ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Early Concepts The development of filters was driven primarily by the need to protect workers dealing with dust and smoke, the demand for medical respirators, and protection in extreme conditions. Thus, the history of filter development can be traced to ancient times. One of the earliest documented mentions of filters dates back to the records of Pliny the Elder around 50 c.e. (Davies 1948). The works of Julius Pollux (c.e. 150) refer to the problem of industrial dust in the description of working conditions of Egyptian miners. According to these accounts, the protection was ensured via filters made of loose bladders. Works of Leonardo da Vinci contain descriptions of wet fabric used for protection against smoke in warfare. According to Agricola, the issue of dust in mines was addressed using basic respirators and ventilation (Davies 1948). The earliest reference to adverse health effects of particulate matter was the description of dust disease in the work of Paracelsus. Later records contain detailed descriptions of protective measures from rock dust as well as lists of professions dealing with the risk of exposure to particles. Nevertheless, the earliest description of a respiration device can be found in the early nineteenth century’s document. The device in question is a compartment with cotton filament and a breathing tube. The need for medical respirators became apparent in the second half of the nineteenth century after the link between putrefaction and airborne organisms was established by Pasteur. As a result, the concept of a cotton respirator was significantly improved by the early twentieth century. At the same time, the use of protective masks for firefighters has become commonplace in several European countries. The filter in the mask was filled with cotton. At this time, the first qualitative performance tests were performed by John Tyndall (Feldhaus 1929). Filter Types In 1930, an important design update was introduced by N. Hansen in the form of powdered colophony resin added to the filter padding, resulting in a significant performance boost. Importantly, the modification made possible the electric insulation characteristic for electret filters. For a certain time, Hansen’s filters were considered the most advanced means of protection from smoke. Several countries have adopted the solution for use in warfare. Several types of fibrous materials were used as filters during World War II, including felt, paper, and soft pads. Empirical tests have demonstrated that asbestos fibers
Rationale The aim was to write an article for “The Guardian” while exploring the today’s threat to people’s privacy originating in mobile technologies, and to link it to Orwell’s concept of “telescreens”. Even such common things as the social media destroy a significant amount of an individual’s privacy, and do it in a subtle way so that people mindlessly accept it. One of the situations considered is related to “Pokemon Go”’; this app most clearly demonstrates the privacy issues of such applications, and has caused some debates worldwide. The text begins with appealing personally to the reader, and showing them that their privacy is violated. It then goes into further details, explaining that not only “Pokemon Go” but also such apps as Facebook or Twitter work as “telescreens” and that people mindlessly accept this. Next, it is shown that even having a turned off mobile phone can expose one’s location. The conclusion considers the possible ways to protect one’s privacy, providing the author’s opinion about one such method, which is limited, but is, apparently, the only one available. Telescreens in Our Pockets Do you, my dear reader, value your privacy? Do you think that it would be unpleasant, to put it mildly, if every part of your life was made public? Do you regard the idea of being constantly watched as an unacceptable violation of your rights, perhaps as an intrusion into your personal space? I am almost certain that you will answer positively to all these questions. “Of course”, you will say“, it is my right to go for a stroll in the evening and not to tell the public about where exactly I am going”. How about telling about your whole itinerary to a for-profit company? And not just telling them the itinerary of your stroll, but constantly revealing to them where you are and what you do, 24/7. Hmmm… And yet, this is what happens to virtually everyone nowadays. Such mobile applications as Niantic’s “Pokemon Go”, or the GPS, make it much more apparent: the apps constantly track our location to show us where to go next. Well, at least some might think that showing us where to go next is the main purpose of tracking. But is it indeed? After doing a small research, you can easily find out that “Pokemon Go” obtains more than just the basic information needed for the game via the Google accounts. When you are playing the game, the owners not only register your mobile phone’s location–they also track your IP address and the web page that you visited before playing. A noteworthy detail: Niantic, Inc. could have created the game based on maps and locations that would not demand that the consumer enters their name. They chose not to. There are also numerous applications and social networks, such as Facebook, Instagram, Twitter, etc. The companies that created them have completely modified the gen
