ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Traditions and customs evolve from people’s experiences and their evaluations. Admittedly, numerous events affect development of traditions and beliefs. However, joy is also one of the most important factors affecting development of people’s rituals and traditions. It is noteworthy that the vast majority of rituals are associated with positive emotions or aimed at becoming at peace with oneself or others. People strive for joy in their lives and rituals as well as beliefs are often seen as tools to achieve this goal. It is possible to consider some traditions to trace the impact of joy in their creation. One of the most suggestive illustrations is development of traditions of Russian-Jewish community in New York. Clearly, those people did not follow all the major traditions, but, so-to-speak, picked some rituals and ignored others. Admittedly, this selective approach was historically conditioned as Jewish people did not have an opportunity to preserve all their rituals in the Soviet Union due to the existent political doctrine. The rituals Jewish people had were quite limited and were not held in public. However, even after their arrival to the free country where religious beliefs were not pursued, Russian-Jewish people did not adopt all the rituals and traditions. There is a simple explanation to this. Russian-Jewish immigrants felt they were seen as not Jewish enough by the rest of the American Jewish community. Therefore, following all the rituals would make them feel they were inferior all the time. Therefore, Russian-Jewish immigrants continued following their traditions which brought joy into their life. They followed traditions which made them feel connected to the rest of the community. Another example of the role of joy is development of Romanian beliefs concerning pregnancy. It is possible to infer that pregnant women are protected against unpleasant experienced during the period of their pregnancy and first weeks after the delivery. It is possible to trace a specific trend. It is believed that pregnant women should eat whatever they want and everyone should try to give a pregnant woman everything she might want. Clearly, eating different foods can bring a lot of joy. Besides, such negative experiences as participation in funeral processions are excluded from a pregnant woman’s life. It is possible to state that Romanians try to make a pregnant woman’s life a bed of roses. For centuries, people have regarded pregnancy as a sacred state and have tried to bring more joys into pregnant women’s lives. It is possible to consider a modern example of choosing joyful rituals. The tradition of holding proms is quite recent. This is why it can be possible to trace the re
Introduction Strategic design helps medical institutions to restructure their services and organizational structures and meet needs and demands of the external environment. Over the past two decades, there has been a growing tendency to replace the traditional static model with one that views the organization as a system. This new perspective stems from repeated observations that social organisms display many of the same characteristics as mechanical and natural systems. In particular, some theorists argue that organizations are better understood if they are thought of as dynamic and “open” social systems. Successful systems are characterized by adaptation, the capacity to constantly readjust to the demands of the environment. The organization under analysis is the private hospital in Kuwait. Organizational Problem The main problem faced by the private hospital in Kuwait is old-fashioned organizational structure which prevents it from growth and innovation. Two approaches will be used to redesign the hospital: start model approach and effective innovation system approach. Redesign may be required to meet changes in the organization’s core work. Sometimes that’s the result of an altered strategy. In other situations, the work is altered by new technologies or shifts in the cost, quality, or availability of resources (Drejer, 2002). A common example is the introduction of new technology in office systems. Digitized information changes not only the way people perform individual tasks but the information-processing relationships; the configuration of computer networks, for example, plays a major role in either erecting or erasing boundaries between individuals and groups. The elimination of time and geography as barriers to shared work plays a major role in determining organizations’ structures and processes (Dobson & Starkey, 2004). To understand how the entire organization works, it’s essential to understand each of its important elements. Those include the input that feeds into the system, in terms of both its external and its internal environment. They encompass the strategies that translate a particular vision about how the organization will interact with its competitive environment into a series of concrete business decisions. They include the output — primarily, the offerings of products and services that the organization is required to produce to meet its strategic objectives. And of particular importance in terms of our model, they include the transformation process — the work and the business processes — that converts resources into offerings (Drejer, 2002). The private hospital in Kuwait is influenced by a larger environment, which includes people, other organizations, social and economic forces, and legal constraints. More specifically, the environment includes markets (clients), suppliers, governmental and regulatory bodies, technological and economic conditions, labor unions, competitors, financial institutions, and special-interest groups. The environment affects the way organizations operate in three ways (see Appendix 1,2). First, the environment makes demands on the organization. For example, customer requirem
