ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction In the past few decades, the importance of project governance in various sectors has gained prominence. This has mainly been due to the fact that project failures have been on the increase. As such, governance mechanisms have been developed to ensure that any proposed project completes its course with little to no complications. Project governance often refers to the rules and regulations instituted by an organization to ensure that a project achieves its purpose. As Haas (2010) asserts, project governance utilizes various mechanisms implemented to ensure that all parties involved comply with the set standards. As such, project governance is of great importance to business entities because it stipulates the processes that need to exist to ensure success in any given project. This report sets out to evaluate the level of project governance competence exhibited by Sidney Waters. In this evaluation, the cultural attitude displayed by Sidney water’s employees shall be discussed and the reporting processes used by the Boards of Directors analyzed. In this regard, a final analysis explaining whether there was adequate disclosure and reporting during the project shall also be offered. Cultural attitude within Sydney Water To ensure success, organizations often develop cultures and expectations which must be adhered to by all members. Culture in this context can be defined as a set of beliefs and norms that dictate how employees behave in regard to performing their duties and working together towards the set goals. As such, some organizations may adopt a competitive culture where each member is always trying to outdo his/her colleagues while other organizations may develop a cooperative culture in which members work together to achieve the organizational goals and objectives. The culture adopted by any organization is therefore reflected in the shared values and beliefs that act as guidelines on how members of the organization should behave and think. From the report, it is evident that Sidney Waters adopted a defensive culture. Evidence of this can be cited from the following scenarios. In this case, it should be noted that cultural attitude refers to the behaviors that seemed prominent throughout the project. In any organization, the likelihood of encountering risks during a project’s progress is very high. As such, the members involved in the project ensure that they identify the threats and formulate measures on how to avoid the risks or mitigate their effects on the project. This is not the case with Sidney Waters. According to the report, the culture adopted by the company indicated that the members believed in the assumption that outsourcing their projects to other institutions minimized the risks Sidney Water would incur during the project. This attitude towards risk aversion did not work as expected. This is due to the fact that most of the costs were incurred by Sidney water and the termination of the project that resulted from poor risk management affected Sidney water more that it did to the contracted fir
In 1992, Okun gave two empirical associations linking the unemployment rate to real output, through simple equations. This association obtained the name Okun’s law. This paper describes the associations that get described as Okun’s law. The two associations of Okun stem from the examination that additional labor becomes required to create more products and services in an economy. Additional labor can emerge from various approaches, such as making employees work for more hours or employing more personnel. Okun supposes that the rate of unemployment can act as a valuable review of the quantity of labor that an economy uses (Cuaresma 439). The following is a discussion of Okun’s law versions. The Difference: First Relationship This first relationship demonstrates the way change in the rate of unemployment between quarters shifts with quarterly increase in real output. The version can be explained by the following equation. Change in the rate of unemployment = a + b (Real output growth) (Prachowny 333). This association can be referred as the difference version of Okun’s law. The association demonstrates the simultaneous relationship between changes in unemployment and the expansion of output. This is how expansion in output diverges concurrently with movements in the rate of unemployment. The factor b gets referred as Okun’s coefficient. We would anticipate a negative Okun’s coefficient, in order to associate swift output growth with a declining rate of unemployment. Conversely, a negative or slow output increase can be related to an increasing unemployment rate. Knotek (75) used quarterly information from the 2nd quarter of 1948 to the 4th quarter of 1960, to estimate the equation above, and he established several facts, as discussed below. Unemployment rate Change = 0.30 – 0.07 (Real output growth) (Knotek 75). Going by this approximation, a real output growth of zero in a certain quarter became related to a rise of 0.3 percentage, in the unemployment rate, during that quarter. The increase in rate of output, invariable with a stable rate of unemployment, was slightly above 4%. The figure of Okun’s coefficient indicated that every percentage point above 4%, of real output growth, became related with a decrease in the rate of unemployment of 0.07 % point (Knotek 75). The gap: Second Relationship Whereas difference Version depended on readily available macroeconomic statistics, Okun’s second relationship linked the unemployment height to the gap amid actual output and potential output. Okun tried to discover the amount that the economy would generate, in potential output, under circumstances of full employment. Okun thought of what he deemed, an a
