ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction The impact of foreign aid from Western nations to third-world countries has been under scrutiny for a while. The results have been varying but in generality, it has been agreed that foreign aid does not benefit the intended recipients. The main reason for this has been blamed on the practice of aid tying that will in turn benefit the donor nations and regions. Bilateral aid has been long suspected of being susceptible to manipulations from donors ( Rodrik, 2009). Conversely, multilateral aid was thought to be helping the donor more. Through research, it has been found out that bilateral aid has more impact on the recipients when compared to multilateral aid. This essay will demonstrate how Western aid potentially exposes third-world countries to first-world political manipulation. A Brief History of Aid Cassen (1994) defined Aid, or Official Development Assistance (ODA) as “transfer of resources on a concessional term which is undertaken by official agencies; has the promotion of economic development and welfare as its main objectives, and has a grant element” (45). The notable pillars of the aid that is provided today came as a result of the Second World War. According to Rodrik (2009) “development works of the UN began when the United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Agency (UNRRA) was founded during the Second World War” (p. 47). This and other international monetary organizations provided funds for the reconstruction of nations badly hit during the war. By the early seventies, UN agencies had contributed more monies than any other developmental agencies combined; however, saw the rise of other institutions such as the World Bank and also regional banks such as the African Development Bank and the Asian Development Bank. Implications of Western aid on Third World Countries Some conditions that are tied to foreign aid at times benefit the donor states. Countries such as the United States are rewarding countries with foreign aid. A prime example is the former U.S. President Clinton. He introduced the Africa Conflict Resolution Act. The main aim of the Act was to promote good governance in exchange for funds and trade opportunities (Rodrik 2009). African states were given conditions that they had to achieve or adhere to before they were considered for grants and funding under the Act. This basically meant that the African states had to tow the line or lose out on much needed funds given that most of them rely on foreign aid even for their respective national budget (Jensen 2003). International agencies such as the World Bank and IMF also arm twist developing countries into making reforms in exchange for some much needed loans, aid and at times guarantees. This is done by the donors pressing for changes in the main areas that they are going to fund such as structural changes in big organizations, import controls, promo
The phenomenon of diversification is not new; in fact, it has been around for a while. Emerging in 1970s, the phenomenon in question was used to denote the situation when a company prefers to hold several stocks, thus, avoiding the possibility of losing its entire financial reserve (Kenny, 2009). True, holding only one stock is extremely risky for an entrepreneurship; however, a range of company leaders, terrified by the perspective of losing their money, disseminate the company’s investments into too many stocks. Therefore, the concern for the company’s financial stability, overrating of the company’s financial assets, and the willingness to seize control over the company, therefore, seemingly contributing to its stability can be viewed as the key reasons for the phenomenon of overdiversification to take place. As it has been stressed above, most companies resort to overdiversification due to an extreme caution concerning the safety of the company’s financial assets and the unwillingness to choose several investment options, which stems from the lack of trust towards the potential investment options. However, other reasons can be specified, such as industrial policies concerning taxes and antitrust regulations, managers pursuing their interests and the increase in job loss risks. It seems that each of these factors has its effect on a company overdiversification. Still, taxes and antitrust regulations seem to have the greatest effect, since, unlike other factors, they pose a direct threat to the company’s revenues. Reference List Kenny, G. (2009). Diversification strategy: How to grow a business by diversifying successfully . Philadelphia, PA: Kogan Page Publishers.
