ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Shinto refers to the indigenous Japanese religion, which has always influenced the lives of many people politically, socially, and even economically in the country. The Shinto religion has a set of practices that were created in the prehistoric periods, but are still valued. The practices are conducted meticulously in order to ascertain the connection between current events and the precedent. However, studies show that these historical records do not give the clear picture as to how Shinto, as a religion, established itself in the Japanese society. The writings give disorganized folklores, narratives, and myths. In modern Japan, Shinto is a term commonly utilized to refer to communal shrines, which are used for various reasons including war cenotaphs, crop celebrations, marriage, historical tributes, and sectarian groups 1 . A number of historians and analysts give a unified definition of the role of Shinto in the modern society, by using a standardized language and practice, which entails adopting an analogous style in dressing and ritual. Shinto was derived from the phrase ‘ the way of the Gods’ . It was a Chinese name that combined the words kanji (shi), implying the spirit and kami (to), meaning a theoretical path or a study. The spirits were usually understood from various perspectives with some believers suggesting that they were human-like while others holding the view that they were animistic. A majority of believers were of the view that they were abstract objects meaning that they represented nonfigurative forces such as mountains and rivers. Spirits and people are inseparable meaning that they are closely interrelated. In fact, the relationship between human beings and spirits is complex to an extent that the presence of spirits will always determine the behaviour of an individual. The national statistics of Japan show that over 80 percent of all Japanese practice Shinto as a cultural aspect, but not necessarily as a religious feature 2 . Studies show further that even though some individuals believe in Buddhism, they also engage in Shinto rituals meaning that it is a cultural practice among the people of Japan. In this regard, Shinto is considered a cultural belief that influences the lives of many people, both believers and other non-believers of Shinto religion. Studies shows that Shinto is treated as a way of doing things in society, but not as a religious practice, given the diversity of the Japanese society. For instance, a number of individuals, both taking Shinto as religion and those believing in Buddhism, tend to celebrate the birth of their loved ones in Shinto shrines. Thesis Statement It is true that
Introduction Clinicians have been confronted by the challenge of selecting management for patient with spinal dysfunction. Patient treatment approach on the premises of pathology are not all the times useful in treatment choice as it is projected that a particular diagnosis can be made for only fifteen percent of patients with for instance low back pain (Grieve, 1991 and Waddell 1998). Making more complex this improbability is the absence of scientific proves to support a certain management models for patients with such conditions (Foster 1998 and Huijbregts, 2002). As a result, the choice of management model becomes even more complicated as it obliges physiotherapists to forecast the probable payback of a specific management model for each specific individual patient (Farrell and Jensennn 1992). This paper attempts to unravel critically the efficacy level of manual therapy to address vertebral dysfunction as supported by Maitland and Mulligan. The paper starts by giving a brief definition of manual therapy and vertebral dysfunction. It then looks at the physiological effects of manual therapy in reference to Maitland and Mulligan techniques. The paper is summarized by expounding on existing research gaps within this area and make recommendations towards bridging the research gaps, Definition of manual therapy & vertebral dysfunction The definition of manual therapy varies in regard to the profession that id describing it for lawful reasons to state what is allowed within a practitioner range of practice (Cyriax, 1941, Kochar and Dogra 2002). In physiology, manual therapies are described as clinical methods that uses skilled specific hand-on approaches that include but not restricted to manipulating or mobilizing employed by the physiotherapists for diagnosis and management of soft tissues and joint configuration with an objective of modulation of pain, raising range of motion, plummeting or eradicating soft tissue in
Women throughout the ages have always played a pivotal role in the shaping of society, especially seen in the family set up as well as positions of leadership. Traditionally, women are considered as mothers, the agents of procreation as well as wives, who were to diligently be at the service of not only their husbands but also the whole society. In today’s society, together with their traditional roles, women have shown high degrees of responsibility for not only their families but also for the wider society that is especially seen in political, social, scientific and many more fields (Bert, 2006). With the rise of feminism ideals, women have sought to disentangle themselves from traditional values that have proven to sideline them from self-independence and actualization as women (Cook, 2006). This is seen in the capabilities of women that are emphasized such as being the backbone of developing the world economies. But that does not mean that women cease to be women but rather as complementary of the malefactor. In most families where women have taken up an important role, that of supplementing their men in providing for the family through involvement in salaried jobs, such families flourish economically because there is no straining of the family financially which could have