ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Albrecht Ritschl is one of the major Christian reformers whose works have had great impact on modern Christian faith. Ritschl’s was a student of Baur, and his theology borrowed heavily from Martin Luther, Paul and Schleiermacher. Ritschl’s aim was to interpret the Bible upon the doctrine of justification (by faith, through Jesus Christ) and reconciliation and as such, the purpose of Christian faith was to restore the harmonious relationship between man and God. Ritschl’s theology was also concerned with the relationship between the physical and the ethical dimensions of faith. While his works borrowed heavily from the history of Christianity, his conclusions are founded on flawed understanding of that history and his liberal views. This has generated a lot of criticism from scholars and religious authorities, who argue that his liberal approach to religion has diluted the true meaning of Christianity. Therefore, Ritschl’s efforts to defend God and Christianity violate basic biblical fundamentals. Ritschl’s theology One of Ritschl’s main aims was to fashion a complete understanding of the Christian faith, his thoughts founded on the Christian doctrine on justification and reconciliation. Ritschl’s theology on justification and reconciliation was based on some of the epistles found in the New Testament, such as the epistle of Paul as well as other protestant reformers such as Martin Luther. Following Pauline and Lutheran theology, Ritschl argues that the Christian faith is intended to free humankind from all sin and the guilt that arises from sin. According to Ritschl, justification and reconciliation is for the restoration of the harmonious relationship between man and God. Ritschl implies that both the Pauline and Lutheran doctrines as well as many other epistles of the New Testament have brought a humanistic approach to faith especially the Christian faith. Additionally, Ritschl was critical of Paul, Luther and other Christian reformers, and argued that their reformation failed certain theological tenets. Ritschl asserts that these scholars had failed essentially to draw parallels between the Christian teachings on the justification by faith with the teachings of the Bible about the Kingdom of God. Ritschl concludes that these scholars tended to imply that the Christian faith was more about personal redemption from personal sinfulness and that there was no communal ethical collectivism. He aimed to fill this void by suggesting the ethical approach to Christianity and the spiritual domination of man over the natural environment. Ritschl’s view on ethics and natural spirituality however fails and violates the basic essence of Christianity: the supremacy of God. Ritschl’s assertion negates this transcendental elevation of the Christian faith [1] Ritschl conceived the difference between the physical and the ethi
Introduction While the word “biofuel” became an instant catchword, expectations were high that a solution for the ever-inflated oil prices and environmental troubles had been found. Unfortunately, politicians, environmentalists, cultivators, and consumers are slowly accepting that the condition remains a bit unchanged. While the possibility of plant energy might perhaps be eco-friendlier, the fossil fuel that goes into planting, fertilising, and transporting biofuel plants and products smudge this image 1 . In addition, even though biofuels started partly as a way of assisting consumers burdened with high oil costs, large-scale production of biofuels might give way to high food costs. Whereas numerous corn and soy farmers are gaining from the biofuels trade, other industries are hurting on the other hand. The prices for grain have stepped up as growing quantities of soy, sugarcane, and corn are redirected to the energy industry instead of being used by farm animals and in the food industry. The drawbacks of biofuels emerge at first glimpse nearly to overshadow the gains after considering the quantity of fossil fuel required in generating biofuels, outcomes of deforestation, emission of greenhouse gases, and consequential increase in the prices of foods,. Even though the contemporary sources of biofuels are not promising, there is a practicable cause to pursue biofuels because sustainable and extra proficient biofuel alternatives are on the scope 2 . Husks, algae, waste products, and grasses are the flaunted sources of fuel for the future. The only problem lies in the fact that, the requirements for expertise and costs incurred in processing these substances render the present mass-production quest impracticable. The most biting question currently is how to make use of biofuels and at the same time not hurt the environment or consumers. Legislation ought to be thoughtful of the present and future actualities of the biofuels sector. This paper discusses arguments and counterarguments concerning biofuels from economic and environmental perspective, coupled with the way to assess the sustainability of biofuels. Arguments and counterarguments of biofuels The debate on biofuels centres on an investigation of the merits and demerits of making use of plants to generate fuel 3 . The arguments in favour of using biofuels might comprise decreased dependence on foreign oil, cutback of pollution, generation of a by-product that livestock might consume, and economic gain to farmers in the U.S. The counterarguments might comprise deforestation, vehicle safety concerns, soil erosion, augmented pollution, and augmented food costs. Arguments Decreased dependence on foreign oil Dependence on foreign oil may be decreased if biofuels form even a small proportion of the gasoline utilised nowadays. Theoretically, this move might give the U.S. a special advantage when copin
