ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction The Eurasian Country Turkey is a vital factor in the present geopolitical situation for its strategic location with its various historical events. By this time the country has engrossed the attraction of most developed countries and the people allover the world are interested to learn more about the country for their business and tourism. This paper has aimed to present short snap of the country Turkey with deep insights of its geographical data, historical evens, political system, economical potentials, cultural heritage, and tourism prospects that would provide a better understanding for the people interested to explore their business and pleasure trip in this region. This study would deliver with the secondary data available from the recent publications from the governmental and private resources of the most prominent authors in this area, international organizations, and their evaluations about Turkey and so on. All the credit for this study goes to the authors of those works that assisted to organize the paper and there is nothing new, but the presentation and final conclusion delivered by the present author belongs to personal thinking and realization. Geography – Absolute and Relative Location of Turkey The absolute location of Turkey is exactly in the central area of the earth, linking Europe and Asia, and playing the role of a bridge between the two continents by being bounded with the Mediterranean, Aegean, and Black Sea along with the Sea of Marmara (Library of Congress, 7). In addition, the country has boundaries with Armenia, Russia, Iraq, Syria, Greece, Bulgaria, Georgia, and Iran; geologically, the boundary between Asia and Europe is the Bosporus, a passage of water that links the Mediterranean Sea to the Black Sea, which runs exactly through the city of Istanbul; for this reason, both Istanbul and Turkey are equally in Asia and Europe. The location map of the country in the appendix shows the exact positioning of Turkey. The capital city of the country is Ankara, and in fact, the greater part of Turkey is in Asia; however, politically, modern Turkey believes itself to be a committed European nation, and therefore it applied for membership of the EU and is already a constituent of NATO; moreover, its football-team plays in the European qualifying of WC and European trophies. According to Library of Congress (7), when it comes to relative location, the position of Turkey is in the eastern side of Greece and the country is flanked by the Mediterranean and the Black Sea. The Size The country possesses an area of 780580 square-kilometers (301382 sq miles) with 9820 sq km of water and an overall coastline of 8430 km (that is 5238 miles); in addition, its territorial-boundaries are 822 km with Syria, 499 km with Iran; 352 with Iraq, 268 with Armenia, 252 with Georgia, 240 with Bulgaria, 206 with Greece, and 9 with Azerbaijan. Being a transcontinental Eurasian nation, ninety- seven percent of Turkey engages Anatolia and the residual three percent is in Thrace; in comparison, Turkey is a little bigger than Texas, and its capital city is located in the northwest of Anatolia; conversely, it claims coastline-sove
Introduction This paper would discuss and evaluate the causes of the origin and evolution of the world-famous French Revolution. It would cover all aspects and perspectives of the French Revolution. Revolution – the term means to rebel or overthrow a government or a social system. It results in a complete change from the existing situation. Generally, a revolution happens when there is widespread misery, unhappiness, and dissatisfaction among the mass of common people in any country. People may be unhappy because their basic needs are not been taken care of by their ruler or government. History shows that there has been some type of revolution almost all over the world at various times. Europe has also had its share of revolution. The famous uprising in France in the 18th century resulted in what is now known as the French Revolution. Main body The French revolution, in this part of the world at least, was the inspiration for all subsequent uprisings and revolts throughout Europe in the nineteenth century and its ideals, in part, are visible in many of the twentieth centuries’ wars as well. Before talking about the reasons why the revolution occurred, it is appropriate to place it in its context in European history. The French revolution has traditionally been viewed as a major dividing line in modern Europe’s history, an event which has destroyed that complex of political, social, legal, and juridical institutions known as the old regime and inaugurated a new era characterized by a greater emphasis upon individual rights, the spread of a representative government and the emergence of a new kind of loyalty to the nation. The causes of the French Revolution have been stated by many historians and authors, all of whom have given their expert views. The main causes of the revolution are understood as food and financial crises and social inequality. Some authors say that the American Revolution and the Enlightenment had a lot of influence on the French Revolution. Louis XVI was the king of France in the year 1789 when the nation had gone through a severe winter and most of the crops were lost. Poor people were angry and dissatisfied because the cost of living had become very expensive and they could scarcely afford enough to eat. On 14th July 1789 huge crowds marched through the streets and attacked the Bastille (a prison where weapons were stored) and took over power to rule France and thus the French Revolution started. In the year 1789, the nation’s treasury was bankrupt after supporting America in their revolution. They were in heavy debt. King Louis
