ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
America is often named as a democratic nation. Some go as far as stating that it is an example of democracy and that it is the only country that is governed by the people in the broadest sense. However, other opinions exist on the matter, with some suggesting the elite and class theory as the most fitting description while others suggest its polar opposite, hyperpluralism, as the current governing model. While both suggestions have their weak points and are prone to subjective judgment, it is undeniable that the latter is at least partially confirmed by existing examples and thus can be a valid description of the governing power of America. First, it is important to note several differences between democracy, the most popularly recognized government model when it comes to defining America, and pluralism. Both have at their core the principle of popular power. Democracy asserts that all people of the country can influence the governance of the country. What is often downplayed is the level of involvement. It is undeniable that by being able to select its government, the population is influencing the subsequent outcomes. However, the important condition of democracy is the homogeneity of the populace (Schmitt and Kennedy 14). America can not be further from the definition of homogeneous, with its emphasis on diversity and protecting it by all means. On the other hand, pluralism, which is the type of government where all its participants have equal power regardless of their qualities, including social status, seems somewhat utopian from the first glance. It seems obvious that the common people can’t have more impact on the political scene than their right to vote suggests. However, it becomes less improbable once we look at the legal system proceedings of recent years. The dominating trend is challenging the laws based on their unconstitutional nature. A good example is a series of federal court cases known as Hollingsworth v. Perry, which resulted in the overturning of Proposition 8 that was banning same-sex marriage in California by proclaiming it unconstitutional (Liptak par. 8). In this case, the interest group has changed the federal policy and triggered several changes for the president’s administration to consider. In other words, the group has secured its interests on a legal level. However, while the ultimate ability of every citizen to defend his or her rights is a good thing, there is a growing trend of trying to gain additional leverage by exploiting the underprivileged status. Some suggest that the current dynamics of the equality movement is such that neither the legal system nor common sense can keep up the pace (Schermer par. 12). As a result, we end up in a situation where underprivileged groups try to gain an advantage over others rather than eliminate disadvantages and reach the mean level. This is observable in many social spheres but most prominently in
Introduction Human rights have always been controversially considered by people. Historical epochs presented different views of countries upon the standards of the human rights they kept to, and therefore certain norms were imposed on the citizens of those countries. For example, in the Ancient World the institution of slavery was an ordinary phenomenon which was thought not to violate any human rights and freedoms, as far as slaves were not considered to be human beings. Also, racial discrimination has recently been an ordinary thing for the human society and only the several recent decades brought substantial positive changes in the situation. One of the most prominent roles in this process was played by the implementation of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights by the UN, by the development of the national and intercultural awareness of various nations of the world, and by the introduction of the Universal Jurisdiction. Accordingly, this paper will focus on the possible issues caused by the international force of laws on “the crimes against the Jewish people” (Sprinzak, Yosef, David Ben-Gurion & Pinchas Rosen, p. 154). Main body To begin with, it is necessary to consider the essence of the concept of human rights. The first point that is understood by people on hearing this concept is that equality of rights and opportunities should be granted to all people irrespective of their racial, sexual, etc. belongings and social positions. However, the concept under consideration is much wider that the above stated freedoms. To avoid the any possible kind of ambiguity and misunderstanding in this respect, the United Nations Organization adopted the Universal Declaration of Human Rights on December, 10, 1948 (Landorf, Hilary, and Martha Fernanda Pineda, p. 322). Drawing from this declaration, the concept of the “crimes against the Jewish people” can be viewed as completely grounded. The same can be said about the possible introduction of the concept of the “crimes against the Black people” that an African country might think possible to launch. To understand these issues better, it is necessary to consider the basic ideas of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. First of all, the declaration under consideration provides the general statements about the equality of all people on Earth: “All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.” (UN, Article 1) Drawing from this, crimes against any particular ethnic group or the whole humanity are outlawed, and the idea of “crimes against the Jewish people” implemented by the Israeli Government in 1950 is viewed as a reasonable one. Moreover, this statement can be referred to the crimes against Black people or any other ethnic group discriminated in a certain country. Also, the further provisions of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights detail the conditio
