ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
John Locke is a prominent philosopher and thinker who was concerned about the nature of human society and the ways it evolves. Trying to understand why people cooperate with each other and what are the types of relations between them, he introduced a number of ideas that became one of the most important paradigms explored by specialists who tried to understand the nature of existing social agreements. The significance of his work can be evidenced by the fact that many of Locke’s ideas are still considered topical and are studied by learners to possess all perspectives on how communities interact. However, because of the nature of any philosophical assumption and because of the further evolution of our societies, some of these ideas can be doubted using some arguments that are relevant to the modern world. First of all, the main idea offered by Locke regarding the origins of any authority is that its legitimate basis is the explicit, rational consent by free, equal, and independent agents. However, this statement can be doubted. The fact is that any power emerges due to the existing differences in available resources and their distribution. Historically, a group that had a bigger pool of available tools also had better opportunities to evolve and hold leading positions. In such a way, one cannot say that the appearance of authority rests on the equal or free agreement of agents. On the contrary, it emerges from the deep differentiation and segmentation of the society that is natural because of the basic features of the evolution. The formation of governing social classes is a long-term process that is impacted by the current religion, culture, and people’s mentalities under the impact of available material resources and their use to support a certain power. For this reason, this statement can be doubted from the modern perspective on authority. Locke’s other popular assumption is that the aim of any legitimate state is the secure the life, liberty, and property of its citizens as its formation emerged on the basis of their agreement to provide power to some most suitable actors. However, this idea can also be doubted. Being a unique formation, any state preserves the main purpose of becoming more powerful to compete with other actors and hold leading positions in the international discourse. To accomplish this very goal, any state might ruthlessly exploit its citizens by making them work hard to generate new resources and provide new levers of influence by accumulating outstanding economic power. It means that the concept of public good becomes replaced by another idea of the state’s good which can be considered the major purpose of any government. At the same time, Locke’s perspective can be taken as an ideal one that can hardly be applied to the majority of contemporary nations with their focus on dominance at the global level. It might presuppose multiple hardships for citizens and the creation of new duties that should be observed to create the basis for the further development and a
Introduction The family unit is traditionally the fundamental component of Chinese culture. In ‘The Good Earth’ the family is the axis of Wang Lung’s life, subsequent only to his affection for the land. Specific conventions preside overall relations in the Chinese family. The place and position of a member in a family are instrumental in determining his conduct as also his name. This aspect is evident throughout the novel in the way Wang Lung’s sons are addressed as the ‘Eldest Son’ or the ‘Second Son’, and the kith-and-kin of the uncle’s family are not identified as ‘aunt’ or ‘cousin’ but as ‘uncle’s wife’ or alternately ‘uncle’s son’. Main text The rules in a conventional Chinese family are obligatory, where a wife has to be subservient to her husband, so also the children to their father, and each and every person including the husbands, wives or children have got to respect the elders. The supremacy of males is evident in the rules of the family. A wife like O-lan, who gives birth to males, obtains admiration and concern from her husband which would not be the case if the wife gave birth to females. We also see the obligation of Wang Lung to acquiesce to the unreasonable demand of his uncle for the sole reason that they are correlated to him through his father. Wang Lung not only respects his aged father but also loves him dearly and obeys him, whereas from his own sons, Wang obtains only a demonstration of respect. Wang Lung additionally values the more advanced Confucian philosophy of family esteem and is delighted when his son builds a temple in the house. Following this philosophy, he donates liberally to both, Buddhist and Taoist temples when his first son is born, which is a typical aspect of Chinese spiritual practices. In a traditional family, a daughter or a Chinese girl has absolutely no rights. In actual fact, the delivery of a female was considered as an occasion of grief and evil omen, as is evident from the fact that Wang Lung considers the birth of his daughters to be indication that the gods are not supporting him. There is an absence of merriment if a girl is born and Wang Lung even goes to the extent of threatening the gods at the birth of his first grandchild. The daughter of the house was regarded as a burden to the family since she was only a temporary member of the family and had to be supported till she got married. Most girls were married off at an early age and Wang Lung gives his daughter away in marriage when she is only thirteen because he can no longer assure her virginity. After she departs, Wang Lung never meets her again. Thus, we see that a traditional Chinese daughter is taught to be obedient first to her father and later to her husband. When Wang Lung discovers that O-lan possesses a bagful of jewels, he asks for them and she obeys him without a whimper, apart from the brave appeal to keep two small pearls, which she later gives to him when he demands for them. Chinese society does not accept or permit a wife to divorce her husband. Contrastingly a husband has the right to divorce his wife for seven different reasons including ‘loquacity’, or talking too much apparent throughout the novel by O-lan’
