ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
It is hard to imagine the pressure Congress worked under during the summer of 1776. The fact that the signers of the Declaration of Independence speculated among themselves that they might soon be “exalted on a high gallows” (Munves 1) was one indication, More seriously, as many as one hundred and thirty British ships had gathered in New York harbor, a city in which James Munves says gun powder was scarce. Most of the urgency that marked those days in July was caused by the need to get the Declaration out to all thirteen states so that the news would spread and rally everyone to the cause. To this end, the draft of the Declaration accepted by Congress was printed up and sent out by couriers. Despite the pressure of time, the draft written by Thomas Jefferson, future president of the United States of America, was carefully revised before being printed, a fact that irritated Jefferson to the point where he made copies of his version to send to most of his friends as if trying to unite them behind a new Declaration. However, as I will show, although Jefferson might have been right in principle and the long run, he was wrong to think that his manuscript was the right one for that particular moment in history. There were eighty-six changes in all, made by Benjamin Franklin, John Adams, and other members of the committee. Many were changes in capitalization, punctuation, and paragraphing but others altered the substance of Jefferson’s draft. Whereas Jefferson’s use of capital letters in the Declaration had been similar to modern practice, meaning that he capitalized only names and, according to Munves, in one case failed to capitalize “god,” the copy that emerged from John Dunlap’s printing press adhered to eighteenth-century practice in which “nouns were capitalized haphazardly for emphasis” (Munves 1). Dunlap replaced ampersands with “and,” to which Jefferson probably had no objection. As a result, the printed copy has a haphazard look about it when compared to the coolly professional look and style of Jefferson’s, and a modern reader looks antiquated. However, the members of the Congress had made substantive changes as well which, as most students of civics know, centered on the Declarations statements on relations with Great Britain and on the issue of slavery. To Jefferson, these changes were hard to forgive, and even though he signed the engrossed copy – in which these parts had been omitted — on the 2 nd of August, 1776, he remained convinced that his version was superior to the official one. Jefferson was wrong. The Congress was under pressure not just from the British who were preparing to crush their revolution, but also from its constituents, not all of whom were convinced independence was the best step to take. New York, for example, had not committed itself to independence and did not do so until sometime after the Declaration’s 4 th of July issuance. The initial reading of the Declaration in Philadelphia only attracted a small crowd of unemployed sailors and idlers who gathered around the rickety steeple which barely supported Philadelphia’s cracked bell, according to Mun
Journal Article Review The poor population is always a focal point for the US government. The government has trying to reduce the poverty rate since 1960 significantly because the public started viewing poverty as a negative issue for society and the economy. To assist and reduce the poverty rates, the US government started the War on Poverty, and the percentage of government spending on poverty has been increased dramatically. According to Rose and Baumgartner’s article “Framing the Poor: Media Coverage and U.S. Poverty Policy, 1960–2008”, the public’s opinion on poverty and poor people changed in the 1970s, and the media became to demonstrate poor people as lazy persons and cheaters. In 1976, Ronald Reagan stated that the US government provided too much assistance to reduce poverty which is rather useless because poor people rely on the help significantly. Rose and Baumgartner develop the discussion of the public’s attitude to poverty during the period of 1960-2008 as it is reflected in the media with references to the US government’s policies realized. During the 1970s, the US media identified the provided poverty spending as a key element to reduce the US economy rates. The public saw the government as extremely generous about poverty. The article presents a lot of examples from the New York Times , LA Times , Washington Post , Baltimore Sun , and Chicago Tribune . Rose and Baumgartner determined those negative viewpoints as frames to discuss the issues of poverty publicly, and they focused on the correlation between the size of spending and the discussion of the problem in media. The authors concluded that the spending on poverty was altered several times not only because of the economy’s potentials but also because of the public’s and government’s consideration of the issue. Critique and Analysis Although Rose and Baumgartner determine the main points for the discussion and sections in the first part of the article, the structure of the work cannot be discussed as well-organized. The introductory part of the article states the theme and the problem of the work. The authors concentrate on the discussion of the US government’s policies to reduce the poverty rates in the country in connection with the media covering the problem. Rose and Baumgartner mention that the focus of the work is on frames used to discuss the issue of poverty during 1960-2008 and its connections with the alternations in realizing the government assistance. Thus, the article provides the quantitative indicators to discuss the aspects of the media coverage; the measures related to the degrees of poverty and spending during different periods; the statistical relation between the media framing and spending; and the developed Government Generosity Index. According to the authors, the Government Generosity Index depends on such two factors as the media framing and the changes in the US government’s spendi
