ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Recommender systems are a part of any internet user’s life now; these systems have evolved together with the Internet, were developed to filter the information better and more precisely. This paper will address ten sources that refer to the discussed topic. Modern approaches, e.g. user-based approach or hybrid recommendation approaches, were described by Asanov (2016); the author examines challenges and issues that modern recommendation systems face. Anna B. (2016) argues that it is not the accuracy that is important to recommender systems but rather the multiplicity that many performance metrics bring (diversity, coverage, novelty, etc.); there is a chance that an accurate prediction will simply suggest those items the user already has, while metrics provide a more diverse ranking. Bobadilla, Ortega, Hernando, and Gutiérrez (2013) review current recommender systems and presume that these systems will use local and personal data of the users; the authors also approach filtering methods that the systems use, categorize them, and explain their evolution and existing hybrid techniques. Algorithms criteria of recommender systems, i.e. ‘quality of predictions’ (better than an average RS), ‘speed and scalability’ (the RS has not only to work fast but also to analyze significant amounts of data correctly), and ‘easy update’ (the updates must be handled quickly) is described on the website cs.carleton.edu (2016). One of the most famous recommender systems today, the Netflix Recommender System, is discussed by Gomez-Uribe and Hunt (2015). They describe various algorithms (e.g. personalized video ranker, trending now, page generation) that Netflix uses, explain the business purpose of the RS, and also present the current innovations in the recommender systems. To better understand the world of the RS and explain its importance, various scientists from such fields as data mining, decision support systems, statistics, and others present theories, trends, challenges of the modern recommender systems in the book edited by Ricci, Rokach, Shapira, and Kantor (2011). Algorithmic approaches that cover buying proposals for users (content-based filtering), the effectiveness of the systems, and practical case studies are presented by Jannach (2011); the author also discusses the recommender systems in social networks as well as consumers’ behavior and the theory linked to it. Another introduction to recommender systems, the processes behind them, the basic and the hybrid approaches of the systems is described by Jones (2013); cluster algorithms (they provide structure in a seemingly random data) are also approached. Jones (2013) also addresses algorithms and their variations: Bayesian Belief Nets, Markov chains, and Rocchio classification. The algorithms are discussed by many, the variations and types of the RS are usually presented in the handbooks, but what about creating a recommendation system? In his article, Kihn (2015) briefly describes the common types of the RS, and then proceeds to explain
Enhancement of good policing is contributed by the relationship between the community structure- whether rural or urban and the law enforcement. The policing strategies are supposed to agree with the expectations of the society in order to make both the police work effective as well as to enhance the relationship between the police and the community. This means that officers should be practically sensitive to what society expects of them in their provision of services and maintaining of order as well as law enforcement. To achieve this, the officer should enhance a good working relationship with the community by establishing good communication channels which provide information to the police and vice versa (Reiman, 1997). Hence, besides the police maintaining their police culture, they should become part of the community to avoid unjust practices towards society. The integration will allow the police to become part of the socially beneficial aspects which will allow the police officers to accommodate the local knowledge, their sensitivity, as well as cultural flexibility. This is a requirement that is intended to ensure that both the police department and the community agree in their interaction without violation or discrimination on either side. As a result, many departments have emerged to ensure that good policing toward the people is observed and that the police become accountable for any act they perform either within their fraternity or to the community. Some of these departments act as watchdogs towards the police, others educating people concerning their rights while others deal with the police body to ensure they hold their required principle to the letter (Kennison, 2007). One of these departments is the Office of Police Integrity or the Ombudsman. This is one department that ensures that the efficiency of the police officers is enforced as well as holding into accountability the modern policing actions according to their requirements. This Office of Police Integrity is concerned with the behavior and attitude of the police in their contact with the citizens, concerning everyday life events. In addition, the department analyses the social and cultural factors that contribute to police deviance and how effectively they can be dealt with. The department strives to ensure that police misconduct is dealt with. Any unethical or illegal police conduct is scrutinized by the department and the officer involved is interrogated by being held accountable for his mischievous behavior (Jobes, 2002). For instance, one area that the Ombudsman is more concerned with is the corruption issue. This is an act that in most cases goes unnoticed because both the corrupter and the officer find it beneficial to them and they keep it their secret. This goes to an extent of practices of unjust to the low-advantaged people in the society when their rights are abused by more financially advantaged people. As a result, it has become a
