ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The following behavioral therapy plan has been designed to deal with a dysfunctional behavior involving a drunkard parent. The parent is a father of three who is a habitual drunkard and this habit is adversely affecting the finances of the family. He spends most of his free time, especially after work, at drinking joints. The habit is also affecting the fatherly responsibility and expectations of the parent. However, no one among the family members is willing to talk about the habit which has seen family ties subsequently threatened and deteriorate due to fatherly negligence and irresponsibility. As a therapist, I would opt for conditioning and learning to help the father overcome this behavior. The most immediate response to the behavior will be a positive reinforcement of classical conditioning which refers to a method of learning where the conditioned response is supposed to initiate the occurrence of an unconditioned response. A person is thought to associate the occurrence of one signal with the automatic response of a second signal that will always follow the first one. In behavioral therapy, classical conditioning is used to change the unconditioned stimulus by successfully substituting it with another desired stimulus in order to overcome the dysfunctional habit. Initially, the person would have a certain dysfunctional habit that he or she has always associated with a certain uncontrolled stimulus. The desired unconditioned stimulus is gradually introduced while reducing the undesired one. In this case, the conditioned stimulus will be an alarm clock that goes on at exactly 4 pm signifying the end of working time. Thus, the father relates the alarm signal to free time and every time the alarm goes on, he knows he is free from duty and drives to his usual drinking joints. Hence, drinking is the unconditioned stimulus that should be done away with, while the big task is to identify another activity that will substitute visiting the drinking places. More so, the father has to be trained to always associate free time with the identified behavior. Through classical conditioning, he is introduced to golf as a game and subsequently as the unconditioned stimulus. He is gradually trained to associate the alarm clock with golf. Once it goes on, he is reminded of an appointment with the golf course and thus leaves the office to go and play golf. It is expected that with time, he will start to associate the alarm with the game and in the process he will shun drink
The most important task for every education establishment is to specify its goals and academic expectations to its students. Students should know for sure which specific skills, knowledge and abilities they may learn in some particular university. Once the University promotes high motivating goals and inspires its students to achieve more in their lives, it will be definitely popular among the American students as it is closely connected with the American culture and values. According to Stewart, the great specialist on the American culture, person’s decisions are motivated greatly by the desire to achieve the self-interested aims in career and other areas of life (p. 134). In fact, the goals set by the universities and the expectations they have are very important. In the following paper, I will seek to find out and discuss the common expectations in an American University by means of analyzing several reputable sources containing the information about the Seattle University, the Florida State University, The Charles Sturt University and the North Carolina State University. I have my goal to discuss the issues which the universities see as important for students’ education. In addition, I will include a discussion of important qualities in the education of all the students in the Universities. All this will actually show that the American culture influences greatly the university’s expectations of students in Seattle and other American Universities. First of all, it is important to specify the goals and priorities of American unive
Introduction The theme of the book is to bring out the cultural revolution of China in the twentieth century. In the book, Juang Chang narrates the story of her life from her past three generations. The first generation is her grandmother, Yu Fang, who was raised by a peasant family. Her family married her off as a concubine to a Warlord General, but Yu Fang ran off from her husband’s family with her daughter, and was remarried to Dr. Xia from Manchuria. When the daughter, De Hong grew up, she joined the Communist Party of China as their employee because she believed the party could bring equality to the chinese people. This is where she met her husband who was also in the Communist Party. This is how Chang was born to Communist parents. Political changes in China Through all the three generations of Chang’s grandmother, mother and herself, China was going through numerous political changes. As women, it was hard going through the changes because they were not recognized in society. The author uses her own, and her extended family’s personal experiences, to bring out the problems that chinese people were going through during those times. She also brings out the changing politics of China through post-imperialism to communism giving the history of China. Cultural changes During the lifetime of these three women, China goes through different phases of cultural change. First, it was imperial China until the