ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The abolitionist movement began in the 1830s, with the main aim of ending slavery in the United States and England, but greatly helped women to realize their rights. Although not all women participated in the fight to end slavery, many were involved. The abolitionist women movement was made up of free black women in the north, the Quaker women, and other like-minded women. Slaves were blacks which was due to the segregation of color (Robert). Involvement of such women as Harriet Tubman, Lucretia Mott, and Grimke sisters in abolitionism made them realize they were under oppression and increased their action to end slavery and champion for their rights. For example, the Grimke sisters were the first women to be hired as antislavery agents by the liberator (Bessler). Women started understanding their capability of participating in public life and this greatly helped in the formation of the women’s movements. Emergence of the churches brought the women together which encouraged charity work, and later more women shared on how to fight for their rights. Most of the women having abolitionists were supported by their fathers and husbands and other reform-minded family members. Support from immediate family members helped in steering the rights of women agenda to the society and political space. Additionally, as Sojourner Truth stated, the colored men were championing for their rights and this greatly encouraged women to join them, to get freedom together. Women having the antislavery experience which included social ostracism, persecution, and support of news viewers greatly helped in the struggle to bring women together (Dvořáková). As many women came together, it became easier to fight for their rights. Over time, local auxiliaries to united societies also helped women in sparking the rights’ movement. On the other hand, women such as Sarah Grimke and Angelina Grimke demands on equal education, equal pay, and ownership of property helped women realize about their rights in the societal life. T
Reid’s story Many philosophers have contributed immensely to philosophy. However, most of them tend to have disagreements among themselves. The best examples of philosophers with differences between themselves are Thomas Reid and John Locke. This is evidenced by the “brave officer story” narrated by Reid. In his narration, Reid picked on three characters; a schoolboy, an officer, and a general. Reid linked the three characters by a period. At first, he narrated how a schoolboy was flogged because of mischief. He then advanced his story by explaining how an officer had stolen a flag from one of his enemies. In concluding his story, Reid explained how an officer had been promoted regardless of undergoing flogging and taking part in stealing an enemy’s flag. Explanation of Reid’s story From Reid’s story, there is a great possibility that the general is the same officer that was involved in taking a standard from an enemy. This is because both the general and the officer share the same thoughts about their past experiences. From the flow of the story, it is also possible that the young officer is the same boy that was flogged while in school. This is evidenced by the relation of consciousness of the young officer’s experience to that of the schoolboy. However, there is a possibility that the general may be different from the schoolboy. This is because of their inconsistency in the consciousness of their past experiences. There is also a great possibility for the general being the same boy that was flogged in school. This is because involvement in many activities in the world may lead to an individual forgetting some special life experiences. Thus, there is a great possibility for the ge
For this analysis, I have chosen two health-related data sources local ( 2012 STD Data Summary ) and national ( Sexually Transmitted Disease Surveillance 2013 ). The first one includes information about sexually transmitted infections only in Georgia. The source itself is also used to encourage the citizens to get free STD testing (Fulton County Department of Health and Wellness par. 3). To underline the issue, the Georgia Department of Public Health provides everybody with the ability to get to know more about this public health issue. It includes the statistics relevant to the 2008-2012 years (The Georgia Department of Public Health 2). The second source presents the statistics reporting sexually transmitted disease data throughout the United States. Thus, it includes the national profile, in which the information about Atlanta can be found. In the Sexually Transmitted Disease Surveillance 2013, the data shows the current health condition of the population of the whole country to assist health care providers in the successful prevention of infections. It also aims to encourage people to make healthier choices that are likely to protect their health and the health of their families (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services 5). The data is to be valid and integral to receive accurate results. It is crucial for any research, especially the ones connected with healthcare, because they can be used as the basis of clinical trials (Rosenberg 48). The data provided by the Georgia Department of Public Health includes the data about the most common diseases, which is represented by identifying the years. It looks complete and sound, as consider numerous variables that are decently explained. In particular, the tables present the rates of chlamydia, gonorrhea, P&S syphilis regarding a number of cases as well as sex and race of individuals. There are several footnotes that provide specifications. The tables and figures are followed by summarizing the most important information (Georgia Department of Public Health 1). The data presented in Sexually Transmitted Disease Surveillance 2013 is more expanded. It includes numerous tables and figures made to provide detailed information regarding diseases, locations, and individuals. It includes background, overview, and summarizing of the issues. The report refers to the “state and territorial health departments, sexually transmitted disease control programs, and public health laboratories that provided surveillance data to CDC” (U.S. D
