ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Ben & Jerry’s is a leading producer and seller of packed ice cream and dessert products. The company was founded in 1978 in Burlington, Vermont (Ben & Jerry’s). In 2000, Unilever acquired the company and maintained its rapid growth. By 2012, the company’s products were sold in the United States and 34 other countries in various parts of the world (Ben & Jerry’s). Ben & Jerry’s attributes its success to its three part mission statement that focuses on production of high quality products, financial growth, and protection of the environment. This paper will analyze the internal environment of Ben & Jerry’s using the resource based view framework. In this regard, the analysis will highlight the company’s ability to create a sustainable competitive advantage by using its resources to reduce threats and to take advantage of the opportunities in its industry. The Resource-Based View of the Firm (RVB) The RVB states that firms have unique resources that enable them to achieve competitive advantage and long-term superior performance. In this context, a firm can only achieve a sustainable competitive advantage if its resources are rare and valuable. Evaluating a company’s performance using the RVB framework involves analyzing its internal, external, and competitive environment. The External Environment The political environment in the ice cream industry is characterized with high regulation. In the US, Ben & Jerry’s is subject to regulation by the U.S.A Food and Drug Administration (FDA), as well as, the Vermont Department of Agriculture. FDA has imposed stringent product labeling requirements in order to ensure that products meet health and quality standards (Ben & Jerry’s). In Europe and Asia, ice cream companies are required to use only organic ingredients to manufacture their products. These requirements may limit the ability of ice cream companies to produce new products due to the high cost of compliance
History of Civil Rights Civil rights are the rights of citizens of a country that include basic freedoms guaranteed by the state. One of the first attempts to establish civil Rights on a state level can be traced to Rome. There, inequality persisted as the society was divided into free people and slaves, yet both of the groups had established rights. A series of documents in the 17th and 18th century continuously included fundamental rights to freedom of speech, the ban on slavery, voting rights, equal opportunities, and other rights. These documents and amendments to them gradually expand basic freedoms, pursuing the establishment of equality on a state level. Although basic civil rights were already established in documents, the quest for equality and justice persisted as not in every country people could exercise those rights. In the 20th century, horrors of the Second World War brought the world to collaborate in this sphere, so several international documents on civil rights emerged in 1948, 1953, and 1966. The public campaigns in the United States and visionary ideas of Martin Luther King brought attention to the black minorities, whose rights were still left unattended. As a result of campaigns and universal attention to it, Civil Rights Act of 1968 was elaborated. It partly addressed the matters of the black population and other minorities, yet the fight for equality continues as factually, there are still incidents of rights’ violation. Nonracial Discrimination Nonracial discrimination regarding civil rights is most commonly associated with employment. The Civil Rights Act of 1964 officially made sexual discrimination illegal. In 1986, the Supreme Court ruled that sexual harassment constitutes discrimination as well in many cases. The EEOC issued binding guidelines on the issue. Meanwhile, legislative attempts to end disability discrimination had been ongoing for more than a century until the Vocational Rehabilitation Act. It explicitly defined disability and established the concept of reasonable accommodation, which was further developed by the American with Disabilities Act (Shafritz, Russell, Borick, & Hyde, 2017). History of Economic Rights Before the 19th century, not much attention was paid to defending rights as the productive powers, and the numbers of the workforce were rather slim. Workforce rarely enjoyed sanitary conditions, fair payment, adequate working day, etc. The controversy that was instigated by Beard’s book on elite and their manipulation of the U.S. economy
Selection of the Concept Nursing is an important profession in any economy. Several concepts, methods, and styles of management in the nursing industry continue to arise to improve the health care service delivery. Empowerment, telemedicine, pain, leadership, comfort, home-care, among other concepts help the nursing professional improve on service delivery. This paper seeks to underscore the role of comfort as a nursing concept and understand its role in improving health care service delivery. From a black box perspective, comfort seems simple structure of happiness and satisfaction in life. However, in the nursing fraternity, comfort entails a complicated system of ensuring satisfaction of patients’ substantive needs. Identification of the Aims of the Analysis Comfort as concept in nursing presents starting point for several therapies. In patients within chronic illnesses, offering a stable and comfortable environment coupled with adequate medication help in improving the rate of disease management. Since most chronic diseases often lead to death, comfort offers