ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Abstract for a Conference Different nations have their historical artifacts. Despite having pioneered various technological developments such as the wheel and the ramp, prehistoric Egypt had one unique innovation that would lead to the development of the written form of language. The papyrus technology led to the innovation of an alternative writing surface that was different from stone tablets or clay surfaces. Papyrus is an English word that is derived from the Latin word ‘papules’. Papyrus is a plant that was common in Ancient Egypt. However, today, it grows in the East and Central Africa in natural forests. In Ancient Egypt literature, the word papyrus referred to the plant from which the papyrus writing material was made or the material itself. Currently, the word may refer to sheets made of papyrus in which various documents are written. Such documents are often in the form of scrolls or rolls. The appropriate meaning of the term papyrus may be identified from the context in which it is used. Papyrus is a landmark of ancient Egyptians’ innovation. Hence, treating the technology as extinct amounts to making an inappropriate assumption that the technology is now insignificant, yet modern civilizations can reconnect their pragmatic strides towards their status to such ancient technologies. For example, modern machinery cannot operate without simple machines such as levers and the wheel and axle. Consequently, although the Ancient Egypt wheel may not match up to the exact application of the device in modern machines, say in cranes and hoists, the significance of the device cannot be secluded from its early inventors. Similarly, the pulped paper technology, which came to replace the papyrus technology, could not have been successfully established without the recognition of the technology that preceded it (papyrus). Therefore, the papyrus technology cannot be left out in a conference that discusses the current technological status of different nations, for instance, in terms of language and writing. Incorporating the papyrus technology into a conference that seeks to discuss the history of Egyptians begins by understanding how the technology worked, including its significance to modern developments and hence the reason for including this paper in such a conference. It discusses the technology, right from its origin, including how the manufacturing of papyrus was accomplished. It also discuss
The role of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (PCAOB) in independence of auditors of public companies The creation and the work of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (PCAOB) have resulted in the improved independence of auditors of public companies. PCAOB has put in place strict measures that govern how audit firms conduct business. Before its formation, auditing firms had failed to uphold business ethics leading to numerous cases of liabilities to investors, banks, and other parties interested in financial reports. Financial statements are important for business, investors, banks, government, and other interested parties. Business managers need to know the business position for decision-making. Therefore, accountants must prepare up-to-date financial reports at any given time for decision-making. The greatest interest of the managers is to evaluate the value of revenue and expenses to determine the financial strengths of the business. The business position helps managers to make decisions on credit, investment, taxation, and union bargaining where applicable. Therefore, accountants must act in accordance with professional ethics to deliver the desired results for the decision-making processes. After the preparation of financial statements by the accountants, auditors come in to verify the reports’ authenticity. Hence, the accountants must adhere to the generally accepted accounting principles that enhance the authenticity of financial reports and statements (Loeb, 2007). Accounting and auditing professional ethics demand that a professional must act independently. This aspect helps to produce work that meets the qualities of financial accounting. These qualities include relevance, materiality, reliability, understandability, and comparability. Relevance implies that accounting information must be in a position to influence decisions by the business stakeholders. The materiality concept implies that any mistake can influence economic decisions, as they are perceived to be true. The reliability concept implies that accounting statements should be free from errors or biases. As mentioned earlier, the objective of PCAOB is to enhance the authenticity of auditing reports. Auditors are required to scrutinize the authenticity of financial statements and give opinions about the business position before the financial statements are released to the stakeholders. Before the inception of PCAOB, auditors would collude with business owners, potential investors, and third parties with the intention of meeting some individual interests. However, the situation has changed with the implementation of strict policies and measures that auditors must adhere to executing their business (Bennet, Bradbury, & Pragnell, 2006). Besides, auditors are required to look into the financial statements and scrutinize th
