ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction The mental and physical health of every human being are closely connected; they influence one another and can cause different kinds of abnormalities and malfunctions when the balance is ruined. The balance can be said the condition of being healthy (instead of considering oneself healthy) as physically as mentally. Emotions and our attitude are of great importance for the normal maintenance of the whole organism. The middle of the twentieth century gave people two brilliant theories which can be used in psychology for the treatment of depression and other malfunctions. Cognitive-Behavioral Therapies Rational emotive behavior therapy was introduced by the American psychotherapist and psychologist Albert Ellis in the middle of the 1950s. This therapy presupposes that a person (can be also referred to as a client or a patient) should he or she upsets himself/herself more often than it seems to be and this emotional state causes other problems with health. “REBT is an active-directive form of psychotherapy in that therapists are active in directing their clients to identify the philosophical source of their psychological problems.” (Ellis, Dryden, 1997, p. 27) The role of the expert who decides whether the client behaves rationally or irrationally is given to the psychologist who also helps to direct the client’s emotions properly. The psychologist appears to be the teacher and the guide for his/her clients. Another behavioral therapy is cognitive therapy which was developed by the American psychiatrist Aaron Beck in the 1960s. This method presupposes that a client should overcome difficulties in his or her emotive attitude towards a definite problem. “The goal of cognitive therapy is to relieve emotional distress and the other symptoms of depression.” (Beck, 1979, p. 35) As you can see, the attitude of a patient is the core of the problem, according to cognitive therapy. A patient can overcome the problem only by changing his/her mind towards the reaction to the problem. The means to treat the patient is to focus on mistakes in interpreting the events, their reasons, and consequences. The main difference between rational emotive behavior therapy and cognitive therapy is that the first one is focused on philosophical ideas and helps the client to learn himself/herself, while the cognitive theory approach is aimed at searching for gaps and mistakes in the patient’s attitude towards a definite problem. The REBT expert guides the client and shows him or her about the mistakes, while the expert in cognitive therapy helps the patient to analyze the mistakes and gaps and to develop a different reaction. The REBT is more passive for the client; the client is passive and
Modern Liberalism The ideology of modern liberalism is a recent thought which has been developed by borrowing views and ideas from other theories to form a huge body of ideology from the works of renounced scholars and philosophers such as Theodore Roosevelt, J.F Kennedy, Woodrow Wilson and Lyndon Johnson. These people came up with powerful theories which have been incorporated together to form the ideology of modern liberalism. This ideology addresses issues like government entitlements like health care, education, abortion, voting and gay rights. Modern liberalism borrows ideas from several sources. According to the works of Roskin (2009) the modern liberation ideology combines both social liberalism and progressivism to meet the needs of the society and the economy. It is therefore the duty of the federal government to ensure that high level of employment are maintained, to oversee the life and labor standards of its citizens as well as establishing universal social security patterns and to regulate business competition methods within the state (Roskin, 2009). Arthur Schlesinger in 1956 stated that the United States encompasses a laissez-faire and government form which aimed at achieving equal opportunities for every person, but the means employed to achieve this vary under different circumstances. He also pointed out that the concept liberalism has varying interpretations as its application is different in various parts of the globe. In Europe, it is referred to as classical liberalism, whereby it is characterized by features of restricted government and laissez-faire economy (Heywood, 1998). American liberalists are described as receptive to change and new ideas as they accept ideas from science such as evolution that are by conservatives (Roskin, 2009). Liberalism is against socialism, the ownership of distribution and ownership means, as they belief that political opposition basses and freedom cannot survive if all power was vested on the state. If the there can be obtained equal and wide variety of opportunities got from mixed enterprises, there would be no need to have oppressing and rigid bureaucracy. They argue further that if the available markets were regulated efficiently there could be no need for the central control and the top-down programs because they can offer better solutions. According to the argument which was presented by Paul Krugman, there should be a high degree of efficiency in state owned corporations such as health, education, security and so on. He also supported the monetary policy, saying it approaches the policy of stabilization, which is to give demand in a way it does not disrupt resource allocation. Thomas Friedman was in unison with these ideas especially the one regarding to free trade. He believed that through its application, the gap between the rich and the poor will decrease. He believed that the role of the state is to act as a major splitting point among liberalist. Defining the state’s growth has significant importance to modern liberalism. Liberal constitutions create constraints on power of a public official, government branch and the whole state
