ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Photography philosophy Robert Frank was a Swiss born photographer who settled in America and continued his artistic work. Frank practiced many forms of photography and he did photography both for the commercial and fashion purposes and was considered an influential American photographer who was also a mentor to many young American artists. He practiced street photography and later on documentary photography that saw him embark on a road trip across America. Frank photographed the streets of New York and his work was a guide to many other young artists who were interested in the same form of artistry. Gary Winogrand was a social landscape photographer just like Frank; he also did some commercial photography for the picture press. His earlier art works did not portray much for instance the couple’s photo in the collection ‘the family of man’. He was funded by Guggenheim grant to tour America; his tour was aimed at capturing the picture of America post J.F Kennedy’s assassination. Social Landscape photography accomplished two tasks; highlighting areas that needed social reforms and use of good cameras to obtain quality pictures. He regarded photography as a discipline just like painting. He always aimed to photograph something just to see how it looked when photographed. Aesthetic approach Frank documented the post-depression American society and he saw Americans as soulless, hopeless, ignorant people who were prone to violence. He presented this image in his photography despite the F.S.A.; Farm Security Agency’s intent to portray a society that was recovering even though that was not the case. He published his collection ‘the Americans’ in France since no American wanted to publish his work. He addressed his work to show how the Americans focused on commercial and material things and in turn this materialistic behavior led to division and widespread alienation among individuals. In his pictures Frank used blurry images, altered angle of focus and he took pictures of people without them knowing hence the premeditated look in the people he photographed. Frank’s work was used to protest materialism, conformity to norms and mass culture which was widespread in post-depression America. Gary Winogrand in his photography focused on body languages and human gestures that indicated that a person was struggling to hide their feelings or there was tension among individuals. He altered the angles at which he positioned the camera while taking a picture and cropped the photos he took to get his desired effect. Using Winogrand’s art we can conclude that American photography was more concerned with neutrality and form rather than narration. The photographer of social landscape was lucky that this form of photography allowed only the artist to select which pictures from their work that were to be produced and distributed. The practice of social landscape photography did not do away with other forms especially street photography instead it left r
Abstract Consumer behavior is a subject of interest in the global marketplace, including the hospitality industry. The consumer decision-making process has been studied for many years and several models developed to try and explain how the consumers arrive at their purchase decisions (Barsky and Labagh, 1992). The marketers are required to understand their consumers and this shows why their interest in the models is in the increase (Abelson and Levi, 1985). The main aim of the research paper is to provide an analysis of the consumer decision-making process basing on two models; the Consumer information Processing Model and the Model of the Hierarchy of Effects. These models will be analyzed basing on the postmodern hospitality industry and they will be critically analyzed to determine the extent they are vague and encompassing. The results indicate that the traditional nature of the models that assume that consumer decision-making is in the form of distinct stages has been criticized. However, the Model of the Hierarchy of Effects has been seen to be encompassing when it comes to complex decision-making situations (LaTour and Peat, 1979). Introduction For marketers to be successful, given the postmodern and fragmented nature of consumer behavior and new developments in the global provision of products and services, they have been required to focus on understanding the consumer’s wants in the best way possible. This has led the marketers to engage in marketing research in order to understand the consumers of their products. Marketers have also come to get
Background information Colonialism occurs when a superior or powerful country captures a third-world country and starts to reign in that country as a subordinate; all the properties of the less powerful country are managed and controlled by the powerful country. Countries that colonize others control the labor, resources and linguistic structures of the native population. Colonialism mostly refers to the time in history from the 15 th to 20 th century when individuals from Europe made colonies in other countries. There are two forms of colonialism which include; settler colonialism and exploitation colonialism. Settler colonialism comprised a big number of colonists whose aim was to look for a fertile piece of land to cultivate. On the other hand, exploitation colonialism included fewer colonists who were interested mostly in getting assets to export to the metropole (Kohn, 2006, par.1). The aim of this paper is to explore the issue
Introduction Reading assessment is extremely significant when one needs to determine the level of understanding and reading abilities of various students. There are several techniques and tools that help teachers in assessing learners; some of the techniques include language comprehension, reading comprehension and decoding (Schumm, 2006). Teachers often use these techniques and tools for various academic reasons or purposes. Some of the reasons being the assessment, understanding and improvement of a child’s reading abilities. Purposes of reading assessment Reading assessment is used by educators, to understand the reading abilities of each and every student. Teachers often use assessments to decide on the best solutions and interventions for developing their students’ reading abilities. Interpretation of these assessments, however, often varies from one instructor to another; therefore, it is imperative for them to, properly, interpret these assessments. Moreover, teacher should also be skillful in assessing their students; since, some assessments may not reflect the students’ abilities, if poorly drafted. Reading assessment also assists teachers to trace the progress of his or her students i.e. with respect to reading abilities (Afflerbach, 2007). The assessments are often performed time after time; therefore, an instructor can easily note the growth of students’ reading abilities. This enables teachers to single out the underperforming students from the rest of the flock. As a result, he or she will have the capacity to concentrate on the underperforming students, and also design approaches and strategies that aim at improving their abilities. Reading assessment results are given to guardians and parents of students. This makes them comprehend the abilities of their students, with regard to their reading abilities. Guardians and parents can, therefore, use the results to assist students in building up their children’s reading ability. Moreover, they can also work alongside with teachers, to design and execute the suitable recommendations for their children, with the motive of improving their reading abilities. Teachers also use assessment to update their understanding of each and every student’s ability (Afflerbach, 2007). This is also the reason why teachers offer frequent periodic tests to their students. Moreover, these tests also help teachers to establish whether or not their initial approaches and strategies are working. As a result, they will now be able to decide on whether or not to shift from their current strategies. Tests assessments also assist students to understand their
