ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Throughout its conscious existence, humanity has sought to expand its borders, explore new places, and conquer distant horizons. Great Britain is a great maritime state, and it has significantly succeeded as a pioneer. British colonies were established in many places around the world, thousands of miles away from British shores. They also appeared in North America when a new Stuart dynasty came to power in Great Britain. Unfortunately, the concept of slavery and the slave trade is inextricably linked with the process of colonization. The history of the colonial rule of Great Britain begins in 1607 when the Puritans – part of the first colonists – were fleeing from persecution. Protestants also left France and Holland for the New World, hoping to find a safe place to live and preach their views. Peasants, poor people seeking a better life, and criminals fit for hard work also left for the New World. In 1607, the first permanent English settlement was founded on the territory of future Virginia. The first few years were extremely difficult for the colonists, and many died of hunger. However, in 1612, it was possible to grow “Virginia tobacco,” which improved the situation for the better. The settlement in the city of New Plymouth was founded by the second, and it laid the foundation for the colonies of New England. The colonists ‘ society consisted of various groups of the population: ordinary farmers, entrepreneurs, hired workers, landowners, and slaves. There was a desperate shortage of labor, so it was imported to North America. Slavery in North America began in 1619 when the first cargo of slaves arrived in Jamestown on a Dutch ship. However, initially, there were few slaves in North America, and their status was not fully defined. Before the appearance of black slaves, there were white slaves – obligated servants. Traveling across the ocean was difficult, so many slaves died from hunger, disease, or shipwrecks. When the ships arrived on the American mainland, there might not be any buyers in the harbor, so white slaves, chained to each other, went to villages and cities searching for buyers. Moreover, the situation of white slaves was often no better than that of black ones. The owner possessed them temporarily and therefore was utterly uninterested in preserving their lives when the contract expired. People were subjected to the most severe punishments for trying to escape, up to the death penalty. Thus, the skin color did not particularly affect the position of a person if he was a slave. Initially, slaves received freedom as a reward for good work, exemplary behavior, and conversion to Christianity. However, in the southern colonies, significant local land ownership was formed, which focused on producing raw materials and food, so the situation of the blacks changed considerably. Turning them into hereditary slaves began, which was also dictated by an acute shortage of labor. For the most part, slaves were used on large tobacco and rice plantations, where their work was more productive. Each colony had its legislation concerning slaves, which established specific rules for them. Thus
This research paper is holistic and covers the researched topic in great detail. The authors conducted an extensive literature review as evidenced by the references. The research methodology used was appropriate. The results are conclusive and suitable inferences can be drawn from them. The research was conducted by Tiffany Slotsve, Alex del Carman, (lectures at Texas University), Mary Sarver &Rita Watkins (lectures at Sam Houston state university).The principle aim of conducting this research was to scrutinize people’s self reported exposure and perception to television violence and their perceived behavior. The title of the article reflects the subject matter. The author stipulates that it is a retrospective study. This is a type of longitudinal analysis that looks backwards asking subjects to recall events that happened earlier in their lives. The authors effectively researches on this subject. An alternative title would be; television violence, its harmful effect on children. The writer of the article tries to explain the effect of television violence on children. The writers relate the relationship between television violence and behaviors. The literature is thorough and offers an extensive background effect of television violence on children. The writers demonstrate that viewing aggressive videos, films, rock music and even internet affect the behavior of children. This research will help recognize how common and harmful television violence can be among adolescents. The research also enlightens the reader on how television violence influences some individuals to act in a certain way. A sample size of 130 students was used. This was considered 95% accurate in providing a relationship between exposure to television and perceived behavior. This sample was sufficient enough to ensure a 0∙005 level of confidence. In this study, non-probability method was used. This was due to constriction on time and resources. Power sampling was used to determine the sample size required. A survey was carried out to measure students’ perception on television aggression and their perceived behavior. The students were asked to answer questions relating to their past when they were young (ages 5 to 15 years), question relating to the present time and on demographical information. The survey instrument consisted of 39 questions within three sections -nominal, ordinal and interval data. Ethical considerations are not mentioned. The researchers do not state whether they sort consent from either the head of the school, the parents or even the students. The researchers conclude that there is a relationship between viewing aggression on television and perceived behavior .Behavior is defined as either positive (not meant to be harmful to others such as extreme sports) or negative aggression (behavior that harms others such as hurting animals and crime). This suggest that a person exposed to aggressive television as a ch
