ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction The independence which Africa gained during the post-colonial period is primarily associated with the direction of African nationalism. However, researchers have argued that the continent’s nationalist ideas focused on freedom and independence, ignoring the social needs of the population. Moreover, the new states adopted the models of the European systems without sufficient resources and infrastructure. Thus, African nationalism was not ideologically grounded and deliberate but focused on the short-term goal of liberation. However, the independence of the continent was the only possible option which could have been realized differently. Flaws of African Nationalism The nationalist movement to combat the colonial order in Africa was conceived on the European model. According to Davidson, the nation-state for the supporters of nationalism was “the harbinger of all democratic benefits that people could wish for.” However, all African ideas about nation-state life were based on opposition to the colonial period, which was considered disastrous for the continent. Independence was perceived as the only way to eliminate the burden of imperialism. However, Africans were under colonial rule for a long time and lost sight of their national heritage. The division of Africa into sovereign states was planned by the former Empires, which developed their own policies. The African desire for independence from the imperialists was expressed in the form of freedom from the legacy of colonialism. Davidson notes that promising nationalist ideas were lost due to “purely African irresponsibility or incompetence.” African nationalism could be far-sighted if its ideologues were primarily focused on the needs of the African regions. The common aspiration of the nationalist movement was freedom from the colonial burden and not the transformation of former colonies into nations with their own values ​​and sovereignty. Compared to the national liberation of the states of Central and Western Europe, African states did not have their own cultural identity. In the case of decolonization in European countries, one can talk about the restoration of old orders, while African states considered their pre-colonial heritage as a relic of the past. In other words, Africans did not have their own history and national consciousness, which could form the basis of nationalism. Social needs in the form of better food, housing, education, and medicine prevailed on the ideological component. African nationalists inevitably relied on Britain and France for the organization of new states since they had no experience of forming such models. However, the former imperialists did not care about the needs of Africans but about their enrichment and increased exports. Additiona
Randi Streisand and Maureen Monaghan, PhDs, researchers in the Center for Translational Science Children’s National Medical Center, describe the qualitative study of type 1 diabetes (T1D) in children. The study is presented in the context of T1D current treatment procedures, and behavioral aspects of care for these children. The authors emphasize that, despite the diversity of management needs, specific education is not provided properly, and clinical services for managing diabetes in young children are rarely offered. Moreover, available behavioral research involving this age group is limited in scope and quantity. In the article, the psychological difficulty of controlling type 1 diabetes, as well as potential parental stress, are given attention. Moreover, young T1D patients need to integrate their condition into a new lifestyle and get used to the transition to an adult outpatient health care network. Previous research findings concerning the population of young children with T1D are reviewed in the article, and potential clinical implications are discussed; moreover, potential directions for future research in this field are formulated. The authors present detailed characteristics of T1D management in young children, trying to include all the necessary elements. In particular, goals of therapy include maintaining appropriate BG levels, as well as the problems of the increased insulin sensitivity potential development, unpredictable nature of patterns in diet or physical activity, and glycemic variability. Specifically, based on the literature analysis, challenges to glycemic control and physiologic chal
A policy is best defined as an alternative course of action that is typically followed for its expediency or merits in material nature (MacDonald 680). When circumvented in a political sense, public policy refers to a concept, most often a documented plan in which a government or a political union reaches at choices, action plans, and other important issues that have potential significance and advantages for the entire society (Davis 15). Essentially, policies can best be observed as principles that detail the nature of actions that should occur to resolve any public matters. They are administered by following state or federal exploits like legislations and other administrative applications. What is basic for a person tasked with the responsibility of developing policies is to understand that it is not a must for them to be consistent. This is owed to the fact that societal values change as days go by. Therefore, since policies basically represent societal preferences and beliefs, they must keep conforming and changing with them. At this juncture therefore, it is important to observe that a policy is thereby an intricate interaction of social and economic decisions, existing notions, organizations and personalities, methodological and analytical processes, and broad tenets about how policy is developed. In the view that a public policy is a course of action made by a government that consequently affects the public; it has been identified that even where some action is mandated to private control, the choice of it being a mandate of such private control can be perceived as a purposeful policy of those in authority. Simply put, the policy makers having authority over certain matters are responsible for developing policies concerning them. This is mainly because the societ
