ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Viramma’s understanding of the world is much related to her upbringing. According to Mines and Lamb, this woman appears in the context of cultural differences between social classes in South India (190). Viramma’s understanding of the world can be seen through her understanding of the past, present, and future, as well as men, women, and family, faith, belief, and spirits, good and evil, body and health, work and survival, and caste, democracy, and state; her perception of the world through the understanding of these concepts would have explained much her views on some changes that have taken place in India recently. First of all, past, present, and future are interrelated in Viramma’s understanding of the world. Viramma and her people believe that the past and present actions of a person have an inevitable effect on the individual’s future. This suggests an idea that the greatest emphasis was placed on the present which guaranteed a person successful life and even afterlife. Quite interesting was Viramma’s understanding of men, women, and family. Viramma seems to take the distribution of roles in the family for granted: “The men would be in the fields, the women doing housework, and the ceri would be quiet” (Viramma, Racine, and Racine 4). Her society is patriarchal and the man has the right to make decisions for the entire family, including the marriage of his children. Thus, women possess little rights and freedoms, especially in the choice of their husbands, which presents Viramma’s society as gender discriminating. Nevertheless, this is not how Viramma understands this feature of her people’s life. Instead, such discrimination is viewed as a part of society’s beliefs. These beliefs, together with Viramma’s people’s faith and spirits also contribute to her understanding of the world. According to her society’s beliefs, all people had the power to cast spells, and spirit possession was a common phenomenon (Viramma et al. 213). In this way, everything unknown in Viramma’s world was regarded as supernatural since this was the only explanation for diseases, misfortunes, and even deaths. Besides, this accounted for people’s ideas regarding good and evil. Viramma’s understanding of good and evil is much related to her perception of magic: the spirits are evil and one must be afraid of the evil eye. At the same time, certain rituals can bring a person good luck, as well as the good consists in following the customs and leading a decent life. The condition of body and health of a person, in general, depends much on these beliefs because, under the influence of the evil eye, a person may be spelled and fall ill after this. This proves that Viramma’s under
Abstract This paper explores the extent to which women and, or men experience despotism within the domestic sphere. We examine various forms of power abuse within a domestic sphere and effects of such abuses. The paper reviews past studies in order to draw a logical conclusion on despotism within a domestic sphere. Studies show that despotism within the domestic sphere is widespread. However, there are substantial differences in countries, cities, rural areas, and among victims who experience despotism. Partner abuses contribute to high rates of homicides affecting both men and women globally. As a result, some organisations like the UN and WHO consider domestic despotism as health inequalities affecting mainly women and hindering access to effective healthcare. Introduction Power abuse is common within a domestic sphere. Despotism within a domestic sphere may also take the form of domestic violence. Despotism reflects a coercive behaviours and actions men or women use in order to gain power and control over another. Despotism usually takes many forms such as verbal, physical, sexual abuse, economic, emotional abuse, and stalking in some cases. Forms of Despotism within a Domestic Sphere Physical violence:   * Use of physical actions   * Physical coercion   * Use of weapons   * Stalking Sexual abuse:   * Forced sexual activities   * Assault on sexual organs   * Sexual pressure   * Rape (also includes rape between married partners) Emotional, Psychological, and Verbal Abuse:   * Intimidation and coercive actions   * Controlling activities of a partner   * Undermining a person’s self-worth and self-esteem   * Humiliation   * Defamation   * Separating a partner from a family and friends   * Putting responsibility on the abused partner Economic abuse:   * Controlling family finances   * Controlling accessibility of money   * Making a partner financial dependent   * Controlling a partner’s work or pursuit of education It is significant to note that despotism within a domestic sphere affects opposite both sex relationships and gay marriages. It also extends to divorced couples, intimate partners, or people on courtship and staying together. In addition, despotism between men and women extends to all members of the family and other relations outside the family and to society. The Extent of Despotism in a domestic Sphere From 1970s, abuse of power against women achieved “the recognition across the public sphere and the academic community” (VAWOR, 2010). However, despotism within the domestic sphere has been in existence for many decades. According to Violence against Women Online Resources (VAWOR), despotism is a crime in which “women were more likely to experience than men” (VAWOR, 2010). Tjaden and Thoennes noted that nearly “1.5 million women are raped and or physically assaulted by an intimate partner annually” (Tjaden and Thoennes, 2000). Rennison observed that in 2001, there were 691,710 nonfatal violent victimisations committed by current or former spouses, boyfriends, or girlfriends of the victims” (Rennison, 2003). These d
