ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The case The case study is an analysis of the American Telephone and Telegraph (AT & T) Company. The latter firm had violated antitrust regulations and in particular the Sherman antitrust Act of 1890. This law prohibits trusts; it was designed to shift economic power from large corporations. (Ferlix, 2009) The AT & T Company enjoyed a monopoly of power in provision of its products and services. It was able to achieve this by maintaining ownership of telephone components to purchasers through leases. Long distance telephone services were all under the company. Also, twenty two Bell companies were under AT & T and this meant that local telephone services could be duly controlled. Matters were made worse by the assumption that the company was indeed a natural monopoly. However, a series of antitrust cases brought forward against the company led to the erosion of these premises. In 1956 Hush -a – phone filed a suit against the company so that it could be allowed to improve the company’s telephones through its products and the courts were in favor of Hash a phone. But perhaps the most significant antitrust case against AT & T was the US vs AT and T case in 1974. Here the US Justice Department put forward a case against the latter company under the assumption that it had violated terms of the Sherman Trust. The court ruled that AT&T had been engaging in anticompetitive behavior and that it had to be broken up. The result of the court’s decision was the splitting up of local operations firms known as Bell. Phone leasing became a thing of the past as the company had to compete with other firms in the market. In the end, the latter company lost its value in phone manufacturing by a whooping seventy percent. Whether I agree with the decision I agree with the position of the court because it was able to achieve the major goals of any antitrust regulation i.e. to promote competition. In the process of doing this, it is assumed that consumers will reap the benefit of getting high quality and low prices. Certain mergers tend to disregard these rules and the same may be said of AT & T through its subsidiaries. The splitting up of the company has created a scenario in which other players can get due returns on their investments by competing fairly in the telephone market. The AT & T Company symbolized those huge corporations that grow to such unprecedented levels up to the point where they have excessive market power. This firm was controlling the entire industry and consumers as well as other players were bearing the brunt of such excessive concentration of power in its hands. The Supreme Court was therefore right in making the decision that it made. (Koutsoudakis, 2008) Whether the government should be more active in keeping markets competitive Yes, the government should be more active in keeping markets competitive owing to the fact that that the market does possess inefficiencies that make its structure less than perfect. For instance, monopolies tend to dominate thei
The Rock T-Shirt Company would like to represent its Business Plan. With the development of modern technologies, it became possible to print images not only on the paper, but on anything you want. For example, on T-shirts! It is young and developing business with a lot of opportunities. Cloths with signs and images are attractive and always popular. If you like Metal or Rock music, you probably want to express yourself in an interesting way and show everyone around, what your favourite bands are. That is when our company comes. Rock T-Shirt offers T-shirts with any brand logos and photos. One of the main features of the Rock T-Shirt is that customers can choose a design, color, and print during the pre-order. Also, on our official website, every registered client can custom design, logo and image itself, using a special program provided. With the help of modern computer technologies, the prints will be smooth and clear. Rock T-Shirt will be designed for teenagers mostly, but for registered clients, the product can be delivered anywhere and they will be able to order any size they want. Rock T-Shirt will have several stores in Los Angeles, which will expand in the future. Rock T-Shirt can conventionally divide the market into four parts. This division is specified by the way customers purchase T-shirts and by the type of them. According to this conventional division, the first type of customers includes those who buy the complete product in our local stores. The second one is comprised of those who want a custom T-shirt. The third and the fourth types include those who want to purchase usual and custom T-shirts through the internet. This division is simple and convenient. It helps to target different types of clients and to define, whether delivery is needed or not. As for the market penetration, Rock T-Shirt has several competitive advantages. Without music, life would be a mistake (Nietzsche 9) Music is always popular and Rock T-shirts will always provide a variety of different T-shirts to suit all tastes and preferences. The main competitive strategy is to establish good relations with popular local music clubs and bands. With their help, it will be easy to make a good commercial for our stores and website. Also, Rock T-Shirt will provide a good selection of images, logos, and materials to choose from, during customization of your unique and cool T-shirt on our website. Images will be printed on shirts by the means of sublimation or silk-screening. The second method is not beneficial if the number of pro
