ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction The play Hamlet depicts a tragedy written by the author in the period between 1599 and 1601 (Shmoop 1). The story of the play is about the prince Hamlet whose father was the king of Denmark. The king was murdered by Hamlet’s uncle Claudius who also married Hamlet’s mother Gertrude. The play is centered on Hamlet’s anxiety and indecision on how to avenge his father’s death. Following his father’s death news emerges of a ghost that roams the castles battlements that looks a lot like the dead king. Hamlet hurries to meet the ghost and receives news that his father was murdered by Claudius who poisoned him while he was sleeping (Shmoop 3). The ghost orders young Hamlet to remember him through seeking revenge for his untimely death. In response to this, Hamlet devises a plan to act like a madman while scheming to avenge his father’s death. With the intention of ascertaining whether the ghost is telling the truth, Hamlet decides to make a play in which a king is murdered in the exact fashion his father was killed. As he continues with the preparations he often plays the madman throwing wild accusations to all women. He even suggests committing suicide in a speech to further convince his audience of his insanity (Shmoop 3). Upon watching the play his uncle admits guilt for the crime and Hamlet decides to kill him to avenge his father’s death (Shmoop 5). The scene that is the subject of this report refers to a scene in the play that takes place at the graveyard following the death of Ophelia (Shmoop 23). In this scene the author depicts Hamlet’s observations on life from the perspective of the grave. In light of the events that unfold at the graveyard Hamlet encounters the skull of a childhood accomplice and is forced to stare death in the face as he reminisces on his childhood. It may even be argued that events that surround the scene play a significant role in the actions that preceded it and those that will follow. In this report an analysis will be presented of this scene and how it was affected by previous actions and how it affects scenes that follow in the play. Discussion As it has been mentioned the scene in the graveyard is the result of the death of Ophelia. In earlier scenes of the play we are introduced to Ophelia who is a sister to a young lord known as Laertes (Shmoop 7). The images in this scene indicate a strong relationship to what preceded due to the fact that the young lady’s death was the result of an accident that resulting from hamlet’s plot in the play. It has been established that the murder of her father that prompted her suicide was an accident as hamlet intended to murder King Claudius. It appears that Ophelia’s adamant position following her brother’s censure and father’s advice may have prompted her hasty decision to take her own life (Shmoop 7). This point is based on evidence of her father’s address following his intervention on a discussion between Ophelia and her brother. It is therefore possible to assume that her disappointment overwhelmed her given that both her loved ones had warned her about hamlet. Her eventual suicide that lea
Social challenges have become more serious in developed countries than it had been estimated by the end of the World War II. This has been precipitated by adamant poverty and the increasing gap between the rich and the poor in the society. According to Glennerster, (2000), the economic theory dictated that increasing incomes in countries would be equally distributed among the society. However, this theory had not foreseen the ineffective tax systems favoring the amassing of wealth by the rich in society. Alleviating social problems in society through social initiatives is not only the mandate of the government, but the private sector either through non-governmental organizations or private businesses can also contribute to this effort by adopting social initiatives. However, it is up to the government to encourage the private sector by empowering them through measures such as tax exemptions, market subsidies and grants. This was greatly evidenced in the first term of former President Clinton’s administration. With the coming to power of conservative politicians in the U.S. in the 1980s, the current thinking on poverty was adopted (Weir, 2004). This saw the adoption of policies that advocated for social initiatives such as: Vouchers The government introduced vouchers for the poor in society as a means of alleviating poverty and ensuring that everyone enjoys the set up social infrastructure in full. There has been an allocation towards this in the national budget. Some of the available vouchers include: Housing voucher: These vouchers are meant for the homeless in society although special individuals living in poor neighborhoods are given this to help them move to more organized neighborhoods that are considered safer. Child Care Voucher : This offers assistance especially to single parents so as to properly care for their children in a conducive environment. School Voucher: This is given to students who choose not to go to public school and since the government will not be incurring any expenses for them in public school, a certain amount of money is given to the parents to help the student attend private school or home-schooling. Subsidized student loans are also made available by the government to enable students to access cheap loans. Health insurance One form of government grants is Medicaid and it is for low-income families, pregnant women, disabled persons
