ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The Problem The world is undergoing massive globalisation that has been favoured by scientific inventions and inventions of efficient communication and transport networks. One of the strongest pillars of globalisation is international trade and international collaboration in making global decisions on various issues like the environment, governance and human rights. Globalisation can be categorised into economic and political globalisation; this paper discusses the differences between economic and political globalisation. Dimension of the problem Different countries have different resources; they thus can produce some item more cheaply than their counterpart’s countries; trade among countries is facilitated by the differences in resource distribution making a certain region have the advantage of producing some commodities than other. The advantaged country then decides to export those products that it can produce cheaply and efficiently and import those that it cannot. To have such an operation mechanism, governments of the trading countries must be involved to have policies and control mechanisms, the issue of political globalisations then comes into the picture. Evaluating evidence Economic globalization is the term used to refer to interdependence of different countries through their trading: world countries have different potentials so when some commodities have been produced in one country (the country with comparative or absolute advantage), then they get access to international markets facilitating trade. The uneven distribution of natural and human resources is the major source of forces of trade, some countries can produce a certain commodity that is required in another country and export the commodity: in return the exporting country get what it cannot produce effectively. International trade supports economic globalisation and regional or international agreements to perform certain duties in a way prescribed by the abiding parties. International trade is controlled by international trade policies or through regional government policies; it generally involves the importation and exportation of goods and services. with economic globalisation, people are able to produce more commodities since there is ready market for their produce. It can be in the form of an F.T.A. (Free Trade Agreement), whereby there is no restrictions to trade or W.T.O. (World Trade Organization) where trade is regulated by an internationally body. The main agenda by international trade regulating bodies is to ensure that there is fair trade among countries and where possible to have free trade among them. Economic globalisation has resulted to a number of benefits to the countries engaging in the trade, they are able to maximize their available resources since there is ready market; when there is a competitive market, people tend to look for better ways of uti
Evidence Review The study by Howie and Peppercorn (2013) provide evidence of early palliative care in the form of a systematic review of available clinical trials. The article was published in a reputable peer-reviewed journal. The information is properly systematized and grouped into three sections representing different aspects of palliative care, which contributes to the clarity and usability of the data. The information is derived from reputable peer-reviewed sources. All sources are cited appropriately using APA format. The majority of the sources are within the seven-year range which is an acceptable time frame. Several studies used for the systematic review are randomized controlled trials, such as the study by Temel et al. (2010). The authors responsibly report the key statistical parameters used by the researchers, including the p-value for each quantitative finding. However, the data is not systematized in any way and is provided descriptively. Furthermore, Howie and Peppercorn (2013) do not specify the criteria for inclusion of the sources in the analysis and do not include the rationale for any of the included studies, which undermines the reliability of the data. Also, such an approach introduces the possibility of bias since the data may be applied selectively (). Therefore, despite the value of the provided evidence, the article is categorized as level V of evidence quality. The population chosen by the authors (cancer patients) makes it relevant to the chosen area of study. The article by Satija et al. (2014) addresses the issues associated with analgesia as a dominant intervention for pain management in breast cancer patients by exploring the available alternatives. The article was published in a peer-reviewed source. The information was obtained primarily from medical journals and official web resources of relevant organizations. The article is properly systematized by the type of intervention, with claims in each section supported by evidence from several sources. However, only a small fraction of the studies used to support the claims are randomized controlled trials. Besides, Satija et al. (2014) do not specify important aspects of the studies used to support their claims, such as the adequate size of the sample or the p-value of the findings for quantitative data. The authors also do not specify the criteria for inclusion in the review. However, the authors include a range of sources that deal with the limitations and known weaknesses of the suggested interventions, which increases the credibility of the provided data. Nevertheless, such an approach is not systematized in any way, which means that the possibility of bias cannot be dismissed. In conclusion, the article provides level V quality of evidence and is to be used as an overview of the available options rather than a guide on their viability. Its relevance is determined primarily by the consistency of the population with that specified in the PICOT. The article by Wilkie and Ezenwa (2012) offers a literature
