ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Shakespeare’s plays are commonly with the illusion and deception inherent in the medium of theatre itself, from plays-within-plays to the complications arising from a boy actor playing a girl dressed up as a boy, and by analogy. The theatre then become the world and states of altered reality was the regular element of Shakespeare’s plays. They may be minor alterations, such as those induced by love (Antony in Anthony and Cleopatra). They may be expressed in other-worldly spirits, be they a Puck or an Ariel, they may be symbolic – dreams, sleep, the moon, or the contrast between the wilderness or the wood and the urban city or court. They may depict major alterations of behavior, such as madness, real or feigned. Discussion Anthony and Cleopatra ‘Anthony and Cleopatra’ is a Shakespearian play about two lovers; Anthony, a leader of Rome and Cleopatra, the Queen Of Egypt. The main themes of the play are love and duty as well as betrayal and guilt, the play is written in old English and mainly everyday language. Numerous characters including Enobarbus and Cleopatra, commit betrayal in the play, much imagery is used including the symbolism of God, nature, and water to present its themes, Enobarbus is a loyal friend of Anthony’s until he realizes that Anthony is an unreliable leader, at which point he deserts him, to go to Ceasar. Enobarbus is so overwhelmed with guilt that he takes his own life. The imagery and use of figurative language in his suicide shows his deep feelings of regret. The play effectively presents the issue of betrayal and guilt by using imagery and showing the extreme effects it can have, Guilt can overwhelm a person so much that they can simply not live with themselves and it shows that cleopetra must have had a lot of love for Anthony, the two lovers and their love, or lack there of, between them. It would be correct to add though that Cleopatra is the dominating presence in the play, however, Cleopatra, Antony and Enobarbus have tragic elements of grandeur, nobility, fateful misjudgments and a fall from the heights as well as other less important qualities. (Shakespeare 157) The play is repeatedly of different kinds and categories of a drama, Cleopatra tells Antony that, if he truly loves her, he should tell her how much he loves her. Antony responds by telling Cleopatra that professed love has very little value. Antony’s negligent behavior costs him dearly back in Rome.The irony of this situation is that Antony has neglected his soldierly duties for Rome due to the fact that he arrived in Egypt and fell in love with Cleopatra. This is a remarkable beginning to the play because it indicates that, although Antony and Cleopatra are lovers, they either do not actually love each other, or they are too doubtful to declare their love to one another. Cleopatra as a symbol of Women The way the audience in Elizabethan times would have viewed her hitting the messenger would also have been very different to ours. To the Elizabethan audience a woman hitting a mess
The first major event in the history of Iran, in relation to the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (“ OPEC ”), was the establishment of OPEC as a founding member (OPEC 1). The establishment of OPEC was made possible through the groundwork laid by Iran, and four other petroleum-exporting countries. OPEC was founded through an event called the Baghdad Conference. In the beginning there were five founding members, and this includes Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia and Venezuela (OPEC 1). OPEC was established on September 14,1960 (OPEC 1). In the decade of the 70s Iran was one of the most dominant petroleum-exporting countries in the Middle East (Mina 1). Rivals in the oil production business such as Iraq and Saudi Arabia provided a counterbalance to the growing influence of Iran within OPEC. If not for the presence of the two countries Iran could have dictated terms that would have been detrimental to the rest of the oil consuming nations of the world. In other words, Iran could never control the OPEC and its members. However, Iran exerts tremendous influence over the organization. On January 2006, the Western world, led by the United States of America began to make a formal protest with regards to Iran’s nuclear program (Hoyos & Dombey 1).There is no need to elaborate the implication of a nuclear program considering Iran’s past history and its ongoing struggle with Israel. The United States and the rest of the Western world were within their rights when they echoed the fears of the free world with regards to the possibility that a totalitarian regime is armed with a nuclear device. After the United States filed its protest through diplomatic channels, Iran made an unusual move that was difficult to interpret. Iran requested the OPEC to cut the cartel’s oil production (Hoyos & Dombey 1). It was difficult to interpret Iran’s request to reduce oil output because it was unclear if the move was based on the need to stabilize global crude oil prices or an attempt to show the Western world that Iran was ready to use crude oil as a weapon against its detractors. Iran’s request may have been rooted in noble aspirations, such as to show the world that petroleum-exporting countries were sympathetic to the world’s needs. However, Iran’s request also demonstrated the fact that Iran and other oil exporters could compel other countries to follow their lead. Four years later after the diplomatic row over Iran’s nuclear program, OPEC’s membership grew to include seven additional members. According to one report, “On October 13, 2010, Iran assumed the rotating presidency of the OPEC” (Voice of America 1). At this point, Iran did not offer any resolution to reduce tension within the international political scene and did not make any effort to develop a transparent nuclear program so that the whole world could see the extent of their scientific pursuits. At the same time, an Iranian national at the helm of OPEC means that Iran have greater leverage against the United States and its allies. In 2011 the United States and the rest of
