ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Over the years, mental health care has shifted from residential and state treatment to community based treatment, this shift is attributed to the financial constraint faced by consumers and the fact that most pharmaceutical drugs nowadays have fewer side effects. The purpose of institutional care to those diagnosed with mental illness is to achieve recovery by employing practices that are evident based. These practices include the management of the illness and treatment, aggressive community treatment, family psycho education, dual diagnosis treatment and employment support (Oss, 2004, p. 6). The article ‘Community health mental principles: A 40 year case study’ deals with the principles of CMHC and its goals, the article ‘All roads lead to community based care highlights the importance of community based mental care while the article ‘When state hospitals were communities’ highlights the features and advantages of state hospitals. Community based institutions provided better care than state hospitals because community based mental health care centers are responsible for a specific target population that was smaller than that of state mental health facilities, their primary goal is to treat patients closer to home in an environment that is less restrictive. Community based mental health facilities used of an array of professional services that play a vital part in the road to recovery; they were also in close association with other community organizations, agencies, and employed citizens to participate in their governance to ensure transparency and accountability (Ahr, 2007, pp. 15-17). These features made community based mental institutions better than state institutions. State institutions were autonomous self-contained communities which catered to a large number of mental health patients; for example, in 1954 the Westborough insane hospital had 2000 patients (Bazemore, 2005, p.11-2). State mental health facilities isolated patients by placing them in large campuses outside towns; they had buses and a policing system that took the patients on field trips to the towns. However, Community based centers integrated the patients with the community by ensuring that they were closer to home, this contributed to their well being and recovery. Patients in state facilities were abandoned and sometimes left to die and be buried in the hospitals as evidenced by the presence of cemeteries in some hospitals (Bazemore, 2005, p.11-2) these studies provide evidence that support community based centers over state hospitals. Lack of funding has been a major drawback for community based mental health facilities that have led to abandoning some of the institution’s goals such as prevention and early intervention (Matarazzo, 1980, pp. 807-19). Unlike community based facilities, state mental health facilities emphasized on rehabilitation through work (farming and cottage industries). The patients would produce furniture and agricultural products for the campus and the surplus sold to nearby towns, fo
Law enforcement agencies, like any other organization, are prone to such issues as burnout at work, low job satisfaction, and morale, decreasing performance. The lack of morale is a common problem for police departments across the USA (Archbold, 2012). It is often associated with burnout and job dissatisfaction. Researchers have identified several factors that have adverse effects on officers’ morale. These include workload, the lack of resources, lack of efficient and up-to-date equipment, improper rewarding system, inappropriate internal communication (McCarty & Skogan, 2013; Ercikti, Vito, Walsh, & Higgins, 2011). Importantly, researchers stress that workload and insufficient resources, as well as inadequate equipment, are central factors leading to police personnel’s morale. The hypothesis of the present study can be formulated as follows: police officers’ morale positively correlates with the availability of personnel, resources, and equipment. To check the hypothesis, it is essential to ensure the conceptualization and operationalization of the major variables of the study. To conceptualize such terms as the availability of personnel, resources, and equipment, it is necessary to interview the chief of the department, implement the research and interview several officers working at the department (and chosen randomly). As an illustration of the conceptualization process, it is possible to conceptualize the term availability of resources. In this study, it will refer to the availability of training, time for completing diverse tasks, access to the necessary data. The operationalization process involves the development of particular measures to evaluate the variables identified. As for the availability of training, the number of available training programs will be taken into account. The availability of time will be estimated through the calculations of the time needed and spent to complete reports. As to the availability of data, the cases when it is important to receive approval and confirmation from police managers or other individuals will be considered. To check the hypothesis, it is also vital to conceptualize and operationalize the primary dependent variable, which is personnel morale. Archbold (2012) defines morale as “the mental and emotional condition… of an individual or group concerning the function or tasks at hand” (p. 224). To address the hypothesis of this study, it is possible to use the modified definition mentioned above: morale is the personnel’s commitment to the organizational culture and goals, their confidence and loyalty, as well as enthusiasm, associated with their daily functions. It is possible to use the following operational definition of the concept. Pope, Lovell, and Brandl (2000) use the scale to measure people’s satisfaction with police performance. The morale can be measured using the scale of satisfaction with job, tasks, and operations, as well as the working environment. This concept is also closely connected with the level of preparedness to work in the same
