ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Family and school environments play an integral role in the socialization and overall growth of children. However, household and school-related factors may lead to aggressive and violent behaviors, such as bullying among young people. Considering the critical role of these environments in the socialization process, children may learn and imitate those negative social interactions. Although individual factors promote bullying perpetration, family and social environments also expose minors to negative social interactions, encouraging such behavior. This research paper examines risk factors of bullying among school goers. Individual variables, particularly empathy, are major risk factors of aggressive behaviors among young people. Del Rey et al. (2016) examined 564 high school students drawn from several coeducational institutions in Greece and Spain to establish whether empathy predicts the risk of bullying. Structured questionnaires and equation modeling were employed to gather and analyze data, respectively. The results of the investigation revealed participants who were less empathetic were more likely to be aggressive towards others. Girls and older students who were more empathetic exhibited a low risk of engagement in aggressive behaviors compared to male and younger students. Another survey of 9,512 German students confirmed these findings, which explored the prevalence and correlations of cyberbullying perpetration (Bergmann & Baier, 2018). Results of multilevel regression analyses revealed that 2.4% and 0.4% of the ninth-grade students had harassed someone on the Internet psychologically or sexually, respectively (Bergmann & Baier, 2018). Participants with low empathy scores, a history of victimization, and frequent exposure to violent media content exhibited a higher likelihood of perpetuating this behavior. This empirical evidence confirms the idea that empathy has a negative influence of aggression perpetration. The school environment is one of the primary arenas where children and young people learn aggressive behaviors. Mucherah et al. (2018) examined how the school climate and teachers’ sanctions against bullying relate to the risk of becoming a victim or perpetrator of bullying. 2,273 students from three public schools in Kenya filled a structured questionnaire. The results of their structural model analyses showed a direct relationship between a positive school climate and the risk of bullying and being bullied (Mucherah et al., 2018). Furthermore, the researchers found that teachers’ sanctions against aggressive behavior within the school environment reduced the risk of aggression perpetration and victimization. This empirical study contradicts previous research evidence showing that students in a boys’ school exhibited a low
Introduction In Punks, Bulldaggers, and Welfare Queens, the reader is introduced to the politics of racism in the United States. In general, the author, Cathy J. Cohen, considers the non-normative and marginalized position of the punks, bulldaggers, and welfare queens. Among other things, she looks at the concept of queer politics and how it relates to the problem of racism. To a large extent, the author is strongly opposed to the unfair treatment of others and wishes that things were different. Arguably, a new regime that is against oppression has to be established to protect the interests of the marginalized groups and to encourage diversity. Thoughts about the Author’s Argument, Method and Evidence According to the author, queer politics is not radical enough to address the challenge of dominance and oppression. Rather, it brings about an environment that promotes the rise of dominant institutions, which in turn hinder the creation of an all-inclusive atmosphere. Cohen examines how queer politics has failed and argues that it is important to create intersections to build an inclusive political system. The author thinks that a queer political system can only work if it seeks to alter the dominant political system which cuts across race, sexuality, and gender, among others. As a consequence, any queer political idea that does not consider issues of race, gender, sexuality, and class must be denounced. Based on Cohen’s argument, the best radical transformation can only come about by considering how the various sources of oppression and discrimination are interconnected. Ostensibly, little can be realized without looking at how each of these issues is connected to the problem of racism in the United States. By and large, the method used by the author involves referring to past writings of earlier authors on the subject of American politics. However, the author also points the reader to her life experiences. Evidence is thus mainly from the author’s experiences in life as well as from reviewed literature. Quote or Passage that Seemed Significant Even though so much emphasis has been placed on the concept of queer activism, the author is convinced that a radical and transformative approach to politics is not vested in the queer political theory. Instead, queer activism only serves to create what the author refers to as “hetero/queer” divide. The potential of queer politics lies in its ability to create a space that facilitates opposition to dominant norms. According to Cohen, the failure of queer politics to achieve the intended transformation is linked to the fact that the idea of queer activism is established around a dichotomy between the queer and individuals considered to be heterosexual. Possible Connections to American Studies A strong connection exists between the author’s argument and American studies. Historically, supremacy, race, and discrimination have dominated American politics for a very long time. As a result, it is the marginalized groups that are left to suffer. Minority groups have been sidelined in seve