Introduction When there are court proceedings where a defendant is being tried, there usually are questions as to whether the general public should be let to witness the trial as part of the public right to be kept informed of what is going on and also it would help in making the trials to be more transparent. On the other hand, some questions concerning the legality or the viability of making the defendant face trial in camera arise. This is because of the issue of right to privacy which should be accorded everyone, even suspects. This is on top of the fact that the suspects should be given a fair hearing without compromising or lowering their rights. The other problem of letting the public be involved in hearing is that there is a chance of the public opinion influencing the outcomes of the trial, yet this should not be the case. Tumey v. Ohio, 273 U.S. 510 In such a situation, the main issue to be considered is that, in the event court proceedings are televised, is there a possibility that the sentiments expressed in public opinion would jeopardize the legal interests of the suspect and influence the possible decisions to be made by the judges thus resulting into a biased judgment against the defendant. As Chief Justice Taft C.J., observed in Tumey v. Ohio, 273 U.S. 510, case “… Every procedure which would offer a possible temptation to the average man… to forget the burden of proof required to convict the defendant, or which might lead him not to hold the balance nice, clear and true between the State and the accused, denies the latter due process of law.” (US Supreme Court: v). Having the above facts raised, it is found that there are credible opinions which various people have on the issue of televising trials. This means that it is important to take into account arguments on all sides of the case. Some of the arguments which support having trials done on camera are:  1. The public have right to know about the court proceedings  2. The elements of high-handed judgments could be considerably reduced through on camera trials since the jury is conscious of the fact that they are facing the camera and are therefore under public scrutiny.  3. The aspects of free and fair trial is openly conducted and the public are aware of the progress of the case  4. Relatives and family members of the suing parties are updated on current state of case, without which they would be at the mercy of attorneys and court officials  5. The legal protection that needs to be made available to the defendant is adequately protected.  6. Televi
Performance in work places is not just about completion of tasks assigned to an individual that matters. Work performance is rated on task completion, contextual behavior and ability to make logical decisions (Mersino 2007). Our focus in this paper will be on the emotional aspects that guide ones decision making ability and other extra behavior that promote mutual interaction between individuals in work places. Emotional intelligence is a significant requirement for team work; there is a coherent link between successes attained in team work to the level of emotional intelligence held by the members of the team (Stough & Saklofske 2009, p. 189). Research indicates that emotional load in work places varies with the type of work, some jobs have greater emotional load on workers than others. Jobs with high emotional load include; nursing, management jobs and service providers. They involve dealing directly with people of different emotional levels. To successfully work in such an environment, one requires a high level of emotional intelligence. Recruitment of personnel for jobs with high emotional loads requires the use of proper emotional measuring tools that effectively selects the right individual for the position. Further training on emotional management skills need to organized often for such employees and when a need arises. Motivation should also be used to help and encourage individuals at work places improve their emotional intelligence. Motivation as pointed out by Stough & Saklofske (2009 p184) is capable of creating loyalty among workers and makes redirect them towards their cause. A persons’ empathy is very important in developing ones emotional intelligence, empathy makes one to reflect on the impact the decisions he makes has on others. It allows one to considers both the positive and negative consequences of his decisions and makes appropriate judgment prior to. Social skills are very vital for mutual interaction between peers as well as subordinates in work place. A visionary and intelligent thinker must be complimented by emotional intelligence in order to be able to link and work with others in a team. People who are aggressive and socially engaging are more capable of developing an influential network of relationships than those who are not social (Wall 2007, p. 48). Lack of emotional intelligence is an inhibition to social integration. High IQ alone is not a measure of successful career or professional performance; one requires people skills to be able to work effectively with others. Emotional intelligence at work places Emotional intelligence at work places is measured against the following parameters; energy, stress, optimism, self
