ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Mankind is recognized as the most developed species on the planet. This became possible due to a highly advanced system of social relations between its representatives. All the sides of the social and personal life are reflected in the culture of the people. Culture finds its expression in architecture, language, customs, painting and finally dance and music. Each nation possesses its unique musical tradition. The culture of the countries which are close to each other is regarded as similar and pertains to a constitutive cultural tradition of the whole region. This essay is dedicated to the comparison of Japanese, Chinese and Korean music and proving the fact of their sufficient continuity or similarity by means of detailed analysis of the original sources of the national musical traditions, instruments, rhythms, trends and styles. The contiguity and differences of the styles discussed All of the countries pertaining to Eastern Asia, thus they might share similar trends in their culture. For establishing the contiguities let us take a look at the way of forming traditional music. Chinese music has the longest history and the fact of its appearing is cloaked in legends and mystery. By one of them, the founder of Chinese music is Ling Lung, who imitated the songs of birds by the bamboo pipes. The oldest known written music is Youlan or the Solitary Orchid , attributed to Confucius . The first major well-documented flowering of Chinese music was for the qin during the Tang Dynasty , though the qin is known to have been played since before the Han Dynasty (Lau, 65). The position of the musicians in the ancient time was many lovers that other artists like painters, nevertheless folk music was considered by the Chinese rulers as a source balance between people and state power. There were even special formations of soldiers which aim was to gather folk songs from the neighboring villages. The ancient nobles organized street festivities like Dragon Dancing, which is based on folk music rhythms. Apart from this, the Dragon festivals are a characteristic feature of a whole Eastern Asian region and also typical for Korean and Japanese folklore. Japan also possesses its own ancient musical tradition which finds its manifestation in two main styles like shomyo and gagaku. These steles are of the court origin as well. Another traditional Japanese style is honguyko, which takes its origin from the chanting of Zhen Buddhism monks who devoted their music to the aims of people enlightening. This style also found its further development in the performances of samurai who used the original rhythm in their meditations. Besides the national theatre of Noh and a puppet theatre is also based on the traditions of folk music. Thus, Japanese music also takes its origin from the court melodies, but the enlightening and religious themes are also relevant for the ancient forms of music in this country. Apart from this, like in China, the music serves folk theatrical art. As for Korean music, it is less independent. During its history, it underwent th
Interpretation Based On Secondary Sources Abraham is a man who was patiently waiting for God’s promise. The promise of a son is given in genesis 12 and scholars indicate that he had to wait for 25 years before the promise was fulfilled by God. As argued by Brown, Fitzmyer and Murphy (21), the eighteenth chapter marks the beginning of a climax in Abraham’s narrative. Genesis 18: 1-5 is the first section of a broader picture presented in the whole of genesis 18. This first section focuses on Abraham and his encounter with two men while the rest of the chapter focuses Sara’s place in relation to the promise they had been given by God. Although verses 1-5 of Genesis 18 seem to focus on Abraham’s generosity, they have a connection to the larger text. These verses seem to be mere introductions to the bigger story beginning from verse 9 onwards (Montgomery, 15). However, on further reflection on
Why is sociology a useful subject? For individuals to coexist peacefully with one another in a society full of different individuals of different cultures, with different personalities and behavioural patterns, it is important for individuals to not only understand one another, but also to formulate mechanisms of accommodating each other. Therefore, to understand fully the functioning of a society and relationships that exist within specific social settings, sociology as a discipline offers a systematic way of understanding occurrences in the society. That is, through sociology, individuals are able to understand how different systems within the society integrate with one another for the wellbeing of society. Therefore, the primary functions of sociology include identifying social problems, finding solutions to such problems, and devising mechanisms of reconstructing the society. These functions are of significance to a society, because not only do they help a society preserve its culture and resources, but also they are important in promoting of health relationships and democracy in a society or among societies (Giddens & Griffith, 2006, pp. 4-20). Sociology as a systematic method of studying the society offers individuals a chance of understanding the significance of different institutions that are the primary building blocks of a society. In the process of analysing the role of these institutions, sociology provides a methodology of ascertaining human contributions to the wellbeing of these institutions. Such institutions include homes, learning institutions, the church, political bodies, workplaces, and health institutions. Understanding of the functioning of these institutions is of great significance to the wellbeing of not only an individual, but also the entire society, for it helps in the formulation of appropriate measures of strengthening them. In addition, because of the complex nature of the society, sociology offers a mechanism of planning a society. It achieves this through carrying out scientific investigations, whose results are important in implementing correct social planning strategies. Further, through developing and implementing correct social planning strategies and developmental plans, sociology gives developmental bodies a chance of solving the numerous societal problems that may exist in specific societies (102-118). Another importan