Poverty has been a major crisis in the world and exists in different within two extremes, that is, absolute and relative. Absolute poverty is common in Africa, Asia and South America where some communities starve due to a lack of food, lack of adequate shelter and clothing. Relative poverty is not extreme because it involves social exclusion due to a lack of amenities such as a car and a good house. Poverty means misfortune to the poor because they do not have freedom in the choices to make in life thus leading to their exploitation. It can be caused by such issues as drought, flooding, power centralization, corruption and social inequalities. In society, poverty brings about a divided conflict between the rich and the poor. It can be eradicated if only the government of each country prioritizes it as a major problem while planning on resources distribution. The poor are always exploited by the rich people who have access to large tracts of land, big businesses, and factories. They maximize their profits by paying peanuts to their workers who tolerate the harsh conditions to get their daily bread. Apart from workers’ exploitation, there is also exploitation of the poor countries by the rich ones. Products and goods produced by the poor countries are sold at very low prices to these countries. Besides, when poor people immigrate to these countries, they get the lowest wages. However, the rich people and the rich countries reduce poverty to some extent by providing jobs and markets to the poor, but the help is too little compared to the benefits they get thus accelerating poverty. Poverty, power and social class are all related since they involve a kind of oppression by one class. Social classes are divided depending on the income one gets. Those who get power in society belong to the upper class and may possess their own machines for production. Those from the lower class work like machines for the capitalists. The social classes bring about so many inequ
Rhetorical Situation The article titled “Youth-led activism and political engagement in New Zealand: A survey of Generation Zero” is published in Communication Research and Practice, an international scholarly journal that publishes research on the different aspects of communication. The authors are Giles Dodson and Evangelia Papoutsaki from the Unitec Institute of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand. The article analyses the membership of Generation Zero, a youth-led environmental organization, to provide a “preliminary understanding of [its] demographic and political profile” (Dodson & Papoutsaki, 2017, p. 195). As the authors admit themselves, this choice of topic was due to the article being a part of a larger research project on the organization’s activism in New Zealand (Dodson & Papoutsaki, 2017). However, they also point out that their case study provides a better understanding of the hybrid and entrepreneurial political campaigning in New Zealand (Dodson & Papoutsaki, 2017). Thus, the intended audience of the article is not only those interested in environmental activism in New Zealand and, in particular, Generation Zero, but a broader group of readers interested in contemporary campaigning on the internet. The authors aim to characterize the efficiency of Generation Zero’s online campaigning by analyzing the organization’s membership by several criteria. These include age, gender, income level, political engagements, media consumption, and others (Dodson & Papoutsaki, 2017). The authors collected the information via the electronic membership survey containing 22 questions, including check-boxes, Likert scale, and verbatim questions (Dodson & Papoutsaki, 2017). By securing the cooperation of Generation Zero, the authors were able to distribute the questionnaire through the organization’s customer management database (Dodson & Papoutsaki, 2017). All in all, 8148 members of the organization were invited to participate, and 8.5% of them agreed and provided answers, thus leaving the authors with a sample of 693 completed surveys (Dodson & Papoutsaki, 2017). Hence, the method employed in the article provided a fairly representative dataset to work with. The results of the completed surveys suggest that the membership of Generation Zero is highly homogenous in multiple respects. It tends to have an income above the median, and almost three-quarters of the organization members are under 40 years of age (Dodson & Papoutsaki, 2017). They also demonstrate a higher-than-average degree of political involvement, measured by the vote enrolment, and are “overwhelmingly supportive of the Green Party” (Dodson & Papoutsaki, 2017, p. 202). As a re
