ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Society and environment play a vital role in the life of any human being. Since ancient time, people understood that to be a human being a person should be a part of society. That is why great importance obtains the issue of socialization. It is a process by which children and adults learn from others (“What is the socialization process?” para.1). Usually, this process starts at the early stages of development of a human being, as its further existence in society is impossible without the skills obtained due to this process. Only being surrounded by people, a child can learn a lot about the world, peculiarities of its functioning and norms of behavior accepted in society. However, being deprived of any contacts with other people and the external world, a person will be stopped in its development and will not become an adequate human being. Genie, the feral child, can serve as the best evidence for this statement. She became a phenomenon in the world of science. Genie had been a victim of inhumane treatment and social isolation for 12 years. Her father isolated her from society, keeping her in a closed room and allowing no one to contact her. It goes without saying, that Genie had achieved a great number of different abnormalities. She was not able to speak properly. Moreover, she did not know some obvious patterns of behavior in society. She was not able to use the toilet, control her slobbering and some other natural impulses. Her development stopped at the age of 1 year. Having so unique background and abnormalities, Genie became the object of keen interest. Scientists have always been arguing about the importance of the environment for the upbringing of a person. Genie became the best candidate for different researches. She was grown in total isolation, that is why it is obvious that a great number of different scientists all over the world wanted to work with her. Moreover, it is possible to say that the main aim of different experiments and methods applied to Genie was not to help or cure her but to investigate her case and make some sensations in the world of science. There was hardly another object in the world, which could provide such a great number of possibilities for researchers. A great number of different conflicts connected with Genies guardianship were admitted. To be her guardian meant to be close to the object of investigation and this fact could guarantee success. The decrease of the interest to Genie, connected with the termination of government financing, can serve as the best evidence to the statement that Genie was much more likely taken as the object of different researches than as a patient. In a greater or lesser degree, due to this fact, Genie did
“The Wife of His Youth” is a short story by the American writer Charles W. Chesnutt, first published in July 1898. This book was first published in 1899, the same year Chesnutt published his collection of short stories, The Spell of the Woman. The protagonist of “The Wives of His Youth” is an agile light-skinned man, a mulatto Ryder, a respected member of the Blue Vein Society in a Midwestern town (Chesnutt 1). He is preparing to marry another light-skinned mulatto woman when a darker-skinned woman, Lisa Jane, comes to him looking for her husband Taylor, whom she has not seen in 25 years. Ryder says Taylor could have died or remarried. However, she insists that her husband has remained faithful. Ryder informs her that slave marriages do not count after the war; marriages had to be officially recognized as legal. She shows him an old picture of Sam and leaves. In the end, Ryder tells everyone present at the Blue Vein Ball the story of the woman who came to see him. Then he adds that he is the one who is her lost husband. The ethical dilemma of the protagonist of this story is whether to admit that he is the husband of a black woman. On the one hand, he has led a free life for many years and is ready to marry another woman. On the other hand, as a young man, he promised Lisa Jane to be faithful to her when he left her. Even though he could not keep his promise, the woman retained her fidelity and hoped that she could find the love of her youth. Not telling her the truth is an unethical choice and a betrayal of her fidelity and telling means the destruction of his new relationship. At the ball, when Ryder told the audience the story of Lisa Jane, he asked about their opinion on whether a husband should remain faithful to his wife for so many years. The audience convinced him that he should. This suggests that people accepted to remain in a relationship in those days even when they were completely unaware of each other. People were often enslaved and taken into military service, which broke up many relationships for many years. Nevertheless, they remained faithful to each other and never forgot their loved ones. If I were Ryder, I, too, would have told those present about my wife of youth. The fact is that her faithfulness and devotion deserve the highest praise. Even though Lisa Jane has not seen her husband in many years, she has not lost faith in the possibility of the couple’s reunion. Therefore, she deserves to know the truth about her husband and his life. However, I would not pursue a relationship with this woman despite discovering the truth. Many years have passed since they fell in love, and they have become entirely different people. Therefore, such a relationship would be nothing but disappointing. To summarize, the piece “The Wife of His Youth” is about the ethical dilemma of a mixed-race man, Ryder, whom a black woman approaches in search of her husband. It turns out that Ryder is her lost husband, who, long since disbelieving in reunion with his beloved, has found a new wife. Nevertheless, Ryder tells the truth at the Blue Wen Ball, choosing a more ethical way
