ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
In changing various strategies of police organization, it’s mainly influenced by the culture of police and ethics that they practice. In studying police culture is mainly based on three assumption:- culture of police and Nature of their work, culture usually become stable over a period of time and its uniform to all police; culture usually creates a negative impact on the policing of United States especially their relationship with the minority communities. Police culture has quite a number of negative aspects such as monolithic, immutable and its usually isolated from the external influence. In order to judge the practices of police, one should base his or her investigations on the interactions in various structural conditions of their work and cultural knowledge exercised by police officers which mainly involve past experience. The greatest challenge faced in Law enforcement in United State is establishing and following of ethical standards for police. Problem of police ethic has increased drastically in recent years than before. This problem should be solved by police personnel who should be addressed by police in various levels from chief police to new recruits so that they can ensure this ethical problem facing police is finally solved. Police ethics mainly ranges from single aspects such as police accepting free cup of coffee from someone in a restaurant. These ethical standards run far beyond than that. When these ethical issues are lowered almost all the part of the police operation is affected which creates a problem in completing their daily missions to the community. In case there is no integrity in a given department, personnel professional competence is adversely lowered. Failure to have these ethics put in place, police usually result to corruption in various departments, inevitability, brutality, lawlessness by police officers to the community. When these acts are created by an individual police, due to focus by media the member of the community judges, the whole police department as the one which has created entire mess. In United State, many of the police officers are aware of problems that department of policing is facing worldwide due to lack of culture and ethical aspects of police. In various departments, police executives in United State are trying all they can to make significant change so that the police can increase their level of professional ethics improve their personal morals and increase the integrity of the department. For example, in United State quite a number of departments have come up with, various ways of drafting and promulgating code of ethics so that they can use them in their department to increase the aff
Price Elasticity of Demand monitors the pace of reaction to quantity demand owing to change in prices. Price elasticity of demand is used to establish the indifference of demand to price alterations. The higher the price elasticity the more customers react to price alterations (Krugman, 2009). High price flexibility means that the demand of an item or service has increased because supply is insufficient to satisfy the market and therefore customers will have to cough more money than usual and they may be forced to buy the said item in a smaller quantity just to make sure all customers have been given equal opportunity to purchase the crucial commodity that is required on a daily basis. When supply of a given product or service is insufficient those customers that purchased that product or service while it was still plenty have an upper hand because they have enough reservations to last until the situation stabilizes. Customers who buy commodities in small quantities fill the pinch when the commodity that they require in their daily lives has become scarce and when they finally get it the price is almost double the usual price. On the other hand, if the price of the same commodity or service is reduced customers will buy more of that item in bulks. Price elasticity is usually negative but experts don’t pay attention to the negative sign which can result in vagueness. The lone merchandise that has positive PED are the ones that don’t comply with the rules to the law of demand and supply. Demand for an item is said to be inflexible if the PED is less than one. This means that price fluctuations have a very minimal impact on the demand of an item. On the contrary demand of an item is perceived to be flexible if the PED is more than one meaning that price fluctuations have impacted greatly on the quantity demand of an item. There are several ways that can be used to check for price elasticity and they are namely (1) Test markets, (2) Analyzing previous historical sales records and (3) Analyzing the conjoint (Frank, 2008). PED is calculated by dividing the proportion of the change in demand by the proportion of change in price. The other name for this gauge of flexibility is own-flexibility of demand for an item in the market. This flexibility in demand with deference to change in price of a given item is used to compare that item to the elasticity of demand brought by price alterations of another item in the market. The other method of gauging flexibility is referred to as cross-price flexibility of demand. When the va
