ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction It is worth noting that MTV is a channel that was created in order to broadcast music videos. In the early years, its target viewers were teenagers and young people interested in music; however, gradually, the channel won a wider audience (Kooijman 96). The purpose of this paper is to discuss the original models that could have been employed by the track and artists who benefited from the music video genre. Discussion Notably, the idea behind creating MTV was linked to the need to introduce a music specialty channel. Therefore, the creators wanted to develop a music channel concept that would be implemented for cable television. Initially, there were two approaches that were elaborated by the producers in the planning stages. The first one was connected to the idea of showing promotional videos that would be created by record labels (Covach 406). The second model implied that the channel would study and demonstrate to the audience the creative aspects of this environment. Michael Nesmith was the person who advocated for the latter idea. It should be noted that the first model won out but, gradually, the two concepts were merged in music videos, and they turned into a product that combined the elements of promotional videos and other aspects of the medium. Michael Jackson was an artist who benefited greatly from the national exposure and also contributed to the music video genre development to a great degree. Initially, the channel was reluctant to play the artist’s video “Billie Jean”, but when they finally decided to air it, it was a tremendous success (Covach 407). Importantly, this cooperation also made the network more popular, and the channel became a platform for breaking hit records. Michael Jackson’s videos and music, in general, promoted tracks driven by a strong beat accompanied by groove built on bass and drums and that had roots in black pop and disco (Jefferson 17). However, Michael Jackson not only contributed to the development of the genre but also became the biggest star in popular music. He sold millions of records of such works as “Beat It,” “Thriller,” and many other songs and won multiple awards. Madonna is another artist who benefited greatly from the music video genre since many of her works depended on the visual aspect as much as on the sound. Her songs such as “Like a Virgin” and “Material Girl” became chart hits. Notably, Madonna was not only a star but also a significant influencer in the industry. Her music and videos raised such vital issues as sexual conduct, roles of women, spirituality, and many other essential topics, which had a tremendous impact on society and other artists (Shaffer 46). Prince was also a 1980’s artist who became a star along with Michael Jackson and Madonna. His music was inspired by black pop and funk, and video exposure allowed him to advance the rhythm and blues market (Jeffries and Cochran 294). His song “Let’s Go Crazy”, as well as many other works, was immensely successful. This artist often played many instruments and combined pop sensibility with funk grooves. Concluding Points Thus, it can be concluded that MTV
Introduction In literature, narrators serve as the voices of the story who tell it to the readers. Often, narrators are confused with the authors of literary works, which is incorrect. In many cases, the author and the narrator are not the same person. Commonly, the main protagonist of the story acts as the narrator. In that way, the perspective of this character is taken as the most important even though the perception and views of this person may be biased or flawed. Consequently, this kind of a narrator is regarded as unreliable as their judgments are not objective and can be affected by a variety of factors. In the stories of Edgar Allan Poe, many narrators can be characterized as unreliable due to their biased perceptions and clouded judgment. By reviewing and comparing several narrators from Poe’s short stories, it is possible to conclude that the narrator in The Pit and the Pendulum is unreliable due to his delusional state of mind, a high level of stress, and poor health. Reliable and Unreliable Narrators In literature, narrators can be reliable or unreliable. The term “unreliable narrator” was first introduced by Wayne Booth who described the unreliability of a narrator as based on the differences between the views of the speaker in the story and the reader (Olson 93). Most often, it is up to the reader to decide whether or not judgments and thought processes of a particular narrator can be trusted. Practically, readers are the ones to determine how they feel about the narrator (Nünning 83-85). It can happen that the same narrator would seem completely reliable to one reader and quite the opposite – to another. Furthermore, a reader who perceived the narrator as a reliable speaker is more likely to take their statements and conclusions for granted without questioning them. At the same time, a reader who deems the narrator unreliable will question their actions and even the course of the story itself. With an unreliable narrator, the reader is welcome to become an active participant in the story helping to decipher its message, meaning, and course of events because the narrator is unable to do it (Monnet n.p.). Narrators in Edgar Allan Poe’s Stories The Pit and the Pendulum In The Pit and the Pendulum , the unreliability of the narrator can be noticed starting from the first lines as he says, “I was sick—sick unto death with that long agony; and when they at length unbound me, and I was permitted to sit, I felt that my senses were leaving me” (Poe 3). In this statement, the readers are informed about the delusional state of the narrator who underwent a torturous and shocking experience. By pointing out that his senses left him, the narrator emphasizes that his perception could not be trusted. Further, the narrator adds to his unreliability by describing a brief series of hallucinations. At first, he saw the candles on the table as “white slender angels”, and then his ailed imagination turned them into “meaningless spectres, with heads of fla
