ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction The first thing to note is that these three pioneers were contemporaries, working in what was an intellectual quagmire to ferret out the truths of psychology and especially psychological treatment. They were not far removed from the days when anyone who was different was isolated, beaten or burnt at the stake, unless, of course they happened to be royalty. “Among these giants, Freud is indisputably the most towering monolith. It was Freud’s pioneering use of the term “the I” (“ das Ich” in his native German, which was then translated into the Latin “ego”) that brought “ego” into common parlance and popular interest to the process of self-consciousness.” (Bridle, Susan and Edelstein, Amy 2008) Adler differed with Freud and developed the more holistic approach of self-determination. Jung became involved in religious and spiritual studies and it led him to investigate the psyche as a whole phenomenon of the universal consciousness, or overmind. Main body Freud is, by far, the most famous outside academic circles, though Adler and Jung are familiar to most educated people. Freud is often called the “father” of modern psychoanalysis, which may have an intentional double meaning, considering his theories of childhood sexual fantasies. Freud did develop the original theories of the conscious and unconscious and subconscious; the ego, id and superego; the libidinal and aggressive drives; the Oedipus and Electra complexes; the defense mechanisms of the mind being, for him, what drove people to whatever they did. Freud’s ideas were, for a long time, totally unaccepted in scientific and medical circles. Finally he gathered a group of people around him and they became the Vienna Psychoanalytic Association. Psychoanalysis—“Freud’s innovative treatment method in which the patient is encouraged to speak freely about memories, associations, fantasies and dreams and which relies on Freud’s theories of interpretation—was Freud’s noble cause and, for a time, it was Alfred Adler’s and Carl Jung’s as well.” (Bridle, Susan and Edelstein, Amy 2008) Freud and Adler met in 1900 and Adler was the president of the association until their differences drove him to resign and start his own school. He differed with Freud concerning the importance of childhood sexual trauma, whether real or fantasized, and he believed in a more holistic approach to psychology. “Of those who broke away from the master, the most important were Alfred Adler ( 1870-1937), founder of Individual Psychology, and Carl Jung ( 1875- ), founder of Analytical Psychology.” (Chaplin & Krawiec, 1962, p. 58) Adler started the school of Individual Psychology based upon his theory of self-determination. He could not agree with Freud on the importance of individual drives and psychological mechanisms. He believed that each individual controlled his or her life by their choice of how to interpret their environment. In other words, each person can choose the
Holding The school district was not prevented by the First Amendment from disciplining the respondent. When applied to children in a public school, the institution has the right to prohibit the use of vulgar and offensive terminology in public. It is up to the states and school boards of the district to determine the level of appropriateness in free speech and impose reasonable sanctions for circumstances such as this for purposeful use of offensively lewd speech that is not protected by the First Amendment. Furthermore, the school has a right to impose disciplinary sanctions for a variety of disruptive or unanticipated conduct violations that can interfere with the educational process. Facts A student Matthew N. Fraser at Bethel High School in Pierce County, Washington made a public speech to a mandatory assembly of 600 students aged approximately 14-years old. Fraser was meant to nominate a fellow student for the student elective office as part of a school-sponsored program in self-government. During the speech, Fraser referred to the candidate in an explicit, graphic, and sexual metaphor. Before the speech, he was warned by two teachers with whom he discussed the speech to not go through with it since it was inappropriate. The school’s disciplinary code prohibited the use of obscene and profane language in the school. The following morning, Fraser was called to the assistant principal’s office where he had admitted to using sexual innuendo. Fraser was given three days of suspension and removed from candidacy for graduation speaker, the sanctions were held up by a subsequent review of the case. Procedural History The student’s father as guardian filed a lawsuit on behalf of Fraser in the U.S. District Court alleging a violation of the First Amendment and the right to freedom of speech. District Court ruled against the school for violation of freedom of speech and unconstitutionally vague conduct code. The Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit also rejected the school district’s argument for disruption of the educational process and protection of minors from lewd language. Issues  1. How should First Amendment be recognized within the context of public educational settings, particularly with minors?  2. What extent and control does the school district have on creating and enforcing its disciplinary code and imposing sanctions? Rules of Law The First Amendment clause of free speech does not offer a carte blanche for all types of speech. Some forms or categories of speech are given lesser or lack of protection by the First Amendment, including obscenity and speech integral to illegal conduct. Under Miller v. California, 413 U.S. 15 (1973), free speech is judged under contemporary community standards and is not protected if it depicts or describes offensive sexual conduct. The First Amendment recognizes the need to protect minors from exposure to vulgarity in spoken language (FCC v. Pacifica Foundation, 438 U.S. 726) and limitat
