ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Reference groups play a pertinent role in the make-up of college students’ behavior and attitude. The term reference group was coined by Hyman during the study of social standing when he required respondents with “which individuals or groups” they identified their selves. (Bearden and Etzel 183). We mould our personalities through socialization. Family, school, society, peer groups etc are important agents in this process. We often tend to absorb certain things in our personalities which are considered to be more valuable in society. This paper presents some topics like various reference groups of college students, most important reference groups and the difference between high school students and college students having reference groups in moulding of one’s personality. Perhaps one of the most interesting aspects is that, “however, individuals who are considered to be “deviant” by one category of people may be seen as conformists by another group.” (Kendall 175). Various reference groups of college students Social scientists have acknowledged group membership as a precursor of conduct. The notion that people act in conformity within the “framework of reference” created by the groups in which they claim membership is a well accepted idea (Bearden and Etzel 183). Reference group is a group that influences a student’s behavior and attitude. Family, education, peer group, media and religion are the main agents in the process of socialization of an individual. This process helps us become a human in the society, acquiring mental and physical skills which are essential to live in the society. It molds us how to think, act and talk in the society. Any regular “frame of reference” whether it matches social precepts or not, makes up the perceptive portion of an approach.” (Newcomb 225). Children and adults need people who take care of them and they want groups with which they can interact. Looking-glass self theory is a sociological concept where one individual evaluates the other person’s view about evaluating individuals. If it is positive, it will enhance the personality and if it is negative it will diminish the self. Therefore, the society and socialization has a vital role in the molding of personality. There are reference groups for college students towards which they are more attracted and their personality is influenced by these reference groups. “Compared to older people, college students have less developed attitudes, lower molded self beliefs, but instead have robust recognition skills and faculties, and more ‘unstable peer-group relationships.” (Sears 515-530). There are various reference groups among college students. Each one is attracted towards the reference group where one thinks that his or her own ideas and principles can be cherished. The different groups are associated with any of these groups such as sports, writers and intellectuals, films stars and models, singers and dancers and politicians. Film actors or singers serve as role models for teenagers, while for others, the fashionable school a group acts as “a reference group.
Abstract The paper focuses on qualitative and quantitative research methods and how they complement each other. It pays special attention to explaining the qualitative method of research by suggesting some topics which are suitable for exploring the method. It also looks at the appropriate method of selection of the participants its, strengths and weaknesses. Introduction Research can be defined as a form of investigation done in a systematic manner, guided by established rules and guidelines, and aimed at producing new knowledge or confirming some predictions. Most research activities follow the scientific method, which starts with the development of a hypothesis, collection of data, analysis of the data, and the interpretation of results (McBurney, 2009). There are two main types of research namely the qualitative and quantitative research methods. The qualitative method deals with giving meaning to a social phenomenon and explaining the question of why something happens, and its meaning (Creswell, 2003). The quantitative method deals with numbers in a population of study and how the numbers relate to each other. Both qualitative and quantitative methods complement each other, and therefore, it is almost impossible to separate them. They are actually seen as a continuum, rather than two separate entities. In this assignment, I will choose two topics that are most suited for exploring the qualitative method of research and explain why they are suitable, and the sampling of participants for the research (Silverman, 2004). Discussion The qualitative research method is mainly used in topics whose main objective is to explain some behavior in terms of why. Qualitative research, therefore, is mainly interested in the meaning of a social phenomenon or some behavior. In qualitative research, in-depth interviews and probing are very crucial, because they help in unveiling the hidden meaning of behavior. The sample in qualitative research is selected in a random manner, to ensure that the sample is as representative as possible. Selecting samples that are not representative of the whole population may make the results biased, and therefore not valid (Babbie, 2010. p.217). One topic which can be suitable for exploring qualitative research methods is consumer behavior. One can be interested in knowing why brand A of a product is consumed more by a population than brand B of the same product. For example, a bread manufacturing company may be making two types of bread, A and B. The price may be the same, but the sales for type A may be higher than that for type B. This topic is suitable for the qualitative method because the main aim is to establish the reason for consumers’ preference of type A bread to type B. The method would however be informed by quantitative data, regarding the number of people consuming type A bread and those consuming type B. Another topic suitable for the qualitative method of research is in the field of education. A ministry of education in a country may be interested in knowing why many parents take their children to boarding schools instead of day schools. The topi
