ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Nurses encounter a myriad of ethical dilemmas because of the nature of their work. They are engaged in all stages of healthcare system, helping in policy formulation and making critical decisions. As per Cope, Jones, and Hendricks (2016), nurses have an obligation to ensure that patients get quality health services. In the process, they have to attain balance between maleficence and non-maleficence. In my nursing career, I have encountered many impasses, but one that has remained in my mind involved dealing with an elderly patient. I was taking care of an elderly woman who suffered from occasional convulsions, thus she required a lot of attention. In spite of her living in a storey building, she always liked walking down stairs and taking a stroll in the neighborhood. At times, she would complain that I was infringing on her privacy, as I insisted on being there whenever she wanted to go out. Personal Experience I had challenges deciding on whether to let her walk alone. The ethical principle of autonomy requires nurses to respect the freedom of their patients (Vosner, Zeleznik, Kokol, Vosner, & Zavrsnik, 2016). They should allow them to make independent decisions. In as much as I wished to respect the lady’s confidentiality and freedom, I did not want to risk her injuring herself in the event that she got seizures in my absence. As a human, I felt that the safety of the lady took precedence; hence I could not allow her to walk alone. It was difficult to convince her that she would be danger in case she opted to go out without alerting me. I had to always accompany her to a public park where she liked to visit. Nonetheless, she made sure that I was aware of her disapproval of my presence. Eventually, we had to compromise on some issues to avoid the likelihood of protracted differences. The lady allowed me to accompany her to the park, but I had to respect her independence by sitting on distant bench. Lessons from this Course The study of nursing ethics has been of significant value to me as it has enabled me to view many things from a different perspective. In the past, I had difficulties striking a balance guaranteeing the safety of patients and respecting their privacy. However, after this course, I have realized that the wellbeing of a patient is paramount and should take precedence. If torn between the principles of autonomy and maleficence, I would opt for the latter. At times, nurses are forced to subject patients to pain as a way to save life (Preshaw, Brazil, McLaughlin, & Frolic, 2015). Even though the principle of non-maleficence demands that nurses do not injure patients, at times it is necessary to take such measures for their wellbeing. Guiding Staff in a Similar Situation As a nurse leader, I would encourage my staff to always put the safety of their patients first. Faced with a case like mine, I would advise them to sit down with the patient and explain to him/her the risks that she might subject herself to by going out alone. I would also suggest that they try to resolve the issue by agreeing on arrangements that would not expose a patient to danger. Conclusion The nursing career is awash with
Introduction Nowadays, many countries are being paralyzed by infectious disease COVID-19. Since December, it has been spreading all around the globe extremely fast. Still, the governments have not found any solution to this dilemma yet. It turned out that no one was ready for it; that is why the process of treatment is so long-lasting. The purpose of this paper is to discuss the current situation in the world caused by COVID-19 and to suggest possible changes that will occur as a result of what has happened. The History of Appearance of COVID-19. How it Affected the Rhythm of Daily Life COVID-19 was identified on December 10, 2019, in Wuhan city in China, where one of the suppliers on the local market was hospitalized with pneumonia. The governments of the countries did not pay attention to this case, and the international tourism functioned without any changes. It resulted in the extremely fast transmission of the disease all over the world. The first COVID-19 case appeared in UAE in the middle of January (Duncan & Gautam, 2020). Many laboratories have already started searching for the cure, but at the moment, there is no treatment. The spread of the virus affected all spheres of life, including politics, economics, art, education, and healthcare. First of all, COVID-19 has significantly affected the everyday life of people. In many countries, it is forbidden to leave the house. Parks, restaurants, bars, museums, theaters, offices, and airports are closed (“Coronavirus disease 2019”, 2020). Moreover, it has affected the families: people spend all day together with their partners and children. It requires absolute modification of daily life, including both householding and working habits. Isolation affects social connection in its great variety of forms. T
