ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction As of late, the current economic downturn has affected local markets to such an extent that sales of not only our company but of our competitors have been sagging for the past years. As the U.S. economy is estimated to barely reach a 1% growth rate by the end of 2011 this signifies a concurrent decline in consumer spending making the future of our company uncertain in light of the possibility that consumer spending within the country may continue to be in decline for the next 3 or 4 years. While several companies, particularly the call center industry and manufacturers, have outsourced their business processing and production centers to locations such as the Philippines and China in order to reduce the cost of labor for their products and services during this economic downturn, the problem our company currently faces is the fact that despite internal strategies of cutting costs in order to make our products cheaper the fact remains that despite the lower prices too few people are buying what we are selling (Murphy, 2004). One possible method would be to slash prices even more however this would in turn adversely affect our ability to continue operations well into the foreseeable future. As such, another alternative that our company can pursue would be to undertake an expansion into international markets such as those in Asia (particularly China and the South East Asian region) where the economic downturn affecting the U.S. and Europe has had only a slight impact on the degree of consumer demand. In fact a subsequent analysis of the markets within China and South East Asia (particularly the Philippines) has shown a steady growth of demand for imported goods as the outsourcing industry in those countries has in effect created more jobs which translate into greater consumer demand for goods and services (Lau Kin, 2011). There are several difficulties though, which I will outline in this report, regarding entry into foreign markets of which we have little experience in entering however I believe that the consumer markets in such areas represent a ripe opportunity that the company cannot pass up given the rate of consumer demand within the U.S. Brand Recognition One of the initial problems the company will experience when attempting to enter into foreign markets is brand recognition. Branding is an important aspect of selling products since it is the manner in which consumers differentiate our product from the rest in terms of what the brand represents such as quality, product longevity and popularity (Kotler & Keller, 2011). The fact remains that it is likely that there are already well established brands within the targeted markets with similar products lines as our own. This creates a distinct problem when entering into a new market since it is likely that consumers would choose a brand they k
The syntactic restriction on the passive in Southern Tiwa is that it cannot be formed if the subject of the sentence is not represented by a noun. For example, the sentence I saw the man cannot be changed into a passive construction The man was seen by me , as the latter will be ungrammatical. This takes place because in Southern Tiwa the categories of person and number are expressed by affixes which are added to verbs. According to Tallerman there are two “properties” of passive which are similar in many languages: it presupposes promotion of the object and demotion of the subject (21). Basically, no pronouns are used: the phrase You saw me in English (the subject and the object are expressed by pronouns) is expressed by a verb with corresponding affixes in Southern Tiwa. These affixes represent both the subject and the object, so the object (expressed by an affix) cannot be put into the demoted position as an affixe cannot become a separate part of a sentence. Apparently, if the subject and the object are not expressed by nouns, the subject and the object are expressed by affixes added to the verb in Southern Tiwa. The form of the verb signals about the doer of the action, and the object of this action. Therefore, the object cannot be in passive position as in cases of (4), (6), (10) it is expressed by affixes. So, it is ungrammatical to say by me or by you in Southern Tiwa. This is why examples in (4), (6) and (10) are ungrammatical. The Southern Tiwa has certain restrictions on the passive. This can be due to peculiarity of the verb in this language. The verbs have affixes which denote the person (doer of the action and the object of the action). Logically, there are not all pronouns which exist in other languages as they appear to be superfluous (as the verb possesses the necessary aspects of person and number). Thus, it becomes impossible (or rather ungrammatical) to form the passive structures in sentences where the subjects and the objects are not expressed by nouns. Therefore, the object expressed by pronouns cannot be put in the demoted position. Work Cited Tallerman, Maggie. Understanding Syntax (Second Edition) . Oxford: University Press, 2005.