Even though the concept of leadership is easy to identify in practice, it is difficult to give a precise explanation of the scientific term. Leadership is both the formal and informal process that has a particular goal and takes place between a leader and a follower or a group (Antonakis and Day 5). A leader consolidates and coordinates followers in order to achieve the desired goal or solve a complex problem. Relating to organizations, a leader is a person who influences a group of people in order to motivate them for the joint implementation of management decisions to achieve certain goals. Introduction to Organizational Development Change is an ever-present feature that has become a constant in organizational life. Organizational development is the planned process of evolving possibilities of an organization and promoting its growth through the utilization of behavioral techniques and methods (Burke and Noumair 12). The tools usually incorporated in organizational development include the change in policies and corporate strategies, leadership, and job redesign. Organizational development is a common practice usually implemented by companies to achieve long-term success and sustainability. Organizations consider organizational development when there is a need to make a systematic change in the attitudes and values of the personnel. The first step is to diagnose a company by interviewing workers and groups and analyzing the data. The second step is to report the gathered information to the personnel (Burke and Noumair 9). The third step involves discussing the issues and thinking about solutions based on behavioral science interventions; the final step is the implementation of the changes. Creating and maintaining a sustainable organization requires not only understanding the role of leadership but also incorporating leadership strategies in order to boost the performance of employees. Leadership may promote organizational development interventions by connecting the team to a new mission, managing unforeseen issues, and maintaining trust and accountability. The given report discusses the leadership role of CEO Ms. Suzanne Al Anani in the organizational development of Dubai Aviation Engineering Projects (DAEP). Literature analysis has been conducted in order to research the contribution of leadership to organizational development. Introduction to DAEP DAEP is the entity responsible for the design, master planning, infrastructure, and construction of Dubai’s aviation sector. Being a leading engineering organization, DAEP is heading the development of Dubai International Airport and Al Maktoum International Airport (“Developing the Aviation Capital of the World” par.1). Over the last 20 years, the number of passengers of Dubai’s airports has become ten times bigger due to the dedication of the DAEP staff. The company spearheaded the elaboration of the CUC 6 district cooling system and the construction of a fully automated cargo facility. Also, the organization was engaged in the construction of terminal 3, Concourse 2, and Concourse 3
Introduction Organizational behavior is a broad and interdisciplinary area in management, which relies on the research and ideas of many other disciplines which explain human interaction and behavior. Such disciplines include psychology, sociology, industrial psychology, social psychology, anthropology and communication (MacGinins, n.d). The focus of organizational behavior is the study of organizational; design, management and effectiveness (Martin, 2005). Organizational behavior therefore involves the interdependences and interrelationships of various topics like motivation, emotions, change process, culture, power and control, ethics, management and leadership, job design and technology, organizational structure, conflict and politics, stress in groups and individuals, learning, and communication which involves decision making and negotiations. Managers must therefore understand the relationships between all these topics, and see how they can strike a balance, to ensure that there is a conducive environment for the progress and survival of the organization (Martin, 2005). In this assignment, I will explore organizational behavior by the use of the case study of RR Feeds, Inc., which is a large feed processing plant located in North Dakota. I will identify the challenges, conduct an in depth analysis and provide recommendations to the Management team. Discussion Challenges facing RR Feeds, Inc One challenge facing the organization is that of economic down turn, which brings in the problems of financial instability for the company because it makes less profit as the expenses remain constant. This made the organization lay off some of the employees and cut spending, so as to survive. The other challenge is that of change of employees’ attitude towards the organization. The employees no longer feel obliged to commit themselves to the organization, and that is why they are ready to do as little as they can for the organization. The employees’ morale in working is greatly reduced due to lack of or poor motivation for them to dedicate their efforts to the organization. The management is faced with the challenge of enabling the organization to survive under the economic down turn, as they safeguard the welfare of the employees. This is a challenge of change management. In depth analysis The problems facing the organization can be attributed to change management. The organization has had a good history in its relationships with the employees and it’s clients for a long time. It usually gave bonuses to employees, and committed a lot of resources in various activities of the organization. The employees were very satisfied and they had a very positive attitude towards the orga
