ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Judges are very important people in the society since they solve cases that determine the next phase of a person’s life. Thus, they require various people who they can trust and work within the judicial system. The judiciary is an independent entity, but as is always the case, each entity needs help from other sources (Boyea, 2013). The judiciary has to build its internal relationships to ensure smooth running of the judicial system. These internal relationships are important and relevant to each of the courts. The level of its independence and interdependence on other systems determine whether the judge’s work is effective or not. The Role of Judges A judge refers to an individual who is authorized and qualified to make a decision. A judge is a public officer to the court making judgments on the legal lawsuits based on either the substantive or procedural bylaws. In the U.S court system, a magistrate presides over the proceedings taking place in the courtrooms. In fact, judges have no authority to carry out investigations, but they can authorize an investigation to be carried out. The commonly known kinds of magistrates in the U.S court system are the appellate as well as the trial law-court juries. A trial court judge often controls the trials from the beginning to the end (Stephenson, 2013). They take part in all details of the case including but not limited to setting the trial schedule, giving advice to the jury, and sentencing a guilty defendant. The appellate judge hears appeals from the trial courts, reviews them, and decides whether there was injustice or not. Judges work in different courtrooms and listen to cases of diverse types and are either elected or appointed. Judges have to be of good behavior at all times since they must adhere to ethical rules. The juries may only hold office when these ethical rules are followed to the latter. A jury may be removed from office through impeachment, and this only occurs when there is a violation of ethical or legal rules. The judges have to be impartial (Swanson, 2011). They have to make their ruling without being biased. The judge has various roles both inside and outside the courtroom. The juries play a significant role in controlling public morality. In the U.S court system, judges rule on issues that affect each citizen. Judges listen to allegations brought by the prosecutors, the attorney defenders, and the testimony of the witnesses and rule whether the evidence is valid or not. Judges then give instructions to the jury on how to apply both the procedural and substantive laws and standards in the case (Boyea, 2013). Judges also have the task of asking the witnesses questions and finally rule on the cases presented. Magistrates are mandated to make decisions regarding the crime and issue verdicts on the case based on the available evidence. In most cases, the law is interpreted with the aid of judges. They find out various laws, regulations, and explain them to the public. Judges also see that other court staffs do their work according t
Natural disasters that occur due to seasonal meteorological processes can become a real challenge for the affected region residents if the state does not have a clear response plan. Hurricane Katrina, a major Atlantic hurricane, killed 1,800 people when it hit New Orleans and the surrounding area in 2005, causing $ 125 billion in losses (Carafano & Keith, 2006). Hurricane Katrina is ranked more closely with Hurricane Harvey 2017 and Hurricane Kyle 2020. The lessons learned from the response to Hurricane Katrina will be useful in managing disasters in the future. One of the main factors that complicated the emergency services situation and caused most of the deaths was flooding associated with deficiencies in the dam around New Orleans. As a result, 80% of the urban area was flooded, transport infrastructure and communications were destroyed. Tens of thousands of people became hostages of the elements and needed immediate evacuation. The evacuation involved federal, local, and private rescue operations. Despite criticism of the federal, state, and local government actions, which led to several resignations, the actions of some agencies were extremely effective. In particular, the United States Coast Guard (USCG), the National Hurricane Center (NHC), and the National Weather Service (NWS) performed best. Hurricane Katrina created several significant challenges that have become the subject of further analysis. First, a remarkable piece of infrastructure across the Gulf Coast was destroyed, depriving 3 million customers of telephone communications ( Chapter five: Lessons learned , 2005). Radio broadcast facilities were also affected, including half of local television and radio stations. In Mississippi, 50,000 power poles were demolished, according to government reports. As a result, rescue services were deprived of a network of reliable sources of information ( Chapter five: Lessons learned , 2005). Besides, due to inadequate coordination with federal and local agencies, the available communication facilities were not fully utilized. Other challenges were logistics and evacuation, search and rescue of victims, and the extensive use of military potential. According to the White House report findings, the need for the Ministry of Security to establish a regional emergency response structure was recognized. White House has also ordered to transform the National Guard to include training to prep
Introduction Western culture, particularly popular culture, has spread beyond the Western world. At present, it penetrates even the traditional eastern societies such as Chinese and Arab. Entering a new location, popular western culture influences the weakest categories of the population. As a rule, young people are the first to fall under the influence. At present, the young generation whose representatives are from 20 to 35 years old is known as Millennials. These are the people who were raised in conditions of the rapid development of technologies and the Internet. The technological progress granted access to the world’s cultural heritage together with mass culture. It was sure to have an influence on the local lifestyles of countries which for long periods of time remained isolated from western culture. One of the countries that observe the impact of western culture on the life of the young generation in the United Arad Emirates. Theory of Cultural Imperialism: Herbert Schiller A global spread of culture in other societies is often treated as “cultural imperialism” (Mirrlees, 2013). The issue of cultural imperialism can be explained as the dominance of a culture of a bigger, economically, and military stronger country over the one which is less strong. It is often connected with media imperialism since media is a perfect channel of distribution of cultural information (Mirrlees, 2013). Herb Schiller, the American media critic, developed the theory of cultural imperialism in the 1970s (Mirrelee