been realized if only the man were providing for the household (Bert, 2006). Traditionally, men were regarded as family breadwinners; women were on the receiving end as homemakers. But this has greatly changed due to the economic times that call for a substantially good income to support families. In the leadership arena, quite several great women rulers stand out as good and successful leaders, one of the examples being that of the Margret Thatcher and the likes. In today’s society, very many women have stood out as exemplary world leaders. Most of who have not ignored their roles at the family and society level. Though with powers, some of them have proven otherwise with the rise in divorce cases due to feminist ideals. In the advent of the era characterized by divorces and single parenthood taking center stage, women are put in the limelight as the family breadwinners and as mothers too. Their roles have taken another turn because of this. This though has not been seen as a problem on their side because they have stood the test of time to prove that they indeed can manage (Cook, 2006). When serving as family breadwinners and mothers at the same time, they get less involved with their children because most of the time they have to be out working, but they always tend to find time for their families which gives room for more bond
The focus on effective working relationship with parents is important in the field of special education. Much attention should be paid to building the collaborative relationship between teachers and parents oriented to creating good conditions for students with special needs. In order to establish effective working relationship with the parent who demonstrates little interest in parent conferences, it is necessary to create comfortable conditions for parents to participate in conferences, overcome barriers in communication, and improve the use of communication channels necessary to share the important information. The parent can regularly cancel meetings and conferences because of the lack of time and because of the poor organization of the meeting which can last more than one hour. The fact that the parent brought the infant and a pre-school child to the meeting supports the idea that the parent needs to pay much attention to children, and long meetings can disrupt the parent’s personal schedule (Friend and Cook 12). The first step to overcome this issue should include changes in the conferences’ organization. The parent should be provided with the topic of the meeting and basic points to discuss in advance with the help of the e-mail message. It is important to inform the parent about the scheduled conference with the help of the phone call and ask to propose any changes in the schedule with the help of the e-mail (Hornby 19-20). The conference should last no more than one hour, and the educator should focus on discussing the topics in a concise and clear manner. The parent should be involved in the active participation in the dialogue, and she should be motivated to ask and answer questions (Lentz 29). The parent should also inf
The 1930s and the 1940s in the U.S. were characterized by continuing discrimination of African Americans in the majority of the spheres of life in the country. The persistence of the Jim Crow laws in the South and the resulting segregation were considerable obstacles for black people since they affected their ability to have a proper job, vote, and use public transportation. Additionally, African Americans experienced racism in the armed forces, which, in the midst of the fight with Hitler’s fascism, made it difficult for the government to maintain the existing status quo at home. Yet, even after certain laws that promoted discrimination were abandoned, black people did not stop being affected by systemic prejudice. The 40s era saw many organizations that took actions to defend the rights of African Americans, and despite the fact that they espoused different tactics, they all contributed to the cause of racial justice. The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) was the most prominent political actor dedicated to improving African Americans’ status. The organization backed peaceful methods and, for example, supported activist A. Philip Randolph, who threatened the federal government with a possibility of a large march on Washington if racial mistreatment would not be prohibited. This strategy was effective and, in 1941, led to the signing of an executive order by President Franklin D. Roosevelt, which banned racial discrimination in the defense industry (Jersey & Wormser, 2002). During the period after the war, many members of the NAACP, including W. E. B. Du Bois, who believed that the new Truman administration would not be concerned with the issues faced by black Americans. The end of WWII marked the beginning of the cold war, which resulted in strong opposition to the leftist movements in the U.S and caused the NAACP to distance itself from communism. When the USSR agreed to sponsor Du Bois’s “An Appeal to the World,” a document that addressed America’s racial injustice, he was removed from
