ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Oil Prices Are Noticeably Going Up This Month Name of the Market (Goods affected) Oil is a fundamental raw material in the modern economy as oil products are significantly utilized in the manufacturing and transport industries. As a result, there are many goods and services which will be affected by the oil prices going up this month; these are sugar, meat, milk, etc. For the purpose of this project, beef will be picked to illustrate the effect of change in price of oil (Vaidya, 2008). Relationship with the Event The beef industry can be adversely affected by changes in the prices of oil through a chain of events. Feedstuff for animals reared for beef is manufactured by industries which highly rely on oil. Changes in the prices of oil will push up the prices for this feedstuff, eventually affecting the price of beef in the market. Economic Analysis (effect on demand and supply of good) A rise in price of oil leads to increased cost of production for animal feed which translates to an increased price of beef in the market. Depending on how much the oil prices increase, the effect on supply of beef is likely to be negative as the price of beef will go up prompting a decrease of demand for beef and beef products as they are likely to be expensive. Graph (new equilibrium price and quantity) In the diagram below, the supply curve is that of beef in the market and the demand curves are those of demand for beef by consumers. An increase in price of beef will prompt a decrease in demand for meat, and the equilibrium will be shifted to the left. It should be noted that the above assumptions rely on how sharp the change in price of oil increases; if the increase is insignificant, then the above changes may not hold. The Use of Corn in Making Ethanol Name of the Market (Goods affected) Corn is popularly used to feed livestock. It is also as human food as well as in ethanol production. Since approximately 96 percent of the corn produced is used for animal feed, animal meat products are likely to be affected by the above event (Mariano, 2012). Relationship with the Event Animals are fed on corn. The use of corn to make ethanol will, therefore, imply that there is an introduction of competition for corn, and this will push the price of corn upwards. Since the production of meat is dependent on feeding animals well, the ev
Native Americans started consuming alcohol years ago. This has caused a number of health problems to this group. Notably, alcohol has affected both individuals and communities within America. Besides, it has greatly contributed to illnesses and untimely deaths among Native Americans (Clinard & Meier, 2011). For instance, analysis of death certificates for the last six years indicates that deaths caused by alcoholism among the Native American population have increased considerably. Moreover, the increase is estimated to be five folds compared to the current values. The rates at which teenagers take alcohol (due to domestic factors and peer influence) have been closely examined. Consequently, several reports have linked this threat to alcoholic influences. Some researches carried out have ascribed the condition to numerous physiological theories. Such theories state that Native Americans are naturally or inherently prone to alcohol. Hypothetically, it is true that alcoholism, among Native Americans, has affected their health provisions? This hypothesis can be subjected to test. Evidently, more researches regarding this area have been completed; however, a lot can still be done. Additionally, it is important to assert that the craving for alcohol increases demographically. Theories suggest that the rate at which alcohol is absorbed in the body of a Native American is different from that of the rest of the U.S. population. These problems have been contributed by a number of social factors. Traditional, emotional suppression and social setup are some of the factors which have significantly contributed to this population’s alcohol abuse (Lippert & Spignesi, 2007). In addition, socioeconomic status and passive-aggressive conditions have led to the concerned alcoholic abuse. Desp
Importance of the Study Ethnic identity is one of the essential factors determining the pace and course of social development in the conditions of permanent migration. The inability to find compromises and establish the normal way of life can be associated with factors that influence the formation of public opinion regarding the assimilation of different cultures’ representatives. At the same time, the history of visitors and their background plays an important role in the development of American society, adding new features and creating a fundamentally new mechanism for communication and interaction among people. The example of Indians who live in the US permanently proves that even in the conditions of constant integration, people cannot develop their culture comprehensively and follow the norms of life that they consider to be natural. The need to find compromises and establish friendly relations is the goal of many authors, and their works are often aimed at describing the complex relationships of people having different cultural and social backgrounds. The Possibility of the Interaction of People from Different Cultural and Social Backgrounds The opportunities for interaction among the people of different cultures, living in the same territory, occupy an important place in the world’s politics. The desire to achieve balance encourages many people to seek ways to establish relationships among migrants and the indigenous population. Nevertheless, this process is often quite complex and problematic, which, in turn, leads to disagreements and even serious conflicts. The unwillingness of the people of one group to accept others with distinct cultural and social traits is often expressed in racial, g
