ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Attaining equality in the workplace environment goes a long way in ensuring meaningful relationships that bolster the employees’ productivity. Specifically, equality in the workplace environment means treating individuals similarly regardless of their differences based on sex, gender, age, race, sexual orientation, physical disability, religion, or nationality (Acker 446). Notably, the elements of gender and racial disparity in the workplace atmosphere are critical contemporary issues owing to their influence on interpersonal and inter-professional relationships. For this reason, through the continued efforts of the management, organizations endeavor to realize the parity of the two critical aspects of equality that entail gender and race (Mullings 49). However, several barriers derail the move towards achieving racial and gender equality within the workplace atmosphere. In this light, this paper seeks to identify the prevailing obstacles to the full attainment of racial and gender equality in the workplace setting. Barriers to the Attainment of Racial and Gender Equality in the Workplace In the US, Title VII of the 1964 federal Civil Rights Act stipulates against any forms of inequalities in the workplace setting. A diverse workforce contributes to the productivity of an organization to a considerable degree. However, existing barriers have made it challenging to treat employees in the same way thus, undermine collaborative working. Concerning the issue of gender equality, some disequilibrium still manifests as women continue to experience discrimination in the form of sexual harassment besides other forms of victimization based on their gender. Additionally, individuals from different racial backgrounds have not yet acquired equal treatment as portrayed in employment and promotion biases among other notable aspects of discrimination (Kabat-Farr and Cortina 122). Axiomatically, the career choices and pay gaps existing in the workplace environment considerably undermine the full attainment of gender equality. In this regard, the fields of study chosen by women and men in their higher learning endeavors influence the career areas they enter which translate to income disparities. Today, as women and men get into employment, some occupation areas get skewed by gender owing to the existing stereotypes about the kind
Crime Prevention and the Classical School of Criminology The notion of the classical school of criminology refers to the period of Enlightenment (18th century). This notion is based on the utilitarian and social-contract philosophical outlooks. The developers of the classical school of criminology believed that humans are calculating animals and there is an indirect dependency between the criminal justice system and the premises of illicit behavior (Marzbali, Abdullah, Razak, & Tilaki, 2012). Nonetheless, it was considered a deterrent only if the punishment was proportional and in line with the severity of the crime. The key focus of this theory is the rationality of the made decision. The outlooks on the severity of the crime and appropriate punishment rely on the subjective views of the decision-makers. This school of criminology also implied that the policies on punishments and rewards should be reviewed constantly. The core idea of the classical school of criminology is that crime prevention is better than punishment activities that take place after the illicit event (Siegel, 2015). The authors of the classical notion of criminology broke explained the crime prevention procedure as a process that depends on several ideas inherent in the philosophy of the classical school of criminology. They pointed out the probability of the crime, the swiftness of the crime and punishment, and how much damage is done to the victim. The Major Components of the Classical School of Crime Causation The major components of the classical school of crime causation are the basic principles of criminology. The first principle states that any given individual is in full right to acting by their will and rationality. The second principle claims that the verdict concerning the rationality of the committed crime should be contingent on the evaluation of the outcomes of the illicit activity and the benefits of the crime (if any). The third principle dwells on the fact that the severity of the punishment should be chosen in a way that would deter other wrongdoers and ultimately reduce the occurrence of criminal activity. The fourth principle elaborates on the content of the third principle and expands it by stating that the punishment should be instantaneous to prevent crimes but adequate to comply with the essentials of criminal justice. These four components support the idea that the crimes are committed based on one’s free will and personal choice. Nonetheless, this criminological approach may lead
Understanding Marketing through the Internet Elements of Internet Marketing E-commerce is a commercial activity (i.e., advertisement or promotion of specific services) performed with the help of digital tools (Basu 2013). E-business is a type of entrepreneurship, which presupposes that information management should be carried out with the help of modern media and that information transfer should be the key to the company’s success in the target market (Basu 2013). Internet marketing is the process of promoting specific products or services on the Internet and with the help of digital tools (Basu 2013). Digital marketing is the synonym for a marketing strategy that suggests digital media as the key tool for information transfer, especially when it comes to the provision of the corresponding data about the product to the target audience (Basu 2013). Though the concepts listed above share a range of common elements, they, in