The intentions to protect the rights of prisoners, as well as to create equal conditions for them, maybe interpreted in many different ways. Sexual abuse is not always a typical feature of incarceration, and leaders always can create the facilities with safety and protection being offered. There is a thought that the creation of the Prison Rape Elimination Act (PREA) has significantly improved the conditions under which prisoners can feel safe providing the possibility to report on assailants and reducing the number of unwanted sexual conflicts in jails. However, it is not correct to believe that this act is the only legal document to reduce and control unwanted sexual contact in jails and prisons in terms of which prisoners are provided with fail-safe incentives and protections that may encourage victims of sexual assaults to report on their assailants. The experience of Erin George proves that this federal act plays a certain role in jail life; however, such issues as power, respect, and desire can never be neglected in understanding jail relationships. After reading the book A Woman Doing Life: Notes from a Prison for Women written by Erin George, many readers get a unique opportunity to understand that it is impossible to predict and control female life in prison. The peculiarities of the relationships which are developed between female prisoners differ considerably so that it is not easy to provide a clear description of what can happen in prison even if a solid basis of knowledge about criminology and law is obtained. For example, the PREA may be used as a step to control sexual relationships between prisoners, but it cannot be defined as a purely positive or negative approach that has a certain impact on the management of jail life. Rape has been considered as one of the most controversial issues in society during many centuries due to the inability to create one definite attitude to this act. On the one hand, there are numerous rape cultures where people create the environments full of sexual assault and violence and believe that it is normal to develop such relationships (Phipps, Ringrose, Renold, and Jackson 2017). On the other hand, rape, as well as other forms of sexual assault, is an abusive act that may change human lives considerably. In the modern world, people fail to understand if rape is a problem or a solution to their problems. However, the presence of special healing programs and the intentions to protect peopl
Introduction Navigation utilizing the position of the stars is one of the oldest forms of travel utilized before the proliferation of modern day maps and the use of the magnetic compass. While each culture had a different interpretation regarding the origins of the stars and the night sky the ancient Polynesians conceived of the notion that the sky itself was akin to an inverted bowl which was resting upon the rim of a hemispherical Earth. Other interpretations of the sky came in the form of likening to the split of half of a calabash (a type of melon or gourd) wherein the seeds acted as the sun, moon and stars. Regardless of the mythological origins created by early cultures the fact remains that they considered the stars as having fixed positions and as such could be used as a means of navigation from one point at sea to another by examining the position of the stars in relation to where one was present at the time (Lewis, 133 – 136). The “na ho’okele kahiko”, more commonly known as ancient navigators, actually had a traditional route between Hawaii and Tahiti where the launching site was the western point of Kaho’olawe which was commonly known as the pathway to Tahiti (Merrill, 235). They were able to reach their destination through a combination of knowing the location of the setting and rising of the sun, the direction of the winds and currents as well position of the stars at night. Their term for the fixed alignment of stars was “na hoku pa’a” which all navigators used as a guide in order to help correct the path of the ship at night (Pringle, 66). It must be noted that the ancient tradition of navigation utilized by the ancient Hawaiian settlers was originally an oral tradition wherein master navigators usually taught their apprentices through a series of trips and oral communication (Couch, 587 – 602). As such it cannot be said that the craft itself was overly accurate due to the nature of oral tradition however surprisingly it was able to last for several thousand years even until the age when the Hawaiians encountered western explorers such as James Cook (Couch, 587 – 602). It is due to this that it must be asked how did such a system of navigation survive for so long and how did it work? Integration into Culture Unlike the ancient European cultural view that looked at the sea as a vast and menacing world, the people of the Pacific took an approach wherein they approached the concept of the sea with a form of reverence. It was due to this that they integrated aspects of the ocean into their culture resulting in the continuance of the oral tradition of navigation through continued lessons regarding swells, the posit
In the social work profession, a number of theories exist that inform specific methods, techniques, and approaches. They are all included in the generalist practice model that integrates individual work, group engagement, and community support, and focuses on the interaction between people and the environment. It provides social workers with an eclectic knowledge base, a broad set of skills, and a framework for assessment, intervention, and change at multiple levels, from individual to global, aimed at attaining optimal social functioning. The generalist model is a problem-solving model that allows social workers to identify potential stressors and other disruptions at macro, mezzo, and micro levels, and develop appropriate interventions to make changes in the client’s environment. It is based on four main principles, the first of which is that “human behavior is inextricably connected to the social and physical environment” (Miley et al., 2016, p. 47). The second principle states that in order to enhance the functioning