ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction War can be described as an ill feeling or grievance against somebody which arises in the mind of an individual then comes out as conflict at suitable time. It may happen against a society, group or nation. When these dormant feelings come out publicly it can be called war. It can also be termed as an outburst of grievances of a group of people or society against somebody. It ends with the massive killings of men and destruction of materials. Its objective may be to defeat the other or to defend themselves. Each countries use different tactics to achieve a win in the war. Wars have been fought from time immemorial. It is said that only chimpanzees, ants and men show the tendency to involve in war. It is believed that fighting started from around 35,000BC. That shows that primitive men were also not free from war. It destroys men, material and the environment. Discussion The number of human casualties is very much alarming Take the case of the Second World War. It is considered to be the worst and the most deadly war ever fought in the history of the world. The death toll comes roughly around seventy million! This doesn’t include the death caused after the war due to famine and epidemics. It affects the livestock and their livelihood. People suffer mentally and physically after the war. As the war destroys everything, it takes time for the war affected people to recover from this shock. Let us take the case of the destruction suffered by Japan after the Second World War. Most of the lives were perished in the massive strength of the bomb explosions in Hiroshima and Nagasaki towns of Japan. It took years for the people to recover from that shock. Many dead more that got injured. The survived carried the wound-mental and physical- till the end. Many become homeless and add to the number of refugees. Commercial establishments and Industrial centres were either get burned or destroyed. People are prone to diseases like cancer or tumour. This is due to the radiation caused by the nuclear explosion.Such was the destructive power of the war. Parents lose their beloved children, young ones lose their parents. These are the usual characteristics of any war. Wherever the wars are fought, or whichever country may take part in it, the end sufferers are human beings. The ultimate sufferers are human beings. The consequence of another war will be much more dangerous. More nuclear aided arms will be going to be tested in this. A total destruction will be the outcome. When countries prepare for a war, they amass a lion’s share of their national economy for this. This will definitely affect the standard of life of the people of that country. Wars create enmity in the minds of the people. It uproots the very system of society. It is better to prevent the source of another war for the good of the world as well as for the human beings. Wars have been justified by many as an end to evil. It is also defined as an instrument to show ones courage. Conclusion The destruction caused by war is too much. War causes destruction to men and materials. It
The play “Oedipus” is a classical example of how one fights against God and fate, trying to change his own destiny and the circumstances of life that seem to be written in stone. The play tells a story of how it does not matter what sort of conditions life creates; a person has their own right to choose their actions and what frames determine existence. From the very beginning, Oedipus is shown to go against the grain and is set on making his own decisions. The Oracle predicts that his fate will be filled with pain and misery, but he is determined to make his own luck and listen to his internal wants and needs. The whole play is based on Oedipus upsetting the established order and going against the system. Even though he is shown unknowing of his true actions, his intentions are defined by what he personally thinks is right, and this is the major quality of his character throughout the play. He takes a direct step in challenging God and the predetermined life, which seems to be set even before he is born. The audience realizes the tragedy that is about to happen, but at the same time, it is clear that he will not take a step back and will go until the end. His will and power over the circumstances are stronger than reason and any feelings. It is ironic that all the time he is fighting against the authority and power of life and higher forces, he is actually fulfilling his destiny and does exactly what he should have avoided. This is a life lesson because, by the end, he is shown the true value and consequences of his actions. At the time he meets his father on the crossroads, it is obvious that he should not do what he was fated to do. This is a significant example of the contrast between what a person knows they must do and what they are not supposed to. Oedipus believes that he must act in the highest morals and establish justice while his destiny has determined that he will accomplish quite the opposite by carrying out his actions in such away. He does follow the predictions and kills his own father. This is very tragic, and the audience knows that even though his character is honorable and honest, he does things that he should not. It is interesting to see that his fight against all authority, the Oracle’s words and all forces of nature are really a fight between himself and his own characteris
