ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Origins and Development of Graph Theory Graph theory is a branch of mathematics dealing with the study of graphs that are defined as mathematical structures implemented to model pair-wise relations established between various objects belonging to a certain collection. The initial subject of the theory, which appeared as far back as in the 18 th century, was the solution of recreational mathematical problems (Trudeau 7). However, with time, graph theory has developed into an extensive area of research currently applied in several scientific areas including chemistry, social disciplines, and IT. Leonhard Paul Euler (1707-1783) was a Swiss mathematician whose activity marked the beginning of graph theory. He solved one of the toughest problems by creating the first graph to simulate time and place for a real situation and thereby laid the foundation of a new field of mathematics. His paper Seven Bridges of Köningsberg (published in 1736) is the first work on the topic, in which Euler used a formula that was further developed and generalized by Cauchy and L’Huillier and applied by Listing, who initiated a new branch of mathematics called topology (Trudeau 13). The problem introduced in the paper was not a hypothetical one – it originated in the city of Königsberg (currently known as Kaliningrad). The city had seven bridges built to connect two islands with the mainland, and citizens often wondered if it was possible to walk over all of them only once. Having studied the map of the city and the layout of the bridges, Euler simplified and abstracted the problem to get rid of the redundant details; as a result, the city was represented as a picture consisting of connected dots. This made the solution quite easy: the only thing he had to do was to trace the graph with a pencil without lifting it, which proved that it was impossible to cross all the bridges only one time (Deo 32). However, Euler went further than just mere demonstration – he explained why traversing the edge once is impossible and provided characteristics that these graphs should possess to make the problem solvable. He introduced a concept of degree of nodes, which he defined as the number of edges touching a particular node. This helped Euler formulate his theory: traversing a graph exactly once became possible only under the condition that this graph had zero or two nodes having odd degrees. The graph that meets these requirements is now called the Eulerian circuit (path) (Trudeau 27). The theory was further elaborated by Cayley, who took an interest in a particular type of graph – trees. His study of analytical forms a
Introduction The issue of gender and equality has been a subject of discussion for a long time in many parts of the world. Since gender is an outcome of socialization, various factors and agents of socialization contribute greatly to the heated debate of gender identity. Studies of Eschholz & Bufkin (2001) record that media can be described as a site where the battle concerning gender related issues is fought. This is due to the fact that media is not only popular but also but also wide as it includes, print, audio, visual and audio visual. It is not easy to underestimate various roles played by the media. Nonetheless, scholars have raised a major concern concerning representation of gender in the media. Even through all media is affected by the challenge of gender representation, film and movie industries are greatly affected by same. Several studies which have been conducted illustrate that movies and films are characterized by gender stereotype and violence. Before raising an accusing finger at the industry, it is important to note that the main aim of the industry is to make profit which is only achievable by meeting demands of the audience. However, that does not imply that the industry does not have a great role of ensuring that gender representation is done adequately. Nonetheless, with the current challenges that affect gender like people’s perception and lack of fixed gender identity, movies are challenged to represent gender accurately and balance between making profit and pleasing the audience. With that background in mind, this paper shall focus on various challenges experienced media in representing gender and ensuring that their targets are met. Background Information It is important to research on the trend of gender representation in various films to be in a position to understand various challenges that may have contributed to the situation. Various studies have been conducted to research on roles played by female characters in various movies and films. It is true that movies and films contain both female and male characters and they do play different and various roles. According to the studies of Gilpatric (2010), some people have been having a problem by roles played by women characters the action movies. Further studies indicated that in various action movies, it is rare to have female characters playing as hero and in case they appear, it is only in a romantic relationship. Worse still, even in a romantic relationship, there is usually a strong male character in control of everything. Results in a content analysis illustrated that even in films featuring male dominated professionals, women usually take lesser roles and more often that not, they are usually involved with love affairs. Many films illustrate women as more feminine since they are displayed as sensitive, easy to manipulate and romantic. On the other hand, men are more mascu
