ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Defining a historical context of juvenile delinquency studies can provide valuable information about society’s progress concerning juvenile delinquency in such aspects, as parental responsibility. Comparing the acts that were acknowledged as juvenile delinquency in ancient times and modern society can determine whether current policies effectively prevent youth from misbehavior. This essay will compare how juvenile delinquency was perceived in Ancient Greece with the way modern society approaches juvenile offenders. Firstly, searching for the historical origins of the juvenile delinquency concept could quickly become confusing because, historically, such a concept only occurred at the beginning of the modern era. While there is no significant data on youth misbehavior in ancient times, some available sources suggest that misbehavior was encouraged among young men (Bates & Swan, 2021). In particular, because masculinity and physical power were highly appreciated in Ancient Greece, one could determine that the society was pushing male youth towards violent behavior. Exposing the youth to violent behavior and stories from a young age contributed to the unruly behavior of youth In Ancient Greece. According to Regoli et al. (2020), many stories from Ancient Greek culture focus on complicated parents’ relationships with their children that end with the killing of the children. Therefore, the author suggested that juvenile delinquency was sourced in one’s relationships with parents. While other sources suggest that in punishment measures, youth were treated as adults, according to Bates and Swan (2021), the issue of juvenile delinquency could not occur at that time due to close family connections. Furthermore, as corporal punishments were common in families at that time, the state did not have to define specific punishments for youth misbehavior. The only policy related to juvenile delinquency existing in ancient Greece was the law that prohibited the youth in ancient Greece from beating their parents. Thus, for example, in cases where a young man committed misbehavior, he was primarily responsible for his parents, and they decided the punishment measures, which mainly featured corporal punishment. Exploration of the historical context of juvenile delinquency in the ancient period helps define one significant difference in parental engagement in modern society. In ancient Greece, the state encouraged parental responsibility for the child’s misbehavior, and parents could choose the punitive measures themselves. On the other hand, parental engagement in juvenile delinquency is limited in modern society. Moreover, parents, educational institutions, society, and media are acknowledged as responsible for the delinquent behavior of juvenile offenders. Furthermore, considering the punishment measures, the corporal punishment commonly used in ancient times proved ineffective in the long run. According to Finkelhor et al. (2019), corporal punishment can
Some equipments have functional similarities. The research focuses on the use of both typewriters and computers for the preparation of correspondences. The research includes determining if there are differences between the use of computers and typewriters. The functional likeness between the typewriter and the computer has its limits. There are two objects that function similarly. The typewriter is used to produce correspondence. For example, the marketing manager types a one page report indicating the projected revenues for the month. Likewise, the computer can also be used to generate the same projected revenue report. Likewise, Patty Hoffman (8) reiterated both the typewriter and computer can be used to make invitations. Any person can use either the typewriter or the computer to make invitations to one’s debut, birthday, marriage, or other special occasions. Also, both the typewriter and computer can be used to complete any legal document. Both can be used to type affidavits and contracts that bind one person to another. Further, both typewriter and computer can be used to formalize handwritten notes. Some people would prefer typewritten notes over hand-scribbled notes. The reason is very obvious, some people’s handwriting are too difficult to decipher. Some handwritten letters are too vague to determine because they are too stressfully spend more time on. However, they are designed differently. The typewriter is made of metal. The letters are pushed by the human finger. On the other hand, the computer relies on software program to generate the words encoded by the computer user. In terms of correcting errors, the typist uses an eraser, liquid paper, or other materials to manually delete the wrong letter or letters typed. On the other hand, the computer user can just push the backward key to ensure that any erroneously encoded letter is deleted. In terms of comparison, the computer is a better choice over the typewriter. The typist will surely dirty one’s fingers when he or she adjusts the typewriter ribbon. The typist has to adjust the typewriter ribbon whenever the ribbon reaches its end. The typewriter ribbon unwinds each type a key stroke is hammered or punched by the typewriter user. Changing the typewriter ribbon is very tedious and cumbersome for the typewriter user. On the other hand, Manual Typewrit
