ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Leaders apply different forms of ruling all over the world. Some of the methods are still in use in the modern form of governance. Cultural structure affects the framing of leadership. Some leaders use their power to dominate every action needed to be taken in line with leadership responsibilities. The article ‘torture’ has related the old and the modern forms of governance by highlighting the relationship between leaders and their subjects. Some leaders humiliate law offenders and anyone resisting their governance. Different theories put forward by scholars describe the cultural and leadership aspects in an organization. An example is the hegemony theory referring to modes of governance where leaders dominate every action. The article also highlights power and knowledge, and the way they are perceived by the society. Hegemony is a good example of theories touching on power and dominance in an independent society. This refers to imperial dominance- where leaders assume total power and ignore the peoples’ opinions. This form of ruling has its roots in the old days where leaders ruled on a geopolitical form through dominating other states. The method of ruling was magnified in the 19 th century where nations started dominating others affecting their internal independence. Scholars have argued that hegemony was the cause of colonialism that was widespread in the world in the 18 th century. Powerful kingdoms and nations could take full control of the affairs of less powerful nations and African continent was the major victim of the ruling (King 203). This causes cultural imperialism which is one of the most common forms of political ruling in the modern world. This is where a leader dictates political action by using his powers as the dominant factor. The article discusses this form of governance by stating that leaders assume total powers and think that they are invincible. Knowledge has a stake at this form of leadership. The educated dominate coming up with policies. They enact laws that favor their agendas, therefore, dominating those with little knowledge on the issues affecting the nation (Piaget 38). Leaders are able to suppress any rebellion from the subjects by using armed forces. They do their best to remain in power and elevate themselves to top positions. Structuralism is another theory scholars use to explain the cultural aspects and the way people relate. This requires people to understand their relationship with things around them, and ho
Abstract The following research proposal has been prompted by a series of surveys that were taken from a group of women at five state prison facilities located in Tennessee, Kentucky, Arkansas, Georgia, and Mississippi. The purpose of this research is to study specifically the effects of being an older black female in prison today: how does prison life affect depression and anxiety levels, arid does a black woman’s socioeconomic background contribute to or hinder her ability to adapt to prison life? Also the effect that racial and cultural discrimination may have on black female inmates serving longer sentences and facing the possibly of dying in prison. The initial results of the surveys indicated a significant difference in depression, anxiety, somatization, prison adjustment, and death anxiety levels between White and Black female offenders. Introduction One of the most striking statistics in the American penal system is exponential expansion in prison population. From 300,000 prisoners in 1977, the prison population has risen steadily to over 1.5 million as of June 30, 2005, a 400% increase. By 2005, states were collectively spending over $43 billion per year on prisons. That this followed nearly fifty years of relative stability makes the growth all the more remarkable. (Pfaff, 2008) Julius Debro, an African-American scholar and leader in the field of criminal justice, found that another shift occurred in the year 1977. Prison populations shifted dramatically between 1967 and 1977 from having a white majority to a black majority. In addition to documenting racial discrimination, he asserted that covert racism in prison assumed many forms. For instance, whites were generally given more desirable work assignments, while blacks were given less desirable custodial assignments that limited their movement within the institution. (Ross & Hawkins, 1995) However, when it comes to women in prison there has been little research done as compared with that of men or the general population. There is however an alarming trend, the population of inmates overall that are 50+ years of age has been growing at a tremendous rate. This has been termed by some as the “Graying of American Prisons” (Abner, 2006) and has become both a social and financial crisis for prisons in general and has severely impacted the aging female population as well. This number is expected to top the quarter million mark by 2010. Current research reveals that in general older women in prison have growing concerns about health, emotional stress, and social adaptation when trying to adjust to prison life. While at the moment women constitute a smaller portion of the overall prison population their numbers are increasing at a higher rate than that of their male counterparts. “On any given day, state and federal prisons in the United States hold more than 1,4 million inmates, of which roughly 101,179 are women” (Bureau of Justice Statistics, 2005, p. 32). In 1999, females represented roughly 10.8% of all populations according to A.J. Beck, while older offenders only accounted for 5% of
