ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Applications of exponentials and logarithms Introduction to logarithms Introduction to logarithms is the inverse of exponential functions. Considering a simple graph of a single line, we can derive an equation where function (f) of ‘y’ equals to ‘2x’. Considering inverse functions, we can conclude that ‘y’ equals ‘2x’ and ‘x’ equals to ‘2y’. To get the value for y, logarithms are used to solve the equation ( Moore 1998). The result will be; log to the base of 2 of ‘x’ equals ‘y’. ‘y’ usually refers to the power to which one raises ‘2’ to get ‘x’ This can be simplified as follows; F(y) =2 x y =2 x x=2 y (exponential form) log 2 x=y (logarithmic form) Exponential function notation is used to express functions containing exponents and logs. For example, assume function f(y) equals to logarithms base 4 of ‘x’. Assuming the value of ‘y’ is 16, and then we can get the number to which we can raise 4 to get 16 (Moore 1998). This can be done as follows; F(y) = log 4 x F (16) = log 4 16=x 16=4 x X=2 Applications of logarithms Logarithms are used to get values of variables in an exponential function. For example, consider the interest formula in general in multiple compounding, there are several variables. A= P (1+r/n) nt A= Total Amount (Principal+ Interest) P= Original Principal r= interest rate t= time n= number of times per year (quarterly, semi-quarterly among others). Logarithms are a powerful tool in banking. If a client wants to know the period it will take for him or her to earn a given amount, then logarithms are used for calculation (Moore 1998). Logarithms and pH scale. Logarithms are used in the measurement of the concentration of hydroxide (H + ) and hydroxyl (OH – ) ions in water. For example, at 25 0 C the concentration of H + is 1.0 *10 -7 and that of OH – is 1.0 *10 -7 in pure water. pH is defined as the negative logarithm of hydroxide and hydroxyl ions; which is -7. This means logarithms are used to measure the pH of fluids, for instance, water is 7 (Moore 1998). Decibel (db) is the unit used to measure the intensity of sound. The decibel scale determines the power of sound. The smallest unit measured by the decibel scale is 0 db; which is total silence. According to the decibel scale, a whisper has 15dbs, normal conversation 60 db, and a gunshot has 140 db. The intensity of sound is dependent on the distance from the source of sound (Moore 1998). The Richter scale measures the magnitude of an earthquake and records it in the amplitude of zigzag waves. The magnitude increases at the scale of 10 times and energy 31 times. The strongest earthquake ever recorded was 9.5 in Chile. Richter scale was invented by Charles in 1935 in California. The Richter scale determines the magnitude of an earthquake by measuring the size of the waves. Matrices are rectangular arrangements of numbers, expressions, or symbols. An individual item in the matrix is referred to as an element or entry (Moore 1998). Vectors are the object of geometry which has length and direction. Ve
Raytheon Professional Services is a business that provides managed-to-learn plans and technology solutions for companies or organizations that can be commercial, government, or military. They have experience and focus in fifteen different industries and are especially well-versed in performance consulting, technology-led solutions, and facilitating training that is specially created for a firm (Raytheon Technologies, 2021). Their primary service, managed learning, offers expert-made analysis, design, application, and management of training programs that are oriented around the company’s business goals. These programs include content development, tools for measurement and evaluation, vendor management, training delivery and administration, and product launches. From the technological side, RPS does not provide any specific product of software or hardware but selects its technological tools based on the client firm’s needs and work culture. Outsourcing to RPS has multiple advantages that are especially useful for a large company. The package that is provided by RPS covers a lot of ground, from the initial program planning to its implementation and evaluation. Additionally, the program is scalable and adjustable, which means that with growth, the training will also improve and continue to be useful and not stagnant. Because of RPS’s reach into different industries over multiple countries, collaboration is key in their programs promoting development outside the firm in the future, with foreign clients or businesses. However, RPS programs also have some disadvantages and can be largely ineffective for a smaller business. The training programs are designed for large-scale companies, as such, a localized and smaller business would not be able to afford such a specialized program. If a team that needs training is small, it may be more cost-effective to develop a program within the company. Though RPS is familiar with multiple industries, certain businesses, such as those in more creative-driven industries, are unlikely to benefit from this. Reference Raytheon Technologies. (2021). Raytheon professional services. Raytheon. Web.
