ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Describe the difference between a system and a process A system in management refers to a complete set of controlling, measuring and monitoring processes that an organization has and which play a role of ensuring that the objectives of a company as well as its operational processes are achieved. On the other hand, processes are those procedures and steps an organization follows to achieve a goal which can be in production, sales or recruitment. Why is it a good idea to create process flow charts? Process flow charts in management are important tools that a company uses to communicate to workers how business processes work (Mir and Qureshi 315). The flow charts are used to indicate how processes fit and also document how those processes are carried out. It is imperative to note that creating process flow charts enables a business to identify areas in a process that needs improvement. As such, creating a flow chart is a good idea that aids a business to analyze and define processes, communicate flow of process and enhance the standard of processes. How does a focus on processes and process improvement help an organization become more effective? Focusing on improving process plays a critical role of ensuring that a company aligns its operations and affects lasting strategies that enhances improvements and attainment of desired outcomes. This is through developing a focus on factors which impact on the performance of process as well as end-to-end processes. In addition, a focus on process enhances employee morale through engagement in management process and learning how to implement solutions to process inadequacies. Besides, it aids in improving employee satisfaction, customer retention and reduction of cost. How would you recognize that a process needed to be improved? Identifying that there is need for a process to be improved springs from availability of opportunities, multiple failures and customer complaints. Besides, the need for process improvement can be due to a requirement by a business to grow its operations, carry out effective and efficient processes, to enhance competitive edge and to meet long term business objectives and goals. What is meant by a value-added operation? Value-added operations refer to a set of operations that a business requires in order to ensure that the performance criteria for creating a final product is met without failure and all necessary steps are optimally run. How would you recognize a non-value added activity? Non-value adding activities can be recognized a when activities carried out in a business are done without following a flow chart. Besides, they can be determined from previous operations that have been done inaccurately as well as those that are incomplete (Mazu 43). Why is it important to study the process from the customer’s point of view? Customers form one of the driving factors of a business success. Studying process from customers’ perspective is important for identifying areas that need improvement, to enhance performance standards and to determine what customers require. What is meant by process ownership? Process ownership re
Introduction In his book “Adventures of Huckleberry Finn”, Mark Twain portrays the way society instills morals to its people in a satirical manner. These morals are indented and therefore the author uses the book to highlight the evils that are in the society. Huck, the key character in the book, brings the collision of a sound heart and a deformed conscience, a conflict well illustrated through the theme of racism, civilized society, and slavery among others. The conflict between character and conscience A character-conscience conflict stands out well in Twain’s masterwork. Huck rejects the morals of society because he does not understand why society cannot come to his rescue by protecting him from his cruel father who is good for nothing drunkard. The circumstances that bewilder Huck force him to stay with a widow, a thing that he does not like, though he stays there anyway. He is in continuous conflict with himself. Furthermore, the author illustrates Huck’s beliefs towards religion and Christianity in a satirical way. In a conversation, he responds by saying that he would like to be in hell to have a change (Twain 27). He, therefore, misunderstands the concepts of religions although his motives are not bad. He follows his ways as opposed to those of the society, indicating the level of his character-conscience conflict. The author also presents Huck as a clever and a person who does not like harming or offending his colleagues. He never associates with liars and fraud people and therefore avoids them to have his peace (Twain 32). However, on realizing the risk that Jim is in, he makes up his decision and allows him in, to ensure that nothing bad happens to him. Tom Sawyer serves as the epitome of illustrating these conflicts. The idea of sound heart-conscience conflicts stands out well, like Tom Sawyer, the most notable character reveals. The student is involved in several issues, the first incidence being where he whitewashes the fence as a punishment from his mother. He intentionally tricks his colleagues to assist him in the job. He knows the trick whereas the colleagues think that they are doing the job for fun. The boys do the job with a kind heart arousing Sawyer’s conflicts with himself for hiding the truth from his colleagues. Furthermore, the turn of events in Sawyer’s love with Becky illustrates a character-conscience conflict. The two parties fall in love entering into courtship, a relationship that breaks as soon as Sawyer abuses his lover (Twain 45). Despite the break, Sawyer fights with his conscience, as he knows well that he ought to marry, a case that forces him to reconcile with Becky thereby continuing with their love affairs. Also, instances of conflicts stand out where Sawyer and Finn see bad Joe murder doctor Robin