Abstract Even though humanity is living at a time in history where virtually everything is possible, it is ironical that the society is still torn apart when it comes to dealing with crucial issues that affect them. These are issues that have a direct impact on the lives of part of or the whole humankind. In this paper, the writer will discuss racism as a major problem in the American nation. The paper will mostly dwell on the methods and principles that can be put into use in an effort to get rid of the vice. Introduction Racism is a discriminatory practice against people from certain races or of a certain color. Racism can also be defined as the unfair practice of showing undue favor to a certain class of people and denying the same for other people who equally qualify to receive the same treatment either as citizens of the same country, students of the same school or members of the same organization. Racism is a common practice especially in places where there are mixed groups of people with diverse racial backgrounds. In the United States of America, the word racism has been the talk of media and the general American population over and over again. Even though the national constitution clearly advocates for racial equality and acknowledgement and appreciation of racial differences, it is uncertain whether the same sentiments are engraved on the hearts of every American. With the prohibition of racial segregation as far as social places and other amenities are concerned, one would be mistaken to think that the USA has come to a stage in its history where racism is totally inexistent. The above statements may not be true if the experiences of the daily life of the minority races in America are taken into account. In the day to day life of such individuals, there comes a time they come face to face with racism. These are the times when the unnumbered Americans who are still racists at heart expose the same to them. As much as racism is a disgusting and can even be regarded as barbaric, the experiences that these people sometimes go through are tough and even at times humiliating. As discussed above, this problem of racism mainly affects
Introduction The 2020 Corona Virus outbreak is arguably the most disruptive force to affect businesses in the 21 st century. Stemming from a health emergency, the virus was first detected in China and has since spread to almost all parts of the world. In a bid to contain its effects on human health, governments have been forced to lockdown economies and shutdown businesses as people are increasingly being urged to stay at home (Egger, 2020). These mitigation measures have had a significant impact on business activities by disrupting supply chain activities and decimating the demand for goods and services in certain sectors of the economy (United Nations Industrial Development Organization, 2020). These effects have mostly come from a decline in air traffic and restricted movements across different countries, regions, and cities. In Europe, the effects of the crisis have been reported across multiple economic sectors, with the United Kingdom (UK) being among the most affected (Statista, 2020). While many multinational companies (MNCs) have the resources to persevere through such a crisis, small and medium enterprises (SMEs) are vulnerable to emergencies with little resources to cushion them from their adverse economic effects (World Economic Forum, 2020). Consequently, most business owners have been forced to lay off their employees as more consumers stay at home in compliance with government directives to practice social distancing (United Nations Industrial Development Organization, 2020). These containment measures have affected different aspects of business operations, including the ability of firms to operate as a “going concern” and their viability to remain profitable in the long term. One of the most affected aspects of business management is business processes, which have been overwhelmed by disruptions in demand and supply because of restrictions in transport and movement of people. SMEs have been affected the most and are currently suffering from the effects of uncertainty in the market, including how they will guarantee the safety of their workers when businesses resume fully. From this background, this paper outlines a research proposal aimed at understanding the effects of the Corona Virus outbreak on the business operations of SMEs in the UK. The aim and objectives of the study are highlighted below. Research Aim  1. To find out the effects of the 2020 Corona Virus outbreak on the business logistics of SMEs in the UK  2. To determine the extent of the effects of the 2020 Corona Virus outbreak on the operational costs of SMEs in the UK SMART Objectives  1. To establish the effects of the Corona Virus outbreak on the cost of doing business in the past year for UK SMEs  2. To estimate the extent, in percentage points, that the coronavirus outbreak has had on the operational efficiency of UK SMEs within the past year Overall, the findings of this study will be useful in advancing existing knowledge relating to business management as the main research area. Specifically, it will provide useful insights on how to improve business process management as a unique field of study. Literature Review Business management is
The book Myths About Suicide by Thomas Joiner gives examples of many myths prevalent in society, and these myths prevent helping people who need support. In general, most of the myths were not new to me as I had already heard about these erroneous ideas. However, the fact that it is physically difficult to commit suicide surprised me, and the idea that people who are one step before suicide are often difficult to distinguish made me think. One of the first chapters of Joiner’s book discusses the myth that suicide is an easy way out, and only cowards choose it. I disagreed even with the title as I believe that suicide takes much courage and has many reasons. However, the descriptions of all the suicide attempts demonstrated that it is difficult to commit since the body struggles for life. Films and books often describe suicide scenes as a step into the abyss that takes only a few minutes; however, it is usually a struggle with pain and despair that ends with rescue or death. The second fact that impressed but not surprised me is that often the person who chooses to commit suicide shows no signs (Joiner, 2010). Earlier I believed that people are not attentive to their loved ones and missed all the warnings; however, now I understand that the situation can be much more complicated. However, suicide is still not an impulsive decision, and therefore people have a chance to see the problem long before the attempt if they pay attention. In conclusion, Joiner’s book allowed me to dispel some of the myths that influenced my understanding of suicide. While most of the book’s ideas weren’t new to me, the multiple examples showed me some of the questions from a different perspective. Thus, I better understand the feelings and behavior of people who choose or think about suicide by discovering the truth. Reference Joiner, T. (2010), Myths about suicide . Harvard University Press.
