ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Disagreements between executives and administrators In politics, there is a lot of tension because of the disagreements between executives and administrators on the implementation of policy. Executives feel they have the right to interfere with the policy implementation because they are above the administrators but the administrators believe that this is their place of specialization and they have the right to do their work without interference and this brings about conflict and tension between them. Democracy is defined by the content of its populist. When a new president is taking over, he takes over the directors and the site of the outgoing legacy and this may bring tension. Sometimes the executives believe that they can’t have a government that is controlled by an imperial congress and an imperial judiciary which is committed primarily to including government in subjects that are not well understood and difficulties that it cannot solve. The executives may flay other government branches in the argument that they are not as accountable to an imperial congress as they are accountable to the electorate and their term is limited. Political difference is a major problem that brings the tension between executives and the administrators because some executives have an element of dictatorship that the administrators don’t agree with. Another tension is brought about by the delegation of duties from the executives to the administrators. The administrators may argue that they have too much workload they have to accomplish and yet the top authorities are delegating more work to them and they have to forward it in time and they end up jeopardizing their duties. The administrators may also feel that some of the executives are not as educated as they are and they have no right to direct them in the way and they end up conflicting. Finally, the executives always feel they are in control and they also feel administrators are obligated to obey them and this brings one of the major tensions between them. Hence it is the duty of both the executives and administrators to work hard in hard in policy implementation for the sake of benefiting the country. Meaning of budgeting to executive management A budget is an estimate of expenditure and income in the future or the plan of money. Budgeting can help in the executive management by helping the executives in controlling and organizing the financial resources and they can also be able to know and set the goals and make early decisions on how money can be distributed to different departments. The main importance of budgeting is to save money for the expenses that the management is aware of and the expenses that the management is not aware of. The management can plan and it can be able to improve the activities coordination within the government. Budgeting is a device for improving executive management because it helps the executives to be aware of what is going on or the amount of money they have and how it should be allocated in dif
Descartes Mediations the Nature of Human Mind While evaluating the nature of human body and mind, many theorists and philosophers have introduced their personal visions and outlooks on the concept of “Self”. Perceiving the identity concept is different because of divergence in individual outlooks on facts and their connection to existing system of knowledge. More importantly, some of the theoretical frameworks and conceptions have been worked out on the basis of personal experiences, which also implies the possibility of discrepancies in theories. Within these perspectives, various schools of thought rely on the accepted system of knowledge. Understanding the concept of self can be carried out from different dimensions. As such, Descartes, an acknowledged philosopher, introduced his own outlook on the human nature through the concepts of something and nothing. His conception of human existence is based on the assumption on certainty. More importantly, because the philosopher supports a rational approach to considering self-concept, his conception of human being correlates with thinking process. I believe that self should be associated with the individual identity and human mind that differs from the collective perceptions. Descartes Definition of “Self” Descartes believed that thought could not exist separately from an individual. Alternatively, the thought can be turned to nothing. Therefore, thought become the proof of existence of a human. Finally, Descartes concludes that a person is a “thinking thing”; as a person thinks, all thoughts are immediately conceived by his/her mind. In other words, humans are beings who perceive their bodies through senses. In addition, Descartes’ saying, “I think, therefore I am” is necessary to pronounce so as to be perceived by the conscious mind. Human consciousness is a necessary proof of existence. Such an outlook on the human existence is quite justified from a rational viewpoint because it is impossible to imagine a human who stops thinking process at least for a moment. Therefore, a thinking process is always a conscious process; it can also be carried at sub-conscious level because all the processes, body movements, and perceptions cannot go beyond the thinking process. Descartes’s “self” concept has a number of contradictions. In partic
