ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Initially, the companies relied on retail stores that not only proved cumbersome to reach; placing an order through mails or by phone was equally tasking. The brick and mortar system meant that only deliverables that had potentials for compensating the cost of delivery were transported to the clients. Few orders meant the customers had to trace the stores and pick their orders physically. This system only had the advantage of producers of pet products quoting prices that were not susceptible to manipulation by dealers to bargain about and therefore these bids would be posted to clients straight away. Shipping was manually coordinated with little electronic activity only on reporting. The trend was office; both manufacturing and distribution relied on the setting and organization of the office. This is not the case anymore. Transformation on the supply chains started with the introduction of point of sales and supply management programs like the Oracle Transportation management. Initially, on delivering an order, a client would come to confirm if the order could possibly fit on a truck. This proved inaccurate since costs were incurred for sending empty trucks to dispatch orders that proved to add cost to the deliverables. This eyeball check was repealed with the introduction of the automated system. The system reduced costs previously incurred from freight expenses. The transformation needed a systematic approach in which orders through the internet would be translated into quantities that could then be transported at maximum carrying capacity of the trucks and shipments. Before this era, there was no visibility of how orders coming at different times could be amalgamated to fit into trucks and sent simultaneously. The systems enabled shipment of orders as they stop on the way to different delivery destinations. The use of IT not only served to provide a solution to handling of orders, it also integrated the aspect of transport and viable delivery. Technologies that drove the transformation included the bar code and electronic commerce (EC). The electronic data interchange was particularly very instrumental. These are forms of communication that required a great deal of standardization. The retailers are provided with product distribution information which should be given in time. The information is required as complete as possible and should conform to the information standards. This has created responsibility and a wide range of opportunities for the technological implementation. The most used of the supply chain systems are the bar codes, that standard forms and the Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) systems. The latter is discussed into details since it brings the greatest conformity to EC. Through EDI being interfaced into programs like oracle, planners are able to evaluate the orders that need full truck delivery. These ones are dealt with easily since they don’t need any analysis to maximize on delivery costs. For the half truck deliveries, opportunities are sought for cost reduction. This is done through verification of location and order types. Similar order types that qualify to be transported at the same and location qualify for
Psychopathy denotes a form of personality that defines people who exhibit a marked lack of compunction, culpability, and sympathetic concern for others (Briley & Tucker-Drob, 2014). Children who become psychopaths seem to have no psychological distress and are unreceptive of the suffering of other people. Moreover, they are seemingly captivating, manipulative, self-centered, grandiose, have a tendency of being risk-taking and whimsical, and do not make plans. Such children show antisocial conduct and lack of behavioral management. People with psychopathy are exceptional as they express an augmented risk for instrumental (predatory, goal-propelled) and reactive hostility. This proposal will seek to explain whether nurture or nature (or both) contributes to children becoming psychopaths Statement of the Problem The causal factors of psychopathy remain puzzling. Most studies do not even have a satisfactory resolution to the inquiry of whether children become psychopaths as a result of nature or environmental impacts in the course of upbringing (Boccio & Beaver, 2016). Although just a few hundred mutations happen in the process of the early development of the fetus, they have a likelihood of multiplying with time, thus resulting in enormous hereditary variations. This leads to the likelihood of psychopathic attributes being mostly heritably determined. Nevertheless, researchers affirm that psychopathy does not appear genetic, and has its foundation in biological aspects associated with fundamental psychological systems since mature psychopaths do not demonstrate a whole set of prosocial sentiments such as remorse, compassion, and the capacity to take care of others. Though studies affirm that psychopathy is genetic, they do not provide adequate information to show that its causes are inherited. In this regard, it appears that psychopathy is mostly a product of nature, while sociopathy is influenced by environmental conditions, nurture. Though environmental influences have a role in children becoming psychopaths, their impact is different from that one of other individuals with antisocial inclinations. Psychopathy is currently more common than it was earlier thought, as it affects over 0.6% of the population across the globe (Boccio & Beaver, 2016). It is apparent that psychopathy does not result in criminal behavior or extreme brutal conduct. Its incidence around the world was in the past considerably underrated since it was diagnosed just in individuals who had already exhibited severe conducts, whereas most ps
