ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction When it comes to building civil society in a particular country, it is crucially important to be mindful of the whole scope of the would-be affecting social, political, and cultural circumstances. If this discursive provision is not observed throughout the process’s entirety, the concerned undertaking will be likely to sustain an utter fiasco. In my paper, I will aim to substantiate the validity of this suggestion at length, regarding what used to account for the primary challenges of establishing such a society in Libya in the past. I will also outline the contemporary impediments in the way of trying to achieve this objective, on the part of the country’s post-2011 governmental authorities while keeping in mind that nowadays, there are at least two competing governments in this country, with each of them claiming to be the only legitimate one. Civil society defined One of the major challenges within the context of researching the conditional state of civil society in a particular country is the fact that there is no universally accepted definition as to what the term “civil society” stands for. Nevertheless, it is possible to identify two major conceptual trends that provide an axiomatic framework for defining this specific term, which can generally be categorized as Classic and Neoliberal. Social scientists affiliated with the first trend believe that secular civility constitutes the foremost precondition for the normal functioning of civil society and that there are many qualitative dimensions to the concerned process. In its turn, civility is best defined as the societal condition that presupposes the undisputed primacy of impersonal law, as the instrument for eliminating intra-social tensions, the operational integrity of state institutions (which enables lawfulness), the possibility of social lifting for citizens (regardless of the specifics of their ethnocultural/religious affiliation), the citizens’ comparative prosperity and their ability to take an active part in governing the country (political participation). Among the additional preconditions, in this respect, are also commonly mentioned the citizens’ endowment with the genuine (not formal) sense of nationhood and the country’s well-established traditions of statehood. According to the proponents of the Classic outlook on what civil society is all about, such society’s existence serves a well-defined operative purpose:  1. to bridge the specific identities of different communities;  2. to find a balance between conflicting norms;  3. to orient procedure
Introduction Shoe industry today is quite widespread, and the production of sports shoes is the primary development direction of such large global corporations as Reebok and Adidas. Quite an extended period of these companies’ formation allowed them to gain recognition among consumers and compete successfully with other major trade brands. Quite a complicated development process helped the companies to go a long way from small organizations to world-famous corporations and become the most recognized manufacturers of sports shoes in the world. Text Summary The Reebok company was created in the 20th century as a small industrial enterprise and several decades later developed into one of the world’s largest organizations specializing in the production of sports goods, in particular, footwear. Throughout its development, the corporation has experienced many difficulties. As a result, it had a negative impact on the production sector. The lack of innovations in the field of IT technology and high competition from other major producers, such as Nike forced Reebok’s specialists to work hard to gain recognition among customers and sponsors. Nevertheless, the company purposefully achieved the set goals and focused on cooperation with sports stars who advertised its products. Adidas is another major corporation that has been known in the world for several decades. In the late 1990s, the company bought Reebok, as the latter experienced some difficulties in the market. However, both organizations continued to actively distribute their goods. Adidas focused on cooperation with many sports stars and did not try to get recognition only due to one particular celebrity. The collaboration has brought quite substantial profits and allowed competing successfully in the world market. Importance of Business Integration for Reebok Business integration is essential for Reebok primarily because this compa
The essay is an examination of mobile computing technology and accounting. Issues addressed include importance of the concept in the businesses today, the effects of mobile computing on accounting as well as business system, the relation of the technology with emerging technology and the future impact of the concept to design as well as accounting systems (Newby, 2006). It is widely accepted that in this competitive business world, firms are compelled to offer consumers with high quality services while at the same time cutting costs and increasing productivity. Various efforts put in place by organization have not yielded positive results and the major reason has been established to be important information is not available in the hands of the mobile employees when dealing with customers. The solution to this was to adopt mobile computing and accounting (Jagst, 2011). Typically mobile computing allows workers in the field to “access vital information locked in the organization systems through handheld devices” (Fraser & Soumitra, 2008). Mobile computing is thus an important concept in business today as it helps an organization to use it as a competitive advantage. The ultimate result if it is well used will be an organization that will prosper in light of stiff competition. An example of an organization that has done so well in terms of mobile computing and it has worked to their advantage is the Apple Company. The major effects of mobile computing