ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction The history of architecture has several beginnings with that of the Georgian English Baroque architecture having its special place in history. Typically, it was the English Baroque architecture with its unique characteristics defined in the architectural style that was called “Georgian architecture”, which is currently used for the architecture of the 1700s. It was the Georgian architectural style known as the “Georgian architecture” that was developed during the period in history marked by the successive reign of the British monarchs. However, it is crucial to identify the rationale and underlying historical link between architecture and English Baroque to establish a comprehensive understanding of the Georgian English Baroque style (Cropplestone 1963). Body According to Cropplestone (1963), the English Baroque was an English architectural style that was developed and practiced in England. It also refers to buildings created in different parts of the world due to the influence of the English architects or even the United Kingdom at large. Typical examples of the influence of English Baroque architecture could be observed in Italy, France, and many other parts of Europe, where the dominant characteristic styles exemplifying the English Baroque architecture are defined by the perpendicular Gothics, the Queen Anne style, the High Victorian Gothic, and the styles of the middle ages (Cropplestone 1963). While prehistoric architecture provided the basis on which the English Baroque architecture evolved with underlying characteristics defined by megalithic tombs, the cromlech and other forms of the English Baroque architecture were influenced by the 18th-century architecture style, classism, and a radical departure from the Baroque elaboration. Thus, one can conclude that the English Baroque architecture was strongly influenced by the Stuart architecture, which was a combination of other styles developed during the English Renaissance giving rise to the Tudor, a continental form of architecture witnessed in Italy and Rome, and the Vernacular architectural styles. Thus, the classical architectural styles precipitated the English Baroque architecture (Cropplestone 1963). The entire English Baroque architectural style evolved from classical architecture. According to Cropplestone (1963), the term “Baroque” is thought to originate from the Portuguese ‘Barocco’ with an underlying meaning of a deformed pearl or grotesque. The English Baroque architectural style is characterized by several significant features that give it an outstanding uniqueness differing it from other architectural styles of the time. Typical characteristics of the English Baroque architectural style include bold masses with curved shapes which fit into the background as well as each other with a high degree of precision. In addition to that, the baroque consisted of unique architectural designs and buildings based on the Baroque aesthetics of the time. Baroque aesthetics included the revelations that reflected emotional, social, and current tastes and the appreciation of beauty created by its architects. However, aesthetical revelations were not the basis fo
Biotechnology is so far considered the youngest branch of science but one that is expanding at such an exceptional rate that, it is gaining more information per annum than any other scientific field. For this reason, biotechnology has been labeled as a revolutionary science largely because its rapid advance out-spaces people’s ability to match up with its applications in modern society. Biotechnology has also been classified as a high-growth industry and it appears that this kind of growth is overwhelming educators in terms of preparing students with up-to-date knowledge; and skills necessary to work in biotechnology-related careers as well as understand the discipline. Raining in biotechnology is not only being implemented in the workforce education in the U.S., but also in grade schools and universities in Europe, Canada, South America and Asia (Shmaefsky- 1-3) Why one should study biotechnology Among the technologies credited for having a great ability to improve human life, biotechnology is said to be doing so in various ways. Through biotechnology education, research and development, humans aim at finding solutions to certain problems that are characteristic of the modern world such as nutritional enhancement, improved drugs, antibodies or vaccines, and pest control. The application of modern biotechnology has become of special interest to human beings especially in the fields of agriculture and food production. Over the last decade, various government, as well as non-government organizations, have introduced a great number of biotechnological courses particularly at the post-graduate level (Choudhary & Pillai 754). Besides having the ability to improve quality of life and human health; repair environmental damage as well as reduce environmental footprint, biotechnology also has a great potential to improve the general economic well-being. Countries, states, provinces, and cities around the world are involved in the aggressive development of various strategies and initiatives aimed at developing local biotechnology industries to create paying jobs and increase tax, boost exports, as well as encourage combined effort with and spill over into other high-technology areas. But developing and attracting a workforce that can successfully support a local biotechnology industry and maintain such a workforce as well as a great challenge worldwide. While highly industrialized regions have to meet the challenge of training a sufficient workforce to meet labor demands of the local industry, developing regions on the other hand face their challenge through the need to train enough workers to provide support for their hatching industries or provide a good basis for local investment in the field of biotechnology. In every field, biotechnology industries need workers who are well versed with the diverse factors that affect their operations and those who can properly handle the development and growth of such industries (Friedman 1-2). Biotechnological studies in biology or scie
