ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
An interest group is characterized as a collective of people with common concerns who strive to promote the interests of its members in the government. Examples of such groups include labor unions, professional associations, and the representatives of the business community. It is a widely known fact that the interests of non-governmental members have a significant influence on American politics. The current paper reckons that interest group politics should be regulated and describes some reasons for this opinion. Thinking about the consequences of unregulated factions politics, the first idea that comes to mind is that the weaker groups will always be outsiders that are unable to promote their interests. According to Cigler et al., pressure groups naturally evolve in democratic regimes, and it is expected that individuals unite for the sake of the promotion of their interests (2). Still, political equality is one of the principles of a democratic regime. This principle implies the impossibility of disparity among the citizens. Nevertheless, in my opinion, the absence of regulation in interest group politics leads to the discrimination of the minority. Wealthy organized interests possess more resources that could be used to lobby their concerns in the government. Therefore, the minority groups become deprived of a chance to be treated in the same manner as bigger ones. This point of view could be proven by Cigler et al., who claim that the control over organized interests helps to elaborate on the system of checks and balances (4). Consequently, this reduces the power of a single strong group. It is essential to note that in American politics, there already exist some regulations on factions’ activities. For instance, the state government proscribes such actions as gifting lawmakers and receiving compensations for voting in a manner that a group wants. These regulations signify that the government realizes the value of limitations of interest groups in the process of taking policy decisions. Regulations are aimed at the promotion of transparency in lobbying activity. From my point of view, it is necessary to be sure that the promotion of the interests of some faction is honest and happens behind locked doors. This, in turn, helps to increase the responsiveness of politicians to the
Introduction Businesses usually perform well if entrepreneurs initiate measures that will help them grow. This is what is referred to as the strategic management. Therefore, any individual envisaging starting his or her own business should make sure that they have a good plan that will act as a guide in the management of such a business. Some scholars have argued that McDonalds which has been in existence since1937, for example, has managed to be the market leader in the fast food industry because of its strategic management. Many competitors have tried to venture in this industry but have slowly faded out because this company has made a name for itself. Strengths and weaknesses of the resource based view of strategy In the contemporary world, there are two main types of strategic management. They include the competitive positioning school of strategy and the resource based strategic management. The resource based strategic management claims that; businesses possess resources that help them to have a competitive advantage, resulting to a long term performance. According to Gagnon (1999), this implies that if a business utilizes the resources at its disposal in an effective manner, chances of continued existence are high. He adds that, companies should strive to lay hands on the rare and valuable resources because this will place them ahead of their competitors. In addition he points out that, owning scarce resources is an advantage because such a company will be in a position to deter other companies from imitating, transferring and even substituting their products. According to Jay (2011), this strategy gives one an exclusive right to what he or she has. As earlier discussed, this strategy is very useful when utilized well because it will bar other people or companies from copying, transferring or substituting a product. Secondly, this strategy helps in marketing a product and the company producing it. This is according to John (2010), who argues that the exclusivity of certain product to a company makes the marketing of such a product easy. For instance, if a company has produced a commodity unique in the market, selling such a product will be easy. This is because it will not be having other competitors. In addition, Young (2004) has noted that this approach helps in the improvement in quality of the goods being produced. He says that this is informed by the fact that the company wants to build a good reputation before imitated goods hit the market. This will enable the company to establish its loyal clients who cannot leave its products for the new ones. However, Jeroen (2010) points out that this approach has its own demerits. He notes that the resource based view has very lim
Memory Improvement Using Mnemonics Focusing on the needs of learners and promoting new and improved ways of memorizing essential information is a crucial step toward helping students to acquire relevant skills and knowledge successfully. Similarly, developing empathy is an important task that learners need to handle so that they could work in a team and take the needs of all stakeholders into account. However, the process of remembering necessary data may be hampered by a range of factors, which means that learners need to be provided with substantial assistance. Therefore, a quantitative study comparing the effects of the two frameworks in question needs to be carried out. Undergraduate students will be recruited from a local university as study participants. The process of carrying out the study will involve several stages. First, the assignment will be explained to the research participants. Afterward, the latter will listen to a text read by the researcher. As soon as the reading is over, the participants will have to recall specific words mentioned in the text, each group using a different mnemonic device. A recent study indicates that a more detailed analysis of the existing methods for memorizing data should be carried out. Particularly, Lovett and Pillow’s (1996) research shows quite clearly that there is a significant knowledge gap as
