ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Charles Jencks, being among the scholars of modernist art, has built up a case for using the idea of late modernism in serious debates of architecture and other arts of the twentieth century. He assigns as “late modernist” the not-ceasing practice in the architecture of an avant-garde utopianism and moralism as well as the purist style at the time when the classic era of “international style architectural modernism” was over (Miller 9). Late modernism includes all production (in general) of the latest art produced after the Second World War and during the early years of this century. The term “Late modernism”, normally explains the similarities between modernism and postmodernism though differences do exist. The common term introduced from the mid-twentieth century in the field of art is “Contemporary art”. Not all pieces of art termed contemporary art is modernist or post-modernist. This term is wide and includes the artists who go on working in the modern as well as late modernist arena, and also those artists who do not accept modernism and accept postmodernism. The art movements and artists Abstract Expressionism Towards the end of the 1940s, the radical approach of Jackson Pollock to paint caused the prospective for the overall contemporary art to undergo a revolution. To a particular level, he realized that the move towards coming up with artwork was as significant as the work of art itself. Just in the same way as the innovative reinventions of painting as well as sculpture done by Pablo Picasso towards the end of the century through the constructed sculpture as well as cubism, Jackson Pollock defined afresh how art is supposed to be set up at the time when the century was in the middle. Generally, abstract expressionism build up and made larger the descriptions and potentials that were at the disposal of the artists for the setting up of art’s fresh networks. In one way or the other, the innovations set up by Pollock among other artists like Barnett Newman, Hans Hofmann, and Mark Rothko just but to name a few made a way for the realization of the diversified and wide-scoped art that came after them. Pop Art This was employed by Lawrence Alloway to describe the paintings that made renowned the consumerism of the epoch that came after the Second World War. This movement did away with Abstract Expressionism and did not accept it. It rejected the focus of Abstract Expressionism on the psychological interior as well as hermeneutic in support of art that portrayed and normally made renowned advertisement, material consumer way of life, and iconography of wide creation era. Some of the artists’ works considered to be the seminal examples in this movement include the works of such people as John McHale, Edwardo Paolozzi, David Hockney, and Richard Hamilton. Varied opinions have come up regarding whether this movement is postmodern or late modernist. Thomas MacEvilly and Dave H
Introduction A job description that is well designed can assist an employer to attract the right applicants for a particular job. Thus, it is important to do a thorough job analysis before creating a job description. An employer should use the right phrases in order to ensure that a job description is specific and unique. “He or she should include the position, job location, duties, desired skills, personal characteristics and the experience required for a given job” (Stybel, 2010, pp. 105-110). This paper discusses a job description for the position of information technology manager. Job Summary The information technology manager will be required to oversee and coordinate all activities in the information technology department. The candidate will supervise the installation and maintenance of the company’s telephone services and network. He or she will also ensure that the company adheres to the telecommunication regulations as stipulated in government laws. Summary of Essential Job Functions The information and technology manager will perform the following specific functions. First, he or she will plan, organize and direct the work plans of all staff in the information technology department. Second, the candidate will monitor the company’s telephone communication, e-mail system, website and internet. This will ensure that all employees use the company’s telecommunication services appropriately. Third, he or she will design and manage the company’s computer software and hardware. Fourth, the manager will also develop an annual budget for the information technology department. He or she will be required to forecast the amount of funds required for maintenance, materials and equipment. Finally, he or she will develop short and long-term goals to guide the operations of the personnel in the information technology department. Minimum Requirements The candidate must attain the following minimum requirements. An applicant for this position must have a university degree in information technology science. He or she must have at least five years experience in managing information technology systems. The candidate must also have an in depth knowledge about computer programming, systems analysis and database administration. Additionally, he or she should be conversant with the principles used in the design, maintenance and installation of different information technology equipment and services. Abilities Required The candidate must have the ability to communicate clearly, understand customers’ needs and work effectively with other employees. He or she must also be able to prioritize tasks and work under pressure. Disclaimer “The above statements are intended to describe the general nature and level of work being performed by people assigned to this classification” (Youssef & Noon, 2012). “They are not to be construed as an exhaustive list of all responsibilities, duties, and skills required of per
