ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction The levels of political tension have skyrocketed over the past several decades, causing the instances of confrontations and the number of acts of terror to rise, hence the launch of the War on Terror in its full form. Arguably, the War on Terror has been taking place since the first response toward an act of unhinged violence and the fight for retribution, which sets the start of the war back to the dawn of time. However, in the context of contemporary politics, the first trace of the war on terror can be found as early as in the 1960s, when the Cold War was threatening to grow into a nuclear confrontation (Sabir 206). Although the threat that the USSR and its nuclear power posed to the global community was removed with the downfall of the Soviet Union, the War on Terror continues as new dangers to citizens’ lives emerge. Main text The War on Terror provides the source of resistance to the threats of the acts of terror such as mass murders, hostage situations, and other cases that put numerous people’s lives in jeopardy. Therefore, it needs to be considered as the force that allows counteracting the dangers that terrorism represents. Although the past experiences of using the War on Terror as the tool for leveraging the threat have not been successful, such as the outcomes of the war in Afghanistan, the shift in the strategy used by the U.S. may assist in fighting terrorism (Sabir 204). Namely, instead of considering solely military-based interventions, recalibrating the process toward preventing political conflicts and armed confrontations should be considered a necessity. The ostensible futility of the efforts aimed at eliminating terror is often cited as the main argument against the war on terror. Indeed, the reasoning behind this argument is understandable. Forecasting the instances of terrorism is practically impossible, which means that new threats will occur no matter what efforts will be taken. Nevertheless, the War on Terror should not be seen as pointless. Instead, it needs to be interpreted as a means of containing the raw, uninhibited destructive power of terrorism. Although the idea of having to rise to a new challenge regularly seems tiresome and disheartening, the War on Terror represents the force that can contain the dangers of an otherwise uncontrollable force. In addition, when considering the sociocultural effects of the war on terror, one may mention the rise in wariness and, therefore, possible prejudices against the people belonging to specific cultures and nationalities. For instance, reports
The Main Argument The main argument presented by Kent Flannelly is that research on the evolution of civilizations requires a systematic approach that includes both ecological and humanist elements. However, he writes that higher-level societies are more difficult to analyze, with the state being the most difficult. Such elements as social stratification, socio-environmental stresses are described in how they can affect a developing civilization. To show the process of evolution, Flannelly presents several visual representations of the evolution based on a specific scenario. In the final section, Flannelly (1972) compiles a list of rules for use in research. The Building of the Argument In the first section of the paper, the author presents the idea that previous research on the evolution of civilizations was inconsequential due to the focus on either an ecological approach or humanitarian approach but never a combination of the two. This led to the loss of elements of civilization that the author states are essential for effective research on this topic. Flannelly (1972) calls for both approaches to be less focused on the extremes and attempt to provide a complete impression of the civilizations they examine. Then the author presents a description of all the evolutionary levels of civilizations. Bands, tribes, chiefdoms, and states are briefly described as well as some of the fac
Food-borne diseases are those diseases acquired after ingesting contaminated food. They can be caused by several microorganisms. The most important bacterial agents are Enterobacteriaceae. However, most bacteria do not grow optimally under refrigeration temperatures. For this reason, most foods are stored under refrigeration to significantly reduce or inhibit the growth of some bacteria. However, some bacteria can continue to grow under these conditions. The most notable bacteria that grow in refrigerated food are Listeria monocytogenes and some strains of some enterobacteria. Other bacteria that may contaminate chilled food include Escherichia coli, Bacillus cereus Clostridium botulinum, and clostridium perfringens. Bacillus cereus produces heat-resistant spores which are responsible for food poisoning. Refrigeration does not eliminate viruses and it has been argued that refrigeration or chilling can preserve viruses. A wide range of viruses can survive in very low temperatures. Some become dormant and they are reactivated upon exposure to the right temperatures. Viruses most commonly associated with food poisoning are noroviruses, rotaviruses, and hepatitis A virus. However, viruses are destroyed by heat. Contamination of ready-to-eat food occurs after cooking. Poor handling of cooked food and cross-contamination can introduce microorganisms into a food. This paper will discuss the causes, epidemiology, and preventive measures of food-borne illnesses. Listeria monocytogenes is a Gram-positive motile bacillus. It rarely causes disease in adults of sound immunity. It is mainly associated with infections in infants, pregnant women, the elderly, and adults with compromised immunity. The disease it causes is called listeriosis. The number of cases reported is small but of primary concern is the number of deaths it causes in the vulnerable group. Listeria oncogenes are widely present in nature. Infection with it is associated with the consumption of contaminated food products (Finlay, 2001). Food products that have been implicated include soft cheeses, fruits, vegetables, and seafood. In 1985 142 cases of listeriosis were reported out of which 48 died from the disease in the California United States of America (ICMSF 1996). The incidence of listeriosis lies between 2% and 16% per 1000, 000(Cabanes et al. 2002). Cabanes et al. (2002) reported that the death rate of listeriosis is above 20 %. In the United States, the incidence was 3 cases per million in the year 2004/2005.
