ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
In this paper, certain attention should be paid to such issues as Internet financial reporting and fraudulent financial reporting in order to comprehend if there is a certain impact of the partial disclosure of financial reporting on the investors. The main research question is based on the clarification of the differences between the chosen two types of financial reporting and their connection with investors. Can it happen that the partial disclosure of Internet and fraudulent financial reporting types could influence the investors in different ways? This question, as well as its answers, is important in the field of business and economics because it helps to enumerate the benefits and shortages of financial reporting and identify the conditions under which the process of disclosure of organizational financial statuses to investors and the government could occur. Financial reporting could be of different types, and each type has its own impact on the investors and other stakeholders. The main hypothesis is that there is a difference between the internet and fraudulent financial reporting impacts on the investors. It could be tested with the help of various sources found at libraries and online. First of all, it is necessary to give a clear definition of what financial reporting actually is and what the explanations to the Internet and fraudulent financial reporting are. Taking into consideration that fraudulent financial report is the way of how different people could mislead each other in terms of their actual financial affairs (Huang et al. 4360) and Internet financial reporting is based on the idea of a total disclosure (Ojah and Mokoaleli-Mokoteli 69), it is wrong to believe that these two types could be interchanged or misunderstood. Therefore, their impacts on the investors, as well as the impact of the partial disclosure of financial reporting, could vary considerably. Second, the identification of partial disclosure should occur. Fraudulent and Internet financial reporting have different forms of disclosure. Internet financial reporting deals with a total disclosure that allows sharing all pieces of information and reducing the development of possible informative asymmetry between shareholders and managers (Ojah and Mokoaleli-Mokoteli 69). Fraudulent financial reporting includes wrong or inappropriate disclosure that misleads managers and creates situations that cannot be controlled or explained (Huang et al. 4361). Therefore, partial disclosure may occur in both types under consideration. Finally, the comparison of outcomes is required in order to cl
The relationship between poverty and crime has been a subject of debate. Many people argue that people get involved in crimes because of poverty. They get involved in crimes in order to get money to meet their needs in life. Others believe that crimes are also committed by people who are not poor in the name of gratifying other desires not related to poverty. It can not be fully denied that poverty leads to crime but not all cases of crime are associated with poverty. A criminal act culminates from moral disposition that drives somebody to take by force that which does not belong to him. Most forms of crime like rape, assault, fraud are meant to gratify a desire by taking another person’s possession by force. There is high correlation between poverty and crime but all forms of crime are not committed by the poor. Criminal acts are moral issues and may have nothing to do with poverty (Short 18). In America for instance, crime is widespread among all ethnic groups both living in rural and those in cities, the ssrich and the poor. This has increased the government’s effort to investigate the causes of crime and device mechanisms to mitigate or eliminate such cases. The focus is mainly to control the factors that cause crime. The following paragraphs discuss various ways in which poverty may lead to crime. The areas with high poverty level in the US urban areas have the highest cases of crime but this is inadequate to justify that poverty is the cause of crime. However, there are many ways that poverty contributes to crime. Firstly, the poor are believed to have more cases of mental illness compared to the rich and this causes them to live under stress. When the level of stress increases, people try to relieve it through indulging in violent acts, thefts, robbery among other forms of crime. According to Short (18), poverty denies the poor chances of getting quality education and jobs especially the youths causing them to spend most of their time in places where they mingle with gangs. This is mostly due to lack of opportunity costs of crime thus engaging them in criminal acts. In this manner, more and more poor youths get involved in criminal acts like robbery, rapes, and violent acts among others. The impoverished people lack legitimate means of accessing some material goods or living a good life. They lack good jobs that would enable them access these material goods and crime becomes their only option (Short 26). They engage in robbery in order to get money to buy what they desire in life. In this manner, poverty accelerates crime Most factors that cause crime are associated with poverty. For instance, where there is high rate of unemployment, people lives in adverse poverty which cause depression that exposes them to criminal acts. The cases of crime therefore increases or are directly related to unemployment. High rate of unemployment creates social classes where the employed continue to get rich and the unemployed gets poorer. T
