ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The Middle East constitutes of a significantly diverse economy attributed to the variety of economies in individual countries, which include exportation of oil and hydrocarbons, socialist and free-market economies. The thriving oil industry in the Middle East has greatly transformed the overall economic growth rate of the region, which analysts estimate to be about four times the average growth rate in the world. The major oil-producing countries such as Saudi Arabia, Iraq, Kuwait, UAE and Qatar have benefited directly from the increase in oil prices while the non-oil producing states have taken advantage of the increase in job opportunities due to the expanding economies. Although the Gulf economies have attained significant levels of per capita income and standards of living, states such a Jordan and Yemen exhibit high levels of poverty. Major oil-producing states such as Saudi Arabia and Syria have lower rates of unemployment in comparison to states such as Lebanon, West Bank and Gaza, which have an unemployment rate of about 40 percent. Despite the economic boom in the Middle East, there is an observable difference in the income gap between the oil-producing and non-oil producing states due to the difference in the rate of accumulation of national wealth. An analysis of about 20 states in the Middle East illustrates that Saudi Arabia, which boasts of about 20 percent of the world oil reserves, has the leading economy in the region followed by the United Arab Emirates (UAE) whose GDP was about 282.4 billion US dollars by 2012. However, UAE has the most diversified economy in the Middle East and supersedes economies in developed countries such as Australia, New Zealand and Russia. Efforts towards economic diversification in UAE focus on reducing the high level of dependence on oil and natural gas, which are the main inputs into the regional economy. In this regard, the country is focusing on expanding its goods and services industries by creating free trade zones that have been successful in wooing foreign investors through offers such as full ownership and zero taxes. In addition, the UAE government has significantly increased its expenditure on job creation and expansion of infrastructure to promote investments. Dubai and Abu Dhabi form the two major centers of commercial and economic activities in UAE with the two states investing billions of dollars in tourism, aviation, banking and finance. Diversification efforts by Abu Dhabi are evident in the recent initiatives to harness nuclear power and establish ICT and zero-carbon cities such as Masdar City. Dubai has taken advantage of i
Introduction Utilitarianism is a moral philosophy that involves making the right decisions that will please the greatest number of people in society. This paper will purpose to make a study of the features of utilitarianism in business ethics, with a close analysis of how utilitarianism benefits the customer. Happiness and Unhappiness First, in Utilitarianism, the decision-makers should not only consider the happiness that the decision brings but also the unhappiness or pain. The cause of action should lead to the lowest unhappiness level in the business environment possible. This means an action bound to bring both higher levels of happiness and unhappiness might be dropped in favor of that which brings considerably low levels of happiness but much lower levels of unhappiness. Decision-making based on utilitarianism should be based on the net difference between happiness and unhappiness upon which those with the lowest level of unhappiness are the right action. Varying effect of actions Secondly, utilitarianism as a theory notes that actions always affect people in the set environment differently (Shaw, 2008). It is thus possible that a single action within an environment will affect people differently and to a varying degree. Consequently, actions should only be based on those that provide the greatest net amount of happiness. Position of a right and a wrong action Thirdly, proponents of utilitarianism view all causes of actions as being morally right depending on the situation at hand and the time of execution. Actions are evaluated according to their consequences to the affected. But since it has been proved that actions elicit different reactions in different situations, then by principle virtually all decisions might be morally right depending on the circumstances and time (Hinman, 2003). For example, whereas failing to honor a promise like paying debt on an agreed date comes with unhappiness on the part of the recipient and some level of guilt, a decision to fail in some circumstances draws on balance more happiness. In this case, utilitarianism requires that one should not honor the date of the debt. Compromise of utilitarianism and trust Fourthly, the theory of utilitarianism acknowledges the importance of forming trust in the people one is working with. Although they value the net happiness which leaves few cases of unhappiness, this school of thought also takes into consideration of the long-term impression in the people. They caution that although lying sometimes bring more happiness than unhappiness, they are quick to note that whenever those who are deceived get to find out, they are not only happy but also the reputation between the two parties are damaged hence a strain in the normal relationship expected (Greenawalt, 1989). This poses a serious risk that managers wishing to apply this theory are advised to manage. Uncertainties of actions Fifth, it is not possible for people to predict future consequences of their action with certainties’. Therefore, when one faces a decision of taking a gamble, utilitari
