ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The invention in discussion enhances the protection of materials against materials that are reactive and adsorptive in order to provide multi-functional protection from chemical and biological agents, as well as the methods for using such materials. The invention involves a reactive-adsorptive protective material that comprises an activated carbon bead with adsorptive properties for adsorbing chemical impurities and nanoparticular entities loaded onto the activated carbon bead, to further convey onto the activated carbon, chemically reactive and biocidal properties. Agents of biological warfare include viruses, bacteria, spores and fungi. Size is the main difference between biological agents and chemical agents. Biological agents are larger, measuring about one to a few tenths of a micron, up to multiples of microns for agglomerated colonies of the same. This implies that chemical agents are at least a thousand times less that biological agent species (Axtell, Hartley and Sallavanti 1). Chemical warfare agents have been in existence for a long time, and are grouped in three classes namely: blood agents, nerve agents and blister/percutaneous agents. The blister agents attack the skin and mucous membrane tissues that are either internal or external to the human body, causing a fatal blistering and ulceration. Such include Mustard, which takes the form of a liquid or a gas. It can also be stored in an aerosolized carrier. These agents were observed to be readily absorbed by activated carbon when contained within canister beds or fixed within various textile substrates. While in this manner, they were observed to offer the ready capability to absorb such agents and hold them away from vulnerable body areas of the person to be protected. Activated carbon is made as powders, granules, dried slurries, fibers, spherical beads, and it is obtained from various processes performed on organic precursors including organic resins, coconut husks and wood pitch (Axtell, Hartley and Sallavanti 2). Each of the processes is particular, and can be viewed in the following steps: carbonizing the organic precursor material to carbon of modest internal surface area in the range of tens to hundreds of square meters; and then activating the carbon to produce a carbon with many hundreds to low thousands of m.sup.2/gm of surface area. The carbon produced has strong adsorptive abilities, or the ability to attach to t by chemical attraction. The large surface area of activated carbon is advantageous to provide many places to allow for maximum attachment. The process involves attaching various chemicals that pass next to the carbon surface, therefore trapping them. The carbons used should be fixed within a carrier substrate in order to be rendered into a useful form. The fixing can be done through adhesion or entrapm
Introduction Al Qaeda was established in the late 80s by Osama bin Laden in Afghanistan; who moved to Afghanistan in 1979 at the time of Soviet invasion. There he became a major donor and fund mobilise for the Afghan Mujahedin and hired Afghans and other volunteers from the Arab world to fight the Soviet (Krebs, 2004). At that time the Americans supported Bin Laden in getting rid of the soviet army out of Afghanistan and made no attempt to stop Bin Laden from hiring more recruits. US official have frequently denied that they also supported the Bin Laden voluntary recruits and the Afghan Mujahedin group at the time of war with funds amounting to over 3 billion dollars. During that period Bin Laden and his group had not sponsored or planned any attack against the Americans but were very critical of the American support for Israeli government in the Middle East (McAllister, 2004). After the end of the war and USSR occupation Bin Laden and his group started thinking of how they would utilize their Islamic recruits to counter any threat against the Islam. Some of the Al Qaeda leadership wanted to use the recruit for their own benefit but Bin Laden had the idea of sending them off to their mother countries to overthrow secular government/leadership which was very supportive of the western influence (McAllister, 2004). The invasion of Kuwait in the early 90s marked the turning point of Bin Laden being US dally to one of the most vibrant enemy. Bin Laden and allies took part in many coup d’état to overthrow governments or leadership that supported the western countries and the US so as to install Islamic regimes (McAllister, 2004). Since falling out with the Americans and becoming US number one enemy, Bin Laden and his Al Qaeda group have carried out a number of terrorist acts against US and its allies but the turning point was on September 11. This attack on the twin towers changed the perception of the Americans and the whole world on terrorism. The structure of Al Qaeda terrorism group In order to succeed in fighting any terrorism organization like the Al Qaeda, it is very important to understand how they operate. This is done by analysing their leadership, responsibility of members, and decision making procedures (Krebs, 2004). The most significant concept of fighting any terrorism group like Al Qaeda is to understand how their structures enable flow of information from the top leadership, accountability and authority between leadership and the factions within the organization. There are three hypothetical explanations in relation to the structure of the Al Qaeda terrorist group: hierarchical/ranks, set of connections or network, and the dynamic paradigms (Krebs, 2004). Network paradigm analyses the Al Qaeda networks and its resilience. Nevertheless, the dynamic paradigm still requ