The issue of race discrimination has always been actual. However, it was believed that in the age of humanism and tolerance, this question should be forgotten. There were a great number of different movements for the rights of minorities whose main aim was to change the existing state of affairs. At first gaze, it seems that they managed to do it. There are no tablets that prohibit entrance for representatives of the depressed race, or there are no special places for privileged classes. However, it is just the visual side of a problem. Racism has changed its appearance, and now it is not so obvious as it used to be. Nevertheless, this problem still exists, and people suffer from its manifestations. In the USA, which consists of representatives of different nationalities and races, this problem is especially keen. Moreover, racism has many different displays. The speech of a young tattooed woman with pink hair is devoted to discrimination as of the aspects of racism. She stresses the fact that being a white woman, she, though, is not treated the same as some other white people just because she looks different from them. Her appearance underlines this difference; that is why she says that peoples attitudes towards her will be the same as towards black people. She underlines the fact that it was her choice to do all these things to her body. However, she still does not understand why these changes should influence peoples opinions and attitudes. She is very indignant and cannot accept double standards that exist in society. Having heard this speech, it is possible to make certain conclusions. Throughout history, people did not like persons who were different from the majority of society, no matter whether it was connected with their clothes or look. The situation has not changed. People still judge by the appearance of a person. That is why a woman with tattoos and pink hair is doomed to be treated differently. Society still has prejudices about this kind of self-expression. A tattooed person is associated with a criminal or with a very light-minded person who has low moral principles and does not appreciate authorities or society. Moreover, a woman is always expected to be shy and humble, while pink hair and tattoos serve as the indicators of a very brave and courageous person, who is not concerned about public opinion. It is one more factor that irritates society as it does not like it when it is ignored. Moreover, she mentions several times that she is a white person, though, she is treated like a black one. Having repeated and stressed this fact several times, she underlines that she knows about the existence of racial discrimination, and she accepts it. To be
The purpose of the oral presentation was to discuss the speech communities and their influence on people’s second language study. The central issue was to introduce the very notion of speech communities and different opinions of the classmates to the issue. The topic was chosen not by chance, as the understanding of the speech communities is rather important in the educational process. Language is the notion that makes people different and this difference may somehow provide some barrier to second language learning. The fanatic consideration of language, as the difference between people, makes their lives aim to an everyday search of domination among the others, what an absurd is, and measures people’s lives against this false norm. Speech communities influence people’s identity and an idea of style, understanding of personal uniqueness and value, but should not be the barrier in their communication and further life. The presentation of the research paper on the offered topic was developed by four students, two Chinese and two Taiwanese. The language and cultural differences made the task easy to understand and provide. Moreover, no additional investigations should have been provided as the personal experience was our main data for analysis. The personal experience was shared, the variety of backgrounds of language study was analyzed, as even speaking the same native language, Chinese, the diversity was different, what is promoted by different countries of birth. The presentation time was on Monday morning, week seven. The place for presentation, outside the class, was chosen with considerations to avoid classroom pressure. The presentation was started with the definition of the speech community, its peculiarities, and function. This part of the presentation was influenced by two factors, first, I tried to make my language sound academically and used some scholarly terms in the description, second, English is my second language, and the speech was rather confused. Watching the reaction of the groupmates, it was noticed that not all students understood the main point of the conversation. Using some complicated terms and issues, I did not take into account that the level of my knowledge did not allow me to operate such language easily. The lecturer tried to join the conversation to help. Moreover, nervousness and stress were also the bothers on the way of explanation. Having tried to deliver the information to other students, I was more confused and confounded and could complete the presentation properly. Analyzing the presentation, it became understood that the next time simple language should be used and personal thoughts, instead of the journal opinions and comp
