ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The recipients of the report This justification report is written to provide pertinent information on the credible steps that Samsung Company can adopt to enhance its delivery of quality items. The report targets the board of directors and administration of the company (Luo, 2001). They make administrative decisions regarding quality products. The report sets to equip stakeholders with quality techniques that are viable in facilitating superior processing of electronic gadgets. The topic of the report The topic of the report is the “imperativeness of adopting quality electronic production techniques in Samsung Corporation”. Thus, the proposed program entails the adoption of quality electronic production techniques. The report is set to ensure that quality standards are upheld in the production of computers, phones, TVs, and semiconductor chip maker in the Samsung Company. This occurs to ensure that the company provides superior products that hold unquestionable satisfactory value to consumers. The topic is relevant, especially with the company’s current ambitious product expansion program. Purpose of the report The purpose of this report is to convince the board members of Samsung Company to adopt viable steps (emerging from researched information) to enhance the quality of the items the company manufactures (Tian, 2005). The report comes at the right time that the institution is facing stiff competition from its rivals. Its current position calls for radical transformation and integration of the superior processing chain that holds the capacity to propel its performance. The issue addressed in the report It addresses the significance of adopting quality electronic techniques in the Samsung Company (O’connor & Kleyner, 2012). It also dis
Prompt I The U.S. population grew by 17 million in the 1950s decade. As families grew and expanded, they required space, appliances, items, and comforts that urban lifestyle could not provide. As a result, there was a rapid expansion into the suburban residential communities which provided many comforts and infrastructure necessary for families. Urban areas would have become overcrowded if not for this transition. Many Americans wanted to escape the environment and problems of urban living. The suburban population of 60 million equaled the urban population by 1960 (Moss and Thomas 2012, 61). Innovation in home construction technology lowered costs as well. Suburban life led to increased quality of life. For example, public education underwent significant reform to improve teaching techniques and the availability of science and education for all local communities (“National Defense Education Act”). Furthermore, there was a large availability of good and cheap land with types of homes and neighborhoods meant for families. Suburban life was an ideal dream for any young family in the postwar United States. These middle-class families were usually relatively affluent and healthy. This allowed them to purchase comforts such as an automobile. These aspects are interconnected as suburban families could now travel conveniently with kids and reach any destinations that were necessary. The automobile became symbolic of the suburban lifestyle, and with so many families transitioning into such areas, the automobile sales increased tremendously. Furthermore, enhanced manufacturing capabilities allowed for more automobiles to enter the market and their price went down. This boosted the U.S. industry and economy as all as many supporting industries such as steel, parts, and diesel prospered. The GDP doubled during the decade with an average growth of 4 percent per year. With the support of the government, all the necessary infrastructure was added as well (Moss and Thomas 2012, 63). Prompt II The United States maintained a significant military and political presence in Southeast Asia after World War II. It was actively involved in the Korean War and later began to support France in the war against Communist forces in Vietnam. Vietnam was divided, and China was undergoing its own revolution to establish a Communist government. Eisenhower could see clearly that the Communist ideology was appealing to many Asian dictator leaders and mass populations. The United Nations sought to appease the United States and the Soviet Union which both had heavily influenced and held political interests in the region (Moss and Thomas 2012, 92). Meanwhile, the U.S. National Security realized the full possibility of a nuclear conflict with the Soviet Union. The policy document focused on the militarization of the region and providing military aid to allies in countries such as Vietnam in order to contain the expansion of global Communism (“National Security Council Memorandum Number 68”). The established policy focused on containing Communism at all cost since if Southeast Asia becomes largely under the influenc
