ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
There is no doubt that the threat of climate change is becoming considerably less impressive than it used to be several decades prior. Indeed, while the first call for being more careful about the treatment of the Earth was quite efficient, the gimmick seems to have worn out its welcome and people have moved to more topical issues. However, the processes of climate change are still going on and are having a drastic effect on the planet, its flora and fauna, as well as aspects of agriculture, which means that the issue of the climate change must be addressed properly. There is no secret that the majority of the world has become environmentally aware over the past few years. However, mostly because of its popularity, the issue of climate change, its factors and the probable consequences, has started to wear out since recently. Nevertheless, in certain fields, the issue is still essential, and agriculture is among these fields. Indeed, without the proper climate which the given sorts of plant is used to, the crops will be deplorably little, des
State Legislation on Unclaimed Property Michigan State has a Uniform Unclaimed Property Act which is intended to protect the interest of the rightful owners or their legal heirs in giving back the possession of the unclaimed property to them (Department of Treasury). This piece of legislation takes care of restoring the assets of even a corporation that is no longer in business subject however to the provisions of the Business Corporation Act (BCA). Capacity to Sue One of the important cases which have cleared identical legal issues in the matter of unclaimed properties is Flint Cold Storage v Michigan Department of Treasury decided by the Court of Appeals in favor of the State on the basis that Flint Cold storage did not possess the capacity to sue, for the recovery of unclaimed property since the corporation cannot be said to be carrying out the winding-up proceedings for an unreasonable length of the period after the dissolution. State Legal Provisions concerning Dissolved Corporation Flint Cold Storage v Michigan Department of Treasury case has considered certain relevant provisions of Michigan Compiled Laws (MCL) which govern the position of a dissolved corporation concerning it’s carrying on of its business. According to MCL 450.1833 “, a dissolved corporation shall continue its corporate existence but shall not carry on business except to wind up its affairs.” (Court of Appeal) Section 450.1834 enables the officer, directors, and shareholders to continue to function as if no dissolution has taken place. Subsection (e) of 450.1834 also allows the corporation to sue and be sued in its corporate name. However, these allowances are subject to the provisions of section 450.1833. Provisions of Chapter 8 of BCA deal with the winding up of corporate affairs by stipulating that the winding-up proceedings have to be carried out ‘within a reasonable time’ of the dissolution of the company without specifying any definite time limit for completing such winding-up proceedings. The question of whether a dissolved Michigan corporation can claim unclaimed property is well settled by the decision in the case of Flint Cold Storage v Michigan Department of Treasury . A dissolved corporation in Michigan can be considered to be in business to wind up its affairs for a reasonable time after dissolution until the corporation winds up its affairs and within this reasonable period, the corporation can file a suit in its name for the recovery of unclaimed property entrusted to the Treasury. Amendment to Michigan Uniform Unclaimed Property Act   * Effective October 12, 2004, the provisions of Michigan Uniform Unclaimed Property Act have been amended by Michigan Senate Bill 1340 (SB 1340) reduced the period during which the unclaimed property would be deemed abandoned to three years from the earlier period of seven years.   * In the instant case of Flint Storage Company it can be argued that although the company has been dissolved by the State in 2004 for not filing the returns for three years, it still can be considered as carrying on the bu
Environmental determinism is a concept, which emphasizes the notion that one’s physical environment determines his or her trajectory of growth. In other words, a society or community develops in a manner it does due to its surrounding environment and related influences. Sarmiento’s discussion on civilization and barbarism reflects environmental determinism because an individual living in a city has a different physical environment than a person living in the countryside. For example, he states that there are a certain disdain and hostility of a person from the countryside towards a more educated inhabitant of a city, and similarly, the latter perceives the former as more barbaric (83). In other words, a “barbaric” person experiences different environmental challenges compared to his or her counterpart because he needs to “take down a wild bull,” whereas a more “civilized” person “may have read many books” (83). Therefore, the main reason is rooted in the fact that both of these individuals become such due to their environment, which determined their subsequent development. Sarmiento describes gauchos as “trackers” because they can identify their domestic animals with a high level of precision as professional trackers. He describes trackers as a “grave and circumspect personage whose declarations are accepted without question by local judges” (86). For example, plainsmen are the trackers because they can identify a mule, which went missing for a year, by its hoof print. The tracker has positive qualities in regards to being skilled in such a way that they recognize small differences and notice, which is unnoticeable by others. In other words, the tracker has a certain set of skills, which can be used for both good and bad deeds, where Calibar helped to track a prisoner, but also helped a group of political prisoners to escape. Reference Sarmiento, D. F. (1916). Facundo . Editorial America.