Introduction Employees’ surveys indicate that they have not received regular performance evaluations. As a result, they have complained about lack of regular performance appraisal system. Therefore, the management have pointed out that there should be a clear process of assessing work teams which are important components for the organizational success. For that matter, this is a report that is prepared to address the last board meeting of directors concern on how to implement a succession planning on employee appraisal. Consequently, this report covers five major areas that address employees’ appraisal. These areas include benefits of performance appraisal systems within an organization. Secondly, the report discusses evaluation teams within an organization. Thirdly, the concept of succession planning is extensively covered. Lastly the report provides a summary in which key points are reiterated Benefits of Performance Appraisal Systems within an Organization Employees’ appraisal in the organization has several benefits accrued from the process. Whenever a successful performance appraisal of employees is contacted in the organization, there are usually numerous optimal results that are accrued from the process. One of the optimal results is that it offers a golden opportunity for both the subordinate and the supervisor to address important work related issues that might be affecting employees at the work place. This is so since appraisal process provides a golden opportunity for the stakeholders to focus on the set goals in order to identify the achievements obtained. Also, it makes it possible to address the available problems on in the organizational to facilitate its improvement. Moreover, Stephen (2005) noted that employees’ appraisal provides recognition to these employees for their work efforts. This recognition acts as an incentive for social power since employees feel appreciated thus acting as a motivational factor. Additionally, employee performance offers the best opportunity for training and development of the workforce. Depending on the results of the appraisal, the management is able to determine training and development needs of its workforce. Therefore, the organization is able to plan for training and development of its employees thus contributing positively to performance effectiveness. Moreover, performance appraisal of employees also results to an optimal result of employee evaluation which is usually one of the core objectives of carrying out this exercise. The optimal result of the process is to evaluate performance of employees so as to get ways of developing them to ensure that there is continuous improvement in the organization processes that relate to employees’ performance. On the other hand, the benefits of performance appraisal of employees can also be viewed in various forms. These include organizational perspectives and employees’ perspectives. In respect to organizatio
Introduction Business environment comprises all conditions, influences as well as activities which affect a business or its operations. Thus, it generally refers to external and internal factors which affect the business or its operations either positively or negatively (Grant 117). There are various business environments. These may include internal, competitive as well as industry environment. Internal environment Internal environment includes factors, entities, conditions plus activities within a business organization which influence its decision-making process, choices, policies, relationship with its suppliers and clients, technological requirements as well as the behavior of the organization’s staff (Ireland, Hitt and Hoskisson 34). The management is at the centre of the internal environment as it influences the leadership style of the organization. The human resource, materials and machines also form part of the internal environment. Competitive environment The competitive environment generally refers to what the firm’s competitors are doing, the general direction of the market as well as the technological developments being made in the industry or are about to enter the market (Grant 122). Industry environment The industry environment includes the suppliers, buyers, competitors or organizations which produce substitute products/services as well as entrants (Stevens 4). These players determine the firm’s profitability, its investment in that particular industry as well as the present and future prices of its products. Strategic thinking Managers have to realize that an organization is influenced by its actions, and therefore, some strategic decisions have to be made to change/influence the organizational structure. For example, in an industry environment where competition is fierce, mergers and partnerships may be adopted to reduce competitive rivalry, which sometimes force organizations to adopt low pricing strategy to survive, thus, affecting the average profitability in the industry. A manager also needs to understand the competitive environment so as to be able to make an analysis of the industry’s market, which includes all major factors that influence the way the organization competes. Understanding the competitive environment makes the manager aware of what the customers need, and therefore, put in place strategies which enable the organization acquire resources necessary for meeting customers’ demands (Grant 115). The manager is able to think strategically and identify the particular parts of the market which are worth pursuing. He or she will also be able to identify the potential threats to the business, which may include price rivalry, legal considerations as well as channel conflicts. By understanding the competitive environment, the manager is also able to know whether there is need to change the basis of competition
