ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction The ailment of substance abuse, addiction, craving of substances has been exhaustively researched by many scientists since the past few centuries. Since the past few decades, systematic study and research have provided a deeper insight into what makes people feel addicted to substances such as alcohol, tobacco, drugs and other substances. This paper provides a discussion on Advanced Addiction Psychology Contemporary Perspectives. Critical Discussion of Stroop Test Cox (et al. l, 2006) have critically reviewed the Stroop Test and have attempted to achieve a better understanding of the basic mechanisms that create an attentional bias for problems of addiction-related stimuli. The authors have suggested that the Stroop test is a psychological test of mental or attentional flexibility and vitality. The task takes advantage of the ability to read words more quickly and automatically than one can name colours. If a word is printed or displayed in colour different from the colour it actually names, one would say the word for the colour more readily than naming the colour in which it is displayed. The cognitive mechanism involved in this task is called directed attention, and one would have to manage the attention, inhibit or stop one response in order to say or do something else. The authors suggest that the relative speed of processing explanation is based on the premise that on trials that were incongruent, interference occurs because of a competition between two responses, alternatives word reading and colour naming. The study suggests that this occurs because of prior learning. The aptest critique of the test is provided by the discussion that Cox (et al. l, 2006) has provided when they suggest that the test should be considered along with the connectionist model. The model assumes that the automatic nature of attention does not occur in stages but is a continuous phenomenon. Automaticity is modelled computationally as a function of the strength of the processing pathway, and this increases with practice. Interference is interpreted as the difference between two sources of information for which interaction depends on the strength of the corresponding pathways. The first source is created as a result of the relative strength of the processing pathways for colour naming versus word reading. The second source related to individuals attentional resources, such as the degree of attentional focus for resolving the conflict. One difficulty is that the model cannot readily account for the absence of a reverse Stroop effect when the weaker pathway is given a greater chance of being activated by priming the correct response. The student of the paper would like to argue that the Stroop Effect couldn’t be conclusive at all as far as attentional bias is concerned. Indeed for the first time when the student took the test, the words with different colour meanings were slower to read. The student also admits that it took a long time to read words such as Blue (written
Executive Summary The Gap (Gap) is a well known name in the retailing world for clothing and related accessories for men, women and kids. Sold under the reputed brand names like Gap, banana republic, old navy and piperlime range of footwear. Primarily operating in North America, the company operates more than 3,100 stores worldwide, having stores in United States, Canada, the United Kingdom, France, Ireland and Japan 1 . Besides this, the company has an online presence as well, which makes it accessible to markets across the geographical boundaries. During the 53 weeks ended in February 2007, company recorded revenues worth $15,943 million, a decrease from the corresponding period in 2006 2 . In fact the company saw similar downtrend in revenues during the FY ended January 2006, when the revenue figures came down by about 1.5% from the 2005 figures. The net profit figures also saw corresponding decline during this period. This is a testimony to the kind of competition the company has been facing during the last couple of years. This calls for some adjustments and reviews of the policies being adopted by the company. Company’s Purpose and Values Gap Inc. takes pride in calling itself a brand-builder and creating emotional connections with customers around the world through inspiring product design, unique store experiences and compelling marketing.   * Company’s purpose 3 is, “To make it easy for you to express your personal style throughout your life”.   * Values guiding the company’s business operations are; integrity, respect, open-mindedness, quality and balance. With this purpose and value configuration the company offers a wide variety of products like Apparel, Shoes, Accessories, Intimate apparel and Personal care products with the availability of brands like Gap, GapKids, babyGap, GapBody, Banana Republic, Old Navy and Forth &Towne Stakeholders For any organisation to work, a number of stakeholders have to pool their efforts. Terry & Franklin (1994) define management as ‘a distinct process consisting of activities of planning, organizing, actuating and controlling performed to determine and accomplish stated objectives with the use of human beings and other resources’. Management therefore involves a coordinated approach taking care of all the factors affecting the business operations. Functioning of an organisation is mainly affected by two types of factors;   * Internal: These are the factors like the strengths of the organisation, in terms of its finances, human resources, management, strategies etc. These factors can be controlled well by the organisation.   * External: These are the factors on which an organisation may not be able to exert much of its control. These include, the legal and political scene prevailing within the state/ country of its operations, number and types of competitors, suppliers in the market, terms and conditions from financial institutions, alternative products available in the market, newer technological innovations etc. For Gap Inc. the key internal stakeholders are the more than 150,000 employees around the world and its shareholders with the task of management being performed by a dedicated lead by
