ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction A massive collection of artifacts, objects and human remains of Australian aboriginals were stolen and shipped to different parts of the world in the late nineteenth century. Different countries used the remains for scientific research. The scientists believed that the human remains would give invaluable insights into biological disparities amid races. The Aboriginals of Australia believe that the transfer of human remains to other parts of the world amounted to an act of aggression on the spirits of the deceased (Byrne 75). Indeed, they allege that the spirits have never rested since the shipment of the remains. Hence, they demand the repatriation of the human remains, indigenous objects, and artifacts as a way to appease the spirits. Additionally, the removal of artifacts and original objects from Australia deprived the aboriginals of the right to govern their cultural heritage. For over twenty years, the Torres Strait Islanders people and aboriginals have campaigned for repatriation of the human remains, material culture, and artifacts held in different museums across the globe. They have worked in liaison with the Australian government. Their effort led to an agreement between the governments of the United Kingdom (UK) and Australia to repatriate human remains held in Britain (Byrne 81). The repatriation of original objects, artifacts, and human remains has significant meanings and consequences to the indigenous communities in Australia. This essay will discuss some of the implications and consequences of repatriation of human remains, original objects, and artifacts. The article will use case studies of repatriation to support its position. Meanings of Repatriation Colonial masters extracted the remains of the aboriginal from burial sites, graves, asylums, hospitals, and prisons. They shipped the remains to France, Britain, Austria, Germany, Scotland, United States, Italy, Czech Republic, Sweden, Holland, and Ireland disguised as kangaroo bones. The transfer of human remains to overseas countries meant that the aboriginals could not pay respect to their deceased relatives. Today, the aboriginals believe that the “spirits of those whose remains are not at home cannot rest” (Byrne 85). They hold that the spirits of the relatives whose remains were transferred to Britain and other countries continue to wander. One of the aboriginal lawyers claimed that the transfer of human remains to overseas countries caused an astronomical damage on the indigenous people. The attorney argued that the remains had significant value to the aboriginals. According to the native population, having the remains of loved ones in their native country was as imperative as having land rights. The repatriation of the remains gives the spirits of the deceased an opportunity to rest. Moreover, it grants the aboriginals an opportunity to pay respect to their relatives. The demand to repatriate human remains led to the repatriation of at least 60 people from Smithsonian in Washington in 2010. The human remains had been stolen from Arnhem Land (Kenney 503). Moreover, in 2013, the Charite Hospital in Germany repatriated more r
The American preacher Jonathan Edwards actively calls on the restitution of the Puritan way of life. Like many preachers before him, Edwards finds his inspiration in the Bible. His sermon Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God is an emotional appeal to turn back to the traditional for the pioneer’s strict postulates of the religion. As one of the most important theologians of the Great Awakening, Edwards directs his sermon to the audience which forgets about God and worships the other gods. Edwards tries to persuade people to turn back to the Puritan way of life. The sermon reflects the spite of the preacher. Using rhetorical techniques and imagery, Edwards makes his tone sharper. The picture of God’s anger makes Edwards’ sermon quite convincing. He says that any time God can lose patience and wipe all the people off the face of the earth. This vivid and detailed example should set people’s thinking. One of the major arguments of the sermon is an image of hell as a punishment for those who live in sin. According to Christianity, sinners will be in agony in hell. Edwards emphasizes the realness of hell and Satan. People have to understand that hell is a terrible place and to save this impression for the rest of their lives. However, Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God reminds us about the mercy of God and the value of repentance. Two different tones of Edwards’ sermon show his apprehension of the decline of morality and, at the same time, a hope that people can turn back. Preacher’s confidence in a providential punishment is a typically Christian point of view. However, Edwards goes deeper. As an advocate of the Puritan way of life, he rejects all the relaxation of restrictions. He blames people and says about their guilt. According to Edwards, people deserve to burn in hell. Those who don’t follow Christ will not receive forgiveness. Nevertheless, Edwards hopes that the audience understands his appeal. They have an extraordinary opportunity to repent and feel God’s mercy. The fear of God’s punishment is an important postulate of Christianity. Edwards uses this image to persuade wickers of the contrition’s significance. This practice is widely used by the Puritans who emphasize an obligatoriness of the Bible’s laws. Edwards reminds of the pioneers who had a peaceful and full of divine grace life. With the final appeal, Edwards gives hope for the people out of Christ. Religion was a big part of the Puritan’s life. The Bible was a source of inspiration for Edwards. Trying to warn the sinners against God’s punishment, the preacher uses the Bible image of hell and at the same time reminds people about God’s mercy. Such fear-love relationships are a perfect argument to convince people and to convert to Christianity. Edwards’ technique of vivid images and metaphors makes the work bright and persuasive. His dogma that only God can save everyone from the hell is typical for all Christian preachers. Based on the traditional Christian postulates, Edwards’ sermon Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God is an example of the good preacher’s work that can persuade people to turn back to the sinless life within Christianity