Introduction The question of whether P & G has been justified in its investigation of involving the leaking of information to media is a matter that touches ethics and the law. Rightly, it is important for any business organization to protect sensitive and confidential information or data from those who may use it against the company. It is no doubt that handling such issues, organizations would seek ways to prevent such incidences from occurring in the future by finding out the points of weakness in their performances which could promote recurrence. Still, according to its policies, the organization may want to impose a punitive measure against the employees, who contravene the company’s policies. However, when the company seeks to protect its image after having committed ethical misconduct that case is unlawful and ethically unacceptable. Body Though stipulations on the privacy of employees differ from one state to another, the employees in the private sector generally have fewer rights than their counterparts in the public sector. The First Amendment of free speech of the American Constitution and the Fourth Amendment are majorly applicable against unreasonable searches and seizures of property by the government. To a large extent, employees stop benefitting from privacy rights when they leave the workplace. Some states provide the constitutional right to the employees in the private sector too. There are limits as to the type and amount of information about its employees that an organization may collect. Such information includes some facts regarding lifestyle, affiliations, sexual preferences, drugs and so on (Conlon, 1997). Here, the issue at stake is the physical and psychic privacy of employees and the respect for their freedom and autonomy. This, by extension, means that if an organization wishes to be able to obtain certain information about particular employees then the justification of such a pursuit lies on the company. However, when the performance of such an individual is affected profoundly, then the organization may rationally be able to carry an investigation into such behavior (Reference for business). However, it is a breach of the generous provision of the law, if an organization investigates the telephone conversations of an employee related to another company since monitoring is allowed only among the employees of their own company. Therefore, the fact that the company went ahead to track the calls made by the journalist was unwarranted. Many employees may have their phone calls regulated without prior warning. However, federal law, which dictates regulation between different states, do
The book I have chosen for the book Appraisal paper is The Next 100 Years: A Forecast for the 21st Century by George Freeman. The reason I have chosen it is its title. It seems very intriguing and arouses my curiosity. People have always been interested in what is ahead of them, and the future is especially hard to predict in the modern era when everything changes so quickly. One of the questions I want to learn about from this book is that of the United States. The USA has already established itself as a superpower: it has military superiority and political influence, it controls the world’s economy, the US dollar remains the international currency, and so on. Many people state that the US is an unchallenged superpower. Still, some of them disagree, arguing that China can pose a threat to American superiority because of its fast-growing economy. I am interested in finding out what George Freeman thinks about it. The US question is only one of those that I want to learn about from Freeman’s book. It is also thrilling to know what will happen with those fast-growing economies, like China or India, what the Islamic world prepares for us, how issues like global warming will be figured out, etc. Surely, George Freeman’s book presents only a point of view. For example, Daniel Alpert in his The Age of Oversupply argues that it will be hard for America to recover its global leadership because of the ongoing destruction of capitalism. The Ascent of Money by Niall Ferguson is interesting from the perspective of finance since it provides more on this point if compared with Freeman. Hence, additional research is also needed.