General machine maintenance When scheduling a production machine for general maintenance, three key factors must be considered for an effective plan. They include machine reliability, availability, and production output. Machine reliability refers to production consistency measured in daily production and the ease of the production process. On the other hand, machine availability refers to the active time a machine is available for the production process. Lastly, machine maintenance should be scheduled so that the production output is not significantly affected. This paper, therefore, explains and suggests the appropriate way of distributing the machine allocated maintenance hours that would enhance machine reliability, availability, and production output. In a production company that operates 24/7 with a maximum of ten hours per week allocated for preventive maintenance, maintenance should be planned in such a way that does not interfere with the production process. As such, only the idle time of the machine should be used for machine inspection. The maintenance department could use this time by spending ten hours a day of the week inspecting machines while correcting the probable weak points that could lead to machine breakdown. However, this plan gives sound production output since maintenance only takes one day making the machines available the rest of the week. On that particular day of maintenance, the company laborers and workers would be idle the whole day. Again, the company could spend the ten hours twice a week, which means that two days even distributed throughout the week must be set. The program increases downtime and lessens the active machine availability as the production process is stopped twice a week for maintenance. On the other hand, the staff and human resources will be more engaged than in the first case, hence moderate production output. Lastly, the company would still opt to spend one hour twenty-six minutes (10/7) each day for machine maintenance. The program would increase machine idle time, which in turn reduces its active hours’ availability. This is due to the disturbance for cleaning, shut down, and startup every time maintenance is done. Compared with
Effects of Natural Environment Human health is substantially affected not only by the natural environment but the socially constructed external atmosphere as well. According to Singer and Baer (2012), corporate globalization has the most negative effect on human health as it influences the creation of global warming and contributes to the spread of severe diseases such as cancer and AIDS. Medical anthropologists discovered that population health is strongly influenced by the conditions of the natural environment, theoretically with assured supplies of fresh water and food, relatively constant climate, and biodiversity. Humanity’s Survival People not just adapt to the conditions of the natural environment but survive in “most habitats on land surfaces around the planet” due to technoeconomic, ideological, attitudinal, and structural components of their culture (Singer & Baer, 2012, p. 208). The energy- consumptive lifestyle of “only one-fifth of the world’s population lived in countries with the highest incomes” caused by the development of technologies resulted in irretrievable and devastating outcomes of climate change (Briggs, 2004, p. 166). According to the World Health Organization, global warming causes 150,000 deaths annually and contributes to the spread of malnutrition, malaria, and diarrhea (Singer & Baer, 2012). Those nations who experience a lack of access to health care, especially in Africa, face prejudice that their skin color is connected with their hygiene (Edwards, 2014). In general, its poor nations who suffer most from the consequences of climate change, however, they are nor responsible for them. Altered Global Ecosystems Through the entire world, multinational and state corporations in capitalist societies have currently created an altered global ecosystem. It resulted in motor vehicle pollution, fossil fuel burning, acid rains, toxic chemical wastes, the depletion of the ozone layer, and the emissions of hazardous gases such as methane and carbon dioxide. These gases prevent sun heat “from escaping from the planet” and cause global warming that provokes the spread of infectious disease in the new areas in return (Singer & Baer, 2012, p. 214). What solutions can you suggest to decelerate the expansion of infections and prevent the origin of new pathogens?
