ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Abstract The IRA came into being in 1969 with the objective of restoring a unified Ireland. It adopted a terrorist campaign for 28 years in total contravention of Roman Catholic principles, but with the low-key support of the Roman Catholic Church. Its ceasefire in 1997 allowed Sinn Fein to sign the Belfast Agreement to participate in Northern Ireland’s political future. A coalition government was formed 3 years after the IRA decommissioning in 2004. Protestants in Northern Ireland believe the decommissioning was a fiasco and the IRA has the ambition, resources, and capability to carry on its campaign. The IRA erred by choosing terrorism as its protest platform; if it does re-start operations, it would be well advised to adopt non-violence instead. World history has records of several movements and campaigns that have toppled the governing mechanisms of various nations. Some of these campaigns are founded totally and purely on terror such as two that originated from the volatile Middle East and one that was born in Europe. The first is undoubtedly the king of all terrorist outfits, the Al Qaeda, led by its formidable leader, Saudi Arabia-born Osama Bin Laden that is currently outwitting the United States and other global anti-terrorist organizations while terrorizing the world with seeming impunity. The second is the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO), led by the late Yasser Arafat, that has taken on the State of Israel and tried (it is still trying under a ‘legitimized’ garb), to carve out an independent Palestinian territory. The third outfit conducted its nefarious activities in the United Kingdom, and like the PLO, has recently donned a ‘legitimatized’ cloak. This outfit is the Irish Republic Army, well known simply as the IRA. Background of the IRA Northern Ireland was born in 1920 as the result of the British Government of Ireland Act which split Ireland into two parts: Republic of Ireland comprising 26 counties, and Northern Ireland comprising 6 counties. While the Republic of Ireland is predominantly Roman Catholic, the majority of people in Northern Ireland (66%) are Protestant. The Roman Catholics in Northern Ireland (33% of the populace) were not in favor of the 1920 partition. The Irish Republican Army (IRA) came into existence in 1969 as the shadowy armed faction of Sinn Fein, the oldest political party in Ireland (its name means ‘We Ourselves in Irish Gaelic) that was formed in 1905 to obtain self-determination for the Irish people in general. The twin target of the IRA was to expel British forces from Northern Ireland and combine it with the Republic of Ireland to once more restore a unified Ireland. Having decided to adopt a terrorist campaign to achieve its goals, the IRA began a movement of systematic terror especially targeting Northern Ireland and Great Britain. The IRA agreed to a ceasefire on 19 July 1997, thereby paving the way for Sinn Fein to participate in Northern Ireland’s political future as prescribed in the Good Friday Agreement. Also known as the Belfast Agreement, the Good Friday Agreement was signed on April 10, 1998, in Belfast. It stipulated 3 sets of relationships. The first, relating to the inter
Introduction Karakurt, Smith, and Whiting (2014) studied the effects of intimate partner violence (IPV) on the mental health needs of women staying in a domestic violence shelter. The data was collected from self-reports of 35 such women. The women were classified into three groups according to their experiences. The prevalence of symptoms was explored across the groups (or, more precisely, the classification was created according to the prevalence of symptoms) (Karakurt et al., 2014). Type of Article Karakurt et al. (2014) employed both quantitative (hierarchical cluster analysis, and then one-way ANOVAs to better comprehend the difference between the clusters) and qualitative (content-analysis) scrutiny of the gathered data (p. 696). The statistics employed in the study are mainly descriptive, not inferential. Therefore, it might be possible to classify the gathered evidence as Level VI (evidence from a single descriptive or qualitative study). Target Audience The study was conducted in a Midwestern domestic violence shelter (Karakurt et al., 2014, p. 693), so it is USA-based. It might be hypothesized that the target audience of the article includes the mental health care professionals who address the needs of victims of domestic violence and the researchers of these needs; the audience is not limited to the USA. Easiness of Understanding To fully understand the article, it is necessary to have at least basic knowledge of statistics; otherwise, the methods used by Karakurt et al. (2014) may remain unclear. However, it is possible to comprehend the results of the article without such knowledge, for it is simple to understand that, by using some statistical procedures, the authors classified the sample into three main groups and found the prevalence of symptoms among the participants of these groups. Thus, at least the gist of the article is rather easy to grasp. New Information Learned Some new information was learned from the article by the author of this paper. First, the author had not previously known what the rates of substance and alcohol abuse among female victims of domestic violence are; it is indicated that the rates of drug and alcohol dependence may reach 55% and 60%, respectively (Karakurt et al., 2014, p. 694). Second, such high rates of suicidal intentions and attempted suicide among the sample of the stud
