ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
What is a heuristic? Explain one of the heuristics Tversky and Kahneman identify in greater detail, and illustrate it with an example (e.g. an example from one of their studies). The ability to make decisions in a fast and efficient manner is referred as heuristic. This means that the time taken to make a decision is made short, as an individual engages his mental ability into other functions. Heuristics is commonly known for its capacity in solving problems. This is achieved through experience and better strategies. One example of Tversky and Kahneman heuristics is the intuitive judgement or the common sense. This is analyzed under the judgement and uncertainty. In this study, Tversky and Kahneman focus on rational choice in the human mind. It further states that a rational actor will always follow the elementary rules and the probability. This is usually evidenced when calculating a particular course of action (Kahneman & Tversky 18). It deals with real life mechanisms that people use to solve their daily life problems. It produces a pattern of various judgements that relate to the heuristics and biases practices. Those who take an Ecological or Panglossian approach argue that Tversky and Kahneman’s research does not show that our everyday reasoning and use of heuristics is bad or irrational. How do they defend this claim? Tversky and Kahneman’s heuristics are based on three purposes; availability, representativeness, adjustment and anchoring. As a result, those who take ecological or Panglossian approach argue their research does not show the everyday reasoning and use of heuristics is bad or irrational. Each day, there is always a challenge to change one’s mind and not changing the present situation. In this case, critics argue that the core ideas of heuristics and biases program are misguided. This is because heuristics offers a negative assess of an average person’s capacity to make sound and efficient judgements. On the contrary, people are always able to manage their lives satisfactorily (Gigerenzer, Todd & ABC Research Group 57). They argue that human beings cannot be that dumb. These heuristics depict human decisions as flawed in a systematic manner. In fact, they depict human reasoning as being biased or fallacious. In this case, they depict human reasoning negatively, hence serving as the centre of disagreements and controversy. There is an argument that heuristics do not assess the overall ecological validity of the entire process. Notably, ecology entails a correlation between the outcomes in the world with the various cues available and can be perceived by an individual. Assessment of the ecological validity in representation of the heuristics should be able to identify related objects, something that it does not consider (Olga 320). Moreover, it should be able to assess correlating outcome and the value of each object, such as the r
Introduction The adoption of auditing rules is essential for protecting the interests of many stakeholders, especially investors. They put trust in the integrity and efficiency of businesses. Moreover, they are strongly dependent on the work of the agencies that monitor the financial reporting practices of enterprises. In turn, this paper is aimed at discussing the standards adopted by the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board or PCAOB. In particular, one should examine the standard that is known as PCAOB No. 5. It is supposed to regulate the work of businesses whose stocks are available to the general public. In this document, the PCAOB (2015) identifies the steps that should be taken by an auditor. Additionally, this document includes the norms that businesses should follow while recording and reporting their financial performance. Much attention is paid to the internal controls that are required for identifying financial misstatements. Overall, the regulations identified by the PCAOB are helpful for finding possible malpractices such as fraud or embezzlement. In turn, the information collected by auditors enables stockholders make a more accurate assessment of the financial statements made by corporations. In turn, one should examine these issues in greater detail. The summary of the provisions and their implications It should be noted that this standard was adopted in response to the criticisms of the previous rules set by the PCAOB. In particular, one can mention PCAOB No. 2 that set strict requirements for the work of auditors. However, in many cases, it was rather difficult to adhere to
What is Culture? The word culture is defined in numerous ways. Some may define culture as the clothes they wear, the food they eat, the language they speak, or the religion they practice. It is true that all that is part of a particular culture, but is that all? Would culture include the way we think? The way we treat others? The way we function in our society? The jobs we prefer? The things we learn at school? Hence, culture is a way of life. It is the way we think and perceives things around us. Although the language, religion, race, geographic location, and social organization are a part of the culture, it does not end there. Multicultural Education We live in a world with a diverse range of cultures. Being humans, we have a lot in common but we also differ greatly. When it comes to culture, the little things matter. We find all kinds of people at work, out on the streets, in our neighborhoods, and our schools; and that is where a child creates a mindset that is with him/her for the rest of their life. This is where the concept of multicultural education comes in. it is an approach to education in which