ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
What are the literal and the technical meaning of maslahah mursalah? Literal meaning- Maslahah mursalah literally means public benefits or interests that are accepted legally by the Islamic law principles and financial terms under the Islamic jurisprudence. Once a benefit or interest qualifies as a maslahah mursalah, it remains unrestricted to the public interest as no policymaker or lawmaker can regulate the benefits. This Islamic principle aims at protecting humanity and issues of public interest. Technical meaning- maslahah mursalah is also a technical Islamic terminology commonly used within Islamic laws. Maslahah mursalah technically means proper or appropriate considerations that deem harmonious for the purposes and objectives of the policymakers or lawgivers. Maslahah mursalah is an interest that Shariah encourages or nullifies, and normally aims at securing public benefits and protecting the public from harm. When should the maslahah mursalah be upheld? Maslahah mursalah remains unjustified in the Islamic law as it changes with circumstances and duration depending on the validation from the lawgivers, who normalize its principles. The law upholds the maslahah after a lawgiver has clearly upheld and accredited its legitimacy and authenticity; hence, receiving a new name Al-Maslahah al-Mubarak. What are the categories of maslahah mursalah? Explain each category with an example. According to the Muslim jurisprudence, maslahah mursalah falls under three major categories. The three broad categories of maslahah include Al-Maslahah al-Mutabarah, Maslahah Mursalah, and the Maslahah Mulgha. Al-Maslahah al-Mutabarah refers to legally accredited maslahah or benefits upheld by Shariah following the consent of the lawgivers. Maslahah Mursalah is an interest, neither legally accepted nor abolished by the Islamic laws (Shariah). Lastly, Maslahah Mulgha is a benefit or maslahah that the Shariah and lawgivers have nullified. What are the conditions of maslahah mursalah? Maslahah mursalah must have some conditions that the interest validation must fulfil based on explicit justification by lawgivers or accredited by the Shariah. Maslahah mursalah must be genuine in protecting the five basic Muslim values, defending the public interest, and must not violate the principles of the mass (Quran wordings ) . The Maslahah must be reasonable and satisfactory to the public. Explain how maslahah mursalah can be applied in modern Islamic banking and provide examples. Maslahah mursalah can be applicable in modern Islamic banking practices. Maslahah is very important to the public interest of the Islamic nations as it contains benefits that value humanity and human needs. Since its historical development, Islamic banking has been hinging upon the principles of promoting economic well being, justice, benevolence, fr
Having worked as a counselor I have found out that personality is normally referred to as the thoughts, emotions and behavior pattern that every person has. Personality trait can have immense variations between individuals. Many research hypotheses concur that personality has aspects that are prominent. Therefore personality disorder is regarded as a debilitating condition which results to inability of an individual affected to perform the usual routine practices for example household matters effectively and efficiently. In this case we find that this affected individual carry a number of signs of the personality disorders and include extreme anxiety and being anxious that occurs to an individual for a period up to around twenty four weeks. The key symptoms of anxiety and worry which are the main cause of psychological disorders may comprise getting easy exhaustion, restlessness, poor concentration, being temperamental and sleep disorders. As a counselor I can say that such worries and anxiety causes major stress and may cause bad image in the societal aspect as well as in the work-related environment contexts and other significant parts of operation in an individual’s daily life. We can also deduce that such turbulences caused by psychological disorders are not related however to other psychological causes such as drug abuse or medical conditions that might be related to this kind of anxiety. On the other hand I consider counseling to be very essential especially to people who have stress or depression in their lives. In counseling, there is helping of persons that are psychologically healthy to resolve problems or issues that are affecting them. In most cases this takes place on a short term basis. Counseling is a very important aspect in the society today. The reason for this is I can say that people nowadays go through complex issues that are not easy to solve. These issues range from work, education, marriage, relatives name it-they all affect individuals and families and they can really stress someone. All these issues need a person who has been professionally trained to handle them. In this case of handling an individual who has personality disorder we find that the counseling professionals normally indulge in a type of therapy
