ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Abstract All the nations of the world fall into economic, social and political strata of some sort. As a result, terms such as developing and industrialised nations have come into existence. Developing nations are often characterised by poor socio-economic and political conditions. As such, the existing international system expects industrialised nations to support the developing nations in their economic development endeavours. Rwanda is one of the poorest countries across the world, but courtesy of foreign aid, it has made spectacular progress in the right direction. This progress is especially noticeable in its health care sector. Introduction The world’s nations are diversely stratified along political, economic, and social lines. This stratification serves as the basis for the classification of countries into developed and developing nations. The latter category is characterised by low national income, excessive poverty levels, poor infrastructure, and low education. Additionally, low life expectancy and poor health care systems are key features of developing countries. Nielsen (2011) notes that most of the world’s countries fall into this category. Nations in this category require official development assistance (ODA) because they cannot raise adequate funds on their own to facilitate their development (Dicks-Mireaux, Mecagni & Schadler, 2000). This assistance comes from industrialised nations and international lending institutions such as the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank. This paper explores the economic, social, and political impact of ODA on Rwanda with special attention to the health care sector. Overview of Rwanda Apparently, developing countries exist all over the world. Nonetheless, of particular interest to this discourse is the Republic of Rwanda. It is a small country located in the Great Lakes region of central Africa ( Assessment of Development Results, n.d.). What makes it a subject of interest in this paper is its widely touted spectacular economic growth in the last two decades. After its devastating genocide of 1994, the international community decided to support Rwanda to expedite its recovery. Ezemenar, Kebede & Lahiri (2008) assert that for several years, Rwanda received close to US$1 billion constituting over 50 percent of its budget. Social, Economic, and Political Impact of ODA on Rwanda According to Ezemenari, Kebede and Lahiri (2008), ODA plays an instrumental role in the Rwandan economy. It serves as the major source of capital inflows and funds for the budget. Since foreign direct investment is scarce, the country also uses ODA to establish macroeconomic stability. In this respect, the aid arguably serves a meaningful economic purpose. On the flip side, the foreign aid influx instigated the increase of inflation as well as other significant changes in GDP. The effects of these changes include devaluation of the Rwandan currency by up to 45 per cent and higher domestic borrowing. In t
Introduction This paper seeks to analyze a multi-day festival to measure the effectiveness of such a festival in achieving its goals. The Multi-day festival selected for this purpose is the Edinburgh’s Festival in Scotland in which schedules of events are set on August 7-27, 2009. The multi-day festival includes the following activities that shall run throughout the period: “Mensch Bluetooth-delivered stories” by Juan Cruz, “Edinburgh Drawing: Chatter Shapes by Greg Creek’s,” “Dread” by Joshua Mosley, and “Elevation” by Lee Mingwei. It must be noted that in each event launched, event organisers aim at creating unique experiences. These unique experiences are in synergy with the idea that different people gain different experiences, determined by their role and form of participation in such events. Experience of an event is gained in anticipation of it as well as during a person’s participation in such event and after attending it (Getz, 1997). It may be inferred that the goals in engaging audiences in an event includes the behavioural, cognitive, and affective aspects. Influencing audience’s behaviour through the behavioural experience gained from the event is not enough. Rather, the cognitive and affective aspects must also be included. Hence, event planners and organisers must highly consider what people think about the event, which includes awareness, perception, and understanding of such event. It is necessary that the event engages the audiences on these dimensions. Moreover, what people feel must also be taken into account, such as the emotions and values ensnared in the event (Getz, 1997). All of these are important considerations embodied in event planning, which the Edinburgh Festival also contains. The Edinburgh Festival and Its Objectives The Edinburgh Festival follows a mission of being the most exciting, innovative, and accessible festival in the world in the realm of the performing arts, promoting the cultural, educational, and economic well-being of the people of Edinburgh and Scotland (EIF, 2008). This mission is achieved by presenting arts of the highest possible international standard as well as reflecting international culture to the people of the United Kingdom and the world. The mission and objective is also carried out through an international showcase of Scottish culture and events that involve innovative programming and commitment to new work. The festiva
