ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction The most overwhelming challenge facing any company involved in global marketing activities is how to retain or improve its image and marketing activities. This is due to global competition from huge multinational companies offering the similar services. Arkas Company, a maritime enterprise company is not an exemption in this scenario. It needs to restructure its services and operations in such a way that it retains its market share in the market, at the same time maintain the existing customer base, and solicit for new customers in the market (Arkas Awards, 2011). For this to happen, it calls for strategic management and marketing within the company. This will help the firm to survive in future and erase the doubt of being extinct in the market. The Arkas Company should adopt advanced marketing strategy. According to this strategy, a business enterprise should create “a unique business proposition” which states that a company should come up with a unique competitive benefit on a dimension of importance to a significant segment of the market. It can enjoy a substantial share and high margin (Schmitt 1997, p. 2). Theoretical studies show that many managers spent substantial amounts of their budgets in order to keep their businesses going. Bearing in mind that the Arkas Company has been in the maritime business for almost a century, there must have been so many business entities, which, have ever and are still willing to imitate the company’s services due to the success of its business activities. As it has been observed, the Company was wise enough to adopt one major marketing integrationstrategy. That is besides being involved in shipping transportation the company has gone step further and horizontally integrated its business operations by offering other services like air transportation, warehouse services, automotive services, tourism services among others. This strategy, besides expanding the business and increasing its revenue, helps to reduce various business risks since profits from one sector of the business unit can cushion out losses from the other units (Arkas Partners, 2011). Managing strategic change Among the objectives of the Arkas Company is to make the firm free from vulnerable to any unexpected change either technological changes, economic changes or any stiff competition from an emerging business competitor. Therefore, managing strategic change is a fundamental aspect in this company. According to Fornell and Wernerfelt (1987, p. 136) Strategic change can emerge both from within the company and the outside environment where it operates. The style adopted by an operating company to manage change is a very crucial role in its success or failure. There are four main strategies to manage a change (Gerrit, 2010, p.
Structure of the Ethiopian economy The structure and driving force of the Ethiopian economy is based on geographic locations of the economic activities, the kind of technology, and the behavioral characteristics of the factors of production. Geographic locations are classified into either rural or urban areas. In addition to that, the economy of the country is further influenced by factors of production which incorporate inputs, investment capital, and the level of expenditure (Taffesse & Ferede, 9). The economic structure is also influenced by a social accounting matrix which is variably influenced by the above factors, commonly referred to as the social accounting matrix. A social accounting matrix typically constitutes the economic agents such as institutions and firms, and the distribution channel of the country. All these factors reflect the strength and the level to which an economy is vibrant. Typically, the number of economic variables that includes the economic activities and resulting commodities, their contribution to the economy is discussed below. Among the elements to be considered include factors of production. Typically, factors of production are categorized into capital, land, and labor (Taffesse & Ferede, 5). Typical of the economic framework is the agricultural sector. The economic framework of the Ethiopian economy is dependent on the agricultural, industrial, and services sector industries. However, each sector of the economy makes different contributions to the economic growth of the country. Studies indicate that the agricultural sector has been the predominant driver of the economy until the recent past when the services industry has overtaken the agricultural sector (Taffesse & Ferede, 13). A critical analysis of the Ethiopian economy indicates the country to be overly dependent on agriculture with an 85 % of the population relying on agriculture as the sole income earner into the households. However, developments in other sectors of the economy indicate other competitive industries to be on the rise (Taffesse & Ferede, 2). Recent estimates of the economic performance of the country indicate the services sector to register a significant growth when compared with the agricultural sector. A comparative study of the growth rate is graphically compared below. Source: Ethiopian handbook Services Sector Based on a graphical analysis of both the services and the agricultural sector, the economic structure of the Ethiopian economy has been strongly influenced by income from the services sector. Some authors argue that the services sector has overtaken the agricultural sector by basing their arguments on the GDP of the services sector compared with the agricultural sector. The services sector has an estimated GDP of 45.3 while that of the agricultural sector is estimated to be 43.1. On the other hand, the GDP of the industry sector contributes only 13.0 percent of the aggregate GDP of the Ethiopian economy showing the services sector to override the agricultural sector (Sisay, 5
