ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
This journal review intends to explore the various issues in literature that Eugene Eoyang (1982) wants to bring to light by analyzing the Chinese legend about Wang Chao-chün. From this week’s study, I have learnt that literature is crucial in diffusing myths and legends that may be found among different people of varied cultural and socio-economic backgrounds and geographic locations. Eoyang explores issues in such transformational stages, which the legend undergoes during the life of the main character. The author successfully does this by analyzing textual resources that contain information about Wang Chao-chün. The author intends to make an examination of the various literally sources and analogies of the legend about Wang Chao-chün, so as to highlight the developments of literature over time. Eoyang (1982) notes that “the legend is merely a reference point; each version exemplifies the influence of one or more variables.” A lot of literature materials on the legend have undergone notable changes after the ninth century. These literally materials and presentations differ both in content and thematic presentations in regard to the legend about Wang Chao-chün. The character undergoes a number of transformations due to various circumstances which she faces. For example, at first, the legend is quite ambitious and full of high hopes. The main character is very beautiful, but gradually transforms into a proud person who refuses to bribe the painters, in an attempt to capture the Emperor’s attention. She moves from a supercilious being to a victim of political hostage. The author refers to textual sources such as historical prose, classical poetry, vernacular fiction, annals, and literally poems. The various textual resources that the author uses for his study all have substantial differences in characters’ names, themes, content, and message they aim to pass on to the audiences. It is clear that no version examined was composed as a “classic”. The Wang Chao-chün legend, exemplified by various literary manifestations, shows a remarkable pliancy. In order to trace the character’s changes in Wang Chao-chin, one has to understand her life history as well as her birthplace, and the areas in which she is brought up. Her changes in character and personality indicate her infinitely to different cultural orientations and social setups. The literature type used depends on the perspective of the audience, which the various authors want to target. In conclusion, the author succeeds in analyzing the legend by indicating the various transformations the main character undergoes and the way she is portrayed in different liter
Different philosophers have elaborated different views on understanding the world as a whole and society in particular. Philosophers’ theories are this or that way justified and have both supporters and opponents. We are not empowered to say that some theory is more valid and the other is not sufficiently grounded, as each of them is a result of the philosopher’s painful process of thinking and seeking the truth. The current paper is concerned with the investigation of the three genii of philosophical thinking: Immanuel Kant, Rene Descartes, and David Hume. The comparison is expected to be made in terms of the four perspectives:   * The biographical facts from the lives of the three philosophers;   * Their major philosophical views;   * The influence that the philosophers had on their contemporaries and future generations, their followers;   * The philosophers’ messages and the contemporary world. Starting with a comparison of biographical facts from the lives of the three philosophers we should admit that Kant (the years of life are 1724-1804) and Hume (1711-1776) can be considered contemporaries, whereas Descartes lived and worked significantly earlier: the years of his life embrace 1596-1650. Kant was born in the East Prussian city of Königsberg to a family of a craftsman; he was the fourth of eleven children. Descartes was born in La Haye to a family of a lawyer and magistrate. He was one of surviving two siblings and two half-siblings. His mother died a year after his birth and he with other children was raised by their grandmother. Hume was born to a moderately wealthy family from Berwickshire Scotland, near Edinburgh. As far as the education of the would-be philosophers is concerned, all of them received higher education. Kant studied at the University of his native city, where afterward he worked as a tutor and professor in philosophy, logic, and metaphysics. In 1770 Kant achieved wide renown through writing his Inaugural Dissertation that focused on the difference between right- and left-handed spatial orientations. Descartes was educated at the Jesuit college of La Fleche where he was sent to at the age of ten. Descartes studied there for twelve years and then entered the University of Poitiers, in a year he received his Baccalaureate and License in Canon & Civil Law there. Then Descartes entered the army of Prince Maurice of Nassau. Meanwhile, he started his work on the Compendium Musicae, his great essay on algebra. But only in 1637, he made a name for himself by a group of essays on analytical geometry, optics, and meteors. Hume’s background was shaped by Calvinistic and Whiggish views of his family. During his childhood, he attended the local church. The primary education he received from his mother who educated him until the age of eleven when he left for the University of Ed
