ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Marquis avoids assigning a personality to a fetus and instead uses the “future-like-ours” (FLO) theory or strategy to support the argument that abortion is morally wrong. He argues that the main reason why abortion is immoral is that it denies victims the experiences and activities of their future. According to Marquis, a fetus develops into a human being and enjoys the activities and experiences that adult human beings enjoy. Human beings undertake activities and projects that form the main reason for living. He compares the future of fetuses and babies to that of adult human beings. Every individual should get an opportunity to enjoy his or her future. Marquis argues that killing infants and young children denies them the privilege of enjoying the value of their future. To support his argument, he states that the aspect that makes abortion immoral is not its effect on an individual’s relatives or family but its effect on the victim. A fetus is a human being that is in the early stages of development. Therefore, its future is laden with experiences, projects, and activities that are characteristic of the lives of adult human beings. According to Marquis, fetuses, infants, and young children, as well as adult human beings, have a right to enjoy their future. For that reason, any factor that renders the killing of adult human beings immoral also renders the killing of fetuses and infants morally wrong. Marquis argues that abortion is rendered immoral not by the fact that fetuses are persons but because they have a future similar to that of human beings. Killing affects the victim by denying the opportunity to experience the goodness and value of their future. In his essay, Marquis defends the argument that abortion is immoral based on the “future-like-ours” theory. If someone claimed that this theory validates the killing of children in the third world or war-torn countries, Marquis would give a counterargument based on the immoral aspect of various factors that deprive children of their future. It can be deduced from his argument that any action that deprives an individual of a valuable future is morally wrong. He would argue that poverty, war, and diseases are morally wrong states that should not be used as reasons to kill children. Marquis would compare the killing of children to the killing of a person living with AIDS. In the article, he argues that the worst that can happen to an AIDS patient is sudden death. Children living in war-torn and third world countries are not destined for a dreadful future. It is impossible to determine whether the future of these children will be miserable. Therefore, there is no justification to kill them. The present does not define the future. Marquis would add that the future does not possess natural characteristics that could be used to define it. The future is indeterminate and vague. On the other hand, he would argue that every person’s future has unpleasant moments and experiences. For that reason, the experiences of children in the third world and war-torn countries are part of the negat
Introduction Hegel formulated a method that would be used in resolving conflicts among members of society. He suggested that a conflict would be resolved in three stages. In his analysis, a thesis would generate a reaction that he referred to as the antithesis. The two would always be in conflict for quite some time before forging a common position, something he termed as a synthesis. In the phenomenology of spirit, Hegel presented the science of experience of consciousness whereby he described the process through which people’s consciousness develops over time. People’s minds go through a number of stages as regards to consciousness. The development of the mind starts with the lower levels and ends with the high levels. This article analyzes how Hegel used the idea of the master and the slave to bring out the conflicts that usually exist among various groups in society. The article situates the reasoning of Hegel in two articles, one being the Second Sex by Simone and the other is the modern woman as a subject by Fanon. Hegel’s Dialectics In his works on phenomenology, Hegel discussed the idea of independent and dependent self-consciousness whereby he talked about lordship and bondage in detail. He also discussed two critical issues related to life and desire. Hegel employed several concepts in analyzing how self-consciousness forms. Through self-awareness, a group of people develop certain knowledge, spirit, and sciences meaning that what people know are always held as true (Hegel 112). Knowledge develops when one consciousness recognizes the existence of another consciousness meaning that conflicts among groups will never take place without each group developing a sense of belonging. Knowledge development, according to Hegel, does not follow the basic rules of science, but instead it develops through a phenomenological construct, which has a clear history. This entails a group demanding for freedom after realizing that another group interferes with its interests. Regarding master-slave dialectic, the views of Hegel were that the relationship between the owners of the means of production and the proletariat could be understood through an internal analysis or process, particularly when it occurs in one individual. Moreover, the same could be comprehended through an external process, particularly when it takes place between two people or two groups. Based on his view, whatever takes place in the mind of an individual would be the same thing that would take place in an individual’s life. This means that if an individual feels oppressed in his or her reasoning, there is a high likelihood that such an individual would indeed be oppressed even in normal life. Hegel was of the view that the objective suppression and objective sense of inferiority would gel to become one thing. The two levels of consciousness are never in harmony and they can even be in conflict to an extent that they fail to agree. The self at this moment is viewed as a foreign object whose existence interferes with proper reasoning. The two types of consciousness would as well perceive each other as animated objects as opposed to equal subjects. Based on this, Heg
