ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction People can abuse different types of drugs/substances. Phencyclidine (PCP), a dissociative drug produced synthetically, is one of such substances. This paper presents information given to patients or clients about their use of PCP. It gives them detailed information about why they are experiencing certain symptoms, including what they will experience if they continue to abuse the substance in the future. Description of PCP Patients need to know that PCP is no longer used for anesthetics to human beings. It is classified in Schedule II of controlled drugs in the US. The drug was first synthesized in 1926 and traded under the name Serny. In 1950s, it was deployed in general anesthetics in people. It was then adapted for use in veterinary as tranquillizer (National Drug Intelligence Center, 2001). However, in 1965, evidence-based research indicated that people experienced hallucination, nervousness, and extreme disturbance, as they recovered from its implications (Center for Substance Abuse Research, 2015). Indeed, its use in veterinary has been terminated, despite its continued manufacturing in small proportions for research. Nevertheless, people can still access it. Consequently, they can abuse it, and hence the implications on their health. Information given to the Patients Early health implications of abuse of PCP manifest in the form of various symptoms on patients or a person who abuse the drug. People may also consume PCP without their knowledge in situations where they buy ecstasy drugs that contain it (National Drug Intelligence Center, 2001). Center for Substance Abuse Research (2015) reveals, “PCP has been sold under the guise of a number of other drugs, including THC, methamphetamine, mescaline, and LSD” (p.1). The drug can be smoked, infused, consumed through the mouth, or sniffed. Its effects, which are felt between 2-60 minutes, last between 4 to 24 hours, depending on the method of taking it. The drug causes interruption of the neurotransmitter glutamate. The euphoria caused by PCP is due to its capacity to influence neurotransmitter dopamine’s actions. The use of PCP has other effects such as nervousness, challenges in judgment and attentiveness, and sensory deformation, including hearing and visual delusion and failure to sense space and time in an appropriate way (Center for Substance Abuse Research, 2015). People who use the drug feel weightless due to the deformation of their capacity to sense their body. They feel dissociated with their environments since they see things in their unreality. PCP is also responsible for drowsiness and relaxation upon consuming it. Other symptoms are hopelessness, perplexity accompanied by bewilderment, aggression, fear and panicking over the awaiting death, and disturbance and repeated suspicious thoughts (Center for Substance Abuse Research, 2015). Although PCP receives no scholarly support for its capacity to cause addiction due to its continued use, patients will experience additional symptoms if they continue to use/abuse the substance in the future. They include weak memory, flashbacks resembling thos
Account for Huck’s ability to lye his way out of scrapes Huckleberry Finn is an interesting character who is shown to be witty and smart. Even though he has had a hard time in his childhood, he has still learned a few things on the way. A particular “talent” that he has is to lie his way out of any situation. This gives him an advantage over others. It is obvious that he uses it to own advantage but sometimes, to help others. Huck has been communicating with the worst people imaginable. This gives him valuable knowledge of adult life. He realizes that lying can get him far. He uses it many times to deceive people. The fact that he is a great actor helps him make people believe. Not only Huck’s lies are a negative thing, but it is also positive when he helps Jim out. This shows that life and hardships have still taught him the right thing. He also understands that morally it is not right to lie, but sometimes, there are exceptions. He finds it acceptable to lie to make a good deed and does not hesitate to do so. As he had experienced so much, he pretends really well. More importantly, his character adjusts to the situation. He acquires the role of the liar and follows it to the end. He does it so well that people have no doubt. As he feels morally forgiven, it keeps his conscience clean. This lets him stay in the role and feel no hesitation. His ability to lie so effectively comes from several factors. One is the knowledge of people and human character. He is well aware of his capabilities and uses them. As he has “the good” on his side, he feels no remorse. His imagination and charisma finish the package of a perfect liar. Explain why Huck pretends to be murdered There are many reasons why people would want to deceive others in major ways, and several things contribute. Huckleberry Finn goes as far as to fake his own murder. In doing this, he has accomplished several things. But, there were also a few reasons for his actions. His personal wants and goals were activated by the environment he was in. His individual life was one of the causes. The relationship with his father was a shaky one and this was a plausible reason. He was afraid he would get into trouble again. By faking his death, he escapes punishment. But mostly, this was a smaller reason. As he gets accepted into “higher” society, he realizes how difficult it is. The complications make him do things he never wanted to do. He gets tired of wearing proper clothes and having a schedule. He wants to find a way out by lying, but the type of lie must be of the needed quality. As such, he decides that by faking his murder, people will stop thinking about him. Huck’s simulation of own death has also a socio-personal characteristic. He realizes that the society of people is not for him. Mark Twain wanted to show that some people cannot function in a “normal” society. Huck is escaping the unknown civilization but in a way, he is escaping from himself. He leaves his problems behind and finds peace by being himself.