Introduction Human history is a history of civilizations. It has been very difficult to ascertain the right kind if civilization that appeals to all people. Ideas and philosophies held by one culture as right may be held differently in another culture. The question of who therefore holds the right kind of civilization has eluded scholar for many centuries. If one says that his or her civilization is good, another one may view it differently. Does this therefore lead to an assertion that civilization clashes shall be the major course of conflicts? In the struggle to look deeper into the questions asked above, debates emerge due to the presentation of one scholar, Samuel P. Huntington, suggesting that the clash of civilizations is and shall be the major cause of conflicts in communities. If one civilization feels that it is the most superior, does it mean that the value it cherishes is welcome by other nations. If this is the way of conflict resolution, what course does it take and what are the effects in the long term to the subjects that receives it? In this case, culture may not only be the source clashes that lead to conflicts. This is what comes out when we closely examine the works of Samuel P. Huntington, who presents a thesis that civilization clashes are likely to be the source of conflicts in future. With regard to the September 11 attacks in the USA, were the attacks justified? Did the attack have an implication that those who carried out the attacks were Muslims, therefore painting Islam as an Extremist Religion? Samuel Huntington presents “the clash of civilizations “by drawing examples from the fall of the Soviet union and generation of the world between 1932 to 1992, which marked the end of the Cold War era. He argues that the end of the Cold war witnessed significant changes in the identities and symbols of identities. This brought what he termed as “configuration “of world politics along cultural lines. He presents his thesis by making a reference to the period A.D 1500 as the era that gave birth to a dual nature of global conflicts (Huntington, S. 1996). He also argues that ideological and economic factors are not the primary course of clashes in civilizations but global conflicts will occur between nations and groups comprising differences in civilizations (Fiedler, 2009). He presents a world of global politics dividing the world into Western culture and the none-Western culture. He asserts that the Western world, which is characterized by a Western culture, with democratic and stable governments as opposed to the non- Western cultures which were characterized by undemocratic societies involving poorer Third world Nations. In addition, he says in his argument that there will a movement away from Westernization by non-western countries due to what he termed as indigenization. The reference to the lack of influence of the twenty-first century Islamic w
Introduction Childcare has increasingly grown popular in many countries across the world. United Kingdom in particular, has developed mechanisms that would ensure that it has a system that would support children from very tender age. Nussbaum (2002, p. 28) says that for a long period, the position held by children in the society has been regarded as a concern for individual families. Although families have cherished their children, the society has not been able to look at the issue of childcare as a responsibility of the entire fraternity of the community. Childcare centers offer a forum where different parents come together, in collaboration with teachers and other professionals, to take care of children in a community setting. Inasmuch as many families protect and care for their children at family level, there are families that have shown lack of concern to their children. Morrison (2008, p. 45) notes that parents who are drunkards, drug addicts or are just social misfits have abused their children in various ways according to the report by UK Department of Education 2004 (Morrison 2008, p. 64). This has seen many children go without the basic needs of food shelter and clothing, not to mention education. This happens, not because the parent is not in a position to provide for this, but because in one way or the other, the parent is irresponsible (Darder & Rodolfo 2003, p. 39). The need to form a communal approach towards handling children has developed. In United Kingdom, many Childcare institutions are developed to help in caring for children on various bases. There are orphanages for the orphaned and childcare institution where families drop their children in the morning and pick them in the evening. This essay is based on the latter. The author seeks to investigate issues relating to collaborative working within a childcare setting. The research seeks to investigate ways through which a child moving from one institution to another can be helped to ensure a smooth transition. It seeks to investigate the role of teaching assistant, and the collaborative role of the parent, the teacher, and other responsible stakeholders in enhancing the general welfare of the child. Planning and Preparation Nardi (2001, p. 24) stated that failing to plan is planning to fail. Every successful activity must be carefully planned for success to be achieved. In a childcare institution, the management needs to plan for the various activities in order to have smooth running of such institution. The planning and preparation stage should entail how children would be taken care of when they are within the facilities, clearly outlining individuals who will be performing different activities at various stages. The institution would need to assign teachers and other staff different duties as far as the management of these children is concerned. Panning is very important because through it an individual or organization is able to focus ahead on what needs to be achieved within a specified period. In any given childcare institution, there should be a proper blu
