ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The contemporary world and its society are known for the highly developed technologies that make people’s lives easier and simpler. The number of useful and sophisticated inventions grows nearly every day. The scientists work on new ways of studying the world we live in, exploring its resources and using them to improve our quality of life. This process began centuries ago, yet its most active stage was launched in the middle of the nineteenth century, and one of the major moving forces of the rapid technological development was the reception and application of electricity. The period of time when the scientists of Europe first started using electricity to create powerful engines and high functioning mechanisms gave a push to such processes as industrialization, urbanization, and globalization; it made a massive impact on the world’s society, its way of living, and habits, it produced massive cultural, political and economic changes. There is a common misconception that electricity actually may be an invention, but it is
Around the world, Mere Christianity is considered a classic of Christian apologetics, and for a good reason too. Written in a clear yet evocative language, the book touches on the basics of Christian teachings in an easily accessible and understandable way. Lewis (1952) begins his work by addressing the issues of Christian morality, and this is when one of the most impactful epiphanies of the book takes place. A major takeaway from the way the author structures his argument is the objectivity of the moral law as the law of nature, and one may understand it reliably through reason and observation. The major premise of the book’s argument regarding morality is that the moral law is at, for all intents and purposes, the law of nature. It means that it is as objective as the other laws of nature identified by science so far – such as gravity, conservation of mass, and so forth. When discussing the morality of their actions or those of somebody else, people habitually invoke a higher moral standard to which behaviors ought to correspond (Lewis, 1952). As the author points out, it indicates that they imply to share the universal standard of decent behavior that regulates what is to be done or not done. Moreover, people tend to judge different moral theories as more or less right correct (Lewis, 1952). According to the author, it indicates that people have a scale to measure the correctness of moral and ethical theories and, as shown in the previous example, imply this scale to be universal. As such, the author concludes, humans recognize, whether implicitly or explicitly, that there is a universal standard of moral behavior, which is as objective as the other laws of nature. This argument is not new in itself, and philosophers discussed morality as a natural law long before Mere Christianity. None other than St. Thomas Aquinas (1485) argued that the natural law was discovered through reason and demanded that “good is to be done and pursued, and evil is to be avoided” (94.2). However, while the essence of the argument is not new, the way in which Lewis (1952) approaches it is enlightening. Aquinas (1485) discovered and analyzed his natural law of morality through the application of abstract philosophical concepts rooted in ancient philosophy and Christian theology. Lewis (1952), on the other hand, asks people to take a look at the numerous societies throughout history, such as “ancient Egyptians, Babylonians, Hindus, Chinese, Greeks and Romans” (p. 12). His point is that, for all their differences, they developed codes of conduct that stressed the same ideas of unselfishness. The brilliance of this argument is that it is equally accessible to devout Christians and skeptics because they all can agree based on facts and not only belief that humans tend to follow the same moral principles throughout history. As such
Introduction The progress of human society has made it possible to reach great heights and will continue to create socio-economic and technological benefits that qualitatively improve the quality of life of communities. To date, the chemical, military-defense, and healthcare industries are well developed since the product of their activities directly affects the perceived level of safety of life and comfortable living. However, as often happens, some of the most advantageous vectors of development turn out to be the most dangerous at the same time. In fact, the products of all the above-mentioned industries pose a serious threat to national and regional security; they can lead to disasters and emergencies. History knows many examples — including Chornobyl and, Fukushima, COVID-19 — when the development of scientific progress, initially aimed at improving the quality of life and creating new discoveries, led to critical consequences that took the lives of millions of victims. In case of unintended consequences, there is an elaborate program to contain and eliminate them. This forms two strands of emergency management: on the one hand, actions are aimed at the prevention and preventive containment of crisis conditions, and on the other hand, post-factum handling of a disaster that has already occurred. It is true that each country has its own spectrum of most likely threats, and it is clear that those who live closer to potential sources of radiation or clinical laboratories for growing new pathogens are at the most significant risk. Because each country’s threats vary, there are individually tailored programs to respond quickly to disasters. For Qatar, the NCC, the first large-scale Gulf project, was created (Ebrahim & Osama, 2020). The NCC’s functional responsibilities