Culture shock and how it can influence effectiveness Culture shock is a collection of emotional reactions which makes someone lose their own culture and take up new cultural practices which have little or no meaning to their lifestyle. Those affected feel helpless, irritable as well as fear being cheated on, injured, disregarded, boredom, homesickness, excessive sleep, withdrawal and hostility. It is worth noting that the phenomenon is normal but unpleasant; in most cases, nonetheless, culture shock do have positive implications. These include; improving ones learning experience, enhancing self-efficacy and increase intercultural understanding. In the context of positively impacting on learning experience, the affected person desire to go to a different place having different culture than what one is used to will help them to be in a different environment and get to learn new things. Secondly, when engaging in the efforts of trying to get culture shock or adapt it, this makes one seek for knowledge, skill as well as changing attitude (Adler & Gundersen, 2008). All these positively impact on one’s ability hence being effective. It also increase ones intercultural understanding, if they actively mingle with the host, one learn a lot of things from the other and vice versa. This in the long ran creates mutual understanding between the individual and can translate to peace and harmony in various involved cultures or countries. Self efficacy is attained by knowing culture of others. Expatriate Spouse The job market have become more competitive by the day hence there is desire to pursue recognizable careers and increased need to have qualified manpower has made countries receive people from other countries to do business or venture in other fields such as diplomatic relations, international teaching (Carmen, 1998). Most of those involved are married people and they have families. It is therefore fair for the expatriates to be accompanied by their spouses. Such people are considered being second class citizens. According to Huw Francis they are expected to behave like employees though they are free agents. Expatriate spouses do face culture shock in addition to the following problems. Lack or difficulties in acquiring work permits, language barriers, and cultural differences, lack of employment or discrimination as locals seem to be given higher priority, in some cases their certificates (education) or licenses are not compatible (NCREL, 2003). Most of these problems are often ignored as only very few companies can offer support for spouses at such difficult moments. This makes such individual feel isolated, unsupported, unrecognized and let down because th
Time value of Money (TVM) is the notion that a dollar held at present has more value than one which would be received in the future. This concept is used in evaluation of projects’ viability in capital budgeting and in selecting projects when a firm needs to exercise capital rationing. There are various variations of the TVM technique including Net Present Value (NPV), Internal Rate of Return (IRR), and the discounted payback period. Alternatives to TVM comprise of those techniques that do not factor-in time in evaluating project cash flows in capital budgeting. One variation of these techniques is the non-discounted payback period approach (Pandey, 2008). Features of TVM Time Value of Money measure utilizes the following elements to take into account the time factor of cash flows during capital budgeting:   * Time periods involved. These could be in months or years or any other unit of time.   * Discount rate   * Periodic cash flows   * Present Value or future value depending on which one is to be determined. Advantages of TVM over other valuation Methods Time Value of Money approach has the following benefits over other methods of valuations in investment decision-making:   * It considers the fact that a dollar held today has potential earning power compared to one that would be received in the future.   * It acknowledges that the value of money is eroded by inflation.   * It takes into account the default risk inherent in investments. Aspects of Global Negotiations There are various aspects to be taken into consideration when engaging in international negotiations. Some of these aspects are cultural, legal, and economic factors. Importance of Cultural Factors Culture is a very important factor when undertaking international negotiations. Since the negotiating partners will be coming from different cultures, they will have different values and, thus, it is very crucial for them to understand each others culture in order to minimize conflict during the negotiation process (Thompson, 2005). If I was involved in global negotiations, I would try to understa