The first issue presented here is whether the undercover police operation constituted entrapment. Law enforcement officers generally have the freedom to conduct undercover operations, and even to pose as criminals themselves if necessary. Many undercover operations involve police officers committing acts that would be crimes themselves if committed by an ordinary person. However, the police cannot provoke or coerce a defendant into committing a criminal act. Defendants can claim entrapment if they can show that undercover officer coerced them into committing a crime that they normally would not have committed. Here, there is no evidence of entrapment. The defendant initiated all of the alleged criminal acts, not the undercover police officer. Bob asked the officer to help him murder Carl. Bob showed Art the bomb that he had started making, which he planned to use to murder Carl with. Bob took the bomb to Carl’s house, and attached it to Carl’s automobile. There is no reason to believe that he would not have committed these acts without the undercover officer. Bob may claim that Art helped him make the bomb, and that this constitutes entrapment. However, undercover officers are not prohibited from playing along with a suspect to gather more evidence. Here, Art helped make the bomb so he could see if Bob intended to carry out his attempted murder plot. Obviously the officer would not have been allowed to make an actual bomb, but here he secretly rigged the bomb not to explode. After Bob took the bomb to Carl’s house and placed it on Carl’s automobile, the police had all the evidence they needed that Bob was attempting to murder Carl. Therefore, this undercover operation does not constitute entrapment. The second issue presented here is whether the automobile searches violate the 4 th Amendment’s ban on “unreasonable searches and seizures.” The searches were incident to a lawful arrest, since Bob had been arrested before police conducted the searches. Police do not usually need a warrant to search cars if there is probable cause. Probable cause requires evidence of a crime. Since cars can be quickly driven away, it is not realistic to expect police to obtain a warrant. This case is a little different from typical automobile cases, since both cars here were searched by police while parked on the street. However, the police clearly had probable cause to search Carl’s car. Bob had placed a (disabled) bomb on Carl’s car, so Carl’s automobile was effectively a crime scene. Police had evidence of criminal activity in Carl’s car. The search of Bob’s automobile is a little more difficult to justify. Bob had already been arrested, so there was no danger of him escaping. There was also no danger of him destroying potential evidence in his car. Since he was in custody, police could have obtained a warrant without endangering their case. However, the test is not if
ABC Company Today, the business environment is highly competitive. This means that large corporations (such as ABC Company) should actively get involved in forecast-based or budget-oriented planning methods to enable them prosper and survive. The firm should be in a position to engage in strategic planning that has the potential to define the objectives of the company and at the same time make a good assessment of internal and external situations (Cook 102). This will make it easy for the company to formulate and implement its strategies, make evaluation, and rectify any deviations. When developing a strategic plan, the firm should take note of the key parts of a strategic plan such as the mission statement, industry analysis, SWOT analysis, and perceptual maps. This paper explores how ABC Company should undertake the strategic planning process in order to address the lackluster performance being witnessed in the company. ABC is a large conglomerate corporation that has divisions in the pharmaceutical industry, auto industry, mass merchandiser industry, and home movie rental industry. Currently, the company is facing increased competition from other major players in the industry and changes in economic conditions. Specifically, this analysis focuses on ABC’s pharmaceutical industry division. Mission statement The mission statement helps in describing the business vision of a company. This includes both the purpose and unchanging values of the business alongside with visionary goals that enable the business to take advantage of the future opportunities. For instance, ABC’s mission statement should be framed in such a way that it enables the compan
