ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Technology is an element of our culture that influence us and that is in turn shaped by people in order to suit their needs. Transformation of any aspect of our technology in turn changes the way we do our socio-economic and political activities. Information Communication Technology (ICT) in particular has undergone great advancement in the recent past and is still undergoing changes thereby altering the way we carry out virtually all of our activities. While there are numerous advantages that accrue from progress of the ICT like improving the speed at which information, news and ideas are transferred from one part of the globe to another and efficiency in various types of jobs, there are equally numerous criminal activities that have evolved alongside progress of the ICT. In other words, crime has also been transformed by ICT so that today we have what is called cyberspace crime that has brought up numerous legal and security challenges with respect to use of computers and the web. The purpose of this essay is to research on three types of crime that is frequently committed on the web and find out what can be done to prevent these crimes. It also seeks to establish whether different countries have different attitudes towards these crimes, whether the current computer and internet related laws are adequate and find out if criminals can be prosecuted across borders. What is cybercrime? Since time immemorial all human societies whether big or small, rich or poor, strong or weak, sophisticated or primitive have always forbidden activities that are deemed to be contrary to accepted societal values and morals Miller and Jentz (15). Arguably crime has always been a challenge to public order in all societies from the very humble beginnings of humanity. According to Darrow, a crime is.an act outlawed by the law of a country and which is deemed adequately serious to deserve providing punishment for its commission (6). Here it is important to note that it does not necessarily follow that the act is either good or bad; the penalty follows for the breach of the law and not essentially for the moral wrongdoing Darrow (6).Apparently something is not necessarily bad because it is outlawed by the law. There are various types of crime including property crime, white-collar crime, and public order crime like drunkardness, pornography and prostitution among others. Cybercrime is a new form of crime that has evolved alongside advancement in the use of internet and the computers. Cybercrime can be defined as an act related to the use of the internet and computers that is outlawed by laws that are now commonly known as cyber or computer-related laws that is considered sufficiently serious enough to deserve a punishment for its commission Gupta (5). Cybercrime primarily differs from ordinary crime in the sense that whereas traditional criminals use guns and other ordinary tools cybercriminals use computer technology Brenner (10).Therefore, cybercrime basically correspond to movement of real-world crime into internet and computer world or cyberspace which is basically the tool criminals use to commit old crimes in new ways B
The firm will use a SWOT matrix to help it analyze its future growth plans in the industry. The SWOT matrix involves an analysis of strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats, which a firm faces in the industry. It will help the firm identify all advantages and threats it faces in the industry. The first column of the SWOT matrix indicates attributes which are beneficial to a firm’s growth plans while the second column shows attributes which are harmful to a firm’s growth in the market (Harris, 2012, p. 33).                                                               Weaknesses:                                                Strengths:                                                                                                               Low costs. Competent staff. High quality production systems.  Inadequate skills, Low consumer loyalty, Weak brand power.                                                                                                                          Opportunities:                                                                                                                                                                         Threats:                                                   Low market share/penetration by major brands.                 Slow market growth,Stringent investment regulations.       Low technology usage by the firm’s competitors.                                                                                                                                                                                                    Figure 1 showing a SWOT matrix. A BCG or a growth share matrix will make it possible for the firm to analyze its performance in the industry by focusing on different products and business units. This will help the firm allocate resources effectively to different units after assessing their performance in the market (Harris, 2012, p. 37). Cash cows are business products that have a large share of a slow-growing market. They boost a firm’s profits even when other units perform poorly.Figure 2 showing a BCG/ Growth share Matrix. Dogs are units which do not have a large market share and they do not contribute positively to a firm’s profits. Question marks are units which have a high growth potential yet they make a firm incur a lot of expenses. Stars are units that have a large market share in an industry with a high growth potential. A SWOT matrix helps a firm understand its strengths and how it needs to exploit them to become more competitive in the market. It helps a firm identify specific areas of its operations that need more resources to help it achieve its objectives more effectively. A SWOT matrix helps a firm come up with an effective strategy that helps it assess the direction it is heading and what it needs to do to make its operations more competitive (Phadtare, 2011, p. 48). A SWOT matrix does not provide a firm wi
