ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Company Overview: EC Harris International Ltd. EC Harris is an international construction project and built asset consultancy founded in 1911 in the United Kingdom. The founder of the company is Edward Charles Harris. Initially, the main purpose of business was the development of infrastructure and civil engineering, but the functional range expanded by 1990. Since then EC Harries also offered consultancy services in facility management. In 2011, under the guidance of EC Harris’ chief executive, Philipp Youell, the company merged with Arcadis, the international design and engineering enterprise headquartered in Amsterdam (Gardiner par. 2). The integration allowed EC Harris to acquire access to an extensive professional workforce and consolidate its position in the global market. However, EC Harris preserved its independence and remains an autonomously operating company within Arcadis. EC Harris implements internalization policies and has branches in several European countries, Asia, and the Middle East. In the United Arab Emirates (UAE), the organizational offices are represented in Dubai and Abu Dhabi. The most prominent organizational projects include the Kingdom Tower project in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, and the Grand Millennium Al Wahda Hotel in Abu Dhabi. Project Overview: Al Wahda Master Development, Abu Dhabi Time, Costs, Scope The Al Wahda Master Development (AWMD) is a large complex located in Abu Dhabi, the UAE. Its territory comprises the five-star Grand Millennium Al Wahda Hotel, which contains over 800 rooms and private apartments, twelve conference rooms, business meeting rooms, and several finest restaurants (“EC Harris Delivers Abu Dhabi’s Largest Hotel” par. 1). It also includes the biggest Abu Dhabi’s shopping mall with nearly 400 stores; a sports club, and other facilities for leisure and entertainment. The project development and facility construction unfolded between 2005 and 2012, and the total costs were more than £400 million (APM Project Management Awards 1). Team One of the project managers was Jonathan Mullan, who has over 15 years of experience in Project Management Consultancy. Under his close supervision, the international team comprised of diverse people fulfilled its multi-task roles in the project development. The team included Americans, Chinese, Indian, German, Nepalese, Portuguese, South African, and other nationalities (APM Project Management Awards 2). Strategic Tasks EC Harris’s developmental strategies included design elaboration and verification, engineering workshops, and risk management. The execution of formulated goals was fulfilled through the strict categorization of working roles and responsibilities, and by fostering and encouraging communication between the organizational units. It helped to strengthen team cohesion and ensure the dynamic integration of the working process. Risks The main risk on the way to the successful project delivery was the worldwide financial crisis that took place in 2008. It influenced the UAE’s development negatively, provoked the financial stagnation, and slowed down many ambitious construction
Educated for what? The importance of education is viewed from various points of view by various individuals, groups of people, and associations or organizations. Education is viewed as and is a way of empowering people by enabling them to gain the necessary skills for handling various challenges in life. The impacts of leadership without education usually have repercussions which are evident in the wrong leaderships. Some of the multi-national organizations have been active in ensuring that education is available to all people. Education is one of the key aspects of the social, economic, and cultural development of a community as well as for a country as a whole as is evident in some Asian countries. In ensuring that education is rewarding, a proper infrastructure must be put in place. Since the 1960s, there have been positive improvements in education enrolment in most countries. This has been attributed to the multinational organizations’ efforts and has led to the establishment of more educational institutions in different countries. Despite the rapid development in education in the past years, the GDP of various countries has not improved in the same proportion. This has led to the undertaking of numerous researches to find out the relationship between education improvement and GDP improvement. The researches have shown that the improvement of the GDP of a country is dependent on the initial education although for a short time basis. Human capital is not directly related to growth as is evident that the returns to any job offered are mainly determined by the experience. This thus means that there must be good infrastructure and strategies for education to yield improved GDP in a country. Due to the inability of physical and human capital to explain clearly the difference in growth in different countries, some researchers have undertaken researches and come up with models that try to explain the role they play in GDP growth. One of the models used is the Solow model by Mankiw. He illustrated the strong relationship between income and education level specifically secondary education. The model shows that the accumulation of human and physical capital explains the differences in growth which is evident in some Asian countries. On the other hand, some of the arguments raised by the model were found to be invalid. It was found that the development of various countries was different despite them accumulating both education and physical capital. In any investment, the investor usually invests where there is a knowledgeable labor force to easily achieve the set goals. The model uses secondary enrolment as a measure of education accumulation in the growth of a country but when different education levels are used, the results are not consistent. The skilled and unskilled wages are found to be different in different countries with workin
