ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Human consciousness has always been a great mystery. Attempts to analyze it and understand the peculiarities of its work have never been stopped. Again and again, people tried to find out what phenomenon makes a person act in a certain way. To a large extent, these attempts were conditioned by the desire to cure or control a person. Such contradictory motifs led to the appearance of such practice as hypnosis. It is a very old phenomenon, the origins of which could be found in Ancient Egypt. It was used by priests in their mysteries to underline their power and ability to dispose of some magic powers. With the development of science, people investigated this practice more carefully and produced its clear definition. Modern science and American Psychological Association determines hypnosis as “a cooperative interaction in which the participant responds to the suggestions of the hypnotist” (Cherry para. 1). It should be mentioned, that the state of hypnosis is associated with the altered state of consciousness which can be characterized by greater attention, heightened suggestibility and in which people can be more involved in some actions. Usually, this state is achieved with the help of some verbal or visual aids. Being not a traditional way of treatment, this practice is usually associated with some kind of magic or some other mystical things. That is why it is necessary to list some common misconceptions about it. The first misbelieve lies in the idea that a person could be hypnotized against his will. It should be said, that one of the main conditions of a successful hypnosis session is its voluntary character. A patient should trust the hypnotist and be sure in his intentions. Otherwise, this session will not be successful. Another myth says that the hypnotist has total control over the body and will of a patient. It is easy to explode this misbelieve, as scientists and hypnotists are sure that it is impossible to make a person perform actions which contradict his principles. Moreover, people think that a person remembers nothing after a hypnosis session. This misbelieve is partially true. The problem is, that due to the influence of hypnosis a person could remember some facts, which can be dangerous or unpleasant for his consciousness. That is why it will try to push these memories out for a person not to suffer from them again. Maybe the most popular misconception about hypnosis is that it helps people to obtain super powers or reveal some hidden sources of a human body. Hypnosis is not a remedy for creation of a superhuman, and it does not influence a persons physical abilities. Having analyzed different aspects of hypnosis, it is possible to suggest the way of its usage for some medical purposes. The most obvious s
The impact of chronic diseases has become widely spread in the world to such an extent that by the year 2020, they will have been ranked second after heart diseases in the world’s burden of diseases. It is, therefore, important that healthcare delivery and public health assessment places focus and attention on the relationship between chronic diseases and depressive disorders (Passik et al, 2002). According to an article, “The Vital Link Between Chronic Disease and Depressive Disorders”, by Chapman, D et al, some of the most chronic diseases include Cardiovascular diseases, asthma, arthritis, obesity, diabetes and cancer. In their study, it was found out that mental illnesses, with special regard to depressive disorders, were closely associated with the increased presence of chronic diseases (Keefe et al, 2004). This close relationship between chronic diseases, according to the article, is due to chronic ailments which exacerbate depression symptoms and depressive disorders that precipitate chronic diseases. The complex relationship existing between chronic diseases and depressive disorders is known to have wide implications for both the treatment of depression and management of chronic diseases (Chapman, et al, 2005). Chronic diseases and its outcomes are closely associated with the course and etiology played by the depressive orders. There is an urgent need to examine the role that is exerted by mental sicknesses besides depression and foster quick detention and treatment of disorders related to depression through the multivariation of community based intervention and research. Research studies indicate that at least 7 out 10 visits to healthcare practitioners are related to chronic ailments or diseases and thus its management has been given a vital role in delivery of health care services. There is also an urgent need to understand the connection that exists between depressive orders and chronic diseases since they have become major impediments towards delivery of quality healthcare services towards the general society. From the article, it is clear that there has been little empirical review concerning the recognition of the importance of both depressive disorders and chronic diseases in spite of numerous research conducted to examine the interrelationship. A search for literature reviews in this issue only yielded two publications. Previous reviews were weak because they did not sufficiently address variables that were disease specific which were behind the associations between some chronic diseases and depressive disorder. It was also ascertained that the reviews were limited in scope. It was, therefore, important to review the research literature through close examination of the relation between the prevalence of chronic diseases and depressive disorders (Johnson, et al, 2004). Methods Some of the most prevalent diseases that were chosen because of their mortality and morbidity in the adults in the United States included obesity, cancer, arthritis, diabetes, arthri
