ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Thanks to the increased urbanization brought on by a growing industrial revolution and the subsequent bringing together of many of the country’s African American citizens, primarily within the region of New York City known as Harlem, a great artistic movement that would eventually change the nation began to take root. The Harlem Renaissance, a period spanning roughly the decades of the 1920s and 1930s, is frequently referred to as a literary movement, but the movement also encompassed a great explosion of African-American expression in many venues that celebrated the unique heritage, art forms, sights and sounds that were the African-American experience. However, it was through the literature that much of this expression came to the attention of the rest of the nation, enabling it to have the tremendous impact it did on its own as well as future generations. One of the literary artists that gained the most recognition during this period was Langston Hughes. Hughes came into his professional years just as the Harlem Renaissance was becoming recognized on a more national scale and had the courage to both take inspiration from and yet disagree with his mentors such as W.E.B. DuBois by writing about the positive and negative aspects of black life (Rampersad, 2000). Some of the major themes of his life can be seen in his poetry including “I, Too, Sing America” representing the dreams for the future held by the entire black race and informed by Langston’s family tree. The struggle for American dreams, experienced on a personal level as well as throughout history, is envisioned to have a positive future in “I, Too, Sing America.” In this poem, Hughes discusses the treatment of the black man as it has been experienced in American until this point: “They send me to eat in the kitchen / When company comes” (3-4) but also indicates the emerging strength of the black nation as they began to experience greater human rights and more opportunity for education. “I laugh, / And eat well, / And grow strong” (5-7). As he gains in knowledge, wisdom and opportunity, Hughes recognizes that black people will not always be so easy to dismiss, again utilizing the metaphor of the dinner table: “Tomorrow, / I’ll be at the table / When company comes / Nobody’ll dare / Say to me, / ‘Eat in the kitchen’, / Then” (8-14). While he expresses his outrage that he is still dismissed
A few years after cessation of the 1 st world war, democracy was viewed as the best way of governing countries in Europe. During this time, tyrannical governments in “Russia, Germany and Austria” were brought down and substituted with republics (Shlapentokh 70). As such, all the 7 states formed in Europe were republics in nature and democracy seemed to take its toll. However, a drastic turn of events occurred and many states which had embraced democracy fell under dictatorship. Only England and France retained democratic type of government (Paul 131). Italy and Germany were thereafter seen as Fascist countries while Russia (Soviet Union) was viewed as a Communist nation. The official name of Soviet Union was “The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (U.S.S.R.)” (Shlapentokh 70). Soviet Union extended from “the Baltic and Black Seas to the Pacific Ocean”. The first political party to reign in Russia was Bolshevik party which was led by Vladimir Lenin. Soon after seizing power, the party attuned its strategy in order to agree with citizens’ needs and remain in supremacy. On that note, it changed its name to “Russian Communist Party of the Bolsheviks” during the third month of the year 1918. In addition, the party leader approved a number of rulings so as to gratify the pressing needs of Russian citizens. This involved donating pieces of land to the poor, allowing employees to take control of industries and permitting people to work for a maximum of eight hours per day (Paul 138). Further, Lenin disclaimed covert agreement and foreign debts although he sought peace with Germany. All these efforts got massive backing from the citizens as their wishes were being realized. Later on, Vladimir Lenin acknowledged citizens will to hold an election for Constituent assembly. People voted in favor of Social Revolutionaries and Mensheviks while Lenin’s party secured a quarter of all the votes cast (Curtis 197). Following the humiliating defeat, Lenin used the Red Guard to forcibly disband the Assembly thereby gaining temporally control over the situation although some resistance still persisted. There was more trouble as Lenin signed “Brest-Litovsk peace treaty” with Germany in search of peace where Russia lost big chunks of land and iron deposits (Shlapentokh 79). This made Lenin’s opponents to feel disgruntled and civil war erupted and lasted until 1922. This war was mainly between the white and red Russians although foreign governments, backed by their own reasons, interfered with it in support of white Russians. The fight was more serious in five locations which included “Caucasus and Southern Russia, in the Ukraine, in the Baltic, in Northern Russia (Murmansk and Archangel) and in Siberia” (Shlapentokh 85). Lenin won the battle due to factors like support from workers, better coordination by his soldiers, and use of psychological torture as well as reorganization of the economy among other reasons. This was followed by serious famine as farmers lost hope in agriculture. In add
