ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Database testing and evaluation First of all, the database developer should make sure that the database is normalized (this means that the database should be at least in the 3rd normal form). Moreover, it is essential to take into consideration the ACID properties of the database. In case if at least one of the required conditions (atomicity, consistency, isolation, and durability) is not satisfied, the database and the application based on it are not going to function correctly (if function at all) (Khalek & Khurshid, 2011). Another important factor is data mapping. The database developer should make sure that the GUI and backend are functioning collaboratively. This means that when the user interacts with or makes valuable changes to the records in the database, the system should react properly and record all of this activity. The most important part of the testing is the creation of the queries as it would benefit the integrity of the database (Kapfhammer, McMinn, & Wright, 2013). This requires knowledge of the SQL and DML. In this case, the right way to test the database would be creating the test queries (starting from the easy ones and going to more complex). For example, SELECT * FROM Nurse. A more complex query would look like this – CREATE TABLE Nurse1 AS SELECT * FROM Nurse where 1=2. The most complex queries could be retrieved from the developers and comprise the operations involving the use of the operator UNION. When an individual evaluates the database, he or she should be relying on the three basic indicators – database content, content relevance, and technical conditions. The latter aspect is the most important as it relates to the data privacy and database safety. This feature is closely related to the SQL injections (Kindy & Pathan, 2011). For example, if a hacker wants to steal user login and password, an injection would involve the exploitation of getRequestString. Therefore, the query would look like this – SELECT * FROM Nurse WHERE login =”” or “”=”” AND password =”” or “”=””. By running this query, the hacker will access all the personal data and breach the database. Database costs The most important component of the database is obviously the data that is saved in it
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurobehavioral disease which is characterized by such symptoms as inattentiveness, daydreaming, hyperactivity, impulsiveness, inability to focus on the same thing for a long time, and impatience (NIMH, 2010). The key peculiarity of ADHD is that a patient displays several of these symptoms, and they are observed quite regularly. The diagnosis of this disorder is rather difficulty because these signs may not necessarily be connected with ADHD; they may be related to lack of sleep or emotional stress. Some medications proved to be effective for the treatment of ADHD. The drugs, which are used by therapists, are usually classified as stimulants. They produce a calming effect on children with this disorder (NIMH, 2010). Among them, one can single out dextroamphetamine, methylphenidate, atomoxetine and many others (NIMH, 2010). The choice of a specific medication primarily depends on the age of the patient. Some of them may not be applicable certain age groups such as adults. Moreover, one should remember that this form of medication can lead to such side-effects as sleep problems and decreased appetite (NIMH, 2010). More importantly, when we speak about the effectiveness of these drugs, we should point out that they do not eradicate the cause of the disorder; more likely they mitigate its symptoms. This is the key limitation of this treatment mode. The researchers as well as practicing therapists support more natural ways of overcoming attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. For instance, Dr. David Jockers attaches importance to diet and proper intake of vitamins (Jockers, 2011). Such vitamins and nutrients as Vitamin D, Pyridoxine, Folic acid, Zinc are indispensible of effective brain function (Jockers, 2011). Provided that intake of these vitamins is insufficient, the symptoms of ADHD are more likely to become more severe. Thus, one can say that proper diet can be effective for the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Reference List Jocker D. (2011) “ Beat ADHD naturally ”. Natural News. Web. National Institute of Mental Health. (2010). Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) . Web.
