ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Northeast Asia is the most influential region in the Asian continent and affairs in this part of the continent have an impact on the whole of Asia. China and Japan are the two super powers in the region and their geographical proximity and economic interdependence means that the two countries are deeply connected. Even so, the history of these giants is turbulent and there continues to be a mutual hostility between them. At the present, there exist a number of significant issues facing Northeast Asia. These issues include: China’s rapid economic growth and her increasing role in international affairs and Japan’s possible remilitarization which is cause for concern for her neighboring countries. Korea stands between these two powers and her geographical positioning together with her history with both nations gives her particular relevance in the region. Korea has a shared history with both China and Japan and both countries consider her an important player in their international strategies. This paper shall discuss the role of Korea as a link between the continent and Japan. In particular, the paper shall analyze the Korean relationship to both Japan and China so as to highlight Korea’s role as a link. Korean relations to China The Korean Peninsula has historically enjoyed close relations with China. This relationships have in part been as a result of China’s security concerns. Historically, some of China’s invaders have made use of the Korean peninsula to perpetrate their attacks against China. The border has also served as the arena for conflicts between China and her traditional rivals; Japan and Russia. This security concerns are part of the reason why China is concerned about the affairs of Korea since she would not want Korea allying herself with nations that China perceives to be enemies. The renowned scholar Quansheng Zhao best articulates the relationship between China and Korea by stating that “Chinese interest in the Korean peninsula has been based on the combined factors of national interest and the historical connections between China and Korea” (102). China-Korean relations date as far back to the year 6 AD when Korean emerged as a unified state. In this period, Korean rulers sought to establish relations with China which was an influential actor in the region. From its relationship with China, Korea obtained numerous cultural influences including language, philosophy and even religion. China on the other hand had a market for her products as well as a sphere of influence. The relationship was mutually beneficial for both nations although it was the Koreans who gained more from the more civilized China. Korea also paid tribute to the Chinese court since China regarded herself as the superior party in this relationship. Even so, Korea saw the relationship as mut
Organization management is a continuous process of influencing the productivity of an employee, group, or organization as a whole for the best results from the standpoint of achieving the goal. Medford University needs to manage means to lead an enterprise to its target, extracting maximum opportunities from all the resources at its disposal. The management process involves concerted action, which ultimately ensures the implementation of a common goal or set of goals facing the organization. The input and output of the control part is information; therefore, President Kobayashi appointed a task force to oversee and monitor the problems faced by an organization. The manager is a necessary element of any organization. At this level, decisions are made as a result of the analysis, forecasting, optimization, economic justification, and selection of alternatives from a variety of options to achieve the goal (Chenhall, Hall, & Smith, 2015). The changes are adapted to overcome the problem that has arisen, which is nothing but a real contradiction that needs to be resolved. The president should anticipate and expect that every member of the task force will aim at reducing university expenses because Medford University cannot afford continuously spend its resources. President Kobayashi is a leader and head manager, which allows her to consider undertaking involving a collective intelligence of the board. Noting that the management decision is the result of joint creative work and it is always generalized (Chenhall et al., 2015). The managed part is the various products and functional units engaged in supporting the production process. What goes into the input of the regulated element, and what is its output, depends on the type of organization. The president appointed the administrator of the hospital as the chair of the task force because the person fully understands the intricacies of regulatory practices. However, the chair delegated crucial tasks for subcommittee ones, and it should not completely dismiss the responsibilities. Modern organizations face many problems, some of which are typical and can be easily solved by specialists by implementing conventional technologies. A set of such problems characterizes the organization as one of the most difficult objects to study and learn. The president wants to reserve the right to make necessary modifications and changes because it is important to be able to adjust. A modern enterprise is a complex production system, including such elements as fixed assets, raw materials and supplies, labor, and financial resources (Schoeneborn, Kuhn, & Karreman, 2018). The most important task of management is to use these elements in such a way as to ensure the effective functioning of the entire production system and development in a highly competitive environment. The president appointed a key assistant as secretary of the task force because the given person possesses valuable skills and experience in dealing with such matters. Because the work of the enterprise is divided into components, it is carried out by vario