The main themes of Harper Lee’s To Kill a Mockingbird cover both adult and children’s concerns, including the dignity of human life, the importance of truth, the rights of people to be different, the need for a humane and holistic approach to education, and the corrosive destructiveness of racism. Lee uses several story lines and a whole town full of vivid characters to make her points, and, along the way, honor her lawyer father. She clearly has seen, in her own life, the worst of racism, bigotry, and narrow-mindedness, as well as the best of integrity and upright behavior in a variety of people. She wants readers to think about how they treat others, whether of different race, or mental ability, or style of learning, or any other difference that does no harm to the rest of us, exactly like the harmless mockingbird. Harper Lee grew up in a town very like the setting of the novel. Her father was a local lawyer, a lean and lanky man very well represented by Gregory Peck in the 1962 movie. There were mysterious and shuttered homes in her neighborhood, and doubtless racial tensions. She was admired by her fellow townsfolk for her writing and her bravery in articulating the poisonous atmosphere of racism (Life Magazine, 1961). In the final section of the novel, these points come to a dramatic culmination. The trial of Tom Robinson, which showcases the venal, mendacious, and violent tendencies of the Ewell family, especially Bob Ewell, is unsuccessful in vindicating Robinson. Nonetheless, Atticus is recognized by the African-American community as having done a masterful job in defending Robinson. This is evidenced by the way Scout and Jem are prodded to rise in respect, along with all the African-Americans in attendance in the balcony (Lee, 1960, p. 350). This unshaken conviction that Atticus has done his best is also supported by the gifts in kind which the African-American community leaves at the Finch home (Lee, 1960, p. 352). The summer passes with an uneasy sense of threat from Ewell (Lee, 1960, p. 360). There is plenty of time for Atticus to explain the criminal justice system, and why no one “like us” shows up on juries, as Jem wonders (Lee, 1960, p. 365). He also theorizes about Boo Radley’s motivations for staying shut up in his house (Lee, 1960, p. 376). This is the calm before the storm, however, with the missionary circle’s almost surreally disconnected tea party that Scout is drawn into to teach her to be a young lady. It offers her an opportunity to listen to the sometimes-poisonous gossip (Lee, 1960, p. 379). All this putative peace is shattered when Atticus announces Tom Robinson’s deeply suspicious death during an alleged escape attempt. Ewell’s hatred and desire for revenge are well-known. The pace of things picks up here and it is during Scout’s awkward homeward walk inside her ham costume that she i
Introduction Improving the quality of care provided to patients is the goal that all healthcare organizations aim to reach. The development of the concept of Continuous Quality Improvement (CQI) allowed facilities to reconsider the way where they are going and the manner in which short-term objectives are achieved. When considering CQI, it is recommended for healthcare professionals to answer such questions as “how are we doing?” “can this be done better and more efficiently” and “can this be done faster?” Continuous improvement starts with the establishment of a culture of quality enhancement for the patient, the general practice, and the population as a whole. The principle was created based on the fact that despite the highest quality of care, processes and systems in any facility cannot reach perfection. It is necessary to integrate an evolutionary refining process for detecting mistakes or deviations and implement corrective actions (Fernandez & Merrill, 2014). Thus, developing a CQI system that will benefit a healthcare organization is essential for developing strategies enabling team members to assess and improve the delivery of health care services. In the current analysis, a proposal for recommended CQI steps to benefit a nursing facility will be provided. The framework for CQI usually considers three components, such as structure, process, and outcomes (see Figure 1). The structure is associated with the range of human, technological, financial, and other assets for carrying out everyday tasks in a facility (The National Learning Consortium, 2013). CQI in nursing is necessary for examining the characteristics (for example, quality, adequacy, location, and other) of the assets involved in the process of caring for patients. The process is linked to a variety of activities, tasks, and workflows targeted at achieving desired outcomes. It is notable that despite the fact that most