ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Selected Issue – Universal Healthcare   * U.S. has unique healthcare system – largely privatized;   * Rising costs create barriers to access;   * Universal coverage – redistributive policy type;   * Universal healthcare prevalent topic in politics and administration;   * “Cannot be achieved without recognition of its dependence on, and consequences for, both governance and politics” (Greer & Méndez, 2015). Most developed and developing countries in the world maintain a healthcare system which is universal or at least partially public, providing access to fundamental medical services and medications to its residents. In the United States, the government only serves as a regulator or subsidiary. There have been increased calls for universal healthcare, but the issue is strongly political and complex. Such healthcare uses the redistributive type of policy by building upon public goods for the benefit of society, benefiting less advantaged groups the most ((Denhardt, Denhardt, & Blanc, 2014). Such policy is financed from the national budget through taxation. Impact of Organizational Resources   * National healthcare is mostly created and regulated through the Department of Health and Human Resources (HHS);   * Multiple sub-agencies engage in collaboration to drive national health initiatives;   * Sophisticated strategic planning required to coordinate in the implementation of healthcare policy;   * Organizational resources are available for implementation of universal healthcare;   * However, significantly greater funding and personnel would be required to develop and implement a national level oversight that would be required. The HHS is a vital agency and organization in the implementation of national healthcare policy. It consists of multiple collaborating subagencies within that strategically plan large-scale healthcare initiatives. The organization has significant resources at its disposal but relies on cooperation with other federal and state agencies as well as private entities to achieve its objectives which may be potentially challenging to such enormous changes as universal care. Impact of Human and Budget Resources   * Human resources drive implementation of healthcare policy;   * Dedicated HR department at HHS agency with systemic approach to management;   * Offices focused on program management, resource management, and operations vital to support the national healthcare system;   * Budget for HHS approved annually by Congress;   * Each department and sub-agency with HHS must submit proposals and justification;   * Concern that universal h
Is mind and the body the same? The historical perception of the distinction between the body and mind is traceable back to the Greek philosophers. In a close link to Rene Descartes’ theory (1650), the principal of philosophy claims that the human being compromises for the mind and body, which seem to be two distinct and separate substances. On comparison, the mind does the thinking and thus is the source of reasoning, recognizing, desiring, consciousness and willpower, but it is distinctively immaterial and physically un-extendable. Conversely, the body is material and extendable to accommodate feelings and sensation. Many theories distinguish the body and mind but in most instances end-up creating the “mind-body problem,” thus the need for discussions or counterarguments. Thesis/Problem statement “To think that the mind and the body are distinct substances creates problems, yet to think that they are the same offers no solution either.” This is a research investigating and analyzing the different arguments on philosophical nature of the mind and body by various philosophers, with the aim of providing a personal point of view regarding the subject matter. Purpose/Significance of the study The main purpose of this study is to evaluate the consequences and key concepts involved in the development of the mind-body philosophy and offer personal suggestions or opinions over the issue of relationship between the mind and body. Objectives of the study This term paper lays down the need for researching the background of the understanding of various theories over the relationship as presented by different great philosophers such as Rene Descartes, John Locke, Leibnitz and, Mauriee Merleau-Ponty. The study is equally an assessment of other issues in relation to personal understanding of the topic. Significance of the study The key topics to be covered entail the focus over relationship between the mind and the body. This is in the aim of finding the reasonable argument and conclusion The Procedure of the Study/Research Methodology The paper highly utilizes the literature reviews to enable better understanding of the topic. Preparation of the research over the chosen topic also enhances and quantifies the research as a study topic and prepare for respondents. Information collected will equally tabulate and assist in ranking the findings form various philosophers over a wide period, and help to narrow the scope to the objectives of the study analysis. The analysis will then dra
