ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Profit Maximization in a Perfect Competition Firms operate in a perfect competition where marginal costs are high and ensure they make maximum profit by ensuring that marginal costs involved in production equate with marginal revenue generated. Marginal revenue in a firm that is perfectly competitive is taken to be the market price where there is the intersection between demand and supply curves. For firms to be operational, they must interact and relate well with customers and other firms. This interaction can only be possible in the marketplace where buyers and sellers meet to exchange goods and services. In perfect competition, many firms sell homogenous products and there are many buyers who purchase goods that satisfy their needs. Entering and exiting the market is free and new entrants into the market can not be taken advantage of or be exploited. Everybody is free to carry on business without incurring transaction costs and externalities do not exist. There is sufficient information available about the market and firms do not influence the price of selling goods either by raising or lowering it but only act as price takers. (Vanier, 2003 pp26-29) Evaluating How It Possible That A Firm In A Perfectly Competitive Market Can Sell All Its Wants Without Having To Change The Price Every moment, there must be a certain price in the market that will be paid for the goods sold. The price set does not depend on the firm selling it or the person buying it because the price depends on the willingness and ability of buyers to purchase it and the amount of the product supplied. In a perfectly competitive market, a firm accepts the price set in the market and decides on the quantity to be supplied so that profits can be maximized and losses reduced. If the firm finds that, the price is maximizing profits, it decides to sell all wants at the set price without changing it. Firms in perfectly competitive markets can make a sale without changing price if the price offered is at a break-even point because, at break-even point, a firm will make sales and no money will be lost. The prices are higher than break-even price help the firm to make a profit when decisions are made properly. Marginal costs are the cost incurred by firms when more of the units of products are produced. When marginal costs decrease, production is increased and firms will get higher returns from production. This helps the firm to sell all the wants in the market because there are chances of making huge profits. After all, the cost of production will always be lower than the revenue obtained. (Scherer, 2007 pp12-16) When the firm produces goods that satisfy consumer tastes and preferences, there is no need to change the price by lowering it to increase demand because, once the good satisfies the taste and preference of consumers, more of it will be purc
Introduction Club IT is regarded as one of the most original music venues. Its originality is closely linked with the fact that the business model, which is applied by the owners to run nightclub activity is original, and it is oriented at the various audience, and owners pay sufficient attention to interior and remodeling of the party formats. However, there are essential problems with management, audit, and information management. Therefore, there is a need to identify the problems, define the key sources, customers, and supply chain of the club, as well as offer reliable IT solutions for the company that could resolve the stated problems. Problem Identification The key problems are closely linked with information technology, data management, and decision-making capabilities. These are closely linked with the fact that the IT sphere is poorly developed in the club, and this severely impacts the effectiveness of management. Therefore, the problems are stated below: difficulties with storing media information, as technical staff experiences difficulties with finding necessary tracks; inability to sell tickets online or through Apple or Blackberry applications, therefore, the club loses part of its target audience; absence of developed, interesting and usable web-site. These problems are serious enough, therefore, they should be resolved to stay on track of nightclub business of such a unique format. Resources, Customers, and Supply Chain The key target audience of the club is mostly the net generation and millennials. They use mobile technologies including Blackberries, PDAs, smartphones, and other communication devices. Online shopping is a regular part of their lives. Therefore, services offered by Club IT should be oriented toward these consumers. Resources of the club are intended to improve the service sphere. These are raw materials for appetizers, beverages, as well as souvenir production that are ordered particularly for the Club. Additionally, these may be music collections and broadcast rights for these collections. The supply chain is defined by the resources needed for an effective business activity of the club. These are recording studios, food retail networks, typographies as well as construction companies that are engaged in interior repairs and reformations. IT Solutions The defined problems may be resolved with reliable IT solutions that are linked with data management, e-commerce, and web promotion. Therefore, data management problems may be resolved by implementing reliable cataloging software. Internet is full of various cataloguers, hence, the company is free to choose any: free or shareware. MaxLister is regarded as a reliable one. It may seem as too unfriendly, but this is only the first impression. It is frequently used by radio DJs who have to find music as quickly as possible, therefore, it is usable and comfortable enough. Because this is a narrow niche software, it may be used as an alternative to other business-oriented