The Argument from Determinism Against Free Will Determinism is the argument that denies the freedom of will and choice. The key idea behind this notion is that “everything that’s happening now and that will happen in the future was already guaranteed to happen by things that happened in the distant past.” 1 Namely, it states that events of the past and the laws of nature cause a unique future. In this paper, I intend to display the drawbacks of this argument. In the first section, I am going to present the argument and the reasoning and motivation behind it. Section 2 will be devoted to the criticism of a determinist point of view. In part 3, I will question my arguments and discuss the possible responses that may arise to my statements from section 2. Determinism claims that all current and future conditions of the entire universe are “physically necessitated by the states of the universe in the distant past.” 2 The events that determine our present activity might have happened before we were born, so we could not influence them. In other words, there is only one possible course of action that the events can take, and humans cannot make choices that are not predetermined. Determinists believe that even when people feel that they are making choices, there is only one way how events can evolve. According to this point of view, people do what they do because of who they are, and they cannot influence their character. The determinist argument against free will begins from the statement that determinism is true and concludes that if it is so, then not a single one of our actions is performed freely. Breaking up the determinist argument into logical elements, we have the following premises and conclusions:   * (D1) Determinism is true   * (D2) If it is true, then all our actions are predetermined, and we cannot act otherwise   * (D3) If we cannot choose another course of action, none of our actions is free   * (D4) So, we are not free The premise D1 can be explained by the example of calculating how physical objects will move knowing the present situation and applying the laws of physics to it. According to D2, for any act a person has done, they could not have decided to do anything else. D3 comes from the assumption that for acting freely, we need to have alternatives to choose from. So, even if it seemed to you that there was a choice, you could not have chosen anything else because of who you are, and in this case, your actions are not free. Criticism of Determinism An objection to determinism as the argument against free will may focus on either D1, denying that determinism is true, or on D2 and D3, denying its connection to free will. In this section, I will argue against D1, focusing on its universalism. First of all, we should consider the randomness of the universe proved by the laws of physics. However, it will not be supportive of the objection as random events are neither determined nor free. The conclusion about the actions being caused by previous events and laws of nature is logical and undeniable. Nevertheless, I would argue against the universal applicability of determin
Introduction Among the postmodern theories and practices of criminal justice system, the concept of Restorative Justice has found increased use. The theory impresses that the offender or the person who has committed a crime would take responsibility for his action. The victim would interact with the offender and receives an apology. In some cases, the offender would also work and earn money to pay for the damages caused to the victim. The process attempts to create a dialogue between the two and this has resulted in increased satisfaction for the victim, the offender feels accountable for his actions and there is also lesser recidivism. The process attempts to promote a social movement and looks to provide solutions that will heal and repair and try to rebuild relations while the offender turns much more proactive and would show lesser tendency to return to crime. Restorative justice also attempts to rehabilitate small time offenders by providing them training so that they can get jobs. The paper performs an analysis and examination of Restorative Justice theory as it relates to inmates and parolees. Understanding the Restorative Justice Process Braithwaite (1994) speaks of a new method of crime deterrence that involves ‘shaming’ the offender through community policing. In this method, juvenile offenders who have been arrested for minor crimes can be turned back to the path of law abiding citizens and contribute to the society. The author reported that counseling, warning and shaming such offenders were often much more effective that incarceration in a jail where such offenders would be expos