Introduction In very business activity there is always an act of succession that is initiated by the business owners, organization’s board of directors or the organization’s management (Carver & Oliver, 2002). The succession may take several forms or be triggered by quite number of reasons. For instance there might arise a need to change the existing staff to get more efficient ones or the desire to change the operations of a business entity. Whatever the reason or nature of succession the outcome is always a success or failure. It becomes so disappointing when a business entity initiates plans to make adjustments for the company and the ultimate outcome turns out to be a dilemma for the organization. More disappointing is when the most reliable employees of an organization leave an organization due to the reasons that could be controlled by the management of the company or measures that could have been taken in advance were not taken. Successful business organizations look into employees’ welfare more importantly and determine what they want from the organization for them to perform better. In addition, the appropriate strategies are formulated and implemented that can increase the firm’s competitive advantage in the market as well meeting the employees’ needs to retain them in their organization (Handy, 1985). Our case study here is the Tiverton media company that has spent substantial amounts of money in management, development and succession process. However, what it has received is a shock since after all these huge expenditures the heirs have left the company. Situation analysis of Tiverton Media Company Tiverton Company has had reputable image and excellent progress since it was formed under its competent Chief Executive Officer, Norman Windom. Operating in the media industry, a very challenging environment and characterized by stiff competition due to emerging technology and changing consumer needs, the company has successfully maintained its competitive position and secured itself a large share in the market (Ashforth & Humphrey, 1995). As a matter of fact the company’s progress or success cannot be compared with its failures. It has achieved a lot since it was founded and increased its marketing outlets through the expertise of its marketing personnel. The sudden misfortune befalling the company came as a surprise since no body expected such a successful company like Tiverton to receive such a huge dilemma. The company was making huge profits since even after investing $7 billion in a certain show that was linked to one of the Tiverton’s client, the company admits that the profits it were likely to make were so negligible compared to the company’s profitability. The company’s success is primarily attributed to its highly skilled, experienced and knowledgeable staff. The leading and most famous artists are associated with Tiverton and this is one of the reasons that the company has been able to meet customer expectations over the years. Better understanding of the field an employee is working in is good for the betterment of the organization he/she ser
Introduction Maritime piracy is one of the main issues of international security in the contemporary times. The cost of piracy is estimated to have surpassed the $15 billion per year. Piracy poses a great threat to global trade. It increases the prices of goods because most of the goods and services are transported to other regions of the world through the ocean. It is important to initiate criminal and legal procedures to help in curbing maritime piracy. In this paper, it is argued that most of the steps that are being taken to deal with the issue of maritime piracy are preventative in nature. The steps are taken by individual shipping companies. This paper explores the problem of maritime piracy. Of greater focus in the paper is the exploration of the underlying issues as far as the escalation of sea piracy cases and the control of sea piracy are concerned. The paper begins with the presentation of an overview of piracy, after which the critical developments and international policy and legal considerations concerning piracy are presented. Understanding maritime piracy The problem of maritime piracy is a fairly recent issue in international relations. However, Andersen, Brockman-Hawe and Goff (2009) observe that the problem of maritime piracy if far much older, thereby making maritime piracy as one of the oldest crimes within the realms of international criminal justice system. Issues of piracy can be traced back to the 6 th century with the cases of the Thracian pirates and later the 13 th century with the case of the Japanese Woku. However, the problem of piracy had disappeared from the history of international security until near the end of the 20 th century when such cases re-emerged in many other regions of the world with full force. Maritime piracy gained prominence in the last decade of the 20 th century, with its course taking root in the early years of the 21 st century. According