ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Neoliberal citizenship, political and social abjection The artistic control and manipulation of media have contributed immensely to continued discrimination of the undervalued in society (Hindess, 2010). Throughout the considered neoliberal states, resistances at all times emerge at the levels of social abjections. Considering the radical potentials of the abject together with limitations, there should be re-introduction of class struggle within the public discourse. States such as Britain should stop discriminating against citizens and noncitizens in pretext of the neoliberal ideologies (Davies, 2007). In other words, the discriminative manner in which some citizens are treated portrays the persistent irony of the ideologies imposed on others without practical basis. Moreover, the constant revolts and revolutions particularly from the discounted group reveal the gap existing between the practicability and the theoretical approaches to some of the ideologies. In fact, most of the countries perceive such ideologies as imperialistic dogmas from the west. Taking different scenarios and cases, various scholars have dissected the imperialistic philosophies of the west. For instance, Tyler 2013 considered variety of issues in presenting comprehensive analytical views of modern neoliberal governments particularly in UK. Tyler 2013 vividly brings out the complexities and clarities of conventional workings undertaken by neoliberal governments. The main argument is that neoliberal governments of Britain continuously pacify the revolts of the social abjection sites. In this context, social abjections are the societal rejects or underclass citizens. Vital in the argument is the protest from political and social rejects commonly referred to as ‘abject’ (Tyler, 2013). The abject of society have been used for political and social reasons to bring out shared communal disgust and resentment. The communal consensus results from continued neo-liberalization of state as well as public through the media depiction of the abject class. Social abjection, in this context, is the situation where some group within the state or republic is considered insignificant and dependent on the country or mainstream society. According to Tyler (2013), social abjections are human waste or leech-like bodies that entirely depend on the state. Further, Tyler 2013 portrays the abject class as those who drain the state provisions and infect the mainstream politics. Essentially, according to Tyler 2013, the abject classes are the immigrants in Britain whether black, Arabs, Asians or white non-citizens. In addition to the immigrants, the abject class includes gypsies, traveler populations, asylum see
Introduction The article under discussion describes the Islamic approach to the perception of corporate social responsibility. The peculiarity of this approach implies a series of factors determining human activity. Unlike the Western idea of the prevalence of social values, the Islamic perspective offers a more profound and complicated analysis of the problem. Main body To begin with, the primary distinction of this perspective is the basis it chooses as the determinant of human activity. According to this approach, human’s reasoning is an insufficient ground for setting social responsibility norms and standards. Whereas common sense can partially serve as guidance for one’s business and economic activity, general social deeds frequently require a universal ground to be relied on. Therefore, the Islamic perspective of human behavior suggests employing the religious bond as a moral and conscious determinant of a human’s conduct. The bonds are indicated in Shari’ah that is also known as “Islamic Law.” It includes a set of laws and values according to which an Islamic man is supposed to perform decision-making. Shari’ah is a moral standard that unites both religious and juridical issues. The religious side of this paradigm covers the questions of human dignity, trust and responsibility; its legitimate aspect enlightens the equality and right issues. Thus, Shari’ah provides guidance for acting under any circumstances. The religious implication has a significant impact on the Islamic understanding of the CSR concept. As far as the key idea of Shari’ah consists in the service of God as the primary human concern, the CRS notion assumes corporation members’ responsibility to God as well. This common commitment considerably predetermines people’s everyday lives, their attitude towards colleagues and partners, the terms of their collaboration. Unlike the Western approach that lays particular emphasis on the company’s prosperity, the Islamic perspective foregrounds moral and ethical principles. Self-interest plays a minor role in the paradigm of corporate social responsibility. Self-centered needs are supposed to be sacrificed in favor of corporate interests and benefits. The dominating role of Shari’ah’s rules and values does not exclude the power of law. The legislative system is still employed in order to regulate th
