ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Background Gender inequality refers to plain and concealed disparity between individuals performing a common task with regards to gender. Historical data shows that there is a statistically considerable difference between male and female employees in most economies around the world, however, the figure has been declining, thanks to campaigns by pro-women groups and the increasing literacy levels among women. At the workplace, gender inequality has often favored men over women and in most cases, this anomaly occurs over persons of similar qualifications. Baffling statistics on gender inequality in the labor force shows that the problem is persistent and will not be eliminated soon. While 90% of all adult men are employed, only 75% of women are in employment. Besides, women who hold job positions receive unfair treatment at work over male employees. The differences are in the form of pay differences for similar job roles and qualifications, promotions, job appraisals and labeling of jobs as male or female jobs. Gender discrimination in the labor force varies across the demographic groups. For example, The National Committee on Pay Equity reports that while women still earn three quarters of what their male counterparts do, the percentage earning for colored women is even more appalling; African American women earn 67.5 % of what men earn, Latinas’ receive 57.7%, while Asian Americans receive 90%, all figures relating to the 2010 Census results (NCPE, para. 1, 2). It is not fair to pay women lower wages than men as both genders have the same ability and perform similar work under the same conditions. This trend continues despite the same statistics indicating that 40% of women were the principal breadwinners for their families in 2009 (NCPE, para. 3, 4). Objective The aim of this article is to assess the assertion that gender inequality exists in the labor force. The paper will draw on figures and reports from global development agencies to fully ascertain the truth of this workplace anomaly and its effects on the victims. Due to the importance of gender equality to economic development, the paper will give strategies for combating this menace. A Global Phenomenon The World Bank (2001) reports that gender inequality in the labor force is prevalent all over the world, however, the rates vary from country to country. Indeed, in 2009, the International Labor Office (ILO) reports that if not acted upon immediately, gender inequality could create nearly 22 million unemployed women by the end of the year (ILO). The annual Global Employment Trends for Women report showed that out of the global workforce of 3 billion people, 1.2 billion were women, representing 40.4% while global unemployment rates for women stood at 7.4% compared to 7.0 percent for men. The table below shows global adult employment-to-population by gender for 1998 and 2008.       Gender  Developed countries and EU  Central and South Eastern Europe  East Asia  South East Asia and Pacific  S
Music is a crucial adventure and exploration of an individual’s true identity. It can offer a sense of both collective and self-actualization. This gives rise to an essential term called music nationalism, which refers to the usage of musical ideas mainly characterized by a particular country, ethnic group, and region in the music industry. For instance, Danzon Cubano is applied in Cuban folk dance to give an outgrowth and development of Pan-American culture (Auner 161). This aspect started way back in the 19 th century when political independence movements were prevalent. It was emphasized that it would only focus on the country’s fundamental national elements such as the folk songs, adoption of loyalty aspects of patriotism, folk dances, and symphonic poems. Therefore, each particular country possesses a specific national style in the composition and production of music. Another national style in American culture is the Afro-American work. The Afro-American symphony is depicted by William Grant Still, who environed the concept of African-American experience to produce his music (Auner 161). Still deliberates on the varied influences he met as a child, speaking contrary to the wish of the public who were advocating for ethnic and vernacular compositions, a traditional concert style (Strunk 1421). However, the national style of music in America also has negative gender stereotypes and racism. According to Baranello, as quoted by Florence Price, “Unfortunately the work of a woman composer is preconceived by many to be light, froth, lacking in depth, logic, and virility” (1). The national style in America also blends the various ethnic folk songs to establish the country’s traditional heritage and American’s symbol. For instance, “Steal Away” is a mixture of African-American and Caucasian melodies influenced by slave songs composition incorporated from the Abolitionism movement, which pursued to end servitude in the United States (Du Bois 171). Therefore, the national style of American folk songs is a blend of various ethnic, racist, and gender-specific compositions. Antonín Dvorak is an exemplary composer who has actively incorporated folk elements in his Czech homeland music. Throughout his study, he interpreted the Americanism motivations to the young generation through the National Conservatory of Music (Beckerman and Winter 23). Despite adopting European-inherited styles in music, he greatly encouraged the composers to present their work as purely American created, “the folk songs of America,” by fully endorsing the inclusion of white students into the all-fashioned African American melodies (Beckerman and Winter 23; Beach 265). However, Amy Beach, who was also one of the musicians, had different opinions on Dvorak’s view on music. She claimed that the great American majority was not the African-Americans nor the Indians, thus,
