ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
This programmatic paper lays down the possibility to reconcile the necessity to resum many-body correlations into the energy kernel with the fact that safe multi-reference energy density functional (EDF) calculations cannot be achieved whenever the Pauli principle is not strictly enforced, as is for example the case when many-body correlations are parametrized under the form of empirical density dependencies. Our proposal is to exploit a newly developed ab initio many-body formalism to guide the construction of safe, explicitly correlated and systematically improvable parametrizations of the {\it off-diagonal} energy and norm kernels that lie at the heart of the nuclear EDF method. The many-body formalism of interest relies on the concepts of symmetry breaking {\it and} restoration that have made the fortune of the nuclear EDF method and is, as such, amenable to this guidance. After elaborating on our proposal, we briefly outline the project we plan to execute in the years to come.
We describe a new, distance-independent method for calculating the magnetic activity strength in low mass dwarfs, L_{H\alpha}/L_{bol}. Using a well-observed sample of nearby stars and cool standards spanning spectral type M0.5 to L0, we compute ``\chi'', the ratio between the continuum flux near H-alpha and the bolometric flux, f_{\lambda6560}/f_{bol}. This ratio may be multiplied by the measured equivalent width of the H-alpha emission line to yield L_{H\alpha}/L_{bol}. We provide \chi values for all objects in our sample, as well as fits to \chi as a function of color and average values by spectral type. This method was used by West et al.(2004) to examine trends in magnetic activity strength in low mass stars.
Aims: We discuss the applicability and reliability of the shapelet technique for scientific image analysis. Methods: We quantify the effects of non-orthogonality of sampled shapelet basis functions and misestimation of shapelet parameters. We perform the shapelet decomposition on artificial galaxy images with underlying shapelet models and galaxy images from the GOODS survey, comparing the publicly available IDL implementation with our new C++ implementation. Results: Non-orthogonality of the sampled basis functions and misestimation of the shapelet parameters can cause substantial misinterpretation of the physical properties of the decomposed objects. Additional constraints, image preprocessing and enhanced precision have to be incorporated in order to achieve reliable decomposition results.
Let $\mathcal{A}_n$ be the $2$-part of the ideal class group of the $n$-th layer of the cyclotomic $\mathbb{Z}_2$-extension of a real quadratic number field $F$. The cardinality of $\mathcal{A}_n$ is related to the index of cyclotomic units in the full group of units. We present a method to study the latter index. As an application we show that the sequence of the $\mathcal{A}_n$'s stabilizes for the real fields $F=\mathbb{Q}(\sqrt{f})$ for any integer $0<f<10000$. Equivalently Greenberg's conjecture holds for those fields.
We have made a detailed study of the ground-state properties of nuclei in the light mass region with atomic numbers Z=10-22 in the framework of the relativistic mean-field (RMF) theory. The nonlinear $\sigma\omega$ model with scalar self-interaction has been employed. The RMF calculations have been performed in an axially deformed configuration using the force NL-SH. We have considered nuclei about the stability line as well as those close to proton and neutron drip lines. It is shown that the RMF results provide a good agreement with the available empirical data. The RMF predictions also show a reasonably good agreement with those of the mass models. It is observed that nuclei in this mass region are found to possess strong deformations and exhibit shape changes all along the isotopic chains. The phenomenon of the shape coexistence is found to persist near the stability line as well as near the drip lines. It is shown that the magic number N=28 is quenched strongly, thus enabling the corresponding nuclei to assume strong deformations. Nuclei near the neutron and proton drip lines in this region are also shown to be strongly deformed.
In this paper, we consider a stochastic SIRS model with general incidence rate and perturbed by both white noise and color noise. We determine the threshold $\lambda$ that is used to classify the extinction and permanence of the disease. In particular, $\lambda<0$ implies that the disease-free $(K, 0, 0)$ is globally asymptotic stable, i.e., the disease will eventually disappear. If $\lambda>0$ the epidemic is strongly stochastically permanent. Our result is considered as a significant generalization and improvement over the results in \cite{HZ1, GLM1, LOK1, SLJJ1, ZJ1}.
