ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Despite the increased integration of security measures in information and communication technology infrastructures, incidences of e-crime have grown exponentially over the years. The rapid internet penetration and accelerated digitization have created numerous opportunities for the perpetration of crimes through cyberspace. Although numerous initiatives have been developed to counteract e-crime, Akdemir and Lawless (2020) argue that computer and internet-enabled offenses are rising. In the article “Exploring the Human Factor in Cyber-Enabled and Cyber-Dependent Crime Victimization: A Lifestyle Routine Activities Approach,” the authors suggest that human behavior is the weakest link in the entire computer security arrangement. According to Akdmeir and Lawless (2020), external manipulators exploit the reasoning of technology users to penetrate information and technology establishments, thereby facilitating the orchestration of cybercrimes. Victims of e-crimes inadvertently contribute to the occurrence of cyberattacks through their behaviors, which neutralize the effectiveness of various security features, such as firewalls, antimalware, and antiviruses. Therefore, the human factor is the greatest enabler and facilitator of cybercrimes as it permits cybercriminals to infiltrate and compromise previously secure systems. The characteristics and actions of internet users are fundamental components of computer security. According to Akdemir and Lawless (2020), there is a direct correlation between the risk of experiencing cyberattacks and the victim’s online activities. Fraudsters often profile their targets by evaluating the specific factors exhibited by the victims’ routine activities. Cybercrimes are primarily motivated and influenced by the casualties’ online presence (Jansen & Leukfeldt, 2016). Accordingly, Internet victimization is not randomly distributed but reflects potential targets’ successful profiling through their suitability, degree of exposure, and absence of deterring capacities (Akdmeir & Lawless, 2020). For instance, the utilization of networked internet technologies, surfing on public computers, voluntary and involuntary disclosure of personal information, and deviant online activities, exacerbate the occurrence of e-crimes. Reaction Cybersecurity is emerging as a prominent consideration in this era of rapid progress in information technology and internet penetration
Introduction In 2000, an American company E-incentives made an initial public offering on the Swiss Stock Exchange’s New Market (Meek & Choi, 2014). There were several factors on which such a decision depended. The main goal of this paper is to discuss and analyze these factors. Discussion To begin with, it is important to discuss the “extent of interest in a company shown by financial analysts and investors who normally participate in a market” (Meek & Choi, 2014, p. 19). The company offers services for businesses that are necessary to develop databases of client profiles and interests. In 2000, the main company’s investors were MacAndrews & Forbes, J & W Seligman, Moore Capital, and [email protected] , and the total investments of these companies were approximately $24 million (“Investors,” n.d.). Therefore, E-incentives arouses medium interest among the leading investors on the market. The next important factor is the level of the stock exchange (Meek & Choi, 2014). Higher trading volumes were crucial for potential buyers. Markets in this industry acted very quickly because trading the venue’s technologies had become highly demanded (Meek & Choi, 2014). Therefore, the intense activity of companies working in this area attracted stock buyers. Capital market’s infrastructure providers made up a bigger segment of financial services revenues (Meek & Choi, 2014). It means that information technology was one of the leading industries at the time. Another relevant aspect is barriers to raising capital (Meek & Choi, 2014). There were several challenges to enter the Swiss market. First, the market was quality-conscious and high-tech (“Chapter 1,” n.d.). Second, this country was a center of international competition. However, the Swiss market offered various opportunities as well. It was considered a gateway to other European markets. Also, it provided a perfect platform for the distribution of American high-tech products. The next factor is the availability of capital in the market, which is the ability to convert assets into funds (“Capital availability,” n.d.). This factor is crucial for authorizing transactions. Different banking instruments facilitated such processes in Switzerland (Defferrard, Winzap, & Niedermann, 2016). The country’s government promoted specific regulations that ensured high
Introduction Otherness is the quality or condition of being different. In this world, people always come up with sets of differences that are based on the color of the skin, nationality, and even sexuality. These are the factors that we as individuals use to categorize ourselves as ‘us’ separating ourselves from ‘them’ or simply ‘the other’. On most occasions, we give a lot of privilege to the group that we identify with in the society. We see the ‘other’ groups as irrational, immature, emotional, inferior and of a lower social status. Individuals categorized as the other are understood as lacking a sense belonging and generally different in some important areas. The other is usually seen as one who lacks some important characteristics that a group possesses. In a society, the other usually has few or no rights at all, as such, he may be labeled as stupid or less intelligent or as one lacking in morals. He may therefore be treated as less human. Mostly, the other may be of a different, race, nationality, religion, or sex, and the group which categorizes the other may be a particular social class, a family, a community within a society, or the entire society (Melani, 2009). Everywhere you go, you see him, in the market place in