Introduction Different people bring up their children in different ways based on their cultures. As a result, children grow up knowing that certain community or culture is good or bad based on how they were taught by their parents. They also grow knowing things that are good and bad according to their culture. Depending on the way different cultures relate with each other, one culture may prejudice the other. A culture may start hating the other for no reason and carry forward this idea to its subsequent generations. There are some cultures that are more prejudice than others. Hi has been the reason behind conflicts and mass killings that are experienced in the world. A society attributes all its suffering to another leading to the two societies not being in good terms. Eventually, the two cultures end up being long-term enemies. This paper aims at looking at some of the reasons whey some cultures are more prejudice than others. Why some cultures are more prejudice than others Among the factors that make one culture more prejudice is poverty. A culture languishing in poverty and other forms of suffering may associate all its suffering to another culture that it finds to be in a better situation. For instance, if the two cultures had in the past interacted in a negative way, the poor culture directs all the blame to the well up culture. This has been the case witnessed with respect to races. Those races that were once discriminated and are currently poor, they tend to be more prejudice (Shapiro,
Money refers to the medium of exchange. The mere possession of money does not bring happiness but lies in the delight of achieving it. Categorically money rarely brings happiness for individuals, communities, and countries at large but only does so if people start from the wretched poverty, Bruno and Stutzer (2002). Human beings generally adapt psychologically to their monetary situations instantaneously. The process of adaptation tends to make money less satisfying for individuals who get used to it almost immediately; that is with the increased income it eventually becomes something normal. Economic growth for nations, individuals, and communities can be related to a treadmill, for the rich will be struggling to speed up the treadmill which will hardly arrive closer to the bliss. People are tempted to measure their success relatively and this can be emphasized when one feels to have more money than another person, this one will definitely be happy when he finds to be richer than others, Bruno and Stutzer (2002). The ultimate objective of creating value is a virtue and should not be mistaken as a vice. Therefore money can be viewed as a measure of one’s success and it should not be misinterpreted as a factor that brings happiness, Richard (2005). It is a common trend that rich entrepreneurs will continue investing their time to working so hard. Investment is a production process for will it bring about goods and services that can be sold to the market and in the process, the owner of the business makes some profit. People who have business prospects will undoubtedly invest what they have earned to create more money. People who have succeeded in what they do will always continue to keep that trend. However, success as opposed to having more money really defines why the super-rich will continue working, Robert (1999). Money is very important for the lives of people for it does improve the welfare of an individual and the society as a whole. Money should be pursued but people should try as much not to confuse it with what is intended to quantify and in the end maximizing a wrong thing, John (1936). People should not leave behind in the equation all the varied kinds of success one has achieved like friendships, spiritual and family lives, and many more that money cannot measure. Hen
Giuseppe Arcimboldo was an Italian painter who is best known for his inventive portrait heads made entirely of fruits, herbs, flowers, fish, and books in the 16th century. The still-life portraits were explicitly meant to entertain the court, but critics have speculated about how seriously they interacted with Renaissance Neo-Platonism or other intellectual trends of the time (Selvin and Selvin). He worked as a traditional court painter in Vienna and Prague, painting portraits for three Holy Roman Emperors as well as religious subjects and, among other things, a series of colored sketches of exotic animals in the imperial menagerie. He was known for his grotesque symbolical compositions of inanimate objects organized into human shapes. Summer by Giuseppe Arcimboldo is part of a series celebrating the four seasons. Each one is symbolized by an unexpected and evocative juxtaposition of fruits and items associated with that season. Arcimboldo was enamored with this subject and often painted themed groups of paintings (MasterClass). The elements on the image are in complete harmony, specifically selected to comply with the season. The painting was originally a part of a Four Seasons collection. Summer is the series’ only dated picture, with the year 1563. For the first time, Arcimboldo creates heads out of a variety of things, the collection of which gives the allegory significance. The complexity and creativity of the compositional process with which the painter applies the themes in the picture-puzzles are a rather personal achievement, and the many later copies serve to show Arcimboldo’s true originality in their shortcomings and simplifications. Visual Elements Arcimboldo fills the paintings with dense details that come together harmoniously to create a human figure in this groundbreaking work. The play of the picture, the tracing of the extended metaphor along the surface of the work, which makes us smile and laugh, occurs through “condensation, displacement, and indirect representation” (Selvin and Selvin). Many of these elements can be found, for example, in the composition of Summer. The visual elements transmit the essence of each season to the viewer through the composition’s dynamic and oversaturated elements. The female profile shines in the center of the black fill because the canvas is dominated by warm and saturated colors that equate to summertime. Each fruit is traced with great care and realism, and the use of correctly placed shadows and glare creates a powerful effect of picture volume, which is enhanced by the use of a dark background (Kunsthistorisches Museum Wien). The simple, black backdrop Arcimboldo uses emphasizes the woman’s identity while also emphasizing her character’s fantasy. Arcimboldo depicted the oil on wood painting in a visual texture, mimicking natural textures to create the illusion of a 3-D surface. The fruits are defined as accurate with precise details and textures, which appear as factual. In Summer, Arcimboldo produces the illusion of three-dimensional structure. The use of textures is mixed, where a rough coat of woven overlaps with the so
