ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The New Testament is a fundamental text of human history. With its help, Christianity has shaped the behavior and experiences of many men and women over 2,000 years. By reading it, from ancient times, members of other religions have gained information about the foundations of Christianity. Only for about 300 years it has been subjected to scholarly investigations, often wish sharp historical criticism that has confused the church and theology and has become a characteristic of modern culture. Over this period, many issues have been clarified. Today we know very much more about these 27 short writings from a little religious sub culture in the Roman Empire than ever before. Nevertheless, the risk of being forgotten, partly because the link with the Christian history which they have influenced has been broken, partly because the results of historical – critical research are so complex that many people are deterred from trying to grasp them. The New Testament is a collection of the writings of a small religious sub culture in the Roman Empire which was formed as a result of a new interpretation of the Jewish religion. This new interpretation was promoted around AD 27 – 30 by the activity of the Jewish charismatic Jesus of Nazareth, who was executed by the Romans as a troublemaker (Theissen, 2003). In the New Testament writings, his figure comes to stand alongside with God. Even now, one challenge in interpreting these writings is to explain how within the monotheistic world of Jewish faith a human being could come to be associated with the one and only God in this way; how as a result this variant of Jewish religion opened up to non Jews and why many Jews had to reject it (Bütz, 2005). A first attempt to understand the New Testament as literature can begin either from the title of the whole collection of books or from the literary forms of the writings brought together in it (Marshall, Travis, & Ian, 2002). The title ‘New Testament’ derives from the Hebrew term new covenant and appears for the first time as a promise in the book of the prophet Jeremiah (31. 31 – 34). This new relationship was regarded as the new covenant which God will make with Israel. Inspired by this vision, in the second century BC, in reaction to tendencies towards Hellenization in Judaism, some Jews founded a new covenant in the land of Damascus – a group which later resulted in the Essenes. Jesus of Nazareth left no writings. Nevertheless, the language of the forms of his preaching has found its way into the gospels. We find it here as a unique combination of poetry in parables, wisdom in sentences and prophecy in promises and threats. In addition, he has indirectly helped to stamp the recollection of his activity in brief anecdotal narratives (apophthegms) and miracle stories (Stein, 1994). Everything that is said by Him and about Him in the gospels is bathed on a mythical aura, yet it is mol
The Study Human beings behave in a particular manner. Every person is always conscious of his or her friends, relatives, neighbors, and teammates. I decided to make a series of observations by visiting several religious congregations and churches. This exercise made it is easier for me to understand why human beings behave in a unique manner. I observed how different individuals interacted in a particular manner. The targeted individuals also respected one another. They also greeted each other in a friendly manner. Most of the attendees were dressed smartly. They also listened attentively to their religious leaders without any complaint. The greatest question is whether such individuals would have behaved in the same manner if they were attending a non-religious event. The people interacted in a friendly manner and shared their ideas effectively. Sociological Explanation Human beings always have the potential to interpret their friends’ ideas, behaviors, and actions. The above exercise explains why human beings interpret certain events and symbols in a particular manner. The idea of religion calls for respect, love, and togetherness. Individuals from all backgrounds tend to respect their religious affiliations. The above conversation explains why human beings interpret God’s messages and commandments in a positive manner. The church is a symbol that presents something greater to every believer. This fact explains why the individuals respected their religious leaders and fellow believers. I also identified more symbols in the church such as the Bible and other religious books. It is agreeable that many societies attach unique meanings to such religious symbols. As well, many individuals tend to have unique perceptions about the meaning of the above symbols. Such individuals would have acted differently if they were in a different meeting. Human beings will talk in a friendly manner whenever they are in a religious meeting. The same individuals would act and react differently whenever attending a fund-raising event. The people in every church were happy and ready to portray their best images. They did not have any differences because they shared a common faith. They were also ready to interact with one another even if they had very little in common. According to sociologists, human beings will always identify their unique symbols and attach specific meanings to them. Religion becomes a major social force that encourages people to help one another and live in harmony. The above exercise was critical because it made it easier for me to construct a better sociological explanation. My Mini Theory Symbols are common in every human society. The most appropriate model that explains this human behavior is symbolic interactionism. According to this micro th