When it comes to fundamental causes of drug abuse or addiction, many crucial factors come into play. To be more specific, the person might be influenced to take substances externally and internally with the same probability. Consequently, dividing the issue’s causes into two equal parts, outside and inside affection, is a critical measure to begin the analysis. First and foremost, when it comes to external influence, the person tends to be a victim of other people’s intentions to start taking substances. In fact, society strongly influences the personal attitude to substances. As a result, participating in the “drug-friendly” circle of communication, a person might easily engage in the devastating substance abuse process. On the other hand, some individual causes might also influence the person to start taking drugs. Death of a loved person, career failure, depression — those are the most widespread reasons of internal incentive to begin drug-abusing. Turning to the feasible approaches for effectively addressing society and its individuals, the most important factors are clarity and precision. More specifically, the higher the level of accuracy and clarity demonstration, the more significant the impact on collective and individual intelligence (May, 2007). As a result, it is not enough for local authorities to provide anti-drug marketing campaigns by only implementing social advertisements in public places. Governments should invest money in tight and regular interpersonal communication so that people will discuss this issue and, consequently, will be engaged in anti-substances abuse campaigns. Moreover, the vast majority of funds should be spent on the prepaid rent and professional doctors and psychologists who will organize scheduled meetings with different people depending on their attitude to drugs. Eventually, significantly fewer people will start drug abuse because they recently discussed this issue and became informed of negative substance-addiction consequences. On the other hand, for those in severe drug abuse or addiction situations, professionals will regularly provide practice hours so that the index of people who quit drug-taking will reasonably increase. Thus, both types of individuals will participate in the prevention of further contact with substances by regularly attending professional therapies and practice lectures. Reference May, G. G. (2007). Addictions and Grace: Love and Spirituality in the Healing of Addictions (1st ed.). HarperOne.
There are three main ineffective strategies employed by the radiology department administrators. The first one is, “identifying and cutting costs without deeply understanding the problems within the system” (Ondategui-Parra, et al., 2004, p. 633). This approach assumes that cutting costs is an inevitable reality of running modern-day radiology departments. Therefore, the administrators wrongly assume that cutting costs will lead to greater efficiency in the eyes of financiers. Partly, healthcare financiers are responsible for this attitude because they equate cost management to efficiency (Jacobs, Rapoport, & Jonsson, 2009). The problem with this approach is that if it is not the result of careful analysis of how the entire system operates, then it can result in several unseen consequences. The second problem with the strategies adopted by radiology department administrators is “adding information systems and additional medical equipment to the existing systems” (Ondategui-Parra, et al., 2004, p. 633). The addition of information systems is a cause of the bottlenecks brought about by system administration requirements in many institutions. Such requirements include data entry requirements, information management, and slow uptake of the system (Guerra, 2011). Information technology solutions work best where the objectives are clear to all stakeholders. In addition, the support of the staff is vital to the success of newly introduced information systems. Thirdly, radiology department administrators err by “imposing higher performance standards and holding employees responsible for meeting those standards” (Ondategui-Parra, et al., 2004, p. 633). The problem with the imposition of performance standards is that the new standards assume that the employees have been operating inefficiently and require stricter regulation for them to increase their efficiency. Systemic problems can only worsen employee morale when it is clear that they cannot meet the new performance standards. This results in even worse inefficiencies due to the exasperation of the employees. Performance standards, just like new information systems, require knowledge-based approaches (Perkins, 2006). It is important to understand how the system operates before applying any new performance management techniques. Inefficient Strategies One of the inefficient strategies used in the local department relates closely to the implementation of performance standards. The prevailing global economic downturn is responsible for the reduction in healthcare financing. This makes it difficult for local hospitals to employ the required number of medical professionals. Therefore, local administrators are trying their best to make up for the shortfall by demanding more from the available staff. There are stringent requirements relating to hours spent on duty and the number of patients attended to within the period. Most doctors feel overwhelmed by these requirements. Secondly, there was an attempt to employ new electronic medical sys
