ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Regardless of the audiences, public speakers and writers use “some form of emotive language to grab the attention of the listeners” (Carnine, 2007, p. 347). The speakers use captivating words like “tyranny” and “savagery” to trigger a reaction from the audience. The primary objective of using emotive language is to elicit an emotional response, thus making the audience more amenable to what is being said. Humans have a tendency to endorse or censure things based on emotional attachment. Thus, for one to win the approval of the audience, they have to be calculative in choosing their words. Besides, the speakers have to be cautious of the connotation. They have to avoid using ambiguous words that the audience might misconstrue and result in squabbles. Summary of Observation Notes The tone plays a significant role in emotive language. The tone of the speaker determines the level of attention of the audience. Tone entails numerous factors that include pitch and the speed of the speaker’s voice. Tone does not “necessarily correlate to the message, and if the speaker is not careful, their delivery can result in a confused audience” (Carnine, 2007, p. 349). Debbie O’Connell’s tone is apposite for the target audience. She uses a low tone and does not shout to the audience. Such a tone does not startle the learners, therefore ensuring that they pay attention. Apart from using a low tone, the teacher does not speak very fast. O’Connell uses a moderate pace when talking to the learners. The primary objective of using an average speed is to ensure that the learners get every word that comes from her mouth. With such a rhythm, it is easy for the students to understand what the instructor is saying as well as internalize it. To stir the emotions of the audience, a speaker has to demonstrate confidence and be friendly. O’Connell exudes a lot of confidence in what she is saying. Her voice and pronunciation are clear, therefore ensuring that the students understand everything that she teaches. Besides, she does not use sarcastic terms or phrases that might confuse the learners. Word choice is of great importance in emotive language. Speakers must choose words that are easy to understand and attract attention (Carnine, 2007). The speakers must ensure that they use words with favorable connotation. O’Connell uses words that are not only easy to comprehend but also have favorable connotation. For instance, she uses the term “jagged” to describe the nature of the rocks. The word helps the learners to visualize and understand the environment or the habitat of the lion. Besides, she uses the term “innocent” when describing the cab as a way
Introduction Commercial lending refers to the practice of giving out money for loans to various known entities, which may include private businesses, limited companies, and partnership businesses. Some businesses undertake commercial lending to manage their costs of operation and capital needs. In some organizations, commercial lending calls for a bank loan extension, which also has a flat interest rate, time, and lending conditions. Commercial lending focuses on cash flows than collecting collaterals from the borrowers. The approach that commercial lending takes is to ensure that there is enough cash flow. The second focus is on collateral. However, institutions’ major aim is not to ensure that they collect collaterals but to ensure that cash is continuously in circulation. Commercial lending is a practice that has majorly been embraced by institutions that have few physical assets in the form of assets. It is regulated by a complete evaluation of the borrower’s ability to repay the loan. The willingness of the lender to pay the loan is also considered before the loan is finally granted. However, the practice of commercial lending today is much different relative to them how it was five years ago. The changes witnessed today have been influenced by the current economic recession facing most of the European countries and America. These changes have also been brought up by sharp declines in prices. Consequently, most of the banks have been negatively affected by the recession. Many of them have also faced lending problems. National banks or regional banks have bailed out some banks today. With this hint in mind, the paper focuses on comparing commercial lending today and 10 years ago. Besides, it will also discuss the increased risk of commercial lending in today’s market. Commercial Lending Today and Ten Years Ago The practice of commercial lending today has portrayed a remarkable difference relative to how it was done a decade ago. The current economic recession that has affecte
“Under state laws, juvenile offenders do not commit crime” and whenever such young people make an offence, it is considered as a delinquent act (Weijers and Duff 12). However, if any person over the age of 18 years commits the same crime, it is considered an offence that is tried in the adult’s court. In case a juvenile commits any crime, the court only hears the case and then makes a decision that is good for the child. This means that the particular child is rehabilitated and not punished (Shoemaker and Wolfe 11). Because of this, many people have debated whether juveniles should be held responsible for their actions and be punished rather than being rehabilitated. This paper will discuss reasons as to why juveniles should be tried in adults’ court. In a society where all members are familiar with all rules, justice should apply to all. To punish one community member in a certain way and give another individual of the same society an alternative punishment for the same crime is not fair (Weijers and Duff 24). As such, juveniles who commit any serious crime should be dealt with in the same manner as a mature person who commits a similar crime. One major reason why juveniles should be tried in the adults’ court is for purpose of justice. Any society should have an organized system of administering justice so that community members can continue enjoying democracy. In order to claim that justice has been administered in the society all individuals in the same society should be judged equal
