ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
It is not simply by a pure accident that the 20th century is now being strongly associated with the initial rise of existentialism, as an entirely new branch of Western philosophic thought, which is concerned with the matters of one’s existence, as opposed to the matters of gnoseology, epistemology, and metaphysics – by the beginning of 20th century, many Western intellectuals had realized the fact that it does not make much of a sense to contemplate on the subjects of classical philosophy, without understanding the phenomenological nature of individual’s existence. This is the reason why such existentialist philosophers as Nietzsche, Kierkegaard, Camus, Heidegger, and Sartre, strived to discover the meaning of life as such correspond to particularities of one’s psyche. In other words, the rise of existentialism in the 20th century reflected the fact that, by this time, the development of Western philosophical thought had reached a qualitatively new level, which is why existentialist philosophers of the era had embarked on creating a conceptually new philosophical methodology, meant to be applied within a context of analyzing the integral components of individual’s longing towards “existential sovereignty”. In this paper, we will aim at exploring this thesis to a further extent and also at revealing the classical “trademarks” of existentialist perception of the surrounding reality. The methodological apparatus of existentialism differs from traditional philosophical methods that idealize rationale, as the only pathway to discovering “higher truth”. For example, Nietzsche and Heidegger address one’s existence as something that defines its quintessence. According to both philosophers, the meaning of every ontological idea varies, in its relation to every particular individual. This is because the emotional subtleties of a person’s character are the ones that affect his destiny more than anything else does. Unlike positivists, like Rene Descartes, who used to say: “I can think, therefore I am”, existentialists say: “Even though that I might exist in the physical sense of this word, my existence can only be thought of in terms of objectivity, for as long as it derives out of emotional depths of my psyche”. This is why, for existentialists, the notions of passion, immediacy, intensity, integrity, responsibility represent foremost importance, as such that defines the essence of the existential mode of every human being. According to existentialists, it is not logical reasoning that motivates our actions but a passion. The life of every individual is limited in the space-time continuum, even though its flow is directed towards infinity. Therefore, existentialists perceive people’s existence as being absurdist in principle. Our subconscious strive towards immortality is not the product of our logical considerations – it is being motivated by irrational factors alone. For example, existentialism’s ideological precursor, Friedrich Nietzsche, promoted the idea that it is a blind will to power that encourages people to go on with their daily routine because, for many of them,
Diaries, memoirs, and autobiographies present a significant source of information on the clarification of the past happenings and processes. They are helpful for providing insights into the sequence of events, their reasons and consequence, especially written by contemporaries, and allow us to observe them from another perspective. Such a source of information conveys the way of formation of an individual experience influenced by social, economic, and political context. However, it is worthy of note that memoirs are highly likely to contain some forms of prejudices and biases. The author may not have also remembered the circumstances comprehensively, writing some years after the happenings. Some individuals were willing to highlight their successes and did not pay special attention to their failure. For this reason, it presents a matter of extreme importance to get acquainted with their recollections carefully. This way, the purpose of this paper is to analyze one of the memoirs, Lakota Woman, critically, and outline its purposes and the extent of matching reality. The Author’s Personality and the Background The work of literature was written by two people, Mary Crow Dog and Richard Erdoes. The first one is also known as Mary Brave Bird or Mary Brave Woman Olguin. She was a Sicagu Lakota writer and actively participated in the American Indian Movement in the 1970s and in their most publicized events, such as the Wounded Knee Incident. The second author, Richard Erdoes, was supposed to edit the narration. Having been involved in the American Indian Movement defense, he also added some stories about Native Americans to the memoir. However, the book predominantly contains the reflections of Mary Crow Dog’s experience. The Historical Period As has been mentioned above, the authors lived in the 20 th century. Therefore, they were significantly impacted by the American Indian Movement, which covered Native Americans and their living conditions. It was driven by the determination to cope with poverty and police brutality. After some time, the movement became broader and addressed a huge variety of issues, such as the high rates of unemployment, education, preservation of Indigenous culture, and others. Both Mary Crow Dog and Richard Erdoes participated in this occasion and made a considerable contribution to its promotion. The Purposes of the Autobiography Lakota Woman narrates the story of Mary ‘Brave Woman’ Crow Dog’s life. Mary had Native American toots, namely her mother was Indian. She describes the difficulties this community encounters while adjusting to the white men’s rules. Her mother’s case is an illustrative example of such a process. She makes efforts to confirm the modern society, but the narrator marks the fact that her mother is unwilling to
