ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction The world of history is many-faceted in features that influenced today’s global diversity. In this respect, different nations and cultures seem to blend and collide. People need to have an idea about the reasons and aspects for different periods of world history. I want to designate the place of such areas as South-East Asia and Africa in terms of historical analysis. Moreover, my discussion presupposes an evaluation of why these areas were judged differently for many years. It also states the facts of why South-East Asia and Northern Africa play a significant role in the globalized world. European vision on Asia First of all, one should bear in mind that most of the books on historical affairs were compiled by Europeans for many centuries before. In my opinion, it impacted, for instance, the European vision of Asia in the eighteenth century. At that time it was considered solely with India and China. I see that the main reason lies in trade agreements and at the beginning of different trade negotiations. Thus, the rest of South-East Asia was not so significant for Europe due to a lack of concernment as for useful goods or resources. However, since ancient times this part of the world is shaped with marvelous historical and cultural heritage. Two main points for further development of South-East Asia By the way, religion and maritime trade were two main points for further development of South-East Asia. Various economical, geographical, or political changes in the world were felt in the area. Thus, in ancient times several huge constituent parts of Asia, such as the Middle East, India, and China, were interrelated in terms of mutual commerce. Europe is closer geographically to the Middle East. This point was crucial for involving European interests in the Asian world of trade and possibilities. At that time the movement of Dar Al-Islam was widely spread in South and South-East Asia (Lockard, 1995). As a result, commerce was automatically considered with one’s dedication to Islam. African continent On the other hand, the African continent is known, as the area where peoples replaced peoples and cultures replaced cultures. Ancient Egypt and Phoenician settlements were not displaced in history without any traces of their cultures and beliefs. This region was attractive for Arabic invasions. R. Hunt Davis, Jr. (2004) comments on the geographical position of Africa, especially its Northern part. Notwithstanding deserts, all nations were living in the past and are living at the moment in harmony with the historical and cultural achievements of their nations and nationalities that lived before. Enslaving I feel really sad when talking about the Atlantic age of Africa and its tropical part. This period is indicated by the huge and far-reaching policy of enslaving. However, I can also judge this time, as another opportunity for people w
Legal Rights The issue of issuing quarantine in a country where personal freedoms are highly regarded puts additional pressure on both state and local medical organizations. The CDC is allowed to detain and examine persons who are under suspicion of carrying dangerous communicable disease according to the laws of the Federal government, namely Title 42 Code of Federal Regulations (Barbisch, Koenig, & Shih, 2015). Furthermore, state authorities also have similar rights to quarantine individuals living in some regions. New York is one of the states, where quarantine can be imposed by the local department of health (Drazen et al., 2014). The authority of the CDC to quarantine people is given to it by the federal law. Steps to Quarantine To quarantine Brice, the officials working at the CDC can start by collecting information about the possible contagion of the individual. Then, they can issue a federal order that can be used even if the state’s laws do not feature similar guidelines. This step allows the CDC to officially protect the individual and other citizens from spreading the infection. The case is brought to the magistrate that determines the necessity of quarantine (Rothstein, 2015). If the magistrate agrees that the individual’s situation can endanger the health of others, this person may be forced to stay separated from society for a period no longer than 21 or 30 days. Brice has a right to seek legal counsel to represent his rights in the court. Moreover, he can insist on presenting contradictory evidence. However, he should prove that actions leading to quarantine were unjust. Legal Process Public health officials should present a solid case to the court, revealing the reasons of quarantine. Therefore, the contact of the individual in question and the person infected with or carrying the virus should be determined (Barbisch et al., 2015). The time, location, and onset of the situation should be discussed in the court to eliminate any possibility of misunderstanding. If the court finds gathered evidence sufficient, the individual is sent to his apartment or another place for easy patient monitoring. Moreover, a public health necessity should be identified for the issue – if the person does not pose any threat to the population. He or she does not have to be entirely restrained by the quarantine. Thus, the public health agency should also prove that quarantine is the best way and the least restrictive measure to help the patient and the community (Drazen et al., 2014). If the intervention proposed by the officials is too narrow or too broad, the court may not issue an order. Staying at Home By asking Brice to stay in his apartment, the CDC is following the general social distancing measures (Rothstein, 2015). A shelter in place can be established in a facility or house, where the individual has a limited level of exposure to other persons. Thus, as Brice lives
