ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Crime control and prevention have been around for many years because criminal activities occur on a daily basis. Different countries across the world have varying approaches to preventing society from the adverse effects of crimes. Some regions have passed stringent laws aimed at discouraging criminal activity by imposing severe consequences on offenders. For example, most nations have maximum prisons with harsh treatment of inmates to discourage serial offenses. The procedure in deterring crime follows an arrest of a crime suspect, trying them in court, and sentencing them as appropriate (Ashworth, 2011). Some parts of the world, such as the United States, have an effective criminal justice system that ensures the correct legal procedure is followed in handling offenders from arrest to the end of their prison sentence. Serial violent offenders are a select category whose motives to commit crime are instigated by several factors, and it is vital to use a practical approach in their prevention, treatment, and punishment. Prevention Crime prevention entails the measures and strategies aimed at reducing the risk of occurrence of crime and its adverse effects on individuals and society. It is important to note that the prevention of violent serial offenders is a multidisciplinary and multi-sectorial endeavor, which calls for concerted efforts to be successful. The age group of offenders dictates the type of prevention approach which can be used on them. From a scientific perspective, there is a limited level to which crime can be prevented by rehabilitating constant offenders and reforms (Bilchik, 1998). Thus, it is crucial to understand the criminal’s traits, personality, and background and relate them to the precedence of his intention to engage in criminal activity. For example, family therapy and parental training are good approaches to prevent crime among preadolescents who are at-risk and delinquent. On the other hand, extra police presence and patrols for high crime hotspots can also help prevent violent serial criminal activity, while incarceration and close monitoring by specialized police units can help prevent high-risk offenders (Crouch, 1993). Therefore, age, personality, and socio-economic background are essential aspects to consider for the right crime prevention approach. On the other hand, social science argues that eliminating or reducing the sources of crime is an important step towards serial crime prevention. As scientists, sociologists believe that an offender’s habits, attitudes, and personality are predisposing factors to crime (Crouch, 1993). Apart from the various agencies and programs aimed at preventing delinquent behavior, the correctional process is also an important aspect, and it comprises probations, institutions, and parole. These methods are effective as they make offenders fear repeating an offense, which helps prevent crime. Treatment Prisons play a significant role in treating violent serial offenses by keeping criminals in a segregated environment, thereby protecting society from harm. However, the government is al
Abuse of methamphetamine by pregnant women is a significant cause of concern among health practitioners due to the effects of prenatal and postnatal exposure of children to the drug. Scientific research on the impact of prenatal methamphetamine exposure illustrates the adverse effects of the drug on the gestational age and birth weight. Children of methamphetamine addicts exhibit the characteristic of early gestational age in comparison to unexposed children. Similarly, the average birth weight of infants exposed to methamphetamine is significantly lower than that of their unexposed counterparts (Buckner et al., 2013). Another effect of methamphetamine exposure is the increased likelihood of premature delivery, which increases the vulnerability of infants to premature-birth risk factors, as evidenced by the case of baby Kim. Other effects of prenatal methamphetamine exposure include fetal distress, increased instances of cardiac defects, the formation of cleft lips, and incidences of biliary atresia. As a stimulant of the central nervous system, methamphetamine alters the balance of essential body chemicals such as dopamine and serotonin. The chemical nature of methamphetamine allows the compound to cross the placenta with great ease so that it alters the fetal environment and enters the developing fetus bloodstream. Scientific research shows that methamphetamine induces vasoconstriction, which alters the flow of uteroplacental blood and pressure around the fetal environment. Vasoconstriction effects and altered blood flow and stress increase the chances of the occurrence of prenatal stroke or damages of vital organs such as the heart, which may relate to intracranial bleeding evident in baby Kim (Melo et al., 2006). Methamphetamine exposure alters the mental, emotional, and behavioral development of children because of alterations in the standard cognitive, language, and motor functions. In this regard, children may expose signs of sleep disturbances and behavioral problems due to the mimicking of neurotransmitters, which may aggravate to impaired perceptual processing and uncoordinated movements (Pometlova et al., 2009). Practitioners need to consider certain factors in their assessments of foster care placement because the arrangement poses significant threats in terms of emotional and psychological damage to children when separated with their families. Considerations regarding the safety and health of a child are crucial because brain growth is most active in children and existing cases of physical and mental health may aggravate with foster placement (Suchman et al., 2006). In this regard, practitioners must ensure that placing children under foster care do not pose an adverse effect on their experie
