ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction The depiction of historical events is a highly controversial issue since there is no possibility to check the reliability of the evidence and recorded available facts. Another problem is that history is multifaceted since every party writes it from its own point of view, which frequently leads to disputable statements. The history of Taiwan and its people belongs to such polemical questions since it was written both by aboriginal people and invaders. The present paper will investigate the relationship between Taiwanese people and their neighbors and invaders. The connections between aborigines and migrants will be outlined, and the effect of different rulers on these relationships will be analyzed. The Relationships Between Aboriginal People and Migrant Chinese in Taiwan It is frequently difficult to distinguish between reality and fiction when analyzing past events and their impact on the present. As Stainton remarks, the history of Taiwan language and people belongs to such cases when one should be particularly careful about what features to believe in and which ones to doubt.[1] The scholar even remarks that it is a “matter of debate” whether the peoples and languages of Taiwan might be recognized as separate categories.[2] Three models of the aboriginal origins of Taiwan are outlined by Stainton: the theory of southern origin, the theory of northern origin, and the theory of Taiwan as the Austronesian homeland.[3] According to the southern origin theory, there exists a historical and conceptual disconnection between Taiwan and China. Taiwan is considered as a home for aboriginal people who need support from other non-Chinese citizens against the “Chinese invaders.”[4] The northern origin theory regards China as the center and birthplace of all cultures across the Pacific.[5] The supporters of this model view Taiwan aborigines as a constituent part of the Chinese culture and nation and believe that Taiwan should be reunited with China.[6] Finally, the theory of Taiwan as an Austronesian homeland regards Taiwa
Introduction The field of crisis communication has achieved tremendous growth in recent years as researchers and business practitioners become increasingly aware of the serious threats that crises pose to the most fundamental objectives of an organization and its stakeholders (Mazzei and Ravazzoni 320; Oliveira 255). In the wake of the 2008 global financial crisis, for example, most companies were forced to deal with the harsh realities of employee downsizing, consumption deficits, uncertain operating environments, and substantially reduced reputation and trust relationships. Objective research studies conducted following the financial crisis show that several large business establishments were unable to weather the adverse effects of the meltdown due to the lack of effective crisis communication plans and strategies (Adebambo, Biljana, and Yan 647-648). Although the 2008 financial crisis can be viewed as an isolated incidence, researchers continue to underscore the importance of a sound crisis communication plan that can be used by organizations in a time of crisis to minimize adverse events and ensure that they can survive in contexts where conventional management practices may be unable to deal with the prevailing situation (Ki and Brown 403-404). It is against this backdrop that this report aims to develop a comprehensive crisis communication plan for use in a steamship line company. Company Background Founded in 1998 and headquartered in Secaucus, New Jersey, Turkon America is a steamship line company that operates “vessels for the transportation of freight on the deep seas between the United States and foreign ports” (“Turkon America Inc.” par. 2). The company has branch offices in Norfolk (VA) and Savannah (GA) and is the first dedicated Turkish-owned steamship agency providing transportation and logistics services (operations, sales, and marketing, documentation, pricing, booking and customer service) between Turkey and the United States, North Europe, and the Mediterranean. The management team of the company oversees the daily operations of the firm and contributes substantially to the realization of its main objective, which is “to provide the highest level of service reliability and customer service supported by its schedule effectiveness and willingness to meet the versatile logistics needs of customers” (Leach 21). The ocean carrier offers unique benefits and advantages to its customers, such as direct shipments between Turkish p
The study of the ways in which the brain processes information is called cognitive psychology. This science focuses on the mental processes that are responsible for acquiring and using knowledge and experience which we gain from our senses. The major mental processes accountable for cognition are familiar to most people. They include perception, memory storage, learning, memory retrieval, and thinking. Information that can be subjected to cognitive processing is different and depends on the detecting system. It includes visual, gustatory and olfactory, auditory, and tactile sensitivity. Symbolic language is another type of information that is very important as it can represent any other type of information. Cognitive psychology poses significant questions about knowing, acting, understanding our experience in this world. For example, how do people remember and use symbols, and afterward internalize other perspectives, make logical connections, and trust their insight, or to what extent neurophysiology, our relationships with