ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction At the outset, web designing emerged as an easier and simple way of exchanging information. It was a better means of communication and had better networking benefits compared to the commercial reasons. Later on, the Web became an avenue for making profits, and the information space that was prior for providing free exchange thus changed to a space for commercial transactions. The open source movement first emerged when major players met and decided to begin the initiative of licensing to protect software developers. The movement was therefore a licensing measure meant to make source codes available to others beside the author through leasing. There was also need to allow programmers to distribute their software freely and enable people to modify source codes. The current web-based software developers such as PHP, Firefox, WordPress and Linux are thus major contributors to development of modern websites. Open source has consequently had a direct influence on web development and browsing such as flexibility and innovative development initiatives in addition to providing network solutions. History Development of ‘open source’ receives very little attention especially official concerns by the initial founders for its development. The initial organizations to benefit from the open licensing systems directly included the Department of Defence (DOD), Research Agencies, and the Lab researchers such as National Laboratories (Reece et al, 92). These organizations were the most viable producers, users and beneficiaries of the licensing operation. The firms also provided the platform for major advances such as the firewalls, and other network security tools. Open licensing therefore caused firms to merge ideas and integrate development of operating systems and related software to high-tech but inexpensive software/hardware supercomputers to replace the original Pentium-based systems. Although departments such as the DOD or Space Agencies may have developed or initiated most of the research into open source, in overall, today’s beneficiaries include commercial agencies. Commercial enterprises such as Netscape, Red Hat, Cygnus, MacAfee and Caldera were quick to realize the opportunities offered by web-based methodologies and begun to offer the open source arrangements. Other firms that latter on came in support of open source included the hardware developers such as Dell, Hewlett-Packard, Compaq, Sun Microsystems and IBM (International Business Machines) among others. Consistent with VanDyk, the concept open source emerged from software engineers, but today the entire movement is made of technologically motivated individuals (9). They focus more on technological productivity as opposed to economical benefits. Developments Although the initial authors retain all the rights of their code, restrictions are less and simpler to allow others to utilize the code. Today, different countries have constitutions supporting the freedom of speech. Users never thought programs would be freeware in a manner comparable to the way verbal communication is an inalienable right today. Redistribution of software code does not face unnecessary restriction, s
Introduction In early July, 2010, British prime minister, David Cameron highlighted on the importance of outsourcing to the economy of his country. In a speech delivered to the civil service, he called upon every policy maker to increase the dynamic of competition by embracing the new generation of service providers. Outsourcing, he said, was one of the best approaches to this objective. However, do his allegations hold any water or are they non-founded notions that would lead to no benefit? The dynamism involved in successful running of a business organization calls for creativity and flexibility in order to attain a cutting edge over competitors. As a result, involvement in all the relevant facets of daily operations can lead to tedium which will eventually have a long-term negative effect on the organization. However, outsourcing can offer a viable solution to this. With the advent of ICT, some of these jobs can be done through subcontracting them to other companies. This process is the real meaning of outsourcing. The profit margin of any organization is highly dependent on the correlation between overall sales and the expenses incurred. This clearly indicates that the profit margin will go higher if the cost of expenses is reduced while production is increased. As a result, outsourcing plays an integral role in reducing the costs and increasing the total sales. The expenses are reduced through reduced employee benefits like holidays, weekly salaries and medical cover, waived office expenses including the relevant assets required for daily running of the business, the infrastructural requirements of the assets like machines, repair and maintenance, et cetera. With an increased profit margin, the company can increase its productivity. Put together, the profit margin increases hence its profitability. The importance of outsourcing in small businesses Outsourcing also provides a solution to otherwise expensive and knowledge intensive needs of an organization. Knowledge Processing Outsourcing (KPO) can be the bedrock to any organizational development strategy. This is especially true considering the aspects of the business processes that are attached to it. KPO spearheads the knowledge related needs relevant for success. Market research, for example will help the organization have a clear understanding of how to position their products. Other business activities benefiting from it are business research, legal services and business management. Without adequate knowledge in this field, success would remain a pipe dream. In the recent past, there has been a notable increment in the outsourcing field by many companies. These companies specialize in different areas of production as well as different businesses ranging from small kiosks to big corporations. A small business operator is therefore at liberty to get whatever service he or she wants from any outsourcin
