ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The National Park Service has performed for more than a hundred years. Nowadays, it protects more than 400 parks throughout the country (“Federal land acquisition,” n.d.). However, the parks are faced with serious problems that are necessary to address in order to preserve such a vulnerable system. The main goal of this paper is to discuss the existing issues related to national parks in the United States, highlighting environmental policies. Millions of tourists visit national parks in the United States, and every year this service attracts more and more people. However, the increased popularity of such areas causes various management problems. For example, tourists who come to the Grand Canyon are much more interested in the services that the national park offers rather than in preservation and tourism. Therefore, such parks have become good businesses. The first significant issue related to national parks is a human impact. The parks need to be preserved for citizens and tourists from all over the world. These areas are popular destinations for a large number of people, but it leads to serious consequences such as environmental damage. The National Park Service had to recycle more than 40 tonnes of waste that was produced by visitors in 2013 (Taylor, 2016). Therefore, the service requires additional support from governments, non-governmental organizations, private companies, and citizens. One of the environmental policies of the National Park Service is aimed at reducing landfill-bound waste. The service specialists develop various strategies to minimize the negative impact of tourists. Another significant issue is federal legislation related to the environment. Governments have to promote environmental policies in order to preserve national parks. There are different examples of such laws. The Land and Water Conservation Fund Act in 1964 obliged oil and gas companies to spend a part of their revenues on the protection of public lands and waters (“LWCF overview,” n.d). Therefore, such firms had to support federal and local environmental programs. However, Congress often uses this money to fund other projects, which negatively affects the National Park Service. Biological threats are another important problem. Global development results not only in new environment-friendly technologies but also in serious damage to nature. Ships often bring dangerous species from overseas that spread throughout the country and distribute various diseases. For example, over the past ten years, white-nose syndrome has caused the deaths of approximately six million bats (Taylor, 2016). Global warming is another negative effect of the progress of human civilization. It also creates biological threats within the national parks. For example, the number of glaciers in Montana Glacier Park has become three times lesser than it was a hundred years ago (Taylor, 2016). Similar problems occur in all parks in the country. In conclusion, the National Park Service promotes the
Everyman is an old English morality play with an anonymous writer. The play presents the idea of salvation in the Christian context. It is believed that the author of the play wrote it during the late fifteenth century (Frohman, 10; Flesch, 179). The play shows Everyman traveling on a long journey to account his life to God. The teaching the play presents is that God records Everyman’s character and actions, which represents the actions and characters of an ordinary person, after death as in a book. On the other hand, The Wanderer presents the case of a man who is in exile and roaming the earth (Channing, 1). This man laments for the loss of his family members, friends and he hates being away from his kind king. In the middle of disillusionment and despair, The Wanderer remembers that it is good to have faith in God in order to be saved. According to The Wanderer, salvation is based on faith in Christ rather than in a man’s own deeds. The Wanderer and Everyman have both similar and contrasting ideas. The author of Everyman used allegorical characters to present his message (Cummings, Para. 6). These characters include Death, Everyman, God, Fellowship, Goods, Good Deeds, Knowledge, Strength, Five Wits, among others. The first scene of the play shows God looking at Everyman from heaven. He sees that Everyman loves the goods and possessions of this earth and has forgotten him. Everyman is young, rich and preoccupied with worldly things. He not only forsaken God, but also despises his fellow human beings who are poor. God therefore becomes angry with Everyman and send his servant Death to take a message to Everyman that he has to embark on a long journey (Effinger, para.1). Everyman is therefore required to put himself in order and be ready for the journey because Death reminds him that there is no returning from that journey. Because of his love of the world, Everyman tries to bribe Death to leave him to continue enjoying his life on earth. However, Death refuses. Everyman tries to ask his Friends, Fellowship and Kinsmen to accompany him for the journey but they let him down. After prayers and penance, his friend Good Deeds, whom he had forgotten for a long time, gets enough energy to accompany him and assist him in presenting his case before God. All the other friends who had promised to go with Everyman like Strength, Discretion, Beauty and Knowledge leave Everyman as he enters the grave. The wanderer is an old English poem that presents an old warrior who roams the world i
