ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
A patient’s refusal to undergo medical treatment has always been a contentious subject in medicine. The patient’s right to refuse the provided treatment is guarded by numerous statutes and amendments, such as (Lynch, 2016):   * The 1st Amendment (section regarding free speech) protects the patient’s thoughts and ideas;   * The 1st amendment (section regarding religious freedom) protects the refusal of treatment on the grounds of personal religious beliefs;   * The 8th Amendment allows perceiving unwanted treatment as cruel and unusual punishment;   * The 14 th amendment protects the patient’s liberty and personal security, which are violated if a treatment is administered against consent;   * The right to privacy can be interpreted in a way to refuse treatment. Therefore, if a patient refuses treatment based on his or her religious beliefs, they are acceptable and entitled to 1st Amendment protection. However, there are some exceptions to the rule. Namely, religious beliefs can be overlooked if the patient is considered to be mentally unstable and incapable of making informed decisions. Secondly, religious authority is very limited when taking decisions for underaged patients. Lastly, religious beliefs can be ignored if they are considered a credible threat for the rest of the society. The first part of the process of granting the refusal request made by a patient is to evaluate their words based on the three factors stated above. In patients with mental illnesses such as Alzheimer’s syndrome, dementia, schizophrenia, and other mind-altering diseases, religious beliefs do not constitute a viable reason to refuse treatment, as the patient in question cannot adequately evaluate their own options (Applebaum, 2007). Should it be concluded that the patient is in sound mind and their religious beliefs do not endanger the rights and lives of everyone else, the nurse should conversate with the patient in order to discover the reasons behind the religious rejection of certain practices while offering feasible alternatives, if possible. Should these attempts be ignored as well, the nurse is expected to work with the patient in order to determine acceptable boundaries in which healthcare providers could operate. For example, if an individual refuses treatment that would prolong their life, they could still accept medication to relieve pain and make the process of passing easier. After life-sustaining treatment is forgone, medical specialists in question are supposed to file a medical record, which would feature the physician’s notes and information regarding the diagnosis and prognosis for the patient, as well as the current and potential treatment plans, consulting opinions, and other factors that led to the decision made by the patient (Ahaddour, Van den Branden, & Broeckaert, 2018). In addition, the nurse would have to make a statement regarding the patient’s decision-making capability. In case the patient is unable to make the decision, it should be forwarded to a surrogate decision-maker. Alternatively, a legal clause m
Introduction When we go shopping for clothes, we see a variety of products that are totally different. The products are that different because they are designed to have different impressions on different people but essentially, the passion employed in the creation of each of these products is the same. Fashion design is a field that entails a lot of activities ranging from creation of designs to the marketing of the finished fashion products. Fashion designers are creative artists who have a lot of passion in their job and hence they get contentment in the creation of new masterpieces of design. The designers know the dynamics of fashion and thus develop designs that have a commendable impression on their customers (Jones 4 – 6). The period between the fourth decade of the twentieth century and the seventh decade of the same century saw substantial revolution in the field of fashion design. This revolution brought a lot of ideas and players in fashion design. A commendable part of this revolution is the introduction of private boutiques selling their owner’s original designs (Jones 12). Let us have a look at some examples of these fashion designers. Marilyn Brooks Biography Marilyn Brooks was born in Binghamton, New York on 13 th November 1932. She grew up in Detroit and acquired her education in its environs. She had a passion for design since she was a child and could sew her own designs at a tender age of eight years. After developing her skills for a couple of years, she got a job in the early 1960’s as a display director with John Northway and Sons in Canada (Marilyn 4). After an approximate three years in Canada, she started her own clothes line and opened her first boutique, Unicorn that was based in Toronto Canada. Here she was one of the first players to operate the clothes business by selling her own designs. From the passion she had, her business grew to become multinational with boutiques in Toronto and San Francisco and with retailers all over the U.S and Canada. She has seen a lot of success in her life stemming from her success in fashion design. She has thus received a lot of awards related to her achievement in the fashion design industry. An example of these is the Judy ME (Merchandising Excellence) Award she received both in 1966 and 1986, she founded the Toronto Ontario Designers and she is a member of CMG (Color Marketing Group) for many years. Despite her age she is now the president of Ontario Designers in Canada (Marilyn 7). Background Influence The life Marilyn Brooks lived as a child had a lot of contribution to her passion for fashion design. As a child Marilyn received home sewing lessons and by the age of eight she was sewing her own designs. This passion that she developed at this tender age is the one that drove her to work for John Northway and Sons which was a clothes store in Canada. In this store she worked as a display director and therefore she could interact with various des
