ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Mao believed that socialism was the best strategy for solving the economic problems that faced China in the 1950s (Lane 20-45). Thus, he focused on establishing communist relations of production that promoted the growth of heavy industry, centralized economic planning, and government intervention (Lin 60-130). However, after the Great Leap Forward (GLF), Mao failed to develop the forces of production in the following ways. First, one of the policies of the GLF was to establish modern capital-intensive industries that focused on large-scale production. The industries required technical expertise and use of advanced machines in production. However, Mao over relied on technical aid and machines imported from the USSR instead of developing the capacity of the Chinese to manage the production processes. This strategy had a serious negative impact on productivity after the recall of USSR’s scientists, engineers, and technicians in 1960 (Riskin 114-145). For instance, the construction of several factories stopped immediately. In addition, several manufacturing plants suspended their operations due to lack of expertise and limited access to equipment. Second, there was inadequate investment in agriculture and light industry, which had employed majority of the citizens under the commune system of production (Hart-Landsberg and Burkett 34-61). Initially, the GLF emphasized simultaneous development of the light and heavy industries. However, the heavy industry received significantly high resource allocations at the expense of the light industry and agriculture. The GLF promoted increased production through small-scale industries that were managed by the communes. The main objective of the small industries was to modernize agriculture by producing its inputs and processing its outputs. However, much of the output of the industries satisfied the needs of the urban market rather than the agricultural sector. The resulting reduction in the supply of inputs discouraged production in the agricultural sector. In addition, labour shifted from the agricultural to the industrial sector of the economy. As a result, there were severe food shortages, which in turn rendered central planning and production under the communist system untenable (Riskin 114-145). Moreover, underinvestment in agriculture and light industry obliterated the sectoral linkages that were expected to spur economic growth. Specifically, the peasants received very low prices for their products. In addition, much of their products were transferred to the state to subsidize the heavy industry. As productivity reduced in the agricultural sector
Contemporary pop music is a fairly young art form that developed in the 20th and 21st centuries into one of the most influential cultural industries. The phenomenon of popular music is so pervasive that sometimes a person is not inclined to pay critical attention to this phenomenon. People live in a world shaped by popular culture to such an extent that pop music can be perceived as something extremely superficial, like interior design. The goal of this study is, among other things, to change the habitual perception of pop music as something not worthy of analysis. Popular music generally does not seek to appeal to any particular subculture or class. Pop focuses on subjects that are thematically relevant to the widest possible audience and presents them in the most comprehensible way. The very structure and composition of a pop song are organized in such a way that it is as easy to perceive and memorize as possible. The choruses and verses make the song not only comprehensible but also intuitively predictable. However, popular music reflects human needs and values at one point or another in the development of society. Music and lyrics can be a powerful tool for criticizing society and changing it for the better. Suffice it to recall the unprecedentedly grandiose Live Aid festival, which raised a large amount of money-drawing attention to the problem of hunger in Africa. The issues of social inequality, identity, sexuality, and gender in pop music are an intense subject of academic research. There are a variety of scientific journals researching not only pop culture, but even celebrities. Popular music lyrics are often viewed from a sociological and anthropological perspective. A popular song can be a significant stimulus for empathy, since music in general has the most direct emotional impact, more than any propaganda. Thus, using the emotional potential of music, a popular artist has the opportunity to give the listener a deeper sense of the problem underlying the message of the song. A pop artist is always looking for a certain resonance with the listener, seeking to get some kind of emotional feedback or agreement from them. Therefore, a professionally written, tenacious pop song with an important social message is capable of turning the heads of a fairly large number of people. At the same time, it is important that the song contains a message that will not be delivered directly, but subtly enough so as not to alienate aesthetically. The work will use modern cultural prisms often used in Popular Music Studies, a distinctive sphere of academic research for at least 40 years (Prior, 2018). For the most successful implementation of the project, an interdisciplinary apparatus is required, capable of including sociological, cultural, musicological, and textological developments. It would be no exaggeration to say that in many respects pro