How have the three major ideologies outlined in Johnson, Chapter 2 influenced the policy and program development of Canadian governments since the Second World War? The state is the biggest stakeholder in the contemporary civilization, regimes and managerial roles are always present in the daily life of each Canadian. Various scholars and individuals contest over what could be the best policies to be applied in public administration. The debate is mainly concerned about the middle path between individual thoughts and collective rights and responsibilities. The debate is so crucial in determining state functions and political culture. The ethos of Canadians constitutes various strains of ideologies, ranging from the respect of the state and the roles of governments. Conservative Thought and the State On the precision of the political continuum in this state stands conservatism. This school of thought includes a set of thoughts that encourage the values of individuality, belief, freedom, contest, self-interests, clandestine possessions, and a communal order based on esteem for the precedent, personality liberty and liability, liberated venture and pro-business financial environment. Essential to contemporary traditionalist thought is individualism. The creature is professed as the basic structure wedge of the world; definitely, to conservatives, society is not anything except compilation of diverse and self-directing persons, and these persons are the motivating strength of communal development. People in conservative thinking are visualized as lucid and egocentric people who are familiar with how to live their individual lives without the need for others, and particularly not the nation, to inform them how to accomplish. Conservatism mostly provides that every individual is accountable for his or her own existence and happiness and that each individual ought to have the socio-economic and political liberty to formulate the most of his or her own chances. Liberalism Thought and Economic Development In this though, it is assumed that politics and economics have no relationship. This thought is organized on the principle of the market as the most efficient instrument in allocation capacity. Moreover, liberal economic theory emphasizes that politics and economics ideally are separate. This implies that economic activities operate on their own internal logics. On the logics of the market is that it offers a diversity of options, consumers whether rich or poor, driven by mere consumptions or class will all be accommodated. The conjecture stipulates that human beings are rational thinkers in that they make calculations pertaining to the market opportunities and compare it with their capacity. The ideology presupposes economic activities that are left to the market environment nurtures competition through enhanced quality. Those individuals or parties that are unable to keep up with pace in relation to market environment needs will be eased out as they will be replaced by stronger providers (Campbell & Christian, 1995, p. 89). In other
Different circumstances under which medical staff has worked led to varying types of leadership strategies being developed. For example, the COVID-19 pandemic highlighted the role of clear communication and the handling of prompt preparation in top healthcare leaders (Nicola et al., 2020). Another key tactic includes the use of external change agents that ultimately promote excellent organizational decision-making (Alagoz et al., 2018). Moreover, one study explained how implementing positivity-related and open-minded approaches as leaders can improve their employee’s resilience, providing an additional source of motivation (Wei et al., 2018). Hence, effective healthcare leaders must adapt to various external changes and strategically communicate with their coworkers. Several departments can be interacted with through the role of a healthcare administrator. One of them includes the in-patient department where multiple approaches from skilled professionals are needed. Moreover, critical care and A&E require excellent management and collaborating opportunities. As already mentioned, the selected healthcare areas are prime examples of fields requiring strong leaders to provide optimal patient care. One way this can be improved to obtain the desired outcomes is through a holistic approach that considers external and internal factors. Furthermore, collective decision-making should not be viewed as limiting to effective leadership; on the contrary, it presents an ideal strategy in healthcare management. The importance of interprofessional collaboration in medical institutions is evident through its effect on patient outcomes. Research has demonstrated significant changes in healthcare conditions after the implementation of the strategy (Spaulding et al., 2018). The method involves acquiring knowledge from colleagues and incorporating it into one’s practice, seeking advice from the respective medical staff. Therefore, the strategy impacts the range of services professionals can offer to their patients and should be worked on further to improve its practicality.