Introduction International relations are largely concerned with power balance and socio-political engagements among various states (Anon., 2011). In order to fully appreciate how different nations relate across the world, three theories namely constructivism, liberalism and realism have been developed by political scientists. Relevant application of these theories can indeed assist in predicting socio-political and economic policies that have been adopted and embraced by different countries (York University, 2009). Needless to say, policy makers have always been concerned about some of these scholarly perspectives on world affairs. Nonetheless, such academic theories have for a long time been dismissed by advocates of foreign policies (Reitan, 2004). In spite of divergent views on the application of these international relation theories, it is definite that we still require the same theories in generating ideas on how world policies are being manipulated (Washington, 2011). Indeed, the applications of these theories have been notable since the end of Cold War as different countries within or near the superpower bloc continued to seek supremacy (Anon, 2011). Certainly, diverse schools of thought have proliferated competition toward world affairs and hence have their own strengths and weaknesses as discussed in this paper. What is realism? Realism is a traditionally dominant theory that portrays international affairs as a struggle for might among selfish individuals. Realists have an assumption that world powers are anarchic in nature with independent states acting as focal points (Anon, 2011). Therefore, realists believe that individual states may have offensive power which makes them dangerous to each other or can grossly jeopardize peaceful co-existence (Cristol, 2011). This school of thought is often pessimistic about strategies of eliminating war and conflicts. Additionally, this theory is dominated by elements of Cold War in the sense that governments in various countries view each other with great deal of suspicion. The theory also provides brief explanation on war alliances and other issues of global interests. Realism should not be taken as a single theory since realists have evolved it since the times of the Cold War era. For instance, classical realists emphasize that states are like human beings and hence have desire to dominate others (Lynch, 2005). Proponents this theory argue that the desire for dominance was realistically as a result of Cold War. On the contrary, neo-realists dismiss the human nature analogy and concentrate on international affairs. One of the proponents of realism, Kenneth Waltz, claims that international systems are anarchic in nature. Consequently, each state struggle to survive on it own since there is no central authority to assert power balance. Moreover, defensive realists comprehend that great powers sought defense and subsequently developed into anarchism (Sicha, 2010). Divided opinions from staun
Introduction Ethics are moral values and principles that guide how people make decisions regarding crucial issues of life that are often in the form of dilemmas. Concisely, ethics involve the systematic application of concepts that define actions or consequences as either right or wrong. In other words, ethics is a philosophy that examines human behavior and actions with a view of establishing whether they are good or bad. Additionally, ethics are a set of moral values adopted and used by members of a given society. Individuals usually acquire ethics from employers, fellow workers, society, friends, and family members. Ethics exist in categories such as normative ethics, applied ethics, and descriptive ethics. Normative ethics discuss deals with how individuals and organizations practically determine moral courses of action. Furthermore, descriptive ethics presents different beliefs and perspectives that people have concerning morality. Descriptive ethics is also known as comparative ethics. Therefore, this essay analyzes the case study of Real Madrid using utilitarian theory, deontological theory, and Kohlberg’s theory. Discussion of Theories Utilitarianism Theory The utilitarian theory asserts that an individual should ensure that there is a maximum gain on the level of satisfaction achieved from an action. The utilitarian theory states that individuals must maximize happiness and reduce suffering from their activities. In utilitarian theory, the main objective is the resultant outcome of an action and its benefits. Therefore, if an action has positive results or outcomes then it gives individual maximum happiness and satisfaction or utility. As John Stuart Mill and Jeremy Bentham are among the most influential contributors of utilitarian theory, they stated that Jesus Christ demonstrated utilitarian theory when he said that individuals should love their neighbors in the manner they love themselves. Bentham further explains that when an action affects others negatively, it leads to hedonism, a state where pleasure and happiness are the sole objectives and goals in the life of an individual. The utilitarian theory differs from deontological theory in that it emphasizes the outcomes of actions. In utilitarian theory, the main goal is the outcome or result of an action. In the case study, the coach hired Gareth Bale irrespective of all the challenges. Gareth Bale’s performance formed the outcome of the coach’s action. The utilitarian theory asserts that a positive outcome of action provides maximum happiness. Hence, Mr. Florentino Perez hired the superstar despite the economic status of the country and the financial position of the club. The coach’s main objective was that Gareth Bale’s performance would provide maximum utility to the owners, management, and fans of the Real Madrid football club. Hence, the decision benefited the largest number of people i
