ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction A number of states are faced with the challenge of balancing state sovereignty with human rights since they are incompatible in practice meaning it is a global issue that many societies face, but the best way of addressing it is still unclear, as state and non-state actors are yet to come up with a comprehensive solution. After the Second World War, Universal Declaration on Human Rights was ratified with the main purpose of fulfilling the interests of the minorities and checking the excesses of governments, as the world had witnessed the most horrifying situation whereby many people lost their lives and quite a number was physically and psychological tortured (Roth 2004, p. 65). Currently, the actions of various state and non-state actors amount to gross violation of human rights. Events, such as racial hatred, media suppression, distortion, and bias are rampant in various parts of the world, yet they are instances of human rights violations. The global society is concerned with how the situation could be improved. The United Nations Human Rights Council is an international organization charged with the role of ensuring individuals enjoy their rights and freedoms. However, various studies indicate that the body is impotent given its inability to prevent governments and belligerent actors from taking people through inhuman conditions (Smith & Pagnucco 1998, p. 380). Apart from the United Nations agency, several human rights organizations operating regionally exist, but they lack the capacity to handle the situation leading to continued suffering. In this article, it is argued that the UN and other regional human rights organizations have failed to carry out their mandates. The main reason for failure is the structure, which does not support the leadership style that characterizes human rights organizations. It is suggested that the situation could be improved through facilitating individual communication and reporting of complaints. An Overview Some people sacrifice their lives to fight for democracy in many parts of the world. It is unfortunate that such individuals end up living miserable lives because of inadequate measures to support their activities. In developed countries, minorities are faced with the major challenge of racism given the fact their culture is never appreciated and they are always urged to join the mainstream society. In fact, racism is a tool of discrimination and domination that is employed effectively to subjugate a section of society (Meyer 1996, p. 372). Women are considered a special group. However, studies show that they have never enjoyed their freedoms and rights since time immemorial. Based on this, it is noted that the major challenge to their survival is a rigid social structure, defective culture, and male chauvinism. A few years ago, world leaders from various states ratified a treaty that
Executive Summary Performance of an organisation may be enhanced in a variety of alternatives. Formation of mergers is one of these alternatives that can help to increase the trading price of organisational shares, efficiency ratios, and increased value of a company in share markets. Bancolumbia utilised this strategy to enhance its organisational transformation. Mergers bring different organisations together with different organisational cultures and ways of accomplishing tasks. Consequently, various management issues arise during mergers. This paper utilises Bancolumbia as the case study to analyse such issues, discuss key decision criteria, prescribe alternatives, provide recommendations, and prescribe an action and implementation plan to handle management issues associated with the formation of mergers. Problem Statement Bancolumbia conducted two of the largest mergers that had been experienced in Columbia with a period of less than 10 years under the leadership of Jorge Londono as the CEO. The success of these mergers as an organisational transformation strategy was dependent on the roles played by the persons charged with the entire process, factors such as organisational communication, and the leadership strategies deployed to enhance the overall collective transformation process. The main problem was to utilise organisational communication through leadership strategies to enhance the success of the new merger, which brought together persons who were inspired by different organisational cultures. Supporting Evidence Bancolumbia merged with Corfinsara and Conavi in 2004. The rationale for this merger was based on the argument that a merger can exercise competitiveness based on the advantages associated with economies of scale (Richard Ivey School of Business 3). In Columbia, this case was perhaps crucial since the era of 1990s saw the country experience an economic downturn resulting to decreasing financial entities to about 37 percent in 1995 through 1999 and to 62 percent in 2006 (Richard Ivey School of Business 2). The reduction evidences that the only organisations that would survive the impacts of economic downturns were the prominent ones. Consolidation was a strategy that would see the organisations acquire more clientele levels. Consequently, a new trend emerged in the banking industry focusing on having fewer but bigger banking institutions. The success of this strategy for the case of the merger between Conavi, Bancolumbia, and Corfinsara was realised through communication to shareholders about its value in enhancing the success of the company. Key Decision Criteria Conavi, Bancolumbia, and Corfinsara’s merger decision criteria was based on the slogan “being one, we are more” (Richard Ivey School of Business 5). Realisation of this slogan led to the convening of a meeting by top executives of the thr
