ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction From a certain perspective, it can be stated that various characters within the Twilight series represent the social groups that exist within the high schools that teenage girls go to. This is one of the reasons why the Twilight series has become so popular given the manner in which the target readers (i.e. teenage girls) see so much of their own lives in the characters they read about. What is interesting though is how the vampires seemingly characterize the way people behave in society wherein they use fake outer personalities to blend in. The character of Edward Cullen in particular can be considered as a representation of the obsession of society with presenting a façade of who they are in order to properly blend in with their social groups. Understanding the Representations of Characters in the Novel The main characters in Twilight are meant to represent high school stereotypes as seen in the way they look and act. Writers such as Fleur Diamond delve too deeply and add more dimensions than needed to what are basically one dimensional characters that are easily understood. In her work, Diamond states that Bella Swan quests for a sexuality that is not fully available to her within the dominant codes of both gender and heterosexuality in her culture. Meyer’s heroine is seeking a frank ownership of desire and sexual agency that is conventionally reserved for men and which, when present in women, is regarded with suspicion (Diamond 2). Such an interpretation, while interesting, adds more depth and dimension to a character that is simply unwarranted. The character of Bella and the perspective of “claiming a carnality and sexual subjectivity for its heroine” are simply at odds with one another when you look at the way in which the main characters are meant to represent high school “cliques” (Diamond 8). They embody stereotypical teenage definitions for various group categories that are the norm in most high schools in the U.S. (Diamond 1-8). Fleur Diamond is mistaken in interpreting Twilight as a form of “transgressive female desire” characterized by Bella Swan. The Twilight series is merely a means of representing the common “cliques” in a high school in a way that utilizes fantasy as a setting to show a girl’s growth into womanhood. This is one of the primary reasons why the series is so popular with teenage girls since they are able to relate to what the characters experience since they are going through it themselves. What Does Edward Cullen Represent? If the characters in the Twilight series represent various stereotypes that exist within a high school setting, then the character of Edward Cullen can thus be considered as a representation of “the popular guy” stereotype. This individual is normally well off financially (Edward is quite rich), has good looks (same characteristic seen in Edward), has a charming yet mysterious personality (same chara
Introduction The Suez crisis is a notable event that occurred in Britain, in the year 1956. It resulted in Britain’s political divide and international conflicts. The crisis came about when Britain and United States failed to fulfil their promise of aiding Egypt in the construction of the Aswan High Dam. The Egyptian president opted to nationalize the canal so as to raise funds to construct the dam as opposed to when the canal offered free passage to all who used it. This brought about conflict between Britain and Egypt as they all wanted control over the Suez Canal. Britain and France joined forces against Egypt and at first they emerged winners but later on Egypt regained control over the canal, in 1957. The crisis made Britain and France feel defeated and gave up their African colonial empire. This paper discusses the Suez crisis and its impacts to the British Empire (Boyce 1999). Background Information According to Stockwell (2000), Britain had a very large empire until the beginning of the end of World War II. Its size reduced greatly as various colonies gained independence and hence the British control over them was eliminated. The first impact was felt when India, which was so essential to Britain, got independence. The British Empire had a diverse composition during the early days as there were colonies guided by politics and those guided by religion. This led to conflicts as politics and religion made the colonists to rebel against the governors. There was therefore the need to have an informal imperial system governed by moral prudence as opposed to doctrine. During independence, British companies had power in the economies of its former colonies but later its powers fell to a great extent. The end of the British Empire is associated with the rise of anti-colonial nationalism and disorientation of political structures. The fall down of British imperial powers is traced from the effects of the Second World War and the Suez Crisis. Even before the Suez crisis, there were tensions since the canal had been closed to Israel shipping. The Suez crisis was meant to make Nasser the Egyptian president the great Arab nationalist champion as Egypt retained control over the Suez Canal zone. It was a war among three nations; Britain, France and Israel attacking Egypt, each with its own specific reasons. The crisis was brought about by the nationalization of the Suez Canal by Nasser which was a form of revenge against Britain and France. The problem is that although the canal was run effectively even after the nationalization, Britain and France felt that they still had the right to control the canals operations especially because of its importance in provision of international passage. Events leading to the Suez Crisis The period of the crisis was after the Second World War where each country was working hand to consolidate its control and have power. Britain wanted to have strategic alliances which could have guaranteed dominance and economic power. For this it looked at the northern part oil reserves.
