ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction International trade is a trade that involves two or more countries. It involves the exchange of goods, services and capital. Countries sell products in other countries; these goods are referred to as exports. Goods bought from other countries are referred to as imports (Batiz, 2004). International companies engage in international trade in order to increase their market share. This leads to increased sales and revenue. Companies engaging in international trade need to access the profitability of participating in such business. There are several challenges encountered when participating in international trade but the returns are worth the risk. Companies export goods, which they have a competitive advantage in the production. This is because they know their products will find ready markets in new markets in other countries (Helpman, 1987). The company exporting goods in other country must know the requirements it should fulfill before exporting his goods. The company also needs to know the policies in its home country regarding international trade. Countries engage in trading agreements to facilitate trade between them. This is because no country can be self-sufficient making trade a must for every country. Countries strive to maintain an intimate relationship with other trading countries to ensure there is a continuous supply of imports and exports. The imports provide countries with foreign exchange, which it uses to purchase imports. A health trading practice should be observed at all times. International trade involves the use of different currencies and the importer and exporter, therefore, need to agree about currency conversion rate. This is essential to ensure no party feels cheated after the transaction has taken place. International trade is a significant contributor to a peaceful existence of nations, and every nation should uphold it. Scenario The scenario, in this case, is that of TATA Company based in India and Thompson and Thompson Company based in the United Kingdom. The company, which will be the importer, is Thompson and Thompson Company. Tata Motors Limited is an automobile company and concentrates in manufacturing, sale of commercial, and commercial vehicles (Shinde, 2011). The company involves itself in the manufacture of trucks, cars, buses and engages in spare part provision to its customers. Tata do engage herself in developing electric and hybrid vehicles for personal, as well as public use (Graham
Budgeting is an integral part of the overall planning process, not just its financial position. It is advisable to implement the mechanism of budget planning of income and expenses to ensure money savings, greater efficiency in managing these funds, and reducing unproductive costs. In current market conditions, the prediction comes to the forefront since the development of an action plan in various conditions of the enterprise’s activity is of great importance. Financial forecasts are necessary for the company to build a future picture of the economic situation, and anticipate possible problems and financing needs. Financial forecasting makes it possible to increase enterprise management level since it ensures the close coordination of all production processes and the nature of relations between the economic divisions of the enterprise. Krylov (2018) claims that financial forecasting is used to effectively manage the company’s cash flows to overcome its economic difficulties and improve the indicators of its financial position. It is necessary for the preparation of the enterprise budget, mainly part of the expenses. The revenue part, as a rule, is considered the least predictable. It is unnecessary to increase the forecast period too much, as this increases the risk of uncertainty and reduces data reliability. Sometimes, there may be a sharp change in the balance of the company’s funds in some conditions: their inflow or outflow. If such situations are typical for the company, it will be advisable to make weekly forecasts. Budgeting and forecasting are among the most popular and reliable tools. The introduction of budget management and financial forecasting at the enterprise contributes to improving financial discipline, improving the economic validity of decisions made. In addition, it helps to improve the system of operational cost management and improve the professional skills of personnel in financial management. Since financial resources are limited, the company should dispose of them most effectively to preserve and increase these resources. For these purposes, the company must have a plan or budget. Reference Krylov, S. (2018). Target financial forecasting as an instrument to improve company financial health. Cogent Business & Management, 5 (1), 1-42. Web.