hope and empathy that reaffirms the patients’ psychological desire to live on. The aim of analyzing this noble concept in nursing is to understand the different tenets of comfort and explore the related aspects in nursing necessary for successful patient care. Understanding comfort in nursing helps prospective nursing professionals and caregivers to integrate medical psychological, psychosocial, and emotional care in their program of patients’ care. Review of Selected Scholarly Literature on the Comfort in Nursing Comfort: A Value Forgotten in Nursing – Chia – Chin Lin In his analysis, Chia-Chin (2010) defines comfort as a physical state of material well-being with unquestionable freedom from pain and trouble. He further argues that such as state must provide adequate and basic bodily needs with proper support in cases of mental distress, affliction, or solace. He therefore defines comfort in nursing as a feeling of strength, encouragement, support, and countenance among the patients and the nursing professionals. In his analysis, he takes a close look at stages of comfort in nursing arguing that for the first thirty years of the twentieth century, the nursing professional viewed comfort as a central focus and moral imperative in the provision of nursing care services. Between 1930 and 1959, Chia-Chin claims that comfort revolves around the strategies for ensuring fundamental basics of the nursing profession. In his series of analysis, he considers the period between 1960 and 1980 as the turning point for comfort as a concept in nursing. During this period, comfort received little attention from the nursing fraternity. It only came into play for patients with minimal medical care. Since the end of this transitional period comfort in nursing remains relegated to old age care strategies in community care homes under which its role is equivalent to the services non-professional caregivers offer (Chia-Chin, 2010). Despite all these downward movement in the development of comfort in nursing, Chia-Chin maintains that comfort remains one of
Several reasons resulted to the emergence of the cold war, which involved the USA and the USSR right after the World War II. However, the most significant underlying factor was the growing suspicion between the two countries (Hurst 156). Some of these reasons included the Americans fear of attacks from the communists because the Russians disliked capitalism. Additionally, the development of mass destruction weapons was also of concern. During the Second World War, America and the USSR were strong allies. However, this turned different after the war as they shared different views about various aspects. They eventually grew apart confirming that their union was illusionary. Furthermore, before the war, the US described the USSR as a reincarnation of the devil but the feeling was mutual; the USSR did not see the US any different from the devil. The US and the USSR only became allies during the Second World War because they had a common enemy. The suspicion grew even further when the United States refused to share its nuclear secrets (Hurst 156). Moreover, Joseph Stalin (The Soviet leader) did not know about the nuclear weapon that the Americans were going to use to destroy Japan until reports came back to Moscow about the Hiroshima bombing. The major difference between the Russians and the Americans was that the Americans had sophisticated technology in terms of weapons while the Russians had a vast army. Some of the ideologies that led to the emergence of the cold war include elections, whereby the Americans believed that elections should exist, and they should be free, while the Soviet Union believed that there should be no election. Secondly, the American believed in democracy, while the Soviet Union supported dictatorship or Autocratic form of leadership. The third reason is that Americans were capitalists, while the Soviet Union supported communism. Furthermore, the Americans believed in survival for the fittest, while the Soviet Union believed in helping each other. The difference in the economy, for instance, America being a superpower while the Soviet Union was a small and poor economy also contributed to the emer
Project Goals   * Inform employees about the Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) machine and its functions in the organization.   * Facilitate acceptance of new technology by employees in organization   * Provide training for technology users.   * Inform the public about the availability and benefits of the new technology. Team Structures The introduction of the new technology will affect the entire healthcare system. Consequently, team structure for this project will involve upper and middle management as well as employees. These teams will perform various functions in communicating the new technology to internal and external stakeholders. The project manager will communicate the new technology to the hospital administrator who will then inform relevant departments (Malcolm and Adrian, 2005). The public relations department will communicate to the public. Team Structures/Functions. Integration of Teams, Planning and Training The introduction of new technology will require that teams collaborate in planning and training. Specifically, the project manager will collaborate with the hospital administrator in planning the use of the MRI machine and evaluating training needs in the institution (Malcolm and Adrian, 2005). The hospital administrator will perform a needs assessment to assist in identification of training requirements