ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
This interview was conducted with two children at the age of 4 and 9 years old. The participants of the interview were the members of one family. The aim of the project was to compare the age peculiarities of the children and differences in their development. During the interview, the children were asked to perform several tasks. They were proposed to describe their friends. Then they were asked to draw the members of their family. As it has been mentioned before both children are the members of one family and they are bringing up by the same parents. Nevertheless, judging from the speech patterns used by the children, the difference in their cognitive development is obvious. Being interviewed Hanna uses the simple phrases, with reduced vocabulary. At the same time Michael, uses more complicated phrases and even set expressions. It may be explained by the fact that Hanna is at the stage of the preoperational development. At this stage language skills of a child are not developed. Children just learn to use language. The main activity, which is typical for a child of this age, is a game. Moreover, this period of development is characterized by egocentrism and a childs inability to evaluate things from a different point of view. It is clearly observed in Hannas speech that she does not realize the interconnection of her relations with Sophia. Hanna does not understand that she is the same friend for Sophia as Sophia is for her. It is a typical example of the egocentrism that is typical for this age. Michael is at the concrete operational stage. There are logical arguments in his statements. For instance, he realizes the dependence between his friendship with Peter and the fact that they study at the same school. The drawing activity also reveals the differences in the cognitive and physical development of the children. While watching the motions of children during the task fulfilment it was seen that Hannas motor skills were not highly developed. She kept a pencil in her hand in a wrong way and there were obvious technical difficulties for her in this task. Michaels motions, on the contrary, were technically correct. Moreover, during the fulfilment of the task there was a difference in a childrens concentration. For Hanna it was difficult to remain on a place. She was constantly getting distracted from her task. At the same time, Michael stayed focused until the end of the task. This fact suggests an obvious difference in the physical development of the children. In general, it is possible to conclude that at the preoperational and concrete operational stages there may be observed the obvious differences in a development of a child. Interview Hanna (4 years old) Interviewer: Hanna, please tell me do you have a friend? Hanna: I have a friend. Her name is Sophia. We often play together. Interviewer: Hanna, do you like your friend? Hanna: Yes, she is n
Introduction Sexual behaviors and attitudes have changed overtime, although not completely. These changes have been attributed to the cultural transformations that have occurred in societies. Some reasons for this include the increased emphasis on sex education especially in schools and in the mass media, the increasing concern on HIV/AIDS and STDs as well as the general formal education acquired by individuals in formal schools and churches, and other organizations. These have helped change people’s perception on sexual behaviors. According to Gordon, Lottes and Weinberg (1997), education has played a key role in changing people’s sexual behavior, either positively or negatively. According to Baltzer and colleagues (2008), most teenagers seem to be re
Hospital-acquired complications (HAC) put a significant burden on the Australian healthcare system. Different sources suggest that the number of hospital-acquired complication cases occurring each year may be anywhere between 80,000 and 165,000 (Mitchell et al., 2017). However, as Mitchell et al. (2017) report based on the results of their meta-analysis, the scale of the problem might be even more serious as there is a lack of surveillance of HAC. HAC cases often result in the need for acute care, which is associated with significant challenges for healthcare workers. It is not a rarity to witness an emergency department struggling financially and not being able to cover all its needs regarding the key resources used in acute care intervention. Aside from that, health reform implementation often faces hurdles in the form of the lack of standardisation across the board and the discrepancy between guidelines and actual capacity of hospitals. This essay presents a case study that describes a patient suffering from hospital-acquired pneumonia and provides recommendations for current preventive care. It also draws a comparison between work practices in New South Wales and the Australian national standards and guidelines. Overview of Hospital-Acquired Pneumonia Pneumonia is caused by an infection that leads to the inflammation of air sacs in one or both lungs. The germs that spread pneumonia, be they viral or bacterial, are contagious. Pneumonia is the second most common HAC in Australia that is associated with a high mortality rate (the all-cause rate of 25-50%) (Australian Commission of Safety and Quality in Health Care, 2018; Hupp & Ferneini, 2015). According to the Australian Commission of Safety and Quality in Health Care (2018), eac
