ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Religion and spirituality play an essential role for many people in the modern world, affecting their perceptions of health and health outcomes. Firstly, one can state that following religious beliefs can result in fatalism. People start believing that their actions can not affect their health outcomes, which leads to challenges for medical professionals who should make participants follow treatment guidelines. Secondly, many religions stipulate that a person’s body is the temple of their soul or spirit. That is why it is necessary to monitor health conditions, and numerous religious people do it. It is necessary to mention that the phenomena under consideration can lead to positive and negative experiences. On the one hand, Pentaris (2019) stipulates that religion “is a mechanism for coping with trauma, illness, crisis,” and others (p. 287). Simultaneously, some findings state that there is a positive correlation between spirituality and decreased anxiety (Pentaris, 2019). On the other hand, some patients can accept illness and reject treatment for religious motives and since it is all in God’s hands. The exact opposite approaches exist among spiritual individuals about resilience and death. Consequently, it is possible to mention that patients’ spirituality is a controversial phenomenon in the healthcare industry because it can positively or negatively influence health outcomes. Since I am a Roman Catholic, it is necessary to consider whether my religion affects how service should be provided to patients. Today, the Catholic Church is one of the leading world organizations that contribute to promoting better healthcare. In particular, the specific actions include running charity organizations, providing people in need with accessible services, and many others. That is why it is not a surprise that individual medical professionals should do their best to provide individuals with assistance. However, I should admit that the Catholic religion stipulates that people should not be forced to utilize treatment; it should be their own choice. In conclusion, it is necessary to explain how I can improve my understanding of patients’ views about religion and spirituality. The most optimal strategy is to study professional literature to determine what challenges different religions can bring to social work practice. For example, male social workers should be cautious while working with Muslim women because religion governs these women’s behavior with other men. Simultaneously, Hodge and Limb (2010) explain that trust is essential for treating Native Americans. Pentaris (2019) stipulates that it is reasonable to avoid discrimination on race. In particular, it is not rational to believe that representatives of a specific religion are the same. Consequently, social workers should develop their personal and communicative skills to determine how a patient’s beliefs can affect professional practice, and I plan to follow this approach.
Introduction Modern technologies make it possible to make fashion more accessible, efficient and eco-friendly by using predictive technologies, creating new fabrics and textures and mechanising production. However, these technologies are still in their infancy; hence, it is difficult to assess their prospects without a detailed analysis. For this reason, this paper will look at such trends as the use of AI, sustainable fabrics and China’s e-commerce in fashion to predict their future development and impact on the fashion industry. Artificial Intelligence in the Fashion Industry Artificial intelligence technologies began to be used more frequently in the fashion industry. For example, a literature review by Giri et al. (2019) shows that most of the research on artificial intelligence in fashion has been published in the last decade. However, there have also been articles on simpler AI technologies since 1989. However, one can note significant progress in the use of AI by examining its current applications. Firstly, one of the most common methods of using AI is predicting customer demands and their volumes, as well as managing supply chains. For example, back in 2017, IBM started working with Tommy Hilfiger to identify future trends using AI (Cassidy, 2019). Such predictions allow manufacturers to manage supply chains by limiting or increasing the supply of raw materials and producing clothing. In addition, analysis of social media such as Instagram is also used for this purpose because fashion blogs and discussions provide the most direct insight into customer requests (Cassidy, 2019). Computer technology and AI are also being used to provide customers with a more enjoyable shopping experience. The most common technology is conversational commerce, which allows shoppers to receive personalised recommendations, is chatbots or messaging (McDowell, 2019). This tool improves sales efficiency as it allows companies to reduce the number of workers without depriving customers of recommendations. For instance, Burberry and Tommy Hilfiger use chatbots that run 24/7 and always ready to help customers (Gandhi, 2019, para.6). Consequently, AI has great significance in the retail and marketing of the fashion industry. Furthermore, AI is used directly in production and design development. Intelistyle conducted a study in which the respondents were asked to choose an outfit among two options, one of which was created by AI and the other by an influencer. 70% of people chose the look created by AI and not by a real person (Roberts-Islam, 2019,
