ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Nigerian consumers are reluctant to use online shopping carts for local purchases. The main reason for this is the fear of becoming victims of online fraud (Onaiwu & KPMG 2013). This means that any company in the country seeking to trade online has the uphill task of creating customer confidence before the successful deployment shopping carts. An option in this regard is to use shopping carts as an online ordering system, and then to handle payments using mobile money. Mobile money is more reliable because it is possible to trace the owners of a local mobile money account, unlike online payment systems (Onaiwu & KPMG 2013). Data Analysis Technique A wide range of options exist for the analysis of qualitative data. The main data collection tool for this exercise was a semi structured questionnaire designed to collect quantitative data. The data collection took place via phone interview. The researcher read out the questions and recorded the answers that the respondents gave. Since the interviews took place over the phone, the researcher could not gauge any element of body language. This means that the information gathered lacks the nuances associated with body language in qualitative research. The data analysis method chosen for any research project usually depends on the nature of the project and the objectives of the research. In this case, the objective of the project was to uncover several issues regarding the use of websites as part of the customer care infrastructure for businesses based in Nigeria. The research questions guided the development of the questionnaire and in turn, the specific questions in the questionnaire dealt with the issues associated with the project. The quantitative data collection method chosen to analyse the data collected was induction. Induction is an application to qualitative data analysis where the researchers study the responses presented by the respondents and finds relationships in the data (Eriksson & Kovalainen 2008). The number of respondents was not very large to justify elaborate coding (Creswell 2008). In any case, the researcher was open to limited coding in the interest of making the most sense out of the data collected. The exact process applied in the analysis had the following steps. First the researcher studied all the responses presented by respondents to find an overview of the information contained. Unlike quantitative research, respondents participating in qualitative research are free to answer questions in any manner that is sensible to them (Eriksson & Kovalainen 2008). In addition,
Iron Methodology The sampling methodology that was used in this study was arrived at to provide at least 500 boys and girls in different age and gender groups covered by Nutrient Reference Values to enable a substantive number to take part in statistical comparisons of dietary intakes with recommendations. A sample of 400 participants predominantly Australian children contributed towards this booster sample. Face-to-face interviews were conducted in the participants’ homes. Telephone interviews were also conducted utmost 2 weeks after the face-to-face interviews. Face to face interviews and telephone interviews were conducted on different day types and at appropriate times. Nevertheless, information was collected on school and non-school days in proportion to the number of such days that occurred over the sampling period. Food supplements were collected from participants by use of standardized, computer-based, three-pass 24-hour recall methodology during the face to face and telephone interview. Standard measuring cups and spoons and Food Model booklet were used in estimating foods and beverages that were consumed by the participants. Dieticians constantly checked all the 24-hour recalls to ascertain the consumption pattern. Unusual intakes were interrogated and modification done if need be. A food coding system was developed to bring into scope the current food supply. Data obtained from food, beverage, and supplement intake were translated to daily nutrient intake data by the use of recent nutrient composition database. Iron intake in children aged between 14-18 years was 16.3 in boys and 11.1 in girls in same age group. The total amount of iron that was supposed to be taken by children aged between 14-18 years was supposed to be 13.8 mg/day. The proportion of boys aged between 14-16 years who met the estimated average requirement for iron was 99 compared 89 of the girls in the same age group. All children between the ages of 14-16 years had a proportion of 99. The percentage of children aged between 14-16 who consumed supplements were 3.8 for boys and 8.6 for girls. This shows that girls who have reached puberty require much iron supplements than boys. Dietary Iron Requirements
Sexual assault is one of the major problems that has not only been faced by humans in the past but is also being faced by the modern society. The negatives effects of sexual assault are numerous. They range from the ones that are just confined to the victim such as physical injury to those affecting the larger community as the sense of loss and the related efforts that are aimed at aiding the victim. Sexual assault has touched on many aspects of society; the religious beliefs that we hold, our moral perspective, the social structures that we have and even our legal, and learning institutions. Sexual assault has led us to examine whether our religious institutions pass messages that can deter people from committing the same. It has led us to question the government’s ability to protect its citizens. We have been forced to consider our moral obligations toward one another, the obligation not to harm others and also the obligation to help the members of society in need. The victim of sexual assault suffers in many ways which may include but are not limited to psychological trauma and physical injury(Fisher et al , 2000). It is because of the many negative impacts of this evil that society attempts to prevent or at least control the occurrences of sexual abuse. In order to be successful at averting abuse and having proper punitive measures against perpetrators, it is necessary that sexual assault be defined. So what is sexual assault? this term has been variously defined but it may be generally termed as any sexual words and actions done to another person that are unwanted by the person to whom the action is done or sexual actions that are harmful to the