CQI strategies in current research literature focus on clinical procedures, the process also applies to administrative contexts (da Costa, Greco, Bohomol, Arreguy-Sena, & Andrade, 2014). For example, the use of Electronic Health Records (HER) can be used for reaching the goals of both administrative and clinical processes of a nursing facility. The outcome is the component of CQI that indicates the final “result of care as well as the change in the current and future health status due to the consequences of health care interventions” (The National Learning Consortium, 2013, p. 3). Desired changes represent the efficiency and the cost of caring for patients or a return on investment in the implemented interventions. Figure 1. CQI program (The National Learning Consortium, 2013). Structuring a CQI Plan The structure of a CQU plan serves as a roadmap for the effort of quality management in a nursing facility. The first step in structuring such a plan is associated with the definition of an organizational mission and scope of practice. This is necessary for engaging all professionals involved in the process, such as nurses, nursing managers, facility directors, Information Technology specialists, and other players. Once the priorities of a plan have been ide
Introduction For many centuries, the culture of the Americans has been viewed as a ray of hope to the people oppressed by their collective governments, which are dominated, by dictatorship and authoritarianism. The present American people are themselves the descendants of immigrants who benefited from open and unregulated immigration. A big contrast exists in the way their economy, culture, and way of government are deeply dedicated to exude the rest of the world from what they benefited from centuries ago. The Americans have been known to have a passion against opening their borders of immigration to 20 th -century immigrants. The policy on American immigration requires one to have the proper and legal documentation so as to be given entry into its borders. Most immigrants are poor and illiterate. This immigration policy is based on confusion resulting from xenophobia which arises from ideas regarding cultural diversity, labor, economics, and labor mobility. Main body The argument of many Americans is that free immigration will get rid of the “working class” ability to earn a living (De Mott, 28). The free borders will put hardworking and decent Americans out of work. The immigrants due to their poverty and illiteracy status will accept to work for less than what an ordinary working American would demand. This will lead to the lowering of the average American wage value and deterioration of the life of the American working class in general. However, on the positive side, the immigrants may produce higher output and low cost of production which will bring a reprieve to the ordinary consumer in America. Expensive labor harms consumers just like tariffs do. By inviting immigrants into the labor market of America, the labor costs will be increased while the efficiency increases. Immigrant workers provide a lot of skills for instance scientists in the biotechnology field and IT industries which do not attract so many indigenous citizens. These are the industries that have formed the strongest and productive part of the American economy. Entrepreneurs of immigrants’ origin especially in Silicon Valley have created jobs for native Americans. As immigration makes the United States labor market more competitive, production costs are cheap and prices reduce. In the long term, even the domestic manual worker who is forced to lower his earnings is not any worse off. What he or she loses in terms of lesser nominal wages may as well be compensated through lower costs on the goods and services one purchases as a consumer (De Mott, 28). The American w
The Senate Appropriations Committee is considered to be one of the largest Committee of the United States Senate and includes about 29 members in the 110th Congress. The Committee is responsible for writing the legislation allotting the funds to the majority of government agencies and organizations annually. Budget Resolution sets Appropriations and that is why they depend on the decision of the Senate Budget Committee. The Constitution of the United States defines the role of the Senate Appropriations Committee. This Committee comprises the following twelve subcommittees:   * Legislative;   * Financial services;   * Food and agriculture administration;   * Science and commerce;   * Subcommittee of defense;   * Water and energy providing;   * Homeland Security;   * Environment agencies;   * Education and human recourses administrations;   * Military activities;   * Urban development and transportation;   * Foreign and state operations. All these subcommittees are responsible for drafting legislation to allow federal funds to the agencies of the government within jurisdictions. They also bear responsibility for taking budget requests of the President and hearing different testimonies from the official representatives, and also fulfilling annual plans. Such a splendid work of the subcommittees is passed to the Senate Appropriations Committee, which reviews it and then gives it to the whole Senate for consideration. The Appropriations Committee can make some changes in this work and modify the bills. Budget processes are carried out by Appropriations Committee on the basis of authorization laws, which create the budget authority. Authorization legislative finances annual programs of the budget. They provide major programs also with permanent financing; sometimes periodic funding is required and in this case, the legislative makes spending for them. If the program is e
