ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
On August 28th, 1963, Martin Luther King delivered his most fiery speech to shock the United States – “I Have a Dream.” “America has defaulted on this promissory note, insofar as her citizens of color are concerned,” a black rights advocate shouted from the steps of the Lincoln Memorial (King 1963, pp. 4). The speech is full of outrage and contains allusions to the Bible and the US Declaration of Independence. It is considered one of the best in the history of mankind. The main theses of King’s political speeches were not only the equalization of the rights of Whites and Blacks but also a more global idea – world peace for the sake of the prosperity of mankind. The format of Martin Luther King’s speech is quite simple, as the entire text can be conditionally divided into two parts. The first part presents a picture of an American nightmare full of injustice and humiliation of human dignity. This part is about both the past and the present day, namely, August 28th, 1963. In addition, in the first part of his speech, King calls people to stand up for themselves and their dignity. The second part of the speech, however, is much more positive. It represents King’s view on the bright future of the United States, his dream, his hope and belief in equality and justice for all people, regardless of skin color. Martin Luther King used a variety of rhetorical techniques, such as speech figures and tropes, in his speech. Among these techniques, allusions are the most prominent. For the first time, the allusion in King’s “I Have a Dream” speech is used immediately after the opening sentence, which is an homage to the Emancipation Proclamation of 1863. US President Abraham Lincoln abolished slavery with this proclamation. The reference is symbolic and carries a lot of meaning, setting the tone of the speech from the very beginning. “Five score years ago, a great American, in whose symbolic shadow we stand today, signed the Emancipation Proclamation,” said King (1963, pp. 2). This passage is also a starting point – the beginning of the story, indicating the date and place of the event. Among English-speaking speakers, references to Shakespeare and the Bible were especially popular, which is exactly what Martin Luther King did in his speech. For example, King (1963) said: “This sweltering summer of the Negro’s legitimate discontent will not pass until there is an invigorating autumn of freedom and equality” (pp. 7). This is a very subtle allusion to the play by William Shakespeare, Richard III . Moreover, King often refers to the Bible in his speech, which, of course, is natural and not surprising because he was a pastor. “It came as a joyous daybreak to end the long night of their captivity” (King 19
Abstract In the early 2000s, the economic situation in Argentine could be discussed as unstable, and two approaches were proposed to contribute to the economic growth. Thus, devaluation of peso and dollarization were examined as two opposite variants to improve the country’s economy. Focusing on the advantages and disadvantages of both the processes, it is possible to speak about the concentration on dollarization as the next step after devaluation in order to use the benefits of the processes and avoid the weaknesses and threats. Introduction During the early 2000s, the unstable economic situation in Argentine led to the discussion of the ways to change or improve the situation in relation to forming the barriers for the external economic shocks as crises and regarding the changing the approaches to the country’s currency. Thus, the first discussions of the possibilities of the peso devaluation were observed with references to the likely dollarization. From this point, the peso devaluation and possible dollarization were considered as the alternatives to change the economic situation in the country for better, contributing to the economic growth and accentuated stability. That is why, it is important to focus on the discussion of advantages and disadvantages of the currency devaluation and dollarization in order to conclude about the most appropriate approach to improve the Argentinean economy. The Pros and Cons of Argentine Peso Devaluation The advantages of choosing the scenario of devaluing peso are the opportunities for increasing the Argentinean competitiveness regarding the export/import relations, the openness to more trade perspectives, the reduced levels of unemployment within the country, and the general rise in the economic development. Nevertheless, the peso devaluation can result in the unequal redistribution of wealth among the debtors and creditors as the participants of the economic relations and negative effects on banks in relation to the distribution and control of the bank capital and associated liabili
Embrace Newborn mortality is a big problem that is especially relevant for countries in the developing world. It kills millions of children every year, a significant portion of whom die because of hypothermia. Embrace is a non-profit social enterprise that is based in India and works in that country and other emerging nations that are faced with the problem of high infant mortality rates. The goal of the company is to reduce child and maternal deaths by providing low-cost portable incubators for babies in rural areas. Embrace was created in 2008, and in 2012 founded Embrace Innovations to earn income by manufacturing and distributing warmers that regulate the temperature of premature infants. In addition to its main activity, the company cooperates with other non-government organizations working in developing nations, providing them with support and training. The fact that in order to successfully function in the market, any social enterprise needs to find a balance between its financial and social mission leads to a necessity for trade-offs (Rory and Bull 19). One of the main challenges that are experienced by Embrace is a necessity to compromise between the affordability of their incubators for clinics in poor regions and the quality of the product. To handle this issue, the company is focused on developing new cost-effective technologies and keeping the product design low-cost and simple. The social enterprise uses portable warmers that are completely safe, reusable, and do not require a constant connection to electricity, which