ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The inclusion of financial records in a patient’s medical data could be substantially beneficial to medical organizations that have adopted electronic health records (EHR). The usage of a single cohesive system, as opposed to multiple disparate ones, can improve efficiency and reduce the costs of operating the medical system’s documentation. It can also improve coordination between different facilities and reduce errors if appropriate security measures are introduced. Making data about the patient’s financial history and ability to pay easier to access could help the medical facility serve them better. With that said, I still disagree with the idea because, while it benefits the medical organization, it provides few advantages for the patient. Moreover, it may exacerbate the dangers that they face from data breaches by exposing their financial data to attackers, which would also make medical data a more attractive target for criminals. The most significant priorities in the storage of patient data are privacy and security, with convenience and data sharing being secondary to it. Moreover, medical workers do not necessarily need access to the patient’s financial information, and neither are they usually entitled to it. As such, per López (2020), it is essential to assign and restrict access to this data depending on the person’s specific duties. It is not necessarily reasonable to include financial data into EHR since it cannot be integrated into the rest of the database deeply because of
Introduction When organizations undertake to change their overall strategy, they use change agents as transformative tools for achieving their overall vision. Change must be implemented systematically through a predefined framework in order to achieve the desired goals. An external or internal change agent leads the transformative process. This proposal takes a look at the urgent need for change in the US army. It utilizes kotter’s 8 steps change process as its framework Kotter(1996), looks at the factors driving the need for change, how organizational structures, systems, and organizational culture affects the change process, and what appropriate personal skills the change agent must posses to lead the proposed initiatives. The change agent in this case was a team well skilled in change management initiatives. Urgent need for change Utilizing kotter’s (1996) first step of the change process, the team undertook to determine why the need for change within the US army was deemed urgent. The team’s findings pointed to a paradigm shift in the wars the US army has fought over the years in Asia particularly Pakistan that has translated to many losses of lives, huge financial costs, socio-economic impact, and poor international relationships. These were identified by the team as drivers for change. In addition to the never ending war, terrorism does not seem to abate in view of the investment done on waging these wars. In addition, the team identified misuse of funds, rising cost of the wars as additional drivers for change. A report by the United States Government Accountability Office (2008) determined that: Prior to ODRP’s increased verification efforts, the average percentage of Pakistani claims disallowed or deferred for January 2004 through August 2006 was a little over 2 percent. In comparison, the average percentage of Pakistani claims disallowed or deferred for September 2006 through February 2007 was 6 percent and for the most recent claims (March 2007 through June 2007) processed in February 2008, was approximately 22 percent. However, ODRP’s continued oversight activity is not assured, as Defense had not developed formal guidance delineating how and to what degree ODRP should attempt to verify Pakistani claims for reimbursement”. P.3 Therefore the approach by the military leaders in waging war in Pakistan was identified as the reason for the desired need for change. Leupp (2010) argues that 3000 soldiers have been reported killed since the wars started with US involvement while three and half million people have been displaced in the fighting. Socio-economic consequences are disastrous. These wars have undermined any could be national consensus. That has been a major cause for concern both within the US army, Pakistan, and other re
The cocaine usage affects the brain activity and neurotransmission. The purpose of the given research was to define how these reactions influence overall function of the brain and its particular segments. The cocaine use (especially repeated) leads to certain reactions in the midbrain (neuroadaptations). The neuroadaptation in dopaminergic function leads to the decrease of sensitivity, affects the psychological state causing stress conditions and influences on the cognitive function. Such reaction is caused by the neuroadaptations that influences on the functional connectivity of different part of brain that are regulated by dopamine. Thus, we can observe different brain dysfunctions in cocaine abusers. The importance of the research lies in the fact that it helps in deeper understanding of the overall brain activity and functional connectivity of the midbrain. The research also shows the influence of cocaine on the brain zones that are responsible for reaction, cognitive function and attention. The results of this research can contribute to the studies of the brain activity and treatment of the diseases related to the functional connectivity. The basics for the given research were findings that established the role of dopamine in the brain reactions under the influence of drugs with addicted individuals. The previous researches show that the desire for the drugs is related to the increase of dopamine. Thus, the drug-related words can cause the reaction in the mesencephalon in drug users. The research hypothesized that cocaine addicted individuals have decreased sustained attention