ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
In 1953, Cuba resembled quite little of a proud and decent state; torn apart by the controversies and conflicts within, it was in desperate need for help. Both the economical and the political state were shocking to say the least; with a dictator at the helm and corruption within the state system, there was little left for people to hope for. As Strange, Oyster & Sloan (2011) explain, “Before the revolution, tourism boosted the Cuban economy and prostitution was common” (366). As one must have probably guessed, there were more than enough reasons for Cubans to be disappointed in the political regime of the 1950ies. However, the causes for the revolt to occur were not the desperate stage of the economy and the increasing levels of prostitution. As Cernak (2011) explained, the key factor that spawned the Cuban Revolution was the unbearable dictatorship of Batista: “In Cuba, revolutionary leader Fidel Castro led a guerilla army against Fulgencio Batista in 1959. Batista was a brutal dictator who controlled the pres and Cuba’s Congress” (Cernak, 2011, 54). Like most revolutions that the history has ever known, the Cuban one was, in fact, headed by a single leader, Fidel Castro. While hit brother, Raul, did take part in the revolution as well, Fidel is yet the most memorable person and the only man at the helm of the revolution process. Hugo Chavez, the then president of Venezuela, also contributed to the Cuban Revolution, while famous Che Guevara commanded the troops (Farber, 2006). Finally, the USSR was also interested in the results of the Cuban Revolution, which made the former assist the Cuban revolutionaries (Blight & Benner, 2007, 259). As for the exact date at which the revolution started, there are various ideas on the issue. Technically speaking, the armed insurrection started on July 26 th in 1953, when “Fidel Castro’s guerilla force attacked the Moncada Barracks” (Chomsky, 2010, 18). However, digging a bit deeper into the history, one can see distinctly the premises for the Cuban Revolution in Taino Indian Hatuey’s going against the Spanish colonists in 1511 (Chomsky, 2010, 18). However, the date when the battle finally ended has been established clearly; as Chomsky claims, this is January, 1, 1959 (Chomsky, 2010, 48). It goes without saying that the revolution had great impact on the way Cuba developed. To be more exact, the reforms concerned the field of agriculture – every farmer obtained 170 hectares of farmland, as Socialist Workers Party (1984) claims. In addition, the spheres including “health care, education, childcare, rent and meals at work” (Socialist Workers Party, 1984, 46) were thoroughly improved. However, some of the is
When the thought of today, the nineteenth-century writer Edgar Allan Poe is remembered as the master of the short story and the psychological thriller. Born in 1803 to parents who died soon afterward, Poe grew up as a foster child in the home of the Allans, neither of whom were capable of understanding his sensitive and somewhat brooding nature. Upon reaching the majority, Poe struggled to find his niche in life, publishing his first book of poems when he was only 19 and moving to short stories by the time he was 23 (Conklin, 1989). His theory regarding writing was that it should be short enough to be read through at one time. “If any literary work is too long to be read at one sitting, we must be content to dispense with the immensely important effect derivable from unity of impression” (Mowery, 1997). Although he wrote during what is commonly considered the Romantic period in literary circles, it is primarily through his writing that the concept of the Gothic Romantic came to life. An understanding of the various literary ideas that were floating around while Poe was writing one of his most famous works, “The Raven,” reveals how these traditions were synthesized and condensed by Poe to create a new genre in literary fiction. The prevailing literary tradition in vogue at the time Poe was writing was the Romantic period. Largely recognized as having begun in the late 1700s and persisting well into the mid-1800s, the period is marked especially by vast changes taking place in the social landscape. As a result of such sweeping changes, the literary tradition was highly concerned with discovering liberalism in thought. “Walter Pater thought the addition of estrangement to beauty (the neoclassicists having insisted on the order in beauty) constituted the romantic temper. An interesting schematic explanation calls romanticism the predominance of imagination over reason and formal rules (classicism) and the sense of fact or the actual (realism)” (Holman & Harmon, 2001). Characteristics of the genre identified by Welleck (2003) include a “revolt against the principles of neo-classicism criticism, the rediscovery of older English literature, the turn toward subjectivity and the worship of external nature slowly prepared during the eighteenth century and stated boldly in Wordsworth and Shelley” (196). The development of nature worship was also a side effect of the social changes that were taking place as many of the idyllic country places that had once been considered common property were being fenced in, boarded up, or heavily developed as new cities and towns. The imagination was held to be the highest of human capabilities while nature was highly revered because of its creative power as well as the freedom for imagination nature represented. Within the Romantic movement, it was felt that the world abounded with omen-like symbols and signs that communicated through their similarity to ancient myths and legends. In America especially, but throughout the world, another movement had a small undercurrent of followers who had pursued the concept
