ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction The best way to understand the various elements of art, particularly when it comes to examining architectural art, is by studying examples of the various styles that have been developed over the centuries. With a clear conception of the ideas and techniques employed in a particular period, it is possible to gain a greater understanding of a particular period. Through this type of study, one can gain an idea not only of the major characteristics of a particular period but also of how ideas were changing during this period leading into the next. Toward this end, three gothic cathedrals – Notre Dame Cathedral in Chartres, France; St. Etienne Cathedral in Bourges, France; and Cologne Cathedral in Cologne, Germany – will be compared and contrasted. The Notre Dame Cathedral The Notre Dame Cathedral in Chartres, France was built from approximately 1145-1220 AD. The floorplan of the church takes on the basic shape of a Latin cross, with a rounded upper end and two short transepts that make up the arms of the cross. The church was one of the first to employ the flying buttress, which was designed to help provide the church with its then record-making height. The entrances to the church became the ‘bible of the people in that they typically included sculptures that illustrated important Bible stories. These stories were supposed to help the illiterate make the connections between the royal lineage of Christ and the royal lines of France, giving the royalty the authority of divine placement. The doors of the Chartres Cathedral reflect the rounded arches at the top of the doors that comprise the vaults. The sculpture was created in a stylized, columnar representation, complete with stone haloes encircling the heads of the figures. The church features elegant stained glass windows throughout which continued to tell the various stories of the Bible while allowing in light to the otherwise darkened interior spaces. St. Etienne Cathedral St. Etienne Cathedral in Bourges, France was built from approximately 1195-1323 AD and was designed to overcome some of the issues that were seen in the earlier cathedrals of its type. It differs from the Notre Dame Chartres in that it has no transepts to create the ‘arms’ of the cross as most other cathedrals had, but it retains the rounded far end as well as the rounded arches. St. Etienne also features ribbed groin vaults that became one of the primary characteristics of Gothic churches. These ribbed vaults allowed the builders of St. Etienne to include more and larger window openings thanks to the additional strength of the walls. This allows for an open and spacious interior that encourages visitors to look up toward the heavens. The towers of St. Etienne, like those of Notre Dame, are decidedly Gothic as they feature high-reaching spires and a high level of decorative style. The Cologne Cathedral The Cologne Cathedral in Germany, on the other hand, is an example of the high gothic, with construction starting in 1248. The builders returned to the classic Latin cross floor plan and the use of flying buttresses to support what remains one of the highest vault ceilings in the world. Like
Introduction This paper critiques the journal article “Risk and risk management in juvenile justice” by looking at its contribution to the topic, how poor professionalism and ethical issues surrounding risk assessment of juveniles may lead to unethical sentencing and punishment of juveniles, the research questions, and the methodologies used among other aspects. Risk assessment involves the identification and evaluation of risk factors as well as protective aspects, which influence how often an individual gets involved in crime (Hanson & Morton-Bourgon, 2009). The factors include age, gender, prior criminal records, family support, and use of psychoactive substances (Mulvey & Iselin, 2008; Slobogin, 2013). Professionalism and ethics in risk assessment and management have a significant influence on how juveniles are unethically sentenced and punished. Article Summary Study Overview The journal article explains the methods used to assess and manage juvenile delinquency-related risks. The risk assessment techniques discussed in the article include actuarial assessment, unstructured clinical assessment, and structured professional judgment. The article makes a precise and individualized prediction concerning the issue of risk assessment and evaluation using risk factors obtained from similar validation samples, more significant variables, and recidivism information about the relevant measurable outcomes. The article also argues that risk assessment instruments in juvenile delinquency are characterized by several normative and constitutional issues due to their reliance on comparatively fixed personal characteristics and demographic variables (Slobogin, 2013). Research Problem The main scope of the study was to find the various types of risk assessment in juvenile justice and their effectiveness. The article outlines the main risk assessment protocols and brings to light their accuracy. Some of the risk assessment criteria outlined in the article are unstructured clinical judgment, structured professional assessment, and actuarial risk evaluation. The article also unveils the best scenarios for each assessment instrument (Slobogin, 2013). Research Methodology The journal article relies on literature review as the main source of data collection. Through the methodology, the article is able to identify the pros and cons of each risk assessment technique. For instance, it is difficult to make predictions with the unstructured clinical assessment technique. In the case of structured clinical judgment, it is difficult to achieve consistency as the influential variables in the assessment may be different for each evaluator. The actuarial risk assessment also has a few drawbacks; for instance, it does not provide a distinct definition of the risk factors being measured. Conclusion Slobogin (2013) concludes that it is difficult to assess and manage the risks of re-offending among juveniles since each risk assessment technique has its shortcomings. For instance, unstructured clinical judg
