ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
During the period of 1820-1860, the life of white and black people in the South depended on developing the Institute of slavery which shaped not only social but also economic life of the region. The Institute of slavery was primarily for the Southern states, and this feature helped to distinguish the South from the other regions of the USA. Slavery played the key role in shaping the economic and social life of the South because it influenced the trade and economic relations in the region as well as the social and class structure representing slave owners, white farmers without slaves, and slaves as the main labor force in the region. The development of the South during the period of 1820-1860 was based on growing cotton intensively. To guarantee the enormous exports of cotton, it was necessary to rely on slaves as the main cheap or almost free workforce. The farmers of the South grew different crops, but the economic success was associated with the farms of those planters who lived in the regions with fertile soil and focused on growing cotton basing on slavery. Thus, the prosperity of this or that white farmer and planter depended on using slaves in his farm or plantation. Slaves working for planters took the lowest social positions as well as free slaves living in cities whose economic situation was also problematic. The white population of the South was divided into slave owners and yeoman farmers who had no slaves. Thus, having no opportunities to use the advantages of slavery, yeoman farmers relied on their families’ powers, and they were poorer in comparison with planters (Picture 1). However, not all the planters were equally successful in their economic situation. Many planters owned only a few slaves, and they also had to work at their plantations or perform definite duties. Slaves were also different in their status because of the functions performed. From this point, the social stratification was necessary not only for dividing the Southern population into black slaves and white owners but also to demonstrate the differences within these two main classes (Davidson et al.). As a result, different social classes had various cultures. It is important to note that slaves were more common features in spite of their status in families, and they were united regarding the culture which was reflected in their religion, vision, and songs. The difference in the social status of the white population was more obvious, and the single common feature was the prejudice and discrimination against slaves. Picture 1. Yeoman Farmer’s House The Civil War became the real challenge for the USA because it changed all the structures and institutions of the country reforming the aspects of the political, economic, and social life. Furthermore, the Civil War brought significant losses and sufferings for both the representatives of the Northern and Southern armies. It is important to note that the situation of the Union in the war was more advantageous in comparison with the position of the Confederacy during the prolonged period of the war actions. As a result, the S
Modernism as a large cultural wave emerged in Europe at the beginning of the 20 th century. The dominating tendencies seemed to be absolutely different from traditional life; the traditional techniques lost their value. The life presented in the new works was more scientific, more technological and faster. The term modernism covers the reforming movements in literature, music, art which emerged during this period. In modernism, every aspect of life was re-examined and replaced with something innovative. One of the main figures of the new modernistic movement was a famous short-story writer Katherine Mansfield. Kathleen Mansfield Beauchamp was born in Wellington, New Zealand. In 1910 she began to publish her short stories in The New Age, an avant-garde magazine. At the same time, she began to work under the pen-name, Katherine Mansfield. A year later she presented her first book of stories, In a German Pension . The volume wasn’t a big success. After this, she submitted a story for a new avant-garde magazine Rhythm . There she met the editor, critic and writer John Middleton Murry. Their relations eventually culminated in marriage in 1918. She also built important professional relationships with D. H. Lawrence and Virginia Woolf. At the same time, her health has become worse. She spent most of her last years on the south coast of France. In the last three years, she managed to produce her most sensitively executed and technically assured works. She died at the age of thirty-four in 1923 (Poplawski, 256). Such works as At the Bay, The Voyage, The Daughters of the Late Colonel and Prelude represent Mansfield’s skills as a talented modernist writer masterly experimenting with stylistic methods. She widely used different techniques of depicting consciousness. In many of Mansfield’s stories, the complexities of family relationships are depicted. In The Voyage she focuses on female characters; she describes and analyzes frustrations and contradictions of women’s existence in the cruel world. Feminism is a characteristic of most of her works; in this story the feministic voice is overt. Matriarchal figures are in most cases idealized. In the story under analysis Fenella’s grandmother is presented as kind and all-forgiving. She is ready to accept her fate whatever it is, and she doesn’t look for a person to blame. Mansfield’s style represents all the modernistic narrative techniques. The words Mansfield uses only half-express the emotion; they indicate the direction in which the feeling or a thought may be found but don’t take the reader there. Her style is often characterized as “pure”. The short story The Voyage can s