include increased productivity. This is attributed to the ease with which data is acquired making those in the field save on time that could otherwise be used on unproductive activities. Organizations known to adopt this concept have tremendously cut down on their operation costs. Organizations have successfully streamlined how they acquire data. Additionally mobile computing has addressed the issue of data duplication. On the same note paper work as well as paper costs has been saved by adopting the technology of mobile computing. It also goes without saying that the cost of travelling as well as calling has been reduced. This has made it possible for organization to report increasing profitability. Similarly, it is a fact that knowledge is power. As suggested by Jagst, 2011 organizations that embrace mobile computing and accounting have the ability to access information with regards to customers needs, they are better placed to be responsive firm which separates such organizations with its competitors down the streets. On the same note, real time data acquisition translates to making quicker and better strategies to meet the ever changing customers
Introduction In the tragedy “Oedipus the King,” Sophocles raises one of the most important questions of his time – is an individual’s fate entirely controlled by gods or can it be shaped by the person’s will? It is possible to say that mythology, which served as the foundation for the ancient classical literature as a whole, was implemented and interpreted by every Greek dramatist in his own way. When speaking of Sophocles, he integrates the myth of Oedipus into the plot of the play in order to demonstrate a deep conflict between the will of gods and the will of human beings. While paying significant attention to the philosophical and theological issues, Sophocles aims to unfold the theme of relationships among individuals, society, and divine forces. Additionally, he tried to discuss the issue of unity between them. The dramatist lived in times of intense cultural and political changes. New social tendencies were in the progress of development, and they challenged the old-fashioned, archaic worldviews held by the citizens. The ambiguous position of gods is the major concern in Sophocles’ play. The primary controversy in the public consciousness of Athenians was based on the conviction in the patronage of gods and the attempts to gain their support, on the one hand; and the necessity to make responsible decisions, and independently attain their realization, on the other hand. When put in the given context, the main character, Oedipus, is
Introduction Leadership is the process of an individual gaining the help of others to attain or achieve certain common objective. We come across several leaders in our daily activities: in schools, stores, at work, among other places to mention but a few. In the current globalised markets, businesses like multinational companies operate in varied market conditions throughout the world. Leaders of these firms need to understand different aspects of the markets they operate in such as cultural differences that may exist. Unlike the west, business cultures significantly differ in the east. This calls for variation in approach to leadership styles in the different regions. The style of leadership theory promoted in western countries such as the UK and the US, it is impractical in eastern block nations like China and both the Koreas unless modifications are made to accommodate the cultural differences. To better understand the inapplicability of these leadership styles such as transformational leadership in Korea and the greater east in general, this paper illustrate among other issues the cultural differences in relation to business activities between the United States and Korea. Challenges to leadership theory and its aspects in Korea are also discussed in addition to the effect of intercultural differences on current multinational businesses that operate in multicultural environments globally. Intercultural differences in the United States and Korea Culture covers vast societal issues that are shared such as values, customs, behaviors and artifacts. This is handed down generation after another through learning. Generally it is the way of life of a particular people. Cultural differences vary from country to cou
In their article “Here, But Not Now: A Local Tour of a Global Future in The Afterlife of Buildings ”, Aleksandra Kaminska and Eva Nesselroth-Woyzbun have explored the exhibition “ The Afterlife of Buildings”. The exhibition was dedicated to making an overview of Warsaw’s historical appearance, its face today, and the future image of the Polish capital. The organizers of this event, artists Nicolas Grospierre and Kobas Laksa, were inspired by the idea of crafting Warsaw’s portrait in the near future based on the historical tendencies they managed to find observing the architectural transformation of the city through centuries. Their focus was to identify the strongest trends that influence Warsaw’s image. The men of art have chosen six buildings built in Warsaw during the latest period. They transformed the images of these buildings according to the tendencies of post-socialist maternal expressions of Polish culture and identity. They have also added the impact of globalist trends. The result of their craft was placed in a fictitious building entitled “Hotel Polonia” ( Kaminska and Nesselroth-Woyzbun 98 ). This building became the figurative embodiment of the future of Warsaw and Poland. The artists have demonstrated the images of Warsaw in the previous historical periods. They have made an emphasis on the common trends and features between the images of Warsaw in the past centuries. This analysis helped Nicolas Grospierre and Kobas Laksa to come to the conclusion that the main factor that influences Warsaw’s architectural look is the “obsession with the past” (Kaminska and Nesselroth-Woyzbun 108). The artists have also demonstrated particular examples of buildings and areas in the city that are fashioned in mind with the “obsession with the past”. Grospierre and Laksa have admitted that globalization is another trend that has a significant impact on architecture in Warsaw. They have shown examples of modern constructions fully inspired by the ideas of global culture. The men of art then have stated that they are not sure about the actual weight of globalization in shaping the thought of Warsaw’s city architects and planners. They have also stated that as far as they see this matter, today Warsaw’s image is more impacted by the passion for the past but they are unsure if this trend will have the same strength in the nearest decades and later on. Questions for Discussion  1. How has the “obsession with the past” i