There are several similarities between psychology and society. These two are also interdependent and inter-related. Psychology concerns itself with the study of human mannerisms and way of thinking. On the other hand, humans are the main component of any society. This is the main relationship between psychology and society. Moreover, psychology can be termed as a study of the relationship between organisms (humans) and their environment. Thus, psychology is a study of how human beings in any society react to their environment. Psychology works at arriving at laws of human behavior as well as those of mental life (Slavich, 2009). Such laws are at most times responsible for shaping and governing societies. The social relationships that go on in a society are very important to psychological studies. Therefore, psychology and society are two inter-dependent entities. In addition, their inter-relation cannot be ignored. Psychology is an important field of study with several benefits to the society. The knowledge and practices of psychology can have positive impacts on a society. One of the practices advocated for by psychology is that of self-knowledge. Each individual is an integral part of his/her society. Psychological studies advocate for each individual to understand his/her own personality and behaviors. A society with individuals who possess a good amount of self-knowledge is likely to be more advanced than that with individuals of less self-knowledge. For instance, individuals with self-knowledge set goals that are consistent with their own personalities. Thus, their productivity increases and this benefits their society directly. There are those who feel that over-reliance on psychological theories places a huge burden on a society. The rationale behind this argument is that these theories may be conflicting and at times unsubstantiated. Hence, a society bears the burden of sorting which theories to rally behind. Psychological influence on political and social issues is notable. Politics is a science that relies heavily on internal mechanisms including those of the human mind. A politician has to work with an audience’s psychology for better success. Social psychology focuses on how individuals think about one another and their relationship to one another. This concept is very important in the field of politics. When it comes to social i
There is the dilemma between desired and due, virtue and vice, the life meaning and purpose. Together, the characters rethink values and views on the world. In this complex story, the themes of guilt, shame, and responsibility for actions are revealed. “The Reader” raises the topics as attempting to find a balance between the condemnation and acceptance of vices. It is the search for the relationship between two different generations of Germans. In the trial scene, the characters make a choice that cannot change. Hanna did not admit her illiteracy, and it ended badly for her. Michael’s “inaction” turned out to be a fatal choice that he could not correct. Kate Winslet has incredibly coped with such a demanding role. She managed to convey despair and pain, which caused me to sympathize with the main character – Hanna. Hanna is an incredibly complex, tense, ambiguous, and contradictory woman. It is more shameful for her to make the secret public than to reveal her past (Raghunath & Devi, 2021). This moment shocked me; sometimes, personal problems are more important than world tragedies. Her moral sense lacks depth, selectivity, a sense of love, care. The woman has a clear and definite attitude to what she considers natural and correct. First of all, Michael felt guilty for his indifference to Hanna’s fate. He repents, that for many years he could not forget the woman. The boy was confused by the connection with Hannah, even after she abruptly disappeared. Michael tried to get rid of guilt for crimes that he did not commit. Thus, he did not help to mitigate the punishment of the “beloved woman.” I think that Hanna realized that no one else needed her. The last ray of hope for love has faded; the relationship with Michael has become cold. She took advantage of the boy for her purposes, broke his life. Only after being imprisoned, Hanna begun to realize her actions. The woman admitted mistakes and was punished; she came to terms with guilt as a Nazi. In my opinion, the connection between literacy and morality is exceptionally ambiguous. There are several inconsistencies in the text regarding the image of illiteracy. The movie contains doubts about literacy and the ability to make moral judgments. This is especially vividly reproduced in the scene of the Holocaust debate. Nevertheless, these concepts are elusive concerning their meaning; there are still deep disagreements about what is “acceptable” or not. Reference Raghunath, A., & Devi, K. (2021). The metamorphosis of identity: A reading of Hanna in “The Reader’’. Annals of the Romanian Society for Cell Biology, 25(4), pp. 17721-17725. Web.
