ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
With agricultural products such as pineapples, there are high chances of fluctuations in market supply since the growing conditions are not constant from one season to the next. Demand on the other hand can shift from winter to summer due to various factors such as consumer preference (Wilson, 1948, p. 293). It is always important for the producing company to understand these changes. In short, the company should understand how these factors changes will affect the price levels in the market (Py, Lacoeuilhe & Teisson 198, p. 570). At a time when the supply curve is being constructed, one assumption often made is that the factors that impact this curve are usually constant. On the part of demand determinants are a future expectation, consumers’ preferences and tastes, other related goods and buyers’ income. When a change occurs to any of the aforementioned factors, this will in effect have an impact on the supply curve. Consequently, the equilibrium quantity and price of a product in question shall be affected as well. This can either be increase or decrease or increase of prices or quantity. At equilibrium, both the demand and the supply of the pineapple corporation are equal as shown in the diagram below. While calculating the supply and demand variants, this could in effect impact the equilibrium of the curve. This paper looks at changes in the level of supply holding other factors constant. If supply increases, for example the company may be expected to hire more land to grow the pineapples during this season. Then this means there will be more land for growing pineapples hence the supply taken from the market will increase. If the company at the previous period it took 5000 pineapples in the market at 6 dollars. Then an increase in this supply of up to 8000 pineapples will lead to a shift of the pineapple supply curve will shift to the right. This is due to an increase in supply and assuming that the demand does not change then the there will be excess supply in the market. Pineapples are perishables and only the royal consumers will buy the more expensive fruits while others opt to buy other products and the excess will rot at the company stores (Py et al, 1987, p. 560). Only with the reduction in price will we have more consumers buying hence will not have the pineapples spoiling. Suppose on the other hand that the growing areas were affected by bad weather conditions. This would then have a negative effect on the production of pineapples. Hence the company will have fewer pineapples to take to the market. This means that all other facto
Introduction John D. Rockefeller made one of the most influential decisions of monopolizing the petroleum industry. John D. Rockefeller was born at Richford in New York in 1839. He lived a humble life and while still young, he used to sell candy. Additionally, he could make money by giving the neighbors loans. At around the age of sixteen years, he was employed as a bookkeeper receiving fifty cents in a day (Gunderman and Gregory 1). In 1859, he collaborated with Maurice B. Clark and started a wholesale business followed by an oil refinery after including Samuel Andrews in the business. As the demand for oil increased, Rockefeller bought the refinery from his partners after borrowing money. Later, he bought as well as build other oil companies. In 1870, John D. Rockefeller collaborated with his brother and established the Standard Oil Company at Ohio. Standard Oil Company gave John D. Rockefeller the strength of driving away other owners of refineries by procuring their business premises (Baylor 1). At around 1880, the Standard Oil Company was refining approximately ninety percent of the United States oil. The company controlled all the oil refining processes and marketing procedures in the United States. As a result, John D. Rockefeller had a strong influence on the quality of oil products produced and the market price. In 1890, John D. Rockefeller retired as the president of the company and Theodore replaced him. During the reign of Theodore, he initiated antitrust actions, which led to the collapse of Standard Oil Company into other small companies. According to Gunderman and Gregory, John D. Rockefeller survived in the business environment because of monopoly (1). Monopoly is a Greek word meaning alone or single. Monopoly exists when a particular business enterprise is the only supplier of a specific commodity (Baylor 1). The characteristic of monopoly is absence of competition to produce that commodity and a viable alternative product. As a result, monopoly has a significant market power and it usually control the prices of commodities. For instance, monopoly can increase the profit margin by producing goods in small quantities and selling them at higher prizes. Standard Oil Company was a monopoly. John D. Rockefeller used unethical business practices to monopolize Standard Oil Company. The Six Unethical Practices of John D. Rockefeller Reducing the Prices of Oil and Its Products John D. Rockefeller reduced the prices of oil and its products temporarily (Baylor 4). His competitors could not keep up with the reduced prices because they had not planned for the same. As a result, most of the business people who were dealing with oil and oil products ventured in to other t
