ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The selected references used in this paper are from prominent authors with articulate command of the environmental matters. These references are the backbone of this essay, and they evidently demonstrate: the facts about rain acid, its genesis,its process of formation and its constituent elements, the foremost contributors to the acid rain and their severity. The authors used in this paper are of great academic background and they have mastery of the subject they have covered. For instance, Hewitt is a professor of atmospheric chemistry at Lancaster University UK, and his concentration is on relationship between Biosphare and the Atmosphere. Other authors have excelled in their fields of specialization and their information is dependable. For example, Hill is a adjunct professor and author of “Understanding Environment Pollution”. She developed many environmental courses in the university of Main when she worked there. This paper’s emphasis is on factory emissions, and especially the three chief elements (coal, petroleum, and natural gas) that contribute to the formation of the acid rain. In addition, it seeks to demonstrate how acid rain is formed from the raw materials. This forms the area of interest in this paper, and all the ideas in it revolves around this. Acid rain is a phenomenon that was first noted with the beginning of the industrial revolution. Petheram claims that “acid rain began with the industrial revolution in Europe about 1750, when steam power began to be used to drive machinery” (2002, p. 10). “Normal” rain contains some percentage of carbonic acid though it is not in great amount. Rain is defined as acid rain if it contains large amounts of acid that is considerably higher than that of the normal rain. According to Hewitt and Jackson, “rain water of pH 5.6 is considered to be “pure”, whereas acid rain is defined as having a pH below 5.6” (2009, p. 139). Since the industrial revolution to the present-day, more sophisticated machines have been invented and they are used in the factories. These machines require large amount of energy to run. In order to provide sufficient energy, fossil fuels are burnt. As a result, harmful gases are released into the atmosphere. Some of the gases produced during this chemical reaction are nitrogen dioxide, carbon monoxide, nitric dioxide, and sulphur dioxide. Sulphur dioxide and Nitric dioxide come into react with clouds and oxygen in the presence of sunlight to form acid rain. Tagare (2011) affirms this by arguing that “the major objectionable gases SO 2 and NO X, when absorbed by atmospheric water (cloud) form acids and produce “acid rain,” that is rain with small percentages of the objectionable
Introduction Various new markets have emerged in the 21 st century. In fact, powerful forces have transformed the emerging market economies. Literature shows that the way firms and corporations conducted their businesses have changed due to the movement of organizations, individuals and goods across the borders. In the past, foreign debts, hyperinflation, and military coup dominated the news of emerging nations. For instance, India and China became the renowned tigers and dragons that represented the image of the emerging markets. On the other hand, Brazil was known as a country that represented the future generation. Irrespective of such appealing features, these markets presented numerous challenges to global marketers. The last decade generated immense shifts and outstanding changes in the political and economic power balance. These have transformed the manner in which organizations perform their business operations. Most scholars assert that the term emerging economies is no longer suitable. These nations have emerged and only pursue key adjustment strategies. In the global economy, emerging markets are now seen to be integral market players. These economies have remarkable features that can spearhead the growth of corporations (Fletcher and Crawford, 2011). This paper investigates the economic and political impacts that are encountered by marketers in the emerging economies. The paper reports the impacts of economic and political factors on marketing the McDonald products in China and India. It offers practical recommendations that should be implemented by the corporation that want to expand their business operations to the emerging markets. Business in the emerging markets Emerging markets attracts various corporations in terms of few domestic competitors, the increasing number of middle class, and expanding populations. However, there is a guarantee neither for growth nor success in these emerging markets. Often, the emerging markets are associated with tough business environments (Bettis and H
The concept of corporate governance has recently become part of the scope of risk managers’ analysis (Jalilvand & Malliaris 2013). For instance, issues related to benefits, compensation packages and incentives that employees are entitled to in contemporary organisations often become the focus of discussion. The potential negative effects that the provision of extensive compensation packages and benefits may have on the financial well-being of the organisation need to be mentioned as a primary reason for concern. First and most obvious, there is credit risk, which means that the financial partner may fail to meet the obligations set out in the agreement. Although this type of risk may not cause the immediate bankruptcy of the project, it clearly poses a threat to the overall success of the venture. For example, it is likely to cause the organisation to reconsider its current approach toward resource allocation, neglecting an essential part of its operations in order to remain afloat and address emerging financial concerns. Since the success of the entire project hinges on the credit risk, it needs to be addressed