ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The abolition of slavery was a tremendous success and a giant step in the emancipatory struggle in the United States. However, this change in the legal framework of the country did not bring about full emancipation of all its citizens. Indeed, it created new forms of oppression and revealed that economic inequality was the central problem that prevented full emancipation. Foner (308) writes, “by 1840, the mass democratic politics of the Age of Jackson had absorbed the logic of the marketplace. Selling candidates and their images was as important as the positions for which they stood”. In other words, it became clear that political life was dominated by the rich and all the challenges for emancipation of all citizens stemmed from that fact. The shift from a pre-capitalist society to a capitalist one that took place with the end of the Civil War created the basis for severe exploitation of workers, women, immigrants and other vulnerable groups. First, when discussing new forms of oppression after the abolition of slavery, one should start with the discussion of the oppression of workers as they were certainly the most numerous oppressed group. It is important to recognize that the abolition of slavery was abolished primarily in order to make room for wage labor. Foner (387) writes, “Slavery, Republicans insisted, must be kept out of the territories so that free labor could flourish”. In this sense, if wage labor was to produce even harsher conditions than slavery in some cases, then its emancipatory potential was virtually non-existent. When we analyze the position of workers during the Gilded Age and Progressive era we can immediately conclude that there was little to be gained for former slaves if they had to join the labor force because the conditions of work were unbearable. During that period an average number of 35 000 workers died each year in various accidents in mines of factories (Foner 482). Furthermore, large corporations used their monopolistic power to reduce workers’ wages and prolong working hours, which led to violent clashes and strikes. The Homestead strike escalated into a major confrontation in which the police had to fire at the workers (Foner 509). Incidents like the great fire in New York in 1911 in which 500 women lost their lives in a factory illustrate the dreadful
Introduction Writing conceptual is more demanding than writing on specific ideas or subjects, particular when the aim is to invoke philosophical, psychological, sociological, and historic aptitudes of the readers. Let us try to be specific and try to concentrate on the more economical aspect of human behaviour that may sum- up all those above-mentioned attributes for the aptitude of the readers. Everybody is a planner in some fashion or the other, and it is felt that those who plan generally achieve objectives with little margin of error. Budgeting is such an exercise that if the budget is well planned, sourcing and outflow of funds are bound to provide optimum utilization of available resources. So let us talk budgets in this write-up. What is a budget?   * Budgeting is sound financial planning for your inflow and outflow of funds in a very subjective manner.   * Budget is a guide to help you manage your money in an organized and decisive fashion.   * Budget is basically the allocation of funds in accordance with the needs, purposes, and objectives of the person planning for his/ her budget.   * Budgeting is controlling money so that life remains cheerful and even miserable events do not pressurize your normal way of living.   * In fact, “Budgets are like your own personal small business statements. They are some of your income minus some of your expenses. What you are left with are disposable income.” 1 Qualities of Budgeting The budgetary process is concerned with the present and future happenings and eventualities. Based on presently available resources, future actions are planned for the best use of those resources. From these points of view, the principal qualities of any type of budgeting are control, management, and planning.   * Control is the attainment of self-sufficiency in decision making in order to achieve the motives and objectives of the planner. Control is the power to meet destructive eventualities aiming at sure success.   * Management is the art of using resources to attain maximum success. Management thrives on leadership qualities, and those qualities develop with more practice. Management is also a combination of foresightedness and determination. Management is generally practised successfully by those who have leadership qualities and willingness to achieve the impossible.   * Planning is such a quality of budgeting that is coordinated in each and every move of budgeting. Planning is making moves by envisaging future eventualities. Planning may or may not achieve the targeted success, but it adds to the power of positive thinking and decision making. Planning in budgeting is used to determine the ways revenue will be used for meeting various types of outlays in such a fashion that ultimately budget turns out to be a surplus budget. Creating a budget  1. Start with deciding or fixing a period for which budget is required to be created, say, month, quarter, half-year or full year.  2. Put together all information about income