Introduction The theme of violence is one of the most common in the world of cinematography. Still, the approach of introducing it into this or that film differs greatly. One should not forget about different genres in the cinematography industry. For example, documentary film is a very popular cinematographical genre nowadays, and there are lots of experiments that aim to combine this genre with feature film genres. It is not a secret that in documentary films their authors try to investigate this or that historical event. As a rule the author, it could be a historian or an expert in another field of knowledge, tries to investigate the reasons and consequences of this or that historical event or social phenomenon. Main body One of the most sensational documentary movies for the last decade was the film by Michael Moore the Bowling for Columbine about the Columbine High School massacre. Later on, Michal would create another documentary film that would make people from all over the world shudder with shock. The Bowling for Columbine was meant to investigate the problem of violence and illegal usage of a weapon by Americans which causes harm. Still, the work by Moore is addressed not only to the American people but to the consciousness of every person throughout the world. “Although the movie provides only a partial account of intervention abroad, it offers a painful reminder of the violent record of the United States around the world” (Ordonez-Jasis, and Jesus). The distinguishing feature of the film is that Michael Moore tries to conduct a deep probe of the reason which make people use the weapon at school or any other social department. The author of the movie highlights that the most terrible is the fact that a weapon becomes a new toy for children, pupils, and students. “Since 1999, deadly incidents of school violence have occurred in Pennsylvania, Kentucky, Mississippi, Alaska, Washington, Tennessee, New Mexico, Oregon, California, Minnesota and Florida” (Kondrasuk et al.). Unlike Bowling for Columbine the director of the feature film the Elephant, Gus Van Sant offers his vision of the problem. The director does not give obvious reasons for the tragedy. Gus Van Sant offers only a pure development of the action. The Elephant is a great experiment by the director in his career: he created a hybrid of documentary movies and feature films. The experiment was rather successful, and the movie won several prizes for its creator. Some experts affirmed that the mov
Introduction Smith Radiators is a company that has its own unique history and tends to continue its existence under the new conditions. Besides, at the moment it faces significant problems related to the altered environment and the appearance of new approaches to HR management. One of the traditional partners, Automobiles of America Inc. (AAI) provided the new conditions of their partnership to guarantee the improved quality of their products. This approach implies certification of the main suppliers to improve the quality of radiators and increase the number of sales. It could not but give rise to numerous Smith Radiators concerns. The fact is that AAI will not give any preference to American companies of former partners. In this regard, Smith Radiators should be ready to face great rivalry and obtain an advantageous position by improving its functioning and products quality. HR Strategies Investigation of the case provides us with the information about the strategies that are used by Smith Radiators when working with its staff. At the moment, all crucial decisions are made by Mr. Smith. Employees are expected to perform assigned tasks and follow the instructions carefully. Yet, the given pattern will obviously fail to support the organizations current business plan that is oriented on the improved quality of final products. The given management style results in the deterioration of workers attitude to their duties and low morale. This fact is evidenced by numerous employee grievances. It is obvious that the existing atmosphere has the pernicious impact on the efficiency of the whole manufacturing process, quality of final products and outcomes. For this reason, it is crucial to alter the existing approach to guarantee the improvement of the atmosphere and engagement of employees in the decision-making process. Current Companys strategy The above-mentioned peculiarities of the company and the HR strategy that is chosen to work with employees help to classify its strategy as a reactor one (Anthony, Kacmar, & Perrewe, 2010). Smith Radiators admits numerous changes that happen in the environment, but it is still not ready to adapt to new conditions and shift priorities from authoritarian to more efficient managerial styles. However, Mr. Smith has already recognized the necessity of a