Introduction One of the major causes of motor vehicle accidents is the prevalent habit of texting while driving. A 2012 report released on the Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report website revealed that motor vehicle accidents accounted for 25% of the number of deaths reported in 2012 (Chen, Collins, Sieber, Pratt, Rodriguez-Acosta, Lincoln, Birdsey,…Robinson, 2015). A report released by CDC in 2013 revealed that the prevalence of texting while driving among drivers in the United States aged between 18 and 64 was 31% (Rebecca & Ann, 2013). Motor vehicle accidents are a global public health problem that is responsible for approximately 1.3 million deaths every year (Ferdinand & Menachemi, 2014). The major risk factors for road accidents include driving under the influence of alcohol, failure to use helmets and protective gear, over speeding, and distraction due to activities such as texting. The number of deaths caused by texting while driving is very high and it is important for the federal and state governments to enact legislation to punish offenders. Prevention, surveillance, and population-based interventions Several interventions have been implemented to address the aforementioned problem. First, many companies have developed and implemented company policies that require drivers to refrain from using nay electronic device while driving (Hart, 2014). A zero-tolerance policy to distracted driving helps to keep the attention of the drivers on the road. Such policies contain provisions for drivers who feel compelled to respond to texts or make or receive calls while driving. In such cases, they should pull their vehicle over, complete their activity, and get back on the road with full attention. Many companies have programs that remind employees that even when they are off duty, attentive driving is their responsibility (Hart, 2014). Staying focused on obeying traffic rules is an important aspect of reducing deaths that result from motor vehicle accidents. Second, many states have enacted laws that restrict distracted driving. States with such legislation define texting as comprising activities such as reading, sending of electronic messages, and composition of messages using electronic devices (Ferdinand & Menachemi, 2014). In that regard, sending text messages, reading emails and instant messaging is prohibited. According to research, texting while driving causes accidents for several reasons including inappropriate lane positioning, impaired judgment, and longer reaction rates in case of emergencies (Ferdinand, Menachemi, Sen, Blackburn, & Morrisey, 2014). Texting is riskier than talking on the phone because it requires the driver to direct all their attention on the phone. Studies have been conducted to evaluate the effect of texting laws in controlling traffic accidents. A study conducted by Highway Loss Data Institute revealed that texting laws increased the number of motor vehicle accidents (Ferdinand et. al, 2014). This increase was attributed to the tendency to hide mobile phones in order to avoid fines. Drivers began to focus more on
Coffee is one of the most popular beverages worldwide. In the United States, the figures related to coffee consumption are impressive, with more than 60% of adults drinking coffee daily. According to the National Coffee Association (NCA), 46% of coffee consumed in 2017 was tasted outside the home, while an emerging trend privileged the consumption of specialty coffee (Auffermann, 2017). The price for a coffee ranges from $2,7 for an average cup of standard coffee to even $80 for a cup of Kopi Luwak, the most expensive coffee in the world. In this paper, I will evaluate which is the cost I would be willing to pay for an average cup of coffee, highlighting how ethical considerations could affect this value, and assessing the consumer surplus on my consumption. The popularity of coffee is steadily growing, and the demand for quality and fairly traded coffees is on the rise. The diffusion of ethical principles in trading has led to a widely spread social awareness, wher
Abstract Transport Security Administration, Federal Railroad Administration, and Federal Emergency Management Agencies are institutions that are critically important when it comes to responding to emergencies in rail services. Although these three agencies have different mandates, their efficiency and effectiveness can be significantly improved if they can coordinate their activities. Their current capacity to manage and mitigate emergencies in rail services is fair. Some issues still need to be addressed to improve their efficiency when it comes to managing and mitigating emergencies in rail services. Introduction Background Rail transport is one of the main modes of transport in the United States used by over 29 million passengers daily (Bullock, Haddow, & Coppola, 2012b). According to a report by Sylves (2015), the government of the United States has been investing heavily in improving its railway transport system to ease traffic on the roads. The country currently has one of the most modern railway systems that facilitate the fast and efficient movement of passengers and goods from one part of the country to another. The construction of the United States high-speed rail promoted the popularity of rail transport in the country, especially in the major cities where a traffic jam is becoming common during rush hours. Most of the trains currently in use are modern coaches, which enhances the comfort of the passengers in case one is making a long trip. The cost of using the train is low compared with other modes of transport, making it very popular among the lower middle class and the poor in this country. Despite these massive developments witnessed in the rail transport sector in this country, one issue is still a major cause of concern to the stakeholders. It is still not clear whether the existing agencies responsible for managing rail transport and disaster response agencies are capable of managing and mitigating emergencies in Rail Ser
