ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction In this report the discussion will attempt to portray the school in the eyes of a European student. For this reason it is important to note that reports indicate that while Arabs know European culture very well, whereas Europeans often possess a stereotypical image of the Arabic culture (Ama 24). This is because a large number of Arabs currently know and speak English thus allowing them to listen to and watch western media. On the contrary few Europeans can speak Arabic and therefore do not get a glimpse into Arabic culture through media (Ama 24). Based on this position it is very likely for a European student in the Emirates to find some difficulty adjusting to the new learning environment. First Impression Whereas Arabic culture has been reported to be fairly open to new cultures, it is also reported that western cultures are fairly egocentric (Ama 25). The universal nature of the Arabic culture allows an instructor to embrace foreign students with ease. However, coming from an egocentric culture that has been influenced by negative reports in the media, it is likely that the student will exhibit mistrust in relation to the instructor. In addition to the above point it is also likely that the deep religious attachment that is characteristic of Arabs may contribute to building mistrust. It has been observed that Arabs place a lot of value in family, religion, esteem and friendship (Ama 25). Based on this position an individual from an egocentric culture may initially be uncomfortable with the warmth of Arabic culture. In the next section the discussion will highlight some approaches that may be used to develop a relationship that supports learning. Relationship with the Student Since it is crucial for the student to become comfortable with their new learning environment, it may be crucial to adapt the use of body language to build confidence. One way of achieving this is through the use of handshakes. In Arabic culture handshakes between members of the opposite sex are not common. However, to help build a relationship the instructor can encourage other students to shake hands. Handshakes are an acceptable western greeting which can be used to help indicate to the student that fellow students accept their presence (Sharma 93). The student is likely to become better acquainted with the instructor if the instructor can assist in building relationships with peers. In addition to that, it has been observed in language learning that use of text drawn from the learners culture tends to be more involving for a learner (Mishan 29). This approach can be used during teaching to increase the involvement of the student in exercises while teaching the rest of the class something about other cultures. This fosters a positive socio cultural attitude which will be displayed in willingness to beco
Abstract Pressure on matters concerning child negligence and abuse causes great changes on subject pertaining childcare. Globally, there is great legal protection for unsympathetic cruelty by caregivers such as lack of proper provision of basic needs. Today, administrative support against child abuse and negligence is highly supported. On the other hand, the issue continues to be of great controversy especially the obvious link towards outcome during adulthood. The problems associated with child abuse concerns its continual illegal and silent practice in addition to the effects caused on or by victims especially much later in their subsistence. Introduction Child abuse refers to behaviour originating from exerted force thus causing an imbalance of power. Good examples of the disparity include the adult-child relationships, older and younger siblings’ interactions and the adolescent to child involvement (Crosson, 2007). Abuse causes unwilling participation in various activities unwillingly such as sexually related behaviours. Usually the child is unaware of the abuse due to the naïve state of mind or innocence. In most instances, the child is not in a position to understand the state of affairs. This paper is an analysis of the effect of physical child abuse on an adult victim as well as its implication to future societal growth. The research also presents an analysis of dominant arguments and theories for the act at certain circumstances in relation to lifestyle. Types of Abuse According to Dube et al., (2001) “Child abuse and neglect consists of any act of commission or omission that results in harm, is potential fo
Life is not very different from a Hollywood film; in fact, it is even more unpredictable, changeable, and confusing. This is one of the main questions of our existence and this is the main point of “Happy Endings” by Margaret Atwood. There are so many true stories told about people that can serve scenarios for Oscar-winning movies. However, the major theme of all films, as well as the main concern of our life is the relationships between men and women. Love, romance, family, devotion, betrayal, role of woman in the society, unrequited love and pure love, and all that drama is what everything else revolves around. The only difference is that films almost always have happy endings and life always ends up in one thing for all people – the death. Atwood provides several examples of how the individual’s life can develop, and thus, the author suggests an idea that we should not think about what the result of our relationships will be , as life is very unpredictable, in addition, we must feel every moment of life, and live only in present. A majority of the fictional narratives focus on the relationships between man and women; in fact, this is the most popular theme that provides ideas for discussions. Margaret Atwood “acknowledged as a foremost author” (Van Spanckeren and Castro 9) succeeded in this “task” and wrote a several different, but typical stories that revolve around this theme. It consists of six parts that deal with different types of relations