ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
International trade has remained a major contributor to the world economy. Through buying and selling of products across boarders, countries are able to develop trade links and engage in mutual businesses practices. While this has promoted significance growth in most countries, of importance is the fact that international trade is governed by rules which regulate all the transactions designed by the International Chamber of Commerce. These rules are collectively referred to as Incoterms (International Commercial Terms). This report gives a detailed analysis of Incoterms with a clear understanding of what they are and their significance in international business. By definition, Incoterms refer to a collection of commercial terms designed and published by the International Chamber for Commerce. These terms are broadly applied in international business transactions as they define significant aspects of international trade. They usually take a pattern of three letters that are exclusively related to sales practices that are common between transacting bodies. Of particular emphasis is the fact that Incoterms clearly stipulate the tasks, risks and costs associated with the overall transportation and delivery of goods from one place to another (Business Link 1). For these terms to be effective, they are recognized by various countries, practitioners and legal authorities around the world which are charged with the responsibility of interpreting those terms that are commonly used in international business transactions. This is important in order to eliminate or minimize uncertainties which arise from varying interpretations given by different countries. Incoterms were first published in 1936 and have been updated continuously in order to meet the changing business environment. The rules were last revised in 2010 with this latest version having been made public in January 2011. “Incoterms” is a regis
Introduction Poverty comes as a result of oppression of individuals in society. Oppression on the other hand cannot perpetrate its self without the constructive or deductive participation by the oppressed. The social setups in society have segregated and branded individuals as poor for lack of common societal indicators of not being poor. This inadequacy is not in the simplest sense relevant when it comes to intelligence and brilliance. In fact the most intelligent and brilliant persons hail from poor setups. Therefore, I dare say that poverty is not a condition but rather an attitude. I propose that poverty is a brand name that is contracted by social stratification and class. A social class is a societal group of people who perceive themselves as being of similar ideology thinking and condition of life. In effect, poverty is an attitude of a class of people. You may be poor but smart. The level of poverty is in no way a measure of one’s intelligence. I shall interrogate the connection between attitude intelligence and poverty. Argument The philosophical question of the century has been whether the state should wage a war against poverty or to formulate programs to end poverty. Both arguments have similar objectives of facing pout the menace of poverty. The liberalists have taken the literal meaning of waging war against poverty and gone ahead to wage war against the poor. These attempts have had opposite results in the form of riots and protests that have been accompanied by looting and damage to property. It begins with the dramatic and gradual economic shifts in the local and world fora, which culminates in unemployment and high costs of living. Concentration of wealth among the middle and upper classes makes it hard for the lower poor class to access security in jobs housing and food. Gradually the persons find it hard to escape the poverty. Despite the willingness of the poor to move away and work their way out of it, the prevailing political and social environment makes the war against the poor inevitable (Lynch and William, pp. 502-503). For instance if education becomes stratified and yet it is the main system that the poor use to access the path away from poverty then the poor have little choice. Back in the 19th century, the mass education program placed a level beam on which people from all walks of life would balance their way through to the other end against poverty. This has since changed since the basis of financing these schools has been purely the local taxes collected from the individuals. Therefore, it is obvious that the more affluent towns pay more taxes and therefore attract better learning facilities slowly and gradually locking out the poor and less financially able students from accessing these insti
Introduction of the Issue Related to the Bill Discussing Issue and Related Legislation Bill The issue of unwanted pregnancies and abortion has been on the current agenda in Virginia. Numerous legislations have been passed to assist the youth and other adults in planning parenthood, as well as in preventing pregnancies. A great number of contraceptives infiltrate the market each year, promising ultra-protection from conception and the masses flock to departmental stores for condoms. Nevertheless, this has not managed to eradicate unwanted pregnancies completely and, therefore, abortion, as the final option out of such pregnancies, continues to raise contentious debates on morality and ethics among Americans. In addition, the necessity of ultrasound condition is also at issue because there are significant controversies concerning the reasonableness of this action. Introducing involuntary intrusion could be considered as sexual abuse, as well as humiliation of human rights. The medical invasion has moral and ethical underpinnings because the doctor’s decision to introduce the procedure implicitly withdraws women’s right to abortion. Facts and Details about the Bill The original name of the Bill is House Bill No. 462: Amendment in the Nature