The Customer According to the World Health Organization (2021, p.1), approximately 1.3 billion people live with some form of visual impairment, of whom 36 million have blindness. The leading causes of visual impairment are uncorrected refractive errors and clouding of the lens. Eye disease can occur at any age, regardless of profession or wealth. There are visually impaired people in almost every family, and sooner or later, everyone can encounter it. The target audience of our product is people with visual impairments of varying severity. By helping them, we can cover a large part of the U.S. population. The Customer’s Problem There are several hundred known diseases that affect the organs of vision. The most common are myopia, hyperopia and astigmatism, inflammatory diseases, eye injuries, and tumors, as well as cataracts and glaucoma. Timely detection and correction of these diseases can prevent blindness in eight out of ten cases (Centers for disease control and prevention, n.d., p.1). The possibilities of modern ophthalmology allow to slow down the disease development at the early stages. One of the methods of treatment and correction used is wearing medical glasses. People who encounter them experience several inconveniences. The first one is that ordinary glasses cannot help track the dynamics of vision deterioration; one has to go to a doctor. The second problem is the need to change the lenses in the glasses in case of changes in vision abilities. During this procedure, the patient usually uses replacement glasses with old lenses that no longer fit him, and he experiences discomfort. Another inconvenience is the need to wear sunglasses in the summer. They have no diopters, and the person must choose between quality vision or protection from the sun. All these problems we took as a goal to solve in the design of our product. Empathize The entire process of developing the final product will be based on design thinking methodology. It divides the development into several stages to provide the most customer-oriented product possible (Pressman, 2018, p. 79). The first step in this process is empathy. In our weekly workshop on this section, we discussed the critical differentiators of empathy. A thorough and unbiased study of the customer’s target audience and their main concerns are among them. The main conclusion I drew from this section was that it is necessary to take a non-judgmental approach to audience research. In addition, it is essential not to superimpose one’s personal opinion on an issue, even if the developer himself falls within the target audience. At the empathy stage, the objective experience should trump the subjective one. To develop our product, we will conduct audience research in online surveys and personal interviews. People will freely share their problems and what solution they see as optimal. Define Then the process of design thinking flows into problem definition. In the workshop on this topic, the main task was to design the persona our pr
Running back to the 14 th century, ritual performances played great roles in people’s lives because they believed in the results therein. Rituals and festivities underscore Shakespeare’s works. For instance, the celebrations that characterize the concluding setting of A Midsummer Night’s Dream , is a rite of passage, a ritual that seeks to induct Hippolyta who must become an Athenian for she is from Amazon which is outside Athens. However, Shakespeare employs his conventional marks of scripted-ness to achieve his objective. Courtships and play-within-play stand out conspicuously in this comedy; moreover, Shakespeare uses omens to make the contrived and the masterminded to appear natural. In A Midsummer Night’s Dream , courtships are not easy. As Lysander observes, “The course of true love never runs smooth” (Shakespeare 134). Lysander’s relationship with Hermia is one that is full of misfortunes. Hermia’s Father chooses Demetrius and yet his daughter is in love with Lysander. The Duke rules in favor of Demetrius ordering Hermia to marry him or undergo execution or lifetime chastity to the goddess Diana. Helena’s love for Demetrius is not reciprocated. In the fairies’ world, the queen Titania is estranged to her husband because she cannot give him her Indian changeling. The situation becomes so complicated to an extent of Oberon ordering Puck to administer a spell on Titania to supposedly to make her fall for anything she sees upon her waking up provided it is a living creature. In this play, love is balanced with imbalances. At the beginning of the play, two men love Hermia and yet she loves only one, Lysander. On the other hand, Helena is crazily in love with Demetrius who does not carry even the slightest feeling for her. After Puck administers the love portion to the two men, first to Lysander who he had thought was Demetrius and later to Demetrius, the men’s attention goes to Helena. Even her lover, Lysander, abandons Hermia. In the case of Oberon and Titania, imbalance come
An Explanation of the Case The case is about David Robinson. He is an auditor assigned to Belot Enterprises’ audit engagement department. The company is a wholly-owned subsidiary of a larger corporation, Helterbrand Associates. Over the past ten years, the company has struggled to meet its performance targets and is at risk of being sold by Helterbrand. According to the information provided in the case, Robinson is in the process of finalizing the appraisal of Belot’s financial records for the firm’s second quarter. During the review, the auditor found out that five of the customer’s discretionary expense accruals were lower than expected. Some of the accruals include allowances for bad debts and inventory obsolescence. Upon inquiry, Zachariah Crabtree, Belot’s longtime accounting general manager, told Robinson that the accrual balances for 30th June were lower than normal. He said that this was because a new approach was used in computing them. The methodology stated by Crabtree was a precise point estimate. Robinson’s duty is to deal with the aggressive accruals experienced by the company. However, his relationship with Crabtree is a major hindrance to the achievement of this objective. The reason is that the acquaintanceship is complicating his decisions on how to handle the matter. Controversial Issues and Relevant Standards The case has a number of controversial issues. The controversies include Crabtree’s failure to follow the standard framework of guidelines for financial accounting, GAAP. In addition, Crabtree attempts to convince Robinson to pass on the accruals noted. He