ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Inthe contemporary times, two dominant ways of life reign humanity. These two ways of life have gradually degenerated into two ideologies, viz. the Western capitalism and the Eastern socialism. Most of the Western countries embrace capitalism, which reflects liberalism, competition, and unrestrained freedom (Pejovich 71). The states promote a competitive economic environment where individuals strive to enrich themselves. On the other hand, most of the Eastern countries embrace socialism, which challenges people’s freedom. The countries advocate for an environment where the government has full control over economic resources. In both cases, humankind is ignored as a personality, and the society is disregarded. These two systems of political and social ideologies manifest themselves in the community. Capitalism dominates the western countries with its headquarters being the United States, while socialism dominates most of the former Soviet States and the majority of states in the Far East (Pejovich 72-75). This paper aims at comparing and contrasting the two political ideologies. History of Capitalism and socialism In 1700s, it was cheap and easy to produce many goods at one place due to the notion of the economies of scale. Moreover, significant changes in agriculture like enclosure of lands that were once owned communally and crop rotation made it possible for landowners to accumulate stupendous wealth. Property owners later invested in novel industries. This initial accumulation of wealth at the expense of the society marked the onset of capitalism. It displaced numerous people from their lands thus creating poverty (Pejovich 77-84). In Europe, the European capitalists perpetuated capitalism through their search for silver and gold, which they used as a form of wealth storage. Some of the elites resisted the move to capitalism, but state laws, which promoted capitalism and harshly punished those opposed to it, suppressed any resistance. Stealing a handkerchief belonging to a “gentleman” amounted to execution upon conviction. This epoch marked the beginning of capitalist imperialism. On the other hand, industrial revolution led to the emergence of socialism. As capitalists continued accumulating wealth through industrialization, some elites realized that the capitalists violated a number of workers’ rights. Consequently, they came up with ways through which they could help workers to overcome oppression from capitalists. Individuals fighting for socialism called for the state to own and control the economy rather than allowing few individuals to have control of the crucial economic resources (Pejovich 86-93). Proponents of socialism blamed capitalism for the prevailing poverty, and thus advocated for policies like egalitarian allocation of wealth and conversion of populations into numerous communities to do away with private property. Capitalism and socialism view of freedom The triadic model views freedom as comprising of three variables, viz. a constraint variable, agent variable, and outcome variable. Max Weber posits that capitalism entails accrual of wealth by a few individuals (Galbraith
The standards and requirements for the retention and destruction of health records are Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act’s most overlooked aspect. Each facility has its own policy concerning this practice, and these laws regarding the retention and destruction of records vary across states (Peden, 2017). A failure for healthcare organizations to implement proper information puts them at a tremendous legal risk. The facility’s health information management department should retain these records for a specified period. The lack of consistency in these laws and regulations regarding these two matters affects my institution in a number of ways. One of these ways is that my facility is unable to formulate a standard policy regarding this issue. Since there is no agreement between these two states’ policies, the hospital cannot delete the information until the longer period has lapsed. In this case, the destruction policies may not be as clear as expected (Tavakoli & Jahanbakhsh, 2016). Therefore, the facility may find it challenging to acquire the other institution until their retention period has expired. The second issue is that the deletion to the organization’s records may be termed as the destruction of evidence. In such a circumstance, the court may find it guilty of destruction of evidence in an attempt to favor one party in a malpractice lawsuit (Tavakoli & Jahanbakhsh, 2016). As such, the facility can only destroy the records which do not have any pending litigation in liaison with the courts. Otherwise, the court will have to preserve the evidence before the destruction of those records. To deal with this issue, I would first constitute a steering committee to formulate retention and destruction of records. The second step of this team would be to check state-specific laws and regulations on these two matters. An alignment of the facility’s policy and the state’s would be vital steps towards dealing with this situation. In conclusion, the destruction or retention of health records may expose the facility to significant legal and ethical risks. The guidelines for destroying or retaining these records differ across jurisdictions, and state-specific consultation is required in this matter. Spoliation of this information by a facility may be presumed as destroying evidence of any pending litigation against the facility’s medical malpractice. Therefore, the lack of a consistent set of laws and regulations on these two matters can affect health institutions in many ways.
