ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
In the 1830s the rise οf a new political party in America emerged. During the presidency οf Monroe there was little turbulence created by opposition parties. Although there were no major opposing political parties during Monroe’s term, the formation οf parties began to occur during the Jacksonian democracy. Jackson’s opponents, who came to make up the Whig party, were strongly disturbed by his stubborn and harsh exercise οf presidential power. The Whigs condemned him as “King Andrew I”. While the Whig party was developing, the Democrats, a strong group founded earlier by Jefferson, were eager to challenge the Whigs. The Whigs and the Democrats strongly opposed each other’s beliefs, public policies, and supporters. Οf the many issues the Whigs and the Democrats disagreed on, slavery, banking, and tariffs were the most prominent arguments. Southerners and south descendents in northern states generally supported the Democrats. Farmers and Catholic immigrants from Ireland and Germany also supported them. Generally the Democrats opposed a strong government, tariffs, were pro-slavery, and wanted strong national banks. New England citizens and their descendants, those benefiting from the market economy and other northern Protestants, generally supported the Whigs. They supported a strong federal government that promotes economic and social goals, tariffs, transportation and weak banks. The Democrats, most strongly supported by Southerners, did not oppose the issue οf slavery. They felt that slavery should be left to do what it would naturally evolve. The Democrats let southerners know that slavery was safe as long as a Democratic Party committed to state’s rights was in power. Along with the limitation οf federal governmental power, they believed in states rights. Through state’s rights, the Democrats believed that slavery was an issue the individual state should monitor, not the national government. The Whigs strongly opposed slavery. Their supporters, form the north, thought slavery was immoral and unconstitutional. After all, through the Declaration οf Independence, “…all men were created equal.” The Whigs believed in strong government, thus limiting states rights. They supported tariffs; they sought a high tariff that would protect northeastern factories from European competition, while at the same time it generated revenue for the national government. They proposed high prices for government in the west – a policy that would slow westward movement and increase federal revenue. Henry Clay, a prime supporter οf the Whigs, proposed the American System. Through the American System, the Whigs hoped to use money gathered from tariffs to construct roads and other forms οf transportation. With better forms οf transportation, manufactured and raw materials could easily be exchanged quicker. The Democrats saw the American System as an act οf unneeded tariffs. They wanted to keep tariffs at low costs and minimize the power οf government. Further, Democrats wanted to keep internal improvements within the state’s authority, not the national government, thus, they opposed the American System and other proposed tariffs. M
Identification of the Social Problem A significant percentage of the world population faces poverty or homelessness, which creates a major social issue. One-quarter of the world’s population, according to Habitat for Humanity, resides in conditions that endanger their health and safety ( 40 facts about Habitat and housing , 2018). Many people lack shelter, which is a basic human need for survival. The ongoing poverty crisis and homelessness have been exacerbated by a shortage of affordable housing and the restricted scope of housing assistance programs. Lack of jobs and a reduction in available public assistance are two of the leading causes of this social issue. Jobs are hard to come by in the current economy, with unemployment rates staying high (Mago et al., 2013). Even if people are able to find employment, this does not guarantee that they will be able to avoid poverty. Furthermore, the decreasing importance and availability of public assistance is a contributing factor to rising poverty and homelessness, with many families leaving welfare unable to meet basic needs as a result of lost benefits, low wages, and insecure jobs. Inability to afford health care, addiction, mental issues, abuse is also significant factors that can lead to homelessness. The primary causes of homelessness and poverty are integrally related. Furthermore, deprivation often leads to a failure to pay for housing and, as a result, homelessness. Poor people are the most vulnerable to being homeless, and population groups who are more disadvantaged are also more likely to become destitute. The number of homeless people in the United States exceeds 500,000 per year, being one of the few widely visible and public indicators of millions of Americans falling into poverty ( Homeless people in the U.S. 2007-2018 | Statista , 2018). Organization Outline Services There is a severe shortage of services for the poor and homeless, especially in smaller towns. For that reason, there is a vital need to develop organizations that are specifically targeted to end poverty and provide shelter to homeless people in smaller cities, which are often neglected. The name of an organization that will help disadvantaged people in towns of less than 300,000 inhabitants Is Non-Return. The mission statement “Non-Return is aimed to provide disadvantaged people with opportunities and essential needs to start a new life without poverty, and further support them.” Non-Return will be an organization providing help to the people in poverty and homeless people. Primary services will include: providing shelter, temporary housing, supply with vital things (food, hygiene products, clothing), mental help, mentoring for finding a path to start recovering from this social issue. Housing alone is frequently insufficient to end homelessness in the absence of social services. Non-Return will include a variety of outstanding social programs, ranging from assisting homeless children to providing transportation to providing comprehensive work training assistance to homeless veterans, with the
