ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Individuals who have never been victims of profiling or who do not know anyone who has suffered the same may know the real effects that profiling brings. Profiling has several direct and real mental, psychological, physical, emotional, and even financial consequences. Studies carried out by scholars demonstrated that there are widespread influences of ethnic profiling within the social structure. The effects are not felt only by the one who directly faces the profiling but also by there are also widespread effects on his neighbors, friends, families, and even classmates, if any. The researches have also demonstrated that the problem of racial profiling has the worst consequences on the children and the youth. Some of the common problems that are brought about by profiling include compromising the future of several young people due to a feeling of being discriminated against. The situation may lead to losing opportunities to get quality education, development of antisocial behaviors, and criminalization of young people, among others. Profiling also promotes the growth of mistrust in the communal organizations, including the learning systems, boundary and civilizations control, bylaw implementation, and criminal integrity institutions by individuals. It also makes individuals feel alienated or like they are less worthy citizens of a state (Ontario Human Rights Commission par. 1-4). The profiling problem in the movie Crash The movie brings out various experiences of different races, among them the Iranian, Hispanic, and African American races. The film highlights several instances of stereotypes about races. The first demonstration of profiling is shown in a case where a white police officer (Ryan) stops a black couple while driving a car that resembles one that was stolen in an earlier scene. The officer gets the couple out of the car, and in the process of his investigation, the man (Cameron Thayer) is cooperative, but his wife Christine gets into arguments with the cop. The cop ends up molesting the woman in front of her husband, who does not intervene due to feeling helpless just because of his race. The man fears the consequences that would follow if a black man were charged with assaulting a police officer. The scene exhibits that black men have been given considerations to make on the stereotypes of their ethnic groups every time they are working with those in power. The other scene that depicts profiling is when Jean’s car is stolen by two black men at gunpoint. As they approach the car and Jean sees the two black men in an area that is dominated by white people, she grabs the arms of her husband due to the fear that she has for black men. She also does not look back at the men again in the belief that looking at them again would make her be seen as racist. She strongly believes that black men must be criminals because there is nothing else that they would be doing in an area dominated by whites. She, however, gets justified since the two men end up carjacking them (Loe par. 7-9). After their car is stolen, both Jean and her husband go to a locksmith who hap
In general, the article entitled Moving beyond the critical synthesis: does the law preclude a future for US unions? written by Richard W. Hurd is the analysis of The State and the Unions written by Christopher L. Tomlins in 1985, which evaluates his opinion and observations with respect to the developments that have occurred for the past twenty-five years. In his book, Tomlins stated that “the New Deal offered only a counterfeit liberty to labor”, which corresponds to the current tendency of the wane of unions and the minimization of protection laws for labor force (Tomlins, 1985). Indeed, numerous failures to restore unions that have occurred over the past twenty-five years demonstrate that this decline is not only a sign of internal weakness and institutional firmness but also a result of external pressure. Therefore, any resemblance of freedom that the government of the U.S. offers to the working class is a fake which originates not merely from the constraints of labor law but also from a variety of neoliberal policies in the sphere of the economy (Hurd, 2013). In addition, in his book, Tomlins severely criticizes the National Labor Relation Act (NLRA) claiming that it is a collection of “legal rules and institutional constraints” that demotivates workers and eventually leads to the weakening of labor force (Tomlins, 1985). This issue was particularly relevant in the 1980s. At that time, the density of private sector union was in an extreme decline, which made even some outstanding labor leaders agree with Tomlins and criticize the National Labor Relations Board (NLRB). In fact, 1985 was a crucial year for the labor movement, primarily due to the introduction of the American Federation Labor that focused on the union revitalization. The act was called The Changing Situation and offered five different sets of recommendations. Two of them, namely, the improvement of organizing methods and the increase in member participation and activism are still relevant today. At first, the initiatives that were going to address these issues were called the organizing model in contrast to the servicing model , which was a traditional approach to the representation of unions. The majority of the unions approved the new model, and some of them even initiated campaigns to inspire activism. For example, the Service Employees International Union (SEIU) introduced a campaign aimed at the increase of militancy during the negotiations (Dubofsky & McCartin, 2017). Moreover, they encouraged local unions to apply the organizing model in all spheres of their activity. However, notwithstanding all collaborative efforts to create an activist culture, which had lasted for a decade, the density of unions was continuing to wane in the middle of the 1990s. In 1995, a new team was elected as the senior officers of the American Federation of Labor and Congress of Industrial Organizations (AFL-CIO), which promised to stop this decline and renovate the labor movement system (Hattam, 2014). They proposed radical changes in their strategy that would improve labor even in the framework of the NLRA’s constraints. In the first couple of years, unions show
