ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction The nature of work for public administrators requires them to uphold ethics. Rohr (429) believes that they perform their duties for the good of the public. Democracy is believed to be the foundation of the bureaucratic ethics. This paper will analyze the argument that democratic government is the foundation of bureaucratic ethics Foundations of Bureaucratic Ethics Rohr (70) argues that the constitution should be the guiding tool for bureaucrats when considering ethics in their line of duty. While comparing the public administrators in the United States and those in France, he notes that the public administrator can base their decision making on the constitution of the country. The constitution legitimizes the office of the administrator hence their actions would be justified if they are supported by the constitution. Public administrators in a democracy have the responsibility of ensuring that the constitution is followed as pointed out by Rohr (70). Democracy promotes justice and equality as well as freedom which the citizens should enjoy. Democracy can therefore be identified as the origin of bureaucratic ethics as it protects justice and equality. The administrators are therefore obligated to be ethical hence they become democratic. Koffsky (235) mentions that the constitution alone may contain all the moral obligations that a public administrator is required to uphold but it does not guarantee that it will be followed. This is because other qualities such as kindheartedness and selflessness may be needed in addition to the ethics. In order to maintain power in a democracy, the bureaucrat may have to obse
Spanking has been a method of disciplining children in China for quite some time because it is believed that it is the best approach to educate a child. It involves intentionally inducing temporary pain to the buttocks of a child using the hand (Ferguson 196). There are other forms of spanking where parents use other objects to inflict the pain. At this point, it is referred to as corporal punishment that has globally been identified as child abuse. In most countries, child abuse is considered violent because it involves physical punishment that results to pain. As such, both spanking and violence are forms of child abuse because they are administered with the sole aim of inflicting pain to the child (Straus 7). The major difference between spanking and violence is that spanking does not lead to physical injuries as in case of aggression. Therefore, the act of spanking children is a method of teaching children to become aggressive and should not be allowed (Straus 7). This paper will discuss the reasons why spanking should not be allowed. Young children learn how to handle conflicts in life through the association with their parents. Research has shown that parents who spank their children affect their conflict resolution behavior because such children become hostile (Taylor 57). For example, I grew up in a family where my mother based her discipline method on spanking. This was normal until I became used to it as a way of life. Every day I would expect to be hit because I liked playing with the neighbors’ children something my mother had forbidden me from doing. On several occasions I would also do the same to my younger sister when we had been left alone. As if this was not enough, every day I had a fighting case at school because I would strike anybody who appeared junior than me whenever they wronged me. Ever since, I have solved my issues through cruelty. This proves that children brought up in families that practice spanking became vicious in the future. Therefore, spanking should not be allowed in children. Most parents take spanking as a right because the same was administered to them when they were young. Supporters of the act claim that it enables a child to grow and learn to behave in a proper manner. This is not the case because it does not allow a child to understand why he or she is spanked in the first place (Straus 10). My experience when I was a young boy supports the fact that this act does not facilitate learning, but it instills a sense of fear. One day I wanted to touch a stove while my mother was preparing tea in the morning. I had seen her touch the stove several times and I wanted to feel it too. My mother slapped me immediately as I attempted to do it. Since that day I have never wished to touch the hot stove although I wondered why I was not allowed. As I grew up I learned that the stove was hot and it would have burnt my hand something my mother never told me. Therefor
There is a variety of sub-fields in psychology and the specialists engaged in them, accordingly. They differ depending on the skills one needs to have in order to perform regular tasks successfully. One of these careers is counseling, and it requires an employee to focus on a client’s culture, environment, and other personal characteristics (American Psychological Association, 2011). Therefore, the work of a counselor in psychology seems to be one of the most appealing options from the perspective of professional growth. The interest in the mentioned occupation can be explained by a diverse nature of duties and the requirement to possess numerous skills and abilities. According to the description provided in the guide, these specialists should assist clients in coping with emerging issues in order to avoid a negative outcome (American Psychological Association, 2011). Meanwhile, they should also be able to consider the differences between people, such as their race or religion, and examine the influence of society on individuals to provide high-quality care (American Psychological Association, 2011). The success of a person in this challenging role is significantly conditional upon their desire to learn, which means that the process of acquiring new information continuously accompanies the work. Even though processing all these data is not easy, and one cannot possibly remember all the details regarding cultural characteristics or spiritual factors, this circumstance makes the job attractive. In conclusion, being a counseling psychologist is not an easy task because it requires the presence of various skills and comprehensive knowledge. One can become a high-quality specialist in this area only if they are oriented on constant self-development. Thus, the choice of a counselor is defined by the fact that pursuing this occupation provides opportunities for growth and allows learning more about people from different backgrounds. American Psychological Association. (2011). Careers in psychology . Web.
