ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
In philosophy, the problem of personal identity is how one can identify one human being over some time. It is also an important question that affects a person and causes them to have an abortion or enter a coma state. Descartes formulated a position distinguishing two types of substances independent of each other: the spiritual and the corporeal. The philosopher believed that essence consists solely of thinking. His position was that even if the body did not exist, the soul would not cease to be what it is (Aqdas and Shafi‘ī, 312). Hence, according to R. Descartes, the identity of personality is formed by the association of man with a spiritual substance. Identity must be seen as a primordial given, present and cognizable insofar as this concept is replenished in the course of the individual’s real life. Based on such considerations, abortion is a means of destroying only the material. If the body is not formed, it does not mean that it is not a human being, for it already has a soul and purpose on earth. According to Chalmers, the complex problem of consciousness is the challenge of explaining the relationship between physical processes such as brain activity and experience. That is phenomenal consciousness or mental states. Chalmers characterizes his point of view as ‘naturalistic dualism.’ He is naturalistic because he believes that mental states ‘naturally’ affect physical systems (e.g., the brain). Thus, due to this theory, a comatose state can be explained, during which brain damage affects the body’s functioning (Noonan 107). Therefore, the physical body is completely dependent on the brain processes that paralyze it. Searle’s theory of identity misses the mind and rejects both materialism and dualism. The philosopher stated that the unconscious mental state is inconsistent. He claimed that cognizance is an intrinsically biological phenomenon that possesses subjective first-person experience caused by physical processes in the brain (Noonan 110). Searle’s theories are most applicable to the creation of non-biological intelligent beings, but at the same time, they are challenging to apply to humans. Consequently, it can be argued that the mind-body connection affects a person’s choices. Thus, knowledge of these concepts permits an explanation of the comatose state. At the same time, understanding that the child’s soul is conceived before the body can influence a woman’s decision to keep her pregnancy. Works Cited Aqdas Yazdī, and Rāḍiyyih Shafi‘ī. ‘Dualism of the Soul and the Body in the Philosophical System of Ibn Sīnā and Descartes’. Journal of Contemporary Islamic Studies, vol.1, no. 2, 2019, pp. 311-3
Introduction Organizational psychology is a science that involves applying psychology principles, and ways in the place of work (Diaz, 2011). Through scientific knowledge appliance, organizational efficiency is improved. Organizational psychology tends to study manners inside the organizational settings (Holt & Seki, 2011). The study assesses the procedures of recruiting, and socializing from the viewpoint of both the candidate, and the organization. Discussion The recruitment process is a process that involves both the organization as well as the candidate, together with their perspectives. Effective recruitment requires planning, and choosing good recruitment ways (Stybel, 2010). Principles of organizational psychology play a very vital part in the recruitment process. The Recruitment process from the Organization’s viewpoint In order to draw workers who are dynamic and flourishing, organizations utilize diverse ways. The main concern for companies looking for novel workers is to establish a huge figure of prospective employees, who encompass a greater possibility of achievement inside the organization (Holt & Seki, 2011). There are two vital steps when approaching the procedures of enrollment. They include: recruitment preparation, and choosing suitable recruitment ways (Holt & Seki, 2011). Recruitment preparation (planning) When it comes to recruitment preparation, the organization focuses on recognizing the number of essential candidates, the moment in time when novel workers will be needed, and the supply of prospective workers in the labor market (Stybel, 2010). In order for the recruitment procedure to be efficient, all these features should be put into consideration. For it to be proficient, the strategic plan of the company should come along with it. Also, succession setting up is supposed to be reflected on. This is the forecast of the likelihood of turnover to a number of positions (Stybel, 2010). It facilitates companies to focus the efforts of recruitment on prospective workers who possess the requirements to fill forthcoming unoccupied positions. In the course of the recruitment procedure, organizations should also perform a talent record of present workers. This helps to establish if they are probable applicants, for the unoccupied positions. Internal hiring or promotion comes as an advantage to the company as it cuts its costs. Lastly, in the course of recruitment procedure, the labor supply, for particular work groups, should be assessed (Diaz, 2011). The information can be derived from government organizations, and unions. The procedure helps organizations to establish whether the provision of labor is in abundance, or in short su