Spelling To teach spelling, an educator needs to have a clear understanding of what spelling is, what its main regularities are, and how its elements are linked into a single system and others. Only a broad understanding of the general nature of spelling makes it possible for the teacher to accurately set specific tasks for the development of individual spelling topics (Fresch, 2007). It is also important to anticipate the difficulties encountered, understand the causes of various mistakes made by students, and find measures to prevent them. What is Spelling and Why It Is Important to Reading and Writing Spelling is a system of rules for spelling words that have developed historically and are accepted as the norm of written speech. The spelling literacy of a person is a reflection of his or her general and linguistic culture. The foundation of error-free reading, speaking, and writing is laid during the period of spelling training, which is an important component of overall speech and language development (Moats, 2020). Its success is determined not only by spelling knowledge and skills but also by success in reading, grammar, semantics, and speaking. Thus, spelling is mastered as a result of improving and enriching speech. Spelling is important to reading and writing since it is understood as an integral part of the general language culture of a person. It relies on the ability to quickly detect spelling in the words and their combinations that are intended for writing or have already been written. The development of phonemic awareness and the ability to replace spelling with the corresponding letters lie at the center of literate writing (Templeton & Morris, 1999). Its foundations must be laid in primary school, and this circumstance requires special responsibility from a teacher to instill strong grammar and spelling skills from the first steps of teaching the language. Spelling Instruction First of all, spelling instruction should include the alphabetic principle, that is, the understanding of which letters or combinations of letters match which sounds. Patterns are also an important part of teaching and learning spelling. The student listens to an example of reading a specific letter and becomes familiar with a phonetic pattern, for example, CVC one to form short vowels or CVCe / CVVC ones to form long vowels. Since the words are collected in groups, by listening to and reading these groups, a student deduces the patterns of reading (Putman, 2017). For example, after listening and repeating the phonetic patterns dip-hip-lip-nip after the teacher, most students will read the word zip-tip and the like correctly. Spelling instruction should also include variations based on the origin of a particular word. There are words in the English language in which the familiar combinat
The likely diagnosis The likely diagnosis is Parkinson’s disease. The disease is ranked among the most common of the main diseases that affect the motor system and impair movement. It is a chronic, progressive neurological condition with no known cure (McCance & Huether, 2014). The disease results from malfunction of the nervous system, which impairs communication between muscles and the brain. Multiple clinical factors observed in Parkinson’s disease are present in the case. There are four major clinical signs associated with the disease, namely tremor, rigidity, bradykinesia, and impairment of posture and gait, which are noted in the patient (Dickson, 2012). Tremor in the fingers is the most common and easily noticeable by others. In fact, the resting tremor that is observed in the finger occurs when the patient is resting, but disappears with the movement. While tremor may be noticed in any part of the body, it is usually common in the fingers or thumbs. In addition, impassive flexion and extension of arms cause enhanced resistance that impairs and allows jerky, alternating, and the alleged cogweheeling rigidity in arms. A short gait associated with poor coordination and shuffling is noticed in patients. Difficult movement processes are noticed, and the patient may fall. Underlying pathologic changes responsible for the clinical presentation The disease has been associated with the steady neurodegenerative of cells found in different locations, but mainly in the substantia nigra of the brain. The neurodegenerative changes usually target some specific neuron classes found across the neuraxis, such as some sections of the cortex, brain stem, thalamus, and spinal cord (Korczyn & Hassin-Baer, 2015). In addition, the cell loss also affects sympathetic and parasympathetic ganglia. Acetylcholine, serotonin, glutamate, noradrenaline, and hydroxytryptaminc are some of the most affected neuromodulators and neurotransmitters during neuron degeneration. While notable complications are observed, the neuropathology for the disease is similar in all areas affected, showing that a general underlying pathogenic process is responsible. Once these cells are impair
