ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
There have been many changes in the advancement of information technology over the past two decades. Legal acts were created to better classify the rapid changes of technology and to protect the public. Many people find technology confusing, and there are people who take advantage of that weakness. Legal acts were created to protect people from the unknown or the confusing. Two of these necessary acts were the Children’s Online Privacy Protection Act (COPPA), created in 1998, and the Controlling the Assault of Non-solicited Pornography and Marketing (CAN-SPAM) Act, created in 2003. At the peak of the technology age, the majority of people, especially children, wanted to be a part of the technology trend. They wanted to join chat groups and message boards. They wanted to be able to contact their friends, and make new friends. The problem was that children often revealed personal information to the wrong people. Children tend to trust what people say. As an example, the child may not realize or even consider that the 12 year old girl they are chatting with could actually be a 40 year old man. They can quickly and easily compromise their personal safety. The Children’s Online Privacy Protection Act (COPPA) protects minor children that are under the age of thirteen. At the time of creation, websites were collecting and using personal information about children, information that could essentially be accessed by anyone. This caused an unsafe potential for public profile viewing. As an example, before the COPPA Act, a child could post on message boards or participate in chat groups alongside adults. This endangered the privacy of the child and put them at risk from harm by online predators. The COPPA act was created to help hide the personal identity of a child. Typically, children cannot be held accountable for sharing their personal information; they do not understand the implications. This act protects the unknowing child from the predator. The Assault of Non-solicited Pornography and Marketing Act (CAN-SPAM) was created to stop the email of unsolicited pornographic material and commercial solicitation. Pornographic emails were seen as predatory and abusive. Spam email was consuming the inbox; approximately half of all emails consisted of unsolicited spam messages. One goal of the CAN-SPAM Act was to eliminate fraud and deception. Another goal was to free the inbox so that people were able to receive email correspondence that they actually wanted. With the mass spamming seen before the act was implemented, there was a risk of losing important messages amidst the junk mail. For some people there was the need for additional email storage, costing them more money. There was also the need for excess time to remove spam from their inbox. Unsolicited email was costly and time consuming; regulation was needed to help people cope with the problem. When technology began to advance quickly, there were problems that arose just as quickl
Integration and Innovation Advertisement and social media Advertisements are very manipulative and use tactics that directly and involuntarily appeal to the mind of the target person. Despite ignorance of the same and disbelief in their effects, advertisements remain complex and significant in choice of products owned by an individual. Usually, advertisements appeal to memory or emotional response (Birdsall & Johnston 2010). As a result, it creates an intrinsic motivation response that triggers the mind to activate affiliation, self acceptance, and feign community feeling (Cone 2011; Kirby & Marsden 2006). In the end, advertisements succeed in appealing to emotions through capitalization on biases and prejudices of people. Therefore, response to an advertisement will emaciate from bandwagon technique which heaps pressure on the mind to follow the perceive crowd (Dennis, Fenech, & Merrilees 2004; Kennedy & Ehrenberg 2001). Reflectively, the success of the Native APP promotion messages will be deeply entrenched in the principle of keeping reliable and professional reputation in exchanging ideas and convincing customers. Therefore, through timely appeal to emotions and self prejudice, the Native APP will be packaged to appeal to the ‘perceived goodness’ and need to identify with ‘the ideal’ in the application functionality and deployment within different television, social, and print media advertisements (Farris, Bendle, Pfeifer, & Rebstein 2010). These aspects will be clearly painted as perfect in the various advertisements about the application through use of bright and powerful communication themes such as universal compatibility with the programming languages such as NET, JavaScript, Client Object Model, and HTML among others. The advertisement message will also capture the concept of supports to provider, remote, and on-premise hosted apps. In order to make this strategy successful, the advertisement message will be modelled on the platform of consistency and direct appeal to the target market (Harri
