ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Public relations (PR) refers to the process of presenting information to the public by an individual or an organization through appropriately managed channels (Henslowe 34). It involves dispensation of information in different forms such as blogging, educational websites, and social media by. Companies use PR to market themselves to the public through persuasion. They convince investors, employees, stakeholders, partners, and the public to hold a certain viewpoint about their services or products, leadership or management system (Henslowe 36). Activities that are commonly associated with PR include awards, invitation to address conferences, and collaborations with the press on projects that affect the welfare of the public. How has Wikipedia (celebrating 10+ years) affected PR practices? Many PR firms use Wikipedia to provide information to the public. However, there have been criticisms of bias in the information given by both individuals and organizations. Wikipedia’s celebrations have reiterated their effort to provide the public with accurate and unbiased information (Henslowe 33). Wikipedia has revolutionalized PR practices because of its unique model of presenting information. It allows people to edit offensive, inadequate, or biased information (Duhe 26). However, there is conflict of interest in cases where clients contract PR firms to edit certain information on their behalf. In addition, Wikipedia has streamlined the process of information delivery on the internet because it allows individuals to add or delete unwanted information (Duhe 27). This has increased the possibility of obtaining accurate and reliable information on the internet. Moreover, verification of information by editors improves the accuracy of information. Wikipedia has established policies that control content on their website (Duhe 28). This ensures that individuals do not manipulate information that they publish at their own will. In addition, their guidelines on conflict of interest ensure that clients do not misuse the website by adding biased information that is directed towards their competitors (Duhe 31). Wikipedia has affected PR practices
Introduction In the process of implementing the strategy, each level of leadership solves its specific tasks and performs the functions assigned to it, and the decisive role belongs to senior management. It is important to note that the implementation of the strategy is aimed at solving three problems (Steiss 2019). Firstly, it is setting priorities among administrative tasks so that their relative importance corresponds to the policy that the organization will implement. Secondly, it is an assessment of the conformity of the chosen strategy and internal organizational processes to orient the activities of the enterprise towards the implementation of strategic decisions (James 2016). Thirdly, this is the choice and alignment with the current strategy of leadership style and approach to enterprise management. HMV Position in the Market HMV is the UK’s leading CD, DVD, and gaming company. The leading role in changing the sales context for HMV is online music (Harvey 2017). Organizational change management in the company includes staged planning, thoughtful implementation, expertise and people’s participation (Akingbola, Rogers & Baluch 2019). It is possible to note that intense competition in the online music market leads to the fact that HMV is losing its market share (Aryasri 2019). Price is a crucial point in organizing the management of technological and social change factors because competitive companies sell CDs and DVDs at a lower price than HMV. Technological and Social Change Factors Technological factors are the most critical factors that contribute to the development of a set of solutions for the efficient use of existing HMV resources (Zang & Li 2017). Technological changes in the world are widespread; they develop innovative means of communication ( Impact of technological change in HMV group 2018). For example, modern technical applications can quickly help in tracking parcels and couriers. Likewise, HMV should characterize the specifics of the target market direction within the social environment (Chamie, Ikeda & Campomar 2016). Both managers and promoters should distinguish class, gender, income and other areas of the social context of people who buy HMV goods and meet their preferences. Such identifiers will help in promoting the company’s products and allow attracting more target audience. Technical Learnings The following vital learnings about organisational change management can be identified. Technical knowledge includes Internet sites, relevant applications, YouTube channels, social networks, and is a key option on data collection methods. HMV must target for new ways to gather information and implement it in the selling process. Researchers note that successful multi-channel operators, such as TESCO, use their integrated customer database to reach their destination (Hübner, Kuhn & Wollenburg 2016). Automation of the