Japanese occupied the land. The Japanese rule lasted during the life of Chang’s grandmother. The Japanese were cruel, and they could execute even children. The Japanese were kicked out of China then the Sovient took over who did not treat the chinese any better. Next, the communists occupied China then the Kuomintang when Chang’s mother was a teenager. These times were difficult for De Hong and her family, and so De Hong got a job from the communists. Basic commodities such as food were scarce, and the military would often attack the people. In one instance when De Hong was married, they had to travel a long distance with the husband when they were moving to a new area. The husband used a vehicle and let his wife trek the whole distance. De Hong was then pregnant but miscarried owing to the fatigue from the long journey. The husband could not even show compassion to his own wife. The incident raised a lot of questions on De Hong’s head about the love of his husband. At a point of her political career, De Hong works at the Public Affairs department and, is appointed the head whose main job is to feed people. Chang’s parents were part of the communists, and so the people were against them. Chang had joined the Red Guards under the rulership of Mao, but she did not do some of the hurtful things they did. Finally, Mao died, and was mourned by a vast populace. Conclusion The writing of this book helps the reader to get historical information about china, but the experiences of the generation of one family can not be generalized to be of the rest of the citizens. This family was placed at an advantage because of the political influence. The author belonged to a communist family that were the oppressors
Introduction Every passing day, opportunities that require the intervention of negotiation skills, as well as the art of persuasion, present themselves. The oxford dictionary (third edition) has defined negotiation as the ability to confer with another, with a view to arriving at the settling of a given matter(s). According to Fisher and Ury (1991), negotiations can be looked at as a basic means of getting from others what you need. As such, it is characterized by a back and forth form of communication, with the aim of getting to a desirable agreement, in a case whereby the two parties are characterized by opposing agreements. To this end, a wide range of myths pertaining to negotiations have since been put forth. One of these is that good negotiators are not born so, but rather, they come about following study and practice (Aquilar & Gallucio, 2008). In other words, they are self-made. Looking at this myth, it would be important to note that negotiations, to some extent, requires experience in the matters at hand, if at all the skills of negotiations are to be improved. Even as experience may lead to improved confidence in the handling of negotiation matters, our effectiveness over the matter is not always tied o the experience that we have (Elkins & Richard, 1994). Even as much as good negotiators take risks, such are often calculated moves, which they have often given a lot of thought, in a bid to not only evaluate a given situation but also arrive at an optimal choice. A good negotiator will always prepare before hand, aware of the fact that the issue at hand could either be a win-win situation or even a win-lose. At the same time, a good negotiator will not let his ego overcrowd his own judgments, but rather they tend o focus more on the expected results (Odell, 2008). Elements of a negotiation process For every negotiation, there is always a key element that defines it. One of these is information, which is viewed at as the lifeline for any negotiation. In this regard, the view is that knowing more about the opposing side will be beneficial. At times, one side of the negotiation may need to let the other side know some of the information, but not all. It has also been observed that for one party to get information, they are also expected first to provide some (Fisher & Ury, 1991). Part of the work of an accomplished negotiator is to be on the look-out for some behavioral cues, verbal or unintentional cues, either of the party may display. On the other hand, time is also a crucial element in any given negotiations. So much so that a revealing of the deadlines to talks is sometimes not encouraged, or at least the other side may not know about it just yet. For this reason, an astute negotiator is called forth to obtain clues from the other side about a possible deadline of the talks (Mccallum, 2002). Given that a lot of concessions are known to take place prior to the talks reaching a deadline, this is where then that patience is really desirable in negotiations. The best outcome of any negotiation are not born in haste, like the use of such
