ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The paper aims to collect and analyze all kinds of research and reports and conduct various experimental studies to obtain the necessary objective conclusions on special education services in New York City public schools. The research question is devoted to considering the challenges parents and their children with disabilities and special needs face in receiving special education services in New York City public schools. The focus of the work is how the city’s educational system fails such students. Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) provides an Individualized Education Program (IEP). It is specialized guidance and educational support services for children with disabilities and individual differences (Maag et al., 2019). There is also Individualized Education Plans (IFSP), which is a program that outlines efforts to boost the child’s progress up to the age of three. The IEP must meet the student’s unique needs and create a comfortable environment concerning chronic health conditions. However, most public schools are not adapted to accommodate children with disabilities. There is a negative attitude towards them, sometimes resulting in bullying (Yell et al., 2016). Even though schools follow an IEP, this work is performed to determine the obstacles to adequate special education services for children with disabilities and special needs and their parents encounter within the New York City public school system. This paper also concerns the policy-related issues faced by policy-makers in this field. SMART technology is useful for classification characteristics under study (Nardi, 2018). The descriptive study design identifies the object and formulates a hypothesis about the social object’s structural-functional relations. S – Specific Considering the goal’s feature “specific,” this research proposes to survey the parents of children with disabilities and special needs to obtain information about particular challenges they face in accessing education. It also intends to conduct interviews with the New York City Department of Education representatives responsible for implementing specific education policies. There are several following objectives to meet this goal; first of all, it is needed to collect data from the students’ families eligible for special education in New York. Secondly, estimation of the percentage of students with disabilities facing challenges is required compared to the students with disabilities that do not face any obstacles among randomly sampled participants for the study. Thirdly, it is crucial to categorize particular challenges the students el
Introduction This paper explores reasons why westerners may experience a cultural shock when they visit Eastern/Arab/Muslim countries. In the face of a totally different and somehow unexpected way of life, people experience feelings of anxiety, fear, disorientation, surprise or just confusion. The manifestation of this feeling in an individual facing another culture is referred to as culture shock. Culture shock comes with difficult to comprehend why people should behave differently. In often cases, an individual experiences another culture as being mundane and typically unacceptable. When an individual encounters another culture, at first glance they are mesmerized (Pedersen 26). Everything may look gloss and alluring, however, after sometime, individuals begin to discover more and understand the other culture deeply. New discoveries lead to differences with own culture emerging. Unless one is used to cultural differences, the emerging differences come to the fore causing very disturbing feelings in the individual (Pedersen 80). For many individuals, mundane differences are experienced as a disappointment or disgusting for extreme cases. A lot of humility and understanding is needed to negotiate a culture shock well enough. People who manage to negotiate culture shock properly and stay in a foreign culture for sometime become shocked when they return home to their own cultures. They realize that each culture is different and own culture has given epithets that can be very disgusting to a foreigner. Culture shock when negotiated properly makes individuals more eager and excited about experiencing other cultures (Pedersen 134). Without anything changing in the foreign culture, an openness to learn often leads to discovery of embedded meanings and related understanding. When this happens, one accepts differences and moves on with appreciation. He or she doesn’t have to agree with the cultural differences but will approach the people of the different culture with more understanding and empathy as opposed to disgust or a nagging indifference. If culture shock is not negotiated properly, if one has to stay for long in the foreign land, the individual will remain homesick, alienated and very bitter Westerners visiting the East or Muslim countries inevitably experience a cu