The tea ceremony, popularly known as the Way of the Tea, is a traditional socialization activity in Japan that involved a ceremonial preparation and serving of green tea 1 . Tea ceremonies in Japan are divided into two main categories, depending on the size of the occasion. The first type of ceremony is the chakai, a simple event that involves the uptake of confectionary, thin-tea and sometimes a light meal 2 . The chakai usually lasts less than one hour. The other type of tea ceremony is known as the chaji , and it is a more elaborate and formal function compared to the chakai . It usually involves the serving of a full-course meal, which is then followed by confectionary, thick-tea and thin-tea. Because of their elaborate nature, chajis last a minimum of four hours. The procedure for the tea ceremony varies depending on the area, the timing and other elements. From this point onwards, the discussion shall analyze the Way of the Tea from the point of view of a chaji , the formal version of the ceremony. A formal chaji basically has one guest and five guests. In the ceremony, guests are should turn up some minutes, or even hours before the appointed time. They then enter the waiting area, where they hang any items they do not need such as coats. Here, the guests are given the tabi , the acceptable tea ceremony clothes. During this preparation phase, the guests are served hot water or roasted barley tea. Once they are ready, the guests are then directed to the waiting bench, located outside the area where the ceremony will be held. They sit in this area until the host invites them in for the ceremony. To summon the guests into the room where the ceremony is to be held, the host nods while facing the guests, who nod back as a sign of accepting the invitation. The guests then move to the purification area, where they wash their hands and rinse their mouths using a special blend of herbs before moving on to the tea house. Prior to entering the room where the ceremony is to be held, the guests have to remove their shoes. They then take position in order of prestige, and once the last guest has taken his seat, the guest is alerted by a particular sound. The host welcomes the guests before answering a specific question raised by one of the visitors. Once these formalities are done with, the coal used to heat the water for the tea is laid before the meal is served in a number of courses. After the meal, a small break is allowed and the host uses this interval to sweep the room and replace the scr
Introduction Robin Waterfield is a famous author and translator who gains recognition for his vital and historical masterpieces. The collection of his own well-known works is widened by his new translation of Xenophon’s Anabasis. In this book he managed to show the true life of Greek and Persian soldiers, to outline the peculiarities of an ancient battle, and to describe the nature of historical and political events of the epic time. Xenophon, a writer, and a philosopher tried to bring the dangerous expedition to life using special approaches which characterized that time. Robin Waterfield turned the author of the story into the hero and reflected the truth of the events, pitfalls of power, and flow of the history in his personality. Main body The expedition of Cyrus is one of the most outstanding classical Greek texts highlighting the dangerous alien world. It describes the events of the ten thousand epic march, an army headed by a young prince of Persia Cyrus. He started the rebellion against his brother Artaxerxes II, the King of Persia, in 401 BC in order to wrest the throne and conquer the empire. Cyrus never hesitated as to the power of his brother and was sure that he would not have conquered the empire without a cruel battle. The story tells about the progress the army made from Sardis and up to Turkey, then from the Syrian Desert to the places of Mesopotamia. The whole story consists of several books devoted to the particular events of the expedition. The first book reveals the detail of Cyrus’ death during the Cunaxa battle and at the hands of his brother leaving the army in the desert of Mesopotamia, a lot of thousands of miles from native places. Their long expedition described in other books of the story appeared to be one of the most thrilling, dangerous, and exciting adventures; the way the army made in order to see fringes of the Greek world was aimed at one common goal: to survive in the cruel ancient world. Obstacles met by the soldiers made readers feel and overcome all the emotions of that time. Xenophon has featured a special role in this story as a member of the army and a leader of the feat of arms. When the generals of the Greek army were killed by the Persians at the conference, Xenophon burst with the desire to head the army and led the soldiers to the native places of the Greek world. The sto
Introduction Every nation has a set of its traditional, unique characteristics that have formed on their territories historically through their development, enrichment of cultural heritage, self-realization, social, religious and spiritual reflections etc. These characteristics shape the cultural profile of the country that is discovered by its representatives and foreigners through architecture, literature, religion, social lifestyle and design. Hence, to understand the deeply-rooted philosophy governing the life in one or another country, one can explore its revelation in design and art. Japan is not an exception, and the design of houses, dressing, gardens and appliances etc. is also highly expressive from the point of view of the Orient culture, philosophy and religion. The Japanese are traditionally very close and respectful towards nature, long to harmony of all things in their physical and spiritual environment, which finds a direct reflection in their choice of materials, forms and trends of design. The social, political and religious implications also find a reflection in modern and traditional design styles. The history of Japanese design has much to offer for researchers. As Lipton and Clarke state, design is a social product changing with time, so it reflects major tendencies in social development in Japan within the course of the country’s history (Lipton and Clark 2000, p. 62). Following this idea, it