ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The title of this article is the U.S. Companies Announce Plans for Gene-Edited Strawberries. The article explains two companies — Plant Sciences Inc. and J.R. Simplot Company — that want to launch gene-edited strawberries for the first time. An organization that produces genetically modified potatoes has agreed to assist companies in growing strawberries. These strawberries will stay fresh for a longer time and have a longer growing season. The author of this article is Keith Ridler; he is from the associated press and mainly covers breaking news and other news about the environment. The article explains that growers in the U.S. will produce more than $2.15 billion in strawberries in 2020. According to Keith, one of the problems that farmers encountered, especially in 2020, is that a large percentage of the strawberries produced got spoiled. Therefore, producing genetically modified strawberries will lower such wastes and make the products available to many consumers throughout the year. Keith further explains that the technology used in the production of potatoes is the same going to be used to produce strawberries. The article records that, currently, there is no proof of whether gene-edited organisms are harmful for human consumption. However, altering the genetic codes of certain foods presents ethical issues. For instance, genetically-modified potatoes have been passed as safe to eat by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and U.S. Food and Drug Administration. For instance, more than 450,000 million kilograms have been sold in 40 states, 4,000 supermarkets; 9,000 restaurants across the country. Keith explains that Cole, the company CEO, has already submitted information to the agricultural department that considers gene modification as a natural process. Hence, there is no need to get regulatory approval before selling products to the market. The author outlines five types of strawberries that have been developed and perform the best in different climates. The genetic system of these strawberries is complex and adds to their long circle of breeding. Therefore, one needs to look at large populations of seedlings annually to progress with the breeding of traditional plants. Through gene editing, these processes will be done faster because the main goal is to increase their lifespan and en
Introduction Professional jurors are individuals who have proficient qualifications in the field of law and who can make legal decisions or findings of fact that can be applied to a case by a judge. The professional juror is charged with the responsibility of making decisions regarding a case. The court can use a professional juror to give his or her trial concerning an issue instead of using the jury panel in the courts. Courts are today adopting the system of hiring professional jurors instead of relying on the jury panel that is composed of several judges. Professional jurors are hired and paid for the cases they give trials. There have been many controversies regarding the use of professional jurors to give trials on different cases. Professional jurors take a shorter time in giving their trials because the juror does not need to make consultations. There are certain types of cases that a professional juror would be more efficient in than the jury panel which includes many judges making a decision. The professional juror’s history should be checked to ensure that a fair and unbiased juror is hired. This is likely to lead to a fair trial in any issue. This paper will seek to analyze the controversies surrounding professional jurors. The neutralityty of Professional Jurors A professional juror is likely to give a more neutral decision than a panel of several jurors (Frost 159). This is basically because he or she has all the facts required to use in making a trial. He or she has to put all his/her interests apart when dealing with cases. For one to qualify as a professional juror, he/she must have proved to be independent of dictates from others, their opinions, and biases. If he/she makes a wrong decision or misleads a court while giving a statement, he/she should be solely blamed and punished for the mistake. This is likely to influence the professional juror to give neutral decisions on any issues. On the other hand, a biased decision is likely to lead to an appeal by the party that feels that a decision has been made in favor of their opponent. If there is enough proof that the professional juror has been biased, then the juror is likely to lose his dignity in the profession. Consequently, to avoid conflicts over trials, a professional juror is likely to be very neutral in all his/her decisions concerning a case. Given the opportunity to give a trial, professional jurors must give neutral decisions in order to be given the same responsibility in the future. These individuals are aware that being biased can risk their careers in the future. Equally, if he or she is neutral to all the parties involved in a case, he or she is likely to give an unbiased judgment in a case. Future hiring by other courts largely depends on his or her neutrality in the current cases (McNichols 7). Many courts are likely to hire a professional juror who is known to be neutral. Contrary, a professio
