ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The article Cognitive Aging: A Common Decline of Episodic Recollection and Spatial Memory in Rats by Robitsek et al. reveals the experiment of comparison of “performance in recognition” with “odor recognition memory in young and aged rats” in “water maze learning” (Robitsek et al. 8945). The article highlights the comprehensive information concerning the experiment which was implemented methodically and thoroughly. As far as the results of the experiment are concerned the article presents detailed information on the outcome which proves the impairment in the recollection and “relative sparing” of familiarity of aged rats (Robitsek et al. 8945). It is also remarkable that a part of aged rats showed the same results as the young ones, which also proves the correlation between spatial memory in rats (and in humans as well) and changes in the hippocampus. But it is necessary to further develop the research in the recollection capacity in rats. The next experiment can be held with the young rats and those aged rats which showed the same results. It is possible to use ten armed mazes and to make the rats hide some fruit, for instance. Thus, the rats are posed into the center of the maze with the fruit, and after they hide their food they are taken away. It will be interesting to observe whether all the rats will find the hidden (by them) food at the same time, or the aged rats will need more time for such kind of task. Another significant point of this experiment will be the repetition of the same task, and whether the rats will hide food in the same place of the maze or they will change the place, and how much time will it take for them to find food in the old / new place. The results of this experiment will likely be as follows: aged rats will need more time to find the food, and
Sociological theories are the key components of sociology as a discipline. They function as guides for researchers and also guide practitioners who conduct intervention strategies. Sociological theories are defined as a set of concepts which are interrelated. They explain, describe and predict the relationships among different parts of the society. The theories are made up of ideas and concepts that have close relations and are scientifically tested and brought together to expand, clarify, magnify and enlarge how human beings understand people together with their unique behaviors and the society in general. The theories assist sociologists to perform different types of studies with particular questions that examine the assumptions in the theories (Ritzer 110). This is a concept explaining paper that focuses on the concept of sociological theories. In the following example, two researchers, Henry and Cumming conducted a study that focused on the process of aging. They developed an aging theory that comprised of assumptions. In the theory, they assumed that once elderly people realize that they are about to die, they stop their youthful actions. At the same time, the members of the society shift their focus from them. The researchers tested their theory by using a large number of aging people and found out that the generalizations and findings they had devised resulted did not support the theory. The theory was therefore abandoned since the findings did not support it. This showed the importance of research in determining the validity of sociological theories. Theories are used to study millions of people in societies and even at other levels. When they are used to study large groups of people, they are referred to as macro theories. On the other hand, when theories are used to study small groups of people such as families, couples or teams they are known as micro theories. The macro theories are basically comprised of functional and conflict theories while the micro theories include social exchange and symbolic interactionism theories. In most situations, most theories are used at both the micro and macro levels. There are two broad categories of theories. The first category is referred to as the grand category of theories and focuses on universal qualities of social issues or problems. Its basis is abstract concepts and ideas as opposed to specific evidence. Such theories include symbolic interactionism, conflict, and social exchange theories. The second broad category of theories is the middle-range category of theories. These theories are formed on the basis of scientific findings which are specific and centre on the interrelation between or among concepts in a specific social problem or process. Conflict theory is an example of a macro theory. A macro theory is used to study issues that affect larger groups of people. The founder of the theory was a German economist, philosopher and a sociologist known as Marx. He was disappointed because the educated people in the society mistreated the less educated and the poor. He could not tolerate the capitalist ideals that allowed the powerful individuals in the society to exploit the poor an
