ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The prescribing autonomy of nurse practitioners (NPs) remains a contentious issue in modern healthcare. Due to differences in standards for the subject matter in different states, compliance with prescriptive autonomy standards may appear to be complicated (Jiao, Murimi, Stafford, Mojtabai, & Alexander, 2018). While the current standards for prescriptive authority in Illinois might seem rather rigid, other states such as New York have even tighter regulations, which are defined by the specifics of the local communities needs. Therefore, complying with these standards and encouraging them is essential for the consistent quality of care. The current legal standards for NP prescriptive authority in Illinois are managed by the Illinois Department of Professional Regulation. According to the latter, under a “written collaborative agreement,” a health practitioner can delegate the authority of prescribing medications to an advanced practice nurse (APN) (Illinois Department of Professional Regulation, 2018, para. 1). Specifically, bill 225 ILCS 65/65-40 states that a nurse must possess a “mid-level practitioner controlled substance license” in order to receive the prescriptive authority (Illinois Department of Professional Regulation, 2018, para. 3). The described regulations seem to deviate from the standard principles set in other states. Specifically, the New York Nursing Board does not allow NPs to prescribe medication to patients (New York State Education Department, 2019). Therefore, the standards set in Illinois can be seen as rather lenient toward NPS. In Illinois, the process of obtaining the license to prescribe medications is quite basic for an NP. Obtaining the license that allows an NP to prescribe controlled substances implies receiving a notice filed by a physician or a pediatrician (Chesney & Duderstadt, 2017). Afterward, the note will be considered and transferred through the Division and the Prescription Monitoring Program before the board decides to grant an NP permission for a prescription (Illinois Department of Professional Regulation, 2018). The procedure in question requires DEA registration and permission from a health practitioner for an NP in New York (New York Department of Health, 2019). The differences in the process of granting licensure are defined by the specifics of local healthcare providers and allow for effective patient care.
What Light. What Possibilities. What Hope Marisol is written by José Rivera, a Puerto Rican playwright, in 1992. The magic realism play provides a unique perspective on plenty of spiritual and social issues that remain important even today (“Dramaturg’s Note”). Rivera looked at the troubles of homelessness, social disorder and inequality, as well as identity loss, from a poetic point of view and placed them in the setting of apocalyptic New York, in the world of a dying universe, which angels try to revive with the blood of their senile God (Rivera 16). Beth Kattelman visualized and directed Marisol at… on… The committed performances of the actors, as well as successful choices in staging and design, contributed to the success of this new production. Design Element: Scenery Staging is an essential element of storytelling in drama. Space and visual modes have a semiotic meaning, and their appropriate use is core to the story’s integrity (Elam 6). It is possible to say that the production’s scenic designer, Justin A. Miller, managed to convey plenty of complex symbolic messages implied by Rivera through a simplified, yet sharpened scene of New York in ruins and Marisol’s bedroom. A bed surrounded by a haze of purple light, brick walls, and mesh fences is placed right in the center of the stage. In this way, the set provokes the sense of isolation, insecurity, and loneliness, which Marisol experiences when living in the large city. At the same time, it demonstrates how the ruination that takes place in Rivera’s New York penetrates in the character’s private space. Thus, it is possible to say that through the scenery design the production team managed to transmit a surreal mood of the play and also refer to symbolic implications. Staging Moment: An Actor’s Performance In the production, Marisol is played by Jasmine Michele Smith. The actress’s expressive and eloquent manner of performance made it clear that she had an insight into her character’s psyche, and the human behavior as such − she depicted Marisol as a vulnerable and soft young woman who, influenced by circumstances, stepped on the path of transformation and self-revelation and ultimately turned into a real hero. Smith’s gestures, speech, and movements had a natural flow and were very convincing. Her work certainly helped captivate the audience and hold their attention. Issues of Diversity The theme of ethnic diversity and identity is among the central in the play. Marisol is a young and attractive Puerto Rican woman who seems to forget her cultural heritage. In the first act, she is assimilated in New York but not really accepted there completely. However, in the second act, she starts to acknowledge her Puerto Rican identity. The memories of the childhood are revived in time of confusion and challenges faced by her in the streets of the ruined city. Talking to Man with Scar Tissue she began recalling the basic things from her past and then ultimately realized her new self, in which her ethnicity and culture are core elements. It is possible to say that the acknowledgment of ethnic identity served for Marisol as a starting point for becoming a better person, helped her be freed