Introduction Nazi rule is viewed as one of the bleak periods in the world’s history due to the many atrocities committed by the Nazi regime under the rule of Hitler. The Nazi revolution was characterized by dictatorial rule and the mass killing of millions of Jews. In addition to this, the Nazis adopted an expansionist strategy, an act which culminated in the break out of the Second World War 1 . Even so, the Nazis did not start as the powerful nationwide party that ruled Germany for over a decade. The Nazis did not start out as the powerful nationwide party that ruled Germany for over a decade. Instead, the party had a humble beginning as a Right Wing party with low membership. As a result of the contributions made by the members of the party most notably of whom is Hitler and the socio-economic realities of the time, the party was able to grow in size and power. This paper will provide a historical review of the Nazi Party and how it grew in power. Particular emphasis will be laid on the role that violence played in the Nazi revolution and how violence was used as a tool to control the nation once the Nazis gained power. The paper will also discuss the ways in which the climate in Germany changed once the Nazis controlled the country. How the Nazis Rose to Power The Nazi party can trace its birth to the end of the First World War which saw Germany incur military defeat in the hands of the Allied forces. A consequence of this defeat was the signing of the Treaty of Versailles. This Treaty blamed Germany for the war and as such, the country was required to pay huge reparations for damages incurred by the Allied forces in the war 2 . Other terms of the treaty included a limit of the German Army to 100,000 men and the occupation of German’s Rhineland by the French. Many Germans were disillusioned by the defeat in war and the imposition of the Treaty of Versailles which not only resulted in economic burdens for Germans but also diminished Germany’s prestige. Many Germans therefore joined Right Wing groups like the Nazi party which promised to bring back the country’s prestige and ignore the terms of the Treaty of Versailles. The Nazi party was formed as the German Workers’ Party (DAP) by Anton Drexler in 1919 3 . This party held Right Wing views such as: opposition to the Treaty of Versailles, anti-Semitic sentiments, and a belief in the superiority of the Aryan race. Hitler joined the party in the same year and was one of its initial members. In the 1920s, Hitler was the chief propagandist for the party and he took on a more prominent role 4 . On behalf of the DAP, Hitler organized and spoke at many public rallies therefore popularizing the party. The German Workers Party (DAP) was renamed as The National Socialist German Workers Party (NSDAP) in 1920 5 . The NSDAP is what is commonly known as the Nazi
Introduction The Crusades were born out of a chain of military struggles under the watch of the Roman Papacy spanning for 200 years between the 11 th and 13 th centuries. The wars were perceived as religiously justified, thus making the Crusades be regarded as holy. The seizure of Jerusalem by Muslims was the original factor that inspired the Papacy’s intentions to recapture the Holy Land. In other cases, the crusades were directed to other Christians who were not in conformity with the expectations of the Roman Catholic. This paper will look into the Crusaders, their historical background, the activities they carried out, and their impacts during the Middle Eastern History. The Crusades The first four crusades are referred to as the Principle Crusades, while the remaining ones are known as the Minor Crusades (Madden 79). Some unnumbered minor crusades occurred during this period in areas like Spain and some parts of Central Europe. The participants of the crusades were mainly men of war, lords, knights, and any other able men fit for the battlefields. The popes and leaders highly recommended these individuals, but with time, almost everyone joined the crusades after it became impossible to restrict participants who were motivated by the spiritual rewards that they would gain from fighting religious wars. Priests and monks were forbidden from joining the crusades since they had taken religious vows that were regarded contrary to the activities of the Crusaders (Madden 82). Those who joined the Crusades had to leave their families for unspecified periods of time, which extended to forever depending on one’s fate. The First Crusade (1096-1099) The first crusade occurred in the period of three years, where different Western European regions formed four troops set to leave for Byzantium in 1096. The armies were under-qualified leadership guided by a religious leader known as Peter the Hermit (Riley-Smith 326). Peter led a small army of knights to the destruction of the Byzantine Empire. The troops then proceeded to Bosporus by defying Alexius’ advice not to cross over after succeeding. The result of this move was defeat by the Turks, thus leading to the deployment of the second army. In 1096, Count Emicho led the second group of Crusaders, which managed to carry out mas
