ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction As the world strives to achieve maximum economic growth to accommodate the growing needs of gradually surging populace, criminality is constantly becoming a contentious issue across the entire globe and its ramifications are eminent in both developed and developing nations. With the world of globalization and industrialization marred with significantly numerous socio-economic challenges cutting across all economies, the trend of criminal offences is gradually intensifying. Moreover, a constant migration trend that has characterized urbanization in the contemporary world seems to be increasingly becoming a challenge for social and city planners, with little evidence revealing ways of averting the situation 1 . Urban violence, drug trafficking, and youth restlessness are arguably becoming controversial public affairs, but several governments across all economies keep on underestimating their consequences. Despite extensive academic literature persistently discussing gang violence, social and city planners seem to fall short of possible ideas to avert this menace. This essay uncovers gang violence in the south side of Chicago while providing possible approaches. Background to the problem The over raging debates surrounding the issues of urban insecurity seems to be overwhelmingly taking a different shape with each of the concerned security departments controversially passing blames on each other. The entire United States failed to pass stringent policies that would control immigration and migration trends, failed to provide substantial means of interactively engaging youth in community development, failed to provide the surging youth population with adequate employment and finally failed to provide austere and strategic policies and regulations that govern cities and towns. Streaming from a background of city overcrowding, poor traffic control measures, illegal immigration, industrial growth and the urge for commercialized environment, the entire United States of America, and other European countries are currently facing criminal challenges 2 . The pursuit of having powerful states of commercialized environment and government ignorance seems to be posing critical urban security challenges to numerous populations in United States 3 . Nonetheless, a constant shift from security problems is becoming eminent by the overwhelming quest for economic expansion. For the past four consecutive decades, the nature of criminal activities has become a persistent issue with the academic literature and government sources setting much attention to the criminal gangs in the US. The propagation of dangerous youth gangs that became much serious since 1980 has increased public trepidation and enhanced possible misconception amongst the government authorities. Its was as early as 1970s when youth gangster problem started becoming a public concern like a modern fashion as youths continuously engaged in gang activities to feel accepted, increase their self esteem and even attain certain s
The meaning of the concept of diaspora changes according to alternations in the people’s perception of the processes of migrations and diasporas’ development. The African diaspora is presented in many countries all over the world that is why it is impossible to focus on the general opinion on diaspora in order to explain the particular features of all those African diasporas which develop globally. However, there is the concept which can be used to discuss the experiences of the African diaspora in spite of its location and the questions of geopolitics. It is the notion of the ‘otherness’ or ‘black other’. The black-other mentality is characteristic for the representatives of diaspora as well as the understanding of the black ‘otherness’ is related to the representatives of the nations’ majority. Although the ‘black other’ concept can be operated in explaining the peculiarities of different African diasporas, the approaches to the discussion are various, and it is important to analyze the notion from the point of the African-American diaspora’s possible dominance, issues of gender and sexuality, from the perspective of understanding ‘otherness’ as something of the exotic nature, as the reason for oppression, and as the reason to accentuate differences between races and nations. There is the vision that the migration movements are based on a kind of longing. It is possible to determine several types of this longing, and the longing for belonging to the African-American diaspora can be discussed among the major desires of the African diaspora’s representatives. In her essay “Diaspora and Desire: Gendering “Black America” in Black Liverpool”, Jacqueline Brown correlates such notions as desire, gender, sexuality, and the role of the African-American diaspora in forming the black people’s perception of their ‘otherness’. Brown pays attention to the ideas of the black American iconography and ideologies as influential aspects for the development of the black people’s visions in Liverpool. Thus, “Black America became the object of diasporic longing, for it answered these and other problematics – however partially or contentiously” (Brown 83). It is important to note that the role of the African-American diaspora became even more significant than the r