We study the critical behavior of the one-dimensional random field Ising model (RFIM) with long-range interactions ($\propto r^{-(d+\sigma)}$) by the nonperturbative functional renormalization group. We find two distinct regimes of critical behavior as a function of $\sigma$, separated by a critical value $\sigma_c$. What distinguishes these two regimes is the presence or not of a cusp-like nonanalyticity in the functional dependence of the renormalized cumulants of the random field at the fixed point. This change of behavior can be associated to the characteristics of the large-scale avalanches present in the system at zero temperature. We propose ways to check these predictions through lattice simulations. We also discuss the difference with the RFIM on the Dyson hierarchical lattice.
Using quantum Monte Carlo simulations, we map out the phase diagram of Hamiltonians interpolating between trivial and non-trivial bosonic symmetry-protected topological phases, protected by $\mathbb{Z}_2$ and $\mathbb{Z}_2^3$ symmetries, in two dimensions. In all cases, we find that the trivial and the topological phases are separated by an intermediate phase in which the protecting symmetry is spontaneously broken. Depending on the model, we identify a variety of magnetic orders on the triangular lattice, including ferromagnetism, $\sqrt{3}\times\sqrt{3}$ order, and stripe orders (both commensurate and incommensurate). Critical properties are determined through a finite-size scaling analysis. Possible scenarios regarding the nature of the phase transitions are discussed.
Necessary and sufficient conditions for bipartite entanglement are derived, which apply to arbitrary Hilbert spaces. Motivated by the concept of witnesses, optimized entanglement inequalities are formulated solely in terms of arbitrary Hermitian operators, which makes them useful for applications in experiments. The needed optimization procedure is based on a separability eigenvalue problem, whose analytical solutions are derived for a special class of projection operators. For general Hermitian operators, a numerical implementation of entanglement tests is proposed. It is also shown how to identify bound entangled states with positive partial transposition.
We work out the method for evaluating the QCD coupling constant at finite temperature ($T$) by making use of the finite $T$ renormalization group equation up to the one-loop order on the basis of the background field method with the imaginary time formalism. The background field method, which maintains the explicit gauge invariance, provides notorious simplifications since one has to calculate only the renormalization constant of the background field gluon propagator. The results for the evolution of the QCD coupling constant at finite $T$ reproduce partially the ones obtained in the literature. We discuss, in particular, the origin of the discrepancies between different calculations, such as the choice of gauge, the break-down of Lorentz invariance, imaginary versus real time formalism and the applicability of the Ward identities at finite $T$.
Under a hypothesis which is slightly stronger than the Riemann Hypothesis for elliptic curve $L$-functions, we show that both the average analytic rank and the average algebraic rank of elliptic curves in families of quadratic twists are exactly $\frac 12$. As a corollary we obtain that under this last hypothesis, the Birch and Swinnerton-Dyer Conjecture holds for almost all curves in our family, and that asymptotically one half of these curves have algebraic rank $0$, and the remaining half $1$. We also prove an analogous result in the family of all elliptic curves. A way to interpret our results is to say that nonreal zeros of elliptic curve $L$-functions in a family have a direct influence on the average rank in this family. Results of Katz-Sarnak and of Young constitute a major ingredient in the proofs.
In this work we study the solutions to some fractional higher-order equations. Special cases in which time-fractional derivatives take integer values are also examined and the explicit solutions are presented. Such solutions can be expressed by means of the transition laws of stable subordinators and their inverse processes. In particular we establish connections between fractional and higher-order equations.
We propose a new approach, based on the puncture method, to construct black hole initial data in the so-called trumpet geometry, i.e. on slices that asymptote to a limiting surface of non-zero areal radius. Our approach is easy to implement numerically and, at least for non-spinning black holes, does not require any internal boundary conditions. We present numerical results, obtained with a uniform-grid finite-difference code, for boosted black holes and binary black holes. We also comment on generalizations of this method for spinning black holes.
