ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The understanding of the meaning of pressure ulcers is very paramount to the enabling of a better understating of the research at hand. Although several definitions have been proposed, a simple and widely applied one defines it as, localized damaged skin parts and/ or its underlying tissues that result from friction, shear and pressure, or sometimes may be caused by combination of these factors. It is a problem which develops when the blood flow within the capillaries connecting the skin and its underlying tissues are impeded through compression resulting into necrosis. Pressure ulcers have also been referred to using other many different words/ terms such as decubitus, decubitus sore, pressure sores and bedsores depending on organizations, geographical areas and academic levels. Importantly to know is when the health status of a person is compromised by any disease and ill condition, the blood flow pattern becomes prone to numerous risk factors, hence, both higher and lower pressures from the normal atmospheric one potentially affects its flow (Ayello and Braden, 2005). For the first time, it has been noted that pressure ulcers are among the major health problems the world is grappling to deal with. In this connection, almost a decade back, there were approximately three thousand million plus old persons, suffering from pressure ulcers globally. Surprisingly and worriedly, the population number of adults affected by pressure ulcers has almost doubled after a decade (Cuddigan, 2007). This implies that the prevalence of pressure ulcers patients in the various health care institutions and organizations has been increasing yearly. Precisely, several studies have shown that general hospitals hold approximately 20% of patients with pressure ulcers, 10% in higher learning healthcare institution and 31% in the special home care organizations. As revealed, there is relation between the incident rates and the health care settings, whereby higher occurrences are expected within institutions lacking skilled labor forced and those lacking adequate modern facilities. In this case, home based health care organizations
Introduction In order for development to be realised within rural communities, one of the most important resources is water. Every village has its own water needs and water supply institutions need to be dynamic for them to cater for the diverse needs and preferences. Most NGO’s just install boreholes with a hand pump in a village but this has since proved not a sustainable supply of water within the respective regions (ARD, Inc., 2004). This has especially been done in Mali by the West Africa Water Initiative. On the other hand it is approximated that one third of the world’s population have got little or no access to modern energy services part of it generated from water sources. These are some of the indications of poverty which is to an extent linked to means and ways of energy production and usage adopted within respective regions. Purpose There is considerable evidence produced by research institutions showing that current existing energy systems are not sustainable. Mostly relied upon conventional energy strategies from fossil fuels and those which are supply-focused have not adequately addressed the current needs of poor families. Bio-energy, which is energy derived from wood and other plant matter provides potential contribution to sustainable energy strategies. This could be realised when it is converted to serve the purposes of modern energy carriers such as electricity and gaseous fuels. Bio-energy is one of the important sources which could be used in rural villages to cater for current imperfect energy system. When modernised through engineering knowledge and appropriately implemented strategies, tremendous positive results on sustainable energy systems could be realised (Larson and Kartha, 2000, pp 7-20). Methodology Qualitative research methods were used in obtaining the required data for this report. Some data were obtained from secondary sources based on resources, energy and environmental sustainability. The data was compared from various sources around the word with focus in African nations. Information was collected from professional journal articles, books and websites. Background Mali is a land locked country and depends mainly on the rivers for their water supply majority of which are seasonal. In Nigeria the government is first developing the water and sanitation infrastructure in rural sector before embarking on housing developments to make sure the areas are not health hazards
Introduction A person can easily lose his or her credit or debit card. It is, therefore, important to be well prepared in case such an event occurs. There are procedures that banks and federal laws have put in place to follow whenever you happen to lose your credit or debit card. It is therefore, important to know these procedures in case you happen to lose your credit or debit card. It is also important to know ways through which you can minimize the loss of your debit or credit card. Potential liability if your credit card is stolen Banks and credit card issuers have put in place measures that are aimed at limiting you liability incase your card is used without your authority. However, these laws depend on how the card had been used. A card might have been used personally by a thief or used over the internet to make purchases (Goldsmith 2005). If the credit card is used to make purchases personally, then the card issuer will not hold you liable. This however, applies for amounts below $50. However, you will not have any liability if the thief uses more than $50 to make payments personally. In the second case, if the thief happens to use your credit card to make an online purchase then you will have no liability. It is important to report the loss of your credit or debit card the moment it is stolen. Steps to take when your credit card or debit card is stolen or is lost If you happen to lose your credit or debit card it is important to act swiftly and report the