ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Overview of neo-Kantian and neo-Hobbesian theories Neo-Kantian theories heavily borrow from the philosophy of Immanuel Kant. The theories seem to downplay the influence of intuition in the explanation of philosophical concepts. Neo-Kantian theorists attempt to explain the role of interest in the establishment of moral systems and how self-interest can play out in the development of rational norms. Rational norms are critical to the establishment of moral systems of governance. On the other hand, the neo-Hobbesian theories borrow from the philosophical teachings of Thomas Hobbes. The theories emphasize the role of individuals in embracing rationality. This is critical to the enhancement of morality in society. Neo-Hobbesian theories insist on the role of individuals in embracing humanity. These perspectives are expounded in contemporary global politics (Paul, 2007). The analytical partnership between neo-Kantian and neo-Hobbesian theories Both theories help in expanding on the contemporary developments in the present political environment that has become increasingly dynamic. The neo-Kantian theories seem to present a view that is founded on pessimism in the contemporary world that is marked by the politics of dominance. The neo-Kantians argue that the future global world will be characterized by economic prosperity backed by growth in democratization. On the contrary, the neo-Hobbesian theorists attempt to present a more pessimistic view of the political order in the world (Gaus, 1999). Their argument is based on the increased strain in attaining political order in global politics. The mere fact that these two theories present different pictures of political affairs in the world stage justifies their close relationship (Binnendijk & Kugler, 2006). Justifying the analytical partnership between neo-Kantian and neo-Hobbesian theories The neo-Kantian and neo-Hobbesian theories have a pronounced relationship that can be explained using the prevailing nature of the global political economy and the interplay of states in the global political economy. There are both positive and negative prospects of development. These are denoted by the factors of globalization that indicate the need for the states of the world to work together in promoting a cooperative environment. This environment is needed to attain what is referred to as global development. This is depicted in neo-Kantianism. The current efforts by states to formulate organizations that can foster cooperation and promote peace exemplify the neo-Kantian theories. However, there is the question of interests and dominance in global politics where nations seek to safeguard power and influence over other states (Gaus, 2004). These factors impact negatively on the efforts to promote cooperation in development a
The Western Care model, including American and European care models, reflects the holistic, humanistic image of the man. Such image derives from Christianity, which serves as the basis for defining the specifics of human nature, which unites soul and body. While the mentioned care models pay much attention to the microcosm of a human body, they lack precision in reflecting the specifics of the macrocosm of the environment. Such approach can be considered to lack comprehensiveness, as appropriate caring about the human body is impossible without caring about the external environmental factors. The analysis of the concepts of micro and macro-cosmos in medicine helps to reveal the important components of effective care models for such common diseases as Diabetes. The theory of micro and macro-cosmos originates from ancient Greek philosophical concepts. According to this theory, a man (micro-cosmos) is a representation of a universe (macro-cosmos). Such thought is based on the assumption that many of the characteristics of human body reflect the structure of the universe. Therefore, a human body is a reflection of a harmonious organization of the world. Pythagoras was one of the first scientists and philosophers identifying the continuity between the universe and a human while Plato described the “soul of cosmos in its anthropomorphic representation” in more details (“Microcosm and Macrocosm” par.7). Cosmos has a perfect structure that includes the elements that are related to each other and present a harmonious unity. The human body has the same structure, as all organs and body systems are interrelated with each other and can function properly only as a healthy unity. As a result of accepting the discussed theory, medicine ensures that treatment of health problems is holistic and takes into account the functioning of all body systems. Such concept is reflected in care models that emphasize the importance of taking care of the whole organism while treating a disease of a distinct organ or system. While the described approach to medicine has its clear advantages, it usually lacks the attention paid to the macro-cosmos – the world where we live. However, the environment can be considered one of the main factors impacting the microcosm of the human body. The specifics of the world surrounding us influence the air we breathe, the water we drink, the food we eat, etc. Therefore, the holistic care model should include not only care about all of the body systems but also care about nature systems. One of the most common chronic diseases, Diabetes, is directly related to the impact of environmental factors. The importance of having a healthy diet consisting of organic products to prevent and lessen the manifestations of diabetes reflects the significance of environmental facto