Introduction Scientists and astronomers measure the universe’s age by either looking for old stars and observing them or computing the increasing rate of the cosmos then referencing it back to the big bang. The first attempts to measure the age of the universe were made by Georges Lemaître who coined the “hypothesis of the primeval atom”, which later came to be called the big bang theory. Georges pinned his hypothesis on Albert Einstein’s general relativity. According to the Big Bang theory or Big Bang model and other established cosmological theories put forward, the universe is neither never-ending nor eternal; its age is estimated at about 13.7 billion years. The universe initially was blistering and had a thick accumulation of mass that expanded swiftly however it has cooled and has maintained its size in its current state. Germadnik (2001) suggests that the early universe looked quite different from today and the future universe will be very different as well. She further states that the universe is “literarily exploding and terming it as just evolving is an understatement”. The big bang theory is one of the most comprehensive theories in figuring out the origins of the universe and its approximate age. Somehow it is more reliable since it gives scientific evidence and observations that support it. How Old is the Universe? Edwin Hubble determined that owing to the light seen from most galaxies being red-shifted, the universe had to be growing, hurried along by an explosion of an infinitesimal volume of a superhot substance, its concentration, and force. The explosion is most commonly referred to as the big bang, which scattered matter in different directions thus creating the universe. Astronomers usually estimate the universe’s age by the pace of expansion. The theory argues that an object with immense redshift shows that it is moving farther and farther away and more redshift is pronounced in its light (Lanzerotti & National Research Council (U.S.), 2005, 45). Scientists have approximated the age of the universe to be about 13.7 billion years old though there is no assurance about the astronomical observations. A simple response is that the universe is estimated to be 10 to 20 billion light-years in radius. This figure is arrived at by multiplying the speed of light with the estimation of the age of the universe. The logic for this assumption is rather clear-cut: we are capable of only making out to that expanse when the universe began, fr
Immigration is the movement of people from one country to another with the aim of acquiring permanent residence in the regions they settle in (Jonas and Suzanne 3). The immigration act has become a big issue in the world with over two hundred million people migrating to new countries in the whole world. Europe is the most affected continent as far as immigration is concerned. More than a third of the world’s immigrants are in Europe. Most of these immigrants come from Asia. Some immigrants are legally in their host countries, while others find illegal ways to get into a country, and end up facing deportation. Deportation is the removal of a foreign national from the host country on the grounds of criminal activities or anything that may seem dangerous to the country (Kanstroom 21). There are various reasons that cause people to move to new countries. The need for quality or cheaper education has seen many people move to different parts of the world. After getting their internationally acceptable certificates, they move to different countries in search of well-paying jobs (Perl 81). Similarly, international organizations normally transfer their employees from one country to another. After retirement, some people may want to move to new countries with a good climate to spend the rest of their lives enjoying themselves. When people move to new countries, their family members may want to follow them in search of family unification. Family members may visit them and even stay for a while. Marriage between people from different countries necessitates the movement of one of the couples to the home country of the other. Most of the people who move to new countries for the above reasons do it legally, and thus they do not face deportation unless they commit serious offences that demand it (Kanstroom 203). Poverty and hard economic times in a given country can lead to the exodus of people to new countries in search of a better life. Frequent natural disasters like earthquakes and hurricanes make people flee their countries for their safety. Political instability, clashes, and war are some of the major causes of immigration. Just like in the case of natural disasters, people ran to other countries looking for safety. Most of these people get into the new countries using illegal means, and some manage to acquire permanent residence. The governments of destination countries, however, deport a good number of these immigrants to their mother countries (Kanstroom 205). In addition to this, people with bad intentions like terrorism, are in most cases illegal immigrants. Once people move to a new country, they are faced with new situations that are mostly difficult for them. Everything is unfamiliar starting with the culture, and they may endure problems in finding jobs, and places to settle down. The most degrading of all is racism , which may lead to depression due to ill treatments. The citizens of the destination countries of these immigrants may also abuse the immigrants. Freedom of movement is a civil right guaranteed by constitutions worldwide, but it is only limited to th
