ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Critical thinking has recently gained increased importance as the skill that encourages personal, academic, and professional development. The ability to question the nature of an observed phenomenon, the feasibility of a particular statement, and credibility of a certain piece of information are instrumental to the efficacy of one’s communication. 1 However, to be able to explore a certain area and converse with others effectively, critical thinking is not enough, In addition to the ability to discern between the sensible and the nonsensical, one also needs the skill of providing a unique argument. 2 Put differently, the presence of creative thinking is inseparable from the phenomenon of critical thinking. It could be argued that the ability to think critically is a separate skill that cannot serve as the starting point for acquiring other abilities, such as creativity. However, the specified assumption seems to be quite far from the truth. 3 While there is no direct link between being critical and creative, the former helps develop a good understanding of how a good discourse is structured and worded. 4 As a result, one can build a bare minimum of skills needed to produce a coherent and creative statement. Nevertheless, critical thinking should not be regarded as the notion that is entirely inseparable from creativity. Creative thinking also implies that one is capable to transform a particular viewpoint and discover new ways of viewing a situation. 5 Thus, critical thinking skills can be seen as an essential tool for a postgraduate student, yet it is only one constituent of a much larger entity. 6 Creative thinking is also not to be dismissed as one of the essential elements of a postgraduate skill set. When combined, creativity and critical thinking become the pillars for creating a coherent approach toward locating available information and processing it to produce an innovative approach. Bibliography Bista, KKK., Exploring the Social and Academic Experiences of International Students in Higher Education Institutions , IGI Global, New York, NY, 2016. Davies, M., and Barnett, R., The Palgrave Handbook of Critical Thinking in Higher Education , Springer, New York, NY, 2015. Legg, M., et al., Academic English: Skills for Success , 2nd ed., Hong Kong University Press, Hong Kong, 2014. National Academies of Sciences, Indicators for Monitoring Undergraduate STEM Education , National Academies Press, 2018. Scheg, S. A., Implementation and Critical Assessment of the Flipped Classroom Experience , IGI Global, New York, NY, 2015. Wisdom, S., Handbook of Research on Advancing Critical Thinking in Higher Education , IGI Global, New York, NY, 2015. Footnotes  1. National Academies of Sciences, Indicators for Monitoring Undergraduate STEM Educat
During the 1700’s the relationship between the French and British greatly contributed to what took place in Europe in the 18th century. The series of events also greatly affected the Mi’kmaq lifestyle and culture. During that period, England carried out several raids that provoked the Mi’kmaq. They claimed the Mi’kmaq territory around 1621. This forced the Mi’kmaq to seek assistance from the French, forming an alliance. The treaty of Utrecht was formulated because of the war. British took over Acadia, naming it Nova Scotia. The Mi’kmaq fought the British from 1613 to 1763. This was the longest warfare in the history of North American Natives. They formulated successive attacks designed by local and war chiefs. The main strategy used by the Mi’kmaq was turning the imperial powers against each other. The war mainly took place at sea. Due to the Mi’kmaq’s military assertiveness, th
Introduction The traditional Japanese cinema is very different from the Western tradition of movie making. Late Spring is one of the masterpieces created by Yasujiro Ozu. Taking into account rather unusual representation of the idea and shooting techniques, the film is considered to be a unique phenomenon in the movie making of the world. The Synopsis of the Film The relationship between the father and the daughter living in the old Japanese city is the central theme of the film. The creators unfold the traditional family relationships in Japan. The father recognizes that his daughter has grown up and he intends to give her in marriage. Formal and Thematic Elements of the Clip The Second Scene The second scene of the film shows the talk of Noriko and her father. In the scene, we can see the manner of behavior and communication of the father and the daughter in Japanese family. (Mades07, 2012). The relationships between the relatives are depicted against a background of national traditions because love and mutual understanding in family is one of the highest moral values. We see Professor Somiya, the father, talking with his assistant about Friedrich List (Bordwell, 1949). He is presented as both a traditionalist and a liberal (Bordwell, 1949). “Despite Noriko’s self-reliance—an Ozu earmark from the thirties that became an axiom in Late Spring —the acquiescent, ever-smiling heroine’s desires are never considered; she explicitly asks why her contented life cannot just go on as it has been” (Atkinson, par. 6). From the very beginning of the film, we notice the manner of connecting the scenes typical to Ozu. In particular, the train is showed before Noriko actual departure to Tokyo. The elements of nature and Japanese landscape are used as the connections between the scenes. In addition, we notice such typical features of Ozu movie shooting as the static camera, “false” eyeline-matches and the use of 360-degree shooting space (Wood, p.109-111). The Last Episode The last scene shows