Stephenie Meyer was just an ordinary housewife who had no inkling that she had what it takes to be a great writer. She was living a normal but in 2003 she claimed to have dreamt of an idea for a novel. In her dream she saw a typical teenage girl conversing with a typical looking young man, the only difference was that he was a vampire. When she pursued the idea and wrote it down so she can submit it to publishing houses she had no idea that after the book would be released in 2005 her life would never be the same again. The success of the Twilight series of books would bring her fame and financial success while at the same time opened doors for her to do more than writing novels. This paper will take a closer look at Stephenie Meyer’s life and try to find out how she was able to accomplish so much, in short, a very short time. The speed at which she was able to break into the ranks of literary giants who were so gifted as writers they were not only able to sell more than a million copies of their novels they were also able to sell the rights to turn their books into movies. Her rapid ascendancy into the bestseller list is an inspiration to many aspiring writers but on the downside, there is very little information because her career so far can only be traced as far back as 2005. Thus, most of the pertinent information that will appear in this paper was taken from her official website unless stated otherwise. Background Before going any further it must be pointed out that her first name is an odd derivative of a popular girl’s name. According to her official website that can be found at www.stepheniemeyer.com her name was taken from her Dad’s first name and adding a little twist as seen in the following formulation: Stephen + me = Stephenie. The author adds that she is used to the fact that her name will be misspelled but looking at the bright side, she remarked that it is much easier to Google her name and not confuse her with other similar-sounding names in the search result list. Stephenie Meyer was born in Connecticut in 1973. She was the second of three girls in a family of six children where the last three are all boys. When she was four years old her family moved to Phoenix, Arizona. She is a member of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, which is more popularly known as the Mormons. Her faith shapes her writing and influences the shaping of the plot of her novels. More information regarding this subject matter will be added later. Her high school life will help explain the origins and the inspiration behind some of the more sophisticated characters in her novel. She went to a high school in Scottsdale, Arizona where the kids are from affluent families. Meyer pointed out that every fall she would come back to school to find that some of her classmates had undergone plastic surgery, specifically a nose job. She also said that every fall she would see some of her classmates park their new Porsches in the scho
The lowest amount of money a worker can be paid per hour is known as a minimum wage, and it is decreed by federal laws. I believe, just like every other person that cares about the economy of the state, that the minimum wage should continue being $7.25, just as Donald Trump set it. However, recently the president-elect of the United States urged Congress to raise the minimum wage to fifteen dollars per hour. This came as a shock to many knowing the conditions in which citizens of the state are facing now due to the corona pandemic that hit widely on our country. As of now, things are more difficult than they used to be. Many people lost their jobs, and others closed their businesses where they earned their daily bread to feed their families. Raising the wages now to fifteen dollars will make life harder than it used to be. Many citizens of the state earn less than fifteen dollars per hour, so it should not be raised to that level. Due to the conditions brought by the deadly coronavirus, the wages should remain as it was before the pandemic hit us. Many people are still struggling with getting back to the normal lives they used to live before the pandemic hit on us. The economy was also hit hard as the disease came unexpectedly, and everything was shut down. The government is still struggling with the interrupted economy, which is unstable for now, and there should not be a reason why the president will have to raise the wages now (Fine 68). It is becoming harder for citizens to pay their bills; getting food to eat daily is now a problem. The average wage, which is 7.25 dollars per hour, should not be raised more than until the government can deal with the pandemic issue and get back the economy in a stable position. According to the structural-functionalist perspective, wages should not be raised for everyone. The sociologist Moore believes that people should be paid according to the skills they possess. I concur with this perspective that the higher the price or the salary paid for a job, the more talent they are required to have (Fine 105). For example, it would be very uncouth to pay the supervisor of a big organization the same amount paid to a receptionist. It is the same case as if a sales assistant was paid the same as a sales manager. A sales manager has more skills which means that they deserve a higher paycheck. This method is meant to motivate people to work harder and gain more skills to qualify to get better positions at work and higher paychecks. Looking at the current situation with the pandemic and other financial constraints, it is clear that businesses cannot aff