Development and expansion organizations’ core competency is one of the main success factors of many organizations. However, if organizations do not apply correct measures when transferring core competencies for one business to another, the likelihood of failure is high. Transfer of core competencies is one of the most important business diversification strategies of ensuring organizations reduce costs of starting over again in new business ventures. It mostly works via capitalizing on operational relatedness, primarily applying the constrained multi-product strategy This strategy offers organizations a chance of realizing and exploiting economies of scope, a crucial pathway for gaining a competitive advantage over other businesses. In addition, it guarantees organizations opportunities for utilizing existing expertise and resources; hence, opportunities for business expansion with minimal expenditure (Rekers p.1). Transfer of core competencies goes hand in hand with activity sharing, although they are a little bit different depending on mechanisms of sharing resources as organizations endeavor to achieve economies of scope. It is important to note that, transfer of core competencies primarily works best with intangible resources because they are easy to alter or modify to fit a particular market segment. In addition, the transfer of core competencies is important more so when organizations want to continue running their existing strategic assets while enhancing the quality delivery of these assets in different corporations. On the other hand, this strategy can be important when businesses want to maximize the use of developed competencies building new strategic assets in new market segments. Considering the costliness of expanding into new markets, this strategy provides an easy way of expanding business opportunities using minimal costs, hence in case such expansions fail an organization will not incur any losses. In addition, the transfer of core competencies offers organizations opportunities for enhancing their identity and expanding their market segments. This is because; it gives organizations a chance of showing their products in markets they have never ventured into or a chance of utilizing newly developed technologies in the attainment of revenue goals. Although a good strategy, it faces many challenges because depending on areas of operation different businesses employ different operational and corporate strategies. In addition, this differentiation makes the transfer of intangible resources a hard task, hence making it hard for organizations to achieve economies of scope (Hoskissson, Ireland and Hitt pp.158-160). BlockBuster on Transfer of Core Competencies Although some companies for example, IBM and ZTE have been successful in transferring their core competencies, the case is different to other companies; Blockbuster being one of th
Abstract This paper aims at identifying different causes, which contribute to gender differences in crimes. Primary focus will be made on discovering actual facts regarding the subject under consideration. However, specific attention will be paid to observations and perceptions of gender differences as a background for research. Moreover, statistical data retrieved from FBI will be reviewed in order to find out whether the abovementioned reflections are related to the real world, i.e. pointing to male-female ratio among those involved in criminal activities. In addition, the emphasis will be put on misjudging criminal activities based on gender of a suspect and drawing recommendations for avoiding such misjudgments. Introduction Gender is one of the major factors, which has a robust impact on determining socially appropriate behavioral patterns and developing acceptable social standards. It can be traced in all aspects of human interactions, and criminal activities are no exception. It is often believed that males are more predisposed to becoming engaged in criminal activities compared to females. Therefore, the paper at hand aims at identifying patterns of criminal activities among men and women with the focus on both perceptions of the role of gender in criminal involvement, which leads to gender-based misjudgments, and actual facts related to underlying causes of gender differences in criminal activities. The paper at hand consists of several chapters. The first one is introductory, which sets the scene of the research. It includes a thesis as well. Second chapter is a literature review, which serves as a background for the whole study. In the third section, relevant theories ar
Introduction Language borrowings occur in the event of contact of different ethnic groups speaking different languages due to social, political, economic, or cultural reasons (Sapir 15). To illustrate, when a certain ethnic minority lives in the area dominated by the host society, language assimilation, or as it is often referred to by linguists, language shift takes place (Sapir 157). The language shift in such a case is conditioned by the pragmatic considerations such as the need to acquire a job, get an education, or engage in business (Sapir 157). The direction of language shift is always conditioned by the most influential factors that refer to the situation (Sapir 158). To illustrate, a seller will tend to shift to buyers’ language to manage to win customer trust and develop customer relations based on loyalty. This situation has been observed through human history when traveling merchants being the clients of numerous sellers in the Asian countries introduced into their local languages some of the Roman group language words (Sapir 158). For instance, the word bank that is so common in its different phonetic variations in hundreds of modern-day languages originally comes from Italy, and it was spread by the Hebrew merchants through the entire area of countries located within the major trading road from Europe to Asia (Sapir 168). The process of language shift is inevitably connected with the process of conventionalization. Kemmer defines conventionalization as “a gradual process in which a word progressively permeates a larger