ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Over the past decade, many tumultuous events have taken place within the United States. Over the past ten years, there has been a severe economic depression, a terrorist attack, a significant crunch of the U.S. stock markets, mass layoffs, and a meltdown of the housing sector. Unemployment rate climbed to an all time high of 10 percent for the first time since 1983 that followed the severe recession of 1980s (Fernald, 1999, p. 771). Additionally, following the recent recession, labor and capital mobility have declined while poverty levels have increased. Nevertheless, by the beginning of 2010, the U.S. economy began to show signs of recovery with new job opportunities. However, the wages paid across many sectors are not satisfactory. Normally, changes in the stock market indicators, labor mobility, and rise in people’s wealth are used in assessing the condition of the U.S. economy. In recent times, local economic development dominates the U.S. politics with many calling for the adoption of entrepreneurial strategies. Currently, trends in development policies focus more on job creation and entrepreneurship than on the provision of public goods and social services (Sperling, 2008, p. 78).These strategies are in response to the rising levels of unemployment, poverty, and economic recession. The current trends and strategies within the United States lay more emphasis on the job and wealth creation. The U.S. Financial Crisis The current financial crisis in the United States can be attributed to two main factors: ineffective regulatory mechanism and global policies that influence liquidity. Prior to the crisis, the interest rates in the United States were relatively high. Other countries, like Japan or China, had zero interest rates and fixed exchange rates respectively. This significantly affected liquidity resulting to the crisis. At the same time, the U.S. regulatory framework could not adequately protect the local financial markets from global forces. In other words, the past policy options involving incentives particularly the residential mortgage backed securities (RMBS) of 2004 (Moretti, 2004, p. 117) contributed to the financial crisis. In 2004, three factors contributed significantly to the crisis. The first factor involves the establishment of the zero equity mortgages under the past regime (Koven, & Lyons, 2010, p. 89). These aimed at improving access to mortgages by low-income earners. Second, the high capital requirements by the regulator, the Office of Federal Housing Enterprise Oversight (OFHEO), forced banks to offer low interest mortgages to low income earners. Third, the investment banks were allowed to manage their own risks based on their capital reserves.
Qualitative Study The Problem Statement While the demand for education continues to increase, recent educational research regarding teacher professionalism indicates that there continues to be a scarcity of teachers within the learning institutions. As the teaching profession continues to prove demanding, tiring, and with low motivation, most undergraduates have lost interest in this field, while teachers the profession leave the teaching profession in search of better professions (Ronfeldt, Loeb, & Wyckoff, 2013). Thus, this research provides a qualitative study of teacher turnover and learning outcomes amongst disabled students. The Purpose Statement The intended research would be seeking to establish the prevailing and possible relationship between teacher turnover and the performance of learners, especially among students with learning disabilities. Hence, the main purpose of this qualitative research study is to assess the high turnover rates of teachers and their supposed effects on the students’ performance, particularly those marred with learning disabilities with evidence from teachers and students of the American elementary schools. Research Method Qualitative studies follow the principles of qualitative research methods that draw evidence from research participants concerning their real-world experiences using questionnaires, direct observations, and interviews (Golafshani, 2013). The study will embrace the principles of qualitative research methods that include data collection, data analysis, data presentation, data interpretation, and data validation. During data collection, the researcher will use questionnaires, analyze the data qualitatively, and ensure that it follows the principles of interpreting qualitative data. Research Design Resign design is a pragmatic and subjective approach that describes life phenomena and give them relevant meaning. Qualitative research entails the principles of research design where social constructivism makes the most in drawing the conclusions made from the perceptions of the participants regarding a research inquiry (Golafshani, 2013). The study will adopt a case study research design where the focus will be students and teachers of elementary schools within the state of Ohio in the United States. A study of elementary schools would provide valuable information that applies to the other schools in the United States. Variables Variables are measurable elements
