ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Americans are proud of their country and they believe the political system of the USA is almost perfect. Of course, there are some controversies, but it is possible to note that the political system of the country does work. The country manages to address some of the most serious issues concerning equality, religion and freedom. More so, many people think that political culture of the USA is also almost perfect as it unites Americans. It is necessary to take a closer look at the most controversial issues like religion and minority’s rights to consider whether political system of the country is that perfect and whether the US political culture does unite Americans. Minorities Rights The affirmative action has been seen as one of the most controversial laws in the country. This law is aimed at defending rights of minority groups. This law is especially associated with people of colour. In terms of this law, some employers are forced to have certain quotas for minority groups. Higher educational establishments often have such quotas. On one hand, the law is very democratic and positive as minority groups can obtain equal rights with the so-called alpha people (Sander, 2004). On the other hand, many argue that affirmative action is still unfair as people pertaining to minority groups are often evaluated in terms of their underprivileged status rather than in terms of their qualifications and skills. In other words, people argue that existing quotas add inequality and tension between different groups. Some groups of people feel neglected due to their race or gender. Notably, the Supreme Court makes quite controversial decisions in connection with the affirmative action. Thus, Sander (2004, p. 390) notes that the two cases Grutter v. Bollinger and Gratz v. Bollinger suggest that “racial preferences were permissible under some circumstances but not others”. In the first case, the Supreme Court agreed that the university could have quotas to ensure representation of all groups of students which positively affected diversity within the US educational system. In the other case, the Supreme Court agreed that the university had the right policy concerning racial equality, i.e. students’ race was not even taken into account as only their skills and ratings counted. Therefore, even the Supreme Court made quite controversial decisions which can be an illustration of the fact that affirmative action is still quite controversial. Religion Religion is another con
Stereotype, prejudice and racism towards the Roma community The Roma or Romani people live in Europe (Eastern and Central Europe), as well as in the United States. Although the Roma originated in India, they now live in different countries, including Germany, France, Turkey, Spain, Hungary, and others. Some call them “Gypsies”; however, this term is seen as offensive by some members of the community because of its negative connotation. The Roma people are often stereotyped as “thieves,” “liars,” and “beggars.” Roma children are usually not allowed to visit schools where children of other nationalities study. Thus, prejudice develops in racism, which eventually harms their life and well-being. Since Roma people do not have access to education and good jobs due to biases and racist attitudes, new stereotypes are created: Roma people are described as “lazy” and “incompetent.” Therefore, Roma people do not have access to well-paid jobs, but they cannot influence or improve the situation because of the existing prejudices towards them. ‘Institutional racism’ in the documentary ’13th’ The impact of the Civil War and Jim Crow legislation is evident in the current issues of racism and prejudices towards the African-American community in the USA. Since the Civil War and segregation, discrimination and racism were supported at the official level, providing black people with second-class status. The government proclaimed wars on drugs and criminality, which eventually lead to the incarceration of people of color. These people were unable to get a well-paid job and had to seek other income sources because of the existing limits. However, the wars against drugs (and, eventually, minorities) only supported the existing fears and stereotypes about black people. Big enterprises continue to make money using incarcerated people, and racist statements are made at the official level, supporting the documentary’s point that institutional racism is a complex issue that supports the spread of racist ideas and beliefs, whereby it limits the minorities’ ability to resist the prejudices.