of any system, the system itself needs to be changed together with its interactions with the environment and other systems within this environment. Third, any level of a human system, from individual to society, uses similar social work processes (Miley et al., 2016). Fourth, generalist practitioners have responsibilities to work towards just social policies in their practice and academic work. The generalist model offers a seven-stage approach to the process of problem-solving. The seven stages are engagement, assessment, planning, intervention, evaluation, and termination (Berg-Weger & Birkenmaier, 2017). At the engagement stage, the social worker focuses on building rapport with the client. The assessment stage includes collecting data about the client’s problems, lifestyle, and environment and determining their strengths, skills, capabilities, and resources. Planning is the development of goals and the plan of action based on the client’s needs and circumstances. The plan should include specific tasks and objectives, each team member’s responsibilities, a clear timeline for action, and the description of the expected results. Intervention is the stage where the client and the social worker mobilize resources to implement the plan, with the social worker monitoring the progress, and the client reporting all challenges and obstacles that they encounter (Berg-Weger & Birkenmaier, 2017). At the evaluation stage, both parties determine whether the goals are met and whether new goals should be set. Termination is the last stage of the intervention when the client should achieve the goal of being able to maintain pro
When it comes to criminal law, there is supposed to be a strictly defined description of what constitutes unlawful activities. It facilitates understanding of someone’s actions for both the citizens and the police. However, some criminal acts are ambiguous and not as easy to identify. Among such offenses are hate crimes, which still do not have a universal law designation in the United States. Until recently, the State of Georgia also did not have hate crime legislation. This changed in June 2020, when the respective bill was signed. Ascertaining what constitutes a hate crime in Georgia is essential in preparing the police officers to correctly identify and investigate these offenses. The newly signed law gives a definition of a hate crime. It refers to a criminal activity committed “intentionally based on race, sex, sexual orientation, color, religion, national origin, mental disability, or physical disability” (Borna, 2020, para. 3). The first problem, which officers should pay attention to, is that the manner in which an offense is committed is not defined. The important part is the intentions and the feelings of an abuser. This means that an officer should look for an emotional component because there is a difference between a crime with no specific target and an offense on a discriminatory basis. The law also specifies a procedure for establishing the prejudice of an abuser. Even before the suspect is arrested, a “Bias Crime Report”
Abstract Zika virus (ZIKV) belongs in the Flavivirus genus, which consists of other 52 viral species capable of being transmitted by mosquitoes and ticks, among other arthropod vectors (Song et al., 2017). Moreover, within this genus, the ZIKV is regarded as a mosquito-borne virus that holds a phylogenetic relationship to other mosquito-borne flaviviruses of significant global public health concern. Spread of Zika Virus across International Borders Virus Spread in Africa and Asia before the Year 2000 It was initially discovered in 1947 in Uganda when it was isolated from the sera of the sentinel rhesus macaque monkey that was placed in the Zika forest to surveil YFV (Song et al., 2017). Momentarily after, it was identified in the Aedes Africanus mosquitoes habituating in the same region. Later serological studies evidenced widespread but confined prevalence of the ZIKV across the narrow equatorial belt running from Africa to Asia (Song et al., 2017). These included countries, such as Sierra Leone, Uganda, Senegal, Gabon, Nigeria, Kenya, Egypt, Central African Republic, India, Tanzania, Thailand, Pakistan, Malaysia, Indonesia, the Philippines, and Indonesia. The first non-African ZIKV strain was detected in 1967 in Malaysia from the A. aegypti . Spread of the ZIKV to the Yap Island and South East Asia between the Late 2000s to Mid-2010s In 2007, the first largest outbreak of ZIKV outside Asia and Africa was on Yap Island, part of the Federated States of Micronesia (Song et al., 2017). This is on the northwest of the Pacific Ocean. Studies reveal that the virus entered Yap Island via Southeast Asia. In the early to mid-2010s, relatively few cases were reported in Southeast Asian countries consisting of Indonesia, Thailand, Cambodia, Malaysia, and the Philippines. The outbreak in French Polynesia and the Pacific Islands in the early 2010s In the years 2013 and 2014, a significant outbreak of ZIKV ensued in a French overseas territory found in the middle of the southern Pacific Ocean, French Polynesia (Song et al., 2017). Even though the source of the virus in this region remains unknown, research has revealed that it is genetically related to Cambodia’s strains in 2010 and Yap Island’s in 2007 (Song et al., 2017). Later on, ZIKV expanded to other neighboring islands in the South Pacific Ocean between 2014 and 2016 (Song et al., 2017). It affected the Cook Islands, New Caledonia, and Easter Island. Furthermore, it spread to other distant countries, such as Japan, Australia, Italy, and Norway. Outbreak in Brazil and Spread in America between 2015 and 2016 The first case of ZIKV in Brazil was discovered at the beginning of 2015 in the northern region of Brazil (Song et al., 2017). After its emergence in Brazil, the virus has been spreading at a relatively fast rate throughout South and Central America, and the Caribbean. Epidemiological Determinants and Risk Factors Research suggests that most individuals without prior exposure to ZIKV are more susceptible to infection (Obore et al., 2019). Inhabitants of regions with the ongoing vector-bor