Literary realism refers to a style that faithfully portrays life and interprets the actualities of all the aspects of reality. The literary style emerged as a reaction to the clouded literary conventions, misplaced esthetic glorification, and excessive beautification of the universe presented by romanticism. As a literary technique, realism stands out from the other styles due to its four major defining characteristics. One of these characteristics is that realism is more concerned with characters than the plot. The second defining feature of realism is that its portrayal of reality is in comprehensive and vivid details. Thirdly, the language used by realists is not overly heightened or poetic. Finally, literary realism stands out as a result of its emphasis on the moral conflicts in the middle class. Leo Tolstoy’s novel Anna Karenina and Gustave Flaubert’s Madame Bovary are outstanding texts that uniquely exhibit the defining aspects of realism. Flaubert’s novel Madame Bovary is widely acclaimed for its realistic portrayal of normal life scenarios. It presents an unadorned description of people in their daily life activities. The reality as experienced through the author’s eyes is completely unaffected by any subjectivities of the author. As such, the text features carefully selected and planned events and incidents. As a result of this, the novel avoids the redundancy and boredom that many associate with literary realism. For example, the author’s calculated selection of real life events in Madame Bovary is depicted in the context where Emma Bovary is fantasizing about a midnight wedding under the light of torches, an idea that her father dismisses as nonsensical (56). This part contrasts sentimental romanticism with the unsympathetic realities of life. The reality emerges triumphant following the downfall of Emma, who represents romanticism and her father who represents the real world. As a result of lacking the realistic appreciation of life, Emma Bovary lacks the true picture of what life should be. In a similar manner, Leo Tolstoy’s Anna Karenina is considered by many critics as a vivid reconstruction of the Russian experience. Literary, the text betrays its association with the realistic school of thought. This is due to its emphasis on sincerity, simplicity, the deliberate avoidance of style to elaborate on minute life details, and the use of a normal tone that lacks the artificiality of poetic language. By contrasting the main characters in the story (Anna and Levin), the author, manages to reveal the weaknesses of both. As such, Levin is presented as an all-round character and not a simplified hero, and Anna is portrayed not as a simplified villain but as a normal human. Her humanness is revealed by depicting the various aspects of her life such as her social life (Tolstoy 245). The writers depict the dullness of people’s lives without making the texts boring to the readers. The astuteness of the writers makes the explication of ordinary situations
Without any doubts, developing professional knowledge and abilities considerably influence career success. Without proper education and enough knowledge about the sphere of the chosen work, people can hardly get a high-paid job, future self-improvement, and respect of colleagues and other people around. Each organization or association provides its employees with various opportunities to develop, improve their knowledge, practice, and demonstrate personal skills and achievements. For example, the American Psychological Association (APA) aims at providing people with an opportunity to learn more about psychological knowledge to improve people’s lives and make society beneficial. This association can also promote the increase of my professional knowledge and skills, which may certainly influence my future career success. The American Psychological Association is a professional organization that introduces psychology to people, who live in the United States. This association is based in Washington, DS, and counts more than 150,000 members. APA is considered to be one of the largest organizations of psychologists in the whole world. (American Psychological Association) With the help of this organization’s work, the encouragement of psychology takes place in all branches of our life. The number of really professional psychologists increases day by day. One of the peculiar features of this association is its volunteer basis. Any person may enter this organization and prove and his/her acceptance is justified, and his/her attitude to work should certainly help to achieve some improvements and help other people know more about the field of psychology. This organization can also provide my improvement in knowledge. With the help of the information, presented by the American Psychological Association, people can learn how to behave and how to evaluate the behavior of other people. I, like many other people, get a wonderful opportunity to find out the reasons why people conduct and react to the same situations in different ways and what makes them make sudden decisions. This organization and its psychologists will also help me to evaluate people’s emotions and make attempts to predict the results and consequences of human actions, and mine in particular. Professional knowledge is one that is based on personal experiences. (Attwood et al., 2006) Without proper practice, knowledge cannot be improved. This is why the American Psychological Association provides its member with both knowledge and practice. Sometimes, career success may be something expected, given, and certain. (Barro, 2007) In such cases, people concentrate on their education, have certain support, and work more than anyone else. However, not always good
