ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Bottom Billion as a Major Issue As Paul Collier note, the greatest challenge facing developmental experts is how to balance an economy of one billion rich people and five billion poor individuals. Although some strategies, such as the introduction of the Millennium Development Goals, have introduced, little would be achieved because the rich states are reluctant to resolve poverty in the world. To worsen the matter, Collier notes that some states are even developing poorer (Collier, 2008). This is a significant challenge to developmental experts and analysts. Poor countries still live in the under poor conditions that can only be compared to the conditions witnessed in the fourteenth century. These conditions include tribal wars, disease, and unawareness. A number of these countries are found in Africa and central Asia. While the GDP of other countries is expected to raise, those of poor countries are expected to fall further. A billion people are stuck because they are still faced by the fourteenth century conditions. In the twenty first century, people are supposed to live comfortably and enjoy material things. For instance, people are supposed to travel to various destinations to explore the world. In the 21 st century, interdependence is inevitable because no individual can be self-sufficient. Specialization and division of labor has been embraced fully meaning that an individual would be a consumer of specialized services at one point. The bottom billion is of interest to Collier because the existence of poor countries would impair integration. In the global economy, it is expected that states depend on each other for critical services such as security, technology, and labor. However, the bottom billion would impede this because it would not have the capacity to provide qualified personnel. It is factual that the education system of the bottom billion is devastating. The poor states rarely produce qualified labor force that can work in industries with sophisticated machines. For instance, Collier observes that the agents of globalization, particularly MNCs, are reluctant to send their representatives to states such as Chad. This is because of the extreme conditions that cannot sustain huge business units. Moreover, living conditions are terribly poor, which prevents the labor force from taking up the jobs. Collier refers to such organizations as development biz (Collier, 2008). They are run by agencies specializing in offering aid. In the new millennium, states are supposed cooperate in order to ensure security is provided to states. There are new security threats, such as terrorism and kidnappings, which cannot be handled by individual states. The bottom billion countries have extremely weak governments that cannot cooperate to offer adequate security.
Abstract Information management is reshaping drastically in modern firms. The traditional data handling technique that led to losses of vital financial and non-financial information is becoming a forgone issue. The emerging technique of integrated reporting is a crucial idea that firms must embrace to ensure a comprehensive reporting for effective value assessment of a business. Integrated reporting is cost-effective, as it enhances relevancy, integrity, reliability, accountability, efficiency, and convenience in information management and dissemination to customers or firm management. It will deem appropriate for the Australian accounting firm herein to consider incorporating an integrated reporting division. The division should have a workforce competent in data management and information science and knowledgeable about the accounting standards and IIRC integrated reporting principles. However, it is anticipated that the leaders of the integrated reporting process might face challenges in formulating an effective assurance process. Introduction There is an increasing demand for companies to understand a range of corporate concerns and opportunities that probably affect the long-standing business values to enable them to remain productive (Deegan 2009). Managers have frequently reported that there exists a knowledge gap between an investor’s quest for awareness on the value of a firm and the available information. Finance is the greatest source of stability in modern firms, as most corporate activities rely on the financial performance of a company (Abeysekera 2007). Although the idea of having an integrated reporting division in firms is very significant, it is often received with mixed reactions. This report explores the significance of an integrated reporting division and describes its viability in an accounting firm. Vision and Aim of an Integrated Reporting Division Firms experience deficiencies in understanding the minor losses and critical concerns that result from poor documentation and reporting of financial and operational matters. Ghosh and Wu (2007) state that as firms continue to experience immense challenges caused by the changes in the global economy, accurate reporting of issues concerning intellectual capital is crucial. Important issues in corporate reporting remain undermined because some go unreported while information contained in records is often unclear. Such business reporting scenarios cause an extensive information gap between the available and the necessary information, which investors need to assess progress, stability, prospects, and value of current businesses (Abeysekera 2013). In the past, firms reported losi
