ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction In 1845, Texas was annexed by the United States to become the 28th state. Having been part of Mexico until 1836, a group of American settlers living in Mexico Texas declared independence calling their new country the Republic of Texas. For nine years, the newly declared Republic of Texas was an independent state (Menchaca 50). The pro and anti-slavery political factions argued over the issue of whether Texas should expand slavery. The U.S politics was fractured, between the inter and intra-part battles, over the annexation, and concerns revolved around whether the country should be a pro-slavery or anti-slavery state. The divisions were later associated with the Civil War in the 1860s. Eventually, Texas was admitted to the United States as a slave state (Minor and Justin 81). The annexation contributed to the Mexican-American War between 1846 and 1848. In part, the conflict began on whether the Rio Grande or Nueces was Mexico’s rue northern border Historical Debate There were two main arguments associated with the U.S. annexing Texas. On one side, no Congress wanted to upset the pro vs. the anti-slave balance. Every political leader tried to maintain peace between the northern and the southern states, and an extra free or slave state would begin an uproar (Minor and Justin 87). On the other side, Americans believed the annexation would cause conflict between the U.S. and Mexico. However, the Mexican state had not yet acknowledged Texas as part of it. The annexation was an appealing issue to the British since they did not entertain the notion that the United States would expand westwards (Menchaca 51). The two sides agree that Texas should be annexed as part of the U.S. However, their disagreements were whether the state should be a free or slave state (Menchaca 53). The other disagreement from the people was the impending conflict that would later happen between the U.S. and Mexico. The evidence used on whether Texas should be an anti or pro-slavery state was based on popular sovereignty. According to popular sovereignty, the people living in the new territories decided to choose whether they wanted free or slave trade (Menchaca 56). The evidence on whether the U.S. annexation would cause war between the U.S. and Mexico was based on two main reasons. The first reason was that Americans were being killed on American land by Mexicans (Minor and Justin 94). The other was associated with the desire to expand westward, hence hav
The author talks about the effects of the media on the population, particularly political and economic life. People are fed with varying information regarding what happens in government. Before the advent of the television, people relied on the newspapers and articles for information, but this changed with time when people were forced to depend on the television for critical information. With time, the mass media has taken over because it relays information faster and more accurate as compared to the television. The author observes that the electronic media, such as the internet, cell phones, and DVDs, determine the type of information that people listen to in the modern society. The book is a prophetic in nature since it predicts that human life, particularly in terms of politics, would be reduced to the level of entertainment. The author is saddened by the fact that religion is losing meaning in the modern society since the mass media controls it. According to his view, the mass media should be manipulated to serve the interests of the majority in society. The mass media should not be allowed to control human life since it has negative influence, particularly on children and the youth. Many people consume according to the media adverts meaning that the new trend affects even the health of individuals. Human beings have the highest goals that can only be attained when the media is channeled to serve their interests. The main point of the author is that the media affects human life negatively hence it should be redesigned to serve human needs. The book is divided into two major parts with part one having five sections while the second part has six sections. The most important section in the first part is the section talking about the media as an epistemology. This means that political information in the modern society relies on the social media. Any political debate or discourse with an aim of attaining its aims must focus on capturing the attention of the electorate in the social media. In the third section, the author underscores the fact that the American society is just one of the modern societies that the social media has taken over its communication activities. The fourth section of part observes further that the mind is programmed in a way that would just respond to information in the social media. People trust information in the social media as compared to any other source. The second part of the book examines number of instances that the social media has influenced politics in the United States. From Postman’s analysis, it can be concluded that the social media is the new way of reaching out to the electorate since most of them are available there. This shows that politics have developed over several years to be what it is today. Before the social media, the author noted that the mass media was the commonly used technique in reaching out to the electorate. Postman’s dream suggesting that the media should be used to serve human interests is being fulfilled since it is creating mass awareness. Politics is regarding its position in society since the media serves its interes
