ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction The art place in the period of Soviet socialism was formed on the basis of proletarian ideology and cultural movements; constructivism was considered to be the background movement influencing the formation and promotion of art in general at the beginning of 20 th century. It should be noted that the art of constructivism was the outgrowth of Futurism art movement in Russia; the formation of major styles in painting and architecture was pressed by political reformations and programs. Russian Revolution, Civil War and Bolshevik movement appeared to an integral part of art cultural development in the period of Russian socialism. (Morris, 2004) Ideological and political discussions appeared to be centralized in art making sphere; such artists as Vladimir Tatlin and Alexander Rodchenko contributed to the art development in socialism service. (Taylor, 2007) Art in Socialism Service Revolution movements and Constructivists’ positions in socialism era influenced people’s view and perception of art industry. A number of street designs and public festivals were organized for the purpose of art involvement into political activities in Russian Republic. The integral part of youth movements at the beginning of 20 th century was considered to be the interaction of art and culture on the basis of spirituality, material and cognitive activities among the society. It is necessary to underline the fact that artists of that period tried to focus on non-traditional settings in order to demonstrate to the viewers some strange and unusual pictures of the epoch. (MacKenzie, 2008) Under the influence of Futurists’ art paintings and architecture works were characterized by abstractionism and chaotic designs. Important factors impacting such changes appeared to be warlike propaganda and Bolshevik movement together with governmental policies. The sphere of art was considered to be the method of social control as through its works people could reflect political intentions and atmosphere of the time. Political significance in artistic movements was of crucial importance; it should be stressed that artists and architects were in the center of governmental activities creating new buildings and making pictures filled with the motifs of political strategies. According to Rodchenko and Stepanova, “Program of the first working group of Constructivists”, material structures and their communistic expression were among the main tasks of the time. The art nature was concentrated on the following major disciplines:   * Faktura – it was expediently used as the worked material in organic state;   * Tectonics – it reflected the communism properties and served the usage of industrial material;   * Construction – this discipline was perceived as constructivism central function. (Rodchenko & Stepanova) Russian Constructivists used to reflect relationships between the formal and ideological through the performance of structuring process in art. It s
The end of the XIX century was marked by the development of the feminist movement. This issue provoked an intense public interest and was the subject of controversy in many families. A Doll House is one of the most popular and criticized plays of Henrik Ibsen, written in 1879. It focused on the issue of the role of women in the family and their status in society. The content of the drama is centered around the analysis of feelings and thoughts arising as Nora’s secret is revealed. The main character –Nora realized that in pursuit of family happiness, she committed a crime and as a result lost her self-respect. She became a favorite toy in the hands of her husband. The house built on lies and deceit could not be a real home: like a doll house, it collapsed at the first challenge of fate. Many other social and interpersonal conflicts were depicted in this play. For instance: women’s sacrifice for the sake of love and the deceitfulness of appearance. However, the position of women in society and the problem of women’s rights grew into a problem of social inequality. This paper will explore the character of Nora and seek for symbolism in the text, as well as explore women representation in the social and cultural context. For centuries, women are expected to ensure comfort and peace in her household. Females are usually depicted as stereotypically in literature and art. Nora Helmer is a good example of a perfect wife: she truly loves her family, takes care of their children, and is always there to please her husband. But Nora’s desire to be independent of her husband is a distinguishing feature of her character. Working on different jobs, she enjoyed being able to earn money (Balaky and Sulaiman 41). At first, she seems to be happy with her life. However, her worldview completely changed when instead of supporting and appreciating Nora for her attempt to save his life, Tovald fell into a rage and humiliated her. Nora came to understand that she would always remain a toy for her husband. The pain of realizing the essence of life and disappointment in Torvald awakened Nora’s irresistible desire to be herself and live her life to the fullest (Hossain 6). She does not want to be treated like a doll that cannot think, and moreover, Nora does not want to be played with. Contrary to established norms of society, Nora dared to leave her family and sought the truth. Hence, Nora’s character challenged the traditional norms of the female’s role in society. In a patriarchal society, a man decides everything for a woman: the father chooses a husband for his daughter, and then the husband controls his wife throughout her whole life. A woman does not represent a value by herself: she is worth nothing until married. Only from the moment of marriage does a woman gain at least some status in society. But it is still not enough – she should give birth to a son, only then she will be recognized as a legitimate member of society. Moreover, a woman is expected to please her husband in every way and does not have a right to be independent. In A Doll House , the main heroine Nora sees the meaning of life in the