Bearing the responsibility for people’s health and access to healthcare services can never be easy, and there are numerous attempts to improve the current healthcare system in the United States to make sure that all money is spent wisely. In his three articles, Atul Gawande, a surgeon and a writer, shares his experience related to healthcare costs and optimization. Personally, I believe that his works can provide a basis for further positive changes in the U. S. healthcare since they include a lot of legitimate arguments concerning price transparency, ways to reduce costs, and unnecessary routine treatment. In the article devoted to healthcare costs, Gawande (2009) discusses the two conflicting goals that exist in healthcare: patient well-being and revenues. Just like many of my colleagues, I do not find this idea innovative. However, the author manages to add something new to the discussion by sharing the results of his research on the costs of typical treatment decisions made by physicians in low and high-cost cities. In the end, being a healthcare consumer, I find the articles by Gawande interesting and mind-challenging because he pays primary attention to the ways of reducing unnecessary medical care. As is clear from the author’s medical practice, almost all surgical patients receive high-cost and unnecessary care, which increases healthcare spending and does not significantly improve health outcomes (Gawande, 2015). Another thing that has encouraged me to take a fresh look at modern healthcare is the researcher’s opinion concerning physicians’ awareness of healthcare costs. Patel and McStay (2015) note that Gawande regards increasing price transparency and the degree of physician responsibility as the key tasks that would help make treatment more outcome-oriented.
Introduction Eileen Chang is a prominent figure in the Chinese literary world of the 1940s. Chinese literature encompasses a wide range of literary theories and genres associated with many cultural factors. However, Chinese literature traditionally has been male-dominated and the voice of the Chinese women writers was marginalized. However, Eileen Chang is one of the few female authors who have successfully made a mark in the male-dominated Chinese literary circle. Her work transgressed all the traditional literary boundaries and created a new literary style, distinct from the classical technique. Her familial heritage and residence in a cosmopolitan city enabled her to express her feelings more openly, which others found exceedingly difficult in other parts of the parochial country. Moreover, her distinctive personal observation and understanding about life, society, culture, and politics created a unique ensemble in her stories that the writers of her time were unable to capture. Her presence in the Chinese literary circle has created a separate space for women writers as well as made space for new literary ideas. Her writings show the modern life of Shanghai and how modern western ideals clashed with traditional Chinese values to create a unique culture. Therefore, the aim of the essay is to discuss the characteristic of Eileen Chang’s literary writings and the significant influences, which her literary writings bring to contemporary literature. Significance of Eileen Chang’s Literary Works Eileen Chang’s work assumes a significant place in Chinese literature. For decades, literary critics were unsure as to where her works should be placed. They were uncertain about its genre and technique as well as the themes. More importantly, they were unsure as to where her works could be placed in the historical literary process of Chinese literature. Her work is significant as it reverberates a new form of reality that the Chinese literature did not exploit. For instance, in modern Chinese literature, there are varied ideas about the definition of an ordinary man. Some
Haemorrhage from your ears, mouth, skin, and every conceivable part of the body was the picture painted by the media. The one thing that was uniform in all renditions of the deadly disease was apathy, poverty, remote areas in Africa, and lack of modern amenities. However, all these changed when the first victim of the disease, a doctor, infected a nurse in The United States of America (Chappell and Rampton par.1). All hell broke loose and overnight, quarantines and screening areas in airports became the norm (Belluz, par.11). Ebola, the disease that had achieved notoriety for its high mortality rate threatened to become a global problem. Ebola is a viral disease that attacks all the cells of the body in a systematic process starting with the white blood cells (Tam, par 14). It takes about two to 21 days before symptoms appear. The virus remains active in the host’s body even after the host is dead. Moreover, patients