ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The main question is understanding the concept of morality and the market is whether moral restraints should be available in the market. It is imperative to note that free markets are positive forces that make society active due to the competitive nature of the activities undertaken in the market. For example, free markets make it possible for people to purchase goods and services at relatively reasonable and lower prices (Eugene, 2003). Such forms of exchanges are fair because they ensure that a large number of people benefit from the free market. This means that any restrictions levelled against a free market would be detrimental to many people even though such restrictions good be well-intentioned (Barker, 2005, p.436). The purpose of this paper is to determine whether the United States has achieved the free level market or whether the US is still a stratified society and economy. A stratified society and economy refer to an arrangement of the society and economy in form of wealth and power present in the society ad economy. This entails the classification of people into different groups depending on their socio-economic status which is based on social, political, economic and ideological elements. From the Marxist perspective, production in capitalistic nations involves two parts which include Superstructure and the Base. The Base involves the production relations between the employer and the employee conditions of work, property relations and labour division. From Marxists philosophical point of view regarding society and the economy, means of production are owned by the ruling class. Based on Marxists societal and economic perspective, it is evident that the US has achieved a market since means of production in the United States are freely traded in a free market and they are owned by all the people who can afford them. Hence, the argument postulated by the Marxists that means of production are owned by the ruling classes who have absolute control of such means of production is not practical in the United States. However, exploring Max Weber’s perspective of what makes a stratified society and economy, it is true that the US is still a stratified society and economy. According to Max Weber, the society and the economy in the US is characterized by several classes which include workers in white-collar jobs, upper class, workers in manual jobs and petite bourgeoisie. This is true because of the free market system that exists in the United States where every individual strives to fit in one of the four classes mentioned above. From Weber’s standpoint, the US has indeed achieved a market that is characterized by a stratified society and economy in form of the types of jobs held by individuals in the market and people’s standards of living. From the two arguments derived from Marxists and Weber’s point of view regarding stratification in the society and economy, the US indeed deviates from Marxist’s stratification in that the ruling classes no longer command the market in the US (Saunders, 1990). However, Weber’s stratification of the society and economy converges with the present r
Plato and Aristotle are some of the most important figures in the development of philosophy of education (Morgan 43). Although Plato taught and inspired Aristotle, their views on education show a number of differences. Arguably, Plato and Aristotle’s views of education differ in that Aristotle considers education as a ‘virtue by itself’ that every person must obtain in order to have ‘happiness and goodness in life’, while Plato advocates for a ‘good education for the elites’. Plato’s views of education are found in his descriptions of an ideal ‘Republic’. In the ‘Republic’, Plato argues that an individual is well served when he is a subject of a ‘just’ society (Morgan 78). He considers education as a ‘virtue’ whose aim is to provide a ‘sound body’ with a ‘sound mind’. He believes that education must start early in life. Therefore, he considers children as ‘wards of the state’. He argues that children must be removed from parental care early in life and instead be brought up as ‘wards of the state’. Then, Plato advocates for differentiating the children according to their future endeavors and roles in the society. Under the care of the state, the children should be distinguished according to how they fit into social ‘castes’. Those fitting the highest caste must obtain the highest level of education to ensure that they assume the roles of ‘guardians of the state’ (Morgan 92). According to Plato, good education is holistic. It should include both formal and informal training. He advocates for inclusion of physical discipline, facts, handcraft, arts, and music in the education system. Plato believed in the virtue of selective public education. For instance, according to his views, a child’s capacity in achieving education and talents are not hereditary. He argues that all children, regardless of their social class, have the capacity to get education and talents and join a higher social caste. However, Plato advocates for providing ‘the highest level’ of education to those children who are more suitable to become future guardians of the state. This means that he advocates for training a ‘small group’ of children who then proceed to be the elite class. In Plato’s virtue of education, elementary education is confined to children below the age of 18. Those between 19 and 20 years must undergo vigorous military training before proceeding to get higher education. According to Plato’s views of education and society, elementary education has an important role in making the soul of an individual ‘responsive to the environment’. In addition, he argues that higher education helps the soul in its search for the truth. On the contrary, Aristotle’s views of education are based on purposefulness. He believes that education is a virtue that every person in a society must obtain. He views education as a way of attaining ‘goodness and happiness’ in life. Increased teaching, training, and experience can help one achieve ‘goodness of intellect’.