William Shakespeare’s A Midsummer Nights Dream is a comedian play that describes the marriage of the duke of Athens, Theseus, and the queen of the Amazons, Hippolyta, the complicated love story of Hermia and Lysander, and multiple other characters. The central topic of this play is love. Shakespeare makes the readers think of whether love is ration, why people fall in love, and what love is in general. The play received numerous praises and criticisms. The current essay reviews the analysis of A Midsummer Nights Dream conducted by Kelly Bulkeley, According to Bulkeley, the central topic of Shakespeare’s play is dreaming (Bulkeley 297). What is more, she calls A Midsummer Nights Dream “the greatest celebration of dreaming in the Western literary canon (Bulkeley 298). Indeed, it is impossible to disagree with this view. Undoubtedly, Shakespeare devotes a lot of attention to the issue of love and shows how complicated it might be; however, the topic of dreaming is closely related to the one of love. The word “dream” per se is mentioned numerous times in the play, and for characters, a dream is a way to explain mysterious events that happen to them. Furthermore, from the very beginning, the audience is immersed in dreaming where the concepts of time and space are subjective and where several epochs intertwine with each other. However, Bulkeley makes an important notice that dreams in the play could not be treated as dreams of real people and should be regarded only as literary devices (Bulkeley 314). The particular attention should be devoted to the fact that dreams are not separated from reality but, on the contrary, are closely connected to it. As a prove of this idea, Bulkeley cites the example of Hermia’s nightmare (Bulkeley 303). The night before Lysander`s escape, Hermia saw a dream where a snake was eating her heart while Lysander was calmly watching at her. This nightmare “directly reflects that waking-world event” and shows the audience how strongly Hermia loves Lysander and how strongly his escape breaks her heart (Bulkeley 303). It could be added that the correspondence of Hermia’s dream with reality makes the discussed play even more mysterious. At the same time, Bulkeley raises a peculiar question of why Shakespeare chose a snake to eat Hermia`s heart (Bulkeley 303). The most obvious answer is that snakes symbolize betrayal and separation, as proposed in the Bible. H
Current State of the Agency Lending Hand is a nonprofit agency under the auspices of the Christian Church created to help those currently incarcerated and the newly released prisoners. At the moment, the agency’s activities are supported by donations from church members and a grant received from the government, the term of which comes. The funds are used to pay employee salaries and provide assistance to released prisoners, for example, providing clothes for interviews or buying materials for training and other tasks. The agency’s workplace structure is team-based, which means that the agency has formed teams dedicated to various projects accountable to their leaders (“Common organizational structures,” n.d.). The organization constantly has five teams, four people in each, including the leader. When the employee leaves, the team is looking for a new one that can perform various tasks. The current budget allocation and workforce structure negatively affect the organizational culture. With a limited budget, the simultaneous maintenance of the provision of services, and payments to employees, leave salaries low. Moreover, the tasks of the teams are constantly changing, throwing challenges to employees. As a result, the quality of performance of each employee suffers, and since they depend on each other, conflicts arise. The organization’s culture has become toxic, the level of personnel turnover has risen, and the ending grant jeopardizes all activities. Proposal Justification Given the shortcomings and gaps mentioned above, there is a need for changes in the agency’s work. Based on existing challenges, the proposal for changes will focus on the following issues:   * Search for additional funding sources to support Lending Hand activities.   * Changes in the organizational structure to maintain employee motivation and reveal their abilities do not create a heavy burden and prevent burnout.   * Creation of an organizational culture aimed at cooperation and mutual support and maintaining it through agency policy. Agency Mission The Landing Hands’ mission is to help former prisoners establish a new life by supporting their spiritual development and search for educational and employment opportunities. Ignoring the highlighted concerns jeopardizes all the activities of the organization and does not allow mission implementation. Since it aims at assistance, spiritual development, and new opportunities, the mission should contribute to the development of the community and the establishment of values such as unification, maintaining the hope for a second chance, and providing opportunities for everyone without discrimination. However, the current state of the agency neg
Introduction GAPDH is an acronym, which in full is “glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase” (Mozdziak, Dibner and McCoy, 2003, p. 438). Just as it is indicated in the full name of GAPDH, it is an enzyme that is responsible for the catalysis process, which takes place in the sixth step of glycolysis (breakdown of glucose). This, therefore, means that GAPDH speeds up the conversion of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate during the breakdown of glucose hence a glycolytic enzyme. This catalytic process takes place in the presence of NAD (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) and inorganic phosphate. From this description, it can be depicted that GAPDH is an essential enzyme when it comes to the processes/ pathways of glycolysis and gluconeogenesis. Role in metabolic pathways In addition to the major roles in metabolic pathways, GAPDH plays other critical roles such as initiating signals during cellular apoptosis and in diabetic retinopathy development among other functions. Recently, GAPDH has been described as a “regulator of cell death” (Barber, R. et al, 2005, p.390). Nevertheless, its contribution to cell death is uncertain, though some researchers have linked it to a proapoptotic function. Research done on GAPDH indicated that it has the potential of having macromolecules bound in cells. It binds with the voltage-dependent anion channel (VDAC) hence encouraging the release of cytochrome C (Cyt C) and apoptotic cell death. GAPDH acts as a catalyst in the sixth