ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction The modern globalized society provides numerous opportunities for travelers and tourists to visit other countries and gain new experiences. The rapid development of new means of transport and the reduction in prices for travel stipulated the appearance of a new beneficial environment for the development of the international hospitality and tourism sector. Thus, during the last 25 years, the average number of international tourist arrivals have increased about one percent faster than the global GDP (Abudi, 2017). Additionally, in rapidly developing regions the number of tourists has continuously risen from 31% to 45% (“Annual Report”, 2016). All these factors evidence the enhanced attractiveness of this sector for investors and global corporations that have their hotel chains or some other tourist services in different regions of the world. However, this also means the emergence of multiple challenges like the high level of rivalry, international terrorism, financial crises, etc. that should be faced to remain successful and preserve leading positions in the sector (Abudi, 2017). It could be a complex process as the organizational development and change demand specific resources and approaches. For this reason, the paper is devoted to the comprehensive investigation of the ways problematic issues could be solved with the help of efficient change management and using Holiday Inn hotels as the background for the research. Background The choice of the company is not accidental and is preconditioned by the organizations stable position in the international market. It was founded by Kemmons Wilson in 1952 as an attempt to create a hotel with a high quality of suggested services and consistent road accommodation during different road trips (“Annual Report,” 2016). Later on, some new hotels were opened and gave rise to one of the most recognizable trademarks. At the very first stages of its development, the company was focused on the provision of cheap and appropriate rooms for clients who traveled or had to stay in a particular city for several days (“Annual Report,” 2016). In other words, Holiday Inn has always been concerned about tourism and significantly benefited from this sector. In the course of the development, the corporation experienced some significant reorganizations and became the part of InterContinental Hotels Group. Finally, in 2007 it had announced a radical relaunch of the brand with the central aim to enhance the quality of
Cancer is a term that characterizes the abnormal cell division in tissues. Cells are the building blocks of living things. However, the invasion of cell tissues that cause abnormal growth and division is called cancer. Cancer is a combination of diseases that affect human cells. The most significant description of cancer is its origin. As a result, the origin of cancer defines its classification. Cancer based on origin includes colon, lungs, pelvis, prostate, breast, skin, and lymphoma. The severity of cancer depends on the movement of the cancerous cells in the body and the division and growth or cancerous cells. Cancer can be broadly divided into carcinoma, sarcoma, leukemia, lymphoma or myeloma, and central nervous systems (Crosier, 2005). Carcinoma cancer starts in the skin and internal layers. Sarcoma cancer starts in the blood vessels, bone marrows and other body tissues. Leukemia grows in the bone marrow and other supportive cells. Cancer of the central nervous system affects the brain tissues. Cancer growth begins with cell division. As a result, cancerous growth occurs in stages. Clinicians revealed that cancer mutations occur in four stages. However, the uncontrolled growth of cancerous cells causes complication and death. Statistics in the United States revealed that 585,730 deaths occurred in 2014 while 1,665780 new cases of cancer have been established. Cancer diagnosis includes bladder, kidney, lung, prostate, thyroid, breast, leukemia, pancreatic, melanoma, and endometrial cancer (Marmot, 2006). Hider, P., & Nicholas, P. (1999). The early detection and diagnosis of breast cancer: A literature review. Public Health and General Practice, 2 (2), 1-164. The authors analyzed literatures on diagnosis and detection of cancer. The research objective will assist health care professionals in identifying and preventing the severity of cancerous growth. Consequently, the author selected literatures that cover cancer, growth, and development from five health databases. The inclusion criteria used for the study include journal of English origin, journals between January 1996 and October 1998. The authors analyzed the selected literatures in accordance with New Zealand guidelines. As a result, 232 studies were selected using the inclusion and exclusion criteria (Hider, & Nicholas, 1998). The research findings revealed that early detection of cancer growth as the best preventive health intervention. Consequently, the authors revealed that the findings were consistent with Macleod report. The sections addressed in the study include symptoms of breast cancer, risk factors, diagnostic test, and breast cancer screening. Cancer Australia: Bisphosphonates in early breast cancer: A systematic literature review . (2011). Web. The author analyzed the influence of bisphosphonates o
