ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Indicative approach Indicative approach of research methodology is whereby research data are used to formulate or generalize a theory based on the observed pattern. Indicative researchers use research questions to narrow the scope of their research without the use of hypotheses. Indicative research is particularly useful when a new phenomenon needs to be explored or when a previously researched phenomenon needs to be viewed from a different perspective (Saunders & Lewis 2009). Indicative approach of research is often guided by the principles of the grounded theory. According to ground theory, researchers are supposed to start their research with an open mind without having any preformed ideas of what the outcome is likely to. In other words, indicative researchers are open to new ideas that might be discovered from the research. Just like in qualitative statistics, indicative research does not convert seek to convert statistical data into numerical form for statistical analysis, like is the case with the quantitative approach. Instead, data are collected using methods like interviews, observations, and focus groups, without the need for actual measurements (Saunders & Lewis 2009). Deductive approach The deductive approach of statistics is different from the inductive approach in that it aims at testing hypotheses instead of formulating theories, like is the case with the indicative strategy. The deductive approach starts with one or more hypotheses and then continues with a series of steps aimed at testing those hypotheses using various statistical methods (Saunders & Lewis 2009). Data collected in the deductive approach must be converted into numerical form to facilitate statistical analysis. The deductive approach puts more emphasis on causality, i.e., relating a phenomenon with its probable causes (Saunders & Lewis 2009). Qualitative approach Bryman and Bell (2011, p. 46) state “qualitative approach in research methodology is that which emphasizes on recording, analysing and attempt to establish a deeper understanding of human behaviour”. Qualitative researchers “have a much stronger interests in understanding people’s unique experiences and, therefore, it does not emphasize on getting information that can be generalized for a larger group of people” (Bryman & Bell 2011, p. 46). The approach uses the general-to-specific method of analysis or the bottom-up approach. Data collected in the qualitative approach are methodological and uses predetermined methods of data collection, such as interviews, observations and use of focus groups. However, unlike quantitative method, the qualitative approach of research allows for more flexibility in its methods of data collection. Qualitative research starts with the specific aspects and moves outwards toward the general. The
Introduction Social stratification can be considered to be the root of all discussions and debates regarding social inequalities. Even though there have been constant calls for equality, modern society remains highly stratified with gaps ever-widening. Social class is perhaps one of the most prevalent forms of inequalities, especially in capitalist societies where resources are owned and controlled by a few. The lower and middle classes dominate much of the global population. This essay defines the various forms of stratification and addresses the issues of intersectionality and accessibility. Categories of Stratification Social class can be described as a classification of people possessing similar socioeconomic status. According to Manstead (2018), social class shares compatibility with the term ‘subjective social rank,’ where material resources classify people as lower, middle or working, and upper class. Therefore, socioeconomic status is gained by the wealth that people accumulate for themselves. Race entails a group of people sharing similar distinctive physical characteristics. Most commonly, the color of people is used to define their race. However, several other traits can be used to define race, including hair texture. The definitions of race in such countries as the United States may be changing with time. Currently, racial lines include white, Asian, black or African American, Native Hawaiian, and American Indian or Alaska natives. Gender is another form of social stratification, which majorly revolves around masculinity and femininity. However, contemporary society is seeking for further inclusion of such categories as common and neuter to include people who do not classify as either male or female. The idea is that biological differences are used to distinguish between people. Lastly, age entailed the number of years or the length of time that people have lived. Basic categorizations include infants, children, adolescents, and adults, even though alternatives may be used. No universal rule exists to dictate how age is classified as the context may differ. The rationale is that several terminologies can be used to describe a particular age group to which a person belongs. Examples include teenagers, which denotes people between thirteen and nineteen. Applying to Life Few categories may apply to my life, even though most are a matter of self-perception. However, one of the most visible aspects of my life is that I have been born and raised in a working family. The rationale is that both parents are employed and have been so for all their adult life. In this case, I can only consider myself to be similar to them because my path will most likely be similar to them. Upon graduation, my sole focus will be on finding and building a career. However, situations may change, considering that I am an ambitious person. Even though I might choose to pursue a different path from my parents, the same classificati