include ensuring communications between the various subordinate agencies within the country to create a unified map of probabilistic threats and to ensure that the work undertaken is not only preventive but also sharply remedial. While it is true that each country’s threats are unique, there are some common patterns that allow governments to share experiences and improve emergency management practices. In particular, there is a pool of combined threats called the acronym CBRNE: this includes chemical, biological, radioactive, nuclear, and explosive threats. Any of these threats affect different locations to varying degrees, but it seems clear that the likelihood of a nuclear disaster is much less likely due to politically deterrent mechanisms than the likelihood of terrorist bombings, which has been a common practice in recent decades. CBRNE theorizes common levels of different threats and allows us to systematize them in order to improve rapid response and preventive management practices. In reality, however, each individual case is difficult to model because too many variables and factors are involved in the realization of a threat. For example, one of the most pressing biological-scale disasters, COVID-19, quickly escalated from a localized diseas
Introduction This paper aims at summarizing chapter 37 entitled “Traveling at Home and Abroad” in Emily Post’s book “Etiquette in Society, in Business, in Politics and at Home”. The main idea of this chapter is how the etiquette can implement to help anyone consider the interests and feelings of all people met while travelling. The author argues that the perfect traveler is the person with the ability to see the things philosophically and knowledge on how to take other people’s interests into account. Main point The chapter begins with the main etiquette principle that implicates while travelling. This principle reads as follows, “TO do nothing that can either annoy or offend the sensibilities of others, sums up the principal rules for conduct under all circumstances—whether staying at home or traveling” (Post 593). Then, the author continues with the detailed analysis of the situations that may occur whether on transport, or in hotels, or in connection with the need to use other languages. She specifically mentions every category of people that might need special guidance in certain situations, including children, young ladies, and ladies travelling without escort. Analysis Through the whole chapter, the readers notice that the author is focused on the idea of the perfect traveler. Post describes the perfect traveler as the person with the ability to maintain positive way of thinking, consider other people’s interests, being flexible when one’s companions have other points of view, and remain philosophic when the events develop in a way that one did not expect. In addition, the author believes that the perfect traveler “is one who possesses the virtue of punctuality; one who has not forgotten something at the last minute, and whose bags are all packed and down at the hour for the start” (Post 616). She concludes that the dream traveler who would always be the first person on the invitation list is “he who is always keen and ready for anything, delighted with every amusing incident, willing to overlook shortcomings, and apparently oblivious of discomfort, is, needless to say, the one first included on the next trip” (Post 616). Another remarkable thematic line in this chapter is what the perfect traveler never does. Post explains that generally, the perfect traveler has nothing to do with the negative way of thinking. For instance, if someone easily goes out of temper or tends to defend his or her interests in every situation, this person should not travel or at least should not have company during the journey. Besides, the perfect traveler is not in fuss and flurry. These two notions should not even be familiar to the decent person who decided to travel with other people. Conclusion I
The high tempo of life in the 21 st century coupled with globalization has upped the stakes for business managers to be more competitive in their attempts to safeguard the interests of their organizations while amassing huge profits for their shareholders. More often than not, this is done in total disregard of the workers and consumers of the products and services churned out by the organizations. Multinational corporations have been particularly cited for utter disregard of employee labour laws and consumer laws in host countries. Presently, multinationals are always in the headlines for realizing enormous profits. However, their employees’ standards of living continue to plummet at alarming levels while their consumers continue to die of hunger and starvation especially in the least developed countries (Shah para. 1). In this perspective, my company of choice will be Coca Cola since it has a global representation yet it has failed to prevent some critical moral problems as the one highlighted above. Coca Cola is a world leader in the beverages business. The company is well known for its soft drinks, fruit juices, bottled water and sports drinks. The Coca Cola brand is found in all the continents and majority of countries in the world. The company has faced challenges in collating the accurate number of its employees due to its international presence but experts believe it has employed hundreds of thousands of workers to run its affairs at a global level. Coca cola is also known for spearheading social responsibility programs, and has a keen interest on environmental conservation, sponsorship programs and sports. Despite these achievements, the corporation is under constant critici