The ongoing debate on the legal status of abortion is gradually gaining momentum in the modern world. One of the major reasons for this is the increasing influence of human rights movements and the tremendous progress made in the field in the recent years. In the light of recent trends, the illegal status of abortions can be viewed as a violation of human beings’ right to make choices. The issue is aggravated by the fact that the practice is strongly opposed by tradition in many cultures. Paradoxically, both scientific and legal perspectives of the question provide several arguments which discourage legalization of abortions. Therefore, despite being challenging to define and categorize under most jurisdictions and displaying several controversial points, the legalization of abortions should be approached with utmost caution and carefully considered before implementation. First, according to the consensus, human existence is initiated at the stage of conception. The proponents of abortion legalization often cite the concept of human soul commonly used by religious groups as an argument against pregnancy termination. Since soul is present in the fetus before it is born, it is logical to extend this idea to the claim that a clinician who is performing an abortion is committing a sinful act. The influence of this belief is traceable in legal provisions of several countries, which codify acceptable time of abortion based on the details of sacred texts. However, skeptical minds are quick to highlight that these suggestions are questionable at best or even culturally and socially obsolete. This approach aligns well with a lack of scientific proof of the metaphysical concept of the soul. Ironically, scientific method actually offers support to the suggestion that human fetus should be considered alive since the moment of its conception. For instance, according to consensus, human identity is defined by the genetic information and later modified by the environment. However, the unique genetic identity is not affected by experience and remains unaltered throughout life. This genetic information is conceived at the very moment of fertilization. Basically, this means that everything which constitutes human beings is present in them from the start and does not require time to develop. Therefore, no division can be made between a fetus and a newborn. In this way, science actually strengthens the validity of claims made by religious texts and moves the notion of life from matter of personal opinion or ideological belief into the field of reliable and falsifiable evidence-based knowledge. Second, the legal status of abortion, which is commonly portrayed as a manifestation of free will, actually violates the right to life. One of the strongest arguments often heard in support of legalization of abortions is that it allows women to be in control of their lives. Ultimately, the illegality of abortions is viewed as signs of h
The Success of Cirque du Soleil Cirque du Soleil is one of the most famous circuses in the world whose shows become a great success in countries the organisation operates in. It is one of the most successful entrepreneurial businesses that expanded globally within only two decades after its establishment. It is also a topic of extensive business research as Cirque’s success is remarkable. For instance, Cirque du Soleil is often described ‘in research as a multi-dimensional creative powerhouse’ (Simon 2015, p. 59). Researchers mainly focus on such aspects as creativity, innovation, leadership and corporate social responsibility when analysing various features of the organisation. The circus was created in 1984 when its founder, Guy Laliberté, a stilt-walker, an accordion player and a fire-breather started touring throughout Quebec (Moutinho 2016). In 1987, the entrepreneurs decided to go to the USA, and they managed to appear at the Los Angeles Arts Festival with their show We Reinvent the Circus ™ ( Guy Laliberté, the founder of Cirque du Soleil, on 20/20 2011). This was a great risk as the group invested all their funds into this trip, but it was a great success and the first top they reached. In 1990, Cirque made a show in Europe, and they soon expanded their tour geography to such areas as Asia, South America, Japan, and so on. In 1993, Cirque du Soleil created their first resident show Mystère® that was shown in Las Vegas. The success of this show led to the creation of other performances in a number of hotels and casinos in the region. At present, the organisation also has shows at Walt Disney World resorts in the US and Japan (Moutinho 2016). The company has won a variety of awards including an Emmy Award. This unprecedented success is a result of hard work, creativity and efficient management as well as the