Introduction Lady Anne Clifford’s lineage had a profound influence on her life course. She was the only child of Countess Margaret Russell and George Clifford. Anne’s father was the Earl of Cumberland; the Clifford properties were under his name, and he had the right to bequeath them to whomever he saw fit. However, when making this decision, he had to follow an entail that kept the family property in the line of the oldest heir. In the year 1605, the Earl passed away and unjustly willed the family estate to his brother and nephew. It was this injustice that strengthened Lady Anne’s resolve to fight for her rights. People with the greatest impact Anne’s mother had the greatest influence on her life. Shortly after the Earl of Cumberland’s death in 1605, Margaret made claims on her daughter’s behalf for the family estate. This set the pace for what was to follow when Anne grew older. Although the court rejected those pleas in 1606, it soon upturned this decision in 1607 following Margaret’s work. She looked up the archival records of the Clifford family and made the case for Anne’s right to inherit the property. Regardless of the judges’ decision, Lady Anne’s uncle was unrelenting in his claim over the estates; he refused to hand them over to Anne. It was Margaret’s strong resolve that set the pace for what her daughter would eventually take up during her entire life (Williamson 41). Margaret stood by her daughter when all other parties opposed her. It was her mother who strengthened her resolve to fight the injustice that her father had accorded to her (Clifford 59). This parent emphasized the fact that her husband had broken the entail. She also spoke candidly to her daughter by telling her the realities of the situation, and her chances of success. At the time, her father had willed the property to his brother and nephew if the earl’s brother died. Throughout her life, Lady Anne’s cousin was only a few younger than her. Further, his father was alive at the time when the lady was contesting the will. It was highly unlikely that she would ever own the lands if she followed her father’s will. Lady Anne’s mother made these intricacies quite clear to her daughter and supported her throughout the battles. When Lady Anne’s mother passed away, Anne was deeply devastated by the death. She felt that the only person who supported her life’s quest was gone. Additionally, she emphasized the grea
Abstract The Committee of Sponsoring Organizations (COSO) is a collaboration of five organizations advocating for other firms to embrace a framework of contemporary financial accounting practices (Wood, Brown & Howe, 2014). In this regard, COSO emphasizes on strong internal control systems for businesses vulnerable to risks and fraud. COSO identifies components of an effective internal control system to be used by managers, auditors and accountants. COSO’s five components of internal control system exhibit the importance of maintaining accountability by protecting assets using modern information technology and communication strategies (Moeller, 2011). The five components of internal control systems illustrate the importance of the same for businesses that seek to remain competitive and financially sound. The change of the COSO’s framework in 2013 signifies the importance of reviewing business practices and embracing new ones. In fact, COSO’s new framework as multiyear project deemed at reviewing, refreshing and modernizing public accounting practices. Nevertheless, the new developments are based on emerging markets issues such as globalization, the increased need for shared and outsourced services (McNally, 2013). From this perspective, COSO has constantly reviewed the internal control system framework from 1992 to 2013 as a sign of embracing change (Moeller, 2011). The paper discusses COSO, internal control system framework, and changes to the same in 2013. Internal control system and its importance in organizations Internal control systems include policies and procedures required in managing operations, especially in financial accounting (Gelinas, Dull & Wheeler, 2011). Internal control systems entail stipulated standards of practice. Moreover, the internal control systems can be described as laws that help organizations comply with federal, state and local regulations. Goals and objectives of a business organization or financial department are part of internal control systems. Assets and financial information structures that facilitate communication within the organization provides the aspect of internal control. Finally, principles, values and code of ethics are integral elements of the internal control system. It is important to note that internal control systems are implemented by the Board of Directors, the management and financial experts. The importance of internal control systems is critical in improving an organization’s efficiency, especially in financial activities (Gelinas, Dull & Wheeler, 2011). An effective internal control system is integral in assuring the organization’s stakeholders that financial operations are conducted in an efficient manner. In this regard, internal financial systems play a crucial role in facilitating the accuracy and reliability of financial reporting. Protecting organizational assets is the responsibility of internal control systems. From this
