ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Communication is arguably the most significant factor in the advancement of the human civilization. Through it, humans are able to cooperate with each other and achieve great outcomes. The most common form of communication is verbal communication, which makes use of sound. Individuals who suffer from a hearing impairment are disadvantaged, as they cannot make use of this media. To deal with this problem, the sign language was developed and it has evolved over the centuries to assist in effective communication. In spite of the rich development of sign language, the general population has a minimal understanding of this language. This paper will engage in research into sign language in order to promote a better understanding of the language. It will give a review of its history, evolution in the US, common misconceptions about the language, and the importance of the teaching children with hearing impairments sign language from a young age. Origins of Sign Language Sign language has been in existence since at least the 4th century BC. Ruben documents that there is evidence that the deaf utilized sign language in 4BC from the statement of Socrates in Plato’s Cratylus (464). Great advances were made in sign languages from the sixth to the 16th centuries. During this period, Monks developed a system for visual communication, which was used by those in the religious communities that had taken a vow of silence (Ruben 465). Vision was first used to convey language to students in a class setting in the 17th century. De Leon made use of written words, a manual alphabet and various signs to educate deaf children of the Spanish nobility (Ruben 466). The sign language syntax was codified in the 18th and 19th centuries. Charles Michel is credited with playing a big role in the recognition of sign language as a complete language. He established the first free school for the deaf in 1771 and published the first syntax for sign language in 1774 (Ruben 466). The French parliament passed a law establishing the first state-sponsored school for the deaf in 1971. This led to the start of government involvement in the care and education of hearing impaired children. Evolution of Sign Language in the US In the early years of the United State, no deaf education was provided to the population. This changed in 1815 when Thomas Hopkins Gallaudet traveled to Paris with the intention of learning sign language so that he could become a teacher. He studied in Paris and returned to open the first American School for the Deaf together with the French teacher, Laurent Clerc. The US had opened 19 schools for the deaf by 1857 and the first University offering advanced education for deaf students, the Gallaudet University, was opened in 1864 (Lennard 34). A significant evolution in sign language in the US is the perceived importance of teaching speech to deaf students. Lennard states that in the early 60s, reformers engaged in a campaign to eliminate the use of American Sign Language in classrooms and replace it with the exclusive use of lip-reading and speech (34). The reformers were motivated by a fear that deaf people we
Philadelphia is one of those movies that can change human attitude to a certain situation, other people, and even the essence of this life. The problems, people with AIDS face in their every day life, prejudice against homosexuals and their style of life, and injustice that is so inherent to current political, economical, and social spheres are the major issues that are properly described in this movie and that open people’s eyes to all those minor problems, people may create to each other unwittingly. Joe Miller is one of the main characters in the movie Philadelphia , who proves how prejudiced people can be, and how significant their points of view may be for gay people, for establishing justice, and for development of feelings and qualities, which have to be inherent to any person. Joe Miller’s prejudice against homosexuals and people with AIDS is considered to be one of the major themes in the movie Philadelphia ; the cooperation with Andrew Beckett, a HIV-diagnosed gay, makes Mr. Miller change his mind and believe that justice should not depend on the color of skin, sexual preferences, or health conditions, and the relations between people and different groups should not be prejudiced in order to achieve effective communication and collaboration. Philadelphia is the movie that touches upon numerous themes, and one of them is the development of the relations between two men with absolutely different interests and principles: one of them is Andrew Beckett, who had to defend own position and interests at the court, and Joe Miller, a brilliant lawyer and a homophobic man, who knows not much about AIDS but is still afraid of t