Domestic and international marketing requires companies to have well-established channels while also being able to improve their competitiveness to withstand the pressure from other firms. When it comes to comparing the two types of marketing, there are some differences. For instance, global marketing can be considered local in disguise because the main problem that companies face in global marketing is the scope (Bolman, 2015). However, they fail to understand that being successful in the global market requires companies to translate their strategy implemented in the domestic market to a new environment with different cultural and linguistic values (Smartling, 2015). This implies allowing global customers have the same brand experiences that domestic customers have already had. Another example of how domestic and international marketing differs relates to the correct use of language. Thus, it means that the context of the marketing message should be accurate; if not, the content risks falling flat. For instance, in Quebec, Canada, consumers are accustomed to complete bilingual compliance of all businesses, which may mean that some companies will have to change their names, mission statements, and even logos (“Language laws and doing business in Quebec,” n.d.). Lastly, the scale is another major difference for which companies should account. In order to compete in several markets and account for the increased coverage of operations, companies should scale their global translations and learn to manage several platforms targeted at different consumers. A multi-domestic mindset is needed to reach customers from destinations such as Brazil, China, India, or Australia. Instead of using the us-to-them mentality, companies will do better if they consider the us-to-us-to-us mentality in which new audience is seen as a new subset that calls for localization and transcreation.
Most countries possess attributes that make them unique and different from other countries. However, there are characteristics that transcend these national boundaries and exist across all counties. This essay sets out to compare a Spanish-speaking country, Colombia, with the United Arab Emirates (UAE). Their similarities and differences in terms of culture and politics shall be highlighted so as to provide a deeper understanding of both countries. The biggest difference in these two countries can arguably be seen to lie in their religious beliefs. The UAE has a strong Islamic background and Islam is the official religion in the country, underscoring this point even further is that fact that Arabic is the official language. On the other hand, Colombian culture has a rich Spanish background and the majority of Colombia’s population are practicing Roman Catholics. Despite this big difference, both countries exhibit a similarity in their tolerance for other religions. Both societies are accommodative of other religions practices and do not try to impose their values on people. The UAE is by large a conservative nation. Practices such as drinking in public are shunned and places that serve alcohol are restricted. A conservative mode of dressing is also practiced with the men favoring ankle-length shirts and headdresses while the women are seen to cover their bodies from head to toe with cloaks. There have been cases of foreigners in the Emirates being arrested for indecent dressing. On the contrary, Colombia is far from being conservative and the numerous beauty contests exhorting women and their bodies points to a more securely all open culture. The dress code in Colombia is contemporary and demonstrates great western influence. The UAE is still rooted in folk dances and music which characterize most celebrations. Most of their dances are male-oriented in conformance to the restrictions imposed on the womenfolk. Clapping almost always accompanies most of these dances. While most of the music in the Emirates has a local root, some are “imported” by immigrants and assimilated into the UAE culture. Colombian culture shows a more vibrant and upbeat approach to music and dance as can be seem from the world-widely renowned carnivals. These festivals attract thousands upon thousands of revelers both from Colombia and from all over the world. In sports, both countries show a love for football. The UAE has football as its national sport and the presence of many soccer clubs in the country further emphasis the love of the sport by the Emirate population. However, there exist sports which are unique to each respective country. Camel racing which reflects on the traditions of the desert and the importance that the camels once played in the Arabian world is still practiced in the UAE. Major competitions are held annually attracting many spectators in the Emirates and further popularizing the sport. The traditional meal in the UAE consists primarily of fish, meat and rice. The fish is mostly as a result of the geographical positioning which places it close to large water bodies thus crea