Definitions and the Essential Background Information When choosing an educational environment for their children, most people prefer public schools, typically because the subjects on the curriculum are diverse and of charge (Wu, Tu, Le, & Reynolds, 2012). However, in case a learner has a natural propensity toward a specific subject suggests that a magnet school should be considered as an option. A magnet school is typically defined as a public school with a heavy emphasis on a specific area or discipline (Spiers, 2016). As a result, a learner acquires the skills that will, later on, serve as the foundation for developing professionalism in the chosen area. Despite the fact that studying in the magnet school under analysis implies a rather heavy emphasis on research, it is desirable to make sure that the learners could have an opportunity to enjoy a more balanced program. Furthermore, given the fact that a lot of learners come from an EFL background, it is desirable to shape the curriculum so that the process of acquiring the necessary English language skills could occur at a faster rate. School Population and Neighborhood Environment: Description The school is located in a fairly diverse neighborhood. As stressed above, a range of students (approximately 48%) are ESL (79% Asian, 24% Hispanic, 7% other), and 26% are Black, which means that the program must be adjusted to their language- and culture-specific needs. The male and female learners make 67% and 43% correspondingly. In other words, the emphasis must be placed on not only teaching the target subject to them in a universal manner but also encourage active language studies among them. Furthermore, the fact that the neighborhood is represented by a very close community must be addressed. Because of the consistent communication process between the members of the neighborhood, one may consider encouraging parents to participate in their children’s academic progress. By inviting parents to assist their children in learning, one will be able to create the environment in which students will be eager to acquire new knowledge and skills since they will have a strong support system. The academic levels of the students are rather high. The learners are able to read and write in English and are aware of the basic mathematical operations (i.e., addition, subtraction, division, and multiplication). Furthermore, despite minor cultural issues and the fear of failing to fit in, the learners are generally positive about the future academic experience. Nevertheless, it should be borne in mind that some of the students may face language issues when carrying out the tasks associated with the active use of vocabulary and an in-depth understanding of the language. Therefore, i
Introduction Counterinsurgency entails a set of approaches and practices proposed to minimize insurgency. It is noteworthy that insurgency entails a robust set of approaches and applications planned to demolish or change an existing authority organization. Contextually, counterinsurgency’s main concern is how to develop a prearranged authority structure. Deviation in existing organizational structures over time creates differences in both the selection and usefulness of counterinsurgency approaches. The creation of a useful counterinsurgent strategy is crucial for the practitioners involved in the counterinsurgency actions. This paper discusses the steps, which are necessary for the creation of an effective counterinsurgent strategy. Rational of a Useful Counterinsurgent Strategy Presently, insurgent groups have diffused and developed into competing organizations. This has changed their approach to undertaking their insurgency activities. Therefore, the planning for counterinsurgency strategies should recognize the changing insurgent environment and behavior. The counterinsurgency strategy should adapt to the alterations in the insurgent community it seeks to counteract. The strategy must also recognize the ideal that counterinsurgent practices are fundamentally political and not essentially military in nature (US Government Interagency Counterinsurgency Initiative, 2009). The created strategies aim to protect the country’s residents against insurgent aggression, reinforce relevant government departments, and marginalize the rebels politically, collectively, and economically. Steps for Creating a Useful Counterinsurgent Strategy Firstly, the team implementing a counterinsurgency strategy should put in place adequate equipped military officers to devastate and eject the organization of prepared insurgents. This is a crucial step in creating a useful counterinsurgency strategy and it builds from understanding the insurgent group’s environment and behavior (Galula & Nagl, 2006). Ensuring the successful implementation of this important step determines the subsequent counterinsurgency practices. Secondly, a useful counterinsurgency approach entails adding adequate military officers to the area where an insurgent group has successfully retreated to counter the insurgents from making a comeback. This is a critical counterinsurgency strategy because the additional force can further destroy the insurgent group whenever they attempt to make a comeback with reinforcement (Galula & Nagl, 2006). The strategy also works through placing the armed military men into the regions occupied by local residents such as in the villages and towns. Furthermore, the installed troops can conduct pacification within these villages or towns to expel insurgent elements from their hiding (Marston & Malkasian, 2010). Thirdly, the counterinsurgent team should create contact with the residents of the area and manage their movement in order to eliminate their chances of associating with insurgents. The fourth counterinsurge
