ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The beginning of the 20 th century is considered to be the birth of blues. This style of music was originated from Afro-America slaves’ traditions and covered such countries as Africa and the United States, later the whole of Europe. Blues underwent different interpretations and in the early time of its development was called “race music”, as it was the music for people of Afro-American origin. Though it is impossible to name the definite year when blues was originated. The birth of this style of music is closely connected with the lyrical music of slaves who used to involve technical elements in this genre. At the beginning of its formation blues was interwoven with one more style of music – country and only later it was generally recognized as a separate independent style of music. The early development of blues coincides with the period of Emancipation which is why the role of women in its formation was really profound. In general, Emancipation changed the life of all black Americans and this could not but influenced the development of their music. People got the freedom to move and work where they liked and thus, to develop their own genre of musical art. From the very beginning of blues formation, the following blues singers were prominent and generally recognized: Ma Rainey, Mamie Smith, Bessie Smith, and others. The women involved in the sphere of blues transferred the existing black culture into the American mainstream. The contribution of women to this style of music resulted in a complete change of people of Afro-American origin making it more visible and sensitive. (LeRoi, 1963) The rapid development of blues mostly took place due to the participation of women. With their help, this musical style reached its peak in development and continued its growth. One of the most prominent prints left by women in the history of blues covered the following:   * Minstrelsy of black culture;   * The development of black entertainment throughout the whole world;   * The establishment of cabaret scene in 1920 in the majority of northern cities;   * Popular artists of that time were dominantly women. The role of the women was really important in the formation of the classic form of the blues. (Titon, 1997) “ When a woman gets the blues she hangs her head and cry.” Women vocalists made this style professional, not only as a genre of music but as a profession for life. Women of Afro-American origin used this new style in musical art as a method for earning money singing their songs in public. Their profession was involved in the sphere of entertainment. Female representatives of blues traveled through many cities and showed their performance in which they demonstrated the peculiarities of musical style. Due to them, the stylistic scope of the audience was changed and this style was differently perceived by publicity. Women’s traveling changed the general view on the style and its
In contemporary society, people live under high pressure of different types of mass media. Men are surrounded by streams of data, and it is possible to become lost. It should be mentioned that the digital revolution also influenced the development of means of advertising. It is possible to say that advertisers now use different digital technologies to promote their good and make people more interested in it. They use wide access to TV, trying to give as much information as it is possible. However, there are eight Principles and Practices which limit the information given by advertisers to people. These principles guarantee that all communication, including advertising, should do what is right for consumers, which in its turn is right for the business as well (Snyder para. 5). Eight Principles and Practices now became very important phenomena which try to guarantee a customers security. Among these eight principles it is possible to separate two which seem to be the most important from the customers perspective. The first one states that all advertizing or communication share a common objective of truth and high ethical standards in serving people (Snyder para. 9). It is very important principle which can guarantee a customers security. Advertising now gives a lot of information to people and it is obvious that they expect it to correspond with high ethnic standards. With this in mind, it is possible to state the fact that this principle is very important for customers as it can guarantee that they will get only reliable information which will not hurt their feelings. Another important principle is connected with the previous one. It continues the tendency and is associated with people who create different kinds of advertising. It states the fact that all professionals who are responsible for the creation of an advertisement should follow only the highest moral and ethic principles while creating new advertisement. This principle should also protect a customer from undesirable information and guarantee an advertisement to be made in an appropriate manner. However, not all of these principles are observed. Very often to create new advertising or attract more attention, advertising professionals forget about these principles. Such products can be very dangerous for people as they do not care about their mental health, their views, and beliefs. It is possible to support this statement with clear evidence. There is a great number of different advertisements which ignore the third principle which states that advertising should be clearly distinguished from news, entertainment or editorial content. People would trust advertisement more if it is given as a piece of news or presented like editorial content. Nowadays, this practice becomes more and more popular. It is possible to notice the aftermath of this problem, visiting some social network or attending news websites. Very often it is