Introduction Curriculum development is a cluster of courses and their stuffing accessible in schools at elementary level through to University. It’s dubbed from the Latin word racecourse which means to the itinerary of performance and experiences through which children develop in anticipation of becoming full-grown adults. Maurice. T., H (1992). However, for curriculums to be effective and bare optimum results, they have to undergo massive alignment and re-alignment to facilitate educational institutions to enhance continuity in terms of objectives, textbooks, guides, and tested and develop a curriculum of subjects that is compliant of a global scale. The worst anathema bedeviling the education system in America emanates from the mere fact that most educationalists have consciously brought to a standstill the education scenario in elementary schools. Exclusivity has been perfected in America where children from the minority backgrounds have been granted little or no consideration at all. The syndrome is far unmistakable in high school which has registered huge figure of dropouts among African American students. Realistically the No child Left Out policy can only achieve its objectives only if the political controversies surrounding it can be dealt with before myriad children from diverse underprivileged backgrounds get down the drain. Michel, D. J., & Douglas. F (2006). Aligning Curriculum with Appraisal Curriculums ought to be centered on setting up principles for student’s performance as a guiding factor behind other policies, such as the use of textbooks and other instructional materials, subject appraisal and teacher and administrator credentialing, pre-service education and professional development that determines what students are familiar with and can do and what they cannot comprehend nor do. Gregory Warner & Patrick S.S (2005). To circumvent inconsistency between curriculum and appraisal, a performance structure should be aligned to the curriculum framework. Wallace D. J (1995). The appraisal system is used as an effective professional progress contrivance as well; this helps educators to understand what entails of the students work and how such work could be assessed to improve on the approaches. Bossman, S.A. (1995). Community Involvement Curriculums should be integrated to incorporate schools and communities, by enhancing parental solidification of home learning; restructuring schools to facilitate more parental inventiveness in the academic circles of their children. Michel, D. J., & Douglas. F (2006). Emphasis on parental involvement is crucial in essence because they impact children’s achievement and self-esteem for both parent and child. Curriculum development at elementary level should be standardly oriented focusing on the student’s ability. The alignment of the curriculum should help students comprehend the subject theme, which includes understandings, skills and concepts, and content for assessment. Bossman, S.A. (1995). Conclusion In few words, curriculum development should transcend the poli
There were several aspects of pasta making that would play a significant role in the supply chain. One of the big things is the amount of space it takes to mass-produce pasta. Due to the number of different machines needed for different shapes of pasta, the number of raw materials used on a daily basis, and the space required for the drying process. All of these limit the flexibility of the company to meet significantly varying order needs. There isn’t just the issue of the workforce to meet increased production needs, but rather there’s not the physical space to increase production. Another important issue in terms of supply management concerns the amount of financial investment in the production of pasta, i.e., the cost manufacturer is to pay in order to launch the production process on demand. Thus, it is of crucial importance for the company to establish a proper pattern of supply in order to develop a beneficial and scheduled system of manufacturing process instead of starting the process any time demand emerges. One of the main problems the JITD program was designed to solve was the huge demand variations, also known as the bullwhip effect. These variations resulted in several problems, including distributor-customer stock-out rates of about 6%, the strain on the manufacturing to meet varied demand, and high inventory levels for both Barilla SpA centers and distributors. This was all significantly cutting into profit. Subsequently, the overall process of manufacturing has begun to affect the profit rate, as the scope of manufacturing is quite large and expensive to sustain. With the increasing impact of the bullwhip effect, the patterns of manufacturing have become inconsistent, and the paradigm of supply-demand and in-stock storage has become vague. With a large variety of dry products (more than 800 SKUs) and constant promotions, Barilla’s demand variability remains high. As shown in Exhibit 12, the weekly demand for one of Barilla’s distribution centers has a mean of 300 quintals and a standard deviation of 227 quintals. To counter the demand variations, both Barilla and its distributors implement high safety stock, which merely covers the weakness of the system at the cost of inefficient inventory management. However, Barilla’s buyers still experience recurrent stock-outs. As shown in Exhibit 13, one of Barilla’s distribution centers experiences as high as a 9% weekly stock out rate. Manufacturer’s Perspective                            Benefits                                               Disadvantages                                                                                       Supply consistency                                     Increase of competition in the market                                                               Fewer expenses on
