ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Traditionally, the kingdom Fungi consists of four phyla known as Ascomycota, Basidiomycota, Chytridiomycota, and Zygomycota, though the classification of the fungi has shifted tremendously in recent decades to include Glomeromycota as a new phylum for the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, as well as the elimination of the oomycetes, plasmodiophorids and slime molds from the fungal into the christen and protist kingdoms (Voigt & Kirk, 2011). This paper aims to demonstrate that all fungi are not the same by differentiating among three fungal phyla (Zygomycota, Ascomycota, and Basidiomycota) in terms of their reproduction methods, means of obtaining nutrients, and importance to humans. In Zygomycota, existing literature demonstrates that there are in excess of 1000 species of Zygomycetes that reproduce asexually or sexually (Tortora, Funke, & Case, 2012). The dimorphic zygomycetous ( Benjaminiella poitrasii ) and Gilbertella persicaria fungi, for instance, reproduce asexually by uni-to-multispored sporangia charged with the responsibility of producing nonmotile, single-celled sporangiospores. The common black bread mold ( Rhizopus stolonifer), which is an example of a zygomycete species in Zygomycota phyla, reproduces sexually when hyphae of two dissimilar mating strains get together, create gametangia, blend, and consequently breed a diploid zygosporangium and zygospore which eventually goes through meiosis to produce haploid sporangia (Voigt & Kirk, 2011). Ascomycota (sac fungi) have around 65,000 described species and reproduce either sexually through the production of ascosphores (by meiosis and mitosis) in sac-like asci, or asexually through projecting conidiophores which creates conidia spores. They include cup fungi, powdery mildew, morels, black knot, Morchella, yeast, penicillium, and conidiophores. In contrast, Basidiomycota comprise around 25,000 species that reproduce sexually by forming elaborate fruiting bodies referred to as basidiocarps; these bodies hold millions of tiny, club-shaped cells (basidia) that produce four sexual spores each. Basidomycetes come in all shapes, sizes and colors, and include mushrooms, coral fungus, conch fungus, puffballs, jelly fungi, bracket fungi, gills, and the human pathogenic yeast Cryptococcus (Tortora et al., 2012; Voigt & Kirk, 2011). Zygomycota, Ascomycota and Basidiomycota obtain their nutrients through parasitic means and establishing symbiotic relationships with hosts. All of these fungi develop on or inside their host and obtain nutrients via absorptive, heterotrophic nutrition, which is made possible by secreting potent digestive enzymes that break down organic materials into minute fragments which are then absorbed into the cell. In symbiotic relationships, all the three fungi are known to gain nutrients from the host while providing essential sterols and vitamins. In parasit
1. Davis talks about how a ‘third border’ has emerged in many areas that are ethnically diverse. What is the third border and how is this concept illustrated in the movie? The third border is an interior division which separates the various cultures of inner cities. The first scene which demonstrates that such a thing really exists is the scene on the basketball court. The black kids and the white kids want possession of the basketball court. They play a pretty rough game to establish territory. We have already witnessed Derek killing the black kids in the first scene, and we have heard about the problems Danny is having in school, and we know what happened to his brother. The television clip shows us why Derek hated other races: he blamed the poor people, mostly blacks, Chicanos and Asians for his father’s death. We also have seen the confrontation in the bathroom between the blacks and whites. We also heard how Cameron Alexander used Derek Vinyard to spread hate and consolidate his power. What we do not know at this point is that Derek’s attitude has changed, because of his experience in prison. His brother, Danny, also does not know. He has since become a member of Cameron’s white supremacist gang. In spite of all these clues, the third border is not really evident until the scene on the basketball court. We finally hear all the racist drivel that Danny has been brainwashed with while Derek was in prison. The movie shows how the white supremacist group was formed in Los Angeles, with Derek recruiting and he talks about the illegal immigrant criminals, Chicano, Asian, black etc. Derek is shown giving powerful propaganda speeches to fire up the kids. The destruction of neighborhood businesses is shown with all the violence against all kinds of different races. Then we see Derek run off his mother’s Jewish boyfriend, calling him all kinds of names, especially referring to his love of niggers and other objects of hate. By the time the movie starts, the entire city has been galvanized into fractured bits of gangs divided along ethnic lines. Mike Davis (2008) talks about this in the fall 1999 issue of Colorlines.com: “The NIMBY (“Not In My Backyard!”) politics of residential exclusionism are rapidly fusing with the new nativism to create a third border distant from, but complementary to, the first and second borders. While the other borders are meant to exclude Mexican immigrants from entry into the U.S., the third border