Introduction After the development of the internet, it became quite easy for people to access information through technology. As more users started using computers and the internet, the platform became a viable avenue for people to do business, express their opinion, and upload data for public access. This development has led to the development of some websites containing undesirable content; thus, the necessity for internet censorship. Internet censorship entails the development of firewalls that hinder access to websites with undesirable content. Internet censorship may also entail prohibiting people from uploading selected information to the internet. Internet censorship is a common phenomenon in the current world, and it is inspired by governments, organizations, and community efforts to ensure that people do not have access to sensitive or explicit information. Internet censorship may also be applied by individuals for self-regulation to evade some issues inspired by religion and culture. Many governments across the world have implemented internet censorship over the past decade to eliminate the access of specific web content by citizens. While some people show their support for internet censorship, others have condemned it, claiming the denial of their rights to access the targeted information. There are different types of internet censorship, and they are categorized according to the technicality of the process. This paper looks into internet censorship with a close focus on technical c
The golden age of Greek drama was the 5 th century BC. The city-state of Athens was experiencing a peak of political, economic, and artistic development. Dramas were staged in other Greece regions, but the Athenian, or Attic, theater was distinguished by particular refinement and sophistication. Performances were held three times a year at the Dionysus festivals. Each tragic poet presented three plays and a satire drama – a short farce in which satyrs performed the choir’s part, Dionysus’ goat-footed companions, the comic poet gave one comedy. The heyday of ancient Greek buskin is associated with three great tragedian playwrights – Aeschylus, Sophocles, and Euripides. There was a legend which linked them all to the Battle of Salamis. Aeschylus fought in it, Sophocles sang in the chorus of young men who greeted the winners, and Euripides was born that day. But the Parian Chronicle dates the birth of Euripides years earlier. The theater consisted of a scene – a tent where the actors changed their clothes. This was the decoration: orchestras – a circular platform where actors and the choir performed, and a semicircular amphitheater where spectators were accommodated. The choir always had a significant meaning in the play, the number of its participants varied: Sophocles had 15, Aristophanes – 24 (Puncher, 2018). The drama never had more than three actors, so each played several roles, men played the female roles. Comic actors wore short tunics, and their costumes were often grotesque or fantastic. The masks helped to recognize the characters and were amplified with a bell in the mouth. Thanks to masks with extensive, expressive features and patterns, as well as shoes with very thick soles, the actors were visible from all the vast amphitheater rows. Reference Puncher, M. (2018) The Norton anthology of world literature . W. W. Norton & Company
The Online Presence Company intends to use Web 2.0 technologies to develop websites that could allow customers and service providers or to facilitate the buying and selling of products on the electronic platform (Ostwalder and Yves 25).The technology provides a web-based platform and a user interface unique to the needs of each client for the development of websites designed to meet customer needs and expectations. The following objectives provide the framework to achieve the business goals (Jeston and Nelis 20). The core strategy is to plan, design, develop, manage, and deliver products and services designed to provide digital solutions to put clients ahead of competition. Objectives  1. Use web 2.0 technology to create an interactive user interface  2. Create a web site using web 2.0 technologies that supports networking in online social sites  3. Create simple navigation structures with site maps Goals  1. To increase the volume of customers interacting on the websites  2. Increase the market share by reaching a higher number of customers on the social sites  3. Encourage the use of online publishing systems such as Facebook Vision To create a strong presence on the Internet and social networking sites and become the leading developer of websites that meet the unique needs of each customer. Mission To be the leading provider of online website development services tailored to meet the unique customer needs and expectations. Business model The websites will depend on user generated content, interoperability with other applications and usability. In each case, the website will provide the platform for sharing photos, blogging, videos, YouTube, and a music platform for different audiences. The core elements and structure of the business model are illustrated in the concept map shown in figure 1. Figure 1 The model is defined by the societal environment that is defined by the legal, ethical, and social aspects of the business, specific feature s, value chains, and potential customers who play different roles on the m