Validity refers to a study that is accurate and assesses given areas of study that the researcher should understand. Validity may be internal or external. This depends on the aspect of the study that the researcher wants to measure. Internal validity is the design of conducting research and how the decision making process is undertaken to get the best results. External validity explains the depth of study and the level of generalization and comparison with research studies that different authors conduct. Reliability refers to the extent to which a given research project can give consistent results and outcome. This is achieved when several experiments are done using the same procedure. In this case, the experiments are done using the same research tools and procedures even if conducted by different researchers. However, the outcome should be similar. Reliable data from a research study should be relevant to the problems that the researcher should solve to help in the decision-making process (Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2007). Validity measures how an instrument can measure a given characteristic in a research field accurately. In this regard, similar results are expected when using a common procedure. When the experiment is done, and the results are compared, they should indicate the same outcome. For a research to be valid, the results should be verified by a peer in the same doctrine of study. A peer is a person who shares the same legal status in terms of education or even age. A peer can also be a person who shares qualifications or abilities with another researcher. Thus, in a health and medicine field, it is important for researchers to undertake peer review of a given study. Peer review is important because it helps to check the validity of any results derived from a research study. In the field of medicine, the researcher should consult widely with peers to find solutions to health issues that affect people. Peer review help to compare the best approach to a given ailment and thus better drugs are provided to people (Gerrish & Lacey, 2010). On the other hand, reliability can be enhanced by conducting peer review among different people in the same field of study to find the best result and outcome that can be relied upon by all. Having peer review helps in determining the consistency of resul
Introduction The decision of the Supreme Court on Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission shows that the First Amendment to the Constitution can give rise to various interpretations and legal debates. Moreover, this case can have profound implications for political campaign in the country. This paper is aimed at analyzing the reasons behind this ruling of the court. Moreover, it is necessary to examine both concurring and dissenting opinions in order to determine the extent to which this verdict can be justified. Main Body First, according to the majority opinion, corporations, unions, or non-profit from organizations should be allowed to broadcast electioneering communications even before general or primary elections (Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission, 2010, unpaged). Moreover, this decision of the Supreme Court overruled some provisions of the Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act (BCRA). This legislative act set limits on the corporate spending on political campaigning. This provision of the BCRA was declared to be unconstitutional because it violated people’s right to free speech and expression (Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission, 2010, unpaged). The decision is premised on the idea that the Constitution and especially the First Amendment give equal protection to individual citizens and to groups of citizens who can form unions, lobbies, or corporations. This argument was supported by Justices Kennedy, Scalia, Robert, and Thomas. In turn, according to the dissenting opinion, this ruling can give corporations too much political power, and create loopholes for corruption of political leaders. The thing is that corporate entities have more opportunities to collect larger sums of money. Therefore, they can outspend many of their political opponents. Those judges, who dissented, for example, Stevens, Breyer, or Ginsburg, argued that unlimited corporate participation in political campaign can eventually stifle the voices of other people. There are various approaches that can be used to analyze this case. In particular, one can focus on the approach taken by Justice Antonin Scalia. His views are premised on the idea that the First Amendment emphasizes the protection of free speech, but it does not distinguish between types of speakers (Scalia, unpaged). In other words, this legal document does not tell that corporations should not be granted the right to free speech. There is no specification or a footnote mentioning that any associations of people should be denied the right to free speech. In part, his interpretation of the First Amendment can be called a black-letter approach. This means that a legislator should focus on the text of a legal document, rather than its supposed or alleged meanings. Provided that there is no explicit prohibition on corporate political activism, there is no reason to limit their expenditures on political
The book, A Boy No More , by Harry Mazer, is about a young man called Adam Pelko who has to live with the trauma of the Pearl Harbor attack, where he lost his father in the US Arizona ship. Upon relocation to San Diego, alongside his sister and mother, the young man is faced with the challenge of reconstructing his disturbing past. To make the matters worse, he receives a disturbing letter of the unfortunate events in Hawaii through is best friend called Mori, who is requesting for his assistance to help release his detained father of Japanese descent. Adams makes a journey to Fresco to break the news to Mori’s uncle about his brother’s arrest. Adams’ subsequent journeys to Fresco were an eye-opener of the deep resentment that the American society held towards the Japanese. Upon reaching Fresco, Adam is surprised that the whole family of his friend was detained in the Japanese confinement campsite at Manzanar. Reflective analysis Adam is faced with several dilemmas. To begin with, he lost his father in the Pearl Harbor attack, where the Japanese were the aggressors. Besides, his best friend Davi happens to be an American of Japanese origin. Thirdly, the general public’s mood is an open contempt towards anybody who is of Japanese origin. Therefore, going to Manzanar, where the Americans of Japanese descent were detained was very risky. Lastly, Adam was afraid of losing his best friend forever if he did not do anything to respond to his distress call. Having been a friend to Davi from childhood, Adam was sure that most the Americans of Japanese descent in the dentition camp were not a party to the Pearl Harbor attack. Adam has to make the hard decision of choosing friendship over loyalty to the blanket law of detaining the ‘Japanese.’ Adam makes the dreadful journey to Manzanar against the will of his mother. The author presents an interesting reflection of a traumatized boy growing into a young man in a nation where the citizens of Japanese descent