is especially important for emerging markets. Thus, by creating and distributing cheap and effective healthcare solutions for infants, the company makes a significant positive impact, helping reduce infant mortality and improving quality of life for thousands of vulnerable people in the developing regions. Another trade-off that is critical for this social enterprise is the balance between non-profit and for-profit parts of its hybrid stricture. To solve this problem, Embrace and Embrace Innovations are created and run as separate but closely interconnected organizations. Embrace distributes its products free of charge to government and private hospitals that cannot afford to pay for them, whereas for-profit Embrace Innovations conducts manufacturing and commercial distribution of warmers at an affordable price and works with communities that can pay for them. The non-profit side owns the intellectual property for all products and receives royalty payments for every sold warmer. This approach provides financing for not-for-profit activities with the revenues from selling products. Combining two different methods of distribution, and, thereby, substantially broadening the range of regions and demographics that are influenced by the activities of the enterprise, the company reaches to more people. Green Monday Green Monday is a multifaceted social enterprise whose main objective is to fight climate change. The organization was created in Hong Kong in 2012, and it consists of a non-profit social branch that runs educational and public campaigns and multiple venture branches. Green
Abstract Physical child abuse is defined as the cause of non-accidental physical harm to the body and has been on the rise over the years. The victims usually show some unique behaviors and don’t like socializing with people as well as showing deteriorating academic performances and even thoughts of suicide. The parents show some level of depression and lack of concentration at the workplace or in school. To avert this situation, several models under the Evidence Based Program have been advocated. For those children suffering from neglect and physical abuse, the Family partnering model has been endorsed. For the abusive parents and physically abused children, both Parent-Child Interaction Therapy and Multisystemic Therapy are being advocated for. Lastly, for those children under foster care, the Parent Management Training is recommended, though other models are still under review, with promising results. Physical Child Abuse Definition and Overview Child abuse is referred to as the intentional infliction of some kind of physical injury to a child especially by the parent, other family members, or his/her caretaker: it is non-accidental (American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychology, 2001). the physical abuse can include such acts as punching, kicking, burning, biting, hitting, and even whipping and can be seen through such indicators as lacerations, burns, welts, human bite marks, skin discoloration, injuries on the head, and some other unexplained bruises that are at various healing stages (Prevent Child Abuse North Carolina, 2002). Child physical abuse cases have been on the rise; and documented pieces of evidence show that in 2001 alone, about 168,278 children (18.6% of all substantiated cases) were adjudged to be as a result of child physical abuse. Also in the same year, it was found to be responsible for 342 death cases, representing 26.3% of all child abuse and neglect cases. A combination of the two (child abuse and neglect) resulted in 285 extra deaths (Ibid). Apart from the physical impacts of the physical abuse, there is always a remarkable change in the behaviors of the victim as well as a psychological effect: the victim usually avoids contact with people and puts on clothes that purposely help conceal the injuries and there is general emotional destabilization. Research has shown that even though any family can experience physical abuse, those that a
In the short story Cask of Amontillado, Edgar Allan Poe portrays a dark story of horrid and calculated revenge. Poe is known to be a master of using words and literary elements to create the necessary environment necessary for the story and deriving emotional reactions from the reader. In this story, Poe manipulates point of view and setting as contributing factors to establishing an eerie and unreliable tone and perspective that drive forward the concept of the plot. The story utilizes a first-person point of view when the narrator named Montresor relates the story. The plot is told from the first person as the pronoun “I” is used and the story is told in the past tense. However, unlike most literary works where the story is told in the past tense and the narrator is objective, therefore reliable – Poe makes the narrator in The Cask of Amontillado intentionally unreliable. Montresor retells the events in a sadistic, manipulative, and somewhat sarcastic tone, which creates dramatic irony. “I would make him pay, yes; but I would act only with the greatest care…the wrong would not be made right unless Fortunato knew that he was paying and knew who was forcing him to pay” (Poe 68). The unreliability of the narrator is shown by this as he attempts to justify a sadistic act as well as showing evidence of psychological inconsistencies. The setting largely matches the tone of the narrator, described as eerie and dark (Poe 70). The way that Poe characterizes the setting changes as the story progresses, particularly the deeper that the characters descend into the catacombs. At first, it was a deep place under the palace, cool and dark. However, as they go further, the setting is visualized as grim, extremely constrained, and the air barely breathable. The descriptions of small details such as bones spread out on the ground foreshadow the grim end for Fortunato (Poe 71). Despite being often overlooked, point of view and setting can contribute greatly to the perception of the reader in the tone of the story. Poe highlights the use of the first person in an unreliable narrator to emphasize their dark psychological state which is contributed to the eerie, almost metaphorical descriptions of the setting which contributes to the horrendousness of this story of murderous revenge. Work Cited Poe, Edgar A. The Cask of Amontillado. 1847, Web.
