ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Summary The article titled ‘The Ecology of the Family’ highlights the theoretical concepts as well as the practical approaches which can be undertaken to deliver counseling and psychological therapy-based treatments to the families. The approach which takes center point in the article is that of family-centric therapies, which revolve around the family as the system with subsystems. The environments of the family ecology, as well as environments that hinder development, are all depicted in the article. The development of the child and the parent under the goodness of fit model is presented in the article, along with the analysis of behavior as a complex interaction of factors. Strengths The strength of the article is that it forms its basis on the core concept of family as a centric tool for developmental psychology. The article initially highlights the history of the concept and how employing the whole family-based approach towards developmental therapy can provide much better results than those focused simply on the specific members of the family, including children, the parents, or on marital relations between the spouses. The article highlights the ecological framework as a process and not a methodology. It depicts the key concept of the ecological framework, which pertains to considering the family as a system having various subsystems and having an external and internal environment that affect and influence the subsystems in the family. The article is a comprehensive guide to the family as ecology. Weaknesses The weakness of the paper is that while it has been written for academic researchers and those interested in the developmental theories as part of their education or professional pursuits, the language in which the paper has been written is very complex, making way for paper which is hard to comprehend. The reading of the paper is straightforward, but the numerous elements which are combined to form the article make it very wordy and complex for the majority of the audience to comprehend. Degree of Generalization The article titled ‘The Ecology of the Family’ presents theories and conclusions that can be generalized to the general population. The author and researcher of the article have covered diverse aspects of the family and the role of the family with its subsystems to depict it as ecology. The theoretical perspective has been used to form the basis of the paper, while the more practical programs have been suggested which can aid in employing the approach for managing households as well as entities like public schools. When it comes to managing a family and organization, the article is highly generalize-able in the majority of the cases.
Introduction Nowadays, one cannot underestimate the decision-making processes for organizational functioning and financial prosperity. It remains apparent that making a decision is associated with a plethora of challenges and biases related to heuristics and subjectivity in reasoning (Bazerman & Moore, 2012). In this case, using a prescriptive method of decision-making can minimize risks and apply only the best practices for effective analysis (Bazerman & Moore, 2012). It could be said that the scholars developed an extended variety of decision-making strategies to increase the effectiveness and avoid misunderstandings. Consequently, in the context of this paper, it is critical to discuss decision-making strategies and apply them to practice with the assistance of the workplace examples. Furthermore, comparing the potential outcomes and assessing the effectiveness of each approach is vital. Lastly, discussing in detail the application of these strategies in the organizational context will help gather the insights of the selected decision-making tools. Two Decision-Making Techniques As it was mentioned earlier, there is an extended variety of strategies and tactics, which assist in avoiding judgementalism and bias in decision-making. One of the techniques can be related to considering a viewpoint of the outsider or a third party, which can provide an expert opinion about the situation. In this case, it could be used in the context of the organization when selecting a suitable strategy for expansion. In this case, it remains evident that the selected expert has a profound knowledge of the topic and may offer additional solutions to the presented problem (Kirkiboen, 2014). Having extended years of working experience in the field of outsourcing and strategic growth will contribute to decreasing the number of typical mistakes associated with this strategy. Based on the factors provided above, it could be said that applying this technique will help avoid overestimating the positive outcomes of the particular decision, as it will offer a systematic framework for making a relevant decision (Kirkiboen, 2014). Nonetheless, relying on this technique solely will increase the possibility of personal bias and the level of subjectivism in decision-making. Nevertheless, another tactic can be applied as an alternative to the expert’s opinion. In this case, one can focus on decreasing the bias of decision-making while utilizing different approaches to minimize the associated threats. It could be theorized that cognitive biasing is one of the most common challenges during the decision-making process, and it hurts the personal heuristics and critical thinking strategies (Croskerry, Singhal, & Mamede, 2013). In this case, making a decision in a group concerning the e