Industrialization Industrialization is a phenomenon that comprises both social and economic changes in society often due to disparate factors. In most areas of the world, the industrialization process occurred after the Agrarian Revolution, which was between the 17 th and 19 th centuries, following an increasing demand for basic commodities to satisfy the ever-growing populations. Additionally, the founding of the Americas in the 16 th century paved the way for the development of new products resulting in the creation of new markets for both primary and manufactured goods on the scale that few had anticipated. The process required most societies to adopt various social and economic transformations to create the right environment for the accommodation of technological innovations and advancements depending on the countries’ unique situations. In most settings, changes in the way people conducted trade and demand for commodities led to the transformation of political policies to create financial benefits for states as well as individual populations. However, in some instances, as is the case with Mexico, political policies played a bigger role in the institution of industrialization as compared to economic forces such as supply, demand, and availability of resources. In the former scenario, the reorganization of society depended largely on social interactions affecting trade, thus allowing market forces to control the industrialization process freely with support from governments through policy enforcement. This aspect essentially means that the progression of the process was not dependent on political institutions, but free social and economic interactions amongst individuals in different societies. In the latter case, the political class dictated the speed and direction of the industrialization process, thus forcing society to conform and adapt to the changes. This paper comprises a case study of the latter scenario focusing on the industrialization of Mexico as the main example. The paper explores the country’s transition into import substitution industrialization (ISI) 1 , Reasons why the Mexican government and the political elites of the PRI who ran it for many decades, chose ISI as the strategy of choice, and some of the benefits that the strategy had on the Mexican economy. The paper also takes an objective look at some of the limitations that the ISI strategy had on the economy and some of the changes that have occurred since the inception of the industrialization process to establish whether the ISI process would work for other developing countries looking to adopt this method of transition into industrialization. Brief background of the industrialization process in Mexico The preference of the Institutional Revolutionary Party that held power in Mexico for several years for import substitution industrialization was historically evident and politically expedient, given the country’s colonial history. During the
Economic hardship and international mayhem dogged the short lived presidency of Jimmy Carter. Carter’s 1977 through 1981 term remained marked by intense hardship and included a steep learning curve for the former peanut farmer with a single term as the governor of Georgia under his belt. Stagflation, the near botching of U.S. interests in the Panama Canal, the death of the Shah of Iran and ensuing hostage crisis, the invasion of Afghanistan by the Soviet Union, and the 1980 boycott of the Olympic Games all took place during Carter’s presidency and challenged his human rights based platform relentlessly. This essay analyzes the economic situation in place in the United States at the time that Carter took power, and argues that in those four short years the persistently moribund domestic economy hardened public opinion toward foreign policy, particularly in the SALT II arms control treaty negotiations with the Soviet Union. Despite the fact that the Carter administration garnered the presidency borne on the wings of a human rights platform, stagflation, “a previously unheard of combination of high unemployment (stagnation) with high inflation” created an economic environment in the United States that adversely affected domestic public opinion toward foreign policy (Cummings 73). This essay adopts an anecdotal though consistent observation toward voter behavior as its foundation: when people feel weak or powerless at home, that feeling invariably gives rise to the need for a show of strength abroad. In essence the continued economic downturn at home steadily inspired a more muscular approach to arms treaties between the United States and the USSR, their old antagonist in the theater of the Cold War. Carter’s flip flopping on economic policies during his tenure at the White House also precipitated the more aggressive economic stance taken by his successor Ronald Reagan. Since Carter’s policies did not seem to translate into immediate economic improvement for American voters, they were quickly viewed as too weak and ineffective, and a hard line stance on both fronts became the rallying cry that created the Reagan administration’s protracted nuclear war dance that characterized the 1980s. This essay argues that Carter’s human rights beliefs and the political efforts that he made on behalf of those beliefs did not take into consideration the power of the economy in dictating public opinion. Stagflation Carter’s personal beliefs adhered to “the principle of self-determination for all people” (Miller Center, n.p.). He understood that as a world power the United States needed to set an example for the world and “take the lead in promoting universal human rights” (Miller Center, n.p.). His goals for foreign policy at the beginning of his term followed the principle that American military might needed to be tempered internationally, and that military aggression needed to be avoided altogether by the United States as a symbol of its commitment to freedom and self determination for all the peoples of the world (Miller Center, n.p.). This veiled reference to the post Cold War practice of détente – the “stable international equilibrium” achieved in the