The book by Tim O’Brien is made up of short stories compiled in several chapters. The stories in this book are about the American war in Vietnam. The soldiers are seen to have gone through a lot during that time and Tim lives to tell the story (O’Brien 4). This paper will look at three short stories from the book and will look at three elements that are treated similarly in the stories. The elements that will be studied are the language used, the style and the effects that the stories have on the readers. The things they carried In this story, the author uses figurative language in order to bring some nebulous concepts to life and give it substance. This helps him express himself to the reader effectively. This is seen whereby O’ Brien describes some of the things that the soldiers carried. Some of the things carried by the soldiers were physical objects while others were not but the author describes them as if they were. He uses phrases to give them some physical attributes. Tim O’Brien talks about a group of soldiers who are matching through Vietnam and he describes the things each of them carried (O’Brien 13). O’Brien believed that the things that the soldiers carried were dependent of their personalities since each carried something different owing to the fact that each had set different priorities. Some people carried tangible items while others carried intangible ones. Those items were considered the basic needs of the particular soldier and they had to carry the things that would enable them to survive the hard times in Vietnam. Figurative speech is used in that the feelings such as rage, shame and grief are described as if they were tangible. The difference between the physical and the abstract items is that the abstract ones are not easily cast away. Someone cannot easily do away with them or forget about them. Many critics have praised this introduction and have seen it fit and insightful to the recurring characters in the book. When O’Brien gives a description of the tangible items, he bluntly talks about them and describes them the way they are. He does not give his feelings or sentiments about the particular items. For example, when he describes the items carried by the first lieutenant and army leader, he only gives straightforward descriptions of the items. He describes his weapon as a 45 (c) caliber pistol that weighed 2.9 pounds when fully loaded but he says nothing more about it. He does not show any attachment to it. He simply listed down the items if they were the physical ones. However, whenever he talked of the intangible ones, his writing was a lot more in tune with the feelings of the characters. O’Brien was emotionally attached to the feelings of those particular characters because he had experienced the challenges in Vietnam. He describes the emotional and physical burdens to have been amazingly heavy. This way he gives physical attributes to things that are not. As O’Brien describes the love that Jimmy had for Martha and as he described the things that went on when they were together, he talks more sentimentally a
Introduction The theory of broken windows is a theory in criminology that considers minor offenses not only as an indicator of the criminogenic situation but also as an active factor affecting the serious crime rate. The theory claims that the connivance of society to minor offenses, such as vandalism and others, directly provokes people to commit similar or more serious offenses (O’Brien et al., 2019). There are different views on the theory of broken windows, but I am inclined to believe that there are more positive sides than critics. Main body Each individual lives in a specific social environment. And to change the situation, people need to apply efforts to change this environment. For example, actions to combat petty hooliganism have indeed reduced the crime rate in New York. As part of the criminal investigation program in many parts of New York, criminal activity was monitored on an ongoing basis, with the responsibility of the police in each district (Kamalu & Onyeozili, 2018). However, the study tracked a correlation, not a causal relationship, that would prove that acts of petty hooliganism push the same or other people to more serious crimes. On the other hand, there was no evidence that no third force would reduce or affect the number of serious crimes in the city. Indeed, the number of serious violations has decreased, but extraneous factors have not been investigated, and because of this, the theory of broken windows has been heavily criticized. Conclusion In conclusion, there are arguments both for and against the broken windows theory, which may raise doubts about its effectiveness and applicability to different environments. However, the theory can be considered from different angles, highlighting the positive aspects of a particular situation. Reducing even minor crimes does not bring any negative consequences, so it is not necessary to track the relationship between light and serious crime in order to put the theory into practice in a particular city.
