ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Background Language acquisition is the complex process of a teacher’s and a learner’s activity, which should function in accord and concurrence. Undoubtedly, during mastering the particular language, there arises a range of problems of different nature, which the potential foreign language speaker has to face and overcome alone or with the teacher’s help. These problems emerge at different spheres of language acquisition process, one of which is profoundly analyzed in this paper. In particular, the latter is focused on oral activity of the foreign language learner, the difficulties he or she has to face during foreign language production. As far as ‘language is for speaking’, not merely grammar and structure knowledge, it is highly desirable to develop the oral predisposition to foreign language at the first place. [Wharton Pepper, 2000] There is a necessity to mention that oral language production, in comparison with written, for example, has peculiar features. Moreover, in case of mastering foreign language oral production, the process of learning would constitute not merely of ‘studying the language’ (considering language structure, grammar, etc). To reach success in speaking foreign language, one has to take into consideration either personal psychological peculiarities. This is due to the fact that oral activity is never introspective, it is directly connected to contact with other people and immediate interaction. Hence, while dealing with oral language production difficulties, foreign language teacher is obliged to take a reasonable range of aspects into consideration. In addition to general language knowledge, personal predispositions of a foreign language learner, a teacher should also ponder on such factors as nationality, age, social status, etc. This study is built over one of the aspects which influence the language acquisition in terms of oral production. Thus, this paper is devoted to investigating the difficulties Asian students face at the English class while managing oral language production. Further, on defining the nature of these difficulties, the research discusses the alternative strategies that a foreign language teacher may apply in order to motivate and encourage a student to speak English efficiently. During an
Institution Considering that the middle east and most of the Arabic countries are war-torn areas, my idea of business will be based on the consequences of war in this region. It is also good to keep in mind that, even if all the political issues in dispute are solved, it will not possible to achieve lasting peace solutions in the Arab nations which are in constant conflict with the rest of the world unless the economic issues are also dealt with. This, therefore, makes the business very viable in the middle east. After my college course in business, I will greatly deal with foodstuffs considering that this area is in a desert landscape. Resources of Arab countries There are enough resources in the Arab countries, for example, oil which gives the country a substantial amount of income. However, almost two-thirds of this income is spent on food because these countries do not produce any food at all because of the reasons stated earlier. On this idea, serials will be the best kind of food to deal with since they are not perishable and require minimum preservation measures. The serials will include; maize, beans, wheat, millet, and rice which is Muslim’s favorite food. My source of these products will be the rich agricultural productive countries that produce different food at various seasons thus ensuring continuous supply in my cereal business. My speculations are that there will be ready market and hence sales will be large and within a short period of time, I will be able to have my own transport means which will increase my profit margin. On the other hand, there is a great need for providing employment opportunities to the people in these countries. Apart from carrying out business, I will put in mind the idea that the youths are in need of jobs and I will therefore employ the Arab youths themselves in the transport sector, sales, storage, security among others. Solving problems with drinking water Water being another major problem, I will also consider importing bottled clean drinking water to the Arab countries since most of their waters have been polluted during the war. This business will be within the middle east countries which is seen as economically isolated due to the failure of conducting business amongst themselves like other parts of the world. In fact, eight percent of middle east trade is with other middle east countries unlike in Europe where about 75 percent of their trade is with other European countries. As a young educated businessman, I will also liaise with the involved partners in business to encourage the country in foreign investment because the middle east lags behind other parts of the world in foreign investment and only gets two percent of foreign investment in the world. Arab nations have many opportunities in business but one should be a risk-taker in order to succeed in business just like in any other place all entrepreneurs should be ready to take risks. Businessmen and women should aim at making Arab part of the global economy.
