ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction This research paper has reviewed several research articles for the topic. It begins with the detailed picture of the neuron which is the basic cell of the brain. What happens in a neurotransmission is next explained. The electrical conduction and the chemical neurotransmission are so explained as to understand how the SSRIs, which form the primary line of treatment of OCD, act at the synapse. The biologic basis of OCD has been detailed using the backing of many studies and papers found in the literature. The paper ends with the therapy of the anxiety disorder, obsessive compulsive disorder, which has been selected from among the many psychiatric disorders for discussion here. The Neuron The neuron is the smallest functional unit of the brain (Saleebey, 2001). There are also glial cells in the brain. This neuron has four parts: the cell body, dendrites, axon and cell terminals. The proteins and the other substances that the neuron needs for its function are manufactured by the cell body or soma and the nucleus and the neuron is known as the “manufacturing and recyling plant” (Stufflebeam, 2008). The nucleus contains the DNA. The dendrites, hairlike and many in number, extend from the upper portion of the cell body. They are the primary receptors and they carry neuronal impulses or information or signals from the other neurons to the cell body (Saleebey, 2001). The axon extends from the lower portion of the cell body and transports the impulse that came in through the dendrites to the dendrites of another neuron. The axons vary in length according to the part of the body they are supplying. The terminal buttons or end feet of the axon constitute the fourth part and are named the axon terminals; they contain the neurotransmitters. The neurotransmitters are the chemical media through which signals flow between neurons at chemical synapses (Stufflebeam, 2008). The synapse is the small interval or space between the axon of one neuron and the dendrites of another and is in conjunction with the axon terminal. The synapse is the position where the communication between neurons occur (Saleebey, 2001). A single axon has connections with the dendrites of many neurons. The transfer of information from neuron to neuron becomes smoother with the myelin sheath around the axon. Conduction of neuronal impulses The neurons are surrounded by a cell membrane which is formed by a watery solution of chemicals and fatty acids (Saleebey, 2001). These are the chemicals which make possible the transmission across the synapse and within the cell. The passage of impulses within the cell is through the chemical ions or electrically charged molecules found inside the cell and outside. Ion channels in and outside the cell allow the passage of chemical ions of sodium, potassium, calcium and chlori
Introduction Christian doctrine lays prime significance on the subject of showing other people consideration and respect. In the Bible, there are seven whole verses that speak of all this important virtue of consideration for others irrespective of their social, economic and cultural backgrounds. As Christians, we should heed to Gods message and this includes the early childhood teachers. Statistics carried out in the United States indicates that enrollment to schools by people from cultural diverse backgrounds is increasing hence raising issues. Main Body Challenges in educating such immigrant kids arise due to existing barriers. Some of the barriers are caused by prevailing institutional practices and educators beliefs and attitudes (Cole, 2008). Many of the children from these minority groups fall under the category of English language learners which has been considered as our ethical dilemma in this article. Virtually all educators are motivated when the students they tutor excel in their studies and succeed in life. One critical condition, of course, would be to have high expectations on the students. However, according to (Shatz and Wilkinson, 2011), some early childhood tutors lack an understanding of cultural differences and bilingual instruction. For instance, (Mitchell, 2015) states that the insufficiency of bilingual teachers in the United States undermines the learning of English by the English learning students. In addition, the tutors do not continuously monitor the progress of the minority students hence leading to the students’ falling behind in their studies (Morrison, 2015). Tutors need to adopt a multiculturalism approach to teaching in order to achieve success in English language teaching. A multicultural approach would not only heed to Gods message on consideration of others but would also improve the learning experiences of the English language learners. Multicultural teaching supports the cultural identities of all the children by ensuring that the resources and programmes are not only sensitive but responsive to the different cultures (Morrison, 2015). Furthermore, multiculturalism combats racism. According to (Kremilniter, 2005), success in teaching English to the English language learners’ results from delivering instructions in the primary language that the students understand. If the English students understand the subject matter then they would understand much more of the instructions presented hence a better understanding of English language. In such a manner, then, the primary language will develop the necessary literacy
