ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Miller’s Life Before the Sentence The case of Miller v. Alabama revolves around Evan Miller, a fourteen-year-old teenager who murdered his neighbor in 2003. Evan Miller lived in a trailer with his alcohol and drug-addicted mother and stepfather, who were abusing the boy (Miller v. Alabama, 2012). Under the influence of other people, the boy used drugs and participated in drinking alcohol at a young age. When Evan was six years old, he attempted to take his own life but did not succeed. Later, he would try doing so three more times before his conviction (Miller v. Alabama, 2012). One night Evan and his friend were at his neighbor Colby Smith’s trailer. They spent the evening smoking and drinking alcohol. At some point, Colby passed out, and Evan decided to rob him but was caught by woken up Colby. They engaged in a fight which led to Colby losing consciousness. Later Miller decided to set the trailer on fire with his knocked-out neighbor in it, who eventually died of smoke inhalation. The Eighth Amendment It is argued whether underaged teenagers should or should not be punished like adult people. In the case of Evan Miller, the Eighth Amendment received attention because it opposes convicting with life imprisonment those who committed crimes being underage, without giving them a chance of parole (Miller v. Alabama, 2012). In Miller’s case, there were special circumstances to his trial. The first is that Evan was raised in a dysfunctional family and had suicidal tendencies, which had affected his behavior and resulted in the killing. The second circumstance is that the State of Alabama decided to charge Miller with murder as an adult despite him being fourteen (Miller v. Alabama, 2012). However, Evan being influenced by others and thus engaging in a fight with Colby does not justify killing another person. After the fight, Miller went home but then returned to the neighbor’s trailer, knowing that unconscious Colby was in there, and intentionally set the trailer on fire (Miller v. Alabama, 2012). Eventually, Miller was
Introduction Healthcare organizations have gone through extreme transformations during the last few decades. This has been done in parallel to the mounting pressures that these organizations have faced in the same duration of time. The origin of the pressures is both from internal and external sources which have in turn affected the manner in which the organizations are run, structured and organized. When it comes to organizational management, healthcare organizations function in a similar manner like any other organization. Organizational theories help to explain how organizations function and how they are structured in the face of internal and external forces. This paper extends
Introduction Life is a series of challenges which helps us to develop; each stage in our life presents us with a challenge to face and a lesson to learn. Failing to overcome any challenge in one stage of life dearly affects as in next stage or later stages of life as we would have missed out on an important lesson. Erickson’s model of development offers a wonderful way of explaining our development stages. The theory outlines eight major development stages that a person undergoes in his/her life. Different terms are used to explain Erikson’s model, for instance bio-psychological or bio-psychosocial. All this terms refer to the identical eight stages of Erikson psychosocial model. This model is one of Erikson’s most distinctive works. (Roazen, 1976). Erikson eight stages in life Eriksson’s concept is simple and neat, however, it is very sophisticated, and the concept is a base for extensive or complex discussion and examination of personality and behavior. The concept is also important for understanding and also for facilitating personal development – of oneself and others. (Crain, 1985). The main elements in the concept are Stage One; Birth to 12 to 18 Months the Oral Stage; Trust vs. Mistrust This is the infant stage; the infant is basically feed and comforted by the mother through teething and sleeping. This stage is characterized by the infant developing trust or mistrust towards people according to how it will be treated especially by the mother. (Crain, 1985). Stage Two 18 Months to 3 Yrs Old; Muscular Anal Stage; Autonomy vs. Shame/Doubt The child starts learning and being able to undertake simple activities like controlling bodily parts and walking. At this stage the child is taught toilet manners and walking. The toddle has self doubt and should be guided well. (Crain, 1985). Stage Three 3-6yrs Old; Locomotor Stage; Imitative Vs. Guilt The child has reached a level of discovering and exploring new things, the child plays a lot and takes a lot of adventure. However, this stage is characterized by the child being imitative and or felling guilty. (Crain, 1985). Stage Four 6-12 Years Old Latency stage; Industry vs. Inferiority This stage of development sees the child going to school where he/she starts to learn a lot from teachers, friends and neighbors. The child achieves and accomplishes some activities. Psychological the child will be industrious or become inferior. (Crain, 1985). Stage Five 12-18 Years Old; Identity Vs Role Confusion; Peer Relationships Stage five is reached when in adolescent stage, the adolescent forms association with peer groups and he/she is influenced by this peer groups. The person also has a challenge resolving his/her identity and getting direction in his/ her life, the person in this stage is becoming an adult and undergoes role confusion. (Crain, 1985). Stage Six 19-40 Year Old; I
