ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Employees and boards of directors in an organization are linked together by a business manager. The latter acts as the point person when it comes to important matters affecting the operations of a company or business entity. The 21 st century business environment has significantly transformed. As a result, there are myriads of ethical issues and dilemmas that managers face on a daily basis. Needless to say, they are supposed to confront such issues so that their organizations can run smoothly and profitably. It can be a challenge to deal fairly with everyone at workplace bearing in mind that employees are different both in terms of character and work input. To begin with, the 21 st century managers regularly face the issue of ethical responsibility while discharging their duties. The subject of corporate social responsibility (CSR) has formalized the query about ethics in business. Modern business organizations are duly expected to give back to the communities they serve in a number of ways. For example, they should not merely focus on profitability at the expense of polluting the immediate environment. Contemporary organizations ought to be responsible to society even if the ideals of the free market economy prevail. As it stands now, there is a growing push for managers to adhere to corporate social responsibility even if it will cut down their profits. Awareness in regards to ethical issues is a priority for the modern-day managers. This implies that they should be fully conversant with several ethical issues while managing various business portfolios. In the case of corporate social responsibility, the 21 st century managers sometimes find it economically burdensome to conform to the demands of both local communities and government authorities especially when they are compelled to forego growth agenda. A case in point is the issue of environmental protection. The green energy revolution demands heavy emitters of greenhouse gases to reduce their emission quotas. As much as it is ethically sound to adhere to such restrictions, managers find themselves at crossroads because the revenue base might be concurrently affected (Pomering and Johnson 433). Non-market issues can be swiftly addressed by various ethical perspectives. Some of the issues include employment practices, environmental regulation and product safety. When corporate social responsibility is addressed using an ethical approach, the role of government on environmental regulation is assumed. One of the most profound ethical perspectives that can be used to address the above ethical challenge is utilitarianism. Our way of thinking is strongly influenced by this ethical approach. For example, the perspective addresses the social efficiency criteria for corporations that produce in bulk. The benefits of actions and economic costs should be weighed appropriately when any corpor
The Perkins Act of 2004 authorized vocational education commonly referred to as the career and technical education (CTE). The career and technical education is an education program that seeks to equip students with real world experiences for jobs that are either paid or none paid in the field that does not require the current formal education such as a degree (Brustein, 2006). The programs offered aim at developing student’s skills in problem solving, reasoning, and occupational skills specific to the area of interest of the student with the main aim of developing these students into an independent member of the society and contributor to the economic growth of the country. Through H. R 4496, the Perkins Act was reauthorized by the house committee on workforce and education in the year 2004. This Act authorizes the Perkins Act for six years instead of the normal five years. Through this Act, title II of the initial Act of 1998 was repealed. The repealed title provided funding Tech Pre Programs. Repealing the Tech Pre Program provision, the Act effectively eliminated the separate funding for tech programs. Instead, they combined the fund into the basic state grant. The act also reduces the amount of funding to areas such as Guam (Wang & King, 2008). Through the bill all states will receive funding which should not be less than the funds allocated under the previous model where there was tech preprogram and basic state grants. The bill also reserves a percentage of funding as incentive grants. Though there is loss of funding, the amendments in the act will bring many positive changes to students which include a technical education and academic participation that are more challenging and rigorous. There is also lack of set standards in the area that are clear to all potential employees in this field. As a result, there is low motivation on the part of students, teachers and other professionals which bars them from getting interested into this field. Perking Act now provides set out procedures in areas that are able to set standards of operations. These standards are expected to give clarification of students’ performance and expectations in the program. Therefore, an institution’s management can now develop a clear job description through which it can engage the employees. The students will also have a clear idea of what is expected of them which will now help in the development of the skills needed for successful careers. This will facilitate the development of careers that are ind