to Struett, Nance and Armstrong (2013), maritime piracy is classified as an issue of international or global security because of the causative factors and its resultant effects on global integration and connectedness through trade. One of the reasons why sea piracy is classified as an issue of global security is that it often occurs in marine territories that have lapses in security (Andersen, Brockman-Hawe & Goff, 2009) There have been a lot of cases of sea piracy over the past ten years, especially along the Gulf of Eden. This has put Somalia at the centre of the problem. According to Struett, Nance and Armstrong (2013), the period between 2006 and 2010 saw a double rise in the number of maritime piracy. At least more than one incidence of sea piracy was reported each year during the mentioned period. In other words, the failure of the Somalia government to establish the state of lawfulness and control makes the country a haven of lawlessness acts, among them
The dominance and the authority of the US are undeniable. Even after the recent slump, the US is still one of the most powerful countries in the world. The top-notch technology available in country sets it apart from the rest of the countries. This paper will explore the metamorphosis of the US and how the country became a super power during 1890-1920. Before 1890 the US officials and the other influential people were very content and satisfied with the position of their country but all of a sudden a wave just swept aside the nation and the people thought that they should start showing their dominance on the world arena. The US started venturing into the never ventured phenomena of conquering other nations. The Caribbean and the Central America were the first destinations that lured the US officials and also set them on a spree of world dominance. The Spanish-American war gave a major boost to the US and made them believe even more that they were good enough to conquer more countries. This period is also called as the progressive era by many people because the US made steady progress during this time. Several good changes took place during this time like the emancipation of women; women fought for their rights and got freedom to vote hence displaying democracy in the US. “In 1890, Susan B. Anthony joined with younger leaders in forming the National American Women Suffrage Association (NAWSA). New leaders, particularly Carrie Chapman Cattand Alice Paul, came to the forefront of the movement after 1910, revitalizing it. They developed a six-year plan with a red-hot campaign in every state. By 1917, NAWSA had 2 million members” (America, 2009). The participation of the US in the First World War gave ample opportunities to women to take up several jobs previously occupied by men; the men were all freed up from these jobs in order to enable them to participate in the war. The women played a pivotal role in the development of the US during war; they joined hands and effectively completed the tasks performed by men. “In 1919, Congress finally proposed an amendment granting women suffrage. The Nineteenth Amendment was ratified by the thirty-sixth state necessary, Tennessee, in August of 1920. It was the last major reform of the Progressive era. Theodor Roosevelt transformed the US into a more powerful and beautiful country. The citied in the country were given a complete makeover and the new cities could hardly be recognized. A group of writers by the name Muckrakers created an urge for progressiveness and the same motivated the people to get behind the influential people. The US got involved in the First World War and the country greatly profited from the same. The urge to dominate the other weaker countries motivated the US to attack and conquer the other smaller countries, a policy that US still deploys. Hence to conclude, it is very fair to say that all the factors that made the US a superpower have been discussed in this paper. Works Cited America. In E Notes.
Today, the U.S. is the largest energy consumer and importer in the world. According to Klare, three factors play significant role in U.S. foreign policy: energy, environment and the world economy (2009, p. 48). As the country addicted to oil, the U.S. has to develop the new ways of its production and supply from the different regions; therefore, the U.S. foreign and military policies are driven by the increasing needs for oil. The modern economy cannot develop without an appropriate supply of energy. Therefore, the international relations are directed by the problems of oil demands and its supply. According to Farrell et al., “the theme of energy infrastructure and security appears in more general studies of national security and warfare” (p. 3). The following steps had been taken by the U.S. government in order to secure energy facilities and supplies and global oil chokepoints around the world. An understanding of significance of energy supply caused the attempt to destroy the German and Japanese energy infrastructures during the World War II. As the country consumed about 1/3 of the total oil reserve during the World War II, the government had to find another sources. In 1945, President Roosevelt offered Saudi Arabia the help of the U.S. forces in return of the Saudi oil (Klare, 2008). During the Cold War, the major forces of the United States and the Soviet Union were focused on the nuclear energy system’s development. At the same period, both countries wanted to prevent a large-scale nuclear war. The government had to be ready to rebuild the economy after the possible damages. Thus, “many