ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Today, the use of tobacco is one of the most significant problems of humanity. The most common forms of tobacco use are cigarette smoking, hookah, roll tobacco, and cigars. At the moment, there are no tobacco products that do not harm health. Most tobacco users live in countries with low or middle salaries. An excellent example of such a place is Mississippi state in the United States. According to the research, “Current cigarette smokers were defined as those who reported ever smoking at least 100 cigarettes during their lifetime and reporting smoking every day or some days at the time of the survey” (Chang et al., 2016, p. 1741). Tobacco use causes significant economic damage; people spend a considerable amount of money treating diseases caused by tobacco usage. According to WHO (2020) research, the organization admits that almost half of the children breathe air polluted by tobacco smoke in public places, and 65000 die each year from second-hand smoke. Tobacco companies try to promote their product by creating advertisements, which causes constant monitoring of the product. Fortunately, some resources can help reduce tobacco consumption over several years. Manufactured cigarettes are the most common in humanity’s life; they are made of small pieces of tobacco, rolled into a paper-wrapped cylinder. Its popularity makes it the most dangerous type of tobacco product. The conducted research admits that cigarette smoking causes cancer and early death (Healthy People 2030, 2018). The second place is taken by chewing tobacco and tobacco in pipes. Marshall discusses the recent tendency in the use of non-traditional tobacco products. He writes that there is a rising trend in the use of nonconventional tobacco products (Marshall et al., 2016, p. 141). Chewing tobacco has become popular in recent years; this product impresses that it is smokeless and convenient to use, unlike traditional cigarettes. Hookah is an instrument that provides tobacco usage by heating and vaporizing; e-cigarettes have a similar process of providing tobacco but with a different form of carrier. These forms of tobacco products are the most affordable and, therefore, the most dangerous today. People first of all need to fight these types of tobacco in order to end the tobacco epidemic. In 2019, 27.6% of Mississippi high school youth reported using any tobacco product, including e-cigarettes. Among Mississippi high school youth, 6.6% reported currently smoking cigarettes (CDC, 2021). States, such as Mississippi state with a low level of life, use tobacco the most; in most cases, people have nowhere to go for professional help and break their addiction independently. It does not work because there are no people nearby who could control and bring the process to an end. It does not mean t
Company description The XYZ internet Company is a starting up web marketing company which intends to develop market and implement Google ads for companies globally. This company intends to offer professional online marketing services to potential companies, industries, organizations and institutions globally. The services described here are online marketing consultancy and other professional services that ensures proper implementation of online Google ads, they include;   * Assisting companies to define, their target markets, defining their marketing objectives and adopting up to date but appropriate strategies used in marketing   * Conducting keyword researches that identifies suitable search engines and keywords that relate to; the type of business through the company’s web site for the their respective customers   * Developing appropriate copywriting procedures and designs that match the keywords thereby increasing its chances of a click through the use of the ad   * Crates customized landing pages and works to improve conversion rates if necessary   * Monitoring, creating and adjusting keywords on as and when need be basis The management of the XYZ internet Company will consist of the owner who will be the chief manager and to be supported by the professional programmer who will be designing, maintaining and updating the ads on the website. Sales staff, apprentice and junior employees will also be necessary for the company if it goes by its expansion policies. Environmental Analysis In essence environmental analysis is commonly referred to as PESTLE analysis that is considering political, economic, social, technological and legal factors before investing in the target market. The XYZ internet Company is not exceptional from the intense competition that the industry is subjected to not only in the U.K but all over the world. The company management therefore has to come up with viable marketing strategies in order to attain its competitiveness as well as meet the needs and demands of its customers through provision of high quality internet services. Thus the company must consider diversifying at the same time producing quality products; to effectively do this it must consider the following factors (Maundy, 2001) Political factors These are factors that relates to political system and political instability of countries where The XYZ internet Company wish to market its products. This will involve scrutinizing the system of government that such target countries have adopted. The company will therefore need to decide whether to invest in communist or capitalist countries after careful consideration of each political system in terms of carrying out business in the chosen country of interest. It is recommended that The
