ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction The authors introduce this chapter by emphasizing the importance of having a vision with a well designed plan. The introductory section of the chapter summarizes what have already been covered in the first six chapters of the book. They admire the contribution made by Richard Elmore who concluded that identifying the right work is critical to the success of a school. This is acknowledged as helping in the understanding of conditions that mediate the impact of school leadership. Marzano, Waters and McNulty all agree that the findings from the preceding findings are crucial in understanding school leadership. They however point out that these findings do not constitute a plan on their own. The main objective of the chapter is to present the research findings and conclusions. This will in turn facilitate the planning of appropriate action that will help any school leader articulate and realize desired goals. The chapter identifies five major steps which are discussed next. Develop a Strong School Leadership Team In this section, the authors defend their findings about the responsibilities characterizing the job of an effective school leader. Compared with other findings, it has been found that a long list of responsibilities is required for effective leadership in school. They observe that leading a school requires a range of complex skills. However, this common conclusion brings about some problem since it is difficult, indeed, for a single individual to master and execute these complex skills; this is demanding too much from the leader. The challenge is to reconcile the fact that effective school leadership requires 21 or more responsibilities but that it is utterly impossible for an individual to master all of them at once. Taken uncritically, this observation implies that only those with superhuman abilities or readiness to attain superhuman status could qualify as effective leaders of a school. However, creating effective leadership is made possible if the focus shifts from an individual to a group of individuals. The authors argue that the 21 responsibilities can be found from a team of leaders instead of relying on the school principal to provide all leadership. A number of theories in chapter two are believed to have addressed the need for shared leadership duties. Marzano and the team believed that effective leadership can be obtained from the natural outgrowth of a purposeful community. They propose that the school can be divided into a purposeful community for the design of an effective team. Crafting a Purposeful Community This subsection involves the formation of groups of people with collective efficacy and ability to develop and use available resources to achieve the desired goals. This is usually through well agreed-upon processe
Masculinities imply different versions of describing manly composure and behaviour of both men and women. For three decades, several studies have been carried out in an attempt to come up with a clearer description of ‘masculinities,’ to no avail. Notably, perceptions of masculinity are evolving over time and among as well as within societies, resulting in an array of masculinities. Whereas some researchers believe masculinities represent various patterns of behaviour inclined toward the roles that men play in the society, others concur that masculinities involve more than just men: that women can also show ‘masculinity’ if their actions and achievements are analogous to that of their male counterparts (Connell1998, pp2-6; Wong et al 2011, pp236-255). In an attempt to address masculinities, the initial recognition of the social construction of sexuality triggered more discussions on ‘values’ and the ‘normal’ roles of each gender(Connell1998, pp2-6). This was a significant step, nonetheless, in defining the impact of masculinity in the society. Today, the actual connotation of masculinity has evolved past the notion of ‘the role of men,’ though this notion also defines a ‘group’ of masculinity. An emphasis of compliance with masculine beliefs also goes beyond the manner in which breaking conventional rules may work positively toward building masculinity (Graef,Tokar, & Kaut 2010, pp319-333).Gender issues are historically not constant, andthe involvedness of masculinities suggests disagreements that can impact change. Yet some view masculinities as representative of a variation between the feminine and masculine genders, a dissimilarity that is today implying the variations in authority between males and females commonin the male chauvinistic cultures. Under such structur
Introduction Generally, human beings attach great importance to the environment since their means of living and quality of life rely on it. As the environmental threats increases, so do the attempts to safeguard environmental values [1] . Environmental politics are interested in the manner in which individuals arrange themselves systematically and configure activities to defend their interest in the environment. It takes into account the vibrancy of social movements, organizations and state machineries, and how they work together [2] . The subject of environmental conservation poses an exceptional test to politics. Among them is the transnational nature of the ecological trend. In other words, environmental processes go beyond national boundaries. For example, countries along the coastal line share the same waters and fish stocks [3] . Conflicts and apathy have often emerged due to disparities in regional or international environmental concerns and the current political structures and boundaries (Walters, 2004, p. 2). The gains of economic development characteristically accrue to one country or region, yet the negative environmental impact of such development is normally transferred to another country or region, in terms of polluted air and water. This provides less motivation to control pollution from its origin. In addition, the administration may be less obliged to impose penalties