Structured Query Language (SQL) is the standard language used for communicating with databases. This language allows performing the tasks of retrieving specific data from a database or updating it. The tutorial under consideration not only provides instructions for the basic SQL commands but also outlines the possible ways for their practical implementation while working with the SQL Interpreter. The tutorial starts with exploring the structure of a relational database and the tables contained in them. A sample table is provided for demonstrating the attributes which can be included in the rows and columns. The following sections are devoted to the main statements used in SQL for retrieving and updating the data. The first of the discussed statements is the select statement used to form a query and retrieve specific data matching the defined criteria. The tutorial provides an example of a simple select statement and outlines the most effective ways of selecting the keywords which would allow retrieving the desirable data. Thus, the keyword from is used to identify the table from which the data will be retrieved, while an optional keyword where specifies the criteria which will be used for selecting the data. The sign “*” means retrieving data from all columns. The following discussed item is the create a statement which is used for creating a new object, such as a table, for example. The insert statement is used for adding new rows of data into the tables. The keyword inserted into will help specify the name of a specific table to which data should be added. The update statement is used for changing the data which matches the chosen criteria. Careful construction of the where clause in this statement is essential to specify the criteria for selecting the records which need to be changed. The delete statement allows deleting certain records or even the whole rows from the tables. The criteria for selecting the data which is to be deleted are defined in the delete from clause. It should be noted that if the where clause is left spare, all the records would be deleted. It means that careful construction of the where clause is essential to the successful performance of the delete command. The drop a table statement allows deleting an entire table. It is important to distinguish between the delete and drop a table commands. The first of them means deleting only all the records from the table but leaving the table itself and the corresponding attributes. The latter command in its turn allows removing not only all the records but also the table definition and all its rows with their constraints. It is valuable that the tutorial contains samples of various types for each of the statement and statement exercises with answers to them which would allow using the acquired materials in practice for developing the corresponding skills. The SQL Course 2 guideline puts a special emphasis upon the advanced features of the select command which were not covered in the first part of the course. Signif
Introduction For this work, the most appropriate date is May because it surrounds the ending of the hedge. For this question, the portfolio is already structured at the time identified as the matter dictates. Consequently, the position of the equity would be 24×1000= 29000 because the date of birth in use is 29/02/1992. Nonetheless, the value of the value of my position is worked out by multiplying the equity position which is 29000 by FTSE 100 index 6104.19 thereby resulting to 24000*6104.19= 168236220.79 Explain the advantages and disadvantages of using options to hedge this scenario compared to using futures only. Risk and its management is part of any activity involving economy mostly when dealing with bigger financial institutions. Nonetheless, there are several ways of reducing in these systems including Hedging. Hedging has both advantages and disadvantages in comparison to using future regarding this scenario. To quote, other means are very expensive in gaining access to underlying investment without purchasing stocks, through this; writer enjoys an advantage because there is no need to make a delivery at the expiry of the option (Cooper & Kaplanis 1994, p. 45). Using hedge, there is a higher ability to reduce loss during the shell offs. For example, in the month used in the portfolio, there is a very minimal loss of funds as opposed to when they other methods. This is imperative for the improvement of portfolio risk profile, therefore, making hedge the most successful means of risk reduction. Consequently, this method is the best way of capital preservation for this scenario. Traditionally, managers tend to view risks in terms of performance deviation (Engel & Matsumoto 2009, p. 47). Further, the system of hedging makes the terms of exchange standard and all the stakeholders involved benefit from the standardization. In regards to this case study, the method of hedging is beneficial because it limits losses. However, it brings advantage because investors are at liberty to chose the side of
