ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Immigration policy and legislation have been an actively debated topic in the United States. Arizona Senate Bill 1070 (SB 1070) of 2010 “is arguably one of the strictest state immigration bills passed in recent years” (Sánchez, 2017, p. 26). In particular, this bill allowed officers to request confirmation information from people suspected of illegal immigration. SB 1070 led to an increase in the level of discrimination against Hispanic citizens of Arizona and prompted a public response in the form of work with the state voters. The bill affects the Hispanic community, which is now facing more police pressure in the state. Sánchez (2017) notes that the introduction of SB 1070 has resulted in a decline in the Hispanic population of Arizona residents. This decline is seen in both private and public institutions, including schools, medical facilities, and churches. Additionally, Sánchez (2017) also notes that the number of Hispanic Arizona non-citizens immediately after the adoption of SB 1070 actually decrease by 10-15% (p. 30). However, a few months later, the number of non-citizens of the state returned to their previous levels. A study by Santos et al. (2018) emphasizes that SB 1070 measures are more likely to affect men, which negatively affects today’s youth in the state. In particular, the Hispanic population is experiencing anxiety and stress due to the possible deportation of fathers and brothers, which also threatens the entire family in the future. These factors indicate that the bill probably does not significantly change the situation with illegal immigration in the state but imposes additional psychological pressure on the Hispanic population. This situation has a negative effect on Hispanic citizens of Arizona, who may be suspected. Serratos (2017) notes that the bill also leads to the spread of racial profiling and discrimination towards community members throughout the state. Research also shows that the introduction of a bill negatively affects the perception of immigrants in general and Hispanic in particular (Flores, 2017). This racial subtext that SB 1070 conceals has become the reason for a public response to the legislation. The adoption of the bill resulted in the unification of community members to combat the future tightening of legislation and its proliferation in other states. Living United for Change in Arizona (LUCHA) is a community organization that works to improve the racial, social and economic environment of the state through
Abstract New ventures are excellent avenues for realizing insights into several matters in life. Persons should be ready to adapt to new situations so that they can live meaningful lives. Just like companies, people should take advantage of opportunities that can be fruitful in the future. The scriptures support approaches to investing and saving for retirement. Upon retiring, an individual can invest in commercial or ministry ventures or both. This report highlights the option of investing in a theological college, which to achieve both commercial and ministry objectives. However, before a retire starts the venture, he or she should conduct due diligence, cost-benefit analysis, and register with the relevant bodies. Introduction As an individual enters a new sector, he or she realizes that are critical matters worth considering. This realization requires the ability to adapt to new demands. In addition, resources are needed to support current operations as well as leadership skills to handle new challenges in life. Just like people, business enterprises face new challenges in their operations, and their failure or success is determined by how they handle emerging issues. While a firm can invest massively in innovation, another one can opt to optimize its current state (Perumal & Wilson, 2017). Research has shown that the most successful companies around the world adopt four strategies in their operations (Perumal & Wilson, 2017). First, they create room through continuous assessment of their portfolio and market trends. Second, they focus more on their clients than on assets. In this context, it is important to note that customers help businesses to expand. If the clientele base grows, then there is a high likelihood of a corresponding increase in the number of assets. Third, successful firms rethink their business definitions since they underpin strategies. Notably, a business definition helps companies to respond to trends as well as reduce the trauma that is associated with changes (Guillen & Garcia-Canal, 2017) strategically. Fourth, successful executive teams give innovations room to flourish. Perumal and Wilson (2017) state that entrepreneurs create this room since they do not attempt to avoid the stigma associated with failure but are focused on making their ventures thrive. This report discusses what the scriptures say about retirement and the fresh commercial or ministry investment opportunities that the retiree can consider. Moreover, it describes how this individual might pursue new initiatives. What Scriptures Say About Retirement Although the scriptures do not describe investment options for people, it stress