USA has always been viewed as the most democratic state in the world. This has been due to the fact that the citizens of this nation possess a lot of rights which they get to exercise within the boundaries of their nation. According to Jonel (2006), prior to 1965, US citizens did not have exclusive voting rights. This action impacted greatly on African Americans and other minorities within USA (McCrary, Seaman and Valleley, 2006). In their paper, McCrary et al (2006) asseted that the members of these communities were expected to meet several minimum requirements such as literacy tests, before they were deemed to be eligible for voting. As a result, voter turn out was always low. This did not create a good picture of democracy that the nation was thought to have had. As a result of the Civil Movement in the 1960s coupled with pressure from other agencies, the nation enacted the Voting Act of 1965 (Epstein et al, 2006). According to Jonel (2006), the Voting Rights Acts of 1965 removed a lot of barriers that disenfranchised individuals from voting. For instance, during the 2008 elections, president Obama received a lot of votes from the white community despite the fact that he is from an African American background. This proved that section 2 of the Voting Act of 1965 had been implemented effectively. However, the results that he got from some of the states, especially those that were dominated by monirity communities, raised doubts on section 5 of the Act. McCrary et al (2006) in their paper asserted that for the congress to ensure that such events do not recur in the future, several ammendments had to be done in section 5 of the act. These amendments are to be effected in the 2012 presidential elections in the US. The overall effects of these amendments cannot be quantified at the present moment but it is evident that they will deter minorities from voting (McCrary et al, 2006). The effects of these new legislations can only be understood after they are compared to the Voting Rights Acts of 1965. According to Marjorie (2009), several federal governments in the United States have enacted policies and laws that would govern their state elections and the presidential elections at large. The specifications of these laws and policies go against several sections that were enacted in the Voting Rights Act of 1965 (Jonel, 2006). Therefore, these new policies will make it even harder for individuals to vote, especially the minorities in the US. These new laws will make over five million voters not to be eligible for the 2012 elections. In her article, Marjorie (2009) went further ahead to assert that in the 2012 elections, some
The Nightingale Pledge dates back to 1893. It was formulated by a committee headed by Mrs. Lystra E. Gretter for use during the graduation of nurses from medical schools (Temple, 2012). The pledge was given the name of the founder of the nursing profession in honor of her role in developing the profession. This pledge is a source of controversy today because of the implications of some of its statements. This paper explores the place of the Nightingale Pledge in contemporary nursing, and examines both sides of the debate surrounding the structure and purpose of the pledge. Historical Role, Function, and Purpose of the Nightingale Pledge When Florence Nightingale decided to become a nurse, her goal was not to establish a new trade. Rather, she was driven by compassion for wounded soldiers. Her goal was to find ways of making their lives more bearable during recovery (Yeboah, 2009). Her commitment and desire to nurse the weak and the dying led to the establishment of the modern nursing profession. Therefore, when a committee headed by Lystra E. Gretter sat to develop the Nightingale Pledge, they were attempting to immortalize the memory of Florence Nightingale, and all the values she espoused as a nurse (Temple, 2012). The function and purpose of the pledge was twofold. First, it was meant to encourage newly qualified nurses to make a lifelong commitment to the practice of nursing. Nursing is often referred to as a calling (McEwen & Wills, 2011). This comes from the immense physical and emotional burden that nurses carry daily. It is impossible to carry this burden successfully without wholehearted commitment to the profession. Therefore, the Nightingale Pledge serves as a reminder to graduating nurses that nursing is not an ordinary profession, but a vocation. Whole-hearted commitment to nursing is necessary for effectiveness. Secondly, the pledge was supposed to encourage professionalism in the practice of nursing (McEwen & Wills, 2011). It identified the broad issues that nurses deal with on a daily basis, and prescribed a professional approach to these issues. In this sense, the Nightingale Pledge binds all nurses to the professional execution of their duties. The general standards of professionalism may vary from one jurisdiction to another. However, the gist of the pledge is that all nurses must handle their work in conformity to professional standards. Ethical Benefits of the pledge The Nightingale Pledge has several ethical benefits. First, it secures the confidentiality of the information that patients give during the process of treatment (McEwen & Wills, 2011). The fact that nurses take a pledge that requires them to keep in confidence all information they came across gives patients the assurance needed to coo
