ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction International relations theory refers to the study of transnational relations by the use of theoretical perspectives. Great debates refer to intellectual clashes that occurred amongst scholars due to conflicting theories that were developed in an attempt to explain the history and development of international relations. One group of scholars and their proponents initiated a scholarly battle against another group of scholars and their supporters. The first great debate took place between the 1930s and the 1940s between the idealists and realists. The second great debate occurred in the1960s between the behaviorists and traditionalists. This essay provides an overview of the first and second great debates in the light of the international relations that triggered the debates. The First Great Debate The first great debate comprised arguments and counterarguments that involved the idealists and realists. Idealists claimed that harmonious interests existed between nations (Baumann, Mayer, and Zangl 23). According to the idealists, morality, application of diplomacy, cooperation, and security mandates were the key drivers for relations amongst international states. They advocated for maintenance of harmony and peace amongst states. Idealists advocated for establishment of a supranational institution to regulate the states. They supported the formation and the regulation of the states by the League of Nations. However, idealists’ opponents claimed that their view of ending the First World War was naive. In addition, their interpretative approach to political events did not critically envision the real world events that were happening at the time. This situation was evident after the emergence of the Second World War. The League of Nations, which was highly backed up by the idealists, failed to stop the Second World War (Baumann, Mayer, and Zangl 21). Realists criticized the idealists for their dependence on the League of Nations to manage peace. The realists believed that the idealists’ approach was not appropriate to foster harmonious and peaceful international relations amongst the states. Baumann, Mayer, and Zangl reveal that the realist scholars envisioned analyzing the real realities based on international political
Introduction This narrative begins by demonstrating an array of varied experiences and scenarios that affect the lives of people living in three different interlinking English social classes, but with unfavorable consequences. The two sisters, Margaret and Helen Schlegel, are the representative of the bourgeois class, which is financially independent. They are representatives of the intellectual humanists focused on art and literature. The Wilcox family represents the upper middle class, which is entirely devoted to capitalist interests of accumulation and dominance. Leonard Bast occupies the lower middle class and he is struggling to come out of his current situation. In various scenarios, the narrator clearly comes out in favor of the higher classes and dehumanizes the lower order, which Leonard occupies. Margaret seeks to mediate amongst the three distinct classes. Forster’s work represents the struggle between money and morality together with the attention they cause to everyday life (Shirkhani 190). Money and morality, as key factors for the novel’s characters, come out as the narrative’s preeminent objective. Forster demonstrates his frustration with the means used to accumulate wealth and the increasing importance attached to value. In contrast, the narrator’s voice is anchored in the current state and it reckons that there has to be these differences in a bid to distinguish individuals. The novel illustrates the unnecessary attachment with material goods of all tastes. Connection It sounds ironical and misleading when one argues that connection forms one of the major themes explained in Forster’s work. Living in the early 20 th Century in the English stratified society, one could not imagine of any possible form of connection to happen. Connection is evident between the personal and public life and that amongst different people living in disparate classes with the opportunistic seeking to sustain the social order. The Wilcoxs represent and exemplify these complexities to create connections, as they depict the twentieth century via the accumulation of wealth, power, and global competition (Kinley 118). On the other hand, the Schlegels are presented as being idealistic, imaginative, and seeking inner ideal life. However, as it is highly agreeable that Wilcox represents the physical continuity of man and his material, Margaret’s general principle of social betterment and equal accumulation is highly questionable. On one hand, she tries to act as if she embodies social betterment by not focusing on accumulation, but her works of art and literature are for profit making and she shows no physical concerns to the less privileged people like Leonard. Her intimate connection to material possessions is wanting as she realizes that the things she values like art and culture will at one time decline if not supported by economic privileges controlled by individuals such as Wilcox. However, attention is diverted to riches and her purported connection to