Introduction Nancy Drew is a character from a mystery series created by various authors under the name Carolyn Keene. The young girl is a sleuth and a detective that solves mystical cases. Nancy first appeared in 1930 in The Hidden Staircase and was presented in many books, TV series, and films. Over time, the character evolved due to the differences in authors’ perspectives, changes in American culture, and tastes of the population. The books about Nancy Drew were revised several times; her original personality is different from the one presented in recent publications. This paper provides a discussion on changes in the young woman’s character, addressing her salient traits that remain the same and outlining the differences in her personality across time and media. It refers to the first book about Nancy, a TV show published in the 1970s, and a movie of 2007. The report explains the changes in the character about the historical context and shows why they were necessary. Salient Traits of Nancy Drew’s Character Nancy Drew’s character has several notable features that do not change regardless of time and medium. For example, the young woman is very independent, while being a positive role model for others. Nancy has no mother, which gives her the freedom to do what most people of her age cannot do because their parents were against it. In addition, her father and legal agents threaten her like an equal, which allows her to participate in dangerous activities. It is necessary to mention that although Nancy is an independent person, she does not takes advantage of it; the young woman never lies to her father and disobeys him. Nancy is also in good relationships with the police and sometimes collaborates with them to solve complicated cases. Courage and determination are two other notable traits of Nancy’s character. The youn
The Amish Community and Its Culture The founder of the Amish community was called Jacob Amman. They are also called Amish Mennonites, and are a Christian church group fellowship of the Mennonite churches. These people are known for their unwillingness to embrace contemporary technology, simple life and plain dressing. They originated from the German-speaking parts of Switzerland and the Palatinate of Germany. However, the migrated caused of various reasons and a recent survey was done in 2010 showed that these people are increasingly moving to the west. To be a member of this religion, one is baptized, often between the period of 16 and 25. This is a requirement for marriage. A worship service led by a bishop and a number of ministers is conducted each Sunday in a member’s home. Ordnung (rules of the church) must be followed by every follower. These groups maintain a separation from the outside world. They recommend a way of rural life, humility and direct labor but highly reject arrogance, conceit and haughtiness. The way the cloth is a depiction of their devotion, for instance, belts, sweaters and neckties are forbidden. In addition, mustaches in men are outlawed, apart from being reluctant to any technology. Old Order Amish have minimum use of technology while the New Order Amish allow the use of electricity, ownership of vehicles, updated farming machines and telephones in the home. They believe in education, but formal edification through the eighth grade, which is conducted in their private schools (Kraybill). Amish View of Death The Amish believe in life after death, and have faith that after death the spirit has left the physical body: thus, they do not visit the grave of a demised member. Subcultures within the Amish The first is the Old Order Amish, the largest Amish group with a German accent called Pennsylvania Dutch used in worship and giving edification on English (Graham and Cates, 5). Formal education beyond the eighth grade is not encouraged though after they have graduated, they are instructed in their homes. Men follow the laws of Hebrew Scriptures concerning beards but do not keep beards. These people use technology such as vehicles, electrical devices and telephones. Marriages are done only in faith, rather than commitment. Mostly, they are found in the Lancaster County, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Indiana, and West Central Wisconsin. The second subculture is the Swartzentruber Amish. This group separated from the True Old Order Amish and do not consider other Amish groups to be true Christians. They speak German and English is learnt when one attends school. Sexual actions between spouses are rigorously restricted to the requirements of reproductive purposes. They cannot undertake any sexual practices on fasting holidays. They are mainly found in Mississippi River is in Missouri. Other Amish subgroups include Beachy Amish who are related to Weaver town Amish Mennonite Church in Ireland and the New Order (Sherer). Amish Belief on God and Commo
Policy Issue   * Nurse ratios are regarded as a factor impacting care quality;   * Enforced nurse ratios are believed to promote patient safety (Heath, 2018);   * The desired staffing levels are different for various departments of healthcare facilities (Heath, 2018);   * The consequences of low staffing levels: medication mistakes, employee burnout rates (see Fig.1), mortality (Heath, 2018). In nursing, the quality of care is believed to be impacted by numerous factors. According to Heath (2018), higher nurse staffing ratios belong to the number of factors that improve health outcomes for patients with both chronic and acute conditions. The proponents of enforced ratios believe that the effects of low staffing levels are detrimental both to patients and nurses, leading to ineffective care and emotional stress. At first sight, it seems evident that by increasing nurse staffing levels, it is possible to reduce the number of hospital-acquired complications. The problem, however, has not been solved yet due to the contradictory results