ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
In most cases, people find themselves unable to differentiate jails from prisons. Others even end up with difficulties in comparing the backgrounds of male and female inmates. This may be due to lack of adequate information about the general criminal life, and poor culture of visiting inmates (Flowers, 1995). There are differences and similarities between inmates in jails and those locked up in prisons. Inmates in jails are either waiting for their trial or have been convicted for jail terms that are less than one year while inmates in prisons have either been convicted for committing criminal offenses or are serving sentences that are more than one year. Inmates in jails are under the custody of local authorities like county governments, while inmates in prisons are under the custody of the state or country governments. Inmates in jails enjoy very few social amenities while their counterparts in prison enjoy a wide range of amenities that are available to them. This is due to the difference in sizes of the facilities, which allows prisons to have the ability to host so many amenities compared to jails. Inmates in jails are not under very tight security while their counterparts in prisons are always under very tight security. Inmates in jails are normally small in number while inmates in prisons have the greatest number. Inmates in jails are locked up together regardless of the crimes they committed, or are suspected of having committed while those in prisons are put behind bars in different areas and according to the degree of their crimes. Despite the differences between inmates in jail and their counterparts in prisons, there are similarities between the two groups of convicts. Inmates in jails and prisons are all treated as criminals, and there is always a security to stop them from escaping. Both inmates in prisons and jails may have committed a certain crime or are suspected of having committed crimes. Inmates in jails and prisons all have limited freedom (Seiter, 2011). Inmates, both male and female, have backgrounds that led them to the prisons or jails. In all the backgrounds of both female and male inmates, there exist some similarities and differences. There are those factors that could have led to the conviction of male inmates, but did not and cannot lead to the conviction of female inmates. For example, male inmates may have backgrounds of rape, while female inmates cannot be convicted for cases that relate to rape. This is because biologically, women cannot get involved in rape cases. Male inmates could have backgrounds that relate to cases of sodomy while their female counterparts may never have backgrounds of such cases. There are also backgrounds that may be common in both male and female inmates. Both may have been convicted of robbery with violence, child abuse, drug abuse, theft, drug trafficking, or murder (Flowers, 1995). In conclusion, there is a lot of information about prisons and jails, which unknown to mos
Introduction Art is a unique and plastic phenomenon that always reflects the peculiarities of the epoch, its values, techniques, technologies, and visions. For this reason, it evolves along with humanity to remain capable of inspiring people, helping them to express themselves, and attract others. It also means the endless diversity of artworks and creations the world has at the moment. Additionally, the search for new approaches has not stopped, and artists look for new paths. Under these conditions, the question of storing, organizing, and presenting the endless number of masterpieces, objects of culture, or works becomes topical. The digitalization of the world the humanity witnesses today allows individuals to use technologies to resolve this problem. However, innovative methods of data storing and management provide artists with the chance to establish new forms of art, and digital curation is one of the unique concepts associated with it. Most spheres of human activity today experience radical alteration under the impact of technology. The scope of changes allows specialists to speak about revolution in terms of approaches, methods, and tools available for individuals to perform different tasks. The sphere of data storing and managing has also experienced fundamental reconsideration under the impact of innovations. Traditional mediums such as libraries, archives, or collections become less relevant because of the emergence of databases allowing to store a limitless amount of information and simplifying access to it (Post 9). The critical importance of this concept is evidenced by the fact that databases are sometimes viewed as a cultural form establishing a specific cultural realm with its unique characteristics. It also results in the emergence of new ways of representing information and its consideration. Technology The omnipresent nature of technology in the modern world leads to radical alterations in the human mentality. It means that old visions and values become replaced with new ones, focusing on integrating innovative solutions in life and making them a part of the interaction. Under these conditions, it is possible to speak about establishing a unique metadata society evolving within the highly digitalized network society (Pasquinelli 1). It represents the shift to a larger dimensional scale regarding in