Summary of the Economy Argentina’s economy is stable and relatively productive as compared to those of other state entities in the Latin American geographical jurisdiction. Diversity is a key component with regard to its steady growth and response to social and economic circumstances that prevail in the country (Cohen 12). The existence of natural resources also plays a critical role in ensuring the sustenance of growth and prosperity amid the diverse challenges that exist in the Latin American region. The historical progression of the economy is indicative of its resilience and overall capacity to weather turbulence and inconsistencies that are recurrent in the contemporary world. In 1997 for instance, the GDP had soared to 8 % as compared to the previous years of that decade. Despite the successes of the country’s economy, there are gross inequalities that exist among the population, thereby resulting to high poverty levels (Cohen 12). Overview of the Sources of Poverty in Argentina As earlier mentioned, there are high levels of poverty in Argentina. This reality links directly to the inappropriate management of naturally occurring resources in the country (Timerman par. 6). The political leadership does not bear the requisite will to reign on social and economic ills such as corruption, ethnicity and nepotism. The systems in Argentina are not well managed, hence their poor development and capacity to respond to challenges that manifest among the population. For instance, the education and health sectors suffer from poor management. This predisposes the economy to circumstances that undermine the overall desire for prosperity and growth. This issue largely depends on the nature and state of institutions that are responsible for the planning and implementation of policies in the country. The poor infrastructure network is also responsible for the rise in poverty and apathy among the masses in Argentina (Timerman par. 8). Description of Specific Policy in Argentina Owing to the aforementioned challenges, the leadership in Argentina is committed to ensuring that the economy gets better and consequently enhances the improvement of the collective fate of the people (Baer & Fleischer 87). This aims to revamp sectors and institutions that are germane to the realization of economic growth and prosperity. An example of such a policy is the enactment of statutory provisions that guarantee subsidies in the production and distribution of energy. This positive step ensures that more people develop the will to invest in industrial undertakings that overly lead to more income for the country. This policy focuses on providing opportunities that encourage domestic and foreign investment. This will in turn improve the rate of growth and progression with regard to the country’s economy (Conde 33). Effects of the Policy on Economy The subsidies in the production and distribution of energy in Argentina will play a critical role in initiating and sustaining a threshold of growth and improv
Introduction A router is an apparatus that interconnects two or more computers and forwards incoming data based on the destination addresses in the data packets. Routers are mainly found along gateways. This is the point at which more than one network interconnects. In terms of their mode of operation, routers generally make use of protocols for communicating with other computers on the network in order to find the best path between them. In large networks, more than one router is used and these exchange information about the destination addresses so that each router can formulate the preferred path between any two machines or computers on the network (SearchNetworking, 2010). A router usually has two or more network interfaces which vary depending on the physical interface of the peripherals to which it will be connected. A majority of the offices rely on routers to t is locally available. The network is then relayed via either a cable or modem. A number of these routers have firewall systems which serves all hosts on the network thus eliminating the need for setting up security mechanisms for the individual systems. In addition, another useful role played by routers is that of linking smaller networks, especially where large scale ventures are used. In this case, use is made of Ethernet. Routers connect logical subnets that do not have a common IP address and generally does the work of forwarding the data passing through it. A router practically operates between in two planes:   * Control plane- This is where a router makes use of a table to determine the interface through which a packet should be forwarded. This is done through the use of statically configured statements or by getting information from other routers operating on the same network.   * Forwarding plane- In this case, a router forwards traffic from incoming interfaces to an outgoing interface that is most suitable for the destination address associated with the data packet. The rules derived from the routing table in the control plane are used for the forwarding plane. Routers can also be referred to as gateways, the term ‘default gateway’ refers to the router that one is using in his/her network. Aim The aim of the paper is to demonstrate how routers were invented and how they work to direct incoming data packets to their destinations. Discussion History of Routers Invention of routers dates back to the early 1970s with the development of the Interface Message Protocol (IMP). IMPs were the packet-switching nodes used to interconnect different networks to the main data source from the late 1960s up until the late 1980s. The IMPs worked as today’s routers. IMPs were different from other network switches used earlier in two ways; they connected networks that were not similar, e.g. serial lines to LANs. Secondly, they were devices which could no t assure the user that data received was reliably delivered; this task was entirely left to the hosts. The idea of developing a router came about through an international body of networking researchers set up in 1972 to research on the technical issues involved in
Introduction The European Union Member States must incorporate the EU law into their legislative framework and principles in the spirit of a constitutional treaty. In other words, the individual laws of the member states must be interpreted in the context of EU law. This means that the EU law takes precedence over the legislations of individual member states. EU directives addressed to member states provide guidelines on how the member states should enact their respective national laws to give effect to the EU law within a specified timescale (Tridimas 1999, p.214). The EU law is binding at the EU level and subsequently at the EU member states level where it involves both the private and public sectors. The Equal Pay Law in the UK derives its framework from the EU’s employment law. In particular, the inclusion of the equal pay provision in the EU treaty, the EU equal pay directive, the European Court of Justice case law, and more recently, the inclusion of social equality principles in the European Social Inclusion agenda and the European Employment Strategy has a significant influence on the UK’s Equal Pay law (Dickens 2007, p.464). The EU, through these strategies, advocates for the implementation of laws that promote equal pay for men and women. Accordingly, the Equal Pay Act that was incorporated into the Equality Act 2010 provides for equal pay and employment conditions for both men and women doing similar roles. Additionally, the 2002 EU directive Fixed-TermTerm Work led to Fixed-Term Employees laws that aim at protecting fixed-term employees from unfavorable treatment relative to other employees. From this view, it is clear that UK law derives its principles from EU law. The principles of the UK Equal Pay law are heavily dependent on the EU Employment law. The Implications of EU Law on UK Equal Pay Law The EU equal pay law contains provisions on non-discrimination on various grounds such as gender or nationality (among the member states). Article 12 of the European Commission Treaty (TEC) forbids discrimination and provides that all nationals of the member states qualify for the Union’s citizenship (Dickens 2007, p.467). Additionally, the EU legislation (Directive 2000/78/EC) provides a framework for non-discrimination in employment and all occupations. It forbids discrimination on the grounds of sexual orientation, age, religious beliefs, or disability and provides for equal treatment of workers in all occupations (Wells 2003, p.254). The equal treatment principle implies that no individual shall be subjected to unfavourable treatment, either directly or indirectly, on any of these grounds. Moreover, this principle provides to persons with disabilities. In this regard, employers are required to implement appropriate measures, such as training, to facilitate the participation of persons with disabilities in employment. With regar
Introduction Communication is an indispensable human activity for promoting sharing information among people. People learn various skills essential for promoting work ethics and productivity through communication. Verbal and nonverbal communications are the two common ways through which workers communicate. This report examines how emails can be effective communication tools in any work environment. Email communication involves the use of electronic letters sent via computers within or outside an organization. This communication takes place among workers regardless of their positions in an organization (Roberts 2009). Typically there are two types of communication channels in any organization; this includes horizontal and vertical communication. The first communication takes place between members at the same level including managers, directors, supervisors and subordinate workers. The second type involves members at different levels for instance all communication from managers to junior workers is vertical communication. Best Practices on Work Place Email Messages A work place is an official setting that requires formal communication among workers. Therefore, they should ensure the tenets of professional ethics are observed at all times. Best work place practices include a number of formal communication requirements that observe work place ethics. Email communication must be accurate since the information shared involves numbers, names and events that affect the company (Roberts 2009). For this reason, all email messages, must be accurate to promote credibility. Secondly, the message must be addressed to the right person meaning that the sender must have the correct email address of the recipient to avoid sending irrelevant messages to unconcerned people. Thirdly, email senders must use formal tones while composing their messages. Emotions and personal feelings should not appear anywhere in their messages. In addition, since there is less time to read letters and emails the message should be precise. The reader should read the message and understand the sender’s intentions without difficulties. This will reduce time wasted in consulting and seeking clarifications. Email messages at the work place should be confidential, and thus wor