of research. Policy Issue: Controversial Findings   * More than 85% of nurses feel pressed in time when providing patient education (Heath, 2018);   * The introduction of enforced staffing ratios can cause negative financial consequences (Heath, 2018);   * The implementation of strict federal staffing standards is criticized (see Fig. 2). Despite the universal character of the problem, not all specialists see enforced staffing ratios as a good solution. The issue is represented in different aspects of care. The findings of official reports point at the problem; thus, the report of the Parkinson’s Alliance states that more than three-quarters of nurses feel that they would need to devote more time to educating healthcare consumers (Heath, 2018). However, specialists from the Massachusetts Health and Hospital Association prove that enforced ratios can be financially burdensome (Heath, 2018). Given various demographic and financial factors, the introduction of strict federal rules is not widely supported. Government Response The proposed ways to reduce the negative consequences of low staffing ratios:  1. Oblige all healthcare facilities to create nurse-led staffing committees responsible for planning;  2. Implement the state-mandated staffing ratios. Control the situation through increasing data transparency (American Nurse Association, 2015). A series of attempts to formalize the desired nurse staffing ratios in legislation has been made since the problematization of the concept. According to the American Nurse Association (2015), the U.S. Government has a few ways of solving the problem: the creation of nurse staffing committees at hospitals and the
Introduction The purpose of this study was to critically evaluate a decade of quantitative quality-of-life (QOL) measurement in patients undergoing bone marrow transplant (BMT) or peripheral blood stem cell transplant (PBSCT) as performed in adult patients. The problem of this research is to examine cancer treatment in adult patients by assessing patients’ quality of life (QOL) through cancer patients. Literature review The researcher explained the therapy behind bone marrow transplantation (BMT) or peripheral blood stem cell transplantation (PBSCT) as a type of cancer treatment that has greatly impacted cancer patients. It is considered to be an effective therapeutic treatment of hematological malignancies such as chronic myeloid and acute leukemia. Healthcare professionals find the treatment effect because of the significant mobility and mortality it has on the patients of BMT or PBSCT. Researchers have examined the QOL in BMT recipients that have been published for the last ten years. This article was published in the last ten years and does not critically evaluate the QOL measurement and the implication of the study results. The purpose of this literature review is to provide a critical evaluation of quantitative QOL measurement in adult cancer patients undergoing BMT or PBSCT. The study was also aimed at identifying potential measurement issues. The research does not include articles of the last five years in this review (Hacher, 2003, p. 1). Current knowledge about QOL measurement is that it helps in assessing patients with cancer and provides data to clinicians that may be used to guide their treatment decisions. However, how to evaluate QOL measures has not been clearly understood by researchers, a controversy that has let us critically examine differences in conceptualizing QOL that has led to conflicting QOL outcomes thereby letting us compare different studies in our review (Hacher, 2003, p. 1). The study framework implicitly expresses the therapy behind the BMT or PBSCT in adult cancer patients in the literature review by failing to explain how the therapy is administered and how the treatment impacts the patient’s health. They also lacked consensus remains regarding the definition of QOL because actually, the definition was not explicitly expressed in the literature review (King et al , 1997). The framework is based on substantive theory which defines technology, the BMT or PBSCT. The framework relates to the body of nursing because it helps them understand the clinical meaningfulness of changes in QOL (Hacher, 2003, p. 1). The research objectives were aimed at:  1. Discussing how quantitative QOL measurement has been used for decades in adult patients undergoing BMT or PBSCT.  2. discussing nursing implications in discussing clinical changes since QOL was invented  3. Describe
The Halloween celebration is bad. To begin with, the celebration is meant to commemorate the god of dead people. It signifies the time when the wall between the world of the dead or supernatural and the living was broken down. It is thought that evil spirits and spirits of the dead visit the earth during this time. Those who strongly believe in the celebration see it as an opportunity to seek help from the devil concerning issues like marriage, the enemies, and health, among others. In reality, the ceremony exalts the devil and other spirits hence demining God’s power and his ability to save mankind from his troubles. The ceremony has strong links to pagan worship (Barth 22). Every faith that has God or a god at the center of worship usually demands that only that God/god is to be worshipped and any divergence from that is perceived as transgression. On the contrary, Halloween acknowledges evil spirits and even the devil and as they are thought to be able to solve human problems. In the real sense, it is only people who ascribe to Satanism that acknowledge the supremacy of Satan and any celebration that exalts the devil must be satanic. For those ascribing to the Christian faith most of the activities done on the day could be termed as anti-Christian.
