ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Employers aim at maximally utilizing any input that they use in the production process in order to achieve maximum revenue. This quest makes employers ready to do anything they can to see to it that output is maximized. Human labor being one of the most important and easy to manipulate resource is always on the receiving end. Employers will want their employees to work for longer hours, do extra work or even pay them lesser wages. All this is done at the expense of employees. It is important to note that without employee protection, employers will exploit them. The 20 th century has seen most of the employers being restricted on what they can do and what they cannot do as regards employee treatment. Many laws have been implemented while unions have had stronger bargaining power in negotiations. Nevertheless, employee exploitation still exists in various places. Given the opportunity, employers will want to minimize the costs of production and this includes paying fewer wages. Employees who have no information regarding their rights are always exploited by their employers. In the 19 th century and part of the 20 th century, employees complained of being paid less than market rate wages. Though this has reduced, it has come back in a new form where employees are made to sign contracts with their salaries quoted (Davidov & Langille, 2011). These salaries are lesser than what employees should be paid but by signing the contracts employees are unknowingly made to bind themselves. On the other hand, initially employees were complaining of being made to work for longer hours. The law was implemented to regulate the amount of hours that one could work. However, the law has not yet been effective to evaluate the amount of work that an employee is supposed to accomplish during any given period. Employers have therefore come up with targets which employees are supposed to meet. These targets are sometimes very huge and compel employees to strain so much. Consequently, while hours of work have been put under check, employers are looking for ways to increase the amount of work completed within the stipulated
Introduction Motutapu Island that is sometimes simply called “Motutapu” is an island belonging to the Hauraki Gulf Maritime Park. As for the geographic features characteristic for the “sacred” or “sanctuary” island, Motutapu Island can be contrasted to the neighboring island called Rangitoto that is covered with forests while Motutapu Island lacks forests and is covered in grassland and wet meadows (Bain & Dunford, 2006, p. 148). As the Geology section of the official website of The Motutapu Restoration Trust (2009) suggests, there occurred a volcanic eruption about six hundred years ago and the island of Rangitoto is its product. However, the fact of special interest for the present research is that the same volcanic eruption caused Motutapu’s covering with “fertile, friable, volcanic solids making it attractive for cultivation by Maori”, hence the great fertile potential of the soil of the island (The Motutapu Restoration Trust, 2009, para.1). However, it is known that there are very few areas on the Island that are covered with forests. This is why a major fifty-year community project aimed at the restoration of Motutapu’s Island is of great interest for the present research since it can be regarded as the research in the framework of this Community restoration program. Decomposition of plant litter is directly connected with the formation of soil organic matter (Breemen & Buurman, 2002, p. 85). Since there is a direct connection between the restoration of forests and the structure of the soil, it is necessary to conduct research analyzing the differences of soil structure in the areas of forest that differ from one another by the age of plants. Literature Review On the whole, very little scientific research devoted to botanical features or soil study of Motutapu Island has been conducted. Esler (1980) perused research of botanical features of Motutapu and neighboring regions. The value of this research is in the fact that the author has presented an outline of vegetation and flora on the island under consideration, concluding that Motutapu is “predominantly pasture with extensive riparian swamps, degenerate relics of native forest, and very minor areas of scrubland” (Esler, 1980, p. 15). Research of great importance for the nature of Motutapu Island and, consequently, for the present study, is the conservation vision for the islands Rangitoto and Motutapu, conducted by Miller, Craig, and Mitchell (1994). The researchers offer a strategy of restoration of the state of functioning native ecosystems by means of revegetation of large areas of Motutapu Island and the reintroduction or translocation of native fauna (Miller et al
What is the major advantage of a complex adaptive system approach to a KM model? The main advantage of a complex adaptive system is that the approach views the organization as having a symbiotic relationship with its environment. The traditional methods such as flat structures, bureaucracies and popular matrix are not able to ensure the organization has the cohesiveness, complexity and selective pressure for its survival in the market place. A complex adaptive organization consists of a number of self-organizing sub systems that interact with each other as they seek to accomplish their goals. These subsystems also adhere to the appropriate rules and procedures in their relationships with each other and the outside world. The system enables managers take advantage of people’s strengths and spurs them towards innovation, learning and quick responses to new situations while at the same time ensuring unity. What are some of the drawbacks? The main challenges would be on securing the cooperation and unity of the knowledge workers. The members