ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Branding is products or service’s identification through symbols, signs, a specific name, or a combination of them and differentiates the products or services from competitors. The branded product consists of some attributes, values, culture, benefits, personality, and users as well. Brand products entered the market and pass their life span. Over its lifetime it is introduced, gets its growth ness & maturity, and finally faces declination, this process called product life cycle (PLC ). So a product life cycle has 4 distinct stages: Introduction Stage: At the very first stage product just launched into the market with large-scale promotional and marketing activities and with its basic features. Here profit is low because costs are high due to the large promotional activities. Customers are more innovative. But the company gets the opportunity to expand their market, as competitors are few so there is a trend to be growth. Growth Stage: As the markets are satisfied with a new product, the product entered into the growth stage where sales are quickly enlarged. Buyers who purchase earlier, continue to buy and new consumers take initiative to buy if they are motivated by others or any kinds of means. New competitors entered the market with different product attributes that lead to expanding the market. Here profit raises and per customer cost is average, a number of outlet increases. In this stage due to trade deficit between large market share and maximum current profit. The company faces losing its market dominancy that leads to following the next stage. Maturity stage: The very part of this stage sale is to increase at a slow rate. This stage is normally longer than previous stages, weak competitors lose their market share and sometimes get out from the market, intensified price completion exists in the market. New competitors entered the market with sophisticated elements and ideas. Therefore, the product moves to the next stage. Decline stage : In the decline stage product sales shrinkage due to technological advances, the interest of consumers may be shifted or increased competition. Stanton, et. al. (1991) states that “[a]dvertising declines and a number of competitors withdraw from the market” (p.199). Management strategies for these stages of the product life cycle are as follow: “Successful product life cycle management strategies are (1) predict the shape of the proposed product’s cycle even before it is introduced and (2) at each stage to anticipate the marketing requirements of the following stage” (Stanton, et. al., 1991. p.200). For the introduction stage: Management strategies are as follows:   * The manager should find out a viable market;   * Offer basic attributes with the products or
Digital storytelling sites are similar to each other, however, the content and purpose of each site are rather different and presented to attract the attention of diverse visitors. Lambert argued that a person’s initial efforts at story making can be frustrating because the author of the story has to find a way to construct an emotionally compelling personal tale. As the review of the four digital storytelling sites revealed, the best digital stories are created by individuals who did not prepare or planned the content. Thus, the resulting stories were unique records of the interesting moments from the life of ordinary people. The first site providing digital storytelling. Taking into account that the initial purposes of the site are informative and educational, digital stories are devoted to delivering important information (news, for example) and educational content. Moreover, bbc.co.uk is focused on professional content. In particular, it is mentioned on the site the digital storytelling project “requires commitment for, as well as all the technical stuff that must be learned, scriptwriting, picture editing, and performance skill are also needed and these have to be worked on.[1]” The second project is titled Digital Stories For Change. As the author of the site noted, the project is the online meeting place for community digital storytelling advocates and facilitators. Thus, the purpose of the site is to educate all interested visitors on digital storytelling. The project is non-profit and public: any person of any age can join the team and upload his/her own digital stories. Moreover, site visitors can leave comments and express their opinions on presented stories. Notably, some of the digital stories are created by children. DigiTales is the third example of the digital storytelling project. According to the site owner, the project provides information on digital story-making steps and tools. There is a rich gallery designed to inspire beginners. In general, digital stories are devoted to traveling and lessons learned in the long journeys. However, the project is interesting to review not only for travelers but also for people who enjoy episodes about nature. The site allows merging “the ancient art of oral storytelling with a palette of digital tools”. The final project is EngenderHealth has the purpose of creating change in society and delivering quality health care in the poorest countries of the world. The digital stories present first-person narratives about the lives of poor people in Africa. “These digital stories are being shown in training and public community screenings throughout South Africa, to promote the MAP Network’s efforts to involve men in ending gender-based violence and preventing HIV and AIDS.[2]” One of the stories presented on bbc.co.uk gained my attention with the simplicity of the plot and depth of the content. It is the story created by Chelsea Slater, a student from Yale College[3]. The title of the story is “All Happy” and it is told in the first person. Slater