Introduction Sociological conceptualization and situations are best understood with the help of theoretical constructs that help describe the phenomenon in one particular order and sequence giving it a specific meaning. In sociology, a substantial amount of theory has evolved over time. This theory is informed of the views of the authors and their constituency on the one hand; and, on the other, this theory attempts to explain the reality from a specific vantage point of view. Real social data can be viewed in several ways which often work to reveal the various dimensions of the sociological phenomenon. A thorough grounding in such theory helps the researcher and other students of social phenomenon in coming to a much clearer understanding of the phenomenon itself and helps form a rounded view that is free of methodological bias as the researcher is aware of the very many associate points of view. Social reality is very complex and multifaceted and hence for coming to grips with such a reality. This paper utilizes a typically sociological and anthropological outlook to examine if the reality as conceived is a social construct. While doing so the paper traverses the various methodological approaches that tend to approach anthropological and sociological issues from well-defined points of view. Rationalism Rationalist methods offer universal standards by which actions in given cultures can be interpreted. Rationalists view statements of belief as an explanation, which should therefore be construed literally. In the rationalist perspective, culture is the reflection of human experience, “the codification of man’s purposeful and pragmatic action” Frederic Taylor and Max Weber offer examples of rationalist studies of organizations. Taylor, in his 1917 Principles of Scientific Management, offers a means to remove the divide between managers and workers and help workers gain maximum productivity. His argument consistently portrays workers as acting rationally within the context of their interactions with managers and offers managers suggestions on how to change workers’ actions through managerial behavior, thereby producing the desired rational response, which is for workers to contribute maximally to the organization’s efficiency. Like Taylor, Weber (1947) focuses on authority in organizations. He argues that organizations must legitimize their authority for workers to follow “commands”, and identifies three “pure types of legitimacy”: those which rely on a belief in the legality of the authority, those which rely o
In this article “Use of critical thinking in the diagnostic process”, the principle of critical thinking (CT) is illustrated as an important component during diagnoses since it helps in realizing accurate diagnoses. With the realization that the responses provided by patients are foundational in diagnoses, it is emphasized that nurses need to encompass CT during nursing diagnoses as this helps in unraveling the complexity and uniqueness of human beings. Lunney (2010) mentions that metacognition as competency in nursing should be improved among nurses since there are variations in CT competency among individuals. Moreover, the author highlights that repetitive application of CT concepts is helpful in improving CT. Before demonstrating that critical thinking can enhance accuracy in nursing diagnoses, the author of this article describes 7 cognitive skills as well as 10 habits of mind that nurses should apply in the diagnosis process. It is advised that a total of 17 critical thinking items should be used, if possible since there are no specific skills for specific diagnoses that have been identified this far. A case study of a 61-year old woman suffering from heart failure has been provided as an illustration of how the use of CT can reach an accurate diagnosis. Data about the patient was collected in three phases, beginning with phase one which has a shallow description of the patient’s condition. The first phase describes the age, sex, and ethnicity of the patient in addition to several aspects of the patient’s history such as prior hospitalizations for the same condition, BP, and HR measures among others. In this phase, Lunney (2010) warns that it is inappropriate to make a diagnosis since the information is insufficient. As such, the author advises the application of information-seeking CT skills to gather more information and also use open-mindedness to assess the patient’s views on hospitalization. In the second phase, more information is provided and this includes the family and career background of the patient. Data from the second phase of the assessment is utilized together with CT skills of analyzing (according to context) and seeking more information to make an accurate diagnosis. Furthermore, it is emphasized that the nurse ought to apply flexibility as a way of exploring more possible diagnoses. Intellectual integrity as a habit of mind provides the best solution to use with the patient. In the third phase, more information is sought and the medication, intervention, feelings, and thoughts of the patient regarding the whole experience with the condition are assessed. More CT skills are used with an emphasis on analyzing skills, flexibility and logical thinking which result in an accurate diagnosis that the patient needed assistance in self-health management. Other skills that were applied include discrimination as an aid to d