and various aspects of romance and love that people encounter in their everyday life. There are four main characters which are the subject matter in hands of the author, John and Mary, and Madge and Fred. In fact, it is not actually a story, but a guide on how to create one. It is “a permutational fiction in the if… then mode” (Wilson 22). James P. Werlock comments on the form and style of the story: “Happy Endings” is a story about writing a story, with thoughtful advice to both readers and would-be writers (22). It provides several scenarios of the common life stories which can have different endings, however, the author provides that the outcomes will probably be the same. The six possible endings to the story of John and Mary are written as a skeleton outline” (Werlock 302). The author introduces the story to the reader with a description of an ideal life story to which everybody aspires, but the successive several stories are not so happy, though the author offers the readers a choice, “If you want a happy ending, try A” (Atwood 724). It means that men and women are free to decide what life they want to have and what the “ending” of their relationships will be. In fact, the ideas of fiction stories are tak
Introduction Learning to solve problems is not a simple process. Children go through several stages and generally learn by example plus trial and error. Until the last hundred years or so school was a constant round of drill and practice, so problems solving was something learned largely at home. A number of prominent psychologists have contributed to our bank of knowledge on this subject. We know much more now because of their work, but there is still a great deal to learn. Gestalt theory (Ehrenfels) treats things like systems, chunks of knowledge, or procedures that we follow after observing them in others and then practicing. “Gestalt psychologists suggest that the events in the brain bear a structural correspondence to psychological events; indeed, it has been shown that steady electric currents in the brain correspond to structured perceptual events.” (“Gestalt”) In this way, it parallels procedural learning as opposed to domain learning. It was a serious departure from the then-established theory of separated functions. Main body According to the Gestaltists, the process of some problem-solving requires the reorganizing or restructuring of the elements of the problem situation in such a way as to provide a solution. This is known as productive thinking or insight. Reproductive thinking, on the other hand, relies on the rote application of past solutions to a problem. Functional fixedness occurs when there is a solution to a problem, but the subject is fixed on a set use of one part of the solution, such as its common use. For example, asking someone to water plants and giving them a bottle with the bottom cut off, some people do not think to turn the bottle upside-down and cover the top with their thumb or carrying the plants to the water. This also involves a problem-solving set as the usual procedure of carrying the water to the plants will stop some people from solving the problem. Luchins (1942) devised the more commonly know water jug problem with two jugs holding 3 gallons and 5 gallons and the subjects were asked to measure 4 gallons. The schema theory proposed by Bartlett (1932) was another early attempt to provide a plausible explanation for our ability to make sense of perceptual input. The schema theory proposes that all new perceptual input is analyzed by comparing it with items that are already in our memory store, such as shapes and sounds which are familiar from past experience. These items are referred to as ‘schemas’, and they include a huge variety of sensory patterns and concepts. (Groome, 1999, p. 6). Newell and Simon (1972) initiated research that resulted in the information processing view of problem-solving. It involves creating a space that contains both the problem state and the goal state and then working out the procedure to get from one to the other. They postulated that most problems are resolved using heuristics or “rules of thumb”, which are transferred
Introduction Born in 1948 in China, Hung Liu is a famous Chinese-American artist who uses her paintings to present themes like gender, culture, politics, and war. Hung acquired her skills in the field of art from the Central Academy of Fine Art in Beijing, where she acquired a Bachelors Degree in Art, and later got a masters degree from the University of California. Hung uses themes like gender and culture to explain the challenges that women and young girls experience globally. In addition, Hung emphasizes the importance of her themes using paintings, which are very practical in presenting her themes. The fact that Hung is among the early immigrants to the United States gives her a firsthand experience of the gender disparity and racism. Thus, Hung is very vocal on aspects that focus on women, politics, culture, war, environmental crisis, and struggles of immigrants (Fichner 532). Moreover, the research also conducted through an interview with a colleague (Chiang Lee), who is a Chinese American, concerning his perspective of Hung’s paintings. Therefore, the research paper examines how Chinese-American artist, Hung Liu, addresses themes such as gender, racism, politics, culture, war, and immigrant struggles. Gender Discrimination Hung uses her fine works of art to explain the experiences that women and girls go through in their lives. In her famous work titled Goddess of Liberty , Hung employs imagery to demonstrate the effect of gender parity. Moser explains that the paintings of Hung show women who have been bound on the feet to highlight the challenges that the women encounters globally (80). Hung outlines the theme of gender discrimination from historic periods and stresses her historic presentation by using concubines of emperors to demonstrate that the issue of gender discrimination affects both