Introduction American art has a variety of works that display the daily lives and issues of individuals. By contrasting two paintings with a similar theme, one can get a more comprehensive understanding of the artist’s techniques and design elements applied to convey a specific meaning and atmosphere. This paper aims to compare two paintings from the Art Institute Chicago – Nightlife by Archibald Motley and Nighthawks by Edward Hopper, both showcasing a night in a city but in a different manner. Nightlife and Nighthawks Both paintings are currently displayed in the Art Institute Chicago and have similar themes portrayed by the artists. Images 1 and 2 display the two works in question. In Nighthawks, one can witness a quiet street and a restaurant window in the evening, while in Nightlife, a cabaret and its visitors are the centers of attention (“Nighthawks”; “Nightlife”). The first painting is rather peaceful and calming due to the techniques used by the author, which will be discussed in detail in the following paragraphs. The latter is lively and vibrant, which is due to the color and patterns used by Motley. Image 1. Nighthawks by Edward Hopper (“Nighthawks”). Image 2. Nightlife by Archibald Motley (“Nightlife”). History Hopper created Nighthawks in 1942, aiming to display his perception of contemporary life in America. One can argue that the street and the four people in the diner who do not seem to communicate are a part of the artist’s perception of the loneliness in the urban society. The nightlife was painted in 1943 by Archibald Motley in Chicago, representing the artist’s view of life in the city (“Nightlife”). This painting is an essential component of African-American art. Medium and Technique A vital element of any artwork that determines the techniques and visual outcomes of the artists’ work is the materials used in the process of creation. According to the Art Institute in Chicago, both Hopper and Motley’s Work are oil on canvas (“Nightlife”). However, the works analyzed in this paper differ significantly because the artist used different techniques. Hopper applied perspective to separate a viewer from the
Introduction National security is a critical issue that the United Arab Emirates (UAE) government takes seriously. The country has been keen to invest in this area in an attempt to safeguard the lives of many citizens and visitors widely. With the UAE situated in a very sensitive geographical region, its leaders remain concerned about numerous challenges, including Islamic extremism and terrorist. The country boasts of numerous assets and public spaces that support the current economic growth. For example, Dubai Airport remains one of the busiest airports in the world. This is a clear indication that security is something that all departments and emirates in the country should put into consideration. Modern global challenges range from chemical attacks, fire outbreaks, destruction of critical infrastructures, damage to property, and terrorism. A coordinated approach is always necessary if a specific country is to mitigate these predicaments. At the center of this objective is the UAE Civil Defense. The paper presented below gives a detailed background and examination of the roles and services of this agency. It goes further to give powerful recommendations that different policymakers and leaders can consider in order to support this agency and achieve the targeted homeland security aims. The UAE Civil Defense: Background Information History The idea that led to the establishment of the UAE Civil Defense emerged in 1976 following a ruling made by the Federal Supreme Council (law no. 4). The main goal was to create a powerful department that focused on the country’s homeland security. The government was also keen to implement powerful initiatives and practices to protect lives and empower many people to achieve their potential. During the same year, most of the emirates across the UAE had managed to develop their own departments with clearly defined objectives and visions (“Dubai Civil Defense,” n.d.). Over the years, all departments in every emirate collaborate, exchange ideas, and share resources in an attempt to improve security in this country. In an attempt to make the UAE Civil Defense efficient, the UAE implements powerful regulations and presents adequate material and human resources. Organizational Structure The UAE Civil Defense has a simple structure that ensures that it achieves most of its objectives and goals. The leader of this agency is the Directorate General. He or she is deputized by assistant directors for smart services, resources and support services, fire and rescue, and safety and protection affairs. The role of each assistant director’s office depends on the specific field or service (“Dubai Civil Defense,” n.d.). The Directorate General usually collaborates with four departments in order to