Introduction To begin with, it is necessary to mention, that Public Administration can be broadly described as the development, implementation, and study of branches of government policy. Public Administration is linked to pursuing the public good by enhancing civil society and social justice. Though public administration has historically been referred to as government management, it increasingly encompasses Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) that are not acting out of self-interest. Suggestion Taking into account the ethics of the occurred situation, it is necessary to mention the theory of the influence of ethics on Public Administration by William Mosber. The residual complexity in managing public service ethical issues is a result of the power and authority that government usually has over people. As a result, the leftover ethical matters are usually connected to the matters of government treatment of people. These essential expectations of proper treatment obtain from the basic notion of rights, stipulated in the constitution, and expand to wider anticipation on the matters of human rights. As all the following and deeper rights are grounded essentially on the Human Rights, the fact is that, only the qualified person may occupy the consultation positions. The described case reveals the significant demerit in the system of public administration, as the scheme of rank transfer is absolutely incomplete, as the reconfirmation and the appointment of the other person on the heading job may be got round just by postponing the solving of the matter. As for the delegation, and the matters of revealing the trouble to the journalists, another relevant theory suits this case. Some researchers state, that citizens are usually rather skeptical of the press, and the times, when the credit of trust was absolutely unrestricted for mass media had irrevocably passed, as well as the government, and they also argue, that inexact press information advances this skepticism. For instance, Stanyer states, that in the Iraq conflict, due to the media’s necessity to be competitive, velocity was generally more significant, than precision. The data, that media was getting from the government was generally scrappy, and sometimes intentionally deformed. Often, journalists did not have the time to confirm the data they get. While, it is realizable that mistakes had been made, mainly as different media resources aimed to be the first news association to inform of something, as withdrawals and alterations were exceptional, the media left the notion that they did not take any care of the matters of accuracy. That is why there is no need to take care of the delegation and try to invent some reasonable explanations. The fact is that journalists would take anything, as they need to promote their issuing, but the only demerit is that everything that is said may be used against the person, who represents the pub
Introduction The book Animal Farm by George Orwell is a satirical piece published in 1945 in England. The book attacks the Soviet communism by use of animal characters in a typical English farm, Manor Farm. The animal characters figuratively represent the leaders of the communist party. The animals stage a successful revolution that topples the farmer but later, corrupt pigs driven by selfish interests fling the binding principles of Animalism. The book has different meaning to different readers depending on their personal experiences. For a person conversant with the history of the Soviet Union, the book illustrates the communist party rule that followed the revolution of 1917 and now perceived as an oppressive and counter revolutionary force. A teenager from a war torn country will get the perception that revolutions do not work and absolute power corrupts as seen by Napoleon’s neglect of the seven commandments. In the Animal Farm, the animals toil all year long not for their benefit but for their masters. This is the perception of an employed person who feels that his or her efforts are for the master’s benefit. The novel is a fable against socialism in the Soviet Union that uses animals as figurations of the Communist Party leaders. The two pigs, Napoleon and Snowball, represent the Joseph Stalin and Leon Trotsky as leaders. The revolution in 1917 led to establishment of communist new regime headed by Vladimir Lenin. The new communist regime took control of all land and industry from the private sector into government control in order to create a centralized economic system that would put the country on the road to economic success. However, after Lenin died in 1924, Stalin and Trotsky took control of the Soviet Union. Stalin plots a plan that leads to the exile of Trotsky, a proponent of communism. Just like in the Animal Farm, the struggle for power and influence between Snowball and Napoleon leads to the banishment of Snowball from the farm. After the revolution in the Animal Farm, the animals establish the philosophy of A
The issue of gender equality can be discussed in many cultures and societies without references to the possible racial and ethnic differences, but it is important to note that these differences influence the development of the discussion significantly. Thus, the second part of the 20 th century is characterized by significant changes in the public’s approaches and visions about the problem of gender equality. Researchers pay attention to the fact that women seem to have a voice about many social spheres, and their roles are changed with references to global progress. However, it is important to focus more on the ethnic differences while discussing the issue because the role of black woman in the African diaspora can be described as still controversial regarding the issues of oppression, problem of distributing duties and responsibilities within the family or society, and regarding the opportunity to receive good education or job position. In spite of the fact that black women struggle for stating their equal rights with men within the African diaspora even more intensively than the female representatives of the other races and ethnicities, the question of the gender equality remains to be urgent, and it is necessary to discuss it while concentrating on the concepts of racism and gender oppression, womanism, mothers, and black women’s ‘otherness’. Although the historic and social events and changes in the USA typical for the period of the 1960s-1980s contribute to the stating the ideals of civil rights and gender and racial equality, black women