Introduction Feminity and masculinity refers to the identity of an individual’s gender. Both feminity and masculinity derive their source from an individual’s gender as opposed to sex. Gender in this case refers to social while sex is a biological aspect. The society defines the meaning of being a male or a female. Males consider themselves masculine while female are feminine. These definitions are social, creating the possibility of some males to consider themselves feminine and some women masculine. An individual with a masculine identity ought to behave in a way that depicts the masculine identity. On the other hand, an individual with a feminine identity should behave in a way that brings out their feminine nature (Melosh 201). The main aim of writing this paper is to explore the different cultures of feminity and masculinity. The root and development of feminity and masculinity In the West, men are socially labeled as aggressive and competitive while women are articulate, passive and collaborative. Earlier, people believed that these traits are innate and embedded on the genes of an individual. It is now clear that the degree of masculinity and feminity of an individual is not innate but depends on social and cultural environment of an individual. There are three key theories that highlight on the development of feminity and masculinity. These theories are psychoanalytic theory, cognitive-development theory and learning theory. All these theories are similar because they are in two parts. The first part involves a child realizing that he or she is either a male or a female. The second part of all these theories is the child finding out the meaning of female and male with reference to feminity and masculinity. Recent studies have shown that mothers have a crucial role to play in the development of gender identity. Because they are not of the same sex, a mother and her son relate differently, while she bonds naturally with her daughter because they share a sense of continuity and belonging. Feminity, Masculinity and art In Benin, artists focus on the male form more than the female. Artists from this area have a tendency to project on the male form with perfection. This suggests the continuity of the cultural standards in Benin. There is a link between the exclusion of women in the art to convictions of the threats that they symbolize. This notion is not only in Benin, but also in a majority of the countries in Africa. Depiction of the Portuguese visitors to Benin by artist in the 16th century clearly emphasizes on that exclusion of women and the embrace of masculinity. An example is the figure below. The body of the Portuguese in th
This essay will examine such movies as Schindler’s List and Stop-Loss. To a great extent, they can be viewed as war films. It is necessary to compare these works in terms of characterization, plot, sound, camera movement, and lighting. These films throw light on the experiences of people, who are affected by war. Overall, it is possible to say that Schindler’s List creates a more authentic atmosphere of that period with the help of various mise-en-scene elements such as low-key lighting and the use of the hand-held camera. Moreover, the use of implicit characterization enables the viewers to trace the gradual transformation of the protagonist. These are the main aspects that should be considered. At first, it is important to focus on such a criterion as characterization. For example, the authors of Schindler’s List prefer implicit characterization which means that the viewers can discover various qualities of the protagonist by looking at his/her actions, thoughts, or speech. For example, at the beginning of the movie, Oscar Schindler appears to be a ruthless entrepreneur who wants to take advantage of other people’s misfortunes, but later the viewers can see that this person can empathize with the suffering of others and take significant risks to help the victims of injustice. This approach is critical for the success of this movie. The film Stop-Loss is also based on indirect characterization; yet, the viewers can instantly understand that the main character, Brandon King is haunted by the memories of war, especially the unintentional killing Iraqi civilians. This is one of the main points that can be made. It is also important to mention the peculiarities of the plot. One can argue that both these films are based on the linear plot. In other words, the events described by the authors are presented in a strict chronological order. Overall, this approach is typical of many war movies. Moreover, in both cases, the
What wonderful powers lead people to their fame and success? What or who can motivate and stimulate creativity and talent? Many years ago the antique authors found the answer to this question with developing the myth about the Muses who inspired artists and their teacher Apollo. Nevertheless, the secret of the enormous glory of the famous people was not solved because behind each talent is a unique destiny. When today people speak about the most vivid cultural phenomena and extraordinary figures of the 20 th century they always mention the name of Marilyn Monroe. This actress made a real revolution in the public’s minds of the 1950s years and became the forever legend of cinematography in spite of the fact her talents were not appreciated by critics. It is possible to say that her secret was in her extreme charm and magic attraction because this woman always smiled and looked happy. However, her smile was the mask of her great loneliness, trying to avoid which Marilyn Monroe directed all her efforts to her career success. Thus, the loneliness and desire of recognition became Monroe’s main forces toward the fame, became her Muses which followed her since birth to death. Marilyn Monroe not only devoted her short and vivid life to art of cinematography and Apollo’s goddesses but also she herself became the goddess of the whole cultural era. While observing vibrant pictures in many magazines and colorful posters, it is difficult to imagine all that pain, loneliness, and misunderstanding which were common for Monroe’s everyday life since her early years. Norma Jeane Mortenson, later known as Marilyn Monroe, was born on June 1, 1926 in Los Angeles. Norma’s mother, Gladys, was an ordinary woman, and the father was unknown to the girl. The family suffered from poverty, but the real tragedy of little Norma