ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction At best, London may be described as a city that is extremely mobile. In addition, the population is highly diverse, and not to mention the rampant health inequalities that plagues this city. Apparently, Londoners appear less satisfied, with respect to the provision of health services, when they are compared with the rest of the population of England, in other urban areas (Bardsley et al, 1999). What this appears to suggest is that the need of the Londoners are not being met, health-wise. When there exist inequalities in the provision of health care, what this means is that individuals do not have an equal chance to these services. In addition it also means that all too often, individuals who are in a dire need for health care ends up not getting it simply because they may not to afford it. According to available evidence, breast screening helps to dramatically reduce the ensuing deaths as a result of breast cancer. This is because as a result of screening, detection may be made while the cancer is still at the early stages, and for that reason then, it may be possible to offer easier treatment. Furthermore, recovery rates have also been shown to be higher, when breast cancer is detected early. Statistics indicates that breast screening uptake in London happens to be the lowest in the whole of England (Barer, 2003). For example, in 2005, out of a possible 100 women that have been invited to attend a screening appointment, only 62 percent of these attended this appointment. The age of this population was between 50 and 70 years. This is in comparison with the national average that year, which stood at 75 percent (Barer et al, 2003). Furthermore, it has also been shown that in the inner boroughs of London, screening appears to be extremely poor. Of particular importance here is the fact that the uptake of invitation to breast screening may be especially low in certain groups. The include those people that are residing in communities that have been deprived, such as those that have a reduced access to health care, in comparison to the groups of affluent Londoners (Royal borough of Kingston, 2004). Again, the inner boroughs bear the brunt here. Another vulnerable group is individuals that have recently moved, seeing that this group is less likely to have enlisted the services of a GP within their new locality. Then there are the ethnic communities who are a minority on London, such as the Asians and the blacks. Statistics shows that these groups have a lesser likelihood of being aware of the need to take breast screening programmes. Furthermore, they are also les likely to gain access to NHS services, chiefly as a result of language barriers. The reduced uptake for breast cancer screening that has been witnessed in London could as well bear a connection to the manner in which this service gets delivered (Royal borough of Kingston, 2004). Those women that gain eligibility to breast screening programmes are usually given a letter of invitation to the screening programme. This letter often comes from the screening service providers within a locality. Nevertheless, the locations, as well as the time
Introduction NBC is a diverse international company. NBC stands for National Broadcasting Company. It is involved in media activities, especially television network. It is an American commercial broadcasting television and radio network. Radio Corporation of America was the radio network involved in NBC. It is this Radio Corporation of America that started the television broadcasting. It was using the profit it made from radio broadcast to develop the television. It is from this that NBC started television broadcast, which was located in Empire State Building in New York. The radio continued to support the television until NBC gained significant popularity. It also became grouped among the best broadcasting business. NBC television Network airs reality shows like sports news, business news, politics and many others. It also airs soap operas and children programs like cartoons and animation. However, NBC television seems to have lost taste since 2005. That’s the reason why it was ranked fourth in the year 2005 and 2006 in the television ranking of that season. NBC has however tried to improve and attract some viewers by airing the National Football League around the end of 2006, thus managing to attract football fans. This game was a big accomplishment because improved its rating of that year. Formation of NBC Universal Television network under the NBC came up with the NBC universal. This was after the acquisition of the Universal studio movie and the theme park business. NBC Universal was created around 2004. NBC was a subsidiary of industry giant of generic electric. Due to the prolonging disappointing performance by this merged business, general electric decided to reduce losses at the end of 2009. It was to fulfill this by transferring more than half of the business stake to the cable provider business called the Comcast. Hence, Comcast became the controlling stake in the business. This deal ended at the beginning of the new 21 st century. It was now Comcast time to come up with strategy and ideas which were to boost the business back to its leading position. There were a number of regional and cable stations owned by