During the 18 th and 19 th centuries, the American economy transformed from an export and agriculture-based collection of regional economies into a rising industrial economy with an established national market of small shops, farms, and factories. By the middle of the 18 th century, the colonies reached significant economic heights and became a competitor for the metropolis. As a result, an independent state of the United States of America was created, in which an industrial revolution took place. The changes were caused by natural factors of development and did not lead to acute contradictions, as it was in Europe. The transition was influenced by the political events of that time, as well as the changes in the economic factors: natural resources, labor, capital, entrepreneurship, consumer demand, and government action. The purpose of this paper is to explore the six factors that influenced the American economy in the 18 th and 19 th centuries and analyze their contribution to the economic changes. Natural resources include elements occurring naturally that humans are able to use in the manufacturing of products. Economic activities lead to the transformation of natural resources into consumable goods and services. Natural resources have limited direct economic use in satisfying the every-day human’s needs but transforming them into goods and services gives these resources the ability to do so at the end of the supply chain. Natural resour
Evaluation is an important part of the educational process. It is crucial for future success of the educational process and educational program. It shows what kind of work has been done, what objectives were accomplished and what are the benefits for participants. In education, evaluation is a basis for decision making that allows defining the alteration for the existing educational program. There are approaches how to perform evaluation of the educational program, one of them is “program theory” which can also be represented in different ways. In this paper, we are going to provide a model of the future evaluation on an existing innovative program aimed at improving students’ proficiency in spoken and written English through writing English drama scripts and producing drama performance. First of all, we should distinguish between evaluation, assessment and measurement and define what a program evaluation is, and what its benefits are. Thus, assessment and measurement are the components of evaluation. Assessment is a data-gathering and measurement “refers to the process by which the attributes or dimensions of some physical object are determined” (Kizlik 2011). Assessment and evaluation can be distinguished according to three criteria: purposes, objects being assessed and steps in conduction. Thus, the purpose of assessment is to define the opportunities for learning and mane a diagnosis of the students’ performance, the assessed objects are students (class, group or course), the steps are taken in assessment are a number of targets (the results of instructions). “Evaluation is more that a judgment of ultimate success or failure” (Frechtling 2007 p. 3). The purpose of evaluation is to improve the existing practices of educational program and provide results for future decision-making. As opposed to assessment, the objects being evaluated are particular programs, projects or few teachers that take part in projects. Major steps taking when evaluating a program or a project are description of the program, providing a theory on how to input the outcomes and conducting a research on how to test the theory provided. According to Muraskin (1993), “evaluation can be an important tool in improving the quality of a program if it is integrated into the fabric of an educational program rather than added on after the fact.”(n. p.). In this regard, evaluation can provide considerable benefits for the educational program. The program evaluation clearly articulates goals and objectives and strengthens the program design in such a way. Second, it serves a basis for decision making for improving the quality of the project. Third, it provides a contribution to making constructive changes which enhances the effectiveness of the project. Next, it helps identify successes of the outcomes. Finally, it ensures connection between school program strategies and student outcomes (“Program Evaluation” 2009). There are many reasons to conduct evaluation, among the
Introduction Qatar Petroleum is a state owned company that was nationalised in 1977 by the state’s acquisition of a 60% stake of the company. To become an effective competitor in the market, the company entered the market with an underlying oligopolistic model that characterised the overall market structure through mergers and creation of subsidiaries (Kern, Kuzemko and Mitchell 2). The key characteristics of the market environment that Qatar Petroleum operates in include long run profits and the interdependence of the company with smaller companies and other major players such as ExxonMobil. Here, the market structure is defined on a non-price option economic competition model. Qatar Petroleum Detailed Case Study Ritz, argues that Qatar petroleum deals in petroleum products which include oil and gas besides the production, development, and exploration of crude oil and liquefied natural gas (LNG) defined in its upstream and downstream activities (4). Here, three endogenous variables define the characteristics of the firms, which include exploration, discovery, and success. The oil market structure has changed significantly both in the internal and external markets. Subsidiaries and joint ventures This is typical of the state owned company, which was established by Emiri under the decree no. 10, is the third largest in the world that has established joint venture with Ras Gas Company Limited, Ras Laffan Liquefied Natural Gas Company Limited, atar Liquefied Gas Company Limited Q.S., and Qatex Limited among others. QP Ras Gas (III) Limited, Qatar Holding Intermediate Industries Company Limited, and Industries Qatar Q.S.C. constitute its subsidiary companies (Rodriguez and Scurry, 11). Besides, the subsidiaries and its joint ventures, the company has invested in the Arab Petroleum Pipelines Company and the Arab Maritime Petroleum Transport Company among others. Because of the high stakes of the state in the company was officially nationalised in 1977 after a sequence of events such as the acquisition of 60% of its shares. Oil production by Qatar petroleum is served by a network of pipes to the export terminals and refineries from the onshore and offshore oil fields. A typical production graph is shown in figure 1. Oligopolistic model Qatar petroleum is characterised by an impure oligopolistic economic model that is defined by limited competition, but high initial capital investment (Growitsch, Hecking and Panke 2). The company has partnered with other oil companies such as Occidental, TOTAL and ExxonMobil for the production and export of oil to North America and European nations. Figure 1 is a typical trading year which depicts a typical trading year January/December 2015. Characteristics of the oil industry The oil industry’s operational mode