Introduction Women have participated in sports since ancient times. Still, before 1870 it was more like a play activity without competition or special rules. Women were looking for more physical activity. At the edge of 19th and 20th centuries, they started creating unofficial sports societies on tennis, archery, and croquet. The first college women competitions are not recognized as such, for they were held inside the colleges. Thus, female athletics was limited to college sports until the 1920s, when the Women’s Division of National Amateur Athletic Federation was created. It took the female sport to the intercollegiate level. With the introduction of basketball in 1892, the intercollegiate activity increased. Female college competitions became more popular in the early 20th century. The Nineteenth Amendment if 1920 gave women a right to vote, which activated the movement for other female freedoms including participation in sports. Still, the situation did not change much until World War II when the first professional women athletic team appeared. Since 1966, a Commission on Intercollegiate Sports for Women took care of intercollegiate competitions. As of 1969, the national championships included gymnastics and track and field for women. Some years later swimming, badminton, and volleyball were added. In 1970s female sport was treated positively. The main focus was still not on winning but on the participation. The passage of Title IX was supposed to equal the women’s rights, but its implementation was not clear. Nevertheless, after Title IX, the participation of women and girls’ sports increased. In the early 1980s, women’s championships were included into National Collegiate Athletic Association program. On the whole, the way of women into the sport was long and not easy. There were no possibilities to participate on equal conditions with men
Sport is an integral part of human life. Numerous sports events take place several times a year attracting mass attention and uniting people of different nations. Like any other sphere of human activity, sport is inevitably connected with the law. Law is present in every single aspect of human life this is why sport cannot be an exception from the rule of law. Unbelievable expansion of professional sport as well as the “fact that so many people now make a living from the sports industry, and a heightened community awareness of individual rights suggests that those involved in sport will increasingly turn to the courts to protect their interests.” (Healey 2005) Several decades have passed from the times when sportsmen were surprised on hearing that law could be applicable to their lives. These days they expect it to protect their rights and sometimes even abuse it for their own benefit. Such a wide application of law to the sporting life “continues to present a range of legal challenges for sporting organizations, athletes and promoters, and a variety of ideological and emotional challenges for many fans.” (Healey 2005) One of such legal challenges was the UEFA legal case to the European Union which consisted in annulling “the UK’s listing of the entire European football championship as a free-to-air event.” (Wilson 2008) This resulted in an inability of terrestrial TV to broadcast the final and opening games in the UK. Such a decision caused resentment and dissatisfaction on the part of fans and sports channels that got used to free-to-air broadcasting of the football games. The football body claims that the UK’s listing violates some of their rights and has a negative impact on the competition on the corresponding market; the UK is absolutely against canceling the live broadcasting of sports events on free-to-air television and has a firm intention to resists any challenge to the listed events. What should be mentioned above all is that football bodies keep to the point that the list compiled by the UK infringes some of the rights of the applicants. In general, Member States are entitled by the European Union’s Television Frontiers Directive to compile the lists of the events which, according to their point of view, are of the greatest importance and interest for the society. “Listed events legislation could be said to be a media version of ‘sport for all policy, i.e. ‘TV sports spectatorship for all’ – a version of the cultural rights of national citizenship.” (Roche 2000) In 1998, the number of these events in Britain was increased by the New Labour government and included “the Wimbledon Tennis Championships, the English FA (soccer) Cup Final, England Cricket Test Matches in the UK, the Derby, The Grand national, the Olympic Games, and the FIFA World Cup (soccer) championships.” (Roche 2000) According to the existing rules, this list “gives free-to-air broadcasters the first option to purchase the rights to these events and sports.” (Nicholson 2006) Ho
