ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Every business enterprise, no matter its size, profitability, or specialization, must maintain a record of its finances. The financial reports consist of specific sections that highlight various means by which money navigates or is being utilized in business, thus communicating the essential economic data to the market. The data can be used internally to make business decisions or by external parties to evaluate the solvency of an organization (“Financial statements,” n.d.). In economics, which emphasizes the principle of making the most logical decision based on the best available facts, such key information is invaluable. This report will outline critical components of financial statements as well as how the information is presented and the purpose for which it is utilized. Financial Statement Financial statements are a series of reports that a business presents about its cash flow based on fiscal outcomes and an enterprise’s economic state. They evaluate the solvency of a business through its ability to produce profits and how this money is used, particularly the capacity to repay debts. It also allows assessing the business’ structure, long-term development, and ability to meet expected financial targets (“Financial statements,” 2017). The most basic and standard type of financial report that every business is expected to maintain is called a balance sheet. This report provides current and detailed information on an organization’s assets, liabilities, and shareholder’s equity. The balance sheet attempts to literally ‘balance’ these components through the following formula: (U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, 2007). The report is set up in accordance with this formula, listing the items in the order that they are in the equation. Assets Assets are items or financial tools (cash) that a business owns. According to Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP), it is expected that the company maintains full control of the assets and at any time they can be used to yield financial benefit. They must also be a result of a previous transaction (MaRS, 2014). Although there may be some discrepancies with such aspects as intangible assets, since accounting tends to be conservative, these guidelines should be followed in order for an item to qualify under this section on a balance sheet. Liabilities Liabilities essentially serve as a counter to an organization’s assets. When compared to the balance sheet assets, it becomes a reliable indicator of a company’s liquidity. Liabilities must appear as a result of a transaction. They are a current obligation that will culminate in a future cost for an organization (MaRS, 2014). On a balance sheet, liabilities most often appear with the ending “payable.” It is important to note that liabilities are not limited to external debts but are applied to internal obligations as well (such as payroll). It is possible that a company may have commitments or contingent liabilities. However, in th
Introduction Among the four P’s of marketing, pricing is probably among the most important. Its importance is best represented by the fact that pricing generates an organization’s turnover (Ranganathan 2001, p. 1). However, developing a sound pricing policy is not an easy process because pricing must reflect the supply and demand relationship of the product in question. Indeed, pricing a product too high or too low could lead to significant losses for the organization because it could put off customers or not match up to the market dynamics (Ferrell 2010). There is no shortfall to the number of companies which have made unsuccessful attempts at developing poor pricing policies. For example, the pricing policy adopted by Honda Civic was largely unsuccessful because the company realized significant losses from its pricing strategy (Ferrell 2010). The company has since been trying to reinvent itself. This paper recognizes the pitfalls in developing a sound pricing policy and from this awareness; it seeks to develop a sound pricing policy for a bike. To achieve this objective, several factors will be considered. First, this paper analyzes the general conditions for the product. Specifically, the target market will be analyzed to expose the unique characteristics of the product (viz-a-viz the pricing policy). In addition, this paper highlights the different kinds of studies that ought to be undertaken before developing the final pricing policy. Alongside this goal will be identifying the objectives of the pricing strategy. It is only until these elements are effectively explained that the pricing strategy will be unveiled. To explain the criterion for developing the pricing policy, calculations will be given to show how the price of the product was arrived at. Finally, information about the long-term and short-term lower price limits will be given. General Conditions for the Product Already, we have established that this paper focuses on a bike as the chosen product for developing an effective pricing policy. The bike in focus will be a mountain bike which is specifically designed for hiking and other recreational activities. The product’s image will be designed to appeal to a young target market that is enthusiastic about technology and convenience. This perception is expected to be created from the product’s image which will be relied on to communicate a reliable piece of art which will withstand the most treacherous terrains. The product’s image will therefore be expected to communicate the message that the bike can be used in the rockiest and steepest terrains without being damaged. A range of colors and sizes will also be offered to appeal to different segments of the target market. Based on the functions of the bike, the target market will be comprised of people between the age of 12 and 30. This population group is perceived to have a higher inclination of engaging in recreational activities like mountaineering or hiking (Young 2011). However, the target market also includes other institutions that engage in the primary functions of the bike. For example, different organizations hire bicycles to different bike enthusiasts and