Introduction The budgeting system of the US often fails to maintain approvals within the appropriation limits. The government applies few consequences of the process, including line-item veto, which proves to be ineffective (Douglas, 2017). To increase local governments’ responsibility for overspending, the legislation should enact the next measures: force the local government’s State Controller to resign in case of such overspending; create a procedure of reimbursing local taxpayers by their government with an amount overspent in the current period. By applying the first measure, the legislation ensures the State Controller’s responsibility for monitoring the budgeting. As long as one’s position depends on budgeting effectiveness directly, the State Controller will oversee and prevent overspending more proactively. The second measure forces the local government to plan its expenditures efficiently, as any exceeds of the appropriation limits in the present year will cause its burden of refund in the following year. Minimize the Effects One way for a government to confront effects of unexpected events is creating reserve funds for a case of such events. The Master Settlement Agreement has obliged the major tobacco companies to fund the treatment and discouraging of smoking programs in each state (Jayawardhana, Bradford, Jones, Nietert, & Silvestri, 2014). In an imaginary situation, the coffee producers are forced to compensate an amount of $10 million for each state, similarly to the tobacco companies, but have settled on an amount of $1 million. The result is a shortfall in unemployment benefits funding. To compensate for the deficiency, the states’ governments should additionally form the unemployment benefits funding reserves from the coffee taxes. The following way $1 million from compensation is complemented by approximately $9 million from tax revenue per state. Supposing, if the named amount causes additional budget asymmetry, the quantity can be less. For instance, in the case of $4 million utilization from the revenues, the states can cut the planned amount in two for each unemployed instead of shrinking it ten times.
Sticking Together The little miss sunshine film is a unique movie. Rarely will a movie director embed suspense and emotion to a movie that has a rather simple plot acted on the road? But little Miss Sunshine is all that and more. The most important lesson from the movie is the importance of sticking together as a family. The plot brings out various issues but conflict seems to be the main theme of the script. Conflict Many themes can be identified in the plot nut conflict is one of the most outstanding themes. Conflict begins right from the onset of the plot. When Olive qualifies for the beauty contest dubbed little miss sunshine, Edwin, who was her coach and her parents want to support her but they have meager resources. In addition, they wonder who is going to be left to watch over Dwayne and Frank. They are also faced with the challenge of time constraints since the pageant is only two days away. The conflict is solved by the decision to take the whole family along but since they have no money, they decide to bundle in the Volkswagen van and drive to the venue. Conflict continues to emerge throughout the tense moments that the family goes through on the road trip. We for instance learn of the conflict that Frank had with his gay boyfriend which made him attempt suicide. He was bitter because his ex-boyfriend had left him for an academic one. Richard is also faced with a conflict of choice. His choice to stick with Olive makes him lose a very lucrative deal. The contract would have put him on the pedestal he needed to realize his motivational speaking dream. Occasionally, the car breaks down and the family is required to push the car to jumpstart it then they would have to run after it and jump in. The theme of conflict is further portrayed when Edwin succumbs to the effects of his heroin addiction and dies. The family is unable to pay the hospital bill and they try to talk to the administrator to allow them to leave the body in the hospital and go to the pungent first than return later to pay up and pick the body. The administrator will hear none of this and this prompts the family to smuggle out the body and carry it in the van with them. The decision almost got them into trouble when a police officer almost discovered the body. We also see the theme of conflict when Dwayne discovers that he is color
Introduction Gifford Pinchot was born in August of the year 1865, to a wealthy family in Connecticut. Gifford Pinchot’s life was centered on religion before he decided to join the field of conservation. He used to engage in widespread evangelism and read widely on religious classics in Protestantism. He taught Sunday school, and was the class deacon at Yale who was trusted with conducting activities related to religion. From the readings in religion, Pinchot would later combine this moral perspective to institute the development of the greatest conservation movement in America. Gifford Pinchot rallied America to the heights of modern capitalism and democracy through political patronage. As a young man, he loved the woods which would later become his passion and career. In the history of the United States, he stands out as the first man to be trained in forest management and conservation. After completing his studies at Yale, he went to engage in selective use of forests study in France. Later, he would join politics and ascend to the governorship in Pennsylvania where he acted to bring many changes that are still effective today [1] . This paper will look at Gifford’s impact on modern capitalism and his major contributions that have affected America in one way or the other. As a progressive individual, he persuaded America into the path of conservation and management of resources through scientific means that he strongly believed were profitable in the long run. In his tactics, he used the market economy ideas to illustrate that the government had a role in determining how resources could be used for the benefit of the nation. He also sought for the delicate balance between use of resources and management. This was in contradiction to people like John Muir who advocated for whole conservation. This is best illustrated in his support for