ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
This paper looks into four major ideas that are at the centre of Kuhn’s ‘Structure of Scientific Revolution’. The four basic concepts are paradigm, normal science, crisis and Inconsumerability. Through discussing the given concepts, the paper will delve into Kuhn’s belief with regards to progress in science. Kuhn is credited for having changed the general understanding of progress in science. Traditionally, science was understood to involve a progressive linear movement or accumulation of insights. Contrarily, Kuhn illustrates that science is marked by dramatic shifts that are akin of violent revolution. It is only after a revolution that a stable phase follows; a conceptual world that is radically different from the initial one (Andersen, 2001, p. 25). Kuhn successfully challenged the common notion that science is always objective. Scientific inquiry is not a purely independent venture (Ladyman, 2002, p. 98). Science is not purely objective because scientific inquiry does not happen in a vacuum. The scientists operate in a given setting and are affected or determined by their circumstances. Further, their work is based on established theories and facts whose truthfulness is accepted on trust. For example, a researcher in ecology has to have certain assumptions. The methodology he or she adopts was developed basing on given assumptions. Further, as an individual, the researcher has influences on self and from the environment that impact on his or her interpretation of study results (Ladyman, 2002, p.122). The researcher has to be clear about what he or she wants. Then, he or she chooses methods that will guarantee that he or she gets what he or she wants. There is a general bias in the working of the scientist; his or her efforts are geared towards ensuring he or she gets what he wants. This kind of concern changes the researcher from an impartial subject to a subject that is influencing towards achieving a given kind of result. The different phases or conceptual states are what Kuhn referred to as paradigms. Scientists in a given paradigm hold to a given set of collective beliefs or agreements (Robert, 1952, p. 132). They share in a perception or general approach to problems or challenges that they tackle. Each scientific undertaking happens in the context of a given theoretical frame work. There are certain assumptions that inform scientific inquiry or work. The assumptions or collective beliefs guide or form basis for kind of methodology adopted, data interpretation framework and general analysis schema. For example, psychologists researching on human behavior base their inquiry on given assumptions. If a researcher based the research on a behavioral as opposed to psychoanalytic approach, the data they collect and the basis on which the same is analyzed would definitely lead to different results or theories (Godfrey-Smith, 2003, p. 80). According to Kuhn, it is the implicit paradigm assumptions that help distinguish sciences from other area
Introduction Current and future leaders will generate lots of priceless business strategies and other proven business secrets by studying the life of Lee Gun Hee. The study focuses on the life of Lee Gun Hee was a man of his words. The research centered on his life of making Samsung the number one product in the world. He was successful in this endeavor. The research centers on Lee Gun Hee as an instrument in the metamorphosis of the Samsung brand from a local Korean business enterprise to the world’s number 1 electronics company. The research on the leadership style of Lee Gun Hee is very useful to current and future leaders in all industries, especially those venturing into the saturated world of the hotel and restaurant industries. Mr. Lee Gun Hee’s Beginnings Lee Gun Hee is the chairman of Samsung Electronics. He graduated with an economics diploma. The chairman pursued his Master in Business Administration course at George Washington University deep within the confines of the United States in 1966. He was not able to finish his master’s course. During the same year, Lee Gun Hee was elected to be a member of the prestigious International Olympic Committee. In terms of family background, he is one of the children of Samsung’s founder, Lee Byung–Chull. Forbes included Lee Gun Hee as one of the richest men of the world. Lee Gun Hee was convicted for bribery. Lee Gun Hee proudly accepted all responsibility as one of the officers of Samsung Company. Lee Gun Hee and asked for forgiveness for the evils he orchestrated to generate more Samsung product revenues and asking for forgiveness as he resigned from Samsung. Consequently, Lee Gun Hee was incarcerated for his participation in the Samsun Slush fund scandal. After being released from Jail, Lee Gun Hee returned to Samsung as its chairman to bring back Samsung to its former pedestal as the manufacturer of one of the best electronics brands in the world. To accomplish this task, Lee Gun Hee hired the best minds in South Korea. To ensure the continued leadership in the world electronics industry, Lee Gun Hee hired the best marketing, finance, management, and financial minds from around the world. Mr. Lee Gun Hee as a Stalwart in the Global Electronics Industry Chris Rowley (1) emphasized Lee Gun Hee is one of the stalwarts in the busines industry in South Korea. Lee Gun Hee owned only 1.8 percent of the Samsung stocks. Hundai car owner, Chung Joo Youg, owned 12.1 percent of Samsun. Lee Gun Hee formerly owned 26.55 percent of Samsung. He reduced his shares to only 1.8 percent without changing his controlling share in company. He did not transfer his original authority to the other managers of Samsung. This
I am one of those people who cannot keep their clothes in order. Even if I put everything in the closet, it will be wrinkled when I need it. So almost every day I am struggling with my iron and hoping to win this fight. That is why I have always dreamed of something that would make my clothes look clean and tidy without affords. Recently, I have got to know about LG Styler, which is an innovative clothes care system. Just as in professional cleaning services, it provides the users with the opportunity to remove odors with the help of hot steam (Prigg par. 5). It makes the clothes look like new ones and even absorbs moisture. To my mind, this innovation is a salvation for lazy bones and people like me. Moreover, it has special hangers for different clothes, which proves that they will not get wrinkled after the cleaning (“LG Styler” par. 8). Works Cited LG Styler 2015. Web. Prigg, Mark. The £1500 Closet That Can Dry Clean Your Clothes: LG Reveals New Hi-Tech Laundry Machine . 2015. Web.
