ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Taxonomy Homologies are traits evident in two or more than two organisms that were inherited from a common ancestor. Taxonomy looks at the similarities present in an organism to determine a common ancestor. The similarities can be exhibited in the physical characteristics, genes, the functionality of the various structures present. The structures that fall into the same lineage of ancestry are known as homologous structures. A dolphin’s flipper, human arm, cat arm, and bat’s feathers are homologies. While human beings have a humerus, ulnar, radius, carpals, metacarpals, and phalanges, this structure appears in similar organisms such as bats, whales, and other mammals. This denotes that these organisms have the same ancestors. The tailbone in human beings and the monkey’s tails are homologies, except that the tail in humans is a vestigial structure. This denotes that they evolved from one ancestor with a tail. Furthermore, all primates share the same vertebrate erection; for instance, whales and tiny human beings have an equal number of bones of the vertebrae with a giant giraffe. The structure of the bones is the same in all the above-stated organisms. Additionally, cats, human beings, and dogs have the same pelvis structure and are homologies to a vestigial pair in snakes. The bones in the snake are the last remaining parts of the pelvis though the snake’s bones however, the snake does not have bones. Evidence has shown that the organisms’ classification into the same group based on the traits has not yielded positive results in the tracing of the ancestry or the origin (Boe et al. 128). This has brought a challenge in trying to classify the homologies into the same characteristics. There are also discrepancies between the organ and character that make it impossible to classify the organisms. The remarkable similarity is only referred to as part of the homology. In cladistics, determining whether an organism is homologous and therefore comparable to another is a question of the organism’s transformation condition. Homoplasy an error in the homology assignment. The type that occurs is more related to phylogenetics, making phylogenetics more difficult in the analysis. Construction of the tree when there is homoplasy occlusion can be challenging, especially in the analysis part. The primates are recognized to have taxa classification similar to those of clades. There are two recognized orders, including Strepsirrhini and haplorrhine. The former are lorises and lemurs, while the latter include apes, humans, and monkeys. These two orders differ in the structure of the mouth, placenta, and nose. The strepsirrhines have a moist and bare muzzle and have a reflective layer behind the r
The West Memphis Three case shook the nation in 1993-1994. The killing and mutilation of three eight-year-old boys, Christopher Byers, Steve Branch, and Michael Moore caused the so-called Satanic Panic in the Arkansas area since it was suspected that the crime had been conducted on the basis of a satanic ritual. However, the convicted Damien Echols, Jessi Misskelley, Jr., and Jason Baldwin were never actually proven to be guilty, despite the state’s attempts. Thanks to the newly-attained DNA evidence that pointed at the unknown suspect present at the crime scene, in 2011 the West Memphis Three were able to sign the Alford plea that allowed them to maintain their innocence at the same time with accepting the guilty plea offered by the State of Arkansas. The Alford plea was the only deal the State could tolerate since it offered a possibility to support its position as the state which has never sentenced an innocent person to death. Prejudice and the Court Life After Death is a memoir written by the most famous person from the West Memphis Three, Damien Echols, who was sentenced to death for the crime he did not commit. The book is valuable since it shows the strength a person can have to live on, to forget, and to forgive. Furthermore, if Echols were not exonerated in 2011, he would have been executed. Despite the fact that he went through horrifying events in his life, Damien Echols found courage to grow and create, trying to convey to the society the faults that exist in the justice system, what he went through in his childhood, the brutal realities of being incarcerated, as well as how he managed to begin the ‘new life’ from scratch. However, the main theme to be discussed in relation to the interviews given by Echols, as well as his book is the issue of bias. In the WGBH News interview, Damien Echols explained his unstable childhood, abusive relationship with his stepfather, the absence of his mother, and the fact that he was a target for the law enforcement, just because he was different to other children. Echols stated that he had been harassed by the police so many times before the case even occurred, that when he was actually asked about his alibi, he had thought that it was just simple harassment once again. The police had set itself as the anti-occult force, which thought that “Satanism was responsible for pretty much everything that went on in the state” (WGBH News). Thus, generally speaking, the society already had some major bias toward any kind of ‘different’ worldview, choosing Echols for its main target. It is important to mention the famous Adnan Syed vs Maryland case, which also had some signs of racial bias as well as focus on one suspect without the investigation of other possible suspects. Echols also noted that people were predominantly opposed to him due to the music he listened to, the books he read, and the clothes he wore, indicating that the society rarely looked past the appearance trying to find the truth. On the contrary, the biased views encouraged them to