Concerning the new Entrants: The Threat of the Rivalry Among one of the most important factors that have to be taken into account when introducing a new product into the market is taking account of the new entrants that are going to capture the market in the next few years. Even though at present, the situation concerning the possible rivals is medium, it can increase in a relatively short amount of time, which is a reason to be prepared for facing rough competition. However, emphasizing the organic nature of the product, one can promote the new cookies relatively easy and efficiently. According to what Baourias says, “Organic private labels can facilitate the linkage between producers and retailers and improve the efficiency of the supply chain” (166). Therefore, emphasizing the specifics of the organic cookies, one can possibly overcome the competition and beat the rivals. Substitute Products: Something to Ponder over It is also worth keeping in mind, though, that the new invention also has a plenty of competitors that have already settled in the niche of organic sweets production. Hence, one has to take account of the most influential companies in the sphere of organic food in general and the organic sweets, especially organic cookies, in particular. However, taking a closer look at the existing organic food companies, one can mark that these are quite few, yet greatly influential. For instance, one of the most recent and the most successful companies, Beautiful Sweets Organic Bakery ( CookieGiftReview ), claims to offer the cookies that are practically the reinvention of the world of bakery, because “The organic baked goods are delicious, all-natural sugar cookies which are individually hand-baked and artistically decorated, although they offer brownies too. They are working on a full-product line of gluten-free, organic cookies” ( CookieGiftReview ). Therefore, the current situation in the organic food market presupposes a considerable amount of rivals, which both complicates the matter and at the same time entices for further competition. Position Map: The New Strategy To demonstrate the opportunities that the given venture is going to have in the organic food markets, one has to introduce a graph that depicts the ratio of the price, the number of customers and the level of rivalry the given venture is going to have in certain lo
Theories of computer-mediated communications (CMC) focus on how people learn to use them as active agents. This approach is different from the debates in terms of positive and negative aspects of the computer medium, which puts a human into a passive role. Research by Sherblom et al. examined the cognitive influences of knowledge, motivation, apprehension, skill, and medium on student participation in computer-supported collaborative learning (CSCL) environments (34). In particular, the researchers attempted to clarify which influence has the most power over the students’ willingness to participate in CSCL discussions. The researchers combined two main approaches to CMC competence analysis to achieve those goals. The first approach identified participants’ knowledge and motivation as the primary influences, while the second focused on affective predispositions such as apprehension and reticence. CMC apprehension determines an overall negative perception towards text-based communication, and reticence describes anxiety emerging during the use of CMC to express emotions and personal meanings (Sherblom et al., 33). After defining these factors of influence, the researchers conducted a questionnaire-based qualitative analysis of the control group. During the first stage, 91 participants completed an anonymous online survey that queried their self-perception of the following factors: CMC knowledge, motivation, skill, apprehension, medium, and degree of participation in CSCL discussions. After completion of the data collection stage, the items loading of six factors were entered into a linear regression analysis that produced a regression model. That model provided a clear representation of influence, contributed to participation in CSCL discussions by each factor. The study showed that knowledge of the CMC medium was the strongest influence on participation with a β=.41. Perceived skill occupied second place in terms of importance with a β=.23. Apprehension has also contributed to negative participation with a β= -.17 score. Motivation — an overall reliance and trust in CMC, took fourth place with a β=.11. Finally, the influe
Introduction A core competency helps an organization to create a unique customer value by applying a special skill or technology.That is why, it helps in adding customer value to products of a particular organization. Strategic management dictates that core competency should be in a position to provide substantial and appreciable value to the customers. In this context, the provided customer value creates a competitive barrier because it is unique and cannot be imitated by the competitors (Riley 1). This means that the core competencies of an organization should help it achieve a competitive advantage. Therefore, the top management of an organization should pay attention to the competencies that will have an effect on a competitive advantage. Through this, an organization will be in a position to identify the key areas which are contributing to its long term growth. One important thing to note about the core competencies is that they are not fixed. They are supposed to evolve depending on the current changes of the organization environment. As more opportunities are available to an organization, new core competencies are supposed to be developed with an aim of grabbing those new opportunities. This paper is aimed at discussing the core competencies of three organizations namely: Boeing, Sony and Nestle. Boeing core competencies Boeing has employed multiple competencies in its businesses, thus making the company an exceptional one. However, this paper will only concentrate on three main core competencies which Boeing identifies itself with. The three co