Introduction KASHTA is a new business that aims to introduce a concept of outdoor traditional experiences in Saudi Arabia. The outdoor traditional experience will be providing tourism facilities to foreign and local tourists who visit the Saudi desert. The tourist services will include entertainment, food and camping for international tourists (Fahey and Narayman 127). The business is determined to become the best business in the entire Kingdom. It will be dedicated to bringing a different experience to tourists who visit Saudi Arabia. The strategic management and planning will promote setting up of priorities, focus on energy and resources, and strengthen the business operations (Fahey and Narayman 129). The plan also aims at ensuring the employees of the business and the other stakeholders are working towards common goals. This strategic business plan is important to the business because it will generate a common outcome strategy that will reconcile the results of the venture. It will help access and adjust the company’s procedures and techniques of performance in accordance to the changing environment. The strategic plan will help in guiding the company in making sound decisions and taking appropriate actions (Fahey and Narayman 130). These decisions and actions are what the management will look to as stones for laying out a firm foundation for the success of the business. The same basis will define the results of what the business will be doing, what the business will be, whom the business will serve, and why the business decides to carry out the business. An effective strategic plan articulates the direction of the business, that is why this plan indicates the actions the business should execute to make progress and the evaluation methods that a business making a success out of business operations. This report helps to communicate to the business owners, shareholders, and management the goals of the business, the action that should be taken in order to realize these goals, and all other crucial elements that will make the business deliver its services as planned (Fahey and Narayman 131). The strategic management of the business generalizes a collection of ongoing activities and processes. These processes are what the business will put in place in order to coordinate and align resources to suit the goals of the business. The aims of the strategic management are to put into action the strategies to performance feedback. It will offer support to the plan as it evolves and grow with the growing requirements and other circumstances change. Key words Tourism, Saudi Arabia, marketing, SWOT analysis, vision, goals, mission, long-term objectives, strategies, strategic plan, strategic management Kashta summary The initiators of the bus
Introduction The major emphasis in the study of history has always been put on the political and social processes that were considered to be the dominant ones in the history of mankind. However, the recent research data have proven that the determinant factor in the development of every country is its economy. Consequently, when studying the history of a nation, one should pay close and careful attention to the economic context of the development of this nation because economics greatly influences all other spheres of life, including social and political ones (Cameron and Neal, 2003). Thus, the present paper will focus on economic history. The nation whose history will be considered is the Ottoman Empire. This paper will analyze its economic development and influence upon the economics of modern Turkey in the political and social contexts. Ottoman Empire General overview The Ottoman Empire was the state on the territory of modern Turkey, which existed from the late 13 th till the early 20 th century and was one of the most powerful states in the world in respect of its financial and military forces. Founded and developed as the Empire of the expansion, conquest, and military force, Ottoman Turkey placed these branches of its economy to the paramount positions (Clay, 2001). The wealth of the country depended greatly upon its wars abroad and the benefit it could obtain from those wars in the form of contributions and captured goods and money. Another important branch of the economy of the country was agriculture which was considered to be the dominant domestic source of state benefit and development. State property over the land and material means for goods production excluded every possibility of private entrepreneurship and industrial development of the country. At the same time, the conservative administrative structure of the Ottoman Empire and the way of ruling the country, which was the authoritative monarchy, allowed only for the development of the already existing branches of the economy but not for the progress. Nevertheless, in the 19 th – 20 th centuries, the modern economic demands, especially in international relations, made the Ottoman government change its policies and modernize economics. Demographics Demographics is one of the major economic factors that predetermine other factors, including the extent of the agricultural and industrial development, urbanization, export- or import-oriented economy, etc. Thus, the demographical factors of the Ottoman Empire were formed by the permanent changes in the territory and in population. Waging wars, Ottomans enlarged their Empire to the greatest extent in the 18 th – 19