Introduction Communication is an essential part of most people’s everyday life. In different settings, situations, and communities, communication tends to vary based on styles, manners, keys, and means. The purpose of this paper is to focus on a specific community and explore the kinds and forms of communication that are used there. I chose a business community for this project because I am a business major and this sphere interests me. To enter the community to be able to carry out the necessary observations and conduct interviews with some professional business people, I used a family connection. Specifically, my uncle works as a manager at an IT firm. He and his coworkers kindly allowed me to spend several days at their office to make observations and ask some questions. I believe that this case study could help provide people whose goal is to become managers or owners of a business with valuable insights into the inner dynamics of an office and the means and ways of communication that help it work properly. Observations The office of the business where I worked on my project includes several rooms. It has about twenty employees who represent four different departments and have diverse daily duties. Most commonly, people at the office just sit at their desks focused on their work. During break hours, some employees go to a lunchroom to have a chat and rest; others leave the office to have a meal at a nearby café or park. This is the time when face-to-face communication is the most active. The conversations I observed during break hours were informal and light in terms of style and key; however, often employees engaged in discussions of their work. Based on observations, a conclusion can be made that, within one firm, workers tend to form small sub-communities as they connect based on the similarity of their specializations. Due to the latter factor, the sub-communities have their unique topics for discussion and even their professional jargon that other groups do not share. I observed several such interactions between members of different sub-communities that came from different departments. Often, they had to explain certain work-related terms and phenomena to one another. Overall, the entire staff seemed to have common values and goals as they discussed ways to increase personal productivity and shared techniques helping to work better. In terms of social roles within the community, there also seemed to be division based on the perceived importance of different specializations. Managers used a distant and collected manner of communication with the rest of the staff, as they have higher social status in the office. IT professionals of various kinds are the dominant sub-community that is also the largest. It has a couple of perce
Introduction Jonathan Swift, the author of the famous Gulliver Travels, takes a dig at the Irish and British Bureaucracy in his masterful satire, ‘A Modest Proposal,’ which in the true sense is a mockery of the life in Ireland, where the majority is poor and destitute. Through this book, Swift is proposing a way to mitigate the misery of the poor by telling them to sell their poor, one-year-old child to the wealthy as food. He makes a mockery of meat when he says that the fattened children would make great food for the rich at parties and meetings and that the money that they got from selling their children could be used to support their family. Discussion Swift is made to touch upon this topic after seeing the millions of poor beg for food on Dublin’s streets with no solace in sight. The men have no jobs and the women are treated like slaves, only to get impregnated and deliver babies who languishes their life in rags. Left to fend for themselves without food and shelter, these children finally grows up to become thieves or leave the country to fight for the so-called pretenders in Spain. ‘It is a melancholy object to those who walk through this great town or travel in the country, when they see the streets, the roads, and cabin doors, crowded with beggars of the female sex, followed by three, four, or six children, … or leave their dear native country to fight for the Pretender in Spain, or sell themselves to the Barbadoes’ (Swift, 1729). While the book reflects the author’s sentiments and feelings for the poor, the book is a manifestation of Swift’s outrage at what he saw were the scandalous economic and political policies of the Irish and English governments during that time. Ireland was in turmoil in the twentieth century and Swift was a spectator to what was going on in that country. Despite the turmoil, the life of the Irish was not spared, as the wealthy British continuously oppressed these poor for their happiness. He reflects on the way the wealthy British partied, when there was widespread poverty in the streets of Dublin. The poor in the street would indulge in begging and sex and this led to more and more ill-fed children roaming the streets. It was with sarcasm that Swift portrayed these women, for even though they had nothing to eat, and no proper clothes to wear, they indulged in sex without thinking about its consequences. These kids, if and when they survived, would then be big enough to join the rebels and fight in Spain or work for the British, doing nothing for the country they represent. Even when the name of England is used, Swift never proclaimed it in first tense: “He could name a country which would be glad to eat up our whole nation without it,” his attack is on the English, … no expence and little trouble, full in our own power, and whereby we can incur no danger in disobliging England’ (Swift, 1729). England had things its way and all that the Irish people could do was watch in pain as they dictated terms to them.’ The English were rich and