on the industries concerned when it is clear that the pollution takes place outside their jurisdiction [4] . History has shown that political engagements in ecological affairs are capricious and diminishes with time, and development varies from additional to groundbreaking depending on the background and prospect [5] . One analyst once described the history of global environmental action as a target that appears impossible to achieve at the moment. For the above reasons, environmental politics have always relied strongly on chronological and case study analysis [6] . This research paper will explore the role played by Non-Governmental Organizations (NGO’s) in environmental matters and explain why they are the best to deal with global environmental challenges. First, the study will start by examining the chronology of NGO’s in matters of environmental politics. The research will be based on different premises and concepts and key arguments between different authors and their academic positions. The Chronology of environmentalist NGO’s In order to acknowledge the significance of NGO in global environmental actions it is important to understand what an NGO is because a wide range of entities exist. According to Hrabanski and others, organizations vary in accordance with the size, composition, sources of funds, beliefs, goals, operational scope and activities [7] . Dolšak defines an NGO as private, non profit-making, professional entity with a characteristic official character, concerned with the general well being of the people and societal goals. Soci
Most businesses have adopted the use of comment cards. Comment cards are used to collect customers’ responses to the rendered services. However, comment cards are more common in the service industries than in other industries. A comment card ought to be professionally designed in order to achieve the desired goals (Su 397). In a bid to gather information on the best practice and design of a comment card, this study examines comment cards from six hotels situated in different countries. All the examined hotels are branches of the Star Hotel situated in different countries across the world. The cards’ size varied from one hotel to the other depending on the budget and corporate guidelines. The questions in the documents were brief, legible, and phrased to avoid wastage of time whilst filling in the questions. The questions in the documents exhibited some similarity as they all attracted a “yes” or “no” answer and they were all intended to acquire information on customer satisfaction. The cards exhibited attractive colors, which were meant to attract the customers’ attention. Sincerity and relevance of the questions was also similar in the documents. The questions posed touched on customer satisfaction and they revolved on the customers’ view of the services provided. Best Practices of Comment Card Administration In all the hotels visited, the comment cards were provided to each customer at their respective desks. The hotel attendants provided a brief explanation of the use of the document and assisted the customers through the document. The cards were in plenty of supply and customers would get extra copies on request. In some of the hotels visited, the documents were placed in guesthouses and other convenient places to allow customers to access them easily. In some hotels, customers were allowed to use both writing and drawings in the comment cards. In one of the hotels visited, the questions posed varied greatly from one customer to another. According to the management, the question depended on the type of service the customer tendered and the relation with the individual customer. Comment Card Design and Recommendations Student comment cards are reusable cards used by teachers to pose questions to assess their understanding of a certain topic (Cavanaugh, Heward, and Donelson 403). The use of response cards has shown great improvement in the students’ performance (Miyata 109). Response cards ensure that students learn at an equal pace coupled with reducing emotional and other undesirable behaviors amongst students. Response cards can be used at any level whether elementary or university level. Research has shown that response cards are more effective tools than the traditional way of raising hands as a way of encouraging the students’ participation (Cavanaugh et al. 404). They are used as tools for appraisal as well as acquiring knowledge on the students’ feelings on the progress of the course. They allow students to answer questions independently, thus minimizing the cha
Introduction Currently, the most important source of water for human consumption and industrial use is groundwater. Hence, it is imperative to manage groundwater resources effectively and guarantee its future presence. This requires proper identification and management of possible threats to groundwater resources. Previous cases of groundwater and surface water pollution have been globally. Today, however, the major cause of concern among environmentalists and other concerned bodies is possible pollution that may emanate from toxic chemicals used in fracking. In Western Australia, for instance, the Conservation Council of Western Australia released a map (see figure 1) to depict that fracking could possibly contaminate groundwater resources and affect the state’s drinking water reserves. The map highlights more than 35 water resources, including groundwater aquifers and surface water resources used to provide water for human consumption, are at risk of gas fracking pollution. In addition, it could affect nearby water resources such as Margaret River to Geraldton and other coastal areas. Rapid population growth has put much pressure on limited water resources. Consequently, studies in feasibility of groundwater are vital to meet the global water demands because the surface water is increasingly becoming unreliable, unsafe and unsustainable as extreme weather patterns, pathogens and microorganism cause adverse effects (Bashir, Yusoff, & Rindam 