Introduction The University of Arizona (UA) is among the oldest universities of America with a rich tradition that has an extensive historical background. Edmondson (2013) states that although the Americans are somewhat familiar with the social and political events that historically contributed to the development of the University of Arizona, most of them are unaware about some important traditions that are noteworthy for the university. Band singing and marching is one of the traditions of the University of Arizona that people rarely recognize. This essay seeks to discuss the historical aspect of the Arizona Marching Band as a unique tradition that distinguishes this university from the rest. How the Band Singing Tradition Began Band singing is an exceptional culture of the University of Arizona. During the 1900s, the influence of the students in the creative arts and co-curricular activities had begun increasing ( University of Arizona, 2015). In 1902, the university enhanced its close relations with the local authorities and such relationships made the students to establish a singing band that marched like the trained soldiers. Under the student leadership of Frank C. Kelton, the students developed a ROTC band popularly known as the Reserve Officers’ Training Corps band ( University of Arizona, 2015). The band began with twelve musicians who wore in military uniforms. The band made its first appearance in December 1902 at an organized Battalion Parade. The singing and marching of the band created an immense enthusiasm among the politicians and the university officials, who thought this practice as an exceptional activity for the university ( University of Arizona, 2015). In 1907, the university authority commenced the band projects and created the University of Arizona Band that replaced the ROT
The key difference between the good and the bad example of the school-community partnership was in communication patterns. In the first case, Institute for Student Achievement (ISA) rarely engaged in an inter-organizational conversation with Dunbar High School. This situation widened the gap in mutual understanding and resulted in poor outcomes for both students and the education providers. At the first glance, ISA had a clearly established goal – to build up the student’s knowledge level to a college standard. However, such activities did not correlate with the school educational program, which is a vivid example of miscommunication on the organizational level. The collaboration of Dunbar school with smaller schools demonstrated the opposite approach to partnership. They both had the same goals: raising the level of teaching quality, prioritizing academic knowledge instead of sport, and nurturing leadership. By sharing and discussing positive practices and collaboration channels the organizations worked together towards shaping better youth. Based on the example, communication seems to be the most effective way towards successful school community entrepreneurial partnership. Funding, on the other hand, appears to be not that important because it did not help ISA reach its goals. This leads to the conclusion that healthy cooperation is born through mutual dedication to teamwork and open dialogue.
Introduction Saudi Aramco is the most influential oil company in the world and the world’s largest producers of oil in the globe; it supplies more than ten percent of the global oil demand. Aramco is charged with the management of 98 percent of Saudi Arabia’s oil reserves which comprise of 25 percent of the total global oil reserve. In the year 2006, Saudi Aramco extracted 8.9 million barrels of oil in one day. Saudi Aramco manages several refineries, international oil markets and domestic distribution of oil in Saudi Arabia. The company also owns several fleets of oil tankers and it also has distribution network of refineries. Saudi Aramco operates ventures in petrochemical industry. The company has its headquarters in Dhahran and supplies natural gas to other Saudi industries. It has been consistently ranked as the number one oil producer since its establishment. This ranking is based on the size of its reserve, its output in terms of oil and natural gas, refining capacity, volume of sales, net income and asset base (Aramco 14). Since 40 percent of Saudi Arabia’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP) comes from the petroleum sector and that oil accounts for 85 percent of Saudi’s export and 70 percent of the total government revenue, it is evident that the company is the core of Saudi economy. Its importance also emanate from its strong asset base. The strong size of the company makes it an important asset in Saudi economy and thus it is in a better position to influence the policies and the strategies of Saudi Arabia kingdom. In the development of the company’s corporate plans, it should factor not only its commercial goals but also Saudi’s foreign policy requirements and the economic goals for the kingdom’s economic future (Jaffe and Elass 12). Saudi Aramco plays an important role in Saudi society. The critical element of its mission is to play a redistributive function in the management of the Kingdoms oil reserves and assets. The company subsidizes the domestic fuel supplies as an act to benefit the consumers and the domestic industries. It is also the main employer and it provides training for the Saudi workers. Saudi Aramc
