ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction One of the issues that firms in different economic sectors are facing relates to increased diversity within their workplaces (Mor-Barak, 2011, p.6). Diversity in the workforce is evidenced by the fact that the employees differ from one another on the basis of issues such as age, culture, race, level of education, religion, ethnicity, disability and beliefs. Traditionally, diversity within the workplace was perceived as a burden. Mor Barak (2011, p.249) asserts that previously employees who did not conform to the backgrounds of the majority, for example, on the basis of gender, race or ethnic differences were considered as unqualified. However, this trend is changing, and organizations are perceiving diversity as a potential organizational strength. Diversity within the workplace and the labour market makes it vital for organizations to incorporate the concept of diversity management. The concept of diversity management entails strategies which are aimed at creating opportunities and attracting the most effective human capital from the labour market (Mor-Barak, 2011, p. 249). Upon attracting the most appropriate workforce, the second step involves the firms’ management teams incorporating strategies that are aimed at developing and maintaining the organization’s competitive advantage in the labour market. Mor-Barak (2011, p.247) is of the opinion that one of the core concepts of diversity management entails ensuring the provision of equal opportunities to all individuals within the workplace regardless of their differences. Shakhray (2009, p.4), asserts that managing diversity entails developing a comprehensive understanding of the employees’ differences and utilizing them as organizational assets. A number of factors have contributed to the emergence of diversity within the workplace. One of the causes of diversity within the workplace relates to the high rate of globalization that is being experienced. Additionally, organizations are also experiencing an increment in the intensity of competition within the business environment. According to Shakhray (2009, p.4), workforce diversity is associated with the fact that the global labour market is being characterized by individuals from different backgrounds. In Australia, the concept of diversity in the workforce is well illustrated by the composition of Australian society. Forty-five per cent (45%)of all Australian employees are female while 30% of the country’s population is 45 years or older. Additionally, 26% of the total population is either migrants or aboriginals. In an effort to promote diversity within the workplace, the Australian government has formulated a comprehensive ant
The Balanced Scorecard (BSC) approach is a tool used for measuring and managing the employees’ performance, as well as the organization’s overall efficiency (Mafini, Pooe, & Nqcobo, 2014, p. 1540). The implementation of the method requires substantial changes to the daily functioning and structure of an organization, which is why the application of the BSC is considered to be a challenging initiative. This paper aims to analyze the case study of BAE Systems’ attempt to implement the BSC approach by comparing the company’s introduction method to the traditional one and evaluating the efforts that contributed to the effectiveness of the process. BSC Summary and Main Challenges The BSC approach was developed in 1992 by Kaplan and Norton to “overcome the inadequacies of the traditional financial-based performance measurement tools” (Awadallah & Allam, 2015, p. 91). Molleman (2007) explains the three types of the BSC approach. Type I is the most basic form of the BSC, which contains a framework for measuring performance based on financial and non-financial measures (Molleman, 2007, p. 2). Type II has been expanded to include describing the strategy through cause-and-effect relationships, whereas type III adds the plan for implementing the strategy through defining objectives, action plans, and results specific to the BSC (Molleman, 2007, p. 2). The approach has gained many supporters worldwide and remains one of the most popular managing tools today (Madsen & Stenheim, 2014, 121). However, it has also received a lot of criticism because many attempts of implementation turned out to be unsuccessful (Awadallah & Allam, 2015, p. 91). Mafini et al. (2014) examine the factors contributing to the weak implementation of the BSC to find more efficient ways of introducing and
Introduction The internet has been used in the past decade or so for business development. Its ability to link services to potential clients has been termed crucial in the management of international business. Jităreanu, Chiran and Gîndu (2014) and Mohd (2015) argue that there are many business that have been promoted due to the use of the internet. In line with this, it is important to point out that there are several ways in which business around the world have used the internet to their advantage. One of the most common ways is through advertising. Shavitt, Jiang and Cho (2016) explain that the internet has favoured both small ad big companies the same. It has in fact, made the field that much smoother for small companies as they are able to target the same clients as the big companies. Due to the nature of the internet, target identification has become easier for both the small and the large businesses. Target identification is the process in which clients are pin pointed based on their preferences in regards to products and services. The nature of the internet allows companies, through search engine optimization to filter out the millions of users and get only those interested in