The scenario presents a situation where I am faced with a hard monetary conundrum. To become more eligible for a promotion I chose to return to college and get a Bachelor’s degree. However, at the end of the course, a new job opportunity arose that would require me to continue my education to get a Master’s degree. The new position would bring a salary increase and a car allowance, but it does not provide tuition reimbursement. To find a solution to this problem, a six-step problem solving process can be used. Definition of the Problem While at first glance the scenario seems to present an easy choice, a closer examination reveals a conundrum. The new job is a higher position, which was the original goal of coming back to college. The company is a competitor of my current place of employment, but it is willing to pay for the relocation expenses. The increase of yearly salary and car allowance are welcome improvements too. However, people who work in the supervisor position at the new company are expected to have a Master’s degree. Although I planned to stop my education after receiving the Bachelor’s degree, I would have to aim for the Master’s degree at the new position. This in itself would not be a problem at my current job, as the company provides tuition reimbursement. Unfortunately, despite all the improvements at the new company, it does not provide the same reimbursement, which means that I would have to pay for the education. The problem lies in whether it is viable to take the new job but pay for the continued education, or stay at the current position and hope for a promotion. Analysis of the Problem To analyze this problem, it is important to establish the current situation (“The problem solving process,” 2017). I have worked at my current company for eleven years and have not received a promotion. This is an issue I found to be important enough to go back to college for. The company is paying my tuition which saves me a lot of money. Average tuition fees in the United States for a four-year college are around $20,000 yearly (Kelchen, 2016). This is a sum higher than the increase in the yearly salary promised by the new position. To gain a Master’
The evolution of American culture and society has been examined by many authors who want to understand the causes of these trends and their main consequences. One of the themes that are examined by various writers and researchers is the discontent of many people who are not able to climb the social ladder. Moreover, these individuals believe that they cannot create a better future for their children. Finally, the analysis of literary works indicates that people become more alienated from one another. These are the main subtopics that should be discussed in this paper. Overall, the sources chosen for this paper show the existing social, economic, and cultural environment does not enable people to make breakthroughs that can make their experiences more fulfilling. This is the main thesis that should be examined in greater detail. At first, it is important to speak about the article which is aimed at discussing the crisis of the American Dream. This essay is written by an anonymous author who argues that the upward social mobility in the United States has slowed down. To illustrate this idea, the writer provides various examples. In particular, it is argued that “Only 3% of students at top colleges come from the poorest quarter of the population” ( The United States Inequality) . Moreover, students, who come from poor families, do not have the necessary educational background that may
Introduction Change is common in all business organizations and industries, regardless of their line of activities and their age. The world is changing rapidly, thus organizations have to keep changing. Any organization that wishes to thrive should handle and manage change effectively. Any organization that does not manage change effectively is likely to record poor performance or struggle to survive. Most businesses are aware of the concept of business management. However, there are differences and similarities in the methods used by managers to manage change in their organizations. It is important to note that the methods used to manage change are highly dependent on the nature of the business in question. This article compares and contrasts the different models used in change management. Comparison and contrast of Lewin’s Planned Change Model, the Action Research Model, and the Positive Model The manager attempts to prepare members of the organization for the change under Lewin’s Planned Change Model, while there is no unfreezing under the positive model of change. There is unfreezing stage under the Action Research Model, although it is not as direct as in Lewin’s Planned Model. It is assumed that there will be some resistance every time the manager wants to introduce changes in the organization. People will never accept change easily; neither will they ever be willing to change from their current situation. The process of preparing people for change is referred to as unfreezing the situation in the organization at the moment (Cummings & Worley, 2009). A manager who uses the positive model can initiate a problem any time; therefore, there is no unfreezing period. The stage where a problem is identified under the action research model is the unfreezing stage. It involves collection of data. Data is collected from members of the organization as they are prepared for the change during the process. Lewin’s Planned Change Model introduces change once the members are prepared for it. It is the same case for the action research model. Under positive model, however, change is implemented differently since the manager aims at improving on the areas that the organization’s strengths are after seeking expert advice. Under Lewin’s Planned Change Model, individuals will start behaving differently once change is introduced. There will be different supervisory practices. The organization structure may change, as well as the reporting relations that are likely to influence the way people execute their duties. To accomplish this stage, the members of the organization will have to identify with the new bosses or role models (Cummings & Worley, 2009). Organizational members should start to perceive things from a different perspective, probably the perspective of the organizational leader or the change initiative. It is t
