ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Robert Reich’s book Supercapitalism presents a cynical and inherently flawed understanding of the value of corporate social responsibility. His major argument discards corporate social responsibility as a marketing claptrap. Not only is this abject dismissal wrong-headed; it is potentially dangerous. Corporate social responsibility can be, and is, a perfectly viable engine for social change. Public policy advisor Reich’s (cited in Binns, 2009) Supercapitalism uses a historic premise – “the not quite golden age” (p. 239) – to propose that the price of successful capitalism is democracy itself. This not quite golden age refers to the mid-20 th century following the Second World War, wherein mass production brought about a “comprehensive prosperity…[and] the stimulus for the success of corporations and associated suppliers and retailers” (p. 239). The average American citizen’s life was “stable and in comfortable equilibrium” (Judt, 2007: p. 1). These halcyon days gave rise to a “degree of civility between business, employees, the community, and government,” eventually supplanted by “competition that modified the relationship between business and the society…as the marketplace became saturated with competing entities” (Binns, 2009: p. 239). These entities, according to Reich, have now “become so efficient at getting the goods and services people want and the returns on investment that investors want” (Binns, 2009: p. 239) that they have effectively stampeded the democratic process. Major corporations deploy legions of lobbyists in Washington to manipulate public policy in their favor, and in so doing, effectively squelch the average citizen’s voice. (Australian Broadcasting Corporation, 2008). Interestingly, Reich offers no real solution to the problems that he raises in the book (Hagan, 2008). His only real suggestion involves the application of “controls on corporate lobbying efforts” (p. 92). Similarly, Mackenzie (2008) easily refutes Reich’s view of capitalism itself as fundamentally erroneous: “Reich wrongly sees capitalism as an individualistic institution. Trade based on division of labor is social. Reich fails t
Albert DeAmicis, a faculty member for Justice, Law, and Security Criminal Justice Program at LaRoche College, supports my idea that no necessary action was taken to fix the problem of MS-13 gang activity in the United States and Brentwood, NY, in particular. In his article called “Mara Salvatrucha: The deadliest street gang in America,” DeAmicis demonstrates how dangerous gangs such as MS-13 affect American citizens and law enforcement. The article also states that for the past eight years, law enforcement “on the federal, state and local levels has been restrained by certain failed laws and policies and laws, like Catch-and-Release and the Trafficking Victims Protection Reauthorization Act” (DeAmicis 22). The MS-13 gang activity was caused by the civil war in the Central American county of El Salvador, which created the wave of immigration of about a million Salvadorians to the US. The new immigrants organized a gang called Mara Salvatrucha, also known as MS-13. The street gang has become one of the fastest-growing in the state of New York and one of the most violent, leading to the epidemic of brutal murders and unprecedented violence in communities across the state. I agree that MS-13 is incredibly cruel and atrocious, as I personally witnessed the families losing their children and our devastated community crying for help. The Catch and Release program started by the President Obama administration harmed national security since the policy allowed hundreds of thousands of illegal immigrants, who could be deported, to remain in the US. 68,000 aliens, or 35% out of all released in 2013, had criminal convictions (DeAmicis 5). Under current policies, the deportation process might be terminated because of certain family relationships, support of advocacy groups, and factors not related to public safety (DeAmicis 6). The policies ensuring the placement of 80 percent of all minor illegal immigrants allowed the illegal youth to stay in the US, which made them easy targets for MS-13 recruitment. Overall, DeAmicis approaches the problem of MS-13 gang activity underlining the ineffectiveness of current immigration policies and argues that measures should be taken to increase national security and prevent tragedies like the one in Brentwood, NY. The views of DeAmicis shed light on my understanding of the gang violence problem. While I was aware that the Brentwood community was affected by MS-13, I did not notice how seemingly positive government policies could change the situation for the worse. Joseph J. Kolb, an Executive Director of the Southwest Gang Information Center and an award-winning criminal justice journalist, supports the view that the US government should do further reforms in immigration law in response to gang-related crime
Religious Reforms According to Wiesner-Hanks, Luther was not the first person to express his dissatisfaction with the established religious structure (165). Some groups that were active before Luther’s teachings became popular were unhappy with the amount of power that the church had at that time. However, the ideas of earlier reform movements were not as recognized as Luther’s. Thus, he became the most recognizable person and a symbol of Protestant beliefs. While Protestants usually agreed on some topics, some aspects were debated between different groups. For example, the issue of the Eucharist became a subject of heated discussions for many Protestants. The notion of God’s presence in wine and bread was understood differently by Luther and Zwingli, which led to their followers splitting into fractions. Reformation in England was strongly influenced by Zwingli’s ideas, while many European countries were more open to the concepts introduces by Luther. The impact of the English king, Henry VIII, significantly changed the course of the reformation in England. While reforms in other countries came from various