Introduction Democratic Republic of Congo is one of the most volatile regions in the world. Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) has witnessed one of the most unstable political leadership in the entire Africa. The successive governments have failed to take full control of the country since the departure of the colonial masters. Coup de tarts have been the mode of changing governance and in many occasions, bloodshed has accompanied this trend. Before ascending to power, Laurent Kabila, the father to the current president of the country Joseph Kabila was a rebel. Through his military tactics, he managed to ascend to presidency. However, he could not take full control of the country because his collogues still remained in the bush as rebels. When he passed on, the son took over governmental power and authority. He has tried putting the country under the control of government with minimal success. The rebels are either too smart to be outmatched or the government lacks the political goodwill to eliminate this group due to some controversial political reasons. The real reason for this is yet to be clear not only to the nationals of this country, but also to the entire world society. The Security Dilemmas The security situation in this country is jeopardized by the presence of rebels in the larger Congo forest and other regions, especially near its border with Rwanda. The government has attempted to eliminate this group but with negative results. In various occasions, the rebels have successfully managed to repulse government forces back to the capital city, Kinshasa. The rebels have taken control of a good portion of the country and they run it with iron fist. Those who live in such regions have no option but to stay and withstand the cruelty of this group. This instability has put three main groups at danger. The first group at danger is the government. The government troops are killed almost on daily basis. It is not easy for military officers to identify the rebels but the rebels can identify the officers. Applying the gorilla war tactics, they are able to ambush the officers when they least expect, with tragic results. Bergen reports that the government of Democratic Republic of Congo has lost about 100,000 military officers since the current president His Excellency Joseph Kabila took over power (34). This is a blow to the government as it loses trained and experienced officers. It will cost more for the government to recruit and train new officers. Moreover, the government is not settled. Instead of thinking on how to develop the country, the government is preoccupied with fear of a possible coup de tart. There is a constant fear of a possible attack by the rebels who are keen to take over power from the current government. The rebels are also at risk. They are always the target of any military operation. The Congo forest has seen heavy fire exchanges between the military officers and the militants
Introduction The purpose of this report is to prepare a media plan for “Puffers Pastry” to boost sales and create brand image by attracting business community in CBD and general shoppers. Target Audience The Melbourne Central Business District (CBD) is an ancient city and financial district of Australia that contains a lot of luxurious shopping complexes, leading enterprises, corporate headquarters, warehouses of the adjacent docklands, offices, boutiques, restaurants, world renowned chain shops, and grocery stores along with the Melbourne Cricket Ground (Ripefruit Media, 2012). The City Research (2011) demonstrated that the city has been changing quickly with a 17% growth of employees, workers and shoppers and they occupies almost 4.8 million sq. metres or 15.8% of the total space of the city and this segment of the demography is the target audience of the Puffers Pastry. Product Market Factors In the CBD, there are adequate numbers of restaurants, bars, and dining facilities with enough high or standard cost, but there is limited number of Fast Food stores that offer affordable price for quality products; to address this market gap, Puffers Pastry is a new patisserie opened in the CBD for the general shoppers and employees of the business communities. Puffers Pastry aimed to offer the high quality of fresh products for those customers who are in the hunt for a superior product at an affordable price, the major difference, ‘Puffers Pastry’