Vodafone Group Plc is a telecommunication company with most of its branches in Europe, Africa, United States of America, and the Middle East. In Australia, it is under Vodafone Hutchison Australia with a 50% share by Vodafone Group Plc and 50% share by Hutchison (Vodafone Group Plc, 2010). This company now provides 3G coverage services to 94% of Australians; these services are affordable and accessible by consumers. However, Vodafone operates in an environment where competition is high; there are other companies such as Optus, which provide similar products and services. Therefore, Vodafone should improve in the way it delivers its services to customers. Telecommunication industry operates in a challenging economic background and despite this, and the rising unemployment, the industry has continued to offer attractive services. This industry has remained resilient; however, it is not immune to changes in the economy because it renders services that are essential for work and social use. Despite the ups and downs of this industry, companies such as Vodafone and Optus remain innovative in their products and services, and still make reasonable profits (Vodafone Group Plc, 2010). Vodafone experiences slow growth in its voice and messaging market following competition from other companies such as Optus, and regulatory pressure. However, there are still opportunities for Vodafone in broadband markets and enterprising. This is because of the increasing demand for integrated solutions in Australia. Vodafone offers varieties of devices, which include handsets mobile USB modems, as well as data cards. The handsets take care of customers with different tastes and preferences and offers handsets with different price points and designs. The devices launched by this company include Blackberry Storm touch screen and iPhone (Vodafone Group Plc, 2010). Vodafone also offer mobile broadband, which enables customers to access the internet, the broadband has speeds of up to 2.0 Mbps uplink and 7.2 Mbps downlink. The company offers laptops of different models integrated with a 3G broadband and SIM cards. This is fit at the point of manufacture. The USB modems together with their stick are designed to use “plug and play” software. Netbooks are also available in a small and lighter design; this includes Dell mini 9 netbook (Vodafone Group Plc, 2010). Customers who would like to use broadband fixed services are provided with DSL routers in wireless and wired designed. Vodafone also offers voice services, which constitutes the largest part of the company’s revenue; this service ensures that customers make and receive calls from the same network and the other network. The fees paid for outgoing calls are at termination rate, which is regulated by the local regulators. The coverage of this service has been expanded internationally; therefore, customers can make and receive calls from the other operator’s mobile networks when they are abroad. There are also messaging services, which allow customers to receive and send messages, video, music, sounds and pictures using their han
It is difficult for an honest man to live in a corrupt world. This is the premise of Marcel Pagnol’s play entitled Topaze. An honest man in a corrupt world is like a fish out of water. In the said play the protagonist adhered to a set of values that are alien to the people that have adapted to a belief system that was rooted in corruption (Pagnol 10). If this is the case, then, the future looks bleak for those who aspire to follow the right path. It is therefore important to answer the query with regards to the difficulty of living in a corrupt world. However, a closer reading of the play will reveal that Pagnol did not write about the difficulty of living in a corrupt world, instead, he focused on the difficulty of attaining success. An honest man is an alien in a corrupt world. He possesses values that are counter-intuitive to a corrupt man. This can be seen in the early part of the story wherein the reader is cautioned about the foolishness of seeking after immoral gain (Pagnol 9). In the case of the protagonist named Topaze, he was naive enough to believe that the world he lived in shared his values (Popkin 164). His name symbolizes a precious stone in the midst of useless decaying matter. Corruption in its basic form means something is unable to survive till the end. A piece of meat left in open air cannot see the end of the week because the decomposing flesh is consumed by elements of decay. A precious stone on the other hand is precious not only because of its beauty but its staying power. Thus, a corrupt man may enjoy the trappings of wealth but unable to enjoy the true meaning of life. The rich man in the play wore beautiful clothes but endures the pain of a broken family (Pagnol 15). The wife of the wealthy patriarch possesses all the fine things that money can buy but goes home to an empty house because her husband spends the majority of his time with his mistress. The author said that it is better to suffer evil rather than to enjoy the fruits of immoral actions (Pagnol 9). An honest man may not be able to afford gold and diamonds but he can go home to a family that loves him. He can enjoy life with a wife that treats him with respect. In addition, an honest man can produce children that treat him with respect. There is one thing that can be expected in the life of a corrupt man and that is to replicate the same manner of thinking through his children (Pagnol 10) Consider for instance the way the son of the rich man tried to manipulate the system as he desired to achieve academic excellence without putting in real effort in his studies (Pagnol 11). Going back to the query regarding honesty, one can argue that an honest man can live in a corrupt world. However,
The Roman Catholic Church and its doctrines were influential in the Roman Empire and allowed the state to expand its lands and subjugate new peoples. The Church developed ideological concepts and built the life of ordinary people in such a way that it would be effective for the state. Due to its ethical core, the Roman Catholic Church was able to succeed in the Roman Empire. In its ethical concepts, the Roman Catholic Church developed from Stoicism, which was in great harmony with the public mood of the Roman Empire. Stoicism prevailed as one of life’s ideologies, both among noble people and among warriors. However, the Roman Catholic Church could not recognize Stoicism as its core as a philosophical trend. Church thinkers appeared who changed their point of view to Stoic philosophy; one of these greatest theologians was Saint Augustine. His literary and theological works have had a significant impact on the concept of man, will, reason, sin. It was substantial specifically for the Roman Empire, which draws its inner ideology from the reason. According to St. Augustine et al., “every good man resists others in those points in which he resists himself” (15:5). The theology of St. Augustine is deeply reflective, raising the question of struggle with sins, temptations, fears. The Roman Catholic Church was able to succeed in the Roman Empire since it had deliberately suitable concepts for society and state at its core. Theologians could remake Stoic constructs into religious ones, placing at the center reason, struggle and self-denial. One of these theologians was St. Augustine, who transformed Stoic ethics into a religious one. This ethic succeeded in uniting people in groups, raising imperial reputation, and waging wars, as it offered self-sacrifice in the name of atonement for sins. Work Cited Augustine, Saint, et al. The City of God . New City Press, 2018.