Introduction The political situation in Germany between the two world wars was unstable. Weakened economically after World War I, the country experienced difficulties and was forced to live under the threat of the communist camp. The world crisis of 1929 aggravated the situation and was one of the reasons for the political disorientation in the state. Germany needed a leader who could restore all the sectors of life in the country and centralize power. However, democratic principles of government proved to be ineffective, and the actions of Adolf Hitler, the leader of the Nazi party coming to power in the early 1930s, became the impetus for ideological transformation. Socio-economic instability, tough ideology, and the active involvement of the media were the key drivers that allowed Hitler to convince people of the power that the Nazi idea carried. Socio-Political Instability One of the key reasons for the rise to power of the Nazi party led by Adolf Hitler was the socio-political instability of Germany during the period after World War I. According to Satyanath et al., democratic forces were not ready to take responsibility for introducing reforms that could affect the situation in the country (507). The pressure from the communist camp was significant, and Germany needed to rebuild social areas that were weakened after the war. The fear of danger became the stimuli for the emergence of right-wing radical groups, and the National Democratic Party was formed as a cell designed to unite the country. In the early 1920s, Adolf Hitler became the leader of this party and reinforced the racist and anti-Semitic nature of its program. As Satyanath et al. state, according to the Nazis, Jews played a major role in the spread of defeatism during World War I (518). Hitler’s anti-Semitic policy was a set of legal actions aimed to expel Jews from society and deprive them of their rights and property. Therefore, the party made sure that its ideas were perceived as the key development course. Nazi Ideology The ideas of the Nazi ideology were developed and formulated by the leader of the Nazi party, Adolf Hitler. As Steizinger argues, Hitler believed that the qualities, attitudes, abilities, and behavior of a person were determined by a particular racial type (144). In developing their racial ideology, Hitler and the Nazis turned to the ideas of social Darwinists of the late 19th century (Steizinger 144). They believed that each race had distinctive characteristics acquired at the genetic level. These inherited characteristics included not only the appearance and physical structure of the human body but also internal psychology, ways of thinking, creativity, organizational skills, and military prowess (Steizinger 141). The anti-Semitic nature of the Nazi party’s policy was one of the key factors that enabled Hitler to convince the Germans of their racial superiority. The narrowly focused ideas of domination over other peoples became the driver that gave impetus to the political advancement of the Nazi leader and his recognition by the country’s citizens. As a result, the mechanism for influenc
Introduction Nobody can deny the fact, that school plays a crucial role not only in children’s education, but also in their character and outlook forming. It is important that children learn about the norms of society they are supposed to follow as men and women. This is because gender is defined by the society and therefore as the boys are growing up they need some guidelines on how to live and behave as the society expects. Most of the time these boys are in school and it is during their early years in life that they get to learn about their gender roles. Discussion It is supposed that “boys in particular need strong, charismatic teachers who mix firm discipline with a good-natured acceptance of boyish energy” (Mills, 2004). It is supposed that such teacher must be a man only. And the possible solution is to involve more male teachers in schools hence providing boys with male role models. So the aim of this research is to find out if boys really need male primary school teachers as role models. This is a very interesting problem to explore because of the changing gender roles which brings a lot of conflicts in relation to gender balance. There has for long been silence on the issues of gender, this problem is not referred openly. This approach has negative consequences for the present gender relations in schools. The term gender can be used to describe the socially prescribed roles and relationships between men and women. “Gender is always lived in the modalities of ethnicity and class, nationality in the modalities of gender and race, and class in the modalities of gender and nationality” (Prins, 2006). Every society has its gender norms which help to assign specific responsibilities and entitlement to men and women. In recent years, there has been the need for gender equity, so the presence of male teachers in primary schools is considered to be a reasonable strategy in order to help in trying to achieve gender equity and is an attempt to demystify the notion that learning and teaching is a girls’ thing. Teaching and especially in primary and elementary school is considered as a ‘woman’s’ work. This is the perception that is held by most people and thus the presence of male teachers in the school might help to reduce the myth that is associated with school among the boys. There is a lot of fear when it comes to teaching; this is how the people are socialized. So if the boys are told that there is nothing wrong in teaching and learning then it will go a long way in trying to achieve gender equity in the society. (Davies, 2003) This is in school where the boys get their first hand experiences about life outside the home. It is considered by many scholars that one of the problems our system of education faces today is so called “feminization” of school. This approach implies that that there is a kind of “feminist conspiracy against boys” in schools, and male teachers are not welcomed also. So the Queensland’s Male Teachers’ Strategy suggests some reasons for why there are so few males in teaching. There is a stereotype that teaching is not a “masculine profession”. But the main reason for this is low salary. Still “the upp