Executive Summary This feasibility report is prepared for the information and knowledge of the promoters of KSA Sports and Leisure Club, proposed to venture into the activity of sports and leisure in the outskirts of Jeddah, in the country of Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. The proposed venture will offer the facilities of four indoor sports stadiums, two soccer fields, multipurpose halls, health and fitness club and swimming pool. A food and beverage kiosk will provide service to members and non-members in the club premises. The demand for the various service offerings was estimated using telephone surveys and interviews with local sporting organizations. Other information like the demographic details of the city of Jeddah and the estimated population growth helped the compilation of the estimated demand. This feasibility report provides detailed information on the design, concept of the facilities, marketing strategy, target customer groups, programs and services and financial details of the project. The report discusses the implementation plan for the proposed project and the details of the capital cost along with the management and organization structure of the organization. The study extended to the technical evaluation of the proposed facilities and actions required to be taken by the club to become environmentally, economically, and socially and culturally sustainable. The estimated capital costs of the project are SAR 38.9 million of which the promoters propose to provide for SAR 25 million with a shortfall in the funding of SAR 13.9 million. Based on the current pricing and cost structures, the project generates cash of SAR 497,000 in the first year after charging SAR 500,000 out of the total licensing fee of SAR 2,500,000 being the licensing fee payable to Nike for a period of 5 years. The licensing is expected to promote the club as a premium club, which will add to the revenues and reputation of the proposed venture. The estimated demand and the quality of the proposed facilities, as revealed by the design and concept outlined in this study will make the project a grand success and this is evidenced by the financials presented as a part of the report. Any organization or individuals interested in investing in the project are sure to be serviced by the good returns that can be expected from this prestigious Club. Apart from the financial partnership, the person/organization can expect to have association with one of the prestigious sports club of the Kingdom. There will be drastic increase in the number of members within a short time necessitating the expansion of the proposed facilities. Introduction This report elaborates on the feasibilit
The term “central auditory processing disorder” or (C) APD has been defined in many ways. Some refer it to as an “auditory perception disorder” while others refer to it as “auditory processing disorder”, omitting the word “central” and suggesting that the disorder is not of central origin but involves other auditory processing centers. One thing that seems to be agreed upon as shown by several definitions of auditory processing disorder is that hearing is not the problem. The problem is with the ability of the brain to handle the information the peripheral nervous system transmits to it. Where does this lead to? This makes it clear that is a central nervous problem hence the significance of the word central. One of the many available definitions of Central Auditory Processing Disorder is that it is the presence of problems in the perceiving and processing of audio information by the Central Nervous System (CNS). The condition is manifested in form of difficulties in doing such tasks as differentiating between different types of sounds (ASHA 1996, pp.41-46 ). There is debate over the differences between Central Auditory Processing Disorder and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). Much of this controversial debate is based on the fact that most of the symptoms that are evident in people suffering from Central Auditory Processing Disorder are also present in those suffering from Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. The question, therefore, becomes whether Central Auditory Processing Disorder is merely a case of medical description instead of being diagnostic (Nowell 2009, p.1). Nevertheless, audiologists maintain that the condition of (C)APD would present with problems of one or more of the following auditory tasks: sound localization and lateralization which is the ability of an individual to know where a sound has occurred in space; auditory discrimination or the ability to distinguish one sound from another; auditory pattern recognition which is also the ability to determine similarities and differences in patterns of sounds, and temporal aspects of audition that include resolution, masking, integration, ordering that refer to the ability to sequence sounds, integrate a sequence of sounds into words or other meaningful combinations and perceive sounds separately when they quickly follow one another. Other challenged or impaired aspects in people with auditory processing disorder are auditory performance decrements with competing for acoustic signals which is the ability to perceive speech or other sounds when another signal is present, and auditory performance with degraded acoustic signals which is the ability to perceive a signal in which some of the information is not present (Young, & Protti-Patterson, 1984, pp. 43-48). These skills
