ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Carl Schmitt develops a unique approach and explanation of the state of exception, the role and the meaning of sovereignty. His main argument is that “the sovereign is: He who decides on the state of exception” (Schmitt, p. 5). Schmitt did not say that the sovereign is he who decides ‘in the state of exception’. As he clarified things, to adopt this last formulation would be to fall prey to the liberal delusion that the state of exception and the manner of its disposal can be specified in advance. According to Schmitt, the political “like every other order, the legal order rests on a decision and not on a norm” (Schmitt, p. 10). It is, therefore, the nature of the decision that has to be comprehended if one is to understand the concepts of law and of order, which are the two different, even antithetical, components of ‘legal order’. Once one sees the foundational role of decision, one will also see that, in the state of the exception, while law retreats, the state stays. The state is exhausted in official activity under the authority of positive law, which leads to the liberal claim that the state of exception is a state of lawlessness. Schmitt held that the concept of decision is closely bound up with the concept of personality. He states that “the most guidance the constitution can provide is to indicate who can act in each a case” (Schmitt, p. 7). All norms and constitutional statutes owe what validity they might have to the ultimate decision that is the act of constitution-making. That act and the constitution it creates get their value not from norms but from the mere fact of the unit’s existence as a political entity. In this way, the idea of the people transcends any attempt at formalization. His claim was that since the advance specification is in both respects impossible, the sovereign has also to decide when such a state obtains as well as how to deal with it. At most, a constitution can try to stipulate who should deal with emergencies. Schmitt underlines that “all law is situational law. The sovereign produces and guarantees the situation in its totality” (Schmitt, p. 13). The one who, as a matter of fact, decides on the state of exception is sovereign, and the sovereign, in virtue of his position as sovereign, is the one who gets to decide on the state of exception. Schmitt recognizes that the sovereign, because he decides on the state of exception or emergency stands above the normally valid legal order. But he tries to limit the exception by legally defining the jurisdiction of the sovereign, the conditions both for declaring a state of exception and for resolving it. The logical culmination of the liberal tradition is to resolve the ambiguity by eliminating the exception and with it the idea of sovereignty from any independent role in legal order. Carl Schmitt asserts
Introduction Good compensation is one that is perceived as fair, flexible, and relevant. It must be non-discriminatory, and should incorporate the changing needs of the firm. The compensation plan should also reflect the value of the organization, its financial capability, as well as its corporate culture. Designing a good plan In order to motivate workers properly, a good plan needs to have a base pay and an incentive. It needs to reward employees for their great performance; this will result in heightened productivity. The purpose of the base pay is to attract workers, while the incentive-based pay motivates workers. The plan should include a bonus payment for individuals who exceed their targets. This would apply to the technical and operational job functions. However, sales and marketing personnel ought to be paid on a commission basis. The latter group would have a base salary and would earn a five percent commission on the company’s profit margins. It has been shown that in order to motivate sales staff effectively, one must think about the sensitivity test. If the percentage commission is to
Assessment in childhood is an important process for the determination of development and health patterns in a child. Herndon (2006) outlines that play, which is one of the most motivating and enjoyable children’s activities, is an excellent tool for assessment. According to Kelly and Lyalls (2009), children spend most of their time playing and therefore, it is almost a daily routine for them as well as a reflection of their developmental level. Gullo (2005) explains that Play-based –assessment is becoming increasingly popular because they provide realistic and valid assessments for monitoring of progress. This is an appropriate approach for the evaluation of young children needs (NSAP, 2005). One of the advantages of this assessment method is that children are at play almost all the time. According to Meisels and Atkins-Burnett (2000), play-based assessment is a culturally sensitive practice for the evaluation of development in children. According to Deiner and Deiner (2010), this form of assessment can be useful for the identification of strengths and weaknesses in children as well as those with specific needs for intervention. The use of this method became more popular after researchers questioned the use of other standardized tests where children’s assessment was done under controlled environments (Winnick, 2011). These types of tests have been questioned for not providing the required information for the provision of intervention procedures in childhood development (Meisels and Atkins-Burnett, 2000). Therefore, the use of alternative methods such as play-based assessments is preferable for these purposes. Play-based assessment was derived from some psychoanalytic work performed on children in the 20 th century (Athanasiou, 2007). During this period, therapists assessed the mental and health needs of children by observing the children’s play