fact, serve to denote quite different concepts. First and most obvious, each of the phenomena listed above includes the concept of digital media. Moreover, the aforementioned terms concern the acquisition, use, and disposal of information. Data management and the incorporation of the latest technologies, therefore, make the above-mentioned concepts related. Internet Marketing Mix Evaluation A book is, perhaps, one of the most common products that one can purchase online. However, an e-book differs greatly from the standard paperback format that used to be popular before the invasion of digital media into people’s lives. A standard digital book, or an e-book, is formatted as a PDF, Epub, or DjVu file and can be opened with the help of a corresponding program (Adobe Reader, Foxit Reader, Epub file reader, DjVu Viewer, etc.). The book can be viewed, therefore, with the help of an iPad, an iPod, a personal computer, a laptop, etc. The ways of marketing a book are very diverse; they include direct advertisements (e.g., sending e-mails with offers of new products to the subscribers), as well as other tools of modern media, e.g., banners, free YouTube videos with descriptions of the product, articles and book reviews on the thematic sites, etc. Defining the specific marketing approaches used for tricking the target customers into buying a book, one must mention the appeal to specific needs of the target audience, as well as meeting the standards that the aforementioned demographics have set. For instance, depending on the genre and the audience, the book in question can be positioned
Average temperatures on Earth are rising faster than at any time in the past 2,000 years, and the last five of them have been the hottest in the history of meteorological observations since 1850. Climatologists agree that the planet has warmed up so much because of human activity (Hausfather, 2017). A recent study also showed that the probability that the current global warming is due to humans is more than 99% (Hausfather, 2017). Transport, industry, and energy annually emit about 40 billion tons of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere – ten times more than volcanoes (Wang et al., 2017). Compared to 1750, when there was no industry yet, carbon dioxide in the air has increased by about 50% (Hausfather, 2017). This is a record level for the last 14 million years. Agriculture, incineration of garbage, deforestation produce a considerable amount of methane, which traps tens of times more heat than CO2. True, there is relatively little methane in the atmosphere, but its concentration has increased 2.5 times since 1750 and reached a maximum over the past 800 thousand years. More than half of the emissions of this gas are due to human activity. Over the past 170 years, the global temperature on Earth has increased by 1.23 ° C and reached a maximum in 125 thousand years (Wang et al., 2017). According to various estimates, this was enough to increase the probability of heat waves by 20-150 times (Wang et al., 2017). The more the planet heats up, the more often droughts, fires, and hurricanes occur. Extreme heat by 2100 will come every few years under the most likely scenario of warming, and in the worst cases – every summer. Many of the effects of climate change, such as ice melting and ocean heating, are irreversible on the scale of hundreds and thousands of years. Warming especially threatens temperate and northern regions — for example, the Arctic and Antarctica are warming two to three times faster than the rest of the planet (Tebaldi et al., 2021). Because of this, glaciers are melting, releasing hundreds of billions of tons of water every year.
Introduction No matter how fast Australia is developing in terms of business, the concept of Asian Century, used to describe growing political and economic power of Asian nations, is still relevant for it. Indeed, such countries as Japan, China, Singapore, Indonesia, the Philippines, Malaysia, and others provide Australian businessmen with a number of promising opportunities (Carbaugh 2013). In spite of their seeming independence, Australian companies that want to achieve more in international business must be made more Asia-capable and even Asia-sensitive. This does not imply refusing of their own culture in favor of one of the Asian traditions. On the contrary, it is quite acceptable for Asians to respect other cultures and beliefs. The point is that developing a more intimate understanding of the Asian culture and official etiquette, which has numerous peculiarities, Australian companies may enhance their success and solidify their position in the market (Moran, Abramson & Moran 2014). Why it is challenging to Do Business in Asia The most common mistake that Australian businessmen commit is relying exclusively on their own capabilities, finance, and human resources. The point is that no matter how hard they try to do business following the American pattern in Asia, they still have to reconcile themselves with the fact that they must have local partners for success. First, they have a deeper insight into the market and the economic situation; second, they can help develop an effective plan; third, people who can provide information concerning cultural peculiarities of business in Asia, will help avoid a lot of awkward situations, in which your actions may do harm even without you being aware of that (Binder 2016). A knowledgeable team consisting of people, who are able to differentiate between essential cultural phenomena and insignificant issues, is a key to an effective operation. The point is that the issue of culture as well as diversity that Australians have to encounter when they work with Asian countries and communities, not only emphasizes the necessity of cross-cultural methods in business, but also makes successful companies stand out as those possessing high cultural sensitivity, which gives them a competitive edge (Ferraro & Brody 2015). A lot of Australian startups in Asia fail in their attempts to do business since they are completely unaware of the Asian culture and its difference from what is accepted in Australia. Unfortunately, the list goes far beyond the dos and don’ts provided in popular sources. Cultural Factors Australian Companies must recognize It may sound ridiculous but in order to achieve success, Australian businesses should disempower themselves, become weaker, more empathetic, milder, more trusting, and more understanding. This means that they must step away from the typically American consumerism approach to business and accept the fact that other cultures cannot be judged by these standards, no matter how ‘safe’ and ‘sure’ some criteri