Introduction Was the Occupy Wall Street movement a social, political or an economic movement? This is what rings in the mind of a substantial number of analysts whenever there is a reflection on the Movement. The Occupy Wall Street Movement is a movement that took place in the United States in 2011, when the impacts of the global economic recession were almost fading and paving way for economic recovery. The movement was spontaneous, yet it became quite organized as the protests progressed. The dimension and the grievances that were raised in Occupy Wall Street Movement depict the search for social and economic justice for the consumers in the United States. This paper discusses the Wall Street Movement. The aim of the paper is to provide a coherent analysis of the issues by bringing out the moral issues of the Movement and analyze the Movement in relation to philosophical theories like Kantian, utilitarianism and virtue ethics. Overview of the moral and economic implication of the movement The Occupy Wall Street Movement is a protest movement that took place in the United States in the year 2011. The protest was spontaneous and took place in Zuccotti Park , in the Wall Street financial district, in the city of New York. The Movement attracted people of diverse races, gender, age, and political inclinations. The main slogan of the Movement was ‘we are the 99%’. The slogan refers to a large percentage of the population that is dissatisfied with the prevailing economic conditions in the United States. Income inequality and inequitable distribution of wealth are the main issues that were being aired out by the protesters (Selinger & Seager, 2011). The implication of the movement was that income inequality in the United States is a kind of social injustice in the country. Only one percent of the American population represents the rich, yet the rich own more than 90 percent of the wealth in the country. The majority of the citizens in the country strive for the little wealth that remains. The rich collude with governments to protect and amass more wealth at the expense of the people who occupy the middle and the low economic classes in the country (Occupy WallStreet, 2012). A number of developments have come out recently, which point to the fact that most Americans are undergoing economic difficulties and subsequent social problems. During the global economic crisis, it became evident that most of people in the United States cannot afford a medical cover. Economic surveys had also been indicating that most Americans earn wages far below the set minimum wage. There is, therefore a big difference between the highest wages that are paid to top executives of companies in the United States and the
Research Topic The effects of personality on leader-member relationships in the organization. Introduction A good relationship between junior members of the organization and the managerial team is very important as regards to the success of the company. Leader-member theory has always been utilized to understand the relationships that exist between an individual employee and the team leader. The theory suggests that leaders differ in terms of personality. This would mean that leaders differ in the way they associate with subordinates. Through Leader-Member theory, it is established that certain forms of relationships exist between supervisors and subordinates within the organization (Martin, Epitropaki, & McNamara, 2005). Further research suggests that the quality of relationships differ greatly. It is therefore true that the quality of relationships is determined by the personality of the leader. Some leaders would seem to consult with their subordinates before making decisions while others are known to exercise a tyrannical type of rule, which is characterized by dictatorship (Manzoni, & Barsoux, 2002). The type of relationships formed within the organization would depend on the personality of the leader. Leaders who develop quality relationships with their subordinates have high chances of excelling while those who are unable to adjust their personalities end up performing dismally. This research aims at examining the quality of relationships in an organization. The article would also examine the role of personality in forming relationships in the organization. Leaders who are able to form strong relationships with their subordinates tend to benefit from improved communication, emotional support and enhanced role playing among employees. In order to evaluate the role of personality, this article will employ quantitative research methods to study the behavior of employees, as well as leaders. Research Objectives and Research Questions Research Questions   * Does personality change over time?   * What could be done to reduce the damage caused by attitudinal aspects within the organization? Objectives of the Study   * The research aims at finding out why some leaders have weak personalities, which affect relationships within the organization, while others have strong personalities that allow them to enter into new situations easily.   * To establish the effects of attitudes on the performance of the organization. Some leaders have negative attitudes towards some employees due to reasons such as gender differences, racial differences and academic differences. These are some of the reasons that would affect the relationships in the organization   * To find out whether personality is a variable that c
Introduction More and more Australians are taking cruise holidays. For instance, it is reported that in the year 2010, the number approached an all time high of about 500,000 basing on the estimates that were given in 2011 (Moffet, 2011). Beginning from the year 2002, the number of the Australian people that have been cruising has gone up from 116, 308 to 466,692 passengers, which is a 306% increase, realizing a growth rate of nineteen percent per year (Moffet, 2011). It is also reported that the annual growth in the number of the Australian cruise passengers in the year 2010 was among the highest for the global cruise sector, with just New Zealand recording a higher increase of 35% and other main source markets registered growth with “North America increasing 6 percent in 2010, the U.K 6 percent, France 12 percent and Italy 11 percent” (Moffet, 2011, p.1). This paper is going to look at the growth of cruising in Australia. The description of