Topic What are the challenges USA faces when developing a coherent US National Security Policy inside the four-year presidential cycle and the failing role of ‘think-tanks’ in National Security Policies affect national policy-making? Hypothesis/Thesis The working thesis statement for this research is that, numerous challenges have been witnessed when developing National Security Policies and the challenges are more complex in the four-year presidential cycle. This situation or scenario is likely to affect the National Security Policy-making process and in the end, developed security policy may not be effective. The situation is made more difficulty by presence of many think-tanks or group-tanks who for a long time tend to fail in their policy-making security strategies, a situation that later affect the entire national policy-making process. The four-year presidential cycle is largely limited in terms of time to enable the development of a coherent national security policy. Given the nature of USA security needs and priorities that have persisted for many decades, the process of security policy-making requires enough time. For example, it is impossible and always difficulty to capture the multiple elements of security priorities in the four-year presidential cycle. Security priorities for the USA are dynamic, fluid and changing everyday and this situation makes the process of making coherent national security policy a flexible one. Moreover, the role of think-tanks and group-think tanks for a long time has been presented to be neutral. But in nature, think-tanks tend to have political leaning in their process of policy advice, a situation likely to make the entire process more difficult and challenging. Therefore, it can be hypothesized that,  1. Since the national security policy-making process is likely to take place in a four-year presidential period, numerous challenges are likely to emerge which will affect the functionability of the national security policy.  2. Think-tanks and Group think-tanks have for a long time been involved in national security policy-making process and majority tend to take partisan position, a situation that has in the past and in future it is likely to results into failure of natio
Introduction According to Lechner (2011), the Maya group comprises of a diversity of native people with rich religious and cultural backgrounds. These individuals inhabit North Central America and Southern American regions. The predominant term ‘Maya’ is used to define these indigenous communities due to their spiritual and cultural similarities. In addition, it is important to note that the Maya constitute individuals from different ethnic groups and societies. These groups also exhibit differences with regard to some of their traditions and history. Laughton (2012) notes that there were about 7 million natives that inhabited the North Central American and Southern American regions at the beginning of the 21st century. Currently, the communities from Southern Mexico, Guatemala, Yucatan Peninsula, El Salvador, and Western Honduras still practice the ancient religion and rituals. Lechner (2011) reports two unique characteristics that define the Maya people and are similar across the different groups. These include; drawing hieroglyphic and iconography scripts and the development of complex scientific and astronomical structures. The author also notes that the complex astronomical systems enable these people to promote sustainable farming activities (Lechner, 2011). Additionally, Maya practices various religious rituals and ceremonies to promote the success of these agricultural practices. Ballou (2008) indicates that religion was an important component of the life of the ancient Maya communities and continues to be important to date. Specifically, religion is believed to be their ultimate maker and destroyer. The aim of the current research is to assess the religion and spirituality of the Maya people. In respect to cultural pluralism, this research will provide an understanding of the cultural identities of the Maya. Moreover, it will promote the comprehension of the Mayan values and practices, and their acceptance in society. Understanding the Maya people: Ancient and modern In reference to Lechner (2011), the modern-day Maya group constitutes the largest native community in Peru and Mexico. The majority of the individuals residing in Mexico’s Yucatan Peninsula (Yucatec) and the highlands of Chiapas (Tzeltal and Tzotzil). The Yucatec Maya community is more populated than the Tzeltal and Tzotzil. The Chontal and the Chol are also minor Maya groups found in Mexico. Other larger communities constitute the Quiche’ and Cakchiquel who are found in Guatemala. Sharer (2006) indicates that the Maya indigenous populations comprise of 31 distinct communities. These communities speak different incomprehensible languages that are within the larger Maya dialect. Lechner (2011) acknowledges that the native group has been able to preserve its culture despite intermarrying with other immigrants (majorly Spanish immigrants) over the years. This is because the native community has been confined to the same region and culture since ancient times. According to Whit