Introduction The selected article from Bloomberg Businessweek was written by Naidoo (2020), and it is called “IMF Says S. Africa Has no Fiscal Space, Must Push Reforms”. It was chosen for discussion because it stresses the difficulties currently faced by South Africa. It may be assumed that the text belongs to macroeconomics since it reveals the patterns of economic development in this territory (Lipschitz & Schadler, 2019). The object of the study is such aspects as the general level of national income, employment, prices, and foreign economic activity of South Africa (Lipschitz & Schadler, 2019). The purpose of this paper is to review the article and express the author’s opinion on the subject matter. Discussion According to Naidoo (2020), the region has no fiscal space left, and drastic measures are needed to ensure the debt is sustainable. The author states that “high deficits have not materially boosted economic growth as intended; instead they drastically lifted the debt-to-GDP ratio” (Naidoo, 2020, para.3). This implies that the authorities need to ensure the budget is being consolidated and that adequate fiscal policy is in place. These measures will allow for establishing a low primary balance. The author of this paper believes that the main problem is the lack of state regulation of tax policy. Despite allegations that the principles of countercyclical policy, acceptable debt levels, and intergenerational justice continue to determine fiscal policy in South Africa, in practice, the fiscal space has not been rebuilt (Lipschitz & Schadler, 2019). The budget of South Africa should implement the government’s commitments to reduce the budget deficit and stabilize debt (Naidoo, 2020). Despite the introduction of the spending limit, weak economic growth ensured a constantly large budget deficit. Concluding Points Thus, it can be concluded that the selected article on the macroeconomic situation in South Africa showed the complexity of the setting in this region. Fiscal reforms should include lowering spending limits, increasing income tax rates, and tightening control over budget preparation and spending. The main international challenges include the need to support African countries in the development and implementation of appropriate and sustainable fiscal and budgetary policies.
The assigned reading demonstrates how history is filled with various accounts of man’s conquest at the sea. Through the act of piercing together various evidentiary accounts dating back to prehistoric times, the reading brings into the limelight some of the factors that came into play to favor the development of sailing in the Arabian shores and beyond. The present paper relies on the reading to demonstrate how geography and climate favored the development of Arab seafaring. In terms of geographical orientation, it can be argued that Arab seafaring benefited a great deal by virtue of the Arabian physical location at the crossroads of important commerce routes that not only necessitated oriental trade with the Mediterranean world but also ensured easy flow of goods via the Arabian Peninsula, the Gulf of Suez and the Persian Gulf. It is clear from the reading that owing to its physical location at the epicenter of these natural waterways, that Arabian commerce with neighboring countries was invited to the west by the long shores of Northeast Africa and to the Northeast by the long shores of Iran. Additionally, owing to its physical location, the Arab world was in direct contact with some of the most ancient centers of wealth and civilization, including Egypt, Iran, and Mesopotamia, implying that more commerce passed its way as goods were being transported from these centers to far away countries such as China and India. Wares from China and India also passed through the Arab world into these centers because Arabs had easy access to the Indian Ocean and the Mediterranean. The Arab world also benefitted substantially from the Red Sea, the Nile, the Euphrates and the Tigris, which were natural channels that could be used for through traffic of goods between the Mediterranean basin and Eastern Asia. These geographical factors favored the development and growth of Arab seafaring. In terms of climate, it can be argued that Arab seafaring benefited a great deal from the monsoon winds, which, according to the reading, assisted voyages both to Africa and to India. However, it should be noted that Arab ships could not stand the vigor of the southwest monsoon winds which started in July and terminated in October due to the fact that the boats were made of skins and hollowed coconut trunks, not mentioning that they were sewn with stitches of coconut fiber instead of being secured with large iron nails as was the case with Greek ships. Additionally, it is imperative to mention that the Persian Gulf not only lacked craftsmen to build strong ships, but the area produced little suitable timber for shipbuilding, necessitating Arab seafarers to build their boats from coconut trunks that could easily fall apart in high seas. Consequently, owing to the unstable shape of the Arab ships as explained above, the reading suggests tha
The modern society is in a constant progress. The growth of new tendencies involves all the aspects of the people’s life, especially those ones which are connected with the technological development. Today, people have the great opportunities to interact with each other and get the necessary information with the help of a lot of mobile devices. That is why, the world of mobile devices and smartphones of the new generation is attractive for marketers as the field for expanding the information about the brands, organizations, and products with using the special advertisements. Mobile advertising is important for promoting different products with the focus on attracting the target audience. From this point, advergaming as the possibility to use the information about the brands and products in games is more interesting and rather progressive type of advertising than mobile advertising which became extremely popular during the recent decade. To meet the requirements of the developed market and draw the potential consumers, many companies use mobile advertising as well as advergaming, and Procter & Gamble is such a company which promotes the products of its many brands using all the modern approaches to advertising. Mobile advertising began to develop rapidly when marketers worked out the strategy to promote their products with the help of messages. The weak point of this strategy is associated with the aspects of the privacy policy and permission