Introduction Divorce is the act of terminating a marital union between parties and as a result, relieving them their legal duties and responsibilities. Divorce has many different implications that always depend on the type of marriage that bound the parties. For an initially monogamous family, the implication is that each former party is free and may marry another. Where people practice polygamy, the divorced woman may have another husband, while in an originally polygynous family; the divorce gives the woman a leeway to marry another man. Only the laws of the land, which govern marriage, can determine the legality of divorce in any society. Imagine of a country like Malta or Philippines where authorities do not allow divorce; in such countries, divorce is illegal and thus punishable in the court of law. In cases where divorce is legal, for example in most European countries, many laws exist to govern its execution. First, the party instigating the divorce needs to prove fault from his/her partner resulting in a break of their marriage ties. If the court accents to the proof put forward by the complainant, the jury, guided by the law, lays down a framework that governs sharing of property. Regardless of the type of marriage, which bound the divorced parties, the victims experience diverse effects, which may be positive, negative, or a combination of these. This essay focuses on these effects as far as parents, children, and the society are concerned. Emotional effects The act of a man and a woman separating has varied effects on their psychological health. First, the abandoned party ponders about his/her next move. If the sharing of property accompanies the divorce, the most affected party suffers emotionally because of uncertainties about their future. On their part, children of the divorced parties may find it difficult choosing on whether to follow their father or mother, while other parents may abandon both their partner and their children during the divorce (Brinig & Douglas, 2000, p.127). This may make the children become social misfits if their colleagues mock them about their family’s situation. In a divorce case where the only breadwinner, usually the man, abandons the other party together with their children, the abandoned party may have difficulties providing for the family. The fear of the harsh realities, which accompany divorce, sets in and this makes them susceptible to stress, which may advance to depression. Depression has many long-term negative effects to the sufferer’s emotional as well as physical health. These may include delusions, anger flare-ups, and other mental disorders. Divorce may also have a positive effect on the party advocating for it. This is very true but does not apply to all cases. Brinig and Douglas (2000) observe that, “if the cause of the divorce is unfaithfulness in marriage, the complainant, who may have been undergoing stress all along, may find divorce being a source of relieve” (p.127). This is because he/she no longer worries
The Albukhary Foundation Gallery of the Islamic world, which is part of the British Museum, located in London, was selected as one of the two exhibitions for critical review. The official goal of this museum is to store and replenish the collection of representatives of various world cultures for their further research and exhibit. The main motive of the gallery is the broadest possible representation of the worldwide Islamic culture both in territorial and in time frames. It is important to note that “the Museum’s curators and conservators have worked together to showcase 1607 objects that have never been displayed before” ( The British Museum ). The exhibition is available for visiting at the moment, and also there will be an introductory lecture related to the gallery materials on March 31. The second gallery is the Islamic Art collections of the Benaki Museum, the home of which is the city of Athens. The mission of this museum, in general, coincides with the ideas of the British Museum; however, special attention is paid to educating the public and building cultural ties with local and international communities. The collections offer a look at the course of history through the prism of Muslim culture. The number of exhibits of the Muslim art of the Benaki Museum totals “more than 8,000 works of art” ( Benaki Museum ). Until March 6, the museum holds special tours under the guidance of curators. Today, the exhibition is available for guests for a free visit. From the perspective of anthropological observation, The Albukhary Foundation Gallery of the Islamic world represents Islam not only as faith but also as ideology and culture whose goal is to unite different peoples. The authors and creators of the exhibition show Muslim communities as diverse “interconnected worlds” from “West Africa to Southeast Asia” ( The British Museum ). Within the framework of Islamic art, the exhibition offers visitors not only ancient and contemporary artworks, but also clothing, household items, coins, jewelry, and weapons. The concept of Islamic art is defined there as a centuries-old cross-ethnic tradition of written, visual, and material culture. Accordi