Introduction Atlantic Canada is the heartland of unique legends, mysteries, and folktales. The traditional culture of the land is defined by the beliefs in the supernatural powers that form startling information on the history and culture of the communities. Various scholarly works have been carried to understand the folklore in the region. The following is a summary of two articles that have examined the Atlantic Canadian folklore. Naïve witchcraft beliefs in Acadian, Maritime and Newfoundland Folklore Summary The article explores various studies that have been carried to understand the legends and beliefs among Acadian, Maritime, and Newfoundland people. In the article, Labelle (2008) examines the issue of witchcraft in three different folklores, the Acadian, Newfoundland, and Anglophones. The article also includes views of the Christian groups that interacted with the natives. The belief that is explored in the article is that of witchcraft and sorcery. According to Labelle (2008), there are differences between witchcraft and sorcery. Witchcraft is depicted as being made of innate power that is within the individual’s body while sorcery is based on the ability to manipulate spells and medicines. However, Labelle (2008) pointed out that the magical practices in the Atlantic Canadian make it difficult to differentiate the two. For example, among the Anglophones, witchcraft is associated with the power to cause harm to people and animals. The power they apply is not differentiated whether it is innate or acquired. On the other hand, in the Acadian traditions, various narratives point that the sorcerers obtained power through a transaction with the devil, i.e. selling their soul to the devil to attain the powers to cast spells. The term ‘witch’ was used to refer to both males and females. However, the various narratives about witches show that the females were more numerous than the males. In Newfoundland, which was predominantly Protestants, the biblical reference to witches was used to denote the witch as an evil woman. Among the Acadians who are traditional Catholics, suspicion of witchcraft did not necessarily point to a woman. Acadian legends that refer to people possessed evil powers; the persons sought help from the local priest. However, in the case of native witchcraft, they rarely consulted the priest. In the Acadian society, witches were considered to be outsiders. Male sorcerers in the Acadian community were believed to have come from France or Quebec. In Newfoundland, Mi’kmaq men and women were likely to be considered as witches by the natives. On the other hand, the settlers considered natives as witches and dangerous. The beliefs in witchcraft affected the interaction of the communities. Labelle (2008) noted that distances between the communities were not very close; it is only through acts of kindness that they could be bridged. There were also beliefs of countercharms in both the Newfoundland and the Maritimes such as acts of kindness to the local natives. Discussion Questions  1. The natives believed that witches
Introduction The idea of union in America had been a part of colonial political thought and from the onset of the eighteenth century plans were being made for a union of all the colonies. Following the declaration of Independence in 1776, the American colonies set out to define the terms of their union through a constitution. The Articles of Confederation were the first constitution of the United States and they were ratified in 1981. While this constitution was able to unite the country over the course of the American Revolution, the document proved to be inadequate in the following years necessitating the adoption of a new constitution eight years later. This new constitution was referred to as the Federal Constitution and it has continued to serve Americans for over two centuries. While most of the framers of the Federal Constitution had been the authors of the Articles of Confederations a decade ago, the two documents held significant differences. This paper will highlight the similarities and differences between the Articles of Confederation and the Federal Constitution and proceed to explain why Americans decided to change their form of government in 1787-1788. Similarities in the Constitutions Both documents were committed to the establishment of an independent United States with the freedom of the American people being emphasized on by the two constitutions. The American colonies were to exercise freedom from foreign control and the documents provided the basis for a common defense since each State was bound to come to the aid of the other in case of a war. The Federal Constitution asserted in its preamble that one of the major goals of the Union was to “provide for the common defense” of the States (King, 1871). The Article of Confederation was written for the sole purpose of establishing a mutual defense among the States especially against Great Britain. Article 2 of the Articles of Confederation declares that the states shall “enter into a firm league of friendship with each other, for their common defense and the security of their liberties” (King, 1871, p.456). The Articles of Confederation and the Federal Constitution agreed on the title of “The United States of America” as the official name of the newly united colonies. Even so, the status of each state within the union differed with the Articles of Confederation explicitly stating that “each State retains its sovereignty, freedom, and independence, and every power, jurisdiction, and right” (Swindler, 1981, p.168). The Federal constitution on the other hand emphasized on the supremacy of the union over sovereignty of the states. The preamble of the Federal Constitution begins with the words “we the people of the United States” therefore abandoning the Confederate concept of a loose association of states and in its place establishing a strong United nation (McNeese, 2001). Both documents were based on the idea of a union of the colonies and the notion that the government should be founded upon a representation of the people. The two constitutions agreed that the gove