Definition Type1 diabetes occurs when the body’s own immune system destroys the insulin-producing beta cells found in the pancreas (National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases). In such cases, the body’s immune system reverses its action on attacking various cells within the body, instead of fighting against disease causing pathogens. This makes it difficult for the transfer of sugar into the cells of those suffering from type 1 diabetes due to absence of insulin. Such scenario causes severe build-up of sugar within the blood stream, hence making the body cells deprived of nutrients, which leads to weakening of other bodily functions due to lack of nutrients. However, there is need for through understanding of the immune-detailed process, resulting in type 1 diabetes before application of any kind of therapy. Such processes involve accurate identification of the children suffering from the disease (American Diabetes Association). Pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes Causes of type 1 diabetes can be linked to human leukocyte antigen (HLA), capable of contributing to favorable conditions for the disease development within the body. However, genotypes which combine the two susceptibility haplotypes DR4-DQ8 and DR3-DQ2 are identified to be at the greatest risk of contracting type 1 diabetes. The haplotypes are prevalent among children under the age of 10. At the same time, those who are close to affected children are at high risk of contracting type 1 diabetes based on genetically motivated make-up. Besides such presence of insulin genes in the body, chromosomes can also contribute to the disease. The disease’s susceptibility is associated with shorter forms of variable number tandem repeated within the insulin promoter which is contrary to longer forms capable of natural protection (Shulman and Daneman 680). Issues related to increased expression of mRNA within the thymus of those identified to have longer protective repeats present one of the most potential mechanisms required in type 1 diabetes. Studies have identified over ten loci, related to the disease, in which the genes associated with activation of T-cell have been identified (National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases). Studies on genetics have defined crucial reasons behind large and well-characterized populations in the process of identifying susceptibility genes for type 1 diabetes. Some genes are known to have less impact on the susceptibility of the disease and used in providing clues for future preventive measures. Vitamin D and intercellular adhesion molecule gene are utilized for the purposes of providing body protection against the disease. Children diagnosed with rickets at the early stages of life are identified to have high risks of contracting type 1 diabetes at the later stages of their life (National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases). Type 1 diabetes is the most prevalent disease in young children.
The use of personality tests in hiring processes, army recruitment, and their general usage by ordinary people to categorize themselves or to pass the time has contributed to their widespread popularity. Their origins stem from psychological research and most of the tests present themselves as light questionnaires that determine your strengths and talents. Nonetheless, the credibility of such tests and, from this, their utility, remains questionable, especially when basing interpersonal relations and job qualifications on the results. Personality tests hence require further experimental study to derive absolute results, while their current status allows only for an approximation of human characteristics is generally confining categories. The Purpose of Personality Tests A personality test intends to create a categorization process for different types of people, from which some kind of comfort from a sense of belonging may be derived. A book by Urbina (2014) defines personality tests as constituting of “instruments whose responses are neither evaluated nor scored as right-wrong or pass-fail” (p. 3). Thus, ranking the results of a personality test as good or bad becomes implausible, and the failsafe and professedly insightful outcome of testing becomes an alluring attribute. The origins of personality testing lie in assessments that were similar in definition but differing in content, which was created to profile army recruits (Urbina, 2014). The purpose of such testing has since developed and spread from military drafting to civilian spheres of interest and even recreational use, thus encompassing a wide range of applications, from profiling to amusement. Types of Personality Tests The different kinds of personality tests depend on varying psychological research, each focusing on a different way of analysis and interpretation of human behavior. Thus, they rely on the works of psychologists, primarily those who use a neo-psychoanalytic approach, influenced by Sigmund Freud. Of those, we can focus on the efforts of Alfred Adler (ruling, learning, avoiding, socially useful typology), Karen Horney (compliant, aggressive, detached types), and Carl Jung (Schultz & Schultz, 2017). Freudian theory influenced both Adler and Horney but their personality types focus more on superiority and inferiority, in the former case, and neurosis in the latter, both disagreeing with Freud (Schultz & Schultz, 2017). From a wide range of psychological research arises an even more extensive arra
