ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Trauma can be said to be experiences that happen above normal human occurrences. Trauma makes an individual to feel vulnerable, insecure, paralyzed, and even weak. It is an overwhelming feeling that has the power to control a person. People who are traumatized may not be able to think clearly and one center on oneself to try and come to terms with their condition they are going through. Trauma victims spend most of the time trying to figure how they would have done things differently. Some examples of traumatic events include rape, child abuse, fire, hurricanes as well as war (Briere, & Scott, 2006). John Briere and Catherine Scott mention various symptoms that patients of trauma may experience. Mood or even emotional disorders which can be caused by stressful events and causing the patient to feel a loss of security and vulnerable. Panic disorder, fear as well as generalized anxiety disorder where the patient is always worried that something terrible can happen anytime. Depression is another symptom of trauma and can be accompanied by psychosis where the patient is not able to associate with reality. Post- Traumatic stress disorder is another common symptom for victims of trauma. Here the patient has disturbing memories and thus one has to constantly keep trying to avoid such memories as well as having regular state of staying alert. This condition can keep the patient depressed at being unable to control their fear and anxiety (Briere, & Scott, 2006). Other common symptoms include dissociation where patients keep away from all disturbing situations that caused the trauma. This condition can sometimes lead to amnesia and the patient forgets everything. Tension reduction behaviors are also very common and bring about disturbing behaviors to the patient. These may include drug abuse and violence behaviors especially among the youth. Young girls may also engage in sexual activates trying to get security from their sexual partners. Emotional dysregulation is common and the patient experiences changes in their mood often and being irritable all the time. One may result in becoming very angry and hence destroy things and cursing all the time. These traumatic symptoms need special treatment to allow the individuals to have a managed and capable living (Briere, & Scott, 2006). Briere and Scott have suggested that therapist should use trauma evaluation methods like Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory Second Edition (MMPI-2) and PAI Personal Assessment Inventory (PAI). The MMPI-2 and PAI evaluates extensive range of psychological problems like depression, panic disorders and traumatic stress disorders. Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder scales are good in assessment of this disorder. They are especially efficient in children and adolescents to determine how they have been traumatized by v
Abstract A cross-cultural project team is composed of members with different cultural background, and who also speak different languages. Communication involves a process of sending and receiving messages. How a team effectively communicates and pursues its mission and objectives amid cultural differences of the members is the main objective of this dissertation. An important part of this paper is about project management. A project is about work and project management is managing people at work. How does communication play a key role in a cross-cultural project team? First, definitions were provided. Various authors and experts in the literature about project management, strategic management, and organisations existing in the global arena of business, were consulted and their ideas and opinions were embodied in the literature review. Qualitative and quantitative analyses were also used for this dissertation. The Arabtec Construction Company of the UAE is used as a case study. Project managers and members of the project teams of Arabtec were requested to be participants of the survey. The Arabtec workforce is composed of professionals and workers from the Emirate states, but many of them also come from the different parts of the world, with different cultural backgrounds, languages, and cultural biases. A big percentage of the population of the UAE is composed of immigrants and expatriates from India, Pakistan, the Philippines, Europe, some parts of Saudi Arabia, and many other countries in Asia ( Arabtec Construction, L.L.C.: about us 2011). The survey used questionnaires submitted to the participants from Arabtec, who provided their answers to the questionnaires sent them through emails. Analyses of the participants’ responses formed the main part of the Results/Analysis section of this paper. The participants’ responses were assigned codes in what is termed codification. These codes are words or phrases that represent the responses. The codes were embodied in a table to describe the frequencies, or the number of times they were used by the participants. This process can present a picture of how the participants, who represent the various project teams of Arabtec Construction Company, have prepared to meet the challenges as members of the cross-cultural project teams. Introduction Communication is a word with many meanings. We take the meanings one by one so as to avoid inconsistencies, and take note on the most important one – communication and its role in a cross-cultural project team. Project success is a product of many factors. The most important is careful and honest planning and implementation of business strategies, but above all, teamwork. A team is a part of a whole, the organisation. While it focuses on the project, it has to emphasise the organisational goals and objectives. A team cannot create teamwork without effective communication. The program of project management is
Employees training and development programs are essential to organizations and/or staffs; it is the method through which new entrants are oriented and nurtured. To old staffs, it assist them learn new personal and organizational skills that leads to increased productivity and employees satisfaction. When staffs are motivated and satisfied, the rate of staff turnover is reduced; moreover, supervisors have lesser task since their subordinates are skills and knowledge required to undertake their tasks, the net effects are increased profits. Training nurture talents, invention, and innovativeness among employees; it creates an environment of “thinking outside the box” where new approaches and strategies are learnt. Organizations that embark and invest in continuous staffs training programs, have knowledgeable staffs who adjust fast to business cycle changes; with fast adjustment, a company is able to take advantage of business opportunities and litigate against any loss form business trend changes. When skills have been adopted, an organization becomes competitive as it has knowledgeable employees who can produce goods and services more effective than the rate produced by their competitors. With such moves, an organization is able to fill efficiency gaps created by the system (Jackson & Mathis, 2007). Reference Jackson, J. & Mathis, R.(2007). Human Resource Management . New York: Cengage Learning.