Introduction Papal infallibility has been a topic of discussion for centuries. At one point The Pope was able to have a strong effect on European politics. However, with time the outlook on the Papal authority has waned. This paper will cover “The Bull Unam Sanctam” by Pope Boniface VIII. Discussion “Unam Sanctam” is considered one of the first steps toward the change of Papal authority over Europe. As the lecture describes, this document was written with the intent to show that Philip IV has no right to tax or imprison church members who refuse to pay taxes. His basic argument lies in the following sentence: “We believe in her [the church] firmly, and we confess with simplicity that outside of her there is neither salvation nor the remission of sins.” Through these words, he declares that only the Catholic Church, with the Pope at the helm, can hold power over people. To put this in context, the lecture talked about how Pope Boniface VIII intended to increase church revenue by implementing new fees and taxes on the clergy. Philip IV also wanted to tax the clergy members putting him in conflict with Pope Boniface VIII. This document is similar to an earlier document by Pope Gregory VII called the “Dictatus papae.” Both papers state that the Pope holds absolute power over things spiritual and temporal. The paper consists of 27 headings stating the power of the pope. Statements 18 and 19 are especially reminiscent of “Unam Sanctam.” Statement 18 reads: “That a sentence passed by him may be retracted by no one; and that he, alone of all, may retract it.” This echoes the sentiment that the Pope holds power over policy. Statement 19 confirms this by proposing that no one can judge the Pope. However, there are major differences between the “Unam Sanctam” and the “Dictatus papae.” The structure of the text is entirely different. “Unam Sanctam” is written as a normal text, perhaps an address to the masses and Philip IV, while the “Dictatus papae” is only a list of headings. This is due to the difference in the purpose of these documents. The “Dictatus papae” was not a public document. It was not published and was not supposed to be known about outside the Church. “Unam Sanctam” however, was a published document, which led to retaliation by Philip the IV. Patricia Crone states that religion and politics are often interconnected, and both are responsible for shaping history. “Unam Sanctam” can be a clear example of religious authority being connected to political authority. Although this was not the first statement of political ambitions of the Church, it was certainly most emblematic. This document led to the death of Pope Boniface VIII, which in turn led to a series of events that changed the way the Church authority was perceived by the people of Europe. I tend to agree with Student A that this document shows how the Church was able to play a major role in the politics of the time, but I would like to add that the consequences of this document also support this notion. Conclusion “Unam Sanctam”
Federal Indian Policy implies the relationships that exist between the Indian tribes and the US government within the borders of the United States of America. People have been struggling for several hundred years with the problem pertaining to Indians in regard to their identity and rights. For several decades, the federal and state governments in the US have been in serious conflicts in trying to provide solutions to the problems that entail the application of several policies and laws in regard to the issues of the Indians. The attempts of the federal government in finding solutions can be well understood by tracing the history of the federal Indian policy. Indian tribes have been known to struggle in resisting government policies which they felt threatened to demolish their traditions and family bonds. During the period of colonization, the British treated different tribes of the Indians as foreign sovereign nations and protected them from colonists. The British even went to the extent of signing treaties with the Indian tribes in offering protection to them. After the formation of the United States, the hunger for a land created lot of problems within states and the federal government took upon itself the responsibility to deal with Indian affairs. The Articles of Confederation granted Congress the singular right to control trade and commerce with Indian tribes and several Trade and Intercourse Acts were passed between 1790 and 1834 that recognized demarcation of Indian land and prevented non-Indians from settling in and taking control of such lands. However, despite the protection provided to Indian people and lands, the hunger for land resulted in a movement that was able to push the Indians further west beyond the Mississippi. Several cases were lodged with the Supreme Court which showed sympathy towards the Indians in regard to their right on the lands but the title rules provided that as long as the Indians stayed on the lands, they had a right to them, but if they left, the federal government would become the lawful owners of such lands. The settlers’ hunger for the land had antagonized the Indians because they were forced to move westwards. Indian tribes had no option but to cede their lands and had to shift to predetermined pockets of land as decided by the federal government. Indians were also aggrieved due to attempts by religious organizations to convert them to Christianity by way of the establishment from 1878 onwards of reservation schools in their areas. In 1887 the federal government passed the General Allotment Act which required Indians to assimilate the allotted lands to them into hubs of white culture. Specific sizes of lands were allotted to families by taking away from them the excess land over the prescribed limits. As a consequence Indian land declined from 138 million acres in 1887 to a minuscule area of on
