ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Syphilis is a sexually transmitted disease (STD) caused by a bacterium known as the spirochetal bacterium. This bacterium initially causes genital ulcers and can be treated using antibiotics. If not treated early it may cause serious infections such as blindness, heart damage, damage to the bones or nerve damage. This paper seeks to find the major causes, the signs and symptoms of syphilis and why it is prevalent among the black people living in America. Causes of syphilis It is mainly caused through sexual transmission although is can be passed on from mother to child. If a pregnant woman is affected with syphilis, the bacterium can affect the child in the uterus. The infections the baby will get depend on the stage of syphilis that the woman is at. Women who have been infected for along period of time are at high risks of giving birth to dead babies or babies who dies after a short time (Bruess & Greenberg, 2008). Signs and symptoms The signs and symptoms of syphilis manifest themselves at different stages of the disease. In most cases majority of the infected do not show any signs or symptoms for many years though they continue being at risk of complications, which may occur latter if not treated. In babies born with the disease, some may show symptoms and others may show no sign but if not treated the baby may develop serious problems. Primary syphilis Primary syphilis is normally gotten through direct sexual contact with an infected person. After 10-90 days (from the day of infection) sores or lesion begin to appear on the skin. This skin lesion is normally painless and causes firm ulcers at that point of initial exposure to the bacterium which can be the penis, vagina, and rectum (Bruess & Greenberg, 2008). After about 4 to 7 weeks, the lesion grows impulsively. Secondary syphilis On an approximate of one to six months after primary infection, the secondary infection appears. Initially symmetrical reddish-pink rashes which are not itchy appear on the trunk and farther points. Such rashes can appear on the palm of hands and soles of feet. It can also appear in places of the body which are moist for example the vulva or scrotum where the rash becomes even, large, whitish, wart-like lesion. In the mouth or the genitals mucous patches may appear (Winter, 2006). A person suffering from secondary syphilis may experience weight loss, fever, sole throat, headache, meningitis, arthritis, among other infections. Secondary syphilis is more contagious than primary syphilis. Latent syphilis This is a condition where by one has the disease but shows no signs or symptoms. In early latent syphilis one can have the disease for less than two years since the day of infection but experiences no signs or symptoms of the disease while as in late latent syphilis one can have the disease for more than two years since the day of infection with no any medical proof of the disease. In ord
Discuss the concept of straying from the diagonal relative to the volume variety continuum and the implication for operations. The diagonal relative operation is customer satisfaction oriented compared to the volume variety continuum, which is profit-oriented. In diagonal relative operations, the product aims at meeting the specified customer needs. The process requires a high level of specialty, professionalism, and inclination to high-quality production. Since products are tailored to suit customer tastes, there is a low level of redundancy, because each unit ordered is unique. On the other hand, the customer may place orders in batches where each batch is unique and highly differentiated. Thus, diagonal; relative operation is primarily based on the customer intent to purchase, rather than the producers push to sell. Conversely, the volume variety continuum is dependent on the producer’s ability to produce in bulk and searching for potential buyers. This method is machine-oriented where production is repetitive. Most producers prefer to produce in bulk to earn economies of scale. Describe how the characteristics of service operations (presence of the customer, simultaneity, perishability, intangibility, heterogeneity) can be related to BMIbaby Budget Airline. Service operations are unique and feature unique qualities compared to goods. BMIbaby Budget Airline is a European airliner that offers competitive flight charges compared to world Boeing and Airbus. For the BMIbaby to record any revenue, the customer must be present, pay, and occupy his seat for the transaction to be complete for the two parties to be satisfied. Since services are unique, the simultaneity of needs is a prerequisite. The customer must be willing to utilize what is offered at the existing price. The other notable feature is perishability. Once a customer is delivered to his /her destination, his/her contract expires. The Airbus waits for other passengers to make another trip. Intangibility is the other element that reveals the inability of the airline to control the consumption trends of their clients. Finally, heterogeneity shows the diverse interests held by each party, the stakeholders, airline operators, and passengers. The elimination of waste is a core philosophy of Just in Time/ Lean technology. What is meant by ‘waste’ in this context? Just in time/ lean technology is an efficient production process that aims at optimizing the available resources. The phrase ‘elimination of waste’ is widely used to describe the persistence of the producer to direct resources on what is necessary. The producer focuses on what matters and avoids less significant activities. Determination of what matters is antonymous to acceptable practices or existing ideas. Instead of employing unproven production concepts, lean technology aspires to test all concepts, pick the valuable ones, and discard the rest. Eventually, the producer is left with a shorter, yet effective production process. Once the producers eliminate wastes, the value pr