Introduction As a rule, people start their professional careers when they are of full age. In this case, they can work full-time, while employers do not face any significant issues with workers of this group. At the same time, many people start working, either legally or not, when they are younger than 18 years old, which is known as child labor. It should be mentioned at once that there are two representations of this phenomenon in the modern world. On the one hand, it refers to those underage citizens who have the possibilities and right to work under the law. On the other hand, numerous teenagers become involved in illegal labor activities because harsh external conditions force them. According to van Wormer and Link (2015), it is necessary to distinguish between the two variations above, and the second type of child labor is a severe problem both for developed and developing states. Thus, this phenomenon can have economic, personal, and social reasons, while its effects can be detrimental both for individuals and whole countries. Causes of Child Labor As has been stated previously, there are many reasons for this phenomenon to exist. Among them, economic matters are said to have the most crucial impact. It is generally accepted that child labor rates are higher in those areas where people are forced to live close to poverty. It can refer to both underdeveloped states and troubled regions of developed countries. J. Sarkar and D. Sarkar (2015) denote that there are secure connections between “child labor and income inequality” (139). As soon as people are forced to struggle in finding means of subsistence, it is not a surprise that many children start working to earn some money. Thus, economic conditions represent the most popular phenomenon that results in child labor. Social reasons are said to be closely connected to economic ones, but they consider the issue from a different point of view. Even if a child lives in a family with a more or less satisfactory income level, they can become involved in child labor because many people around them do the same. It refers to the fact that the social environment influences individuals heavily. For example, if a child from a secured family appears among representatives of lower classes, there is an opportunity that this child will soon start speaking and acting like these people. In other words, the social reasons stand for the reverse side of the economic causes. When some teenagers do not have enough money, they start working early, and it becomes a destructive example for other children. Then, a phenomenon of child labor exists and prospers because of personal or family reasons. On the one hand, a parent or parents can get seriously ill or even die, which makes underage people take care of themselves. In this case, finding work seems to be one of the essential steps to survive. On the othe
Introduction Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is a condition caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). This disease remains one of the leading causes of death in every country. HIV/AIDS compels governments to offer adequate support to their citizens in an attempt to meet their health needs. Consequently, nations have to grapple with various developmental, social, and economic growth challenges associated with this disease. This paper gives a detailed analysis of HIV/AIDS in India and the major strategies implemented to deal with it. Overview of HIV/AIDS According to the World Health Organization (WHO), there are over 36 million individuals affected by HIV/AIDS across the globe (Goswami et al., 2014). In terms of incidence, around 1.8 million new HIV infections are recorded annually. The condition also affects over 2.1 million children globally (Lepine et al., 2016). Additionally, millions of citizens in every corner of the world died due to this disease. According to the chapter HIV/AIDS and Antiretroviral Therapy , these staggering statistics show that HIV/AIDS is a major challenge that should be addressed by societies using evidence-based approaches (as cited in Oliver, 2004). Different countries such as India have managed to implement powerful initiatives to tackle the challenges associated with this epidemic. Case Study: India India’s National AIDS Control Organization (NACO) has been on the frontline to execute appropriate measures to deal with HIV infection. The prevalence rate of the condition stood at 0.27 in 2014 (Lepine et al., 2016). The rate had dropped from 0.41 within the past decade. Currently, the number of patients suffering from HIV/AIDS in the country is around 2.5 million (Lepine et al., 2016). Operating within the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, NACO collects timely data using powerful surveillance systems. The agency publishes annual reports on the disease. Some of the evidence-based strategies implemented to deal with HIV/AIDS include continuous monitoring, empowerment of at-risk populations and groups, and promotion of powerful interventions. In 2010, the Indian government identified AIDS as a development health concern that required combined strategies. Consequently, NACO implemented a powerful initiative aimed at reducing the number of new infections. Presently, the agency collaborates with different departments and non-governmental organizations (NGOs) to implement powerful programs for preventing the condition. Such partnerships have resulted in inappropriate models for supporting and treating HIV/AIDS patients. In 2009, the government came up with a new policy known as National HIV and AIDS Policy and the World of Work (NHAPWK) to deal with any form of discrimination against HIV patients in the workplace. Dif