The process of social evolution has been fascinating people for years, and there have been a number of theories concerning the way in which society functions and develops. Among the theories that stand out the most, the ones by Spencer, Comte and Marx should be mentioned. Though rendering the same issue, the three philosophers managed to approach the concept of society from completely different angles and yet come up with the ideas that cross at some points. Comte, perhaps, deserves to be mentioned first as the founder of the so-called “social physics” [1] , known later as sociology. It is rather remarkable that Comte was the first to suggest looking at society as an organism, with each element having to be in its place and performing a particular function. Comte defined three stages that a society must pass to reach its peak, i.e., theological, metaphysical and positive. Speaking of Spencer, the philosopher introduced a new way of envisioning evolution in society, though clearly borrowing some of the concepts from Comte’s theory. Spencer should be credited for actually coining the term “social evolution” [2] ; in fact, Spencer considered it a cosmic principle that can be applied to any society, life or matter. As for Marx, his idea of social evolution revolved around economical relationships between individuals and companies. Marx also used Comte’s concept of society being an organism, yet the functions that its elements performed were tied in with major economical concepts [3] . Technically, it would be wrong to compare the theories suggested by three philosophers, though. Instead, their work should be viewed as a whole, with Comte creating the premises for
When entering the abaya fashion business in Saudi Arabia, the following external forces need to be taken into account Demographic Currently, the population of Saudi Arabia equals 27,752,316 people with the growth rate of 1.5%; the number of female citizens above the age of 15 years amounts to 8,985,547 (“Saudi Arabia” par. 3). Given the fact that all this population is Muslim (which is a socio-cultural aspect; hence, the two forces interact), a significant part of this market is potentially the target market. The change of the role of the woman is an important aspect: as women begin to lead a more active social life, fashion industry becomes more important for them (“Saudi Arabia” par. 1). Also, the unemployment level (almost 30% due to women unemployment) means that the new business has plenty of human resources to employ. Economic Saudi Arabia is an oil-exporting country (possessing 16% of the world reserve) with a high level of income, which is favorable for a business. However, the recent decrease in the oil price has caused a budget deficit in 2015 (“Saudi Arabia” par. 5). According to the UN, the current economic situation in the world is characterized by a slow recovery from the 2008 recession that is made more difficult by the current geopolitical tensions and the plunging oil prices (“World Economic Situation and Prospects 2015” 1-10). Therefore, the economic forces are largely unfavorable at the moment. Natural The natural forces are concerned with the environment, which includes resources and the possible impact of the business on the surrounding world (Raichaudhuri 25). Saudi Arabia has a specific legislation for environment protection (“General Environmental Law and Rules for Implementation” enacted in 2001), and businesses must adhere to it (par. 1). The economic situation may pose indirect (cost-related) threats, but no resources of the fashion industry appear to be directly affected by the crisis. Socio-Cultural The socio-cultural forces are both benevolent and malevolent. The fact that up to 90% of the country’s population is Sunni Muslim determines a high demand for the product (“Saudi Arabia” par. 3). However, abaya fashion is a controversial issue. Abaya is meant to express modesty while fashion may be considered a phenomenon that opposes modesty, which might impose some limitations on the business (Kreidler 142). It should be pointed out that abaya requirements are interpreted differently in different countries, which means that if the company grows to enter the markets outside Saudi Arabia, new threats and opportunities may be encountered (Kreidler 139). Technological The fashion industry is not as dependent on technology as, for example, IT, but it becomes more competitive every year. For instance, in 2016, Dolce & Gabbana expressed the d
Cyberbullying is a serious issue that is on the rise among teens. It takes place through “information and communication technologies” (Webster, n.d.). Examples are emails, phone calls, text messages, emails, and the social networking sites such as MySpace, Twitter, and Facebook. The trend is harmful than normal bullying because the victims cannot escape from it even when at home. The bullies can reach them at any time via mobile phones or the internet to send threats as well as abuse. The bullies threaten to physically harm the victims or simply embarrass them. This harassment affects the victims and in extreme cases, some teenagers have taken their lives. The bullies sometimes get away with it because they carry out their activities anonymously over the internet. Moreover, victims fail to speak up about the bullying, as they fear being denied the use of the internet or mobile phone. Silence helps to fuel cyberbullying further and it will only be curbed by encouraging victims and witnesses to speak out about the vice (Webster, n.d.). Synchronous learning is advantageous because students meet in an online class at a specific time with their instructors. Thus, they can interact with their instructor and the other students. Complete the course in time because the learning pace is predetermined. Conversely, the learning is rigid because one has to be in the cyber class at a specific time failure means one lag. Others in class can monitor one’s activities in class such as the time one comes and leaves the class. Furthermore, discussions are done through typing and everyone in the class can see all the grammatical or spelling errors made. The other learning type is asynchronous and it has some advantages. The learner determines their learning pace within time limits. For example, one decides when to complete an assignment or take a test thus a flexible learning environment. However, it is easy to postpone the completion of the course work and take a longer time to complete a course. One does not enjoy interaction with the instructor and other students, as learning is solo (Smith, 2009). White-collar crime is on the increase. The perpetrators use computers to commit cybercrimes particula