This paper proposes a learning-based approach to scene parsing inspired by the deep Recursive Context Propagation Network (RCPN). RCPN is a deep feed-forward neural network that utilizes the contextual information from the entire image, through bottom-up followed by top-down context propagation via random binary parse trees. This improves the feature representation of every super-pixel in the image for better classification into semantic categories. We analyze RCPN and propose two novel contributions to further improve the model. We first analyze the learning of RCPN parameters and discover the presence of bypass error paths in the computation graph of RCPN that can hinder contextual propagation. We propose to tackle this problem by including the classification loss of the internal nodes of the random parse trees in the original RCPN loss function. Secondly, we use an MRF on the parse tree nodes to model the hierarchical dependency present in the output. Both modifications provide performance boosts over the original RCPN and the new system achieves state-of-the-art performance on Stanford Background, SIFT-Flow and Daimler urban datasets.
DENIS J222644.3-750342 is a nearby, very-low-mass, M8.5 V-type star that has been repeatedly targeted by kinematic and activity studies. Thought to be an isolated star, it is actually a wide common-proper-companion at 265 arcsec from the bright G0 V Hipparcos star HD 212168. The third member in the trio is CD-75 1242, a poorly investigated K dwarf. We confirm the physical binding of the triple system, to which we call Koenigstuhl 5, by compiling common radial velocities and proper-motions and measuring constant angular separations and position angles between components A, B and C over very long time baselines (A-B: 114 yr; A-C: 22 yr). With about 0.095 Msol, the M8.5 V star at 6090 AU to the G0 V primary is one of the least-bound, ultracool dwarfs in multiple systems.
The emergence of phase separation is investigated in the framework of a 2D t-J model by means of a variational product ansatz, which covers the infinite lattice by two types of L x L clusters. Clusters of the first type are completely occupied with electrons, i.e. they carry maximal charge Q_e=L^2 and total spin 0, and thereby form the antiferromagnetic background. Holes occur in the second type of clusters -- called ``hole clusters''. They carry a charge Q_h<L^2. The charge Q_h and the number N(Q_h) of hole clusters is fixed by minimizing the total energy at given hole density and spin exchange coupling \alpha=J/t. For \alpha not too small (\alpha>0.5) it turns out that hole clusters are occupied with an even number Q_h<L^2 of electrons and carry a total spin 0. For increasing \alpha the charge Q_h(\alpha) of the hole clusters decreases.Some points on the boundary curve can be extracted from Q_h(\alpha).
We report on the Cu 1s resonant inelastic X-ray scattering (RIXS) of Cu-O one-dimensional (1D) strongly correlated insulator systems with contrasting atomic arrangements, namely edge-sharing CuGeO3 and corner-sharing Sr2CuO3. Owing to good statistics of the high-resolution RIXS data, so far unresolved fine structures are revealed. Detailed photon-energy and momentum dependence of the RIXS spectra in comparison with theoretical calculations has clarified the natures of the low-energy charge excitations and hybridization of the electronic states.
In this paper two tracker solutions for conformally coupled quintessence model is obtained. The first solution is determined by dividing the evolution of the universe to matter and dark energy dominated epochs and then the allowed bound on the equation of state parameter is obtained, such that a tracker behaviour is resulted. For the other solution, the quintessence potential is assumed to be a linear combination of two exponential functions. Then we have found an exact solution which can be tracker by adjusting some parameters.
We performed numerical simulations with the PLUTO code in order to analyze the non-linear behavior of the Kelvin-Helmholtz instability in non-magnetized relativistic fluids. The relevance of the instability at the cosmological QCD phase transition was explored using an equation of state based on lattice QCD results with the addition of leptons. The results of the simulations were compared with the theoretical predictions of the linearized theory. For small Mach numbers up to $M_s \sim 0.1$ we find that both results are in good agreement. However, for higher Mach numbers, non-linear effects are significant. In particular, many initial conditions that look stable according to the linear analysis are shown to be unstable according to the full calculation. Since according to lattice calculations the cosmological QCD transition is a smooth crossover, violent fluid motions are not expected. Thus, in order to assess the role of the Kelvin-Helmholtz instability at the QCD epoch, we focus on simulations with low shear velocity and use monochromatic as well as random perturbations to trigger the instability. We find that the Kelvin-Helmholtz instability can strongly amplify turbulence in the primordial plasma and as a consequence it may increase the amount of primordial gravitational radiation. Such turbulence may be relevant for the evolution of the Universe at later stages and may have an impact in the stochastic gravitational wave background.