The thirteenth chapter of Richardson et al.’s Texas: The lone star state deals with ongoing events on the Western Frontier after the Civil War. The early years saw significant pushback from Indian tribes against the settlers, and despite the military setting up a chain of forts for defenses, it was inadequate protection at first. Meanwhile the federal policy for years was aimed at negotiating peace and treaties, despite evident failures. The raids and massacres grew continuously worse including the Salt Creek Massacre of 1871, which resulted in massive mobilization and retaliation by the U.S. military. The Indian tribes were quickly defeated and accepted peace, but from then on, it was a universal drive to push Indians further back from Texan territory. This took a 3-part approach, each differing in effectiveness – 1) the military, 2) the rangers, and 3) buffalo hunters. Military was for massive resistance and attacks, rangers made raids extremely dangerous for the Indians, while buffalo hunters massively eliminated the living creatures that were both sacred to the tribes as well as their primary methods of survival. These conflicts were both necessary but extremely violent and devastating as the Indian civilization was being eliminated. With the Indians being driven out, it provided an opportunity for Texans to settle in the region. Their economic growth and resources stemmed from farming as well as the rapidly growing industry of cattle. Representing a symbolic period in Texan history, the ‘Cattle Kingdom’ was formed in the West and South of Texas. Ranching was established, and along with its development transportation systems to the region expanded as well as efforts to establish reliable water supply. Cattle drives became prevalent, driving the massive cattle to the Northern markets. Ranging established its own unique subculture in Texas with cowboys and other aspects but was a critical contributor to the growth and prosperity of the state in this post-war period (Richardson et al., 2010). The three main ideas of this chapter are conflict with the Indians, the systematic eradication of Native American tribes, and the cattle-focused economy of West Texas.
Introduction Organizational management refers to a process that involves tapping and managing varied talents pooled together under the umbrella organization. Management as a means to the end of an organization refers to the allocation of the resources necessary to achieve the best out of the available talents in employees. This can be achieved through controlling, accounting, organizing, staffing, directing, as well as planning. These processes are aimed to make the organization a profitable venture hence it pegs its success to the employees. On the other hand, the employees benefit from the organization in the form of remuneration, wages and other rewards determined and controlled by the organization or external forces. Therefore, the human resource also hangs on the success of the organization and thus they can be said to be in mutual existence (Raymond, et al., 20). However, the success of this relationship has been marred by difficulties arising in reality management and labor relations issues. This paper will thus focus on consultative relationship between the management and unions in the field of labor relations. Role of Management in Organization To start with, this section will first look at the section of the role of management in an organization. Management has been defined in the class of arts, as well as in the class of sciences due to the increased knowledge of the interrelationship between different aspects of arts and sciences. Agarwal (1982) writes that management as much is about coordination and direction of others it also includes oneself in the process achieving an identified end. Management exists in almost all fields; but in this case, the focus will limit only to business organizations. Through the identified goals and objectives, then the management of an organization must behave and think in a certain way to achieve the set targets. This translates to the roles of management in an organization. Roles of management at this juncture refer to the top personnel actions and decisions making situations meant to improve or clarify on the daily organizational tasks and programs. These actions are arranged in the POSDCORB order. This means that functions and roles of management are centered in Planning, Organizing, Staffing and Directing Coordinating, Reporting and Budgeting (Gulick & Urwick, 1959). These functions are strategically evaluated acted upon by the most competent managers. An organizational has the capability to solve the challenges that may hinder success from any quarters by using these functions. However, this does not mean that organizations are purely successful, practically many have gone down due teething problems from and lack of visions. In the theories of management, the systems approach explains the organization as a total system that eggs interacting and interrelating subsystems that complexly interact with the external environment (Lerman and Turner, 1992). On the other hand, contingency theory explains that neither democratic nor autocratic extreme is an effective management situation (Vro