Introduction Volcanic eruption is one of the natural phenomena that pose a lot of threats to the public. However, the eruption may at times be beneficial to the country and community living around as it may attract tourists. For many years, there have been numerous fatalities resulting from volcanic eruptions. Those who escape the death, have suffered other ailments due to being exposed to volcanic ash and other toxic gases that accompany volcanic eruptions. With the world having the capacity to predict and determine the volcanic activity of most mountains, there have always been early warnings to people and the government for a potential volcanic eruption. This is vital to help society, as well as the government, prepare for ways to evacuate people from the area before the actual eruption takes place. However, despite there being early warnings of volcanic eruptions, the community living in these areas has not taken the dangers of the eruption seriously. The authorities in these areas have also been found to be reluctant in addressing the matter. This is concerning the structure and location of buildings, government and society response to crisis after eruptions, and others. Location of buildings The dangers of volcanic eruptions call for people to locate their buildings away from mountains that are identified as volcanic active. The fact that it is difficult to predict the exact date and time that the mountain is likely to explode, underlines the need for people to situate their buildings away from the mountain to avoid being trapped. This has not been the case in most countries where there are mountains identified as volcanic active. People have gone to an extent of building living houses at the foot of these mountains. This has predisposed them to the dangers of being trapped in case of volcanic eruptions. Despite the scientists warning of signs of volcanic activ
The cause of antisocial personality disorder is almost unknown; however most evidence over the years has pointed at inherited traits. As noted from the cases in the book “Bad Men do What Good Men Dream”, most of the antisocial characteristics stem from dysfunctional families (Simon, 1996). None of the victims seemed to have a well and working relationship with the wife, children, or parents. Thus conflict is almost inevitable. The environment is another probable factor that leads to development of antisocial behavior. Parents of delinquent children in most cases indicate high levels of anti-social behavior. Most parents of the delinquents are either alcoholic or criminals. The case draws especially from Jack Walker whose father was a drunkard and at one time the young boy contemplated killing the father. Further, most of the homes are characterized by divorce, separation or the absence of a parent. Such children are further described as being cruel to animals in their teenage years and most of them will choose play mates who are similar to them in behaviors. Most aggressive children are likely to experience some rejection and such rejection creates a feeling of rejection, and thus most of the times live as outcasts (Simon, 1996). Child abuse is also linked to antisocial behavior. Most ASP children are likely to have been molested as children. In many cases the process of abuse is somehow inculcated in the child and becomes part of growing up. Further, erratic and inappropriate discipline amongst young children has been linked to anti-social behavior. Parents need to constantly check their children and steer them away from trouble while making sure that they obey the instructions given. Girls exhibit lower levels of anti-social behavior in relation to boys (Simon, 1996). The deviant girls have fewer friends in comparison to boys and tend to stick in groups. Boys who are branded as being antisocial have displayed the same traits since childhood and have taken the behavior from their peers. The Killer Gene Serial killers are totally different from other murderers. They are mostly differentiated by the motive to kill (Simon, 1996). In many cases, homicides are only committed as a result of family disputes that range from family affairs to gang violence, lover disputes or financial constraints. A psycho killer is however not a normal murderer as most of them are driven by a specific thing about their victims. Rather most of their victims display a similar characteristic. Additionally, due to sexual desires and the urge to satisfy some internal force, they end up killing not for money but for the fun of it. The possibility of a killer gene is however ruled out. As aforementioned, most serial killers were nurtured to be so and one murder experience leads to committing of another similar or a more grievous crime (Simon, 1996). Jeffrey’s father claims that some medication the mother took while pre
State Scanlon’s view of why one should act rightly, and contrast it with the utilitarian view, using an example. Scanlon, in his book, offers an alternative utilitarian view, the philosophical utilitarianism, which states that the “fundamental moral facts” are only those that relate to a person’s well-being. The philosophical utilitarianism view explains why morality is everybody’s concern and elucidates the “nature of the reasons” behind any moral act. A person behaves rightly because of the ‘well-being facts,’ which are integral to morality. For instance, person X would only care about the moral facts (related to acting A), which have an effect on his well-being. The desire to preserve his well-being motivates him to act rightly. Philosophical utilitarianism is different from the utilitarian view because it focuses on the reasons that morality gives. It is also concerned with the natural facts (acts that affect individual well-being); these are different from the normative ones promoted by utilitarianism. Contrast Singer’s “strong” and “weak” principles. Present an objection to Singe