ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Within the context of feminist activism and social thinking, the writings of Virginia Woolf present an insight into the problematic socioeconomic processes of the twentieth century: wage discrimination and social exclusion of women. At the very beginning, it is important to note that Virginia Woolf’s Three Guineas is not a literary piece that had been extensively analyzed as to its role as an educational treatise. Nevertheless, Three Guineas established her as a “significant voice in the cause of pacifism” (Taylor 186). For Woolf, the issues of pacifism, education, and the role of women were inseparable; in Three Guineas she wished to reeducate those who were miseducated. The quote “What is this mysterious process that takes about three years to accomplish, costs a round sum in hard cash, and turns the crude and raw human being into the finished product – an educated man or woman?” (Woolf 184) appeals to the value of education and its definition in the context of the twentieth-century society. Issues Raised in Three Guineas Three themes or questions were raised in Three Guineas , which is a work of non-fiction (novel-essay) written with the purpose of tying up the loose ends that remained from Woolf’s
Introduction HIV is an abbreviation for immunodeficiency virus while AIDS is the acronym for the immunodeficiency syndrome. HIV is a condition that affects the immune system of the human beings, and it is caused by immunodeficiency virus hence the name HIV. The virus destroys critical cells that are required for the fight of the diseases and infections (Brewer 613). Thus, people infected with HIV are prone to many infections. HIV was discovered in the early 1980s and since then statistics as per 2010 show that approximately 34 million people have contracted the virus across the globe (Center for Disease Control and Prevention par. 11). The following paper will discuss how HIV is transmitted, whether there is a possible cure, risks of HIV infection and the infection stages of HIV. Implications of HIV The spread of HIV is through some infected body fluids. The virus attacks the body’s immune system, i.e. the T cells also called CD4 cells (Baeten and Grant 145). The increased viral load leads to destruction of the CD4 cells. This reduces the ability of the body to resist infections and hence creates room for opportunistic infections such as tuberculosis and cancers that invade the weak immune system. Stages of HIV infection HIV infection takes place in three phases. The acute infection is the first phase, which appears in the early stage after contracting the virus. The symptoms at this stage include influenza that may last for 2-3 weeks. However, some people may not depict significant symptoms. The clinical latency is the second stage characterized by the reproduction of HIV in very low levels. The virus is still active though symptoms may not be manifested (Holtgrave 373). With proper management of the HIV, infected people can stay in the clinical latency stage for many years. However, without treatment, the disease may progress faster. Finally, AIDS appears in stage three. In this stage, the victim may suffer from different infections such as tuberculosis and cancers. In addition the stage is characterizes
Significance of Research This research proposal would assist in dissecting the relationship between diseases and protein-protein interactions, and structural alterations with special emphasis on evolutionary linkage. Hence, new functions could be assigned to unknown proteins that would be recently discovered. Since structural genomics is gaining importance, protein structures with unknown functions would provide vital clues and could lessen the search space required by docking algorithms to predict the structures of complexes. This could also aid in the detection of novel protein-protein binding sites which could become promising candidates for drug discovery. Diseases that have an association with mutations could be better understood with the utility of Bayesian network based on structural or evolutionary data (Chris et al., 2006). This network would also enable us to gain insights into the association of cellular pathways with protein functional sites. The association between gene polymorphisms and diseases may also be better understood by making single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) analysis using bioinformatic tools(Mathew et al., 2007). This proposal would also provide significant information on the protein alterations in response to various environmental stimuli in plants. Review of the Background of the Study The area of proteomics has received widespread research attention since the completion of the Human Genome Mapping Project. Earlier understanding the protein function has been a challenging task due to the lack of reliable databases. The intervention of structural genomics projects has made this job relatively easier through automated predictors as they were believed to generate useful data on protein structures with unknown functions (James, David, & Westhead, 2005). Using a combination approach of support vector machine (SVM) approach with surface patch analysis, researchers were able to predict protein-protein binding (James, David, & Westhead, 2005). Although this approach has facilitated Bioinformaticians to study the interface between two interacting proteins, further studies are required. The Bayesian approach was best considered as the reliable platform for determining the structural similarity of functional sites from proteins with unknown functions using the database of known protein functions (Vysul, Kanti & David, 2005). Since structural similarity was considered as a theoretic problem, algorithms such as EM and MCMC were reported to be used for this approach (Vysul, Kanti & David, 2005). Therefore, predicting the functional sites of proteins from their 3D structure may need the assistance of algorithms in Bioinformatics. Advancements in computational