List the 5 Components of MIS and briefly describe how each relates to the study and optimization of systems in companies A standard MIS is composed of these five components:   * Hardware: This constitutes all the computers, machines, nets, and wires involved in the creation of a unified MIS. Optimizing hardware usually involves improving the capabilities of one or several components of the net to improve its overall output.   * Software: This component stands for programs that are used to operate the MIS, manage data, search and cipher through logs, and other related activities. Optimization of software typically involves adding features and functionality required to perform specific tasks while at the same time getting rid of unnecessary ones.   * Data: This component stands for the information introduced into the system. Optimization of data input usually involves making data more informative while at the same time excluding bits of information not necessary to perform a certain task.   * Procedures: Documentation and development. Procedural optimization typically touches information storage and the process of information being introduced into the database.   * People: The end users of the MIS. This component may describe individual users, groups of users, or entire organizations. Optimizing this component involves training the personnel in using and analyzing data. To the best of your knowledge, define TPS and describe some examples where Batch Processing is used and other cases where Real-Time Processing is implemented in today’s world. Besides, how has the implementation of TPS allowed companies and banks to save money? TPS stands for Transaction Processing Systems. These are systems used for managing, collecting, storing, and retrieving information. There are two most common types of TPS. These are:   * Real-Time Processing. This type of TPS suggests that the information about transactions and any other data is processed and modified immediately. This model is widely used in e-commerce, booking flights, automatic payments, ATMs, and other areas. It is the preferable choice of TPS where the speed of managing data is paramount.   * Batch Processing. This type of TPS involves collecting data over a certain period and sending it in batches. This type of payment is often used when the number of micro-transactions is too big to pay individually for every single one. Instead, batch processing involves calculating the expenses and putting
Introduction Healthcare institutions need to maintain the highest level of cleanliness. Measures should be put in place to ensure that the standards of cleanliness are maintained. It is therefore important for the management of the healthcare to provide specifications to individuals concerned and ensuring that the specifications are adhered to (Coggon, Rose & Barker, 1997). Hypothesis of the study To specify the expected requirements for the provision of the highest level of cleanliness in a cute and community healthcare institution Testing of the hypothesis Members of the healthcare institution (both the staff members and the patients) will be asked about their perception on the level of cleanliness within the institution. The feedback acquired will be used to determine the weaknesses that prevalent within the institution inters of cleanliness and what needs to be done to improve o remedy the situation (Suny Downstate Medical Center, 2004). Participants The participants will include the staff members together with the patients within the healthcare institution. Recruitment will be carried out randomly. Staff members and patients will be selected randomly to help in attending to the study questions. Inclusion/exclusion criteria To be included in the criteria will be to include participants from all the departments to ensure that there is equal representation. This will lead to acquisition of the right picture of the cleanliness issues on the ground. Methodology to be used to test the hypothesis Questionnaires A questionnaire refers to a research instrument that consists of a number of questions as well as other prompts with the aim of gathering information from the respondents. Questionnaires will be given to the respondents to enable them respond to the stipulated questions (ACT Health Promotion, 2005). Interviews This involves asking respondents questions about the subject of the study. Immediate and first hand information will be acquired. The subject of cleanliness will be dealt with accordingly due to the fact that in-depth questions will be asked and detailed answers will be provided by the respondents (British Medical Journal, 2007). Possibility of biases The staff members are likely to provide biased information in a bid to protect the image of the institution. The staff members may not be willing to provide detailed information regarding the level of cleanliness. It would be important to explain to them about the objectives of the study and the importance of correct information (Haukoos et. al., 2005). Categories of Research Bias There are different types of biases that can be described in research literature. Some of the biases which can affect the level of validity include the following.  1. Selection biases: These can lead to the subjects in the sample not to represent the population of interest  2. Measurement biases: This includes issues that
Total hip replacement (THR) is a surgery applied to patients with end-stage osteoarthritis (OA), which is associated with severe and moderate pain in the postoperative period. OA is a serious disease that develops in about ten percent of adults and older adults, while this number is expected to increase twofold because of aging tendencies (Tsinaslanidis et al., 2020). In developed countries, the costs for THR account for between 1-2.5% of the gross domestic product (GDP) (Tsinaslanidis et al., 2020).The majority of patients having THR experiences difficulties with returning to their hobbies and sports. The reduction of health-related quality of life is a problem that requires exploring the best strategies to handle pain. Medication-based analgesia and aerobic stretching are the two main ways to help patients with pain in the perioperative period and recovery time (Karlsen et al., 2015). However, it is still unclear which of them is more effective and how to use them in the mentioned patients. Currently, the evidence contains ambiguous data about the effectiveness of analgesia since it is often associated with side effects and lower quality of life. In turn, the role of aerobic stretching is underexplored in the literature. In practice, it is critical to ensure that nurses are aware of the recent evidence-based interventions and have sufficient skills and knowledge to implement them (Melnyk & Fineout-Overholt, 2018). Patient education that is considered to be one of the cornerstones of modern medicine cannot be provided without proper staff training. Therefore, they need to receive clear guidelines about pain management in patients with THR, which should be based on academic studies. Considering the identified problem background and the need for change, the PICOT question can be formulated as follows:   * In adults with total hip replacement (P), what is the effect of pain medication (I) compared to aerobic stretching (C) in controlling post-operative pain (O) during the perioperative and recovery time (T)?