Introduction Born of a Kenyan father and an American mother on 8 August 1961, Obama presents the first real opportunity for America to have its first black president ever. His biography works well for him: he was raised in the dynamic, multi-ethnic cultures of Hawaii and Indonesia; he was the president of the Harvard law review and worked in community organizing in Chicago. This is clear evidence to the millions of US voters that Obama possesses a wide range of experience needed in American leadership. This article that follows discusses the reasons that place my candidate of choice Sen. Barrack Obama, in a better position than his rival. The discussion focuses on his stand regarding the Iraq war, foreign policy and health care. Main text The world view about the US has been put in jeopardy following some questionable activities by the Bush administration. The most prominent ones are the Iraq invasion and the vocal threats to Iran, Syria and Somalia. Obama advocates for the use of nonmilitary options to confront the threats of terrorism and nuclear possession by unfriendly states which have been underutilized by the present administration. He says the refusal to apply diplomacy makes the US look arrogant denying us the opportunity to progress and move forward. Obama is committed to ending the Israel- Palestine conflict which contributes largely to the instability of the region thus hampering development and worsens the humanitarian crisis associated with war. The invasion of Iraq drew various reactions from different quarters of the world. At first, almost every American citizen was for the war, as he/she had been made to belie
In the light of the case of Mr. Robert Crook who has admitted that he has committed a felony, I hereby give legal advice to the assailant based on the criminal laws on felonies. To start with, it is important to review the crime that Mr. Robert Crook has committed. Robert Crook is worried that he might be arrested for an armed robbery which he was involved in at a gas station recently. Mr. Crook is an addicted gambler who is jobless and owes very many people a lot of money. His desperation led him to acquire a BB gun which he used to raid a gas station located just outside his house. He claims that the attendant at the gas station managed to identify him since he had not put on a mask. The police officers were informed of the incident and they have started looking for him. They have even raided his apartment where they found his teenage nephew. The following is a detailed description of what will happen to Mr. Crook after he is should he be arrested for the crime that he committed. To start with, if the police are already looking for him, it means that a complaint has been filed against him because this is usually the start of any felony case. This is the main accusation document and it is filed by the complaining witness and signed at the prosecutor’s office (Michel, 1995). After the filing of this document a warrant of arrest is issued. The warrant commands the person who has omitted the crime, legally known as the defendant to appear before the jury on a certain day. The time of appearance also indicated. There is another way where the defendant is arrested and arraigned before the jury using the warrant of arrest (Garner, 1997). This means that the warrant of arrest gives power to the law enforcement officers to arrest the criminal and bring him before the judges. This is why the policemen had raided the house of Mr. Crook because the arrest warrant had already commissioned them to do so. For the arrest warrant to be issued, there must be enough evidence that is incriminating the person in question, or there must be information stating that the person in question might help with investigations. After the defendant is arrested, what follows is the initial appearance before the magistrate. This initial appearance is presided over by a magistrate judge and this is the session where the defendant is made aware of the charges that have been made against him and the highest possible penalties that could be imposed if at all he or she is found to have been on the wrong (Gerven, 2001). Their constitutional rights regarding the case are also stated during this session. It is also during this session where the defendant is asked to provide a lawyer or attorney for legal representation and if they cannot afford the attorney fee, a state attorney is appointed to offer the legal representation. Finally the magistrate makes a decision whether the defendant will be bonded or be kept in custody pending the next hearing. After this, there is the preliminary hearing and in this session, the witnesses that are supposed to give evidence for or against the defendant are produced by the prosecutors. More evidence to es
