ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Historically, it is very significant that the Reformation which took place in the sixteenth century was closely followed by the Scientific Revolution that occurred in the seventeenth century. For instance, the reformation of the protestant church which was initiated by Martin Luther who was very critical as far as the issue of authority in the catholic church and their overall leader the pope is concerned. He was really questioning the religious authority of the church and above all trying to establish a new source of authority in the church. He was not the only person during that time that had issues with authority. Other great men like Montaigne, Galileo, and Bacon had the same sentiments. They were trying to question the sources of the then existing traditional authority in that time as well as trying to come up with new sources of authority which somehow were very beneficial to the entire mankind especially in the scientific revolution (Biancamaria, 67). Montaigne Contribution Montaigne was one of the philosophers whose work has brought about a lot of changes in this modern world. It should be noted that he contributed a lot and issues of authority is one of the areas he is remembered for. As it was noted by (Biancamaria, 79), his work is known to have especially influenced changes among the French people and their culture. He brought about a great influence in the education world as well. He dealt with the authority bestowed upon man as being not worth. This is because; he was somehow not pleased by the fact that authority was given to man to exercise his freedom (Biancamaria, 77). He was very critical about the conflict that existed between the catholic and the protestant churches all in the fight for freedom to rule religiously. He supported humanism but still believed so much in God. He was opposed to the moral and religious laws which existed at that time because he felt that they were causing pain to the native people. He felt that man should not be just trusted since what he decides just clicks in his mind. He did not find any reason as to why man is considered better than animals. He was for instance very critical on the issue of making people confess as a result of exposing them to great torture. This man felt that such authority was not of any worth. Instead, he felt that an issue can not make anyone good if they confess for fear of torture. However, he defended Christianity in that their confession is never based on torture. He was however in favor of the education system that was based on abstract knowledge (Biancamaria, 150). Galileo Contribution Galileo was a philosopher who lived in the years between 1564 and 1642 and he really contributed to the world of science. He was basically concerned about the issues of astronomy. He was basically concerned about the issues of physics and he was really very critical of the contributions that were earlier made. According to (Finocchiaro, 29), his contributions on the issues of astronomy were
The climate change and its consequences are the topics for many arguments and discussions. Even a decade ago, it was not so burning and was frequently treated as “inconvenient truth” (Takeway). For a long time, the problem of climate change was denied (Washington 2). The role of science in supporting climate issues was doubted. At present, the problem became evident and cannot be denied. Climate change and its consequences were mainly environmental issues. However, in the recent years, it became a strong political concern. The new documentary, Climate of Doubt , presented by Frontline as a part of PBS Election 2012, discovers the institutions that confronted the science concerning the significance of climate change issues. The Role of Expert Opinion in Climate Change Debate In all spheres, the opinions of experts are traditionally valuable and respected. However, as a result of climate change debate, there appeared a coalition of skeptics who believe that the issue of global climate change caused by humanity is a myth (“Climate of Doubt”). They oppose themselves to the official science and politics that consider climate environmental issues to be of primary importance. Nevertheless, the greater part of population still supports the conclusions of experts when it comes to climate issues. The role of scientists in the question of climate change is discussed equally with the environmental problem. There is a supposition that experts should play key roles in “mobilizing support for policy actions” (Nisbet). However, scientists are cautious about this idea because it can lead to deterioration of public trust and negatively influence objectivity and credibility of their work. Still, some experts believe that advocating for political actions does not contradict their scientific activity. Scientists need to earn the public trust in the questions of climate change. Many scholars realize the necessity “to identify credible experts and account for expert opinion in technical (e.g., science-based) decision-making” (Anderegg et al. 12107). This credibility can be achieved after the time proves the significance and reliability of their claims. On the whole, experts’ opinions supported by scientific research can become decisive in the climate change debate. However, experts should preserve their scientific principles and moral values not to become a tool in political games. Still, climate discussions on the whole and political debates in particular are probably the only ways to attract attention to climate problems. Scientific Expert Knowledge in Fossil Fuel Industry Fossil fuel industry is generally
