ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction For several years following the publication of The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn , one of the world classics by Mark Twain, one question has remained and still remains in the heated debates in the literary circles – was Mark Twain a racist? The relevance of considering such a heated topic of discussion has been augmented by the fact that this important novel, otherwise regarded as a classic novel, has been taken away from the school curriculum in several districts in the past decade and has been censored by some of the public libraries. It was clarified that many readers were offended by the book’s frequent use of the word “nigger.” There is markedly two prominent views regarding the issue – on the one hand, some people consider the novel as a manuscript that contributes to the racist tendencies of America and, on the other hand, there is a large number of critics and readers who hold the view that such a view is the result of narrow-minded outlook and prejudiced world view. “Defenders say the book, the product of another era, vividly and realistically portrays important aspects of 19th-century American life. Pulitzer Prize-winning writer Jane Smiley added fire to the controversy in an article in Harper’s Magazine last year when she suggested that Twain’s feelings about slavery and race were ambiguous at best, as depicted in the relationship between Huck and the runaway slave Jim.” (UVa Library Press Releases 1996 – 1997, Important Mark Twain Letter Acquired By U.Va. Library). Main body However, in my opinion, it is not very difficult to come to a reasonable conclusion and I can be based on the primary evidence and reasoning, strongly make the declaration that “I do not believe he was racist.” Anything other than such a view can only be regarded as the result of some superficial understanding and reading of the novel. In a well-meditated and profound analysis of the novel, it becomes clear that Mark Twain was never a racist. Significantly, well-reflected considerations of Twain’s wisdom and humanity, the humor aspect and the satiric intent in the novel, and a severance made by the reader between the ideas of the novelist from the ideas of the characters will further augment the argument suggested by my statement. Although there is a serious interpretation by several critics, based mainly on the understanding of the word “nigger,” which states the novel The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn to be a racist novel, to any reader who understands clearly what is Twain’s wisdom and humanity, such interpretations are preposterous. It is pertinent to respond to such views by certain critics who obviously touch a raw nerve and it is significant to understand that the novel The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn was identified, by Ernest Hemingway, as the source of all American literature. It is most remarkable that such critics who hold the critical opinion fail utterly to make the pert
The current process of globalization touches upon numerous multinational organizations and proves the importance of cultural differences’ identification (Favier-Townsend & Lister 2010). It is necessary to admit that the norms of one culture may contradict the norms of another culture and leads to inabilities to develop strong professional relations between countries. Differences between cultures are all about generalities, and Luger (2009) admits that it is very important to “be aware of expectations that every individual will behave in a manner consistent with those generalizations, because even within cultures, people differ from each other” (p. 3). In this paper, three models are taken into consideration to compare the achievements of the USA and China: Hofstede dimensions of time (LTO) and power (PDI), Trompenaars’ value dimensions like universalism versus particularism, and GLOBE dimensions which evaluate gender and uncertainty avoidance. As different “cultural attitudes to space influence demands for work space” (Mead 2005, p. 27), it is necessary to evaluate the environment and compare the expectations of the USA and China in regard to the above-mentioned dimensions in order to promote appropriate relations. Variety of Cultural Dimension Models: Hofstede, Trompenaars, and GLOBE The choice of the countries for the analysis is predetermined by the positions these countries take in the world market. In fact, China and the USA are one of the most successful examples of how it is possible to integrate cultures and demands and achieve positive results in the chosen spheres. Still, the cultures of these two countries differ considerably; this is why it is not only interesting but also challenging and educative to study Chinese and American perspectives. Hofstede in China and the USA. Hofstede dimension model defines culture as “a collective programming of the mind that distinguishes the members of one group or category of people from another” (Falkenreck 2010, p. 59). PDI stands for Power Distance and is considered to be one of the dimensions according to which less powerful organizations may define the extent to which it is possible to expect unequal power distribution. The results of the comparison of the USA and China show that the USA has lower power distance (40); it means that this country should try to imply greater empowerment that it is now. And China’s PDI is 80, and it proves that the control of this country is more centralized. The dimension that is called Long-versus Short-term Orientation (LTO) evaluates the extent to which the country may invest in future. Under the current conditions, China leads this type of dimension (118), and the USA is 29 only. Trompenaars in China and the USA . Though some value orientations which are regarded in the chosen dimension model are similar to the one of Hofstede (Gooderham & No
