ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Abstract Communication and nursing are inseparable. In this paper, two articles are reviewed and evaluated. A brief summary of the articles is provided. Their strengths and weaknesses are discussed. Implications for future researchers are provided. Introduction The latter contribute to and enhance the quality of nursing care and patient health outcomes. The importance of communication in nursing care has been widely documented. Nevertheless, practicing nurses experience significant barriers to communication in clinical settings. This is one of the reasons why researchers seek to develop new models of communication. Recommendations provided by researchers have the potential to improve the quality and efficiency of communication in nursing. However, all patients are unique; so are nursing situations. Apparently, there cannot be a single, universal solution to communication problems in nursing, and professional nurses must have an inner capacity to address communication controversies in ways that benefit patients. Communication is probably the most popular object of nursing research. In his article, Robert L. Veninga (2007) discusses how communication makes effective nursing leaders. Veninga (2007) is confident that, to be effective, nursing leaders must communicate “four sets of values: respect, continuous learning, hope, and a light-hearted spirit” (p.7). Veninga (2007) provides facts and assumptions to justify the importance of communication in nursing. The author explains the meaning of a light-hearted spirit and the way communication can help nursing leaders to build resilient nursing environments (Veninga, 2007). Roman (2007) adds to this body of knowledge and provides recommendations to improve communication in the most problematic nursing situations. For example, when asking for a raise, the nurse should provide specific examples of his (her) achievements and abilities to pu
Recombinant DNA (rDNA) technology has been applied in the manufacture of insulin analogs through the modification of amino acid sequence in the peptide (A or B) chains of human insulin. The insulin analogs exhibit similar modes of action with native human insulin, but insulin analogs with altered pharmacokinetic properties show improved glycaemic control in diabetic patients than native human insulin. Vora et al. study compares the rate of absorption of subcutaneous monomeric insul
The implementation of an idea requires the incorporation of three main components of persuasion, namely, logos, ethos, and pathos. Joshua Bell, a great violinist, learned the hard way why a large audience attended his concert in a theater one evening and then ignored him while playing at the subway station three days later. The TED video by Conor Neill explains the Bell experience from the perspective of Aristotle, who wrote on means of persuasion. The discussion of the concepts of logos, ethos, and pathos is interesting because it offers a deeper understanding of why Bell underwent the aforementioned experience. First, it is important for an idea to make sense in the minds of the audience. Aristotle referred to this phenomenon as logos. The speaker must forget their perspective and instead ensure that they focus on associating their message with the experiences of the audience (Neill). The idea of playing in the subway made sense to both Bell and the people. However, the lack of pathos and ethos ensured that few people developed an interest in the music that Bell was playing. It is important to have an idea. However, its implementation fails if the concepts of ethos and pathos are not incorporated into the process. Second, the speaker must have a good reputation; they should be known for something that the audience considers important. Moreover, they must be credible, trustworthy, and authoritative (Neill). This phenomenon is referred to as ethos. These concepts are expressed in the speaker’s confidence and professionalism. People at the subway ignored Bell because they did not associate the place with the type of talent they would find at a concert hall (Neill). A hall is a representation of trust and professionalism and, therefore, a place where people would expect to find great art. In this case, the ethos was missing because the subway did not confer trust to Bell for the audience to be receptive. Third, it is important for a speaker to establish an emotional connection with the audience in order to be persuasive. This is referred to as pathos. The speaker should ensure that they create the appropriate environment for their message in order to enhance the audience’s receptiveness (Neill). Pathos was missing in the subway because of the lack of an environment necessary for the creation of an emotional connection with an audience. An emotional connection between Bell and the people was missing. Works Cited Neill, Connor. “What Aristotle and Joshua Bell can Teach Us about Persuasion”. TEDEd , Web.