medieval and modern women and girls. In her assertion, Hung argues that the emperors’ concubines wore masks to symbolize the authoritarian nature of men, who define the roles of the women. Moreover, Hung adds three cages of birds hanging on her painting to emphasize on the effects of gender discrimination. From a personal interview, Chiang explains that although discrimination against women has reduced compared to historic times, some individuals still perpetuate the vice. Figure 2: Mother and daughter (Moser 94) Immigrant Struggles Another theme that Hung addresses is the immigrant struggles, which explains the dilemmas that Chinese immigrants who came to the United States in the mid-nineteen century experienced. According to Hung, many Chinese immigrants encountered different lifestyles and cultures in the United States. Therefore, most of the Chinese immigrants adopted the foreign cultures and compromised their native cultures. Some of the paintings used by Hung to explain the vital nature of culture include the portraits of Chinese self, Buddha’s hand, the rainmaker, and the controversial fortune cookie that symbolizes the importance of Chinese culture. The implication of her cultural paintings, which includes the fortune cookie, shows the vita
The narrative about a fictional town named McMinden contains a number of sociological concepts, among which the notion of social stratification appears to be the most expressively stated. As such, social stratification presupposes a hierarchical organization of society, where the division of people into classes is based on the amount of power and wealth. Discussed, inter alia, by such theorists as Karl Marx and Max Weber, social stratification finds its expression in the division of society into classes, among which three major groups are singled out: the upper class, the middle class, and the lower class. In the town of McMinden, the aforementioned classes are represented by bankers, business owners, and professional people as the upper class; people employed in various white-collar, blue-collar, retail, service, and agribusiness jobs as middle class; and unskilled workers as the lower class (¶¶ 3-4). In my real-life situation, I can observe the same tendency of social stratification. Such stratification roots in the social division of labor , discussed by Karl Marx and defined as categorizing different jobs to different workers depending on the job type and complexity. Apparently, in the town of McMinden, the upper-class people are involved in more intellectual, white-collar jobs that bring more income, and the lower-class citizens content themselves with working at the meat-packing factory (¶¶ 3-4). In the modern world, there is observed a tendency of crossing the borders of social stratification and involving in jobs that correspond to the level of education rather than to the economic or social background. In addition to the division of labor, social stratification in the town of McMinden results in strict social distancing. The concept of social distance was developed by Emory S. Bogardus and is employed to describe the level of closeness and acceptance between different social groups. In case with McMinden, social distance reveals itself in the icy and even hostile attitude among the different racial groups living in the town. Apart from the white settlers, the racial composition of the town is by a quarter made up of Hispanic, black, Native American, and Asian people who are not treated respectfully by the white population (¶¶ 1, 7, 9). The same problem of social distancing and unwillingness to maintain good neighborly relation can be witnessed nowadays in countries where the number of immigrants is high. Due to mechanization of agriculture around the town of McMinden, fewer workers were needed to support farming, and the area witnessed the phenomenon of depopulation . As young people preferred to obtain education and prestigious jobs elsewhere, they moved out of the town (¶ 10). This process of rural flight from the more rural areas to the less rural ones has led to such thinning out of the town population that McMinden is only alive and breathing due to the immigrants attracted by the perspective of unskilled work at the meat-pa
Globalization has opened a wider market for goods and services; the hospitality industry is one beneficiary of the enlarged global business market; however, it has to suffer challenges brought about the global business environments. Increased international cooperation, technology, international trade, and development of communication channels are the main pillars that support globalization and have an effect on the international hotel industry (Dicken, 2003). When venturing in an international market, managers should ensure they have developed an effective market entry strategy, and improve the strategies to assist the company get a competitive edge in the foreign market. International hotel industry can be discusses from the angle of domestic hotels that have the capacity of serving international customers or those multinational companies in the hotel industry which ever the approach, the effects of globalization are the similar (Effron, Gandossy and Goldsmith, 2003). This paper discusses the influence that globalization has had on the international hotel industry; it will look into both key influences that drive international hotel industry and the barriers that the industry faces when operating across borders. Key influences that drive the international hotel industry There is some evidence from both small and large economies of the benefit of globalization; the hotel industry stands to benefit from an increased market resulting from human movements facilitated by globalization. There should be no assumption that the effects of globalization is a phenomenon of late, however in the eighties, there were some international diversity of hotels, some of the oldest hotels that were involved in the exercise included Hilton Group of Hotels, Kempinski Hotels, and Starbucks. Howeve
