ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction The kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) is a relatively ‘young’ nation comprised of 13 provinces. Development in this nation has been rapid, with corresponding changes in the wealth and lifestyle of the population. By the year 2007, the population of Saudi Arabia was estimated at 27,601,038 and the population growth rate stood at 2.06% (MOC&I, 2007). The statistics presented in the same report indicated that people aged between 0-14 years contributed to an average of 38.2% of the total population in Saudi Arabia while those in the 15-64 years age bracket covered a total of 59.4%. In addition to this, the results of the last census show that the number of females (8.24364 million) citizens, constitute 49.9 percent of the total population. According to statistics presented by the NCBI website, most humans in all regions of the world suffer in one way or the other from oral diseases such as dental caries and periodontal disease. Among teenagers worldwide, dental caries has been noted as the leading chronic disease that most affects this age group. Even though the disease has significantly decreased in developed countries, the situation is still worse in many developing countries. This is so due to a variety of factors including the consumption of foodstuff high in refined carbohydrates. The disease is known to have a multifactor nature comprising of social, cultural, behavioral, dietary, and biological factors which makes dental caries the most prevalent disease among schoolchildren in different parts of Saudi Arabia. An epidemiological survey conducted in 1987 (Oral Health Survey Phase I) on oral diseases presented a foundation for extensive research on the dental health status of the population in the central province of Saudi Arabia. According to the findings thereafter, it was noted that among the 12-year-old age group, 41.8% of the total population was free of dental caries in their permanent teeth. As such, the mean DMFT value for males was 1.61 while that of the female counterpart constituted 1.68 (ALShammery et al, 1991). The results of a study conducted 14 years after the aforementioned Survey of Saudi Arabia indicated that the presence of dental caries was commonplace among intermediate schoolchildren in Riyadh. The sharp increase in oral diseases among adolescents could be attributed to
Healthcare provision to the public is one of the most important aspects that dictate people’s ability to participate effectively in development issues. Therefore, articulate provision of healthcare requires careful planning and adequate resources. Due to the emergence of constraints arising from the high cost of providing care services to populations, it is critical to view healthcare as a commodity. Although perceiving healthcare in this context is highly contentious, some medical specialists assert that it is the best way of guaranteeing high-quality healthcare delivery to communities. Geography of healthcare in Pennsylvania Healthcare provision in Pennsylvania largely varies depending on the region and community. It also relies on the district or region where treatment or surgical operations are performed. The data indicate a considerable variation in terms of resource allocation, per capita income, a number of physicians, employees in the hospital and hospital beds for healthcare recipients in New Haven and Altoona. The latter has more beds for every a thousand patients when compared to New Haven (“The Dartmouth Atlas of Health Care” par. 1). There is an evident variation that determines the nature of care which may be received by an individual. These are based on location, availability of physicians and supply of resources. It is pertinent to investigate the most appropriate resource utilization patterns and correct procedures for delivering effective healthcare services in Pennsylvania. The above question seeks to determine regions where procedures such as hysterectomy and tonsillectomy can be done at lower rates or where they are actually available. In New Haven, surgical rates differ significantly. The rates are relatively higher in some regions for normal procedures. Patients in certain areas may go without any treatment while others can afford the cost effective treatment in place depending on either region or resource allocation. While it is true that Pennsylvanian hospitals rely on federal government to train doctors and provide care for low income citizens and the elderly, determining the right rate requires thorough understanding of healthcare demand among patients. It also entails empowering patients on how to make healthy choices on a regular basis. Expenditure and acute care hospital resources Hospital resource allocation and expenditure vary in each Hospital Referral Region (HRR) within Pennsylvania. Apart from the resident population, race, sex and age, the latter also focuses on facilities in different regions and the number of hospitals and hospital beds in HRRs. Gross impacts may be extended to the whole community. According to findings from t he Dartmouth Atlas of Health Care , the current problem in Pennsylvanian department of public health is attributed to the fact that expenditures and acute care hospital resource planning was done based o
Nowadays, the press media industry is characterized by a high level of competition. The creation of demand and achievement of sustainability is the biggest challenge that magazines may encounter on the way to success. In the context of informational abundance and rising consumer expectations, effective design is crucial. It means that the role of a magazine designer cannot be underestimated. Since the end of the 20th century, magazine design has drastically evolved. Innovation and experimentation obtained a significant value. Overall, eye-catching and unusual designs have the potential to draw the attention of the target audience and attract new consumers. However, it can also be overwhelming and have a reverse effect repelling those to whom it was intended to appeal. It is possible to say that today designers have almost no limitations for expressing their creativity. Of course, it may be beneficial, but the lack of strict regulations hides some threats as well. To stay efficient and produce highly demanded magazine designs of excellent quality, designers should comply with a few basic rules. The set of these standards is entitled as “The Four Fs.” The