ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction According to United States Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC), sexual harassment is categorized as one form of gender discrimination that occurs at workplaces. There were many case of sexual harassment at workplaces in U.S. This led to the government coming up with laws aimed at mitigating this problem. Employers were made more accountable to any case of sexual harassment reported within their organizations. In addition, Society for Human Resource Management came up with seminars that aimed at training employers and employees on ways to avoid sexual harassment cases within their working environments. Most of the sexual harassment cases in United States appear to be reported by women. This is the most vulnerable group to this problem at workplaces. Sexual harassment is not only perpetrated by employers on their employees, different employees are also at times accused of sexually harassing their colleagues (Martell & Sullivan 1994, pp.195-200). According to EEOC, the number of sexual harassment cases filled by men is gradually increasing with 2004 reporting 17% of all reported cases coming from men. The main reason for sexual harassment at workplace is herd to be identified. However, people claim that the relationship at workplaces is very intense and intimate. Employees working in the same field depend on one another at attaining their objectives. For employees to be promoted, they depend on their managers. This leads to the managers taking this opportunity to exploit their employees. Sexual harassment at workplaces may also occur due to a person suffering from trauma experienced in the event of divorce or when one lost his or her spouse. The intimate relationship between employees at workplace leads o some closing their boundaries. Sexual harassment at workplaces appears to occur across all operation fields. Nevertheless, women are found to suffer from sexual harassment especially in fields that were once believed to be of men. These include firefighting areas, mining as well as technological and medicine fields (Martell & Sullivan 1994, pp. 201-207). Availability of sexist or environments favoring presence of sexual related objects and tones are some of the factors that has led to organizations finding it difficult to eradicate sexual harassment at workplaces. Currently, there are a lot of explicit
Introduction In the 16 th -18 th centuries, the emergence of many societies with distinctive cultural traditions and the possession of different commodities, cultures and idealism created the need for interaction between communities. These interactions facilitated several exchanges such as biological exchanges, commercial exchanges, traditions, diffusion of technology, and also the spread of religion. These brought about developments in transport networks, communication and exchange which supported cross-cultural interactions that were more systematic and intense than those of earlier times, giving rise to the early modern era of world history (Bentley & Zeigler, 595). Therefore this paper will focus on the traditions & encounters between Europeans and the peoples of Asia and Africa in the 16 th , 17 th and 18 th century. The paper will touch on European trade and empire expansion; show the exchange gains and losses for each side, explain the impacts and consequences of these encounters then show why Europeans were more successful in penetrating and controlling trade in Africa and Asia. Main body The biological exchanges during this era between the Europeans, Asians and Africans experienced a lot of turmoil and disruptions. Diseases from the Eastern hemisphere ravaged populations and sometimes led to the collapse of societies. During this time, the Europeans largely flourished, trading profitably throughout the world and claiming vast stretches of land in other continents. Here, they founded colonies and cultivated crops for sale in the open market (Bentley & Zeigler, 696). Africans on the other hand benefited from the introduction of new food crops and the opportunity to obtain trade goods from abroad. Global trade networks again opened up Africa for change. Commercial opportunities drew European vessels to Africa’s west coast, helping promote the emergence of prosperous port cities and establishment of powerful coastal kingdoms that traded through the ocean rather than the desert (Bentley & Zeigler, 696). They again brought substantial opportunities for long distance trade. However, this came at a great price as millions of enslaved individuals from Africa underwent a forced migration to the Western hemisphere, performing hard labor, living in poverty, suffering both physical and psychological abuse. This profoundly affected the African society because even the African communities attacked and robbed each other off people to be sold as slaves to the Muslim merchants. In East Asia, the Europeans tried to woo the Chinese people into their cultures and traditions, a method they had often used in Africa to facilitate their penetration. This did not work among the Chinese peo