step of glycolysis, which involves the conversion of glyceraldehyde- 3-phosphate into D-glycerate1, 3-biphosphate. In addition, free energy is released and is used in the formation of high-energy compounds ATP (Adenosine triphosphate) and NADH (reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide). For glycolysis to occur “Cellular levels of NAD + must be replenished for either from the reduction of pyruvate to lactate in anaerobic conditions or by electron transfer from NADH to O 2 through the electron transport chain” (Mozdziak, Dibner, and McCoy, 2003, p. 440). When subjected to oxidative stress, GAPDH undergoes reversible thiolation (-SSF). On the other hand, Oxidants can induce irreversible oxidation of cysteine residues, which “favor intermolecular disulfide bonds and formation of cytosolic aggregates of GAPDH” (Mozdziak, Dibner, and McCoy, 2003, p. 441). This is an insoluble protein and may result in cellular dysfunction or even cell death. NADPH is an antioxidant cofactor used in the inactivation of GAPDH. “The inactivation re-routes temporally the metabolic flux from glycolysis to the Pentose Phosphate Pathway, allowing the cell to generate more NADPH” (Tarze et al, 2007, p.2020). Other roles in cells Other roles performed by GAPDH include cytoskeleton and vesicular transport from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to the Golgi apparatus. It has been established that GAPDH inte
The success of a healthcare system is dependent on the type of reviews it receives from the customers. While the hospital may enhance its strategies to improve the rate and quality of patient care, it must also consider reducing patient lines because they are both frustrating to the healthcare staff and the patients. Most of the patients that require the attention of cardiologists are negatively affected by the long queues, and they increase the number of delay complaints in the facility. Solutions for these kinds of delays must be practical, and they must center on patients’ satisfaction. Technology can be deployed in this strategy because it is fast to learn among the medicine faculty and easy to integrate into the general healthcare system. The main challenge of the existing system is that patients have to physically report to the facility to make appointments and checkups. All activities are centered in one location, and the voluminous paperwork slows the staff in charge of scheduling. Everything is based on physical contact, and sometimes neurologists have to attend the appointments and clarify matters with the support staff. The best tactic is to employ technology and launch an appointment website with general information about heart diseases and their complications (Cildoz et al., 2019). Such a website allows patients to view when the neurologist is available and the fees required. The patients will then set their appointments depending on the available information and only visit the facility when their appointments are improved. The hospital can also set up an information telephone number for patients that want clarification on specific matters. The patient lines will gradually reduce, and they will only visit the facility when the appointment is due.
Introduction Cognitive enhancers are drugs, enhancements, nutraceuticals and useful foods; which are supposed to advance cerebral functions such as cognition, reminiscence, cleverness, concentration and attentiveness. In this case, these drugs adjust the accessibility of the brain’s provision of enzymes and hormones by advancing the brain’s oxygen provision or arousing nerve development. Based on this, there have been debates as to whether cognitive enhancers should be used by students in collages and universities or not. In some countries like the United States, buying and selling of these drugs within the school is considered as an offense; punishable through imprisonment. From this, some individuals view such punishments as suitable; as they regard the use of these drugs as deceiving, abnormal or hazardous. Main Body It can be argued that, students use these drugs not for the purposes of becoming high, but to stimulate their concentrations in class; in order to attain higher grades. From psychiatric and neurological prescriptions, drugs like Ritalin and Adderall used to improve cognition; are in addition utilized in the curing of ‘Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder’ (ADHD). In this case, these stimulants enhance patients’ capabilities to focus their concentration, control information in working reminiscence and flexibly handle their reactions (Greely et al. 702-705). Based on this, researches and earlier studies have indicated that in the year 2007 approximately 1.6 million persons in America had used instructed medicines non-medically. Additionally, in some universities a quarter of the students’ population was found to have used these drugs. It was indicated from these people who use cognitive enhancers that, they obtain them from internet sellers or physicians (Stix 46-55). From the above descriptions, Louisiana State University should not attempt to regulate the use of cognitive enhancement stimulants among students. This is because students use them not to become high, but to enhance their concentration in studies. In this case, students use these drugs in order to compete with their fellow students and as a result; they do better than non users. It can be said that students with some drugs on board do better in their learning, experiments and research paper writings than non users and hence no attempt to stop them should be made. On the other hand it is of importance to note that, students have been known to abuse these drugs as it was said by Dr. Nora the director of the ‘National Institute on Drug Abuse’ University of California. Further, Dr. Barbara said that when students are preparing for continuous assessment tests or final exams, cognitive enhancement stimulants are very attractive and important to improve their concentration and tentativeness (Kirby 94-95). Additionally, it can be argued that cognitive enhancement stimulants help a student to be able to take on double the accountability, work faster than usual, writes more efficiently, be more innovative and possesses more inventive approaches when learning o