Four Fs are formula, frame, format, and function. The guidelines imply that designers should create within the general style, format, and features of the magazine; use the specific formula of content editing consistently; employ standardized framing techniques, and continually consider the functional orientation of the magazine for which they work. The given guidelines may help designers to stay rooted and not to lose themselves in a vast ocean of uncertainty. By using these simple principles, one may create successful designs and contribute to the magazine’s popularity. Finding the right balance between visual and informational content, as well as functional attributes of the periodical, is the key to excellence. The function is considered the most important principle among all others mentioned above because it largely defines every single feature of the magazine including contents, visual media, layouts, and so on. In case a designer fails to consider functional aspects from one issue to another, he or she will likely create designs characterized by inconsistency. In such a situation, the audience will be confused because even those consumers who appreciate versatility and experiments expect to see a certain degree of cohesion. Surprises may not always be welcomed. Therefore, a designer should elaborate on the overall tone of the magazine. To comprehend the function of the magazine, designers should read and analyze the articles which are going to be published and identify the messages conveyed through them. By making this preliminary work, a designer will also develop the awareness of the target audience. This knowledge may substantially assist in rationalizing design choices. It also can help find a balance between standards and innovation. Uncertainty is one of the major triggers of creativity. Nevertheless, the magazine design should always have a core. It is important to remember that press is a severe industry and it is hard t
Last Chance in Texas The rehabilitation of juvenile offenders has started to attract the particular attention of experts since the beginning of adolescents’ massive involvement in the criminal justice system and the increase in juvenile recidivism rates. Traditionally, there are multiple reasons for juvenile delinquency, including previous negative life experiences and a socioeconomic environment. At the same time, in the majority of cases, imprisonment does not help offenders to learn from their mistakes and prevent re-offending. That is why according to the research on recidivism rates conducted by the California Youth Authority in 2004, 74% of all parolees had been rearrested within three years of their release (Hubner, 2008). Thus, in order to break the circle of crime recommitment, the Texas Youth Commission introduced the Capital Offender Program in the Giddings State School. Opened in 1972, the School served as a facility for children taken from broken homes where they could stay for a long time to receive a high school education. However, since the rise of juvenile crime rates in the 1970s, the Giddings State School has been transformed into a high-security closed institution (Hubner, 2008). At the beginning of the 2000s, the School was the place for juvenile offenders who had committed extremely violent and serious crimes, including aggravated assault, attempted murder, and rape. However, the Giddings State School Capital Offender Program developed by the Texas Youth Authority’s directors provides an opportunity for some juvenile offenders to transform themselves and return to society without serving full sentences. Program’s Key Strategies In general, the Program has already proved its efficiency, and multiple pieces of research demonstrated low juvenile recidivism rates among students who had completed it. These results may be explained by the implementation of particular strategies that assure the transformation of offenders into non-violent citizens. First of all, the main goal of the Giddings State School Capital Offender Program is resocialization. However, not all offenders confined to the School are suitable for it. That is why the first strategy is an efficient algorithm of participants’ selection. The School’s psychologists assess that only an almost insignificant percentage of offenders are psychopaths irresponsive to any treatment. All other students may be regarded as social creatures whose behavior may be transformed through particular group therapy. Subsequently, their behavior is thoroughly “checked and confronted” – at the Giddings State School; all students are under constant supervision twenty-four hours a day (Hubner, 2008). Those of them who demonstrate appropriate behavioral patterns, an understanding of the Program’s purposes and consequences, and a desire to transform socially receive an opportunity to be included in the Program group. Another highly essential strategy that
Galen (Greek physician, 131-201 AD) was the first to realize that respiration depends on mechanical factors provided by the thoracic wall (Benditt, Pp.829-837). The neuromuscular control of the respiratory system includes the central nervous system (higher respiratory centers and the spinal cord). It includes also the peripheral motor nerves, the respiratory muscles, and the feedback mechanisms (Benditt, Pp.829-837). This explains why neuromuscular diseases affecting the respiratory muscles are major contributors in the disease state and even mortality whether this may be in the short or long-standing scenery (Benditt, Pp.829-837). The aim of this essay is to review the recent advances in respiratory care for patients with neuromuscular disorders. Respiratory function tests include measurements like vital capacity (VC) and total lung capacity (TLC). These measurements are of limited value in assessing the degree of respiratory muscle weakness in neuromuscular disease. Evaluation of respiratory muscle weakness, in these diseases, by maximal static inspiratory and expiratory pressures and maximal sniff maneuvers provide a better assessment. Chest x-ray, although provides visualization of the diaphragm, yet gives little information, if any, about its function. Diaphragm fluoroscopy provides a better real-time assessment of the diaphragm than x-ray, however, the disadvantages of this test are it exposes the patient to ionizing radiation and it has poor specificity and sensitivity. Recently, instead of assessing the diaphragm movement, respiratory