ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Cognitive model initially developed alongside cognitive psychology. Since its development, cognitive model has gotten lots of contributions from scientific fields which include, but limited to, artificial intelligence and machine knowledge. Before getting into deep discussion it is important to understand the term cognitive. Cognitive is a term used to refer to the totality of processes used by the human sensory cells to transform input. Moreover, during the transformation, the input is reduced, convoluted, picked up, and put to use. Cognition is concerned with the processes even when such processes actually operate in the absence of appropriate stimulus, for example in the case of hallucinations. It is therefore, perceptible that cognition is concerned with all the aspects of human individuals. It is assumed that every psychological aspect of human beings is a cognitive object (Thagard, 205, p. 57). The key features of cognitive model The cognitive model is an approximation made to the cognitive processes, primarily in human beings, for reasons of understanding and predictions. Scientifically, a cognitive model can be constructed within or outside what is known as cognitive structure; however, both cognitive model and cognitive architecture cannot be distinguished with ease. Cognitive model is biased towards dealing with just a single process or object. It also focuses on studying the mechanisms through which more than one processes interact with one another; this may include visually seek out and the decision making process. Cognitive model is also concerned with behavioral prediction of particular tools and or tasks (Eysenck and Keane, 2005, p.527). Cognitive model comes in various types amongst which are box-and –arrow illustrations and computational models. Nonetheless, the assumptions of this model is that human beings are rational and will, under normal circumstances, always make decisions and choices that they feel make most sense for them. Therefore, the cognitive model is used to diagnose individuals’ problems and find solutions to those problems. The other important feature of cognitive model is that it concerns itself with stimulus and response in which the mental process play a major role. It supports the notion that solutions to problems faced by individuals include rules not necessarily comprehended but seem to give hope in finding solutions and also certain rules that are necessarily comprehended but may not offer solutions to the problems (Gray, 2007,P.415). Cognitive model is differentiated from other psychological model in that it acknowledges the adoption of scientific techniques as the most appropriate methods of investing a problem and it basically does not agree to the notion of introspection. Furthermore, the cognitive model accepts the existence of beliefs, inspiration and desire which constitute the internal mental states (Gray, 2007, P.417). Cognitiv
Both small and big families have similarities and differences, in the way they live and conduct their activities. Whether a family is small or big, there are basic needs that each family requires such as food, clothing, shelter etc. It is the nature of every family to have the head, who is probably the father, the mother, and then their children. The children of every family whether small or big, look upon their parents for every type of support, such as finances, moral, and educational support. It is a wish of every parent in any type of a family to see his or her children grow and achieve their future dreams. It is a common practice of every family to live together, until when the children attain a certain age, when they can sustain themselves and live by their own. Every family has a top-to-down management, whereby it is the responsibility of the parents to guide their children on where and how to do things. The parents aid the decisions made in a family, although in some cases children may be consulted to give their views. The differences between big and small families Education Big families Children from big families hardly get a good education. Their parents lack enough finances to cater for education of each child in the family. Parents can only afford the basic education in public schools, as private schools are very expensive. Small families Children in small families have all the chances and resources to cater for their education, up to the highest levels of education they deserve. Most of the parents from small families can afford to take their children to private schools where their dreams can be achieved. Being in private schools, these children get a good opportunity of getting good grades that enables them to further their education, and achieve their expectations. Time Big families Big families have difficult time, because every step they intend to make is limited by some challenges. Lack of resources is one of the major challenges of big families. Their survival times become very difficult, and face hard times all through. A child may be willing to learn, but due to lack of finances, this becomes impossible. Small Families Small families have easier time, as it becomes an easier for them to attain anything they deserve. They live a comfortable life without many problems, and probably, they achieve their expectations. Stereotype Big families Children in big families tend to think that they are not important. For instance, when more than ten people surround the dinner table, some children may not even be noticed. This would make such children feel less catered for by their parents, and think they are not valued in the family