Advertising is a form of communication whose purpose is to inform potential customers about products and services and how to obtain and use them. Many advertisements are also designed to generate increased consumption of those products and services through the creation and reinforcement of brand image and brand loyalty. The aim of advertising is to persuade and influence the behavior of the public in general. Recently, there has been a lot of excitement about sex advertisement. Sex advertising is not something new. Advertising has been greatly influenced by globalization. As a result, this has greatly changed the orientation and views of people about sexuality. This has resulted in the beaming of explicit images in the media which has both its advantages and disadvantages to the woman concerned. Sexual health refers to the many factors that impact sexual function and reproduction. These factors include a variety of physical, mental and emotional issues. (Tom and Jacqueline, 2007) Disorders that affect any of these factors can impact a person’s physical and emotional health, as well as his or her relationships and self-image. Over the years advertisements have been used to define the gender roles. Thus, advertisements always conform to the gender roles given to women and men. For example, most advertisements will portray a woman as a domestic worker and the woman will be indoors while the man is seen as an outside person. This is in line with how people have been socialized. Even when a woman is given more militant roles she is still confined to the traditional roles. The woman can be seen as taking over the germs and dirt in the home (William J. et al in sell me some prestige). The woman will be triumphant but this will still be within the confinement of the house. The man on the other hand is portrayed as a business person (in a business setting). These are some of the ways in which advertising has been used to ensure that people are socialized in the right way. Any advertisement that does not conform to this is not held i
Congress has power over monetary and budgetary procedure through the specified authority to put down and accumulate levies. The Constitution furthermore awards legislature the special authority to appropriate finances, and this authority of the pucker is one of Congress’s crucial checks on the administrative branch (Perry, 2009). Law making process A Bill Is Born: any person can sketch a bill; though, only constituents of Congress can initiate legislation, and, by doing so, turn out to be the support(s). Committee Action: immediately a bill is launched, it is passed on to a commission. At this moment, the bill is scrutinized cautiously and its probabilities for passage are initially concluded. Subcommittee Review: frequently, bills are channeled to a subcommittee for scrutiny and investigation. Mark up: When the inquiries are concluded, the subcommittee may possibly convene to make modifications and revisions before proposing the bill to the complete commission. Voting: subsequent to the discussion and the endorsement of a few modifications, the bill is to be conceded or overwhelmed by the members present. Referral to Other Chamber: When the House or Senate approves a bill, it is channeled to the other house, where it frequently pursues equivalent course through commission and floorboards action (Johnson, 2003). Conference Committee Action: When the measures of the other boardroom considerably modify the bill, a convention commission is created to reunite the disparities between the House and Senate versions (Johnson, 2003). Final Action: subsequent to both the House and Senate accepting a bill in the same shape, it is propelled to the president. Overriding a Veto: If the head of state sanctions a bill, Congress can try to supersede the refusal (Johnson, 2003). Bicameral Legislature Bicameral parliament comprises two cavities or houses. They seem to require a synchronized majority to surpass legislation. The Uni
Summary Clinical research is always regarded as a branch of healthcare science that plays a vital role in determining medicine effectiveness, safety, and treatment programs intended specifically for human use only. It plays a key role in issues concerning treatment, prevention, diagnosis, or even relieving symptoms of various diseases. However, clinical research is different from its practices mainly because established treatments are deployed in clinical practice. At the same time, evidence is collected to determine the form of therapy in clinical research. Typically, clinical research with human subjects is essential as it plays a key role in helping understand and improve general human health. This research paper is extensively going to look at a vulnerable population: the street children and the ethical issues surrounding this type of population, the role of the Institutional Review Board (IRB), and their importance in research. The street children deserve much protection compared to normal people against the potential risks that might arise. Individuals from this group tend to have a higher chance of negative risk outcomes from participating in the research (Friesen et al., 2017). It is the responsibility of the IRB, researchers, and anyone reviewing clinical research to assess and evaluate the impacts of the street children participating in the research (Santelli et al., 2017). This indicates why the national commission’s policies, rules, and standards protected the human subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral Science Research in 1974. It is also hard to research the various vulnerable groups as it becomes difficult to obtain ethical approval to conduct the research effectively (Largent & Lynch, 2017). A perfect example is researching street