ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Historically, the breast-feeding promotion had its own share of waxes and wanes, but with the support of the World Health Organization (WHO) it has got a great impetus in the last 20 years. This initiative got a boost when scientific evidence suggested a number of benefits that are associated with breast-feeding; particularly related to immunologic advantage and birth weight control in later life. That is, of course, apart from the scientifically validated evidence that it is a very simple, cheap and the most sterile form of nutrition for a baby. Breastfeeding ensures numerous benefits to both infant and the mother, from a long term as well as a short-term perspective. Improved nutritional, developmental, immunological, and social outcomes are associated with benefits for mothers and infants who are associated with breastfeeding (Persad D M, Mensinger L J, 2008). The reasons for choosing such topic is that breastfeeding is emerging as one of the most important health promoting and disease preventing activity both from immediate and long term effects. The consciousness of community, health professionals, social workers, care centres throughout the world are promoting breast-feeding initiation and long time duration. One of the ongoing interests in breast-feeding is its efficacy in managing the burden of postpartum illnesses in women, notably depression. This is attributed to the presence of psychotropics in breast milk. But since reports pertaining to this are single or isolated case histories, there are still some questions raised with regard to such claims. One of the current debates with regard to breast-feeding benefits is its encouraged use and consequently excessive promotion among mothers diagnosed as HIV-positive (Nduati R et al., 2001). This is believed to improve survival chances of infants. Breastfeeding does not only result in health benefits for mother and child but also has a deep impact on the community in terms of economic benefits and promotion of cultural values among the different classes of people. Rich economies have observed a deteriorating trend in breastfeeding while poor income groups have high rate of breastfeeding, however awareness needs to be created. Total annual cost of not breastfeeding is approximated to $1.186 to $1.301 billion
Introduction This amendment was approved on July 1868. The amendment contained two important clauses that marked the history of Civil rights movement in the US. These are the Equal protection clause and the Due Process clause. The former guaranteed equal protection of the law while the latter protected individuals from deprivation of life, liberty and property by the state without the due process of law. This article looks into the various interpretations given to the Fourteenth Amendment, limitations to its applications and the affirmative action. Interpretation of the 14 th amendment The problem that faced the court was in determining what could qualify as equal protection. The first attempt to interpret the Equal protection clause was made in the infamous case of Plessy Vs Ferguson (1896) , which advocated for racial segregation. Justice Brown was concerned with the reasonableness of the clause. He argued that when the court is reviewing state legislation it should consider regulation of public order and the tradition or custom of the people. “In short, the Court created a very lenient standard when reviewing state legislation: If a statute promotes order or can be characterized as a tradition or custom… the statute meets the requirements of the clause” (Peter, 1998, Par 3). In Brown Vs Board of Education (1954) however, the Equal Protection clause was given a new meaning. Justice Earl Warren found that segregated facilities did not amount to equal protection in law. He stated: “…the doctrine of ‘separate but equal’ has no place. Separate educational facilities are inherently unequal. Therefore, we hold that the plaintiffs and others…are, by reason of the segregation complained of, deprived of the equal protection of the laws guaranteed by the Fourteenth Amendment” (Brown Vs Board of Education, 1954). Hernandez v. Texas (1954) the Court found that the Equal Protection clause to apply to not only whites and blacks but also other races and ethnic groups. Among these, other races were the Mexican-Americans. Since Brown case, women and illegitimate children have been included in the Equal Protection Clause. “The Supreme Court accepted the concept of distinction by class, that is, between “white” and Hispanic, and found that when laws produce unreasonable and different treatment on such a basis, the constitutional guarantee of equal protection is violated” (Carl 1982. Par.2). The Due Process Clause was not only meant to protect basic procedural rights but also substantive rights. In the case of Gitlow Vs New York (1925) , protection of press from abridgement by the legislature was held to be some of the fundamental freedoms protected by the ‘due process’ clause of the fourteenth Amendment from infringement by the state. Here it was dealing with the substantive rights incorporated in the bill of rights. However, the decision in Muller Vs Oregon (1908), showed that the state could restrict working hours of women if doing so was in their best interest. This decision was made in due regard to the physical