Introduction In the ever-changing business environment, Australian law has continuously changed to address some of the loopholes where some enforceable agreements would be at a disadvantage of either party. The rationale is that large conglomerates use unfair rules at the disadvantage of some perceived small parties. This discourse seeks to unveil the amendments in the common law borrowing heavily from unconscionable conduct. This was primarily because of the outcome of the case between the Commercial Bank of Australia and Amadio in 1983 (Crosling & Butterworths 2009, pp. 34-67). The case changed the ways trade practices interpreted unconscionable conduct, which has formed a large part of contracts and agreements between different parties. Indeed, it was the first case that the principle of the unconscionable act became applicable and as such, the Commercial Bank of Australia Ltd v Amadio (1983) 151 CLR 447 case inspired the amendments to the law of contract. Undoubtedly, there has been an increase in the number of laws that seek to protect consumers from unfair acts. This further reinforces the unconscionable conduct within the contract law. This paper explores the contract law in the context of the outcome of the Commercial Bank of Australia v Amadio case as explained in the concept of ‘unconscionable conduct’. Commercial Bank of Australia Ltd v Amadio (1983) 151 CLR 447 Background In 1983, Vicenzo Amadio sought a guarantee from his parents owing to his indebtedness to the Bank of Australia. The aged parents guaranteed the indebtedness of their son for him to continue with his business, which was primarily a building venture. Despite the bank’s knowledge of the business, the manager was convinced that Vicenzo had hidden some critical information from his parents regarding the solvency of his business. To the anticipation of the bank, the business failed and the bank went ahead to mortgage the business owned by Vicenzo. This raised the question of whether the enforceable agreement signed between him and the bank was still applicable given the circumstances that the bank had agreed to enter the contract with Amadio. At the outset, the court revealed that Amadios could speak little English, as it was not their first language (Crosling & Butterworths 2009, pp. 34-67). Besides, it became apparent that Amadio had made no efforts to seek consultation and advice from a professional firm regarding the contract that he had signed. In addition, the bank manager had prior knowledge of the precarious situation facing Amadio’s business but did not make efforts to inform the party of the need to lo
Chapter 1 The first chapter revisits a story on Lexus (rich countries) and the Olive tree (poor countries). It talks about facts and myths concerning globalization. The chapter is subdivided into five sections. The first section narrates the official history of globalization. The author (Ha-Joon Chang) narrates Toyota’s emergence in the automobile industry. He also mentions Toyota’s failure with its first car in the US market. However, he explains that half a century later, Toyota is currently a globalization icon with numerous brands namely Lexus, among others. He also revisits the story of Samsung, which began as exporters of fish but later turned to semiconductor technology. Samsung has since advanced in technology. Like Toyota, they now boast of presence in most parts of the world (Chang 1-21). The author also explores the impacts of free trade and foreign investment on developing economies. Later, the author talks about the real history of globalization, in which he mentions the Korean War and its effects on the two economies. He also gives evidence of the basic commodities exported by Korea during that era. The tremendous economic achievement made by South Korea is also mention in this section. The book also unveils information on neo-liberals and neo-idiotic, the latter of which, was brought by rich countries (the United States and its allies) through international organizations namely WTO, World Bank, and IMF. He disagrees with neo-liberals’ view of Korean emergence. He continues by saying that rich countries run the world economy. In his last section, Chang poses the question of whether bad Samaritans are winning. He also agrees with Thomas Friedman that unless poor (Olive tree) countries use their economic policies, they would never join rich (Lexus) countries (Chang 1-21). Chapter 2 The second chapter talks about the double life of Defoe Daniel. In essence, it explores how rich countries managed to acquire their wealth. This chapter is divided into six sections, the first of which talks about Britain and how it ruled the world. The second talks about the British economy, which he says has double facets. The third section talks about America’s emergence into the fray as well as its involvement in the bid for supremac