the life of father after his daughter’s marriage. He returns to the empty house. He sits alone in his chair pealing an apple. He is unable to stanch his tears. Although all his efforts have been aimed at giving her daughter in marriage, he has become depressed after he has realized that his plan has turned out well. The episode is followed by the scene showing the ocean which has a symbolic meaning in the film. In the Japanese tradition, the water is the symbol of the purity of relationship. Through the depiction of the water the author tries to emphasize the fairness and deepness of the relationship of the father and the daughter. Nevertheless, there are different views of critics on this episode. “After having seen Late Spring , Satomi considered the last scene as too much contrived, as art for art sake’s, appealing to common tastes” ( Late Spring , par. 3). Conclusion Late Spring is the interesting film, especially for those who are fond of the Japanese culture and traditions. Ozu enriched his movie with the Japanese symbolism and showed a lot of traditional h
Introduction Transportation has significant impacts on all aspects of human beings. It has substantial socio-economic benefits, and every nation strives to have the best transportation network. All transportation activities are vital since they support the ever-increasing demand for freight and passenger mobility. Notably, road, air, maritime, and rail are the common modes used in shipping. The growth of consignment and travelers’ mobility is associated with the rise of negative impacts of transportation through pollutants. The pollution caused by vehicles hurts the environment as well as people’s well-being. Cause of Pollution Tracks, cars, locomotives, buses, and airplanes powered by fossil fuels are the major causes of pollution associated with transportation. Their emissions throughout their lifecycle make air dirt, with adverse effects on humans and the environment. Additionally, the pollutants can be related to fuels’ refining and distribution as well as manufacturing and disposal of cars, buses, trucks, and other means of transportation. According to the Union of Concerned Scientists (2018), heavy-duty vehicles contribute significantly to pollution. Although they have an indispensable role, comprising ferrying of people around cities, picking up trash from residential, hauling goods to stores from manufacturers, and delivering packages every day, they affect public health and the environment. More than 25 % of emissions from the transportation sector come from these vehicles (Union of Concerned Scientists, 2018). Therefore, pollutants emitted by different means of transportation need to be controlled to minimize the negative impacts on the ecosystem and public human health. Types of Pollution and Pollutants Vehicles, trains, airplanes, and ships are associated with air and noise pollution. The fossil-powered means of transportation emit different pollutants to the environment. Particulate matter such as soot found in vehicle exhaust is one type of contaminant (Environmental Protection Agency, n.d.). These fine particles can primary or secondary pollutants from sulfur dioxides, nitrogen oxides, and hydrocarbons. They are mainly associated with diesel exhaust and pose a threat to human health. Other contaminants include volatile organic compounds (VOCs), nitrogen oxides (NOx), sulfur dioxide (SO2), carbon monoxide (CO), and greenhouse gases (Union of Concerned Scientists, 2018). Vehicles emit such VOCs as acetaldehyde and benzene that react with NOx in the presence of sunlight to form smog. NOx is a primary pollutant, which affects the respiratory system. CO is a colorless, odorless, poisonous gas that blocks oxygen from vital organs when inhaled. SO2 is released into the air by vehicles that use diesel (Napitupulu et al., 2018). All means of transportation, including ships, airplanes, trains, and vehicles, produce greenhouse gases. Indeed, these pollutants are one of the main disadvantages of transportatio
In the course of the development of our society, there have appeared many stereotypes, a great number of them concern stereotypical social roles of community members regarding their gender. For instance, the greater part of research on gang membership focuses on the role of the male population in the activity of gangs. The role of women in the activity of gangs is reduced to their secondary role in the group activity. Thus, the present paper will focus on social relations and the causes of violence in female gangs. The present paper will focus on the article “Life-course Events, Social Networks, and the Emergence of Violence among Female Gang Members” by Fleisher and Krienert. Besides, the analysis of the topic will be supported by the statistical information provided by the National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS) concerning the rate of violence among gang members between 1993 and 2003. The article by Fliesher and Krienert (2004) has the task of defying “the social context of violence among women’s young gangs in a poor, black community in Champaign, Illinois” that is called “North End” by the locals (p. 607). The authors analyze a gang from a social perspective, omitting judicial understanding of a gang. The authors are trying to observe the interrelation of individual life events of women and their gang membership as a “prosocial community response to entrenched poverty and racial isolation” (Fleisher & Krienert, 2004, p. 608). The main merit of the article is that it demonstrates an innovative vision of female gangs in their cultural and social structural context. Thus, the authors rely on social theory in their research. The information analyzed by the researchers is diverse; it mainly belongs to the following types: personal social-network data, self-report individual gang data, and self-report public health/sex survey data (Fleisher & Krienert, 2004, p. 609). The reliability of the research can be proved by a significant number of participants of the study (74) and their belonging to all major age-groups: adolescents, young adults, and adults. The advantage of the article is detailed analysis of social background of women who participate in gang activity. It covers such areas as parental abuse, marital state of parents, governmental aid received, drug addiction in the family, number of parents’ arrests, etc. (Fleisher & Krienert, 2004, p. 612-613). All statements made in the article are proven by sufficient and eloquent statistical information. Besides, the adv