How Might We Solve the Problem of Waste Recycling The problem of waste recycling remains a pressing issue in modern society. New forms of recycling need to be developed so that everyone could participate in the process and contribute to making the planet environmentally safer. For this reason, opportunities for personal contribution to waste recycling have to be sought (Liu et al., 2017). Currently, there are several questions to be answered concerning the improvement of the recycling process. Specifically, one will have to define how to incentivise people to accept a new behaviour that will make them create less waste. In addition, the opportunities for increasing the probability of change in people’s waste management behaviours need to be discovered. Thus, the overall rate of waste will drop, and the number of environmental concerns will become significantly lesser. Furthermore, the management of waste needs to be connected to a theoretically approved approach to behaviour change. Specifically, the action-outcome model, which allows leveraging the input and the output of a particular intervention will be needed. Adopting the described tool, one will shift the focus of the process from the broad and mostly understandable idea of being
Introduction   * It creates job opportunities – it is estimated that it could create up to a million direct jobs for ten years.   * TTIP will increase the GDP of EU nations and the USA by approximately 0.5 percent (Setting the Standard in Free Trade., n.d.). As a result, the USA and the member states of the EU will experience economic growth.   * TTIP will force China to make its economy accessible and also encourage the developing countries to streamline their policies and open their markets. Areas in The TTIP That Must Be Addressed   * Approaches to trade and public policy – The US government has a policy that directs the state to buy American products.   * Regulatory coherence – The difference in EU and US regulations jeopardized trade, and it needed to be addressed sooner. For instance, it is majorly experienced in the regulatory standards for pharmaceutical products.   * Mutual recognition – The European Union stipulates that if a product meets the country of origin’s standards, then it is accepted in all the European countries. Therefore, the pact was expected to apply to the TTIP such that when a commodity meets the standards set by the US government, it should be recognized in the EU even if it does violate the rules in the Union and vice versa.   * Farm Frenzy – Contentious topics like genetically modified food were to be addressed. The EU advocated for non-genetically modified products; however, the USA believes that GMO products are never harmful to health.   * What to include and exclude in the pact, especially in the service industry – Most European nations subsidized their service industry, such as the film industry. Contrary, the USA prioritized the audio-visual industry because it generated a lot of revenue. Meaning of DOHA and Description of the “Emerging Market” and Related Countries’ Major Disagreement with The G7   * DOHA was a round table meeting in Qatar, Doha to take the interest of the developing countries.   * There were 155 participant nations, and the agreements were based on agricultural products, goods and services, and other issues that are not directly related to trading.   * The main disagreement with the G7 was based on agricultural and industrial issues. The developing countries demanded that the G7 nations open their markets for the poor farmers and lower their farm subsidies. However, G7 governments needed increased access to the emerging markets for their industrial products. Reference Setting the standard in free trade: The making of the Transatlantic trade and investment partnership. (n.d.). Harvard Kennedy School. John F. Kennedy School of Government . Case Number 2045.0
Michel de Nosteredame, popularly known as Nostradamus, was a 16th-century astrologer who has attracted numerous followers and detractors over the centuries. He was born on December 1503 and joined the University of Avignon at the age of 15. He had a great interest in an apothecary, which is the research on herbal remedies. His first occupation was as an apothecary, and he worked with a prominent physician during the 1545 plague of Marseille. Nostradamus traveled a lot, and on one of his visits to Italy, he became interested in the occult. This marked a significant transformation in his life, and he started practicing astrology. In 1550, he embarked on a monumental project of writing a compilation of a thousand prophesies. His finished book was published