ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
David Hume, an eighteenth-century philosopher from Scotland, is famous and significant for his rather skeptical approach to a number of philosophical ideas and subjects. Hume introduced his unique thoughts regarding epistemology, religion, and moral theory, providing an opportunity for further discussions and inspiring future philosophers, namely, John Stuart Mill and Jeremy Bentham (Fieser, n.d.). His main ideas were about the absence of permanent “self” that continues over time, cause-effect relations being grounded in thinking habits, and naturally-instilled beliefs navigating people through common life. Among other things, Hume’s perception of the concepts of taste and beauty is also rather special. For this philosopher, these two concepts cannot be either true or false since both taste and beauty are impressions in each person. According to Hume, one is not born with a perfect or a better sense of taste; on the opposite, people may acquire and train their perceptions so that they can judge more aesthetically (Fieser, n.d.). Thus, whether one has a good sense of beauty and taste depends on their practice, background, and experience. When it is possible for everyone to respond to the usual flavors, a specific “delicacy” of taste is required to learn how to hone the taste buds. Human nature dictates that certain objects constantly trigger feelings of beauty within people (Fieser, n.d.). Therefore, a sense of artistic beauty may also be refined, which, in turn, can lead to better cultivation of a “delicacy” of taste. In my opinion, Hume’s perception of these two concepts is rather reasonable and engaging. According to my experience, it is indeed possible to develop a good sense of both taste and beauty, and background and practice play a significant role in this development. However, I may also notice that some people seem to be born with a “delicacy” of taste because they have it since early childhood and do not require years of training to learn how to judge aesthetically. Therefore, in rare cases, beauty and taste may be inborn, and this is when one may be called a genius. Reference Fieser, J. (n.d.). David Hume (1711-1776) . Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Web.
The contract (the “Agreement”) executed between Emergency Medicine and Rapier as executed on October 1, 1995, specifically provided that the contract will be automatically treated as renewed for subsequent one year periods unless either of the parties elected to terminate the agreement by giving notice of four months before the expiry of the initial one year period which in this case ended on the 31 st September. The contract has not provided for giving any further reason by either parties for the termination of agreement. The fact that Emergency Medicine chose to terminate the agreement at the end of the second year by way of notice sent on the 30 th September, 2008 to the two addresses of Rapier, one of them being sent to the wrong address does appear to be a violation of the terms of the agreement and suggests that Emergency Medicine has acted incorrectly in insisting that it has complied with the terms of the contract. However, as observed by the trial court, the second letter was sent to JoeAnn Barato-Mills, the representative of MBS who had signed the agreement, and reached her in time as per terms and conditions of the agreement, and hence it was concluded that Emergency Medicine acted within the purview of the agreement in terminating the contract with Rapier. The court also concluded that in view of the provision in the agreement the notice must be sent by registered or certified mail, and in view of the same being complied by Emergency Medicine before the expiry of the four months notice period, it may be concluded that Emergency Medicine acted in a way that the required four months notice of termination of contract was given to Rapier. The court observed that the mailbox rule was adequately triggered in the given case. However the fact remains that Emergency Medicine had failed to comply with the basic provision of the agreement which required that the notice to Rapier must be sent to the address 7 Wells Avenue, Newton, Massachusetts, as given in the agreement. However the notice was inadvertently sent to Allan Carr-Locke of Rapier at 1238 Chestnut Street, Newton, Massachusetts, which was not the address as given in the agreement, which proves to be an action against what is provided in the agreement. The second notice which was sent to JoeAnn Barato-Mills at a different address which was not mentioned in the agreement, on account of her being the MBS employee who signed the agreement, is not in keeping with what was provided for in the agreement. Conversely the fact that JoeAnn Barato-Mills had received the notice in time clearly indicates that Rapier was aware of the contract being cancelled by Emergency Medicine within the provided notice period. Despite this knowledge Rapier opted to bid for the renewal of the contract with Emergency Medicine along with other companies, which clearly indicates that it was in the knowledge of its contract being terminated. Hence there is no basis for Rapier to further challenge the
