ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction The following report is a group project done by three members. All members of the group were responsible for creation of the purpose of the project. They decided that the main objective of the project was to develop a homebirth toolkit to be implemented at hospitals and clinics that handle expectant mothers. Each member of the group was in charge of a particular segment of the report. Some people handled the literature review; others handled policy formulation, implementation of the tool and evaluation procedures. Another member covered the conclusion. Since all sections of the report were dependent on the previous sections, then a group member dealing with a preceding section had to tell another group member about the completion of his part in order to facilitate coverage of the next aspect. It was difficult to coordinate all the group’s activities because none of us met in person. We communicated online or via telephone. Nonetheless, the group completed the project successfully. Literature review Health bodies around the world acknowledge a woman’s right to give birth at home if her choice is informed. They also add that adequate support services ought to be presented. Sacks and Donnenfeld (1984) explain that some women may choose a home birth because they want to feel in control of their situation. These mothers can select the individuals that will be present during delivery. Others may want to avoid separation from their children. Some women may do it in order to evade extreme obstetrical management. Within the hospital setting, a mother’s role is reduced to that of a child bearer. No consideration is given to her other roles as a sister, wife, or aunt as the case is in a home birth. What’s more, the birth process is driven by objective scientific forces in the hospital environment, yet midwives tend to use a more natural approach at home. Many authors such as Sacks and Donnenfeld (1984) tend to focus on the motivations behind home births. They do not focus on the health policies that may make them safe, which is the centre of this report. A number of researches have also focused on the dangers of home births versus hospital births (Mehl-Madrona & Mehl-Madrona, 1997). Corren (2002) found that home births compromise the Apgar score of newborns. It was found that chances of death at delivery are higher among children born at home than those born in a hospital. Postpartum risks such as bleeding and prolonged labour are much higher at home than in the hospital. Janssen (2002) carried out the same research among women with the same socioeconomic background and demographic status. They found that the number of perinatal deaths was just as high as the rate in hospital deliveries. In these studies, it has been highlighted that carrying out home deliveries may present additional challenges when complications arise because of the lack of resources to deal with them. The problem with such studies is the possibility of confounding factors that emanate
Urban Artisans In the first half of the 19th century, the emergence of a market economy reshaped the lives of working Americans, both free and enslaved. Industrial and agricultural developments not only changed the status of workers and the organization of work, but also transformed the work process itself, an observation for which Adam Smith and Alexis de Tocqueville offer competing views. These developments changed the nature of work for urban artisans and journeymen. The emergence of market economy changed the lives of people as well as the nature of work for artisans and journeymen. Workers earned more from their work while employers maximized on human resources. The invention of cotton gin affected the nature of work for Northern and Southern slaves as well as the Native urban Americans. Initially, the artisans and journeymen used to work for the sake of working, that is, they did not take their work with the seriousness it deserved. However, with the introduction of the market economy, work was highly specialized, that is, artisans became specialists in various areas of the production process. Some specialized in production of the raw materials while others specialized in manufacturing and others in marketing. This led to emergence of inequalities in the sense that some artisans rushed to own the means of production and employed more casuals. This led to the emergence of social classes among the artisans (Foner 27). Journeymen in the North According to Smith, division of labor is the best way of improving efficiency and increasing productivity. Smith in ‘the wealth of nations’ argues that employers are justified in maximizing the utilization of their resources, including human resources in form of labor. The maximization increases the profits, which in turn enables the employers compensate the employees properly. The employees are not supposed to question how the state appropriated or distributed income between them and the employers (Smith 1). Accordingly, employees derive joy and satisfaction from their work, the remunerations that they get as well as also from specialization. In other words, specialization makes them do what they are best at and therefore, there is no possibility of boredom (Smith 4). Southern Slaves In the south, the introduction of market economy and cotton gin led to small acts of rebellion on daily basis. Examples of such rebellions by the slaves include the Turner’s and the Planters rebellions. The westward expansion led to enactment of legislations such as the Indian removal Act that led to the driving away of the Indians from their native land. The native Indians also engaged into massive investments, which made them to run into debts as they borrowed money to finance their investments (Foner 28). Smith argued that productive labor fulfils two requirements namely the production of tangible objects and the creation of surplus. The country is supposed to re-invest to this surplus into the business to generate more profits. He also argued that there are two forms of value namely the exchange value and use value. He argued that the source of labor is the value itself, to m