Introduction Organisational group behaviour comprises of a wide array of topics ranging from sociology, psychology, management, to communication among others. All these elementary principles are critical to the formation of an effective group. This area is a dynamic concept that has received a lot of attention because the various theories regarding organisational group behaviour are somewhat novel in their application in this context. As such, the theories have existed for quite a long time, for instance, the vital quality of communication as an icebreaker in any relationship, but their specific application to an organisational context requires further expertise. Numerous theorists have attempted to piece together what necessary elements are requisite in achieving this desirable intricate balance, and most of these theorists have ended up writing books that are too complex for lay managers and group leaders. Subsequently, readers and authors alike are in the quest for a simplistic explanation of what comprises organisational behaviour, as well as analogous case studies and real-life examples of how to apply this knowledge. Based on this background, this paper seeks to use the publications of two “more comprehendible” authors, Ian Brooks’ “Organisational Behaviour: Individuals, Groups and Organisation” (13 Nov 2008) and John Hunt’s “Managing People at Work: A Manager’s Guide to Behaviour in Organisations” (1 Apr 1992), to provide a better understanding of organisational group behaviour concepts and theory. Structural context There are several possible entry views to organisational group behaviour. One such view bases its arguments on the time factor and classifies its discourse within the modern, symbolic, and postmodern view. This view is a very general theory as the finer elements as motivation and communication are lost in the attempt to categorise organisational behaviour into periods. Conversely, another view subdivides its discourse into a bi-pronged format comprising of macro and micro organisational behaviour. Under this view, micro-organisational group behaviour focuses on the dynamics of relations between individuals in groups within a particular organisation, whereas macro organisational behaviour focuses on the wider perspective of inter-organisational and inter-industrial relationships of organisational groups. It follows that this dimension is the preferable view within the context of this paper because the second dimension, (macro) builds on the theories observed with the first (micro) as they are similar but applied on a wider scale. As such, looking at the macro level simply expounds the initial theories while introducing minimal additional information that becomes significant at the macro level. Both Brooks and Hunt use this perspective in their textbooks, and this aspect assists the reader in further understanding the concepts they are building. Princ
Abstract Environmental sustainability has been receiving corporate attention in the 21st century. Various industries have been employing different measures on how to ensure environmental safety. The cell phone industry has also entered into this noble initiative in a broad dimension. A polluted environment affects all the stakeholders including customers, suppliers, employees and the entire public. Therefore, firms should adhere to waste management practices in order to make good use of the by-products thereby enhancing environmental conservation techniques. The cell phone industry makes products that are friendly to the environment and develops mobile applications that can help in enhancing environmental sustainability. These innovative products also help in keeping the environment clean. Innovations in the Cell Phone Industry and Sustainability Environmental sustainability entails making drastic decisions and actions towards protecting the environment. This initiative ensures that the environment is preserved thereby being a
The panelist is a 25-year old Asian female born in the United States after her parents immigrated to the country in the late 1980s. The panelist shared her experiences of microaggressions related to her ethnicity, as implied by her Asian appearance. The prejudiced attitude of the so-called majority in the society toward the national or ethnic minorities is rooted in the perceived differences of the cultural and social heritage of the latter. For example, when meeting a person for the first time, the panelist is commonly asked where she is originally from, implying that they need to know why she is different. This experience is very common for minorities in the USA since a very similar episode is portrayed in the video by Tenaka (2013). In the same manner, the panelist shared that people often express their admiration about her English language expertise, although she has spoken English her whole life, like many other Americans. Thus, the microaggressions encountered by the panelist are very common and easily identifiable. Overall, microaggression might be defined as a combination of everyday expressions of negative attitudes toward a representative of a minority group in a verbal or non-verbal form. In the cases exemplified by the panelist, her experiences were verbal and unintentional offensive messages, which diminished her human dignity as an American citizen. As stated in the video by Rain (n. d.), the daily psychological and social challenges the children of immigrants are exposed to change their lives significantly and cause deterioration in cultural heritage and force acculturation in the dominant society by means of oppression the cultural particularities of a given ethnicity. This tendency is conditioned by the significant impact of white