Cause-related marketing is a popular strategy according to which buying the product or using a service are claimed as beneficial for society. The company can donate money or products to charity to save the world from pandemics or to solve environmental problems. There are two major points of view for such a strategy: some people consider it noble (like Nichole), while others think that it is hypocritic (like Scott). To my mind, there should be a balance between these two points of view. Answering Nichole’s post, I would like to say that I agree with the point of view that cause-related marketing is beneficial for society. However, I think that if the company sacrifices a share of its profits, then there should be a hidden advantage. For example, if a taxi company asks the clients not to use their services and to stay at home, it can improve their reputation. In the time of pandemics, it is important to demonstrate care about the client’s safety, and greedy taxi companies can lose their audience. Besides, such strategies are a manipulation, as the companies regulate the level of guilt that should be felt by the customer while thinking about the issue (Singh et al., 2020). Thus, I think that cause-related marketing is very effective because it is a win-win strategy. It is not as noble as it may seem, but at least it can be really beneficial and can influence the customers’ vision concerning the problems of our society and planet. As for Scott’s argument, I cannot agree that cause-related marketing is really hypocritical and that the companies should openly admit that they care only about the money. To my mind, it is better when the companies encourage different values, for example, diversity or environmental friendliness, and launch certain social projects, such as helping less fortunate people. It would be more pleasant for everyone to live in a world where even companies that are considered to be egoistic care about the people in need. It is reasonable to
The movie Glory is a biography drama film reflecting the events during the Civil War between 1861 and 1865, as well as the contribution of the Captain Robert Gould Shaw to the abolition of slavery and creation of the first colored regiment, the 54 th Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry. The movie is an inspirational tale that takes its roots in characters and manners in which the heroes surpass the obstacles and their personal fears. The main character is brightly represented in his endeavors to liberate the country from slavery, establishing freedom and equality. Therefore, the movie touches on diverse historic events, including the confrontation between the Union and the Confederate, the fight for the abolition of slavery, and biographical sketch of Captain Shaw. In the movie, the Civil War is depicted through the lenses of the Union power struggling for freeing slavery. More importantly, it also develops the plotline around the experience of the young captain who confronts the severity of war. The political issues are also represented during the war because major political and social figures have been represented, including Frederick Douglass, a social reformer who fought against human inequality and slavery. The topic of slavery is frequently discussed in historic movies, but Glory focuses on lives of black people who were involved into the military fight against the white people. For the first time in history, they receive the official right to confront their former master under the auspices of the Captain Shaw. By depicting both humble African Americans who have just been liberated from slavery and influential people contributing to the slavery abolition, the director tries to render the full atmosphere of the confrontation between powerful forces in the United States. Finally, the movie focuses on the glorious Captain Robert Gould Shaw who has managed to create the first Army of the African Americans and train the Army that continued its fight even after Shaw’s death. The military officer was ready to sacrifice his life for the victory and freedom of the black people. Pursuing his mission, Shaw believed in the possibility to create a powerful force that can confront the Confederate and prove that African Americans are capable of
Introduction Management development is the practice by which managers or company administrators gain the knowledge of improving their proficiency not only to profit themselves but also for good of the organization as a whole. The skills acquired from management development is the key word here, they determine the life line and prosperity of any business. For any business to be successful it needs to have good managers who have experience and skills that can enable it together with its employees attain the goals set forth. (Sui-Pheng & Khoo, 2001 p.105-111) A Human resource manager has a duty to mobilize the resources available and identify opportunities available and invest the available resources thus bring a positive change to the business. One is also entitled to identify the threats that are in the market that can hinder the business from achieving its goals whereby after noting the opportunities and threat in the market and the solution to threats, he then puts the resources available and the capacity into use. (Brayden, Teppo &Whetten 