ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Description Mozart sonata (iii) movement was invented in October 1777. In his letter, Mozart described the new improvisation of two distinct piano styles. He included details on how he combined Sonata and rondo. The combination brought out a magnificent sonata in C major with a rondo at the end, which later became sonata K.309 (Brown 43). Publication of sonata-rondo was done in 1783, one year after the invention by Mozart (1756-1791). It has later been adapted in most music classes and taught in main piano classes. The abbreviation K.333 used in piano classes refers to the position of the piece in chronological catalogue prepared by Australian musicologist Kochel (Burkhart & Rothstein 207). Transitions – Structural and Harmonic Analysis In the music and jazz jargon rondo can be described as any movement or musical work containing numerous recurring refrain alternating episodes. In most cases, it will start and end with a refrain material. At the same time, it is not clear on the number of refrains required to make a rondo. Some professionals state that they should be two while others insist that they must be at least three occurrences in a single rondo. Depending on how the episodes are treated, it emerges that the number of refrains is open. In classical music, rondo has been one of the most widely used movements within a larger work, mostly the finale. Rondos also show a tendency of favoring one variant of its form (Krumhansl 1995.) PAC (Perfect Authentic Cadenza) – Explanation Perfect Authentic Cadenza initiates movements. It is broken down to subsections that include first subject, transition, second subject, and finally codetta. At the first section of the exposition, it is split into eight bar phrases. In most cases, the beginning section will act as an introduction to the succeeding or second phase of the beginning section. Some cases in the first two parts will act as cadenzas with a sequence of I-VI, I. Mini-cadenzas like pattern will follow, which will not organize any form of primary ideas. Mozart’s composition made use of these poems where he repeated the first two bars and put down an octave. He also brought in a new idea and set up a rhythmic obstinate to assist in the second phase. This has been adopted in different genres of music in the modern world. Examples of Harmonic Moves I-VI-IV and I-VI-II Harmonic Moves I-VI-IV and I-VI-II are widely applied in the music industry since the 18 th century. During the classical period, sonata form became one of the most popular ones as it was adopted in different compositions. Bach could be considered as one of the brightest examples. In case of multi movements, it is always applied as the first movement. Mozart (iii) works are not an exception. In such cases, the combination is referred to a
Houston is the 4 th largest city in the USA and the largest city in the state of Texas. In the 2009 United States census, Houston had a population of 2.3 million people within an area of 1500Km 2 and it is an economic center of the Sugar land-Bayton metropolitan area with approximately 5.9 million people. Location of Houston City Houston is the largest city in Texas and it is located near the Gulf of Mexico. It is a big United States port handling a lot of foreign tonnages each year. In addition, the city is also significant to world trade since it is a major production hub for natural gas as well as oil (Miller & Dollard, 1941, P.32). Innovations in policing Current innovations in policing will often require a more geographically centered focus on crime and the centers of interest. It should be noted that the patterns are restricted to the knowledge of crime alone and this is of particular consequence in the struggle to determine which areas are more prone to criminal activities (Reinhold, 2009. p. 1). Crime statistics in Houston Oil and gas that is found in this place make it to be ahead of other cities in the Job market because its economy is more secluded from others. On the other hand, the climate of the city is quite humid and as such, the heat, rain, and humidity are unbearable to someone who is not accustomed to it. In Houston, Medical positions such as Doctors and nurses have the highest paid salaries in the United States and they realize more net income because the cost of living in Houston is less as opposed to places like New York or California. Green jobs in Houston are now on the rise as the Oil and Gas technology transcends towards higher levels (Zarka, 2007, P.25). Non-violent crime in this city dropped by two percent in 2005 compared to 2004. Homicides have risen to twenty-three point five percent and have also experienced a rise in crime which the police relate to the influx of individuals from New Orleans after the occurrence of the Hurricane. The intersection of Westheimer Road, an area within Houston, had the least incidents of crime in 2010 (Miller & Dollard, 1941, P.32). Late last month, police announced initiatives that targeted these three dangerous zones which are made up of large apartment complexes with concentrations of the Katrina evacuees. The Major Hot spots and crime prevalence When dealing with these high crime zones, the main concern should be to deal with areas with high levels of violent criminal activity in and around Houston. The dangerous areas in this city match locatio which are held commonly by the residents. In addition, the rate of prostitution is very high in the neighborhood. The presence of the bus station is also associated with the high rate of criminal activities. According to Zarka (2007), the area near Congress and Louisiana has been identified as one of the most dangerous zones. This area is a few meters from the Northern side of Downtown where jailbirds loiter after being released from prison. Conclusion In conclusion, stringent measures should be taken so that these hotspots are brought under effective police control so that intervention is taken to curb crime. It is also noteworthy