is trying to convince him not to inform the audit manager and audit partner assigned to the engagement (Lessambo, 2014). Another controversy is apparent given that Robinson accepts the precise point estimates. There is also a conflict of interest and failure to maintain independence in all matters relating to the audit process as far as the auditor is concerned (Ghandar & Tsahuridu, 2013). Crabtree’s increased allowances for bad debts and inventory obsolesces to numbers higher than required using precise point estimates is another point of concern. The method is not recommended under GAAP. In addition, it could negatively impact Belot’s financial statements (Collins, 2012). In his activities, Crabtree knew that he was acting unprofessionally. He was also aware of the fact that his actions were a violation of both the PCAOB and the AICPA standards (Lessambo, 2014). After he was questioned by Robinson, Crabtree asked the auditor to pass on the accruals. The conduct of this manager shows that he has violated PCAOB’s Auditing Standards. According to the guidelines provided in the standards, auditors should be honest in their financial reporting. In addition, the guidelines state that auditors sho
Introduction Neorealism is one of the well-known theories of the origin of war. This essay will analyze this particular theory and explain its importance. Neorealists argue that people fight as a way of preserving the power they already have, gain more power, or both. In addition, the paper will highlight some of the arguments that have been put forward and against this theory in terms of explaining the origins of war efficiently. Definition Newmann explains that scholars subscribed to the Neorealist school of thought believe that power is the most crucial factor in International Relations (19). Therefore, the more power a state has, the more influence it has over other countries. Currently, the United States of America is believed to be the most powerful nation on earth. Thus, according to Neorealist, the US has so much power that it is looked up to in solving world problems, bailing poor countries out, and setting standards for democracy and proper governance. Other countries in different regions also have powers. For example, in Africa countries like South Africa, Nigeria, Kenya, and Ethiopia are more powerful compared to the other countries. This power gives them a voice among the developed countries, especially those with interests in Africa. Doyle adds that Neorealism is a branch of Hans Morgenthau’s classical realism (215). Morgenthau argued that international politics was based on the egos and emotions of world leaders. Therefore, there was no ideal way of classifying democracy because leaders would always do what they wanted whenever they wanted, according to their egos and their interests at that time. Even though many scholars have liked Neorealism to classical realism, Hamati-Ataya explains that the two are separate in several ways (305). The first and most crucial way is that the Neorealists believe that
Introduction In academic writing, there are many types of essays, each of which has its own peculiar structure and purpose. These include, for example, informative and persuasive essays, which both provide information and facts on the given issue. However, there are a number of differences between the two, as their objectives are markedly different. Informative Essay An informative essay is such type of academic writing that informs the reader about a certain topic. Sometimes, it is also called an expository essay and basically consists in describing or explaining something to readers. The objective of such writing is not in giving an author’s opinion on a particular matter, but simply in providing the facts that are necessary for its understanding. In general, an informative essay might pursue the following goals: to educate the audience about some issue; to present the research on the given topic; to compare and contrast controversial ideas; to reveal cause-effect relationships; to state a problem and provide possible solutions. The typical structure of an informative essay comprises an introduction, a main body, and a conclusion. The statements in such an essay must be clear and supported by the reliable sources. Writing an informative essay, the author should always remain neutral and objective, as well as refrain from expressing their personal ideas and arguing in favor of one viewpoint over another. Persuasive Essay A persuasive essay, also known as an argumentative essay, explains a certain topic while rationalizing the superiority of one idea over another. In other words, this type of academic writing aims at convincing the audience that the author’s position is the most logical, valid, and justified. In essence, a persuasive essay is a combination of facts and a writer’s personal ideas. In order to prove their point, the author has to conduct a prolific research and find sufficient evidence on the given topic. Typical means of persuasion in such writing are logical reasoning, facts, statistic, examples, and quotes. The basic structure of a persuasive essay includes an introduction with a clear thesis, a few body paragraphs with argumentative points, counterarguments and their rebuttal, and a conclusion that summarizes the paper. Even though an argumentative essay is often subjective, the author’s claims should always be justified and challenged with opposing views on the issue. The Differences between Informative and Persuasive Essays Clearly, there are some vital differences between informative and persuasive academic essays. The main difference is that an informative essay only presents information in order to explain a certain issue, while a persuasive essay uses information and facts that su