Attitudes and behaviors Attitudes and behaviors are extremely important in daily life. It is of particular interest to social psychologists because it provides answers as to why people behave exactly the way they do. The theory provides insight into people’s attitudes, and what are the most prioritized actions and thoughts that one carries out. Several learning processes are used to acquire knowledge and our leading attitude or behavior. Some of the theories are social learning, classical and subliminal conditioning, instrumental and observational learning. Attitudes of a person play an important role in self-esteem and further development of a person. The relation between the concepts and the response is closely analyzed to determine the most important criteria people’s actions can be judged by. Persuasion is explained and key points are mentioned. This is an important concept in the modern world, and the numerous techniques lead to new ways and abilities people have about others. An example of the interaction between attitude and behavior can be seen in the views on abortion. People might have thoughts against it, but society continues with the process. Even a person being in such a situation themselves might want to change behavior, even though the attitude is much different. Cognitive dissonance Cognitive dissonance supposes that people who have chosen a specific behavior will align their attitudes according to such behavior. In case the behavior is realized to be unwanted or negative later, the individual will be even more inclined to repeat the behavior and support it by changing their attitude to fit that behavior. As the opinions of individuals greatly vary, learning about cognition allows for a more specific determination of opinions towards certain people or social aspects. Some of the theories are induced-compliance paradigm, free-choice, and effort justification. Moral or immoral behavior is cited as a key determinant of human actions. Many psychological problems of an individual, including mental disorders have been inevitably linked to cognition and action. The big question is whether a person is capable of understanding their behavior or they have no or little control over their actions and act without thinking, basing it on emotion? Self-persuasion about behavior is an important point to consider because sometimes, people will be able to convince themselves that even though the circumstances point to one outcome, their wishful thinking will determine a different result. An example of cognitive dissonance would be walking by someone who needs help, contemplating whether it is better to help or get into a situation where mistakes can be made, and walking away. Later, the person would re-decide that they did the right thing and s
Introduction Personnel selection is one area that requires management consultation in organizations. Why organizations go for management consultation can be attributed to lack of adequate methods and procedures to collect and generate information about clients and the markets. Most of the organizations going for consultation do not have the human resource that is found in the leading firms that provide consultation. Most of the consulting firm have e strong ethos and are committed to producing excellent results in terms of producing the most qualified and competent personnel for their client organizations. Focusing on the procedures that are used for selection in the major consultation firms a number of things come out. Bergström, O. and Knights, D. (2004). Main First of all these firms seem to be having the best personnel who are gifted analytically so as to provide the best selections for their clients. The good image and reputation of these consultation firms is maintained by these so called extraordinary personnel and they are symbols of analytical gifts bestowed on the firms. It therefore becomes difficult to separate between analytical and symbolic rationality in this sense. From a validity point of view the truthfulness and falseness of selection procedures conducted by the leading consultancy firms can be evaluated. The consultation firms signalize high innovativeness rather than business experience in their selections. Graduates form the firm’s posse’s intellectual superiority and therefore they provide industry with an elite kind of signal. To the business environment the selection process is a way of advocating for a notion of intellectual elite Franck and Pudack (2000). In terms of economics the selection procedures also have their effect. Going by the insight that the quality of consulting services is not easy to determine, they argue that management consultancies have the obligation to give a signal of the quality of their services by means which substitutive, among which is a exceedingly selective hiring method. They therefore have to work towards generating a very long list of applicants the higher of which result in a considerable number of rejections. This will signal a high level of selectivity therefore quality in their consultancy. The long applicants also have another effect on the most qualified applicants since it is a challenge to them. This brings out how meritocratic the selection processes are to the business environment. It is vital to point out that it is not only the long lists in the selection processes that are signals of quality but also the procedure themselves. Management consulting uses the long lists and high rejections as a tool, the case studies are important because they signify analytical skills in the personnel. Deviating a bit fro the consultations job one can point out that the firms are a symbol of the Harvard Business School. This is a representation of special business training and competence. This is also evident in the content that has been found in the case studies themselves. Wet Feet Press (1
