ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Developing countries share certain unique common characteristics. It is evident that most of these nations still grapple with issues concerning health, social amenities, and education. Challenges associated with public health include some of the common characteristics that may be noted within developing states (Todaro & Stephen 12). Their health systems are underdeveloped and a remarkable percentage of the population cannot access adequate health care. This challenge may be due to a lack of resources to establish and decentralize sufficient and well-equipped health care service delivery facilities to the population. The local populations are highly affected. Other public health challenges compound to cause high mortality and morbidity rates within such nations. Lack of proper education and human resources include other similar problems faced by the developing nations. Due to low-income levels, most populations within the developing nations cannot access quality education. Moreover, the systems of formal learning within such countries are ineffective (Todaro & Stephen 19). These education systems are not designed in a transformative manner. Consequently, there is a generation of an impaired workforce in the employment industry. This challenge has contributed to poor performance within key industrial firms and business organizations. Frequent tensions are arising from civil wars within these developing states. Particularly, this is common within African nations. The chief causes of such conflicts may include conflicts on natural resources, political instabilities, and tribal hatred. The developing nations encounter the severe impacts of disasters. These include both natural and technological disasters. This occurs mainly because they lack proper and comprehensive mechanisms for disaster prevention, management, and mitigation. Issues of food insecurity and safety usually confront these nations. This is caused by a lack of initiative to employ effective agricultural systems with adequate technology to enhance food production. Lastly, there are prevalent challenges associated with housing and shelter (Todaro & Stephen 31). Most citizens of these countries lack access to improved and standardized housing facilities. Indeed, this is evident from the high number of slums and informal settlements within these nations. Developing nations indeed share many challenges. Population and Environment The environment forms the fundamental orientation of both human, animal, and plant life. The study of eco-biology indicates the basic interactions between different components of the environment. All humans depend on the resources found within the environment. Analytically, this observation potentiates a critical fact. There is a population a given environment can sustain. Of course, this occurs only within a specified period (Todaro & Stephen 37). Human beings normally fight for the resources available within the general environme
This research is of importance as it serves as a platform of studying the relation between drugs and classical conditioning in terms of development of tolerance to some drugs especially those with a potential for addiction (Ader et al., 2010). Studies have shown that the environment in which a drug is administered plays a big role in development of tolerance to the drug such that a change in location of administration of the drug may result in overdose even though the dosage remains constant. Furthermore, this research may highlight the various applications that can be derived by understanding the role of drugs in classical conditioning. This is of value especially in conditions associated with pain such as cancer and psoriasis. In such cases, various situations may be coupled to drugs to enable relief of pains in patients without the use of drugs which may have numerous side effects that can be life threatening. Classical conditioning has been employed in management of fear (Carmack, Wood & Anagnostaras, 2010). By use of drugs in well defined dosages, one can be conditioned in order to reduce the feeling of fear in particular situations (Stockhorst, Enck & Klosterhalfen, 2007). Classical conditioning offers a platform for studying the addiction mechanisms behind various drugs. The reward potential the drugs of addiction offers can be deduced by coupling these drugs to certain stimuli to bring about classical conditioning (Bryant et al., 2009; Mendez et al., 2009). Approaches to the Study The study will entail the use of materials from articles published in peer reviewed journals. The articles would be searched for through use of key words such as Classical or Pavlovian conditioning, substances of abuse and conditioned stimuli. Searches will be conducted in major medical databases such as Pub Med, Embase, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL) and the Cochrane Library (Ader et al., 2010). Furthermore, manual searches will be conducted in print journals in libraries and other medical data centers using the above mentioned key words. Once the relevant articles are identified, they will be retrieved and used in provision of information relevant to the research question. The articles will be thoroughly read putting in mind the differences in statistical and clinical significance of the various outcomes obtained from the different studies. Emphasis will be laid on the on the applications of drugs in Classical conditioning in modern day medicine and psychology (Carmack, Wood & Anagnostaras, 2010). Comparisons will be made to other forms of achieving classical conditioning such as the use of non-pharmacological approaches and their effectiveness as compared to use of drugs in management of a myriad of medical disorders and addictions. Finally relevant tables, graphs and figures will be used in elaboration of the findings for ease of understanding (Mendez et al., 2009). This research will enable me determine ways in which I can apply the knowledge learned in the classroom in daily life in order to understand factors behind certain actions and how to handle them. In addition, the research will provide a clear under