are aware that knowledge is regarded highly however they have to share the knowledge with others for optimum organizational results. a. Provide an everyday example of requisite variety. Next, apply this to the management of knowledge in an organization . In an area such as creativity, there would need to be a network of people brainstorming on different ideas and sharing knowledge. Members should realize every person’s contribution will be highly appreciated. What are the key elements needed in order to successfully regulate a complex adaptive system? Why? For the system to be implemented successfully there needs to be organizational intelligence, permeable boundaries, shared purpose, knowledge centricity, selectivity, multi-dimensionality, optimum complexity and flow of information. This is because it is only the knowledge workers who can make decisions and take action. They need to be systems to share knowledge such as dynamic networks. Link the KM frameworks to key KM concepts and the major phases of the KM cycle. The KM cycle consists of several steps. These are knowledge capture, sharing, acquisition and application. The concepts that apply in the KM cycle are several. Knowledge capture is about identifying and codification of both internal and external knowledge. Knowledge creation is on innovation or new knowledge. The knowledge is then trickled down to the members using networks. The end users should be able to get the knowledge and apply it in their work. There are several KM frameworks or models that have been highlighted since they give a holistic view of knowledge management involving people, processes, technology and organization as a whole. These are Von Krough, Nonaka and Takeuchi, Wiig, Boisot-I-Space and Choo and Weick models. The KM models assist the organization to ensure a level of completeness and depth in the practice of KM. The models give a picture of how the company is and the roadmap to use to get the organization to where it wants to
Introduction Inas El Degheidi is a distinguished film director who formerly plied her trade as an actress and as an assistant director, working under several celebrated film directors. This paper makes a retrospective study on the life, background, and lifestyle of this filmmaker as well as her contributions to the advancements of performance arts and to the fight against gender discrimination and sexual abuse. It also examines how strict religious and social principles and values can be hurdles in the fulfillment of women’s dreams and how El Degheidi has overcome these obstructions to emerge as a film icon. Life History El Degheidi was born on 10 th March 1953 in Cairo, one of the eight children born in a traditional, middle-class family (Fakhri, 2015). She and her female siblings were closely monitored and discriminated against because of gender. These events had an enormous influence on her later life. Her father was an Arabic teacher and a strict but broad-minded figure who gave his children an equal opportunity to follow their dreams (Fakhri, 2015). At the age of seventeen and still doubtful on career choice, El Degheidi was persuaded by a friend to venture into the field of dramatic arts. She decided to pursue film production at the Higher Cinema Institute in Cairo. Moghadam (2013) reports that at the start, the apprentice El Degheidi pursued all sections of film production, i.e., cinematography, directing, and scriptwriting, but was encouraged to specialize in directing by one of her instructors, Salah Abou Seif, who noticed this talent in her. She proceeded from college in 1975 and directed her pioneering film in 1985. She later married and bore a daughter. However, in 2013 she separated from her husband, citing boredom as the reason (Afify, 2015). Image, Lifestyle, and Travel El Degheidi is a tall, imposing woman who has adopted the western dressing code. Her mannerism and dressing have earned her disapproval from the security, media, and religious personalities. Afify (2015) mentions one male media figure who went on to posit that “ the filmmaker wears revealingly and often addresses sex issues because she suffers from a personality complex linked to sex “ (para. 4). Despite these accusations, El Degheidi is a Muslim who follows her faith, fast and pray, but who does not wear a headscarf. Being a well-known film director who has been in the industry for long, it is obvious that she has traveled to many parts of the globe. Contributions Rahman (2012) includes El Degheidi in a group of upcoming “Arab women, who are challenging the conservatism and sexism of the Middle East communit
Establishing a new children’s urgent care clinic is a complex task that requires in-depth planning. There are several concepts that need to be considered when identifying staffing specialties that would benefit this process the most. The essential roles within the planning team which will have vital influences on the implementation itself are linked to leadership. Needless to say, the leaders can guide the staff, provide valuable instructions, and motivate employees to achieve the planned goals and outcomes. Thus, it is important to select leaders of different structural domains to ensure that the plan is established without gaps and uncertainties on any level. First, it is essential to have a leader who will be in charge of all the processes and have the role of a visioner. The CEO is the one establishing the overall direction and planning the expected performance correlating with the implementation (Harrison, 2010). Moreover, it is suggested that CEOs have to be reasonable and objective when developing new policies (Bridewell & Shahan, 2019). Thus, the risks of the implementation being impossible to apply in practice become minimal. Based on the leadership position, the CEO is a significant figure for any planning process due to the primary roles of creating