activities. This information was used to aid in the therapy process. Athanasiou (2007) discusses that many school psychologists began using this type of assessment as a strategy for behaviour observation in children. This indicates the importance of the procedure for psychologists working with children as also noted by Wolraich (2003). With time, attention to play-based processes in childhood development began increasing. This can be evidenced by the occurrence of many publications by different authors such as Linder (1990) whose book gives a model for the assessment process. According to Athanasiou (2007), the specific procedures and materials that are required for different types of assessment vary according to the guidelines, equipment and training provided. Play-based intervention does not need any unusual equipment. The materials used are common play equipment for children, such as toys, crayons puzzles and dolls. This makes it easy for the assessment to be conveniently done without much cost. The assessment can be conducted at any place but it is particularly good to use the children’s familiar play area or early childhood room. Athanasiou notes that the assessment can be succes
Experimental objectives   * Is to forecast the bending moment diagram, collapse load, the number, and the position at which plastic hinges for the portal are formed   * To compare the predicted values with the experimental values found from the experiment and do analysis   * To determine dislocation, failure mode, and not directly member forces in a portal subject to mounting perpendicular and tangential loading Theoretical Background Modern engineering plan is founded on the “Elastic Theory of Bending” and the technique is to compute the utmost stresses, which crop up and maintain them in the limit of operational stresses in both tension and compression. These functional stresses are computed from a “factor of safety” and ultimate/yield stress. However, according to Sivakumar(2008), this way of computing is a bit impractical because “Mild Steel Structures do not fail when thew edge Stress of any cross-section reaches the Yield point and will continue to withstand the load as long as the central core of the section remains within the Elastic State”(p. 3). As the weight on a certain beam is steadily augmented, the maximum stresses will happen at the intense fibers of the most feeble part of the beam. At this state, the exterior fibres are in the plastic state and every raise in weight will lead to substantial enlargement in strain level and consequently deflection at that particular point of the beam. Additionally, rearrangement of stress occurs. At this point, it is presumed stress is invariable in the plastic section. Once the structure achieves a plastic state across the entire cross-section, any additional loading will lead to extreme stress i.e. “enlargement in the curvature at that part and a plastic hinge will be developed” (Romero et al, n.d, p. 3). A single or extra similar hinges are necessary for the total collapse of the structure. The actual number is determined by the kind of structure and if it is, for instance, a supported beam, stiff beam, or a fitted beam. The value or amount of load/weight needed to generate this state is what is known as “The Collapse Load and the ratio of the Collapse
Introduction Environment refers to the external surroundings which are around us. In other words, the environment represents the ecosystem in which we live. We as a species derive all our means of survival from the resources that are in our respective ecosystems therefore if we fail to take care of our environment our survival is at stake. In the recent past, there has been a great debate concerning our environment because our collective actions are leading to its destruction at unprecedented rates. Pollution is the order of the day and there is a need to curb it to enhance our survival at present as well as the well-being of the next generations. Pollution refers to the introduction of foreign bodies into the environment and these bodies destroy the equilibrium that exists between the occupants of the ecosystem threatening their existence. Pollution can be classified into the air, water, soil, noise, thermal pollution among others. Greenhouse gases have been outlined as the major pollutants leading to global warming. Global warming refers to the continuous increase in the average temperatures on earth’s surface air as well as in the oceans. This essay is going to address global warming from a psychological point of view with an emphasis on the psychological and social reasons that make it important to tackle this problem which is threatening the survival of the entire species. Discussion Global warming can be interchanged with climatic change and the whole discussion on global warming is not lost. There are various reasons which make people either to be alarmed or not to be worried about global warming. The majority of these reasons have a lot to do with our psyche as I am going to highlight in this discussion. To begin with, there are real changes in our environment that can be attributed to global warming. Lischak (2006) gives some of the reason which includes: ‘slowing of the Thermohaline Ocean current, glaciers in Greenland are retreating, and sea ice in the Arctic Ocean is disappearing during the summer.’ In addition, ice cover in the world is decreasing day in day out and sea level is also rising. These facts have been brown out of proportion and they are driving the global debate on tackling global warming. This topic is gaining prominence because of the fear that has been instilled in us. This fear has been propagated through the un-even reporting of facts relating to global warming. The proponents of this debate know very well that humankind is driven by fear of the unknown and they have capitalized on it to keep th
