ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Gold Standard era Spain introduced Pesata in the year 1868 after it joined the Latin Monetary Union. This came as a subdivision of peso. Peseta was a combination of silver and gold. The coin era The period 1869 and 1870 saw the introduction of coin denomination in Spain. The face value of the coins was 1,2,5, 10, and 50 centimos, as well as 1,2, and 5 pesetas. The coin denominations were removed in 1877 and replaced by bronze and silver. There was also the introduction of coins melted from gold with the denominations 25 and 20 pesetas. The introduction of 20 pesetas saw a stop in the production of 25 Pesetas coins. The production of coins melted from gold also ceased in the year 1904, with the production of that melted from silver ceasing in the year 1910. The issuance of coins melted from bronze disappeared in the year 1912. Coin production reemerged in the year 1925, and during this period there was the production of cupro-nickel embodied coins of denominations 25 centimos. There was also a final issue of silver coins in the year 1926 of 50 centimos. This was followed by the introduction of a holed 25 centimos in the year 1927. There was also a reintroduction of 25 and 50 centimos in the year 1934, as well as 1 peseta. This was made by the following Spanish republic. It
The need to use Information Technology in health care has increased over recent years due to its potential to improve the quality and efficiency of health care services. This kind of technology is not any less important in rural communities. The use of IT in rural health care providers is important in helping rural communities to overcome health care challenges such as distance to healthcare facilities and lack of adequate personnel. However, there has been low adoption of such health information technologies (HIT) in rural areas due to lack of finances and inadequate workforce (Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, 2005, para. 5). This paper will look into the financial and expertise constraints for rural health care providers in HIT adoption. It will also evaluate the current intervention measures for overcoming these constraints and increasing the adoption of HIT in rural communities. Financing small and rural health care HIT needs Financial constrain is the major reason highlighted for the poor adoption of HIT by rural health care facilities. This is according to the May 2006 report from the Flex Monitoring Team, a group of rural research centers. The findings of their research showed that though 95 percent of critical access hospitals had computerized their administrative functions (such as accounting, payroll, and patient registration) only 21 percent used some form of Electronic Health Record. One of the intervention measures for financing rural health care providers to establish health information technology is through grants and loans from federal state agencies (Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, 2005, para. 4). Rural health service providers are expected to come up with projects that can attract funding from such agencies. I find this challenging to such providers because they do not have the human resource in information technology to come up with feasible projects that can attract funding. For example, a rural hospital with no HIT administrator would not be able to come up with a proposal on HIT option because they do not know such technology. The Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) is one of the federal agencies that have been involved in funding Health Information Technology (HIT) projects for rural communities (Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, 1996, para. 6). In 2004, AHRQ provided funding for HIT planning and in 2005 selected grantees were given funds to implement their HIT plans. 11 out of the 16 grantees were rural communities. This was a step forward towards increasing the IT capacity of rural communities. However, the grant award criteria were very competitive for most of the rural communities. Though AHRQ emphasizes promoting rural capacity, very few of the rural service providers are capable of coming up with such HIT plans. This grant program puts the rural communities at the same level as their urban counterparts who have the human resources to develop such plans. Another source of grant opportunities for small rural communities for HIT is the Office of Rural Health Policy (ORHP) within the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA) of the US Department
The fundamentals of altruism, personal and professional social responsibility, and codependency A recent anonymous act of kindness I have performed was donating time to the children from orphanage. In my opinion, it is extremely important to help those, who have no opportunity to satisfy certain primary needs. I suppose that children require more care and love than any other members of our society. Generally, I would like to point out that it is upbringing, which determines the character of a child. So, when we show attention to children, we increase their chances to be happy. One may suggest that my act of kindness can be called altruism; simply speaking it is; however, the issue of altruism is not so easy to disclose. There are many contradictions concerning the meaning of the term. The most widespread definition is mostly associated with seeking the welfare of people who need care. On the other hand, one