Literature Review The drivers of consumer behaviors are versatile and multiple. As the major determiners of consumer preferences, these factors have been the focus of scientific and practical interest for a long time now. In terms of the marketing trends, contemporary society is oriented at the customized and personalized goods that are capable of reflecting different individual traits of their owners. In that way, it is possible to notice that the self-concepts and identities of the consumers play a significant role in determining the choices of their preferred goods. This review is focused on the exploration of the theoretical approaches to the degree to which consumer behavior is influenced by the individuals’ identities and the mechanisms of this phenomenon. The Meaning of Identity The contemporary world is characterized by the rapid globalization that leads to closer and more frequent interactions between the representatives of different cultures and communities. As a result, the modern world is a mixture of very inhomogeneous societies fragmented into numerous groups based on versatile features and traits. The characteristics of different individuals compose their identities and serve as the basis for the formation of their identities (Oyserman, 2009). In turn, the identities create the foundation for one’s choices, behavioral patterns, and preferences (Toth, 2014). The role of identities is to direct persons’ reactions and thought processes (Oyserman, 2009). Also, identities are expressed in a variety of ways defining what people choose to do for work, what they wear, eat, with whom they communicate, what they do in their free time, where and how they live. In other words, people’s identities and their expression determine their consumption patterns (Mittal, 2014). In addition, identities have a rather complex nature and involve numerous layers and aspects, some of which are represented by cultural values, tastes, backgrounds, age, gender, and sexual orientation, to name a few (Ruvio & Belk, 2013). In that way, a single individual may incorporate many different identity aspects, each of which will surface in various situations and circumstances depending on which layer of one’s identity is stimulated by an external factor (Ruvio & Belk, 2013). Reed II, Forehand, Puntoni, and Warlop (2012) named three major types of consumer identity – abstract, individual, and group referent. The first type (abstract referent) is comprised on the roles dictated by the community surrounding an individual and the social constructs artificially created by the societies and cultures; the examples of identities dictated in this manner are the gender expectation and familial roles, and also the preferences of pop-culture items such as films and fictional characters (Reed II et al. 2012). The second type (individual referent) is
Article Summary K. Melillo, the author of the article “Geropsychiatric nursing: What’s in your toolkit,” begins by acknowledging that the role of gerontological practice is to offer high-quality care to elderly citizens. Nurses in this specialty should possess adequate competencies and skills to address the health challenges facing this population. As more people age, numerous health problems and mental conditions emerge. A report released by the Institute of Medicine (IOM) revealed that 1 in every five older adults in the United States had at least one substance abuse or mental health condition (Melillo, 2017). This trend has, therefore, become a major concern for the country’s healthcare sector. This challenge explains why the field of nursing should be transformed in order to address this problem. The author goes further to outline various obstacles that make it impossible for many elderly citizens to receive quality mental and health support. To begin with, many nurses who have specialized in gerontology continue to encounter numerous obstacles. They lack adequate educational opportunities, thereby being unable to meet the needs of this population. The U.S. Department of Health and Human Services reported that over 15 percent of the nation’s population was comprised of individuals aged above 55. At the same time, around 7,891 nurses were “certified in generalist gerontological nursing” (Melillo, 2017, p. 4). The article also indicates that a small number of practitioners have been embracing this specialty in the United States. Due to this gap, the researcher explains why nurse educators and curriculum developers should focus on the best ways to enhance the competencies and skills of practitioners in gerontological care (Melillo, 2017). One of the proposals presented in this article is the concept of geropsychiatric nursing practice (GNP). This refers to a specialty whereby practitioners offer evidence-based, high-quality, and holistic care to individuals above the age of 60. The field also focuses on the mental and developmental needs of this population. This means that practitioners should be empowered to identify, diagnose, and deal with most of the mental, physical, and psychological problems faced by every senior citizen. The author encourages stakeholders in nursing to expand the roles and knowledge of pra