how cruising has grown over time is going to be given and the analysis of the cruise sector is going to be carried out in order to justify whether the growth of this sector is sustainable. The conclusion is going to give a summary of the important points in the discussion. Cruising in Australia The Australians go cruising for various reasons. Some of them go abroad for the on the ship party environment with an intention for going to dine, drink and nightclub. There are also those who go out to look for quiet hideaways in order for them to engage in reading or to play board games and also to relax from hectic onshore occupations ( Australians addicted to Cruising, 2008). The cruising sector in Australia has gone through a period of growth in the course of the last several years, although from a low base, having a 24 percent in annual passenger days at the port beginning from the year 2005 (Access Economics, 2009). In the course of that period, there has been an increase in the number of passenger days at the ports in Australia from approximately four hundred thousand per year up to about 1.1 million each year. It is reported that, as on one hand there has been fair growth in the Australian tourism sector in general, on the other hand, there has been a considerable growth in cruise tourism (McLennan, 2011). It is also reported that “growth in Australian cruise passengers travelling on Australian based ships has been faster than in comparable international markets” (Deloitte Access Economics, 2012, p.9). The estimates that have been presented by the “International Cruise-Council Australia” give an indication that the domestic passengers on the ships that are based in Australia have witnessed a 27 percent growth. However, there has been slower growth in Australians cruising in the German based ships and both North America
The methods to enter a given market are significant for any firm willing to diversify its operations while increasing and expanding its operations. MNEs corporations are mainly large and dominant in their domestic markets and often seek ways to diversify in order to increase their scale of operations while minimizing risks in domestic markets. On their part, SMEs are still growing and seek opportunity to diversify their activities while growing to full potential. As they seek to undertake a manufacturing venture in a foreign market, both SMEs and MNEs utilize some entry techniques as examined in this paper (Doole & Lowe 2008, p. 57). Local manufacturing is the activity in which the firms involved produces goods and services for local or domestic use. The firms manufacture products with the aim of domestic consumption. For local manufacturing to happen, the domestic market must be large enough to provide the market for manufactured goods. The market must be large enough for the involved corporations to make profit since the big investment is involved. Although the intention of manufacturing is for local consumption, in some situations, the firm produces surplus that could be sold outside the intended market (Rajesh et al., 2008, p. 316). Exporting Market Entry Strategy MNEs are dominant corporations in their domestic markets and seek diversification into other markets for different reasons including availability of resources for such form of diversification. Therefore, as noted by Peng (2008, p. 173), MNEs have enough resources to undertake a local manufacturing diversification in another country. The success of the diversification depends on the method of entry chosen by the firm. According to Hamid et al. (2008, p. 45), most MNEs are involved in exporting strategy with the firms venturing into new markets either directly or indirectly. Therefore, exporting is the most common form of entry strategy for local manufacturing. In the exporting strategy, the firms involved ship or sell goods in the domestic economy and it is a common strategy for small and medium enterprises to venture into new markets. As noted by Demirbag and Ekrem (2009, p.161), exporting could be either direct or indirect. This could be through established outlets of the firm in the foreign market. On the contrary, indirect exporting involves the exporting firm to sell another buyer (importer) the products and the buyer then exports the products to other foreign markets (Wölfl 2004, p. 73). Exporting could also take the form of internet marketing where business transactions take place online. With the manufacturing firm continuing manufacturing in its domestic economy, it could export its products to another marke
Communication effort as a way of marketing a particular brand makes use Integrated Marketing Communications (IMC) (Smith &Taylor, 2004). Through this concept, the relationship between the customer and the brand is greatly enhanced. The communication efforts employed here are primarily meant to foster a warm customer relationship so that a particular brand can be consumed at will by customers. Such relationships are also considered to be profitable since they are cross-functional in nature. For instance, these communication efforts are considered to be profitable owing to the fact that all the messages sent to the active and prospective customers are meant to be persuasive since they encourage dialogue. Quite a number of relevant marketing communication tools are usually integrated and employed when IMC concept is adopted. The rationale is to create the greatest impact to the consumers at a cost that is relatively low and manageable (Percy, 2008). In most instances, internally directed communications, customer-focused as well as marketing channels are all affected in this form of integration. When developing an Integrated Marketing Communications Plan, it is imperative for a company planning to advertise and market breakfast cereals suitable for both young and old, to bear in mind the right promotional strategies that will not only reach the target audience but also be cost-effective (Kitchen & Pelsmacker, 2004. The two communication efforts will markedly differ along the IMC plan such that the latter