Introduction Active duty military service in the United States Armed Forces is a primary way that millions of Americans gain and maintain employment. Of late, there has been an increase in the number of jobless young people or youth joining the military for economic as well as political reasons. Basically, in recent times there have been many children that are involved in a war in most of the war-affected countries, an issue that has raised concern on worldwide security and the interests of the young generation. In previous years, this was not taken as an issue; however, currently, there are ideas which state the reason behind this dogma. According to the Global Development Report that was published in 2007 by the World Bank, it was found that there were around 1.5 billion youths aged between 12 and 24, and out of these, 1.3 billion were found to be from developing countries. This reflects on the fact that most of these young people grow up in societies where there is poor education as well as high rates of unemployment. In many areas of the world, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa, the problem has been dominant. This makes the children feel as if they are outcasts and they are not important in society. Domestic and international conflicts deny the children the chance to attain better education as well as skills that are useful in their life. Such kind of a child will underrate him/herself and eventually join armed mercenaries. People tend to believe
Introduction Religion refers to multifaceted dogmas and does that point to a set of standards and comprehension of the significance of actuality. All over the world, human beings have engaged in religion for thousands of years. In the United States and Australia, a number of their citizens cannot trace their place of origins in the last century (McDannell 2002, p. 123). Equally, up to a quarter of them were born outside of the two countries. Surprisingly, most of the major world’s religious groups are represented in the two countries. In some other parts of the world such as in Europe and Asia, religion was practiced as early as 2000 years ago. In both countries, the indigenous religions have vanished as the natives adopt the religions from outside the continents. This illustrates that spiritual values and forms can vary quite rapidly, whereas features of the old religion created elsewhere can also be preserved. This article seeks to compare and contrast the significance of religion in Australia and the United States. Significance of religion in Australia In Australia, the sacred societies that have faith in religion portray a number of diverse structures of conviction, practice, and group, which determine their attitudes towards life. Two-third of the country’s populations is made up Christians (Bouma 2006, p. 79). The other one-third comprises of the Islam, Buddhists, Jewish, and atheist. Despite its popularity, religion plays a significant role in the attentions and ordinary lives of few Australians. With respect to the research done by International Survey, 28% of the Australians consider themselves non-religious (Bouma 2006, p. 79). Among this group, religious practices and values have hardly featured in their day-to-day lives. According to the same survey, 25% of Australians consider themselves as deeply religious (Bouma 2006, p. 80). Equally, 44% of the Australians categorize themselves spiritual. However, religion does not play a vital role in their day-to- day lives. Forty eight percent of Australians do not participate in personal prayer. Similarly, 52% do not attend religious gatherings. In general, religious conviction scored lesser than all other parts of Australians daily life, considered that more than 50% of the population perceive religion the least significant unlike families, partners, or careers. From mid 19 th century, the state provided aid to various organizations to establish and run churches and schools across Australia. These ins
Start-Up Junkies: Earth Class Mail The ambitions of the Earth Class Mail company are serious, but there is a lack of any contingency, strategic plan, and a back-up plan in Ron’s view of the business. First, the postal service remains to be relatively unbeatable because of the various delivery services that the digital tools (computers, E-Mails, phones) cannot provide, such as shipping of physical objects (books, valuable papers, etc.) that need to be physically present because they become invaluable otherwise. For example, some of the valuable papers have specific markings and are printed with specific inks that will not be visible on a digital copy. Second, Ron did not provide any specific strategies about how he plans to have a million customers soon. The only strategic goal he has mentioned is to change postal mail into digital mail so that people’s letters or papers exchange can be facilitated. He states that the company will use technological advances and robotics to meet customer demands. He does not explain what exactly is going to happen, how the company will gather the mail, how it will be digitalized, what technology will be needed to e-mail this amount of letters and papers to customers, w