For the health care setting to operate effectively in achieving its goals and objectives, it requires to implement the main management concepts. These include planning, organizing, directing, and controlling. In a setting where nurses, therapists, and other healthcare staffs are located in a central position, management is relatively simpler than where the care of patients is managed out of a central location. However, these four functions apply irrespective of location in managing health care leaders and their staffs (Management Functions in a Health Care Facility, 2012). The administration undertakes planning by evaluating the current operation of the institution and developing plans that focus on the future of the heath center (Huber, 2006). In our case, the administration employs strategic planning technique in planning ahead to overcome unprecedented challenges. The management achieves this by analysis both external and internal factors affecting smooth operations. The most common approach for accomplishing this task is using the Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats (SWOT) method. This tool helps the administration to determine the most cost effective action for business (Management Functions in a Health Care Facility, 2012). As community health service providers, we plan for emergencies by ensuring that enough staffs are available to handle urgent situations, and equipping them. Even when we are offering our services out of the health center, we prepare emergency wards within our central facility. In addition, we gather information from the community to help in decision making. We employ SWOT analysis to determine how to overcome institutional weakness such under staffing and delays in delivery of medical supplies. Also, we evaluate threats such as ignorance among of clients regarding appropriate health care lifestyles. There are opportunities, for instance impressive service demand, and; therefore, it is possible to charge clients an affordable fee and still remain resourceful. Apart from planning, organizing plays unique roles in management. This function mandates the health care management to organize its resources and plan for their proper usage in advance. This is a system that helps management to determine the internal doctorial configuration (Huber, 2006). The management does this by considering allocations for different departments. The management also performs this function at whatever time they are selecting and authorizing certain departments to handle some clear-cut roles (Huber, 2006). I, as the health center’s
Introduction Standing out from the crowd and being unique in one’s own way is what drives customers into buying. In whichever business one ventures in, there must be hurdles to pass through and the strategy used is very crucial since it holds the future of the business. Many developing countries have more difficult environments for business but the potential is still very high. People may say that if you go to Rome do as the Romans but in business you have to implement a different strategy to ensure you survive. Infosys is one of the leading software companies in the world despite having to establish itself in a corrupt environment especially in the India Southeast Asia region. Ethics Corruption has been core in many developing countries and businesses have been praised to thrive well when in corrupt deals. It will only take an honest and integral leader to evade these corrupt deals and operate cleanly in business. This maybe easier said than done and any leader who chooses this path should brace himself for an up-hill task full of challenges. Perseverance and patience must be a virtue and business in corrupt areas such as the Philippines and the entire Southeast Asia region (ASEAN block) will not peak until after sometime. Corrupt government officials have terrorized businessmen and most have opted to either bribe or go out of business. Business ethics must be upheld and whether the competitors have already got the markets through corruption means the strategy of the company is to be outstanding and be transparent and accountable through all deals. Infosys has been a perfect example of businesses which have not bowed down to corruption and the strategy should be emulated by all business. Though it may take several years to obtain recognition in the market, values and ethics in business must be followed (Abdelal, Tella, & Kothandaraman, 2007, p.5). Meeting sales targets may be hard especially in a corrupt market but ensuring that everything is done to book and according to the law will build a more stable market free from corruption and politics. Strategies Marketing strategies like advertisements will come in handy and having a local connection without bribing is a good strategy. This should be direct from the headquarters and they should be informed on the actual fishy corrupt businesses on the ground. Remaining clean can also help when scandals occur and clean up the corruption in the market leaving you to dominate. Since most of the competitors have done it through corrupt means you can have a strategy to advertise the product through a