Teen pregnancies are considered overwhelming to the economy, teenage mothers, and their parents in most nations. Such pregnancies risk the education life of teenage mothers as most drop out of school to care for their children (Maemeko et al., 2018). In addition, the government spends a considerable amount to facilitate care for these children, and thus teen pregnancy is an added expense. Therefore, a national campaign to end teenage was introduced to improve the lives of adolescents. Most people would describe teenage life in Ohio as refined. Since 1991, the teen birth rate has declined by 69% to 2019, and most of the current teen births are to seniors (Hamilton, 2020). Parents play a significant role in guiding and counseling their children to prevent their girls from getting pregnant at a young age. The campaign has helped parents provide the necessary knowledge making the raising of children relatively easier in Ohio. The dream of most parents is to ensure their children lead to a successful future which may be affected by the occurrence of unplanned teenage birth (Maemeko et al., 2018). Teen birth rates have declined for all ethnic and racial groups, although cases between the groups vary. A positive change in teen behavior is evidenced by decreased pregnancy rate of 59% by 2013 from 1998 (Hamilton, 2020). Thus, the campaign sensitizes the effects of teenage pregnancies. Accordingly, the government is now spending less on supporting children born to teenagers’ financial and health aspects. The national campaign to end teenage pregnancy is moving towards achieving the set objectives in Ohio. It is a journey to better social lives as teenagers are embracing knowledge towards preventing unplanned pregnancies. In conclusion, the national campaign has had a considerable impact on Ohio teenagers.
Introduction Risk and insurance are notions that are closely connected, and risks should be discussed in the context of the expected insurance that differs depending on the type of risk. These aspects need to be discussed in detail with the focus on insurance companies in the United Arab Emirates (UAE) and the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries. The purpose of this paper is to discuss the term ‘risk’ and associated insurances, focus on the concepts of the ‘third party administrator’ and ‘reinsurance,’ and report on the financial results of the major insurance companies operating in the UAE and GCC countries. Risk and Mitigation with the Help of Insurance A risk can be defined as a threat of negative circumstances for a person or business. In the context of personal life, risks are associated with the probability of injuries or traumas. In the context of business, risks are associated with the probability of financial or material loss for the company. Insurance is the provided financial protection that is aimed at mitigating risks and actual results of negative events with the focus on the financial compensation (Cummins & Santomero, 2012; Zietsch & Von Harpke, 2014). Thus, health risks are usually mitigated being covered by health insurance, and business risks can be addressed by a range of corporate insurance types. Third-Party Administrators The Third Party Administrator (TPA) is an organization that addresses the insurance claims and cooperat
Facebook is a social media resource that millions of people use worldwide for various purposes. As with all such global phenomena, traditional news sources often focus on the cases of misuse. One such case is a shooting perpetrated by Steve Stephens in Cleveland, which he streamed using Facebook’s services. That case, among others, spurs debates on whether Facebook should create more prompt and punitive systems to purge violent content. The discourse in the media is that people must not see the violent content under the guise of “safety.” Aiken explains how seeing violent content can desensitize and disinhibit people and thus lead to them perpetuating the violence they see (1). However, the researchers that study online disinhibition make a point that it is situated firmly online, as the factors that drive people to behave a certain way on the Internet are simply not present in the real world (Wu, 2). The argument that the media makes is unscientific and primarily based on emotions and profit. I am deeply troubled by the ubiquitous drive to ban everything, create safeguards, and police the entire Internet. Not only is it unethical and authoritarian, but it also creates the opposite result. Hobbs and Roberts describe a sort of a Streisand effect, where actively suppressing content incentivizes users to seek it out and evade the systems that block access (3). For example, the Christchurch massacre was actively suppressed by social media, which only lead to it becoming a worldwide viral sensation. The media that report on violence in such a manner do not have the best solutions in mind. This phenomenon can be explained as a particular case of moral panic (Goode, 4). There is nothing new about deviant behavior, vicariousness, and morbid curiosity, yet the media reports on it as if it were an unprecedented epidemic of violence. A similar type of panic is centered around violent video games, and the resemblance is apparent. Markey and Ferguson describe how the researchers, legislators, and media outlets are reacting disproportionately strongly to a relatively insignificant problem and completely unrelated factors (5). Many publications called for a more sophisticated system of removing violent content following the shooting. Such sentiments as “Facebook must” and “Facebook’s responsibility” were thrown around by major news sources. Newcomb wrote that live video streaming is an essential tool for democracy to hold the authorities accountable (6). The article refers to the recordings of police shootings, where the victims were innocent African American civilians. That is a valid point, but the political salience of the murder does not change the fact that thousands of people will see a person getting shot to death. It reveals a confounding dou
