ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Modern world is the world of information and E-Services. A country is bound to implement new methodologies that can easily pass on information. The real development of a country depends on the educated generation. The growth and development of the country would be sustainable only when it is built upon education and learning. An information system is inevitable in schools for effective and resourceful learning. The very foundation of the administration of schools depends on the information system in the same. Main text An effective information system keeps the students as well as the management perfect and updated. It can serve almost all the instructional needs of the education effectively. There is a drastic development in every realm especially in the information technology. These sophisticated changes in the field have an impact on the educational system as a whole. Different applications have been introduced to cope with the existing situation. The specialty of the modern world is that the information system plays a crucial role in every aspect of life especially in education. Grant programs related to information systems and e-learning have been introduced at the state level to meet the surging educational requirements of the state in the near future. The paper is dedicated to the analysis of possible positive and negative impacts of curriculum sharing and student e-learning. Student e-learning and curriculum sharing have become a wider acknowledged method for learning in the modern world. Students find it quite convenient to have e-learning as it opens new vistas. “E-learning offers exciting opportunities to engage today’s students and ultimately improve their learning. In addition, the Internet makes it possible to provide students with courses and resources that might not otherwise be available”. (Educational Technology, David P. Driscoll Commissioner of Education) Today e-learning opens a revolution in the field of education. Curriculum sharing and e-learning offer an effective and flexible learning with out much constrain. The very approach to learning has undergone sea changes over the period. E-learning allows students to enhance their knowledge and experience in learning. The incessant interaction that the students can have under the system of e-learning makes him or her perfect in their communicative abilities and communication. E-learning provides a quality based education to students and they can have access to many panoramas of life and they get enriched with enthusiasm and vigor. Though the information system, e-learning at first did not get the expected welcome later it got a warm reception. Many drawbacks of the system in its infancy had been removed in the long run using diverse tools. “E-learning has grown from its infancy of merely being a way to access online learning text material into a mature, dynamic, and personalized learning experience provided through powerful and blended tools”. (Educational Technology, David P. Driscoll Commissioner of Education) The next generation of e-learning would be more complex and would be more sophisticated. In a well-designed e
Introduction Over the years, there has been an increase in the rate of property and computer crimes. Some of these crimes include; kidnapping, robbery, theft, burglary and internet crime. The introduction of computers and internet has accelerated the rate at which these crimes are taking place. For example, most people have taken advantage of the internet to conduct illegal businesses such as drug trafficking and others use it to rob people off their money in the name of trade. According to Siegel (2008), a computer crime can be defined as the intentional access to any computer system or network for the purpose of developing or performing any scheme or pretense, to swindle, extort, and obtain money or property from another person. This paper will give an in-depth analysis of kidnapping, false imprisonment, robbery, burglary, theft and computer crimes. Kidnapping This is the taking away of an individual forcibly against the person’s will. If the kidnap involves a woman, it is referred to as abduction while kidnapping of children is called child stealing. Kidnapping is a criminal offence liable for jurisdiction in common law. However, this varies from nation to nation which is determined by the law of jurisdiction applied in that nation (Jacobs & Judge, 2006). Kidnapping has been implied to mean the act of leading someone away by force or fraudulent persuasion. It can also be implied to mean the secreting or holding a person in place where he is not likely to be found. Kidnapping can also be said to be the unlawful grabbing of a person with the intention of carrying him/her away. It is a problem that has been a cause of alarm in many nations’ especially United States. The most common victims of kidnappers are women and children since they are easily manipulated. Kidnapping comes in different forms and level all of which attracts diverse castigations. In United States, jurisdiction of kidnappers is based on the length and purpose of the kidnap, for example if one individual abducts another person for the purpose of ransom, such kind of a kidnap is referred to as first degree kidnapping. The second degree kidnapping is a less serious offence compared to the first degree and it attracts an imprisonment of one to eight years. False Imprisonment This is a restraint on the l