The government’s lack of ability to balance its budget is fiscal stress. It creates a state of disparity in provisions of government services and the inability to cater for such services. According to Mouritzen, fiscal stress creates a situation in which to “balance the budget, a government must increase taxes, reduce real expenditures or engage in some combination of the two” (Mouritzen, 1992). Schick noted that the government also experiences scarcity of resources in its budgeting (Schick, 1980). This is because the public needs several services, but their willingness to pay for such services are low. Consequently, fiscal stress is always present in budgets of governments. However, it is the fluctuation of such resources in government’s budgets that differs among governments. Levine noted that states and local governments should be in charge of balancing their budgets on an annual term. According to Levine, responsibilities of balancing budgets at the local levels make symptoms of fiscal stress identifiable at local government levels than at the federal government level (Levine, 1980). The state government and local authorities may use different services they provide to the public to measure the level of fiscal stress. They look at the imbalances that occur when providing services and receiving funds for such services. In addition, the need to spend and resources available do not match in most cases. For instance, the State of Michigan may experience difficulties in provisions of public facilities to its rising population. A number of studies have emerged to address challenges which result from difficulties in measuring local government fiscal situations (Kloha, Weissert and Kleine, 2005). As a result, studies base fiscal stress indicators on decisions of the local government and underlying economic situations, which cause fiscal crisis (Skidmore and Scorsone, 2009). Causes of Fiscal Stress in the States The state can experience both “short-term (transitory economic shock) and long-term (structural budget imbalance) fiscal stress” (Congressional Budget Office, 2010). These conditions may create a gap between the projected revenues and expenditures. Transitory Economic Shocks When economic situations are weak, the local government reduces its tax revenues and the state government reduces aid. There is an increase in demands for public services and loss of investment opportunities. Lo
Introduction The movie Twilight was released in 2008 causing the most different feedbacks of the viewers. It is a fantastic love story about a family of vampires who lived under disguise in Forks, a small town near Washington. The film begins with Bella Swan moving to this town to live with her father; she meets Edward who she is suspicious about from her first day at school. With time Bella discovers the truth about Edward and he introduces her to his vampire family. Surprisingly, but the fact that Edward and his family are not humans does not scare Bella and young people fall in love with each other. As the plot develops, Bella is kidnapped by James, a tracker vampire; Edward and his relatives save her risking their lives and Edward prevents Bella from becoming a vampire after James’ biting her. Later, during the prom, Bella asks Edward to make her a vampire, which he refuses. The movie ends with James’ lover, Victoria, plotting revenge against the young couple for killing her beloved. Twilight is worth the attention of any viewer due to its skillful direction, brilliant acting, and well-selected music which altogether make this movie unforgettable. Discussion To begin with, the direction of the movie deserves special praise because, unlike some of t
Renaissance Period According to Ames and Mary (1998), Renaissance is described as the period in which there was great change in Europe in which people embraced different arts in life. This period is credited with having given rise to papal patronage, great development in arts like painting, advancement in science, and other life perspectives. It had a great influence in the life of the people in the whole of Europe. It is thought to be a period which had a lot of influence in the life of Middle Ages and which reflected the cultural advance in the life of Europeans. It represented a cultural advance form the middle ages which saw an advance to the classical ages. It represented the period in which there was a break from medieval thoughts and practices and focused on continuity and advancement in human life. Its influence on different spheres of life like literature, arts, politics, religion, sciences and others is still felt even up to date. This period was marked by great desire by the scholars of the time to dig deep into old scholarly articles in a bid to find more knowledge. They searched in all monasteries for ancient Greek texts and Latin texts to try and link the ancient knowledge with the modern life. It is to be understood that most of these scholars devoted their study to the religious view of the world although many of them added their personal interpretation of the ancient thoughts and tried to differ from the Christianity view of life in those days. It was a great attempt by the scholarly word to study, interpret and improve the secularly and worldly view of life. Their desire was to gain more knowledge about the link between the daily life and the religious life. That is why the renaissance period was more linked to the religious life of the people. Renaissance was a movement that started from one place and spread to the rest of Europe rapidly. This movement was spread through interaction between people living in different parts of Europe. To understand the impact of individuals in renaissance, it is good to understand the origin of renaissance, look at how individuals contributed to its development and look at how it spread to other parts. Florence as a birth place of Renaissance This period began in the 14 th century in Italy and rapidly spread to the rest of Europe. It had a great influence in the religious life of the people with the installation of the papal patronage headed at Rome in Italy. According to Cole (1938), it is believed that renaissance was born in Florence in Italy. Various scholars have tried to explain the factors leading to the rise of the renaissance with some arguing about the soci