Introduction The Second World War erupted in tension and the need to acquire international supremacy in various countries. However, many countries played diverse role in promoting success of their allies. British holding territories in India with over six hundred autonomous princely states. The question is “What role did India play in the second world war?”. India played a diverse role such as military assistance and provision of autonomous refreshment base for Britain and Indian army. These roles had greater impact on the Britain maneuvers to overcome the Imperial Japanese and Germany troops. Historiography Indian Army fought in distinction worldwide; their idea was to create harmony and defend Indians against any external explosion by either Japanese or Germans. The Historical perspective of Indian engagements in World War II has been linked with the populace. The population of India was high such that men could easily engage in international welfare. 1 The political climate was the critical factor in Indian engagement in the Second World war. Viceroy Linlithgow avowed that India was at war with Germany with no further talks with the other politicians. 2 This fueled a lot of external pressure on the Indian administration, thus leading to the direct intervention measures to protect their country. Indian consistently participated in the Allied campaign, which remained strong throughout the war. The British government and its associations focused on using Indians due to their strong financial and military capabilities. This was done to build a strong team against British enemies such as Nazi Germany and Imperial Japan. 3 The strategic position at the tip of the Indian Ocean and its extensive access to weaponry was the ideal factor the British Government considered while determining their strongholds. Different historians have varied thoughts on the Indian engagement in World War II. The critical consideration is based on the colonial masters who forced Indian Army to engage in military welfare. Some believe that India was strategically located to quickly acquire an army weapon and easy access to the east African countries. 4 British government consisted used India to access Africa for easy colonization. Historians also believe that India was a rich country in terms of human labor and raw materials. British tried to protect these items from foreign invasion from Imperial Japan and Germany. This ideally led to conflict amongst the three governments, thus creating an avenue for the B
Introduction: Apple Structure Organizational restructuring is a critical element, which defines a company’s success in the turbulent business environment (Morgan, 2006). In this case, it could be said Apple Inc. can be referred to as one of the examples of the firms, which determined the correlation between external fluctuations and organic networking. Initially, Steve Jobs, the leader of the company, faced numerous obstacles on Apple’s way to success (Bolman & Deal, 2013). Proposing changes to the business culture was a requirement, as the company lacked the internal integration of the business units. At the same time, the competitors such as Samsung and Sony started their active marketing campaigns and shifted their market shares (Bolman & Deal, 2013). In this case, Jobs modified the internal structure of the company and consolidated engineering and programming departments while adjusting his actions to the changes and contingencies of the rival firms (Bolman & Deal, 2013). Thus, his charismatic leadership style and the focus on innovative ideas were the primary goals of the company’s increase in market share. Consequently, the critical aim of the paper is to discuss the application of contingency theory in this context and determine the strengths and weaknesses of this approach. Theory and the Correlation between Turbulence and Organic Networking In the context of Apple, this case pertains to contingency theory. In this case, Steve Jobs recognized the importance of externalities and the need to adjust the collaboration with the employees and modify business objectives and the ways to ensure compliance with the initial business strategy (Morgan, 2006). The representatives of this theory see a clear connection between the changes in the external environment and the sufficient flow of information due to the redesigned structure. The ability to detect these modifications helps enhance the company’s competitive edge, as it pertains to the actions of the rival firms. Understanding this link was one of the critical reasons for Apple’s ability to regain its position in the market, as Jobs was able to provision changes and modify the leadership modes to shape a competitive edge. Strengths and Weaknesses of the Approach Despite a bright example of Apple, the application of contingency theory has its advantages and drawbacks. Firstly, this approach uses multiple modes of leaderships (Morgan, 2006). It pertains to the fact that Jobs was able to adjust his styles to the external contingencies and respond to the actions of the competitors while increasing Apple’s recognition. Alternatively, applying contingency theory implies a high level of flexibility. In the context of Apple, the company always followed its initial strategy of being the innovative leader in the market. It differentiated itself by high-quality products and exceptional design solutions. Nonetheless, applying the concepts of contingency theory allowed the firm to modify its objectives and organizational structure to comply with the initial mission statement. Overall, the described advantages pertain to Ap