may suggest that altruism is a selfish act as people do good things and expect that one day the favor will be returned. “In fact, there is some question as to whether human altruism actually exists, or whether what we think of as altruism is actually just enlightened self interest ” (Costello, 2002, para. 5). When speaking about personal social responsibility, one is to keep in mind that the phenomenon identifies personal assumptions, motives, etc. in relation to social issues. Personal social responsibility means a person understands the importance of his or her biases and beliefs. On the other hand, the kind of responsibility evaluates personal changes in one’s belief concerning some social issues. Such personal changes are evaluated through communication or contact time with other persons, organizations or groups. The phenomenon also demonstrates empathy for the persons through contact time and applies some philosophical theories towards the corresponding issues. Professional social responsibility is mostly associated with an affirmation that the phenomenon emphasizes performance of codes of ethics and standards of conduct. In other words, professional social responsibility means a person is to be honest, respectful, kind, etc. “Besides these general obligations that everyone shares, professionals have additional obligations that arise from the responsibilities of their professional work and their relationships with clients, employers, other professionals, and the public” (Loui, 2009, p. 2). When speaking about codependency, one is to keep in mind that the phenomenon is related to physical and emotional sufferings and the methods of coping with stress. “As adults, codependent people have a greater tendency to form relationships with people who are unreliable, emotionally distant, and dependent” (“Codependency: Caring Until It Hurts,” 2006). Taking into account the respective roles of altruism, personal and professional social responsibility and codependency, it becomes obvious that the relationships with other individuals, organizations and
Atmospherics has emerged as a complex and important business issue as far as the whole aspect of marketing is concerned. This is because of the most outstanding and notable fact that we always respond to the atmosphere around us. In this case, it can be positive or negative depending on the business environment that we have been exposed to. As a matter of fact, most businesses come up with an atmosphere to suit their target market in relation to their goals and objectives. Starbucks prides itself as the largest coffee house in the world with various local operations around USA. As a matter of fact, the company has more than 11,000 stores in USA. It should be known that Starbucks stores sell a large number of products to suit different customer tastes and preferences. The company has continued to attract customers because of a good atmosphere that creates a special, diverse and distinct experience. Generally, it can be said that the company offers a casual and relaxing atmosphere to its customers. This is meant to give them a different experience that they have never got before. As far as the general atmosphere is concerned, the company has ensured that everything is done as par the customers expectations. Its stores have a distinct signage that stands out thereby attracting different customers. This has been fused with attractive paintings and color to make it unique. Inside, there are several tables and chairs. In addition, there is a couch alongside this tables and chairs to give customers a sitting room experience. As a matter of fact, the stores resemble a sitting room and this makes customers comfortable when they are taking their favorite drinks. It should be known that the company has stores that can accommodate 20 to 30 people at a given period of time. This means that the sitting area is not expansive to give the stores the privacy that customers need. As far as music is concerned, Starbucks plays good and soothing music in the background to give customers a relaxing atmosphere and experience. This is done while customers are enjoying their favorite food and drinks. Initially, Starbucks was well known to play Jazz music but this has changed as time goes by. As a matter of fact, they nowadays play popular music. There is a joke that customers can hear their favorite beverages being made. Starbuck stores have a unique layout that can make customers to be intimate and cozy at any given period of time. The staff at Starbuck has been known to be very welcoming and decent from the way they interact with different customers. This gives customers a cool, contemporary and calm atmosphere that can always encourage them to visit the store again and