Introduction The question about the nature of propaganda is profound and multisided. However, first, it is necessary to properly understand the essence of this question to continue the discussion on that matter. Generally speaking, a phenomenon is a situation that occurred for no clear reason. Sometimes this term might refer to something that occurred naturally and spontaneously. On the other hand, a technique always involves certain preparation and systematization. The main goal of this paper is to analyze the nature of propaganda to answer the question of whether it is a phenomenon or a technique. The Principles of Propaganda To understand the term propaganda, it is crucial to review some of its principles. The first one is organization. Propaganda is a complicated system that requires much support. It also needs high investment to run a successful campaign. Although there is an opinion that an individual does propaganda, it is only partially true. People can try to convince a person, but that is not propaganda itself (Jowett and O’Donnell 6). It always requires the leader to control and guide the whole process. One of the most famous propagandists was Josef Goebbels, the minister of propaganda in Nazi Germany. His system was built on several principles, and one of them stated, “Propaganda must be planned and executed by only one authority” (Doob 423). This authority had clear functions. First, it had to give instructions to all propaganda organizations. The whole propaganda system was restructured several times. It was implemented through various directives that were sent by Goebbels. Second, the authority had to make instructions clear to
Introduction Different human activities create hazardous and harmful effects on the environment. Governments in Australia and all over the world try to protect the environmental damage through the introduction of environment-related laws and regulations. Legislations passed may be directed to punish the corporate, business community, or the individuals who damage the environment. Nongovernmental organizations and public agencies work in partnership to conserve the environment and the natural habitat. In Australia, the State, Commonwealth, and the local governments introduce and administers legislation directed towards the protection of the environment. In Australia, the Commonwealth was established during the merger of the six colonies to become states of one new nation in 1901 (Dorweiler and Yakhou 2004). This merger created a federal government system where power is shared equally among the commonwealth government and the six states (Dorweiler and Yakhou 2004). Environmental accounting is a field in accounting that offers reports for internal use by organizations. These reports produce environmental information that assists the organizational managers in making decisions relating to the prices, budgeting, and controlling expenditure. Environmental accounting also provides reports for the organizational external use by exposing the environmental information required by the entire public and the financial community. Reports for internal use are also referred to as environmental management accounting (Dorweiler and Yakhou 2004). Most of the time, State governments monitor the appropriate environment. It is the obligation of the Commonwealth Government to pass laws if the matter of the environment’s condition and safety becomes of great national environmental importance or if it is a state responsibility. To protect the environment and control pollution in Australia, most states and federal territories enact very similar laws and regulations. The government’s mandate is to enact legislation that guards the environment. Both governments establish and then pass legislation to become a law. These legislations are amended if necessary to keep them up to date. Everyone in Australia adheres to the laws strictly. The individuals, corporations, and business entities that break these laws are fined severely. Through these laws, the governments of the six states have mechanisms to oversee and protect the environment. This paper discusses the introduction of environmental legislation in different economies. A special focus has been placed on entire Australia particularly the six states and the commonwealth government. The two approaches of the free market and pro-regulatory approaches are discussed in depth. The general environmental legislation is discussed in the first section followed by the environmental pollution laws in Australia. However, the introduction of environmental legislation in an economy poses several effects on the growth and development of the economy. These effects could be negative or positive. The writer supports the introduction of environmental-related laws in a
Wondering what defamiliarization is? We’re here to help you! Check its meaning: Defamiliarization is a literary technique that focuses on the writing process more than on the plot. The key feature of defamiliarization is assessing the distinctness between reality and literature. Authors use this technique to identify their writings as works of art. Need some examples of defamiliarization? Read the essay below! Introduction There are many art and design movements, techniques, and philosophies that mark the development of each successive epoch, era, or generation of creators. Hence, the multiple ways of recreating the reality have been invented to reflect the views of artists in a unique, striking way. The main goal of the artist is to communicate a particular message to the viewers, listeners, or readers. The techniques used are highly helpful to communicate some implicit, delicate meanings that would have otherwise remained unveiled in the realm of others. Defamiliarization Definition Defamiliarization is one of the helpful stylistic techniques of such kind, and this essay shall analyze examples of defamiliarization and the benefits of its usage. It has become an invention of the 20th-century artists and is used to show the familiar conventional things, objects, or notions in an unusual way. The way of depicting them should appear so weird or funny for the object that he or she will come to reconsidering and re-finding them in the new aspect of his or her cognition. The technique can be used in every field, including literature, both poetry and prose, photography, design, and other artistic professions. Defamiliarization Example: Virginia Woolf Focusing on the use of defamiliarization in literature, one should note that Virginia Woolf is one of the representatives of modernism in literature who intensely used this method. Defamiliarization