ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Doctoral nursing education moves beyond the practical foundation of the profession and delves deeper into either nursing leadership or nursing science. While the two paths differ in their goals, they are both designed to move nursing forward and fill in the gap in skill and knowledge in the healthcare industry (AACN, 2006). The present paper discusses the differences between practice and research doctorate, their meaning and expectations, and the personal motivation to pursue a doctoral degree. Practice and Research Doctoral Degrees: Meaning, Expectations, and Differences The main distinction between practice degrees (such as the Doctor of Nursing Practice, DNP) and research degrees (Doctor of Philosophy in Nursing, PhD) is the focus. To be a nurse with a DNP is to be a skilled and informed leader who is prepared to be a part of an interdisciplinary team. Such professionals master the translation of evidence into practice – they use their knowledge and their experience to better the existing systems of healthcare (Zaccagnini & Pechacek, 2021). On the other hand, nurses with a PhD are scientists that lead teams to improve and propel nursing research, addressing the problems that exist in the world through scholarship and dissemination of knowledge (Zaccagnini & Pechacek, 2021). Thus, while both types of doctoral degrees push nurses to leadership positions in their field, their central roles in the community are diverse. The expectations placed on the nurses with these degrees vary as well. DNP education is constructed to suit working nurses who may continue applying their acquired knowledge in the field. It is also expected that a DNP student will have a significant number of hours spent in practice, observing and performing the translation of evidence into the actual work. The expectations of a PhD are different – they are not related to clinical hours but rather to the exploration of theory and philosophy behind the development of healthcare. Moreover, data and statistics analysis is much more prominent in the academic degree than the practical one. Thus, a nurse who holds a theoretic degree may not have the necessary practical experience for healthcare leadersh
Introduction The students will learn a variety of cultural dilemmas of the 21 st century society, as well as the difference in stylistic choices made by writers and filmmakers to render these dilemmas.  Rationale: Because of a considerable lack of diversity in a number of state schools (Barkhorn para. 2), it is recommended that the students should be able to have a better idea of the contemporary cultural dilemmas and that diversity should be encouraged among modern learners.  Learner Outcomes (Objectives) At the end of the lesson, the learners are expected to be able to conduct a critical analysis of the original artwork and its interpretation through the comparison of the key components of a book and a movie.  Rationale: The ability to analyze a specific work in the context of the original, as well as the basic skills of comparing and contrasting an original idea and its rendition, is crucial for a student. Therefore, the objectives comply with the current requirements that students are supposed to meet.  Pre-assessment Activity Seeing how both the book and the movie revolve around the problem of racial prejudices (Stratton and Wozenkraft 17) and the “growing pains” of a young adult ( Slam 00:05:11), it is required to come up with a pre-assessment activity, such as group discussion, which will prompt students to tie the problems of young people and the problems of young African Americans in today’s society.  Rationale: It is crucial that the theme of the lesson should be placed in a specific context. Therefore, the activity that will help generate the necessary background is crucial.  Differentiation, Adaptation and Accommodation Strategies Strategies                                                                    Rationale:                                                                          Differentiation: defining the cultural specifics of the students              Differentiation: Not all students may be aware of the issues discussed in the movie Adaptation: offering the students a list of vocabulary words from the movie.  Adaptation: The students will have no issues with understanding the movie           Accommodation: providing the students with the movie script                   Accommodation: A script will help the students follow the movie.                     Resources The novel and the movie Slam are the key primary resources. The students will be encouraged to use such secondary resources as scholarly articles on race and prejudice, especially regarding young African Americans. In addition, secondary resources on the key elements of a movie and a book, e.g., plot, characters, etc., and their comparison will be provided.  Rationale: Though the primary sources give a very good perspective on the problem, they still provide a rather one-sided view of the issue. To be able to assess the movie, the screenplay and the tools used by the authors adequately, the learners will have to use secondary resources.  Learning Activities Check for Understanding:  Rationale:  Learning Activities: Guided Practice/ Collaborative Practice Check for Understanding: The students wil
