ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction The Cybercrime Prevention Act of the Philippines (RA 10175) is a highly controversial law that has a significant number of counterarguments. It was signed by the president in 2012 to guarantee a reliable legal environment for foreign businessmen and the protection of their data against being sold or stolen (Disini, 2012). The Act defines certain cybercrimes, increases penalties for committed and attempted cybercrimes, implicates punishment for all criminal participants and expands the Philippines’ jurisdiction (Disini, 2012). However, the Act receives substantial negative feedback from civil society; community leaders, journalists, and bloggers oppose the Act as it violates the norms of democracy (“We stand against the Cybercrime Prevention Act of 2012”, 2012). One of the most essential arguments against the RA 10175 is the statement that the Act introduces a severe punishment for libel. Claim’s Evidence Public protests against the Cybercrime Prevention Act are based on the statutory provision concerning the penalties for libel. According to this enactment, libel committed online is punishable by imprisonment for a term of twelve years (Guingona III, 2012). Despite the fact that this evidence is valid and secured by the law, the claim against this provision has several substantial logical reasons. First of all, the law does not give a distinct definition of libel crime and a person who may be accused (Guingona III, 2012). Theoretically, any person who post critical opinion against politicians, singers, actors, and other people, comment on the criticism, share it, or have a site and open it for other people to express their opinions is liable. Another logical argument of the claim against the Act is its unfairness and oppressiveness. This law
Introduction It is hard to imagine life without cars. Cars have formed an important part of our lives and the quality and power of the car one drives is used to define his/her standard of living. They have become a status symbol rather than their original intention as a means of transport. Cars provide an individualized and privatized means of transportation. The motor vehicles did not just rise in a single day but rather have evolved from the earliest models to the more sophisticated automobiles dominating our roads today. It has been a gradual process starting from when the wheel was first invented and through several other stages. This paper traces the stages through the history that the cars have undergone from the primitive carriages of the 1880s to the fast, complex, and comfortable vehicle that dominate our roads in the 21st century (Volti 1). The Invention of the Wheel This marked the infancy stage in the development of transportation known to us today. However, it is hard to know who or exactly when the wheel was invented but reports show that this may date back to more than 5000 years. The inspiration for the development of the wheel arose as people sought for easier and better means of moving things around. People had discovered that rounded objects could lessen the amount of effort needed if heavy things were placed over them and pushed along. The sledge was soon later incorporated as a means of moving things, it was recognized that when sledge was pulled on a smooth surface or on logs, the amount of energy needed to push it was reduced. The sledge was further improved by making grooves on the logs on which it was placed thus reducing the amount of friction between the logs and the sledge. This further lessened the amount of the effort needed and when the wood between the two inner grooves were cut, the wood that remained between the grooves now formed the axle. This type of sledge formed the first carts. The next natural thing that the inventors of the wheel did was to design the axle so that it could fit into the hole made in the centre of the wooden wheel. Further improvements on the axle were made to ensure that the axle remained static while the wheel was made to rotate on it. Further improvements on the design of the wheel were made in different parts of the world with an aim of fitting different purposes such as war chariots, racing carts, and freight wagons. The Age of the Horse Drawn Carriages During the first stages, the wheeled vehicles were pulled by people, oxen or horses but later the internal combustion engine were invented to replace ‘horse power’ as it was called then. The use of horses to pull the carriages allowed for the people to wield more power and to expand their territorial borders. The amount of pollution caused by horse wastes in European cities resulted in inventors looking for alternative forms of transportation. The Horseless Carriages and the Steam Engine Steam-powered vehicle came into being in the late 18th century but we
Introduction Many people including parents, engineers and other ‘proficient career’ people look down upon illustrators- artists and designers especially students who join colleges or other institutions to take this as a career. However, through the years, there is certain evidence that many illustrators are rich and great people in society. They have contributed tremendously to the social, political, emotional, economic aspects of the world. This therefore has given many of the young people; I included great motivation to venture into the field of Art and Design. Hence, challenging the world’s perspective on the same. The three major artists and designers The people I believe to be the three major artists and designers include Gavin Pledger of England (U.S.A), Laurie Rosenwald of California, and Thiery Doizon of United Kingdom. They have indeed been a great influence in my interest to art and design and have greatly contributed to the economic growth, political and social enhancement of their nations. The importance of these artists and designers Gavin Pledger is very influential to me because since he was young till now, he has displayed a very passionate and active involvement in Art and Design. He is a critical and creative thinker and also his talents and interests are widespread over a variety of fields including illustration, art, graphic design and architectural design. Through architecture, Gavin has learnt to view the physical and cultural world around him in a totally new way. He has obtained a variety of clients all around the world since he likes traveling and learning from others. Hence he is very universal in his style and always adapts to match any brief both in Art and design so as to ensure client satisfaction (Pledger, 2008). Laurie R