A financial market is a broad term defining a ‘forum’ where buyers and sellers can exchange various financial assets such as but not limited to stocks, bonds, currencies, options, and derivatives. The financial market is seen as a vital element of the capitalist economy model as it allows to generate capital formation and liquidity for firms and entrepreneurs. The financial market provides the infrastructure, structural guidelines, and regulations for companies to utilize traditional or their own unique financial instruments that can be used for sale or raising investment capital. Financial instruments are typically assets or capital packages that can be traded, ranging from traditional bonds and stocks on the market to more complex derivative instruments such as options and debt-based financial securities (Higgins, 2019). A recent news article by Thompson & Riley describes the issues faced by the international bank Credit Suisse, taking a $4.7 billion loss due to the collapse of the U.S. hedge fund Archegos. This resulted in significant pretax loss as well as the outing of the top investment banker and chief risk officer executives at Credit Suisse. It seemed that Archegos borrowed money from Credit Suisse and the bank likely oversaw some asset management in the hedge fund which bought massive stock positions in stocks including media companies. However, once share prices dropped, they could not pay back lenders and Archegos imploded. As a result, Credit Suisse is seeing declining share price, regulator scrutiny, and other issues due to other similar scandals where the bank’s money is being used to back wrongful investment (Thompson & Riley, 2021). The story demonstrates various use of the financial market by involved stakeholders such as Credit Suisse, Archegos, investors and lenders for the Archegos, as well as shareholders of Credit Suisse. The use of various instruments such as debt notes, stock market investment, and asset management were being used. Furthermore, this incident and others in recent couple of years have highlighted the need for stronger regulation of the financial market as despite the increased scrutiny for lenders after the 2008 financial crisis, the reckless financial market behavior and manipulation that was once practiced by banks (i.e. Lehman Brothers) has not gone away. Reference Higgins, R. (2019). Analysis for financial management (12th ed.). McGraw-Hill. Thompson, M., & Riley, C. (2021). Credit Suisse execs out as bank takes $4.7 billion hit from hedge fund collapse. CNN Business . Web.
Introduction In a highly integrated world, where technologies are capturing more and more aspects of business relations, sustaining a company that relies solely on sales at physical stores has become not only challenging but also ineffective. Stores are suffering from a variety of available online retailers that offer both competitive prices and speedy delivery. Therefore, the growth of e-commerce businesses implies a strategic shift in many organizations because it is the right strategy that can help a company clarify its direction, preserve an operational planning framework, increase organizational effectiveness, and boost satisfaction of clients and personnel (Bhasin 2018). Therefore, ‘brick and mortar’ retailers are dying not only because e-commerce businesses are rising but also because they do not have the right approach to the strategy of their business. The key benefit of setting business objectives is associated with the understanding of where a company wants to go and how it would get there. Companies that fail to identify their business objectives are more likely to experience slow or even no growth at all (Woodruff 2018). However, despite the rise of online retail, physical stores still have the opportunity to grow, especially when they develop appropriate marketing strategies that will attract new customers and sustain their competitive advantage. In this assessment, the challenges traditional stores face will be discussed in the context of the expanding impact of e-commerce. E-Commerce Growth and ‘Brick and Mortar’ Decline The decline of physical stores and the growth of e-commerce prompts companies to conduct an environmental analysis to identify factors that could affect the success or failure of a business (Arthur n.d.). Effective environmental analysis is crucial for ‘brick and mortar’ stores because it will help to make changes in a company’s strategic plan. As this type of analysis looks at the outside factors that influence a business (political, economic, technical, and social), it can have a positive impact on strategic planning. For instance, in a weak economy, companies are usually required to spend more on advertising in order to capture the attention of the audience. In the context of e-commerce growth, an environmental analysis will show a company whether it needs to adapt to the growing demands of customers while maintaining physical stores or completely change its strategy and transform into an online business. Data on the Competition Between Traditional and Digital Retailers E-commerce has been gaining more influence in the market with each year while physical stores suffer; these two players are the ‘protagonists’ of a drama in the ever-changing retail industry (Sajad 2017). According to the recent statistics on e-commerce, the growth of the industry equals 23% year-over-year; however, 46% of businesses do not have a website (Hatch 2018). Amazon is the largest player in the sphere of online retail, accounting for 44% of all Internet sales (Hatch 2018). The net revenue of the company continues to increase wi