Introduction Homelessness amongst adolescents and youthful adults has been concentrated in numerous studies and researches has been conducted in preparing literature reviews on the topic which function purposefully in depicting the incidents of lack of shelter among the youth. The following literature review will endeavor to serve the same purpose in addition to describing the previous methods used to list homeless persons in major cities areas. Factors of becoming homeless Several factors play a substantial part in compelling the youth to take drastic steps of leaving their homes and choosing to be homeless. The first is the failure of the healthcare system. In 1995, 39 million Americans had no health insurance (Baltimore, MD, 1996). The next factor is the occurrence of household violence in society as a majority of beaten-up women are compelled to choose between their violent relationship and being without homes, more often than not, with their children. The third and the core of this research is mental illness. Formerly, the augmentation in homeless youth was charged on the enormous discharge of mentally ill youngsters from establishments coupled with the introduction of potent antipsychotic remedies. The reality is that the majority of the adolescents are incapable of gaining access to the accommodation or healing services which they urgently necessitate (Delmar, NY 1992). According to the World Health Organization (WHO), “Health is a state of complete mental, physical and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity”. As such, bad health is intimately related to being homeless. The relationship works in either way as bad health not only causes homelessness but can also be caused by being homeless. According to a study, thirteen percent of the homeless patients who were investigated affirmed that their bad health served as a crucial factor in becoming homeless and Fifteen percent of them confirmed that health served as a distinctly significant factor in homelessness befalling them. ( Wright JD, Weber E., 1987). The healthiness report of homeless youth is distinctive and complex since youngsters are at a significant phase of not only physical and social but more importantly mental development. Homelessness among youth can give rise to or maybe a result of complications arising from the precarious nature of adolescent development. According to several studies and researches conducted on the topic, there is evidence of a variety of individual, familial, communal, an
History This paper is about music in the ancient Greece. The paper opens with a brief overview of music and how it was practiced in ancient Greece. There is also an in-depth observation of how this form of art was perceived by ancient Greeks. There is also a discussion of the various ways through music reflected the cultural aspects of the Greeks at that time. This paper cannot be complete without a description of some of the musical instruments that were used by different ethnic groups in the ancient Greece. Finally, there is a brief discussion about how the aspects of music in the ancient Greece will tend to differ from those of the ancient China. Without a doubt, music was a common feature in ancient Greek society, where it would serve various purposes in people’s lives. Music during the Ancient Greece Period The history of music in ancient Greece dates back to the 6th century BCE when the first music lessons were introduced in the learning institutions. Music was held in high regard in the ancient Greece for a number of reasons. First of all, Greeks would see music as a divine form of art that helped to heal the hearts of the listeners. As a matter of fact, music in ancient Greece was viewed as something that had a magical touch in people’s lives, and not just a system of rhythm and pitch that could be used for entertainment purposes (Norris 78). This form of art did not only inspire people, but it also soothed them in a special manner. In this regard, music would play a very important role in the course of unpleasant moments, thus helping to make common challenges and hardships more tolerable. Music was also closely associated with some key aspects of education in ancient Greece, and for that reason, it served as a significant subject in Greek learning institutions. Mathematics and philosophy, both of which were significant subjects in the ancient Greece were some of the sciences that would have a close link to this form of art. The connection of music to education can be observed in the view of Plato that, the perfect kind of music is one which helps to discipline the brain and arouse courage and temperance within an individual. A
