ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The Caribbean and Middle East Nationalities Although the Caribbean, Arab, and other Middle East nationalities can be considered coming from almost the same region, their cultural and economic differences are quite obvious. Therefore, their adjustment patterns might be quite unlike due to the different situations, habits, customs, economics, and political state in their native countries. Additionally, several character traits more common for certain regions or the difference in people’s values might have an impact on their adjustment to new living conditions abroad. Language discrepancies are a considerable barrier for moving to the USA for both Arab and Caribbean nationalities as well. Arab and Middle East immigrants generally comprise of such ethnic groups as Turks, Persians, Arabs, Armenians, Georgians, Egyptians, Kurds, as well as other smaller populations. The Caribbean immigrants do not have diversity in particular nationalities; however, they consist of diverse ethnic groups or tribes such as Taino, Ignery, and others. The two regions and their inhabitants are quite unlike regarding traditions, economic activities, education, and other important factors. Differences between The Caribbean and Middle East The immigrant groups from these regions have particular differences between them that might cause some unlikeness in their assimilation and adjustment processes. Firstly, The Caribbean nationalities are generally able to speak some of the most popular and ubiquitously based languages such as Spanish, Chinese, and English due to the existing population diversity. This makes it much easier for them to settle down in the USA, for example in Chinese districts or other places where their native language is commonly spoken. However, Arab and Middle East nationalities generally have their own language which is generally Arabic. It is why to fully integrate into American society they are required to learn English which might be a slight problem due to their probable lack of money. In addition to the mentioned above differences, a presumption can be made that family plays different roles in the lives of diverse immigrants. For example, for Syrian, Hmong, Somali, and other Middle Eastern nationalities family resilience is highlighted as important (Xiong et al., 2021). The Caribbean nationalities are expected to show high levels of family importance as these populations are generally represented by tribes with family cults and the canonical
Security has always been an issue of great concern for both individuals and organizations. Even before the advent of computer technology, people were highly concerned about their security, and the security of their assets and information related to them. Due to this fact security measures were established to ensure that people, properties and sensitive information were appropriately secured. In the contemporary society, security has become an even important issue due to the increasing use of computers, which come with a security risk (Rao, 2006, p. 45). As people, especially children, increasingly access risky sites like the social media, it is even more important to secure computer systems. This paper is an exploration of the relationship between technology and security, which also seeks to establish why it is important for a classroom teacher to know about the security issues that are associable with technology. As much as technology has made life easier, it is can be used manipulatively by malicious people. There are a lot of security issues that have arisen due to the use of technology (Koprowski, 2005, p. 1). One of these issues is hacking. It is the process through which malicious computer programmers attack other people’s computers to obtain personal information that can be used to attack them or even steal from them. Hacking has been a great issue especially in relation to the use of computer technology in financial institutions like banks. Hackers normally use deceptive programs to gain access to computers (Seymour, 2004, p. 37). They are then able to obtain personal information like credit card information which they can use to defraud their victims, or they can even obtain personal information like photos, or sensitive documents which they can use for
Introduction In the history of America as a nation, there lies the dark truth about slavery that has left scars in those that suffered its effects. To the then perpetrators of slavery, the whites, it has left a shameful mark that America will ever live to regret of. This essay focuses on a narrative by Frederick Douglass who was formerly a slave. The narrative shows the negativity of slavery and its consequential effects, and champions for its abolishment. The book, ‘ Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass’ is both an indictment of slavery and a call to action for its abolition (Lecture Notes 1). Frederick Douglass’ main arguments against slavery Douglass writes the narrative out of experience in slavery. He states that slavery is the worst thing that ever happened to America and has its effects even in this present age. His narration is with a deep sigh of regret as to why he had to pass through that especially when he was very young. The death and separation from his mother at a very tender age saddens him very much. He is believed to have had a white father, a fact that acts as a proof of some negative things that the slaves had to experience. This in itself explains that the slaves, especially the women suffered rape from the slave holders who took them in by force (Douglass, “Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass” 1). Douglass had to witness the whipping of his aunt, a thing that he looks back with great pity. The slaves were brutally treated, being beaten day in day out with no good reason. They had to do donkeys work with an accompaniment of strokes. The description given by Douglass to the torturous treatment of the slaves clearly shows his hatred and condemnation of slavery together with those who practiced it. A description of how the slaves operated especially when they interacted with their masters is also given. They had a lot of inferiority complex due to the ill treatment they received from the white people. They therefore walked in a lot of fear to the brutal masters. They literally feared the whites since they had no say before them (Murrin 98). For instance, the slaves were seen to be liars even if they told the truth. This worsened the situation of the slaves since they felt segregated. The fear therefore acted as a tool that protected the slaves from brutality and even death (Douglass “Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass” 1). Douglass critically outlines the several events of extreme brutality to the slaves. They were being treated as beasts yet they were human beings just like the