Introduction This paper takes a look at a South African case that presented certain constitutional matters to the court for determination. Among them are equity, equality, and unfair discrimination. The paper, therefore, seeks to summarize the case and analyze the important issues that arose therefrom. The National Commissioner wished to fill the non-reserved post of a superintendent, prompting an advert placement in December 2005. Ms. Barnard was among the 7 applicants who wished to fill the position. Although she was the highest-ranking candidate after the interview, she did not receive the promotion position. Eight candidates, including Ms. Barnard, were selected for an interview to fill a level 9 position that was announced vacant. Again, she ranked highest during the interviews and was highly recommended for the position by the interviewing panel. For the second time, even after glowing recommendations from various quarters, the National Commissioner declined to appoint her, stating representativity as one of his primary considerations. The post was, therefore, re-advertised, but Ms. Barnard did not apply again. She filed a complaint following the Police Service procedure on the same, asking to be appointed to the last post that she had applied for, and she received a letter setting down the reasons for not selecting her. The letter once again mentioned the issue of representativity as having been key in informing the National Commissioner’s decision. The CCMA received a dispute regarding the discrimination issue on April 11, 2007, but the police service disobeyed an order to present itself in the meeting. She finally resorted to courtroom litigation. She contended that she had been unfairly discriminated against on the grounds of race and that she should be appointed retrospectively to the position of the superintendent as from 1 December 2005. The police service argued that the National Commissioner had been justified in his decision because he was following the Employment Equity Plan and that since making appointments was his prerogative, he was not bound by the recommendation of the panel. The Labour Court upheld her claim, stating that the reasons given by the National Commissioner were scant and insufficient. Upon appeal, the Labour Appeal Court upheld the appeal stating that no discrimination had occurred because the National Commissioner had not filled the vacancy with another candidate. The Supreme Court of Appeal, on the other hand, reinstated the decision of the Labour Court stating that Ms. Barnard was entitled to compensation. Comments of the Judges on Applicable Law The South African Constitution, in as much as it pursues equality and discourages discrimination, does not aim for mere formal equality because the country has had a history that was marred by racial injustices. It, therefore, calls upon the citizens of the country to take positive steps to secure the substantive equality that is envisioned. The achievement of equality is, therefore, a delicate balance that looks out for the needs of those that were previously disadvantaged while at the same time not unduly invading the human dignity of t
Introduction Bacteria are omnipresent, found in all ecosystems, in any kind of biological community and even under the most extreme conditions where normal human habitation is impossible. They can be found thriving in the subfreezing temperatures of the North Pole while others can be found even in highly acidic solutions like vinegar. The explanation for such natural profligacy is the vast number of enzymes available to bacteria. While no single bacterium excretes all possible enzymes, every species characteristically produces one or several of these. Microbial Physiology, the branch of microbiology responsible for the study of these enzymes, employs a spectrum of tests that detect the known set of enzymes unique to each species of microbe. This is a potent, indirect approach to identifying a bacterium species in any unknown sample. Objectives  1. To acquire a microbial specimen from its natural habitat and culture it for microbial testing.  2. To identify the unknown microbe using a series of physiological tests Method We took the specimen from tap water and plated the bacteria into media using multiple interrupted streaking. Streaking facilitates the taking of pure cultures from isolated colonies for future plating. After culturing the bacteria in multiply plates, we commenced testing beginning at approximately 24 to 48 hours of growth. The tests we ran were those for glucose, lactose, Mannitol, H2S, Nitrate reduction, starch hydrolysis, oxidation, decarboxylase testing, urease production, indole production, Methyl red, V-P, and motility. Results and Discussion Employing both morphological examination and the battery of physiological tests, we determined the microbe to be Micrococcus luteus . The specimen showed negative results to Indole, Methyl red, starch hydrolysis and ornithine decarboxylase testing. It also proved to be nonmotile in nature. However test results for catalase, urease, oxidase, citrate production, and gelatin hydrolysis proved to be positive. Under the microscope with a magnification of 97 – 100x oil immersion, the microbe proved to have no endospores and prominent morphological features were the tetrad pairs of cocci shape. Conclusion Taking into consideration the results of the experimental screening series, we conclude that physiological tests are the methods best suited to identifying unknown microbes. No one bacterium can survive all these conditions and use all nutrients available (Pollack et al., 2005, 108) since every species of bacteria is limited to a unique set of enzymes. Hence, physiological identification provides species-specific results, whereas morphological identification is limited by the fact that many bacteria species share morphological features. Works Cited Pollack, Robert et al. “Laboratory Exercises in Microbiology” John Wiley and Sons, Inc, 2005. Madigan, Michael et al. “Biology of Microorganisms” New Jersey: Pearson’s Education, Inc, 2003.