Introduction Written messages form the greatest proportion of business communication. While messages are meant to convey information, they are equally critical in the running of a business since they talk a lot about the image of an organization. A poorly written message can damage the reputation of an organization for a long time because, unlike other forms of communication, they can last for years to come. In this regard, writers endeavour to communicate messages in a positive manner, no matter how good or bad the message is. Positive writing, therefore, means bringing out ideas in a positive manner. The idea can be positive or negative, but how they are expressed in writing matters a lot. This paper, therefore, explores positive writing. The paper starts by explaining positive writing, then goes ahead to discuss message organization, types of positive writing and finally the right tone for positive writing. Explanation of Positive Writing According to Bovée and Thill (2011), a positively written piece of communication should portray passion and deep connection between the writer and the reader. Readers need to be convinced that the message is worth believing in. Therefore, business writers should strive to use words that express their belief in the message. It is very difficult to think and write positively, especially in negative situations. However, through regular practice, one should be able to write positively without straining. It is important that writers provide practical solutions through their messages. Otherwise, readers might think that the message is only meant to test them, hence they might not take it serious. Similarly, writers should be reasonable with their messages. Writers should not be insensitive to your readers as this might make readers develop a negative attitude towards the message being relayed. It is equally important for writers to use simple terms to express themselves. Complex terms will not be easily understood and might even lead to the audience taking the message negatively. Even when the message being expressed is negative, positive writing dictates that a writer should avoid the use of such negative words as impossible, damage, loss, refuse and stop. Writers should opt for positive or neutral words such as benefit, succeed, fortunate, progress, valuable and complete. For example, you can communicate a negative message such as the uncertainty surrounding a pay increment as follows: Negative: We will not be sure about salary increment until later in the year. Positive: We will find out about salary increment by July of this year The second statement does not only express a negative message in a positive manner, but also shows some level of optimism, characteristic of positive thinking. As a business writer, it pays to be optimistic even in the most negative and uncertain situation. It is only through a high level of optimism that readers will believe in the message being communicated. At times it is difficult to positively express a negative message. In such a case, it is advisable that a business writer starts by identifying the questions that readers are lo
Historical highlights from the development of behavioral theory The behaviorist position on the relationship between animals and humans is a rather popular position among psychologists. Beginning from the 1910s and even a few decades earlier, such well-known psychologists as Watson, Dashiell and Weiss argued that there existed a close connection between the behavior of animals and human behavior (Wozniak, 1997). They stated that not taking mind into account, human behavior is very similar to animal one. However, to support the conclusions that parallels in human and animal conduct does exist, it is important to make a few assumptions about similarity between humans and animals. The assumptions which should be made to believe that research with animals can give us information about human behavior The idea that animal behavior studies can become a basis for making conclusions concerning human behavior requires a few assumptions which may seem outrageous for the majority of people. Firstly, an assumption should be made that humans, just as animals, are governed by strong impulses which can be also called instincts (Hunt, 2007). Secondly, human intellect which makes us unique living creatures on the Earth should be underestimated and equaled to animal instinctive wisdom. Finally, human morality and spirituality which are believed to be vital foundations of human society should be neglected because animals do not have such categories in their world. Critical analysis of the main concepts of behaviorism Judging on the above-mentioned assumptions, I believe that the position of behaviorists is not well-judged. Of course, some humans may be likened to animals on the reason of their degradation. Such people forget about their exalted inner qualities including intellectual potential, conscience and morality, and start serving their sinister inclinations and instincts. However, these people cannot be accepted as typical humans whose behavior concepts are followed by the majority in human society. Human conduct is far more complicated than animal one.