for the staff that will use the technology. The hospital administrator will coordinate with the public relations officer on what to communicate to the public about the new technology. Flowchart for Integration of Teams, Planning and Training. Potential Communication Obstacles Language barriers will lead to ineffective communication to the public, in particular, in external communication, it will be necessary to create content in various languages to ensure that the message is understood by people with limited English language proficiency (Carl and Roethlisberger, 1991). Cross-cultural nuances related to appropriate communication. Specifically, it will be essential to consider employees from diverse cultural groups perceive interpersonal communication. The costs associated with placing advertisements on TV, radio, billboards, and newspapers could become a communication obstacle, if they exceed expenditure projections made by the hospital (Carl and Roethlisberger, 1991). Effective Group Communication Strategies. Media Opportunities The use of a social media like Facebook will enable the hospital to get the feed back from the staff and the public on the information being relayed to them about the MRI. The use of live debate such as an interactive TV Programme where viewers are allowed to ask questions and give their views will enable deeper understanding about the new technological machine by the targeted group (Malcolm and Adrian, 2005). A blog that has both audio and written conversations will ensure that the targeted groups of people get and understand the information, this is because different people process written and spoken information differently.
Introduction Various studies have attempted to determine the causes, progress, and other aspects of drug abuse. Nevertheless, few studies have attempted to describe the perception of law enforcers towards drugs, drug abuse, or drug enforcement process. Petrocelli, Oberweis, Smith, and Petrocelli (2014) have chosen a relatively unique topic and area of study. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to develop a comprehensive critique of the journal article in order to achieve the aforementioned goal. Study problem The article provides an in-depth background of the drug problem in the US. First, the authors recognize the huge amount of resources the federal government has been using every year to deal with this crime and provide support to the affected people. Secondly, the authors further describe the findings by previous researchers such as Miron (2008) and Miron and Waldock (2010), which provides evidence that the federal government spends more than $44 billion every year in enforcing drug laws. Thirdly, the researchers argue that the relationship between social norms and compliance and the law enforcement system is not well understood. The researchers suggest that the cause of these gaps in knowledge is the lack of large-scale scientific studies of the perceptions or perspectives of the police. Underlying assumptions in the development of study problem According to the researchers, it is known that the drug problem is a major issue in the US. For instance, it is statistically known that police officers are the major players in the war against drugs, with statistics indicating that they have been arresting about 3 million people per year for crimes associated with drugs and drug abuse. However, what is not known is that the perceptions or attitudes of the law enforcers are important in determining various variables in the problem. Therefore, their attitude towards crime is important because their perceptions of the war against drugs have a profound impact on the process of law enforcement. Essentially, the researchers have identified an area that most studies tend to ignore. Noteworthy, the study problem takes a unique approach to the drug problem in the US. It attempts to fill the gaps in knowledge by examining the attitudes of the law enforcing institution rather than examining the impact of the problem or perceptions of the society. Research questions The researchers fail to provide a detailed description or presentation of the research question of their study. It is worth noting that the conventional requirement for scientific journals is to provide a clear description of the research question that encompasses the entire problem. In this article, the researchers
Introduction The healthcare policies enacted by the government have a significant impact on the lives of the nation’s citizens, affecting their quality of welfare. In this regard, regulations that become legislative acts are of special interest for numerous shareholders aiming to receive appropriate medical services. The recently introduced Telehealth Modernization Act is a perfect example of a healthcare policy that is expected to become a legislative act, extending several temporal features of telemedicine and altering them to remain permanent under the current law (The US Congress, 2021). Although this policy is yet to be approved as public law, it is essential for preventing the negative consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic through expanding access to telemedicine for various populations. This paper discusses the primary advantages and disadvantages of the Telehealth Modernization Act, considering the government’s impact on health care costs and outlining how the state officials will enforce the proposed policy. The Telehealth Modernization Act: Outcomes for Patients, Families, and Communities The influence of telemedicine on the welfare of the