The bedroom and hunting scenes in “Sir Gawain and the Green Knight” are two parallel lines of storytelling, united by the same meaning. In addition, despite the differences in content, descriptions, and even the length of the text, there are many common elements in these episodes. The author combines them since they are two components of one narrative episode. The reason for the narrative appearance of these scenes is a deal made between Gawain and the lord of the castle where he stayed. They agreed to give each other what they caught in a day for three days (Weston, 1898). Consequently, from this point on, the narrative splits into two parallel lines that show the reader the perspective of the lord and Gawain throughout the day. However, this division also implies some comparison of the activities of both men. Just as the lord needs to hunt and overcome difficulties, Gawain must be extremely careful to conduct a dialogue with the lord’s wife, by all means avoiding her attempts to seduce. From a certain point of view, the reader has the opportunity to observe a comparison of two hunting processes – literal and allegorical, which a woman leads concerning a knight. With each subsequent day, this procedure becomes more complex. On the first day, the lord goes out to hunt deer, a relatively simple and easy process. At the same time, his wife makes the first attempt to seduce the knight without showing strong persistence (Weston, 1898). The next day, both the intensity of the hunt and seduction increase. Finally, the third day is the culmination and also carries additional meaning, as there is a hunt for a fox: a cunning animal that seeks to save its life. Gawain, like the fox, also tries to be cunning, which ultimately leads to hiding the sash given by the lord’s wife. Thus, the combination of these scenes by the author serves as a means of representation. In addition, such examples most clearly convey the characters’ personalities since they find themselves in ambiguous situations. Gawain is tested by various temptations, undergoing tests of loyalty and the principles of virtue. These three scenes show us Gawain as a man of chivalry and courtesy. However, in doing so, the reader is shown a conflict between the word given by the lord and the duty to keep the gift from the lady. The knight resolves this conflict by favoring the lady, remaining faithful to her. Having gone through all the temptations and seductions, he received a gift that allowed him to save his life, and Gawain protects it, putting the honor of the lady and his courtesy above the promise to the lord. Thus, the author shows us the knight as an imperfect person, despite all his knightly virtue. The reader sees that despite all his heroism, in the end, Gawain does not part with the gift that can save him from a terribl
Introduction Online education is associated with a set of ethical issues that are particular to the context of both distance and online teaching. Nowadays, it becomes increasingly easy to enroll in one of the numerous online programs and pursue a master’s or a bachelor’s degree at any time and anyplace. However, this new frontier of education introduced new demands for students and educators related to the application of ethical principles within online environments (Anderson and Simpson 129). In order to better understand practical issues connected to the ethical underpinning of teaching and learning in a unique educational context, it is necessary to develop a broad view of challenges that students and educators face during online instruction (Wankel and Wankel 3). This paper will explore ethics and moral concerns related to online education. Ethics In order to start unraveling the complex net of ethical issues and challenges faced by students and educators in the educational context of the online environment, one should provide a framework for discussion of ethics. It is necessary to realize that ethical questions are concerned with the view of morality, value, and justice that is shared and recognized by a community (Toprak et al. 79). The important implication of the utilization of fair principles is that they could help to solve the conflicts emerging from the collision of different interests. Lengel argued that it is a duty of an institution to set higher-level principles for conflict resolution (qtd. in Toprak et al. 79). However, in order to be able to accept some principles as binding, it is necessary to have a system for the systematization of the concepts of “right” and “wrong” in a specific context of online education (Toprak et al. 80). Kohleberg provides the following levels of social norms that could be applied to e-learning: punishment and obedience, self-interest, the conformity that stems from a desire for social approval, social order, and the social contract (qtd. in Toprak et al. 80). It is important to keep in mind that ethical relativism could not be applied to the complex environment of an online classroom. Taking into consideration the fact that cooperation is a prerequisite for virtually any learning environment, it is safe to assume that it is only possible in the presence of an underlying social contract that outlines particular norms and expectations. Moreover, it can be argued that cooperative principles are intrinsically rational because of their role as a social glue that helps to preserve harmony; therefore, they can be considered higher than self-interest on the scale priorities outlined by Kohleberg (Toprak et al. 80). According to David Hume, ethics stem from the feeling of sympathy shared by human beings (Toprak et al. 80). It means that the desire to obligate oneself to overcome inequalities is a key to establishing certain criteria that could help to create an environment of tolerance and civility. Therefore, it can be argued that online learning requires the collaboration of all involved parties in order to increase sensitivity t