Introduction PCB-Polychlorinated Biphenyls was a commonly used material in most industrial processes in the early 20th century until it was banned by the federal government in 1977. These materials have been known to cause cancer, reproductive, and developmental disorders when ingested by human beings. Cases of pollution in the Hudson River provide examples of a dispute arising between environmentalist and public utility corporations. In the early 60s, the Consolidated Edison Company, a power generating plant that supplies power to the New York City was confronted by stiff oppositions from environmental groups. The Company had started constructing new power generating plants along the River Hudson. The environmental groups criticized the move as they argued that the power plants were harming aquatic life as well as causing aesthetic damage to the less developed areas of Hudson (Weisbrod, Handler and Komesor, 1978). Environmental groups filed law suits in attempt to stop the plans by the company to build a pumped storage facility in the region. The environmental groups actions were intensified when Con Edison begun a project to build a nuclear plant at Indian point (Weisbrod, Handler, and Komesor, 1978). Some of them, solely concerned with aquatic life, asked the firm to minimize its environmental pollution. They succeeded to a significant degree. The environmental groups concerned with the nuclear energy production required the firm to close down but did not succeed. This failure led to the need for environmental groups to integrate and fight for a common purpose which was environmental preservation. Their efforts were further promoted by passage of the national environmental policy act of 1969 that saw most of the barriers that hindered effective advocacy of environmental interests significantly diminished. The case of PCB Pollution in Hudson From 1947-1977, a company known as General Electric dumped PCB into Hudson river and for years it fought against every attempt to clean up the river with every possible mechanism at their disposal. This included misinforming the public that dredging the river as a means to remove the PCBs would only stir up the toxic materials causing further damage (Natural resource defense council 2007). By 2002, General Electric had dumped approximately 1.3 million pounds of the toxic PCB in Hudson River (NRDC, 2010). Presently, it is believed t
Introduction Social initiative is a form of corporate self-regulation incorporated into the business which functions as a instrument by which a corporation examines and ensures its active conformity with the provisions of the law, ethical norms, and global practices. The main role of social initiatives is to uphold responsibility and promote a positive impact through its conduct towards the environment, customers, staff, the immediate community, and all members of the public domain (Pearce & Robinson, 2011). In addition, social initiatives actively promote the community’s development by eradicating norms that harm the public, irrespective of legality. Bayer’s Social Initiatives Bayer AG is a chemical and pharmaceutical company based in Leverkusen, Germany. The company has existed since 1863, and currently operates in about 150 countries. On its website, the company writes that it sees itself as a “good corporate citizen in every country in which it is present, and as such aims to help solve social problems and overcome global challenges” (Bayer, 2011). True to this declaration, Bayer involves in approximately 300 projects in which it aims to improve the lives of persons in its areas of operation. The company provides funding and avails its economic and technological know-how and its staff displays great commitment to such activities. In all of these programs, Bayer aims to improve people’s well being. It supports schoolchildren and talented artists, assist young environmentalists around the world and aims to alleviate social hardships and improve the health of people in less endowed nations. Bayer also promotes sports and culture in recognition that significant leisure activities help in uniting people (Bayer. 2011). Bayer’s website further informs us that it is the first private-sector firm to the UNEP, actively bringing together young people around the world for the sake of environmental protection. And in conjunction with the National Geographic, Bayer funds activities aimed at availing the world’s population with safe sources water. The company also participates in research activities with a goal of manufacturing a new, low-priced tuberculosis drug in developing nations. These are just a few of the initiatives that Bayer continues to involve in (Bayer. 2011). Tangible evidences of Bayer’s participation in social initiatives are numerous. For instance, Bayer claim of sports promotion was quite evident in the Beijing Olympics in 2008, when the company sponsored 21 athletes. Perhaps the most visible evidence is a soccer club known as Bayer 04 Leverkusen, which Bayer has supported since 1904. Bayer 04 Leverkusen’s soccer jerseys are donned with Bayer’s logo. Bayer has also participated in other sporting projects. For instance, it sponsors disabled sports through its subsidiary, the Herbert Grünewald Foundation. During the Beijing Paralympics, Katrin Green, who was sponsored by Bayer, won a gold medal in the 200m run. There are se