Introduction and Definitions The dilemma of free will has baffled philosophers and other literary figures for centuries. To date, some of the greatest minds are still struggling to shed light on the doctrine of free will and other opposing doctrines such as determinism and causation. It is indeed true that concerns about free will make us ask more questions than we can ever possibly answer, including questioning our very existence and the nature of the physical world that we live in. Issues about free will arouses more concerns about our human psychology, societal controls, right and wrong, ethical accountability, crime and punishment, and much more (Kane 1). This notwithstanding, the trend all over the world is toward populations that are more free since individuals desire to have the capability and occasion to gratify their very own desires. It is the purpose of this paper to critically analyze the concept of free will, with a focus on David Hume’s Compatibilist view about the concept. According to O’Connor, “…free will is a philosophical term of art for a particular sort of capacity of rational agents to choose a course of action among various alternatives” (para. 1). When taken in context, this definition presumes that rational agents are naturally endowed with freedom that entails the capacity to choose one action from other genuinely open actions or possibilities. Further, this definition presumes that although rational agents may select a particular option on a particular event, they could have selected otherwise. From a moral responsibility perspective, free will can be defined as the distinctive capability of individuals to exercise control over their actions and behaviors in the fullest manner needed for moral responsibility (McKenna para. 2). Consequently, rational agents have the capacity and opportunity to exercise control over their judgments, actions and choices. However, many philosophers have refuted this juxtaposition of explanations about free will, making the doctrine one of the most spectacularly debated
The First Amendment established the fundamental rights of citizens and political associations-parties, unions, associations, and denominations. It is meaningful to note that section 5 in the Illinois Constitution has titled the right to assemble and petition (Greenberg & Page, 2018). It states that citizens may peacefully assemble and consult on matters essential to the community’s common good. However, the Illinois Constitution establishes that citizens also have the right to petition the government to stop malpractices and request that specific problems be resolved. Thus, it could be argued that the State Constitution adopted the fundamental rights of the First Amendment to provide freedom for citizens to decide public issues. It is also essential to mention Article Three of the Illinois Constitution, which established the suffrage of citizens and the right to elections. It is important to note that the origins of this can be seen as far back as the First Amendment because it laid the groundwork for creating parties (Siddali, 2019). Although Article 3 of the Illinois Constitution is more developed because it established that every citizen over 18 years of age has the right to vote, and prisoners for felonies lose their vote. In addition, the Illinois Constitution establishes the exact procedure for the election, specifically states the need for an election commission and begins how the Governor can be recalled. At the same time, the article contains provisions that all elections must be free and equal; thus, this provision is per the fundamental principles laid down
This article is an organizational study of Starbucks based on Burke-Litwin’s model of organizational design and change. In this article, we just try to ascertain the transactional variables that act as throughputs. Here we will conduct a diagnostic study in Starbuck to find the transactional variable and establish the degree of fitment between the different components and how they are related to each other. Burk and Letwin proposed two organizational dynamics i.e. transactional and transformational. The former is defined as “the everyday interactions and exchanges that more directly create climate conditions” (Burke & Letwin, 1992, p.527). The latter is defined as “areas in which alteration is likely caused by interaction with environmental forces (both within and without) and will require entirely new behavior sets from organizational members.” (p. 529) Overall, the idea that was presented by them is that organizational change occurs due to transformational change which occurs due to external conditions. They believe that this change affects the organizations’ mission and strategy, leadership, and culture directly. This, again, affects the transactional factors, which are, structure, systems, management practices, and climate. Both of them together affect motivation, which, in turn, affects the performance of the organization (p. 523). So our study will be limited in identifying and establishing a relationship between the transactional variables. The company selected for this analysis is Starbucks, a more than 30-year-old Seattle-based coffee retailer. We will now examine the transactional variables of Starbucks. First, we consider structure . By structure, the authors meant the way a company is organized to demonstrate the functions and people into specific areas and levels of responsibility, decision-making authority, communication (p.532). Starbucks has a functional structure where three distinct functions are, operations, support functions, and partner care and support. Starbucks refers to its employees as partners. The support functions include departments like Store Development, Licensed Stores, Finance, Partner Resources, Marketing, In-Store Experience, Global Supply Chain, Global Communications, and Partner & Asset Protection. (Reuters 2008) Second, systems refer to the formal procedures and policies of the organizations. They are mainly, reward systems, MIS, performance appraisals, training, etc. Starbucks has several factors to its systems. One of the most important among them is training. Starbucks trains its staff extensively on the intricacies of coffee beans including where they are grown, how they are roasted, how they should be ground, and how they should be filtered to optimize taste. The reward system of Starbucks is highly people-oriented. Each employee is eligible to receive health care. Starbucks’ employees also participate in a 401(k) profit-sharing plan. Further, due to Starbuck’s presence worldwide, it needs to take care of the culture and accordingly regulate its performance appraisal and reward system. For example, United States has an individualistic culture, so individual reward systems are useful and emplo