Introduction Cognitive psychotherapy, a therapeutic method that is normally used in conjunction with behavioural approaches, has been proven to be an effective method in the treatment of a variety of psychological conditions. These conditions include panic attacks, schizophrenia, or even a problem like depression. Sometimes the two approaches intrinsic in this kind of treatment are combined to form its name, as in cognitive-behavioural psychotherapy. The basic idea in cognitive therapy is the fact that the cognitive aspect of esteem, the way we perceive problems, the world, and other mundane aspects of life like expectations and beliefs are chief determinants of our success in dealing with problems and working towards the realization of our dreams. Schizophrenia is a psychological problem in which the victim suffers distorted perceptions of self, and the world. This disorder is caused by disordered thinking, which is also a major characteristic of the disorder after it is diagnosed. With this definition of schizophrenia, it is logical that a cognitive approach is employed in the treatment of the problem 3 . This is because medical interventions, which are associated with alleviation of psychotic thought processes, would jeopardize therapy. History of treatment The treatment of schizophrenia has used behavioural approaches for many years. This has, however, been implemented through programs for psychosocial rehabilitation as opposed to an approach biased on individual treatment. The programs for psychosocial rehabilitation were very expensive and thus they were either based in hospitals, funded by the government, or they were funded by NGOs. This led to group behavioural treatment that was offered by providers with mediocre expertise. Although some success in was realized by these programs, the real value that can possibly come with behavioural treatment was hidden by the massive structure of the rehabilitation programs 5 . This is because the programs were, to a large extend, dissimilar, and thus it was hard to evaluate their comparative effectiveness. The cognitive component Among the major symptoms for schizophrenia is the habitual misinterpretation of happenings. The patient may not change after the misinterpretations are explained clearly to him/her 4 . This may occur due to complications in the biological set-up of the client. Cognitive therapy can also work in a case where the psychologist comes up with a tailor-made solution for his/her patient that consists of a way of dealing with life problems in the patient’s state of mind. That is, the doctor will understand the extent of the imperceptions of his/her patient and make the patient use his/her imperceptions in the recovery process 2 . The intention is to make the client to learn from experience, after the therapy, for him/her to make the necessary adjustments. After treatment, a patient is not expected to recover completely, but the manner in which he/she handles issues in life is expected to change for the better. The patient is also expected to have a sense of autonomy, and make good decisions in times of c
France’s role on the eve of World War I The position of France on the eve of World War I can be discussed as rather vulnerable because France was the victim of the exhausting Franco-Prussian War. On the contrary, France’s role to influence the development of the events before World War I was significant because France began to focus on militarisation to gain the necessary revanche (Sondhaus 298). Even though France could not realize any active movements against the European empires independently, France concentrated on supporting relations with Britain and Russia because the combination of efforts was required, and the French resources remained to be the desirable pieces for many European states. Under such conditions, France focused on renewing its military resources and high position in the political arena. Thus, France chose to follow the path of Imperialism about expanding the state’s influence on the African lands. To overcome the negative consequences of the Franco-Prussian War, France needed to focus on new perspectives for the state’s economic and political development, and such an approach could provide the state with the necessary resources to prepare the revanche. There were no chances to win the dominating position in Europe without the support of the allies, but it was possible to concentrate on the further protection of the French lands from the foreign invasions (Price 112). As a result, the concentration of France on military activities before World War I in 1914 meant the state’s readiness to participate in the new war. The reasons of collaboration between Vichy regime and the Nazis during World War II During the Vichy regime of 1940-1944, the Vichy government was headed by Philippe Petain and Pierre Laval. In their activities, Petain and Laval focused significantly on collaboration with the Nazis to exterminate the French Jews and to promote the Nazi principles in France (Haine 161). The fact of the Vichy regime’s collaboration with the Nazis is a controversial issue that is why it is necessary to determine the specific reasons for the Vichy government’s activities. Philippe Petain and Pierre Laval, as well as the other representatives of the Vichy government, were reactionaries according to their political views. As a result, these politicians focused more on the development of the authoritarian regime promoted by the Nazis rather than on the development of the republican state. It is imp