Introduction Interpersonal relationship can be defined as an association, connections or social affiliations between two or more individuals. Interpersonal relationships vary in terms of levels of intimacy and revolve around a common objective or shared interest. Interpersonal relationship is very important amongst a group of individuals; it is a skill that enables one relate well with others in a group (Cahn & Cushman, 1985). Healthy Interpersonal Relationships Interpersonal relationships keep people who share a common objective together; however, it is not without some challenges that they end up disintegrating a group of people who have a common purpose. Hence there need for ways of ensuring healthy interpersonal relationships. Communication is a major element of interpersonal relationships. It is good to note that poor communication amongst members in a group or within an organization is likely to cause interpersonal tension amongst. This may lead to unhealthy interpersonal relationship. It is always important for each individual within a given group of people to have communication skills that enhance his or her relationships with others (Kyle, 2007). Respect for others is another important way of ensuring healthy interpersonal relationships. Every person has the need to be respected and valued within any group context. In order to ensure and retain healthy relationship, it is in order for every person to respect the people he or she is relating with; besides, the respect should be coupled with some level of trust between those relating together. Mutual trust is required from the communicating partners. In many cases, is not all, the way one communicates with others is likely indicator of whether he she trusts them or not. This has the potential to strain interpersonal relationship even if it does not come into the open. In situation where such components of respect and trust are missing, a relationship may be strenuous and disintegration may be the ultimate fate of such a relationship (Kyle, 2007). In a relationship there is bound to be mistakes made by others. These mistakes may necessitate reactions by others. They way one reacts or criticizes others determines whether a healthy relationship is sustained or not. In cases where one is blamed for the mistakes, healthy relationships may not be achievable, while in situations where people give positive criticism and offers to help find a solution, healthy relationships are established and sustained. It is therefore important that in any form of interpersonal relationship, individuals should focus on finding solutions to any challenge or problems arising between two or more people. This is most likely to foster healthy interpersonal relationships. Interpersonal relationships may exist between people with varied cultural backgrounds. In such cases, it is only important that each individual exercise tolerance. One may not like the background of another, but it is important to understand one another in such contexts without necessarily being prejudicial. This will help secure healthy interpersonal relationships. Being tolerant is about accepting that people are different in varied aspect
Introduction One of the clearest indications that, as time goes, African-Americans grow increasingly empowered (in the socio-economic sense of this word), can be deemed the rise Black Sociology and Black Psychology, as the scientific sub-domains of their own. The reason for this is apparent – being reflective of the fact Black people remain on the path of intellectual advancement, the concerned development also suggests that they have become thoroughly integrated into the society. There is, however, even more to it – the emergence of these sub-domains was predetermined dialectically, as an alternative to the discourse of Eurocentrism, which up until comparatively recent times used to have a strong effect on both scientific disciplines. What it means is that contrary to what it is commonly assumed, the discursive significance of Black Sociology and Black Psychology is not solely concerned with the socio-economic liberation of African-Americans. Rather, it has to do with the ongoing progress in the field of empirical science, which in turn causes more and people to doubt the appropriateness of the Eurocentric (positivist) approach to addressing the issues of sociological/psychological importance. This paper will seek to substantiate the validity of the above-stated suggestion at length. Body of the paper The emergence of Black Sociology is now commonly discussed as such that has been brought about by the writings of Anna J. Cooper (1858 –1964), W. E. B. Du Bois (1868 – 1963), Edward Frazier (1894 – 1962), and St. Clair Drake (1911 – 1990). The reason for this is that being among the first fully credited Black social scientists, these individuals never ceased promoting a highly systemic (communal) outlook on the role of African-Americans in constructing the discourse Americana . In its