children; it is hard for them to offer informed consent for the research as they are still minors. According to a certain study done in South Africa on street children as the vulnerable population, the ethical principles and policies of competence, respect, justice, autonomy, disclosure, and non-maleficence are all applicable. Role of Institutional Review Boards According to the National Institute of Health (2008), in the regulations formulated by the food and drug administration (FDA), the IRB is regarded as an agency specifically delegated to monitor, explore and review any biomedical research involving human beings as its elements. IRB is given the authority to approve, disapprove and even discard research depending on various issues (Lapid, 2019). The board is also responsible for protecting the vulnerable groups, which in this case are the street children, by ensuring that the risks to the individual participating in the research are low and minimi
Introduction In 1968, Atkinson and Shiffrin introduced the multi-store model of memory. It quickly gained a lot of attention from the scientific community, which proceeded to further research the multi-store model. Over time, however, some of the concepts of this model were found to be too simplistic and not representative of reality. As an alternative, Baddeley and Hitch created a new concept called working memory. This paper will provide an overview of the working memory model, including its general process of functioning and how false memories can form during its operation. The Function of Working Memory The idea of short-term memory proposed by Atkinson and Shiffrin was unitary and far too limited in its flexibility. With a capacity for only five to nine items over the duration of 30 seconds, it could not be applied to more complex cases and did not explain many of the issues that can arise when a person’s short-term memory is damaged. To address these problems, Baddeley and Hitch proposed a non-unitary model of working memory. This model consists of three primary components: the central executive, the phonological loop, and the visuo-spatial sketchpad. The central executive is responsible for allocating the processing resources of the brain between the loop and the sketch pad. The phonological loop represents the person’s inner voice and analyzes phonological information. The visuo-spatial sketchpad processes visual and spatial information, as well as representing the inner eye of the person. The working memory model proposes that the functions of the phonological loop and the visuo-spatial sketchpad are performed simultaneously and independently of each other (D’Esposito and Postle 139). The central executive, as the name implies, is the primary component of the working memory system; every other component is subservient to it. Not much is known about the central executive, but it is known that it is responsible for coordinating secondary components, monitoring their work, and relaying their results to long-term memory. The central executive chooses which component should process the received information, and it is also responsible
Moral dilemmas occur when one encounters a conflicting circumstance and no matter the kind of action or resolution he/she takes, the consequences end up violating ethics. Therefore, moral dilemmas are very challenging and complicated because they force people to make hard choices that lead to the violation of ethics and sacrifice. In the case study, Bubba Hart is experiencing a moral dilemma because his companion, Stella is making exuberant barking at the neighborhood making people to complain. His inability to silence Stella coupled with the constant complaints from people in the neighborhood makes his job unbearable. Making the situation worse, the coop board decides that if Bubba cannot control the barking of Stella, then either of them can go. The ruling troubles Bubba because he has options that seem impossible for him to achieve. The first option would be to let Stella go and remain alone, the second would be to lose his job and leave Stella, the third would be to shift to another neighborhood, and the fourth would be to euthanize or silence Stella. Ultimately, based on the case study, the moral dilemma narrows down to whether or not debarking is morally acceptable. Based on the utilitarian ethical theory, silencing Stella is morally acceptable because it enhances happiness for the greatest number of people. Since exuberant barking of Stella in the neighborhood disturbs many people, debarking is the appropriate measure according to the utilitarian perspective. On utilitarianism as an ethical theory, West posits that, “the production of happiness and reduction of unhappiness should be the standard by which actions are judged right or wrong and by which the rules of morality, laws, public policies, and social institutions are to be critically evaluated” (9). In the case study, people living in the neighborhood where Stella wanders while barking have been complaining about disturbing her barking behavior. Ethical consideration from utilitarian perspective judges the case study scenario that, it is better to eliminate Stella in the neighborhood than to allow many people to endure the barking nuisance. Hence, according to the utilitarian ethical theory, it is probable that Stella undergoes debarking than for the whole neighborhood to suffer. The barking behavior of Stella also disturbs Bubba, the security guard who takes care of the neighborhood. Since people believe that Bubba is responsible for the exuberant barking behavior of Stella, they direct their complaints to him and thus making his work quite unbearable. Therefore, Stella’s barking behavior and people’s complaints put Bubba in dilemma as he wonders on how to resolve the problem. The coop board also rules out using utilitarian approach that it is better for Bubba or Stella to go away than the entire neighborhood to suffer due to uncontrolled barking of Stella. According to Mill, “the creed which accepts as the foundation of morals, Utility, or the greatest happiness principle, holds that action