Introduction Scientists and researchers invented various tools to indicate illnesses better and collect data on them. There are plenty of study designs, and some of them that might be appropriate for the case study are cohort, cross-sectional, case-control and ecologic. Types of Study Designs A cohort study consists of the research of two groups of people. The first group consists of people who are not sick yet and deprived of the risk factor but are predisposed to the disease. Those who conduct the study observe their condition, and eventually, some of the tested people start to get ill. After that, they are compared to the second group with the risk factor and the outcome. Although that kind of study design is expensive and time-consuming, it will give more persuasive arguments of a causal relationship. The cross-sectional study design is relatively quick, and the cost for it is low. It can be conducted through surveys, and it covers only a limited period. Therefore, the results may be inaccurate, and it gets hard to indicate whether the risk factor was before the study or appeared after. Case-control type studies the casual connection also with the help of two groups. One group is already diseased, and another does not have the disease. The study reveals the exposure of both groups and how it affected the outcome. This study design is cheap and quick, but at the same time, the information on the cause can be misinterpreted. The ecological study design is evaluated on the group level, and it does not consider individual cases. According to Friis and Sellers (2021), the first group comprises people with confirmed diseases, and the other does not have the outcome, but they all come from the same population. This robust method gives precise results because it is more likely that the exposure has happened before the outcome. Interconnection between exposure and the outcome The possibility of children getting cancer because of their parents is high and apparent. According to Healthy People 2020 (2020), passive smokers can have respiratory and ear infections, stronger asthma attacks and sudden infant death syndrome. The usage of the ecological design seems to be the most fitting to the case study since the rise of cases when Hispanic children got cancer happened in the same medical institution and between the same population. Thus, there is the observation of the whole group from a particular segment of people. Influence of the Study Design The implementation of the chosen design can significantly help people with the improvement of their health. The situation might be unpredictable, considering the interconnection between smoking and cancer. For example, according to Rahal et al. (2017), “prognosis of smoker lung cancer patients is markedly lower than patients who have never smoked”. Therefore, the well-chosen method makes it possible to reveal some problem that affects certain groups of people, find out the causes, and reduce the number of challenging cases among the population subjected to the diseases. This perspective allows preventing such situations and protecting those who
Abstract The paper is a case study of Waterstone Books in the UK. I have studied different theories and strategies used in order to ensure that customers are satisfied in their changing preferences. I have divided the study in different section including the introduction of the Waterstone retailer, environmental factors influencing it, adopted market segments, the behavior of consumer in decision-making, the marketing mix and problems facing the Waterstone bookseller. In addition to that, there are recommendations of the problems and a conclusion outlying the Waterstone Bookseller. Introduction Waterstones, which is part of HMV group, is one of the leading bookseller specialists in United Kingdom. The study looks changing consumer demand and the development in mobile industries that have led to increase in e-books reading. This has been because of digitalization of books furthering the increased number of e-readers. The increased demands make retailers like Waterstones to expand in their services and capacity to compete fully and be efficient in supplying EBooks. This will be achieved if there is advanced technology that allows for a quick downloading of books. The formation of the Waterston’s Sony link assisted creating a wider market that is efficient and meeting all the customers preferences hence an increase in sales. The increasing market has seen advancement in services where customers are offered an opportunity to choose their books and right devices contents reading. In partnership with the right manufacturers and other competitors retailers it will cause mobile shift that is faster in networks. The challenge of piracy is a factor to consider due to the free ridding effect. The rules and regulations of publicity in the UK reduces the chances of piracy as the copy right is embedded with watermark that is digitalized hence can be traced. The market share of Waterstones is 20% of the electronics books that demanded in each year. A theory can be termed as a general principle that verify facts, test hypothesis and predict the outcomes of different events and facts. Theories have to be systematic, creative, and formulated in order to be useful. They are able to combine situations, objects, behaviors, conditions, and facts in the explanation of concept. Environmental factors There are various environmental factors affecting the marketing of Waterstone books; they include factors that affect consume