The extraction of phenotypic traits is often very time and labour intensive. Especially the investigation in viticulture is restricted to an on-site analysis due to the perennial nature of grapevine. Traditionally skilled experts examine small samples and extrapolate the results to a whole plot. Thereby different grapevine varieties and training systems, e.g. vertical shoot positioning (VSP) and semi minimal pruned hedges (SMPH) pose different challenges. In this paper we present an objective framework based on automatic image analysis which works on two different training systems. The images are collected semi automatic by a camera system which is installed in a modified grape harvester. The system produces overlapping images from the sides of the plants. Our framework uses a convolutional neural network to detect single berries in images by performing a semantic segmentation. Each berry is then counted with a connected component algorithm. We compare our results with the Mask-RCNN, a state-of-the-art network for instance segmentation and with a regression approach for counting. The experiments presented in this paper show that we are able to detect green berries in images despite of different training systems. We achieve an accuracy for the berry detection of 94.0% in the VSP and 85.6% in the SMPH.
We present the third data release from the Australia Telescope Large Area Survey (ATLAS). These data combine the observations at 1.4 GHz before and after upgrades to the Australia Telescope Compact Array reaching a sensitivity of 14 microJy/beam in 3.6 deg^2 over the Chandra Deep Field South (CDFS) and of 17 microJy/beam in 2.7 deg^2 over the European Large Area ISO Survey South 1 (ELAIS-S1). We used a variety of array configurations to maximise the uv coverage resulting in a resolution of 16 by 7 arcsec in CDFS and of 12 by 8 arcsec in ELAIS-S1. After correcting for peak bias and bandwidth smearing, we find a total of 3034 radio source components above 5 sigma in CDFS, of which 514 (17 per cent) are considered to be extended. The number of components detected above 5 sigma in ELAIS-S1 is 2084, of which 392 (19 per cent) are classified as extended. The catalogues include reliable spectral indices (delta alpha < 0.2) between 1.40 and 1.71 GHz for ~350 of the brightest components.
Recently, it was proposed that there must be either large violation of the additivity conjecture or a set of disentangled states of the black hole in the AdS/CFT correspondence. In this paper, we study the additivity conjecture for quantum states of fields around the Schwarzschild black hole. In the eternal Schwarzschild spacetime, the entanglement entropy of the Hawking radiation is calculated assuming that the vacuum state is the Hartle-Hawking vacuum. In the additivity conjecture, we need to consider the state which gives minimal output entropy of a quantum channel. The Hartle-Hawking vacuum state does not give the minimal output entropy which is consistent with the additivity conjecture. We study the entanglement entropy in other static vacua and show that it is consistent with the additivity conjecture.
Weak decays of heavy flavor hadrons play a special role in our understanding of physics of the Standard Model and beyond. The measured quantities, however, result from a complicated interplay of weak and strong interactions. Weak leptonic and semileptonic decays are reasonably well understood, whereas weak hadronic decays present challenges to theory. In this talk, we review the present status of exclusive weak decays of charm and bottom hadrons.
Multi-epoch radial velocity measurements of stars can be used to identify stellar, sub-stellar, and planetary-mass companions. Even a small number of observation epochs can be informative about companions, though there can be multiple qualitatively different orbital solutions that fit the data. We have custom-built a Monte Carlo sampler (The Joker) that delivers reliable (and often highly multi-modal) posterior samplings for companion orbital parameters given sparse radial-velocity data. Here we use The Joker to perform a search for companions to 96,231 red-giant stars observed in the APOGEE survey (DR14) with $\geq 3$ spectroscopic epochs. We select stars with probable companions by making a cut on our posterior belief about the amplitude of the stellar radial-velocity variation induced by the orbit. We provide (1) a catalog of 320 companions for which the stellar companion properties can be confidently determined, (2) a catalog of 4,898 stars that likely have companions, but would require more observations to uniquely determine the orbital properties, and (3) posterior samplings for the full orbital parameters for all stars in the parent sample. We show the characteristics of systems with confidently determined companion properties and highlight interesting systems with candidate compact object companions.