Even large companies face impressive challenges in the global economy, which can be clearly seen when studying the example of the Alibaba group. Despite having gained much attention in the global economy, the company still requires the support of its numerous partners. Thus, considering cooperative alliances and joint ventures as a likely solution to the issue of risk management is quite important to keep the company’s growth constant. In this paper, the joint venture known as AliExpress Russia, as well as American Marriott (Gupta, 2019; Brennan, 2019). The specified jot ventures have a critical importance for Alibaba since they have provided the organization with an opportunity to penetrate a foreign market and immediately leave a mark in tit by partnering with large business conglomerates. The specified joint ventures created the premises for the company to expand actively into the new markets without the necessity to establish itself in it first, which is critical for gaining traction in the target economic environment immediately. Both of the cooperative strategies that Alibaba has recently decided to follow can be described as joint ventures. The decision to select the specified type of partnership in a new market was dictated by the fact that the company had to reduce the extent of risks that it would face in its new economic environments (Burton et al., 2016). Indeed, without the assistance that Marriott and AliExpress Russia gave it, Alibaba would have not been able to develop the marketing approach and the financial resilience needed to sustain its influence in the specified markets. Moreover, the opportunity to share the related financial risks and expenses has made a joint venture a particularly important decision in Alibaba’s joint venture policy for Marriott an AliExpress Russia. Moreover, the creation of a joint venture with Marriott and AliExpress Russia has given Alibaba quite a competitive advantage that would not have been developed otherwise. Specifically, the drop in the range of expenses that Alibaba had to suffer when establishing its services in the respective countries has made it to gain an advantage in the target market. With new spare financial resources, the company could develop a stunning campaign that would allow it to create an entirely new product or a memorable brand, therefore, focusing on research and development. In addition, Alibaba may spend its newly acquired financial assets on investing in talent manag
Introduction Accounting for business combinations has been characterized by numerous controversies with regard to financial reporting and financial market regulators have advanced varying interpretations and opinions. The pooling of interest method and the purchase method are some of the accounting methods that accountants have been utilizing extensively. The controversies between the two methods are due to the principle established by No. 16 of the Accounting Principles Board Opinion (Ayers, Lefanowicz & John, 2000). The principle postulates that the two methods can be used in the process of accounting for business combinations. The purchase method requires an organization to “record the estimated fair value of all the liabilities and assets” (Dauber, Shim & Siegel, 2012, p.62). Therefore, accounting for assets and liabilities using the purchase method is not different from the normal treatment of assets and liabilities. If the price of a particular asset were higher than “the estimated fair value, the excess amount would be recognized as goodwill” (Dauber, Shim & Siegel, 2012, p.67). The goodwill was then amortized for duration of 40 years. However, the scenario has changed and the case is different. The direct cost of combination under the purchase method is capitalized as a component of the investment cost. Dauber, Shim, and Siegel (2012) assert that the “stock issuance costs are treated as a reduction of additional paid-in capital” (p.145). The acquiring firm should also ensure that relevant fair values are allocated to all liabilities and assets irrespective of whether they existed at the time of acquisition or not. Moreover, the total direct cost of acquisition must be accounted for as this cost relates to various issues for example legal fees and investment banking fees. Main body The pooling of interest method differs from the purchase method in a number of ways. First, “all the liabilities and assets of the firm being acquired were transferred to the acquiring firm’s financial accounts at its book value under the pooling-of-interest method” (Lehman, 2002, p.93). However, no goodwill was created. The pooling of interest method is used if common stocks are affected, which means that the resources of the two entities might not be distributed. Moreover, the acquisition transactions under the pooling of interest method are not settled through cash. The purchase accounting method leads to an increment in the acquiring firm’s annual income (Claude & Darroch, 2000). This aspect arises from the fact that the acquired firm’s income is included in the acquiring firm’s annual income statement as at the at the purchase date. On the contrary, the income of the acquired fir