Aggregate Demand and Aggregate Supply Paul Krugman emphasizes that the economic growth of the years 2000 – 2007 was not real. He explains his argument by stating that most economists confuse the concepts of aggregate demand and aggregate supply, while the growth of the economic parameters was stipulated by the proper adjustment of the economic system: experienced and motivated workers, sufficient capital stock, proper technological basis, etc. However, that was impossible to make it last forever, as most production capacities were debt-financed. Since debtors are not able to finance it the way they did, and the capacities can not decrease, hence, anybody else should finance it. Therefore, there is a strong need for the proper regulation of aggregate demand. (Krugman, 2011) The concept of the aggregate demand and aggregate supply, it should be stated that the aggregate demand is generally stipulated by the price level, and supply rates. Since part of the supply (and, as a consequence, part of the demand) is debt-financed, the supply rate increases. This causes the cyclical growth of the production rates and creates the illusion of immense growth. Since growth is real, the rates of this growth are essentially overestimated. Therefore, the aggregate demand is lower than the supply rate. This is featured with greater losses and increased debt-financing as a consequence. Therefore, the debt crisis was inevitable. The concepts and processes explained by Krugman are mainly associated with the requirements of the general demand and supply theory, however, by the basic microeconomic concepts; the explanation lacks potential output analysis. Since the output is known from the historic perspective, Krugman’s analysis lacks proper identification of the supply-demand correlation 2000 – 2007 Consumption Function The consumption function theory is used to explain consumer spending, as well as for the calculation of the total consumption in the economy. The purchase of Skype by Microsoft may be regarded as one of the clearest representations of the consumption function. Since the function is linear, the key derivatives are the consumption rate and income of the consumers. The income level of Microsoft is i
Australia is a multinational state, and the issues related to the national identity are quite disputable here. The nation is seen as quite young as its formation started mainly in the early 19th century (Crotty 2001). White (1981) notes that there are several symbols of Australian identity which have been incorporated into Australian culture. Researchers identify several milestones which affected the development of the Australian nation as well as its symbols. It is necessary to note that wars (especially the First World War) occupy a special place in the process. This paper will dwell upon the reason why the war is incorporated in Australian identity development. What is an identity? In the first place, it is necessary to point out what is understood by national identity. Generally speaking, identity is the way a person sees him/herself. It is also noteworthy that people often try to pertain to certain groups. Thus, it is possible to identify at least two dimensions: individual and national. At the individual level, ethnicity, and social status, as well as other features, can be employed. Thus, a man can see himself as Irish and a middle-class man. A young woman can see herself as English and a feminist. The first two dimensions are quite easy to identify and understand. They are focused on a place an individual occupies in the world or rather thinks he/she occupies. However, the second dimension, national, can be difficult to describe. National identity is the way the entire nation sees itself. This involves symbols and images as well as beliefs and stereotypes incorporated in people’s minds. These symbols and images are aimed at best describing these people usually living in one country. At this point, it is necessary to add that people may live in another country due to different reasons (study, work, temporary visit or even immigration) but they still share the national identity of their homeland. It is also important to differentiate between national identity and stereotypes ascribed to this or that nation by other people. It is important to remember that the way, for instance, the Australians see themselves as a nation is often different from the way they are regarded by the French or any other nation. National identity comprises a variety of legends, images, and values shared by the nation. Australian identity As has been mentioned above, Australian identity is a complex concept that involves several elements. Hage (1998) notes that ethnic identity has been important for Australians throughout their history. Colonialism played a significant role in this process as European settlers who came to the continent were Protestants who believed they could help lo