Customer loyalty is a positive perception of the company and its products. The loyalty ladder is the structural model that implies the different levels of customer engagement in the selling process of a company’s products (Gerami & Vahid Yazdanian, 2018). Usually, the researchers define five levels of customer loyalty: suspects, prospects, customers, clients, and advocates (Gerami & Vahid Yazdanian, 2018). The loyalty ladder is an efficient tool to establish long-term relationships with clients. Different companies apply various marketing strategies to move customers from one level of the ladder to another. A loyal customer predominantly buys goods and services from only one brand, not paying attention to its competitors’ offers. Such a customer is the main driving force of the business, in the long run, helping to build a positive image of the company and advertising it for free in his inner circle. Therefore, creating a loyal customer base and assessing customer loyalty is a top priority for a company that plans to remain in demand on the market for a long time. In today’s e-business, the loyalty ladder is exceptionally vital in attracting customers online. The e-marketing strategies allow more advanced methods to build efficient loyalty programs. For the analysis of the practical appliance of the loyalty ladder, two brands of organic cosmetics were chosen: Pacifica and Annmarie. Both retailers provide online opportunities and loyalty programs for customers. Considering their activities from the perspective of customer loyalty, the brands’ programs aim at different ladder levels. The first online brand, Pacifica, offers a digital gift card ( Digital gift card , n.d.). A gift card of over 50 dollars in total is beneficial for the customers due to the random gift of over 75 dollars ( Digital gift card , n.d.). Thus, the card attracts new customers and benefits the current clients. Moreover, the cards have a thematic design relevant to many celebrations. The marketing strategy used by the brand aims at the recurrent buying of the customers. The program addresses the prospect’s and clients’ levels from the loyalty ladder perspective. However, it fails to establish the advocates’ relationships with the clients. Considering the variability of the brand, which can be found online, the strategy is poor in terms of long-time loyalty. The customer is not directly involved in the brand. Thereby, the chances of choosing other brands are higher. Though considering the mentioned ladder levels, the program is successful. The second example relevant to the analysis is Annmarie cosmetics. The company created the Wild & Beautiful Collective loyalty progr
The Cheyenne people The Cheyenne people refer to the American Indians whose ancestral land lies on the western side of the Mississippi river. Economically they are pastoralists, hunters and gatherers. Socially, they live in villages while the community has clans, which separate the families. Politically, they have tribal councils, which ensure peace within the community. The next discussion summarizes the social, cultural, economic and political structures of the Cheyenne Indians, expounding on the impact of European exploration on their lifestyle. The Cheyenne Indians migrated to new places depending on their needs. For instance, economic affairs like trade and hunting, invasion of their land by the whites, and their nomadic lifestyle also propelled them to change their homesteads frequently (Hoebel 4). According to the anthropological data, the Cheyenne Indians had different identification or names, which depended on the people they encountered. Some of the names used to refer to them include, Chaa, Shahiyena and Shahiela amongst others (Hoebel 2). Depending on the area of settlement, all the names had meanings. Initially, they migrated from their ancestral land for trading purposes. La Salle, a French explorer, was one of the men they relied on to initiate trading activities in their community. However, because of lack of tools used in shaving animal fur, they had to seek assistance from the European manufacturers. In addition to depending on the game meat, they also survived on wild rice from the nearby river, as well as fruits from the nearby forests. They constructed their houses using earth and barks of tree. On the other hand, some external forces like war with other communities or tribes like Ojibwa, Ute, Comanche, Kiowa and Chippewa encouraged them to, not only form military groups, but also acquire horses and guns for defense purposes (Hoebel 8). Luckily, when the United States intervened on the territorial issue, it divided the Cheyenne Indians into two groups the Southern and Northern depending on their location. The Cheyenne Indians had so many cultural ceremonies like the renewal of the arrow, which takes four days to complete. The Cheyenne Indians had medicine men and chief priests who presided over most of the community rituals (Hoebel 20). The renewal of the sacred arrow promoted unity among the people, sanctified them and preached to the people to respect the norms of the community for their prosperity. Furthermore, it was to emphasize the unique powers and the superiority of the chief priests and the prophets in the community. Secondly, the sun dance is a symbol of purity or new world. The ritual takes about eight days. Each day has distinct ritual that people should perform. Some of the hallmarks in the ceremony include the multiplier, the erect horns and the sacred mountain. The third ceremony is the animal dance, which ensures the success of the hunting exercise, as well as victory during