Outline Sports’ Leadership entails giving direction to players as well as energizing and motivating them so that they get committed to a particular vision in sports. It is the responsibility of a leader to create a vision in the field of sports then find a way of influencing players to work towards achieving it. Leaders are found in various types of sports where they apply different leadership styles to achieve success. Leadership in the sports’ field has undergone a series of developments from the past when it had not gained much recognition through the present and a bright future has been predicted for the same. These developments in leadership have brought significant changes in sport psychology as it has made governments, institutions and individuals recognize the value of sports. Introduction (Carron, 2005) argues that, currently a lot of research has been carried out in the field of sports leadership due to the competitive environment experienced in sports. This competition is not only in professional sports but also in schools where players as well as their coaches strive to obtain success over other teams. Success in sports is always measured in terms of winning and /or losing which has brought so much attention on sports leadership whose quality determines success of a team. How Research Has Shaped the Current Trends In sports leadership Extensive research in sports leadership have made sports clubs’ managers realize the need to have their leaders trained on various issues of handling players as well as tactics so as to succeed in the field. It has also shown the need for diversity in terms of gender and age of leaders in sports. Thus, most women and children are now involved in sports than before giving them experience and opportunities to become leaders in the same field. Leaders in sports have changed from domineers and dictators and have started to observe respect while dealing with players. Directors and managers of sports are increasingly attending seminars and conferences on sports management giving them knowledge needed to improve performance of their players. Through these training sessions leaders have been made to realize that different leadership techniques apply to different players and they therefore take time to deal with players at individual levels. Situational leadership is another style being used by leaders where they apply different styles on different situations.For example, they use a different style on a team that is in its initial stage of development from the style used on a team that has already developed. (Case, 1986) Research has also shown the importance of sports’ leaders to share their strategies with their players as it makes it easier for them to support a strategy they understand. More confident sports
‘Cap and trade policies are increasingly being implemented by governments and within industry as a way to reduce their carbon emissions. ‘Cap’ involves setting an upper limit that a country or government can emit, and ‘trade’ involves paying others to cover your excess. Instead of spending money cutting their own emissions, it allows governments and companies to pay someone else to cut their emissions, which costs them less. While reducing greenhouse emissions is not mandatory in the US, since it has not ratified the Kyoto Protocol, voluntary trading proves to be big business. Also, Barack Obama has included revenues from a proposed cap-and-trade scheme in his 2010-2014 budget. Low-emissions energy production is one area that will grow considerably under this scheme. Although nuclear energy appears to be the only viable alternative at present, and many think it will be the unexpected winner of the situation, other alternative technologies are likely to grow. In the UK, which does have a cap and trade policy, alternative energy technologies have advanced. A large-scale engineering project is underway in the form of ‘Wave Hub’, aiming to create the world’s first large-scale wave energy farm. Existing firms are also diversifying to provide alternative-energy technologies, such as OGI Groundwater Specialists Ltd, who have become specialists in the installation of Ground Source Heat Pumps, which provide heating with 40% of the carbon emissions of conventional heating. Implementing ‘cap and trade’ policies will cause low-carbon energy technologies to advance as countries and companies try to reduce their emissions score.