Jeane was the mental illness of her mother. When Gladys was taken to hospital Norma Jeane began to change the orphanages and foster homes where she could not find the necessary love and support (“The Marilyn Monroe Biography”). Her character formed under the influence of difficult life conditions and the enormous feeling of loneliness. Norma Jeane was too young when she understood that she can trust only herself, “I learned also that the best way to keep out of trouble was by never complaining or asking for anything” (Spoto 123). Nevertheless, it seemed that Norma Jeane can get a chance to have a family when her mother’s friend Grace took her from the orphanage, but at the age of sixteen the girl had to look for new ways to cope with her difficult living conditions. Grace decided that the best variant for Norma Jeane could be marrying a good man. Jim Dougherty was considered as the best party for the girl. Norma Jean got everything she wanted because now she had her own home, family, and the social status (Morgan). However, the feeling of loneliness did not disappear. Norma Jeane’s husband spent a lot of time abroad, and the young girl suffered from boredom. In 1944 Norma Jeane worked at factory, and she with other women from the factory was photographed for the promotion of the working woman’s image in the Army (Morgan). The gir
Literature Review Global divorce rates have been on the increase due to several factors affecting the couple. Different motives have been identified to cause divorce (Graaf & Kalmijn, 2006). It has been argued that the motives that were considered serious have recently become less important. Research indicates that divorce affects the financial well-being of families (Forgatch & DeGarmo, 2006). The reason for the economic distress is mostly due to changes in the structure. As people divorce, there is the formation of two different households as opposed to a single household that characterized the married couple. For this reason, the same resources that used to cater to fixed costs such as housing and transportation would now be shared. This means that there would be an enormous financial strain as the resources are used to cover greater fixed costs. In addition to this, the process of divorce might be an expensive venture. Costs may be incurred when paying the attendant to marital disruption. Such fees include legal fees. Significant legal fees are paid by the couple because they have to pay two legal teams. Some couples disagree and fight out of court. This proves to be even more expensive since custody battles over assets and other resources may cost the parties a lot of money. As the individuals relocate after the divorce, there could be substantial relocation fees. Start-up fees may come in the form of down payments or rental fees for apartments. Transportation of items constitutes of moving costs. Costs are also incurred while trying to replace some of the assets that were lost to the other partner during a divorce. All these costs usually drain both parties financially (Vaus, Gray, Qu, & Stanton, 2014). Apart from the cost of divorce, another financial burden comes about when dividing assets. Many states allow courts to determine how assets would be divided between the partners during divorce (Thomas, 2008). For example, the assets acquired during the marriage may be divided equally. However, this might vary in other states. Another financial problem might be encountered during the division of debt. Married couples do not only share assets but also share debts. In the case of divorce, the partners would need to share costs. Depending on their earnings, one party might experience greater financial strain. Sorensen and Hill
Intercollegiate sports have a substantial position in the lives of the students. As on the university level, students have an active social position regarding sports and have a tendency to compete with their opponents intensively. It could be said that participation in intercollegiate sports is stricter, as the students have to be insufficient physical conditions since they represent the university’s varsity team (Swayne and Dodds 56). As for youth sports, the contestants are youngsters who are usually less than 18 years old. It could be said that youth sports have a strong influence on the preparation of the participation in intercollegiate sports, as they have various social aspects, which help partially prepare for the future pressure while having a competition. A primary goal of this essay is to evaluate the impact of social and cultural issues on the ability to handle stress in the future while being a contestant of one of the intercollegiate sports. Particular examples are used to determine the level of influence of youth sports on the ability to handle continuous pressure. In the end, the conclusions are drawn. Firstly, the social concepts are evaluated, as they have a vehement impact on the preparation to the real competition on the university level. Socialization is one of the processes, which is actively emphasized in youth sports (Green 169). This aspect prepares students for future participation in intercollegiate sports, as it is essential to be able to communicate effectively with the coach and other team members. Another social concept is motivation and encouragement of the coach, relatives, and friends to compete and seek improvement continuously (Stuntz and Weiss 255). This principle also encourages a person to work hard and prepare for the pressure in the future while competing on a higher level. Moreover, a student is self-determined and works hard to achieve the desired goal. It is apparent that a student is partially prepared for the possible cultural and social challenges, which might occur since the youth sports do not have as high restrictions, requirements, and expectations as the intercollegiate sports involve. As for the cultural concepts, they vary depending on the background of the individual. However, it was determined in the study Rationale for Developing a Cultural Sports Psychology by Peters and Williams that the culture has a particular influence on the behavior of the sportsmen (Peters and Williams 13). However, despite varying elements in behavior, the level of motivation depends on the support from the coach, family members, and friends. It is apparent that an individual of any culture could perform favorable results if the sufficient motivation technique