When compared to the military conflicts of the past ages, World War I demonstrated an unprecedented prevalence of technology. Bolt-action rifles and machineguns, tanks and heavy artillery, zeppelins, and airplanes were only some of the technological advancements that led to the emergence of the new type of total war. In this new war, combat was not so much a contest of the physical prowess of soldiers and animals but, rather, a technological competition with machinery dominating the battlefield completely. Steven Spielberg’s War Horse , released in 2011, explores this period of history and presents a vivid artistic interpretation of animals with machines in warfare. In the film’s pivotal scene depicting the charge of British cavalry in 1914, lighting, motion, and framing alike highlight the grim triumph of technology over nature. Befitting its title, War Horse follows the life and adventures of the steed named Joey during the early 20th century. Sold from a Devon farm to military service, Joey becomes a cavalry horse for Captain Nicholls. As World War I begins, Joey’s and Nicholls’s regiment is shipped across the Channel to fight in France as a part of the British Expeditionary Force. Joey’s first battle experience comes when the unit the horse is assigned to leads a valiant cavalry charge against the German position in the first weeks of the war. Although initially successful, the attack stops at its tracks in a matter of minutes, as the charging riders come after the heavy machinegun fire. The scene is a relatively accurate depiction of the actual episode of the battle of Mons on 24 August 1914. In this event, 9th Lancers and 4th Dragoons attempted to attack German troops but “came under fire as the German infantry reacted, and the charge was brought to an ignominious halt” (Lomas). Thus, the movie sets the scene firmly within a historical context to emphasize the juxtaposition of nature and technology in its pivotal scene. One of the ways the film uses to stress the distinction between the beasts of war and military machinery is lighting. British cavalry begins its charge on sunny noon with scarcely a cloud in the sky, and the riders and horses alike bathe in sunlight. Moreover, as Parker-Starbuck soundly notes, soldiers mount their horses in the midd
Frank Lloyd Wright Frank Lloyd Wright was the greatest architects lived during the periods of late 19 th and early 20 th century. His ability to combine time, space and style by continuously transforming across different stages of growth is well recognised. In the career spanning about seventy years, the American architect Frank Lloyd Wright designed dramatically creative buildings.It could be stated that his works forms the basic environment for the rise of modern architecture. The interest and passion for the new ideas and techniques by Wright was evident while analysing the clients he had in the initial part of his career. Most the clients he attended was individuals with exceptional courage to embrace new concepts and also smaller private institutions with high level of enterprising attitude. Wright had initially insisted upon the representation of pure cubic mass, the colour and texture of raw stone with passages of continuous flowing spaces. Through this philosophy of design he could break the conventional school of thought in the classical architectural forms of separated spaces. Wright’s architectural forms were filed with extreme differences often radical to the conventional thinking. ( Legacy: Reflection ). Wright own an unique distinction of being the finest architect of romantic domestic design through the rhythmical accents achieved on the roofs at Taliesin East besides preparing the basic footprint or imagery for modern design as achieved in the Larkin building, Buffalo by thoroughly integrating structure with circulation, ventilation, lighting and other building services. The independent thinking and distinctive approaches advocated by Wright resulted in changing his style very often. Wrights contribution clearly shows his ability to think beyond his clients demand of realising the expected dream with out being contented with ordinary or conventiona
China’s Diplomatic, Military and Political relations The Yuan Dynasty was one of the most influential authorities that reigned over the Chinese territory and preceded other dynasties which included the Song and Ming. The Yuan dynasty used Marc Polo to communicate with other countries. In regard to the relationship between the Yuan dynasty and its neighbors, it incurred a lot of rebellion from its rivals such as the Mongols. During this struggle, the rebels could terrorize the allies of Yuan Dynasty and free them to China (Ebrey et al. 179). In the same light, the author reveals that the continuous rebellion by the neighboring countries led to the formation of anti-Yuan dynasty which aimed at conquering it (179). The dynasty did not only solve its conflicts through war but also using diplomatic means. In this regard, they could use travelers to communicate with the European countries such as Italy. For instance, they sent Mac Polo to deliver a letter to Italy in order to create ties with the dynasty. The dynasty could also receive visitors such as John of Montecorvino who was a missionary from Italy (Sen and Victor 75). Ebrey revealed that the Ming Dynasty was founded by Zhu Yuanzhang who had experienced the plight of poverty during the Yuan Dynasty which had imposed a lot of disorders in China (227). In fact, Ebrey stated that Zhu had started his life from the bottom of society (228). The author further states that the founder’s attempts to bring order on the society of the Chinese people were mostly considered as a draconian act (227). However, although the people were not always positive towards his acts, the author elaborates that 30 years of the Ming dynasty transformed China in a great way (227). This achievement was attained against many odds including intensive rebellion from the royalists of the Yuan government (Ebrey et al. 228). During one of the struggle for power, the Yuan government troops burnt down the temple of Zhu showing disrespect (Ebrey et al. 228). The continuous military attacks show that the Chinese territories were not used to solving their difference in a diplomatic manner. Instead they used their power to outdo, conquer, and colonize other territories. The song formed a separate and critical dynasty in the Chinese history. The dynasty was founded betwee