It is worth noting that the securities market is of paramount importance for the economies of countries around the world. To be more precise, the redistribution of funds is one of the main features of the contemporary economy, and effective redirection of free funds is the key to its effectiveness. In the majority of countries, the securities market and the credit system fulfill this function (Bignami & Zaring, 2016). Moreover, the first mechanism has attained the leading part in the financial well-being of states. It should be stressed that the attraction and allocation of financial resources can proceed for both public and private needs. The purpose of this research article is to provide a comprehensive overview of the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission and to throw light on its operations, which have been sharply criticized. History and Purpose Interestingly, the US securities market is one of the oldest markets in the entire world. The first stock exchange appeared in Philadelphia in 1791, and the New York Stock Exchange appeared the following year. Brokers of New York signed a legal act, which was put in its foundation and some aspects of this document existed until 1975. It is significant that these stock exchanges were of crucial importance for the development of the country and this pattern is relevant at modernity due to the fact that the role of the stock market has increased significantly since that period (Bignami & Zaring, 2016). At present, the US securities market is one of the most developed and powerful markets in the world. In the 1930s, there were about 38 stock exchanges in the country and NASDAQ accounted for 95% of the total turnover. The U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) was established to execute control over this market. The US Congress created it in 1934 to secure the potential and existing investors from fraud and unfair practices (Bignami & Zaring, 2016). The purpose of this administrative agency is “to protect investors, maintain fair, orderly, and efficient markets, and facilitate capital formation” (U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, 2013, para. 1). Thus, its main aim is to ensure fair proceedings and protect the investors. There are five commissioners in this body, and the head of the country appoints them (Bignami & Zaring, 2016). Until that time, the absence of corresponding laws and agencies gave latitude to the emergence of fraudulent schemes; therefore, the creation of SEC was an indispensable requirement for establishing security in the market. Powers of the SEC In general, the administrative and executive activities of the SEC are an important tool of the state aimed at sustaining law and order in the securities market. It is worth noting that the Commission has specific executive, legislative, and judicial powers for that matter (Bignami & Zaring, 2016). For instance, the reg
Introduction The human-wildlife conflict is an issue that is becoming a very serious threat to the life of most of the endangered species the world over. According to most case studies in different parts of the world, there is a clear demonstration of the conflict and how severe it is. To avoid overlooking the matter, an analysis of the problem is of great essence which will help in boosting the conservation efforts of the species which are now proving to be endangered (Hans, 180). This paper will be based on the issue of motor vehicle collisions with world animals with a focus on European countries. Insight into the conflicts The issue of collisions between wildlife and motor vehicles is a major challenge in most countries owing to the unpredictability of the animals’ closing in correspondence to the vast sizes of the parks and lands which border major roadways in most European and African countries (Mishra, 341). Most of the stakeholders who have an interest in this matter have considered the threat that is involved to road safety both to the human population and to the wildlife population. Though there has been a gross underestimation of the danger which is posed there is a dire need of taking this matter with the weight that it deserves (Hoare, 162). There are measures of mitigating the accidents which mainly focus on the techniques applied in the prevention of the animals from crossing at some points or alerting motorists of the possibilities of such cases happening. Having no other control measures which can be fixed very fast, and the rise in the number of casualties, the conflict tends to be a great danger. Research has it that the problem has been known to cost millions of dollars to society (Naughton-Treves, 30). The advent of technology has given rise to methods of mitigating the risks involved to a higher notch. This is however not an immediate action because the technologies which are proposed have to be verified on their functionality. There needs to be a rigorous process of validation which will then lead to a need for more funds. In Canada, for example, the collisions range from above five large animals colliding with motor vehicles hourly. Most of the accidents happen to go unnoticed due to underreporting thus