immediately. Similarly, the liquidity risk must be mentioned as a direct effect of the corporate governance factor. With an equal distribution of corporate assets between all of the stakeholders involved, the liquidity rates may drop significantly. The residual risk is also likely to pose a threat to the performance of the company. With the principles of corporate governance as the primary guidelines of operating the organisation, the approaches toward risks identification and elimination are going to be generic. Thus, there will always be a possibility of overlooking a specific risk. Operational risks should also be mentioned among the essential threats which the company must take into account. For example, the failure of employees or other organisational members to report the most important emerging issues and the latest problems promptly needs to be mentioned. Although the corporate governance framework implies that the data management process should occur in the environment of information sharing, there is always a threat that the necessary information will be misinterpreted or not delivered. Finally, legal risks have to be listed among the crucial concerns to be addressed. Although the corporate governance framework implies that the organisation’s members should be capable of exerting influence on the staff members, supervising every single team is not possible. Therefore, there is a risk that some of the employees will reso
The period which is now called Classical Greece was marked by significant changes in political, social, artistic and religious life of people. In particular, one can speak about the establishment of a civic state, the adoption of new approaches to education and science, the development of new artistic forms, and more critical attitude toward those people who occupy the positions of authority. This essay will focus on such concepts that became particularly important during this period, namely eunomania (good governance), polis (collective life), paideia (education), kalokagathia (balance), and hamartia or unintentional sin. These concepts are important because they reflect people’s willingness to live in a just state, and their attempts to determine the limitations of their knowledge. Moreover, they illustrate the aesthetic values of ancient Greeks. This discussion of these concepts will be based on the study of philosophical and literary works such as Plato’s The Republic or The Clouds by Aristophanes. Moreover, we will discuss examples from visual arts. At first, it is necessary to explain the concepts related to political and social life of Ancient Greece. Plato’s Republic touches upon many important issues, relevant to people of Ancient Greece, but it mostly reflects such a concept as eunomania. Overall, this notion can be defined as a city that is governed by good laws. It should be noted that Plato, himself, does not participate in the dialogues that he describes. His teacher, Socrates, acts as the main interlocutor who tries to give a definition of justice and tries to identify the characteristics of an ideal city. Moreover, he and his companions discuss various forms of government such as democracy, oligarchy, timocracy, and so forth. In this work, Plato attempts to illustrate how a good city can be constructed. Socrates makes a debatable statement about good city and good laws. In his opinion, a well-run state ensures that a person works on “the task he was naturally suited to, and for which he would keep himself free from other tasks, working at it throughout his life, and taking every opportunity to produce good results” (Plato, 57). To a great extent this quotation means the citizen of a good city is able to fulfill his or her talents. Most importantly, it is the best way of creating eunomania or a state that is governed by good laws. This discussion of eunomania can be closely tied to education and such concept as paideia which occupies an important place in Aristophanes’ play The Clouds . Moreover, this concept plays a significant part in Plato’s Republic . Overall, it can be interpreted as education or shaping the moral character of a young person. In this play, Aristophanes attempts to satirize Socratic education and shows that it breeds complete disregard or even rejection of social and moral norms. This is how he describes Socratic education, “they will persuade you to consider everything dishonest as decent, and the decent as dishonest” (Aristophanes, 72). Overall, the author suggests that educators should pay attention to traditional values of a society. The purpose of paideia or
The issue of class is so emotive in human societies to the extent that it has various definitions and models. However, only three forms of classes exist in society, including the rich, middle class and the poor. The poor are always left in the hands of the rich who mistreat them in all forms. The gap between the rich and the poor is ever increasing because the poor are getting poorer while the rich are becoming richer. While the poor languish in poverty, the rich have excess resources that they even use to subjugate and dominate the poor. The rich own everything, including the major social institutions such as the media and the polity. The opinions of the poor are never valued during any democratic process while the views of the rich are treated with due respect. For instance, the media does not highlight the plight of the poor, but instead, it keeps on advertising goods and services. This benefits the rich because they own the means of production. The poor are never given a chance to achieve their goals because the government provides an enabling environment for the rich while the poor are frustrated using state machinery such as the police, the courts, and regulatory institutions. From a personal standpoint, the class system is brought out in the movie because the owners of the means of production are seen to