The Education of the Negro written by Carter G. Woodson aims at describing the challenges with which people of color obtained education during the era of slavery in America. According to the preface, the author of the work though initially interested in the topic did not expect that it was so broad and covered the times before the Civil War. Despite Woodson’s interest, this theme is not popular among other researchers. The first chapter, Introduction, shortly describes the content of the book, the attitude of different classes of people to African slaves’ education, and how this influenced the use of slave labor and their general position. The table of contents indicates each stage of these changes. The last parts of the book present documents, which formed the basis of the study for everyone who wants to know more. Studying the American history of slavery is important for understanding the difficult path that generations of citizens had to traverse for freedom. Carter Woodson is known as a foundational writer of black history and research on such topics. He worked tirelessly in the early twentieth century to lay the foundations for African American history. In The Education of the Negro , the author discusses various stages of how the situation, laws, and reactions regarding educated black people were changing. They wavered from support, described in chapters II to VI, to misunderstanding and underground learning in chapters VII to IX (Woodson). Then, Chapter XIII is devoted to the times of the admission of some black students to public schools. The author divides all these stages into two main periods. During the first, Americans saw an economic gain in the education of slaves and were sympathetic, and during the second period, on the contrary, they saw danger in them. The church and the abolitionist movement crucially influenced the circumstances. Thus, both the situation and the educational level of slaves had changed significantly by the beginning of the Civil War. According to Chapter I, after arriving in America, Africans significantly differed from locals and did not understand their culture. To improve communication with them, as well as increase productivity in work, it was necessary to give black people primary education. In the first chapter, the author notes that sympathetic people and representatives of the church also sought schooling for slaves. Later, many black people have made remarkable progress in their studies and could help manage plantations or perform other complex tasks. Woodson further discusses the emergence of human rights defenders, which have begun to spread ideas of freedom. As a result, slaveholders decided that it was impossible to educate their subordinates without awakening the desire for li
In the US, affirmative action is a term used in reference to equal opportunity policy, which national contractors and subcontractors are lawfully required to implement. This policy was put in place to thwart unfairness against workers or candidates for employment based on race, ethnicity, religion, gender, or nationality. Affirmative action’s immediate goals are to put an end to discrimination, compensate for past discrimination, and enhance diversity in the workplace. In the long term, the policy should enhance a racially just and sexually just society in America. Since its implementation, the policy has attracted numerous heated debates (Cohen & James 15). This article focuses of affirmative action policy in the United States. Before the implementation of affirmative action policy in the United States, the minority groups were discriminated. During the early 1960s, civil rights activists believed that by prohibiting discrimination government could make a level playing field where equal opportunity triumphs. The effectiveness of this assumption had been witnessed in baseball and some school desegregation cases. It had been witnessed that black players and students’ performances improved significantly when racial barriers were abolished. In the year 1961, President John F. Kennedy stated that a confirmatory action was to be put in place to enhance equal opportunities in American societies. Three years later, President Lyndon B. Johnson signed the Civil Rights Act of the year 1964. Through the act, all the employers were prohibited from discriminating their employees and job applicants based on nationality, gender, and race. Equally, through the act every American regardless of race or gender has been protected from being barred from participating in any agenda or activity receiving federal financial support. Given the fact that affirmative action policies were backed by the president’s orders, government policy makers and other congressional leaders were not given a chance to debate on the issue. Thus, the governmental agencies and contractors who were obligated to implement the strategies have shaped the affirmative action policies. Despite its controversies, several companies in the US have embraced affirmative action as an element of their business strategies. A major advantage of adopting affirmative action policies in the US is that it has enhanced the representation of minority groups in the workplace and education institutions. Before the policies were enforced, the minority groups were prohibited from attending certain learning institutions and holding some certain positions in the workplaces. With the implementation of the policies, the minority groups’ members have been able to attend any learning institution in the US without being discriminated. Equally, the policies have ensured that the minority groups’ members are equally represented in the workplace. Another