Focus of the Article Burfisher, Robinson, and Thierfelder asserted that the effects of Nafta were positive for the U.S. economy. They had to clarify that statement though by adding that although NAFTA was overall a good thing for the U.S. economy the said positive impact was relatively small. On the other hand the impact of NAFTA to the Mexican economy was huge. The authors cited data taken from different sectors such as from agriculture, auto and textile industry, as well as its impact on the U.S. trade balance and U.S. labor markets. The authors also attempted to refute what critics said regarding the negative effects of NAFTA on the U.S. economy. One of the major areas of concern was the labor markets. Critics raised the alarm regarding the probability that U.S. workers will never be able to compete against low wages workers and the surge of Mexican imports will force American companies to lay-off employees. This means that as cheap Mexican products flood the U.S. market it can displace domestic production and instead of establishing factories and creating jobs it would be a lot cheaper if the U.S. will simply buy what they needed from Mexico. The surge of imports can also happen both ways, cheap American produce can also flood the Mexican market. For instance the Mexican corn sector is heavily subsidized by the government and when cheaper U.S. corn is allowed to come in then this sector will collapse and as a result Mexican workers will opt to migrate and therefore the U.S. will face the problem of illegal immigrants encroaching in U.S. border states. Empirical Evidence Burfisher, Robinson, and Thierfelder proved their claim by stating figures taken from the Congressional Budge Office (1993). The said agency made forecasts such as the prediction that the Mexican economy will increase between 6 to 12 percent after the implementation of NAFTA. But at the same time the budget office made a contrasting claim that the U.S. economy will only grow abut one fourth of one percent as a result of the NAFTA. This is the result of differences in trade dependence and tariff structure between the United States and Mexico. It was pointed out that Mexico’s exports comprised a mere 10 percent of the overall U.S. imports and exports numbers, while Mexico is heavily dependent on imports coming from the United States. The authors also highlighted the fact that U.S. GDP fell from 1990 to 1991 and yet it began to climb in 1992, the same period that NAFTA was in effect. They also used data from various studies that shows the negligible impact of trade liberalization on the U.S. job markets. They said that between the year 1990 to 1997 there is an estimated job loss of 37,000 per year but countered with another statistic that says the U.S. economy has been creating 200,000 jobs every single month and therefore the impact of NAFTA is negligible. There were also positive reports when it comes to growth in agriculture, the auto industry, and even improvements in the textile industry. It seems that the authors were saying that the overall positive impa
Leadership is an important element for the success of any organization. Leadership allows an organization to possess good and efficient working staff. To increase performance, leaders in different organizations have opted for diversification strategies. These diversification strategies may involve team diversification. Teams can be diversified on the basis of gender, culture, ethnicity or experience. There are advantages and disadvantages of team diversification. This paper intends to analyze the benefits and shortcomings of team diversification and how leadership styles could be used to be used to build a team. A team in an organization refers to groups that work close together to realize a similar objective or common goal. These groups are also accountable to each other. There are certain disadvantages that arise from team diversification. One of the common disadvantages of team diversity is the inability of the team members to reach an agreement. Since all the individuals in these teams have different perceptions of how problems are supposed to be handled, reaching an agreement is quite taxing. This mi
Introduction One of the primary challenges that health personnel have to grapple with is dealing with violent inpatients. Violent patients attack health workers and put their lives in danger. In most cases, violence and aggression come as a result of psychiatric disorders (Ashcraft & Anthony, 2008). The complications include delusion, psychosis, personality disorder, and mania. On the other hand, some patients use violence as a means to accomplish definite objectives, like drawing the attention of doctors. Scholars maintain that prior to treating a violent patient, it is imperative to assess and establish the cause of violence (Ashcraft & Anthony, 2008). Some patients may behave violently due to organic causes such as stroke, sepsis, drug reaction or trauma. Besides, nurses should understand the history of a patient. Patients who suffer from epilepsy are likely to exhibit violent behaviors. Therefore, the first step in managing the violent patient should be conducting a general physical examination. This article will discuss the strategies for managing a violent inpatient. Evidence-Based Solution Medical professionals should strive to control their apprehension and disapproval in response to patients’ startling or weird behaviors. An apprehensive or