Introduction Organizations throughout the world are under constant pressure to adapt to change triggered by shifts in business environments, competition in the market, convergence of technology, political realignments, organizational restructurings, changing demographics, and new demands and preferences from customers and stakeholders (Hangopal 23). Indeed, the performance and competitive advantage of many organizations operating in the 21 st business environment is primarily determined by how well they are able to adapt to change in the face of a multiplicity of challenges, and there is compelling evidence demonstrating that successful organizations have well-developed frameworks which provide an enabling environment to understand the critical drivers of change and adapt accordingly (Franken et al 49). Those who do not adapt to changes in the environment often fail in their attempts to achieve positive outcomes, while others are practically wiped out because of their inflexibility to change. In the above context, the need for organizations to develop processes aimed at managing change is urgent. Organizational theorists, however, take cognizance of the fact that change is a complex issue and there is no one specified solution to its management (Hangopal 10). Studies have revealed that a change management technique that works for one organization may not necessarily work for another even when both organizations are operating within the same environment or culture. This paper aims to critically discuss change management with a view to demonstrate the change process, sources of resistance to change, and ways through which organizations can successfully manage change. Content This paper, more than anything else, will cover change management issues related to the change process, resistance to change, and some of the solutions that could be applied by organizations in the process of managing change. According to Hangopal, “…the basic paradigm that an organization adopts influences how it would realize its vision and consequently its change plans and actions, which will transport the organization from its current state to the desired state” (95). This progression of states is typified by three stages namely, the current state, the changeover state and the new state. Change management process, therefore, basically entails harnessing the unique issues arising in each state in terms of identifying the issues and implementing effective structures and strategies to manage them. Resistance, according to Hangopal, emerges when there is a real or perceived threat to something valued by an individual or to the status quo and normal functioning of the organization (107). In the organizational context, resistance may arise from a legitimate understanding of the change process or from a mis
The war in Vietnam demonstrated that there are limitations to a military superpower’s capabilities. This is a lesson the defunct Roman Empire never learned and a similar fate waits America if it continues to repeat the same mistake that was Vietnam such as the one in Iraq. The same mentality that would have the US still in Vietnam led us to an unnecessary war in Iraq. During the Vietnam era, the neo-conservatism movement expanded due to the political polarization occurring in the country between the anti-war, anti-American sentiments of the counterculture and neo-cons who championed blind patriotism. Neoconservatives were not collectively for the expansion or continuance of the war but they were united in their fear that communism would spread. The term ‘domino theory’ was used quite often by the neo-cons to justify America’s military involvement in Southeast Asia. If Vietnam fell to the communists, they reasoned, the remainder of the region would be systematically consumed by the ‘Red Menace.’ Some of the Vietnam era neo-cons, such as Vice President Dick Cheney, went to the right opposing domestic spending; advocating tax reductions for the wealthy and an attack-first, ask questions later mentality. Though domestic issues were once a rallying point then abandoned by contemporary neo-cons, foreign-policy matters invoked the most emotion therefore attention from this group. They reasoned then, as they do now, that foreign affairs were a more important consideration for national discussion because the very survival of the nation was at stake. “If a domestic policy fails, you can try another. If a foreign policy fails, you may find yourself at war” (Muravchik, 2007). The Vietnam War sharply divided the country but neo-cons, even the ones who were less than hawkish, were always on the defensive regarding the consequences of losing to communism. When war opponents voiced the opinion that communism wasn’t the most imperative concern, that American imperialism and expansionistic tendencies were the big issue, neo-cons were quick to rebuke what they thought was unpatriotic rhetoric. This same rhetoric echoed throughout the Iraq war during the Bush administration. The hard lesson learned, seemingly, from America’s involvement in Vietnam was that possessing an overwhelming military force does not guarantee victory. Though three million enemies were killed compared to 58,000 on the American side, the ‘big dog’ in the fight eventually had to run home with its tail between its legs, beaten and humiliated. Thanks to the unprecedented media covering the truth of the war, the U.S. rapidly lost cre
White privilege in US society is a controversial issue that provokes debates based on the racial question. In their work, Miller and Garran (2017) analyzed not only the issue of White privilege but also such concepts and phenomena as an “invisible knapsack” of this privilege, stereotyping, triangulation, and theories related to these aspects. Specific personal reactions to these concepts and reflections will be provided in this paper to accentuate my understanding of these issues. Privilege in US Society and an “Invisible Knapsack” It is possible to agree with the position of the authors regarding the presence of White privilege in society even if it is not noticeable in many cases. Although the first reaction to Miller and Garran’s (2017) discussion of this issue is the denial, reflecting on life experiences, I should state that Whites are perceived as individuals rather than the members of a