Introduction Background information Thailand is one of the countries with the fastest developing economies in the world. According to Bryman and Bell (2011, p. 74), the economy of this country has experienced massive growth from 1985 to 1996. Some of the leading industries in Thailand include agriculture, tourism, industrial sector, technology and mining among other sectors. This rapid economic development has increased energy demand within the country. The demand for energy, both for domestic consumption and industrial use, has been on the rise as the country becomes one of the regional economic powers. The country is not able to meet its energy demands from the local production because it is not rich in resources and reserves of fossil fuel. The country is forced to import energy in order to meet its local demands. The country imports about 64% of the energy it uses in terms of natural gas, oil, and electricity from various countries in the region. According to the recent survey by Kalogirou (2006, p. 56), it was found that Thailand is spending over 12% of its Gross Domestic Product on importation of oil. This is always affected by the fluctuating prices of oil in the international market. The country is still on its path towards greater economic success despite the recent political instability following the coup de tat. Heavy reliance on imported on may affect its ability to achieve economic success. The country needs alternative sources of oil that can help in reducing the heavy reliance on imported oil. High dependence on electricity imports from Laos and natural gas imports from Myanmar has largely been considered as the main impediment to the growth of the country’s economy. The expanding middle class and the growth in population of major cities like Bangkok means that the demand for natural gas is on the rise. The government, through the Ministry of Energy, announced its intention to find alternative sources of energy in order to reduce reliance on imported energy. Renewable energy has been considered to be the solution to the current energy problem in this country. According to Andexer (2008, p. 31), the government of Thailand has made a commitment to increase renewable capacity target by 51 percent, from the current 9,201 MW to 13,927 MW by end of 2021. Through this initiative, 20% of the electricity consumed in the country will be produced from renewable sources. According to Chiras (2011, p. 40), the target of this initiative consists of output from biomass to be 4,800 MW, solar 3,000 MW, biogas 3,600 MW, wind 1,800 MW. The hydropower and waste will also be expected to produce considerable amount of energy to the grid. This is an ambitious project that is expected to transform the economy of this country by 2030. The government announced that this initiative will help in reducing the need for importation of energy by more than 75%. The renewable energy policies in this country were developed after an analysis of similar projects that have been done elsewhere, especially in Europe, the United States, and China. According to Andexer (2008, p. 87),
The mystery of the disappearance of the Mayan civilization continues to exist as one of the most intriguing secrets in the history of humanity. It is very difficult to explain why one of the most prominent civilizations in the world faded and collapsed so abruptly, and how it became possible to experience such an extending cultural and social collapse. Numerous historians support the fact that the Mayan civilization with its abundance of sophisticated architectural buildings, monuments, and sculptures including large palaces and temples that formed the structure of Mayan cities had fallen in the twinkle of an eye (McGill, 2009). There exist many theories, explaining the events, which might take place during the sudden disruption of the Mayan civilization. In the following paper, the two most common of these theories will be addressed in detail to identify the most probable scenario of the Mayan civilization fall. One of the common theories, explaining what happened with the Mayans, is the theory of sudden warming that caused mortal hunger. This theory is widely promoted by a variety of specialists including Richardson Gill and John Hoopes (Berdan, 2010). According to this theory, the reason for the fall of the Maya was a continuous drought that caused a series of bad harvests. As a result, the inhabitants of huge Mayan cities found themselves in a situation, when they were no longer able to provide a food supply for themselves. To find at least some scarce ways to feed themselves, the Mayans had to leave their luxurious and sophisticated cities, and move into the rural territories. However, even such measures did not help the people to go through the hardships of food shortages, and eventually, they all died (“Natives, Middle American”, 2011). The other common theory of the Mayan fall is in the idea that this civilization had disappeared on the reason of a terrible natural disaster such as a huge hurricane or a flood. This theory is supported by such scholars as Hodell, Coe, and Carmack (Berdan, 2010). The suppositions of these scholars are all focused on the thought that the fall of the Mayan occurred incredibly fast, and for that reason, something terrible and spontaneous must have happened to have such an effect of abruptness. The theory of a sudden calamity seems to be trustworthy, especially with regards to the fact that the major cities of the Mayan were left at once as if people had been trying to escape from a terrible disaster. However, this theory does not explain why the Mayans continued dwelling in smaller places such as villages and settlements for a certain period. Evaluating the above-mentioned approaches to explaining the mystery behind the Mayan fall, it is important to note that the first theory appears to have more common sense in it. Such a conclusion can be made because there are several pieces of evidence that although the Mayans had suddenly left their big cities, they