Introduction Social networking can be defined as a social structure that is comprised of persons or group of persons who make up an organization (Brajkovich, 2004). This group may be connected in terms of kinship, friendship, business connection, dislike of something, beliefs or any other common phenomenon that may bring people together (Frank & Yasumoto, 2006). The invention of internet has led to an increased connectivity between these individuals hence creating an unprecedented amount of social relationships between groups of people across the globe. This connection has been more widespread among the youth who tend to find a lot of connection beneficial to them in terms of acquiring new partners and networking. PEW report in 2004 revealed that 87% of teenagers between the ages 11and 17 have a significant access to internet services (Frank & Yasumoto, 2006). Later in 2006, a study on social internet connectivity revealed that about 60% of teenagers between the ages of 12 and 17 were online and that about 70% of them had created their own profiles on the social networking sites (18). Various researches have revealed that academic fraternity has embraced social networking as a medium of research because it is noted to operate in many aspects and levels. These levels have been identified as families, governments, organizations, and most importantly, at individual levels who find it to be a better channel of achieving their goals and aspirations and solve complex social and business problems (Festinger, Schachter & Back, 2000). In simple terms, a social network can be viewed as a connection between the nodes, hence facilitating virtual connections and different entities can use its ability to measure social capital, through the diagrams which contains nodes represented by points and ties represented by lines (Festinger, Schachter & Back, 2000). Literature Review Internet emerged from the ARPARNET (Advanced Research Projects Agency Network), which was commissioned in 1969 by the US Department of Defense, for research into computer networking (Freeman, 2008). Come 1971, there were 15 nodes on the ARPANET connecting 23 host computers, and the year 1972 saw the invention of the Email by one Ray Tomlinson of Bolt Beranek and Newman (BBN) (Freeman, 2008; Kirke, 2006). The following year, 1973, UK and Norway added nodes to their computer systems, therefore paving way for the first ever international internet connectivity (Freeman, 2008). BBN introduced the first ever commercial version of ARPANET in 1974. This was the beginning of things to change when a number of network systems were introduced including USENET in 1979 and BITNET followed in 1981. BITNET was started as a cooperative email based system between the City University of NewYork and Yale (Freeman, 2008). Protocols, Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and Internet Protocol (IP) got introduced
The monopoly of Google in the Digital environment is undeniable. Still, the new project, Google Books Search and Digital Library has created opposition from society and scholarship. The case of Google Digital library shows that the corporate entity’s first responsibility is to its stockholders. If the company makes good decisions and shows a healthy existence, its shareholders’ benefit. Simultaneously, Google’s contribution to society and the economy also becomes optimal because the assumptions of perfect competition automatically make this condition a reality. However, if Google is completely micro oriented it is not automatic that its overall economic contribution is optimized also. Conditions that are conducive to less than perfect competition would lead to less than optimal macroeconomic results. In terms of the economy as a whole, this situation implies the existence of the performance result. The firm, in generating less than optimal conditions, maybe laying off people (downsizing), cutting down its research and development activity, and not putting enough effort into renovating productive facilities or furthering the development of its human resources. The monopoly of Google in Digital Library is inevitable and uncontrollable. The economic impact of the Google Corporation is far-reaching. Not only the administrators, workers, and stockholders but also the corporation’s immediate customers, unattached consumers, and the society as a whole are part of this far-reaching economic power. Ideally, it is the same corporate entity that provides growth, innovation, and stability, in short, overall opportunity for the individuals and, therefore, for the society as a whole. “Among its key features is the establishment of a Book Rights Registry, run by authors and publishers to keep track of who owns rights to which books and to collect money from Google’s online sale of those books, either through individual use or through institutional subscriptions” (Google’s library monopoly 2009)..Google Corporation puts resources into continuity and has emphasized financial manipulations as well as buying out and selling each other (Google’s library monopoly 2009). The launch of Digital Library shows that when the conditions for monopoly are prevalent, that is, no barriers to entry and exit, perfect information for business decision-makers and consumers, perfect rationality on the part of business decision-makers and consumers, and special influence on the market and in existing competition by any particular firm, then the most micro oriented firm will have to perform in the most ra