Unethical issues are the acts performed or words altered against an organization’s set rules and regulations. Most of these issues end up violating the rights of others or making them uncomfortable. Every organization is guided by some set rules in order to ensure things are done or said in the right way (Gilliland & Skarlicki, 2007). Severally, some employees or employers violate the requirements of the organization. This essay provides a discussion on one of the common unethical practices that I have experienced in the workplace and how I can best handle it as an employer. In my workplace, there are common tendencies of harassing and discrimination by supervisors suffered by employees. Severally, the victims of this discrimination presented several examples of such cases to me. These are some of the unethical practices, as these acts end up disrupting the normal activities of the victims. People who are discriminated against and harassed within an organization cannot perform their best, as they feel that their rights are ignored. They live and work in fear due to the inner feeling of being inferior among their colleagues (Gilliland & Skarlicki, 2007). Mostly, these employees are harassed when they do not deliver their results on time. Among the employees that have not completed their assignment, some are harassed, while others receive more time to go and complete their work. When it comes to opportunities for employees, the person responsible for determining who will get the chance is found applying discrimination measures. There are those employees who always get such chances, while others have never gotten a chance to enjoy such opportunities. However, as an employer, I have some options through which I can handle and discourage such unethical practices within an organization. To begin with, I can come up with an ethical framework within the organization in collaboration with the main stakeholders. This will involve all the employees, government agents, and, most probably, the board of directors. The ethical framework should consist of a code of conduct, as well as a code of ethics. All the acceptable and unacceptable practices in the organization should be explained fully. The organization’s values and principles should be elaborated carefully so that every employee would be able to understand them. Secondly, I may decide to take another option while actively checking the implementation of the code of conduct and ethical behaviors. This will work well with a request for regular reporting of any action against set regulations (Gilliland & Skarlicki, 2007). Alternatively, as an employer, I may opt to prevent and make strict follow-ups of any unethical practice done. This would be possible due to providing a grievance procedure to be followed when dealing effectively with such disputes. According to the seriousness of the issue, it would be better if the first option were followed. Through involving the employees and other key stakeholders, a better solution would be provided. During such periods, every employee will have a chance to understand what is or what is not acceptable within the organization. Due to the efforts of the board of
Introduction Every community out there boasts of having something quite unique about them. The hopi community is not an exemption to this notion. Hopi tribe acts like an integral system and has its own unique cultural practices, myths, legends, and oral traditions. These practices have been there from time immemorial and they are what give Hopi its sense of belonging. Its inhabitants engage themselves in various cultural, political, and economic activities in order to keep their pride and sustain their daily survival. Hopi’s way of life incorporates such things as agriculture, archeology, art and craft, traditional knowledge, and etiquette for visitors. A closer look at their economic activities reveals very amazing procedures. Agriculture seems to be their main point of specialization and it is not just that cultivation you are used to. Their agriculture involves farming and gathering as these form a crucial facet of their culture. Agriculture started in this area as early as 1500 B.C as a result of it being introduced in the Southwest. Corn seems to be their preferred agricultural plant. Hopi did not just start growing corn out of nowhere. To them, this is their fourth way of life. Main text Hopi believes that the corn was given to them by Maasai. They also have this strong feeling that the short blue ear of the corn was specifically given to them as other people scrambled for the larges ears. There are various clans forming Hopi and each clan has its own story to tell regarding how Hopi obtained the short blue ears of the corn. The Hopi have totally submitted to the corn as this portrays their way of life. In order to maintain the corn and their booming agriculture, their culture has always involved respect, humility, and cooperation. Engaging in gardening does not insinuate that their land is blessed with constant rain.
Test marketing is a stage in marketing research whereby researchers introduce new product together with its marketing plan to a particular group of people in a given population. This developmental stage determines rejection or full launching of a product depending on the response of the sample group. It is an experiment carried out in real market situation of buying and selling without letting the buyers know of their participation in the evaluation exercise. The test runs for several weeks or months depending on the buyers’ response. Importance of test marketing is to cushion firms from running into losses by launching a product that cannot sell. From the response of the buyers involved in test marketing, managers make decision on whether to launch the product or abandon it. Field research is a part of marketing research where research happen in real market situation with buying and selling of products but primarily for testing purposes. On the other hand, laboratory experiments involve research in a closed facility under controlled conditions with information coming from documented data. In field research, researchers are very close to real market situation and can establish how buyers will respond to the product once launched in the market, unlike in laboratory research where researchers bank heavily on documented data. While the data collected in field research is first hand and up to date, laboratory research use documented data that may be outdated due to changing market trends. It is possible to design field research in order to get specific information but it is impossible to design attested data to get particular information in laboratory research. Information gathered in field study is first hand thus eliminates any assumptions but laboratory work contains many assumptions. However, field research is time consuming and expensive compared to laboratory research, which consumes less time and resources. Due to high costs, field research may involve an iota of small sample size, which does not necessarily represent the response of the whole population, but laboratory work utilize attested information from wide range populations. Nevertheless, the merits of field research outweigh those of laboratory work in marketing research. Probability sampling is a sampling method involving random selection. This means that different units in the sampling process undergo standardizations to ensure they have equal chance (probability) of selection. On the other hand, non-probability sampling does not involve any for of random selection. Measurement scaling falls under two categories, comparative and non-comparative measurement scaling. Reliability refers to how a g