Introduction Alcohol abuse among the teens presents serious health and social concerns. In particular, underage drinking is linked to many adverse health effects such as memory loss, impaired neurological development, and poor academic performance among the youth. The social effects are even more disturbing. Risky sexual behaviors, impaired decision-making, drug addiction, substance abuse, youth crime, violence, and dangerous driving are some of the effects associated with youth alcohol abuse. While alcohol abuse may be attributed to a number of factors, alcohol advertising is a significant contributing factor to youth alcohol abuse. Drinking patterns among youth of different races is different. Previous studies involving comparisons of drinking patterns and their effects upon the white and African Americans reveal that alcohol is the most abused drug among the African American youth (Wallace et al., 1999, p.806). This implies that the differences in culture, historical perspectives and worldviews with regard to alcohol consumption have significant influence on behavior patterns involving the Whites and the African American youths. National surveys have established that “heavy drinking among remained high among African Americans of age group 18-29, while it declined for Whites of the same age group between 1984 and 1995” (Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 2004, p. 2). However, the African Americans show comparatively higher rates of alcohol abstention compared to their White or Hispanic counterparts. In 2003, the monthly alcohol use for African Americans stood at 54.4% compared to 41.5% and 24.2% of Whites and Hispanics respectively (Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 2004, p. 4). Among the risk factors for the relatively high alcohol use among African Americans, are the liberal parental attitudes towards drinking, high number of alcohol stores in residential areas and effects of advertisements. Alcohol abuse has many social and health effects that affect African American teens compared to any other youths across the world. Alcohol Abuse among African American Teens Alcohol is one of the drugs commonly abused by teens particularly among the African American youth. With regard to binge drinking and heavy alcohol use among teens older than 12 years, African Americans lead with 43% of them abusing alcohol compared to 38% Whites (Center on Alcohol Marketing and Youth, 2005). This indicates that heavy alcohol use or alcohol dependence is highest among the African American teens than any other group. However, according to the same report, African American youth drink less in a given duration than other youths. In 2003, 19.8% of African American teens compared to 31.6% of whites of between12 and 2
Introduction There are numerous reasons as to why people read fantasy stories. However, a major percentage of the people read the stories because they want to take their minds to a world way beyond the realistic one. The feeling that comes with suspending reality, and going into a fantasy world is breathtaking, and readers would pay any amount of money to have such a feeling in the real world. When an old person reads such stories, he or she feels as if he or she is young again. The characters in the story, also take part in the reader’s real life. To analyze this issue better, there is a need to scrutinize two stories that relate to the subject matter. The paper discusses the two stories viz. my life with the wave, and a very old man with enormous wings to explore the suspension of reality aspect. Discussion My Life with the Wave When reading My Life with the Wave by Octavio Paz, a person is driven into a new world of make-believe in which he or she is coaxed to rubbish reality. The story has a many-layered nature that escapes the normal definition of realism. The story additionally leaves the reader wondering whether the writer wanted to talk about a love relationship with the wave, reminiscence, or is it the imaginary encouragement that that follows him from the sea. The imaginary spur already is an aspect that makes an individual wonder about the happenings of life is real in the world that is in the discussion. This helps to pull the reader to a new world that he or she cannot help but think it is a phenomenon, and that is an outstanding created fact by the author. As abovementioned, such a story pulls the mind of the reader to a point that he or she forgets where he or she is in the real sense (Kennedy and Gioia 348). The Wave pulls the reader to the fantasy world since it has been personified, and additionally, creates a relationship with the reader that is physical, and emotional. If a reader does not settle keenly on the story, he or she will assume that the wave is a love relationship. The sections that would flabbergast the reader, and pull him or her to this conclusion are the sumptuous nature of the wave and the emotional relationship that the speaker has with the wave. Up to that extent, the reader is already in a world that he or she has suspended reality. This may have been the main reason as to why the writer wrote the story. Therefore, the story is justified to be listed as one that makes a reader forget all his or her troubles and takes him or her to a journey that he or she will not come out of until he or she completes the reading. One other factor that makes a person get lost is the inconsistencies that are brought forth by the wave. The wave has some non-human qualities, whilst it has human feelings. Her thunderstorms similar to those of the sea are knotted to the weather. This inanimate characteristi