the company’s products or services. After the identification process, the involved firm is then able market and advertises directly to the clients. It goes without saying that the discussion on the use of the internet by businesses is expansive. The dissertation will, therefore, only focus on usage of the internet by small businesses. To be precise, only a specific region will be investigated. The chosen region is Buckinghamshire, in South East England where the sample size for the research study was picked. The paper will give a literature review of the same topic and present findings of a survey done to determine the impact of the internet on small businesses in the region. A theoretical and conceptual framework will also be provided. Also, a critical analysis of the finings realised will be given. Conclusions and recommendations for future research will be provided in line with what would have been discussed and presented. Definition of Small Businesses The research paper will use the term small business to refer to small and medium enterprises. Buckinghamshire In order to appreciate the research question that has been posed, it is important to fully understand the business and economics dynamics of the area of coverage identified. This is important as the sample size was picked from the said region. The area of coverage is Buckinghamshire, which is in South East Europe. Like other regions in South East Europe. Buckinghamshire has developed elaborate policies that promote small businesses. The Buckinghamshire County Council provides guidelines to all traders on the expectations of the govern
Introduction Many decades of uncontrolled migration of Haitians going to reside and work in other countries in the neighborhood have contributed to a noteworthy population in the Dominican Republic. These individuals are susceptible to extensive discrimination in addition to human rights abuse. Consecutive governments by three major political parties have not been successful in the duty of establishing a legal structure that is attuned to the international standards. These governments have as well failed to act in response to the ill-famed and well-known abuses of immigration executives, the military, and the Central Electoral Board (CEB) coupled with health and education providers. The CEB denotes the authority accountable for issuing birth certificates and identity records to the individuals born in the country. Big groups, which also include the private sector, possess a vested concern in sustaining an uncontrolled stream of cheap and submissive workforce in agriculture, building and construction, and resort hotels sectors. The setback is made difficult by the deep-seated and ever-present injustices in the Dominican Republic, particularly amongst the oligarchy (Ferguson 296-297). The concept is that Dominican individuality is European and in particular Hispanic, despite the reality that Dominicans possess significant African origins. The aforementioned approaches toward Haiti and Haitian migrants have their origins in the ancient times when the Dominican Republic detached itself from Haiti following 22 years of occupancy by the latter. The Dominican xenophobia stood out conspicuously in 1937 when the tyranny of Rafael Trujillo commanded the armed forces to execute carnage of Haitian subjects in addition to Dominico-Haitians in the neighboring provinces. In this massacre, an estimated six thousand individuals were murdered. The trend of statelessness remains a severe and ever-increasing problem in Dominican Republic. Scores of stateless people constitute the almost unconsidered but the most susceptible populace across the globe. The stateless individuals are not identified by the government of whichever country as citizens and are thus coerced into operating at the peripheries of the community (Howard et al. 350). Devoid of citizenship, individuals usually possess no efficient legal defense, no capacity to ballot and minimal availability of education, jobs, medical attention, and birth and marriage certification. This research paper discusses the causes and general effects of statelessness and discrimination of Haitians in the Dominican Republic. Additionally, it digs into the history and effect of the methodical, unfair denial of citizenship for residents with Haitian origin by the government of the Dominican Republic and more so with regard to the 2005 Inter-American Court of Human Rights (IACHR) ruling. The situation of statelessness and discrimination exerted by the Dominican Republic over individuals with Haitian origin reveals a clear brutal act and violation of human rights. Statelessness and expatriation of Haitians from Dominican Republic The con
Kaaba Artist: (Possibly) Ibrahim and Isma’il Year: Unknown Period: Pre-Islam Culture: Islam The Kaaba is the most significant building in the Islamic culture, being the center and the destination of all Muslim prayers. It is a large stone structure made from granite in the form of a cube. Inside, the floors are covered in limestone and marble, and the outside of the structure is covered in black silk. The textile is embroidered with golden lettering that recites a text from Qur’an (Stokstad and Cothren 270). According to the history of this structure, Mohammad entered the Mecca in 630, emptying the Kaaba which was previously occupied by figures of pagan idols. The covering of the Kaaba is simple but rich in detail at the same time, showing how Islam is both a religion of humbleness and devotion to God. The Great Mosque of Damascus Artist: Unknown Year: 706-715 Period: Umayyad Culture: Islam Otherwise known as the Umayyad Mosque, this structure is considered to be one of the most prominent