Introduction Key Points of the Article: The Importance of Customer Value In the article, The new science of customer emotion s by Scott Magids, Alan Zorfas, and Daniel Leemon (2015), scientists reveal the importance of buyer emotions in the process of choosing a product and making a purchase, and evaluating customers’ loyalty and value. The authors of the article found that each brand has its group of purchasers with the highest customers value, which is determined by the fact that these customers are ready and spend the most money on the company’s products. Scholars also found that among the four stages of customer engagement (not interested, highly satisfied, perceived brand differentiation, and fully connected), the latter group spends twice as much as the second. Therefore, Magids, Zorfas, and Leemon opened up new ways to implement the company’s marketing strategy. In particular, the scientists suggested focusing on increasing the size of the last group and not the second, as was traditionally done. Fully Connected Customers and Emotional Motivators Scientists found that emotional connection is the main metric that characterizes a group of fully connected customers. In this regard, to increase their number, scientists have proposed the introduction of some marketing practices based on the creation of an emotional connection between brands and buyers. To do this, the authors asked the company to study which emotions – for example, “a sense of belonging,” “a sense of confidence in the future,” or “a sense of the well-being” are decisive in choosing a brand and making a purchase decision. The authors conducted a study examining the behavior of shoppers in one apparel store and helped the store’s management develop a marketing campaign that focused on attracting a group of fully connected customers – the Flourishers, who were the primary source of the company’s income. This group included female, young urban people and was characterized by high cultural diversity. Developing a New Marketing Strategy for Flourishers After the company opened several stores in the Flourishers’ concentration locations, these stores’ revenues were 20% higher than all historical figures. Besides, the group’s online behaviour and preferences were studied, after which the store increased its presence on Facebook, Twitter and Instagram. The store also improved the functioning of the mobile website, which led to an increase in online shopping. The girls were encouraged to share photos on Instagram, some of which were used for advertising the store. This new advertising practice gave the girls sense of belonging.
Leadership Traits As a nurse leader, one is usually expected to apply their intelligence, sociability, and authority to model employees into achieving the organizational goals. In leadership, it is indispensable for leaders to acquire traits such as the desire to lead, knowledge of the business, self-confidence, respectability, trustworthiness, and flexibility. In this case, a nurse leader should be able to identify the strengths and weaknesses of most nurses so as to effectively enhance their potential, and better their performances. Given that nurses are the central unit in hospitals, there is the need to acquire some leadership skills so as to learn how to effectively work with all teams (Bertocci, 2009). For that reason, enhancing teamwork among nurses and other team players should be the critical task that nurse leaders work towards. Unlike management, leadership requires guidance; therefore, a nurse leader should at least possess clinical expertise in order to make the right decisions, especially since many lives are dependant to these decisions. Formal and Informal Power in Leadership In an organization, formal power refers to the position one holds in terms of their rank, responsibility and authority. In this case, the power structure of a hospital is usually divided into different ranks based on someone’s level of education and experience in the medical field. The leader does not have to possess leadership skills, instead, all they need is an authoritative title that allows them to command and control others. On the other hand, informal power refers to the respect earned from fellow co-workers as a result of the relationship built. In this case, one does not have to hold the highest rank to lead, instead, he or she is measured by their power of influence among their co-workers. In other words, the most powerful person does not have to possess a leadership title to influence others into achieving a certain goal. It is their personality, and ability to lead that make them hold a leading position among their colleagues (Rigolosi, 2013). Importance of Political Action Awareness of Nurse Leaders In any medical institution, it is indispensable for nurse leaders to get involved in the political action awareness as it keeps them updated of anything that goes on in the health care industry. Given that these organizations are responsible for amending their codes of ethics and advocating for changes in the industry, getting involved is important as it allows one to air their grievances as a representative of their team. By this, one ensures that the structures formed are in their favor. With the development made over the years, nursing has evolved to a professional status; therefore, there is the need to get involved, and be a part of the achievements made in the healthcare industry. One of the concerns that these organizations advocate for is the increment of their presence in the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act ( Matthews, 2012). This way, they can gai