Introduction A critique is a crucial mechanism of scientific verification and improvement, and medical research is one of the most significant areas of study, both for science and human society as a whole. An object of this study will be an article by Aires et al. (2016). This study investigates the association between the workload of nurse staff in Brazilian hospitals and medication errors. It is based on the data received from the qualitative survey of Brazilian nurses. The authors had a sample of 49 subjects, 93% of them of the female gender, and received the results which show that high workload correlates with numbers of medication researches. Another finding was that the main reasons for higher workloads are understaffed nursing teams and insufficient numbers of nurses in comparison to the number of patients. In addition to that, it has been found that there are previously underestimated factors affecting the possibility of medication error. They include problems in communication between the hospital staff and lack of knowledge about safety protocols for medical practices among the specialists and nursing personnel. Conceptual Framework The conceptual framework of the reviewed article is located in the introduction section. It primarily consists of providing a context for the research, as it describes the terminology of the study and background information, such as the description of the Brazilian National Patient Safety Program, its protocols, and the effect that it caused on the Brazilian health care system. As such, this work provides only minimal support to the conceptual framework, and the authors do not highlight the theoretical basis for their study. It is a major flaw in the format of an article. Assumptions In contrast to the framework, the assumptions are more accessible to identify in the structure of this article. As mentioned above, they are located in the introduction section of an article. The authors assume that the workload of nurses affects their working abilities, leading them to commit medication errors. Another assumption of the authors is that nurses and nursing teams play a fundamental role in the medication system. Thus, their actions are decisive in the prevention of possible medication errors. Usually, if research lacks a theoretical framework, it is unclear where assumptions originate from unless those are common sense. In this case, however, the assumptions are indeed logically derived from the knowledge that overworked employees are more at risk of making mistakes and about the work responsibilities of the nurses and nursing teams, so they are easy to identify. Limitations In this article, the limitations are placed in the conclusion section instead of the more widely used discussion section. In that, the authors note that the sample and geography of the research are insufficient. The reason is the fact that the area of study is limited to the hospital of southern Brazil and the specific nursing staff due to a time limitation on the researcher team. As such, it is impossible to generalize the results of this research, limiting its potential p
Change is the key to moving towards better future. The activities and processes, which do not undergo appropriate changes, face certain risks related to becoming uncompetitive and inefficient. The change theory, used to provide effective changes, possesses certain drawbacks, which create obstacles on the way to achieving the goals set by the change agents. Change theory presents a group of methods aimed at efficient planning of activities required to provide a certain change. The most widely used change theories are those developed by Reddin, Lewin, Rogers, Havelock, and Lippitt (Swansburg & Swansburg, 2002, p. 271). Lewin’s theory is considered one of the most popular ones. It involves three stages. The unfreezing stage occurs when the change agent is motivated “by the need to create change” (Swansburg & Swansburg, 2002, p. 271). The moving stage occurs when the powerful person influences the change agent while gathering information and making a plan. On the refreezing stage, the change is established and integrated into the value system. Lippitt’s theory comprises four stages: assessment, planning, implementation, and evaluation. Change theory may benefit modern nursing a lot. Lewin’s change theory is used in administrative and clinical nursing situations, as nurses can use the theory to identify and solve problems (Ziegler, 2005, p. 220). Modern nurses can be compatible in the world of healthcare by being the change agents. For example, Lewin’s change theory can be used by nurse managers for providing better management aimed at creating the best conditions for effective work of nurses. Before implementing the change, the nurse manager analyzes the driving and restraining forces, which should not be equal. Otherwise, such equilibrium will make the changes impossible. It will cause serious difficulties faced by the change agents while planning and maintaining the changes. Lipitt’s theory is also regarded as suitable for being used in nursing, as it uses the notions that are similar to the ones used in the nursing process (Mitchel
Abstract Varying hypothetical and idealistic alignments to both qualitative and quantitative methods remind one that aspects of trustworthiness and excellence traverse with projected study objectives and audience. This summary evaluates ways of promoting the credibility and quality of quantitative and qualitative inquiry by focusing on three discrete but closely linked inquiry concerns: rigorous techniques for doing fieldwork; credibility of both qualitative and quantitative researcher; and philosophical beliefs in the significance of qualitative inquiry. While this outline evaluates some basic approaches to aspects of trustworthiness in qualitative and quantitative investigation, it is imperative to appreciate the fact that specific idealistic groundwork and particular paradigms for qualitative and quantitative inquiry will basically include an additional criteria for judging and assuring excellence, trustworthiness, and legality. In addition, the framework for these considerations has changed. In previous literature on evaluation techniques the debate between quantitative and qualitative inquiries was in most cases strident. Recently the debate has diminished and a common ground has slowly emerged that the critical dispute is to match correctly the methodologies to empirical issues and questions, and not to generally advocate any one methodological approach for all situations. Evaluating the debate between proponents of qualitative and quantitative inquiries Approaches to quantitative and qualitative inquiry have become exceedingly different, including work well-versed by phenomenology, ethnography, symbolic interaction, ethno-methodology, heuristics, hermeneutics, critical theory, feminist, and positivism inquiry, among others (Patton, 1990). Research focused on an audience of sovereign feminist scholars, for instance, may be judged by criterion far from those of research meant for an audience of state policy researchers. Action inquiry or formative research for program enhancement entails various purposes and thus various criterion of quality compared to summative analysis focused on making basic continuation decisions concerning a policy or program (Patton, 1997). New forms of individual ethnography have surfaced focused on general audiences (Patton, 1999). Therefore, this paper will evaluate some basic qualitative and quantitative approaches to issues of data validity and credibility. It will also look into specific philosophical underpinnings, special purposes, and particular paradigms for both qualitative and quantitative inquiry. Quantitative versus Qualitative Debate According to Denzin (2001), there is nothing like qualitative data. The researcher holds that everything is either 0 or 1 (p.40). On the same issue Katzer et al (2002) assert that all research ultimately bears a qualitative grounding (p. 40). A key divide between proponents of the two is that quantitative methodology