Executive Summary Customers across the globe aspire to shop for the most cost-effective Tablet Pc in the market. In fact, several Tablet Pcs are offered at inexpensive prices and have appealing specs to different classes of users. On an average, a Tablet Pc in the current market costs $200. These tablets embrace the latest android technology. These third generation Pcs are simple products with limited multi tasking features. The most common tablet Pcs in the market includes Samsung Galaxy, Motorola Xoom, and Ipad2. These computers have advanced specs and are designed to meet demands of the technologically advanced clients. These clients are in constant search for a portable, reliable, affordable, light, and efficient communication device. Fortunately, the above computers meet these criteria with each having a unique feature. Thus, this reflective treatise attempts to explicitly analyze features of Samsung Galaxy, Motorola Xoom, and Ipad2 in order to draw comparison in terms of weight, size, cost, and operating system. Besides, the paper identifies the most efficient and cost effective among the three communication devises. Introduction As technology advances, the specs of portable personal computers increase. At present, the most advanced pcs have more than a million active applications. Components of these pcs consist of a processor, memory ram, media and graphic accelerator, physical storage, operating system, and different screen resolutions (Jones, 10). They come in different size, shape, weight, and color. Comparison in terms of the Operating System and Resolution Motorola Xoom Motorola Xoom has the following configurations; a processor of 366 MH and uses a HD video processor or media and graphic accelerator, memory RAM of 256 MB LP-DDR2, secondary memory of 2 GB internal flash, physical storage (HDD) that is flexible to 32 GB, “operating system of 2.2 Google Android with seven-inch touch resistive screen 480 × 800 resolutions, a 2 USB port, and 3-5mm Headphone jack” (“ Motorola XOOM CDMA specs”, par. 3). Besides, this Pc utilizes 2100mAh Polymer-Lithium battery with a back up that may operate for three hours. Furthermore, the tablet operates with GPRS and Wi-Fi EEE 802.11a/b/g SIM Cellular Modem for its internet access. The device has 350 gram Mass and has various formats such as MPEG2, DOC, MP3, XLS, DOCX, JPG AAC, PPT, AVI, XLS, ODP, PPTX, AC3, MPEG2, PPT, WAV, XLSX, FLV BMP, and AVI. In addition, it uses web standard of JavaScript 1.8 compliant and Xhtml. 1.1 compliant. Besides, it functions as a cell phone when Headphone and SIM card are inserted. These unique features enable Wi-FI and GPRS to work better in Motorola Xoom. Moreover, the device can also function effectively as 3G Tab with a support of Dongle. Samsung Galaxy Same as Motorola Xoom, Samsu
It is imperative to mention that the role of organizational performance measurement has been rapidly increasing over the last few years. A broad range of strategies and techniques have been developed, and each of them has its uses. Identification of areas that are the most problematic is crucial most of the time. Furthermore, an understanding of which approach needs to be utilized depending on the situation in a firm is critical, and can affect overall performance. Strengths and weaknesses of each tool should be assessed before the implementation. The advantage of the application of Return on Capital Employed (RoCE) concept is that the management team devoted enormous attention to the maximization of profits, and helps to identify limitations. The disadvantage is that it may lead to decisions that are not efficient in the long-term. On the other hand, Balanced Scorecard may improve the overall environment in the organization. First of all, it is reasonable to link it to compensation. Employees can be provided with rewards if the productivity is higher than expected, and it would make them much more motivated (Niven 246). Complications and emergencies can be avoided because managers have better control over most of the operations. However, the tool’s weaknesses also should be taken into account. The lack of focus on the needs of employees is an issue, and the tool may lead to invalid assumptions. Optimization may also be difficult, and could cause enormous losses (McWatters and Zimmerman 183). Nevertheless, it is the most appropriate instrument that can be used in a small management organization. The performance needs to be summarized into several areas such as finances, internal processes, customer relationships, and employee productivity. Growth should be viewed as one of the strategic options that should be considered by the company. It is necessary to understand that they are closely connected with measured outcomes because it is possible to determine if the strategy is reasonable. Success criteria should be considered during the process of evaluation. The first one is sustainability, and it is focused on the effectiveness of operations. Moreover, it can be linked to Balanced Scorecard, and it I possible to keep track of all the changes and the progress. The second criterion is feasibility, and it determines if the implementation of a particular strategy is justified or not. The biggest advantage of this method is that it is incredibly flexible, and can be modified if it is necessary. Therefore, any complications are not expected. The third aspect that needs to be considered is acceptability
