ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Community-Based Policing also known as CBP is the partnership between police and community in enacting administrative policies. It is a long-term concept of dealing with crimes at the local level that involves resource mobilization by the two parties. CBP is an inclusive legal procedure that is effective in curbing societal issues. It is also hailed for its long-term benefit and the involvement of the public makes it popular. This is because its legal administration is not coerced but rather consent-driven. In addition, the policing needs of a community are tailor-made to suit the needs of a given society as opposed to general administrative policies that might not apply in serving the interests of a given community. This essay highlights the relevance of community policing in combating crimes at the community level. Universal Principles of CBP The number one principle that is observed in implementing CBP is the use of democratic processes as provided for in the constitution. Apart from democracy, CBP processes should be guided by the practice of ethical codes among police officers. Police officers in the program should also be as professional as possible when working with society members. A good CBP program will also be classified as effective if it protects the lives of the public and avoids the use of force at all costs. The use of force should be restricted to cases where there is a need to protect the life of a police officer or a civilian, but the force used has to be kept to the minimum level. The fourth guiding principle of initiating a CBP is to make the process a mechanism of protecting the lives of community members and property unlike the detection motive of the general police services. CBP has been successful due to the adoption of policy procedures that are understood by the public especially in matters of accountability and legal terms. Also, community policing should uphold human dignity in line with international human rights advocacy. This means that the use of torture as a method of interrogation should never be practiced in a CBP policy. Lastly, the policing ideals should not be based on discriminatory acts; for instance, gender biases, racial discrimination, ethnicity, religious practices, and nationality. Partnership Partnership in the CBP program should be an all-inclusive process that engages all stakeholders in community services. After colliding with all stakeholders, an effective CBP should offer training services on the ideals of the program for the entire society to embrace the program. The most likely partners for most community-based policing programs are the: government, non-government organizations and religious bodies, business organizations, human rights activists, local government, police services, and community members. The role of partners is
Self-pity is the psychological state of a person’s mind which is mainly perceived in situations that are quite adverse. Individuals who undergo through self pity often bear the feeling that they have failed and as a result, have lacked either confidence or ability to deal with the situation at hand. It is imperative to note that self pity is characterized by an individual belief and perception that he or she is a victim of circumstances and as a result, there is need to be condoled or comforted by other people. As Protinsky and Gilkey (1996) vividly point out in one of their research studies, self pity is a negative emotion which, as expected and clearly known, does not assist individuals in dealing with situations that are adverse. Nonetheless, in a social situation, self pity may trigger people of goodwill to offer advice or sympathy while in others it can be considered as a normal occurrence. There are those who may also consider self pity as a healthy experience of a mental process which does not require any specific medical help. Nevertheless, for it to be considered healthy or normal, it should result it either determination or acceptance to change. In some circumstances, self pity can sustain an individual if it is combined with depression or any other conditions that can easily depress it. For instance, a child can feel bad at school as a result of perceiving his or her peers as more outgoing or social than him or her. Hence, if a child fails to take any initiative of getting to socialize with the peers with an aim of knowing them, then he or she is likely to continue to be so lonely and they continue feeling pity. Nonetheless, self pity is a means of being attentive to oneself even though with negative repercussions. Sundberg et al (1991) pointed out that it is a method of self nurturing where ones tells herself or himself that he or she is hurting so much due to certain event. According to the theory of social learning, self pity is a means for seeking attention, a scenario that is most common among children as they grow up. On the same note, it may be experienced in situations whereby a persons has been comfortably nurtured, given due attention and morally support throughout life especially during difficult circumstances such as illnesses or other hardships in life. If the latter case is anything to go by, then, it is pragmatic to mention that adults who experience intense self pity coupled with introverted personality are highly likely to have been brought up in a more caring and nurturing way. If the l