Introduction From the cultural context, globalisation has traversed people’s ideas, values, and attitudes across all national borders. Advocates of globalisation regard the sharing of ideas in the global front as having the capacity to promote interconnectedness and interaction of people’s cultural affiliations and ways of life (Holton 1998; Waters 2001). The process of the massive transfer of values, ideas, and meanings across territorial boundaries is initiated by the spread of ideologies and commodities across national boundaries. These commodities and ideologies are then standardised all over the world. Tomlinson (1999) believes that globalisation promotes cultural diversity whilst improving human rights and cultural rights. However, some scholars such as Imre (2009) have raised queries concerning globalisation in terms of its capacity to safeguard cultural diversity and a common humanity. In this context, Ghosh (2011) sees globalisation as both an adoption and rejection. It has to do with the aspects of homogenisation and the spread of cultural diversities. In response to the question of whether globalisation fosters cultural understanding, the current research deploys secondary sources of data to analyse the effects of globalisation on local cultures. It hypothesises that minority groups and developing nations’ local cultures are largely influenced by cultural globalisation. The significance of this study relates to the need for harmonious cultural pluralism and/or the cultivation of intercultural citizenship. These elements are among the critical factors that make it possible to bring people together, despite their differences in their extent of reaping from globalisation (Tomlinson 1999). With a solid foundation of the protection of international human rights, globalisation can help in accelerating the growth of cultural diversity and respect for plurality. By looking into the case in African countries and analysis of local responses, this paper will discuss the actualities of the process of globalisation and its impact on international understanding and cultural integration. Theoretical Context/Background Scholars such as Tong and Lin (2011) and Griswold (2004) see globalisation as an inevitable phenomenon based on its role in local cultures. Globalisation constitutes an important issue that cannot be neglected since it has largely affected people’s lives in every way. Element
Introduction Healthcare is one of the areas in a country that requires careful attention since it applies to all individuals (Darr 351). As such, it is essential to address adequately all fields that require attention in healthcare. Even then, health care in many countries still faces ethical issues (Harris 37). In this context, most countries are unable to maintain principle equilibrium in distributive fairness, beneficence, and independence. For this reason, if a state adopts rationing, its impacts are felt in a number of dimensions including concerned population, services involved, as well as the degree of service coverage. Therefore, there is a need to address any ethical issues in healthcare to ensure that the provision of care is sufficient. In the view of week 4’s lecture review and reading material, there were significant ethical issues learned. Some of these issues include: Administrative Ethics in Healthcare Usually, administrative components are common on most issues related to healthcare management (Harris 370). The fact that resources are scarce brings a lot of challenge to the provision of adequate care to individuals in many countries. Considering health care in the US, one concludes that this sector takes a significant percentage of the country’s revenue. According to Darr (353), there is poor coordination of insurance mechanisms in US, which is the reason many US citizens do not enjoy insurance cover. Ethically, the government ought to provide health care services including insurance covers to all citizens. However, Harris (103) points out that administrative health care ethics should include issues such as confidentiality, fidelity, autonomy, integrity, honesty, as well as concepts touching on employee duties to organizations. Resolution of conflicts In any sector, conflicts are bound to occur. As such, it is important to consider some ethics while addressing conflicts in a bid to resolve them (Harris 307). In the healthcare sector, some of the possible areas where conflicts can occur are in the supplier and health care administrator relationships, cost control, and patient care. Conflicts usually result when a particular individual has duality of interest in a given organization, duty or to another person. With such, it becomes challenging to satisfy the conflicting needs simultaneously. According to administrative ethics, conflicts in health care cannot be resolved without all parties understanding the underlying differences (Darr 351). As such, health care administrators ought to understand vividly the cause and extent of th
In this chapter, Joseph Campbell writes about the significance of female figures in the adventures of heroes. More specifically, he states that “The Lady of the House of Sleep is a familiar figure in fairy tale and myth” (Campbell, 2004, p. 101). This claim means that the narrative would be incomplete without such a character, and the men would not be motivated to pursue their goals in adventures in the absence of ladies. Indeed, the end target is essential for overcoming hardships on the way, and the granted reward should be comparable to the challenges. Hence, the thesis confirms that the specified characteristic of heroic stories is one of the cornerstones of the narrative of this type. In order to support this standpoint, the author puts this quote in the context of popular legends. For this objective, he traces the origin of this approach from the ancient Irish oral tradition and, more specifically, “the tale of the Prince of the Lonesome Isle and the Lady of Tubber Tintye” (Campbell, 2004, p. 101). This method helps him determine the common elements of all similar literary works and, consequently, underpin his suggestions with credible evidence. In this case, these components include the challenges one faces to make them start a journey, the detailed description of hardships on the way, and the ultimate victory, accompanied by meeting a beautiful woman. Considering the context and the general meaning of the quote, it can be stated that the selected phrase implies the presence