Racial stereotypes are a complex of the misimpression and the prejudice one group of people has against the other. As a rule, these ideas are ungrounded and, most importantly, offensive. Distorted ethnic and racial assumptions are mainly spread in the countries that have a varied population context (“Eliminating ethnic and racial stereotypes” par.1). The reasons for their appearance are frequently inexplicable while their liquidation is always problematic. Brent Staples, Zora Hurston, Richard Wright and Martin King know the discussed issue from within. That is why, all of them have their own knack in displaying the inconsistency and the irrationality of racial prejudices. Martin Luther King is widely known for his significant contribution to the protection of humans’ rights. In “Letter from Birmingham Jail”, his appeal to the society’s reason and sympathy is particularly powerful and impressive. King tries to dispel the racial stereotypes with the help of dialogue and persuasion. Throughout the entire letter, he frequently emphasizes the fact that he considers a discussion to be more efficient than a rebel or a protest. Nevertheless, he still notes that it is nonviolent psychological tension that creates a favorable environment for successful negotiations (King 78). To get his message across to the public, he skillfully uses several rhetoric devices. First of all, while illustrating the injustice employed towards the Afro-American class, King applies parallels with Christ and Socrates (King 83). The reference to the well-known and obvious issues is an efficient tool to make one’s ideas resonate with the majority’s views. Moreover, in his letter, King makes good use of the rhetorical questions (king 88). He does not want to enforce his views, but he seeks for true understanding and tolerating. King tries to make the society reflect upon the matter of the racial discrimination; he wants people to formulate an independent conclusion as he is sure this conclusion will coincide with his. Finally, being an insuperable orator, he uses influential stylistic devices that are likely to resonate with the public’s mind. King starts his letter claiming that “injustice anywhere is a threat to justice everywhere” (King 78). The statement leaves no doubt that this man can succeed in his fight against the prejudice. Whereas King’s appeal to the public is open and impassioned, Wright and Hurston choose another way to dispel the racial assumptions. In fact, what they do is a persuasion through a life story example. They both make a precise and vivid description of their experiences of racial injustice. Wright’s story is a simply put narration, telling the readers about the endless misfortunes of an Afro-American man. Unlike King, he does not put any rhetorical questions, nor does he try to impress the public with bright allusions or antithesis. However, the sincerity of Wright’s narration and the trueness of the depicted situations have an equally powerful effect on a reader’s mind. Wrights childhood recollections along with the descriptions of his hard working experience serve as a perfect evident of the existing racial stereotypes that need
It is imperative to mention that the wage gap is a fascinating topic that has been actively discussed by scholars. This topic is quite controversial and has led to numerous disagreements. The primary goal of this particular video is to address some of the points suggested by critics of this idea and to provide an explanation of the reasons behind this problem. It is important to understand that many individuals have questioned this theory, and some of their ideas could be viewed as reasonable. However, it is paramount to note that they have overlooked many core factors. The average annual woman’s salary is compared to the yearly earnings of a man, and the difference is close to twenty-two percent (“The Gender Pay Gap Explained”). Such enormous dissimilarity between the numbers is worrying, and it should not be acceptable in modern society. It is necessary to mention that the situation is especially problematic for women of color, and it is evident that they are treated unfairly. It is understandable that a significant percentage of them are less educated and do not have an understanding of their right, but such aspects do not justify the approaches used by companies (Epstein, Gafni, and Silver 908). The problem is that they do not have any alternatives, and employers are capable of taking advantage of this fact. One of the most significant aspects that should not be disregarded is that many women are much less motivated because they think that nothing can be done about unfair treatment, and they have to accept the current situation. Another issue that needs to be discussed is that it is suggested that the elimination of the wage gap would help to enhance the economy and living conditions of many families. The issue that many women have to deal with is that they must choose jobs that are less-paying because they have to spend a lot of time with their children and on other activities. However, this aspect is not acknowledged by many employers, and they are not willing to provide females with additional benefits. It is necessary to note that numerous studies have shown that gender composition does not affect aggregate productivity as much as many individuals think (Misra and Murray‐Close 