“Divergent Social Worlds” reflects a culmination of the in depth study of the linkage of race, place and crime. The book brings into light new aspects and advanced analytical approach to research on the cyclic problems of neighborhood, race, and crime. The authors explore and answer lingering questions of how violent and property crimes differ across neighborhoods that are composed of different ethnic and racial clusters. The authors begin by postulating an operational theory of the ethnic and latitudinal distribution of crime by enunciating a broad variety of sociology theories; physical race theory, communal disorganization theory, and theories of suburban separation. The authors contend that a key operational mechanism by which cultural orders have been replicated in America is suburban isolation. In turn these have led to racial spatial divide in which racial-ethnic minorities find themselves compelled to the bottom strata and the privileged whites find themselves at the top strata. This unequal stratification has led to social disparities in which led to the creation of varying interests located in distinct neighborhoods, ultimately leading to unequal rates of crime. The book has integrated this theoretical perspective meticulously and combined information from urban sociology, criminology, racial and ethnic stratification. Mainly throughout its skeletal body, residential segregation is the major factor that connects the overall racial order with dramatic racial and ethnic differentials in crimes across communities. Theoretical integration is achieved by the book as it reinforces the complex intertwine of social and institutional inequities that better place white neighborhoods in contrast to those of the African American, Latino and other arrays of neighborhoods. Intrinsically, segregation is the backbone of divergence between the social world of people in the United States in relation to color and as to why neighborhood crime is so radicalized. Empirical evidence has been brought out by the authors in order to substantiate their theoretical claims. They test their theoretical claims using data from the National Neighborhood Crime Study (NNCS), where they compiled crime and related data of about nine thousand six hundred neighborhoods in approximately ninet
In their intentions to improve organizational communication, people develop a variety of methods. The idea of systems theory is one of the latest achievements with the help of which the relationships between objects and individuals are defined in terms of biological, economic, and physical perspectives. This theory depends on different internal and external factors, and the influence of the information revolution is one of the evident outcomes in the modern world of business. The systems approach is rooted in such natural sciences like physics and biology. With time, people’s understanding of the laws and theories is shifted, making the information revolution one of the major contributors to a new systems approach. The context of the information revolution cannot be ignored in discussing the role of systems in organizational communication. Natural sciences, especially biology, help to study the peculiarities of the relationships among different processes. As soon as people get access to multiple sources of information, they are free to develop new theories, approaches, and understandings. The information revolution means that new ways of thinking appear as a result of some practices and discoveries. On the one hand, these changes may lead to positive achievements and improvements in the working process. People take into consideration their personal characteristics and demands and apply them in practice. On the other hand, innovation in organizational communication and systems theory may hide some unknown and not always safe changes. Assessment and control should never be neglected to make sure communication is organized within the necessary context and according to the commonly defined rules. In general, the information revolution is a significant contributor to the development of systems theory through the prism of natural sciences and their role in understanding a communication process.