Introduction Baoyu was sent by his grandmother to a new garden so as to cheer him up. The new garden was being built by his grandmother – Jia. Here, his grandmother wanted the Baoyu to experience something special – something that could only be achieved in the Green Delight. Her understanding of the environment in Green Delight was one of the major reasons why she opted to have Baoyu go to the garden. This was done in a bid to cheer him up after the death of his best friend. Apparently, Baoyu’s best friend – Qin Zhong, had passed away. A few days after Baoyu had gone to the garden, Jia Zheng came to visit his daughter. He was accompanied by a team of men who arrived at the garden to conduct and assessment. This was to be done through inspecting the various sectors of the garden (Cao, Hawkes, Minford, & Gao, 2.36). Men also wanted to get inscriptions about their personal experiences from the garden. During the men’s’ visit to the garden, Zheng and other people who had accompanied him ran into Baoyu. Earlier, Zheng and his men had been told of how good Baoyu was when it came to writing couplets. Zheng decided to test Baoyu’s talent by having him write a couplet about the garden. He asked Baoyu to develop a couplet that would bring out the qualities of the garden. Later, Zheng belittled efforts by Baoyu and scolded him for his criticism of the suggestions that had been given by Zheng’s men. However, they continued to be pleased with Baoyu’s talent in regards to composing couplers and providing appropriate names for the garden. (Cao, Hawkes, Minford, & Gao, 2.36) Baoyu’s Life in the Garden The descriptions of the garden clearly show that its landscape provided the viewer with a beautiful and very luxurious scenery. The author has dedicated a great deal of time to explain about the setting of the Green Delight. Here, the author aimed at ensuring that the reader was able to familiarize with the setting of the garden. Creating this understanding was important as it would help in understanding the impact of the garden in regards to reformation and the process of healing. Despite the main aim of sending a boy to inspect the garden as a way to recollect himself after the loss of his best friend, sending Baoyu to the garden was also a means to broaden and stir his creativity (Cao, Hawkes, Minford, and Gao, 2.44). When he finally settled at green delights as his residence, Baoyu spent quite some time with his maids and cousins and his life became enjoyable to such an extent that he and his maids produced four garden night poems to reflect the carefree mood they lived in. For Baoyu, moving into the Garden with the girls was such a great experience and he was extremely content with his life. Everything appeared to be more relaxed in the Garden than when he was living at home. His happiness is clearly obvio
Overview The Purpose and Objectives of Formation Development of regional blocks have been created throughout decades. The Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) and European Union are some of the most influential regional blocks in the contemporary world. It is necessary to note that the two organisations have much in common, though there are various differences. For instance, one of the major and primary objectives of these unions creation was economic as members of the blocks obtained an opportunity to develop their economies more effectively. It is possible to take a closer look at the purpose of creation of each union. The GCC was founded in 1981 as an economic union of some countries of the Middle East (Low & Salazar, 2011). At the same time, the union also aimed at development of similar regulations and paradigms in the sphere of finance, legislation, customs, administration, trade and religion. The member states also collaborated closely in the field of scientific research, business and education. They also aimed at creation of a single currency. At the same time, the EU was created on the basis of the European Communities that were established in the 1960s. The EU was officially formed in 1993 (Bache, George & Bulmer, 2011). The major aim of the block was also financial as member states could create favourable conditions for development of their economies through establishment of close business ties. At the same time, the union was also inspired by the will of Europeans to resist excessive nationalism that led to the devastating wars in the first part of the 20 th century (Chalmers, Davies & Monti, 2010). The union was aimed at development of close relations in the field of economy, finance, politics, scientific research, education and creation of a single currency. Member States (Brief Profile) The GCC includes the following countries: Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia and United Arab Emirates (Khamis & Semlali, 2010). As for the EU, it includes significantly more member states that joined the union at different times. It includes 28 European countries and the founders are Belgium, France, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands and Germany. Political System The two unions also have certain similarities in the area of governance and politics. For ins