Abstract Popularly known as The Desert Fox , Erwin Rommel is seen as the driving force that led the Afrika Korps in pursuit of the Eight Army in the battle of El Alamein. Having proven to be a skilled commander in his previous missions, Rommel had earned the respect of his troops, and that of his enemies. However, his defeat against the allied forces in El Alamein was a defining moment in his commandership. Rommel will forever be known as one of the best German commanders of all times, for the role he played in the fight against Montgomery, and in many other battles. His determination and ability to motivate his troops, especially even in the course of a losing battle, were seen as his best achievements. Even so, he made some mistakes that made him lose the battle, disappointing Hitler. Rommel’s plan to attack the allied forces from the south was a bold and presumably move as he had used the same plan in his previous invasions. In his quest to affirm these presumes, Montgomery consulted a group of people who had worked at the Bletchley Park, only to get hold of Rommel’s battle plans (Connelly, 2002). This way, he was able to command a blocking force that obstructed reinforcement for the Afrika Korps. The fact that Montgomery had secured control over Suez Canal gave him an advantage over the Afrika Korps, as he controlled their supplies. By losing control of the Suez Canal, Rommel’s supplies hardly reached him, which consequently starved his troops and denied him enough weapons for a massive attack. Montgomery knew that time would slowly weaken the Afrika Korps, which would then be the best time to attack; however, Rommel led a surprise invasion, which led to massive deaths of his troops because of the land mines that were placed in Alam Halfa in the south of El Alamein. With most of his tanks getting wiped out by the land mines, his attack had started badly and was forced to retreat (Mulligan, 2008). Being the most skilled German commander of desert warfare, Rommel clearly made a mistake of exposing his plan to attack the Eighth Army from Tobruk to Mersa Matruh. Rommel’s health problem was also a major drawback for the Afrika Korps; this is because he had to take a leave in the middle of a lost battle. By the time he got out of the hospital, the fuel supply situation had worsened, and the Eight Army was ready for an attack. In addition, having lost the first battle, Rommel had lost twice as many men as those of the allied forces, which made it difficult to tactically prepare his troops against the Eight Army (Harvey
Introduction It can be said for sure that any artwork is unique. However, visual images can be divided into three groups: representational, abstract, and non-objective. The distinctive feature of non-objective art is that it does not borrow from reality. Both representational and abstract art uses objects from reality, but the former preserves their natural qualities and the latter deforms them to deliver the author’s message. Main body A representational artwork, in my understanding, is an artwork that aims to present an object, person, or event to a viewer with the preservation of its natural qualities. Even though some artworks with such an aim include the elements of abstraction, they are still representational. A perfect example of representational art is Madonna of the Rocks by Da Vinci. The painting presents persons (Virgin Mary, Jesus, John the Baptist, and an angel) with such natural details as fabric texture, light, and volume (Cunningham, Reich, and Fichtner-Rathus 30). The Starry Night by Van Gogh can also be considered a representational artwork. Despite its steps towards abstraction, the goal of the artist is to depict actual objects (stars) with their qualities (light) (Thomson 24). Abstract visual images are similar to representational ones in taking objects from reality. However, unlike representational artworks, abstract pictures present real objects in an unreal way: with altered lines, unnatural colors, or unusual shapes. Les Demoiselles d’Avignon by Picasso is an example of such art. The painting depicts young prostitutes from Avignon street, i.e. something that exists in reality. Moreover, the depicted women are racially diverse. However, the figure and facial features are unrealistic, which helps to deliver the author’s message (Gantefuhrer-Trier 26). Another example is Nude Descending A Staircase by Marcel Duchamp. Duchamp has depicted a real person, but the shape of the figure is abstractionist (Auping 147). The primary feature of non-objective visual images is that they are not connected with reality, and their goal is to demonstrate aesthetic or philosophic concepts of their authors. One of the most widely known non-objective artworks is Black Square by Kazimir Malevich. The depicted square is not an actual object or an abstract interpretation of such an object; instead, it is believed to present the philosophic views of the artist (Hick 102). Similarly, Black Lines by Wassily Kandinsky has nothing to do with the real world. Apparently, the artist meant these black lines to give a viewer purely spiritual feelings (Houlgate 72). Conclusion In con
