ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Executive Summary VirPharm Company was established in St Petersburg in 2009. The firm is currently engaged in manufacturing of over-the-counter and prescription drugs. The company boasts of a wide range of extremely qualified staff with extensive knowledge in the development of novel synthetic drugs, clinical trials as well as their introduction into medical profession. The main objective of VirPharm is to augment sales volumes and expand the market share of its various products. Although the pharmaceutical market is subject to various criticisms from media outlets, the company has numerous competitive advantages that it plans to use in order to prevail over these challenges. For instance, VirPharm recently rebranded BOPREX into RELEVEN to capture new market. RELEVEN will be priced competitively in the OTC market in order to gain an upper hand over other competitors. The main target market for this newly packaged drug will be young executives (21-40 age categories) who experience various pains brought about by their busy schedules. The second target market for this product is the older generation (50-75 years) which are still actively engaged in career advancement. Virpharm also plans to employ various channels (i.e. online distribution and office supply stores, and vendor machines) to differentiate RELEVEN from other OTC drugs. The firm expects that RELEVEN will gain 20% of the OTC market share within 24 months after its introduction into the market. VirPharm’s Marketing Plan Current Marketing Situation Virpharm is a medium-sized pharmaceutical company that produces number of over-the-counter (OTC) prescription medicines. The main goal of Virpharm is to expand the market share for its various products. Although the company has achieved remarkable achievements through Hapizine (an antidepressant); the exclusive rights for this medicine will expire soon rendering its market share to generic competition. Recently, the company obtained permission to sell BOPREX over the counter as treatment for migraine and general pain (Ferrell & Hartline 2010, p.664). According to the latest data, BOPREX is ranked sixth in terms of market share. The Virpharm plans to use this strategic market plan to augment the market share held by this product by launching it via OTC market (Buckley 2004, p.4). The firm aims to leverage BOPREX’s strength in a highly competitive and saturated m
Introduction The Mongol Empire lasted between 1206 and 1368. During the time the empire’s only enemy was the British Empire. Genghis Khan founded the empire in 1206. The empire encompassed most of the radicals from both South East Asia and Eastern Europe. On the other hand, the Silk Road was a trade and cultural transmission network that was used to connect the Chinese and Asian urban dwellers with Mediterranean Sea, enabling interactions between these parties. Both the Mongol Empire and the Silk Road made great contributions as far as bringing people closer was concerned. Three features that were significant about the subject of the Mongol Empire and Silk Road included culture, trade, and religion. The cultural, religious and trade factors formed the basis of strengthening and expansion of the Mongol Empire. Culture The Mongol Empire facilitated vast exchange of cultural values among different parties. Cultural exchanges were possible through trade. The exchange of cultural values increased interaction among the traders. These interactions assisted in enhancing the understanding of each other’s culture. The cultural exchanges enhanced knowledge of the diversity that existed among people of different backgrounds. As such, the traders became close to each other and encouraged intermarriages among people from the various cultures. The integration between the diverse cultures facilitated the growth of the empire. Trade Trade was a major activity within the Mongol Empire, with the Silk Road being a significant feature in this context. The trade involved people from the Middle East, the East, and the West. The trade was mostly dominated by the Chinese and their silk customers. In order to foster security, the Chinese erected a wall that was meant to protect their trade items and the trade route. Trade encouraged a lot of interaction among the traders and their customers. Religion The main religious orientation that ascribed in the empire was the Islamic. The religion served as the basis for enforcing peace within the empire. The ideology of Islamic Religion ensured that people in the empire ascribed to same rules that fostered peace; hence, people felt secure as they carried on with their businesses. The prevailing peace attracted other people to convert to Islamic faith. However, the empire enforced religious conformity according to the European doctrine
Abstract Los Angeles is currently facing an affordable housing problem that commonly raised the demand for Inclusionary zoning development in Los Angeles. This type of development required when people cannot afford shelter due to low income level and increasing poverty. The concept of Inclusionary zoning developed with subsequent support of the state with typical subsidizing regulations. The imitative of Inclusionary zoning organized by Los Angeles City Council may causes myriad failure of real state market due to the liberated phenomenon of housing buyers. The citizens of Los Angeles City Council are taxed to endow with basic services such as water supply, sanitation and squander dumping. When properties of Inclusionary zoning are sold to credulous buyers, it has a greater impact on the economy and on the basis services of Los Angeles City Council as well as it has to be more concerned with the public health, welfare, safety and other issues. By utilizing Bardach’s Eightfold Path Analysis (2005), evidence of Inclusionary zoning development has combined and decisive factors has selected to settle on wha