and cognitive function. The reason of these processes is the influence of drugs on the brain activity that shows the decrease of the functional connectivity of the midbrain. In order to provide a research, two groups of people were involved. The first group consisted of twenty healthy cocaine abusers and twenty healthy control subjects. The control subjects were matched to the main group according to age, gender and education. Each person was examined by physicians and neurologists. The research was based on the comparative analysis of the results of the experiments. Among the methods used was the stimulation paradigm (a drug-word paradigm). Each person from each group was shown a number of neutral and drug-related words. The results of the experiment were examined through the BOLD-fMRI analyses and RIO analyses. The result of the experiment was the next: the usage of drugs influences on the brain activity, in other words, the intensity of reaction in drug-abused people is lower than in healthy people who do not use drugs. The results of the research confirmed the previous findings. Both groups performed a number of tests with neutra
In the contemporarily civilized society, politeness defines the integral aspect of interactive communication to positively facilitate life effectiveness and promote social life interaction. Since the world consist of many cultures, a universal definition of the term politeness is not possible since it depends on the communicative dialects and symbols employed by each culture. As a matter of fact, one culture’s definition of politeness may be opposite of another culture’s definition especially when the interactive symbols display contextual misunderstanding. Therefore, the issue of misunderstanding between two cultures is what inspired great scholars like Levinson and Brown to come up with theoretical explanation on the concept of politeness and its application at global level. However, these theories have received serious criticism from other scholars because there is no universally accepted definition of the concept politeness. In discussing politeness notion, this reflective treatise attempts to examine the cross cultural pragmatics surrounding the definition and application of politeness as presented by Tennen, Thomas, and Wierzbicka. This analysis aims at providing an informed and comprehensive understanding of politeness appropriation alongside emerging difficulties associated with misunderstandings across different cultures. Levinson and Brown’s theory on politeness was introduced in 1978. This theory holds that politeness has three quantifiable human interaction elements which are basic across different culture. Levinson and Brown (1987) propose these elements to include personal face maintenance in a communicative process, facial expression or acts which may directly play out to intimidate facial expression of the parties in a conversation, and strategies associated with politeness and meant to maintain a friendly face in a conversation. In their explanation, Levinson and Brown define the concept of ‘face’ as that aspect which outlines the desire to avoid humiliation or embarrassment while at the same time maintaining and controlling a desired self representation (Levinson and Brown, 1987, p.32). The politeness phenomena theory dwells on aspects of negative and positive senses in linguistic pragmatism. Reflectively, the negative sense is a direct reflection of independence from undesired imposition. On the other hand, a positive sense or face reflects on individual self image and desired imposition. According to the phenomena theory put forward by Levinson and Brown, there are four categories of linguistics politeness. These include the social norm view, the facial saving view, the convectional maxim view, and the convectional contract view. Generally, linguistics politeness depends on the background of an encoder and decodes noting that different cultures have different voice tone and meaning for each tone (
Introduction Modern society is characterized by a high degree of complexity and is based on interaction and communication between groups or individuals. Companies actively use this aspect to generate product value for users. In particular, they use network effects to increase the number of participants in their network, which not only attracts more users but also generates product value for network members. Several main types of network effects affect a product’s value, increasing it and providing a competitive advantage to companies. Spotify and Airbnb are examples of the most successful use of various network effects to continuously generate the value of the network members’ products and increase their defense in the market. Network Effects Definition and Overview The principles of network effects in modern society and business are fundamental to the development of a competitive company. James Currier underlines that “every new user has the value in your product to other users who are using the product or will use the product” (NFX, 2020, [0:00-0:11]). Thus, the more people use the product, the more valuable it becomes to other existing and potential users. This factor also ensures the company’s growth and development, which provides a competitive advantage in the market. Factors Affecting Product Value Network Effects Types Network effects are particularly significant in contemporary, highly digitalized society. In particular, there are four key defensibilities today, including network effects, embedding, scale, and brand (NFX, 2018). These factors allow companies to create value that cannot be copied or replicated, which increases the company’s competitive advantage in the market (Pidun et al., 2020). As part of technology startups, network effects account for more than 70% of the total value generated by the company (NFX, 2018, [0:20]). There are various types of network effects, which fall into major