Compliance with corporate law is one of the demands that an organization’s mere existence hinges on. Unless a company follows the rules and regulations established in a specific field of business, the organization is doomed to an inevitable failure, the PharmaCARE Company being the case in point. Because of the desire to reduce the amount of organizational, production and promotion costs to the minimum, the firm defiled several basic ethical and legal principles of marketing, product safety, and intellectual property, which, reasonably enough, triggered major legal repercussions and, most likely, eliminated the slightest opportunity for the company to ever regain reputation in the pharmacy business. Assuring quality in the manufacturing of products is one of the key requirements towards pharmacists and pharmaceutical companies, which means that PharmaCARE violated the existing ethical code by omitting the standard quality assurance procedures. According to the existing ethical principles that pharmaceutical organizations are guided by, quality assurance is crucial at the initial stages of the product creation is the basic demand that is not to be neglected: “Ethics are pertinent to quality assurance as the person involved strives by taking actions to meet quality level goals, which contributes to quality assurance” (Noordin, 2012, p. 90). Another obvious breach of rules as far as healthcare ethics is concerned is the fact that even the numerous deaths of their customers did not make the leaders of the PharmaCARE organization admit their mistake and take the medicine out of production. Therefore, the organization must be blamed for not only negligence and lack of care, but also for causing numerous deaths. The specified case can be considered a deliberate dispensing error (Noordin, 2012) and, therefore, is a punishable offense. Pharmaceutical ethics is not the only ethic that the PharmaCARE Company has broken; as far as marketing and advertisement are concerned, the organization can be bla
Psychometric Properties and Evidence This section aims to not only analyze and critique the psychometric properties of the MFSI based on its use in published research studies, but also to characterize the evidence base supporting its current and future use. A careful analysis of 15 articles, published between 2002 and 2011, was conducted to provide background information and current literature on the MFSI-SF. The analysis demonstrated evidence that this instrument has been used with cancer patients, including breast cancer patients (Banthia et al., 2006; Broeckel et al., 2002; Fagundes et al, 2011), gynecological cancer patients (Liu et al., 2009; Prue et al, 2006), as well as with non-cancer patients. Non-cancer patients presented with deep vein thrombosis (Lukas et al., 2009; Gunaydin et al, 2009), obstructive sleep apnea (Yue et al., 2009; Lee et al, 2010), orofacial pain (De Leeuw et al, 2005), or as healthy individuals (Lim et al, 2005; Wilkinson et al, 2011) and caregivers (Roepke et al., 2009). A careful analysis of the methodologies used in the selected studies reflected wide-ranging sample sizes selected across both sexes and along a continuum of varying age groups, not mentioning that the study designs used were also varied. Reliability of the MFSI-SF was assessed in terms of internal consistency and test–retest reliability. With respect to internal consistency, only five of the 15 studies reported Cronbach’s alpha coefficients (Banthia et al., 2006; Broeckel et al., 2002; De Leeuw et al, 2005; Tomfohr et al, 2011; Roepke et al., 2009). The Cronbach’s alpha coefficient for the 30-items ranged from.84 to.86, while the coefficients ranged from.81 to 96 for each individual subscale. This indicates good internal consistency for the MFSI. As for the test–retest reliability of the MFSI-SF, it was reported in any of the identified studies. Validity of the MFSI-SF was assessed in terms of concurrent, convergent, and divergent validity, as follows: Concurrent validity Concurrent validity refers to evidence of the degree to which MFSI-SF subscales are correlated with other published measures of fatigue. Evidence for the concurrent validity of MFSI was reported in the study conducted by Banthia et al (2006), who investigated the correspondence between daily (visual analogue scale) and weekly (MFSI-SF) ratings of fatigue made over a one-month period by survivors of breast cancer. Their findings revealed that each scale captures different information because the VAS is one-dimensional, while MFSI-SF is multidimensional. Furthermore, the VAS was found to provide a quick assessment of general fatigue, with revelations that the visual analogue scale (VAS) ratings shared more variance with the General Fatigue subsc
Drug addiction often drives people to commit crimes; the criminal behavior of drug addicts is often associated with the manufacture, storage, and use of chemicals. As a result, a person with drug addiction goes to prison. Incarceration in places of deprivation of liberty certainly leaves its mark on the fate of a drug addict. However, considering a person a criminal because of his clouded mind is unfair since drug addiction is a mental illness, and diseases need to be treated. Rehabilitation is a more effective way to combat drug addiction and the degradation of drug addicts than prison. Drug addicts, in most cases, are not criminals but people with mental health issues who need social support and medical care. Isolating the addict from society for a certain period does not solve the problem, and more often, even worsens it. A tiny percentage of drug addicts becomes law-abiding citizen after being released from prison. People who have used substances should return to society as conscious individuals who can think adequately, set goals, achieve them, and take responsibility. A prison sentence will not form such qualities in a drug addict. A full-fledged path to recovery should combine physical healing, psychological assistance, social adaptation, and spiritual growth activities. Treatment in a drug rehabilitation center helps patients understand the cause of addiction and improve their condition on psychological, spiritual, physical, and social levels. In addition, rehabilitation teaches people with addiction to interact with people in society and independently cope with difficulties without resorting to drugs. Despite the persistent stereotype that prison will help correct a person’s