the banking hall and on the streets. Everyone seems to avoid him and ignore his existence. Even those who know him are hesitant to approach him because they know the consequences of doing so. The fact that he is not part of the crowd means that anyone acknowledging him will also be avoided or laughed at. This is how Sherman (2011) has presented the concept of otherness. She explores the life of the Indians in the reservationists and the conflicts that occur in their daily life. We see that there are those who do not like associating with the old Indian lifestyle. They therefore regard those who are still practicing it to be behind, socially inferior, to lack something fundamental; they simply see them as the ‘other’ (Sherman, 2011). Author’s perspectives Sherman relates strongly to this story. First he was born of an Indian mother; therefore, he was not a full Indian just like Thomas in the story. He was born with a brain complication and therefore, he was not expected to grow up normally. Just like Thomas in the story, Sherman also grew up on an Indian reservation. In an effort to find a better education, Sherman enrolled at Reardon high school in Washington where he was the only Indian. This shows that Sherman has at one moment felt and treated as the “other” in his life as it happened to Thomas in this story. Judging from his success in life, Sherman used this story t
Parties: Yamashita, Petitioner/Styer, Respondent. Case Summary The events of the Second World War in September 1945 made General Tomoyuki Yamashita control a significant fraction of Japanese army that combated the Philippines, who resided within the US-controlled Islands. The subordinates of Yamashita tormented, raped, abducted and murdered thousands of Filipino citizens. Prior to the end of the war, the United States implicated Yamashita for his involvement in the atrocities and sued him under the military commission. The military commission was a novice to evidentiary and routines necessary for civil criminal cases. The Supreme Court of the United States cited that the military commission had powers to prosecute Yamashita for gross misconduct against the laws of war that condemned hostilities. Although the case seemed insignificant as a referral case in court proceedings after the end of the Second World War, it gained significance in 1990s. Yamashita became the first ever army commander to be held accountable for the atrocities that his subordinates committed under the stipulations of the laws of wars. The case prompted the development of command responsibility in the army. Procedural History The United States sued Yamashita for disregarding summons to discharge his commandeer duty and control the operations of his army subordinates, who committed unlawful atrocities against the Filipino people. Banking on the argument that the United States had prosecuted him through a legally unstable military commission that lacked court procedural knowledge, Yamashita sneeringly filed a petition under habeas corpus and prohibition norms. Yamashita claimed that the military commission lacked lawful authority to prosecute him. In a split decision among the jury, the Commonwealth Supreme Court of Philippine refuted the petition. Yamashita was still unsatisfied with the judgment of the Supreme Court of Philippine and sought a different approach. Subsequently, Yamashita sought a different review against the denied petition in the Supreme Court of the United States that was responsible for a final verdict. In February of 1946, the United States’ Supreme Court denied the petition and upheld the earlier decision of the military commission to prosecute and sentence Yamashita to death. The jury decisions resulted in direct execution of the Commander, Yamashita. Case Facts During the Second World War period, army commanders and army generals had extreme sovereignty and commanding power over subordinate soldiers working under a military program. All army commanders under the laws of war were answerable to the military commission that oversaw the commanding behaviors of army commanders. Prior to the end of the Second World War, the conditions to end the war required commanders to secede from any form of hostilities and command soldiers in accordance with the laws of war. Erroneously, Yamash
The Tidusville population associates television with violence according to the statistics results. The KTDS management had earlier on received complaints over the high level of violence in the programs aired. Nevertheless, they associated this claims with political influence, however, they did not seem genuine. Moreover, according to the statistic test results, the number of hours one spends watching the television contribute to their perception on violence. The respondents, who watched television for about 23hours considered the programs as “not very violent”; however, from those who watched television for less than 13 hours in general, they gauged television programs from too violent to violent. In this case, violence tendencies are aroused by the time spent watching programs with violence, but 1 to 2 hours per day are ideal (Centerwall Para. 2). However, Cline, Croft, and Courier (363) claim that children with less exposure to television programs tend to get more aroused to violence than those with high exposure. From this claim, it can be concluded that although everybody is likely to get violent, the length that such arousal to violence lasts depends on the level of exposure to television programs. The results further showed that marital status and age had nothing to do with one’s perception on violence in television. Therefore, it is clear that violence in the programs aired has increased, and it has little to do with political influence, despite the fact that politicians will use this factor to lure people into voting for them. The KTDS management should react to the problem, not for the benefit of the politicians but for the whole population, since a successful business caters for the needs of all customers. The