Introduction Universities and campuses are the present-day levels of higher learning. They are relatively open and free space physically as well as academically. The campus community comprises a wide range of social habits, ethnic customs, cultural norms, and individual and family histories; some of these habits, customs forms, and histories include abuse of and by others. One unique feature of a campus community culture is its possibility of contributing to persons becoming victims of violence. Violence is behavior that is experienced by members of the same culture as a positive violation of culturally patterned interpersonal behavioral norms, according to Margaret Mead (1969). Such “positive violations” for the case of the campus violence refer to offenses to or against students, staff, or faculty members or to outsiders though within the University’s geographical boundary. Violence may be in the form of swift and intensive force, rough or injurious physical force, action or treatment, and unjust or unwarranted extension of forced power, as against rights or laws. Violence is rough or immoderate vehemence and damage through distortion or unwarranted altercation. He Sheng-Hui- The deadly shouting sphere student-In Virginia Tech is one such example of violence on campus in university systems. They are preventing campus violence. The root of addressing the factor of violence in campus or universities is hinged on laying out the foundation or cause of the problem. It is these very problems that can and are best sorted out in order to achieve at least a general, if not specific, a form of calm “in the campus society,” the factors that should be addressed include alcohol and drug abuse, race relations and polycultural sensitivities, sexual orientations and individual mental health. Main Body First, there is the case of sexual intercourse, rape, and mutual consent. 15 to 20 % of female college students admit to having experienced forced intercourse (rape), Fisher et al . (1987). Koss et al . (1991) point to 5 to 15% of men acknowledging forced intercourse. There is a need to address this, whether in or off-campus (but involving the student). It should be understood that this includes sexual harassment raging from ogling, offensive language, derogatory remarks based on sex to outright unwelcome sexual (mis)conduct related to any condition of employment or evaluation. Preventing this requires that the colleges and universities uphold the rule of law, citing the campus sex crimes prevention act (2000). In respect, it is allowing for correction and disclosure of information on employment at institutions as this. The law also upholds the 1992 campus sexual assault victims bill of rights, which enshrines the individual right of all those involved in the sexual harassment tussle. Secondly, drug and alcohol abuse is the other factor that should be addressed. Lisak et al. (1990) point to alcohol and drug abuse implication in approximately 55 to 74% of sexual assaults on campuses. Zakocs et al. (2 002) postulate 1,400 college students die each year from alcohol-related injur
Lenses (optics) are devices which serve in the transmission or refraction of light as well as diverging and converging of a beam (Harris, 2002). They are illustrated by the curvature of the two optical surfaces (Harris, 2002). There are two main types of lenses, that is, concave lenses and convex lenses. Geometrical optics is also known as ray optics is used in the depiction of how light travels and this is described in terms of rays which explain the refraction and reflection of light rays (Glassner, 1992). These two ideas share the common concept of convergence and divergence, but on the larger field, they are part of the wider field of natural sciences. The force of nature takes an upper hand in the study of optics. The forces of nature more especially light and rays help in understanding of patterns in nature. Some of these very important aspects of lenses and geometrical optics are discussed below and bring in to light how they relate and link with each other to bring out a clearer understanding of their roles (Winston et al 2005). To begin with, in regard to lenses, there are of two types, that is, the convex lenses and the concave lenses. In the case of convex lenses, they are converging lenses that are thinner towards the edge but thicker in the middle (Harris, 2002) and they are mostly used to closely examine small objects. The distance between the object and the radius of curvature is changed in relation to the focal length when convex lens are used (Glassner, 1992). However, it is noted that images produced by the convex lenses are real. This type of lens aids in examining small objects closely, among children it is common because they use it while playing with the rays of the sun to burn small pinholes on pieces of paper and even dry leaves and chips of wood. Winston et al (2005), acknowledges that, concave lenses are thicker towards to the edges and are thinner in the middle. Convex lenses produce virtual images which are always erect and reduced (Winston et al, 2005). According to Winston et al (2005), these images also look like they are far away than they actually are. The concave lens is diverging and therefore spreads light rays that pass through it. Its main use has been seen in spectacles and contact lenses that help correct short sightedness (Glassner, 1992). Harris (2002) proposes that the focal length relates to the concave and convex lenses because it is part of that system, when it is looked at in relation to the focal point, thus defined as the distance that exists between the place where parallel light rays converge which usually happens at infinity also called the focal point and the center of the convex lens or concave mirror (Harris, 2002) in the case of convex lens, it comes after the rays have hit the optical center of the lens, but in the case of the
