ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Promotion of a false sense of hope when providing end-of-life services or informing patients about terminal diagnoses is an undeniable moral dilemma. According to Sarafis, Tsounis, Malliarou, and Lahana (2014), “most of the times truth telling means conveying bad news” and, due to this, a large portion of practitioners “encounter many difficulties during truth telling, which lead them to feel psychological distress, impacting negatively on their emotional well-being and work satisfaction” (p. 129). Considering this, care providers may tend to hide some aspects of health-related information, which they consider especially disturbing, and alleviate the effects of bad news by giving false hope to patients. Another side of the issue is that patients and their relatives may frequently find it hard to accept that nothing can be done to improve their situation. In this case, even if a care provider is convinced that a patient’s case is hopeless, it is his or her moral right to satisfy as much of a patient’s’ wishes as possible. As the results of the study by McHugh et al. (2015) demonstrate, a common societal perspective indicates that “patients’ rights are central and life is regarded as precious and priceless so even high cost treatments that deliver limited benefits should not be withheld from patients” (p. 14). Nevertheless, the efficiency of life-extending treatments is an important factor to consider as well. Moreover, it is worth remembering that, for many people, the quality of life would be much more important than its length. Thus, this variable should also be taken into account in decision-making regarding the end-of-life service and intervention. Overall, the problem that you touched upon in your discussion is a very complex one and it has no single solution. It is possible to say that when dealing with a family that wants to extend the life of their terminally ill relative, it is essential to engage them
Weight Loss program In the world we live today most people are trying to lose weight for various reasons. Some want to lose weight because of their careers for instance models while some do it for medical reasons and others just to keep fit. Keeping fit has been shown to decrease cardiovascular complications ( Rena R.W. 2010. para.1) . Whatever the reasons are, one requires a program that would be of assistance in the weight reduction and to maintain it as well. In some instances weight loss can be unintentional where one loses weight due to diseases or even lack of food. Diet is the most important when it comes to weight loss. One may do all the procedures necessary to cut down his or her body mass but are on a diet that is full of fats. This would be a total waste of time as body mass will still be gained. So in case one wants to cut down body mass permanently the one needs to change the way of living, which includes eating habits, exercising and many other things that affect the weight of a person. Cheryl L. R. (2010, Para. 12) claims that diet has a more effective weight loss programs group programs. There are various methods that one can use in weight loss. With the current level of technology scientists have come up with numerous techniques that can be used for weight loss. They include: slimming pills, slimming belts, machines that can emulsify fats from the body. Most of these have side effects that are health hazards; thus this brings us to devise a weight loss program that has no side effects and would be permanent. There are three keys to effective weight loss. They include: exercising, education and nutrition. Exercising is one of the most important factors of mass loss. During exercising one requires energy. This energy is achieved by metabolisms which can be increased by exercise. Some scientists recommend that one should exercise four to five times a week for a period of 20 to 30 minutes. This helps in burning down the excess fats in the body; hence mass loss. Springer, S. (1999, p.2) argues that education is pillar to healthy lifestyle. If one is educated then one can easily make decisions regarding the kind of foods one eats. It also creates an awareness of keeping fit and the kind of diet one should be on. Lastly there is nutrition; it is key factor to permanent weight loss (Kuczmarski, 2001, p.23).Naturally the human body has the capability of maintaining the recommended weight. On the other if one keeps ingesting lots of fatty foods it is forced to store the excessive fat thus leading to obesity. One can have a balanced diet with fewer intakes of calories. This would help in maintaining a normal body weight. Generally the nutrition, regular exercising and knowledge are the key components of a perfect weight loss program. Mama Wawa Men are men and women are women assumption is based on the fact that men have horm
It is pretty amazing how community service has continued to develop and become an issue of debate in our schools and the community. It is quite agreeable that all students have come from different backgrounds. Socioeconomic backgrounds, family backgrounds and cultural backgrounds differ from student to student. Ideological intertwinement between networks of students will lend a hand in trying to demystify the true value of community service, be it mandatory or voluntary. Continued development of this topic is therefore required for students to ruminate and crystallize its direct and indirect impacts on the environment in the societal perspective. As people from all backgrounds engage themselves into this issue, the question to be asked is whether this should be voluntary or not. Many students will agree that it is good for them to engage in community work. This is because community work reprieves a student from class work so that they are given a break to stop worrying about calculus, Newton’s laws of motion and the second theory of thermodynamics. It is this community work that allows students to apply what they have