Introduction Nobody knows why many policymakers and practitioners are so much involved in the erudite study of international dealings. Majority of policymakers dismiss academic theorists of course terming their own reasons. Nevertheless, largely, these policymakers agree that there is an inexorable connection the world of theory and that of policy. Theories are imperative to the blizzard of information that affects people’s lives. Although some theories may appear futile in policymaking, some of them are fundamental to the policymaking process. To some extent, the two are interdependent in that good policies emanate form theoretical principles, while good theories come after understanding the real world. However, theories do not incarcerate the policymaking process. Instead, they offer an array of ideas on how to develop foreign policies from the theoretical orthodoxies. Starting from the end of the Second World War, many policymakers have continued to fault international relations as a subject. This prompted scholars to develop several theories, which have since met criticisms between analysts and policymakers. The two main contentious theories are realism and liberalism (Stephen, 1998, p.1). Realism During the Cold War, realism was the dominant theory in explaining international affairs. Although elucidatory on the ways of eliminating conflict and war, many policymakers found it faulty in its approaches towards imperialism, international cooperation and competition. Many policymakers believe that this theory ignored human nature and instead focuses on the international structure alone. Thus, employing this theory into practice means that the world will become unsafe through increased wars because every great power is seeking to control other nations (Wally, 1995. pp.13-21). This theory makes assumptions that nations resemble each other even when there are rich countries and poor countries. Therefore, nations must look for modalities of amassing resources in order to determine the level of their powers. This perception can lead to security dilemma hence making many policymakers to pin down some of the theories of international relations. This theory makes nations appear individualistic, as the main aim is to protect self-interests for survival (Forde, 1995, pp. 141-160). Liberalism Liberalism is another theory of international relations that has met criticism from many policymakers. Just like realism, the theory assumes that all nations are equal economically and military. Many policymakers argue that economic interdependence of states will babysit other nations from developing their own economy using the available resources. Additionally, the theory principally selects few transnational actors for example, multinational corporations from rich countries to control the world’s economy. This is disadvantageous to other smaller corporations especially in underdeveloped
Introduction The disabled persons may feel isolated and excluded because of the inability to lead their lives normally. They are unable to do the simple things that a normal person does such as using the phone or moving around. In order to enable the disabled to manage their daily lives, a range of devices has been invented. These devices enable the disabled individuals to be more independent and live better lives. This research explores the various technological devices that are available for people with all types of disabilities, and their impact on the individuals’ lives. The implementation of these devices in colleges and public places is also discussed. The shortcomings of these devices as well as suggestions for their improvement are also covered. Devices for assisting the disabled The visually impaired To assist the visually impaired to use computers, there are Braille computer keyboards and Braille display to enable them to enter information and read it. The Braille display device produces Braille output. This device is useful for blind and deaf people. Screen reading software produces a voice output reading the text on a computer screen or prints out a Braille output. Examples of such software include Window-Eyes, Serotek and Job access with Speech, among others. Screen reader technology has been incorporated in computers and iPhones by Apple. There are also portable reading devices which assist the blind by downloading books and reading them out. Examples of these devices are the BookSense audio book and the Victor Reader Stream. These devices make available books of all types including entertainment and education 1 . Another device for assisting the visually impaired is the Global Positioning System device. This device assists the blind people in moving around by calculating their exact locations and giving them directions to any destination, through speech or Braille display. Some of the Global Positioning systems for the blind include Trekker, BrailleNote GPS, Mobile GEO and Street Talk. An electronic cane device is also useful in enabling the blind people to move around. This device makes the user aware of what is in the surrounding environment to enable them to reach their destination safely 2 . Access to electronics by the blind is very important. Many household appliances’ are labeled in Braille to enable the blind to use them. Some of these devices include dish washers, refrigerators, DVD and MP3 players, microwaves, radios among others 3 . The deaf The deaf cannot be able to make calls and can use e-mail or text messaging to communicate with others. Video phones can also help them to make a video call an