Pennypacker, S. (2006). Clementine . New York, NY: Hyperion Book CH. The book entitled Clementine is written by Sara Pennypacker. It dwells upon the life of the girl, Clementine, who is very active, resourceful, helpful, creative, responsive and kind. It is possible to state that Pennypacker (2006) depicts an average child who is trying to find her way in the world (performing at school, developing relationships with peers and adults). Adults try to make Clementine follow their rules. However, this girl has her own logic. Pennypacker (2006) uses first person singular which makes the book very intimate. The author tells the story in the way Clementine (a little girl) sees it. Admittedly, this book can be regarded as a great reading for 3-graders. Students will eagerly read the book to find out more about the girl who is just like them. Apart from being a good book for practicing reading and writing skills, the book is also didactic. Students can associate themselves with the cheerful girl and learn many important lessons. Thus, students will be able to develop their reading and writing skills and, at the same time, they will be able to develop appropriate behavioral patterns. Haddix, M.P. (2007). Dexter the Tough . New York, NY: Simon & Schuster Children’s Publishing. The book written by Margaret Haddix (2007) and entitled Dexter the Tough is concerned with quite a difficult period in the life of Dexter, the protagonist of the book. Dexter has to handle many difficulties. Thus, his father is getting some cancer treatment and his mother has to spend a lot of time in the clinic. Dexter has to live with his grandmother and has to attend a new school. Of course, Dexter sees everything in the worst light as he is overwhelmed by quite serious problems. Even the cheerful teacher evokes rather negative feelings in him. Haddix (2007) tells a story of a child who faces certain problems. Thus, the book will be a good treat for children who find themselves in similar situations. The book provides certain answers which can help children find their own ways to overcome their difficulties. Thus, Dexter understands that his behavior is quite inappropriate. He also learns to develop proper relationships with his peers. He also finds a friend. This friendship helps Dexter to change his outlook. The book is a good source to use in the 5th grade. Students will be interested in the plot and at the same time they will develop their reading and writing skills. The two books mentioned above can be used in a balanced literacy classroom. As far as Clementine is concerned, this book can be used to practice all components of a balanced reading program. Thus, the teacher can read some passages aloud to make the students acquainted with a model of fluent reading. The book is suitable for developing vocabulary as well. Thus, such topics as home, classroom, school, etc. can be developed. It is also possible to develop silent reading. The teac
The HIV/AIDS epidemic has spanned the past three-and-a-half decades so far. To ﬁght against it, researchers and governments have mobilized and fundamentally altered the course of the disease and transformed the prognosis for millions of individuals living with HIV/AIDS. Now the frontier in the fight against HIV/AIDS has shifted to preventing the infection. Thus, HIV/AIDS has been chosen for this investigation as an especially relevant health issue presently. This research aims at highlighting the latest information on HIV/AID prevalence and mortality worldwide, its etiology and pathophysiology, as well as the prognosis about the epidemy and preventive measures that can be taken to avoid the infection. Today, the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) continues to be a severe public health issue on a global scale, having claimed 35 million lives so far (World Health Organization [WHO], 2019). According to WHO, about 940 000 people around the world died from HIV-related causes in 2017 (2018). The fact sheets show that about 36.9 million people worldwide are presently living with HIV/AIDS (WHO, 2018). Approximately 1.8 million children across the globe are living with HIV, and most of them were infected by their HIV-positive mothers (WHO, 2018). WHO reports that the African region is the most affected one as, in 2017, there were registered around 25.7 million people living with HIV (WHO, 2018). It was estimated that two-thirds of the total new HIV infections occur in Africa (WHO, 2018). The vast majority of people living with HIV are in low- and middle-income countries. AIDS stands for Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome, and it refers to the most advanced stage of HIV infection, which can take up to 15 years to develop depending on an individual. HIV is a retrovirus and may be transmitted via blood, blood products, sexual fluids, other fluids containing blood, and breast milk. Mostly, individuals are infected through sexual contact, during pregnancy, childbirth, or breastfeeding. When the virus gets into the bloodstream, it enters T-helper lymphocytes by attaching itself to a recepto