ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction The wave of globalization has led to the establishment of many corporations that operate in different countries or regions. Such companies are known as multinational enterprises (MNEs). They are characterized by adequate financial, technological, and human resources that make them competitive. This paper gives a detailed analysis of the unique characteristics, challenges, and benefits of MNEs. It goes further to examine how human resources roles tend to change whenever managers are working for such MNEs. MNEs: Aspects and Characteristics Chen (2016) acknowledges that MNEs succeed since they operate on a global scale. There are also unique characteristics or aspects that make them competitive. For instance, such organizations are present in different parts across the globe. This is the case since they have numerous branches, subsidiaries, or outlets that make it possible for them to serve many customers. Such organizations are owned by entrepreneurs in host or parent countries. They also have parent companies that control, monitor, and manage operations in every country. Another attribute is that MNEs are associated with huge assets and advanced systems. Consequently, they promote the way technologies are transferred from country A to B. Haller (2016) indicates that MNEs are characterized by competitive or superior marketing initiatives. This happens to be the case since such corporations usually have efficient distribution systems and networks in different countries. They also pursue their goals and missions with high efficiency. This objective is achieved through the use of effective initiatives. For example, competent leaders are identified to mentor others in order to provide desirable services or goods (Haller, 2016). Another aspect is that they have something known as a “productive organization” (Chen, 2016). According to this concept, they produce goods that are marketed in different parts of the world. Benefits and Challenges There are various aspects of benefits that encourage established enterprises or companies to go multinational. The first one is that such businesses can make huge profits because they operate in different countries. Secondly, MNEs create employment opportunities for locals who work as expatriates (Haller, 2016). Thirdly, most of the targeted workers can acquire or develop superior competencies in leadership, management, and production. This means that such employees will become proficient and successful in their respective positions. The fourth benefit is that many MNEs record various economic advantages. For instance, they find it easier to monitor such factors as transportation costs, logistical operations, warehousing and hoarding, and production. These attributes are analyzed in an attempt to deliver positive results or profits. Fifthly, the model makes it easier for managers to operate in regions with attractive policies and political stabilities (Geppert, Becker-Ritterspach, & Mudambi, 2016). For example, many American multinational corporations such as Coca-Cola have been doing business in the United Arab Emirates and China. These nations are politically stable. The approach
Executive Summary The study of leadership in organizational behaviour is gaining more weight in the modern society. Most people do not differentiate leadership and management. Management is the process that involves general operations of an organization. However, to effectively perform these processes, a manager is required. The manager exerts his leadership skills on the subordinates. In order for an organization to succeed, the leader should make vital decisions that affect the general operations of the organisation. The position therefore requires a leader to possess a particular style to run the organisation. This paper will therefore discuss the effectiveness of two outstanding leadership styles that have been the core of discussion by different scholars. It will also present a case study to demystify the concept of autocratic and participative leadership styles. It will also critically analyse the effectiveness of both participative and autocratic leadership styles in an organisation to determine the most appropriate style to be adopted for the success of an organisation. Introduction Every organisation requires guidance to attain its set goals and objectives. The guidance comes in form of leadership. For an organisation to run effectively, it requires a leader to exert his influence on the employees in a bid to accomplish a familiar task. Leaders are naturally born and not made. This therefore plays an important role in the attempt to demystify the different leadership styles to run an organisation. Leaders can make or break an organisation. The success of an organisation entirely depends on the leadership style applied by a leader. It should be noted that leaders adopt a specific leadership style to meet particular organisational needs and demands. Though there are various styles that have been brought to the fore, participative/democratic and autocratic/directive leadership styles are the most common. These two leadership styles have triggered a debate among scholars on which of the two are more effective in running an organisation. It is evident that heavy reliance has been made on participative leadership style rather than autocratic style to ensure organisation’s success (McKenna 2000). Literature Review: Demystifying Democratic Versus Autocratic Leadership Styles Identification of different leadership styles is attributed to the great works of Kurt Lewin. The research, which involved a cluster of other researchers categorised the concept of leadership styles into three (Lewin, Lippit and White 1939). The three major styles were autocratic, participative and delegative. An autocratic leader runs the organisation in an authoritarian style and is known to solely make decisions of the organisation without involving the subordinates. On the contrast, a participative leader discharges a democratic leadership style by engaging the subordinates in decision-making process. According to Newstrom and Davis (1993),