Background information Modern society is fraught with instances where individuals face rejection and discrimination on account of their sexual orientation. Such occurrences are evident in diverse areas of engagement in societal contexts (Gilbert 17). This reality has necessitated discourse in regard to homophobia in sports. Despite the existence of regulations that discourage discrimination based on individual sexual inclination, research shows that such cases are rampant within the sporting and recreation sector. The sporting fraternity has taken measures that seek to eliminate the vice because it portends negative implications on the sustenance and propagation of equality in sports (Gilbert 18). For instance, enthusiasts and fans are required to avoid making comments and intonations that target players at games owing to their real or imagined status in regard to sexual preferences. Despite the initiation and enactment of the aforementioned measures, it is regrettable that homophobia is still alive within the sporting fraternity. In fact, homophobia is widespread and entrenched at all levels of sports, including the management. There are instances where players and even administrators face rejection and segregation based on their sexual orientation (Gilbert 23). History of homophobia in sports As earlier mentioned, homophobia in sports is widespread in contemporary society. The vice has persisted despite numerous institutional and administrative efforts that gear towards its eradication. It is important to note that there are several individuals in the sporting fraternity who have taken it upon themselves to fight the vice through diverse approaches. For instance, athletes have demonstrated the willingness to pursue the issue of homophobia in sports (Gilbert 27). Examples include Sheryl Swoopes, Billie Jean King, and Billy Bean. The most notable attempt to rationalize homosexuality in sports came to the fore when Tom Waddell organized the inaugural edition of Gay Games in San Francisco. This was a momentous occasion because it offered a platform for homosexual athletes to relay their concerns and showcase talent (Gilbert 31). It also created the requisite impetus to sensitize the public on the need to eradicate patterns of behavior that vilify homosexual athletes. The historical significance of such effort is the realization that homosexual athletes are not inferior to their heterosexual contemporaries. The event also offered an opportunity for society to re-evaluate its stand regarding discrimination on account of sexual orientation and preference (Gilbert 33). Predisposing factors for homophobia in sports Due to the recurrent propagation of homophobia in sports, so
Description In this book the author tries to develop an alternative to the conventional price theory. In doping so, he elucidates the problems with the conventional model and hoe the new model has helped to eliminate those issues. The author brings forth the question of an entrepreneur who acts as an agent in competition and shows how a perfect competition situation is led to become imperfect. Kirzner tries to portray the different theories of prices and develop a new model of the same to eliminate the problems in the orthodox theory. Price theory in conventional microeconomics tries to explain relationships among observed market phenomena. The two alternative approaches of market theory that we come across in microeconomics are the orthodox neoclassical theory, developed mainly by Marshall, Robinson, Chamberlin and Walras and the Austrian market process theory that is proposed by Kirzner in the book “Competition and Entrepreneurship”. The book aims to the following:  1. questions the usefulness and the adequacy of the equilibrium analysis, including Robinson-Chamberlin theory of imperfect competition,  2. offers a redefinition of the concept of monopoly and competition within the context of entrepreneurial activity,  3. revamps the theoretical concept of advertising and product differentiation in light of the model he developed,  4. Develops a new standard of economic welfare based on condition of knowledge rather than on the orthodox model of allocation of social resources standards and action. The methodology adopted by Kirzner is a descriptive analysis of the prevalent theories and finding the issues involved in them. He does not make use of mathematics to analyze his model. He basically objects to the methodology of (Robinsonian) equilibrium analysis in which competition and imperfect competition are defined as situations. According to these theories, in a competitive market, buyers and sellers of homogeneous products are many and possessed of perfect knowledge of demand and cost functions. In such a model of perfect availability of information, Kirzner argues that “each individual knows with certainty what to expect, his plans can be completely explained interms of economizing, of optimal allocation, and of maximizing…” (p. 37). Thus the choice solution is implicit in a set of givens. Production is the conversion of resources (inputs, factors, producer goods) into products (
Introduction In the constantly changing business environment, organisations need to undergo substantial changes to maintain a strong competitive position, keep up with the rapid pace of technologic advancement, fulfil increasing customer expectations and follow evolving national and international regulations. To cope with serious risks, companies implement a number of techniques aimed at gaining organisational ability to respond to customer demands in service, price and quality and, at the same time, accomplish internal corporate goals – increasing competitiveness and improving business performance. Quality management is commonly recognized as a major source of competitive advantage and one of the critical factors driving global competition (Punnakitikashem et al. 2010). Total Quality Management (TQM) is a management philosophy that regards quality as an important success factor for sustainable organisational growth and development. TQM is grounded on a set of managerial principles aimed to apply resources in a way that would increase stakeholders’ satisfaction with the provided service (Das, Kumar & Kumar 2011). The factors that define TQM efficiency include leadership and management style, employee commitment, benchmarking, training, regular refinement of performance, quality measurement systems, customer service culture, knowledge management and customer focus (Cai 2009). Customer focus may be considered one of the most significant elements of TQM practices because it is a crucial driver of quality improvement. The researchers define customer focus in terms of both internal and external relationship practices. Thus, the term customer focus refers to a number of