Introduction Donating organs does not pose a threat to the life of the donor; however, it can save the lives of many other people who need organ transplants. According to Health care professionals, organ donation is to give an organ or a part of an organ for transplantation into a recipient in need of a transplant. Organ donation can occur with a deceased donor; kidneys, pancreas, liver, lungs, heart, intestinal organs, as well as with a living donor; kidney, or a portion of the liver, lung, or intestine (Glossary of Terms). According to Marijke Durning , who wrote an article about 10 FAQs on donations and transplantations, on December 23, 1954, Joseph Murray and his coworker had the first successful kidney transplantation. By taking his coworker’s kidney, the receiver body thought this kidney was his kidney and he didn’t feel that this kidney belonged to his coworker. Therefore, the opportunity of acceptance is successfully increasing. This transplant helped Joseph to live well for eight years (Durning, 2009). Organ donation benefits both patients and their families. We can see the benefit through giving them and their families hope of living longer. But when people volunteer to donate their organs, society is promoting a higher level. Some of the most common types of organ donations are kidney and liver transplants since the human body has two kidneys and he only uses one, and the liver produces itself after splitting a part of it and donating it. These two types of organ donation are allowed by the jurists because they don’t harm the donor body. Also, the jurists allowed the case of donating after death because of the organs that can’t be transplanted during the donor’s life, for example, heart, pancreas, lungs, etc. Organ donation became a very important topic in Saudi Arabia and the government provides many surveys for it. Nevertheless, people get confused about how the idea works in Saudi Arabia. In the situation of organ donation in Saudi Arabia, 91.1% of participants knew about the need for organ transplantation. On the other hand, 27.5% refuse to donate because they fear that their religion doesn’t allow organ donation. Furthermore, 42% agree to donate their organs after death but 3.5% believe that there’s no benefit for organ d
Enrico is contemplating changes that would have a wrenching impact on the Pepsi organization. What specific problems is he trying to solve? Don’t simply recite symptoms; dig down and identify the root economic issues Roger Enrico, President, and CEO of Pepsi Cola are concerned about the following three problems in the company.  1. Whether the conflict between the three divisions hinder the company to compete in the market;  2. Whether the present structure is cost-competitive; and  3. Whether the present organizational structure will be able to meet the challenge posed by the competitors; Among the three problems identified by him the first problem relates to Human Relations, the second one relates to finance and the third one relates to operations and marketing. It is necessary to sort out all three problems to solve the present critical situation. There is less cohesion between the three subdivisions of Pepsi Cola. A good organizational relationship is indispensable for the success of any business concern. The present structure of the company seems to be less cost-effective. The present decentralized setup requires individual managerial resources for each division. Every additional resource will add to the total cost structure. Over the years the company’s market share has increased marginally but profitability remains constant as evident from the given financial statements of the company. This shows that the company is not having an effective cost control system. For profitability to increase with the increase in the sales volume, the cost should be minimized accordingly. Pepsi USA is the major marketing division of the company. They supply the concentrate for the bottling division and perform advertising and other marketing function. The responsibility to supply the bottled product rests with the bottling division. They have a complicated marketing setup and their margin is lower compared to Pepsi USA. Pepsi USA doesn’t have a direct relationship with the customers. But Pepsi Bottling Group takes continuous effort to maintain a good relationship with the customers. Therefore a proper reorganization should be done to solve the problem. Each division should be aware of its responsibility so that there will be less conflict in the future. Each division should be considered as a cost center and the profitability of each division should be worked out separately. Centralization of activities may reduce the overall cost. In a centralized setup, there will be only one organization and one department for eac
Introduction Marketing management entails the utilization of ample business strategies that can lead to organizational success, performance, as well as productivity. This entails an integration of marketing mix strategies via appropriate business planning with an intention of enhancing business sustainability. The facilitation of marketing management entails conducting a situation analysis by market researchers, aimed at identifying the key features of organizational internal and external environment. The key essence of a situation analysis is demonstrated in the development of an effective marketing plan. Consideration of both internal and external organizational variables offers a direction for effective construction of a situation analysis, which is an appropriate measurement for organizational level of development. Recent research addresses an essence of conducting organizational SWOT analysis, which helps in identification of organizational strengths and weaknesses in addition to opportunities and threats. A comprehensive SWOT analysis