Tidusville population should be enlightened on the importance of some programs aired. Such programs may involve violence but have valuable lessons towards the end. Recommendation Having viewed the statistical results, it is clear that the level of violence has increased in relation to television programs. Additionally, prior Chris’s assumption that these complaints could be politically mobilized is also a fact. However, for the sake of customers, the management should act fast. First, they should reduce the programs that are related to violence during the day, since most children are present especially when schools close. These programs should be aired at night when children are asleep, since most adults understand that programs are only fictional and they can be hardly influenced by them. The main aim of starting a business is to make profits and attract customers; therefore, the KTDS management should ensure that all its customers’ needs are catered for. Therefore, they should consider reallocating the programs to different timelines to fit the viewers. Another strategy that the management should put in place is advertising the upcoming programs before they are aired, and inser
Introduction Criminal law can sometimes be very complex and determining what to charge can present great challenges to judges. However, the case of Warfield presents an interesting scenario of having prior knowledge of the intention to commit crime and failure to act beforehand. The Examination of Warfield’s Case From a dissection of the case study, it is revealed that Warfield could fall the same fate as that of his friends. In fact, he needs a great attorney to shield him from facing the full face of the law as an equally guilty party for robbery with violence, intent to cause bodily harm, and forced abduction. This is more if examined from the legal perspective that Warfield was part of the group that entered the house. The first step in determining whether Warfield is equally guilty is to determine Warfield’s prior intents and knowledge beforehand that his friends were planning to commit crime. In the event that the responses to the issues raised above are positive, then Warfield is equally responsible. In fact, analyzing this from the legal perspective that Warfield also went into the house places a number of complexities in absolving him of the crimes. Proving that he was innocent and a victim of circumstances remains a very tough option to achieve. This is further complicated by the fact that Warfield fled when the police noticed some unusual activities. His prior knowledge on the intention of his friends to commit crimes and intent can be presumed. Despite the fact that headlong flight alone does not constitute a crime, it is an indicative of the fact that Warfield was not only part of the group; he was also guilty. These issues raise reasonable grounds for justification of engagement in the robbery. According to Lasson (1937, p.47), “headlong flight is an indicative of criminal activity to a point of suspicion.” Once Warfield witnessed the crime, the only decision he would have made was to withdraw, leave the house and report the crime. According to Siegel (2009), “withdrawal in this perspective is similar to renunciation.” However, in the event that Warfield manages to convince the Supreme Court that he was not part of the group, there is still the element of omission for a crime. Warfield’s failures to attempt to stop the crime or report the intention to commit a crime constitute a crime and may place Warfield to be treated as a principal offender. These are serious self-incriminating issues, which attract the attention of keen judges and form the basis of determining the charge against the accused. The Possible Verdict Despite the fact that his defense team may prove otherwise, Warfield could still be charged as others. The most serious charge he may face in this case is robbery with violence. This only requires a finding of probable cause to consider Warfield as equally guilty. However, a strong defense team may prove otherwise and Warfield could be lucky to escape with a less serious charge of failure to report felony.
Introduction Quality and safety may be the two most desired characteristics of healthcare systems. Medical errors – varying from diagnostical to surgical – result in innumerable deaths and health complications. Even basic patient care routines and tasks sometimes contain hidden dangers and are misused. For instance, ensuring that no needed equipment and tools are missing from an operating theatre beforehand seems like a simple task, but it is sometimes forgotten (Dixon-Woods & Martin, 2016). Currently, the reliability that health care seekers look for in the first place cannot be guaranteed as approximately forty-four thousand Americans die each year as a result of medical errors (Leming-Lee et al., 2019). Given that errors in the domain frequently entail especially grave consequences and their ever-presence, the problem and need for a systematic approach have attracted considerable scholarly attention since the beginning of the last century. Hence, multiple models and systems applicable not only in dentistry have been created to assist in evaluating and improving healthcare. PDCA Quality Improvement System Although the PDCA (plan–do–check–act) model seems to be mainly used in business-related areas, it has been adjusted to medicine. Created in 1939, initially, the model addressed statistics and general managerial practices. In the healthcare system, it brings numerous benefits, as “it teaches organizations to plan an action, do it, check to see how it conforms to the plan and act on what has been learned” (Johnson, 2016, p. 45). The principal advantage of the system lies in its capacity to structurize and clarify the action plan. PDCA promotes efficient planning, which in healthcare has the potential to reduce errors and waste. In comparison to other quality improvement systems, PDCA has been longer in use and proved its efficiency. In a study regarding patients’ stay in emergency departments, the system, combined with the FOCUS model, was shown to minimize overstaying (Alshahrani & Alsulaibaikh, 2016). On the other hand, PDCA is based on forecasting and its rigidity might complicate situations requiring quick actions, inevitable in real-life medical practice. Overall, in combination with other methods or modifications, PDCA appears to be an effective system for safety and quality enhancement. The Donabedian Model Comparatively to the previously discussed quality improvement system, the Donabedian Model is somewhat newer and was designed specifically for healthcare settings. The model uses mainly three elements (structure, process, outcomes, and sometimes balancing measures) to estimate the quality of provided care. It is stated that the model gives “a more complete picture of a service b