Introduction The emergence and extensive rise of digital technologies has widely enabled organisations and their consumers to interact and connect with one another through the internet platform. According to Deuze (2006, p. 68), utilisation of such has encouraged consumers to share their opinions, feelings and judgements of the products and services offered to their esteemed associations through the online platform with no much efforts. This has led to emergence of several online cultures as mediums for communication. In the use of online cultures, Yang (2003, p. 50) indicates that blogging is among the oldest and most traditional form, which started to emerge in the late twentieth century. Many authors have varied definitions of blogs due to its complexity. Technically, as Deuze (2006, p. 69) notes, blogs refer to websites that comprise of discrete entries, posts, or websites with contents written by a blogger. The contents are arranged in a reverse sequential order organised into categories. In the same way as noted, the advancement in technology has impelled a drastic shift in blog usage and concept development (Wright 2005, p. 7). In general, online culture can be categorised into several contents that include an individual’s personal views and news, advertising, and customer services, internal information sharing, insight in professional issues, knowledge management application, and civil engagement function. As cited in Rocamoran (2011, p. 409), just like other blogging, fashion blogging has exponentially grown across the globe (Denegri-Knott and Molesworth 2013, p. 57). Moreover, numerous researches assert that the fashion industry has many well-known and famous bloggers as compared to other industries such as politics, food, tourism and travel industries. Fashion bloggers, as empirical research indicates, can influence the industry either directly or indirectly. Furthermore, as Kuhn (2007, p. 20)
The health care facility wants to include two specially trained navigators to minimize the readmission rates in the hospital. These navigators will assist the patients to get early testing and diagnosis for cancer and other chronic ailments. The hospital gets Medicare reimbursements only if patients do not seek readmission within 30 days after discharge. The management expects the navigators to reduce the readmission rate from the current rate of 15% to 13% in the first year and to 10% thereafter. Therefore, the reduced readmission rate will enable the hospital to generate additional revenue from Medicare reimbursements. The budget assumes that the hospital will employ two navigators and two nursing assistants. These new hires will work full time for the first three years and will not have additional staff. The navigators will make at least 100 home visits per month using the hybrid car hired by the hospital. All expenses in the company will increase by 5% per year in line with the expected inflation rate in the period. The excess of Medicare savings over expenses will be the annual incremental cash flow for the hospital. The budget expresses the most likely outcome in the coming three years. However, the readmission rates could increase due to the increased disease burden among the elderly. Notably, unexpected occurrences such as pandemics and adverse weather patterns could worsen existing medical conditions, which would raise the readmission rate to unacceptably high levels. Such increases in Medicare reimbursement following the hiring of these navigators will plunge the program into monthly and annual losses. Conversely, the navigators could perform better than expected resulting in a lower readmission rate. This performance would result in more than anticipated income from Medicare reimbursements. Nonetheless, the budget used the most likely outcome based on historical estimates of navigator performance in other hospitals. I have strong confidence in the estimated performance both in the first twelve months and two years thereafter. I expect the hospital to report the projected or better performance in the budget period. However, some expenses could increase beyond the budgeted levels over the next three years. In addition, the Medicare scheme could reduce the number of days before readmission to keep up with high standards of medical practice. Reducing the number of days to less than 30 will reduce the hospital’s reimbursements significantly. Nevertheless, the chances of these occurrences are slim and the budget will most likely remain at its most likely level. The budget is flexible as it is adjusted for the expected fluctuations in volume. However, most of the budgeted costs such as salaries and transport expenses are fixed. The fixed costs do not change in response to higher Medicare reimbursements or higher number of home visits. Still, using a flexible budget will enable the hospital to identify the potential risks and make reasonable forecasts of the likely state of finances at the firm (Warren et al., 2016). In addition, this budget has more f