scholars and citizens, England’s separation from the church was affected by the decisions of the royal family. Luther’s Address to the Nobility In his address to the nobility, Luther describes Church officials as arrogant and greedy people. He writes that the pope “wears a triple crown, whereas the mightiest kings only wear one crown,” implying that the head of the church has more power than any country leader (Luther). Cardinals are portrayed as unnecessary in his letter. Their only purpose is to gather riches that were taken away from citizens by the church. Luther says that Germans are being deceived by the church, which is spreading from Italy to Germany to collect people’s resources. According to Luther, “Italy is sucked dry,” and the church wants to gain more power by enforcing this religion on Germans. Luther asks the nobility to follow him and listen to his ideas in order to stop the “Romanists” from stealing their resources. Moreover, he encourages people to educate themselves and learn more about other nations and their relationship with religion. Radical Reformation Many individuals supported the idea of separation of state and church. These people were deemed as radicals and persecuted for their beliefs by both Catholic and Protestant rulers. However, various activists gained more and more followers, which allowed them to influence the state of religion in many European countries. Moreover, some new rules and regulations, which were enforced by the church, were met with protests from peasants. Many different religious groups were seen as heretical by Catholics and Protestants, including the Anabaptists, Mennonites, Hutterites, and Unitarians. These groups had different opinions on many concepts described in the Bible and other religious doc
Forensic odontology has been used in court for several decades. Since its introduction, the procedure has stood up to scrutiny and is now a valuable part of forensics. It is sometimes credited as being superior to some of the more popular and recognized forms of forensic evidence, such as fingerprints and palm prints. Nevertheless, several important details inherent to the practice, as well as the unimpressive success rate accumulated over the years discourage the use of bite marks as sufficient evidence to sustain a conviction. Forensic odontology, or forensic dentistry, is responsible for analyzing the bite marks or other impressions left by the suspect’s teeth on the victim’s body or any other object. The impressions are handled and utilized largely in the same way as the fingerprints and other visual representations of the anatomic data: by applying the obtained image to the suspect’s jaw to check for a match. While it has produced a fair amount of helpful evidence that was used to successfully find and convict real dangerous criminals, the procedure was initially seriously unreliable. The impressions were in most cases redrawn by hand, and since the tissue (the most likely place for the marks) does not have “memory,” they had to be interpreted to obtain details. This basically meant that at least some degree of error was present in the evidence-gathering process. Naturally, the match with the suspect’s teeth was also determined visually. Nowadays, most of the procedures are computerized, which allows for a much better precision. However, while the image and the model of the jaw are stored in digital format, the actual data in question is still analog, which means it is open to interpretation. This detail differentiates teeth marks from DNA: while the latter is also often represented in visual analog format, the actual data is a highly precise code that can be printed out with the required resolution. The former, on the other hand, is derived from an imprecise analog source and needs to be further verified by relying on human judgment. Another limitation of the soft tissue as a source of evidence is its ability to restore itself. In the case of John Kunco, who was convicted of rape based on the bite marks on the victim’s shoulder, the imprints were five months old by the time they were obtained by the expertise and had to be retrieved using the ultraviolet equipment (Balko, 2015). The court has been upholding the conviction since then, regardless of the obviously unreliable evidence. Another notable weakness of the technique is that the evidence is easily modifiable and thus falsifiable. The imprint can be changed by grinding down teeth or simply removing them. In some cases, such removal can be justified (an accident or an unfortunate fall may end in the loss of teeth), which makes an already weak evidence even less reliable. Certainly, in some exceptional cases, the use of bite marks can serve as a turning point, for instance when additional confirmation is needed
A Bedouin tent is an example of the so-called portable or nomadic architecture, which means that it can be easily moved or transported (Bloom, 44). Although some people believe that such a form of construction is very primitive, and one does not have to possess special knowledge or sophistication to erect or dismantle such a tent. It should be noted that this belief is based on a common misconception. While constructing a tent, Bedouins usually have to take into consideration the following factors: climate, lightning, and certainly privacy of the inhabitants. Arid and hot climate imposes very stringent restrictions on Bedouins; it is necessary to develop a system of ventilation, which enables the cold air to permeate inside. This function is usually performed by the walls, or by the fabric to be more exact. As a rule, it is woven from sheep or goat hair, which has extraordinary thermal endurance. Additionally, we should say that the goat hair is usually painted in black because it better consumes heat (See appendix 1). One should pay extra attention to the special technique of weaving, employed by Bedouin women; it is often called “loose” (Rudofsky, 61). The main peculiarity is that the tent, made of such material, allows air circulation, which is crucial especially under desert conditions. In