Introduction Ever since time immemorial, environmental issues and concerns have been a fundamental constituent of human life. Principally, this has been majorly based on the fact that much of the human life greatly depends on the rather shifty environmental patterns; that is why scientists and environmentalists have been at the forefront of researching and conserving the environment, respectively, so as to ensure the sustainability of humanity. However, it has not been an easy road for these environmental conservatives, there have been a lot of hiccups in the form of human casualties, plant and animal extinction, incurable diseases, among many other problems which have slowed down the journey towards an “ultimately safe” and “sustainable” world. Amongst the increasingly growing environmental concerns today; is the issue of Global warming. And in as much as so much information has been disseminated to the public (via the mass media); there is still very little truth that is known about it (Marshall, 2007). Wollstein (2007) allegedly equates this worrying trend to the misinformation by various opinion leaders in schools, governments, mass media, and even the society in general. He continues by saying that a large percentage of these people misinform others due to their “ignorance” about the truth. The remaining few—whom he says is the most influential type of these opinion leaders—do it because there is a catch to what they say i.e. some financial benefit, a promotion at work, some awards, or a combination of either of the above (as was in the case of Al Gore, which I will later explicate). But before I start getting carried away and delving deeper into the intrinsic details of global warming, let’s begin with the basics—what is global warming, and is the skepticism about it justified, or is there some element of truths that we ought to know about it? It is in answering the above question (which I will do in a short while), that I am going to circumspectly walk you through the intricate fallacies and facts about global warming. Based on the authoritative and scholarly research I have done on this topic, I will additionally expose the problems associated with the environmental concern of global warming and then go a mile further by offering you poignant and concise solutions. Main Discussion There are many definitions that have been advanced by different scholars so as to depict what global warming is, and quoting all of them here would probably waste a lot of my invaluable space and your priceless time. So in general-yet repres
Introduction To encourage recovery in patients, one often has to approach a specific health concern by exploring multiple factors contributing to the aggravation of a patient’s condition. Furthermore, the presence of comorbid issues is very frequent when tending to the needs of generalized audiences (American Psychiatric Association, 2013). Therefore, a healthcare provider should be capable of performing an all-embracive assessment of a patient and locate physical, biological, and psychiatric issues that may affect the latter’s well-being. A comprehensive psychiatric evaluation is especially important when determining health issues in an adolescent patient since the latter may develop emotional and cognitive problems otherwise (National Institute of Mental Health, 2017). By conducting a physical, psychiatric, and biological assessment of an adolescent patient with a generalized anxiety disorder, one will be able to offer an effective treatment that will address multiple sociocultural factors affecting the patient negatively. In the case under analysis, the issue of the generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) is explored. GAD is a rather common problem in adolescents. As the American Psychiatric Association (2013) clarifies, GAD is a condition that can be described by excessive anxiety, which does not pertain to any specific subject and is difficult to control. Among the key symptoms of GAD, one should mention generalized anxiety continuing for six months or more, restlessness, increased fatigue, muscle ache, and irritability. However, the symptoms of GAD may vary depending on patient-specific factors, as well as external influences that affect a patient’s well-being. GAD is highly prevalent, with a to
Introduction It is sad to say that there is a gap between research findings and the implementation of those findings into practice in the pressure ulcer prevention field. It is valid for acute care hospitals where patients stay for short terms but are not protected from pressure injuries. In this setting, the problem is that nurses and other medical professionals fail to utilize the research findings and provide individuals with suitable conditions not to subject them to the issue under consideration. Consequently, the problem of pressure ulcers in the acute care setting needs process improvement to reduce pressure injury prevalence. Synthesized Review of Relevant Evidence-Based Literature Multiple scientific studies address the issue of pressure ulcers in acute care clinics. Latimer et al. (2016) assess various pressure injury prevention strategies in acute medical inpatients. According to the researchers, these strategies include repositioning, turning, “pressure-relieving mattresses, seating cushions, foam wedges, pillows, and bandages” (Latimer et al., 2016, p. 330). A study by Tran et al. (2016) also investigates ways to prevent pressure ulcers in the acute care setting. The two studies conclude that a repositioning frequency of two hours implies the same effect as that of four hours in acute care clinics, meaning that these patients need improvement. Description of the Case The information above demonstrates that acute care hospitals utilize insufficient measures to prevent pressure ulcers. It happens because medical establishments tend to rely on a single intervention in an attempt to improve the situation. However, Latimer et al. (2016) explain that it is possible to ch