Introduction Craig and Bushman (2002) conducted a study that confirmed studies performed previously regarding the effects of media on aggression and the behavior of children. Studies conducted from 1975 onwards suggest that violent media generates both long and short-term effects that tend to affect the socialization of individuals. Recent investigators observe that aggression increases tremendously among individuals who play violent video games for over three times consecutively. Whenever such individuals play violent games, they are exposed to aggressive behavior and their expectations tend to be hostile as well. In particular, playing violent games result to short-time violence, aggressive behavior, and nervousness. Scholars compare playing violent games to smoking. It is factual that just one cigarette cannot cause cancer, but continuous intake would probably increase the chances of contracting cancer. This implies that incessant exposure to sadistic video games might perhaps have a cumulative effect on hostility. Even though video games play a critical role in educating the young people, they affect the behavior of individuals in their entire life in case they are not employed carefully. The correlation between aggression and violent media is often disputed since many people expect the results to be instant whereby an individual is expected to watch the violent video and shoot another person the next minute. Since this cannot happen, Craig Anderson and other scholars explain the relationship between the violent media and aggression. Craig suggests that a collection of cells in the mind is charged with the role of detecting the occurrence of something new in the environment. Responsible body organs activate cells anytime something new is experienced. If two things happen at the same time, they are wired together meaning that the body will always link the occurrence of violence to the violent media (Craig, 2004). This paper looks at the three major effects of violent games. An individual’s biological, social, and psychological processes are affected whenever a child plays or watches violent media continuously. Effects of Violent Media on Aggression Type of Effect        Effect                              Justification                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Explanation
Introduction Law helps in ensuring continuity, stability as well as predictability in the way people conduct their affairs. Businesses cannot be conducted without law, for law essentially ensures its continuity. Every institution and organization has laws that are created to ensure there is smooth conduct of activities. In Jurisdictions such as common and civil law, the former includes wrongs such as torts while the latter includes its equivalent, known as delict. Tort refers to civil wrongs that entail a breach of civil obligation, resulting in injury to an individual or property. There are three main examples of torts namely intentional tort, negligence, strict liability, among others. This paper will explore tort as well as the types of intentional torts (Mojo Law, 2011, p. 1). Intentional Torts.5 Tort is defined as a civil wrong doing which involves causing injury to an individual or his/her property. In such a case, the one who commits such wrongs is referred to as a tortfeasor. Tort deals with remedies and rights against injuries that may occur due to carelessness or those committed intentionally. It therefore covers injuries to individuals without real attention on who is to blame. There are three main types of torts namely intentional, liability, and negligence torts. In this paper we shall explore intentional tort (Mojo Law, 2011, p. 1). Intentional tort refers to a deed or action that is designed or done purposefully to injure someone or his/her property. In most cases the tortfeasor usually have a pre-determined intention to cause harm without care. Such situations call for protection of the victim and may lead to compensations. In business world, such events are common between staffs, as well as other competitors. There are several types of intentional torts. These includes false imprisonment, fraud, misrepresentation, battery, trespass , malicious prosecution, computer defamation, title slander, abuse of process, infliction of distress (emotional) to an individual, assault and conversion, among others. This paper will explore in detail, three of the above types of intentional torts. These shall be assault, intentional infliction of emotional distress and trespass (Cross & Miller, 2008, p. 48). Types of intentional Torts Assault Assault is a form of intentional tort that is committed persons. It refers to an act intended to cause unpleasant or harmful act to an individual or an apprehension of the same. In this regard harm entails three elements namely, intent, apprehension of an offensive or harmful contact as well as causation. In this case, assault is only acknowledged when the three elements are involved. Mere words cannot count as an assault, there has to be an apprehe
