ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction This tutorial can be looked at as giving a guide to users as to when they can most effectively use Access or Excel. It gives scenarios when to apply the two forms of data storage to effectively serve their respective purposes. Access or more officially Microsoft Access refers to a type of management system in a relational database. This product from Microsoft applies a combination of graphics in the user interfaces together with a database engine called Microsoft Jet. This Relational database is thus one of the Office Suites of Microsoft. On the other hand, Excel could be described as an application mostly used in commercial applications in form of spreadsheets (Holowczak, 2009). It is also used on Microsoft Windows as well as on Mac OS X. With the above knowledge, the choice between Access and Excel comes down to only a few issues. These issues include data amount that one wants to place under storage or that one wants to manage. Therefore, if the kind of data that you need to store is relational, then Access would be most ideal. On the other hand, Excel would be more ideal for storing structures of data that are flat. Relational Database Information or data is usually divided into logical pieces. These separate pieces are usually then placed in tables that are separate from each other. An example of such a database includes a database holding information on sales. In such a scenario, one table would be used to store information on customers. This information could include key facts like names and addresses. Another separate table could then be created to strictly hold information on the customer’s purchases. Various advantages of such a data structure are quite vividly noticeable. These advantages include making the usage of stored data and information easier. Questions arising from stored data could also be easily answered through analysis. Such information like the top buyers of a certain product can easily be found. Additionally, the accuracy of the data is more guaranteed under this model. This is from the fact that users are somehow unable to insert data in incorrect tables. Flat data structure This refers to a non-related list of information or data. A more common example could include a list of one’s relatives or friends. A more practical example is a list of groceries that one might want to purchase at a local grocery store. From the above definition and examples, one fact stands out i.e. these structures are for holding data that can be easily created and maintained. However, the above holds provided the amount of information is not a lot. From the definition of what a flat dat
Research design The research design for this research study will be the mixed-method research approach (qualitative and quantitative research). According to Mertler & Charles, 2011, qualitative research relies on narrative data while quantitative research relies on numerical data. The survey research design will generate case-specific data that is necessary to investigate the research objective of this research as outlined above. Survey research designs involve data collection from a specified sample size in order to arrive at an accurate assessment of the whole population regarding specific variables that the study intends to find out. As such survey research study are most suitable in studies that involve investigation of opinions, behaviors, attitudes, perceptions, culture orientation and so on which is similar to what we shall be investigating in this research study. Survey research study is especially suited to this type of study since it is possible to customize the research study to focus on key areas of interest. In this case I will use a questionnaire that would be used to collect data of key variables for the research study such as how often students engage with their phone, percentage of students with cell phones and amount of units used on cell phones per student and so on. The idea is to capture all relevant data needed for investigating the research questions for this research study. This information will be analyzed both qualitatively and quantitatively and a final report written. Study participants The study will be conducted in Al Ittihad Model School targeting all the male students in the school. A stratified random sampling will be used to divide the classes into strata from which a simple random sample of 20 students will then be selected from each class following the respective classes’ register which contains all the population of the study. Thus, because this research study is based on males using cell phones at Al Ittihad Model School the study participants/population are therefore male students at this school. The sample size which is the actual group that will be investigated will be obtained from this study population mentioned above. Data collected Both primary and secondary data will be used in the study whereby primary data will be obtained through questionnaires administered to the students and observations where applicable. The questionnaires will have both open ended and closed questions. On the other hand, secondary information will be obtained from reports, the internet, journals and magazines. From the data collected, qualitative and quantitative data will be extracted, analyzed and interpreted to answer the research questions of the study as outlined previously. Questionnaires will be used to collect the primary data since the study concerns some variables that cannot be directly observed such as opinions, perceptions and feelings of responde