Introduction The world is currently facing many global issues. These issues despite their size and weight usually lead to either positive or negative effects. Some of these global issues, if not well attended to, may cause conflicts between nations and possibly affect global economy. This calls for proper diagnosis of any arising issues so as to make sure that they are properly and adequately solved. For instance, the booming economy of China has substantially threatened the markets and investment opportunities previously explored by the U.S (Reus-Smit 344). This paper is an exploration of how China’s fast economic growth has impacted the policies of the United States. Global issue between China and U.S.A The United States of America has for a long period of time been known as the most powerful nation in the world. It is famous for its high stable economy which every nation yearns to achieve. China on the other hand is a largely populated nation that in the past had a very low Gross Domestic Product (Beeman 1). However, the situation has changed in the recent past as China’s economy has tremendously gone up placing her in second position after U. S.A. The rapid growth of China’s economy was greatly influenced by its government which made reforms in the major sectors of the economy. Looking at the rate at which China’s economy is growing it can be forecasted that it may overtake the economy of the U.S (Fry and Jacinta 336). Due to the fact that China is fast rising in terms of economy and the military force, there has been conflict between China and the United States of America. This conflict is what the whole world is focussing on so as to bring harmony between these two nations (Steinberg 1). A detailed look at the amount of grants and aid despatched by U.S.A to other nations shows its importance to the entire world. The same case applies to China because of its endless list of imports and exports. The current president of U.S.A, President Obama has been the ring leader in the initiative of engaging with China (Seabrooke 304). He has campaigned for peace within the two countries telling his nation to give China a warm welcome as it is a successful and hardworking country. He further tells them that incorporating China as an ally will lead to positive results including a prosperous future for their young generation. Not only President Obama but also the Secretary Clinton emphasizes on the creation of a bilateral relationship between China and the United States of America. The last time she was in China, she highlighted on three major issues that needed the unity of both nations to handle. She talked of security issues especially on solving the political matters of countries like Iran and North Korea (Steinberg 1). The other issue was on climatic problems like biodiversity and lastly the current economic crisis in the world. Conclusion The conflict between China and the United States has, with time, led to a harmonious relationship between the two countries. This has, in turn, led to positive impacts on the global economy and a good relationship between the two nations. Development of the relatio
Introduction Self efficacy is termed as a personal belief on an individual ability to perform a task. The first writer to explain self efficacy in a social learning institution theory was Bandura, it was later termed social cognitive hypothesis. Self efficacy defines individuals in terms of their inner feelings, behavior and encourages people. The paper tries to analyze the connection between individual efficacies in cognitive development process. Self efficacy determines an individual choice As individuals grow, one is exposed to various people in that individuals get to learn different ways of reacting to a situation and types of reasoning. At times, a person feel stressed, dejected, anxious and helpless which portrays a low degree of a person self efficacy. Alternatively, an individual positive thinking forms a solid logic efficacy as it helps in the process of learning, performance that incorporates the element of intelligent decision making. Self efficacy determines an individual behavior, and individual preference on the selection of an activity. It helps in establishing individual’s measure of enthusiasm, as mirrored in the amount of effort they exercise in an activity and the period of time they are willing to carry on when faced with challenges. Various sources of individual experiences The various sources include person accomplishments in performing an act or the level of experience gained over some time, explicit experience, vocal influence and physiological conditions. Mastery experience explains the successes on performing specific tasks. Normally, failure discourages self efficacy, while success solidifies it. When a child outshines others in an activity like reading, it creates a positive feeling of self efficacy in doing that activity. Consequently, vicarious expe
