ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Abstract Peer-to-peer (P2P) computing entails computer platforms that rely on various dispersed computer components to operate in decentralized ways. It simply means the sharing of computer platforms and data. Organizations have pervasively deployed computers across their different business units. Consequently, P2P computing has gained significant attention in research, product development and usages in organizations. Many organizations have preferred P2P models because of their benefits such as enhancing scalability, reducing dependency on a centralized system, reducing costs through direct communication among systems and improving resource aggregation and functionality. This paper presents concepts of P2P systems and functions. It highlights the fundamental concepts and critical aspects of the model. In addition, the paper provides a general approach to models used in P2P. It will help readers understand the possible advantages of deploying P2P computing in organizations. Moreover, people unfamiliar with P2P concepts will get a general overview of this research. Introduction Milojicic et al. defined peer-to-peer computing as “a class of systems and applications that employ distributed resources to perform a function in a decentralized manner” (p. 1). The fundamental aspect of peer-to-peer (P2P) computing is the sharing of computer resources through exchange platforms. Users can use computers to distribute critical roles such as content sharing, platforms, data and communication platforms among others (Li 45). The P2P model relies on decentralization of algorithms and data, but some core functions, systems, and platforms can be controlled from a central location. The normal P2P systems have been based on the Internet or ad-hoc networks (Milojicic et al. 2). Capabilities of P2P Computing Many users have preferred P2P computing because of the following reasons. First, P2P computing enhances valuable externalities by combining different resources through low-cost systems to deliver high performance. That is, the outcomes perform better than single components. Second, P2P computing results into low-cost of ownership. The model promotes cost sharing by using the available infrastructures. In addition, costs associated with maintenance are significantly reduced or distributed. Third, P2P computing can enhance anonymity in an organization and give users more control over their data and system applications. Fourth, the use of P2P computing results in syst
Executive summary Proteins have been revealed to be very crucial components of the cell structure; in which they account for various cell metabolic processes. Among the various chemicals of life, proteins play a very significant role in ensuring the well being of the body through fostering proper cell metabolism. In the determination of the concentration of proteins in different body tissues, we carried out various laboratory experiments; in which various body tissues were tested for protein content. After testing for protein contents in various body tissues using the Biuret Test, variations in the protein concentration in these tissues was observed. We found out that, the concentration of proteins in the body cells was greatly influenced by the type of metabolic activity taking place in such body parts (tissues) and their consequent implications to the general body performance (Bruce, Bray & Hopkin, 1999). For instance, we found out in animals that, proteins occurred in high concentrations in the blood, the reproductive cells and the epidermal tissues. We also found that, plant proteins were found to be in higher concentration in seeds than in the epidermal tissues and support tissues. Perhaps, the aim of the experiment was to help to form a basis for various scientific phenomena believed to be controlled by proteins in the body. Generally, the protein concentration in various body parts was determined by the type metabolic process taking place in such body tissues and the ultimate function of such body tissues (Williams, (2004). Introduction Various researches have revealed that, different cellular activities in the body are controlled by different chemicals of life in accordance to the various needs of body tissues. On this basis therefore, proteins in the body are usually found in different concentrations in various body tissues; in which they control a range of metabolic activities taking place in such tissues. For instance, a metabolic activity like oxygen supply in the body tissues by the blood requires a lot haemoglobin which a protein in nature. In this respect therefore, proteins would be of higher concentration in blood than in other body tissues which do not require proteins in their natural functioning (Taylor, 2005). In the experiment that we performed, proteins concentrations in the different body tissues varied from one tissue to another. The experiment was conducted using both plant and animal tissues in which; all the tissues were tested for proteins to determine the level of protein concentration in the different tissues (Rupp, 1999). Methodology The test for the proteins was performed using Biuret Test where different tissues from both plants and animals were tested for protein content. First we collected human blood tissue, the egg albumen, cooked bean seeds, cow meat from somatic organ, and epidermal tissues from plants. Afterwards, we put few drops of water in each test tube followed by 4 drops of 3 M Noah to each one. We finally added 2 drops of 1% CuSO4 and observed the results after shaking each test tube well (Kyte, 1995). Results and Discussion It was observed that, the suspension in the