As a matter of fact, the scope of advanced nurses’ practice is not homogeneous across the country. In the present day, the District of Columbia and 21 states have approved the status of full practice for nurse practitioners (“Where can nurse practitioners work without physician supervision?” n.d.). In other words, they are allowed to prescribe medications, diagnose, assess, and interpret diagnostic tests independently. At the same time, in a considerable number of states, including Louisiana, nurse practitioners’ autonomy is limited, and every health care provider should enter into a collaborative agreement with a physician to practice. In general, this agreement controls nurses’ activities as it specifies what types of services they may provide, what procedures they may perform, what medical conditions may be treated with and without physician consultation, and what medications may be prescribed and managed (Credentialing Resource Center Digest, 2017). However, the Louisiana State Board of Nursing, advanced registered nurse practitioners, the state’s various medical facilities, including hospitals and nursing homes, and citizens should realize the inexpediency of a collaborative agreement. It may be regarded as a barrier to accessing health care that has a highly negative impact on its quality, and there are several factors that support this statement. First of all, the shortage of primary care physicians may be currently observed in multiple states. Its main reasons include “an aging population, the growing number of insured Americans and too few medical school graduates” (“Nurse practitioners and the primary care shortage,” n.d., para. 3). As a result, rural areas in those states, where nurse practitioners’ scope of practice is limited and physician oversight is required, frequently remain underserved due to the absence of physicians. In other words, citizens cannot receive appropriate treatment as advanced registered nurses are not permitted to perform procedures or prescribe medications independently. In addition, other professionals are not limited by any supervision agreement and may practice freely within their professional jurisdiction and on the basis of their licensure. No collaboration with specialists from other domains is required by regulation or statute (Schrand, 2010). That is why, in the case of nurse practitioners, their obligatory collaborative agreement as to the criteria for the practice and the superiority of physicians’ decisions in the case of non-agreement look unjust. Competent advanced registered nurses are professionals with experience, certification, graduate education, and expertise. They already collaborate with health care providers on a regular basis, and the application of different standards in relation to them is unacceptable. Moreover, compulsory collaboration may lead to conflicts between nurses and physicians that negatively affect patients and may cause delays in health care delivery. On the basis of th
The data received as a result of the crime and victimization surveys state that the rates of crime and victimization in the United States are different depending on many factors which are the demographic factors, the size of the communities and population, the economic factors, and the role o
Evidence-based management entails the use of scientific facts, experiments, or research works that are relevant and current in the decision making process. It has been used in the medical fields to come up with remedies for various chronic illnesses, but unfortunately very few percentages of doctors and physicians utilize this in their decision-making process which encourages intensive scientific research and innovations. This behavior is also exemplified by many business personnels and managers in their business fields. They tend to cling onto their normal routine, tradition and old practices instead of venturing more in innovation and incorporating new insights and technology from other sectors that will boost the company’s productivity. Importing of new ideas also requires thorough analysis and professionalism as it may backfire if not properly implemented and managed. The implementation and actualization of the evidence-based management in an organization always proves to be a tall order because first, there is too much information from publications, newspapers and internet about business management and other related issues that may end up confusing the managers all the more, the information provided mostly contain a lot of theories with very little vital business concepts being addressed. Some provide vague information which does not apply in the ideal business situation, the person offering the data may also be an unqualified business adviser or consultant who is out to make money hence misleading the managers. Both physicians and business personnel tend to follow trends in the market and try to emulate or copy business strategies of the leading firms in the mar
Introduction Amongst all other natural resources available to mankind, lakes are of immense value, holding importance as the water supply for many. Lakes provide water for food, irrigation and farming, transportation and commuting, recreation, and hydropower. A large amount of flora and fauna additionally survives with this form of natural water supply. Approximately 1.7% of the Earth’s surface is covered with lakes, which amount to a total area of 2.3 × 10 6 km 2 . More than 110,000 lakes exist, which are larger than 1 km 2 . Millions of small lakes are also present, of which 800,000 are artificial reservoirs, created over an area of 0.5 × 10 6 km 2 (0.2 × 10 6 mi 2 ). There are many depende