Intervention Overview Social work as a profession and discipline has adopted various psychological therapeutic interventions throughout its history. One of such interventions is music therapy which is aimed at helping people in a sensitive way accurately adjusting the possibilities this therapy may offer to the requirements of a particular client of a group of clients. Music as a method of treatment has been used for several centuries and exists as a discipline for approximately seventy years (Wheeler, 2015). Since ancient times, people have been using music for healing and ensured the power of music to be a source of positive influence to make a change. Reflecting the cultural background and the views of particular nations on music and its conceptualization, music therapy grew as one of the most frequently and effectively applied interventions. In the 19-20 th century, it developed into a distinct academic discipline. The earliest publications were made by Edwin Atlee and Samuel Mathews in the first decade of the 19 th century (American Music Therapy Association, 2019). In the 1950s, the National Association for Music Therapy was organized in the United States which gave a start to multiple similar institutions not only in the USA but also around the world. In the US, music therapy emerged as a part of the recreational movement, which included other kinds of arts used for treatment interventions (Kelly & Doherty, 2017). Thus, the factors that influenced the development of music therapy are related to the historical, religious, and overall cultural background on the earlier stages of its advancement, as well as the belief that recreational activities have a prospective positive influence on both, mental and physical health of a person. Music therapy is based on several theories of human behavior. They include behaviorism and social learning theory, and psychodynamic theory (“Overview of theories of human behavior & the social environment,” 2008). Within the psychodynamic theory, a person’s problem is viewed from the perspective suggesting that the cause of the issue “lies within an individual” and might be eliminated through a change in a personality by overcoming the defensive obstacles (Maguire, 2002, p. 45). Another theory, behaviorism and social learning, concentrates on how people “develop cognitive functioning” and learn with the help of the environment they are in (“Overview of theories of human behavior & the social environment,” 2008, p. 2). This theory applies to behavioral and symptomatic change and provides a broad range of interventions. Music therapy ground on these theories and enables taking into account the environment and the level of psychological development to find an individual approach to each client and ensure his or her efficient recovery. Intervention Strategies Music therapy has acquired a wide range of principles and concepts throughout its history. Accor
Sweden, one of the countries that enjoy the highest levels of gender parity, has created an optimal environment for both men and women to share influence and power equally, thus leading to a fair, democratic, and just society. Actually, the country has undergone transition from a patriarchal society to the one that accepts both women and men as equals in political, social, and economic spheres. Through impartiality in Sweden, everyone is required to balance family activities and profession, in order be able to manage family life and work in a proper way, as well as to be answerable to any type of ill-treatment. There has been a tremendous change in the ways in which equality for both men and women is affected because before globalization, women had been considered as inferior to men, but after globalization, many legislative changes ensured that women and men were given equal treatment (Charmes 2008, p. 36). Following globalization, the authority formulated a gender fairness policy, which guaranteed fair allotment of resources and empowerment between sexes, a good working backdrop that offered equal prospects in terms of resources and power. This is evident in the present political system where women constitute about forty-six percent of government ministers, whereas forty-five percent of females are parliamentarians. This is a major milestone which differs the current political situation from that before globalization where women were subjected to political restrictions and had no political clout in the society. For instance, before 1921, women neither had a right to run any office or vote nor were allowed to succeed to the throne and head the government. Before globalization, women were only considered as the second class citizens, whose role was only to offer comfort and support to men in politics or during their political endeavors. Furthermore, since women were not allowed to vote, it is evident that the society was male-dominated, discriminatory, and did not allow the oppressed part of population to express their opinion and fight for their rights. The change in political representation where women and men are seen as equals has played a key role in enhancing equality in both workplaces and education. With increased numbers of women in parliament and government, the ladies managed to advocate and pushed for legislations that enhanced equal education and employment opportunities to both men and women (Samovar, Porter and McDaniel 2009, p. 105). Since the advent of globalization, gender equality in schools has been enhanced. In Swedish preschools, the issue of women teaching is a widespread trend. The objective of gender awareness through education is to sensitize young generation with equal life prospects, irrespective of gender attachment, through instruction methods that allow every child to mature into a responsible person. Gender fairness, a significant topic in highlighting social biases, is given great precedence throughout the unfinished education in order to organize children for higher education. Given the fact that gender equity is considered as an essential social aspect in Sweden, nowadays, a greater percentage of