Introduction A 72-year-old African American middle-class retiree, Tina used to have no major health concerns apart from a mild osteochondritis and frequent edemas. However, over the past few years, Tina has developed CHD due to a change in lifestyle towards a more sedentary one, which resulted in an even more severe pulmonary edema. Apart from convincing the patient to undergo a coronary artery bypass surgery, the doctor suggested that the latter should abandon the menopausal hormone therapy suggested by the gynecologist, change her diet towards a healthier one and introduce exercises into her daily routine. In order to address the edema, the patient was prescribed with Furosemide (25 mg intravenously). Though Tina has no bad habits, she leads a sedentary life without any physical exercises. Pharmacokinetics When it comes to identifying the effects, which the specified drugs have had on Tina, one must admit that age is clearly the most significant factor in the specified case. Defining the changes in the patient’s pharmacokinetics, one must address the issue of edema first. Tina has developed a serious edema issue, which is quite typical of the patient of her age (Mangoni & Jackson, 2004). Gender does not seem to be an issue here, though it could be argued that, being predisposed to congestive heart disease as much as men, post-menopausal women risk getting CHD-related effects (Piyanuttapull, Sutarapanakit & Pongsuthana, 2014), edemas being the key ones. In addition, Tina has been showing a rather predictable reaction to such diuretics as Thiazide. Prescribed to address Tina’s edema, the specified drug has triggered an increase in Tina’s blood pressure. Moreover, it should be noted that Tina’s African American heritage seems to be an issue here, since, according to the official statistics, people of African American descent are predisposed to CHD to a greater extent than the rest of ethnicities (American Heart Association, 2013). Pharmacodynamics Much like with parmacodynamics, age is the key to understanding the pharmacokinetics of the patient. Being 72, Tina seems to have developed quite a resistance to diuretics. Consequently, an increase in the doze of the drug followed, which was quite a predictable step for the healthcare specialist to take (Arcangelo & Peterson, 2013), and a sharp rise in Tina’s blood pressure ensued. As a result of the increased blood pressure and the following heart prob
Introduction The Drug Enforcement Administration, commonly known as the DEA, is a defense agency under the Department of Defense that addresses issues of drugs and drug smuggling. The DEA is one of the most successful law enforcement bodies in the United States of America. The DEA, however, has experienced several challenges that make its job description difficult. The Drug Enforcement Administration consists of approximately 10,000 employees. All these employees are situated in different branches of the force (Office of Law Revision Counsel, 2000). Organizational Structure of the DEA The organizational structure of the DEA is very complex. The department is headed by the administrator. Below the administrator is the deputy administrator who is in charge of all the other departments that are in the agency. This means that the administrator oversees the enrollment of the DEA agents, the promotion of the agents, the financial operations of the agency, and the general operations of the agency, among other things. The deputy administrator oversees the operations division (Office of the Federal Register (US), 2001). The operations division is composed of the aviation division, the operations management, and the financial operations division. In terms of hierarchy, the human resource division is after the deputy administrator, which is followed by the operations division, intelligence division, financial management division, operational support division, inspection division, and finally the field division in that order. All these divisions have their own responsibilities, which the deputy administrator oversees. The deputy administrator then answers to the administrator. The deputy administrator is also the head of the state DEA (Office of the Federal Register (US), 2001). According to Schultz (2004), the purpose of this law enforcement agency is to ensure that there is minimal smuggling of drugs into the United States of America. This means that the work of the DEA is to avoid any form of illegal drug intake and manufacturing in the state. This is very challenging due to the fact that the US is very big geographically. However, every state has its own DEA branch that controls and tries to prevent drug trafficking. Recruitment and training process Just like any other law enforcement agency, the DEA gets its field agents through a thorough recruitment process. Those who qualify in the recruitment process go for special training. The individual in question must have a few necessary requirements to qualify for a position in the DEA department. Some of the things that are required from the interested party include an age limit of between 21 and 36 years of age. One must also have a college degree with a GPA of 2.95 or higher (Schultz, 2004). Although it is not mandatory, students who can speak other languages, for example Spanish and Russian, have a higher advantage. The ap