The race issues are perhaps the most debatable ones within the polemic of civic rights and attitudes. As such, there have been two articles written in order to differentiate implicit and explicit attitudes of people towards race issues. It is important to understand the origins of implicit attitudes, so the article Evidence of Race Evaluations From Ages 6 and 10 and Adulthood gives an explicit explanation on that. Moreover, once it is understood what the implicit and explicit attitudes are it is important to comprehend how those are formed. The article Sources of Implicit Attitudes elaborates on it substantially. Interestingly, people start hiding their true attitudes at the age of 10. This is when it is crucial to distinguish explicit attitude and the implicit one. There were different age groups investigated in the matter of race attitude expression. And there were only the 6-year-old kids telling what they really felt. 10 year-olds and grown-ups were already controlling themselves when answering the questions. The reason kindergarten children were expressing their implicit attitude was because of their extremely young age and absence of explicit attitudes due to immature implicit one yet. Therefore, the sources of implicit attitudes are mainly the episodes when people get their first impressions and experiences. The latter form self-reported attitudes at kids’ age. However, even if a grown-up reports the experience to be perfect it does not mean it is really so. The reason is that adults tend to report explicit attitude according to the current events, forgetting about implicit ones if those were unpleasant. The culturally held appraisals essentially influence people’s bias (Rudman, 2004, p. 81). To prolong the study experiment it would be necessary to find out the circumstances under which the implicit attitudes form. It is extremely important to understand that implicit and explicit attitudes rarely converge, though this frequency is hard to determine. That is why there should be the polls held in order to question groups of adult people on the matter of circumstances under which they have acquired any specific attitude. Most likely, this will derive a substantial collection of circumstantial patterns that can be respectfully divided into groups. Evidently, this should be done in order to examine people’s reactions to the circumstances underwent, this will make it possible to trace the way implicit and explicit attitudes converge rather than relying on controlling of explicit attitude only. The importance of such study experiment is crucial because this w
Introduction Today, in the business world, organisations competing for market power and success are continuously looking for avenues to step ahead of their competitors. This, however, is becoming a more taxing objective for organisational managers as rapid advancements in information technology lead to mounting transparency of management activities across companies, making it exceedingly challenging to realize long-lasting differentiation (Kimiloglu & Zarali 2009). But since the realization by management that customers are the core of a business and that an organisation’s success depends on effectively managing relationships with them (Nguyen et al 2007), companies are increasingly adopting and implementing customer relationship management (CRM) programs to maintain competitive advantage and prevent customers from switching to other companies (Kotorov 2003). The present paper discusses the critical success factors for a CRM program by illuminating the essential components making up the program. Essential Components of a CRM Program Perhaps the most essential component of a CRM program is the customer. Extant literature demonstrates that customers are the only source of the organisation’s present profit and future growth (Kotorov, 2003), hence must be located at the core of any successful CRM program by virtue of the fact that CRM has to result in the delivery of a valued customer experience (Kimiloglu & Zarali 2009). An efficient CRM program, according to Payne & Frow (2006), must be able to extract and deliver value to the customer through integrating and managing different channels of communication (e.g., face-to-face contacts, phone, Internet or other interactive media) to allow for an ongoing dialogue between customer and the firm across channels. As postulated by Peelen et al (2009), the organisation must work deliberately and in a premeditated way to ensure that the product, the service offerings, the communications and interactions, the context and the price match or surpass customer expectations if it is to create a positive and long-lasting impact on customer loyalty, retention, recommendation behaviour and lifetime value. The second essential component of a CRM program is the relationship. As acknowledged by Kimiloglu & Zarali (2009), the relationship between an organisation and its customers assumes a continuous two-way communication and interaction approach, which may be short-term or long-term, continuous or detached, repeating or one-time, and attitudinal or behavioural. Even though customers may have developed a positive attitude towards the organisation and its products or services offerings, a stream of extant literature (e.g., Payne & Frow 2006; Maleki & Anand 2008) demonstrates that their buying behaviour is highly situational and context-oriented. Consequently, as suggested by Wang & Feng (2012), an efficient CRM program must have the capacity to manage