Unemployment refers to a condition in which qualified and willing members of the labor force cannot get jobs. In labor market terms, the state of unemployment is measured by the rate of unemployment. Private firms can participate in the effort to find out the number of people who are not able to find jobs but officially, it is the federal government through the department of labor that is supposed to carry out the research and document all data that is associated with unemployment levels. The significance of unemployment makes it a major issue that neither the federal government nor the citizens can ignore given the fact that is one of the indicators of the strength of the economy (Lebergott 1964, pp.7-8). The devastating effects of the recession have been felt on all the facets of the economy. But the absence of jobs for the people is the clearest way that shows what this economic problem has done to the way of life of not only the citizens of the United States but the world in general (Ruhm 2000,PP.617-619). The efforts by both the private entrepreneurs and the government to turn the economy around have been impressive. But the rate of recovery has not been fast enough. This has left the people in great anxiety over their lives in such hard economic times. This essay will provide evidence in support of the fact that the unemployment rate will be going down in the future, given the fact that the economy has began picking up, albeit at a slow pace. The most recent data on unemployment as well as other economic ideas will be used as backups for this claim. To start with, the unemployment rate will decrease because the right action has been taken to stop the recession. It is a common understanding that when nothing is done, it is possible for the conditions to worsen. There may be times when things change for the better on their own, but this is a dangerous path that gives people more anxiety. Taking organized action is sometimes a sure guarantee of a change for the better. If this can be used a premise for the case of unemployment as part of the economy, the government moved in with a rapid response that came in the form of the bailout package. All the major banks whose collapse would have sunk the entire economy and taken the country down into a depression were rescued in a highly well coordinated but heavily criticized plan (Feldman & Stern 2004, pp.21-23). This was done in the hope that these banks would soon gain stability and resume lending to small businesses as well as individual citizens so as to encourage investment and job creation. The results for the bailout are already clear in that banks that were assisted have gained stability and some have even returned part of the bailout money. The expectation is that the managers of these banks will be more careful in future and that they will play an important role in rescuing the greater economy through lending (Feldman & Stern 2004, p
Abstract It has been noted with great concern that police duties are not carried out with the professionalism that is called for. A major area where professionalism in the police force has been lacking has been attributed to discrimination along ethnic and racial lines. Neighborhoods and their nature have been one of the reasons attributed to profiling. This paper investigates these claims, the historical background of the issue looks at more examples where profiling has been noted, and offers solutions to the problems. The consequences of this trend by the police are highlighted by the paper just as much as statistics that indicate the presence of discrimination by the police. Introduction The relationships that exist between the police and ethnic and racial minorities are very complex (Walker & et al. 2004). In as much as sometimes these relationships are harmonious, they happen at times to be problematic. Over the past two decades, the relationships between these two parties can only get the description as being very highly tense even to unimaginable heights. The number and frequency of cases on profiling reported have kept growing by the day. From data and records, as will be seen a bit later on, the evidence is clear; profiling by police is real and discriminatory treatment is proven (Roth,1994). Police in America treats racial and ethnic minorities in a way that is not fair when compared to how the police treat whites. Historical background Slave trade that was very prominent before the industrial revolution led to the sale of very many black people from Africa to America. However, at the end of slavery, racism cropped up as a very critical issue which also led to the police profiling that forms our focus today. There was an investigation by the Department of justice in the US in 1998 which ended upraising awareness of the presence of police profiling in the State of New Jersey (Bumgarner, 2006). This department came up with a definition for profiling stating that it involved singling out given members of certain ethnic or racial minorities for petty offences investigation. It involved them being searched for guns and determination of whether they held any contrabands. In this period, the media in America went ravaging the public with the problem of profiling forming frontpage news consistently. According to Bumgarner (2006), gross were the investigations and inspections of the people of color that the phenomenon became famously known as “driving while black or brown.” Racism can be stated as the most prominent cause of police profiling. However, police have on the other hand given their reasons as to why the position is currently. Houston (2000) insinuates that the psychology of the white police is