Introduction Knowledge is the skills, information and facts that are acquired through education and or experience. It can also be said to be the practical and theoretical understanding of an area of the subject. On the other hand, vocabulary is a collection of words used and recognized in a particular language. It can also be said to be the words known to an individual in a particular area or field. There are claims that vocabulary that we know does not only enhance communication but also shapes what we can know. Basically, considering the different theories of knowledge, this claim is justified to some extent. Therefore, the vocabulary we have does more than communicate our knowledge; but it also shapes what we can know. This is an argumentative paper on vocabulary and knowledge acquisition with reference to the theories of knowledge, but the main focus is on 2 AOKS that are psychology and ethics and 3 WOKS that are language, reason and emotion. Discussion There are several theories of knowledge, but AOKS and WOKS are frequently used in enhancing the understanding of knowledge. Moreover, there are different ways of knowing areas of knowledge among these two ways, but the main focus will be on emotion, psychology, arts, ethics, reason, and language (Russell & Eames 1984). These factors may greatly influence what we can know despite influencing how we communicate knowledge. Basically, vocabulary varies with different languages and each has different meanings and ways of communication (Lagemaat 2011). Moreover, languages that have multiple vocabularies not only enhance communication ad how people interact but also what the language speakers can know. Therefore, languages with more vocabularies enhance communication among speakers and also increase the chances of learning more things or concepts due to diversity (Russell & Eames 1984). On the other hand, the availability of multiple vocabularies in a language may also hinder effective communication and what the speakers can know especially those who consider such language second. Multiple vocabularies may lead to confusion among speakers due to similarities in pronunciation and meaning (Keith 2000). Generally, most languages that have multiple vocabularies have words with similar pronunciation but different meanings and words with different pronunciation but same meanings. This might confuse several speakers who are not well versed with the respective language and hence hinder effective communication. It might also affect what the respective speake
Teacher professional development is an integral part of teaching practice, and teacher reflection is one of the methods to develop teachers’ skills, knowledge, and techniques. Teacher reflection shows the way of how teachers may interrogate their practices, pose questions concerning the effectiveness of their work, and meet students’ needs and expectations (Lyons, 1998: 115). Valli (1992: 140) introduces reflection as a deliberative process within the frames of which the ethical implications of teachers’ work are considered alongside with the students’ observations, and the alternative practices are offered. The purpose of teacher reflection is not only to change the style of teacher’s work but also to promote the evolution in work and understanding of what can be done to help students benefit with the chosen teaching practices. Though teacher reflection is directed to improve the work of teachers, this practice remains to be student-centered as well because the opinions and attitudes of students are considered. There are many ways on how to promote teacher reflective practice, and e-portfolio is one of the tools that help to engage students in evaluating tutors’ readiness to cooperate (Lyons, 1998: 115). The study developed by Jenson (2011: 49) explains electronic portfolio from four main principles according to which students should take responsibility for managing information they give about their teachers, select important pieces of information and share them properly, promote the creation of lifelong records about their learning processes, and develop the opportunities to reflect on their tutors’ work consistently. The success of this study is explained by the possibility to use self-regulation as a powerful chance to reflect on teachers’ work using personal experience and opinions. The work by Alwraikat (2012: 154) aims at describing e-portfolio as a new study formula that can be used in all developed countries on the basis of graduate students’ attitudes. The author underlines that the level of academic degree is more important than such factors as gender or specialization. Effective portfolios can also serve as the measurements of reflective practice and a kind of pedagogical space where learning and teaching practices can be properly explained (Parkers, Dredger, & Hicks, 2013: 99). Portfolios offered to students for whom English is a foreign language are characterized by a number of benefits. For example, the process of e-portfolio creation helps to enhance the professional develop and self-confidence among teachers and promote autonomous learning among students (Cimermanova, 2015: 58). Portfolios help to identify the main qualities of teachers and compare them with those expected by students and developed in reality. Finally, the study developed by Landis