Introduction Many citizens in America may think that China has carried on its tradition, economic policies, and political views through the centuries. In reality the Chinese customs, economic polices, and political views have changed and are no longer as strict, enforced, and rigid as they were a few millennia ago. China is now a country of technological advancements, economic tranquility, and hard working citizens. China is a vastly growing country and the world has not recognized this. If the world does not recognize the problems facing China it will slowly become an isolated country focused on traditions and simplicity. Main Text “In recent years people can look at Confucianism with a more rational state of mind, some even suggest returning to Confucianism for wisdom while opponents hold that Confucianism should be held responsible for the backwardness of China’s development and for that reason its dominance should not be revived. In any event, that would not be possible.” To many citizens around the world, it would seem that the traditional Chinese customs have carried on for many generations, and have not been forgotten. In fact they have done just the opposite; the customs have faded and are only practiced by a handful of Chinese citizens. China like any other country has been changing and continues to change. However, China has and still is facing numerous problems with change. During the Han Dynasty (206 BC-AD 220) Confucianism was taught to the people of China. They believed that a leader must be a role model, everyone could become “perfect,” and they can use their intelligence and wisdom to overcome obstacles instead of using brute force. During the Ming (1368-1644) and Qing (1644-1911) dynasties the economic policies of China were adjusted once again. Western foreigners were watched closely to insure the safety of the Chinese people. The economy became firmer. In modern China, some believe that the internal affairs of China and economic progress were more important than worrying over a few western traders. The Qing dynasty, which took power, next was the most powerful dynasty that China had ever had. After a century of gloriousness the Qing dynasty became brittle and inflexible. The dynasty could not adjust itself to combat the new problems that arose. Bad harvests, warfare, rebellions, overpopulation, economic disaster, and foreign imperialism contributed to the dynasty’s collapse. A revolution soon erupted in October 1911 and the emperor of the Qing dynasty, Xuantong (1912) stepped down and ended the last dynasty of China. Soon the views and economic structure were to be radically opposed and changed as China moved, slowly, into modernization. A leader by the name of Mao Zedong (1893-1976) believed that China must upgrade its technology, weapons, and change the way the economy is built and operated. Mao Zedong redistributed the land, eliminated landlords, and
Roman Republic The Roman Republic existed during the ancient Roman Civilization. Struggles between common citizens (Plebeians) and the land holding aristocracy (Patricians) gave rise to a new constitution. Government was ran as a Republic after the Roman Monarch was overthrown about 508 BC. Through time, a complex constitution developed based on two principles.   * Separation of powers;   * Checks and balances. Government was led by two consuls advised by a senate. Public offices were limited to annual tenures, so no individual could dominate other citizens . The laws and regulations that granted Patricians special rights to hold the most important offices were either done away or made feeble. A new aristocracy arose from the Plebeians. The Republic leaders in both war and harmony initiated strong customs, tradition and ethics that necessitated benefaction and civic service. Political service and military prowess were closely linked. The military was thus stronger than that of neighbours. Expansion Republic expanded considerably within the first two hundred years of its being. This occurred through conquest and formation of treaties from central Italy to the Italian isthmus. The Iberian Peninsula, North Africa, Greece and the current Southern France followed. Towards end of 1BC, much of the east was included together with all of modern France. Despite existing laws, the politics of Rome were at the time dominated by a few Roman leaders. This unstable alliance gave rise to a series of civil wars. Transition: Rise of the Emperor Civil wars gave rise to a final victor, Octavian, who was later named Augustus. He reformed the Republic into a Principate, and he became a Princep (first citizen of Rome). Elections were carried out as before and the senate continued with its work. However, the Princep became an imperator or first among equals (emperor). He held monarchic powers for life. The Republic was neither restored nor abolished. The pivotal event that marked a transition into the Roman Empire is debatable . Different historians propose:   * Appointment of Julius Caesar as dictator for life in 44BC.   * The defeat of Mark Anthony during the Battle of Actium in 31BC.   * In 27BC, the Roman Senate accorded Augustus unusual and unexpected powers under the original settlement. The Roman Empire The Roman Empire was characterized by a dictatorial government and was composed of huge regional holdings around both Europe and the Mediterranean. Romans exported their language, culture, laws, curren