Fasting is usually defined as abstinence from food or drink for a specified period. In a sacred sense, fasting is understood primarily as abstinence from evil deeds and words, which are a manifestation of sin. Thus, fasting is an experience of one’s willpower and spirit as it helps to deliberate from passions that obscure the mind and immerse into the dimension of divine. This paper aims to define the fasting according to the Bible, name benefits of fasting, and describe misconceptions related to it. Fasting in Bible To get the right idea of the nature of fasting, one needs to turn to the Bible. In Isaiah, chapter 58, the concept of fasting is expressed most thoroughly. Isaiah appeals to his people, blaming them for misbehavior on the days of fasting. He says: “Behold, ye fast for strife and debate, and to smite with the fist of wickedness: ye shall not fast as ye do this day, to make your voice to be heard on high.” 1 Thus, fasting people should behave modestly and calmly and do not offend others. Isaiah further elaborates on his first teaching in the same chapter. He explains that fasting is not about showing off: “Wherefore have we fasted, say they, and thou seest not?… Behold, in the day of your fast ye find pleasure, and exact all your labors.” 2 Isaiah says that fasting man should not afflict his soul a
From the lecture, I discovered that the word democracy partly originates from the word demes which means the small division of the bigger sections that Athens was divided into during the ancient time. The second half of the word is the Greek word Kratos which means the rule. Similarly to modern times, democracy means the rule of the people, which implies that the citizens of a certain region’s major political decisions are delivered collectively. However, there are also two main differences between Athenian and modern democracies. The major and most palpable difference between the two systems is who was considered eligible to vote. In Athens, only adult men could influence the city’s political and administrative decisions, while women, children, and enslaved people did not have this right. Although most modern states also do not allow underage participation in the voting process, women and adults of all classes are eligible to express their civil will officially. Therefore, it can be concluded that modern democracies are generally more inclusive and representative than ancient ones. Moreover, the prevalent number of modern democracies are representative, whereas, in ancient Greece, they were direct. It means that while citizens could directly vote for proposed laws and foreign policies in the past, individuals nowadays should elect representatives who would make legislative and policy-related decisions for them. Despite the fact that the original Greek way may seem fairer and more attractive, it is necessary to consider that, nowadays, this procedure would be nearly impossible. Indeed, in Athens, for instance, only approximately 30,000 residents had voting rights, whereas today, most countries have a population that is counted in millions and even in billions of citizens. For this reason, it becomes clear that voting for each bill would be associated with t
Introduction Customers are the most important aspect of any business, firm, or organization. Employees deal with customers on a daily basis. Therefore, it is necessary for them to know how to deal with customers appropriately. Many organizations create customer loyalty by offering quality customer service (Bonomo, 2002). Quality service increases organizational value and develops customer loyalty that increases revenue. Customer service training refers to a process of teaching employees how to increase customer satisfaction by imparting necessary knowledge and skills (Bonomo, 2002). New employees are the main target of many organizations for customer service training. The content of a typical training course includes communication styles, listening, giving feedback, appropriate use of language, and handling different types of customers (Bonomo, 2002). Training for employees is recommended because it improves customer loyalty, improves an organization’s efficiency, motivates employees and makes them feel valued, and improves organizational value (Bonomo, 2002). Use of a needs assessment in the training The main objective of a needs assessment in an organization’s training program is to identify performance weaknesses and necessary knowledge and skills needed to eradicate the weaknesses (Barbazette, 2006). It identifies the gap between current levels of performance and desired levels of performance. A needs assessment directs organizational resources to areas that have weaknesses and others that need improvement. A needs assessment should address existing weaknesses and identify resources necessary to eradicate the weakness in order to improve service delivery (Barbazette, 2006). A needs assessment exposes performance deficiencies in several ways. First, it identifies capabilities of each employee and their ability to handle different or new tasks and responsibilities (Barbazette, 2006). Individual assessments determine which employees need training, and in which areas. The needs assessment helps an organization evaluate the skills and knowledge of individual employees in order to determine how to improve their performance and productivity (Barbazette, 2006). Secondly, it helps determine level of organizational performance (Barbazette, 2006). Such assessment determines the skills and knowledge needed by an agency to achieve desired outcomes. Needs assessment helps solve the agency’s weaknesses and enhance its strengths. Such an assessment puts into consideration factors external to the organization such as state of economy and market forces. Thirdly, needs assessment helps expose performance deficiencies by conducting task analysis (Barbazette, 2006). Task analysis involves evaluating knowledge and skills needed by occupational groups to achieve organizati
