ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Reading Summary “The Martyred” is the novel written by Richard Kim about the Korean War and its consequences on the religious life. The first eleventh chapters of the story introduce the main character, Captain Lee, and describe his relations with his friend, Park, the ways of how they achieve the current military positions, and the tasks they have to complete during the war. The author uses the narration and a number of dialogues to describe the war’s reasons, methods, and outcomes. The idea to mix up religious and military ideas in “The Martyred” seems to be powerful indeed; still, it requires much attention from the author to every single detail like family relations, personal ambitions, and the desire to get to the truth. The novel retells a story of how Captain Lee gets a task from Colonel Chang to find out the truth about the deaths of the twelve Christian ministers, who are later called as the martyred, and the circumstances under which two other ministers, Mr. Shin and Mr. Hann, get to survive. In chapters from 1 to 11, it is not clear if Mr. Shin and Mr. Hann did something wrong or unethical to save their lives. Still, there is another character, Chaplain Koh, who could shed the light on the events of the night, when the twelve ministers were killed. He, as well as one of the survived ministers, Mr. Shin, makes the narrator thinking about the concept of truth and its effects on human relations. At the beginning of the story, Lee knows that he has some duties and orders to be followed. With time, he comprehends that “truth cannot be bribed” (Kim 50) and it is high time for him to decide which side he wants to belong to and whether it is correct to use religion as the only weapon to win the war and make more people believing in the threat of Communism to the society. Questions about the Reading How were the family relations between Park and his father predetermined by military and religion services? The evaluation of this question helps to comprehend that Kim’s novel is a good example of how a story about one war may encourage a person to think about family, the way of how the relations should be developed, and the situation when the mistakes of relatives can or cannot be forgiven. The novel is not a military story only, and this question helps to improve the reading understanding from a new unexpected perspective. Was it fair to use religion to justify some military actions on the example of the task given by Colonel Chang to Captain Lee? The question of religion is usual for the novel. It seems to be interesting to think over the possible combinations between the war and religion. However, it is necessary to use the story facts and prove if it is correct for people far from religion use it as a means to achieve certain military goals. What did Captain Lee mean when he told that “truth cannot be bribed”? The necessity to find out the tru
All living beings are able to pass on certain features and characteristics to their descendants. It is the ability due to which scholars explain the similarity between the child and his parents called human heredity, the discovery of which was primarily attributed to Gregor Mendel (Muehlenbein 48). At the same time, child’s qualities, peculiar to each of the parents, are manifested differently. For example, the child may outwardly resemble the father, but his behavior would be transferred from his mother. It occurs because there are two types of genes – dominant and recessive (Emery and Emery 43). The first of them would appear in the course of a child’s development by inhibiting the action of the latter. Heredity reflects on man’s mental and physical development. However, one cannot judge the potential of the child only according to his parents. It is possible that the child would inherit the dominant qualities of one of the remote ancestors. In this sense, it goes without saying that heredity and inheritance topic applies to real life playing an important role as for genetics as well as for every man. One of the interesting studies of inheritance is drawing a family tree. It allows following the dominant features in related entities within a few generations in each particular family. From a practical point of view, such study is very significant to identify the different transmitted diseases as a result of the influence of heredity on human. Therefore, it is achievable to develop methods for diagnosis and prevention of possible pathology in some cases. Let us take the following example. There is a married couple. The woman has a recessive gene responsible for predisposition to diseases of the respiratory system. If this gene interacts with a man with a dominant gene, both features would be presented in the genetic code of their child, but the gene of the respiratory system diseases would be suppressed by the dominant gene of a man. As a result, the disease would not manifest itself in a child with a high probability. It should also be noted that inheritance represents the process of the genetic trait from a parent to offspring. There might be several types of human inheritance among which dominant-recessive, incomplete dominance, co-dominant, sex-limited, and sex-influenced are. The bright example of a sex-influenced inheritance is baldness. “Two of every three American men will develop some form of balding,”