Uber is one of few companies which managed to reach millions of customers in a short amount of time. It went all the way from being a small local company to becoming a global service. While convenience both for riders and drivers is a partial reason for the company’s achievement, aggressive and disruptive strategies played a critical role in establishing Uber as a market leader in the car rides industry. Reaching the first customers is often challenging because consumers usually hesitate to pay for the services of unfamiliar providers. To address this concern, Uber offered free trial credits to ensure the company will acquire long-term customers. Having a large client base makes it attractive for new drivers to join the company. Increasing the number of riders and drivers was the primary goal of Uber’s aggressive campaigns. Competitors were facing difficulties as they were losing both customers and drivers to Uber. Decreasing the number of competitors is beneficial for the company’s operations, and Uber utilized disruptive tactics to achieve its goals. Uber was also challenging local laws with the help of public opinion and advocates. This move would ensure the company can enter different geographical markets. Shrewd tactics were applied not only against competitors but against drivers as well. Uber classified drivers as individual contractors and not employees. Though there have been numerous controversies on this matter, Uber continues to view its drivers as individual contractors. Uber is considered one of the most flourishing internet startups in the world. Despite only partial success in the global arena, the company is thriving thanks to its expanding marketing campaigns and controversial but ingenious strategies. The goals of Uber’s tactics can be summarized into several points. The main ones are the recruitment of new drivers, acquiring new customers, and disrupting competitors’ operations.
Introduction Understanding of the ecology of animals is very interesting. According to Humphreys (1997, p. 121), many of wildlife habitat encroachment has been reported worldwide. This has mainly happened due to the general increase in population. Increased population leads to high demand for food and other resources that led many to convert the animal habitats into poaching grounds and agricultural areas to feed the hungry population. Panther Leo or Lion species is predominantly found in Africa where they have faced tremendous interferences from poachers who have different interests (Firouz 2005, p. 91). Some hunt the animal for skin while others do it for revenge reasons when they attack humans. Lion belongs to the genus Panther with other animals like the Tiger, Jaguar and leopard also. Lions are referred as a ‘king of beasts’ in the wilderness. This research focuses on the analyzing the life of a lion. Geographic Distribution of the Species Triefeldt (2008, p. 56) noted that lions are largely found in Africa and in some parts of Asia. The species is reported to be endangered in these areas. Some of the remnants are known to reside in Indian National park, the Gil forest. From the historic perspective, some of the lion species are believed to have moved away from south west of Asia and North Africa. Until the recent past, lion was the most widespread mammal seconding humans. In India, the habitat of lions is in both the forests of dry savanna and the dry forests of deciduous scrub. In Africa, the lion species is found in grasslands of savanna where there are acacia trees. In the 480BC, lions were believed to be common in Greece. They attacked a Persian king during his reign and were reported to be rare by 300BC. Most of the lions were eradicated on the arrival of firearms during the 18 th century. Later in the 19 th and 20 th century, lions started becoming extinct in Southwest of Asia and North Africa. In most parts like India, lions have become extinct. Generally, lions are known to live mostly in the shrubby and forested areas. The picture below shows a lion in its habitat Pattern of distribution of the species within its geographic range According to Lions (1996, p. 58), different lion species are found in different environments depending on the geographical region. However, Africa is commonly known to harbor many lion species, their distribution pattern vary from one location to another within the continent. In some parts of Africa, for example the Eastern part has a considerably high number of lion species compared to the number of the same species in other parts of Africa. In the Asian region, the most commonly found species is the P.L persica. In Africa, researches show that there are five different sub-species found within different geographical regions. These lion species include, the Panther a Leo senegalensis that is found in the parts of Western Africa and P.I.azandica found in the Northern East of Congo. Followed by the P.I.bleyenberghi , a species that is found in Angola and southern parts of Congo, and the Panther a Leo krugeri also known as P.I. verneyi that include the lion speci
Outline Like any professional who is being paid to undertake specialized tasks, Healthcare Professionals are required to adhere to certain vital principles and to develop attributes or values that would enable them to execute their work accordingly. Most of these attributes are indispensable and are applied to daily medical practice. Professional Attributes Health Care Professionals are expected to commit and believe in certain fundamental principles to develop attributes characteristic of a professional person. The main professional attributes a Health Care Professional is supposed to embrace and uphold include:   * Altruism (selflessness)   * Beneficence (being helpful).   * Truthfulness and honesty   * Interpersonal and communication skills.   * Fidelity/ dedication   * Professional development and lifelong learning.   * Honor and integrity in all conduct The quality of selflessness, altruism or unselfish concern for the welfare of others is one very important attribute. The best care for the patient must be the principal driving force of practice. The Health care professional should therefore identify, respect and care about the patient’s preferences and expressed needs; listen to, inform and educate patients. As a matter of fact, patients have all the reasons to exercise autonomy and should be able to determine their treatment. Beneficence is the quality of being kind, helpful or generous. This quality requires health professionals to be kind to their patients and to take such actions which are in the best interest and benefit of the patients. It is one of the core values of health care ethics (Beauchamp 52). On the other hand, the quality of not doing harm to the patient is called non-maleficence and is also equally important for it allows health practitioners to first evaluate treatments to ensure they do no harm. The attribute of being honest and truthful has increased in importance over the years. It helps reduce the chances of conflict between the patient and Health Care professionals and gives the patients a chance to make informed consent. The ability to team with other health professionals, patients and their families is very essential since it results in effective information exchange. Thus, this calls for excellent interpersonal and communication skills for health care professionals. Health professionals are also expected to practice fidelity in the discharge of duty. This means that one should be faithful, have constancy, dedication or loyalty in discharging his or her duties and obligations. This quality underlies excellence in patient care, confidentiality and commitment to continuously advocate disease prevention, wellness and promotion of healthy lifestyles. Like any other professional, a Health care professional should also appreciate the importance of learning and continuing professional development. One should develop a lifelong commitment to learning and should be involved in lifelong learning and periodic self-assessment; practice-based learning and improvement that involves evaluation of one’s patient care and assimilation
Introduction The attitude toward opponents is a rather frequent theme in the Bible, the perspective on which shifts gradually, yet the general idea of retaining animosity and viewing their perspective as illegitimate remains mostly the same. For instance, in the Gospel of Luke, the portrayal of opponents as people filled with fury is exemplary of the attitudes toward opponents: “But the Pharisees and the teachers of the law were furious and began to discuss with one another what they might do to Jesus” (Luke 6:11, The New International Version , 1983). The specified stance could be contradictory to the teachings of Jesus, Who encouraged people to be kind to each other and treat one another with dignity and respect ( The New International Version , 1983). However, the demand for unwavering faithfulness o God, which Jesus also promotes, could be seen as the reasoning behind the need to oppose the divergent views with ferocity. However, the described approach represents an ethical dilemma between the need to oppose the ideas that appear to be ethically or religiously wrong and the need to treat others with kindness and dignity, as well as learning to live in peace and, therefore, being able to compromise. Since the theme of Jesus and His opponents remains contentious throughout the Bible, leaving no single answer to the problem of disagreements, the specified ethical conflict has seeped into present-day relationships within the Christian community, as the latest situation in the sociopolitical lives of Christians, namely, the opposition between Republicans and Democrats, shows. Ethical Issue The attitudes toward treating the opponents and their opinions have been quite a contentious issue, to which even the Bible could not provide a consistent answer. Specifically, whereas the teachings of Jesus initially promote the concepts of humility and resignation, the perspective that some of His students provide when relaying His words is far from being just as humble and non-belligerent. Biblical Era: Unbridled Ire Remarkably, the specified ethical dilemma as it is observed in the Bible could be traced to the stereotypes of behaviors observed during the Biblical era. Namely, since piety wa
Nazi Germany produced numerous technologically advanced vehicles, which continued to be widely popular even after the end of WWII. The Horten Ho 229 V3 is an example of an aircraft made by German manufacturers which featured state-of-the-art solutions. Despite not being used during the war, the Horten Ho 229 V3 became a prototype for future airplanes which had a similar design. The Horten Ho 229 V3 had numerous characteristics which were considered unconventional when compared to the majority of aircraft of the era. The plane was among the first ones to utilize a tail-less design known as the “flying wing.” Essentially, the model did not have a fuselage and tail as a way to reduce weight and drag and thus increase the efficiency of the aircraft. In 1943, Hermann Göring demanded a new bomber to be built, and the Horten brothers managed to secure half a million reichsmarks by demonstrating their plan for a jet-powered, flying wing called Ho 229. In 1945, the first jet-powered prototype was tested for the first time and showed that it could be controlled while in flight. The Ho 229 V3 was set to become the third prototype of the model, and it was supposed to fly farther than any of the aircraft of the era. Nevertheless, since the V3 plane was captured by the Allies in 1945, it failed to become the first stealth bomber on the planet. The stealth planes built by Northrop Grumman, an American aircraft manufacturer, were to a certain extent inspired by the creation of the Horten brothers. The Horten Ho 229 V3 was a unique aircraft which was designed and built in Nazi Germany but never was able to demonstrate its capacity. The Horten Ho 229 was a model which could potentially revolutionize the aircraft industry and provide the Reich with its first stealth bomber. Nevertheless, the “flying-wing” design was later implemented in other aircraft, including those made by Northrop Grumman.
