ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The Act is a United States law enacted by the U.S Congress in December 2016, and it authorizes $6.3 billion in funds, mainly to the National Institute of Health (NHI) (Gordon & Mandl, 2020). Large pharmaceutical companies supported this Act, but it was opposed by some consumer organizations (Gordon & Mandl, 2020). The legislation offers NIH with crucial resources and tools to progress biomedical research across the board, from foundational typical research studies to advance clinical trials. The Cures Act accords NIH flexibility and support needed to achieve its mission of improving American health. Impact of the 21st Century Cures Act Regulation on System Implementation The regulation impacts healthcare institutions and hospitals by promoting interoperability of Electronic Health Records (EHR) and the utilization of social media tools and Telehealth for the prevention, treatment, and monitoring of diseases. The 21st Century Act defines the standardized approaches for obtaining electronic copies of EHR data through programming interfaces application (Gordon & Mandl, 2020). The regulation is meant to develop an ecosystem of substitutable, reusable apps built once, though they run on any hospital system. Impact of the 21st Century Cures Act Regulation on Clinical Care, Patient, Provider Interactions, and Workflow The regulation purpose is to steer more interoperability. It ensures the Office of the National Coordinator for Health IT (ONC) helps public-public, and public-private partnerships create a trusted exchange outline. The 21st Cure Act empowers patients and improves their access to electronic health information (Gordon & Mandl, 2020). Furthermore, the Act allows privacy protection for human research subjects, while there is the safeguarding of identifiable and sensitive information. ONC can also assist in setting up a provider directory for the individuals and facilities having adopted data exchange and agreement standards. Organizational Procedures and Policies in Place at the Healthcare Organization to Address the 21st Century Cure Act The Act assists hospitals and health professionals in enhancing quality care for patients. Some of the policies that should be in place include:   * The health organization to allocate Innovation Account Funds, having identifiable eligible actions on the ground. Moreover, the practice would be beneficial in activities funding by the provision of direct services to patients   * The health organization should facilitate the systematic collection of data and information using patients’ conditions. The practice would serve as a background for establishing a working treatment strategy for a particular patient. Reference Gordon, W., & Mandl, K. (2020). The 21st century Cures Act: A competitive apps market and the risk of innovation blocking. Journal of Medical Internet Research , 22 (12), e24824. Web.
Introduction Child labour is any form of work that prevents child access to education, damages their health, interferes with their development in their families and deprives them of their childhood respect. This has become a global problem, with bout a 400milion children engaged in child labour. There is an estimate of about 250 million of these children who are working full time, 150 million of these children are engaged in part-time jobs, while UNICEF suggests that there are about 120 million more children who are engaged in unpaid jobs such as household activities. (Ashagrie1998) According to the research finding, it has been noted that child labour is more common in some sectors than others. Children are prevalent workers in farms, households and informal manufacturing industries such as workshops. These sectors are not mostly accessed by the protective legislation, and thus children in these places are often exploited. The high increase in globalization has facilitated the increase in children labour. This is because some countries that attract major companies to invest in their countries seek to acquire competitive advantages over their rival investment countries by encouraging children labour. This makes these companies invest in these countries as they are assured of cheap and compliant labour. (Durai 1996) Child labour in USA and UK During the early nineteenth century, when Britain was undergoing industrialization, child labour was very high. Child labour was taken as a good opportunity than a problem. During this era, industries in Britain created employment opportunities for these children. In 1830 it was noted that child labour in Britain was increasing very fast with the increase in industrialization. A census was conducted in 1851and it was decided to stop child labour in the United Kingdom. In the USA, the fight against child labour started in the late ninetieth century. The United States and the United Kingdom were successful in their fight against child labour in their countries through the help of the following policies and legislation implemented by these states (Durai, 1996). Universal, free and compulsory education The elimination of child labour and universal basic education go hand-in-hand. The introduction of this policy in the USA enabled it to fight against child labour greatly. This goes back to the late ninetieth century and early twentieth century when there were campaigns and labour movements to stop child labour. In these campaigns, they focused on the minimum age linked to education requirements. It was then made a state obligation to provide universal, free and compulsory education. This right for free and universal education for children was then enshrined in international laws. It becomes the USA central goal of development in 1990 that boosted the economy of the state adversely. This is because the poor casual labourers could now earn better