The book Material Culture in America: Understanding Everyday Life illustrates the material culture of the people who have lived in the United States of America for a considerably long time. The introductory part of the book offers an overview of this piece of literature and brings material culture into focus. Specifically, the book has emphasized three different aspects of material culture (Sheumaker and Wajda 29). The author notes that most of the studies that entail material culture have been studies a lot in the United States and also in various interdisciplinary fields. By studying the book, the readers are capable of identifying the solid foundation of American studies and material cultural studies that stress the importance of relying on the methodologies and theories of various disciplines. This is an indication that the author of the book is capable of using appropriate techniques to show all the material culture studies that were undertaken by different researchers in this field. The first aspect is an elaborate description of the different scholarly disciplines that enhance the incorporation of material culture in studying society and the history of America. This aspect entails various theoretical issues, professional practices, and methodologies that make it easy for people to be conversant with the material culture in America. Some of the entries found in this category include archaeology, anthropology, social history, and various studies that focus on disability. The second aspect includes all the other entries that link with the aspirations of the culture in the United States, the sepulchral monuments, religious dress, trailer and mobile home parks (Sheumaker and Wajda 47). The last aspect lays a lot of emphasis on the experiences of individuals in material culture. It is evident that the author is in a position to expound
A Review of Two Exhibitions There is probably nothing that could compete with clothes when it comes to identifying separate people, movements, or even whole historical periods. Clothes have a unique quality of representing the people who used to wear them even if we have never met those people. When visiting a fashion exhibit, we are inspired to see much beyond the garments represented there. We can percept the atmosphere of a certain historical period, imagine what hairstyles people of those times preferred, what leisure activities they enjoyed, and what social standards prevailed in those times. Fashion exhibitions have become an inseparable part of modern designers’ self-representation. With many people wishing to take a thorough look at the artists’ creative endeavors, more and more such exhibits are being opened and gain unmatched popularity (Brooke). These venues give their visitors a possibility to “explore the roots of some of the leading fashion houses” which encouraged the modern industry of dress-making (Hendriksz). Museum curators are surprised at how many people enjoy visiting such events (“Fashion as Art”). The current paper provides a review of two dress exhibitions: “Fashioning a Collection: 50 Years, 50 Objects” at the State Historical Society Museum and “The First Ladies” at the Smithsonian Museum of American History. The aim of the first one is to pay tribute to the Missouri Historic Costume and Textile Collection’s fiftieth anniversary (“Fashioning a Collection”). This exhibition features the most exclusive pieces of clothing from the archives of the Museum and inspires the visitors to get a notion of how people used to dress for various occasions in several past decades. The second exhibit displays the most elegant garments of the US most notable women – the first ladies (“The First Ladies”). The dresses and accessories are available to contemplate give an impression of the first ladies’ styles and trends in various centuries. They might have not always been fashion icons, but they were the representation of their husbands’ authority, which always made people interested in their looks and clothes. Both exhibits’ environment is poignant and provokes sentimental feelings. The arrangement of the dresses enables them to get a sense of presence. Being a real-life exhibit, “Fashioning a Collection: 50 Years, 50 Objects” suggests a larger range of sensations since one can see the clothes in all dimensions. However, even though “The First Ladies” is digital, it is capable of competing with “Fashioning a Collection” in an excellent choice of items on display. The exhibits have differences in the navigation process, but both of them man
Introduction The four financial statements that are used by companies from various business sectors are the balance sheet, income statement, statement of cash flows, and statement of retained earnings. Each of these statements provides different information about the company’s financial performance. The present assignment seeks to explain the four types of financial statements using the Microsoft 2017 annual report. Income Statement An income statement is perhaps, the key part of the annual report, as it defines the company’s overall profitability. As explained by Bragg (2017), the income statement presents basic information about revenues, sales, and costs incurred by the company, which allows establishing the net income. In addition, the income statement presents information about taxes paid by the company (Bragg, 2017). This is especially important to international corporations like Microsoft that are subject to different levels of taxation in different parts of the world. Microsoft’s income statement contains information about revenue, cost of revenue, operating income, taxes, net income, as well as earnings per share (Microsoft, 2017). The company also presents a horizontal analysis of information, which means that it includes data from previous years. This allows determining the overall trends, thus providing shareholders with substantial information