The policy-making process involves multiple levels of government in the United States, and the healthcare aspects, such as the nursing practice, have diverse solutions depending on the state. Boards exist to interpret the local issues to the administration and help develop and establish appropriate regulations that would not disrupt federal laws yet benefit the specific populations and workforce (Thomas et al., 2010). For instance, policies that identify the scope of practice and the requirements for continuing education for nurses vary between states, enabling professionals to pass different exams and complete working hours to receive the license. Distinctions among the boards’ regulations benefit patient outcomes; however, they make practitioners’ career development less perspective and add difficulties for getting jobs in other counties (Benton et al., 2020). This paper aims to analyze the role of state boards of nursing in practice regulation and assess the issues around the scope of practice and licensing policy issues. State boards of nursing are the government organizations responsible for the safety and prosperity of local professionals, improving the overall public health conditions. Furthermore, they approve and regulate educational programs’ curriculums and establish the scope of practice required to be licensed within a given jurisdiction (Unruh et al., 2018). For example, in Florida, a master’s degree and a two-hour board-certified program in preventing medical errors are necessary, while in New Jersey, the course of Pharmacology is required for registration (Unruh et al., 2018). Consequently, state boards of nursing have a crucial role in the practice regulation, and their policy-making initiatives should base on the issues that threaten patient outcomes and professionals’ safety. State boards of nursing also determine the continuing education for practitioners through identifying the scope of the essential skills, responsibilities, and education required for receiving permission to work. Indeed, the content of practice is developed with the guidelines of federal regulators combined with the local organizations’ recommendations and published in states’ nursing policies (Hudsp
Inquiry into the interaction between culture and medical practice has gained more ground with the passing years. The advancement in certain studies, such as sociology and psychology, has provided impetus for better understanding of the relationships between these fields. The western medicine has been based on scientific inquiry. It relies on research and advancement of scientific methods. Treatment is often based on prove of evidence and diagnosis is purely based on findings considered scientifically sound. Even then, a flash back into the field of medicine shows a very intricate relationship between culture and treatment. Culture has several bearings on a number of issues, which are absolutely important for the choice of medication. In the first place, culture defines what would be considered a disease in some context. Furthermore, it determines whether such a disease warrantees the ill person to seek health intervention or not (Setha, 1988). Culture defines the kind of medication or intervention a person chooses. It also determines the kind of treatment and the interaction between the healer and the sick person. Evidently, the medical community has come to the appreciation of this vital interaction. It is such understanding, which forms the basis for the development of studies, such as medical ethnography. This deliberate and fo
According to statistics on employment by the economic sector in Ireland provided by the Central Statistics Office (2018), the biggest percentage of Irish citizens (26.7 percent) are employed in the sector of human health and social work activities. Besides, the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic shows how important this sphere is. The current paper describes my work as a day shift care support assistant at the Bantry General Hospital. The hospital has a broad area of specialization. For example, it has a surgical division, dietician, and diabetes clinics as well as provides palliative care. However, the planning processes at all of the divisions of the hospital and clinics are the same. The first step of a planning process is the assessment of a patient. Apart from analyzing the clients symptoms and the state of health, it is essential to gather information on his or her medical history, habits, hobbies, and social background. A specialist should know whether a patient lives alone or have friends or relative who could help during the rehabilitation period. The second step of the planning process is discussing the expected outcome and peculiarities of the treatment with a patient. Then, logically, the phase of implementation follows. The final step of the care planning is the control over a patients progress and regular observation of his or her health conditions. Doenges, Moorhouse, and Murr (2019) emphasize the importance of critical thinking in planning the care process. At the workplace, employees are obliged to follow this principle strictly. In other words, care assistants create individual care plans for every client and do not use universal patterns in every single case. It is important to notice that in the provision of care support, the entire team of specialists is involved. Already at the stage of planning, a patient is observed not only by one nurse but several professionals depending on the symptoms and diagnoses. Besides, the implementation of care support is conducted not only by one assistant. A narrow specialist prescribes medicines and medical procedures and controls the progress of a client. It is impossible to imagine that the entire team is not engaged in the process. Hervey and Ramsay (2004) emphasize that carers could become vital partners in helping a patient, and that is why the hospital engages them as well. What is more, managerial personnel are an indispensable component of the general hospitals performance and the quality of the care provided to the clients. That is because communication between administration and the staff members is a tool to fix the existing problem, create a more convenient schedule and allocation of responsibilities, mitigate and resolve conflicts in the team. Undoubtedly, the most significant resource used is personnel because the provision of decent help is unthinkable without qualified and experienced specialists. In addition to that, another significant resource used is medical equipment, including such consumables as bandages, syringes, and tongue depressors and specialized hardware such as sterilizers, sphygmomanometer