Corporate Law: Case Mr. Darrow The case discusses a series of events that led Mr. Darrow to receive several injuries. He received a different level of physical harm in each of the three places that he visited in one day. Places of the visit were both company-owned or private. The question of the case is whether Mr. Darrow can sue property owners for keeping their grounds in a way that caused his traumas. Issue The issue that can be presented by Mr. Darrow to the court is whether the property owners had the liability to keep their grounds suitable for visitors by monitoring a security level and following safety guidelines. The first place was a supermarket, where the administration translated a message that caused a group of people to rush and hit Mr. Darrow accidentally. Thus, the issue is whether the supermarket’s administration is liable for it regarding safety violations. Second place, a farmer’s market, had the warning signs of the slippery floor, yet Mr. Darrow did not manage to keep his balance and got a trauma. Finally, there is a question of whether he can sue Mr. Wilde for not taking care of his house since he knew about the problem, yet did not bother to let Mr. Darrow know about it. Rules The law that should be referenced in this case is the one associated with the liability of property owners to prevent injuries to people. Three categories apply, which are invitees, trespassers, and licensees. The first and third event includes Mr. Darrow as an invitee, while the second one mentions him as a licensee. Property owners’ liabilities towards invitees include protecting them from hazardous situations, both known and unknown. If a hazardous situation is difficult to predict, common sense should help to identify potential dangers. Liabilities to licensees include only the protection from the known hazards. Analysis The supermarket apparently did not comply with the rule of preventing harm to its visitors. A situation when its administration gave an announcement over the loudspeaker offering benefits to first people who would appear in a certain place was evidence of poor analysis. Predicting human behavior is an element of identifying unknown hazardous situations in a store. The farmer’s market had warning signs on its territory mentioning that the floor is wet and asking people to be careful. Mr. Darrow could expect to be warned only about known dangers as a licensee, and this condition was fully supported by the farmer’s market administration. Thus, there should be no complaints from Mr. Darrow’s side. Finally, Mr. Wilde had the liability to protect his guest from injuries. However, he failed to both warn Mr. Darrow about the danger and to fix his property according to the safety regulations, which eventuall
The concept of change is inseparable from the one of living. The very essence of existence presupposes an unceasing flow from one stage to another, although not necessarily involving a physical transfer. Though “This Is a Picture of Me” by Margaret Atwood and “Heat” by Archibald Lampman differ from each other considerably in terms of their style, imagery, characters, and other essential details, they are connected with the theme that underlies each of the poems, i.e., the necessity for change as a part and parcel of life and a journey towards the “end of the road,” though Atwood’s poem addresses the theme in a more subtle way, whereas Lampman’s message is too on the nose. The point of view, though admittedly different in Atwood’s and Lampman’s poems, is used to support the theme by both poets. Atwood narrates the story from the perspective of the first and the second person: “if you look long enough, eventually you will be able to see me” (Atwood lines 24–26). Lampman, instead, tells a traditional first-person story: “The grasshoppers spin into mine ear” (Lampman line 35). Both authors also use imagery quite efficiently in their poems. Atwood includes the image of a mirror in “This is a Picture of Me,” thus, adding the idea of duality to the theme of change; Lampman, on the other hand, introduces his audience to the concept of change through creating a continuous yet linear narration conveyed with the help of specific imagery. The road and the cart that moves along it can be viewed as a metaphor for a consistent alteration. Thus, both poems use rather different imagery in order to set the same theme in their poems. Despite the striking difference between the imagery used in both poems, each of the images is shot through with the idea of movement and, therefore, change. Lampman’s representation of the phenomenon is rather obvious, with the concept of motion being related to a wagon moving along a deserted road. While seemingly simplistic, this image, however, represents a rather complex metaphor of life (the road) and the way in which people handle its complexities (the cart and its passenger). Atwood’s imagery, on the contrary, is rather static, the process of change being represented by differences in the past reflection of the lead character and the current image of the latter. It is rather peculiar that the two poems represent two different dimensions of change, i.e., the temporal (Atwood) and the spatial (Lampman). Nevertheless, both images manage to get the message across in a rather subtle way. The point of view, in its turn, also plays an essential part in creating the required mood for each of the poems and allows the authors to get their point across. While Atwood uses the first and the second person in order to create