matter to your card issuer. Credit card companies and banks have toll free numbers that you can use to report such cases. They have representatives that will attend to you day or night. After reporting this to your card holder, it is important that you follow up the matter by e-mailing or writing them a letter. In the letter or e-mail, you should include your account number. Do not forget to include the day the card was lost or stolen. This will make sure the card issuer takes the necessary corrective measures. Minimizing the risk of losing or having your debit or credit card stolen It is important to keep these cards safely. Ensure you monitor your accounts on a regular basis. In case you find any unauthorized payments you should contact your card holder immediately (Goldsmith 2005). The card issuer will suspend your account immediately and cancel the payment before it’s too late. Sometimes the credit card or debit card issuer will call or text you in case they detect any suspicious payments made by your cards. You should take this very seriously and make sure you liaise with your card holder to make sure your account is suspended and that you are issued with a new card. Make sure you keep your cards safely and never disclose your account details to anyone. Conclusion Credit cards and debit cards are very important particularly in this era where technology has been embraced. They help people make payments and withdraw money with convenience. However, you may lose these cards and some people may take advantage of this by using your cards to make payments. Therefore, it is important to keep your cards safely and report whe
Introduction It has been argued that the success of a product depends heavily on its industrial design through visual and emotional appeal to the customer. This conclusion can be drawn based on the role of technical design which in turn relies on sound information on material (Ashby and Johnson 56). For this reason the material used in production of a product is very essential to the usefulness and effectiveness of the end product. Data on materials can be found from a wide variety of sources including data sheets from material suppliers. Other sources of data included those tabulated in hand books. These data sheets are essential as they provide a source of vital information that needs to be considered in technical design (Ashby and Johnson 56). This information includes engineering data such as stress analysis, thermal analysis, methods fro optimization and simulation. In addition to such data there is the role of sophisticated software tools that can be used in the design process. The design process is crucial to avoid issues related to poor design interface. For example, a TV switch so cleverly integrated into the body panel it can not be located with ease, or a tap designed too smooth for soapy fingers to turn, etc (Ashby and Johnson 56). A well designed product on the other hand will not only work well but will be easy to work with, thus user friendly. It is essential therefore to take into consideration the user friendliness of a product during design to improve the potential success of the product. In this report the product being considered for design is an office chair. As it has been established that material selection is crucial to this process, the report will concern itself with making appropriate decisions for material selection. It is hoped that by the end of the report the major considerations will be understood and some potential candidates identified for the design of an office chair. Ergonomics Ergonomics is a discipline that is concerned with the study of work performance with special emphasis placed on worker safety and performance. This discipline developed form the interests of experts in various fields including medicine, physiology and engineering. This came following the realization that many work related injuries and diseases could be avoided through improvements in design of equipment and the workspace (Jacobs 5). The study of ergonomics is crucial as it is thro
Introduction Thomas Samuel Khun’s contribution to philosophy remains a significant milestone in nursing (and by extension, the field of science). Khun introduced the concept of “paradigm shift” in mainstream science by suggesting that scientific models undergo paradigm shifts (periodically) and therefore, the notion that scientific models develop in a linear manner is untrue. In this regard, Khun suggests that science cannot solely rely on objectivity but rather, by considering subjective aspects of the discipline as well (Klemke, Hollinger, & Rudge, 1998). This paper analyzes Khun’s philosophy by evaluating how it revolutionized the philosophy of science. This paper also highlights how Khun’s philosophies helped the nursing practice, as opposed to hindering it. Finally, this paper evaluates if falsification or verifiability provides a stable criterion for science, and if it is possible to have a significant statement without either of the two processes. How Khun Revolutionized the Philosophy of Science Khun’s contribution to science stretches through his achievements in the field. As explained above, one such achievement was his introduction of the concept of “paradigm shift,” not as an absolute operative principle of science but rather, as an important principle of science (Klemke, et al., 1998). Khun developed his principles by conducting a critical analysis of different individuals at MIT and Harvard. From these analyses, he opposed perverted science as “absolute as Baconian as over humanities idea” (Klemke, et al., 1998, p. 15). This was a good contribution of science. From these contributions, Khun remains a key figure of the dialectic in epistemology. How Khun’s Contribution helped Nursing Khun’s contribution to nursing stems from the revolutionary theory and its contribution to nursing. For many years, researchers held the opinion that nursing resembles revolutionary development models in other sciences (Dahnke & Dreher, 2011). However, Khun changed this philosophy by evaluating different perceptions of health events in nursing and proposing that the existence of a single paradigm is unacceptable in the field. Many scholars accepted his view because nursing works by helping and caring for people who present different dynamics in care delivery. Therefore, Khun’s contribution has helped the nursing practice (as oppose to hindering it) because his views accommodated varying patient dynamics in nursing models (especially concerning the changing attitudes and different cultural dynamics influencing care delivery). Falsification or Verification Khun’s argument of the functions of a scientific test mainly compares with Popper’s view on the same. Karl Popper was a res