of similarities in all fairy tales and myths across different cultures. It means that female figures in these pieces are generally powerful, and their importance is no less significant than that of male heroes. Since princes and warriors in all literary works of the genre are willing to fight monsters and overcome numerous obstacles to reach them, this opinion seems credible. In addition, the fact that the women are sleeping adds to their perception as inactive characters, which greatly depend on their saviors. The main reason why the selected quote is the primary claim of the text is the incorporation of all details of this part in one sentence. For instance, the phrase solely refers to females as the ladies are stated as important figures. It also specifies that they are sleeping and waiting for the male heroes to save them in their castles. More importantly, the fact that the author highlights the familiarity of these characters to the reader is also critical for interpreting the messages of these literary works. In the end, the quote explicitly determines the genres which are reported to have the discussed feature. To summarize, the chosen part of the text, written by Joseph Campbell, is a compelling piece of writing characterized by its combination of brevity and comprehensiveness. It speaks about the particular significance of female characters in myths and fairy tales and, more specifically, their role in the motivation of male heroes to
Rule Successful business relationships should be based on several aspects, such as cooperation in dealing with various issues, constant communication and mutual solving of the problems, agreement on further actions, strategies, and crisis management, cooperation and similar vision of the company development. Facts Considering the appeared situation, it may be said that at the beginning of business development Daguin and Faison acted in accordance with the rule. All the problems were solved after mutual decision, Daguin and Faison worked on business development together dealing with various tasks in cooperation. It did not matter for them who performed which tasks as they had common business and they tried to work it effectively with the highest level of benefit. Daguin and Faison cared for their future and registered their business relationships legally having agreed on the possible problems connected with the death of one of the partners as well as the decision of any of them to quit. Daguin and Faison also signed life insurances. Time passed and after the business flourishing the crisis came. Daguin and Faison worked much to overcome it. During this period the relationships between partners were spoiled. They could not work together on one and the same issue, they started to quarrel about the simplest items, finally, they decided to separate the responsibilities and each of the partners was responsible for a separate aspects. There were periods when they did not speak for weeks and turned to communication only when there was a necessity. Such relationships led to problems in business as working with customers, they were to agree on many details, but they failed. The business became to fall out and partners could do nothing about it. As a result, Faison decided to sell his part. According to the contract, another side of the agreement (Daguin in this case) could either buy a share of the partner within 30 days for a price he offered or to sell her share. It was a shock for Daguin, but she managed to find a loan and to buy Faison’s part of business. Moreover, Daguin’s daughter expressed her desire to work in the corporation, therefore, it was an additional motivator for Daguin to buy Faison’s share. Conclusion Therefore, it may be concluded that Daguin and Faison faced numerous problems in business after they failed to agree on further development of the company. Disagreement in strategic issues and failure to consider the further steps led to the situation which appeared in t
Being able to manage a crisis situation and address the needs of the key stakeholders in a manner as efficient and expeditious as possible is a crucial skill that an educator must develop (Liou, 2015). By focusing on the urgent tasks and getting the priorities straight, one becomes capable of preventing accidents, maintaining safety levels high among students and other stakeholders, and minimizing the damage. Despite the fact that every participant of the crisis management process has a distinct set of roles and responsibilities to which they must adhere, collaboration and active information sharing is crucial to the success of the measures taken to address the problem. Roles and Responsibilities: Description Internal Responders As a rule, internal respondents’ (IRs) roles include informing the people that may possibly be affected by the crisis about the situation and providing instructions regarding the further course of actions. In addition, the supporting role needs to be mentioned when it comes to discussing the ones of internal respondents. Traditionally, the responsibilities associated with the identified role include providing emotional and psychological support to the people affected by a crisis. The victims thereof need emotional support, and IRs must be ready to offer it to the target population. Since addressing the needs of every single crisis victim is barely possible, the target population may have to be split into groups based on their needs and backgrounds (Jin, Liu, & Austin, 2014). Therefore, the responsibilities of an IR include, but are not limited to, providing immediate information about the possible or ongoing crisis to the people that are, have been, or may possibly be affected by it; contacting the family members of the emergency survivors; and providing psychological assistance to the people that have suffered a crisis. The latter task is especially challenging given the possible threats to which the target population may be exposed, including the possibility of developing PTSD, depression, etc. (Cozza, 2014). Therefore, in the environment of