Introduction Among the existing variety of business ideas, it is hard to identify the one that is worthwhile and corresponds to personal interests, needs, and opportunities. The current business plan aims at disclosing a new business idea that helps to make use of old things and attract the attention of many people of different age and with different educational backgrounds. It is not a secret that people like buying new things, follow the current technological progress, and use the opportunities available to them that help to facilitate life. However, not much attention is paid to the things that are out of fashion or out of use because of being broken and have nothing but being recycled. The idea to repair old things and discover some new idea out of the old material has been born. The business plan helps to understand how to create and promote repairing business and make people believe that old things can be helpful but never forgotten. Opportunity People cannot even imagine how many useful things they are ready to throw away. They miss the opportunity to discover something unbelievable in an ordinary thing like an empty bottle, a broken TV-set, or an old radiator. The offered business idea is the possibility to provide people with an opportunity to save money, learn how to create something with their own hands, and use the products that are necessary and convenient. The possibility of the chosen opportunity can be explained due to the evident possibility to get the necessary material within a short period of time and attract a number of people with different skills and traditions. Idea It is possible to begin business with one organization open. People are invited to a building with their own old stuff (broken or too old things, appliances, electronic devices, etc.) and take classes on how to repair or find some new idea to use an old subject. The main idea of the offered service is not to recycle or repair things. It is more important to explain to people how they can use different subjects available outside or at home and create new interesting and helpful things. Besides, it is possible to organize a department that focuses on selling the products that are created by people (who are able to get a kind of compensation, several percents from a purchase). People from different parts of the world may be invited. There are many migrants, who are in need of additional incomes. There are many ethical groups of people, who are ready to share their ideas and traditions with other people. There are many interesting opportunities and skills that can be used to improve the world. That is why the main philosophy of the offered business is to help people discover new aspects and benefits of old things. Team In fact, not many people are necessary to make the current idea come true. A founder has to think about several or, at least, one investor, who can provide the required financial support to start up the business. Four depar
Abstract This study utilizes a within-subjects design with two adaptive scenarios related to the process of survival and moving and examines the effect of these scenarios on the peculiarities of lexis recalling. Previous research outlines the existence of a correlation between survival processing and recalling due to the effects of adaptive memory. Participants of the study were shown two wordlists of 10 words each, and their task was to define the extent to which given words were relevant in terms of either survival or moving scenario. After this task, they were asked to recall as many words from the lists as they could. The results of the study have revealed that the participants found it slightly easier to recall the words related to the notion of survival. Still, the outlined hypothesis on the direct correlation between the processes was not justified due to the insignificant difference between the scenario outcomes. The study was primarily limited to the poor sample validity; further study implications should encompass diverse demographic groups. Introduction Human memory has always been one of the most sophisticated cognitive aspects in terms of research and the identification of examination patterns. While memory is able to develop from the moment of birth, it is rather questionable what variables play the most significant part in terms of the extent to which memory adapts to the human’s surroundings. Researchers define the term “adaptive memory” as the idea that memory as a domain reflects the process of evolution and selections made while human beings evolved (Pandeirada et al., 2017). Hence, based on the following definition, some researchers, such as Nairne et al. (2007), decided to conduct a series of experimental studies in order to identify which scenarios enable one’s memory retention. In terms of the research, the scholars have conducted four between and within-subjects experiments to compare and contrast people’s perception of survival-related worlds when juxtaposed with other control subjects. Thus, during the first experiment, 150 Purdue students participated in a study where they had to rate a certain list of words according to their significance for survival, moving, and feeling of pleasantness (Nairne et al., 2017). The results have demonstrated that participants dealing with survival vocabulary were more likely to memorize the items. To prove the point, the next experiment co