1282). Evaluation schemes in the workplace should be considered to ensure that the pay is based on their performance (Asplund and Lilja 267). Such dramatic differences in pay may be viewed as incredibly unreasonable, and enterprises must have an understanding of the fact that many employees are not satisfied with such a situation. Furthermore, it is in their interest to resolve this problem because the satisfaction level of workers is one of the most important factors that affect their productivity. In conclusion, the wage gap is an enormous problem that needs to be addressed. It is imperative to note that the government has developed a broad range of initiatives that would help to establish pay equality, but numerous complications may occur. The issue is that it is not an easy task to monitor all the activities of a particular company and pay s
The management of a healthy pregnancy is the duty of the couple responsible. The first step towards a risk-free condition is accepting the feelings and emotions associated with the pregnancy. To this end, a number of important things should be put into consideration when planning for the maternal event. For example, proper planning is required from week 1 to the birth of the child. The couple should not neglect or ignore the help of the doctor and other parties interested in the pregnancy. In addition, they should cater to the costs associated with the condition. I am 27 years old and a single mother to be. I am employed full time and earn a salary of $18,000 annually. My major concern is that I do not have a health insurance plan. My boyfriend had made it perfectly clear that he is not interested in children. The father says that he will not help me with the pregnancy or in raising the child. My age means that I am not eligible for much in social services. All these situations are likely to negatively affect pregnancy. However, I am fully aware of the fact that it is up to the expectant woman to maintain a healthy pregnancy until delivery. The Condition of the Pregnancy The condition of the pregnancy covers the emotions and the state of the baby developing in the womb. The fetus grows every day. As a result, the expectant mother is likely to experience a number of changes to their body. Most of the emotions experienced during pregnancy are involuntary. The change in the level of hormones in the body of the pregnant woman causes these emotional fluctuations. The feelings fade later after the baby is born. Some of the emotions likely to be experienced in the situation include anger, surprise, fear, and sadness. A case in point is a situation where the expectant woman is under pressure from the people around her (Benjamin, Nodine, Ernst & Broecker, 1999). In my situation, I may automatically experience stress after knowing that no one close to me is ready or willing to help with the pregnancy, including my longtime boyfriend. The emotion of
Role and effectiveness of the Federal Reserve in stabilizing the economy The Federal Reserve uses the monetary policy to stabilize the economy. The fiscal policy relies on the Congress, and follows a legislative process (Congressional Research Service, 2014). An expansionary monetary policy involves an action whose aim is to increase money supply, and availability of credit. On the other hand, the Federal Reserve can carry out procedures that reduce the amount of money in circulation, and availability of credit. An expansionary fiscal policy refers to using a budg
Internet has created many opportunities and abilities for people to communicate and share information. File sharing is now a popular way to download files from all over the world. Many people believe it to be a violation of legal rights, as it allows downloading and watching movies, listening to music, sharing games and use of any other medium of entertainment for a relatively low price or even for free. The reality is that in the modern times, it is impossible to stop the progress and sharing files will only increase with time, which is both beneficial and unstoppable. Any one who has internet is able to download and share files with other people. This was not always the case, as the internet is relatively new to people and human history. The ability to share files is a fast and efficient way that allows for many users to send and receive their files and it is done with the use of BitTorrent. Anyone who possesses a certain file can make it available for other users to download. It became possible to pool all the data, so that many users can download and upload files at the same time. This evolved into a network that connects people all over the world and the interesting fact is that this information does not take up large amounts of space in one particular location. The virtual memory that allows the use of such a vast amount of resources is contained in the space of wireless connections and databases. At any time, people can ge