The farm journal article gives a few tips on how to prepare your farm irrigation system for the winter. To ensure your irrigation system works well, the author suggests regular checkups to avoid breakdowns throughout the year. The author offers a thorough inspection of the irrigation system deal. This is to make sure it survives the low temperatures experienced during winter. The TL irrigation company runs the “the Caveat to winter Pivot Maintenance” program. The dealers who represent the TL Irrigation company receive adequate training on how to service and maintain the equipment. They can perform complex multipoint checks on the machine (Birt). The national sales director, Kirk Biddle, advises farmers to ensure all parts are put back in place after maintenance or risk setbacks when the pivots are used during spring. He gives a set of guidelines dealers should follow during servicing. These include; greasing the pivot joint since it adds the lifespan of the machine, checking on air pressure on tires to reduce rust, and troubleshooting the performance of the pivot to ensure everything runs properly before winter. The gearbox, sprinklers, and nozzles are part of the checklist. In summary, the article describes the maintenance practices carried out on an irrigatio
Underclass: Definition As destructive as natural disasters might be, their outcomes may point to the social issues that used to be passed unnoticed. A detailed overview of the effects that Hurricane Katrina had on the lives of the U.S. society showed that there was a social stratum that was undefined previously, and that was largely affected by a variety of social, economic, and financial factors. The social tier mentioned above was later on identified as the underclass, yet the current definition of the social stratum in question could use a lot of improvement. Claiming that the representatives of the underclass are the same as the poor would be quite a stretch. Although the fact that most of the underclass members live under the poverty threshold is admittedly true, there is a fine line between the two notions. Poor people may reside in any area of the state and are incapable of improving their financial and economic status for a number of reasons. The members of the underclass, in their turn, suffer mainly because of their location – living in remote areas, they are physically incapable of exploring the opportunities that other representatives of the American society have. While legally entitled to the same number of privileges as the rest of the population, underclass citizens are unable to make efficient use of the opportunities that they technically have. Therefore, the concept under analysis can be defined as part of the society living in harsh economic and financial conditions because of their location. The existence of an underclass is a challenge to the social policing as the factors that determine people’s belonging to the underclass are intrinsic. In other words, people are born as underclass members, and they have to fight to break free of it. Providing the residents of remote areas with multiple opportunities as far as education, jobs, and especially communication are concerned is the first step toward addressing the problem. Indicators and Evidence From Murray’s perspective, there are five key indicators of the underclass; these are the criminality rates, the labor force dropouts, trends in illegitimacy, poverty rates, and substance abuse. Furthermore, the author makes it quite clear that the members of modern society make a crucial mistake by ignoring the issue of the underclass and developing the tendency to isolate themselves from the identified members of the
The types of employees who can benefit from alternative work arrangements Alternative work arrangements are suitable for a diverse workforce. In most cases, it provides motivation to the employees. In fact, the employees are able to perform better in an environment that is flexible and supportive given that they able to handle the demands for both work and personal life exhaustively (Jackson, Schuler & Werner , 2011). The employees get a feeling of empowerment when they get the ability to have work locations and schedules that suit them. There are no frictions between their personal life and work life. A special group that alternative work arrangements would be suitable for our employees with physical disabilities. People with such disabilities may be so productive and skillful that the company needs them, but without the alternative work arrangements, they would get hindrances that would affect their productivity (Nelson & Quick, 2012). With alternative work arrangements, it is also possible to get services from the best employees wherever they are without having to consider relocation. They are also able to work part-time without any inconvenience. The professionals do not have to be inconvenienced by leaving behind their families or sacrificing their personal needs based on relocation. The case also helps organizations in cutting down operations costs (Angelo & Ricky, 2008). The potential drawbacks and limitations of using flextime, job sharing and telecommuting and their possible solutions The first disadvantage is that the use of flexible work arrangements is not suitable for all employees or all kinds of jobs. Some of the means applied in the flexible work arrangements can drain the employees’ productivity. In some instances, flexible work arrangements may become disastrous, where they are used by employees who are not able to resist temptations at home (Nelson & Quick, 2012). The irresistible temptations are not related to such employees work, but they concentrate