Introduction Traditionally, HIV prevention programs have focused on promoting personal behavioral change. For example, community-based organizations have often focused on providing therapy and counseling services to AIDS victims and other high-risk populations (New York City AIDS Memorial, 2013). Although most of their interventions have shown remarkable success, this paper shows that most personal behaviors, which contribute to the spread of HIV, occur within a broader context of social, economic and political interactions. Using this analogy, this paper shows that, although personal behaviors are the same, the context where people make decisions about their sexual health has dramatically changed. This development has created the need for introducing the social-ecological model (SEM) in curbing the increased rates of HIV infe
Pointing to the survey we conducted, most airports lack an automated in-flight system. The proposed automated in-flight system will not only improve communication, but also efficiency in term of time and resources. Besides, it will not be a new technology that will require any special training. Rather, it is designed to improve on control of communication and ticketing while streamlining costs of operations. We opine that the improved system will greatly improve the profits of this airport with new updated technological knowledge that is conscious of environmental conservation. Reflectively, the survey results indicated that the automated in-flight system will receive a warm reception among the customers who would want an improved version of the current system to an automated system to make their travel convenient. To show the effect of the new system economically on the old one’s cost, we made an assumption calculation table for the material budget used by the airport in Information Technology for 12 months. In calculating the unit cost of the old and new models we will apply the Conjoint Analysis (Curry 1996), which is a marketing research tool that is used to determine attributes of the new product and how the new features affect the price of the new product. The choice to use conjoint analysis is supported by the fact that it is flexible and less expensive to carry out than concept testing (Trout 1998; Nagle & Holden 2001; Rhim & Cooper 2005). Suppose the company intended to purchase the new model, from the users’ perspective and experience, the new sets will be affected by some important product features, for example, speed, average life, and price. This strategy is applied when we want to get rid of overstock or sell complementary products. The products are bundled together and the customer who buys the new item can get an older or complimentary good for less (Day & Liam 1988; Doyle 2002). Concerning the new model, we may decide to improve on the older versions or accessories that are compatible with the new model of the automated in-flight system in bundles at lower prices. Product bundling will help the airport to achieve its objective by making it possible to sell items that might have not been sold. The first table below indicates the annual cost that the airport incurs in operating the old system as indicated in the survey results. We assumed that the system was operating fully within the budget set by the airport. Table 1. Old automated in-flight system Economic Feasibility Assumption Feasibility of the old system in the airport                   Materials                                                       Cost                        Quantity         T
The rate at which hospitals are employing physicians has gone up in many communities because of the need to increase revenue and market share of companies in the healthcare industry. Orange County is the exceptions. For instance, in Boston, non-employed physicians are tightly kept in alignment with the dominant system of the hospital by physician organizations. In California, the law does not allow direct employment of physicians and includes northern part of New Jersey. Most physicians prefer operating alone or in groups based on the community. 1 O’Malley, Bond and Berenson argue that the relationship between physicians and hospitals has been weakened by various factors. 2 Improved technology has contributed to decrease in reliability of physicians in hospitals. The number of physicians required in hospitals has been cut down by use of machinery in hospitals. To increase market share, hospitals have begun to employ physicians to cover well-paid special services like orthopedic and cardiac care. Much attention has been drawn to employment of potential physicians in hospitals to enhance the quality and efficiency of medical services. Short-term employment for physician is also offered in hospital organizations. The challenges faced by physicians encourage them to seek for employment in hospitals and other organizations. For instance, they desire to lead better lives, and they incur reimbursement for increased cost of private practice. Primary care Physicians (PCSs) find it hard to be independent because of the rise in overhead costs and flat reimbursement rates. This makes it difficult for significant generation of revenue through ancillary and procedure services. 3 According to O’Malley, Bond and Berenson, communication between in and out patient providers, even within the same institution is a major challenge. Pre and post hospital coordination of care in hospitals should be well integrated. In the current environment in which services are delivered in exchange for payment of some amount, communication remains a challenge for many hospitals. 4 The results of interviews in a Community Tracking Study (CTS) show that the number of physicians employed in hospitals has gone high. In most hospitals and health facilities, the number of part time or unemployed physicians are rebelling against the rules and regulations of the institutions they work for. Their form of rebellion include failing to participate in medical staff committees that are usually comprised of medical workers, failing to pick emergency calls and establishing their private facilities other than the health institutions they work for. Physicians have to choose between two options, competing with hospitals or being employed in hospitals. 5 The voluntary medical staff model that was used to explain the existing relationship between physicians and hospitals has lost