Introduction While analyzing the role of young people in Stieg Larsson’s novel The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo , some basic ideas of the book must be revealed. First of all, it is necessary to point out that the novel belongs to the postmodern crime story. Larsson’s novel covers a variety of themes, which most important are serial murder, contemporary Swedish society, feminism, right-wing extremism, and the darkest sides of human nature. Generally, the role of young people is mostly associated with the last listed theme. Family upbringing in Larsson’s novel As far as abuse of young girls and women is considered to be one of the key events the author highlights, one can probably conclude that family upbringing is the burning problem of the society Larsson depicts in his work. The author gives readers an opportunity to trace back how sexual assault spoils people’s mind and distorts the way they accept the reality. Thus, the protagonist of the story Lisbeth Salander is one of the young girls who has been subjected to violence by a man. When reading the novel, it becomes evident that there was not only the protagonist who experienced sexual assault, but almost every woman described in the novel. In order to prevent future abuse, Lisbeth neglects certain “societal norms and rules for politeness” (“Book Review – The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo” par. 5). The importance of the equality One is to keep in mind that Lisbeth is not depicted as a fighter for justice. When describing abuses of young girls, Larsson shows the importance of the equality between genders. However, it should be noted that the term equality goes beyond its original meaning. Therefore, the issue of equality should not be regarded in its common sense; equality does not mean seeking for social, economic or any other parity. Lisbeth’s case proves that equality must be regarded as a condition, when a person has no need to look round the corner before he or she takes a step. Lisbeth Salander and other victims in Larsson’s work Lisbeth Salander is considered to be the character of promise and redemption. Keeping in mind that most of women cannot defend themselves against sexual crime, Salander seems to represent a new response to violence. Of course, the girl’s bitter experience impacted on her mode of life. Thus, Lisbeth Salander is a girl of spirit: she lacks femininity and some kind of vulnerability. It is no accident that most of women in Larsson’s story were raped and killed. The author wanted to show readers the level of social injustice. Larsson clarifies that sexual abuse is recognized to be the global problem. So, the victims depicted in the novel The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo have a symbolical meaning. “Larsson paints Swedish society as a place where financial reporters treated mediocre financial whelps like rock stars and viole
By the year 1905, Haiti’s economy deteriorated. It was out of this desperate situation that Haiti welcomed U.S. involvement. An agreement was reached and put Haiti under receivership from 1905 to 1941. U.S Marines occupied Haiti in 1915 and ensured stability in the region. The occupation was operated through client government. US military became part of the government. The USA operated and controlled custom houses and also was in charge of ports ( Haiti n.pag). U.S. marines were able to facilitate peaceful elections on August 2, 1915. This was achieved with the aid of Catholic Church and Haitian politicians. The US preferred candidate was Sudre Dartugurvane who won elections and sworn in to power on August 12, 1915. A treaty was laid a month after the new president’s inauguration and ensured that US dominion and control over Haiti. Some people thought that the treaty was disadvantageous to Haitians. (Naval Historical Center n.pag.). Haiti signed the treaty under pressure from the US. Under this treaty, US occupation in Haiti was legitimized. All finances were controlled by the US. There had been created all the conditions for US Army to be autonomous which led to disbandment of the Haitian army. 3000 Haitian police officers known as the Gendarme were to assist US army in maintaining law and order. More US civilians were appointed to various positions. Those positions that had initially held by military officers were given to the US citizens. This scenario reminded the Haitians of the French colonialism and led to rebellion in 1918. Haitians Republic and US military successfully initiated a peaceful constitution change in 1922. US Army stayed in Haiti controlling its programme for 19 years. They withdrew from Haiti in 1934. In 1990, Jean Bertrand Aristride took over the office of President. He was an ally of the US which was unpopular with Haitians, and there existed the Front for the Advancement Movement of Progress of the Haitian People (FRAH). FRAH overthrew the Government, while Aristride was a supporter of US politics. US army intervened, and Aristide was re-instated as President, which was a move highly condemned by the observers and the conservatives. In 2001, the US funded and trained over 650 paramilitary army of anti-Aristide in the Dominican Republic. Many observers questioned the intentions of the US. As this went on, Aristide was working with neighboring countries like Cuba and Venezuela in coming up with strategies to reduce US dominion in the region. This caused US discontent. In February 2003, new unfolding took place. IRI met Haitian rebel leader in the Dominican Republic. Three weeks later, the rebel group that was believed to be trained by the US marched in Haiti and destroyed hydroelectric power station. Leaders from other nations questioned US involvement in training the paramilitary at the Dominican Republic. (Buschschluter , n.pag.) In 2004, rebels occupied and took over most cities in the Northern Haiti. They moved towards Haiti’s capital in March 2004. President Jean Betrad Aristide flew to Africa on US Chartered jet, which was a move, termed a ‘A Modern