Background Mr. M. is a 70-year-old nursing home resident with the present manifestations of hypertension, high LDL cholesterol levels, and a history of appendectomy and tibial fracture surgery. Currently, the most evident clinical manifestation in the patient’s condition is his rapid deterioration in cognitive health status, including memory lapses, anxiety, and lack of comprehension of his surroundings. Although the patient’s heart rate and blood pressure are within the normal range, they are still slightly elevated and can trigger the patient’s hypertension and, consequently, increase the risk of cardiovascular diseases. Such an elevation can be justified by Mr. M.’s anxiety and confusion, as he feels rather stressed about the sudden worsening of his condition. The anger, for its part, may also be explained by the patient’s lack of understanding of his surroundings and causes for rapid deterioration. The CT head scans show no evidence of brain injury or disruption in blood supply, so the risks of stroke and ischemia can be eliminated. Finally, the presence of rapid disruptions in the patient’s ADL performance is an alarming sign of cognitive and physical disparities. Primary and Secondary Diagnoses Given the present case scenario, the most significant issues concern memory lapses, sudden mood swings, and the abrupt inability to perform such ADLs as dressing, bathing, and feeding himself. All these clinical manifestations present a considerable risk of dementia. According to Taylor and Close (2018), dementia is “a syndrome seen most commonly in older people and characterized by a decline in cognitive performance which impacts on the person’s ability to function” (p. 303). Such a description explicitly correlates with the challenges faced by Mr. M., as his sudden decline in short-term memory functioning has eventually led to confusion and the inability to function autonomously with no external assistance. No changes in CT head scans may as well contribute to the diagnosis of dementia, as computer tomography is incapable of tracking such cognitive dysfunctions as dementia and Alzheimer’s disease. Moreover, anxiety, which is listed among other Mr. M.’s symptoms, is considered a well-known risk factor of dementia (Becker et al., 2018). Finally, the patient’s prior intake of statins in the form of Lipitor may also become a trigger for dementia evolvement (Schultz et al., 2018). Considering the arguments above, it may be concluded that the patient is highly likely to be diagnosed with dementia. As far as the secondary diagnoses are concerned, the most likely clinical outcomes of the present symptoms include vascular dementia and Alzheimer’s disease. While vascular dementia is most frequently triggered by a certain neurological condition such as stroke and ischemia, in Mr. M.’s case, the history of hypercholesterolemia may also serve as a contributing factor (Smith, 2017). The risk of having Alzheimer’s disease, for its part, is higher in this case, both due to the overall prevalence statistics and no evident precedents to the disease emergence. While there currently exist preventive initiatives to reduce the ris
Conflict management at the workplace is one of the crucial elements related to the organization of work in healthcare facilities. In this regard, McKibben (2017) asserts that conflict is an inevitable part of any human interaction, especially when the collective activity is associated with physical, mental, and ethical complexity found in hospitals. Consequently, if ignored or not handled adequately, the disputes between the colleges at the workplace lead to decreased performance and satisfaction levels of the involved employees (Suifan, Alhyari, & Sweis, 2020). This, in turn, negatively impacts the overall quality of provided patient care. Therefore, it is important to resolve the conflicts as soon as they appear. However, to understand how to manage disputes effectively, one should understand the factors that cause them. In general, all the antecedents of organizational conflicts may be divided into three groups, namely individual, interpersonal, and organizational. As for the former, Kim et al. (2017) argue that the healthcare professional’s self-esteem, self-focus, emotional intelligence, prevalent responses to conflict, communication styles, and overall worldview determine the frequency and severity of the disputes. In a similar vein, Chang, Chen, and Chen (2017) found that a person’s license level, age, and previous experience of working in other collectives can all affect the behavior during conflict situations. Interpersonal conflicts, on the contrary, are caused by such factors as lack of trust and respect towards a person, power abuse, and ineffective communication (Kim et al., 2017). Finally, organizational conflicts stem from the overall structure and work arrangement. In this respect, such factors as ambiguously defined responsibilities and inadequate hierarchy can cause dissatisfaction and disputes (Kim et al., 2017; McKibben, 2017). Therefore, this type of conflict appears as a result of weak or wrongful management decisions. I have also participated in several conflicts that can be explained by the factors mentioned above. Firstly, I have a friend who is generally a good person but who is quite self-focused; thus, he often fails to recognize other people’s opinions. Due to that, we usually have to do what he wants, which eventually leads to conflict when I become tired of compromising. Secondly, I have noticed that many conflicts between me and my parents and friends are caused by my inability to control one’s emotions. Finally, once, we had a conflict with my classmates while working on the team project as we failed to discuss the responsibilities of each person before starting.