Introduction Marshall McLuhan is an established entity in the philosophy field. The philosopher of Canadian origin dealt with public rational and the concept of communication. The foundation of the media and concept theory generated from his unending research and argument on the importance and significance of the theory in communication (Jandt, 2012). The scholar presented an advanced explanation of the achievements of media theory and the facilitation of the Web worldwide decades before their inventions. This illustrates on the degree of knowledge and academic acquaintance gathered by Marshall McLuhan during his research and analytical period in philosophy. According to McLuhan, the ‘contact zone’ signified a section or region where different groups with a common goal join to facilitate an understanding, interaction and recognition of information, art, communication, technology and media. This means that the ‘contact zone’ establishment is aimed at distributing dormant information into useful and understandable content to the world. This sharing and facilitation of information transfer is properly achieved through media and other forms of communication fields (McLuhan & Fiore, 1967). This case study aims at analyzing the concept founded by McLuhan and the significance of his research hypothesis to the current media and communication fraternity. The media theory experienced a lot of controversial sentiments during the reign of McLuhan and years after his death. This resulted from the significance of his observation on the importance of devoted personnel and entities acting as the media to share and distribute gathered information to the different regions of the world. Research indicates that media theory and concept from the philosopher has currently gained recognition due to the establishment of social media (McLuhan & Fiore, 1967). This growth represents assured and reliable source of information for research and local use. Analysis of the
Language development and its leading features are of great interest to psychologists from various countries. Understanding the main ideas behind the aspects of linguistic maturity requires a thorough scientific insight, which can be obtained during the childhood stage (Barrett, 2016). Even though there are various difficulties impeding research, such opportunities are vital for the studies on bilingualism. In this essay, fundamental traits of early language development will be discussed, and code-switching and its impact on education will be presented. A thorough comprehension of linguistic characteristics seen in the early phases of child growth is a challenging subject. Some researchers provide an examination of such stages, stating that an individual’s learning of a specific language starts at pre-linguistic communication (Barrett, 2016). Prior to acquiring particular words and phrases, the child must show signs of willingness to interact with another person, which is a leading trait of this phenomenon (Barrett, 2016). As this stage passes, the toddler begins to grasp particular chinks of words, which is an action that starts with word detection (Barrett, 2016). The child ascertains various clusters of sounds in order to gain knowledge of syllable sequences which offer meaning. Finally, at one of the last steps of language development, the individual attains certain words, accumulating a vocabulary of meanings, short sentences, and other available information, the complexity of which increases with age (Barrett, 2016). Overall, the process of language acquisition is a highly complicated phenomenon, enveloping various actions and stages. Bilingualism and its main aspects are one of the popular topics of psychological research. As stated by Barrett (2016), the age at which a child develops natural bilingualism may vary depending on the environment this individual is presented with. Most commonly, bilingual features manifest after the age of 3, given that there are sufficient conditions for their development. However, the author explains that this criterion is highly arbitrary, as there are no specific features on simultaneous learning of two languages (Barrett, 2016). Additional insight on this phenomenon is needed in order to present a thorough understanding of its main aspects. A fascinating occurrence of code-switching can be seen in bilingual children. Code-switching is described as a process in which a child with knowledge of two different languages can shift between them during a conversation or in writing (AlHammadi, 2017). This action is often involuntary, as the individual tries to find a correct word or phrase for a specific context (AlHammadi, 2017). Furthermore, children might also perform this act during the early stage of acquiring grammatical structures (AlHammadi, 2017). Altogether, the process of learning multiple languages is seen in early stages of development. Reflexes discussed might create various difficulties for young people during their education, as they might be bullied or misunderstood by other children. The impact of this phenomenon on a learning adolescent can vary depending on the circumstances, but the c
Society as a continuously evolving organism Nowadays, society can be described as a continuously evolving organism, and different means of technology such as the Internet can help in understanding the values of the community and a changing social structure. In his book, Siegel clearly states that the Internet can be viewed in the same way as the invention of the automobile, as it revolutionizes the concepts of self-identity while being developed to satisfy the changing preferences and needs of the population (Siegel, 1). Thus, the existence Web 2.0 implies that members of society are aiming at sharing their private lives online, sh