Types of Research/Classifying Research The article under scrutiny documents a study that was carried out by Deanna M. Perez and Wesley G. Jennings in 2012 to evaluate the efficacy of prison-based sex offender treatment programs aimed at reducing recidivism. To achieve this objective, the researchers posed an important question to guide their study. Based on existing evidence, there is an observed orientation towards making the punitive measures for sex offenders tougher than before. This pattern has been observed in many states where punishment was the typical correctional approach deemed appropriate for sex offenders. The pattern has been motivated by the lack of clarity that surrounds the media-initiated idea of a sex crime epidemic. While states are preoccupied with heightening the punitive measures for sex offenders, the American Psychiatric Association and the American Psychological Association are opposed to this approach. These two organizations are in favor of sex offender treatment programs. Therefore, the important question that guided that study was whether these treatment programs effectively reduce recidivism or not. The outlined research question points to the purpose of the study. As stated by the researchers, the primary aim of their study was to evaluate the efficacy of institution-based cognitive-behavioral therapy aimed at cutting back on re-offending among sex offense convicts. Going by the established classification criteria, the study passes as exploratory because the researchers noted in their literature review that similar studies are scanty. Additionally, they pointed out that the move by states across the U.S. to toughen the punitive measures for sex crime was motivated by the idea that in the legal sense, ‘sexual predation’ remains an ambiguous concept. Therefore, the existence of ambiguity around the legal definition of sex crimes clearly indicates that the literature that delineates the issue is indeed scanty. The study adopted an inductive reasoning approach to bring meaning to the arguments presented therein. Such a claim is made because the study uses empirical observations to build a case about the effectiveness of treatment programs for sex offenders. The researchers compare the recidivism patterns of offenders who undergo sex offender treatment with the same patterns for offenders who do not undergo the treatment to come up with their explanations. As such, there is a movement from concrete observations to abstract ideas. The study based its analysis on two different groups of sex offenders. The first group consisted of 95 inmates who underwent sex offender treatment. Out of this number, 67 inmates completed the treatment leaving 28 non-completers. The second group consisted of 64 inmates who did not undergo any treatment. The follow-up period took up to four years from the date of release. This attribute makes the study’s time dimension longitudinal since it examined the unit of analysis over a prolonged period. Further, the analysis took a quantitative approach since the data were quantified and analyzed in terms of numbers. Strength
The Process that Led to Marco’s Appointment Marco was appointed to this project by the Chief Executive Officer of the company. In particular, he received an email according to which he had to manage a new distribution software migration project (Hartley 2008). It should be noted that Marco was not informed why he had been chosen for this task and what had been expected from him. One should take into account that in the past he worked together with a leading finance manager of the company Simon who will be the main sponsor of the future project (Hartley 2008). Probably, Marco’s performance during previous projects distinguished him among other candidates. These are the main events that led to Marco’s appointment. Overall, the new role prompted Marco to think about his strengths and weaknesses as well as previous experience (Hartley 2008). At this point, Marco has to determine whether he can accept this post and cope with his future responsibilities. This ambiguity is the main cause of his confusion. Marcos the Right Person for the Project or Not It seems that Marco can be the right person for this assignment even despite his doubts and uncertainty. First of all, he has an in-depth expertise design and business analysis, and these skills can help him gain the support and loyalty of other team members and senior executives (Hartley 2008). One should admit that Marco does not have sufficient experience in leading or managing the projects (Hartley 2008). This is why he does not feel confident enough. Nevertheless, this weakness can be overcome through practice and active cooperation with colleagues. Moreover, in some cases, lack of experiences means that a person is free from common stereotypes and conventional beliefs that are not always useful. He may look at the same problems from a different perspective, and in this way, he can bring improvements to the project. Finally, judging from the case study, Marco is a person who is willing to take a critical look at himself, and this character trait should be possessed by leaders or managers working in large companies. This is why his candidacy could have been chosen among others. The Anticipated Success Areas of the Project As it has been said before, Marco’s main strengths lie in business analysis and design (Hartley 2008). This knowledge can help him evaluate positive or negative aspects of the project and minimize possible risks. This skill is vital for a project manager who should be able to identify various pitfalls. Moreover, he can coordinate the work of different team and explain they should interact with one another. On the whole, these tasks are important for effective leaders. If Marco copes with them, he may achieve success and recognition of his colleagues. These are the main strengths that Marco should rely on when working with other people. This is the main strategy that he should adopt. The Advice to Simon Regarding Marco’s Appointment Marco is not confident of his ability to lead and manager projects and he may even reject the offer of the Chief Executive Officer. It is possible to give him several recommendations regarding his feeli