Less than two years ago the film studio Sony Pictures Entertainment experienced a cyber-attack, which affected the organization greatly. The hack happened in November 2014. The criminals informed the employees that they are “Guardians of Peace” (GOP), placing their name on the computer screens along with the picture of a skeleton. During this attack, a wide range of confidential information was stolen. It was claimed that all received data would be released if the company refuses to satisfy the request, which was not explained at that time and remained unknown. In the next month, GOP threatened the company and urged it to cancel the release of the film “The Interview”. GOP said its release would be the same as a terrorist attack. Sony accepted the demand and did not let the film run on the cinema screens but allowed the representatives of the general public to see this comedy about the intention to kill the leader of North Korea in theaters and online. Intelligence officials who worked on this case tried to find out who the members of GOP were and who sponsored their actions. The research showed that North Korea was involved, but the country denied its responsibility (Peterson, 2014). The media represents this cyber-crime as hacking. Mainly, it happens because GOP broke into the employees’ computers and received access to the personal information. However, it was not only found but also stolen, which proves that the group wanted to exploit the weaknesses of the system. It was also a theft of data with the intention of further release (in case of not meeting the request). Thus, from the very beginning, the purpose of GOP
Marriage represents a complex concept that requires continuous work, the ability to understand, compromise, support, rely on, and respect a person. Without any doubt, more factors and elements exist and influence how marriage is perceived among communities and how different couples view this issue. The plays Waiting for Godot and A Long Day’s Journey into Night indirectly imply the topic of the marriage’s role and how it impacts the individuals. This paper aims to find the aspects of this topic in the two plays mentioned above, support it with examples, and discuss it. One of the first thoughts that require attention is the presence of affairs in a married couple and how previous experiences or mistakes can affect one’s life partner’s emotional state. In A Long Day’s Journey into Night, it is mentioned that James Tyron had a mistress before getting married to Mary. This fact is still unsettled in Mary’s mind, and she views it as humiliation in the eyes of family and society. Hence, it is the implication of people struggling with their demons and being torn apart by inner contradictions, which is a frequent issue in marriage. The significant problem in A Long Day’s Journey into Night is Mary’s morphine addiction that keeps growing. One can say that her obsession with drugs has deep roots in her relationships with the husband and other family members. Throughout the events of the play and everything that the main female character says, the viewer can understand that Mary loves James, but she often regrets marrying him. It is as if she is living in a world of dreams and obscure visions of the past, fantasies, and trembling memories. The concept of marriage here is shown from a perspective that often peopl
Sometimes it becomes highly irrelevant what qualities a particular object possesses, wildly since social, political, technological, and economic change old rules are spinning out of fashion, and the next generation of managers is going into a future shock (Schultz et al., 1993). In the current simulation, the objective was a similar challenge to the manager of today, the target being a communication plan for “Olive,” a London-based furnishing retail chain with an over five billion dollar figure in annual revenues. With its directive to enter the US market, the first step was to design a communication plan with given statistics and reports collected all across various fields in the United States. In the first session of April 2X04, the target audience based on demographics and psychographics was chosen. In an age group of 35-44 and 45-54 years, annual household income targets were $50’000 to $75’000 and $75’000 to $100’000. The household size was taken from 3-4 due to the nature of the product. Olive’s sales showed the maximum percentage of consumers within the same age brackets chosen. 36.67% sales in the age bracket of 35-44 group, 30% to the 45-54 group, and 15% to the 25-34 group. The Franklin Focus Meter showed that with the given demographics, the focus meter ranked up to 60%. The psychological profile was chosen on a research basis. Olive products are generally within the comfort and price of the average person as well as the price-conscious consumer. The sales also showed 32% of the sales belonged to the Self-Actualizers and 36% belonged to the Price-Taggers. The target psychological segment was Tightrope Walkers and Self-Actualizers who valued style to a great extent. Thus the positioning statement, to be decided in May 2X04, was “Style and comfort at affordable prices.” The global positioning for