Introduction Color is a mark that gives the expression of anything that is seen by our physical eyes. In the ancient times, color was used to pass a message to the public since this was the only way people could express their identity due to lack of some factors like education. Color means a lot many people. Some colors are used to pass across messages to the public hence making it one of the most important marks in life. According to me, color plays a great role in displaying my personality. Wearing a fabric that has my favorite color makes me feel complete. Anytime I fail to display my favorite color, I always feel incomplete. Color in general is the outlook of something that conveys a message to the viewers. A particular color can be used to carry across a certain message or have a specific meaning. An example is the red color, which for a long time has been used to symbolize different occurrences in life. One particular thing that the red color red is associated with is demonstrating emotions. It is for this reason that you find red color used in places like restaurants as it is perceived to motivate and add appetite to people. Red color is also associated with showing affection. People associate red color with love hence the reason why many roses are red. It is also associated with war and therefore you find red color used to simplify the blood shed during times of war. Since human blood is in this color, we can confidently say that red depicts procreation. In many cultures, red color is really recognized by some people as they believe that red is power. For this reason, they grant their celebrities and VIPs anything red as a symbol of honor. This color also stands for hazard and emergency and therefore you find it used by drivers for stop lights. These red lights bring about awareness and observant to the drivers incase of any danger. In other cultures, red is used to stand for joy, donate transparency, and merriment. Red color brings about joy and prosperity in various countries like China. The Chinese people therefore put the color in some places to depict good luck. Red is frequently the color for the brides in the East as well as a color for mourners in South Africa. A red flag was als
The Federal Democratic Republic of India and the Federal Republic of Russia both have an Executive as well as Legislative Branches The Executive of both countries are similar in 3 ways. Firstly, it is split between the Head of State and Head of Government . Secondly, the President has the power to dissolve the Legislative Branch. Thirdly, the President is elected on basis of endorsement by the majority party in the Lower House of the Legislative Branch. The Legislative Branches of both nations are similar in 3 ways. Firstly, they have two houses . Secondly, the representatives of the Lower House are elected directly by the people, while the members of the Upper House are regional officials indirectly elected. Lastly, the majority party in the Lower House is headed by the Prime Minister. The similarities end here The first difference is that the powers of the Legislatures of both countries are vastly different. The Russian Lower House is traditionally loyal to the Kremlin and enjoys little autonomy. Prime Minister Vladimir Putin is the leader of the United Russia Party that holds a majority 315 of total 450 seats in the Lower House (Bennett). The powers and functions of the Prime Minister and Legislative Branch are limited to mainly official endorsement of Presidential decisions. For example, the Presidential nominations for judges at various levels of the judiciary are sent to Upper House for official confirmation, while Presidential nomination for the Chairman of the Central Bank is sent to the Lower House (Kremlin). The Indian Lower House of Legislature is the core that handles administration supervision, budget allocation and discussion of matters such as public problems, development planning, global relationships and national strategies. While all legislation relating to the above must be approved by both Houses, the will of the Lower House prevails in nearly all legislative policies. Moreover, the Council of Ministers that includes the Prime Minister and Cabinet is subject to the authority of the Lower House (India.gov.in). The second difference is that the Chief Executive of Russia is the President while the Chief Executive of India is the Prime Minister. While power in both nations is split between the Head of State and Head of Government , in case of Russia the bulk of such power rests with the President while in the case of India the bulk of such power rests with the Prime Minister. Power in Russia is mainly centralized in the President and Presidential Administration in the Kremlin. The Russian President and the Presidential Administration in the Kremlin directs matters of domestic and foreign policy (Bennett). The Russian Constitution states: “The President of the Russian Federation shall ensure the concerted functioning and interaction of all bodies of state power.” The Russian President’s overall role is that of a guarantor of the Constitution and the entire network of Russian law. The President is responsible for the set up of a uniform and stable network of state power and its proper working of independent branches, one of which is the Legislature. The President has the