a vision and establishing the overall direction of the project. Planning is a process that requires the analysis of multiple factors, including the financial part. The chief financial officer is the individual in charge of the budget. Thus, expenses are well-planned out, and the risk of going over the established budget is minimized once a chief financial director is responsible for this domain. If the monetary aspect of a project is accurately predicted and calculated, shareholders will be less likely to spend more resources than initially established. Two more figures who would be included are the chief medical officer and chief nursing officer. Thus, leaders managing doctors and nurses have to ensure the implementation follows all the necessary guidelines that alight with general medical services policies. Researchers specifically refer to chief nursing officers as being able to inspire teams into achieving high rates of patient satisfaction through hard work (Johnston & Villa, 2018). Moreover, leaders of staff members would ensure every single individual within the facility works on the same objective and aims towards a common goal identified during planning. Another vital person who would be helpful during strategic planning is the chief information officer. Medical environments have to base all guidelines and new projects on existing evidence and research. Since analyzing current information, designing certain policies, and determining the proper operational techniques are the responsibilities of information officers, they can become an excellent addition to the planning staff. The reliable source of data was used to estab
Positive impacts of video games   * Helps gamers learn how to follow instructions. The argument behind this point is that gaming requires both abstract and high levels of thinking which follows a logical flow that might not be so obvious at school. This view is supported by a game designer when she says “gaming can make a better world.” In (“Jane McGonigal: Gaming can make a better world | Talk Video | TED.com,” n.d.) She says the reality is Brocken and needs fixing.   * Some of the positive gains that are associated with playing video games include quick thinking of making fast analytical decisions for developing perseverance. The more a player completes levels in the game, the more he finds more difficult levels that require patience to complete and often fail at first trials. Reading instructions from the games improves the reading skills of the players. Now, these are real and almost practical, positive gains from gaming that perhaps parents might find hard to punch holes into. Negative impacts of video games   * For those that advocate for negative effects of video games, their arguments are a result of some video games having violent features, and for this reason, they teach the players these negative attributes too. The players of such games become violent to their teachers, friends, and become isolated.   * Another real and imminent danger is that today there are online games that children can play. There is that risk of being exposed to materials that they are not meant to be exposed to at that age. Gamification can both be used as a positive thing or a negative thing. On the positive side, gamification allows users to see how close they are to their set goals through feedback provided by the game providers. As such, children learn a very important aspect of judging how far or how close they are to their goals as determined by the feedback they get. Gamification also comes in the form of competition, this way students again learn the aspect of working hard so as to beat competition from their fellow students. Gamification is also the new era of motivation both in schools and even in the workplace. Gamification entails people who enjoy actively engage and participate with others through entertainment. As such children will at all times be affected positively through communication and rewards that come with the gaming itself. Simply by learning how to perform a task through gamification enforces the value of the task itself. On the negative side, gamification nowadays comes with a lack of originality where everything is set, and users simply have to follow what is presented before them. As such, students tend to become lazy and wait for everything to be done for them. Children will thus not be able to cope up with the challenge of creativity and innovation that the present world requires today. Gamification also stresses on users being the best and reaching the highest level of superiority. This is a problem as it comes with the wrong motivation. Is gaming responsible for poor performance? So now we have established that there are both positi
Introduction Political development is a topic that has raised many controversies among political scientists in the contemporary world. According to Myrdal (2008, p. 48), there is still an argument among political scientists as to the proper definition of political development. This scholar says that the criteria for political development may be viewed from different angles based on the political structure within the country. This is particularly true when considering the fact that some countries around the world are still under dictatorial rule, others practice aristocracy while others are governed by pure democracy. However, some scholars have argued that political development should always be geared towards realizing a leadership where the lives of the ordinary people can be made better. Jillson (2013, p. 33) defines political development as, “The development of the institutions, attitudes, and values that form the political power system of a society.” This scholar says that political development can only be achieved if the responsible stakeholders can manage to use it as a vehicle through which good governance can be achieved