Major Characteristics Lubna Olayan is one of the most famous and influential women in Saudi business and all over the world. The woman has become one of the most influential people in the world since her appointment as the chief executive office of the Olayan Financing Company (Sadi & Al-Ghazali, 2009, p. 1). According to Forbes magazine, this Saudi businesswoman has been the first to overcome the barriers that the Eastern women have been facing while entering the business world (Sadi & Al-Ghazali, 2009, p. 1). In addition, Lubna Olayan is involved into the membership of the International Business Council and the International Advisory Board of the Council on Foreign Relations. Olayan is also member of the Board at the first venture organization. Judging from the above-presented description, the person possesses powerful leadership skills, because she managed to overcome the male dominance and change the attitude to women in Saudi Arabia. Challenges Faced By the Leader It is known that Jeddah Economic Forum is forbidden for women and, therefore, they have to stay in the balcony with no right to express their opinion. All they have at their disposal is the right to submit questions in the written form (Weston, 2008, p. 439). However, Ms. Olayan realized that this barrier should be overcome; otherwise, their right to freedom of speech accepted all over the world would be lost forever. She was among those brave women who managed to communicate directly with man (Weston, 2008, p. 440). While talking to men, her headscarf slipped back uncovering more of her hair. This picture was presented on the front pages of magazines and it was heavily criticized by male participants of the forum. This was a serious challenge for Ms. Olayan, but her willingness to win was overwhelming. Aside of taboos imposed on the Muslim women expressing themselves freely, there are also certain limitations imposed on women striving to work and to be promoted in professional terms. In this respect, Mr. Olayan had to overcome job instability in the country to
Electric cars have only recently begun to compete with the internal combustion engine, but they have been actively used by drivers for more than a century. These cars were especially popular at the turn of the 20th century but lost their popularity when Ford’s moving assembly line increased the availability of passenger cars (Simpson 2021). The use of electric vehicles has several advantages, including their environmental friendliness, service cost, and interesting history of the emergence of exciting technology. The structure of an electric car is not inferior to ordinary passenger cars and may even be considered safer than the usual models. The main structural elements of an electric vehicle are battery, electric motor, transmission, on-board charger, inverter, DC converter, and electronic control system. The device of an electric car implies the absence of a clutch and gearbox, which is why they accelerate more smoothly and climb the slope easier (Magnusson 2017). Such a car does not contain engine oil and spark plugs, which reduces maintenance costs. Electric cars also don’t make much noise, drive quietly, and don’t produce noise pollution. The engine also consumes no energy when the vehicle is stationary. The transmission of an electric car is quite simple. Thanks to the onboard charger, the vehicle can be charged from the household electrical network. Thus, a simple and understandable car device can serve as one of the reasons for their ubiquity. Climate scientists claim the electrification of vehicles is one of the best ways to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Fully electric cars move with the help of a large electric battery and do not produce exhaust gases. Electric vehicles are becoming more eco-friendly over time, despite the more intensive battery manufacturing process. Common gas-powered cars are the least climate-friendly option, as long-term costs and emissions cover a wide range. It reduces the risk of death from an accident and from the effect of exhaust gases on a person’s lungs. According to Dr. Tranchik’s estimates, the production emissions of electric vehicles will be compensated for six months, depending on the cleanness of the power system in which the car is charged. Electric cars enjoy less popularity than gas-powered vehicles due to their higher initial cost. The battery capacity price should also be considered since a car that can last longer on its charge will cost more. Nevertheless, actual research shows that electric cars help drivers save money in the long run. The Massachusetts Institute of Technology team calculated the cost of the vehicle’s full life (including the purchase price, maintenance, fuel) and found that electric cars cost their owners much cheaper (Penney 2021). Today, electric vehicles are becoming safe, affordable and, produced by major brands, are starting to be sold in large volumes. The world leader in sales of such cars is Norway, which has a plan to stop selling fuel cars by 2025. A similar policy is followed by New Zealand, which is concerned about the state of the environment. The dissemination of su