Introduction Customer service is “the ability of knowledgeable, capable, and enthusiastic employees to deliver products and service to internal and external customers” (Lucas, 2011). Generally, customer-focused organizations concentrate on ensuring that the internal and external customers are given superior services with uttermost respect while addressing their needs. When serving customers, how a staff relates to the customer and other stakeholders in the organization matters a lot, as this forms the core of how the customer may rate the organization and the overall satisfaction levels. This relationship is mainly shaped by the interpersonal skills a staff possesses as well as how he/she applies them in handling customers and colleagues. Interpersonal skills refer to goal-directed behaviors that can be used in face-to-face interactions, thereby leading to desired state of affairs by influencing how people relate (Hayes, 2002). Suitable interpersonal skills The following interpersonal skills will be pivotal to be successful at the new position at PackAll organization. First, active listening and paying attention to the tone voice will lead to better understanding of the customer or other people’s messages, hence one can make accurate and informed decisions regarding the situation. Without these skills, one can easily rush to wrong decisions or misrepresent the inferred message. Secondly, showing respect to all people will reduce conflict, increase participation, and help in getting information and accomplishing team tasks. Thirdly, delegating duties or queries that one does not understand in a caring way (magnetic transfer) involves taking the customer to the right person for assistance. More so, avoiding interrupting other people when they are busy and when it is an urgent matter seeking to be excused and then explaining how the current task is more urgent can improve quality of interactions. Additionally, it is important to apply diagnostic skills to understand what has happened in a situation and then coming up with a solution, as well as applying what should have been done differently to secure better outcomes the next time. Further, intervening and making contributions that can assist others in their difficult situations will contribute to better services within the organization. Finally, remembering to thank custo
In the following paper, I have my goal to observe the judicial session which took place on May 9, 2011, between Brocade Communications Systems, Inc., et al and A10 Networks, Inc. et al. The proceeding was held by the United States district court judge Hon. Lucy H. Koh in the United States District Court, Northern District of California, San Jose Division. The case’s settlement was conducted functionally, the events of the case’s disposal were organized by the court prudentially, and operations of the Court had a reasonable and balanced basis. The case’s plaintiffs are Brocade Communications Systems, Inc., the Delaware Corporation, and Foundry Networks, LLC, a Delaware limited liability company. The defendants are A10 Networks, Inc., a Californian corporation, Lee Chen, an individual, Rajkumar Jalan, an individual, Liang Hang, an individual, Steven Hwan, an individual, and David Cheung, an individual. The case issue the parties were having is 35: 271 Patent Infringement. The defendants were charged with the violation of patent rights which led to serious economic losses by the plaintiffs. The nature of the proceeding was normal, the events of the case’s disposal were organized by the court prudentially, the parties were reasonable and defended their rights by the US legislation. Both the plaintiffs and the defendants had requested the case management order which served as the basis for the court investigation of this request on May 9, 2011. The court has reviewed and approved the terms of the request of the plaintiffs and has ordered to grant to leave to file their Third Amended Complaint, and the defenders will have to respond to this third complaint by the decision of Hon. Lucy H. Koh. on May 9, 2011. The court also ordered to satisfy the protective order for source code review and arranged to do so by the two parties at a mutually agreeable third party location by May 31, 2011. For purposes of a Copyright Claim, the parties will be permitted to perform source code comparisons at this third-party location and the results of all the source comparisons will be saved and available to A10 Networks, Brocade Communications Systems, and Foundry Networks in an electronic form. Each party code will be kept safely in the third party location until all the investigations of the case are done and the cash settlement will be developed. This is a very appropriate and well-thought decision by the court, especially if to take the Copyright specific of t