privilege, a concept that has a strong social impact in contemporary American society. McIntosh (1990) expresses her opinion concerning the definition of white privilege, which she identifies as “an invisible package of unearned assets that I can count on cashing in each day, but about which I was “meant” to remain oblivious” (p. 31). The author explains that being the perceived majority in society, white people take their advantages over other races for granted. The problem of microaggressions is rooted in such assumptions, where majorities take dominant positions, often not even realizing it. In such a manner, white people asking the panelist about her country of origin or expressing her good English speaking skills use their white privilege when even unintentionally insulting her identity. The microaggressions the identified panelist experiences in her daily life are similar to my own experiences in relation to my ethnicity. Being an African American female exposes me to daily misconceptions concerning my r
In his essay, ‘Culture is Ordinary’, Williams (2001), attempts to prove that culture is “a whole way of life” (p.6). He suggests that studies of culture should focus on the intricacies of communal life and the social conflicts that inform those (Williams, 2001). In many senses Williams is correct, but this is only due to the fact that he is severely limiting his definition to cover only those aspects of human behaviour that are repeated so frequently they become conventional habits. The term culture has several different meanings among which “a whole way of life”, though valid, is just one (Williams, 2001, p.6). Culture can also be defined as a common set of values and practices within a given organisation, as is seen in the term ‘corporate culture’. This brings out the best of an organisation. Fairfield-Sonn states, “An organization’s employees and its key processes accomplish the work of the organization that yields its business results” (2001, p 74). He goes on to explain this, “All actions point toward Business Results — a composite of customer, financial, and operational performance results, including human resource results and public responsibility” (Fairfield-Sonn, 2001, p. 76).‎ It could also mean a highly developed sense for fine arts and other modes of expression as in the term, ‘highly cultured’. However, the latter two definitions conform to societies in which the corresponding environment accommodates such a definition. In fact, culture as a way of life is the more common definition across the world, to the extent that local communities in th
The paper argues that the female character described in Shen Congwen’s “Hsiao-hsiao” can be compared with the male character of Huang Chun-ming’s “The Drowning of an Old Cat” because of the observed similarities in the characters’ visions of innocence and justice. It is important to focus on this issue because the comparison of the female and male characters who can be contrasted in relation to their ages and experiences is a controversial task, and many persons are inclined to share different points of view regarding the possible similarities while determining the differences clearly. Although it is rather difficult to find similarities while focusing on the characters’ gender and age differences, it is important to concentrate on the fact of how Shen Congwen’s Hsiao-hsiao and Huang Chun-ming’s Uncle Ah-sheng are similar in their discussion of the ideas of innocence, justice, courage, and will, and how the authors emphasize these characters’ qualities to make them more realistic. The approaches of Shen Congwen and Huang Chun-ming to developing the literary work and to conveying the main story’s idea are rather different, but these authors share the similar techniques while presenting the narratives’ main characters. The authors intend to portray the most realistic characters who should possess the most valued qualities to oppose the unjust situations and social issues. Shen Congwen’s Hsiao-hsiao and Huang Chun-ming’s Uncle Ah-sheng can be discussed as innocent in relation to their human nature because they are oriented to preserving the original moral values and principles. From this point, Hsiao-hsiao discusses her problematic life conditions as satisfactory because she performs her duties as a human and social being (Congwen 229). In his turn, Uncle Ah-sheng demonstrates his innocence while believing in justice and intending to prevent the authorities from ruining Clear Spring (Chun-ming 12). Thus, the authors operate the concept of the innocent human nature in order to contribute to proving the idea of their stories and in order to find the balance between depicting the idealized and realistic characters. The characters depicted by Shen Congwen and Huang Chun-ming are not only innocent in relation to their human nature but they are also realistic because they are able to make wrong decisions and to act focusing on their feelings rather than on the moral and rational visions. To criticize the definite aspects of the traditional Chinese society, it is important for Shen Congwen to depict the main female character as rather willful and courageous while following her own path. Thus, while following all the cruel codes of the Chinese society and principles of the married life, Hsiao-hsiao allows being seduced by the other man because of relying on her own sensitive perception and vision of the situation (Congwen 229). Moreover, being pregnant, Hsiao-hsiao succeeds to be rather patient while facing the threat of being cruelly punished. It is possible to note that Hsiao-hsiao is depicted by the author as the embodiment of the opposition to the cruel Chinese traditions and morality ba