Introduction Storytelling plays a crucial role in the life of every individual. As such, it is important to understand that this process includes not only fictional narratives found in books and movies but also the anecdotes and myths about everyday life that form people’s reality. For instance, one can believe that there is only one truly suitable romantic partner for every person. Such a story then would greatly affect the consequent behavior of an individual when he or she intends to find a spouse. Moreover, there is also collective storytelling that is related to the expectations and attitudes formation in certain groups, otherwise known as social norms. In this regard, the two short fictional works, namely Kate Chopin’s The Story of an Hour and Judith Ortiz Cofer’s Volar, help the readers to better understand the association between storytelling and individual identity. The former story describes the feelings of the main heroine – Mrs. Mallard – who has just known about the death of her cold and possessive husband. Her sister, husband’s friend Richard, and others presume that this news would devastate the widow and attempt to provide emotional support. However, they are not aware that Mrs. Mallard is not grieving; rather, she is eager to embrace a new future where she is ‘free’. The latter story, on the other hand, presents the life of a young girl who lives in a poor barrio and, in order to compensate for one’s insecurities, dreams about being a Supergirl. Through these stories, the writers show how personal dreams can serve as the key to understanding and shaping a person’s soul and how predominant social storytelling may lead to an inadequate perception of reality. Additionally, the authors describe how family members’ storytelling can support and protect their relatives’ identities. Dreams and Hopes as Storytelling Both Chopin’s and Cofer’s works discuss how the person’s dreams and hopes, on the one hand, reveal his or her internal demands and, on the other hand, help to shape the individual identity. In The Story
Introduction Two decades have passed since the cold war ended and the world is on the brink of a new era. Even though security threats from non-state actors have persisted, the relationship between the powerful nations is considerably changing (Colombier et al., 2009, p. 7). India and China have become significant players in the global security matters (Ikenberry & Inoguchi, 2010, p. 383). In addition, U.S is currently facing severe economic and security problems (Weiss, 2000, p.21). Within the vicinity, North Korea has refused to adhere to the six-party talks (Okano-Heijmans, 2010, p.364). Furthermore, the world order that has been dominated by U.S following the end of Second World War is also changing very fast (Weiss, 2000, p.22). At this decisive point in global history, Japan’s national politics has been subjected to uncertainty and confusion ever since Koizumi relinquished power. There has never been a common ground on matters of security between the ruling party and opposition (Okano-Heijmans, 2010, p.363). Therefore, it is very important that we work together to forge a common ground on our national security policies. As a result, the government in conjunction with other stakeholders came up with the following security strategy, largely with respect to national defence. The strategy entails new policy recommendations that are meant to tackle the current security challenges (Sato & Hirata 2008, p. 3). National Security Strategy Japan has always pursued broad-spectrum national strategy in the post-war era (Hughes, 2004, 208). However, this strategy must be followed by sensible directives for execution and sub-strategies to realize our objectives and interests in different fields (Okano-Heijmans, 2012, p. 62). The new national security strategy is aimed at ensuring peace and security both locally and globally, taking into consideration our national values and interests, at present and in the projected future. Therefore, the new strategy is not rigid but rather flexible and is developed based on the prevailing conditions facing our nation (Okano-Heijmans, 2012, p. 63). Japan’s present security environment Following the end of the Cold war and the subsequent September 11 terrorist attack, the global security environment has been taking a different dimension (Colombier et al., 2009, p. 7). Globalization and technological advancements have largely improved the transport and communication infrastructure. In other words, they have transformed the world into a global village (Bosman &Van Winden 2005, p. 6). At the same time, they have resulted into new threats, for instance, terrorism and weapons of mass destruction.
