ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Different philosophical positions apply in the discussion of human actions and their causation. A predominant traditional philosophical argument proposes that actions constitute a set of events that determine various mental elements such as people’s intentions, requirements, and values (Aguilar and Buckareff 925). Harry Frankfurt, an American philosopher, upholds this account of causation of actions by offering an alternative interpretation of events. He views physical engagements and actions as separate entities. He proposes the PAP (principle of alternative possibilities). This paper discusses the philosophy of actions with reference to Harry Frankfurt’s objections. The Causal Theory of Action and Harry Frankfurt’s Objections Harry Frankfurt made major contributions to the philosophy of action through the idea of guidance and objection to compatibilists’ proposal about the incongruity of causal determinism and ethical accountability. Resulting from PAP, the incompatibility premise holds:  1. Agents assume responsibility for their own actions in case they do contrary to what is expected  2. Appropriate condition for false cause determinism is necessary for agents to do otherwise for agents to bear responsibility for their deeds with reference to the false contributory determinism (Aguilar and Buckareff 926). Harry Frankfurt rejects (b) by claiming that determinism and accountability are well matched because accountability does not demand the liberty for doing anything else. In support of this augment, he provides several examples in which agents have a responsibility for their actions amid lacking the freedom for doing otherwise. According to Harry Frankfurt, the causal theory of action has several challenges. Firstly, it fails to offer a distinction between bodily movements and actions. Secondly, an adequate and satisfactory understanding of rational explanations for actions is required. The main challenge here is on how to understand various rational explanations for various actions. According Donald Davidson’s theory, actions comprise bodily movements that have rational explanations while such rational justifications entail causation interpretations based on one’s beliefs and desires. Put together, these statements declare desires and beliefs as the major causation of bodily movements. Frankfurt objects this idea by maintaining that the causation of bodily movements by people’s conviction or desires does not differentiate them in terms of their actions. While explaining Frankfurt’s refutation to the causation theory, one has to consider his counterexamples. Supposing James dives (action) in a classy manner. From the bodily movement approach, James possesses muscles that permit him to execute indistinguishable bodily movements in terms of a classy dive. In the context of causation theory, desires and beliefs differentiate these two since they cause actions. However, Frankfurt counters that action theories act against well-known counterexamples. For instance, James might depict a desire to execute a stylish dive while believing that suc
Introduction Overfishing occurs when marine species are harvestable at a faster rate than they can reproduce. It is the harvesting of fish below an acceptable level. This occurs in all water bodies such as ponds, lakes, and seas. Overfishing leads to depletion of resources, reduced biological growth rates, and low biomass levels. Sharks are the common type of fish that are over-harvested. Overfishing of sharks results in a disturbance of the marine ecosystem. Overfishing in oceanic waters is now recognized as extremely widespread and the causative factors, especially the economic factors, are well known. For a useful analysis of overfishing, data on the productivity and identity of fish stocks is essential. For, most countries, neither is generally available, and there is an urgent need to gather these basic data. The conditions of the ecosystem determine the ability of fisheries to recuperate after overfishing takes place. Freshwater ecosystems include lakes and ponds (standing-water ecosystems), rivers and streams (flowing-water ecosystems), and marshes and swamps (freshwater wetlands). However, freshwater ecosystems occupy only about 2 percent of Earth’s surface, and all the marine species fight for their survival in these ecosystems (Clover, 2008). Overfishing is a common practice that has been taking place in many parts of the world for a long period. This paper will look at the fish demand and consumption trend, types of fishing, and acceptable levels. It will also look into the ways that can be employed to conserve and alleviate the problem of overfishing. Fish Consumption and Demand More than 200 million people depend on fishing for their livelihood in most developing countries. One out of every five people depends on fish as the primary source of protein. According to the UN, fish farming has been growing rapidly than all the other animal food-producing sectors. However, statistics show that fish are being over-harvested and are also affected by environmental degradation. This will soon lead to the depletion of fisheries causing threats to the food supply of millions of people who depend on fishing (Clover, 2008). The UN agencies led by secretary-general Johannesburg launched a plan in 2002 to help in the protection of the fisheries. The plan was aimed at the establishment of Marine Protected Areas (MPAs). MPAs hold the answer to the conservation and boosting of fish stocks. For a long time, the problem of overfishing has been ignored and focused directed to other biodiversity dilemmas such as deforestation, energy resource exploitation, and desertification (Clover, 2008). Fish demand has been increasing at a high rate than its supply leading to increased prices and overfishing. The prices of fish have gone higher than the prices of other animal products such as beef. Fish farming has become one of the attractive investments to both the government and entrepreneurs to the disadvantage of fishing communities and small-scale fishers. As a result, most of the fish species have been depleted or are yet to be depleted. Types of Over Fishi