Introduction Budgets are valuable estimations for planning the expenditure and income of resources for a specific period. (Tamplin, 2021) The planning and control of various parts of a business entity heavily rely on the information contained in these formal statements. The data compiled in these documents increase the probability of achieving the set targets for any organization if utilized properly. Flexible budgets allow the adjustment of financial plans as per the current level of activity of a company. (Accounting Tools, 2021) Static budgets are its antithesis as they remain unchanged regardless of the volume levels of a firm. Variances are the differences that may occur between the estimated and actual values registered by the company. (Berger, 2011) Interpretation of Static and Flexible Budget Variances Budget variances are generally favorable when the actual total expenses are the same or lower than the projected values; also, when recorded revenues are equal to or higher than the estimates resulting in a positive net income or its equivalent. The variation is unfavorable if the actual revenue is lower than initially estimated. (Gartside, 2021) This condition is also met when the recorded total expenses exceed the predicted value culminating in a negative net income. In the case of flexible budgets, an unpropitious variance in the total expenses may be explained by the company’s fluctuation in production levels adapting to changes in the market or customer behavior. (Berger, 2011) Benefits of Variance Analysis Variances facilitate communication of vital information to the management, highlighting potential obstacles the entity may face towards achieving its goals. Therefore, decisions are easier to make for the company’s prosperity and the achievement of the organization’s long-term goals. (Accounting Tools, 2021) Crisis management is also enhanced by employing these statistics. The control of various company sections is more efficient, allowing in-depth analysis and investigations if targets are not met. (Borad,2021) Figuring out the timelines of problems, especially when the data is presented using graphs, allows this. Proper resource allocation is also enhanced in case of deficiency or surplus, improving efficiency. Resources are finite, and this course of action reduces the potential of wastage. Their efficient use is critical to the longevity of the entity in most industries. (Berger, 2021) Limitations of Variance Analysis As much as it allows information to flow to management, these variations don’t show the exact reason for their occurrence; thus, troubleshooting, recreating, and improving conditions as needed is hindered. (Gartside, 2015) This data is only available on financial results released much later, further compounding the difficulty in knowing what caused the difference observed. (Borad, 2021) It is also hard to objectively deduce whether a variation is
John Locke’s “An Essay Concerning Human Understanding” This essay was one of the pioneering educational works that promoted the empirical method of understanding, also known as empiricism. Completed and published in 1689, the essay was revolutionary since it was in direct opposition to the traditional understanding of knowledge at the time. It was directly opposed to the view that ideas were innate rather than experientially acquired (Locke, 1689). John Locke’s work in this essay was therefore both a product and a reflection of the Enlightenment period in which he lived. This is the age where rationalism and empiricism prevailed over and in opposition to religious traditions and claims about innate or divinely revealed knowledge (Lowe, 1995). Though John Locke tried to refute Rene Descartes ideas of innate rationalism in Book 1 of this essay, the idea outlived him and continued to prevail even to the present day. The educational values shaped by this historical idea include the popularization of the scientific method. This essay was also an important foundational work for empiricists who came afterwards, such as David Hume. Even though John Locke was a Christian and deeply religious, the historical ideas that he taught and suggested, brought into question numerous religious claims. Empiricism became the primary means of acquiring knowledge, and this would continue into the modernism period. The ideas expressed in Locke’ essay continue to influence and undergird much of scientific inquiry being carried out today. The empirical method is still central to both qualitative and quantitative research methodologies. In the realm of modern philosophy, the empirical method has been integrated with pragmatism. This means that the insights gleaned from empirical knowledge are combined with rational thinking to come up with a substantive claim of truth or understanding of any phenomena. Booker T. Washington’s “Atlanta Exposition Address” This address was written and delivered in the year 1895, by Booker T. Washington. The historical context at the time was a period when slavery had just been abolished. However, many African Americans could not enter into the American economy and compete fairly with white traders. This is because the African Americans at the time did not have the necessary educational training to handle both the financial and legal knowledge required in many professions (Washington, 2013). Furthermore, many Southern white farmers at the time depended greatly upon immigrant labor to work on their farms and industries. The population of immigrants was much lower than that of African Americans who were already living in the South. Therefore, Booker T. Washington saw this as an opportunity to strike a deal that will benefit both the whites and the blacks. The compromise, though not regarded as such by Booker T. Washington and his supporters, was that the whites would ensure that African Americans got basic education and due process in law. In return, the Af