Pablo Picasso can be discussed as one of the unique artists of the twentieth century because his works represent different styles and approaches which are correlated with the periods of the artist’s development and his moods. Thus, the talent of Pablo Picasso can be discussed as rather diverse because this person is known not only as a prominent sculptor and a painter but also as a printmaker, a stage designer, a ceramicist, and even as a poet. As a result, Picasso’s works reflect all the changes in the artist’s vision of style and meaning. The most common periods in Picasso’s artistic career include the Blue Period (1901-1904), the Rose Period (1904 – 1906), the African Period (1907-1909), the Analytic Cubism Period (1909 – 1912), and the Synthetic Cubism Period (1912-1919), and the works painted during these periods are extremely different in their forms, styles, and color schemes (Dantini, 2008, p. 102). To understand the variety and importance of Pablo Picasso’s contribution to the world art, it is necessary to focus on analyzing such artist’s famous works as Boy with a Pipe (1905), Guernica (1937), and The Weeping Woman (1937). The Critique of the Artworks Throughout his artistic career, Picasso was the highly flexible, dynamic, and versatile artist who was oriented to find new paths about manipulating various styles, forms, and colors (Dantini, 2008, p. 102). From this point, Picasso developed his talent while trying to work within many art styles, and he demonstrated the impressive results while concentrating on different movements and artistic approaches (Walther, 2000, p. 67-68). Boy with a Pipe (1905) is Picasso’s painting which belongs to the Rose Period, and it represents the period’s main features and characteristics. During the period, Picasso focuses on painting many people in pink, orange, in red colors (Walther, 2000, p. 67). The shapes and forms are depicted close to reality, and the paintings of this period are characterized by the depiction of the real-world objects accentuate with the help of pink colors. The boy from the painting is depicted while holding a pipe and having the wreath of flowers over his head. The boy’s blue clothes and the red background are in contrast, and this contrast helps to emphasize the boy’s features more clearly. It is important to note that during this period, Picasso focuses on using the colors to express his ideas and re
Introduction Megacities are cities that can host more than 10 million inhabitants at the same time. In the early 1950s, Tokyo and New York were the only existing megacities around the globe. However, “while the proportion of people living in small cities is expected to decline, the million-plus cities accounting for about 40% of the total urban population in 2011 is expected to increase to 47% percent by 2025” 1 and by 2030, there will be 41 megacities in the world 2 . On the surface, this development seems like a positive achievement on human organization and development, but if analyzed critically, an unusual pattern emerges. The new dwelling areas are developing faster. However, the focus is shifting from the original American and European regions to the entire Asian continent. By 2010, Asia alone hosted 17 of the world’s 31 megacities 3 . Additionally, the biggest population growth rates estimated to occur are in these newly formed Asian cities. This paper looks at the urbanization process of Asian megacities for the past decade. It then looks at urban overpopulation as an issue that affects the megacity concept. The paper then analyzes how this issue affects the people and some of the underlying questions that promote the problem. Lastly, it discusses the main finding of the analysis with the focus on Hong Kong. Hong Kong as a Megacity Marcotullio notes that within “the Asia-Pacific region, over the past few decades, cities have undergone massive transformations.” 4 As modern age megacity, Hong Kong is famous for its openness and dynamism. Just like the other enumerable upcoming cities in Asia, it has discovered that it functions under the western economic system based on rich social and economic diversity. 5 The country has faced some setbacks in the original ongoing economic development endeavors. In Asia, Hong Kong ranks among the top advanced economic systems, so it is strategically placed at the heart of the region. As a megacity, Hong Kong stands out due to its low tax rates, economic freedom, the adaptation of western social and economic models, transparency, the rule of law, and increased use of the English language. By the year 2011, Hong Kong had over seven million inhabitants, but unlike the western nations where systematic government planning existed, the country is currently facing a housing shortage. Besides, the western development plan that the country copied has led to some serious negative results. Apparently, the main cities like London allocate huge resources and energy to mitigate and prepare for any eventualities that might arise from population increase. On the other hand, Hong Kong does not have such unlimited energy and resources to spend on its planning. As the city of Hong Kong expands, it places increased stress on the quality of environmental resources like air, forest, and water. To the city inhabitants, this issue is urgent since it has a direct impact on the