Abolitionists in the Fight Against Slavery Slavery is an idea used by the oppressors and colonialists to make the oppressed feel as if they are property that can be owned by someone. It is also considered a form of forced labor. The sad thing is that some slaveowners never saw the crime of having a slave working for them (Narrative of the life, n.d, 31). This paper seeks to outline the influences of the civil war and slavery on the abolitionist movement in 1850-1865. The idea of doing away with slavery in the United States brought a revolution in many sectors political, financial, and other matters related to society. The colonists could not believe their power was being put to the test. This, however, was bound to happen sooner rather than later. The slaves were in a state of unrest and they began to act up. They picked fights with their superiors and gave them a hard time. One master who could not take this kind of behavior was Colonel Lloyd. He could not let a slave say anything contrary to what he said (Narrative of the life,26). Some even resorted to escaping the premises of their masters. Those that did not manage to get away led revolutions among the rest of the black slaves in the north. This gave birth to the uprisings of angry slaves. They knew they were free only they had to show the colonists that they were aware of that. [1] The slaves were determined and in the unfreed state they still were in rebellion and protested all they could (McKivigan 2). since they knew they had support from the whites in the south and some freed blacks, they continued in the same behavior, some escaped were caught, brought back and they escaped again, the struggle continued to freedom (Rebellious slaves, free blacks &abolitionists, 69). Since the blacks were set free, some moved south. They met up with the abolitionists of which most were white. They could not overlook this issue. There were strained relationships in fact and so they had to start living with each other in peace. Their peaceful coexistence was essential since all the whites were doing was pushing for the blacks that were still in slavery to be set free. The blacks seemed to have the situation under control especially at the Underground Railway road. They manned it themselves and rescued so many slaves to freedom through this escape route (McKivigan 2). Harriet Tubman is written down in history to have helped over 200 to 300 slaves escape through the track to the freedom that so easily was eluding some who were not
Gun control law has been a controversial issue in various parts of the world. The topic has remained so contentious thus creating two groups that hold different opinions on the law. That is the proponents and opponents to the law. This law is meant to control the importation, possession and use of firearms by the civilians. A close look at different nations reveals an immense variation of the gun control policy. For example, the UK has firm restrictions on the use of firearms while the US has a flexible limit on possession and usage of guns by private citizens (Agresti and Reid). Although there have been those for gun ownership as a way of enhancing self protection, I feel that the dangers that come with widespread gun ownership is a veritable undoing. Therefore, gun control policy/law is a good idea. A good gun control law should be under the control of the federal or central government; therefore, ensuring its inclusion in the constitution. Moreover, the law should ban any firearm possession by the citizens so that only the police and defense departments are allowed access them. A program on gun safety awareness among the public, patients and health care providers should also be launched. A continuous survey and monitoring progress on illegal acquisition of firearms among citizens should be inculcated in the law. In the US, those advocating for gun control policy agree that it is a sensible idea since “… it would restrict every type of weapon used in America’s two worst gun tragedies over the past eight months…” (
Outline Introduction – Major behavioural problem among adolescents and its impacts on both academic and social life of children – Reasons for behavioural problem – Different types of behavioural problems and their influence on learning – Aggression, bullying, risk-taking, violence and anti-social activities – How to prevent behavioural problems- Proper awareness to parents and teachers – Conclusion Behavioural problems At present, a large number of school students and adolescents have behavioural problems and they are continuously getting in to deep psychological problems in their life. Adolescents have various types of pressures which include parental problems, poverty, academic problems, violence and gangs. Adolescent period is considered as the most critical stage in the mental and physical development of a person’s life. In the case of some students these depressions becomes visible through serious behavioural disorder or mental distress. Behavioural disorder such as shoplifting, fight with classmates, bullying, destroying properties, truancy, using drugs and alcoholism and aggressiveness may be the outward signs among the adolescents. Through these kinds of misbehaviour parents, teachers and loved ones may feel angry, hopeless and frustrated. Adolescents need proper consideration and respect both in the classroom and personal life. Lack of proper care and guidance create behavioural problems among adolescents. Social, religious, academic, economic and psychological factors often promote problems. Poverty and isolation lead to critical mental distress and behavioural disorders. The web article named Behavioural Problems among Early Adolescents gives proper explanations the about the reasons of behavioural problems among young people. It says, “If the proper care and attention is not taken in this stage, the adolescents might develop problematic