others, our physical environment, and our unique histories are able to determine cognitive abilities? Another question could concern the concept of our best knowledge, whether it is abstract and objective or concrete and subjective. The first experiments in the field of cognitive psychology were performed over one hundred years ago. Many ancient philosophers were interested in cognitive processes, but only in the late nineteenth century was it attempted to scientifically study cognitive psychology in laboratory conditions. The earliest discoveries in the fields of perception and attention were made by Wundt in 1874, memory – by Ebbinghaus in 1885, learning – by Thorndike in 1914, and imagery – by Galton in 1883. The work of these scientists was mainly directed at cognitive process study, the results of which later on led to theories that attempted to explain the obtained findings. The research techniques developed in those days were of long-lasting value to the later psychologists. Bartlett, in 1932 proposed a new approach to cognitive psychology research. He claimed that the studies must be relevant to the real world; in other words, the researchers should utilize more natural test materials and experimental designs that should have some r
Executive Summary The activity of Iran has been of extreme concern for the whole world and countries of the Persian Gulf Region in particular. In 2000, the disclosure of Iran’s nuclear program became a worrying signal for the whole world. The production of nuclear weapons of massive destruction could destabilize the situation in the Middle East and aggravate the peaceful existence of other countries. However, Iran’s nuclear program is not of the primary concern nowadays. Iran actively practices the policy of intervention in regional conflicts. Thus, Iranian involvement in Yemen, the Syrian crisis, undermining Kuwait and Bahrain security are warning signs for the global community. The disturbing thing is that Iran will become a significant participant in the global affairs due to the vast oil deposits. The United States of America always played a significant role in the Middle East region. President Obama initiated another foreign policy that aimed at reducing the level of involvement in the Middle East. Such policy was motivated by the fact that the US involvement in the Middle East could have negative consequences for the country. What concerns the balance of power in the area, there is no balance due to the strategic significance of Iran and its provocative activity. Finally, countries of the Gulf Cooperation Council and the UAE, in particular, and Iran are interdependent due to their location. In my opinion, Iran undermines the potential development of the countries in the Middle East via interventions and aggravation of conflicts. The problem becomes severe because of the Iran’s growing influence. In my opinion, GGC and the UAE should collaborate with Iran to promote at least initial improvement of the situation. Context and importance of the problem Iran’s nuclear program and general belligerence have always been a reason for much concern in the world. Nowadays, most countries aim to promote a peaceful coexistence of all states. The countries of the Gulf Cooperation Council experience economic development nowadays. However, their prosperity is always under the threat due to the instability in the region. Despite the recent nuclear deal, the Gulf Cooperation Council, especially the United Arab Emirates, should monitor Iran’s actions and develop strategies for the creation of free of nuclear weapons zone in the Middle East. Several reasons predetermine the need to address the issue under consideration. First, Iran is estimated to be the primary state that supports the global terrorism. According to this view, Iran finances, trains, and provides armory for terrorist groups to overthrow regimes in Muslim countries, Israel, and the West. The most famous terrorist organization is Al Qaeda (“Iran: a Clear and Present Danger” par. 2-3). Second, Iran’s support of activities in Syria and participation in the conflict in Yemen have already resulted in million deaths and an immense number of refugees. Finally, the active development of capabilities for cyber warfare, as well as smuggling weapons in Bahrain and Kuwait, demonstrate country’s danger. Important aspects for consideration The US vacuum from the area The distinctive feature of the Presi
Brief Description Intellectual property refers to distinct intellectual and artistic creations of the mind that can be protected by the law. The owners of intellectual property are given some exclusive rights to enjoy the property that is mostly intangible. The most common famous types of intellectual property include trademarks, copyrights, patents, trade secrets, and design rights. The legal issues applied in any of the types of intellectual property depend on the context especially the place where it is being applied. There are remedies that are applied to any individual who violates the laws regarding intellectual property. Anne Smith has produced an original sculpture but after a short period of time, the sculpture is ruined and a potter decides to recreate it in clay without permission form Anne. This paper will seek to analyze the legal issues surrounding the case. Legal Issues in Anne Smith Case Anne Smith had come up with a new idea that gave her the right to make, use, sell, and license the final result of the new idea. The sculpture was very outstanding and judges praised it for its intellectual depth and exceptional beauty. This is a patent that regarded