Marketing Demand for online content is increasing as the internet becomes more accessible to an increasing number of people worldwide. The is a large quantity of online content touching on diverse subjects. The two main challenges with large portions of existing content are as follows:   * Poor quality website content not optimized for readers.   * Low suitability of the content in regards to the needs of readers. Customer Need Many business owners aim at connecting with online audiences in order to convert them to customers via their blogs and websites. Few businesses can afford to maintain a full time employee to handle online content development. Therefore businesses lack the resources to attract and maintain the attention of their online audiences. If such businesses had access to valuable and relevant content, they would be willing to pay for it in order to maintain their online presence. This creates a demand for suitable high quality content by businesses that lack the internal capacity to develop such content. The Need for High Quality Web Content:   * Quality content is necessary for the conversion of web traffic into an engaged audience.   * Quality content earns the confidence of the people who visit a specific website. This helps a business establish itself as an authority in its business niche .   * Quality content makes it easy for customers to distinguish a specific company from its competitors. Think Branding   * Quality content makes visitors to a website feel rewarded for visiting the site. This sense of satisfaction is vital in moving the audience down the sales funnel. The Need for Relevant Web Content:   * While the internet contains information about everything, people surf only websites that are relevant to their needs.   * Relevance in this case means:       + Content that answers the specific concerns of the people who visit a website.       + Content presented in a manner that the audience identifies with.   * Many businesses lack the resources needed to develop content that meets the needs of their prospects, but can afford to pay an external content developer on project basis. Market Analysis The Product Adoption process   * Awareness: Customer learns about the existence of the product.       + Customers will learn about the service via online tools, and via eWOM.   * Interest: Customer takes an interest in the product.   * Evaluation: Customer evaluates the product based on existing needs.   * Trial: The customer tries out the product to see the potential results.   * Adoption: The customer starts using the product with dedication. Market Opportunity Analysis Benefits Articulation Every business that has an online presence would like to get business from online traffic. It is therefore easy to communicate the benefits of outsourcing content development. Access to Target Market This business service targets business with an online presence. Its easy to access such businesses via the contacts posted
Introduction Advertising is a marketing tool that aims at persuading target customers to buy a certain product; they are also designed to differentiate a company’s products by a glance (Hsuen-Ho & Jia-Wei, 2010). Subway is a leading world fresh-made sandwich provider with 33318 restaurants distributed in 92 countries. Other than itself operating from a central point, it franchises its name. The restaurant was established in 1965 by Fred DeLuca and Dr. Peter Buck; the company has a robust marketing team that uses different marketing channels to sell its products. Advertising in the company is managed by Subway Franchisee Advertising Fund Trust (SFAFT); some of the media used include electronic and print Medias (Subway official website, 2011). This paper analyzes the effectiveness of an online advert (see the appendix) for a company’s sandwich posted on its official website. Adverts communication The advert clearly defines the components of the company’s sandwich, with the advert; potential customers can be able to differentiate the product from those offered by competitors. The components can be correctly predicted and the size of the sandwich can be predicted. Looking at the sandwiched vegetables, a potential customer can tell they are fresh, to reinforce the advert, the company has a tag with the advert. Differentiation of the product Looking at the advert, customers can see some unique feature with the advert that is likely to differentiate it from competitors; the shape and the components of the sandwich portray some unique; the advert tag on the other hand creates a difference when it says “subways eat fresh, which is a registered tag (Hsuen-Ho & Jia-Wei, 2010). Market segment targeted in the ad According to the philosophy of SFAFT, adverts are targeted to people between the ages of 19 and 49 years; the advert meets the tar
Introduction Schizophrenia is a severe, insistent, and an incapacitating mental illness. People with the disease have decreased rates of engagement, marriage, and self-regulating life than other individuals do. The positive symptoms of the disease incorporate hallucinations associated with hearing, illusions, and disordered language and behavior (Frankenburg, Dunayevich, and Albucher). It also has negative symptoms comprising of diminished sensitivity, lack of speech, and diminished interest. The disease also presents cognitive symptoms associated with memory (Keefe and Joseph 12). Finally, schizophrenia patients also exhibit symptoms associated with mood swings, such as being unreasonably happy or sad. Main Body “Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders fourth edition (DSM – IV – TR)” is applicable in diagnosing schizophrenia (Frankenburg, Dunayevich, and Albucher). The diagnosis takes place through observing