For a long time, sub-cognitive questions have been considered irrelevant in the Turing test. The reason is computers that have no experience in the environment as humans cannot pass in a controlled typical Turing test (French, 2000). However, this proposition has been proven to be untrue. Consider the following sub-cognitive questions that an examiner can ask the subjects.   * How decent is the term Flugly presented as a beautiful Hollywood actress?   * How respectable is Flugly presented in W.C. Fields movie as an accountant?   * How upright is Flugly being presented in teddy bear play? Through the application of appropriate algorithms and simulations, the computer provides similar answers as humans. Thus, it becomes difficult for the examiner to identify which answer is provided by the computer. Computer algorithms generate answers depending on the way some words are synonymous. Consequently, the name Flugly will be well simulated in the last two questions (Turing, 1950). Nonetheless, in the first case, the answer will be different. The reason is that the name Flugly or any other close word is not found in Hollywood vocabulary. However, Flugly is found in W.C. Field movies and the children play with teddy bears. The answers provided by the computer is consistent with that of human and the assessor can hardly guess whether the answer is from the machine or human (Turing, 1950). Machines are deemed intelligent when they perform a precise task that human executes during communication. The interaction between the assessor and the human or machine subjects is done through the use of teletype (French, 2000). The major role of an assessor is to deduct whether an answer is provided by the machine or human. This will be attained via studying the results. The machine is considered intelligent under circumstances that the examiner cannot tell whether the answer given is from the machine or human.
The Constitution is the framework for the Government of the United States that protects and guarantees the basic rights of the people. It functions as guidance when new situations arise such as a woman asserting her constitutional right to privacy emanating from the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment, also known as a substantive due process (Roe v Wade, 410 U.S. 113 (1973), and corporations exercising their right to freedom of speech and equal treatment under the law. I believe that the recent US Supreme Court 5 to 4 ruling allowing corporations to support political ads and contribute money to the election campaigns of political candidates, citing first amendment rights under the freedom of speech provision, is representative of the United States Constitution and its intent (Liptak, 2010). First of all, the discussed decision is reflective of the controversy also observed in other court ruling decisions based on the case law principles. For instance, in the United States v. Nixon 418 U.S. 683 (1974) case, the court admitted the power of law over the Presidential power. The case Goss v. Lopez 419 U.S. 565 (1975) reflects the eternal right of a person for hearing if he/she is suspended from the study for more than a trivial period. University of California Regents v Bakke 438 U.S. 265 (1978) is a landmark of the educational affirmative action that on the one hand admitted the right of every person for education but on the other hand validated the universities to admit or reject students based on race. Plyer v Doe 457 U.S. 202 (1982) and Brown v Board of Education of Topeka 347 U.S. 483 (1954) cases also illustrate how the court rules that education is an eternal right of every person irrespective of his/her background. Thus, the Supreme Court decision is also a controversial one as it defends the Constitutional rights of people but has a potential for legislative violations and bribery. On the one hand, the First Amendment to the Constitution rules that Congress should not make laws “abridging the freedom of speech” (Volokh, 2004). In the 1889 case Minneapolis & St. Louis Railroad Company v. Beckwith 129 U.S. 26, the court acknowledged corporations as a person, which means that the Supreme Court 5 to 4 decision is the restoration of the constitutional norm of freedom of speech (Harrington & Carter, 2009, p. 198). Accordingly, the discussed decision has numerous positive implications. First, the Supreme Court proves the importance of law and human freedoms for U.S. society. Second, corporations get the right to lawful expression of their political preferences. Third, the society gets another proof of democracy ruling the U.S. laws. On the other hand, the decision can be considered inappropriate. Although the constitutional intent is the protection of human