Grim begins by discussing the mutuality of knowing between humans and animals. It does not matter that animals can be directly perceived. The ability to be known and also interact with animals began during the era of hunting and gathering. This is why Grim is suggesting that restorative ecology can indeed replace some of the animal species that have been eradicated by mankind. There has been an exchange of knowledge between animals and humans. The above is an effective and transformational mode of knowing. The author uses various examples in the article. For instance, the winter dance that is very common among the Salish natives as well as the Mask festival famous among the Dogons who live in the lower regions of the Sahara desert in Africa. The author is specifically interested in exploring the type of relationship that exists between animals and people, even as they perform their indigenous rituals. The author notes that a close and cordial relationship existed between animals and the early man. Some of the approaches that enhanced the intimacy between man and animals included reflections on cosmology, perceptions of ecology, and perspectives on personhood. The modern world is extremely using animals in a dictatorial manner. This was not the case some centuries ago. For example, man has converted the intimate friendship into using animals as pets, for scientific research, entertainment as well as food. This is one of the preoccupations of the author. The author is also preoccupied with the fact that several animal species are becoming extinct from the planet. As much as we rely on animals for vital uses, they should never be converted to utilitarian objects that can be put into use at any given time. The author presupposes that there are quite several methodological approaches that can be employed to minimize the challenge of animal subjectivity. Another presupposition demonstrated by the author is that subsistence practices that are embedded among the indigenous populations are usually the key determinants that shape the relationship between human beings and animals. Moreover, the ritual performances that are celebrated by the native groups, as well as the mythical narratives, largely contribute towards the nature of the man-animal relationship that exists in those civilizations. The author presupposes that the local environment usually interacts with the cultural practices and that none of the two entities can be separated from the other. This assertion creates an impression that animal presence usually alerts the human bodies to begin exploiting the same intimacy that has existed for several centuries. Also, ecological perception is connected to concepts of personhood that also validates cultural concepts. The latter is often manifested in mythic narratives, rituals, and social practices. Moreover, the author presupposes that the relationship that exists between man and animals in this current age is largely meant to harm one entity while benefitting the other. In other words, human beings are keen on
Interview Techniques A successful CHA was performed on an overweight female (BMI=25.5) immigrant with hypertension and a history of migraines but otherwise healthy. Evidence-based interview strategies were employed to evaluate H.B.’s social determinants, including using open-ended questions, empathy, active listening, and summarization. The four techniques helped elicit useful details about the patient’s psychosocial context. Open-ended questions were used to explore the client’s primary concerns. According to Hashim (2017), using unspecific phrases such as ‘tell me more about…’ prompts patients to express themselves freely, often revealing critical diagnostic data and evaluating the emotional burden and psychosocial effect of the disease. Empathy was expressed verbally through supportive utterances and nonverbally via respectful silence and emphatic facial cues. The goal was to show understanding and relate to H.B.’s psychosocial experience. The active listening method was used to foster open communication about her social risk factors. Head nodding, eye contact, and tactful silent pauses were used to achieve this goal (Hashim, 2017). Finally, the summarization technique was utilized to validate the information given by the patient. Justification of Key Questions Social risk factors impact the health of a patient and must be addressed to ensure health equity. Therefore, it is important to look beyond physical health to understand other nonmedical variables that influence the health outcomes of individuals or communities. The five social determinants assessed included “socioeconomic status, education, employment, neighborhood, and physical environment, and social support networks” (Daniel et al., 2018, p. 577). Open-ended questions were used to elicit relevant responses from H.B. To determine her socioeconomic status, she was asked about total personal/family earnings, household size, and wealth and assets. These questions were critical in assessing H.B.’s access to care. Her total annual income was below $5,000 and she lived with an unemployed spouse and two teenage children. Questions on her education included her highest level of academic attainment and language proficiency to assess her health literacy and self-care capacity. H.B. revealed that she has an associate degree but being a recent immigrant she had difficulty communicating in English. Thus, interpretation services may be required to bolster her health literacy. Information about her employment status was also sought. The questions asked focused on current and recent jobs, hours spent working daily, workplace conditions, sick leave, and health coverage. H.B. admitted to working as a part-time store attendant for twelve-hour daily shifts, five days a week. Further, she denies previous exposure to on-the-job injuries, implying safety in the workplace. The patient is not entitled to sick leave and has limited coverage due to