‘Children as a Public Good’ is an article was written by Myra H. Strober. The author, Myra H. Strober, is an economist and a business studies professor at Stanford University. The article starts by asking, “Whose responsibility are children?” Strobe says that although politicians and specialists refer to children as “our pride”, “the future” and “the nation’s treasure”, they fail to take collective responsibility to care for the children. Strober observes that in the United States, people are so individualistic and perceive their children ‘as a private good’ and gives an alternative approach, one of ‘children as a public good’ where children’s welfare and education are addressed collectively. The notion of children as a private good deduces that it is the sole responsibility of the child’s parents to take care of the economic and emotional needs. Strober defines a public good as a good if provided benefits the society rather than only the direct beneficiary (Dissent: Children as a public good). There are some similarities between Stober’s thoughts and my family’s perception of the issues discussed. It is not weird that in a democratic country like United States, politicians in campaigns fail to address and come up with proposals on issues facing the responsibility of the children. Strober talks of public schooling it is a good idea and in my family, me and my siblings we have undergone through this system and my parent embrace the idea. Strober argues that parents who have neglected their families in pursuit of career advancement should not be held irresponsible and instead be appreciated for their hard work in bringing up children and holding their job. In my family experience, this is true. My father, has completely turned into a workaholic either he is working late or traveled on business trips, I rarely meet him maybe once in a blue moon. This is distressing and I never get time to appreciate his hard work since we are never together. However, there are some differences in my family setting with what Strober is discussing. Strober argues that there should be a collective responsibility of taking care of the children. Although the parents get the emotional benefit of rearing their children well, society in general also benefits from a good upbringing of the children on an economic and social basis. This does not occur to my family. My parents are the only ones concerned with my well-being and other people are not concerned whether I go to school, whether I get good grades, and whether my needs are catered for. Some people are even jealous of you when you succeed more than their children. Strober proposes a child-care system and argues that mothers too should work and provide for their lives and their families. My family has a neighbor who is not able to afford to pay for child-care center bills, it is expensive yet they offer poor quality service to the children according to the Cost Childhood Outcome Study (CQO) (Benokratis 54). I agree with Strober’s purpose in writing the article. The article gives an insight into the issue of children’s responsibility and creates awareness on the su
A society can be described as a group of different people who interrelate and have some common aspects of their lives and live together. There are many components which make up the society. Some of the major ones are : status, roles, groups and institutions. (Society: Social structure, 2004). All these different components of society have varying impacts on the business environment. When comparing the American and Chinese society, some of the components of society which will be looked at are. These are generally influenced by the cultures of the different countries, the systems of government and the general attitude of the peoples. These components are: groups: social diversity in groups, language; institutions: social institutions, formal organizations and bureaucracy. The united states is basically a melting pot of different cultures as there are numerous groups of people with diverse backgrounds. China on the other hand has a more uniform group even though there are subgroups which may have some dissimilarities. The language mainly spoken is mandarin with numerous dialects. America on the other hand has many other languages but the main one spoken is English. The Chinese business environment is quite dynamic as it is fast growing and the economy is on a constant expansion. The economy has been growing on an average of 9.5% for the last 20 years and this has been attributed to by the favorable government policies.(npr, 2008). This is unlike the American business environment which usually experience minimal growth, if any, and of recently has been facing massive recession. Some of the main problems which can be experienced in china are bureaucratic hurdles and lack of transparency from the authorities, unpredictable regulatory organizations.(Business Alert) It is not to say that these are peculiar to china but in comparison to America, china comes out very badly. The other major difference is the tax system which is very obscure in china unlike in the United States. The United States is a fully democratic society which has the peoples freedoms enshrined in its constitution. The Americans are free to try out any ideas that may be of benefit to them, thus it is called the land of the free and the home of the brave. The Chinese government on the other hand has a lot of restrictions instituted for its people. There are a lot of controls on the information, the press, there is lack of personal freedom to a big extent. This impacts very negatively on the society as a whole as people are not free to express themselves. In general, the American society is better than the Chinese society. This is due to factors like the freedom accorded the Americans. The U