An organisation’s culture has a significant impact on its performance because of its effects on employee attitudes, efficiency and motivation. Consequently, managers have struggled to strike the right balance between addressing employee concerns and tweaking aspects of the overall corporate culture to yield improved performance (Kalkan et al. , 2020; Garg, Dar and Mishra, 2018). Leadership has been touted as one of the tools for achieving this goal (Snaebjornsson et al. , 2015). This paper is a research proposal to determine the extent that leadership shapes organisational culture to improve productivity. Importance of Topic and Justification for Review The proposed study is worthy of a literature review because organisational culture plays an important role in aligning employee purpose with an organisation’s overall mission and values. Stated differently, organisational culture creates synchrony in the attainment of individual and corporate goals (Staadt, 2015). This alignment of purpose enables members to perform their tasks well by minimizing conflicts with management. Therefore, the proposed research would be useful in improving the relationship between workers and their employers as well as boost productivity. There are sufficient academic materials, such as books, peer-reviewed journals, organisational reports, government publications and credible online sources, to investigate the research issue. Most of these articles independently explain the role of leadership in organizing human resource capabilities and the importance of organizational culture in improving employee productivity and, by extension, that of an organization (Khan et al. , 2020; Saleem, Shenbei and Hanif, 2020). In the proposed study, these two centres of information will be linked to understanding the extent that organizations can use leadership as a tool to reshape their cultures for better performance. Plan of Work The literature review will include an analysis of between 30 and 40 empirical academic materials that focus on leadership and organizational culture. The documents will mostly be peer-reviewed journals and books published within the last five years. They will be obtained from reputable academic databases, such as Google Scholar, Jstor and Sage Publications. Key terms and phrases to be used include “leadership” “organisational culture” and “performance.” Supporting materials will be drawn from credible websites and organisational or corporate reports. These sources of research data will be analysed in a narrative review format where the emphasis will be on appraising the published articles to the extent that they address the research topic, as recommended by Creswell (2015). The first step in conducting the literat
Abstract University College Birmingham is a recognised institution with a special marketing strategy in place. The institution has only recently been granted the right to offer its degrees. It is regarded as one of the best in the region in the courses offered. The institution also has a marketing strategy in place that oversees the marketing of its courses and degree programmes. The measure of success in the marketing strategies applied in the institution is the number of students enrolling in the various courses. The future of University College Birmingham is dependent on the marketing strategies that have been put in place and the measures that are yet to be implemented. The focus of this paper is on how it should organise the marketing department to increase enrolment in the new degree programmes. The strengths weaknesses, opportunities, and threats have been discussed with recommendations being made. Introduction University College Birmingham is an institution of higher learning that is located in the city of Birmingham in England. The institution has both undergraduate and postgraduate programs in various courses, with the main areas of specialisation being Culinary arts and hospitality (BARNES Reports: Colleges & Universities Industry (NAICS 61131) 2013). Some of the other courses offered in the institution include tourism, marketing and business management, sports management, early education, sports management, hairdressing, business enterprise, beauty and accounting, and finance among others (University of Birmingham 2012). The institution has progressed from a technical school to the status of a college over the last century. The following is a report on the marketing strategy that the institution has put in place and the measures that it should implement to remain competitive and attract more students. Environmental analysis Marketi
Theory of Constraints Theory of Constraints (TOC) is a set of tools, rules, problem-solving techniques, and philosophy of improving a business system elaborated by E. M. Goldratt in the late 80-s. One of the critical roles in the strategy is given to constraints, which are the destructive elements that set bounds to the system in achieving its primary goal which, according to Goldratt (2018), is to make maximum profit. The main feature of the methodology is that by making efforts to manage a small number of elements, a system achieves the best results. The essence of the theory of constraints assumes operating with two skills: to detect weak links in the system and control them, with the use of thinking processes (TP) based on logic. Therefore, the theory of constraints can be named the philosophy of making the right decisions. TOC suggests five steps to improve the manufacturing systems with the first move – setting a global goal and defining constraints to achieving it. An average system possesses one constraint minimum (Melendez et al., 2018). The next step makes it essential to understand how to make the constraint work at full capacity without additional costs. As Melendez et al. (2018) claim, improving only this element reduces its negative influence on the whole system. Step number three requires