Biological theories can be used in explaining female gang behavior, owing to certain physical and biological characteristics. Several studies have focused on female personality factors, which are important in understanding gang behavior. These elements come as a result of environmental and biological conditions under which the women live. Scientific findings have revealed that these biological traits are hereditary to some extent, though some are acquired through environmental interactions (Lattal & Chase, 2003). Indeed, researchers have ascertained that these biological traits are strongly influenced by environmental conditions, which encourage female gang behavior. Besides, these biological factors have a very strong link with the emotions of individuals. It has been witnessed that women with negative emotions are likely to experience aversive behavior and react aggressively to issues, and this can lead to some malicious acts. Those women who have low constraints on their characters are prone to reacting to impulses, which might result in delinquent gang behavior. Therefore, there is a strong reason to make people believe that biological traits are responsible for gang behavior among women, especially those who have high negative emotions and low constraints (Malott, 2008). Psychological theories postulate that there are certain factors, which are linked to psychology, and are responsible for females’ access to both the legitimate and illegitimate roles. Focusing on legitimate roles, women can achieve certain goals and status in society. However, illegitimate routes still allow the female to engage in certain activities, which include delinquent behavior. Several psychological and psychiatric factors are responsible for female gang behavior, which include internalizing disorders such as anxiety, nervousness, worrying, and withdrawal (Baum, 2005). Moreover, there are sociological theories that can be used to explore female gang behavior. In fact, sociological theories are important in understanding female gang behavior since they are highly associated with processes that lead to criminality. These sociological theories analyze criminal behavior in terms of social structure and organization. Two main approaches used in analyzing sociological theories of female gang behavior include conflict and consensus. In addition, these consensus approaches focus on laws, mores, and folkways that reflect the societal values as a result of group sharing, especially through holding meetings. Consequently, some acts are regarded as criminal or wrong, while others are viewed by society as functional and inevitable. Consequently, a struggle emerges in society, thus some individuals win while others lose, but since the women do not want to be left behind, they tend to engage in delinquent behaviors by breaking the established societal laws (Staddon,
The Antique philosophers laid the foundations for the development of the philosophical thought. However, their ideas would be criticized by many philosophers of the subsequent centuries. Plato was the outstanding representative of the philosophy of the Ancient Greece. His ideas were reflected in his famous dialogues. The Republic was the Plato’s apology, in which he discussed the principles of the state and different kinds of the state structure. Plato paid much attention to the conception of ideas. He said that that there was the unseen world of ideas in contrast to the material world. Plato considered that the aristocracy was the only fair government and defended the upper social classes. He said that the upper ten should stand at the top of the power. According to Plato, the upper ten included the wise men or the philosophers. “There is another thing: – young men of the richer classes, who have not much to do, come about me of their own accord; there are plenty of persons, as they soon enough discover, who think that they know something, but really know little or nothing” (“Plato” n.pag.). Karl Popper was the outstanding Austrian philosopher of the XX century. He was known as one of the critics of the Platonism and the founders of the critical rationalism in the philosophy. His ideas were reflected in the book The Open Society and Its Enemies . In contrast to Plato, Popper was the supporter of the democracy and defended its values. His criticism of the Plato’s ideas was largely focused on the Plato’s arguments in support of the totalitarian government. In The Open Society and Its Enemies , Karl Popper gave the arguments against the philosophy of Plato. In particular, he criticized his ideas on the fair government and the idea that the philosophers representing the upper ten should rule the society. Popper said, “But the title ‘Republic’ is, quite simply, the English form of the Latin rendering of a Greek word that had no associations of this kind, and whose proper English translation would be ‘The Constitution’ or ‘The City State’ or ‘The State’” (Popper n.pag.). Popper claimed that the power of the top officials and the elite should be limited. He explained that Plato defended the closed society, the one, in which the power of the aristocracy was unlimited. In contrast, he argued that the open society was the progressive one as it facilitated the equality among people. The critics of Popper said that he provided the weak arguments for the antihumanism and antiliberalism of Plato. They also claimed that Plato did not urge to the ruthless violence in favor of the state. The critics argued that Plato did not aim at implementing the herd instinct in the system of the social mechanisms. In my view, the teachings of the Plato on the government and the state are unfair in relation to the rights of many citizens. Essentially, Plato supports the unfair soc