Introduction and Overview The history of McGraw-Hill dates back to 1917 when James H. McGraw and John A. Hill decided to merge their companies. In 1995, it was re-branded from McGraw-Hill Publishing Company to McGraw-Hill Companies to reflect its diversity. The current CEO, president, and chairman of this New York City-based company is Harold McGraw III. Mission, Goals, and Current Strategies McGraw-Hill’s mission is to create a smarter and better world where everybody can achieve knowledge by cheaper means. Also, its mission is to offer its clients essential information that will promote their potential. The current strategy of McGraw-Hill, which develops according to three major branches (publishing, marketing research, and broadcasting) is oriented to re-structuring and division. Internal Analysis According to the Internal Factor Evaluation Matrix (IFEM) score of 2.7, McGraw-Hill’s position about the combination of internal factors can be discussed as strong. Management   * A major strength that ensures there are no delays in making decisions in the company is that the management is structured as vertical-horizontal, and the company has one CEO that performs the functions as the chairman and president of the company. This was weighted.09, a moderate sense of urgency, because CEO regulates the work of all the departments.   * A minor weakness that can affect decision making is that the president, chairman, and CEO Harold McGraw III has numerous responsibilities. This was weighted.11, a moderate sense of urgency. The company should consider the decentralization of the roles of the president to reduce risks that occur because of relying on an individual to make decisions for others. Finance   * McGraw-Hill has a lot of capital that enables it to acquire other businesses and expand their operations. The total assets of this company are valued at $ 7.047 billion. This large capital base is a major strength. This was weighted.12, a high sense of urgency because the company manages inflation and has adequate funds to invest in new ventures.   * Financial metrics: The total assets for 2010 are of $7,046,561; the total liabilities for 2010 are of $4,755,170; thus, the total liabilities and equity for 2010 are of $7,046,561 in comparison with $6,475,250 of 2009. Marketing and Service The company markets its products through various ways that ensure the informatio
Introduction In this paper, I will expound on the relationship between context and building. The study will be in three parts. In the first part, I would define the concept of context and its relationship with architecture. In the second part, I will highlight the role of context in architectural works. The discussion would include an understanding of what a disintegrated meaning of context would imply to the architectural space and an examination of the importance of the understanding of local cultural values in architecture because local culture plays a major role in giving an identity to building designs. Next, I will be addressing architectural attitudes toward context by examining vernacular architecture, organic architecture, and modern architecture. The last section of this paper will be the conclusion section, which will highlight strategies about contextual fitting and emphasize the importance of site analysis and the incorporation of design principles in the establishment of architectural forms. The gist of the study is to reiterate the importance of including design principles, such as contrast, harmony, scale, and proportion in the decision of architects towards contextual design consideration. What is Context? By definition, context simply refers to the use
Introduction Situational Definition of Media Censorship Censorship refers to the act of regulating content that media outlets transmit to the public. It is important because it deters them from distributing offensive content to the public. Essentially, it helps curb cases of misunderstanding that emanate from unregulated exposure to material. Magoon (2010) believes that television programs, movies, plays, art and speech can be censored (p. 8). Many countries have media censorship policies and United Arab Emirates is no exception. The ministry of communication in many countries compels media houses to conform to the set rules and regulations before distributing to content to the public. Poor observation of the rules may lead to the closure of the media house, lawsuit or prosecution of the person in question. In United Arab Emirates, it is the Telecommunication Authority which controls media activities. Therefore, all the media firms ought to comply with its regulations. The ethical theory suggests that any material meant for public attention should not arouse underlying emotions from a negative perspective. Similarly, it should take care of the interests of the target population. Ethics guide the way people live and relate to each other. Hence, a strained relationship in the society amounts to non-peaceful coexistence. Advertisers ought to maintain the highest level of integrity when crafting adverts. Media Censorship: Analysis of United Arab Emirates The media censorship policies in the United Arab Emirates have gained significantly. It is rare to find offensive material in many of its media channels. However, it should do more to ensure that unrated material is not readily available. The media censorship bodies may tighten the regulations and seal all the loopholes that may allow explicit material to reach public attention either through advertisements or films. It is a fact the media censorship authority in United Arab Emirates believes that the public