The concept of cultural competence is growing in significance in the field of healthcare. This is because healthcare is one of the areas in which caregivers interact with people from culturally diverse backgrounds. Such a situation requires the physicians and nurses to fully understand the needs of the patients. Several healthcare programs have been established in the United States to target people seemingly ignored by national healthcare initiatives. The Indian Service (IHS) offers several medical services, including ambulatory, emergency, inpatient, public health nursing, dental, and preventative healthcare, among others (Congressional Research Service, 2016). The program targets American Indians, a minority population with highly specific healthcare needs. The aim is to offer these minorities services that are not guaranteed under the national healthcare program. This paper examines the IHS from a cultural competency perspective focusing on specific concepts, for example, the definition of the subgroup, their needs assessment, and cultural competence plan, among others. The paper argues that the IHS is an embodiment of the application of cultural competence in healthcare. Subgroup The IHS includes a specific subpopulation that can benefit from cultu
Executive Summary Victoria Falls in Zimbabwe remains one of the most attractive African destinations for tourists from all over the globe because of the area’s unique nature, landscapes and potential extreme activities. The purpose of this report is to analyse Victoria Falls from the Zimbabwean side in the context of a “spotlight on sporting activities” and to discuss a new segment of the market that can be attracted by this destination while also supplying a list of recommendations to apply. This locality has the potential to be developed as an attractive hub for sporting activities because of the range of services provided for extreme sports and adventure tourism in the area. A new segment selected for targeting includes travellers from Japan, China and South Korea (representative of Far Eastern countries). A focus on these tourists would be advantageous for marketing this location because travellers from these countries are interested in visiting destinations that present opportunities for sports activities. Practical im
Abstract Antiferroelectricity is one of the most actively developing areas in modern physics due to the exceptional parameters of materials with the property. This work aims to review both the phenomenon as a whole and specific substances and their practical utilization. Both the most commonly used materials, such as lead zirconite and their analogs were identified with literature analysis. These include more environmentally friendly elements, such as silver niobate tantalate and promising hybrid compounds. Antiferroelectrics are valuable materials used in the field of energy storage and computer technology, for example, in random access memory. Introduction One of the areas of modern science is the discovery and study of the properties and characteristics of various materials. These features can then be applied in a wide variety of fields to obtain better and more reliable items with unique properties. Recently, science has become aware of more particles and processes acting inversely by a well-studied phenomenon. The purpose of the paper is the study of antiferroelectricity, as well as the analysis and review of materials with that property. Antiferroelectricity This aspect, as it becomes clear from its name, is the exact opposite of well-studied ferromagnetism. While the latter property is widely found in everyday life, the studied phenomenon is infrequent. However, it is an object of close attention of scientists because of the unique features and capabilities that this state opens. The very essence of it is antiparallel, i.e., towards each other, the arrangement of electric dipole moments in the crystals of certain substances (Electrical4U, 2019). Because of that, instead of the high magnetization of the body, as in ferromagnetism, an extremely low magnetization appears. In an object with similar property, spontaneous polarization is equal to zero since, due to their location, the dipoles in the material cancel each other out. The reason for the rare spread of the condition is the very unusual conditions for obtaining this phenomenon. Although the requirements vary for each particular material, the principle always remains the same. It is necessary to achieve a specific temperature called the antiferroelectric Curie point to obtain an antiferroelectric phenomenon in a substance, usually a rare-earth metal (Electrical4U, 2019). Otherwise, it is called the Néel point by the scientist who discovered this phenomenon. If the material has a temperature above this value, it loses its unique properties and turns into a paramagnet. Thus, to maintain the antiferroelectric features, it is necessary to sustain the substance’s temperature in a strictly specified range. In this case