I can relate to the essay written by Rolando Niella. Learning English and using English on a daily basis can be a challenge. The English taught in my school is much different than the English used day to day in the English speaking world. I think sometimes that I will never learn enough about spoken English to completely relax during conversations with my fellow students. Like Rolando, in his essay ‘Barriers’, “I’m still in the learning process” (Niella, p. 1). When I speak I am aware of others concerted effort to understand my version of English. It is kind of funny to see the expression on their faces as they try to understand me. And, like Rolando, I am tempted to stop trying to speak English because I get discouraged in the process. Like Rolando, I search out another who speaks my language so that I can relax and talk comfortably (Niella, p. 2). I believe that learning English is very important to my becoming a professional. I need to be able to communicate effectively at a professional level. I need to turn my basic English skills into professional level skills to be successful. This will require much work on my part. Unfortunately, not many English speakers speak Japanese. Getting lost in every day conversation can be a big problem. English contains many figures of speech, different accents, and regional dialects. Understanding someone from Massachusetts does not mean that I will understand someone from Texas or Louisiana. And, understanding English speakers from England and Australia can be an even harder task. The hardest English to understand is another foreign language student’s English. If limited knowledge of English is all you have in common with another foreign student that communication can be very stressful. Although, in Japan, I had courses in conversational English I am frustrated by how many different ways English can be spoken and wish someone would speak the conversational English that I learned in Japan. There are many figures of speech that I have learned gradually. I have to be careful though because native English speakers assume a higher level of competency in English when I use a figure of speech. Some examples I have encountered:   * Take a seat or have a seat – they have given me the chair?   * Turn off the light – the light is a switch not a knob.   * That’s crazy man – what??   * Give me a break – where do you want me to break you?   * Are you for real? – last time I checked I was. I have found many ways to better my English. Learning English by total emersion has forced me to learn English more quickly. I would love to have another Japanese speaker around all the time but that is not practical. Listening to the radio and watching television have helped much. Radio and television shows have given me something to talk about with my English speaking friends. Watching television has given me the opportunity to see conversational English in action. Reading books and magazines has help
Introduction The transfer to the environment of e-learning has opened a plethora of opportunities for instructors as far as the information retrieval, analysis and its provision to students are concerned (Sewel, Frith, & Colvin, 2010). The significance of online tests as a specimen of the above-mentioned tools can hardly be underrated; creating premises for a comprehensive assessment of students’ skills, these tests help teachers retrieve crucial information about the learners’ progress (McCracken et al., 2011). However, instructors may have issues using electronic tools. A training program aimed at improving the teachers’ skills in online tests design will help upgrade instructors’ skills successfully and promote a better educational environment. Method In order to carry out the training process successfully, one will have to utilize the ADDIE model. Defined as a “foundational instructional design process that represents five basic components of planning and designing instruction” (Management Association, 2011, p. 112), the model in question allows creating an elaborate plan, identifying the key goals, and carrying out the required training in a manner as efficient as possible. Analysis The analysis of the participants’ current command of e-technologies in general and e-assessment tools, in particular, will presuppose a test that will involve creating an online test in English language studies for seven-graders. The teachers will have to use the QuestBase tools (QuestBase, 2015) as the key resources. Design As it has been stressed above, the QuestBase resources will be used as the basis for developing the assessment mentioned above. The test will include ten questions with multiple-choice answers. Development The training process will be developed based on the identification of the learners’ needs and specifics, as well as the current standards for English language assessment in the UAE. The training programs will incorporate information, visual aids, and exercises (Grover, 2015). Implementation As it has been stressed above, the tests will be administered to the teachers after they receive the corresponding instructions. The teachers will complete tests in between the training sessions and will take the comprehensive final test at the end of their training. Evaluation The evaluation of the teachers’ skills will be carried out with the help of the aforementioned QuestBase tools. Particularly, the participants will have to create tests for their students with the help of the tool in question. Training The teachers will be provided with a set of training sessions, which will shed some light on the issues related to the creation of e-tests, the opportunities that e-tools in general and the above-mentioned tool, in particular, have to offer, and the methods of designing e-assessments.