Introduction Copyright is an exclusive right that is granted to an inventor of original work for a restricted period. The owner or the author bears the right to publish, produce, sell, license, and distribute a copyright protected work (Cheeseman, 2013). The Copyright Act was passed in 1976 to allow approval and protection of people’s works that are presented in books, newspapers, motion pictures, drawings, TV productions, journals, and articles among other forms of writings against infringement. Original owners of works bear various rights that are stipulated by specific federal laws. At the outset, owners have the sole right to reproduce or alter their works through duplication and/or transcription. Furthermore, owners have authority to trade their patents protected works. The music industry is one of the most affected areas by patent infringement across the world (Hannah, 2014). Copyright infringement is an unauthorized access and use of works that are legally guarded. This article elaborates on various infringements of business law cases that have been or are currently occurring in the United States of America. The article is based on the springboard article ‘Northwestern files suit against the author for patent infringement’ together with other articles that are related to the topic. Body A copyright infringement occurs when a person copies a substantial part of a plaintiff’s copyright work without permission. The public domain should gain access to copyrights over a specified period. After a patent protection period, people can have access to the material without any permission from the previous holder. Cheeseman (2013) contends that the usage of a fairness doctrine allows some limited use of a patent by another person, other than a copyright holder, without permission. Various exceptions of the federal law, which pertains to education or censorship, allow the public to use people’s works without infringing the breaking law. Despite the enactment of laws that govern copyright protection, Cheeseman (2013) reveals that people are still involved in various lawsuits due to availability, accessibility, and use of unpermitted works. Infringement is a serious crime than can lead to penalties, forfeiture, and/or jail terms. The existence of patent laws protects the works of authors and innovators against fraudulent behavior of other individuals who, out of ignorance or inability to produce original work, counterfeit the work of other people. The latest amendment of the Copyright Act led to the establishment of the Congress Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA). The purpose of the DMCA was to prevent illegitimate use of online content without the consent of owners (Cheeseman, 2013). According to Cheeseman (2013), the law also prohibits the distribution of technologies that are designed for circumventing purposes. Various elements must be considered to conclude that a patent infringement act has been committed. First, the validity of a copyright must be bestowed upon a patent holder. Second, an infringer must be in a position to access the work illegally. Lastly, dupl
Introduction Centuries ago, men were given key roles in society, and the reason being that they were able to understand complex issues more than women. This argument tried to define the difference in the capabilities between the male and female sociological genders. Recent studies have been carried out with the results, clearly indicating that the position has not changed since. This paper will analyze a magazine article that maintains that position following a study that was conducted. Women ‘More Likely Than Men To Agree With Science On Global Warming’ The article was written by McCright Anthony and appeared in the April 2010 issue of Population and Environmental Journal Magazine. The magazine was published by Liebert Inc Publishers. The writer relies on a recent study that had been conducted on gender and climate change. He argues that the study that women believed the scientific consensus more than their counterparts (Anthony 1). He gives an explanation to this by quoting a sociologist in MSU’s department of Sociology in Lyman Briggs College, who states that men are more literate when it comes to understanding science. He supports his point by stating that even though the female gender tends to believe the scientific consensus more, the men, on the other hand, have a better understanding when it comes to the issues of global warming. The writer contends that this study, which focuses on how gender perceives climate change, portrays women as being more naïve when it comes to understanding climate change. They end up relying more on science reasoning rather than their own individual reasoning. He argues that the findings of this research go further to reinforce past studies that have been conducted portraying women’s lack of confidence in comprehending the science. This pattern, he says, is a reason why most women shy away from undertaking science careers (Anthony 3). He further contends that it is important to understand how gender views and understands the environment in what he calls ‘the problematic environmental phenomenon facing humanity.’ (Anthony, 7). The writer also analyses the data that had been collected for eight years by the Gullups annual poll. The poll was said to ask simple and fair questions regarding climate change to test the knowledge and concern. He argues that climate change understanding is likely explained by what he calls