The notion of archetype has a Greek origin that means “original or old.” This term may also be translated into English as a model or pattern. “In literature, an archetype is a typical character, an action or a situation that seems to represent such universal patterns of human nature” (“Archetype” par.1). Archetype prophetical characters are present in all genres of literature, and they may be defined as oft-recurring images, plots, motives in literature works. Another possible definition of the term archetype is “an original pattern or model from which all things of the same kind are copied, or on which they are based” (Mcsorley par.2). In literature, the term archetype sometimes is replaced with a prototype that means a plot, theme, or characters that are typical for a definite literary genre. These typical peculiarities, which are typical for Archetype Prophetical Characters due to their universal nature, help “to get the message of a work across the reader” (Mcsorley par.3). The ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle was among the first to develop the notion of an archetypal character. While studying the peculiarities of the ancient Greek drama plays, Aristotle pays attention to the fact that all major characters are rather typical, and they possess certain peculiarities that are adherent to this very genre. Later based on his findings, Aristotle has implemented the notion of the tragic hero, which now may be considered to be the first archetype character. Another prominent figure who has applied the notion of the archetype to literature was Carl Jung. He states that in different historical periods in different literary sources, there were universal patterns of characters regardless of the culture. In contemporary literature, due to the development of different genres and literary schools, there may be observed a huge amount of different archetype prophetical characters. At the same time, it is possible to distinguish several most common literary prototypes. The most commonly encountered archetype prophetical character is a hero. As a rule, this prototype is associated with an image of a warrior who faces different challenges and does his best to overcome them. The examples of such prototypes may be exemplified by such literary characters as Hercules, Beowulf, and others. Another very popular archetype in literature is the figure of the mother. It is represented as a devoted mother who cares about their child and sacrifices herself for their sake. Sometimes maybe found an archetype, which is called the innocent yout
Introduction The term sexuality refers to the erotic experience people have and how they express themselves, usually driven by yearning for sexually related pleasures (McAnulty & Burnette 2006). Freud wanted to know to what extent psychology can contribute to the sexual life of a man. He thinks that sexuality is not merely biological, but psychology has a lot of input in its development. Sigmund, therefore, writes the three essays on sexuality and derives several conclusions. In the second essay Freud Sigmund discusses, in details, the psychosexual development of a child. In deed, the psychological analysis of sexuality shed light on the biological, sexual life, and he concludes that psychology is the backbone of human sexuality (Freud, 1905). Freud claims that psychic representation of human beings is unique as opposed to that of other animals. The essay seeks to elaborate how capability of psychosexual behavior of human beings can conceptualize objects to focus on current and future sexual actions (Weinstein, 2001). Freud accepted the social and the physiological contribution to the development and satisfaction of sexual gratification. Sexuality has all its roots in anatomical differences of the sexes, but Freud asserts that these factors alone do not constitute sexuality in human beings (Freud, 1905). Sexuality is a complex scenario where the unconscious rides over biology for the production of individuals and pleasure. Freud Sigmund investigated the relationship between psychology and sexual drive. Freud identified four elementary concepts of psychoanalysis including drive, unconscious, repetition and transference. The Lacanian theory agrees with the Freud’s point of view, but there are some discrepancies in their views. Lacan postulates that, an individual must make a distinction between reality and real (Homer, 2005). That is existence as illustrated by language and the world of fantasy. Psychosexual life is determined by the tension between the social meanings and the real. Lacan finally argues that psychosexual progress is structured around the object’s capacity to identify iconic cryptogram and then finally language. Lacan illustrates sexual drive to be composite of demand and need while unconscious translates to desire and discourse of the other. Lacan equates Freud’s repetition to identity, and the unconscious is triggered by the transference (Homer, 2005). Lacan is concerned with knowing whether psychoanalysis is the science which he concluded in affirmative because the unconscious is the object under investigation. Lacan claims that the main aim of psychoanalysis is to get rid of desire while accepting the consequences packed with it. Psychoanalysis does not only provide a favorable environment for the subject but also desire is not foregone. Some current scientists dispute the Freud’s social theory about sexual life but instead favor biological clarification on behaviors of lesbians and gays. Freud argues that there is