Brief Outline of the topic of the proposed research The European Union is one of the largest economies in the world and a considerable trade partner for the United States of America. The two blocs are also agricultural trading partners and leading competitors where food market is involved. According to Haas (2007), “The European Union (EU) and Unites States’ (US) governments provide support to their respective agricultural sectors” (p.43). This strategy is one of the relevant factors in the success experienced in this sector. Several policies exist in both regions of the world. It is crucial to compare them to establish the effect that they have had on the respective countries. With the population of the world said to be over seven billion and increasing every day (Anatole 2012, p. 17), agriculture is increasing in significance. Countries around the world have adapted policies aimed at increasing their agricultural output and shifting balance of trade to their advantage (International Food & Agricultural Trade Policy Council 2011). This is the case in the US and the EU, as they try to meet the agricultural demands of the 21st century. Therefore, how do the agricultural policies in the US and the EU compare? What effect do they have on agricultural output? Currently, the economies are experiencing budgetary issues, which continue to inform the agricultural policies being developed. Based on all these factors, it is vital to conduct a study comparing the agricultural policies in these countries. In this regard, the dissertation is proposed with the title ‘The Agricultural Policy in European Union and the United State of America.’ Aims and objectives of the research The first objective will be to identify the existing agricultural policies in France, Germany, and Spain. The next objective will be to investigate the agricultural policies in the United States of America. To achieve the main aim of the study, the third objective will be to analyse the common agricultural policy in the European Union and its effects on the member countries with the use of Germany, Spain and France. To achieve these objectives and aims, several questions will need to be answered in relation to the study aims.  1. What are the existing agricultural policies in Spain, France, and Germany?  2. What are the existing and proposed agricultural policies in the USA? The question of the details of the common agricultural policy in the EU will also be answered.  3. How do the agricultural policies compare for these countries. Importance of the proposed research With the integration of members and enlargement of the European Union, the existing agricultural policies in the member countries will be overtaken by the common agricultural policy. Few investigations have been done detailing the effects as well as comparing
Introduction Organizations and individuals face intense pressure originating from the contemporary accelerating rate of change. Some changes arise from technological, legal, and customer attitudes. The nature of change varies from one organization to another (Sharma, 2007). Despite this aspect, organizational managers are not only required to be adaptive and flexible in their managerial roles, but also they should have the capacity to diagnose potential organizational problems and implement the requisite change. The high rate of change requires organizations to formulate effective ways to manage the change. Organizational development is one of the approaches that firms can adopt in responding to change. Singh (2005) asserts that organization development comprises the process of promoting an organization’s growth. This goal can be attained by adopting effective change management practices. In a bid to improve the adoption of change in firms, organizational leaders may consult industry experts. This paper evaluates the various assumptions and elements that consultants should focus on in delivering their services. Key assumptions about organization, change, and consulting One of the core assumptions about change is based on the evolutionary theory, which affirms that change is an evolving process. Moreover, the theory argues that organizational change progresses through a continuing cycle that varies depending on the prevailing resources. According to the evolutionally theory, change originates from environmental influences. For example, organizations are focusing on exploiting scarce resources. This assumption is imperative in organizational change and to consultancy because it enables consultants to adopt a wider view of possible issues that might arise during the change process. Subsequently, the likelihood of integrating the emergent issues in planning organizational change improves significantly. Secondly, organizational change occurs through a cumulative process that is comprised of a sequence of stages. The gains made during the initial phases of change are retained in the later stages. During the change process, significant changes on various organizational aspects such as the organizational structure, functions, and form are adjusted accordingly. However, it is critical for organizations to retain their identity throughout the change process. This assumption is based on the lifecycle theory of change, which is comprised of five main stages. Sharma (2007) cites these stages as the “creativity, direction, delegation, coordination, and collaboration phases” (p. 13). The creativity phase is the first stage while the direction phase demands the organizational stakeholders to be highly focused in order to attain the goal. The delegation phase refers to the organization phase while the coordination phase involves differentiation of organizational functions. Alternatively, Mahapatra and Pattanaik (2009) identify these stages as the birt