in her short stories is clearly evident, and the work “Three Guineas” is an excellent example of how she does it. In her narrative, Woolf often uses defamiliarization, especially foregrounding, to illustrate her feminist ideas and fight against masculinity in society. Depicting the bridge on which the female character fancies to be standing, the author dedicates several pages to the description of clothes men traditionally wear in the society to display their military or social honors. Though the practice was conventional and remains as such, the way Woolf depicts it appears strange for the readers, and some of them may devote some time to reconsidering the role these traditional attributes had for the society and for women put away from the scene of action as well. Defamiliarization in Russian Formalism Other writers used many defamiliarization effects in their works as well. For instance, Lev Tolstoy is known for his intense usage of the method, and Tolkien spoke much on the defense of the method, especially in such genres as science fiction or fantasy. Defamiliarization: The Lord of Ring Tolkien considered the method highly effective for fantasy stories because it helped people look at the regular things they came across in life fro
Abstract Psychopharmacology is a scientific field of study that deals with the actions of drugs and the effect they bring about on peoples’ feelings. Feelings in this context refer to moods, behavior, sensation as well as their way of thinking. The field also seeks to explain the reason behind disorders such as bi-polar disorders, unipolar as well as other mental related conditions. The province of Psychopharmacology also covers how various psychoactive drugs impact on human beings. The focus is primarily on how chemical reactions and interactions affect the brain. The psychoactive drugs usually have various consequences from the chemical reactions that come from it. This essay seeks to analyze pharmacology and the reactions of chemicals that are obtained from different psychoactive drugs. The crux of the paper shall dwell into the main principles of Psychopharmacology and delve into the role that these play in the Psychopharmacology process. There are some foundational principles that underlie the whole province of Psychopharmacology. These include neurophysiological mechanisms which are the foundation mechanisms underlying the mood disorders. Also important to note is the role played by pathophysiology, pharmacokinetics as well as pharmacodynamics. Essential Principles of Psychopharmacology The main principles of psychopharmacology are pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics (Healy, 2004). “Pharmacokinetics can be simply defined as what and how the body does to the drug, this is opposed to pharmacodynamics which can be defined as what the drug does to the body (Tanter & Healy, 1998).”This will involve different agents and factors. These include hormonal agents, nutrient and even toxins. These affect the pharmacology of psycho active drugs in different ways and to differen
Introduction Islamic law has always been different from the Western one. The problem appeared to be sharp, in particular, with arising of feminism movement in the western world and the increase of the women’s influence on social, political and economic life. Islamic law has always been strange for Western world, especially the attitude to a woman. Considering the work The Politics of Feminism in Islam by Anouar Majid written in 1998, it should be noticed that the main point of this article is the Muslim feminism and the relation of West and Islam to it. It is impossible to reject that these two opinions are absolutely different. Protecting the Islamist position on Muslim feminism, Anouar Majid lighted on a number of different ideas why Islam people should follow their religion and do not allow the West implementing their laws in the culture they do not understand absolutely. We are going to present three best arguments, in personal opinion, that defend the Islamist position on Muslim feminism. Main body First of all, Majid is sure that Islamic laws are unique and they must never be changed because of the other nations’ will. The Islamic culture is considered to be one of the most ancient and the formation of cultural consciousness appears to be “firmly in mind of all times” (Majid 353). It is impossible to restrict the whole nation to obedience of the other rules. Dwelling upon historical formation of Islamic ideas, the author of the article pointed to the “parameters of the faith” (Majid 353). The parameters of Islamic faith are strict, they come to the modern times from ancient ones and people should honor this inheritance. Traditionally, it is accepted that women are restricted to men and it is impossible to ruin this consideration. Tradition is one of the main components of religion that influences it greatly. If it is accepted traditionally that women should have some special position in Islamic society, so it is not simple and the rules must be followed. Children were taught by their parents, their parents were taught by their parents and so forth, it is impossible to eradicate people’s beliefs. Therefore, Islamic society should revere their faith and laws and do not assimilate them to Western tradition, especially in the relation to women. Second, the author tries to protect the Islamic position on Muslim feminism via opinion that all attacks on Muslim relation to women are unhistorical and do not have any backgrounds. Taking the example of Western and Islamic authors who support the same ideas, the author states that all they try to present is wrong. Analyzing some works of mentioned authors, Majid is frustrated as he cannot understand how the notion of “individual” can be related to “the spiritual and socioeconomic welfare of the community” (Majid 347). In other words, dwelling upon the necessity of making men and women equal and that this disbalance of rights leads to rights violation, Western people do not understand that they violate history, turn ar