People with disabilities, a significant minority group, are often unable to use standard services or products available to nondisabled people. This frequently leads to inequality and inaccessibility in employment, education, and issues in day-to-day life. There are even more segregational due to negative stigma surrounding disability, financial status, cultural and religious perceptions, and lack of federally provided services and welfare resources (Masango, 2018). However, many motions and programs are either implemented, put into practice, or developed to solve issues that affect people with disabilities in their daily lives and on a large scale. Lifestyle issues include access to transportation, special clothing if needed, building entrances, health care, and education or employment. Issues that affect more deeply rooted problems like ignorance, social stigma, and inequality in political, occupational, and cultural rights are being addressed with long-term policies and educational campaigns. Accessibility is an issue that has been very prevalent in most people with disabilities and still requires development. The majority of current technology or publicly available resources are designed in a universal way that usually focuses on nondisabled individuals or groups. To improve accessibility, companies and designers can focus on creating resources that are accessible to any individual, disabled or not, or provide support features that allow disabled people to implement assisting devices. A prominent example is the screen reader, which transforms images and written text into speech or braille to help visually impaired or blind people. Such devices allow people with disabilities the option to intake information, which is an often overlooked necessity. A variety of laws, initiatives, and regulations are currently implemented to ensure simpler and less costly access to informa
Introducing the Volvo Group The Volvo Group is one of the largest manufacturers of trucks and buses in the world. The company operates production facilities in 18 countries and also produces construction equipment and engines for complicated marine and industrial machinery. However, the Group positions itself as something more than a manufacturer: it provides business services and engages in many activities associated in one way or another with transportation. It is the Volvo Group’s vision that the industry it is in is closely connected to other industries that should be addressed, too, if a truck manufacturer wants to succeed. This is why the company contributes to the construction of infrastructure, such as roads and bridges, and to the extraction of raw materials (“This is what we do,” 2017). Also, the Volvo Group recognizes its contribution to urban development: not only urban infrastructure is built with the use of equipment produced by the Volvo Group, but also public transport used in many cities was designed and manufactured by it. Another example is that the Volvo Groups produces generators that ensure the availability of power in facilities in which blackouts are a threat to people’s lives (hospitals). The company acknowledges its responsibility for development in many areas because it is this company that produces instruments to be used for the development. This is why the Volvo Group is keen on innovation and constantly engaged in looking for new business solutions and applying innovative technologies. To ensure the successfulness of its operation, the company develops new service development processes that are flexible and allow constantly monitoring the needs of potential customers (Kindström & Kowalkowski, 2014). Business development is strongly emphasized in the Volvo Group, and it is not only about seeking innovative solutions but also applying them properly to the market according to identified needs. A major trend in innovation addressed by the company has been the creation of safer technologies that allow decreasing the number of deaths and injuries associated with transportation. Scope Statement The proposed safety-related project is designing and introducing a safety seat for Volvo trucks; the seats’ primary innovative function will be to prevent a driver from sleeping. There is a variety of ways in which the problem of falling asleep while driving can be addressed; particularly, many vehicle manufacturers have recently turned to automatic sleep-warning technologies (Chu, 2014). The problem-solving technique for developing such technologies is establishing the reasons for which drivers fall asleep. If pathological conditions, such as narcolepsy, i.e. the tendency to fall asleep suddenly without being able to properly control the process, are disregarded, the fact of falling asleep while driving can be explained by the tiredness of the driver and the monotonousness of the road. How can this problem be addressed as part of a