Introduction The Operation Desert Storm occurred in Saudi Arabia between January 1991 and April 1991. This operation has been cited as the reason why the United States defeated the Iraqis in the conflict that was between these warring states. The headquarter offices of the operations were based on the United States’ soil. The operations in US used electronic data that was collected from the battlefield in the form of photographs together with intercepted communication from the Iraqi revolutionaries and their allies. The data was used to predict the enemies’ moves to intercept their operations before any real damage could occur to the United States’ army and citizens back home in the form of planned terrorist attacks. The actions of this off-base headquarters force were felt by the commanders and soldiers that were on the ground. Their appreciation as well as optimistic perception of this newly proposed and previously untried strategy ushered the use of revolutionized technology in communications, command, and control, not to mention intelligence operations. This paper discusses in comprehensive details the exact application of various technologies in the respective areas of communication, intelligence operations, command, and control. The paper merges this relationship with the overall effect of the respective operations on the Operation Desert Storm. It will then speculate on the effect of the use of otherwise unfriendly technology in terms of the results of the war as well as the strategies that were applied. Besides, it will indicate the downsides of the new technology that was applied in the Desert Storm Operations in the effort to suggest possible solutions to these side effects. Brief Overview of the Operation Desert Storm “Soldiers,…this morning at 0300, we launched Operation DESERT STORM, an offensive campaign that will enforce the United Nations’ resolutions that Iraq must cease its rape and pillage of its weaker neighbor and withdraw its forces from Kuwait…Our cause is just! Now you must be the thunder and lightning of Desert Storm” (US Navy 1). These moving words form part of the speech that ushered in what has come to be known by the public as the Operation Desert Storm. They were pronounced by General H. Schwarzkopf who was the USA Commander-in-Chief of the US Central Command on 16 January 1991 (US Navy 1). More than half a million of the United States’ nationals, both men and women, were deployed to assist the weaker nation of Kuwait from Iraq’s pillaging. This action was a
Utilitarianism is one of the most exciting consequentialism theories to analyze. Specifically, it is a doctrine that the useful is good and that determining the proper conduct should be the usefulness of its consequences (Mariam-Webster, 2021). Moreover, this theory may be effectively integrated into the decision-making system to maximize the effectiveness of specific individuals. However, despite its helpfulness in the business matter, utilitarianism has some considerable drawbacks that disable people from using it permanently without analyzing, such as equality issues and malice. Firstly, it is important to consider the “equality disadvantage” from the business perspective. While deciding, a businessperson is considered to maximize the effectiveness of the taken choice. However, in some cases, the “equality” of different individuals may confuse taking the right decree. Thus, when an executive tries to define the most effective verdict, they may ignore the value of certain individuals due to the lack of “uniqueness” in the utilitarianism theory. For instance, when choosing the appropriate manager to develop an IT project, the director ignores the candidates’ level of knowledge in this sphere due to their equality in this question (Woolbridge, 2019). Following this, an executive will consider the respective value in terms of price of labor, effectiveness history, and the overall individual rating. In this case, the candidate who is the most effective in management and has a lower wage per hour but with no knowledge about the IT industry may fail the project. Secondly, malice is also a significant obstacle in decision-making for businesspeople. To illustrate the negative effect, it is crucial to present the specific situation. For example, a sales manager in a car market works for a “percentage wage.” In this case, the manager will maximize his salary by offering the clients the most expensive cars with the highest margins. As a result, the company may lose many clients expected to buy a qualitative car for a fair price. Overall, even if utilitarianism is an important category in the ethical system, it has significant drawbacks such as misleading “equality” and malice which cause great harm to companies. Firstly, the inappropriate due diligence from an executive side may be caused by ignoring the essential disparities between possible candidates. On the other hand, if a worker earns the wage for his utility, then he might organize his effectiveness only from his perspective and ignore the company’s priorities at the same time.