adapting other elements of the system to the results of a previous step. After these actions, the existing constraint is conquered, and another constraint may appear, after all, every change made to the system affects every element of it, including the restrictions that have already been removed. Thus, continuous self-improvement and self-testing become essential parts of the TOC. Problems That the Theory Solves The theory applies to many aspects of the business as for planning, production, operations management, supply chain, and distribution. Besides, the techniques of thinking invented by Goldratt are valuable for “creative writing, creative projects, conflict resolution, decision making, and problem-solving” (Nagarkatte & Oley, 2017, p. 12). It becomes possible as the tools refer to universal logic heedless of the sphere where they can be utilized. That may be the reason why the theory is widespread and apprehensible. The TOC also includes a drum-buffer-rope (DBR) tool that was devised for production management. “Drum” implies the development of a detailed work schedule based on the capacity of a constraint. “Buffer” assumes the presence of a buffer that prevents the constraint from standing idle; “rope” is the mechanism for the timely release of work in production (Trojanowska et al., 2017). According to TOC, three main types of obstacles can be detected and conquered. First, inherent constraints, including scarce resources, a managerial policy are to be found. Second, market limitation as to the insufficient number of orders is not enough for development and growth, or contrariwise, overstock can be solved as well. Finally, time limitation with the system unable to adapt to market changes is also eliminated with the help of TOC tools. For the s
Organizational structure comparison The organizational structure of an entity is a critical aspect of management. The structure contributes significantly to the efficiency, service delivery, and success of a firm. There are varieties of organizational structures, which an organization may assume. Such structures have many implications on factors such as cost, human resources, and chain of command in an organization. The structure adopted should ensure that communication among its departments or employees is effective, proper allocation of resources, reduced cost, and bureaucracy. Companies adopt varying structures depending on their philosophy, industry, size commodity, and profitability. General Motors (GM) is a leading entity in the automobile sector. Consequently, the entity has massive revenues. The entity has various assembly plants in different parts of the globe. These plants are located to serve certain regions. The location of production plants ought to be strategic as the entity targets potential customers in certain regions. GM has a hybrid structure, which blends in central and regio
What changes in the work situation might account for the increase in productivity and the decrease in controllable rejects In making hotplates, the job was performed by a team of ten workers. Each worker assembled part of a hotplate using small tools. The teamwork was ineffective in production. The worker’s morale seemed to be low and this resulted in poor production. The management decision of scraping of teamwork and allowing individualism in the production of hotplate was responsible for improved production. When each worker assembled the entire hotplate alone, the production increased by 84% and controllable rejects decrease by 22%. Sometimes it is worthwhile to invest in team-building activities, but there are cases that teamwork may be a wasted investment. For example, in this hotplate production, the task could be simple and repetitive making the workers have boredom and therefore become negligent in the production. The assembling tasks may have had little communication between the workers. Therefore the workers had reduced access to information needed in production they became frustrated thereby reducing efficiency. Nevertheless, workers may be people who prefer to work independently or alone. By making independent people work as a team is reducing their effectiveness and increasing their frustration mostly if the team environment is perceived to slow them down (Drucker 2007:167). In this case, the workers preferred to work individually What might account for the drop in absenteeism and the increase in morale? The absenteeism of the workers may have been high during the teamwork. The reason could be that the assembly line was balanced by the engineers into subassembly tasks that needed each worker three minutes to accomplish. The time allocated to the subassembly tasks could be so little for some slow workers to cope up thereby the workers were frustrated and they absented themselves from work. The straight hourly wages would also be little for the slow worker because the earning was based on the hours worked. With the new production method, the absenteeism would have reduced because there was no timed subassembly task. Each worker would take any time to complete a fully assembled hotplate. The worker’s speed and efficiency mattered. What were the major changes in the situation? Which changes were under the control of the manager? Which were controlled by workers? The teamwork production was done away with and the individual based production was put into place. The production also increased highly and the controllable rejects reduced from 23% to 1%. There before, workers’ production was rated on an hourly basis but with the change in the production method, the worker’s production was rated on the quality completed hotplates. The manager was in control of changing the production assembly line from ten workers group to a single person production. The workers were in control of increasing production and also reducing the number of controllable rejects. What might happen if the workers went back to the old assembly line method? In the individual assembly line, the workers have been trained in all the hotplate suba