We present mosaic images of the Small Magellanic Cloud (SMC) observed with the Spitzer IRAC 3.6 $\mu$m and 4.5 $\mu$m bands over two epochs, 2017 August 25 to 2017 September 13, and 2017 November 24 to 2018 February 12. The survey region comprises $\sim$30 square degrees covering the SMC and the Bridge to the Large Magellanic Cloud. The region is covered by 52 $\sim$1$.\!\!^\circ$1$\times$1$.\!\!^\circ$1 tiles, with each tile including images in each band for both separate and combined epochs. The mosaics are made in individual tangent projections in J2000 coordinates. The angular pixel size is 0$.\!\!^{\prime\prime}$6 with a resolution (FWHM) of $\sim$2$.\!\!^{\prime\prime}$0. We describe processing to correct or mitigate residual artifacts and remove background discontinuities. The mosaic images are publicly available at the Infrared Science Archive (IRSA).
Coronavirus 2019 has made a significant impact on the world. One effective strategy to prevent infection for people is to wear masks in public places. Certain public service providers require clients to use their services only if they properly wear masks. There are, however, only a few research studies on automatic face mask detection. In this paper, we proposed RetinaFaceMask, the first high-performance single stage face mask detector. First, to solve the issue that existing studies did not distinguish between correct and incorrect mask wearing states, we established a new dataset containing these annotations. Second, we proposed a context attention module to focus on learning discriminated features associated with face mask wearing states. Third, we transferred the knowledge from the face detection task, inspired by how humans improve their ability via learning from similar tasks. Ablation studies showed the advantages of the proposed model. Experimental findings on both the public and new datasets demonstrated the state-of-the-art performance of our model.
The signatures of the formation and evolution of a galaxy are imprinted in its stars. Their velocities, ages, and chemical compositions present major constraints on models of galaxy formation, and on various processes such as the gas inflows and outflows, the accretion of cold gas, radial migration, and the variability of star formation activity. Understanding the evolution of the Milky Way requires large observational datasets of stars via which these quantities can be determined accurately. This is the science driver of the 4MOST MIlky way Disc And BuLgE High-Resolution (4MIDABLE-HR) survey: to obtain high-resolution spectra at $R \sim 20\,000$ and to provide detailed elemental abundances for large samples of stars in the Galactic disc and bulge. High data quality will allow us to provide accurate spectroscopic diagnostics of two million stellar spectra: precise radial velocities; rotation; abundances of many elements, including those that are currently only accessible in the optical, such as Li, s-, and r-process; and multi-epoch spectra for a sub-sample of stars. Synergies with complementary missions like Gaia and TESS will provide masses, stellar ages and multiplicity, forming a multi-dimensional dataset that will allow us to explore and constrain the origin and structure of the Milky Way.
We present a method for training CNN-based object class detectors directly using mean average precision (mAP) as the training loss, in a truly end-to-end fashion that includes non-maximum suppression (NMS) at training time. This contrasts with the traditional approach of training a CNN for a window classification loss, then applying NMS only at test time, when mAP is used as the evaluation metric in place of classification accuracy. However, mAP following NMS forms a piecewise-constant structured loss over thousands of windows, with gradients that do not convey useful information for gradient descent. Hence, we define new, general gradient-like quantities for piecewise constant functions, which have wide applicability. We describe how to calculate these efficiently for mAP following NMS, enabling to train a detector based on Fast R-CNN directly for mAP. This model achieves equivalent performance to the standard Fast R-CNN on the PASCAL VOC 2007 and 2012 datasets, while being conceptually more appealing as the very same model and loss are used at both training and test time.