Introduction In human history, all wars resemble each other still every war takes human lives and distorts the destinies of nations. The United States can still re-establish its credibility by pulling out of Iraq and letting the conflict resolve on its own. The United States has arguably already lain down the framework for any democracy to begin by overthrowing the dictator. The recent sentencing of Saddam Hussein by the Iraqi courts shows that the Iraqis have taken an active role in determining themselves as a nation. The first step of any democracy is the removal of the oppressors, as with the United States when they fought for their independence. The next and most crucial step is to let the citizens of the nation decide if democracy is indeed the best form of government for them. Democracy can never be shoved down anyone’s throat. The war in Iraq can be seen as a mirror of mistakes and the inability of the American government to evaluate the benefits and ganders of military invasion into a foreign country. Discussion section Vietnam: origins and history The war in Vietnam is started with the single threat of communism. The U.S. government believes that the Communist system in its general form is a danger to the democratic system it follows and that its effect will be more apparent in the economical aspect. The U.S. is a firm believer in the Domino Theory. The Domino Theory states that if one nation in a certain region succumbs to Communism, the rest of the neighboring lands would follow (Colon 3z). Because of that, the U.S. decided to side with France to regain Vietnam, which is her former colony, during North Vietnam’s quest for freedom. Vietnam was lead by then strong Communist leader, Ho Chi Minh. America believed that Vietnam is not ready to be free, especially not if it is going to be a Communist country. At that point, the nation’s Containment Policy was implemented to overturn the situation. The war in Iraq is a different story. “On September 11, 2001, American Flight 77 was steered by terrorists into the Pentagon’s southwest wall. Flights 175 and 11 of the United Airlines and American Airlines respectively crashed into New York’s World Trade Center” (Danchev and MacMillan 21n). Flight 93 the fourth airplane, crashed into a field instead of the White House because the flight crew and the passengers tried to retake control of it. Democratic Iraq or New Vietnam? These are the frightening instances that happened in just a single day in American history that had triggered the Iraq War of 2003. President George W. Bush, the incumbent president, believes that any form of terrorism is a global enemy that has to be destroyed. The starting point of these two wars is but lies. The Vietnam War commenced when then attacks in the Gulf of Tonkin happened. North Vietnam supposedly attacked an American warship (Record 22). The incident produced that no soldier was hurt and the ship itself doesn’t seem to be damaged, but it was blown out of proportion by the war generals. Instead of taking it in stride since nothing is harmed, the war leaders used that incident to have a reason to strike back at the N
Introduction Pharmaceutical industries are some of the many companies that work under the influence of reverse logistics. Consequently, they are faced with issues that are narrowed down to these logistics during their daily operations. Reverse logistics are involved with the processes of returning goods back to the distributor or manufacturer. In pharmaceutical organizations, these processes play an important role (Attia, 2013). Currently, reverse logistics are viewed as sources of possible income or competitive advantages in these industries. Returns and recalls in the pharmaceutical industry are destroyed once they reach the producer. Trends and Opportunities The trends of reverse logistics may be quite restrictive while considering the fact that products must meet the market approval standards for all pharmaceuticals. The reverse logistics mostly apply in cases where the products have passed their dates of expiry depending on the selling terms. It has been argued severally that the formation of strategic platforms to warrant service and sales’ security must be implemented to retain a functional market. In essence, pharmaceutical products are sensitive and must be handled diligently to ensure that the sellers are encouraged to sell viable products only (Brito & Dekker, 2004). For instance, the expiry of drugs may cause serious effects on the people consuming them. Since such poisoning can lead to death where it either fails to meet its projected use leading to an expansion of a disease or literally introduces toxins to the normal body functioning. The pharmaceutical industry, therefore, applies the reverse logistics to maintain a profitable and secure endeavor throughout the health care services. The reverse logistics applies in 2 fundamental aspects of returning and recalling products, as discussed in the following subtitles. Returns in pharmaceutical industries Most returns are the procedural business strategies aimed at sustaining a model of making profits when maintaining the value of products. The returns must have an operating process to foster the delivery and ensure that the returned model is not being misused by the buyers to their benefits. The products can also be returned when they fail to meet the standards described by the organizations. Most returns initiated by clients or buyers arise with losses where the costs of delivery as well as being sued precedes. It has been argued that the delivery of pharmaceuticals product below the acceptable standards depicts a high level of negligence (Puri & Ranjan, 2012). Such negligence on human life can lower the reputation of the producing company, where it loses its capabilities to assure the in