Introduction The internet bubble occurred from mid 1990’s to 2000. During this period, stock markets in the developed world saw a sharp rise in value of technology and internet stocks. As a result, people believed that the internet would be the major driver of future business, people would not need to physically go to the retail store and we could shop our groceries online and order our meals from a dot com site. Unfortunately, this did not last as the stock market suddenly crashed. Despite the crash, most internet companies are still registering significant growth and it is clear that there are here to stay. For the purpose of this study, the paper will focus on Google Corporation. Discussion Google has registered significant success since its inception in 1998. The Company’s success is attributed to factors such as Google’s design to suit the final user and its simplicity in terms of design that has attracted many internet users over the years. Reuters (2009) reports that Google uses an excellent search engine that produces products that exactly fit into customer’s needs. Google Corporation provides a software technology that is capable of continuous calculations that are performed simultaneously compared to traditional search engines that perform calculations one at a time. Due to the engine’s speed, the engine was able to perform over 85% of the search requests in 2004 on the World Wide Web. Another key factor in Google’s success is the superb organizational culture. The working conditions for the company’s employees are conducive as they feel at ease at the work place. Moreover, the company’s top management is comprised of highly qualified MBA and PhD graduates from various fields that are important in the fulfilment of the objectives of the vision of Google Corporation. They work together as a team to accomplish the goals of the company. In addition the employees are encouraged to be innovative. For instance, engineers are free to spend up to 20% of their work time in any interesting project that they believe can add value to Google, this has led to creation of innovative products like Ad sense, Google news and Google mail. Furthermore, the Google business model also explains its success. This model makes it almost impossible for its rivals to catch up. Chaffey (2007) asserts that Google’s business model is summarised by the following phrase “to make the world’s information universally accessible and useful “(p.2). As noted by Chaffey, the firm has positioned itself well in the market in order to offer high quality products that cannot be compared to any competitor in the industry, thereby leaving its users satisfied and promoting the company through the word of mouth. Strategic alliances also explain Google’s success. Google has acquired and in some cases formed alliances with several other companies such as YouTube, E-bay, Yahoo and Amazon. Through such alliances, Google has a better position to tackle its competitors. Dwivedi (2008) further notes that Google has largely changed its core business to a variety of businesses in the field of marketing such as Picasa, blogger, keyhole, Gmail and Googl
Introduction Understanding the notion of crime gives a better expression of what constitute an acceptable behavior and what does not. Some behaviors have been regarded as crimes in some societies while in others they are not, for instance, prostitution has been legalized in some nations while it is seen as a criminal behavior in others. By understanding criminal law, we are able to identity what constitute an acceptable behavior and what does not. There are different types of crimes; for example, we have property crime, crimes against a person, and social crimes. A property crime is committed when an individual takes property belonging to another person without his will. Examples of property crimes include theft, burglary, and robbery. Murder is a crime against a person and involves taking another person’s life. Social crimes are crimes committed against the society. They can also be defined as a violation of the societal norms. This paper will look at the meaning of crime, different types of crimes, and different forms of punishment. It will also look at murder as being a crime against a person and differentiate between murder and manslaughter. It will conclude by looking at the definition of social crimes and the different types of social crimes that are common in society today. Crime Crime is something done against the law. It is a violation of law. In this sense, law refers to something that shapes and is shaped by the society in which it operates. According to Gottfredson & Hirschi (1990), everyone has the potential of breaking the law and therefore those who break it do it out of choice. A behavior is classified as a crime if a criminalized behavior is committed; there is a victim, law officer, and the offender. A criminalized behavior is a behavior that is unacceptable according to the laid down law. It can also be defined as a derogatory or blasphemy. A victim is a person who is harmed by a criminalized behavior. It is worth noting that a behavior is considered to be a crime if the victim is innocent and was harmed due to the actions of the offender. A law officer is police officer who has been given the responsibility of enforcing law and the offender is the person who commits the criminal behavior. Most law enforcement officers assume that the law offender and the criminal behavior are tied in space. Crimes can be classified into different categories, for instance, we have property crimes, computer crimes, crimes against a person, social crimes among others. Over the years, there has been an increase in the rate of property and computer crimes. Some of these crimes include; robbery, theft, burglary and internet crime. The introduction of computers and internet has accelerated the rate at which these crimes are taking place, for example, most people have taken advantage of the internet to conduct illegal businesses such as drug trafficking while others use it to rob people off their money in the name of trade. Robbery is a cri