HACCP is a food safety program that tends to be more preventive in nature, focusing on preventing hazards that could cause food-borne illnesses by applying science-based controls, from raw material to finished products. HACCP is based on seven principles: analyzing potential hazards associated with food; identifying critical control points in its production cycle; establishing preventive measures with critical limits for each control point; establishing procedures to monitor the critical control points; establishing corrective measures when the critical limits are not met; establishing testing procedures and finally ensuring the HACCP system is well documented through recordkeeping (FDA 1). New challenges to the U.S. food supply have prompted FDA to consider adopting a HACCP-based food safety system on a wider basis. The issue of food safety came into the limelight when recently successful top food companies like Kellogg and General Mills recalled cookies and crackers containing peanut butter due to contamination with the bacteria salmonella (Siegel 1). The recall began on Jan. 13th, 2009 when the Peanut Corporation of America issued a recall for products it had made over the past six months after five people had died and more than 400 had fallen ill with salmonella poisoning as a result of contamination (Minor 1). Within the next two weeks later, the toll from the contamination increased leaving eight dead and more than 500 people, mostly children, sick across 43 states (Minor 1). As a result, the recall was extended to more than 400 consumer products made since Jan. 1, 2007, including Jenny Craig nutritional bars and Keebler Peanut Butter Sandwich Crackers (Minor 1). Presently, there is a nationwide recall of peanut butter products from well-reputed companies such as Eillien’s Candies Inc of Green Bay, Wis., Walgreen Co. of Deerfield, Ill., Kroger Co. of Cincinnati, Werner Gourmet Meat Snacks Inc of Tillamook, Ore., and Genisoy Food Company (AP, 2009). According to the Wall Street Journal “At the center of the investigation is Georgia Peanut processing plant” where HACCP standards were not followed. The HACCP system is implemented by most peanut butter manufacturers and the Critical Control Point (CCP) for microorganisms in most peanut butter operations is the roaster (FDA 1). According to the HACCP standards, raw peanuts are kept separated from the cooked products to prevent cross-contamination and after cleaning they are sent to the roaster. The temperature and duration of time the peanuts are exposed to the heat are continuously monitored and verification is done on the roasting zones at an established interval. The roasted peanuts are then ground and then proceed through the rest of the grinding and packaging process. The minimal heat treatment that most dry roasters subject peanuts to is greater than 270 °F for 30 minutes (FDA 1). This exceeds the temperature known to kill even the most resistant of the Salmonella strain. Studies show that the most heat resistant strain Salmone
Introduction Attitudes towards life and the world around have a great impact on emotional and psychological state of a person, his/her life goals and well-being. Optimism and pessimism are two important characteristics of an outlook on life and environment shared by every person. Optimistic and pessimistic views of people are influenced by life expectations and life circumstances, childhood experience and social position, etc. The more important a goal is to someone, the greater is its value within the person’s motivation. Without having a goal that matters, people have no reason to act. Optimists and pessimists differ in several ways that have a big impact on their lives. Optimism and Pessimism Defined Traditional definitions of optimism and pessimism rest on people’s expectations for the future. Scientific approaches to these constructs also rest on expectations for the future. This grounding in expectancies links the concepts of optimism and pessimism to a long tradition of expectancy-value models of motivation (Aspinwall & Brunhart 1996) The result of this is that the optimism construct, though having roots in folk wisdom, is also firmly grounded in decades of theory and research on human motives and how they are expressed in behavior. “Dispositional optimism refers to generalized outcome expectancies that good things, rather than bad things, will happen; pessimism refers to the tendency to expect negative outcomes in the future” (MacArthur & MacArthur 1999). Optimists are people who expect good things to happen to them; pessimists are people who expect bad things to happen to them. Selingman (1978) explains that In this regard, the optimistic attributional style is the pattern of external, variable, and specific attributions for failures instead of internal, stable, and global attributes that were the focus in the earlier helplessness model. Implicit in this theory is the importance placed on negative outcomes, and there is a goal-related quality in that optimistic people are attempting to distance themselves from negative outcomes. In hope theory, however, the focus is on reaching desired future positive goal-related outcomes, with explicit emphases on the agency and pathways thoughts about the desired goal. In both theories, the outcome must be of high importance, although this is emphasized more in hope theory (Lesko, 2005). Impact of Expectations on Optimism and Pessimism Expectancies are pivotal in theories of optimism, but there are at least two ways to think about expectancies and how to measure them (Lesko 2005). One approach measures expectancies directly, asking people to indicate the extent to which they believe that their future outcomes will be good or bad. Expectancies that are generalized— expectancies that pertain more or less to the person’s entire life space—are what we mean when we use the terms optimism and pessimism . Another approach to optimism relies on the assumption that people’s expectancies for the future derive from their view of the causes