Piece Rate System/ Payment byResults System This is the easiest system of payment. A worker receives payment depending on the amount of items he produces. Management does not have a problem determining the items of production and the number each worker produces. Workers determination and hard work are the determinants of the amount they receive at the end of the day. Benefits It is very easy to measure a workers output which makes the system’simplementation quite easy. Secondly, workers are motivated to work harder. This is because the more they work the more they get. Disadvantages Sometimes, workers may compromise quality of work in an attempt to produce more items. The effects of this are spiraling as it leads to direct customer dissatisfaction, which may result in lost business. It also does not recognize the human aspect of employees. Motivation comes from more than just making money. In other terms, it projects money as the only motivator of human beings, whichis not true. Salary Payment System This system rewards employees after a certain period. Normally, it is a month. Workers report to work and leave after a certain period. Benefits The workers get motivated because they do what they love. Their input does not go through rigorous measuring procedures. Hence, performance of an employee stems from other factors, which may or may not include money. Secondly, employees find it fair. This is because there are those workers who are faster than others are and may always end up getting promotions if a company adopts other methods. Thirdly, the company rests assured of quality work. The employee inputs everything possible skill to produce quality work (U.S. Merit Systems Protection Board, 2006). Disadvantages An organization may not always measure each workers output correctly. This means some employees may take advantage of this policy to laze around at the expense of others for an equal pay. Consequently, management should take careful interest in each worker’s output, though in a subtle way. It is also a permanent expense in the books of the company despite revenue performance. Hourly Payment System Under this system, workers receive payment on hourly basis. This is the most beneficial payment system on the side of employees. Normally, consultants, lawyers and others who offer professional services use and prefer this payment system. This is because they are not permanent employees of a particular company. They are engaged in one-off decisions or solutions. Advantages The company or organization that engages this services pay for them only once. Therefore, this expense does not feature in the books of accounts permanently. Secondly, since th
The word ‘love’ is observed to have distinct meanings in various settings and contexts. Different people from various cultural settings would tend to have different perceptions about love. Generally, love refers to some kind of inexplicable feeling which is felt by people towards others, probably those of the opposite sex. Relationship on the other hand would refer to the condition of people being connected or associated with each other. We have all experienced love at one moment of life, but it is as though there is still much we don’t know about love itself. Humans have always asked inexplicable questions about love such as, “Why do we fall in love?” or “What makes us love others?” We may not necessarily have perfect answers for all the questions regarding love but there is no doubt that we have been closer to the right answers for most of these questions through the perception of psychologists. For instance, according to love psychologists, the reason as to why we fall in love will depend on our minds. The way our minds perceive love is what comes out to us as love. Sometimes, these perceptions may match with the perceptions of another person and in that case love is certain to be realized. Different groups of people have different views about love. Some communities would see it as something that would be contained in the eyes while others just associate it with blood thus the observations ‘love is in the eyes of the beholder’ and ‘blood is thicker than water’ respectively. However, some aspects in life have come up to disqualify these perceptions, making people to search for other alternative explanations. For instance, let us consider the situation of blind people. Does their incapability to see hinder them from loving? More importantly, if love was really contained in the blood, will there be any cases concerning lost identities in life as we can see today? Having asked ourselves these questions, it would be easy for us to appreciate the psychological view of love that is determined by our minds as the perfect answer to most of the questions we frequently ask ourselves regarding love. The issue of love and what makes pe