Although I Am Malala was co-written with a British journalist, Malala’s experiences are evident, and the relations between the major themes and the author’s experiences are clear. In telling her story, Malala emphasizes the importance of education for girls, the differences in culture and religion she experienced growing in Pakistan, the dangers of being an education activist, and the beginnings of the war, not only among different parties but against her family as well. Major Themes and Experiences Malala’s father was always interested in learning, promoting it as one of the highest virtues, and he brought up his daughter with respect and dignity. This approach influenced Malala’s worldview, and she saw education as a developmental tool that needed to be accessible to everyone. She visited the school established by her father, expressed interest in books and stories, and openly acknowledged that she wanted to be a politician. However, the primary “female” occupations were teaching and medicine (Yousafzai 15). Her father received threats from the Taliban due to his education activism, which directly impacted Malala’s identity as an activist. When she turned 12, she became an activist as well, and together with her father, she prepared speeches about the importance of education for girls (Yousafzai 10). Her father saw the inclusion of the Swat valley to Pakistan as a negative event; Malala also saw herself as a Pashtun first and a Pakistani second. However, her love for the Swat valley and the country where she grew up is strong. As can be seen from the text, she developed coping mechanisms while living in England: She liked to imagine being in her room, she daydreamed about her country, and she talked with her best friend via Skype to find out what was happening in the country (Yousafzai 148). Her criticism of the Taliban arose from her father’s censure of Pakistan’s problems such as bureaucracy, corrupt practices, and the emergence of terrorist groups. The social identity of Malala built upon her relations with her family, classmates, and friends from the village. The author provides a story about a new girl in class who eventually earned higher scores during exams. Malala’s realization that she was not the best student in the class resulted in tears and sadness (Yousafzai 27). Since she had been one of the best in her father’
Properly anticipated price is the price fixed after studying the competitors and market situation. It is required to change according to the market situation and competitive environment. Prices are changed according to the available information in the market. Prices are randomly selected according to the fluctuations in the market. Information in the market is very much efficient and is readily available to all players in the market. Superior information, financial innovation, and superior technology are essential for attaining competitive advantage. The more efficient the market means more price changes will be generated. Prices changes are completely random and unpredictable. This is occurred due to the profit motive from the information gained. Price in the market is reflects all available information and should be consistent with existing trends. Price changes are not predictable in a market and so pricing decisions are made from the available information. According to Samuelson, Prices follow a random walk. It means that prices are changed in random series. From this case, inefficiency in pricing is detected by the duration dependence in prices changes. Uncertainty is playing its role in random changes in prices and random changes of prices. “Unlike the many applications of the Random Walk Hypothesis in the natural and physical sciences in which randomness is assumed almost by default, because of the absence of any natural alternatives, Samuelson argues that randomness is achieved through the active participation of many investors seeking greater wealth.” (Andrew & MacKinlay 1999). Security markets are considered as efficient market for the reason that the information availability is the basic factor that determining the prices in these markets. All the trading in security market is related to the available information in the market. In an efficient market the opportunity for generating excess profit is limited. Hence the investors are reacting with the information in time. Due to this the price movements usually do not exhibit any specific direction. Thus accurate anticipation on price movements is not possible from data on past price movements. The main reason of the random walk movement in properly anticipated prices is the specific nature of efficient market. The price changes in an efficient market which are anticipated properly is un- forecast able. It is resulted from the expectations of future market conditions as well as from the availability of information regarding the changing market conditions. According to Fama this specific random walk fluctuations in anticipated prices is due to the fact that in an efficient market the prices will fluctuate with the spreading information in the market. Demand and supply Demand analysis is of great significance to management. The intensity of demand itself is reflected in terms of price paid. Demand for a commodity is the necessary step towards consumption of that commodity. The process of consumption indicates satisfaction level of consumers. If the demand for an orga