Introduction   * The Cold War begins in 1945;   * Political tension between the USSR and the US;   * The nuclear war threat causes anxiety;   * Art in the West is less censored than in the the East;   * Cinematography depicts the Cold War with more freedom. With the demise of Hitler and the downfall of the Nazi Germany, the World War II came to an end in May, 1945. The period that followed the surrender of the aggressor was later christened the Cold War that denoted the uneasy relationship between the Soviet Union and the United States. That political uneasiness and uncertainty found its reflection in art, and particularly, in cinematography. As one may imagine, while the USSR was confining artists’ expression to only serve the interests of the government, in the US, the cinematographers enjoyed greater creative freedom. During those hard times, the world had seen three compelling cinematographic masterpieces: Kubrick’s “Dr. Strangelove,” Lumet’s “Fail-Safe,” and Serling’s “Twilight Zone.” This essay argues that all three movies were ahead of their time and made unexpectedly precise predictions about the future. Dr. Strangelove or: How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love the Bomb. Stanley Kubrick, 1964 Dr. Strangelove or: How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love the Bomb, often referred to as Dr. Strangelove is a 1964 political satire black comedy written and directed by Stanley Kubrick. Dr. Strangelove reflected the imminent nuclear threat that characterized the Cold War and caused a great deal of tension in American society. The movie starts with the deranged brigadier general Jack D. Ripper who gives in to a conspiracy theory that the Soviets’ are on their way to poison the American people. Eventually, he starts a nuclear World War III by sending bombers to the USSR. Dr. Strangelove or: How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love the Bomb. Stanley Kubrick, 1964   * The bombing of the USSR is in action;   * If it happens, it will trigger the Doomsday Machine;   * Humankind is at risk of being annihilated altogether. American President Muffley learns about what has just happened and orders to abort the mission. The latter proves to be not quite doable because the general Ripper is the only person who knows the recall code. The operation is in action, unstopped by either the president or his advisors – the second-in-command group captain Lionel Mandrake and a former Nazi doctor Strangelove. In the meantime, the Soviet Premier Kissov announces the launch of the “Doomsday Machine,” an intricate system of underground bombs that spread beyond the Eastern bloc and circle the planet. Kissov explains that any attempt to attack the USSR will result in an automatic detonation, destroying the entire humankind and rendering the Earth uninhabitable. The bombing of the USSR   * President recovers the recall code;   * Dr. Strangelove fantasizes about surviving the apocalypse in mineshafts;   * The unaccounted bomber triggers the Doomsday Machine. After Kissov’s announcement, it
Prompt I In healthcare, case-control studies consist of comparing a sample of patients that have a specific condition with those that do not. A researcher is able to identify specific factors causing or associated with the illness, using a variety of evidence such as medical records and observation. The advantage of case-control studies is that they are less expensive and time-consuming, beneficial in cases where data may be difficult to obtain. It also has the advantage of studying dynamic populations or tracking rare diseases, in both cases follow-ups may not be available and there may be a significant period between exposure and the manifestation of the disease. However, case-control studies are considered less reliable than randomized or cohort studies. This is because they attempt to demonstrate a statistical relationship between, for example, a specific factor and disease exposure in order to prove causation. It may not always be the case, leading to a certain degree of selection or observation bias. Furthermore, case-control studies are limited in the calculation of incidence (Sedgwick, 2014). Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) have become the staple of evidence-based research, particularly in the health industry, as it provides an effective form for transferring research data into clinical practice. The biggest advantage of RCTs is their comparative design which allows comparing treatments or any two research factors to determine the best one, thus providing strong empirical evidence of efficacy. RCTs also help to minimize bias through the randomized design which inherently limits the researcher’s ability for allocation or selection bias. Furthermore, binding, double-binding, and allocation concealment used in such trials can lessen performance and assessment bias. The design also offers statistical reliability with strong sample sizes and a variety of statistical tests utilized while minimizing confounding factors on the data. RCTs have the biggest disadvantage of posing logistical challenges as they are more expensive and time-consuming to implement due to the sample size, trial run time, and data collection practices. Furthermore, the applicability of results may be challenging as trials do not always represent real-life scenarios or treatment factors (Spieth et al., 2016). Prompt II The growing costs of health care are largely unsustainable for the U.S. economy and, in the long term, far outweigh the benefits of improvement and innovation that they may bring. The costs make up approximately 18 percent of the U.S. GDP, increasing at a rate of 2 percent faster than the national GDP growth (Committee for a Responsible Federal Budget, 2018). This is far greater than other developed countries and remains unsustainable for all involved stakeholders include the government, private practices, insurance