One of the most important reactions of organic synthesis is the Diels-Alder process, in which an alkadiene with multiple conjugated bonds forms a substituted cyclohexene derivative when interacting with an alkene. This reaction is essential for biochemical studies because the formation of cyclohexenes by the [4+2]-cycloaddition mechanism is not uncommon in the secondary metabolism of the plant and animal organisms. In addition, this process is also essential for fine synthesis because it is a one-step reaction, and the binding of the first and fourth carbons of the cis-diene component to the alkene is highly accurate for obtaining a specific product. In the present experiment, a semi-microscale study of the IR spectra of the recrystallized product and raw materials is carried out to confirm the reaction between anthracene and maleic anhydride. The fundamental hypothesis is the assumption that the reaction, according to the Diels-Alder mechanism, leads to the formation of an entirely new substance that has different properties from the reagents. On the other hand, the unique [4+2]-cycloaddition will result in some of the functional groups within the formed molecule repeating the same elements in the raw material, which means that IR spectrometry should give not wholly different data. It is expected that the spectrogram of the product of the reaction under study will not only have peaks similar to those of the feedstock but also new peaks unique to the interaction of anthracene and maleic anhydride. Equipment  1. 10-mL graduated cylinder  2. 13 x100-mm test tube  3. 2 melting point capillary tubes  4. 2 utility clamps  5. 25-mL round-bottom flask  6. 3-mL product vial  7. hot plate  8. microspatula  9. support stand 10. watch glass 11. 250-mL beaker* 12. boiling chip 13. Büchner funnel, with adapter 14. condenser, with tubing 15. electric flask heater 16. 50-mL Erlenmeyer flask 17. 125-mL filter flask, with vacuum tubing 18. filter paper 19. glass stirring rod Reagents substance                   quantity  molar mass (g/mol)  mp (°C)  bp (° C) anthracene                  0.5 g     178.23              216-218           9,10-dihydroanthracene-               276.29              262-264           9,10-aß-succinic anhydride                                                  maleic anhydride            0.25 g    98.06               54-56    200      potassium bromide           100 mg                                          xylene                      27 mL     106.17                       137-144   Table 1. Reagents used in the experiment, with descriptive characterization. Procedure and Description All steps of the study were performed precisely as suggested by Wade & Whitman (1998) unless otherwise indicated. The general procedure of the entire experiment combined four sequential steps. The first of these involved the interaction between anthracene and maleic anhydride, as shown in Figure 1. It can be seen that anthracene acts as a diene hydrocarbon,
Joseph Alois Schumpeter (1883 –1950) was an Austrian-American economist who became known for his theories of capitalist development and business cycles, and for his views on the importance of entrepreneurs and innovation. He published his first papers in the age of 22. He was one of the youngest doctor laureates in Austria, the youngest private docent, the youngest professor in Austria etc. (Schipper, 2000). He is arguably the founder of evolutionary economics. He taught at Harvard from 1932 to 1950 and was there during the great depression of the 1930s and 1940s. Joseph Schumpeter completed three more books while at Harvard: his didactic Business Cycles (1939), his popular Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy(1942) – in which he famously predicted the downfall of capitalism in the hands of intellectuals – and his encyclopedic, History of Economic Analysis (1954). These three books, and Schumpeter’s “The History of Economic Analysis” , published posthumously in 1954, are regarded as great treasures in the world of economics (Arena & Dangel-Hagnauer, 2002). Schumpeter predicted the sociopolitical disintegration of capitalism, which, he maintained, would be undermined eventually by its own success because it would create a class of intellectuals who would attack it. In addition, government controls would destroy the entrepreneur and innovation and would lead to a form of socialism. When he was a teacher at Czernowitz, now in the Ukraine, he wrote his Theory of Economic Development in 1911, where he first outlined his famous theory of entrepreneurship. According to this theory, growth occurred usually in spurts because competition and declining profit inspired entrepreneurs to innovate. This developed into a theory of the trade cycle also known as the business cycle, and into a notion of dynamic competition characterized by his phrase “creative destruction”. Schumpeter explains a certain “circular flow” which, excluding any innovations and innovative activities, leads to a stationary state. The stationary state is, according to Schumpeter, described by Walrasian equilibrium. The entrepreneur disturbs this equilibrium and is the cause of economic development, which proceeds in cyclic fashion along several time scales. By connecting the factors of innovations, cycles, and development in his theory, Schumpeter supported the ideas of Russian communist Nikolai Kondratiev’s on 50-year cycles, Kondratieff Waves. Schumpeter distinguished three types of business cycles, naming them for earlier pioneers in business cycle theory (Arena & Dangel-Hagnauer, 2002). The length of each depends on the disturbance that causes it. The shortest (Kitchin) cycle derives from inventory changes and usually lasts about 3 years. An intermediate (Juglar) cycle depends on relatively minor innovations, such as radar or electronic calculators, and runs its course in 8 to 11 years. The long (Kondratieff) cycle lasts 40 to 60 years and is caused by sweeping innovations such as
