ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
There are two legislative traditions that are very widespread in many countries; in particular one can speak about the common and civil law systems. This paper is aimed at discussing the similarities and differences between these approaches. Furthermore, one should show how these differences can affect the work of many companies, for instance, American firms that operate at an international level. On the whole, it is possible to argue that the difference between these systems can create significant challenges for many businesses. First of all, one should remember common law system is based on the premise that courts have a right to develop rules or principles that regulate some aspects of human activities. This issue is particularly relevant if one speaks about such aspects as contracts or tort litigation (Cross 181). Close attention should be paid to the so-called precedents or the decisions took by judges in the past (Schubert 88). These professionals have to rely on precedents when they need to address similar cases or disputes. Nevertheless, these people can also adopt new rules if they see that existing legislation is not sufficient for resolving a particular problem. This is one of the main peculiarities that should be kept in mind. In contrast, civil law system is based on the collected and ordered set of regulations and rules that were adopted by the government (Cross 181). The main issue is that courts are only allowed to interpret existing regulations. In other words, they are forced to operate within certain limits. Nevertheless, they do not usually have the opportunity to introduce new rules. This is one of the main differences that one can identify. These discrepancies can affect both individuals and organizations when they have to live or operate in a new legal environment. Nevertheless, one should not assume that these approaches have nothing in common. For example, in each of these systems criminal activities are evaluated according to the statutes that cannot be altered by a judge (Cross 181). Furthermore, even in common law traditions, judges have to follow certain principles while interpreting existing precedents or identifying new ones (Antoine 44). Apart from that, the decision of the supreme courts in civil law countries can sometimes have binding power. This is one of the issues that should be taken into consideration by organizations and individuals. The companies that are based in the United States can enco
Introduction During the cold war era, the size and intensity of international financial flows greatly increased. This increase in capital flow superseded national economies. The intensification of the integration of financial markets resulted in national governments ceding their economic autonomy to the created international markets. The global financial crisis that hit the world in 1992 was a demonstration that international economic forces and economic globalization had indeed triumphed over the nation-state. The Exchange Rate Mechanism (ERM) has forced countries to rethink their involvement in international trade. This is because matters of currency speculation and inflation are considered fundamental in international trade. This was evidenced when America’s Federal Reserve decreased the interest rate in the 1992 this was done to stimulate the American economy and enable it stay within the ERM currency band (Gilpin and Gilpin 1). America power in the global economy The path of USA towards global hegemony began in the period 1950 to 1973. In this period the GDP of USA grew steadily at 5% per year. This was a smooth growth since there was no recession witnessed. This growth was largely associated to the position of the USA during the world war two where it occupied extraordinary position. Whereas Europe and Asia went to war during world war two and experienced a lot of destruction and loss of human life, there was no battle fought in the land of USA. It is during this period that the dollar was accepted as the world’s standard currency; the United States ventured and assumed leading positions in the global industries since the European and the Asia powers like Japan had to extensively spend this period reconstructing their countries and their economies while closing their productivity gap
Realists have three bases that explain the connection between riches and power, warfare, and governments. One of the bases states that the growth of a national income and productive capability influences power while financial objectives complement political objectives. In the past, liberals and realists shared similar thoughts that riches and power complemented political goals. However, today realists believe that power is sourced from capacity and capacity from a nation’s income. Secondly, realists claim that though governments favor economic growth, governments must expect war prospects. Therefore, the government should anticipate war when making policies. However, this consideration might prevent governments from enacting policies that would boost economic growth for fear of war. Thirdly, realists also differ in their belief that governments are separate entities that can prosecute their goals. However, liberals differ concerning the scope and impact of that sovereignty. Governments will opt not to unite given the expectations of war, lest enemies become powerful since national income influences power. One obstacle to collaboration i