Introduction The aspects of environmental design are closely associated with the aspects of human psychology, and human interaction with the surrounding environment. The key aspects of the psychological approach define the environmental condition, which people will interact with. The sphere of environmental design, and related psychological approach towards it is aimed at developing a model of human nature, that will interact with the particular environment. The scientific approach of this sphere is aimed at developing the multidisciplinary focus, which will involve the aspects of human behavior, perception of colors and elements of design, and how people will develop the approaches of wayfinding among the settings of any particular design. Considering the aspects of design for veterans, it should be emphasized that the entire approach will also involve the effect of environmental stresses on human behavior from the perspective of adaptability of the design towards veterans’ needs and requirements. This paper aims to analyze the environmental design psychology perspective, as well as analyze the key theories of environmental design, and the related psychological approach. Definitions   * Environment – the combination of surrounding of any object   * Built environment – human-made surroundings   * Natural environment – all living and non-living things on the planet   * Designed environment – artificially created environment   * Social environment – social positions and roles that influence the individuals of any group   * Behavioral environment – the impression, which is formed by the environment, and behavior, caused by this impression.   * Design – panning and creation of a system   * Interior design – creative and technical solutions to create an interior environment   * Environmental design – means addressing environmental parameters when creating designing plans   * Behavior – the set of actions, originated by the surrounding   * Environmental behavior – the behavior of a living organism within the particular environmental set   * Theory – set of presumptions, viewings and beholding   * Psychology – study of mental functions and behaviors   * Environmental design psychology – study of mental reactions and behavior, caused by the environment   * Environmental design theory – theoretic basis of addressing environmental parameters when creating designing plans Psychological Perspective The key notion of the psychological perspective, related to the surrounding environment and design is “how the environment makes people feel”. Thus, the key aim of environmental design is to maintain people’s well-being, associated with the perception of colors
Introduction Dogeaters is a political satire novel written to address the history of the Philippines. The author, Jessica Hagedorn, uses a platform of a postmodern society and themes like dictatorship, sexuality, religion, colonization, and the search for identity to explore accomplish her objectives. The novel adopts a disjointed and unstable timeline with narrations that involve both flashbacks and flash-forwards. The location is Manila Philippines although America and Spain are continuously mentioned in relation to colonization. Three main characters and two minor ones who each narrate their own versions of the truth narrate the novel. The characters used are mainly human but are used to represent the real political class in the history of Philippines hence the themes of the novel. Main Characters Analysis Rio Gonzaga acts as the first narrator and she is responsible for setting the pace for the whole novel. Rio is an adult and she tells her stories mainly through flashbacks and memories of her childhood in Manila. Consequently, her narration is filtered through the more analytic approach of an adult instead from the innocence of a ten-year-old girl. She is a dreamer and fantasizes a lot in her narration. Rio is shy and does not like interacting with boys although like her cousin Pucha, she enjoys American movies (Hagedorn 3). Although she is from an upper class or higher middle class society, she is sympathetic to the less fortunate in society, which is clearly visible when she listens to famous Filipino radio drama, Love Letters, with her grandmother and servants. She is humble thus does not find any problem mixing with such people. Pucha Gonzaga, Rio’s cousin, enjoys American movies too. She is fond of boys and flirts with them after watching movies. She likes visiting cafés and drink truCola mostly with Boomboom Alacran, a wealthy and influential man. Pucha has a more glamorous lifestyle and adores wealth. She likes to be the center of attention always: thus, she is a character full of pride. Although she goes ahead to marry the well connected Boomboom, the marriage does not last for long (Hagedorn 102). Rio and Pucha’s fathers, who are brothers, work for the Alacran family. The two families are good friends and interact on various social platforms despite the fact that the Gonzagas are Alacran’s employees. The Alacran family is a wealthy and influential family in Manila. Severo Alacran has interests in many areas of the economy including soft drink manufacturing and movie studios. He lives a lavish life and although he is married to a former beauty queen, Isabel, he is unfaithful to her. The two are engaged in continuous fights presenting Severo as a wife beater. Isabel is presented as a wife of convenience whose main task is to fulfill the political class duty of elegance and beauty. Severo has many illegitimate children but together with Isabel, they have a daughter, Baby Alacran. Unlike her mother, Baby Alacran is shy, soft, and plump. She is less concerned with beauty or class and ends up pregnant and eloping with a soldier, Pepe Carreon, to the joy of her parents. Daisy Avila is the daughter of a l