Introduction Organ donation is the removal of organs or tissues of the human body from a recently died person or from a living person for the sole purpose of transplanting. The people from whom the organs are removed are called donors. Numerically, dead donors are more than the living ones. Through a surgery, the organs and tissues are removed and then the incisions are closed. Different countries have different laws which allow either the potential organ donor or his relatives to consent or dissent to the donation. Organs and Tissues Which Can Be Donated Organs that can be donated include the heart, intestines, kidneys, lungs, liver and pancreas. These are got from a brain-dead donor or a donor where the family has consent for donation after cardiac death, known as non-heart-beating donation. Tissues that can be donated include bones, Tendons, corneas; heart valves femoral veins, great saphenous veins, small saphenous veins, pericardium, skin grafts and the sclera. These tissues are only got from dead people. Part of the liver or pancreas and the kidney can be donated from living donors. Recipient Protection Though organ-related infections are rare, safety tests are conducted to ensure that the organ is not infected with a disease that could harm the recipient. Organs from a person who has an active or recent case of cancer (except a brain tumor which has not spread or certain mild kinds of skin cancer) who has ever had a blood cancer or who has certain infections diseases including HIV and severe bacterial or fungal infections at the time of death are not accepted. Bodies and tissues of people with such conditions may be donated for lab research or education. It is only about 1% of people who die in hospitals who can donate organs. This is because most of these people die from infections cancer or organ failure. Donation of organs by HIV+ people to other HIV+ people under some circumstances has been proposed in some countries and in fact it has been passed into law in Illinois. Legislations Regarding Organ Donation The least restrictive legislation approach to donation if the donor has not explicitly dissented is the dissent solution. According to this solution, the donor has to explicitly dissent to donation during his lifetime. In another solution referred to as extended dissent solution, relatives may dissent in the event the potential donor has not consented. Most countries with consent solutions experience substantial organ shortages while most of the countries with dissent solutions have no waiting list or shortlist for donations. Although the Uniform Anatomical Gift Act standardizes rules among various states in the United States, the donor is required to make an affirmative statement during her or his life that she or he is willing to be an organ donor. In the United Kingdom organ donation is voluntary and no consent is presumed. People who wish to don
Introduction Capgras syndrome or Capgras delusion is a neuropsychological condition in which the affected person thinks that a close acquaintance or a family member has been replaced by a similar imposter. Capgras is usually classified as a delusional disorder and it is quite uncommon. Some psychologists have referred to the Capgras syndrome as the “imposter syndrome” (Hirstein and Ramachandran, 2007). The syndrome is named after Joseph Capgras who was the first psychologist to describe this condition. Capgras syndrome is usually common in people who are suffering from other psychotic disorders such as Schizophrenia, dementia, and brain injuries. The complexity of this syndrome presents a challenge to both the patient and the people around him/her. Around psychology circles, Capgras is considered to be a rare neuropsychological condition (Ellis and Lewis, 2001). This paper will present an analysis of Capgras syndrome including its history, manifestations, possible causes, effects, and possible treatment methods. History Joseph Capgras was a psychiatrist of French origin who lived between 1873 and 1950. Capgras first described elements of this disorder in 1923 through a case study he conducted on a woman who claimed that her husband had been replaced by an identical imposter. Capgras and the co-author of this study first referred to the syndrome as “the illusion of doubles” (Fischer, Keeler and Schweizer, 2009). Initially, Capgras syndrome was considered a symptom of schizophrenia that was exclusively manifested within the female population. After Capgras’s initial study of the condition, the subsequent studies were more psychoanalytical in nature. A breakthrough in the study of Capgras syndrome was made in the 1980s. This is when the syndrome was categorized as a neurological disorder after a series of studies. Manifestations Capgras syndrome can be manifested without any warning taking both the patient and his/her caregivers by surprise. For instance, an old woman who is experiencing symptoms of Capgras syndrome might react with shock one morning after thinking that the person ‘claiming’ to be her husband is an imposter. This is in spite of the fact that she can still recognize her husband’s appearance and mannerisms. Even after being reassured by other family members, the woman can still believe that the family members are a part of the impersonation scheme. Patients suffering from Capgras syndrome might also feel that multiple members of their family have been systematically replaced. The suspicions against this replacement might also extend to pets and other household objects. There are various documented cases of Capgras’s manifestation. One of these manifestations was through a sixty-five y
Summary of the podcast Sexual harassment still persists in Australia 30 years after the enactment of the Sex Discrimination Act in 1984. A survey carried out in 2008 by Sex Discrimination Commissioner revealed 22% of women and 5% of men indicating having been sexually abused at the workplace. Unfortunately, sexual harassment is yet to get a clear definition but is seen as any sexual behavior deemed inappropriate, unwelcome, and unwarranted usually arising where there is no mutual understanding or consent between the two parties. Many of these cases go unreported with exception of the case of David Jones in 2008 that seems to have set a new beginning on the need to expose the culprits. Organizations have a role in curbing the prevalence of sexual harassment by facilitating the implementation of relevant policies. Unfortunately, they only accomplish the first policy and ignore the others. These include: coming up with clear policies on sexual harassment that entails stringent penalties of perpetrators of the offenses with clear measures of what constitutes sexual harassment. Secondly, promote the sensitization process through training and discussion of what sexual harassment means from bottom to top. Thirdly, a strong and independent review process that allows people to report and, actions were taken against perpetrators without fear or favor. Lastly, there is a need to enforce effective actions against sexual perpetrators. Occupation of top positions by women is recommended as on
