ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Groupthink is a situation where people decide to think as a cluster and render their individual decision useless. This term was coined by the social psychologist Irving Janis in the years 1972. According to Janis, groupthink is when human beings have set aside their personal beliefs and moved with a group (Janis, 1972). This clustered way of thinking has been seen or witnessed frequently throughout human history. When groupthink takes over a given group of people, those who share a different opinion are forced to keep quiet or ignore the situation. Many of the world’s most renowned worst mistakes, tragedies, genocides, and holocausts have occurred due to groupthink. Historically, people decided not to have their own opinions but rather adhere to group beliefs. When the German Nazis assumed power, they had already begun anti-Semitic propaganda. This activity was intended to radicalize the whole of Germany and Europe, if possible, to ensure the elimination of Jews. Propaganda and fear factors were used to make the entire country believe that the Jews were lesser human beings and took up opportunities that the Germans were supposed to exploit (Woolf, 2018). German citizens who had lived happily with the Jews as a society suddenly began viewing the Jews as enemies. Hate speech, propaganda, and denial of their basic human rights were some of the problems faced by Jews. Their businesses were looted, some were murdered on the streets, and most of them were sent into concentration camps. This unpleasant occurrence was a situation that the German people would have avoided, but they decided to groupthink. As a result of this groupthink scenario, many Jews were murdered in the concentration camps, and thus, the Holocaust occurred.
The Ife Head The Ife head can be considered an example of a cultural object from an African society. Images and sculptures of important figures, such as rulers or spiritual figures can often be seen as an example of a culture in its concentrated state, where both the richness and vibrance of a particular nation come to their climax. This particular head cast most likely belonged to a king, as seen by the elaborate and interesting headdress. The decorations and shape of the hat, as well as the face itself, can be viewed as an example of the Sub-African culture. Furthermore, the idea of casting the head of a ruler into a statue, using a lost wax technology in and of itself, is unique to Ife. Kamala/ Bhairavi The image depicts two manifestations of Devi, representing the two opposing aspects of the deity. The bright and vibrant colors accentuate the divine image of the Goddess, creating an image that is both striking and rich. The various decorative ornaments, flowers and an elaborate headpiece can additionally be seen as signifiers of Indian culture. The depiction of a particular deity in a duality of emotion and manifestation further differentiates the cultural and religious aspects of India. Seated Transcendent Buddha Vairochana The statue depicts Buddha sitting on a lotus flower in a cross-legged position. The pose is described as meditative, and the robe the deity wears only covers a portion of their body. An elaborate ornament can be seen on its head, in addition to a halo-like structure above it. Buddha can be seen as an especially important figure in Esoteric belief and Buddhism as a whole. The decision to depict this statue in this way showcases how highly Buddha was regarded in early Indonesian culture. Head of a King The statues of heads of rulers are seen among the most important artifacts of the Benin people, and a number of similar objects were created and found in the area. The heads were cast and displayed by each subsequent king, continuing the old tradition and displaying them in a particular order. The practice of creating metal sculptures and modeling them after the powerful figures of society in this particular fashion can be seen as a defining trait of Benin culture. The headdress and the neck ring worn by the ruler additionally reflect their society’s fashion of the time. King George V The portrait of King George the 5 th , one of the rulers of Britain. The man is dressed in clothing appropriate for his time, adorned by medals and golden garments. The portrait emphasizes the importance of the figure by using a golden frame and showcases one of the particularly notable people of the time. The clothing style, along with the realistic painting and its decoration, is a good example of the English culture of the early 20 th century.