is significant in the development of strategies that foster development. Therefore, individual elements expression of SWOT analysis by managers who spearhead marketing outlines is crucial in conduction of strategic marketing processes (Barron and Hollingshead, 2002). The discussion in this paper explores the issue of marketing management in relation to situation analysis and its essence in the development of a marketing plan. A guide to the steps involved construction of a situation analysis will also be presented. More over, it is crucial to investigate into the necessity of managers in organizational marketing department conducting SWOT analysis. Furthermore, an establishment of how marketing managers should express their personal business elements will ultimately be established. Role played by situation analysis in the development of a marketing plan Marketing plan development is highly attributed to effectiveness in situation analysis conduction. The recent few decades have seen situation analysis gaining popularity among practitioners, researchers, as well as academicians, due to the identification of strategic roles, which it plays. The organizational external and environment are easily studied with the conduction of a situation analysis. The identification of the organizational environment aids in providing a direction for strategic planning as well as identification of major challenges likely to invade a business. Research findings consider situation analysis to serve as a linkage of resources that an organization possesses to its competitive advantage in a volatile environment. A situation analysis aids n the identification of possible risks. This is a genuine step in the laying of appropriate mitigation of risk strategies as a risk management planning methodology. Strategic business positioning is highly attributed to the effectiveness in the conduction of situation analysis. It is crucial for a business to position itself at a strategic point to enhance their ability in overcoming common business challeng
The contemporary technologies evolve at an extremely fast pace. The modern consumers have more devices and digital technologies at their service than at any other time in human history. Today, the technologies have grown to penetrate every sphere of our life. Retail, marketing, and shopping have not become an exception. Some of the modern shopping practices are very different from those popular just several decades ago (credit cards, QR codes, online shopping). However, shopping at brick-and-mortar stores is still very similar to that of the past. In this paper, I theorize about the likely retail trends and in-store experiences that might be popular in 2025. The discussion involves handheld devices as humanized digital assistants and interactive in-shop experiences. Clients of the Future and Their Needs As the Millennial generation is now recognized as one of the largest and includes people born between 1981 and 2000, this generation represents the future consumer base for all spheres of retails and services. This tendency means that the buyers of the future are going to be tech-savvy with heavy reliance on the latest technologies as their ever-present helpers. Moreover, the modern consumers have time as one of their most appreciated values. That way, the future customers would want their shopping experiences to be maximally efficient and active. Handheld Devices as Humanized Digital Assistants Mobile devices and tablets will play a key role in helping massive information sharing over the Internet seamlessly interwoven into daily life. These handheld devices will become even smarter, quicker and collectively provide information tailored to users’ lifestyles and preferences. As a result, these changes will eventually turn our phones and tablets into digital assistants that have emotions and fee
Introduction The present paper looks at the issues of alcohol and the part that this liquid plays in violent crimes and offences in three major countries of the world: the U.K., the United States, and Australia. The paper extensively reviews research studies from a number of sources to investigate the present state of alcohol-related crimes and their possible causes. At the end of the paper, recommendations and suggestions conclude the paper. Alcohol-Related Crimes It is only at present day context that alcohol and drug use is viewed as a social problem. It was not this way in the past. Different drugs have been used for medication since ancient times. However, in the nineteenth century they were seen as a problem and were condemned. Alcohol came to notice this very while (Bennett, and Holloway, 2005, pp. 15-16). There are number of crimes with which alcohol is seen associated. These crimes are, however, other than drink driving and drunkenness: two cases of offence in which excessive drinking is the crime. There is great public concern with regard to alcohol-related crimes. Roughly 70% of crime audits in England and Wales published in years 1998 and 1999 had the mention of alcohol as an issue in crimes, more importantly in the matters of public disorder. The term “alcohol-related crime” is usually used to refer to offences that involve a blend of offences of criminal damages, drunk and disorderly and other offences that are related to public order. The very term also involves young males who typically belong to an age group from 18 to 30 years of age. The third concept that stands with it is when there is offence and disorder in the areas of entertainment in towns and city centers. Apart from this, there are other areas in which offences and crimes are linked to alcohol but which do not necessarily fall in the context of the three conditions noted above. In the UK, the Police Superintendents have come to show their concerns related to alcohol-related crimes that at present half of all crimes occur just because there is alcohol involved. A 1990 study in the same country revealed that as the consumption of beer increased, it became the single most critical fac