patients’ symptoms to determine whether they meet the DSM – IV – TR benchmarks for identifying the disease (Frankenburg, Dunayevich, and Albucher). The symptoms of schizophrenia captured in the DSM – IV – TR includes illusions, hallucinations, and disordered language. The tool also captures disordered behavior and harmful symptoms. Specialists acknowledge the difficulty in distinguishing schizophrenia from methamphetamine (METH) induced problems (Rawson 19). The difficulty emerges because of the similarity in their hallucination characteristics. It is normally problematic to differentiate the hallucinations of the disease from those of METH. METH induced disorders also incorporate noticeable hallucinations and illusions (Rawson 19). The presence of METH-induced illnesses is determined through a psychosis process involving a comprehensive examination of the history of patients. The determination takes place after undertaking physical examination, urine, drug, and reality tests. Specialists argue that the hallucinations of schizophrenia comprise hearing problems. On the contrary, the hallucinations of METH-induced illnesses normally comprise of visual or tactile problems. Furthermore, a meth-induced disorder exhibits visual illusions (Lieberman, Stroup, and Perkins 194). The illusions are associated with hyperactivity, overactive sexual needs, misperception, and confusion, and signs of disorganized thinking. Schizophrenia patients also exhibit symptoms of inability to speak. Generally, the inability to speak lacks among patients with METH disorders (Tsuang, Stephen, and Stephen 71). Although the symptoms of the two diseases are largely similar, the schizophrenia is real. Schizophrenia patients show an inability to speak while people with METH do not. Furthermore, some studies have linked heavy METH use to escalated schizophrenia (Rawson 21). The study focused on people without a history of mental disorders. The study showed that people with conditions linked to METH had a high chance of developing schizo
Introduction Forensic anthropologists mostly use the pelvis and the femur as instruments for examining age and sex. Elements of the pelvis may combine with femur to avail accurate projection of the postcranial bones. Studies have been performed to investigate race disparities in the pelvis when the skull, the normal was of examining race, is unavailable. These studies have suggested that pelvis can be used to significantly estimate race of an unidentified person. However, these studies fail to explain whether these assessments are accurate enough to neglect the impacts of expert errors during observation and data collection. Since the procedure in which expert testimony is considered reliable in court has become must stricter following: the Frye v. the United States, in 1923; Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, in 1993; General Electric Company v. Joiner , in 1997, Kumho Tire Co. v. Carmichael , in 1999. (Grivas and Komar 773), it is of significance to ensure that evidence used in court are reliable and fully explained. The first case that was linked to the admissibility of expert evidence was the Frye v. the United States, in 1923. In Frye, the court held that for a specific scientific testimony to be admissible as evidence, the testimony should be recognized in the scientific community. The second case was Daubert v. Merrell Dow
Abstract Objective This paper’s objective is to discuss the pathophysiology of intraoperative hypotension, or low blood pressure, with a focus on the causes of hypotension occurring at the cellular/receptor level. Background Intraoperative hypotension (IOH) is a major factor associated with postoperative complications and high rates of mortality following non-cardiac surgery. The incidence varies according to the definition of IOH used by physicians and the causes of the condition. Even though there is no single definition of what can be considered intraoperative hypotension, physicians commonly use the indication of mean arterial pressure less than 65 mmHg. Despite the variations in defining hypotension and its symptoms, a strong connection has been between IOH and a number of adverse postoperative outcomes. These include myocardial injury after non-cardiac surgery, acute kidney injury, and other organ injuries. Results The current research has identified several major causes of intraoperative hypotension. They include intravascular hypovolemia, vasodilation, high intrathoracic pressure, low cardiac output, and compromised baroreflex regulation. These conditions act as causative mechanisms resulting from the use of anesthetic medication and lead to the reduction of blood pressure. Risk factors are associated with included advanced age, the history of hypotensive episodes, emergency surgery, and the vulnerability to tissue ischemia. Although several conditions and processes have been identified as causes of intraoperative hypotension, more research needs to be done on the treatments and perioperative management of IOH. Patients that receive non-cardiac surgery under general anesthesia still face the risks of a decrease in blood pressure to dangerous levels. Pathophysiology of Intraoperative Hypotension Introduction Intraoperative hypotension is among the most common side effects of general anesthesia used during surgery. Most frequently, IOH or intraoperative hypotension is determined as a mean arterial pressure (MAP) lower than the 25% average value of the patient. Even short periods of the decrease in MAP have appeared to be connected to unfavorable outcomes. IOH is considered to be a major factor associated with adverse postoperative complications, such as ischemic myocardial injury after extracardiac surgery, kidney injury, organ injuries, and other dangerous conditions. Annually, over 8 million patients suffer from postoperative myocardial injury, which is also one of the leading causes of patients dying within the first month after surgery. Thus, IOH is a major factor linked to a high postoperative mortality rate, as it increases the risk of adverse postoperative outcomes leading to death. Incidence Studies report the different incidence si
