ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The movie is about twelve jurors who have to work together to make a decision on whether the little boy, who is accused of murdering his father, is guilty or not guilty. They are expected to be in mutual consent for their decision to hold. Unity is vital as no single person is able to work alone. Much as the jurors may have different reasons why they will vote for either guilty or not guilty, but they must share them in order to come up with one resolution. The movie seeks to give the benefits of working as a group in matters which require diverse approach. Initially we see all the jurors except juror no. 8, have concluded that the boy is guilty without giving much scrutiny to the evidence provided, they want to give their verdict as quickly as possible. In a group some of the decisions need secrecy, since other people will just follow the majority. This is evidenced when juror no. 8 pokes some holes on the evidence given and challenges the other jurors, he does not get anybody to support him, but when he suggests for a secret ballot vote, in which he does not vote, it results to another not guilty vote (Fonda, Rose & Lumet, 1957). Some jurors: for example juror no. 7, have their person commitments and would want the process be cut short no matter the outcome, therefore, individually will not give fair judgment. There is a broad perspective of looking at issues when working as a group than when working individually, as can be noted from the movie, the reasons for doubt whether the boy is guilty, brought forward by juror no.8 are not very evident to the other jurors, and he has to explain this to them. As the discussion goes on more points come clear, this can be seen when juror no.2, who was in the guilty camp realizes that the wound was a downward stab, which is doubtful given that the accused is one foot shorter than the victim according to juror no. 5 (Fonda, Rose & Lumet, 1957). Working in a group can be time consuming to certain individuals, and in other instances interferes with people’s schedules, as the movie points out when juror no.3 becomes impatient with the process, juror no. 7 just changes his vote so that the voting will be faster to allow him attend a baseball game to which he has tickets (Donnelly, 1997). The decisions seem irrational but other members will not allow that happen; for example, juror no. 11 is seen to question the move of juror no.7. Objectivity is also enhanced within a group than it could have been under individual circumstances. It is evidenced from the movie that juror no.10 has a negative attitude about people from slums, as he thinks they kill each other time and again, and therefore anybody from slums with mur
Introduction The conflict between the Shia and Sunnis has been mainly ideological. While the two sects agree on various fundamental principles such as acceptability of the Qur’an as the Holy Book and the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) as Allah’s last prophet, certain minor differences mostly premised on history rather than the Prophet’s teachings, have driven a wedge between the two (Moojan, 1985). Today, the situation cannot be said to be any better though there has been the occasional cessation of hostilities throughout the years. Nasr (2006), states that the invasion of Iraq by the US has catapulted tension between the Shia and Sunnis in that country and indeed in the region. While most differences between the two divides were often attitudinal, the volatile Iraqi situation has bred a more violent conflict. Iraq is now more or less a battlefield where these differences are played out. A good example of how things are out of control is the bombing of the Shia mosque at Samarra which was a shrine for the Shia sect. Such attacks have led to a radicalization of an otherwise peaceful country in the pre-invasion period (Cordesman & Sullivan, 2007). Hezbollah, a Shiite radical group has been one of the organizations that have caused some of the biggest problems in the Syria, Jordan and Lebanon area. When the group fought Israel in Lebanon and seemed to have held up, there was a perception in the Middle East that the Hassan Nasrallah-led outfit was growing in leaps and bounds. This caused most of the larger Sunni Muslim world to worry that there was a growing Shia revival. A perception of this revival has not helped in the bridging of the gap between the two groups since the Sunni have always perceived the Shia to be a form of heretic cult (Nasr, 2006). Nasr (2006) states that the Israel-Palestine conflict that has been ongoing for years may have at first helped to create alliances but seemingly, it is becoming clear that the Shia believe that the Sunni are too sympathetic towards Israel. The fact that Hezbollah, a Shia group, did not receive any backing from the Sunnis world during their war with Israel is cited as an example. The fact that Saudi Arabia and Egypt which are overwhelmingly Sunni Muslim countries have been good allies of the US at a time when it has destabilized the region by invading Iraq and threatening Iran which have large Shia populations, has also been an exacerbating factor. In this thesis,