learnt in class to the real world. Thus such kinds of service projects are aimed at buttressing what the student has been able to learn in class. There are diverse ways of engaging in community work. A school based environmental club can volunteer in cleaning up a drainage system or maintenance of a local roundabout. On the other hand organizations which are not school based may organize leadership forums or forums for citizenship to the local public (Randa 8). These community based organizations include the scouts or religious groups. There are plenty of reasons to believe why mandatory community work is oxymoronic. For this statement to be substantiated, the pros and cons of mandatory communal work must be considered. In the United States for example, students in a number of schools are required to perform certain services to the community before they earn a diploma. There have been a number of success and failure stories from schools which practice a sort of mandatory community service to their students. Service learning programs are increasingly becoming popular in the national academic curriculum across the states of the U.S. One of the reasons is because President Clinton has been explaining the importance of volunteering to the community by the American students and the public. Proponents of this idea have come up with reasons to support this ideology. They exclaim that mandatory community service raises self esteem
The problem of environmental protection is one of the most controversial and significant questions in modern society because today people need to realize the negative consequences of their activities on the environment and the planet. In 2006, the former Vice President of the USA Al Gore and filmmakers Davis Guggenheim and Lawrence Bender produced the striking documentary film An Inconvenient Truth. The film focuses on the problem of global warming discussed from several perspectives, including the political, scientific, social, and moral approaches. An Inconvenient Truth is based on the slide show or presentation on the topics of global warming and climate change prepared by Al Gore and demonstrated in hundreds of cities globally (Bender, 2006). The presentation was the real success in many countries, which influenced the development of the environmental movements in communities. Thus, An Inconvenient Truth is the documentary film on the problematic question of global warming which is developed to attract the public’s attention to the environmental issues one more time, while contributing to the people’s awareness of the problem. The film is structured to represent and document the aspects of how Al Gore demonstrates and discusses his presentation in different cities while drawing the audience’s attention to the hot questions of climate changes. The detailed description and discussion of the causes and effects of the environmental issues and provided graphs and visuals in the slide show are based on Al Gore’s previous complex investigation in the field. Thus, all the claims presented in the slide show are supported with the facts, statistics, data, and evidence which make the presentation rather scaring because of explaining the potential risks for the people’s global com
The present case study describes a situation that resulted primarily from the lack of individual skills that are considered essential for success in the workplace. The case also outlines the adverse effect that the absence of these skills can have on a person’s work, for instance, missing the project deadline due to self-organisation failures. Essential Employability skills are defined by the SQA as “a set of achievements, understandings and personal attributes that make individuals more likely to gain employment and be successful in their chosen occupation” (2). Analyzing the case can provide a deeper understanding of the skills that are involved in the situation, thus providing an opportunity to find solutions. First, the case states that I was going to come to work early to finish the project that was due today. This indicates a lack of proper time-management skills in place, which are among the essential employability skills outlined by the SQA. Excellent time-management skills can help to organize the project work efficiently so as not to leave it to the deadline. Second, the failure to locate the phone number of the mechanic shows the lack of information management skill. This skill involves the ability to “locate, select, organize, and document information using appropriate technology and information systems” (OMAESD par. 5). The development of information management skill would ensure that the crucial information is stored in a way that allows for it to be reached easily. Finally, the case also portrays difficulties with communication and teamwork, which are also crucial components of the employability portfolio (Employment Ontario 3). In this scenario, high teamwork skill would provide an opportunity to delegate some of the tasks to colleagues in order to complete the project by the deadline. Thus, three main problems can be identified in the present case: an unfinished project, the inability to locate the mechanic’s phone number, and no opportunity to ask for colleagues’ help in finishing the project. To prevent these issues from occurring, it would be essential to develop organization skills. For instance, making sure that the project is completed before the deadline so that the final day would be devoted to either finalizing or double-checking it would eliminate the rush to work and allow me to deal with the issue in a calm manner, rather than panicking because of the amount of work left to do. Moreover, my ability to organize information efficiently would mean that important phone numbers are stored directly on my phone so that they can be found straight away. In this case, being able to locate the mechanic’s phone number quickly would help me to get to work earlier. Finally, using workplace connections, I could ask other workers to assist me with finishing the project while I am struggling with my car. However, if the preventative measures have not been taken, good critical thinking and problem-solving skills would prevent the situation from affecting my work in a negative way. These are also one of the essential employa
