ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Buddha image is one of the most prominent and the origin of Asian art work. This image is inclined more towards Buddhist religion which most Hindu’s believe (Krishan 62). Before Buddha image came in to existence, Buddhist never used to worship images or forms. The man behind the religion was called Buddha Vakali and he was devoted to teaching people concerning this religion. He taught them against worshiping images since he made them believe that God was formless (Coomaraswamy para. 8) Until the 1 st century AD, Buddhist followers remained faithful to his teachings and never used to worship the Buddha image. However, after Buddha Vakali passed on, some of his followers were worried that he would never come back. One of the Buddha’s disciples Maudgalyayana invested magic and sent some thirty two artists up to heaven in order to capture the image of the god Buddha used to teach them about. It is therefore believed that the author of Buddha image was Shakyamuni, one of the artists sent to heaven by Maudgalyayana who can be considered as the patron of this art work. When Shakyamuni together with the other thirty one artists went to heaven, they captured the image and the likeness of Buddha in a five feet figure curved out of sandalwood. When they returned from heaven, it is recorded that the image was such perfect that it rose up to greet Shakyamuni. It is said that the first person start worshiping this image contrary to Buddha teachings was king Vadya of Vatsa, yet he was a very devoted follower (Coomaraswamy para. 8). Since the first Buddha image was curved, many artists have curved and painted a variety of images according to a person’s belief of how Buddha is supposed to look. Most of these images resemble human beings whereby their major purpose is worship and continuity of the religion (Krishan 62). Buddha images are usually made for Buddha followers and they are usually kept in their houses of worship to ensure that every person is in a position to worship without limit. The first Buddha image was curved in sandalwood though this has been changing with time (Coomaraswamy para. 8). Today, most of these images are made of precious stones though there is a wide variety of wooden images since the image is regarded with a lot of respect due to its religious significance. However, most artists have turned this in to business whereby they finance projects for making Buddha images after which they sell them in order to recover their money as well as making some profits. People have come up with various postures of Buddha sculptures depending on the belief of the events that took place in his life on a particular. There are seven postures of the
Experts have raised concerns over the approaches used to tame cybercrime. Rather than decreasing the threats, they tend to increase them (Andersen 359; Cavelty703). The causes of the problem are multi-faceted and multi-dimensional. They go beyond the interaction between states to the individual citizens (Cavelty 703). Cybercrime dilemma results from three main factors: technology, incentives, and policy. Technology is driven by consumers’ demand powerful and most modern features (Reymond and Sackler 6). The technology should offer convenience, anonymity in certain circumstances and security (Harrop, Wayne and Matteson 153). Providing all these comes at a cost. For instance, for the systems to be made more secure, they have to be simple. Additionally, they can be protected by sanitizing and isolating all input (Reymond and Sackler 6). The system becomes less valuable and less useful when such methods are adopted. The conflicting desires between designers of the system and the users make it difficult to come up with realistic measures to stop cybercrime. Cost-benefit analysis often leads to misalignment of incentives (Reymond and Sackler 8). For any system to become a target of attack, it must have something of value to the attacker. The value of the assets determines the amount of time and resources that can be invested to protect a particular system (Byres and Lowe 217). For instance, exclusive secrets of the state are precious. As such, they require extremely high protection. On the other hand, information on blogs may not be as valuable. The ability to determine the benefit of what is being protected and the cost involved poses a dilemma when deciding whether or not to put up measures to ensure cyber security (Reymond and Sackler 8). The policies to stop the attackers are not deterrent enough. Mostly, the software to assist in criminal activities can be bought from hacking specialists who are based in countries where laws to stop them are weak (Kelly and McKenzie 12). Additionally, creating new technologies only facilitates cybercrime although it also boosts the efforts of the law enforcement agents to solve crimes (Reymond and Sacker 10). The dilemma is whether it is appropriate to advance the technologies yet they increase cybercrime. Works Cited Anderson, Ross. “Why information security is hard-an economic perspective.” Computer security applications conference, 2001.acsac 2001.proceedings 17th annual 29.2 (2011): 358-365. Print. By