is relevant to recollect the opinion of Sparke about the history of Japanese design researchable only from the late 19 th century when Japan finally opened its doors to international affairs, foreign guests and newcomers (Sparke 2009, p. 11). Japan was under the rule of Tokugawa shoguns during the whole Edo period, from 1602 to 1867. The Emperor’s return to power in 1868 marked opening the borders of Japan and resulted in the inevitable catch-up with the social, technological, economic and other achievements in the world. This rapid and uncontrollable process included intensive Westernization during which the Japanese managed to commercialize their deeply-rooted philosophy and culture, which was seen in the successful sales of decorative goods symbolizing the Japanese culture and made in the framework of the traditional Japanese design (tatami, kimono etc). In 1870s-1880s the Japanese traditional clothes, furniture and other elements of lifestyle were substituted by Western ones (Sparke 2009, p. 13). The 1920s witnessed the cultural move in design towards industrialization
Protection of Consumer Privacy The development of new information and communication technologies has had a tremendous impact on individual privacy as well as security. Although previously confined to paper records, personal information ranging from name, address, and telephone number data to sensitive financial, medical, and behavioral information, now exists in electronic form. Individuals routinely provide their personal details to businesses and employers online or through electronic transactions. In turn, companies use this information for analytics or marketing, and entities share the same information with a wide range of third parties (Horvath et al., 2009). The ease with which personal information is collected, used, and shared has significant benefits for consumers and businesses. This free flow of information increases convenience, facilitates transactions, enables sophisticated and targeted marketing and assists law enforcement. These benefits, however, are accompanied with challenges including the potential for a decrease in individual privacy, the possible spread of inaccurate or incomplete information, and the risk of identity theft among other crimes (Pitofsky et al., 1999). Advances in technology have also affected privacy and security in other ways. In particular, the Internet has made personal computers a gateway to an entire world of information. Key Developments in Privacy Protection The primary catalyst leading to policy discussions about information privacy protection has been technological change (Rule & Greenleaf, 2008). From the computerization of large data sets in the 1960s to computerized processing of all records in the 1970s to computerized searching of record systems in the 1980s to the online linkages and searching capabilities of the 1990s, information and communication technologies have provided the foundation for concerns about consumer privacy protection. However, this is not to say that other factors, most notably political events, interest groups, policy ideas, political climate, constitutional issues, and transnational activities have not played important roles in the development of consumer privacy protection. However, the initial trigger placing information privacy on the policy agenda has been and is likely to continue to be, technological change. Once on the agenda, privacy issues generally occupy a relatively low position until other forces or events help to elevate public interest (Rule & Greenleaf, 2008). Implementation In general, federal and state laws require entities to gather personal information about consumers to provide notice about how they collect, use, disclose, provide access to, and protect that information. Apparently, privacy policies are the most common vehicles for providing such notice. Many laws exist that require en
Medication Administration Safety The ultimate goal of healthcare practice is to deliver timely and safe medical support to patients. Nurse practitioners and pharmacists are equipped with appropriate skills to ensure high-quality care is available to the greatest number of people. Unfortunately, some challenges arise during the care delivery process. A good example is the occurrence of adverse drug events (ADEs). These are sentinel events associated with medication errors and interactions. The prescription of wrong drugs or incorrect quantities will amount to medication error. Professionals in medical practice believe that safety and accuracy throughout the prescription process can be improved using appropriate strategies. This presentation explains how measurement, technology, and teams can maximize medication administration safety. Topic Summary Medication errors are common in a wide range of healthcare settings. Experts in healthcare believe strongly that such events are caused by system or human factors. Errors during medicine administration can result in problems such as drug-to-drug interactions, prolonged stays, increased health costs, and poor patient outcomes (Bonkowski et al., 2013). The Institute of Medicine (IoM) has proposed specific practices and strategies that can be utilized to deal with these concerns. For instance, systems change, use of technology, education for pharmacists and nurses, teamwork, measurements, and care delivery improvement have been suggested to minimize medication errors. Measuring the Topic Since medication errors occur in different settings, theorists have presented a standardized measurement to assess how they occur. Some of the common approaches focus on the types of administration systems. Such models can be closed-loop, handwritten, or computerized (Parry, Barriball, & While, 2015). Measurement tools use three aspects to determine the nature of a given medication error. The first component is the interval between the start and the end time for prescribed drugs (Bonkowski et al., 2013). The second aspect is the variance of inter-dose intervals. The third feature is the proportion or quantity of drugs prescribed after a period of discontinuation (Parry et al., 2015). These components guide analysts to determine if there has been a change in medication. They can also identify any potential impact or threat. Charge nurses and managers can also consider the use of Regulatory Decision Pathway (RDP) models to identify the causes of medication errors and come up with improvements to maximize patient safety (Parry et al., 2015). This tool guides managers to identify the major human factors that might have led to a medication error. Punishments and improvements are c