certain ethnic group. Furthermore, the most famous White people are not usually viewed as courageous and active representatives of their race who can promote the change in society. While being a White person, one can carry a “knapsack” associated with some privileges. I am also inclined to identify myself with some characteristics listed by Miller and Garran (2017). Thus, it is possible not to realize that some people are followed when they do shopping or become victims of racial profiling when others do not. The cause is in stereotyping against the representatives of some races who are perceived as less reliable persons (Legewie, 2016). It is also possible not to notice that White people are widely covered in the media, and the color of their skin is viewed as “normal” and “usual” (Dixon, 2017). Thus, I can identify myself with these aspects of the “knapsack” oftener than with others. Triangulation I noticed the case associated with triangulation at high school when two male representatives of Caucasian and Asian races united against a male representative of African Americans because he was the leader in the class in terms of academic achievements. This boy seemed to prove his intellectual abilities and success because of stereotypes that African Americans are less intelligent than Whites or Asians. I understood that the problem was in the boy’s face, and I interacted with him because of his personal qualities, not his ethnicity or achievements. Still, I realized that the case was a vivid example of racial prejudice, but educators and my class seemed not to notice that fact. Stereotyping and the Vicious-Circle Phenomenon Immigrants often become victims of stereotyping because they are perceived as less educated, knowledge
In The Myth of Sisyphus , the character called Sisyphus is a fitting illustration of someone who espouses Camus’ ideas of existing within a universe that has neither purpose nor meaning. Sisyphus satisfies this idea through the choice that he makes in life. Camus explains that Sisyphus offended the deities by binding Death to eliminate the possibility of people dying. Sisyphus’ action indicates his quest to find meaning in life. The character intends to live life to the full without the threat of Death. Sisyphus is however denied this meaning when the deities finally liberate Death, meaning that people will die (Camus 150). Sisyphus thus realizes the truth of Camus’ claims – true meaning can never be attained in life. At this stage, Sisyphus has 3 choices to make. He can conclude that life is basically pointless or purposeless. On the other hand, Sisyphus can decide to seek meaning in a Higher Being – God. Sisyphus may also make the conclusion that he can live in a world where there is neither purpose nor meaning. The character takes this third route. To expound, following the release of Death, Sisyphus is destined to die. The character however cunningly proposes a compromise scheme that will prevent him from falling under the power of Death. This alternative life will however be basically meaningless. The gods punish Sisyphus by having him spend his remaining life pushing a certain rock uphill, waiting for it to roll down, and then re-rolling it uphill. Sisyphus however derives satisfaction in this kind of existence. He faithfully undertakes his assigned task without showing any reservations. He thus fulfills Camus’ ideas that people can exist in a world where there is no purpose or meaning and yet deriv
Background The issue of organizational behavior has been abundantly discussed in recent days. Following the rise of globalization and liberalization of markets, there has been wide spread of information across all corners of the globe. The forces of globalization have led to revolution in the nature and manner of managing private and government organizations. However, undue pressure and competition has been mounted on the organizations to ensure quality and admirable image. Following the increase in competition in the corporate world, business organizations are bound to maintain high quality standards in their operations, services, and products (Miner 47). In regards to this scenario, the need to adopt Total Quality Management (TQM) has been raised. Through the adoption of TQM, business organizations are able to attain higher levels of efficiency and productivity. Many researchers and scholars have indulged into the topic on organizational management and precisely on the issue of TQM. It has however been evident that there has been a high gap in knowledge in the field thus calling for further research. The need to mobilize adequate information on the issues of organizational behavior and TQM has been inevitable (Ross and Perry 135). This research proposal will seek to mobilize adequate information on the issue of Total Quality Management as a key pillar in the running of business organizations. Methods With reference to the significance of the study, the methodology will be offered a high sense of attention. The study methodology will ensure adoption of effective and efficient research approaches as well as data collection. By adopting efficient research approaches, effectiveness and authenticity of the research results will be attained. In relation to the descriptive nature of the topic, a qualitative research design would be the most suitable. This will comprise an intensive data or information search that will see the mobilization of sufficient inferences for addressing the research topic. The study will entail the integration of responses from various participants as well as review of literature review. Qualitative research design will ensure that all aspects of the topic are adequately addressed. A positivist philosophical position would be maintained across the study, whereby the ideas of previous scholars in the topic will be adopted. This would help in enhancing the credibility and acceptability of the research results (Kumar 121). Following the availability of numerous scholarly materials on the topic, the study will primarily comprise of secondary data. This will entail and intensive literature review of books and journals on the topic of organizational behavior and more precisely on TQM. In order to ensure relevance of the collected information, the researcher will be focused on materials concerning TQM. The various aspects of TQM will be reviewed. Regarding the materials to be adopted for the literature review, only resources ranging from 10 years to 1 year will b