Categories of estimating project time and costs The two major categories of estimating project times and costs are bottom-up and top-down budget procedures. To begin with, bottom-up estimating can be defined as tracking individual cost elements of the project for estimating the sum cost of the entire project. Furthermore, this category employs Work Breakdown structure (WBS) during a follow up intended to track each element of the project (Frame, 2002, p. 215). Aggregations of WBS levels are provided with cost estimates related to each level determined until the final budget for the whole project is arrived at. The second category is the top-down approach to cost estimating. This approach is parametric in nature. It bases on the past experience of the manager on the related projects in order to come up with project estimates for costs and times. Part-time estimates include the costs related to human labor that are not permanently employed in the project. The ideal approach to develop optimal estimates for a project’s time and costs The most ideal approach to project costs and times development is the top-down approach. In the first place, there is a possibility of mitigation of risks associated with underestimating or overestimating resulting from lack of information on unknown elements of the project. A project manager can achieve this by putting in mind the quality of fundamental estimates. The second advantage related to cost estimating using the top-down approach is that computers and special programs can be employed in the planning stages of the project, by using computer-aided technology, beside statistically boosting the estimates to come up with accurate or near-accurate estimates of time and costs(Smith, 1995, p. 88) Given that an activity’s normal time and cost are 10 days and $400, and its crash time is five days and $800, what is the activity’s slope? Project completion time is categorized into two; normal time and crash time. Normal time, as the word stands, defines the project’s completion as planned. Crash time on the other hand characterizes the completion of time earlier than the intended time, which is associated with additional costs and resources. The changes in cost over the change in time due to crashing results in activity slope. For a normal time of 10 days and a normal cost of $400, a time crash of 5days and a crash cost of $800 has the following activity slope. The major types of costs and the costs controllable by the project manager There are two major types of project costs, that is, direct costs and direct overheads. Direct costs are the cost that is directly attributed to the project work. The reason for the definition is that there rate of occurrence in the course of the project depends on the intensity of the activities in the project. On the other hand, direct overheads are costs incurred at the beginning of the project, mainly for the acquisition of equipment, and may occur once Given an equal level of risk and the need to reduce overall project duration, why not to select the activity with the lowest slope in the entire project network to crash first? Crashing
Introduction Societies are full of discords regarding same sex intimacies. Natural intimacies are known to exist between partners of opposite sex. This is mainly because over the years, societies have shown discomposure when faced with issues regarding homosexuals. Societies consider homosexuals as those deprived of moral standings. They also consider such people as perverse and less responsible compared to heterosexuals. Homosexuality started in the ancient times and has drawn different views over the years. These views depend on different structures and cultures of societies in the world. For instance, some societies, as has been observed in most boys, have no problem with female homosexuals, but they are homophobic. They consider male homosexuals as outcasts and label them as fag. In essence, intimacies between men, which are popularly known as gay, have received intense criticism as compared to intimacies between women (lesbians) in the contemporary world. This paper will discuss situations under which some intimacies have been applied as homosexuality, while others have been withheld (Robinson, 2011, p. 1). Homosexuality Homosexuality is referred to as a condition in which an individual experiences sexual desire or behavior towards another person of the same sex. It has varied effects on people as well as the society. The church shuns and labels it as an abomination as well as unnatural act. Several factors have been proposed as causal to homosexuality in the human population. In addition, most societies consider homosexuality as degrading, in effect, looking down upon those found to engage in such relationships. This has been proved in the UK and United States, among other countries where physicians have been found to degrade patients who have such relations. However, its common knowledge that homosexuality has been with us since the origin of humanity. What have changed significantly are the terms used to refer to it in different cultures, times and political eras. Homosexuality can sometimes be used to refer to the terms of orientation, attraction, identity, or preference. The contemporary world has increasingly used the term orientation as a soft stance on promoting homosexuality. This is mainly because, without homosexuality, then there would be no options except heterosexuality (Pascoe, 2005, p. 34-48). Over the years, use of the term gay has evolved. In the past it referred to homosexuals, whether male or female homosexuals. Recent usage has majored mainly on male homosexuals. This shows an emerging bias on considerations for homosexuals as well as their labels. Various terms have been employed in defining sexual orientations during these periods. These include gay, lesbian, heterosexuals, bisexuals, homosexuals, sodomy, as well as fag, among others. It has also been noted that the society is increasingly using terms considered as soft on homosexuality. In fact, in comparison, bisexuals have been generally accep