Introduction United States (US) and Canada share many political, economic, and social ties. Both countries have also experienced similar changes in their immigration policies as they have welcomed immigrants as permanent residents in their countries. Starting from the early sixties, and gradually through the century, both the US and Canada have changed their immigration policies to allow all racial groups as immigrants into their countries. Previously, both countries only allowed Europeans and Whites as the only acceptable immigrant groups (Abada 2). The consequence of the adoption of this immigrant policy is the increased immigration of “people of color” into both countries. Conversely, many Canadian and US cities have a mixture of different racial groups. Underlying this racial diversity is a soft underbelly of racial stratification that exists in both countries. This stratification emerges in different forms, including the unequal distribution of resources, unequal employment opportunities, and unequal education opportunities. This paper explores these issues by comparing the racial stratifications in the US and Canada by focusing on how racial stratification occurs in the educational and workplace contexts. Comprehensively, this paper argues that Canada and the US share similar racial stratifications in their workplace contexts, as white employers in both countries negatively stereotype racial minorities. Consequently, this situation forces many workers from racial minorities to work in low status and low-paying jobs. Unlike the employment sector, there is a difference between America and Canada’s racial stratification profiles in the education sector. From this understanding, there is less racial stratification in Canada than the US (in the education sector). Considering the existence of inequalities in the access to economic opportunities and wealth, racial stratifications in Canada and the US will continue for long time. Employment Albeit there has been increased awareness about racial stratification in the workplace, racial minorities still experience several discriminating practices in the workplace. In the US, Chima (1) believes that the unique discriminating practices that affect African American workers are not the same as the challenges affecting Caucasians. Cultural insensitivity, oppressive attitudes, and oppressive policies in the workplace inform these discriminating practices. Based on the findings that appear in this section, evidently, people of African descent living in America and Canada experience the same racial stratification in the workplace, which forces them to work for low-level and low-paying jobs. Nonetheless, racial stratification in the American workplace often appears to be accidental, but it is not. Human resour
Abstract   * Revolution has been taking place in the technology sector.   * Information and knowledge are thus important in this sector.   * Technology is important in the business world.   * It should be incorporated into learning.   * School leadership should focus on improving technology in schools.   * This will enhance the utilization of modern technology. Currently, a revolution is taking place in the technology sector. With this technological revolution, information and knowledge are considered critical assets to every organization. Technology is considered as a very crucial business tool as it cuts across all sectors in the economy. In this case, many regard technology as a subtle tool for enhancing the effectiveness of various societal systems. For instance, in education systems, the integration of ICT technology may aid in shifting learning from the teacher-centered perspective to the student-focused perspective in an incredible way. However, this milestone that was achieved through the ongoing technology revolution is to be maintained through appropriate leadership skills. In most cases, leadership requires the ability to do more than one thing well. In this context, integrating ICT technology into learning coupled with teaching calls for school leaders to focus their strategic leadership efforts on organizational improvement. Arguably, this process requires technology leadership. In this perspective, this paper seeks to determine the applicability of leadership laws. This includes those postulated by John Maxwell in his book “The 21 Irrefutable Laws of Leadership” in aiding to facilitate the incorporation of ICT technology in the sector of teaching and learning among the other various sectors. Leadership within technology constitutes one of the essential issues that may result in effective implementation of ICT technologies in schools. The advancement of technology in the education sector has its impact felt far and wide. However, it is the sole responsibility of school leaders to provide the required guidelines and stipulations, which will enable maximum utilization of the modern technology. Technology in management   * Technology refers to the use of systems to solve problems.   * It affects human species.   * It can be used in medicine, construction, and ICT (Byrappa & Ohachi, 2002).   * It has helped in improving the economy.   * Critics of technological development claim that the technology causes alienation.   * Others say it is beneficial to the human condition.   * Scientists claim technology is being used by pirates.   * Technology in institutions is essential.   * Leaders should work towards its implementation.   * Top management should take responsibility in this initiative (Noorbergen, 2001).   * Managers should lead people to achieve organisational goals (Griffin, 2012).   * Managers ensure proper utilization of resources.   * They direct, control, organize and plan.   * Leadership aids in the implementation of technology.   * School leaders should lead the implementation of technology.   * They should lead the