Introduction A community is a group of individuals who share a common location. These individuals have a lot of aspects in common for instance their needs, values, beliefs, preferences as well as aspirations. Community development on the other hand entails the process and practices that are undertaken by various responsible individuals and groups for example political leaders, nongovernmental organizations and activists among others, in an effort to uplift the lives of communities through improving various aspects that surround them. Community development is a broad concept which focuses on building communities especially on a local basis by ensuring that the status of the overall economy of a nation is enhanced, the social ties among people are strengthened and that the needs of all individuals in a community are met. There are various approaches and strategies that could be adopted to allow for community development, each with its benefits as well as limitations depending on a given situation. This piece of work gives a comprehensive discussion on the concept of community development with much emphasis being given to the Homeless Youths in Australia (the community chosen as the case study). The paper will discuss the problems faced by the youths in the country and how community development strategies could be used in eliminating this ordeal. Background information of the community (the youths) Youths are usually a very significant constituent of the overall population in any given nation. This is because they possess a lot of value and energy that could change most of the activities undertaken in a nation in the current period as well as in future. The youths are young people who have not yet attained adulthood age. This is a
Introduction The COVID-19 pandemic poses an enormous challenge to society, placing a burden on the health care system and presenting a number of issues to health care professionals globally. The scarcity of resources needed to overcome the virus outbreak implies that it is impossible to treat everyone equally (Spike & Lunstroth, 2016). As a result, governments and medical personnel face ethical problems. It is necessary to distribute vaccines in the most efficient way to maximize the benefits and eliminate the harm to the population. According to Savulescu et al. (2020), “a failure to carefully consider the consequences of actions could lead to massive preventable loss of life” (p. 620). Therefore, the federal task force must examine the best approach to the coronavirus vaccine distribution during the ongoing pandemic. The purpose of this statement is to address other members of the task force to explore the principle of social worth and discuss who should be given priority when distributing vaccinations during a pandemic. Vaccine Priority Groups during a Pandemic Utilitarianism is an ethical theory that aims to achieve the overall good for society through appropriate actions and resource distribution. As stated by Savulescu et al. (2020), “one utilitarian rule of thumb is to save the greatest number (other things being equal)” (p. 623). According to this principle, people involved in public health care and safety should be vaccinated first because they can benefit others and contribute to the overall good. In particular, first responders such as medical workers, the police, and soldiers are essential to the functioning of society, and their vaccination must be a prio
The book Crescent and Star: Turkey Between Two Worlds, written by a leading New-York Times journalist, Stephen Kinzer, explores cultural and political situation in modern Turkey. It should be pointed out that the author has always paid special attention to Islamic countries and their relations with the Western world. This work gives deep insights into the life of contemporary Turkish society, and particularly, the struggle between modernity and conservatism, Eastern political tradition and its Western counterpart. The main argument, which the writer advances, is that Turks can easily become one of the most developed nations if they manage to attain equilibrium between the modernity, and their cultural heritage. Crescent and Star should not be regarded only as a scholarly work, because it is full of personal comments, in which Stephen Kinzer expresses his opinion about the way of life in the country and its traditions. In addition, one should bear in mind that the author has spent a considerable amount of time in Turkey; therefore, he is well aware of political atmosphere in this region. Yet, it is worth mentioning, occasionally, he looks at Turkish society from a pro-western point of view, which may sometimes lead to bias or even prejudice. Overall, this book is aimed at breaking stereotypes about Turks. The major problem is that even now at the beginning of the twenty-fist century, many Western-Europeans or Americans regard Turkey and its people with apprehension. The author says that for nearly eight centuries, the word Turk , has been used as an insult, or a label to denote a wild savage, who should be isolated from other people (Kinzer, p 233). It seems that Stephen Kinzer has achieved the goal; he set, namely, to show that this nation is perfectly capable of achieving political and economic stability. His book represents not only a thorough analysis of a political observer; it also describes life and habits of average Turkish citizens, their traditions, likings and disliking. Common myths about Turks and their lifestyles have been dispelled in this work. The author finds a perfect way to describe the situation in the country; he says at this moment, Turkey is a “synthesis of modernity and religious conservatism” (Kinzer, p 60). In this respect, we need to say, that the author does not consider Islamic tradition in the country as an obstacle to democratization. On the contrary, he is firmly convinced that religion can act as a unifying factor or stimulus. However, he is afraid of religious intolerance and Islamic fundamentalism, which can ruin the achievements of Mustafa Kemal Ataturk, whom Stephen Kinzer definitely considers a very prominent personality. In his belief, fundamentalism or strict observance of religious principles can only hinder the countrys progress, because it will make Turkey more occlusive and less tolerant of external influences (Kinzer, p 71). Overall, Turkish Islam is very interesting phenomenon, which definitely requires very close examination. For this purpose, we may draw parallels between this book and the work of other scholar, Hakan Yavuz