The main factors that have a bad impact on the efficiency of the medical care provision in the east region are the lack of equability in the organizations and departments personnel and the lack of affordable and accessible settings for the multiple types of healthcare services. As far as the east region has a low per capita income, the hospital visits are unaffordable for the majority of the unfunded residents. Currently, the county’s local health department (LHD) cannot provide sufficient health care for the medically needy patients. The number of the hired physicians is too low, both in primary and specialty health care; thus, the medical services cannot be provided continually and consistently. On the contrary, University Hospital has a surplus of physicians in the area. The inconvenience of LHD’s working hours is also an issue. LHD is closed in the evenings and during the weekends, so the working east region population has to use emergency departments to receive health care. Building a Constituency University Hospital will take a leading part in the addressing the east region healthcare issues because the majority of the east region residents use its emergency departments that are too expensive to provide the primary care and specialty care. The major part of the constituency consists of the region’s minority and unfunded residents who are concerned about the organizational issues in the local healthcare institutions. The local government might be interested in addressing the problems because it will help the officials to gain public support. The government’s funding is important for the improvement of the situation. The volunteering and charity organizations can contribute to the provision of free medical services for the indigent and unfunded citizens. The college, the schools, and the university can participate in the dissemination of information through the educational programs. One of the most important means of the information distribution is local mass media. Vision There is a vision of the east region as a community, where the medical services are sufficient, adequate, and efficient. The professional health care is available to all groups of the citizens. Those without insurance can have cheap yet high-quality healthcare treatment, and the indigent and minority citizens can freely receive medical assistance under the healthcare and charity programs. The healthcare services in the community are provided by well educated and knowledgeable personnel. The number of practicing doctors is enough to provide the continual an
Introduction/Synopsis In chapter sixteen of his book, Edward Robb Ellis explains American society’s reactions to the Great Depression. Ellis exemplifies such responses by introducing disagreements over whether that period is equal to war or much worse than armed conflicts in terms of the magnitude of the destruction (228). Through wealthy individuals’ personal stories, the author demonstrates the economic downturn’s unique ability to place the prosperous and the poor in a similar psychological situation. Moreover, the reading provides a detailed account of both the causes and the consequences of the employment crisis. It covers prominent unemployment research conducted in Pennsylvania to challenge Henry Ford’s ideas about voluntary unemployment. The author pays close attention to the downturn’s socio-psychological effects. These include marital tensions linked with husbands’ inability to play their prescribed gender role as providers, the changing patterns of power distribution in the family, and the growing marriage age. The country’s altering physical appearance, the conflict over the taxation of religious entities, and the erosion of freedom are also covered. This paper will analyze the reading’s significance to the country’s history and today’s life. Relevance to American History Understanding how economic pressures change society is crucially important when studying American history. The assigned reading captures the reactions and challenges of diverse social groups by depicting both kitchen-sink and philosophical extensions of the downturn, which maximizes its value in explaining the deep roots of the time’s tendencies. Unlike many authors, Ellis aims to uncover the many faces of the Great Depression, thus promoting a holistic understanding of its impact and how the challenges varied depending on a person’s social class (230). The information this reading provides is not necessarily hard to find in modern U.S. history classes or available only to a few individuals. Nevertheless, the way the facts are grouped and delivered could be conducive to students’ ability to develop a clearer picture of the catastrophic downturn’s influences on the nation’s and the poor population’s mentalities. The topic is crucial to American history since the reactions to the Great Depression shed light on the era’s social trends and the unjustly neglected psychological implications. Instead of discussing the downturn only at the country’s level, for instanc