Reflecting on my childhood, Disney movies were a significant part of entertainment and learning growing up. The movies taught children about friendship, love, family, how to do the right thing, as well as the importance of having some fun. Undoubtedly, my favorite Disney movie is The Lion King, which was released back in 1994. It is a cinematic classic, with the story told in the film managing to transcend generations of children regardless of their background, ethnicity, gender, or age. While Disney is very known for its fairytale stories of princesses, I have always loved The Lion King for depicting real life that we endure through animals. The Lion King is my favorite because it taught me of the importance of family in life. As Simba is cunningly banished from his pride after the death of his father Mufasa by his uncle Scar, the protagonist finds the family in Timon and Pumba. Both families, the lions and other animals that Simba meets on his journey, play important parts in his coming of age and the realization that he was the one to protect his loved ones. The opposition between good and evil is very strong in the movie as the protagonist is determined to bring back peace to his pride that was captured by the lying and the manipulation of Scar. Alongside with touching upon central social themes, The Lion King is just fun. As the viewers get over the shocking death of Mufasa at the beginning of the movie, they are greeted with the message of optimism and the fact that life goes on no matter what. The “Hakuna Matata” motto that Timon and Pumba teach Simba is one of the most fundamental narratives of all Disney movies: “it means no worries for the rest of your days, it’s a problem-free philosophy” (Allers and Minkoff). It implies that life is sometimes hard and sad, but it does mean that people need to suffer as happiness is a choice. As a kid, I was often signing the “Hakuna Matata” song to remind myself to be less worried about the small things and enjoy life. To be honest, I sing this song to this day. Work Cited Alles, Roger, and Rob Minkoff, directors. The Lion King . Walt Disney Pictures, 1994.
Nikoloski, K. (2014). The role of information technology in the business sector. International Journal of Science and Research, 3 (12), 303-309. The article written by Nikoloski (2014) discusses the influences of information technology (IT) on different types of businesses. In this way, it perfectly meets the topic “Emphasize technology in business,” and is worth discussing. In his work, the author reveals the way IT can provide companies with an opportunity to reach competitive advantage and manage positive business relationships. This theme is significant nowadays because it deals with the advantages of technological development that is rather rapid currently and has an influence on all spheres of human life. Nikoloski (2014) defines IT as “any technology used to create, process and disseminate information that is critical to business performance” (p. 303). He believes that it makes it possible to improve the processing of information so that organizations become able to develop those products that make them profitable. Moreover, IT is beneficial for all types of businesses, regardless of their size and focus. Affecting business efficiency, it allows reducing expenses, improving the quality of provided goods and services. Moreover, IT leads to the creation of innovative products that develop new business opportunities and make businesses reach new markets. The exchange of information improves greatly due to the use of IT. Employees became able to share significant data even without meeting personally. In addition to that, an opportunity to obtain clients’ feedback and to find out their preferences is obtained. IT should be connected to business goals and mission for it to promote growth. However, the process of implementation may be associated with numerous challenges that deal with the employees’ unwillingness to adapt to changes and lack of knowledge and skills. Ensuring that IT is simple, professionals can develop successful re-engineering business processes that include the identification of slacking activities and associated issues and understanding of technology capabilities. Finally, IT allows companies to reach competitive advantage, as alters the structure of the industry, provides new ways to outperform competitors and spawns new business. To meet these goals, organizations should create value chains that reveal how IT can be used to benefit them. To reach competitive advantage, companies should focus on the opportunity to alter their relationships with revivals, customers, and suppliers. As IT affects business offerings, it can also influence relationships with stakeholders. In this way, the author concludes that IT is powerful enough to affect the successfulnes