The case of Raymond Smith illustrates the conflict which can arise after signing the contract of sales. The major peculiarity of this problem lies in the following: the seller of the car officially disclaimed any liability for the injuries and repair costs caused by defects in the vehicle. A month later the buyer, Raymond Smith, received serious injuries due to the damage in the steering mechanism. The most important task is to determine what would happen if Smith sues the dealer for the breach of warranty. Overall, it is hardly possible to give a conclusive answer to this question because much would depend on the specific circumstances. To analyze this situation, we should first define sales and lease contracts and identify the major components. As Uniform Commercial Code (UCC) states the contract of sales is the agreement according to which a seller passes the title to a specific good to the purchaser for a specific reward (The American Law Institute, § 2-106, unpaged). A leasing agreement implies practically similar terms with the exception that the lease is temporary. It should be borne in mind these types of contracts “impose an obligation on each participant that the others expectation of receiving due performance will not be impaired” (Beatson &
For a business to succeed in the society, there are certain qualities that a businessperson should display. An entrepreneur is a person who starts and manages a business and posses unique features. When the entrepreneur meets the customers, he/she should be fair in judgement, intelligent in analysing their problems, honest and having a positive attitude towards them. An entrepreneur’s main objective is to excel. In order to achieve this he/she engages in a healthy competition with set standards to reach the best performance. This strengthens him/her in repairing misfortunes that may hinder success thereby becoming a winner. Secondly, an entrepreneur works hard to build new businesses. He extends his working hours with fewer hours of sleep in order to complete his work. In the process of work, he solves problems that arise in order to achieving the set goals (Roger & Osberg, 2007). Moreover, a successful entrepreneur takes the risk in his business and learns from the failures that occurred initially. He challenges the risks and attains reasonable feedback, which influences decisions and abilities within the business. A successful entrepreneur innovate new ideas and creative thinking, which helps him to analyse and deal with problems in the business. He improves production methods, introduces good, and finds markets with new customers. A social enterprise is a non-profit business that applies commercial plan to maximise innovations as well as developing the environment. However, one can structure it to a profit making enterprise. It aims at solving societal problems such as poverty, malnutrition, inequalities, marginalization, and unemployment (Social Enterprise Revisited, 2010). Since some social enterprises are non-profit making in nature, in case of profit, they use it for expanding their services in the community in which they operate. A social enterprise like Grameen Danone pays emphasis on societal well-being. It tries to uplift all persons in the society irrespective of their social classes, disabilities and other challenges. Grameen Danone plans to have every person drive the economy. However, traditional enterprises targe
According to Porter, the prosperity of a nation cannot be inherited. It takes the effort of professional men and women to mold the prosperity of any country (73). The author adds that the national endowment of a country does not contribute to the prosperity of a nation. To some extent, this can be true, bearing in mind that effort, knowledge, and skills are required to turn national endowments into prosperity. Nonetheless, if a country is poorly endowed in terms of resources, it can be practically impossible for such a nation to experience prosperity. Therefore, the author should have considered the role played by resources in the process of attaining national prosperity. As a matter of fact, Sigalas and Economou are of the view that the competitive advantage of a nation is largely dependent on the pool of resources that are available for production (73). It is indeed true that the levels of performance and profitability of a country also rely on the ability of a state to improve the performance of its industries. The challenges and pressures experienced by companies in the marketplace are similar to those that individual countries face on a regular basis. In fact, it is the challenges and pressures that usually strengthen the overall performance of an institution. Porter also posits that the local processes of production are quite competitive. As a result, local industries are in a position to compete favorably with other global players. Whereas this may be applicable to some level, it is vital to mention that countries across the world can best compete with other rivals when highly externalized processes are related to the quantity and quality of production at the local level. Even if companies have strong domestic rivals, external competition is still an invaluable yardstick for measuring performance index. Needless to say, it takes effort and resilience for a nation to remain competitive with other global rivals. On the other hand, competitive advantage has been analyzed by Espana using two alternative theories. For example, the author uses a specific case study of an aircraft manufacturer in Brazil to support the arguments presented in the paper. Even though Embraer Company was initially established with the aim of boosting national security, it eventually became a major profitable enterprise. In order to correlate the various competitive advantage theories, the author has managed to explicitly trace down the history o