Nursing is an essential discipline for ensuring and maintaining the health and well-being of society members. The human organism and the processes that provide its functioning are considerably complicated. The knowledge needed for providing nurses’ services is extensive and requires scientific conceptualization. The nursing theory incorporates the field of study and corpus of ideas concerning the attitudes towards therapies to navigate specialists in their practice. The definition and purpose of nursing theory could be developed from the discipline description itself. According to Smith (2019), nursing is medical workers’ treatment of patients and caring for securing their health and wellness. In turn, theory usually suggests the scholar thought, a pattern towards some human issues, inventory for explaining certain phenomena. The nursing theory is a specific area of knowledge that concerns beliefs and suggestions that determine nursing function. Theories are based on empirical data converted into qualitative and quantitative research. Medicine workers use these data to improve the methods and systems of treatment. For example, the awareness of the effect of poverty on health may reduce the disparities in therapies prescribed to people. Nursers can choose between different possible treatment variants to deliver the most appropriate according to the economic state of a person. Thus, nursing theory helps physicians to understand the values and aims of medicine to provide practical support for the population. To conclude, the nursing theory is a compilation of academic though relevant for nursing practice. Scholars examine the method used by nurses and other medical workers to analyze their effectiveness and develop new treatment approaches. Nursing theory is necessary for the education of professionals in this sphere. The theory should determine the views of medical workers while their pursuits should be evaluated and reconsidered by scholars. Reference Smith, M. C. (2019). Nursing theories and nursing practice (Fifth ed.). F.A. Davis Company.
Millions migrate from their countries of origin to other countries in search of better opportunities. These individuals move from third world countries and travel to first world countries. They hope that they can earn enough funds to give them the kind of life they desire. Once they get to the first world countries, these individuals discover that there are many challenges related to relocating. Some of them end up doing odd jobs for a living. Such jobs include being security guards, nannies, errand boys, maids, and cooks among others. The situation is worse for women as some end up working in demeaning places such as brothels, clubs, spas, and other places. Others enter into marriage contracts with strangers for them to survive in those foreign lands. This paper reviews a book, Global Woman: Nannies, Maids, and Sex Workers in the New Economy, edited by Barbara Ehrenreich and Arlie Hochschild. This paper gives an overview of the themes used in the book and the policies proposed by the authors. It also analyzes the influence of globalization on the migration of women from third world countries to first world countries. Further, this paper provides a summary of the ideas presented in the book. The book under review consists of essays written by different authors working together with researchers. These researchers concentrate on the challenges faced by women in third world countries. Editors of this book provide a comprehensive and factual discussion on the issues under consideration. The authors assess the situation of third world female house cleaners, nurses, nannies, and sex workers working in first world countries. In addition, the authors of the essays give detailed accounts on issues of slavery, sex trade, and contract marriages. Further, the authors analyze the effects of issues surrounding these women to the economy. They analyze the benefits and losses that the giving and receiving countries bear because of these women. Editors bring out themes such as poverty, oppression, love, and suffering among other themes. They use many examples to expose the plight of these women (Ehrenreich and Hochschild, 2004). The love and gold essay by Arlie Russell concentrate on the plight of women who leave their countries to go to the US in search of a better life. Russell uses the example of Ruwena Batista, a mother of two, who left Philippines to work in the US. Russell documents that poverty forced Ruwena to travel to the US. Rowena left the Philippines when she was a university student. She left in search of work and adventure. In the course of her stay in the North, she met a Ghanaian man whom she fell in love with and later married. The two then went back to the Philippines with hopes of settling down. However, Rowena’s husband could not find a job in the Philippines. Therefore, he moved to Korea to look for a job. At first, things worked out well for Ruwena and her family. However, Rowena’s husband started fading away. He stopped helping and supporting Ruwena. Eventually, he disappear
Mobile Banking As the world globalizes various initiatives have been developed in the information sector to enable faster transfer of money from one person to the other by the use of mobile phones. As the use of wireless communication gains momentum, so have new developments in mobile commerce and mobile banking. Among the first development in mobile commerce was mobile banking (Routray, Sherry & Reddy, 2008). Mobile banking was developed in the year 1996 in the USA though its adoption rate has not been that encouraging. Mobile banking is often described as a channel through which customers interact with bank or to the service provider itself through a mobile device, for example, a mobile phone. In today’s bank system, business depends on building a wide client base and thus any new invention that is likely to increase the client base has been received at an encouraging rate. Discovery and adoption of new and better ways of service delivery to customers has improved economic development. As more and more people migrate to wireless communication from fixed communication, technology holds a huge potential of creating