Introduction “Unaccustomed Earth” is a book that is brought about by a collection of eight short stories which evolves around the apparent of immigration of Bengali to America. The stories tend to explore the delicate issues of cultural diversity and cultural assimilation of the characters in the stories which she shares up to the present (Chotiner, 2008). The eight short stories featured in the book are “Unaccustomed Earth”, “Hell – Heaven”, “A Choice of Accommodations”, “Only Goodness”, “Nobody’s Business”, and finally, the trilogy featuring the life of Hema and Kaushik (the titles underlying the trilogy attributed to the two characters are Once in a Lifetime , Year’s End , Going Ashore ) (Sawhney, 2008). Jhumpa Lahiri, the author of the book, is a Bengali who was born in London by parents who emigrated from India. She spent her early years in Rhode Island, USA. She attended Barnard College, and thereafter studied at Boston University to achieve three Master’s Degrees ( English , Creative Writing , and Comparative Studies in Literature and the Arts ) and a Doctor’s Degree in Renaissance Studies . Currently at 40 years old, she married in 2001 and now lives in Brooklyn with her husband and their two children (Chotiner, 2008). Lahiri is also the writer of two other famous crafts, the “Interpreter of Maladies” (which had her earn a Pulitzer Prize in the year of 2000) and “The Namesake” (which was made into a film by Mira Nair, an Indian film director-producer). These pieces also attempted to explore deeper the issues of cultural diversity and immigration. As a writer, she looks up to Chekhov, Hardy, William Trevor, and Alice Munro (Kachka, 2008). Discussion The characters In first story of the collection, the characters of “Unaccustomed Earth” are Ruma, a Bengali-American lawyer who was just starting to follow the path of live her mother had lived; Ruma’s father, who is in his old age with a dilemma of living alone or living along with his daughter whom he feels he might have conflicts with; Ruma’s husband, who was described to be workaholic; and Ruma’s son, the boy whom his father is starting to build a good relationship with (Schillinger, 2008). In the second story “Hell – Heaven”, the characters are Usha, the narrator of the short story who was retelling the heartaches and heartbreaks of her mother; Usha’s mother, who lived a life bearing an unrequited love by the man she pursues; Pranab Kaku, the young man who is an uncle to Usha and a brother-in-law to Usha’s mother, whom her mother falls in love with; and Deborah, whom Pranab Kaku married and, eventually, divorced (Lahiri, 2008). In “A Choice of Accommodations”, the characters are Amit, the man who has been married for eight years to Megan (Fugard, 2008). In “Only Goodness”, the characters are Sudha, the sister
The Lanning versus Southeastern Pennsylvania Transport Authority (SEPTA) class action has been adopted by many scholars interested in discussing employment discrimination law and laws related to employment testing practices (Gutman, 2012). In this particular case, five women filed for a class action in the district court citing discrimination in the physical fitness test that all job applicants were required to complete prior to becoming eligible for employment as police officers in the transport authority (Sleiman, 2004). The present paper not only discusses important issues arising from the case, but also addresses the evidence of discriminatory effects by illuminating the distinction between job-relatedness and business necessity. The most important issues in the case entail investigating the legalities of SEPTA’s physical fitness test, as well as discussing the distinction between job-relatedness and business necessity. The five women (plaintiffs) argued in the district court that they had satisfied all administrative requirements for positions as transit police officers; however, they felt the physical entrance test requiring them to run for 1.5 miles in 12 minutes or less had a disproportionately adverse effect on them going by the high failure rates compared to male job applicants (Sleiman, 2004). The women appear to have had a strong case based on the fact the Fourteenth Amendment of the United States Constitution requires that all individuals be given equal opportunities regardless of their group membership, not mentioning that Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 prohibits both disparate treatment (occurs when an employer intentionally discriminates against an individual based on race, color, religion, sex or national origin) and disparate impact (occurs when an employment practice or procedure is consistently applied to all employees, but results in the exclusion of a disproportionate number of people from protected groups) (Industrial/Organizational Solutions, Inc, 2010). Drawing from the above description, it can be argued that the legality of SEPTA’s physical fitness test is grounded on several factors, namely (1) the plaintiffs were not intentionally treated differently from other potential candidates, as the fitness test was applied across board to enhance the level of fitness, physical vigor, and general productivity of the authority’s police force, (2) the disparate impact produced by the physical fitness test was job-related and consistent with business necessity in that police officers require a higher level of aerobic capacity to be able to successfully perform the required duties, and (3) the fitness test run assessed the minimum qualifications necessary in terms of aerobic capability to successfully perform the duties of a SEPTA transit officer, as multiple studies had indicated a strong correlation between individuals who failed physical fitness tests and their incapacity to successfully execute critical policing tasks (Gutman, 2012; Sleiman, 2004). At a personal level, the use of employment screening examinations should be permi