Introduction Food is a vital need in all living things and must be given the greatest level of attention since it forms the basis of life, but in most cases, human beings have found themselves in states where they risk their health for junk food which has led to health complications like high blood pressure through eating unhealthy food. The unhealthy food contains saturated fat, sugared drinks, red meat and cholesterol while healthy food has whole grains, white meat, nuts and low levels of fat. This essay focuses on ways to make healthy food available to the poor people. Ways of Making Healthy Food Available to the Poor Prioritizing aids given to the needy is a key issue in ensuring that the less fortunate get healthy food. Instead of giving artificially prepared and canned food, the donors should raise funds and buy whole grains in bulk to be given to the poor who in turn prepare the food in a healthy way (Mateljan 11). The poor will have a chance to eat food with high nutritional value and free from additives. Planting of drought resistant crops like yams, arrow roots, cassava, millet and sorghum will ensure the poor have access to healthy foods all the year round. In most cases, the poor are forced to buy junk food since fresh vegetables and fruits cost a fortune during the dry season, but with careful planning and planting the drought resistant crops, they will have healthy food all year round Public awareness on the types of unhealthy foods and their effects on people is a possible way of ensuring the poor are not exposed to unhealthy food. The government should ensure they educate their citizens on the dangers of junk food and advocate for fresh healthy traditional foods. The government should carry out wide research on crops that mature within the shortest time to ensure there is food all the year round. This will
Introduction Nate Silver is the owner of the FiveThirtyEight polling website in the US. Interesting, this website was accurate in predicting the outcome of the electoral vote and popular vote for all of the 50 states in the US during the 2012 presidential elections. This analytical treatise will present Silver’s views on the relevance of statistical tools. Besides, the treatise will review the significance of the FiveThirtyEight website. The Signal and the Noise The video is about Nate Silver discussing predictions of winners of the District of Columbia and the other 50 states during the 2012 presidential elections. Silver accurately made predictions between the popular vote and electoral vote. Silver argues that many predictions fail because of the approach and evidence. Also referred to as the secondary rationalization, Silver argues that the accuracy of a prediction is determined by the strategic profiling of the statistical variables involving players in the stages of the larger prediction. Thus, the behavior and reliability of data will constitute the perfect results via backward induction of the main premise. Through backward induction of the numerous outcomes that are likely to occur within the prediction, the analyst is in a position to simultaneously eliminate branches consisting of noncredible moves identified during data verification. After limited predictions, any rational opponent among the analysts will be automatically precluded from repeating the previous decision to ensure that no credible moves are eliminated. By choosing premise options that are likely to optimize the final accuracy level of each prediction, the finite horizon will be consisting of perfect statistical sampling of each of the variables.
The African-Americans in the U.S. society of the nineteenth century played the significant and rather specific role, basing on the peculiarities of relations between masters and slaves, on the details of the Civil War, and on the features of the abolitionist movement. The principles of slavery depended on the ideology of racism and the masters’ fear of the possible black rebellions for freedom. That is why it was necessary to influence slaves at the level of their spiritual life in order to prevent rebellions and oppositions. Christianity, with its significant concept of obedience, could contribute to the development of the necessary ideology and slaves’ vision of their reality. A lot of African-American slaves were forced to adopt Christianity as their religion because it provided the opportunities for masters to strengthen the control over slaves. However, the development of African-American Christianity had many characteristic features, depending on the Christian principles of obedience and equality which provoked a kind of opposition for developing the slaves’ spirituality according to the masters’ views. Although slaves adopted Christianity which in many cases was forced by their masters, the African-Americans used the advantages of the process to support their identity with the help of spirituals and utilized the ideas of the Christian freedom to participate in the abolitionist movement as it was stated in the most famous slave narratives. The concept of slavery is historically connected with the notion of racism in the USA. The African-American slaves were traditionally discussed as the persons who could not have any rights because of their dependent position of being the masters’ property. That is why slaves should obey their masters without any opposition to this norm or rule. The principles of Christianity are based on the idea of obedience, and those clergymen who tried to convert slaves to this religion focused on the slaves’ fate to obey because of their special destination and role in the world. To spread this controversial thought which reflected only one aspect of Christianity and which was effectively used by ‘whites’ to misinterpret the Bible, masters forced the African-American slaves to attend ‘white’ churches where owners had the opportunity to control their slaves. Moreover, those African-Americans who were converted to Christianity were actively used by the representatives of the Methodist, Baptist, and A