While height may not in any way determine one’s success in life, being short, like other factors such as race and gender has attracted its own measure of stigma in society especially in the western world. In modern society, one may be very well- cultured, strong, courageous, capable, fit, very generous, or even quite intelligent among other positive characteristics. But sometimes, having your head closer to the ground than other people appears to be a great disadvantage. It is a factor that can get very tiring, emasculating, frustrating, and even depressing. But one of the worst things about being short is that it can be quite baffling due to the failure of others to see you as you are or even recognize your true value in society. Trying to voice a complaint that people are treating you in a different way because you are short will attract scorn rather than sympathy. But one who tries to voice a complaint because they are being treated differently because of their gender or color will be listened to. Short has often being associated with small and this causes short people not to be taken seriously even in situations where they would be having very productive or helpful ideas. Most people have the tendency to undermine short people comparing their height with their brain and very few people are therefore less willing to adopt an idea brought forward by a short person. Short people especially males are often mocked as small and in a man’s world, short men really do not make an impression. Women for example are known to find taller men more attractive and sexual selection gets slimmer as men get shorter. Because of the tendency by women to prefer men who are generally taller than themselves, short men
The federal bureaucracy entails a number of departments, administrative units, agencies, commissions, as well as authorities that perform responsibilities and duties assigned to them under the law (Tindall & Shi, 2013). There are very many reasons why the federal bureaucracy has been expanding, but the Congress, the public, as well as head of the state, contended that some aspects of connected to global and domestic affairs needed more attention from the federal government (Tindall & Shi, 2013). With these, a number of government agencies were created during the WWI particularly when it emerged that there was a need to regulate or control industrial sector as well as the call for the US to participate in the war to support its allies. The paper discusses areas that witnessed bureaucratic expansion during the WWI and also gave reasons about why it expanded or departments were added. Establishment of the Public Information Committee The public information committee was established to manage domestic public opinion that had gone out of control during the WWI. The committee specifically supplied the media with information relating to the situation at hand. Committee worked together with other government agencies to define what the general public was allowed to say during the time of war. Those who opposed the government directive were sent to prison. War industries Board The board was created in 1917. As a federal agency, the board was to ensure that the people the United States both home and oversees had to access to affordable products and materials (Tindall & Shi, 2013). The board was headed by people who were close to President Wilson. The president asked the head of WIB to work closely with the head of agriculture, Hoover. This means that whilst the emphasis of Hoover was on agriculture, the raw materials produced were to support the growth of local industries falling under war industries board (Tindall & Shi, 2013). The war industries board was generally organized in several units to supervise and manage all aspects of WWI needs. This ranged from the distribution of raw materials to price controls on the end products. The National War Labour Board The National War Labour Board was created in 1918 (Tindall & Shi, 2013). The WIB consisted mostly of public servants who worked in the army. This is different from the NWLB, which was mainly dominated by the common people. Some of these people included trade unions, workers, and business leaders (Tindall & Shi, 2013). The responsibility of NWLB was to settle conflicts arising from the labor, as well as other issues that had the potential to affect the industrial process during WWI negatively. The United States Food Administration The United States Food Administration was created by the federal government upon invoking the executive order in 1917 (Tindall & Shi, 2013). The agency was headed by Hoover. The main responsibility of the agency was to assure that food was promptly supplied, distributed, and conserved during the wartime. The agency also was to facilitate transportation food,
Introduction People always react over something in relation to how they interpret it. The reaction relates to their thinking, experience, social norms, character, believes, attitude, expectations, behavior and skills. One main argument to utilize in this case would have a basis on how this cognitive approach exploits the notion that human beings ought to believe in themselves. This kind of reaction to communication perhaps ends up as an assumption and reasoning based on a normatively correct and bias manner. The cognitive illusion indicates that in a business setting, people communicate rationally from self-interest but formally and professionally. Good examples are the reliable leaders who try to determine why others acted the way they did before they can make a decision or react to a message. This attribute leads to critical analysis of importance of behaviors in interpretation of messages. This paper analyzes various reactions by people during communication and effectiveness of business communication procedures at the individual level. It outlays the proper procedure of reacting to a message in a business setting. Requirements for Business Communication Business communication is an essential task because of the purpose. Communication