Distribution Strategy Logistics Logistics entails the free circulation of commodities from production units to target customers for total satisfaction. It incorporates the integration of information, movement of goods, stocking, storage, casing, and safety (Gelder & Woodcock, 2003). Zara possesses lucrative logistics that commits fully to the customer’s contentment. Its logistics adds value to the time and place efficacy. The company ensures timely remittance of clothing from its production unit to numerous stores internationally. It considers the changing trends and fashion that engulfs the textile industry thus enduring the frequently changing market demands. The logistics department considers supplying dissimilar stores with varied stocks depending on the needs and the market segment of that particular locality (Sull & Turconi, 2008). Physical Facility Physical facilities incorporate numerous company structures, shops, and machineries that aid their daily operations. The company has production facilities and a skilled workforce, which ensure timely production of trendy clothing demanded by the market. Concurrently, the company locates its vend shops at strategic places where clients can easily access their products (Sull & Turconi, 2008). Conversely, Zara hardly invests in mass media promotional campaigns, but rather focuses on the less glamorous in-store and point-of-sale endorsement. Zara depends on shop windows to converse its trademark figure. Equally, it exploits client interaction to enhance their number. Additionally, it locates stores on some of the most up-market and high-traffic avenues of each city it storms. Competitive Advantage/Distribution Zara has emerged with numerous competitive advantages over its other rivals like Topshop and H&M. They own their in-house production unit thus able to supply their retail shops with adequate stock in real-time compared to their entrants (Hill & Jones, 2007). Evidently, the organization has an impressive logistic strategy. Being in possession of an in-house production mechanism where it designs and produces its fashionable clothing, Zara guarantees its clients flexibility in the variety, quantity, and regularity of novel styles. Another competitive advantage the organization exploits upon its entrants in terms of distribution is its well-coordinated allotment system where specific commodities are produced for specific retail shops depending on the demand in that particular shop. H&M and Topshop have barely achieved such advantages. Concurrently, Zara enjoys the capability of singling the opportunities in the agitating fashion trends (Hill
Introduction Art has been in existence for since the beginning of human civilisation. The field, in most cases, is viewed as a way of action and knowing. Art has played a key role in the development of human identities. It has also been significant to the evolution of cultural practices in all human societies. Consequently, art is regarded as one of the defining elements of humanity. To some advocates of this field, art is believed to be the window to the soul of humanity. According to Nathan (2008), art is used to communicate and provide a framework for the understanding of passions, emotions, and the enduring conflicts that humans have always indulged in. The scholars who advocate for the centrality of arts in the development of humanity observe that even the cavemen recorded their history, experiences, and events through drawings of pageants that marked the passing of time and seasons (Anderson, 2014). In this paper, the author explores the importance of art its contribution in the development of cognitive and cultural attributes among children. To this end, the author will demonstrate that art provides human societies with lens through which they can view both historical and contemporary issues. Finally, the paper will be used to support the argument that teaching art processes can improve the ability of students to shape the learning process and the way it is conceived in schools. The Importance of Teaching Arts Education Arts in Traditional and Contemporary Societies Arts are a common feature in both traditional and modern societies. In most traditional communities, trumpets and drums were used to herald the commencement of battle. In addition, birth and death in these societies were received with songs and dance. Consequently, theatre was viewed as an avenue through which solutions to dil