Introduction It is imperative to mention that the analysis of ancient works is incredibly important because it enhances the understanding of the traditions and values of the people. “The Epic of Gilgamesh” is regarded as one of the first pieces of literature. The story is not complicated and has a simple structure, but it was a vital step in the development of the genre. Moreover, it is entirely possible that it has inspired many other works over the years. Furthermore, it would be reasonable to discuss the origins of the piece. History The epic has originated in Mesopotamia, and the myths are focused on the actual ruler of that time. He was a leader of Uruk close to 2700 BCE and has inspired many tales that have led to the creation of “the Epic of Gilgamesh.” People wanted to share their experiences, but it can be seen that many aspects of the story are exaggerated. It is necessary to note that several versions of the story are available, and researchers did not discover all the tablets. Some of them were found in the library of Ashurbanipal, and it has helped to decipher many parts of the story. Pieces of the epic were spotted in other locations, but they were severely damaged most of the time (Damrosch, 2007). George Smith is an important figure because he was the first modern person that has read the piece and drawn the attention to the epic (Davis, 2014). Summary The story starts with the introduction of Gilgamesh and his achievements. He is portrayed as a demigod that has outstanding power and charisma. The story suggests that he has built a wall that protects the city (Reilly, 2012). It is noted that he was a rather cruel ruler and disregarded the rights of other people. People were not satisfied with the situation because they were abused and exploited. The story suggests that the gods understood that they must control Gilgamesh and have created an individual named Enkidu, who could rival the demigod’s strength. The wild man is introduced to the new world and slowly adapts. He decided to fight with Gilgamesh because he believed that he could end his reign. Enkidu was not victorious, but they became close friends after a fierce battle. They combine their strengths to defeat dangerous creatures, and it angers the gods. Gilgamesh suffers when Enkidu dies because of a disease. He realized that he is not immortal and made a decision to travel and find possible solutions. His journey was rather long, but he has managed to find a secret temple that was located close to the end of the world. He meets a character names Utnapishtim and asks him questions about immortality, and shows him that he will not be able to defeat death because he cannot overcome the desire to sleep. Nevertheless, Gilgamesh heard about a plant that could make a person much younger and decides to test it to ensure that it is not poisonous. However, it was stolen, and the hero was worried that he lost his last option that could grant immortality. The last tablet is the most interesting because it is rather inconsistent. Nevertheless, it is focused on the journey to the underworld and his relationships with Enkidu. Art Interpretation The piece is rather interest
Though humans never know their future, they are inclined to make certain forecasts. Before graduating from college, students can make plans concerning their future job and way of life. Individual’s philosophical views and the corresponding attitude to life and life position may have a significant impact upon his/her chances for success. For instance, the existential philosophical doctrines of absurd developed by Camus and the theory of ambiguity developed by De Beauvoir can be applied for defining the perspectives awaiting students after their graduation from college. The post-college existence can become either absurd or ambiguous, depending upon the individual’s life philosophy, position, choices and ability to take the responsibility for one’s destiny. The philosophical concept of absurd which is central to Camus’ philosophical theory and the concept of ambiguity which was developed in De Beauvoir’s philosophical works can be applied to post-college existence, depending upon the chosen perspective and the graduate’s life views. Sisyphus, the character from Greek mythology, was depicted as an ultimately absurd hero in Camus’ essay The Myth of Sysiphus. Punished for defying gods and chaining Death, Sisyphus has to push a huge rock up the mountain. After reaching its top, the character observes the rock falling down and repeats this meaningless task again and again. Sisyphus labor can be compared to the routine job at factories or offices awaiting the graduates in the future. Occupied with their daily assignments, employees frequently do not see the point of doing them. Only during their short breaks and vacations, the workers like Sisyphus watching the rock falling down the mountain can think the absurdity of their existence over and eventually even reflecting on the central question of Camus’ philosophy whether their absurd life is worth living. In contrast to the concept of absurdity, Beauvoir applies the concept of ambiguity for viewing the human existence as the continuous struggle for the meaning of life which is never fixed. “To declare that existence is absurd is to deny that it can ever be given a meaning; to say that it is ambiguous is to assert that its meaning is never fixed, that it must be constantly won” (De Beauvoir “The Ethics of Ambiguity”). The decision between these two approaches for describing the human existence and consequently endowing the post-college existence with unfixed meaning or recognizing it as absurd would depend upon the graduates’ personal choice and life views.