The concept of social security system is complex, although understandable under rigorous exertion. Various socioeconomic factors inspired the concept of social security system. This essay discusses the historical, present, and future perspectives of the social security program in the US. The starting point of Social Security lies in anticipation of how an individual or a family sustains income when age encroaches, or disability jeopardizes the capacity to work, when a wage earner dies, or when an employer encounters involuntary unemployment (DeWitt, 2010, p. 1). Every society, through history, encountered this challenge often and developed various strategies to address this issue. The diverse strategies intended to solve this problem were based on the interplay of individual and collective efforts. Private insurance provided a historical basis for Social Security. In the seventeenth century, private insurance was the chief way that the affluent protected their assets, particularly real property. Nevertheless, the notion of insuring against consistent economic hazards and threats was established in the late nineteenth century in a model of social insurance. Social insurance in contemporary industrial societies offers an avenue for mitigating setbacks of economic security. The ideology of social insurance is that, people contribute into a fund scheme controlled by the government, which it uses to reimburse individuals when they become unable to sustain themselves. The U.S. social security system benefits are weighted to allow individuals with lower earnings get higher benefit relative to those with higher incomes. Thus, the system provides progressivity regarding benefits. At the onset of the industrial revolution, the demand for a working social security was inevitable. In preindustrial era, most Americans depended on land for self-employment as farmers, artisans, and laborers (DeWitt, 2010, p. 2). They lived in extended families, which provided the principal form of economic security for unproductive members. Economic security was not a threatening issue in preindustrial America because for people did not live for long due to poor healthcare systems and living habits. Nevertheless, with industrialization came prolonged life expectancy; therefore, the need for new and dynamic strategies for reliable economic security became a necessity. The aforementioned transformation led to the development of many programs to maintain social security of individuals who due to old age or disability reached an endpoint of productivity. The last decade of the nineteenth century saw the conception of Civil War Pension program. DeWitt (2010) observes that, the federal government started to pay benefits to Union War veterans and their living families about the commencement of war (3). The Civil War pension scheme became a genuine social insurance program by the end of the 19th century. This program was valid until 2003 when the last surviving widow of Civil War veteran
Racial inequality In the article “Racial inequality: a public health issue” in the KALW NEWS website on September 28, 2010, the author Heather Gilligan talks about the issue of public health and racial inequality. Poverty and health are interlinked, and people in poverty have poor health. In America, African Americans have more health problems than their white counterparts do due to poverty. Wealth gap The wealth gap between African American and white families is enormous. The difference in wealth affects life expectancy and whites live seven years longer than African Americans who live in poverty. Despite their cancer rate being lower than that of their counterparts, African American rate of death from breast cancer is higher. The black women lack adequate education on breast cancer and often go to the hospital when the disease is at an advanced stage hence deadly. They also lack screening facilities in their poor neighborhoods. African Americans have less employment opportunities in their community. Consequently, their income levels have declined resulting to financial constraints that deny them the opportunity to seek medical services. The cost of healthcare is expensive hence out of reach of the poor blacks. Thus, they succumb more to diseases than the whites who can afford healthcare cover (Gilligan, 2010). Disparities between whites and African Americans Moreover, racial inequality contributes to poor health among African Americans. Even wealthy African Americans have poor health outcomes compared to wealthy whites. Other factors such as stress play a major role too in the health outcomes of African Americans. They live in neighborhoods with high levels of violence unlike whites thus more stress. African Americans have less hope than the whites do when it comes to fighting diseases due to different conditions brought about by class disparities that disadvantage African Americans (Gilligan, 2010). Hoarding In the article titled “Drowning in junk: Hoarding called a public health issue” carried on the CNN website on August 5, 2010, Madison Park talks about hoarding. Some people hoard stuff in their homes and this habit has become a public health problem. Hoarding can endanger the lives of the people living in a house and their neighbors too. The clutter scattered all over the house may harbor vermin or rodents that may infect human beings with diseases. Some people have died after junk fell on them or trapped them inside the house in case of a fire. Moreover, cleaning the clutter and junk is costly, and the money would have been used to do other useful things instead. Reasons for hoarding Hoarding is an issue that is hard to understand due to its unique nature. Some people do not even know they have a problem with hoarding making to difficult to curb. Some hoarders hide their problem by alienating people from thei