Negotiation occurs when individuals with conflict of the interests get together to determine how they would allocate resources or work together in the future. The ideas of both parties need to be well presented in the negotiation. Both parties should end up with equally benefiting outcomes. Negotiation results in problem solving to a common problem between the parties involved. Contradicting issues arise due to different schools of thought and cultural backgrounds. This is the reason why negotiation needs expertise when handling it. Negotiations in business involve open communication, understanding the conflict and search for the solution by the involved parties. Different cultures approach negotiations differently and thus, utmost understanding is required (Hendon, Hendon & Herbig, 1996).The main purpose of this paper is to discuss the cultural approaches used in negotiations. It will explain five cultural approaches used by the Chinese and their effectiveness if applied in the United States of America. Different cultures approach negotiation differently. This is because of the differences in their traditions and beliefs. Negotiators’ cultural background is reflected during negotiation process through the way they think and are sensitivity to the issues. The approaches used in different cultures have their advantages and disadvantages. Therefore, it is necessary to understand the different cultural approaches to negotiations especially when dealing with foreigners. If this is not done it may lead to frustrations of the two parties and this is likely to bring enmity, which is not good for business
Introduction In understanding cultural shock, it is vital that one determines the actual meaning of the term. Basically, it is a unique familiarity that someone goes through in a different place when he/she changes residence. Cultural shock affects the person psychologically, as an individual as well as a family, meaning that the practices of the people in the new environment might not conform to the person’s usual culture, thus creating a cultural dilemma for him/her or the entire family. Therefore, the presentation gives detailed explanation of the research findings of understanding the stages of cultural shock. It also demonstrates the strategies that the learners could apply in creating a supportive learning environment. Causes of Cultural Shock Often, cultural shock is caused when the person changes his/her usual environment and starts adapting to the new ways of life in the new place (Armin 14). Migration is one major cause of cultural shock, and since people usually move from one environmental setting to another, in search for employment, good arable land, place for settlement, and good business place, they are likely to come across cultural practices that are dissimilar to the ones in the former residential place (Armin 14). Cultures differ from place to place because it is a source of identity for the various people living in a particular area. When a person comes to this new environment and start interacting with such unique practices, he/she might be in for a great surprise. Though it would take the person a longer time to adapt to a new culture, it is likely that the person might adopt the practices of the people in this new area due to influence resulting from increased interaction with the new practices (Armin 15). Rationale for Cultural Shock   * Cultures vary from place to place, and the new person has to accept the reality because the people in different environments have various practices, which may be unique.   * Therefore, they have to be ready for a deep shock about the people’s practices once they shift their residence. So they should harmonize the practices and minimize the impacts.   * In the first place, cultural shock is inevitable in the new environment, and might change the person’s behaviour.   * As a result, the behaviour will obviously shift to that of the dominant culture. In cases of migration, the dominant behaviour will be basically of the host culture.   * Notably, the impacts of cultural shock changes gradually as the person or family continue to interact with the new cultural practices, which proceed in stages (Kwintessential 1). Stages of Cultural Shock Understanding the stages of cultural shock are very important because they help the person absorbs and accepts the reality and variations of different lifestyles. This enables him/her coexist harmoniously with the people from other cultures (Kwintessential 1). In this regard, there are four main stages of cultural shock, and are as discussed below. Excit
Introduction Nursing educators agree that students with learning disabilities do not just outgrow them. Some of the students turn into adults with learning disabilities, while many take part in nursing education programs. The education of students with learning disabilities poses great difficulty for the majority of parents and educators (Marsden, Green, March, & Ledington, 2012). Many of the students are educated at a tender age on the best approaches of processing information and developing an organized strategy or policy when dealing with the challenges. Learning difficulty has just of late been categorized as a form of disability. Students with learning disabilities encounter challenges in organizing information obtained, recalling it, and expressing information, and thus, influence an individual’s basic operations, for instance, the ability to read, write, understand, and reason. Regardless of the challenges, students with learning disabilities can be taught through successful learning strategies that will assist them in working on learning more productively. Learning Disabilities Learning disabilities could interfere with a learner satisfying her or his academic and life possibility. Learning disabilities lead to unanticipated educational attainment. They might affect the possession, organization, comprehension, maintenance, and application of the information. Learning disabilities are intricate and may progress past the stereotypical perceptions of the disability as merely reading challenges. They differ considerably, both with respect to the roles they influence and the asperity of the influence encountered (Billings & Halstead, 2013). The suitable adjustments rely on the person’s strong points, in addition to his/her particular challenges. Commonly, learning disabilities are not noticed prior to the children beginning school. The majority of nursing students with learning disabilities show no indications of challenges, except while trying the particular educational duties that impinge on their specific field of cognitive processing intricacy. Different from most other forms of disability, the recognition of learning disability offers some kinds of challenges because processing problems are tested via presumption anchored in student reactions. It may not be self-evident that the learning problems of students are attributable to learning disabilities. The particular requirements of students with learning disabilities vary, and their knowledge may advance with time (Billings & Halstead, 2013). However, this does not imply that the disabilities are no more, but by changing the tasks they embark on, and the policies they instigate to tackle their specific learning disabilities, students might encounter varying problems at different instances. Attributable to personal dissimilarities, no
