ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
In the realm of the XXI century information society, the significance of data acquisition, processing and transfer is increasing exponentially. The given process has taken its toll on the spatial analysis and its specific, seeing how the spatial data structure and models seem to have undergone major changes over the past few years. In Spatial data structure and models, the fourth chapter of his book GIS basics , Shahab Fazal provides a succinct yet very informative account of the spatial data structure that is currently considered the most adequate in GIS. The chapter starts, appropriately enough, with a definition of such concepts as “data” and “information.” As the author explains, these terms are often viewed as synonyms, yet, in fact, they are not. More to the point, according to Fazal, “information” is the result of data processing. While data, as Fazal stresses, comes in four key types, i.e., linguistic, symbolic and mathematical expressions, as well as signals (Fazal, 2008, p. 84). Texts are traditionally defined as linguistic data, while symbolic data includes all types of signs, pictures and pictograms. Mathematical expressions, in their turn, incorporate formulas and constants, while the concept of signals is deciphered as various acoustic phenomena. It should also be kept in mind that information is prone to aging; as a result, not all information can be classified as useful and suitable for keeping in data sets. Fazal specifies the following types of information as useless: irrelevant, unreliable, outdated, unintelligible, inconsistent, and causing difficulties in handling. A logical continuation of the previous paragraph, the difference between geographic data and geographic information is defined by Fazal in the next part of the chapter. It is quite remarkable, though, that the author does not focus as much on drawing the line between these notions as much as he explains what data and information mean in geographical dimension. According to Fazal, “geographic data” can be defined as the data that is “pertinent to features and resources of the Earth” (Fazal, 2008, p. 85), whereas “geographic information” is traditionally viewed as the geographic data that has been organized in accordance with the currently adopted principles, i.e., based on the “descriptive” and “graphical” elements of the geographic data (GD). The aforementioned differentiation between descriptive and graphical elements is an integral part of the GIS information organization principles, as Fazal explains. Making it obvious that the information organization of the descriptive data is based on the distinction between the two, Fazal proceed
The Metamorphosis by Kafka, like many of his works, is highly complex and characterised by intricate and oblique symbols and metaphors. The plot is based on Gregor, a traveling salesman who wakes up one morning and finds that he has been transformed into a huge bug. He has a hard time relating to his family. However, he seems to enjoy the freedom and flexibility of an insect. Eventually, his alienation and injuries caused by his family result in his death, and the family seems to improve after his death. Kafka’s substantial use of symbolism in this text is evident in the immediate context of the transformation that appears to be a reverse anthropomorphism, where a human character is personified as an insect (Kafka 34). This initial symbolism is important to the plot of the overall story because, essentially, if one considers the Gregor life before and after his transformation, he or she would realise that Gregor’s transformation had begun long before he turned into a beetle. His metamorphosis is symbolic of the fact that his previous life was not that of a normal human, although he lived in a human body. He did not have friends and a social life outside his family. He seemed to have no other purpose in his life save for slaving for his family, just like a worker bee. When he transforms to a bug, his family treats him in a manner that makes him realise the true role he played in their lives. Thus, it is apparent that he did not just turn into a bug on that day. He had been one for quite some time. The metamorphosis that alludes to the life circle of an insect can also be viewed symbolically about the change that takes place in the family. When he changes, family members seem to be on the path to ruin, but they gradually adapt. After his death, they improve, which is not unlike what happens to insects when they undergo the same. Food is another overt symbol in the story. In a way, it is a reflection
Introduction The society has come to realize that it is important to protect intellectual property as a way of promoting creativity and innovation. The world is changing rapidly due to changes that are taking place in various fields, especially in the field of technology. People are coming up with new ideas that are very creative and meant to change the face of the world in a positive manner. This kind of creativity has resulted in development in various fields of economy. However, some unscrupulous individual have perfected the art of copying creative minds of others works, and claiming ownership to them. One of the most affected areas where abuse of intellectual property is common is in the field of graphic design. Graphic designers are some of the most creative people who always strive to come up with unique ways of presenting a common thing. Graphic designers always spend a lot of time trying to develop a new item meant to offer superior benefit to the users. However, Aufderheide and Jaszi note that abuse of intellectual property has affected these designers. 