Managers must be equipped with essential strategies for making optimal decisions on various levels of business. In our day-to-day life, we are quite often faced with the task of making decisions over issues. We are also forced to give up a certain thing so as to gain the option that is taken. The marginal analysis enables us to make better choices by weighing the marginal benefit against the marginal cost. The decision an administrator has to make should be of the ultimate benefit to society. One would be able to study the external economic environment by analyzing the foundation of the market structure. (Hirschey, 2009). This paper explains some concepts of economic marginal analysis to several economic choices that are commonly made today. Sometimes making the ultimate decision seems very easy, for instance, if one wishes to buy something new, then they choice depend on the taste, preference and the budget. Other times the choice is very difficult especially when the needs seem equally important and one must make a sacrifice of an option over another. When a choice is to be made the main determining factors are the marginal cost and the marginal benefits. The marginal costs are those extra costs imposed due to additional production while marginal benefits are the additional advantages due to more production. A good efficient and economical decision is made at the efficient level of output when the marginal benefit is equivalent to the marginal cost. Although the cost-benefit analysis is considered to be very useful in deciding over difficult situations, some situations will not work out in accordance with the marginal analysis. These are cases that have to do with molarities and fairness. In line with Maurice and Thomas (2008), on Marginal Analysis, the management of Ford Company had to make the ultimate decision of delaying the marketing and selling introducing their new models “The 2002 Explorer” in the market so as to have it checked for quality and performance. Most people would have argued that the marginal cost of the delay in the aim of quality control would be too high for the benefits. This was an optimal decision by the executives considering that previously they had suffered a hefty three billion loss over massive recall of the original Explorer. The marginal benefits of having a new model that would not face a recall out weighted the marginal cost of the quality control exercise and thus the delay of the vehicles into the market. The Ford Company CEO had to weigh between cost and benefits and make a decision over a new model ‘Redesigned Explorer’. In line with Maurice and Thomas on Marginal Analysis for Optimal Decision, (2008), “A manager decision is optimal if it leads to the best outcome under a given set of circumstances” The optimization theory calls for one to make a wise judgment over options. As outline by Maurice and Thomas (2009), the essential principle of optimal decision making is only a formal way of utilizing commonsens
Impacts of Information Systems on the Organization Implementation of advanced information systems in the organization will help generate significant changes relevant to the transformation process. One of the impacts resulting from information systems includes efficiency in employees’ performance, as the systems contribute to the coordinated responses and communication across all departments. The information systems will replace the time consuming paper work, and hence transform operations by reducing operational time, confusion and instead enhance the real-time delivery of information across all departments. There will be enhanced access to information across the departments, without compromising on the safety and security of information, hitherto exposed by paperwork systems. Inter-departmental coordination will be enhanced through networking by use of WAN and LAN, thereby ensuring that information flow is smooth, unrestricted and accessible by customers and employees to increase efficiency. According to Chaffey and Wood (2005), information systems enhance connectivity by creating a multidimensional framework across all relevant organizational departments. Integration of services in the aircraft business and the ability to provide security for all customers, are among other issues being enhanced by advanced information systems. In addition, the information systems will affect the efficiency of employees in service delivery process. Through enhanced technology, the employees will serve the customers more efficiently while minimizing time wastage and incompetence. In addition, E-commerce strategy will be enhanced through interconnectivity among business partners, G4 maintenance and other corporate partners through the Wide Area Networks established. Similarly, communication will be simplified since the Apps and communication equipments installed will incorporate the participation of all personnel, hence enhancing performance. With enhanced performance, the organization will increase its competitive advantage, leading to an advanced competitive edge over its competitors and hence increase its profit (Olugbode, Elbeltagi, Simmons, & Biss, 2008). The information systems will enhance service delivery, performance and competitive advantage, eventually leading to increased profits. Summary G4 Maintenance is striving to remain competitive despite the presence of major companies in the sector. Its major goal is to transform aircraft maintenance and provide value for its customers through competence and efficiency. However, increased competitiveness in the sector has led to the implementation of proactive measures, the main one being to transformed service delivery process through implementation of advanced technology. Based on the analysis presented above, the company has demonstrated that effective implementation of information systems can transform performance and productivity, and hence create a competitive advantage over other players in the sector. Among the issues targeted, there is improved access and enhanced custom information across all pe