Introduction In the movie Spanglish the mother, Flora makes the right decision to remove her daughter Christina from an all public school where she was losing her maternal language and culture. In the light of today’s rapid globalization, she made the right decision socially, economically, and educationally. The value of retaining and improving fluency in their first language should be obvious in the United States where trade has become more diverse and national security agencies are searching for fluent speakers of languages other than English as analysts and translators. Because of the globalization of business and the very real threat of terrorism from foreign sources, foreign languages are popular once again with educational officials. We have a tremendous need for people who speak two languages, but we are getting fewer and fewer bilingual graduates to fill it. First-generation Americans born to immigrants soon find it more convenient and useful to speak English. They are surrounded by it. Children of new immigrants also rapidly adopt English, even at home, ignoring the opportunity to learn their parents’ mother tongue. More and more school systems are deciding to phase out expensive bilingual education, so fewer opportunities are available for children to learn their own language. If this continues, virtually all foreign languages will be swallowed up in America by English. Main body In the movie Spanglish, Flor wanted a better life for her daughter and for her daughter to keep her native language and heritage. She worked hard to pay for private school for Flor to prove that she was not a “gold digger”, as she said in the movie. That she could make her own way. She decided to take Christina from the all-English public school to protect her future. However, it is still a very difficult project, since Flor is very friendly with a one-language English family. Her motives were simple, and her actions were the best thing she could do for her child. She intended to help Christina retain her ethnic heritage, an important part of which is language, so Flor offered her daughter the opportunity to expand her mind and change her future. (Swift, Mike 2007) Had Flor not removed Christina, the odds are that Christina would have lost her native language and the benefits which go with it. Every foreign language in California, including Spanish, is “on a pathway to linguistic death…”(Sacchetti, Maria 2007). Generation of immigrants has lost their language. Some Spanish-speaking parents try enrolling their children in Spanish religious classes so they will keep some of the traditions and le
Introduction Criminal justice refers to the study and application of laws pertaining criminal behavior. It is usually studied by people and professionals who either defend or prosecute those accused of crime or people advocating for change in the prevailing criminal justice system. The major group in this case that is directly and more often involved in criminal justice supervision is the police. They require diversified training in field like management for them to be effective (Garner, 2008, pg 161). The word justice implies that those accused of criminal offence should be arrested, prosecuted, tried and judged fairly, seeing to it that those found guilty face the required repercussion while those proved innocent are freed. This has not always been possible due to the fact that law has been applied variously in addition to undergoing numerous unfair transformations, as well as having various interpretations thus the need of some extra effort to be successful in this field (Ellis-Christensen, 2010). Needs-Based Motivation Every human being has basic needs whose satisfaction motivates him to do the right thing. In the field of criminal justice, it is necessary to understand whether failure to satisfy the following needs may result to the criminal acts. Physiological needs are the basic motivational drive for need based theory. They determine homeostasis and appetite in the body of human beings. Failure to satisfy physiological needs may lead to a craving of the lacking food element leading to criminal acts to satisfy it. Incase physiological needs are not well satisfied, and then there arises security needs. Every person prefers a safe environment in which unpredictable negative events rarely happen. In case the above two are not satisfied, then there arise social needs whereby a person feels unappreciated and strives keenly to find company. Again, there are esteem needs whereby every person needs self respect and respect from others. Above all the other needs, there is self actualization need where by every individual must do what he is fitted for to have peace with himself (Maslow, 1970). Motivation-Hygiene Theory This theory was developed by Frederick Herzberg and it is a motivational theory that builds on Maslow need-based motivational theory. This theory was developed through a statistics carried out among 203 accountants and engineers selected from nine companies in Pittsburgh. The responses among these workers were fairly consistent and it was evident that satisfaction in the working place was as a result of contentment from the job itself. It’s important in that it seeks to determine the factors leading to motivation especially in the working environment thus helping to improve the relationship between the employer and the employee thus reducing incidences of criminal acts. In criminal justice supervisory practices, it is important in solving matters related to criminal practices, for instance during