fact, it virtually prevents people from suffocating. As regards air circulation, it should be pointed out that Bedouins often made a vent-hole at the top of the tent; naturally, the major effect is achieved through the fabric, but this vent-hole serves some other purpose. One cannot eliminate the possibility of rain, though it is very slim. We need to mention the material, of which Bedouin tents are made, the sheep hair. When it begins to rain, the fiber distends and becomes waterproof and practically impenetrable, including the air. This aperture sustains circulation. One should also bear in mind that the desert climate could be characterized by significant temperature drops, at night it can get very cold. The material, made of goat hair preserves warm air inside the tent. Another problem, which Bedouin have to solve, is the question of lighting. It is not always permissible to burn an oil lamp inside the tent because it requires much oxygen and subsequently makes the air very stuffy (Hillenbrand, 55). As it has been mentioned before, Bedouin employ the so-called “loose weave” and the light can easily penetrate through the fabric, therefore, the interior is always well-illuminated (See appendix 2). Certainly, at nighttime, oil lamps have to be burned but for that purpose, additional vent-holes are made. Thus, the problem of illumination can be easily overcome; furthermore, we may also say that the solution does not have to be very complicated, though it is impossible to call it primiti
Comparison of cultural elements between Taiwan and the US Major cultural dimensions Unlike Taiwan, the US is characterized by diverse cultures, which arises from the high rate of immigration into the US. The country’s culture entails individuals from different parts of the world. An evaluation of the cultural differences between Taiwan and the US is conducted in an effort to develop a comprehensive understanding of the cultural variation between the two countries. Values and attitudes The Taiwanese culture is collectivist in nature as evidenced by the fact that Taiwanese value extended families. Moreover, Taiwanese value working in groups. Consequently, organizations measure their success based on group performance. On the contrary, the US culture is individualistic as evidenced by the fact that American’s attach high value to personal independence rather than depending on family and friends. Additionally, Americans are very competitive and they work very hard in pursuit for their personal goals and achievements. The American society is mainly comprised of nuclear families. Moreover, a substantial proportion of the American population is comprised of single parent families, and thus one can assert that the US is a loosely knit society. Despite this cultural orientation, Americans uphold equality as one of the most important elements in society. Americans’ treat everybody equally irrespective of their gender unlike Taiwanese who consi
Introduction There are numerous ways in which an individual can lose his or her teeth including causes such as disease, injury and decay among others. The loss of teeth can adversely affect someone’s life especially what a person eats. Teeth provide support to lips and cheeks and their loss can make someone look older or ugly. It is therefore important that when an individual lose his or her teeth to replace them with a suitable denture. Dentures refer to prosthetic tools created to replace the missing teeth. In their use, dentures are supported by adjoining soft and hard tissues of the mouth. Dentures are removable instruments and are formed to look like natural teeth. They are made up acrylic resins. Overall, dentures literary can be regarded as artificial teeth constructed to take the place of the lost teeth. We have full and partial denture whereby full dentures cover the patient’s upper or lower jaw and the partials cover a single or a number of teeth. Below is brief explanation of several types of dentures and their advantages and disadvantages. Conventional Dentures: Upper and lower dentures with no implants This kind of dentures is constructed for individuals six to eight weeks after the teeth have been removed. They are specially made when the initial denture that was fixed on the day the teeth were removed is not fitting. This is usually because the bone and tissues have changed shape after healing from the operation. Normally this type of dentures takes the place of the lower or upper teeth. Conventional dentures are constructed and fixed after the teeth removed the gums have cured. This type of denture is usually constructed and fixed within nearly four appointments over duration of to 2 months. The procedure begins with an appointment with denturist whereby the patient enquires what kind of denture best suits him or her. This type of dentures is removable, but they come in variety of designs depending on the dental implants. There are two kinds of conventional dentures which are the upper and lower dentures. The upper denture stays in using suction similar to a suction cup on glass, and the lower denture simply lies on the ridge where the teeth used to be. Lower dentures slip and slide around on the ridge and are troublesome and painful when chewing and speaking if they are not anchored by snaps. Biting into a sandwich, yawning, or sneezing can cause the denture to lose suction and fall down. These types of dentures improve the patient’s chewing ability. This is made possible by acrylic teeth that take the place of the edentulous area. They also offer visual look of having natural teeth by supporting lips and cheeks. They also rectify the collapsed appearance usually evidenced in the area between the nose and the chin. They also improve the patient’s speaking abilities. Implant Retained Dentures: Also called an overdenture This kind of denture is fixed using very accurate dental attachments. The attachments are fixed in roots of the tooth or in the dental implants that have been firmly secured for that purpose. Bar joint and telescopic dentures are two main categories of overdenture. Overdenture secures a denture to the bone