Economy is the science dealing with numerous formulas and equations that allow people monitor the development of the human societies and separate organizations within it. The terms like private, public, and national saving, investment, and equilibrium real interest rate are central to economy. The calculation of the private saving (PrS) of Ecoland can thus be carried out on the basis of the formula that extracts consumption (C) from the total disposable income (Y – T) (Hondroyiannis, 2006): PrS = (Y – T) – C; Given the Ecoland figures according to which the total income before taxes (Y) equals 10,000, consumption amounts to 6,000, taxes reach the level of 1,500, and the expenditures (G) equal 1,700, the private saving will be as follows: PrS = (10,000 – 1,500) – 6,000 = 2,500 Another important notion to define is the public saving (PbS), which is in the essence the difference between the taxes paid by the company and its expenditures (Mankiw, 2008). In Ecoland, public saving will be calculated according to the following formula: PbS = T – G Given the above figures according to which Ecoland’s expenditures amount to 1,700 and taxes reach the level of 1,500, the public saving will be: PbS = 1,500 – 1,700 = – 200 The deficient public saving illustrates the problem in the finance of Ecoland, which needs to pay more attention to its financial policies and especially to expenditures (Mankiw, 2008). However, the national saving (NS) of Ecoland balances the relation between the private and public savings being the sum of the latter (Mankiw, 2008): NS = PrS + PbS Having calculated the PrS and PbS, we can now state that the national saving of Ecoland amounts to 2,300 according to the formula: NS = 2,500 + (-200) = 2,300 Further on, the equilibrium interest rate should be calculated using the formula according to which first the investment rate of Ecoland should be defined (Ferguson, 2004). As far as Y (total income before taxes) equals 10,000 being the sum of expenditures (G), consumption (C), and investment (I), we can present it in the following equation: Y = C + G + I, where C = 6,000 and G = 1,700 Accordingly, to calculate I we need to extract the sum of consumption and expenditures from the Y total. Thus, I = Y – (C + G) I = 10,000 – (6,000 + 1,700) = 10,000 – 7,700 = 2,300 Thus, given the Ecoland investment amount at the level of 2,300, it is now possible to reverse the governmentally used equation for the investment function to calculate the interest rates used at Ecoland. In the equation I = 3,300 – 100r, r is used to reflect the very interest rate we are interested in. So, to calculate this interest rate, i. e. the equilibrium real interest rate we need to extract the sum of the investment from the total assumed to the average income leve
The effects of racial discrimination and the resulting segregation echoed in every area in the late 19 th and early 20 th century, causing the debate concerning the need for integrated schools to become rather polarizing even within the African American community. Whereas the concept of integrated education supported extensively by W.E.B. Du Bois was prevalent, the approach developed by Booker T. Washington also represented several valid points such as the necessity for a strong, self-directed effort in learning as the basis for gaining a platform in the community (Aiello, 2016). Despite the fact that the concept of integrated learning remains the only valid approach toward an inclusive and non-discriminatory environment, the plight of both philosophers could be understood given their background and the struggles that they faced. Indeed, Washington’s perspective on education, as well as the area of education on which he focused, namely, an industrial one, suggested the development of practical skills geared toward gaining competence in farming and different types of manual labor. The described approach to learning stemmed directly from Washington’s background, particularly, his childhood experience as the son of an African American mother, who was a slave at the time (Aiello, 2016). In turn, Du Bois, who was born to a family of African American landowners and had the opportunity to graduate from Atlanta University, understandably insisted on the importance of higher education. Thus, even though the present-day interpretation of social justice allows viewing integrated education and the acceptance of diversity as the only possible solution, the ideas that Washington proposed were justified by the sociocultural background in which he was born and raised, as well as the atmosphere of hostility, hatred, and ostracism by which African American people were surrounded (Aiello, 2016). Furthermore, Washington’s focus on industrial education as opposed to Du Bois’ emphasis on higher education restricted the opportunities of African American people to advance within the U.S. community, which could be explained by the restrictions that Washington himself faced as he grew up in the 19 th -century U.S. Reference Aiello, T. (2016). The battle for the souls of Black Folk: WEB Du Bois, Booker T. Washington, and the debate that shaped the course of civil rights . ABC-CLIO.