Dengue Fever Threat   * Dengue is commonly referred to as the breakbone fever.   * Can be mostly observed in tropical, sub-tropical regions around the world.   * Is a mosquito-borne disease; it is transmitted by Aedes aegypti (Schmidt et al., 2011).   * Is endemic to 34 African countries (Lecture Notes, 2015).   * The first cases were reported between1823 and 1928 in Zanzibar, Burkina Faso, Egypt, South Africa and Senegal (Lecture Notes, 2015). People in Africa may experience the same rates of exposure to dengue fever as the citizens of Latin America and South Asia, but it is impossible to determine due to the lack of research literature (Kamgang et al., 2011). Knowing the number of countries affected by dengue fever and the multiple patients infected every year it is easy to establish that this disease has gained global importance in the contemporary world. The impact dengue fever has on the public health is unclear. This is why a scientific investigation is required. Determinants and Distribution   * Low level of income;   * High population density (facilitated by the development of urbanization);   * A mosquito becomes infected biting an infected human, after that the disease can be passed to multiple other people (Were, 2012);   * Urbanization and the increased interest to traveling have led to a considerable increase in dengue fever cases during 1960-2010;   * Climate and seasons (humidity, high temperatures, stormy weather). Schmidt et al. (2011) note that in rural areas the disease is majorly caused by the absence of tap water as the residents have to use containers with water where the species of vector mosquitoes breed. Among other important factors affecting the spread of dengue fever there are vector productivity, viral infectivity, host defencelessness and natural elements. Besides, climate and seasons are important factors impacting the development and transmission of dengue fever. Such factors as humidity level, storms, daylight span can contribute to the spreading of dengue fever. Gaps in the Research   * Many cases of this disease are not properly reported (Bhatt et al., 2013);   * Researchers should explain the cyclical nature of the disease outbreaks (Schmidt et al., 2011);   * Absence of specific treatment and vaccine to cure the disease;   * Annually, 50 to 100 million cases of dengue result in 25,000 deaths in all adults;   * Dengue is the fastest spreading disease which is extremely dangerous to ignore. If the patterns according to which the disease spreads and develops could be researched and explained this would contribute immensely to the level of understanding of causes and factors contributing to the outbre
The history of mental disorders and associated research shows diverse ways of thinking about deviations from normal behaviors. The biological perspective views mental disorders of different types as health-related phenomena that stem predominantly from biological factors, and the psychological approach stresses disruptions in psychological processes. This expository essay will discuss the two perspectives comparatively, explore psychotropic medications’ importance in treatment, and present some concepts’ hypothetical applications. Both biological and psychological perspectives seek to establish mental disorders’ root causes and nature. Despite operating completely different categories and relying on dissimilar types of evidence in theorizing cause-effect relationships, both approaches establish the structures imbalances in which lead to disorders. The biological perspective considers genetic/epigenetic factors, atypical brain functioning patterns, or the consequences of chemical imbalances affecting emotional regulation or behaviors (Nevid & Rathu, 2021). It explores complex biological structures, the elements of which, including genes, thresholds for stimulation, or brain activation patterns researched in fMRI investigations, are often observable and tied to human anatomy (Nevid & Rathu, 2021). In contrast, structures and models forming the psychological approach, including Freud’s iceberg model or Beck’s cognitive theory, “anatomize” the human psyche in an abstract sense or theorize on the psychological mechanisms of depression. Pursuing a similar goal of explaining the origins of mental disorders, the two approaches remain vastly diverse. The approaches differ in terms of implications for research and clinical activities. The biological approach considers brain geography and associations between brain regions and their functions to collect evidence on brain functioning patterns in certain disorders (Nevid & Rathu, 2021). Current experimental and observational research suggests that those on the antisocial spectrum display similar deficits in brain functioning when engaging in emotional and cognitive tasks (Dugré et al., 2020). Genetic factors, such as the family history of depression, inform risk assessments for depressive disorders (Lebowitz & Ahn, 2017; Nevid & Rathu, 2021). In contrast, the psychological perspective gives rise to methods engaging a diagnosed person in thinking critically about their perceptions and behaviors (Nevid & Rathu, 2021). Finally, in psychological therapies, individuals l
