ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Maya Lin, a famous American sculptor, and architect is primarily known among artists and critics as the designer of the Vietnam Veterans Memorial, which is located in Washington, D.C. The woman was born on October 5, 1959, in the town of Athens, Ohio. She studied architecture and sculpture at Yale and later received her bachelor’s degree in these disciplines. Her senior year at the university was marked by winning a nationwide competition, which involved introducing a design concept for the mentioned earlier memorial (Kolodziejski 429). This remarkable event served Maya Lin as a significant stimulus to practice more in sculpturing and impress admirers with new installations. The present paper will pay maximum attention to the works of the known architect, discussing some of the most peculiar exemplars. The Major Achievements of the Architect After the introduction of the Vietnam Veterans Memorial to the public in 1982, the sculptor decided to continue her studies and finished the master’s program back in 1986. The following years brought Maya Lin further fame: she created the memorial with flowing water elements in Montgomery, Alabama, in 1989 (Lin 22). With regards to her professional activity, the given masterpiece instilled even more confidence in the architect and thus, led her to use natural elements on an ongoing basis. The Wave Field (1995), Flutter (2005), and Storm King Wavefield (2009) are the works that contain water as a dominant design component. One may see how grassy landscapes transform into ocean waves while being still emphasized by the slick watery surface. The mentioned sceneries are found in Ann Arbor, Miami, and New York and attract worshippers from practically every corner of the globe. Although Lin is mostly known for her sculptural works, she tried herself in architecture as well. As stated in the article, her work “encompasses large-scale environmental installations, intimate studio artworks, architectural works, and memorials” (“Maya Lin: “What Is Missing?”). The famous achievements in this realm include the Langston Hughes Library’s project and the Museum of Chinese in America. It is notable that despite the fact the architect’s parents originate from China, the
Chinese historians regard the creation of Sima Quan, Records of the Historian , as “a masterpiece of a form” (Qian xvi). It was implemented in “Dynastic histories”, the official account that cover all the dynasties from times of Sima Quan to the present days. Some aspects and obstacles of its creation, as well as its meaning to the author, are the subject of discussion in this essay. In his famous Letter in Reply to Ren An Sima Quan is trying to justify his choice of castration and humiliation instead of execution to death. With a soft sorrow he explains his actions, provides the background story, referring to his father’s hopes and dreams. This is a rhetorical strategy of applying to the reader’s feelings is known as pathos. He also talks about the famous people of the past who wrote their masterpieces during the most struggling times of their lives. This strategy refers to ethos. The author also asks many rhetorical questions, applying to Ren An’s thoughts and opinion. The questions do not need answers – Sima Quan has already made his decision – they make Ren An think from Quan’s point of view. The other strategy, metaphors, is showing personal insignificance, not having an opportunity to change the flow of things, comparing himself to “a mere ant”. This strategy applies to the idea that the possibility of choice itself – between death and humiliation – is the great gift, the opportunity that should be valued and used for the only true purpose that is finishing his writings. Logos also presents in the letter, when Sima Quan refers to the amount of work he had already done: “I have examined the deeds and events of the past and investigated the principles behind their success and failure, their rise and decay, in 130 chapters” (De Bary 209). He expresses sorrow that all of this might have disappeared if he would choose execution. He shows no interest in his fate after the work would be finished and spread. Sima Quan also applies to topoi, a rhetorical means characterized “by a set of ideas and sentiments” (Richter 117), referring to the finiteness of life. Bo Yi and Shu Qi were brothers with high moral principles who both fled after their father’s death so the other would inherit (Wu 249). Later they starved themselves to death because of their convictions. The brothers have been used as artistic references in t
According to Moore, Day & Albers (2002) pathogenesis of Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs) is not a widely known infection. Current research has shown that most UTIs cases result when bacteria gains access to the bladder via the urethra. This is due to ascending infection, through a single gram-negative enteric bacterium some of which include Escherichia coli, Klebsiella, Proteus, Enterobacter, Pseudomonas, or Serratia. Research has shown that out of UTI cases by Enterobacteriaceae , about 80% of community-acquired infections are caused by Escherichia coli (Ronald & Toye, 2002). In addition, other gram-negative organisms, including Klebsiella, Proteus, Enterobacter, Pseudomonas, or Serratia, together represent 10 % of community-acquired infections. As a result, patients with recurrent infections are highly prone to these pathogens (Ronald & Toye, 2002). Similarly, Staphylococcus saprophyticus is the second most common cause of acute cystitis in young and sexually active females. On the other hand, Enrerococcus faecalis is a gram-positive pathogen in the elderly and in patients who have undergone genitourinary tract instrumentation (Ronald and Toye, 2002). In children, Enterobacteriaceae is the primary cause of UTI, while