ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction One of the most important components of the criminal justice system is a code of ethics, which governs the behavior and conduct of professionals working within the system. Without a strong code of ethics, the criminal justice system would be ineffective because implementation of laws and policies would be impossible (Banks, 2009). Officers who work in the system interact with different kinds of people. Therefore, it is necessary to have a code of ethics that governs those interactions. Professionals who work in the criminal justice system include defense attorneys, police officers, judges, prosecuting attorneys, and corrections officers (Banks, 2009). Ethics ensure that individuals are treated fairly and with integrity. There is a direct relationship between ethics and behavior in the criminal justice system because of the need for a moral compass to guide personal and communal decisions as well as conduct. A code of ethics prevents internal and external forces from influencing justice and helps officers create an ethical and just society (Cronkhite, 2007). Critical thinking is also important because it improves the effectiveness of decisions made by law enforcement officers. Relationship between professional behavior and ethics Ethics play an important role in criminal justice administration because the decisions made by various officers have far-reaching consequences on people and society (Cronkhite, 2007). Therefore, ethics enable officers to make decisions that promote justice and create a just and ethical society. All members of the Academy of Criminal Justice are bound under the institution’s code of ethics to uphold ethics and desist from all forms of unprofessionalism at work (Grant, 2002). Unprofessionalism hurts the criminal justice system and erodes its reputation (Banks, 2009). Therefore, in order to avoid such adverse consequences, it is vital to have a code of ethics for officers to follow. In past years, numerous cases of imprisonment based on race and religion have been reported. Such incidences take place because of failure by police officers to act ethically. Ethics is important in the criminal justice system because it facilitates the creation of a just, corruption-free, and ethical soc
To date, the establishment of good relations between Japan and its closest geographical neighbours, including China and the two Koreas, remains a mirage due to deep-seated mistrust stemming from Tokyo’s reluctance to extend official apology to victims of its military atrocities, mass civilian massacres, and abuses against prisoners of war (POWs) during the shadows of the cold war conflict (Lind, 2009). Although Japan extended an unprecedented written apology to South Korea in 1998 long after the death of Emperor Hirohito, who received credit for progressing the war atrocities (Lam, 2002), few political experts in Sino-Japan relations remain convinced that Japanese war apologies will heal the rift between the neighbours (Dong-Choon, 2010). This paper looks into the history of Japanese war apologies, and also attempts to evaluate why these apologies have been unable to make the intended impact. Japanese war apologies are deeply rooted in the atrocities committed by Japan during cold war conflict, including the nation’s militaristic past against its neighbours, brutal occupation and colonisation (Lam, 2002). The role of Emperor Hirohito in committing and/or abetting the atrocities cannot escape mention owing to the fact that it was during his time as Japan’s ruler that thousands of people, including innocent civilians, lost their lives under Japanese aggression. The role of the United States in the massacres has been revisited by scholars as it is thought that America showed complicity by covering up Hirohito’s war crimes to win a strong ally in the fight against communism (Ogawa, 2000). Indeed, immediately after the atrocities, Japan never apologised to its neighbours and Emperor Hirohito continued to enjoy the trappings of power. It should be recalled that Germany apologised for its atrocities immediately after the Second World War, but Japan never tendered its apologies even after committing so many atrocities during the Second World War, the Japan war of 1950-1953, and during its colonisation of Korea between 1905 and 1945 (Dudden, 2006). Flowing from the above, it is conceivable to argue that Japanese war apologies that began to filter through in the 1990s were an attempt to redress the historical atrocities committed by Japan to its immediate neighbours (Lam, 2002). In one particular atrocity committed in the Korea in July 1950, an estimated 1,800 prisoners of Daejon Prison were rounded up by Japanese police and shot dead at close range, with the perpetrators ensuring that there were no survivors (Yonehama, 2010). In yet another horrifying atrocity, thousands of women were captured throughout Japan’s colonies and thereafter, forcibly recruited as sex slaves for the Japanese military (Dudden, 2006). The 1937 Nanking massacre which saw the slaughter, mutilation and rape of anywhere between 100,000 and 350,000 Chinese by Japanese Imperial Army remains a dark spot in the history of Japan, although to date the largely conservative Japanese elite denies the massacre took place (Ogawa, 2000). Immediately after the death of Emperor