an educational facility, it is imperative to identify the needs of all stakeholders, especially as far as diverse learners are concerned (Jin et al., 2014). External Responders While IRs must be concerned with the management of the crisis victims’ immediate needs, external ones (ERs) are given more general roles that imply supervising the process and focusing on more general issues. For instance, the roles of ERs often include designing the general crisis response model, as well as providing general support to the students. The said support may involve the general guidelines to counselors as far as the learners’ needs are concerned, the provision of the required resources, e.g., medical supplies, the management of information flow (i.e., maintaining the existing communication tools in order), etc. (Davis, 2014). School Counselor: Collaboration and Crisis Management Plans Since emergency management requires that every single participant should be provided with a rigid set of roles and responsibilities to handle, it is imperative to make sure that the informati
Introduction The cost of college education in the United States has been on the rise in the past two decades. Many students are finding it hard to graduate because of financial constraints, even though the government offers financial support. Many learners avoid the trap of leaving school with huge debts that might take them many years to clear. This issue has been debated in various sectors, with proponents and opponents presenting different arguments for either supporting or opposing it. Proponents believe that free education will strengthen the labor market, grow the economy, and increase equality in society. On the contrary, opponents argue that it will devalue the college degree and overburden the taxpayers, as well as the federal and state governments. Countries that offer free tertiary education report both positive and negative impacts. Arguments from both sides originate from the results of surveys conducted on the positive and negative effects of free college education in countries such as Germany, Sweden, Denmark, Finland, and Norway. College education should be free because it will widen the workforce, boost the economy, decrease inequality, and allow students to focus more on their careers. Why College Education Should Free Widening of the Workforce Providing free education for everyone in America will widen the workforce by increasing the number of qualified people in the labor market. Technological advancement has introduced the concept of automation in many jobs that involve simple tasks. However, there is a need for more qualified individuals with analytical and creative thinking skills to do the work that machines cannot do (Winograd and Lubin). A free college education would create a large pool of graduates with technical skills; this would broaden the labor force and increase its agility. Moreover, availability of qualified candidates would make it easier for industries to recruit, hire, train, and retain highly-qualified individuals with a wide range of capabilities (Kromydas 4). The majority of jobs in contemporary society require advanced technical skills that can only be acquired
Abstract Accurate assessment of the state of the health of the dental pulp, which is a key step for a successful diagnosis of oral diseases, is the outcome of detailed patient history, thorough clinical and radiographic examination, and careful use of special diagnostic tests. The diagnosis and treatment of diseases at their early stages is one of the challenges facing dental healthcare systems. This is attributed to the failure of disease identification by clinicians because they lack better testing methods. This study investigates the reliability of two testing methods (Pulp Testing and Thermal testing methods with the relatively newly introduced Laser Doppler Flowmetry (LDF) and Pulse Oximetry (PO) test methods) to ascertain which is reliable in the determination of pulpal status. Introduction Dental pulp testing refers to the process of investigating the dental pulp that provides reliable diagnostic, as well as treatment information useful in the dentistry. In the presence of pathosis, pulp tests, along with historical information, are used in the diagnosis of the concerned patient (Alomari, Al-Habahbeh & Alsakarna, 2011). Since the early nineties, pulp testing has been used in several areas of clinical dentistry. Research has shown that there is a need to realize the ideal diagnostic test. Presently, the available pulp tests have a lot of challenges, as far as reproducibility, reliability and accuracy are concerned for any particular diagnosis (Chen & Abbott, 2011). Furthermore, it is important to apply the right pulp test for any particular clinical scenario. For this reason, carrying out an assessment of the dental pulp state is a significant step if any oral disease diagnosis is to be successful. This can only be achieved by analyzing the patient’s history by carrying out both radiographic and clinical examination. Often, some diseases are not treated for a long period because clinicians fail to identify the diseases at early stages. Diseases that affect the dental pulp of human beings can be infectious or inflammatory (Alomari et al., 2011). The body’s microcirculation has the capacity to respond to the effects of the infectious and inflammatory disease that affects the dental pulp. Chen and Abbott (2011) pointed out that assessing the supply and circulation of blood in the dental pulp is the only best way to learn the health condition of an individual’s dental pulp. For many years, the determination of pulpal health of an individual’s teeth has been done through electric and thermal pulp tests. Such tests usually include responses that are either false negative or false positive in an event whereby the teeth under examination are not mature, or the sensory nerves are disabled as a result of traumatic injuries (Villa et al., 2013). Nevertheless, it is likely that normalcy exists within the dental pulp’s microcirculatory co