Tactics Used by Early Colonist The early colonists in the United States used to divide and rule as one of the basic military strategies to conquer the Native American opponents. Through Christianity brought by the early explorers and missionaries, the colonists were able to convert a number of Native Americans who they installed as village rulers. The colonists used these converts to understand the plans of the local rebels and to organize surprise attacks on them which had devastating consequences. They always knew the plans of their opponents hence they could easily strike them before they could organize an offensive (Lovern and Locust 79). The biggest strength of this strategy was that the colonists were always ahead of their Native American rivals in war planning. They infiltrated the camps of the Native Americans and knew all their planned activities well in advance. On the other hand, the Native Americans knew nothing about the military plans of the colonists hence they were always unaware when the enemy would strike (Kalayjian and Eugene 113). This strategy also helped the colonists to determine the size and strength of their enemy. This way, they were able to make necessary preparations to attack the enemy or defend their camp. The main weakness of this tactic was that in some regions it failed to work. Not all the locals were willing to help the settlers to fight Native Americans. Some considered this a betrayal of their own people, hence opted to die instead of helping the colonists. Tucker says that in some cases, the natives acted as a spy to the Native American army instead of being a reliable informer to the colonists (19). Native American Military Practices The Native Americans had their own military practices that helped them protect their territory from the intruders. Guerrilla warfare was one of the most popular strategies that they used, especially to fight the White settlers (Tucker, Arnold, and Wiener 56). This strategy was effective in their political and cultural environment given that the settlers had superior weapons. Engaging the settlers in direct combat was dangerous to the Native Americans hence they employed this strategy as a way of inhibiting the settlers’ ability to conquer their land. Although the Native Americans failed to stop the settlers from taking over their land and imposing their rule on the locals, the strategy complicated the administration of the colony by the settlers.
Abstract The objective of this paper is to provide a brief legal analysis of the United States Constitution from the point of criminal procedure regulation. The analysis is supported by the description of several pivotal appeal cases. The appellate case decisions, included in the paper, explain the historical evolution of procedural doctrines. The view of the role of the judiciary and the rule of law in society is also provided in the paper. Introduction The judicial system plays an important part in administering justice and governing the constitutional rights of US citizens. In order to ensure that all stages of the case processing are conducted without prejudice, a number of laws were established to govern the criminal procedure. Criminal procedure is a term that describes the broad set of rules overseeing the processing of a criminal case (Ingram, 2008). These rules are outlined in several sources of law including the US constitution. The US constitution establishes the basic rules regarding case processing, outlines pre-trial and trial procedures, the role of Jury and a Grand Jury, safeguards the rights of the convicted, and covers such issues as double jeopardy and the death penalty. Provisions that regard the law of criminal procedure are mainly outlined in Amendments IV to VII. In addition, Amendment XIV establishes that no person can be deprived “of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law” ( The Constitution of the United States , amend. XIV). The provisions affect federal courts in their entirety, and only fundamental rights are protected by these provisions in state courts. One of these fundamental rights is the right to be free of unreasonable searches and seizures which is outlined in the Fourth Amendment. In Mapp v. Ohio appeal case the Supreme Court established that if evidence was gathered in violation of the US constitution, it is considered inadmissible ( Mapp v. Ohio , 1961, par. 1). Another fundamental right is the defendant’s understating of their rights to remain silent, which is outlined in the Fifth and Sixth Amendments as the privilege against self-incrimination ( The Constitution of the United States , amend. V; The Constitution of the United States , amend. VI). In Miranda v. Arizona appeal case, it was established that the police must warn the defendant about their rights before questioning ( Miranda v. Arizona ,1966, par. 2). These court cases provide insight into the evolution of law. The Supreme Court, in particular, has shown to provide procedural history. The rulings of these cases directly affected the way the criminal law was enacted in the following years. This highlights a dynamic dimensionality of procedural doctrines, as the Supreme Court rulings changed the way the judicial system administered justice (Ho & Ross, 2010, p. 650). The law is responding to the changing ideas and infuses the old and the new, thus allowing our society to progress. The judiciary, or the system which oversees delivering justice, plays a pivotal role in a democratic society (Piersol, 2007, p. 444). A democratic society relies on the