Introduction After listening to the professor of sociology talking about human rights, dignity, and humanity, as well as to the employees of rights of migration talking about the concept and meaning of DACA in PaloAlto, I took it upon myself to explain to my classmates the idea behind Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA), who had been arguing earlier about the documents. I explained to them that, according to Dosunmu (47), DACA, which was passed and announced on June 15, 2012, can be described as a memorandum that practices prosecutorial discretion towards people who illegally migrated to the United States of America as children. Discussion I also explained to the students that people with deferred action status have the capacity to put in applications for employment authorization because they are protected by the color of law in the United States. Needless to say, I reminded them that the deferred action status can be revoked any time and that there exists no unswerving path from the deferred action to citizenship or lawful permanent residence. The students wished to understand who or how one can be eligible for DACA relief. In line with this, I opted to give them the criteria that were used for selection whenever applications for deferred action for childhood arrivals were made. One of the points consisted of the fact that one should have been below 31 years by June 15, 2012, and should have moved to the United States, while he or she was 16 years or below. Moreover, I also mentioned that another factor that influenced the eligibility for deferred action was the fact that one ought to have resided in the United States continuousl
What Does Entrepreneurship Mean? Entrepreneurship in layman’s language or explanation is where an individual forms or establishes something such as a business, by coming together or bringing people together into a structured group, manages and endures, deals with, accepts, or puts up with the risks that come with operating a business, especially when it is unpleasant or unavoidable. It does not just end there but entrepreneurship has a wide thought and aspect to it as it has developed rapidly becoming greater in size over the years. Today numerous explanations to what entrepreneurship is termed to be are being offered in books journals entrepreneurial magazines and so forth. Today’s modern world is characterized by economically driven ideas that are a result of entrepreneurship taking a central role in the business world, leading to entrepreneurship and innovations are inseparable. It has become a realization to governments worldwide that sustainable progression in a country’s development economy has to be hinged on the enlightenment of its citizenry to become constant innovative thinkers in coming up with new ideas and innovations in product and service delivery. A country’s rate or speed at which economy develops is speeded up by entrepreneurial motivation which is a very important aspect. Entrepreneurship is more or less closely associated to individuals as the prospering of this is dependent on an individual’s innovativeness, imagination, vision and ability to take on business risks. Entrepreneurship is usually a risky venture for anyone to delve into, and one has to be ready for the end results be it a realization of profits or in other cases losses. Entrepreneurship is a pulsating affirmation of the fact that individuals can be developed, and their attitudes and ideas be altered and their ideas transformed into action through a well thought-out and methodical program for entrepreneurs. The world over entrepreneurship is recognized as the most fundamental aspect in political, social, and economic agendas. The late 90s saw a rash of Internet start-ups and an increase in venture capital investment and stock market values. A very strong interrelationship exists between economic growth and entrepreneurship and has led to policy makers focus more on the development and implementation of strong and effective strategies that cultivate and uphold entrepreneurial activity the world over. Findings all over the world argue that entrepreneurship at its early stages tends to be much more appreciated and higher in countries that have a lower per-capita GDP. A pattern can be observed worldwide as developing countries register high initial stage entrepreneurial activities, in middle income countries this activity reduces but rises up again in developed countries with high incomes. Data contained in the General Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) Report Of 2007 based on an adult population survey done between 2001-2006 adduces that; global cities worldwide have the same kind of pattern mentioned above. Additional key aspects establi
Introduction Women in history have faced many challenges to fighting and championing their rights. Perhaps the greatest thing to note is the progress made by their historic efforts so far. Women have faced not only cultural, religious, and traditional barriers but also political challenges such as authoritarian rules, in the war for their rights and recognition. In this context, individual women, as well as groups, have participated in ensuring that women’s human rights are defended in the context of gender across the globe. These have promoted awareness of human rights among women and other masses, ensured and led to the adoption of the rules and regulations recognizing women rights and that supports ending of women violations and participated in the empowerment of the women. The violations of women range from sexual, political representations, and economic empowerment among others. In history, women have risen to combine efforts and counter these forces denying them their rights. However, the law in some countries is still reluctant to recognize the rights of women. Women Feminist Activism and Related Issues The theoretical framework of women’s rights hypothesizes that all rights are indivisible, meaning that all rights are not secure if one right is not. In addition, the rights of all people are related (all people do not have secure rights if some do not have them secure). This framework enables sharing between two categories of people; those who are familiar with women’s concerns but are unfamiliar with rights discourse and those who are unfamiliar with women’s concerns but are aware of rights claim, and this helps in women passing their points or information on their needs. Other strategies supported by the WHR that could help to deal with their issues are conceptual strategy-determining which are and which are not rights issues, and the political strategy where women can claim political, social, and economic in local, national, and international venues (Ackerly, n.d.). Women have historically encountered legal barriers towar