PESTEL Analysis Macro-environmental factors affecting a company’s performance in market are uncontrollable forces from the external operations. These factors cannot be controlled and only require a change in the business marketing, management, operations and production processes. The factors are analysed using PESTEL model; implying analysis of political, economic, social, technological, and legal issues. Legal consideration The Under Armour Company is based in Baltimore and it operates within the confines of the State’s laws. The company operates within the business structural laws that govern the business operatives in the state of Maryland. Since the Under Armour Company also operates in international markets such as Japan, UK, Germany, Canada, and France, it has to adhere to the other laws that govern companies that operative across the globe in order to facilitate smooth operations. Since the Under Armour Company is a registered local and international business with no record of unethical practices, the legal factors are not intense towards the operation of the business and have minimal impacts. The adherence has facilitated a smooth activity of the Under Armour Company all over the globe. For instance, the company has expanded from the US to continents such as Europe and Asia. Technological Consideration Technological macro-environmental factors are designed to affect business operatives in the global sphere. The type of machinery that a company opts to use in the production of its products and offer its services, the strategic measures it takes in the marketing process, and its accessibility has a lot of impact on the market. Companies with innovative skills in their production lines and those using online marketing strategies are highly likely to have higher number of customers. The Service Oriented Architecture is a technological initiative by the Under Armour Company, which enables the management to monitor general trends in performance at a glance and spot out any existing bottlenecks that could be slowing down business. The speed with which this happens helps the management to put corrective measures into place that eventually averts losses or negative growth. These technological advances have attracted more customers from diverse sports backgrounds due to the improved product orientation as evident in the success of the football cleats product in the US and European market. Cultural consideration The cultural set up and the population are a major key to the social concerns. The Under Armour Company is set against a social background with a population of dynamic social and cultural orientation. For instance, the US, Canadian, European, and Asian markets consist of highly stratified cultures that the company must satisfy in its lines of sportswear and other gaming apparel. Against this background, the company has ensured that its products are not highly priced while still maintaining quality productions. For instance, despite the high quality products, the prices for the Under Armour Company’s products are flexible to the high-end, middle-end,
Problem Statement Due to the increase of motor boating in public freshwater lakes of Indiana, environmental degradation has risen in the area. There seems to be no substantive laws and regulations to curb the rise of engine propelled boats. The following goals (targets) are important in order to fix the apparent problem.  1. Indiana ought to reduce the emissions of the motor boats and other recreational equipments that endanger aquatic life of natural rivers and lakes.  2. Improvement of partnership relations between private and public organizations to enhance environmental custodianship is a desirable condition.  3. Rehabilitation of various freshwater lakes in order to conserve the marine ecology is important for the area. To achieve the goal of reducing emissions that endanger the aquatic life of freshwater lakes and rivers in Indiana, various pathways are crucial. They include:  1. Agitating for enactment of laws that encourage ecotourism and limit the amount of harmful emissions by high-speed motor boats and other equipments of recreation is a major pathway.  2. Identifying potential eco-zones in shallow lakes is a pathway that will deter boats from visiting the areas.  3. Active participation by all stakeholders and community of Indiana should serve as a pathway that will enhance responsiveness of people towards the endangered rivers and shallow lakes. Background of the Issue According to Hill, technology has played a significant role of supporting tourism and recreation (33). The demand for motor boats has risen across the United States and the entire world. In Indiana, the number of registered and unregistered high-speed boats has tripled in the last three decades. In 2010, Indiana had a high number of registered motor boats that surpassed 280,000 (Seba 71). This was a sharp increase of 29% from 2000 (Baromey 31). Consequently, high-speed motor boats have led to a form of recreation that is harmful to the environment. While it is imperative to underscore the role of technology in social and economic development, it is agreeable that the effects of motor boating in shallow lakes of Indiana are apparent and detrimental. At the outset, Hill argues that high-speed boats are detrimental to aquatic environments and near-shore ecologies (45). The rationale is that over 60% of motor boats that operated in 2011 emitted harmful compounds and greenhouse gases owing to their consumption of fossil fuels to propel their engines (Seba 3). High-speed motor boating leads to incidences of noise pollution, fossil fuel emissions and degradat