eBay is a multinational online consumer-to-consumer company based in California, USA. It was started in 1995 by Pierre Omidyar (Collier, 2013). The firm has now been transformed into a multi-billion dollar enterprise with operations spread to more than thirty nations. Its core business is composed of an online shopping and auction website; businesses and individuals purchase and sell a wide range of commodities and services globally. The website has grown to incorporate standard shopping, classified advertisement, event ticket exchange, and money transfers among others. eBay is one of the world’s markets and the largest recycling center. The firm deals in merchandise sales and auctions on the internet. The provision of a global market and timely collection of taxes are at the heart of eBay’s business model. eBay neither runs stores nor has warehouses. Its revenues originate from advertising and listing charges, the banking system for internet clients, and PayPal (Collier, 2013). In 1995 Pierre founded AuctionWeb as part of his site. One of Pierre’s initial sales on the site was a damaged laser point. eBay was run as a hobby until early 1996 when Pierre started charging persons who used his site. Towards the close of 1996, eBay secured a third-party licensing agreement with Electronic Travel Auction. Through the arrangement, the firm obtained the right to transact plane tickets via the Smart market Technology. In January 1997, eBay recorded phenomenal growth; the site registered two million auctions, a shoot from 25000 during the previous year. Towards the close of 1997, AuctionWeb was renamed eBay. On 21 st September 1998, eBay was listed and recorded a tripling effect on its price on the first trading day (Collier, 2013). The company continued to expand through horizontal and vertical acquisitions. Nevertheless, at the onset of 2006 internet auctions registered a disturbing movement. Owing to the maturation of the internet business, clients grew less willing to wait for days trailing their bids to achieve a good deal. In addition, online buyers were uncomfortable with the toppling of bids at the last minute. With automated software programs, last moment bidding became common. Search engines enabled clients to swiftly locate any commodity at the least price. The convenience of purchasing goods swiftly at a predetermined price gave clients room to save on time. The new development created a performance gap in the company’s operations; the future performance of eBay was at stake. Data analysis at eBay indicated that the firm’s traditional ploy, online auctions, was getting obsolete. About half of eBay’s transactions were attributable to fixed prices sales while auction sales constituted less than thirty-three percent compared to seventy-five percent in the previous two years. eBay instituted performance gap analysis to bridge the performance gap. The performance gap analysis process involves the definition of a change program’s objectives and system parameters, recognition of problems, symptoms, and the roots of ineffectiveness, identification data collectio
Introduction Health practitioners are required to embrace diversity in order to effectively meet the needs of their clients (Ball, Dains, Flynn, Solomon & Stewart, 2015). In her article to The New York Times, Alice Randall states that cultural, socioeconomic, spiritual, and other elements of human lifestyle have a great impact on individual health (Randall, 2012). Randall (2012) uses a unique example of a segment of the Black American population. The individuals are of the view that overweight women are beautiful and desirable compared to those who are not. To impart positive health values on the population, it is important to understand and show genuine concern for their values and beliefs. In this paper, the author analyses diversity in health assessments using the example of a 16 year old Middle Eastern girl who wishes to have access to contraceptives. However, the girl does not want anyone in her family to know about it. Building a Health History for the Patient Factors Associated with the Patient With regards to socioeconomic factors, the 16 old girl is still dependent on her parents. They are the ones who are going to pay for her contraceptives, either knowingly or unknowingly. Spiritually, the patient is a Muslim. Her faith does not allow sex before marriage. In addition, the use of contraceptives is not encouraged. Her lifestyle revolves around school and interacting with her friends and family. She informed that she has a boyfriend and her sex life is active. Her culture requires her to be submissive to the men in her life, including her boyfriend. That is why she found it important to seek contraceptives. Issues to be Sensitive to when Interacting with the Patient The practitioner is likely to encounter a number of issues in their attempts to build the health history of the patient. The practitioner should be sensitive about the cultural differences between them and the client. The patient may be unwilling to disclose facts for fear that the professional will be partial (Dains, Baumann & Scheibel, 2012). The practitioner should avoid biases when interpreting the information provided. Age differences may also affect communication. The 16 year old patient may not be comfortable sharing information with a person who is older than her. As a health practitioner, the professional should be aware of this. To remain sensitive to the population’s diverse nature, a nurse can devise strategies to help improve their functionalities. For example, when handling the girl seeking contraceptives, the professional should avoid direct confrontations (Qaseem et al., 2012). As such, the girl will agree to disclose their personal information. Judgemental statements deemed to attack their integrity will make them less willing to share their story. The practitioner should be able to show the patient that they are genuinely concerned with their welfare (LeBlond, Brown & DeGowin, 2009). Questions to Ask and How to Frame Them To compile a health history, a practitioner is required to prepare a number of questions (Laine, 2012). In this case, the questions to be posed to the girl should be sens