Introduction Media employs several strategies in distributing information and this information sometimes may be full of propaganda. Press freedom lays the power of cognition in the hands of people. Consequently, people can express their opinions without fear of disclosing the source of that information. This freedom also makes a straight marketplace for ideas and opinions from different quarters of the country. Media is doing a fabulous job by informing citizens about pertinent issues concerning what is happening in the country right now, especially in highlighting the apposite issues in the controversial healthcare reforms. This is crucial issue given the fact that healthcare is an issue that affects all citizens and decisions made should involve all people. As people continue to enjoy this fundamental freedom of expression, one questions the best way of presenting information. How can we decipher good media coverage from bad? What defines good media coverage? Main Body FactCheck.org is an epitome of what constitutes good media coverage. This site delivers quality as opposed to quantity. In principle, media coverage should not be full propaganda. Instead, it should give facts concerning a given situation and at the same time remain non-partisan. It is the work of media to provide quality information to its audience. Media should not take sides on a given issue because audience has the capacity to interpret the information given. For instance, on May 1, 2009, FactCheck.org carried a captivating story on healthcare reforms in America. The story, posted by Robertson and Henig, exemplifies good media coverage. Writers of this story do not go into details of giving cheap propaganda about the issue of healthcare reforms. Instead, they open the article with a summary about a certain advert aired on television by a group dubbed ‘Conservatives for Patients’ Rights’ (Robertson and Henig para. 2). The summary briefs contents of the advert. The writers then go on to analyze the contents of the advert. It is important to note at this point that, the writers use facts not propaganda to analyze this advert. Finally, the writers give a reference list to confirm the authenticity of the facts they give in this context. This constitutes what should be good media coverage. The big question now remains, who does the best job of covering health care reform? Is it mainstream media or citizen media? To understand this issue clearly, it is im
Introduction Organizational change is the process through which the strategies or major sections of a company are altered significantly to improve its performance (Reiss, 2012). Organizational change can be planned, unplanned or radical. Planned change occurs when deliberate decisions and actions are taken to modify the organization. Unplanned change is often “imposed on the organization by unforeseen internal and external factors” (Reiss, 2012, p. 16). Radical change is a process that enables organizations to reclaim their competitiveness after losing it. This paper will discuss organizational change in the context of Abu Dhabi Police. It will highlight the causes and the benefits of the changes that have occurred in the police force since 1957. Organizational Change: 1957-2014 Since its formation in 1957, Abu Dhabi Police has experienced the following organizational changes. In 1959, the number of officers in the police force was increased from 80 to 150 in response to increased demand for security services (Abu Dhabi Police, 2014). In 1961, the organizational structure was altered by establishing two categories of personnel namely, policemen and guards. Guards were responsible for securing public places such as palaces, controlling traffic, and guarding Sheikhs. The policemen, on the other hand, were responsible for providing security to guests. In 1968, the organizational structure was altered again by the introduction of the Criminal Investigation Branch and the Traffic Department. Moreover, three categories of officers were established. These included policemen, cadets, and guards. In 1972, Abu Dhabi Police was transformed into the Ministry of Interior (MOI) for Abu Dhabi (Abu Dhabi Police, 2014). It was also expected to provide security in the entire UAE. In the 1980s and 1990s the government focused on expanding the police force by hiring and training more officers. Currently, Abu Dhabi Police has over 30,000 trained officers who are responsible for providing security and rescue services (Abu Dhabi Police, 2014). From 2000, major changes in the police force focused on enhancing community policing, establishing partnerships with international security agencies, and acquiring advanced information and communication technologies to provide security. In 2009, the Urban Search and Rescue Team was established to provide emergency security services in the UAE. The “Department of Community Police was established in 2003 to prevent crime at