of a Substitute. It was issued by the House Committee for Courts of Justice on February 10, 2012. The bill seeks to revise sections 18.2-76 of the Code of Virginia that refers to ultrasound procedure, being part of informed consent for abortion. The informed consent for invasive medical procedures, as well as the cases of emergency of executing abortion, is on the discussion agenda. Background/Significance and Scope of the Problem Information, History of the Bull, and Impetus for the Bill Introduction House Bill No. 462 was introduced to parliament in February 2012. Prior to its introduction, the Virginia Board of Health held a June Board meeting during which it agreed upon the advice of experts to exempt Virginia’s Women Health Facilities that operated efficiently for the past four decades, excluding outpatient wings from being affected by the new building construction requirements. This decision sought to simplify the work of facilities that provided reproductive health care to women coupled with giving them a chance at a legal and safe first-trimester abortion. If it had not exempted women, they would be required to pay for these services and the healthcare centers would spend millions of dollars in compliance with the new construction requirements. Del. Kathy Byron, the Republican representative for Lynchburg was responsible for sponsoring the bill that required the refurbishment of abortion clinics in Richmond (Bassett, 2012). However, in September Virginia Board of Health reversed its previous decision after Attorney general Ken Cuccinelli and his office submitted the provision to the Board. This new decision forced existing health care centers to search for funds and comply with the new construction requirements. Additionally, in the interim period, between the June and September Board Meetings, Governor Bob McDonnell appointed an anti-abortion activist, Dr.
A sampling plan is a detailed outline or plan that gives a description of the tools and methods used to measure the data collected during the research (Ploeg, 2009). The sampling plan dictates the other outcomes of the research beyond the sampling study. A well-designed sampling plan that focuses on a good method gives the researcher reliable outcomes or findings. The two broad methods of sampling used in quantitative research are probability sampling and non-probability sampling (Ploeg, 2009). However, the most appropriate and effective method of sampling in quantitative research is probability sampling (Ploeg, 2009). Probability sampling gives every unit in a sampling population an equal chance of being sampled that is greater than zero (Ploeg, 2009) The probability can be accurately and easily determined. The use of this method helps in the control of biasness and manipulation, as every unit has its weight of being selected in the sample (Ploeg, 2009). The data collected using this method is therefore free from the manipulation of the researchers or participants that make it arrive at the required data. The data gathered usually represented the whole population as the sample selected gave all the units in the population equal chances. This makes the method to have outcomes in the estimation of population totals during the research that make the research effective and reliable (Ploeg, 2009). The outcomes of the sampling method give almost 100% results of the expected outcomes that make it more reliable. The outcomes of the research being reliable are then generalized to the whole population making the method have greater chances of generalization. Reference Ploeg, J. (2009). Identifying the best research design to fit the question part 2: Qualitative designs. Evidence Based Nursing , 2, 36-37.
Introduction Work force management is one of the key factors that determine the success of any organization. This is because, considering the current changing working trends, and variability of the labor market demands, it is very important for an organization to maintain a cohort of workers who not only posses the required proficiency and capability, as concerns achievement of quality results but also, fully motivated and dedicated employees. Therefore, owing to the complex nature of many organizations, and the extensive nature of activities that occur in organizations every day, it becomes necessary for organizations to have a department that manages all workers’ concerns; hence, the importance of the human resource department (Ivancevich, 2006, p. 1-2). In any organizational setting, this department deals with any labor related issues; primarily management of workers’ issues; hence, not only helping an organization to achieve its goals, but also helping it prepare itself for any future turbulent times in the labor market. Preparations for such turbulent times in the labor market depend on management practices or policies adopted by organizations, as concerns the management of employees’ affairs. Such policies should apply from the first day when such organizations recruited their employees to the last day when they are quitting job, depending on the prevailing conditions. It is important to note here that, good employee management policies are not only important when it comes to work performance and goal achievement, but also to some extent, they give organizations a good rapport. Such a good a rapport is important in the corporate world in that, it will act as an attracting incentive to other qualified individuals who may be willing to join the company, but are not very sure of the nature of working conditions in that organization (Armstrong, 2006, pp 3-8). This paper will examine concepts of Human resource management and their importance in the smooth running of an organization hence, acting as a primary incentive to organizational success. Human Resource Management (HRM) The success of any organizational process depends on the proficiency and dedication of employees in that organization. In addition, such proficiency is only attainable in scenarios where workers are enthusiastic and well motivated to work, depending on the prevailing working conditions. On the other hand, is important to note that, motivational levels primarily depend on the employee management policies that organizations adopt. This is the case because; organizational policies determine the nature of working conditions, remuneration packages, skill improvement measures, recruitment practices embraced by organizations. Hence, this makes it crucial for all organization to embrace good HRM policies, for not only does they help to alleviate unrests, which may arise as a result of poor employee management practices, but also the department helps to bridge the gap, which exists in organizations, between the top management organs and employees (Armstrong, 2006, pp. 10-22). Primary functions played by the this department in