Introduction Different instruments such as insurance policies and surety bonds have been developed in an effort to assist individuals and institutions in managing risks (Grovenstein et al. 356). Surety Information Office argues that how “one evaluates and manages risk on construction projects and makes fiscally responsible decision to ensure timely project completion is critical for success” (1). Project owners ensure that the selected construction contractors do not fail. Surety bond is one of the instruments used in managing risk within the construction sector ( CNA Surety 2). The surety bonds are a source of assurance regarding the completion of construction projects (Bouteiller and Coogan 66). The demand for surety bonds and trade credit insurance within the emerging economies such as China has increased exponentially over the past few years. The demand has arisen from China’s rapid investment in diverse construction projects in an effort to improve its infrastructure (Middlehurst par. 3). Subsequently, the demand is expected to be sustained into the future ( Swiss Re par. 2). The International Credit Insurance & Surety Association corroborates that the “demand for trade credit insurance and surety bonds is on the rise as a result of increasing trade flows, mostly from high growth markets in an overall ongoing deteriorating risk environment” (p.1). Therefore, the need for skilled underwriting in the construction industry is high. This study entails a comparison of the construction surety bond and construction insurance. Literature review; a comparison of construction surety bond and insurance Surety Information Office defines a construction surety bond as “a risk transfer mechanism where the surety company assures the project owner [obligee] that the contractor [principal] will perform a contract in accordance with the contract documents” (2). Construction projects should adhere to the set budgetary allocation and period. Failure to adhere to these parameters may expose the project to various risks such as increment in the cost of the project due to the different external variables such as economic fluctuations (Akitonye and Zawdie 233). Therefore, construction surety bonds are designed to prevent project owners from financial and resource related risks that might occur during the construction (Cummins 25). Consequently, surety bonds play a fundamental role in strengthening the liability relationship between the contractor and the project owners, which increases the likelihood of successful project completion (Dunn and Sedgwick 15). Types of construction sure
Overview This fact sheet aims at providing scientific evidence on the relationship between obesity, chronic inflammation and CVD. Obesity The occurrence of obesity in industrialized countries is very high. In addition, it is deemed to result in high CVD morbidity and mortality rates. The increase in obesity is an indicator for evolving lifestyles supported by the availability of highly processed foods that are energy-dense. Meta-analytical reports have indicated that the relative risk of CVD as a result of metabolic syndrome is 1.5 to 2. Inflammation is evident among persons with metabolic syndrome that is mainly a result of abdominal obesity (6). Metabolic syndrome is perceived as a group of metabolic disorders with insulin resistance as a central marker. Insulin resistance is associated with typical dyslipidemia (6). Other metabolic disorders, which together define metabolic syndrome include:   * High blood pressure   * Dysglycemia leading to glucose intolerance   * Type 2 diabetes   * Inflammation Table 1: Clinical diagnostic criteria for metabolic syndrome (Després). Table 2. Waist circumference cutoffs (Després). The association between obesity and CVD is attributed to chronic inflammation. Most of the literature on obesity, inflammation and CVD targets adults. This is because CVD stems from chronic inflammation and will therefore manifest in later years (1). Initially, adipose tissue was not deemed as having inflammatory potential until evidence of elevated secretion of inflammatory factors from adipose tissue of obese individuals was obtained. Literature has increasingly aimed at demonstrating that there is a direct relationship between an increase in adipose tissue mass and systemic inflammation. CVD and Systemic Inflammation Systemic metabolism is affected by molecular and cellular changes that result from enlarged adipocytes in obese individuals. This is illustrated in figure 1 below (6). However, other intermediate risk factors such as “dyslipidemia, hypertension and diabetes” are involved (5). Fig 1: Traditional risk factors for CVD are shown by the grey boxes (Wang, Nakayama). Enhanced courses are shown by the plus symbols alongside the arrows. Local inflammation results from accruing macrophages in adipose tissue. In obese individuals, the proinflammatory proteins: IL-6 and TNF-α, are more detectable compared to lean individuals (1, 2). In addition, there is an increase in the numbers of macrophages in obese persons and these scavenge apoptotic adipocytes. The increase and accumulation of macrophages a
Introduction Indiscipline is the main cause of accidents not just in aviation transport but also in road transport and factories among other sectors. Failure to adhere to standards and rules governing air transport including laxity on the part of relevant parties has led to the loss of thousands of lives. It is however ironic that although we need to have learned this lesson a long time ago, there are still loopholes in management and coordination in air travel leaving thousands of lives at risk especially with a continuous expansion of air travel. I will look at one case where indiscipline on the part of a captain and fellow co-pilots led to the loss of hundreds of lives. (Kern, 1998) Main Body In this particular case, an air force pilot in charge of wing Standardization made dangerous attempts to show off his skills. This incident occurred on 24 th June 1994 at Fairchild Air Base in Washington State. After taking off, this pilot in charge made a dangerous 90 degrees wing movement intended to show off although the lane that he was flying was outside such parameters. This was followed by a crash and the death of all on board. This particular case shows how indiscipline by the lieutenant pilot that was in charge and lack of leadership and intervention by fellow pilots led to fatalities. This is something that is still happening in the aviation industry today endangering millions of lives. Although records had shown that this particular pilot had made many other illegal and risky decisions, nothing was done by relevant organs precipitating this particular incident. (Kern, 1998) Why is it that no action was taken against this lieutenant after making such earlier mistakes? There is a great possibility that there is no effective monitoring mechanism in the air force. These incidents could therefore have gone witho