Introduction Ulcers generally occur along the entire gastrointestinal tract beginning from the lining of the mouth to the end of the rectal region (Chan, 2005). Peptic ulcers can be described as the lesions that affect the esophagus, duodenum and the stomach. Peptic ulcers develop mostly due to gastric acid action and subsequent Helicobacter pylori infection . Some peptic ulcers develop following a prolonged use of anti-inflammatory drugs. Several therapeutic interventions have been established to control peptic ulcers. This paper seeks to carry out the following: offer a brief discussion of the relevant pathophysiology of peptic ulcers; discuss the pharmacological management of the condition, including the mechanism of action of particular drug classes; and critically examine other relevant findings from various journal articles. The pathophysiology of peptic ulcers As stated in the introductory part, peptic ulcers are ulcers that generally affect the gastric, esophagus and duodenal parts of the gastrointestinal tract. As the name suggests, hydrochloric acid and pepsin are involved in the development of peptic ulcers (Tang, Lui, Cheng, Lee, & Cheng, 2009). In certain circumstances the gastric (hydrochloric) acid is often produced excessively resulting into a damaged mucosal membrane. Normally, the mucosal membranes function to protect the stomach and other internal organs from bacterial inversion and other forms of danger. The broken membrane therefore facilitates the penetration of Helicobacter pylori that proceeds to establish internal infections. The infection results into ulceration and inflammation of the infected area. Peptic ulcers may also develop following a prolonged use of anti-inflammatory painkillers such as aspirin and NSAIDs. The prolonged use of anti-inflammatory painkillers inhibits the synthesis of gastric prostaglandin. Gastric prostaglandins are present in the gastric mucosa and gastric juice in elevated concentrations (Tang, Lui, Cheng, Lee, & Cheng, 2009). The prostaglandin inhibits the secretion of gastric acid, stimulates the secretion of mucus and bicarbonate, and protects the mucosa from being damaged by a variety of agents (Tan H. J., 2010). When the synthesis of prostaglandin is inhibited, all these protection is lost. This usually occurs in patients with conditions such as arthritis, which require a prolonged use of anti-inflammatory painkillers. Peptic is ulcers are identified depending on the gastrointestinal region that is affected. If the peptic ulcer is formed in the stomach it will be referred to as a gastric ulcer; that which has formed at the duodenal level is referred to as a duodenal ulcer; and a peptic ulcer that develops in the esophagus is called esophageal ulcer (Tan & Goh, 2008). In some rare cases, peptic ulcers develop due to stomach cancer. At times, peptic ulcers can develop into severe perforate or bleeding ulcers that are considered to be dangerous. A perforated ulcer is clinically identified by the presence of a severe mucosal tear that results int
Introduction Communication is an essential component of human socialization in the modern world. The class Introduction to Communication Speech provided me with valuable insight into my communication abilities. I realized which aspects of my personality need improvement and which I should use more often in communication. I began to experience less excitement and nervousness during contact with strangers. Therefore, I can call active listening, friendliness, empathy, and self-awareness my strong communication attributes. Main body Even though adequately constructed speech is an essential aspect of any conversation, the ability to listen is equally important. Therefore, active listening consists of the ability to let the interlocutor express all thoughts before answering. In life, this skill helps to avoid cases of misunderstanding; for example, when communicating with a teacher, when I want to clarify a certain question, I must first listen to the professor. Empathy is the second strong side of communication, which I believe is necessary for every person. Empathy with the interlocutor can help in dealing with possible disagreements and stressful situations. Moreover, this attribute helps to understand the point of view of another person. The same can be assigned to friendliness when communicating, as it can contribute to building trust and mutual understanding. Friendliness keeps a positive attitude when interacting with other people. Empathy and friendliness are beneficial to me when communicating in stressful situations, for example, during arguments with friends or relatives, to lead the conversation out of the conflict. The last but not least attribute of communication is the ability to be self-aware. It helps to understand what contribution I can make to the conversation and how best to transform the dialogue to achieve my goals (Kelly 12). Thus, I notice that if I cannot get, for example, consent to do me a favor from a person, I will transfer communication to reasoning to show how they can benefit from it. Moreover, self-awareness helps to understand when it is best to give the floor to others. Conclusion In conclusion, it must be noted that each person should develop different attributes of communication. They primarily help to achieve the desired goal by talking to this that person. In addition, practical communication skills are necessary for the formation of a circle of communication and negotiation. My strong attributes are self-awareness, friendliness, empathy, and the ability to listen. However, the aspects that are worth working on are our confidence and getting rid of nervousness. Work Cited Kelly, Alex, et al. Talkabout: A Social Communication Skills Package . Routledge, 2019.