Religion as the social phenomenon is closely associated with all the spheres of the public’s life within the society, including politics and economy. Religion is connected with politics in relation to regulating the public’s life with references to the religious principles as doctrines. On the one hand, politicians often use religion to support their position, intensify their impact, and provide the necessary social changes basing on the idea of justice from the religious perspective. On the other hand, religious visions adopted and developed within the definite society can influence politics and approaches used by authorities to overcome political issues. In spite of the fact the religious and political principles to regulate the social life are different, both the religious and political systems develop within the definite society, and this fact explains the relationship between religion and politics. At first sight, politics is based on the idea of secularization as one of the main characteristic features of the modern society. That is why, the religious principles can be discussed as opposite to the development of the political system. Nevertheless, there are certain theocratic states where the political system depends on religion. Thus, the question can be discussed from many perspectives, and the connection of religion and politics is rather obvious. However, religion can be used as the supportive factor to contribute to the political growth or as the opposition to the political regime in the state (Johnstone, 2007). Although the relationship between religion and politics can be based on positive or negative background, it is impossible to reject the impact of religion on politics. Religion and politics are only partially separated and can affect each other significantly. The separation of religion and politics with references to the question of secularization is one of the most discussed issues in the sphere of the contemporary sociology. According to Johnstone, religion and politics should be discussed as connected social institutions which include subgroups within the same society; they are based on the similar norms, and as a result, interact with each another involving the same people (Johnstone, 2007, p. 150-154). Moreover, religion follows those sociological principles and laws which are directly associated with the sphere of politics. In addition, religion affects politics providing the possibilities for forming the sustainable development, basing on the religious principles and norms. Religion is the effective tool to control the social life with the help of the religious norms and rules used in the definite society. Following the
Strategic planning is an organized and structured course in which an association produces a document demonstrating the way it ought to advance from its current condition to a more desired future state. It is a set of decision-making principles and the resolutions taken and executed by an organization to ultimately and long lastingly monitor its undertakings and structure (Kangas 70). Strategic planning is a wholly valid and beneficial tool for managing all types of organizations, including healthcare settings. The health organization level at which the strategic planning process is appropriate rests on its size, complexity, and the variation of service provision. Strategic Planning is a sensible course that purposes to shape decision-making and allows health care stakeholders to study and perform simulations of the future. The course can disclose formerly hidden prospects or threats, giving the opportunity to act promptly. Strategic planning forms a basis of a vibrant as well as an explicit structure with criteria for everyday decision making and finding disconnected and unaligned choices or individual value verdicts, all of which enable making simpler managerial choice-making. The development of Strategic Planning emboldens the involvement and obligation of the entire Health organization in attaining the premeditated outcomes. Strategic planning processes in health settings improve quality as well as minimizes errors (Institute of Medicine 21). Healthcare systems play a very critical role in society. Through such systems, people get health services, an important aspect of the companies’ well-being. Forecast of the Future is a zone of increasing interest in the entire globe. The performers of planning, strategic management, and decision-making utilize a variety of forecasting methods and tools. Owing to the growth of scientific and technical progress, various methods and techniques, for instance, simple regressions, econometrics, simulations as well elaborating forecasting methods, are obtainable to decision-makers (Balaban and Marano 43). They establish the impacts of their actions, such as what type of effects the regulations, decrees, programs, and different plans will have on people. In strategic health planning, they perhaps can ascertain the shortcomings in health output brought about by dissimilar political decisions through forecasting skills. The policymakers require to be informed of fundamental health developments and modifications for the planning procedures, such as the variations in the tendency of disease burdens and hea