Introduction Though the negative impact is considered common knowledge, substance and even polysubstance use rates in expecting women remain unacceptably high and further exacerbated by psychiatric comorbidities, environmental stressors, and limited support and welfare (Forray, 2016). In the United States, almost half (40%) of those with a lifetime drug use disorder and a quarter of those who have abused both alcohol and drugs within the last year are women. Moreover, it is the peak reproductive years (18-29) during which women are at the highest risk of developing substance use disorders (Forray, 2016). In the 2012 national survey, 6% of pregnant US women admitted to doing illicit drugs, while 8.5% drank alcohol and 15.9% smoked cigarettes (Forray, 2016). It was estimated that 380,000 infants were exposed to drugs, 500,000 – to alcohol, and over a million – to nicotine in utero. An important step toward the resolution of the issue is enabling a better understanding of the future impact of prenatal drug exposure. This paper reviews the state-of-art literature and proposes action research that identifies the developmental consequences of newborn drug addiction. Review of the Literature Existing research addresses the use of various substances, alone or in combination, in pregnant women and describes their detrimental effects. Tobacco is the most common substance used by pregnant women, with the use rates negatively correlated with the mother’s level of education, income, and access to social services. Stroud et al. (2018) report that in general populations, one in ten pregnant women smokes, while in the underprivileged communities, it is up to two per ten pregnant women. Maternal marijuana (MJ) use is another common form of drug use in pregnant women whose occurrence in the United States increased by 62% between 2002 and 2014 (Stroud et al., 2018). Stroud et al. (2018) explain the surge in the greater acceptance of MJ and the changing political landscape that has led to the legalization of the previously controlled drug in some states. Besides, the potency of tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), the main psychoactive ingredient in MJ, has increased threefold since 1995. Stroud et al. (2018) argue that not enough attention is paid to polysubstance abuse as studies on pregnant women and the developmental consequences of prenatal drug exposure tend to focus on specific substance use disorders. However, it appears that individuals who use a particular type of substance are likely to be accepting of others as well. For instance, it has been established that twenty to thirty percent of pregnant women who smoke endorse MJ use. The opposite is also true: between 66% and 75% of expecting mothers using MJ are open to tobacco smoking. For this reason, Stroud et al. (2018) studied not just co-exposure but rather the synergetic impact of tobacco smoking and MJ use on the neurobehavioral patterns of an
Introduction Despite cultural differences being an important element of the international business environment, there are organizations that overlook the importance of resolving business-related problems through diversity and adjustments. The number of potential barriers is going to continue to grow because the lines among cultures keep getting blurrier. The models of cultural differences proposed by Geert Hofstede and Fons Trompenaars will be analyzed in detail in order to assess the case of Amazon US trying to expand into the Chinese market. The global business context was a crucial element of discussion that Amazon left out in an attempt to impose its approach to operations on a much more restrained and collectivist community (Kucharska and Bedford, 2019). Accordingly, every dichotomy from both models was applied to the US-China relationship within the framework of Amazon to gain a better understanding of how cultural differences averted the two countries from a prolonged partnership. With the aid of the case of Amazon China, Hofstede’s and Trompenaars’ models will be utilized to show how culturally-sound strategies can prevent misunderstandings effectively and predict positive relationships among stakeholders. Hofstede Geert Hofstede’s cultural dimensions model was published at the end of the 1970s, after almost ten years of complex research on peculiarities of various nations across the globe. According to Economist Intelligence Unit (2012), it quickly became an international standard of recognizing countrywide differences due to Hofstede’s comprehensive efforts. The initial approach to cultural dimensions allowed Hofstede to cover more than 50 countries and come up with the essential four categories. The fifth and the sixth dimension were added later, in cooperation with Michael Minkov and Michael Bond (Lichy and Stokes, 2018). The six dimensions that are currently included in Hofstede’s model are as follows: power distance index (low vs. high), masculinity vs. femininity, individualism vs. collectivism, long-term orientation vs. short-term orientation, uncertainty avoidance index (low vs. high), and indulgence vs. restraint (KPMG, 1999; Ronen and Shenkar, 2017). Each of the dimensions was analyzed to help Hofstede identify clear patterns and see what kind of national differences might stand out the most. Therefore, Hofstede’s model could benefit company cultures in the case where international relations had to be maintained. The power distance index stands for the general readiness to follow a hierarchy and respect differences between organizational or societal tiers. According to Beugelsdijk and Welzel (2018), the masculinity vs. femininity dichotomy represents the extent to which society relies