Introduction Education should be a right not a privilege. Woody Allen’s film provides a perfect platform for the discussion of the immoral and ethical. In this motion picture, he seems to support the defeat of the religious as seen through the death of the most religious person in the story – Ben. In order to make a comprehensive discussion, one must incorporate the views of philosophers such as Kierkegaard ad Nietzsche. Whether faith should play a role in what it means to live an ethical life The events in ‘Crimes and Misdemeanors’ occur at a time when the state of morality in society has declined. Some acts can be permitted by law, but are not necessarily acceptable in religious circles ( Crimes and Misdemeanors ). In a place where God is not that significant, then certain unthinkable actions, such as murder, are tolerable. In this case, faith had been suspended from the lives of those involved and one would argue that the main character – Judah – had also discarded morality. Nonetheless in order to know for sure whether ethics was not relevant in Judah’s decisions, then some insights from Friedrich Nietzsche would be in order. Nietzsche believes that morality can either be understood from the point of view of the slave or a master. The master often preaches morality, especially Christianity to the masses as a means of controlling them. He believes that people who act in accordance to religious moral structures are weak and powerless. Religion causes people to continuously regret or feel guilty over their actions. However, the master views the world in a totally different light. It is devoid of any moral laws and man can, therefore, curve his own path or define his own identity. The master is some sort of superman because Nietzsche believes that religion is a man-made creation. The master must now create his own set of laws or ethics that will govern his life. In the film, one would argue that Judah was the ‘superman’. He chose to abandon the religious values that his father taught him, and instead created his own set of rules. Although it was difficult for Judah to get over the guilt that haunted him after his mistress’ death, he finally transcended it. He was able to come to his ‘true nature’ by overcoming the weakness of religion. Nietzsche would say that Judah was strong enough to get over his guilt-ridden religious structure and find peace with his actions. The philosopher would also argue that Judah created his own set of ethics and thus triumphed in the end. It is only those who stick to their true sense of will who are the most justified (Kaufmann 122). On the flipside, another philosopher –Soren Kierkeg
Introduction Literary criticism presented in these four essays is both intriguing and pleasurable to read. The critical analysis highlights the important plot details, emphasizes literary elements which a casual reader may miss, and provides a deeper and philosophical understanding on these short stories. The analysis of The Yellow Wallpaper focuses on the feminist perspective, underlining various symbolisms, social subtexts, and emotional tensions that the story is meant to relay to the reader in the context of feminine literature, protagonists, and writers attempting to establish authority in the late nineteenth century (Gilbert and Gubar, p. 906). The criticism of Lahiri’s Interpreter of Maladies is a very direct and honest commentary regarding cultural differences and social understandings in the context of cultural appropriation and remnants of historical hegemony, as the writer explores whether the malady in human relations has a basis in race (Lewis, p. 925). Main body The story and analysis which were personally appealing was about What We Talk About When We Talk About Love . It is a common topic of conversation in society and among couples, which inevitably starts as a lighthearted discussion between Mel and Terri, but transitions into a deeply philosophical discussion reflecting Plato’s Symposium . However, it is a theme so relatable but also out of reach of comprehension for most, as the critic highlights in a quotation from the story, “it ought to make us feel ashamed when we talk like we know what we’re talking about when we talk about love” (Saltzman, p. 983). This analysis has the literary qualities of summarizing and relaying the deep meaning and emotions present between individuals when discussing the concept of love. By reading the criticism, one is able to logically follow the pattern of thought while glancing into the thoughts of each of the characters. It takes significant skill to do this competently, condensing the plot of the story, emphasizing key emotions and meanings, all while offering essential commentary or personal perspectives. Charters herself offers insights about how to approach such analysis. Particularly interesting is the section of narrowing ideas to a thesis highlighting the elements of topic and theme, and how an excellent thesis demonstrates a concrete subject followed by a clear predicate, allowing to establish and develop thought in a structured manner (Charters, p. 1076). It is vital to use such instruction in combination with examples from experienced critics to gain a better understanding of this subgenre of literature. Works Cited  1. Charters, Ann. The Story and Its Writer: An Introduction to Short Fiction . Compact ninth ed, Bedford/