ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Learning is constant process that pools together environmental, cognitive as well as emotional influences including experiences of attaining, boosting, or modifying ones understanding,skills,ideals as well as the world views. Therefore, learning as a procedure focuses on what occurs when the learning is taking place. From the behaviorist prospective, all processes relate to learning – thinking, acting, and feeling – are presented as a set of behaviors. Therefore, behaviorism defined learning as a method to teach children any type of activities by means of drilling and practicing. Using behaviorist model of teaching and outlining lessons involves a response paradigm to be followed both by a teacher and by a student. In other words, the main task of the teach consists in clear exposition of lesson objectives that would help students understand what needs to be done and help teacher track the changes and the course of accomplishing those objectives. On the one hand, such an approach seems to be effective because teacher can follow the lesson plan directly and expect the behaviors with regard to the identified objectives. On the other hand, these behaviors may end up causing the concerned child to lack stable interaction with others. Certainly, dealing with behaviors is a great challenge as far as culturally diverse group of students is concerned. Teacher should find an approach that would be consonant with a plethora of nuances linked to the problem of learning levels and cultural peculiarities. The teacher should establish contact with all students to understand the gap that should be fulfilled. This is, perhaps, the major constraint faced by educators while resorting to behaviorist theories. Theory Application In the video, the teacher strictly establishes the traditional curriculum and the steps to be taken to accomplish the plan effectively. In particular, he describes in detail the essence of the reading activities and tries to identify the importance of reading. He clearly outlines what students will have to accomplish during their summer vocations and explains the steps in practice. First of all, he highlights the three steps to be done for successful reading. These steps include reading a paragraph from a non-fiction article, retelling the passage that has just been read, and rereading the paragraph one again if the information is difficult to perceive while reading for the first time (“E.L. Hayes – The 5th Grade, DC,” n. d.). When the teacher described the steps, he proceeds to practicing and drilling the outlined activities in order to track the way students understand those steps. Secondly, apart from clear instructions and careful lesson planning, a behaviorist approach also implies the evaluation of students’ response to the presented plan. This can be explicitly viewed on the video where the teacher details the steps into more meaningful sub-units t
Introduction In the recent past, questions have emerged in Lebanon about how to implement comprehensive and practical electoral reform to ensure a fair representation in the parliament and to make certain that elections are held in a free and fair manner. According to Salamey (2013), Lebanon has experienced a great deal of civil strife, notably the 1975 Civil War, which has been blamed on poor electoral laws that leave a section of the society feeling discriminated against. Every time the country comes close to having a solid electoral reform, controversy would emerge due to what Gleis & Berti describes as personal interest (Gleis & Berti 2012). While some people feel that the country should have laws that promote government by majority, others feel that there should be a proportionate system where the interests of all, including minorities, are taken into consideration during the elections. The political elites have the responsibility of coming up with electoral laws that would protect country. Past events clearly demonstrate that the only way of ensuring that the country remains politically stable is to install electoral laws that society will consider fair and representative, as well as effective in meeting the expectations of all citizens. The political elites must realize that they are in leadership positions, and as such are expected to offer direction on this divisive issue to help protect the country. Since 1957, a number of electoral law reforms have been proposed to help eliminate gerrymandered laws believed to helping those in power maintain their control. Some of these laws were so poorly designed that certain scholars even blamed them directly for the 1975 Civil War. In May 2006, then Prime Minister Fouad Siniora appointed a 12-member panel of experts, headed by Fouad Boutros, to come up with fresh electoral reform measures (Salamey 2013). The commission, commonly known as Boutros Commission, came up with a number of proposals designed to manage the interests of all citizens. The goal of this paper is to determine how relevant Boutros Electoral Law is in offering electoral guidance that is acceptable and unifying. Analysis of Boutros Electoral Law Electoral law reform According to McQueen (2016), the stability
Enron’s corporate culture had little regulators and system monitors to balance the goals of the company and expected behavior when handling business environment risks. The managers did not find it necessary to monitor the employees and blindly trusted them to handle any risks against the interest of the company. Enron’s bankers, editors and attorneys conspired to support the fraudulent dealings despite their ethical responsibility of maintaining integrity in the company. They deviated from the main goal of the business and failed to take into consideration the shareholders’ interests when supporting the decisions and contracts that were proposed by the top management (Ferrell, Fraedrich and Ferrell 2011). They allowed the top management of the company to use complex nature of the financial statements and the weaknesses in the accounting standards to manipulate the financial records with an intention of enriching themselves. From an ethical perspective, they conspired with the top management to inflate the asset values, overstate the reported income and cash flow and eliminate the liabilities from the financial records. Specifically, the attorneys negotiated dubious investment contracts for the company. These investments incurred losses which were never reported in the books of account of the company (Ferrell, Fraedrich and Ferrell 2011). The ethical crimes committed by the chief financial officer of the Enron Company include conspiracy, securities fraud, false statement and insider trading. Based on the code of ethics, it is clear that the manager breached all the ethical principles. The manager involved in the scandal was competent but did not exercise professional due care and apt professional behavior. In addition, the manager did not exercise integrity when preparing the financial statements (Ferrell, Fraedrich and Ferrell 2011). This means that he lacked integrity and objectivity in running the organization.