These two scholars thought about international business and gave guidelines to entrepreneurs pursuing such interests. Mark Cason links the theory of MNE with the theory of entrepreneurship and embeds these theories with broader social and political factors necessary for an effective running of the business across international borders. According to Mark the transactional economies and resource-based theories of a firm are irrelevant and therefore he does not pay much focus on them. He looks at the global aspect of international business by carefully analyzing the entrepreneurs’ acumen and the potential capability that defines his/her scope of international operations, how he captures foreign markets, survives global competition and establishes market niches (John, 2007). He argues that with the limited competitive space firms will increasingly need to adopt greater use of communication, especially on the international markets to better position themselves in the market. International markets are dynamic and that customers are case sensitive. In this case, the market will be highly elastic and only those who have established channels of communication can prosper (John, 2007). Mark Cason again stresses the need to be flexible. Flexibility is a prerequisite in doing international business. In our early content, we explored in depth why flexibility can play a vital role in reshaping the firm’s responsiveness both to local and international business. International entrepreneurs must act very fast upon receipt of any important information, decide the same way and take the responsibility for their actions. Mark argues that is the only way of achieving international objectives in the global environment. Finally, he asserts that an international trader should establish a strong social and political network (John, 2007). On the other hand, John Dunning a professor at Rutgers University came up with the Electric theory that incorporates three main theories of direct foreign investment. John argued that foreign direct investment is equal to ownership advantages + Location advantages + internalization Advantages. This theory is narrated below. Ownership advantages, he argues that a firm’s advantages are always intangible and can be passed with international commerce at low costs. These advantages are associated with cost reduction or rise in revenue and will go a long way offsetting the cost of doing an overseas business. john further argues that an international firm may be strategically disadvantaged as a result of the failure of knowledge about a local market, difficulty in understanding the diverse cultural, legal, institutional, and language backgrounds, and finally increased cost of communication across the international borders (John, 2007). Location advantages These advantages will comprise economic, political, social and cultural advantages. The economic factors will entail qualitie
In the early 1980s, specialty coffee was an emerging trend in the U.S. where supermarket brands previously dominated the coffee market. Entrepreneur Howard Schultz believed that specialty coffee market had a growth potential in America, if introduced as a premium product. This needed a proper introduction and development of a specialty coffee culture to the consumers so that they could appreciate it. To do this, the people in the business had to be passionate about coffee. He had a vision of introducing and developing a European-style coffee culture in the American market. In Europe, specialty coffee had a big market. Howard saw this trend possible in America where the idea of specialty coffee was not well developed. At that time, Howard wanted to replicate the European coffee houses in America. A brand built around coffee would easily capture the new market. This brand would grow as the specialty coffee market widens and since most Americans were moving towards specialty foods, the brand would soon become a household name. When Howard Schultz acquired Starbuck, the company spread the gospel of high quality, customized coffee drinks throughout the urban centers in the country. This portrayed Howard belief in the specialty coffee market since it had the greatest potential in urban centers and could be accepted nationally. Howard also had a different view of marketing. He believed that the word of mouth from one customer to the other would spread the company’s name. His view of how a specialty coffee company would succeed was different from what other businesses were doing at the time. His idea was developing a coffee house and not a coffee store. The coffee house would provide a coffee experience to the customers, which would be good enough to win their loyalty. These coffeehouses would also provide a friendly environment in welcoming the customers. In other words, coffeehouses needed to be a place to meet and visit. The baristas would create a friendly environment by communicating extensively with the customers and educating them about coffee. The baristas therefore had to be well versed with coffee and its technology. Having a social conscience was also a factor Howard considered to be instrumental in the specialty coffee market as this would build customer trust and help create a strong brand. Howard’s perspective of how the specialty coffee market should be strengthened was greatly influenced by the European-style coffee culture. The idea of coffeehouses was new to the American market but was already booming in Europe and Howard new that Americans were coffee lovers but lacked a culture that could help increase their coffee consumption. From childhood experience, Howard believed that a good company should have a social conscience and should take care of its people. Having witnessed his father’s loss of a job due to work place injury and experiencing the family’s ensuing struggle to cope with lack of insurance or health compensation, he vowed that if he were to build an organ