1 They take time to develop a new design only for it to be copied by other individuals who are interested in quick gain without any strain. This means that the artist who took time to develop the design rarely benefit from this venture. This kills the spirit of artistry, as the concerned individuals do not benefit from their effort. It means that there is need to develop laws that would govern intellectual property in this country as a way of promoting creativity and innovation in the market. Abuses of Intellectual Property in Graphic Design In the field of design, graphic designers have been worst affected by intellectual property abuse. It takes a lot of time and effort to come up with new designs. In order to come up with new pictorials, graphic, or sculptural works, it requires these graphic designers to spend a lot of time and dedicate a lot concentration in order to come up with a successful product. 2 However, some people would try to copy such designs as soon as they come into the market. There are instances where these unscrupulous people would claim ownership of these products despite knowing that they copied them from the original designers. In such cases, the designers do not get to benefit from their artwork. There should be strict laws specifically designed to protect graphic designers, especially in the field of fashion. According to Kur, the law of this country has been so silent on intellectual property rights in the field of fashion and design. 3 The scholar notes that there are instances where one would develop a new design only for it to be copied by other stronger forces in the market who have the capacity to make mass production within a short while. In such instances, the person with the original idea fails to benefit from his or her hard work. According to the research by Kur, United States remains one of the countries with the best laws that protect intellectual property. 4 This scholar says that China is by far, the worst country other than the third world countries when it comes to protection of intellectual property. Copying graphic designs s
Introduction Jamey Fatal Al-Khaleej is an organization that contributes greatly to the development of society and has gained a certain popularity in the region (“About us,” 2002). Admittedly, the organization has helped many people find their place in society. However, there is still a negative perception of working as a servant or a waitress. One of the ways to influence this trend is to launch an advocacy advertisement. Main body The target audience of this advertisement is the group of females between 20 and 30. The central message of the advertising is as follows: young females can fulfill certain tasks to get life experience, certain empowerment, and help support their families. It is also necessary to tie this to the history of the organization as Jameyat Fatal Al-Khaleej has helped a lot of women achieve certain financial freedom. The major objective of this advertising is to attract young females to work as waitresses and servants, which will help the organization hire staff. It is possible to exploit a number of media types to communicate the message. First, the Internet is the primary source as it is affordable and very effective (Belch & Belch, 2003). It is possible to create a video and a number of promotional images communicating the message. It is also possible to resort to direct mail as lots of young females have their e-mails. Furthermore, launching meetings and workshops in terms of the organization’s events can also be helpful as face-to-face communication is of paramount importance for the people in the region. The preparation for the campaign will take up to a month though it is possible to complete this stage within two weeks.  1. The first meeting will be held to brainstorm the ideas and develop a specific plan with particular deadlines and responsibilities.  2. Developing the video as well as images can take up to a week. However, this process will not involve too much work as it is possible to use materials available as the organization has launched a variety of events. It is possible to interview several females who could articulate the importance of having a job and completing even ‘simple’ but crucial tasks like waiting. Images of females completing some tasks along with the benefits of such jobs (empowerment, experience, development, communication
The cycle of books by George Martin “A Song of Ice and Fire” and the television series “Game of Thrones” by David Benioff and Daniel Weiss may be of interest to theoretical sociology by the very scale and even the global nature of the project of a fictitious world, which is very realistic and detailed not only in terms of the motives of the heroes’ actions but also with regard to social structure, rules of social action, religious, cultural and everyday practices, right down to clothing, food and drink. The clan, feudal and other social structures, carefully thought out by Martin, are easily recognized as the West’s historical past. Thus, the reader and the viewer have suggested a quasi-sociological view of Vestoros as a structurally familiar space of the European late Middle Ages or early modernity, which is partly imprinted in the Western cultural tradition (Marthews, 2018). The personal experience of modern Americans and Europeans resonates with the perspective often used by the author, in which institutions of socialization like family appear not only not so much as a source of necessary economic resources, cultural meanings, and general motivation for action but also as repressive structures carrying out social coercion. This paper analyzes the institutional order depicted in these works of fiction from the standpoint of the