Introduction A model is any representation of something else. It may be physical e.g. a toy car representing a real car or it can be conceptual, only represented on paper to bring a good description of the operation of the real object. “A data model is a way finding tool for both business and IT professionals, which uses a set of symbols and text to precisely explain a subset of real information to improve communication within the organization and thereby lead to a more flexible and stable application environment.” (Singh 2009).In software engineering a data model is an abstract representation of facts and how those facts can be accessed. By examining a data model a certain structure comes out, depending on the type of data being represented and retrieved; all this leads to structured data. Data modeling structure is used in design of database models and information systems. We have different types of data model structures in relation to their contribution in data base development; these are relational model, hierarchical model and the network model (Inmon 206). Approaches to Database Design There are no specific universally agreed approaches to database design. Database designs being a modeling technique, different designers have taken their on approach to develop functioning databases. Some designers employ the integrated approach. This has a series of phases. The input and output of this phase are explained and any problems that may arise being pointed out. These phases are: requirement analysis, View modeling, and View integration, View restructuring and finally schema analysis and mapping Schema any analysis and mapping (Connolly 7). Another approach is staged database design. This being a top down approach it begins by outlining the general requirement of an organization. As this task continues the organization problems are checked in detail. Steps involved in this approach are: analysis of current user environment being keen on its output. This is flowed by logical data model being developed. At this stage the designer looks into issues like data volumes, transactions volumes, etc. the next stage is choosing a DBMS. It is during this stage that the designer makes a choice of database management system. The next stage is the mapping of the logical model to the DBMS. After this step a physical model is developed, then follows the evaluating of the physical model followed by performance tuning and then finally implementing the physical model. The third approach is semantic modeling. We also have the top down approach and the design approach. In the design approach implementing the distances involves the 2 nd normal form and then 3 rd normal form (Nagabhushana 396). The Underground Pizza Data Model This data model consists of 9 entities Customer, Store, Order, Address, StaffRotation, Product, Role, OrderLine and salesPerson. Underground Pizza Company will implement a relational database developed by Oracle 10g. The data model meets user requirements by ensuring all constraints are taken care of. This is achieved by use of well identified attributes and relationships. Entities and Attribute
Introduction Quality healthcare has always been based on universal access of healthcare services, effective care, efficient use of resources and a high response rate to patient concerns (Mossialos, 2002, p. 1). These quality concerns have largely characterized most healthcare and political debates. There is a wide consensus regarding the importance of providing quality services to all patients but different healthcare institutions and jurisdictions have adopted different models for healthcare funding (Williams and Torrens, 2008). Healthcare funding varies across different health services because every healthcare service has a unique impact on the quality of healthcare. This paper explores the best way to fund ambulatory services, mental and behavioral services, and a continuum of long-term healthcare services in ( your state ). How to Fund Ambulatory Services Ambulatory services should be funded through taxation. Taxation is an effective way of funding ambulatory services because it is non-discriminatory and easy to implement using state support. The non-discriminatory nature of taxation is appropriate to fund ambulatory services because ambulatory services are often required whenever there is a health emergency. Regardless of a person’s medical funding plan, everybody should have access to ambulatory services. For example, if there is an accident, it would not be ethical to deny a patient (who is probably unconscious) ambulatory services just because they do not have medical insurance or enough cash to finance the same. In fact, denying a patient emergency treatment may lead to the loss of life, thereby making any discriminatory funding on ambulatory services unethical. Funding through taxation has been practiced in different parts of the world with high success. For example, the United Kingdom (U.K) healthcare services are normally funded through direct taxation. Like the U.K, Belgium has also uses direct taxation from cigarette consumption to fund ambulatory services (Mossialos, 2002, p. 11). The taxation proposal for funding ambulatory services may either be implemented through direct or indirect taxation. How to Fund a Continuum of Long-term Care Services Funding long-term care services requires a long-term healthcare funding scheme. Insurance comes into sharp focus in this regard because funding healthcare through insurance is a sustainable way of catering to the long-term needs of healthcare treatment. Indeed, insurance stands as the most reasonable way of financing long-term care because other payment options like out-of-pocket payments may prove to be too expensive for the patient. Concisely, evidence has been given of numerous cases where people have lost all their life savings in long-term care because it is very expensive (Porter, 2008). Insurance, therefore, offers a cushion to patients and family members fro