Introduction Civilization is the gradual change of people or a nation in the ways and style of living base on governance, lifestyles, and social interactions. Classical Greece involved much of the cultures of Ancient Rome where most historical, scientific societies, and academic research the current Greek people largely involves up-to-date research on various issues. This period is associated with the happenings of the 4 th , 5 th , and 6 th centuries BCE where politics, wars, and greed for power are very prevalent. Civilization took a long period as people adopted new lifestyles such as the ones after agricultural economies. The adjustment varied from one place to another, for example, from cities to rural areas. In addition, civilization brought about the movement of people from rural areas to cities. Civilization came along with better methods of doing things such as mechanization and iron processing. Comparison between the Classical Greece Civilization and Ancient Rome There is adequate evidence that the Greek civilization formed an important part and basis for the general civilization of the European countries or the subsequent civilizations in the region. Greek and Rome as European countries were two different communities in that the Greek established itself earlier enough and eventually become the first civilized country in Europe, then the Romans utilized this civilization to develop and later an empire evolved in the Roman Kingdom of which the Greeks failed to manage though being strong and more powerful (Streich, 2008). The Greece civilization involved the emergence of dangerous weapons which facilitated the outbreak of wars among their city-states due to their self-interest amongst themselves, so failed to consolidate and stand up as a united kingdom. This led to the death of many young people in the nation which resulted in one of the failures for them to reach the standards of the Romans of establishing an empire. Romans, on the other hand, utilized some of the Greek Civilization Techniques and with the spirit of brotherhood, they united themselves aimed at acquiring an established Roman identity. In this case, the Greeks may be regarded as pioneers of civilization whereas others as followers of the same. Comparison between the Classical Greece Civilization and Mycenaean Civilization Classical Greece preceded the conquest of Greek by King Philip of Macedonian in 338 B.C.E. Unlike some other civilizations in Greek, classical Greek can be distinguished by the confrontation between the Persian Empire and the Greek states as the civilization begun (Duiker
Introduction It is almost impossible to determine or predict future economic turmoil that is likely to affect an organization’s business activities. The whole issue is even becoming more complicated due to current changes in labor relations and working patterns, where workers know their rights, hence are continuously demanding for them. In addition, although human resource department (HRM) can make predictions on future labor demands, sometimes many inconveniences occur, hence disrupting the smooth running of an organization. In this regard, due to these uncertainties, it is important for human resource departments to adopt measures that will ensure organizations have and attract a cohort of employees, with required skills to meet any challenges that may occur. Correct HRM practices not only ensure that organizations maintain their competitiveness, but also they help to ensure an organization has a good employee treatment rapport (Martocchio, 2007, pp. 3-7). Improving the Benefits and Compensation Packages of Organizations For organizations to attract and have the best-qualified employees, it does not mean that they have to offer high salaries during recruitment, but rather it depends on the nature of management practices adopted by such organizations. In addition, it takes more than good salaries for organizations to attract the most competitive and talented workers. This is to say, for an organization to ensure it maintains well-qualified employees; it has to adopt good attracting and retention measures. These measures should not only promote achievement of organizational goals, but also good employee relationships, a prerequisite for organizational success. In addition, It is important for managers to note here that, employees’ rights are not only good working conditions or good treatment of workers, but it also includes a good compensation and benefit package that compliments their work. This is to say, the more duties workers have, the more their compensation package should be and vice versa. In addition, it is important for an organization to give its workers additional benefits (depending on their work output), additional to the normal salary. This is because; researches in labor relations have proved that, this is one of the main attracting and motivating factors to workers, hence likelihoods of increased productivity and attraction of more qualified workers. For example, consider a manufacturing and sales company such as Dell. Owing to the extensive nature of activities its employees are supposed to perform, there is need for its management to adopt good incentive mechanisms. This will not only ensure it maintains its good employees, but also it will give the organization a good external rapport. This good external rapport will not only promote the organizational revenues, but also will help to attract a cohort of more qualified workers. In addition, for it to ensure it maintains such a rapport using adopted benefit schemes; HR managers should formulate strategic plans that will ensure its employees maintain a skill competitive advantage over other comp
Quantitative research significantly depends on the gathering and assessment of numerical data to illustrate, predict, describe, and manage variables and phenomena of interest. One of the fundamental principles of quantitative study is a philosophical perspective that the world is fairly steady and unchanging, such that investigators can evaluate and appreciate it and make conclusions concerning it (Flick, 2017). Scholars believe that from a qualitative belief, assumptions originating from the globe and its phenomena cannot be regarded as meaningful unless they can be supported through direct observations and measurements. Furthermore, qualitative examiners center their research on the view that facts and emotions can be distinguished, and that human existence is based on facts. Sampling is a procedure employed in statistical assessment in which programmed amounts of information are taken from a vast population (Flick, 2017). Therefore, the technique used to sample from a vast population relies on the kind of investigation conducted, which may comprise simple or systematic sampling. This paper focuses on how qualitative research is undertaken and the essential issues research should understand while conducting the study on various health concerns, such as mental illness. Mental illness has presented numerous challenges in the medical industry and the community in general. Over the years, there are