The concept of individuality is a significant interest in the study of the uniqueness of living things. The concept of an individual entity or organism was centered on the understanding of the independence of individual entities that framed biology in terms of the study of particulate, interacting, and living entities (Gilbert, Sapp, & Tauber, 2012). However, the emergence of new knowledge on concepts such as the cells and ecology has allowed the consideration of cooperative and competitive relations among organisms as crucial determinants of individuality. Regardless of the progress that has been made in the definition of individuality, many questions arise when explaining what makes an individual. Dupre and O’Malley (2009) seek to respond to some of the arising questions in as far as individuality of living things is concerned. For instance, what does it signify for a creature to be living? What is the responsibility of inter-organismic cooperation in development? What is a biological personage? In this paper, I defend Dupre and O’Malley’s (2009) claim that reproduction and the collaboration of entities are not only crucial in the creation of life but also key determinants of the definition of biological individuals. In biology, the term “individual” is used and defined in different ways. Dupre and O’Malley (2009) present the biological individual as a creature that relies on mutual interaction between it and other creatures. However, such a definition is lacking due to overlooking the role of numerous species of bacteria and other microbes that share the cells and bodies of animals. Concurring with Dupre and O’Malley’s (2009) expositions, Gilbert et al. (2012) give the example of the algal symbiont, which provides approximately 60% of nutrients to its host coral. When the algal dies due to increased exposure to surface temperatures, the coral eventually dies. In such a case, the main question is whether the coral is a living entity without the algal symbiont. Hence, the view of an individual as an anatomical entity is very controversial. It is imperfect due to lack of consideration of other anatomical entities that play part in survival of the entirety of entities benefiting or non-benefiting from their relationship. In line with Dupre and O’Malley’s (2009) arguments, the symbiotic relationship between parasitoid wasp and Wolbachia is an important indicator that collaborative efforts are crucial in the developmental process of individuals even from the ovum (Bourke, 2011). Wolbachia bacteria inhabit the cells of several invertebrates to the level of causing harmful impacts on the way the affected organisms reproduce. However, the ejection of such bacteria from the organisms results in the release of undeveloped oocytes by the wasps, hence hindering their multiplication. Hence, without bacteria, female wasps are unable to multiply (Bouchard & Huneman, 2013). In their paper, Dupre and O’Malley discuss previous modes of knowledge and understanding that have made it difficult for collaborative efforts to be acknowledged as significant in defining and determining individuality
There is a connection between economics and society, but neither sociologists nor economists give this connection much attention. Economic transaction influence society just as society determines economic exchange. One of the obvious connections that have been identified between society and economy is social capital. Money is not the only form of capital, although economists ignore other forms of capital such as social/cultural capital. Social capital is gained through education and personal connection with the elite or influential members of the society (Biggart and Guillen, 1999). Some people have more of this capital due to being born into certain families and through inheritance. Influential people are members of certain exclusive clubs and being a member is very beneficial. Social exchange is maintained through the exchange of symbolic goods. In the modern workplace, people are able to rise to the top are often those who are able to access senior managers and board members. These people are accessed in informal places such as exclusive clubs, churches, gatherings, and other social places. Developing social networks is a form of investment as the networks are important in getting a job or a promotion. Networking is therefore an investment in creating social capital. Being born into a rich and influential family gives a person contact with other rich and equally powerful people; hence, it is possible to get a good job or even capital to start a venture. Social capital introduces the element of inclusion as well as exclusions. From an economic perspective, social capital suggests that money is more than a measure of economic value. It can create meaning and identity and meaning can be ascribed to it as well. Economic theory discusses elements such as perfect competition and other forms of economic relations, but at the heart of exchange is a social relation. People do now want money only for what the money can buy but its impact on social relations with others. A proper understanding of capital, therefore, goes beyond definition given in economic theory. Modern understanding of what capital was developed a few centuries ago after the rise of capitalism. The idea of capitalism has reduced all forms of exchange to mere mercantile exchange, which is oriented towards profit maximization. Related to social capital is the cultural capital. Cultural capital is converted into other forms of capital. Cultural capital such as higher education cannot be measured simply in monetary values or return. There are more returns achieved by investing in education that economists do not measure. It is through education that cultural capital is transmitted from one generation to the next. Accumulation of social capital takes time, sacrifice, and not just monetary investment. Mastering calculus, for example, takes time and many sleepless nights. Possessors of education of some forms of cultural capital also gain additional benefits such as the distinction, respect, and even gains new friends and influence people in society. These gains can be transmitted to future generations of a person. The function of money is to give a value to all fo