Background This section not only discusses, explains, and evaluates the reviewed sources and data, but also reports on the appropriateness of the sources and data in resolving the business problem. The sources contain important information and data that can be used to answer a whole range of issues related to establishing a captivating outdoor business intended to provide opportunities for all types of people across the socioeconomic hierarchy. Discussion of the Data/Information The sources reviewed provide important insights into the American golf scene in terms of growth trajectories, customer trends, and market. One particular source reveals that golf participation in America has been on a downward spiral from the 1960s, hence the need for business practitioners intending to invest in the sport to come up with novel approaches to attract golfers and increase participation rates (Beditz and Kass 2). Figure 1 below captures the declines in the number of participants and golf courses in the recent past. Figure 1: “Supply and Demand Curve by Decade” (Source: Beditz and Kass 2) The figure above shows that golfers are declining at a faster rate than the golf courses, hence the need to develop innovative marketing strategies and come up with ways to target non-traditional golfers and attract them into the sport. The proposed business may target women and youth as available scholarship demonstrates a widening appeal for the sport among these groups of the population (Brauer par. 10). These customer segments may provide the much needed revenues and sustain the business until the situation improves. The proposed business aims to provide people of all statuses with a chance to enjoy the beauty of golf, theoretically and practically. Yet, available scholarship demonstrates that less than 1% of low income minority women in the United States actively participate in the game as opposed to more than 25% of higher-income white/Asian working men (Beditz and Kass 3). It is also important to note that, since 2006, golf course closings have outnumbered openings even after some business owners started charging less than $40 for greens fees during peak times (Cook par. 8). Such a projection points out to an attitudinal problem in playing golf rather than a cost-related problem, hence the need for the researcher to develop unique strategies to change the attitudes of people when it comes to golf. Despite the shortcomings, available scholarship demonstrates that the United States is still a popular destination for golf sport as the country is home to 53% of the world’s golf course supply (“Golf around the World” 14). The area has a wide potential for the sport if population estimates for North America are put into consideration. Table 1 next page shows that more people may be ready and willing to play golf if str
Many theorists will readily agree to the fact that culture is the backbone of individual and social development in nearly all civilizations across the world. Culture defines how individuals behave, socialize and relate to each other in a social setup (Hill, 2000, p. 72). The development of interest in the connection between psychology and culture precisely began to take root in the mid-1940. But until recently, conventional psychology had largely kept its distance from the deliberations relating to culture and human behavior due to perceived conflict of interests on some of their theoretical perspectives (Berry et al, 1992, p. 12). For instance, some psychological theories advanced and tested selectively within a western socio-cultural context such as the Freud’s psychosocial analysis, which seemed to suggest that human behavior is affected by universal stages of individual development, conflicted with the cultural perspective that human behavior varied with the cultural setting. However, the necessity to bridge this gap triggered the conception of cultural and cross-cultural psychology. A large proportion of scholars are of the opinion that cultural and cross-cultural psychology is closely related, while others tend to make some subjective and often uninformed distinctions between the two. By definition, cultural psychology “…is used generally to denote the trend of including culture and cultural variables in mainstream thinking and theorizing about psychology” (Hill, 2000, p. 72). Its most fundamental tenet is that dissimilarities between behaviors should be documented in accordance to culture in an attempt to revise incoherent theoretical perspectives of psychology and human behavior. On the other hand, cross-cultural psychology “is concerned with the systematic study of behavior and experience as it occurs in different cultures, is influenced by cultures, or results in changes in existing cultures” (Berry et al, 1992, p. 1). In essence, cross-cultural psychology tests the cultural considerations of psychological thought and knowledge by evaluating data from individuals residing in diverse cultural backgrounds. There exist a distinct relationship between cultural psychology and cross-cultural psychology. In essence, both disciplines of research test our knowledge and understanding in psychology by evaluating whether theoretical frameworks, mostly developed in the field of psychology, are universal or culture-specific (Shiraev & Levy, 2009, p. 3). Early psychologists such as Jean Piaget and Sigmund Freud developed universal theories of individual development and learning basing their facts on studies carried out in western cultures. However, both cultural and cross-cultural psychology has come up strongly against such assertions by claiming that human behavior is culture-specific. In other words, both fields of psyc