Face-saving is an action designed not to cause embarrassment to a person while holding a negotiation or a conversation (Folger, Poole & Stutman, 2008). In conflict and its resolution, face-saving is always geared towards preserving dignity, self-respect, personality, or good reputation of the people involved in the conflict, and negotiation. Face-saving, being one of the strategies involved in conflict negotiation, has seen scholars advancing several theories to explain this concept. Among the widely recognized and influential face-saving theories is the politeness theory that was put forward by Penelope Brown and Stephen Levinson in 1978 in efforts to explain the expression of speakers’ intention to mitigate face-threatening acts (Barron, 2001, P.17). The theory is based on the assumptions that, involved parties are rational persons and the face aspect involves both the positive and negative parameters. According to this theory, face-saving is for the mutual interest of both parties, with the positive face referring to the human search to belong, to be valued, accepted, recognized, and appreciated by others. On the other hand, negative face involves the basic human need for independence and autonomy; with the speech being acts-based and certain acts of speech being intrinsically face-threatening (Barron, 2001, P.17). The face-threatening acts can easily threaten the face of involved parties, either positively or negatively. Another significant politeness theory is that put forward by Fraser in 1990 that assumes that, politeness is a central part of interactions and takes a discourse-based rather than speech act-based approach. According to this theory, the parties begin their negotiation with specific notion with regard to rights and obligations of both parties based on their social relationship. This notion forms the conversational contract and the only way to stick to the contract terms is to act in a polite manner (Barron, 2001, P.20). Leech’s theory of politeness is another very influential face-saving theory that seeks to differentiate between a speaker’s illocutionary goal and a speaker’s social goal, with the speech acts being influenced by the speaker’s utterances and the position the speaker seeks to adopt that try to portray a certain perception (Márquez-Reiter, 2000, P.8). Other face saving theories include the Grice’s theory and face negotiation theory by Ting-Toomey that explains how various cultur
Imagine that you have just inherited an ancestral land which has been passed down from one generation to another for hundreds of years. Also, your ancestors have entirely relied on this ancestral land for their subsistence all these years. How would you feel if a stranger comes and claim ownership of this land and asks you to leave? This is exactly how the Mi’kmaq in Cape Breton Island felt when their only means of survival was threatened. Parnaby observes that the Mi’kmaq were “a small, extremely poor, and politically marginalized population… they were wretched… desperate… and miserable” (75). Andrew Parnaby’s The Cultural Economy of Survival: The Mi’kmaq of Cape Breton in the Mid-19th Century is one of the writings on the Mi’kmaq history that explores the coexistence between economic adjustment, native culture, and indigenous-newcomer experiences. Similarly, other scholars have written several articles on the Mi’kmaq history between the 18 th and 19 th centuries. For example, an article written by William Wicken demonstrates the significance of farming to the native Mi’kmaq residing in Nova Scotia (Parnaby 74). Parnaby observes that the colonial government highly politicized agricultural activities in Breton Island. In the late 18 th century, the colonial government argued that the Mi’kmaq could only be civilized if they discarded their “original roving practices” in favor of farming (Parnaby 75). The colonialists’ fascination with the natives’ roving ways and the burning desire to render Mi’kmaq inactive, underlined the colonialists’ efforts to isolate the natives from their ancestral lands (Parnaby 75). Parnaby asserts that this ideology (propagated by the British settlers) was based on John Locke’s “labor theory of property” (Parnaby 76). Accordingly, the colonial government claimed that the natives (Mi’kmaq) utilized their fertile lands inefficiently and therefore deserved to be replaced by more industrious people (white settlers). This ideology is aptly captured by Parnaby when he quotes a statement by Abraham Gesner, the Commissioner of Indian Affairs in Nova Scotia, “they must cultivate the land… or accept their inevitable fate” (Parnaby 76). It is important to note that agriculture was an important activity to the Mi’kmaq residing in Cape Breton
In her travel blog, Katrin Sif describes the details of her traveling in Greek cities. In the selected passage taken from the post on traveling in Greece, the author chooses to focus on such two important aspects as the Greek hospitality and the Greek people’s approach to philosophy which are often discussed as very important elements of the Greek culture because of the developed stereotypes. Thus, the focus on proving different interesting stereotypes is characteristic for many travelers, as Osnos state it in his article (Osnos 10). From this perspective, Katrin states that hospitality in Greece means the opportunity to meet all the closest friends and relatives of the stranger and the impossibility to stay ‘Greekless’ because all the Greeks are inclined to welcome the foreigner and to pay attention to him as to their own closest friend (Sif par. 3). Moreover, Katrin also received the opportunity to prove the stereotype about the Greeks’ focus on philosophy because many strangers in Greece eagerly start talking about the elements of the existential philosophy and different types of religion (Sif par. 3). From this point, it is significant to note that Katrin’s blog is important because the author provides not only her thoughts on the aspects of traveling and the Greek culture but also her explanations to the unfamiliar and interesting details, elements of the culture, traditions, and various phenomena (Sif par. 3). For instance, Katrin carefully explains that a ‘frappe’ can be discussed a specific variant of the Greek ice coffee, and the author notes to remember that the word ‘philosophy’ means the ‘friend of knowledge’ in the Greek language (Sif par. 3). The Passage from Katrin Sif’s Blog Post The Passage from Katrin Sif’s Blog Post Works Cited Osnos, Evan. The Grand Tour: Europe on Fifteen Hundred Yuan a Day (pages 1-15) . 2011. Web. Sif, Katrin. Final Stop in Greece: Corfu . 2013. Web.