Introduction “The number of British soldiers killed on duty in Iraq is now 139” (BBC News 2009 para. 1), the headline of BBC Online News screamed on Thursday, 30 th April 2009. This is after four British soldiers were killed by insurgent forces in Basra. Such headlines have become the norm in the United Kingdom today. People, especially the civilians and those not well versed on warfare, can not understand how a formidable, albeit under-funded army, like that of the United Kingdom, can suffer so many casualties under the onslaught of ill equipped guerrillas. This is especially so when the cause of death for the score of soldiers is made clear. Roadside detonations of IED’s (Improvised Explosive Device) are the major cause of death. Battesti (2010) holds the view that over 40 percent of fatalities among allied forces, especially in Iraq, are directly attributable to these devices. Rupert Smith, in his book The Utility of Force: The Art of War in the Modern World (2007) perhaps gives the best explanation for this development. He is of the view that the wars in which armies engage in currently are a sharp contrast of wars fought in the past. In the past, most of the wars involved a conflict between armed forces of nations in battle fields over territories. This is for example most of the wars before and immediately after the two world wars. This was war between nations. However, things have changed in the recent past. Armies are now fighting what Smith (2007) refers to as “war among the people”. This is war fought away from the battle field, and as the name implies, among the civilians. This is the kind of war that the British army in Afghanistan and Iraq found themselves engaged in. They were not fighting clearly defined enemies in battalions; but instead, insurgents who were fighting among the civilians. The aim now is not merely to protect territories; rather, it has extended to include fight over the goodwill of the locals. The problem is that the British army, just like the American forces, is optimized for industrialized war (Evans 2009). This is the kind of war that involves use of brutal force in the battle field. They were ill equipped to engage the insurgents, and hence the rising fatalities. This essay is an effort by the author to explore whether latter day’s armed forces, optimized for industrialized war, are obsolete in the new battle field of wars among the people (Betz 2007). It is the opinion of the author that any modern armed force worth its name should be able to adapt and operate within any environment within which they engage their enemies. This is given the fact that, as Smith (2007) aptly puts it, the future of conflicts is characterized by a combination of wars among the people and industrialized war. The fate of Her Majesty’s army in Iraq and Afghanistan will be used as the case study for this essay. From Wars between Nations to Wars among the Pe
Introduction Marketing forms one of the most important factors that dictate the progress that an organization can make since it constitutes the last step in the chain of production. Marketing analysts generally concur that the process of marketing brings consumers and an organization together, a consideration that makes it crucial to establish the correct face of products, service, and most importantly, the company making the products. An effective execution of marketing however requires a closely coordinated and a highly analytical application of marketing plans and special skills to win customers. Dan’s Auto and Trucks Repair Company has continued to grow and widen its market since it was formed. The latter has been attained through active marketing of its products both in the United States and across the globe (Dan’s Auto and Trucks Repair, 2013). This paper provides an evaluation of the company and particularly its marketing plan. Besides, an effective SWOT analysis of the company has been conducted by exploring the key strengths and opportunities. In addition, possible threats and opportunities have been addressed in the paper. A brief company background- Dan’s auto and track repair The ability of any business to assimilate the correct productivity and profitability is highly dependent on its ability to formulate and apply the mission, goals, and objectives in its management plans. According to Johnson (2002), a business should formulate its marketing objectives in line with its long term strategies upon which it intends to deploy technology, human resources, and funds to enhance the realization of its mission. Dan’s Auto and Trucks Repair Company is one of the fastest growing small auto and truck repairs businesses in the United States. The owner who is known as Dan Wozniac began this business in 1991 in Arlington, Texas. It is worth mentioning that Dan’s business is family-owned and it provides wide range of vehicle service repairs to its customers (Dan’s Auto and Trucks Repair, 2013). Its channels of primary sales and services are the regular customers and roadside assistance services conducted on a 24-hour basis. It also offers fleet services which includes state certified vehicle inspection, wrecker services, vehicle products, fleet priority service, DFW Metroplex area, vehicle repair and on-site maintenance. Its staff includes a small group of highly qualified technicians. The company’s management structure has undergone major reviews that push it towards decentralization and greater responsibilities to workers and customers. Ahenkora and Peasah (2011) indicate that a lean hierarchy allows employees to have direct touch with their top management and contribute to long-term planning. Besides, it reduces the overall time used to respond to workers, environmental, and consumers’ issues. In order to further
Executive Summary The real estate market in Dubai has experienced a long period of rapid growth. The government of Dubai has been keen on supporting this industry, but it avoided influencing the pricing of the products. Forces of demand and supply have been allowed to define the pricing of the products. However, players in this industry have been manipulating these forces to inflate the prices of housing units. Now that supply and demand forces are reaching equilibrium and the actual product prices are evident, the industry is experiencing a slowed growth as potential buyers wait for the prices to drop even further. Although it is expected that after some time this growth will achieve its previous trend, currently the players in this industry have to find a way of overcoming the storm in the market. Several recommendations have been made to help this firm overcome some of these market challenges. It