ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Bad habits may lead to bad consequences. Smoking and fast food may lead to cancer and obesity. Bad time management, inattentiveness, the lack of punctuality, the inability to recover quickly, and the inability to beat one’s fears can become a huge barrier on the road to success. Have Some “No Phone” Time at Work My phone is my worst enemy. It is my worst habit. I have noticed that I check it for notifications every ten minutes. I knew that I should not do it but the first time I broke the rule I did it unconsciously. The second and the third time I did it on purpose expecting important information about the meeting I was late too. In fact, because of these phone checks, I paid more attention to the phone rather than to the words of the sponsor at the meeting when I missed the important information. This bad habit I decided to dispose of as soon as possible. Make the Best of Those Boring Meeting Despite the decision to be active at each meeting with our sponsor, I failed this task two times. It was not good because of boredom I had missed important things and then was not useful during our meetings with the team members. It made me feel very uncomfortable. I decided to be active disregarding my lack of interest in the meetings. Don’t Keep People Waiting This habit has not been too difficult to dispose of because I am a punctual person, so being late is not in my practice. However, once I was a bit frustrated and lost my sense of time. The worst thing was that I had missed the beginning of the meeting with my team members, and I did not understand what they were talking about when I came. Because of this moment, I decided to be on time every time. It is not difficult for me to be on time everywhere, so this is even not a habit for me. On the other hand, I have realized that even one lateness can become a problem in some cases, and any lateness should be avoided by any means. Recover Quickly Procrastination is one of my bad habits. I should say that I did not even consider it as a bad habit. It was the time I used to spend doing nothing and thinking from time to time that I had plenty of time to finish everything I had planned. However, when I started to work on the capstone project with the team, I realized that procrastination was one of my worst enemies. Because of this state of mind, I managed to miss the deadlines I had set for myself, and I had to work during my leisure time. It was my punishment. I concluded that procrastination should be avoided at all costs in my future life. Give Up Your Fear of Speaking to Groups I have no fear of speaking to groups. The issues of mutual understanding make me a bit nervous, but it does not mean that I avoid speaking to my colleagues. One time I did so, though. Team members wanted to know my opinion regarding the approaches they had developed at the beginning of the meeting. It was the meeting, to which I had come late. I did not want to embarrass myself and said that I had nothing to say regarding this matter. It was very unfortunate to find out later that I had good ideas to include in the project considering the a
Introduction The formation of societies started centuries ago and has continued significantly. There are changes that have taken place in the society including structural changes and those pertaining to relationships. This paper discusses three theories of social transformation including functionalist, conflict, and interpretive models. The functionalist theory of societal change was coined in 1975 by Parsons. The conflict theory was also coined by Marx. Finally, the interpretive approach was developed by Blumer in 1967 (Blumer, 1969). This paper seeks to apply the theories in the explanation of some of the questions regarding societal change. It is notable that people normally observe changes taking place in their households and in the society at large sometimes without the ability to elucidate what triggers such transformations. However, it is also important to appreciate how societies change, the issues that facilitate the changes, whether the changes can be traced along certain patterns, and whether the change is taking place at the society level or at the individual level. Social Change Theories There are four social change theories including “functionalism, conflict, interpretive, and multiple” (Banks & Banks, 2004). However, the present discussion will focus on functionalism, conflict, and interpretive. It is important to recognize that these perspectives help describe the foundations and forms of social change (Banks & Banks, 2004). Furthermore, much as the theories are helpful in enabling people comprehend social change; they exhibit some weaknesses that this paper will elucidate briefly. Functionalism Functionalism is sometimes used to connote the theory of order and stability. It also connotes the theory of equilibrium. It is notable that the stability notion refers to a distinguishing factor that defines structure (Banks & Banks, 2004). It is also a concept that defines the notable activities required and reflected upon as a necessity for the existence of order. Functionalism has three subsets that completely give it appropriate meaning. First, the Parson’s Evolution Theory, which remains the most relevant type of transformation. In this theory, system preservation is the main area of concern because the change is needed to return the system to its original state of equilibrium (Banks & Banks, 2004). The sub system unit is also highly differentiated. The differentiation of the units occurs in a form of a functional specialty and interdependence is observed by Parsons as containing a high level of commonness. It is notable that the separation requires fresh ways to incorporate, coordinate, and regulate the system. Parsons referred to this arrangement as adaptive improvement (Parsons, 1975). The resulting structural change has crucial features such as values and goals. Parsons thought that this kind of structural transformation represents the least well known type of change. According to Parsons (1975), there are notable evolutionary universals forming part