Employers take a lot of time and resources formulating methods to make the employees realize organizational objectives. Similarly, employees always want to impress their employers by generating quality and timely results. Organizations focus in creating and implementing strategies that foster employee relations, which in return, contributes to work environment that meets the ever-changing consumer needs (Peltier and Dahl, 2009). The article provides a number of strategic ways that any hospital management can use to develop a better relationship with the nursing staff. Similarly, the article reliably cites past studies on employee relations to back up its major arguments. For Instance, it states that is practical enough for a nurse who is satisfied with her working environment to increase her performance, and consequently, her overall productivity. Furthermore, the article argues for a more human relationship between the staffing nurses and their superiors if at all a hospital wishes to fully satisfy its patients (Cara, Nyberg, and Brousseau, 2008). Furthermore, the article also puts into focus the existence of bureaucracy in health care organizations, and goes ahead to offer a solution that unites the patients, nursing staff, and the management team. However, a weakness is evident in the fact that caring is costly, time consuming and inapplicable in situations where the supply of nurses is scarce thus rendering a number of the suggested strategies ineffective (Cara, Nyberg, and Brousseau, 2008). All the strategic suggestions mentioned are effective as they recognize the conception of a caring work setting that is, according to earlier studies, an essential tool of worker motivation. To establish a relationship that shows the management is mindful, a study of the difference between nurse-management and nurse-patient relationships with the latter seen as a more important one, is imperative. Owing to the ghost of bureaucracy, nursing staff will always find themselves entrapped between their employers and the patients. The article presents an effective way of integrating this kind of bureaucracy and care hence creating an environment that is tension free, which further increase productivity. Lastly, errors have been known to decline as one learns how to work with experience and effectiveness. This can be learnt if the management encourages the nurses to work in teams and to seek mentorship from experienced staff members (Peltier and Dahl, 2009). In an alternative strategy not mentioned above, any workforce will always want to be associated with emp
The adaptation of Oscar Wilde’s comedy play “The Importance of Being Earnest,” which was conducted by Oliver Parker in 2002, found success and recognition in the wide audience of film-lovers. The movie represents an example of a stunning faithful direction of original writing. The adaptation coincides with the authentic source along different lines. The major resemblance aspects include a reproduction of a witty spirit of the play and the peculiarities of rich comical language, which find their reflection in work. The initial monologs that represent play’s direction in the original play and evolves as an epilog in the movie show that the primary intention of a film director is to keep to the authenticity of Oscar Wilde’s intentional statement. Indeed, commentaries in film adaptations provide a backbone for initial agreement or disagreement with a play author (McFarlane par. 3). The establishment of a social correlation between the play and film adaptation contributes to a revelation of the author’s time’s spirit (Stirbetiu 491). In his film, Oliver Parker manages to reflect a spirit of the Victorian times by supporting the traditional for the period humor acts and characteristics of Englishmen. The spirit resemblances are also supported through setting identity. Thus, the author depicts many countryside episodes, which disclose the real-life settings of the 19 th century. Moreover, the film director depicts the luxury of the Victorian times by making use of Lady Bracknell’s palace, which is facilitated by red carpets and marble elements. Furthermore, the faithfulness of adaptation finds its revelation in the depiction of the critical values of Oscar Wilde’s times. In this respect, the author demonstrates that the upper classes of Victorian England appreciated their noble statuses as the highest values and agreed on the unimportance of state-society and radicalism discordance. Both in the play and in the movie, the values are mostly communicated by Lady Bracknell’s, who is a distinguished Victorian character. The language of the actors is linked to the communicative peculiarities of the play characters as well. Thus, the speeches and dialogues are full of humoristic remarks, oxymoron, and verbal absurdity: “Education produces no effect whatsoever” (Wilde 32). The resemblance of characterization coincides with the descriptions of all characters. Thus, two central figures – Jack Worthing and Algernon Moncrieff embody the silliness of the time period. The roles are performed by Colin Firth and Rupert Everett. The actors manage to reflect the pretentiousness of Victorians’ desires and values. Thus, both figures communicate with their imaginary friends and call themselves Earnest, which emphasizes the nobility of the positions. In fact, however, the actions and words of the figures