about the company’s performance and development. For instance, although Microsoft’s product revenue decreased in 2017 compared to 2016, the service revenue increased, which means that the company has been working on expanding its services sector (Microsoft, 2017). The net income of the company has grown substantially in the past two years, which means that the company was able to manage its expenses effectively to account for the reduction of product revenue (Microsoft, 2017). Overall, the income statement offers basic information about the company and its financial performance. Balance Sheet A balance sheet is a statement that explains the company’s assets, liabilities, and owner’s equity (Ward, 2017). It can be used to determine if the company has any liquidity issues or if it will have enough assets to cover its liabilities. It can also include information for several consecutive years. For instance, Microsoft’s balance sheet shows that the company’s total assets have grown in the past year, mainly due to the steep growth in current assets, property, and equipment (Microsoft, 2017). However, the company’s liabilities have also increased, especially i
The Amount of the Requests Entertainment and Sports Programming Network (ESPN) is considered to be the largest and the most influential multimedia. ESPN is the owner of the ESPN.com that provides the users with the access to sports programs, relevant information, and other data that are at the client’s disposal. The information is available for almost 90 million of subscribers. According to the researchers, in 2013, the website attracted almost 60 million of users. ESPN receives over ten thousand of requests per second. The amount of users was estimated due to the web page caching. The network receives over ten thousand of requests every second; it is a tendency. I do not profess to be an expert regarding the subject, but I am strongly convinced that there are several peaks and valleys; however, an average number is estimated by the company. The peak period is when the clients send more requests than usually, and it may depend on the daytime or some sporting events. ESPN and Personal Information The company developed the approach that has some difficulties with the personalized content. As the matter of fact, the web page caching is critical to the success of the multimedia. The personal information should be stored on its databases to provide the customers with the immediate access towards the information they are interested in. Web page caching would not be reliable to handle the loads as ESPN has too many users in a second. More than ten thousand of clients during events send requests that should get the immediate response. It is the most difficult part of the work. However, ESPN has developed the system that handles hundreds of gigabytes of information and provides the users with the safe work. The Amount of Information ESPN need to store over ten million of users. It worth stating, that an average user has around 5 kilobytes of data, and that is, according to the statistics, the company should handle more than two hundred gigabytes of data. It would be not enough to use a single JVM, or two, or even three. The things a
Confidentiality is an integral part of any form of therapy; including individual and group therapies. The patient should be assured of the confidentially of the information at the beginning of the section. The assurance enables the patient to feel free and protected from embarrassment and ridicule in case the information given is leaked out. Therapies use the tool of talking as a remedy to various problems that have faced us or are currently facing us; a problem talked about is a problem half solved. In group therapy people talk about the many issues that have landed them into the present situation; many people are involved in addition to the therapist. All that is discussed should be left in the counseling room; anyone who discusses it with outsiders risks explanation from the healing process. In group therapy, there are several issues that the therapist should advise the patient to disclose to the group as crime, sexual abuse, and other more personal or private information that is referred to as privileged information which cannot even be disclosed to courts by the therapists. If disclosed to the group one may risk exposure and face consequences either by the legal system or avenging people in the group or outside. These two forms of information are given to therapists; privileged and confidential. The latter is given to the therapist and the group in the assurance that it will not be let out of the bag for affects one’s emotional and mental health. The jeopardy mainly referred to in psychoanalysis is that of “life-change”; one psychological and emotional fitness affects how he or she takes action, acts in response, and how other people (particularly people who are close to that person) perceive their actions and react to them. Thus, as a child gets mature, he can disturb the fragile stability he might have with other people. Our associates and relatives are used to us acting in definite ways. Amend that, and you risk altering all of your relations. While an absolute repair rarely happens, it is best to be alert. Exceptions to confidentiality There are three exceptions where confidentiality can be breached legally:  1. If the therapist feels that the information given could potentially harm the individual or the society. This can be in cases of frustrated people who feel the solution cannot be achieved hence are suicidal or want to commit homicide as a perceived way of liberation.  2. In cases where the patient is mentality seek and infer to have an obsession with activities directed to harming the children; pedophiles sexually or otherwise.  3. Despite the responsibility to protect the confidentiality of the patient’s information, sometimes the therapist may be obliged by law or self-conscience to disclose it to as in court proceedings. The information given could consist of prior unpunished severe crimes that if gone unpunished may recur; as serial killers or pathological sexual abusers. In the above cases, the therapist will feel obliged to disclose the patient information to the relevant authorities o