Executive Summary The Spirit of Faith Church is increasingly gaining more followers, with its leadership showing commitment to expanding the church through economic empowerment of the members of the community. The community surrounding the city has high levels of poverty, and the church is charged with the responsibility of not only spiritually nourishing the individuals, but also providing social and economic support. To help the church leadership achieve some of its objectives, an initiative has been developed aimed at supporting the poor children in the community. The project is a dinner fundraiser to generate funds to buy gifts for the poor children in the locality of Temple Hills, where the church is located. The project entails preparation, planning, and executing the fundraising project. A project committee has been instituted to see the project through to completion, consisting of individuals of diverse professional and academic background. The initiative has a number of benefits to the organization and the community. The church is in need of more followers. By providing gifts to these challenged children in the community, the church will develop a positive image that is essential for achievement of its objectives of increasing membership. Similarly, there are children from very noble backgrounds within the community as well as those whose parents are not available. Providing Christmas gifts to such children will help improve their lifestyles. There are programs to provide aid instruments to children identified with some disabilities. Purpose of Project The project is an income generating initiative that will generate more funds to the church. The project entails a dinner fundraiser aimed at soliciting funds by the church to buy Christmas gifts for the poor children in the community. The church has shown commitments to promoting lives of the poor in the community in its poverty-stricken environs. It has engaged in different community-development initiatives. Such initiatives and the continued operations of the church including its outreach ministries require funds. Depending solely on donations and grants from members of the church may not suffice to meet these needs. The project will thus provide a supplementary source of funds to the church. The project will involve provision of gifts to poor children in the community. Thus, one of the fundamental benefits of the project is economic empowerment of individuals in the community. Indeed, the lives of the poor children who will be recipient of such gifts will be improved significantly. Besides, the whole project will be facilitated by the youthful members of the church, who will also be provided with some stipend. It then serves as a temporary income activity that enables the youths to contribute towards other developmental initiatives in the church and in the community. Besides, the p
Introduction Employee engagement is defined as “Employees are engaged when many different levels of employees are feeling fully involved and enthusiastic about their jobs and their organizations. It is the willingness and ability to contribute to company success to the extent to which employees put discretionary effort into their work, in the form of extra time, brainpower and energy” (Esty, 2008). The problem of having engaged employees has become very crucial to firms and according to a recent Gallup study on employee engagement, about 54 percent of employees in the United States are not engaged and 17 percent are disengaged and only 29 percent are engaged (Harris Interactive Inc. 21 January 2009). Employees who are not engaged also have to be paid salaries, benefits and other perks and non contributing employees only increases the burden on the firm. Besides, there is a colossal waste of resources as 54 percent of the employees are wasted. Research Problem and Objectives The research problem is “To understand why employees are disengaged and to research methods that can increase employee engagement and participation”. Objectives of the research are:   * To understand the financial impacts of the issue, both positive and negative   * To examine the causes and precedents that makes employees to be disengaged   * To find ways and means on how the management and organisation can modify its internal processes to increase employee engagement. Literature Review Highly engaged employees outperform their disengaged colleagues by 20 to 28 percent. A 2005 study by Serota Consulting of 28 multinational companies found that the share prices of organizations with highly engaged employees rose by an average of 16 percent compared with an industry average of 6 percent. There are also costs associated with a disengaged workforce. Disengagement has been found to cost between 243 to 270 billion dollars due to low productivity of this group according to a 2003 Gallup poll. In one 2003 study by ISR, companies with low levels of employee engagement found that their net profit fell by 1.38 percent and operating margin fell by 2.01 percent over a three year period. Conversely, companies with high levels of engagement found that their operating margins rose by 3.74 percent over a three-year period (Etsy, 2008). Thus it can be seen that firms with engaged employees show better financial results and also offer cost reductions and increase in profits. Seijts (2006) comments that the onus on increasing employee engagement is first on the management. Some of the main causes that reduce employee engagement are: mistrust in the management, vitiated and stressful environment, a management that cannot be trusted. According to the author, the management can increase employee engagement by following the ’10 C’s’ approach. The approach is: Connect – Leaders must show that they value employees; Career, Leaders should provide challenging and meaningful work with opportunities for career advancement; Clarity, Leaders must communicate a clear vision; Convey, Leaders clarify their expectations about employees and provide feedback on their functioning in the organization; Congr