Childhood is a Recent Discovery For a long time, childhood was not perceived as a distinct stage in the life of a person. This is why children could often be described as small adults (Fass, 2013, p. 2). Furthermore, they had to assume the role of adults very early. This argument is particularly relevant if one speaks about employment. This concept of childhood began to emerge and evolve in the nineteenth century. In particular, many educators and medical workers began to focus on the needs of this age group. For example, one can mention their learning or nutritional needs. To some degree, these changes prompted parents to assume new responsibilities and develop various skills which are important for the education of children. These skills are related to such areas as communication or the ability to act as role models (Stearns, 2005, p. 8). These are some of the issues that should be taken into account. Childhood has become very important because this notion is very useful for explaining how the values and attitudes of individuals are formed. Moreover, it is critical for the discussion of the reasons why a person may experience certain psychological problems. This increased awareness can be explained by the work of many psychologists who studied the cognitive and moral development of children as well as adolescents (Fass, 2013). Thus, it is vital to create an environment in which children can acquire the skills which are important for their socialization and intellectual growth. The concept of childhood can be of great interest to various professionals; in particular, one can speak about psychologists, educators, and social workers. One can argue that in the future, researchers will pay even more attention to the notion of childhood. Reference List Fass, P. (2013). The Routledge History of Childhood in the Western World . New York, NY: Routledge. Stearns, P. (2005). Growing Up: The History of Childhood in a Global Context . New York, NY: Baylor University Press.
Economic negotiations and institutions are vital to international politics. The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), the predecessor to the World Trade Organization (WTO), was formed after World War II, to arbitrate on international trade issues. GATT was formed to enable countries to lower their tariffs and other trade barriers, which impacted negatively on free trade. The organization had to deal with political pressure caused by capitalist and communist countries, which wanted to dominate global trade and politics. Since then, international trade negotiations have become more important because they help to protect weak countries from unfavorable economic policies of powerful countries. International trade terms which are mutually agreed upon by all WTO member states influence global politics (McKenzie 81). Countries are driven by their own sovereign interests to transact with other countries and this is mainly influenced by global politics. International trade and relations are affected by different interests which countries have that motivate them to transact with other countries. In any country, economic prosperity can only succeed if there is political stability and security. International trade rules have an impact on political stability across the world. They determine how valuable resources in different regions are harnessed, which affects social, cultural and political issues in different regions. Since World War II, international institutions have played an effective role in influencing global politics (McKenzie, “GATT – EEC Collision” 230). The WTO has had to deal with a lot of trade disagreements between different regional blocs. Many countries from Europe and North America have been accused of unfair trade policies which make their goods more competitive in the world market. The WTO has found itself in a tight spot in its quest to make a favorable global environment that favors equal participation by all countries in international trade. The issue of trade liberalization has continued to dominate political and economic forums in different parts of the world. The move towards regional integration has given some countries more economic muscle in international trade. This makes it easy for them to negotiate favorable trade and economic policies, which enable their exports to perform well in the global market. After World War II, major world powers wanted to strengthen their dominance in global trade as a result of differences between capitalist and communist economies. Many member states had to negotiate to reach agreements over different critical issues (Ziring, Riggs and Plano 114). European integration made it possible for states that were part of the European Economic Commission to have a stronger voice in global trade affairs. GATT had to organize forums in which liberalization and elimination of trade barriers were discussed. Major concessions in international trade have been achieved through negotiations between different countries. Many countries are active in regional trading blocs which give them more leverage as they seek to ac