Introduction It is imperative to note that “A Modest Proposal” is one of the most well-known satirical works by Jonathan Swift. The author provides a suggestion that would help to improve the economy of the country. The idea that poor children can be sold for food is quite shocking and could not be taken seriously. However, Swift wanted it to sound comprehensive and used numerous approaches to keep the attention of readers. It would be beneficial to analyze utilized writing techniques to get a better understanding of how he tries to convince the audience. Discussion The essay starts with a serious tone, and the author discusses critical issues that families had to deal with at that time, and one could think that it is an actual proposal. The first surprise is the solution to the problem that is listed. One could believe that the author would switch the style immediately once it has been revealed. However, he tries to sound humorless and does not change the style. The fact that he provides numbers and calculations is also intriguing and increases the comedic value of the work. He may mock some of the proposals that were made and absurdity of given solutions. Moreover, it is known that he published it anonymously to ensure that the reader is not aware of what to expect from this proposal. Another surprise is that the author has switched from one tone to another before the end of this piece. He addresses politicians directly by pointing out that it is their fault that such issues are present. He lists problems such as unfair treatment by landlords, incredibly high prices for rent. Also, he states that they are not protected from the outside environment and have nowhere to go. Furthermore, I have realized that Swift provides real solutions to the problem in this paragraph. He believes that the government should develop a broad range of policies that would improve the living conditions of these people. Also, he suggests that particular shelters should be available, so they do not have to sleep on the streets (Swift, 1729). The consumption of children can be viewed as a metaphor for oppression, and Swift pointed out that it was happening (Sayre, 2011). He changes the tone yet again in the final paragraph where he tries to appear completely innocent and states that he has no personal interests. It is necessary to note that such a surprise ending was not expected, and one could think that Swift is leading to a particular twist. However, he does not change the initial statement and achieves comedy through being serious about something that may not be regarded as reasonable. He criticizes approaches utilized by politicians and suggests that they are not interested in resolving this problem. Conclusion In conclusion, it is possible to state that the author has managed to ensure that the readers accept the surprise ending. It was not what I expected because I thought that Swift would continue to pressure politicians and would reveal that the idea to eat children was a joke in the end. However, he changes the tone masterfully and ends the piece with memorable lines. Overall, it is possible to interpret this essa
High-quality education enhances the expertise and skills needed in the job market. It gives both the rich and the poor equal opportunities in society. However, in Africa, the standard of education is a subject that has elicited debates over the years, hence warranting the need for further discussions. Education exclusion is an enormous issue in the continent, making some elites desire to establish private schools for their children (World Bank Group, 2018). Therefore, if the recommendations are implemented, it is possible to overcome the issues. Some wealthy Africans seek better education abroad since their countries’ public schools are in deplorable conditions. For instance, average class sizes exceed 70 pupils in Malawi, Tanzania, and the Central African Republic (Bowne et al., 2017). According to Tchamyou (2020), the study of school enrollments between 1996 and 2014 revealed that 20% of African children aged 6 to 11 years and 33% aged 12 to 14 are out of school. Ilie and Rose (2016) who conducted a study in 2015 for UNESCO reveal that the number of primary-aged children out of school in Africa accounts for over 50% of the global total. The 2015’s research by Ilie and Rose (2016) further indicates that young men are more likely to attend higher education than young women in Africa. Studies conducted in 2015 and 2017 by Hakura et al. (2016) and Musau (2018) respectively, indicate that the higher education enrolment is 4% in Africa, due to the high cost of education. The main concern is to address how African learners can access education from other regions after going through their basic training, which is paid for by the government and supplemented by parents. The training of educators is one other issue affecting education quality in Africa. Based on the UNESCO Institute of Statistics of 2020, as conducted by Raikes et al. (2020), only 25% of pre-primary teachers and 50% of secondary school educators are trained. Raikes et al. (2020) further indicate that education exclusion among girls aged 6 to 11 is at 23% compared to 19% among boys and 36% and 32% among adolescent girls and boys. Therefore, through UNESCO records on the percentage of school enrollments, this study will analyze the quality of admission in African schools to examine the reasons for dropouts, including economic factors, early pregnancies, drug use, and political and other social issues. I will make recommendat