Introduction For several years, the theory of evolution had been a big issue. Evolution versus creation is viewed as contradicting but somehow related topics. Science indeed provides evidences for evolution but creation is also backed up by the writings on the Bible. Hence, evolution and creation is normally a debate and various arguments are revealed through the quest for the origins. Although today, it is quite accepted that both sides of the theories are essential for the development of each creature in the world. Primarily, creation is viewed to be a historical view which maintains a design made by the creator while evolution postulates the multifaceted design that pervades all the things which signifies the product of accident and time or also known as the atheistic explanation (Pennock, 2003). The issue of creation and evolution is the crossroad of where science and religion collides head-on. Genesis is one of many myths that attempt to explain the origin of Earth, its life, and its people. There is no evidence that makes the Book of Genesis any more reliable than any other creation myths from other cultures. The book of genesis is a myth and simply just that. It rests its belief upon the Bible and nothing else. Throughout the years, the studies of scientific evidence have given us the opportunity to explore beyond what we would have expected thousands of years ago. Science provides evidences that support the idea of evolution which outweighs the Book of Genesis version of creation myths. As the intelligent designs movement slowly emerges, many Christians abandon the idea of young-earth creation. Creationism disperses into many categories. For the Young-Earth creationists, they believe that God created the world in six days and they believe that this so-called divine act occurred about 6,000-10,000 years ago. Along with the Young-Earth creationists, there are, of course, the Old-Earth creationists. Old-Earth creationism can be broken down into three types: Gap Creationism, Progressive Creationism, and Day-Age Creationism. Old-Earth creationism recognizes scientific evidence that Earth was created over 13.7 billion years ago, but it still adheres to the literacy of the Bible (“Science and Creationism: A View from the National Academy of Sciences”). Theistic creationists or evolutionary creationists, on the other hand, believe that God somehow uses evolution to create. Theistic creationism and the idea of intelligent design are very much alike. Intelligent designs first attracted public attention when Darwin on Trial was published by Phillip Johnson, a law professor at University of California. “Intelligent designs is the successor to old-fashioned creationism but dressed in a new coat—its hair cut, its beard trimmed, and its clock set back 10 to 15 billion years” (Young and Edis, 2004). Along with Phillip Johnson, Michael Behe and William Dembski are also the leaders in this movement. Intelligent design creationists believe that a species may evolve within its own microscopic scale, but it may not evolve into another species on a macro
Introduction Inasmuch as the question of owning or renting home is concerned, many people are unable to decide whether to own a home or rent one. This is an important decision putting in mind that either of the options has its own advantages and disadvantages in relation to today’s economy. Therefore, none of the options needs to be taken lightly. It is important for a person to evaluate keenly the benefits and the disadvantages for each and to make a decision, which best suit or rather accommodates his/her needs. In making the decision, one needs to consider various variables that exist at hand. Some of these factors, worth considering include the cost, the long-term implications and more so the economic position of the person and not sparing the general economic environment at that particular moment (Streitfeild 45). The decision of whether to rent a house or to own one is solely dependent on the individual. It is a decision that should be reached after carefully analyzing and evaluating oneself in terms of financial stability and the ability to meet the requirements needed for the option selected. Some of the factors worth considering before making a choice include the level of disposable income at hand, the living standards of an individual, and the amount of income one earns, the spending rate of a person. In addition, one should also consider other environmental factors like, “…availability of loans, investment in housing opportunities, the rate of inflation, security of job, the rate of economic growth and the political stability of a country” (Smith 34). All these factors call for thorough checking prior to making a concrete decision. However, considering these factors, renting passes for the best option in relation to owning a house. One can ask, ‘Why is this so?’ The reasons behind the claims stand out well in the succeeding expositions. Renting vs. Ownership Without a keen research on which is better, between the two, people have rushed into owning rather than renting houses. As a fact, they are the very people who file cases in court claiming regarding their houses: reason being that they have failed to adhere to the laid down requirements. Renting a home is more preferable as compared to homeownership to many people. There are various reasons why many people would prefer to rent a house rather than owning their own home. Nevertheless, it is worth clarifying that the stated preference does not declare renting entirely safe. The bottom line is that all have their flaws and strengths, with renting stronger compared to owning a house and the claim. One of the advantages of renting a home is that, it is the only vital and viable way to those people, who earn low amount of income. Renting a house therefore will enable someone who earns low or average salary to have a shelter to go for after his daily activity. Therefore, when it com