The loss of hearing in children is a major problem which prevents the child from developing appropriate language skills, thus having a considerable adverse impact on their whole future life. Therefore, it is pivotal to find ways which permit for reducing or eliminating the loss of hearing in children at an early age as possible. An innovative method for doing this is cochlear implantation. This paper provides some statistics about children with hearing loss in Saudi Arabia, discusses the effects of cochlear implants on young children and considers their advantages and disadvantages, and elaborates how the use of cochlear implants may help improve the development of young kids. The amount of literature which estimates the prevalence of hearing loss among children in Saudi Arabia is quite limited. According to Al-Rowaily et al. (2012), the overall prevalence of hearing impairments (conductive or sensorineural hearing loss) among preschoolers in Saudi Arabia is 1.75% (95% confidence interval: 1.25-2.25%), whereas its prevalence among 4-5-year-old kindergarteners falls between 0.83 and 3.21%. Therefore, it is possible that several tens of pre-school children per every 1,000 preschoolers may suffer from hearing loss in Saudi Arabia, which necessitates the implementation of measures aimed at addressing their hearing impairment. A cochlear implant is one of the innovative methods for dealing with hearing impairment. It is a device which is implanted into the inner ear via surgery, and which permits people with little or no hearing to gain or restore their hearing capabilities. There are numerous benefits to the use of cochlear implants among young children. The primary advantage, clearly, is that they may enable the child to have heard (Alsanosi & Hassan 2014). This entails a number of other benefits, such as the considerably improved development of a child resulting from the ability to hear speech and thus learn a language (which is impaired or absent in kids who are deaf or hard of hearing), the ability to gain an education in a traditional school, improved future educational and career opportunities, and so on (Alsanosi & Hassan 2014). In fact, cochlear implants may help a child avoid having a severe, highly impairing disability, which would have a profoundly adverse impact on their whole life (Albanyan 2015). Of course, there are also a number of disadvantages to installing and using cochlear implants (Haak n.d.). For example, cochlear implants are quite expensive, and do not guarantee an improvement in the hearing; in fa
Introduction In the last two decades, China has experienced rapid economic growth rates which have brought about many transformations. As a result, the country has become one of the most influential economic and political powers globally. However, even though economic and social transformations have had a significant impact on the lives of many Chinese citizens, many people have a dissociative attitude towards changes being witnessed due to a variety of reasons. This essay will discuss some of the reasons that have made some people to have dissociative attitudes in China and how this situation will impact on the country in the long term. China’s Rapid Transformation In the last twenty years, China made significant strides from a third world economy to a first world economy. At the moment, the country has the second largest economy in the world after the United States. Even though exponential rates of economic growth have made the country to move from an agricultural economy to an industrialized economy, some citizens have not experienced any benefits from these changes. A study that was conducted in the country between 1990 and 2000 showed that the number of people who considered themselves happy fell from 28 percent to 12 percent. 1 This shows that many people in the country feel that they are excluded from the rapid socio-economic changes which the country has experienced in a span of two decades. 2 Therefore, this shows the country may have to contend with different forms of unrest because there are citizens who are forced to contend with low wages and a high cost of living. In many countries, life satisfaction is one of the measures which are used to estimate the level of happiness in any given society. In many countries, happiness is associated with materialism and social wellness which people in a particular society enjoy. In China’s case, some citizens were not ready for the rapid transition the country made from socialism to capitalism in less than twenty years. Despite these transformations, the country’s communist political system remains intact and has not adjusted to the current capitalistic economic model that is practiced there. 3 Any form of social unrest is not condoned by the Communist Party government, which uses all means at its disposal to crack down on any form of dissent. Therefore, its main motivation is to eliminate any threat to political stability and long term economic growth in the country. China’s political system is very authoritarian and does not condone democratic
In the world just ahead of the Civil War, slavery had become an even more horrible thing than was depicted in Mark Twain’s Huckleberry Finn. Some of the worst things done to slaves were even too horrible to be mentioned in this book. One reason that it was widely believed that this book exaggerated the plight of the slaves was that slave owners went to great lengths to discredit the autobiographies of freed and escaped slaves in order to project themselves as kindly protectors of the poor negro. Slavery had become an economic necessity for the plantation systems of the south, since the invention (by negro Ely Whitney) of the cotton gin. Another reason for the expressed doubt of the validity of Twain’s depiction of slavery was the book itself. While Twain’s depiction of slavery was fairly close to accurate, his depiction of the typical slave, in Jim, was not. Twain’s depiction of Jim and his relationship with Huck was somewhat flawed in order to obey the needs of the story, and also by Twains’ interest in slave autobiographies and also in blackface minstrelsy. So, while Twain’s depiction of slavery in Huckleberry Finn is closer than many other stories, it is also somewhat flawed. Just before the Civil War, there was a rising protest against slavery, so there was a concerted effort on the part of plantation owners and others who defended slavery, for whatever reason, to discredit first-hand reports of the horrors of slavery and the huge gap between the depiction of the truth and the stereotypical depiction of slaves. “The narrators wanted (and their African American readers expected them) to correct, complete, or challenge… stereotypes and the half-truths,” points out Frances Smith Foster. 