Introduction This is an essay on the main branches of philosophy. The word Philosophy is derived from the Greek word “Philo” meaning “the love of or the craving for wisdom” (Walter 1). Many authors have consequently tried to define this ambiguous term in variant ways and as such, philosophy has different meanings in literature. However, as William observed, philosophy is the systematic flow of ideas about human nature, survival, and coexistence with nature. It is the epitome of thinking and as it was described by the London times, “the great virtue of philosophy is that it teaches not what to think, but how to think” (Lander 1). It develops a wide skill of analysis, questioning orthodoxies and clear expressions. An inquiry into philosophy is so challenging, requires a high degree of discipline and only the courageous can succeed. It requires abject humility because it is so easy to fall into errors and thus it is good to admit weaknesses and commitment. Research, use of logic and high reasoning are very significant in a philosophical inquiry because they minimize errors in addressing complex questions. Many professional philosophers are convenient historians, and different branches of philosophy equally overlap. Hence there is no isolate branch of philosophy. A philosophical inquiry impacts one on how to live their lives. It helps human beings understand why some things go wrong and consequently how to make them go right. It also prepares one to live in eminent uncertainties and gives a clear understanding of things not normally understood by humans. A philosophical inquiry might not yield the expected results, and thus a philosopher should always be ready to live with the results. However, the knowledge derived from the inquiry nullifies the uncertainties of the inquiry. Philosophy is characterized by a goal, and a method of conceptual analysis is conveniently adopted. Religions such as Judaism, Buddhism, Islam, and Christianity offer guidance on philosophy (William 1). Depending on the questions asked, philosophy can be classified into various fields. This essay will henceforth describe the four main branches of philosophy in the world of science. Main Branches of Philosophy Metaphysics: Philosophers struggle to address the fundamental question of the reality of nature (Florida State University 1). Metaphysics seeks to know what nature entails, how it looks, and how it is ordered. It tries to establish what truth is, if people have free wills, how brains generate minds if God exists, and what a person is. It also tries to define a spirit, matter, existence, in what manner do geometric figures exist and what they are made of, how ideas exist and what is time and space. Epistemology: Philosophers struggle to address the fundamental question on the true nature, limits, and scope of knowledge and beliefs (Florida State University 1). It seeks to know if we know anything, what are knowledge and the measure of truth in a statement. It also struggles to establish our claims that we know
Program Background Head Start is among crucial educational investments in children, families, and communities. The Head Start Project was initially launched back in 1965 as a comprehensive program of child development (Administration for Children & Families, 2021). Over the past several decades, it has offered a window of opportunity for lifelong success for more than thirty-seven million low-income and vulnerable children and their families across the United States. The program has remained strong in the face of shifting political, social, and economic climates because of the dedication to the continuous improvement of services delivered to children and families and addressed the changing needs of communities. Considering the great influence and the contribution of Head Start programs across the country, multiple other community-focused early education centers have been developed. Henry Booth House is among such programs, the mission of which is to improve families’ quality of life in the context of the culturally and economically diverse communities of Chicago. The organization provides comprehensive and integrated early childhood learning, social services, and family healthcare. Known and HBH, the non-profit was initially established in the second-to-last year of the nineteenth century by the Chicago Ethical Humanist Society. The purpose of the establishment was to work on the dedication to ethical principles of child care, the education of underserved populations, and the improvement of life quality. The long history of HBH has allowed the organization to develop extensive experience of improving the well-being of families for over more than a hundred years (Cause IQ, 2021). This experience has enabled HBH to update and expand its vision and mission, reaching the statement of serving culturally diverse services in such areas as the Head Start Learning Program, Early Head Start, Family Health, WIC, and Doula training programs. The comprehensive range of services that the organization offers to the public of Chicago is intended to focus on the holistic development of younger generations in the span of Prenatal to five years. Children who are aged between three to five years old are eligible for Head Start Services provided by the HBH, while pregnant women and children from birth to three years old fall under the eligibility of Early Head Start services. Children and families who have attained the homeless status, are in foster care or receive Supplemental Security Income (SSI) or Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) can also apply for services provided by HBH. As a rule, the eligibility for Head Start program participation is identified by the staff, while some families may have eligibility if they are recognized to be at the federal poverty level or below. Besides, some grantees enroll a portion of children from families with income above the Poverty Guidelines as everyone is encourage to apply. The specific circumstances and environmental influences are usually considered when it comes to deciding to include children and families in the programs c