Introduction Social media refers to the technological infrastructure that makes use of the internet to allow people to communicate interactively. With the advent of sites such as Facebook and Twitter, social media has revolutionized the way people communicate. The age range of elementary school students in the United States is between 5 and 12 years. This age group is considered ‘innocent’ and not capable of making rational decisions like adults. For this reason, most parents, teachers, and other concerned adults would rather not have these children involved in social media, or if they do, they must satisfy themselves that the sites are safe for the children. Safety means ensuring no cyber-bullying, interaction with potentially dangerous people, or identity theft (Hayes, 2012). Designing a child-friendly website follows the same technical steps as designing any other type of website. Website designers, however, face a difficult task trying to meet various key objectives including making the site appealing to children, keeping advertisers interested, and gaining parental trust. Designing a child-friendly site must, therefore, incorporate these special circumstances in the design process. This paper outlines the steps followed in designing this special type of website. The process of setting up a kid-friendly site Gathering of Information This stage involves the designer determining the goals and purpose of the site. The goals of the site will determine the type of discussions to be held on the site. Interactions may be educational, entertainment-focused, or open to any topic. It is also at this stage that the designer determines the target audience, which in this case is elementary school children aged 5 to 12. The content must, therefore, be suitable for this age group. Suitability is determined by underst
Introduction Despite numerous efforts that have been made to deal with racial discrimination, it is still a serious concern in the society (Offermann, Basford, Graebner, DeGraaf & Jaffer, 2013). Any employee who is treated unfairly at the workplace because of his or her race is said to be a victim of racial discrimination. In some cases, employees may be treated unfairly because of how they act or react to situations. Apparently, their characteristics may appear similar to those of a particular ethnic group. Unfortunately, most cases of racial discrimination go unnoticed because of fear among victims. Many are afraid of speaking against the vice for fear of losing their jobs. Racial discrimination may be executed in a number of ways including the use of belittling statements, using policies that are unfavorable to minority ethnic employees and prejudiced dismissal. Racial discrimination continues for a number of reasons. First, organizations fail to train their employees on diversity matters. As they are not trained, employees are ill equipped to deal with challenges of diversity at the workplace. Although age diversity has its own benefits, it creates an environment that allows racial discrimination to thrive. Some employees may be victims of intimidation by their employers and this may discourage them from speaking against the vice. Because of these and other reasons, racial discrimination at the workplace is not about to stop. Examples of Racial Discrimination at the Workplace Recruitment Racial discrimination at the workplace may come in different ways including discriminating candidates based on race during recruitment. It is critical for employers to ensure that the recruitment process is completely transparent (Regmi, Naidoo & Regmi, 2009). Promotion Discrimination may also be seen during promotion. Rather than promoting employees based on merit, the decision to promote employee may be based on other hidden factors including an employee’s racial background. As a result of this form of discrimination, ethnic minority employees get stuck near the bottom or at the middle of the corporate ladder (Khan, Clear, Al-Kaabi & Pezeshki, 2010). Harassment, Retrenchment, Dismissal and Training Discrimination may also be as a result of harassment. There may be certain cultures at the workplace that may cause the minority group to feel completely out of place. During times of retrenchment, management in some organizations may exercise discrimination by targeting the minority groups for retrenchment. Empl
During all its history the humanity was improving its skills in art. The works of art constantly changed, and each subsequent work was much worthy and skillful than the previous one. Finally, in the twentieth century the variety of painting trends, styles and themes leaded to the uprising of such trends as Kitsch. This paper is dedicated to 3 works in kitsch style by the artist Odd Nedrum. The canvases are studied from the point of view of the presented contextual information, the context of the canvas and relation with the epoch when the pictures were created, a comparative description and contextual analysis of the canvases Singers and Dawn, and the significance of Self Portrait in Golden Cape in the kitsch depicting of reality. The artistic trend of kitsch takes its start in the second half of the twentieth century. The kitsch is a reaction to the classical painting and presents: “a form of art that is considered an inferior, tasteless copy of an extant style of art or a worthless imitation of art of recognized value. The concept is associated with the deliberate use of elements that may be thought of as cultural icons while making cheap mass-produced objects that are unoriginal.” (Shiner 2007, 85) Odd Nedrum is Norwegian painter whose manner of painting “influenced of the painters Rembrandt and Caravaggio place him in direct conflict with the abstraction and conceptual art considered acceptable in much of his native Norway”.(Vine 2001, 56) His works Dawn(1990), Singers(1988) and Self Portrait in Golden Cape (1997) are the bright examples of his creative manner. If to have a closer look at the time when the canvases were made it is possible to establish regularity. The content of the author’s painting changes from the 3 men dressed in tights on the Singers in 1988 to the image of the same men but half-dressed on Dawn in 1990. The Self Portrait in Golden Cape became the pick of the scandalous painting manner of author, who depicted his self-portrait paying special attention and focusing on his own erected genitalia. Such evolution of his works of art is described by Nedrum as the reaction to nowadays state of culture in mass media, literature and cinematography. “Later on he has, from his new position, published several articles and books on the subject and thus he has presented the perhaps most radical critique of the culture of today, when it comes to the field of art”. (Ward 1994, 211) Singers and Dawn are the works that represent the same images of sinning men first in a stand position on Singers and than sitting on Dawn . But there is still slight difference between the canvases, the background and the position and quantity of men. There are three of them on the first picture in ballet performing, and strict conical mountains serve as the background. Dawn presents for singers, who are sitting on different distance to each other and in retrospective to the viewer. The first two figures appear to sit closely to each other. The background is changed from the strict shape of mountains to the image of dark cumbersome rocks. Apart from this, the faces of the men are static in comparison Singers where the face of each man