Curriculum Evaluation It is possible to say that two of the most important qualities of curriculum content are its meaning and value. Based on this, in order to assess curricula in terms of their social significance, I would use the model of Social Reconstructivism as the major approach to curriculum evaluation. According to the principles included in the given framework, schools should strive to teach students in a way that will help children to develop necessary analytical and problem-solving skills. By placing instruction in broader social contexts, a school should prepare children to cope with difficulties and challenges they may face in real-life situations and critically evaluate their experiences. The ideas of social equality and justice are core to Social Reconstructivism. Therefore, when evaluating a curriculum from the given perspective, it is important to understand whether the selected instructional practices and learning activities will contribute to dispelling existing stereotypes in student populations and will enable them to gain awareness of social injustices. To comprehend whether a curriculum is sufficiently effective, it is necessary to evaluate expected instructional outcomes with regard to students’ abilities, developmental needs, and interests; as well as the social environment in which a school is placed. Overall, the given approach allows the evaluation of a curriculum in terms of its contribution to the development of social welfare including such aspects as the promotion of positive relationships, and the improvement of the overall life quality. I think the focus of Social Constructivism on ethical and political areas of curricula content, as well as its emancipatory and value-oriented qualities, represents this approach as a very current and appropriate evaluation tool. Society-oriented perspective is especially important today because the present-day communities become increasingly diverse, cross-cultural interactions become more frequent than before, and the pace of advancement in multiple spheres of life gains momentum. In the context of rapid development and diversification, people need to incorporate ethical and social values into everyday practices, such as interpersonal communication; academic, and professional development. We need to teach children not to accept general points of view and live up to obsolete expectations, but rather encourage them to be individuals who can bring positive changes to the society by being responsive, creative, and intelligent. The school is an important institution that provides the knowledge needed for improvement of all life dimensions and support to sound social practices. In my opinion, the classroom itself represents a micro-social environment where children learn about different values and beliefs which consequently affect their personal identities, decisions, and actions. And I believe that the evaluation of curricula from the social perspective can help to incorporate more positive values into the education process, increase the quality of instruction, and ultimately stimulate the development of a more integrated and friendly soc
Purpose The problem of the role of the pathologist in the speech and language disorders concerned with laryngectomy is high for contemporary neurolinguistic science. The article by Goldstein et al Training Effects on Speech Production Using a Hands-Free Electromyographically Controlled Electrolarynx represents the use of the electrolarynx (EL). This device is widely implemented today in an alaryngeal speech. However, it produces a specific voice with a particular frequency. The purpose of the article is to demonstrate the electromyographically controlled EL (EMG-EL) and its manual for people having phonological difficulties of such kind. Formal models and variables as for the study need an extension. This is why this priority is in the first place in the article. Methods The research by Goldstein et al provides the facts and approaches toward phonological complexity and laryngectomy. For the purpose of the research 3 participants with laryngectomy and 4 with normal voice were selected. They were trained to produce EMG-EL speech. For this procedure, the speech was produced through a multiple-baseline. Afterward, the results of baseline were provided through 3 testing probes and supporting training sessions. The use of appropriate sounds for the treatment of phonological disorders is indicated in the article. Results EMG-EL activation among all participants showed definite correspondence with articulation. The experiment is successful due to the fact that the predictions of researchers went in a straightforward way. Testing protocol showed that every 1 of 3 participants greatly a
NOVA’s documentary, Ice Mummies: The Siberian Ice Maiden allows the non-scientific public to share in an important and controversial find. The characteristics and location of the long-dead young woman may suggest just how complex the diffusion of culture and the movement of peoples in ancient times must have been. Because of the political restrictions placed on these archeological sites, this documentary, albeit targeting a popular audience, significant contributes to public knowledge of this long-gone Pazyryk culture and the debate surrounding it. The documentary records the finding of a burial site containing a remarkably well-preserved female body in elaborate costume. The Russian archeologist describes how she arrived at the burial mound with its remarkable contents. The mound, or kurgan, was evidently well-known to the local border guards who patrol the no-man’s –land between China and Russia, and Natalia Polosmak used their help to locate an un-looted tomb. This anecdote highlights how the successful practice of archeology varies from setting to setting, both in terms of the geography and the local population. In a different region, for example in Virginia, in the USA, in the absence of mounds or other above-ground structures marking area of pre-contact use and habitation, her procedure might have involved weeks or months of visual surveys, sweeping surfaces for artifacts, test pits, and possibly geo-sensing or satellite imagery analysis. Although not elaborated on in the documentary, it is clear that