The scientific revolution experienced during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries marked a completely new perspective in the approach to several theoretical and methodological approaches. Prior to this scientific revolution, most conventions were based on Aristotelianism, a fact that changed dramatically with the inclusion of scientific experimentation. From that period on, the previously strongly held beliefs concerning nature and mathematics assumed a new direction of which Henninger-Voss refers to by the phrase, “shook up the Aristotelian cosmos” (371). One of the experiments that clearly did injustice to the Aristotelian cosmos was the cannon balls experiment. As this paper will point out, this experiment opened a new focal point in the world of mathematics, physics and natural sciences. The Aristotelian conventions on matter and motion were built on two principles. They believed that the state of nature was dictated by abstract principles. They believed that mathematical descriptions could only be applied on heavenly bodies with aether as their movements were characterized by “perfect regularity” (Henninger-Voss 375). This notwithstanding, the Aristotelians also argued that terrestrial bodies could not be mathematically described because their motions did not contain the perfect regularity characteristic of the heavenly bodies. They believed that the motions of terrestrial bodies were erratic. In their perspective, terrestrial objects had only two options of motion. They either moved naturally in the quest to acquire their destined zones within the great universe or they moved as a result of a force exerted on them. This was the movement of inanimate objects. However, animate objects including animals and plants moved in response to their souls. The two causes of movements in the inanimate objects are therefore natural forces and violent forces. Violent forces are results of deliberate application of force to alter the natural motion of the object by an animate object like a human being. For instance, a cannon ball would fall naturally towards the center of the earth through natural forces of gravity (which had not yet been explained by then). However, the motion of the cannon ball (which is inanimate) would be altered “violently” by man (an animate object) when he shoots it through the cannon. Another generally accepted paradigm in the Aristotelian cosmos was the fact that inanimate objects moved in a rectilinear manner. Here, they believed that the natural and physical composition of an object dictated their direction and nature of motion. Objects that were heavy in nature automatically moved towards the center of the universe. On the other hand, they believed that light objects would rise directly to the sphere of the moon. Given these perceptions, it is true to argue that the weight (heaviness and lightness) of an object greatly determined its characteristics of motion. They had a hypothesis, given their argument, that the heavier the object, the faster it would move towards the center of
Introduction The use Environmental Science has increased in recent years and is associated with the concept of ‘Green Buildings’. The term environmental science in building means that buildings have to conserve energy and utilise energy in a sustainable manner. This paper examines the various issues and opportunities associated with environmental science in building design. Impact of environmental science in the design of a building with respect to human comfort factors The use of environmental science in building design and construction ensures that there is no trade off for human comfort and security. What this means is that by using environmental science, homes would be comfortable or safety would not be a problem. The principles of environmental science would have a positive impact and make use of materials that are less expensive cause lesser loss of energy so that heating or cooling such buildings would consume lesser power. Ventilators and windows are designed in such a manner that they would allow the maximum sunlight inside so that the rooms have sufficient light and that there is lesser loss of internal heat. The UK department of buildings and safety recommends that ceilings should have a R-38 factor while insulated doors can have R-10 and walls R-21. R factor is used to measure the resistance for flow of heat and a higher number means lesser heat flow. Therefore, it can be seen that human comfort and security is not at all compromised when using environmental science and in fact, it is increased (McMullan, 2001). Design Criteria for environmental design Before designing and building a building, certain environmental consideration that are to be taken care of are: availability of a grade so that water draining is natural and not forced, availability of sufficient surface area for solar heating, refurbishing existing buildings so that the impact on the environment is reduced; using materials that have not consumed too many natural resource while being made and that do not cause further pollution. Other criteria are creation of a thermal envelope that is energy efficient and has appropriate insulation for all types of climates such as dry, cold, humid, hot or a combination; using materials for roofs that repeal moisture and prevent water clogging and dry themselves; using