Introduction Gender is a term used to refer to the “psychological, social and cultural differences between males and females” (Miller, 1999, p.78). Gender is a socially constructed term whose development begins as early as during childhood. Therefore, the topic of gender inequality has been of global concern in the recent past. This is because the female gender has realized that they can as well perform the duties that are done by their male counterparts. It was due to this that the women organized the 1995 Beijing conference so as to fight gender inequality. This campaign was organized to make it known to the whole world that the female gender needed the same rights and position as the males (Taylor et al, 1999, p.342). Despite their claims, it still remains a fact that women can never equate the male and especially in some fields of duty. The most common, is the law and order arena where women are still the minority. This is therefore an analysis of the gender issues that affect the service providers and especially of the female gender during their duty of service in the law and order arena by critically looking at the circumstances and hindrances they face in their line of duty. A recommendation on possible ways of solving the gender issues in the law and order arena will also be discussed. Gender issues in the law and order arena The law and enforcement arena is considered to have higher incidences of gender inequality issues as compared to other fields of duty. Not very long ago the law enforcement sector had hardly any females in their enforcement teams (Miller, 1999, p.107). However, things have changed since women have joined the law and order arena just like other professions. This is evidenced by research conducted in the United States which indicated that 12.7 percent of the police officers in USA were women as at 2002 from the previous 9 percent in 1990. The growth rate is however very minimal indicating that it will take a few more years before gender equality is attained in the law and order arena. Nevertheless, despite their entry in the ‘male-based’ profession women have continued to face discrimination because of their newness in the job. This discrimination begins with being accorded to low ranks in the sector with low wages to make them feel inferior. The main concern in the law and order arena as mentioned above is that the women who work as law enforcers face so many challenges in their line of duty. Most of these challenges such as male prejudice, sexual harassment, differential treatment, gender discriminations among others pose a difficult time for them. Their male counterparts usually want to make them feel that the family is more important than the career they want to engage in (Taylor et al, 1999, p.581). This therefore makes most of the women to suffer silently without reporting due to the “code of silence in law enforcement agencies” as well as the retaliation they get from the males when they happen to report
Introduction A diabetic diet is a regiment that is an essential part of the treatment of patients that suffer from this condition. The most significant dissimilarity from others is that the overall purpose is different. The primary goal is to have an eating plan that includes only healthy foods to control glucose in the blood. Numerous foods are recommended for those who are affected by this condition. Fruits and vegetables are often preferred because they contain fructose. Also, it is paramount to understand which foods should be avoided. The most important fact that should be taken into account is that products that contain fats or sugar are especially dangerous because an overdose may lead to severe consequences. Medical nutrition is one of the significant cornerstones of successful management of this condition (Marsh, Barclay, Colagiuri, & Brand-Miller, 2011). It is also essential that another primary goal of this diet is to maintain weight at a certain level, where it would not cau
Introduction Indeed, the defeat of the French military in the First Indochina war was as a result of many factors including indecisions, lack of stability, domestic conflict and economic incapability back at home. Besides the self inflictions by France, there were other issues, which will be discussed in this paper that contributed to the defeat. After the first Indochina was in 1946-1954, the second Indochina war emerged. In this case, the USA was the main instigator following the conflict between the American-backed government and the Viet Cong communists, who had control of the army (Morgan 189). This paper seeks to discuss some of the reasons that led to the defeat of French during the First Indochina War. In addition, it will explore the factors that led to the loss of war against the USA-backed South Vietnam in the second Indochina war. Reasons for French Defeat in 1 st Indochina War Domestic Conflict and Indifference One of the most important factors that led to the defeat of the French was found in the domestic ideological conflict between the French populace and the entire political community. Whereas the political arena considered the Indochina war as a critical priority, the citizenry was completely indifferent about the battle. In fact, in a national survey which was conducted in 1948, the citizens placed Indochina as the last of their priorities (Schwenkel 172). Importantly, the populace incurred a high cost of living and many casualties so that the war was no longer important from their point of view. This indifference played a major role in the defeat of the French in the First Indochina War, bearing in mind that mobilized and united support is critically important during the war. Similarly, the political arena also evoked such ideological conflict when it came to the importance of the Indochina war. The legislative body opposed the involvement of France in the war while French right opposed it. This