Article Summary Authored by Semuel, Siagian, and Octavia, the article “The Effect of Leadership and Innovation on Differentiation Strategy and Company Performance” presents two crucial elements, namely, leadership and innovation, which determine organizations’ profitability levels. According to these authors, companies that wish to perform exemplarily, thanks to their differentiation approaches, have to invest significantly in their leadership frameworks and innovation. 1 Organizations operating in the present-day competitive and globalized business environment may not record remarkable results unless they revisit the prevailing leadership and modernization approaches. This article focuses on the hospitality industry which performance is highly dependent on the extent of inventiveness and customer retention and attraction levels among hotel leaders, staff, and managers. Quantitative research strategies are applied whereby questionnaires are distributed to hotel superintendents, employees, and CEOs. According to results by Semuel, Siagian, and Octavia, leadership plays a huge role in influencing the performance of hotels, although it does not have a direct impact on the existing differentiation strategies. 2 Nevertheless, innovation-driven leadership directly affects such differentiation approaches. Article Comparison İşcana, Ersarı, and Naktiyok published the article “Effect of Leadership Style on Perceived Organizational Performance and Innovation: The Role of Transformational Leadership beyond the Impact of Transactional Leadership -An Application among Turkish SME’s.” Similar to the work of Semuel, Siagian, and Octavia, this article appreciates the role of leadership in influencing organizational performance, innovation, and, consequently, productivity levels. The two scholarly materials rely on quantitative data, as evidenced by the authors’ utilization of questionnaires and SPSS, among other statistical tools. Although Semuel, Siagian, and Octavia focus on the hospitality sector, İşcana, Ersarı, and Naktiyok examine the issue of leadership and innovation in the SME industry. 3 However, these two studies agree that business proprietors and stakeholders can only survive in the current competitive environment by embracing innovation and leadership techniques, which balance organ
Introduction Today, humanity faces a significant problem related to people’speople’s weight and health. The given two issues are closely connected as, to a greater degree, the physical state of an individual depends on what he/she eats and what nutrients he/she consumes. In such a way, the topic of the appropriate selection of food acquires the top priority nowadays. The choice of healthy recommended products and food to eat is the best way to preserve the high quality of life as they provide elements needed to support the body and guarantee its efficient functioning. Background In the last several decades, the number of obese people increased significantly. To a greater degree, it is preconditioned by the inappropriate diet and the wrong choice of products that are included in a menu. Multiple investigations devoted to the issue show that people prefer to eat products that are easy to prepare and that give the feeling of fullness (Roizen et al. 89). It is a convenient way to satisfy hunger; however, such a menu often results in the emergence of extra weight and the development of obesity. At the same time, researchers note the tendency towards the deterioration of the quality of life because of chronic diseases or long-term conditions caused by existing dietary habits. There is a direct correlation between the food we consume and people’speople’s health status. For instance, fried meals can precondition the evolution of gastritis (Roizen et al. 89). Moreover, obesity mentioned above also has a negative impact on the health status and creates the basis for the emergence of multiple cardiovascular diseases, lack of physical activity, and deterioration of the quality of life. Additionally, the rise of the food industry to satisfy the growing demand triggered the evolution of environmental concerns because of waste and the prevalence of unrecyclable products. It becomes a serious problem for the world because of the negative factors associated with this issue and their impact on the nation’s health (Roizen et al. 90). Products and their packages constitute a problematic concern for all people regardless of their social status. In such a way, the wrong choice of products results in the emergence of new themes for the discussion. Moreover, the wrong choice of food and nutrients results in the emergence of problems with mobility and limited physical activity. It can be considered one of the critical concerns of contemporary society. The recent research devoted to the issue shows that about 40% of the population in Western countries suffer from the lack of physical exercises needed to support their bodies and shape (Roizen et al. 44). The appropriate level of mobility is a key to a high quality of life which means that it is essential to choose what to eat wisely. The scope of these problems evidences the need for the intervention to find an appropriate solution. One of the dominant opinions on the question supported by the majority of prominent researchers is that the wise choice of the products to eat can be a potent intervention to ensure the elimination or