Forensic Psychology in Criminal Justice The notions of criminal justice and forensic (also known as legal) psychology are closely linked to each other. The development of psychological science led to certain changes in the criminal justice processes (Forbes, 2016). The most interesting thing about forensic psychology is that the psychologists that are active in this area are trying their best to find out the underlying reasons for committing a crime. This includes the breakdown of all compelling forces and mental causes that can influence the outcomes. Therefore, the impact on the criminal justice process can be characterized as critical due to its pivotal association with the crime investigation methodology. The importance of forensic psychology for court and criminal justice can be explained as the identification of who and how to charge (Shanafelt & Pino, 2015). One of the most prevalent examples of the connection between psychology and criminal justice is the use of the word “insanity.” For the majority of individuals, this is a psychological term, but it eventually bears more resemblances to the legal side of the question. It is safe to say that if the person, for instance, was not aware of the actions that they committed, they can be considered legally insane. This leads to the conclusion that legally insane individuals are tried and sentenced differently (Shanafelt & Pino, 2015). This divergence in the verdicts can only be supported by research conducted by forensic psychologist due to the specifics of the issue. In the US, according to the legislation, no one can be charged for wrongdoing activity if they were “legally insane” throughout the time of committing the crime (Fox & Levin, 2015). It can be concluded that the impact of forensic psychology on criminal justice system of the United States of America should never be underestimated. On a bigger scale, forensic psychologists shaped a different system that helps the government to achieve justice but with the use of a number of adjustments that can help judges make the ultimate verdict as objective as possible. The appropriateness of the sentence is also influenced by forensic psychologists as the latter provide an unequivocal contribution to the discussion of a criminal’s consciousness and cognitive functioning (Forbes, 2016). The help of f
Key issue The problem of racial profiling of minority communities has shown to be ineffective in preventing the growing concerns of increased crime rates and traffic congestion. Police departments have been continuously challenged by the lack of awareness on how they can address the arising public safety issues effectively. Policy Policy statement: the policy is concerned with identifying and eliminating both systemic and individual racial profiling at the police department of a chosen jurisdiction. Racial profiling, in regards to the established policy, is defined as any possible act of omission of safety, security, or public protection by an individual police officer or a whole department that results in created scrutiny and other adverse treatments based on race, ethnicity, and other related biases. Target Audience The policy option was chosen as a response to the problem because it would serve as a resource for law enforcement authorities on how to prevent racial profiling on a legislative basis. The target population of the policy, which includes law enforcement officers, is expected to act in accordance with the established principles. Bringing their attention to policy is essential because they hold authority and should use a reasonable degree of scrutiny to make judgments on ethnic origin, race, religion, color, and further stereotypes. Responsibilities The police department at the given jurisdiction is required to carry out the policy and the related responsibilities. The critical step is to identify instances of racial profiling, which includes the singling out of a racialized individual, the deviation from normal practices, a person of color being subjected to unprofessional or degrading treatment, and lacking reasons for the treatment experienced by a person of color (UNODC, 2011). Recognizing the causes of racial profiling is concerned with eliminating inappropriate policies and the general organizational culture. Provisions and Procedures The provisions and procedures of the policy are concerned with following the practices and principles of positive change within law enforcement. First, it is expected to substantively acknowledge the reality of racial profiling and the adverse impact it has on the community. For example, public protests against racial profiling represent the key threat to the safety of the community and undermine trust in law enforcement. Second, the policy establishes active and regular engagement with minority groups to obtain feedback on the experiences of racial profiling. Third, policy guidance is the procedure concerned with the implementation of appropriate standards and guidelines that directly address ending racial profiling in law enforcement. The fourth provision is collecting and analyzing race data within the community to identify and manage the instances of profiling as well as manage performance. It is followed by monitoring and accountability, which is a procedure implying the regular assessment of racial profiling and setting multi-dimensional mechanisms for