Introduction Change is inevitable when restructuring an organization. Change is important because it enables organizations to adapt and cope with the uncertainties and challenges of the modern business environment that is volatile and unpredictable (Burke, 2010). Many organizations occasionally undergo restructuring as a measure to improve the effectiveness and efficiency of their processes and operations. However, the success of restructuring depends on the effectiveness of methods used to implement change. Employees resist change because it introduces new tasks and responsibilities. In addition, it changes the status quo (Burke, 2010). In order for leaders to implement and lead change, it is important for them to help employees adapt to change. Three motivational methods that I would use to lead and implement change include training, the introduction of incentives and rewards, and the establishment of effective communication methods (Cohen, 2005). The goal of using these methods would be to convince employees that change is inevitable and beneficial, and thus motivate them to accept additional responsibilities and embrace new ways of doing things. Training One of the most important aspects of implementing change in an organization is employee motivation. It is important to convince employees that new changes will present professional and personal benefits (Burke, 2010). On the other hand, the management should raise awareness regarding the immediate effects of change, such as a decline in productivity and per
Introduction Tools such as descriptive epidemiologic case study, Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS), Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System (YBRSS), education and training, and WHO Statistical Information System will be explored in this study. Descriptive Epidemiologic Case Study Tool of Analysis This descriptive epidemiological assessment provides statistical data, which facilitates the discovery and monitoring of chronic diseases. As a result, it enhances a more pragmatic approach to appropriate preventive measures, which are aimed at stopping the spread of cancer/chronic disorders among the persons who had been exposed to the risk of contracting such diseases. Among the issues that can be addressed under this health, approach are bad housing conditions, poverty, and poor hygienic conditions, which led to high mortality rates of this chronic health disorder (“Council of State and Territorial Epidemiologists,” 2009). Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) This is a health survey tool that facilitates the collection of data regarding preventive care and risk behavior on chronic diseases. In addition, it focuses on the information, which is centered on access to healthcare services. In this regard, BRFSS is considered to be one of the most important tools for enhancing the understanding of the epidemiology and control of cancer/chronic diseases. Moreover, data that originate from the BRFSS are useful in ascertaining some potential health problems to be experienced in an area. This enables the states to design, implement, and monitor health objectives. As a result, this facilitates the tracking of public health policy programs. In addition, several states make use of these data, which are provided by the BRFSS to back up laws on health (“Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System,” 2008, par.1). Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System (YRBSS) The tool is effectively used in studying, understanding, and monitoring chronic health conditions in youths as well as adults. The system draws its efficiency and ef
Introduction Despite the immense internet traffic that is accessed day in day out by people throughout the world, an interesting fact does exist. This fact is that a very high percentage of these requests on the internet for some web pages are actually similar and hence redundantly create this immense traffic all for nothing. These multiple users create redundant traffic. The redundant traffic leads to infrastructures of the WAN (Wide Area Network) carrying contents that are identical. Caching can be introduced in computer networking to perform more than just temporarily storing web pages (Kurose, 2001). This paper is therefore going to look at advantages that are associated with network caching. These advantages include a reduction in WAN bandwidth hence saving costs and improved end-user productivity. Other benefits include a secured form of monitoring and access with the ability to get logging operations and information. Caching solutions for the internet that are in existence will be discussed. This will enable the clear portrayal of benefits that are associated with making local patterns of traffic. Cisco being a major player in providing networking solutions, most of their used protocols that might be vendor-specific will be used as a point of reference and example in discussing internet caching. Benefits of Enabling Networking Caching One of the primary importance of caching especially of web pages is as earlier stated a reduction in bandwidth of the WAN hence cutting down on costs (Ravi, 1994). However, this ought to be primarily implemented by the Internet Service Provider (ISP) since a big advantage would lie on their side. Engines providing cache services could be strategically placed in their network. This would translate to a lowered demand for bandwidth, especially on the ISP’s backbone. To prevent requests on the web from being accessed from servers on the web that is overrun from a long distance, cache engines could be strategically placed on the WAN. These would serve requests on the web locally from a disk. Dramatic usage of bandwidth reductions, especially in networks for enterprises that owe their reduction to web caching, leads to a WAN link with low bandwidth serving the same base of the user. Thus this leaves the organization with a choice of adding more services to use the now free bandwidth existing on the same link of the WAN. The second importance of the application of caching in networking is a productivity increase in the end-users. This is from the fact that caching enables up to 3 times increase in time for downloading. This improvement is still on the same WAN link. This dramatic improvement of the average time of responding is visible to the end-users.