Starting a project in the Food and Beverage Industry is a challenging venture since the target environment can be described as very competitive. Therefore, to attain project goals, one should consider the needs of key stakeholders and the available resources carefully. In the case under analysis, opening a juice bar implies using the support of local investors, who will be viewed as the key benefactors of the project. By providing financial support for the juice bar, local investors will be able to receive substantial revenues once the company establishes a presence in the local market and builds a competitive advantage (Badiru et al. 12). Furthermore, it will be necessary to consider the opportunity to collaborate with local suppliers and seek the support of possible business partners, such as organizations producing exotic fruit that will be used to create unique products and attract new customers. In addition, the project will also have to consider the significance of its contributors. By definition, the identified type of stakeholders includes the experts that will participate in the key company’s processes, including production, marketing, research and development, logistics, and other tasks. Using the umbrella term of contributors, the project will focus on promoting collaboration between its employees and managers, fostering the idea of interdisciplinary collaboration (Turner xi). The proposed technique will allow contributors to acquire the skills needed to advance the firm in the target market (Walker 202). Specifically, abilities such as information management, communication, innovative thinking, and leadership will be required to guide the project toward its successful completion. By fostering these qualities in the key stakeholders, primarily, the team members of the project and business partners, the company will be able to thrive in the selected industry. Works Cited Badiru, Adedeji B., et al. Mechanics of Project Management: Nuts and Bolts of Project Execution . CRC Press, 2018. Turner, J. Rodney. Contracting for Project Management . Taylor & Francis, 2017. Walker, Anthony. Project Management in Construction . 6th ed., John Wiley & Sons, 2015.
Introduction Reporting results is one of the important components of research. In fact, it is a summary of the work done. Reporting research results predetermines attitude to research in general. Only a few interested people can read detailed research materials, thus reporting results is an opportunity to announce the findings and provide recommendations. Observational research is frequently used in medicine. However, its reporting is not detailed and explicit enough (Vandenbroucke et al., 2007). It is suggested to apply the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) Statement which can “improve the reporting of observational research” (Vandenbroucke et al., 2007, p. 805). This approach is widely applied, for example, in molecular epidemiology (Gallo et al., 2012), for respondent-driven sampling studies (White et al., 2015), or in clinical research (Feng & Li, 2017). Although STROBE was designed specifically for the research in epide
Introduction Bretton Wood Institutions refer to the World Bank (WB), the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Trade Organisation (WTO). The World Bank is an intergovernmental banking institution whose main role is to provide loans and financial assistance to developing countries. The International Monetary Fund refers to an intergovernmental organisation that is mandated with fostering global monetary cooperation, promoting international trade, promoting high levels of employment, and reducing poverty in the world. On the other hand, the World Trade Organisation (WTO) refers to the international organisation whose mandate is to enact and ensure adherence to rules of trade between nations. There have been various criticisms levelled against the three Bretton Wood Institutions since their formations. To address the criticisms, this paper will discuss each of the three organisations’ criticisms. Further, the paper will discuss the extent to which WTO, WB, and IMF are still relevant and/or are needed in the modern world. Lastly, the paper will make important recommendations of the various areas that need reforms in the three organisations. The sources for the information presented in the paper will come from peer-reviewed journals, books, and authoritative web sources such as organisations’ websites, and libraries such as the EBSCOhost. Bretton Wood Institutions The International Monetary Fund The International Monetary Fund was formed in 1944 following the Bretton Woods Conference, which was convened to discuss and map the way forward towards rebuilding the international economic system, which had been devastated by the World War I and World War II (Dreher 2009). Unlike development banks, the International Monetary Fund (IMF) provides loans in diverse areas on economic needs but not specifically for development purposes (Gupta 2010). Over the years, the IMF has been criticised by its member nations and experts on various issues that relate to the level at which the organisation has managed to deliver its core functions. Disparagement of the International Monetary Fund The first disapproval is that neo-liberal financial programmes characterise the IMF, including being controlled by major developed capitalist countries and international private financial institutions. According Stone (2008), the various decisions that are made at the IMF on serious issues concerning the funding of member countries rely on the voting of members. However, the selection authority is guided by an allocation structure of appointment civil liberties, which are a function of the number of Single Drawing Rights (SDR) that each nation holds. The SDR relies on the degree of monetary input