categories, including direct, two-sided, data, and social. A detailed network effects map is presented in Fig. 1. Network effects map (Currier, n.d). Fig. 1 and describes 13 types of effects as their impact on the value of a company’s product decreases. Direct Network Effects Direct network effects are the simplest and most powerful factors influencing business success. As shown in the map in Fig. 1, this broad group includes five effects: physical, protocol, personal utility, personal, and market network. The physical network effect is based on physical nodes and links, as a network of telephones and wires between them. This effect is the most defensible since it has a direct network effect, as well as “lends itself to the addition of other defensibilities; namely, scale effects and embedding” (Currier, n.d, para. 31). Businesses based on this type such as railway networks or electric networks, require large initial investments. Thus, most of the products and services offered by
At the beginning of the 21 st century, there is no unified theory of economic development, thus there are a lot of views and explanations of growth and economic development of different world nations. The financial stability and viability, and hence development, of an economy, depend on two fundamental factors. The first factor is the macroeconomic and structural conditions in the real economy which affect financial decisions and form the environment within which the financial system operates. The second factor is the robustness of the financial system itself, comprising the financial markets, institutions, and arrangements through which financial transactions are carried out. By their nature, the component elements that comprise a robust financial system depend on legal structures and institutions (Mellor, 2001). Unfortunately, at the beginning of the transition process in 1989, this was little understood and therefore received very little early emphasis. Vibrant financial markets require not only that appropriate legal rules exist, but that they operate in an environment where they are effective. While the phrase ‘rule of law’ has been repeated since the beginning of the transition process, until recently the meaning of the idea and its effective implementation received very little practical attention; for that reason, transition and financial sector development were seen as the field of economists and the role of law was viewed as largely irrelevant. Difficulties and setbacks in the transition process during the 1990s have caused the focus to shift somewhat to the ‘rule of law’ and related institution-building (Bardham, 1993). Much has been said to qualify traditional theory when it is admitted that forces within the economic system may produce fluctuations and that “equilibrium” is not synonymous with the full employment of resources. On the other hand, equilibrium analysis seems to obscure the nature of such forces because the latter suggests relationships that lie outside the traditional equilibrium scheme. However, the purpose of the present study is not primarily one of criticism but is rather an endeavor to isolate some of the principal forces which govern business fluctuations and to inquire how they may be brought into the theoretical analysis. The theories discussed here will be sifted for their contribution to an understanding of this problem. This brief study cannot hope to do justice to the many outstanding achievements which mark the development of dynamic theory and business cycle discussion over the past two or three decades. The theories discussed are recent contributions and are still controversial. For this reason, perhaps, they ma
The Bosnian War of 1992-1995 carried away thousands of people and destroyed the lives of many people who survived it. Women are one of the most vulnerable groups of the population suffering from violence during the time of armed conflicts. As nearly 100 thousand people were killed during the war in Bosnia, many women were left without their husbands and experienced the lack of safety and protection (Powell, Butollo, & Hagl, 2010). Such a situation resulted in thousands of cases of rape (Davis, 2014). The women that survived such acts of violence have to cope with the severe negative consequences of their experience in the aftermath of the wartime (Klaric, Klaric, Stevanovic, Grkovic, & Jonovska, 2007). Therefore, the empowerment of the casualties of wartime rape and the women, in general, is one of the vital issues that need to be promoted in Bosnian society. Religion, as the major factor dominating the life of the Bosnians, can be used for the empowerment of the female population. Islam is the main dominating religion in Bosnia, as nearly half of the population identify themselves as Muslims (Bose, 2009). From the spiritual aspect, Islam considers women as creatures that are equal to men. Though certain issues related to the duties of a woman and a wife are described in the Quran, the Holy Book does not justify the discrimination of women in any instance. On the contrary, the Quran teaches the men how to treat their wives and other women fairly: “And live with them in kindness. If you dislike them, it may be that you dislike something in which God has placed much good” (Quran 4:19). Despite popular beliefs, Islam has extended the women’s rights that were restricted in most Western states much earlier than its counterparts did. Therefore, the empowerment of the Muslim female population in Bosnia can be done by enhancing the knowledge of the population about the righteous position of women in Islam. In such a way, the Muslim population can be encouraged to respect women and be empathetic to that one that suffered wartime rape. Christianity, including Serbian Orthodoxy and Catholicism, is another major religion in Bosnia, as nearly 41 percent of the population identify themselves as Christians. Christianity regards women as creatures equal to men and condemns discrimination. As well as Islam does, Christianity teaches men to respect women and restricts the aggression or rudeness directed toward the female population (Rump, 2008). One of the brightest illustrations of the noble