The Internet has become an integral part of the life of many people. The invention and spread of the Internet changed all aspects of modernity. Thus, the Interned made the life quicker and communication easier. The communication via the Internet is becoming more and more popular nowadays. People prefer sharing their ideas and best moments while being online. Although the Internet has become of extreme significance nowadays, there are both advantages and disadvantages of using it. Communication and Its Forms Before examining the Internet and its role, it is necessary to be aware of the notion of communication and its various types. There are numerous definitions of communication. The central idea of all of them is that communication is a process of sharing thoughts. Thill and Bovee (2013, p. 3) define communication as ‘the process of transferring information and meaning between senders and receivers, using one of more written, oral, visual, or electronic media’. The nature of communication is complicated as far as it can be presented in various forms and dimensions. According to the most general division, the communication can be of two types: verbal and nonverbal. Verbal communication presupposes the usage of words. Thus, when people communicate with the help of words (either orally or in writing), they are engaged in the verbal communication. The distinctive feature of spoken communication is that people use different gestures, postures, movements, and facial expressions. All these signs are referred to as nonverbal communication. Nonverbal communication is not formally accepted though it exists. However, one should always bear in mind that meanings of nonverbal signs may differ among cultures and countries (Sarvaiya 2013). The sub-types of verbal communication are oral and written. The oral communication is spontaneous, personal, and flexible. Written communication is usually influenced by particular rules of writing and is rather formal. Depending on the number of participants, the communication may be intrapersonal, interpersonal, group, and massive. An intrapersonal communication occurs when one thinks. All people practice internal communication. It assists in the better understanding of the world. An interpersonal communication is realized in the form of dialogues between two people. Group communication occurs between members of the particular unity. The group is a company of individuals who are united by the common goal. There are small (from three to seven participants) and large (seven and more) groups (Sarvaiya 2013). The mass communication is the last form. This type is conducted via television, radio, or any other mass media channels. Internet Communication and Its Forms Internet communication is more often called online communication. The aim of the Internet communication is the same — to transmit information between sender
Despite the significant advancement of modern society in matters of morality and ethics, some complexities may arise even today in a world that is seemingly completely free from cultural prejudices. In particular, it is about gender inequality and the problems that accompany this issue. Caliendo mentions this social phenomenon in the book and clarifies that persistent gender inequality was typical of American history for some time (161). It allows concluding that society does not stand still and is constantly evolving. In connection with the fact that the manifestations of such historical relics are rarely observed today, it can be assumed that the problem of gender inequality has almost lost the acuteness that was relevant for an ancient society. Therefore, the described question is uniquely useful for study and comparison from the point of view of sociology. However, despite quite reasonable arguments, the author did not pay enough attention to the prerequisites for the development of this issue, as a result of which it remained insufficiently disclosed. Caliendo mentions gender inequality as a phenomenon that has evolved throughout human history but does not specify why the problem has become global and has become a morally reprehensible issue (161). Accordingly, a rather logical question can arise, the answer to which is very important: why did gender inequality become widespread in the world, and how did it happen that humanity divided societies in accordance with rights and obligations? Given that some echoes of inequality can manifest themselves even today, it is significant to understand what caused this social relic. A more detailed description of such a problem can be found in another manual. Thus, Wacquant not only mentions the problem of gender inequality but also stresses that this issue has a rather long history of development, which is rooted in the past (226). Moreover, the author claims that there is inequality not only in terms of gender but also regarding the accessibility of medical services (226). Perhaps, it is essential to consider not only one type of disparity but several ones in order to make the complete picture of the current state of the society. Inequalities in access to health services are largely due to the same prejudices that are relevant to gender disparity. It is about, for example, the social status of people, their origin, etc. Quite many attendant issues also deserve particular attention. Therefore, additional ideas can be considered to describe the entire scope of existing problems and disclose their prerequisites. Works Cited Caliendo, Stephen M. Inequality in America: Race, Poverty, and Fulfilling Democracy’s Promise . 2nd ed., Westview Press, 2017. Wacquant, Loïc. Punishing the Poor: The Neoliber