Elements of Communication Cross-cultural interaction and gospel communication require some changes in a leader’s verbal and non-verbal actions. By choosing proper strategies that are relevant to a particular person, it is possible to receive his or her attention to translate the messages more effectively. In the case of James K., it is important to select a proper tone, topics, and body position during the conversation. Considering that the target person is of Chinese origin, who largely follows the traditional values, it is better to have some distance as too close a body position may be uncomfortable for him. At the same time, for the first dialogues with James, it is not appropriate to touch his shoulders or shake hands as it can be viewed as the entry into personal space. While Americans prefer keeping eye contact with others, it is not necessary for the Chinese. A lack of eye contact in the process of communication does not mean that they are not interested. Speaking of verbal communication regarding James’ cultural values and orientation, the choice of words should be noted. One may suggest that it is not appropriate to begin the communication of the gospel with jokes and laughter. Since he identifies as an atheist, it seems that he has some grounds for such an opinion. Instead, the communicator can start from personal stories related to religion and God. However, the words should not be aggressive, oppressive, or critical as they can spurn the young man. Therefore, the tone of the interaction should not be too enthusiastic, and the speech volume should not be too loud. In another word, the words are to be common and comfortable for the chosen young man. The delivery of information should be organized according to the key points in middle-sized sentences and mixed with stories of other people as supportive arguments. More pauses can be made to allow James to better understand the messages and ask questions, if necessary. These verbal communication patterns were observed in the speech of James when he was interviewed for the first part of the project. Therefore, it seems to be beneficial to adopt some of them for effective gospel communication. It should also be stressed that colloquial words should not be used as they can lead to misconceptions. For people for whom English is the second language, it can be difficult to understand all the points. The gospel communicator should be aware of the fact that the Chinese are likely to be direct in their interaction with others. It is important to be ready to receive many questions and direct comments. Strategy for Communication The preparations for the gospel communication for James should take into account his cultural orientation, communication patterns, and cultural systems. First of all, one
Introduction Education is an integral part in the life of every person. It is a daily and constant process that we have in everything that we do. It helps form the person that we are and helps shaping the way we think act and react. So what then is education and what makes it an important part of a man’s life? What are the parameters that a person must have to be considered as educated? What is the role of education for a man to be considered as more worthy human beings? Discussion Education has been defined as the process of educating or of being educated (www.m-w.com). It also encompasses both teaching and learning basic knowledge, the proper behavior or conduct and behavior and including some competencies. Thus the process would focus on the cultivation of skills, trades or professions and would include the development of the mental, aesthetic and moral aspect. Education however can be divided into two aspects. One is the formal education which would include a systematic way of instruction, learning and teaching. Say for example, medical student is trained, taught and supervised by professional doctors and elementary students learn their lessons in a systematic way following a course outline which is different from grade to grade. Formal instruction also has specific instructors. Say for example an elementary teacher cannot teach college because these teachers have different field of specialization. Another aspect of education is that it can be informal. This type of education would not involve a formal instruction or a course outline to be followed. Informal education may include visits to the museum where people can learn about history with no formal instruction or visits to libraries where people can read and gain knowledge through reading books. Another example would be a teenager learning how to do the household chores through her mother. Those experiences where a person learned something out of practicing one’s profession are also included just like a teacher learning how to handle kids which was not a major subject when she studied to become a teacher. This is basically what education is. Not limited to the formality for as long as you have learned something out of your experiences. How then do we define an educated person? As education’s definition is of two aspects then we can classify educated persons in two aspects as well. In the formal aspect of education we can consider a person to be educated when he has gone into formal schooling wherein a person gained knowledge through formal tr