Gender, race, and ethnicity are important aspects that would tend to determine how people react towards each other in a group. Among these aspects, gender has become a matter of interest in the modern business environment where gender inequality remains the norm is many organizations. In fact, women have been overlooked for senior positions in workplaces simply because of their gender. More subtle, women have, in many occasions, been victims of unfair treatment in those organizations mainly occupied by men. Women are considered to be inferior to men in the society, thus being subjected to numerous forms of harassment in the workplace. Among other forms of workplace dimensions, gender-related issues are common aspects of organizational behaviors that are known to have serious implications for businesses. In order to give a good account of the effects of gender-based discrimination against women, this paper examines the space of women in the automotive engineering industry. The law requires businesses and organizations to judge their employees by their contribution towards the business goals that have been set, and not by the attributes and the differences they possess as humans. This, however, is not the case in a field like automotive engineering which is thought to be much too complicated to women. There are multiple dimensions of gender-based discrimination in automotive industries allover the world. This is observable through the various discriminatory policies and practices against female employees witnessed in the industry nowadays. For example, the number of male employees in the field exceeds that of women by a huge margin. Moreover, there is a disparity in the salaries and wages given to male and female employees in the sector, whereby men earn more than their female counterparts. To crown it all, there are serious promotion obstacles for female employees working in automotive engineering companies across the world. Gender-based discrimination against women in the automotive engineering sector has continued to trigger many positive and negative implications (Evetts, 1996). There is no doubt that female representation in leadership positions comes with massive benefits for organizations in numerous ways. This can be confirmed through the natur
Introduction Wal-Mart is the world’s largest retail business. It has more than 11,000 departmental stores and warehouses worldwide. The conglomerate has ventured into numerous markets where each has its unique characteristics, which have resulted in varied outcomes for the companies. In this case, the company has faced both success and failure in its expansion plans throughout its network across the world (Brunn 2006). The Chinese retail market is one of the main markets outside the United States into which Wal-Mart has ventured. The market has given the company a major boost to its growing network, especially due to the large population that offers a ready market for the company in China (Siebers 2011). The company has established important strategic measures to help it in succeeding in the Chinese market, which is very competitive due to its attractiveness to other competitors. This section reviews the strategic management approaches that Wal-Mart has adopted in the Chinese retail market. The existing literature will be used to make important assertions relating to Wal-Mart’s strategic management approaches in China. The literature review will discuss important aspects that relate to Wal-Mart’s premeditated management activities, which will include the company’s entry strategy, brand strategy, development strategy, retail life strategy, and competition strategy. The above strategies will be supported by relevant information that relates to Wal-Mart’s actual performance in the Chinese market. Entry Strategy for Wal-Mart Whether it is a start-up or an established firm, entering a new market requires a careful planning, consideration of all factors of success and failure, and a deliberate decision on whether the factors are good for the success of the company. Some of the key factors that a company must consider include timing, extent, and mode of admission (Chaney & Gamble 2008; Soloman 2003). Regardless of the approaches and factors that a company chooses, it must have more advantages than disadvantages to ensure that the investment is viable for the company. Firstly, timing relates to the period that determines whether the company is the first to enter a foreign market, or joins later after other businesses have already joined a given market. An early entry connotes a company, which enters an international market before other international players in the industry join the same market. A late entry connotes a delayed admission after other international players have entered a given market. An early entry comes with first mover advantage where ‘the initial occupant of a strategic position or a niche gains access to resources and capabilities that a follower cannot match’ (Enderwick 2009, p. 7). The first mover advantage is that the company, which enters a new market earlier, is in a good position to establish a strong b