Today, Walt Disney is one of the largest entertainment companies in the world founded in 1923. Corporate and HR strategies are aimed to meet diverse customers’ expectations and treat culturally diverse employees as single unified top talents. The company’s strategy is to expand internationally and deliver unique entertainment for both adults and children. Its corporate strategy provides to insiders and outsiders information about what the organization stands for, its image, values, and character. Walt Disney follows a strategy of product differentiation by technological innovation. It’s a ‘historical trend’ of the company which helps Walt Disney to achieve success and leadership position on the market. The move in the 1940s into films that mixed animation and live-action was motivated by the escalating costs of cartoon animation and permitted greater diversification, which would act as a bridge to the growth of live-action in the 1950s. During this decade consumers see a strategy of ever-growing diversification into live-action films, nature films, television, and theme parks. In other words, many of the key developments at Disney can be interpreted as motivated by decisions stemming from financial considerations and business strategies and not simply in terms of the relentless pursuit of quality and of experiment which tends to pervade most interpretations (Jackson 50). The Disneys moves very quickly to sign up merchandising and licensing deals through strategic alliances to improve the quality and range of the products of such agreements. Walt Disney focuses on strategies that are consistent with its stated mission, yet provide acceptable levels of risk. Strategic development capitalizes on the most important external opportunities and internal strengths while avoiding the most serious external threats and weaknesses. At the same time, however, strategies that address organizational strengths and weaknesses and stretch the organization to new heights are considered. Generally, more strategies are developed than an organization has the resources to implement (Jackson 50). Walt Disney demographics cover all continents including developed and developing countries. The main regions are North America and Canada, Latin America, Europe, and Post=Soviet Union countries, Australia, Asia, the middle east, and Africa. Each country is made up of buildings that either stylistically or representationally symbolize it. There is often a marked degree of landscaping consistent with the impression of the nation. The buildings and landscaping serve as iconic signifiers of each of the countries. Each country also has shops selling typical products associated with it and a restaurant (Hipkins 28). Walt Disney is an international company with offices located in the main world’s centers. The main offices are located in countries with Disneyland. For instance, the two foreign Disney theme parks have been constructed, albeit with minor modifications, like the Magic Kingdoms in Anaheim and Orlando. That is to say, they comprise the same four ba
Introduction Disasters are a reality in human life and while some are avertable, others have to be faced. In the event of a disaster, preparedness, response, and recovery to the incident determine the extent of damage. Waugh (2000, p.34) points out that disasters invariably create unstable work environments for both the victims and the relief workers which makes it hard for emergency efforts to be implemented without prearranged plans. As such, disaster planning and management play a major role in recovery from a disaster. To underline the role that planning plays in disaster response and recovery, this paper will review Hurricane Andrew which is one of the more significant natural disasters ever to occur on the US mainland. A review of the response to Hurricane Andrew in 1992 will demonstrate that a lack of elaborate recovery planning for a disaster leads to inefficiencies and additional damages. Brief overview of the Hurricane Andrew Hurricane Andrew occurred on August 24, 1992 in the Floridian coast resulting in huge human displacement and a colossal damage of property. As of that time, Hurricane Andrew was the third most powerful storm to every strike the United States mainland (Sirkin, 1995, p.1). The increasing coastal population was responsible for the significant property costs associated with the Hurricane. While the Floridian coast is subject to hurricanes, it is a favorable location and people still want to live there. Sirkin (1995, p.4) estimates that the property damages resulting from the hurricane were in the range of $20billion making it the most expensive and devastating storm as of then. Before the Hurricane hit the US coast, Satellite pictures had tracked it crossing from the west coast of Africa and into the Atlantic as early as August 14. With the use of radar and reconnaissance, the Hurricane Center was able to issue a 12 hours in advance warning to the inhabitants of Florida giving them time to evacuate the coastal areas. Following the warning, massive evacuations were carried out along the Florida coast with about 1.2 million coastal residents being evacuated. The evacuation efforts before Hurricane Andrew are deemed as one of the finest coordinated in the US history and they enabled over 1 million residents to move to safer grounds. Sirkin (1995) confirms that the evacuation efforts saved many lives which would have been lost if an evacuation had not been ordered. Results of the Disaster Hurricane Andrew had been preceded by Hurricane Hugo which had occurred in 1989 and resulted in some changes in the Federal government’s responses to natural disasters. While there was a Federal Response Plan (FRP) in place, the level of Federal-State coordination and planni