Introduction Leaders and managers of an organization play incredible roles in the endeavour to ensure that organizations succeed in attaining their aims and objectives, as stipulated in their strategic plans. A dominant argument among scholars is that, leaders can also serve the roles of the managers. On the other hand, other scholars argue that, leaders cannot act as managers of an organization. Consequently, there is unresolved debate whether managers can be leaders and the vice versa. For instance, Kotter posits, “leadership and management are two distinctive and complementary systems of action” (1990, p.103). This argument implies that, leadership and management have two differing traits and functions within an organization. The main question remains: which of the two is more appropriate for being given more consideration to enhance better success of an organization? Increasing body of literature places a strong argument that, the two are significant towards this end, especially when the volatilities and complexities of the modern day organizations’ operation environment are considered. From this position, this paper seeks to address the two aspects, which may immensely enhance the performance and hence the success of an organization. This goal is achieved through conducting a summary of Kotter’s article appearing on the journal of Harvard Business Review in 1990 titled: “what leaders really do”, and then articulating it with the existing body of literature on the position of leadership and management in enhancing success of an organization. Difference between management and leadership Management entails dealing ardently with organizational complexity. According to Brungardt (1996), “management controls or directs people or resources in a group according to principles or values that have already been established” (p.83). In the absence of cute organizational management strategies, complex business establishments may get chaotic in numerous ways hence creating the risks to the existence of the
United States District Court, S.D. Mississippi, Hattiesburg Division. 2004. This case arose out of ingestion of stadol by the plaintiffs. This medication was suspected to be addictive and contained harmful substances that had side effects. In this case multiple plaintiffs were involved and joined together to sue the defendants. The plaintiffs filed this suit against the defendants who they accused of being negligent, breached their warranties, committed fraud and breached their fiduciary duties. The defendants were also accused of not putting strict warnings to the users of their products, deceiving the public, concealing information and willingly misrepresenting their products. The Plaintiffs claimed negligence by the physician and the clinic in which he was working for, Jefferson Medical Associates. Linda Jones was the only plaintiff that the physician had treated and none of the other four plaintiffs had been treated by the physician or at the clinic. The defendants claimed that the plaintiffs had fraudulently joined together to accuse them and this was not allowed as they resided in different parts of the country and thus had bought the product from different pharmacies. There exists a supreme court that is above the federal courts. These federal courts have limited jurisdiction and cannot act outside their statutory subject matter because they will violate their basic constitutional perception of having limited federal powers. Therefore, these courts should not take over cases that have been properly presented in the state courts. The defendants claimed a fraudulent joinder. This presented a burden of demonstrating the facts to the courts and presenting the proper evidence. In this case the removing party was the defendants who faced a heavy burden of proving the fraudulent joinder clearly and convincingly to the courts. It was within the courts discretion to determine the severance of the claim in this case and to determine whether the parties involved have been improperly or fraudulently joined and whether they were attempting to defeat the diversity jurisdiction. The plaintiff can plead through a c
Introduction SKK is a multinational company known for its influence in the land development and real estate industry. This essay seeks to provide a complete assessment of the Cambodian company. For this purpose, the discussion shall focus on the various elements that define the company and the business environment that it operates in, pointing out the strengths and weaknesses. The profitability of the enterprise shall also be evaluated by giving a committed look at some of its financial figures. Company overview Vision The vision of the SKK Company is to be the primary provider of land development and real estate services. Mission The mission for the company is to chart new frontiers as far as the development of high quality and affordable services is concerned, as well as the fostering of positive growth in the communities of operation. This will be achieved through:   * Investing in research and investigation into the demands and needs of the market.   * Studying and analyzing available material production processes, with the main aim being coming up with strategies that will reduce the cost of production and ultimately the cost of the final product.   * Sourcing of skilled manpower from local communities and ensuring that the pay they get is enough to accord them decent livelihoods.   * Ensuring that the production process and its wastes are not harmful to the environment through the establishment of proper waste disposal procedures.   * Investing in technology that helps lighten the production and supply processes, ultimately cutting the time and cost of production.   * Involvement in Community Social Responsibility (CSR) exercises and helping better the society by sharing the gains made. Core Values SKK’s core values underpin the institution’s desire to help foster a sense of purpose across all departments. They clearly highlight the company’s common desire to help encourage performance based traditions which are innovative and help encourage mutual trust and engagement. The company’s strategy The company’s operations are very Mechanistic in nature, with each and every department being interlinked with the others. Having been in the business for quite some time, SKK has come to develop a working strategy that helps attain a high level of success. The business model the company uses involves identifying a unique market segment and setting o