Introduction Recruiting job applicants is an exercise that ought to be done carefully. The manner in which companies recruit their employees differ from one company to another. While some companies prefer recruitment agencies, others use advertisements in the media and social sites. Other companies hang a list of the available vacancies on the job boards. Various studies have been done to identify how aspects like facial expression, competency, and gender among others do influence the selection of employees (Doyle, 2011, pp. 1-5). Summary of the article From the different researches that have been conducted, it has been established that physical appearance plays a great role in making decisions related to hiring. However, this is not the only aspect that recruiters consider. Some other aspects can be used while making recruitment decisions. In most cases, these aspects relate to common stereotypes related to gender and appearance of individuals. Desrumaux, Bosscher and Léoni (2009) did a correlational study on how facial expression, gender and the competence of applicants affected recruitment. The study sought to find how these factors influenced the decision on the suitability of job applicants. This is a correlational study because it considers how the variables relate to each other and the impression they create to the person recruiting by use of a correlational matrix. In their study, the authors looked into the relationship between the variables of gender, attractiveness and competence and their influence in cases that involved the applicant’s hireability, utility and desirability. The issue of attractiveness was considered because of the manner in which it is perceived in the society. The perception attaches efficiency, competency and sociable features to them. The study noted that attractiveness varied depending on the gender of an applicant and the job applied. Whether a job is male-typed or female-typed, attractiveness increased the chances of one getting it. In most studies, issues like job sex-typing, managerial and non-managerial levels are not simultaneously manipulated. Other studies have also shown a lack of clarity between job status and sex type. The methodology employed in this study seals this gap by independently looking at job status and sex type. It also considered validated variables, unlike other previous studies. The study also includes new scales of measure other than suitability and hireability to include utility and desirability. This led to the development of the guiding assumption. The assumption is that a recruiter should be attentive to attractiveness when considering female jobs than male jobs to judge hireability, utility and desirability. Another guiding presumption was that competence was more disadvantageous to female jobs than male jobs. To consider these issues, forty random participants from two different towns were selected and divided into two groups. They both had an average experie
A group and a team are viewed by many to be synonymous concepts and hence used interchangeably. However, some distinct differences exist between them and this paper gives an in depth discussion that will help in the understanding of the differences between a group and a team. It also gives a comprehensive discussion on the significance of workplace diversity in a firm as well as its relationship to team dynamics in a particular organization. A group is relatively smaller than a team and may consist of two to four members working interdependently and mostly headed by a leader. Every member in a team has some specific responsibilities for which he or she is answerable and the individual efforts are combined to result in effective achievement of the stipulated aims and objectives. A team on the other hand consists of seven to12 members who work interdependently but aim at attaining a common goal. A leader is not a key consideration in a team and responsibilities are shared among team members to achieve desired results. A group is easier to form and manage, and appropriate for short term projects while a team needs some considerations such as competency to form and manage and works better for long term projects. A group’s success depends on the willingness of the members to follow the leader’s commands while that of a team depends on unity of purpose and how the members help each other (Pollick, 2011). Success in a group is usually measured by the overall results attained while an individual effort of members is used as a gauge in a team. Failure of a member of a group may not necessarily affect its results since there is individual responsibility while failure of a team member will automatically lead to failure of the entire project as there will be a gap in competency required for success as it entails collective responsibility. The results in a team are attributed to all the members while the group leader owns the result of a group (Cameron& Green, 2004). Work place diversity is usually a very essential aspect in any organization irrespective of its size or what it deals with. It is a concept that is directly related to team dynamics in the work place. When teams work together in the workplace, there is success which can be measured by the productivity and profitability levels of the particular organization. Work place diversity entails the availability of a variety of competencies and skills possessed by the various personnel