Major Issues in the philosophy Aristotle’s philosophy and the purpose of the Universe. Earth is the center of the Universe and everything according to Aristotle was built for man. This is certainly not in line with the later day discoveries on what is happening in the Universe and does not explain the phenomenon. Life forms do not seem to have any purpose in their existence either. While the Universe itself and all the other stars and planets that make up the Universe just appear to float around with any specific purpose, the same is the case with the life forms too. They just exist and then disappear. Let it be dinosaur or human beings. The short existence of these life forms does not seem to have any purpose in the Universe. The question of why they exist is present. Prior to time zero is also not explained by any of the theories and philosophies proposed. Whether it is the Hawking or the Newtonian principles, it is found that they do not go beyond the big bang in their analysis of the events that made the Universe. None of these philosophies go beyond this period. Time Zero and what happened before time zero is not to be questioned. Where did the matter come from at time zero to create the Universe and what was the purpose of these things to come together? Purpose according to me Purpose is not the Purpose Universe and the life forms in the universe and all that it contains has not been fully understood by man. Trying to define the purpose with hardly any understanding of the Universe is not the right approach to defining any process for that matter. In the watch analogy, the purpose of the watch is clear because it have been created by the people who define the purpose. The Universe is being analyzed by people who did not make it. Therefore, the view will only be short sighted. Faith defines a different purpose Faith invariably defines a human centric purpose. There is no reason why humans and the other living creatures need not exist for the happiness of God. Faith in God is ultimate objective of the religions. Therefore, the purpose of the Universe and the life forms are defined based on these principles alone. New discoveries are anti to faith driven philosophies The new discoveries that have thrown open the wide Universe to man kind. This has disproved many of the concepts that religions were preaching so far. Particularly on the human centric approach that the religions took about the purpose of the Universe and life. Whether it is rebirths or punishments for wrongs done, it was reinforced that the human being is in no way large enough to attract attention in the Universe. The small miniscule role that he has to play in the Universe is shocking to the human ego. There is a purpose to everything It is true that nothing happens in this universe without any purpose. Even evolution has been taking the steps for life form more out of need and purpose rather than just for fun. In order to understand the purpose, the researcher should collect additional information on the Universe and on life forms. The information available today is grossly insufficient. William Paley’s watch analogy Human race has to play a marginal r
Introduction In 1787, several important delegates convened to discuss how to tackle governance problems in the USA. This meeting, referred to as the Constitutional Convention of 1787, resulted in the formation of the USA constitution. After the United States gained its independence from Great Britain, the country functioned under the Articles of Confederation. While the initial purpose of the convention was to revise these Articles, James Madison, a delegate, pushed for the creation of a new system of governance (Swift, 2002). During the convention, the main arguments were about the formation and structure of the Senate, the election and terms of office of the president, proportional representation, and the division of executive power. Separation of Powers One of the main debates held in the convention was on the separation of powers. The delegates decided that a better governance system was only possible through the formation of a three-branch system of government (Vile, 2005). The Founding Fathers pushed for the separation of powers mainly due to their history under the British monarchy, and the need for a more stable government. One of the main reasons the Founding Fathers pushed for the separation of powers was that they wanted to fully separate from the British Monarchy. America was a colony of Great Britain and thus had to abide by the whims of the British Monarchy. The founding fathers felt that the British Monarchy had denied the people many liberties and thus sought to rectify this by establishing a new constitution (Jillson, 2013). In this new constitution, the founding fathers wanted to avoid the establishment of a new monarchy, and thus chose to separate the executive power into three. Another reason why the founding fathers pushed for separation of powers was to ensure that the executive operated independently from the legislature. Under the confederation government, the executive was bound to the legislature (