procedures and techniques aimed at dealing with customer interests, as well as the internal organisational ‘strategic emphasis placed on [the] customer’ that is considered a key aspect of TQM practices (Cai 2009, p. 370). A growing body of research recognizes the favourable effect of TQM practices implementation on overall customer satisfaction and the improvement of performance quality, which ultimately lead to gaining a competitive advantage (Talib, Rahman & Qureshi 2013; Talib, Rahman & Qureshi, 2011; Jaca & Psomas 2015). Customer focus and customer satisfaction management are among the dominant TQM practices that help enterprises to achieve positive financial results and organisational effectiveness (Talib et al. 2013). Therefore, TQM activities aimed at establishing good customer relationships and considering customer needs in the process of strategic planning may provide an opportunity to strengthen quality performance and acquire significant advantages in a highly competitive environment. Literature Review In the context of organisational operations, quality is deeply interrelated with customer satisfaction and
The modern world is driven by advertising. It could be considered one of the most potent tools companies and organizations use to attract customers attention and ensure that they will buy particular products. The technological revolution resulted in the appearance of new ways to promote services and increase the popularity of brands. They acquired numerous opportunities to impact individuals across the world by using TV, the Internet, magazines, etc. However, the increased importance of advertising resulted in peoples satiety and low level of interest to the traditional means of promoting companies and their products. In this regard, non-tradition advertising gains momentum nowadays as one of the possible options to stimulate customers and make them look at a particular product from another perspective. The increased importance and efficiency of the given tool could be evidenced by the fact that the majority of companies that use non-traditional advertising to attract customers note a significant increase in customers interest and sales (OGuinn et al. 45). Additionally, non-traditional advertising could become cheaper because of the use of unconventional approaches and solutions that are not so popular and expensive. For instance, print advertising campaigns might cost thousands of dollars because of the high rent (OGuinn et al. 48). At the same time, innovative and non-traditional solutions could help to save funds and guarantee a decrease in spending on advertising campaigns. However, there are still several challenges related to the difficulties in the creation of unusual, innovative, and creative marketing approaches. The efficiency of the approach could be evidenced by real-life examples. For instance, Aston Martin is a famous company that produces luxurious cars. It is focused on the outstanding quality of materials, unusual design, characteristics, etc. In this regard, the price for one car is enormous, and even individuals with the level of income higher than average could hesitate when buying it. Correctly realizing its advantages and disadvantages, the company used non-traditional advertising practices to attract buyers attention to their products and promote automobiles. Nowadays, everyone associates these exclusive-class cars with a British superspy James Bond who managed to fling of pursuers or, on the contrary, catch criminals using Aston Martin (OGuinn et al. 156). It could be considered a brilliant solution to immortalize the brands name and attract customers attention. James Bond is a role model for many men who might associate themselves with him and his lifestyle. Therefore, every time admirers of the franchise think about this superspy and secret intelligence agent, they will also remember Aston Martins cars, full of unusual pieces of equipment and lethal weapons to save Bonds life (OGuinn et al. 159). In such a
In the past years, people have been using different means of transport. Initially the means of transport was walking. This was very tedious as people movement was limited to their physical fitness and strength. Animals were next then used for transport. The mostly used animals were donkeys and horses. The animal assisted in transporting goods from one location to the other. All these traditional methods were relatively slow. They had a major advantage in that they did not pose any problem to environmental degradation. In the case of water transport, small manual boats were used. Due to increased people mobility and transport of goods, there have been continuous needs to improve the transport and communication sectors. This has been accelerated in the continuous advancements in the technological department. The main common means of transport currently in use are air, marine, rail as well as road transport. These means have many advantages such as improved speed, increased luggage carrying capacity as well as improved communication. On the other hand they have some demerits. These demerits include increased natural resources exploitation and environmental pollution. This has adversely affected our environment and has led to some aspects such as global warming. This paper tries to seek whether car efficiency should be improved with respect to the environmental effects associated with them. Car transport forms one of the main means of transport on land. It is also easily available and accessible all around the globe. Due to it being deep rooted and having negative effects to the environment, means of minimizing negative environmental effects are constantly under review. The environment is one of the most beneficial assets available to all mankind. It is useful in all aspects of life from economic to social. This thus means that we should protect our environment. In the previous years, some strategies have been put in place for environmental benefits. They included controlling the public sector which promotes it. This helped reducing the overall pollution by minimizing the use of personal cars. Although this was successful, it had limitations in that the efficiency of the vehicles was not improved. Due to increased population and thus the need for more transport facilities, these policies were ineffective in the long run. Thus this brought the need for more research and improvement in the motor vehicle industry as well as policy. Technological evolvement has really led to continuous advancements in the motor industry. This had led to improved efficiency. The main aspect of efficiency co