We live in time, when designing socio-political policies in this country, often no longer corresponds to considerations of reason. The public controversy, which now surrounds the concept of Criminal Psychological Profiling, substantiates the validity of this statement. Despite the fact that application of Criminal Psychological Profiling, had long ago proven its indispensability, during the course of criminal investigations, the hawks of political correctness now refer to it as being “utterly unscientific”, “inconclusive” and “subtly racist” – thus, trying to undermine the very premise of rationality, upon which the practice of Psychological Profiling is based. In this paper, we will review three articles, which assess the value of Criminal Psychological Profiling from different perspectives, while pointing out at conceptual inconsistency of claims, contained in these articles (if necessary), as we believe that psychological profiling of criminals is not only appropriate, but also absolutely necessary, within the context of criminal investigators executing their professional duties. 1). In her article “Criminal Profiling: The FBI Uses Criminal Investigative Analysis to Solve Crimes”, Mary Ellen O’Toole provides us with the insight on Criminal Psychological Profiling as an effective instrument of forensic science: “Violent crime scenes tell a story — a story written by the offender, the victim and the unique circumstances of their interactions. Behavioral “clues” left at a crime scene can provide insights not only into the crime itself, but also into the type of person responsible for the crime, his or her motivation, lifestyle, fantasies, victim selection process, and pre- and post-offence behaviour” (O’Tooke, p.44). After having established a conceptual premise of her article, author moves on to describe technical aspects of how behavioural profiles of offenders are being constructed: “Police reports, crime scene photographs, witness statements, forensic laboratory reports and, if the case is a homicide, autopsy photographs are provided by the investigating law enforcement agency and are carefully examined for the smallest behavioural detail or nuance” (O’Tooke, p. 45). In its turn, this brings O’Tooke to conclusion, that even though the factor of intuition plays an important role, within a context of constructing criminals’ behavioural profile, this process is rational, in its essence. According to the author, the criminal behavioural characteristics include: amount of planning that went into the crime, degree of control used by the offender, escalation of emotion at the scene, risk level of both the offender and victim; and appearance of the crime scene. By analysing these characteristics, investigators can construct offender’s psychological portrait with the high degree of accuracy: “The degree of organization or disorganization ca
Samba is both a dance and musical type. It is a responsorial music that has nurtured the call-and-response performing technique and percussive interaction, the batucada. In principle, samba has the following characteristics: has a 2/4 meter; a stanza-and-refrain fluctuation framework; an emphasis on the second beat; and numerous interlocking syncopated lines in the song (Lastman 83). With bossa nova (new beat), a connection is created between popular music and classical music. The intellectuals become not only the composers but also consumers of this poetic music. There is regeneration in the aspects of melody, harmony, instrumentation, arrangement and poetry quality is created. In early 1960s, composite wordplay and were used to compose bossa nova. Refinement of phrase, metaphor, ambiguity and allegory were some of the elements incorporated to boost the quality of the song. The poetry of song altered the channel of communication and helped to create a literary ambience within the musical perspective. Thus, the word samba mirrors a series of masterpieces that signifies-in addition to the classic Brazilian music, rhythm and dance- the object of poetry (Lastman 85). Since the appearance of bossa nova in early 1960s, samba , adopted a new style that could be construed in a more personal way. All percussion instruments (batucada) were redesigned for the drum set which enabled music to be relocated from expansion space (street) to intimate spaces. A good illustration is the song Samba de uma nota so (One Note Samba) composed by Antonio Carlos Jobim and sang by Joao Gilberto in 1960. As Gilberto sings the song, he creates emotional intensity using other instruments such as instrumentation, musical arrangements, choir and the form of the song itself Lastman 87). In One Note samba, the music does not alternate between the form and text. On the contrary, it supports both the form and the text. Jobim uses a number of tonal sequences, rhythms and sound images in One Note Samba to create collective emotions among his audience (Lastman 88). On the other hand, the first part of the song Samba Triste is impressive yet gloomy. The song later on assumes a cyclical rhythm that results to final chords. The song features some solitary guitarist. When it is sung, Samba Triste makes the listener feel safe, sleepy and delightful. However, the song lacks mood variation and the guitarist scarcely goes beyond the tune (Yanow 7). The first bossa nova song was titled Bim-Bom and was developed in Brazil in mid 1950s by Joao Gilberto. The rhythm of Bim-Bom is grounded on Samba. Samba borrows heavily from rhythmic patterns that were used by African slaves during their dancing and singing ceremonies in the past. Samba is emphasized within the second beat and is prominent throughout the Bim-Bom song. However, samba is not similar to Bim-Bom because the latter lacks steps to guide it. When a guitar is used to play Bim-Bom with one-bar pattern, the bass notes are played using the thumb while the chords are plucked in
