ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction A soccer game consists of two opposing teams of 11 players apiece. Each player in a team is been assigned a specific role. In the past, various soccer positions were largely static and defined (Beswick 160). Over time, however, soccer has evolved greatly and most of these roles have changed. This essay acts as a guide to the different positions of soccer players, and the roles that come with them. In addition, the essay will also examine the changing roles of a soccer player. Role of various soccer players The goalkeeper tries to ensure that the opposing team does not score. This position requires special training and skills. As a goalkeeper, you will often be called upon to organize or coordinate your defenders into position (Rhody 23). You are the last player on the field and as such, are at a vantage position to not only see how other players are organized in the field of play, but can actually predict the way the game is likely to develop. This is especially important during goal kicks, free kicks, and corner kicks (Luxbacher 2). The goalkeeper should protect the goal by kicking, catching, or punching the ball back into the field of play. He can also initiate the team’s attack. He is the only player on the field who is allowed to control the ball using his hands, but this can only happen within his team’s penalty box. In front of the goalkeeper are the two centrebacks. Centrebacks are faced with the real challenge of stopping strikers of the opposing team from scoring from the center of the defensive line. After the goalkeeper, centrebacks cover the least distance in a soccer match. They are also hardly ever involved in the offense, save for when their team wins set pieces such as free kicks and corners (Luxbacher 3). Centrebacks must be focused, strong in the air, and good at tackling. More importantly, the centreback should be very good at reading the game. Fullbacks play on either side of the defense, and hence the leftback and rightback positions. Fullbacks need to be very quick as they have to cover the flanks and at the same time, mark the opposing team’s forward or striker. Fullbacks contribute to the team’s offense by pushing up the flanks. This calls for good stamina and speed. In the past, full-backs always remained in their team’s defense area (Rhody 43). The only time when fullbacks would be allowed to enter the opposing side’s 18 yard box was when the team was either taking a free kick or corner. This role has somewhat changed in modern soccer as some can at times act as wingers when their team is attacking in the hope of stretching out the opposing team’s defense. Central midfielders are the engine of the team. They function in both defense and attack. Central midfielders make a lot of runs and therefore, the position requires a lot of stamina. Besides holding possession an
Antegone by Sophocles is a tragedy which states the problem of relationships between relatives, family traditions, and the duty of a governor. It may be really complicated to combine the responsibilities of those two social characters as being a governor may mean to betray some family traditions that leads to betrayal of government responsibilities and obligations incase family is supported. The play under consideration clearly identifies this problem having presented a specific example. The main points which should be discussed in the paper are as follows, no matter which position one occupies, family traditions must be followed as it is forever while the position in the government may be temporary. People should praise their roots and do not forget about their human qualities while running the country. Antegone by Sophocles is a good example when a governor has forgotten his roots. Polyneices had to be given burial rituals in accordance with the family tradition. If the burial ceremony was followed, the situation would be absolutely different and would not lead to those disasters. Additionally, those who buried Polyneices in defiance of state should not be punished as well as Creon does not have the right to be entitled to the throne. Polyneices should have been buried in accordance with the specific rituals inherent to the family tradition. Family is a sacred place, no one can destroy it or try to question its peculiarity. Creon has tried to put the priorities of the government under the priorities of the family. This is wrong. Who are always near? Who will never betray? Who will do all possible to protect in case of problems? There is only one correct answer – family! Only the family will help in complicated situations and the failure to follow the family tradition means betrayal. This is exactly what Creon did by refusing to meet the family tradition and bury Polyneices in accordance wit the rules. Traditions which are followed from generation to generation bear great significance. The connection with all the relatives, spiritual link to generations is felt via traditions and rude violation of the latter is inadmissible. It is impossible to ignore the reasons why Creon refused to bury Polyneices in accordance with particular family traditions, but he had a choice. People always have the right to choose what is more important for them. Creon’s decision cannot be justified as well as it cannot be explained by means of reasonable arguments. Family should be at the first