How to Perform self-breast Examination The nurse should inform a patient to administer a self-breast examination while in a vertical position. The patient should stand when she does the examination. She should stand before a mirror during the process. The patient should check for any lumps or knobs on the surface of the breasts (Mendelsohn, 2003). Her hands should be raised and then pressed tightly on the hips. This should reveal changes in the nature and structure of the breasts. Finally, she should inspect the breasts while in a flat position. This means that she has to lie down. With the right palm, she should examine for lumps on the left breast by use of globular motions over the exterior of the breast (Hogan-Quigley, Palm and Bickley, 2012). She should do this gently in both clockwise and anticlockwise directions. She should start from the peripheral parts of the breast and move slowly towards the nipples. Finally, she should do the same on the right breast. Any lump or discharge that she detects has to be reported to the nurse. Health History Related To the Breasts Health history is critical in the assessment of risk for breast cancer. Health history related to breasts directs the nurse’s attention to potentially appropriate symptoms. It provides a foundation for interpretation of results of breast examination (Winchester, 2006). It must include test practices that a patient employed in breast examination. Additionally, it has to include the time when the examination was done, and the results obtained. The practices can be self-breast examination (SBE), clinical breast examination (CBE) or mammograms. Health history record has to include changes that have occurred in the breasts. These changes include the dimensions and figures of breasts (Bickley, Bates & Szilagyi, 2008). Finally, health history records must include information that assesses the risk for breast cancer. Thus, it has to include the age and family history of the individual. Other necessary information includes cosmetics use, surgeries done, health promotion behaviors and so on. Information to Document during Physical Breast Examination The nurse has to document vital information obtained during the examination of the breasts. The pertinent information should comprise a summary of health history related to the breasts. Additionally, the methods used to screen the breasts, changes in breasts and risk factors for breast cancer have to be documented. Furthermore, the nurse has to document the hormonal conditions at the time of examination. She has to note the symmetry of the breasts and palpation of the lymph nodes (Barth, 2010). Moreover, the nurse has to document the tenderness of the breasts and the interpretation of the breast examination done.
Summary There are many jobs in the financial sector although I decided to settle for the position of a reconciliation clerk due to my qualifications and future career prospect. In the beginning, I found the job to be demanding but equipped with good academic background and accounting experience, I believed that I was the best person for the advertised position. In addition to my qualifications, I realized that the position was not only suitable for my current needs but it was also to be of great importance to my future career by gaining the required experience. There were several jobs advertised alongside the job of my choice and therefore I needed to make a choice concerning the suitable job. The company also needed to know the value I was to add to the company as a new employee. Therefore, how I presented my application was of great importance to the company. I also needed to consider some of my weaknesses that would make me not fit for the job and the possible solutions. This paper, therefore, presents an analytical report of my job portfolio about the chosen job. The report discusses the job requirements, the choice for that particular post, my skills, attribute, and some of my weaknesses in relation to the post. Job Title, Requirements, and Skills A Reconciliation Clerk was the title of the job I chose looking forward to a successful application process. According to the job description, the job seemed to be very demanding since it had strict requirements. The job description was also specific in all the requirements and therefore I needed to be specific in my application. According to the job description, a reconciliation clerk needed to have at least a bachelor’s degree in accounting from a reorganized institution. The post also required that the candidate should have at least one year of experience in a similar position or its equivalent. According to the company, experience was the most important qualification for the post and it was to act as major selection criteria. The job also required that suitable candidates should have numerical skills and a high level of accuracy. The suitable persons for the post should have proven ability to handle large-scale paperwork with an excellent degree of accuracy and proficiency. Communication is very important in an organization since it determines the success of the company based on employees’ competence (Hellriegel and Slocum 413). The company seemed to be aware of this and in the job description; excellent communication skill was set as an important requirement for successful candidates. According to my own a
The Peculiarities of HRM Recruitment Methods Dealing with the issue of hiring employees is one of the most crucial aspects of any company’s work, since the further development of the company depends on the careful choice of the workforce (Abdullah, 2009). However, despite the efficient and quite successful scheme of sorting the employees in the workplace according to certain principles has proved quite successful new methods of recruitment strategies emerge and the new ways of convincing people to work in the given sphere, allowing the former to perfect their skills and indulge into the favorite task emerge. Therefore, the current HRM strategies are to be analyzed to find out which of these proves to be the most effective and is likely to develop further on. It must be kept in mind that with the advent of the new technologies and the Internet, the process of staff recruitment has become both simpler and more versatile, allowing the HR managerial to