Introduction One of the most innovative medical breakthroughs of the last century was the development of organ transplantation. This technology has literally given patients, whose conditions would have been a death sentence in previous decades, a second chance in life. While the effectiveness of organ transplantation is undisputed, there has been a growing problem of organ shortages as more people seek this life saving procedure. The Organ Donor Organization declares that the US has over 122,000 people on the organ transplant waiting list and of this number, 18 people die each day while waiting for a viable transplant organ (par.2). This has led to calls for the establishment of a legal market for transplant organs in order to increase the supply of this vital commodity. Such calls have been met with fierce opposing from people who argue that commerce in human organs is morally reprehensible and a doorway to the exploitation of poor donors by rich patients. On the other hand, advocates of commercialization argue that this is a feasible means of overcoming the current organ shortage. This paper will set out to argue that there is a dire need for organs and commercialization presents a way to increase their supply and save lives. A Case for Organ Sales Organ sales would help overcome the dire shortage of transplant organs in the US by giving donors a financial motivation for providing their organs. The Organ Donor Organization reveals that currently, selling and buying of organs for transplant is illegal in the US and the only way these organs can be procured is from donors (par.1). However, the number of donations is low and fails to meet the high demand created as a new patient is added to the transplant list in the US every 10 minutes. This has created an organ shortage crisis with over 122,000 Americans waiting for an organ to become available (The Organ Donor Organization par.2). In addition to the real threat of imminent death if no organ is found, patients face unnecessary suffering as they wait. The patients are forced to seek out alternative medical care options such as dialysis, which are not only painful but also very expensive. A report by NBC Chicago highlights the plight of 35-year-old Daniel Perez, who has waited for two years for a compatible donor after his kidney failed two years ago (Leitner and Capitanini par.9). He has to endure four-hour sessions of dialysis treatment thrice a week and his quality of life is greatly diminished. Perez’s suffering is a direct result of the organ shortage. This shortage crisis and the subsequent harms it imposes on the patient could be overcome by introducing a legally regulated organ market. Abouna asserts that a controlled system of donor organ sales would increase the supply since the donors would hav
Unlike initial perceptions, contemporary scholars view Hajj as a phenomenon loaded with unlimited symbolic representations that allow an individual to make personal interpretations and again reinterpret their initial interpretations without restrictions. According to contemporary scholars, Hajj’s deep meaning cannot be restricted to a single interpretation by any religious body, however strong it might be. The deep meanings within Hajj should be left open for the creative interpretation of an individual. It is true that no one individual can understand the word from Allah in its totality. It is therefore acceptable that a person grasps a part of the message or a fraction of it according to his creative interpretation. This means that Hajj should not be given a monopolized interpretation. Believers should be given the authority to creatively work out the different interpretations that exist within the infinite symbolic representations exhibited by Hajj. Furthermore, the current writings about Hajj contain several ritual practices that should be adhered to during the pilgrimage process. These rituals include the special prayers that should be observed and also each shrine and its special salutations. However, this approach is a limitation of the interpretative ability of humans towards heterodox and popular religious approaches. A good approach should not concentrate on the ritual aspect totally while sidelining the emotional aspects of the practice. This is a more objective approach, exhibited by the contemporary scholars as opposed to former approaches that limited the interpretations of this practice (Bianchi 23). Considering the arguments above, Hajj is therefore not just a “spiritual journey preparing individuals for the afterlife” (Bianchi 24). This, according to contemporary scholars is a limited interpretation of Hajj. A creative interpretation Hajj argues that this is a reawakening, it is a collective inspiration that calls upon the community as a whole to reshape and assume a new role that would put them in a position to play a role in history that is more creative. This summarizes Iqbal’s perception of Hajj. On his part, Shariati views Hajj to be an instrument of power redistribution. Hajj offers the weakest members of the society a chance to expose and protest against social, political, religious, and economic injustices within the society. Further still, the Hajj is a conspicuous testimony of the universal aspirations of humanity. Hajj is an expression of the diverse aspirations of different cultures and races. It also gives room for people of other faiths and those who profess no faith to witness Islamic civilization (Bianchi 24). The three scholarly points by Iqbal, Shariati, and Arkoun form the basis of the argument in recent perceptions towards Hajj. They tend to revitalize the meaning of this pillar. Unlike Ulama’s approach which emphasized the rituals, this new approach has opened up various channels through which Hajjis