Executive Summary Hewlett Packard (HP) has grown steadily to have its presence felt all over the world. Wal-Mart has experienced phenomenal growth since inception due to embracing sound strategic management practices. Most successful organizations make effective strategies as central aim to their operations. For Hewlett Packard, it has established a series of effective and elaborate management ranging from, bureaucracy, and contingency, cultural and technological approaches which has maintained its success and business achievements over the years. Thus, these management processes has enabled the HP to counter competition threats posed by its competitors, increase organization management practices and guaranteeing customer satisfaction. Introduction Business operations in the modern world are experiencing drastic and unequivocal changes that are unprecedented. Fierce and sustained competition prevailing in the global market has exacerbated idea generation and action strategies as a means of securing business going concern. While the majority of the CEO uses historical concepts to manage business, the new generation managers are blending the new ideas with pre-existing principles to step up competition. To understand better business operations in the modern world, this reports endeavors to elaborate on Hewlett-Packard (HP) Company application of four perspectives, Bureaucratic, Contingency, Cultural and Technological approaches. The HP Company has market tremendous success over the last two decades to assume its zenith position as a world leading computer producers. Hewlett-Packard at a glance Bill Hewlett and Dave Packard both graduates of Stanford University established the HP Company in 1939. The two continued to operate their electronic garage under their new name (Hewlett-Packard) until its incorporation in August 18, 1948. The Company sold its share to the public in 1957 to attain public connotations. The company’s notable technological contribution was the launch of audio oscillation (light bulb) in 1972. The audio oscillation was temperature dependent resistant that makes it more stable compared to competitors outputs that were unstable. Despite its stability, the company adopted a low-price strategy to enter the market by a blob. HP sold each oscillation at $54 while competing firms sold unstable oscillation for over $ 200. The company started diversifying globally in 1960’s when it formed a partnership with Sony and Yokagawa Electric of Japan. The steady progress in discovery and innovation enhanced its globa
Dating back to ancient Greece and Rome, the debates concerning the procedure called euthanasia have been among the debatable ones and have become one of the most investigated subjects of bioethics. Despite the advancements in medicine and healthcare, many patients, even in the most affluent states, still, die in discomfort. Therefore, such countries as the United States and the United Kingdom are trying to enact a policy that would grant a doctor a lawful right to end a suffering patient’s life on request ( Keown, 2018). The purpose of this paper is to prove why euthanasia should be allowed in the United States and why people sufficing from chronic and incurable diseases should be allowed to end their life. The discussions of euthanasia implementation in the United States began in the early 19th century after the development of eth
Over the last two decades, almost everyone in the world has acquired a mobile phone. One of the leading mobile phone manufacturers in the world is Samsung (Schwartz, 2012). The company came up with their galaxy series a few years back with the Samsung Galaxy SIII being launched a few months ago. The previous version, Samsung Galaxy SII, is still being held by many Samsung enthusiasts. The phone has one of the best hardware as well as software designs in as far as the smart phone market is concerned. The phone is quite light as it weighs only 116 grams, and this is complemented by the fact that it is quite slim at just 8.5mm. This, compared to its competitors such as the iPhone 4s and the Sony Ericson Experia arc, makes it the slimmest phone ever made. The phone has a 4.3 inch screen, which ensures that the user gets an impressive video and visibility experience especially when reading. The screen has an excellent touch capability that ensures quick response and defined navigation. The fact that it has a Super-AMOLED screen means that it has a better power saving capability than its previous predecessors even with its huge size (Gralla, 2011). The manufacturers of the phone sought to provide the user with a real life experience by providing a resolution of approximately 480 x 800 pixels. The phone’s battery has a standby time of approximately 710 hours, which is more than some of its competitors such as the iPhone 4s, which maxes out at 300 hours. The phone comes with a dual-core processor, which is complemented by 1 GB of RAM. This makes it quite powerful to a point where there may not be enough phone operations to utilize its speeds fully. The phone comes in two options of 32 GB internal memory and 16 GB. This is complemented by a memory slot that accommodates up to 32 GB of memory (Schwartz, 2012). It also comes with an eight megapixel camera, which makes the user’s experience even more magical. This, coupled with its graphics capability, ensures that the user is able to enjoy high quality photos as well as personal videos. While its inbuilt sound may be wanting, the phone comes with impressive earphones that ensure quality sound especially when listening to music. The phone has a micro-USB slot and a data cable (Gralla, 2011). This makes it easier to transfer data to and from the phone. Even though the phone looks quite delicate, it is quite resistant to damage under the normal confines of phone usage. The phone runs on an android operating system preferably Gingerbread 2.3.3 with options of upgrades. This supports hundreds of thousands of applications, which go farther to maximize the users experience with the phone (Roebuck, 2011). It also supports multi touch where one can use pinch zoom to view a number of screens at the same time. The phone