an assumption of the gravity of the issue by most involved stakeholders (Messmer, 100). Recommendation To improve on the mitigation approaches when it comes to this matter, there should be a balance between the protection that is granted to human beings as well as to the wild animals (Koganow, 56). In this case, there can be more awareness campaigns that will aid in educating motorists in the dangers involved. At the same time, a policy for reporting the accidents should be formulated and also measures which can aid in prediction such that the matter is put in control (Harris and Gallagher, 33). Conclusion Human-wildlife conflicts exist in a wide variety of ways where motor vehicle collisions are just an example. The preventive measures proposed should focus on the protection of both human victims as well as animals (Butler, 27). This is beca
Executive Summary The negative effect of illicit drugs is well known and documented. The use and abuse of illicit drugs has in the recent past threatened the security and health of many nations. The United States of America has been documented as the country with the highest expenditure on drugs. This makes it a lucrative market for drug traffickers all over the world. Despite this alarming fact, efforts to mitigate drug use and trafficking have to a larger extent proven to be futile. Considering the negative impact that drugs have on the fabric of society, it would be a worthwhile endeavor to come up with better means of mitigating drug trafficking in the United States. To this end, this research paper shall utilize various sources of information to highlight the scope of the problem and how it can be mitigated. To achieve this, a detailed analysis of relevant literature shall be provided and findings discussed. All this shall aim at presenting a comprehensive and well documented research as to how drug trafficking in the United States can be reduced. Introduction In the recent past, drug trafficking has been among the most controversial topic under discussion. This topic has gained much prominence due to the economic and health implications that have developed from drug trafficking. Arguably, our societies appear unprepared for many of the consequences that have emerged as a result of drug trafficking. According to Brown (2000), the international drug trade receives revenue of about $300-$400 billion annually. Such an operational budget has enabled drug traffickers to come up with better means of transporting, hiding and producing these drugs. This not only makes it hard to track them, but ensures that their drugs are distributed accordingly without fear of consequences (DIANE Publishing, 2010). It is from this sad state of affairs that concerned parties propose for measures to reduce drug trafficking in America. In that regard, this study shall highlight various recommendations as to how drug trafficking can be mitigated. Scope of the problem In the past four decades, Latin America has played a significant role in the cultivation, production, trafficking and distribution of illegal drugs across the world. Recent statistics indicate that South America has emerged as the leading producer and supplier of cocaine in the world market. In addition, opiate supplied in the United States originate from Mexico and Columbia. On the same note, Mexico and the Caribbean have been documented as being among the major source of marijuana and methamphetamine that is consumed in the United States. In regard to drug consumption, America provides the largest market for these drugs, followed by Canada and the UK. Despite these alarming revelations, the war on drugs has had little to no success in mitigating this national scourge. This is mostly attributed to the fact that the United States government lack adequate resources in terms of manpower, technology and finances needed to eff
Motivating People at Work Money, trustworthy leadership, and relevance are some of the factors that motivate people at work. Regardless of the existence of other personal objectives of being at work, the bottom line, nevertheless, is that every person looks forward to obtaining money. Money motivates people at work because it enables them to cater to such needs as housing, food, clothing, school fees, and enjoyment of leisure time. Moreover, leadership that supports workers and seeks their best interests gains their trust and motivates them to succeed (Keat, Young, & Erfle, 2017). Employees want to feel treasured and relevant to the organization. The management of any organization should praise workers who show excellent performance to help them understand their relevance. Role of Managers Managers should recognize and reward employees as a way of improving their motivation, morale, and engagement. Organizations should have a built-in rewards program, which encourages the staff to work diligently in an attempt to acquire the set benefits (Allen, Adomdza, & Meyer, 2015). Recognizing and rewarding employees’ performance makes them know that they are valued. This propels the entire staff to work hard and ensures that job routines become easier and enjoyable, which improves morale. Managers can also create a positive environment to enhance employee motivation, morale, and engagement (Olafsen, Halvari, Forest, & Deci, 2015). Important ways of ensuring that workers ar