Introduction Cocaine is mainly a product of coca plant. Consumption of cocaine leads to stimulating the central nervous system. It is also said to be an appetite suppresser. Cocaine is addictive and is hard to break away from the addiction. Its illegality is a major chain. The greatest inducement is the mere believe that cocaine increases energy and productivity but the worst mistake is forgetting the negative effects attached to it. When the addiction of cocaine has occurred, there are chains since it disrupts one from his normal day-to-day activities. Cocaine converts the user to the control of its use hence the freedom to decide and act freely is compromised. The chains of cocaine The most serious thing about cocaine is that the addicted person is not aware of the chains and he will always try to fake normalcy. The overdependence of cocaine results into physiological complications which may take a lifetime to recover. Heart related diseases and respiratory diseases are highly connected to the use of cocaine. The effects of cocaine are classified into two categories: the long term side effects and the short term side effects. The categorization is based on the duration of the drug use (Johnson, 1992). It is worth noting that apart from for medical and research purposes, possession of cocaine, concealing or cultivation of the coca plant with the intention of selling or personal consumption is illegal. Whenever it is possessed for research a license must be obtained from the relevant authorities. The illegality of the said drug creates another chain. Considered highly addictive, cocaine is most used by those who wish to have high performance in their work since it energizes. Athletes are considered the first category of those who intend to have unfair advantage in international arena but that challenge has been sufficiently curbed. The athletes go through a close check before the race starts and those found having taken cocaine are suspended and it can lead to expulsion from the games. The effects of the chains Johnson (1992) asserts that the chains of cocaine come in after addiction whereby a person cannot perform any task without first consuming the product. The brain changes and focus of all his/her life is pegged on the availability of cocaine drug. There are no greater chains on earth like the dependence of a drug for the performance of the day’s duties. For beginners, they will be tempted to think the drug is very vital since it assists in one’s daily duties and the products are seen. Recently the consumption of cocaine has become a ladies issue due to the fashionable ideal among ladies to slim. Models are the perfect example of those that use the drug to slim. This is grounded on the fact that cocaine leads to loss of appetite. The only sad story about taking cocaine to slim is that one may die bef
Introduction This is a Personal Leadership Action Plan (PLAP) based on the self-assessment results on the Leadership Practices Inventory (LPI) defined by Kouzes and Posner in The Leadership Challenge . The task focuses on two critical areas with relatively low scores, which include Inspire a Shared Vision and Challenge the Process . As a future leader, I should be able to Inspire a Shared Vision among my team members. Naturally, I have imagined myself leading an exhilarating, hardworking team with a bright future in a successful organization. This reflects my vision for possibility and abilities to lead successfully in the future. Successful leaders should Inspire a Shared Vision in their teams through portraying possibilities in the future. However, after my LPI results, I have noted that there are fundamental areas for improvements in this element of exemplary leadership. Main body As a potential leader, I need to develop skills and abilities to look into the future, envision endless possibilities, and inspire others to share my vision. In this context, I must demonstrate that I can make a real change, show that the future will be better than today, transform group thinking, and develop new opportunities and possibilities for my constituents. I have noted that unless I inspire others, my vision will only be limited to myself and not my team. This is deficient for a focused leadership that seeks to create a significant impact on others. I have to make my constituents to understand and incorporate my vision so that they can follow. My constituents can only be
Due to the identified opportunity of profitable investment in new machinery, I wanted to inform you that the implementation of new equipment will increase production, general revenues, profits, and sales. However, there are substantial challenging issues concerning cash flow in the first months after the purchase of machinery. That is why additional sources of finance should be examined and taken into consideration. There are several possible sources of financing during the early months – the personal savings of the management, loans from the members’ families and relatives, and loans from any reliable commercial bank. The company may regard investments from firms or private individuals and the selling of company shares as well. Private investors and stock trading will provide substantial cash flow for the development of our organization, however, these sources will require the disposal of the ownership part that will allow external individuals to vote on the company’s decisions. A commercial bank may provide rapid additional financing as well. It is a reliable variant that allows companies to return loans gradually and according to a convenient schedule. However, banks lend large sums of money at interest and on real property (Loxley, 2018). Such conditions significantly increase the risks of foreclose and inventory loss, especially in the case of ineffective business performance. In consideration of the foregoing premises, personal savings and the financial support from close family members and friends are defined as the most reasonable options of additional external finance. This cash flow is free of interest, and it is not faced with time constraints. I am confident in our company’s working potential and its further success due to the implementation of new machinery. That is why I am asking you to consider the proposed variants of external financing. Reference List Atrill, P. and McLaney, E. (2017) Accounting and finance for non-specialists. 10th edn. Harlow: Pearson Education. Loxley, J. (2018) Debt and disorder: external financing for development . New York, NY: Routledge.