The activities of the modern companies and enterprises cannot be successful without the marketing researches. The marketing research is generally defined as the systematic search, collection, analysis, interpretation and presentation of the information and data concerning the specific market situation that the company has faced. The marketing research allows the company to get the valuable information about the needs of the customers, as well as the main tendencies of the competition. Furthermore, the marketing research generates the data for the forecasting of the sales volume, the customer satisfaction and the customer loyalty (Saxena 164). The experts define the following main steps of the marketing research that should be executed: to ascertain the need for the marketing research, to identify the problem, to define the research objectives, to conduct the desk research and collect the secondary information, to carry out the qualitative and quantitative field research and collect the primary data, to analyze the collected information, to interpret the data and define the conclusions and recommendations, to prepare and present the final research report (Smits 1). The analysis of the collected data is one of the most important stages of the marketing research. On this stage, the two main types of the analysis can be used – the qualitative analysis and the quantitative analysis. The Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (hereinafter – the SPSS) is acknowledged to be the excellent tool for the quantitative analysis of the marketing research information. It is the computer program for the statistical data processing, the powerful modern analytical tool, designed to conduct any type of the marketing research information analysis. After the quantitative field research, the company has the database that must be further compressed. The data compression is the process of the marketing research data description by calculating the several values, which define the database completely. The compression narrows the database in such a way, that the residual characteristics are entirely sufficient to formulate the conclusions of the conducted research. To start the compression, it is necessary to input the information in the SPSS at first. The program offers the three main ways of the data input: to import the database from the other sources (Microsoft Access, Microsoft Excel, etc.), to input the data directly with the help of the specialized software called the SPSS Data Entry, or to enter the data manually. After the input of the information, the SPSS will help to encode the variables, to sort and aggregate the marketin
Why Kant thinks the possibility of knowledge of an objective realm reduces the possibility of synthetic a priori judgments Kant’s notion on the possibility of knowledge of an objective realm reducing to the possibility of a priori synthetic judgment is explained by his interest in necessary truth, the theory of a priori, and necessity. Kant’s assertion that “if a proposition is thought along with its necessity, it is an a priori judgment; if it is, moreover, also not derived from any proposition except one that in turn is valid as a necessary proposition, then it is absolutely a priori” (Bird 153-57), depicts that his interest was in the kind of synthetic judgment like a priori, judgment of mathematics and physics, and of metaphysics with the content of knowledge (Pereboom 89-94). Except for judgments Kant separates, those of metaphysics with knowledge content lack real knowledge, and if knowledge is present, it is likely obtained by a priori. His perception of what knowledge is was more restricted thus deepening his reason for choosing a priori knowledge. This is because genuine knowledge cannot exist till its contingent features are known. Kant’s perception that experience teaches us things which can turn to otherwise depict that judgments, propositions, known a priori (in part) are likely to contain genuine knowledge, hence the reason behind his emphasis on synthetic judgments that are a priori (Pereboom 88-90). Kant explores the possibility of knowledge of an objective realm reducing to the possibility of a priori synthetic judgments by summarizing questions behind the critique of pure reason. He suggests that analytic-synthetic judgments inform nothing new and are achieved by drawing from the contents of our concepts and adding resultant propositions inferentially into arguments. Hence they do not readily tell anything new and if they do, they lack something to test for truth or falsity. This is depicted by Kant’s use of “though in” and “though confusedly” and his suggestion that the existence of concepts of things is no mark of their existence (Pereboom 88-90). What Kant means by the claim that space is the a priori form of outer intuition Kant claims that “the only manner in which our knowledge may relate to objects immediately is by means of an intuition”. Therefore Intuition only occurs when we have an object affecting our mind. Kant suggests that although intuitions come before experience, they act as contributors to knowledge. According to Kant, the possibility of knowledge and experience require understanding hence “thoughts without content are empty, intuitions without concepts are blind” (Barbet 10). A form is what the contents of an object can be arranged into and it “lies ready a priori for them in the mind” (Bird 157). Kant, in the ‘Transcendental Doctrine of the Elements’, refers to a priori to mean knowledge which is obtained wi