Bismark Bismark’s health bill of 1983 was a health cost-sharing bill between the employees and the employers. In the bill, the employer was supposed to be responsible for 2/3 (two-thirds) of the bill while the employee was responsible for the. Nowadays, in the United States of America, about 59.3% of the total population is covered by an insurance policy from employers. Most employers usually choose the fraction of the insurance they will pay for the worker. As a result, in most cases, the employees are required to pay some part of their insurance. The Bismarck sys­tem is present in the following countries, like Japan, France, and Germany in one form or another, but each of them works with this system differently. The Bismarck sys­tem in these coun­tries is usually implemented in pri­vate hos­pi­tals unlike in America. Beveridge Beveridge with some of his colleagues introduced the National Health Service in Britain. This was one of the ways of fighting the five giants which are made up of ignorance, diseases, want, squalor and idleness. As a result, labor costs were shifted out of corporate ledgers into public accounts. This led to producing healthier workers. In the United States today, the majority of funds for healthcare programs are in public accounts. The Beveridge model is usually funded by the government but it may be private. Since British hos­pi­tals are well known for their being grim, some cit­i­zens very often choose pri­vate hos­pi­tals which are much more attractive for people. Medicare (Use the Canadian Model) In the Canadian Medicare model, the majority of the health expenditure comes from public funds. This is also the case in the US today whereby 60-65% of the funding is the role of the government. Just like in the Canadian model, all the “insured persons” in the United States are eligible for the “insured services”. In the Canadian Medicare model, most doctors are self-employed and as a result, they are paid by publicly funded sources. This is also the case in the United States whereby doctors and hospitals are funded by fee-for-service (FSS) from patients and insurance schemes. In the Canadian Medicare model, dental and eye care are not part of government insurance. This is also the case in the United States whereby the dental and vision care insurance policies are sold differently. The Canadian Medicare system is an experiment in the whole health care system. It has shown an example for the whole world, both by its successes and failings. Other nations are to learn a lot from the ideas of the Canadian health care system. Out of Pocket This is the proportion of the bill an insured person pays directly to the health care wi
Internal combustion engine Internal combustion engines operate on valves by pushing on the stems with cams and cam followers. This motion is coupled to the crankshaft generating the motion of the vehicle or machine parts. In earlier designs of engines, the valves were made parallel to the cylinders in a design that was referred to as the L-head engine due to the cylinder’s shape. Despite this design being cheap to construct, it has two main disadvantages which are; limited airflow limitation of the maximum speed. The design evolved to F-head, which has an intake valve in the block while its exhaust valve lies in the head; later on, both these valves were pushed to the head (Basshuysen and Schaefer 10). Applications of Lubricants in an internal combustion engine: Cold starts or lack of lubricants are the main cause of wear out in engines. In these internal combustion engines, there are numerous ways of oil circulation within them. Here the key point is to make sure that the efficiency of the crankshaft motion within the walls of the cylinder is enhanced. This offers protection to the piston and its cylinder walls from friction between the two of them, which normally cause wear out hence damaging the engine in the long term. This dramatically prolongs the overall life expectancy of the entire engine and enhances its performance. Internal combustion engines have and will always need lubrication which is meant to keep the part together and working with minimal noise and reduced wear and tear. In so doing, the life of the engine is highly prolonged. Lubrication can therefore be termed as being inevitable in running the machinery of any form for as long as they have movable parts. It is really important to have every movable part of machinery lubricated. Below is a representation in diagram form of an engine showing the movable parts (“Poppet Valve” 1). Figure1. Cylinder ICT The components above are typical of a four-stroke cycle DOHC piston engine where; (E) is the Exhaust camshaft, (I) the Intake camshaft, (S) the Spark plug, (V) the Valves, (P) the Piston, (R) the Connecting rod, (C) the Crankshaft and (W) the Water jacket for coolant flow. Lubricants Lubrication is an old affair dating back to the year 1650 B.C. In those days, olive oil, as well as animal fat, was used for lubrication as opposed to oil and grease in modern-day science. The use of oil came into existence when oil was first drilled in the year 1859 by scientists of that time. Immediately petroleum-based lubricants took center stage in the protection of movable parts, it was discovered that viscosity was one of the most important considerations to make when considering a lubricant (Mang and Dresel). With all this important in the functioning of any machinery, most lubricants face great setbacks in their operation in the respective machinery like the engines. This is due to the fact that the conditions always change