Executive summary The purpose of this brief is to outline the current situation and to push for reforms in Lebanon pertaining to the ownership of property, land and housing by Palestinian refugees. It is addressed to the office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights since the office is charged with the responsibilities of ensuring the compliance of national legal systems with International Human rights. Various recommendations have been put forward in this brief to address the specific issues mentioned and among them is the implementation of proposals in a change of the 2001 law on land that has brought great controversy (Brynen 2007, p.138). Statement of the Issue/Problem It may be pertinent to pursue the everlasting question of what role the Lebanese Government and other international organizations play in ensuring equal rights of ownership of land and property by the Palestinian refugees in Lebanon? Background of the problem Palestinians have since the massacres of Black September and war with the Israeli, been refugees with more than 50% of the Palestinian population displaced living all over the world. Estimates indicate that over 200,000 Palestinians were living in Lebanon by 1970 (Haley 1979, p.24). There is very little prospect of returning to their homeland despite an established right in international law to return to their homeland. Palestinian refugees account for nearly 10% of the population in Lebanon with majority of them living in 12 refugee camps managed by the United Nations Relief and Works Agency (UNRWA) and other committees. Some of the refugees also live in rural settlements that are outside the UNRWA mandate. Palestinian refugees have suffered in these camps for many years having most of their basic rights infringed. Among these is their lack of rights to ownership of property, land and housing (Beker 1991, p. 96). The law of Lebanon passed in 1969 had restricted land ownership by foreigners to 500 square meters per foreign person. Spouses and children of these foreigners were not considered as separate persons according to this law. In 2001, amendment of the law further imposed the restriction to 300 square meters per foreign person. Furthermore the law now requires that for a foreigner to own land in Lebanon, he or she must be a citizen of an internationally recognized state. Given that the Palestinian refugees in Lebanon are not citizens of any country, they were completely locked out from owning property or land in Lebanon. The issue has been a sensitive topic in the international community as well as within Lebanon itself. However, the question on whether the issue is racist is subject to great debate. In 2007, a conflict arose which had devastating effects resulting in the near complete destruction of the Nahr el-Bared refugee camp and areas surrounding it. There has been a recent move by the Palestinian government in trying to improve the conditions for the Palestinian refugees. Law reform proposals are still under scrutiny in parliament and have not yet been made
“A Conversation with My Father” is a short story by Grace Paley about a relationship between a young woman and her elderly father. The lady is a writer, and she shares her stories with her bedridden father, who reproaches his daughter for not following a straightforward plot. The two individuals seem to share a love for storytelling and writing (Paley, 1972). Both wish that each of them could understand the other person’s preferred way of writing. In particular, the father is disturbed and dissatisfied that the daughter’s story lacks a perfect ending as most tragic stories do not. An exciting and notable aspect of “A Conversation with My Father” is the style and technique used. Paley chose to write the story in the first person to depict the connection between the author and the story. In such stories, a reader always experiences difficulty in differentiating the author’s assertions from the character’s ones. Possibly, Paley selected the technique for her describing her real-life challenges. Based on the historical context of the writing, it was created at the time when women were fighting for their rights, yet society was not ready for their opinions. It is possible that Paley utilized the opportunity to describe how she felt whenever her father failed to approve of her ideas, even when she knew she was right. The style of telling a story within a story makes Paley’s work captivating. Two versions of the story are found within the main story. Other than the technique demonstrating the author’s exceptional emotional depth and profound intelligence, it contrasts Paley’s ending of the story with her father’s one. Without the stories, the audience could not understand how the father wanted his daughter to end the story. Additionally, two stories provide authors with a chance to experience the daughter’s imaginative levels. Thus, “A Conversation with My Father” is among the most interesting, creative, and mind-provoking short stories based on the techniques utilized to present it. Reference Paley, G. (1972). A Conversation with My Father. Web.