The Double Diamond Model The Double Diamond Model evaluates four determinants of industry competitiveness at the domestic level as well as the global level. Double Diamond Model (DDM) integrates multinational activities and government influence onto Porter’s single Diamond model. DDM also creates improvement by comparing the size and shape of the two diamonds. Porter’s Diamond Model is effective in analyzing the domestic industry competitiveness. On the other hand, DDM is helpful in analyzing both domestic and international industry competitiveness (Sardy & Fetscherin 2009). The Diamond Model forms the inner part of the DDM. Porter’s Diamond Model uses four determinants to evaluate industry competitiveness. The factor conditions are the factors of production which form inputs in an industry. Some of the factors of production include manpower and infrastructure. Flow of capital involves inbound and outbound cash flow. Skilled labor may be measured by adult literacy levels. The demand conditions refer to the level of information that customers have. An education index may be used to measure customer sophistication as a demand condition. Business context refers to the nature of the domestic environment. Related and supporting industries are the level of technology in related industries. For example, information technology and road infrastructure are related to the automotive industry. A high level of knowledge in related industries may increase competitiveness and growth in the industry in focus (Sardy & Fetscherin 2009). DDM evaluates the same factors as the Diamond Model but in the global market. It also incorporates government influence in creating competitive advantage. Government has an impact on the rate of change in the other four determinants. The shape and size of the two diamonds are compared to analyze industry competitiveness. The size of the domestic diamond varies within short periods of time. The global diamond changes only in the long run. The domestic diamond may change within a short period (Sardy & Fetscherin 2009). India DDM Considering factor conditions, India has lower wages compared to South Korea or China. India has a lower adult literacy rate (61%) compared to China (90.9%) or South Korea (98%). The capital flow in India is much lower than in Korea and China both for the inbound and outbound FDI. India low wage rates have made it more competitive for outsourcing of automobile components despite low literacy levels (Sardy & Fetscherin 2009). India is less competitive using international demand conditions. Export volume and export growth rate are lower in India than in China. Its export growth rate is lower at 25.1% compared to China (54.6%) and higher than South Korea (0.6%). India is less competitive considering international demand conditions. Consumer sophistication is lower in India than in China or South Korea. India has a lower GDP per capita than the other two countries. India automobile industry has lower international competitiveness as a result of its demand conditions (Sardy & Fetscherin 2009). On related and supporting industries, India scores are lower on manufacturing industries that would support the de
Background This paper analyzes the Richmond Wonders case study with the view to determining if the company’s CEO (Pamela Besana) is pushing too much change too quickly in implementing an offshore manufacturing strategy. Strengths and Weaknesses The company’s strengths rest in its brand image (manufacturing of high-quality wooden toys with a “made in America” logo), strong customer base, broad experience in the toys industry, and support from the firm’s owners. In weaknesses, some employees appear not committed to provide the best, union issues are threatening to affect business, and the company is currently experiencing high operational costs associated with locating its manufacturing plants in the United States. External Environment Richmond has the opportunity to increase its sales revenues by gaining entry into the midmarket. However, the company faces stiff competition for market share from new venture companies and other established players. Analysis of findings To gain a strong competitive position, the company must find a way to reduce production costs and diversify its market to include the midmarket customer segment. Although the company has the potential to establish manufacturing capabilities offshore, it must come up with a way to deal with union officials and ensure that its popular brand name is not compromised. Corporate-Level Strategy Some senior management members do not share in the company’s marketing strategy and vision, while the corporate culture appears weak. The CEO has decided to bring in some new employees to deal with these corporate issues Business-Level Strategy The company appears interested in serving the high-end customer segment, though the CEO has realized the need to get into the midmarket to realize projected growth revenues. Analysis of Implementations The company can be described as a family business due to its founders and nature of shareholding. The current CEO, who is considered an outsider, has attempted to change the status quo by putting in place aggressive deadlines, enhancing customer interactions, and proposing a new bonus scheme with the view to improving cycle times. However, these strategies are yet to achieve the intended outcomes. Recommendations Based on the question for the case study, it can be argued that the CEO is not pushing too much change too quickly. An analysis of the company’s strengths, weaknesses, and external environment reinforces the fact the entity must change its manufacturing strategy to be able to lower its production costs and reach customers in other market segments. However, part of the problem seems nested in the weak organizational culture and the inability of some of the company’s senior managers and employees to share in its strategies and core values. The CEO is right in pushing for the changes that relate to changing the manufacturing strategy and employing new people who share in her vision. However, it is important to bring other employees and managers on board in trying to improve the competitive advantage of the firm and also to meet the projected growth targets. Consequently,