Key Reasons Behind Nissan’s Performance The key reasons are regarded to be the difficult financial situation in the 1999, when Nissan nearly became a bankrupt. It is explained by the fact that the two largest car markets (the USA and Japan) were featured by the decreased sales of the cars during this period. Thus, the production of Nissan declined to 600,000 units (nearly 53%). Alliance On the one hand, it is necessary to mention that the alliance is senseless, as Renault Company has already had negative experience n merging with Volvo. It is claimed, that car companies’ unification during their crisis periods is not the best solution of the problem. On the other hand it is emphasized that the merging companies were quite matching in geographic scope and skills. Renault had a flair for marketing and design, and was strong in Europe and Latin America. Nissan was an engineering powerhouse with a strong market presence in Japan, North America and Asia. Unanimous Pessimism The news of the unification were met without enthusiasm because of the fact that these two corporations experienced not very successful times in their histories, and they were regarded as two mules on the horserace, as the industrial powers and financial capabilities of these companies were not rather strong. The key success factors in management literature are based on the concept that a corporation’s information structure should be highly selective, concentrating on the most successful factors of the activity, and actions which are vital for the company. These factors must be closely linked with the aims of the organization and shape the grounding of management control. The personal experience states, that key success factors are linked with a few key spheres of activity in which positive results are necessary for successful competitive performance for the company. Renault and Nissan stand against these factors by just ignoring the significance of the information system and focusing on the success factors. The risks, which companies faced, were linked with the instability of their position on the markets and the instability of the markets themselves. Thus, the future of the alliance was shady and lacking any perspective. Carlos Ghosn’s Key Challenges   * Return to profitability during the year March 2000 to March 2001. The net income after tax of the Nissan Group will be positive.   * An [annual] operating margin superior to 4.5 percent of sales during the year March 2002 to March 2003.   * A 50 percent decrease in net debt, from $12.6 billion today to $6.3 billion by March 2003.   * Reduce purchasing costs by 20 percent by March 2003.   * Reduce 21,000 jobs
Topic Area In recent years, the argument in favour of single-occupancy rooms has gained currency not only in Saudi Arabia but also in Europe and the United States. In the context of nursing unit configuration, researchers and practitioners agree that single patient room wards provide privacy, dignity and comfort to patients (Hendrich, 2004), and guarantee reduced infection rates, fewer medical errors, and faster patient recovery rates (Maben, 2009). However, many health institutions across the globe still retain the retrospective multi-bedroom wards, in large part due to real or imagined fears of staffing constraints associated with single patient room wards (Flynn & Mckeown, 2009). The proposed study, titled Impact of Nursing Unit Configuration on Staffing Demand: A Comparison Study between Single Patient Room Wards and Multi-Bed Room Wards , seeks to look into the managerial sphere of nursing unit configuration (single patient room versus multi-bedroom wards) and how the selected configuration impacts nurses’ staffing requirements. Motivation of Interest Consecutive studies have been carried out in the US and the UK on the challenges facing nursing managers in ensuring appropriate staffing across all ward levels (Ellis & Chapman, 2006). Seminal studies have also been undertaken on the benefits and drawbacks of single patient room wards versus multi-bedroom wards, and targets were drawn for practice (Chaudhury et al., 2004). In 2001, upon analysing the benefits of single-occupancy rooms, the UK’s Department of Health (DH) produced policy guidance stating t
Introduction Business process reengineering is a way in which businesses are modernized and made more efficient. In this process, a given business is changed in ways that alters the daily functions of a particular business. In any business or organization, the most important factors are the people who are involved and the processes which run the business. If both the cornerstones do not correlate, there will be poor business performance. The people need to be motivated as much as it is possible whilst the business processes need to be running smoothly in a way that will not affect the people. The essence of “business process reengineering” is purposely set to change the way people function in organizations or firms. Some of the changes that are brought along by the concept of business process reengineering are can have very huge effects on the flow of income in any business. Simple things that change the way of doing things in a business like documentation of the processes have been known to improve business efficiency to important magnitudes. Participative business process reengineering In business process reengineering, there is a call for fundamental changes in the organization. These changes mostly involve focus on business analysis as opposed to organizational functions and some extra reengineering to these processes such that there is maximized performance. One issue that is really affecting the exercise of business process reengineering is the increasing of the scope of the concerned factors. Most of the involved factors cannot be put or captured by the