Introduction Law, H., Ngai and Wat (2008) revisited and researched on previously published materials on the subject of Enterprise Resource Planning. The incident provided such a precious opportunity for the exploration of many enterprise resource planning aspects that over the years has remained blurredly understood, or there seriousness in utilization seems to have been diminished with time. The work concentrated on the examination of the key factors that are of crucial importance for an organization to succeed in its operations and overall management leading a greater performance level. The re-visitation of the ERP literature by the above mentioned experts occurred after realization of general failure of the ERP projects in numerous organizations/institutions which associated or claimed the failure was due to the ERP complex nature (Law et al, 2008, 1). In brief, the content of the article dwelled on assess and evaluations of critical success factors as well as the sub-factor required by different states and regions for them to have a successful implementation of ERP. Enterprise Resource Planning Enterprise Resource Planning has become a buzzword in modern days for those enterprises that take Information Technology as critical and strategic infrastructure. More often than not, many enterprises get disappointed when they realize that their ambitious goals are not achieved once this miraculous infrastructure is implemented within their enterprises. Therefore, ERP has been advanced with the advancement of technology for the purpose of enabling effectiveness and efficiencies within organization/institutions specifically in almost all the inner organization cells/units. Though it’s overt that ERP implementation process is not an easy task, thorough understanding of the full process would act as a driving factor is a crucial step towards reduction of ERP project failure in organizations and their sub-units or departments, hence the rise to the leader’s positions in terms of competitive performance. The possible way of creating clarity of understanding in the ERP process is by focusing on the critical success factors- Ngai et al (2008) approached this from the international perspective, a unique field where most of the ERP programs had been a great challenge for most organizations. Generally, the dimension taken was a rare one that had attracted, or had been explored by very
From industry to Luxury: French Perfume in the Nineteenth Century According to this article, the perfume industry started getting more attention from the nineteenth century. This is a period when people started concentrating a lot on their body odors. People became sensitive to unpleasant odors. Initially, one could tell the difference between the rich and the poor by just paying attention to their body odors. However, during the nineteenth century, technological and cultural developments brought a positive change in the society. The cost of producing perfumes decreased hence making it affordable to everyone in the society. Innovations emerged that ensured the production of a lot of perfume to cater for the growing demand. The increase in the demand of perfume made the income generated to shoot up and consequently led to the increase in the number of perfume houses. The number of middlemen also increased in order to help in the distribution of perfume from the manufacturer to the consumer. According to the article, large flower farms were established to provide raw materials to the perfume houses. The author talks of how many perfumers used their names in their perfume brands. A perfumer is another name for the perfume manufacturer. The perfumers who were famous at that time dominated the market. This is because people like being associated with fame or products of familiar people. The stiff competition in the perfume industry made perfumers to devise ways to ensure maximum profits for their products. For instance, some perfumers chose to sell their products in nicely decorated boutiques to attract wealthy clients. The decorations were an excuse to justify the high prices. The perfumers also discovered that packing their products in nicely decorated containers brought in more sales. Marketing management According to the author, the Japanese cosmetic market is second largest in the world. Women play a crucial role in the cosmetic market since they are the main consumers of beauty products. In the 1970’s, many women did not pay much attention to their personal grooming as most of their time was spent doing housework, and taking care of their children. Most of them were not employed and, therefore, could not afford to buy cosmetics. However, after the oil crisis in 1973, many women got jobs and were able to buy cosmetics. Advertisements play a vital role in the usage of cosmetics, in Japan. This is because Japanese people are very sensitive to culture and religion. They have a materialistic culture, and this explains why they like emulating the western culture which is said to be advanced. Celebrities are preferred when it comes to advertising Japanese cosmetics. This is because the consumers like being associated with the prestige and the sophistication that comes along with fame. Also, Japanese manufacturers prefer using the television media and magazines to advertise their products, as opposed to newspapers and radio. However, the internet proved to be the best medium of communication between consumers and the manufactures. This is because through, the internet,