While both the public and teachers believe discipline management to be an issue of major concern which faces schools, there is disagreement as to what might be the more serious misbehaviour problems. Public discussion and debate is frequently characterised by comments based on popular opinion, hearsay, and isolated incidents of a dramatic and newsworthy nature, rather than informed knowledge regarding the types of discipline issues which prevent learning from taking place in schools. A further confounding of the discipline in schools debate has been, as Atkinson (1989) noted, a sustained attack in recent years on state education in general, and classroom teachers in particular. Yet the problems of discipline in schools, as Barcan (1979) reminds us, have had a long history, and their causes extend beyond the classroom and its members. The recent studies of Lewis & Lovegrove (1988,1989) and Lewis et al. (1991) on the beliefs of teachers, students and parents concerning desired approaches to the management of discipline problems have highlighted the diversity of views on what constitutes effective school discipline. They found that parents were more supportive of traditional, or interventionist management approaches to behaviour and classroom management issues, in contrast to the more liberal (person-oriented) and interactive approaches espoused by many teachers (and education authorities overseeing the schools) in their survey. Students at primary levels were also more in favour, while secondary students (and their teachers) were less supportive, of interactive approaches (Lovegrove & Lewis, 1991). Findings from this current primary school study also suggest that teachers place more value on the effectiveness of interactive approaches in the management of their classroom problems. Both Lovegrove & Lewis’s (1991) survey of parent attitudes, and anecdotal evidence of public reactions in the media to incidents
Personal Objectives Targeted Objectives   * To give medication using phyxis independently.   * To look through patients’ MAR in order to administer the scheduled medication. How my Personal Objectives Were Met My first objective was to assess different patients independently and give them the targeted medications using phyxis. I also wanted to administer such medicines accordingly based on each patient’s MAR. I began by asking my preceptor if it was possible to carry out all the assessments and administer the right medications. I then examined the medicines and analyzed their specific side effects. For instance, I observed that beta-blockers should be administered when the blood pressure is around 90/50. Digoxin is usually given as a cardiac stimulant (Eizenberg, 2010). Before administering this drug, it is appropriate to assess the apical for a minute. Pain assessment should also be done after administering the drug. The effectiveness of the medicine should also be checked after every hour. After completing all these assessments, my preceptor indicated that I had made several errors. By the end of the day I was able to chart all my assessments and findings correctly. My preceptor was also happy because I was able to administer medications and use phyxis independently. It was also my opportunity to use the concept of evidence-based practice throughout every drug administration process. I achieved my objectives by ensuring that the right medicines were administered to the selected patients. I also collaborated with different patients and workers to promote the most appropriate medical practices (Eizenberg, 2010). Use of Nursing Processes and Development of My Clinical Decision-Making Skills Nurses should embrace the power of different processes to support the health needs of their respective patients. Evidence-based practice in nursing is something embraced by many practitioners. During my clinical practice, I followed the five nursing processes in an attempt to achieve my objectives. I completed the assessment process by collecting the best information from my patients. The gathered information was used to dictate the most appropriate nursing diagnoses (Dason, Dason, & Kapoor, 2011). The third process was to prioritize the best goals based on the targeted patients’ outcomes. I developed a proper care plan for every patient. The best interventions were embraced to treat every patient. This objective was achieved by integrating my clinical expertise with the diverse needs of the targeted clients. The right medicines were administered to the patients. The final stage was to evaluate the health progress of every patient. This practice was critical towards realizing the targeted health outcomes. These processes made it easier for me to administer the right medicines to the identified patients. Discussion of Leadership Leadership remains one of the core pillars of nursing. My clinical practice gave me the opportunity to understand effective leadership can transf
Introduction Strategic management involves creating and implementing an action plan to pursue a company’s vision and goals. It is a critical business tool in today’s world and an imperative for an organization’s success (Tilt, 2016). HSBC has adopted several strategies in its global operations, some of which are responsible for its success. This paper evaluates how HSBC has adapted its global approach to operating in China before and after WTO accession. It also identifies HSBC’s strategies for entering and managing emerging markets and the pros and cons of its “ Managing for Growth ” strategy. Strategies Before and After WTO Accession Strategies Before WTO Accession The political environment plays a significant role in business performance. Political and regulatory policies can either promote or inhibit favorable market conditions (Agwu & Onwuegbuzie, 2016). The banking industry in China was characterized by corruption, mismanagement, favoritism, and oppressive policies. According to Luthan and Doh (2018), the government required companies to lend money to state-owned enterprises, including unprofitable, unproductive, and inefficient companies. These policies led to widespread losses, making the Chinese market unattractive to investors (Luthan & Doh, 2018). In response, HBSC adapted its strategy by expanding to foreign markets such as North America and Europe. It successfully acquired foreign companies and expanded by opening branches in other countries, including Japan and other emerging markets. According to Luthan and Doh (2018), these acquisitions and