In Joseph Stiglitz’s work, he (2013) suggests that at present, politics and economics, despite the apparent flaws in their structures, have led to a total limitation of opportunities for citizens to take jobs and earn competitive wages to get out of the engulfing pit of crisis. Second, he (2013) points to the inefficiency of the economy due to monopolistic policies in the interests of a few. Stiglitz (2013) discusses collective disunity and loss of identity as a consequence of inequality in society and the creation of the so-called new coalition of the 99% and notes the possibility of the collapse of the educational system’s accessibility and the resulting poverty. The main criticism is Hinds’s views on the objectivity and appropriateness of how Stiglitz addresses the problems; for example, taking income from the productive strata and making it available to the non-productive is a somewhat questionable action for economic development. Hinds also describes a theory of competitive evolution, where people in dubious financial situations are forced to be interested in improving their conditions of existence, which is often a catalyst for the provision of new jobs and the enrichment of another percentage of the population (Hinds, 2013). At this point, I would like to add that I often face a situation when young people deprived of excessive benefits and opportunities behave much more motivated and, as a result, achieve success, bring innovation and development into our life. Hinds (2013) is quite strong on the educational system and says that America, more than any other country, contributes to its own and international development. I also sympathize with some of the arguments that Hinds makes, for example, the impossibility of rapid development under conditions of absolute equality, and that poverty is a more critical problem only indirectly related to inequality. The idea that it is impossible for people who have failed to do so before or who have too strong an interest in a particular sphere of their power to build a new system of economy and political order is very close to me. Despite the specificity of Stiglitz’s charges, which may seem subjective, I agree that the lack of a working system for determining who is to blame and the consequences for them after an economic or politic
In describing human being as political animals he means that humans despite of having ability to think they have needs and wants that are general to all the creations that move in the world. These need and wants are vitals which need to be fulfilled and this is what creates the relationship and the similarity which Aristotle says that humans are political animals. Due to this fact, both animals and humans will both go to extreme levels to achieve whatever need or wants they have. By this statement Aristotle meant that human beings resemble animals in that both have wants and needs. He however was quick to point out that human beings have an extra privilege over animals. They are able to produce a speech which enable communicate and understand each other clearly than animals through a well developed language. Human beings also can be able to think of the consequences of their own action while other animals cannot. Ability to reason is therefore a preserve of human beings only and they use it to share and interpret ideas with each other. Human societies arise from a close relationships established by human beings. Nevertheless to have relationship is not a choice of mankind; according to Aristotle it is the nature that has created this potential to enable continuity and development of societies (Allan & James, 367).On the basis of argument I am in accordance to his views of thought in that the concept has clearly been attributed to the subjects in question Aristotle points out that in the first place for a society to be thriving there must be a union of those who cannot do without each other and that is male and female. It is only through male and female that a race can ensure its continuity. This according to him is a proof that the site is creation of nature and before an individual is that person when lonely and therefore apart of the whole. Aristotle concludes that any person who is not able to live in a society or finds it no need thinking he is sufficient by himself must either be a god or a beast because he is not part of society. Initially human beings had some possibilities like the animals to remain preserved and get a dated to surroundings.The only difference is the fact that human can control their life’s easily due to their skills and language that are well developed to be able interpret actions and their consequences. Plato in his case puts it that to find and identify one self will depend on an individuals small-mindedness and that is unless one identifies his natural gifts or talents, they will not become good citizens and or accepted members of a society but he will be accepted only if he plays the games required by the society, the games includes norms that govern the society which will always develop from as far as early childhood along an individuals development. But this view is different from that of Aristotle who says that the language we have is the tool that help an indi