The library management system is a type of enterprise resource planning system that is primarily used in libraries. Enterprise resource planning systems provide a technological platform where an organization can integrate and coordinate its internal processes (K. Laudon, J. Laudon and Brabston 13). The library management system allows a library to keep track of all its books, and also manage its members. Some of the services offered by a library management system include book requests by the members of the library, and denial or issuance of the requests by the librarian. The system has several modules that serve various functions. The acquisition module manages the ordering, purchase and receipt of books for use in the library, thereby keeping records of all incoming books. The cataloging module classifies and indexes books received in the library. This helps the library record all its books, while making also making it easier to access a new book. New books are indexed by a unique code or book ID that will simplify the identification process. The circulation module helps the library better manage the distribution process. The library, through the circulation module, can track all books loaned out to library users, and books returned. Tables As a result of the modules, the library management system has four sets of tables. Under the first table, designated for library users, entry fields include the user ID tag, user name, date of admission, and the number of books issued. The book detail table includes fields such as the library book code, library book title, the book category, book author, and the book status. The book status could imply whether or not the book is available for borrowing. An important limited edition copy could be slated as not available, implying that it is for library use only. Issue details table includes the book issue ID and issue details such as expiry date on a borrowed book. Book category table fields help in classifying book titles within the library. The fields include category name and the category ID. A library management system has several groups of users who serve different functions. Members of the library management system can log into the system using their username and a password. Members can use the system to search all titles stored within the library, and view the availability of each. Members will also be required to pay fines for lost or late books. Members, who mostly comprise of students, have a limited number of books that they can borrow from the library at any given time. Lecturers are also users of the library management system. Like members, they can search titles inside the library but have more privileges than students since they can borrow more books simult
Internet marketing refers to promotion of goods and services over the internet. In essence, it refers to marketing over the internet. Similarly, e-commerce refers to conducting of business activities over the internet. Inherently, it encompasses buying and selling of goods or services over the aforementioned media. However it is also quite necessary to note that the two services complement each other. This is mainly because internet marketing enlightens customers and potential buyers on available products or services as well as their value. In the process, those convinced may place orders over the internet or computer networks to receive goods or services. E-commerce has taken the world by a storm in the recent past. Moreover, internet marketing has worked to increase spread of e-commerce across the globe. This has enabled acquisition of virtually every kind of service or product through the internet (Kotler, 2009, p. 25). Potential buyers are no longer required to travel to points of sales. Instead, they transact their business activities over the internet at the comfort of their homes. This has facilitated several components of business. In fact, internet security has been intensified for safe transfer of goods and services. In addition, several other sectors have benefited from internet marketing and e-commerce. Internet marketing and e-commerce are therefore very significant in developing trade across the globe. This is mainly because they have enabled sale of goods or services to every part of the world. Furthermore, the ever increasing technology has shortened the distances between traders and potential buyers. Internet marketing has gained pace through social networks such as twitter and facebook, among others. This has worked to increase its effectiveness towards e-commerce. Moreover, numerous security softwares have been developed to curb online theft, which is among the many challenges faced in internet marketing and e-commerce. Besides, more payment options have also arisen with a view to improving the safety of online transactions. All in all, internet marketing and e-commerce have been of great significance to world economy, interaction and peace (Charlesworth, 2009, p. 49). Most businesses encourage their customers to comment on products and other issues that may help improve service delivery. These may range form employee relations to details of products. Theses are aimed at ensuring commitment to customer needs and opi
Strategic options available to DEWA for future growth Dubai Electricity and Water Authority (DEWA) public organization is a vivid example of sustainable development and ongoing advancement. Taking into account that it strives to support the government’s initiatives such as Dubai Plan 2021 and the UAE Vision 2030, DEWA has several strategic options for future performance. Based on the concept of the Fourth Generation recently integrated by DEWA, it is possible to suggest that achieving the vision is one of the most important goals along with innovation and enablers. The first strategic option to be proposed refers to strategic planning as a framework for innovation. Currently, the utility sector of the emirate of Dubai changes driven by the requirements of innovative technology as well as the Dubai Clean Energy Strategy 2050 that indicates the need for agile strategic planning processes. In this regard, the implementation of the strategic planning as a framework is likely to benefit the organization by promoting its rapid response to the mentioned changes (flexibility) and the