on accomplishing the responsibilities a whole day. The use of flextime can also generate effects on customer service since there can be periods when customers have to wait for a while to be attended to while the employees have not yet reported (Jackson, Schuler & Werner , 2011). Such an occurrence may lead to a lack or reduction of trust in employees by customers leading to a possible reduction in the sales of the company. The application of flexible work arrangements also requires adequate preparation and investment in technology to be successful. According to Griffin and Moorhead (2013), this may prove to be costly and time-consuming before it becomes fully effective. To ensure that the company does not suffer based on its flexible work arrangements, HP should ensure that it puts in place measures for evaluating employees to ensure that they do not take advantage of the flexible work arrangements, which could lead to negative effects on the company. The company should also invest more in technology to ensure the efficiency of the sys
Process Costing at The Coca-Cola Company The Coca-Cola Company is a multinational beverage corporation engaged in the manufacturing, retail, and marketing of bottled nonalcoholic drinks. Incorporated in 1892 and headquartered in Atlanta, the company is the largest beverage producer and distributor globally, with an expansive product portfolio offered in over 200 countries and territories worldwide. Over the years, the Coca-Cola company has continuously expanded its product range innovatively and dynamically to satisfy the ever-growing demand and market for carbonated soft drinks. In this regard, the firm has a robust brand establishment spread across various market segments, including dairy, coffee, tea, dairy, and plant-based juices, water, and other soft drinks. Its most popular beverages include Coke, Sprite, Minute Maid, Ades, Fanta, Schweppes, and Dasani. These products are highly standardized across all countries and regions where they are offered, implying that all consumers receive the same commodity. Although the company manufactures a wide range of products, the identical nature, volume, and consistency of the manufacturing operations make process costing the ideal cost distribution model. The Nature of the Coca-Cola’s Work and the Range of Products its Manufactures The Nature of the Company’s Work The Coca-Cola Company is a beverage manufacturing company with an expansive product and brand portfolio. The multinational is the leading producer of nonalcoholic soft drinks with a product line spread across nutrition commodities, energy drinks, fruit juices, bottled water, caffeine-free drinks, and sugar and calorie-free refreshments (Mayureshnikam & Patil, 2018). These products are manufactured in large volumes and are standardized across over 200 countries and territories globally (Chua et al., 2020). In this regard, all Coca-Cola commodities are identical despite the geographical locality from which they are purchased. This implies that despite the diverse attributes of customers from different regions, they all end up buying similar products. For instance, a person who buys a bottle of Coke from an outlet in the United States ends up consuming the exact item as someone who procures it from a supermarket in Dubai. Among the prominent reasons for this occurrence is that Coca-Cola manufactures syrups, beverage bases, and concentrates for onward distribution. In this regard, one feature of Coca-Cola’s work is the production of identical and standardized commodities for its customers globally. Additionally, the specific products manufactured by Coca-Cola are produced continuously for extended periods in all of their production facilities and bottling establishments across the world. Although each beverage has its unique processes and ingredients, the procedures and operational steps are repeated numerous times while utilizing the same personnel, materials, and equipment. This implies that Coca-Cola uses a continuous flow manufacturing model in which the finished products are manufactured in a perpetual cycle, generating exten
The Inner Workings of the Fat File System The FAT file system, which is also called the file allocation table, is a straightforward record structure built for small configurations. Consequently, the configurations of the FAT file are stored in the root volume folder. The formatted volume of the FAT file system is allotted in clusters. However, the FAT volume managers and control the default clusters. The FAT file system is assigned a default number size of 16 bits. The partition boot sector stores system files used by the FAT configuration. As a result, information stored in the FAT file is encrypted and managed by the partition boot sector. Consequently, the master boot record utilizes the partition boot sector on the framework segment to control the system kernel. The system kernel is the brain box of the FAT file. When users store information in the FAT file, the records are given the most readily accessible areas on the volume. The first group number is the address of the main cluster utilized by the document. Each subgroup contains a pointer to the following cluster in the document (Rusbarsky 4). A FAT record has four bits that can be controlled by the client. The attributes of the FAT file system include the read-alone file, system folder, hidden folder, and archive folder. The Inner workings of the NTFS File System The fundamental idea of NTFS is that every file is a document. As a result, the metadata record is stored as a document. The metadata of the NTFS file system is the operating system kernel. However, the metadata comprises different elements. The most essential one is the master file table, which incorporates a folder called the MTF section. The MTF section provides folder locks for files and catalog information. As a result, each catalog of data contains specific