Indigenous species This is a species that is at a particular habitat or ecosystem as a result of natural forces as opposed to human effort or actions. This therefore means that plants or animals that are taken to different habitats by human beings as they move from place to place do not qualify as indigenous species regardless of the length of time. But the naturally existing organisms qualify as indigenous species. Native species Native species is the same as indigenous species above. The biotic and physical conditions or characteristics shape the evolution process of plants and animals in a particular habitat. When this happens without any human intervention particularly in moving these plants or animals, to the environment under consideration, these species are said to be native or indigenous (Jones & Lawton1995, pp.56-58). Endemic species An endemic species is one that colonizes a single habitat and no other, as opposed to the occurrence of the same species in similar habitats in different parts of the world. This simply means that the species cannot be found in two places on earth. Invasive species Invasive species includes both incoming species that colonize a habitat and put the other species at risk or in danger in a number of ways such as eating all their food, eating them up or scaring them away leading to domination and the uncontrolled multiplication of advantages of a native species that gives this native species huge control over the habitat. Introduced species Introduced species refers to species that is in a habitat in which it never evolved. This means that human beings have played a role in the movement of the species from its natural setting or habitat to its new habitat or home. The introduction can be either intentional or accidental. Introduced species can also be referred to as non-native species or non indigenous species (Jones & Lawton1995, pp.59-61).. Non-native species Non-native species is a species that is not in its natural habitat. Natural habitat refers to the settings or the environment that the forces of nature create for a species as opposed to the habitat that man makes for a species. When a species is non-native, it is also referred to as introduced or non-indigenous. This state of being non-native can happen either intentionally whereby man moves a certain species from one point to another or accidentally whereby there is no intention or motive for the movement of a species from one habitat to another. Intentional introduction Intentional introduction in ecological terms refers to the willful and purposeful transfer of a species from one habitat or environment to another. The introduction may be due to the attempt to reduce the actions of another species such as the introduction of a pest eating predator to a rice farm so as to protect the rice. It can also b
In her paper Arts of the Contact Zone , Pratt enlightens the audience on the diverse ways of communicating/learning. The contact zone means the society, which has substantial influence on how an individual think/act (Pratt 3). Opening her speech with her son’s hobby baseball cards, Pratt proves that each person can use the environment to learn different aspects of life. Using the baseball Sam “learned about exchange, fairness, trust, the importance of processes, as opposed to results, what it means to get cheated, taken advantage of, even robbed” (33) yet none of the aforementioned aspects would be available in class. Secondly, she alludes from Guaman Poma’s letters to King Philip whereby he writes in Spanish. Guaman “selects and adapts it along Andean lines to express Andean interests and aspirations” (Pratt 36), which shows the importance of transcultural in learning/communicating. Finally, she describes a course that gave people an opportunity to learn new ideas (38). Pratt refers to her third example as a “safe house” because there are no challenges. Impressively, Pratt’s argument has some similarities/differences with Madera’s claim as expounded in the next discussion. Pratt uses the term ‘autoethnography’ to describe how a person can affect another’s behavior. While Madera’s focuses on the impact of indigenous practices/language on an individual learning ability. For instance, in the teacher-pupil relationship the student may only carry out an assignment to impress the teacher. The pupil struggles to act the way the teacher wants. Madera and her classmate are unable to grasp the new language English, which leads to conflicts. However, if the students would follow the teacher’s instructions everything could run smoothly. Therefore, Pratt’s main claims enable the reader to understand the meaning of ‘one voice’ in a new way. People have to act in a similar way in order to learn easily. Pratt’s claim seems to motivate Madera to press on and learn the new language. Although, Madera has decent writing skills, she lags behind on the communication bit. However, when she forms a healthy relationship with her teacher, she conquers her fears. Nevertheless, Madera’s message is on the importance of principled censorship both at home and school. According to her “she is determined as ever to speak English as well as possible (Madera 82), which prompts her to return to college twenty years later. Madera’s idea draws some weaknesses in Pratt’s message. Pratt’s message about the negative influence of teaching institutions makes all the schools, colleges and universities to be useless. Therefore, why are there so many learning institutions around the world? According to Pratt, the society is the only vital asset in learning, teaching and co