2014). Generally, groundwater has been regarded as the most viable option because of its quality. It is also considered fresh, and it therefore can support human life, irrigation and other industrial purposes. The use of groundwater to support consumption has been fully exploited and therefore is below the expected levels. The low rates of exploitation perhaps have resulted from a lack of knowledge about hydrogeological activities of water formation, movement and distribution patterns. New technologies, however, have presented opportunities to exploit groundwater resources and evaluate potential contaminations. In this regard, the 3D (three-dimensional) Geographic Information System (GIS) techniques are vital in geologic mapping techniques applied in protection of underground water. It assists in decision-making and the public accessing the environment of the state. The purpose of this study is to determine groundwater contamination using 3D GIS techniques. Figure 1: A map released by the Conservation Council of Western Australia showing possible quarter of the state’s drinking water reserves mostly likely to be affected by fracking (Riaz 2014) Background The 3D GIS techniques are fundamental in geologic mapping approaches applied in identifying and protecting groundwater resources from contamination. It assists decision-makers of a given critical geographical location to evaluate and understand the safety of underground water for public consumption. Hence, comprehending the geologic framework, current land use and planning are now imperative for extraction of groundwater (Arias-Estéve
Professional wordsmiths have mastered the art of articulating and using words in the right context. This has enabled them to command significant authority from passionate readers. They have the ability to make the reader feel, see and experience a situation by their choice of words. Consequently, they capture and fascinate the mind of the reader. For this reason, they are required to have professional ethics and moral standards to match the expectations of the reader. Wordsmiths should operate under a framework provided by a regulatory body in order to uphold moral integrity. The regulatory body such as the society of professional journalists (SPJ) provides a platform of controlling and promoting equality among wordsmiths for instance the Society of Professional Journalists. The body also provides an assurance to readers that they will get quality work and that are up to standard. In line with the mandate of this regulatory body, wordsmiths should champion for truth, dignity and integrity in their work hence keeping in mind that they are working in the public interest of the readers. They should act fearlessly even if they are of the unpopular view (Collins 155). They should be unbiased and independent. Additionally, they should seek primary sources of information and be accountable for any collected information. Wordsmiths should avoid misinterpretation of facts and should not distort information. When wordsmiths submit their work for consumption by the readers, they subject themselves to public scrutiny in terms of standards, quality of work and moral integrity. They, therefore, should diligently consider these factors when they are executing their work. Wordsmiths face a dilemma between speaking the truth and reducing harm i.e. if wordsmiths speak the whole truth, then harm is inevitable. Essentially, there is a delicate balance between the two factors. Due to the freedom of speech and press, wordsmiths have a leeway on the choice of their words. The public has put emphasis on publicizing as the best enforcement mode. Streamlining the wordsmiths is purely at the discretion of the public. Wordsmiths should carry out dissemination of information cautiously and in a modest manner. Moreover, putting a spotlight on the wordsmiths regarding their ethical conduct and integrity is a key component in fostering truth and holding them accountable for their reporting. Wordsmiths should also assess the impact of their work on the public and act diligently when undertaking their work. This, in turn, affirms assurance to the reader that his o
Statement of Central Idea: To inform my audience about Aubrey Drake Graham’s, commonly known as Drake, background, how he became famous, and where he is right now in his career. Introduction   * Attention Material: “God’s Plan”   * Orienting Material: This is a lyric from “God’s plan,” one of Drake’s most famous songs, which focuses on his successful journey through the music industry and how he has been able to surmount all the obstacles. Central Idea   * Thesis Statement/Topic of Speech: Today, I will discuss various facts about Drake that I have acquired during my research. Some of the aspects that I will analyze are where he is from, what inspired his music career, how he reached the point he is now, and what you can expect from him in the future.   * Preview of Topic: For people to value and appreciate Drake’s music, they should learn where he started and his progress towards success. Body Main point: Drake’s passion for music.  1. Drake was born in Toronto, Canada, on October 24, 1986, to Sandi Graham and Dennis Graham. He was bullied in school for being biracial and Jewish, forcing him to drop out of high school to pursue an acting career. Drake released a few mix-tapes that led to his recognition and recorded some songs with Lil Wayne’s Cash Money Records.  2. Many people started listening to Drake’s songs, making him one of the most excellent musicians globally. Moreover, his signing with Lil Wayne led to his popularity in America. Young Money Label played a significant role in making Drake a famous artist, and his music topped most of the music charts in America. For instance, “Thank me Later” and “Take Care” were some of the most recognized songs during his early music career. (Transition into main point 2). Drake’s hard work largely contributed to his achievement in the music industry. Main Point “Young Money Entertainment”   * Young Money Records influenced Drake’s music career since the recording label was recognized globally. Lil Wayne played a significant role in Drake’s music career, whereby he marketed his music leading to his popularity. Drake’s mixt-tapes also helped him become one of the most recognized uprising musicians.   * “Thank Me Later” become one of his greatest albums that increased his fame in the entertainment sector. On June 15, 2010, the album was released and debuted at no.1 on both American and Canadian album charts. Many people appreciated Drake’s music, and he was voted as one of the best musicians in the world. Main Point “One Dance”   * Drake’s most famous song is “One Dance,” which became an international hit. The song was the number one song in various countries such as the UK, Canada, and the United States. The track increased his popularity in the world, boosting his music career journey. Moreover, he did a remix featuring Nigeria’s famous musician Wizkid, which contributed to the growth of his fame in Africa.   * Not many people have garnered the popularity drake has achieved within a short period in the entertainm
The HR and the entire management need to be updated about the financial data to help with the validity of the SWOT analysis. This is an analysis of the strengths, the weaknesses, the opportunities, and the threats faced by Sony. Sony should understand its strengths and capitalize on them to help in positioning itself better in the market and edging out its rivals. Understanding the weaknesses will also be an important factor to the success of the organization. For instance, it will be possible to know the areas that the competitors can take advantage of to outdo the company. The firm will, in turn, stay cautious and work towards improving such areas. Opportunities, on the other hand, will help the organization in increasing its profitability and chances of succeeding. Any opportunities should be taken to help the organization in its bid to remain profitable. Threats are likely to limit the competitiveness and profitability of the organization. Therefore, understanding the threats will help the company position itself in a better way against such threats. Financial data will help the organization in guiding its activities at all times. It will play a very crucial role in carrying out a SWOT analysis. For instance, the opportunities that are identified in the SWOT analysis will only be relevant if there is the necessary back up to help the organisation capitalise on them. Sony will only be able to carry out the mergers and acquisitions it if has the financial ability. The prospective tablets can only be produced if the company has the financial ability; otherwise, the SWOT analysis will not be valid if the company is not able to support the findings with finances. Therefore, in carrying out the SWOT analysis, it is important to first take into consideration the financial data available in the company.
Introduction The world is constantly changing, and culture reflects the tendencies that are prevalent in the given period of the world’s development. In recent decades, the world has changed dramatically with the emergence of digital technologies, and so did visual culture. Marketing reports show that in 2013, people spent five hours online and watched TV for four and a half hours per day on average (Mirzoeff, 2016). These data, combined with the increased use of smartphones and tablets, imply that people are exposed to visual media more than ever before. In this infinite flow of visual information, it is crucial for people to have an understanding of visual culture. It will help individuals to infer meaning from various types of visual media, including both traditional and emerging ones, and contribute to visual culture by creating worthwhile visual content. Visual Media is More than Visual Perhaps, the first thing that one needs to understand regarding visual culture is that visual media extend beyond the boundaries of vision. According to Mitchell (2005), even such a purely optical type of art as a painting has non-visual elements. An essential component of a painting, apart from the visual form and the medium used, is the story behind it or the context in which it was created (Mitchell, 2005). For example, purely visually, da Vinci’s The Last Supper (see Figure 1) is a depiction of thirteen men having supper and discussing some matters. The audience can see the room in which the men are sitting, the clothes they wear, and the food they eat, as well as their facial expressions. However, in order to truly appreciate this dry-wall painting, one should be familiar with the Bible, namely, with the episode when Jesus Christ predicts during a supper that one of his disciples will betray him. Knowing the story behind the artwork allows the audience to take a fresh look at it and reveal who is who on the painting and why they look so concerned. Figure 1. The Last Supper by Leonardo da Vinci (Da Vinci, 1495-1498) The ability to understand and interpret visual media instead of seeing a superficial picture is especially important in a modern digital world. The first reason for this is that, nowadays, “media no longer prize form so much as content” (Mirzoeff, 2016, p. 157). For example, in the past, a painting could be seen only in a museum or in one’s personal collection, and the audience paid attention to such little details of form as the painter’s brush strokes. Today, the same painting can be available in many formats, including a digital copy or a reprint copy on paper. In this way, the audience puts much emphasis on the content of the artwork in addition to its form, so one should be able to extract meaning from visual media. Another reason for the importance of understanding and being familiar with various artworks is that visual art is recurrent, meaning that some modern works can refer to past ones, using similar motifs, techniques, layouts, etc. According to Berger (2008), many publicity images either directly refer to part ar