Effective Listening Strategies Effective listening is a process characterized by the complete and comprehensive reception of the information and, by extension, a profound understanding of the heard material. In simple terms, it is an ability to recognize, comprehend, and remember the important points in the information delivered orally. Since much information is presented in this format during the educational process, it is important to devise several strategies that would help me listen effectively. First, it is important to identify central themes and important points in the information flow. This can be achieved through concentration and focus and deciphering skills (the ability to recognize core concepts and differentiate them from supporting ideas. Second, I must identify the most complex and confusing points and clarify them immediately if acceptable during the class. Third, I need to adjust my note-taking skills to match each speaker and make sure that the resulting text is both broad and deep enough to cover each listening session and that the information is fully retrievable. Fourth, I should revise relevant previous knowledge – this strategy makes comprehension of reading material much more easy and effective. Reading Skills I can evaluate my reading skills as at least sufficient for successful comprehension of the material. My strengths include a strong focus on the material I work with, a good understanding of the text, the ability to memorize the information and recall it when needed, and the skill of identifying central ideas and themes on the go without the need to create a graph or a visual representation. My weaknesses are the inability to quickly navigate through the text in search of unfamiliar information and, by extension, the slow speed of reading. The said weaknesses can be improved through practice and via using speed reading exercises necessarily followed by tests to monitor success. The strengths can be maximized by carefully selecting reading material of varying difficulty and a diverse range of topics. In this way, it will be possible to maintain the necessary level of reading skills and improve deciphering skills useful across the studying process. Note-Taking Strategies Depending on the topic of the material, two approaches to note-taking can be used. When the lecture is expected to cover one or several well-defined and straightforward themes, I will use the Cornell method which allows for an excellent structure that is accessible, streamlined, and easy to use (Cornell University, n.d.). In addition, notes organized in such a manner do not require preparation. If, on the other hand, the material is complex and interconnected, I will incorporate visual aids in my notes. Diagram elements are the most suitable solutions since they are easy to add on the go and on some occasions save time as they can substitute phrases and sentences. The use of pictograms is also an option since they are easy to leave and detect, save time, and make the text systematized. However, they also can make notes more confusing and should be
It is a well-known fact that some songs live a long life and can become eternal and widen the list of human masterpieces. During the years after their creation, such kind of songs develops in accordance with the existing trends. And this feature is very interesting in terms of observing the development of music trends in a definite country or even in the whole world. The song I’ve Got You Under My Skin is one of those which will last for years and years. It was sung by different people, at different times, and in different manners. This essay deals with two variants of this song introduced by Frank Sinatra (further also referred to as Song/Variant/Version 1) and Mel Torme (further also referred to as Song/Variant/Version 2). Even though it is the same song these two versions differ greatly. First of all, the tempo of both variants of the song can be defined as a ballad: both songs are very melodious and lyric. These two versions can be characterized by syncopation but to a different extent. Thus, Frank Sinatra’s song changes the rhythm almost in the middle (a bit closer to the end): it becomes more energetic and dynamic. It is necessary to point out that the change is obvious and mutual for the melody and the singing. As far as Mel Torme’s version is concerned the rhythm changing can be traced in several parts of melody and the singing, but the change is quite subtle, it is more like a kind of improvisation. Only closer to the end of the song, the melody is abrupt and then proceeds in a way it flew in the very beginning of it. Another very important characteristic of these two songs can be the text-setting, in terms of which the differences appear. For Variant 1 is more syllabic in text-setting, here few melismatic words can be found, the singing goes straight with the music. A very demonstrative example of the melismatic word is
The U.S.-Australia alliance is commonly framed as beneficial for both players. However, there is a troubling tendency to deemphasize the possible challenges that may be encountered in the long term. The following paper discusses three potential challenges created by the alliance and highlights possible implications for continued reliance on the U.S. for security. First, it is necessary to acknowledge the fact that in the foreseeable future, the U.S. will likely require a certain degree of support from its allies. The historical narrative of the support offered by the U.S. to some of the key players in the Cold War era suggests that it may seek help from some of them once such necessity becomes apparent. However, there is no reason to suspect that any of the existing allies is to adopt the supportive role in the short term. This concept, known as burden sharing, exists as one of NATO’s basic principles since its inception. In fact, it has been argued that some of the conflicts between its members occurred as a result of the allegations made by the U.S. of overreliance on its European allies on its security guarantees without allocating their budgets to the same purposes (NATO, 2017). Thus, it can be argued that security burden-sharing is an essential element of a successful security strategy. To a certain ex
