The main problem explored in the article “Culture and Biology: The Foundation of Pathways of Development” by Heidi Keller, which was published in Social and Personality Psychology Compass in 2008, is the relationship between biology and culture in the pathways of self-development. After comparing the traditional parenting patterns and sociocultural contexts in the families of non-Western villages and Western urban neighborhoods, the author concludes that the relationship between biology and culture are systematic and designed in such a way so that an individual could acquire contextually relevant information and adapt to a specific environment. According to the results of the study, there is relative consistency in parental patterns used by rural and urban families, which are obviously based on their cultural models and have an impact upon children’s development and language acquisition. The cultural knowledge differing in various ethnic and social groups can have a significant impact on life views and implemented parental strategies, which, in turn, influence the developmental pathways of children belonging to certain communities. According to Keller (2008), the parental strategies used by rural families in non-Western villages differ from those used by urban families in Western cities (Keller 675). For instance, children in African villages are regarded as the responsibility of the whole community and spend much time with their relatives other than mothers, whereas their peers from European-American middle-class families tend to spend most of the day with their mothers. The consensus analysis of these parental strategies demonstrates that there is relative consistency between the pathways used by individuals belonging to the same groups. On the one hand, these parental strategies are rooted in parents’ cultural models depending upon their cultural models, levels f income, and development. On the other hand, these behavioral characteristics of parents will have an impact on children’s socialization, further developmental pathways, and the acquisition of cultural knowledge. In modern communities, cultural knowledge still plays an important role in regulating individuals’ choices and behavioral patterns. It is notable that in African villages, most mothers still sleep with their infants because, in old times, people believed that evil spirits could come and steal their babies (Keller 674). Many years ago, this tradition was preserved, and the cultural models of African communities reflect in schemas of rural mothers who stick to these parental strategies, which may seem outdated to individuals belonging to other ethnic and social groups. Though, as can be seen from the example of Chumash communities in California, the cultural identities can change rather frequently (Haley 432), these changes defined as indigenization of modernity depend upon certain contexts, including those of economic and cultural development of certain groups. There is evidence that the cultural knowledge of particular groups and their perception of reality and corresponding behavioral patterns depend upon the availability of mass media (Johnson and Griffith 87), average income, and even ethnic origin (Moore et al. 296). In general, the better educated American families tend to get