Abstract Quite a number of long term diseases and the state of health could be made better if primary prevention could be given more emphasis by nurses and health care professionals. The main aim of programs that promote health is to enhance standard and quality of life of people. In order for these programs to be successful, information on epidemiology is used to identify the cause or origin of the problem, investigate risk factors and most importantly, determine the rate at which such health conditions occur. To begin with, educating people in large numbers as well as immunization efforts are necessary. In this paper, several examples of current professional nursing practice that involve primary prevention are discussed. Also the positive impacts of undertaking primary prevention by the nursing fraternity and other healthcare professionals is elaborated in terms of cost effectiveness and life saving. Introduction Primary prevention can be defined as averting the start of a disease through conduct modification (e.g. reducing alcohol intake) or even treatment (e.g. inoculation). The main role of professional nursing within the community is prevention. Although there are three categories of prevention namely: – primary, secondary, and tertiary. Primary prevention remains to be the most vital. It is provided to people who are still in good health before the actual disease symptoms are recognized. Discussion Examples of primary prevention are boosting resistance to illnesses, keeping health problems at bay or molding an environment that can sustain good rather than ill-health (Williams, 2008). Identification of disease patterns before the actual attack is also considered preventive. Williams asserts that the knowledge on disease occurrence, how it is transmitted and its incubation period is important in creating preventive rather than curative measures. Moreover, if risk factors are determined well in advance, an injury can be prevented. Therefore, nurses ought to envisage real needs and health challenges to avoid occurrence (Williams, 2008). Primary prevention, if well executed, can lead to drastic drop in healthcare costs. It is less expensive to prevent a health complication. Educating the community on preventive measures to disease control is also considered primary prevention on its own. For example, well educated community will be able to understand and appreciate the need of undergoing immunization programs. However, there is still an overwhelming task in achieving health education for all and it may require concerted efforts from all stakeholders in the community. The importance of primary prevention in program development is the fact that it is easier and less expensive to prevent an illness, disease, or dysfunction by promoting healthy choices and behavior in the first place. Education and immunizations are research based and
Introduction Modern urban areas can be defined and critically discussed from various perspectives. Diverse theories that define urban development do exist. The purpose of this study is to examine the various theories employed in urban economics and how the theories affect urban development in the United Kingdom. The approach used evaluates how policies that characterize modern urban business environment are employed. The study interprets how land rates are used in ensuring that office rent charges are clearly understood and the market’s office rent fair charges are effectively defined. In the study, global points of view are used to explain how land rates help to determine the level of efficiency and cost effectiveness in the manner in which urban areas are developed and how the rental fees for offices in metropolitan areas are determined (McCann 2001: 6-15). Housing in urban areas defines the relevance and economic standards of how best land rates, leases and rents are defined and implemented. Most housing policies help to shape the dynamics and relevance of various aspects of land use and the degree to which urban land rates shape the rent rates and operational standards of housing units. Imperfect competition in real estate businesses greatly contributes to the ever increasing dynamics of various business processes in the allocation, selling and leasing of offices (Capello & Nijkamp 2004; DiStefano 2012: 8-38). Theories of rent and urban economics Different theories on rent do exist. The rent theory explains the manner in which land rents vary based on the use, environment and period of existence and geographical location of the property in question. The determination of land rents is also influenced by the location and office features that are on the land or their proximity to the land. Theories of rent explain that office rent prices are economic indicators that help to produce the best and most cost effective possible use and location of the available scarce resources (DiStefano 2012: 7-12). With reference to office rents in the United Kingdom, the theories of rent and urban economics are based on the understanding that marginal utility of offices is equivalent to both marginal cost and office rents. According to the early theories of economics established by Adam Smith that also relate to the concept of the World of Nations, the value of land and the actual rent charged for an office space is highly dependent on the location, fertility and accessibility of the
I agree that wearable devices represent one of the most promising technologies in healthcare. However, it also has the potential to become a major source of controversies associated with breaches of privacy and data security. Moreover, the research shows that the reliability and accuracy of the data collected by the devices represent yet another point of concern for consumers (Marakhimov & Joo, 2017). Overall, while this technology has significant potential, scholars agree that the lack of adequate regulations might pose a serious issue to healthcare and legal systems. One might argue that the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) protects patients from violations of privacy. However, the research shows that the current legislation might be ineffective at preventing security breaches when it comes to wearable devices for several reasons. One of the main problems associated with it is that HIPAA guidelines were introduced before wearables emerged as a major trend in healthcare (Banerjee et al., 2018). Since they fail to address the issues specific to this industry, businesses can bypass identification processes using the loopholes in the law. Information overload represents another serious legal issue associated with purchasing wearable devices. Banerjee et al. (2018) state that consumers are often forced to sign vague consent notices, which they fail to comprehend due to their complexity. Therefore, most wearable devices users do not realize which kinds of information they share, and how it can be used by the parties involved. To conclude, lawmakers have to develop modern legislation that adequately addresses the legal issues associated with wearable devices. Otherwise, they will always remain a controversial technology, the benefits of which do not necessarily outweigh the harms.