Introduction The establishment of justice worldwide is one of the most complex problems that has been challenging civilizations throughout history. Our society has moved fairly far in enhancing the power of its justice institutions; indeed, within the past several decades, governments have developed a wide scope of effective mechanisms aimed at ensuring justice at both regional and international levels. In this paper, a brief analysis of the general framework of regional and international justice systems will be presented, including a discussion of their strengths and weaknesses. In this context, the analysis will focus on the most salient examples, either of effective justice practices that can be adopted by world governments or ineffective justice practices that feature a critical flaw that needs to be eliminated. Human Rights: Definition, Types, and General Framework Examining justice mechanisms at both regional and international levels is useless unless one has developed a clear understanding of the object of these protective mechanisms. Otherwise stated, it is necessary to first have a complex idea of the essentials of human rights. When people normally think about human rights, they are referring to those activities and freedoms that every person should be able to enjoy. From this perspective, human beings are entitled to a wide range of rights, from civil to cultural. None of these rights can be taken away since they are naturally inherent. As such, the question arises regarding the bodies or institutions that have enough power to guarantee the protection of human rights. It is rational to assume that the primary and, in fact, the only guarantors of human rights are governments. However, it seems that this protective relationship implies a crucial paradox—as long as governments are empowered to protect human rights, they are likewise free to violate them. Therefore, there appears to be a need for another regulatory body that can protect people from their own governments. In fact, this is the point at which international justice is expected to exercise its power. As such, international laws aim to provide a consistent legislative basis for governing the relations between governments and individuals, ensuring that the former does not violate the rights of the latter. These relations are commonly regulated by human rights treaties that the governments themselves ratify. The treaties allow regional and international bodies to monitor the government’s compliance with the established norms and standards. However, the major problem is that the ratification of such treaties is voluntary. Otherwise stated, there is no such body or institution that could enforce a government to protect human rights properly. Consequently, because it can be assumed that the governments that violate human rights are not likely to ratify these treaties in the first place, the internatio
The expected outcome of this interview research profile is to find specified treatment or analysis of the contributing aspects on the subject of the psychological application of an individual’s day-to-day activities. Nonetheless, in distinction from others, this interview profile makes an effort to accomplish or give an account and a representation of the improvement and expansion of psychology as a study of the physical and natural world using theoretical models and data from experiments or observation (Judd, Reis, 2001 p. 247). This is a performed comprehensive and complete general summary of systematic investigation of establishing facts and an interview which I carried out to declare and admit the existence, reality and truth of the detail consideration on the subject of an analysis and consecutively to discover essential features and meaning of the distinct or separate attitudes and personalities. My interviewee was an individual with the possession of a triumphant increase by natural development in the psychological result of perception and learning with reasoning and the ability that has been acquired by training which came about through the condition of sharing in dealings or performance for this particular interview. The main motive of this interview was to gather the best psychological result of perception and learning together with reasoning with reference to detailed interview issues connected to fundamental psychological abstract or general idea inferred or derived from specific instances (Morris & Maisto 2002. P. 418). In addition, coming into the concrete or abstract possession of unique or specific psychological result of perception, learning and reasoning through the quality of being believable or trustworthy, I have a tendency to put up with diverse qualities of being able to perform, complex mental state involving beliefs, feelings, values and dispositions to act in certain ways, also the act of looking in diverse fields of life. (Morris & Maisto 2002. P.418). During the interview, the center of operations of my systematic investigation was conducted in the areas I considered in detail like the cognitive processes whereby past experience is remembered (memory), the cognitive process of acquiring skill or knowledge, the act of subjecting to experimental test in determining how well something works, personality, the ability to comprehend, to understand and profit from experience, the psychological feature that arouses an organism to action toward a desired goal; the reason for the action; that which gives purpose and direction to behavior, and social psychological result of perception and learning and reasoning, which serves as the existing concepts of the essenti