Introduction Fish farming is one of the human economic activities that people venture into as part of their livelihood. Nonetheless, there have been concerns that fish farming is one of the environmentally destructive industries in the current times. For that matter, aquaculture faces extreme criticism and scrutiny as it forms part of the major contributory of food supply to the world’s six million population (Pillay, 2004). Nonetheless, aquaculture, which is the farming practice of the aquatic life that comprises plants, fish, and crustaceans, has become one of the major food production sectors growing rapidly in the world. Consequently, issues of environmental impacts of fish farming have taken center stage in environmental activism. Therefore, this paper explores several impacts that fish farming has on the environment. Impacts of Fish Farming Have on the Environment To begin with, according to Abel and Robert (2007), fish farming has been generalized to have adverse effects on the environment, which ranges from the obliteration of the coastal habitats which are sensitive in the environment, environmental pollution and destruction of aquatic biodiversity, which spells doom to environmental well being. Nonetheless, it is argued by Hargrave (2005) that a balancing point needs to be reached between environmental issues and food security since aquaculture is one of the critical sectors that are capable of eliminating poverty, especially to the coastal communities and guaranteeing food security to the world’s surging population. Moreover, it is postulated by Pillay (2004) that there is a direct relationship between the reduction of the natural stocks in the aquatic ecosystem and fish farming. This condition, according to Hargrave (2005), is ascribed to the environmental effects that fish farming has on the environment. For instance, when feeding fish, the feed is usually broadcasted on the water surface, then consumed. Nonetheless, not all fish feed is consumed. For that matter, these feed remnants usually settle at the bottom, where microorganisms decompose them. As a result, there is an alteration of the normal biological condition in the ecosystem, which becomes harmful to aquatic life, including fish themselves. On the other hand, farmers engaged in fish farming, according to Holmer, Kenny, and Carlos (2007), usually over-feed fish farms. As a result, this leads to alteration of the structure of the benthic community since a lot of food supply favor other aquatic organisms to the disadvantage of others. Furthermore, Abel and Robert (2007) opine that the oversupply of food to fish farms leads to oxygen depletion, which comes as a result of microbial decomposition. Moreover, Hargrave (2005) adds that most of these fish feed is composed of therapeutic chemicals and antibiotics, which in most cases are poisonous to some organisms hence adversely affecting aquatic life. Furthermore, fish, like other living organisms, undergo an excret
The Views of Ricardo, Mill, Marx, and Keynes on the Long-run Dynamics of the Capitalist System David Ricardo Ricardo considered an economy that consisted of workers, landowners, and capitalists. The workers earned wages in exchange for their labor, whereas the landowners leased their land to farmers. The capitalist s invested their capital, paid workers, and earned profits. Ricardo’s analysis of the dynamics of capitalism indicates that real wages can fluctuate in the short-run (Hunt and Lautzenheiser 96). However, in the long-run Malthusian law prevents wages from rising above the subsistence level. Thus, the production of agricultural output such as corn will have to be increased in order to develop industry and to reduce unemployment. In a closed economy, the farmers will have to cultivate the land of low quality in order to increase employment. However, the price of the output must increase so that the cultivation of the low-quality land can be profitable. Similarly, owners of the fertile land will charge high rent for their land. As the rent continues to rise and wages remain constant, capitalists’ profits will begin to fall. Consequently, the capitalists will not have any incentive to increase their investments. At this stage, the economy will be at a steady-state (Hunt and Lautzenheiser 102). The new land will be required to sustain production and economic growth. Alternative, highly productive farming methods can be employed on the best lands to improve efficiency and productivity. John Stuart Mill According to Mill, the accumulation of wealth is not boundless. Mill argues that achieving a stationary state is the ultimate goal of the process of wealth accumulation. The stationary state is characterized by freedom from “the imperatives of economic necessity and the freedom to develop as a human being” (Hunt and Lautzenheiser 115). In this regard, having limits in economic production is crucial to the achievement of human ends. According to Mill, the expansion of economic production is a relevant objective in underdeveloped rather than developed countries. The main economic problem in developed countries is distribution. Mill believed that uncontrolled production in the capitalist system merely leads to increased accumulation of wealth, rather than improving the standards of living. For instance, he states that increased use of machinery in production would ultimately abridge labor, thereby increasing unemployment (Hunt and Lautzenheiser 117). Similarly, Mill argued that increased use of machinery in the capitalist system had enabled most manufacturers to increase their earnings. By contrast, most workers continue to live “the same life of drudgery and imprisonment despite the use of machinery in the capitalist system” (Hunt and Lautzenheiser 118). In sum, Mill argues that extreme capitalism that is characterized by endless accumulation is unsustainable because the world has limited resources. Thus, production in the capitalist system should be regulated to prevent its destructive effects and to enha
