ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Some South East Asians in the colonial era may seem like they propagated the colonial agenda. The few natives, who were in positions of power, seemed to detest and even mistreat their own people. As such, they fueled the colonial machinery and ensured that it maintained a firm grip in these nations. However, one must look beyond the actions of these few native administrators and focus on the reasons behind them. A thorough analysis of books and journals on colonialism in South East Asia reveals that the white man had succeeded in causing the native to hate himself. The latter was now susceptible to exploitation and oppression because he had lost belief in himself. Therefore, indigenous populations were mere instruments for colonial masters; they did not support imperialism. The role of the locals in colonial societies Orwell (1934) talks about the British invasion of Burma only briefly in his book “Burmese Days”. He explains that the British Army was so superior to the Burmese side that it saw no need to engage in a war with them; all it had to do was display its weapons. Even U Po Kyin realized that his country was no match for these giants. Therefore, the natives were helpless against the colonialists and had to accept them reluctantly. British Imperialists needed to colonize and subvert other nations in order to access more resources (Louis, 2004). John Flory notes that he would not have been in Burma if it was not for the capitalist agenda; that is, the exploitation of resources. However, this need for wealth eventually culminated into cultural imperialism. In order to keep the natives suppressed, the white man had to make the colonized feel as though they needed the British. This led to the development of the civilizing agenda; in fact numerous books written during colonial times indicate that many settlers thought that they had a duty to enlighten primitive societies. They claimed that it was only through colonialism that natives could access schools, hospitals and other modern services (Collis, 1953). Locals started to believe in this propaganda as illustrated through Dr. Veraswami’s assertions. He often praised the British for the wonderful things they did for his society. The Doctor even blamed his own people for diseases that the colonizers brought into their land. This character illustrates that the British had effectively caused natives to regard them as superior. Such an attitude would allow the colonists to continue using resources from the South East Asian nations. On the surface, the indigenous person may seem to support colonial societies, but what he really illustrates is a reverence for European culture and a hatred of his own culture. If such a person appears to take part in furthering colonial principles, it is only because he does not know any better. The rituals, policies and rules prevalent in South East Asian nations engrained the
Summary The study concentrated on understanding several aspects of impactors that were typified by round or rectangular nozzles. Specifically, the features of the impactors were determined using the numerical solutions that were based on the platforms of the Navier-Stokes equations. In addition, the equation that was used to solve problems of motion of particles was applied. To evaluate the sensitivity of the solution to the system in the context, the researchers utilized the approach of decreasing the number and sizes between them. The study established that the curves obtained were relatively sharp, implying that finer grids could be attained. The study adopted a calculation strategy that was exemplified by an empirical ultra-Stokesian drag factor. The authors also noted that they used a facility for ensuring high levels of particle interceptions. It was concluded that important revisions were done in relation to the impactor theory, which included ultra-Stokesian equations aimed at producing the best results of dragging particles. In fact, the revisions led to about 5% to 10% shifts in efficiency curves that were associated with inertial impactors. It was also concluded that the tail that was formed as a result of particle interception helped to decipher that it could not be significant enough to account for the variations in the experiment and theory. Finally, the authors concluded that the collection coefficient was shifted to the right by the impact of the ultra-Stokesian drag factor. Although the shift was relatively small, it was typical for impactor systems, but noticeable variations can be observed when higher frequencies are involved in relatively high Reynolds numbers. Critique From the article, it is evident that the authors provided a good background of the aspects they were investigating. In fact, they cited numerous studies that were conducted previously with the view of supporting their scientific suggestions. However, it is notable that they relied too much on theoretical studies rather than experiments, which are believed to yield better findings that can be tested in the laboratory. The researchers did not indicate the number of samples that they handled. The sample size is a critical component in studies since it greatly impacts research findings. In the absence of sample size, it could be difficult for one to agree with the results. In addition, a full description of the methods and procedures adopted in the study was not provided, which leaves readers to assume what was done. That notwithstanding, the findings of the study would have important implications for researchers in aerosol science and technology. Reference Rader, Daniel J., and Virgil A. Marple. “Effect of ultra-Stokesian drag and particle interception on impaction characteristics.” Aerosol Science and Technology 4.2 (1985): 141-156.