The article by M.A. Ward and S. Mitchellb (2004) examines and analysis the differences between public and private sector organizations. Special attention is given to the strategic and planning priority selected by information resource management. The authors underline that planning and management can lead to an increased ability of state and local government managers to evaluate, select, and implement alternative approaches to the financing and delivery of needed public services. Such application of strategic planning, thinking, and management–drawing upon the vast resources of a variety of organizations and institutions–can have significant positive effects on the efficiency of state and local government, the improvement and simplification of selected service delivery functions, and the financial viability of individual agencies and jurisdictions. Thesis I agree with the authors that private-sector information management pays more attention to IT and innovative solutions providing market-oriented planning and development. The authors state that public organizations pay no attention to IT and software development using old-fashioned tools and techniques. I agree with Ward and Mitchellb that ” a new software personnel system created by the private sector could be adopted by the public sector to provide employees with better access to their financial records, benefits packages, and so on” (p. 300). The overall strategic plan was adopted by the local government and civic leaders of the community and was systematically tied into their operating budgets. Details were then worked out as to responsibilities and timing for implementation. A private, nonprofit organization called the Council for Educational Excellence has been established to increase citizen awareness of the link between quality education and economic growth. These situations are typical of much of the program and policy planning that takes place in government today. Unfortunately, many public decisions must be made in an environment where the goals, constraints, and consequences of possible actions are not precisely known (Lynn, 2006). The main difference between public and private sectors is explained by the fact that the private sector concentrates on economic, well-defined long-term strategies while the public sector concentrates on politics and very broad short-term strategies. In carrying out its mission, the strategic planning team developed several key strategies (Simon, 2007): I suppose that private organizations are better prepared for changing market environment by adopting IT solutions and innovative techniques. Companies have invested increasingly in communication technology since the early 1990s. In 1991, America’s service sector companies spent over $100 billion on hardware, equal to more than $12000 per information worker. Assuming that companies spend their resources wisely, it is tempting to conclude that higher expenditure on communication te
Introduction From the statement that “A National Audit Office analysis of the 700 companies whose affairs are handled by HM Revenue & Customs’ large business service recently revealed that 50 businesses paid 67% of the total tax collected by the service last year, while 220 paid none and 210 paid less than 10 million pounds. Discuss the extent to which this demonstrates a failure of the tax system,” questions the principles and aims of taxations. To address this problem we can start at examining the principles of and aims of taxation. To begin with, I will define a good tax system. A good tax system should be applied in a fair, reliable and transparent manner. It should provide ways in which proper communication to taxpayers about their rights and obligations as well as the available complaint procedures and redress mechanisms. It should also consistently deliver quality information and treat inquiries, requests and appeals from taxpayers in an accurate and timely fashion; provide an accessible and dependable information service on taxpayers rights and obligations with respect to the law; ensure that compliance costs are kept at the minimum level necessary to achieve compliance with the tax laws; where appropriate, give taxpayers opportunities to comment on changes to administrative policies and procedures; use taxpayer information only to the extent permitted by law; develop and maintain good working relationships with client groups and the wider community. Apply the provisions of tax treaties in a fair and consistent manner; promote the fair sharing of taxing rights in tax treaties and the development of domestic laws; not promote or facilitate tax evasion or avoidance by residents of other countries; improve access to bank and financial information for tax exchange purposes; provide the same treatment and redress mechanisms to all otherwise similarly situated taxpayers regardless of their nationality; treat the information obtained from tax treaty partners with the same or greater confidentiality protection as that required under domestic laws; make recommendations and provide assistance to policy makers for the renegotiations of areas of mutual concern in existing tax treaties. (www.oecd.org/dataoecd) Objectives of a tax system Taxation systems can be thought of as facilitating four main objectives. Most obviously, taxes raise the revenue with which governments can drive human development by providing systems of health, education and social security as well as the basis for a successful economy through regulation, administration and investments in infrastructure. A second goal is redistribution, to reduce poverty and inequality and ensure that all feel the benefits of development. Gemmell & Morrissey (2005) summarize two decades of tax studies as follows: income taxes are progressive (although evasion is generally ignored); corporate taxes are regressive at low incomes and then become progressive; property taxes