Introduction The key objective of E-Intelligent Solutions Company (EIS) is to use a marketing approach that is society-based with the intent of creating a sustainable environment for both the consumer and society. The main purpose of the e-products is to improve the welfare of both society and the clients. The name to be used for the e-cigar is Smokeless Power Cigar. Marketing in the Middle East The Middle East region is one of the marginalized areas because of culture, strong adherence to religion and monarchical political system. For a product to be introduced to the Middle East, one has to penetrate through all levels of rule that is the monarchy and religion. Although the people of the Middle East are strong adherents to a religion, they have their own ways of enjoying leisure time, tobacco smoking being one of them. The population has a high purchasing power due to oil money so buying e-cigarette will not be an economical challenge. In the marketing of the e-cigarette, the large market has to be segmented into smaller units. The market that the e-cigarette marketers should target is the male market. This is composed of men who range between 18- 90. This target market is the best because the rules in the Middle East do not allow women many luxuries like smoking which is considered a “man thing”. However, this does not mean that there are no women who will purchase this product. In terms of the measurability of the group, there are many men in the region. Most of these men are economically stable and work considering the fact that women are responsible for taking care of their families and most of them do not work. Also, men are the ones who flock into entertainment joints freely as the women are tied to nurturing families. Since it is the men who earn, it is also important to know that there are the ones who will purchase goods for the household. Therefore they will be more exposed to access the new products on the market shelves. Another factor is that in this region, men are more learned than women and therefore are more likely to make informed and timely decisions, unlike women and teenagers. The main social factors that will affect the marketing of this product are literacy levels, customs and tradition. As stated before very few women in the Middle East go to school and also men. This means that the language the marketers should use should be very simple (Kotler 2001). The other factor is their customs and traditional beliefs. It is also important to understand their beliefs so that one can avoid going against them so that one can avoid using language which can offend the Arabs. The two main competitors that the e-cigarette is bound to face are Marlboro and Camel. However, these involve the traditional means of smoking “lighting with a matchbox or lighter and emission of smoke fumes as one puff”. The e-cigarette will go above this conventional means of smoking because it will be smokeless therefore environmentally friendly. The ethical issue which is bound to
Introduction Over the years television programs were meant to inform, educate and entertain listeners. Most programs were mostly transmitted in a one direction way. However, this has changed as most television programs nowadays continuously seek to involve the listeners either to ask questions or to give their opinions and comments concerning the program. The aim of this essay is to investigate the importance of such interactive programs to the listeners. This study is going to use two reality formats of the British television programs. “As Seen On TV” The Celebrity Expert: How Taste is Shaped by Lifestyle Media This was a work of art that was created by Helen Powell and Sylvie Prasad. The two have vast experiences in working with the media and are both professionals in the same field. Helen had in the past worked in the advertising industry and is currently employed by the university of East London as a senior lecturer and program leader in advertising. On her part, Sylvie is currently lecturing media and cultural studies at the University of East London besides being a leader in media practice. The two have explicitly examined and documented the importance of the role of interactivity to the success of the reality television show (Powell & Prasad 2010, p. 115). According to them lifestyle television has dominated the screens of the television sets in the United Kingdom since the year 1980. Within this period of time it has helped to reach out a huge number of the people and consequently appeal to them in various ways. Based on this it could be argued that Lifestyle television has an immense power to transform the lifestyles of viewers and the citizens at large. It is also capable of remodeling reality. This is where a television program is designed not only to capture the reality but also to arbitrate in it. This has an impact of changing the perception of the viewers concerning an event or a phenomenon (Bennett 2003, p. 45). Apparently most of the lifestyle programs fall under a sub-genre of reality TV. This is where television programs are presented in unscripted, dramatic and sometimes humorous situations that feature common people instead of the normal professional actors. Sometimes the actors engage in a competition in which a price is usually awarded. In the United Kingdom, the British Broadcasting Corporation is one of the leading providers of lifestyle television. In a lifestyle television, a lot of things are expected. There are makeover shows that are designed to change private spaces such as the garden and homes. They also transform the body besides transforming ordinary people into celebrities and vice versa. The latter would require the participants to involve themselves in cast communication networks that create images, which makes styles and experiences familiar to an unprecedented scale (Lai-Yeung 2010, p. 305). The wide adoption of capitalism across the world nations has led to the embrace of a more consumer driven society. In essence there has been a remarkable weakening of the demarcations of class boundaries. The net effect of this