Established in 2003 by the Federal Government, the Healthcare and Public Health (HPH) Sector has remained a key player in promoting the country’s security. To promote public health, safety, and national security, the HPH Sector has established meaningful partnerships that bring together professional groups and associations, operations, private sector owners, and government representatives. This report informs the CEO of the targeted organization within the communications critical infrastructure sector about its role in securing the homeland and the major challenges facing the private sector. Collaboration with the Government Sector The targeted company operates within the information and technology industry. The organization provides Internet and communication services to millions of users across the United States. This means that the organization is part of the country’s communications critical infrastructure sector. Christensen and Peterson (2017) indicate that critical infrastructure sectors are areas whose systems, networks, and assets are crucial to the United States’ national security, public health, and economic development. Within the past two decades, this company has collaborated with the government and other agencies to improve the sector’s performance and protect the country’s economic interests. The organization shares information with various federal agencies, companies, and government representatives. The company has also been keen to support various initiatives to develop tools and models for dealing with threats and potential attacks. These initiatives have led to the creation and implementation of powerful incident response systems (IRSs). Therefore, partnerships are crucial since they streamline how information and ideas are shared to identify potential sources of threat and mitigate them before they get out of hand. The nature of interconnection among different sectors explains why efficient partnerships can potentially support the goals of the HPS Sector (Thadani, 2014). Partnerships also result in comprehensive guidelines and reporting mechanisms that can empower different end-users. The approach is, therefore, capable of enhancing engagement throughout the communications sector. Using the major guidelines produced by different partners within the sector, the organization has been keen to embrace the concept of continuity of operations planning. This is used as a roadmap for implementing, monitoring, and managing various continuity programs. The company has a competent team whose role is to monitor various essential functions (EFs) crucial to its performance and the success of the nation (Thadani, 2014). As a player in the private sector, the organization collaborates with stakeholders within the critical infrastructure sector to ensure that every EF is resumed immediately after any form of attack or disruption. The normalization of EFs is something crucial to the nation’s internal security. Challenges: Potential Areas for Improvement The conducted study has revealed that the targeted organization has attempted to implement powerful processes and collaborate with different players within the communications sector. This
The podcast by Michael Britt is devoted to the expectancy theory and the aspects of goal setting that are illustrated primarily through the motivation for getting in shape. Additionally, Britt mentions some theoretical examples of situations from the workplace or academic experiences as illustrations. The author describes the structure of motivation that includes the initiation, direction, and persistence, and proceeds to discuss the difficulties of the third element. The goal motivation theory, according to the author, is a relatively famous and simple motivation guideline. Britt describes the successful goal as a specific, moderately aggressive and challenging, and realistic one. He also points out that a self-imposed goal provides more motivation while goals can be adjusted with time as a result of analyzing the feedback concerning the intermediate results. According to Britt, the expectancy theory, which was first described by Vroom and can be defined as a cognitive theory of motivation, is a more complex system that includes the elements of expectancy, instrumentality, and valence. Valence reflects the actual value that a goal has for a person. In other words, valence answers the following question: “do I want to achieve the goal”? Expectancy demonstrates the confidence of the person in their performance; the question that reflects this element is “can I do what I need to do to achieve the result?” The two elements are interconnected and can be related to the goal-setting: while a proper goal ensures high valence and expectancy, too challenging a goal, for example, can decrease the latter even in case the former is significant. Finally, instrumentality demonstrates the confidence of a person in the correlation between the action and the result, and the question for this part is “if I do what I need to do, will it ensure the outcome?” Britt demonstrates that if the action does not ensure the result, the motivation drops. Personal Application: Academic Experiences The theory described by Britt helps me understand my motivation background and beliefs. Back at school, I used to disperse my efforts trying to ensure good performance in every field. My expectancy was high as a result of good performance in the first years of studies, and even though the curriculum was becoming more complicated, I mechanically kept to the goal. At the same time, the valence of my goal decreased since it was not backed up by any tangible effects: I was performing for the sake of performing. In the end, I managed to get a more realistic perspective on both the expectancy and valence of the goal. I could perform, but it was very time- and effort-consuming and did not guarantee the achievement of the results I was not sure I wanted. Therefore, with time, all the elements described by expectancy theory became deficient for the goal. Unfor