Reinsurance can simply be defined as an agreement between an insurance company and a third party. This is more like the general insurance agreement between a person and an insurance company. Reinsurance protects the insurance company from losses since some of the policies have a high chance of incuring huge losses. The main reason behind reinsurance is to cover the insurance company, when making huge reimbursements as well as preventing it from losses. Reinsurance is also seen as a risk transfer mechanism (Mathew, 2003). Reinsurance agreements may be classified into two types, a facultative and a treaty agreement. “Facultative reinsurance policy is used by the reinsured to reduce the chance of loss” associated with a particular agreement and helps in ensuring the risks relating to a particular cover are low (Reinsurance, 2005, par. 5). It usually covers the whole or part of the given policy and is based on the analysis of the situation and the clauses in the policy. A treaty reinsurance agreement refers to an agreement where a reinsurance company insures various policies related to a class of policies. A treaty agreement is more general than facultative. There are several types of treaty reinsurance agreements, Quota share treaty, excess loss treaty, and surplus treaty. Wollan (2002) observed that the doctrine of utmost good faith was essential in any insurance transaction or undertaking. The principle of utmost good faith states that an insured person or the insurance company should provide all the details relating to a certain cover that is to be undertaken. One should disclose all the information referred to a particular party or risk. In the case of a reinsurance agreement, both parties should deal with honesty. Both sides should disclose all the information that is deemed necessary for the reimbursement to take place. Dishonesty occurs when one of the people fails to disclose all the information that is material in the agreement. The insurance company should ensure a good conclusion is reached at when negotiations between the policy holder and the insurance company take place after the occurrence of a loss. There are cases where the reinsured does not negotiate with the policy holder, hence the reinsurance company will fail to honor the agreement. The reinsured also files a claim with the insurer within time. By this time, the reinsured should have carried out investigations to find out if the claim by the original policyholder was genuine. Dishonesty thus results from failure to adhere to the above. A surety bond ensures the completion of a contract. The Legal Dictionary (n.d.) defines a surety bond as a written promise under seal which commits its issuer (the “surety”) to pay a named beneficiary, called the oblige, a sum up to a stipulated amount, but subject to the provision that the obligation of the issuer will cease if certain specified conditions are met. (par. 6). In an insurance undertaking, obliges may at times fail to disclose all the relevant information; th
Successful research does not rely solely on the reliability of gathered data. The analysis conducted by scholars is essential to the results as well. Therefore, while evaluating articles, a healthcare professional should consider the logic behind the authors’ conclusions (Bernd, du Prel, & Blettner, 2009). For example, the study “Medication Double-Checking Procedures in Clinical Practice: A Cross-Sectional Survey of Oncology Nurses’ Experiences” by Schwappach, Pfeiffer, and Taxis (2016) explores the opinions of nurses on the practice of double checking. This procedure is employed to reduce the rate of MAEs (medication administration errors). The survey used in this article, as well as its results and implications, will be evaluated further. Schwappach et al. (2016) state that the double-checking procedure is considered to be an essential method of preventing errors in many organizations, but its reliability is not examined thoroughly. Thus, they collect and assess nurses’ views on the usefulness of this practice. Moreover, they also aim to determine which types of double checking are seen by healthcare professionals as more reliable than others. Schwappach et al. (2016) utilize a cross-sectional survey to evaluate different approaches to this procedure, its effectiveness measured by the rate of found mistakes, as well as the barriers to and the advantages of double checking. The results, obtained from 274 oncology nurses, are analyzed using descriptive statistics, ANOVA, and χ 2 tests. Schwappach et al. (2016) find that the most common type of double checking is the “read-read-back” scenario (p. e011394). They also note that nurses’ reporting of errors and understanding of the process vary significantly based on their unit and the check’s type. The data shows that joint checks are a preferred approach among nurses and that such interruptions as noise, hurry, poor lighting, and fatigue can interfere with the quality of tests. The authors conclude that nurses positively view the practices they use most often, outlining joint checks as the most reliable, and urge future research to analyze the mentioned distractions. The scholars base their conclusions on findings and use the percentages from calculations to support the discussion. For instance, the prevalence of joint checks was noted by nurses as the most common type and regarded by them as the most reliable one (Schwappach et al., 2016). Based on this information, the authors determine that nurses prefer it to all other approaches. Similarly, the most frequently mentioned distractions are also noted by authors as the ones that need attention from other scholars. The methodology chosen for this study allows the researchers to see the performance and reliability of each check type from the nurses’ perspective. Based on the gathered information, the authors could also conclude that nurses tend to view joint double checking as a more useful method because they utilize it more often than other approaches. This research differs from systematic reviews or studies focused on the rate of errors – it evaluates personal views, which can serve as a weakness of these findings (Polit