Social research entails interacting with participants to obtain the information required to address a given problem. A number of requirements inform the nature of such studies. One of the requirements is that the research should be conducted in an ethical manner. Ethics in social studies ensures that the findings made are acceptable in the field. In this essay, the ethical considerations made in relation to research in a classroom set up are discussed. According to Fasoli (2001), numerous studies touching on education and action research have been published in the past. The wide array of literature in the field notwithstanding, some gaps as to what constitutes efficiency and credibility of a research undertaking still exist. In light of this, the current essay oscillates around the following thesis statement: Ethical considerations in research improve the credibility and efficiency of a study. Essay Outline The essay is divided into two parts. In the first section, a case study of a K-7 primary school’s implementation of a technological program is outlined. The aim is to determine various ethical considerations taken into account when a given study requires interactions with students. Fasoli (2001) points out that such a move is seen as a means of improving upon existing knowledge in the larger field of educational action research. In light of this, the first section examines ethical requirements when a study on computer technology was undertaken in the institution. The second section involves an outline of other ethical considerations that can be applied in different research scenarios. Fasoli (2001) argues that ethics in research are formulated with respect to specified dilemmas, which may pose a threat to the credibility of a given study. In both sections of the paper, solutions to the ethical dilemmas are presented. From a wider perspective, it is noted that all ethical requirements in a research undertaking are meant to provide solutions to elements that threaten the reliability or integrity of a study. Action Research at a K-7 Primary School Setting Overview The principal of the school believes that the implementation of a technological program will help improve the level of learning. Some of the benefits of the program include improvement in the performance of such subjects as mathematics and sciences. The changes recorded will be compared with the performance of other schools within the neighborhood. Action research is needed to evaluate the effects of this technology on learning. According to Rock and Levin (2002), studies that are characterized by vested interests require all credibility doubts to be overcome. On the basis of this, the cu
Emerging technologies are changing the face of the modern society at a faster rate. The world has become a global village implying that culture is shared in society. Moreover, movement from one place to the other is much easier. This has been facilitated by the development of the plane, cars, ships, and other means of transport. Communication has been affected by the new technologies. Consequently, communication has affected marketing strategies in society. Communication has greatly transformed people’s ways of life. In other words, it means that information is readily available to any person in need of it. The family unit is becoming weaker due to the emergence of technology. The roles of parents have changed in the modern society because the media is taking over the socializing role. The role of molding the infant into an adult belonged to the family in the ancient society. In the past, the father was expected to be the breadwinner of the family. The task of the mother was to ensure that children are taken care of in the family. The mother would visit other relatives during her free time, together with children. Children grew up knowing that the family exists to provide basic needs and emotional support. However, this has changed in the modern society because individualism is advocated in many parts of the world. The mother can be the breadwinner in the contemporary society. Women are stronger in the corporate market implying that they have an influence in society. They are no longer home keepers. They work hard to ensure that the family acquires the financial strength. This enables the family to operate normally. The changing role of women has affected the way society operates. The strong attachment that existed in the extended family has been brought to an end. In the current society, women play a role that is similar to that of men. The effect is not only on the extended family, but also on the nuclear family. Parents are no longer available to offer moral and social support to their children. They are forced to leave very early in the morning to earn a livelihood. They come back late in the evening or at night when their children are almost retiring to bed. The role of taking care of children has been transferred to house helps. Children spend the whole day with house helps while parents are busy working. Parents come late in the evening just to share very brief moments with children before they retire to bed. This affects the relationship of couples because they do not have time to share love. In cases where couples are forced to stay miles away, the situation becomes worse. In such cases, couples are not able to enjoy their conjugal rights. Such cases have accounted for infidelity in the family. Some extreme cases result to divorce. The strong bond that held families in the past have been broken. Divorce is very common, especially among the working couples. This is always encouraged by the fact that life is normal without the other partner. It is also important to note that the decision-making process in the family unit has changed. The man is n