subsequent reframing promptly (vision success). Along with the above pros, there are such cons as the complexity of this approach and its potentially costly nature. Another strategic option that can be recommended for DEWA is such an action-related reaction to the environmental factors as leadership mobilization. Strong and effective leaders stimulate development and address the existing challenges, thus making the organization more stable to external threats and more open to new opportunities. For example, aligning the UAE journey from eGovernment to Smart Government, one may note that it is leadership that can facilitate this transition and contributes to its timely attainment. Serving as people who motivate others and promote proper strategy, leaders illustrate their commitment to change – the goal that is also identified by the UAE and Dubai 2021 strategic plans. Among the advantages of the recommended strategic option, there are change commitment, empowerment, motivation, and a clear organizational structure. In their turn, overwhelming decision-making and employee dissatisfaction as a result of the increased responsibility compose the disadvantages of leadership mobilization. DEWA’s corporate-level strategy and restructuring options DEWA’s corporate-level strategy may be characterized as rather effective and comprehensive. It seems that the organization follows the Harvard policy model to best fit the environment as well as the UAE national agenda and the UAE government strategy. In particular, the analysis reveals that DEWA presents well-designed patterns of purposes and makes every effort to accomplish them. The organization pays attention to its strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats to select the most relevant strategic options and align them with the country’s initiatives. By systematically reviewing and enhancing its corporate strategy, DEWA remains effective and competent despite the continuous change. Among the strategic priorities set by DEWA, one may distinguish such points as operational and smart service excellence, stra
The Intranet is a closed-off local system of file and information-sharing between the computers of an organization (Frazier & Hearrington, 2017). In practice, nearly all computers owned by a school are connected by Intranet. It is a safe and secure system, when compared to the Internet or the Extranet, but possesses its range of limitations, such as restricted or non-existent access to other systems. Some of the issues with the Intranet are the following (Frazier & Hearrington, 2017):   * Unauthorized access by people other than Staff;   * Physical breakdowns of different parts of the system;   * User ignorance issues;   * Maintenance and timely upgrading problems;   * Force majeure events. Unauthorized access by people other than the members of the staff team shall be managed by the installation of a competent authorization structure, which would include the use of a login and a password (Frazier & Hearrington, 2017). Also, the user would have to re-login every set amount of time (2 hours), to prevent access should the user forget to log out. The team would counter the potential for physical breakdowns of the Intranet by providing a doubling system to every critical component, which would prevent system shutdowns. All users related to the Intranet would be taught to use the system, the software, and deal with common issues and problems on their own (Frazier & Hearrington, 2017). To prevent the local net from getting outdated, a schedule for timely maintenance checks and upgrades would be provided. It is estimated that the components of the systems should be replaced every 3-5 years. Lastly, the Intranet should be shielded against Force Majeure events, such as electrical system shutdowns, fires, floods, and other issues. The technical team will evaluate the options available to the school in regards to some of these possible eventualities. Reference Frazier, M., & Hearrington, D. (2017). Technology coordinator’s handbook (3rd ed.). Portland, OR: International Society for Technology in Education.
The survey by LexisNexis revealed that white-collar professionals are being subjected with too much information in their workplaces since the financial downturn. As a result of this, workers spend almost as much time getting information as they do use it. In the US, the percentage of time spent receiving information increased from 41% in 2008 to 50% in 2010. Australia was worst hit with 54% of time spent receiving information. Australian workers disclose that half of the information is not important to get their job done. Search engines are predominantly to blame for providing a lot of information that does not assist workers to prioritize their needs. Workers agree that information overload negatively impacts their work performance. 51% of the professionals stated that they were discouraged by the inability to manage all the received information. Email topped the list of a preferred method to reach the worker if someone had important information. The professionals agreed that the constant flow of information through emails and mobile phones made it harder for them to work. 85% of Australian workers were affected by this incessant flow of information. As a result of this, most workers confessed to sometimes getting rid of work information that they had not properly reviewed. USA workers were more prone to this behaviour with 91% having done this. All professionals agreed that inability to get the right information when they needed it wasted a lot of time. Due to informational overload, workers waste time sifting through old files and have disagreements with colleagues on how to organize information. In recognition of the issues caused by information overload, companies have taken steps to assist workers better manage information. However, workers are of the opinion that organizations need more assistance to help them manage information. Works Cited LexisNExis. International Workplace Productivity Survey White Collar Highlights . New Jersey: LexisNexis, 2010. Print.