The law pertaining fraud The law does not provide the consumers with measures to enforcing the online contracts because the argument is that, it is impossible to tell the intention and the consent of the consumer when they signed the contract. In most instances, it is easy for the consumer to identify these malicious programs such as viruses or Trojan horses. On the other extreme end, the computer fraud might be easy to detect if one is able to identify the good software especially among the popular freeware applications available from the net. The issue may be due to lack of transparency and uncertainty about what the end-user thinks when engaging with such programs. The personal judgement and consent of the user is what determines whether they agree to contract a program especially when the label shows or indicates in an otherwise pernicious manner such as a “spyware.” Some consumers may perceive software labelled “WeatherBug” as a legitimate program while other would take it as destructive software. (PC Hell, 2005) Fraud through online The scope of online fraud can be clear through definition of the term “Spyware”. As applied in a wide range of computer applications especially software development, the authoritative definition of the term may be difficult. According to a notice by ABA concerning the Federal of Trade Commission in 2004, (2006)“Spyware is software that aids in gathering information about a person or organization without their knowledge and that may send such information to another entity without the consumer’s consent, or that asserts control over a computer without the consumer’s knowledge.” Evidence indicates accurate differences between the merchant and the consumer with regard to online contracts. In most cases, the malicious software programmers have little or no intention over the program broadcast as the consumers may point out after the destruction has occurred. Most consumers would claim that the software was maliciously loaded on their systems without their authorization while considering the intention of the interface designer may as genuine due to various clicks from beginning to end on the contract interfaces may also apply. Not all malicious software designers and distributors use these contracting interfaces. As much as such contracting interfaces help to manage the relationship between contractors and consumers, wicked programmers will use programs with interfaces, which do not require user identity to install. Such software developers do this intentionally because they are aware that their products contain viruses and other malicious software and in such situations, they commit “identity theft”. If the end-user has not authority of assenting a download or upload then he/she would ascertain theft of in
Introduction Absolutism is a word that never existed until the Eighteenth Century when it became popular both theologically and politically. In England, the term was common in early Eighteenth Century due to deep-rooted theology. However, politically, this word became known after the French Revolution whereby it spread all over Europe especially after return of downright monarchy in 1823. “Various English, French and German encyclopedias evidence the rapid spread of the political neologism “absolutism” spread quickly since the middle of the 1820s, and it was well established in Europe’s political semantic by 1830. Like other coinages on “ism” the catchword “absolutism” was not precisely defined, and various political schools used it as a polemic slogan” (Bonney 98). Absolutism Progressives found this word a common place for they saw an inevitable fight as many political systems faced the reality of constitutionalism as opposed to Stalinism. In progressives’ point of view, despotism was not a subject of an individual form of government. The French Revolution attested that not only was political freedom imperiled by monarchial despotism, but also by democratic despotism. Consequently, liberals started criticizing democratic absolutism whilst pushing for monarchial despotism. This conception however did not go down well with many people especially Germans, most of them being right wing supporters of Restoration. “Absolutism was represented here as a consequence of the Enlightenment’s replacement of Christianity as the commonly agreed source of rights by the concept of enlightened natural law” (Vierhaus 25). According to these right wing adherents, French Revolution had nothing to do with abolishment of despotism. This revolution came from differing opinions between citizens and monarchs concerning the sovereignty of absolutism. From a Christianity perspective, anti-constitutionalism was not an outright despotism as progressives tried to put it. Moreover, according to Christianity, Restoration did not mean reinstitution of monarchial absolutism; rather the Restoration exposed the frailties of this form of governance. However, the liberals agreed at one point with Christianity that priori right emanated from natural law. “However, liberals tried to surmount absolutism with a developmental concept of constitutionalism, whereas the Christian-Romantics of the Restoration clung to a backwards-oriented concept of utopia rooted in revived Christianity and a monarchy of estates founded on medieval social concepts” (Richter 26). Therefore, there was no a distinct definition of absolutism. Actually, many people could not draw any semantic line between “despotism” and “absolutism.” Nevertheless, as this standoff continued, pauperism was on the rise and a section of working class movements led to reconsideration of this stand off. Saint-Simpson moved to incorporate “social aspect’ t