Work and empowerment is a growing aspect in the female world of late. Most of the women have ventured into employment. This has widely affected their position in society. Saudi Arabian women have had difficulty in defining their position in the family. Their role in the society includes the normal home chores and nothing more. Islam rules and regulations governed these women. Strictness of the law crushed the hopes and expectations of these women. From the short story Zainab , the author portrays a clear picture of Saudi Arabian women. He says that women should be at home (Ash-Shamalan 40). Their duty is to take care of their spouses and carry out house chores. These include washing up utensils, cooking, cleaning the house, doing the laundry etc. In addition, women should be submissive to their husbands. In Duties of a working mother , Munawarr illustrate that taking proper care of the children is an obligation of the women (Munawwar 44). He uses the character of Leila to bring out this scenario. Although she has a job as a teacher, she still has to ensure that the children have eaten and that their homework is submitted in time. When the guest visits her home, she is the one responsible for welcoming and preparing meals for them (Munawwar 45). Traditionally in the Middle East, the unmarried daughters have the least authority, and are to portray an attitude of difference and servitude. The role and status of women inside the household coincide with their role outside the house. In Saudi Arabia, the voice of a woman has no weight. They have no authority to make decisions. When they get married, they are automatically bound by a contract that stipulates the extent a woman can go in decision making. This same contract does not limit the husband’s decision making whatsoever. Nevertheless, the women are limited to playing their role of child rearing and housekeeping. These women thus find satisfaction and enhancement of their moral status spiritually. She has no say in deciding what she wants while under the care of her parents. The father decides for her the person to marry her (Al-Ulayyan 132). Suad encounters this when
Introduction This essay is going to explore the two movies, which depict violation of human rights in various circumstances and parts of the world and relate their diverse aspects to real life situation. A dry White Season movie is trying to portray violation of human rights in South Africa during the time of apartheid rule that led to brutal treatment and injustices meted on blacks as in the case of Gordon and his family mysterious deaths. In the Name of the Father is a movie that portrays an innocent arrest of Gerry Colon and subsequent torture for him to confess the terrorist’s crimes he did not commit and enduring long legal battle in the appeal of the case (Antulov Para 2). A Dry White Season A Dry White Season is a movie directed by Euzhan Palcy in 1989. The South African movie had two main actors; Ben du Toit is a white who was a janitor of the school while Gordon Ngubene was an Afrikaner teacher at the same school so the two actors were friends working together (Brink Para. 1). Gordon’s son di
Introduction The privatization of the penal system in the United State of America is understood as the transfer of the control of prison and prison-related services from the public sector to the private sector. It is the contracting of the private sector by the federal, state or local government to design, to build and to operate prison services and to run jail services. Consequently, private companies may be contracted to provide services like counseling, medical care, food and the maintenance of public prisons and jails. The privatization of the prison system can be traced back to the days of convict lease system, which was practiced by the southern states during the period of reconstruction. This system of convict lease involved the leasing out of prisoners to serve as laborers under the supervision of private companies, which could take care of the housing, care and the security of the prisoners. The modern model of prison privatization is different from the ancient model. This is because federal, local, and state governments only contract private companies that are strictly regulated, and only those that are in the position to provide effective care and humane conditions for the prisoners (Joel, 1988). Among the companies that are major players in prison privatization are:   * Corrections Corporation of America (CCA): this is the oldest, and it operates over sixty private prisons and jails.   * The GEO group: this is the second largest after CCA, and it operates approximately 47 prison and jail facilities.   * Cornell Companies: This is also one of the major providers of penal privatization services. It provides such services as drug and substance abuse training, group and individual counseling, life support skills, and educational and vocational training. It places a lot of emphasis on rehabilitation. The USA largely relies on imprisonment as the best alternative to reducing prevalence of crimes. This over reliance on imprisonment is due to the high rates of crimes, public perception, and imprisonment as a political instrument, and miscalculated policies and laws. The rate of imprisonment in the USA is the highest in the world. This is primarily the reason for the demand for privatization of the penal system to relieve the government of the task to handle a large number of prisoners (Hartney, 2006). Debate on Privatization of American Penal System The USA has been acting tough on law breakers and criminal offenders. This has created a lot of problems necessitated by the shortage of prisons’ capacities to handle the pressure of num