The national minority of the American Indian tribes has always been of interest to researchers since the communities inhabited by the native people of the New World have kept their traditions almost unchanged. Some changes have occurred over time, but such common factors of life as the culture, communication, values have practically not altered. One of these tribes of the North American continent is the Mdewakanton Tribe of the Sioux Nation, the group of people who have their unique history. This community has its culture and national heritage, and their relationship with one another and people around them deserves attention. Cultural Identification Despite the preserved traditional way of life, the Native Americans have adapted to the new world in a significant way. As for the Mdewakanton Tribe, these people communicate their identities through the surrounding world, creating valuable natural areas and caring for animals. They did not create any grand architectural monuments, but their participation in the cultural life of America can not be denied (Halbach, 2017). Buffalos and bald eagles are of particular importance to these Indians. The community residents have
The Youth Employment and Demonstrations Projects Act (YEDPA) was enacted in 1977 by the federal government of the United States to control the high levels of unemployment and related issues that affected American youth. Federal funding earmarked for youth employment programs was from then on vastly augmented to cater for the needs of the youth. Though it was later ended in 1981, YEDPA provided a blueprint for the current youth employment methods (Gillespie, 2007). The first method is the Occupational Skills Training Programs which are essentially aimed at imparting to the youth skills that are pertinent in particular occupations. Such programs include the Job Corps and Youth Initiatives in Apprenticeship which are aimed at training youths that are not attending school. Labor Market Preparation Programs are also a method used for youth employment and the programs provide information on occupational opportunities and requirements, work habit and attitude, ability and interest testing as well as job search techniques (Sloman, 2004). In addition, the programs offer direct work experience together with orientation to the working environment. The programs are also responsible for remedial basic education skills training together with General Equivalency Diploma (GED) preparation. Temporary Job Programs are also used to provide youth employment by providing transitory sponsored employment (Gillespie, 2007). These programs are similar to Job Placement Programs which on the other hand offer the youth direct assistance in finding and securing employment. In addition to providing job referrals the Job Placement Programs also offer supplementary services such as workshops on preparing resumes, instruction on appropriate behavior during a job interview and support groups for job seekers. Programs such as Job Factory and Job Track are included in this category and are essentially employment procurers for the youth (Sloman, 2004). Various countries have built youth centers that are aimed at monitoring and controlling the rate of youth unemployment. Depending on the country and the nature of the programs, centers can be limited to neighborhoods or can also be targeting a particular group with similar age, gender or race. Some of the centers have a regional or national reach depending on the funding and the impact they have on the youth. European countries for instance conducted a joint evaluation of the youth employment situation through the European Commission (Gillespie, 2007). Projects such as the Youth in Action Program are designed to educate the youth about business and financial management as well as open up opportunities for self employment. Youth-Pass is also joint European programs which is aimed at providing informal education for the youth as well as provide job opportunities in the informal sector such as in farms (Sloman, 2004). African countries have also taken issue with the rising rate of y
Introduction Geospatial software programme or geographic information system (GIS) software have increasingly become more important for users in terms of data analysis and finding a solution for problems (Pettit, 2006). This software may be used for architecture, geography, land survey, urban planning, landscape and many other fields. GIS software is available for professional and non-professional, expert or beginner, educational facilities and government organization or personal business (Waddell, 2010). Furthermore, it is available as a free to download or chargeable software, and each GIS programme has special features and different tools. This report seeks to identify a GIS programme for non-professional users such as a university student who deals with information and data that needs to be analysed to solve problem or to make a decision. The report presents several programmes that have different features for analysis tools and give advice to help users choose the right programme for their needs. Research aim During the development and improvement of GIS programme in last decade, it became difficult to find the right programme, which has the tools for beginner user needs (Kaplan, 2005). Also, some of these programmes are not free and cost a lot, which students cannot afford, and have analysis tools that not useful for students. For that, the aim of this research is to find out which one of the geospatial software programmes provide simple tool features for analysing database for non-professional users such as university students who deal with urban planning information to reach the final result without using complex analysing tools. Methodology A descriptive approach was used to gather information pertaining to different GIS programmes available in the market. This involved a literature review of different GIS programmes that have the same reason to use as well as collecting final results from differe