The Black Liberation Theology, which originated in black churches of the United States, contexualizes Christianity in such a way that it manages to give religious, political, and economic freedom to people of color. Black people are subjected to multiple injustices as a result of segregation. It interconnects the power of liberation to the essence of the Gospel. Thus, the principles of Christianity overlap with human and civil rights. The idea of equality in the face of God is the major point of connection between the Black Theology and the Black Power Movement. Nothing could be more important for Black Liberation Theology. Thus, I will argue throughout this newsletter, despite the fact that the text of the Holy Scriptures was often misused by advocates of racism and segregation to justify slavery, it was the indubitable power of the Gospel that inspired millions of black slaves to struggle for freedom. This is the ultimate goal of the Black Church. The way it chooses to achieve it is non-violent and is connected only with inspiring people to obtain what they deserve as Christians regardless of their background. The Black Church did not directly initiate the Black Power Movement. Yet, saw the victims of the oppression as catalysts for the change that was inspired by the theological perspective of liberation. According to Warnock, the theological meaning of the Black Power Movement and the Black Theology was integrated gradually, in four steps, into which the history of the Black Church can be subdivided. These are: 1) Christianization – “the formation of a liberationist faith”, which “endeavored to work out an antiracist and holistically salvific appropriation of Christian faith.” 1 2) Institutionalization – “the founding of a liberationist church.” 2 3) Conscientization – a church-led liberationist movement (the civil rights movement). 4) Systematization – the development of “a liberationist theology” or Black Theology addressing the mission of the Black Church. 3 The divided mind and mission of the Black Church is explained not by the attempt to find equality where there is none. Rather, the division is due to the difficulty to hold together the holy and civil sides. The problem is that any struggle for rights has a strong potential to be aggravated to the point of an armed conflict, which is contrary to the ideas of tolerance and peace promoted by the church. There is no ambiguity to be found in the Bible concerning the issue of freedom and equal status of people regardless of their race – it clearly states that “there is neither Jew nor Greek, there is neither slave nor free, there is no male and female, for you are all one in Christ Jesus” (Galatians 3:28). To this point, as Christians, we have a human responsibility to fight for the rights that are granted by God and evidenced in the Holy Scriptures. Therefore, the Holy Scriptures fully reflect the idea of standing behind the Black Church but do not specify its exact mission. There arises a question formulated by Raphael Warnock in his book The Divided Mind of the Black Church: As a c
Identify each of the four stages of team development and explain how the director described each of the staff Dr. Shaheen identified four stages of team development when she was appointed as the head of admissions. She realized that she needed a team that could work as a unit in order to meet the expectations of the stakeholders in this university. The first stage involved determining the current capacity and weaknesses of the group. When she was appointed as the director of this department, Dr. Shaheen took the time to understand the working relationship in this department. She was able to determine the capacity of the employees in this department, and the weaknesses that lowered their productivity. This was the first step towards addressing the issues faced by the firm. The second step involved understanding the team members’ individual needs. Dr. Shaheen organised a face-to face meeting with each of the team members in this department of admission. Through this, she was able to get their concerns about various issues in their workplace. Such private interactive forums with individual employees enabled her understand why employees embraced a given behavioural pattern while at work. It was possible to determine the individual concerns that affected the normal activities at this unit. The third step was to develop a solution based on the local problems. After understanding the issues affecting the team members, Dr. Shaheen developed a solution based on the discussion she had with the individual members of the admissions unit. Finally, the last stage was to involve all parties in the implementation process. After developing a local solution, Dr. Shaheen engaged her team in a discussion and explained to them how each one of them would be involved in achieving the objectives of the team. This case has stressed both team spirit and teamwork. What is the difference? The case has emphasized the relevance of team spirit and teamwork in an effort to achieve success in this department. It is important to understand the difference between team spirit and teamwork as presented in the study. Based on the observation of Dr. Shaheen, team spirit refers to an individual’s desire to work as a unit in addressing common problems within an organization. She observed that most of the employees in this department were thinking in terms of ‘me’ and ‘mine’ while at work. This demonstrated a lack of team spirit. She noted that the employees required a change of perception from ‘me’ to ‘we’, and from ‘mine’ to ‘ours’. It involved developing
