Testimonial Privilege Privileged information is knowledge confidentially passed between two individuals. According to Frieder (2000), testimonial privileges refer to the individual’s legal rights that allow a person not to testify or even bar another from testifying on confidential matters (p. 186). This may concern the content of a declaration made by the privileged individual outside the trial or the information he/she knows but is not willing to reveal. Spousal Privilege It is made up of two independent privileges: the marital confidences privilege and the spousal testimonial privilege (Frieder, 2000, p. 188). Marital confidences privilege aims at fostering marital harmony and protecting individuals from condemnation by their spouses. A court may direct a spouse to testify against another on the contents of confidential information acquired during marriage. The privilege is relevant only if there were no third party during the communication or if the information was meant to be confidential (Garland, 2010, p. 156). Spousal testimonial privilege is applied in preventing persons in a criminal case from summoning the spouse to the defendant to give evidence against them concerning any topic. The witness’ spouse can decline to testify against the defendant spouse although the defendant may not prevent the spouse from testifying against them (Frieder, 2000, p. 189). However, in cases of divorce or child custody, the privilege may be invoked.  1. Professional Privilege. This privilege aims to protect one’s ability to access the justice system without fear of disclosure and future prejudice. This is a client privilege that protects all discussions between a legal advisor and his client from being revealed without the client’s consent.  2. The Attorney Client Privilege This privilege bars an attorney from sharing any information relayed in confidence by a client or potential client even after the client’s death. For the attorney to effectively play his role, it is necessary that the client reveals everything pertaining to the case with the assurance that it will not be relayed elsewhere (Frieder, 2000, p. 167). However, exceptions are made when a client intends to commit a felony through their confession. Executive Privilege While executive privilege is not clearly stipulated in the constitution, the Supreme Court, through a ruling on the concept of separation of powers, accords the US President and some members of the executive the privilege to rebuff some subpoenas and other confrontations by other branches of government (Garland, 2011, p. 165). However, the privilege can be invoked, especially when it is established that the executive’s indiscretion will interfere with security. Child-Parent Privilege This is a legal privilege, which unfortunately does not exist in the United States because the relationship between a child and parent is not privileged. In fact, a parent can be compelled to reveal confidential information about their child i.e. the Monica Lewinsky’s case. Physician-Patient Privilege This is a legal conception either by statute or case law pertaining to medical confidentiality in which what transpires between a doctor and a patient during the course of treatment cannot be us