Unemployment and Labor Issues in the U.S.A Economy Unemployment and labour issues in the United States of America has significantly affected the economy of the United States. In January 2005, for example, the rate of unemployment rose by 0.2 percent to 5.4 percent (The Heritage Foundation, 2005). Increasing unemployment rates causes various effects on the U.S. economy. Some of the effects that unemployment has on the economy are described under the following subtitles. Effects to the Economy of U.S.A The current economy of the United States of America is characterized by high rates of unemployment. According to relevant sources, the unemployment rate in the United States has been on the rise; for instance, an employment rate of 9.1 percent was reported in the month of May 2011 (The Heritage Foundation, 2005). Although the economy has regained growth since the 2008 global recession, unemployment rates have remained high due to a weak economy. According to relevant sources, many of the unemployed people in the United States have stayed out of employment for more than six months (The Heritage Foundation, 2005). As stated by many economists, an all time high level of employment results in high costs of living to individual citizens and families. Moreover, the effect is felt by local and regional economies and the economy as a whole. The economic costs associated with unemployment will influence the strength of the economy in a significant way. In the subtitles that follow, the effects of high unemployment rates in the United States are discussed. Loss of Potential National Output Generally, high rates of unemployment lead to wastage of scarce economic resources. As a result, the overall growth potential of an economy is reduced by distinct margins depending on the severity. According to economists, an economy characterised by high unemployment produces within its production possibility frontier. As such, there is no recovery for the hours the unemployed people are not working. However, a reduction in the rate of unemployment leads to an increased national output; thus, triggers improvement in the economic welfare. During the third quarter of 2008, the GDP of the United States dropped by 0.5 percent. As a consequence, organizations and many businesses resorted to cutting their spending budgets in every way possible. Since human capital accounts for the highest cost of overheads, organizations started cutting their budgets through layoffs. However, downsizing of businesses resulted in further negative GDP because layoffs reduce the organizations size and its potential output. As a result of this, potential GDP lost resulted in additional loss of job opportunities. With the reduction in the total GDP, the United States economy has been weakening over the years. Fiscal Costs to the Government A high rate of unemployment is unhealthy to an economy because it results in increased government expenditures, government borrowing and taxation. Also, when people remain unemployed, they mostly rely on welfare benefits despite the fact they do not pay taxes. This means t
Introduction To a considerable extent, the level of organizational performance in international transport systems (ITS) is defined by the efficacy of the transport systems themselves (Bray, Caggiani, & Ottomanelli, 2015). The specified phenomenon is especially evident in the context of the global market, where the well-coordinated actions of the participants allow for the proper functioning of the supply chain and, therefore, the timely and successful delivery of the necessary raw materials, components, and products to the target destinations. Improving international transport systems is a crucial step towards a gradual positive change in the state economy (e.g., the creation of premises for consistent economic growth). The use of an improved data management system that will allow for a rapid and more efficient transfer of essential information from one participant in the global supply chain management process to another will create the premise for developing an improved transportation system. The change will become possible by offering tools that are useful for addressing the emergent issues immediately, thus preventing a range of obstacles from blocking companies’ way to a successful transportation process. Problem Definition The emphasis on the significance of ITS development is obviously a welcome change of pace in the contemporary business and economic environment. Strategies that are currently used to manage ITS leave much to be desired, mainly because of the lack of opportunities for evaluating the efficacy of these systems. In turn, the tools that are currently used to measure the efficacy of international transport systems lack accuracy, which can lead to a significant drop in the quality of performance. A closer look at the challenges that it has been experiencing will reveal that a significant number of these problems may result from the inappropriate use of the available data and the failure to utilize an efficient information management framework to prevent accidents and other issues from occurring (Jurjevic, Dundovic & Hess 2016). It should be noted, however, that several approaches aiming at the improvement of the