Ethical dilemmas in healthcare are inevitable, and it is crucial to use a particular decision-making algorithm to ensure the beneficence of the moral choice. According to Grote & Berens (2020), implementing machine learning algorithms in healthcare contributes to diagnostic accuracy but often lacks normative justification for the medical assessment made. Therefore, the “Four Topics Approach” seems more reliable for ethical decision making. The case analyzed in this paper is about a 60 years old female who was admitted to hospital with stage four of Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD), caused by high blood pressure. The patient was refusing to undergo the recommended hemodialysis treatment due to her needle phobia; however, neglecting her medical condition would be life-threatening. This paper discusses a case from personal nursing experience and applies the “Four Topics Approach” to it. The Principles of Beneficence and Nonmaleficence consider patient’s medical indications. The problem was chronic and irreversible and needed prompt action to avoid kidney failure. If dementia or ischemic heart disease were the case, dialysis would not have been an option. However, they were not and, if the CKD progressed to stage five, the other possible treatment would be kidney transplant, from which the patient had previously refused. Given the patient’s high blood pressure and the fact that her GFR was gradually approaching 15 mL/min, starting a hemodialysis treatment at that point would help her to decrease fluid in her body. Therefore, the goal of treatment was life extension and reducing the chance of complications from kidney failure. As per The Principle of Respect for Autonomy Patient, patient preferences were to be considered. The patient had been informed of benefits and risks but had not given her consent for the treatment. As per the Re C test, she was mentally capable to decide. However, the patient was not acting in her best medical interests and was unwilling to cooperate with treatment. The reason for that was primarily in her fear of needles and general hospital atmosphere. The third Principle of “Four Topics Approach” considers the quality of life. Without treatment, the patient would develop stage five of CKD and depend on dialysis to live, potentially experiencing physical, mental, and social discomfort. Alternatively, a kidney transplant was an option, but the patient had previously expressed her discontent for it. In case of successful treatment, the quality of the patient’s life would improve, as it would most likely prevent rapid complications. At the same time, it would help the patient to avoid surgery, dangerous with complications. However, the ethical issue arose concerning the patient’s denial to u
Introduction The study of marketing systems have had mixed reactions as to its link to macro marketing, even though most scholars agree that they are linked. Several articles have suggested that marketing systems be placed under the discipline of macro marketing, this has not gone well with some scholars who feel it should remain supportive but independent of macro marketing. Some scholars have gone to an extent of reviewing the definition of marketing system so as to relate it closely with macro marketing. This comparative paper will try to review, critique, summarize as well as, make a substantial comparison between two per reviewed articles on marketing systems (Lusch 227-240). Literature Review In order to understand the link between marketing systems and macro marketing, one needs to comprehend the meanings and reviews on both marketing systems and macro marketing, independently. This way, one can critically assess their interrelation and come up with proper views and understanding on their linkage. In the preceding headings, we shall try to go through the literature review of the two concepts. Marketing Systems Businesses aim to sell their goods and services as well as improve on their quality to invite more customers. This cannot be achieved without a proper marketing system. Marketing systems are aimed at increasing the sales, researching for new market regions, and creating new products as well as market ventures, among others. Marketing systems started long ago even before welfare came into play. The most significant marketing characteristic in the past was barter trade. In this respect, macro marketing is quite important as it provides the platform for marketing systems, having considered all the options availed. Marketing systems today are sophisticated and modernized with emerging technologies; this has globalized it, placing it as one of the best marketing tools (Lusch 227-240). Macro marketing Macro marketing is a very important tool in addressing issues relating to marketing and the society. Macro marketing research is usually carried out by stakeholders and marketers on markets and systems that affect marketing. It tries to convey both the shortcomings and opportunities presented by marketing. Its aim is to enhance marketing systems and processes so that more productivity would be realized. To achieve this objective, extensive research is usually carried out on the various segments of the market and systems. Macro marketing is believed to be as old as the society itself, given that these practices started during the barter trade era and specialization (Layton 240-245). Welfares were created and these formed societies whose main responsibilities were to enhance marketing strategies and group development. These systems transformed into a series of marketing institutions that the modern world has embraced and continued to promote as well as support in Macro marketing. The present times have seen macro marketing morph at a higher rate as it draws uncountable number of diverse and new followers. According to editors of