The contempt for customers, indifference to quality and service and employee are not typical of American businesses I have experienced. This is because time has changed the way business premises are administered. Ethics in businesses and corporate social responsibility are becoming the basic tenets in running businesses (Long and Spuma, 1995). Furthermore, businesses regard ethics as tenets of social-economic development. Consumers have shown knowledge of their rights through demonstrations and legal approaches. This is because customers are becoming more empowered and vocal. This forces businesses to change their approach, unlike the restaurant. Furthermore, consumers expect social responsibility on the part of businesses hence businesses are focusing on profits by devising market tactics in line with social issues. For Sheehy’s fast food industry, this is not the case as the way they approach their customer is unethical. Since profit is the main motivating factor for most businesses I have experienced, they go an extra mile to satisfy their customers by improving their image to the public. This is unlike the employees at the restaurant who wanted to get rid of customers as fast as they could and had the contempt to the extent of provoking customers to seek management’s intervention (Long and Spuma, 1995). According to Josephson Institute Reports, “good ethics carries many benefits and the opposite many penalties” (Long and Spuma, 1995). The implications include a reduction of sales as evidenced by survey conducted in 2003 by Wirthlin which showed that about four out of five people refuse to buy goods or services from businesses with unethical behavior. In terms of reduction in stock price, the report depicts investments in businesses with records of unethical behavior earns negative returns over long periods. This is supported by a similar survey which showed that about three out of four people decide to buy stock shares depending on their perception of a company’s ethics (Long and Spuma, 1995). Unethical behavior poses great implications on the image of future American businesses. An indelible stain which is permanent occurs where the public perceives the company in bad light. Economic bankruptcy, as a result of worsening employee fraud is another implication with devastating consequences on the economy and costs businesses 20% of each dollar and 6000 dollars per year (Josephson Institute Reports, 2005). The national business and ethics survey points out that productivity is affe
Introduction   * One in every five pregnancies in the world results in abortions.   * Rates of abortion differ from one area to another due to the differences in the existing laws that relate to abortion.   * UK is currently considering legalizing abortion.   * The main aim of the paper is to study the perceptions of nurses attending to abortion patients. Literature review   * In 2003, approximately forty-two million women voluntarily aborted. This was out of the 205 million women around the world.   * About 50% of those who aborted did this through illegal and unsafe means.   * Unsafe abortions-mostly practiced in the developing countries-were classified as the major contribution to the death of many mothers.   * Ninety two % of the cases in the developed countries follow the legal procedure and therefore, are safe.   * Most of the developed countries permit abortion if it is meant to save the woman’s life. In 31 countries, however, abortion is conducted upon request (Huntington, 2002).   * Abortion is common in many countries but little is known about the attitudes and perceptions of the nurses giving this care.   * Abortion Act of UK provides for the legal period within which abortion could be requested and accepted. This should be within 24 weeks after conception.   * Campaigners argued against abortion stating that the fetus was an unborn baby and had every right to live.   * Pro-choice campaigners thought otherwise. They believed that the mother could choose abortion since the fetus did not have rights before birth (Griffith & Tengnah, 2007).   * Recent research suggests that midwives performing abortion (13 weeks gestation period) need to manage stress (Lipp, 2008). Methodology   * The study followed an exploratory qualitative design.   * Three abortion clinics in the United Kingdom were selected for the study.   * Participants had to go through surgical or induced abortions (or both).   * Interviews (lasting between 30-45 minutes) were conducted on the potential participants using the semi-structured technique.   * Nine nurses volunteered for the exercise.   * Attitudes towards abortion were assessed as the 24-week limit drew close.   * Eight participants were audio-recorded while the other preferred to hand-write. Conclusion   * The results took two directions: Nurses’ attitudes towards abortion and those coping with abortion.   * Their awareness to the social ills of abortion led some to believe that they were doing the wrong thing. They hesitated to disclose th