Background While appearing to be simple stories about Damsels in distress, fairy tales are full of hidden messages that impact children’s perception of reality and influence their social relationships. Even though many fairy tales have been revised and rewritten over the years, they often remained their archaic and dichotomous worldviews, expressing discriminating gender roles and social norms, reinforced and propagated through a system of reward and punishment. Even in a more global and liberal world, the underlying values of these fairy tales continue to affect children, often unconsciously, for the rest of their lives. This research will explore several fairy tales, written by the Grimm Brothers, such as Cinderella, Snow White, and Briar Rose (Sleeping Beauty) that express, especially controversial social norms and gender roles. Through classroom discussions and performances children reevaluate meanings, scrutinize stereotypes and opinions they may have formed prematurely after first reading the fairy tales. While critical thinking is often considered as a product of education, age, and experience, this research shows that critical thinking is a skill that can be encouraged and actively reinforced at a young age already. The benefits of fostering and implementing critical thinking in young children in the context of fairy tales is especially crucial as critical thinking helps mitigate the strong influence of these fairy tales on the personalities of young children. Research Questions This research aims to find answers to the following questions:  1. How do particular Grimms’ fairy tales affect children’s perception of reality?  2. Can we develop critical thinking in children by, for example, engaging the fairy tale context critically through reading, analyzing, reenacting (role play), and discussing it with them?  3. After increasing children’s critical thinking, can we note changes in their judgments concerning social norms  4. What are the issues, thoughts, or ideas that children mention concerning their perceptions of social norms within studied fairy tales? Significance of the Study In an era where children are exposed to a vast amount of information, often receiving conflicting messages, fostering critical thinking at a young age becomes especially imperative. Critical thinking skills help students acknowledge different perspectives and sources of information and so making them more compassionate towards other people’s opinions. Moreover, to be able to scan sources critically helps students evaluate content, potentially protect them from manipulation. The benefits of thinking independently, reflectively, and innovatively that come with critical thinking are enormous. Most of all cultivating critical thinking helps students in their development as well-rounded human beings, able to make responsible and mature choices in life. Literature Review Fairy tales Fairy tales are defined as “traditional stories written for children that usually involves imaginary creatures and magic” (Cambridge dictionary). They are ordinarily meant for children and are c
Abstract One of the effects of globalization is that traditional business processes are now opening up to attain a global nature. Supply chains, production lines and markets are now interlinked through a worldwide network of interdependency. In fact, it is almost unfathomable that a company seeking to expand its net worth can ignore the global business market entirely without recourse to any of the factors of production, supply and marketing. This research paper particularly looks at the various issues that arise when a company has an international supply chain. It finds that doing business at a global level has various challenges which threaten the smooth flow of trade. The paper analyzes the Foster Group as an example of a company that has a global supply chain with the aim of understanding the dynamics of international operations. Introduction Nagurney (2006) describes a supply chain as “a system of organizations, people, technology, activities, information and resources involved in moving a product or service from supplier to customer (p.2).” Normally, a supply chain begins from the point of initial transformation of the raw natural resource into a component that is consumable or to a degree where it can be processed to a finished product. However, the supply chain can begin from the end product where the product in question is recyclable. Supply chains are therefore value chains since the product is moved across various stages where value is added as every stage. To build a comprehensive supply chain, there must be effective management of the process. Indeed supply chain management has evolved to become a basic need for any manufacturing company. The entire management process is a concerted effort between suppliers, third parties, intermediaries or middlemen and finally, the customer. It is a complex process that interlinks the business tasks and procedures of a company to become included into a unified business network. The key role of supply chain management is therefore the logistical activities providing smoother flow of manufacturing operations and the coordination of processes in other business functions such as product design, marketing and research. In a supply chain, the aspects of biological or ecological regulation of natural raw materials form the initial stage. From the extraction to the production and finally the transportation of the end product to the customer, the supply chain will have involved several different companies across various geographical areas. All these companies will have a substantial interest in the product and will in one way or another add value to it. While all the players in the entire chain may not necessarily know each other, each plays a crucial role. Company Profile Foster’s Group is a business venture based in Melbourne, Australia that specializes in brewing, soft drink and wine