Disorders of the veins such as chronic venous insufficiency (CVI) or deep venous thrombosis (DVT) constitute a substantial medical problem in the modern world. Their asymptomatic behavior further increases the difficulty of diagnosis and treatment, which causes these conditions to affect more patients each year (Eberhardt & Raffetto, 2014). CVI and DVT have different pathophysiology, the first disorder being among the outcomes of the second one. Nevertheless, they both are connected to a similar set of risk factors that affect the veins. Moreover, their prevalence rises with age – a patient factor that changes the pathophysiology significantly (Engbers et al., 2015). Medical professionals who work with older patients with CVI or DVT should understand that these disorders become more apparent with age, but their treatment also becomes more challenging due to changes in patients’ responses to drug therapy and their comorbidities. Pathophysiology of CVI and DVT CVI occurs in varicose veins – venous vessels that are palpable and distended due to pooled blood (Huether & McCance, 2017). The causes of varicose veins include leg trauma, surgery, and gravity leading to distention. Any type of damage to the veins in the leg increases pressure on other sections of these vessels as the blood passes through them. Under the influence of gravity, the veins swell, eventually damaging venous valves. Thus, the blood cannot circulate adequately, leading to the development of CVI (Eberhardt & Raffetto, 2014). As a result, one’s ankles and feet may become pigmented and edematous. DVT mostly occurs in the lower part of the body, being affected by gravity as well. It is influenced by several features, including old age, female sex, trauma, pregnancy, and sedentary lifestyle (Lijfering et al., 2016). The veins begin forming blood clots after being affected by the mentioned above factors. Their aggregation leads to the veins becoming inflamed which increases the thrombus formation (Huether & McCance, 2017). This process may have symptoms such as pain or redness, but they are infrequent. Nevertheless, people with DVT may develop edema, CVI, and ulcers. This condition is more prevalent than arterial thrombosis because the pressure in the veins is usually lower. Patient Factor, Diagnosis, and Treatment Age is one of the risk factors that influence the development of both CVI and DVT. DVT is common in older people due to their decreased mobility and history of previous traumas or diseases (Engbers et al., 2015). The pathophysiology is affected as well because older people are more likely to have varicose veins affected by frailty and lack of physical activity. Thus, both disorders may develop, especially if left untreated. Other conditions may also complicate the diagnosis of vein-related problems because both CVI and DVT do not have highly specific symptoms and are extremely common. Diagnosis of CVI should involve physical examinations and venous duplex imaging, while DVT can be established with Doppler ultrasonography. Treatment options for DVT focus on anticoagulation and use blood-thinning
Background Human development is a systematic process that begins at conception and ends when an individual dies. Therefore, human development is characterized by several stages, which are influenced by heredity, genetics, and environmental factors (society, family, and culture). Conversely, the developmental history (Developmental screening) of an individual entails a set of procedures and questions, which are administered by psychologists and psychiatrists on their patients to elucidate the root cause of their present psychopathological condition (Santrock, 2010). As a result, most psychologists and psychiatrists use a developmental history questionnaire, which is made up of several sections relative to specific cases being analyzed to measure the physical and mental conditions of the patient. Therefore, a standard developmental history questionnaire, which measures the physical and mental development conditions of a seven-year-old child, is made up of about nine sections. The sections include general demographics; conception and delivery; infancy and toddler years; pre-school years; elementary school years; family and home, reasons for referral, medical status, and contact persons. Case Summary This essay presents a case study on the developmental history of a seven-year-old boy who is a slow learner. The subject child was born to an alcoholic mother who is addicted to non-prescription drugs. In addition, the child’s mother is a single parent with two other children. The child’s mother is also a high school dropout who lives below the poverty line and works as a full-time cashier at Wal-Mart. Therefore, when she was pregnant with the subject child, the mother was fond of smoking, drinking alcohol, and taking non-prescription drugs. As a result, the boy was born prematurely and weighed four and a half pounds. Furthermore, his developmental period was characterized by slow growth; development of a poor and tiny posture; poor communication, social, and learning skills; difficulty in talking, and at the age of seven, the boy still has a speech therapy problem. Additionally, the child is on medication to treat Autism. Case Analysis From the discussions above, it is notable that the child’s medical and psychological conditions are influenced by several risk factors present in different stages of his developmental period. Therefore, we can apply different sections of the developmental history questionnaire to analyze the current case. Here, there are five major sections, which provide important insights into the development of the current med