Introduction Human health is one of the frequently discussed topics nowadays. It is not enough for people to know about health complications or impairments at different ages, and what can be done to avoid such problems. It is expected to understand what may cause diseases and disorders, what populations are at higher risk and why, and when it is time to take preventive measures or promote some changes. In addition to possible health complications, millions of people are concerned about the diseases that may cause death and the necessity to elaborate effective healthcare systems in each country. Cause-to-death statistics introduced by the World Health Organization (2017) show that approximately 56 million deaths happen due to such diseases as ischemic heart disease, stroke, COPD, respiratory infections, dementia, diabetes, and tuberculosis globally. Diabetes is also defined as one of the leading causes of death among the citizens of the United States (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2017). Each population has a list of health problems to be exposed to at high risk. In this paper, the perceptions of diabetes in the United States will be investigated. Despite the possibility to create certain measurements of this nursing research project, it is also required to narrow down the topic and focus on diabetes from one particular group of people, the Hispanic population. Diabetes is characterized by a high level of glucose (sugar) in the blood (American Diabetes Association, 2014). However, a definition, classification, and diagnosis of diabetes are more complicated than they seem to be and have to be thoroughly studied. Ramachandran, Snehalatha, and Nanditha (2017) define diabetes as a group of metabolic diseases that result in defects that are usually observed in insulin secretion and action. The peculiar feature of diabetes is its hidden dangers. This disease is progressive by its nature and may lead to numerous dysfunctions, long-term damage to the body, and failure of different organs in a short period. People of Hispanic origin are at the risk of having diabetes due to the existing cardiometabolic abnormalities, chosen lifestyles, and certain physiological characteristics (American Diabetes Association, 2014). Diabetes may be of type 1 and type 2. There is also a type known as gestational diabetes that is discovered during pregnancy and influences the development of a fetus, as well as a general condition of a woman. Common symptoms of all diabetes types in addition to a high level of blood sugar are frequent urination, weight changes, frequent and unexplained fatigue, thirst, and vision impairment. The reasons for such changes are the inability of the immune system to work properly and the
Executive Summary The compensation and benefits program provides employees with adequate and balanced plans to address employee needs in financial and non-financial packages based on employee/employer relationships. Adequate compensation and benefits offered to the employer motivates organizational employees into staying in an organization to retain the best of talents and skills. The compensation and benefits program varies between employees with the government playing the central role of providing legislation on the minimum requirements for employers to adhere to in providing compensation and benefits to employees. Typical examples of organizations include Aramco Saudi Company’s compensation and benefits program that spans different employees working from different cultural backgrounds with different pay incentives geared toward getting the best from employees. The company’s program includes schooling, medical; vacation, housing, and take home pay. Typical programs have different compensation and benefits plans that are designed and aligned with organizational objectives to strike a balance between total compensation wages and organizational expenditure without jeopardizing either in the employee/employer relationships. Different compensation plans are available for permanent employees, part time employees, and local and international hire employees depending on the compensation and benefits policies in the work environments. Purposely the program addresses diverse individual and organizational needs in context. Introduction The compensation and benefits program consisting of the payments made for the work done and non-financial benefits are designed with varying plans to address employee needs in the working environment. Purposely, the program is used to address employee and organizational needs, when organizations recruit talent by offering incentives aligned to organizational objectives. A typical example is the Aramco Saudi Company with a compensation and benefits program designed to motivate employees to offer their best. Different employee categories are e
Early Life   * Theodore Herman Albert Dreiser was born in 1871 in Terre Haute, Indiana, to a devout Catholic German immigrant father and a mother from Mennonite Community.   * He was the twelfth of thirteen children in an impoverished family (ninth of ten surviving children).   * His father, John Paul Dreiser, suffered from devastating financial loss and physical injury due to a fire in his wool mill. Her mother, Sarah Schnaab, was kind and tolerant of unconventional behavior.   * He left home when he was 16 and worked at several jobs.   * Dreiser graduated from high school in Warsaw, Indiana.   * He spent the year 1889-1990 at Indiana University. Middle Life   * 1890-1900: He worked at various low-level jobs in Chicago and began his career as a newspaperman, became a reporter at St. Louis Republic , Dispatch, editor of Ev’ry Morning , married Sara White (Pizer XV-XIX).   * 1901:1911: Dreiser had a nervous breakdown for two years, worked on the railroad, worked as an editor in different magazines and newspapers, including Broadway Magazine, Smith’s Magazine, Delineator (Pizer XV-XIX).   * 1912-1922: He had a series of love affairs with secretaries and lovers, including Anna Tatum, Kirah Markham, Louise Campbell, and Helen Richardson, and worked on An American Tragedy and The Stoic (Pizer XV-XIX). Later Life   * 1923-1933: He had a conflict over An American tragedy film, traveled to Russia, began involvement with The American Spectator , a literary magazine (Pizer XV-XIX).   * 1933-1945: He had an anti-semitic affair at The American Spectator and later resigned ; his friend George Douglas died and visited Spain and the International Peace Conference in Paris. In 1940, Sara died, and by 1943 he had poor health. In 1944, he married Helen and joined the Communist party. He died of a heart attack on December 28, 1945 (Pizer XV-XIX). Popular Works: Sister Carrie   * Sister Carrie is Dreiser’s first published novel, in 1901.   * It depicts a young woman who moved to a big city to realize her American dream. The central theme characterizes the consequences of the misguided and misdirected pursuit of the American dream.   * This novel is one of the pioneering work