Abstract Childhood disorders may go undetected and the suffering child is perceived as naughty or antisocial depending on how the illness manifests itself. This has lead to many children suffering without receiving treatment. Lack of treatment of these psychological problems can have catastrophic ends such as death or permanent social problems. This essay discusses some of the common childhood disorders that affect children and pays particular attention to Separation anxiety disorder. It also discusses the symptoms associated with these disorders and the methods of treatment including social interventions. Introduction Childhood disorders are the psychiatric abnormalities that affect school going or younger children. These disorders impair the child’s behavioral emotional, mental and social development. Symptoms of disorders usually start in early childhood though some begin during adolescence. Sometimes these disorders continue all through adulthood. Etiology of childhood disorders Childhood disorders can be caused by two key factors:   * Genetic abnormalities.   * Physical stress. Genetic abnormalities can be divided into two groups: functional and structural. The functional genetic abnormalities involve abnormalities in the brain chemicals called neurotransmitters which are involved in communication in the brain. Neurotransmitters include noradrenaline, dopamine, adrenaline, and GABA. These chemicals are responsible for the way a person feels and behaves. Abnormal working of the neurotransmitters or abnormalities in the brain leads to abnormal mental functioning and development. Neurochemicals serve as the brain’s messengers in communication between the brain and the neuron system. A change in the amount of neurotransmitters secreted can result in psychiatric disorders as can their absence and their chemical variants. Neurochemical problems are associated with autism, schizophrenia, Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), dyslexia, and so on. Structural abnormalities of the brain can also cause mental disorders. For example, enlargement of the cerebral ventricles has been found to be a common finding in people suffering from schizophrenia. The common assumption is that enlarged ventricles occur from wasting of brain tissues around the ventricles. Other structural abnormalities include a decrease in the amount of gray matter in the brain. The gray matter is where most of the brain activity takes place. Lack of enough gray matter means lack of optimized brain activity. This could explain the difficulties associated with mental disorder in children. Brain structure abnormalities are associated with schizophrenia and autism. Factors such as psychological trauma, illness or injury can lead to stress which can cause childhood disorders associated with behavioral problems and also problems in interaction with other people. Examples of these disorders include selective autism, reactive attachment disorder, conduct disorders and so on. Classification and
Corporate law refers to the law creating a separate legal entity of a business. It is the law governing companies and corporations. This paper shall be looking at Loraine and Brenda, who have been in a partnership (Antique Trade in Essex) but now wish to transform (incorporate) their business to a private company, limited by shares (they will call it “south east antique shop”). Their registered office shall be located in chancery lane in London. I will be giving advice on the various issues appertaining to their business. How can they minimize the risk to the assets to be transferred to the company should the business fail? The incorporation of “Antique Trade to “south East Antique Shop” means that the new company ceases to have a direct relationship with the partners and assumes a different legal entity altogether. It can sue or be sued. It can enter into a contract or enforce one. It operates fully as a legal person. A company limited by shares means that the liability of the members to the creditors is only limited to their share capital contributions or any outstanding contributions henceforth. Unlike in a partnership, Loraine’s and Brenda’s personal assets cannot be attached or recovered to clear the debts of their company hence protecting their assets in case of insolvency. There is no legal window that protects a company’s assets from the risk of being realized should the business fail. All that is protected from liability is the personal assets of the members, incase of a business failure. Loraine’s and Brenda’s personal assets shall not be sold to pay off any debts owed to any credit not unless there are evidence of malpractices or fraud. Their assets are absolutely protected. The risks to the assets can only be protected through effective business practice. This is where they apply the best business management skills to ensure that the business realizes their goals. If they are unable to, they can employ professionals to run their business. They can also insure against losses either through fire or malpractices like a fraud. This ensures that in case of any loss they are compensated accordingly. They should also avoid securing debts using the transferred assets, especially the long-term debts. Although consequently this in the end might affect their profitability due to the low cash inflow. They can also minimize risks to the transferred assets if they agree that only one of them is to become a director while the other one remains an ordinary shareholder. If Loraine becomes the director and Brenda the shareholder it excludes one of them from statutory debts most likely to be incurred by the director of a company. They can only avoid this if they don’t contravene the statutory regulation on companies which are mostly incurred by directors. What provisions should be included in the articles of association to ensure that Loraine and Brenda can realize their shareholding in the company if either of them should wish to leave the business? The article of association contains the regulations meant to define relations in the company. It