John Stuart Mill summarized utilitarianism as the greatest good for the greatest number meaning anything that has the capability of benefiting many people in society is intrinsically good. The aim of any action, according to hedonists, is to attain the greatest amount of happiness and prevent any form of pain. Fort Mill, pleasure is desirable, whereas misery is inherently bad. While other forms of pleasures exist, they only serve one purpose of promoting happiness and preventing pain (Haber 24). Robert Nozick developed a hypothesis that sought to challenge the reasoning of Mill, noting that human beings do not operate in the same way as machines. This paper presents the major arguments of utilitarianism that refute the claims that Nozick presents. Nozick published an article in 1974 challenging readers to think critically about the postulations of Mill, arguing that a human being simulates certain forms of experiences that he or she considers pleasurable. Nozick was of the view that people are not in a position to differentiate between their experiences when in the experience machine and when outside. Nozick asked a fundamental question, “would everybody plug into the machine.” Unfortunately, some people would be reluctant to enter into this machine to reshape their experiences. He went on to give at least four reasons why some people will refuse to enter the machine. Being different is a special human feature, and forcing people to be the same with others is compared to helping them to commit suicide (Haber 32). In the third reason, Nozick notes that human beings are likely to lose touch with reality by plugging into a simulated reality. He went on to claim that happiness and pleasure are simply some of the synthetic realities, which do not exist; hence, a majority of people would definitely refuse to adopt and apply them in their lives. Finally, the experience machine is likely to prevent a person from making a difference in the real world, yet a number of individuals would want their impacts and contributions known in society. He refuted Mill’s postulations on utilitarianism since he suggested that other important issues in human life other than pleasure and happiness exist. His view was that desirability is not based on happiness. Unfortunately, the reasons that Nozick gave are insufficient in supporting his hypothesis since he was never keen on conceptualizing the important aspects of utilitarianism. This means ideas on the experience machine are not sufficient to refute Mill’s postulations. Mill suggested that the quality
What are Dunkin’ Donuts’ strengths listed in the video? Dunkin’ Donuts’ is all about the customers and the services provided. The brand must be accessible to people, and it is required to be of high quality. Also, it is very people-oriented. The internal philosophy is based on having fun and interacting with customers. The company listens to the consumer and what sort of requests the public has. The unique quality of making the product is a patented approach to tasty and high-quality goods. Even the commercials are very oriented towards the consumer. The personality of the company is outgoing and consumer-based. The quick development of the company from 1979 on, led to an enormous expansion. Convenient locations domestically and internationally have reached many corners of the world. The standards are very high for quality and especially coffee, “it gets thrown out after 18 minutes”. Before launching, the flavouring of the coffee takes place, which strictly tests the quality of the taste and consistency. Any defects are pointed out by smelling and tasting many samples. Did Starbucks have a meaningful impact on Dunkin’ Donuts’ sales? Starbucks is one of the main competitors of Dunkin’ Donuts’. As both companies are primarily domestic, the rivalry has been going on for some time. There are specific locations that are dominated by each particular chain. This has created an affiliation with the public and the American culture. People have identified themselves with a certain brand, and this has been one of the major impacts of Starbucks. This has led Dunkin’ Donuts’ to look for new ways to better own products and services. This is why there are very strict standards in the quality that must be constantly checked and bettered. How has the coffee market changed in the last decade? The current market demands many different types of tastes and unique attributes that are particular to every person. Coffee extensions, such as lattes and espressos, are only a few of the speciality coffee drinks available to the public. At the same time, it has become a part of the culture. It is all over the media where people begin their day with a cup of coffee or take one during their break. Movies and advertisements have a very close connection to coffee, as it is the “way” of the modern world. People have unified themselves with coffee, and it has become as addictive as anything else. The unique nature of the product allows for wide usage, and so, people will take it almost anywhere. Individuals of every profession take a “coffee break”, especially in the fast-paced environment. Coffee’s ability to give people energy, both physically and mentally, is an inseparable part of the modern culture. How has Dunkin Donuts responded to competitive changes in the marketplace? As the completion grows, so make people’s demands. Dunkin’ Donuts’ orients itself to the marketplace. The promotions that take place are one of the ways to keep up with the competition. Tear away games on the cups were introduced to give people incentive to buy coffee products. The close relationship with sports has made visible assimilation with American psyc