By and large, the current US court system is adversarial and involves two parties arguing on opposing ends. Apparently, the process is affected by differences in terms of resources and access to vital information (Findley, 2012). The advocates argue their positions before an impartial judge and the outcome depends on how the arguments are presented. An innocent person may thus lose in a case if his or her advocate fails to present a convincing argument. Generally, those who have easy access to both resources and information may have an unfair advantage over those without. Clearly, the structure of the US court system does not create room for truth to be determined. The weaknesses in the system make it possible for competing teams to use whatever means necessary to compromise truth (Findley, 2012). The system may be characterized by the use of tricks, hiding of facts that would otherwise lead to the determination of truth, and misrepresentation of facts among others. Ostensibly, many people are dissatisfied with the existing US court system and are now seeking new ways for determining the truth. There have been suggestions to study the inquisitorial system and adopt some of its features that could help to improve the determination of truth under the US adversarial system. It is imperative to get all key players including prosecutors, courts, and lawmakers involved in searching for a system that will work well in the United States and guarantee fairness for all regardless of class or race (Bakken, 2011). Barriers to Truth in the US Court System Although the United States takes pride in the adversarial system, its design is such that establishing the truth is quite challenging. To a large extent, the system requires adversaries to work hard in providing facts that would favor them over their opponents. Seemingly, the difficulty in determining the truth is linked to the fact that adversaries are never equal. While equality among the adversaries may create an environment where truth could be established, inequality leads to the opposite. Considering that instances of inequality are more than those of equality, determining the truth is not an easy task. Lack of funding has also been cited as a major problem that hinders truth from being revealed. Those with enough funding are able to access more resources and important information to be used during court sessions while individuals without such an advantage fail to get the information necessary for them to effectively argue their positions. Conclusion Certainly, the US court system is one that does not promote the disclosure of vital information regarding any trial. It allows opposing teams to disclose only part of what they know about a case while the rest remain a secret. Arguably, it is impossible to determine truth th
Introduction Rob Ford, the Toronto Mayor has been involved in various controversial incidents which have portrayed him negatively. Through his actions, he has shown that he is not committed to pledges he made to Toronto residents when he was sworn into office. He constantly sets a bad example to the public and this has turned him into an object of ridicule across the country. This paper will use different ethical theories to describe Mayor Ford’s lack of moral and ethical standards and how this situation has impacts on his leadership abilities. Enlightened Self Interest Using the enlightened self –interest theory, Rob Ford has demonstrated that he is not ready to serve the people of Toronto in a diligent manner. His actions show that he is not willing to safeguard the interests of Toronto residents despite the faith they had in him in the past. In addition, the social contract theory asserts that people should be more willing to accept some limits to their own personal freedoms to benefit the whole society. Surprisingly, Rob Ford was videotaped in public while consuming drugs yet he holds the highest position of responsibility in the city (Jones, 2014). Therefore, this shows that he uses his power negatively without caring about how his actions reflect on his own integrity as a leader. He is not fit to execute the functions of the office of the mayor and this has made him lose the support of other civil leaders who work with him. Hobbes’ Theory Thomas Hobbes argues that people should be ready to make sacrifices so as to encourage other people to do actions which are morally right. This argument compels leaders in different organizations to keep promises they make to people they lead without failing. However, Rob Ford’s behavior contrasts Hobbes’ theory because he has demonstrated that he lacks the moral values needed to execute mayoral responsibilities effectively. Furthermore, Ford has also demonstrated discriminatory tendencies towards gay people by refusing to permit the hoisting of the gay pride flag on top of city hall in solidarity with the gay community (Vissier, 2014). Therefore, the mayor has shown that he does not care about principles of equality as described in Hobbes’ theory and this makes him an ineffective leader. More importantly, he has shown that he lacks a strong moral foundation needed to lead the people of Toronto effectively. Contractarianism The theory by John Rawls focuses on the principles of tolerance, justice, fairness and equality. According to Rawls, people are more inclined to favor rules that allow them to get primary goods easily such as healthcare, acceptable freedoms and equal opportunities to make a living (Kheel, 2008, p. 57). However, Mayor Ford has demonstrated that he has does not respect these principles and he is not willing to use integrity as a basis through which his competence as a leader is measured. Ford has also shown that he is not accountable for his actions and he perceives people who disagree with him as enemies. Even though he