There can be only a few doubts that juvenile delinquency does represent a socially pressing issue. As Nas, Orobio de Castro, and Koops (2005) suggested, “Juvenile delinquency is a major problem in Western societies as it causes major distress and damage to victims, perpetrators, and society at large” (p. 363). As of today, delinquent adolescents account for 7% of all prison population in the world. Therefore, there is nothing too odd about the fact that the concerned issue continues to be addressed by social scientists, biologists, and psychologists. After all, each of the corresponding scientific discipline has its own insights as to what causes adolescents to exhibit antisocial behavior, in the first place, and what are the most effective strategies for dealing with the problem in question. In this paper, I will outline the theoretical provisions of what can be referred to as the ‘socioemotional’, ‘cognitive’, and ‘biological’ paradigms of juvenile delinquency. I will also promote the idea that when it comes to identifying the factors that contribute to the development of delinquency in youth, one must be willing to consider the effects of the combination of both ‘internal’ and ‘external’ forces of influence in this respect. The ‘biological’ outlook on the causes of antisocial behavior in adolescents is based on the assumption that they are innately predetermined – either genetically or neuro-morphologically (concerning the specifics of one’s ‘brain-wiring’). Even though the ‘biological’ model of juvenile delinquency is often regarded inconsistent with the canons of political correctness, there is more and more empirical evidence being gathered as to the full appropriateness of the above-mentioned assumption. For example, according to the findings of the study by Hart and Marmorstein (2009), which aimed to identify the cause-effect relationship between the presence of the polymorphic gene MAOA in the participants’ (20000 adolescent males in the NLCAH, grades 7-10) DNA and their varying tendency to indulge in aggressive behavior, delinquency in youth indeed appears to be genetically ‘programmed’. One of the study’s conclusions is that polymorphisms in MAOA do affect the functioning of the person’s monoamine system, which in turn results in causing the shortage of ‘happiness-inducing’ neurotransmitters in his or her brain – hence, naturally prompting the concerned individual to exhibit delinquency. As it was suggested in this study, “MAOA polymorphisms contribute to social sensitivity through neurological mechanisms in the limbic area of the brain… Adolescents with the short (MAOA) allele tend to experience high levels of distress culminating in aggression when they are not accepted socially” (p. 965). Therefore, when it comes to designing delinquency prevention strategies, it is important to keep in mind that alongside the social de
The article “Save More Tomorrow: Using Behavioral Economics to Increase Employee Saving” by Richard H. Thaler and Shlomo Benartzi is well organized. The authors begin with an abstract that briefly summarizes the entire text. They also divide the article into sections that tackle different aspects of the topic. The authors explore the issue of using behavioral economics to increase employee savings and use the results of an implementation program to demonstrate the success of their proposal. In the contemporary business world, organizations are shifting from defined-benefit plans to defined-contribution plans to increase employee savings. The reasons for low saving cultures among employees include bounded rationality and self-control. As a remedy to the problem, the authors propose a prescriptive savings program called Save More Tomorrow (SMarT). They implemented the program and got positive results that demonstrated its effectiveness. People who joined the program promised to contribute a certain percentage of their future salary increments toward their retirement portfolios. The authors implemented the program in order to evaluate its effectiveness in mitigating the problem of poor saving habits among employees. The first round of its implementation revealed that behavioral economics can be successfully used to develop prescriptive programs that can aid in making critical economic decisions. During the first implementation, 78% of people who were presented with the idea of joining the program enrolled while 80% of those who joined remained committed through their fourth salary increment. The average saving rates increased significantly over the course of three and half years. The program uses the concepts of procrastination and inertia, and applies them to the development of positive saving habits. One of the article’s strengths is the inclusion of a detailed and insightful introduction that gives the problem’s background. Low-saving habits are mistakes that can be corrected using behavioral economics. The authors use concepts of behavioral economics to design