College tuition costs pertains to the charge that a student is obliged to compensate for enrolling and going to public or private colleges. Returns generated by tuition costs are utilized in making up for various operating outlays of the institutions which are not covered by tax payers, in addition to most expenditure related to education and further relevant expenses. College Tuition Cost Inflation At the end of the 20th century the nation witnessed a rise in college tuition costs at a faster rate than the rate of inflation. The reasons for this were:   * Escalated costs of Education and relevant overheads;   * Abridged need-based grants financed through tax payer subvention; This resulted in:   * Higher education costs;   * Dropping out of many students, in particular African-American and Hispanic students;   * Controversies over equal openings for all in the U.S. education system; Trends in Tuition Inflation Short term solutions are out of sight as this has become a prolonged phenomenon dating at least 25 years back. Between 2002 and 2003 Tuition underwent:   * A 24 percent hike in the state of Massachusetts;   * A 20 percent raise in the states of Texas, Missouri and Iowa;   * Comparable figures in all other states; This enforced a set back in meeting the demands for higher level learning in the nation. Tuition and Student Enrollment   * Student enrollment is critical for the institutions.   * Student enrolments directly influence:       + Revenues earned;       + Degree of support from governments;       + Stability of the institution;   * Drawing and retaining students became a priority for institution authorities during the 70’s till the 90’s.   * Revenues from tuition do not suffice for the functioning overheads of an institution.   * To cover up their total expenditures, they require subsidies from other avenues such as:       + Government agencies;       + Alumni;       + Business corporations;       + Friends. How the upward trend began   * Tuition costs were relatively unwavering during the 1970’s for undergraduate programs.   * The 1980’s witnessed an alteration in the circumstances with costs exhibiting an upward trend.   * During last ten years the tuition and other educational charges have demonstrated an uphill escalation.   * Apprehension about the competence of elite institutes in providing educational scope for the lower and middle income category have been rising. Impact on Education Environment   * Going to prestigious colleges for higher learning, a trend observed in the 60’s, became less fashionable.   * Trends observed during the onset of the 21st century:       + Cheaper two year programs were chosen by numerous students;       + Online learning gained popularity.   * However, positives of this system came out as:       + Better quality standards and common on-campus experiences;       + Enhanced physical amenities in the form of air-conditioning, contemporary recreational conveniences;       + Superior student representation in Unions;       + Improved communication framework used by students and professors by means of
Introduction The global economic crisis triggered a renewed interest in the process of globalisation and an analysis of whether increased interdependence among nations is actually all it has been cut out to be by its supporters. An examination of the phenomenon Globalisation can be understood in various ways but for purposes of this analysis, it will the process by which technological, cultural and economic aspects of sovereign nations begin converging and becoming interdependent on one another (Burchill, 2008, 5). One of the most prominent depictions of globalisation is the interconnectedness of the world financial markets; a fact that contributed towards the world economic crisis. In economic terms, globalisation can also be seen through increased use of internet banking, currency trading and the credit card phenomenon. Culturally speaking, globalisation is prevalent through continued Americanisation of the world, the use of the English language in several countries and spread of the Hollywood culture as well. Concepts like social networking websites, emails, global media and mobile technologies are also an important part of the phenomenon. Indeed exposure to global forces and convergence of distance and time have been one of the short term effects of this phenomenon. Despite these seemingly new additions, one must not imagine that globalisation is anything new. It has been in existence since the 20 th century and was analysed or predicted by early scholars such as Karl Marx who asserted that the need to increase the forces of capitalism would eventually result in a unificat
The concept of pre-coding in qualitative data analysis has been highly focused in recent days. In regards to the developments in computer and internet technology, researchers and data analysts have diverted their efforts into pre-coding. Basically, pre-coding is the process of categorizing quantitative and qualitative data to facilitate analysis. In the process of pre-coding, each questionnaire, question, and the possible answer is numbered separately. Despite that pre-coding in qualitative data analysis has been widely acknowledged; there have been opposing viewpoints on its efficiency. In this case, the advantages and disadvantages of pre-coding will be discussed. The process of pre-coding data makes the entire task of analyzing results from questionnaires easier. Coding makes it easier for the researcher to move the collected information into one sheet so as to produce useful statistics. As