Problem definition Twitter is a social media company with the strategic goal to grow its user base, revenue base, and profits. The study aims to provide a strategic analysis and a set of strategic growth recommendations for the company to use to achieve its strategic growth and profitability objectives based on the case study. The core areas of study include a comprehensive understanding of the social media industry, the growth, and the competitive prospects that can be used to leverage the growth of the company. Internal and external analysis The social media industry The social media industry consists of enterprise social media platforms that are used to create internal and external platforms for users to interact and collaborate with others by sharing information and other content. The social media industry has been experiencing exponential growth from 2004 to the present day. Investigations show that the growth of social media achieved a 1 million users’ mark by the end of 2004. By 2011 the industry had achieved a phenomenal growth of billions users and Facebook was the leading company with one billion users (Huberman, Romero & Wu, 2008). Currently, the industry’s major players include Facebook, LinkedIn, and Twitter and other smaller and merging companies. The latest statistical reports show that 72% of the people who use the internet are linked to one of the social media platforms and 89% of the users are between 18-29 years. Of the users between 30-49 years, 72% have internet usage, and 60% of the users that are 60 years and above are active users of social media. It has been established that 71% of people who use social media get access through the mobile phone. Different social sites have different ratings on the market with Facebook taking the largest share of 24.0% and twitter 10.8% of the total market of the global shares it the media industry. Other social media networking sites with their respective sites are shown in the chart below. A study of Twitter’s economic performance and strategic growth for the first six months of 2009 showed that it was a niche social network in many countries of the world. However, Twitter’s strategic analysis show that the company’s the strengths could be employed to create the opportunities for growth to overcome the problem of the financial performance the company has been experiencing recently. In addition, different opportunities are available for the company to u
Introduction A recent change in medical practice suggests that women seeking an abortion should undergo specially designed abortion counseling. In some countries, this is mandatory and is meant to address critical factors which may be impacting the woman and her decision to undergo the abortion procedure. Furthermore, it offers a support system that can evaluate the emotional and psychological state of the patient. The practice of abortion counseling is generally considered helpful, enticing to seek healthcare and information on contraception and psychological support post-abortion (Beja & Leal, 2010). Short-Term Abortion can have significant physical side-effects on a woman’s body. This can include cramps, vomiting, fever, and a disrupted menstrual cycle. Although rare, abortion can result in complications and even mortality. These factors are greatly exaggerated by the cultural stigma against abortion, causing women to become concerned with physical health prior to making any decisions (Gerdts, Dobkin, Foster & Schwarz, 2016). Social situations resulting in abortion may be a deciding factor. For example, rape or an unintended teenage pregnancy often leave women without input from their partners. Meanwhile, other stable couples have the male partner having an indirect influence on the woman (Frederico, Michielsen, Arnaldo & Decat, 2018). Long-Term Women that are considering or have undergone abortion have increased an increased mental health risk regarding the experience. This can include anxiety, substance abuse, depression, and suicide. The stressors and pressures of the experience can lead to posttraumatic stress disorder. Inadequate pre-abortion counseling increases the chance of potential psychological trauma (Coyle, Coleman & Rue, 2010). Psychological consequences lead to poor self-esteem, excessive guilt, and nightmares. It is common for women to worry about future gynecological health, including the ability to have healthy children when they are ready (Pourreza & Batebi, 2011). Women faced with pregnancies have to evaluate long-term factors, even as basic the desire to become a parent. If so, are there means and opportunities, especially financial to carry out, give birth, and raise the child in a safe and healthy environment. If not, what possibilities do the women have with pregnancy (termination or adoption)? The pregnancy can potentially compromise education or career choices that a woman had planned. Therefore, the process of decision-making regarding abortion is highly dependent on long-term consequences (Frederico et al., 2018). Impacting Factors Specific factors may have overwhelming influence over women considering abortion. These are often based on institutional or cultural norms that instill determinants of sexual behavior in women, a violation of which may result in severe social