Scientists in the Middle Ages or natural philosophers as they were then called radically employed the authority of older traditions, including religious and scientific ideologies dating back to Plato, Aristotle, and Ptolemy. They were driven to utilize these traditions by their zeal for inquiry as well as reasoning. Religious faith, instead of weakening scientific and technological innovations, actually strengthened their efforts to know better the natural world as it was, by and large, acknowledged that knowledge attained by way of reason would harmonize with religious beliefs. Whereas medieval science and technology did not seek to defeat the existing world views of the time, their activities did lay the ground for the scientific revolution as well as European global expansion of the early modem age. Religion, medieval science, and technology, which were firmly based on Aristotelian explanations of the physical world, were able to be promulgated by the ancient Greeks. These technological innovations were later preserved and commented y the Middle Ages Muslim scholar. Later they were able to be transmitted into Western Europe as that region began to experience growth and expansion around1100 CE. Medieval inquiries (Aristotle’s natural philosophy) were then given extended treatment since they provided an intellectual jumping-off point employed by everyone dealing with the character of the physical world during that period. From these medieval inquiries leading to innovations, specific disciplines of modern days sprouted such as Astronomy and Astrology, optics, chemistry and alchemy, zoology, geography as well as medicine. Medieval technological innovations, such as mechanical clocks, firearms, and the blast furnace, profoundly altered the course of European and world history at large. Innovations harnessed during the medieval era helped to increase agricultural productivity. For instance development of the plow facilitated the clearing of forests of fertile northwest Europe. The plow could plow heavier and wetter soils, thus increasing not only agricultural production but also the population of certain areas where it was in the use of instance northwest Europe. Middle ages innovations such as the clock (the Middle East and North Africa) led people to organize their time more efficiently. Mechanical clocks were first used in China. They were for astrological and astronomical purposes rather than for indicating time. As commended elsewhere about religion, Chinese clock building was influenced by Muslim How? After the Mongol conquest of China by Kublai Khan, the Chinese Mongol rulers employed Muslim astronomers who, in turn, improved astronomical instruments. During the modern ages, with the wide use of the clock, abstract time developed to be the medium of existence. The use of iron and mining in the Middle Ages helped to improve agriculture as well as shaping modern technological advancements. Weaving and textile industry innovation saw the development of cloth making. This marked the occurrence of the first indu
Each specialist working in the field of justice (as well as each student who is planning to build his/her career in this sphere) must follow ethical standards of moral conduct that provide guidance in complex or controversial situations, especially those involving ethical dilemmas. It is also crucial to formulate one’s individual understanding of ethics since it is not a rare case for criminal justice professionals to deal with problems in which universal rules are inapplicable, and a personalized approach is required. Thus, the paper at hand is going to discuss my personal philosophy of balancing issues. It will cover such topics as individual rights and the public’s protection, reward and punishment, and immoral means to accomplish desirable results. The discussion of the Ethics of Care and Peacemaking Criminology will also be included. Individual Rights and the Public’s Protection I believe that the ability to balance rights of separate individuals with the protection of the general public is one of the key issues involved in the daily practice of any criminal justice specialist as it often happens that the rights and freedoms of the two parties contradict one another (Kleinfeld, 2017). Unfortunately, there is no universal philosophy that would allow for solving this problem. That is why it seems reasonable to unite several approaches. Thus, my personal philosophy will combine deontology and utilitarianism since I am convinced that the existence of the society as a unity is the basis for the common good. That is why its laws must be prioritized over individual rights. If the goal is to promote common well-being, protect community members, or restore social order, it is possible for a criminal justice professional to use his/her power to limit individual freedoms. However, if it is not clear from the case, whether the decision to do so will indeed lead to considerable improvements in the quality of life of the society as a whole, I prefer using the utilitarian approach. This implies that the pros and cons of each option must be weighed to assess what positive and negative consequences my decision may trigger. For instance, if it is clear that the actions of a particular individual may potentially lead to public unrest and make it easier for terrorists to use the situation for their benefit, I will be forced to request this person to quit his/her activities for the good of the public. Yet, if these assumptions are not evidenced, I cannot limit the freedoms of the individual. Reward and Punishment There are two major views on reward in criminal justice. Utilitarian philosophy states that rewards must be based on the results, while the justice approach requires rewarding efforts, too. As far as punishment is concerned, there are utilitarian (serving as a deterrent for potential criminals), retributive (given