Executive Summary Discovery Communications is a leading nonfiction company that has a presence in all the continents. Discovery Communications is characterized by about one hundred and ninety television networks that provide investigative programs. The major channels present in Discovery Communications are Discovery Channel, Science Channel, TLC, and Animal Planet. Discovery Communications co-operates with media channels, for example, Oprah Winfrey Networks, to provide an entertaining view to consumers. Nonfiction content is the major specialization of the firm; it teams up with local producers in the US to offer entertainment programs, movies, and sports. Discovery Communications also participates in curricular activities like K-12 series contexts of digital textbooks, digital leadership, and online curriculum portfolio improvement. All the activities present in Discovery Communications aim to bring excellent entertainment and give subscribers opportunities to obtain knowledge The objective of the corporate governance assessment of Discovery Communications is to check the company’s progress in its endeavor to become the world’s favorite network. The assessment will analyze the leadership realignment present in the organization and how the leadership influences the management of the company. The participation of Discovery Communications in educational programs and co-operation with other networks like Hub Networks has the advantage of the prosperity of the media company. The assessment will explore the factors that trigger the expansion of the business establishment to more countries and territories. Discovery Communications produces its financial reports every quarter. The assessment will investigate the impact of quarterly reporting on the financial progress of the company. The company has set targets that need to be achieved every quarter. The management team motivates the employees to achieve the set targets and goals of the company. The assessment will check on the CG rating score of companies and the CG information on Discovery Communications. According to CG rating score, Discovery Communications has a rating of ninety-two percent (92%), which gives it a rank of five. The major information present at CG is the number of shareholders, separation between the chief executive officer and chairman of the company, the number of board members, and the number of independent directors. The financial report will establish the basis of the current stock price, earnings-per-share (EPS), Price-Earnings Ratio (P/E), the price-to-book value (P/BV), annual revenues, and return on equity (ROE). The current stock price of the Discovery Communications share ranges between $85.01 and $85.98. Annual report of Discovery Communications is present in the Form 10-K and collectively gives information on digital distribution, ownership interests, Discovery Formation, distribution platforms, successor reports, an overview of the Discovery Communication media company, an
Introduction The skin is the largest organ in the entire body of a person. Proper care of this organ ensures appropriate health for an individual. Some say that beauty is skin deep. This argument is correct because the skin is exposed an organ that can be used to describe appearance and the health of any individual. Therefore proper care of the skin would add a lot of value to any individual’s life. Skin care is not only a woman’s obsession, but it cuts across all sexes. The skin is a sensitive organ, thus the choice of products applied on the skin varies a lot. The major kinds of care tips done on the skin include: Cleansing, exfoliation, skin moistening and application of sun screen creams. In skin care practices it is important to choose a good product that will give realistic results. In this current generation a good product is one that has undergone scientific research and testing. This research helps to prevent manufacture of harmful products. Therefore, to be choosy on skin products is to be safe. The Swiss Clinical Cosmetic Company Swiss clinical company makes cosmetic products that are trustworthy. Their products have been found to be safe by dermatologists. The company utilizes mostly natural compounds to make their products. Swiss’ reputation is great as it focuses on the integrity of its clientele at large. A part from having healthy products, their branding is eye-catching and the most important of all is the trust they have built with their customers. This has been done via sale of genuine products. Personally, I would use three products. These include: One pure ranges, one prime type and the last but not least one from the medically approved ranges. Forming Cleanser From Pure Range Type This product removes excess oils by deep cleansing the skin pores and also clears surface impurities. Because of my oily and sensitive skin, I would use a forming cleanser. It contains natural compounds. The advantage of using this cleanser is because it provides the skin with the natural elements that nourishes skin cells directly. This product is good for all skin types. It is free from allergens, colorants and parabens a suitable choice for me. Moisturizing Body Milk a Prime Product This product helps to increase skin tone, smoothens and restructures the skin. This provides a solution to individuals with uneven skin tone. The product’s ability to remove skin blemishes that are always caused by dirt in the atmosphere makes it a perfect choice for me. Daily commuting to work place and other recreational activities often expose the skin to so much dirt, thus the skin gets blemishes. This product is able to clear such blemis