ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The toy industry in America is among the largest in the world with a global value that is estimated at $22 billion a year. Each year a total of 3.6 billion toys are sold through the market to consumers, making it one of the most vibrant industries in America; three quarter of all toys in the world including these are made in China under degrading conditions. The adverse effects of this flourishing business has wide ramifications not only to the workers who are mostly affected, but to the consumers as well as. The nature of working conditions for most workers employed in toy manufacturing industries in China can be described as demeaning and inhuman to say the least. In addition, the very safety of these toys to consumers has now become a big issue since they are a health hazard to children who are the target group of the multibillion dollar industry. Just recently, Mattel manufacturing Company which is one of the toy industries in China recalled more than two million toys that it had made because they contained high levels of lead in their paints. The working condition for people employed in these industries amounts to human rights abuse that Chinese government officials admit but which they appear powerless to address. These two are the ethical issues expounded by the case study, in general the ethical issues that comes out can be summarized in one sentence; abuse of human rights, exploitation of labor and production of goods that are harmful to the intended consumers. There are four cardinal principles of ethics that have so far been advanced; beneficence, justice, least harm and respect for autonomy, others that are commonly applied include the principles of common good and of human dignity among others. From a medical perspective, the principle of beneficence states that a medical practitioner shall at all times undertake actions in good faith and in best interest of the patient in mind. More generally it is a principle that is used to guide someone in doing what is right; under the circumstances presented in the case study, this principle will require the owners of the toy manufacturing Companies to act with the best interest of their workers and consumers in mind. This means that the need to make profit should not supersede their responsibility of providing safe working environment, humane work durations, standardized wages and safe toys to the children who use them. The second principle of least harm states that where there are two equal situations that are neither beneficial, a person must opt for the choice that causes least harm. Based on the case study this would seem to be the case since the options available for solving the problem goes down to two options; boycott the toys and contribute to unemployment of millions of people or continue buying toys made in china and continue to propagate the injustices and human rights abuses being done by these Companies. Since the injustices does not affect all the workers in the industry and does not cause a lot of death as
Introduction In the United States, searches of student property by teachers without a warrant are a common practice. If any evidence is uncovered, it may then be used in a court of law for charges such as delinquency. Furthermore, with the advent of technology, some teachers have started taking phones from students who break the rules related to them and accessing the information on them for purposes such as discovering other rule-breakers. However, it may be argued that such practices violate the Fourth Amendment of the United States Constitution. Phones, in particular, are a grey area because there is no legislation that governs such interactions. This paper argues that teachers should not be permitted to conduct searches of student property without a warrant, similarly to the police. New Jersey v. T.L.O. The original case that set a precedent for the current search policy is New Jersey v. T.L.O., which lasted from 1984 to 1985. According to “New Jersey v. T.L.O.,” a teacher caught two students smoking in the bathroom, which they denied to the principal, and a search revealed one of the children to be a marihuana dealer. Courts up to and including the Appellate Division of the New Jersey Superior Court held that there was no Fourth Amendment violation because the search was reasonable. However, “New Jersey v. T.L.O.” notes that the New Jersey Supreme Court held that the search was unreasonable, and ultimately the delinquency charge was remanded. The U.S. Supreme Court then reversed the ruling again and declared that the actions of the Assistant Vice Principal were reasonable. In the end, the case serves as a precedent that permits teachers to search student property without a warrant. The necessity of the search was a strong argument against the assertion of its reasonability. The teacher’s testimony should have been sufficient for the Assistant Vice Principal to deliver punishment to the students, as the official did not suspect the presence of drugs in the girl’s purse. The evidence of cigarettes would be additional and strengthen the school’s case, but ultimately, it would be unnecessary. Furthermore, the school could have confiscated the purse or let the student keep it under the supervision and obtain a warrant for the search. The immediate investigation of the contents was not necessary and may be considered unreasonable. As such, it would violate the student’s privacy and the Fourth Amendment, a practice that is dangerous and should not be permitted. Random Searches The power of school officials to conduct searches has expanded since 1985 due to a variety of developments. According to Ellenberger, the primary reason is the school tragedies that occurred in towns such a