According to James Joyce, the narrator, Mrs. Mooney who was married to his father’s foreman, but is separated now from her husband owns the Boarding House. At first, she is a quite and self-determined woman who later reacts due to her husbands drinking problems and fighting him in front of customers. Mr. Mooney seems to have respect to his father in law because he was not drinking when he was alive, but after his death, he goes on drinking, and thus debts accumulate in their business. Mrs. Mooney then decides to take the best action of being liberated. It is clear that her husband has controlled her life all through, but as soon as they are separated, she appears to become strong, autonomous, and controlling. However, as she is liberated and free from her husband, she starts to have power over others’ lives. Despite the fact that she was a victim, she also becomes a victimizer. According to James Joyce, Mrs. Mooney is a woman who deals with morals as to how a “cleaver deals with meat”. The boarding house seems to be a hunting point for a man who can make a good husband to the daughter Polly. She also uses her daughter to attract young men into her business as she says that they like the feeling of a young woman besides them. Mr. Doran, who is one of the guests, falls into the trap of Mrs. Mooney. She manipulates both M
During the last 10 years, the number of vehicles in the whole world, especially in America, Europe, and Asia has considerably increased. Such unbelievable increasing became one of the most evident reasons for traffic jams and car accidents. The issue of safety on roads and in the air by means of inter-vehicle communication bothers numerous universities, manufactures, and governments. To make the traffic safer, it is necessary to develop and prove ongoing inter-vehicle communication ideas, which provide vehicles and their drivers with the opportunity to communicate with each other by means of infrastructures. Inter-vehicle communication was developed in Japan in 1980s. Now, such technologies are available to lots of organizations almost in any country. To create perfect innovative devices, it is important to study and evaluate the already existed technologies. They are Global System for Mobile communication (GSM), Dedicated Short Range Communication (DSRC), and Global Packet Radio System (GPRS). The innovations within the inter-vehicle communication need to be analyzed in order to underline the weaknesses and strong points of the existing technologies, define general characteristics of such applications, and make use of them for further development. Mobile Communication on Roads Almost each year, traffic accidents take millions of lives away. The reasons for these accidents are different, and one
Introduction Hypertension and difficulties with the control of blood pressure are more common in African Americans than the white population. The premature onset of the condition (elevated blood pressure) complicates the issue as other comorbidities such as diabetes mellitus or chronic kidney disease lead to an elevated risk of mortality among African Americans even with no regard to the blood pressure (Ortega, Sedki, & Nayer, 2015). Other factors that complicate and contribute to the development of hypertension include prevalent obesity among African Americans (one in six African American women are extremely obese) and salt sensitivity that is often present in African Americans with hypertension (Ortega et al., 2015). Both ethnicity and genetics can be related to the development of hypertension. Another problem is the presence of resistant hypertension that is more common for African Americans than whites and can cause such complications as “albuminuria, depressed kidney function, obesity, target-organ injury, diabetes, and severe BP elevations” (Ortega et al., 2015, p. 142). The antihypertensive drug resistance leads to