Introduction Best Games Productions is currently confronted with the challenge of releasing a new video game; however, the product is faulty and could minimize customer satisfaction, the company’s reputation, and long term sales. The strategy entails sending various press releases to the public concerning a delay in the launch date of the anticipated game. This will involve the use of the internet (social networking websites, the company website and emails), radios, and newspaper outlets as well. The company will apologize for delaying the product release, and will give the public an explanation for it; that is, discovery of a bug in the new game (Vargas, 2009). The company should not release the product as it is as doing so would imply sacrificing long term goals for short term rewards. This would cause the company to loose a series of its loyal clients. This would undermine the organization’s position in the gaming industry and its perception among key market segments (Belsky, 2011). It is likely that the company will not make as much profit during this holiday season, but the dangers of selling a defective product greatly outweigh short-term increases in profit. The following groups might raise objections to this move: the finance department, the
As described by Fromm, human beings suffer from basic anxiety as a result of human dilemmas. These are feelings such as loneliness, isolation, and homelessness that are brought about by human separation from their natural world. This triggers a mechanism aimed at reducing the uncomfortable feelings. Jeff and Ann live in Cleveland, which is far away from their home town and family. They strive hard to reunite with their family by visiting them during Christmas and New Year holiday seasons. This sense of unity is attributed to the human need for rootedness and relatedness. Rootedness refers to the urge that motivates individuals to rediscover themselves and enjoy living in the world once more after separation for a long time. For relatedness, people aspire to unite with others either through marriage or forming close relationships. This is based on three dimensions: submission, power, and love. By submitting to one another, a group, or an institution, one gets united with the natural world. Relative to attaining power, people become more dependent on one another and less independent. Lastly, love creates a unification between individuals but still observes the veracity of separation among individuals (McGraw-Hill Higher Education, 2002). In regard to transcendence needs, Fromm described it as the urge for people to overcome passive and the accidental existence by creating or destroying life. This is triggered by human beings who are cast into the natural world without their approval. Therefore, they transcend nature either by creating or destroying it for various reasons. As far as the sense of identity is concerned, self consciousness is seen as a different object altogether. People are identified by the roles they play in the society. The sense of identity in most people is tied to their attachment to others or institutions like religion, occupation, social groups, and others. Jeff and Ann identify themselves with their occupations. Their sense of identity is based on their unique talents, which that benefit their institution and makes them feel confident with their careers. In regard to the frame of orientation, Jeff and Ann view the natural world as a place that requires more development. This is attributed to the fact that they encourage their children to leave the world a better place than they found it. On the basis of character orientation, Fromm would classify Jeff and Ann as belonging to the “productive orientation”. In this case, they are committed to enhancing their growth and development, as well as those of others. This is guided by their hard work, love, and good reasoning. Fromm’s humanistic psychological theory is significantly related to other psychological theories. First, it is closely related to behavioral psychological theory. This theory states that behavior is acquired by conditioning. In addition, conditioning is controlled by the immediate surroundings. People are conditioned to embrace the behaviors of their natural world where they live