Abstract This essay will look at the effect of a change in tax rate in an economy. Based on the current economic and financial crisis relationships with be established on taxation with work incentives, labor productivity, investment decisions, budget and the rich so as to make informed opinion. When an economy is facing a crisis, it adjusts its tax system as policy to rectify the deficit in the economy. For instance, United States has been hardly hit by the economic crisis and is contemplating on increasing taxes for the rich. The change in taxation has both positive and negative effects. Introduction The current economic and financial crisis has adversely affected all the countries in the world. Those that have been hard hit by the crisis include the United States of America and European countries. Other countries, especially developing countries are suffering from the spill over effects. In United States, the effects of this crisis have been evident in various sectors of the economy. The country has been hit by high rates of employment with nearly ten million people registering for the unemployment benefits. The number of people registering in job search centers has increased, with fresh graduates taking the highest percentage. The economy has failed to create new jobs, with jobs lay off mounting by the day. Most industries are streaming their workforce since they cannot adequately meet their needs, such as paying salaries and other benefits. The situation has rendered a high percent of the populace jobless, with most of them having difficulties in paying their bills. Those who are unable to meet their bills have resorted to pegging in streets so at least to get something to sustain them. The suffering of most Americans has not gone unnoticed, with the President Barack Obama constantly giving an account of government progress on how the crisis is being handled. The most recent announcement by the President is an increase in the rate of tax for the rich. The tax raise among the rich will lead to an increase in national revenue that can then be used to create jobs at national levels. This move has elicited controversy, with some supporting while others attack the move as inappropriate. It is like taking from those who are rich and distributing it to those who are poor. Despite raising taxes for the rich, taxes for foreign people should be lowered. Discussion Taxation is a fiscal policy tool that government can use in order to have a balanced fiscal budget. The government to attain certain objectives like full employment, price stability and economic growth normally uses fiscal policy. Other policy tools that can be used include printing of money, sell of fixed assets, internal or external borrowing as well as consumption of fiscal reserves. When a government is facing huge deficits, tax revenue can be raised by increasing the tax r
Introduction Implementation of projects becomes a challenge in most companies especially if not well planned and hence the need of adopting project management office (PMO). The PMO department is concerned with the processes relating to project management within a company, playing a huge role in defining and maintaining the standards of the particular process. For a PMO implementation to be successful, it should follow the correct set process, possess the right tools and resources and have experienced human resource behind working on it. With the challenges facing the personal computer challenges, AtekPC Company needs to initiate and implement projects to upgrade its information technology sector to deal with the challenges. Purpose and Mission Of Project Management Office The main reason for the need of PMO in AtekPC was to provide a standardized platform to manage the projects and to plan the processes of the initiatives. The main reason of resulting to PMO was due to the fact that the previous projects the Company has implemented did not have lasting results in formalization of practices. The purpose and mission of PMO can vary widely depending on the organization’s structure, project success and experience, available staff and the overall support of project management. The main purpose and mission of PMO include the following (Hill, 2007);   * Allocate funding for the project after its review and approval.   * Come up with developed standard processes and tools for the project.   * Establish the favorable practice methodology to apply in the project.   * Develop and enhance similar language and expectations.   * Employ project staff to work on the projects and manage them centrally.   * To provide training facilities for the staff to increase the management skills required to undertake the project at hand.   * Manage the project’s priorities and governing structure. Challenges and Obstacles In Implementation Of PMO According to Rad and Ginger (2002), launching a PMO just like any other project should be approached cautiously with a set plan to avoid failure. The main challenge faced when implementing PMO is the ability to achieve the main goal of delivering projects on time, on a fixed budget and within the set time line. This is mainly a problem if other projects which have been set up have failed to last as expected. Another challenge likely to be faced during implementation is the cultural difference in the company. Being an organization which is not been PM-based, it will be difficult to bring in a new project easily. This means that the introduction of Project Management Office will most likely face opposition due to cultural differences. Lack of knowledge of how to operate the Project Management Office software may pose as a challenge too