The book “Liberty and Power: The Politics of Jacksonian America” by Watson is an insightful analysis of the political thinking and worldview of the Jacksonian era – more than two decades after Monroe’s presidency and the Polk years. The analysis proceeds from the concept of republicanism, widespread in the 18th century, as a concept with some connotations and broad interpretations. The book’s author concludes the restoration of pre-war politics by arguing that new political events and old ideologies are of decisive importance in the second quarter of the 19th century. The concept of republicanism opposed freedom and power; nevertheless, they united in the politics of the described era. Watson argues that Jacksonian politics is about recognizing that “the problems of a free society were ultimately political and must be addressed by political means” (Watson, p. 41). The old policy of restriction has given way to a democratic political culture. Although a critical feature of the old policy was the provision of state policy to the provincial elites, the people’s will only partially influenced the establishment, which led to the emergence of republicanism. Watson applies the subject-matter perspective to the analysis of events and personalities, which allows him to capture Jacksonian democracy in a holistic way, which cannot be provided with a chronological overview. The author avoids the limitations of the direct biography in the book. Therefore, Watson defines the elements of the republican system of government as a whole. Watson also explains the demographic and technological changes that led to the Republican era of rule. All the different political parties of the era described claimed to be “Republicans.” Still, the different conceptions of their politics were such that, based on these differences, two well-defined political parties arose – the Whigs and the Democrats. Watson states that a generation viewed political strategy as an endless war between freedom and power during the Jackson era. Thus, in place of the rival classes, ethnic groups, or religious subcultures represented in previous histories of the political situation before Jacksonian Republicanism, Watson replaces conflicting interpretations of the dominant republican ideology. Watson argues that revolutionary republicanism is driven by the ongoing struggle in each republic to restrict power that can be abused. Consequently, there is a promotion of personal freedom for each person. The book’s great strength lies in the fact that it brings together national and local politics in chapters on the formation of the state party and the developm
The Covid-19 pandemic has been our reality since March of 2020. Currently, the United States has almost 150 thousand Covid-19 cases daily (Elflein, 2021). What does guarantee that you or your close ones will not be infected? Therefore, it is extremely important to know protection measures regarding the virus. I am going to address several measures on how to protect yourself from Covid-19 and be safe in these hard times. To begin with, let’s remind how the virus spreads and what are the basic safety measures. According to World Health Organization (2021), people become infected by Covid-19 when breathing in air contaminated by small particles containing the virus. As such, the first and foremost safety measure during the pandemic is wearing a mask (WHO, 2021). I understand that everyone is so tired of masks but what we else we can do? Aside from masks, people should avoid crowded places. Do you want to be safe? So you should try not to socialize and be online for a longer time. This may seem ridiculous, but we should stop the spread of the virus, so please avoid places with many people, even though you bought a ticket for your lovely music band. Specifically, restrict from traveling and closely interacting with travelers who came from distinct places since they are the primary spreading agents (Rice, 2021; MSD Manuals, 2021). Additionally, you should make a habit of using hand sanitizers and be careful about your personal hygiene. Having proper personal hygiene is key to be protected from the virus. People should ensure that they follow all the instructions and follow the regulations provided by the governments. Do not believe in conspiracy theories and try to be exposed to the virus, instead just continue your hygiene habits. Please also filter your social media accounts and social relationship from people who believe in such ideas. So far, I have addressed how people become infected and what they should do to stay safe from the Covid-19. I wanted to show that everything is in our hands, and you should do your best to preserve your health that are wearing masks, avoiding crowded places and having a personal hygiene.