Introduction Sustainable development generally refers to the balanced advancement of society regarding social, environmental, and economic aspects. Some experts believe that development and sustainability are highly interrelated concepts and cannot be addressed separately (Klarin 69). Therefore, efficient progress in most industries should take social and environmental components into account and should not sacrifice these aspects for economic prosperity. The food industry has a severe impact on the environment, and a large number of business companies in the field tend to ignore sustainable development. Therefore, it is essential to critically analyze the trends in the food industry regarding sustainability and provide efficient solutions to the problem. Food Industry Overview The food industry includes businesses that supply provisions for customers. It is a highly complex network and comprises agricultural groups, distributing organizations, academic departments, etc. Therefore, the circular-flow diagram takes the canonical shape and is illustrated below: Figure 1. The circular-flow diagram of the food industry. As seen from the chart, the food industry has a profound impact on all the aspects and stakeholders of the economy, such as government and households, product, factor and financial markets, and business groups. The food industry is frequently referred to as the “world’s largest industry” due to the immense impact on all components of sustainable development and significance to the lives of individuals (Jeffries par. 4). On the global level, the food industry is one of the most influential markets with more than a billion workers (Jeffries par. 4). With such a vast impact on the universal state of business, sustainability issues are highly prevalent as well. The food industry has an immense impact on the environmental and social components of sustainable development and directly influences the population. At the moment, the industry is responsible for more than 25% of greenhouse emissions with livestock being the major factor (Ritchie and Roser par. 22). The authors of the research provide the following diagram to illustrate the impacts of the food industry on the environment: Figure 2. Global greenhouse gas emissions from food production (Ritchie and Roser pa
The article Boy vs. Girl written by Ken Macqueen (2003) is aimed at examining the meaning of gender differences in contemporary Western societies. In particular, the writer pays attention to the way in which the notions of femininity and masculinity have evolved. The author’s methodology is not clearly discernable. In particular, one can speak about the review of books and articles that supplement the writer’s arguments. However, Ken Macqueen (2003) does not explain why these particular sources were selected among others. Furthermore, the writer often relies on his own experiences while describing the impact of gender differences on the life of both men and women. Overall, Ken Macqueen (2003) expresses several arguments. First of all, he argues that for a long time, many social and political activists envisioned a community in which gender differences would no longer be relevant. This is one of the main themes examined by the writer. In fact, it was expected that these differences would be reduced only to physiological distinctions (Macqueen 2003). This view reflects the principles of feminist theory according to which social norms set for men and women are artificial constructed. However, these expectations did not come true. Certainly, there are some important changes. For instance, one can mention the use of unisex clothing which could be completely unacceptable in the first half of the twentieth century. Nevertheless, Ken Macqueen (2003) says that modern society is still marked by the notions of femininity and masculinity. For instance, the choices of study and employment can be explained by gender differences (Macqueen 2003). Thus, the author concludes that gender distinctions are recognized in the contemporary communities even despite the arguments of many activists who say that these differences are artificial. Reflection On the whole, the author’s analysis is not sufficient for making any generalizations about the way in which people perceive gender. The main limitation is that that the arguments are not always supported by empirical data. Admittedly, Ken Macqueen (2003) makes some references to psychological or social studies that can support his arguments. Nevertheless, in many cases, the writer just refers to the examples of separate individuals such as Hayley Wickenheiser who is a female hockey play. Certainly, these cases are very eloquent, but they cannot reflect wide social trends. Moreover, the writer speaks about the so-called Western society without mentioning that Western communities could have been shaped by different cultural or social norms. They can be very heterogeneous. These are some of the limitations that should be considered. Furthermore, while examining the concept of gender, Ken Macqueen leaves out such perspectives as social class, religion, or cultural background of various individuals. It should be kept
Introduction The emergence of online technologies has brought a new variety of ways in which people communicate. Online communication has a number of differences from face-to-face interpersonal communication that have been extensively studied within recent decades. Academic attention has been particularly focused on how people build romantic relationships online. Although it was believed that, in the context of interpersonal communications and interactions, people mostly use the Internet to exchange erotic and sexual messages, it was discovered that online communications could lead to serious relationships with commitment and real emotional interdependence (Cooper & Sportolari, 1997). Therefore, it can be argued that online relationships should be regarded as “real” as opposed to the vision that they are make-believe because online identities of people may be different from their real-life identities. Moreover, certain advantages of online relationships can be found in comparing them to offline relationships. These advantages are a lesser role in physical attraction, a greater degree of familiarization, special intimacy, and finding common interests. Analysis First of all, before addressing particular characteristics of online relationships, it is important to define a relationship itself and establish what constitutes