Introduction Nowadays when the female emancipation movement is on the rise around the globe, there emerged two approaches toward execution of justice when it comes to women criminals. The first viewpoint argues that real equality means that women and men are treated the same by the criminal justice system. They receive similar punishments for the same crime, are provided with the same living conditions, and their background is considered when making the final decision to the same extent. The second approach, on the contrary, does not ignore the reality of gender. The power dynamics between the two genders and the observable differences in male and female behavior shape their crime patterns, avenues into the justice system, and responses to incarceration. This essay examines the issue of female incarceration applying the second approach, provides hard data, describes gender specific criminal behavior, and discusses several pressing issues concerning women in the justice system. Female Incarceration in the US: Numbers and Figures In the United States, the phenomenon of mass female incarceration is part of a larger trend. According to recent statistics provided by the Prison Policy foundation, the US incarcerates more people than any other country in the world. As of now, 698 for every 100,000 US residents are in jail (Kajstura). That is a slight improvement as compared to the previous few years, but despite the decline in the overall incarceration rate, the number of women in prison stays at the historical high. Less than 4% of the world’s female population resides in the US, and yet, the country is home to 30% incarcerated women (Kajstura). One hundred thirty-three women per population of 100,000 are serving a sentence – an enormous number when contrasted to the imprisonment statistics in other developed countries. For instance, in the United Kingdom, Canada, and Norway, the number of incarcerated women per 100,000 residents stays at 13, 13, and nine respectively (Kajstura). A question arises as to whether the US indeed houses more criminals than any other country in the world. A more likely explanation might be that the system is biased and erroneous and does not does justice to those who are unfortunate enough to get involved. Differences Between Male and Female Criminal Behavior It is argued that men and women have drastically different pathways into crime. Women often commit crimes to survive and not to gain access to a higher status and luxuries (Krisberg 299). Typically, societal norms exert pressure on women than on men to build, maintain, and nurture their families. A burden of responsibility that a woman carries while she is constrained for money and other resources might be a motivator for falling into the criminal lifestyle. Other common motives include dealing with childhood trauma and early life victimization that put a strain on their mental health and emotional stability. Female criminals are often accomplices and not the main actors: their dependency on male lawbreakers pushes them to take on various roles in illegal operations. Researchers are still looking for reasons for the disproportionate representation
Utilization of Strengths Communication skills play an essential role in running any organization. As far as my assets are concerned, the primary skill that I possess is the ability to listen. I have utilized this asset effectively in gathering information from team members. Without effective listening, understanding the viewpoints of others would be difficult. In the team, I always ensure that I listen to other related departments’ concerns so that improvements could be introduced and the efficacy of performance could be increased. Failure to listen to the problems facing other departments is detrimental because it might cost the organization financially. The team’s central principle is to listen to others’ pleas before moving on to making any decision. An additional strength that received a high score in the evaluation course was my willingness to attend the meetings and participate in various activities. Many people face a significant challenge in becoming a part of the team, while others have a problem arriving on time. The issue of attendance and time management has threatened the group’s effectiveness on several occasions because the chances of the team achieving its desired goals without full participation and punctuality are minimal. Improvement of Weakness The team insisted on continuous improvement throughout the application of new strategies. However, the lack of a proper leadership strategy is still one of the weaknesses; without specific directions, the project cannot succeed. Time management is another concern; having little idea of arranging a schedule, the team cannot progress. However, time management issues were not the only weaknesses of the project. Apart from that, my leadership skills left much to be desired; to be more exact, the necessity to address the issues related to finances, R&D, marketing, and other areas I am not quite competent in frightened me. There were good reasons for concern since the specified issues could jeopardize the entire project. To address this problem, I will have to reconsider my leadership approach, switching it to the transformative model; thus, enhancing the team’s performance and planning its operations will become easier. The transfer to transformative leadership principles may herald a new stage in both the team’s progress and my evolution. There is no secret that motivational issues are the fundamental problem that a leader is likely to face on their way to the project implementation. More to the point, the development of conflicts, which are unavoidable in the specified setting, will require a specific strategy. Therefore, the significance of effective leadership lies not in conflict preve