In order to understand the essence of American political identity, one should first refer to its origins, particularly, to the Epoch of Enlightenment, because, the ideas, expressed by Voltaire, Diderot, Rousseau, are reflected in the Constitution and the Declaration of Independence. In fact, many scholars believe, that the United States was the first country, which attempted to implement the major principles of Enlightenment. Probably, it would be better to substantiate this statement with some concrete examples. First, it should be pointed out that many forward-thinkers in eighteenth-century France stressed the importance of religious tolerance and freedom. Partly, this is the reason why Enlightenment was often labeled as an”age of atheism”. Founding Fathers put this principle into practice in the First Amendment to the Constitutions, which proclaims, “Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof” (The United States of America). The major law of the country makes a clear distinction between the state and religion. Additionally, many advocates of democracy in eighteenth-century France, especially, Diderot were subjected to heavy criticism of the belief that power can be descended or that it is a right by birth. The first three articles of the Constitution explicitly state that elections must be held for any position of power. Certainly, at the beginning of the twenty-first century, this statement may seem commonplace to say the least; however, this principle entirely contradicted the tenets of absolute monarchy. Furthermore, we should speak about the mechanisms of checks and balances, which the Constitution provided. Again, it is of crucial importance to trace their origins. Enlightenment opposed absolute or constitutional monarchy, according to them every decision, made by the monarch is virtually unquestionable. In this case, it is necessary to pay extra attention to the establishment of a bicameral congress. Another peculiar feature of the American constitution is a clear separation of legislative, executive, and judicial powers, which was almost unprecedented at that moment. The representatives of Enlightenment raised objections to the Kings complete domination. In their view, the absolute monarchy could lead any country to a deadlock. Tomas Jefferson and other Founding Fathers adopted these ideas, and they became the cornerstone of American political identity. Some people may argue that the main feature of Americans main law is the belief that every citizen of the country must have equal rights. Certainly, this idea was always emphasized by many philosophers of Enlightenment, yet, it seems that Founding Fathers did not follow this principle completely, because some ethnic groups, namely African Americans were deprived of citizenship. The Declaration of American Independence stated “
Background Saudi Arabia is a country with a high level of GDP and business development opportunities. However, its economic system also has several serious drawbacks, including dependence on a single product, oil, as well as legal and organizational restrictions, which impede the rapid growth of entrepreneurial companies. At the same time, the financial capabilities of many residents are conducive to starting a business. For this reason, private investors should be extremely selective by providing financial support to young entrepreneurs, since the risk of losing profits is high, and the choice of investment options is wide. At the same time, entrepreneurs are faced with the problem of lack of financial resources due to high competition, low levels of state, and foreign direct investment. Although the new government programs are aimed at correcting this shortcoming and stimulating the development of small and medium-sized businesses companies, the changes require considerable time to become effective. For example, vision 2030, initiated by the government, makes it clear only by name that it takes another ten years to implement the program, but in practice, these steps may take even more years. In recent years, Saudi Arabian entrepreneurs have received only 2% of the available financing (Al-Akkad 3). Therefore, entrepreneurs should rely only on their financial capabilities and fundraising skills. In addition, the level of foreign direct investment has also remained low in recent years. One of the reasons for this situation is the Kingdom’s complicated legal policy and lack of transparency in the conduct of business. A complex approach to interaction and numerous obstacles often force inverters to choose more open and transparent countries for cooperation. Another more important reason is the assassination of Jamal Khashoggi, a Washington Post journalist and Saudi dissident, in 2018 in which forced investors to reconsider their plans to finance business in Saudi Arabia (Ellyatt). Although the level of foreign investment has gradually grown to $14.4 billion in the ﬁrst half of 2019, the Kingdom needs to make a lot of effort to achieve a record $39 billion in 2008 (Ellyatt; “New Report”). Consequently, entrepreneurs have few opportunities to find financing for their projects, while competition remains high. Therefore, the government of Saudi Arabia has to make efforts to increase both domestic and international investment flows. The most attractive conditions for investors in any state are fresh profitable ideas, as well as understanding by entrepreneurs of the business mechanisms and their vision. A business person who can offer an investor a plan that matches his or her desire, as well as consistently and correctly present a way to implement it, receives financing. The education and training of start-up entrepreneurs is the primary goal of the government, in addition to creating a positive environment, since, in this case, businessmen themselves will