Introduction “Empire of the Sun” is a 1984 novel by J. G. Ballard which was rewarded with the James Tait Black Memorial Prize. Even though like Ballard’s previous short story, “The Dead Time,” issued in the anthology Myths of the Near Future, it is mostly fiction, like the prior story it sketches expansively on Ballard’s skills in World War II. The novel narrates the story of an English boy, Jim Graham (just exactly as Ballard’s first and middle name: James Graham), who stays with his parents in Shanghai. After the Pearl Harbor assault, the Japanese occupy the International Settlement, and in the subsequent chaos, Jim appears disconnected from his parents. For four months, Jim resists in a netherworld, searching for food in dumped houses, escaping slavery and death on his cycle. Gradually, he comprehends that the Japanese are his only defenders in China. And with the expectation of a blameless, Jim presents to the imprisonment camps. His estimation of the Japanese is hesitant. He esteems their bravery and is afraid of their brutality; he also recognizes that the Japanese are competent in sympathy toward kids. Actually, Jim has realized very early on that in a real conflict no one was informed which side Jim was on, and there were no flags or observers or conquerors. In a real war, there were no rivals. Though the Japanese are “legitimately” the opponents, Jim recognizes partially them, both as he respects the pilots with their grand mechanisms and because he senses that Lunghua is still a relatively secure location for him during those times. Discussion Towards the termination of the war, with the Japanese army collapsing, the food providing decreases essentially. Jim barely stays alive; around him, locals starving to death. Yet this book is much more than the grainy narrative of a child’s amazing endurance in the severely familiar setting of World War II’s concentration camps. There is no melancholy for a good war here, no sappiness for the human strength at intense. Mr Ballard is more determined than romance generally permits. He aspires to render a vision of the disaster and thrives so well that it is able to hurt to reside upon his representations. For Mr Ballard appears to be against all armies and the principles that assemble troops; he appears also to consider that the repulsion of his youth terminated only when World War II started with a nuclear attack on Nagasaki. In the second and third parts of the book, the author attains beyond the survivor’s guides that have appeared to be obligatory knowledge of the twentieth century. On one level, Jim grows for three years into an ingenious hostage who can su
Introduction The motivation for, and the results of, the religious revival that swept the US in the early part of the 19 th century has received divergent views from historians. While evidence abounds on the massive change that society underwent as a result of this revival, some historians have alluded to the positive impacts that are the direct result of the revival while others see it in a negative light. Historians Johnson and Hatch view the revival differently. For Hatch, the revival was a liberating force of unequalled character that empowered the average man and made the elite less influential in running the society. Johnson, however, has the divergent view that the revivals were mainly used for influence-peddling, with the middle class using it to advance their agenda at the expense of a hapless working class. Discussion The revival in America was embraced by a majority because it seemed to provide liberating influences that had not been experienced before. Through the revival, Americans, regardless of their social standing, were getting united in the service of Christ and the church. For the society then, the promise of cohesion was becoming an achievable reality. According to the leaders of the churches that grew immensely during the revival, the work being done had one objective – to prepare the church for the millennium (Johnson 291). All actions then were to be regulated by the knowledge that the whole society was working for a greater goal than merely daily profit-seeking. With such lofty ideals being pursued, it is easy to see why Americans embraced the spirit of the revival. The revival led to massive changes in society. The number of churches grew immensely, as did the number of followers. This growth was revolutionary in a number of ways. First, the churches that were coming up were more liberal in their teachings than the established churches. Groups such as the Methodists, the Disciples of Christ and the Mormons experienced phenomenal growth (Hatch 300). The liberation that the new churches were preaching seemed to fit in perfectly with the ideas of the American Revolution. According to Hatch (301), the ideas of freedom and the people’s ability to think for themselves, which were the hallmarks of the Revolution, were now finding fertile ground for growth and advancement in the churches. By their very development, the new churches were breaking away from a long tradition in which the clergy was an elitist group that had strict dogma and manner of worship taught to the followers. Through the revival, the new churches were declaring their independence from such control and developing ways of worship that made sense to them. The society improved in certain ways as a result of the revival. The virtues of hard work and abstinence from consumption of alcohol got new impetus. The Bible became an important guide in everyday life. Yet what the Reviva
Language teaching curriculum development began with the notion of syllabus design, a specification of skills that will be practiced and taught during a course. However, when speaking about the sphere of language teaching, syllabus design has undergone some changes due to a variety of influences, such as learning targets, proposals in methodology, and syllabus issues. Therefore, there is a need to learn what links the aspects of language teaching, such as notional syllabuses and standards movement. To answer this question, it is important to differentiate among three curriculum approaches, such as forward, central, and backward designs. Differentiation and analysis of these three approaches to language teaching design will facilitate a better understanding of the “big picture” with regard to language teaching as well as the present or past trends of syllabus design. Approaches to Curriculum Design The notions of curriculum and syllabus have similarities in meaning; however, they should not be confused with one another. While curriculum refers to the overall established requirements demanded of a student for arriving at the measurement achievement tools, syllabus refers to the progression in a specific subject. When