Introduction Management in the modern church ministry is a challenging engagement with many ministers adopting various ways and models to manage the ministry effectively. This involves sometimes trial and error whereby ministers try one model after another all without much success. The inference from this is that the leaders of today’s church are stuck in some sort of miry clay from which they need help to come out of and carry out the work that God has assigned to them. In response to this desperate situation, the author of this particular work focuses on viewpoints, this time not of a certain model of management but on the other hand, he focuses on the core issue, which is who we are as ministers and what we are here for. He exemplifies the reason for any ministry and the issues that leaders must consider in their ministry i.e. God’s mission. Definition of Ministry One of the most sensitive areas where the author of this work addresses is the question about the ministry. The way a minister defines ministry ultimately affects the ministerial process and approach. First among his proposals is the fact that ministers have to accept that the term mission is biblical. By understanding and appreciating this fact, they will be able to comprehend what God’s mission is and therefore, it is a prerequisite to understanding the reason and approach to ministry. In this book, he offers evidence of what the misunderstanding of mission has led to in today’s missionary literature. In his terms, he refers to the condition as a one-eyed mission. One of the causes of this partial blindness that the author is quick to point out is the biased attention many authors give to the two testaments. He focuses on some revolution writings about the topic which attend more to the new testament while ignoring the old testament namely; Salvation to the Ends of the Earth, Bible and Mission and New Testament Models of Mission. The biased attention to the New Testament by these authors as the most important reference for missionary work is to blame for this partial blindness. Even though most of these writings offer a valuable contribution to our understanding of mission, they all also offer one sighted perspective by their emphasis on either testament of the bible. This ultimately leads to a one-sighted target. The author proposes that the leaders examine the mission motivation for the church’s ministry in the Old Testament before the church begins to understand the mission Jesus sends us for in the world. This will afford the church a full sight of the mission of Christ. Ministry modeling Another important issue that this writer address is the issue of modeling. In the quest for efficient management and oversight, many ministers end up in bookshops and internet libraries in trying to obtain a suitable model for governance. The author in response to this addresses the problem whereby ministers look for models in the wrong places. The author asks a very critical question; why have they not looked for a suitable
Egypt is one of the ancient seats of civilization, and the Pyramids, Mummies, and artifacts of Egypt, which is still an enigma, have fascinated every historian and traveler for many centuries. In “Mirage: Napoleon’s Scientists and the Unveiling of Egypt,” Nina Burleigh (2007) unravels the experiences and activities of the special corps of 150 Parisian artists and scientists, naturalists, and physicists (group known as ‘savants’) traveling to Egypt, with the 50,000 army men of Napoleon. The group, inspired by Napoleon’s call for scholars to help explore new foreign territories, and enlighten the people of Egypt and liberate native Mameluke, was to take the expedition a turning point in the Western study of Egypt, its life, natural history and antiquity, the country, and its influence on the arts in Europe. Intoxicated by the example of Alexander the Great, a conqueror with great ideas, Napoleon had set in motion one of the most ambitious fact-finding mission to Egypt. Napoleon termed the French expedition as an intellectual endeavor, rather than a French military aggression to colonize Egypt, aimed at enlightening the Orients and build cordial relationship among Christians and Muslims, though his entourage comprised more army men than scholars. In the perspective of Nina Burleigh’s “Mirage” it is essential to examine how this expedition embodies Napoleon’s ambitions as well as ideals of enlightenment and revolution, and whether his mission to Egypt was a success as anticipated. No region aroused greater interest than Egypt, where reports of mysterious monuments, inscrutable hieroglyphics, rare silks and spices, and rumors of lost magical knowledge tantalized dreamers and taunted the power-hungry, and its history and people was the subject of much myth and speculation. Napoleon set in motion one of the most ambitious fact-finding missions in modern history, out of his adolescent ambition to conquer Egypt, and inspiration drawn from the history of Alexander the Great. The gory conflict between Christianity and Islam loomed large for three hundred years, from the Battle of Vienna till the end of eighteenth century, and very few Europeans ventured to enter the region. In addition, the voyage from Europe to the Orient, the Islamic countries of the Middle East, by sea was arduous and long, the climate extreme, and the inhabitants were assumed to be inhospitable. Thus, only the most reckless or mad Europeans, merchants, and writers dared to cross the turbulent Mediterranean Sea, and ventured to explore the intricacies of Egypt, till the day Napoleon’s “Army of the Orient” landed at Alexandria on July 1, 1798, with a band of 150 curious, voluntary erudite men. Nina Burleigh devotes her book “Mirage: Napoleon’s Scientists and the Unveiling of Egypt” on the struggle of the savants to survive the hardships of unforgiving desert, jealousy of the French troop, anger of the indigenous population, spread of disease, natural calam