At first sight, one might presume that “A Tribute to the 100 Families” and Gladwell’s “Theory of Context” touch upon principally different problems. Meanwhile, a more careful analysis of the relevant sources makes one come to the conclusion that they use different approaches to enlighten a similar social phenomenon. Whereas Gladwell provides a detailed description of this problem, the mentioned TV program serves more like an evidence base. The principle idea of Gladwell’s theory suggests that context plays the determinant role in the appearance of any social phenomenon as well as in its spreading. Thus, Gladwell states that “we are more than just sensitive to changes in context; we’re exquisitely sensitive to them” (140). In fact, the general activity that “Extreme Makeover Home Edition” shows is performed in accordance with Gladwell’s principle. One might assume that Ty’s team carries out considerable changes of the context by reconstructing family houses. They literally create a new environment for the participants of their projects. In the meantime, whereas Gladwell supports his idea with the help of the negatively-colored examples such as “epidemics of violence”, “A Tribute to the 100 Families” focuses on the positive environmental changes (138). Nevertheless, both sources concentrate on the examination of one and the same phenomenon – the context and its transformation. Thus, Gladwell explains the roots of the problem and the fundamental mechanism, Ty’s team applies the described principle to practice. Gladwell’s supposition that “a certain kind of behavior is not coming from a certain kind of person but from a feature of the environment” is fully shared by Ty’s team (142). It might be for this very reason that they make the alterations in “A Tribute to the 100 Families” even though the house is initially not in “bad shape” (“A Tribute to the 100 Families”). Therefore, it is evident that Ty tries to change the environment and create a principally new one that will determine the further behavior of the girls in a positive way. One might not know the outcome yet – so far it is only the application of Gladwell’s theory into practice. The results of this application can be illustrated by several episodes where the former project’s participants share their experience and tell the audience how the renovation of their houses has resulted in the “renovation of their lives (“A Tribute to the 100 Families”). At this stage, one might conclude that the analysis of the two sources leads to principally new insights. Therefore, the comparison of the relevant sources has provided one with a complete picture of the context’s concept – one might follow the process from the theory of context to its application and, finally, to the results’ evaluation. Another important aspect that Gladwell touches upon is the role of details in the general process of the context’s changing. Hence, the author presumes that every minor piece can turn out to be “symbolic of the collapse of the system” (142). This idea is also in the picture of “A Tribute to the 100 Families”. Indeed, Ty’s team is particularly ca
I do not agree that corporate entrepreneurship is an oxymoron. On the contrary, the most successful companies of the present day heavily rely on innovation in all parts of their business to gain necessary competitive advantage and stay on top of the market. Hence, the discussion provides examples of companies such as Amazon and Tesco to prove the point that corporations are able of innovations. Corporate entrepreneurship relates to the concept of competitive advantage and different ways of accomplishing it. One of the key elements that contribute to the success of the business is the ability to offer a product or a service that is superior to the existing alternatives. Amazon provides a clear example of that principle as it is constantly posed with challenges. Constant innovations provided Amazon with a competitive advantage over competitors in the areas where the company pioneered, hence, did not experience the pressure to react to the trends set by others. A fine example of it is the development of Alexa. Although there were voice-recognition technologies, such as Siri, the idea of a computer that was managed solely by voice was fresh and innovative, hence, it was a market success. The development of such innovative product resembles a bottom-up approach, which is an example of the autonomous strategic behavior. The example of the induced strategic behavior can be seen in innovative supply-chain of Tesco. Multi-channel retailing has emerged as a new trend in the retail industry bearing a number of great advantages to those who adopt the trend. Tesco has not been left behind and is doing the most to reap the benefits that come with exploiting multichannel retailing. Tesco has adopted multi-channel retailing by exploiting the online stores, physical stores, small supermarkets, and convenience stores; these channels are expected to experience more rapid growth then hypermarkets over the next couple of years (Sparks, 2019). By exploiting these channels, Tesco has been able to meet the industry’s needs, which reflect the ever expanding demand for flexible stores that offer a narrower and constantly updated product portfolio.