ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Reviewing the book “China in the 1990s” by Robert Benewick and Paul Wingrove published in 1995, one may note that the given book has the remarkable feature: it is drawn on the accurate work of the authors with the wide range of the sources provided by other credible scholars in the field of Contemporary China’s politics. The book is also determined by the deep analysis of the case and the address to the reader. The book under discussion might be regarded as a manual for those who are interested in studying or even just embarks into the history and politics of Contemporary China. Following the other credible scholar Gray J., the professor of Oxford University, Robert Benewick and Paul Wingrove fully and skillfully represented the information over this topic in their work, so the common reader is enabled to undertake and analyze the material he or she is interested in from the book. Although Benewick’s and Wingrove’s book contains not only facts and analysis of the political situation in Contemporary China, particularly large-scale transformations concerning post-Mao China and the international policy of Mao’s successor – Deng Xiaoping, but also basic facts on the topics of economics, agriculture, culture, and social aspects, one can firmly assert that all those criteria of the Chinese life are essential for the discussion in this work, as they define the political situation in any country. And China is not an exception. The book is divided into sections written by one or another of the two authors. Both of them represent outstanding and masterly made syntheses of the complex and intricate Chinese modern political history. Womack B., a professor of Cambridge University, describes the book of interest as one with an advanced text that skillfully connects past and present, fully illustrating the picture of the political life in Contemporary China. One can confidently say that “China in the 1990s” is an unprejudiced scientific literary work. It refers, not only to the works of the American and European scholars but also to the “personal” view of the Chinese authors, such as Lin Q., Chan A., Chang G., Cheng Ming, Lee Kuen, Leung H., Chau E., Tang S., Leung J., Li Wei, Lin Zhun, Qian Yingyi, Chenggang Xu, Wang Xiao-Qiang, Yang Zhiyuan, Cui Zhiyuan, Wang Ninqjun, Wu H., Xiao Ming, Xiao Xie, Yangcheg Wanbao, Yuan Lili, Zhang, Junzuo. The given book also contains interesting materials taken from the “China News Digest” and State Statistical Bureau reports of China. The transparency of Benewick’s and Wingrove’s book is confirmed by the usage of the World Bank’s reports in it. Thus, one can propose that this book is a good mixture of carefully selected credible sources. In their work, the authors pay great attention to such European and Australian journals as Oxford’s “China Quarterly”, Austrian “Modern China”, “the Austra
Shevek’s character in The Dispossessed is an intense and complicated hero, with high intellect and a lack of social skills who desires to understand his nature through science. Shevek discovers severe complications as a scientist when he finds it impossible to achieve the initial goal. The world of Urras gave Shevek all resources and freedom to develop a successful theory, which he could not pursue under the collectivistic structure of Anarres. The author shows that regardless of the occupation, society needs individuality, and freedom of character, allowing for a diverse, progressive community. Anarres oppressed Shevek, deducting the works under the collectivistic idea that nothing belongs to anyone, and everything belongs to everyone: “And the hand that you reach out is empty, as mine is. You have nothing” (Le Guin, 1974). Therefore, power and work can only exist if freedom and individuality are recognized. The deep-rooted principles of Anarres caused to once idealize the system, suppressing individuality. Thrown into a completely new environment such as Creature, Shevek is curious to discover the new mentality of society. His view of solidarity between planets and their citizens motivates him professionally, as he sincerely wants to feel appreciated. Such hardships are distinctly different from Captain Nemo’s or Traveler’s superficial ones, as they imply a more philosophical sense: “The explorer who will not come back or send back his ships to tell his tale is not an explorer, only an adventurer” (Le Guin, 1974). The inability to adapt to society does not make Shevek a traitor, but a person with a broad worldview and high philanthropic ambitions. The scene with sexual assault makes the reader reconsider the standard image of a hero, showcasing both the good and vicious sides of a person. The open-minded scientist, intending to change the world for the better, could also be an aggressive rapist who could not calmly perceive a naked woman after alcohol. Vea is portrayed as a tool of manipulation and a product of a utopian society that is not always perfect. Therefore, Shevek’s character possesses a generalized portrayal that the world cannot be perfect. Despite his high intellectual and philosophic abilities, he still implies a biased worldview and sick nature inside. Thus, the author displays a story of an anarchist saturated in a new environment, unable to fully adapt to utopian beliefs. The novel provokes concerns, implied through