information and characteristics. Therefore, a record folder may be transferred to another subgroup if the information cannot fit in one catalog. The primary features of the NTFS file system include name conventions, security, and partition size. The inner workings of the NTFS file system start from the boot record. Nevertheless, to execute the NTFS configuration, the metadata sends specific commands as authorized by the user. In terms of unauthorized access and data loss, the NTFS file system provides effective folder security. Authorizations can be allotted to specific records and folders. Each document or file in the NTFS segment has an access control list. It contains the user and security identifier, and the benefits conceded to them. The size of the NTFS catalog or document can be 16 Exabytes. The document size ranges between 1MB and 64GB. The NTFS file system supports folder mapping. It implies that the folder framework recognizes bad sectors in each catalog. By implication, the metadata sends commands to isolate bad
The Things They Carried by Tim O’Brien is a story about the war in Vietnam presented from the point of view of simple soldiers who are regarded as adolescents despite the fact that they are only 19. Reading this story one may understand what war meant for those boys who used to be always at home, to play with their friends, go out dating with girls, who used to live careless lives; now they appeared in dangerous situations which they feel helpless about. The story is full of symbols which intensify the impression from reading the book. The very title of this piece of writing is symbolic which is going to be considered in detail. As it has been mentioned, The Things They Carried by Tim O’Brien is full of different symbols which help understand the full meaning of the story along with the significance of the title and its impact on the vision of the piece of writing. First of all, the symbolism of the title should be discussed. The Things They Carried in the Tim O’Brien’s story is the title which depicts the very idea of the plot. The story describes the life of soldiers who are taken from their ordinary lives to the war. The title paves the way to the discussion. The main idea of the title is fully understood when one reads the story up to the end, when one plunges into the world of solders’ discussions, memories, the things they carried with them and the way those things helped the reader understand the inner world of every soldier. Leaving behind the discussion of the things as objects, it should be stated that along with those objects each soldier experienced a lot of other ‘things” like emotions. Soldiers’ lives discussed in the story are complicated due to the fact that these soldiers used to be ordinary kids with no responsibility bearing for others. Fear, pain, remorse and similar feelings are part and parcel of each soldier who participates in the war. Therefore, using the word “things” in the title of the story, the author means not only the objects which are present in the pocket of each soldier, what the author really means are the feelings and emotions soldiers have to suffer while at war. It should be mentioned that the feelings perfectly fit the story telling, however. It seems that the author tries to tell the readers that the things soldiers carry tell much about their personalities, their past and present lives, about their identities, etc. The symbolic meaning of the title helps understand the theme and the purpose of the story which is really important in getting the author’s idea. Turning to the discussion of the very things the soldiers carry as the symbolic issues, it should be mentioned that each of the soldiers carries both things that are similar for all and their personal objects which are often unseen to others. The similar objects at the war are their guns and the hope to stay alive and come back home to their beloved, parents, friends. Protective gears are also the symbols of their hope. The author discusses the armory in detail. Depending on the objects and things carried by the soldiers, their positions may be understood, “what they carried was partly a function of rank, partly of field specialty” (Tim
Introduction Genetic engineering refers to the alteration of genetic make-up of an organism through the use of techniques to introduce a new DNA or eliminate a given hereditable material (Morgan 54). It involves manipulating the genetic make-up of an organism in order to come up with a more superior organism that can easily survive under the given environment where a normal organism may find it challenging. Although genetic engineering had existed before in breeding, 1972 is widely believed to be the time when scientists, such as Paul Berg, started making scientific researches on how genetic engineering can be used in other areas. According to Peacock (54), genetic engineering had existed before this period, especially in breeding. However, it was in the 1970s that the scientists started making tremendous steps in this field. Scientists such as James Watson, Francis Crick, Paul Berg, Herbert Boyer, Stanly Cohen, and Robert Swanson are some of the people who made positive impacts in the development of genetic engineering. At first, these scientists focused on coming up with organisms that were resistant to the new environmental forces. The focus was on coming up with better breeds of plants and animals that were resistant to the changing weather patterns. Then, genetically modified foods emerged as a solution to the changing climatic conditions. Although the issue of genetically modified foods has remained a highly controversial field, Stanley (41) says that scientists have made impressive steps in coming up with a scientific solution to the new problems caused by global warming around the world. Currently, genetic engineering is playing a critical role in the field of medicine. In this essa