ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Climate change underscores the different happenings or changes that happen to the weather over a long period. Since the issue is related to human activities, it has been termed as an environmental risk. Climate change is a controversial issue since some scholars argue that it has extreme effects on the existence of human beings and other living things, while others hold that it has low or minimal effects. This issue has elicited heated debates and opinions from many scholars. This paper will analyse the ideas of two scholarly journal articles with different viewpoints of climate change. Leiserowitz, A. (2005). American risk perceptions: Is climate change dangerous? Risk Analysis , 25 (6), 1433-1442. In this article, Leiserowitz is interested in understanding public perceptions regarding climate change. He holds the belief that public “risk perceptions compel political, economic and social actions towards a particular risk, and thus public support or opposition to climate change has a strong influence of the risks and dangers of the potential environmental risk” (Leiserowitz, 2005, p. 1435). In addition, Steg, van den Berg, and de Groot (2013) posit that risk perception “refers to people’s subjective judgement about the risk that is associated with some activity, event, or technology” (p. 17). Based on this argument, the majority of Americans have blurred risk perception of climate change. The author uses the results of a study that was carried in 2003 to highlight public perceptions about climate change. According to many Americans, climate change is a low risk. According to the study, people living in the US do not consider climate change as a grievous issue, and it will most probably be an issue to people from distant lands. The author believes that the issue is important because it has caught the attention of many researchers and scientists. However, he says that the issue does not deserve much attention as in the eyes of the public it poses minimal risk. The study was carried among different populations in the United States, and they all showed little support to climate change as a pertinent issue in society. People across the United States believe that there are more pressing issues, and climate change is not one of them. They hold that the phenomenon is part of climate and they have no control to it, and thus they should focus on the pressing issues, which they can control and influence. Thomas, D., Cameron, A., Green, E., Bakkenes, M., Beaumont, J., Collingham, C.,… & Williams, E. (2004). Extinction risk from climate change. Nature , 427 (6970), 145-148. According to Thomas et al. (2004), climate
The Tale of Kieu is full of characters, producing long-lasting impressions upon the reader and Dam Tien is one of them, even despite the fact that its role is only supplementary. Dam Tien is an apparition or a ghost that tells the fortune of other people; it represents itself in the form of a young woman. Nguyễn Du first mentions this character when Kieu finds her grave. This ghost appears to her and makes a prophecy about the course of major character’s life. In particular, she says that Kieu will have to undergo a great number of hardships and miseries before she eventually finds happiness and love. It should be noted that the author provided us with biographical details about this character. In the past, she was a singer, “renowned for looks and gifts” (Nguyễn & Huỳnh, p 35, line 63). The writer also tells us that Dam Tien enjoyed considerable success among man who virtually “jostled at her door” (Nguyễn & Huỳnh, p 35, line 64). We also know that this character died in the prime of her life and to some extent, she became a symbol of youth and beauty and ,most importantly, their brevity. Kieu learned about her life from the story told by Vuong Quan. In this respect, Dam Tien is very reminiscent to Kieu; they are both beautiful and well-educated but their lives are tied with misfortunes (Teo, 352). We do not know whether Dam Tien is sympathetic of the main character or not. She manifests itself only to mark important moments of Kieu’s life but she does not act a guide. However, she appears at those times, when the main heroine needs some consolation (Stickney, 206). We should also mention that in the past Dam Tien was a songwriter and she is able to appreciate poetry and lyrics. So, when she reads Dam Tien’s lyrics, she praised them and in a way this is also consolation. By praising Kieu’s lyrics this ghost indicated to the main character that she is not alone in her sufferings and that there might be some other people who may understand her or at least try to do it. This is one of its major contributions to the Tale of Kieu. This character plays an important part in the development of the plot, since the memories of Dam Tien’s prophecy drive Kieu into the depth of despair and she attempts suicide, yet she was saved by Giac Duyen. This ghost becomes the only creature to whom the main character can tell about her misfortunes and grieves. Yet, one should regard this ghost only as an ill omen since in later parts of the poem Dam Tien finally tells Kieu that she will eventually find her love. She says “with many days ahead, you shall fulfill/your great past love, reap future happiness” (Nguyễn & Huỳnh, line 141). Again, one has to emphasize the idea that this ghost is observed only by Kieu; other characters do no notice it. Thus, one can argue that it might be a figment of Kieu’s imagination. As it has been said before, Dam Tien is a secondary character but it does help the reader to better understand the inner w