Introduction In a period of less than two year, the Director of CIA, George Tenet, went from seeing his organization take on Osama Bin Laden and the Taliban to resigning from his position in the agency. He had made clear records that the Taliban were involved in the making of nuclear weapons but could not find any when American troops went to Iraq. Tenet’s appointment to the top intelligence agency had come during the second term of President Clinton. Since Tenet was the only experienced individual who could be confirmed for the job, he was given the mandate to run the CIA. Through his commitment in the job alongside his people-skills, Tenet made a big name in the agency gaining support from both sides of the political divide. Even after President Bush was elected into office, Tenet retained his job at the agency. Ethical obligations are laws or rules by which individuals are expected to observe in their professions. Some professions, such as that f George Tenet, require one to discipline other people who do not observe their ethical obligations. When such interferences are significantly serious, suspension or complete expulsion of the individual may be required. Cross-coded ethical dilemmas facing former CIA Director George Tenet and their impact on his leadership abilities There were many of these ethical dilemmas faced by George Tenet, the former CIA Director. Amongst these were serious national as well as international human rights violations. Tenet was also faced with the dilemma of being honest with his colleagues at work, especially his field agents. For example, George knew all along that all the statements about Saddam Hussein and the chemical weapons involved were false but he just played along. Consequently, his ignorance, lack of action, and most importantly lack of professional ethics, cost over four thousand American lives. He therefore lied to the entire nation in the build-up to a sad national event. The mediation talks that George held between the Israeli Prime Minister and the Palestinian leader Yasser Arafat also brought up ethical concerns. Within the American government, some people were not comfortable with Tenet having such a significant role in those mediation talks. Doubt was cast over the cabinet and the entire government administration because of Tenet’s position (Baron, 2009). Besides, Tenet also has ethical dilemmas in his loyalty. In his line of work as the Director of CIA, Tenet ignored many of his field officers, as he preferred the baseless stories supplied by the administration about the situation at hand. His ignorance to the foundations, reports as well as recommendations of his field officers led to the war in Iraq. Tenet therefore see
Introduction The Fund for Peace categorizes states as failed according to its failed state index which is based on twelve indicators and this indicators are; “demographic pressure, massive movement of refugees and internally displaced persons that often demand humanitarian assistance, chronic human flight, sharp economic decline, de-legitimization of the state, deterioration of public service, suspension of the application of the rule of law, security apparatus operating as a state within a state, rise of factionalized elites and massive external intervention” (Haims 1). Somalia is categorized by the Fund for Peace in the red zone due to the degree of erosion of the state legitimacy, lack of proper functioning state structures and its highly propensity violent conflict. Somalia also falls in the World Bank categorization of failed states. This is based on the following indicators: Security, economy, and government. Based on security, Somalia has constantly and continuously experienced conflict since 1991, there is breakdown in the maintenance law and order, there are increased insurgent groups and lack of proper functioning government. Economically, Somalia lacks an organized economic system; the conflict has resulted in the disruption of economic activities like farming and civil servants have been converted into fighters. Conflict also disrupts the supply chain and hence no foreign investor is willing to invest in such a fragile and volatile environment. On the government dimension, Governments in failed states are functionless and unable to provide essential services to the population. Since governments in failed states are rigid, authoritarian and corrupt, they become major impediment to efforts of the international community to offer assistance. Strong terms have been used in reference to failed states: “Failed states are tense, deeply conflicted, dangerous and contested bitterly by warring functions” (Rotberg 9). Just like any other third world country, Somalia underwent a transitional and transformational period. Transitions are always extremely difficult and involve several dynamic factors. Transition is always aimed at realizing several things and key among them are good leadership, good lifestyle and new regime. Countries often experience conflict and blood shed during transitional periods (Salih and Wohlgemuth 1). Somalia underwent a period of crisis in 1980s and 1990s; this transformation affected its identity and direction which was majorly associated with its defeat in the Ogaden war with Ethiopia. This marked the period of diplomatic isolation. President Siad Barre took advantage of this opportunity to selfishly harness the resource of the state and perfected the art of playing one clan against the other and therefore aroused clan passions. The collapse of state structure in Somalia has roots in the 1991 civil war which replaced all admini