Introduction Flexi-time arrangement refers to a situation whereby employees of a certain organization are given a chance to decide on their working hours. Unlike the traditional 9 am to 5 pm working schedule that has been adopted by many organizations across the world, flexi-time arrangement gives workers an opportunity to work at their most convenient time. Workers in this working arrangement are given an opportunity to plan for their working time and still maintain the standards required by the organization. The organization decides on the number of hours the employees are supposed to work on a daily basis and allows them to attend to their duties at their most appropriate time. Employees under the flexi-time working arrangement work under a predetermined working schedule with the management controlling the number of hours of work done by each employee in a day. In this arrangement, the employees are required to sign in every time they begin their work and sign out when they are not active. This helps the administration to calculate the number of hours spent by each employee (Allen, 2007). In the United Arabs Emirates (UAE), employees of many organizations are supposed to work from 9 am to 5pm daily on weekdays. In this working arrangement, employees who report working later than 9 am are considered to be late and are thus liable for penalties by the administration. The main disadvantage of this working arrangement is that it is rigid and does not provide employees an opportunity to decide on their best working time. It should be noted that different employees work better at different times of the day. Flexi arrangement on the other side seeks to change this traditional working arrangement by developing various working schedules for workers to choose according to their circumstances. This report will highli
War and nature are two themes that have so much in common. Mankind is always on a mission to exploit the environment for new possibilities, make life easier and bearable. Archeologists for instance channel a lot of efforts, time and resources exploiting and studying artifacts. Being exploitative by nature, man also puts much effort in exploiting oil wells and other forms of energy and use different means to transport to the areas where it is needed. The exploitation has had several negative effects on the environment and despite this, energy demands keep increasing and hence the need to do more exploitation. Exhaust fumes from tracks, factories as well as other poisonous substances pose a serious threat to the environment. The exploitation seems to pose a threat to archeological research as well (Johnson 1-4). A very small percentage of nature has been exploited and studied archeologically and this includes the forests and the landscape, yet exploitation for energy is destroying them. Population grown has also contributed to the destruction of the natural environment. Energy companies have been known to build roads that lead to the mining fields while people use the roads to explore and exploit the environment as they use off-road vehicles. What used to be remote is no longer remote and the environment is being overexploited and to the level where the future generations may have nothing to depend on. This is in accordance with a New York Times article on the Western energy boom that was published on 2nd August, 2008. There are other places which have recreational facilities, cultural resources as well as energy development firms all at the same place hence causing a great conflict. There is a great need for the coexistence of energy and history i
The present paper summarizes an article titled “An alternative optimal strategy for stochastic model predictive control of a residential battery energy management system with solar photovoltaic” by Meer, Wang, and Munkhammar. The article describes a study conducted in 2021, which proposed an alternative scenario-based stochastic model predictive control (MPC) algorithm. This algorithm includes an innovative constraint that improves the outcomes of all scenarios during the first prediction step. The new approach was tested on a villa with a battery and a photovoltaic (PV) in Borås, Sweden. The researchers used the data on electricity production, electricity prices, and weather forecasts to create an innovative MPC. The data was analyzed using gradient boosted regression trees (GBRTs), quantile regression (QR), multivariate scenario generation, and stochastic model predictive control. The results of the performance of MPC were validated by comparing the results of the scenarios with the actual outcomes using relative percentage differences. The probabilistic forecasts were ranked using a continuously ranked probability score, while the multivariate scenarios were validated using a pre rank framework. The results of the research revealed that while the probabilistic models were not perfectly calibrated, the calibration was satisfactory to produce reliable results. The calibration was improved by postprocessing the GBRT forecasts using QR outcomes. In general, the results provided sufficient evidence that finding a strategy that is optimal across all scenario forecasts helps to operate the system optimally. Additionally, the model was beneficial for decreasing the variance of the power exchange with the grid. However, the results were limited by the length of the test period and the size of the battery. The authors of the article suggest that future research should include heating, ventilating, and air conditioning systems.