To effectively study the political philosophies of Plato and Aristotle, a deep analysis of the life and ideology of both philosophers is needed to come up with a conclusive hypothesis. This is necessitated by the fact that life deals with each individual differently and the physical environment determines what an individual perceives. These aspects combined led to Plato being regarded as a political philosopher and Aristotle being considered as a political scientist. These views are however vague, and as we shall see, both individuals were highly knowledgeable in the political field. Only an imaginary thin line differentiated their political philosophy bearing in mind both descended from the same school of thought. Plato’s Life and Work Plato was a Greek philosopher born in Athens in 427BC to an aristocratic family. He was the second member of the three ancient Greeks philosophers. His father Ariston was believed to be of royal descent and he had three sons, Adeimantus, Glaucon, and Plato who was the youngest. Plato is described as bright student who excelled in his studies and their parents endeavored to give their children the best education. After his father’s death, his mother Perictione was married to Pyrilampes, given that according to Athenian law; it was illegal for women to be independent. Pyrilampes was a friend of Pericles, the head of the democratic faction in Athens therefore Plato was exposed to both the oligarchy and democratic political ideologies from early childhood. Pyrilampes attempted to convince him into joining oligarchic leadership but because of the disillusion he bore over the empire, Plato declined this offer and instead joined his two older brothers to become a student of a teacher named Socrates. Socrates dedicated his life to seeking the truth and examining morality through the challenges he posed to his of pupils. This was achieved by allowing them to test then critically scrutinize their thoughts and values mostly in religion and politics. This put him at loggerheads with many powerful individuals and in a short while, he was charged with corrupting the minds of the youth in Athens. The death of his teacher further amplified Plato’s detest for the political regimes and he came to the conclusion that politics needed genuine philosophers to rule the states and to introduce sobriety. He later founded an Academy, in a grove sacred to the demigod Academus where Aristotle enrolled as a student. It was an institution of higher learning, which covered a wide variety of subjects including physical science, astronomy, mathematics and philosophy. Plato spent a few years travelling the Mediterranean where he studied various civilizations until 360BC when he settled back in Athens as president of the Academy and went around giving lectures to various groups until his death in 347 BC. Aristotle: His Life and Work Aristotle was born in 384 BC to a patrician family and his father Nichomachus was a physician to the king of Macedonia. While still young, his father sent him to study i
Introduction The short stories “The Gift of the Magi” by O Henry and “The Rocking Horse Winner” by D. H. Lawrence are both timeless classics that have touched readers all over the world due to their universal themes of love, luck, and poverty. In the Gift of the Magi, the story revolves around the unconditional love of a husband and wife, Jim and Della. They live in dire straits but desire to give each other something special for Christmas. The husband chooses to sell his expensive watch to get a lovely comb for his beautiful wife Della whereas Della sells her beautiful hair to get a watch chain for Jim. When it is time to exchange gifts, they find that the gifts are quite useless to them; but, at the same time, these gifts are priceless because of the selfless love they symbolized. The Rocking Horse Winner by D. H. Lawrence revolves around Paul and his mother Hester who is an English woman haunted by a sense of failure and a fathomless passion for money. Her son Paul desires to get the “luck” that his mother desires. Paul soon realizes he has the gift of magically knowing in advance the winning horse in horse races if he rode on the rocking horse. This leads him to make some money that he gives to his mother. Instead of satisfying her, it merely sends her into a craving for more money. Paul rides the rocking horse to his death and in so doing makes eighty thousand pounds. Similarities Both the stories are based on the role of money in ordinary people’s lives. Jim and Della do not have the money to buy gifts for each other for Xmas. The story begins with the line: “One dollar and eighty-seven cents. That was all” (O Henry 1). In the case of Rocking Horse Winner, the poverty is of a different kind: “There was never enough money. …for the social position which they had to keep up” (Lawrence, p. 30). As a result of the lack of money, Jim and Della are moved to sell their precious belongings while Paul is forced to push himself on the rocking horse in search of luck. Thus, Jim, Della, and Paul are pushed to a state of self-sacrifice as a result of a shortage of money. Another unifying element in the stories is that the main characters are motivated by the emotion of love and the desire to give a gift to their loved ones. The love of Della motivates Jim to sell his watch while the love of Jim motivates Della to sell her precious hair. They do it so that they may give each other Christmas gifts. Paul’s love for his mom motivates him to go to the rocking horse in search of luck. His mother confides to him that she considers herself to be an unlucky woman married to an unlucky man. To allay her fears, Paul embarks on his quest for luck. He earns his first five thousand pounds and plans to gift it to his mother for her birthday. Loving and expressing love through a material gift are common elements in the two stories. Moreover, both the stories have a