As earlier observed, human rights are all those situations, circumstances and phenomenal rights that human beings enjoy simply by virtue of being human. Therefore, the society is the recipient of whatever deviations from that. A society which does not observe members’ rights has a feeling oppression. This may lead to accumulation of anger, dissatisfaction and cries against the factors that bring about the oppression. Had the Egyptians felt President Mubarak’s reign as having a heart towards the people and their rights, they would not have resolved to oust him in the manner that they did. A society where there is an observation for human rights has a harmonious coexistence among the people. Integration of the different variations- race, gender, social status, religion, tribal affiliations, nationality and ethnic diversities are most effective since every member of that society feels valued and appreciated. Political instability is one problem that the society would face. A people that feel ill-treated by its systems of governance face more instability in comparison to one that is well treated. This is because the people develop a sense of mistrust and fear for that system instead of confidence. Democratic space is an indication of tolerance and consideration of the people on the part of the government, since it shows that the voice of the people has a preference over any single person. Denial of such space, therefore, deprives the people their fundamental right. Whereas a politically stable country enjoys relative peace, which is not only a right for all mankind; but also an integral ingredient for a prosperous society, one that is unstable is exposed to dangers of unrest or even warfare (Köchler, 1990). Food insecurity is another impact the society would face. Food is among man’s basic needs, and is therefore a crucial right to him. Where the relevant authority is aware of the threats that hunger and starvation has on humanity, it puts itself in a capacity to come up with measures to ensure that there is a sustainable availability of food for its people at all times. Food security is, however, affected by other factors which the said authority has to organize and plan accordingly for the people’s benefits. A society is therefore shielded from calamities in the event that normal food productivity is compromised. Many Sub Saharan regions such as Ethiopia and Darfur in the Sudan are almost always reported to be in a crisis as far as starvation is concerned whenever droughts persist in those regions. The economy of a society is also dependant on factors relating to upholding human rights. This is because investors- both local and foreign are more inclined to invest in a place where the rule of law as well as respect to individual and corporate values exists. A society that shuns human rights is therefore likely to be shunned by potential investors thereby greatly affecting the rate of development o
Introduction The notion of culture emerged for the first time in the course of the 18 th century. The term ‘Culture’ does not take a fixed definition. This is because cultures vary from people to people, place to place, profession to profession, just to mention a few. The way people attribute things will then tend to differ based on their refinement. This ascription will be positive if it emerges from ‘similar’ people. They should either be of the same origin or sharing the same occupation, otherwise it will be negative. For instance, psychologists view culture on the basis of acuity clarifying the issue of thinking styles as either influential or inferential. Sociologists view it in terms of the social structures whereas anthropologists define it in terms of the life patterns. Other fields like business combine some of these views together in pursuit of a working definition of culture. Harris, defines culture as “the cumulative deposit of knowledge, beliefs, values, religion, customs and mores acquired by a group and passed on from generation to generation” (25). Culture can be divergent or convergent. While cultural convergence denotes the coming together of other cultures, cultural divergence is the reverse; one culture gives rise to different cultures. There is a debate on whether cultures are diverging or converging but following the issue of globalization, which has brought people together boosting commonness rather than diversity, it stands out that cultures are converging. Literature Review “The most significant moment in the course of intellectual development, which gives birth to the purely human forms of practical and abstract intelligence, occurs when speech and practical activity, two previously completely independent lines of development, converge” (Vygotsky 23). A major factor that maintained the great cultural distance in the past was language. It was used to identify the culture of the people. They stuck to one language showing no interest on any other but there arose some other factors forcing them to welcome other cultures as well as giving out theirs. This was in the case of intermarriage, a booster of cultural convergence, which required their knowledge of other languages and hence cultures. “Some writers argue that in line with societies, businesses will become more alike” (Brewster & Tyson 69). For instance, IKEA provides a good illustration of this. It has a travel focused culture with more than 20000 travellers. “…Ikea rapidly increased its global market share during the past decade” (Darson Para. 4). This is no more than cultural convergence in which the business’ travel culture is realized everywhere by people. The physical environment was a major factor that barred cultural convergence. Japan, in a few centuries was inaccessible following its rugged topography as well as its location. Trade was just within the country but owing to the improved infrastructure and technology, it is accessible tra