Introduction It is impossible to find two people who have identical beliefs, the same reaction to one situation, and are equally treated by society. The place we were born, the people who surrounded us while we were growing up, and many other elements that might be considered minor ones affect us and make us unique. They are not only our background but our playing field. It includes such things as family, gender, social class, education, race and ethnicity, culture, or religion. They can be both positive and negative, but they always influence our lives. In my work, I will focus on three topics; these are family, education, and race/ethnicity. Main body The family has a prominent place in my life. All members of the family have their own roles, which others expect them to occupy according to their status (Andersen and Taylor 114). My parents need to meet the demands of two conflicting roles, the parent and the job ones. A lot of time should be given to both, and it is very hard for them to find the golden mean. Thus, one role dominates another one from time to time. Structural theories concerning the family question raise a problem of the clear distinction between female and male roles. Nowadays, many men stay at home and take care of the children while their wives are working. However, this situation is not that relevant to my family, as both parents try to share the responsibilities. Speaking of the masculine and feminine privilege, I believe that we preserve the first one, as male members outnumber. The power includes such aspects of everyday life as the weight of opinion in making important decisions and control of money and expenses (Ritzer 383). Nevertheless, female members of the family have an opportunity to influence these spheres, and their opinion is not ignored. Thus, the majority of conflicts, dealing with these aspects, are solved. According to the exchange theory, men and women decide to get married, as they believe that the rewards will have a bulge on the costs, and it will be better than staying alone. It is said that husbands and wives stand to benefit from these relationships; they live longer, have a better financial situation, and ail less (Ritzer 384). Evaluating my family, I came to the conclusion that this outcome can be true to life. It is seen that when parents are happy with their relationships, they influence me in a positive way, gain more success at work and worry less. Conflict theory points out that all members are also to adapt to the needs and demands of the country, they teach children to be obedient and respect the authority (Andersen and Taylor 399). As judged by the way I was brought up, these facts are valid. We are made to be good members of our society from early childhood. Today it is very important
In this paper, we give a detailed discussion of metamorphic rocks. There is a brief discussion about the origin of metamorphic rocks and some of the circumstances that result in the formation of the rocks. Having introduced the reader to the origin of the rocks, the paper gives a further discussion on how these kinds of rocks are formed and the necessary conditions if the process of metamorphism has to take place. In the end, the paper describes the two major categories of these rocks and giving some of the distinguishing features of the two categories. Metamorphic rocks are those kinds of rocks that have been formed from underlying sedimentary rocks. Metamorphic rocks originate from a number of extensive changes that take place in the texture and the parent rock’s mineralogy. This is a process that takes place due to changes of temperature and pressure occurring above the digenesis point and below the rock that is to melt. In order for metamorphism to take place, the rock should remain solid so that eventually a metamorphic rock can be formed. Should the parent sedimentary rock melt during the process, an igneous rock will be formed (Pough & Peterson, 1997). Basically, metamorphic rocks will originate from the process of metamorphism taking place on the sedimentary rocks due to increased temperatures and pressure without melting. Formation of Metamorphic Rocks Having understood the origin of these rocks, it is very easy to explain their formation. The formation of these rocks results from extensive temperatures and pressure (Cefrey, 2003). In order for metamorphism to take place, energy is very important since it acts as the fuel for the necessary chemical reactions on the sedimentary rocks hence resulting in the metamorphic rocks. Metamorphic rocks will therefore be defined as rocks that have resulted from the morphed process from one kind of rock to another. The source rocks are the sedimentary and igneous rocks which have to be under intensive pressure from the overlying earth materials. Categories of Metamorphic Rocks Different schools of thought have tried to give varied categories of metamorphic rocks, but there are two major categories of metamorphic rocks that have been accepted by the majority of geologists around the world. These are foliated and non-foliated metamorphic rocks. Foliated metamorphic rocks are the ones that have resulted from slate and phyllite (Pough & Peterson, 1997), and will have branded appearances.