The Controlling Statement In the course of development of human civilization, language has become the core means of rendering culture and traditions. Therefore, it has a potent influence on cultures because of different interpretations of information. Language has a direct impact on the cultural environment. At the same time, culture greatly affects the development of linguistic environment. The Short Proposal Learning languages through cultures is indispensible to understanding what techniques teachers should employ to improve an academic environment. In particular, the cultural environment should be considered in a broader context, including family backgrounds of the learners, as well as their attitude to culture. For instance, Sanchez (2009) focuses on the importance of family’s language and culture that can be obtained through storytelling. Language is an effective means of sharing information in community because it allows people to communicate and shape their outlook on society. Within this context, learning foreign languages can be significantly enhanced through acquiring knowledge on various cultures in which a particular language is used (Pica, 1983). Cultural perspectives of a learning environment are indispensible to enhancing the academic approaches to those who study foreign languages. Therefore, language should be considered from a social perspective to understand the main principles of culture (Shepard, 1994). Apart from the learning process, language should serve as a means of interpreting meaning and engage in communication. Hence, people employ language to participate in a communicative activity (Shepard, 1994). From a professional per
The four frames In almost every discipline-embracing leadership, people devote themselves into publishing numerous volumes of articles on leadership theories. Amid the intense amount of work done on leadership theories, a thorough scrutiny of the existing literature surfaces four crucial frames deemed ample for the purposes of cute understanding of the organizational structures and leadership within such organizations. “These frames are structural, human resource, political and symbolic frames” (Bolman & Deal 2008, p.27). The paper points out three of the priory-identified frames in relation to facilitating successful implementation of a project despite an unsupportive environment presented as a case study 2005-3 by Raymond Young, available at Macquarie graduate school of management. In addition, the benefits and the limitations of taking each frame perspectives in facilitation of implementation of the agency’s IT project receive a thorough treatment. Finally, through consideration of benefits and the limitations of the three frames, the most amicable way of managing processes of change at the agency in future projects implementations will acquire some introspection. In addition, the leadership deemed vital for meeting the challenge of more successful approach to project implementation and change management in the future will receive some glance. Human resource frame Introduction From a human resource perspective, people are the central tools that an organization has in order to achieve its goals and objectives. As a repercussion, the human resource manager endeavors to ensure that he or she responds to the needs coupled with goals of employees as one crucial step toward ensuring that he or she gains the necessary loyalty and commitment of the employees to do the work of an organization. “This leader empowers people through participation and attempts to gain the resources people need to do the job well but also confronts when deemed appropriate but tries to do so in a supportive environment” (Hersey et al. 2007, p.12). Tech-media is under immense transformation process. The organization desires to put into place a new system that makes it compliant to the Y2K technology. The CEO of the company sees this as an amicable opportunity to raise funds that would see the company listed in the stock exchange. Senior managers of the company led by the CEO come together to form a steering committee with the chief intention of weighing various options for achieving the realization of successful implementation of the system. The committee agrees on ERP system. The implementation is within time and budget constraints. However, there is the need for an ample human resource. Implementation process For the agency, it is evident that the finance staff was totally unmotivated and unwilling to take
Rock music provides the significant emotional content with the help of lyrics, and this combination can affect the audience’s perception of music. However, the effects can be strengthened with references to images or videos provided. Rock music images in their combination with melodies and lyrics present a new product belonging to the category of art and media culture. Music and images in the form of videos interact significantly, and these interactions can be positive or negative. Although many rock videos are characterized by the provocative content, images associated with rock music are often chosen to support the idea of a song. The video for Nickelback’s “Photograph” provides the illustration for the song’s lyrics with accentuating the song’s basic moments, in this case, images and lyrics interact to support each other. The visual content which supports the rock song can evoke the audience’s certain emotions. Much attention is paid to choosing the images which can support the rock music and reflect the meaning of the song (Covach and Flory 412-420). The video for Nickelback’s “Photograph” demonstrates the complex story of the character’s youth, while providing the images of the hometown, native and familiar places, and the references to the character’s school. The viewer can observe the close connection between the lyrics and the images presented in the video because the lines of the song are supported with the visual content in the form of significant memories and recollections (“Nickelback – Photograph”). This approach is traditionally used for rock ballads, and in this case, visual images provide the direct support for the music. However, rock music videos are often characterized by using the images of playing musicians in order to emphasize the character of the music and represent the atmosphere. Thus, the story of a man who recollects the memories about his youth, years at school, and having fun with close friends, looking at the photograph and observing the familiar places and young people in the hometown, is mixed with demonstrating the band’s musicians while singing and playing (“Nickelback – Photograph”). From this point, the story is told from different perspectives, and the viewer can easily associate the singer and the band’s musicians with the main characters of the story. Nickelback’s “Photograph” as the rock music video reflects the most significant features of this genre to focus on the specific nature of rock music with elements of ballads. The video’s content is effectively used to draw attention to the emotional depth o