regardless of their age are vulnerable to inappropriate material. Therefore, it ought to address the issues from the roots to fix all the loopholes that allow offensive material reach the unintended audience. The marketers should design their adverts in a manner is eye catching yet pleasing to the audience. United Arab Emirates government has serious restrictive policies to media houses especially those in Dubai and Abu Dhabi. Hence, many of them complain that the restrictions limit their freedom of expression. United Arab Emirates is so far one of the most conservative nations in the Middle East in terms of media freedom. Its federal laws empower censorship authorities to examine the content in publications before the media houses distribute them to the public. However, the Emirates’ government has been criticized for its intolerance to any form of criticism just like was the case in America in the ancient decades (Foerstel, 1998). Cases of journalists complaining of prosecutio
Potential dilemma that one may face in APRN role A potential ethical dilemma that I may face in my role as a family nurse practitioner is the use of opioids to treat chronic pain in patients. This would present an ethical dilemma of acting following the nursing principle of nonmaleficence. Nonmaleficence is a nursing ethical principle that involves the avoidance of any action that could harm patients (Bernhofer 47). This principle presents a tough ethical problem because it is important to choose an appropriate treatment method that will not harm the patient but that will relieve the pain. The controversy surrounding the use of opiates would also present an ethical problem. Their side effects include nausea, somnolence, addiction, constipation, and dependence (Candiotti and Gitlin 1678). Situation summary and potential solutions A family nurse practitioner could be afraid of the possibility of causing harm while treating chronic pain because many pain treatment remedies have adverse side effects. However, nurses need to understand that treatment of pain causes a lot of discomforts. Therefore, failing to treat it effectively could cause long-term effects that can be more painful than the side effects of the treatment method used. For instance, such pain can adversely affect the physical and emotional wellbeing of the patient. Collaboration with other healthcare professionals can help patients to deal with treatment. For instance, therapy, hypnosis, and relaxation techniques can help patients cope with pain effectively. Family nurse practitioners can therefore work with physicians, psychotherapists, and psychologists who can deal with the various aspects of pain and its treatment. For instance, studies have shown that chronic pain is associated with psychological responses (Rosenblum 409). These healthcare professionals can teach patients how to perform deep muscle relaxation, move attention away from the pain, and evoke pleasant images and thoughts that bring feelings of relaxation. The psychologist can help the patient deal with the emotional aspect of pain. These skills empower the patient to cope with the pain and the side effects of treatment. Potential cost and benefits The potential cost to the proposed solution includes additional financial charges, risk of dependence, and probability of addiction. It is challenging for a patient suffering from chronic pain because, in many instances, the distress caused by the pain can lead to loss of interest in many activities, grief, and hopelessness. This makes it difficult to convince the patient to accept a risky and controversial treatment remedy. The aforementioned solution is costly and risky. The treatment would require the consent of the patient and the family. On the other hand, the benefits include better coping by the patient, a higher quality of life, improved body control, and improved health outcomes. Collaborating with other professionals would help the nurse to prevent harm to patients that could occur in the form of anxiety, depression, or suicide. Opposition to one’s position The decision to use opioids to
Introduction Marvin Harris is an American representative of the cultural anthropology. He is a supporter of cultural relativism and developer of cultural materialism. On the basis of the expeditions to Brazil and the USA, he researched the primitive cultures, traditional ethnic psychology, and the influence of the permanent customs on the culture of the nowadays peoples. Harris examines the primitive cultures and modern civilization as a form of human adaptation in the environment. The book “Cows, Pigs, Wars, and Witches” deals with the problem of the religious determination of culture. The title hints at the most known mysterious beliefs of the different religious groups. The most significant section for us is about Christian belief in the Messiah. The point of the work is to explain the significance of the Biblical stories for the culture of contemporary US society. The factors of formation of the culture of contemporary US society Harris’ cultural materialism is orientated towards the complex, systematic research of the methods, structures and results of the interaction between people and natural environment. It is found on the predictable ties between physical and social characteristics of the joint life and activity of people and their realization in culture. On the basis of the human physical requirements there can be distinguished four levels of human organization. The first level is the infrastructure of industrial production and human reproduction. The second level concerns the organization of domestic and political economy. The next level forms the superstructure of social relationships. And the last level is a mental or intellectual organization. Each level determines the next one. Harris explains the people actions by their tie with the social and ecological environment. He claims that the Messiah