Many concepts have universal definitions but are still too broad because they may have unique and varied meanings to different people. Some may place great importance on money and define it as the most essential value in their life. Other people do not agree with this definition since, for them, money is only one of the ways to achieve a goal. The family also belongs to such concepts – although there are many different dictionary definitions of this social institution, people can still add their meanings to it. The purpose of this paper is to give a general description of the family, list its main characteristics, and relate them to my family. To begin with, the family is one of the most important social agents and the smallest social unit. As noticed by Mondal (n.d.), it can be defined as “an intimate domestic group made up of people related to one another by bonds of blood, sexual mating or legal ties” (para. 1). At the same time, McCarthy (n.d.) says that the family is “people who share goals and values, have long-term commitments to one another and commonly reside in the same dwelling” (para. 2). However, some people consider themselves their own family or can extend this concept and include friends and pets in it. What is more, this group is not necessarily defined by blood relation – many married couples or single persons adopt children and form a real family unit. As mentioned above, there are many characteristics of this social group. For example, family is the most valuable concept in a human’s life that usually plays the primary role in one’s socialization (Mondal, n.d.). Within it, ancestry or descent can be traced, and even large families are typically limited in size. Finally, another characteristic is that sentiments and feelings are the strong basis of this unit. Love, affection, and procreation, as well as responsibilities and duties, form most families. When relating the mentioned characteristics to my own family, I can say that it fits all of them. I have too many relatives, including uncles, aunts, and cousins, and our huge family always tries to spend time together, have fun, and support each other. My brother and I were raised to be loving and affectionate, make ethically right decisions, and share. Our family is based on the most po
Coroner System Coroner and Medical Examiner Systems: Description and Comparison The coroner system implies that a coroner should be at the helm of the death investigation process. A coroner carries out the investigation related to the case, defines the causes thereof, and confirms the incidence of death. It is also the responsibility of a coroner to provide death certification, as well as keep the existing records of the incident. The origin of the system can be traced to the legal system of 12 th -century England (Cheung, Merry, & Sundram, 2015). The medical examiner system is much younger compared to the coroner one, and it has a significantly different origin – unlike the coroner system, it came from France and appeared in the U.S. legislation system in the early 19 th century (Dorion, 2016). The medical examiner system implies that a person with a medical degree should carry out the processes associated with determining the cause of death, the manner thereof, and its certification (Fineschi, ‎Baroldi, ‎& Silver, 2016). NCBI was used to research the differences between the two systems (Hanzlick, n.d.). Qualifications for Becoming a Medical Examiner in New York In New York, the coroner system is not deployed. Instead, the medical examination system is used. To become a coroner in New York, one must have a Doctor of Medicine degree, have a license, and be a member of the forensic pathology fellowship (NYC Office of Chief Medical Examiner, 2017). Coroner or Medical Examiner? Personally, I would choose the position of Medical Examiner. The identified job seems to have more opportunities for professional growth, including the chances to develop new skills and acquire new knowledge. Thus, I will be able to engage in active learning. The jurisdiction of my choice is also quite popular among the rest of the students. Cause and Manner of Death; Death Certifications Traditionally, the classification of deaths is used to handle the associated medical cases and carry out the appropriate investigations. Three primary characteristics thereof are identified, i.e., the cause, manner, and certification of death. As a rule, the cause of death is defined as the set of factors related to either a disease or injury suffered by the deceased that led to dying (DiMaio & Dana, 2006). There is a very fine line between the cause and the mechanism of death; particularly, the former describes the factors that triggered death, whereas the latter addresses the physiological derangements triggered by the cause of death (DiMaio & Dana, 2006). For instance, drowning may be the cause of death, whereas hypoxemia is the mechanism thereof. The manner of death, in turn, implies the description of how a person died. There is a classification of possible manners of death. Traditionally, several types thereof are identified; they include a natural death, accident, suicide, homicide, an undetermined manner of death, and an unclassified one (DiMaio & Dana, 2006). In the scenario described above, homicide can be viewed as the manner of death in case the deceased was pushed into the water intentionally. Death certifications, in turn, can be obtained by means of