Introduction The focus of this project is on improving alarm response management in a clinical setting. This problem is becoming quite urgent because inadequate alarm response times may have adverse effects on patients’ health (Gazarian, 2014). This project will address three domains related to the issue. Patient outcomes will be improved as their health needs will be met more efficiently. Serious health hazards will be addressed in a timely manner. Effective time management will enable nursing practitioners to spend more time with patients addressing their physical, psychological, and emotional needs. More effective communication between the patient and the nurse will increase patient satisfaction. Nurses will benefit from the participation in the program as their alarm response fatigue will be reduced, and thus their overall job satisfaction will be enhanced. Finally, the administration of the facility will address issues related to nurses’ turnover and care quality. The new approach will help healthcare professionals to provide high-quality care without significant additional investment. In order to implement change and improve the situation, it is necessary to employ Lewin’s Theory of Change. The theory is one of the most common theoretical frameworks utilized in the clinical setting due to its clarity (Sullivan, 2012). Although it was developed in the middle of the 20 th century, it can be employed in modern health care settings. This model is easy to implement as it consists of just three major parts. Lewin also describes the most influential forces that tend to undermine positive changes and those that facilitate the implementation of change. These factors will aid in the development of an effective intervention to address the problem and implement change successfully. SWOT Analysis It is possible to conduct a SWOT analysis to evaluate the potential benefits and risks associated with the proposed project. As for the strengths of the intervention, the program will address several aspects of the issue, as improvement in the technological sphere and in nurses’ working environment and development will be attained. The project will not require excessive funding as it will be based on the use of the existing information systems. The opportunities associated with the intervention include the development of a method to implement change linked to nursing practice. Apart from achieving positive patient outcomes, nurses’ alarm fatigue will be reduced, while their satisfaction will be improved. Nevertheless, the project can be characterized by certain weaknesses. Although the funds necessary for implementing the plan will not be excessive, some money needs to be allocated. The project requires strong leadership, which can be a problem for the facility in question and other healthcare units. Finally, some threats may undermine the effectiveness of the plan. The resistance of personnel may also be a threat, as some people may be unwilling to accept any change, especially when it is related to the i
Introduction Of all the elements in literature, I find character to be the most compelling. Countless masterpieces are remembered mostly for their characters, even though there are many other elements which certainly contributed greatly and without which the work would have, at least, suffered greatly, if they did not fail completely. It is my belief that a great piece of literature must combine all of the important elements to succeed, but character is what draws me in. In thinking on this I took the three most memorable examples of character in all the literature which I have read, and examined them carefully to see what made them work so well. I came to the conclusion that it was their “human-ness” that made them so. I chose to examine The Fish by Elizabeth Bishop, The Things They Carried by Tim O’Brien and There Will Come Soft Rains by Ray Bradbury. Analysis After considerable careful consideration I chose these three of all the works I remember for the characters, because of the different ways they accomplished this. All three works are powerful and emotionally charged, and each is unique in how the characters are revealed to the audience and how easy it is to identify with them. The fish and the fisher-woman in Elizabeth Bishop’s poem are bound together in a moment. Tim O’Brien’s soldiers are equally bound, yet each is alone with their thoughts, fears and needs. Bradbury’s house is pitifully all alone and dying. The methods of revealing the characters and how the authors’ managed to entice the audience to identify with the characters are only similar in that they are each quite unique. Elizabeth Bishop introduces us to the fish as “tremendous” in the first line and we imagine a huge and very beautiful fish with lovely shiny silver and rainbow-hued scales and bright eyes and pink flesh. Her description during the rest of the poem is a total contradiction. O’Brien introduces us to First Leutenant Jimmy Cross by revealing the letters he carried in the bottom of his rucksack and his ritual attachment to them and the dreams they invoked. Bradbury introduces the house by repeating its good-morning ritual: “In the living room the voice-clock sang, _Tick-tock, seven o’clock, time to get up, time to get up, seven o’clock!_ as if it were afraid that nobody would. The morning house lay empty. The clock ticked on, repeating and repeating its sounds into the emptiness. Seven-nine, breakfast time, seven-nine!” (1959) Each of these introduction to the characters invites the audience to see more and draws them in. In each of these works the characters are not what we expect. The fish is a hero and the fisher-woman is a conquering champion. The soldiers are survivors, mostly, though some die during the story. The automated house is the very last vestige of human population on the earth, the sad symbol of humanity and all its accomplishments. In each of these works, the authors showed us