Introduction The mystery that will be examined in this paper is the sheer size and complexity of the Tomb of Shi Huangdi (China’s first emperor). The tomb complex is an array of mercury-filled moats, massive walls, corridors as well as an army of terracotta warriors, which current estimates place at 8,000 or more. When examining the buried war materials (spears, carriages, terracotta horses, etc.) along with the massive size of the complex, the most obvious question that comes to mind is, “why would someone build such an elaborate tomb that defies logic?” Theories Explaining the Practice Present-day logic dictates that death is a finality wherein what you currently possess on Earth will not come with you when you die. However, based on the work of Liu, Pagán & Liu (2011), it was noted that death was thought of differently in the ancient world. In fact, there was a prevalent belief that there was life after death, which manifested itself in the practice of people burying their possessions with them when they die. Another potential theory to explain the elaborate nature of the tomb comes from the work of Nickel (2013), who explained that Shi Huangdi was obsessed with the concept of immortality; he believed that he could emulate his current life even in death. This was one of the reasons behind the theorized presence of “rivers of mercury” that are around the tomb due to the belief that such a substance could cause a person to live a lengthier than normal life. Chosen Theory After taking into consideration the various pros and cons of the theories that were presented, it was decided that the best possible theory to explain why the Tomb of Shi Huangdi was created was due to the belief that a person’s possessions can be brought with them into the afterlife. The reason why this theory was chosen is that it simply “fits” with the various items that were found in the tomb. It should be noted that Shi Huangdi is historically known as the Emperor that united the feuding regions of China through the use of military force (Terracotta heroes, 2006). When excavating the tomb, the sheer amount of terracotta soldiers and armaments seems to imply that Shi Huangdi expected to bring his army with him into the afterlife in order to continue his campaign of conquest (Terracotta heroes, 2006). This is the only plausible explanation as to why the Emperor was buried with so many terracotta soldiers. In support of the theory postulated by Liu et al. (2011), other forms of evidence can be seen in the tombs of Ancient Egyptian Pharaohs (the most famous example is the tomb
Introduction Healthcare organizations have received a very dramatic explosion of innovation that targets the enhancement of excellent service delivery. This is mostly in the context of diagnosis, increasing life expectancy, increasing the number of treatment options, and ensuring that the service itself is efficient and supports the concept of ‘quality service for your money. Innovativeness is very essential in healthcare in order to come up with new services that are better and enhance human health. The description of innovation encompasses such aspects as novel routines, characteristics as well as processes of working. In this case, the intention is to help realize better outcomes in the delivery of services within the health sector. This also entails the experiences of patients and the administration. There are several issues or matters that have to be considered to ensure the innovation process in an organization is successful. These factors are discussed in this paper as follows. Appropriate Structure Innovation in the healthcare organization remains a very big driving force that is propelling the pursuit for a balance between cost control and healthcare quality (Omachonu & Einspruch, 2010, p. 4). Therefore innovation is a very critical element in the production business and it’s necessary for competitive existence. Compatibility is a very important element to consider since this could be a major opportunity for success. It has been found that those innovations that exhibit a high rate of compatibility with the intended use or function of the services, its principles, the standards, or the perceived needs get strongly adopted (Greenhalgh et al, 2004, p. 596). If at all the assimilation process within an organization is to succeed, there is the need to ensure that there is compatibility between, on the one hand, the principles and professional values that a firm holds dear and on the other hand, the organization itself. An example of such concerns is the introduction of IT technology, though the It sector provides the greatest opportunity for progress in better service delivery, its compatibility with existing is usually a major setback. Many facilities usually commit a lot of time to ist adoption some taking years to effect the transformation from paper documentation and manual prescriptions to IT-based or electronic docum
Introduction Phyllis Reynolds Naylor’s book series Alice consists of 25 books about Alice McKinley. The author’s portrayal of the emotional roller-coaster that teen years represent became a popular source of adventure, information, and imaginary support from multiple people of Alice’s age. It is certain that the book series was extremely popular and remains crucial work in the category of literature for teens. This paper examines how Naylor’s books became so well-loved and popular among readers and whether the author’s verbal features have contributed to the series’ success. Alice as a Relatable Friend A significant factor that contributed to the book’s popularity is its relatability. Furthermore, as the main character was a teenager, young people were able to read about someone with a similar life, problems, and concerns. Naylor was not apprehensive in regards to talking about subjects that were considered private. In a sense, Alice was more of a diary that teenage girls could read, think about, or perhaps learn from. An example is a book The Agony of Alice , where the main character experiences changes in her body linked to puberty (Naylor, “The Agony of Alice” 157). Another critical topic brought up in the series is the notion of turning into a woman, a process that is both scary and enticing for Alice (Naylor, “Alice in April” 20). It is essential to point out that the first books in the series were