complex is a way to subdue peoples of different traditions, and to provide the common system of values. People have a tendency to subordinate their beliefs to the natural and social conditions on which they depend. Harris says people worked out the system of the population control in order to prevent the nature from the harmful influence of humans. “In most primitive societies, warfare is an effective means of population control because intense, recurring intergroup combat places a premium upon rearing male rather than female infants” (Harris, 1974, p. 159). But Harris claims that humans have to fight because “they lack alternative solutions to certain problems” (p. 160). The religious norms were applied and consolidated as they became the alternative way of control. Christianity brought regularity to life through the precise instructions of behavior and the way of life. The Messiah becomes the example for imitation. The book refers to Jews who didn’t adopt Christ as their Messiah. They follow the Old Testament prophets in the fulfillment of the Law, and they warfare against the Roman church. The contem
John Kotter’s change model includes eight crucial mistakes that are typical for businesses and organizations. Undergoing changes regardless of their scale and direction may be challenging. It is vital to introduce an appropriate multifactor approach to changes in order to mitigate associated risks and prevent mistakes. Kotter’s model outlines not anchoring changes in the corporation’s culture as a significant error that may have adverse effects (Rajan & Ganesan, 2017). It is one of the most common mistakes that might occur in businesses as it might be complicated to introduce a comprehensive approach and address diverse dimensions during transformations. Even though it can be challenging to adjust organizational culture, it is an inseparable part of effective change. Abura is a relatively small domestic company that manufactures various components for the computer industry. For many years, its main strategy was focusing on cooperation with a large computer company that contributed to almost 80% of Abura’s revenue. However, the targeted company was experiencing hard times, and a considerable shortage in demand was expected. Abura’s management decides to expand the customer base and shift the attention to small organizations and even individuals who provide repair services and need the components. However, the above-mentioned solution failed to produce the expected result. Such consequences can be explained by the fact that Abura highlighted the decision itself and did not take any concrete steps to implement it. The corporate culture of the company remained the same and was not flexible enough to effectively work with several clients that have different requirements. The error could be avoided if Abura developed a comprehensive action plan aimed at gradually transforming the company’s culture in accordance with the new strategy. It might also be highly beneficial to learn from the experience of similar organizations that work with several small business partners. Reference Rajan, R., & Ganesan, R. (2017). A critical analysis of John P. Kotter’s change management framework. Asian Journal of Research in Business Economics and Management , 7 (7), 181. Web.
Introduction There is no use denying the fact that existence of human society is possible due to the ability of people to impart knowledge and experience to new generations. It is also obvious that this process is impossible without teaching which was created in order to make the process of data transfer more efficient. Since the appearance of this science people had been trying to create some remedies which could make teaching more efficient. Moreover, different periods of history can be characterized by various approaches to the process of teaching and, that is why, teachers used a great number of things in their work to make the process more efficient. Modern age is not an exception. Though, it is obvious that it has its own unique features. First of all, it is the blistering development of technologies and industrial revolution. That is why, the appearance of the term teaching machines can also be related to our age (Ludy para. 6). Having appeared, the issue became so significant and caused such a great influence on teaching that nowadays it is difficult to imagine modern education without the usage of this tool (Watters para. 3). Resting on this fact, there is also a great number of different researches and articles devoted to this issue. One of these articles is the work Teaching Machines by B. F. Skinner. Main ideas of the paper In the given research, the author cogitates about the issue of teaching machines. The work presents the authors point of view on the way these machines work and also has some historical retrospectives connected with teaching machines. The article starts with the description of Presseys Teaching Machines and the main principles according to which they worked. These machines could teach pupils and it was a new feature (Skinner 969). However, they still had to be used after some training. Thus, it was an important step in the development of the whole issue. Main purpose The main purpose of the article is to show readers the process of development of teaching machines and the main principles of their work . In the given work, the author cogitates about the tasks which can be accomplished with the help of these machines. He tries to show readers that they do not teach, however, being used with some other remedies and tools, they can help to increase the level of efficiency of teaching process significantly. Moreover, the author shows some other ways to use teaching machines in the sphere of education. It should be said that Skinner is not the only researcher who tries to show positive sides of this issue. Nichole Wleklinski, in her article, agrees with Skinners ideas, statin