Modern day conceptions of factory and the interpretation of historical industrialization Initially the term ‘factory’ meant an establishment that housed traders. Soon it was transformed into a site of manufacturing on a large scale. Still further down the history factory meant a place where clothes were manufactured. Still later factory represented the construction which was into manufacturing non-agricultural products. However, gradually, industrialization came into existence and factory was the site where mechanized production with skilled labors was operational. This is the modern conception of the term ‘factory’. (Prude, 2006) It should be noted that industrialization of today has an adverse effect on our interpretation of historical industrialization. This is because with specialized factories operational on specialized products and huge production rates made it possible to misinterpret the concept of historical industrialization where production was carried on a smaller scale and there was involvement of several different productive units in a single factory. Rigid production line of today, which is the general norm of a modern factory, makes it difficult to understand the sustainability of historical industrialization and the conceptualization of factory. The aspects of historical industrialization were based on rural capitalism of the North-West regions and the co-existence of nonprofit factories along with private properties makes it difficult to understand the milieu of the factory of the past and affect our interpretation of historical industrialization by a great margin. Coming of factories as a representation of progress Coming of factories as a representation of progress is a truth in the context of developing capitalism and emerging market economy. The factories played their parts in the development of modern capitalism with specialized production units and developing the skill levels of labors along with constructing a skill based wage pattern. This was made possible by the mechanized production units that excelled the output volume by a huge margin. The additional volume of merchandize helped the harvesting of capital and that generated enough potential to enforce a modern market economy induced society and this can be regarded as a huge leap of civilization. Thus, coming of factories as a representation of progress as it was the factories that made this development possible. (Jones, 2001) Is progress always necessarily positive? There is a huge scope of debate on the issue whether progress always is necessarily positive. The impact of the factories in the early society was fundamentally cultural. The division of labor created a division of class based on economic differences within the general masses. This was due to the structural wage differences between skilled and unskilled labor forces. This created a serious paradigm of labor market. The paradigm of the labor market holds that people were divid
Introduction Recent research shows that the importance of the family unit is growing instead of waning. With the advent of the concept of family systems, the importance of the family unit can now be approached from a different perspective. This renewed importance stems from the fact that the circumstances that prevail within a family affect the development of its members either negatively or positively. Therefore, holistic or healthy development requires an ambient environment that is found within the setting of a healthy family system. This paper explores the concept of family systems and their relationship with development. Mönkediek and Bras (2014) describe a family as a basic social unit that consists of individuals who are linked by blood or purpose. A system, on the other hand, refers to a set of interconnected elements that constitute a complex unit (Relvas, Alarcão & Pereira, 2013). The concept of systems has been applied to the family unit to come up with the idea of family systems. Thus, a family system is a unit of interconnected individuals united by blood or a common sense of purpose. Healthy development, for its part, refers to the right combination of social, emotional, intellectual, language, motor, and physical growth. Effects of Healthy Family Systems on Development Family systems have been found to be fundamental contributors to development. From the family systems perspective, the behavior of one member affects or elicits reactions from all other members of the system. This scenario stems from the fact that in a family system, each member has a specific role to play. Therefore, a failure to play one’s role as expected translates to a variety of effects on different members of the system. Therefore, when all members of a family system discharge their roles as expected, the resultant family environment is often stimulating and supportive (Harden, 2004). Such an environment fosters emotional and psychological health by ensuring that all the emotional and psychological needs are available to all family members. Additionally, Relvas, Alarcão, and Pereira (2013) note that attributes, such as warmth, family cohesion, emotional availability, and good parenting practices, which characterize healthy family systems, facilitate healthy development by helping individuals establish proper relationships, enjoy good health, and perform well academically. Healthy relationships are possible because there are trust and mutual understanding among family members. Good health, on the other hand, results from the fact that in a healthy family system, the health care needs of each member are met as they arise. Finally, good academic performance is made possible by the fact that within healthy family systems, one fi