practicing archeology in the Altai may involve more cooperation with local people than technology. This point might have been a useful addition to the film. NOVA focuses on the archeologists as individuals and their responses of modern day investigators to the site. For example, the film describes their emotional reaction to the atmosphere in the Ukok region of the Altai. The American graduate student reported having experienced nightmares and feeling resistance from unseen forces. Including this sort of drama makes the archeologists sound a bit unprofessional, or at least, suggestible. It recalls the newspaper hype about supposed curses surrounding the discovery of early Egyptian tombs. However, the presence of border guards in this contested area between two warlike nations might have made things a bit tense. On the other hand, this region and its mounds are still to this day respected as sacred by the local folk (when they are not being looted). The film helpfully situates the burial and the Pazyryk people somewhat in context. For many westerners, the narration and images evoke for the West
Introduction There is no doubt that safety for football spectators has tremendously improved over the past decades especially in contrast to some disastrous events that have marred the football scene during earlier times. For instance, in the year 1971, Ibrox stadium reported one of the most catastrophic figures in football history when sixty six people died and several others were injured. This was largely as a result of a collision between two sets of people who were leaving and entering the stadium; these fans were reacting to the activities going on in the field and most of them ended up falling in their stadium’s stairway. Fourteen years later, the United Kingdom fell victim to yet another incident. Someone was smoking a cigarette at Valley parade stadium and irresponsibly threw it near a wooden stand in the stadium. The fire quickly spread killing fifty six fans. Perhaps one of the worst incidences to date was one that occurred in 1989 where ninety six people passed away at Hillsborough Stadium. Their deaths were caused by a collision between fans who had been delayed by traffic and earlier fans. The former group entered the stadium through a narrow entry and crushed into the seated group thus ramming them onto steel barriers that had been set up in the stadium for safety reasons. (Fuller & Hawkins, 1998) All the latter events caused UK policy makers to pass several legislations that have gone a long way in curbing similar occurrences. The paper shall look at these legislations, how they have been implemented and how they have contributed towards a safer environment for football spectators in various stadiums. Legislations Wheatley Committee Report One of the first steps towards boosting safety within football stadiums was made in the year 1972 during creation of the Wheatley Committee Report. The latter Report was an analysis of the Ibrox stadium incidents. This report revealed that the disaster had been caused by three major issues that included; structural failures, lack of statutes on sports grounds as well as poor risk assessment. Through this report, UK policy makers realised that there was a need to make statutory laws on football or sports and this tremendously improved safety levels in those areas. Safety of Sports Ground Act After the horrific incident of 1971, one of the most relevant pieces of sports legislations was passed i.e. the Safety of Sports Ground Act 1975. This law grants the secretary of state the responsibility for designating sports grounds. Designation here refers to the right to own a safety certificate offered by a Certifying Authority. In the Act, grounds that qualify are those ones with a capacity of approximately ten thousand spectators, or those ones that host Premier League as well as Football League clubs with about five thousand spectators h
In the novel Ladies delight , Emile Zola described one of the first department stores in the world and the atmosphere which existed inside. He described the promotion of a young country girl Denise who came to Paris in search of a better life, the success of a developing department store business, and the atmosphere of commerce and shopping, which was innovative in 19 th century France. We can see that author of Ladies Delight presented shopping as a new idol for worship, as Octave Mouret, owner of Ladies delight had given the pleasure of consuming thousands of Parisians. His department store was attracted by the variety of goods and organization of selling process, which quickly gained success among Parisians. Unlike most small retail business owners, who owned one or several small shops which with strict specialization, Octave Mouret chose another way to attract customers but a variety of goods and convenient organization of sales, which didn’t exist before. The approach chosen by Octave Mouret was radical in the 19 th century as he had a different concept of selling goods attracting customers to buy a variety of goods, by the ability to place goods in different ways, so that customers bought different items, looking for their specific buys. Unlike old fashioned stores which attracted customers by lower prices or higher quality goods compared to their competitors, Au Bonheur des dames attracted by the organization of selling process, which transformed decorated variety of goods into a pleasure of consumerism, which was unusual for 19 th century Europe and was much more effective marketing tool than low prices. 19 th century with its industry and production growth gave birth to a new era of consumerism, turning selling goods into a new type of industry. According to Kant’s concept of “maturity”, the appearance of department stores and the epoch of consumeris