protection for twenty years according to the laws in Canada. The recreation of the same sculpture in clay by Carol from Sweden is illegal. Presenting the same sculpture as a gift to a neighbor and producing a hundred more is also illegal. Intellectual Property Rights Infringed and Arguments in Favor of Carol Before Carol came up with the idea to produce the sculpture, it was genuinely unavailable. The sculpture possessed features that were previously unavailable in all the sculptures that had been produced before. Production of a sculpture possessing the same features that had originated from Anne by Carol is therefore illegal and a legal step ought to be taken on her (Birgitte 124). In fact, it is evident that Carol did not come up with the idea before but borrowed it when she visited the park. She borrowed the very ideas that made the innovation unique. This is an infringement of the patent. The use of the sculpture by the neighbor without the consent of Anne is also illegal. Production of the order for a hundred more sculptures is infringing the rights of the original owner of the idea especially if the twenty years period has not elapsed. The sculpture also has utility and that’s why the buyer from Harrods placed an order for the London store. The idea by Anne needs protection and necessary remedy should be applied to those that have infringed the rights to the owner of the idea. Arguments against Carol Carol, the neighbor, and the buyer from Harrods have a case to answer. All the same, they have an opportunity to prove themselves innocent for the accusations brought against them. If Anne had not applied for the patent, she could not accuse them for any offenses. The government cannot recognize anybody who have idea or have produced a new product using a new idea if the person has not applied for the patent (Zvulony & Co. Lawyers 6). In addition, if Anne had applied for the patent but it had not been granted, she cannot complain abou
Introduction During the eighteenth century, anthropologists and scientists classified the Australian aborigines as a primitive race that was adamant to change. This spread the notion of hatred and segregation across Europe as this community was looked down upon because of its low racial hierarchy. Due to poor government policy, this community was seen as worthless as they could not compete for the scarce resources like their counterparts in Europe and Australia. This notion of inferiority was manifested in the nineteenth century when Europeans wanted to extinct them completely. The common principle that prevailed was that of survival for the fittest. In many years during the Stone Age period, Australia, New Guinea, and Borneo Island was one country before separation. Aborigine’s community was well known to be all over the country. Due to mass landslides, these three parts were separated leaving Australia to stand on its own hence small number of Aborigines’ communities occupied Australia through the North side of the country. Aborigines It was one of the earliest known tribes in Australia believed to have been only humans on that continent and they had cultural behaviors similar to those of African tribes. They are believed to have inhabited Australia some sixty to fifty thousand years ago. These people were hunters and gatherers that was the reason why they were seen as an inferior race because of the low method of food production. They were the darkest people with power over the Australian community before Europeans arrived. It was well known that Australia was l
People are not born as smart as they become when they reach their adolescence. At the same time, every infant has to be put in a specific environment to have an opportunity to acquire knowledge and develop his or her intelligence. The basic premises of cognitive development theory lie in the development of a person as he or she grows in terms of intellectual, analytical, learning, and other skills. Many outstanding researchers contributed to the analysis and application of cognitive theories to educational domains and development of an individual. As such, cognition of the world is developed while a person grows while it can be clearly seen only when a person passes through the stages outlined by researchers. As suggested in the study by Taylor (2005), “it is obvious that newborn infants are not capable of complex thought patterns but also that they are born with the capacity to develop the ability for complex thought” (p. 8). As such, the cognition of the world is closely related to the development of skills and complex thought in infants while it also progresses with aging. Cognitive development can be clearly understood from theories presented by such outstanding researchers as Lev Vygotsky and Jean Piaget. Development of intelligence is one of the aspects that can be seen from the theory of cognitive development. Intelligence is believed to be an integral part of human nature by both theorists under discussion. For instance, Vygotsky thought game an important component of learning because he understood that developing intelligence it is necessary to take into account the preferences and behavioral peculiarities of the age. As such, children should be approached in a different way than adolescents. At the same time, Piaget believed that children could alter th