Introduction Before the advent of the designated person ashore (DPA), the mortality rate of victims, who were seriously injured in accidents, was significantly high due to the lack of trained and efficient personnel to perform certain critical advanced technical and managerial tasks that facilitated the smooth running of operations within vessels like ships and boats (Donavan). The International Maritime Organization states that the role played by highly trained DPAs in marine operations has led to an increase in efficiency and accountability in this industry (78). DPAs have significantly contributed in the reduction of accidents and other errors brought about by human factors. These statistics highlight the vital role played by the DPAs and their significant role in human factor management in the marine industry. In the early days, all marine operations were handled by the pilot, captains and other crew members. However, there were constant problems relating to poor communication between the vessels and the onshore operators due to inadequate coordination efforts as well as inabilities to. The UK delegation to IMO introduced the DPA concept with an aim of understanding the causes of the Herald of Free Enterprise disaster in 1987. Moens describes a DPA as a person who has direct access to the top management and is tasked with the duties of ensuring that all safety codes are followed (159). In addition, they provide a link between the ship and the shipping company. The DPA is expected to look into all aspects of the ship and ensure smooth running of all operations. However, the human factor in the shipping companies plays a pivotal role which in essence, determines the success or failure of all shipping operations. There is need to come up with the ways and means of alleviating the problem and thereby leading to better physical well being of the crew which will result in optimal performance in the field. Fatigue among the bridge crew members is among the leading factor that has led to the interruption of efficient practices in most shipping companies. As the DPA, it is my duty to analyze this issue from all angles and come up with viable solutions that can be employed to mitigate the effects of fatigue thereby ensuring that safety and effective coordination is preserved. Problem Statement In the last half a century, efforts made by the shipping companies have been directed towards the improvement of ship structure as well as the reliability of their systems. Fayle claims that the main aim of these improvements has been to reduce the ever increasing casualties in the shipping industry all the while increasing efficiency as well as productivity (17). Maritime environment undergoes a considerable number of human factors problems like fatigue among bridge team members, constant marine pollution, or inabilities to provide safe navigation in time and indentify true causes of cau
Introduction In all fields, nursing, in particular, one can identify theory for every activity. Theory can be described as the basic reason with the intent of accounting for something (Cohen, 2000). Whereas theory may be present in several fields the significance of theory may only be particularly obvious in a select few. In nursing, theories are utilized in the everyday situation as nurse practitioners relate with patients (Andrews, 2008). The manner in which a nurse practitioner practices can significantly have an effect on the result of the patient (Leininger, 1978). In this regard, nursing practices focused on rationales and perceptions should be studied. The process to use rationales, studies and ideas to form premises generally starts with an idea or principle and is recurring in nature, since each constituent may result in the other. In the nursing field, a number of model-based premises direct both practice and research. The aim of this paper is that of selecting and analyze one of the numerous nursing premises that exist. The rationale of the premise and its development will be discussed. Also, the motivational aspect behind the creation of the premise and the theorist’s theoretical principles and ideas will, in addition, be explored. Then, ideas of the identified premise will be linked to the activities of a family nurse practitioner. The nursing premise that will be explored in this assignment is the Interpersonal Relationship premise, developed by Madeleine Leininger. Before I continue delving into how significant Leininger’s premise evidently is to my day-to-day application of medical care, let me foremost explain who Leininger was and what her premise is all about. Background Madeleine Leininger is broadly appreciated as the original author of social premise in nursing (Cohen, 2000). Leininger started writing in the 1970s and her premise of Social Care Variety and Generality also referred to as intercultural nursing, has turned out to be an influential theory in the sector and has been broadly utilized in research. As Andrews (2008) proposes, “Intercultural nursing has taken action and is changing nursing and family care in a number of countries globally” (p. 13). Leininger’s premise has not only advanced her own theory but has supported the creation of many later frameworks that have led to its continued utilization today (Stout & Downey, 2006). In the 1970s, nurse practitioners in the United States of America started to generate and utilize organized nursing premises. Such premises provided nurse practitioners with an i