Introduction The United States Constitution establishes the basic rules regarding case processing, outlines pre-trial and trial procedures, the role of Jury and a Grand Jury, safeguards the rights of the convicted, and covers such issues as double jeopardy and the death penalty. The principles outlined in the Constitution of the United States are considered fundamental. However, some of these principles are vague in meaning and can be interpreted differently. This fact led to the establishment of the Supreme Court as the highest authority which can interpret the meaning of constitutional rights and principles, and enforce this interpretation onto lower courts. The Exclusionary Rule The legal principle called the Exclusionary Rule is the result of the Supreme Court interpretation of the constitutional right of the United States citizens to be free from unreasonable searches and seizures (Dempsey, 2016). The ambiguity as to what consider “unreasonable” led to several appellate cases that changed the law of criminal procedure regarding police searches and evidence. One of the four pivotal cases is Weeks v. United States , a case in which the Supreme Court decided that gathering of evidence without a warrant in a private residence is a violation of the Fourth Amendment (Dempsey, 2016). In Weeks v. United States, the police gathered the evidence used in court without a warrant. Fremont Weeks appealed to the Supreme Court, which decided that warrantless seizure of evidence in such circumstances was unconstitutional on a federal level. In Silverthorne Lumber Co. v. United States , the issue of illegally seized evidence application in court was decided by the Supreme Court (Dempsey, 2016). Silverthorne Lumber Co. was prosecuted for tax fraud after the tax books were illegally seized and copied by the prosecutors. The Supreme Court decided that illegal evidence could not be used in court. This ruling later became known as the “fruit of the poisonous tree” doctrine (Dempsey, 2016). Another pivotal case in Wolf v. Colorado, in which the Supreme Court decided whether exclusionary rule had to be applied in state courts (Dempsey, 2016). The Supreme Court decided that the Exclusionary Rule was not a part of the constitutional right outlined in the Fourth Amendment. As such, it could be applied in federal courts only. In part, the decision was the result of the fact that states had
The world is increasingly becoming competitive in various aspects. Countries are now competing to attract investors from all over the world. It is the responsibility of the government to make the economy attractive. The government has a responsibility to ensure that it engages actively in various business activities. The government should always develop various regulations to guide business environment. Business cannot run in an environment that lacks clear laws and regulations that can help guide various players. The laws and regulations must exist in order to explain how business units relate among themselves, and how they relate with the government. This way, it is possible to know how each player is responsible to other players, and the possible consequences that a player may face by failing to take the responsibility. Government intervention is also appropriate when market transactions affect the non-direct members negatively. For instance, this type of an externality occurs when telecommunication companies leave their boosters to emit the radioactive rays to the environment. The rays may cause contagious diseases to the area residents when they are exposed to them. The government puts measures that demand proper disposal of such wastes or appropriate compensation to victims owing to adverse effects of pollution. The government moves in to designate zones where such boosters and transformers are being built in addition to regulating advertisements that carry health warnings. The American government regulation agencies such as the Environment Protection Agency serve to protect the people who are directly affected by these by-products. The government also taxes such firms heavily so that the money goes to the provision of treatment of victims of pollution. When firms operate as monopolies, they lack competition and therefore they dictate the prices charged on goods and services. This may affect consumers as producers increase the prices at will. The telecommunications companies may increase the call rates, charges on faxes, internet access fees, and charges on any other services they offer. The government will intervene in such markets as the only alternative available to consumers. The government intervenes in the market to offer essential services to its citizens. Some of these services require huge capital hence they are costly to the private investors. Investing in Telecommunication industry for instance is too costly to be left to the private sector. Communication is a very essential service as it empowers the citizenry. This is more sensitive and therefore he private investors may charge for such services vey exorbitantly. Therefore, the government has a constitutional right to control its production and dissemination. Sometimes, the pr