Introduction Employee engagement is an evolving concept in the human resource development field and is related to management and organisational psychology. The causes of huge interest to employee engagement include its direct impact on job performance and big potential in enhancing great results. The topic of work engagement is worth investigation, as it has a great potential in contributing to developing strategies able to ensure the proper functioning of any company (Nolan 2011). This report focuses on investigating the coverage of the topic in literature sources and analysing the approach of McDonalds Company to enhancing employee engagement. McDonalds is recognized as one of the most successful competitors in the fast-food market. The success of the company is largely based on its effective strategy of promoting the work engagement of people working at it. The company’s strategy is aimed at promoting employee pride in the business and improving brand perception ( HR Excellence Awards 2011 2011). McDonalds is known as one of the leaders in organising a wide range of education programs for the employees to enhance work engagement (Jackson, Ones & Dilchert 2012). A careful analysis of relevant literature about employee engagement will be provided to develop a set of characteristics that should be assessed to analyse the employee engagement enhancement strategy of the chosen company. Literature Review Though the concept of employee engagement is not clearly defined, there is a big amount of academic literature exploring the issue. The ambiguity of the meaning of the term results in the variety of sources investigating it as referring to different aspects, including traits and behaviours. Numerous articles and books study the nature of employee engagement, the factors that influence it, and the methods for promoting it. The literature exploring employee engagement can be divided into three groups: works investigating the meaning of employee engagement, works investigating the importance and impact of employee engagement, and works discovering the characteristics crucial to promoting employee engagement. The works studying the meaning of employee engagement contain numerous debates. The word “engagement” presents the initial source of debate, as it is used to define a psychological state, performance construct, disposition or a combination of the terms mentioned above (Carbonara 2012). Such abundance of definitions causes confusions while determining the nature of employee engagement. However, lack of precision can be regarded as a natural characteristic of any concept at the early stages of its development. As employee engagement is a new concept in human re
Introduction The thyroid gland is one of the most important glands in the body. It is positioned at the front side of the neck. It is made up of two lobes which are found on either side of the trachea. Normally the gland is not externally noticeable or felt with a finger pressed on the neck. It produces two hormones that control the most metabolic processes in the body, which include energy provision and growth. The hormones produced are tetraiodothyronine (T4 or thyroxine) and triiodothyronine (T3). These hormones differ in their iodine molecule abundance. T4 is the inactive form of the hormone. It comprises 90 percent of the hormones produced by this gland. T3 is the active hormone with three iodine molecules (Maggi et al., 2013). The thyroid hormones are made in the colloidal follicles. Plasma iodine is taken up in the follicular cells using a sodium pump and into the colloidal follicles. A protein known as thyroglobulin is made by the follicular cells through the cellular mechanisms and released into the colloidal follicles. Four Iodine molecules are then linked into the thyroglobulin and tyrosine residues to form the precursor of T4 and three molecules of iodine are linked to form the precursor of T3. On stimulation with thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), the follicular cells engulf parts of the colloid and phagocytose it. The thyroglobulin is then cleaved and T3 and T4 are liberated (Visser et al., 2013). In addition to T3 and T4, the thyroid has cells known as parathyroid cells that are involved in the production and hormone known as calcitonin. Regulation of T3 and T4 is through negative feedback mechanism of the players of the hypothalamus-pituitary – thyroid axis. Excessive production of thyroid hormones leads to signals that will reduce stimulation of thyroid hormone formation. That is the cancelation of TSH and Thyrotropin Release Hormone (TRH) produced by the hypothalamus. Disorders of the thyroid There are two classes of disorders of the thyroid gland: hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism. These are the two extremes of the thyroid gland. Hyperthyroidism is the condition where there are too much of thyroid hormones whereas hypothyroidism is the opposite. Hyperthyroidism This is a disorder characterized by the overproduction of thyroid hormones by the thyroid gland. These hormones in turn cause negative feedback to reduce the production of TSH. Hyperthyroidism may be caused by various elements and present with symptoms such as restlessness, palpitations, tremors, diarrhea, shortness of breath, skin thinning, eye problems, frequent light menstruation, swollen thyroid gland, and hair thinning. The patterns of hyperthyroidism may be influenced by patients’ factors, such as genetics, age, and gender, depending on the cause of the condition. There are several causes of hyperthyroidism. Grave’s disease is the major cause. This is whereby the bo