Introduction The internet is probably one of the most outstanding technological innovations throughout the history of humanity because it affects virtually all aspects of life. The internet has been used to revolutionize how the world operates, especially with the automation of traditional social, political and legal systems. For instance, the processing of tickets, payment transactions, purchases, conferencing, shopping, and similar activities today, are all done online. The evolution of the social networking site is strong evidence of how the internet has taken the world by storm, with major social sites such as Facebook, posting a record of 500 million users across the globe (Facebook, 2011). The numbers rise by the day. The internet is the tool that has transformed the world into a global village, through numerous information and application systems, ranging from global news, knowledge wealth, communication access, and other platforms. However, with the invention of the internet, many people have come out strongly to detest its use, citing several disadvantages brought about by its applicability. This is the reason why there has been restricted use of the internet in some areas such as the Middle East where the internet has been termed a danger to social cohesion (Ham, 2009, p. 461). However, in the Western world, the internet has been openly embraced in education, politics, commerce, and other functional areas of life, but they’re still are some critics existing in the Western world who advocate for a ban of internet usage. The internet has therefore come with its fair share of controversies and appraisals and in this light, this research paper seeks to explore its advantages and disadvantages, with a special touch on political, ethical, and legal impacts of the internet on society. Advantages On the social front, the internet has been able to improve the quality of entertainment especially because it currently provides users with several multifaceted types of entertainment (Buzzle, 2010, p. 2). For instance, many users can download games, surf the web, and do other activities that were normally not possible with traditional sources of entertainment such as the television and the radio. For adults, the internet, through the chat feature, has enabled users to meet new people and date, for virtually no fee. This feature has especially been commended because it breaks the barrier of meeting new people in the real social setting (Buzzle, 2010, p. 2). On the political front, the internet has been quite useful for many users because many now have access to information regarding anything under the sun. Such information can be easily sourced from search engines such as Yahoo and Google. Most importantly, users can obtain information regarding existing laws, government a
Introduction The modern world society struggles to perceive psychology as a distinct science due to the multiple differences in attitudes toward human behavior laws in diverse cultures. The relation of psychology to health issues, the laws of human behavior, as well as the overall importance of mental health interventions undergo critical discussion and are differently perceived by people in particular sociocultural contexts. This paper will concentrate on the Afghan background with its specific socio-cultural system of beliefs and tendencies affecting the perception of psychology as a science. The role of psychologists and the scope of their work is analyzed in the paper concerning historical and contemporary state events, cultural particularities, and religious beliefs. The modern Afghan patriarchal community is characterized by the diminished role of women and the influence of traditions and religion on people’s beliefs, communication styles, and behavior. The society in Afghanistan does not fully accept psychological science as the one capable of addressing people’s issues in isolation from religion, community, and culture which have a strong effect on the daily lives of Afghan people. The Scientific Status of Psychology The scientific status of psychology encounters public skepticism in many countries with diverse socio-cultural backgrounds. Fundamental reasons for such an attitude towards the science of human behavior lie in the “popularity of psychological myths,” the presence of “therapeutic techniques with poor empirical support” and the advancement in the field of pop-psychology (Ferguson, 2015, p. 527). Some perception challenges are related to the ethical issues of psychological studies which require minimal disclosure of data within the research processes (Ferguson, 2015). However, the attitude toward science depends not only on the global trends but also on the specific features of particular societies. The Afghan context presents the culture, military conflicts, religious beliefs, and community-based patriarchal society as the most important issues affecting the perception of psychological science. A serious challenge that psychology faces in Afghanistan are directly connected with the war conflicts that the country has been involved in for many years. Such a state of affairs imposes a variety of severe mental issues among the majority of the population in the country which need to have qualified help of professionals (Bragin et al., 2018). On the one hand, there is an urgent need for conflict-related psychological issues to be resolved with an application of scientifically-based interventions. However, on the other hand, the government of the country that directs all its efforts to the military sphere fails to address the issue of psychological help for people. These complicated historical events cause a lot of problems for both individuals who inhabi