Populations that are targeted The primary populations targeted by Kaiser Permanente are employees and families with no specific disease or condition being targeted; rather, Kaiser provides a broad array of medical services that are customized based on the needs of a particular client. For example, the health plans provided for employees by a company utilizing the services of Kaiser may be broader as compared to the plans for families that have specific hereditary conditions (i.e. a history of heart disease, cancer, etc.) (Strandberg-Larsen et al. 2012). The primary population targeted by Kaiser within California is usually 23 to 55-year-olds with its secondary client base consisting of individuals 18 and below and 60 and above (Strandberg-Larsen et al. 2012). Participating Payers Participating payers under Kaiser Permanente consist of Medicare, individual payments or prior contracts with local businesses. Due to the size and number of facilities that Kaiser has, this enables the company to enter into different types of specialized payment contracts as compared to other care providers. This means that Kaiser is not limited to Medicare insurance, rather, it allows individuals and businesses to custom design their payment plans based on their needs (Strandberg-Larsen et al. 2012). In fact, a person can apply for a specialized insurance plan online through Kaiser via their website and get medical insurance within a few minutes. Type of Insurance Product It is interesting to note that Kaiser Permanente provides both HMO and PPO plans on a per-client or a per business basis. What must be understood is that Kaiser is one of the largest health care service providers in the world with a network of 37 medical centers and 14,600 active physicians (Strandberg-Larsen et al., 2010). As a result, it can leverage its resources at a far more effective rate as compared to other healthcare service providers. As such, the type and scale of coverage depends on the needs of an individual or business in question. On average, businesses normally opt to have a broad HMO for their employees that allow for low to mid-level deductions on consultations and surgeries or even cost-free services (Strandberg-Larsen et al., 2010). Though such plans do have a set limit and are often lacking when it comes to more specialized needs and services. On the other hand, PPOs are usually utilized by families or individuals that require more specialized services or need to be able to visit any doctor they choose. Participating Providers Since Kaiser Permanente is an integrated managed care consortium, this means that it has its own medical care facilities and subsidiaries. Its health care providers primarily consist of its various foundation hospitals and as well as its autonomous medical groups located in various states in the U.S. These establishments are primarily located in Northern and Southern California,
Introduction Commodification is used to denote the process of transforming goods and services into commodities. Here, commodity is construed not in the ordinary business sense but as something that can be sold and bought and not to be given as a donation. Well according to Marx, commodification occurs in such a situation where some form of economic worth is attached on any material that had no value initially. 1 This, he contends, could mean an opinion that is later transformed into something the can be sold and bought, and which is subject to prevailing market forces. Commodification essentially means the process through which initially non-tradable goods and services are transformed into sellable and buyable commodities. Marx contends that commodification is a characteristic of capitalist systems. That the system of capitalism is progressively undergoing transformations as to embrace globalization is a true reflection that the system is running out of control of the states. 2 Why commodification is an outcome of capitalism and why this is inevitable Capitalism is a market economy. Capitalism upholds a system of economic determinism where those who own the means of production almost control the situations of the property-less wage earners. Capitalism operates on the principle of profit maximization. In this system, Marx posit, it is not only goods and services that are dealt in but even labor power is involved. 3 Commodification in this system generates from the fact that there are expanding property (goods and services) relations to the extent that the production for exchange purposes outdoes production for subsistence purposes. It also generates from the inclusion expanding capacities for the generation of such commodities. 4 Given the fact that capitalism embraces free market protocol, commodity and production relations have been transformed to include labor power. Globalization is a result of the outward looking policies of the capitalism system. It is this globalization that has transformed the traditional commodities such as to now include unconventional commodities such as sex tourism as a service. Since capitalism employs a structure that pits the owners of means of production and the proletariat, even in the context of profit maximization, the owners of productive forces continue to enjoy surplus value by expropriating and alienating the workers. This results in perpetual dependence on working for the profit earners in order to sustain their selves, thus they are always coerced indirectly to sell their body capacities for labor in order to earn money in form of wages. 5 Even more are forced to join work and therefore surrender to being commodified. It should also be noted that with the increasing alienation, increase in the variety of goods being introduced to the market is expected. In that scenario, therefore, the number of those recruiting themselves for wages in order to meet their subsistence needs expectedly increase. This reveals how the process of commodi