Introduction Bernard Tschumi is a contemporary architect and pedagogue, as well as a notable writer. The following paper is intended to provide a theory review of his Architecture and Disjunction, in which the author considers, discusses, and substantiates his fascinating architectural theories. Therefore, this paper will investigate one of his most interesting theories, described in his work as the Architectural Paradox. Tschumi’s Theory Bernard Tschumi draws on a plethora of proposals, ideas, and arguments in his discussions that make it easier for the reader to obtain a fuller view and understanding of the author’s statements and deliberations. Nevertheless, it is essential to outline the main topic of the book in order to remain in a nonverbal correspondence with this author. In my opinion, the main thought and concept of Architecture and Disjunction lie in Tschumi’s understanding of his architectural practice, which says that not everything that is depicted on the architect’s blueprint has anything in common with an existing erection (Tschumi, 1996, p. 7, para. 0). The main theory of this book and Tschumi’s entire career is the Architectural Paradox. “The statement highlights the dialectic relationship between architectural theory and architectural practice, in much the same way as the central dialectic between ideal space and real space in the essay, “The Architectural Paradox” (Park, 2015, p. 90, para. 5). The author claimed that every idea that might be developed as an item of electronic information or a project on paper sheets must be reconsidered by engineers multiple times because the architect’s work is more like a piece of art than a practical physical object (Tschumi, 1996, p. 41, para. 3). Moreover, he maintained that any relationship between a human being and any architectural erection involves violence because it implies the human bodily intervention in a particular space, which breaks its order and natural structure. However, the most notable of Bernard Tschumi’s theori
The Abbasid and Cordoba dynasties are some of the earliest Islamic dynasties which shaped the current Islamic culture that is popular in the Middle East, North Africa, and various parts of the world. These two dynasties came soon after the death of Prophet Mohammed. Naturally, it would be expected that socio-cultural practices of these two dynasties would be as similar as possible because they were both following the teachings of Prophet Mohammed. In his teachings, Mohammed explained how people should relate to one another and the role of both men and women in the society. It is intriguing therefore, which dynasties that came soon after his death had completely different views about important issues such as the role of women in the society. In the modern Islamic society, women are yet to gain full freedom, especially in countries such as Saudi Arabia that is believed to be the center and origin of Islam. Women are still viewed as being inferior to men, and there are a number of things they are expected not to do primarily because they are women. Bouachrine (2014) blames this practice on Abbasid Dynasty and the impact it had in the Middle East and North Africa regions. It created a culture where women were denied their rights and were expected to take care of children back at home and to avoid active engagement in leadership and important socio-economic activities. A critical analysis of these two dynasties shows that they took completely different approach towards the issue of role and rights of women in the society. In this paper, the focus will be to compare women’s rights in Cordoba and Abbasid dynasties. Understanding Women’s Right in Islamic World A critical analysis of Islam as a culture and a religion shows that women played as important role as did men in its development at early stages. In fact, El-Cheikh (2015) says that it would be difficult for Prophet Mohammed to have founded Islam without direct help from women. Mohammed was once an employee of Khadija bint Khuwaylid, the women who later became his wife. Khadija was a successful merchant in Mecca. She was an elite figure in her society and it was her marriage to Mohammed that made it possible for the prophet to concentrate on the new religion. She was the first person to convert to Islam after Prophet Mohammed shared with her the encounter with Angel Gabriel. Khadija fought alongside Mohammed and even sacrificed her prestigious life and wealth to help Mohammed spread his new religion to the world. They both fled Mecca and were forced to settle in Medina. Nusayba bint Ka‘b al-Anṣārīyya was another successful woman and a warrior who defended Prophet Mohammed with her own life (Brubaker, 2004). She is fondly remembered to have personally protected Mohammed at the Battle of Uhud where she almost lost her life. She sustained serious wounds during this war, but was successful in protecting Mohammed from the raiders. Mohammed himself talks fondly of her contributions towards the spread of Islam. When she died, she was celebrated and given a burial ceremony similar to that which would be given to a great military commander of that time. Her life achievements cl