Introduction Elections offer a platform for choosing leaders, assisting in government setup, and conferring the legitimacy of current political systems (Ely, 1997). Electoral assistance (technical expertise) will be our organization. We propose the following forms of assistance, provision of support in preparation and conduction of elections, Secondly, the building of long-term capacities of involved institutions, finally, enhancement of appropriate election-related processes. Background Information A constitution establishes the rules upon which politics is conducted (Ely, 1997). Argentine legal arrangements governing the organization and control of the electoral process rely on the active participation of political parties at all stages of the process. The issue and its dimensions The UNDP 2002 report on human development presents mixed results in democratic transition. Some governments exhibit illiberal democratic tendencies of employing an authoritarian rule after democratic elections. Issues that plunge the electoral process are:  1. Low citizen participation  2. Voter ignorance leading to voter incompetency  3. Low citizen control  4. Inadequate political virtue in voters and officials  5. Insufficient representatives of legislatures  6. Political inequality This project will limit itself to issues, which strengthen democratic governance through initiatives that create a longer-term capacity to achieve electoral efficacy. Elections are both sensitive public administration exercises and archetypical political processes and therefore have covert political impacts. Principle areas and dimensions Our organization has extensive grassroots entrenchment and is best suited to facilitate electoral assistance as a way for the disadvantaged to impact on government decision-making. The table below shows major entry point for our impartial organization. Entry Point                                                   Description                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          Electoral system reform                                       Includes advice and consultation with political entities on the need for Institutional reform and hence make them broad-based, all-inclusive and representative of the national population.                                                                                                                                                                                                        Institutional advice on the role of political entities in designing of new accountable and trustworthy electoral systems                                                                                                                                                                                                             Electoral administration                                      Building of independent and permanent electoral management entities through strengthen
Introduction The essay is a critical analysis of why religion plays such an important role in any given society. It has been showed that religion or worship is a significant part of the life of every person in this world. For this reason, religion can be defined in various ways depending on personal beliefs as well as cultural views. For the purpose of this paper, religion will be thought of as “a unified system of beliefs and practices relative to sacred things, that is to say, things set apart and forbidden-beliefs and practices which united in one single moral community called a Church, all those who adhere to them” (Spilka, Hood & Gorsuch 47). I content that the major reason why religion plays such an important role in the society rests on its various contributions to shape the society. Ideally, religion is one of the most significant aspects controlling the whole mankind. It is worth noting that although the issue of religion include the definite attitude towards various such themes as wars, disagreement and tension, it has provided mankind with something to rely on when the person has some troubles or hesitates how he/she should act when some difficult situation occurs. Ideally, almost every religion is based on some holy book or doctrine which defines its rules and guides its flock. Examples include the Bible, Koran or Talmud which provide the followers with instructions for living their life according to the stated norms. The most common points which are discussed and examined in many religions are compassion on people who need to be supported in a trying moment, understanding of what is good and what is bad and being kind in response to animosity. According to two of sociology’s greatest thinkers, Karl Marx and Emile Durkheim, religion is a vital aspect of society. They both believed it to be socially constructed; man created religion, religion did not create a man. Society created religion to meet certain needs of its members (Johnson 44). Religion is a significant aspect of our lives even in the modern society since it can become the only thing that can console and give a person an opportunity to reflec