The image that comes to mind associated with the name of Louis Armstrong is probably a collective one of a jazz musician. A black man with a trumpet personifies not purely the genre, but the entire culture, the epoch in music as well as art in general. Regarding Armstrong personally, he is rightfully considered to have been among the most outstanding and at the same time contradictory figures in jazz. His inimitable technique gave new opportunities for this type of music and favored its development. However, it would be wrong to limit Louis Armstrong’s revolutionism to musical performance. Actually, jazz as such appeared as a form of a protest against social disparity, most notably, race-based prejudice. The jazz king challenged the archaic values of contemporary American society by his work, which auspicated the campaign for destigmatizing the black and protecting their rights. Concurrently, Armstrong himself was not immune to racial issues, whose sensitivity grew together with his popularity. A Silent Revolutionary At first sight, the biography of “the Father of Jazz” describes him as completely indifferent to any social tensions. Furthermore, he was frequently criticized for his unwillingness to participate in civil right activism but normally replied, “I don’t get involved in politics. I just blow my horn” (Antos, 2010). He actually never took part in any public performances concerning race relations in the USA and only started discussing those publicly by the end of his life. However, the lack of direct action did not prohibit Armstrong from influencing the public moods as long as heavy activity is not the only way to do that. Playing also for white audiences, he had a chance to transmit certain messages in a less straightforward way. Reiff with reliance upon Scott’s theory refers to a phenomenon of that kind as a “hidden transcript” versus a public one (2010). The point is that information is not necessarily verbal because a particular occasion, manner, or even motion can sometimes tell more. Before everything else, African Americans were widely believed to be not as intellectual or civilized as the white, meanwhile, Armstrong was literally a living counterargument. He was recognized as an equal one at least in terms of talent and performance, and his reputation grew by lapse of time (Reiff, 2010). Such a success did not only benefit him personally but had the potential to paint all black population in a better light. Armstrong’s rendition of the famous song under the title “Black and Blue” is especially worth noting as an example of a hidden transcript. In fact, it is only partly hidden in this case as his variant of the lyrics describes quite clearly the routines of an average African American of that period. “Cold empty bed, springs ha
It is impossible to underestimate the importance of Mesopotamia and this region’s achievements for humankind. This circumstance is conditional upon the fact its progress and advanced culture led to a number of discoveries, which provided for further growth of other places (Adhikari, 2019). Therefore, it is critical to examine Mesopotamia’s contributions to our civilization and thereby confirm its impact on all contemporary spheres of human life. Mesopotamia’s significant role in promoting the successes of people all over the world in exploring the environment is determined by the creation of transportation as such alongside the development of agriculture. The former results were possible with the invention of the wheel, the chariot, and the sailboat, which allowed citizens to make the first trips in history (Adhikari, 2019). In this way, all of the present-day means of changing one’s locations stem from those times. As for lifestyle, the shift from hunting to farming was performed with the help of creating the plow, which was followed by the cultivation of various foods, including wheat and barley (Adhikari, 2019). These advances were complemented by the emergence of the sciences, such as the mathematics and astronomy (Adhikari, 2019). Therefore, both knowledge and practices of the contemporary civilization were possible to achieve due t
Introduction Leadership is defined as the influence a person applies on others to help accomplish a mission or realize a goal in an organized and coherent way. Leadership is acquired through learning from the environment. The skills and knowledge a leaders uses may be directly or indirectly influenced by the internal and external environment, for instance, the beliefs, character, ethics and values which define a leader from others. To make a good leader, one needs to understand themselves and their abilities. Leadership might be looked at from more than one direction. Leadership is a trait and this means that each leader has differing qualities from the others. Everyone is born with unique traits which can effectively be used in leadership. The most common leadership traits that make one outstanding include confidence, outspoken, decisive and sociable or charismatic. Some leadership traits can also be acquired, modified or changed. Not all traits would make a good leader and a situation may demand an array of traits different from others. An effective leader is one who uses the necessary trait for the appropriate situation (Northouse, 2012). Leadership is also thought of as ability, that is, the capacity to lead. This ability can be acquired through practice. An outstanding leader can be created through years of experience in a particular field. Leadership is also a skill or a competency that is developed for one to perform perfectly in a particular role. The leadership skill one has differentiates him/her from others and this is mostly what people observe especially in elective processes. The skills of leadership may be described as the ability to know what to do and how to do it. Leadership skills can be developed through a learning process. By listening to other people’s comments and feed back, one