In general, the term accountability stands for taking responsibility for one’s actions and accepting any mistakes or failures. Professionals have to be able to stand for their decisions, explain reasoning for engaging in specific activities, and handle criticism appropriately. Talking about the healthcare industry, accountability is especially significant. In case there is a lack of this specific concept in an organization, the quality of care decreases, patients become less satisfied with the treatment they receive, and the overall reputation of the facility may be ruined. The absence of accountability can even put the life of patients at risk. Therefore, it is vital to research this topic more and educate professionals about the importance of accountability and delivery of quality treatment in the healthcare industry. The following paper will discuss the specified concept in more detail by mentioning some characteristics and processes connected to it. Accountability Care Organization: Definition, Comparison, and Strategies Accountable Care Organizations, also referred to as ACOs, are an important addition to the healthcare field since they play an essential role in payment transformation. LaPointe (2019) mentioned that ACOs are associations of hospitals and other providers who aim at coordinating care for patients and delivering appropriate treatments, “while avoiding unnecessary utilization of services and medical errors” (para. 2). It is common for ACO participants to take responsibility and cover total costs of care for sick individuals (LaPointe, 2019). It is believed that coordination and performance through Accountable Care Organizations is a critical step towards managing the problems connected to the quality of healthcare. For instance, ACOs have the power to contribute to fixing the ineffective fee-for-service system which is a model where services are paid for separately (LaPointe, 2019). This method allows doctors to gain financial benefits by proving quantity rather than quality, influencing their patients’ well-being in a negative way. Therefore, ACO are groups of healthcare facilities or specialists that can help the medical industry to manage problems and positively impact the quality of its operations. Health Maintenance Organization is another popular development that exists in the field of healthcare. HMO is a structure that provides health insurance coverage for a specific fee (Hayes, 2020). These organizations secure their network of care providers by being in constant and official contracts with primary care physicians, various specialists, and different types of healthcare facilities (Hayes, 2020). Thus, it can be stated that the main difference between an ACO and HMO is that the second organization is an insurance company while the first is not. The second distinctive feature is that HMO is a considerably structured entity with a number of regulations and restrictions. At the same time, an Accountable Care Organization gives its customers an opportunity to move within its framework. In addition, while ACOs are focused on the quality of care, HMOs have measurable standards to determi
Defining Demographic transition A demographic transition is a process that shows how a country’s population changes due to high and low birth and death rates (Soares & Bruno, 2008). Developed countries experienced demographic transitions in the 18 th century and the process is still in progress (Soares & Bruno, 2008). On the other hand, developing countries experienced the transition later on while others are still in their first and second stages. The demographic transition has four stages of development which are commonly called phases. The process is determined by monitoring the Crude Birth Rate, CBR and the Crude Death Rate, CDR. The four phases of demographic transition The demographic transition as indicated earlier has four main phases or stages namely, the Pre-Transitional, the Early Transition, the Transitional, and the Post-Transitional stages . The pre-transitional phase has the highest death and birth rates. Just before the industrial revolution, European countries had a very high crude death and birth rates (Soares & Bruno, 2008). This was influenced by the demand for labor and generational perpetuity. The need to have children to secure the family lineage was also a contributing factor. The high death rate required families to have more children in order to guarantee the continued existence of the family unit. The high birth rate was to enhance effective labor in the fields since an increase in the population meant an increase in the labor force. On the other hand, the high rate of deaths was caused by poor health services at that time. Due to poor health services, people would succumb to death after a short illness and this escalated the crude death rate. In the Early transition stage, crude birth rate remains high but the death rate decreases. This is caused by development in the health sector where new methods of treatment were developed and the sanitation improved (Rosenberg, 2013). This reduced the deaths occurring due to infections and diseases. It led to an increase in the population. There was a rapid increase in the number of births, which surpassed the number of deaths. The increase in the number of children being born became a burden to the community since they did not contribute in the creation of wealth (McNicoll, 2006). This was the experience in the mid-18th century although the situation changed in the 20 th century when the transitional stage began (McNicoll, 2006). During the 21 st century, both the CBR and CDR were at a low rate and in equilibrium (Soares & Bruno, 2008). This phase of transition has been achieved by most of the developed countries like the United States and Germany. Finally, the post-transitional period is the absolute phase in the progression of the demographic transition (Soares & Bruno, 2008). Most of the developed countries are currently in the stage where both the crude birth and death rates are very low. This is influenced by improving sanitation and family planni