Introduction Terrorism is a form of criminal behavior motivated by political, religious, or racial hate. Terrorist violence is often linked to Islamist groups, and the assumption might mislead investigators and authorities dealing with atypical criminal profiles and behavior. The case study on the psychology of terrorism examines the Christchurch Mosque shootings organized and performed by Brenton Tarrant in Christchurch, New Zealand, in March 2019 (Mirnajafi & Barlow, 2019). The unprecedented violence of the act and its viral dissemination on social network platforms raised concerns about the influence of the Internet on the global spread of terrorism, which is perceived as a latent threat. The deadly event also uncovered the failures of local officials who disregarded the possibility of a non-Islamist attack and did not take appropriate measures to prevent islamophobia and hate crimes against immigrants and refugees. The following paper will provide the background information on the event, review the origins of the terrorist, explore the motivations behind the shootings, and apply appropriate psychological theories to the critical analysis. The case study is relevant and was chosen for four main reasons. First, the Christchurch Mosque shootings became the first major terrorist attack in New Zealand. Thus, it is worth investigating the range of factors contributing to criminal behavior to develop effective prevention strategies for the country. Second, the profile of Brenton Tarrant, the white supremacist, is not typical for a large-scale attack involving two mosques and a significant number of victims. The analysis of the case involving unusual criminal behavior may help expand public knowledge and awareness of the diversity of terrorists’ psychological profiles. Third, the gunman live-streamed his crime online, which indicates the performative nature of the attack that will be addressed in the paper. Finally, the case study has implications for further research in psychology, as it provides an overview of the main factors contributing to the crime and presents the portrait of the terrorist. History Background Information Christchurch, located on the South Island of New Zealand, is known for its strong English heritage and associated nationalist beliefs. In the 1980s, the city was the center of neo-nazi, skinhead, and nationalist organizations and groups promoting the superiority of the “British race” (Spoonley, 2019). The history of ideologically motivated violence in the city includes the shooting of 1989, a murder-suicide by a local skinhead, and several attacks on Korean immigrants and LGBT individuals (Spoonley, 2019). The rise of the World Wide Web, followed by the emergence of social media websites, established a convenient platform for sharing extremist ideas and transferring hate speech online. The fact that the attack on Christchurch’s mosques was live-streamed on Facebook was unique and concerning. Notably, the assault-weaponized attack was organized as a set of performances. Today, public opinion about
Introduction Food and culture are inseparable factors in a community. The food that people eat defines and shape their culture. For example, a community that feed practice farming feed on vegetables and cereals. A community that feed on meat are hunters or keep domestic animals. On the other hand, the peoples’ culture shapes their feeding habits. For example, an industrialized community depend on other communities for food. As a result, their eating habit diversifies. They eat vegetables, snacks, traditional food, meat and other. Therefore, it is clear that food is at the center of culture while culture is the central point of feeding habits. Therefore, this paper will present a summary of a food event. The summary will include a description of the event, location of the food within a large repertoire of the community, the relationship between the food and traditions of the targeted group. In addition, it will aim at giving the broader reflection of the groups’ culture and the traditional relevance in their community. Particularly, it will focus on a food event that they held in Kenya. I had a chance to visit the country and join in the celebration of his brother’s marriage. During the event, they prepared food known as Mukimo Wa Njahi. Description The food event was a wedding ceremony which they held in Kenya. Particularly, it was in the Kikuyu community. The Kikuyu community lives in the central region of the country. Their main source of livelihood is farming and doing business. The parents of the couples initiated the wedding ceremony for their child. The culture of the community allows parents to find spouses for their children and induce marriage. They provided the necessary resources that the attendants required during the day. However, the two spouses must agree to the marriage before it takes place. Many people attended the wedding ceremony. They included relatives, parents from both sides, friends, elders, religious leaders and, the community member. Distribution of responsibilities among the attendants followed the lines of expertise, gender, age, position in the community, and the relationship that they had with the family. For example, the religious leaders conducted players and offered spiritual guidance. The elders welcomed relatives and made significant remarks concerning the expected behavior of the couple. However, there were some attendants who did not have responsibilities in the event. These included the young girls and boys, expectant women and the disabled members of the community. Younger children would be included in case of any emergency and simple commitments. During the event, they cook Mukimo Wa Njahi as the main meal. This meal is an important food in the Agikuyu community. It is at the heart of their culture and traditions. When preparing the meal, they