At a corner, in the city of Indiana, United States stands a private company, well known for its quality cleaning services. The chief executive officer who prefers to be called by her name by her employees happily signs a cleaning contract with the managing director of New York Furniture stores. The business has a humble beginning. On February 22 rd 1981, a cry was heard from the hut of Jane Wambui and Ken Wamae; it was the cry of a newborn baby. They happily named her Abeba Abreha, she was the sixth born in a family of eight. Villager celebrated the new member they prophesied greatness to her. As the tradition of the Kenyan family demanded, the toddler was booked for marriage after two days. At the age of four, Abeba Abreha had grown wise enough that she enrolled in nursery school. The family could not afford a high-class school, thus she was enrolled in a government-sponsored school about three hundred meters from their home. Abeba’s father was a small-scale farmer and the mother was a homemaker. By the time Abeba finishing her nursery school, she had two other sisters. In the African country, Kenya, elections are conducted every five years. They have for sometimes being known for violence, mostly among the Kikuyu’s, the dominant tribe in the country, and the Luo’s, the second-largest tribe which has support from other 40 small tribes in the country. Abeba was a Kikuyu. It was a day before Christmas, and about two months to Abeba’s seventh birthday when a tribal crisis erupted in their locality. It was a night that remains well remembered by Abeba how her father was cornered by a supporter of the then President Daniel koi and was killed in cold blood. Life was never the same again for the family. The mother barely had a course, or any employee to support the family. According to the tradition of the tribe, Kikuyu’s, a woman was not supposed to inherit or own property thus the piece of land that the late father had used to support the family was to be given back to the husband brothers. They were expected to hold it in trust for Abeba’s three brothers. The mother took the bulls with its horns to raise the family but it was not easy without any support or employment. She depended on casual works around the village like washing and digging. When Abeba was in standard sev
Specific Chapter Topic to Which Article Relates   * Creativity, Innovation & Dynamic Change       + Innovation contributes a lot towards the growth and development of a nation in spite of the degree of innovation itself. Innovation may significantly transform various sectors of an economy when well utilized.   * I was responding to dynamic business challenges – Strategically & operationally.       + The demanding and pressing need of both markets and consumer needs triggered Steve Jobs to make a strategic and operational move.   * Entrepreneurship in Action       + Entrepreneurial skills play an important role in business growth. Steve Jobs possessed these skills, which indeed played a pivotal role in accomplishing great and innovative goals. Analysis According to Steve Jobs, innovation is neither motivated by finances nor a particular uniform pattern that has been followed for long. Instead, it is a product of both social and economic behaviour of people and largely involves merging several and various types of innovative experiences. The latter has the potential of boosting technology to greater heights. As a matter of fact, there are quite a number of venture capitalists who are concentrating on the obvious innovations that everyone is struggling with. It has been argued that some of these mediocre innovations in computing may not materialize (Hoegaarden 1). Due to the emerging challenges and growing need to venture into new markets, Steve took up the task and went ahead to create new demands for a state of the art innovations since consumer’s demand for new products and optimum satisfaction was evidently missing. The author adds that product satisfaction is much more important than its cost. In addition, market shares of existing suppliers are also irrelevant as long as the greater part of the available market remains virgin. Moreover, the support obtained from staff/stakeholders is equally crucial as it would assist in developing innovative ideas. For Steve Jobs, it was inevitable to face the challenge posed by capitalists bearing in mind that he was risking on the cost of the new products being innovated (Hoegaarden 2). Another drawback would be the tendency by venture capitalists to focus on traditional market theories instead of emphasizing on a life changing innovations such as internet applications. Steve indeed possessed entrepreneurship skills which he effectively put into use. As a manager, he knew that employing pure technologists in his business would not be of great help in achieving what he was aiming at since technology has no lasting value if not well utilized by the wider population. Therefore, an entrepreneur should only make use of technologists who can stretch innovations to the surface. On the same note, capital efficiency or operational excellence may not improve the performance level of a company, especially if there insufficient innovative skills in place. Steve understood embraced this philosophy and therefore used his product capability and experience for optimum growth