Introduction The Internet has provided people with unlimited access to information, but such a convenience also has a negative side. The use of materials available on the Internet, whether intended or unintended, can be harmful to children. Young users can be exposed to unpleasant or violent images or videos, and they can also become victims of cyberbullying. To protect children from inappropriate and offensive materials found on the Internet, COPPA and CIPA were introduced. While both acts have reasonable aims, they also contain some challenging elements, which makes it difficult to comply with them. The Main Compliance Requirements for COPPA and CIPA Both COPPA and CIPA impose obligations on administrators of websites and other online services that are used by children. According to COPPA, all website or online service operators collecting information from children under thirteen must include a privacy policy in order to protect children’s safety and privacy online (“How to comply with Children’s Online Privacy Protection Act [COPPA],” n.d.). COPPA cooperates with the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) to explain the major requirements for compliance. Such data as the full name, home or email address, phone number, or any other information that can put the child’s privacy under threat, must be protected by administrators (“How to comply with COPPA,” n.d.). CIPA has similar regulations, but it is focused on schools and libraries that have access to the Internet (“Children’s Internet Protection Act (CIPA) [CIPA],” 2017). To comply with CIPA, libraries and schools are expected to limit children’s access to inappropriate online materials and provide security and safety to youngsters while they are using chat rooms and emails (“CIPA,” 2017). Thus, both acts demand that children’s private information be protected and the possibility of viewing harmful content be restricted. Similarities and Differences While COPPA and CIPA have almost identical compliance requirements and some common features, the two acts are not the same. Both CIPA and COPPA were enacted in 2000 (“CIPA,” 2017; “How to comply with COPPA,” n.d.). Another major similarity is in the purpose of the two acts: they both aim at protecting children from inappropriate and violent online content. However, there is a difference in the acts’ definition of a minor. COPPA applies to children under thirteen (“How to comply with COPPA,” n.d.). Meanwhile, under CIPA, a minor is “anyone under the age of 17” (Grama, 2015, p. 131). The need for two different acts appears due to their controlling separate spheres of Internet use: COPPA deals with commercial websites while CIPA manages schools and libraries. One more divergent feature between the two acts is that they are governed by different commissions. COPPA is regulated by the FTC, and CIPA – by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC). The roles of the FTC include investigating complaints of websites which violate COPPA and imposing penalties for violations (Grama, 2015). Apart from that, the FTC offers a variety of tools helping website
Gender is nowadays commonplace in terms of psychological and civil rights debates, and due to its popularity as an issue of discussion, it is viewed as a routine ground for everyday activities, in which every ordinary person is an expert. Gender is normally considered through the concept of biological sex and the complicated and sophisticated human behavior is often reduced to the basic physiological processes. However, gender as a sociological term fully refers to the social “cover” of biological sex, i.e. the system of norms, values, expectations, and patterns, associated with sex. Considering the essays entitled “The Story of My Body” and “Becoming Members of Society: Learning the Social Meanings of Gender” by J.Cofer and H.Devor respectively, it is possible to assume that the cultural myth of gender is based the natural roles, and the three main social institutions enforcing gender-related myth are community, family, and market. The cultural myth, judging from the literary works of Cofer and Devor, refers to the organized set of beliefs and prejudices which refer to certain social constructs. In particular, in her exploration of the cultural myth of femininity, or external indicators of the female sex, Cofer’s work suggests that the young narrator failed to comply with the skin and color-related expectations imposed on American girls and women, she was ignored by her classmates and mistreated by peers from the same community, probably because she didn’t look beautiful and feminine enough from their perspective. In the United States, the cultural myth of femininity prescribes that women be light-skinned, slim, healthy-looking, and have well-underlined secondary sex features like thin voices and notable breasts. As Cofer’s protagonist confesses she was extremely thin and thus was consumed by the desire for developing into a strong and athletic woman with a powerful and probably larger body (Cofer, p.429). In this sense, it is important to remember Devor’s idea of femininity, which he associated with the realization of the reproductive function: “Feminine characteristics are thought to be intrinsic to the female facility for childbirth and breastfeeding. Hence, it is popularly believed that the social position of females is biologically mandated to be intertwined with the care of children and a “natural” dependency on men for the maintenance of mother-child units” (Devor, par. 15). Women’s dependency on men is translated in the cultural myth of femininity in terms of woman’s inferiority, both physical and intellectual; in order to act as an independent breadwinner, the woman must compete with males and have the same talents and capacities, whereas the lack of such skills and abilities automatically points to women’s dependency upon men. Thus, the cultural myth of femininity implies that women show poorer performance in educational and occupational areas. At the same time, the narr