broaden the horizons of the recruitment procedure. However, it is worth marking that the old, time-tested means of choosing staff still prove quite popular. Therefore, the old and the emerging means of recruitment are to be analyzed as well. Implying “successful recruitment begins with proper employment planning and forecasting” (Richardson, 2000, p. 3), the existing kinds of staff recruitment are to be considered in the given paper. Direct Mailing: Acting in a Straightforward Fashion One of the most obvious ways to recruit a new employee must be the establishment of a direct contact with the latter, which one of the key recruitment techniques presupposes. It must be admitted that electronic mail has broadened the possibilities of the given strategy (Othman & Musa, 2006). Relatively uncomplicated and offering a number of benefits that direct contact presupposes, namely, allowing to have the first impression about the given person judging by the way the respondent reacts to the mail and how prompt the answer is, one must admit that direct mailing is the prior strategy that offers an efficient recruitment process and the further fruitful cooperation. However, according to Parmesh (2008), even though the existing strategy of contacting the alleged employee does seem rather efficient, there is still considerable need for the new approaches to be undertaken, which will involve specialized recruitment managers, new talent pools and consolidating the recruitment effort (p. 22), as the scientist emphasizes. Thus, the need for an online recruitment methods application arises (Parry & Tyson, 2008). Indeed, the given innovation doe shave sufficient grounds to be implemented, fir it comprises the beneficial elements of the direct communication with the employee-to-be and the most modern technologies. With the online metho
Introduction This paper is a report designed to explain if a commercial company named, CU-IT services should adopt cloud computing or not. This paper will therefore be designed to inform the company’s CIO of the evidence-based clarification of cloud computing (a cut-through of the hype that surrounds cloud computing); the evidence-based evaluation of the general benefits and pitfalls of cloud computing; the formulation of a framework that guides the recommendations about cloud computing; how cloud computing complements the company’s corporate strategy and a comprehensive recommendation assessing all the above factors. Interpreting the Topic Instruction Words Explicit content words: ‘general benefits and pitfalls of cloud computing include the advantages and disadvantages of cloud computing. Here, an explanation should be given why CU-IT Company should adopt cloud computing, or why it should not adopt cloud computing. Implicit instruction phrase: ‘evidence-based’ includes the use of scientific and research-based findings to come up with a conclusive recommendation about the research topic. The main objective of evidence-based research is to improve transparency and provide the guarantee that the recommendations given in this paper can be highly relied on. Implicit Instruction phrase: ‘complements the company’s corporate strategy includes the determination of how cloud computing will support the overall aim, objective or vision of the company. Implicitly, this means a definition of how the paper’s recommendations support the company’s scope and direction. Moreover, the recommendations should explain how they support various organizational departments to work together towards achieving the overall goal of the company. Content Words Explicit content words: ‘Cut through’ – the McGraw-Hill Dictionary of American Idioms and Phrasal Verbs define ‘cut through’ as “to penetrate something by cutting; to slice through something” (Schofield, 2008, p. 223). However, in the context of this study, ‘cut through’, means to elaborate an issue that has been continually misunderstood. Here, this analysis is used in the clarification of evidence-based reports about cloud computing (Schofield, 2008, p. 223). Value Words
Abstract Autism in children is characterized by behavioral problems associated with socializing and interacting with others. Autistic children experience problems with communication, behavioral and other interaction problems. Existing research findings are not conclusive on the role the environment plays in influencing the behavior of an autistic child. This study is aimed at comparing the behavioral problems of a child with autism in the home and school settings. The purpose is to find out whether the co morbidity changes with the environment, and assess the influence that the environment has on the behavior of an autistic child. The study looks at the behavior of children with autism when they are with their parents, with strangers or at school to reach a conclusion. Introduction Autism in children is manifested through repetitive behavioral patterns indicative of the disorder. Parents and medical practitioners can tell if a child is autistic through observation of behavior. This condition is in most cases not detected in children until they reach their pre-school years, though in some children, it is detected in their early infancy (Zwaigenbaum, et al. 2005). The most notable indicators that the condition exists are communication, behavioral and interaction difficulties. This research compares the behavioral patterns of autistic children while at home and school. The aim is to assess the impact that the environment has on the condition. All children develop uniquely and at their own pace. Children do not have a uniform growth pattern, and it is common to find even twins who grow and develop differently from each other. When a child delays in the development and learning process, in many cases there is usually no cause for alarm. However, there are naturally established time limits for certain developments to take place, such as the formation of speech, bobbling, walking, among other normal developments. Parents and caretakers, therefore, should be on the lookout for any abnormalities in a child’s growth and development. For example, if a child does not start talking by the age of two, then this is an indicator of an underlying problem (NIDCD Fact Sheet, 2010). Autism is defined by Zwaigenbaum, et al. (2005) as a ne