Heather’s success Heather was 100% successful in negotiating for her demands. The purpose of Heather’s meeting with the executive committee was to negotiate for her approval to hire three marketing representatives. Although her request received much logical opposition, she persuaded the committee until it approved the hiring of one representative. Heather was to use the approval to prove the worth of her strategy. If the hired representative proved worthy to the company, then the executive would grant Heather full hiring approval. Based on her persuasive power during the meeting, Heather demonstrated confidence in the success of the investment. Therefore, she was optimistic that the chance given by the executive would prove the worthy of her plans and eventually get the full approval. To Heather the one approval indicated the executive’s agreement to her plans. Did Heather leave anything on the table? Yes. The executive committee did not approve all her demands at once but promised to do so after the hired representative proved a good investment for the growth of the business. It therefore implies that the executive had to keep track of the performance of this representative. It further means that series of meetings were to take place between Heather and the committee to evaluate the performance of the representative. In these future meetings, Heather would empirically demonstrate and convince the executive the worth of the investment. The executive would therefore grant the full approval to Heather on the basis of the empirical information. Heather therefore expected to organize other meetings in future with the executive. Leadership Characteristics Displayed Heather displays good speaking and listening skills. Listening and speaking are fundamental leadership skills for effective implementation of policies. Leaders should possess excellent speaking skills to enable them pass fundamental information about the company (Gallos, 2008, p. 102). In Heather’s case, the executive is not aware of Heather’s strategy to hire sales representatives. The introduction Heather gives to the executive on the subject at the beginning of the meeting demonstrates high level of speaking skills. Throughout the meeting, Heather provides informative responses to the members, thereby illustrating excellent skill of listening. She is indeed an active listener. Heather demonstrates effective communication skills. Leaders should possess effective communication skills to enhance information flow within an organization. Heather understands effective channels to negotiate her demands. According to Dubrin (2010), face-to-face communication is an effective tool of employee/manager engagement, a c
Relationship between the feature of the bathymetry of the ocean seafloor and plate tectonic Bathymetry of the ocean seafloor refers to the measurement of how deep the sea is in relation to the sea level. This measurement may be used to determine the depth of the ocean. The measurements can show the underlying complexity of the sea and the ocean (Davidson, Reed & Davis, 2002). Additionally, Plate tectonic is a geological feature that describes the movement relative to the movement of the ocean lithosphere. The substantial density of the lithosphere in correlation to the asthenosphere makes tectonic plates move at ease toward the seduction zone (Monroe, Wicander & Hazlett, 2006). There has been a geological argument by the scientist of the underlying relationship between bathymetry of the ocean seafloor and plate tectonic. The Plate tectonic theory argues that the earth’s surface is subdivided into plates commonly known as shifting slabs. The shifting slabs move in relation to each other on the surfaces above the hottest zones at an average speed per unit of measurement (Davidson, Reed & Davis, 2002). The platonic theory further suggests that there is a correlation between the spreading of the sea and intercontinental drifts. This is substantiated by the evidence of the seafloor spreading and continental drift movements, whereby there is a similar manner of movements between the continent drifts and bathymetry of the seafloor spreading (Garrison, 2010). Additionally, geologist holds that initially, the world was one continent, but through continental drift theory, several continents emerged, and hence, these continents have been moving continuously away from each other. Despite the underlying evidence of the continental drift theory, the theory has been facing criticism. Critiques argued that the theory does not provide substantial grounds for people to believe how continents moved away from each other. However, the emergence of new technology and seafloor exploration has provided substantial evidence for people to believe that initially, the earth was one continent. This argument also substantiates the underlying relationship between the Bathymetry of the seafloor spreading and plate tectonic. Additionally, geologists suggested that there had been seafloor spreading, which can be explained by the movement of the magma toward the deep-sea trenches (Garrison, 2012). The herein movement of magma on the seafloor spreading has been supported plate tectonic theory on the earth surface, which formed the basis of conceptualization of the forces that cause earthquakes. The morphological structure of the sea also portrays a significant correlation between the Bathymetry of the seafloor spreading and plate tectonic (Kearey, Klepeis & Vine, 2009). Happenings on either side of the transform fault There are several movements, which happen on either side of a transformation fault. Transformation faults are a horizontal m