Chemical Dependency in Elders The rate at which the elderly misuse drugs is higher compared to that of young population and it’s difficult to detect or even treat this problem. However, a few elders who are chemically dependent receive treatment by use of programs for chemical dependency. Events in life make elderly people be at the risk for problems of Chemical dependency which include retiring and outliving friends, family members as well as spouses loosing the ability to perform roles of life that they were used to. They are also forced to survive with financial resources that are limited as well as ailments limiting activities that they used to perform and self esteem that has been lowered increasing abuse of drugs by the elderly. Such ailments as hypertension, mental difficulties, arthritis, heart disease and rheumatism are very common with the elderly. They are consequently prescribed with diuretics, sedatives, tranquilizers, as well as cardiovascular medication for treatment and they end up combining these medications with OTC drugs. Due to their low metabolism rates, these medications remain in their bodies for a long time increasing possibility of harmful interactions of the drugs. This is because one drug is likely to strengthen or counteract impacts of another increasing harm in the elders’ bodies leading to cardiac difficulties, sedation and confusion among other problems. Evaluation Tools Used For Screening Development of a number of tools for screening elderly chemical dependency have taken place which include questionnaires, an interview which is semi-structured, biological markers among others. Two evaluation tools that can be used for screening elderly chemical dependency include; a screening test for drug abuse which consists of a scale of 20 items measuring misuse of drugs as well as providing a scale that is one-dimensional. It has its base on an index that is quantitative of drug misuse related problems and it’s supported for being able to quantify drug involvement extent within the elderly. Another tool is the questionnaire for Leeds dependence which is designed for screening dependence on various substances which include opiates, alcohol among other drugs. It is change sensitive and it encourages that dependence is seen as continuous instead of using an instant cut –off, dichotomizing respondents. This questioner’s advantage is that the elders are in a position to nominate the drug that they are mainly concerned with. (Buckwalter, 1992) Diagnostic Criteria and Treatment Including both Pharmacological and Non-Pharmacological Measures That Would Be Used By a Nurse Practitioner Diagnosis and treatment for chemical dependency is possible involving a number of steps with the first been abstinence. This is the process where the elders are supposed to stop using drugs to help in recovery from dependency in chemical. When abstinence is achieved it doesn’t imply complete elimination of addi
Executive Summary To create a comprehensive reward system for Green Fingers, one must take into account the organizational structure, the job market, and the needs of the employees. Equally important is drawing positive practices from academic literature and accomplished specialists in the field. Numerous articles have been written on the topic of corporate reward systems over the last half a century, and they seem to agree on very little. The first important takeaway from the theory would be to divide the workforce into several job families. These families represent unique skill sets and career treks that employees are expected to adhere to while working for Green Fingers. Using one reward system for all staff could alienate some of the workers and make the rewarding process too unwieldy. The managerial and sales families employ white-collar knowledge workers, who rely on incentive programs to a higher degree than blue-collar workers. Their benefits packages will have to be negotiated on a person-by-person basis and continuously monitored to ensure efficiency. The incentives that can positively affect employee morale and productivity can be tangible financial, tangible non-financial, intangible explicit, and intangible implicit. From an above-average base pay to emotionally investing in the success of the company, each of the incentive strategies affects different workers in different ways. There is evidence that combining incentives is exceptionally effective, but adding too many can be counter-productive. A popular and effective type of tangible benefits are company shares and stock options, that motivate employees to commit more time to the company, and invest them in the company’s success. An implicit and intangible incentive that motivates workers very effectively is the prospect of a raise or a promotion for hard work. Research also suggests that most employees will appreciate simple recognition of their efforts from their superiors, and it will make their time with the company more pleasant, which will benefit everybody involved. Competitive base pay will attract employees in the market full of minimum wage positions. As the garden center will be situated in the Outer London area, higher base wages will help offset high rent and living expenses. Introduction This report aims to assess the case of Green Fingers Garden Centre and create a reward structure. First, in the Analysis part, broad suggestions will be presented, according to the organizational context of Green Fingers garden center and the local job market. Second, in the Recommendations part, a more detailed strategy will be presented, which includes a robust literature review. The report is a preliminary recommendation, and anything listed in it is subject to change according to the emergent business needs. Analysis The first step of effective reward manage