Introduction Renewable energy has emerged as a revolution in the world energy sector, and the transition driven by renewables intensifies at an unprecedented speed. Few people would have thought, even in the past several years, that the United Arab Emirates would be deploying resources in renewable energy projects. The same would also have applied to the scope of the political and technological environment established in the country to initiate the process of decarbonization of its economy. The Ladder of Interference was important in drawing better conclusions and challenging the studies of other scholars according to the reality and known facts. Applying this theory throughout the study was important in demonstrating that the shift into the use of renewable energy in the UAE has effects on the citizens on a day-to-day basis and that the rate of climate change can be reduced by concentrating on the use of renewable energy. This issue is a call that most institutions in the world are adhering to both in the public and private sectors. The Exploring Stage The UAE energy plan and the green economy are among the key emerging trends influencing the transition and can affect how the future unfolds in the energy sector and the people of the UAE at large. They both can have a massive influence on the economic and environmental issues in the UAE. The people’s direct experience and recent scientific research about climate change and environmental devastation call for the need for both trends. The UAE Energy Plan 2050 intends to improve the efficiency of energy by 40% and increase the use of clean energy by 50%, subsequently reducing by 70% the emission of carbon dioxide (LeAnne, 2017). The green economy would be relevant to the UAE since it increases the weight of the economic sectors according to the environmental and economic effects. The green economy is inextricably linked to reducing poverty and conserving nature. The Impact Analysis Matrix was useful in assessing the effects of the transition to the use of renewable energy on the UAE citizens in that it offered a permanent and transparent record of conclusions to be made. It also allowed for conclusions based on both quantitative data and subjective information. The primary research question for the project was: How does transitioning to use renewable energy impact the UAE citizens daily. The findings indicated that the rate of climate change can be reduced by concentrating on the use of renewable energy. It is an initiative that most governments are implementing in its entirety. The Describing Stage The UAE Energy Plan 2050 is an ambitious strategy whose objective increase the use of clean energy by slashing the reliance on the generation of power using natural gas. The UAE intends to save about Dh700 billion by improving the efficiency of the energy by 40% before the middle of the century. Currently, about 90% of energy production in the UAE depends on natural gas. The E
People became interested in geography many centuries ago. The views about our planet changed many times. There were a lot of famous investigators who explored the earth and made maps. One of the outstanding explorers, navigators, and cartographers was James Cook. During his life he made lots of discoveries, he made three voyages to the Pacific Ocean. He achieved the first European contact with the eastern coastline of Australia and made a detailed investigation of New Zealand coasts and mapped them. The three voyage investigations are written by James Cook in his work “The Journals of Captain Cook”. The book displays the entire coasts of New Zealand and the east coasts of Australia. The journals reveal “the determination, courage, and skills which enabled Cook to fight with the continuous dangers of uncharted seas and the problems of achieving a relationship with the people whose unexpected guest he became” (Cook 1999). The first James’ voyage in the Pacific Ocean started in 1768 and finished in 1771. He reached the coasts of New Zealand in October 1779 and got the coasts of Australia in May – June 1770. He also visited lots of islands that were unknown on the west. The second voyage occupied 1772 – 1775. And the last, third voyage started in July 1776 and finished in February 1779 by the death of James Cook (Cook 1999). The book is written in a free manner. We read the description of different countries through the vision of James Cook. He shows us his voyages in a way he wanted us to see them. The book is full of personal perceptions and remarks, but all that does not make the book worse. The Journals give us a detailed, dated description of every voyage. It was very difficult for Cook to manage a ship and try not to miss out on any detail. And thanks to his efforts we can read about Cook’s achievements through many years. On the contrary, the personal vision in the description of the countries fills in the story with liveliness and vividness. The book does not tell us the story of Cook’s life, but it focuses on what he did. James Cook in his journals writes not only about the geographical discoveries but also about the native people of Australia and New Zealand. James Cook created a strict discipline on his ship and did not allow his crew to attack or even show hostility to the native citizens of the lands. It was easy for the Cooks crew to work out good relationships with native citizens of the islands. But still, there were few attacks from the side of islanders. The native citizens lived like in Stone Age and had the corresponding habits, conducts, and manners. There are some moments in the book where the author pays too much attention to the relationships