What are at least two facts presented by each side of the critical issue? According to the pro side of the argument, putting into consideration behavioral research and clinical experience, psychiatrists are inevitable for any sick person to die quickly. Also, public opinion polls indicate that most people prefer terminally ill patients to be assisted by physicians in suicide. The con side, on the other hand, believes that the “safeguard” takes advantage of a scientific clinical course of action. This, they use to conceal the conflict of ideas about suicide in society. It in turn leads to the shifting of responsibility of a dilemma from a patient or his close associates to an external specialist (Halgin, 2008). What are at least two opinions presented by each side of the critical issue? The pro side thinks a psychiatrist is useful in determining whether the patient can make a reasonable and sensible choice about losing a life. Also, skilled mental health professionals and psychologists have enough experience. Very few people appreciate this fact. This is rife in cases where patients and their close associates are obligated to deal with issues that involve the termination of life (Halgin, 2008). The con side postulates that proficiency is not a scientific but a complicated social paradigm hence finding out sufficient capacity to make a decision is difficult. Psychologists should not be empowered to bring themselves into play as determinants of the correct moment for the death of an individual (Halgin, 2008). What are some of the strengths associated with the Pro side of the issue? What are some of the weaknesses? Strengths A lot of apprehensions occurs when a terminally ill patient requests for a quickened death (Halgin, 2008). Downheartedness and thoughts of suicide overwhelm most of these people. From research carried out in the year 1994, most physicians with little knowledge in psychiatry were unable to diagnose these. From this, the researchers concluded that mental disorders could not damage the insinuation of these people thus; their reasoning to rationalize suicide is different from clinically depressed people (Halgin, 2008). Mental health professionals can treat this depression by disconnecting the patient’s fears. There is no straightforward modus operandi describing what drives one to have suicidal thoughts. In line with this research has found out that the key thing needed by these patients is mollifying and sufficient psychosocial care at their deathbed. Weaknesses The pro side does not explain the effects of improved social-psychological supports and improved palliative care on the hastened death ideation of terminally ill patients. T
The history of clinical simulation in medical education can be traced centuries back; models have been used to teach anatomy for many years. The development of the application of clinical simulation in medical education is divided into three major movements: the invention of the firs resuscitation manikin, the development of high-fidelity models and the period of educational reforms considering post-graduation education (Bradley, 2006, p. 255-256). Simulation based education contains numerous benefits for the medical students all around the world. Clinical simulation can be of different kinds: role playing, standardised patients, part-task training based on physical or virtual reality, or training provided with the employment of a computer or electronic patient (Cooper & Taqueti, 2004, p. 11). This way, various kinds of medical simulation help to address different skills and abilities medical professionals are required to develop before starting their practice. The methods and techniques used in stimulation based medical education (SBME) have been perfected for 40 years and they continue to evolve today (McGaghie, Issenberg, Petrusa & Scalese, 2010, p. 50). Simulation based medical education that employs deliberate practice has high demands considering the duties and assignments of the learners. First of all, the students involved into such practice are to be highly motivated and devoted to the completion of the difficult tasks. Secondly, this is a repetitive practice with various levels of difficulty, where simulators are able to provide feedback (McGaghie, Issenberg, Petrusa & Scalese, 2010, p. 55). Finally, it is monitored and carefully evaluated not only by the supervisors but also by the trainees, and this allows them to work out successful approaches and strategies, refine their skills and notice their errors. Simulation based medical education is a powerful tool for the professional skill acquisition among the learners. Even though the presence of a simulated patient is vital in this kind of education, the learner is the main focus of the practice (Wayne, 2010, p. 1455). One of the main advantages of simulation based medical education is its forgiving and encouraging environments and the opportunity of careful evaluation. SBME helps to refine and perfect the quality of clinical skills involved in emergency airway management , laparoscopic surgery, advanced cardiac life support (ACLS), thoracentesis, bronchoscopy , and central venous catheter insertion (Wayne, 2010, p. 1455). As a result, SBME improves patient outcomes and reduces the probability of complications decreasing hospital costs this way. Using simulative tools to re-create various clinical scenarios simulation based medical education provides the students with a priceless opportunity to learn from errors without losing patients. Such practice allows replicating life-like conditions for the medical students to train in, which is the best way to prepare them for work with actual patients.