Introduction The offered project is focused on the investigation of the impact of the existing opportunities for online learning on postgraduate/undergraduate students learning behaviour. The fast development of technologies and the increased importance of the Internet preconditioned the emergence of new modes of teaching and learning. Trying to achieve higher convenience and comfort levels, students prefer to have online courses that are less time-demanding and provide more chances to engage in other activities. The popularity of this way of studying results in the appearance of new opportunities and platforms for individuals to acquire new knowledge and create the basis for their future career. However, the increased attention to this mode of learning preconditioned the emergence of multiple fears or risks associated with the further perspectives of students who are used to online learning. Today, there are many debates about how it might impact their future behaviours and what results can be achieved. In such a way, the main reason for the creation of this project is the increased popularity of online learning and the need for the in-depth investigation of this phenomenon because of its increased demand. Additionally, there are certain doubts demonstrated by educators related to the effectiveness of this mode of studying that should also be investigated. That is why the main goals of the research are to evaluate online learning and its correlation with the learning behaviours among students to make certain conclusions regarding future perspectives and risks. Context The study will take place in the UK because of the focus on the investigation of student’s learning patterns while studying in this very country. The fact is that at the moment, the UK attracts many learners from different states because of the quality of the provided knowledge and the privileged status of multiple educational establishments (Rogers-Shaw, Carr-Chellman & Choi 2018). Furthermore, in accordance with the statistics, Britain remains a highly attractive place for foreign students from different parts of the globe as they prefer to enrol in its colleges or universities (Rogers-Shaw, Carr-Chellman & Choi 2018). For this reason, the number of individuals from different states remains high. At the same time, many of these candidates have comparatively rich experience in online learning. In accordance with multiple surveys, about 60% of all foreign learners have completed or still attend various online courses aimed at the improvement of their knowledge in different spheres. It means that many students studying in the UK have previously enrolled in different Internet classes to create the basis for future education and development. However, in practice, this knowledge might remain inapplicable or irrelevant. Therefore, the given context for studying is selected. Literature Review Existing sources say that online learning remains one of the most popular modes today, and there is a tendency towards
Introduction Bruce Longenecker’s book generally describes how the Roman religions interacted with Christianity in the first century. In this book, the ‘lost letters’ represent the conversations (fictional) between Antipas, a wealthy individual (fictional character) from Pergamum and Luke, an ardent follower of Christ who authored the books of Luke and the Acts of the Apostles in the New Testament. The book highlights the culture of the Roman Empire and the context of Christ’s church in the first century. The letters present the finer details of Christ’s radical life and how Christ’s actions conflicted with the dominant Roman culture. In particular, Christ’s life, as described in the letters, affected the honor-shame culture that was dominant in ancient Rome. This paper explores the effect of Christ’s life on the social norms in ancient Roman society. This theme is apparent in the book’s ‘lost letters’ exchanged between Luke and Antipas. Plot Summary The Longenecker’s book begins with the letters exchanged between Antipas, a pagan benefactor of the Roman cities of Caesarea and Tyre and Calpurnius, a descendant of Theophilus and a respected nobleman of the city of Ephesus. The story starts with Antipas sending a letter to Calpurnius inviting him for a gladiatorial game organized in Pergamum. The event was organized by Rufinus, a close friend of Antipas. It is through the letters that Antipas came to know Luke, a close personal friend to Calpurnius, who also helped him run his household affairs. The correspondence between them ended when Calpurnius’ firstborn died, forcing him to leave the city. Luke, an acquaintance of Antipas, began to correspond with Antipas on behalf of his noble friend, Calpurnius. The correspondence between Antipas and Luke continued for a long time, spanning the entire 82 C.E. (First century). Unlike the letters exchanged between Antipas and Calpurnius, which tended to focus on gladiatorial events, Antipas and Luke’s correspondence focused on spiritual matters as both men shared their religious beliefs. In particular, Luke shared his Christian journey and teachings from Christ’s life. As expected, at first, the gladiatorial games, popular events in ancient Rome, also dominated their conversations. Spiritual and historical events dominated their discussions.