Introduction This paper analyzes the Houston gay community in Texas, USA as a special group requiring health programs for HIV prevention. For purposes of this study, the focus is given to the Montrose area because it bears the highest number of gay people in Houston. Montrose is located in Harrison County. However, gay people are also located in other parts of the city including Kennedy, Loving, Roberts, and Borden Counties. Montrose covers about 60,000 square miles and it has a total gay population of about 86,000 members (High Beam, 2011). Montrose is a residential neighborhood with a vast population, which is made up of several people, including artists, musicians, gay people, and other population groups. Montrose has a vibrant gay culture, which is supported by its liberal community characterized by diverse social practices. For example, the area has been able to accommodate residential and commercial interests in a non-conflicting manner. Several gay people were known to be attracted to the neighborhood, back in the 20 th century when they were helping widows and nesters renovate their houses (High Beam, 2011). It is also known that, during 1985, Montrose was characterized by a vibrant political and social system that accommodated all types of people. This factor (among other factors) has led to the establishment that, Montrose is one of the ten greatest neighborhoods in the country (High Beam, 2011). Nonetheless, Montrose has been very accommodating of the gay community, with several gay restaurants and bars dotted across the neighborhood. In 1985, it was established that the Montrose area had a gay population of about 19% of the total population (High Beam, 2011). However, in the same period, AIDS was highly prevalent in the region because of the surge in homosexual tendencies among the population. The AIDS prevalence in the area rose to very high levels during this period, such that, common residents feared patronizing local restaurants and clubs because they feared they would be infected with the disease (High Beam, 2011). Some funeral homes in the area also declined to handle the bodies of AIDS victims because they thought they would contract the disease by handling victims’ bodies. It is also known that during this period, the prevalence of AIDS was so high that the local gay community frequented gay bars a lot because they wanted to get a reprieve from the social and mental burden of having the disease (High Beam, 2011). The AIDS scourge is at the center of this study because this pap
Background The Group of Twenty (G20) summit was established in 1999 following the financial crisis of the late 20th century that affected, especially, Asia (Arner and Schou-Zibell). It consists of twenty Ministers of finance and Governors of Central banks from both emerging-market countries and developed economies (Edkins and Zehfuss). Its first meeting was held in Berlin, Germany, in December 1999. One of the reasons why the G20 summit came into existence was the realization that important emerging-market countries the world over had not been given a forum to discuss economic and governance issues on the world stage. Its mandate is to promote discussion and review of policies between industrialized and emerging-market countries (Blustein). Before the emergence of the G20 summit, there had been many other similar summits that had come up with an aim of promoting dialogue on issues of governance and economics. These summits ideally came into existence to build financial growth, development, and structure in international relations. They included the G-7, G-22, and G-33 (Dunne and Smith). The larger groups, G-22 and G-33, demonstrated that there were benefits in involving emerging-market countries in regular consultations, leading to the formation of the G20. Unlike other international organizations, the G20 does not have a permanent secretariat and it promotes the informal interchange of ideas and views on international issues (Dunne and Smith). Each year the summit is held in a different country and in June 2010 it was Toronto’s turn to hold the three-day event. The leaders of the 20 countries would participate in the discuss
Introduction In early 2011, the Provost’s Office in Oregon State University was under fire following the way it was handling the invitation of a controversial public figure in the institution. The controversy revolved around Tristan Taormino, who according to Corvallis (1) is a “…..self- described feminist pornographer” (p. 1). This woman was invited to be the key note speaker in a conference that was taking place circa February 2011. The conference dubbed Modern Sex Conference was organized by the Campus Women’s Centre. The controversial invitation and the even more controversial way in which the Provost’s office handled the whole situation brings to the fore the issue of freedom of speech in campus both in the United States of America and elsewhere in the world. There are those who argue that the American public colleges should uphold the so called codes of speech or free speech policy. Others are of the view that speech codes employed by institutions of higher learning which are financed by the government are synonymous to what the American Civil Liberties’ Union [herein referred to as UCLA] (2) calls “government censorship” (2). Those who belong to this school of thought argue that the public universities should accommodate diverse opinions no matter how controversial they appear. I totally agree with those who are against speech codes in public campuses. It is my opinion that the costs of curtailing free speech in campus far much outweighs the benefits accrued. This is given the various disadvantages of speech codes in these universities. Controlling Free Speech in Public Campuses is More Costly that it is Beneficial It is a fact beyond doubt that The First Ame