Employee XYZ has been sexually harassed while discharging her duties within the company’s premises. Employee XYZ is a 30-year-old lady, an American citizen, who was formally employed as a sales representative discharging her duties under the Sales Manager, Mr. Howard James, in the Sales and Advertising Department of the company. She has been a full-time employee for the last three and half years, with one year being serving on probation. She has handed her resignation with immediate effect regarding her alleged sexual harassment by one of her colleagues, Mr. WVY, who has vehemently denied committing such an atrocity on the said date of 30th February 2014 during employees’ annual workshop. On 30th February 2014, during the annual company workshop in town, Mr. WVY, who is the Sales and Advertising Department Assistant Manager, is reported to have sexually abused Mrs. XYZ during the workshop break. Mrs. XYZ claims that Mr. WVY forcefully asked her for sexual favors in order for him to examine her yearly sales report that is as per the departmental requirement. All sales representatives are required to prepare an annual report that shows the number of companies or quantity of customers each managed to get for the company and the amount of sales they managed to make. The Assistant Sales Manager has to examine and either notify the manager for appraisal of the sales representative, give a warning for future improvement or suggest subsequent termination of employment. Mrs. XYZ claims that her report was above board, and she expected the Assistant Manager to suggest an appraisal as she had superseded the target the department had set for her at the beginning of the year. After the workshop, Mr. WVY refused to take Mrs. XYZ report suggesting that she sleeps with him first before he can go through and subsequently recommend her report to the departmental head. Mrs. XYZ has resorted to resignation from the company, and she has formally reported the case with Wisconsin Police Department and sort legal aid with the attorney of the Wisconsin Justice Department to sue both the company and the alleged perpetrator, Mr. WVY, under the US Federal Law Title VII of the US Civil Rights Act of 1964 with the advent of seeking to be paid damages for her loss of a source of income and the mental torture that resulted after that incident (Andersen & Taylor, 2007). According to Broderick, Broderick, & Saleen (2011), workplace sexual harassment violates the US Federal Law Title VII of the U.S. Civil Rights Act of 1964, which includes quid pro quo sexual harassment and hostile work environment sexual harassment. The occurrence of Quid pro quo sexual harassment happens when “a term of employment is expressly or implicitly conditioned upon acceptance of an unwelcome sexual advance” (Broderick, Broderick & Saleen, 2011). The victim can be of lower or equal status with the perpetrator. In addition, sexual harassment involves a type of behavior that goes beyond the requirement of job performance as a supervisor to include demands for favors of sexual nature in return for service delivered from an employee, mainly for personal gr
The research study “Environmental Risks to Public Health in the United Arab Emirates: A Quantitative Assessment and Strategic Plan” by Jacqueline Gibson and Zeinab Farah has been well researched. The authors have covered all significant elements of a viable scientific research study. Further, they provided ample sources to both support and critiqued their arguments. It is important to mention that the significance of the study is presented in the first paragraphs, albeit not directly. This paper will analyze the research, critically looking at the methods, assumptions, presentation style, and importance of the study. Suggestions to make the study better will also be given. As stated, one of the commendable attributes of the study is the use of many sources. Burton et al. argue that proper citation is crucial in any scientific paper (78). Authors usually base their arguments on other people’s previous studies. They then use the said research papers to ascertain their arguments and also disagree with some hypotheses. Gibson and Farah provide an extensive list of viable sources making their research paper more prolific and informational (686). The authors also employed the right methodology as per their research objectives. The researchers applied the attributable fraction method. Trias-Llimós et al. define the approach as a definitional formula for population (13). Attributable fraction is mainly used in health-related research topics due to the ability to impose a disease burden on any risk factor involved (Neogi et al. 9). It is also important to mention that the quantification of disease and premature death based on environmental pollution agents is effectively done using the attributable fraction approach. It can be argued, however, that the authors did not properly treat time preference. Whereas the content is extensive in terms of time lapsed, a majority of the sources used are old. One can argue that the use of sources, however, ensures that little personal bias is featured in the study. The presentation style of the paper attracts little attention. There is no proper outline of some of the sections. For instance, the introduction section does not highlight the significance of the study, the research aim, and objections, among other similar elements. Despite the shortcomings of the paper, it still offers quality research work. The reader can easily understand how environmental factors relate to public health in the UAE. The conclusions made at the end of the paper are indeed crucial for decision-makers. Zhenhua argues that fast urbanization has led to an even faster increase in pollution (1507). In turn, non-communicable diseases have been on the rise (Calderón-Garcidueñas and Villarreal-Ríos 676). The research paper not only confirms this but also puts forward the idea that the UAE is one of the highly affected countries in the world. Such strong evidence can be used to ensure policies that regulate pollution and other harmful environmental practices are put in place. In