The diagnosis of diabetic neuropathy suggested in this post seems to be the most suitable condition for the case. The patient’s complaint of increasing tingling sensation in the lower extremities is one of the major signs of peripheral neuropathy (Buttaro, Trybulski, Polgar Bailey, & Sandberg-Cook, 2017). Moreover, his history of type 2 diabetes, obesity, and dyslipidemia are among the primary risk factors for this disorder (Pop-Busui et al., 2017). According to Pop-Busui et al. (2017), the diagnosis of diabetic neuropathy can be confirmed by exclusion, so many tests (that are listed in the post) should be performed before suggesting treatment options. However, some lifestyle changes and learning programs can be suggested immediately. It is vital to note that the patient lost his medication and skipped a week’s worth of doses – all medications should be continued to control his hypertension, cholesterol levels, and diabetes. His attitude towards the medical plan shows that education about medication is necessary. Powers et al. (2017) outline the crucial role of diabetes self-management support (DSMS) and diabetes self-management education (DMSE) for patients with type 2 diabetes. Thus, the nurse should consider referring the patient to these programs for him to discuss his current needs. For example, he can talk about creating a support network since he lives alone and it may be challenging for him to get help or receive positive reinforcements. The initiatives centered on learning and support also address people’s health literacy and financial status. In this case, the patient’s lack of attention to his medication should be a priority since diabetic neuropathy requires strict glucose control apart from medical solutions (Pop-Busui et al., 2017). Additional advice includes a healthy diet (that aligns with considerations about glucose levels) and exercise. The fact that the patient did not take any medications for a week may raise many concerns about his well-being. First of all, the diagnosis of diabetic neuropathy seems to correlate with all symptoms and the physical examination of the patient (Pop-Busui et al., 2017). The diagnostic tests suggested in the post will help the specialist to confirm the presence of neuropathy. The patient’s cholesterol levels have to be addressed primarily because the patient’s low adherence to controlling medications may raise his risk of heart problems (Buttaro, Trybulski, Polgar Bailey, & Sandberg-Cook, 2017). Reviewing the patient’s current medication plan and discussing it with him is essential. Perhaps, he will benefit from developing a system of reminders to take medication on time or keep it with him in a special container. The addition of pregabalin or duloxetine to the drug treatment is in line with the latest recommendations for relieving neuropathic pain (Pop-Busui et al., 2017). These medications are the first-line treatment for this condition. Apart from revising the patient’s pharmacological treatment plans and suggesting educational programs, the nurse can advise the man on some lifestyle changes. For example, one may di
These days many individuals engage in active use of social media, with the trend particularly prominent among young adults often referred to as Generation Z. While there certainly are some benefits to social networks that became especially apparent during the COVID-19 pandemic (allowing people to stay connected while in quarantine), evidence suggests that excessive consumption of social media content can have a negative impact on a person’s mental health. Therefore, people must become mindful of their activities online. There are several dangers associated with increased social network usage. If an individual stays online browsing their feed for prolonged periods or frequently and compulsively checks the latest updates, it can be considered an addiction. Such behaviors are associated with several negative implications. First of all, it is linked to increased alienation levels since people who spend large proportions of their time online tend to be less invested in the real world, missing opportunities for building and maintaining meaningful relationships (Yadav & Rai, 2017). Moreover, frequent distractions and prolonged usage of social networks are likely to negatively affect their professional or academic performance (Yadav & Rai, 2017). Active social media users may have problems concentrating, feeling a constant compulsive desire to check their smartphones. There are many ways how people’s well-being can suffer due to the excessive use of social networks. For instance, research suggests that individuals who consume much social media content tend to compare themselves to others more often, leading to lower self-esteem levels (Shensa et al., 2017; Hawi & Samaha, 2017). Moreover, many studies find correlations between social media addiction and signs of depression (Barry, Sidoti, Briggs, Reiter, & Lindsey, 2017; Kelly, Zilanawala, Booker, & Sacker, 2018). The reported symptoms include anxiety, sleep disturbances, and body image issues (Kelly et al., 2018). Thus, individuals who spend much time online are at increased risk of developing mental illnesses, such as depression or eating disorders. It is also worth