it. A relationship is defined as an “ongoing, interdependent process of interaction between two or more people” (Morreale, Spitzberg, & Barge, 2007, p. 475). A particularly important aspect of this process is emotional interdependence, which occurs when people not only interact with high frequency but also put special meaning into their interactions; therefore, these interactions should be approached from a qualitative perspective rather than from a quantitative one. What is normally associated with romantic relationships is a high level of intimacy, sharing, rapport, and interest in a person. Since people who are in a relationship spend much time together and interact a lot, they may experience conflicts, and their ability to resolve conflicts with the willingness to stay together is one of the main skills needed for repairing and preserving relationships. It is somewhat debatable what should be considered a “successful relationship,” but most definitions will include the notion of relationship satisfaction (Malouff, Schutte, & Thorsteinsson, 2014) that encompasses perceived benefits from being in a relationship with a certain person and positive emotions associated with it. There are also such c
Introduction Anxiety is generally described as a psychological condition which brings about distinct detrimental physiological responses which is caused as result of various external stimuli in the form of stressors which destabilize a person’s normal mental state. In other words it is a condition with physical, mental, emotional, behavioral and cognitive effects brought by a variety of external events or factors which have a detrimental effect on a person’s well being (Alnæs, 409 – 412). What must be understood is that most individuals feel varying types of anxiety over the course of their life. It is a natural response to tense, stressful or otherwise difficult situations which helps an individual concentrate more, develop a clearer picture of a situation and overall enables them to perform better than they otherwise would have. It is characterized by elevated blood pressure, shortness of breath, feelings of nervousness, restlessness and repetitive thoughts regarding particular actions. When examining relevant literature on the topic it can be seen that most experts agree that anxiety responses evolved as a method of coping with unavoidable or inevitable situations wherein a greater degree of concentration, motivation as well as focus was needed in order to overcome the inevitable event or situation (Alnæs, 409 – 412). What must be understood is that developing a certain case of anxiety after a particular event or problem is completely normal and within the bounds of average human behavior, what is abnormal though is if a person develops prolonged symptoms of anxiety which prevent them from functioning normally as a direct result of psychological stressors which manifests in distinct aberrant forms of emotional outbursts, behavioral responses or physical actions which are far from what can be considered normal behavior. Anxiety Disorders It must be noted that while anxiety is a common human attribute, anxiety disorders are not and are characterized by their debilitating physiological and psychological effects which hinder an individual’s ability to function normally. The five main types of anxiety disorders are classified as follows: 1.) Generalized Anxiety Disorder 2.) Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) 3.) Panic Disorder 4.) Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) 5.) Social Phobia (or Social Anxiety Disorder) What must be understood is that anxiety disorders are physiological and psychological manifestations of the effect stressors have on the body. In average cases where anxiety is present people feel varying degrees of nervousness, apprehension, and the desire to accomplish a task and get it over with; in the case of anxiety disorders the manifestation of symptoms take on far more debilitating effects such as trouble concentrating, restlessness, sleeping disorders, depression, flashbacks of traumas, chest pains and even cases where panic attacks ensure which debilitate a person’s ability to ac
A criminal investigation is a form of applied science. It deals with the identification of facts and proving guilt among suspected criminals. However, it is important to note that a suspect is always innocent before they are deemed to be otherwise. They have to be proven guilty by a court of law. The process of criminal investigation includes thorough searches in areas where evidence is believed to lie. It also involves interviews with the suspect, interrogations, as well as collection and preservation of evidence. The evidence is used to prove that the suspect is guilty of the crime they are accused of in a court of law (Osterburg & Ward, 2013). Criminal investigators are recommended for this work because they are highly trained to deal with criminals (Craig, 2002). Different types of criminal investigations can be carried out depending on the type of case. Intelligence gathering, criminal forensic, electronic surveillance, and intrusive investigation are some of these assessments. In this paper, the author is going to look into these elements of criminal investigation from the perspective of hate crime. To this end, a definition of this form of criminal procedure will be provided, together with some of its features and processes involved in its investigations. An example of a hate crime will be provided, together with the investigations carried out on this case and the verdict passed by the court. Definition of a Hate Crime Hate crimes have been reported in different jurisdictions around the world. Some of these cases have disrupted peace in these regions. Law enforcement agents have come up with different strategies to curb the vice in society. A number of investigations are carried out depending on the nature of the crime (Craig 2002). According to the Federal Bureau of Investigations, approximately 10,000 incidences of hate c