Impact of the of the up and coming hospitality services and marketing trends A service industry is composed of organizations which focus on providing services to other organizations and the final consumers as well. The hospitality and tourism sector is the widely known service sector whereby people who are on vacation or on business trips demand for services. As a result, the consumers of these services expect that the services being offered by such organizations should be of high quality (Bianca, 2012). The kinds of services that the tourism and hospitality sector provides include lodgings, food services, travel, tourism, and sports and entertainment. Therefore, for an organization to continue receiving a reasonable number of customers, it needs to provide a wide range of services which consumers who are on vacation demand (Costa, 2009). Social media marketing has been very effective in ensuring that organizations market their products adequately. In this perspective, organizations are forming groups in some of the major social networking sites such as Facebook, Twitter, MySpace and YouTube whereby customers are able to obtain information on the various products that the organizations offer (Denmark, 2012). The customers are also able to compare the products being offered by different organizations thereby enabling them to choose the ones which they feel more comfortable with. In addition, most social networking sites offer advertisement opportunities whereby organizations place their advertisements for the customers to acquire information (Mather, 2009). Since the number of people who use social media sites is increasing every day, customers with a particular interest in a certain company show interest once they pay attention to the company’s advertisement in the social media. This way, many service industries have been able to increase their customer base. In addition, organizations have adopted platforms whereby they can be able to carry out a live chat with their customers and therefore answer all their queries regarding the services they offer. The idea of conducting marketing in the social media has greatly impacted on my thinking regarding developing marketing strategies for service organizations. I have noted that in order for an organization to be successful, it needs to get in touch with its customers in most of the social activities that they engage in. Integrating with the society also serves as an effective way in which an organization can market its products to its customers. In order to attract many customers especially from the area where the organization operates, it is important for an organization to adopt the lifestyles that the society engages in. It should take responsibility for sponsoring the major activities that take place in the society. When an organization does this, it is able to identify itself with the members of the society. As a result, the customers are able to de
Introduction To begin with, I should mention, that the history of ancient world is versatile and still deceitful in some questions. The contemporary scholars are discussing the controversy of ancient writers’ opinions. The Roman Empire is known to be the grandest in its structure and way of reigning throughout the history of mankind. We mention Caesar when speaking about great abilities to work and self-consistency, Konstantin when celebrating the adoption and spreading of Christianity in the Empire and abroad, and we surely remember the person of Nero, whose cruelty and ominous deeds, like Fire in Rome, stay disapprobative. Main body According to the question of his role in setting Rome on fire we are to appeal to the writings of three ancient philosophers and eyewitnesses, namely: Tacitus, Cassius Dio and Suetonius. Their works stay significant to analyze and explore Nero’s guilt or innocence. First, let us realize the material losses that the fire damaged. As we know, it started in the year 64 A.D. in Circus Maximus and was spreading in the districts of Rome. Was the fire accidental or Nero made an effort? We know that the closeness of buildings and unawareness of people in the question of how to prevent people’s houses from fire is the basic reason, I think, in cases of every fire hazard in Rome. In times of Tiberius there was the greatest one. Also in times of Augustus reigning there was “a regular fire department (the vigiles)” (Malitz 67), thus, the reasons of the Great Fire in Rome are still of a mere enigmatic character. “At the time the fire broke out, Nero was in Antium, about forty miles out from Rome. He did not return immediately, but only when the flames started to threaten his palace, the Domus Transitoria.” (J. Malitz 68). Here is the example of Nero’s egocentrism, on the one hand, and the case of his juridical innocence, on the other. Was it a willful action or he tried to weep his steps in this? Still it does not make him guilty. Six day long fire brought a great destruction for Rome. The old part of the city was commonly demolished, the number of homeless, whom Nero patronized, grew up. The opinions of the cause of the fire were separated within ancient philosophers. Some thought that it was accidental and Nero became a victim of the situation, others considered him to be the instigator of the disaster. One of the ideas tells about Nero’s need of money. He needed them to create his ambitious design of palace building and other things, as following: Suetonius hints that Nero intended to loot the ruins; Dio asserts that he removed the free grain distribution. But there were other, darker chargers, far more damaging becau