1. A fortress hub is a location where large amounts of airline traffic concentrate, and a single airways company controls most of that traffic.  2. More than 90% of the passengers at the Charlotte airport use American Airlines, and the average domestic fare is $407.30, which is 21% more expensive than the national average. Furthermore, the price is decreasing, but at a significantly slower rate than at other airports, which are experiencing a similar trend.  3. Lower prices benefit passengers because they have to spend less money on transportation, assuming the company in question upholds the same quality standards as before the reduction. The increased attractiveness of airline travel to passengers leads to an increase in traffic, ultimately increasing the benefits for airports from parking, retail, and ticket fee revenue.  4. Charlotte is the most profitable American Airlines hub, but it does not have significant growth potential. Lowering the prices would attract more local travelers and reduce the number of people who bypass the airport because of the high fares. Furthermore, it could be done without affecting the service quality due to the high initial profit margin.  5. If competition reduces the level of service, the major airlines that have to deal with other companies now may kill the hub. The loss of corporate flight traffic would have a massive influence on the airport’s profitability, as the potential local traffic is often not enough to maintain the standards established by previous, large-scale patterns.  6. The costs of air service development include the construction of new gates and accommodation spaces, including lobbies and restaurants. The benefits include an improved ability to handle traffic and better customer satisfaction due to lessened crowding and shorter restaurant lines. Charlotte is constructing nine new gates and expanding its overcrowded areas in a nine-years rebuilding plan.
In art, formalism describes the concept that the artistic merit of a work of art is completely established by its form, its medium, and its visual characteristics [1] . Formalism stresses on the elements of the works of art that include shape, color, texture and line while avoiding concepts of realism such as content and context. In the modern world, visual art has been very prominent. In visual art, formalism denotes a concept that puts forwards that everything required to understand a work of art is enclosed inside the work of art. Formalism is a method of understanding a work of art that reduces the importance of context in a work of art. In this paper, I intend to look at the Export to world project displayed at the Museum of Modern Arts (MoMA) in New York City and located in Ars Electronica in Linz, Austria. Formalism in the modern world has taken a huge leap and focuses on bringing virtual art and object into the real world. Unlike modeling natural objects that utilizes common paths and well-known tools, export to world shows that modeling man-made phenomena can be engaging and quite interesting. Export to the world is an artistic project that seeks to copy virtual objects from second life and export them to real world by converting them into paper craft models [2] . The project was created on behalf of Ars Electronica by Linda Kostowski and Sascha Pohflepp. Export to world aims at investigating the unclear separation between the virtual world and the real world. The project tries to bring to life the design and production of virtual objects into the real world for observation. In export to world, the form of the virtual object is of the main importance. At the shop in Ars Electronica in Linz, buyers can buy purchased or custom-made virtual objects that are exact replicas to those in the second life market. These real life representations of virtual merchandise are exact copies that even contain the flaws inherent in copying. When a buyer purchases a virtual object in Export to world, he is given a two dimensional paper representation of the virtual object which he can physically fit to form a three dimensional real life object on site [3] . In export to world, the real life object is usually forced to correspond point to point to the virtual object. The prominent examples used in Export to world are the Bubble gum machine and the television set. The bubble gum machine in second life contains several objects that are joined to form the final virtual merchandise. The most prominent section is the bubble gum glass container. In Export to world, this container is represented as a sphere embedded with several colors such as orange, yellow, red and blue. These colors give the illusion that the sphere is filled with bubble gum. The sphere is covered on the top by a red plate like object. The plate is not smooth but has rou