can learn the skills to become a better leader. Other leadership skills can also be acquired through instructions from experts. Leadership has also been described as a relationship in the sense that it’s a platform based on the communication link between the leaders and their followers. From this view, a leader and his followers are in a network of unity where each decision affects both parties. The leaders and their followers are influenced by the prevailing circumstances. Some experts observe leadership as a behavior. According to this point of view, behavior described as what the leaders do when they hold their positions. These behaviors are clearly visible and it’s therefore possible to judge a leader. An effective leader is one who involves his/her followers in the decision making process (Northouse, 2012). From the book, “Self leadership and the one minute Manager”, the leadership concepts are brought to the fore through a story of an accountant who was given a responsi
Although not well established, it is evident that my organization attempts to apply some of the most recent knowledge in managing conflicts. First, the organization appreciates the occurrence of conflicts between individuals or teams based on diversity of ideologies. It appreciates that the occurrence of conflicts is an important part of organizational growth and development, which reveals weaknesses and makes leaders find better ways of handling human resources. The organization seems to be using the Rahim’s meta-model, which applies some five approaches- integration, obligations, domination, avoidance and comprising (Rahim, 2002). For example, my organizational leaders have developed a culture of allowing a room for openness, accepting and exchanging ideas and information and looking for alternatives. The organization has trained its human resource department to listen to both sides of a conflict, examine the differences and allow discussion. In addition, they are trained to minimize the degree of differences between the two sides of a conflict and highlighting common points of view that are likely to satisfy the involved parties. In addition, my organization attempts to find alternatives and communicate them to the parties involved. In this case, both parties are involved in an intensive discussion with the management or the HR group given the task of resolving conflicts. The involved parties are asked to consider both losses and gains as part of the healing process. They must involve “give-and-take” stage, whereby both sides must give up some of their demands and accept a mutual decision (Robbins, 2009). Therefore, I believe this model is constructive because it considers the claims and positions of both parties and make them know that none of them is right or wrong. In addition, the method is used to find better ways of dealing with conflicts in future.
Introduction The United States of America is not only one of the mega nations of the world but it is technologically the most powerful country the world has ever known. America is blessed with land, man power, diverse climate, inland waterways, huge coastline and surfeit of natural resources. The people of America has made well use of it and extracted the cream of these blessings to produce energy and speedy transport; all of which led to the building up of capital that has rapidly industrialized the country to push it to the top of the ladder. The greatest progress took place from the close of the 18 th century to the start of the 20 th century. During this time America’s primitive agricultural economy was transformed to make it the prime industrial super power in the world. Over a third of the world’s industrial output is produced in America. The colonies in America became independent in 1781 just at a time when industrial change was beginning to take off. Technological advances during the civil war accelerated the process of improvement in transport and infrastructure. The close of the 19 th and the beginning of the 20 th century witnessed American industrial production exceed Europe; this facilitated its assertion of military might. The Great Depression did cause some hiccups but it did not prevent America from emerging as one of the two super powers at the close of World War II. The government invested heavily in scientific and technological research causing America to surge ahead in space flights, computing as well as biotechnology. This technological advancement has impacted on the economic success of the country and shaped its political system while maintaining its military superiority. America honors merit, encourages entrepreneurs and values self-sufficiency; all these have been imbibed from the pioneering days of technological advances (Park 2008). Computers The greatest gift America has made to itself and the world is to usher in the computer age. Truly it has made the world into a global village. Computers are impacting on society in many fields – medicine, military, education, accounts, business and above all exchange of ideas. Computers have made space flight possible. Computer technology has overshadowed all the impact of previous technologies. The computer is ubiquitous – present everywhere from digital watches to VCRs and micro ovens and credit checking. The computer magnifies with an astronomical collection and storing of information. The danger is that a single error can affect literally millions. Computers mean speedy accessibility to enormous numbers of people. It has been termed as an “information superhighway”. It is par excellent in reproducing and distributing. Unfortunately on the negative side it is lacking in accountability. Computers have added to the speed of modern lifestyle.