Article Information “NASA rover findings point to a more Earth-like martian past”, 2016, Astronomy Magazine. Web. Section A: Research Summary Our team of scientists from the Mars Curiosity Mission has recently made an important discovery. Using the ChemCam, a laser-firing instrument mounted on the Curiosity rover we were able to find high amounts of manganese oxides in the Martian soil. This finding suggests that at some point in the past, Mars had noticeable levels of oxygen in its atmosphere. We were also able to date the geological samples on which the analysis was performed to the period when Mars was likely to have large amounts of water. This means that at some point in the past, our neighboring planet had conditions very similar to those of the Earth. In addition, the discovery allows us to make several suggestions regarding the process of formation of high amounts of oxygen, which differs significantly from our previous views and will possibly increase our knowledge in several fields. Section B: Research Method The readings were obtained using the instrument known as ChemCam (Chemistry and Camera). The tool consists of a powerful laser, camera, and a spectrograph – a device capable of analyzing the spectrum of the received light. The rover uses the laser to heat the small area (smaller than 1 millimeter) to heat the rock or soil to the temperature when it vaporizes. The vaporized particles form plasma – extremely hot gas which glows in a different color depending on the chemical composition of the material. The camera then captures the detailed image of the spectrum and transfers it via the fiber-optic link to the onboard spectrograph. The spectrograph consists of three adjacent components, each capable of working with a certain wavelength (NASA par. 3). As each chemical component produces its unique spectral “signature,” the device is able to determine the exact composition and amount of the rock or dust. The process does not require a direct contact with a rock, as the camera’s resolution allows to correctly capture the image from seven meters. The use of ChemCam also eliminates the necessity of complex mechanical operation needed to collect samples and conduct a lengthy chemical analysis. The efficiency and precision of the process allow Curiosity to make up to ten reliable measurements per day. Section C: Research Results The readings obtained from the spectrograph suggest the high amounts of manganese oxide minerals. The process of oxidization requires the presence of oxygen, and the formation of manganese oxides demands its presence on sufficient level.. According to Nina Lanza, a planetary scientist of Los Alamos National Laboratory, “The only ways on Earth that we know how to make these manganese materials involve atmospheric oxygen or microbes.” (Jet Propulsion Laboratory par. 5) While the supposed presence of microorga
When I first entered the courtroom, I was captivated by the atmosphere. Although this was my first experience of attending the Mock Trial at Brooklyn Federal Court, the entire process was so reminiscent of the true trial in which a serious and professional judge dressed in a robe, an objective jury, and two counsels. As this significant procedure was held in the morning, everyone was quite cheerful and ready to fight for the truth. It seemed as if their Counsels’ confrontation could lead to a real explosion in the court. The tone of the trial was official and serious because it can be deduced from the official clothing and expressions on the participants’ faces. But it was especially interesting for me is whether the law can fairly justify the accused guilty or innocent. At the first stages of the procedure, the Counsels succinctly and accurately presented the scope of the case. The defendant was accused of murder, but the motives of the crime were unknown. First, the Council of Defense, Mr. Thornfield, revealed the misconceptions and controversies concerning this case. In particular, he said that both his client Mr. Derek Thomson and Miss Gallaher, had had equal opportunities for committing the crime. The problem was that the detective, nevertheless, allowed her to leave the country. The Counsel of the Defense looked quite persuasiv
Network Topology Design Explanation of the Design Topology The network design used the allocated company address space of 150.10.0.0 /20 and employed variable length subnetting to distribute the subnets according to the demands by the number of users per given subnet. The personal computers on the various remote sites represent the various numbers of company employees at these sites who are interconnected using a switched network environment. This is shown by the switch between the various site routers and personal computers on the designed network topology diagram. Each personal computer is given a default gateway internet protocol of the interface of the site router facing the local site subnet, which is also assigned an internet protocol address that is part of the address space allocated to that subnet. The remaining network addresses within the distributed subnets are then allocated to the users in those subnets.However, the remaining address space for additional subnets and users reserved for future use. The addressing scheme that was used in designing the network topology PART OF NETWORK
Introduction Since time immemorial drugs and drugs, trafficking has been the most challenging crime for many authorities or governments around the world to fight irrespective of stringent laws and regulations having been enacted to curb the vice. In almost all countries, anti-drug registrations are very well enacted and enforced. However, the laws have continued to be violated irrespective of the latter and the dire consequences that come with the violation in terms of severe punishment attached to being convicted with drug offenses. In many parts of the United States of America, drug offenses are the most common of all offenses. According to the Drug policy alliance (March 2006), one out of every 31 people in the United States of America was found to be in imprisonme