An important element of human resource development is the administration of disciplinary action. Often, employees may be found to be out of line with the organization expectations. This prompts the need to establish some reaction measures with the aim of discouraging situations where employees fall short of the organizations expectations. Some common forms of disciplinary actions include reprimands, suspensions and dismissal. Some forms of disciplinary actions include reprimands, suspensions, demotion or even dismissal. Most disciplinary actions are seen as adverse actions. This is because most of them are aimed at instilling some level of pain or discomfort on the employees. When an employee is demoted for having a poor attitude towards work of for consistently not achieving the set targets, the action adversely affects them. There are several dimensions of a disciplinary action. These dimensions ensure that the disciplinary action is as effective as possible. First, the disciplinary action should be aimed at ensuring that the employee behavior improves. This means that the action should not merely punish the victim but should influence the behavior towards the desirable attributes. Secondly, the disciplinary action should be just and congruent to the magnitude of the offence committed. This implies that the disciplinary action should be to the scale of the wrong done. This way it is effective as there is a feeling that the action is well deserved. Thirdly, disciplinary action should be consistent. Similar action should be taken for similar offences for all employees. PEER SURVAILLANCE is an accountability process where employees are given the responsibility of watching each other as they undertake their tasks. This method is now being seen as the most effective in ensuring accountability among work mates. The method is known to greatly enhance relationships at the work place while at the same time improving productivity in the organizations workforce. It is the most ethically plausible staff management method. VERTICLE SURVAILLANCE on the other hand follows a hierarchical organizational structure to determine who is accountable to who is answerable to which member of the organization. Here junior employees are report to their seniors. This model is widely used by organizations around the world. However, its effectiveness in relation to the peer surveillance has been highly questioned. HORIZONTAL SURVEILLANCE seeks to place the roles of accountability within the various existing departments. One department is accountable to another so long as they are on the same level of the organizational hierarchy. This model is mainly applicable in organizations where different departments complement each other towards achieving the overall organizational goal. In a case where one department is performing poorly, other departments are affected hence the push for better performance. Progressive discipline is a concept applied in the practice of human resource management. The concept stipulate
Introduction As dependable coaches, you must ensure that the spirit of your players is always high. This is referred to as keeping your players’ emotional tanks full. When players’ emotional tanks are full, they are capable of achieving anything no matter how hard it might seem. It is also undemanding to coach such players as they are always willing to listen and respond to your instructions. Such players are ever optimistic and this adds to their capability of attaining their goals. In case of any problem, they are capable of addressing it and recovering with minimum problems. Many times, coaches fail to recognize their responsibilities in coaching. This topic helps in fostering skilled coaches as well as ensuring cooperation between players hence improving the team’s capabilities. To use this technique in your coaching, one needs to come up with a measure for players’ performance that is to be used in commending them as well as establishing varied positive criticism (Positive Coaching Alliance, 2009, Par.1). Filling players’ emotional tanks To attain the right equilibrium between particular commend, fact and precise positive censure, formal researches have cited that there is a ratio of 5:1 with five praises for every one criticism. This ratio has been seen to promote a good environment for players to learn. Most coaches find it hard to concur with this research. From their skills, they believe that the essence of coaching is to correct players rather than praising them. They believe that by praising their players, they would be doing more harm to them than good. However, by them learning to fill their players’ emotional tanks, they will be capable of correcting them effectively. The main issue here is to avoid praising your players before they have done something commendable. Coaches must ensure that their praise of players is genuine and precise. Non-verbal cues also play an important role in boosting players’ morale. Coaches fill emotional tanks when they listen, grin, applaud and nod at their players. Ignoring your players, glowering, shaking head and shouting at them might lead to their spirit declining (Positive Coaching Alliance, 2009, Par. 2-4). Coaches spend most of their time video-recording their players as they play or practice. From this they are capable of highlighting and criticizing some of the mistakes they commit as they play. It is advisable for the coaches to also take some time to videotape themselves as the coach. Through these they will be able to know how effective their non-verbal communication could be in motivating or demoralizing their players. Apart from ensuring that the coach and his assistance strive to fill their players’ tanks, it is vital to ensure that even players participate in filling each others’ emotional tanks. It might not be an easy task particularly when dealing with a tremendously aggressive team and where time spent in playing is minimal. It is the wish of every player that they play well in every game. To accomplish this, each player needs to ensure that he or she plays a role in motivating his or her fellow player. Through this, the