In 1929, New York stock market collapsed abruptly and USA along with all the industrialized nations was experiencing this slump. This great depression was considered as the major reason of the war and in the initial stages the world was ignorant about the disasters of the war. America’s involvement was totally based on the intervention of German leader Adolph Hitler. The consequences could be worse if the United States had entered the arena earlier. This topic is usually debated in political circles that had the United States have earlier intervened in the war then the outcome would be totally different and they might save hundreds of lives. On of the stronger reason given by the politicians of that time was since no direct attach or harassment was experienced by the United States therefore they can’t engage in a war. America’s Stance was to say clear and neutral. The quantity of troops was not great as compares to Russian and German soldiers and the irony of the situation was that weapons were not of highest quality. The shock of World War I was still in the minds of the people and 94% denied that we don’t want any other war. Thus, America entered World War II and they destructed the menace of Adolph Hitler and the third Reich (O’Neill, 1999). The atrocious and ruthless behavior of Adolph Hitler and the Nazi party was displayed when they killed 12,000,000 people and half of them were Jews. This destructive phenomenon is known as the Holocaust. Jews mere dramatically and systematically killed by the Nazi’s and they were demolished in huge numbers. Hitler tortured Jews and he himself named this as the Holocaust. Adolph Hitler in his early times wants to become a painter but he was rejected by his Dean and his dean complemented that he can’t become an artist. The shock of rejection was severe and most people say that if Hitler wasn’t rejected the Holocaust wouldn’t happen (O’Neill, 1999). The emergence of the new world order after the World War II is quite huge in nature. The period is ranging from 1773-1998. In 1973 Rothschild gathers his 12 influential friends and claims that if all of them combine their resources together they can easily rule the world and they have one leader name “Adam Weishaupt”. Weishaupt established a secret society and named it as “The Illuminati”. The illuminati tried to establish a New World Order and their objectives were: Creation of a government on world basis, Abolition of elements like inheritance, patriotism, family, religion etc. Different revolutions started after that and people came and tried to influence the world by their own theories (O’Neill, 1999). Under a New World Order many changes occur in the world like the creation of a proper banking system, the central bank, democratic theories, international control over armies and navies. Ultimately, New World Order was shaped after the World War II and its dimensions were economic, political, social and spiritual. Most of the historians believe that this formation of the New World Order was becaus
Introduction Coca-Cola Company is a global corporation known worldwide for its diversified brand portfolio. The company mainly manufactures a variety of non-alcoholic soft drinks in different parts of the world. Soft drinks are usually non-alcoholic carbonated beverages that contain edible acids, a sugary agent as well as synthetic or natural flavors. Some of the common types of soft drinks include: flavored water, colas, iced water, sparkling water, sweet tea fruit punch and squash. Most of the Coca-Coal products bear regional names. For example, typical names include: soda, coke, pop, tonic, bubbly water, fizzy drinks, cold drinks and circus water. In several parts of the United States, carbonated soft beverages are normally referred to as pop soda, coke, tonic or cola. In Australia, South Africa and Canada, they are known as soft drinks or fizzy drinks (Kumari, Bhat & Pandey, 2010, p.441). Coca-Cola Hellenic Company Profile According to Lim and O’Cass (2001), Coca-Cola Hellenic is the second biggest bottler for the Coca-Cola Company in terms of volumes (p.58). The company boasts of a robust product diversification and its earning base is well across Europe, Nigeria and Russia. Coca-Cola Hellenic Bottling Company manufactures and distributes an assortment of non-alcoholic merchandizes with a robust and diversified portfolio. For example, during the financial year 2010, the company produced over 2 billion unit cases and earn about EUR 6.7 billion in revenues. Over the past years, the company has steadily diversified its portfolio of merchandizes to include water brands and juices as well as the famous Coca-Cola products such as Coca-Cola Zero, Fanta, Coca-Cola and Sprite (Lim & O’Cass, 2001, p.58). Rating Rationale According to Moody’s Investors Services (2011), the rating rationale of Coca-Cola Hellenic is a clear manifestation of its status as the biggest Coca-Cola bottler in terms of revenues and sales. The company operates in over 25 markets, including Nigeria. It is important to note that although The Coca-Cola Company (TCCC) holds a 22% stake in the bottling company, the two companies share a long history of partnership from an operational and strategic viewpoint including joint acquisitions. The Coca-Cola Hellenic’s A3 rating reflects its excellent geographic diversification that is geared toward introducing its brand portfolio in new markets. According to Kumari, Bhat and Pandey, the bottling firm manufactures and distributes a variety of sparkling non-alcoholic drinks (2010, p.442). In the FY 2010, these beverages represented over 65% of the company’s total volumes (Moody’s Investors Services, 2011, p.2). International Operations According to Kumari, Bhat and Pandey, Coca-Cola Hellenic’s network is spread over 25 countries in Eastern Europe, Western Eur