Introduction Certain factors such as poverty, poor health conditions, rapid industrialization, and lack of food safety measures explain why life expectancy is too low in the developing world. Many people in the developing world do not have access to clean water or “uncontaminated” food. Rapid industrialization explains why many countries have a low life expectancy. As described in this paper, rapid industrialization and food safety standards are the major causes of low life expectancy in the developing world. Food Safety Standards Food safety is a key pillar towards a better life. Different governments use various standards to ensure their citizens consume uncontaminated food. Poor food handling and storage results in poisoning. Food marketers and producers cannot adopt such “food standards” especially in the developing world. Many people in these countries prepare food using “unhygienic” methods (Condrad, 2000). Some traditional methods of food production are also “dirty”. These examples explain why many people continue to consume “unhealthy” foods. Lack of proper safety measures during preparation, storage, and handling explains why people consume contaminated food (Al-Kandari & Jukes, 2012). Such foods are the only sources of livelihood to many people in the developing world. The number of people dying in the underdeveloped world after consuming “unhealthy” foods or substances is on the rise (Baumgartner, 2000). Many people in the developing world also live below the poverty line. These people do not worry about “food safety standards” because the food itself is a problem. The first solution to this problem is to educate every person in the developing world about the importance of proper food production and preparation practices. By so doing, more people will embrace the importance of consuming healthy foods. The targeted people will reduce chances of food poisoning and eventually increase their life expectancy. Many citizens are living in absolute poverty (Baumgartner, 2000). This fact explains why many people in the developing world do not care about food safety or poisoning. The government should therefore empower such people by providing healthy food substances to them. The government should also encourage its people to follow modern “procedures” of food preparation. The government should also implement the best measures and practices to ensure people handle and store food properly. These laws and policies will encourage more people to consume uncontaminated food (Baumgartner, 2000). Citizens should always consume clean food and water. This approach will reduce chances of poisoning and eventually increase life expectancy. Rapid Industrialization Industrialization affects different ecological systems and zones in a negative manner. Many countries in Latin America, East Asia, and Africa are currently experiencing the benefits of industrialization. As well, such countries are experiencing fast “rural-to-urban” migration. More people are embracing the use of modern cars, energy, and gadgets. Any progress arising from industrialization causes pollution and environmenta
Today, in the 21 st century, there exists an urgent need for prospective employees to be duly prepared when attending job interviews as employers are only interested in selecting the best as reflected by responses given during job interviews (Palazzo & Kleiner 2002). In this paper, I respond to frequently asked job interview questions in preparation for future job interviews. “Tell me about yourself” I am a committed and resourceful person, who fits well in team-related environments geared towards developing creative and innovative solutions and applications. During my last year at high school, I was part of a team that developed an innovative mobile phone application that has tremendously evolved mobile money transfers in my own country. I fit into the position as I bring fresh insights and perspectives on using available resources to drive the agenda of the company forward, not mentioning that I am flexible under complexity, and have the thrust and motivation to ensure I deliver on time. “What is your one weakness?” One foremost weakness has being to identify and interact with people from other cultural backgrounds. Whilst it is true that racial and cultural differences challenge our own beliefs and may even give us enough justification to examine the world from a different point of view (Fish 2004), I have often found myself in a situation where I have attempted to interact with people from diverse backgrounds, but with little success due to my conservative cultural background. However, I have increasingly learned to take care of the situation by accepting differences, believing in new ideas, giving respect to everyone, embracing change, helping others to understand my cultural orientation, and keeping an open mind (Hagemann, Kluge & Ritzmann 2012). The outcomes are intensely promising, as I am now able to identify and interact with people from diverse cultural backgrounds, not mentioning that I have even developed mutually collaborative networks, partnerships, and friendships with culturally diverse people. It has been a humbling experience to learn that I can be able to achieve more by keeping an open mind and working with people from culturally diverse backgrounds. “Tell me about your greatest achievement” I have been able to make several achievements, but the greatest of all was when I was able to get a visa which crystallized my dreams to travel to London for my further studies. I call this my greatest achievement as it opened up doors for me to be able to secure my future by ensuring that I benefit immensely from the quality education offered here. It was quite a challenge to get the visa due to the strict regulations for applying, financial costs involved, as well as other regulatory and legal procedures (Vine 2010). However, my academic achievements and sheer urge to get good quality education triggered m