A real monopolist in conventional sense controls the supply of some services or commodities for which there is no very close substitute. He may not control the whole supply, but he controls enough of it to influence the price. He may be a single large firm or a group of firms combined together to form a cartel, a government or some other public authority. Monopolies may be world wide, nation wide or local. A monopoly may be based on the possession of an exclusive legal privilege. Therefore most governments may confer legal monopolies upon themselves or upon a public authority. As a rule of thumb, a monopoly based on legal basis will have a monopoly only on its home market. Even there it may be subject to competition from imports but its government may strengthen its position by taxing or even prohibiting such imports. Public utilities include undertakings providing water, electricity, gas, telephone and rail transport. They are referred to as public utilities not because they provide for essential needs but because they tend to be local monopolies. They require a relatively large amount of specialized plant and equipment hence their fixed costs are large. In an article in the New York times titled ‘ Dismantling Tepco’ the author supports the move by the local government of Tokyo of setting up of new natural gas facility that will compete with Tepco in terms of production and distribution of electricity in Japan. This move came in the wake of the earthquake that rocked Japan and battered the Fukushima nuclear plant hence paralyzing the supply of electricity for the capital Tokyo Electric Power Company had all the hallmarks of a monopoly. Tepco was established by well placed government officials of Japan to serve as the sole distributor and transmitter of electricity in the whole of Japan. Tepco has over the years profited from unchallenged hold on the market. Supporters of the power industry are of the view that deregulation will hurt the country they cite it to be the reason behind blackouts in countries such as the United States which have deregulated markets. The government recently decided to inject $11.5 billion into Tepco, with a view of keeping the company afloat as well as assist it compensate the 90,000 people forced to flee areas near Fukushima Daiichi. The bailout will inevitably lead to a spike in electricity rates. This will be counter-productive to the utility’s main purpose of keeping the rates of essential services affordable to majority of the people. Tepco’s power is centered on government policies. Japan is the only country among industrialized nations that has not deregulated its energy grid. Therefore, utilities have a firm grip on both the generation and the transmission of electricity. On top of that, power companies have the freedom to set electricity rates in compliance to a complex system fraught with unclear expenses (Okumura 2011) Rumors have it that Tepco paid inflated costs to members of Keidanren who furnished it with equipment. The company gave obscene amounts of money to politicians, funded academic research and placed advertisements in the news media, despite the fact that it had n
T-Mobile Introduction T-Mobile is a German-owned subsidiary of Duetsche Telekom. It was founded in 1990, and is headquartered in Bonn Germany. It specialises in mobile communications and DSL services. The firm also sells wireless devices such as mobile phones and iPads. The Company has employed 36,000 people under its wing; they are located in Europe, The United States, The Virgin Islands, and Puerto Rico. In Europe, T-Mobile has a presence in Austria, Croatia, Germany, Czech Republic, Hungary, Macedonia, Montenegro, Slovakia, The Netherlands, and the United Kingdom. This organisation is ranked third among telecom company multinationals of the world. However, in terms of the number of subscribers, the firm is the twelfth internationally. It has about 150 million consumers. Company history The organisation was initiated in 1990 when the state-owned Duetsche Bundespot provided the first mobile telecommunications services. These services were eventually placed under DeTeMobil. Duetsche Bundespot was later called Duetsche Telekom in 1995, and was privatised in 1996. The wireless communication subsidiar
The Tickling time scenario is one good example whereby torture can be justified. In this case, it is justifiable for torture to be used on a terrorist who, in his custody, has refused to divulge critical and crucial information in his possession regarding the exact location of a weapon that can be used for mass destruction or a time bomb which may explode any time. Even though many nations do not allow torture of victims, such a situation can be justified to force a terrorist to divulge critical information that can otherwise, if not released on time, be detrimental to the whole community or world. Such a circumstance can lead any nation, which feels threatened, to permit the use of torture The French liberals for instance were forced to justify the use of torture when there emerged a possibility of massive destruction of innocent lives. And the fact that terrorist always torture their captured victims makes it justifiable for the rule of “an eye for an eye” to be applied. They should therefore be subjected to the same method they use on their victims (Darius 12). Torture refers to intentional agony which is caused to someone, resulting to the suffering of his or her heart. It can also be said to be an intentional action aimed at coercing people to volunteer information. This unnatural act of torturing people for the purpose of extracting confessions has been widely condemned by many human rights organizations all over the world. The purpose of torture is often known as