Marketers are faced with ethical challenges when advertising their products via mass media; the most challenge is to come up with adverts that do not divide the community in social classes or in lines of economic welfare; one burning question in the profession is whether it’s ethical for marketers to use the mass media to promote products that most members of the lower class or working class cannot afford. This paper seeks to support that it’s ethical to market for the well to do in the community using mass media. When choosing the market segment marketers have the option of choosing incomes differences as the mode of their marketing; when using this approach, the market is divided into low class, working class and high class; entirely there is no problem advertising over the mass media despite the products being marketed not affordable for the low and medium income earners; however some factors need not be considered. The advert should not be made in such a way that the less fortunate feel oppressed or discriminated by the system, the marketers should look into their language, mode and the tone of the advert. When making an advert, the marketers should look for a language that the target market would understand without creating any suspicion on other potential markets. For instance, the advert may have a harmonious message that does to hurt or stick in the minds of low earners but speaks volumes to the well to do in the society. Auguring that it will be unethical to advertise for the well doing societal members through mass Medias will result to not considering their rights to be informed and to the company making such products it will have issues reaching the markets. When coming up with an advert, what makes the action ethical or non-ethical is the mind of the marketer as well as the implications that the advert is likely to offer; when the process is well conducted, it will be able to differentiate the well to do and the less fortunate without creating some tension among them. In well structured societies (where equality is advocate for and measures enacted to attain it), adverts can be source of inspiration and motivation to the less fortunate as they look forward to afford the lifestyle portrayed and the end result is a society that appreciates the situation as it is and probably improves their conditions. Adverts play a vital role in socialization; when children get used to see adverts for the high class, they are likely to develop the hunger to work hand to reach the lifestyle they can see; in the end, the adverts lead to societies that values hard-work. The adverts assist in opening the mind and grow the hunger for wealth creating. Actual
Change is encountered relatively often in nursing. As a result, the phenomenon of resistance to change is also present in a variety of nursing contexts (Johansson, Åström, Kauffeldt, Helldin, & Carlström, 2014; Tyler, Lepore, Shield, Looze, & Miller, 2014). Resistance to change needs to be managed (Appelbaum, Degbe, MacDonald, & Nguyen-Quang, 2015), and nursing leadership is a major tool employed to this end. Thus, when applied to nursing, resistance to change is a relatively common challenge that nursing leadership can be used to address. Because of continuous quality improvement efforts, which can, for example, aim to incorporate new evidence-based practices, technologies, and so on, nursing is often associated with change (Tyler et al., 2014; Small et al., 2016). In turn, the latter is habitually challenged by resistance to change (Appelbaum et al., 2015), and this effect is encountered in nursing rather frequently (Tyler et al., 2014). Therefore, the negative outcomes of resistance to change, including slower implementation and difficulties in achieving success, are applicable to nursing. However, as pointed out by Appelbaum et al. (2015), the phenomenon can also be viewed as an opportunity that a good leader can manage. Thus, the positive outcomes of resistance to change, including the criticisms which result in its improvement, are also of consequence to nursing. Leadership is crucial for managing a variety of issues present in human interaction (Chun & Choi, 2014), and it can be particularly important in nursing (Haynes & Strickler, 2014). As a result, its application to resistance to change is reasonable. In fact, leadership appears to be a tool for the management of this challenge, and there is a number of activities that a nursing leader can perform to control resistance to change. For example, the understanding of the phenomenon is a necessity; a leader needs to acknowledge the positive and negative features of resistance. Furthermore, leaders should investigate the specifics of the opposition exhibited by their followers and focus on its causes. The successful identification of the reasons for resistance can help to resolve many issues associated with it (Appelbaum et al., 2015). For example, nurses might lack the skills or understanding required to perform or appreciate the change. In that case, their leader should communicate the project’s vision and empower the followers (Small et al., 2016). Additionally, a common source of resistance is anxiety (Appelbaum et al., 2015). It also needs to be investigated to determine its causes and appropriately addressed, for example, by providing more information, offering trial periods, and so on (Pashaeypoor, Ashktorab, Rassouli, & Alavi-Majd, 2016). In summary, being informed and finding customized approaches to managing resistance seems to be the key to its successful management in nursing. Additionally, the topic of organizational culture should be mentioned. Conservative culture is typically associated with increased resistance to change, which is why a