electricity generators were expected to survive an urban-focused strike, but transmission system were expected to be largely destroyed, as were petroleum refining and shipping facilities” (Farrell et al., p. 3). In order to protect the energy infrastructure, the scientists developed measures which should be used in critical situation. Energy system as the most vulnerable sector had to be protected, including the protection of all infrastructural elements such as plants, storages, pipelines, etc. Production of the renewable energy sources and flexibility of energy shipment system had been considered as the most effective methods. According to Farrell et al., the energy security included the use of “cooling towers at electric power plants could conceivably be used in a deliberate attack as a means of dispersing biological or chemical agents” (p. 8). Besides, construction of the hydroelectric dams could help to store energy produces with the use of water power. Possible damage of the use of large electromagnetic pulses (EMP) could “induce instantaneous voltages of hundreds of thousands of volts in conductors, creating very large disruptions in electric power systems and destroying electrical equipment components such as motors, backup generators, and microprocessors” (Farrell et al., p. 8
Introduction What is self-injury? Self-injury is defined as an act of causing injury to ones own body with the use of an object like knife and laser, arrows and panga among others. Self-injury is in other words referred to as self-abuse, self-mutilation, self-inflicted violence and Para suicide. Self-injury behavior include burning, cutting, hair pulling, scratching, biting, hitting, self-poisoning, wound interference and branding.. Self-harm is a global issue because its incidences have grown with a blistering pace. Many people all over the world indulge in activities that result to self-harm. Psychologists have evidence that self-harm is many individuals in the society do not diagnose a relational disorder thought it. It has been evident that self-injury forms 40% of every suicide. 80% of the youth are victims of self-injury disorder and it is common in developing nations. People have raised concerns about whether self-harm is a disorder or a habit. Scientists say a habit is next to nature. Therefore, for those considering self-harm as habit, it should have originated from the nature or their ways of living (Eagen, 2010). Theories of self-injury There are two theories that are considered critical because they explain the causes of self-injury among the individuals and there implication in the society. These theories include the psychodynamic and behavioral theories. Psychodynamic theory This theory perceives self-injury as an attempt to distinguish between ego boundaries. According to this theory, many people embark into the use of self-injury as a mechanism of defense. Victims of self-injury consider it as a rational disorder that pla
Soon after the war, Berlin, as the capital of the defeated country and the defeated regime, was rather chaotically divided between the winning nations. Yet despite having just defeated a strong common enemy, Winston Churchill, Theodore Roosevelt, and Joseph Stalin had enormous political differences. And with the threat of Nazi Germany gone, their conflicts became at the forefront of the political situation in post-war Berlin. In 1949, Germany was formally split into two separate countries. Those were the Federal Republic of Germany, also known as Western Germany, allied to the UK and the States, and the German Democratic Republic, also known as East Germany, allied to the USSR. To East Germans, the wall symbolized the lack of freedom, as many of them grew incredibly dissatisfied with the corrupted government. As the trophy territory bearing the foul legacy of the Nazi regime, Germany did not have it easy on both sides of the Wall. Yet GDR residents had significantly lower quality of living and personal freedoms allowed to them. At the same time, the East German government was claiming the Wall to be a protective barrier against fascism, made to protect the peace across Europe. To West Germans, the Wall symbolized shame and, in their eyes, the ugliness of communism. They were supported in this perception by millions of people choosing to leave East Germany for West Germany throughout the 1950-s. As a result, East Germany closed and enforced its borders, preventing further attempts to leave the country. On November 9th, 1989 political instabilities in East Germany pressured the government to loosen up some of their restrictions on West Germany. Despite some limitations remaining in place, the media interpreted the government statement as an immediate opening of borders. As a result, crowds practically stormed the Berlin Wall, in numbers so great that passport checks were eventually abandoned by the few remaining guards. This was a moment of celebration for people from either side of the border, with their national sovereignty and unity at least symbolically restored. Despite the Wall being largely dismantled, several of its section remain preserved and serve as popular attractions in the present day. There are approximately eleven fragments left for the common observation and even amusement. Most of these fragments were artistically transformed with graffiti or surrounded by plants. Today these are the objects of historical and artistic value, and their legacy of division and persistent terror feels outdated. Either of these preserved segments of the Wall is too small to separate anyone or anything.