Assessment   * Major Depressive Disorder (ICD 10 code F33.0): This condition if frequently associated with such problems as issues with mood and self-esteem (Armstrong, 2011). Moreover, this illness is especially problematic at this age because of increased risks of morbidity. Changes in behavior are also frequently noticeable. This primary diagnosis is reasonable in this situation because such symptoms as issues with sleep, somnolence, and fatigue have been noted (Armstrong, 2011).   * Plan for Major Depressive Disorder: Rx: Wellbutrin SR sustained-release 150mg orally daily for two months Disp # 30 Refill # 2. It may be necessary to increase the dosage depending on the symptoms (Armstrong, 2011).   * Additional Diagnostic Tests: It is necessary to evaluate the risk of suicide in this case. Moreover, the assessment will be focused on such aspects as suicidal thoughts and if an individual has demonstrated such behavior in the past. Moreover, The Geriatric Depression Scale should be used to determine the severity of this problem (Seller & Symons, 2012).   * Education: The information regarding treatment options that are available should be provided to ensure that the patient will be able to make reasonable decisions, and will have an understanding of what side effects may be expected. Moreover, he should be encouraged because many individuals think that recovery is not possible (Armstrong, 2011).   * Referrals: Need to refer to a mental health professional may be considered if the condition of the patient worsens and treatment is not effective (Armstrong, 2011).   * Follow up: Diagnosis may have to be reconsidered if there is no noticeable improvement. Moreover, the follow-up should be focused on the prevention of relapse. The patient should be advised to continue taking the same dose of the medicine if the treatment has been successful for 4-9 months (Armstrong, 2011).   * Somatic Symptom Disorder (ICD 10 code F45.0): Patients that have to deal with this condition suffer from a variety of symptoms that cannot be explained with testing most of the time (Kurlansik & Maffei, 2016). Moreover, they are frequently worried about such issues. The differential diagnosis is appropriate in this case because the patient is presented with a broad range of symptoms as reduced appetite, problems with sleep, fatigue, and others. Testing did not show any significant abnormalities. Also, it is evident that the patient has some issues with balance because he required help from his neighbor (Kurlansik & Maffei, 2016).   * Plan for Somatic Symptom Disorder: Rx: Amitriptyline 10mg orally t.i.d. for 3 weeks Disp # 28 Refill # 4. Such symptoms as fatigue, issues with sleep are improved most of the time with the use of this medicine (Kurlansik & Maffei, 2016).   * Additional Diagno
Abstract Sonodynamic therapy (SDT) for cancer treatment highly depends on the intake of sonosensitizing drugs present in tumor tissues and how ultrasound activates such drugs. Ultrasound is capable of piercing through the inner cells up until it touches the part with tumor in order to trigger sonosensitizer. This makes SDT to be accurate compared to additional cancer treatment methods. According to the research conducted recently by the medical fraternities, when photochemical porphyrins encounter ultrasound during SDT, they display significant antitumor effects. Therefore, for SDT to work efficiently there should be sonoluminescent light and singlet oxygen, which acts as a sensitizer. Introduction Cancer is a multifaceted illness influenced by the phenotype of the host meaning that it needs sophisticated and multi-factorial solutions. Several cancer treatment methods are evident in dissimilar hospitals; however, they lacked enough information on finding an appropriate tumor-inhabitation treatment method leaving the side effects 1 . Finally, invention of ultrasound/ Sonodynamic method is appropriate in cancer treatment because it has a penetrating tissue, which enables it to reach profound cancer infected tissues. Sonodynamic therapy (SDT) also known as ultrasound therapy is a hopeful innovative cancer treatment method that focuses on synergistic effect on tumor cell killing of a photosensitizer and ultrasound. SDT is similar to Photodynamic therapy (PDT), except that SDT is a local therapy and depends on sound for activation. Concurrently, the activation of PDT depends on light. Both SDT and PDT are important during cancer treatment because they work in a superior manner when combined. The two methods mainly strategize in treating areas infected with cancer. It is approximately 40 years since the introduction of sonodynamic therapy. The tenacity of introducing this method was to defeat the imperfect tissues that pierce the light ability in PDT. SDT concentrates on synergistic communication among ultrasound and sensitizers. Some ultrasounds contain high frequencies that enable them to pierce deep tissues; thus, focusing in few regions where activation of sonosensitizer is possible. Various hospitals using this method with slight or no toxicity, experience positive results within a short period of application. SDT is proficient of producing remarkable results in a patient with late phase cancer. During SDT, drugs like “photofrin II, zinc, HP and chloroaluminum phthalocyanines” can perform the role of photosensitizers and sonosensitizers. Review While conducting SDT, ultrasound performances on biological material occur in two different ways, which involve the thermal and the non-thermal processes. During the thermal process, the captivation of ultrasound energy turns into heat. Therefore, this process largely relies on captivation and indulgence of ultrasound energy. The non-thermal process is