it comes to the approaches to curriculum development, forward, central, and backward designs are considered the most widespread. Forward design of curriculum development is grounded on the view that input, output, and process interact with each other in a linear manner (Richards, 2013). This approach was also called the “waterfall model,” in which the output on one stage of a process turns into an input on another stage that is following it (Tessmer & Wedman, 1990). For example, in a forward model, the sequence of activities is the following: a teacher chooses a topic for the lesson, a resource, an instructional method, and the method of assessment (Wiggins & McTighe, 2006). In a central design model, the development of curriculum does not start with the input; rather, the selection of teaching activities and methods occurs first (Richards, 2001). According to Clark (1987), the central design model allows teachers and students to discuss various subjects and answer the question as proceeding with the lesson instead of following the “waterfall model,” where all components of the lesson have already been predetermined. Lastly, the backward model implies the predetermination of the learning outputs before the development of input and instructional processes. The backward approach to curriculum design is often conducted through the use of learning objectives as “planning units in instructional design” (Tyler, 1949, p. 45). Forward curriculum design is considered traditional and
Introduction Human perceptions vary when it comes to explaining the reality and truth of things. This is to say; human interpretations of things vary according to one’s ideological views, values, and beliefs. This therefore makes it important to use a philosophical approach in answering the most important existential questions about human existence and the nature of things. In this regard, for one to critically analyze situations, hence formulate working solutions or come up with correct inferences, it is important to use metaphysical, epistemological and axiological concepts. This three philosophical concepts play an important role of unraveling the reality and truth in things and occurrences, owing to the fact that, it is very hard to trust and follow human instincts. This paper will critically discuss these three philosophical concepts and their importance in explaining the reality in life’s most crucial existential questions (Melchert, 2006, pp. 4-9). Reality (Metaphysics) There exist a great difference between the actual existence of things from their outward appearance; which in most cases individuals use to interpret occurrences in their immediate environments. Metaphysics principles try to unravel the reality in things; in a form that human interpretations cannot. In addition, this field also tries to elucidate human notions on the nature of things in terms of their existence, likelihood, time, attributes, being, and space. For example, the realists
Introduction Japan philosophy is characterized by two main religions, which provide people with a chance to evaluate their places in this world, to accept this life with its all challenges and demands, and to comprehend what can make this world better and safer. These two great religions are Buddhism and Shinto. More than 90 million Japanese are considered to be Buddhists or, to be more exact, Zen Buddhists. The impact of Zen Buddhism became considerable for each sphere of life: poetry, painting, tea ceremonies, and even architecture. Japanese temples are regarded as the places of worship, where the supporters of Zen Buddhism spend much time and distribute their teachings. Zen temples in Kyoto may serve as one of the most significant religious and educational centers, where everyone may get a chance to plunge into the peculiarities of these traditions. Though many temples have been destroyed during the wars, some of them have been rebuilt in order to prove how devoted and pure Buddhists and their intentions could be. Each Zen temple is not only a simple building, where Zen Buddhism is taught and explained; it is the place, where the essence of Buddhism is depicted by means of each stone, detail, and color; it is the center, where those, who seek for support and understanding, can find necessary help and get a chance to learn themselves better. Discussion The essence of Zen Buddhism and its significance for Japanese people. Zen Buddhism was originated in India at the end of the 5 th century B.C.E; but it came to Japan from China. The essence of this religion is “seeing into one’s own nature” (Dumoulin, Heisig, and Knitter 2005, 380); this concept plays a very important role for those, who want to grasp the essence of this life, this is why each detail has its special meaning. Japanese people are regarded as one of the most religious people who pay much attention to such concepts like worship and faith. Buddha and his experience. The teachings and experience of Siddhartha Gautama also known as the Buddha (Deal 2007, 202) became the grounds for Zen Buddhism. This wealthy Indian prince was considerably troubled because of human suffering that he was able to observe at the age of 29. He made a decision to forget about his prosperity and richness and devote the rest of his life to seeking for understanding. After 6 years past, he achieved the desirable purpose and became free from suffering. His example was successful for other people, who decided to follow this way and promote Zen Buddhism. Zen Buddhists proclaimed that “all existence is suffering. Suffering is caused by desire. Cessation of desire results in cessation of suffering, the Eightfold Path lead to liberation” (Deal, 2007, 202). This religion emphasizes that people are able to achieve enlightenment by means of meditation in order to deprive themselves of suffering and pain. With time, the basics of Buddhism became influential in different spheres of like. Due to Zen activities, Ja