Nowadays, the number of individuals that choose a vegetarian or vegan diet is increasing for a variety of reasons. Some people believe that eating meat may be hurting their well-being while others insist that it is absurd. Although many dieticians think that meat is an essential nutrient, the reality is that it is inappropriate to eat animals because it is unhealthy and unethical. While some people believe that meat contains essential amino acids that guarantee the normal functioning of a human body, individuals who become vegetarians disapprove of the idea. When one of my friends decided to stop eating meat, fish, poultry, and eggs, I expected his health to deteriorate. However, after a short period of being unwell due to his organism adjusting to the new diet, my friend started feeling a lot better than before the change. He notices that he does not need as much sleep and wakes up feeling refreshed. This case is not unique, as many Indians are vegetarians because of their religion and they do not suffer from malnutrition or digestion disorders. Therefore, the exclusion of meat from a diet does not lead to becoming less healthy and, in some cases, can even improve physical and emotional well-being. There is also an ethical issue arising from killing animals to eat their flesh. All life is sacred, and no one has the right to kill another creature. While this statement is true when speaking about human beings, people tend to ignore it when talking about other animals. In the Holy Bible, it is said “thou shalt not kill,” confirming the universality of the law, as it does not state that people should not murder only other people. The same principle is valid for Hinduism, where many followers are vegetarians. In conclusion, while most people disapprove of the vegetarian way of life, it is a justified behavior as it leads to the improvement of health and solves the above-mentioned ethical problem.
Introduction   * This is an unclassified briefing on the military transition on how the transition is carried from combat to garrison   * The purpose of the briefing is to expound on how the military transition from combat to garrison has and is being conducted and the type of leadership style works best during the transition period. Transition from Combat to Garrison   * The transition from combat to Garrison is usually headed by unit commanders‘.   * After being gathered, each members goes to their respective battalions.   * Historically the procedure has been recruit soldiers whose major job is to prepare the rest for combat deployment.   * The transition from combat to garrison is aimed to give Soldiers time to relax and unwind from deployment stress.   * The transition is conducted ensures that the combat soldiers who can no longer withstand the field operations and not ready remain in garrison.   * The garrison soldiers only stay around the camps where they spend most of the time freely (Lieblich, 1989).   * The transition selects peacetime soldiers, mechanics, policemen, drivers, signal technicians, and medical men whose major mission is to keep readiness for deployment purposes (Lieblich, 1989). Leaders involved in the transition process Arising issues The following leaders are involved in ensuring that the transition period is carried out effectively.   * Platoon sergeants.   * Colonels.   * Unit commandants.   * Head of the battalions.   * Sergeants.   * And other leaders concerned with military leadership. Arising issues The following issues that arise while dealing with the transitional change.   * Military members in the garrisons are associated with alcohol and drugs abuse (Flotte, 1989).   * Some are found to have stress and post war physiological and psychological trauma.   * There has been reports of domestic violence especially wife battery.   * There are incidents of sexual harassments among the junior and the senior officers.   * Rejection of change especially the wounded soldiers demanding to remain in combat despite their physical conditions.   * There incidents of child abuse basically as a result of war stress and experience (Flotte, 1989).   * Stealing
It is axiomatic to argue that sometimes scientific researchers get carried away when identifying random variables where more than two groups especially in health outcomes are involved. They tend to misuse various statistical tools which might compromise the study when dealing with multiple comparisons. This has caused a great dilemma for many observers and the world at large. Public health for instance requires a lot of accuracy and any level of data fishing should be discouraged. (Sullivan, 2012) The study of ‘low back pain in the Ullensaker’ is one of the public health examples. The purpose of this study was to show whether musculoskeletal pain sites correlate with low back pain. The study identified the respondents with low back pain from adults who were enrolled in an epidemiological surgery for musculoskeletal pain within Ullensaker municipality in Norway in 1990. 4050 participants were sent questionnaires to participate in the study and of these 67% responded. Individuals who registered low back pain were excluded leaving a total sample population of 1283 in 1990. A similar study was carried out 14 years later (2004) and 763 which was 59% of the population responded and formed part of the sample. After a 14 year follows up the results demonstrated that musculoskeletal pain sites significantly predict a low back pain. (Dahl, Grotle, Benth, and Natvig, 2008). There are a number of problems that are involved in multiple comparisons; the main problem is that, as one adds each additional test, the probability that the researcher will conclude that there is a statistically significant effect across tests even when there are no such effect increases. In Sullivan, L. M. (2012) the use of multiple comparisons brings a statistical problem, because there is the likelihood of an uncontrolled rate of rejecting null hypothesis or failing to reject a false null hypothesis; even in scenarios when it should not or should be rejected if the subsequent hypothesis is performed on the outcome of the same data. This raises the biggest dilemma of reducing the risk or rejecting or accepting the null hypothesis and maintaining the likelihood that there is, or there is, no correlation. ANOVA which is one of the Multiple Comparison Procedures can be used to correct this. Finally, researchers using multiple comparisons may erroneously identify additional statistically significant effects in scenarios where there is the existence of nonzero true effects. When there is complex data, there is a high likelihood of, overinterpretation of patterns.