The inception of the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) has raised debates on the right method to provide quality, reliable, and talent nurturing/growth education. The United States of America has enacted free basic education to children with special needs; however, some parents have opted to have their children in private schools. Private schools are managed as individual or corporation businesses with the motive of earning profits; their motive discriminates against children with special needs as they need much attention that might be costly to the institution. The low enrollment of children with special needs the United States private schools have created a deficit in the facilities required (Hines, 2008). This report details a policy to compel private schools to have facilities that can accommodate children with autism, the policy will be called “Compulsory Enrollment Policy 2011”. Rationale for the policy identifying interests Autism Spectrum disorder (ASD) or Pervasive Developmental Disorders or just Autism is the umbrella name given to range of neurodevelopment disorders; the condition affects children and can hardly be cured or reversed. According to Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) autism can affects people of different races, social class, nationalities, and ethnicity however girls are at a higher risk to contract the disease than boys. Although the children might have some mental retardation, they have been blessed with some talents; skills, intellectual capacity, and intelligence that can be natured for to assist them earn a living. Although it is the decision of the parent to enroll his/her child in a private school, since the government has committed to look into the interests of the children, it should enact a policy that will facilitate reimbursement of tuition and special handling fees paid by the parent. When private schools have been compelled to have modification and accommodation programs for children with autism, then the access to education will be improved. High enrollment of the child means that it can be accommodated in the community with ease can get quality education like any other child, and the rights of the child have been respected. Although the act will be compelling private schools to be offering the service, it will be sensitive in that a minimum number. The policy recommends that every facility should have facilities that can accommodate at-least five children with autism in every stage. When intellectually upright children interact with children with autism, they learn to accommodate them and understand their way of living; with the boosted understanding, the society becomes well integrated with mutual understandings among people. Students with disability have a low self esteem and believe that they are less important
Overview   * Definitions.   * Benefits.   * Types of Temporary work available.   * Qualifications.   * Considerations. The presentation will be covering the definition of a secretarial pool, the benefits of adding one to the organization, what types of work could be done by individuals in the pool, what there qualifications are and last but not least a few points to consider before making the final decession. Secretarial Pool   * A secretarial pool shares secretaries among busy executives. Secretarial pools have been around for almost a 100 years. The make up and skills of the secretaries have changed over the years. Now instead of just taking notes and writing letters they are also proficient in Microsoft office products including excel. Why does the company need one?   * Method of strategic change.   * Minimize the effects of vacations and sick days.   * Expand the available skill set.   * Cost efficient. (Kraatz, Mathew S.; Zajac, Edward J; Sep.-Oct., 2001). The company needs one for several reasons: it is a method of strategic change that will help the company stay competitive with in the industry. It will minimize the effects of vacation and sick days of other members of the secretarial staff and it will expand the available skills of the employees. Types of Temporary Work   * Office Administration.   * Secretarial.   * Data Entry.   * Word Processing.   * Reception (Galunic, Charles and Anderson, Erin, Jan.-Feb., 2000). There are many different types of work that can be done by members of the Secretarial Pool including Office Administration, Data Entry, Word Processing, and Reception work. These are only a sample of the possible positions and responsibilities that can be filled by these employees. Qualifications of Employees   * High School graduation or equivalent.   * 2 years experience in office functions.   * Software proficiency – including Word and Excel.   * Demonstrated ability to work independently. In order to make sure that the high standards of the company are met all members of the secretarial pool will meet the minimum qualifications and in most cases exceed them. These include a high school education, at least 2 years of experience in an office setting, software proficiency including word and excel and the demonstrated ability to work independently. Why Carter’s Secretarial Association   * The candidates are thoroughly screened and vetted.   * This is a cost effective option.   * Will allow promotions to occur for our secretaries. Carter’s Secretarial Association will ensure that the candidates are screened and vetted, are the most cost effective option and will allow high performing secretaries to be promoted to positions of more responsibility. Considerations   * How many vacation and sick days do the secretaries currently take?   * How many secretaries could be promoted to a position with more responsibility?   * Are the necessary skills in the office to h