Criminal justice system refers to a system of enforcement, which can either be, the bar, the judiciary, the corrections department and institutions, probation, or other government institutions aimed or geared towards sustaining social control through, deterring, prosecuting where necessary, defending the rule of law, sentencing, and alleviating crime and even sanctioning those who violate the law with criminal penalties and rehabilitation efforts. The accused have rights that have to be adhered to, by the authorities, the authorities are divided into 3:   * The police,   * The courts,   * The corrections include jails, prisons, paroles and probation. The police are mostly mandated with investigations and maintaining public law and order, the courts constitute, judges, prosecutors and the defense attorney, the main role are to form avenues in which disputes are settled and justice administered, while the corrections come in mostly when the accused has been found guilty and their main role is to rehabilitate which may include punishments. There have been fears that the criminal justice system in Australia is not as strong as it should be considering there have been lapses when dealing with gender, social class, and even racial matters. The criminal justice system is constituted into the following broad categories:   * The federal criminal justice system,   * The state system. The difference between the two is the judicial coverage where just like the United States of America, the administration of law is carried out by the relevant state and territorial police services who also have legislative powers on matters that don’t infringe on the commonwealth of Australia. “The Commonwealth of Australia is composed of six states, both the state and the commonwealth systems of government are consistent with the liberal democratic tradition supposedly derived from British Westminster system and North America constitution” (Australia Travel Search, 2008). The Australian constitution describes the government powers and clearly defines the different roles played by the legislative, executive, and judicial arms of the commonwealth government. The parliament constitutes the legislative arm and its main purpose is to make laws, executive has the power to administer laws and carry out some other governmental functions and activities, while the judicature has judicial powers to ensure justice is upheld in all judicial activities (Wikipedia, 2009). Just like in the US, each state has powers to implement state legislation on criminal justice but has to remain relevant with the federal government’s enactments which may sometimes override the former. Just like in th
For this example, let us assume that the target system is connected to the Internet, and we are able to obtain root privileges on it. We also assume that we have an unprivileged account on our system, and it has a dynamically loaded kernel – means modules are added to the kernel at run-time through the program loadmodule . The important point to note is that the program loadmodule is privileged because it updates the kernel tables, and therefore, it can allow us, an unprivileged user, to execute a privileged process. As already mentioned above, the program loadmodule loads the module dynamically. To load the module, the program loadmodule first validates the module as being a dynamically loadable module, and then invokes the dynamic loader ld.so to load the module. The program loadmodule also uses another program, arch , to determine the architecture of the system. The program loadmodule invokes the programs, ld.so and arch , at path “ /bin/arch ” and “ /bin/ld.so ” through a library function system. At this point, we assume that a library function system does not reset any part of the environment. We also assume that in a system call, the environment in which we execute loadmodule , is passed to the subprocesses, and these subprocesses are run as root . Based on our assumption, we set the PATH variable to have “.” as the first directory to force our environment to look for programs in our local directory first, and then in system directories. The library function system invokes the command interpreter sh . The IFS environment variable has as its value characters used to separate words in commands that sh executes. At this point, we change the value of IFS to include “/”, and reset PATH and IFS environment variables. Now to verify the penetration in a UNIX system, we can write a small program that prints out its effective UID, name it bin , move it to the current working directory, and run loadmodule program. If everything goes right then the process shall print its effective UID as 0 (root).
Introduction Greek mythology could never be substituted for historical fact. This is easy to understand, and it is wise to follow this advice. This does not mean that Greek mythology is not important. It is a source of knowledge, especially with regards to how the ancients view life and the world they live in. Aside from informing modern readers about the intellectual and literary aspects of ancient civilization, Greek Mythology also plays an important role in communicating beliefs and values from the ancient world that has been passed down from generation to generation. In studying the life of Hebe one will realize that she is not as popular as Zeus, Poseidon, or even Hercules, but it does not mean that she did not play an important role in Mount Olympus, the mountain of the gods. Background For the modern reader or researcher, a casual study of Greek mythology will lead him or her to the conclusion that Greek mythology is the byproduct of active imagination. The stories contained in mythology are similar to the dwarves, elves, fairies, and monster stories found in other civilizations and in other ancient cultures. But Greek mythology stands out from the crowd because most of the stories are intricately made. One has to admit that most of the stories can easily entertain people from all walks of life. These stories are also so endearing because it communicates to everyone and able to cut across language and cultural barriers. The reason for its popularity can be attributed to the Greeks, who were able to understand human nature in a very sophisticated way. This should not come as a surprise considering that