Introduction Accidents are common occurrences in the aviation industry. The National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) and the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) are responsible for investigating aviation accidents and giving safety recommendations. In addition, they develop rules, policies, and laws to alleviate reduce accidents (Federal Aviation Administration, 2011). The two bodies work together through exchange of information and research findings. The NTSB was founded in 1967 and is responsible for investigating and resolving cases linked to accidents involving various modes of transport (Elliot, 2013). To maintain the board’s autonomy, any information, data, or statistics collected cannot be used as evidence in a court of law. On the other hand, the FAA was founded after enactment of the Federal Aviation Act of 1958. It oversees operations and activities related to civil aviation. Some of its core roles include issuing and revoking pilot licenses, developing civil aeronautics, regulating aviation standards, and regulating the aviation industry in order to maintain and promote safety (Elliot, 2013). In case of an accident, the two bodies work together to find the cause and offer recommendations. Interaction during investigations The main division of the NTSB involved in accidents investigations is the “Go Team.” The team’s main role is to commence investigations shortly after an accident has taken place. Team members offer their expertise at the scene of accident in efforts to ascertain the cause. The team comprises several professionals from the Board’s headquarters in Washington who are usually specialists in different fields. Within the FAA, the Office of Accident Investigation and Prevention is involved in accident investigation (Federal Aviation Administration 2011). The office identifies transportation hazards and risks, and consequently develops safety measures aimed at improving safety. The two agencies interact during an accident investigation by carrying out their respective roles. The NTBS main role is to enhance transport safety. It is responsible for investigating aviation, marine, pipelines, and railways accidents (Federal Aviation Administration, 2011). On the other hand, the FAA enacts policies and regulations that govern the transport industry. Therefore, the NTBS cannot make any rules or establish new policies to govern the transport sector. However, it can give recommendations o the FAA regarding necessary policies and procedures that can be enacted to improve safety. During a
Introduction Each individual and state has a moral and legal obligation to protect its population against war crimes and crimes against humanity. Understanding this obligation requires a deeper understanding of what such responsibility entails. Often issues have arisen as to whether war crimes and crimes against humanity committed while in office can be treated as individual or publicly committed crimes (Cryer et al., 2007). As some people have put it, should such crimes be attached to the office an individual was holding on commission or attached to the holder of the office? As a minimum requirement the state or a state office holder should ensure that citizens under its jurisdiction are not subjected to acts amounting to crimes against humanity or war crimes, put in place appropriate and effective measures to ensures such don’t happen, and when they happen, ensure that those responsible for the atrocities are held accountable. State and state office holders should therefore be organized in a manner ensuring that they are able to live up to this obligation. Government apparatus and structures through which public power is exercised should facilitate the minimum thresholds required to ensure that the aforementioned crimes and tensions which may lead to the same do not occur. These should include facilitation of peaceful solution mechanism where possible. Authoritarian/totalitarian systems often lack these structures. They generally lack structures and mechanism which could facilitate peaceful resolution to conflicts. Additionally, such regimes have often been associated with practices which infringe on the right of citizens. This often results into commission of crimes against humanity. Likewise during wars, people often loose moral and legal restrains and end up committing war crimes (Cryer et al., 2007). Basic rules that govern combat operations and behaviors offer guidelines of engagement during military/armed conflicts. These rules focus on ensuring that the opposing forces to engage in acts which may result into unjustified casualties. Additionally, it protects against operations which pose a danger to the civilian population. Such may include operations carried out against dams, nuclear sites, and other facilities which facilitate civilian life or pose a threat to the same. However, this paper does not focus on the level of commission of such crimes. The paper rather recognizes that a major obligation of occupying powers is that it must restore and maintain, as far as possible, public order and safety. An occupying power must also respect the fundamental human rights of the country’s inhabitants, including refugees and other non-citizens. One duty under the concept of public safety is the fundamental duty of an Occupying Power to ensure the life, health and safety of the civilian population under its control. When the individual fails to do this, the fundamental question is whether the individual or the office is accountable and to what levels (Cryer et al., 2007). This p