Introduction People and media often state that sex and gender are the same issues and that a person can be identified as either male or female. In fact, the sexual orientation is not necessarily depends on a person’s sex. Considerations and Thoughts There are five considerations that should be taken into account when discussing gender differences: expression, biological, identity, attraction, and formication. Gender should be perceived as a social construction that focuses primarily on expression and identity. People who were born with female sex and identify as women are cisgender, while those who have differences on the mentioned points are transgender. At the same time, some people identify as queer, which means that they do not follow only male or female guidelines and characteristics. Sexual orientation is not always dependent on one’s sex or gender since attraction to someone is not necessarily means sex with this person. It is possible to be attracted to males, females, and queer people, but have sexual intercourse only with one of these categories. It is most striking that the question of whether sexual orientation is a choice dictated by gender or not is still debated in society. On the one hand, one can suggest that a person has a gay or lesbian gene, which makes him or her to select a partner (Meyers-Levy & Loken, 2015). On the other hand, society dictates the behaviors for two types of gender: male and female: the former should be masculine, and the latter should act and behave in a feminine way. The traditional view on gender differences expects males to be aggressive and dominant, while females should be submissive. Such an approach limits a person’s opportunities and dictates the behaviors that should be practiced, without the attention to one’s personal identification. Sexual discrimination from other people takes place in many cases, when a person begins acting or thinking against the widely accepted patterns and norms. The deeper differences between men and women probably lay in the historical perspective of the problem. For the same job and qualifications, women are likely to receive less money compared to men (Jacobsen, 2007). It is widely considered that females have less intelligence and abilities to succeed at work and build a career, while males seem to be more effective, yet the practice shows that it is not correct. The roles played by women in society are underestimated and intentionally given less value than those of men. In particular, care for the family and housework are regarded as female responsibilities, but career success is attributed to male achievements. As a result, women have to work harder to provide for themselves and prove the society that they can
It is important to note that an individual’s or household’s socioeconomic status or SES can serve as a key indicator of the many underlying issues causing the breakdown of major functional aspects of a family unit. The emphasis of the study is to understand the interconnectedness of SES with the set of factors associated with broken households, which include domestic violence, divorce, and mental health issues as well as addictions. The current literature clearly indicates the fact that domestic violence, which is a core part of the broken household factor, contributes to emotional trauma and disruptive behaviors (Lloyd, 2018). The latter factors result in poor educational outcomes and experiences. Another study suggests that “SES increases the academic achievement gap from age 7 through 16” and “SES affects academic achievement through pathways other than intelligence” (Von Stumm, 2017, p. 57). In other words, SES directly impacts a child’s future socioeconomic status, but not always due to intelligence factors. Children, who were sexually, emotionally, abused physically as well as neglected had a higher risk of childhood trau
Introduction Widely known as one of the greatest representations of Buddhist thought, this book is frequently perceived as the best source of inspiration in the world where suffering coexists with love and peace. Even though the initial version of the book was published in 1999, it still has considerable relevance in modern society. Thich Nhat Hanh, the author and creator of this book, takes appropriate measures to introduce his target audience to the core teachings of Buddhism to demonstrate that they can be easily applied to life daily. In addition to the Four Noble Truths and the Eightfold Path, the author also pays attention to other important teachings, such as Three Doors of Liberation, Five Powers, and Seven factors of Awakening. Moreover, readers of this book have the opportunity to learn more about meditation and the practice of dharma. At the same time, the book is based on the idea to determine the level of connection between the nature of suffering and various qualities of enlightenment. Nowadays, it is one of the main reasons why numerous people, regardless of their age, religion, or personal beliefs, tend to refer to this book. Thus, the subtitle of this book, which is Transforming Suffering into Peace, Joy, and Liberation, perfectly highlights the main theme introduced by the author. Contribution of the Author to the Book As a global spiritual leader, poet, and peace activist, the author of the book has made a considerable contribution to Buddhism as a whole and the discussed book itself. Born in 1925, Zen Master spent the majority of his life in Vietnam learning fundamental concepts of the local religion and applying its teachings to day-to-day life. As a result, Thich Nhat Hanh has managed to become the author of over 120 books, including the one that is analyzed in this paper. The majority of his books are written in English and sold throughout the entire world, which makes this activist an important figure in the area of Buddhism. Furthermore, Hanh is extremely interested in the promotion of nonviolent solutions to conflict, which is most likely a result of his long-term relationships with mindfulness, global ethics, and peace. Suffering as Interrelated Part of Life (The First Noble Truth) To give readers a brief understanding of the idea of Buddhism, the author begins writing the book with an explanation of why suffering is an integral part of our life and how it can help us to achieve the highest level of freedom, peace, and love. The author states that Buddha called suffering a Holy Truth, because «our suffer