Starting new business ventures is not always problematic. Nevertheless, new enterprises present challenges that are significantly different from those of established corporations (Longenecker, Petty & Palich, 2011, p. 31). The complexity of a new venture and the entrepreneur’s preparedness to meet the demands of the new business determine the severity of the challenges encountered. One of the major challenges in new ventures is raising adequate capital. The entrepreneur alone understands the new business, therefore, convincing investors about the viability and profitability of the new enterprise is challenging. Furthermore, most investors prefer established enterprises to the new ones. Established businesses present minimal risks and have certainty of returns to investment (Hisrich, Peters & Shepherd, 2013, p. 73). Entrepreneurs also experience challenges in assembling a suitable business management team. A business team plays a vital role in complementing the entrepreneur and covering up his or her weaknesses (Hisrich, Peters & Shepherd, 2013, p. 73). The strategic business team should have specialists in the various aspects of the venture. In addition, attracting and identifying good employees is quite challenging. The location of an enterprise is synonymous with success. Getting a location that is accessible and close to the target market is quite challenging. Equally, attracting good customers is challenging. Good clients exhibit loyalty to the firm and its products. On the contrary, bad clients search for loopholes in the enterprise and exploit them. Dealing with competition is yet another major challenge for start-ups. Most entrepreneurs see competition as peril for their ventures. Nevertheless, competitors are benchmarks for creativity, and motivation for innovation (Longenecker, Petty & Palich, 2011, p. 37). A new firm’s growth strategies should focus on its clients, and the implementation of the business plan (Longenecker, Petty & Palich, 2011, p. 31). At inception, new firms should focus on their core business. The core business comprises of the products, clients, distribution channels and locations that yield revenue. The entrepreneur should focus on attaining the set rate of revenue expansion and customer satisfaction. The entrepreneur should establish the performance indicators, the core customers, the enterprises competitive edge, threats a
Introduction Norway is a very attractive country for the local inhabitants and the regular tourists. The natural topography of the country is in itself a tourist attraction. During the winter season, people go skiing on the country’s wonderful terrain while others prefer to go mountain climbing when the temperatures fall. Norway is among the most admirable countries due to the invaluable culture and heritage. The following websites are rich in content that describes Norway’s various facets:  1. The Royal House of Norway  2. Stortinget.no  3. The Norwegian Government  4. The Courts of Norway  5. Gateway to online public services  6. www.visitnorway.com  7. www.studyinnorway.no  8. U.S Energy Information Administration  9. Industries-invest in Norway 10. Minifacts about Norway 2014 The aforementioned websites show an in-depth analysis of the factors that set Norway apart. Statistics Norway outlines Norway’s economic strength (“Minifacts about Norway 2014” par. 1). Weather Online discusses Norway’s climate, weather trends and the nature of the landscape (“Norway-Climate of the world” par. 3). Visit Norway displays tourist attraction sites, which are important for tourists who need to identify places to visit (“Travel to Norway – Official Travel Guide to Norway” par. 1). The fourteen websites provide an accurate description of Norway politically, socially, culturally, and economically. Discussion Political and Cultural Factors Norway, like any other country, has an established political system and constitutional monarch. The King plays representative and ceremonial duties as the official head of state (“English” par. 4). The order of succession to the Throne is stipulated in Article 6 of the Norwegian constitution. Norwegian is the cultural name of Norway. There two main official Norwegian languages are Bokmål and Nynorsk, both of which are Germanic languages. The indigenous people speak Samisk (“Countries and Their Cultures” par. 8).The major symbols of national unity in Norway are the folk, the costumes, the flag, the land, and the home. The Law System in Norway Norway boasts a clearly defined judicial system that consists of three branches: the Supreme Court, the Court of Appeal, and the District Courts. The branches of the judicial system are empowered by the constitution to preside over both civil and criminal cases. The state prosecutor takes charge of the criminal cases while the individual plaintiffs bring forth civil cases. The three branches of the judicial system are referred to as the Courts of Justice and are supplemented by Labor Courts and Land Consolidation Courts (“The Courts of Norway” par. 2). The Economy and Education System Norway’s global economic ranking of number 32 is something to be proud of for most nations the world over (“Norway-Economy” par. 1). Any economist would be pleased with the country’s impressive GDP of $277.1 billion and inflation rate of 0.7%.The economic success can be attributed to low levels of corruption and the freedom the country experiences from trade and property rights. The living standards of people in Norway are relatively high