current ITS exist, with Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) being key. The DEA framework creates an environment in which a detailed and all-embracing data analysis becomes a possibility: “DEA evaluates the efficiency of each DMU relative to an estimated production possibility frontier determined by all DMUs. The advantage of using DEA is that it does not require any assumption on the shape of the frontier surface, and it makes no assumptions concerning the internal operations of a DMU” (Bray et al., 2015, p. 187). To enhance the data management process, DEA suggests incorporating the analysis of the fuzzy variables into the process (Mohideen, Devi, & Durga 2016). According to the existing interpretation of the subject matter, fuzzy numbers can be defined in the following way: “Any fuzzy subset where x takes its number on the real line R and ” (Xu & Zhou 2011, p. 14). Therefore, a comprehensive information management strategy based on the use of fuzzy numbers and variable
Case summary The client in question is Antwone “Fish” Fisher, a young man whose life was chronicled in his autobiography “Finding Fish” and later replicated in a movie by Denzel Washington ( Antwone Fischer (2002), n.d.). The client is a young black male, an orphan who was mentally and physically abused in childhood and has to face the temper problems resulting from the abuse. He serves as a petty officer in the U.S. Navy and has to visit a psychiatrist. He sees relationships as his main problem. He has never been able to reconcile with his past, and links it to the fact that people never stay by his side for long. He feels that everyone abandons him sooner or later, starting with his family and finishing with the doctor. He does not know what to attribute it to, and suffers because of it. Identifying information Black male, heterosexual, no children. In a relationship with a fellow officer Cheryl. Presenting Problems Antwone has a history of physical aggression towards people. He is unable to control his temper and manage his anger. His issues interfere with his active functioning as an officer and a member of the society. On one occasion, he assaulted a superior officer, was demoted in his duty and detained on the ship for extra 45 days. Apart from that, Antwone has no home of his own, although his income is steady, and his health is covered by naval insurance. Functioning Antwone is experiencing an Intimacy vs. Isolation crisis common for late adolescents in the process of developing their identity (Boyle, Hull, Mather, Smith, & Farley, 2009). Psychosocial and emotional functioning He looks appealing, well-groomed and disciplined. His speech is eloquent, and he has a fluent knowledge of two languages. Sexuality and emotional engagement Antwone never married, but he is in a relationship with his fellow officer Cheryl. He says their relationship is steady and sexually active. His girlfriend is aware of his issues and supports him. The childhood sexual abuse trauma makes him self-conscious, and he reports anxiety when close to someone. He is afraid they will eventually abandon him. Personal and family history Born in a prison and separated from his mother, Antwone was fostered by Reverend Tate’s family. He suffered verbal and sexual abuse, was kicked out from home, and developed poor social skills. He has been homeless for some time, and witnessed a murder of a friend. Professional help Dr. Davenport acts as a mentor and a professional to make Antwone speak out his concerns. He crosses several boundaries to make him open up. He does not press on him and some issues remain unsettled, which calls for extra psychotherapy sessions. In the course of the treatment, the doctor develops a fatherly affection towards the client and has a chance to resolve some of his own issues. Needs assessment The basic needs for Antwone include food and
Introduction There is a thin line between abnormal behavior and normal behavior. For instance, to some people, your behavior might seem arkward but to you, it seems okay. The field of abnormal psychology is therefore concerened with the study of abnormal behavior. The essay shall endevor to explore the origins of abnormal psychology and how it has evolved over time into a scientific discipline. In addition, the essay shall also examine the various theories associated with abnormal psychology. Origins of Abnormal Psychology Abnormal psychology has been in existence for more than 3000 years. One of the ways through which this phenomenon has been rationalized is via the spiritual approach. In the early days, most of the believers would come up with theories and assumptions of how the spiritual realm would affect their physical and mental wellbeing, as well as their perception of the world around them (Damour & Hansell, 2008). There is ample evidence that even in these early days, beleiver excercised psychopathology. As early as 3000 BC, physicians would drill holes through patients’ skulls in what was belevied to be an attempt to release evil spirits (Shieff, Smith & Wadley, 1997). Hippocrates developed a theory that sought to explain abnormal human behavior as purely biological in nature. According to Hippocrates, the four human fluids namely, phlegm, blood, black bile and yellow operated out of sync with each other. He further stated that mental illness was as a result of the four fluids being out of balance (Damour & Hansell, 2008). With time, however, science proved that these observations were far from t