The novel by Anzia Yezierska is called “The Bread Givers”, it was written in 1925, and it describes the stories of the members of a family of immigrants living in New York City. The family is of Jewish origin, and they came from Eastern Europe. The Jewish people coming from that region traditionally had strict Jewish Orthodox values. The story explores the lives of its characters and the way the new society and new country influence them and their views. This story has many layers, and the author raises several questions that have always been popular and important in every family and every nation. There is a topic of religious values and the lifestyle of a devoted believer. The modern world is progressing quickly, and old-fashioned religious traditions and rules gradually start to fade away or undergo changes. It becomes more and more difficult for the people taking religion to the extreme to fit into the developing world and adjust to all the multiple changes and influences. This is why such people have only two ways out – they either have to alter their attitude towards the rules and limitations and make certain adjustments and compromises, or they could stick with their traditional lifestyle and experience a lot of discomfort coming from the social differences. Another important question the novel brings out is the question of the gap between people of different generations. The views, goals, opportunities and opinions of younger people often do not match their parents’ ideas about the lives they should live. This issue is eternal, and it has been bothering society for centuries. Every family has experienced this kind of conflict and had to deal with certain levels of discomfort because of disagreement between younger and older people. Many young people grew up having mother or father issues due to the differences in views and expectations. The Freudian theory of archetypes states that these kinds of issues start to occur in childhood when the archetype of a parent is damaged or simply does not exist in the child’s world. We have whole generations of people with father issues because of wars that took fathers away from the families or because of the belief that the father’s role in the family was to supply, but not to participate in the process of raising the children. One more highly important social and psychological question explored in the novel by Anzia Yezierska is the problem of gender roles in society and in families. These days, in our emancipated world wherein most countries men and women have established equal rights, there are still feminist movements fighting against male domination and suppression. Besides, there are still countries and cultures where one of the genders has limited rights and freedoms. At the time when the story “The Bread Givers” was written such movements were just beginning to appear, this is why this question was especially important to the novelist, especially knowing the fact that she came from a Jewi
Human beings have been governed by both written and unwritten laws for as long as they have existed. Many states of the world, in the course of civilization, have had their laws written and re-written to suit the demands and challenges of different times. A constitution can be defined as a clear set of rules and regulations for any given legitimate government (Vile 2). It is usually published as a written book or document after the codification process has been done. The use of a constitution is to enumerate and draw clear/non-contradictory limits of the existing powers and privileges of a given political entity. The US constitution was written in 1787, ratified the following year and has been operational since 1789 with 27 amendments by 1992 (Vile 7). The research paper seeks to explore the Right to bear arms and the Right of search and seizure as stipulated in the US constitution. Right to Bear Arms The 27 th amendment to the US Constitution was ratified in July 1992 while the first ten were ratified on December 15, 1791(Vile 10). The first ten amendments to the American Constitution are commonly referred to as the Bills of Rights. Bills of rights were entrenched into the constitution in order to ensure that certain specific rights were legally acknowledged by the US government. Article V of the original text of the US Constitution provides for its amendment. The Right to Bear Arms is contained in the 2 nd Amendment to the Constitution (Vile 103). The bill enumerates a well regulated militia as being crucial for a free state, and the right of citizens to keep and bear Arms. This amendment has stirred heated debate since it was ratified. This is because it raises concerns of whether it enumerates the protection of individual’s rights to own arms or it refers strictly to the people’s right to own arms collectively through a well maintained military service (Vile 104). In constitutional context, “arms” refers to the different types of weapons while the term to “bear arms” implies the right to wage war on an enemy. This provision seems to contradict other federal restrictions on the rights to own firearms as provided in the constitution. It was on June 26, 2008 that the Supreme Court of the United States decided on a tight margin of 5-4 that citizens of the District of Columbia have an individual right to keep and bear handguns in order to ensure their safety while at home (Vile 106). This ruling was in the case involving District of Columbia and Heller. The court, on the other hand, upheld the fact that the federal restriction on the possession and bearing of firearms is constitutional. Despite the provision of the federal constitution through the Second Amendment, the fifty states have their own constitutions which stipulate their interpretation of the right to keep and bear arms. In the modern context, three models of interpreting this provision exist. The first one is known as the collective model, and proposes that the right to keep and bear firearms is solely for collective purposes as opposed to individual. The second is called the modified collective model which argues that the bill refers to indi