who are recovering from an infection continue to spread the Ebola virus through breast milk or semen for up to seven weeks (World Health Organization, par.10). Ebola virus spreads through animals such as chimpanzees, gorillas, fruit bats, monkeys, forest antelopes, and porcupines (World Health Organization, par.7). The animals may be either ill, or dead. These animals are known to host the virus naturally. However, to be infected, one has to be in close contact with body fluids or organs of the infected animal (World Health Organization, par.6). Human-to-human transmission of virus is similar to that between human and animal. The initial symptoms include fever, headache, muscle pain, fatigue, and sore throat. Later, victims show symptoms of impaired kidney and liver function, vomiting, diarrhoea, and rash with possible signs of internal and external bleeding (World Health Organization). A low white blood cell and platelet count coupled with elevated liver enzymes will be shown in a laboratory test (World Health Organization, par.11). Due to the similarity of the symptoms Ebola shows with other diseases prevalent in the tropics, such as malaria, doctors conduct further tests. After doctors ascertain the infection, treatment ensues using supportive care and treatment of itemised symptoms to reduce the mortality rate (World Health Organization, par.12). No licensed product is available for treatment, but there exist experimental drugs. Prevention includes reducing wildlife-to-human and human-to-human transmission, and outbreak containment measures such as proper disposal of fluids and burial of infected dead (World Health Organization, par. 16-20). Works Cited Belluz, Julia. How Ebola quarantines actually work, explained . 2014. Chappell, Tami and Roberta Rampton. Obama defends U.S. Ebola guidelines, backs American volunteers in Africa . 2014. Tam, Ruth. This is how
Executive Summary BreadTalk is a Singaporean firm which has invested in various countries including the Peoples’ Republic of China. This firm requires a working strategy that would help it manage the market competition in the Chinese market. The Chinese market is very attractive, given its size, but it has attracted so many players which makes it one of the most challenging markets. BreadTalk has come to appreciate this fact and believes that the greater the challenge, the higher the gains. It has therefore come out with measures that are meant to ensure that it is able to match and even supersede the market standards. The first step in this strategy is to analyze market the market forces. This is done through the analysis of the external environment using PESTEL analysis as the tool for analyzing the external environment. Then the internal capacity of the firm would be determined using the SWOT analysis as the relevant tool. The internal capacity of the firm would then be compared closely with the external marketing environment that the business would be operating in. The analysis would also involve the Porters five forces to determine the strength of the market competition. The analysis would come to a close by coming up with recommendations of the best strategies that should be involved in the implementation of the strategy. Background Information about the Industry BreadTalk Group Limited is operating in a very competitive market. The bakery industry is quite developed in China. This firm has managed to flourish at its home market in Singapore as it is the market leader in this particular country. Because of the consistent growth and increased financial capacity, this firm has managed to capture market in various countries in this region, including in Hong Kong, Indonesia, Malaysia, and Peoples Republic of China, Oman, Philippines, Vietnam, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, India, Thailand, Sri Lanka, Bahrain and South Korea. Although this firm has managed to have complete control of the home market, it has faced a number of problems in acquiring the home market. There have been so many challenges, especially in the Chinese market. China is considered the largest market in the world. Other than the United States, it is the most attractive market, and many firms have considered investing in this country. The bakery industry faces stiff challenge from various players. The biggest challenge comes from small scale traders in the lower ends of the market. They make the majority and hence the most attractive market segment. However, presences of small scale traders who manufacture doughnuts and other confectionaries have a huge control of the market, especially in the morning hours when this company expects the