The term “formative assessment” refers to a certain understanding and philosophy of evaluation in education, as well as practices and approaches based on this understanding and intended for educators’ use. Formative assessment is the evaluation of the teaching process in the course of it. In contrast, summative assessment is an evaluation based on certain benchmarks and occurring regularly at the end of certain periods, e.g. tests, quizzes, midterm exams, and final exams. Garrison and Ehringhaus (2007) state that “formative assessment is part of the instructional process. When incorporated into classroom practice, it provides the information needed to adjust teaching and learning while they are happening” (p. 1). This approach has been popular within recent decades because it manages to critically estimate the effectiveness of delivered education. It has been argued that summative assessment fails to recognize the needs of learners that are newly arising or had been overlooked when education programs were designed. Formative assessment activities, such as student-led conferences, provide educators with valuable feedback, which allows modifying the learning process toward addressing the needs of learners more effectively. Summative and formative assessment in education can be compared to different approaches to gardening (“The garden analogy,” n.d.). A summative assessment is measuring plants. Certain criteria can be developed to conclude whether the plants’ growth and development are normal. However, it can be argued that such measurements do not contribute to the growth and development of the plants. Formative assessment, on the other hand, is similar to nourishing and watering the plants according to their needs. Ussher and Earl (2010) argued that the terms “formative assessment” and “summative assessment” can be confusing and misleading because they were initially shortenings of more meaningful expressions: “assessment for formative purposes” and “assessment for summative purposes” respectively. The authors explain that some assessment methods are aimed at summarizing the achievements of learners, while other assessment methods are used for critical evaluation, i.e. to find out what should be changed and improved about teaching. The latter has proved to be beneficial for education overall.
Introduction I chose the article by Dean Dabney titled “Observations Regarding Key Operational Realities in a Compstat Model of Policing” for this week’s discussion board. The report presents the analysis of the problem of Compstat model implementation in practice on the example of a single agency. Evidence-based practice development is a vital approach for several spheres. The analysis of data helps to detect the areas where problems occur and to build an effective goal-oriented practice for solving them. According to Santos (2017), crime analysis is essential in policing as it serves as the foundation of effective evidence-based practice. Although the application of data analytics tools is efficient in developing strategies based on definite problem solving, the implementation of the process, in reality, faces numerous barriers in the current policing system. Theoretical Framework The theoretical framework of the article concerns the management and organization of police operations. The author utilizes the concept of crime analysis techniques and crime patterns to describe the implementation of Compstat. Compstat is generally used in policing for employing statistical data to identify crime patterns in geographical areas and to track the process of combating problems. The researcher analyzed the organization of the practice, as well as the operation command and methods of problem-solving. The main peculiarity of Compstat-based practice is that it requires the reorganization of the staff and its decentralization, giving authority to geographic commanders. The researcher notes the high level of restructuring but focuses on other significant issues that went wrong. Methodological Approach The research conducted by Dabney (2010) was based on the methods of observation and qualitative interview in a single agency “within a thriving open-air drug market in a large city located in the southeastern region of the USA” (p. 33). During the six months of data collection, the researcher concluded that this problem occurred due to communication deficiency, which resulted in misinterpretation of goals by line supervisors, investigators, and patrol officers (Dabney, 2010). Empirical results were collected in interviews and evaluated and interpreted utilizing qualitative analysis. Assessment of the Findings The evaluation of the collected data proved that the main problem of Compstat-based practice was the misunderstanding of its primary purpose. Instead of following the general aim of reducing the rates of crimes peculiar for the given area, the officers misinterpreted it as the task of arresting more people. The analyzed article has several limitations, such as the lack of comparison with other areas and the threat of the results being situation-specific. Fortunately, many evidence-based studies in policing were conducted after the publication of the research. Pasha, Kroll, and Ash (2018) present the results of a nationw