4 A particularly significant gauge of the narratives’ impact is the ferocity of the counterattack from the slaveowners and their sympathizers, who denounced the narratives as inauthentic. 5 By the end of Reconstruction, the counteroffensive had virtually destroyed the slaves’ antebellum testimony. “The stilling of the black ‘voice’ assumed myriad forms, not the le
Introduction There are many benefits that a company can get as a result of using independent contractors. Some of these benefits include a reduction in the amount of money used as these contractors are not paid such employment benefits as retirement benefits or health risk benefits. On the other hand, there are also risks associated with this and it is therefore important to weigh both benefits and risks associated with this. Risks and Issues which the contracts with the independent contractors should address to protect as much as possible the interests of Information Technology Company Technological ideas are very delicate for implementation by business entities. This is especially the case bearing in mind that a lot of organizations have now embraced information technology. Before an idea is completely developed, it needs a certain level of protection to ensure that someone else does not develop it faster than the inventor. When a project has to involve many contractors, it becomes even riskier hence requiring protective measures to be employed. Some of the risks involved may be the possibility of the contractors secretly selling the idea to other individuals and companies. If the idea has not been patented by the owners, it may immediately be patented by the immediate buyers who may, later on, sue them. The other risk that may be faced by the company is that the contractors may delay in completing the project on time and hence exposing it to the risks of duplication. This is so because the contractors are free to do the task they are given at their own pace as employees have no control over them. As a result, other competitors companies may manufacture low-quality products similar to the company that invented these products and sell them at lower prices. This results in competition about the prices of these products. Consequently, a company may fail to meet its target. Some of these products that may be manufactured by these companies include hard disks drives, disk arrays among others. The contractors may also not take the necessary safety precautions in developing it which may make the information leak to other external parties. This may render the uniqueness and value of the idea useless to the company. This happens because the companies have no total control of their contractors as could have been the case if they had permanent employees. In Addition, the company may be sued by some disaffected, unemployed, and injured contractors in case they feel that employees misclassified them as contractors instead of employees. This is so in a case where employees tried to have some control over the contractors. There is also a risk of being at loggerheads with federal agencies especially the Internal Revenue Authority (IRS) due to classifying employees as contractors as these agencies want companies to have many employees as the higher th
The Internet has made the world to become a small place because it provides a platform for people to interact and do business. There are so many websites that have been developed for purposes of interconnecting people using Web 2.0 technology, and they include Facebook, Twitter, and MySpace, among several others. Facebook is the most popular social networking site, and this is evidenced by the number of users that continue to increase every day. When in Facebook one can find a friend, job and many other things. Therefore, this paper focuses on how Facebook has influenced people’s lives. Importance of Facebook Almost everyone is talking about Facebook because on this site one can trace his/her childhood friends and get new ones. Popoola (2011) argues that the main reason why many people prefer
Introduction The French Revolution of 1789-1793 is commonly accepted as one of the most influential incidents in European history. The drastic changes in the French social and political structures took place at the end of the 18 th century. The modern historians find many causes and premises of revolution, from social inequality to macro-political situation in the country. However, the inadequate national food supply system, taxation, and high prices for bread and salt that made the vital products inaccessible for the majority of peasants and poor people may be considered the main factors which provoked the bursting of revolution. Each revolutionary situation originates in the discontent of the social masses with their current position. However, it is possible to say that the unavailability of food, bread, and salt, in particular, had a dominant influence on the course of the French Revolution because the concept of freedom alone cannot have a significant value in times of severe hunger. Products Scarcity: Bread and Salt Many writings and works devoted to the investigation of European history in the 18 th century have captured the chronicles of a long-term hunger that was spread across France on the eve of the Revolution (Taine 1). 1788 was very arid, and, as a result, the harvest was poor. As Hippolyte Taine claims in his volumes on the French history, there was a heavy hail in the Parisian region just before the harvest season, and it devastated about forty kilometers of the most fertile land and caused many damages that were estimated over one mi