Male pattern baldness is a common problem among men. It is a natural phenomenon that is normally related with aging; however, it can affect anyone. In the normal hair growth cycle, everyone loses about hundred hairs a day. Up to fifty percent of all men face this problem at some point of time in their whole life (Kivi & Solan, par. 2). But excessive hair loss can be distressing and depressing and becomes a major cause of concern for the affected person (Salamon, par. 1). Male pattern hair loss is also known as Androgenetic alopecia (AGA). Normally, it starts at the forehead and then draws back the hairline down the sides. The remaining hair may also become thinner and shorter. How much hair a man may lose depends on his genetics. Forms of male pattern baldness Male pattern hair loss or AGA can be seen in two forms. Frontal hair loss: Frontal hair loss can be seen on the forehead which does not create any effect on the top of the head, the crown area. Vertex hair loss: Vertex hair loss can be observed on the top of the head which is crown area and does not touch the hairline of the forehead (Liu & Aspres, par. 2). Dr O’tar Norwood has described male hair loss through various normally used classifications. The classification, published in 1975, describes two chief patterns of male baldness. It includes “a bitemporal recession and thinning crown- gradually enlarge and coalesce until the entire front, top and crown (vertex) of the scalp are bald” (“Classification of Hair Loss in Men” par.1). Source: “Classification of Hair Loss in Men”, par. 2).   * Class 1: This class does not actually represent balding rather shows the adolescent hairline that rests on the upper brow line.   * Class2: This class represents the adult or mature hairline. The hairline shows some temporal decline and rests one finger above the upper brow line. However, this also is not a sign of balding.   * Class3: This class shows the early signs of male balding in the crown area. There is an expanding temporal downturn seen.   * Class4: At this stage, expanded frontal hair loss and extension of vertex is quite visible. Nevertheless, the division of front and vertex with a solid band of hair can be observed.   * Class 5: The band of hair between the front and crown diminishes.   * Class 6: This classification depicts the picture of large bald area on the front and top of the scalp. The hairline on the sides is still high.   * Class 7: Here, one can observe only a band of hair left on the sides and at the back of the scalp. Norwood Class A This class represents the patterns of hair fall starting from front to backward. There is no connecting band of hair across the top of the scalp and less hair fall is likely to occur in the crown. Source: “Classification of Hair Loss in Men”, par. 3). The Norwood Class A patte
World literature consists of numerous examples when prominent writers turn to animal characters who are hardly distinguishable from human protagonists. The idea of such a trick is to convey a stronger message to the audience, as people relate to animals because they depict many human traits. Jack London is not an exception in this context, as he truly loved the idea of having dogs as main characters (Tichi, 2015). The purpose of the essay is to summarize the story of The Call of the Wild , describe its characters and themes, express the opinion regarding the background story behind key characters’ relationship, and get an understanding of the nature of living creatures. Summary The story takes place in the Yukon Territory, the area between north-western Canada and Alaska, during the Klondike gold rush. Jack London, in his callow years, was one of those who rolled the dice and went to the North to get rich fast. Jack was a highly independent person, and around the time of The Call of the Wild publication, he “was surging with self-confidence” (McAleer, 2016, p. 9). Not only people were involved in the Klondike enterprise but also dogs like the protagonist of the book. Buck is a mixed-breed dog; his father is St. Bernard, and his mother is a Scotch shepherd dog. He lives in a sun-kissed Santa Clara Valley with his master Judge Miller. However, his peaceful life ends when miners in the North discover a yellow metal called gold. Buck is a muscular creature who is neither house nor kennel dog, and he trusts the people he knows. Although he has never experienced people’s cruelty, one day, the gardener Manuel, who is a gambler, kidnaps him and sells to dog dealers. One of them cloth
Introduction Unemployment is one of the main problems facing many economies in many parts of the world. Unemployment has affected many countries in the Middle East region. Saudi Arabia is one of the places where the level of unemployment has reached devastating levels. This is as a result of over reliance on oil as the main activity in the economy. However, this problem can be solved by increasing the number of SMEs in the region in order to create employment opportunities for Saudis. The main objective of this study is to examine the role of SMEs in creating job opportunities at Saudi Arabia economy. The findings of this study will be of great importance in making appropriate policies to suppress unemployment in the country. This study will therefore be necessary in promoting the efforts to bring about economic stability. Background of the Study Over the recent past, the economy of Saudi Arabia has been going through a difficult time. As already noted, one of the main problems in the economy is unemployment. The number of unemployed individuals has been increasing with time. The problem is even made worse by the relation that exists between employment and inflation. The two problems are usually difficult to manage since correcting one leads to worsening of the other. In order to overcome the problem of unemployment, it will therefore be necessary to come up with the appropriate measures to generate job opportunities. One of the main ways through which this can be done is through SMEs. In Saudi Arabia, SMEs plays a major role in creating job opportunities in the country. Most of the SMEs do not require very large amounts of starting capital. As a result, they have helped in suppressing the problem in the economy. This study seeks to investigate the role of SMEs in creating jobs in Saudi Arabia. This study will help in understanding how the problem of unemployment can be solved through the SMEs. Therefore, this study will be useful in guiding various policies concerning the economy. According to Nicola (2009), SMEs are becoming increasingly important to the Middle East economies. For instance, they are playing a pivotal role in promoting diversification of economies while creating job opportunities at the same time. SMEs are important in promoting stability in an economy. The SMEs has also become an important part of the private sector development in the emerging markets in Middle East and the major components of most economies in the region. For instance, they have been contributing up to between 45 and 67 per cent of the GDP (Ramady 2010). This implies that SMEs are important in determining the stability of any economy. Over the past years, Saudi Arabia has been relying on Hydrocarbon sector as the main economic activity