Introduction Ethics plays a significant role in the engineering profession because it enables engineers to be responsive to the safety, welfare, and health needs of the society. Without ethics, engineers can overlook the safety, welfare, and health consequences of their practices, thus affecting human life and the society negatively. Thus, ethics guides engineers when exercising their duties in ways that do not pose any threats to humans and the environment. Engineering ethics has developed for centuries due to cumulative lessons learned from engineering failures. According to Roddis, “major engineering failures act as a catalyst for change in standards of practice and therefore create the opportunity for establishing better ethical practices for the profession” (1539). In this view, past engineering failures did provide invaluable lessons that have become cornerstones of modern engineering ethics. Therefore, this paper analyzes ethical issues that led to the collapse of the Quebec Bridge with a view of providing the appropriate solution based on an ethical decision making model. Ethical Issue In 1907, the Quebec Bridge collapsed. The collapse of the bridge occurred due to a combination of factors that cumulatively contributed to the structural failure. Increased transportation of goods and the growth of trade compelled the Canadian government to construct a bridge across St. Lawrence River. Since the St. Lawrence River is long, engineers constructed a massive bridge that expanded over a half a kilometer. Historical view of the bridge shows that it started in 1882 when the Quebec Bridge Company received the contract to construct the bridge. However, owing to challenges of insufficient funds, the construction company did nothing until 1887 when construction started. Under Phoenix Bridge Company, Theodore Cooper was a leading consulting engineer who guided the construction of the bridge through all its phases from foundation to completion. Nava asserts that although Theodore Cooper reviewed and approved the design of the bridge, he later recommended for modifications to reduce the cost of steel used and increase stresses that it can endure (5). Lack of enough funds made the project stall until 1903 when construction continued without considering the impact of modifications in the original design. Since Theodore Cooper was a consulting engineer who was responsible for the overall construction progress of the bridge, he overlooked recommendations from other engineers. Despite the fact that he was a consulting engineer, his health conditions did not allow him to visit the construction site and observe the alleged impacts of stresses on the bridge following change in the original design. Consequently, the bridge collapsed in 1907 costing the lives of 75 construction workers while leaving 11 survivors only. Hence, the collapse of the Quebec Bridge forms one of the major structural failures of the 20th century that hi
Introduction Through the centuries, people had a different vision of friendship, and especially of women’s friendship. These ideas on women’s friendship found their reflections in numerous pieces of art and design. Studying different epochs of art along with authors’ approaches to women’s friendship, I found a number of thought-provoking ideas. I also saw such pieces of art which reflected my own vision of friendship between women. In particular, I believe that women’s friendships can be very strong. Sometimes it may be stronger than one can imagine. It happens that serious problems may arise between friends, but the real friendship between women is stronger than that. This idea was shown in my proposal. The proposal discussed an experience from my own life showing that even someone’s dishonesty leading to serious material losses cannot be stronger than a real friendship between two women. A similar idea can be found in William Blake’s “Naomi entreating Ruth and Orpah to return to the land of Moab”. This picture painted in 1795 is dedicated to the idea of strong bonds of union and friendship between women from ancient Hebrew culture. Evaluating such pieces of art as this one I come to a conclusion that my vision of women’s friendship is quite fair. Main text The idea that real friendship between women is not possible has been widespread for centuries. People express their thoughts concerning women’s friendship saying that it is fake, and no more than performance in the theatre of human life. They say that women may be separated for the reason of the slightest difficulty appearing in their relationships. However, this is not what I think about women’s friendship. I saw in my own life that women can be really close and devoted, and even the most complicated problems may not separate them. I wrote about it in my proposal. Studying the materials of the course, I found that I am not the only person with this way of thinking. Throughout the course of human history, the idea of the strong friendship between women was common. It can be noticed in the reflections of this idea in human art. In particular, the picture by William Blake “Naomi entreating Ruth and Orpah to return to the land of Moab” along with many other paintings reflects this idea (Philadelphia Museum of Art 1939, Raine 1951, Ruff 2010). In modern-day art, true friendship between women is also caroled. In particular, modern cinema shows many situations when women appear to be more devoted and attached to each other than men. One example of this idea is Fred Zinnemann’s “Julia” (Brantley 1995, Curran 1998, Erens 1984, Miles 1996). This is a story of great devotion between women under the pressure of Nazism. The other example is Ridley Scott’s “Thelma & Louise” showing that women may be really close and loyal friends even under the risk of death (Cook 2007, Williams & Hammond 2006). Conclusion In conclusion, comparing my idea of women’s friendship discussed in my proposal to the theoretic materials of the course I came to a conclusion that strong friendship between women exists, and this is proved in many