Do you think that Musk, Hawking, Wozniak, and Gates are right to worry about this type of innovation, or is it just an interesting subject for Hollywood movies? What should be done, if anything, to address this issue? The question discussed by Musk, Hawking, Wozniak, and Gates is quite controversial, and it is impossible to answer it unambiguously. At the current stage of development, artificial intelligence is focused on performing specific tasks. Consequently, it does not have contextual awareness and does not have the capacity for flexible learning. Artificial intelligence imitates human activity; therefore, it does not pose a threat to humanity. However, in the future, it can become smarter than people who interact with machine intelligence (Jones 2015). Since artificial intelligence is given new possibilities, the connection between machines and people increases. Consequently, the risk that immoral aspects of society will affect artificial intelligence grows (Jones 2015). In this regard, the argument of experts that artificial intelligence will be capable of improving and reproducing itself is strong enough. In order to prevent the possible negative consequences, it is necessary to apply a creative approach to upgrading machine intelligence and engage specialists in collective work. You can see from just the brief list above – which provides a few examples of innovations in business models, human health, food production, and artificial intelligence – that there are some very divisive issues related to some of them. What, if any, limitations should be placed on innovations (this could include technological, processes, business models, or other types of innovations)? In other words, just because something can be done should it be done? Where would you set the limit? Make sure to provide some examples of innovations that you think may not be positive developments. It can be assumed that certain limitations should be applied to technological innovations. For instance, the use of robots has become standard practice. They are utilized in agriculture, production, and other activities. Also, artificial intelligence is used in medicine and military affairs. In relation to these two examples, it has become quite common to use semi-autonomous machines (Kaplan 2016). They can carry out their tasks without the engagement of humans. It poses a particular threat to the security of people and the environment. That is to say, limitations on innovations should be applied to the degree to which robots and machine intelligence can be autonomous. In addition, cert
Introduction Food waste is a major global problem that is yet to be resolved. Food producers face a challenge where expiring food results in wastage and financial losses. While production across virtually all industries has adopted modern technologies, the digital economy may offer additional mechanisms for businesses to cut costs associated with food waste management. However, the most important concern is sustainability and the pursuit of sustainable development goals (SDGs). Reduction of food waste can fall under the SDG of sustainable consumption and production patterns where manufacturers adopt methodologies and approaches that help in achieving sustainability. This paper focuses on proposing a solution for reducing food waste by creating a platform for selling expiring food. SDG Goals The United Nations (UN) formulated the SDGs to help countries achieve sustainability. According to Bengston et al . (2018, p. 1533), the SDGs were created in 2015 to serve as a comprehensive global framework for solving environmental and social problems. Goal 12 of the SGDs seeks to ensure sustainable consumption and production pattern, whose main focus is on the efficient use of resources. Such scholars as Borrello et al . (2017, p. 1) express that the current linear production and consumption systems are unsustainable, especially in the food sector. The argument is that food residues of waste are produced across the entire supply chain, which means that the resources in agriculture and food production are not used efficiently. In the last 50 years, the demand for food has tripled to reach a point where consumption by humans is estimated at 30% higher than the capacity of the planet to regenerate (Govindan, 2018, p. 419). A more conservative approach is needed to save the planet and its current and future populations. A critical examination of goal 12 of the SDGs reveals that humans are responsible for conservation efforts. Production should not exceed the rate of regeneration because most of the resources are non-renewable. In food production, massive amounts of water and chemicals are required, which presents a major environmental impact. The carbon footprint in food production is high, and efficiency is the only means of addressing this problem. The food wasted due to expiry and other practices in such sectors as supermarkets and restaurants is the best example of inefficiency. Therefore, sustainable production and consumption in the food production industry should be reflected in food waste reduction practices. Summary of Solution The proposed solution is to reduce food waste by creating a platform for selling expiring food. Such a platform reflects the functionalities of the digital economy, especially where the information and communication technologies (ICTs) form the core infrastructure for the business models. The created platform may also mirror several aspects of the digital economy, including the sharing economy. According to Falcone and Imbert (2017, p. 199), the sharing economy depends on the ICT to link consumers’ needs to the economic activities shared b