Important considerations when determining patrol distribution Preventive patrolling is an essential part of law enforcement actions. It may be necessary for patrols to be in the right place at the right time. Therefore, determining patrol distribution may be crucial and may require several considerations. First, it may be vital to identify the primary mission of the patrol. Taking potential directives and policies to be enforced into consideration may contribute to the higher efficiency of patrolling. Second, it may be beneficial to use a statistic in order to determine the time and location of possible crimes. Hence, it may be necessary to take the working hours of theaters, service clubs, and community clubs into consideration. Moreover, taking traffic patterns and frequent accidents into account may serve the same cause. Last but not least, it is vital to consider personnel available for patrol. Resources are limited, and human resources are not an exception. Hence optimizing personnel management is vital. It is necessary not only to provide optimal area coverage but also to provide patrol units with a relatively equal workload. Shifting patrol areas and objectives may allow personnel to work on equal terms, improving morale and job satisfaction. Comparison of patrol allocation and distribution differences in a major urban city and a small rural community It may also be needed to take geolocation data into consideration when planning patrol allocation and distribution. Social and demographic aspects of the area may significantly influence the effectiveness of implemented methods. Even though patrol planning in major cities and small rural communities may share some similarities, there are also considerable differences in approach. These differences and similarities are closely linked with the primary considerations in patrol planning. For example, careful available personnel consideration may be significant for both highly populated urban areas and rural communities. Although there may be significantly fewer patrol units in rural areas, such areas also provide lower crime rates and population density. Places with higher crime frequency may significantly differ in cities and the countryside. For instance, traffic patterns are different as traffic jams are not peculiar to rural areas. High-risk places may also vary depending on the area of patrol. In rural areas, large distances also influence patrol allocation and distribution. Communication issues in such places require particular attention as it may take more time for reinforcements to arrive in case of emergency. Conclusively, general principles are relevant for patrol allocation regardless of patrolling areas, yet it may be necessary to consider specific conditions to optimize workflow. Fundamental Factors that lead Individuals toward Terrorism Terrorism is one of the most significant issues, which requires constant attention. It may be optimal to reduce the number of te
Introduction Leadership is an essential aspect for the success of any organization in the world. This concept has been in existence for thousands of years. All through the history of humanity, we have read about great leaders, the influence they had on people and the success that has was accrued from their leadership. In modern history, the concept of leadership has been integrated in the management of various firms and organizations. These firms have discovered that strong leadership is an essential factor to their success. As a result, organizations have been looking for individuals with desired leadership skills to lead their organizations (Rowe, 2007). Leadership is therefore the process through which an individual gathers and earns support of others through social enlistment so that they can work together to attain certain goals and objectives that have been set (Stogdill, 1989). The achievement of these goals and objectives ensures that the organization becomes cohesive and coherent. As a result, it will be much easier for the organization to achieve its long-term mission, vision, goals and objectives. However, for an organization to achieve all these, it must have a good leader with desirable leadership qualities. This is due to the fact that it is the leader who initiates directs and controls the growth and development of an organization. Therefore, the success of an organization depends on the effectiveness and efficiency of the leader. To inspire his/her followers, the leader has to be, know and do certain things that will enable his followers to work together as a team to achieve the specific goals and objectives of the organization. This can only be acquired through experience and study. With respect to all this, the question as to whether leadership is a transformational process or a form of control always arises. Although they may seem similar in theory, their concept and application is very different. To understand these concepts, this paper will critically analyze leadership, its requirements, roles and objectives. The discussions and conclusions that will be made shall be used to determine whether leadership is a transformational process or a form of control. The Process of Leadership The process of leadership is applied by putting into practice the knowledge and skills that the leaders have learned through time. This is what is called the process of leadership (Northouse, 2007). It has been disputed for a long time that leadership is an inborn character. However, from the studies that have been conducted, it has been proved that leadership is a quality that can be leaned through practice and experience. However, for an individual to be a leader, he/she has to posses traits and qualities that influence his/her thoughts or actions. This is what scholars refer to as the trait of leadership (Jago, 1982). These include the beliefs, values, cultures and ethics of an individual. These factors affect the manner in which an individual looks at a situ