Introduction The Great Depression in Canada lasted from 1929 to 1939. Like many fledgling industrial nations at that time which included its neighbor the United States and Great Britain, this was a period marked by both financial and social problems. Unemployment attained a high of 27% when the depression was at its hardest in 1933. Families were plunged into massive debt with the wiping out of their assets. The hardest-hit sectors of the economy were those that employed a “big proportion of the population and this included farming, mining and logging.” (Paul Alexander, 1996) 1 The corporate world was also massively scarred with “corporate profits that had amounted to $396 million in 1929 being totally erased and instead turned to losses of $86 million by the year 1933.” (Berton, 2001, p 252) 2 The result was the closure of many businesses due to the continued decline of the prices of commodities which made this business venture unprofitable even though these massively reduced prices were still beyond the reach of an unemployed and broke public. (Berton, 2001, p 252) Root Causes of the Great Depression Before the onset of the Great Depression from the years 1919-1929, Canada had the fastest growing economy amongst the developing nations and the only blip to this record was the slight recession they suffered during the 1 st World War. The country was quite prosperous especially in the 1920s where its standards of living showed marked improvement. The country was certainly on the right path towards matching its close cousin the United States economics. An important point worth noting is that the onset of the great depression and the subsequent recession that followed did not start suddenly but it was a slow process that was fueled by the prevailing economic conditions and certain economic policy decisions that were undertaken by the Canadian Government like raising of export tari
The article “Proactive programs can keep pitchers healthy throughout the season” by Scifers and Menhart provides various techniques and advice in developing the proper exercise regimen for maintaining and ensuring pitching performance from the onset of a pitcher’s career all the way to its zenith. Upon closer inspection it does appear to contain some gaps in information that should be taken into account when creating proper training regimens. For one thing it lacks sufficient data on what proper exercises should be accomplished on athletes of varying ages, it lacks advice on proper upper extremity exercises for pitchers that are already injured and it neglects to take into account the development of bone chips through extreme physical exertion which can injure a player if it is not immediately identified. While the various exercises indicated within such as development of proper strengthening, balance and stretching exercises are inherently beneficial to any pitcher’s training regimen they neglect to take into account subsequent performance deterioration that happens over time as a result of age. What must be understood is that a lot of baseball players tend to play well past their prime due to the various lucrative contracts associated with professional baseball. As a direct result of this eventual muscle and bone deterioration through constant abuse can and will happen despite the best efforts of coaches to wean their players off too many pitches per season. Further examination of the Scifers and Menhart article neglects to mention any reference to proper upper extremity exercises for aging players and as a result it can be assumed that the same exercises applicable to younger players can be done with older players. The inherent problem with this particular type of conclusion is that in terms of overall strength, endurance and flexibility younger players tend to outpace and outmatch the capabilities of older players especially in cases where training is considered. Implementing the same type of exercises will not yield the same results due to differences in body types and as such other types of exercises should be implemented to take into account cases where older players are concerned. Another factor that should be taken into consideration is
According to (Marilyn, 2000), a system of accountability that comprises of various sections of elementary education is very essential in the checking the level and quality of education that the students get in elementary school. Accountability for educational systems involves several stakeholders such as; teachers of elementary schools, taxpayers of the country in question and the elected officials. Tax payers are found to question the performance of the system where schools as well as the ruling government are expected to show taxpayers the outcome of funds that are invested in elementary education. Large scale Assessment programs are widely used in programs where effectiveness of elementary education is tested. Therefore, educational personnel have been found to try their level best so as to improve their results when put under external tests that hold them accountable of the situation of elementary education. While designing an assessment framework, there are various principles that need to be taken into account namely; contextual factors, educational accountability as well as the team of stakeholders involved