Dear Sir/Madam The issue of gender-based violence is a systemic problem making it impossible for many women to realize their goals in life. Those abused in their families or by immediate partners encounter mental and psychological challenges. A shelter in Memphis focusing on the demands of this at risk population will change the current situation and empower more victims. The proposed NGO is currently requesting financial support to construct a modern structure to provide support and shelter to the selected individuals. The budgetary estimates indicate that $400,000 will be enough to finish the construction successfully, cater for the operational expenses, and pay salaries. The acquired money will support the intended programs that can equip more members with additional concepts and ideas for overcoming the dangers of domestic-based violence. The workers and stakeholders behind the establishment of this NGO possess adequate competencies and philosophies that can make it successful. They are honest, transparent, and passionate about women’s empowerment. The professionals have been working tirelessly to design superior plans for counseling, guiding, and addressing the demands of the targeted individuals. The idea appears practical on paper and capable f changing the experiences and fate of more women. The only problem or barrier to such an objective is the absence of financial resources. This means that the support of the Urgent Action Fund will play a significant role in supporting the successful establishment of the targeted NGO. This kind of assistance will ensure that the intended actions and initiatives are translated into meaningful help to more people who might be going through domestic violence or at a higher risk. Such a realization will be informed by the Urgent Action Fund’s mission and objectives of empowering more women and making it easier for them to achieve their goals. Such an initiative will also ensure that many victims of abuse in the family setting do not have to struggle when trying to get help in Memphis. Please find the enclosed Letter of Inquiry to inform you decision. If there are any emerging questions or issues, please do not hesitate to communicate to me at [insert address and email]. Yours Sincerely, Program Description Domestic violence is a common social problem affecting many women and children in different parts of the United States. The government and existing support systems have failed to implement superior measures to help most of the affected individuals. The establishment of the proposed nongovernmental organization (NGO) was informed by the nature of the issue of domestic violence. Its mission is to provide shelter, comfort, and help to women suffering from various domestic-related abuses, tortures, and challenges in Memphis, Tennessee. This agency has established pro
Introduction Studies indicate that the major victims of road driving are the young people. In fact, age, gender and inexperience are among the factors putting at higher risks of driving injuries. For instance, due to the age, young people are incapable of effectively estimating their capabilities and often test their limits above other individuals. Dodge (2011) argues that the underdevelopment of the children brains accounts for their inability to estimate their driving capabilities. Further, the parts of the brain tasked with making of choices are still undergoing development thereby influencing behavior when driving. Moreover, invariable judgment about driving actions often distracts young inexperienced drivers. In terms of sexual orientation, the males are more exposed to the risks of road injuries due to thrill and impression seeking actions, driving at excessive speeds as well as failure to use seatbelts. Injuries from road traffic account for larger proportion of the cause of deaths amongst young people worldwide. Precisely, approximately four hundred thousand people under the age of twenty-five years die annually due to road injuries. Hanson, Vardon, McFarlane, Lloyd, Muller, Durrheim (2010) studied the trends of deaths caused by accidents in young people and reported that a large percentage of the deaths take place among young cyclists, motorcyclists and drivers. The traffic injuries are avertable. In fact, several interventions have proved invaluable in addressi
Executive Summary Drug stability if one of the most important qualities of drugs, which is especially important for the health care uses of drugs. The current paper analyzes the stability of such five drugs as metaproterenol sulfate, dyphylline, prednisolone, albuterol, theophyline, and comes to the conclusion that the stability implications of each of the drugs have similarities and differences if compared to all other drugs considered. The major conclusion is that all the five drugs are subject to various types of degradation, and to prevent the latter it is necessary to store and use these drugs in the conditioned that can prolong their half lives and help avoid degradation. Evaluation of Drug Stability Data Collection The issue of drug stability is critical in all spheres of drug use, especially in health care. The simplest formulation of this significance for medicine is that the higher drug stability rates promise better treatment results and medication effects (Rhodes et al, 2000, p. 112). Based on the crucial importance of drug stability, the data on the stability of metaproterenol