Topic Description Child abuse is one of the most serious social issues that have to be solved on a regular basis due to the presence of numerous long-term and short-term effects. Children cannot even understand a true essence of parental neglect and the cases of abuse, this why this concept is discussed on a variety of levels. People have to know that child abuse does take place in a society: from 3.3 million to 10 million children suffer from domestic violence at home (Moylan, Herrenkohl, Sousa, Tajima, Herrenkohl, & Russo, 2010). It is officially reported data; however, it is hard to imagine how many children may be actually classified as maltreated by their parents or other caregivers (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2014). The recognition of child abuse signs is a very important step as it is wrong to believe that child maltreatment takes place because of the presence of a single sing or poor understanding of child behavior. Iwaniec (2006) states that emotional abuse of a child is now more prevalent than realized, and it has a more damaging impact in comparison to the one made in a result of physical or sexual types of abuse. Problem Description Unfortunately, the effect of child abuse cannot end as soon as the case of abuse stops. As a rule, a number of long-term and short-term effects may be observed in a human life for a long period (Sousa, Herrenkohl, Moylan, Tajima, Klika, Herrenkohl, & Russo, 2011). Different researchers identify various effects of childhood trauma and prove their urgency. For example, Degun-Mather (2006) underlines dissociation and repression as the two main traumatic experiences that have to be analyzed; and Gloud, Clarke, Heim, Harvey, Majer, and Nemeroff (2012) say about the role of emotional changes and stresses. In fact, the effects of child abuse may vary considerably: anxiety, alcoholism, language or brain development, risks for heart or even cancer, etc. Parents as well as other caregivers should properly understand their role in the educational process of a child and realize that their impact remains to be crucial for the development of a future society. Child abuse is a legal issue as well, this is why when an adult commits a case of child abuse, he/she should learn all responsibilities and possible effects. Justification of the Problem Choice Child Welfare Information Gateway (2013) presents interesting facts that child abuse and neglect effects have to be analyzed considering such factors like child’s age, maltreatment type, frequency of abuse, type of relations between a child a
Classroom Description and Observation Focus The observed self-contained class consists of 9 students, 6 boys and 3 girls, mixed with grades kindergarten through the second grade. All the students are taught based on the IEP (Individualized Educational Program). The ground for the IEP is learning disability (nonverbal learning disorder). Two students, a boy and a girl, also have hearing disability (hearing impairment). The learning process is conducted by one special ed (certified) teacher, and one instructional assistant. The hearing device (telex) is used by students with the hearing disability. The object of my observation was the learning process, the interpersonal relations and communication within the classroom, and the daily routines. The aim of my observation was to analyze what challenges the students’ special needs create for their learning, and how the learning process is adapted to them. How is space arranged in this classroom? The classroom is large, and students have enough space to move comfortably. There is a special space where the children can have rest and play between the lessons. The students sit at the large group table situated close to the whiteboard. The students who have hearing impairments sit closer to a speaker’s place. During the lesson, the teacher works near the whiteboard and sometimes joins the students. The instructional assistant sits together with the students with the hearing disability. How is space arranged in the yard? The school has a well-equipped play yard where children spend time after lunch. The students are allowed attending the yard with their Instructional Assistant only. Is the classroom safe and healthy? The classroom seems to be safe. It is a bit dark due to its location, but the light is turned on when necessary. The furniture is well-arrange and gives the students an opportunity to actively move in the classroom. Students have their own bathrooms located inside their classroom. What kind of materials are available to the children to encourage learning? The classroom is equipped with a whiteboard and a projector. The teacher actively uses the classroom space to encourage the students’ interest in learning and creative work. The walls are covered with the thematic boards where students are expected to share information and demonstrate their works. There are the Social Studies board and the Science board. The students are weekly assigned to prepare interesting information relevant to the lesson topics: a table or a scheme, a drawing etc. There is a wordwall and a set of educational games in the classroom. What kinds of classroom routines do you notice? The classroom routine is not noticeable. Between the lessons, a class leader assigned weekly is expected to observe the order in the classroom and the students’ discipline. The boy who had the responsibility of a class leader during my observation was not able to cope with his task. During the lessons, the discipline is quite difficult to maintain. Due to the students’ learning disorder, the teacher is often interrupted by the children who do not stay focused or are just annoyed by their inability