CEO’s Misbehaviors and Reactions of the Board These three scenarios examine the question of sexual harassment. Sexual harassment is one of the misbehaviors in many organizations. The first case shows how the board accused Harry Stonecipher of sexual harassment. This does not constitute “misbehavior” because the relationship was purely consensual. The CEO did not harass her female employee in any way. The board’s decision to remove Harry from office was erroneous. Mark Hurd’s situation is different. The Board of Directors accused Mark of having a close sexual relationship with one of his female contractors. The misbehavior arising from the relationship is that the CEO altered his expenses’ data and reports. This malpractice could defraud the organization. This explains why the board’s decision to terminate Hurd’s contract was necessary (Donaldson, Werhane, & Zandt, 2007). Brian Dunn was a favorite American CEO and entrepreneur. Dunn decided to date one of her female employees. According to the Internal Audit Committee (IAC), Dunn had violated the company’s policy by maintaining a delicate relationship with her female employee. The CEO also gave her gifts thus affecting the integrity of the workplace. The board’s decision was meaningful because the CEO had misbehaved. Issues to Consider when Selecting a New CEO The Board of Directors should always present new ideas to limit these misbehaviors. This calls for the best practices because the board might dismiss some individuals unfairly. According to Bass (2008), the board should begin by analyzing the CEO’s personal life. Every leader and CEO is a human being. These leaders encounter certain challenges in their lives. I would examine the personal relationships formed by every individual before making my decision. The selected CEO should also “set the required tone in order to have acceptable behaviors within the organization” (Kotter & Cohen, 2012, p. 48). Many companies select their CEOs without asking them about their past relationships. This information will ensure the organization hires competent and responsible individuals. This strategy will reduce misbehaviors in the company. The board should also inform the targeted candidates about the organization’s policies and regulations. Every CEO should also be responsible. The idea will reduce the possibilities of such misbehaviors. The board should also inform the CEO about the “consensual or love contract agreements in the organization” (Bass, 2008, p. 74). Such policies will ensure the CEO understands his or her obligations as the leader of the targeted organization (Vries, Bakker-Pieper, & Oostenveld, 2010). CEO’s Competitive Severance Package The three cases explain why many CEOs receive large severance packages. This practice explains why future CEOs must get similar packages after leaving their jobs (Martin, 2010). The CEOs also received stock benefits or sizeabl
Summary The article by Hansen, Nohria and Tierney explores the strategies of knowledge management in different types of organisations. Knowledge management in business is a crucial aspect of being successful and maintaining the development of the company. There are two different knowledge transition strategies. First one is called the codification strategy, which represents an approach towards the passing of the commercial knowledge by means of its codification and storage in computer programs and databases. This strategy makes knowledge accessible to anyone who requests it. The other strategy is personalisation of knowledge, where the information is tied to the person responsible for it and is passed by means of communication. Companies are responsible for making the proper choice of the most suitable strategy. The choice of knowledge management strategy determines the type of people a company hires, the way it serves the clients and the ways its business and economics work. Companies that practice personalisation strategy will transfer the knowledge within the business by means of moving people between the departments, providing sessions of communication through email, telephone and face-to-face, calls and letters are returned quickly. This strategy implies a creative and analytical approach. Codification strategy enforces all the workers to fulfill the databases and send the information and reports to special storages, where all the other workers can find and use them. 1 The companies that work with standardised products can rely on codified knowledge, whereas for the companies that produce and sell customised goods, which vary a lot, codification will not be appropriate as it is very limiting. Explicit knowledge based companies should also to reply on codification strategy, as they use standard repeated knowledge. Tacit knowledge, on the contrary, is hard to transmit through databases this is why it needs to be communicated properly face-to-face. Recommendations To my mind, most of the companies today use mixed tactics and employ diverse workers. I think that for the companies that rely on outsourcing and expansion it is important to use both types of knowledge transmission. Personal communication through various courses and seminars will create better understanding and attitudes among the employees, at the same time, when the company operates many branches, some of which are located abroad, it is very convenient to start databases and storages for the knowledge so that the diverse workers can access it every time they need. If we view knowle