Changes at Intel in the first three years of Barrett’s tenure The changes made by Barrett included entering into new markets like production of information and communication appliances and production of networks servers and routers but withdrew when he realised of competing with prime customers of chips, Cisco and Dell. Another change is that Barrett closed down ICat, an e-commerce segment for small business in his first three years as Intel CEO. Further, he created a wireless unit, created the Architecture group in the second year and in his third year; he reorganised the Architecture Group further by merging communications and networking sections of Intel. Environmental Pressures for change experienced by Intel Fashion was one of the pressures experienced by Intel due to the need by the customers to have fast modem connections rather than the speed of computer chips, which were Intel’s specialization. The other pressure for change at Intel was hyper-competition from Advanced Micro Devices and other chip producers, hence the need to change to ensure Intel’s profitability and relevance. The declining market was also another change pressure at Intel due to the slow economic business condition. The geopolitical pressure for change at Intel came in the form of the impending war with Iraq requiring the making of changes at Intel. The mandate was also another change pressure where Intel aimed at making profits by overpricing instead of improving customer experience to create a strong reputation with clients for continu
Rashidun Caliphate is the term used in Islam to refer to the first four leaders that came after the death of Prophet Mohammed. These are Abu Bakr, Umar, Uthman Ibn Affan, and Imam Ali. They are the people responsible for the expansion of Islam territory throughout Asia and North Africa through their military and political prowess. Shia Islam refers to a branch of Islam that believes that God is the only authority who can appoint leadership for Muslims and he did that by appointing Mohammed and later Imam Ali when Mohammed died. Shia forms the minority group of Muslim followers mainly found in Iraq and Iran, which are believed to have been the native lands for the Mohammed family and relatives. Hadith refers to the reports written to explain the actions of Prophet Mohammed towards things done in his presence. They are applied by clerics and denominational jurist as tools to guide a detailed understanding of the Quran. The source or narrator of the Hadith ascribed led to the difference between Shia and Sunni Islam. Shia adheres to the Hadith written by Mohammed family members such as Ali who they believed was the Muslim leader appointed by Mohammed before his death. Sunni refers to the majority denomination of Islam who believes that Mohammed died before he could appoint a leader to take over from him. They believe that Abu Bakr was the first leader elected after his death. Sunni Islam interprets Sharia law according to four different ways: Hanafi, Maliki, Shafi’I and Hanbali based on the teaching of the first four law schools established after Mohammed death. There are approximately 1.3 billion Muslims in the world (New Internationalist Magazine, 2002). Eighty-five percent of whom belong to the larger Sunni sect while the Shia Islam is minority group and found mainly in Iraq and Iran. Muslims make approximately 22 percent of the world population and half of them reside in south eastern Asia. Indonesia has the largest Muslim population at 170, 310,000 followers. The US has 5.7 million, Canada has 0.5 million making the total number of Muslims in North America be 6.2 million (New Internationalist Magazine, 2002). There is a common notion that Christians and Muslims believe in the same super natural power that has authority over humanity and leadership of the people. However, there are basic differences between the two. In Christianity, God is loving and personal with his worshiper while, in Islam, Allah is portrayed to be wrathful and non-personal in the way he relates to his worshippers. Allah makes his worshippers, and his servants spread the religion of truth to people who should willingly submit and subdue to the faith (Surah 29: 46). In Islam, Tawheed is the belief that means there is no partner to Allah in his ‘Being’ and ‘Attributes’ (Alaharazrat, 2012). Allah is superior to all, possessing great ability to see and knowledge. This is against Christian belief in God’s existence in trinity beings in one: Father, Son, and Holy Spirit. According to Islam, this kind of beliefs
Psycho is considered the earliest slasher movie as well as one of the best films ever created. Wood calls it “perhaps the most terrifying film ever made” (142), describing it as a movie that takes viewers into the darkness of themselves. Based on a 1959 novel by Robert Bloch, Psycho was made against the wishes of Paramount, which Hitchcock was working with at the time using his resources. As a result, the movie was shot on a low budget, using Hitchcock’s television show crew, and being filmed in black and white. The Plot of the Movie The film begins with Marion Crane, a secretary, stealing a significant sum of money and attempting to drive to her boyfriend’s house in a different state. On the way, she stops at a motel and is invited to dinner by the owner Norman Bates. She then overhears an argument between Bates and his mother about bringing Marion into the house to eat, which ends with Norman deciding to eat with her in the motel parlor. There, Norman tells Marion about his difficult life under his controlling and obsessive mother. After hearing the story, Marion has an epiphany and decides to go back and return the money the next morning. Soon after, she is suddenly stabbed in the shower by an unknown assailant, with Bates discovering the body and hiding it along with the evidence. Marion’s relatives become alarmed at