Conception, intra-morning development, birth, and growth of organisms is a complex biological process that is unique. In addition, it is not possible to ignore the influence of religious movements and organizations, for instance, the Catholic healthcare service, on the process of starting a new life. A Catholic institutional healthcare system is considered a group of people who offer health care to those who need it (United States Conference of Catholic Bishops, 2018). Emphasizing the beginning of life mechanism, it is possible to note various stages and main biological participants. In terms of reproduction, one parent organism participates in asexual reproduction, resulting in offspring genetically similar to each other and the parent. In contrast, sexual reproduction requires two parents and leads to genetically distinct offspring. Mitosis is described by the biological process in which a cell divides into two genetically identical daughter cells (Cioffi, 2021). On the contrary, meiosis is depicted by the split of a germ cell into four sex cells, for instance, sperm or egg, each having half of the parent cell’s chromosomes (Cioffi, 2021). A cell or creature that is diploid contains two sets of chromosomes, one from each parent. Other than human sex units, all cells in humans are diploid and have 23 pairs of chromosomes. A cell or individual with a single pair of chromosomes is referred to as a haploid. Haploid creatures are considered to reproduce in an asexual manner. Only the egg and sperm cells of humans are believed to be haploid. In sexually reproducing creatures, a gamete is a haploid cell that combines with another haploid cell during the process of fertilization. Gametes, often known as sex cells, are the reproductive cells of an individual. Gametes contain half of an organism’s genetic material, one ploidy of each subtype, and are produced by meiosis, which involves two fissions in a germ cell, culminating in the generation of four gametes. The class of gamete produced by an organism defines its sex categorization in biology. Fertilization, also defined as productive fertilization, syngamy, and insemination, is the union of gametes to generate a new individual organism or progeny and begin its development (Cioffi, 2021). Sexual reproduction is the process of fertilization and the creation of new creatures. Human fertilization is the joining of a human egg and sperm in the ampulla of the fallopian tube, resulting in a zygote cell, or fertilized egg, which begins prenatal development. A zygote is a eukaryotic unit developed when two gametes fertilize each other. The genotype of a zygote is compiled of the DNA from each gamete and includes all of the genetic information needed to form a new unique creature. The zygote is believed to be the initial developmental phase of multicellular organisms. Considering human nature, a liberated ovum and a haploid sperm cell compose a single diploid cell termed the zyg
Hypothesis Testing with Two Categorical Variables: Chi-Square in Criminal Justice and Criminology Chapter 10 of the textbook provides an overview of the chi-square test of independence. This method provides a valid tool for testing hypotheses based on variables from the same category. This chapter continues with the example of the attitudes towards death penalties. The author explains how a researcher can use this test to prove whether or not men are likely to be in favor of death penalties than women and how education affects the decision. The text reveals what steps must be taken while using this test to determine relationships between independent and dependent variables. The chi-square test is a vital tool for exploring the relationship between two variables on a subject of dependency, as it allows a researcher to demonstrate a meaningful impact of one variable onto another (Gau, 2018). Therefore, the hypothesis must be stated in a way that can be either proven or disproven by the chi-square test. However, the author also points out that there are limitations to this method. Gau (2018) explicitly highlights that “statistical significance does not always translate into practical significance” (p. 293). The author points out that this test does not explain the measures of association, which require additional analysis of variables (Gau, 2018). Gau (2018) states that “measures of association offer insight into the magnitude of the differences between groups so that we can figure out how strong the overlap is,” which makes this test an essential step in some cases (p. 292). In conclusion, the chi-square test of independence must be used as a part of a more extensive analysis that incorporates all practically relevant factors and assesses their value as evidence. Statistical significance is the key to an appropriate application of this method (Gau, 2018). The author provides a precise examination of the test, its applications and further analyses that might stem from the results of the chi-square test. Hypothesis Testing with Two Population Means or Proportion in Criminal Justice and Criminology In the eleventh chapter of the textbook, the author examines methods for statistical analysis of differences between variables. Two populations that are linked via a dependent variable must be assessed on the subject of dependency to determine a proper test to ensure the validity of the results (Gau, 2018). The chapter identifies the analytical process and breaks it into several steps necessary for its proper completion. The examination of variables and their dependencies takes a primary spot in this chapter. Independent variables with no influence on each other, such as genders, can provide a statistically meaningful result that will reveal useful evidence (Gau, 2018). Sometimes, selected variables are interdependent or unequal, which leads to different types of analysis. The author examines the choice of a proper test and the logic behind it in the form of a simple algorithm. Dependent samples, which are mainly matched pairs or repeated measures, It is crucial to analyze variables that are brou