Computer systems have experienced significant advancements over the past two decades. This has led to an increase in their use as more organizations employ these systems to harness the informational process and communication benefits of computers. The pervasive use of computer systems has led to an increase in the number of attacks on computer networks. The sophistication of the attacks carried out against computer networks has also risen, making it necessary for countermeasures to be developed against the attacks. An integral tool in the protection of the computer network infrastructure from attacks is the Intrusion detection and prevention systems. Intrusion detection and prevention systems (IDPS) are systems that detect intrusions on the network and then react to block or prevent these unwanted activities. IDPSs, therefore, perform the task of intrusion detection and intrusion prevention. The detection task entails analysing the computer system and network for any inappropriate, incorrect, or anomalous activity. The intrusion prevention process entails taking action that is aimed at blocking or preventing the attacks that have been identified. The IDPSs has five major elements that include the data gathering module, the pre-filtering module, the decision-making module, the communications module, and the human interface module (Furnell 167). The data gathering module obtains data from the network or the host. The pre-filtering module assesses the gathered data to discard the data that is not relevant to security. The rest of the data is sent to the decision-making module, which uses various i
Harry Potter and the Philosopher’s Stone centers on the protagonist called Harry Potter, who realizes that he is a wizard at the age of eleven. He is always in conflict about what is right and wrong in his world of sorcery. The book’s central theme is isolation and rejection because the story revolves around the problems Harry who is the protagonist undergoes. Harry is experiencing a myriad of problems in the hands of his uncle Vernon and aunt Petunia. They make him feel as if he is not a real human being because of practicing magic. They even go further and punish him because they regard him as different from other people. His problems begin when his parents, James and Lily, who are also a wizard and a witch, die when Harry is just one year old, leaving him under his uncle’s care to raise him. He incessantly faces one problem after another in the course of his life Petunia and Vernon consider Harry’s magic a threat and decide not to tell him about his magical powers. Harry is an innocent child who does not even understand what magical powers are. However, Petunia and Vernon cannot understand that, so they want to make his everyday life difficult. When they compel him to stop his magic, the magical powers leave his body forcibly, making his uncle and aunt severely punish him. One day, Harry’s aunt Petunia decides to cut Harry’s hair by force and leave him bald. When his hair grows after some time, he is punished by remaining in a cupboard for a whole week. Harry undergoes a life of misery and torture for something he inherited from his parents. Harry is made to feel worthless and rejected at a tender age when Petunia and Vernon are supposed to support. What do you think about the rejection Harry faced?
International exchange rates are globally accepted charges per unit for exchanging dissimilar currencies. These rates are prone to change after every second. Several factors trigger alterations in the rates at which currencies are converted. These include inflation, deficits that a country has in its current accounts, the interest rates, debts that the country owe the public, peace within the country, and the conditions that the country gives to other trade partners whenever they want to trade (Tauline, 2008). Instabilities in exchange rates have several effects on decisions made during the trading process. These include loss of market and unwillingness to compete with businesses dealing in exportation. For example, a country that engages more in importation than exportation will create a weak international market for the products it manufactures locally. This is because its currency will be weaker against those for foreign countries. Global investors should make decisions on investing in countries that do not import more products than the goods they export (Hisrich, 2010). Countries with strong currency tend to export less products than countries with weak monetary values. Strong currencies demands extra units when trading. This means that exports will be costly for foreign countries, making them buy fewer commodities than they would have bought when they purchased the same goods from countries that have weak monetary values. For example, Japan may be willing to purchase products from the USA. The US dollar is stronger against the Japanese Yen compared to South African Rand. Japan will choose to import the products from South Africa because it will pay less compared to when it imports from USA. Global investors should reconsider their decisions of investing in countries that have stronger currencies (MacDonald, 1999). US dollar versus British pound in 2011 US dollar versus British pound in 2012 US dollar versus British pound in 2013 US dollar versus German mark in 2011 US dollar versus German mark in 2012 US dollar versus German mark in 2013 From the trend in the rates of exchange, it would make sense to manufacture products in the USA and