The structure of power is, without a single doubt, one of the most important things that define a country. Federations differ considerably from unitary states and confederations. However, even the same type of government can have some distinctions in different countries, or in different periods. The United States of America is probably the most well-known example of a federation. As is characteristic of a federal state, its powers are distributed between the federal government, also known as the national government, and state governments. The powers fall into three categories; the classification reflects in their distribution. The first category embraces the so-called enumerated powers, listed in Article I, Section 8 of the Constitution and granted by it to the national government (Schmidt, Shelley, II, and Bardes 64). The second category consists of the powers, which are “not delegated to [the national government of] the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the states” and are referred to as the reserved powers, for they are “reserved” to the state governments by the Tenth Amendment to the Constitution (Schmidt, Shelley, II, and Bardes 64). Finally, there is a third group of powers, which belong to both national and state governments; these are called the concurrent powers (Schmidt, Shelley, II, and Bardes 64). A bright example of a concurrent power is the ability to levy a tax, present on both levels of government. According to Zimmerman, “The existence of concurrent powers in the U.S. federal system offers states the opportunity to address a serious national problem if Congress fails to act” (148). Thus, the power is distributed between the nation and separate states. Nevertheless, the latter cannot overrule the policies, accepted by the national government. With the passing of time, the balance of power between the two levels of government shifted several times. The changes were usually brought about by the processes and events in the history of the USA. At the early stages of the country’s development, it was centralized, with the Congress being a supreme authority. 1819 marked the beginning of the Marshall era, named after Chief Justice John Marshall. During this period, the Supreme Court held the most power (Dautrich and Yalof 74). Almost twenty years later, the era of dual federalism began, which lasted about a century. During this time, the sphere of influence of the national government was severely limited by the state governments (Dautrich and Yalof 74). The Congress exhibited next to none of the concurrent powers, retaining only the enumerated powers. The situation changed in 1937, as the national government ruled freely in the wake of the Great Depression (Dautrich and Yalof 74). This period, known as the cooperative federalism, was followed by the new federalism, which started in the 1990s, as the states’ influence began to increase again (Dautrich and Yalof 74). As a result, the gap between the two levels of government was eliminated, with the power distribution becoming less layered and more intertwined. In my opinion, the curr
The street children are literally crying out for help as hopelessness fills the air. What can a person say to children when you see them in the street, The children sleep under benches and sell flowers. The children are wet by the rain because they have no home to return to. The children beg for food; they eat glue to remove the pain of hunger. The children suffer from rape, molestation, and exploitation. The children’s dreams of a better future have been dashed away. They need a hand. The Philippines’ street children have grown in numbers. They live in cemeteries and street corners, buildings and other available crevices. The children’s clothes are in tatters. They smell and they look destitute. The counter argument, street children brought it on themselves through laziness, is unsustainable. A child’s need for food, clothing, and a cozy home environment, is the responsibility of the parents. The child is not tasked to work before one reaches the ripe adult age of 18 years. Another argument stating the street children should find work to feed their hungry stomach is wrong. Children below the legal age are not allowed to work, under the law. The children’s bodies are not mature enough to do heavy manual work. Based on the above discussion, the street children are the ill fated victims of society. The life of the street children is filled with difficulty. There are many factors contributing to the street children’s helpless situation. Indeed, society should come to the help of the street children.
The Fall of the Rebel Angels is a 1562 oil-on-panel painting by one of the most prominent Netherlandish Renaissance artists Pieter Bruegel. Currently, the painting is held at the Royal Museums of Fine Arts of Belgium Brussels; it is a part of the permanent collection. The Fall of the Rebel Angels depicts an excerpt from the Book of Revelation, “The War in Heaven.” This part of the Book of Revelation describes a celestial war between an army of angels led by the Archangel Michael against fallen angels led by “the dragon” which most likely signifies the devil or Satan. According to the Book of Revelation, Satan is ultimately defeated and thrown onto the ground. Pieter Bruegel depicts this Biblical event through a complex mixture of people, animals, shapes, and patterns. Monsters emerge from a halo of light above, and they are immediately captured and combated by angels. “The War in Heaven” served as an artistic inspiration throughout the entirety of the Middle Ages. What is interesting about Bruegel’s rendering is his manner of expressing the battle. He does not seek to convey violence or bitterness in his work. Instead, the Netherlandish artist shows the intensity, endlessness, and indefiniteness of the fall. The intricate unity of action leaves a lasting impact on the viewer. As for the artistic influences, Bosch and Bruegel are often studied together, even though their styles differ significantly (Koerner, 2016). The Fall of the Rebel Angels stands out among Bruegel’s paintings that typically show unedited, unflattering everyday life. This painting is essentially Bruegel’s homage to the old-fashioned tradition of Hieronymus Bosch’s grotesque world. Pieter Bruegel is a Netherlandish painter who is mainly known for his monumental landscape paintings and daily scenes depicted with extreme realism and a pinch of humor. The Yawning Man , held at the Royal Museum of Arts in Belgium as part of its permanent exhibition, is an