The fundamentals of the novel When speaking about the book Green Grass, Running Water written by Thomas King, I would like to consider some fundamentals of the novel. So, first of all, I would like to point out that the author “begins to extricate his characters’ lives from the domination of the invader’s discourses by weaving their stories into both Native American oral traditions and into revisions of some of the most damaging narratives of domination and conquest” (Cox 221). However, this fact is difficult to accept, as the so-called traditional Western discourse does not support the aspect. Generally, the novel Green Grass, Running Water, which appeared in the early nineties, seems to be the reflection of distinctive features between both Native and Western realities. On the other hand, one is to keep in mind that fluctuating plot themes are also discovered in the novel. King’s novel is recognized to be a perfect example of cultural perceptions. The symbolic meaning of the main character The most essential issues the author wants to draw his readers’ attention to are the transformative capacities of people and language. To my mind, the style of the writer is really unique, as the author provides his readers with an opportunity to find their own answers to important questions. For instance, King’s use of repetitions is of particular significance, as this language device shows the importance of people’s moral values. “Where did the water come from? Said Alberta. Where did the water come from? Said Patrolman Delano. Where did the water come from? Said Sergeant Cereno. Where did the water come from? Said Lionel” (King 104). The quotation explains that it is not important whether people can find an answer to the question or no; on the contrary, the author shows that people are ready to accept the unknown reality. A sense of cohesion seems to have a symbolic meaning in relation to this example. Generally, the author describes the lives of five Blackfoot Indians, whose existence is disclosed in unusual manner; thus, King’s novel combines comical, cosmic, and coincidental elements. The most interesting character, however, which I would like to analyze in detail, is a university professor Alberta. In my opinion, Alberta is not a strong character, although she is the main one. A university professor is considered to be a positive character, as she possesses a strong female intuition and innate charm. However, the fact that the main character is in love with two men, gives us an opportunity to suppose that her intentions are not serious. On the one hand, it seems that Alberta’s situation is rather funny; however, on the other hand, it is obvious that the woman has no will power, as she wants to have children, but cannot resolve her inner conflicts. For this reason, one can make a conclusion that Alberta’s story is considered to be a drama. Taking into account the main character’s worldview, it becomes obvious that one of the key themes th
Market It is the utility rather than worshipping the market that provides the best approach for achieving desirable social goals, as well as for enhancing dynamism of the economy. Open, competitive, and rightfully owned international markets that function in accordance to legitimate comparative advantages are the ones that enhance sustainable development. Both efficiency and innovation are encouraged in such markets, and these two are the key elements for human progress that is sustainable. Generally, business and entrepreneurship play a significant role in the creation of wealth for the sake of the entrepreneur and society although in most cases, new ventures do not succeed. Although performance and creation of wealth are not key to entrepreneurship as an area of research, it is a key paradigm in strategic management (Landstrom, 2009, p. 20). However, there are societal choices that determine whether such wealth will result to poverty alleviation. Frameworks that encourage business enterprise rather than welfare strategies are what results to alleviation of poverty in certain countries. Through these enterprises, people are able to obtain jobs, investment opportunities and pensions that enable them build secure lives (Holliday, Schmidheiny and Watts, 2002, p. 40). Markets are built by humans based on their values, norms, and laws. It is possible to improve the market. A free and equitable market should emanate from business. Denying market access to the poor people and nations is equivalent to destruction of not only the planet, but also the people. Although business leaders are often chided for not being able to create a global market that is free and fair, the business benefits in such a market are not so conspicuous. Generally, market can enhance sustainable development through ten ways.   * First, it facilitates utilization of resources   * Ensuring that most effective solutions have been delivered   * It encourages people to choose freely   * Through it competition comes about   * It encourages innovation   * Human creativity is enhanced through it   * Through it, flexibility is offered   * It encourages people to share information freely   * It promotes creation of wealth   * Quality of life is improved since markets generate opportunities. Technological Development The future of a business is dependent mainly on its innovation. To introduce something new is the actual meaning of innovation. Though it is part of the marketing orbit, all mangers ought to be engaged in it (Harte, 1997, p. 65). Due to its ability to determine the future of a business, a suitable approach can be used by a business to enhance sustainability. Hence, initiatives of strategic innovation that seems to be the future investment of a company tend to be given priority even in funding than others that are not likely to serve the same purpose (Johnstone and Bate, 2003, p. 94). Thus, organizations have a duty of not only performing past duties in a new way, but also ensuring that consumers have been accorded value. This situation is prevalent in island destinations where without the price competition among produc