When people talk about globalization in economics, they often mean conglomerates that occupy a considerable market share. However, there is the second category of companies that are usually smaller and do not follow the traditional path of development. The purpose of this essay is to evaluate the so-called Born Global companies, explore their differences and analyze the benefits of the methods they use. First of all, the critical difference between traditional companies and organizations of this type is the market’s focus. Typical enterprises are formed with the expectation of the nearest market. However, companies that initially focus on the global market are entirely subject to this concept. The implementation of this approach is only possible thanks to modern technologies, such as the Internet. Thanks to technology, there is no need for a large team since various automation possibilities exist. Finally, the technological ability to find the right customer without being tied to the nearest market allows creating more unique products. These differences have several advantages at once, which allow such companies to realize themselves in the world market. First, due to a well-defined concept and an initial understanding of the company’s orientation, organizational activities in interacting with the global economic community can be established more efficiently. While traditional companies need to restructure their work principles to meet the worldwide market requirements, initially multinational companies do not have this problem. Second, the widespread use of modern technology puts companies in a better position over those who use predominantly traditional methods. A high degree of digitalization is significant in the international market since it reduces delays in the transfer of goods or information. A small staff allows acting more mobile and ambitious, which is also extremely important in
Introduction The US government has formulated a number of macroeconomic policies to stimulate the country’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP) as restoration strategies. Some of the macroeconomic policies that the US government has considered include increasing the level of spending in defence, education, and infrastructure. According to Greg (2009, 2), increasing the level of spending is one of the strategies that is used to restore an economy from recession. In implementing these policies, the government increased the amount of funds appropriated to these expenditure items. However, 18 months later, the growth in GDP was only by three quarters of the expected result. This situation can be associated with the following factors. Increase in inflation rate Government spending is a component of the aggregate demand. The aggregate demand consists of consumer expenditure, tax, investment and government expenditure and the net exports. By increasing the amount of government spending through education, defence and infrastructu
Concept definition Organizational culture can be defined as a set of values and beliefs that are shared by the employees of an organization. The role of the culture in the organization in fostering creativity and innovation can be seen as a contributing factor, which contains several determinants. In Martins and Terblanche (2003) the determinants of the organizational culture that influence creativity and innovation were found to be related to the following areas:   * Strategy   * Structure   * Support Mechanisms   * Encouraging behavior   * Communication Each of the aforementioned areas contains a set of conditions that should be met to promote creativity and innovation, as “creativity and innovation will flourish only under the right circumstances in an organization” (Martins and Terblanche 73). In that regard, as the aforementioned determinants can promote innovation and creativity, they can also inhibit them. Accordingly, the main elements of the organizational culture influence creativity and innovation in two forms, which are the socialization processes, e.g. making assumptions and learning, and enactment in established forms, e.g. structures, policies, management practices, etc (Martins and Terblanche 68). Article Discussion The article “How to Build a Culture of Innovation” by Jessie Scanlon described the process of buil