Introduction The Renaissance movement started at a local level yet soon expanded. The Early Renaissance was mostly represented by Italian artists, including painters and sculptors. However, with the advance of European ideas, philosophies, and especially the Christian religion, the movement grew. Gaining new ideas and inspirations, it soon became one of the most important eras in the history of humankind. Art Pieces: Exploring the Changes and Their Nature “The Last Judgment” The fresco by Michelangelo depicts the second coming of Jesus. The anatomy of the characters, as well as the use of color and space, are particularly striking in this art piece. 1 “The Last Judgment” alludes to the Bible, as well as several other religious texts, thus representing a combination of philosophical and theological influences. “Erotemata” The book by Chrysoloras introduced the Renaissance audience to the key concepts of Greek art. 2 Introducing European readers to the Greek culture and, particularly, the Greek literature, “Erotemata” had a tremendous effect on the cultural trends in the European art world. The art piece also provided the grounds for promoting Humanism in Europe. “Danae ” Painted by Titian, “Danae” exists in six versions and is often praised for its outstanding use of color. The fact that the picture is characterized by its fractured nature can be seen as the symbol of the cultural fusion that seized Europe at the time. Particularly, the introduction of the Greek cultural motifs could be seen in “Danae.” “Erasmus” Created by Quentin Metsijs, the painting depicts the Greek philosopher and starts promoting the Greek culture. The picture allowed European scholars to learn more about the Dutch humanist, as well as the principles of the Dutch philosophical thinking, in general. The painting incorporated the principles of chiaroscuro, which would, later on, define the era of Renaissance, “Utopia” The philosophical narrative subverts the idea of an illusory perfection. 3 Created by Thomas More, the specified artistic work marked a new epoch in literature and philosophy. More’s interpretation of a perfect state incorporated both secular and religious ideas, thus introducing Renaissance to the concepts of Christian Humanism. “Platonic Theology” The book by Marcillo Fiscino introduces its audience to the concept of Humanism. The book rendered the concept of immortality as a crucial characteristic of the human soul. The specified viewpoint allowed adding a religious stance to the Renaissance set of ideas and philosophies. “Infernal Landscape” Created by Bosch, the drawing sends the viewer into a gloomy realm of hell. The painting is char
Introduction Ovarian cancer refers to a cancerous growth that develops on female internal reproductive organ. According to the American Cancer Society, ovarian cancer ranks among top ten cancers that have an emotional or cognitive impact upon women (Freedman, 2009). Ovarian cancer is very deadly, and it is advisable for women to have regular screenings. The reason for this is that ovarian cancer symptoms are hardly recognizable until the disease spreads beyond the ovary. Ovarian cancer leads to various body changes in a woman (Freedman, 2009). Therefore, it is important for a woman to feel free telling a doctor how her body feels from time to time. Treatment Options for Ovarian Cancer Doctors use numerous forms of treatment for ovarian cancer, depending on its development stage. Every development stage of ovarian cancer requires unique and specialized treatment. In applying various treatment options, it is important for doctors to ensure that they understand all options, means of navigating through the process, as well as the development stage of the cancer (Elsevier, 2010). In addition, doctors need to practice the ethical code of medical profession, by engaging their patients in every decision made regarding any treatment administered (Elsevier, 2010). Some treatment options for ovarian cancer are as discussed below. Surgery Surgical procedures apply as one of the most effective ways of treating ovarian cancer. This treatment option entails efforts by doctors to get rid of any visible growth that develops on the ovary (Elsevier, 2010). Surgery also applies as the foremost management choice for ovarian cancer. Gynecological cancer specialists conduct surgical procedures on patients according to results obtained during diagnosis. Various forms of surgery apply in treating ovarian cancer, and they include hysterectomy, lymph node dissection, and cyst reduction surgery among others (Elsevier, 2010). Radiation Radiotherapy is a cancer treatment option that kills cancer cells in a body, by exposing them to radioactive substance (Freedman, 2009). This option applies in treating recurrent ovarian cancer, often confined in one part of the reproductive organ. A radiation oncologist, who has the specialty in giving both internal and external radiotherapy, does radiotherapy (Elsevier, 2010). Internal therapy entails delivery of radioactive material to a growth inside the ovary through injection, while external therapy entails passing radioactive material to the ovary from outside. Doctors advise women under radiotherapy treatment to avoid engaging in any form of sexual activity, as it can easily compromise their treatment procedure (Elsevier, 2010). Chemotherapy Chemotherapy is a cancer treatment option that uses drugs to counter the spread of cancer after surgery, by killing any cells, which were unidentifiable during surgery (Freedman, 2009). This treatment option often succeeds surgery. Drugs counter the spread of cancer by barricading the power of cancer ce