China is a nation located in East Asia. It is one of the most populated nations in the world with a population of about 1.5 billion. Despite this, China is known for its ancient civilization. In fact, China was recently rated the world’s fastest growing economy with regard to the high percentage of the world’s total exports. The fast growth in China’s economy is attributable to the expedient policy implementation by the Chinese government. In addition to this, China has an effective leadership that spearheads all sectors within its economy. A market-oriented economy is one of the recent adoptions of China’s economic strategies, which has indeed quickened economic growth. As such, China adopted measures with the aim of coming up with policies aimed at reforming the previously closed economy. This paper is therefore an in-depth analysis of the reforms made by China that have made it outdo the United States of America in terms of economic growth. China’s economic growth came as a surprise to many. A macroeconomic analysis of China in the last century indicated a low income per capita. However, the pace at which China’s economy has grown in the recent past is something to question. Some analysts have even argued that China’s economic growth has been overrated. The World Bank statistics have indicated a ten percent annual growth rate in China’s GDP. The statistics further indicate that the growth is sustainable given the increase of China’s fixed investments in overseas markets. Unlike most of the other nations, China has made huge investments in physical capital. Thus, China boasts of a high flow of net income from foreign nations. This is evident because of the good investment environment that China has created with its trading partners. The investment environment was among the reforms that were initiated by the Chinese government. In the reforms, China implemented policies that provided efficient policies for trading with foreign nations. This is one of the methods used by China to capture most of the trading partners of the United States. Despite having low production from its agricultural sector, China has developed bilateral relations with other nations that have raw materials for its industries. This has significantly enhanced industrial growth in China. China also boasts of a high growth in human capital, which caters for the high demand for human capital in the industries. Thus, unlike other nations, China does not have to import human resource. China has also been keen to make reforms in its public sector as one way of making sure that national resources are effectively governed. This is because the public sector plays key roles in the economic, political, and social sectors of a nation. Reforms of the public sector in China began long ago after the Second World War. The reforms initiated good governance thus improving service provision in China’s soc
Purchasing Power Parity (PPP) The PPP theory is very practical. It emerged with the abolition of the gold standard when an acute need for a new “right” correlations among the currencies of different states had occurred. In an early version of the theory, it was suggested that the value of the exchange rate between currencies under free trade conditions (i.e., with minimum trade restrictions) is determined by the relationship between their purchasing forces (James, Marsh, & Sarno, 2012). It means that following the primary function of money (i.e., a medium of exchange), the desire of economic agents to exchange one currency for another could be directly related to how many goods and services one can buy with it in the relevant country (James et al., 2012). A more recent version of ​​the PPP theory suggests that the exchange rate value depends directly on the domestic purchasing power of the currency. In the given context, if the level of prices due to inflation in the United States changes, then the dollar exchange rate should change following the final result of those changes in prices (James et al., 2012). It means that if the price level in the country will grow by 50 percent, while the price level in other countries will remain the same, then the value of the dollar, expressed in the currency of other states, should decrease by 50 percent. Overall, as a result of inflation caused by excess money emission, the purchasing power of the national currency for all goods and services, including those involved in international trade, will decrease. The implementation of the PPP indicator makes sense in comparison with other countries. It represents their economical size, potentials, and power (World Bank, 2015). The decrease in the dollar’s PPP may thus imply the deterioration of the United States’ position in the global economy. Brand and Pricing Brand-related pricing differs from other traditional approaches to establishing prices for products. When implementing the given strategy, it is necessary to take into account intangible assets: potential impacts of the trademark on the consumer, the realization of the brand value, i.e., an increase in its profitability. Besides, it is necessary to determine the brand’s position, investment policy, and distribution channels, i.e., take into account all the components of the brand asset management process. By their nature, intangible elements represent a qualitative characteristic of the brand. They are difficult to quantify, as they represent potential revenues generated due to the introduction of the brand into the commodity circulation (Bakker, 2015). Since the brand is in a certain relation to the price strategy, it is possible to realize the brand value as an asset in the form of capital, i.e., increase profits based on the difference between the exchange price of goods and the buyers’ price (Bakker, 2015). It is possible to say that both brand equity and brand image represent the potential for the formation of a higher (premium) price compared to the nearest competing brand. Studies on brand management also show that the value of the brand can be mediated through such v