Introduction During the imperialist era of the 19 th century, there was a common stereotype held in the west that a nation’s might was measured by the extent of its political power over regions out of the main state. This stereotype was largely accepted by the Japanese elites during the Meiji era that lasted between 1868 and 1912 and in which Japan took up modernization operations. Based on its economic, technological, and educational advancements, Japan escaped the colonized lot of Asia and joined the ranks of colonizers. In its desire to spread out into East Asia, Japan encountered resistance and fought wars with China and Russia to gain control of Taiwan and Korea. Japan marched into Taiwan in 1895 and later Korea in 1910 and ruled them until its defeat in World War II of 1945 to China, the USSR, and the United States of America. There are lots of similarities and differences in the Japanese colonial rule of Taiwan and Korea. This paper seeks to address these similarities and differences between the Japanese rule of Taiwan and Korea. Similarities To support production and market development, Japan highly valued infrastructure and achieved this through the development of railway networks and ports in Korea and Taiwan (Lee, 2010). “Japan invested heavily on Industry and infrastructure” (Aviles, 2009), a good infrastructure was necessary for transportation of agricultural produce to Japan and shipment of ammunitions to army posts. There was miniature development in terms of infrastructure in Taiwan at 1900; 20years later, it had a railway stretching for over 600 kilometers and more than 3000 kilometers of road and port services. Japan discouraged the establishment of the local religious beliefs in both colonies and endorsed its faith, Shintoism . In Taiwan, Buddhists and Taoinist religious convictions were downcast and prosecuted for Shinto to be established. The local Taiwan population was encouraged to pay regular visits to the jinja (Japanese shrine) and was expected to worship taima every morning (Duus, Myers, & Peattie, 1996). The Japanese authorities in Korea developed harsh actions against the Christian communities, for example, in 1937, seve
Studying health care systems of other countries could be beneficial for domestic ones in terms of comparison and implementation of certain innovations. Advancement, in most cases, demands to draw experience from the best. Yet, to say which health care system is the most high-performing in many aspects, there arises a necessity for continuous education and comparative studies which ensure the presence of reliable data for further analysis and change policy construction. The analysis of the health care system of another country, as argued by Healy, Tang, Patcharanarumol, and Annear (2018), is a complex matter that cannot fit into a single study. Thus, there is a need for a concentration on a single aspect and produce multiple studies to offer deeper analysis. In any case, there exists a necessity for the immersion of domestic specialists into the health care system of another country as a part of the foreign professional exchange. In such a situation, a professional has an opportunity to gather insights from within the system that makes such a
What was interesting about my experience as a team member was that I came to realize how human diversity helps to create unique perspectives and ideas that can cause both disharmony within a group as well as lead to the creation of a better outcome than would have otherwise been created if all of us shared the same background. For example, while most of us were in roughly the same age range within our group there were individuals that came from ethnic minorities, those who were born rich or experienced significant financial adversity as well as differences in gender. This all lead to a diverse method of analysis when it came to determining how a project should be implemented, what factors should be initially considered and what can be done to resolve the problems indicated within the project scope. To be honest, it was initially a mess due to problems in communication between the members of our group. Our diverse backgrounds and personalities created a considerable level of confusion regarding the project’s initial inception, where it was suppose to go and who was supposed to do what in terms of research, writing and project delivery. However, as we all soon found out, in the interest of cooperation (i.e. wanting to pass and not fail this course) we were able to put aside our differences and communicate in such a way that were able to collaborate on the project. What the team member experience has taught me is that open channels of communication are an important aspect of efficient and effective collaboration, especially among people from diverse backgrounds. If people are not open to communicate or do not have a single all encompassing goal in mind, it is likely that they would fall into bickering due to their diverse backgrounds. Engaging in Community Projects Based on my experience with the community project, I would have to say that I have developed a better sense of why companies implement strategies such as Corporate Social Responsibility into their business operations. From what I saw, it is the support of the community that directly impacts the viability as well as the success of any business venture. Without sufficient community support, it is likely that the business will not succeed at all and may even fall into ruin. I saw that communities often responded positively when it was shown that those implementing a project within their general location was out to ensure that they would be well taken care of. By showing that you actually care for the members of the community they in turn show their support by helping with the project’s completion, being accommodating to the project personnel and even giving advice when necessary in terms of how to properly setup some aspects of the project. Based on an examination of literature on the subject of corporate social responsibility, I have to the conclusion that being ethical in business dealings, showing proper social responsibility and implem