Different ways might cause disasters; they can result from a natural occurrence, be man-made or technological ones. Technological disasters might be thought to be man-made due to technological inventions and innovations by man. However, detailed scrutiny indicates a clear difference between the two aspects. Technological disaster refers to events that result from the malfunction of a given technical structure or the prevalence of a human error during the handling or control of the technology. This phenomenon includes misalignment, engineering mistakes, or mismanagement that results in a catastrophic event. These disasters include chemical spills, oil spills, the collapse of structures such as buildings, mines, bridges, radiation leaks, and other industrial accidents. The catastrophes are harmful, chaotic, and unpredictable therefore being more stressful and deadly as they might yield to loss of life, property, or investment. Man-made disasters, on the other hand, are the type of disasters that tend to have a human contribution to the event. The assistance involves human acts of negligence, intent, or error instead of natural hazards. Man-made disasters include acts of war, terrorism, cyber-attacks, groundwater contamination, chemical/biological threats, transportation accidents, or fires. Though technological disasters might seem man-made, the significant difference between the two is that technological disasters are highly connected with technical systems and structures, which lead to a disaster (Lindsey et al., 2021). Man-made disasters rely on the actions of humans that trigger the catastrophe. These actions could include active engagement in terror or poor disposal of waste, leading to clogging of canals and flooding or water contamination. Knowledge of the difference between man-made disasters and technological disasters is crucial as they both have various influences on people and nature. Man-made disasters can c
Living a satisfying and happy life is everyone’s endeavor and dream. If one wants to live a life that he/she loves and is proud of, he/she should solve the jigsaw puzzle of life. In a nutshell, one’s life becomes enjoyable and fruitful if the fundamentals are clear. Fundamentals mean the aims and objectives one wants to achieve in life and the path to be followed in order to achieve such aims and objectives. Let me first write the definition (as it is today) of the purpose and course of my life. “I am totally committed to fulfill the needs of my family and ensure their happiness and security, even if I have to sacrifice my interests and passions.” This is a subjective definition because this is my opinion. It may not be accurate for some, but for me, it is a fact of my life. I don’t have to advertise what I intend to do. My family knows that I am totally committed to them, and they are more than happy to have a child-like me. This definition evolved automatically and has not been framed. Actually, it’s a stipulative definition due to the fact that it shows my intentions and might differ for people with different circumstances. My explanation differs from others because I have used the underlined words or phrases to depict my
We are losing valuable resources and beautiful places due to increased food demand forcing c onversion of the land. Loss of Uncommonly Beautiful Places to Higher Demand for Food is not Just Conversion of Land to Agriculture. Demand for food was intimately connected with so many other factors, that it was not possible to consider the impact of this demand upon places of outstanding beauty in isolation. Support for Food Production   * Bio-fuels.   * Power Production.   * Roads.   * All of these support the production, distribution and transportation of food. One excellent example is the Three Gorges Dam in China. Another is the Amazon.   * Both of these appear to be based upon other demands:       + power and bio-fuel,       + but they are both ultimately caused by the demand for food.       + The Ecosystem is interconnected web of natural forces and resources       + World economies are intertwined : a jerk in the smallest area produces reactions everywhere.       + The problem of saving our places of outstanding beauty from destruction due to the demand for food is interconnected to the demands for everything else.       + Two things without which no animal, including man, can live are food and water, and food depends upon water also. The Three Gorges region of China   * The Three Gorges Region is being flooded by the Three Gorges Dam Project.   * The massive project sets records for number of people displaced (at least 1.3 million), number of cities and towns flooded (13 cities, 140 towns, 1,350 villages), and length of reservoir (more than 600 kilometers).   * This project is in support of more food, since providing more power to China supports greenhouses, large agribusiness and supplies power for transport, processing and storage. The data on the enormity of the problem in China supports this conclusion.   * These 1.3 million displaced will have to be fed also. Mostly for Power in Support of Food Production and Transport. Small boat trip through one of the Three Gorges BEFORE the water rises. Much of this village will be gone, though the temples will remain. This is what is left of many villages and towns after government mandated destruction. This part of the Gorges will be gone. This will be Underwater. Some of this will remain, but it will not be so immense and awesome. Amazon Rainforest   * The Amazon Basin, home to sixty percent of the planet’s remaining tropical rainforests, is an immense region nearly the size of the continental United States.   * It is also known that it acts like lungs for the planet.   * In addition to the proposed dam projects and those already running, much of the rainforest has been cut down for farming. Poor Farmers and Corporations are Destroying This   * The beauty of the Amazon Basin and the river and rainforest it supports will be lost forever.   * Only 8% of the original is left.       + subsistence farming,       + companies are illegally using land to raise bio-fuel crops       + and soybeans, which also make good bio-fuel. Brazilian Government Tr