Background- Following the terrorist attacks of September 11th in the US; the federal government established the Department of Homeland Security to enhance the protection of Americans from external threats. This department comprised 22 federal agencies that were initially concerned with national security in the US. The department was established to consolidate and harmonize the security apparatus to enable the country to adequately respond to terrorism, disasters, and other forms of external aggression on time. The President of the US has also issued various presidential directives that have created non-codified authorities to boost the security of the US. Below are some of the non-codified authorities:   * Presidential Policy Directive (PPD) 1 of 13 th February 2009 titled ‘Organization of the National Security Council System’.   * PPD 8 of 30 th , March 2009 titled ‘National Preparedness’.   * PPD 21 of 12 th, February 2013 titled ‘Critical Infrastructure Security and Resilience’.   * National Security Strategy.   * National Strategy for Homeland Security. PPD 1- It is dated 13 th February 2009 and authored by the President of the United States (POTUS) under the title ‘Organization of the National Security Council System’. It is the first in a series of presidential documents that explain how the POTUS should communicate matters of national security. In the directive, President Obama gives a break down of the National Security Council system as shown below:   * The National Security Council (NSC).   * The NSC committee.   * The NSC deputies committee.   * Inter-agency policy committees. This directive together with the Presidential Study Directives (PSD) replaced all other instruments previously used for communicating presidential decisions on security issues. The PSD on its part helps the NSC system with up-to-date information on terrorism activities and how to deal with them. PPD 8– It is dated 30 th , March 2009 and authored by the POTUS under the title ‘National Preparedness’. The directive aims at having systematic preparation mechanisms for various types of threats that have adverse security risks to the citizens of the US. PPD 8 aims to achieve its goal by enhancing the resilience and security of the US. Threats that are of major interest under this directive include cyber terrorism, natural disasters, terrorism, and other types of pandemics or emergencies. The directive is all-inclusive in that it calls upon everyone to play a role in the preparation for threats to national security. However, the federal government plays the primary role of guiding all other state and non-state organizations in the consolidation of efforts to prepare for disasters. The following are the components of the directive:   * National preparedness goa
Introduction The Glass Menagerie is a play written by Williams who started writing at the age of fourteen as a way of escaping from the life situation that he faced. It has seven scenes that express a narrative speech. The play has five characters that include; Amanda Wingfield, Laura Wingfield, Tom Wingfield and Jim O’Connor. “The main aim of the script is not the action but rather the revelation of the characters” (Williams, p. 10). Amanda’s withdrawal into the past According to the play, Amanda is a mother to Tom and Laura. She was abandoned by her alcoholic husband when the children were young (Williams, p. 14). Therefore she brought up her children alone but was helped by his son Tom to support the family. She appears to be harsh especially to her children but it is because she cares for their future. She has a desire for her children to live independent life. This is confirmed when she is motivating her son to work hard in the warehouse. Amanda’s character is mostly influenced by her Christian values and morals (Williams, p. 55). She persuades her son to ensure that he does not become a drunkard in the future. In most instances in the play, Amanda kept withdrawing from her past. One of the instances is when she compares Tom’s character with that of his father. She comments” more and more like his father, drinks, smoke, and bring home books” (Williams, p. 40). This character or behavior annoyed her mostly because her husband who abandoned her had the same characters but not because of her Christian morals. Other than bad memories, Amanda also had good memories of her past. This is evident when she tells her children of how they used to entertain in the gentlemen callers (Williams p.9). She explains to her daughter Laura how a girl was supposed to behave and she was also worried because her daughter was not yet a spinster (Williams, p. 5). In addition, she also remembers her youth days. For example, she remembered the fervor that surrounded she called ‘Gone with the wind’. In her youth memories, she comments, “I’ve seen such pitiful cases in the south- barely tolerated spinsters… Eating the crust of humility all their life” (Williams, p. 51). This memory made her help her daughter to escape fr