Introduction This paper presents an analysis of the design of controls for a company’s sales process. The paper also shows the relationships between the company’s internal controls and substantive procedures. Memo The staff auditor at Ross Arthur, LLP conducted an audit procedure of testing controls for the sales process of Parts and Supplies, Inc. (PSI) in order to prevent the occurrence of material misstatements. During the engagement, the inherent risk associated with the entity’s sales cycle was assessed. The auditor inspected the interrelated set of business transactions in which the company examines its customers for creditworthiness, provides them with products, issues invoices, and receives revenue. A flowchart documenting the structure of the control environment of the organization and how it maps on the physical areas of the company’s activities during its sales process was prepared by the auditor. The flowchart depicts the company’s internal controls relevant to the auditor’s opinion. The general ledger function and processes such as cash receipts transactions were not documented during the audit engagement. The review of internal controls was made on the assumption that they “generally operate as described and that they function effectively throughout the period of intended reliance” (AICPA 71). Therefore, the following objectives of internal controls were considered during the preliminary assessment: transactions are conducted in accordance with the specific authorization, and all transactions are recorded within a framework of recognized accounting practices and in the correct amount (Hermanson et al. 33; Knechel and Salterio 24). Given that the preliminary evaluation focused on sales transactions, the controls associated with trade accounts receivable, sales, bad-debt expense, and allowance for uncollectible accounts were assessed. The controls associated with the following types of documents were evaluated: customer sales order, credit approval form, new open-order report, shipping
Introduction Justice is crucial for the sustainability of the society norms and laws. In addition, it helps in punishing the law offenders in the society. The justice system ought to be fair to all the people in the society to ensure that all the accused are treated the same in courts (Lewis 113). The following discussion indulges in ethnic and racial disparities effects on the accused and suspects’ treatment in the courts. Legal Improvement on Equality The American justice system has continued to improve over the years by ensuring that all races and ethnic groups are treated the same. Crucial achievements have been seen in the voting and employment laws where individuals are treated the same (Hudson 87). However, equality in all sectors of the government is yet to be achieved. The judicial system has been criticized for its turf stance on the Africa-America race in the country (Lewis 211). In addition, the courts have been on the spot due to their ruling and treatment of certain suspects based on their ethnic background, especially on the basis of their religion (Pincus 65). The criminal trials injustices are seen as a threat to the achievement made in other sectors of the society and the government organs. Prison statistics show that three out of ten African American men are serving prison terms in the U.S. correctional facilities. This has made many critics of the courts and the government argue that the prisons are meant for the blacks (Rice 45). Rights of the Minority In 1965, the American Congress passed a registration, which gave voting rights to all American citizens. However, current statistics show that over 1.4 million African American individuals do not have voting rights due to previous felony charges that prohibit them from participating in voting (Gallagher 164). Denial of voting rights illustrates that the judicial treatment of people in the country is unfair to the minority who need to be protected by law to enable them to enjoy their rights (Pincus 109). Criminal Trial Proceeding Racial difference in the courts affects individual fundamental rights that have to be determined by a court of law. These rights relate to bail and freedom where those charged are denied bail based on their racial and ethnic differences (Cooper 109). In addition, most of the suspects charged with violent crimes are from African American society. The treatment of minority in criminal proceeding illustrates that the courts do not treat all suspects the same (Hudson 132). For instance, in the case of Timothy Foster versus the state of Georgia, in 1987, the case raised concern due to the prosecutor’s action of disqualifying all the black jurors in a criminal court. The case involved a black teenager who was accused of unlawfully killing a white woman. The Supreme Court judges in the state raised their concerns for such action since they believed that the black jurors were intentionally removed from the case to force a conviction (Gallagher 109).