ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Abstract The paper address the issue of motivation in English Second Learners bearing in mind the fact that motivation is the single most important factor that determines the success of second language learning in the students. The paper begins by explaining what motivation entails and various theories that can be applied in ESL. The paper then demonstrates that use of motivation theories such as; Maslow’s hierarchy of needs theory, Integrative and instrumental motivation, self-efficacy theory and Expectancy Theory, can motivate ESL in public school with favorable results. Examples of the strategies which have sound theoretical basis that I as a teacher will utilize in order to motivate my students are also given. The paper also highlights the major positive results that will result from implementation of motivation methods in class. Sound motivation is proposed as an effective tool in encouraging high performance in English Second Learners. Introduction In order to effectively teach students language skills, a teacher must be able to make them interested in the language. In addition, the teacher must be able to maintain their interest in the language. This is a hard task especially if the students do not see the importance of learning the new language. A teacher has to find means through which to motivate the students to learn the language and
Introduction Corporate social responsibility (CSR) is a form of self-regulation incorporated into organizations which functions as an instrument by which the corporation examines and ensures its active conformity with the provisions of the law, ethical norms, and global practices (Séguin and Parent, 2010). The main role of social initiatives is to uphold responsibility and promote a positive impact through its conduct towards the environment, customers, staff, the immediate community, and all members of the public domain. In addition, CSR actively promotes the community’s growth and development and eradicates norms that harm the public, irrespective of legality. Although there is no single universally accepted definition of CSR, it can be summarized as the intentional inclusion of public interest into corporate or organizational decision-making processes, and the honoring of the three corporate pillars: people, planet, profit. CSR ensures that a corporation goes beyond its legal requirements so as to handle staff with dignity, operate with integrity and ethics, respect human rights, sustain the environment for future generations, create strong positive relations with the surrounding communities, being responsible in the community, and a good ‘corporate citizen’ (Inoue, Kent, and Lee, 2011). For a long time, stakeholders have recognized the potential of sports venues and sporting activities to form a platform for undertaking CSR activities. This has resulted into most corporations engaging in some form of CSR activity in sporting events. However, companies have recently shifted their focus driven by profit motivations, and are beginning to move away from CSR related activities to focus more on increasing their profit margins through such undertakings (Inoue et al, 2011). Although both sponsorship and corporate social responsibility offer sources of funds, resources, and in-kind services to organizations, they differ in the nature of what they expect in exchange. Indeed, some scholars have suggested that marketing and corporate philanthropy sit at opposite ends of a donation continuum. While CSR involves noble donations that are made based on personal values and not on personal gain, corporate decisions to sponsor sport p
Professional Portfolio A professional portfolio is an essential and important document for any nurse at every stage of his or her career. It is because “portfolios include artifacts selected by students that illustrate achievement of competencies and skills and provide evidence of learning, both for assessment and to illustrate progress in the DNP learning journey” (Melander et al., 2020, p. 1). Portfolio development is a complex and lengthy process, and for many students, it becomes a challenge with many barriers. Perhaps some of the respondents would agree with this statement. One of these barriers to portfolio development is the lack of time to draw up, review and assess the portfolio. Students can apply two productive time management strategies to optimize time resources. These are preliminary project planning and distractions elimination in the process of portfolio development. Barriers, Guidelines, and Consulting Nursing students sometimes struggle with what they should focus on in their portfolio and the type and amount of evidence needed. Simply put, they do not know where to start their portfolio. It is another barrier that prevents nurses and specialists of other fields from successfully developing a high-quality professional portfolio. There are two practical options for solving this common issue. One of these strategies is choosing the most appropriate guideline and following it. According to Melander et al. (2020), “a DNP portfolio rubric/guideline … help them determine what exemplars to place in their DNP portfolio” (p. 2). O
