ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The article under analyzes is called The Social Scientific Study of Leadership: Quo Vadis? and is dedicated to the analysis of relationships between leaders and organizational culture (House 409). Due to the fact that most research studies are associated with Western industrialized culture, specific attention is made to the analysis of leadership paradigms, including trait, contingency, behavior, and neocharismatic theories. Therefore, the author provides new techniques and directions in exploring leadership theories. While examining leadership trait paradigms, the author focuses on the individual features that distinguish leaders from followers. A large number of characteristics are associated with gender, physical attributes, appearance, and psychological traits (House 412). In fact, the investigated traits have become strongly associated with leader efficiency. The obvious connection is especially seen leaders operate in organizational setting with insufficient technical requirements where the focus is mad on the degree to which they are able to motivate their employees and delegate various situations. Behavioral models are also applicable to discussion of leadership approaches. In particular, behavioral responses to various situations identifying the common characteristics of leaders are also among the paradigms related to senior control. Contingency theory relies on leader’s ability to interact into various situational realms. The performance metrics concerns the leader responses and behavioral reactions to other employees’ action. Situation control is an important indicator of leadership skills. Such frameworks as path-goal theory, life-cycle theory, cognitive resource theory, and decision process approach have been introduced within this context. Leader-member exchange framework is among the modern theories that discuss the relationships between leaders and their subordinates. Finally, the author discusses neocharismatic theory that consists in sub-theoretical paradigms, including charismatic leadership, transformational leadership, and value-based theory of leadership. All these frameworks belong to a common genre and identify how leaders control organizations to found, develop, and growth of successful firms. Corporate culture evolution is also involved into the analysis to discuss how competition contributes to leadership policies. Finally, such a theoretical approach allows the scholars to understand how particular leaders are able to introduce strategies for encouraging, motivating, and enhancing the potential of their staff. This is of particular concern to leaders’ versatility and ability to predict what external and internal factors influence employees’ performance. Further discussion is dedicated to the analysis of related research studies to define what theories are popular among current leadership practices. Apart from personality and behavioral traits, the author also pays attention to leadership styles that are based on the above-presented par
The sociological perspective is significantly revealing about the phenomena that influence the everyday decisions of people and the resulting changes in the aspects of their life. As such, such services as funerals might be heavily influenced by the preceding divorce in the life of a deceased. The possible influence that such a happening can cause is that the deceased’s ex-spouse would tend to spend less money on the person who entered into conflict with them. Apparently, the emotional part of regret for the death of a loved one would be lessened because of the lesser attachment of the couple. Moreover, if there is some valuable heritage, the ex-spouse might be interested in their part and argue with the relatives of the deceased about it. Thus, the divorce before the funeral of a person complicates the process and services because of the emotional and legal differences. COVID-19 pandemic has an impact on every sphere of life for the modern person, including family life. Different types of families might be affected differently since they have contrasting economic statuses and resources. I believe that the childless family type is the least affected by the pandemic for several reasons. First, such families should support only adult people, which makes it easier for them in an economic sense. Moreover, adults can better withstand the lack of socializing, while children are more upset and cause stress among all family members. In turn, the worst effect might be caused by single-parent families. Traditionally, such families have difficulties in coping with economic crises and emotional breakdowns on the part of the parents. Thus, the COVID-19 pandemic can cause an even worse situation for these people and imbalance their families.