entrepreneurial nature of the business. It is possible to analyse the organisation’s performance and environment using a number of tools such as SWOT tool, Porter’s Five Forces, and Ansoff matrix. This analysis will help to examine the way innovation affects the development of the company (and even an entire industry). Porter’s Five Forces The entertainment industry is highly competitive and dependent on entrepreneurs’ creativity. Therefore, the analysis of the organisation’s competitive forces is essential for the understanding of its strengths, competitive advantages and areas to develop to become or remain successful (Magretta 2012). Magretta (2012) notes that the framework is the foundation of any strategy development. A brief analysis of the organisation’s features and its environment shows that Cirque du Soleil is in a very favourable position largely due to its effective use of creativity
Introduction Karl Marx (1818-1883) is a revolutionary communist who helped to motivate the establishment of several communist regimes in 20 th century. Initially, he was studying to become a philosopher although he later shifted his interest to economics as well as politics although his social and moral work has philosophical aspects. Marx is an obvious anti-capitalist critique as manifested in his work (Marx ‘Capital’ 2007). In earlier historical periods, the society was sectioned it a number of orders which comprised social ranks. The capitalist system is one such societal arrangement in which the bourgeoisie comprised the higher rank and drafted oppressive orders. Thus, the society was segregated into conflicting and opposing camps, the proletarians & the Bourgeoisie. Bourgeoisie and proletarians Under their leadership, the Bourgeoisie had been able to establish massive productive means as compared to the previous generations. They subjugated the natural forces through technological advancements in pursuit of amassing profits. However, these were the very weapons that would ultimately destroy them, since they enabled the recognition of the proletarians, who comprised the working class. Proletarians only survival was dependent on the labor market to maximize capital. They instead earned peanuts and were taken as objects of commerce, faced with dynamic market changes (Marx & Engels 1848). As a result, widespread machinery utilization as well as division of labor affected the proletarians where they were converted to machine like creature through monotony, yet low wages. They were enslaved by the bourgeoisie and machinery hence, they became a majority and were empowered in the light of the competitive bourgeoisie class, which created commercial conflicts and fluctuated the earning of the working class. (Marx ‘Capital’ 2007). Therefore, the oppressive ruling of the bourgeoisie was questioned since it exploited the working class. There was a need to make proletarians a class to lead the society through overthrowing the authority of the bourgeoisie by political empowerment. This would restore moral sanity and democracy by suppressing the capitalist system and encourage socialism. Therefore, class distinctions would be no more, a condition beneficial for the whole population as Marx assets in the communist manifesto that “Let the ruling classes tremble at a Communistic revolution. The proletarians have nothing to lose but their chains. They have a world to win” (Marx & Engels 1848 Ch. 4). Marx’s Moral Values Marx questions on such values as: First, universal moral values such as free
Introduction It is important to have a clear understanding of how a person can attain holiness in this lifetime. The Bible clearly states that human beings had fallen short of the glory of God and therefore, there is a tremendous amount of pain and suffering in this world. It is imperative to be liberated by the forces that lead to depravity and other social problems. A closer examination of the spiritual problem will point to the need to deal with nature and grace. It is only through a clear understanding of nature and grace that human beings can benefit from the beauty and power of conversion. As a result, a person can gain freedom from the impact of sin. The person who experienced true conversion is also on the path to regeneration. This study will take a closer look into the theological underpinnings of the terms nature and grace and how it can affect the lives of people and pastoral principles underpinning the vision and mission of Catholic institutions. Augustine and Aquinas have similar and at the same time different views when it comes to nature and grace. Augustine had a more simplified understanding of grace. According to the supporters of the Augustinian view, the nature of man has been corrupted beyond recognition and repair. This is the byproduct of the original sin; through the action of one man named Adam, sin has entered the world. Therefore, Augustine said that without the grace of God it is impossible for a human being to obey and follow the commandments of God. Augustinian View Before going any further it is important to clarify the meaning of grace. According to one commentary, “At its heart, the term grace has a connection with the idea of a gift.” 1 Grace is understood as some form of power, the power to accomplish something that at previous occasions were difficult to achieve. According to Augustine, grace is a liberating force. 2 The power of grace is seen in its ability to free human beings from the bondage of sin. Human nature is seen as an overwhelming power that forces a person to do something against his better judgment. Thus, there are those who argue that a sinner does not have the power to resist temptation because it is in his nature to sin. Although Augustine fully understood the struggle and desperatio