antagonistic reaction to a patient can have adverse effects on the professional-patient correlation and hinder open communication (Bell, 2000). Besides, an anxious attitude may make it hard for a clinician to build a rapport with the patient. Doctors can control their antagonistic reactions to patients’ weird behaviors by appreciating that such traits are just precursors of an underlying sickness. Besides, health workers should exhibit calm deportment despite their degree of fear. A physician’s distress may intensify the patient’s agitation (Bell, 2000). A clinician may avert fear by encouraging an open dialog with the patient and identifying the dangerous behaviors of the patient. Patients use intimidating tactics when they develop a sense of helplessness. Consequently, clinicians should come up with a plan to decrease patients’ sense of vulnerability. DiGiuseppe and Tafrate (2003) allege that scholars give limited attention
Concept and Theories The case study discuss a business concept known as the Lead User Process (LUP) and how it has been effectively used by the 3M Company to develop new products (surgical drapes) that are cost-effective and able to prevent infection in ways that traditional drapes were unable to match. The concept came into being as a reaction to the inability of companies to develop new breakthrough products to satisfy emerging customer needs and target markets rather than depending on product line extensions and incremental improvements to the already existing products and services (Hippel et al 4). In essence, LUP is a systematic process that guides and supports product developers in the design and development of new products. From the case study, it is evident that LUP, to a large extent, depend on assumptions rather than theories. For instance, the methodology assumes that many commercially valuable products and services are initially hatched and even modeled by lead users rather than product developers. The lead users must be at the extreme edge of market trends in addition to exhibiting unsurpassed expertise in the field. The methodology also assumes that the role of lead users should be limited to the provision of important information about what the company needs, and product developers should use the provided information to create new product concepts and ideas in line with emerging market trends. Still, the methodology assumes that lead users outside the organization have already created unique innovations, and that product developers should function to track down particularly promising and widely experienced lead users and network with them for the sole objective of adapting their concepts to the organization’s business and strategic needs (Hippel et al 5). Evidence & Analysis Evidence has been given about how the 3M Company used LUP to develop new surgical drapes that were in line with the needs and expectations of the target market. The company originally aimed at coming up with a superior type of disposable surgical draping (Hippel et al 5-7), but as a direct consequence of the employment of the LUP methodology to network with lead users, the company was able to come up with concepts that could be used to design and develop cost-effective surgical drapes to be used in developing countries. The team, in conjunction with lead users, was also able to design concepts that could prevent many infections that patients could get during the course of undergoing a surgical procedure. In Analysis, it is worth noting that LUP basically revolves around four phases, with each phase lasting for a period of between fou
Potential risks and minimization To the corporate client, there is the risk that there isn’t enough lead time in terms of the days needed to plan for the event. Alternatively, there could be a risk that the event’s date coincides with another significant event in the industry and this could minimize the level of attendance by those concerned. Counterchecking with the guests and industry planners on other events can mitigate this (Shone and parry, 2001). For the event planner, he faces the risk of running out of finances when he realizes that the budget set aside for the event is not sufficient to meet all the costs necessary; contingency budgeting will solve this since the client may find it difficult to adjust to the last minute changes brought on by this financial shortage. Resource shortages can also take the form of manpower shortage needed to pull the event off or the equipment needed. As stated in the case, there will be hot air balloons, games, buffet, contests and entertainment. There could be problems with the public address system or the communication systems. Standby equipment suppliers, human resources and other entertainment providers need to be identified. Challenges could arise in catering if the suppliers lack enough equipment to feed the guests. There could be issues with the hot air balloons which may cease to operate or may be fewer in number. Also, the helicopter supplies could be unavailable even after advertising has been done. Guest interests need to be known in order to achieve this. Challenges can also arise in terms of utilities. There could be a challenge with the drainage or water system especially if there is a mains supply or there maybe power outages. Investigation on their workability earlier on should be done. All these shortages can be addressed by having standby service providers who can step in. Risks may manifest in the form of legal