her disappearance and hire a private investigator, who is also murdered at the motel. Finally, Marion’s sister Lila and her boyfriend Sam arrive in the town themselves. There they learn that Norman’s mother, Mrs. Bates, has been dead for ten years. Deciding that Norman is the killer who wanted the money Marion was hiding, they head to the hotel. While Sam distracts Norman, Lila manages to sneak into Bates’s house and discovers the mummified corpse of Mrs. Bates However, Norman discovers her soon after and tries to kill her, but Sam manages to subdue him. They give Norman over to the police to have him tried for his crimes. At court, a psychiatrist explains that Bates has developed dissociative identity disorder, with the violent and possessive “mother” personality completely taking charge of him. The “mother” personality protests to the viewer that Norman himself performed the murders. Prod
An Analysis of Understanding Change in Organizational Outcomes-Article in Journal of Management Problem Addressed by the Study The study suggests that experimental research designs are not suitable for examining change in organizations because they require a lot of resources, are badly timed, and due to ethical reasons (Arvey, 2011). Sexual harassment is a strong instance of this issue since it can be both legally and ethically wrong to hold back harassment learning and related organizational interventions from a portion of the population to be utilized as a control group (Arvey, 2011). Thus, organizations often investigate sexual harassment involvements by making surveys to evaluate the incidence of these behaviors before and after the execution. Survey responses though are prone to several subjective factors that affect the soundness of their interpretation. Surveys are especially influenced by response distortion, communication customs and memory ability of the subjects, measurement, reactivity, and phrasing of the questions (Arvey, 2011). In addition, interpretation of survey results can be perplexed by risk of internal and external accuracy presented by historical influences, maturation, non-response preconceptions, etc. Despite the fact that various approaches have been advanced for reducing these threats to validity of surveys such as the internal referencing method, these approaches cannot take care of all the potential influences of personal factors on survey responses. As a result, additional measures are required before valid findings are drawn from survey investigations. This article discusses methods that can be employed to examine whether a change in the average of a variable is a real change or a result of subjective influences on survey responses (Arvey, 2011). These approaches have been examined in relation to sexual harassment in the US military during seven year duration. In particular, the study sought to find out whether the reported drop in incidences of sexual harassment in the military resulted from behavior change or it was just caused by change in the responses of the subjects. Stakeholders in the Research The stakeholders in this study are researchers and organizations in general. Researchers will benefit from the research as they will know the effectiveness of surveys in generating valid responses from subjects and the methods they can employ to ensure that such responses are not affected by respondent’s subjective factors. This will ensure that whenever surveys are used to generate information they will generate accurate information and data from which valid conclusions can be drawn. The other group of stakeholders in the research study is the various types of organizations (Waldo, 2008). The idea of change is very important in organizational settings and these entities usually administer surveys to measure incidences of various change variables. However, the validity of these surveys cannot be guaranteed because of the subjective influences on subjects’ responses. Thus, ev
The American Revolution changed the western world considerably as the role of countries in the world politics changed. It also had a great effect on the development of the society. This revolution enabled women to show men that females could participate in the social life of the society. It is possible to note that the revolution and years after it led to empowerment of women who step by step gained more power in the society. Clearly, in the end of the eighteenth and beginning of the nineteenth century women were given only a few opportunities as there were still a variety of obstacles. In the first place, it is necessary to consider the way women carved out their niche during the American Revolution. In the seventeenth century, women did not get education and did not possess property. Females had almost no rights and a married woman could perform only household tasks. They had to work really hard but men still thought women were inferior to them. The American Revolution made men share some of the rights. The revolution became a heavy burden for the empire and elites had to donate lots of money to support British soldiers. Women played an important role in this process. The patriotic spirit was in the air and wives inspired their husbands to support the army (Colley 259). Notably, wives of rich and powerful men were especially active in this process. Apart from that, there were many army followers. Soldiers used to complete all chores on their own. However, during the American Revolution lots of females followed the armies on the both sides. Women did all the chores and men could see how women were equally skillful in many activities (Colley 281). Thus, women prove