classic theory of modernity and social order theory, Thomas Hobbes. It argues that although the works demonstrate the typical structures of modern society (despite historical anachronisms), the events of the cycle are instead an example of a process opposite to that described by Hobbes: here, the readers or the viewers see not a way out of the natural state through the establishment of the state, but, on the contrary, the disintegration of the state as the dominant instance of legitimate violence, when everyone gets back their natural right to self-preservation, entering into direct competition with the similar right of other rational egoists in the conditions of an unlimited “war of all against all.” A traditional event background for the fantasy genre is a crisis of the pre-established order, which is restored at the end of the narrative by the heroes’ efforts (“eucatastrophe,” in Tolkien’s terminology). Typically, these crises are associated with the disruption of the usual course of things within the power structure or the general balance of power. However, in the case of Martin’s universe, the phenomenology of disintegration is not limited to power-institutional moments and is not explained by only an unintentional violation of the pre-established harmony (Virino & Rodriguez, 2019). So, in the series, a systemic crisis literally covers the entire space of the narrated world so that by the beginning of the 8th season, all the usual forms of social interactions (including family, friendship, and even th
Introduction A national curriculum was introduced in England and Wales for the first time in 1988. It applies to all pupils attending state schools during the period οf compulsory education from age five to age 16. At the end of each key stage statutory assessment of pupils takes place involving both externally written tests and teacher assessment. At key stages 1, 2, and 3 the tests are the same for all pupils in the country. At key stage 4, the tests are the General Certificate of Secondary Education (GCSE) examinations which are organized and administered by several examination boards, and schools are free to choose the board they wish to use. Except οf key stage 1, the tests consist of formal, timed papers taken under strict examination conditions and marked by external examiners. The teacher assessments are intended to take into account the classwork, homework, and other information obtained by the teachers during the key stage. The attainment of pupils at the end of key stages 1-3 are reported in terms of οf levels. Currently, there are eight levels with an opportunity for exceptional performance above level 8 to be reported. The national curriculum contains descriptions of each level which are intended to guide teachers in making their teacher assessments. GCSE performance at the end of key stage 4 is reported using lettered grades A*-G. A* has been introduced recently to represent an exceptional performance above that of grade A. The introduction of the national curriculum The introduction of the national curriculum and its associated testing arrangements has caused much anxiety, confusion, and eventual antagonism on the part of οf teachers. An indication of the difficulties encountered is that we are now coping with the third version of the science curriculum in seven years. This is not the place to go into this in detail, but a good description of the establishment of the testing arrangements about the national curriculum and οf the difficulties encountered is given by Black (1994). Teacher as Evaluator In the planning of the national curriculum in England and Wales, the T
Ideology An ideology entails a set of beliefs and ideas that comprise of a group’s aims, objectives, and expectations. Several scholars view it as a comprehensive vision that is employed in interpreting the complex world. In the modern international system, the ideas of the powerful states will always dominate (Pinker 2002, p. 89). From a Marxist perspective, the bourgeoisie will always make laws that would be applied in governing society. In this regard, Britain and the United States have always made laws that control politics in the Middle East region (Ehteshami, 2007, p. 38). They do not allow individuals in the region to make and implement their policies because their economic and socio-political interests would not be achieved (Fukuyama, 1992, p. 56). From a realist perspective, the national interests of the powerful states will always dominate their foreign policies. Policies made in the United States and Britain regarding the ongoing conflicts between the two states is based on selfish interests, which is to extend the ideas of capitalism as an ideology (Cleveland, & Bunton, 2009, p. 11). The two
The play ‘Death of a Salesman’ by Arthur Miller depicts the affairs between gender associations and dysfunctional family conducts. From the play, failure in relationships is witnessed between Linda and her husband. In this case, Linda acts as if to be concerned about her husband but in actuality; favors to kill him so as to live an easier life. This is because of the way she was being mistreated by him as can be seen from the conversation between Linda and Biff in Act 1. “Things are beginning to change”, Linda told Willy; on another instance; “It seems there is a woman….” Linda says thinking that her husband was having extra marital affairs. On the other hand in her short story the ‘Weekend’, Ann Beattie outlines one of the key vital disagreements between the key qualities of Lenore and George. In this case, failure in relationships is depicted by the fact that George and Lenore have a kid together and live in the same shelter; yet they have no noticeable relationship. Based