Introduction Nations, which have not embraced respect for human freedom, can learn the significance of their respect by benchmarking other nations’ best practices and approaches in terms of advocating for human freedom. This paper analyses whether the US can act as a good benchmark. It also discusses whether it can be a source of good aspiration for freedom to other nations around the world. The US participation in protecting Freedom at the International Level Freedom from internal and external inversions encompasses one of the fundamental aspects that a nation should guarantee its citizens. However, the UN charter prohibits nations from attacking others unless they are responding to an assault. This claim perhaps reveals why the US continues to stay in Afghanistan amid the hefty expenditure of taxpayers’ money to sustain military operations. While other nations can emulate the strategies and policies of the US of seeking to ensure that its citizens live without breach of the freedom of territorial integrity, some of its foreign policies amount to the breaching of territorial integrity of other nations. Hence, they also compromise the freedom of other people. The efforts of NATO to engage Taliban and al-Qaida insurgents in the war resulted in the spreading of the war into the North West parts of Pakistan. In 2004, NATO forces launched attacks to flash out and kill Taliban militia and al-Qaida insurgents who were seeking refuge in Pakistan. This move led to the emergence of Waziristan insurgency in 2007. In May 2011, the US navy SEALs managed to kill the kingpin of al-Qaida, Osama bin Laden. In three weeks, following his killing, NATO began working on a strategy to exit from Afghanistan. During this time, the UN sought to engage Afghan’s government and the Taliban insurgents in peace talks to restore peace so that NATO forces could exist from Afghanistan (Keppel 2008). Unfortunately, until today, an exit plan has never been fully implemented. People in Afghanistan
Background Information TNT Express is an international company specializing in the express delivery of parcels. It operates in more than 200 countries with a strong position in Europe. TNT Express was purchased by FedEx in 2016 for $4.4 billion in hopes of fuelling growth to the company in Europe. Before the acquisition, TNT Express was a company with more than 56,000 employees and annual revenues of nearly €7 billion. It delivered more than 4 million parcels, documents, and pieces of freight every week to corporate and private customers. The vision of the company was to be the most admired delivery company, while its mission was to connect businesses, markets, and people in a sustainable way. The company received increased recognition due to winning the EFQM European Quality Award in 1998. The company experienced rapid growth in the 1990s; however, acquisitions led to the appearance of numerous legacy systems and processes that needed to be refined to ensure efficient operations and management. Even though TNT marketed itself as a global company, its services varied depending on the location, which caused dissatisfaction among central customers of the company. Therefore, the company launched a Business Process Model (BPM) based on EFQM and put delighted customers as the primary concern of the company. The model was associated with significant success despite facing considerable resistance from frontline employees and middle management. Situation Analysis EFQM Model To assess the case of the company, it is beneficial to identify the framework for the situational analysis. Since TNT Express utilized the EFQM model, it is natural to identify issues in the business model of the company using the same perspective. The European Foundation for Quality Management was formed in 1988 when 14 executives of leading European companies united in enhancing the competitive position of European companies in the world market. The model was last updated in 2020 to include three major categories that measure business excellence, which is direction, execution, and results. To evaluate these categories, it is necessary to analyze purpose and vision strategy, organizational culture and leadership, engagement with stakeholders, creation of sustainable value, driving performance and transformation, stakeholder perception, and strategic and operational performance. Careful examination of the seven matters helps to identify problems and form recommendations for the company to achieve greater excellence. Purpose and Vision TNT Express had a clear purpose stated in the BPM, which turned the company into a customer-centric organization. According to the model, the central goal of the company was to delight the customers with exceptional customer service. The model includes many aspects based on the reciprocal dependency of processes on customer experience and feedback. BPM is an excellent reference for middle management since it provides a clear decision-making pattern. Even though the model may be challenging to grasp, it does not need to be understood entirely by the frontline personnel. The employees only need to be aware of the company’s