The theory of Music analysis starts in two major dimensions- the “five levels” and across the “three main domains”. According to Hanninen (7), sonic, contextual and structural are the three domains in musical theory. A domain, as used in music theory and analysis, is an area of musical discourse, experience or activity about a certain piece of music. It also refers to a number of musical ideas or phenomena being studied. Thus, there are three domains in this category- the contextual domain, the sonic and the structural domains. To begin with, the Sonic domain is denoted as “S” and includes all the psychoacoustic facets of a given music piece. In this case, each note is conceived as a bundle of attributes of “S”. In this way, it allows the analyst to track down the activities of a multiple “S” dimension independent of each other and in a concurrent manner. The organization of “S” in individual musical segments progress towards larger units and is indicated by differences as well as disjunctions. For instance, where there is a large difference in attribute values such as pitch and timbre, greater disjunctions and stronger boundaries are likely to be created between units of a musical piece. According to Hanninen (31), organization of “S”, structural organization and associative organization make the three basic facets of musical organization in musical theory. Secondly, the domain contextual, denoted as “C”, is used to recognize the workings of such features of music as association, repetition and categorization of a piece of music. Contextual domain, as the name suggests, describes the importance of a context of music in the formation of an object as well as its identity. For instance, it provides an indication of the segments (objects) of music that are permeable and immersed through interaction with contexts. In domain “C”, the theory shifts its focus from isolation of segments to a new concept in which segments are grouped into associations. In addition, it focuses on the identification of a number of contexts that encroach into the objects of music in order to shape the sound in a given manner. In “C” domain, repetition is considered as a non-static aspect and an active force in the process of forming the object. Thus, Hanninen (23) argues that association of units is the rationale behind segmentation. This mechanism focuses mainly on association between groups of notes, although it invokes some attributes of the “S” domain of individual notes. Thirdly, the theory emphasises on the structural domain, denoted as “T”, which provides an indication of active reference to the theory of musical syntax (structure). The musical analyst has a role of choosing or developing the “H”. It recommends the guides as well as segments in addition to conferring how musical events are interpreted. Hanninen (52) has shown that the theory has two major components- theoretical entities (HE) and frameworks (HF). They are drawn from other musical theories such as the “12-tone” th
There are thousands of crimes happening every day in the US and around the world, with their malicious purposes and aims to differ from case to case. However, the basic structure of each crime, whether it is a burglary, arson, or murder, remains the same. According to Gulati (2021), there are four distinguishable phases of a crime – intention, preparation, attempt, and accomplishment. Each one of these phases is equally important and offers an insight into the mind of the criminal depending on the way they go about each phase. Understanding the different personality types and psychological profiles that act in particular ways during the phases allows forensic profilers to recognize patterns of criminal behavior and help prevent further crimes. Intention, the initial thought of committing the crime, can be easily overlooked as part of the crime. However, it is vital to both find the culprit and to judge him or her fairly in the court of law. Furthermore, although intention without action is not punishable, it can help recognize those individuals that must be monitored, helping keep society safe. Preparation, which involved the gathering of the necessary resources (Gulati, 2021), is the phase at which the crime is still preventable and, in some cases, already punishable. Although the culprit has not yet at this stage committed the physical criminal act, if the profilers know what sort of preparation is required for each crime, some of them might be prevented. For example, if someone is planning a kidnapping, they might be flagged at the local store for buying tape, rope, bags, and other materials that might seem suspicious as a concoction. Attempt and accomplishment, the third and fourth phases of a crime respectively, differ in the sense that an attempt is a failed crime. If the culprit either decides not to commit the crime or fails for some external reasons, then the attempt phase might be the last one. However, the culprit will likely try again. Therefore, the accomplishment phase might be achieved. Nevertheless, for the profilers to recognize the distinction between the two, as well as the signs of attempt, can help them prevent accomplishment. Reference Gulati, H. (2021). Understanding the Stages of Crime . Lawctopus CLATalogue.