Fungi belong to Kingdom Mycota, a group of eukaryotic organisms whose digestive enzymes are released to act on food externally. After external digestion, the organism obtains the nutrients through absoprtion. In most fungi, reproduction is through spores (Deacon, 2006). A major characteristic of fungi is that they have a body called thallus with a number of microscopic tubules or cells known as the hyphae (Deacon, 2006). Like animals, they must depend on other organisms to obtain carbon and energy (Blackwell, 2011). Despite this, most other living organisms depend on fungi for their survival. In most cases, fungi form mutualistic relationships with plants, animals or bacteria. In these relationships, both organisms depend on each other for survival. Nevertheless, it appears that bacteria, plants and animals depend more on fungi than fungi depend on them. First, the relationship between plants and fungi shows that plants depend more on fungi than fungi depend on them. In fact, it also explains how animals, which depend on plants for survival, have an indirect but important dependency on fungi. Mycorrhiza, a term derived from the Greek words “myco” to for “fungus” and “rhizo” for “roots”, is scientifically used in reference to the association between fungi and the symbiotic vascular plant roots (Sorensen, Larsen & Jakobsen, 2005). Studies have shown that over 90% of all plant species on earth depend on some fungi (Deacon, 2006). These fungi are their mycorrhizal partners. In the association, the mycelia of the fungi use the extensive hyphal networks as well as the large surface area exposed to the natural soil to obtain both water and minerals (Rillig, 2004). The plant partner obtains these important compounds from the fungi, which increases their nutrient uptake. On the other hand, the plant has an extensive photosynthetic system that the fungi lack. As such, the plants supply the photosynthetic products from its photosynthetic parts to the fungus. Considering that more than 90% of all plant species on earth cannot live without minerals and nutrients obtained from the fungi, it is important to consider the role that fungi play in the ecosystem. This implies that more than 90% species cannot survive if the kingdom fungi cease to exist (Rillig, 2004). It is also important to note that all animals have varying degrees of dependency on plants. Plants form the chief source of nutrients for animals. The ecology of animals and plants indicate that more than 70% of plants directly support the life of animals, whether directly or indirectly. This implies that animals indirectly depend on fungi (Grant, Bitman, Montreal, Plenchette & Morel, 2005). A mutual relationship between animals and fungi reveal that animals also have a direct dependency on fungi. In particular, fungi have a direct relationship with a number of insects. For instance, arthropods depend on fungi for their protection from pathogens as well as predators. A symbiotic relationship exists between insects and the fungi of the species Basidiomycota. In this relationship, scale insects obtain nutrients from
Introduction Several debates have been raised on the efficiency of the existing gun control laws in the United States. The Newtown school shooting incident evolved the gun violence debate causing a public uproar to review the gun control laws currently in enforcement in the United States. While it is a personal responsibility to treat human life with dignity, a legal challenge is invariantly faced by the state whether to impose stringent measures on gun control or establish the social root on the emergence of these deviant conducts like the Connecticut shooting. One fact however is that there’s need to establish proper legal mechanisms to provide a perfect framework in controlling the handling of guns by the citizens. It is the interest of this paper to analyze some of the options the nation could explore with a view to improving the efficacy of the already existing gun laws. (Roleff 401)This would in turn, reduce the civilian deaths arising from gun violence in the US. Societies with reckless gun laws bear the brunt of humongous and intense socio – economic pressures. Civilian mortality leads to loss of craftsmanship and pressure on the existing health facilities. Inability to keep the weapons in the right hands has led to immense civilian deaths; the uncontrolled gun use has also led to sharp increase in criminal activities thus posing challenges for various federal governments. It is thus important to underscore the significance of enforcing gun control measures.(Haerens 244) Banning the sale of firearms to citizens Firearms in the wrong hands are indeed very disastrous. A good percentage of the shooting incidences in the US are as a result of wrong people handling firearms. Most states in the United States have strict laws regulating the carrying and or ownership of firearms. However, the results of such controls have not been fruitful enough in curbing the mortality arising from gun vehemence. Most federal states allow guns to be sold to the general public. However, the state performs the regulatory function. In states like Arkan