mosques in the world (Stokstad and Cothren 274). Here, the love for intricate designs and the attention to detail can be observed as the walls are decorated with mosaics depicting nature and cityscapes. Aisles and bays are repeated to allow for extending the mosque. The addition of tall minarets (towers) outlines the mosque in the city landscape and signifies the presence and power of Islam. Another notable detail is the qibla wall – a part of every mosque at which all prayers are oriented to direct them to the Kaaba. Qur’an Frontpiece Artist: Unknown Year: 1368 Period: Medieval Culture: Islam The art of calligraphy is closely tied to the culture of Islam due to the study of Qur’an – its main religious text. The use of Arabic language in book production and the deep respect for the religious texts allowed authors to blend art and writing, and the pages of Qur’an were often decorated with embellishments. Notably, the religion of Islam does not feature any figural designs, focusing on geometrical and botanical types of ornamentation instead. These characteristics can be seen in this frontpiece to Qur’an which was donated by Sultan Shaban in 1369 (Stokstad and Cothren 286). The use of gold and ink on the paper creates a carpet-like image filled with small symmetrical ornaments and lines of religious text. The use of geometrical forms implies the Islamic culture’s interest in sciences. Drawing from the Maqamat of al-Hariri Artist: Yahya Ibn al-Wasiti Year: 1237 Period: Medieval Culture: Islam In Medieval Islam, illustrated tales became a popular art form in which authors, artists, and calligraphers honed their skills. This is the example of a drawing which illustrates one of the scenes in al-Hariri’s Maqamat (translated as “Assemblies”) (Stokstad and Cothren 269). The use of colored inks and gold allows one to depict the interior of a mosque where similar tones are used in materials. The scene shows major parts of the religious structure such as the minbar (pulpit) and mihrab (wall). Moreover, the columns with ornamented half-round arches and capitals are also exhibited,
The model of a political society in which law restrains and guides the implementation of power by rulers dates from the early stages of systematic thought in the Western world. The rule-of-law expression is not of ancient roots. It is said that it was popularized in the mid-nineteenth century by Albert Venn Dicey, the Vinerian Professor at Oxford and prominent commentator on the English Constitution (Cochrane, et al 12). But the ideal was articulated in the ancient world in a variety of forms of language. Aristotle in his Politics writes that. he who bids the law rule may be considered to bid God and Reason alone rule, but he who bids man rule adds a constituent of the beast; for desire is a wild beast, and passion distorts the minds of rulers, even when they are the best of men. The law is reason unaffected by desire. (Cochrane, et al 203). The last sentence has been translated even more remarkably: “Accordingly law is intelligence without appetite” (Skoll, 23) A lot of the incidents of our political tradition most intensely impressed on our consciousness concerned expressions of the rule of law. In Magna Carta the king promises the barons that he will not “proceed with force” against any free man, “except by the lawful judgment of his equals or by the law of the land” (Cochrane, et al 245). In the thirteenth century, Bracton is found declaring that even the king rules sub Deo et lege, “under God and the law” (Pustilnik, 34). More instantly relevant is the career of the notion in seventeenth-century England and in the writings of the eighteenth-century philosophies in Western Europe (Pustilnik, 34). It may be beyond that the notion of a rule of law makes its manifestation in modern Western history as a radical doctrine. The American and French Revolutions may in some sense be observed as its progeny. It is clear, for example, that Beccaria famous Essay on Crimes and Punishments, a powerful eighteenth-century espousal of the rule of law in criminal justice, comprises a frontal assault on the practices of oppression in his time. “Change in the level of punishment brought about through particular linkage between social structural change” (M
Terrorism is an issue that highly affects the global human society mainly because of the adverse effects such as fear. Terrorism is the ideology of using intimidation and violence to enhance fear among the targeted population, namely, the non-combatants (Christopher, 2004). Targeting the non-combatants is an intimidation technique for the military and the government. An excellent example is the terrorist attacks carried out by Osama Bin Ladin in New York City on September 11, 2001. According to Bin Ladin (2002), the bombing of the World Trade Center was an intimidation technique targeting the Americans due to the violence against the Islamic community. One distinction between terrorism and conventional war is the lack of adherence to the principles of just war laid down by the United Nations. However, these laws prevent non-governmental organizations from fighting for what they consider a just cause. The term “terrorism” is biased and aims to delegitimize those with little power like Al-Qaeda. Terrorism is a biased ideology globally mainly because of the dynamic objectives of attaining peace and unity. Terrorism is one of the gradients that negatively impacts the growth and development of human society. Before launching the World Trade Center bombing, Bin Ladin explained to his followers the just cause for the war against the Americans. One of the reasons that contributed to Bin Ladin resolving to launch an attack was America’s support