unusual piece. From the very beginning of his artistic career, Bruegel showed himself as an innovator. He was a major influence on the formation of the Dutch Golden Age of painting not only due to his mastery but also his unconventional choice of subject matters. Pieter Bruegel did not paint portraits – one of the mainstays of Netherlandish Renaissance art back in a day. The question arises as to where the Yawning Man fits within the painter’s repertoire. To understand the meaning and motivation behind drawing the Yawning Man, one needs to delve into the history and development of the Renaissance movement in Europe. In all European countries, the rise of the Renaissance was caused by the decline of feudalism and a decrease in the power held by the Roman-Catholic church (Porras, 2018). Yet, artistically, different regions possessed unique characteristics. If Italian Renaissance painters preferred formalized portraits and idealized beauty, Northern artists fancied realism. In the Yawning Man, the character is depicted with an unflattering and even indecent facial expression. No noble or urban middle-class person would like to go down in history with
Introduction The cold war is one occurrence that has had the greatest influence on the manner in which countries across the world handle diplomacy issues. The tensions experienced between the eastern and western blocs following the conclusion of the World War II led to its eruption (Wilson, 2104). The eastern bloc was comprised of the Soviet Union and its allies, while the western bloc was comprised of the United States along with its allies. The two super powers had numerous differences that involved issues relating to economic supremacy, political dominance, and social status. Unlike the World War I and II, this tension had very little fighting between the two blocs (Matlock, 2004). This explains the reason as to why this war that started in 1947 and ended in 1991 was termed as being cold. There are a number of theories that have been developed over the years in a bid to explain the main factors that influenced the conclusion of the cold war (Service, 2015). One of such theories is the one that tags between the role played by both hard and soft powers in ending the tensions. According to diplomacy and world history experts, it was hard power that ended the cold war. During the cold war, the United States was headed by President Ronald Regan while the Soviet Union was under the leadership of Mikhail Gorbachev (Matlock, 2004). Discussion Reports indicate that Mikhail Gorbachev is one of the main people that featured prominently in the events that led to the conclusion of this conflict. The soviet statesman is famed for his foreign policy that brought an end to the cold war, as well as his domestic policy that led to the introduction of major reforms that included the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 (Snyder, 2011). Although many people have questioned the motivations behind the leadership style used by Gorbachev, it is very clear that the actions were guided by the desire to protect the sovereignty of his people, as well as the ability of the Soviet Union to remain highly competitive on the global scene (Snyder, 2011). The changes that have brought Russia to its current economic and political state started in 1985, when Gorbachev assumed leadership. He believed in the use of hard power as the best way to save the Soviet Union from collapsing by opening investment opportunities to the western world (Service, 2015). Gorbachev kn
Cost of Funding Medicare Programs Medicare programs are intended to meet the healthcare cost of approximately 37 million Americans aged 65 and above and 7 million people with disabilities. The Federal Hospital Insurance Trust Fund (HI) and the Federal Supplementary Medical Insurance Fund (SMI) take care of the financial transactions of the Medicare programs. HI Trust Fund covers the expenses under Part A, which includes the inpatient hospital, home health, skilled nursing facility, and psychiatric hospital and hospice care services. The Medicare Board of Trustees assesses the financial health of the HI Trust Fund by making a comparison of the projected income with the projected expenditure of the funds. The HI Trust Fund derives its funds from the payroll tax paid by the employers and employees each at the rate of 1.45 percent of total wages. Self-employed individuals are mandated to pay 2.9 percent of their total wages. While the Social Security Taxes are collected as a percentage on the earnings above a certain ceiling, the Part A Medicare fund cost is collected as a percentage of total wages of the employees. Payroll tax revenue accounted for 91 percent of the income of the HI fund (Caplan, 2004). The SMI Fund consists of two separate accounts. One is Part B, which covers the cost of physicians and other outpatient health services and the other is Part D, which pays for the cost of outpatient drugs. Beneficiaries of Part B and D of Medicare have to pay monthly premiums. These premiums are usually deducted from the Social Security Benefits of the individual beneficiaries. The revenue from the premiums covers 25% of the cost of supplementary medical insurance. The premium charged for Part B benefit is $ 96.40 per month. The benefits under Part D entail an average premium of $ 28 per month. The amount of premiums each year will rise in proportion to the expenditure met by the programs. In the case of beneficiaries with an annual income of $ 82,000 or more, they have to pay an additional premium in proportion to their income towards Part B premium. Remaining cost of both Parts B and D are financed from the income taxes paid by the taxpayers (Waters, 2008). The beneficiaries of the programs are made responsible for covering a part of the cost of their care in the form of deductibles and coinsurance for covered health services. However, costs of routine dental care, eyeglasses, hearing aids and most long-term care are to be met by the beneficiaries themselves. Present Financial Status of Medicare According to the intermediate assumptions of the Trustees of Medicare Funds, Hospital Insurance Trust Fund is expected to be run in deficit from the year 2010. The current income and trust fund reserves are expected to meet the expenditures under hospital insurance funds until the year 2019 and from this year, the reserves will start depleting. At that point of time, if there are no changes effected in the whole Medicare programs the scheduled income from HI Funds are expected to cover only up to 78 percent of the total estimated expenditures. The SMI Fund does not suffer much, since it is usuall