Introduction JCAHO stands for Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare. It is located in the United States. It was started to ensure that the health care facilities are of high quality. The organization tracks the patients’ treatments and their response to the medicine given to them. The organization also checks the standards of hospitals. Before the start of the organization, most hospitals that were on operation did not meet the required standards. The standards were set by the organization and the health centers had to meet the standards to remain in operation. The standards of the hospitals improve over some time 3200 health centers met the required standards. Literature review According to Premier (n.d), JCAHO is a nonprofit organization that was founded in the early 1990s by Dr. Ernest Codman. In 1913, the American College of Surgeons was founded by Franklin Martin. In 1951, many health Organizations joined to form JCAH. This included the American College of Physicians and other organizations in and outside the United States. Edwin Crosby was the first director of the association. In 1964, the Association started to charge for the survey. In 1965 the association passed that the hospitals that had been accredited by the association were able to take part in health-related programs provided by the association. Procedures were prepared that were to be used in the survey. The disabled individuals were considered in providing a survey for the mental hospitals. The survey was conducted at night and during the weekends. The organization providing health-related services was also included in the accreditation plan. This included the organization that provided ambulatory services. The association ensured that the ambulances were effective and efficient. Home care and other organization were also surveyed. The nurses’ doctors and the administrators took part in the accreditation of the health facilities. This practice took place for some time like two or three years. In 1972 it was passed that the report on the accreditation process on health facilities was to be included in the yearly DHHS details to the congress. The advisory committee for the accreditation program was started in 1979 (Allied academies, n.d). It was in the year 1987 that the name of the association changed to JCAHO and the headquarters of the association was opened in Chicago. The association issued a policy that prohibited smoking in healt
Modern dental practice can benefit from the Internet and virtual advertising information clients about services provided and attracting customers with price proposition. The e-business strategies available for dental practice are customer relationship management, document management system, e-advertising and promotion. A special attention can be paid to virtual communities and virtual interaction between professionals. Understanding the likelihood of achieving change is central to mass- customized marketing. If the dental practice can predict behavior, it is starting to reduce the uncertainty in trading environment, and this will lead to a competitive advantage. If dental practice can reduce uncertainty it will reduce its costs by being able to concentrate on those aspects of the marketing mix which will lead to the greatest change in customers’ behavior. This kind of analysis can only be carried out on customer-level data. One can take this further by combining customer information from different sources. A more certain way of obtaining the same predictive evidence would be by collaborating with local estate agents and sending out mail-shots to all newly arrived homeowners within a store’s catchment area (Bearden et al 2004). The Internet advertising in this way will undoubtedly increase the number of visits that the site achieves. Instead of being buried in a list, the site will be displayed prominently at the top with whatever words or graphics the dental practice chooses to show. However, there are three disadvantages to this. In the first place, it costs, probably on the basis of a mix of fixed fee and ‘click-thrus’ (that is the number of people who click on the advertisement to visit the site). Second, people may use a different search engine, or even a ‘meta-search’ engine, which is capable of exploring more than one search engine at a time. These will strip out the dental practice advertisement and show their own instead, thereby reducing advertisement’s effectiveness. Third, some users deliberately ignore these advertisements, preferring to rely on the content of the sites they visit to dictate what links they follow. The third major way to developing the approach the site is to persuade other sites to carry links to the site. There are many, many cases of reciprocal linking on the Internet, and this is clearly an effective way of passing on information about the availability of complementary sites. The answer — and this practice is growing rapidly — is to incentives other sites to carry (IS 312 e-Business Project, 2008). To achieve recognition successfully requires that the dental practice adopts a comprehensive strategy for the Internet. Simply creating a website, however much or little money the dental practice spends on it, does not mean that people will visit it. Without an approach that exploits the singular opportunities of the Internet to increase footfall, creating a website aimed at increasing sales is a strategy that is doomed to failure. Once the dental practice has succeeded in getting customers to visit the website, it still has to get them to buy something (Electronic business: 2008 ). This is the area in whi