noted by Sapsford and Jupp (2006), pre-coding of qualitative data cuts the costs and time of data handling. This is very appropriate in handling large-scale surveys since it avoids minor errors. Unnecessary human or clerical efforts that might have otherwise been required in checking respondent errors are avoided. It is worth noting that pre-coding in qualitative data analysis enables the use of computers for tabulating and analyzing data. This is very desirable and enables the use of modern technology (Sapsford and Jupp, 2006). On the contrary, pre-coding in qualitative data analysis has been highly criticized. Erdos (2002) indicated that it is not advantageous to pre-code questionnaires. The appearance of a pre-coded questionnaire is different and not appealing to all respondents. Pre-coding makes questionnaires to be crowded by adopting more printing and less space. This makes them look heavier and difficult as compared to un-coded questionnaires. On the other hand, pre-coding is only suitable for close-ended questionnaires as compared to open-ended questionnaires. With this in mind, pre-coding becomes inappropriate for addressing all issues in qualitative data analysis (Erdos, 2002). The study on coding and data analysis has provided very insightful ideas for executing a comprehensive research process. The issues of data analysis and coding have been highlighted as very crucial aspects in a research study. Knowledge of these aspects is very crucial for every researcher. In the case of undertaking qualitative and quantitative research studies, coding becomes very essential. This is not only for utilizing the current developments in computer technology but also to ensure accuracy and efficiency in data analysis. As observed in the study by Patton (2001), coding is a very vital element in research in the sense that it assists in analysis. The study has clearly demonstrated that coding helps in simplifying data analysis. This is so because the respondents for the questionnaires can be effectively presented in datasheets for analysis. The overall cost and time which might have otherwise been required in handling data are minimized. On the contrary, it has been noted that coding is not fully efficient si
Introduction A protagonist is the main character in a narrative, play, movie or any piece of literature, in which the plot carries events and episodes, which develop his or her character. In other words, the protagonist is molded by different events in the piece of literature under consideration. When describing a protagonist, it is important to consider how the character changes throughout, with regard to varying circumstances. This essay discusses the protagonists in the movie, Bamboozled , which was produced in 2000 by Spike Lee. In essence, the essay will identify the protagonist, give reasons why the identified character is a protagonist, and detail evidence from the movie, which support the character of the actor. Importantly, the paper will also focus on the representation of African-American identity in the movie, by exploring issues of race, gender and class as depicted by Spike Lee. Bamboozled The movie revolves around the issue of racism in the media industry, with special reference to the American television, and its overall impact today. The writer introduces Pierre Delacroix, an Africana-American scholar, who has a degree from Harvard, specializing in writing (Black 19). As a professional media practitioner, Delacroix works for a television network, which asks him to think of a new show, targeting African-Americans as its main audience. Being the only black writer in the company, he faces a wide-range of challenges, as he interacts with Dunwitty, who oversees the programming of shows. Additionally, Delacroix is afraid of making mistakes as long as he works with Dunwitty. After realizing that his time at the company is over, he works on a show, which does not fit to be aired, dubbed “The Mantan Minstrel Show.” To his greatest surprise, the head of programming accepts to air the show, which moves masses. Nevertheless, his hardest challenge is to explain the show to the black Americans, who are bitter about the idea, having in mind that it has been developed by one of their own. Protagonist In the movie, Bamboozled , Lee Spike paints Delacroix as the protagonist by considering the state of African-Americans and how they are represented in the media. He also looks at the manner in which black people are viewed by the society. In order to find out this representation, Lee goes ahead to explore why African-Americans are represented as silly and funny in the media industry, especially those serving as producers, directors, actors and even the audience (Black 20). This implies that the serious aspect of African-Africans is never depicted in the media industry, a trend that has been propagated by the American mindset. Delacroix the protagonist The image of African-Americans in the media industry is well-represented by Delacroix, who is the main character in the movie. Dela is aware of the black representation and the stereotypes, through which the society tends to view them discriminatively, b
Published in 2010, the article Do They Really Get It? Using the Kolb LSI to Reach Every Student by Kristine Hurst-Wajszczuk claims that Learning Styles Inventory (LSI) helps teachers design lesson plans capable of engaging students with different learning styles. The author explains Kolb’s learning cycle, describes four main learning preferences (GTP), and ultimately explains