Introduction Various arguments have been put forward regarding the existence of everything in the Universe. These arguments seek to find out the explanation of what exists in the world, and if this really testifies to the existence of a higher power, namely, God. Scientists, theologians and philosophers have divergent views on this issue. The debate over how the Universe came into existence is still contentious. This paper will critically evaluate the debate over nothingness and something and if this rationally explains the existence of the Universe. Critical Analysis The existence in the world, as we know it, came out of something. Religion and science have their own diverging stand points on how existence became and what it is presently. Some religious scholars have argued that science could not provide a satisfactory and comprehensive response to the question of existence. They argue that scientists try to give a rational explanation for everything, even when some issues go beyond the limits of human understanding. They assert that science does not adequately provide answers on how the Universe came into existence. They have managed to maintain an adequate proof regarding existence. They claim that something was there even before the formation of the Universe. Existence is an issue that confounds both the scientists and the theologians. It continues to baffle many how the Universe was formed. Many belief systems are based on the issue of existence and how the universe was formed. Science is influenced by forces of push and pull which speculate that there is an equal reaction for every action. Scientists have advanced various arguments which attempt to demystify our understanding on the concept of existence. Some of these arguments have provided inadequate knowledge on the existence. Therefore, scientists cannot claim to have the best response on the existence of the Universe. Debate over Nothingness and Something Nothingness and something shape human understanding of the existence. These two concepts have influenced arguments that sought to shed more light on the issue of existence. The two opposite views have driven experts to come up with their own conclusions, regarding the subject of existence. The Western view of existence has tended to show a radical divide between the two concepts. However, Eastern philosophies, which are mainly influenced by Buddhism or Taoism, do not have an issue with the concept of nothingness. According to the Eastern philosophical paradigm, nothingness complements something. Eastern philosophies show the two concepts as interrela
Introduction In the early 19th century, societies of the world struggled to establish equity of rights for both the proletariats and the bourgeoisie. This struggle led to the emergence of liberalism. The proletariats constituted the peasant people who were also property-less. The bourgeoisie owned all factors of production besides exercising control over the proletariats. The bourgeoisies were known to be materialistic who constantly strived to gain respectability from the proletariats. Essentially, the bourgeoisie established the production systems and employed the proletariat in the capacity of what historian termed as slaves. Liberalists were against this kind of economic relationship between the two. Consequently, over the nineteenth century, liberalisms became an ideology, which later culminated into a reform movement in Europe advocating for both economic and political equality and equity among members of different social classes. In this analysis paper, the author investigates the liberalists’ achievements by 1851 through an analysis of two articles on liberalism appearing in the British liberal magazine: The Economist. The articles are “The Exhibition –The Crystal Palace” (The Economist 93-97) and “The First Half of the Nineteenth Century: Progress of The Nation and Race” (The Economist 97-100). Although both articles talk about the great exhibition of 1851, they have an incredible focus on the self-image coupled with the worldview of liberal and liberalism in the mid 19th century. Bourgeoisie and Liberalism in 1850 In The Economist, it is evident that, by 1851, when the great exhibition was held, the liberalists had begun to celebrate the achievement of their belief that politics has central roles in preservation coupled with maximization of people’s freedoms of choice including making a choice to work or not. Although the Bourgeoisie of 1850 needed to have their industries run by people from the lower social classes who owned no property, they could not force people to work for them or even exploit them at the advantage of their individualistic gains in the threshold of the 18th century. The Economist supports this argument when it reckons, “in the early ages, when labor that was necessary to procure subsistence was performed by the slaves with the work of slaughter being the only toil performed by the free men, most kinds of useful industries were considered degraded and degrading” (94). In this extent, it is arguable that the machineries, works of art, and other things that were being showcased at the great exhibitions were produced with minimal exploitation of people within the past half century. In this end, The Economist informs, “the proposed exhibition marks the great fact that useful industries have now wholly escaped from contamination of slavery, and is raised to post of honor” (94). Therefore, although the bourgeoisies’ way of thinking in 1950s was still driven by their economic materialism coupled with philistinism, there was a limitation for violation of human rights to satisfy these key drivers of bourg
Introduction Dear Mr. Manager, I am the parent of two children aged three and four and I have recently registered for your summer camp. Due to the children’s passion for adventure and outdoor activities, I decided to register for your summer camp. I must say the presentation on your website seems exemplary and well organized. The descriptions used to seem simple and easy to comprehend for individuals of all ages. However, I have a complaint to pose regardless of all that. Fraud I must apologize first that I dropped my children late due to activities like packing and ensuring that they carried everything they needed. Any parent in my position would understand how tough it remains in terms of organizing children. After dropping my children, I had to stay around for precisely two hours in my quest to observe how activities get carried out and to assess the safety of my children. I would like to issue a refund. To my disbelief, I noted some things that were contrary to the descriptions on your website. Moreover, some activities