the Greek culture is the same culture that produced great thinkers and leaders such as Socrates, Plato, Aristotle, and Alexander the Great. Greek mythology is an exaggeration of human qualities and human failures. It is this exaggeration that allows the ancient listeners as well as the 21 st -century readers to easily understand as well as identify with the characters in Greek mythology. The purpose of Greek mythology can be partially understood through the following generalized description of the gods and goddesses in Mount Olympus: The gods are officials in a cosmic bureaucracy that covers all imaginable territory. Each deity has his or her own province, or focused sphere of influence, in the cosmic order, Zeus being in charge of the sky, Demeter in charge of the grains, Aphrodite in charge of erotic love, and so on. Many gods have multiple provinces. Poseidon is responsible not only for the waters but also for horses and earthquakes … a common epithet for him is Earthshaker (Hansen, 31). In studying Greek mythology, there are many ways to begin. There are many great characters that can be studied. The researcher can focus on the most popular gods and goddesses. But this had been done in the past. A more interesting exercise is to study the minor gods and goddesses – those who are lesser-known and yet still play an important role in creating a mythological tale that will endure the test of time. One of
Abstract Apple is a leading manufacturer of personal computers (PCs) and mobile devices. This paper begins by analyzing how Apple competes in the PC market. The discussion also examines how Apple’s strategy has been evolving within the past few years. Apple has also remained competitive because of its superior smartphones and MP3 players. The paper also identifies the major challenges effecting Apple Incorporation. The paper concludes by explaining why Steve Jobs is an effective strategic leader. Apple Incorporation in 2010 Apple Incorporation uses appropriate strategies to compete in the personal computer (PC) market. Throughout the 1990s, Apple used the best distribution channels to deliver quality products to different consumers (Yoffie & Kim, 2010). In 2001, Steve Jobs presented a new vision in order to make the company successful. He also introduced the Macintosh. The new CEO decided to “control both software and hardware” (Yoffie & Kim, 2010, p. 5). This strength made it easier for the Mac to become a successful product in the global market. The company also introduced a new Mac computer. These “new devices ran on an Intel chip” (Yoffie & Kim, 2010, p. 6). Steve also introduced a new operating system for Apple PCs. The company upgraded the OS within 12-18 months. This strategy increased the number of PC sales. The distribution strategy adopted by Apple Incorporation in 2001 made it easier for every consumer to purchase the company’s new software. The company opened more stores in different countries. Apple Inc. also formed new partnerships with companies such as Best Buy. This strategy attracted more customers thus increasing the company’s sales. The strategy made it easier for customers to purchase the company’s user-friendly PCs. The company’s competitive strategy has changed significantly because of the new market dynamics encountered in the world today. Apple has adopted a digital hub strategy (DHS) in order to address the changing needs of its customers. This situation “explains why Apple Inc. introduced the iPhone, the iPad, and the iPod” (Yoffie & Kim, 2010, p. 7). According the case study, Apple Inc. has a strong competitive position. The iPod has become a successful competitor in its industry. The company’s MP3 players offer new featur
McDonald’s has always been associated with the American way of life but it has also become a target of various accusations as it is believed that the food sold there is unhealthy. Numerous people sued the company and tried to prove that McDonald’s was the reason of their poor health conditions, obesity and some kind of addiction. For instance, Pelman v. McDonald’s is one of examples of such concerns. Parents of a teenager who suffered from obesity tried to prove that McDonald’s was responsible for the girl’s health condition (Wald, 2003). However, it was decided that McDonalds could be only partially responsible for health problems as the food bought from the famous chain constituted only the fifth part of the girls’ diet. Clearly, there are other examples of cases against the fast food chain and the question whether McDonald’s and other fast food chains have to be judged negligent for providing harmful food, failing to inform consumers about hazards and deceptive advertising seems to be unanswered. However, there is an answer to the question. Admittedly, fast food has been a topic of a heated debate for a while and it has been acknowledged that it can have a harmful impact on people’s health if it is the basis of their diet and if there is lack of exercise. There was time when the risks were not researched well enough and people did not realize that there can be detrimental outcomes. However, now numerous films and TV programs have been made and people are aware of the hazards. More so, the chains are forced to change their packaging and advertising, and even contents of their products removing some elements. In the 2010s, consumers have become more attentive and companies have become more responsible. Hartman and DesJardins (2007) note that consumers are willing to buy from responsible companies. At the same time, companies are trying to show their readiness to respond to this and change their approach. For instance, Kraft Foods changed their advertising and do not target at children from 6 to 11 ( Food fight , 2005, para. 3). Officials have also developed regulations concerning diets at schools, norms of advertising and so on. Therefore, at present, it is impossible to state that fast food chains are negligent and fail to inform people about possible hazards. These arguments are no longer timely. Now people are responsible for their lifestyles and diets and it is their right to choose. Clearly, McDonald’s may change their message and add such concepts as exercise and healthy eating. Fast food chains should also stop targeting at children and many chains have already done that ( Food fight , 2005, para. 3). Fast food chains have changed their menus and added a variety of healthier products. Therefore, McDonald’s and other companies are offering products and it is each person’s responsibility to make the best choice for him/her. In conclusion, it is possible to note that fast food chains have be