behavior, restricting freedom will not help get rid of addiction. After leaving prison, drug addicts return to a familiar environment, use prohibited substances, and often cross the law again. The severity of the problem of drug addiction is compounded by low awareness of alternative treatment methods. Drug-dependent patients need rehabilitation assistance, as the offenses result from drug use, undermining their mental health. Bibliography Ariza, Libardo José, María Mauersberger, and Fernando León Tamayo Arboleda. “Locked in the Home: A Critique of House Arrest as an Alternative to Imprisonment for Women Sentenced for Drug-Related Crimes.” The Prison Journal 101, no. 3 (2021): 73-86. Lima, Helena Maria Medeiros. “Humanity and the Use of Substances: A Historical Overview.” In Drugs and Human Behavior: Biopsychosocial Aspects of Psychotropic Substances Use , edited by De Micheli, Denise, Richard Alecsander Reichert, Bruno de Oliveira Pinheiro, André Luiz Monezi Andrade, Eroy Aparecida da Silva, and Fernanda Machado Lopes, 3-26. New York: Springer, 2021. McQuilkin, Robertson, and Paul Copan. “Crime and Punishment.” In An Introduction to Biblical Ethics: Walking in the Wa
Abstract This paper discusses the influence of genetic factors on speech encoding at the subcortical level. In particular, it focuses on the effects of the serotonin transporter gene. The discussion of the whole topic is briefly outlined. The findings obtained by the authors are pointed out along with the methods used to receive and analyze related information. Finally, the authors’ contribution to the field is considered, and questions for future research are outlined. Introduction People’s success in music and foreign languages depends significantly on their capacity to perceive sounds and speech. The better the neural representation of the sound signal is, the better results are likely to be achieved (Ansari & Rangasayee, 2016). Thus, high quality of encoding of acoustic features is vital for everyone, and the subcortical auditory system is believed to ensure it. The inferior colliculus (IC) is the main sound center that receives major serotonergic innervation, which allows presupposing that “serotonin [5- hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)] is crucial for the modulation of information processing in the ascending auditory pathway” (Selinger, Zarnowiec, Via, Clemente, & Escera, 2016, p. 10783). In this way, serotonin can change the peculiarities of the neural response to the perceived sound. In particular, it affects the number, latency, and precision of spikes and the timing of their trains. Thus, it can be stated that serotonin affects the response and encoding of sensory stimuli. Purpose of the Study As the authors emphasize the value of serotonin for the accurate subcortical speech encoding, they also pay attention to the serotonin transporter [5-HT transporter (5-HTT)]. It is believed to regulate the availability of serotonin, which proves that its functioning can affect the whole process of encoding, defining people’s auditory capacity. In this way, the serotonin transporter gene is likely to be involved in multiple functions. Based on this information, the authors developed a hypothesis of its involvement in subcortical auditory processing. All in all, Selinger et al. (2016) wanted to find out if “the 5-HTT linked polymorphic region (5-HTTLPR) is involved in speech encoding at subcortical stages” (p. 10783). Questions Addressed in the Reviewed Paper In the framework of their research, Selinger et al. (2016) addressed several questions to reveal how the serotonin transporter gene influences the accuracy of subcortical speech encoding. First of all, they revealed their interest in the normal frequency following response (FFR) and cortical responses to the presentation of a syllable /ba/ on the background of a speech
Living in during the time of business globalization, it is natural that people from other countries go abroad to establish their business. There are no problems if a business is established in another country with the same culture and traditions. The problem of cultural conflict takes place in case the business is established in the country with a different culture. Thus, Eastern and Western cultures differ greatly. Working with Eastern employees, it is important to research their interests, to understand how they are working and what they expect from their work. The principles of Easter and Western management have many differences; therefore, when establishing a business in the Easter country, a Western entrepreneur has to search for the specifics of the cultural management style and to understand the peculiarities of the working process and the employees’ expectations in the country. Only in this case, the business will bring much success. Goodman has decided to establish a Western restaurant in China and having failed to consider the Chinese management principles; he suffers some difficulties. Still, they can be easily solved. Why do you think Goodman has a difficult time finding employees who can perform up to his expectations? How can he teach them to perform better? One of the main difficulties Goodman faces in China is the cultural differences he fails to understand correctly. Having created a good business, Goodman relies on his Western strategies and wants to implement the services which are popular in the West. However, he does not get into consideration the fact that the work in China requires other strategies, and that some services which are popular in the West remain without demand in the Easters countries (Chen, 2004). Hiring employees Goodman wants to make them work by the Western principles, but he does not think about training. China employees work differently, as another culture has trained them to do it in another way. Goodman wants them to work by the Western principl