Introduction Great technological advances that have equally been paralleled by increased availability of health related information both to health practitioners and the general public that is present in the form of statistics. This form of presentation is the one that easier to understand and comprehend for many people. As such, statistics play an important role in the field of health research. As with any other research field, there is an important need for indivividuals to have good understanding of the concepts used in statistics so that they can read and comprehend research literature such as research reports and other forms of research publications. This is also an equally essential requirement for individuals to undertake credible research studies. In public health research, some of the statistical concepts include statistical errors and their relationship to concepts like population and sample size. This paper will inform the importance of statistical errors in public health research by means of description and analysis of a contextual problem set as an example. Types of errors Two types of errors are commonly referred to in statistics. These are type 1 and type 2 errors. The type 1error occurs in a situation where rejection of the null hypothesis can be found. It specifically takes place when the null hypothesis is wrongly rejected.So, in case with the type 1 error, the hypothesis is often true but it turns out to be rejected by the researcher (Mitchell and Jolley, 2012, p.147). An example on how the type 1 error can occur is given by an illustration given by McKillup (2011, p.61). The description of a clinical trial is provided. It has been done to test the efficacy of a new drug compared to a different one in treating a particular illness, researcher ends up with a conclusion that there is a difference between the mean scores of the drugs under investigation in the research. So, in comparison, the overall conclusion in this particular example is that the new drug being under investigation does not work (does not treat well), whereas the result will be opposite in practice and it will show that the drug does treat well. On the other hand, the situation is visa versa with the type 2 error. Researcher retains the null hypothesis when he or she is actually supposed to reject the null hypothesis. In considering the same example
Introduction Human beings are social and interact with others in different social arrangements. Many times the associations take place in group settings that require individuals to work jointly to meet set goals. At the work place, groups are commonly formulated to complete tasks meant to grow an organization. With the advancement in technology experienced globally, the concept of work teams has been taken to an even higher level. It is therefore common to come by virtual teams that are constituted by individuals who may or may not be geographically dispersed. With the help of tools such as wikis and blogs, virtual teams are able to carry out activities with very minimal face to face encounters. As stated by Griffin and Moorhead (2011), individuals influence groups as much as groups also influence the individuals. Within a group, an individual with a strong character can easily determine the others act while the use of very strict group norms can compel members to conform either willingly or against their will. According to Mowday (1993) one is able to understand organizational behavior by studying the link between individuals, groups and the organizational culture. These three are interrelated and determine how far an organization can go in offering services to the public. This paper presents a critical evaluation of research that has been done by different authors on the subject of individual conformity to group pressure. Groups and Social Norms According to Bendor and Swistak (2001), a group norm is defined as a rule or behaviour that triggers punishment if violated by an individual who is a part of the group. Norms exist to provide stability to a group so as to ensure that the group is able to accomplish stipulated tasks as planned. In a study by Brown (2009), organizations have for many years been encouraged to build strong cultures that can help in the achievement of goals. Organizations that are keen to realize greater performance have a culture of creating and reinforcing strong group norms to ensure that groups are used to benefit the organization. Further claims indicate that the presence of a strong organizational culture will inspire works teams to execute tasks as required and complete them within the stated time period (Brown, 2009). Durlauf and Blume (2008) observed that the main purpose of social norms is to govern the interactions within groups and to successfully coordinate the varying expectations of the individual team members. The group norms are particularly valuable when a group is made up of people with diverse backgrounds. Durlauf and Blume (2008) further argued that once a group has created the norms, all its members required to conform and act in accordance with stipulated rules. Even though there is a general belief that group norms greatly enhance the performance of a group, good management is, however, critical for success to be realized. Durlauf and Blume (2008) described three different appr