Introduction The car is a key moment in the contemporary culture. The automobiles not only surround our communities, they float up in our dreams, songs and films. The cars not only move us from one location to another, they are part of our individuality, just like the clothes we wear. These days car firms try to persuade people that a new auto will offer them speed, force, supremacy, love, romance, sex, safety, tranquility, family, social position, wealth, the atmosphere of “having made it”, freedom, escape from routine being, and/or community. For all that we have reached to anticipate from cars, both practically and psychologically, our single-minded devotion to this form of carrying has become at an immense cost to health, security, and the environment. The high level of industrialization requires the high volumes of car manufacturing. Global wealth has several times increased since the beginning of the automobile era, and now every fifth citizen in the world has an opportunity to buy a car. The cars stopped being the means of luxury: now they are regarded as the means of transport, and, as it has been mentioned above – the part of individuality and personal style. But it should be mentioned, that the car manufacturing also requires the improvements in the subsidiary spheres. These are: the road building, ecological issues, the issues of fuel economy and transfer to the alternative fuels. If it is necessary to persuade people to refuse from using cars, and choose public transport, the municipalities and governments should realize that it will require the improvements of the existing infrastructure. Thus t depends on the means of transport which are to be enhanced for the advanced public use. Today according to the information provided by Worldwatch Institute, “at least a third of a normal city’s territory is devoted to roads, parkings, and other components of transport car infrastructure.” In lots of cities and towns, citizens stay in traffic jams while the lines of trolleys and trains that once served their neighborhoods remain abandoned or ruined. Los Angeles, for example, has expended billions to reconstruct a rail transit system much smaller than the one eliminated in the 1940s. Road Building The statistic shows, that the road building costs involve $275, 000 per km to $600,000 per km, but these are just approximate calculations, as every building project is unique, and road building depends on several factors, such as Site condition, Weather conditions, Traffic volume and Drainage. Moreover, the average costs for maintaining and repairing the existing roads are expressed in the following table. Reseals               $2,460, 000 Patching              $515,000    Edge Repair           $123,000    Pavement repair       $224,000    Shoulder Repairs      $1,002,000  Grading Gravel Roads  $1,375,000  Vegetation Control    $500,000    Footpath Maintenance  $90,000      Moreover, the roa
All the three websites that have been given for this discussion are websites with lots of quality information aimed at assisting small entrepreneurs to conduct their business operations well. The first website is for the Canadian Federation of independent businesses. The second one is for the Canada business network, and the third website is for the Canadian revenue agency. All these websites are filled with plenty of information that businesses in Canada can find resourceful in answering the basic as well as technical questions of how to conduct business in Canada. This information ranges from normal business consultancy pieces of advice to information concerning the requirements of doing business in Canada. This paper, however, shall seek to evaluate the websites concerning their technical aspects as well as an evaluation of the quality of reference that they offer. When I opened all the three websites, I was impressed at the speed that all of them opened their sites. It took less than five seconds for all the websites to open. This is the kind of speed appropriate for any quick search that anyone might require of a good site. The website developers did a great job of ensuring that this aspect is achieved. The second technical aspect from all the three websites requiring praise is the graphics. The graphics are purely crisp. Everything can be seen well and everything is well arranged and defined. This is particularly important since it makes the search process of information very easy for would-be users. The Canadian revenue agency website, in particular, is well developed with superior graphics as compared to the rest. The sections are numerous and well divided to offer users an array of options to serve their needs. The Canadian Federation of independent businesses website is a good one too though I feel that a lot more could be done towards sectioning of the different information tabs in a more organized and graphical manner. However, I feel that the content developers for the Canadian business network need to do much more and ensure that the graphics of their site is superior, at least to the standards of the other two. Graphics in websites is important since it determines a lot regarding whether people would be interested in making use of the site or not. It is good to note that no broken links were observed when using all the three websites whatsoever. The information found in the three websites is very resourceful. They cover diverse topics that would affect entrepreneurs and businesses in general in Canada. Some of the information covers the current business topics of the country that business men ought to follow. Hence most of the information comes from consultants, government agencies as well as reputable authors on business topics. Most of the information on the websites can also be seen to rely more on evidence-based research rather than opinion and hence in my view, they are resourceful and informative. I find the information in the websites really helpful. As such, many businesses once in a while need important pieces of advice to keep their businesses running. In this view, t