etiologic pathogens associated with diabetic patients are Klebsiella, Group B streptococci, Enterococcus and E coli . For patients with indwelling urethral catheters but not receiving antimicrobial agents, a different etiology exists for them because they are at the greatest risk of acquiring multiple resistant bacteria. For patients being treated with Cephalosporins infection due to E. faecalis has become more common nowadays (Ronald and Toye, 2002). Although infection through the hematogenous is a rare occurrence, the ascending route is still the most rampant. Before the development of UTI, migration of uropathogens from the rectum to the vagina with urethral colonization occurs (Ronald and Toye, 2002). Consequently, a bacterial entry into the bladder is facilitated by sexual intercourse hence allowing the bacteria to proceed to the upper tract and kidneys. In contrast, a special zone within the urethra creates a natural barrier to the ascent of organisms colonized in the distal urethra and the bladder. Therefore, this interaction of the host defenses with bacteria determines the occurrence of the infection (Moore et al, 2002). The major host defense evident in the flushing effect of micturition is an elaborately normal urinary flow. The normal functioning of the ureterovesical junction coupled with inherent antibacterial properties of bladder mucin help in preventing infection. Physiologically, the P fimbriae of E coli are a virulence determinant and permit their adherence to epithelial cells. While women with recurrent infections experie
Introduction “The U.S. has been a 20th century bully. It has constantly interfered with other nations’ politics and economies. It is like an octopus, spreading its tentacles around the globe to take advantage of weaker nations for their natural resources. Its decimation of Japan and Germany during WWII as well as its wars in Vietnam and Korea prove this point” (Baylis 92). Many critiques of the United States make this or similar kinds of statement to insinuate that The United States is some kind of an exploitative big brother to other nations. While a part or parts of this statement maybe true, it is not in the way it is presented. Rarely will a nation behave the way it desires without some limitations. If it succeeds though, it means the mechanism or the system in place allows that to take place. Many if not all nations would today like to be a superpower but they simply have not. The United Soviet Socialist Republic was but it is not today. The fall of its communism marked the end of its superpower regime and a global change in the running of social, political, cultural, and economic affairs. Why I do not entirely agree or disagree with the above statement is because I believe any nation acts the way it does solely to gain its national interest. This is in terms of social, political, economic and security affairs (Muller 36). U.S. Dominance Nations are not driven by ideals or ethics but rather their desire for economic and military power and ultimately their security and survival. The United States is no exception. Its activities are motivated by the desire to meet her national interests in every aspect of its existence. Just like it has established capitalism as the best system of governance and business in the world, it plays using these rules. In short, the best and the most innovative survive the competition (Muller 45). The United States of America has over the last century become the leading nation in four major areas listed below:   * Economy   * Military power   * Political system   * Culture Despite the recession and the global financial crisis, the United States remains the leading economy by far in the world. The Gross Domestic product of the United States is estimated to be 13.8 trillion dollars. It is the biggest market in the world. Economic success can be attributed to it the freedom it has given to the private sector and its sheer success not just in the United States but allover the world. (Baylis et al 95) Capitalism, in the view of the nation has been tremendously successful. There is evidence of the sheer rate of the United States economic dominance virtually throughout the world. Its multinationals are the representation of this. You will find a coca cola bottle in the Sahara desert and a Nike shoe worn by a Mongolian kid on the other side of the continent. In my opinion, the quest and desire to succeed in business is the major motivation for its activities. Just like the British Empire that declined mid last century, ec
Introduction Over the past three decades, few debates have evoked more commend and political turmoil as the efforts to redefine marriage as it is traditionally understood so as to include same-sex relationships. Traditionally, marriage is understood to mean the joining of two heterosexuals in a union that is sanctioned by both religious and political authorities in the country. However, there has been increased advocacy for the definition of marriage to include same-sex unions due to the prevalence of homosexual relationships in the society as well as the overwhelming acceptance of gay relationships in many countries in the world. In the beginning of the 19th century, homosexual relationships were shunned by the society with some states even criminalizing them. Volokh states that this state of affairs has changed and from the 1960s, the society stated to be more accommodative of homosexuals with laws being established to stop discrimination on the basis of a person’s sexual orientation (106). From this acceptance of gay relationships, there have been increasing calls for the universal legalization of gay marriages. Specifically, gay rights activists hope to achieve the same rights and benefits accorded to married heterosexual couples for gay couples. This call for legalizing gay marriages has been met with