Executive Summary Training is an essential component of the organization’s efficiency. When arranged in a timely and effective manner, it maintains an appropriate level of proficiency, enhances employee satisfaction, and, ultimately, increases competitive advantage of the organization. However, the process is expensive and resource-demanding. Therefore, it is necessary to establish its effectiveness and, if possible determine its benefit to cost ratio. The following report provides evidence of the contribution of the training program at Global Aerospace Logistics, LLC (GAL) on job performance of its technicians, offers recommendations on the benefit to cost ratio of the program, and outlines the bottom line benefits provided by the program for organization’s competitiveness. The data for the research is collected through self-administered surveys and interviews. Both qualitative and quantitative analyses are used to obtain reliable results and gain in-depth understanding of the matter. The findings suggest the overall positive effect of the program, both from the employees’ and managers’ perspective and suggest several approaches to calculating benefit to cost ratio. In addition, several barriers are identified to the effective use of obtained skills as well as the assessment of financial data, with the recommendation regarding their mitigation. Introduction Employee training is a crucial component of a successful organization. Professional knowledge plays an important role in the ability of the staff to perform effectively and according to their workplace responsibilities. At the organizational level, this can be viewed as an important source of competitive advantage in the market. However, despite significant emphasis on obtaining the qualified workforce, maintaining a desired level of proficiency is a challenging task in the highly dynamic organizational environment. The pace of the technological advancements that permeate the modern corporate domain makes the described task a practical impossibility and require the introduction of a mechanism that would allow for timely updates of the state of employee knowledge. Thus, training becomes an absolute necessity for the organizations that aim at retaining their leading positions in the market. Due to the fact that the process of training was determined to have a profound effect on the performance of the organization, it became clear that a certain level of control is necessary to estimate the performance and ensure the consistency of the results. However, upon closer inspection, it became clear that the process of training evaluation requires a specific, well-defined approach in order to produce valid findings. Thus, several methods of training assessment have been put forward by the scholars and adopted by the organizations. Rationale The evaluation of the efficiency of employee training is important for several reasons. First, the process of training requires significant resource and time alloc
“We’ll be listening to you” (Coppola, 1974) – is the final phrase of the movie that turns the life of the major character into hell and makes him considerably change own life and own perception of this world. The story under consideration, created by Francis Ford Coppola in far 1974, touches upon numerous aspects of our current life, the idea of intimacy, not as sexual relations, but as a state of close contact and thorough awareness about each other (Adler & Proctor, 2006), and the necessity to be attentive concerning self-disclosure during the conversations with other people. Harry Caul’s occupation is to bug everyone and follow the rule of non-intimacy: the access to human talks, problems, and fears cannot remain unnoticed, and the more this man gets to know about other people, the worst his own situation and own life becomes. He is aware about the possibility of being bugged at any place and any time, and it is not a surprise that soon, he becomes obsessed with an idea that someone is bugging him. His awareness about people’s conversations should not become an obstacle in his life, however, his duty not to disclose information become an extensive burden to bear. The price, the character Harry Caul has to pay for non-disclosure, remains to be considerable and even dangerous for him: the more he knows, the more troubles he may face; and one day he becomes captured by own bugs and own ideas, unable to find the necessary way out, and removed from his own life. Interpersonal Communication: Intimacy in Relations and Self-Disclosure Understanding of interpersonal relations is crucially important for those, who intend to create good relations and know much about each other. Unfortunately, deep awareness about each other’s good and bad sides, about interests, weaknesses, and desires may lead to unpredictable results, and this information may become harmful for one or both representatives of interpersonal communication. Intimacy has to be present in relations, but it is also necessary to remember to control it and be able to define where personal life has to be ended, and public should be started. Adler and Proctor (2006) underline that it is impossible to establish close relations with everyone and use the concept of intimacy as the central one in the relations. According to their points of view, high level of intimacy does not actually necessary to create really successful relations, but still, relations and intimacy becomes interconnected notions. In case with the character Harry Ca