Introduction Communication is an essential component of human life and is a complex psychological phenomenon with its own structure, functions, and features. In the course of communication, the message is transmitted, people perceive and understand each other, coordination and evaluation of interaction. The problem that the given communication campaign is attempting to solve is the issue of cross-cultural communication in interpersonal setup. This paper can be used by anyone from top managers to students because the population is becoming more diverse. The roadmap of the paper will include target audience identification, the analysis of attitudes and behavior, and the setting. Target Audience The primary target audience is minority ethnic group students because the latter needs to actively interact in a cross-cultural manner. It was identified that cross-cultural communication competence was determining factor of success among the team in business and sports (Bell & Riol, 2017). Communication begins with contact, which can be characterized as a process and as an act of interaction. In intercultural communication tasks, communication is often endowed with dialogue functions. Moreover, dialogue is usually understood as the exchange of views, the achievement of mutual understanding, and the adoption of joint decisions. To communicate with representatives of other cultures, a person needs a choice of means of communication and ethnocultural competence, which should include knowledge of the type of culture, the style of business interaction, the context of communication, and the direct or indirect nature of communication. In the first place is the role of knowledge of the language and the ability to use it in intercultural communication. Attitudes and Behavior The selected attitude is a non-argumentative and sociocentric approach regarding one’s culture and background. For example, Asians tend to express less argumentative and more sociocentric attitudes (Pekerti & Thomas, 2015). The behavior is horizontal collectivism, which allows the members of various cultures to be accepting and understanding (Arpaci, 2019). The cross-cultural dialogical paradigm helps to pay attention to theoretical and empirical studies to elucidate the features of the inclusion of a person in the space of meanings and meanings developed in the process of communication. This paradigm eliminates the disadvantages of social constructionism, according to which people construct their own picture of the world in the processes of perception and interpretation of messages (Edwards, Bybee, Frost, Harvey, & Navarro, 2017). However, this construction remains the prerogative of a single individual and therefore calls into question the very achievement of mutual understanding, and it is no coincidence that dialogism, leading to the expansion and complication of the semantic sphere of consciousness of participants in communication, is not developed in this approach. In conditions requiring
If you think that the success of the theatrical performance mostly depends on the scenery design then I will try to agree with you. The posting under consideration states that the theatrical performance The Blood Knot (1964) is worth seeing not for its vivid decorations and special effects but for the depth of the play’s meaning represented in a professional actors’ work and some ‘props’ used. Of course, it cannot be said that the play is full of rich design techniques and light effects like we have nowadays on or off the Broadway. However, I am going to agree with the posting in terms of new vision of the play though watching it in black-and-white and without extra pathos. Contemporary audience is used to see emotionally bright performances once they come to the theatre. Definitely, it helps express the protagonists’ feelings, also it attracts more audience and, hence, raises much funds. However, the theatrical heritage tells us a story about the theatre not being so ‘showbizy’ several decades ago. For example, the play The Blood Knot being performed in 1964 for the first time gained appraisal of the audience not for the impressive scenery and effects but for the marvelous plot conveying. First arrived at the Cricket Theatre the play by Athol Fugard brought a new story about white and black men living in the same society and still feeling suspiciousness to each other. As per the design of the stage in 1964 it was very poor, just some adjustments to the historical period were made. You can only distinguish the story’s place by the wooden crate and wooden chairs used the furniture for poor people. Of course, also you can see the absence of such necessary thing like a pillow, which only demonstrates that the director wanted to stress upon the awfully poor profits of that layer of Southern Africans. Also, once again the stage design was very poorly arranged, the physical layout was fit into a space for just two protagonists. Although it didn’t spoil the impression at all because we have to keep in mind that the play took place in 1964 and the art of the theatre was re-enrolling to the sophisticated audience’s minds. Meaning, that the historical period during which the play was performed presupposed modest scenery design due to the post-war background. Besides, the author of the play, being a white man himself just came from Africa in order to light his own star. The scenery that surrounds actors throughout the play is extremely important for the audience to understand some specific issues and get involved in the plot easier. However, one has to remember that the absence of the design features may also be a very tempting art technique that draws the entire attention to the actors’ play, because ‘a