Introduction The home start is a family supporting program that helps the parents in developing the welfare of their family unit. Children may get support from their families by recognizing their strengths and weaknesses. Home start helps the families through playing with their children, listening to their problems, talking, and making friends with them. Nowadays parents have very little time to take care of their children; the home start helps them to look after their children with utmost care. Rearing a child with disabilities is a risk. To find a solution to these problems, a home start program works in society. There are formal and informal settings in early childhood. The home start program is conducted based on the age of the children. Home start programs “promote and maintain high-quality care and inclusion of all children in eligible childcare services in NSW, by increasing the skill level of carers and service staff in line with nationally consistent principles and provide children’s services in NSW, regardless of their geographic location, with access to quality professional support that is relevant, appropriate and timely.” (Early Childhood Connection). How does the program work There is a coordinator who visits the family based on the home start program. Situations in a family are examined by the coordinator, and thereafter, visitors are sent to conduct classes on home-based theory. Society focuses on the emotional and bodily development of a child, thus practice them for going to school. The correlation between the family and visitors helps to implement their program. It is a good opportunity to become home start visitors because they can get a chance to serve the family and society. The volunteers must support the family and the society. Through their skills and experiences, volunteers encourage the family. “ HOME safety is demonstrated in the Kid-safe demonstration house, supported by representation on various committees, training provided in these issues, and production of resources.” (Our Vision). Especially small kids under the age of eight need proper caring and assistance from their parents. Generally, parents with a newborn baby or first child, parents living alone, parents without any help or support from others, isolated families, etc will be lacking in knowledge of caring for the children properly and securely. Also, the parents living in the joint family have to attend to the matters of other family members as well, and therefore, they will not get much time to look after their children. In such cases, parents can seek the help of a home start which provides the necessary information to the parents for enhancing the development of their children. Home start works incorporation with all family members to recognize and attain family aspiration and well being and also to develop social set-up in everyo
Introduction Kudler Fine Food intends to increase its customer base and is in the process of creating an Integrated Marketing Communications (IMC) plan that will be used to ensure that the plans they will lay will be met. This will be achieved by following the laid out integrated marketing communications plan. This document therefore assesses the importance of demographic and psychographic information in the development of marketing strategies. It also explains when to use this data in making marketing decisions. The importance of demographic and psychographic data is analyzed by this paper and its importance is also evaluated. These data is important to any organization and analysis of their importance needs to be done by any company that plans to increase its customer base. The paper also deals with the position strategies against competitors and when to apply segmentation when dealing with the market that Kudler Fine Foods Company deals with. The use of demographic, psychographic, geographic and behavioral segmentation in making marketing decisions Segmentation is one of the most important elements while marketing products. This is the division of the market according to certain criteria (McDonald & Dunbar, 2004). The division of the market may be according to the geographical positions of the customers, their behavior in the market or depending on their demography. The application of any of the above segmentation is dependent on the nature of the market. Geographical segmentation may prove to be useful in a situation where the people living within a particular area demand a given product. This means that the customers will be divided into these regions depending on their needs. Efforts are made to ensure the specific needs of each area are taken care of. The market should also be analyzed to check the behavior of the customers and how they consume the company’s products. The consumers may also be categorized as either heavy users of a particular product or light users. Some of them are loyal to a particular product. The analysis of this behavior pattern will be helpful for Kudler Fine Foods. It will enable the company establish how to divide the market in terms of the behavioral patterns. The psychographic segmentation follows the same conditions as the behavioral segmentation. Demographic segmentation should also be considered. This plays an important role as it divides the market into different groups. This may be according to the age or even the living standards of the consumers. The company also needs to carry out an analysis to determine the consumption of its products following these lines. This will ensure that all the categories of the consumers are well taken care of. Proper treatment of the current customers may trigger an increase in the customer base when the news about their treatment spreads to the other consumers. The use of segmentation is also important. In marketing strategies, this ensures that all the different types of the customer’s