behaviour problems and this may continue in the adult hood.” (Hiremath, Hunshal & Gaonkar, 2008, p.3). Adolescent period is considered much more crucial than other stages of development in a person’s life. Influence of peer groups and emergence of modern visual medias often play the role of a promoter of behavioural problems. It is apparent that there is a clear link between the media violence in general and violent behaviour in children. Children learn from what they observe; which means, what they see on TV. Risk-taking is highly related with television programs and movies. In the field of education, aggressive and violent nature of students has created critical management problems. Sociological and psychological adjustment difficulties are major causes for these kinds of behavioural problems. Bullying is a harmful epidemic and it has contributed to dropping out, early suspension from school, truancy, low academic performance and suicide. In case of a school student, bullying can be said to be the deliberate attempts to harm, ridi
Introduction The founding fathers of United States can generally be defined as the political class who signed the declaration of independence, participated in American revolutionary which culminated into the drafting of the United States constitution. American Revolution refers to the period in which the thirteen colonies that eventually became the United States of America gained independence from Britain. The colonies united with a common purpose of fighting a revolutionary war against the British. This was what ended up with American declaration of independence in 1776, Holzel, (2008). Main body As a delegate of Georgia, Button Gwinnett was the second signatory on the United States declaration. Goodrich, (1856) notes that there are conflicting information about his birth date but sources say that he was born in 1732 in Gluocestershire, England by a Welsh clergyman and his wife Anne and arrived in Savannah in 1765 at a time that the colony of Georgia was only 33 years old. He was second born in a family of seven and ended up marrying the grocer’s daughter with whom they had three children. Mr. Gwinnett was tall and of authoritative appearance. His manners were well-bred, charming and his language soft. His formal education is not well accounted for but sources say that he probably studied trade and finance. He commenced his career as a merchant in Bristol, England, to commercial pursuits in United States and later got into business as a general trader. Unlike Lyman Hall and George Walton, the other two Georgia signers of the declaration of independence, he joined the loyalist side later on as he was held back by his birth place and family relations in England. An Escopolian and Congregationist, Gwinnett developed an interest in politics and as the split with Britain augmented, he became a leader of Georgia’s fundamental faction of patriots. He was appointed a justice of the peace and in the following year served as a member of Georgia colonial assembly. Being a charming person, he proofed to be the best candidate to be sent to the Georgia’s legislature to sign the Declaration of Independence. Since his emigration to America he had that great desire of colonial politics. Prior to 1775, Gwinnett was known to be a patriot but could realize that it was impossible for America to resist Great Britain and yet make it. By 1775, there was a change in his sentiments and became a strong and open advocate of establishing colonies on a firm and lasting basis. According to him, it appeared extremely hard to resist t
Introduction Amnesia caused by emotional trauma has been the subject of considerable debate amongst psychologists for a considerable amount of time. Breur and Freud (1893-1895) had theorized that people subjected to traumatic events try and suppress the memories of the event which results in amnesia. Freud however, opined that the memories of that unpleasant event still resided within the person’s mind and that it could manifest in other forms such as Hysteria. The professionals who disagree with the concept that emotional trauma can cause amnesia, base their refutation on the absence of laboratory defined empirical evidence to provide justification of the phenomenon. Amnesic episodes after a traumatic event are however, sufficiently recorded especially among war veterans, victims of child abuse and rape. The phenomenon therefore requires some explanation. Main body To explain this phenomenon in neurologic terms, there are a number of theories which support the idea. Freyd (1994) postulated that amnesia can result because of the trauma of betrayal. The explanation offered by Freyd states that: Betrayal posits that from a logical analysis of evolutionary pressures and cognitive architecture, we can expect that there will be information blockage under certain conditions (of which, sexual abuse is likely to be an example) and that this information blockage will create various types of traumatic amnesia that can be understood in terms of cognitive mechanisms. In cases of Child abuse, according to Freyd, amnesia enables the child to maintain an attachment with a figure vital to survival, development and thriving. Other psychologists attempt to explain the phenomenon in neurobiological terms. According to them, the importance of hippocampus in explaining traumatic amnesia is the most plausible reason. The hippocampus is that part of the brain which stores words, places, conversations and spatial relationships in the long term memory. According to Bremner (1999), Individuals with