be above the law. This means that they can do something illegal yet no one is willing to engage them in legal suits. In the movie, one of the owners of the means of production, who is Sam’s boss, instructs Sam to bribe the law enforcers to get his way out. This means that owners of the means of production will always ensure that they do not incur losses, but instead, losses are to be passed over to the proletariat. Sam is encouraged to bribe the law enforcers, yet he is not given the necessary funds to accomplish the mission. I feel that class is understood to mean an amalgamation of objective and subjective factors. Sam, as well as his family, had nothing apart from his labor. His father Jerry had nothing in the bank because we see that the lawyer had nothing to hand to Sam after Jerry’s death. Sam and his father must sell their labor to earn a living (Pine, 2012). In my view, the owners of the means of production do not engage in real production, but instead, they use workers to generate wealth. Sam makes a lot of profit for his boss yet he is not supported when he is faced with a legal suit. While attending his father burial, he is informed that the case would be worse in case he does not make an effort of attending it in time. In the class system, subjectivity plays out because members tend to share a common clas
Memo The study of increasing the motivation of employees in the workplace to enhance productivity is an essential topic. Opportunities to increase this parameter affect the quality of the work performed positively, and performance indicators are the evidence of a specific motivational strategy’s effectiveness. In this regard, it is required to find appropriate methodologies and techniques aimed at increasing the desire of employees to improve their potential for the benefit of a particular organization. These strategies are useful both for the leaders of a certain enterprise who are interested in the development of their company and the employees themselves who can hone their skills and qualifications. The search for optimal initiatives to increase the motivation of workers can be considered in the context of the existing theoretical academic base. Strategies to stimulate employees’ interests in more efficient and productive execution of their direct responsibilities are the subject of different authors’ research, and the corresponding techniques and approaches may be useful in considering potentially successful interventions. Techniques to increase working motivation can be assessed concerning their effectiveness in the framework of both individual enterprises and the labor market as a whole. The methods described may be useful for the heads of structural divisions of different companies, senior management, and employees. It is expected that the material collected can be used as a guide for learning and a manual for developing interventions in the work process. The initiatives mentioned may be implemented almost at any enterprise, which makes them universal and valuable in terms of the ease of use. Employers can consider them and take topical measures to introduce these interventions into the work process without disturbing the natural working conditions. Executive Summary Statement of the Problem Increasing employees’ motivation in the workplace is one of the priorities of management. Different strategies and approaches used by the leaders of organizations may be effective if these incentives meet the needs of subordinates. External and internal systems of motivation should be supervised by managers, and timely participation in enhancing the activity and productivity of workers is essential for a certain company to develop successfully. Analysis Among the theoretical techniques that examine the possibilities for increasing motivation and the criteria that affect this process, Maslow’s concept can be considered (McLeod, 2018). According to its provisions, each employee needs
Introduction According to Ghauri (1997), the Republic of China opened up its economy to the rest of the world in 1978, hence attracting business communities from the west due to the large market, of about a billion people. However, the main challenge in doing business with China is complexity of negotiation process and time taken to complete negotiations. This paper seeks to describe the cross-cultural management approach used by Ericsson, the Swedish world leading telecommunications firm, in negotiating for business in China. Effective approaches to cross-cultural dimensions used by Ericson Negotiation is an interaction process of reaching agreements to provide terms and conditions for future behavior by parties involved as stated by Blackman (1997). The social-cultural dimension of the Chinese negotiation process is based on the Ping-Pong model developed by Ghauri (1997) and has two dimensions; stages of the Chinese business negotiation process, and dimensions of Chinese business culture. The Chinese negotiation process has three steps as described in the negotiation model by Ghauri (1997): (1) Pre-negotiation. This involves lobbying, presentation, informal discussion and trust building. Through lobbying Ericson was able to convince the Chinese government that it has cutting edge technology, reliable image. Presentations on reliability, attractive products, technology, and reasonable prices were implemented by Ericson thus creating relationships with the Chinese government and in marketing the firm. (2) Formal negotiation. Ericson was effective in exchanging of information by giving detailed presentations, having strong persuasion and marketing skills, entering concessions and reaching formidable agreements. (3) Post-negotiation. Ericson was effective in ensuring there was a smooth implementation process with regard to the contract terms and agreements with the Chinese government as stated by Churchman (1993, p.13). Ericson was effective in handling the three dimensions of Chinese business culture that is made up of: (1) The Peoples Republic of China condition which is full of bureaucracy, red-tape and quick buying culture that avoids taking responsibility and fears criticism. (2) Confucianism – a philosophical tradition that influences peoples modes of thinking and behavior and (3) Chinese stratagems- based on “ji” a set of human wisdom and scheme with which Chinese deal with situations to gain material and psychological advantage over opponents. Before engaging in business Ericson recruited local representatives who helped in interpreting rules of engagement,