“Blue Gold: World Water Wars”: Video Summary It is apparent that future wars will be mainly fought as a result of the struggle for water resources. As it stands now, politics has engulfed the water debate to an extent that crucial legislations cannot be readily passed by lawmakers in order to protect this scarce commodity. As a matter of fact, the global marketplace is heavily relying on water for sustainable development. There is an increasing desire by corrupt governments, private investors and corporate giants to control the declining supply of water. This explains why citizens across the globe have mounted public protests coupled with lawsuits so as to regain control of this precious commodity. It is also interesting to mention that poor management of water led to the collapse of past civilizations. The same scenario can still repeat itself in the contemporary world if effective water management is not practiced. In regards to the changing and dwindling water resources, it is prudent to underscore the fact that climate change is largely to blame for this growing challenge. Destructive human activities through the emission of greenhouse gases have altered atmospheric composition. As a result, the global temperatures are above the natural average thereby causing serious weather and climatic patterns on the surface of the earth. One of the key resources that have been grossly impacted by climate change is water. Needless to say, it calls for concerted effort by both citizens and relevant government authorities as well as the international community to bring water resource management back to order. Ancient societies cherished water and modeled their lives around it. They even worshipped water as a god. In other words, a lot of value was attached to water resources. Change in climate has significantly modified water resources. The ancient Mayan society was equally affected by the dwindling water resources. Human activities have vastly polluted water resources as witnessed in Mexico City. Industrial effluents and sewerage systems from domestic wastes are channeled into rivers and other water bodies. This leads to loss of oxygen in rivers. As a result, aquatic life has been exposed to gross danger. Pollution of water systems especially in Africa and other third world countries has led to high rates of morbidity and mortality. Cholera, malaria, and typhoid are common in regions affected by water pollution. The film also points out that water is categorized as an economic good by the United Nations. It has an inherent economic value more than minerals. In the case of Mexico, it appears that the past regimes have never put a lot of focus on the utilization of water resources. A company like Coca Cola received the largest water concessions from the Mexican government. However, the negative economic impacts of harvesting large volumes of water are yet to be addressed by the authorities. Coca Cola ruled Mexico for a long time by being the largest user of water. Protests over water resources have been witnessed in the past. Even some of the
Human society is a complex phenomenon where people are discriminated against by others only because of the physical or mental differences they might display. Among these differences, additional weight is one of the often reasons for discrimination. This paper focuses on the examination and comparative analysis of two essays dealing with the topic of weight-based prejudice in modern society. These essays are One Picture Is Worth a Thousand Diets by Charisse Goodman and Big Fat Girl: A True Story by Judith Moore. This paper will attempt to examine the argument techniques used by the authors to support and develop their points of view. To begin with, Ms. Goodman (2007) starts her argument by stating that “movies, television, magazines, newspapers, and preachifying self-help books all reinforce and amplify the ignorant stereotypes about fat people that America holds so close and dear; taken together, they constitute a framework of “petrified opinions” which few dare to question” (Goodman, 2007, p. 605). The points Ms. Goodman implements to support this statement are based on her research that lasted “for several months before [she] realized this research was the waste of energy” (Goodman, 2007, p. 606). During her research, Ms. Goodman addressed 11 mainstream journals, local and national newspapers, advertisements, TV commercials, etc. only to find out the pitiful statistics comparing 645 images of thin females to only 11 pictures of the “heavy women” (Goodman, 2007, p. 606). As contrasted, the arguments Jane Stern uses in her Moore’s work review are based not on research but on the personal ideas by Ms. Moore who tried numerous diets and exercises but remained fat simply because her “fat resists loss” (Stern, 2005). Thus, touching the same topic, the two works analyzed use different means of supporting their ideas. Another interesting technique that Ms. Goodman uses in her essay is the wide implementation of quotations from famous people in the world of literature of civil rights. For example, the opening quote of the essay is used by the author to place her argument in the context of the social stereotypes against the fat, or heavy, people in America: “Loyalty to petrified opinions never yet broke a chain or freed a human soul in this world – and never will.” (Mark Twain as quoted in Goodman, 2007, p. 605). This phrase is the generalization of the issue that Ms. Goodman takes her time to present in detail in her work. Supporting the stable, and often wrong opinions, has never made any person free, and the current state of affairs does not allow us to assume that the situation will change soon. She repeats the term “petrified opinions” several times in her essay to refer to the ideas of the public mind that are formed and developed by the mass media, advertising, etc. Moreover, the quotations are used by Ms. Goodman to address the more specific problems, like for example the issues of males being oriented on the female body shape and look rather than on her human qualities: “Be any race, be yourself, but be beautiful” (Goodman, 2007, p. 625). All the essence of today’s social attitude towards fatness is manifested in these lines, as being