turn, this outlook reflected the idea that the sense of existential self-identity in Black people cannot be discussed as a ‘thing in itself’, outside of whatever happen to be the affecting social, cultural, and economic circumstances. What this means is that the goal of establishing preconditions for African-Americans to be able to attain social prominence in this country is closely interconnected with the objective of ensuring the steady pace of socio-cultural and scientific progress in America. In this respect, the intellectual legacy of Du Bois stands out especially notable – not the least because it correlates with the latest sociological findings of what accounts for the significance of one’s racial identity. Even though most famous writings were published in the early 1900s, the insights into the actual meaning of the notion of ‘race’, contained in them, remain fully legitimate even today. In particular, Du Bois needs to be given credit for having succeeded in arguing that there is nothing biologically intrinsic about the behavioral patterns of African-Americans and that their so-called ‘racial phenotype’ is best discussed in terms of a social construct. As Young and Deskins (2011) noted, “DuBois maintained that race was an identity construct foisted upon the individual by the external social world, thus circumscribing how the public
The healthcare sector in the U.S is faced with many challenges as the cost of providing healthcare rises in tandem with a ballooning population. There has always been a disparity in the provision of healthcare as the larger population cannot afford medical insurance cover and the drugs. Cancer in the United States is quite prevalent among the citizens and the disease mainly affects the minority groups, in comparison with the majority in the population. The essay addresses the demographics of prostate cancer in the U.S, healthcare demographics, and challenges faced in marketing the healthcare sector, as well as possible remedies to alleviate the posed challenges in the healthcare sector. Cancer is the second killer disease in the United States, after heart disease (Fierro, 2006). Prostate cancer affects men and is the most frequently diagnosed form of cancer. It is estimated that by the end of 2011, more than 240,890 males of African American descent will form new cases of people with prostate cancer (American Cancer Society, 2011). African Americans are more prone to prostate cancer than the white Americans. Over the years, the incidents of prostate cancer have been stable but it has been increasing gradually. In 2011, it is estimated that some 33,720 Americans have succumbed to prostate cancer (American Cance
Introduction Environmental issues have for a long time now been discussed and debated all over the world. The twenty-first century call for a reconsideration of the approaches through which environmental concerns that affect the planet earth as well as the societies in it are dealt with (Bunnin 517). People of the world have been called upon to embrace those practices that will ensure sustainable development so as not to compromise the survival of both the present and future generations. Attfield defines environmental ethics as the study of ethics of the day to day interactions of human beings with their environment and their impacts on the systems of nature (15). This essay discusses the connections between Leopold’s “Land ethic” and the platform of deep ecology and their appropriateness to environment ethics. The usefulness of these connections to two current issues of environmental concern is presented. Leopold’s “Land Ethic” Leopold’s ‘Land Ethic’ that was introduced in 1949 defined a new dimension of understanding the relationship between human beings and the natural environment and paved the way for the present day professional conservationists movement (Jamieson 204). These conservationists are concerned with anthropogenic pollution of water and air by harmful industrial wastes, alarming decline in the number of species, deliberate extinction of species as well as the introduction of new species in new habitats. According to Leopold, ethics have undergone significant growth in scope and complexity over the past 3,000 years in western civilization. In ecological terms, ethics refers to the limitation on freedom of action in the struggle for existence while philosophers define it as a differentiation of social from anti-social conduct (Jamieson 205). He believed that ethics are meant to guide individuals to unite for the common good. Leopold is credited for arguing that ‘community’ ought to include both human and non-human elements in the environment like waters, animals, plants, and soils which may be referred generally from an ecological perspective as land. The land is to be loved and accorded respect as an extension of ethics (Jamieson 208). Human beings, therefore, have a great responsibility of protecting and preserving the land in the larger context. Leopold summarized the evolution of ethics as presented by Darwin by stating that all ethics so far advanced are underpinned upon one major premise: that the individual belongs to a larger community whose parts are interdependent (Jamieson 208). Land, therefore, is a community to which man belongs and not a commodity owned by human beings, and hence all are members of the biotic community. The ever increasing human population has been identified as a major threat (unethical) to the biotic community (Jamieson 210). The land ethic in the time of a changing science of ecology has been a major topic for discussion. Ecologically, Leopold argued that nature should be at static equilibrium but this has not been possible due to disturbance and perturbation, especially those stirred by human beings (Jamieson 214). The shift in contemporary ecology to a more dynamic paradi