Article summary This article has been written by Robbery Gunn and Raskin Gullickson. The article analyses the importance of PowerPoint in a presentation. The development of PowerPoint technology has made public presentations a lot easy. PowerPoint ensures that all the relevant information needed during a presentation is availed. It offers an expedited and simplified way through which the targeted audience can capture the required information. This article analyses the advantages and disadvantages that may arise from using PowerPoint in presentations. The use of PowerPoint in presentations enables easy manipulation of data even during the last minutes when presentations are being prepared. However, it is sometimes perceived as a way of oversimplifying data. Furthermore, it demeans the quality of communication and wastes time during public communication. Most people who use PowerPoint spend most of their time decorating and enhancing the graphics of the presentation at the expense of content. The authors identify some of the ways that can be used to enhance the quality of a PowerPoint as a communication tool. A PowerPoint should be adjusted to ensure that the target audiences benefit the most from the presentation. Moreover, it should be in a position to generate an in-depth understanding of the information being presented. The audience should also be attached to the presentation. In addition, the presentation should be based on important facts and not the content. This can be achieved by using a well-illustrated introduction that offers an insight into the importance of the dialogue. During most presentations, much of the time is dedicated to the computer. This results in the minimum involvement of the audience in the communication. PowerPoint use in a presentation may result in either success or failure, depending on how it is utilized by the presenter. Reflective summary The information presented in this article is relevant for effective communication during PowerPoint presentations. The article highlights the major areas that are relevant when using PowerPoint in presentations. The use of specific case studies enhances the credibility of the information presented. The authors offer detailed explanations of the effective way of communicating. Case scenarios such as direct involvement of the audience in communication, minimizing overdependence on the PowerPoint data, and adjusting the presentation to be content-based are some of the ways that can ensure effective communication using PowerPoint presentations. The information presented in this article is consistent with the knowledge learned on effective PowerPoint presentation strategies. Furthermore, this article has enriched my understanding of the PowerPoint presentation. The article offers adequate information by highlighting scenarios where PowerPoint technology is used in presentations. Ca
Since 9/11, the general attitudes of Americans toward the Muslim world have been reshaped immensely. For more than a decade, Islam followers are continued to be labeled by many as safety threats and perceived as scapegoats. As followed by Blumberg (2016), Muslims face a series of discriminatory issues, limiting their freedom of religion, speech, and sometimes even allocation. Specific examples include the prohibition of reading the Quran at school, difficulties when walking past security control, and customs at the airports (Blumberg, 2016). Apart from the daily prejudices, Islam converts become victims of so-called hate crimes, which include acts of vandalism, physical harassment, and even murder. Kishi (2017) stated that only in 2016, there were indicated 307 instances of anti-Muslim aggression. The rate grew by more than 10% in 2017, saving the tendency to increase in the nearest future, as well (Kishi, 2017). Therefore, unequal treatment and overt discrimination of Muslims should be urgently addressed at both local and national levels. Effective strategies to combat Islamophobia can be borrowed both from American and European communities. For instance, as followed by Easat-Daas (2019), to minimize anti-Muslim sentiments, German authorities create videos featuring Islam followers of different backgrounds, ages, and professions, who share their narratives. Such practice allows residents to see Muslims from a different perspective and ruin the formed stereotypes. More also added about the tradition held in the Southern states of the US to build relationships with the local Muslim community by organizing an open Hawo’s dinner, connecting people of all religions (as cited in “5 things your congregation can do to stop Islamophobia,” 2016). Acknowledging the act of vandalism as a hate crime is another step to protecting the American Muslim community. Not only does it recognizes the bias-motivated violence behind the felony but also allows for a penalty amplification.