Introduction Radiation Dosimetry program For anyone who wishes to join the program, the requisite qualifications include a full time working experience of not less than three years in a radiation oncology clinic as radiation therapist. One is required to be a recent graduate from the respective school of radiation therapy (Berger, Hajek, Bilski, Körner, Vanhavere, & Reitz, 2012). The dosimetry personnel training program is driven by four goals. The goals are designed to enable a radiation oncology professional to fulfill the mission statement that directs a dosimetrist to impart the requisite skills and necessary knowledge to any graduating student to develop competent skills and to gain the independence required to work as qualified dosimetrist. According to Bevelacqua (2016), the first goal is to impact knowledge on the treatment of patients based on advanced as well as basic skills, comprehend the treatment protocol parameters, develop clear understanding of calculations based on emergency simulation-and-treatment cases, and have clear understanding of the record-and-verify systems. The second goal is about enabling graduating students to demonstrate evidence of problem solving and critical thinking skills in different situations (Mettler Jr, Huda, Yoshizumi, & Mahesh, 2008). In addition, the student is required to develop enough skills to assess the treatment plan and make recommendations whether to use a specific treatment technique. Besides, the student should develop the right skills to determine the appropriate special treatment procedure and the necessary setup to achieve the objectives (Bevelacqua, 2016). This leads to the third goal, which outlines the need to inculcate effective communication and reporting skills on patients undergoing treatment among graduating students and radiation oncology team members. The fourth goal is to ensure that those students who graduate have the requisite knowledge and ability to maintain confidentiality of information about a patient who is undergoing treatment. Film-screen combinations are used to achieve diagnostic radiology to ensure that patients are protected effectively when undergoing treatment. In this case, medical facilities are sealed and unsealed according to the prescribed procedures and standards for therapeutic purposes. The procedure is executed according to recommended radiation dose levels that place the patient and the user/ Radiation Safety Officers (RSOs) outside the risk of getting radiation induced damages. Often, small treatment procedures are directed by skilled RSO and knowledgeable physicist. According to Devic (2011), the radiation protection programs were initiated to fulfill certain objectives within the recommended doses. The objectives include prevention of radiation induced dete
Introduction Business project management (BPM) refers to an approach that involves synchronization of business processes and operations in order to satisfy the needs of customers (Chong, 2010). Its main role is to improve the efficiency, flexibility, and effectiveness of businesses processes through innovation and incorporation of technology. In order to achieve success during BPM projects, it is imperative to understand, develop, and apply effective and efficacious communication strategies (Chong & Rosemann, 2010). Many leaders are conversant with the most important aspects of business process management. However, their projects fail because project managers lack knowledge on the importance of effective communication. Application of effective communication strategies in implementation of BPM projects plays several roles. It eradicates high-level resistance among employees, elicits support from different business stakeholders, facilitates sharing of knowledge, and wins the trust and confidence of employees and stakeholders (Chong & Rosemann, 2010). The successful completion of a BPM project depends on the application and use of effective communication strategies to produce, collect, distribute, and store project information (Majed, 2002). Importance of effective communication Many implementers of BPM projects concentrate more on two main requirements that include information technology (IT) and key performance indicators (KPIs) (Chong & Rosemann, 2010). IT and KPIs are core aspects of the planning phase of any project. In many instances, they overshadow the importance of proper communications strategies. Therefore, communication strategies are not incorporated into the project’s blueprint. Effective communication is important because it enables employees to comprehend, embrace, and support their organization’s project (Chong & Rosemann, 2010). It also facilitates exchange of ideas and opinions among employees. In many instances, executives responsible for BPM programs fail to communicate with stakeholders regarding the planning and completion of projects (Chong, 2010). Lack of effective communication has adverse effects on projects. Many executives rely on personal beliefs and judgments that are often inaccurate and biased (Chong & Rosemann, 2010). This results in deviation from desired results and the expectation of stakeholders. On the other hand, certain communication strategies are so complicated that stakeholders fail to understand the aim of organizational projects (Majed, 2002). If this happens, stakeholders refrain from participating in the project’s implementation bec