is recommended that KLM Construction Company should expand its market scope when sourcing for raw materials so that it is not limited when making its procurement decisions. The firm should also consider embracing vertical integration strategies by forming mergers or acquisitions in the market. In its current market, it is suggested that the company should focus more on improving the quality of its products than on the issue of pricing as a way of creating a niche in the market. Review of the Real Estate Market in Dubai To conduct a comprehensive review of the real estate market in Dubai, STEEPLE Model and Porter’s Five Forces Model will be very important. The STEEPLE Model will help in the analysis of the external environmental forces in the country that affect business activities. The social environment in Dubai has been transformed over the years because of the increasing number of foreigners who are attracted to the city. Its cosmopolitan nature makes it easy to do business in thi
Introduction Learning takes place at all stages of one’s life. However, one may not be aware that learning occurs continuously. It is advisable to define and describe learning in order to understand it. Psychologists like Jean Piaget, Howard Gardner, Lev Vygotsky, B.F. Skinner, and Albert Bandura have extensively studied different ways in which learning takes place. Other researchers from different fields have also concentrated on understanding underlying concepts that allow learning to take place. This article explores the concept of learning by focusing on learning, the role of behavior in relation to learning, types of learning, and the relationship between learning and cognition. A definition of learning The known definition of learning involves a process that results in ”a relatively permanent change in behavior based on an individual’s interactional experience with its environment” (Olson & Hergenhahn, 2009). Hence, learning is a significant process that defines an individual’s adaptation. The major assumption associated with learning psychology is that factors like the environment, reinforcement, and other forms of interventions offer the best conditions for understanding human behavior and learning. Learning has relatively long-term changes in behaviors. Hence, learning does not result from fatigue, and it does not result from physique changes that occur due to aging and development. It is difficult to separate an individual’s learning processes and the environment. This makes learning to be a form of biological adaptation. Learning leads to behavioral changes, which are unique to a person. It only takes place within one’s lifespan and originates from environmental experiences. One can note the importance of the environment and an individual’s interactions with it. The environment is responsible for changes in behaviors that lead to learning (Pimmer, Pachler and Genewein, 2013). At the same time, behaviors also exert their influences on the environment. Psychologists note that adaptation to the environment and learning to adapt result from the need to survive and find comfort. Changes in behaviors reflect that learning has “taken place due to interactions with the environment” (Olson & Hergenhahn, 2009). The role of behavior in relation to learning Behavioral changes take place in an individual during the process of learning (Zentall, Galizio and Critchfied, 2002). Behavioral changes reflect one’s adaptation to the environment during a lifespan. This is an effort of survival in the environment. Psychologists have observed that learning is “a relative permanent change in behavior due to experience” (Olson & Hergenhahn, 2009). This shows that behavior
Restatement of the hypothesis According to the major hypothesis, there are no significant differences in mood or stress levels among the students attending Kean University. Nevertheless, the findings do not confirm this assumption. At first, they indicate there are various independent variables that affect the stress levels of learners who were interviewed during this study. In particular, one should speak about the connection between academic year and optimism. In other words, learners attending the university for a greater number of years tend to be more optimistic. Additionally, one should mention that the level of a student’s hyperactivity is dependent on the major that he/she has chosen. It is also necessary to mention that the increase in a person’s concentration makes him/her feel more disturbed. Furthermore, people, who struggle with anxiousness, tend to feel more depressed. Furthermore, respondents reported close association between being disturbed and restlessness. This study also indicates that the increased levels of anxiety usually intensify a student’s irritability. Apart from that, people with poor appetite are more vulnerable to depression. It should be mentioned that appetite is normally influenced by the level of perceived anxiety. As a rule, people, who struggle with anxiety, tend to consume more food. Finally, people, who are engaged in a greater number of daily activities, are more likely to feel excitement. Nevertheless, there is a negative correlation between tiredness and nervousness. Overall, this discussion shows that students of Kean University can differ in terms of stress level. Moreover, there are several factors that are important for explaining a person’s vulnerability to stress or depression. Additionally, there are various attributes that can enable a person to reduce the level of stress. For instance, one can speak about active lifestyles. Implications and interpretation of the results To some degree, these results confirm the findings of other scholars; for instance, one can refer to the studies showing that there is a significant correlation between the consumption of food and emotional experiences of an individual (Osdoba, Mann, Redden, & Vickers, 2015). Nevertheless, at the same time,