Background British Airways (BA) is arguably the United Kingdom’s (UK) largest airline. The company is also the national flag carrier of the UK and transports more than 30 million people (annually) around the world (CAP Online 2012). Founded in 1974, BA is part of the One World airline alliance and operates from two airport terminals (Heathrow Airport and Gatwick Airport) (CAP Online 2012). The airline travels to more than 150 destinations, around the globe, and operates a fleet of more than 240 aircraft (making it the UK’s largest airline, in terms of fleet size and international travel destinations) (CAP Online 2012). Despite its technical leadership, in the last four years, human resource challenges have mainly threatened the airline’s competitive position in the aviation industry. For example, the company has experienced several management changes that have failed to improve the airline’s competitiveness. Observers say some of these changes are unjustified and unfair to employees (Spellman 2010; CAP Online 2012). For example, managerial changes in 2009, created tension between managers and employees. Consequently, the airline experienced several strike actions during this period (Spellman 2010). These employee strikes affected the airline’s operational efficiency and financial performance. Today, the company has not been able to mend (fully) the relationship between employers and employees. Based on this problem, this paper proposes a research study to investigate the perennial strike actions at BA. Particularly, the proposed study aims to analyze job dissatisfaction among BA employees to understand this human resource challenge. Statement and Purpose of the Problem British Airways has received a lot of media attention for the wrong reasons. Particularly, in the last five years, several employee groups have voted to strike about several welfare problems (Spellman 2010). For example, pilots have complained of extended working hours. Similarly, flight crews have complained of poor pay. Most of these strikes have grounded the airline’s operations and threatened its competitive position in the cutthroat airline industry. Analysts have criticized the management of BA for failing to mitigate this problem (Spellman 2010). Employees have also held the same view. Particularly, BA workers have been highly dissatisfied with how their managers treat them (Spellman 2010). For example, the cabin crew claims BA’s management undervalues their worth (Spellman 2010). Similarly, passenger crews have raised concern regarding their flight safety. These accusations have compounded the organization’s human resource problems. As a reaction to employee concerns, BA managers have tried to intimidate employees by threatening to replace striking workers (Spellman 2010). Overall, the level of employee job satisfaction at the organization is low. This problem affects other aspects of organizational performance, including job pe
Most of foreign aid to Africa is aimed at promoting democracy in governments. Numerous donor agencies spend huge budget annually to fund democracy related programs in Africa. These programs include; elections support, strengthening of parliament, judicial and political parties and fostering growth and power of civil society organization such as labor unions and women human rights groups (Stephen, 2004). Technical assistance is also targeted in democracy promotion. Small fraction of all aid the United States and other donors often conditionally grants to Africa is intended for general budget support on performance in the area of civil liberties, conduct of elections, and respect of the rule of law (Thad, 2004). Over the past years donor funding to Africa has been marred by irregularities. There are many shortcomings related to donor funding in Africa and it is necessary for donors to stop funding Africa. Many scholars have argued that foreign country should stop donor funding to Africa because it is not serving the intended purpose (Carol, 1999). Donor funding has encouraged dependency by African countries. They have relied so much on donor funds and failed to come up with strategies for mobilizing revenues to sustain their budget. African countries have accumulated large debts because they have always depended on foreign country donor funding for many years showing little efforts to look for alternative ways to sustain their economy. Aid to Africa has distorted African countries economy by encouraging unhealthy competition between key economy sectors in African market. Additionally, there has been unfair competition between those getting dono
Research is one of the central sources of information in any science as it provides relevant and credible data about particular processes that could later be used in their discussion. Regarding the healthcare sector, numerous investigations are also crucial as their help to analyze diverse diseases and find treatment for them. However, it is essential to adhere to the ethical principles of the American Psychological Association for research with human participants to ensure that no rights will be violated and no harm will be done to the health of patients. Nevertheless, the Tuskegee Syphilis Experiment is one of those where the above-mentioned principles were completely ignored. The study started in 1929 when USPHS investigated the high incidence of syphilis in the rural areas of the South of the USA and possibilities for its mass treatment (Baker, Brawley, & Marks, 2005). The disease was associated with race. For this reason, Tuskegee was chosen as 82% of its residents were African-Americans, and a significant part of them was infected with syphilis (Baker et al., 2005). However, people engaged in TSUS (Tuskegee Study of Untreated Syphilis) were not informed about their participation and central conditions of the experiment. In such a way, one of the basic ethical principles that presuppose the acquisition of informed consent was violated. No one except the observers knew about this very experiment (Baker et al., 2005). At the same time, freedom from coercion was also infringed. Residents were not forced to take part in