Abstract The contemporary markets are dynamic due to increase in competition and the change in the environment. New entities are constituted varying from miniature businesses to global multinationals. Moreover, leaders spend significant proportions of resources in marketing using a collection of techniques, which are modern and up-to date. These arrays from simple methodologies such as billboards to intricate strategies like websites. With such abundance in the availability of media, it is worthwhile to choose the information, which ought to be communicated to the buyers. It is important to denote the techniques that aid in making such communication comprehensible and reliable to enhance wide coverage. Introduction “Integrated Marketing Communications” (IMC) entails conceptions that guarantee linking companies forms of communication and messages. IMC aims to incorporate all promotional tools by a firm to ensure they work in synchronization. This paper aims to discuss IMC mix utilized by Reese’s Chocolate towards attaining successful market penetration for its products. Diverse aspects of Reese’s Chocolate IMC including Promotion Mix Strategy (PMS) together with message strategy gain attention in this paper. Overview of IMC IMC means communications progression, which includes planning, establishing, incorporating, and execution of different forms of marketing and communication (Mercer, 1996). These entail promotions, awareness releases, and functions delivered periodically to a product’s targeted clients and prospects. Significantly, the objective of IMC entails complete influence on the behavior of targeted customers towards certain products. This tactic judges all contact points customers have with Reese’s Chocolate products. This enable the company through its outsourced marketing companies discover possible channels for conveying messages. The company also identifies communication avenues relevant to prospective customers. Regularly, IMC strategy demands consistency in delivery of messages to customers. IMC also requires that customers form the beginning point for shaping the information and media, which best suits informing, attracting, and inducing deeds. Promotion
In its effort to develop a comprehensive grand strategy, the U.S seeks to regenerate itself and the larger West by a complex balance of the Far East and Asia to counter China’s rising influence 1 . Main Points Make U.S the worlds’ most stable and democratic power   * U.S must showcase best democratic practices and values globally   * U.S strives to maintain world leadership through liberalized world order, democracy, economy, human rights and non-proliferation of arms 2 . Initiate cooperation in the larger West   * Maintain closer ties with EU, commit to NATO, manage EU, lure Turkey and democratize Russia.   * Maintain vibrancy in European security; continued cooperation along political, military and economic arrangements in central EU   * Encourage deeper unification of entire EU; re-unite Russia and Poland   * Change of reconciliation strategy between Russia and Poland from government level to socio-cultural level   * Bandwagon effect of rich west and dynamic east to force Russia into larger EU   * Preconditions for Russia’ joining of EU based on democratization   * Russia must cooperate with EU along social, economic, political & security levels Influence other cultures in the globe towards a universal democratic culture Calculated engagement with the East   * U.S and China to embrace constructive partnership on global affairs   * U.S avoids hostile critics of China’s human rights violation record, socio-economic system   * Avoid ideological confrontation between China and U.S   * U.S’ role in Asia to be balancer among emerging powers   * U.S recognize external military power will not bring geopolitical equilibrium in Asia   * U.S must uphold U.S-Japan treaty obligations to forge U.S-Japanese – Chinese triangle   * The triangular relationship could be consensus for balanced power between the big three Play a duo role in the Eurasia   * Promote and guarantee unity in greater west   * Balance and reconcile between eastern powers   * U.S to re-invent itself to win world legitimacy through innovations, education, diplomacy and quality leadership Connections Security and governance (politics) According to Robert, J.A 3 , the U.S grand strategy focuses on dominion, global collective security, regional collective security, containment, isolationism and selective engagement. The strategy is also supported by Wolfforth, William 4 . Brzezinski 5 , 2004, argues that international balance of power in the larger west (Eurasia), Far East and Asia will promote peace and stability in the future. He addresses scenarios for possible stability or instability. He is optimistic that greater integration of Europe economically, politically, socially and culturally will guarantee future stability. The U.S should encourage intensified reconciliation efforts between Russia and Poland along socio-cultural levels, as opposed to governmental levels. Furthermore, U.S and Chinese relations if not handled with care along three main issues. The military reconnaissance missions in international waters and air space, the modernizing Chinese military capabi