clinicians use ultrasound as an alternative to assess the diaphragm in the juxtaposition to the rib cage. This provides better visualization of the pleura and diaphragm. Measuring the diaphragm thickness at end-expiration, and comparing it with the change at end inspiration should enable clinicians to assess diaphragm strength, and shortening respectively (DePalo and McCool, Pp.201-209). The neuromuscular disease represents nearly 5% of cases of assisted mechanical ventilation (Tobin, Pp.1986-1996). The aim of mechanical ventilation is to assist the weak respiratory muscles in producing the mechanical events needed for respiration, thus preventing hypoxemia and respiratory acidosis. There are three main modes of mechanical ventilation. A- assist control ventilation; where the tidal volume the patient needs is preadjusted and the ventilator starts to create this volume when respiratory muscles efforts begin or autonomously if no such effort occurs within a preadjusted period of time. B- Alternating (intermittent) mandatory ventilation, where the respiratory clinician adjusts the number of breathing actions of a fixed volume for the ventilator to deliver. Between these controlled breaths, the patient can breathe voluntarily. C- Pressure support ventilation, where the respiratory clinician adjusts the ventilator on pressure mode rather than a volume mode as in the previous two types (Tobin, Pp.1986-1996). Ali and others (Pp. 1403-1407), assumed the initial ventilation modes for patients with neu
Steven Wozniak and Steven Jobs founded Apple Inc in 1976; currently the company has its headquarters at Santa Clara Valley, California, it is the world largest electronic industry in volume and sales revenue (Apple Inc, 2010). The company started from a humble setting where the entrepreneurs were designing personal computer to Silicon Valley computer enthusiasts. In 1979, the company made its first mass production of personal computers a product they named Apple II. In 1984, the company invented Macintosh model; they were silicon technology computers targeting learners and business customers. Since then, the company has been successful in the electronic industry. In 2001, the company introduced Ipads and Ipods, which have created the largest revenue source under the leadership of Steve Jobs. In 2008, the company made an operating profit of $4,834M, which was an increase from $ 3,496M made in 2007 (Apple Inc, 2010). The company aims at revolutionizing personal computer industry, through its innovations of consumer-focused products. This paper undertakes a full strategic appraisal of Apple in the context of the recent case study. External Threats and opportunities confronting Apple Inc. Pestel Analysis The world is experiencing growth in globalization, international trade has created an opportunity to Apple sell its products internationally, the increased market has been favored by advancement in technology, on the other the internal cooperation has necessitated for relaxation of legislations that could have offered a challenge to the company venture in international market (Chong, Keng-Boon, Binshan and Pei-Lee, 2010) . Modern population have adopted the use of computers and electronics for their various functions, they are offering an increased market for the company’s products. In 2008, the company recorded the highest sales volume of computers, iPods, iPhones, and iTunes, resulting from an increased demand of the products. People have been enlighten and are adopting to modern means of communication and business application an areas that the company has invested in heavily. From a technological angle, the company is a pioneer in a number of electronic gadgets, this has enhanced the growth of a strong brand that that offers and opportunity to the company as people are willing to associate with a company that aims at meeting their current needs. Despite the numerous opportunities that the company is experiencing, there are some danger posed by the external environment, the most recent threat is the world economic performance; the economic situation in the world is deteriorating thus the company is posed with the danger of reduced sales because of the situation. In second quarter of 2009, the global demand for personal computers reduced by 5%, such trends are threatening the success of the company in the future (DE WIT and MEYER, 2010). Competitor Analysis The computers and phone industry has a number of players each implementing the
Personal protective equipment (PPE) includes the tools that are utilized in organizations to ensure workplace safety and prevent personnel from being exposed to various hazards. The PPE market has been experiencing consistent growth over the past few years and is expected to reach the GAGR of 6.2% by 2023 (“Global personal protective equipment market,” 2017). The identified trend implies that the significance of workplace safety has risen and that organizations are ready to invest in the staff members so that the loyalty levels among the latter could remain consistently high, therefore, creating the environment for a regular performance improvement. Furthermore, the fact that the PPE market has been expanding shows that organizations have recognized the importance of safety regulations as the means of reducing costs. Particularly, the current trends point to the fact that global companies are ready to invest in the further reduction of expenses by facilitating a safe and secure work environment for their personnel. Additionally, the rise in the demand for PPE indicates that the companies supporting it are ready to penetrate the market even further and make their position in it even more secure. The identified attitudes among the companies working in the global economy are easily understandable. By investing in the enhancement of workplace safety, organizations position themselves as people-oriented and concerned with the well-being of their stakeholders. Furthermore, the focus on PPE usage will allow cementing the trust-based relationships between the organization and its staff, leading to an increase in employee loyalty and performance rates. Therefore, the purchase and regular upgrade of PPE should be deemed as a necessity for all companies. Consequently, the exponential growth of the PPE market can be viewed as the future trend. Reference Global personal protective equipment market is estimated to grow by ~6.2% of CAGR by 2023. (2017). New Jersey News . Web.