substantial opposition from people who are in favor of the opinion that the marriage institute is exclusive to heterosexual couples. This paper will argue that gay marriages should not be allowed since they would lead to a breakdown of the institute of marriage, have a negative impact on children, and lead to a surge of marriages of convenience. Why Gay Marriages should not be allowed If gay people are allowed to marry, it will lead to the breakdown of the institute of marriage as it is currently understood and this will be detrimental for the whole society. For gay marriages to be allowed there has to be a redefinition of marriage so as to include same sex couples. Such a move would invariably purge the social meanings and connection to children from marriage (Duncan 662). The claim that legalizing gay marriages will harm the marriage institute is not baseless since as Kurtz demonstrates, it will transform the institute from its currently solid definition as a union “solely between a man and a woman” (1). Dents notes that validating same-sex marriages could “destabilize the cultural meaning of marriage” since it would erode the specialness of marriage (426). Arguments for same-sex marriage might are also arguments for polygamy, endogamy and even incestuous marriage. This is because allowing gay people to marry will result in sexual preference becoming a protected class and this will have multiple dire consequences for the institute of marriage. Advocates of gay marriages quip that a redefinition of marriage would not have any impact on marriage since it is unlikely that anyone will leave their marriage just because homosexual couples have been given the right to marry. They proceed to
The poem “Richard Cory” by Edwin Arlington Robinson is one that is claimed to demonstrate that people cannot resolve another person’s matters of happiness just appearing in somebody’s life. The author uses the location, metaphors, and imagery to reveal this. The plot narrates the story about a rich man that commits suicide, and the feelings and considerations of the people in town that watch him in his everyday life. Author clearly shows us in his poem “Richard Cory” that someone else’s life may not be that is cracked up to be. The townspeople envied Richard Cory and his lifestyle. Though, if they have looked a bit deeper, but not judged by appearance, they would change their minds. The imagery of Downtown is used as a place where Richard Cory seemed someone grate, and highly admired, as all the other citizens are comparatively poor, and occupied with everyday problems, but in real life, more than money is usually needed to make a someone happy. Also, the phrase “went without the meat and cursed the bread” shows that people are inclined to cur
Introduction Young have established the phrase “meritocracy”, utilized in modern society to illustrate a culture in which affluence, and communal positions are attained, largely, through challenge and verified competencies (132). Furthermore, public administration perceives meritocracy as a variety of government or institution in which the selections are made and the responsibilities are allocated on the bases of talents, capacities, and not on riches (plutocracy), origins, family relationships (nepotism), group benefits (aristocracies), status (democracy) or because of other important issues pertaining to communal positions or political influence. Records disclose an extremely extended register for the utilization of meritocracy in political existence and in communal living. In this framework, it is necessary to talk about the paradigm of Venice democracy, which more than a millennium, until the invasion by Napoleon in 1797, had exercised a meritocratic structure. Pertaining to that arrangement where the populace was categorized by their domino effect in educational life, in ability, trade, the most excellent were selected to the state congress. In addition, The Great Ducat of Finland, in the 19th century, was assumed a monocracy, as the administrative organization of authority felt right in the rich group. Approximately, until the 20th century, scholastic designations and martial positions were crucial aspects in the selection of political leaders. The U.S. system of governance is as well assumed a model where meritocracy is employed in selecting public officials. Many scholars including Thomas Jefferson, the writer of the book titled ‘Declaration of Independence’ and the third head of state, had backed the meritocratic form of government. The Theory of Meritocracy Meritocracy is utilized to depict that culture that sounds as if ideal, in which societal arrangement prosperity and the regard for others are achieved largely by merit or endowment. The principal of inheritance is realistically expelled from this equation, as the legacy is not the means of accessing a position empowered with tasks and communal status. A contest, battle or the position must be contested and not expected. An explanation with a sturdy public spotlight will be meritocracy, being an idiom applied to depict a challenging culture that admits unequal spaces of profits, capital and societal position captivating endowment, the merit, proficiencies, inspiration and exertions (Young 16). Etymologically talking, meritocracy signifies the rule of individuals with merit. It is obvious that the merit model is perceived to be scholastic, more specifically as a permutation of brainpower, studies, schooling and maybe feelings and endeavors. Meritocracy and Public Service Presentation Numerous older and latest investigations by Young ascertain and verify an unswerving and multifaceted link between meritocracy and civil service growth (9-12). The viewpoint of the modern i