Introduction The terms euthanasia, mercy killing, and physician-assisted suicide are used interchangeably. They refer to a way of “painlessly terminating one’s life with the “humane” motive of ending his/her suffering” (Augestad et al. 707). The debate on euthanasia touches on morality and the essence of being human. The issue of euthanasia is widely renowned such that even individuals with limited knowledge in the field of bioethics understand it. According to Augestad et al., euthanasia has been in existence since ancient Rome and Greece (709). The introduction of the Hippocratic School led to the abolishment of the practice. Most Christians argue that the practice is against Bible teachings. Today, numerous philosophical foundations help to understand the concept of euthanasia. The foundations contribute to the current support and opposition to the practice. Before administering euthanasia, it is imperative to consider factors such as the patient’s wishes and condition, quality of life, and the sick person’s independence and aptitude. Philosophical Concepts Three philosophical foundations form the background of euthanasia debate in modern technology-oriented medicine. They are human rights, deontological, and teleological foundations. The teleological perspective seeks to establish the motive of living. According to the perspective, human endeavors to live a quality life (Augestad et al. 712). The teleological approach considers quality life as one without suffering and characterized by healthy social relations, vigor, and wellbeing. The approach maintains that it is imperative to do all that it takes to ensure that a person has a dignified ending. Cohen et al. posit, “The autonomy in which an individual shapes his/her life and self-determination by which one controls the circumstances are of vital significance” (148). Therefore, euthanasia is justifiable if a person’s life is in jeopardy. The deontological approach aims at identifying people’s responsibilities towards their life as well as that of their colleagues. People must care for life and uphold it. As such, euthanasia and suicide are wrong since they defy the fundamental responsibility of defending life. Euthanasia goes against a person’s value in the name of taking care of his/her welfare. A person cannot validate a moral obligation to take life (Cohen et al. 151). Thus, euthanasia is unjustifiable. People must preserve their life and that of others. Consequently, they should oppose any attempt to terminate life even in times of illness. The human rights approach does not esta
An 18-years-old adolescent boy was diagnosed with Asthma, which in the recent past has been controlled using a rescue inhaler at a local health facility. The medical team decided that before any nursing plan is put in place for the patient, there must be a comprehensive examination of the boy involving the collection of his subjective and objective data (Kamangar, 2021). To determine the interrelationships of subjective data and objective data, synthesize the data, and identify health priorities for the patient. Health History The patient is a Hispanic adolescent boy aged 18 years, weighing 70 kg, 1.76 meters tall, and is a strong member of Jehovah’s witness church. The boy was brought to the hospital because he is asthmatic and the disease keeps on recurring. The patient was looking tired, restless and he was aggravated. The airways were swollen, with contracting muscles. Both the boy and father looked worried about his situation and they seemed to be losing hope in managing the disease. The patients’ father explained that the disease had been controlled in the recent past through the use of an inhaler which has not been effective. The boy and his family suspect that he is suffering frequent asthma attacks due to allergies to cold and dust, however