Introduction The state has been considered as the primary subject of international law, a fact that ignores other emerging legal entities, this notwithstanding, this possession of international legal personality cannot be used as a justification of statehood. This is due to the emergence of the so called puppet states which may have international legal personality but may lack in autonomy and independence. Arguments in favor of this opinion have the idea that the existence of a state is de facto question and not de jure question. The incidence and continuity of statehood is determined by several factors ranging from the legal criterion of statehood to what qualifies states membership to international organization. These notes explain all the aspects of a state and statehood. Legal Criteria of Statehood The legal criteria of defining a state as an international legal personality is derived from article 1 of Montevideo convention on rights and duties of a state of the year 1933, which stipulates that a state as a subject of international law should possess the following qualifications: A state should have permanent population. This is argued along the lines of boundaries or defined territory. This is because physical space is fundamental for the existence of any community or population and both are instrumental in the existence of a state. For a state to be recognized it should have inhabitants and absence of population imply absence of statehood. This is an undisputable element of a state. Secondly, a state should have a defined territory. A state should have an established political community who must be in control of a particularly territory. This however cannot be considered a primary requirement of existence of statehood as demonstrated by the recognition of Israel despite its border dispute with Palestine. Albania was also recognized as a state despite lacking settled frontiers. The territorial integrity of states has been eroded by agents of globalization and modern information technology. The issue of porous borders has emerged as constant threat to states control of territory. Another requirement of statehood is availability of government. A state should have established government of any kind whether democratic or totalitarian system. The government should only be effective to discharge its mandate. Presence of government just like the matter of territory cannot be used as outright characteristic of statehood since some states regained recognition even before an organized government was in place. Examples are Rwanda, Burundi and Poland who were admitted to the United Nations without governments. Autonomy or independence is also another qualification of statehood. According to the Montevideo convention, the independence of a state is defined as its ability to enter into relations with other state states.
Depending on the nature and character of the problem as well as circumstances involved, different decision making models can be implemented. Each of the presented companies makes use of one style to solve problems that dominates over the others, which creates a number of obstacles. Hence, Ericson, AT & T, an Panther Expedite support a bottom-to-top decision making models where the primary importance is attached to lower layers of the managerial level. In this respect, the problem identification here is heavily impacted by the customers’ needs and requests. The main strength of this style consists in greater opportunities to meet the customer’s demands and in increasing employees’ involvement in this process. Active participation in collective and democratic decision making process imposes greater responsibility on the employees making them more accountable for the production process. In contrast, a top-to-bottom decision making model imposes more duties and obligations on the managerial personnel that should participate more actively in all stages of problem identification and solution search. Having a center for problem solving contributes to a more intense coordination between departments. This is typical of autocratic decision making style, as presented in Cumulus Media and Panther Expedite where all decisions and procedures should be passed trough the managerial centers. The Major Weaknesses of Problem Identification and Formulation Styles to Solve Problems as Presented in Different Companies A hierarchical model of decision making, as presented in Ericson Managed Services and Cumulus Media, has certain gaps in terms of coordination between the departmental managers. Lack of horizontal coordination creates certain problems leading to failure to perform certain duties and obligations. This problem identification styles requires a manager to consider all chains and stages of providing a particular solution. Absence of at leas one link in a chain can present a great challenge for a company. The same concerns Panther Expedite where excessive control of the center deprives departmental managers of certain rights and responsibilities. Autocratic decision making is also included into the list but because of other concerns. Hence, decision from the top can be executed by the managers from lower layers, which can create misbalances of coordination between the departments. In general, all styles of decision making can be successfully implemented if they are applied to a particular problem and circumstance. More importantly, it is much more preferable to use a mixed model of decision making to meet constantly changing demands of the customers.