Ani Kasten is an artist creating amazing ceramics. Her works can be items for exhibition, but they can also be functional. At the same time, her functional works are all pieces of art. The artist creates simple objects which convey really important ideas. It is necessary to note that it is not easy to see the major message of the artist when looking at her works. It may seem that the artist tries to create a feeling of antiquity or history. Nonetheless, her message is more meaningful. In her works, Ani Kasten recreates nature and natural course of life and makes viewers think about this life circle. Her collection of functional forms deserves special attention. These are objects used in people’s everyday life (“Portfolio: Functional Forms”). The artist uses natural materials. A lot of her works are made of stoneware with slips and glazes. Moreover, the artist tries to make her items as natural as possible. The objects are of different shapes which are very natural. There are no perfect forms and shapes. All items are unique use as anything in the world of nature. The artist is fascinated by nature, and she tries to make viewers appreciate nature as well. It is quite amazing that the artist manages to recreate different curves which are often seen in nature. It seems that the pieces of the collection are not man-made. It may seem that they were simply taken from nature (from forests and seas). As has been mentioned above, it seems that her works are pieces of the antique world, which were found by archeologists some years ago. However, the main idea of Ani Kasten is to show the natural course of life. According to Ani Kasten, she wants to show “the cycle of life, death, decay” and “the nature of change” (“Artist’s Statement”). Her works’ shapes and colors which are used to show decay and change. The shape of each work is as unique as an individual’s life. People are all different, and there can be no perfect thing or person. When looking at the items, it is obvious that each curve can be beautiful as perfect things are often quite predictable, which is not good for real life. The artist uses such colors as white, grey,
Topic Paragraph In many societies, women are faced by challenges they have to deal with on a daily basis. Some of the challenges they face deprive them of their capacity to sustain their livelihoods hence compelling them to lead lives of poverty. In China, women who live in rural areas prone to floods go through a lot of suffering when the floods occur (Du and Zheng 75). Some of the factors that make them suffer include lack of planning on how to mitigate the effects of floods and inadequate disaster preparedness. As a result, there is need for women to be empowered through various projects that attempt to reduce their vulnerability to natural disasters. Among the organizations that have taken the lead in addressing the challenges women face in China is China Women’s Development Foundation. The foundation intends to work on a project that will deal with the challenges women are exposed to due to natural disasters. This detailed proposal provides the funding agency with a breakdown of how the project will be undertaken (Community Projects Funding 5). Funding Agency and its Guidelines The funding agency to provide funds for the project is known as Women’s Hope and Education Trust. It is an international organization that funds women’s projects with the aim of empowering them and reducing some of the problems they go through. The agency has a number of guidelines that should be followed in order for funds to be granted. The first guideline is that the group seeking the funds must have worked for at least two years and its membership must exceed eight people. The second guideline is that there must be a guiding constitution for the group. The third guideline is that the group should demonstrate leadership qualities and preparedness to impact the community positively. The fourth guideline is that the group should prove its inability to pay the required money and finally, it should be ready to receive further training in educational institutions. Literature Review Project Summary Most women in China are exposed to many social problems due to lack of financial resources and the fact that education chances for women are limited. When natural calamities such as floods take place, people suffer with women bearing the brunt of such calamities hence the need to find ways to reduce the adverse effects that come with floods. In China, women who live in the river basins are exposed to high e
Mercy killing has been defined as the act of terminating life in a way that alleviates pain and suffering (Brill, 166). Over the years, the ethical nature of mercy killing has been largely debated. Currently, only a few countries have legalized voluntary euthanasia. Although some people argue that mercy killing alleviates pain and is mainly a matter of choice for those requesting it, the act should be done away with since it demeans life. The future is built upon hope for better thing and mercy killing is in a form, the abandonment of hope. Mercy killing goes against all the principles of sustainability and as such should be done away with. In order to form a valid argument it is important to understand the types of mercy killing. There are two types of mercy killing (euthanasia): Voluntary and involuntary euthanasia. Voluntary euthanasia is referred to as mercy killing by consent while involuntary occurs without the consent of the patient (Griffith and Tengnah. 356). Under law, voluntary euthanasia is usually acceptable under certain conditions however this does not speak to the ethical nature of the act. Under close investigation, it can be proven that the act is highly unethical regardless of the type. First, mercy killing highly depends on the mental competency of the patient. The mental competency of patients who have undergone years of pain and suffering is usually under question (Lesser, 331). Some of these patients may be under pressure from their caretakers to end their lives. The pressure may be in the form of guilt whereby the patient feels that by committing suicide he or she may alleviate the suffering they are imposing on their love ones (Gill and Voss, 8). The act therefore may be not exclusively the wishes of the patient. Mercy killing opens pathways with which unscrupulous relatives and caregivers may put undue pressure on the patient to engage in the act. While the patient may be able to provide the consent, the reasons behind it are questionable as they not only relate on their level of suffering or pain. Patients who are in comas may also be subject to mercy killing with the validation that they are in pain. However, it is impossible to say for certain that these patients actually feel pain and the degree of pain these patients feel. Mercy killing under this situation cannot be justified in any way. Secondly, mercy killing might act as an obstacle to medical development due to reduced motivation. When the AIDS virus first appeared, many people thought that it was incurable. Those suffering from the virus were so scared of their impending doom that they opted for suicide. However, over the years, many medications have been developed that have made the disease manageable with patients living meaningful, long lives. According to Brill (166), many physicians do agree that it i