In this essay, I will discuss the notions of database and algorithm according to works of Manovich in the connection with Man with a movie Camera film that reveals the usual life of citizens and new media. Manovich’s ideas discover the notion of a new media. In the new media, the information can exist in different forms and then combined into one such as text, sound, or moving images (videos and animations). Objects of the new media can be transformed by means of algorithms, in other words, it is programmable. According to Manovich, an algorithm is “a final sequence of simple operations which a computer can execute to accomplish a given task” (2000, p. 179). Operations of the new media different in form and content are stored in special databases and can be generated from a database as an advance and as well on request. Manovich identifies two basic levels that appear due to the computerization – computer and cultural layers (“The Database as Symbolic Form”, 2001, p. 43). Moreover, there is mutual transcoding of these layers, which initially has two different syntaxes From the perspective of the cultural layer the computer new media is a set of visual images, but at the level of the machine representation, the text does not exist as there is a code. Therefore, the fact that the computer layer has an impact on the cultural phenomenon is an expected issue. Manovich explains that c
In my understanding, genetically modified organisms (GMOs) are the needed help in resolving shortage of food throughout the world. Scientists create a more robust and better version of the current vegetables, fruits and other items humans consume. For example, as far as I know, the current version of bananas is GMO since, in the wilds, bananas had large seeds, were green and looked utterly dissimilar to the yellow delicious fruit people are familiar with. GMO enhances the taste of a product and the amount of the product, which is why it can be a possible solution to resolving the worldwide hunger issues. For the reason that I was interested in GMOs and did my research before, the article did not change my perception of it much since I have already known what GMOs are and that they are a predominant source of food presently. Moreover, as the population number will increase in the future years, the GMO industry will have to expand and adopt new methods of cultivating food (Uji, 2016, p. 78). Therefore, humanity will progress and benefit from the usage of such technologies. The way a GMO was created does not matter to me as much because I trust scientists. They would not release a vegetable or an animal that would be hurtful for people since they do their research and check their specimens for safety. Therefore, a released and cultivated GMO, whether created through intragenesis or transgenesis, are safe for humans. I feel proud that humanity has gone so far in improving nature’s gifts and improving the quality and quantity of cultivated foods. GMO technologies are on the right track since they aid people in ending the problem of hunger worldwide. Moreover, GMOs are more affordable and accessible since they can survive more than their natural counterparts. Reference Uji, O. (2016). European and American views on genetically modified foods. The New Atlantis , 49, 77–92. Web.
Knowledge and understanding of human biology continue to improve. (Mader, 2004). At first glance, there seems to be no limit to what human beings can do. Even human biology is not beyond man’s ability to manipulate and control. Nevertheless, there are controversial issues. One of the most controversial is the attempt to reproduce an exact replica of a human being through the process of cloning. Human cloning must be banned because people must respect the sanctity of human life. In the late 1990s, the whole world was astounded by the news that scientists were able to successfully clone a sheep (Pence, 2004). It was supposed to be a scientific breakthrough that would change the world. But after the successful demonstration of the power to clone an animal, there are those who began to fear the inevitable. After the cloning of the sheep, the next logical step is to clone human beings. Before going any further it is important to understand the scientific principles behind cloning. In its basic form, cloning is the manipulation of a female egg and a donor cell’s nucleus (Cibelli, 2002). It must be pointed out that an egg cell and sperm cell coming from both male and female is a haploid cell (Cibelli, 2002). This means that asexual reproduction is not possible for humans. But cloning can go around this problem by using a complete set of DNA material from one donor. Cloning bypasses the need for a sperm cell to procreate. The DNA can come from any part of the donor’s body. It can come from a single skin cell. The only requirement is that this single cell contains the nucleus and of course the genetic material used for cloning purposes. Although there is no need for a sperm cell, cloning requires the use of a female’s egg cell. However, only a part of the female’s egg cell is needed because scientists have to remove the genetic material contained within the said egg cell. The complete nucleus of the donor cell is inserted into the empty egg cell. After this procedure, the egg cell looks like a fertilized egg cell because a complete set of genetic material for reproduction is present within this particular egg cell. It is important to highlight this procedure because all the issues that emanate from human cloning can be traced back to this procedure. There are at least three major issues that can be identified as a counterargument to human cloning. First of all, there is the issue of the need to respect the sanctity of human life. Secondly, there is a major concern regarding the detrimental effects of this procedure because scientists are required to perform numerous trial and error experiments in order to master the science behind cloning. Finally, there are no possible contingent measures to deal with a community full of cloned children without parental care and supervision. In order to clone human beings, it is