Introduction Culture refers to people’s way of life. Culture is divided into various facets which include: norms, values, beliefs, attitudes, and cognitive mapping, and the thesis is geared towards achieving the survival of the society. These various facets are depicted in various aspects of the social structure such as fine arts, music, and various cultural ceremonies. This essay dwells on pop art in the U.S and with an emphasis on how it reflects the core values and the culture of the people in the U. S. Since culture is dynamic people’s values are re-evaluated and changed as culture changes to enhance the adaptability of individuals in the society. The same case applies to pop art in the U.S. and the effects of such changes will be revealed later on. Pop art is a short form of popular art that is very common in the U.S and it depicts the citizens’ culture as well as driving it. Basically, pop art refers to a visual art movement that today reflects the popular culture in the U.S through images that are used in advertising and television. Popular culture, on the other hand, refers to things that are very common in our society today which include; movies, video games, TV, the internet, music, magazine, and all these features in advertising, sports as well as incorporate circles. U.S cultures glorify all these items of their popular culture and are depicted now and then in the pop art produced in the country. Discussion Pop art in America was introduced by Rauschenberg and Lichtenstein who challenged the traditional artwork ideas of abstract expressionism. This tradition was employed by Europeans especially by British painters and since Americans are very aggressive they had to stand on their ground and this made them look for new ways of presenting their artwork. This made the American artist concentrate on work that highlighted the popular culture. Americans are known to be very aggressive because once they borrow an idea from other society they work on it, furnish it to make it more appealing. This is exhibited by their outstanding comic works which were satirical. Americans also value self-confidence and progress. The value of self-confidence propelled the Americans to shift from the European forms of art to newer forms. Arguing along the same line Osterwold (2003, p.80) points out that ‘at the great Armory show of 1913 in New York, American artists had demonstrated an inclination for European abstract formalism; but they had also exhibited a regional art whose subject matter was American life, the new technology, and the dawning media age.’ Self-confidence and desire for progress drive Americans even today because they believe that no one can beat them. Americans believe that in order to forge forward various changes have to be introduced in the society also they at times invite serious criticism. Changes in any society are a must in order to keep in tandem with the naked fact that culture is dynamic. This is evident in pop art because in the 1
The process of designing an automated system project is associated with a number of risks, starting from the basic probability of equipment failure to more complex issues including the threat of the wrong choice of information management strategy, which might lead to confusion in the data and the ultimate failure of the venture. However, with the introduction of an efficient risk management plan, one will be able to coordinate the situation and solve the related issues as they emerge. To start with, it is necessary to introduce the concept of the so-called risk register. By arranging the existing threats into a list and creating a specific classification of the threats in question, one will be able to not only come prepared when the necessity to face risks arrives, but also to adopt a flexible approach towards the risk management strategy design, since using a combination of strategies will be available. The key threats are listed below: Table 1. Risk Register: Automated Accounting System Risks Likelihood                                  Low                                                                                                         Medium-low                                                                      Medium                                                      Medium-high                                                                                                      High Impact       Catastrophic       Employees developing mistrust towards the company due to the change in the financial management plan        Miscalculation in risks evaluation                                                                                                          Lack of success of the newly adopted strategy due to a number of obstacles on the way to project implementation       Significant  Equipment failure                                                                                                              Significant drops in efficacy of regular audits                                 Information leakage due to hastily created database system                                                                                                                  Moderate                        Problems with acquiring the necessary information, such as the unavailability of the tr
Explain the process of crafting an organizational mission statement. Why is it important, and what is its purpose? Is there a link between organizational values, leadership, and a mission statement? To write a mission statement, you start by defining the organization. You need to explain ‘who’ the organization is and provide a description of the leadership. Next, you need to say what the organization seeks to accomplish. In this regard, you need to explain why the organization exists and what its ultimate aim is. The business statement should follow, and this explains the activities that the organization takes part in. Finally, the values of the organization should be briefly mentioned. Organizational values and leadership should all be included in the mission statement because they help define the essence of the organization. Describe the process of making good decisions and illustrate how good decisions create value. Do bad decisions destroy value? What are the role of systems thinking, intuition, and analytics? In order to make good decisions, first, identify your goals. You need to define the problem that your decision needs to solve. Next, you need to weigh your options because this will help you decide what needs to be done to solve the problem. The third step is to consider the consequences of your decision. You need to ask yourself what the likely result of your decision is. Finally, make your decision guided by the information collected. After making the decision, you need to evaluate it to see if it works. Good decisions create value because the people and institutions affected by them learn to trust the decision-maker. Bad decisions destroy value because they lead to a loss of confidence in the person who made them. Systems thinking intuition and analytics guide the decision-making process by ensuring that all affected institutions and individuals are taken into consideration. These three aspects help managers identify the needs of everyone and find wa