The book ‘Fit and Well’ by Fahey is considered to be one of the most reliable sources in the field of fitness and wellness literature. It covers a lot of topics, such as endurance, flexibility, stress, nutrition and others. I have chosen the topic of nutrition, as it is very important to have right eating habits – no sport activities can substitute a healthy diet, because all the positive effects of sport will be destroyed by wrong kind of nutrition. What you eat not only affects your health greatly, but also your energy level, and, thus, either helps you to achieve your goals in life or prevents you from doing it. This book helped me to learn more about a healthy diet, that enables a person to avoid nutritional deﬁciencies, and reduce a risk of diet-related chronic diseases, and it also provided me with good practical tips for putting together a personal nutrition plan. As Fahey, Insel, and Walton note, ‘choosing a healthy diet is a two-part process. First you have to know which nutrients you need and in what amounts. Second, you have to translate those requirements into a diet consisting of foods you like that are both available and affordable’ (224). As to nutrients, they say, that there are six classes of essential nutrients: proteins, fats, carbohydrates, vitamins, minerals, and water, that ‘provide energy, help build and maintain body tissues, and help regulate body functions’ (224). It is a well-known fact, that proteins are highly important, because they form muscles and bones. But the fact, that there are complete and incomplete proteins was new to me. Incomplete proteins are: nuts and legumes; complete proteins are: meat, fish, poultry, eggs, milk cheese, and soy (Fahey, Insel, and Walton 226). We should also take into account, that low-fat diary products are considered to be better sources of complete proteins, than high-fat ones (“Encyclopedia of Foods: A Guide to Healthy Nutrition” 24). As to calories, Fahey, Insel, and Walton claim, that ‘a person needs about 2000 kilocalories a day to meet his or her energy needs’ (224). Alton L. Thygerson and Steven M. Thygerson amplify this idea, declaring that ‘estimates range from 1600 to 2 400 calories per day for adult women and 2000 to 3000 calories per day for adult men, depending on age and physical activity level’ (180). It is a matter of common knowledge, that many Americans have a diet, that is too high in calories, fats, added sugars, and they consume too little fiber, fruits, and vegetables. An interesting fact, mentioned by Fahey, is that ‘a minimum of 9 servings per day — 4 of fruits and 5 of vegetables — is recommended’ (223). In conclusion I can say, that this book helped me to examine my current health habits and make evaluation of my lifestyle. It made me think about future and get more serious about my health, and it is very important for young people, as they seldom think about future. They suppose, that if they do something wrong, and they d
Introduction: the Phenomenon of war Poetry It may seem that there are no concepts lying further apart from each other than war and poetry. While the latter is traditionally associated with emotions and passion, the former is often a product of cold peculations. While the very idea of war is shot through with cheap propaganda, poetry is supposed to be sincere and packed with emotions. Nevertheless, the phenomenon of war poetry exists and evolves. Thesis statement . Though the concept of war poetry might seem an attempt to marry two entirely alien ideas, war poetry performs very important social, political and aesthetic functions, thus, inspiring people for struggling against the enemy and, therefore, predetermining a victory. A Strong and Emotional Lead Perhaps, one of the features of poetry that speaks in favored using it as a means to boost people’s desire to fight the enemy in the presence of the leading character. Though this character may be concealed, i.e., represented as the narrator, a reader can always relate to the person behind the poem, thus, believing that the ideas conveyed in the latter could also align with their ones. The authors of war poems often tell their story from the first-person perspective, therefore, creating an illusion of reality: “Here still I see your khaki figure pass” (Allen para. 2) A Helping Hand in the Time of Need In addition, it is crucial to bear in mind that war is devastating to people; it drains them physically and emotionally, deprives them of their home, their friends and their relatives, and forces them to fight even if they lack aggression. Consequently, war leaves people emotionally devastated and spiritually empty. Poetry, in its turn, provides people with the spiritual and emotional food for thoughts that they need so much; it comforts people, at the same time giving them hope. Moreover, war poetry may have an upbeat tempo, which charges people with energy and the desire to struggle for their freedom and rights. When Emotions Are Running High Finally, it should be mentioned that poetry can be used to appeal to people’s emotions very successfully. Because of the specifics of the genre, especially, its conciseness, poetry allows for packing a relatively short line with a number of messages and hidden innuendoes. As a result, a poetic call for fighting the enemy in order to protect the state and its residents is likely to sound much more convincing and relatable for most people than a note written in prose and containing the same message. Traditionally, the author uses “the most obvious technique of establishing an antagonistic mode” (Lamberti and Fortunati 42), therefore, making the message as clear as possible. The Ugly Face of War In addition, the very concept of war poetry does not presuppose that war should be glorified; quite on the contrary, in such poems, war is often represented as an ugly and disgusting phenomenon, the nightmare