Well informed teachers make great students. Although students are required to put in more efforts in their schoolwork, teachers are like their fuel to their greatness. This means teachers should have the dexterity to bring out the best in students. Teachers should have the techniques to convince students to read, and also show the students where to read on top of other important issues required for the all-round development of students (Speck & Knipe, 2005). This means the task of teachers goes beyond the usual activity of making a lesson plan based on the assigned curriculum, and talking in front of the class. As a result, a teacher must be adequately prepared through career development. How Professional Development for Teachers works Learning is a lifelong process for teachers. Most regions make it a requirement for teachers to undergo some training on specific issues during certain periods of their career; mostly during the vacation period. Teachers from the kindergarten up to the 12 th grade normally undergo various training during the year to develop their career. This training is part of career development. Career development for teachers are normally done through seminars, workshops, and training courses. During the training, which normally takes place during the school holidays, teachers are introduced to the latest trends, and strategies in education. They are also introduced to various methods, and techniques to combat classroom challenges (All Education Schools, 2010). The idea behind career development for teachers is to improve the teachers’ knowledge to help them serve students better. The occasion gives teachers the ability to focus on what they ought to fine tune during classroom practice. Before a teacher commences his or her career, he or she is given a certificate of operations. Depending on the state, the law requires that the license be renewed every year. Before the license is renewed, the authority has to ratify if the teacher has undergone some career development process. For instance, in Kansas State, a teacher operates under the original license for about five years. During the five-year period, the teacher is required to undergo various courses as part of professional development. After five years, the license is renewed based on the professional development the teacher has gone through. Provisions are made for vocational learning and workshops for teachers. Apart from license renewal, teachers undergo professional development because of incentives involved. For instance, in Kansas State, a teacher is promoted after the first five years of service. The promotion is based on the performance in examination and career development done during the period (Kansas State Department of Education, 2010). Importance of Career Development for Teachers Career development forms an important event in the teachers’ career. Given
The technological advances of the 21 st century have opened a plethora of opportunities for people all over the world in terms of communication and, therefore, business, education, and the related activities. However, the creation of a new environment has also triggered a range of challenges for these participants to face, the issue regarding the ownership of intellectual property being the key one. Even though the basic legal principles concerning legal usage of digital data have been transferred into the designated realm, some of the principles of private and public use of digital data. Although navigating the online legal environment may be tricky, copyrighted data can be identified rather easily, and the terms of fair use can be applied adequately to acknowledge the rights of media owners ( Copyright basics , 2015). The benefits of the availability of online media are obvious. First, pictures, which can be found online, and be used as the means to acquire information in a fast and efficient manner. In other words, the media under analysis can be utilized for the purposes of self-education, retrieval and the further analysis of information, exemplification of a specific phenomenon or object, etc. Additionally, the media represented online can be used as the means of expressing the reality in an artistic manner. Once the author of the media element in question is recognized, appreciated and given credit for their job, the effects of the media element under analysis become truly ample. The significance of modern media stretches to the point where it defines the tendencies in the contemporary society. Indeed, media shapes people’s perception of reality by offering them a different way of looking at it; as a result, people can evaluate a certain phenomenon from different perspectives. Therefore, come to a certain conclusion. One might argue that the ambiguity of the strong effect of modern media should be brought up. Indeed, the ample influence that modern media has on the people using it can be abused to promote a certain idea or concept to the target audience for the reasons of a personal gain (Cvetkovski, 2013). However, the abundance of visual media that most people are exposed to nowadays also has its problems and drawbacks, the copyright issue and the right of usage being the key ones. Even though the humankind seems to have made a long way from the point at which it was introduced to the concept of online media, some of the issues related to the copyright for online products still remain on the agenda. The reasons for the misconceptions to emerge are quite obvious; being digital, the images cannot be technically considered material and, therefore, the legal regulations are not as easily applicable to them as to the traditional forms of media. In addition, the use of digital media is much harder to trace or prove since the evidence is easy to delete (Tussey, 2013). Therefore, the legal implications of using photos without the authors’ permission are rather vague, though admittedly unfavorable for the criminal in any case. Thus, when it comes t