Introduction: The Mysterious Creatures of the Night Origin and Mythology The whole concept of a pale blood-sucking creature that crawls into the night and transforms into a bat is not new; the traces of vampire stories can be tracked down to Mesopotamia (ca. 3100 B. C.). Likewise, one of the Aztecs’ deities shared a range of features with the classical definition of a vampire. A closer look at the European heritage of vampire stories will show that the character has undergone quite a transformation in the process. However, it was not until the 1720–1730s “vampire craze” that the mythological creatures had any unique features outside their craving for blood. After Bram Stoker’s revolutionary novel published in 1897, the vampire finally shook off his resemblance to the devil and became a unique mythological character. Picture 1. Image of Camazots (a vampire) in the Aztec culture (Camazotz, the Death Batpara. 2). Picture 2. Image of Lilitu (a female vampire) in the Mesopotamian culture (ESP: Ancient Vampirespara. 1). The European Vampires: Welcome to the Hotel Transylvania Dracula Saying that the Dracula franchise has had a major impact on the European culture would be a huge understatement – the character, as well as the story, quickly gained a cult following not only in Europe but also all over the United States, spawning the creation of a range of similar demons in literature and movies. However, with all due respect to the breakthrough that Dracula’s story has had on the entire concept of vampirism, one must admit that the character was pretty bland. Dracula was driven solely by the desire to satisfy his animalistic carving for blood – it was scary enough as a concept, yet it did not make the character very interesting. As a result, Stoker has to focus on the experiences and emotions of the narrator, for the most part, leaving the beast aside for quite a while. Nosferatu Nosferatu, on the other hand, was obviously a step in the right direction. A movie released some thirty years after the famous Dracula story, it introduced the audience to a new kind of vampires – the ones that kept their original creepy look intact, yet we’re much more sophisticated in their desires and cravings. Nosferatu’s lust for power, as well as his sheer delight of people’s fear, contrasts sharply with Dracula’s consistent and somewhat dumb need for filling his stomach with blood. The necessity for Nosferatu to savor the dread of his victims made him more human-like and, at the same time, kept the distance between him and the mere mortals, therefore, creating the Uncanny Valley effect (Roberts and Roberts 225), which was enough to be struck with fear. The American Vampires: The Marketing Power of Horror The many faces of Dracula Much like Europe, the United States has a very long and proud history of creating their vampire mythology. A closer look at the American concept of a vampire, however, will reveal that the latter has clearly undergone impressive changes. Unlike its European counterpart,
Delivering healthcare services to the public is considered a human service concept. In this respect, the administration and management of these services to the public requires constant scrutiny to ensure quality healthcare services. Currently in the United States, the introduction of Medicare as a public healthcare program requires better management. The United States government through the department of health and human services must ensure that hospitals do not abuse the Medicare program. However, such abuses have been reported in the recent times. This has raised concerns as to whether public health and other important human services will be addressed as required. In an article published by Abelson and Julie Creswell (2012) in the New York Times, the authors indicate the United States government’s concerns on Medicare program delivery by hospitals. According to the article, the government is concerned that the use of electronic billing is interfering with Medicare and Medicaid programs. From the government perspective, the use of electronic billing as a reimbursement method in the stated programs amounts to fraud. In this respect, the government has already warned doctors and hospitals against the use of such techniques. However, the government also agrees that the use of electronic billing through electronic health records is beneficial. The government reinstates its commitment to ensuring health and human services are delivered appropriately as observed through the electronic health records standards and policies. Basically, the electronic health records (EHRs) have been instrumental in improving the delivery of healthcare services. However, false documentation through the system has been reported in some hospitals. The fraudulent claim in delivery of healthcare services through the EHRs is done through wrong coding. Basically, the wrong coding falsifies a patient’s condition and indicates that the patient requires intensity care. In this way, the hospitals or doctors are able to get additional or false reimbursement. The authors of the article are concerned that the increase in Medicare billing may have resulted from the falsification of electronic payment records. From the authors, the falsification of the payment records occurs from charges in the hospital emergency rooms. Records traced back in the year 2010, indicate that the Medicare reimbursement had increased by $1 billion. This is a clear indication that the introduction of the EHRs is to blame for the increasing healthcare cost. Healthcare insurers and especially the private insurers are in agony dealing with an increasing healthcare cost. The current government is also in trouble, if it does not improve healthcare amidst the continuing fraudulent claims. In this respect, the secretary of health and human services has sent letters to major hospital associations in the country giving stern warnings. The secretary of health and human services with the help of the attorney general warns to pros