as “Les Prophetis,” which means “The Prophecies,” and this is what Nostradamus is famous for today. The modern followers of Nostradamus regard him as a seer who was gifted with prophetic power (Sharma, 2010). His followers declare that he had, on numerous occasions, predicted specific events in advance (Carroll, 2011). Ibrahim and Galvan (2008) observe that these followers credit him with predicting numerous events in world history. There are a number of prominent events in world history that Nostradamus is said to have predicted. He foretold the Great Fire of London, which took place in September 1666 and resulted in the destruction of the homes of 70,000 Londoners (Nostradamus, 2013). Nostradamus is also credited with predicting the rise of Napoleon Bonaparte, the French military and political leader who almost succeeded in ruling over all Continental Europe. Followers of Nostradamus declare that the prophecy concerning Napoleon Bonaparte was unique in that it mentioned the name of this great French ruler. This seer is also said to have predicted the rise to power of Adolf Hitler and the beginning of the Second World War. Believers of Nostradamus declare that he foresaw the invention of modern weaponry such as bombs, rockets, submarines, and airplanes (Carroll, 2011). Not everybody is a believer in Nostradamus’ prophetic powers. Some scholars argue that Nostradamus did not write to be a prophet but rather to comment on the events that were happening during his lifetime. The reason why he wrote in a metaphorical and cryptic language was so that he would not be persecuted for what he was saying (Ibrahim & Galvan, 2008). Skeptics of Nostradamus prophetic powers have observed how his predictions only become clear to the followers after they have occurred. Ibrahim and Galvan (2008) accuse
Sullivan’s interpersonal theory; Dynamisms Dynamism according to Sullivan is a set of patterns in an individual’s behavior (Feist & Feist, 2009).These behavior patterns are classified into a set of conduct associated with particular parts of the body. This paper seeks to examine these classifications in relation to Biblical teachings as shown in the book of proverbs. Malevolence Malevolence is a disjunctive dynamism, which occurs in children between 2 and 3 years of age (Feist & Feist, 2009). At this stage, children begin to experience the harshness of the world through experiences such as physical punishment. They begin to feel that they are no longer loved and, consequently, begin to perceive the world around them as consisting of enemies (Feist & Feist, 2009). The end result is that they distance themselves from people and begin to mistrust others. Contrary to such feelings, the Bible urges people to accept reproof. In addition, people should love their neighbors and should not perceive them as enemies. In the book of Proverbs 1:15-16, it is evidently indicated that any person who puts up security for others will suffer but those who have faith in others and do not look for refuge for pledges are safe in hands of God. Intimacy Intimacy is a secure relationship with another person; it presupposes understanding of a person who shares more or less similar lifestyles with others (Feist & Feist, 2009). This stage helps children and adults identify people whom they can easily share their experiences in life, which is necessary for cognitive development, interpersonal development and social development. Intimacy reduces tension, anxiety, loneliness and hatred (Feist & Feist, 2009). The Bible supports Sullivan’s assertions since it constantly urges people to live as brothers and Sisters in Christ by being their brothers’ keepers. Proverbs 15:18 counsels against adultery and urges that a man is happy and rejoice in the wife of his youth. The verse 19 explains the benefits of the intimacy between the two; they satisfy each other and are captivated by each other’s love. Lust Lust is a powerful isolating dynamism that often leads to low self-esteem and feelings of unworthiness. Lust is a self-centered feeling that does not need any intimacy or love. In addition, it does not require the presence of someone else for its gratification rather is based on sexual satisfaction. The Bible strongly condemns lustful thoughts. Proverbs 6:20-35 warns against lustful thoughts that may lead to adultery. These thoughts are evil, shameful and punishable by God. Verse 25 in the Bible tells us not to yearn in our mind after its attractiveness. Self-Esteem Self esteem is a conjunctive dynamism involving a consistent behavior pattern which guards against anxiety by helping people to maintain interpersonal security (Feist & Feist,