Sports Equipment: The Sea of Options Do you know that ice hockey is among the most popular kinds of sports in the world even though it has a high injury rate due to the amount of physical contact between players? Given the size of the sports equipment market, consumers should understand the differences between wood and composite ice hockey sticks to make informed purchasing decisions. This public service announcement leaflet compares two types of hockey sticks and demonstrates the unquestionable advantages of composite sticks, such as durability, high quality, strength, and eco-friendliness. Why Choose Composite Sticks? Composite sticks for ice hockey can be called a preferable option due to many reasons. Such sticks are made using a variety of materials, including aluminum, Kevlar, graphite, and carbon fiber, which explains many of their advantages discussed in the leaflet (Coach Jeremy). The key drawbacks of these sticks relate to affordability and, probably, the emotional component of hockey players’ experiences (Coach Jeremy). However, both factors are less important than product quality and durability. Composite sticks have the following benefits:  1. Their use can positively impact the quality of sports experiences – they are less heavy than wood sticks and provide more opportunities for customization (Coach Jeremy);  2. The physical properties of materials other than wood make composite hockey sticks more durable and less prone to breakage, which also improves players’ satisfaction (Coach Jeremy);  3. From durability considerations, although wood sticks tend to be cheaper, the purchase of a composite stick can be regarded as a better investment. Can Composite Sticks be Eco-Friendly? Speaking about both options’ environmental friendliness, composite sticks possess more advantages in this regard. To begin with, their production does not involve the exploitation of natural resources such as wood and does not contribute to deforestation, which is a growing problem today (Coach Jeremy). More than that, considering the strength of the materials used for their production, ice hockey players dispose of composite sticks less frequently, and it has implications for waste processing and related problems. Wood Sticks and the Decline in Their Popularity The use of wood sticks can be regarded as a more traditional option associated with nostalgic memories of childhood. There are some professional players who prefer wood sticks, but the majority of ice hockey stars recognize the benefits of the composite ones (Coach Jeremy). The key advantage of hockey sticks made from wood is their affordability (Coach Jeremy). More than that, there is evidence that they have “a 10% higher puck speed” compared to the composite ones (Kays and Smith 245). Due to the price levels, they can be an acceptable option for amateurs who do not play ice hockey on a regular basis. Compared to composite sticks, the ones made from wood have more disadvantages that are relevant to an average user. In particular, the following drawbacks deserve consumers’ attention:  1. Heterogeneity in quality: there can be s
Why do we have a space Program? There are a number of several reasons why we need space programs. The most important one is to monitor climate change and take care of our health properly. In short, we need space program to maintain ourselves and survive on the Earth. It has been noted that space program get us aware of the ozone depletion, deforestation effect among other environmental dangers. We also need the space program to always make us aware of the possible cosmic collusion like the one that did happen to the planet Jupiter a few years ago; it could have happened to our Earth, and it could have been reduced to nothing like it. What are its goals? The scientific missions are to carry out the orbital remote sensing of Saturn’s atmosphere, level of ice, nitrogen concentration to the surface. Furthermore, the space craft is supposed to conduct science surface measurements once it lands safely. It is supposed to conduct analysis of thermal structure and composition of the atmosphere in comparison to the earlier space-craft findings. In summary, space program is essential for our survival, for the sake of our progressive evolution as a species and for our general health care, reassurance and expediency. The goal of space program is to have a successful exploration in a set period of time under a subjected budget for better analysis. At what level should it be funded? Space exploration is one of the most expensive ventures in the entire world. Funding is generally given on the basis of expected exceptional capabilities of the spacecraft, wide coverage of altitude with a light weight survey, favorable mission cost. In some cases, funding is also affected by political atmosphere. The political atmosphere needs to be the right one and the right priorities set well. Due to high costs, there is need for careful analysis and exchange of diplomatic notes in a government-to-government agreement procedure. How should priorities be set? The priorities are set in accordance to the mission concept, expected success of the execution of the exploration, the general technologies required, and the cost of the various orbiter spacecraft and the survey designs in general. The priorities are also set by the mission statement of the exploration. Who should carry out the space program? The spacecraft program can not be carried out by just anybody. There are several consideration and assessment to be done before the mission is executed. The most trust body for space exploration is said to be NASA and ESA. The endorsement of who should carry out the space program, however, all lies on the ability to create perfect spacecraft that will not violate any rules lay down. Any country or persons who would want to explore the space must adhere to all the requirements needed by space program laws. Is human spaceflight a necessary component? Human spaceflight is a very crucial and a very powerful component of national security. Furthermore, it improves prestige and national pride in g