The concept of capturing images on objects without having to draw them was first introduced to the world by Joseph Nicephore in 1872. This method needed eight hours of exposure for the image to get imprinted. But it was Louis Daguerre who partnered with Nicephore who was credited with having first introduced the concept called photography. The word is derived from Greek, which essentially means writing with light. At that time all images produced were in black and white and eventually all masters of the art came to believe that the only artistic way to record photographic images was in black and white. This paper looks at the introduction and influence of color into the world of photography. Even during the early stages of black and white photography, efforts to reproduce images in color were already underway. But it was not until 1859 that a color image was projected using a system invented by an English Physicist named James Clerk Maxwell. He had inadvertently led the way to the splitting of the primary colors which is still in use today. What Maxwell did was to shoot the same image using three cameras each using a red, blue and green filter. The resulting three pictures were placed over each other and projected which gave a reasonably accurate color image. But actual recording of color images on paper or glass had to wait for some more time. In the meantime experiments around the world had found that just like compounds of silver used in black and white photography would react to light, there were other chemicals that would react when exposed to different colored lights. The main problem faced by the inventors were that since more than one chemical was required to capture all the colors, the negative would have to be done in multiple layers. Helmut Kalmus who was the founder of Technicolor Laboratory at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology first founded a multi layered film that could capture two colors. Kodak introduced a practical positive full color film called Kodachrome in 1935 and a negative color film called Kodacolor in 1941. “In 1935, the first practical full-color film for still photography, a positive transparency film, was developed by Leopold Mannes and Leopold Godowsky and licensed to Kodak.” (History of Color Photography). In the days of black and white photography, its professional users mainly focused on photographing views of other countries, landscapes and portraits. They became experts at using black and white as a medium of expression of color. It was only natural that such professionals did not welcome the arrival of color photography. Even today there are professionals who swear by black and white images and still do not
Introduction Histopathology can be defined as the microscopic assessment of biological tissues for changes or abnormalities that may have resulted from a disease in the cells and tissues. The histopathology process entails first removing a tissue sample from the patient and then processing the sample using specific histological techniques. The stained sample is then carefully placed on microscope slides before being observed using either a light or electron microscope. There are two main methods of sample preparation namely freeze and chemical fixation. The specimen is usually stained so it can easily be examined using a microscope. Histopathology is mainly employed in clinical medicine by pathologists when they study biopsys but it is also useful in other fields including forensic pathology, histology, and in histopalaeopathology. Objective The aim of this experiment is to examine and thereafter represent low and high power illustrations of a normal skin specimen and of skin specimens that have been affected by various forms types of skin cancer. This experiment will also present a detailed comparison of the healthy and unhealthy skin samples. Materials and methods The materials used in the experiment include:   * Healthy skin specimen and specimens of skin with nasal cell carcinoma, malignant melanoma, and Squamous cell carcinoma   * Haematoxyline and Eosin staining dye   * Light microscope (Magnification power of up to 400×)   * Pencil   * A4 papers Method The specimens were all prepared and stained using the haematoxyline and Eosine staining dye before they were examined. The first examination was done using the naked eye, the second using a ×40 magnification light microscope, and the third examination was done using the light microscope after its magnification power was set between ×100 and ×400. Each one of the observations was drawn on the A4 papers using the pencil. Results and discussion Normal human skin Upon examination of the normal skin under low power magnification of the microscope, the following diagram was drawn: Fig 1: A longitudinal section of normal skin that shows all the main layers including epidermis, dermis, basal lamina and hypodermis at a magnification power of ×40. In this diagram, the outermost layer, or epidermis, is shaded darker than the other skin layers. The functions of the epidermis are numerous and these include protecting the internal organs from toxic substances, microorganisms, physical injuries. The strength and therefore effectiveness of the epidermis is