Introduction The budget for the City of Philadelphia was prepared by the Philadelphia city council department managers and other stakeholders. This budget can be used to evaluate performance when the budgeted level of activity is the same as the actual results. This analytical treatise will present a budget line for funding the renovation of the Franklin Delano Roosevelt Park, which is of interest to the local environmental groups and the area residents of the city of Philadelphia. The stakeholders are families around Philadelphia and beyond since the park is one of the most common recreational sites in this region. The findings of the analysis are based on the interview with the Philadelphia City clerk, Mr. John Claude. Expenditure request and funding level The Philadelphia budget council approved a budget of $100,000 to renovate the Franklin Delano Roosevelt Park. The request for the budget allocation was made by the local environmental lobby group called the Philadelphia Green Movement. In the last five years, the funding for renovation of the park has been to the tune of $56, 780 with the highest allocation being in the year 2011 at $32,000. In the year 2013, the annual budgetary allocation for general maintenance of the park was $8,000. The current renovation project is aimed at providing public goods such as better pathways, environmental conservation, and drainage within the Franklin Delano Roosevelt Park. Political interests and intension Being a public institution budget, it is apparent that it has a political language especially in addressing the core social pillars of the City such as environmental conservation, provision of public good (pathways expansion), and macro management of the Franklin Delano Roosevelt Park’s sewage and water systems. Besides, the voters fall in the first pyramid in the hierarchy of command chain. Reflectively, the macro social issues are given the first priority in the allocation of resources and funding. The renovation project at the Franklin Delano Roosevelt Park was championed by the local Philadelphia Green Movement alongside the council representative for the Philadelphia region. The non governmental agency and the council representative office managed to convince the budgeting team through collecting ten thousand signatures from the local residents. Since the Philadelphia region is predominantly associated with conservative society, the support was immense from the older generations. Expenditure benefits The budget message captures the three main elements of a complete budget. As a matter of fact, there are long-term, short-term, and midterm goals that are allocated resources according to their agency and costs of implementation. Besides, the budget statement has a clear policy for reviewing performance and raising revenues to fund its development goals. In addition, the budget factors in the demands of the city in terms of infrastructure and possible means of financing their expansion. The main programs that are prioritized in the budget are completion of the public works relocation facility, completion of the widening project, environmental project co
Introduction Nathaniel Hawthorne greatly contributed to the development of fiction in the period of American Romanticism. He was born in Massachusetts in a Puritan family that’s why he despised the hypocrisy, brutality and sham morality in the world about him. So the Puritan influence was felt in his works. The central idea of Puritanism was God’s supreme authority over human affairs. At that time people believed that the world was created for man, and man was created for God. The Puritans honored hierarchy among men as divine order. The essence of social order layed in the authority of the husband over wife, parents over children and masters over servants. The order also provided a rule that when a woman got married, she gave all her property to her husband and became a feme covert and lost her separate civil identity in his. The story “The Minister’s Black Veil” Hawthorne used the symbolic image of a veil in any of his works. But the most vivid example was the story “The Minister’s Black Veil”. The author began his odd story with an unexplained change in the appearance of the main hero – the town’s pastor. Up until the described Sunday Mr. Hooper was a good-looking man of above thirty, though still a bachelor. On Sunday he appeared with one strange change on his visage – a long, hanging down over his face, black veil. It concealed his features except for the mouth and chin. His sight covered by the veil gave darkened aspect to all living and inanimate things around the person. The “darkened aspect” was very important because it showed the change in the minister’s viewpoint toward life. Though it didn’t give us a clue as to the reason Mr. Hooper put on the veil on that particular Sunday. When the parson read the Scriptures the veil stood like obscurity between him and the holy pages. The author pointed to the fact that the veil hid the minister’s face while reading the Bible and in fact it made the Bible itself seem more obscure. In the story Hawthorne pondered upon the three ways of making God’s word clearer to people. The author himself and his main hero saw the mission of a clergyman in explaining the Bible to the congregation. So the purpose could be achieved by using one of three ways. First, a parson himself explained God’s word to make it clearer for everyone. The second way supposed the personification of God’s word through kindly disposed relations between every individual and clergy. The third way was the most important both for Hawthorne and Parson Hooper. It consisted in God’s word’s exemplification through the minister’s role as a living example of his faith. Conclusion Most people considered that in a good clergyman all those functions