the Hetch Hecthy dam where he supported its construction. American Capitalism The years between 1865 and 1920 characterized the height of American dominance in the capitalistic world. These years were characterized by large extensions of industrial prowess, military might, and advanced science. The American profits at this time grew by leaps and bounds, and the government and business almost became one. Businessmen and managers who owned large shares in industries were often elected as mayors and chairmen of government committees. As a result, the business world went unregulated since the private hands used the political power to their own advantage. This was because there were no checks. This would catapult American economy to the highest heights of capitalism beating the United Kingdom in industrial progress. The era was characterized by heavy monopolistic ventures that arose to curb the serious price-cutting tactics embraced by competing industries. The effect of the 1873-1879 depression had fizzled out leaving the competitive economy booming [2] . The investment bankers exercised enormous control on the economy, as well life insurance industry characterized by political interventions. The economy was essentially macro economic where heavy mech
The Subprime Crisis of 2008 occurred because of the excessive number of credits that were provided to individuals who could not affirm their solvency. The mortgage-backed securities were massively sold to third parties, investment banks in particular. Lehman Brothers were one of the largest investment banks in the US, but mortgage-backed securities exhausted their capital and led to bankruptcy. Meanwhile, Goldman Sachs and Morgan Stanley decided to continue their operations as commercial banks, “suggesting that such business model is more resistant to the crisis than that of investment banks” (Fang et al. 595). The Subprime Crisis affected the performance of most financial institutions within the US and outside the country. The lack of proper risk assessment was among the major reasons that caused this crisis. The events of 2007 and 2008 have revealed crucial deficiencies in the risk models of many corporations. In some cases, risk models fail because of the known unknowns. During the crisis, the collapse of risk models occurred because of unknown unknowns, including regulatory and structural changes in the capital markets. Apparently, the risk was primarily assessed within the theoretical perspectives, while practical scenarios should have been tested. Insufficiency of stress tests resulted in a poor understanding of the outcomes when numerous credits were issued. Nevertheless, the flawless risk models cannot guarantee major losses. The col
There are lots of different ways to conduct proper social science research, and there are several crucial steps, which cannot be ignored and have to be taken anyway. These steps are the following: picking out a proper research topic, evaluation of possible research strategies, and making clear and strong conclusions. In this paper, quantitative and qualitative research strategies will be used in order to investigate the topic where the issues of drug addiction are concerned. Both qualitative and quantitative research strategies are considered to be crucial for the research topic, however, each of them has its own peculiarities, pros, and cons. This is why another purpose of this paper is to evaluate what kind of research strategy is more effective and better in regards to the topic of drug addiction. With the help of real life examples, evaluation of statistical data, and taking into consideration past researches concerning rug addiction, it is possible to provide the analysis of the effectiveness of qualitative and quantitative strategies. During rather a long period of time, the theme of drug addiction has been discussed from different perspectives: drugs distribution, the differences of age between drugs’ users, possible treatment and prevention of drug addiction, etc. All these issues are under hot consideration even now, this is why proper choice of a research strategy may considerably influence further discussions of the topic and its influence on the reader. However, before start conducting research, it is crucially important to find out the differences between such issues like a perspective, a research strategy, and a research method. Each of the above-mentioned points has a concrete connection to the field of investigation, this is why it is better to have a clear idea of what each of them means in order not to make a mistake hereinafter. A pers
Introduction/Thesis Statement The study aims at critically evaluating the role that has been played by the filming industry in creating the American history. The paper contrast the coverage the industry has given the white Americans with that of the Native Americans. The paper will identify how the white Americans have corrupted the Native American’ culture and then draw a conclusion from this study. The misrepresentation of the Native American culture in the commercial cinemas in the United States has occurred on the basis of context and motivation. In so many cinemas, the Native Americans culture has been filmed, but the scenes are devoid of the true Native American spirit. The scenes negate the actual practices of the Native Americans. This is because the films are produced to relay the cultural practices of the Native Americans, but they are watched by people who don’t understand them. Therefore, this leaves the audience to come up with individual judgments concerning the themes that the film makers desire to convey to them. Over the years, Hollywood and other film producers have used the film industry as the yard stick of corrupting the Native American culture. This has been achieved through the continued effort by film directors’ attempt to implant the Euro-American values and practices into the natives. They have continuously used white actors as the leading characters in narrating storylines meant to illustrate the lives to the natives. In their ideas, the movie-makers purport to give an accurate lifestyle of the natives, but in the actual sense they coerce their own ideas and cultural practices to the Indian people. For instance, in the movie “A Man Called a Horse” Richard Harris through the cultural initiation process that is deemed primitive by a majority of the Euro Americans endures the “pain” like the Native Americans. He takes part in all the cultural practices of the natives Americans in the film after which he will be accepted as one of them. This illustrates the European egocentric views that they are better than the Native Americans even in their own cultural practices. These egocentric ideologies are of the opinion that the Native Americans should adopt the Euro-American monolithic culture. The Statement that brings the author’s opinion on the relational roles of the Native Americans and the Euro-Americans in the country’s history completely reverses the role. Those who stole the North American continent in the films are illustrated as the victims of phantom aggression from the Native Americans. This statement by the author connotes that the Native Americans are leading players in the film industry in the US and therefore, the white Americans have relentlessly discerned to ape the natives in making films to bring out the cultural practices of the natives. In this case, the natives ironically are the leading
The ideology of correctional institutions is divided into the following methods, namely punishment, prevention, and rehabilitation. Over time, these methods with delinquency have changed like a pendulum in American history (Allen et al., 2016). Correctional ideology is reflected in the swinging pendulum analogy because the history of criminal justice in the United States shows the oscillation between severe judicial discretion and mild rehabilitation. The pendulum model illustrates how justice has changed over the past two decades. One example of the pendulum model includes recent attempts to reduce criminal penalties. In addition, over the past two decades, people have fought against severe penalties in areas such as sentencing laws and the increased use of solitary confinement. Also, fluctuations in the U. S. death penalty justice illustrate how much the justice system is changing. Justice either abolishes the death penalty at the federal level or partially restores it. Another recent correlative policing has been concerning the punishment of federal drug-related crimes, which in turn has reduced inequality in sentences for crimes. Additionally, The U. S. prison population is declining due to a change in the judicial system that has helped people avoid harsh jail sentences over the past decade through alternative measures. Alternatives to incarceration, or rather rehabilitation, may reduce crime rates by better dealing with the causes and consequences of crimes. Analysis of criminal justice correlations shows that the pendulum is moving towards providing the same rights and services for offenders and citizens, for example, the abolition of the death penalty. Therefore, criminal justice addresses the problem of correcting the pendulum in an effort to balance the rights of perpetrators of crimes with the norms and needs of society. Over the past 20 years, there have been notable changes in the US justice system concerning the practice of sentencing and corrections.
Introduction and Study Question Mental health is a crucial determining factor of an individual’s overall state of well-being. Among the aged, experiences, philosophical differences, independence and dependency are some of the key concepts that influence their mental health and well-being. Integration of mental health care services in primary health provision with a focus put on achieving optimal medication management in health and medicine is vital in ensuring that the aged enjoy all aspects of wellness (Larsen et al., 2011). This will in turn ensure that the aged achieve psychological resilience, spiritual, intellectual, emotional and physical wellness. As this research proposal will bring to light, many factors in a community determine the mental health and wellness of the aged. Circumstances and environmental factors such as where they live, their income, education level, relationships with family and friends, and the state of the environment determine to a large extent their mental health and wellness. It is vital to reiterate that emotional wellness is an important aspect of wellness since it assists an individual to know how to deal with challenging emotional situations, express oneself in a healthy manner, manage individual self-esteem, anger issues and emotional IQ. This may be attained by balancing life’s activities with abilities possessed by an individual. Additionally, the mental well-being of an individual may also be described as a state of enhanced mental health with no diagnosable mental health problem (Zivin, Paczkowski & Galea, 2011). On the same note, mental wellness among the aged is largely influenced and affected by biological factors as well as the nature of immediate social and environmental determinants. This research proposal will examine the aspects of wellness with regards to the dimensions of mental health and among the aged. Review of Literature Aspects of wellness and mental health Mental health, commonly described as the absence of mental-related complications, is a state of well-being whereby an individual can be able to fruitfully and productively perform duties, cope with issues of stress and make a significant contribution to a community. Many aged people display feelings of