Introduction Sports sponsorship includes paying fees or providing in-kind supports to the teams and players and the acquisition of the right by the sponsor to link itself with the team or event for commercial reasons. Advertising involves publicizing a given product or service on television, newspapers, magazines, posters, logos, billboards, and sportswear with the aim of boosting sales. Advertising mostly involves a more complex message that demands greater cognitive processing on the part of consumers compared to sponsorship, which is “more passive in nature and indirectly influences consumers through goodwill and image transfer from sponsored entity to sponsoring brand” (Levin et al. 194). Corporate sponsorship and advertising are recognized as marketing tactics and effective forms of business communication and therefore profitable commercial investments. By associating with sports programs, “corporate sponsors expect increased publicity, image promotion by being linked to success and glamour, and sales opportunities through increased awareness and consumer loyalty among target customers” (Sarah et al. 419). The sports property expects financial benefits in turn as sportsmen get free clothing and kit, a fee for wearing sponsor’s clothing, and using their equipment. Hence, corporate sponsors and sports teams have a mutual interest in maximizing sponsorship value in terms of positive attitudes and purchase behavior of consumers. The marketing and advertising research shows that “well-planned sponsorship effectively influences consumer recall or awareness, the image of sponsors and their products and attitudes toward the sponsors” (Sarah et al. 419). Analysis A considerable amount of study has been done to survey the effects of product sponsorship and advertising on spectators and sportsmen, especially the association of alcohol and cigarette sponsorship of sports and consumption and attitudes towards the sponsoring brands. Corporate bodies engaged in sports sponsorship and advertising are from different industries and intend to make known and boost sales of many products ranging from cars, alcohol, cigarette, bank and insurance services, etc. Here, I emphasize the effect of alcohol companies’ engagement in sports and people’s perception of alcohol. It is well recognized that attitudes towards alcohol use are strongly shaped by social and cultural conventions, and more directly by the particular circumstances in which alcohol consumption occurs. Alcohol, and the promotion and advertising of alcohol, has been linked to sporting activities for many years, and in most countries such that “ it would be unusual to view a sporting event without seeing a commercial for an alcohol brand” (Jones, Lyn, and Mellissa 2). Sponsorship of sporting activities by the alcohol firms is a common practice worldwide, and there is much debate about whether connecting alcohol with sport defeats the essence of the advertising rules of practice. Indeed, such an association is deemed inappropriate because of the likely effect on underage consumers and the contradiction between alcohol use and th
Introduction The scholarly exchange of knowledge in Operations Management by Kevin Linderman and Aravind Chandrasekaran is a journal article about the ongoing effort to explain how this field relates to other disciplines. This article reviews a number of studies that have placed an importance on operations management. This article builds on these studies and evaluates the development of ideas within operations management sources as well as other subjects in the field of management. The selected articles run from 1998–2007. In an effort to show the effectiveness of the exchange of academic ideas, this article employs Journal citation metrics. Consequently, this journal manifests the ability to interchange with other management discourses. Nevertheless, this journal bears a number of limitations such as high frequency of self-citations as opposed to other management subjects. In this light, this paper seeks to provide a critical summary of this article’s strengths and weakness. This paper will also identify various areas that need improvement in an effort to increase its effectiveness. Summary This journal seeks to show how scholarly progress can be advanced through the exchange of ideas across different disciplines. This journal evaluates two factors: (a) how the field of operations management shares ideas with other management discourses, and (b) the percentage of citation sharing both within and across disciplines. The authors suggest that scholarship entails consistent development and exchange of ideas that build over time. These authors acknowledge that most of the existing knowledge is a reflection of what transpired in the past. These authors insist that scholarship in the discourse of operations management should reflect the progress experienced in other fields. This journal suggests the focus on operations management has been narrow and has constrained the growth of this field of study. The authors suggest that scholars of operations management have failed to go beyond disciplinary borders when evaluating issues. Scholarly research on operations management should import as well as export knowledge from other disciples (Miemczyk 15). Consequently, the exchange of ideas within the field of operations management, and across operations management and other fields develops as the main theme of this journal. The measurement of the exchange of ideas within and across Operational Management is determined using the Journal Citation data. This article shows the essence of citation metrics in determining the exchange of ideas between subjects. For example, the Citation Proportion (CP) and the Balance of Trade (BOT) assist in measuring inter-disciplinary citations. The importance of exchanging academic ideas through journals is inevitable. This assertion holds because journals offer a reliable platform for communicating, spreading, and storing academic ideas. Ideally, this journal suggests that operations management seems more flexible to share i