Introduction Theory in its actual sense means viewing or contemplating as opposed to taking action. Thus, they are analytical tools for better understanding in order to make predictions on a given subject matter. In many aspects, theories are syntactic and only become meaningful when a semantic component is added to them making them be expressed in a natural language, but they should be constructed in a way that makes them identical to a theory like in the formal language of mathematical logic. Theories can be expressed mathematically or in a common language so long as they follow logic or rational thought principles. Theories are constructed in such a way the sentences consist of true statements concerning the matter in hand which is under consideration, but the truth of one of the statements is relative to the whole theory. Under the scientific point of view, theories are reserved for explanations of phenomena that adhere to requirements about the observations made and the means to which it’s classified plus the consistency of the theory makes up to which class it will partake. 1 Hence a scientific theory is also referred to as empirical theory because it consists of concepts that include abstractions for observable phenomena (quantifiable properties), also for the fore mentioned observations to be construed scientific laws must be expressed. In order for empirical data to be available, a scientific theory is constructed and laid down as a principle for examining the class phenomena. Scientific theories based on some of the formal system logic it deductive making some of its elementary theorems to be taken as axioms. Therefore, for a scientific theory to be good it must describe a class of observations accurately and must make predictions of future observations. According to Karl Popper, falsifiability is a concept of the philosophy of science, and it’s necessary but in a way not sufficient for ideas from a scientific point of view. The nature of a scientific theory is that it makes falsifiable or predictions that are testable and their relevance is in determining the usefulness of the theory. Consequently, a theory with no specific predictions is considered not useful and in that instance, the term “theory” is not applicable. Hence the description of knowledge is only called a theory once it is in harmony with pre-existing theory and it was experimentally verified to dispute the pre-existing theory was wrong to some extent. Also, many strands of evidence must be supported to ensure that it’s a good approximation rather than a single foundation(Schumpeter 66). Criticism Contemporary philos
Summarize and critique chapter six of the text In social science, the focus is on unique elements of language. In the interpretive approach, language is a part of intercultural relations influenced by context. Its use is a dynamic process. The Nominalist perspective observes that a specific language does not differentiate human perception, while Relativists think the structure of language influences the pattern of thought. Most research supports the middle ground between the two. Culture gives variation to language, both in style and meaning. Through that, social contexts such as status and interpersonal relationships can be analyzed. Language is a broad spectrum to communicate emotional ideas through the techniques of separation, accommodation, and assimilation. In multilingualism, the language used should be situational and based on the setting. Interlanguage occurs in circumstances where a person speaking a non-native language starts to use syntax and elements that are foreign to its linguistics. However, code-switching occurs when a person purposefully modifies the applied language and dialect. Language is seen in political policymaking and is used for purposes of protection of the national identity. In the midst of globalization, language is crucial, leading to the development of multilingualism, or in some areas, an established lingua franca (Martin and Nakayama 219-255). Overall, this chapter does a respectable job of approaching such a broad term as language and the many roles it plays in intercultural communication. One of the most intriguing discussions is the extent of language influence over the pattern of thought. Despite many excellent examples, something to consider is the opposite, that the pattern of thought influences language. In many civilizations, language development, especially in its modern forms, came after an already established set of cultural norms. Language is utilized as a tool to enhance or simplify communication, based on already defined cultural parameters. Also, the chapter made mention of interlanguage, something that is extremely common. In personal experience, at some point, carriers of two languages when speaking one dialect begin to use jargon from another. Often, it is slang or more universally recognizable words (probably originating from English which is studied globally), but there may be instances where a word may be used that has a homophone in another language. The chapter should have been more detailed in exploring this phenomenon and the psychology behind it. Another aspect of language to consider is the evolvement of technology in the digital age and the emergence of online communication. Through this medium, some communication methods developed, such as chatting or texting, that utilize specific idiosyncrasies. Shortened meanings, abbreviations, and emojis have developed into a branch of linguistics that has a tremendous influence on the younger generations. An analysis of online communication as a language tool and how it differs in various cultures (w