Introduction The healthcare industry is the most important in the economy since it deals directly with the lives of the citizens. This means that the elements of ethical considerations and moral obligations are very important in the industry. The success of the industry depends on the ability of the various stakeholders to ensure that ethical considerations and moral obligations are given priority in the industry. This objective can only be achieved if the firms in the healthcare industry are able to recruit and retain talented and creative employees. Thus human capital management has become a fundamental function in most healthcare organizations especially in the US market that is characterized by clients who are more concerned with quality and value for their money. Human capital relates to the assessment of the human resources that are at the disposal of an organization. Human capital management considers the skills, experiences, motivation and aspiration of the employees as the most important assets in an organization. Thus organizations must be in a position to invest in the development of these assets and ensure that their workforce use them for the benefit of the organization. This paper will focus on the value of human capital management. The meaning of human capital, the strategies that firms are using to develop their human capital and the drivers of human capital will be illuminated in light of the US healthcare industry. Strategies for Developing Human Capital in Order to be Competitive Having realized the value that employees add to the competitiveness of businesses, healthcare organizations are currently focusing on strategies that can help them to retain the best talent in the industry. Consequently, a variety of strategies and policies have been formulated and implemented by various organizations. These strategies include the following. Development Strategies Development strategies relates to the efforts that are made by an organization to improve the competence of its employees. Improving the competence of the employees is mainly done through continuous training and education. Even though most organizations focus on introducing the training programs, the methods that they use vary from one organization to the other. Some firms have implemented a comprehensive development program that also caters for the training costs. Such organizations use their own facilities to train their employees instead of contracting third party organizations to offer the training services. The comprehensive programs have been the most successful in the development of human capital due to two reasons. First, all employees have the opportunity to access the training services since the financial constrain have been eliminated. Second, it leads to the desired outcom
The idea of searching for one’s own identity is far from being new; as a matter of fact, people noticed quite long ago that at certain age, one starts to pick all sorts of various attitudes, trying to figure out which one suits him-/her better and helps survive in the given environment the most. However, it is really hard to imagine what the entire humankind would be doing without Erik Erikson’s theory about the identity crisis and how it affects people’s behavior. Learning more about the biography and the theoretical findings of the psychologist, one can see how incredibly helpful Erikson’s pieces of advice were, are and will be for the majority of the humankind. Erikson was one of those people whose life track one could predict since the day they were born. Even being a little kid, he was extremely interested in the way people interact and the way things influence them as they grow up (Erikson). However, his passion did not boil down to guesswork; even being a boy, he experienced enough identity-related issues to have certain idea of the results at the very beginning of his future research. As the psychologist recalled, “having been born a Dane and having had to stand the scorn of German children against a foreign-born child” (Friedman 40). Weirdly enough, Erikson did not consider his talents as something out of the ordinary for the first time and, when choosing the track for his studies, picked arts. Just to think what could have happened to the identities of millions of people if Eriksson became an accomplished artist he wanted to… However, the Providence made him bump into Anna Freud one day, which predetermined his further track as the world’s renowned psychologist. As Friedman explains, talking to Anna Freud took Erikson to the place long forgotten – his own childhood, and the memories of how fun it was to learn about the human nature took their toll: “When they both were in analysis with Anna Freud […] this advice to take charge had called to mind a woodcut he had completed of himself as a little boy on a ship looking away from Theodor and Karla and toward the captain” (80). However, as time passed, Erikson managed to show what he was capable of; not only did he defeat is fears, but also researched them thoroughly and uncompromisingly, coining the term “identity crisis” and showing the ways out of this psychological problem. As the author of the term explained himself, identity crisis was “the temporary absence of ‘a sense of what one is, of knowing where one belongs, of knowing what one wants to do’” (Friedman 161). Thus, it is obvious that Erik Erikson has contributed a lot to the further development of psychology and helped to understand the peculiarities of people’s psychological development at certain stages. Owing to the findings of the psychologist, modern teenagers have a plenty of excuses for their deviant behavior, which alone proves that learning more about Erikson is a worthy thing to do. In addition, Eriksson proved that the deviation can be considered a way to adjust to the rules of the society, which proves that people are meant to be social animals and that a rebellion is a part of being