Teaching across the content areas takes into consideration the differences between individual learners. Teachers need to acknowledge that learners are different and hence do not learn at the same pace. Most teachers move very fast “from concrete to abstract ways of thinking” (Lemon, 2004, p.3). Consequently, learners just memorize formulas, algorithms, or concepts without understanding the fundamental principles therein. This paper will look at reading content area material and reading literature. In addition, it will look at how to select learning materials for reading content area material and literature. Reading in content areas involves students reading content in, areas such as social studies, science, history, and so on. Students should read and understand expository texts. The texts not only contain factual information but the information is conveyed through the use of technical multisyllabic words. The texts are also structured in a way that they rely on compare or contrast, cause and effect or sequencing (Reading, 2008, para. 1). Teachers should identify the reading ability of their learners so that they can help them improve in reading to enable them to learn from the readings they use in class. One strategy that helps students in content reading is to give them instructions in reading content in classrooms. This involves three steps that help learners to comprehend the texts they encounter. The first step is called before reading. This is because learners have prior knowledge and using it, they can establish a purpose for reading a given text. Teachers allow the learners to brainstorm, predict, preview headings, skim and identify crucial vocabulary. For instance, if a student visited a rain forest before reading on forests it would be easy because the student will be familiar with some of the vocabulary. Step two- during reading where a student measures their comprehension of the text by building connections of what they are reading and what they already know. Strategies employed in this step include rereading, answering questions, infer by reading between notes or lines, support predictions made before reading and summarizing main ideas in the text. Step three – after reading where students are supposed to deepen their understanding of the text by building connections between prior knowledge and the new information they get from texts. Strategies employed in this step are reread, summarize, question, synthesize, reflect and confirm predictions. The other strategy that teachers can use in reading content is the KWL chart. Students are asked to write down what they know about the topic they are about to read. They also write down what they expect to learn from the topic and after reading the text, they note do
Ethical dilemma faced by Antonio Essentially, the main issue that Antonio has to deal with is integrity. Antonio has to make a decision of the case in hand based on his position of power and the authority. It is pinpointed that Phil referred to Roger, Antonio’s boss (p 150). He seems to have had no clue of the unethical behavior by some of the staff members like Phil, for example. Even though there is an explanation for the situation, Antonio has to choose between doing what is right and doing what is necessary. Phil seems to do what is necessary to make some financial gains for the company illegally. Besides, Antonio is in the dilemma of tackling the issue ethically. He has an ethical responsibility of not exposing Phil as the one who is performing wrong. Moreover, Kevin decided to report the issue to Antonio even though he did not have the guarantee of the top management’s willingness to handle the issue. If Antonio does not deal with the issue, it will be proof to Phil that he was right about Antonio. In all these issues, one thing is clear that it is all about integrity in management and leadership that Antonio has to decide (McDaniel, 2004). Strategies for dealing with the issue There are only two choices; the case for and the case against it. Case for includes choosing integrity and deciding on the way to deal with the matter. In this strategy, Antonio has to guarantee Kevin his security and anonymity. He has to ensure that Kevin remains confidential and that the damage by the power surge is not manipulated for more gains from the insurance company. He has to deal with Phil in regards to the abuse of office and taking advantage of junior employees’ submissiveness, venerability, and loyalty. These are the short-term measures of this strategy to deal with the current issues. For the insurance that the vice is eradicated once and for all, Antonio has the responsibility of advocating for the adoption of measures to educate employees and install severe punishment for such vices (McDaniel, 2004). It is obvious that the reason why Matt took up the task of digging up all the underground wires and hauling them off before the insurance people arrived was basically because of not understanding what is right, and accruing to him what came from the superior was right. Education of employees through conferences is sure to eradicate junior abuse by seniors (Driscoll, 2002). On the other hand, Antonio can choose to go for the “let be” strategy (Holfman, 2002). In this strategy, Antonio will ignore whatever Kevin told him, and overlook whatever Phil directed Matt to do. This strategy is sure to promote the vice and encourage senior staff like Phil to take advantage of junior employees and continually abuse them (Batson, Thompson, & Chen, 2002). Pros and cons of each strategy discussed above Firstly, integrity will supersede intentional dishonesty. In such a way, the right ethics and culture