will depict the behavior of buyers, brand management and corporate image. For instance, a company marketing its brands should not give conflicting messages that may equally confuse the entire market. In any case, the aforementioned components form part and parcel of foundation for an organisation. Another difference is the consumer and trade promotions that can be used to push sales. Others include customer relations management, data base marketing and personal selling (Shimp, 2008). They are all different since they are classified as promotional tools. Additional, another difference emerges in the design of advertising used. Several tools exist here. For example, selection of the advertising media is paramount. Others are execution frameworks and advertising design and management that has been put in place. The last difference is the nature of integration tools used for promoting a certain brand or product. The marketing program is integrated in addition to entrepreneurial ventures that are available for newly introduced products into the market. One typical example is the case of Kellogg’s company whereby the two communication efforts differ significantly in the sense that the company is using a mixed variety of reaching out for its consumers. Indeed, if Kellogg’s were to cereal breakfast for both the young and old age, then it can still apply such winning strategies such as giving prices upon purchase, relaying messages of goodwill upon exercising after utilizing the product, convincing the b
Problem Question Understanding that numerous animals species are under extinction threat, people have developed numerous conservation and population recovery programs that usually take place within zoos. The San Diego Zoo is one of the largest in the country, and observing the animal behavior in it might help realizing how the programs are successful. Therefore, the problem question is: How active are pandas during the day in the San Diego Zoo? Hypothesis Based on the numerous remarks of scholars that claim that the animals are less active in the artificially created conditions in zoos, the hypothesis of the current write-up is as follows: Pandas tend to be inactive in the artificially created conditions of the San Diego Zoo. Procedure In order to answer the problem question and to either prove or reject the above presented hypothesis, the research of pandas’ behavior during a day was taken up with the help of the web cam located in the pandas’ enclosure. First, the web page of the San Diego Zoo was accessed to consider the information on conservation programs carries out. Second, the Live Cams & Video section was accessed, and the videos from the web cams of panda, polar bear, elephant, and apes were viewed. Third, panda cam videos were chosen for the more detailed analysis as this animal is an interesting species under the threat of extinction. Data As stated above, the observation of panda live cam videos was carri
Super Nanny The episode under consideration is about the Collins family. Jason is the head of the family. He works outside the home in a British bakery where he is a manager. He works until late and usually comes home no earlier than 8 p.m. Karen is the mother whose only work is looking after the family’s four children. Ben is their oldest son and he is 10; their daughter Lauren is 8; younger children are Joshua (6) and Joseph (2). From the father’s perspective, the problem consists in their children being naughty and uncontrollable; he sees how tired Karen gets during the day but he cannot help it. From the mother’s perspective, the problem consists in her inability to control all of the children at one at the same time, since Joseph, her younger son, requires constant attention. From the children’s perspective, there are no problems; they do not think that situation in their family should be fixed. Moreover, they claim that Supernanny’s techniques will never work in case with their family and they are aiming to prove it. The main behavioral problem of this family is the mother’s inability to make the children respect her. The children are aggressive; they use obscene words in their parents’ presence, as well as in Nanny’s presence, despite their mother’s asking them not to do this. Supernanny techniques are separating children into the so-called “naughty areas” and taking away their toys for misbehavior. Together with this, Nanny is trying to show respect for each member of the family. She thoroughly explains to children why they were punished and what they should do to avoid the punishment in future. Her respect to parents consists of constantly explaining to them why her techniques are useful. With time, the members of the family start opposing Nanny’s interventions. This results in children’s resistance and parents’ tears when they feel sorry for their kids being punished. Nevertheless, Nanny’s techniques proved to be efficient and there is hardly anything else which I could recommend if I were Collins’ family practitioner. Wife Swap The episode under discussion is about Wiggins and Felix. Felix’s family lives in New York; the mother of the family is working while the father is unemployed. Their socio-economic status resulted in their children being uneducated and well-bred. The head of the Wiggins family is ex-marine; the family has a high socio-economic status; they are respected by their neighbors and members of the family respect each other. Felix family consists of Vicki who is 27, her husband Jeremy (28), and their children Erikka and Dyllan, aged 9 and 5 respectively. Wiggins’ family includes Bill (41), his wife Neicey (40), their two teenage sons Billy Jr. (18) and Brelend who is 15. The main culture clash occurring during the swap is all about Jeremy’s disregard to black people. He constantly uses the “N” word and other racial slurs. Wiggins’ main values are order, cleanness and respect for older people, whereas the main rule of Felix family is the absence of any rules. With respect to roles, power, communication, and emotional expression, Wiggins’ family is balanced w