International business is a type of trade that involves commercial transactions between two or more countries operating beyond their national boundaries. In other terms, these are business transactions involving several nations, which are carried out at the international level. As it would be observed, international business transactions are of great importance to participating countries in a number of ways. For example, they help in strengthening a country’s international relations with other countries in the world. More importantly, they give countries a direct opportunity to market their products in the global markets, thus playing a key role in shaping their economic development. This paper is about international business transactions and it revolves around two countries that have been successful in this type of trade. The two featured countries are United States and Saudi Arabia. In fact, United States is one of the most developed countries in the world, in terms of trade and economy (Rugman and Collinson 35). At 9.8 million km 2 in land area, the US is arguably one of the largest countries globally. Currently, the country’s population stands at around 317 million people. United States is a major player in the global markets, and this is evident from its large business links with other countries across the world. As a result of these commercial establishments, America enjoys one of the most successful economic relationships in the world. USA is a major player in export transactions, and some of its major exports are transportation equipment, petroleum oils, pharmaceutical products, organic chemicals, and telecommunications equipment. In terms of the imports, USA is the leading importer of commodities and products in the world. Some of their major imports would include refined petroleum oils, crude petroleum oils, automobiles, medicaments, and automatic data processing machines. Most of the country’s exports go to Canada, while most of its imports come from China. Just like other advanced nations, USA enjoys a wide range of industries and manufacturing companies (Rosenberg, Nathan and Rosenberg 68). The largest industries in the country include the automotive industry, the retail industry, healthcare industry, pharmaceutical industry, and oil and gas industry. These industries and others that are not listed here serve as the backbone of the country’s economy. As a notable participant in the international business arena, United States is a trade partner to many other countries around the world. However, some of its biggest traders in terms of exports and imports are Mexico, Japan, China, Canada, and Germany, among others (Helpman, Melitz
Introduction The history of any state is a story full of outstanding events, personalities, and struggle. The formation of nationhood and its evolution is associated with the attempts to protect its culture, mentality, and independence from the expansionistic ambitions of neighboring countries trying to grasp new territories and increase their power. From this perspective, constantly territorializing empires can be considered the main threat to other nations because of their outstanding opportunities for further growth and a need for new territories to support their expansion. The British Empire is a perfect example of a state of this sort which managed to spread its influence globally and include many peoples in its structure. However, there were multiple attempts to resist its pressure and topple its rule to protect mentality and culture. Ireland is one of the modern states that fought for its independence and managed to acquire it in the 20th century. Among many factors that preconditioned the success of their struggle, the emergence and activity of the Irish Republican Army became the critical aspect that helped to form its government. Background The background for the emergence of this military formation can be traced back to the 12th century when the part of Ireland was conquered by Henry II. English lords acquired new lands and tried to spread their influence on the whole island (McKittrick and McVea 12). However, the local population resisted invaders and struggled against the new rule. Later, in the 16th century, the separation of the Church of England under Henry VIII and the emergence of Anglicanism just widened the gulf between Ireland and England as the Irish preferred to remain Catholics and protect their traditional beliefs (McKittrick and McVea 45). During the following centuries, there had been multiple attempts to colonize the lands of the island by English people and spread their culture. This process was partially successful as indigenous people lost their property; however, they preserved their unique culture and religion. Mainly due to this fact, there were constant conflicts and attempts to reacquire independence and eliminate control of the English crown. Moreover, following the Act of Union 1800 united the Kingdom of Great Britain and the Kingdom of Ireland with the primary aim to form the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland (McKittrick and McVea 152). Under this act, the Irish Parliament was eliminated; instead, a certain number of representatives of this state were included in the Britain Parliament (McKittrick and McVea 152). This act gave rise to the dissatisfaction and emergence of republican moods among the population of Ireland and multiple claims for independence. Nevertheless, the power of the British Empire was undoubted, and it managed to suppress these moods and rebels; however, in the first half of the 20th century the combination of conditions and factors such as the World War I (WW I), a mass movement for independence among colonies, and alterations in people’s mentalities, resulted in the weakening of the state and the needed background for the formation of IRA and successful struggle