Introduction Hiroshima is the capital city of Hiroshima district, which is situated in the south west of the province Honshu in Japan. It is situated on minor deltaic plain with an area of around 656 square kilometers or 253 square miles, almost 280 kilometers in the west of Osaka at the head of Hiroshima Bay on Inland Sea. Its population is around 1,126,282 (According to census of 2000). Hiroshima was formerly a fishing town, which spectacularly urbanized between 1600 and 1868 as a castle town of the Asano family. Through the end of1600’s, it had turned into one of Japan’s major cities. It operated as a bench of local government, and in the role of a business focal point and a port of in-house steering. Its affluence and inhabitants augmented by the end ofv1800’s and in near the beginning of 1900’s with its manufacturing development. Through World War II (1939-1945), Hiroshima was an imperative military base. History to World War II Hiroshima started as a town surrounding a fort constructed in 1593 by a feudal lord named, Terumoto Mori. This fort, smashed during the atomic bomb attack however moderately reconstructed, adopted the name Hiroshima which means “Broad Island” as of its position in the Ota River delta. Eventually, bridges offered approach to the delta. More than 80 bridges linked six islands of the city not only with the mainland but with each other as well. Hiroshima developed in the early stages because of its location on the important territory and the water routes linking central Honshu with Kyushu Island. These routes were the San-yo road and the Inland Sea. The Asano descendants, who proscribed the Hiroshima region all over the Tokugawa epoch that is, (1603–1867), supported the city’s trade and promoted industry. Following the Meiji Reinstatement in 1868, Hiroshima extended as a progressive transport and industrialized focus. Key port services were accomplished by 1889, and five years afterward the city was connected with Kobe and Shimonoseki by railway. Hiroshima’s iron and steel industry was supplied with coal from Kyushu in north, whose manufactured goods in turn were used in a rising manufacturing business. Hiroshima received the consideration of the world while a U.S. B-29 bomber (the Enola Gay) dropped the first atomic bomb ever utilized in fighting on the city
Introduction The theory of production and trade affirms that there exists no country, which is able to produce all commodities that its citizens require. This means that the country has to rely on other countries for supply of the other goods that the country does not produce or rather produces in quantities that are much lower than its demand. At the same time, there could be other nations, which are in need of what the country produces in excess. This therefore makes the country export what it produces in surplus while being forced to import what it requires but is in deficit within the country. As such, when a country exchanges goods and services with other countries for money, or other goods, international trade is said to have taken place. The exchange can be between two countries, economic blocs or even between continents. International trade brings in concepts of foreign exchange. This arises where the trading countries do not use a common currency. During importation, the importer is required to convert their local currencies so as to make purchases in the currency of the exporting country. On the other hand, payments to exporters are made in the local currency, and therefore the exporter is also required to convert the money into his or her country’s local currency. Currencies of different countries have different exchange rates against currencies of other countries. The amount of a given currency that will be used to purchase a single unit of another currency is called the exchange rate. Under normal market situations, the exchange rate of a particular currency against another currency keeps on fluctuating, depending on the demand and supply of that currency. The government controls the quantity supplied of a currency in a given country directly or indirectly. Therefore, the supply remains relatively constant and its curve becomes a straight vertical line. The quantity supplied of that country’s currency determines demand for the currency. When more quantity is supplied, the demand for that currency will fall, and when less is supplied of that country, the demand will rise (Greenaway, 2011). There is a need for a country to control its currency exchange rates in order to maintain a stable balance of payment. To achieve this objective, there are four regimes that dictate the exchange rates. An exchange rate regime refers to the policies employed to determine the exchange of a currency against another currency (Gandolfo, 2002). There are basically four exchange rate regimes:   * Floating, als