on this, the characters of George are depicted as a drunkard old man who seems not to mind anything around him while on the other hand Lenore is portrayed as a ‘simple’ wife who allows her husband outshine her with younger girls. It can also be argued that, even though Lenore is as simple as she could be seen by her husband; she has a lot of feelings within her but does not always show them out. Based on this from the story it can be deduced how Lenore felt; where “Lenore feels that she is like Julie: Julie’s face does not betray emotions even when she is interested and even when she deeply cares”. Additionally, in the John Updake’s short story ‘Separating’, the author creates a textual depiction of the biased experience of family division. From the story it can be seen that, Richard and Joan have been living with problems for a long time and the only solution to their problems was through separation. It can further be seen from the story that Richard revealed a comment to Joan saying that, “they never questioned the reasons we gave. No thought of a third person”. In this case, Richard articulates his respite that may be their children did not suppose the fact that, one of their parents was unfaithful. From his novel ‘The Slaughterhouse-Five’, Vonnegut explains the importance of wars in humans’ life. In this case, the novel outlines that wars and tragedies are everywhere where the universe is destroyed in the attempt of testing spaceship fuels. It is indicated in the novel that people ignore wars because they are part of their lives. From the Vonnegut’s statements in chapter, “writing a book on antiviolence is like writing an anti-glac
In this essay, I would examine two samples of heritage architecture to draw out their “symbolism” with events in the past. The aim is to understand how these architectural premises responded to historical moments, and whether a paradigm for current practice can be developed. If one were to compare contemporary urban architecture in Australia with these past heritage buildings, the physical and historical distance would be significant. As will be shown in this essay, the sample buildings were built in a neo-classical way to suggest the relevance of those times whereas most contemporary urban architecture reflects functional usage of buildings, not any “elitist” purpose (Unwin, 2009, p.45). Symbolism has played a vital role in the identification of buildings, in the past as well as the present. Within a shared cultural language of symbolism, the appearance of these houses reflect the expectations of the people in the past about ‘what’ a house should look like (Urwin, 2009, p.2). Such structures have evolved from a deep, subconscious need in their psyche to express meanings, allusions, metaphors and tell stories (Urwin,
Introduction Live video streaming platforms are discussed today as virtual communities that attract not only broadcasters but also spectators. In China, Douyu TV is one of the most popular streaming websites. The platform’s content covers not only gaming videos but also outdoor videos, and TV shows (Osawa par. 2). The phenomenon of Douyu TV in Chinese society is similar to the phenomenon of Twitch TV in American society; however, the ethnographic research needs to be conducted about the online community of Douyu TV. The ethnographic question that is aimed to be answered with the help of this research is the following one: How can such a developed virtual community as Douyu TV based on the idea of the live video streaming influence or change the everyday life of Chinese young people? The popularity of the website has increased significantly, and it is important to examine how the website can affect the lives of young individuals. Background Douyu TV is a live streaming video platform in China that was established in 2013 under another name. The website’s content is focused on video gaming, including League of Legends, Counter-Strike, DOTA, and Hearthstone: Heroes of Warcraft among others. In addition to individual broadcasting, there are also popular e-sports competitions, outdoor videos, and shows that are actively watched by spectators (Osawa par. 2). Douyu TV takes the leading position in the live video streaming market of China. Moreover, the financial potential of the website has increased to almost USD 100 million recently (Osawa par. 7). Douyu TV is also selected by investors to sign contracts with the most successful broadcasters who can work to increase the number of viewers not only in the region but also globally. More than 1 million viewers watch different types of videos a day (Osawa par. 8). This fact allows speaking about the impact of this virtual community on the development of young people’s visions and their daily life in China. Theoretical Framework The virtual community that is associated with sharing and watching the live videos broadcasted with the help of streaming platforms similar to Douyu TV is characterized by features typical of other virtual communities, and it can be discussed in the context of such issues as the personal and virtual identity of young people, the role of online activity in the users’ everyday life, and privacy. Also, the specifics of the community related to living video streaming can be explained with references to the analysis of the connection between the virtual and real lives of broadcasters and viewers in the context of the gratification theory. The self-identity is an important concept that explains the young people’s attitudes to oneself and each other, and their vision of personal identity can influence their life significantly. According to Hongladarom, today young people are inclined to focus on the development of not only their identities in