Modern world tends to break stereotypes, leaving arrogant and superior attitude behind, constantly raising questions of all types of equality on all levels. Women work at the same positions and in the same spheres as men do. There are no restrictions on colored people to public areas access as it was less than a century ago. Still there are some acute issues dealing with racial, gender and age inequality that strike unexpectedly bringing up the questions not yet solved. Shockingly, but even today in the developed countries female employees earn less than men. In The U.S., the average of 2010 shows that women earn only 78 cents of every dollar of men’s salary (The White House, n.d., para. 1). Different restrictions are applied in the connection to the issue or raising children. The priority in case of the vacant position in the company is given to a male candidate rather than to a female candidate, because she is more likely to leave the job because she will have kids or will need maternity leave. Only a few companies provide major support and acceptable conditions for childcare while mother works. Despite a significant progress of developed European countries in that sphere, the childcare in the U.S. is considered more of a woman matter (Harvard Summer School, 2014, para. 9), thus a mother ends up having two jobs: first, the one where she earns money, second, taking care of the household and kids. The issue of age discrimination is a great problem of the modern world too. It is basically raised when the person seeks for a job. Age discrimination hits both people under twenty-five, because they might be considered too young to do the job, and people over forty, because they might be overqualified or less likely to be involved into training process for the position. The situation of people over fifty and sixty, in this case, seems to be entirely hopeless. There is also a tendency to formation of age-based hierarchy within co-workers team. As Snowdon notes “In general terms, people in their 40s were viewed as having the highest status, while on average people aged over 70 were given a higher status than those in their 20s” (Snowdon, 2012, para. 11). Racial inequality is majorly expressed while the everyday attitude, when people reject to take a taxi driven by a person of an “inappropriate” race or nationality or to rent a house to a family for the same reasons. The formation of in-town and in-state clusters where the people of other race, nationality, and origin are strongly not welcomed, where inappropriate conditions for “strangers” are created can also be considered as a form of racial inequality. The rate of annual income within the United States also provides a demonstratio
Introduction School counseling is an important branch of social work that prioritizes the needs of minors. In this paper, an anticipated process of forming a group similar to A School Counseling Group for 6-11- year-olds presented by Corey, Corey, and Corey (2018). Due to the particularities children might have in the school environment, the work of a counselor should be directed at the application of research and practical interventions to eliminate the problems and encourage students to deal with difficulties effectively. The Purpose of the Group The planned group will engage school children aged from six to ten years who have particular problems with learning achievements. The purpose of the counseling group is to help the students improve their learning outcomes and behaviors in school by addressing their difficulties through sessions and communication with teachers and parents. The integration of home and school environments into the counseling process will provide the basis for effective achievement of the goal. The Focus of the Group Taking into account the goals of the counseling, the group should be focused on the specific individual and group interventions aimed at developing effective behavioral patterns in children who encounter difficulties in school. Low level of performance at an early age is often caused by environmental issues (Hines et al., 2017). Therefore, the priority of the sessions will be set of the integration of different systems of environment, such as home, parents, school, peers, and others. By articulating the issues during the individual sessions or group meetings, the counselor will be able to single out the particular problems of each child and will make corrections in the plan to meet the specific needs of the participants. Participants’ Characteristics and Rationale The participants for the group will be allocated on the basis of their behavior and educational achievements in class. Overall, the group will consist of 12-16 students of different genders and aged from six to ten years. The number of participants is thought to be optimal to both ensure the effectiveness of the interventions in small groups and to provide sufficient counseling support for as many children as possible. The maximum of 16 participants will be an appropriate number for a group led by one counselor. When choosing and admitting children to the group, all involved stakeholders (