nation’s citizens is a crucial concern for government entities, required to ensure proper access to health care services while simultaneously preserving the welfare of multiple populations. From this perspective, telemedicine is a perfect instrument for providing medical services to various patients and their families while avoiding extensive healthcare costs (Japinga et al., 2021). Telemedicine offers easier access to medical services for patients and increases time efficiency and resource preservation, as the clients remain at their homes during the consultation (Japinga et al., 2021). Furthermore, as the process of remote consultation is more simplified, lacking physical examination, it is considered a cheaper option in comparison to traditional appointments (Schofield, 2021). Although the idea of telemedicine has already been endorsed by the Senate, in the current environment, the past legislation became insufficient for covering the citizens’ needs, resulting in the introduction of the Telehealth Modernization Act. The proposed policy is especially advantageous for individuals and families who rely on remote medicine and are unable to
Introduction Environmental management has different definitions like; coming up with planes and environmental policies that help in the evaluation of environmental results and control of procedures that pursue with special attention paid to cost. Some define it as part of a management system that encompasses the structure of an organization’s planning activities and its resources used in environmental protection. Moreover, some scholars say environmental management has much to do with public policies used to check public actions. Talal (2006 p.2) argues that environmental management is part of a management system rich in administrative aspects like planning, organizing, directing and exercising control. ISO14000 formulation aimed at establishing free trade while still guaranteeing environmental conservation. Its other objectives were supposed to come up with procedures that identify rules, procedures and social pressures; encourage enterprises to manage and evaluate their environmental actions; improve environmental actions in manufacturing plants; enable national and international standards to complement; increase credibility and come up with one language for international environment management (Talal, 2006 p.3). Many Small and Medium-sized Enterprises have taken to formulating and adopting environmental management systems in order for them to meet public authority regulatory measures; live up to the demands of the local communities, customers and consumers; and conform to whatever the public expects of such enterprises in opinion polls. Adoption of the environmental management systems (EMS) by small and medium-sized enterprises are supposed to help them in managing, monitoring and have some efficacy in the improvement of the performance of the environment (Biondi, Rey and Ivaldo, 2000 p.1). The adoption of EMS has its inherent advantages and disadvantages. The major challenge that EMS has imposed on these enterprises has been the barriers associated with the EMS implementation. Some of the barriers encountered in the formation stages of the implementation of these initiatives include the need for a generous supply of human, financial and technical resources. This research paper is going to cover the barriers that small and medium-sized enterprises have to contend with in their effort to implement environmental management systems and overcome the barriers to implementation. Environmenta
A chain of cold cases was finally solved due to DNA testing in 2016. The cases involved the disappearance of three young women from a suburban district in Claremont, Australia. The women were sexually assaulted and then stabbed to death; two bodies out of three were found dumped in the bushes. The murderer, Bradley Robert Edwards, was recognized to be guilty after committing two rapes in 2016 – his DNA samples were taken from under the nails of the victim as she was fighting the rapist in an act of self-defense. The samples matched the ones from “Claremont serial killer” murders from the 90s. The significance of DNA sampling in this case, as well as many similar ones truly, cannot be overestimated. The cases went unsolved for decades, and if not for the DNA analysis and the murderer would still remain unpunished for his horrendous deeds. The relevance of DNA sampling, therefore, is utterly crucial: the murderer’s further fate is decided, and consequently, whether or not justice will be restored. The stain of blood under analysis can be classified as a projected bloodstain, with the spurts of blood possibly coming from an artery slit and projecting on a flat surface. The Impact site could be either a blow or a slit of a victim’s throat, which is the most probable cause, but could also be the chest or lower part of the abdomen. The form of the stain suggests that its origin was not far from it, since the formation of the bloodstain is circular with only a few elongations that imply some directed action. The distance from the victim to the stain might range from less than 1 meter to 1,5 meters. Concerning the type of injury inflicted, it is evident that these were knife blows – either lower abdomen or chest, or neck. A number of blows are under 10 – 3 or 4, presumably, with the first ones being fast, and at an angle and the last ones being direct, with more blood dripping from above. The position of the victim might have changed from the time of the first blow: the first woun