Executive summary This report looks at ergonomics in job design and workplace designs in the context of mass production to evaluate the benefits and tradeoffs that arise. It explores the motivations that influence management decisions about improving worker efficiency and flexibility to enhance the productivity of firms. The report relies on other studies that have presented evidence of how job designs, specific changes in working environments, and job systems work. The findings show that the biological job design approach is one of the most recognized ones for addressing job stresses caused by physical exertions in the workplace or addressing gender-based differences in workplace design, which allows more participation of female workers. The report offers insights into how organizations can use different job designs to address their concerns about absenteeism, workplace injuries, and the health concerns of their workers. It provides a lengthy discussion of the tradeoffs that have to be made regarding the different approaches to job designs, showing job titles that can be most affected in a positive or negative way. Practitioners may use the insights to set up workplaces that minimize boredom, limit stress, and enhance worker productivity in multiple ways regarding all ergonomic principles. Introduction Ergonomics can be found in contemporary society as a term used for a wide variety of applications. In the engineering perspective, ergonomics closely associates with human factors of comfort design, functional design, and system. The engineer has to design products, systems, and processes that are cognizant of the interaction they will have with people or among people using the systems (Hopp & Oyen, 2004). The benefits are behavioral, psychosocial and concern health of people. There could also be economic benefits ca
Introduction Founded in 1981, the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) stands out internationally as the solution to the perpetual impasse of sustaining solidity as well as security in the Arab region. The core mission of the GCC is to establish an interrelated regional movement and inculcate a profound assimilation and unity among its members. Undeniably, the GCC has achieved remarkable steps towards integrating its members in political and socioeconomic orbs. Nonetheless, its members are still facing several security threats. These security threats do not only affect particular states, but also the entire Arabian region and world at large, with United States being the most vulnerable. The discussions on this paper underscore the potential security risks and their feasible solutions. Security threats facing the GCC states The impact of the security is broad. At a national level, the security threats especially in Iraq and Iran impede the citizens from enjoying their rights and exploiting the rich natural resource, viz. oil. Regionally, the instability of a particular state in the GCC is likely of spread to another state and eventually to the entire world. The disjointed nature of the terroristic assault means that any country in the region is vulnerable to attack, and thus causes threat to the entire region. Since the 9/11 in the U.S., the world has learnt that security threats facing the GCC states are also an international problem. Furthermore, an insecure GCC postulates that it would be impossible to purchase oil from the Arabian countries. The security threats facing the GCC states include terrorism, Iraq-Iran relations/influence, and the United States’ strategy in the Arab world. Terrorism The current governing authorities are concerned that the opponents of the Sunni Arab regime and exponents of al-Qaeda are one major peril to their administration. The danger was apparent in 1990s because of Osama bin Laden’s popularity coupled with the destruction of Saudi Arabian National Guard buildings (Ulrichsen 39-58). This scenario further exacerbated with terroristic assault in the city of New York and the 9/11 attack
The use of world energy has for a long time been on an upward trend. This is owed to the increase in the demand for energy by the nations outside America. This increasing demand on the few available supplies of petroleum has been affecting costs and motivates the need for additional efficiency in competitiveness as well as an increased need for using renewable fuels. The absolute amount of energy consumption in the United States of America will go on increasing relative to the rising population. Because of efficacy of modern technology, the per capita utility of energy in the country is expected to reduce a great deal through 2025. How lands are used and the implications of expensive energy in the coming days could bring about the yearning and economic need to construct additional compact cities, multipurpose growth, and regions which are focused on transit. Total amount of fossil fuels will decline causing the renewable sources of energy to champion the increase in primary energy use. The transportation industry will be affected too. The liquid bio-fuels are expected to cover not less than 80 percent of additional growth in the liquid fuels. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (100) expects that the transportation industry will cover not less than one-quarter of the absolute energy use by 2025, seen to be somehow little in percentage as compared to 2008. In many regions of the country, same trends are likely to show with an addition in the costs of energy and a motivation for considerable progress of energy efficacy in all industrial sectors. This will reduce the use of energy per one dollar of every produce expected. Proper planning has to be done on enhancing the efficiency of energy and a change to fresh renewable sources of energy. Many trends in growth are actually expected to be in the use of wind energy as well as bio fuels in the country. With an increasing growth of population in the country over the next decade, policy makers need to be ready to deal with the numbers in a way which sustains and relies on the strengths of the current community. The composition of the big population by 2025 will have to be expected and appreciated greatly to be able to plan for its requirements effectively. The way demands are changing as well as influences in the market will largely affect the kind of housing as well as infrastructure which will be appropriate for the coming years. With this in mind, we expect green construction to be of priority in the coming years running up to 2025. Architects and contractors will develop houses that seek to make use of renewable energy. The use of solar and natural sunlight for illumination of the house as well as heating energy will be important. Thus, by 2025, we expect architectural designs to have changed in some ways. In conclusion, it is important to observe that the advent of green technologies will have a great deal of change in the w