Over the decades, America’s increasingly diverse labor market has been a strong driving force behind constitutional affirmative action shaping HR policies in both public and private employment. This paper aims to explain how the components of affirmative action, as applied to public and private sector employers, intersect with Title VII requirements of the Equal Opportunity Act, 1964. It will further address recurring public concerns such as the types of employers subjected to affirmative action and the rationale behind it, their obligations and responsibilities and, most prominently, what happens when these employers fail to demonstrate a positive commitment toward affirmative action policies. As a result of the 1960s civil rights movement, Congress set up the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) with an aim to promote fair employment practices. The provision called Title VII authorizes the EEOC to enforce these statutory requirements, even authorizing it to initiate litigation with employers who refuse to end discriminatory employment practices (Ong, 1999). The protected classes include “national origin, race, color, religion, sex, age, pregnancy and disability” (Ong, 1999, p. 22). The EEOC also protects employers and unions from charges of reverse discrimination when they actively formulate plans to eliminate minority underrepresentation (Ong, 1999). Title VII further delineates unlawful employment practices as those that discriminate in terms of “recruitment, selection, compensation, benefits, and training/mentorship programs” (Ong, 1999, p. 24). However, some exceptions are appropriately recognized as in cases where companies reward employees for seniority, merit and long years of loyalty. In the same vein, it is understood that certain employment roles can only be performed by members of a specific religion, race or sex, which consequently does not violate equal employment guidelines (Ong, 1999). The priest appointed in a Catholic church would always be a Catholic male, the actor performing the role of Martin Luther King on television or film would logically be a black man, and a social club in Las Vegas would preferably hire young females to serve as dancers and entertainers. Currently, both public and private employers are required to comply with Title VII when they sponsor 15 or more employees in their payroll (Bennett-Alexander & Hartman, 2007). This applies to educational institutions, state and local governments, employment agencies, consultancy practices, unions and small retail establishments (Bennett-Alexander & Hartman, 2007). The reason behind keeping this number so low is to maximize opportunities for minority groups that would require affirmative action policies. Federal agencies must regularly create affirmative action roadmaps for their workers and spend on minority staffing programs to ensure adequate representation for target employees in various job segments. Both public and private employers, in
Introduction Human biology is a field in biology that deals with nutrition, anthropology, and medicine. The body of a human being contains a digestive system that deals with the digestion and absorption of food nutrients into the body. The stomach, small intestines, and large intestines are part of the digestive system. All of them are located at different positions in the body and have different functions and structures. The Stomach The stomach is an organ of digestion located between the esophagus and the duodenum on the left upper part of the abdominal cavity. It is a muscular, elastic pear-shaped bag lying just below the diaphragm. It is made up of five layers. The innermost layer is referred to as mucosa. The four sections of the stomach are the fundus, cardia, body, and pylorus. It is involved in the second phase of digestion after chewing. It secretes enzymes that help in the digestion of proteins. It also secretes some acids that help in the digestion of food. The major secretions are hydrochloric acid and protease enzymes. The work of hydrochloric acid is to kill any bacteria that may be in the food and provide an acidic pH that allows proteases to work effectively (Chiras 95). Large Intestines The large intestines of the human body are located between the ileocecal junction and the rectum. They are about one and a half meters long and two and a half centimeters wide. The major parts of the large intestines are the caecum, ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, rectum, and anal canal (Tortora and Grabowski 46). The large intestines receive food contents and fluids from the small intestines. The large intestines help in the re-absorption of water into the body system. The water absorbed is used to maintain the fluid balance of the body. Some vitamins that are created by the bacteria in the large intestines are also absorbed. They also help in the transport of waste products in form of stool out of the body. Small Intestines The small intestines are located between the stomach and the large intestines. Specifically, they start at the pyloric sphincter and end at the ileocaecal valve. They are narrow and long to allow digestion and absorption of food. The standard length of the small intestines in an adult human being is five meters but they may be shorter or longer. The three parts of the small intestines are the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum (Tortora and Grabowski 49). The majority of digestion and absorption of food takes place in the small intestines. Chemical digestion takes place in the