The research proposal on Ethics of Testing Teacher Preparedness is a very well designed research question that is bound to provide true observations and therefore generate reliable data. This research proposal applies a research study design that is referred as single blinding which prevents the two most common types of research studies biases; unconscious and conscious bias (Buros, 2009). Needless to say, the importance of eliminating all types of bias in any research study is one of the foremost priorities to any researcher; as such the importance to blind the subjects in some forms of research studies cannot be overemphasized and is the only way to arrive at accurate observation at times. The investigation of the research proposal as designed would generate important knowledge regarding how teachers are likely to react under distracting teaching environments and their efficiency under such circumstances. Hence, the research is justified since it will enable educators to equip teachers with skills for management of classrooms environments which will enable them to remain effective despite classroom interferences. The fact that this research study attempts to investigate a classroom characteristic that occurs widely in many learning institutions means that the associated risks to the subjects are very minimal if not non-existent. This is because the scenario of disturbances in a classroom is not exactly a foreign occurrence to any teacher who has been in the profession for even a period of one year, at some institutions this could even be described as a common occurrence. The institutional Review Board serves two very important functions; it ensures that when human subjects are involved in research studies they are not placed at any unnecessary risks and two, the board serves to ensure that the participating human subjects have consented to their participation to the research study (IRBServices.com, 2010). Therefore based on this research study, the proposal will be approved on the first instance since no risks are involved in the study but not on the second ground given that consent by subject is not obtained beforehand. But like all effective regulations even the IRB body is aware of the importance of eliminating biases in research studies, as such there are exceptions. Generally, there are six categories of research areas that IRB allows researchers to conduct investigations and seek consent retrospectively, one such exemption pertains to research studies on “accepted educational settings involving normal educational practices” (IRBServices.com, 2010). Since the research proposal as outlined fits in this category there should be no problem in having the IRB to approve the research, and I would also approve it in its present design. According to the IRB, consent by subject goes beyond the mere act of signing a form (IRBServices.com, 2010). Therefore in the occasion where the subject is harmed despite their consent the focus will be shifted to the circumstances under which the consent was obtained. The process of consent in any research study must show three important stages; explanation of the re
Introduction: Across the Fields of Gold Having incorporated minor and subdominant chords into the canvas of Fields of gold , Gordon Matthew Thomas Summer, also known as Sting, added the timeless feel to the song that makes the latter classic. Written in 1993, the song immediately hit the top ten ballads of the decade; moreover, it still remains a major hit, which not only the brilliant writing, but also the ingenious composition should be given credit for. Structure of Fields of Gold It would be wrong to claim that Fields of gold has a unique structure that sets it aside from the rest of ballads. Quite on the contrary, the song has a typical structure that pertains to nearly every ballad. However, instead of inserting a bridge between the final verse and the chorus, Sting creates a unique cadence of sounds by incorporating a middle eight, thus, developing an original and unforgettable tune. Introduction The introduction reiterates the chorus of the song, which follows the first verse. While seemingly redundant, the introduction allows creating a feeling of continuity, preparing the audience to the change in narration that is revealed at the beginning of the very first verse: “So she took her love/For to gaze awhile” (Sting 1993 lines 5–6). Thus, the introduction makes the narrative in the song flow more naturally. Verse The song itself represents a basic blank verse, with no rhyme introduced and a steady ABAB structure, the A lines representing a pentatonic trochee, and the B lines being a graphic example of a trochee trimeter. The specified structure allows for setting a pace for poetic meditations and creating a song that can be viewed as introspect into one’s mind or one’s past. Pre-chorus Instead of a traditional pre-chorus, Sting uses the same two lines “You’ll remember me/When the west wind moves/Upon the fields of barley” (Sting 1993 lines 1–2; Sting 1993 lines 27–28). This simple manipulation helps place the audience into the atmosphere described by the singer and view the situation through the lens of the narrator. Chorus Because of the introduction of the middle eight into the song, the ballad does not feature the standard verse–chorus–verse–chorus structure, but, instead, introduces the audience to the actual middle eight at the very end of the song. The chorus, in its turn, is entirely absent from the Fields of gold . One could argue that the reiteration “fields of gold” at the end of every single verse can be viewed as a unique chorus. On the one hand, this supposition seems absurd – the line is never repeated exactly, every single verse featuring a slight alteration. In addition, the phrase itself does not stand on its own, as a chorus in a traditional structure of a song should. On the other hand, the repetition of the phrase “fields of gold” does follow the traditional definition of a chorus as a series of refrains within a song (Garnett 2009). More to the point, the specified line closes every single verse, thus, making it complete and tying the verse in with the general theme of the song, which a chorus is supposed to do (Peterman 2014). Hence, it can be assume that the s