Introduction Modern theories of organizational structure and behavior tend to give predetermined ways to solve problems. But in complex environments, this might not always be practical To overcome this drawback David A Nadler and Michael Tushman, both authorities on organizational behavior have developed a model which can analyze the working of organizations on a deeper and more day to day basis. The model is called the Nadler Tushman Congruence Model. The purpose of this paper is to analyze Radio Shack Corporation with the help of this model with focus on the company’s outputs. Discussion Before going on with the analysis it would be better to understand some basic characteristics of organizations that are critical for its success. They are internal interdependence, capacity for feedback, equilibrium, equifinality an adaptation. Internal interdependence simply means that different components that make up the organization are interdependent. It is possible to get feedback about the various activities of the organization. How this feedback is analyzed and used will be a factor in its success. Equilibrium refers to the organization’s capacity to attain equilibrium among its various components. “Equifinality holds that a given outcome can be reached from any number of different developmental paths.” (Candice & Lewis, 1987). Adaptation refers to the organization’s capacity to adapt to external environment. The Congruence model of Nadler and Tushman: The Congruence model is an attempt to see how well the different components in the organization fit together or is in congruence. (Nadler & Tushman, 1980, p. 5). In order to achieve this, the following factors have to be considered namely, inputs, outputs, components of the transformation process and the way they interact with each other. The authors say that this model is concerned mainly with behavioral systems in an organization. Inputs Inputs are not the focus of this paper and hence, only given a brief review. These include the environment, resources, history of the organization and strategy. The paper states that the last input is the most important for an organization. Key organizational components Before discussing outputs, the key components in an organization should be given. They are the tasks to be performed, the individuals, the formal organization and the informal organization. Outputs Outputs of an organization usually refers to the product manufactured or services rendered by the company. But in this context, the outputs include in addition to the above, the contribution made by groups, the organization as a whole and individuals for producing the product or rendering services. It is their contribution which ultimately reflects on the organization’s performance. In other words, even individual level behavior can affect the productivity of the organization. The authors say that in order to evaluate performance, the following factors should be considered. The first is the achievement of organizational targets, (predetermined by strategy) and how successful the organization is in achieving it. The second is to determine the quality of res
Introduction The organization has in recent years been faced with the challenge of information handling. The current method of storage and circulation of data within the institution has become overburdened and is gradually becoming obsolete. Setting up an information system is fundamental to the development of the facility particularly in the wake of the facilities accelerated growth. However, adequate measures have been taken to ensure that the system installed is suitable to our immediate, mid-term and long-term needs. In this regard we need to identify a proper method of establishing how the new information system will link in to the organization’s goals aside from determining the role of the stakeholders in the process of acquiring and installing the system. These items have been briefly discussed below: The process of selecting and acquiring the information system The first item in the process of determining the type of information system to install is the identification of the particular needs of each department of the institution. The information obtained will help to provide the basic criteria for analyzing the available alternatives and selecting the one that will be most appropriate to the needs of the institution (Muñoz, 2009). Various costs have to be considered in the quantitative analysis. These include the cost of purchasing the hardware needed for the system, the costs of modifying the available infrastructure to accommodate the new hardware, the costs of operating the system per year, the cost incurred in training the members of staff on the usage of the system and the administration costs (Muñoz, 2009). Once the appropriate system has been identified, the next step is choosing a supplier. To this end, an
Introduction Every child is unique and develops and learns in different ways and rates. Early years practitioners can only support children’s individual learning and development if they know about their personalities, interests, developmental levels, skills, and their learning dispositions. Dispositions must be included among the goals of early childhood education. Practitioners must demonstrate sensitivity so that children can go on to enjoy learning. The first five years are critical in a child’s growth and development. This is the time that a child learns some of the basic things in life such as communication, reading, writing and being independent. He also learns to take care of his personal hygiene and health. This is the time when the parent and practitioner should join hands in bringing up the child. Play and stories have been found to be important activities in the growth of child. They help him to develop speech, language, and communication which form