Introduction Today globalization is seen to be affecting the nature of debate on educational inequalities that for a long time has been viewed in the perspectives of race, ethnicity and gender especially with regard to global economy. Despite consistent and more recent efforts and strategies to address the issue of eliminating discrimination that is perceived on the grounds of race, ethnicity and gender, profound evidence in our society shows that discrimination on grounds of race, ethnicity and gender continues to persist in our modern society. Education presents an opportunity for human to succeed in life and according to Moses (2002, p.1), education holds the promise evoked by these three words; hope, possibility and just. But the author at the same time regrets to the problem where students of color, poor and working class students, and female students of all kinds have suffered from what he refers to as dysfunctional educational system of USA which is failing these students and hence does not fulfill its purpose (Moses, 2002, p.1). Kennedy Howe (1997) observes that efforts towards equality of educational opportunity have largely failed especially when issues of race, ethnicity and gender are scrutinized; “rather than nurturing hope, education causes despair to the mostly to the colored people, ethnic minority and largely female” (Moses, 2002, p.1). Furthermore, the author appears to disagree with the words of a Law professor at the University of Texas at Austin who asserted that students of color are unable to compete with white students at selective universities because within the cultures, education success is not held in high regard and academic failure is not looked upon by disgrace (Moses, 2002, p.1). The author evaluates the comments of the law professor and note that such opinions held in institutions of higher learning shows how the education system and institutions have become dysfunctional. Therefore this research paper will explore the issue of education inequality in American institutions in the perspectives of race, ethnicity and gender. Global perspective on Race, Ethnicity and Gender Race, ethnicity and gender have been seen to continue to act as limiting factors that put barrier to access to quality education for all, equity and access in the world. At the same time, the above factors continue to represent major barometers in social stratification and differential access to schooling in both the developed and third world countries (Zajda, 2009). For some time now, there has been a concerted effort to address ways of eliminating discrimination of race, ethnicity and gender; and analyzing statistics from many countries around the world it is evident that the three issues still persist. Today, in many societies of the world, individual’s skin color still dictates how equality is conducted and perceived and as a result social stratification continue to affect the educational impacts of many individuals divided a long reams of race (Zajda, 2009). In the American society, race continues to be a significant aspect in academic achievement.
Introduction Nursing is a very challenging profession with a lot of difficulties and other issues. It should be mentioned that when people choose the profession of a nurse they orient to some particular vision of this occupation. However, when the people’s expectations are not met and nurses face many difficulties they become frustrated. Thus, the lack of inspiration motivation and professional challenges play a great role in the nurses’ desire to leave their profession. The purpose of this paper is to dwell upon the main reasons why nurses leave their profession and to comment on them. Focusing on the results which MacKusick and Minick provide in their research “Why Are Nurses Leaving? Findings from an Initial Qualitative Study on Nursing Attrition”, it is possible to note that the main problems nurses can face are the unfriendly workplace, emotional distress related to patient care, fatigue, and exhaustion. Each of these points will be highlighted in the further section. The Role of the Unfriendly Workplace Environments As it was mentioned above, many nurses are inclined to leave their profession because of such reasons as the unfriendly workplace, emotional distress related to patient care, fatigue, and exhaustion. Speaking about the unfriendly workplace, it is necessary to exclude the issues connected with the nurse-patient interactions. The problem of relationships among employees is discussed. This issue is rather urgent concerning young and inexperienced nurses. According to MacKusick and Minick’s findings, nurses pay attention to such aspects associated with the unfriendly workplace as the “sexual harassment”, “verbal or physical abuse from co-workers, managers, or physicians in the workplace”, and/or “consistent lack of support from other RNs” (MacKusick & Minick, 2010, p. 337). Nurses often suffer from the constant pressure at the workplace, and this fact decreases their performance. Brown concentrates on definite examples of the unfriendly workplace environments which are based on the abusive treatment of new nurses, lies about the work which is done and not done, refusal in helping, the public correction of some nurses’ mistakes, and other similar issues (Brown, 2010). The Problem of the Emotional Distress The emotional distress related to patient care is the second reason why nurses leave their profession. Nurses are inclined to think that the patient’s and relatives’ desires and interests are often not met, and their task is to provide high-quality care. Nurses discuss such problems which cause additional emotional tension as the “overly aggressive treatment, lack of collaboration between physicians and staff, and lack of respect for patient and family wishes caused recurrent emotional distress” (MacKusick & Minick, 2010, p. 337). All these factors affect the nurses’ desire to leave. Nurses’ Fatigue and Exhaustion Finally, fatigue and exhaustion can also become the reason