Introduction Hospitals are under pressure to change and adopt new leadership models. The changes are geared towards reducing cost incurred during the provision of health care and improve services provided to patients (Kennedy & Fiss 2009). Effective leadership in medical institutions aims at identifying the areas that are responsible for low quality care and increased costs (Lakshman 2006). After the identification process, leadership attempts to reduce these factors so that individuals seeking health care could be satisfied. Satisfaction among patients and lean operation costs ensures that facilities providing health care could make reasonable profits and keep in business. The topic of leadership in medical institutions and how TQM promotes it is essential in the management of health institutions at a time when there are challenges from different sources affecting the institutions (Miller, Sumner & Deane 2009). Key research questions, aims and objectives of the report This report will address issues in leadership and TQM in hospitals from a holistic perspective. It will address the following research questions:  1. What is the role of effective leadership in hospitals?  2. What role does TQM play in leadership in hospitals?  3. How does TQM promote leadership in hospitals? The aims of the report will be the following:  1. To identify management approaches in hospitals.  2. To compare leadership and TQM in management.  3. To define the conceptual framework of leadership and TQM in hospitals. The objectives of the report will be the following:  1. To determine the challenges facing implementation of TQM in hospital leadership.  2. To propose ways and strategies to foster sound hospital leadership by integrating TQM.  3. To suggest ways of training leaders to adopt new leadership styles that incorporate TQM in hospital management. Literature review TQM approaches were first formulated by organisational behaviour researchers. The management approaches have been used in many organisations to improve efficiency and outcomes of operations (Lakshman 2006). TQM focuses on managing systems within organisations and improving service quality. Service quality in hospitals is measured by patient satisfaction upon receiving health care from hospital. Effective leaders who adopt TQM in their management incorporate the concepts of involvement and delegation in their leadership styles (Lakshman 2006). Such leaders have sound strategic management and planning, and are good at handling changes and crises in hospitals. Challenges in hospitals may be as a result of patient dissatisfaction, increased costs, increased competition, and increased demand from third party payers (Rad 2005). Research demonstrates that health care can be enhanced in hospitals by conducting research to understand the impeding factors. TQM theoretical model fits in the hospital leadership because it incorporates research and broad decision
Irrigation involves supplementing rainwater or substituting it with water from other sources. Irrigation systems are established in order to ensure that plants do not utilise a lot of unnecessary water. Scarcity of water in many places makes it necessary to conserve it and avoid over-usage where possible. Implementation of an irrigation system ensures that water is used sparingly and also acts as a natural weed control method (Sudha, 2007). This essay will focus on irrigation system strategy as a method of conserving water. To understand how an irrigation system works, it is important to look at the different types of irrigation systems available. The first type of irrigation is known as ditch irrigation. This method was used to carry out irrigation before modern irrigation methods were discovered. It involves planting crops in trenches. The watering process is conducted by constructing canals between the crops or plants. Water is transferred from the large ditch by the use of siphon tubes. It is then directed to the canals. It is an irrigation system that was widely used in the United States but it has been taken over by other modern irrigation systems. The second type of irrigation is referred to as terraced irrigation. This type of irrigation requires a lot of labor. This type of irrigation involves digging numerous steps anchored by walls on the sides. Planting is done on the flat pieces of land. As each individual plot is watered, water flows down in all the steps. This type of irrigation makes it possible for steep lands to produce crops. The third common form of irrigation is known as drip irrigation. Among all irrigation systems, this is the one that uses water most efficiently. Water collects at the bottom of plants through a dripping motion. Proper installation of this irrigation system ensures that water is not lost through runoff and evaporation (Yakubov, 2012). The fourth type of irrigation is sprinkler irrigation. It is usually based on sprays and overhead sprinklers which are fixed on risers. The system can also be buried underground where the sprinklers only rise due to pressure. It is commonly used in parks and golf courses. The pipes used can either be fixed permanently or mobile (Warrick, 1983). However, in some situations they are fixed in a manner that allows them to move freely. The operations of the watering system are either automatic or partially automatic. The following diagram shows how sprinkler irrigation takes place. Generally, the purpose of irrigation is to ensure that crops get enough water for growth. This is mostly applied in places where plants or crops are likely not to get enough rainwater. However, to maintain this balance excess water is used, causing some of it to become deep percolation. Deep percolation is water that passes vertically through the water zone to deeper soil layers below the root zone of the crop. The water can also become surface runoff which is the water that does not enter the soil and flows off a lower portion of the field. Both deep percolation and surface runoff are not used by the crops. The amount of water that is applied during ir