Introduction Many people endeavored to comprehend the revolutionary implications of globalization as it continues to evolve in an ordinary arena of political expression across the globe. Impacts of globalization yielded significant results. The world was made up of global interrelatedness that kept on evolving continuously since the First World War. This was because the subject was organized by comprehensible and intelligible principles. The prime principle was featured by interconnected holistic phenomenon. The conscientious citizenship needed to perceive the global interrelationship whereby the world was marked with inclusive model of integration; the world explored several events and issues based in global linkages. This paper examined four themes of global evolution as indicated in Mahfouz Naguib’s book Midaq Alley . First, since 1914, the world was featured by global integration and its changing patterns that led to: immense colonies and powers, the three worlds of Cold War eras, and the current interdependent and networked of “global disorder”. Secondly, the world was marked by differences and identities that showed how various endeavors of people, groups and communities affirmed their identities; a struggle that happened in the entire history. As a matter of fact, Naguib pose the question “Did you know that making a person appear crippled is a thousand times more difficult than really crippling him” (Naguib 127). Indeed, across the novel, differences and identities are reflected into manifold layers of debatable politics concerning religion, gender, nationalism, class, ethnicity, and personal interests. In fact, “the recitation of the Qur’an, and forgiveness is honorable punishment for violating the Qur’an is harsh, you know” (146). Thirdly, the world was manifested with emergence of mass society not only in terms of social interaction: mass culture, mass welfare, mass consumerism, and mass communication, but also in numerical sense of unique population increase. Alone, a man becomes vulnerable. Indeed, the author poses, “What do I see; you are indeed a venerable man?” (126). The world was marked with nature verses technology that was uncertain achievement which empowered human beings to ruin the world or to make life unbearable. Thus, in such a society, “no sensible person would persist in trying her luck if it looked bad” (19). Nature Verses Technology Technological advancement caused environmental destruction through human overpopulation and deforestation. Mafouz asserts, “had I not simply let the devil amuse himself with my neighbors while I remained lost in my own complacent joy? Cannot a good man
Introduction The purpose of this paper is to investigate the diverse approaches to managing the cross-cultural issues among the operation of MNCs and to identifying how successfully they are managing ethically to gain organisational objectives while the paper also aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of the process of their Managing Diversity. Due to global nature of operation, MNCs have to gather people from different ethnic and cultural setting under a single umbrella where the enlargement of superior cross- cultural appreciation has turned out to be an indispensable component of MNC’s operation. This paper has been deliberated with the theoretical framework managing diversity under a cross-cultural environment of MNCs, their critical analysis with imperial evidence from Pfizer, and to draw recommendations to managing ethically the cultural differences and conclusion. Literature of Cross Cultural Issues Tahir and Ismail (2007) pointed out that the cross-cultural diversity management is a process where the management would be interested acquire into account of cultural differences as well as capabilities to become accustomed to the different cultures. The Culture is the foundation of a society that assists to build up the attitude and state of mind of the populace of that society and it also directs the intelligence and manipulate the behaviour of the individuals and their perceptions functioning politically drives to prioritise decisions making process and show the rote to collective thinking with their lives. Cultural heritage has been rooted in such a way where individual could not break up self-awareness s well as cultural awareness from where he comes from. Every individual of a certain culture has to go ahead with clear understanding of his culture with the intention of carrying out enhanced awareness and how culture persuaded his private lives. Takeuchi and Duriau (2000) explained that due to global business operation the MNCs have identified four types of orientations and most of the modern business organisations that are in international operation has engaged to choose and practice them. The HRM managers of the MNCs now a day have the propensity to pledge to these significant management orientations with the aim to produce competitive advantages in their international operations emphasising on the organisational objectives and the pointed orientations are as below- The Ethnocentric Orientation Prasad, et al, (1997) mentioned that this types of course of action can be identified as the ‘country of origin or home country oriented’ where the headquarter situated and the top executives may emphasis to the postulations that policies and practices those are functioning in the head office as well as home country, the subsidiaries and branches must follow elsewhere. The
Abstract The built environment is an all-encompassing industry. The stakeholders have all reasons to focus on achieving the lowest cost of both initial and investment cost, and the Life-cycle cost has gained increased significance in the construction industry in the past few years. However, the UAE built environment industry is marked with limited adoption of the technique as it still relies on traditional costing models. The present study has provided a critical analysis of the issues surrounding the awareness, adoption, implementation, possible benefits and challenges associated with the LCC technique in the context of the United Arab Emirates (UAE). The study conducts a detailed literature review to provide key insights into the aforementioned issues under study before an elaborate data analysis is presented to indicate the present situation in the country’s built environment. The paper also provides key recommendations to help enhance the application and practical implementation of the