Geography defines the social development of a region (Morris 56). For a hundred years, up to the year 1700, China was the most developed and successful country on earth. This was due to the succession of inventions that characterized East Asia. The inventions in china alone made the East to be far ahead of the west as far as social development is concerned. During this millennium, Chinese built ships and invented primitive guns. They could cross the Pacific Ocean using these ships and use their guns to shoot the inhabitants of the other side of the ocean, the Americans. They used their technological inventions to dominate lands, hence redefine geography. After learning of China’s development, the Western Europeans took advantage of their geographical proximity to the Americans. Western Europeans had to travel half the distance China did to reach the good lands of the Americans. Geography therefore made it possible for Western Europeans rather than the Chinese to colonize America. Towards the end of the 17 th century, the Europeans improved the shores of the Atlantic Ocean via trade. This enhanced their thinking in terms of tides and winds along these shores. Trade enhanced their arithmetic and measurement skills. This sudden uprising facilitated enlightenment in disciplines such as chemistry and Physics. The tables had turned against China into the 18 th century, because of Europe’s scientific revolution. The Europeans then borrowed their success in science on their social development. Geography is the key reason why the West took over lead from the East as far as Social development is concerned. The constant conflict between France and England after the middle age had a great impact on Europe’s social development. The pace of development in Europe was highly reduced because both nations were engaged in war. Other nations, took advantage of this to go ahead of Europe in social development. Expenses of the war, which took place for over a century in Europe, enhanced an increase in tax and destruction of cities. People became more concerned with rebuilding theses cities and improving the economy than gaining mileage in social development. The war greatly affected Europe’s economy. It is difficult for a country with a bad economy to develop socially (Hobson 196). China, rather than Europe used to dominate in technology during the ancient times and middle ages. The Chinese came up with ships, guns and mechanization in agriculture way before the Westerners could even think about these things. It is astonishing to learn that Europeans learnt about t
Introduction Dickinson’s representation of death is imminent in all the three poems chosen for study, which succeed in making a person, feel a sense of grieving by the appropriate choice of vocabulary used in the poetry. The poem ‘I Heard a Fly Buzz- When I Died’ , opens with the ever-admired opening line “I heard a fly buzz when I died”, which is a fantastic juxtaposition of two occurrences, the first being the incessant ‘buzz’ of the fly, so full of life, vigor, and energy, as opposed to the death of the woman, a phase so calm, so reposed and so very helpless. The pain of death which the woman undergoes is not highlighted in the poem, on the contrary, it is the incessant buzz of the fly that is the center of attraction all throughout the poem, signifying man’s ignorance to the buzzing of the fly under normal circumstances, which amazingly becomes the center of attraction as soon as there is a shadow of death lingering in the life of humans. The poem also symbolizes the inhumanity of humans, who tend to ignore fellow beings when they are alive, and assemble close to the dying, when they are departing this world. This fact remains the underlying paradox throughout the poem. Death which is the end of the woman’s life receives greater attention than life, a phase symbolized by the constant buzz of the fly which is the central image of the poem, and stands out distinctly in the utterly silent room, with “stillness in the air”. Main body The heavy breathing of the woman is a direction towards death which is the “last onset”, the term being an oxymoron. The two terms, ‘last’ and ‘onset’ once again juxtapose each other, wherein ‘last’ denotes finality and an end, as opposed to ‘onset’ denoting a new beginning! This is also an allegory to the Christian belief that death is actually a new beginning of never-ending life, disclosing the true nature of God, who is the “king”, “Be witnessed – in the Room”. Thus, in this poem, death is not only an end but a relatively fresh commencement to a new life, after-death or after-life! Death takes on a relatively new meaning in the poem ‘Because I could not stop for Death’ (712). Death has been personified by the poet as someone who “kindly stopped” and “knew no haste”. In the poem, death is depicted as a passage or transition from one phase of life to another, each phase dying out as the new one approaches – whether it be the liveliness of childhood or the “labor” and “leisure” of the poet. “The setting sun”, symbolizes the final stage of death in the life of the poet, towards “eternity”. Once again, there is an allegory to the Christian faith, that life is a short journey and the eternal end of humans is death, which is everlasting. Unlike the gruesome representation of death symbolized by the “buzz” of the fly in the previous poem, death has been depicted as a suitor, whose “civility” is apparent because “He kindly stopped” for the poet, being rather considerate and compromising. The constant repetition of the word “passed” implies the slow and steady passage of life towards the inevitable death, which is the ultimate end (or beginning?) of life. “Death” is a looming shadow, whic