in the African diaspora still suffer from the unequal distribution of roles between black women and men in the family and community and from the racial discrimination at the larger social level. The era of civil rights reforms brought many changes and improvements in the community of black women, but the cases of the sexual, social, national, and religious oppression are still obvious. If black men received the opportunity to state their equality within American society, black women have to state their rights within the African diaspora. Thus, they have to struggle with black men for their rights. In her work, Walker states, “Black women are called… ‘the mule of the world,’ because we have been handed the burdens that everyone else… refused to carry” (Walker 405). From this point, to receive the opportunity to fight for the equality in the American society to cope with the racial discrimination, it is necessary to win the right for equality in the community of black men while rejecting the principles of unequal distribution of
Introduction William Shakespeare is a renowned English playwright, actor, poet and dramatist. Records about his baptism indicate that he was born in the English town of Stratford in England being the eldest son of John Shakespeare and Mary Arden. Many people have referred to him as the most famous dramatist that ever lived and some of his plays such as Romeo and Juliet, and Hamlet are viewed as among the greatest pieces of literature in the world. Shakespeare is reputed for a large vocabulary so unlike a person of his time, having used roughly 29,000 different words while writing his plays. But William Shakespeare’s identity, poetry and authorship have become a topic of great controversy that has been going on for a long time. No other life of a re-known literacy figure has been studied, researched and debated like that of William Shakespeare (Vickers 2003). Main text Many critics argue that Shakespeare was neither a poet, playwright or actor and that he wrote none of the plays that have famously been attributed to him. There are even claims that the name Shakespeare was the assumed name for a group of playwrights and poets. Critics argue that although there are assumptions that this great playwright was educated at Stratford the works attributed to Shakespeare display a level of writing too high for his standard. But even with the possibility that Shakespeare may not have been the author of all those literary writings, many people some of whom lived during his time like Meres (1598) and Johnson (1623) have credited him as a writer worthy of recognition (Malim&Imlay 2004). From a brief history about his personal life, critics have expressed doubts that this man was truly the real playwright, poet and dramatist that are today referred to as William Shakespeare. Documents from the life of Will
One of the foremost characteristics of Classical artistic style, associated with Greco-Roman antiquity, is the fact that it is being concerned with the celebration of bodily perfection. This can be explained by the fact that Greco-Roman artists of the era were convinced of the existence of dialectical relationship between the concepts of aesthetic/intellectual finesse, civil virtuousness and the notion of physical health, as such that organically derive out of each other. According to Yalouris (1960): “(Greco-Roman) statues of gods and heroes exemplified youthful strength and tended to show episodes that emphasized their physical prowess… Simply clad, or naked like the hero, the noble and free citizen was represented by a body of marvelous proportions and calm expression” (p. vii). The earlier mentioned aesthetic feature of Greco-Roman sculptures (and Classical art, in general) appears to be the consequence of the fact that, throughout the course of Classical period of Western history, the continuous development of philosophic thought has not been affected by any form of ideological/religious oppression, whatsoever. In its turn, this naturally prompted Classical thinkers to promote an idea that the physical constitution of one’s body is indeed being reflective of his or her mind’s workings, which is exactly the reason why most survived Classical sculptures simultaneously emanate the spirit of physical strength and intellectual self-confidence. The validity of this suggestion can be well illustrated in regards to the marble sculpture of ‘Spearbearer Polykleitos of Argos’ (440 B.C). As it can be seen on the picture, the depicted ‘Spearbearer’ appears to be no stranger to physical exercises. His naked body is being perfectly proportionate, in anatomic sense of this word. The expression on man’s face radiates calmness and the strength of his resolution to remain in full control of its destiny. This, once again confirms the soundness of an idea that Classical art cannot be discussed outside of what happened to historical/intellectual preconditions for this particular artistic style to thrive, such as the continuous progress in variety of empirical sciences (medicine, anatomy) and the absence of ideological obstacles, on the way of this progress. However, the adoption of Christianity by Romans in 4 th century A.D. produced a powerful blow on the ideals of artistic Classicism, as these ideals were absolutely inconsistent with the dogmas of newly adopted religion from Middle-East. After all, the very essence of Christian doctrine is being concerned with the ‘destruction of flesh’ as the pathway to heaven. This was exactly the reason why, after having obtained legal status in Roman Empire, Christians instantaneously preoccupied themselves with destroying what they considered the artistic emanations of ‘paganism’. As it was pointed out by Bourgeois (1935): “Christianity strived to annihilate the antique – classical sculptures we