The paragraph Excessive dependence on the Internet and smartphones among children distorts their self-esteem. Styx (2020) explains that recognition in social media becomes more and more critical for young people and impacts their identity formation process. For instance, some of them care more about the number of likes their new Instagram post got than about preparation for the next test in school. When one’s personality is irrelevant or ignored by others online, he/she may develop depression or anxiety. Even negative attention is perceived as a better option than being irrelevant by adolescents. Thus, children often turn to anonymous hurtful comments targeted at them to get additional attention. For example, adolescents often cyberbully themselves on ask.fm encouraging others to respond with sympathy (Fraga, 2021). Self-trolling and self-cyberbullying using fake accounts help them get the attention they seek in a negative way. Initial post and sentence examples in the passive and active voice In the passive voice, the sentence went like this, “Even negative attention is perceived as a better option than being irrelevant by adolescents.” If it is changed so that the active voice is used, it will turn out like this, “Young people perceive negative attention as a better option than being irrelevant by adolescents.” Voice is a grammatical category that only verbs have; it can be both active and passive. I prefer the passive version of the sentence because, for my example, the sentence’s subject is not so important, that is, the one who directly acts. Although sentences in active voice add dynamism, in my example, this is not necessary. It was vital for me to show that the predicate influences the subject, so the passive voice was used. Peer response When the voice is active, natural, easily comprehensible sentences are obtained. In the active voice, the subject of the proposal is in a conspicuous place. That is, it is clear to the reader who is acting. My peer seems to have erroneously indicated that he likes sentences in the passive voice better since, in his text, all sentences are written in the active voice. Indeed, as my peer rightly noted, sentences that use the active voice have more dynamism. They indicate the subject of the action, and therefore the resulting phrases are easily understandable to the reader. However, situations arise when it is apparent who is acting that there is no need to designate it. Classic examples of such evident subjects are the police, doctors, firefighters, in general, those who do unique work that no one else can do. In the peer’s text, there is no need to structure the sentences so that it is not indicated who is acting. At the beginning of the last sentence, my peer could have written, “as it has been demonstrated in numerous studies.” It is often less important for readers to know who the study’s author is; however, this is just my suggestion.
Introduction The Olympic Games debate has been ongoing for a long time. Many economists have argued that the games should be abolished because of their negative impact on the economies of host countries (Black, 2012). This is evident from the increasing financial requirements of subsequent games. Other factors that warrant the discontinuation of Olympic Games include terrorism threats and negative impact on social systems of host countries. Security agencies encounter many difficulties in their efforts to prevent possible attacks by terrorists during the games. This leads to more expenses and inconveniences. The main reason for the proposed abolishment is negative economic implications. These include low profits that cannot cover the costs of inputs, increased financial requirements in every event, and availability of better means of spending the money such as offering financial aid to third world countries (Guttman, 2002). Olympic Games should be discontinued because they waste the money and resources of host countries, expose participants and observers to terrorism threats, and negatively affect the social structure of host countries. Economic implications High costs First, inputs for Olympic Games increase with each event. This is evident from an analysis of the expenditure of Athens, Beijing, Sydney, and London games. For example, the security expenses for the 2012 Olympics rose to $ 1.6 billion from the initial projected cost of $361 million. According to financial data obtained from past Olympics, the event has continued to present more financial constraints to host countries. In 2004, Athens spent US$ 15 billion to finance the games while in 2000 Sydney spent $23 billion. In 2008, Beijing spent US$43 billion while in 2012 London used US$ 19 billion (Madden and Giesecke, 2012). The high expenditures have been linked to economic decline in several countries. For example, financial analysts have attributed the debt crisis experienced by the Greek government to the high costs of the 2004 Olympic Games (Madden and Giesecke, 2012). This is a good enough reason for the discontinuation of the games. Security is one of the major concerns of the Olympic Games, and which is very costly. Statistics reveal that the cost of security at the Olympics has been on the rise. Sydney spent $ 180 million, Athens spent $ 1.5 billion, Beijing spent approximately $ 6.5 billion, and London spent $ 1.6 billion (Black, 2012). Costs balloon during subsequent games because each city tries to outdo other cities and thus ends up spending more. Projections for subsequent Olympics are higher, and many cities do not fight for a chance to host the games. Benefits reaped from the Olympics are only visible in the long-term and are very few. However, they are costly and detrimental to host countries’ economies. For example, facilities constructed before the commencement of the games remain unused for most of the year after completion