DRM: Its Main Goal and Main Mistake With increasing popularity of Internet facilities, the necessity to protect copyright emerged. Compared with paper-based works, the problem of copyright protection of digital works which are distributed via the Internet is more difficult. The thing is that it is hard to trace piracy, because of global access to the Internet facilities (Everett 2010, 5). So, various mechanisms which are now famous under the name DRM were introduced in order to protect copyright of digital information: eBooks, movies, songs, etc. For many years DRM was the only term to protect digital products from unauthorized usage. Still the system of DRM is not perfect. On the one hand, its imperfection leads to negative profit of companies which work in the sphere of distribution of digital works. However, on the other hand, the introduction of DRM led to limitation of consumers’ facilities: they were restricted by DRM in the usage of digital works, although it did not contradict the law of copyright. Is DRM an Effective Term for Copyright Protection? The piracy became a topical problem in the contemporary world of economics and entertainment industry. Lots of various products, from eBooks to HD-TV films, are touted and used without authorization. So, it is not a surprise that large and other not so talked-up music industry tycoons and companies which distribute films, music albums, eBooks, use DRM and make efforts to change the situation. A consumer had to pay money, and, than, download a track or a movie. The mechanism of copyright protection seemed very simple and inviolable. Still, recent changes in the world of music industry make people wonder what made huge companies introduce DRM-free environments. Still, reasons for such changes are quite rational and logically explained. “The Recording Industry Association of America (PIAA) (2009) estimates that music sales declined from $13,7 billion in 1998 to $8,5 billion in 2008” (Sinha, Machado and Sellman 2010, 40). In other words, the decrease of demand on the market of music became a factor of inevitable changes in the sphere of digital market. Of course, the majority of experts blamed digital pirates for sales slowdown. Still, for many experts the phenomenon of the sales slowdown was a result of consumers’ limited capacities in many aspects (Sinha, Machado and Sellman 2010, 40). The First Wave of DRM-Free Environment A great change was observed when i
Introduction Enron is a company dealing with energy resources that was founded by Kenneth Lay in 1984 after merging Houston Natural Gas (HNG) with InterNorth. The company grew rapidly as the founder exploited the opportunities of deregulation in the United States and privatization abroad. By the early 1990s, Enron was unmistakably the leading company in the energy industry 1 . However, in the beginning of the millennium, the company was surrounded by big ethical scandals in accounting that led to its bankruptcy in 2001. In that respect, this paper is aimed at investigating the business environment and the strategic position of the company. First, we discuss the company’s business environment through the use of PEST and Porter’s five forces tools of analysis. Second, we discuss the company’s strategic position by looking at problems in the case as well as the structure and control systems. We also look at Enron’s strategic position by conducting a SWOT analysis. Finally, we make recommendations for turning around Enron’s business. Environment analysis PEST analysis Political environment that affects Enron like many other firms dealing with energy is characterized by regulations, political instability and labor relations. The company based in Houston has operations and facilities in other countries such as India, Argentina and Brazil where political factors differ significantly. Furthermore, the company has failed due to continuous disputes over terms of deals and prices. For economic factors, Enron is affected by foreign investments and competition. While the company has exposed US to foreign investments that are uncertain, the ethical scandals have worked to the advantage of competitors. Regarding to social environment, the changed attitudes of investors and customers as well as the poor corporate social responsibility have significant impacts on the firm. Technology environment is generally characterized by excellent US and foreign technology in extraction and communication, poor facilities for research and development of the company and poor technical collaboration. Porter’s five forces analysis In history, the energy industry has never been threatened by new individual entrants due to the cost of estab