Introduction Middle East Revolutions have been waves of mass demonstrations in the Middle East and other Arab nations, calling for the resignation of regimes in power. These could also be called popular coups and in the contemporary society they have been referred to as Twitter Revolutions. The first successful revolution was carried out in Tunisia, Africa, after more than a month of demonstrations that forced the downfall of the government of the then president Ben Ali on January 14, 2011. The revolution in Tunisia ignited the Egyptian Revolution, which was also successful and led to the resignation of the then president Hosni Mubarak on February 11, 2011, after withstanding eighteen days of mass protests. Since then, revolutionary uprising are being held in Yemen, Bahrain, Iraq, Algeria, Libya, Jordan and Oman. Libya has been hard hit as what started as a peaceful demonstration has turned out to be a bloody fight between government troops and rebel forces. The spectacle in Libya of the fierce fighting between government troops and rebel forces has received worldwide condemnation as the combatants are said to be committing crimes against humanity. This has led to the invasion of the country by NATO forces led by France in an effort to protect civilian and ensure human rights are observed and maintained. A humanitarian crisis is thus building up Libya. The fierce opposition of the demonstrations by Gadhaffi forces has served to remind the protestors and the whole world that revolutions are not always peaceful and could be at times be bloody, and uncertain of when they will be concluded and whether they will be successful or abortive. The Middle East governments have been urged to listen to the plea of the people and change their tactics of ruling the people to serving the people. The various leaders involved have started to change tactics for example instituting reforms rather than resign. In Morocco, the monarchy in power has doubled the staple foods and cooking gas subsidies while the Saudi Arabia counterpart has announced the allocation of 36 billion dollars to benefit the poor. Globally, the prices of crude oil have been rising each day making it hard for many nations’ economies to cope with the cost of production. The revolutions have been termed to be facilitated by the improved information and technology with social networking playing the biggest role in organizing successful revolts. That is why some of the revolts have been termed as Twitter Revolutions. Discussed below is the role of information technology in the revolts. Social networks in facilitating the revolutions With improvement in technology in the 21 st century, social networks and digital media have overtaken any other form of communication in the world. Technology has speeded up globalization process and in turn witnessed cultural sharing around the globe (Castells 67). The digital media has become one of the most important tools in influencing political and economic affairs. People around the world have become mo
Doing this annotated bibliography has acted as a good experience. My approach in selecting the references has been based on a systematic review of articles less than five years old, using keywords such as opioid crisis, and written in English. I have been looking for solutions to the increasing numbers of opioid addictions and deaths. The sources were great as they supplied solutions to my questions on the opioid pandemic. The search strategies used are resourceful, and I have no plans to change them. Center for Disease Control and Prevention. (n.d). Understanding the epidemic . 2021, Web. The Center for Disease Control (CDC) researched to investigate the opioid epidemic. According to the report, the number of overdose deaths decreased from 2017 to 2018. However, this rate was still higher in 2018 than in 1999. A portion of 70% of the total deaths in 2018 involved an opioid. Opioid overdose deaths have manifested in three waves from 1999-2018, with a total of 450,00 deaths. The organization postulates the first wave to have been triggered by an increase in the prescription of opioids in the 1990s, leading to an overdose. The second wave began in 2010 when a rapid increase was associated with a heroin overdose. The third wave started in 2018 when a significant increase in opioid overdose involved fentanyl. The organization uses graphs to display the information with facts based on reports critically. Additionally, they give ways of combating the opioid overdose epidemic. This resource will be significant in my study as it focuses on my topic by critiquing how the epidemic has soared over the years. Cobin, S., Raeford, B., Derric, V., John, M., & Banu, R. (2017). The US opioid crisis: Current federal and state legal issues. Anesthesia and Analgesia, 25 (105), 1675–1681. Web. Corbin, Raeford, Derric, John, and Banu investigate the current federal and state issues in the United States opioid crisis. The authors note that the United States is amid 33,000 deaths annually resulting from illegal or prescribed opioids. At least half of these deaths result from prescribed opioids. The research lays out the guidelines put by the CDC on the use of options for chronic pain. They also give other federal agencies subject to these regulations, including the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Drug Enforcement Agency (DEA), and the Department of Justice (DoJ). Accordingly, these federal agencies perform distinct roles to help solve the United States opioid crisis. While the DEA is authorized to implement prescription drug monitoring programs (PDMPs), FDA has a latitude magnitude of approving safer opioid medications. This study focuses on the different roles of federal and local authorities to help curb deaths resulting from opioids. The researchers critically distinct tasks for these agencies in reducing opioid deaths. This resource will be significant in my research as it analyzes the current federal and states legal issues surrounding the United States opioid crisis. Graeme, D., W. (2017). The opioid epidemic of America: What you need to know about the opiate and opioid crisis and how we can heal from it. CreateSpace Independent Publishi