Minting Coins in the Need to Reimburse Mercenaries In the Middle Ages, bullion coin currency from the physical gold nuggets encouraged trade. The adoption of these valuable ‘tokens’ in transit as a substitute for payments, that is, as taxation determined their worth. As a result, a permanent army, which required soldiers’ pay, as well as taxes, would be at the root of the widespread adoption of the universal means of exchange – coinage (Vismara, 2018). The usage of coined pieces bearing the figure of a monarch indicated protection against assault and provided a guarantee of acceptance in economic ties; as a result, pennies had become emblems of power which had already given aspiring peace – “emperor’s calm” – to business connections. Individuals on the verge of starvation would never have time or resources to participate in deals that would not reward them immediately (Vismara, 2018). Therefore, to maintain a mercenary army to guard the aristocracy, the warriors of destiny had to preserve a status quo to share in the gains of battle. A clever answer, looked to be packed coins produced with an emperor’s picture imprinted on them, which developed in Lydia as in the seventh century. Incentives for Commerce Lydian Stater was the Civilization’s imperial coin, minted first before the country was conquered by the Empire. Its first starters were thought to date from the second period of the seventh century, under King Alyattes’ rule. It was also the first currency legally minted by a sovereign in global history, as per numismatic scholars, and it served as a paradigm for practically all future coinage (Vismara, 2018). Prior to the invention of coinage, precious metals were employed as a way of enabling the economic transaction. Explorers and dealers used physical gold bands or alloys (bars) all ove
VR Technology for Training The role of virtual reality in training is a topic that has been actively discussed over the last few years, and some of the technologies that have been recently released can be utilized to make such approaches successful. Moreover, the quality of virtual environments has also been increasing, and they are extremely realistic. Furthermore, it should be viewed as an outstanding opportunity because this area is relatively unexplored and many new technologies that can be used to improve the VR experience are currently being developed. First of all, it is necessary to develop a set of objectives and collect the data. The virtual environment must be modeled after that and stored on a hard drive. Moreover, this program needs to be installed on all laptops. A player will use a head-mounted display and a feedback device to interact with VR, and his or her performance may be analyzed with the use of an LCD projector. Technologies Software The role of software must be vital in this case because environments must be incredibly realistic and numerous internal and external factors should be taken into account during the process of development. Security vulnerabilities also should be considered because enemy teams may gain access to vital information about training programs and approaches that are used. Moreover, the level of interactivity needs to be significant, and the most attention should be devoted to the modeling of situations that are viewed as the most problematic (Stinson and Bowman, 606). For inst
Capital punishment refers to the legal process that subjects criminals to the death penalty as provided by the state laws. In this case, the jury sentences the criminal to death by the process of killing known as execution. Capital offences trigger the state to subject individuals to the death penalty. Some of the common capital offences include crimes against the state, homicide and crimes against humanity. When intelligent individuals aggravate the crime incidences such as murder, felony or contract killing, the death penalty is sought (Kerby 36). After one is sentenced to the death penalty, there are multiple methods of execution based on the jurisdiction. Although the form of execution has continuously changed with time, the common form is lethal injection. Over time, capital punishment has been a contentious issue with respect to social issues in the United States. Although the main reason for reaffirmation of the practice has been to act as a deterrent to capital offenders, people have different perceptions about the same issue. Some of the reasons that drive people to oppose the death sentence include value for human life, lack of deterrence, unfairness, chances of errors, and Christian beliefs. These reasons are valid and acceptable to some degree, but they cannot be the main reasons for the need to abolish the death penalty (Wolf 69). This subject is attributed to the benefits that exist when capital punishment is upheld. The death penalty has been opposed because it is considered barbaric, useless and a practice of the past. Most critics argue that such practices should not be propagated to the civilized society at the time. One main reason for such argument is that the death penalty is a cruel and strange punishment contradicting the respect for human rights. Through the Christian teachings, most people have been influenced to consider the death penalty as illogical and unethical practice. base their argument on the insensibility of vengeance acquired through execution of murderers. In this case, they feel that executing an individual would not bring back the lost life. Consequently, the practice of the death penalty is useless and should be abolished. Nevertheless, the variation in religion necessitates the consideration of the death penalty. This issue is critical in the society since most people may exploit the death consideration of other individuals to murder people for personal interests. The frequency of murder and cruelty of humans has demanded rules and policies that govern the deeds of people. In this regard, the death penalty has been considered to ensure that the society is in order. At the same time, the death penalty is used to ensure that people do not use their power or capacities to defend themselves, but they should adopt legal procedures. This implies that the death penalty is the ideal and moral punishment that should be used to deter individuals who murder other people (Kerby 12). Further