The morphological species concept states that if morphological criteria and anatomical structures match, organisms belong to the same species. It is believed to be a reliable approach in analyzing the groups of animals (Heethoff, 2018). A dog breed is a type of dog that has been selectively developed by people in order to fulfill certain activities, including farming, defending, or hunting. The dog breed classification is considered to be a challenging issue that provokes the occurrence of technological solutions (Kumar shah et al., 2020). A dog is a blood relative of a wolf, and its behavior, physiology, and constitution have all altered as the result of domestication. The morphological species concept does not apply to the dog breed problem since distinctions between dog breeds and dogs and wolves are not enough to make them separate species. In addition, according to the evolutionary standpoint, dogs are immature. Humans utilize artificial selection to choose desired qualities in farm commodities or animals, rather than allowing species to develop and adapt naturally, as biological evolution does. Domesticated animals influenced by artificial selection exhibit significant phenotypic changes in behavior, appearance, and biochemistry compared to their wild relatives (Wang et al., 2017). There have been approximately 1.5 million live animal species identified; however, it is predicted that there are nearly 7 million species overall (Al-Araj et al., 2020). According to the substantial number of species, the process of determining them is sophisticated. Moreover, unknown habitat is needed to domesticate beasts to meet human demand; consequently, animals in the new conditions will obtain differences that will complicate the issue of defining species. The question of determining species can be irrelevant due to the ideas that describe the absence of such grouping and differentiation. Species do not truly exist in nature due to evolution and the interconnected essence of existence; therefore, the concept is purely subjective ( The Existence of Different Species , 2017). At the same time, it is impossible from the human’s perspective to observe no distinctions between animals that will provide an opportunity to unite them. To my mind, defining species is influenced by the factor that strives to persuade that no species exist, so the classification has no reason.
The Freedom of Information Act was signed into law with very noble ideals at its behest. However, the privatization of functions of the government has constrained the functionality of the law as it was originally envisaged. One might argue that private corporations responsible for carrying out contracts that formerly feel on the government are competing in an environment where profits are key (Cásarez, 1995). Therefore, the vetting processes of these corporations take care of the public trust issue as they ensure that those awarded the contracts are the most qualified and transparent. Essentially, the privatization of former government functions translates to the movement of responsibility from public agencies to private companies. The letter of the law does not obligate private corporations to divulge their information in any manner (Mays, 1995). Therefore, private companies, albeit carrying out public functions, are under no obligation to share information under FOIA and FOIL. The fact that some private corporations utilize public funding should compel them to surrender their records to the extent which the public funding covers (Rivard, 1997). Many of the commentators who are for the private corporations being subject to FOIA regulations argue that although the letter of the law does not obligate the private corporations to divulge their information, the spirit does in the sense that they utilize public funds and thus should be subject to public scrutiny. They further assert that the courts have been the hindrance to the implementation of FOIA guidelines in private companies since they give a shallow and narrow meaning of what was envisaged by “agency” and “agency record” under the FOIA (Hall, 1978). Those that argue to the contrary are fixated on the letter of the law which omits private corporations not classified as agents from divulging their information. There should not be any difference in guidelines between privatization of traditional and non-traditional services by the government. This is because, regardless of the magnitude of the service provided, there is the aspect of public funding (Feiser, 1999) and this empowers the public with the right to the information possessed in the provision of those services to the extent of public funding. Regardless of how resource intensive the services are, they should still be subject to regulation in the same way as the public reserves the right to all public information pertinent to them. In January 1998, nuclear watchdog groups wanted to review the records that were held by contractors who were under the Department of Energy (DOE) in the US which is the largest contracting agency for t