Since the very beginning of its history, Canadian ethnic identity has been developing and shaping in the increasingly controversial and ambiguous social conditions. Canadian identity has come to exemplify the gradual formation of self-consciousness, political power, and individuality. It was probably due to political pressures and social constraints that the Canadian people has been able to realize the value of their own identity, and it is due to the negative experiences and events the Canadian people had to go through that the present Canadian ethnic identity comprises the features of cultural cohesiveness, solidarity, and transnational resistance. Traditionally, immigrant experiences result in the formation of the three distinct varieties of ethnic identity. First, some immigrants view themselves and their immigration as a kind of exile. Second, immigration results in the formation of the so-called transnational community; these identities are continuously torn between the cultural commitments of their old and their new country due to the fact that they view immigration as a temporary state. Finally, there is the type of ethnic community which is usually called “ethnic Americans”, who do not pursue any collective immigration goals; nor do they seek to identify themselves with any specific cultural form. In the context of the Canadian ethnic identity, the choice of the immigration topic is not accidental, for it was due to the immigration that the Canadians have come to exemplify the unique combination of resistance and alienation, which in turn united them in their new country (Arat-Koc, 32). The Canadian people obviously belong to the first type of ethnic identity, for whom immigration is equal to and is associated with an exile. This identity is usually characterized by “the expectation of returning to their place of origin” which may not be realistic, and which also distances their cultural commitments from reality and present tense and moves them into the future, where the Canadian people finally hope to find their home (Bergeron 98). Following Arat-Koc (32): Beyond its embedded inequalities, another major problem of liberal multiculturalism, according to Bannerji (Ibid.), is its construction of nonwhite identities along ethnic, cultural lines. When ethnicity and cultural community become the main discourse of organization and representation available to Third World immigrants, they are encouraged to emphasize racist ascriptions of difference, and are excluded from the larger political community. In many aspects, the formation of the Canadian ethnic identity is inevitably linked to the never ending cultural struggle – the struggle for individualization and self-realization. Simultaneously, and it is interesting to note, that the Canadian identity was not characterized by a sense of cohesion from the very beginning of the immigration processes. In reality, it was due to the social difference between middle and lower classes that the Canadian immigrants had to reconcile with the growing cultural cleavages in immigration (or exile). Surprisingly or not, but it was due to these differences between middle class and peasan
Introduction Lorenzo Amedeo Avogadro was born in 1776 in Turin city of Italy and died in 1856 at the age of 81 years after making a great positive contribution in the field of science especially chemistry. He schooled in Turin and having come from a family background of lawyers, his career was oriented towards law whereby at the age of 16 years he had already become a bachelor of jurisprudence and four years down this profession he had managed to get a doctorate in ecclesiastical law which he began to practice and latter in 1801 he received an appointment in the department of Eridano as the secretary to the prefecture. Avogadro’s interest in natural philosophy Along with his successful career in legal matters, Avogadro had a lot of interest in the field of natural philosophy which influenced him to pursue private studies in both physics and mathematics in the year 1800 whereby three years down studies he carried out scientific research on electricity together with his brother. In 1803 he was appointed to be a demonstrator at Turin academy which was followed by him becoming a professor of natural philosophy at Vercelli University in 1809. Avogadro received another appointment to head the chair in mathematical physic when it was first established in Italy in1820 at the university of Turin an appointment which he did not hold for long because the political changes at that time suppressed the chair making him lose the job in1822 until 1832 when he was reinstated. (Mario, 2003) Avogadro’s contribution to chemistry In his article, journal de physique, which was published in 1811, Avogadro clearly described the distinction between an atom and a molecule which Dalton had failed to differentiate in his work in1808 and was confused between the two. Dalton assumed that in common compounds with two elements, each element contributed one atom. Dalton had considered particles to be the same as atoms and failed to admit that one oxygen particle could yield two particles of water. It was Avogadro who made it clear that ‘’atoms’’ of hydrogen and oxygen are ”molecules” made up of two atoms each and therefore when two hydrogen molecules combine with one oxygen molecule, two water molecules are produced. Avogadro suggested that at the same conditions of pressure and temperature all gases with equal volumes contained an equal number of molecules which is the modern definition of Avogadro’s principle. This principle was the basis of determining the molar masses as well as atomic masses. The Avogadro’s number Avogadro’s number which is also known as Avogadro’s constant is the number of particles in one mole of any substance and its value is 6.0221367 x 1023. This number was not actually determined by Amedeo himself because he did not know about moles at this time or of any number that would lat