Population Substance use is an epidemic that continues to plague youth. Adolescent years constitute a contributing factor both for substance use and the progress of substance use disorders that manifest into mental health. Substance use in adolescents usually overlaps with emotional issues. Teenagers with a substance use disorder are more apt to develop an anxiety, mood, or behavioral disorder (National Institute on Drug Abuse, 2014). Abusing drugs in this life period can hinder meeting significant developmental and social goals. Moreover, substance abuse can compromise young people’s cognitive development. Therefore, the chosen population for the current project is adolescents with substance abuse and mental health issues. Their target problems are mood and anxiety issues and behavioral disorders. Intervention Process How the Theories Guide the Intervention The major concepts of the chosen theories guide the intervention since they presuppose that patients will face their fears and apprehensions and share their experiences with the therapist. Cognitive behavior theory The use of this theory will enable the population to develop coping strategies that will help them to manage their problems (National Institute on Drug Abuse, 2014). Also, cognitive behavior theory is reported to have a positive impact on adolescents suffering from anxiety disorders, which is the second major target problem (James, Cowdrey, Soler, & Choke, 2013). The narrative approach The use of this approach is helpful because the participants will be guided to share their experiences (McLean, Wood, & Breen, 2013). As a result of such sharing, adolescents will be able to connect with their therapist and feel free to discuss their problems. The approach will guide the intervention since it will develop coping skills. Specific Interventions to Operationalize the Theories Two interventions operationalizing the selected approaches may be used for the project. The first one is concerned with parental involvement (Bertrand et al., 2013). The second intervention is school-based (Shoshani & Steinmetz, 2014). Cognitive behavior theory Parental involvement intervention may be employed to operationalize the cognitive behavior theory. Such an intervention will be useful to help adolescents cope with their substance abuse issues. According to Bertrand et al. (2013), the cooperation between parents and social workers is a productive method of decreasing substance use among adolescents. The narrative approach To operationalize this approach, a school-based intervention is offered. Adolescents are likely to share their experiences concerning mental issues when they are in a friendly and supportive atmosphere. School environment is rather suitable for reaching such a purpose. Addressing the Concepts of Transference and Countertransferen
The self is a concept of identity developed from the social setting. This means that an individual acquires identity from the mental reflection of the society (Mead, 2012). Julia Wood illustrates personal identity as a phenomenon developed from the interaction between an individual and the society (Wood, 2007). As the individual interacts with the society, he or she develops a concept of self. Alternatively, self is an individual’s judgment of the society’s perception towards him or her. Identity is built progressively as one understands other people’s perceptions. Since for one to create an identity, he or she has to imagine other people’s thoughts, imagination is part of self (Cooley, 2011). Other people’s thoughts as imagined by an individual include the society’s perception of one’s own thoughts. One starts to build an identity by interacting with the initial family members or guardians, who are of immediate significant importance. At this point, a child learns that there are other entities with a perception, and is immediately conscious of their perceptions towards them. This is the first instance of creation of self (Mead, 2006). It is notable that the first instance of creation of identity arises from outside the body of an individual. Furthermore, self-perception arises from interaction between the individual and the immediate members of the society. The first people an individual interacts with are identified as particular others. Wood says that even gender orientation is acquired from the perceived expectations of close family members. People slowly assume roles in the society according to the perceived expectations of family members or immediate guardians. A definition of one as an individual is first made by particular others (Wood, 2007). Self-esteem is based on the nature of utterances by particular others concerning one’s personality. As a child grows, she understands that other people have different perceptions and thoughts. One imagines what other people might be thinking of them and identity becomes a more complex concept. This imagination is known as reflection or self-appraisal. Woods illustrates this using Charles coolers concept of looking-glass reflection (Wood, 2007). This means that the society is a glass mirror through which an individual sees a reflection of oneself. As one develops a more complex identity, a set of guidelines governing one’s life are created. These guidelines are known as identity scripts and they govern beliefs, which are often beyond our ability to influence. When identity has been developed up to a certain level, one then learns how to form relationships with others. Every individual has a perception of how one should feel in a relationship with a particular person based on one’s experiences during identity development. The formed attachment w