The rise and development The Atlantic slave trade represents forced transoceanic transportation of men and women to the New World. Its beginning can be traced back to the early XV century and the Age of Discovery (Captivating History, 2021). After Christopher Columbus’s voyage in 1492, the Spanish “rediscovered” the Americas and, along with the Portuguese, started their first settlements on the territory of modern-day Brazil and in the Caribbean (Captivating History, 2021, p. 21). As the Europeans were conquering more of the lands in the Americas, they needed more workforce. The first slaves were transported to the Caribbean by the early 1500s (Captivating History, 2021). Although the number of the first forcibly transported people was relatively small, it would only increase in time. There was a slight change in the development of the Atlantic slave trade in the XVI century when the British started establishing their own presence. At the time, they were not yet as powerful as other nations, so they focused on North America to avoid competitors (Captivating History, 2021). With time, the British started actively participating in the slave trade to have people working on plantations (Captivating History, 2021). Initially, England was not involved in the slave trade but grew to dominate it in the XVIII century (Captivating History, 2021). Regardless of the American Revolutionary War, the slave trade peaked by the 1790s, and from that point until the end of slavery, the British transported almost a million Africans (Captivating History, 2021). The development of the Atlantic slave trade was impacted by the British presence in North America and their settlements. The impact The Atlantic slave trade impacted the creation of the colonies in the Americas as the enslaved people were used as the main labor force. Establishing the first settlements, the Spanish and the Portuguese turned to sugar as the main source of income to cover the costs of the conquests (Captivating History, 2021). The colonists were planning to use the native population, but the locals suffered a demographic collapse in the XVI century (Captivating History, 2021). Eventually, the colonists resorted to the African slaves, who were more physically capable of work, were better acquainted with agriculture and metallurgy, and were more mentally weekend than the locals (Captivating History, 2021). The Atlantic slave trade brought a new workforce to the colonies, which became the main population in certain areas. The first settlements that would much later become the modern US were established by the British and located on the East coast. The earliest expeditions claimed regions in Virginia and nearby territories, and the first colony was in Jamestown in 1607 (Captivating History, 2021). Although slavery was not as impactful on creating the settlements in the region at first, eventually, people in the colonies segregated those enslaved and dehumanized them. This was done by creating a unified code for slavery in 1705 in Virginia, Maryland, Delaware, and North Carolina (Captivating History, 2021). Later, enslaved people were crucial in the development of
Critical thinking is an interesting and important branch of knowledge. The ability to think critically equips one with the knowledge to evaluate and make informed decisions out of situations. Being skeptical, optimistic and confident are all elements of critical thinking that are crucial in decision making. Battersby is a university lecturer who teaches critical thinking. His sister-in-law was diagnosed with lung cancer and obviously this sounded like a death penalty warrant. However, Battersby’s extensive critical analysis skills drove him a point further to unearth the finer details of the diagnosis and these turned out to be the basis of appreciation of layman’s competency. More so, in reference to the above scenario as a piece to be analyzed on the basis of critical thinking, the main argument will be whether Battersby was justified to be skeptical about the pathologist’s diagnosis. Is it right for one to doubt expertise contribution in any given situation? Battersby was right to seek an extra explanation from the initial cancer diagnosis. Further exploration of the argument qualifies it to be a cogent argument. Furthermore, it is relevant to the context of critical thinking and clearly explores issues that sufficiently emphasize the importance of critical thinking thus making it acceptable. An individual is allowed to seek more elaborate explanations of expertise work especially where one is skeptical about the same work. It is also acceptable that doctors, just like any other experts can make mistakes since they might not always be precise and accurate. Nevertheless, one can easily detect such mistakes by critically anal