and larger speech community” (par. 5). The result of the process of conventionalization is the total loss of connections with the source language according to the perception of the community of the word borrowers (Kemmer par. 5). In the English language, linguists had distinguished many periods of conventionalization when the language was affected by a certain culture and its language and was actively adopting new words (Kemmer par. 2). The outcome of conventionalization for the English language is the creation of its more or less stable version known by the modern-day people (Kemmer par. 12). According to Winford, there exist three types of language contact situations as it can be seen from the following comment, “we can, in general, distinguish three broad kinds of contact situation: those involving language maintenance, those involving language shift, and those that lead to the creation of new contact languages” (11). Although this author distinguishes the three major types of language contact situations, he makes a clarification that in numerous situations, the type of a contact situation is difficult to distinguish, and at times, contact situations may have the features of more than one type of contact situations (Winford 11). Evaluation of cultural and historical examples of language
Abstract This paper reviews Cinnabon International Incorporation in an effort to understand the dynamics that the firm encounters in its operations and how it has survived the industry changes. First, the paper assesses the market dynamics with reference the operational structures. The analysis shows that Cinnabon operates in a monopolistically competitive market, which underscores the need to understand the prevailing market conditions. One of the elements evaluated relates to price and income elasticity. The competitive nature of the market and its potential growth are assessed by identifying the company’s core competitors and the demand trend. Moreover, the firm’s performance and potential with reference to its profitability growth and strategy are analyzed. Introduction Cinnabon International Incorporation is an American firm that was established in 1985 in the US restaurant industry. The firm is a subsidiary of Focus Brands Incorporation. Cinnabon specializes in baked food products and it has established a number of retail outlets across the US. Despite its specialization in baked goods, the firm has diversified its product portfolio to include coffee, milkshakes, churros, and cinnabon rolls. The firm has strategically located its outlets in train stations, shopping malls, airports, and travel plazas ( Fast Food , 2015a). History Since its inception, Cinnabon has focused on offering high quality products, hence appealing to the customers’ tastes and preferences. The high quality of its products enabled the firm to attract a substantial number of customers, which stimulated growth during the 1990s. The firm has adopted the franchising strategy, which has enabled it to establish 1,072 franchise units. Due to its effective business strategy, Cinnabon has managed to position itself as one of the most famous brands in the world. The firm’s growth is enhanced by the adoption of an aggressive expansion strategy. For example, the firm partnered with Pilot Flying J, which has remarkably stimulated growth by establishing outlets in travel centers and plazas ( Fast Food , 2015a). The firm estimates that it will offer fresh-baked Cinnabon products in over 150 Pilot Flying J locations. Rationale for selecting Cinnabon Despite its current positive performance, the firm has established its operations in only 40 countries. In the few countries of operations, Cinnabon has established a strong market presence through its aggressive market expansion strategy. This aspect indicates that the firm has the chance to exploit the growth opportunities available in the global fast food industry. However, the firm must integrate feasible strategic management practices, which is only possible if the top management develops sufficient understanding on the prevailing business environment. Type of market Cinnabon operates in a monopolistically competitive market. Ghosh and Choudhury (2008) define a monopolistically competitive market as “a ma
Introduction The most interesting aspect of the Johnstone text was Part 3, which talked about the church, sect, and denomination continuum. This aspect was intriguing because it offers an explanation concerning why Christianity has so many divisions. Individuals ascribe to the values and beliefs in a certain group, yet they may not understand the history behind their group. The book places the matter in context and assists Christians in knowing where they belong. Reflection Johnstone (88) first states that the single most differentiating aspect between religious organizations is their mode of membership. If one wants to know whether they belong to a sect or a church, they must determine how they became members of the organization. If one was born into the group, then one is likely to belong to a church; however, if one converted into the organization, then that it is a sect. Max Weber was the pioneer of these religious dichotomous, and he established some of the features that distinguish the groups. It is this propensity to convert people into the group that makes sects popular among members of the lower classes (Johnstone 88). The text was particularly insightful in demystifying the term sect. Many people often assume that sects are made up of overzealous and brainwashed persons. However, this book illustrated that popular understandings of the term are misguided. It was particularly interesting to learn about the sect as a religious group. Johnstone (88) explains that sects are less structured than churches. Adherents believe in a spontaneous expression of religion and often include followers in decision-making processes. They are small in size and emphasize active participation in worship. Membership is rigorous and intensely scrutinized. The spontaneity is depicted through leadership requirements as well. Sect followers place more precedence on charisma and commitment to one’s organization rather than education. Additionally, they espouse the purity of religious doctrine. Many of them dwell on other-worldly concerns. It is this inclination that assists in fully understanding such a religious organization. After reading the textbook, one can trace the intensity of the sect to its focus on the New Testament and the Early Christian Church. Since much has changed since the days of the New Testament church, it is often difficult to follow everything they did to the letter. Society gives sect members a radical label because their insistence on this idealism makes them impractical. The focus on personal effort stems from this inclination, as well. When one ascribes to a church, the organization often claims universality within its society. Therefore, members of the group regard themselves as citizens. In most circumstances, churches have a monopoly within a state, and they have close ties with secular institutions (Johnstone 89). While sects are high