Assimilation refers to the interpenetration and fusion of persons (immigrants) into mainstream society. The integration process ensures that immigrants become part of the larger society. On the contrary, pluralism and racial exclusion are patterns by which individuals and groups come to be recognized as part of the larger society. I argue that being recognized in the context of the larger society does not assist in eliminating prejudices and discrimination. Assimilation is necessary so that prejudices and discrimination against minority groups do not become part of society. Assimilation ensures that intermarriages take place among different races and ethnic groups. Assimilation is not a one-way process. All ethnic groups are expected to intermarry with each other so that they learn the values and beliefs of all groups involved. In the process, there is an appreciation of cultures and an understanding of the need to respect cultural and racial differences. Regarding social-economic assimilation, society ensures that immigrants, as part of the ethnic minority groups, achieve average or above-average social standing concerning education, occupation, and income. Structural assimilation also enables minority groups to achieve residential mobility, whereby they can live in any region based on their economic status. One similarity noted between assimilation and pluralism entails establishing a common political, economic system that binds various groups. Pluralism does not assist immigrants to adapt to society. The society based on racial prejudices can never learn when pluralism is allowed to thrive. Pluralism leads to conditions that motivate differentiation and continued heterogeneity. In such situations, members of different ethnic groups lack appreciation for the value and beliefs of other cultures. Immigrants from terror-stricken countries (Syria, Iraq, and Iran) may be viewed as enemies in a new country. Pluralism encourages the establishment of institutions that promote group diversity and maintenance of group boundaries. What happens when a person from a different ethnic group needs help from an organization they do not belong to? In such a situation, prejudices, discrimination, and bias as part of society become evident. Immigrants cannot adapt when they are distinguished as a group within a larger society. Transnationalism for immigrants is based on the assumption that individuals belong to two or more societies. The immigrant’s action seen through aspects such as prayer, work, and play shows their pluralistic nature. Transnationalism for immigrants is not ideal because several reasons make a person be an immigrant. Social, political, and economic reasons make individuals move away from their nation in search of a supportive atmosphere where they can live in harmony. In such cases, allegiance to another nation affects the process of adapting to a foreign country. Immigrants with allegiance to terrorist nations are not likely to be accepted in a foreign country. Assimilation is the only ideal strategy that assists immigrants
Ernest Hemingway emerged as one of America’s more colorful writers in the early to mid-1900s, presenting himself as the ultimate man’s man, worldly traveler, mighty hunter and hard-drinking spinner of tales. His short stories focused on the virtues held by men a generation or two earlier than him as well as the effects and aftereffects of war. Yet each story contained a deeper message within the lines, if the reader felt the desire to go searching for it. He believed in omitting extra details as a way of strengthening his stories. He compared this to an iceberg. Just like only the top 1/8th of an iceberg can be seen above the water with the rest remaining below the surface providing it with its momentum and dignity, Hemingway believed his stories should follow the same structure. Throughout his life, Hemingway struggled in his relationships with others, particularly women, and these struggles can be traced through many of his works including “The Short and Happy Life of Francis Macomber.” In “The Short and Happy Life of Francis Macomber”, Hemingway reveals his latent fear of strong women and being dominated as he depicts the story of a middle-aged man who is finally beginning to understand his true worth. This man is accompanied by his wife, a woman who has nothing but contempt for her weak and cowardly husband. As the story progresses, it becomes clear that during this, the couple’s first safari, Francis fled from the sight of his first lion. This was an action that has taken place just before the opening of the story, and the audience is only aware of it, and the tensions it causes, by the reactions of the hunting party members around the camp that afternoon. The marriage relationship is shown to be full of contempt on the part of the wife and shame on the part of the husband, but nevertheless relatively stable. “They had a sound basis of union. Margot was too beautiful for Macomber to divorce her and Macomber had too much money for Margot ever to leave him” (Hemingway 22). Margot Macomber is characterized throughout the story as a cruel, vindictive woman who will simply not allow her husband to forget his weaknesses and yet fears his increasing confidence. Throughout the story, she is described in unflattering and dominant terms such as ‘hard,’ ‘cruel’ or ‘predatory.’ From the beginning of the story, it is clear that Margot cannot stand the shame of her husband’s cowardice in running from the lion nor can she tolerate the thought of him growing beyond her as he begins to face his fears. As he stands down the charge of his second water buffalo, taking careful aim at the buffalo’s head, Francis “felt a sudden white-hot, blinding flash explode inside his head and that was all he ever felt” (Hemingway 36). Wilson’s reaction to the shooting seals the suspicions on the reader’s part that Margot intentionally shot her husband and suggests the reason she did. However, familiar with the wild beast within her, Wilson forces Margot to plead with him for his assistance following the ‘accident’. However much Hemingway himself might have envi