Part One Five block quotes were selected from the Harlem Children’s Zone Case Study (Grossman & Curran, 2004, p. 12). Quotes discussing the effectiveness of the HCZ intervention and associated improvement were chosen for coding and for the further analysis. The thematic coding of the quotes was conducted in several steps (Bazeley, 2013, p. 24). During the first stage, the quotes were reviewed and organized according to the author of the words (Bernard & Ryan, 2010, p. 24). The second step was the process of identifying the units of meaning in the quotes (Stringer, 2007, p. 99). Actual meaningful words of the authors were marked and put in the column “Details”. The next step was the process of putting the authors’ actual words under categories (Gibbs, 2008, p. 112). The final step was the identification of themes. Three themes were identified as basic ones in order to discuss the intervention’s direction and effectiveness (Appendix 1). Part Two After coding the qualitative data associated with the HCZ case study, it is possible to identify such themes: ‘Children’s social adaptation’, ‘Children’s orientation’, and ‘Adherence to the project’s goals and mission’. Following the theme ‘Children’s social adaptation’, the participants of the project focus on the important role of developing children’s academic and social skills for their further life. Additionally, concentrating on ‘Children’s orientation’, the authors note that to assist children to find their paths in life, it is necessary to focus on children’s interests as the priority and provide opportunities to learn the variety of skills. Furthermore, to promote improvement, it is necessary to adhere to the project’s specific goals and mission. Therefore, the retrieved qualitative data supports the idea that the intervention caused improvement with references to addressing children’s interests in areas associated with the HCZ project. The intervention’s success lies in using right goals and approaches. It is important to discuss children’s interests as the priority necessary to help them adapt to social realities. Still, the HCZ report is not persuasive to demonstrate effectiveness of the intervention because there are significant problems with the evaluation of the improvement. It is possible to rely only on participants’ subjective views.
One of the examples given about the effects of cultural differences in the definition of intelligence is between the Taiwanese and the Americans. The definition of intelligence based on speed of thinking and acting varies between these two cultures. The Taiwanese, unlike the Americans have to meditate about the right time to demonstrate their intelligence, something which is barely considered by the Americans. Another example is illustrated by the performance of children sharing the same culture with their teachers. The different ethnic communities living in America perceive intelligent differently, and in circumstances when the teacher’s cultures coincide with that of a student, performance ranking becomes biased. Another example on the effects of cultures on intelligence is the definition of intelligence based on verbal and non verbal communication. Communities having similar interpretations on the best ways of communication perform better, than when introduced to a totally different cultural interpretation of intelligence. The reason that makes Sternberg to argue that his test is not culturally fair is because definition of intelligence can only be performed within a certain context (Sternberg, 1999). Defining intelligence must be performed as understood by different cultures, rather than by a balanced standard as this approach makes some assumptions on the background, exposure rate and beliefs pertaining to certain concepts being tested. In order to make the process fair, examiners must consider the various demographical differences before issuing the tests to the students (Shaffer, & Kipp, 2007). Only then can the cultures be fairly examined without favoring some at the expense of others. Tests on intelligence should be administered according to individual beliefs in order to make sure that upon selection, the students will be equally qualified. Otherwise, a lot of bright students are left out by the STAT evaluation method and less intelligent students in the same standard chosen as intelligent. The difference between IQ tests and STAT and CAS is that IQ tests are conducted based on ones beliefs while the rest are standardized tests that ask generalized questions (Sternberg, 1999). The IQ test bases the evaluation questions on the beliefs and the surroundings of the child. A child is therefore expected to develop independent thinking in order to answer the question. The STAT and CAS however use a standardized method that is oriented towards a specific direction. In addition, the child’s IQ tests are barely affected by culture. This is because children are evaluated while still oblivious of the cultural expectations. Analytical test Reading a context from a book and applying the behaviors with a certain geographical location Cognitive tests Computing the average school going age in the region Practical intelligence Asking for the appropriate drills in case someone is drowning and the student has no swimming skills Cultural influence when developing the test was immense. Firstly, I had to make my own conclusion of how I perceived intellig