Introduction It is important to mention that the future correctional issues will be different from the way they currently look like. This is due to the fact that as technological advances take place criminal activities are also likely to increase. But also it is possible that in future death penalties may be completely removed from the statutes of many countries of the world thereby necessitating quarantining and segregating certain criminals who would otherwise be sentenced to death. The correctional facilities will undergo a serious transformation to take care of emerging correctional issues (Seiter, 2004). The Segregation of HIV-positive Inmates is Ethical Even though most people are against segregation in general, it is some times appropriate in certain situations. It is well known and globally acknowledged that HIV is a dangerous disease and is fatal; this owes to the fact that the scientists have not yet found cure for it. With this respect, it is important to note that some of the inmates are highly likely to have contracted the virus before being brought into prison (Mulleady, 1992). Inmates are never enjoying being in prison. So they are likely to vent their frustrations on anybody they find around. Besides, it has been reported that inmates some times fall out with one another amongst themselves. The most important thing to note is that it is not wrong to let HIV negative inmates stay with HIV positive inmates. However, the problem is that in case of confrontation amongst themselves they are likely to bruise one another and in the process the sick ones may infect the rest with HIV Virus. Moreover, inmates may sometimes turn against the prison officials and those have HIV may intentionally throw sharp objects containing contaminated blood at the prison officials. In this case, it will be important to segregate HIV positive inmates to save HIV negative inmates and officials. This can also make it easy for prison officials to be cautious with them and also to offer them specialized care due to their status (Puisis, 2006). One thing that is common in prison world over is that inmates are separated according to sex; this means that female inmates are kept separately from male inmates. In relation to this, it is worthwhile to mention that in such a case, it is highly possible to find issues of homosexuality and lesbianism going on in the prison cells; these sexual activities are never protected or safely done hence exposing HIV negative inmates to the virus. This implies that segregating them will be of great significance in terms of the health of other inmates. There are so many reasons to support why HIV positive inmates should be segregated in future correctional issues (Puisis, 2006). Conjugal and Familial Visitations Are Effective Rehabilitative Concepts Conjugal visits between the inmates and their wives and husbands are very significant to the structure of the family. This is especially crucial for inmates who are jailed for long term. If conjugal and visits were not allowed to the inmates, their couples cou
Introduction Sigmund Freud was probably amongst the most influential scholars in the area of psychology because his psychodynamic approach to personality gave rise to other psychological perspectives, normally developed from the criticism of Freud or supplementation of his legacy. The present paper is intended to explore Freud’s main works. Main body Sigmund Freud was born on May 6, 1856, to the Jewish Moravian family of Jacob and Amalie Freud, in which the wife was more than twenty years younger than her husband. The family treated young Sigmund as a gifted child and thus sacrificed everything to give him a good education. As Freud was a doctoral student of medicine, he first focused on researching cerebral palsy and the origins of fishes, particularly eel, to which his dissertation thesis was dedicated. However, evaluating critically his contribution to biology, Freud realized that he had had little success and thus went to Paris to work with renowned neurologist Jean-Martin Charcot. His first method of treating neuroses and hysteria was hypnosis, which was proven ineffective and replaced with listening to the client’s problems (Hall, 1954). At that time, Freud and his colleagues from Vienna University undertake a series of studies (mainly on themselves and their first clients) associated with dream and child memories analysis. His research further resulted in the development of the psychodynamic theory of personality, described in “Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality”. The basics of Freudian theory can be found in human physiology, as the scholar interpreted the meaning of such needs as hunger, thirst, avoidance of pain, and sex as the components of human survival instinct that forces humanity to reproduce. One more human drive is the need for entropy, i.e. the desire for dying – as we know from elementary physics, each object prefers static state to dynamic. Following those two principles, Freud built his personality theory: human nature, in his opinion, consists of three elements: Id, Ego, and Superego. It is a subconscious element, and its main principle is a pleasure principle, so it is responsible for the immediate satisfaction of human needs. The ego reflects the self-esteem and the ‘self vision of the individual and it is responsible for problem-solving activities (Freud, 1975). Super-ego shapes under the influence of the surroundings, and it is responsible for socialization and social behavior. Freud overstates the animalistic nature of the f human-being and the importance of the subconscious and states thathuman behavior that humans explained from the position of id, because it constitutes the main part of human personality. Freud explains human behavior as the development of animal instincts, such as survival instinct. On the other hand, there is another human psychological drive – Tanatos, i.e. the wish to die. One more important characteristic of Freud’s theory is that he researches not a healthy personality, but a personality with disoders and states disorders people are initially ‘entangled’ by