Business Case for Diversity as Made by Bendick, Egan, and Lanier The business case for diversity by Bendick, Egan, and Lanier (2010) reveals that in the modern society, diversity in any given firm should not be ignored. Large corporations have realized the importance of embracing diversity into their operations. People from different demographical background need to be considered a perfect opportunity for an organization to learn about the diversity that exists in the marketplace. According to the key conclusion made by these scholars, many firms are currently aiming at hiring employees with the required expertise that is needed in the market irrespective of their culture, ethnicity, race or other demographic factors. New trends are emerging where many companies do not give much consideration on the ethnicity of employees that they hire. Firms are currently focused on finding the right workforce which is able to achieve good results in their organization. This has played an important role in diversifying the workplace. In the past, one of the most important factors that many employees were keen to observe was the ethnicity of the job applicants. However, this has changed as firms find themselves in an increasingly competitive environment. The key conclusions drown by the three authors shows that diversity that is witnessed in the society is currently common in the workplace. Race, religion or any other related demographical classifications are no longer factors that would define a good salesperson from a poor one, just as the research by Klie (2009) confirms. In fact, the scholars argue that in the current diversified environment, diversity in the workplace is a strength that enables a firm to be able to deal with various environmental factors. A diversified environment makes it easy for the management to understand how to deal with various external environmental forces. Many firms are considering going global as the best strategy to remain competitive. However, this can only be a reality if they start embracing diversity within the current plants. It makes it easy to predict the market forces in the foreign markets. Tesco’s Engagement with Diverse Groups and its Inclusion Practices Tesco is one of the most successful supermarkets in the world, currently employing over 300,000 employees in its various stores in the United Kingdom. According to Marshall (2010), Tesco serves over one million customers in a day. Most of the customers of this firm are people from diversified groups based on age, gender, race, religious groups, and social class. It may not be easy to understand the buyer behavior in all these groups. For this reason, Tesco has focused on diversifying its workforce. The firm’s engagement with diverse groups is reflected i
Introduction The 20th century was characterized by major military confrontations between nations. The first significant military conflict during this century was the First World War. This war, which took place between 1914 and 1918, was different from previous wars in that it involved almost all nations in the world. The two main sides in the war carried out unrestricted attacks on each other in various fronts. The Australian military was heavily involved in the various battles of the First World War. Due to its close relationship with Britain, Australia was fighting on the side of the British led Triple Entente against the German led Triple Alliance. One of the fiercest battles carried out by the Australian Army was on the Western Front against German positions at the village of Pozieres. This Battle for Pozieres attracted great interest from contemporary observers and WWI historians. This paper will review different accounts of the battle in order to highlight the similarities and differences between the primary accounts by contemporary observers of the war and the secondary accounts given by historians. Similarities A common assessment of the Battle of Pozieres is that the Australians were facing a formidable enemy in the form of the Germans. The firsthand and secondary accounts of the battle recognize the military might of the German forces. Before engaging the Germans in the Western Front, the Australians had carried out successful military operations in Egypt. These campaigns had given the Australian soldiers moral and experience. However, the top commanders admitted that the Germans were a different enemy. Blair notes that the Australians were aware that they were engaging a competent enemy who was capable of waging a serious scientific war. 1 Firsthand accounts of the war reveal that the German army was not only well armed but also very strategic. The Germans were able to defend their positions and supply fresh troops to counter the Australian attacks. 2 The various records acknowledge that the Germans were a skilful and deadly opponent who made use of great defensive belts of barbed wire, batteries of machine guns, and incredible concentrations of artillery and shell fire. 3 There is a similarity in the assessment that the Australian forces focussed on attacking the German trenches and were successful in their efforts. Trench warfare was one of the techniques used by the Germans to defend their positions. All accounts of the Battle for Pozieres acknowledge the extensive use of the trench system by the Germans. Contemporary observers and historians note that the Germans trench system was very effective in maintaining defensive positions even when under intense attacks. A primary objective in the battle was therefore to destroy or take over the trenches. The Australian War correspondent reveals that after intense attacks against the Germans, the Australian forces were able to take over a small portion of the German trench. 4 The Australians concentrated their attacks on the trenches and by the end of the battle most of the trenches had been destroyed by artillery fire. 5 Accounts of the carnage wrecked by heavy G