for the attacks by Jewish-Christian alliance authorities against the non-combatant Muslim population in Palestine, Lebanon, and Iraq. The disregard for Islam by the alliance has made the Muslim blood the cheapest in the world (Bin Ladin, 2002). As such, his declaration of war was based on restoring the dignity of Muslims globally. Primarily, Bin Ladin launched the bombing attacks as a retaliation technique for America’s support for the war against the Muslim population. Therefore, Bin Ladin was compliant with the principle of just cause for war, and the intentions for declaring the war were noble. Islamic law is an independent legal framework with the authority to enhance the declaration of war. Bin Ladin (2002) establishes that only Allah is superior to the institutional laws and statutes. Further, Bin Ladin also considers his organization to represent the people, unlike the state. In this case, Bin Ladin took charge and the responsibility to protect the Islamic population from westernization that disregards diversity and inclusivity. Since the government was incapable of fulfilling its responsibilities, other organizations, including Al-Qaeda, had a legitimate right to defend the people with reasonable chances of success. Lastly, the doctrine of just war suggests that the means must be proportional to the end. However, this principle has been ignored continuously by foreign powers seeking to occupy Muslim lands. The massacres in “Tajikistan, Burma, Kashmir, Assam, Philippines, Pattani, Ugadin, Somalia, Eritrea, Chechnya Bosnia-Herzegovina” are examples of violation of power by foreign nations (Bin Laden, 2002, p. 1). In all these
Workspaces are virtual desktops or workstations, with the help of which a user can use the workspace effectively. The given features primarily allow users to perform several tasks on multiple-segmented desktops (Turnbull and Matotek 136). It is important to note that a number of functional approaches can be implemented by adhering to this tool. In addition, the workspace multiplicity is an outstanding instrument, which delivers a certain degree of convenience for user interface interaction and input. For example, the user can collect all the windows of communication applications, such as e-mails and chats, in one workplace, and do the work in another (Petersen 317). Furthermore, the third workplace may be the user’s music player. Switching between these options is simple: after pressing Super + S or clicking on the jobs switch icon on the launch panel. After the given action, the user will be taken to the Expo mode shown above, where he simply selects the desired location with the mouse. However, even easier, a user can quickly go to the desired workplace using the combinations Ctrl + Alt + Arrow keys, where Ctrl + Alt + → will put him or her in the place to the right of the current one. In addition, Ctrl + Alt + ↓ – in the workplace under the current one, and so on, but with different arrows. Works Cited Petersen, Richard. Beginning Fedora Desktop: Fedora. 28th ed., Apress, 2018. Turnbull, James, et al. Pro Linux System Administration: Learn to Build Systems for Your Business Using Free and Open Source Software. 2nd ed., Apress, 2017.
Family is one of the most demonstrative social groups, where people related by kinship interact within complex relations of authority and power division. In well-balanced families, each member tries too use his/her authority not only for own benefit but also for the benefit of the others. Such attitude forms the basis of responsible treatment among family members. However, in cases of disunited families, certain members employ their power for their own benefit, disregarding the needs of their relatives. An example of this can be found in Alice Walker’s essay “Everyday Use”, where the older sister uses her natural charisma and brightness to achieve personal success, irresponsibly neglecting her less advanced kin. The dramatic contrast between Dee (or Wangero, as she chooses to call herself) and her mother and sister Maggie is revealed already on the level of appearance. According to her mother’s description, Dee is good-looking and stylish. She has been demanding “nice things”, such as stylish matching clothes already since her teen age and has been aware of the power rendered by looks: “At sixteen she had a style of her own: and knew what style was” (Walker 451). Her limbs are perfectly shaped, which allows her mother to recognize her only catching a small glimpse of her leg stepping out of the car: “…even the first glimpse of leg out of the car tells me it is Dee. Her feet were always neat-looking, as if God himself had shaped them with a certain style” (Walker 451). Her mother, “a large, big-boned woman with rough, man-working hands”, and Maggie, all mutilated by “burn scars down her arms and legs”, are no-match to Dee’s ostensible beauty (Walker 449–450). Adding to the outward contrast is the discrepancy between the characters and bearings of the three women. Dee is all self-assurance; she knows her strong sides, such as general brightness and scholarship. Therefore, she is determined to achieve success; and knowing it is in her power, she would not bend down before anyone: “She would always look anyone in the eye. Hesitation was no part of her nature. […] She was determined to stare down any disaster in her efforts” (Walker 450). On the contrary, her uneducated mother would never look “a strange white man in the eye”; and Maggie, though undertaking attempts at reading, “knows she is not bright”, which makes her even more shy and timid (Walker 451). Maggie is opposed to Dee in her hopeless misery, “chin on chest, eyes on ground, feet in shuffle”, fearful and bit env