Mental disorders affect people’s personal as well as career life. It is necessary to note that physical disability is regarded as less destructive and counterproductive as a psychological disability. Several decades ago psychological disability was associated with unemployment. However, these days employers are ready to have employees with a psychological disability. Of course, this readiness does not exclude the necessity to identify such people and provide the necessary treatment to them, which is proved to be effective (Lerman et al., 2012). Therefore, employers should be aware of strategies to monitor their employees’ mental well-being and provide the necessary assistance if necessary. It is possible to consider three mental disorders to take a closer look at possible monitoring and treatment strategies. The mental disorders to be analyzed are eating disorders, insomnia, and schizophrenia. Eating disorders have been discussed worldwide recently. However, quite a little attention has been paid to the influence of this disorder on people’s professional life (Thomas & Hersen, 2002). It has been acknowledged that eating disorders do affect people’s productivity. This mental disorder can also be easily detected as symptoms are quite apparent and colleagues and/or supervisors can identify a person with this problem (Thomas & Hersen, 2002). In the first place, this mental disorder affects the individual’s appearance. These people are either overweight or skinny (in the case of anorexia nervosa ). Appearance is the most apparent sign of the disease. However, other signs can be detected even prior to significant changes in appearance. Thus, if a person suffers from this disorder, he/she will likely avoid various events involving eating or will refuse to eat anything, this is especially true for overweight people (Thomas & Hersen, 2002). Fatigue is another symptom to take into account. The lack of food leads to fatigue and lack of concentration, short attention spans, etc. These people often suffer from depression. They often take anti-depressant medication, which does not solve the problem but affects productivity. Apart from trying to see the symptoms or waiting for a signal from an employee, supervisors can carry out a certain survey. There are a number of possible tests and questionnaires which can help to identify people with eating disorders. Thomas and Hersen (2002, p. 315) mention such tools as the Eating Disorder Inventory-2 that measures “attitudes and behaviors concerning eating, weight, and body shape”, the Eating Attitudes Test that measures such symptoms as “preoccupation with bulimia, concerns about body image and drives for thinness, purgative behaviors, dieting practices, slow eating”, the Body Shape Questionnaire, the Body Image Assessment, etc. It has been found
The case of Greenburg shows a sense of vision and resilience. The local leaders and citizens of Greenburg managed to reconstruct the city after a devastating tornado destroyed the city in 2007 (White 2302). The city engaged in a recovery process that focused on a sustainable future. The ideas and factors observed in Greenburg City can be transferred to other cities and communities. A “Recovery Plan” after a devastating tornado or any natural disaster can take different shapes depending on certain factors such as availability of resources, economic positions, expectations of the people, and vision or resilience of the leaders. The SWOT Analysis presented below offers new insights to evaluate the city’s Recovery Plan. SWOT Analysis of Greenburg’s Recovery Plan Strengths                                                                                                                                                                                            Weaknesses                                                                                             Following the 2007 tornado, the local leaders worked together to identify the level of destruction. With resilience, the leaders shared their vision in order to reconstruct the city (White 2303).  The Recovery Plan encountered various challenges such as the changing demographics in the rural areas. The city embraced a sense of energy efficiency to promote performance.                                                                                                                               The plan also lacked of appropriate ideas and equipment.                                               The city received financial support both locally and internationally.                                                                                                                                The lack of financial assistance was a major weakness.                                                 The use of modern ideas helped come up with an appropriate recovery plan for the city.                                                                                                               The project also faced numerous challenges from local leaders and citizens.                            The city employed different personnel with adequate knowledge on sustainability and creation of a “greener environment”.                                                                             The level of destruction was also a major weakness.                                                    The society embraced the “innovation” idea.