Introduction William Kirwan, the author of the book “Biblical Concepts for Christian Counseling” demonstrates the possibility of theology and psychology integration. He discloses the developed counseling theory being based upon psychological literature and clinical experience; the author tries to call the community being more biblical in counseling and preaching. Kirwan describes principle methods and models of Christian counseling analyzing them through biblical vision and perception; he managed to reflect psychological interference and personal experience in theoretical study. Counseling and Christian Worldview The principle goal of all counselors is considered to be the necessity of change; this concept described by Kirwan appeared to be closely interacted with biblical conceptions. According to his theory the Bible discloses the principles for complete understanding and involvement into nouthetic counseling directing Christians perceive counseling as an integral part of their life. Counseling has been always connected with Christ’s church work; the book under analysis discloses the fact that the church used to minister to persons and families in divine and human relationship in order to fulfill its task of attending the matters of values, believes and behavior. It is important to underline the issue that the Bible is the background for Christian counseling, while the counseling itself is an integral part of Word ministry. Kirwan describes counseling as a continuous process of helping the humanity loving God and those who surround them. Kirwan discloses the basic goal of Biblical Christian Counseling which is aimed at raising the awareness of counselee’s present condition allowing any person moving from separation to the family restoration, from guilt to forgiveness, from hurt to harmony and justice and from worthlessness feeling to believe in God. The author describes this process as a dynamic one; he sticks to the point that counseling relationship covers the change expectation and its process is focused on the power employing and positive change production. Counseling is to contain such concepts as inspiration, incentives and motivation for the purpose of change production which is necessary for other people. Kirwan’s key concepts The basic concepts disclosed by William Kirwan are aimed at identification of key counseling goals and roles in human life and psychological influence of biblical conceptions. According to his theory, counseling means complete harmony and understanding between people in need and the counselor; one of the principle aims to achieve is connected with the therapy of healing. It is important to underline the fact that biblical concepts of curing can be analyzed through historical church; the ancient concept was focused on the principle of spirit, body and mind healing. It was found out that biblical concepts in counseling expressed through curing are concentrated not only on material or physical dimensions but
Introduction and description of the enterprise Darling harbour is one of the recreational sites in Sydney, Australia. There are numerous entertainment and recreations sites at the centre. The main attractions of the harbour are Chinese’s Friendship Garden, Cockle Bay Wharf, IMAX Theatre, aquariums, exhibition centre, shopping centres and museum. The Sydney Harbour Foreshore Authority (SHFA) has established an ultra modern water based theme park. The park will offer entertainment for adults, teenagers and children. The main attraction for the theme parks will be water rides, travelling shows, great sceneries, food services, roll coasters; train rides fireworks, acrobatics, casinos and other forms of amusements. The theme park is about to open and there is need to carry out a successful promotional campaign so as to attract tourists in Austria as well as from other parts of the world. This paper outlines the promotional strategies for the theme park. Theme park mission statement The mission statement for this theme park is “ to provide high quality amusement, fun and entertainment to all our esteemed customers in Australia and the world in general ” Theme park core values The main core values of the water world theme park are;   * Customer focus : all products and services will focus on customers and satisfy their need. The theme park will provide High quality services and products.   * Good corporate culture : the theme park promotes teamwork among all stakeholders and employees satisfaction   * Safety and enthusiasm: the employees will ensure that the rides and other activities are safe. The ground will also be secured to ensure that there are no loss of property   * Compassion and honesty Theme park objectives   * To provide high quality services and amusement to the local and international tourists   * To be a major tourist attraction in Australia   * To earn profits and gain at least 20% of the target market The promotional campaigns will promote the values, objectives and mission of the theme park (Aaker, 1998). All the promotional messages will be formulated so as to transmit the core values and mission of the park. Target market analysis and segmentation The main customers for the theme park will be from the local and the international community. In order to identify the target market, the main customers were identified and segmented appropriately (Cateora, Gilly & Graham, 2010). The main segmentation was based on:   * Nationality   * Age   * Income Age : This is the most important classification. Based on age, the market can be subdivided into, children, teenagers, adults and elderly. The promotional messages will be formulated so as to target the different groups. For the children, the promotion messages will be