A good action in the society is more purposeful when it produces the best results. The consequences of an action should be beneficial to a society. Utilitarianism prefers actions that have beneficial results ignoring their rules. A beneficial action should not destroy moral development in the society. This morality of an action is determined by the consequences of the action. Societies require actions that will produce benefits and at the same time they should not be actions that go against the morals of the society. It is important for societies to define the nature of activities that are of benefit to the society. This is possible by developing rules that regulate actions that are developed by people in the society. These rules should increase benefits and control bad actions. Therefore, utilitarianism should lead to an increase in happiness of the society. Utilitarianism can be described to belong to Chameleon philosophy. Like a chameleon, utilitarian action has to go for what is beneficial and protective. Changing with the environment and adopting the available actions to create happiness is valued in utilitarianism. Any approach that can increase happiness works for utilitarianism. In utilitarianism, rules are necessary in the governing of the actions. One has to come up with the rules for the intended action. The rules are categorized to be either bad or good. In applying utilitarianism, a person has to choose the best rule whether it is good or bad. Utilitarianism only considers the results of an action. The best rule has to yield best results even when it is a rule that interferes with peoples’ rights. Utilitarianism on calculating goods Utilitarianism applies in the calculation of goods. This is because the concentration is normally on the consequences of the action. The good that comes with the action determines the utility of the action. Utilitarianism on rights Utilitarianism has an impact on rights. Rights refer to the benefits that one should enjoy without discrimination. When one denies another person his or her rights such cases normally leads to injustices. Utilitarianism only focuses on the happiness. When an action makes one person happy and denies another person his or her rights, it becomes a way of promoting injustices in the society. In utilitarianism, rights become less important. The rules in utilitarian action are only designed to promote the benefits of that particular action. The rules do not consider the abuse of the rights by the action as long as the action remains beneficial to the society. The idea of utilitarianism rules ignoring rights normally puts the application of utilitarianism in people’s daily lives. Therefore, utilitarianism only values the consequences.
Restraint of trade is one of the practices, which require particular consideration due to the need for ensuring its legality. From this perspective, the primary guidance is presented by exceptions, which serve as evidence to lawful adoption of this measure (“Determining whether restrictions are enforceable – Overview,” n.d.). Therefore, it is critical to understand the possibilities in this respect, which can be examined by considering an example of such cases. The freedom to manage tangible and intangible assets is the main condition, which provides for an opportunity to impose restraint of trade when making agreements. More particularly, the confidentiality of processed documents can be the factor, which creates a chance for resorting to this solution (Nelson, 2006). For instance, when an employee leaves a company and decides to work for its competitors, this provision is crucial for respecting th
Introduction Christianity is one of the major religions in the world. It has its foundation on Jesus Christ and His teachings recorded in the Bible. The Christian calendar is comprised of happenings which serve as reminders of Jesus and His activities while still on earth. Among the Christian festivals, some are considered more important than others because of their significance in the development of this religion (Kelemen pg3). They include Christmas, Easter and Pentecost. Other religious festivals that are present in the Christian religion are Ascension Day, lent and epiphany among others. Some of these festivals have fixed dates for example the Christmas day, but others have no fixed dates for example Easter. Christmas This is one of the major Christian festivals. The word Christmas is formed from two words. ‘Christ’ which means the messiah or the anointed one and ‘mass’ which borrowed from the Roman Catholics. It simply means death and has to do with the death of Jesus Christ. It is believed by some people that Christmas has its roots in pagan festivals and was adapted to Christianity in an attempt to win more converts into the religion (Bratcher pg1). Symbols: Clement (pg 178) notes that candles are lit as a reminder of who Jesus Christ is. Jesus is often referred to as the light of the world and therefore the lit candles are symbolic of him as the light of the world. The Ch