As witnessed in the recent years, online social networking (herein referred to as OSN), which takes place on such network sites as Twitter, LinkedIn, Facebook and MySpace, have emerged as a major aspect of contemporary human society. Out of the various social networking sites available today, Facebook continues to maintain its position at the top. It is the most preferred social networking site in the world today. The site had more than 90 million active members as of 2010. The management in the company boasts of controlling 85 percent of the total market share. The site is especially popular among university and college students in the United States of America (Haridakis & Hanson 2009). Another networking site, MySpace, was ranked second in popularity. Twitter was a close third in ranking. Currently, Facebook has over 900 million active users. Students, organizational employees, and members of the general public, continue to utilize some of these OSN sites to keep in touch with other people from around the world. They rely on the sites for messages, alerts on events, personal updates, news feeds, and generally to keep track of their friends. To determine the popularity of the various sites, Chiarella (2010) conducted a research on young children aged between 8 and 17 years. The children selected for the study were using the internet for various purposes. Chiarella (2010) found that almost 50 percent of the children had created their own profile on these sites. Based on these findings (and others), it is argued that irrespective of the age factor, there is an increased use of (and in some cases over dependency on) OSN sites. The current paper is written around this issue. In the paper, the author focuses on some of the ethical and social implications of dependency on OSN sites. The author works on the assumption that using the sites has both negative and positive effects on humans in the society. According to a research conducted by Hargittai (2012), the various technologies based on Web 2.0 have varying social implications on the users. During the adoption and implementation phase (where active users create their profiles together with those of friends and relatives), the social networking sites help in shaping modes of communication in the society. Through such a strategy or such a mechanism of communication between different individuals, the social networking sites end up impacting on the way peopl
The evolution of species is a natural process, and so is the language evolution. Indeed, being a part of people’s culture, which is prone to changes, language also shapes together with people’s development; some words become dated, and new ones appear instead, adding new shades of meaning to already existing notions. In addition, new objects and phenomena appear, making people come up with the words which the given thing can be named with; thus, the language shapes together with the nation, growing and getting increasingly more complicated. Political processes which a country undergoes must be taken into account as well; shaping the history of a country, certain political events can spawn the language evolution or, on the contrary, cause its regression, for politics shapes culture and, therefore, is inseparable from the latter. Because of the consolidation processes which England was experiencing in the course of the sixteenth century and the following strengthening of the empire, as well as the establishment of the relationships with other states of power, the English language was shaped greatly, including its grammar, syntax and especially vocabulary, influenced by both the communication with the foreign countries and the consolidation of the land, which meant the unification of the English language standards and the establishment of an official English language, shifting the existing dialects into the shadow. When it comes to discussing the Middle Ages, the first work of literature that comes to people’s minds is the famous Beowulf . Even though its origins can hardly be traced and that no one can say with certainty who the actual author of the poem was, it still is and will be a decent specimen of the Old English language. In every single line, one can track the
The National Command Authority, in its pursuit of victory in the “Long War,” faces numerous challenges arising from the key strategies that may be adopted in the war. These are counterinsurgency, counterterrorism, and support to insurgency or antiterrorism. The United States Department of Defense should adopt a strategy that is cost-effective, acceptable, and does not create the impression that the country is overreacting (Wilden, 1987). The main challenge is the choice of strategy that should ensure that the United States acts within its authority, while at the same time, it does not overact. Overreaction makes terrorist organizations like Al-Qaeda seem to have legitimate claims. If this happens, the United States is more likely to lose domestic support, hence making it difficult for the country to conduct military operations in Afghanistan. Overreaction also leads to loss of international support, which eventually makes the whole undertaking an expensive venture while, on the other hand, incompetence leads to a waste of resources. Counterinsurgency, though not the best strategy when dealing with terrorist groups, maybe adopted since counterterrorism may seem like an overreaction, while anti-terrorism is rather an expensive strategy. Alternatively, employment a hybrid version of these strategies is the best choice to win the war (Fulk, 2011) Historically, antiterrorism activities that successfully surpassed earlier stages have been taking place for decades. To the American authority, the war started on 9/11/2011, while to the Al-Qaeda, the war began years back. Michael Howard states that that war would take decades, perhaps, as the Cold War, and thus he refers to it as a war of generations. This calls for real and in-depth budgeting and cost evaluation for the expenses to be incurred in the war. The United States faced a lot of criticism regarding the way it had spent in the Second World War. As a result, the application of caution is mandatory to avoid spending more, which is also being regarded as a threat to the security and stability of a nation. (Matloff, 1996). The National Command Authority faces a challenge of fighting hard to reduce the harm of Al-Qaeda to the United Sta