Indeterminate sentence was once the norm in every state, as well as in federal courts. Although most crimes carried a maximum penalty, judges were able to choose from a variety of choices, including imprisonment, probation, and fines. Indefinite punishment has caused a lot of discussion, and it has both advantages and disadvantages that should be considered. The fundamental benefit of this system is that it helps offenders get back on their feet. The purpose of this method is to properly rehabilitate persons back into society, taking into account that everyone has their own needs and that they must be different for everyone (Ashworth & Zedner, 2019). Second, under indeterminate sentencing, prisoners can be released early and live their lives as free people provided they regularly prove good behavior (Ashworth & Zedner, 2019). Furthermore, everything is taken into account when determining an individual’s sentence, not just the offense itself (Ashworth & Zedner, 2019). Things like criminal background and behavior while incarcerated will cause into rehabilitation efforts to assess whether a person deserves to be free. On the other hand, one of the major downsides of the indeterminate system is that it gives the parole board much too much power, which can lead to discriminatory rulings. Minorities have traditionally faced harder decisions than non-minorities, as shown by prior experiences (Ashworth & Zedner, 2019). The parole boards’ choices were often influenced by connections. Second, a criminal who fully comprehends the system can get freedom via sheer deception. He might earn an early release if he behaves correctly while in prison and demonstrates that he is willing to be a decent citizen outside (Ashworth & Zedner, 2019). However, if he lied about everything, this early release will just release a criminal into society because of the weaknesses in indeterminate punishment. Everyone has the right to appeal to one of three courts. There are some distinctions between these three appellate courts that are worth considering. The authority that each court possesses is one of the most significant variances. Supreme Courts have more power than conventional trial or appellate courts, with the United States Supreme Court wielding the most power of all. The Supreme Court has the authority to check the appellate court’s rulings. A person’s first court of appeal is an ordinary appellate court. This court has the power to support or overturn the trial decision. Reference Ashworth, A., & Zedner, L. (2019). Some Dilemmas of Indeterminate Sentences. Predictive Sentencing: Normative and Empirical Perspectives , 127.
Welcome to the Professional Development Session, focusing on teacher evaluation system that would involve the detailed explanation of various assessment points and instruments to be used. I would like to emphasize that teacher evaluation plays an integral role in ensuring the appropriate education for students and creating adequate working conditions for staff members. The assessment of teachers’ professional knowledge and skills performed according to the regulations of the school, ethics, and fairness will lead to the proper organization of the evaluation processes and the subsequent staff satisfaction. In order to provide such an evaluation, it seems crucial to distinguish between several stages and focus on them in detail, so that each team member can understand his or her role and all the principles of teacher assessment. First of all, I would like to ask you about any challenges encountered in the course of teacher evaluation to discuss them and try to address (here, it is possible to discuss the topic with the audience based on the issues detected). The evaluation is to be performed by the team of experts, consisting of 2-4 members, one of which would be a principal. Within the first four weeks of the new calendar year 2017-2018, all the necessary documents and team would be organized and prepared for the future assessment. It seems important here to point out that the utilization of online resources can significantly enhance the evaluation process. Therefore, Teacher Profile Summary would be completed online by the team after they clarify the instructions and apply the assessment tools. More to the point, teachers should fill self-evaluation form as a part of Teacher Performance Evaluation Document. Once the preparation stage is completed, the preliminary data collection should be started to collect the evidence regarding a certain teacher by applying a range of tools, such as formal observation forms A or B as well as informal observations. The number of such observations may be varied, depending on the decision of the evaluation team and other aspects that may occur in the course of the procedures. In effect, teachers with some deficiencies, be it the lack of skills or insufficient understanding of the standards, are to be put on remediation to address the identified issues and be evaluated once again. As for the probationary teachers (EMT), their experience and contemporary skills are to be examined both by the principal and evaluation team members. During the first three months of work, these teachers would have at least one formal observation from the principal and fill forms A or B on Abu Dhabi Education Council (ADEC) website. The final evaluation conference assumes that the principal and team members would review the collected data and prepare a draft of the final evaluation with reference to the evidence. After that, the team would meet with the teacher and discuss the mentioned data along with self-evaluation document. At this point, the teacher would