Attempts to create a formal approach to studying the working process were made at the end of the nineteenth century, and most of the major advancements in management theory were made in the course of the twentieth century. Scientific management theory was the first school that used a formalized approach to leadership and, despite many limitations, provided a good starting point for the development. The behavioral theory emphasized the importance of understanding psychology for successful management. The quantitative school used science and mathematics for efficient planning. New ways to look at organizations and approach leadership problems were provided by the systems theory and contingency paradigm. Management theories consist of rules and methods that can be applied to effectively run an organization. Studying the evolution of different schools of thought helps better understand the principles and approaches that provide a theoretical framework for leadership. Management theories started to develop in the late nineteenth century and saw major advancement in the twentieth century. This paper discusses the five key milestones in the history of management: scientific, behavioral, quantitative, systems, and contingency theories. One of the first major advancements in management theory was made at the beginning of the twentieth century with the creation of the scientific management theory. This approach was formulated by Frederic Winslow Taylor in 1909 (Khorasani & Almasifard 2017). At that time, there were not any structured theories of leadership, and business owners used common sense and personal understanding while running their companies. Taylor and his colleagues were the first who employed the scientific approach to studying the work process. Taylor’s management theory is focused on the productivity of employees and the efficiency of an organization. Tayler suggested that an employer should assign fixed, well-defined roles to each worker, monitor the work process and use financial rewards as a form of motivation. It was also emphasized that hierarchy should be based on merit (Khorasani & Almasifard, 2017). The main limitation of this paradigm is that it evaluates workers solely by productivity and does not take into account initiative and innovation. The establishment of the behavioral theory was another milestone in the history of management. The advancements and growing public interest in the field of psychology in the first half of the twentieth century led to attempts to apply the understanding of basic behavioral principles to business. The work of Abraham Maslow in studying human needs and motivation made a substantial contribution to the development of this approach. Unlike the scientific management theory that used monitory rewards as the only form of motivation, the behavioral paradigm suggested that managers
I have selected Erykah Badu’s “Bag Lady” and explored its original version, a live version, a 2018 cover by Nao, the singer’s interview, and Erica Swift’s interpretation of the message. The original version presents the song just as a piece of art, so the message serves as the only context (“Bag Lady (Official Video)”). The live version accentuates the singer’s positive reputation (“Erykah Badu Live – Bag Lady”). In contrast, the cover version places it in the context of exploring the pillars of neo-soul. Due to Nao’s introductory word, the accent might be shifted from the underlying message to Erykah Badu’s contributions to neo-soul (“Bag Lady – NAO Cover for the Soul Train Awards”). Nao’s cover uses novel sound recording equipment and technology, which, from my perspective, adds depth and emotion to the song by enabling the listener to distinguish the details of the performer’s vocal control techniques. Thus, technology has influenced the way that “Bag Lady” is perceived. The findings above deepen my previous knowledge about the song. I have learned that young neo-soul singers might see the work in question as the essence of the genre’s unique beauty. The song research activity has also challenged my previous perceptions of the song’s meaning while also demonstrating that various interconnected interpretations of the song exist. As for the originally intended meaning, the singer explains that the song is about “personal growth” and having “too many things” on one’s mind (HIP Online). Other people’s perspectives, however, further elaborate on this non-specific message to incorporate transitions between various stages of life and recovery after traumatic events. For instance, Swift’s interpretation is that one “cannot get to their destination [the next chapter in life] with too much baggage,” and she understands “baggage” as unresolved psychological traumas. Interestingly, the meanings explained above are a bit different from my perceptions from previous encounters with the song. For me, the song reflects on how taking too much responsibility and spreading oneself too thin leads to exhaustion and loneliness. Works Cited “Bag Lady – NAO Cover for the Soul Train Awards.” YouTube , uploaded by BET International, 2018. “Bag Lady (Official Video).” YouTube , uploaded by Erykah Badu, n.d. “Erykah Badu Live – Bag Lady.” YouTube , uploaded by Aikan74, n.d. HIP Online. “Erykah Badu – Interview.” HIP , 2001. Swift, Erikah. “How I Learned the True Meaning of Erykah Badu’s “Bag Lady”.” Signed with Love , 2019.