Introduction Before the establishment of suburbs in the United States, there was little to no distinction between class segregation and race. This was mainly due to the fact that the majority of the lower-class unskilled workers were immigrants. During industrialization, many immigrants from Europe entered the United States in search of employment. As a result, there was no segregation as they had all immigrated to America with one goal in mind, and that was to find employment in the then expanding industrial sector. During the First World War, the number of African Americans in the United States increased dramatically. With more African Americans and other immigrants from eastern and southern Europe, more races were witnessed. Factors that led to suburbanization Suburbanization was a result of a number of factors that led to people moving from urban areas to the suburbs. Due to an influx of immigrants in the urban centers from Europe and other parts of the world, these centers became extremely congested as the population densities of the towns increased. This in turn led to other issues for instance the towns became polluted due to the number of industries that were being established, the levels of traffic had increased and generally the declining quality of life in the centers. During the First World War, a major influx of African Americans from the south was observed. As a result of this, the urban centers were considered to be dangerous and crime-infested. This also led to the rapid suburbanization of the United States (“History of Surbanization” par. 7). Most of the immigrants in the United States came during the period of industrialization and were from Eastern and Southern Europe. In the beginning, segregation was nonexistent. Most of them have come in search of work in the flourishing industrial sector of this country, there was no room for racial affairs. As a result of this, America started being characterized by a diversity of races among them the African Americans. This resulted in sky-rocketing cases of crime. Consequently, these regions were termed no-go zones. This speeded up the suburbanization of America. The mass production of automobiles fuelled the growth of suburbs in the United States in the early twentieth century. It allowed people to live in the outskirts and still work in the cities. Hindrances to travel were removed as people became reliant on vehicles as the main means of transport. The state thus responded with massive road-building projects. People were further compelled to move to the suburbs as a result of overpopulation within their residential areas. This paper will therefore focus on how the creation of suburbs (1870-1940) in the US and Canada helped fabricate class and racial segregation (Gans par. 6). Suburbanization in America was influenced by both technological and social developments. The rapid development of transport r
Inconsistencies and deficiencies in radiotherapy operations are the main setbacks to the achievement of effective treatment of cancerous complications. There are so many misconceptions about treatment of cancer and this has been taken to the extent of influencing policies guiding the treatment process (Queensland Health, 2008). As such, past histories and experiences have not been used as a fundamental basis for the formulation of new policies. There is a big gap in the time taken to cure cancer in patients using radiotherapy approach (Kenny & Lehman, 2008). The length and quality of treatment are critical and need to be addressed. Currently, only 35% of cancer patients opt for radiotherapy treatment because of the costs and risks involved. The radiotherapy treatment is deteriorating as more patients are opting for other treatments (Young et al. 2007). In a report, the Cancer Council in NSW recorded that within a span of 10 years from 1996, there were 51,000 patients diagnosed of cancer who never received the treatment because they opted for other options (American Association of Physicists in Medicine Scientific Report, 2008). It is therefore imperative that effective policies are required to make radiotherapy a better and more efficient cancer treatment method (NSWDepartment of Health, 2009). Policy statement The policy in discussion is Developing Prescription and Treatment Sheets for NSW Radiation Therapy Facilities. it give guidance and regulates the entire process of carrying out a radiotherapy operation including all the necessary documentations (Delaney et al., 2009). Policy statement purpose The main purpose for the proposal of this policy is to increase the safety levels and promote efficiency in the delivery of radiotherapy services to patients. Radiotherapy is becoming unpopular because of lack of proper policies to guide the operations and make them more effective (Chen et al. 2008). Efficient and proper regulation of radiotherapy operations will help a great deal in restoring sanity in the practice and gain patients’ confidence (Oliver, Fitchew, & Drew, 2010). Who needs consulting? The current policy has very effective measures but lacks customer experience and feedback as well as strict adherence by the practitioners. As such, it is important that it is reviewed, defined and stricter measures adopted to ensure efficiency (Slotman et al., 2008). Policy goals or policy development The goals for this policy include the involvement of patient feedback and experience when formulating the policy (NSW Department of Health, 2009). As such it will be possible to ensure high standards of service and possible to gauge the quality of radiotherapy services to the patients (International Commission on Radiological Protection, 2010). The policy is also aimed at achieving cooperation between the respective government agency and the ROTCs in the implementation of the policy (Young et al., 2007). How the policy will be developed The policy shall be based on the