Introduction David Voegeli argues that the protracted exposure of the human skin to wet conditions has adverse consequences within the health care context. However, this condition has been previously perceived as a specific challenge related to continence care. This condition can be observed in any situation where individual’s skin is exposed to prolonged contact with moisture. Occasionally, the terms, perineal dermatitis and incontinence-associated dermatitis (IAD), are used to refer to the skin impairment that results from those conditions. Voegeli (2012) states that these phrases describe only a single cause as there is done so little to create awareness of the general factors resulting in the impairment of the skin because of unfavorable wet conditions. They do not also make any reference to potential general approaches, which are related to any of the treatment regimes. The article aims to investigate the recent trends in this field and the impacts they have on health care. Normal skin structure and function The author argues that one of the main functions of skin is to safeguard the body from the external environment. The skin prohibits harmful pathogens and substances from penetrating into the body. It also serves as a significant barrier from moisture. The skin also regulates the amount of fluids that the body gains or sheds. This function is carried out by the uppermost layer referred to as the epidermis. The outermost section of the skin is particularly responsible for saving the underlying tissues from various irritants. It is known as the stratum corneum. Moisture-associated skin damage Voegeli (2012) holds that the damage that occurs because of the prolonged exposure of the skin to wet conditions has not been recently raised. However, the term Moisture-Associated Skin Damage (MASD) is relatively a new t
There are conscious and unconscious factors that would contribute to the purchasing decisions by the buyers and consumers of our products. Research done across markets has shown that consumers will not be more attracted into buying a product when presented with varying designs. This will occur even if they really want and need your product. This can ruin an organizations market strategy. This situation needs a remedy through making the process much easier (Ries, 2006). This is by ensuring that the information provided remains reduced. The buyers need not know everything about the product but instead only that which is vital in making purchases. The aspect of risk aversion also comes in handy at this point. Most people normally feel the pinch of a loss more than that of a gain. Most consumers and buyers in our organization were very cautious and this played a very big role while making their decisions. The marketing strategy was quick at ensuring that instead of using
The power of nature is one of the fascinating aspects that can be traced in Salvage the Bones – motherhood, family ties, love, poverty in the United States of America, and social inequality. It is a remarkable reminder that nature is in control of everyone’s life, regardless of the belief that people rule the world because once nature decides to hit, people lose their power (Ward 164). Even though it can be destructive, nature is the symbol of social equality, justice, and beautiful memories, warming hearts. To begin with, there are several aspects of storylines that are seen as depictions of nature. First and foremost, it is the nature itself – physical landforms, weather, animals, and geographic phenomena. From this perspective, nature is described in detail, as there are numerous descriptions of words, rivers, animals, birds, and insects. Moreover, there is a line of instincts as natural phenomena. For example, birds have a sense of upcoming disasters and “out of the storm, and everything else roams as far away from the winds and rain as possible” (Ward 39), giving, at the same time, signs to people. Still, the very essence of nature changes during the story, as it grows from friendly and indifferent to destructive and punishing, returning to friendly at the end of the novel. The core of the novel is the duality of nature. It is shown in describing China, who can be a loving pet and mother when she is with her puppies and Esch (“China is licking the puppies – I ‘ve never seen her so gentle” (Ward 18) and turn into a monster during dogfights and hunting, letting its instincts override its motherhood senses and tenderness when it comes to “the mad scrabble, [showing] the cutting barks and teeth” (Ward 103). This duality is in the description of woods that are both soothing during taking walks and feeling “the green reach of the trees” (Ward 53) and daunting when the darkness covers the awe of dogfights and violence (Ward 124). This ambiguity is in the very essence of treating animals because even though China is a beloved pet, it is taken to “illegal dogfights set back in the woods” (Ward 15) every once in a while in order to win some money for the needy family. Even though a pit bull is trained as a fighter, the power of its love is stronger than violent instincts as soon as a dogfight ends, and it is returned home to its puppies, feeling “love as certainty” (Ward 91). Moreover, the power of nature is seen in the proximity and interconnectedness of life and death. This duality is described in the miracle of birth, as Esch’s mother died during giving birth to the youngest child, Junior (Ward 167). Also, it is found in the feelings of Esch when she finds out that she is pregnant herself. Being afraid of consequences, she wants to get rid of her baby, but