Introduction Global marketing is defined as the process where business companies focus and strategize on ways of investing their resources within the world market. This is often faced by certain challenges and threats which either drives or restrains the processes involved. The challenges are experienced since marketing practices vary from country to country and require marketers to think globally (Keegan and Green, 2002). Pros of Internationalization Internationalization brought about rise in innovative designs and improved function of goods and services at affordable prices. This assisted in ensuring that consumers benefit from improved lifestyles due to new concepts of goods and services provided by competitors seeking market superiority. Businesses companies attain big profit margins from internationalization process. According to Moon 2004, “Wal-Mart was America’s number one furniture retailer because of large foot print in the world”. The high margins attained were as a result of product and service diversification which ensured that each product within international market ploughed back extra revenue to the business away from home. Lower priced products and services offered due to internationalization brought about sensible cost cutting, this enhanced the level of consumer satisfaction through unique combination of form, function and affordability. Cons of Internationalization Several disadvantages arose from internationalization, one of them being products of low quality value which find their way into international markets. This was as a result of unhealthy competition within the market which makes most companies try dubious means of enticing customers, one of the ways being selling poor quality products at lower prices. This is mostly seen to capture price sensitive consumers and creates negative impact on consumer’s standard of living. Market fragmentation is another major problem encountered within international business, large economic discrepancy between populations within the global markets tends to affect overall margins within international business companies. As a result extensive market research has to be done to effectively locate potential markets that may look profitable for specific products. Also within the disadvantages is the abuse of certain business ethics and loss of business culture within the international markets. This could be as a result of different tastes amongst consumers of the same business products within different market locations. This leads to increase in the cost of production due to intense market research involved for the purposes of satisfying consumer tastes from diversified backgrounds within the global market (Knight, 2005). Successful Country in Internationalization Sweden which is the home country of IKEA was the most successful in internationalization of IKEA’s products. IKEA moved from Sweden and penetrated other external markets starting with America. Early 2000 the company was able to doubl
People often think that being of Italian descent means that I am good at cooking, eat a lot and tend to walk around saying “I will make you an offer you can’t refuse”. False stereotypes and references to the Godfather series aside, being an Italian goes hand in hand with a rich tradition of religion and culture that spans centuries. From the rise of the Roman Empire to the creation of modern-day Italy, you cannot help but think of where we as Italians have come from, what different paths our ancestors took for us to be here today and what potential future could be on the horizon for the next generations of Italians. It is this anticipation for what may come that has driven me towards pursuing a career in medicine. Did you know that the first medical school in Europe, the School of Salerno, was located in Italy? That Italian doctor Giovanni Battista Morgagni was the founder of Pathological anatomy? It is these little tidbits of knowledge about the contributions of Italians to the field of medicine that truly fascinated me since it showed just how much our culture has contributed to the foundation of the modern medical world (Buonanno 123). While it is true that the latest developments in modern day medicine
Cloud computing is one of the latest and greatest trends in technology. It provides the end users with an opportunity to store data, as well as access numerous application and services, reducing costs that they usually spend on new software licenses. However, with cloud computing, there also comes a potentially heightened level of risk both in protecting the environment from the impacts and ensuring that recovery is viable and under control. Defining Cloud Computing Cloud computing can be defined as a set of “applications and services that run on distributed network using virtualized resources and accessed by common Internet protocols and networking standards” (Sosinsky, 2010, p. 3). The word “cloud” here can be understood as a well-chosen metaphor because the servers where the data is stored and all of those applications and software run on are abstracted from a user. The Concept of Disaster Recovery and Business Continuity Disaster recovery (DR) or disaster recovery planning (DRP) refers to a set of actions and procedures that are aimed to restore the IT infrastructure of the business in case a disaster happens. By the term “disaster”, the one can understand two types of those, actually. The first type encompasses natural disasters, such as floods, earthquakes, tsunamis, etc. The second one covers accidents that are caused by people, for instance, acts of terrorism (especially bioterrorism), crucial IT bugs, information leak, blackouts and so on. Business continuity plans are necessary to respond