This is a case that concerns contracts between two parties. The contract is about selling and purchasing a business property. According to the facts in the case, there is a contract that has been signed between two parties, Mr. Bibe and Lotts. They are both co-workers and work for the same firm. The legal issue in this case concern understanding of information and contracting. Information through the record books was given to Mr. Bibe for him to sign a contract that would bind him into buying a coffee shop business. Mr. Bibe who is at the center stage of this case is has entered into a contract with his co –worker Lotts. Lotts feels that Mr. Bibe has earned some money from the bonus of achieving the sales goals in the firm he is working for. Based on this understanding, he gets Mr. Bibe into buying his coffee house business at an amount he thinks that his co-worker can afford. It is important to note that Lotts has information and understands the business better according to the facts presented in this case. He has information that the business has been earning a profit of $30,000 annually. It is on the basis of this information and other materials not mentioned in the case that he manages to convince Mr. Bibe into signing a contract that can bind him into buying the business. The facts of the case indicate that Lotts brought along books containing the business records that showed that indeed the business was profitable. This to an extent can be considered to be information formed from the contract that Mr. Bibe signed concerning the offer to purchase the coffee shop business. Another legal issue concerns the signing of the contract for which he had no adequate information. This is shown by the limited time that was taken before Mr. Bibe was convinced into signing the contract. It is important to make it clear that Mr.Bibe had no sufficient knowledge and understanding of the contract he was signing. He also did no go through not records adequately to be acquainted with the contents so as to have a good understanding of the business. He was quickly tricked into signing a contract in which he has no adequate understanding. Based on this therefore Mr. Bibe is not bound by the contract he signed simply because he lacked adequate knowledge and understanding. It is also important to note that the authenticity of the records can also be questioned since he was not given enough time to analyze the records and obtain certifications as to whether they are credible or not. According to the statute Mr. Bibe, who has no understanding, has no power whatsoever to make a contract of any kind, but he is liable for the reasonable value of things furnished to him by Lotts necessary for the support of his family. He, therefore, was under no obligation to sign a contract of which he had no knowledge about but he will be liable for the record books he was furnished with by the other party. Mr. Bibe should
For several years, diplomats have played an important role in promoting good relationships among various countries. Some of the roles that the diplomats undertake in foreign countries include championing for good business deals and advocating for the rights of the nationals present in the countries. The diplomats also ensure that the policies implemented by the subject countries are in harmony with the ideals of their home countries. Akagawa asserts that one of the most important roles that diplomats play in ensuring that peace prevails between their countries and the nations that they are serving in is the act of exchanging cultural information between the countries (25). While other types of diplomacy are essential, cultural diplomacy is pivotal in enhancing good interrelationships among citizens of the subject countries. The purpose of this essay is to examine the role that diplomats play to enhance cultural, diplomatic ties between countries. Apparently, some of the things that diplomats need to execute in order to promote cultural, diplomatic ties include sharing information about art, religion, cultural affiliations, and social aspects of the subject country and their countries. The act of exchanging information concerning the culture of the two countries is instrumental in amplifying the scale of the information held by individuals in both countries. Maltzahn explains that when individuals from both countries acquire an improved understanding of their counterparts from the other country, they gradually learn the various ways that promote peaceful coexistence with each other (13). Moreover, the individuals refrain from engaging in acts considered by their colleagues from other places as unethical. The peaceful coexistence that transpires after individuals understand the various affiliations of culture present in a particular country materializes when diplomats exchange information to their subject countries. It is important to note that several countries have diverse cultural affiliations. While some activities are ethical and fine with individuals in some regions, they are unethical in other regions. Therefore, the diplomats play a role of sharing cultural information between the countries and, in the process, educate the members of the two nations on ideals that concern their culture (Cliché et al. 116). Some of the ways that the diplomats engage in sharing the information include the establishment of centers that have artifacts of their countries, as well as using dances and concerts that promote the provisions of culture practiced by the subject countries. Thereafter, the diplomats use these cultural dances and artifacts to persuade their colleagues to visit the foreign country and undertake businesses wi