published in the 80s, and young adults did not have the same resources as the same demographic currently. Thus, Alice became a big sister who knows how to help by simply going through the same experiences and describing them to those reading about her daily adventures. Teenage years are often linked with emotional distress, uncertainty, and confusion due to the many changes that occur during this life stage. Alice gave individuals going through the same challenges the understanding that they are not alone. The author cleverly simplistically wrote the books, which was one verbal aspect that attracted readers. Naylor targeted youths as her core audience, which is why it was essential to create the illusion of Alice being a friend. The main character was a regular girl who was as confused, silly, and naïve as most of her peers. Thus, those reading the books saw themselves in Alice. Controversial Topics Considering that the books were first published in the 80s, the author touched upon multiple topics that were very rarely brought up. For example, one of the minor characters in the series, Leslie, was gay (Hunter 10). Moreover, other characters in the book argued about Leslie’s sexuality, which is how the author portrayed the contrasting societal opinions at the time. For example, Alice’s overview was that people should not be discriminated against only because they are different (Naylor, “Alice on the Outside” 153). Thus, besides bringing up such critical topics, the author most likely influenced many te
The problem of being “in-between” two cultures, histories, and identities is widely discussed in the world literature. Authors as David Thompson, George Copway, Thomas King, Boston King, George Elliot Clarke, Louis Riel, Duncan Campbell Scott, Pauline Johnson, Emily Carr describe, discuss and analyze the problems of co-existence of two civilizations in “one world”. Times of colonization and post-colonization were very difficult for both Indians and new-comers. People had to learn live together in peace, however, it was not always possible. Some of the authors criticized the process of colonization, some considered it a new step of development, and some authors just described the conditions in which people lived. George Copway and Duncan Campbell Scott focused their attention on the changes that occurred in life of Indians and how they influenced on their lives, traditions and attitude to life. They presented and discussed the problems of cultural collision, hybridity and negotiations that occurred within Indians and new-comers. There are similarities and differences in the approaches to the problem in works of the authors. In those two works, there are themes that may seem to be related but when giving a consideration, they appear to be closely related. So, one major theme that appears in both works is the theme of colonization and life of native Canadians. Both authors wrote their works for non-Indian audience. They describe the attitudes of native Canadian Indians to Christian people that came into their world without permission. Both works of literature describe Indians and pay a little of their attention to white people. In general, the main intention of both authors is to attract the readers’ attention to the influence of colonization on Indians and try to explain their attitude to reader. In order to compare and contrast themes and motifs explored in both works, we should give a closer consideration to the detailed analysis of each work. The first work to be analyzed is the poem by Duncan Campbell Scott “The Onondaga Madonna”. The major focus of the poem is to show the European and Indian cultural confrontation. The author focuses his attention on the description of the Indian woman with a child. Describing a particular case in his poem, Scott’s main intention is to describe the situation that occurred within the whole nation. The “core” of his work is to show the greatness and independence of the woman’s past and her present position. With the help of only one line of his poem, the author desc
Background Every company has a leader or multiple leaders who are responsible for managing the company. They hire staff, control the workflow, establish the structure of the company, gather and redistribute resources, and perform other managing duties. Leadership is a difficult process, and different people choose different approaches to it. There is a multitude of leadership style categories that separate them, like transformational, transactional, and passive or avoidant styles. Each holds its own characteristics and can have its own effects on the job satisfaction of employees. Transformational leadership is based on the positive concepts of fairness and integrity in the workplace. A leader who uses a transformational leadership style has to be clear in the goals he chooses for the company. Their interaction with the employees is supportive in nature and often has an inspirational quality. However, the employees are expected to perform quality work and act selflessly to achieve the common goals of the company. On the other hand, transactional leadership is mostly focused on the results of the work performed by employees. Such leaders utilize a strict system of rewards and penalties to control their staff. The routine of work has to be maintained, and the most effective measures are taken to do so. The transactional style of leadership is often based on reacting to the current situation rather than developing new solutions to issues. Self-interest is above all in the transactional style, which makes it the complete opposite of transformative leadership. Passive or avoidant leadership styles are rarely seen as desirable, but unfortunately, they are often present in business at large. Passive leadership avoids making any actions unless a problem is threatening the well-being of the company. Leaders who practice it rarely interact with their employees, and their decisions often do not affect the workflow of the company. Such practices are sometimes developed accidentally due to the desire for empo