Introduction People have been very much influenced by the use of money whereby they have many things to do so that they can earn a living. One needs to have an activity to do this is because in everyday lives our living requires money and thus it is not possible to live without money. It has been hard for people to have a budget for their spending and this has a high impact on them because they end up spending money on things that are not important. For example, one can overspend on leisure and forget that he or she requires basic things like clothing, food, and shelter whereby one can not live without. People seem to have less concern on the basic needs but have high concern on the minor needs and this leads to a conflict of such a person because he or she will find that much of the income has gone to things that are not important and end up limiting income for the basic needs. Due to changes in technology then people have been involved in these changes like the use of machines whereby one will have to spend a lot in the installation of that machine although there is the advantage of getting more productive. Such people find it hard to save money for their needs. (Robert, 1990) Discussion The use of internet window shopping which is a new technology has an impact on people because as one goes out to buy then he or she finds that the purchase is of things that are not important and were not even in the budget. Media has also affected people spending because depending on the certain media that one uses then there is an impact on what one will buy. The means of advertisement that are used by the seller will affect the buyers on what is to be purchased and also the seller will be affected as the advertisement might be very expensive to them so they will have to, spend much on making the product known to the people. Internet is a new technology and also a medium for the advertisement of the product is very helpful. This is because it makes people know about the changes that take place in the world on daily basis and still been that people are becoming more civilized then they are interested in using the current technology that is faster rather than using the old technology that requires much manual work. Due to these changes in the world people are spending more because they have to make the installation of this new technology which are very expensive and thus one is forced to have assistance. Also, people have no budget on the important things that one can not live without but they end up over
Regardless of the fact that diphtheria is regarded by a substantial number of people as an obscure contagious disease from prior years, it currently remains a global illness that attracts the particular attention of scientists, clinicians, and policy-makers. According to the World Health Organization, diphtheria is severe infectious disease caused by the bacterium Corynebacterium diphtheria (WHO 2018). It primarily infects upper airways and the throat and produces a toxin that affects other organs. This toxin kills tissue in the respiratory system and causes the dead tissue’s membrane to build up over the patient’s tonsils and throat, making swallowing and breathing difficult (CDC 2020). In general, diphtheria has an acute onset with the major symptoms that include sore throat, weakness, swollen glands in the neck, and mild fever (CDC 2020). In certain circumstances, the diphtheria toxin may cause peripheral neuropathy, airway blockage, kidney failure, myocarditis, paralysis, and death (WHO 2018). In addition, Corynebacterium diphtheria may infect the skin as well, causing ulcers or open sores (CDC 2020). At the same time, diphtheria skin infections do not lead to severe complications in the future. Diphtheria is traditionally spread from person to person in the result of breathing in the aerosolized secretions from the infected individuals’ coughs or sneezes (WHO 2018). In the case of diphtheria skin infections, individuals may get the disease from touching other people’s infected ulcers or open sores. Before the introduction of vaccination against diphtheria that has significantly reduced the morbidity and mortality rates, this disease was the major cause of childhood death in the United States and all over the world (Truelove et al. 2020). Due to the successful immunization program for the control over diphtheria of the American public health system, there are almost no outbreaks of this disease across the country. However, in 2018, the World Health Organization recorded more than 16,000 cases of this infection disease worldwide (WHO 2018). Diphtheria remains a severe child health problem, fatal in 5-10% of cases, in developing countries with the poor coverage of the Expanded Program on Immunization (Clarke et al. 2019). Diphtheria treatment involves the administration of antibiotics and diphtheria antitoxin for the neutralization of the toxin’s effect. Diphtheria vaccine implies a bacterial toxoid whose toxicity is inactivated, and it is traditionally given in combination with a pentavalent vaccine or DTwP/DTaP vaccine (WHO 2018). For adults and adolescents, the diphtheria vaccine may be combined with the lower concentration of tetanus toxoid (WHO 2018). Diphtheria toxoid vaccine is essential for the control over the disease as it reduces the transmission of diphtheria by 60% (Truelove et al. 2020). In addition, its use is determ