Introduction Pap smear entails a gynecological screening procedure for early detection of both premalignant and malignant ectocervix cancer processes. Factors underlying the change in the frequency of undertaking Pap smear include cost effectiveness of the method, development, and use of effective HPV vaccine, diminishing accuracy of the Pap smear screening test and progression rate of dysplasia. These factors are of great importance in solving the problem of frequency of Pap smear on childbearing women.. Although Pap smear remains an effective method for early detection of cervical cancer, many medical treatment facilities are changing the Pap smear requirement for women of childbearing age from once per year to once every three years simply because factors such as development of vaccines cost effectiveness and inaccuracy of the method reduce the importance of an annual pap smear. The Pap smear procedure involves the collection of cells from the cervix of the uterus and examination of these cells under a microscope. This procedure helps in detection of abnormality in cells at an early stage. Cells abnormalities detected are the pre-cancerous changes of the cervical intraepithelial. The changes are results of sexually transmitted human papillomavirus (Sasieni, & Cuzick, 2009, p. 296). It therefore means that women who have had no sexual contact should not undertake Pap smear screening. However, those indulging in sexual acts should undergo the test once in every three years to allow development of the cancer to detectable levels if there were any HPV infection in the initial sexual encounter. Dysplasia In pathology, dysplasia denotes abnormality in development of cells characterized by expansion, decrease in number and change of location of mature cells in a body tissue. It is an indication of an early tumor process occurring in the tissues or organs of the body. Microscopic examination of dysplasia identifies abnormality of cells by observing cells of different sizes, abnormal cell shapes, abnormal cell pigmentation, and unusual number of dividing cell during the time of observation (Smith, 2002, p.10). An example of dysplasia is the cervical intraepithelial neoplasia simply referred to as the cancer of the cervix. Pap smear can detect dysplasia in cells at an early stage and thus help in containing the disease at that stage. For cervical cancer screening, dysplasia therefore remains an important factor to consider in increasing the time between normal screenings of cervical cancer because women of childbearing age engaging in sexual activities can contract the HPV virus leading to development of the dysplasia. Infection of the cervix by the human papillomavirus is the initial step in the progression from a normal functioning cervix to a cancerous cervix. Transmission of the virus usually through sexual activities creates a high likelihood of development of a dysplasia on the surface of the cervix as the HPV viruses induce the formation of abnormal cells on the epithelial lining of the cervix. Full development of cervical cancer can take many years, but the process takes an average of 12 months to develop (Biscotti, &Dawson, 2005, p. 281). This starts from a cancer cell on the surfa