to different types of disasters. Such kind of programs usually can be divided into two parts. The first one sets emergency response procedures aimed to recover critical IT infrastructure, without which it would be impossible for an organization to function as usual. It is important to have a list of all items that are necessary to restore. Besides, this list should be stored in a safe place. It often happens that a company can not use its disaster recovery plan just because it has been lost with the rest of the data. The second part of business continuity plan includes long-term goals (established for weeks or even months after a disaster). Such durable tasks can help to minimize the negative impact a disaster has on an organization. Advantages of Cloud Computing in DR Environment and Business Continuity The opportunity for an organization to back up its data off-site goes first on the list. While large companies usually have well-thought-out backup strategies in the event of disaster, as well as secondary data centers to bring those plans to life, the small ones either back up to tape or do not bother about storing their data off-site at all. Clouds provide companies with reliable remote storages and thereby gives small and medium-sized organizations the same capabilities that the largest ones have had for years. Besides, recovering data from the cloud is much easier than from any tape. Therefore, cloud computing sp
The Internet of Things (IoT) is a possible way of Web evolution. Defined as the system, in which the objects surrounding people in their everyday environment being put on the network 1 , IoT is bound to reinvent the railway IT systems by making them fully automated. The innovation is bound to reinvent the entire system of railway information technologies. The IoT may help supervise the processes occurring in the specified area; as a result, a major improvement in time management, as well as the overall performance of the railway IT systems may be expected. Moreover, the creation of smart railway infrastructure with interconnected assets deserves to be mentioned. The incorporation of the IoT system allows for monitoring and controlling the processes related to the railway operations remotely. As a result of the above-mentioned cohesion between the actions of the railway operators, the inspection of the existing assets can be carried out continuously as opposed to the intermittent approach adopted previously 2 In addition to the given advances, other efficient methods of monitoring the key operational processes have emerged. These include mobile applications, close circuit television, and radiofrequency identification, to name a few. Specific mobile applications used for optimizing the operations at the railroad allow for working in cohesion with other technologies; for instance, Remote Condition Monitoring allows for a careful analysis of the railway IT landscape scanning. Low battery life compared to the length of the processes occurring at the railway is the only problem that the specified approach has. IoT also provides decent support in the management of the railroad processes. As far as the recent innovations are concerned, the real-time equipment tracking 3 deserves to be mentioned. The innovation in question helps drive the possible number of accidents occurring on the railroad to its minimum. However, the process of railway IT systems development is not over yet. Since information technologies evolve at a fast pace, the subject matter will enter an entirely new stage of development within the next few years. Therefore, a transfer to the use of automatic identification, or Auto-ID, can be viewed as a possibility. However, the specified approach has its problems, as it will require a rapid transformation of the entire system, specifically, the need to create a secure database for information storage. Also, the unrestricted access to real-time data collected for the
The issues of immigration affect the linguistic policies of the most popular destinations of newcomers, the US and Canada. The article of Fairbairn and Fox (2009) explores a great number of implications for the state agencies responsible for the formation of education curricula, assessment tools, and formulation of standards according to which the outcomes of learning are assessed. The main focus of the article is drawn upon the specificity of ELLs (English language learners) both in Canada and the USA. The authors state that there are a number of challenges for both countries in educational terms, though they have completely different approaches to facing educational challenges (Fairbairn & Fox, 2009). There is much valuable information for considering the challenges ELLs face within the framework of the state educational policies and assessment techniques applied both in Canada and the USA. The state policies foster the homogeneous, standardized approach to testing and measuring outcomes of studies, while the ELLs are a highly dynamic and heterogeneous group of learners. The immigrants come from various backgrounds, and their socio-cultural specificity is always the decisive factor in the field of retaining academic information. Hence, Fairbairn and Fox (2009) indicate that the main consequences of the unified approach and ignoring the uniqueness of numerous ELL groups in the Canadian and American schools include: ELLs’ underperformance, high levels of drop-outs, little chance to retain good statistics of learning progress for schools with a high percentage of ELLs, the misleading effect of test outcomes, as well as the individual ones s