Chris was placed to work as a relief manager in a small suburban branch of the company. The task was challenging as he had to work with inexperienced employees and knew little about local customers and daily office routines. The accidental bank robbery took place when one of the bank tellers named Carol had an unresolved $900 shortage from her drive-in window. As a probationary employee, Carol would be fired unless the money was restored (Plath, 1991). Chris faced the dilemma of either reporting the shortage to the personnel department or finding a way to balance Carol’s window without notifying the bank’s authorities. The core values that might be used to resolve the dilemma are honesty, reliability, and trustworthiness. The utilitarian perspective can be applied to the dilemma as it might offer ways to achieve the best possible outcome. Utilitarianism is “a theory of normative ethics that ethically evaluates actions by their consequences and their impact on overall happiness of all affected by an action” (Becker, 2019, p. 19). Additionally, the concept of virtue ethics based on favorable character traits might be used to resolve the dilemma and prevent Carol from being dismissed. The complicating factors in the scenario are the probationary status and inexperience of Carol, the steadfast position of the customer about the money he received, and the reliance of Chris on the knowledge and experience of the local branch personnel. There might be two distinct alternate solutions to the problem. One the one hand, using the utilitarian approach, Chris might report the shortage to the bank’s personnel department, which would possibly result in Carol’s termination of employment. He would also recommend the bank to check the surveillance cameras and databases to prevent criminal prosecution against Carol. On the other hand, Chris might try to help Carol to preserve her position by applying the concept of virtue ethics. He would submit a report that confirms her status of a probationary employee and indicates the need for a short training course on her expense as a disciplinary alternative to her dismissal. There is a specific relationship between the dilemma and societal issues, such as theft and workplace problems. Even though the money was not stolen by a thief, it went missing because of the incompetence of the bank teller. Thus, the social issue of theft can be applied to the situation as it might lead to the same result of missing money, as in the case of accidental bank robbery. Workplace problems, such as the lack of proper training for employees, might have also contributed to the given scenario and caused the loss of $900. The resolution involving a disciplinary measure for Carol include valuable managerial implications, such as the importance of employee training for money-loss prevention and the plan for the effective local management. The adverse outcomes of the proposed resolution would be the financial and temporal expenses for the bank, which in the long run, however, might contribute to the efficiency and profitability of the business.
California is called a majority-minority state because its population is made of different minority groups; thus, there is no one group that is the majority. It means that California is very diversified in terms of ethnic and racial groups population. The major minority groups in California are Latino, White, and Asian ethnic groups. The state’s Asian and Latino populations are growing in number whilst the Non-Hispanic whites population is declining. The main reason for that is that white people saw disproportionate trends in fertility and mortality rates, which led to the decrees in the population number. In addition, the white ethnic group experienced a negative rate associated with the natural increase. On the contrary, Latino and Asian populations had higher fertility rates, which in addition were accompanied by an increase in the immigration rate of these racial groups to California. History of Migration to California California has long been the home of the largest immigrant population in the United States, and European explorers arrived at its port as early as the 17th century. When Spain sent soldiers and missionaries to an area called California, migration began before the United States ruled the area. It escalated after the United States occupied the state of Mexico and enjoyed the benefits of the discovery of gold in the hills of Sierra in 1848. The 1850 US Census counted 92,597 people and recorded origins from around the world but could not estimate the number of indigenous Californians still alive. Immigration policy favored white Western Europeans for most of the 20th century, making it difficult for people from other parts of the world to settle in the country and eventually become American citizens. The 1965 Immigration Act replaced the traditional American racial-based immigration quota with a system of preference based on newcomer talent and family relationships with US citizens or permanent residents. These newcomers have begun to transform the country, especially Southern California. Since 1965, California has begun to transform into today’s multinational and multicultural crossroads. The Diversity Immigrant Visa Program, introduced by the Immigration Act of 1990, is a new category of immigrants. The program has increased the number of immigrants and facilitated the diversity of the coming immigrants. This contributed to California becoming and maintaining the majority-minority state it is today. Political Impact Immigration affects California in many ways, including such spheres as economy, domestic policy, international relations, and crime level. It is important to mention that the characteristics of the immigrants moving to California are different in terms of their education and skills. Skilled immigrants are easily accepted and are believed to bring economic benefits to the local population. It can also drive job creation and growth. Unskilled migrants are fined and can compete with less-