Date of the interviews The two interviews took place on 6 th October 2012 and 16 th October respectively. The first interview was done in order to analyze the client’s problem and then establish a path for dealing with the issue. The second session was a follow up on the early progress of the intervention. Successful outcomes were reported in both instances. Patient information Javier is a 39 year-old, Hispanic male who, prior to the two sessions, had never seen a psychology professional. It only dawned on him that he could get psychological assistance for his problem through suggestions from friends. He has been married for eleven years and has two children of school-going age. Javier works in Chicago as a mechanical engineer, and has a bachelor’s degree. The problem In the first interview, Javier explained that he was having trouble at work as he could not concentrate and felt constantly fatigued. His productivity went down, and this had not gone unnoticed by his supervisors. Javier’s colleagues also detected the change in behavior, and suggested psychotherapy. His only source of income would be in danger if this pattern of disengagement persisted. Additionally, he dreaded time at home because he was now the primary caregiver. It was necessary to do so after his wife, Nina, was diagnosed with breast cancer. He didn’t spend as much time as he should with his children and was distant from Nina. Javier also felt trapped because he had lost control of almost every part of his life. As a result, he started smoking again, yet this was a habit that he had quit seven years ago. During the second interview, it was evident that Javier was not feeling as downtrodden as he appeared in the first interview. His level of engagement at work was improving, but the situation at home was not where he wanted it to be. Javier still stated concerns about communication issues and his smoking habit. Theoretical orientation Cognitive Behavior Therapy (CBT) is an approach used to treat a myriad of psychological conditions, including stress or depression among patients. Each cognitive therapy session should be precise and result-oriented. Normally, most therapists prefer having an hour-long session once a week, for 16 weeks. For great outcomes, one ought to have training in CBT and possibly some experience on the same. In this approach, one must focus on identifying negative thought triggers. Cognitive behavior therapists believe that the way patients react depends on the way they think. Therefore, by developing the right thought patterns, a client can reverse some of the issues that led to his current psychological problem. One must apply a structured strategy to challenge the patient’s beliefs and then work with them to create new beliefs and behavior systems. The main goal is to teach patients how to react to undesirable situations. They must realize that although they have no control over their surroundings, they can control how they react to them. Rationality is also a vital component of this form of therapy. Patients need to base their reactions on facts rather than imaginary conceptions. They need to be ready to do practical work on matters that they disc
Online leaning does not involve just uploading lecture notes to the internet. There are various other processes required which forms the online learning course. When formulating an online learning course for students or the world at large, there are various steps followed. First, a person who wants to post an online course must conduct an analysis of the course delivery (Ko and Rossen, 2010). This involves assessing the type of students and their number. He must also analyze the delivery of the content whether the delivery will be in a class based or students will learn at their preferred time. Another aspect checked is the access of internet services to the students and other facilities that students may require. This may include laboratory services, text books and library services among others. Lastly, a person must decide from where the students will be receiving their learning services. This can be in a personal website or college website (Ko and Rossen, 2010). The other step is designing the classroom for the students. This will involve coming up with appropriate methods of assessing the students’ progress and discipline as well as designing ways in which discussions can be conducted if the course requires discussion (Ko and Rossen, 2010). Another step may involve the delivery of information to students. Delivery may be only through lecture notes or students may have to seek extra information from other books. Another step is developing the resources for the online learning program. There are resources available online and some require copyright to access the content (Simonson, Smaldino, Albright and Zvacek, 2011). Alternatively, a person may choose to use the open source resources which are freely available on the internet. When developing the resources, it is always right for a person to acknowledge the source of materials he used in his work. It is also necessary to consider the balance of information from various sources and the amount of workload. The person learning should be able to maneuver through the document easily without problems. The team members can easily help in implementing the course work and reviewing it. Reviewing is done from the student side where a person analyzes the content and readability of the information contained in the online learning program (Simonson, Smaldino, Albright and Zvacek, 2011). Additionally, evaluation helps in checking whether website links included are viewable and accessible. The team members should assist in designing an appropriate online learning system. Therefore, team members should share the same goal regarding online learning (Ko and Rossen, 2010). A common goal and understanding between members is also noteworthy. In case the team members will have to work individually at some point, they will give information leading to a common goal. Thus, there will be a continuous flow of information even though it was done at individual levels. When the team members have different background in knowledge and skills, they bring different skills that help in producing an extraordinarily hi