A video titled “India’s Broken People –The Dahlit” describes the lives of people, and a society which is separated by classes. Structural–Functional, Social Conflict and Symbolic Interaction social theories will be closely examined to determine an alignment with the Indian society and its norms. In the Structural-Functional Theory, “the structures can be compared to organs or parts of a body”. This is especially true when looking at the people of India. Those who are on the “bottom” are forgotten, and their social status does not matter. There is abuse and hard work, just as for human legs that take most pressure and carry the weight of the body. The geographical location or more specifically the physical environment that people live in and work, have a great impact on the financial status and have many influences on the reasons people live in poverty. This can be compared to a place of illness or pathology, as people are unable to get better without the help of the rest of the organism, which is the higher society. “The functions can be compared with the purposes of these structures”. This relates to the different divisions of society where each has a particular and important role. The community affects the needs of the people, and the collective of people determines the relationship towards such community by the near districts. It is evident that businesses and companies that want to develop and prosper will not set up a location in an area that has low standards of living and high crime because of poverty rates. It is aligned with the support system of the social life because in case the society loses its base or “legs” it will not be able to “walk” towards progress and human rights, it becomes unreliable. It is not a small portion of the population but the majority that feels repressed and violated. It is as if the legs have been injured, they must either be fixed or cut off. In this case, the poor have been simply “removed”, which did not resolve anything, on the contrary, worsened already deteriorated conditions. “A social system is composed of many interrelated and interdependent parts or structures”. The society is like a single organism. Indian people are oppressed and this takes the whole system of society down. The “high” society needs people for labour or economy, social support and welfare of the nation. The inability to provide the medical assistance, leads to people being sent away. This shows that there is a significant disorganization with the healthcare system, and the country must change its practices and processes. People are getting ill, and this separates the classes even more. Social Conflict Theory relates to the “exploitation of one class of people by another class”. This is particularly clear from the video because people are born into poverty. They are unable to move further up the ladder, as they are already “marked” by social “rules”. The conflict itself has deep roots within individua
The law of agency is a part of commercial law dealing with contractual, quasi contractual, and contractual (fiduciary). An agent works on behalf of another person or organization. The agency relationship involves agents and principals, agents and third parties, and principals and the third parties. The employment and agency contracts ensure that laws of employment in related organizations are followed to the letter. In relation to agency and employment, laws of agency bind contracts between employee and employer as well as employee agencies and employers. This means that either of the parties has the right to terminate contracts and seek assistance from legal authority, for instance, if an employee is wrongfully terminated, he or she has a right to file complaints with the NLRB. This paper will discuss agency and employment relationship, including its ethical implications on working lives of family and unfair employment practices in the US. The agency relationship commonly exists between employers and employees, although it may also exist between employees and independent contractors. Generally, in employer-employee relationships, all employees who deal with third parties are said to be agents. An example involves salespeople in a supermarket who acts on behalf of the owners of the supermarket such that, any sale of goods by a salesperson is binding on the principal/owner. Employees who deal with third parties are generally deemed to be agents of their employers and as a result, employment laws apply only to the employer-employee relationships. The statutes governing employer-employee contracts include social security, withholding taxes, workers compensation, unemployment compensation, work place safety, and employment discrimination. In an employer-independent contractor agency relationship, an independent contractor is not regarded as an employee by definition since he/she does not have control over details of physical performance; an example of an independent contractor is a plumber who hires him/herself to repair pipes in people’s homes. In this case, either of the parties can terminate this contract. An agency relationship can be created in two ways by agreement or by law (Miller & Jentz, 2010). Agency by agreement is created through contracts, with three important contract principles being requirements for consideration, written consen