Sam and George want to start a business. They want to open a bakery to produce a type of bread that is new in Australia but resembles a similar product from the Middle East. George is a qualified baker with a four-year of experience. He also has a readily available sum of money ($100,000) which he inherited. Sam is an accountant with extensive knowledge and all the required accounting equipment but no valuable assets except for his car. Sam has found a suitable bakery that is leased for $20,000 per annum with a three-year lease option. Based on the available information, the most viable business structure will be the sole trader structure. It has several advantages over the structure of the company, such as reduced cost, taxation, paperwork, and ease of set-up. The sole trader structure allows for full control over the business. At the same time, the liability for financial and tax debts is also personal, so greater risks are involved. The structure allows for staff employment. The set-up costs are also low: the only step that requires payment is business name registration while obtaining an Australian Business Number (ABN) is free, and a separate business bank account is not compulsory. The tax is calculated as an individual tax, and there is a tax-free threshold of $18,200, which is important for a small-scale and young business. Another advantage is the accounting paperwork: the expenses and income of the business do not need a separate tax return – just a separate schedule within the individual tax return, an easy task for Sam considering his expert knowledge. George can employ a role of a production manager, considering his experience as a head baker, granting him both the food production knowledge and ability to cope with other employees. This also suggests he suits best for personnel re
There was a time when capturing an image is a laborious and complex process. The technology back then was just enough to capture an image in black and white; the cameras require a real professional to operate and the equipment are not as portable as they are today. But in the 21 st century the radical change in image capturing technology has reached a point where it is not only portable but it can miniaturized so that it can be fitted inside an already small-sized mobile phone. Thus, users can instantly take pictures under almost any condition. The speed of processing the image and transmitting it to computers and mobile phones half-way around the world is creating a new phenomenon when it comes to image capture. As a result the main issues that would arise from this technological breakthrough would be privacy and ownership of the said images. The best example is the recently made famous shot of a couple kissing in the midst of the Vancouver riot (Kwek, p.1). In the past the same image can only be captured if the photographer was able to set-up the equipment ahead of time. In the case of more complicated shots the cameraman has to work closely with the subject but in the 21 st century the same thing can be achieved instantly and without the knowledge and consent of the subject. In addition the same images can be easily downloaded from a camera or mobile phone and sent wirelessly all over the nation or even in a location thousands of miles away. The main issue here is privacy because total strangers can discreetly take a picture of another person. They can take pictures in a time and place where the subject can be seen in a negative light and therefore can hurt his or her image or reputation. This can be a source of scandal and can potentially ruin the lives of people that are caught off-guard unable to determine that another person is aiming a camera and liberally taking pictures without permission. The secondary issue is the ownership of the images taken. In the case of the Vancouver riot the image was taken and then it was transmitted via the World-Wide-Web. It became an instant hit and became famous just like the other iconic photos taken in the midst of a historical event. Now, the popularity of the image can easily mean that newspapers, magazines and TV networks would pay top dollar for the owner of the picture. But since it has gone viral over the Internet it has become difficult to prove ownership. Conclusion The rapid development in image capturing technology has enabled engineers to fit cameras in portable devices such as mobile phones. This makes it easier for any person to take pictures under almost any type of condition. Thus, it is also easy to capture images of a person without asking permission. This action can easily violate the privacy of people. Something has to be done to regulate the power to instantly capture images. Furthermore, there can be a major conflict that would arise with regards to the
The novels Heart of Darkness (1900) and Things Fall Apart (1956) are the most unique and outstanding works based on philosophical and psychological interpretations, historical and sociological issues. Both works reflect disillusion and grief experienced by African people. The authors vividly portray that the end of the slave trade brought a severe economic crisis that was not really overcome until the twentieth century. Grandiose plans for colonization, intended to make Africa a “second Brazil,” achieved very modest results: a few coffee planters settled in the central highland. Thesis Both works are great works of art as they depict the reality of life and skillfully portray human suffering and hardship experienced by millions of propelling. The title Heart of Darkness has a symbolic meaning portraying history and rejection of African values and traditions Thus, while the dominance of the trading class continued, a small settler class with its own political goals arose alongside it. In wild rubber, moreover, the whites had a new, easily collectible, potential export product. But the transition from a labor-exporting economy to one which utilized local natural resources seems to have been beyond Portuguese strength. The African colonies were also subservient to the needs of the more important Asian and South American possessions. The work of art reflects the reality of life and hardship experienced by people: “The vision seemed to enter the house with me – the stretcher, the phantom-bearers, the wild crowd of obedient worshippers, the gloom of the forests,… the beat of the drum, regular and muffled like the beating of a heart – the heart of a conquering darkness” (Conrad 66). Similar to Heart of Darkness, the novel Things Fall Apart depicts cruelty and oppression dominated inside the African continent. Achebe vividly depicts that the administrador embodied military, administrative, and judicial authority, all three. He saw to