“Recruitment is a process of searching for candidates for employment and stimulating them to apply for jobs in the organization” (Flippo 5). In recruitment there are factors which affect the process. Such factors can be categorized into, the internal factors and external factors. Foot and Hook argue, “Internal factors are those factors that can be controlled by the organization while the external factors are those ones that are beyond the control of the organization” (492). Under internal factors, there is firm size, recruitment cost, planning of human resource and finally growth and expansion. The external factors on the other hand include Supply and demand, Competitors, Image/Goodwill, Labour market, Political-Social-Legal Environment and Unemployment rate Supply and Demand is one of the external factors. It is one of the vital determiners in the recruitment procedure; it includes the availability of labour force both in the organization and outside the organization/firm. If the firm demands for more workers than there are in the job market then they will be forced to seek for manpower internally by providing the current employees with further training and development. Competition is also another external facto. There is also competition among firms which offer the same job opportunities; this competition arises when they have different recruitment policies. Job seekers tend to go for jobs with favorable policies thus for a firm to compete with other it should adjust its policies according to the competitors. Similarly Image/goodwill is also another external factor. Image matters a lot, job seekers are more attracted to positive image of a firm than the negative image. If a firm has a tendency of not retaining employees it might have a problem recruiting as opposed to the one which provides employment and even retain employees. Another factor is labor market. This depends on the location of the firm, if the community where the firm is located has surplus manpower, any attempt for job advertisement will lead to more than required applicants. Political-social-legal environment makes up one of the factors. Government and trade unions regulations also play an important role in the recruitment process. A firm may therefore not have the freedom to employ the employees who it believes are better performer. Ashok (431) adds that unemployment rate growth in the economy also affects the availability of job seekers. Unemployment is mainly visible when a firm does not create more job opportunities; this in turn leaves more qualified people jobless. Size of the firms is another key issue to consider in the recruitment process. Size of firm is among the internal factors (Aswathappa 45). When the firm has a vision of expanding its operation through opening other branches elsewhere; it will seek more employees a
Nowadays it is one of the universal laws that all people are equal and have basic rights and freedoms. However, those who lived in eighteenth and nineteenth centuries had to struggle for this universal law. Thus, American people tried to gain freedom from British crown which deprived the states of many rights. Notably, four major grievances of American people were expressed in their major documents. American people tried to put an end to British unjust rule which was largely revealed in the colonist’s attempts to oppress the colony politically and economically. It is possible to consider four major grievances which are revealed in the Bill of Rights and American Constitution. In the first place, Americans were against British attempts to intervene in internal affairs of the states. In the Declaration of Independence it is stated that the King of Great Britain “forbidden his Governors to pass Laws of immediate and pressing importance” without his consent. However, it is also said, he postponed discussion of any laws. Apart from this British power posed many taxes which were thought to be unlawful. Another grievance of American people was concerned with economical pressure: British were accused of “cutting off” “Trade with all parts of the world” (Declaration of Independence). Finally, Americans were against the ongoing practice to try colonists in Great Britain since only people of the same state could judge people who were accused of some crime. These major grievances were revealed in the most important documents of the new independent state. Therefore, the United States of America has a constitution which secures the basic rights of American people. The first grievance concerning legislature was solved: according to the Constitution of the US the government consists of citizens of the USA (Article I, Section 2 and Section 3). Therefore, people of the state are responsible for their actions and can enact laws which they consider to be necessary. This longing to be free from any external unjust power is expressed in the Preamble of the Constitution it is said that “the People” “to form a more perfect Union… and secure the Blessings of Liberty… establish” the US Constitution. As far as the grievance concerning taxes is concerned it is reveled in Article I (Section 8) of the US Constitution. It is said that Congress (which is constituted by citizens of the state) is responsible for laying and collecting taxes. Therefore, American people decide themselves whether they need this or that tax. As far as “Trade” with other countries is concerned according to the US Constitution (Article I, Section 8) Congress has power t