Social networking has become a whirlwind phenomenon that the 21st century population cannot ignore or suspend (Powell, 2009). Among all demographic categories of people, social networking seems to have no barriers, and today, many people around the worlds have become fast receptors of social networking services (Rutledge, 2008). Social networking has been enabled largely by advancement in information technology (computers) whereby, internet has become the basic forum where most of interactions take place (McManus, 2010). As a result, there seems to be no boundaries among people, organizations, groups and the larger social environment in using social network services for their various needs (Ryan, 2011). People use social networks differently, but in most cases, social networks have become popular avenues for interaction, sharing of interests, ideas, events and popular activities that individuals may find interesting or valuable (Lusted, 2011). Some of the current popular social networks include Facebook, Twitter, Yahoo, and many more (Lusted, 2011). Key features that most social network exhibit include profile pages on which different individuals identify themselves by posting information concerning them, category pages for messaging, chat forums, and so on, and connection links such as like, join, add, remove, and bloc (Kelsey, 2010). All these features combine to make different social networks popular sites that people have gradually become addicted to. Facebook, as noted above, constitutes one of the popular social network services that individuals around the world use for social connection (Facebook, 2011). And in order to effectively use the services provided by Facebook, users have been required regularly to agree to terms and conditions that Facebook, as a company, has established (Facebook, 2011). The terms and conditions, just like in any other organization, reflect the overall regulatory rules and regulations set by different institutions or bodies, which people are required to abide to. This is always done to ensure rights and freedoms of individuals, groups, organizations, or societies are not abused, instead, they are respected even as one uses Facebook forum. This leads us to ask and subsequently evaluate the basic proposition which states that, why Facebook terms of use would be effective and more so, why is it necessary to choose the particular service or platform. Answer to the above statement requires a holistic journey of evaluation into the policy of Facebook regarding terms and conditions for usage of the service or site. Facebook, like any other social entity in a pluralistic society, is prone to abuse, where people in different ways may misuse the forum at the disadvantage of other people (Weintraub, 2011; Kumar and Zhang, 2010). In order to limit this, terms of use established by Facebook aim at instituting some level of control on how information and all other aspects can be used. At the same time, terms of use instituted are aimed at effectively regulating commercial use of members’ information (Dixon and Gellman, 2011).
Abstract The subject of this investigative report is an alleged asset fraudulent disbursement scheme in the procurement department of the Plant of Lakes, Inc. The investigations were commenced as a result of an anonymous tip received by the company on June 12, 2007 that a company employee had been submitting false expense claims for billing to the company. After piecing together all the relevant enquiries and reviews of relevant documents that were deemed necessary in obtaining an independent nonbiased factual account of the alleged crime, this report submits to confirm that indeed the alleged fraud was committed. This report therefore aims to detail the evidence supporting this deduction by examining the scale of the fraud and detailing in a chronological manner the findings of the investigations. The report concludes with a list of recommendations and action plans required to be done firstly to the culprits to deter such future actions by other employees and secondly to improve the system in order to completely seal the identified loopholes. Introduction An asset fraudulent disbursement scheme is a form of fraud whereby, the perpetrator usually a company employee dishonestly hatches a plan to take company funds through false expense claims by concealing the details of the expense such that it will only appear as a normal expense. Fraudulent disbursements may be classified into five major subcategories. These are; check tampering, register disbursement schemes, billing schemes, expense reimbursement schemes and payroll schemes (wells, 2011). According to a 2008 survey by the Association of Certified fraud Examiners, fraudulent disbursements account for 63.9 percent of all frauds committed within a company (Singleton and Singleton, 2010). In all the five subcategories of fraudulent disbur