Family law is a discipline that deals with family-related issues like child adoption and divorce. These issues are resolved by a family court system. Child adoption involves another person assuming parental responsibilities of another person who is not his/ her kin. All the child’s rights and responsibilities are permanently transferred from the original parents to the adopting parents. Baby Janikova was given for adoption by his mother without the consent of the biological father. This later brought controversy when the father knew the truth; he presents the case to the court and gets the custody of his son. Baby Janikova’s biological mother erred in giving out the child for adoption without the consent of its biological father. The mother is to blame for denying the natural father of the boy his paternal rights. She lied to him that the baby died after birth. The trial court is also to blame for legalizing the adoption since the natural father had been told that the child died after birth. He was interested in having the child. After knowing the truth he took action to have the child back. The legal representation given to the Does by their attorney was poor. He helped the mother put the child for adoption without the consent of the natural father. The attorney made no efforts to find out the whereabouts of the natural father in spite of the natural mother declaring that she knew who the father was. The best interests of the child were found to be irrelevant by the court since the father’s parental interest had been improperly terminated. The attorney who helped the mother should have put more effort into finding the child’s natural father. Both biological parents should have been given a chance to give consent to the adoption. It was not appropriate for Daniella to marry Otakar in order to set adoption aside, even as he wanted to have the custody of his son back (Kirsch, 1994, p.2). Greene had portrayed a bad picture of justice Heiple by implying that he was not just to the child. The journalist was just carrying out his usual duties of delivering information to the public and so justice Heiple did not have to attack him. It was only fair that the natural parents to get the child back but I do not agree with justice Heiple. The child had been brought up by his adopted parents. He was used to them and trusted them as his parents. The child would be traumatized when told to change his parental identity though they are his biological parents. The justice would have given the same ruling even though the child was to undergo insurmountable trauma; his interests were not in his favor. Paula can still challenge the illegal adoption of his son. Legal representatives should take time to find
Introduction Organizational change refers to the process of shifting from one operation or state in an organization to another. Organizational change includes shifting from one development project to the other that will facilitate growth within the organization. Diversification of operations will help achieve the best results. Organizational change involves two major time frames, either a short term or long term (Beer, 1980). Organizational management strives to offer the best decision making environment to facilitate the execution of plans for the organization. Organizational change follows a guideline that will help the management implement any development in the environment where the organization operates. Organization development is one of the changes that may be implemented in companies as they strive to improve their service and product delivery. Organizational heads should carry out a research to find out the best practices to implement changes and what procedure to follow. Development may include the organizational effort to improve their problem solving capabilities and how each change may be implemented. Change in organizations is very important in that it helps to transform individuals and mechanisms in the organization to a better state. Transition of change should be monitored well to ensure that benefits are reaped henceforth. Change can be used to enhance the efficiency of a company or its operations (Carter, Ulrich & Goldsmith, 2005). Change model in the short-term XYZ has diversified its operation to expand into the Chinese market where it will be operating in the retail market of jewelry, handbags, and luxury watches. This expansion plan needs proper and monitored chain of events that will ensure that the organization succeeds in its quest to conquer the Chinese market. Dealing in jewelry is a very sensitive business that is majorly controlled by prices of precious metals on the world market. XYZ, Inc. has stipulated a short term goal that aims to introduce its products into the Chinese market. This will be achieved by opening a store in Shanghai, China. This development requires proper planning and financing to ensure that the company is successful in China. The organization can implement change through the various methods. This can be achieved by changing the mission, strategy, structure, technology and attitudes of employees. Proper financing will be required to ensure that extensive marketing of the products is done in the new market. Product penetration in a new market should take great caution in regard to how the product will be viewed by potential customers. Organizational marketing strategy should be effective in its operation to ensure the product has a direct penetration, and it is competitive. Pricing of the product should be set following a properly calculated outline that will ensure the products hit within the first