Introduction Ego identity may be regarded as the sense of one understanding him or herself as a distinct individual. It is basically an outcome of the identity crisis that is most evident as a person progresses through the adolescent years. A number of psychologists have attempted to explain the process of identity development. James Marcia elaborated on Erikson’s work in order to elucidate identity formation, particularly in adolescents. In his work, he described four statuses that characterize identity development. Identity Statuses According to Marcia (1996), the two criteria used to determine the identity state of an individual are crisis and commitment. Crisis in this context refers to the adolescent’s period of choosing among meaningful alternatives while commitment refers to the degree of personal investment the individual exhibits (Marcia, 1996). The four identity statuses as defined by Marcia are; identity foreclosure, identity diffusion, identity moratorium and identity achievement. Identity Foreclosure Identity foreclosure occurs when an adolescent has decided on a commitment but has not undergone an identity crisis. Such an adolescent has not had the opportunity to develop his own ideals and has come up with their identity as a result of what he has learnt from his parents and society, his personality is characterized by a certain rigid
The intersectionality theory examines the systems of oppression and domination of one group of people over another from many overlapping concepts. This concept appeared due to the development of feminism and the emergence of its subdivision, black feminism. Due to the analysis of their situation in different parts of the world, the researchers concluded that often the experience of other groups of women could not be united under one ideology. For example, dealing with a black woman’s oppression in America will differ from that of a white woman in Europe. The reason for this is the presence of different systems of oppression, in the case of the above example, racial. Although their gender and views on feminism unite both women, their struggle will differ due to society’s positions. Therefore, the intersectionality application will clarify why there are differences in the views of these two women who defend feminism but are in different conditions. Thus, intersectionality theory asserts that such well-known categories and concepts as racism, sexism, homophobia and economic inequality do not affect a person individually. An individual can face several forms of inequality simultaneously, for example, suffering from racism and sexism. In such cases, this theory helps to analyze how exactly different types of oppression affect the individual, increasing their overall discrimination. The intersectional theory application allows appealing to all general social groups’ subgroups, protecting them all to varying degrees. It is achieved by combining different classes’ experiences, which allows for a complete discrimination model.
Workplace culture refers to the set of behaviors, language patterns, values, tools and other features that certain occupational groups have in common. Even within one particular industry, it is possible to identify several cultural groups. For instance, the law enforcement field consists of such occupational groups as police officers, detective, forensic analysts, and even judges and lawyers, if one defines law enforcement in broader terms. The present paper describes the main features of detectives as a particular cultural group within law enforcement. The profession of a detective has been highly popularized and even romanticized in popular culture, and there is an abundance of films and TV shows depicting their work: True Detective , Castle , and Law and Order , to name just a few. It is typical to categorize police officers and detective as one group, but there are several distinctions among them, although they do usually work closely together (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2015). An example of a more obvious difference is their outfit. Police officers are required to wear a uniform while detectives can frequently be seen wearing plainclothes. This difference is important because it signals the work that the two groups do: police officers prevent crimes, so they need to be easily identifiable, but detectives investigate crimes so they need to look approachable and trustable since they deal with witnesses and other people ( Detective jobs, n.d.). Furthermore, while police officers always need to identify themselves, detectives may, in fact, hide their real occupation when they engage in undercover operations. Thus, detectives also have responsibilities and duties that are common only to this particular group. As mentioned previously, their primary occupation is investigating crimes, and they use a variety of different tools and procedures to achieve this goal. They interview witnesses, suspects, bystanders, and other people who may provide insights regarding the crime being investigated. They research the backgrounds of criminal suspects to identify their link to the crime. Detectives work closely with other departments to share and exchange the available information regarding the case: for instance, they work with forensic analysts to identify and interpret relevant evidence, ranging from the DNA materials to the bloodstain patterns found at the crime scene. They also communicate information about the case to other parties, such as the media, the general public, and court officials ( Detective jobs, n.d.). Detectives have a range of different tools at their disposal that help them in their investigation. For instance, they can request search warrants from c