partnerships increased its customer base to 100 million and assets to over $1,860 billion (570). Partnering with successful companies helped HSBC to penetrate new markets and establish a strong market presence successfully. This way, the company’s success did not depend exclusively on the local market. Strategies After WTO Accession HSBC shifted its strategy from globalization to localization after the WTO accession. China was forced to create policies that liberated the domestic market from unfair policies and access restrictions. Following the accession, HSBC focused on increasing its market presence in China. It has done this by raising its stakes in local companies and acquisitions and partnerships. It partnered with thriving local businesses such as BoCOM and Shenzhen Qianhai Financial Holdings to increase its operations. One of the company’s senior directors stated that partnerships had been the company’s best strategy considering the cost and difficulty of entering a new market and acquiring hundreds of thousands or millions of customers (Luthan & Doh, 2018). In this statement, the director implied that the partnerships with local companies helped them acquire a huge customer base at a lower cost than the traditional methods. Many fore
People often believe that a fire is an accident from which no one is immune, but this is not so. In most cases, fire results from people’s careless attitude to compliance with fire safety rules. The leading causes of fires in everyday life are careless handling of fire, malfunction of electrical equipment, violation of fire safety rules when operating stoves and household electric heaters. Fire safety describes the state of an object in which the possibility of a fire with a regulated probability is wholly excluded. It also prevents people from being exposed to possible fire hazards and provides reliable protection of material values. Ensuring complete fire safety is one of the most important and main functions of each state. My experience is in ensuring fire safety, protecting the population from fires and explosions. This work is quite complex because it is necessary to fight for every person’s life, ensure fire safety, and work with responsible persons of higher positions. Description I first thought about working as a firefighter when I was a child and saw a large apartment building burning. Firefighters very quickly extinguished the fire, pulled people out of the burning house, and looked very fearless. I was impressed by their work and how selflessly they fight for people’s lives. Naturally, thanks to their well-coordinated work, quick actions, they were able to save the residents and most of the building itself. As a result, I firmly decided that I would work as a firefighter and help people in extreme situations. My duties include saving people’s lives, their property, conducting priority emergency rescue operations related to extinguishing fires, as well as providing first aid to victims. The specifics and complexity of the work of a firefighter are not only in extinguishing fires. Firefighters are engaged in regular inspection and prevention of the serviceability of special fire equipment, fire extinguishing equipment, and various types of rescue equipment. Firefighters constantly train and compete to consolidate and improve their professional skills and learn how to work accurately in different emergencies. This profession requires certain physical and personal qualities. This is, first of all, excellent physical health, great physical shape, and endurance. All these qualities are essential and necessary for a professional firefighter. Each person has their own understanding of the main thing, but in my opinion, a firefighter should have a sense of responsibility for completing the task, performing discipline, professionalism, and mutual assistance. Doing my job, I need to climb a retractable ladder, use a gas mask, move in thick smoke. The most challenging thing in my profession is
Do you think it is a good plan to “deliver lectures on history and culture” on a bus not “to waste precious minutes” spent on taking photographs (Osnos par. 9)? Why or why not? It can be a good idea to give some facts while tourists are on a bus. However, this does not mean that at the sights, tourists should focus on taking pictures as the tour guide has to pay people’s attention to certain objects to make the tourists associate certain facts with real objects. Otherwise, tourists can simply forget the facts and will not feel the significance of the places they visit. Why did not Chinese officials let people “go abroad” and “cleared the way for travelers to venture to other countries in a “planned, organized, and controlled manner” in the 1990s (Osnos par. 19)? Chinese officials were likely to be afraid that Chinese travelers could see that other nations lived in free countries where they had numerous opportunities. Besides, life in China was much more difficult for many people than life in Europe or America. Thus, Chinese officials were afraid that many people can want to leave their homeland to start a new life abroad. Compare the articles by Osnos and Theroux and consider arguments Osnos and Theroux provide to show that travel is often associated with stressful situations and anxiety. According to both writings, travel is often seen as something potentially risky. For instance, travel is hazardous by Confucian beliefs (Osnos par. 18). However, Theroux provides specific illustrations to Confucian beliefs stating that mobs, natural disasters, and unrest can put a traveler in danger, so it is safer to stay home (par. 4-7). What do Osnos and Theroux think about the importance of travel in people’s lives? Why do they think travel is important for people’s development? Both writings reveal some negative sides of travel or possible hazards. However, the two authors strongly believe that travel broadens people’s minds and they stress that people should travel. At that, both writers think that