Introduction Social work is a broad and complex area of professional activities that embodies a wide range of decisions and responsibilities that predetermine the success of a social worker’s performance. Since the aim of social work is to improve people’s living conditions and provide support for the fulfillment of their needs, the professional in this field deals with highly challenging situations on a daily basis. Knowledge and skills are crucial for successful social work and are highly required as the obligatory qualification. Indeed, the one who resolves social issues of the people has to operate with current research findings, legislature, and theoretical basis of the practice to provide the most accurate and relevant interventions for the clients. In this paper, the general overview of the importance of evidence-based practice will be presented. It will be followed by the discussion of the three levels of theories, including theoretical frameworks and perspectives, mid-level theories, and practice theories and models. After that, a more detailed analysis of some theory’s application in micro-and macro-practice. Finally, some concluding points and recommendations will be given in the summary. Professional Knowledge Base Professional knowledge is decisive for any type of work and is an obligatory requirement for a specialist in any field of activity. However, the extent, to which the intellectual abilities and expertise in the theoretical and practical aspects of the profession are important in social work, indicates the necessity to address the core elements of its knowledge base. The theoretical basis of social work practice is presented by a number of approaches, according to which one chooses a direction to the effective solution (Langer & Leitz, 2015). The work with people’s problems and needs requires critical thinking and reflection; it is complicated due to the ambiguity of the possible decisions, on which the ultimate quality of clients’ lives depends (Marlowe, Appleton, Chinnery, & Van Stratum, 2015). The link between theory and practice in social work is created by evidence-based practice (EBP). Therefore, when making a choice of the direction in which the work will be done, a social practitioner only utilizes “empirically-based treatment” that lies within the framework of EBP (Gambrill, 2007, p. 447). According to Drisco and Grady (2015), EBP is a decision-making process that requires a practitioner to “integrate the best research evidence available with their professional expertise and with client attributes, values, preferences, and circumstances” (p. 274). Moreover, the implementation of any intervention should be justified by the Code of Ethics that prioritizes the benefits of a client (Gambrill, 2007). Thus, evidence-based practice is the main direction in social work that grounds on the evidential proofs of the application of particular interventions which are validated by positive results.
According to Knowles (2007), Huntington’s disease can be described as a disorder that results in continuous degeneration of the nerve cells found in the human brain. The disease has several effects on an individual’s functional capacities including reasoning, psychiatric and movement impairments. Both men and women can get affected by the disease. Generally, the symptoms of Huntington’s disease become noticeable in an infected person in middle age. According to reports, the symptoms can show up in different ways amongst patients. However, most of the symptoms are normally predictable. During the initial stages of the disease, an infected person can show minor intellectual complications or slight mood changes. As the disease progresses, unsynchronized, irregular movements of the body become more noticeable. In addition, the conceptual thinking of an individual deteriorates. Huntington’s disease develops when an individual has a defective gene found in the fourth chromosome. A protein molecule called huntingtin is generated by both the defective gene and a regular copy of the gene. However, the defective gene, due to its larger size, generates bigger forms of the protein. Large forms of huntingtin weaken the functioning of some brain cells. Finally, these cells get destroyed by the proteins. Consequently, both psychological and physical impairments develop in the infected people. Huntington’s disease can be passed to children. Actually, an infected person generally inherits a replica of the genetic factor with an extended trinucleotide recurrence from an infected parent. The gene modification is so high that an individual with the altered replica will certainly get infected. According to the research, every child of an infected person has a 50 per cent probability of getting the mutated gene and thus being infected by the disease (Lawrence, 2009). A child can inherit Huntington’s disease independent of the gender. There are also rare instances when both parents of the child possess the mutated gene. In such cases, the risk of infection of the child rises to 75 per cent. Again, when both parents have two mutated genes, the chances of infection become 100%. However, such cases are very rare. Huntington’s disease is incurable. There are medicines that are helpful in the management of the disease symptoms. However, these treatments cannot avert the physical, psychological and interactive degeneration related to the disease. Even though there are lots of researches still being carried out, there is no treatment that can stop the development of Huntington’s disease (Visser, 2010). Little research has been conducted to find out the benefits of exercises and psychotherapies that assist in restoring some symptoms of Huntington’s disease. Nevertheless, there are some indications that these therapies are actually effective. Some of the most common types of therapies are physical, occupational and speech therapy. Mostly, life expectancy of an individual with Huntington’s disease is approximately 20 years from the onset of noticeable signs. However, the m