List and briefly discuss 3 distinctive competencies of Apple   * Innovation in design.   * Cutting edge Technology.   * Marketing mix. Since its inception, Apple has worked hard to develop products that have unique designs. In the 70s when design did not matter, Apple was particular to develop a very appealing PC. In the early 80s, Jobs decided to include Graphical User Interface into Apple products. The use of GUI later became the standard in all PCs. Apple uses the 4Ps of marketing in a way none of its competitors has ever done. The products are appealing and sold at a premium. Products are promoted innovatively and sold in their well designed and extremely presentable stores. How has the structure of the personal computer industry changed over the last 20 years? What impact did the structural changes have on Apple’s competitiveness/profitability? Porter’s analysis focuses on the following competitive forces:   * Degree of rivalry: value within the industry is determined by the extent of competition. The more intense the rivalry, the more firms seek to differentiate from others to carve out a niche (Grant, 2010).   * The threat of entry: the threat can increase competitiveness (or lack of it). Barriers to entry hinder entry into a market.   * The threat of substitutes: a substitute is a threat to an industry’s profitability. If switching costs are low, customers can easily switch to alternative products (Grant, 2010).   * Buyer power: concentration and size of the buying group determine buyer power. The more informed consumers are the more power they wield.   * Supplier power: just like buyers, supplier power is determined by the size and concentration of suppliers. The fewer the suppliers, the more power they have. The structure of the computer industry has changed in the following ways:   * The rivalry has increased: after Apple pioneered the market, it was joined IBM, Dell, Compaq, and software vendors such as Microsoft.   * Buyers have gained more power: customers have become more informed over the years on what they exactly want from a computer. This has placed more pressure on manufacturers to produce easy-to-use machines for a low price.   * Supplier power: suppliers such as Intel who manufacture processors have gained more leverage over PC makers. Software vendors like Microsoft have also become influential. initially, Apple started to perform badly as a result of the structural changes. It soon started to adapt by differentiating itself from competitors. It started to produce innovative and well-designed products targeting niche markets. As a result, the company started posting massive profits. Evaluate Apple’s strategies since 1990 Shutting down Lisa This was a good decision as the company was able to concentrate on Macintosh which was more promising. Introducing a line of low-cost Macintosh line Although it appeared to the most appropriate decision at the time, introducing low cost was not appropriate because it worsened the company’s profit margins. He reduced the price of some products Reducing prices reduced Apple from a niche player to an o
Behaviorism is one of the psychological theories which help to explain human behavior and actions, motives and internal and external drivers. Behaviorism underlies a particular science of behavior rather than that science itself. This theory involves philosophy of science, a philosophy of mind, an empirical background theory. Behaviorism is not the science of behavior developed by behaviorists but the framework underlying that science. Burrhus Frederic Skinner (1904-1990) is an American psychologist who created radical behaviorism. His theory is based on verbal behavior factors applied to different settings and environments. His main works are Beyond Freedom and Dignity Verbal Behavior and science and Human Behavior . Skinner studied psychology at Harvard University and received PhD in 1931 (Slater 8). Critics admit that he was influenced by B. Russell and his study An Outline of Philosophy . In this book, Russell analyzes and depicts behavioral patterns and psychology of J. B. Watson. Also, Skinner was interested in works by physiologist Cozier (Slater 10). During his college years, Skinner developed “the rate of response” theory, a core of psychological research. Further, Skinner suggests how a verbal community can train speakers to respond discriminatively to private stimuli. Skinner theorizes that in teaching verbal responses to private stimuli, the verbal community makes use of public stimuli tied to the private stimulation. The verbal responses constituting the language of first-person reports are thus not a purely phenomenal vocabulary-they must have some tie, however tenuous, to public stimuli. It is therefore possible for a verbal community to train its members to speak about private stimuli (Slater 12). He does not trust first person reports of private events and does not use them as observation reports. His reasons for rejecting introspection are thus based, in part, on an unproven empirical hypothesis and constitute a fifth behaviorist objection to introspection.. In practice, Skinner does agree with the behaviorist exclusion of introspection from scientific methods of observation. Skinner explains behavior as a function of environment. He developed operant conditioning chamber tool which helps to investigate and analyze behavior in certain conditions. Skinner’s theoretical concepts consist of intervening variables, such as drive, and private events, consisting of covert stimuli and responses. Theory, for Skinner, consists of economical descriptions of functional relations which subsume a number of behavioral regularities. Skinner’s approach, radical behaviorism, does not require truth by consensus. He admits that at certain points in the history of science and for certain subject matters, these methods may be appropriate, but not for psychology whose subject matter, behavior, shows lawfulness at the level of observables (Slater 15). The value of this approach for childhood education is that it can help researchers to explain and understand emotions, thinking and perceptions as factors of investigation. Skinner relies on ind