Executive Summary ServeSoft Inc, a managed services company, provides IT services and training for clients based in Virginia, and in some parts of the United States, who do not want to set up IT departments. It uses a simple pricing approach with a fixed monthly fee. There are three classes of services namely, PC Management, Server Management, and Network management. The three main competitors in the market are, Bastionpoint, Iptech and Iservetech. The key demands that clients place on Managed Service Providers (MSP) include professional services, quick response, full time service, and regular training, all at affordable cost. For its expansion, ServeSoft has a good chance of increasing its presence in the managed services sector by concentrating promotion to its traditional market segment, which is growing rapidly. The goal for expansion is to become a prominent managed services provider in Virginia, through increased web presence. Proposed strategies for increasing the web presence include Search Engine Optimization and Social Media Integration by using LinkedIn and a blog. LinkedIn has a professional look to it. Its use will augment the development of a user-friendly website. The range of enterprises targeted includes medical practices, educational institutions, and all computer-using enterprises. The implementation of the strategy will be done in-house, except for the Search Engine Optimization component, which will be managed by Search Engine Optimization expert. International business involvement presents various risks and barriers including language, political issues, and technical concerns. It requires development of local capacity in overseas locations to handle on-site services. By tracking traffic to the website, feedback will be available to measure the success of the market expansion strategies. Business Overview Background on the market ServeSoft Inc. is a managed services company targeting clients with employees who number between ten and one hundred and fifty. ServeSoft is seeking to increase its online presence with the view of increasing its market share. It uses a simple pricing approach characterized by a flat monthly fee for contractual services while for special services there are specific predetermined costs. Clients seeking managed services are those that find it cumbersome and costly to set up an IT department. ServeSoft offers services tailored for their needs. They get the full benefits of a professional IT department complete with the state of the art equipment, without having to meet the capital and operational costs. ServeSoft retains specialists in all kinds of IT services to meet the client’s needs. By providing services to a large number of clients, ServeSoft generates sufficient revenue to make the services reasonably affordable to the clients, while attaining a reasonable return on investment. Services ServeSoft uses the internet to offer eighty percent of its services, classified under three main plans. Within each plan
Introduction Emerging technologies in the fields of communication and transport have opened access to the international market for mid-sized and large corporations. It is common to find American companies operating in China and Japanese firms having their branches in the United Kingdom or Russia. According to Britnell (2019), globalisation has made it easy for firms to operate in the international market. Most of the trade restrictions that existed in the past have been eliminated as countries come to understand that they cannot isolate themselves from the global community. As Ahammad et al . (2017) explain, firm seeking to enter a foreign market can choose one of the many strategies based on its size, government regulations in the foreign market, specific goals that should be realised within a given period and many other factors. Foreign direct investment, joint ventures, franchising, mergers and acquisition, partnerships and licensing are some of the popular strategies that a company can use to make an entry into a foreign market. Joint venture is one of the popular strategies that companies often use to explore new markets. In China, many American, British, French and Canadian companies have had joint ventures with local firms as they focus on exploiting opportunities in this market (Adams, 2016). The strategy is considered suitable when a foreign firm has a limited understanding of the local market. By partnering with a company that already exists in the local market, the foreign firm will not have to spend many resources on market research and popularising their brand. Operational costs will be shared by all the parties involved based on the agreement they make. However, Yunker (2017) warns that this strategy is often affected by cultural differences of the organisations involved in the deal. Work culture and ethics in the United States is significantly different from that in Japan. When companies from these two countries have to work as a unit, the management must first find effective strategies of dealing with cultural differences (Huanga and Crotts, 2019). In some cases, managing these cultural differences becomes a major challenge that may impede the normal operation of the new company. The researcher is interested in investigating factors th