Executive summary In this paper, I seek to establish the fact that gastronomy is indeed an art and a science. Gastronomy is not just a matter of culinary arts and foods but it involves many other things like music and tourism which are all interconnected. The paper further goes to discuss the history of tiramisu about gastronomy and how the tiramisu has impacted the development of gastronomy. I answer the key question of where tiramisu originated from. I also seek to demystify some lies about the gastronomy of tiramisu. This includes the notion that tiramisu is not a healthy dessert. The paper also observes the impacts of the gastronomy of the tiramisu on tourism both locally and internationally. To put the icing on the cake, I describe the original recipe for making this world’s most famous dessert. History of Tiramisu The tiramisu is widely thought to have originated in the prehistoric renaissance age of Europe. This was the age when cultural flowering took a toll on society in early Europe. It was a time around the fourteenth century and it is suggested that the tiramisu originated around the same time. It was an era characterized by an unprecedented avalanche in the arts and sciences. Perhaps the newfound way of social life and flamboyant approach around this time must have made the chefs of the day want to come up with an exciting dessert to march the time. Other people suggest that this dessert originated in Italy somewhere around 1971. The baker who is it is attributed to hailed from Trevito. Perhaps what makes this theory more credible than the former is the fact that tiramisu is an Italian term that is translated to the English equivalent, pick-me-up. Tiramisu is an Italian word which when translated to its English equivalent would mean pick-me-up. It, therefore, follows without saying that tiramisu is an Italian delicacy. The baker that has been widely accepted to be the one that invented the tiramisu is a man by the name of Carminantonio Lannaccone (Ellis, 2003). When asked about the recipe, he shrugged and said it was not a huge invention that could be juxtaposed to other ones like the telephone. It was just a mere dessert. But maybe he didn’t realize at that point that he had come up with what would be a recipe that would be the world’s most famous dessert. He probably had no idea that comes the millennium, it would get an unprecedented 4.7 million Google hits in 2007. So how did he come up with such a wonderful recipe? A very interesting answer he gave! He was not trying to come up with something. He had just moved to a new town, Milan where he set up his restaurant.
Introduction Effective internal and external communication is the key to the success of any organization. One of the primary premises for the development of proper communicative channels and strategies is the identification of the audience and its needs. It has been acknowledged that the outline of the target groups’ needs enables the communicator to articulate the message that is understood by all recipients (Simon, 2015). This memo includes a description of several methods to identify the needs of the audience when communicating messages on diverse topics. The Needs of Potential Audiences at GI IG has five central departments, including manufacturing, research and development (R&D), sales and marketing, finance and accounting, technical support, and human resources. Each of these target groups is committed to reaching organizational goals, but they still focus on specific operations and processes. For instance, when communicating a new product launch program, it is critical to pay more attention to the areas specific groups are interested in. The description of the launch of a new program should include a detailed outline of budgets and terms. R&D teams will better respond to messages where specific characteristics of the new products are highlighted. Employees involved in manufacturing will concentrate on the data concerning the product properties, materials needed to produce it, and terms and schedules. Salespeople also focus on the product properties, but they will also need more information regarding the costs of the product, as well as the peculiarities of supplies. Technical support teams may need some details related to the groups that will be involved in the project in order to set effective communication channels. Determining Audiences’ Needs Clearly, the needs of the audiences outlined above are not confined to one or two areas. Ingre and Basil (2016) claim that the communicator should predict some questions that can arise and provide a detailed answer. In order to identify each group’s concerns, it is possible to implement some research with the focus on employees’ responsibilities and their past involvement in similar projects (Ingre & Basil, 2016). It is important to consider the exact ways the groups will benefit from the provided message. A brief preliminary outline of a message can be sent to the heads of departments who can be asked to check whether other details may be needed (Simon, 2015). It can be appropriate to conduct a brief survey among the representatives of the departments. The heads or managers of the departments can be interviewed to gain insights into the specific topics to be covered in further communications regarding the project in question. The review of the current literature related to the matter is another option that should not be ignored. Conclusion In conclusion, the articulation of every message requires paying close attention to the target audiences’ needs