Introduction The knowledge of arithmetic is crucial for the students of elementary school. Such operations as addition and subtraction are essential for these learners. This paper will present three test items which will show whether students are able to perform these operations. Additionally, it is necessary to develop an essay item that will show whether learners have understood the usefulness of these activities. Learning Outcome The students will be able to apply such operation as addition to a real life situation. Test Item 1 The car travelled 60 miles from Town A to Town B. Then, it covered another 45 miles from Town B to Town C. How many miles did this car travel in total? Choose one of these options.  1. 105;  2. 95;  3. 100;  4. 120. Learning Outcome 2 The learners will be able to understand the principle behind subtraction and perform this operation. Test Item 2 Suppose that you have five applies. You gave one apple to your friend and one apple to your mother. How many apples do you have now? Choose one of these options.  1. 2;  2. 3;  3. 1;  4. 4; Learning Outcome 3 The students will be able to two operations, addition and subtraction in sequence. Test Item 3 Suppose that you have six toys. Your mother gave you one more toy, but later you decided to give three toys to your friend. How many toys do you have now? Please choose one of these options.  1. 4;  2. 3;  3. 5;  4. 2. Essay Item Write a short composition about your class activities. Please tell how you can use addition and subtraction in real life. Do you think that they are useful? Explain your answer. The rationale behind the test and essay items These test items were developed to evaluate students’ ability to perform the basic mathematical operations like addition and subtraction. Each of them was based on a specific situation in which a student must either add or subtract numbers. Such formulation is particularly important because the learner must see that the knowledge of arithmetic can be applied to real life (Jensen 2002, 7). Certainly, it is always possible in mathematics; yet, educators should always emphasize the practical aspects of this discipline. This task is extremely important for the teacher because he/she has to awake students’ interest to this subject. Similar test items can be created for other arithmetic operations like multiplication or division. The situations described in test items were adapted to the experiences of second or third grade students. One of the main principles of instructional design is that the tasks have to correspond to the psychological development of a person; otherwise such assignments will be of very little use (Kubiszyn, T., & Borich). Thus, while designing test items for students of elementary school, a teacher should take into account two circumstances:  1. physiological development of these learners,  2. the necessity to practical uses of the discipline. In turn, the main point of the essay item is
I am a student attending the nursing class on health policy frameworks in Utah. I am a registered nurse, and the class is currently discussing the effects of illegal immigration in Utah on the nursing and healthcare in the region. I am concerned on the cost borne by Utah in providing the additional medical services due to the high growth rate of illegal immigrants in the region. The study conducted by the Federation for American Immigration Reform (FAIR) examined that the cost for incarceration and health care of illegal aliens have increased to, approximately, $10.5 billion yearly. It has been deduced that approximately 40% of immigrants to Utah are illegal, and it has poised a challenge to the government on how to budget for the undocumented individuals. The policy framework that is in place for the illegal immigrants is diverse across the states in America. In Utah, for instance, the residents formed the Citizens Council on Illegal Immigration in September 2004. They realized that their health conditions were not only affected, but the immigrants were taking their jobs away from them (Percy, 2001). This left them with poverty despite their hospitable nature. However, elected officials in Utah encouraged illegal immigration by offering illegal aliens drivers’ licenses and in-state tuition. As such, if the law is not enforced to the latter, the health condition for Utah individuals will be devastating. U.S. government does not only focus on the health care costs for immigrants in Utah, but also on the education cost. The report stated that the state is struggling on the K-12 system of education. It spends approximately $7.8 billion each year in financing illegal aliens’ education (Torres-Cantero, 2006). However, as the focus is on the declining health condition of the Utah population, we cannot just sit back and watch the state fall into demise without taking any relevant initiative to curb its impact. We should fight for the life of our dear Americans! Background Illegal Migration is one of the controversial issues that surround the politics in U.S. and Utah in particular. Most of the immigrants are forced to settle in Utah due to the hospitable nature of the Americans living in this region. In the U.S., it is estimated that over 200,000 babies are born of which their mothers are illegal aliens. It is the duty of the taxpayers to ensure that the children access proper health facilities, and they do not lack any social amenities for their survival. This has been a burden to the society as there is no clear framework on the number of immigrants in the region for the government to budget its resources effectively (Romero-Ortuno, 2004). Consequently, estimating the cost, on the yearly budget, of quality health care provision to the undocumented immigrants is limited to emergency medical care. Lack of ce