As inspiring and honest as they were, the songs that Guthrie sang were a product of its era. This Land Is Your Land appealed to the American citizens that needed cooperation in order to stay calm and united in the heat of the fight. Since modern U.S. citizens are unable to re-live the experience of the infamous Dust Bowl and the Great Depression, they cannot possibly embrace the ideas of loss and despair communicated in such lines as “A sign was painted said: Private Property/But on the back side it didn’t say nothing” (Guthrie para. 4). When it comes to thinking what exactly modern American people fail to understand in Guthrie’s song, the weirdest thing is that Woody is much more famous now than he used to be in the era of the Great Depression, yet his present-day fans cannot quite put their finger on why exactly the song has gained such recognition and what makes it stand out of the range of songs concerning similar issues. The fact that Woody was the first to write a song about the desperate state of the people trapped in the Great Depression does not seem to be the determinant in Guthrie’s case – a number of songs written to mark a particular historic event vanished without a trace, while their descendants appeared to be much more successful. Perhaps, there is more to the lyrics of the song than meets the eye. One of the element that sets the song apart from not only the rest of Woody’s songs but also from the rest of the songs regarding the phenomenon of the Great Depression and the Dust Bowl, is its tendency to embrace the life of the entire United States; as if willing to take a family picture to cement the phenomenon of the Great Depression in people’s minds, Woody sang, “From California to the New York Island,/from the red wood forest to the Gulf Stream waters,/This land was made for you and me” (Guthrie para. 1). The space that Woody embraces in his song gives a very tempting opportunity to read numerous innuendoes into the given excerpt, starting from the idea of togetherness, up to Woody’s concept of Communism as the principle of sharing at the time of nationwide trouble. In fact, a number of present-day critics interpret the given line as Guthrie’s call for people to join the ranks of Communists in order to fight the Great Depression. The given interpretation is quite common for the present-day critics of Guthrie’s works; moreover, the d
Introduction Cremation has, and will continue to become increasingly accepted in the Chinese island of Taiwan due to land shortage as a result of population explosion and high costs. As it is not a traditional practice in Chinese culture, cremation is currently rationalized in the Hindu-Buddhist context by emphasizing the reclamation of bones for secondary burials. Since many of the Chinese in Taiwan are Buddhists and/or have ancestors from south China where secondary burials are the custom, these common beliefs are “spun” to reconcile tradition with contemporary issues. In addition, Buddhism is a free religion and is not rigid on the issue of whether the deceased ought to be cremated or buried. Therefore, the focus of this research would be based on the examination of the cultural adaptation of mortuary customs in a bid to cater for economic and geographic pressures. Problem Statement Reduction of dead bodies to chemical components which are fundamental, and in the form of gases and bone fragments is what is referred to as cremation. In most cases, cremation is either a funeral or post-funeral ritual, which is a substitute to burial in a casket. Several countries usually cremate dead bodies in crematories or open-air. This is common in Nepal and India. This project will qualitatively explore evidence of increased use of cremation as a burial ritual in the Chinese island of Taiwan. Objective statement The main objective of the research project, as proposed in this proposal, will be investigating evidence of increased utilization in the traditional funeral and post-burial rites in the Chinese island of Taiwan. Justification Understanding the way of life of the Taiwanese people is critical when it comes to interacting with them. It is possible to understand the underlying principles that influence these people’s burial rites through understanding this cultural diversity. Investigation into evidence that gives us an idea about increased cremation in Taiwanese traditional funeral and post-burial rituals would go a long way in helping understand the people and their cultural practices. Research Methodology Methodology: Both quantitative and qualitative research methodologies would be employed in seeking to find the reasons that have contributed to having cremation as a burial rite and the impact that these rites have had on the general lifestyle of people of Taiwan. Participants : Participants in this research project will be selected citizens of Chinese island of Taiwan. The selection criteria will not discriminate against those who strongly believe in burial rituals or those who do not. This group of individuals will be used as a representative sample of people in the whole island who participate in funereal and burial rites. Research tools : In this study, surveys, structured interviews, participant observation and review of secondary sources of information will be utilized as primary research tools. Data collection : The data required