Introduction Physical education is a process geared towards physical development through exercise instructions which one applies to achieve a healthy lifestyle. These exercises range from sports, games, dance, aerobics and other gymnastic programs. Both quality and quantity of physical education programs are important in schools in forming an all-rounded student. Schools should incorporate effective physical education programs for all learners on a daily basis to ensure fitness in the students. Young children require creative exercises to avoid boredom, and the trainers should involve the children in coming up with the programs to ensure that their ideas are incorporated in the regimen. This will make the physical exercises fun to carry out. Apart from participating in the physical education programs, the students need to be taught on the importance of the various exercises so that they inculcate the culture of physical fitness into their life-time fitness programs. Most health experts recommend an average of one hour of moderate to strenuous exercises for school going children (Marion, 2009). Physical education is an important activity in the public schools and should be allowed to remain an integral part of the curriculum. Physical Education Aids in Significant Health Benefits Physical education is an important asp
The distinction made by Harvey Harvey explains what the collective worker and the individual worker entail in terms of unproductive and productive labor. In fact, the process of labor that by extension is considered purely individual incorporates both the physical and rational attributes of labor force unison in a person. This product from an individual laborer is later changed into the collective product of the joint laborers. The product directly created by individual employees who are united result from combining the workforce. Each of these employees stands separately when the actual labor object is being manipulated. Thus, there are occasions when the process of labor tends to become more and more social. During this time, an individual producer appears less accountable for the direct creation of personal living given that the production functions are distinct. This is what constitute class phenomenon. The relative surplus value is increased by augmenting labor productivity. This in turn, valorizes self-capital dubbed as the individual sort. The commodity value is usually predetermined based on the time needed to generate the user values. From this statement, the surplus value accruing from extending the time worked by each employee in the production process amounts to relative surplus value. Conversely, surplus value ensuing from extending the time that groups work amounts to the class relative surplus value. Ways to increase the relative values from the individual sort Capitalist may increase the quantity of relative surplus value of an individual sort in various ways. However, since the relative surplus value accrues from altering the lengths of any two working components of the day and curtailing the essential labor time, the value of relative surplus can be enhanced through urging the workforce to toil an extra mile. That is, making the employees increase the number of weeks they work annually or quantity of hours worked in a day. To realize this, capitalists must ensure that the number of working days remain unchanged while the variable capital depicted in the labor value is reduced. The reductions might be realized through implementing the following measures.   * Capitalists should utilize machines that already exist and adopt machines that are more productive when generating surplus values.   * Reducing the inputs of materials utilized to produce a given output per unit. This implies that, capitalists can augment the individual relative surplus value by reducing the quantity of inputs that go to waste.   * Any output that is hardly traded due to its inadequate quality also known as the wasted output should be reduced.   * The intensity at which employees work or execute their duties to generate relative surplus value ought to be increased.   * The capitalists must also decreas
Introduction Social class can be defined as a manifestation of structural inequality in the present day social system which creates different “classes” of individuals based on their economic status. This is commonly manifests as the following social classes: Upper Class This class within society is normally associated with individuals who have accumulated considerable amounts of wealth and social influence (Ritzer 2007). In most cases, this group consists of individuals who are business owners, land owners or have inherited their wealth through the endeavors of their parents. This social class has the greatest amount of opportunities available to them in terms of wealth generation, health and education by virtue of their economic status and connections. Middle Class The middle class in society consists of individuals with more opportunities than the lower class but fewer opportunities than the upper class. This section of the population normally consists of individuals with useful skill sets or levels of educational attainment that are valued by companies resulting in people from this class obtaining high paying jobs that allow them to maintain a relatively “well off” lifestyle in terms of wealth generation, health and the ability to provide opportunities for the same kind of life to their children (Ritzer 2007). Lower Class The lower class within society has the least amount of opportunities available to them due to a lack of economic means and social connections (Howarth, 2007). This class consists of individuals with low levels of education and they have fewer job prospects and opportunities for promotion due to a lack of skills and aptitude. People belonging to the lower class, by virtue of their limited opportunities, have relatively little economic power and usually subsist on a “paycheck to paycheck” basis (Ritzer 2007). Unfortunately, the lower class is the largest portion of the current population in society and is commonly known as the “working class” since they are part of most manual labor operations (Howarth, 2007). What is Structural Inequality and how does it impact social determinants of health? Structural inequality, in essence, is an inherent bias within social structures which can provide some advantages to a select group of people within society while at the same time marginalizing others (Robert & Booske, 2011). This can be seen in instances related to racism, education and discrimination wherein certain segments of the population are categorized and marginalized d