Introduction It is through education that both men and women maintain their rights. Education creates an opportunity where one can realize his/her potential in the social, economic, and political world. It is the strongest way of driving out poverty. Feminism is more widespread in education. The number of girls likely to access learning institutions is much lower compared to that of boys. Few of them remain in schools or make it in education. Education to a girl child is of significant importance towards her development into adult life. Most girls in many societies all over the world have been discriminated against in education even today. They are perceived to be the weaker beings compared to their male counterparts. It is argued that there is no need to educate them because it will be of no use. A woman’s role has been perceived to be in the kitchen where no skills are required. Contrary to this, women’s education is actually of more importance than men’s. They are the first teachers to the children and contribute a lot in terms of development and economic growth in the society. In this paper I will look at the right to education, how literate women can help in improving household health and nutrition, and how they help in alleviating poverty. The Right to Education The right to education has been recognized since 1948. Many nations all over the world have acknowledged the right to free and compulsory primary education for all children. Some have even gone further to encourage secondary education. This right has been elaborated to cater for both quality and equity, that is, free education should be of good quality and accessible to everyone. There should be no discrimination on any ground, be it ethnic, race or gender. Girl’s discrimination on education is still widespread. This denies them the power to fight for their rights. Therefore girls’ education should be promoted if they are to survive in the drastically changing world. More emphasis should be put on the right of the girl child to education. It is through education that these girls can fight for their other rights in the society. The right to girls’ education has been hindered by the traditional and cultural values that are still solid in many societies. Other communities fear that education to girls will empower them to fight for their positions in society (Anon. 2008). If only girls were allowed to access education, some of the inequalities we have today could be addressed. Some of these inequalities criticize the need for quality education for girls and deny them equal opportunities as those given to men. In some of the rural areas in Africa, girls have been discriminated against education not on a cultural or traditional basis but because of poverty. Most of the govern
Sampling The different types of sampling are pure-random, systematic random, stratified, cluster and purposeful (also called purposive). Pure random or systematic random Sampling may be used to obtain a general profile of the entire AUP student body as to media habits and sources. Stratified sampling Deserves priority when a) the distribution of the given profile categories (nationality; gender; age/year in school; grad/undergrad; major) is uneven or significantly skewed in favour of one nationality, gender, age, year in school, etc.; and, b) there is reason to believe that one segment within a category differs significantly from the others in media habits and sources. Depending on the size of the overall sample, a pure random or systematic-random sample might under-represent, say, males, Arabs, graduate students or Medieval History majors. Stratified sampling surmounts this problem. Cluster sampling Might be feasible if the above-named segments of the AUP universe happened to congregate in certain housing areas around the city, in-campus housing, classroom/laboratory facilities (e.g. Taiwan Chinese in engineering and IT laboratories), reading rooms or sports facilities. When graduate students and teachers select one class to represent each year level and administer a survey to everyone in the classroom, that also qualifies as cluster sampling. Purposeful sampling Is more useful when doing qualitative research to gain some insights into very light or very heavy use of certain media or in motivational studies when there are only 3 or 4 students representing the segment of interest (e.g. daily readers of L’Osservatore Romano . The Survey/Questionnaire “Surveys” involve collecting primarily quantitative (but also qualitative) data from a target population in order to gain objective knowledge or grant empirical grounding to discourse on political, marketing, sociological, educational, psychological and other issues. The most familiar forms are the census and sample surveys. Extracts from a Sample Questionnaire Type                        Item                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   Answer Grid                                                                          Closed-end                   1. Do you take notice at all of events outside the campus?                                                                                                                                                                                                              * No END INTERVIEW                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      * Yes GO TO Q2