Introduction The nineteenth century was a time of great revolution in the fields of agriculture, communication, transportation, technology, marketing and industry. It is in this period that the collapse of great empires like Portugal, Spain, Mughal, China, and the Holy Roman kingdom happened. As a result, great empires like Germany, Britain, Japan and United States came into being. Great philosophers and religious leaders such as William Booth, who was the main founder of the Salvation Army, Karl Max, Ellen White, and John Stuart Mill, a great philosopher, among others, also arose in this century. 1 This century marked the beginning of great evangelical revivals in various protestant churches. In this century, the modern scientific theory started having its way into the church, something that transformed the way Christians view their faith. Scientific theories like Darwinism encouraged Christian followers to become inquisitive and many of them started doubting the beliefs and values they previously held. 2 Consequently, Christians deviated from the regular and traditional observance of religion and belief in biblical teachings to secularism and faith in personal gods. 3 As soon as the radical effects of scientific secularism became prevalent in the Christian churches, several theologians and scholars like Friedrich Schleiermacher came up to defend Christianity. 4 Unfortunately, their defense did little to protect Christianity from the criticism it faced, since it led to the emergence of liberal theology and Christianity. Liberal theology is on the other side of the same secularism coin, in view of the fact that it facilitated further criticism against the bible after its inception. Liberal theology is defined as a flexible method of understanding and knowing God. Although it uses the scripture, liberal theology still applies the same interpretations and principles used in exploring non-biblical ancient writings. 5 This new philosophy has made it almost impossible for Christians to continue believing the bible is a divinely inspired script that is supposed to dictate their spiritual lives. Instead, they subject the bible to human reasoning and questioning, an action that greatly compromises its authority. This compromise is so grave such that the bible is taken to be an anthology that records the author’s own feelings and beliefs about God. 6 Liberalism has led to the emergence of further criticisms against the bible, therefore creating more reliance on human experience rather than the bible. In an attempt to reject this influence, various radicals have decided to acquire their own religion. Christian fundamentalists arose to oppose these critical approaches to the scripture during the nineteenth century. 7 However, their opposition was a futile attempt as it did not prevent atheistic scientific theories from influencing Christians. These criticisms have led to the emergence of new knowledge concerning religion and science, a factor that has encouraged deism among Christians. It appears like every effort to defend God or the bible results into further attacks on
Introduction Quality of the produced goods or provided services is a primary concern for both, consumers and manufacturers. Quality is a complex notion that comprises the quality of manufacturing processes, service organizations, competitive advantages of products, etc. (Evans & Lindsay, 2014). Various business excellence models help to assess the performance of companies and encourage their further development. Deming Prize and Malcom Baldrige National Quality Award (MBNQA) are among those projects that stimulate performance excellence. Deming Prize vs MBNQA Deming Prize is among the most significant awards on Total Quality Management (“Deming Prize,” n.d.). Established in 1951 by the Japanese Union of Scientists and Engineers, it has been positively influencing the Japanese economy since then and became an international award. MBNQA is the highest award in the United States given to the most recognized companies for performance excellence (“Improve performance and get world-class results,” 2017). Deming Prize is awarded in three categories such as a person, the Deming Application Prizes, and the Quality Control Award for the factory. The Deming Application prizes are awarded both to private and public organizations that comprise “small enterprises, divisions of large corporations, and overseas companies” (“Deming Prize,” n.d., para. 6). In its turn, MBNQA is awarded in six categories such as “manufacturing, service, small business, education, health care, and nonprofit” (“Improve performance and get world-class results,” 2017, para. 6). Both awards have similar categories, but the division of MBNQA is more specific and related to the field of activity. The similarity of the Deming Prize and MBNQA is in the fact that they both emphasize quality. The difference is that MBNQA considers quality to be customer-driven while Deming Prize treats quality as defined by manufacturers. Thus, MBNQA concentrates on quality and customer satisfaction compared to statistical quality control, which is a primary concern of the Deming Prize. In other words, it can be stated that MBNQA applies an approach to quality of management while the Deming Prize is more interested in the management of quality. For MBNQA, information management is significant, while the Deming Prize is not heavily concerned with this issue. MBNQA is more oriented towards the result rather than the process. The Deming Prize, on the contrary, is focused on the process. To apply for MBNQA, a company should submit two packages of documents, an Eligibility Certification and an Award Application (“Improve performance and get world-class results,” 2017). Applicants for the Denning Prize should provide an application form and a set of submittal documents that include documents that “explain the applicant organization’s outline, the applicant’s organizational chart