in this particular educational system. On educational accountability, other sources of information are used to assess the quality of elementary education that students get. This is because; different schools have different ways of assessing students. For instance, there are schools that consider low performance to be acceptable for those children that can perform better in other cocurricullum activities. Others focus on a large number of students completing elementary level education regardless of their scores. However, a comprehensive assessment framework checks on both the scores and the number of students receiving elementary education as well as the standards of training given to students. An assessment of classrooms should also be integrated in the framework of accountability where data should be collected to show the quality of learning curriculum being used. (Margaret, 2001) (Nancy, 2005) argues that, contextual factors of elementary education include parents, the public, teachers as well as politicians who contribute to the quality of learning in schools. It is therefore appropriate to formulate a framework that checks on all these factors during an evaluation of the performance of elementary students. For example, there are instances where an English teacher can do little to improve the performance of a student especially when he/she is not an English native speaker. Students’ performance is best assessed through a framework that checks on the student’s progress taking into account all other factors that are related to his/her performance. This is where variables that are under the control of schools are examined against those that are not under their control which holds the various members of contextual factors accountable for any mismanagement. Stakeholders of elementary education are also assessed where their perspectives are taken into account. Comprehensive accountability provides some mechanisms where stakeholders’ views are presented and embraced; which is essential for maintenance of the system of
Market Revolution of the 1830s The Market Revolution was witnessed in the 1830s in America. This historical framework explains various radical transformations that hit the entire financial system of the U.S. in the 19th century. According to Larson, changes that occurred during this time perplexed all elements of the market wealth in conformity to the nature of events that unfolded in the U.S. and the entire world (5). Different theorists have given diverse perspectives regarding the implications of the Market Revolution. For example, as cited by Horn et al., Charles Grier, a renowned American chronicler, presented this phenomenon as an event that had substantial negative historical impacts on the United States because it led to the shift from democracy or the agrarian economy to capitalism (53). Following this transformation, conventional concepts of commerce and ideologies were rendered archaic because of improved communication and transportation structures (Knight 17). Consequently, it paved the way for the rebirth of mercantilist ideas, which historians had considered obsolete. One of the major triggers of the Market Revolution was the increased industrialization. Financial systems of cities located on the northern side of the U.S. enjoyed more power compared to their southern counterparts, excluding New Orleans and Baltimore (Howe 520). The two towns were among those that defied the influence of the prevailing market forces, which favored the onset of the slave trade. The need for high national mobility, which amounted to a major dilemma experienced during earlier periods, contributed massively to the occurrence of the Market Revolution. For example, according to Howe, after the 1812 combat, the American administration resorted to constructing roads in the early 19th century (521). It also established extensive canals along the country’s traversable rivers. Later, the U.S. embarked on constructing railroad networks. This plan implied transforming the American economy. In particular, the U.S. would stop relying on imports from Europe. Instead, such advancements would make it dependent on internal trade and production activities. Benefits associated with in-house manufacturing increased America’s level of capitalism, as opposed to its agrarian economic system. The Market Revolution of the 1830s was characterized by profound economic innovations, technological revolutions, and political changes. The ultimate effect of this transformation entailed improved farming, advanced crop production mechanisms, and developments in the manufacturing sector (Horn et al. 91). For example, in the Antebellum period, Eli Whitney developed a structure that enhanced the manufacturing of muskets. This mechanism relied on compatible components. John Deere invented and made a farming tool that could be towed by horses, as opposed to the former inferior oxen-pulled wooden system (Horn et al. 109). Using the new and advanced tool, farmers realized minimal cultivation outlays. Other advancements linked to the Market Revolution of the 1830s include Cyrus McCormick’s invention of the mechanical mower-reaper, which enhanced the wheat farming business. The Cotton R