failed to meet the standard in which they ought to have attained. The summer camp company, on its website, claimed that activities like art, cooking, and yoga would take place. On the contrary, the kids only jumped, did some coloring, and kept running on the squash court. It remains a great violation of the rights of the consumers to offer services that seem contrary to your service description. According to the Fraud Act 2006, your summer camp seems to have violated the rules regarding honesty (Mayer et al. 33). You seem to have made a dishonest representation of the services that you provide. Moreover, your company had the full knowledge that the dishonest act would mislead parents to choose your company as the best camping destination. It also remains evident that the intention was to gain more customers for your summer camp services. The law remains very clear on such public offenses and severe consequences may be experienced as a result. Workload I also noted that in the summer camp 36 children ranged from 4 to 11 years old and they had four instructors. However, one instructor seemed overloaded with work as he was handling about six to seven children in the restrooms. Mr. Manager, your summer camp enterprise does not seem to have enough employees. The employees seemed to be pressured by the workload they were tasked with and hence a violation of employee right
Introduction The changing economics of today has prompted the study of cultural diversity in the place of work partly because many companies are reorganizing themselves and downsizing into more manageable units such as teams (Brislin, 2008). As a consequence, most companies are established around groups as the best ways of finding solutions to problems facing them. These teams usually bring together people from diverse backgrounds and entail a range of personalities and ideas. In teams, people are usually dependent on each other to accomplish the set goals. However, it must be understood that though teams have many advantages, they also face challenges associated with diversity. This paper aims to answer the question: how does cultural diversity positively and negatively impact team performance? Specifically, the discussion will be centered around the positive and negative impacts of cultural diversity on a team. Innovation Cultural diversity may impact on a team positively (Lucas & Kline, 2008). Teams that are culturally diverse are usually associated with enhanced satisfaction and ingenuity. A diverse team is likely to be creative as it has a wealth of ideas from different backgrounds (Sneha, 2009). A good example is the research teams at Apple Company. These teams usually come from diverse backgrounds and this means that they have a great number of ideas which when shared lead to the development of great products. Decision making Cultural diversity impacts positively the decision making process of the team. Teams usually make use of consensus on their way forward. It has been established through a study that, even though, consensus building in a team is very important, focusing on consensus building can as well result in deliberations that are not optimal (Sneha, 2009). This happens when teams place a lot of stress on attaining concurrence and fail to discuss other available options. It has been established that the diversity of a team can easily bring in diverse outlooks as well as promote discussions that are constructive. Heterogeneity of a team Generally, heterogeneity of a team improves the quality of decisions made; the only problem is that widely varying opinions and perceptions amongst members can make it hard to reach decisions that are acceptable to all. Particularly, in situations that require urgent decisions, heterogeneity can be a big issue. Lucas and Kline (2008) argue that diverse teams have problems in reaching concurrence on programs that are highly integrated. Sneha (2009) indicted that diversity is important for enhancing the aspect of making decisions and it can as well enhance the possibility of conflicts which may ultimately hamper teamwork amongst members of the team. In general, the heterogeneity of the team can be both advantageous and disadvantageous in terms of making decisions
1910-1959 Success in a professional career requires the ability to learn from the past. It is important to note that the time period between 1910 and 1959 was characterized by several incidences that acted as major platforms for the transformation of pharmacology in the world. Pharmacy in this period was composed of great levels of disorganization. Education and Pharmaceutical Standards were not available for determining the authenticity of pharmacists. It is also necessary to note that there are significant aspects of current pharmaceutical practice that developed during this era. 1910 was characterized by the development of New York State Board of Pharmacy which helped in the creation of syllabus for the board as well as pharmacology schools which later become a standard for practice. Five revisions were made to the standard in 1932 even though none of the fourth or final editions were adopted. American Council of Pharmaceutical Education was actually formed during this time. In addition, American Association of Colleges of Pharmacy, as well as, American Council of Educationwas formed. The most significant milestone in Pharmacology that was witnessed between 1910 and 1959 era include the formation of pharmaceutical organizations. This provided platforms for the formation of standards used in the practice. This is beneficial since it has led to the development of the pharmaceutical practice today. The new technologies were based on developments of such standards. The establishment of simple syllabus for the college of pharmacy during that era has also helped to shape the current syllabi in schools. The curriculum used between 1910 and 1959 within pharmacy schools was mainly characterized by simple programs such as B.S program. Learning was based on simple formulations of drugs. This is a contrast to the current curriculum which is full of development of both technological and complex chemical solutions used in the formulation of drugs and learning. This period was largely significant in terms offormulation of legislations related the practice of pharmacy. In my opinion, these legislations should have remained because of the fraud cases currently being witnessed in the practice today. On the other hand, I am glad that the technological and scientific developments emerged. This has since led to the changes in the ways of production and manufacturing of drugs (Elenbaas and Worthen 10-13). 1960 to 1999 was critical in terms of highlighting transfo