Introduction Enzymes are huge complex molecules that execute specific tasks in cells. The key role of enzymes is to improve the rates of biological reactions so that they, are well-suited to the requirements of the organism (Garrett and Grisham 23). Without these enzymes, important reactions would be too slow to sustain life (Nelson and Cox 190). The catalytic activity of most enzymes relies on the existence of tiny molecules referred to as cofactors. An enzyme with no cofactor is called an apoenzyme, whereas an enzyme with its cofactor is known as a holoenzyme (Nelson and Cox 192). Catalase is a heme-containing enzyme that is found in plants and animals. Aerobic bacteria also have catalase in their cells (Garrett and Grisham 35). Catalase favors the conversion of hydrogen peroxide, which is a strong oxidizing agent, to water and oxygen (Garrett and Grisham 27). Hydrogen peroxide, which is a product of respiration, is damaging to the cells if left to accumulate. Enzyme kinetics is the study of enzymatic reactions and the factors that influence them. The fundamental constituents of a reaction that is catalyzed by an enzyme are substrate, product, and the enzyme itself. The efficacy of an enzyme also depends on additional factors such as pH, temperature, salt concentrations, cofactors, activators, and inhibitors (Garrett and Grisham 430). For an enzyme to work effectively, all these features must be present at optimal concentrations or ranges. The optimal range of these conditions is specific for each type of enzyme. Enzyme kinetics is a vital field because it helps in the understanding of enzyme activity in the course of illnesses as well as pharmacology. It provides a valid explanation for the intricate behavior of enzymes. This explanation is founded on simple chemical procedures. In certain disorders, particularly genetic ailments that pass from one family member to another, an insufficiency or entire absence of certain enzymes is usually the main cause. In other conditions, too much activity of an enzyme may be the cause. Quantifying enzyme activity in red blood cells, plasma, or tissue samples is necessary for the identification of certain conditions. Most drugs wield their biological results during interactions with enzymes (Nelson and Cox 190). Apart from medicine, enzyme kinetics is also significant in agriculture, food processing, and chemical industries. This practical aimed at establishing the impact of metals, pH, and temperature on the reaction between catalase and hydrogen peroxide. Materials and Methods A potato, which contained amylase, was sliced into tiny squares of approximately 4 to 5 millimeters wide. A mark was made about 3 centimeters from the bottom of a large test tube. Subsequently, the pieces of potato were added just below the mark. Several such test tubes were prepared and kept
Research Evidence of the Effectiveness of Telehealth The practices of telehealth refer to the provision of healthcare services on a distance (Schlachta-Fairchild, Elfrink, & Deickman, 2008). This term can be used along with or replaced by such terms as telenursing and telemedicine. In that way, searching for the relevant research and evidence concerning the practice of telehealth must include all of these variations of the name. The body of research exploring the effectiveness of telehealth practices is substantial and concerns many different fields such as mental health, pediatrics, maternal care, chronic diseases, and long-term care, among others (CADTH, 2016). The American Telemedicine Association (ATA) specializes in the collection of data and research as to the effectiveness of practices in this sphere. Currently, the ATA has a sufficient body of information that confirms the cost-effectiveness of telehealth for both the care providers and the patients (American Telemedicine Association, 2015). Namely, the researchers find that the telehealth models can adequately support the primary care practices and reduce the pharmacy and medical costs of the treatments, reduce the number of admissions to the hospital; in addition, telemedicine was reported to improve the patient experiences and overall treatment outcomes (American Telemedicine Association, 2015). In particular, the study by Salisbury et al. (2016) demonstrated the effectiveness of telemedicine in depression and anxiety treatments and showed a higher response rate to this type of treatment. However, the research by Dixon (2016) that also involved the depression patients showed that the cost-effectiveness of the telemedicine approach was low due to the consumption of the practitioners’ time and the comparatively low gain in QALY. The evidence collected by NHS (n. d.) presented the results of home telemonitoring of the patients with diabetes, COPD, and heart failure and showed that in all three conditions, telemedicine helped reduce mortality and hospitalization rates significantly. As a result, a conclusion may be made that telemedicine is a somewhat practical approach when applied to mental health conditions, chronic diseases, and long-term health problems. The primary positive effects for public health were the reduction of the mortality rates and hospitalization cases, thus reducing the hospitals’ costs. However, the time and effort spent on the provision of distance care are some significant factors that reduce the cost-effectiveness of the telehealth models. Challenges Faced Even thoug
An efficient justice system often relies on various approaches to appeal to multiple community members. The cash bail procedure present in many states across America is a possibility for the accused to obtain a temporary release from incarceration. Some scholars argue that this absolving strategy is mostly discriminatory, causing individuals to suffer the consequences of limited monetary resources (Wiseman 236). A fair judicial institution should consider the needs of all the people affected, providing equal opportunities for them. It is necessary to eliminate cash bail to positively reform the American justice system, considerably benefiting the population of the United States. The emergence of the bailing approach and the outcomes of its implementation are essential parts of this topic’s discussion. Even though cash bail possesse