sulfate, dyphylline, prednisolone, albuterol, theophylline are collected from reputable scholarly resources only. These sources include primarily the books by such famous pharmacology and pharmaceutics specialists as Aulton (2007), Boylan (2002), Martin, Bustamante, and Chun (1993), etc. Two of the set of major ways to collect and structure the data on the listed drugs include the development of the structural formulae table and the categorization of the drugs by their being susceptible to hydrolysis, oxidation, and reduction. Drugs’ Structural Formulae Thus, the following table represents the five drugs selected for the analysis accompanied by their structural formulae: Table 1. Drugs’ Structural Formulae Drug                    Structural Formula Metaproterenol Sulfate                     Dyphylline                                 Prednisolone                               Drug                    Structural Formula Albuterol                                  Theophylline                                Functional Groups Further on, it is necessary to classify the selected five drugs according to their susceptibility to one of the three basic ways of drug decomposition, i. e. hydrolysis, oxidation, and reduction. Table 2 represents this classification properly: Table 2. Drugs susceptible for hydrolysis, oxidation, and reduction Hydrolysis              Oxidation     Reduction    Metaproterenol Sulfate  Dyphylline    Theophylline                         Prednisolone                                       Albuterol                   Thus, the above table rev
Organizational change is carried out to enhance the functioning of the organization or a section of the organization. Change should not just be done without reason but should be done to improve the organization’s performance. Thus, thorough research is required before embarking on it. This paper studies the need for change in organizations. It first examines the external and internal environments that affect change. It examines the driving forces of change by focusing on stakeholder analysis, SWOT analysis, and Kotter’s vision on organizational change. It studies the types of change and the major elements of change, resistance to change, and the assessment of change. Organizational change takes place, especially when an institution changes its general success policy, gets rid of or adds an important practice or department or intends to change its way of operation. It also takes place when an institution advances through various life stages. For development to take place in an organization, it has to go through several changes at various stages in growth (Coghlan, 1994). Managers often strive to achieve success as required by their jobs. Need for a strategy Big performing organizations successfully influence their companies more efficiently than competitors and get more than 64% on profit from each worker than next-level performers. Fewer organizations; however view their companies strategically as they should – which is shocking looking at the degree to which institutions potentials and performance steer today’s business importance. Today’s businesses are not well equipped to give the expected business results of tomorrow (Tushman & O’Reilly, 1996). Various changes are necessary to ensure that strategic objective is totally accomplished. Unfortunately, many organizations change their business strategies into specific and workable plans, but the same extent of rigor is seldom given to the institutional allegations of the strategy (Ford & Ford, 2009). Efficient organizational strategy allows an organization to grow into a c
Nowadays, people face the necessity of continuing education as the labor market is changing too fast, and some professional skills are becoming outdated and needless. This fact makes academics dig into a better understanding of adult learning because many grown men got used to the idea that learning had ended at university or college (Merriam, 2020). The Three-Part Harmony of Adult Learning, Critical Thinking, and Decision-Making by Kyle Moore is a scholarly article that observes adult learning and pursues the goal of proving the fact that decision-making and critical thinking are essential aspects of it. The author claims that these three processes are inseparably linked, complementing each other. Moore supports his ideas by explaining each term and observing the concepts of three processes in various academic works (Moore, 2010). The main objectives of the work are to give a comprehensive observation of all three aspects; explain each term and find similarities or links between them; prove the effectiveness of adult learning with the help of critical thinking decision-making. The arguments enforced by the author are persuasive enough as they base on theories, concepts, and ideas introduced by people that studied this or that problem. Everything has been considered in detail, giving logical, coherent, and rational arguments. The author proves the point step by step that is clearly seen through the composition of the article. It is worth noticing that the paper is useful not only for those who study adult learning and do research on it but for ordinary people who would like to look into the matter and get to the bottom of how adult learning works. The article certainly has similarities with many works that were written on this topic in recent years. In my opinion, the article is of high quality and does have the potential for further research. The main strong points are a great composition, based on trustworthy sources, and not having logical fallacies. The weakness is basically just the observation of various works on the topic and making the statement without experiments. However, it was enough for the author to gather the main existing ideas in order to prove his thesis. Moore has written a comprehensive article that gives a comprehensive view of adult learning and its correlation with decision-making and critical thinking. The writer has reached his goal of proving his point. I believe that it is a useful work that has convincing arguments.