must have clear and binding business terms to improve the relationship with potential clients for better profits. A good business writing or report ought to be in a position of smoothing troubled waters or calm conflicts during business correspondences by triggering the right ethical reactions. According to Crossman (2009, 4), business language does not entail special vocabulary but follows the common basic principles. Simplicity and straightforwardness are vital strategies in communication. Employees Reactions and Expectations Information is the key to understanding or discussing matters, to solve conflicts. It is possible to enhance good communication only if a firm management is in position of controlling the frequency spectrum in accordance with the regulations or internationally recommended practices. The harmonized spectrum allows employees to renders good services according to expectations. Business policies need to be in line with the international approvals to speed up consistent growth. There is failure in this because most business writings have pampered wordings that make the writing pompous and pretentious for one to understand meaning from the initial reading (Modaff, 2008, 71). This is the main reason why people present differing reactions over a message. Principles of Business Communication There are various principles that business communication must implement to avoid informal reactions. First is the need for a clear objective, which must b
Introduction Society has experienced significant changes in various issues even though there are some practices that continue to undermine the rights of women and children. In addition, some institutions have also played significant roles in enhancing gender stereotypes and institutionalized discrimination. This discussion will present various issues about gender and institutions and how they perpetuate stereotypes and discrimination in society. Definition Gender is a socially constructed perception that makes individuals see others in terms of their sexual orientations. This means that a gendered individual is one who thinks that women are supposed to be given domestic roles while men are breadwinners and protectors of their families and communities (Carter 199). Institutions are organizations that have been established to provide services to the public and they include schools, religious centers, courts and sports clubs. Their members have various things in common and thus they must work together to ensure they achieve their goals. Gender Society and family are responsible for gender-based stereotypes since they promote this belief through various issues. First, the family assigns boys and girls different roles and this ensures children grow up knowing their sex determines their roles in the community. In addition, parents buy clothes and toys that reflect gender issues in society and this contributes to the development of gendered stereotypes (Guinier 13). On the other hand, the community criticizes boys or girls who behave contrary to their expected genders. This means that when members of society see a boy playing with dolls they will mock the child and make it believe that dolls are meant for girls. In addition, society has assigned men leadership roles and prefers giving them professions that are perceived to be masculine. The media, laws, and schools promote gender roles by creating perceptions that men are different from women and that they are not supposed to do similar duties. There are different punishments offered to boys and girls in schools and this promotes gender issues in learning institutions (Guinier 15). In addition, teachers usually mock boys who cry or gossip since these behaviors are perceived to be common in girls. Boys are not supposed to beat girls when playing at home or school since society has taught them that they are supposed to protect girls. The media uses women to advertise services or products that are used in homes, beauty parlors, or during holiday trips while men promote automobiles, electronics, and investments. In addition, most news anchors are women and this has led many people to believe that almost all media professions are meant for women. Title IX was a deliberate move aimed at ensuring female athletes were given similar opportunities to participate in sports. There was discrimination in most American schools and girls were given very few chances of participating in sports. They were assig
Introduction The process of managing disease, as well as developing a general understanding of its concept and the phenomenon of well-being, hinge on one’s sociocultural background to a large extent. The illness narrative and the uniqueness thereof in different cultures at different time slots can be tracked down comparatively easily when considering different works of fiction that reflect the associated values and ideas of health. The presence of stereotypes, prejudices against specific ideas, and strong personal beliefs linked to one’s culture make experiences with illness, definitions of disease, its diagnosis, and further treatment quite homogenous across a particular culture. However, with the current propensity toward globalization and cross-cultural dialogue, the propensity toward similarities in health-related experiences can be noticed. Despite understandable cultural differences in the perception of diseases, including their nature, management, and awareness about them, there are points of contact between the current cultural perspectives on the subject matter. Specifically, Frank (2013) singles out three crucial phases of the illness narrative, which can be found in any patient. Similarly, elements of homogeneity in patients’ narratives can be explained by the historical development of healthcare as a global concept. According to Frank (2013), the transition from the use of traditional medicine to the increase in the influence and control of healthcare professionals occurring in the early 19 th century became the platform for promoting a change in managing patients