The Lost Socks product may attract a high demand in the market, especially during winter. It is a persuasive innovation which is expected to be affordable to most shoppers. The fact that Lost Socks is a new entrant in the market explains why it should be priced lower than the competing substitutes. The following section of the essay explores a comprehensive competitor analysis, including direct and indirect competitor forces and the impact of substitute products for the new product. To begin with, the Lost Socks is highly likely to encounter the threat of substitutes in the market. Needless to say, there are a number of substitute products in the market that have been manufactured with the sole purpose of providing warmth during the cold seasons. In addition, companies that manufacture sweat pants like the Lost Socks are keen to capture the market in order to boost sales. Hence, consumers have the option of buying either Lost Socks or other substitute sweat pants from competing for market rivals (Fahey 2002, p.5). According to Porter’s Five forces, competition intensity is mainly enhanced when substitutes threaten the existence and profitability of rival companies (Porter 1998, p.76). In the case of the Lost Socks product, stiff market competition in the production and marketing of sweat pants is expected to be a major barrier to entry. However, the manufacturer can counter this threat by offering a competitive price that is lower than that of the competitors. The bargaining power of consumers is also another market factor that will propel the pace of competition in the process of marketing the Lost Socks product. If the product is of high quality and also designed with the tastes and preferences of buyers in mind, the seller will have a better bargaining ability compared to that of the buyers (Levis & Papageorgiou 2007, p.551). At this point, it is prudent to mention that demand is mainly driven by the tastes and preferences of consumers. In addition, the willingness and ability of consumers to make purchases are vital in the entire cycle of competition. The demand for the Lost Socks product can be triggered through a versatile marketing campaign. For example, the manufacturer can use the launching date of the product as a viable marketing opportunity. Other market rivals who deal in the same line of the product have already created various demand appeals for their targeted markets. The manufacturer of the Lost Socks sweatpant can also manage the stiff market competition by deploying various effective channels of distribution. As a new entrant into the market, the Lost Socks product does not have any known distribution network (Porter 1998, p.80). Unless the new product is transported and made available to buyers, the competitive ability of the company will be hampered. In the process of seeking and adopting strategic channels of distribution, the manufacturer should also consider the bargaining ability of suppliers. Affordable and effective channels of distributio
Final Paper Outline In the final work, the nature and methods of resolving conflicts will be considered on a concrete example of an organizational conflict that has arisen during the working relationships. According to Cahn and Abigail (2007), conflicts can range from neglect and unhappy relationships to physical aggression and interpersonal violence. Accordingly, different approaches and solutions are required for various types. Organizational conflicts, as a rule, are associated with the violation of efficiency and productivity of the employees’ work, as well as with the reduction of corporate morale. This paper will defend the thesis that when conflict resolution, including arbitration and mediation, is well established, it can turn into a positive phenomenon with the opposite effect. Cause of Conflict and the Ambivalence of Its Effects According to Cooper et al. (2008), stressors such as conflicts are predominantly “detrimental to job performance,” but at the same time, “different stressors tend to have differential relationships with performance” (p. 255). Conflicts have various sources of occurrence due to both internal psychological and external organizational reasons. Confrontations are usually regarded as a negative phenomenon, although it has been proven that productive conflicts can invest in the efficiency and coherence of the working team. The final paper will include a description of the reasons why the conflict occurs and a theoretical part devoted to the corresponding mechanism. Besides, the emergence of a specific organizational conflict and the behavior of its participants will be described and analyzed. An attempt will be made to identify particular patterns of conflict situations occurring. The positive and negative effects of conflict situations will be considered both in the theoretical review and in the case study. Communication Techniques Cahn and Abigail (2007) state that when determining the appropriate methods, communication considerations such as place, other people, needs, and goals should be taken into account. Communication is an environment for the emergence and flow of conflicts between people. However, communication techniques help to resolve dysfunctional disputes and create a fruitful ground for conducting productive ones. In order to ensure that these techniques are effective in transforming a dysfunctional conflict into a productive confrontation, several factors indicated by the authors should be considered. (Cahn & Abigail, 2007). The paper will illustrate this approach in a specific example with organizational conflict. Workplace Conflicts and How to Resolve Them According to Hartman and Crume (2007), “mediation focuses on altering the language used during the conflict process and discovering alternative ways for presenting ideas” (p. 138). Mediation and arbitration are special conflict resolution procedures that are applicable both in the work environment and in the practice of international arbitration court