Introduction The human resource management is responsible for managing the human resources of an organization. The HRM aims at improving the performance of an organization through effective management of human resource. It is involved in job description in an organization, planning and recruitment of employees. According to Risher (2003), strategic human resource management involves merging the corporate strategy and the HRM strategy. The policies of HRM should be well defined for intended outcome to be realized. Human Resource Management Employees are the most valued asset of an organization. According to Greer (2001), human resource management is “a strategic and coherent approach to the management of the most valued asset of an organization.” Not all the management staffs of an organization are concerned with the firm. The HRM is concerned with managing the workforce in the organization. The strategy involves policies laid down by the organization with a philosophical and ideological underpinning. HRM is mainly made of four component that include beliefs, information on people management, involvement of line managers and shaping of the employment relationships through set levers. A HRM system comprises of HR philosophies, strategies, policies, processes, practices and programmes. According to Becker and Gerhart (1996), the components can be categorized into three groups that are the HR system architecture, policies and processes (practices). According to Bartlett & Ghosal (2002), HRM emphasizes that firm workers are important in achieving the mandate of the organization through sustainable competitive advantage. There is need for integration of HRM strategy with the corporate strategy of the organization. HRM helps the organization attain the necessary integration. Managing employees is not different from managing other resources of the organization. However, the differences arise in the nature of the resources being managed, i.e. people. Since the behaviour and the performance of the human resource depends on factors such as motivation, ability, perception of roles and situational contingencies, HRM is concerned with ensuring the resources are productive by providing necessary support (Zheng, Yand & McLean, 2009). The human resource of an organization is involved in various activities such as staffing of employees and enhancing their training. This involves recruitment of new company employees by selecting knowledgeable and skilled individuals with experience to fill up vacant positions in the firm. The success of a recruitment exercise depends on planning, analysis of the job, recruitment and selection of the required staff (Risher, 2003). O
Swearing is an expression of displeasure, pain, anger, and resentment using a language that is prohibited. The prohibition of such a language is connected with cultural aspects (Vingerhoets Bylsma & Vlam 1). The expressions used in swearing are taboo and cut across human civilizations with religious, social, biological and neurological influences (Harran 2). Although swearing may have some universal features, its impact and meaning are significant depending on the context. Thus, the study of swearing ought to be understood in terms of the origin and historical development or adoption of the words and the expressions. For instance, Shakespeare used words such as sblood which meant “Christ’s blood”, and this was considered profane language in the 16 th century’s society and most cultures of the post medieval age (Harran 4). One must understand the trends in the evolution of words and phrases to determine profanity, curse and other words related to swearing. This is vital in the contextualization of swearing. The context here may be institutional, such as religion and school, or chronological, such as the ancient, medieval, and modern realities, or geographical and cultural (Cressman, Callister, Robinson & Near 128). Biological factors that are related to swearing appear in the words used for expression and the cause. In terms of the words associated with the biological factors, the expression “ I’ll hit your asshole” refers to contempt of the “posterior end or the anus” (Harran 7). This is also in the connotation of the biological term in the expression dickhead poked (Harran 2). This refers to the “glan