Psychology is a branch in science that has been evolving greatly with time and with the intervention of many individuals and institutions. Mary Whiton Calkins played a great role in this field. She is believed to have helped improve the psychology field in immense ways and had to go through many struggles to achieve what she believed in and to attain her goals. Not only is she respected for being able to attain the position of presidency in the American Psychological Association but the fact that she was committed to her work and was able to overcome the hardships that came with being an ambitious and brave woman. The paper will focus on what Mary Calkins is remembered for and what she was able to accomplish in psychology. Born in 1863, Connecticut, Calkins was lucky to receive education because given her era it was difficult for girls to receive quality education if they were lucky enough o receive any (Aisenberg & Harrington, 1988). Her father was supportive of her to gain education and tried his best to get her into good colleges like the Smith College where she continued to study until a tragedy occurred. When she lost her sister, everything changed including her way of viewing things. Later on, she was offered a teaching position in 1877 at Smith College, which she accepted although there later proved to be problems when she was asked to teach a psychology class. She was forced to attend lectures at the University of Harvard, which increased her knowledge in psychology in great depths. After attending lectures at Harvard University, she was employed as an instructor in Psychology in the department of philosophy at Wellesley College. She was able to establish a psychological laboratory in 1891, which was a great achievement but needed to be more experienced in the sector so she sought help from Harvard again and was allowed to use their laboratories but as a guest and not a student. It is here that she was able to come up with the paired associate technique through conducting some experiments. This technique was later modified and although Titchener took full credit for it, it was Mary that first introduced it and helped other psychologists understand the human memory even more. When she returned to Wellesley College in 1895, she was promoted to Professor of psychology and philosophy. During this period, she was able to utilize her writing skills and wrote four books, all of which talked about psychology and philosophy (Rossiter, 1982). These books were able to shed some light on the topics discussed and provided better understanding to those pursuing the same course. She also continued to publish other related articles and journals, her most influential was, The Persistent Problems of Philosophy, and with the gradual change in philosophy, it went through five editions. This created a foothold for Calkins, as she was able to expand her knowledge and share it as well. Her contribution was really appreciated as she gave lectures about psychology and created an understanding for her students as well as her colleagues. During her talks and teachings, she credited on
The Master’s Prepared Nurses at Forest Hills Hospital Forest Hills Hospital is a leading provider of quality and evidence-based health services to more patients. The institution hires a number of nurses who have are Master’s-prepared. The practitioners function in Advanced Practice Nurse (APN) roles such as Clinical Nurse Specialist (CNS), Nurse Practitioner (NP), and Clinical Nurse Leader (CNL). Some nurses with the training are hired as administrators, information technology (IT) specialists, and managers. For instance, several departments are headed by competent CNLs. These practitioners provide the right resources to their followers in order to ensure the needs of more clients are met (Swan, Ferguson, Chang, Larson, & Smaldone, 2015). The inclusion of these individuals functioning in the APN roles is what has made a significant difference at Forest Hills Hospital. Reporting The APNs working in this institution take up a wide range of roles that can result in quality care delivery. Some CNLs are empowered to guide their followers, monitor the performance of their respective departments, and ensure the targeted clients receive exemplary health services. These APNs are usually required to report to departmental heads and managers who have similar academic qualifications. These professionals act in accordance with the stipulated guidelines. This kind of reporting has not affected the effectiveness of the practitioners. For instance, the CNLs and CNSs use their competencies to focus on the needs of the clients. They use their competencies in order to achieve targeted goals (Swan et al., 2015). The level of collaboration with the other interprofessional providers and nurses has not been affected. The leaders and managers encourage followers to develop sustainable models that can deliver safe and quality care (Swan et al., 2015). The outstanding observation from the hospital is that every professional embraces adequate practices in order to deliver quality results. The Master’s-prepared nurses at the institution find it easier to form groups with other leaders and followers. They use their competencies to promote the best practices, such as teamwork and critical thinking. The followers are guided, empowered, and supported in order to deliver exemplary care (Swan et al., 2015). The satisfaction of different patients and caregivers in the institution indicates clearly that the APNs a