Since the late 1970s, China has been experiencing a tremendous growth in its economy. In 1978, the Communist Party of China commenced an economic reformation program that aimed at enhancing the economic growth and performance of China (Hudis 112). This program aimed at enhancing the management of state owned enterprises (SOEs) as well as encouraging the development of privately owned enterprises. Thus, in addition to attaining high rates of economic growth and attracting foreign direct investments, the main aim of this economic reform was to transform the Chinese economy to a socialist market economy (Kraus 361). The aim of this ideology was to ensure that this economy is primarily controlled by state owned corporations. With this strategy in place, it was believed that every individual in China would benefit from the results of economic development as the profits earned by SOEs would be evenly distributed within the population. At the present moment, China is one of the nations that exhibit high economic growth rates in terms of GDP. However, from a critical angle, it is evident that the Chinese market is based on the capitalist system. It is due to this fact that Hart-Landsburg and Burkett argue that perhaps China has failed to achieve its economic reform goals that were set over four decades ago. Thus, the measures that were put in place after the implementation of the market reforms only led to the growth of capitalism. Despite the fact that SOEs were dominant during the 1970s and the 1980s, the growth of private entrepreneurship started to flourish during the late 1980s and in the 1990s. Consequently, the Chinese government passed several legislations that not only encouraged the privatization of SOEs, but also played a significant role in attracting foreign direct investments which led to the growth of the private sector. In 1993 for instance, the labor law was passed in China. This law eliminated the control that the government had in the selection and recruitment processes and paved way for the free labor market. This new concept used the demand and supply mechanism to determine the availability of jobs and the remuneration of employees. As a result, China has now been regarded as one of the main sources of cheap labor. Thus, many firms have moved their operations in this nation to enjoy the low costs of production. From this analysis, it is clear that the reformation program that was initiated by the Chinese government to rejuvenate socialism within China has failed. The results of this program have led the Chinese economy into a totally different path. The Chinese market is now based on capitalism. Consequently, most of the market industries and segments are dominated by foreign owned companies (Hart-Landsberg & Paul 13). Furthermore, Hart-Landsburg and Burkett argued that the results of this economic reformation process
Introduction The scientific phenomenon of food can be categorized as junk and healthy food. Both of them provide a good and mouth-watering taste to the tongue. However, people who are sensitive about their health avoid junk food while others enjoy it because of its taste and the spices used in its making. The reason youngsters are attracted to junk food is that they do not get the actual flavors at their home and then they are less attracted to original and healthy food as compared to junk food. Another factor, which increases the production and demand of junk food, is television and print advertisements. These advertisements are so glamorous and attractive that young minds are attracted towards it and thus they start avoiding homemade or healthy food. Junk food not only includes candies, chocolates or chips but all kinds of fast food, drinks also belong to this category. Some people who are health conscious also avoid the street food as it can freight us with a delicious taste but its after affects are injurious to the human body. These television ads also bombard the teenagers with a will to try at least once the junk food shown in the ad. Through this, if he likes it and get attracted then he surely loses the nutritional value. Common symptoms of this sort of health problem are nausea, headache, pain in stomach and the most common is day-by-day fever. Scientists have however prepare several argumentative researches and papers on this issue but all in vain as they television and print media industry cannot ban these ads as it is a great source of their income however, scientists have recommended so far they by 2010 if these ads would not be banned then every second child of America would be facing mental and physical disorders. Main body According to several web and book resources, it has been clearly stated that junk food is a sort of ‘ADDICTION’. As per a world estimate people of the USA and UK are much addicted to junk food as compared to other native countries. Children look older than their age, their mental level increases towards these things and they pay low attention tom all the happenings in their environment. We all have a good and live example of alcohol and all of its associated drinks, that when a person drinks it and becomes unconscious then he does not cares about anything or any person. This is addiction – various alcoholic drinks also belong to the category of junk food. People especially teenagers are attracted highly towards all these sorts of drinks just for their flavor etc. Despite of thousands objections against junk food, books suggest, “As long as you eat a healthy, balanced diet, many experts believe that there’s nothing wrong with having junk food treats every now and then” (Cobb, 9,