a new business platform as we shall see in mobile banking development. With people’s desire to operate their bank accounts without necessarily visiting the business premises, mobile banking (M- Banking) could not come at a better period than this. The various account operations that M- banking has enabled include but are not limited to:- checking of the balance, transacting money to other people, branch or ATM information, fund transfers and payments using mobile phones among others. Significance of the Development The mobile banking has had a dramatic effect on the poor in transforming their lives. It has been a major economic driver in Asia, Africa, and Latin America even in Europe due to its fast way of engaging in financial transactions without many limitations. Among the significant contribution of M-Banking is that it offers customers greater convenience and empowers them make sound banking decisions by providing them with adequate and reliable financial management tools through the handset at their place and time of pleasure. M-Banking also offers security to bank customers as they can conduct transactions in the place where they feel safe and with the technology advancements, which provide multiple ways of authentication; it is difficult for one’s bank details to be tracked by other people. The new development is also a time and cost saving mechanism for the banks that engage in the finance business due to the fact that integration of the different banking systems reduces costs on messages, maintenance, and deployment costs. Mobile banking also enables banks to offer the convenience of comprehensive ban
Introduction There is no doubt that the COVID-19 pandemic has negatively influenced the whole world. However, numerous countries have differently responded to the crisis, which resulted in various infection rates internationally. Spain is one of those European countries that have suffered from the problem more severely than others. Thus, the paper will highlight the essential variation in new COVID-19 cases in Spain and explain what factors have caused this fluctuation. The Spread of COVID-19 in Spain To begin with, one should mention that the virus has affected multiple Spaniards. The graph below depicts the number of new COVID-19 cases in Spain from March till September (Johns Hopkins University of Medicine n.d.). It is evident that there have been two waves of coronavirus in the country under consideration, and the first one was successfully overcome. That is why it is reasonable to start the analysis from determining why the coronavirus fiercely affected Spain at once. When many world countries were suffering from the COVID-19 pandemic, Spain was tranquil. According to Tremlett (2020), Madrid medical emergencies only expected a few coronavirus cases. That is why the government did not take any preventive measu
Introduction This is an argumentative report on Elizabeth Candy Stanton’s “Declaration of sentiments and resolutions”. In this report an argument is made on the effectiveness of the above speech. This is done by examining a number of factors including the historical and cultural context, the audience for which the speech was intended, and in general the kind of facts that the speech brought out. Background Information The best way to analyse this speech is by examining the historical and cultural context at the time the speech was made. This is accomplished below. Historical and Cultural Context The speech was made in 1948. Eight years earlier in 1940 Elizabeth Candy along with other women were subjected to a kind of discrimination in a major convention in London. This is an era when slavery was an order of the day. In the US, slavery was far from being abolished as it drove the economies of the states especially in the south. The issue of human rights was still a new term and surprisingly men, and in this case white men, were considered to be the only rational creatures. Women were treated as kids and therefore were not given rights as those that men possessed. Women were denied instruments of enlightenment such as pursuing courses in theology and law which were very significant in liberating them. Women therefore being ignorant accepted the positions that men degraded them to. The Declaration and Resolution The Arguments Elizabeth made very keen observations and presented them in a very logical way. She started her argument by claiming that all people are created equal and are entitled to “life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness” (Stanton 73). She further argued that governments are instituted with the purpose on ensuring that these rights are not violated. She believed that whenever a government is not able to protect these rights then it becomes irrelevant in the eyes of those who gave it the consent to govern. Having laid her foundation she knocks the nail on the head of the subject matter by pointing out how the government has allowed men to continuously trample on the rights of women. Stanton argued that men have never allowed women to participate in elective franchise. She argued against the notion of being subjected to rules whose formation they did not participate in. She argued that the most ignorant men were subjected to rights which women were denied. She viewed the isolation from the hall of legislation as the major way which men used to oppress women from all sides. She goes on to outline many ways in which men have oppressed women through legislation. She argued in manner that clearly depicted the kind of slavery that women were in: “He has monopolised nearly all the profitable employment, and from those she is permitted to follow, she receives but a scanty remuneration” (Stanton 74). She was very logical in her of arguing, for instance she pointed out that women are kept in darkness concerning their rights by being out rightly denied to know about them (their rights) by being denied college admission. She f