How have GM strategy, structure, and decision-making processes evolved? During its infancy years, General Motors operated under the umbrella of three strategic plans, which included the utility of resourceful marketing policy, accompanied by innovativeness, and well-planned international diversification (Garvin and Levesque 1). Over the years, the management of GM, under Sloam, developed a pricing pyramid, which has been able to fit the budgets of its customers. In this regard, GM had to make cars that ranged from the economy class to luxury models, and it was able to top in the industry by differentiating itself from other vehicle companies in the United States. Through technological advances, GM has transited a series of innovations such as the annual change in vehicle models, inclusive of overhead valve V-8 engines, increased compensation, a fully automated transmission, and use of premium fuels. Inclusion of financial products with money lending services via GM Acceptance Corporation subsidiary has been introduced. This has resulted in positive progress in making GM superior over time. Lastly, diversification has been achieved gradually with increasing level of export and purchase of motor firms abroad. For instance, Vauxhall, Opel, and Holden were purchased from the UK, Germany, and Australia, respectively by GM in five years. About the structure of the company, the top management, headed by Sloam, developed a multidivisional structure that overshadowed the loose GM management system under the founding head, Durant. GM decentralized its operations in a controlled manner to achieve maximal efficiency and economy (Garvin and Levesque 2). Essentially, the decentralized management of GM entailed groups and divisions headed by group executives, the board of directors, and a policy group that completed GM as a leading motor organization. The decision-making process has been under the management committee and the policy groups. The policy groups within the firm were formed to increase efficiency and performance outcomes. They involved members from all the departments to ensure a high level of diversity. For instance, the groups ensured that management policies were reviewed in time and that labor contracts were signed according to the provisions of the law. The senior management in the decentralized organizational structure of GM has, over time, been detached from the interests of the lower groups. Thus,
There are five fundamental activities in the process of managing people. These activities include staffing, retention, development, adjustment, and managing change. The activity starts from identifying the job requirements, the number of required employees and the process of recruitment also known as staffing. Next, the managers have to ensure that a good reward system is in place so that employees are encouraged to work more efficiently. On the other hand, the company must have a good training program. This will ensure that the employees attain a higher performance level. Lastly, experienced managers must always prepare for changes and adapt a system of management that conforms to the changing environment. Finally, it is the role of the manager to ensure that humans are managed efficiently just like all the other resources are managed. Quality of work life In the 21’s century, the definition of a good quality of work life is not only getting a high salary or commission but also ensuring satisfaction of workers in the terms of their physical and mental well-being at the workplace. According to Cascio, “[Quality] of work life involves giving workers the opportunity to make decisions about the design of their jobs and workplaces” (P. 24). If employees have a good quality of work life, they will perform more efficiently and loyally. Both the management and human resources departments have the ability to make a better quality of work life in their own way. On their part, the management can empower their employees by allowing them to design their jobs while the HR department may design good and fair reward systems for the employees. Productivity Increasing productivity is having a competitive advantage over one’s rivals. According to Cascio, higher productivity involves getting more output without an increase in the input (P. 22). Increased productivity has direct and indirect benefits both to the firm and workers. For the firm, the cost of production per unit will decrease. This allows the company to offer its products at a cheaper rate compared to the rivals. Practically, this translates to mo more profit. On the other hand, workers might get higher salaries and more promotion opportunities. In conclusion, improved productivity will affect workers indirectly in their quality of work life in terms of increased remuneration and promotion. E-commerce In the era of the Internet, the way in which people do business has been transformed greatly. Great changes have been witnessed in areas such as size of the firm and the relationship between customers and producers. The advent of the Internet has brought with it e-commerce, a new channel for selling products or service provision. The minimum requir