for the betterment of all the people. Based on this definition, it would be expected that political development would be considered achieved if the lives of the ordinary people is made better. However, this may not be the case in most of the developed countries. This research seeks to investigate the argument that the main criteria for political development do not enhance the development experience, particularly the lives of ordinary people in developing countries. Discussion Developing countries, especially those in Africa, have been faced by numerous political problems in the last five decades following the independence they gained from the Whitman’s rule. When colonization ended, these countries were handed the mandate to govern themselves. However, Jillson (2013, p. 67) says that the lives of ordinary people have been consistently deteriorating ever since. It would be expected that following the change of political leaders
Introduction It is known to everyone that the success of a company depends in a major part on the personality and qualities of its leader. It is hard to find a better example of this notion than Berkshire Hathaway. Being one step from a complete collapse in the early 60-s, the company was put under the leadership of Warren Buffett, who turned it into a powerful international corporation, earning himself a reputation of a wise, knowledgeable and skilful headman. Warren Buffett is considered one of the most successful investors of our time. His sayings are quoted worldwide, scholars write his biographies and analyse his achievements in articles, random interested fellows discuss his personality traits on internet forums. In this paper, Warren Buffett’s leadership is evaluated, and the most important constituents of leadership are checked. The following points have been included int the present work: Buffett’s leadership skills; the mode of interaction with followers; the use of power and influence; the ethics, values and attitudes that he promotes; personality traits; his behaviour as a leader; his impact on the motivation, satisfaction and performance of the employees; the way, in which he affects team effectiveness; Buffett’s influence on organizational change. The analysis is conducted within the appropriate business context after the examination of the history, structure, and organizational culture of Berkshire Hathaway. Business Context Berkshire Hathaway Inc. is a major American conglomerate holding company that operates subsidiaries from various fields of industry. The organization performs insurance activities on a primary basis, as well as on a reinsurance basis, of property, life, casualty risks, and health risks all over the world. The insurance and reinsurance activities are implemented through multiple entities based in various countries of the world (Reuters 2015). Berkshire Hathaway is also engaged in such business activities as freight rail transportations and energy and utility generation and distribution. Berkshire Hathaway occupies fifth place in Forbes’s list of largest public companies (Chen 2015). The organization was founded by Horatio Hathaway in 1888 under the name The Hathaway Manufacturing Company and was occupied by milling cotton. The company was profitable until after World War I when cotton industry was at a crisis. Seabury Stanton, who was operating the company at that time, had to put his own money to keep it running. The next peak of success was after the Great Depression. In the early 1950-s, Hathaway was united with Berkshire Fine Spinning Associates Inc, a large milling company. However, by the end of the decade the company faced a serious decline (Cunningham 2014). Warren Buffett started acquiring the company’s shares in 1962. Having become the owner of a considerable part of Berkshire Hathaway, Buffett was selected Chairman of the executive committee. As he assumed leader’s responsibilities, Berkshire Hathaway remained in the textile business but also became an investment tool. At first, Buffett preserved the textile sector to prevent job losses and keep profits. By 1986, textil
Introduction Many businesses especially the middle sized ones find it difficult to adopt the Affordable Health Care Act (ACA). The US government formed the Affordable Health Care Act in March, 2010. The legislation required employers to provide affordable health insurance to their employees. The employers were also expected to improve accessibility of health insurance for their employees. A survey conducted by Deloitte showed that 58% of companies in the USA provided insurance cover to their employees. Majority of Americans claimed that the Affordable Health Care Act was difficult to adopt due to the high cost of its implementation. Certain companies like the Time Warner Company prefer empowering their employees by giving them freedom to procure their own sources of insurance. Other companies outsource their services to avoid provision of health insurance to their employees. The impact of health insurance benefits on the goal setting process Employees in every organization in the US are entitled to health insurance benefits. Employees’ health insurance benefits depend on the nature of tasks they undertake in their organizations. Various organizations offer varying health insurance benefits to their employees. A strategic goal setting process must conform to the SMART objectives which should be specific, measurable, achievable and realistic and also time- bound (Sheehan & Cooper, 2011). Health insurance benefits influence an organization’s goal setting process. Organizations may incur huge costs due to the nature of health insurance benefits they offer to their employees. Organizations tend to utilize their resources to meet the costs of health insurance for their employees (Lawrence, 2012). The government issues penalties to organizations that do not conform to the A