From the earliest days of the motion pictures, screenwriters and directors have chosen historical events as the subjects or settings of their films. This debate presents both advantages and disadvantages. Victor Fleming’s Joan of Arc have revived the perennial debate among film-makers, historians and educators concerning the degree of accuracy of historical films and what this accuracy or lack may mean in artistic and social contexts. Past Imperfect: History According to the Movies – the book Past Imperfect; in this extensively commended volume, a recent collection of writings, 62 of our greatest historians, journalists, biographers and some other authorities concentrate on the facts and fiction as seen in the Hollywood epics based on historical events. Past Imperfect offers hundreds of movie stills, archival photographs, maps and other illustrations, along with side bars on related historical record. It has certainly shown a new ray of light towards the usage of history in present culture. When we consider historical films, it is easy to be critical of what we see. Past Imperfect raises various important questions of film interpretation that invite further discussion. One question is how best to evaluate a historical film: in terms of accuracy of historical detail? Success in conveying a particular interpretation of the past? Transcendence of generic formulas and caricatures? Here, one wants to ask: can a film be true to the spirit of the past even if it distorts or fabricates details? Past Imperfect also works as a brief chronicle of time and places famous events and movements of the past in a cinematic context. Each chapter highlights a specific title. These chapters are organized by chronological order and not by the release date of the film. (Carnes, 1995). Along with others, the distinguished historian Gerda Lerner explores through and examines the relationship between the film and the historical documenta
Introduction Sleep is a mental and physical state in which one becomes inactive and unconscious of the environment around him or her (Borbély, 2003). In the real sense sleep is just a partial disconnection from the world in which outside stimuli are obstructed from the senses. Normal sleep is indentified by a general reduction in most of the body functions including blood pressure, temperature, and the breathing rate. This is contrast to the human brain that never reduces in activity. The brain is always active whenever a person is a wake or a sleep (Berger, 2007). A normal human being sleeps for eight hours. These eight hours are divided into two equal parts. The first part is the rapid eye movement, and the second is the non-rapid eye movement. The two parts form a cycle (Ishimori, 2004). The intention of this paper is to look at the basis of sleep in relation to the biological mechanisms that cause people to sleep and stay awake. History of Sleep The history of sleep is believed to have been introduced by a psychologist professor at the University of Nagoya in Japan about one hundred years ago (Bayliss, 2006). The psychologist proposed a theory that explains the concept of sleep regulation. Kuniomi Ishimori and Heni Pieron neuroscientist state that, a hormonal chemical and not the neural network (Ishimori, 2004) cause sleep regulation. In earlier researches, researchers took some samples that were sterilized and dialyzed from dogs that had sleep then injected to the brains of the dogs that had no sleep. The dogs that received these samples fell after a short time. The scientists went ahead and took samples from normal dogs that did not have any sleep then introduced into the brains of other normal dogs without any sleep (Berger, 2007). The response showed that the recipient dogs did not sleep. This research indicated that there are substances that cause sleep known as “endogenous sleep-promoting substances.” Although the contradiction fact is that the nature of the chemical substances that caused sleep was not identified. Various research groups carried out their research and reported more than thirty endogenous sleep causing substances. In most cases, their physiological relevance was uncertain. Tokyo igakkai Zasshi from Japan published the first Ishimori’s paper entitled “true cause of sleep _ a hypogenic substance as evidenced in the brain of sleep deprived animals,” in the year 1909. Ishimori made further suggestion that when a person continuously stays a wake, it may also cause accumulation of factors that cause sleep in the brain (Borbély, 2003). Currently this is referred to as homeostatic sleep regulation. Starling and Bayliss discovered “scretin” in 1902. This is in relation with the existence of blood-borne messengers. The new idea of hormonal control of the body functioning became quite fashionable and popular in those days. Hans Berger a Germany neurologist in Jena invented an electroencephalogram (EEG) that records brain waves in 1920s. The discovery facilitated the qualitative and quantitative analysis of sleep. Until then, sleep was regarded as an unapproachable phenomenon mainly because it could not be explained