A joint venture is a business undertaking consisting of two or more proprietors or organizations with an aim of sharing the cost of running the business and increasing profitability. Both local and international companies may want to benefit from joint ventures and they do this through either a formal agreement or a simple and informal mutual understanding. Joint ventures have become very popular over the recent years and most have shown great success in their operations (Johnson 2000). According to Lynch (1989), joint ventures operate under similar concepts with alliances. The only distinction between the two is that alliances do not involve third parties and they are engaged for smaller projects than joint ventures. Why international companies engage in joint ventures and alliances Most international companies form joint ventures and alliances to save on expenses. They enable companies to implement strategies of sharing both costs and risks that are involved. Companies that aim at targeting international markets will find it easier to reach out to other nations more effectively when they have formed ventures and alliances than when they are accessing the markets individually. The international companies that have formed joint ventures and alliances are therefore able to gain access to broader global markets (Lane 1989). They also form joint ventures in order to be able to advance their technological capabilities by engaging in research and development. According to Lickson (1994), most companies especially in the developed countries were normally reluctant to engage in research and development and the governments were not supportive either. However, with the recent existence of those countries with technologically advanced industries that are also fully supported by the government, most international companies have become willing to involve themselves in these countries through forming joint ventures with their companies. Another major reason would be the fact that there have arisen various governmental and non-governmental agencies that encourage companies to form ventures and they also offer financial support to those companies that have come together. The governments of most countries have, for instance, involved themselves in the private business sector in order to support those firms that wish to form international joint ventures. This is unlike in the past years when the governments were reluctant to involve themselves in business development (Lickson 1994). International companies engage in joint ventures also because they form a conducive environment for organizational learning and for sharing knowledge, experience, and skills with each other. According to Moeller (2000), compani
Introduction In economics, monopoly arises when there is only one single provider of a particular product or service in a given geographical area. Monopolies can be government regulated or natural market forces driven. In both situations businesses that monopolize the market are advantaged relative to competitors in markets where competition is involved. There are normally substantial barriers to entry of monopolized markets. Monopoly sets the market prices. Antitrust laws help in preventing the emergence of monopoly markets (Estrin and Laidler p. 207). Although markets are controlled best by the forces of demand and supply, governments’ intervention on monopolies to protect consumers from exploitation is actually necessary. Government regulated monopoly In this kind of regulation, the government sets rules and regulations to control the operations of firms that have monopoly power in their own industry (Witztum 314). The laws may also include attempts by the government deciding to monopolize certain sectors such as security. At best governments weaken the power of monopolies. This is inclusive of the barriers to competition that exists in monopolized markets. As discussed below, the government does this in several ways. Price control Monopolies control the price of goods or services they offer which may not always have alternative. For example, a water company that controls supply in a particular area. There is no alternative good to water. Customers have no choice but to buy from the company at any cost. A government directive on the maximum price that can be charged is a necessity to protect consumers when demand is too high. Control of natural resources such as minerals makes it easy for companies to be monopolies. Large capital requirements Companies sometimes attain monopoly status because of the large capital required to provide alternative sources of supply (Eaton and Eaton 147). An example is a company in power transmission and distribution. The cost of requisite infrastructure is enormous. The possibility of another investor venturing in that market is remote. Governments normally become the competing investor or take control of provision of such services. In so doing, it safeguards citizens from the insecurity of supply. Raising of large capital especially over large periods of time is easily done by governments than individuals or private institutions. Legislation Governments normally put in place regulations to govern the conduct of business monopolies (Nicholson 573). It is through reduction of anti-competitive agreements that markets allow for competition. These include encouraging production, technical development an