If you are writing an early childhood education essay, examples can be very useful to aid you in your research. How did this concept develop? What are the current principles of schooling for children? And what is the importance of early childhood education? The essay on this page aims to answer these questions. Early Childhood Education is the field of practice, research and study that deal with children’s experiences during their early stages of life. During Childhood education, young children receive formal education and are under the care a professionals who may not be a family member. Children receive this kind of education outside their homes. The term early childhood is used to refer to children below the age of normal schooling, which according to many nations is five years. However, this is not always true. For instance in the U.S., it includes children below the age of eight years. The educator should be aware of physical, social and cognitive development stages of preschoolers’, toddlers and babies. He/she must also cooperate with their parents in order to bring the child up in a good way (Armstrong, Henson & Savage, 2008). According to Blenkin and Kelly (1996), the study on early childhood is important because it is the time during which the body and brain of a child is undergoing rapid development. During this stage, children develop skills and abilities like motor skills, language and psychosocial cognitive and learning. Exogenous factors like the environment in which children are exposed to right from birth to eight years are said to affect the psychosocial cognitive and learning of the child. Early childhood education builds a strong foundation for academic success in children. Its studies prepare the child for primary school education, which contributes to academic excellence of the child later in life. Studies have shown that readiness that children get from early childhood education has positive social and economic impacts during their adult life. Such children have limited chances of engaging in criminal behaviors; attain good results in schools which secure them good places in employment the result of which is higher earnings. Based on the major role that childhood education plays, the content of this paper will emphasize on the topic. Historical development of Early Childhood Education The Philosophy of early childhood education can be traced from the works of scholars like John Locke, Jean Jacques Rousseau and John Amos Comenius. Sociologists like Jean Peaget, Erick Erikson and Sigmund Freud concentrated much on the developmental stages of children. The scholars approached the discipline in different ways but they all held the belief that early childhood education played a major role in developing interests and abilities of children as they grow up (Blenkin & Kelly, 1996). The first and largest early childhood program was Kindergarten, which was developed in the United States between 1782 and 1852 by Friendrich Froebel. The program was later on adopted in Europe and other countries. The movement was accelerated by industrial revolution and absorption of women in large numbers to work in factories. Betw
It seems that one of the most complicated issues of modern society is the integration of disabled people into the world of the ordinary. Because of the complicacies that the enabled people can face in the unusual and thus hostile environment, the concern for the health of these people is becoming quite understood. However, despite the complicacies that disabled people have to face in the modern world, occupational therapy still can make their life brighter. It is worth mentioning that the environment in which disabled people work plays a great role in their further relationships with the people surrounding them, as well as their further health improvement. It must be admitted that people with disparities often encounter hostile treatment or even oppression from others, which creates quite an obstacle in their relationships with the world around them. Therefore, the problem concerning the oppression of the disabled must be tackled eventually; otherwise, the integration of disabled people into modern society will become practically impossible. What difficulties do the enabled people face in their occupational therapy period? Some of the most evident issues described vividly by Hammel (2003), the social ones are the key priority here; however, Hammel also points out that these are the abovementioned aspects of people’s life intertwined that create the most problems for the disabled people. According to Hammel (2003), these are the “institutional environments” (40) that have the greatest impact on disabled people during the period of their occupational therapy. There is no doubt that occupational therapy has the most positive impact on the enabled people, which finally results in the fact that they feel they belong to society. Therefore, they hope that they will eventually become members of society rises. According to Carlsson (2009) says, “To practice from an occupational justice framework is to enable clients the right to experience occupation as meaningful and enriching” (7). Indeed, such therapy means filling the life of the enabled with the idea that they are wanted in this world. However, there are several problems that the enabled have to face. One of the most widespread ones is finding the points of social contact with the rest of the world. A good example of such difficulties in social adaptation was driven by Hriensdottir et al. (2006): “Anne recalled expressing her despair and frustration by hiding from staff in the grounds of the institution in what she still refers to as ‘my secret place’” (159). In addition, choosing the patients for further occupational therapy, the therapists themselves often display certain discrimination. It must be marked that the decision-making process in such cases is based rather on personal assumptions than on the existing evidence. As Moats (2006) mentioned, in his experiment “blending of client-defined, professionally driven and negotiated styles of decision-making” (110) was a common practice. Thu