Background Thiazide diuretics are very common and are hence used very often for medication. These drugs are metabolized in the liver eliminated through the kidneys or biliary route, their metabolism, therefore, has an effect on the gallbladder as well. There is at least a 12% rate of Americans suffering from the effects of kidney metabolism and have developed gall stones. There are several factors that affect this including bodyweight where its found to be greater in obese people, fast weight loss, parturition, some medication, estrogen hormones after menopause, ethnicity, inheritance and diseases of the illume. Nonetheless, Rosenberg et al studied these relationships and they discovered that there was a relationship between the occurrence of acute Cholecystitis and the thiazide medication. Cholecystitis described the condition where the gallbladder is inflamed because of gallstones. These stones block the flow of bile and it results in pain in the abdomens, fever and nausea. The inflammation can b detected by ultrasonography. The result is usually the removal of the gallbladder through a process of laparoscopy. Cholecystitis can either be acute or chronic. The acute one is highly associated with gallstones whereby 95% of the patients are usually found to have both conditions when Cholecystitis is diagnosed. Comparing the Rosenberg et al Article with Ovarian Cancer Paper Sir Bradford Hill was very instrumental in research comparisons and established the casual criteria. This is used to determine whether a causal factor an indeed resulted in the impact or outcome B. there are nine factors that will be used to evaluate ovarian cancer paper and the Thiazide and acute Cholecystitis paper. Strength For the Thiazide use and occurrence of Cholecystitis, the effect is not substantially. It is been found in that the use of thiazide diuretic can exacerbated gallstones but does not necessarily cause them. Furthermore in some cases, the duration of use did not increase the risk of developing the problem. For the ovarian cancer paper, using a combination of contraceptives greatly reduced the risk of developing cancer. The paper can hence be said to be having a stronger relationship that can be assessed statistically. Mantel Haenzel Process was used in analyses. Temporal relationships Based on this factor, the thiazide paper does not compare well with other researches in that there have been studies which show that use of thiazide diuretics does not cause Cholecystitis rather aggravate the condition. However, ovarian cancer is more consistent with other findings. Combinations of contraceptives reduce the risk of cancer and many other researchers have found similar outcomes. Basically if a factor causes a disease then it has to precede the outcome. Consistency The results of the ovarian paper are consistent as they have been replicated in other researches. However the thiazides impact on Cholecystitis cannot be explained by confounding. Past use of the thiazide was not associated with risk of Cholecystitis. Specificity This factor has to ensure that alter the cause only would change the outcomes. This is true for the case of ovarian cancer but thiazide
Introduction Business managers have the responsibility of assessing benefits of implementing technology in their organizations. Most business managers would consider both benefits and costs of implementing Information Systems during assessment. Benefits are usually considered in terms of cost saved or increased revenue for the organization. Benefits can be either tangible or intangible. The former is measurable while the latter is not. In most cases, community benefits are usually intangible. On the other hand, individual benefits are usually tangible. This paper will explore the benefits of Information Systems to individuals. Moreover, it will also explore its benefits to the community (Sylvain 1). Benefits of IS for individual Business individuals consider benefits in terms of cost saved or increased revenue. This is quite common with business managers who consider implementing information systems in their organizations. Information systems present numerous benefits to individuals. These include automation, cost savings, self-service, decision-making, adaptability, real-time information, custom formats, and custom information, among others. Business environment requires expedition of activities and accuracy of information. This can only be provided by Information Systems (IS). For instance, a sales manager would see the overall picture for future decision making from sales data. Information Systems provide an individual with custom information, which is essential for decision-making. Information Systems provide an individual with information in custom formats, which is easy to utilize. This is vital for expedition and coordination purposes. Information Systems also provide individuals with real time information. This is very essential in manufacturing firms since production personnel get real-time information for further actions. This can help in situations that require rapid interventions. For instance, whenever there is mechanical failure, Information Systems converts data into useful information for the individual concerned (Sylvain 1). Information System is also essential in providing adaptability. This is possible since its individual parts can be upgraded without serious disruptions to activities. This is essential in ensuring continuity of activities even during installations or upgrades. In addition, it provides flexibility required for smooth running of business activities. Information Systems also reduce errors, this is necessary for making informed decision. In essence, it aids an individual in decision-making. Information System is tailored to provide self-service to customers or employees. This is important in management of business activities as it reduces tasks that an individual should perform. In addition, Information Systems brings about automation of tasks, which saves time and money for the individual concerned. This happens through reduction on the number of administrative workers thereby saving one on extra wa