generating profits, and the absence of these positions cannot negatively affect the life of people in most cases. The ethical contribution of potato chip manufacturers, nerve gas manufacturers, psychic hotline receptionists, and nuclear plant operators is questionable, but
The most widely read books in the world- the Bible and the Qur’an have so much in common, yet they have as much differences. Part of the similarity lies in the fact that some personalities are mentioned in both books, albeit with slightly different names. For instance, Adam appears in both texts, Abel appears in the Qur’an as Habil; Aaron as Harun, David as Dawud while Abraham appears as Ibrahim in the Qur’an. Abraham’s life is well highlighted in the Bible as well as in the Qur’an (as Ibrahim). Nevertheless, there is a difference in the two versions of the story right from the beginning. For instance, Genesis 11:26 shows that Abraham’s father was Terah, which contradicts the Qur’an version (Surah 6:74), that Abraham’s father was Azar. Secondly, while in the Bible Abraham lived in Hebron (Genesis 13:18), in the Qur’an he lived in the valley of Mecca (Surah 14:37). Furthermore, the Bible says that Abraham had three wives while the Qur’an says that he had two. The Bible depicts Abraham as a very faithful man and very obedient to God. It gives a scene where God commanded Abraham to sacrifice his only son from his wife Sarah, which he indeed obeyed and was about to when God provided a sheep for the sacrifice (Genesis 22). In contradistinction, the Qur’an gives an account of the sacrifice of Ibrahim’s son called Ishmael (Surah 37:100-112). In the Bible, Ishmael was Abraham’s son whom Abraham bore with his maidservant, Hagar (Genesis16:1-16). In the Bible, Abraham had eight sons, but the Qur’an says that he had two. Surah 21:51-70 of the Qur’an depicts Abraham as man who embraced idols. In fact, he could question Allah. Yet in the Bible, Abraham was very obedient to God and his wife and even agreed to have his son Ishmael sent away. Therefore, the Qur’an’s version of Abraham depicts him as a man who was not so faithful to God.