You correctly pointed out why ethnography is the workable approach to studying culture and is suitable for exploring people’s interaction remotely or in a hospital setting. It is necessary to assess the influence of participants’ backgrounds and the methodologies used by the nurses to assist. You also stated that “one challenge of the research project is how to gather the mothers’ perspective on how their labor went.” Indeed, the expectations may not coincide with the actual conditions, or unexpected changes could influence labor (O’Brien et al., 2018). You were right by mentioning that qualitative research purposes and results might be perceived differently, but a detailed explanation of the design and solid theoretical background can help avoid misleading conclusions. For instance, the alternative perspective to your research is to include a more specific condition, such as the COVID-19 pandemic’s impact on mothers’ choice to deliver naturally. Adding questions to the interviews with the participants can add quantitative value to research as the number of positive and negative experiences would be analyzed (Boelig et al., 2020). Furthermore, there are specific guidelines for nursing personnel related to the pandemic, and their implications influence the decision-making about natural childbirth and the use of medication (Boelig et al., 2020). The grounded theory methodology would be appropriate for such a study because it will help describe social and cultural processes. I have experience studying cultural research necessary for particular decisions, and the more tests and statistical observations it includes, the more solid foundation for conclusions it develops. Based on the evidence and exploring similar scientific works, the suggestion can be to expand the study for retrieving additional evidence which can influence the original theory’s validity and reveal patterns that lead nurses to suggest natural childbirth or apply medication. Studies exploring healthcare delivery practices for particular locations such as a large tertiary hospital in Jamaica are crucial for retrieving narrow and evidence-based recommendations for their unique conditions. You correctly selected phenomenological research and semi-structured interviewing as a method of gathering information because they will provide the most detailed results possible. Ranse et al. (2020) claim that “phenomenology is concerned with the essence of things as they are appearing in the conscious awareness of the first person” (p. 946). You mentioned the issues of that kind of qualitative study as “some participants may be reluctant to sign the informed consent, though they do not have a problem participating in the research.” Indeed, the individuals’ perception and biases towards scientific work might damage the entire process, and therefore maximized trustworthiness must be provided. The alternative perspect
In my opinion, there is a need for citizens to pay a keen attention to the opinions of religious individuals and religious politicians as they vocalize them. My take is that not all religious politicians are radical. At least there are some who make sense. There is a need for the state to separate from the church. It is also worth noting that majority of the laws are founded on religious scriptures. According to Libertarians, how long a free society lasts is dependent on the will of the citizens to remain free. In my opinion, the constitution can be designed to promote termination of societal decay. However, people have to remain dedicated to freedom. My take is that a fair political structure is useful in ensuring a free society. However, a political structure is not the only ingredient (Johnstone 100). It is worth noting that the effectiveness of a political structure is also dependent on the wider cultural and social perspective. In essence, culture is significant in ensuring a free society. According to Aelfred, religion is a powerful tool in shaping an evil or good culture. According to conservatives, a solid religious society is necessary for adherence to liberty ideals. Particularly, conservatives maintain that religion has two benefits. First, it is the basis for individual accountability and moral character, which ensures citizens who are self- reliant, disciplined, and straightforward. Such citizens have a concern for their neighbours, and a keen regard for government coercion. Second, religion provides God’s authority in the place of State authority. As such, religion acts as the measure for governmental aggrandizement (Johnstone 83). I suggest that a government composed of a free society should regularly ensure active measures, that strengthen and enhance religion. However, a society where the nation’s strong-arm power promotes particular religious opinions is never free. Therefore, if religion has to be included in politics, it has to be on a voluntary basis. This is because coercion eliminates the aspect of freedom. It is worth emphasizing that religion has taken a significant place in politics. For instance, President Obama had to consent to particular religious rules before becoming the president. For example, irrespective of his stand on abortion, he had to consent that federal funds would not be directed towards abortion. My take is that if true believers are involved intimately in politics, risks are likely to arise. The Americans had to embrace a novel mandate during the presidential election. There has been a historic association between ideology and politics (Johnstone 140). According to me, the Catholic Church has been participating actively in politics. This has persuaded citizens and politicians to comply to ideological platforms, that are more holy. To me, this is a wrong move, since the rights of democracy are eroded. However, it is worth emphasizing that it is difficult to make a clear distinction between the government and religion.