Introduction For several decades, employee motivation and satisfaction have been among the most debated issues within governmental and non-governmental organizations with the urge to improve employee job satisfaction being the core motive. Managers have always been under pressure to meet organizational demands and control employees, with the contemporary world awakening to the realities of employment standards. Despite substantial prior literature, extensive empirical evidence and strong theoretical frameworks existing throughout several researches across the world with the principle aim of stressing on the importance of employee motivation, leadership principles, and theories, little seems impressive on the current employment standards. Frederick Herzberg’s motivational theories, viz. theory X and Y, are among renowned theories that have assisted in understanding motivation and leadership. However, workers in several organizations still work under frustrations, are underpaid, or denied their rights. In submission to the leadership and motivation theories, principles, and issues, this research paper introduces Ricardo Semler, CEO of Brazil’s Semco S.A, who is popularly known as part of the highly celebrated pioneers of organizational change. Background of Semco and Selmer S.A Perhaps one of the most outstanding cases relating to corporate leadership, employee motivation, and proper principles and issues concerning management is the transformational case of Ricardo Semler & Semco S.A Company. This case is one of the case studies constantly reviewed by learners and researchers and has long stood as the most substantial case in the history of evaluating principles of management. The case simply entails background, development, and triumph of Semco and Selmer S.A under the stewardship of Ricardo Semler after he took control of the business, which was hitherto being run by his dad. This business operated in Brazil and during this moment, most of the Brazilian companies’ organizational structure, just as numerous historical Latin American enterprises, rested upon the paternalistic and authoritative leadership with majority demonstrating pyramidal hierarchy. During this same moment, the Brazilian economy was undergoing stress with extensive cases of hyperinflation, currency devaluations, unemployment, and virtual cessation eminent in industrial productions. The emergence of Semler & Company Ricardo’s father and “Austrian-born engineer, Antonio Curt Semler relocated to Sao Paulo in 1953, after numerous years of managing a certain plant for DuPont in Argentina” (Killian & Perez, 1998, p.7). Antonio Curt Semler immediately invested in centrifuges manufacturing company, which he named Semler & Company and within one decade, this company became a market leader principally following its ability to acquire worthwhile contracts dealing with providing military with marine pumps. Within a short moment, Antonio Curt Semler started supplying marine pumps to the Brazilian government military
The Pros and Cons of Cost Effectiveness Analysis There is no doubt that the quality of services and their impact on customers is among the key priorities in any field of business. Considering that all businesses are based on the rational use of the existing financial, material, and human resources, the significance of operations’ economic feasibility also cannot be doubted. One analytical tool that allows taking both priorities into account to compare and contrast the expired costs and gained benefits is cost-effectiveness analysis that is used to evaluate various interventions in healthcare. Speaking about the pros of this tool, it is necessary to focus on the availability of different options related to the comparison. For instance, it helps to comparatively analyze interventions and programs that are designed for addressing both the same health problem and dissimilar conditions (World Health Organization, 2019; Bertram et al., 2016). One more advantage of using the tool in healthcare is modern researchers’ ability to make evaluations centered on certain demographic groups, which can be helpful if financial resources are limited (Bertram et al., 2016). As for the disadvantages of cost-effectiveness analysis, it often happens that its results cannot be applied universally due to differences in the costs of services that relate to geographical locations and providers’ priorities (Bertram et al., 2016). For example, some providers regard the survival of a child more important than that of an elderly person, which impacts the outcomes of their analysis. The choice of the most effective metrics for analyzing healthcare services presents an important issue. Nowadays, many health organizations focus on outcome measures and the costs of services, whereas process metrics seem to be underestimated (World Health Organization, 2019). Potentially, the results of cost-effectiveness analysis can become more accurate with the implementation of process metrics such as waiting times, staffing ratios, readmission rates, and even more subjective measures related to patient satisfaction. Changes to Scope-of-Practice Regulations Patient safety and the presence of positive treatment outcomes greatly depend on the professionalism of nurses and other healthcare providers. Numerous legislative initiatives that have been proposed in the United States are aimed at implementing the sets of rules that help define specific tasks that different categories of healthcare workers can perform when caring for their clients (McMichael, Safriet, & Buerhaus, 2018). The laws that introduce restrictions related to healthcare professionals’ scope of practice are specific for different states, and they impact the situation with the staff shortage. Sometimes, such laws fail to be beneficial to patient outcomes, employee satisfaction, and staffing levels. It happens due to a variety of reasons, including physicians’ need to be financially responsible for the performance of their assistants (McMichael et al., 2018). Nowadays, existing scope-of-practice regulations significantly affect the supply o