Introduction Archaeology has always been used as a tool to study the past and relate it to the present and the future. The concepts of archaeology have been used to study ancient civilizations and cultures of communities from all over the world. For instance, archaeologists have conducted many studies in Northern America. In Canada, most of these studies have focused on the native Indian tribes that are found within the nation. The Mi’kmaw tribe is one of the most researched native communities in Canada. Archaeologists have laid a lot of emphasis on the traditions of the community and the impacts that they have on the social, political and economic aspects of the community. In his book, ‘First Nations, Identity and Reserve Life,’ Simione Polandri takes a different approach in conducting his research. Previous studies on the Mi’kmaw community only focused on the traditions and culture of the tribe resulting in the monotony and redundancy of this topic. In his book however, Simione takes a different approach. Like the other researchers, he focused on the traditions of the community. However, Simione goes further in his book and talks about the community, spirituality and Catholicism. He discusses the impacts that these factors have on developing the identity of the Mi’kmaw people in Nova Scotia. The main theme of the book therefore is identity construction, interaction and dynamics. Critical Review The main purpose of research is to bring about a new understanding of a given phenomenon. This is usually achieved when researches interpret their findings and come up with concrete information and theories that explain or support a given phenomenon. On these grounds therefore, it is essential to point out that a lot of research has been carried out on native tribes all around the globe. These studies have focused on almost every aspect of their subject communities. However, tradition is the main topic of study that most archaeologists focus on. Due to this trend, there has been a lot of redundancy on the traditional matters of a given community. Simione’s book took a relatively different direction. First, the book brings about an insight to the lives of the Mi’kmaw people in their reserves. The book, Simione focuses on two reserves; The Millbrook and the Indian Brook reserves. According to the author, the Indian Brook reserve is relatively further away from the town. This makes it hard for the inhabitants of this reserve to access amenities such as proper housing and accommodation, health services, clean water and so on. The fact that this reserve is further away from the town brings about the effect of isolation. This factor has highly encouraged the emergence and growth of social troubles within the reserve. However, the natives seem to have adapted to this way of life and are comfortable with it. The situation at Millbrook however is quite different. The reserve is relatively smaller and is highly equipped with modern amenities and facilities. As the author asserted, the only way one could know that Millbrook is a reserve is by the signpost that is its entrance. The difference between these two reserves
Introduction In the UAE, the legal aspects of the mergers and acquisitions focus on fairness to shareholders, disclosure of relevant information, timely filing of M&A documents with the ministry, enhancing a dominant position and restrictive agreements, and free zones, among others. The main laws that regulate the formation of M&A are the Competition Law of 2012 and the Commercial Companies Law of 1984, which was amended in 1988. The Competition Law requires firms to seek approval from the Ministry of Economy. Competition Law has measures to prevent firms’ actions that may affect competition. Initially, the Commercial Companies Law (CCL) was the main law that guided the formation of M&A. The CCL prohibits foreigners from owning more than 49 percent of shares in firms that operate outside the free zones. The Competition Law, with its restraint on enhancing a dominant position and restrictive agreements, has increased the requirements of forming an M&A. The penalty for violating the Competition Law has been set proportionate to a firm’s revenue. The fine may range from 2 percent to 5 percent of a firm’s recent annual revenue. Other penalties may also be imposed by the courts, which may include closing the business for a few months. The Commercial Companies Law had very few requirements for preventing anti-competitive formations. Other laws that have a minor implication on M&A include the Consumer Protection Law, the Labour Law, and the Market Law. The Consumer Protection Law focuses on firms’ actions that may result in abnormally higher prices. The Labour Law recommends that firms notify their employees of the M&A as a good practice. The Market Law has clauses on the takeover of firms that affect entities operating in the financial free zones. Of these laws, the Competition Law sets higher standards for M&A than the previous laws. The Competition Law Mergers and acquisitions are defined as an economic concentration in the Competition Law (Gillespie, Milligan, and Stevens par. 5). Under the Companies Law, it is recognized as an amalgamation, which can happen in two ways. In an acquisition, the firms being acquired are dissolved, and their assets and liabilities are transferred to another firm. In a merger, the merging firms are dissolved, and a new firm is created, which takes over the assets and liabilities of the dissolved firms (Oufi par. 8). The main objectives of M&A include increasing the market share, expanding the geographic coverage, enlarging the product mix, and increasing the economies of scale (Zaplatinskaia par. 5). All the objectives aim at improving the financial position of the firms under M&A. The Ministry may approve firms with a higher market share of Economy if their due diligence report indicates benefits to the consumer, which matches the ministry’s assessment. Competition Law is one of the laws that have a large impact on M&A. The Competition Law (Federal Law No. 4 of 2012) was published in the official gazette on 23 rd October 2012 (Gillespie, Milligan, and Stevens par. 1). Its implementation started on 23 rd February 2013 (Bowden and Samad par. 1). The law forbids actions that prevent competition, which results in