Introduction The concept of equality is as old as the thought of humans but its universal appeal remains an elusive ideal. The demand for equality obsesses every political thought since we are not sure what it is but whatever it is, we want it. The ideology of equality is a paradox. We often assume that all people are equal but we learn they are not intact equal since every individual inherits different traits that are influenced by social conditions (education, family environment, etc) in which fortune places him or her. This in turn leads to differences in the conception of equality as discussed below. Formal equality This is an idea of equality that prevails within liberal thinking. Historically, this idea was meant to dismantle the legally and politically sanctioned privileges enjoyed by certain social groups. This notion is entwined with the liberal notion of rights. The perception of equal rights historically has presupposed the idea of impartiality, neutrality, and universality in the contents and access of education opportunities. As noted by Hall and Kennedy (2006) this principle has been accepted by most societies thus fostering a way forward to the fulfillment of the ideal of equality. Its rationale is to ensure that, no student or group of students should enjoy greater access to education opportunities due to their social status or forbidden access on the account of gender, race, color, religion, sex, political ideas, and social ori
Introduction All sectors in the economy are continually growing; from hospitals to businesses (Wolff, Starfield and Anderson 2002). This is because the customer needs are changing and technology and business structures are also evolving steadily. This means that there is always a new part of a business aimed at expanding customer bases and differentiation of products and services so as to remain competitive in very many dynamic markets. The basic results of all these changes are complexities that beg for even more changes to the human resources factors and others capital considerations. Overall, the whole organizational structure becomes very complex and this means that messes will occur. This affects all levels of management from senior to junior staff and also affects the short and long term goals and activities of the organization aimed at reaching these goals (Ackoff 1974a). There are many methods that companies have attempted to manage the complexities from changing systems, processes and people (PCSD 1996). The main reason for attempting to manage these changes is to remain competitive in the market, to remain ahead in innovation and to maintain and increase profitability. However, the factors that lead to the presence of complexities are variant which means that the industry is the major dictator of what complex situations individual players face. Though there are many complex situations that occur in the everyday running of organizations, solutions abound and if properly researched and implemented, could lead to the elimination of said complexities (Truslow 1944). Discussion According to the Economist, there was a major crisis in Citibank where the bank was loosing a lot of money on the mortgage market (2011). During a meeting in 2007, the CEO, Chuck Prince came to learn that the bank did trade in mortgages as it assets in this sectors were valued at US$43bn. The problem was that the bank did not do its own independent reviews on the ratings that were set on the market and had relied on very weak models for their financial wellbeing. When Mr. Prince however learnt of the trading in assets for the first time, he was reassured that everything was well and there had been no cause for worry even though there was a reported increase in defaults on mortgages (Bowen 2010). After a few weeks, the losses experienced by the bank ran into billions of dollars and the CEO was inevitably sacked (Schön 1983). In contrast, the treasurer of Intel, Ravi Jacob in his first month of working reviewed the way that the company did its trading (Schön 1995). The first thing he did was look at risk management and realized that much like the situation at Citibank (Maturana and Varela 1987), the traders were so focu
In a humane and highly functional society, students with physical and intellectual disabilities should be allowed to function independently and enjoy their personal and academic life to the fullest. Knowledge and education are necessary in order to maintain oneself and ensure a high quality of life and personal care. Government institutions, educational facilities, and non-government organizations are to lead the effort of making students with learning disabilities become fully-fledged members of our society (Alsuhaibani, 2018). In the past ten years, special education services in Saudi Arabia have undergone a significant transformation (Alnahdi, 2013). The kingdom pays great attention to education, dedicating over 25% of its annual budgets on making its citizens aspire to greater professional and academic achievements (Al-Mousa, 2010). Nevertheless, there is still much to be done in order to achieve the goal of complete or even partial independence for intellectually-disabled individuals and students. Alrusaiyes (2014) reports that female students have significantly fewer opportunities for education and employment. Almutairi (2018) supports these claims by stating that social services for intellectually-challenged individuals are still lacking and that many teachers do not have the proper training to educate handicapped students. This situation presents a plethora of risks and consequences for students with intellectual disabilities. Deppisch (2013) states that without appropriate training and services, disadvantaged students will not be able to conduct an independent life once the school is over. As a result, they would encounter significant social and personal difficulties fitting into the society (Klepp, 2017). As Wynkoop (2016) stated, these disabilities are determined as such solely by the society, and the inability to fit and perform as the rest is a severe handicap to success. Developing better facilities, providing training to teachers, and increasing the understanding of the issue in the society will help promoting independence in disability students (Hausman, Ingwarsson, and Kahng, 2014).