Introduction Detective fiction is a kind of imaginative mystery or felony where an investigator probe into a crime. The detective probing into the crime could either be an amateur or a professional. Fictional detectives can be grouped into three categories private investigators, professional police, and amateurs. Many amateur detectives are journalists, people who have business relations, and lawyers who come into close habitual contact with criminal activities. Most detective fiction crimes normally revolve around murder, burglary, kidnapping, etc. This essay is going to focus on Nancy Ellen Talburt and Jauna Young’s “The many guises of the contemporary amateur detective”. The essay will analyze the success of amateur detective fiction authors, paying special attention to the narrative voice and character, as well as the interest and complexity of solving a problem. Other aspects that will be timidly addressed will include effective integration of interesting or esoteric information and insights or lore. All these elements are largely intertwined and one cannot be described independently (Christie, p. 25). Main body The narrative voice of an author of a fictional narrative, as defined by an author’s persona (narrator), can either help or hamper the success of an author. All authors of fiction have a voice, they bring out in their narration, which is either narrated in first-person viewpoint or as an implicit author. A detective amateur author should tell his story in an interesting, trustworthy, and engaging manner, that will make the reader believe in his/her work. The narrator an author chooses for their works depends on the kind and nature of the story the author is telling and the emotional atmosphere it invokes (Singh and Rav, p. 18). The characteristic qualities of the voice of an author are manifested through their explicit language, style, and technique of expression, for instance, a lyrical narrator, satirical narrator, among others. From the attitude and personality of a narrator, a persona is developed, which are developed by incidents and the choice of words of the narrator, which essentially depends on the story’s point of view. The viewpoints of a narrator can be told in three forms that include first-person viewpoint, second-person point of view, and third-person viewpoint. The most widely used viewpoints by most authors of detective amateur fiction are third-person and first-person viewpoints. Maida and Spornick, in “Puzzle –Game” uses the voice of a first-person narrator to bring out her uniqueness as a fictional amateur author throughout her narration, as well as fully engage the reader “I don’t li
Executive summary Recently, public sector organisations have been put under significant pressure to continuously increase their effectiveness and enhance their services, which has been aimed at improving their competitiveness both in the public and private sectors. While knowledge management (KM) is not a new concept for the public sector, the manner of institutionalising the knowledge and converting it into a systematic framework, which comprises a clear set of processes, practices, indicators and documented outcomes, is a recent innovation. In this report, an assessment of the KM ways and practices of the Environment Agency-Abu Dhabi (EAD) as a learning KM organisation is presented. The assessment covers the whole KM cycle and elements starting from leadership commitment, the organisational vision and objectives, KM structure and processes as well as the benchmarking exercise that EAD had conducted with other governmental entities. A case study of the EAD school KM initiative is presented. Finally, the challenges that are typical for EAD KM are also addressed from the organisational perspective. The conclusion is made that EAD has been effectively adopting the concept of KM, but the process is not finished yet, and significant challenges require the attention of the managers. To conclude the report, recommendations concerning the future development of the EAD KM framework are suggested. Introduction The leadership plan and ambitions of UAE compel it to strive to become one of the top governments in the world. Therefore, both federal and local public organisations are now put under pressure to deliver more efficiently despite the constrained resources. This process is an especially actual topic in the modern era that is associated with global economic challenges, fast and all-encompassing development and rapid transformation in the field of communication and information technologies. As a result, we are expected to revise our business conducting methods that are not efficient anymore. Knowledge-based economy has become the foundation for business competitiveness among public and private sectors. Only a few organisations have realised the fact that KM is a significant success factor for performing in an optimal manner. In the UAE, the understanding of KM, as well as the maturity of the framework’s implementation, varies among public organisations. From this point of view, the organisations could be divided into the entities that are just beginning their KM journey, the “learning” ones, and the mature, pioneering ones. Apart from that, many companies can be defined as positioning themselves between the two extremes. The EAD has already performed a number of steps in the direction of KM development, having learned particular lessons and encountered certain challenges in the process that is going to be discuss