Industry & Market The Panera Bread Company is related to the bakery industry. In particular, Panera Bread operates in the United States and Canada (Thompson, Peteraf, Gamble, & Strickland, 2018). External Environment The external environment peculiar to the case can be characterized by the presence of strict sanitary regulations for the production and distribution of food. Thus, the company and its key rivals have to comply with numerous requirements in the countries where they operate. Internal Environment There are a few segments in the bakery industry. In general, it includes entrepreneurs who offer ready ingredients and bakeries that manufacture food (such as the company discussed in the case). Financial Analyses The sales of bread and flour products are extremely high in the world. In the countries where the Panera Bread Company operates, such products and pastry remain an essential element of any meal. Economic Condition for Industry Bakery industry in the United States generates at least $30 billion in rev
Introduction Issues concerning gender are a major source of debate in high schools especially because it is a significant stage of development in someone’s life. My narration is derived from a strange experience during my final year in high school. This experience is based on the topic of gender-bending which in the end proved to be a learning experience of, to say the least bizarre. Gender bender is used to refer to a person who goes against society’s normal roles performed by a certain gender. Some functions or roles are in different societies considered to be performed exclusively by a particular gender. Take for instance changing a vehicle’s tire, an activity considered to be masculine, and a man’s job. Another outright example of a gender bender is that of George Alan O’Dowd, a London blue-eyed soul musician who embodied both concepts of gender in being masculine and at the same time feminine. In many ways, gender-bending is considered a sign of social activism. This is especially done to respond to overtures in assumptions and generalizations in issues related to gender. Some people and especially feminist activists feel that societal norms generalize roles played by either males or females. These roles according to society are assigned automatically by the virtue of one b
Introduction The company will focus on determining the profitability of investing $500,000 in the fried chicken restaurant business. The purpose of the research is to persuade the investors to infuse funds into the proposed fried chicken restaurant business for five years. The New York entity name is “American Fried Chicken”. The researcher authorizes the administration to include this paper in the current registered academic program. Placing one’s scarce cash resources in the fried chicken business will profitably benefit the investors. BODY. Marketing strategy will ensure the investment fills the growing needs of fried chicken clients (Schlosser, 2012, p. 52). First, the company will produce quality Chicken products. The chicken products will contain 12 secret herbs and spices. The current and prospective customers of the company will prefer to continually return for another fried chicken meal. Next, the company will advertise the benefits of buying the company’s fried chicken products. The company will spend $25,000 for advertising and promotion activities. The company will take advantage of advertising its products using the television, newspaper, and radio alternatives. The company will set up the fast food restaurant chain in New York City. With the huge population, the company will be able to generate revenues and net profits. Lastly, the company will price the fried chicken products at reasonable prices. The company will mimic the average price of the company’s biggest competitor, Kentucky Fried Chicken fast food chain. The company will also strive to sell competing fried chicken menu choices. The menu choices are based on the popular Kentucky Fried Chicken menu choices. The food choices include the breakfast meal, the bucket meal, menu containing six fried chicken pieces, and menu containing two fried chicken pieces (Wenderoth, 2009, p. 7). With the $500,000 investment, the entity will generate favorable investment reports (Stickney, 2009, p. 904). The first quarter financial performance projection, as shown in Appendix A, vividly indicates the company is projected to generate $300,000 revenues. The company is projected to generate $ 160,000 gross profit. The company is projected to produce a $70,000 net profit. With the investment, the company’s generate higher financial performances. Appendix B shows the entity’s projected revenue amount is $360,000. The company is projected to generate a higher $ 198,000 gross profit. The company is projected to produce a higher $88,000 net profit. The investors will surely generate dividend income from their $500,000 investment. Investors will be happy to see the company pay investor dividends (Bernstein, 2010, p. 4). Dividends crop up only if the company generates net income. During 2013, appendix C shows that the $500,000 investment will generate $70,000 net income du
Summary The journal-based article by Wolfe titled ‘Preventing Violence in Relationships: Psychological Science Addressing Complex Social Issues’ highlights how violence can be prevented and managed in relationships. The article highlights the current laws and public sentiment which is against violence in families and relationships. The article depicts how the psychological literature on the subject has been incorporated with public sentiment and case-based practical studies to depict how certain factors can induce family violence while others can aid in reducing them. Strengths The strength of the article by Wolfe is mostly due to the dual approach taken by the author to conduct his research. The author has pursued clinical studies that explore the various issues and problems faced regarding domestic violence in families and the abuse of children as a result of domestic violence. The article depicts the early signs of domestic violence in history, which led to the formation of shelter homes for children & women. The strength of the article is made more sturdy by the author through the combination of the clinical concepts, theories, and researches with practical research undertaken by the other academic researchers as well as this undertaken by the author himself. The article explores the violence prevention initiatives that can be applied to the youth and incorporates the research to highlight how the abuse can be predicted in adolescent dating relationships. The article also highlights an intervention taken by the author to reduce the violence in an adolescent by reducing the identified risk factors at the school level. This provides tremendous insight into how the governing bodies, the state, families as well as schools, colleges, and even family therapists can use the identified violence leading risk factors in a relationship that encourages violence to eliminate them through intervention to reduce different forms of family violence. Weaknesses The weakness of the article, however, rests in the challenges that the author/ researcher faced while conducting research for the article. These challenges pertained to the research which needed to be conducted on the high-risk families to determine the violence leading risk factors. The availability of these families, their cooperation, and the availability of other families f