History of the icon The Black Madonna of Breznichar was fictitious and was a dark skin colored representation of Madonna by Mary. The Black Madonna of Breznichar is a Marian painting or statue of medieval origin. The first notable study of the origin of the Black Madonna was presented by Leonard Moss in a meeting held at the American Association for the Advancement of Science. This took place on Dec. 28, 1952. This was the supposed date of apparition for the black Madonna. The Black Madonna of Breznichar is located in Bohemia. “It is an invented one though it existed in fiction” (Kidd Monk 54). Its symbolism to Mary is that it was a black version of her and was respected and considered holy by Catholics just like the Virgin Mary, mother of Jesus. Its representation of Mary highlights an important message whereby it poses trans-racial significance. In some recent time, it has been suggested that the Black Madonna should have a perception of the Virgin Mary which was not well clearly emphasized in the Christianity doctrine. It has had history associated with it when we look at eccelesial lifestyle. The black Madonna has been a source and image of divine intervention for eccelesial life over the course of many years. The Black Madonna was approved by ecclesiastical authority a long time ago, and it was declared that it really performed miracles. Characteristics of the icon The above image is a color picture of the Black Madonna. It is characterized to be the black version of Mary, the Virgin. The term used frequently to designate these kinds of images is known as inculturated Madonnas. There are people and certain cultures that approve dark features and perceive them to have a particular prominence. The prominence of the Black Madonna is majorly due to the miraculous character it poses to the pilgrims. The statue of Madonna gets its color from the material used, ebony or any other dark wood. “This is mainly done t
Introduction Commercial advertisements are one of the products of the capitalist economy. Their most obvious goal is the persuasion of possible consumers into the purchase of one product or service over others of similar characteristics. As acts of communication, they are manifestations of an ideological discourse that structures social practices. The repetition, reinforcement, and perpetuation of relations within the social grid are guaranteed by the cultural exchange, an exchange that in capitalist societies is one of the commodities and the meanings attached to them. Advertisements, then, represent the vehicle through which commodities become signs (Surmanek 23). Organizational Structure Most advertising agencies have a centralized structure. Centralization leads to greater rigidity and more formalized central control. Specialization of tasks by units results in fragmentation and creates problems in communication and coordination. The greater the degree of specialization, the greater the tendency to concentrate on individual functions while losing sight of overall corporate objectives. Thus, in large advertising agencies conflicts may arise among product group, functional, and territorial managers, even though all are preoccupied with marketing (Surmanek 65). Despite protesting cries that marketing specialists are “organization men,” organizations require routines, programs and procedures, and conformity. Among the factors taken into consideration in answering it are the product line, customers, and processors. Traditionally marketing organizations have been hierarchical, with functional groupings based on authority and responsibility. Recently these structural arrangements have changed. Marketing organizations now include more than sales. Moreover, technology, including computer usage, has led to organizations that have developed along horizontal lines (Advertising, Marketing 2008). Departmental structure helps to advertise agencies to deal with a complex environment and solve daily problems. Many advertising agencies thought to dwell on such concepts as the centralization of business management (Surmanek 88). Customer orientation, in contrast, stresses consumer sovereignty, environmental forces, and coordinated marketing systems (Hameroff 73). Because self-managing members are working on permanent teams, the effort and expense involved in changing compensation structures are often justified. Main Departments Advertising agencies pay special attention to account management. Auditing and controlling marketing effort, the fourth entrepreneurial function, is essential to assure the effective performance of marketing activities. in advertising agencies, work and focus groups are