Life-cycle Costing (LCC) model in both the private and public sectors of the country. Further, areas of further research are suggested to researchers and the government as the need for LCC technique becomes more evident in the current times. Data presentation and Analysis Introduction This chapter discusses the analysis of the collected data obtained with methods discussed in the previous chapter. The data is presented with the use bar graphs and pie charts. The data has been converted into percentages to facilitate for a better understanding and comparison. The interpretation of the collected data is being done establishing linkage with research objectives, research questions and research findings executed in literature review. Information about the respondents Figure 4.1: Gender From figure 4.1, it is revealed that the majority of respondents who participated in this survey are aged between 35 and 45 years, followed by the youth particularly new entrants into the construction industry. This information indicates that most of the employees in the UAE construction industry are aged 25 years and above. There are fewer new entrants of the young generation. In this regard, the perception of the modern LCC modern models is seemingly negative. This analysis will be done further in the following sections of this chapter. Level of Education Figure 4.2: Level of Education The qualification level of the respondents is represented through figure 4.2 that shows that 9% of the participants had an HND degree, 46% of participants had BSc degree, 44% of respondents had a Master’s degree and while none of the respondents had a PhD. This information provides a critical insight into the level of education of the participants. The overall information indicates that the respondents were sampled from qualified and experienced personnel. Occupations of Respondents Figure 4.3: Job Occupation The figure 4.3 shows the job occupation of the respondents and it is revealed from the information that 13% of the participants were top managers and 64% belonged to the middle management. Moreover, 23% of the participants were employees. The middle managers belonged to vari
Introduction Kaliannan and Adjovu (2015) introduced their work by first giving a background research on the subject matter. From the research background, it is apparent that employee engagement is a vital aspect of running business organizations. The authors provide precise and clear examples where research has linked employee engagement to organizational success. Moreover, lack of employee engagement has been linked to failures of businesses. After the research background, the authors clearly state the core purpose as strategies for employee engagement and their strengths and limitations and a brief overview of the paper. Literature Review Many literature materials give ‘literature review’ as one of the level one headings. However, Kaliannan and Adjovu (2015) did not have such a heading. Nevertheless, it is evident that a relatively broad literature review was done. As such, enough literature materials were used in the attempt to seek insight into the research question. In addition, literature materials were used in the discussion of the findings. Research Design Kaliannan and Adjovu (2015) gave a precise and clear justification for the choice of research approach, methods, and instruments. Three reasons were given for the adoption of 5-Point Scale and they revolved around neutrality and avoidance of bias. Moreover, the justification for the selection of data collection services was based on the need for confidentiality and informed consent. Selection of a research method should be considered vital and done with a considerable degree of emphasis on the research question. The authors, therefore, selected a method that was appropriate in evaluating a link between the relevant variables. Moreover, their data collection process sought to establish the link/relationship between employee engagement and organizational success and, therefore, answered the research question. While some methods were just mentioned, others were described in somewhat comprehensive details. The authors tested for the validity and reliability using underpinning logic where justification of all items/questions were given with regard to the purpose and adjectives of the research. However, the explanation for the reliability stopped at stating the producing of Cronbach’s Alpha and its implications on the findings. Although the authors mentioned the exudation of the limitation of the research, they did not give a proper discussion of the limitations. Results and Findings Kaliannan and Adjovu (2015) presented their result in a precise and clear manner where the figures were elucidated and comprehensively explained. Moreover, the presentation of the results was geared to explaining the link between the variable and, therefore, responded to the research question in a clear manner. The data analysis process and pertinent steps were comprehensively explained. The tools used in the analysis; including version 20 of IBM’s SPSS and Microsoft Windows Excel were highlighted. The justification for every step revolved around ensuring
There are many micro environmental forces affecting the luxury brand industry, and these include customers. Customers tend to come from different places hence inhabiting different characteristics and behaviors regarding spending. Depending on how they raise their incomes, consumers tend to spend in different ways. For instance, people with high incomes tend to purchase quality products regardless of their prices. This means that some people can afford expensive luxurious products while others can only afford cheap goods. This factor affects the luxury brand industry in a great way because if in a given location people are extremely poor then the profitability ends up being high and vice versa. Customers are dynamic, and they change with various factors within their environments and these changes have significant impacts on industry performance (Earl and Kemp, 2000, p.76). Competitors pose enormous challenges to other players in the industry because they come out to fight for their stake in the market. This is tremendously significant because different players have to make sure that they consider providing the best to their customers. Customers’ purchasing decisions are guided by quality and affordability hence they opt to purchase goods from favorable sellers.