Where is Globestelle in the design chain? And what is the nature of this development project? Illustrations of the Globestelle is in the following diagram consists of subcontractors and machine suppliers. All the issues in the case resulted from the requirements by AGT affecting the entire automobile design process. The vision was to draw on experience from all networks, service centers to address any arising problems with focal players including Reltex, Globestelle, and subcontractors. With a complex supply chain, valued at one hundred million euros, the project to Reltex is very large, technically complex, in comparison with previous projects. Each player in the design chain should meet their requirements responsibly to appropriately manage the project tightly. What resources did Globestelle commit to this development project? Were they adequate? Franc Warde, Joseph Zemel, and other employees made their contributions as part-time or permanent employees. , making the ownership presumably falling to none of the employees. They were few and inadequate resources. Globestelle provided technical and day-to-day management and a relationship with Relax. Globestelle realized uncertainties in profits, the risk of later disposal of unused resources, lack of guaranteed employment for
Executive Summary Singapore Airlines is a premium carrier in Asia’s aviation industry. It is associated with excellent services and affordable prices. Its success is mainly attributed to its ability to pursue both cost leadership and differentiation strategies. Currently, its corporate strategy involves investing in aviation related businesses. Its business and functional level strategies focus on enhancing high service quality and achieving cost efficiency. Singapore airline has been able to offer world class services due to the following reasons. It focuses on both process and product innovation in order to improve product quality. It is also involved in overseas ventures, improving the efficiency of internal communication and promoting a people-centered culture. It has since launched a subsidiary in Australia, Tiger Airways. Unlike SIA, Tiger Airways is a budget currier whose business model is based on a cost leadership strategy (Tiger Airways, 2011). Tiger Airways concentrates on providing low cost flights to various destinations from Australia by eliminating non-essential costs in its operations. It has not been able to achieve the same level of success as SIA due to the low quality of its services. Thus it can improve its performance by improving the quality of its services in addition to maintaining the low prices. SIA on the other hand should focus on maintaining low prices, high quality and flexibility. Introduction Singapore Airlines (SIA) is one of the most profitable and fast growing airlines in Asia’s aviation industry. Since its inception in 1947, the airline has progressively expanded by increasing its fleet size as well as the number of its routes. By 1993, the firm had the youngest fleet in the industry. Its success is mainly based on prudent management that is characterized by formulation and implementation of effective operation strategy (Heracleous and Wirts, 2009, pp. 1-6). This has enabled it to withstand the adverse effects of economic recessions that have been experienced in various parts of the world over the years. This paper focuses on SIA’s operation strategy by analyzing the factors contributing to the airline’s success. Recommendations on how SIA can develop in future will also be discussed. Finally, the operation strategy of Tiger Airlines Australia, a subsidiary of SIA, will be analyzed and compared to that of SIA. Factors that Make SIA a World Class Service Provider SIA is associated with high product quality and excellent customer services. The firm’s mission focuses on offering high quality services that are also affordable to majority of its customers. The firm has thus been able to realize its mission by taking advantage of its strengths which include the following. Innovation and Development SIA is committed to investing in a variety of modern technology as well as product and service innovation. Innovation at the company has been achieved through on-going research and development initiatives and overseas ventures. Consequently, SIA has been able to offer new services which include free drinks, a choic
Arne L Kallegburg creates a paradigm through which inconsistencies are assessed in the workplace among sections of employees at New York City establishments. The study began to address wage irregularities, but it was discovered that there were also a number of other conditions relating to the mismatched phenomenon pervading the environment. These were vital industrial concerns as they impinge on the organizational theoretical perspectives which needed to be analyzed also. As such, these conditions were included being vital to both the design and outcome of this research. However, there were deliberate attempts to highlight the mismatched conceptual framework since it was important to be included within the study for recommendations and resolution purposes. Statement of the Problem Kalle