Globalization of business has caused organizations to face many new challenges related to multiculturalism. Multiculturalism is a notion that determines various issues stemming from people’s differences in values, attitudes, and behaviors (Glinkowska, 2016). For the organization to operate in a multicultural environment, it should adjust its management processes to the cultural distinctions among its employees. Therefore, the primary multicultural problem of organizations is the need for internal and external changes. Internal changes may include altering the organizational structure and relationships among employees or introducing trans-border trips for workers (Glinkowska, 2016). External changes that may be required of an organization include obeying the laws of other countries or adopting foreign professional behaviors (Glinkowska, 2016). Making such modifications is likely to involve an increased expenditure of the organization’s resources. Another crucial multicultural problem of organizations is difficulties in communication. The most obvious problem related to communication within the organization is language barriers (Alam and Rasheduzzaman, 2018). Although nowadays, everyone is supposed to speak English, many non-native speakers still cannot always convey their thoughts clearly in this language (Hussain, 2018). As a result, even high-skilled employees can either be overlooked by human resources (HR) managers or avoid being proactive because of the inability to express their thoughts in English (Hussain, 2018). Another significant impediment to successful communication is employees’ unfamiliarity with the cultural norms of their colleagues that come from different cultures (Hussain, 2018). For example, looking in the interlocutor’s eyes may lead to misunderstanding since, in some countries, eye contact is essential, while in others, it is considered rude (Hussain, 2018). Stereotypes, different cultural approaches to task completion and conflict resolution, and various attitudes toward privacy also may hinder the communication among workers in a multicultural organization (Hussain, 2018). Disseminating knowledge about diverse cultures should be part of an organization’s strategy directed toward the improvement of communication. Multiculturalism places specific challenges before HR managers who have to consider cultural diversity while hiring employees. For example, in some countries, wo
The history of humanity is replete with various aspects of change along political, social, and technological lines. In this sense, change is not new to the world. However, the pace of change in the current dispensation is unprecedented. The industrial revolution provided the basis for it, and with the technological revolution that attends to the current age of information technology, the pace of change is bewildering. Murthy (2007) concludes that the kind of management stategy that fits in this context is “management by crisis” (p. 17). He argues that the pace is too fast to allow for methodological approaches to change management, which can easily lead to desolation. This view relates closely to that of Kanter (1997) who identifies change and leadership as the two main challenges that organizations face today. The role leadership plays in any organization is the identification and promotion of a vision, compelling enough to attract and retain the interest of all stakeholders. In fact, the chief role of leadership is mediation of change. The management on the other hand works out the processes required to accomplish the vision, ensuring in the process of pursuing the identified vision that the organization has the right balance of risks and rewards. In this case, leadership seems to have the distinct role of identifying the future for the organization and inspiring followership. This puts the responsibility of facilitating the process of identifying the forces of change on the organizational leadership, after which they develope and implement appropriate responses to those forces. In order to examine the place of leadership in change management, there is need to use a model that captures the process of change. Murthy (2007) proposed the following stages as the defining characteristics of the change process.   * Creating a sense of urgency   * Forming a guiding coalition   * Developing a vision and strategy   * Communicating the change vision   * Empowering broad based action   * Generating short term wins   * Consolidating gains and producing more change   * Anchoring the new approaches in the culture This model shows that there are leadership actions required before tackling change. Initially, the actions listed call for an inclusive process, and finally efforts meant for achieving sustainability come into play. The leadership of change is therefore not a preliminary application but a sustained input throughout the change process. The preliminary environment requires the infusion of a sense of urgency to mainstream the need for change. Introduction of change initiatives in an environement where the need for it is not yet felt leads to poor uptake of the initiatives and hence the process may fail. Changes in the internal and external operating environments are good incentives to anchor the awareness for a change process. Changes in the operating environement, if major, will normally have the attention of all the stakeholders. Therefore getting them to participate in change initiatives on this basis requires lesser effort. Change initiatives have a higher change of success if the organization has a high degree of stake