Introduction Different people have distinctive life histories according to the works they get involved with and the achievements they are able to have during their lifetime. Robert Frost was an American poet who was born in the year 1874 and died in 1963 at the age of 89. Among the things he got involved with, he is well known for his poetic and writing works. What was so unique about Robert Frost is that he was so realistic in depicting the aspects associated with rural life. His command of American idiomatic speech is also a concept he is remembered for to present time (Schmidt and Sorensen 2). This piece of work gives an in depth analysis of Poet Robert Frost’s life with much emphasis being given to his works especially the writings and poetry. Poet Robert Frost’s life and writings Frost was born in California, San Francisco and spent most of his early years there. It is deemed that his writing and poetic nature could have been drawn from his father, William Prescott Frost Jr. who had a passion in journalism and also worked as an editor. Most of the works of Robert Frost revolved around the lifestyle of people in the rural areas of New England especially in the beginning of the 20 th century. Frost used the lifestyle and settings of the rural people in a creative manner and related them to the philosophical, cultural and social issues that existed at that time so as to bring in the relevance and hence inform a majority of the people. The irony that is seen is the fact that although he is known for his association and affiliation with the rural lifestyle and setting, he grew up in the city (Bloom and Zuba 106). Before frost specialized in poetry, he was engaged in a variety of jobs including teaching but he felt that those were not in line with his talents and calling, which is poetry. He therefore sought to specialize in poetry so that he would not only earn from it but also enjoy his work and hence attain job satisfaction, an aspect that is very essential for every individual. He was however engag
The relationship between innovation and learning is a topic that has attracted the attention of many researchers. Successful innovation is defined by the integration of different but corresponding types of knowledge from a broad category of sources. Learning, on the other hand, makes a contribution to innovation by augmenting the depth and capacity of the available knowledge hence improving the potential for more innovations to be made. According to Starbucks et al (2008), “inter-organizational learning enhances innovation by increasing the willingness to explore new ideas and develop new products in the firm”. For the learning process to be successful, there is a need for the corporation among the members of staff in the organization or at least those who are directly involved in the decision-making process. There are different barriers related to alliances that contribute directly to the process of learning and innovation. One of these is the interpretation barrier where each individual has their own way of interpreting ideas which, sometimes, might be wrong (Starbucks et al, 2008). Interpretation involves expressing ones insights in words or through actions. In most cases, people prefer to stick to their own interpretations. However, they may end up being persuaded to change when they are convinced of the shortcomings of their interpretations. This mostly affects the relationships in terms of social knowledge processes. The other barrier is the intuition barrier which involves the psychological phenomena that come up as a result of the individual perception of the environment. This, according to Dierkes (2001), includes attributes such as; biasness, lack of motivation, fear of disadvantages, and personality or identity issues”. These barriers most of the times tend to determine relationships between people as well as their compatibility. They define the characteristics of individuals and explain why some people do stuff in a certain way and why they do not do some things. Some people fail do take some actions not because they are wrong but simply because their personalities does not match up with the actions. This explains the hardships experienced in learning alliances. An example of this is whereby a person would disagree with a newly developed school of thought not because it has moral problems but because their conscience cannot understand the whole idea. The result of this is non-compatibility problems which eventually leads to the severance of the alliance or the falling apart of the same. Milburn (2010) suggests that the “experience at cooperating is essential to the management of collaborative ties in order to benefit from the resulting interdependencies and avoid various organizations difficulties associated with partner characteristics and alliance outcomes”. This element explains why there are some organizations that perform well in alliances while others are better managed solely. The continuation of specific mutual capacities comes in handy when trying to establish the reasons behind the close collaboration elements in the a