an institution’s curriculum, teaching methods, and ideologies are designed and put into action in the way that all children accept and appreciate the diversity around them and are aware of their contributions to the society. With multicultural education, children experience different flavors of the world at a “make or break” age. If the children experience and learn that the world inhabits many types of people, they grow up to understand and function effectively in a world that is experiencing rapid globalization; where all cultures intermingle and work together and cultural boundaries are blurred. (Hanley, 1999) Multicultural education revolves around certain principles. These principles are based on the findings of the Multicultural Education Consensus Panel. These principles and guidelines help policy-making and teaching methodology in a diverse learning environment. The findings revolve around creating a healthy learning and interactive environment in multicultural educational institutions. These principles will be briefly discussed in this essay. The principles are broadly divided into teacher learning, student learning, intergroup relations, school governance, organization, and equity and assessment. (Banks, 2001) Teacher Learning Teachers need to be trained through development programs that enable them to understand and function well within the ethnically diverse students and unde
Fighting any form of addiction, be it alcoholic, nicotine, narcotic, or another, requires a person’s efforts to overcome it. The desire to change one’s life for the better and look at the world soberly is what many people come to with time, and all of them are united by the desire to return to normal life without harmful substances. I want to share my recent experience of Narcotic Anonymous and Alcoholics Anonymous mutual aid groups attendance, which helped me see the world differently. I managed to evaluate real human stories behind my preconceptions about drug addicts and alcoholics and could also discover valuable information about how interaction in such communities was built. I want to discuss my views concerning human vulnerability and explain how my views on the addiction problem have changed after that meetings. I attended both meetings the same day, on the evening of June 28. The first meeting of Narcotic Anonymous started at 5:30 p.m. in St. John’s Lutheran Church (587 Springfield Avenue, Summit, NJ 07901). The group’s name is Another Choice, which signifies that people with addictions can pursue different paths in their lives free from dependence on drugs. The meeting consisted of individuals who suffered from narcotic abuse of various forms such as heroin, cocaine, LSD, or methamphetamine use. The second session began two hours later in Oakes Center (120 Morris Avenue, Summit, NJ 07901). The group that I joined as a guest is named Back to Basics. It was found to create a platform for mutual help among people struggling with alcoholism. As I was approaching St. John’s Lutheran Church around 5:20 p.m., I felt nervous but, at the same time, wanted to join the future meeting. The memories about my own battle against addiction to Xanax were circling in my head. Different details of that period of my life appeared in front of my eyes: how I first understood my problem, how much I suffered withdrawal consequences, and how happy I was to finally quit. Therefore, the upcoming meetings did not only serve curiosity satisfaction and personal horizon expansion purposes but also were intimate experiences for me. Before the session had started, I talked with the group coordinator and asked for permission to participate as a guest, which I was kindly granted. What surprised me first was that the meeting consisted of people of various social classes and ages. Poor people, those belonging to the middle class, elderly, and youngsters, all were mixed in one group of 15 people, including the coordinator. This is hard to realize how such a demographic blend would be able to build relations in everyday life, but being united with one goal made the interaction seamless, at least from the observer’s perspective. Another factor that has had a deep impression on me is the atmosphere of friendliness, encouragement, and acceptance. Listening to the group members’ personal experiences, who shared intimate, usually sad facts of their biography, was sad. However, once the speakers finished their stories, all the other members showed a high degree of empathy and support. After I attended such
Introduction The global economy has been striving for a sustainable growth following the global financial crisis and its recessionary impact; however, the advanced economy like Europe stay behind fragile still 2012 with a global growth of 4% although the emerging Asia nations evidenced better recovery rate up to 7¼% while the UK economy gained 4¾% (BIS 2010, p.8). Under such economic downturn, the government of UK has aimed to establish foundation for new style of growth in the UK introducing aggressive and productive economy through training and skills development that would ultimately improve the living standards, climate change and efficient public service delivery and gear up the recovery rate. This paper has aimed to assess how the knowledge development and boost of intellectual skills and training for organisational development could assist to overcome the impact of current economic downturn in the national and international levels providing right direction for sustainable growth that would ultimately assist the policymakers for further research. The Theoretical Framework for Training and Skills Development Keating (2007) pointed out that the changing dynamics