TSUS; however, the absence of information and their firmness that they are provided with traditional medical services and care turned them into the participants against their will. Speaking about TSUS and peculiarities of its realization, deception should also be mentioned. Traditionally, it is one of the most discussed ethical issues in research, as deceiving participants is dishonest and deteriorates their trust. For this reason, ethical standards presuppose the provision of complete data about the experiment. However, regarding the study, limited deception could be observed. Patients were informed that they were treated for syphilis; however, they were not provided with newly-discovered penicillin, which became one of the most efficient methods to treat the disease. As a result, numerous unnecessary deaths were observed among participants. Furthermore, the unethical and even racist character of the research resulted in the absence of adequate debriefing, which is a critical part of any study that implies huma
Introduction Examination of an economy can never be complete without the examination of the two sides that make up the economy. These sides entail the demand and the supply aspects that interact with each other to bring equilibrium within an economy. Disequilibrium can cause negative impacts within the society and the economy at large. The study of economics is a crucial subject to the society, and thus can be quite cumbersome and difficult to comprehend since it is wide. However, to simplify this subject and make it easier to understand, the subject falls into various categories with supply side of the economics being one of them. However, these divisions are theories that enhance the study of economics. The supply-side economics, commonly defined as the trickle down economics, depicts an economic theory in relation to taxes. The theory recognizes that stimulation in the growth of the economy can be achieved through cutting down on taxes, thus enticing consumers into increasing their expenditure (Collins, 2007). The theory also points out that in order to recover revenues lost due to reduction in taxes, the economic growth that will be experienced in the end will generate a large tax base that would consequently compensate for the lost revenues (Cooper, 2012). After the introduction of the Reaganomics, researchers rose to challenge the validity of this theory. Controversies that faced the theory have initiated an examination of the theory in this paper. In the course of the study, this paper shall focus on the Reagan’s supply side of economics coupled with examining whether the theory was a success or not, and in case it failed, what are reasons that brought it down. Reagan’s supply side economics advocated for the provision of tax cuts as an incentive to investors and entrepreneurs and it worked in the short run. The economics The supply side economics pioneered under the watch of Ronald Reagan, a former US President. As aforementioned, Reagan’s supply side economics advocated for the provision of tax cuts as an incentive to investors and entrepreneurs. The idea behind this incentive hinged on the assumption that due to reduced taxes, investors would be in a position to make more savings and invest more. The investments put in place would yield huge economic benefits that would boost the overall country’s economy (Collins, 2007). Ronald Reagan based his supply side economy on the concept of Laffer curve developed in the late 1970s by
Introduction No one can deny it – natural and manmade hazards are increasing. Industrial accidents and the threat of cyber-attacks continue to trouble our minds – humanity is threatened every minute, every second by the forces that all seem to be manmade. Terrorists can make use of nature and technology in unleashing weapons of mass destruction. Climate change is more than a threat – it creates risks that are difficult to control because of the many factors involved, including old and new beliefs and how to deal with it. New social actors now play a key role in managing risks. Traditional actors are decreasing and the recently emerging non-state actors are at the forefront of risk governance. The climate change regime started in 1990 and concluded in 1992, with the establishment of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). Scientists convinced the world that humanity and its economic and global activities strongly influenced the global climate, and anthropogenic greenhouse gases generated climate change. These findings and the world belief led to the formation of the Kyoto Protocol, which then replaced all the other treaties on climate change (Petersen 2011). The treaty commits the Parties to reduce their GHG emissions at a level that would reduce natural catastrophes. Critics contended that the Kyoto Protocol was not supported by reliable data. But it has been proven that climate change is the major cause for the natural catastrophes the Earth is experiencing (Sluijs & Turkenburg 2006). The Parties or the COP 21 (organizations and countries) met in the 2015 Paris summit to finally decide the amount of temperature to be reduced to mitigate climate change. As a result, the Parties created the Green Climate Fund and promised more cooperation and flexibility in GHG mitigation activities (Molina-Perez 2016). Climate change had occurred even in what scientists called geological past when there were changes in the Earth-sun distance, the sun’s temperature, meteor impact, volcanic eruption and ‘continental drift’ (Sluijs & Turkenburg 2006, p. 246). Before this period, approximately 8,000 years ago, there was no such disturbance on the Earth’s climate, which made humanity to flourish over the Earth’s vast resources. As the earth’s population grew, humanity brought unprecedented changes in land use and vegetation configurations. Forests disappeared while agriculture and cattle vastly increased, along with the production of different commodities of all kinds. Greenhouse gas emissions also increased that affected the composition of the earth’s atmosphere. High impact events have been identified, such as a change in the ‘therm