The Coptic religious community has a long history in Egypt. The persecution began at the conquest of Egypt by the Arabs and, unfortunately, has not stopped until now. Coptic Christians are regularly targeted for persecution, sometimes resulting in terrorist acts or murders. At the everyday level, Coptic Christians are opposed by the inhabitants of Egypt, ordinary Muslims (Sherwood, 2018). On a spiritual and more global level, Copts are threatened by terrorist organizations such as ISIS. They were exiled from Iraq and Syria and took secret refuge in Egypt. Persecution of Copts occurs throughout Egypt, facilitating the persecution of the fact that their religion is written in the passport of citizens of Egypt. It allows the Muslim Egyptians to deny the Copts the desired work, hindering their small businesses development. In daily life, Copts complain that they are being discriminated against in hospitals, schools, and universities (Sherwood, 2018). Terrorist organizations often kidnap Coptic women and force them to marry Muslims (Sherwood, 2018). The meaning of such a marriage is that a Muslim does not want to marry a non-Muslim woman. Before marriage, a Christian woman is required to take her husband’s religion. In addition to kidnappings, radicalized Muslims kill church leaders and blow up vehicles and buildings that may contain Copts. The article does not describe the help of neighboring countries or any others who wished to support Coptic Christians. Despite this, the Copts have a large community consisting of Catholics, Orthodox Christians, and other offshoots (Sherwood, 2018). Readers can assume that countries do not intervene in the conflict since terrorists from radicalized groups such as ISIS are already involved. After the victims in many countries of the world, which occurred due to terrorists, no government wants to interfere. Another reason for the lack of active support is the deep history of the conflict. The history of the war describes its causes well, and many outsiders perceive the persecution of the Copts as a logical event. Reference Sherwood, H. (2018). Christians in Egypt face unprecedented persecution, report says . The Guardian. Web.
Overview In the era of globalisation, organisations encounter a myriad of challenges, which may influence their sustainability efforts. Sustainability is a key objective of an organisation that wishes to gain a long-term competitive advantage. Since the goal of management in any organisation is to ensure that organisations survive environmental dynamics in the short and the long-term, it becomes interesting to study whether and how managers pay attention to sustainability in different organisations. In the context of this paper, sustainability is used to refer to the “longevity, continuity, and capability to be maintained” (Weerawardena, McDonald, Sullivan 2010, p.347). In scholarly fronts, the issue of sustainability has arisen from the concerns of environmental degradation and the emergence of different opinions on issues of economic and social inequalities. There is the need to find out whether organisations have roles in helping to make efforts to breach the gaps in these concerns in a sustainable way. Indeed, according to Barney (2001), organisations have to “meet the needs of the present without compromising the ability of the future generations to meet their own needs” (p.101). This implies that stakeholders anticipate that organisations must develop the ability to sustain their own businesses in the future while helping societies to improve. Hence, in studying sustainability and the roles of management in enhancing it, it is equally important to study the roles of management in social corporate responsibility. Based on this line of argument, the focus of the proposal is to investigate whether management has any roles in enchaining sustainability in the globalisation era. Aims and Objectives Aim Organisations are enormously investing in mechanisms of ensuring that they are able to run sustainable businesses by providing value to the owners and the communities within which they are established. Driven by this realisation, the aim of this paper is to study the perceptions of corporate managers on their roles in enhancing sustainability of their organisations and the mechanism they use to achieve this noble goal. Objectives The objective of the proposal is to provide a theoretical proposition on how organisations may help to enhance their sustainability in the era of globalisation. The relevance of this objective is pegged on the argument that globalisation has the impact of bringing together people from diverse backgrounds. These people form a diverse consumption market that has immense concerns in the manner in which products produced by an organisation influence not only their utilities but also the environment. The proposal also determines whether organisations are well aware of these concerns raised by the globalised consumption market in an effort to highlight how this