The legitimacy of positive law versus natural law The comprehensive definition of natural law is a system of ethical and fair principles that people deem universally acceptable, are intrinsic in human nature, and discovered through human natural intelligence (Finnis, 2011). In the context of civil rights, natural law is a measure of right demeanor not defined by humans but essentially, commonly deemed acceptable. It governs the participation of members of civil society from their time of conception to full maturity (Carper, McKinsley & West, 2011). Positive law is the written law designed for a particular society at a definite epoch. These are laws that administrate people and their leaders in a given society. Philosophical consideration of positive law portrays it as a law, fully defined by its existence as a man-made law (Carper, McKinsley & West, 2011). Practical examples include the constitution, various acts, and published judicial decisions. In his speech, Martin Luther King Jr. notes that in spite of the “emancipation of proclamation signed by Lincoln) in the past century, which liberated the black man from the clutches of slavery, these social injustices still abound (Luther, 1963). According to Luther, the black man still suffered from these vices. He was the subject of abject poverty, racial prejudice, and segregation. In light of the description of natural law, it is unnatural for a man to suffer at the hands of another (Carper, McKinsley & West, 2011). Nature demands the equivalent conduct of all men regardless of their color or background. However, Martin describes a contravention of this proposition (Luther, 1963). Additionally, Martin Luther talks of these contraventions in the light of their establishment in the emancipation proclamation. This is a legal document and qualifies as positive law. According to Carper, McKinsley & West (2011), positive law has its basis on the natural law. In light of Martin’s speech, there is an apparent marriage of ideas between these two laws on the subject of human freedom and contentment. It is evident that the legitimacy of positive law has its i
Introduction Over the years, individuals have been baffled by the nature of both time and space. Kant was the first philosopher to doubt the existence of both space and time. He conceptualized that they (time and space) were mere ‘intuitions’ or perceptions invented by our own minds. Later, in 1900s, Minkowski and Einstein were back at it again and found that time and space can be interchanged. For painstaking systematic reasons, they swapped time with ‘spacetime’. In 1986, Szamosi delved into the subject again this time round detailing how the perceptions of space and time developed from earlier attempts of primitive life forms to understand their world to become the modern impression we have of space and time. In this paper, I will show that dominant conceptualizations of Time and Space do not just exist, but are produced; I will base my arguments on 2 articles and two films which will be relevant to the understanding of space and time perceptions. Everydayness The “Mystery of the Everyday”: Everydayness in History is an article build around an object of modern intellectual history. Harry Harootunian’s work on “the everyday” presents the reader with a strict definition of concept of time and space. Harootunian’s work is a critique of everyday life. He wonders how people situate and frame the everyday as something to be experimented, thought, and to be analyzed critically. Lefebvre views modern artwork as not just obscure objects desiring explanation but rather as explanations. Under capitalism, modern artwork is nothing but multiple responses to the condition of everyday life. Lefebvre focuses on political time. For example, he wonders why modernity, tradition, and postcoloniality are labeled as interventions in the field of political time. To him, modernization theory and post-colonial discourse are a group in the historical continuum. This article, which looks at modernization in Japan, argues that “modernity is a specific cultural form and consciousness of lived historical time that differs according to social forms and practices” (Harootunian 62). Lefebvre opposes the various descriptions of modernities such as alternative modernities, divergent modernities, competing modernities, and retroactive modernities. According to him, this term is wrongly used to the existence of an “original”. The terms were mere creation in the “west” but due to a series of “copies” and lesser variations, the terms acquired new meanings. These conceptions of modernities were only built upon transmuting a temporal lag into a qualitative difference. The idea that Japan and other societies transforming into a modern order at different paces reveals that modernity is an idea of western capital. On the concept of space, Lefebvre refers to a unity called “West”. To him, space is inexistent. He looks at the dyad term west an