of employment patterns have generated the emergence for wider investigation with the theoretical framework for training and skills development in order to establish sustainable national skills strategy aimed to keep effective contribution to productivity and would capable to meet the international skill market demand. There are diverse methods of skills development practice in different countries with increasing complexities the skills development systems particularly address the local market needs while academia structure their learning direction with compliance to the national direction for responsible skills ambitions. This part of the paper would discuss some theoretical framework essential to analyse the UK skills development and employment strategy aimed to establish an excellent human resource motivating the engagement of employer and employee aligned with skills for the future. Interventionist Views of Skill Development PRO-ED Inc (2010) mentioned that the interventionist views of skill development argued to focus on the activity-based where every intervention session would generate learning familiarities for both the interventionist along with the person who receiving that service, for instance the children and his guide working together has many things to learn vice versa. Activity based learning involved to many complex things derived from the environment throughout intervention that is pleasant, tranquil, along with mutually supportive by the learner and teacher productive sessions, where the production process is very interesting for practical learning from operation, in the playground a child could learn how to play cricket that may difficult to taught at reading roo
Introduction While many people consider moviemaking art, it is still largely an industry and is, therefore, powered by the same principles as any other business is. Just as competitive and as dependent on internal and external factors as any other industry, moviemaking seems to be facing a number of problems at present, which is likely to result in a major crisis. However, by introducing a flexible system of knowledge management and exploiting the latest technological advances for attracting the target audience, major movie companies will be able to survive the crisis successfully. Problems Control over product One of the major business issues regarding the movie sphere concerns the uncontrollability of the product – or, to be more exact, the effect that the product is going to have on the audience. Even after a careful analysis of the demands that the audience makes towards movie producers, it is hard to figure out if the movie is going to be successful among the general public, or be equally hated – or, which is even worse, neglected – by most of the viewers (Gove, Thornblad and Matherne 267). One might argue that social trends are quite easy to track using modern media tools, such as social networking. However, what looks good as a stand-alone statement may turn into an unintelligible mess when transformed into a feature-length film. Movies area different medium, and it takes more than an overview of current trends to transfer an original idea into this medium. Control of the expense of the distributor Likewise, it is comparatively hard for filmmaking companies to control the prices that distributors assign for the customers to pay in order to buy or download a movie. While there is a fixed price, which moviemaking companies traditionally suggest for selling their movies, it is important to keep in mind that the costs for shipping and distributing to numerous stores presupposes taking costs, which a number of distributors make efficient use of. Thus, filmmaking companies suffer impressive financial losses, having little control over the actions of movie distribution organizations. IPR protection: yo-ho-ho and a bottle of rum According to the recent statistics on free movie downloading, most modern movie making companies have a catastrophically weak IPR protection. While the given issue cannot technically be considered as the one directly related to business, it still shapes the revenues of movie making studios, making the filming process less profitable and ripping movie directors, producers and all those involved into the process of production of their money. Truly, a number of actions have been taken to protect the rightful owners of movies from having their rights violated, people still download movies for free. With the advent of the Internet
Goals and Objectives Organizations should have sound communications plans for every project, as well as their overall business activity, as they can ensure the success of delivering messages to the existing and potential customers. These plans coordinate messages that are sent, which leads to echoing of the major points in the media (Bray, 2002). The major goals of this communication plan will be informing and developing a positive image. This communication plan is developed for the project called Helping Mexico that is aimed at helping the country overcome the aftermath of the earthquakes. The project involves participation in the rebuilding of the infrastructure of Mexico. Deep-Sea Oil Company (DSOC) will participate in governmental projects concerning the construction of roads. Key Messages An effective communications plan is characterized by a set of well-developed key messages that are echoed in different sources (Egan, 2014). The following key messages will be delivered during the implementation of the projects.  1. Mexico is facing severe environmental issues due to its geographic location.  2. All people and organizations should contribute and try to rebuild the beautiful cities that suffered the most destruction.  