Introduction Imperialism is the establishment of political and economic dominance over other nations. Many nations took part in colonial empires including the U.S. during the nineteenth century. America, on its own, is not supposed to be an empire. It was a rebel colony initially being the first system to dispose British rule. Imperialism was first practiced in Samoa which motivated the rest of the America. The United States had positive motives when they got involved in the task. Their reason for participation was to control economy and compete with other industrialized nations as well as to maintain their reputation in other countries. Another motive was to obtain a constant market for gainful investments. There was also the religious motivation with the desire to introduce Christianity to foreign and traditional cultures (Streich, 2009, p.1). Americans viewed imperialism as a way of uplifting the uncivilized people in the world in a moral way. Production was very high and America needed to protect its expanding foreign markets. Hawaii had been dominated by Americans way before the war. America had already started investing in Cuba’s natural resources while Hawaii’s best ports, already under America’s control, was used to access China for efficient trading. The state’s secretary pressured Europeans to stop blocking America’s participation in China’s trade. America had a war with Spain in 1898 which after its conclusion, America was given the ownership of Cuba, Philippines and Puerto Rico which were previous possessions of Spain. America wanted an efficient and easier access of its navy to the Pacific and the Caribbean oceans. A negotiation between American officials and Britain confirmed the America’s domination and regulation over the canal. A French canal company official gave Americans a central section of Panama to build the canal. He also gave America rights to take more land or use troops on Panama when necessary. The Panamanians were to be given their independence only if they accepted the treaty, but they refused to sign it so the Americans took ownership of the canal region (Bella, 2003, p.1). The United States therefore destroyed all European empires after taking over Cuba and Philippines from Spain. They built a navy ready for European in case they became troublesome or destabilized. In 1939 to 1945, the then American president, Roosevelt, extracted British colonies including the Caribbean and West Africa and in exchange He offered assistance to Britain during war. After years after the World War II, America was already exercising authority and power in Belgian Congo which was previously dominated by Britain, and French Indochina (Selfa, 1999, p.1). Criticism of imperialism Despite the fact that many Americans believed in overseas expansion, many other Americans opposed the move. They formed the American anti-imperialism league in 1899. However, their campaigns were not successful. The league argued that the imperial
The ‘Wilderness Boy’ is a historical book wrote to bring into picture the consequences of the Revolution. It takes place in the eighteenth century specifically during colonial North America. Margery tries to bring out the conflicts a young boy faces when he is forced into adulthood that has wars all over at only the age of sixteen. He has to decide on which side to be on, but the activities that transpired influenced his decisions. The book enlightens the young scholars on the early days of their country’s struggle to fight injustices. It highlights Jonathan’s experiences during the Whiskey Rebellion as well as the time he was being spoilt for choice between the Federalist and the Revolutionary factions. The storyline is set in Pennsylvania, the southern part of Pittsburg in Washington Province. It is about a young boy called Garret Jonathan and occurred in fiscal 1794. The young Jonathan is a lonely boy who lives with his uncle, Dr. Garret Daniel. From the book, Dr. Garret is both a conservative and a doctor. While Jonathan is sent on an errand through his uncle Dr. Garret, he rides through the province and comes across a group of farmers who are putting up a liberty pole. That pole marks the beginning of an adventure that makes a difference to his allies, family, and freedom. The farmers ask him to join the revolution that was followed by the Whiskey Rebellion, and various events started taking place. The Whiskey Revolution is a levy protest initiated through farmers aggravated by the taxation imposed on refined brews. It was a way Hamilton Alexander gained money to pay the war debt that occurred at the time of the Revolutionary War. The agrarians from the Western boundaries disagreed with the imposition of such levies since they became used to refining the harvested corns and other grains to the renowned spirits. As a result, the farmers were fighting against the local taxation given that they were hardly locally represented. The government, on the other hand, insisted that the taxes were imposed founded on the law. Jonathan found himself in a fix as to whether to support the rebellion or not. However, his uncle, Dr. Garret is rancorously against the Rebellion and is worried about its uprising while his beloved uncle named McClintock Lachlan is one of the rebellion leaders. Jonathan has great respect for his uncle and does not want to offend him. On the other side, Jonathan sees the plight of freedom when he is engaged in the rebellion. In return, Jonathan decides to side fully with the rebels and takes part in their activities and their plight for freedom, but with a lot of caution. Given that the farmers hardly saw President Washington address