An electronic cigarette is basically a battery-charged device that produces inhaled shots of nicotine through vaporized solutions. It looks like a real cigarette in all aspect except for its non tobacco burning feature. By virtue of being non-flammable and non-tobacco commodity it is deem to have none of the detrimental effects pose by it traditional counterpart (What Is Electronic Cigarette par 1). Although the electronic cigarette has been associated with various benefits on the side of the smoker, this innovation poses certain hidden adverse effects to the smoker and the general public. This paper seeks to examine the popular held misconceptions about the e-cigarette, and expose its negative aspect to the uninformed public. What are the commonly held misconceptions about the electronic cigarettes? E-cigarettes are acceptable for kids. This is not true because most dealers handle the sale of electronic cigarettes like they do the traditional tobacco cigarettes. There are a few e- cigarettes that are candy flavored thereby making numerous critics argue that they are meant for kids. Majority of the companies supplying the e-cigarette were developed by smokers who know well that the e-cigarettes are not meant for children. The notion to incorporate flavors such as menthol and tobacco are marketing approach aimed at grown-ups instead of children (electroniccigaretteusa.info par . 1). Also, the misconception that electronic cigarettes are banned is untrue. This misinformation can be attributed to the antismoking crusade by certain groups opposed to the e-cigarette smoking. Critics may capitalize on the idea that when the public is convinced about the illegality of the commodity, they may shy away from buying them (electroniccigaretteusa.info par 2). Electroniccigaretteusa (par. 3) further argue that certain critics suppose that the content of the e-cigarette is unknown. However, each electronic cigarette kit has a literature on what precisely is being presented. Any procurement of ingredients is undertaken with credible manufacturers fully with lab testimonies to include an array of ingredients. Nevertheless, there are those who swear not to know the content s of the vapor. Vapor assessment has been undertaken and the outcomes have been very desirable. The content is purely water still many are adamant to accept that such assessment has been performed. The other misconception is that e-cigarettes aid a person to quit smoking. This is not true since smoking is a habit which incorporates other actions besides the mere burning of tobacco, including hand to mouth gesture, inhalation, as well as the exhalation. The electronic cigarette eliminates only tobacco combustion. Thus the smokers observes that they can really switch from the traditional; cigarettes to electronic cigarettes, and then back to the traditional tobacco cigarettes without any difficulty (electroniccigaretteusa.info par 4). Do the electronic cigarettes pose any health implications to the consumer as well
Mary the Measurable woman Stream of consciousness is a technique of narrating a short story via giving an impression of exhibiting a lot of concentration. The author maneuvers from one reflection, sensation or observation to another. All these elements are often expressed by the authors in a continuous flow of words. These words are often used without any conventional transitions. However, the use of this technique has made people to associate it with nonsense. The use of stream of consciousness can make a narration extremely difficult to understand. Besides, it has some sense of flow. In most cases, the story ends with a topic that is not related to the initial one. Body & background With a lot of anger written all over her face, Miss Mary, in miniskirt and high heels and carrying a sharp knife, left her house to the nearby restaurant. Men and women of all shapes, sizes, class, filled the room as they danced to the sweet, sexy and lovely music. Then there came my husband’s mistress, looking very lovely. “Hallo madam. How is your husband doing? He is great.” You lucky to have a faithful husband. I envy you dear girlfriend.” Hello Nancy you also hang out here. I felt lonely and decided to come and have some little fun before I go home. This is very nice place where you get to hook up with many people. You might be lucky and get yourself a perfect husband. “Oh honey how sweet of you.” I feel very desperate to have a faithful husband.” Help me secure one Nancy.” I am tired of feeling lonely. “What about Tony.” Does he not make you happy” Oh Nancy, Tony has mistresses who are sweeter than honey. He never cherishes me like his wife.” The men and women in the dance hall continue to swing their hips to the rhythm of music. Laughter fills the room and everyone enjoys the dance moves and the music played. Hey you. Why are you so interested with my husband? Don’t you understand that she has a wife? What is it that? You luck that you cannot have your own man. “Hey Mary come and let’s dance to the music. It is like food to my soul and heart. I have never felt like this before.” I feel rejuvenated. Oh no! don’t want this splendid night to end. Wish it were like this each and every day. “Woman, stop pocking your nose into my affairs. If you cannot take care of your man, other women will take care of him for you. Just mind your own business and leave me alone. If you do not behave properly in my restaurant, You will get yourself outside. Hope I have made myself clear.” Conclusion Nancy, have you ever fallen in love. “I fell once and was betrayed. From then, I have never wished to fall in love again. I love being single. You have to understand that men are polygamous in nature and cannot be tamed like a bird in a cage. Whether he dogs around or not, you have to understand that.” The music feds and the room is quite. Few people are still murmuring in the restaurant and doors are being closed. Girlfriend let me spend the night at your place. It was really an entertaining night. Hope will be having fun more often to avoid being stressed.