3. DSOC being a sustainable company and a responsible corporate citizen will help Mexicans to rebuild their capital city.  4. DSOC is eager to contribute to the development of the community so it first focuses on the rebuilding of the infrastructure that will facilitate the development of business. Audience(s) Any project, as well as any type of business activity, involves different stakeholders. The major audiences for the present communications include Mexicans, local communities, the international community, Mexican policymakers, the company’s partners, as well as the company’s employees. Reputation can be one of the competitive advantages of any organization, so it is crucial to maintain or develop a positive image (Skard & Thorbjørnsen, 2013). People will acknowledge the company’s effort in investing funds in the development of their communities, which will help the company in eliminating an image (common for all oil producers) of a corporation that uses natural resources and abuses communities. Apart from the public, the company will also communicate with the local authorities to coordinate the actions and receive all the necessary documents and l
Learning history is essential for understanding of the better world and structure of the society we live in. A lesson in history is a great journey to the past. One can learn many interesting things about the history of his/her country, famous people and events. It is a chance to learn from others’ experience and a great opportunity to share your opinion with other students. There are hundred topics that one can be interested in during the course of study. As for me, the period of the colonial history of the United States is one of the most interesting and thought provoking. Before learning this topic, I did not pay attention to that “page” in the history of the USA. However, the information I heard in class was really a starting point for my exploration of this topic. After these classes, I began searching for more information in order to learn more about the topic. So, there are several reasons why I find this topic interesting. First of all, it is very important to know the history of your country. The second reason is that learning of this period helped me better understand the structure of the modern society and obtain general understanding of national traditions. I know that a New World was a mixture of different European nations that lived close to each other and learned from each other. It is always interesting to observe the process of assimilation of different cultures and it is very useful for understanding of your own culture. Where did you come from? Who were your ancestors? How traditions of your family were formed? And why we live in such society? The exploration of this period provides answers for all these questions. And it gives “a critical understanding of the nation’s past” (Brinkley 2). As I have already mentioned, I became very interested in the topic of the colonial America. So, it is no wonder that I learned many new things and interesting facts. For example, I learned more about the Mayflower Compact. I learned that it is often considered to be one of the foundations of th
Evaluation description This research program seeks to evaluate the levels of safety when using various vaccines in children. There are various points of view on the necessity to provide vaccines at the early stages of child development. In order to prove the effectiveness and necessity of vaccination, this paper makes use of the background information that immunization is essential at the early childhood stages of human development. Indeed, immunization is the protective measure to mitigate the prevalent risk of diseases in children. The paper provides three hypotheses. The first hypothesis is that when children get vaccinated, their organisms are able to build internal self-defense against diseases and children can live without the need for antibiotics. It further uses a second hypothesis that immunization is a vital tool that can prevent chronic diseases and even death. Lastly, this paper provides a hypothesis that immunization can render viral diseases harmless to children. The purpose of the research provided in this paper is to evaluate the validity of these proposed hypotheses and apply them to real life situations in children’s lives. The beneficiaries of this program are the health service organizations, parents and children. Health organizations will be able to use the findings of this program to improve the ways of administering treatments on children. Parents and children will be able to minimize the risk of losing their children to prevent illnesses. This research will be able to involve its stakeholders in various processes, for example it will require sample health organizations to assist with research facilities and work force provision. It will require parents in the society to help by providing data during the data collection stage. Evaluation Description What this research is evaluating is principally, the perception of the community concerning immunization and hence their attitude. This will be necessary in measuring the extent of utilization or otherwise, underutilization of immunization services among the public. By considering the prevalence of diseases in children in the absence of vaccines, it will be possible to realize the effects of vaccines where the society utilizes them well. Secondly, it is evaluating the scope of use of immunization and its impact on the society (Wotring n. p.). This is necessary since it will help in measuring the strength of using vaccines and the challenges of failing to use them. The ki