2010, 1-20) Linking Corporate and human resource strategies Management development has a direct impact on the corporate strategy adopted by an organization to ensure it gains a competition advantage. In any business, competition is healthy as it encourages businesses to set strategies that will enable them survive the race. There are several things that the management of every business must put into consideration for its smooth running in the market. (Drath, 2001, p.144) The management must always ensure that they have set their strategies in a manner that will enable them overcome all the obstacles that they might meet in the process of doing their daily duties. As a manager, one must be in a position to think ahead and see beyond what is happening at that particular time, meaning that a manager must be able to forecast and budget. The following model explains how the management has to plan the running process of a business and ensure that it’s in a position to stand on its own, survive the t
Should the photographs be considered intellectual property and subject to copyright protection? US copyright laws imply that a photographer or artist does not need to certify and state that his or her work is protected by copyright; it becomes so as soon as the artist makes and displays her work. The case of Ditto.com has several issues to it. As the judge in his ruling states, the gathering of the information about all photographs on the internet and listing them cannot be a legal issue at surface. When an artist makes some artwork and displays it somewhere, he or she intends to make it seen, either for commercial purposes or other. Now Ditto.com crawls the net and gathers all those artworks that are there on different websites for display for sale or for recognition. In this regard, Ditto is actually helping the artists rather than damaging their interests. Now issue is whether providing the full-size image of the photograph justified or not. Many photographers do not allow full size image for the review. If they do, it is through the main webpage where it is displayed and the user is not allowed to copy the image. Here Ditto.com seems to be exploiting the access to the image. This is definitely an ethical issue, if not legal. Only the original website is supposed to display the image for review, such that it cannot be copied. If Ditto is copying the image, and then bypassing the original webpage, it is exploiting the commercial and contractual rights of artist and the webpage. Is size reduction a sufficient transformation? The issue of transformation of the images; making the thumbnails, does not seem to be taken at length in court ruling. Making thumbnails is not a major transformation or expression in a new way. A thumbnail is just a reduced sized image of photograph. Most of the original web pages that artists use to display their works also show them as thumbnails. They have right to display them and the buyer is supposed to browse through the web page. Here again, the court ruling justly imply that Ditto do
Boyz and the Hood is a film portraying a powerful drama that reveals the aspects of growing up in the black neighborhoods of the American urban areas. Hood has been used as a short form of neighborhood. The film was written and directed by John Singleton, who grew up in the hood of South Central Los Angeles just like the characters of the movie. This film tells the story of three friends, namely Tre, Doughboy and Ricky. The film opens up with the scene where Tre is shown living with his mother. Tre is ten years old than and while at school, he gets involved in the classroom conflicts with other pupils. This contravenes an agreement that he had made earlier on with his mother that he will never fight while at school. This prompts his mother to consider letting Tre’s father to take the responsibility of taking care of boy. The director of this film is of the view that only a father to a child can teach him values and good morals. On the other hand, Tre’s two friends from the same neighborhood, Doughboy and Ricky, also live with their single mothers. Their fathers’ absence from the scene is given a lot of attention in the film. The movie portrays Doughboy going off the rails in a very tender age. At the age of seventeen, he has already had brushed shoulders with the law enforcement agencies given that he was claimed to have served a jail sentence by this age. Worse still, he seems to be headed toward a lifestyle of gang violence and selling drugs. On his part, Ricky becomes a father while still at school and also seems to desert his fatherly responsibilities and as a result; he contributes to the economically and psychologically disenfranchised cycle of children. He looks forward to acquiring a football scholarship that will eventually offer him a place in a college as this is his only hope out of the poverty and violence that characterizes their neighborhood. On boy’s arrival at his father’s place to stay with him, a burglar breaks into their home. Furious Styles, as his father was called shoots at the thief but misses him and as a result, he escapes. When the police arrive at the scene after an hour, they show much laxity in investigating the attempted crime because it only involves ‘niggas’. They instead utter some derogatory words to Tre’s dad before leaving swiftly. It is after this incident that Tre finds himself in the company of the neighborhood friends named the baker boys’ group that comprises of Ricky and