There are many definitions of stress created by medics, psychologist, and counselors but none of them has come up with a concrete definition because stress consists of many things and also it is varies according to the environment. Stress can be emotional or physical: Emotional stress happens when people are faced with challenging situations in their life such as loss of someone, unemployment, making critical decisions among others. Physical stress is usually due to emotional stress causing headaches, stomach aches, cramps, joints pain among other physical pain. Stress management involves controlling stress levels and effects by reducing the tension that comes with stress. In dealing with stress one has to identify the source of it; after identifying the problem the best option to take as a first measure is to take a short break from it but not avoid it because that would be no solution. Most of the causes of stress are issues that we can not avoid or escape: for example grief; the person won’t come back, Bills must be paid, books must be read, diseases can not be completely avoided, and relationships too are unavoidable and so are disagreements. The best solution therefore would be to find a solution to the tension that these issues cause. One of the best ways is to exercise regularly so as to burn the excess energy in the body brought about by stress. Stress is excessive energy produced by our organs in response to compromising situations, this energy leads to increased respiration, blood pressure, tension in the muscles, dilated pupils and increased sugar levels. It is therefore advisable to burn up this energy so as minimize it and Exercise also diverts the mind from the particular issue causing tension. Another way to handle stress is by sleeping; this helps to refreshes the body and also causes relaxation. A person suffering stress should sleep earlier than usual but not excessively. People with stress should also have short afternoon naps; they assist the mind to function better. Another strategy would be to relax although not asleep; one should just sit by the fire side or near a lake or pool and meditate. This slows respiration rates, blood pressure and the muscles also relax. A person suffering from stress should avoid caffeine completely since it is a stimulant that will provide more energy to the tension hence elevating stress moreover caffeine is easy to give up because it is not highly addictive. Reducing caffeine brings relaxation, less heartburn and one also sleeps better. Humor is also an effective way to handle stress because it releases tension by burning up excessive energy. People should also ensure that they eat well a balanced diet because many people often get malnourished when they are stressed (Bower & Segerstrom, 2004). There also psychological issues that cause stress and by solving them stress can be completely avoided. Such issues are; common beliefs
The American Revolution took place in the eighteenth century. Colonies in North American wanted to gain freedom from the colonial British Empire. The colonies joined hands and a war broke out that eventually led to independence. Not only did the revolution bring about independence, but also other many changes. The changes happened to both men and women. Among those changes was the increased emphasis on education. The need for women education increased during this time. The change that followed the Revolutionary War was the need for education so that people could govern themselves properly. In particular, women education become necessary as the perception of society about women had changed for the better. The Republican government of the day also realized the importance of including women in education. The women would be crucial in educating their children how to read and write to make them better citizens in the future. In order for the women to fulfill, the role they needed to be educated first thus the emphasis of education for them in what came to be known as Republican Motherhood. In the spirit of Revolution Motherhood, the government increased its support for women education (Long, 2006). Furthermore, there was the ideal of a mother who was a teacher and Christian. The idea of such a woman had its roots on the religious values, which led to the strong emphasis of the women education. The women had to be educated so that they could pass the religious values to their children, as there was the need to Christianize American after breaking away from its colonizer. Women faced limitations in education, prior to the revolution. They did not have equal access to education as men or rather the girls were just taught basics and most could not write or read anything advanced unlike the boys who received proper education. During the revolution, the women got more chances to seek education but limitations persisted. After the revolution war, the demand for women education increased. The women could handle other learning apart from housewifery. They were making gains in getting equal opportunities in education as well as in employment in professions previously reserved for men. Nonetheless, despite the gains limitations existed. For a large number of women to attain high education was a tall order (Analysis of Women’s Education, 2010). The women from high and middle class had an opportunity to attain higher education and were the majority in the teaching profession. The women in lower class did not have such an opportunity to realize their educational dreams and thus could not enjoy the benefits of education. On the contrary, women working in the teaching profession earned less than their male counterparts did because men were still viewed as the sole providers for the family. In addition, women despite their increased educational levels still worked in less paying professions than the men. The women especially in low class who had less access to education could only find employment in lower professions due to low levels of educational attainment. For instance, t