Executive Summary This report provides an analysis of the Coca-Cola Company’s communications internal and external practices and strategies, and how their communication practices and strategies help company’s success. Methods of analysis include literature review of the materials devoted to the Coca-Cola management strategies and analysis of the company’s business communication activities. In particular, the ones that focused on the improvement of the working conditions and enable communication with customers. The report finds the current business communication strategies provided by the company successful. Its internal and external strategies confirm with the needs of the modern business environment and focus on the customers’ satisfaction which is the main point of every producer. Three main policies present the basis of the internal business communication, ensure free exchange of information among employers and employees, as well as guarantee successful organizational culture. The company’s external communication practices spread over such areas as brand management, media management, public relations, and media management that ensure the implementation of the company’s strategy to provide grow of the existing brands and satisfy consumer demands. These business communication strategies contribute to company’s success and improvement of effectiveness and efficiency of the brand, as well as of the “go-to-market” models utilized by the company’s managers. Our recommendations concerning improvement of the company’s communication include:   * Provide more possibilities to the young employees, as well as workers to motivate them provide their ideas which can be a valuable contribution to development of the efficient communication environment.   * Be more oriented on the development of the international relationships and retain talented workers from all around the world. Introduction Coca-Cola is an international soft-carbonated manufacturing company known for its innovativeness and creativity; it has been in the business for the last 125 years. The success of the company is driven by a workforce of approximately 139,600 employees spread in over 200 countries. A large workforce requires a well-coordinated communication system that builds and nurtures team spirit;
Introduction Fashion especially in Hollywood films has become one of the most significant elements that have been used to draw more appealing features in cinema. One such example of fashion and its expression of character and practice have been clearly depicted in the movie Breakfast at Tiffany . Fashion signals an individual’s status in a social group as it will be examined in this paper. In addition, fashion also depicts social mobility, describes the ability of a person to comfortably fit among the diverse social backgrounds in society and indexes social affluence as well. This paper analyses fashion and cinema in the movie Breakfast at Tiffany’s by applying various theories on fashion, social trends and structuralism in society. A brief overview of the movie Breakfast at Tiffany’s The movie Breakfast at Tiffany of 1961 was directed by Blake Edwards. It starred Patricia Neal, George Peppard and Audrey Hepburn. In his review of the movie, Tiffany (2006, p.14) indicates that this heart wrenching and anguishing drama displays charm, romance, fashion and the influence of modernity. He adds that the movie has major themes that have been used to depict mood, style and social lifestyles. The core theme in the movie is freedom versus stability that has been used to reflect conflicting relationship structures between Holly and the narrator. Other themes in the movie include fashion as commodity, nature versus culture as well as rebirth among others. Theoretical perspectives The character identified as Holly in Breakfast at Tiffany plays an identifiable and memorable role that displays modernity as a socially progressive thought which she uses to affirm her ability to use fashion, knowledge and practical experimentation to create, shape and improve her environment. According to Pierre Bourdieu, modernity is an important phenomenon in the sense that it entails changes which may be influenced by economic and capital reasons. He adds that in the due process of pursuing and embracing modernity, the distribution of cultural and economic capital defines a structure that constitutes a dominant class. His argument absolutely applies to the movie whereby Holly’s exaggerated love and infatuation to what is modern. The latter was also found to supersede the notion of modernity. This reflects how factors such as capital, fashion and wealth can impact on an individual’s practical choices and influence others at the same time. The above view concurs with those of Scott (2011, p.