Introduction Behavior problems, or challenging behaviors, manifest in children in a variety of ways. Many of these are different forms of aggression, and, although a limited extent of aggression is normal, such behaviors can severely affect a child’s development of social skills. These problems, in turn, can lead to reduced academic achievement as the child ages. Furthermore, behavior problems tend to both cause and negatively affect academic performance, creating feedback loops. Behavior problems Behavior problems start early in life, but can follow a child int his or her later life. The first expressions of aggression can occur in children as young as six months (Kaiser and Rasminsky 8). In some cases, even these early expressions can lead to significant problems with developing basic skills, such as learning to read (Kaiser and Rasminsky 11). This can be attributed to the social isolation experienced by children exhibiting behavior problems — challenging behavior can lead to a child being rejected by his peers, exacerbating the problem and increasing the likelihood of rejection (Kaiser and Rasminsky 11). This, in turn, leads to a failure to develop social and emotional skills, worsened antisocial behaviors, and reduced academic performance (Kaiser and Rasminsky 11). Therefore, it is necessary to identify and intervene on problem behaviors as early as possible. Challenging behavior and poor academic performance can negatively affect one another, creating a feedback loop. As a child behaves aggressively, his or her teacher might respond negatively, dedicating less time and attention to him and being less helpful (Kaiser and Rasminsky 11). This, in turn, prevents the child from performing well academically, increasing their likelihood of being expelled or suspended (Kaiser and Rasminsky 11). Furthermore, this exacerbates his or her behavior problems, reducing the probability of recovering his or her performance and integrating socially. A feedback loop is also evident in the student’s attitude towards learning, which can constitute another challenging behavior. A child who fails to acquire knowledge and skills, or integrate socially, can develop emotional or behavioral problems (Metsäpelto et al. 247). These problems include a low perception of his or her ability and a decreased interest in school work (Metsäpelto et al. 247). In turn, this can lead to increased externalizing behaviors — challenging behaviors directed against the environment, such as aggression (Metsäpelto et al. 247). All these problems compound one another, leading to a further reduction in academic performance (Metsäpelto et al. 247). Therefore, a child’s academic environment can be a cause of behavior problems, which exacerbate the initial problem as time passes. This suggests that ensuring an environment that is conducive to study is crucial during for the child’s initial experiences at school. Aggressive behavi
The essence of the family nursing approach is that the nurse communicates with all family members, even if providing care for only one of them. This approach is justified since family members can support each other when facing complex or difficult diagnoses (Bell, 2016). Also, acquaintance with all family members and their medical history helps to create a comprehensive assessment that may be highly beneficial for the treatment of chronic diseases. This paper aims to present relevant theories in family nursing and describe how they support current and emerging trends. Therapeutic Conversations High-quality communication between a healthcare worker and family members can be a decisive factor when working with families, one of whose members has a severe diagnosis, whether it be a child or an adult. A common form of communication with families is a therapeutic conversation. Scientists note that therapeutic conversation is “the heart of family care practice” (Bell, 2016, p. 441). That is why the nurse must have communication skills to lead the therapeutic conversation in the right direction. In particular, scientists note the need for cognitive and perceptual, that is observation and judgment skills (Bell, 2016). During the conversation, the focus should be kept not only on a specific patient but also on “observing the relationships and interactions between family members” to avoid the automation of understanding (Bell, 2016, p. 446). When conducting a conversation, the nurse must understand what beliefs in the family exist regarding the medical prognosis, what issues are most urgent and painful for family members, and what ideas the nurse can offer to solve their problems. Social Media No less important is the creation of the information field for the family in which they could talk about the disease, and look for explanations related to it. In this regard, social networks can be the best assistance. Scientists note that a nurse practitioner can use social media to create their network of contacts interested in their professional issues (Looman, 2016).