Introduction Andrew Jacobs’ article Shanghai Is Trying to Untangle the Mangled English of Chinglish published in The New York Times in 2010 discusses the phenomenon, reasons, and outcomes of the existence of Chinglish. This slang of the English language causes a lot of confusion for random tourists visiting China. This confusion, as well as the embarrassment of the official representatives of China who are faced with laughs at the incompetent translations of the signs, became triggers for change. The author vividly presents the variety of incomprehensible examples of Chinglish phrases and objectively presents the opposing views of different sides of the discussion about the appropriateness of “mangled English” (Jacobs 1). The author implicitly delivers a well-developed argument based on relevant evidence convincing the readers that Chinglish fails to serve the communicative purpose of language, leads to misinterpretations, and thus has to be corrected. This paper introduces a critical analysis of the evidence and article structure within the framework of their role in the argument presented. Article Summary As Jacobs states, English speakers with poor skills in Chinese encounter many difficulties in their everyday life in China. Many city signs and restaurant menus cause misunderstandings which Jacobs lists with sheer amusement. “Fried enema, cash recycling, monolith tree mushroom stem squad” and many other examples demonstrate the errors in translations of Chinese words into English (Jacobs 1). The author analyzes the reasons why such a phenomenon appeared in China. Jacobs elaborates on the opposing views on the phenomenon which either supports or disapproves the campaign aimed at the purification of English in the signs and menus. The supporters claim that Chinglish offers a variety of expressions that show the Chinese lyrical attitude toward language perception. For example, “The little grass is sleeping. Don’t disturb it” is a Chinglish equivalent for the sign “Keep off the grass” (Jacobs 3). At the same time, many others share their embarrassment and humiliation concerning Chinglish and fight for language purification. Evaluation of Evidence The author presents multiple examples as evidence of the lack of clarity in the signs written in Chinglish. The expressions are introduced in a humorous manner giving readers an opportunity to assess these “maladaptations” themselves (Jacobs 3). In addition to signs examples, the author cites authority representatives and linguists that contribute to the credibility of the research. Accurately referring to both sides of the discussion, Jacobs describes an objective state of affair
Basic Concepts Language is a coherent organization of sounds that has meaning. The sounds are organized into sentences and words that are used in communication. Each language has a system of rules called grammar that allows an individual to create and understand speech or gestures. The English language shows remarkable differences in terms of phonetics, phonology, dialect, syntax, and lexis or semantics. Phonetics is an acoustic concept that describes how people perceive and produce sounds or utterances. Pronunciations of similar words usually differ among the Canadian, British, and American English speakers. Phonology, on the other hand, is the way language sounds are organized into a pattern. A language is also described by its morphology, i.e., the relations between sounds and words. Words are built from many morphemes that give them a grammatical meaning. The words are the building blocks of sentences or phrases. Sentence construction must conform to a set of rules called syntax. A language’s syntax dictates the arrangement or order of the subject, verb, and object in a sentence. In the English language, word order in a sentence determines its meaning. The English spoken in Canada differs from the American and British varieties in terms of semantics and lexis. Semantics describe the actual meaning of a word, expressions, or sentence. A change in the word order in a sentence affects its semantic meaning. Lexis is a word used in a language as a vocabulary. It has no grammatical meaning, but can be used in idioms or metaphors. Context has a big influence on the way people interpret or pronounce English words. It gives rise to dialect, which is the variety of English language spoken in a particular region or culture. Dialects differ in terms of pronunciation, vocabulary, and sentence structure. Word forms vary depending on region or culture. This gives rise to multiple language varieties or native dialects. However, the words of
Difference between the official cash rate and the market rate of interest The official cash rate is the target set by the Reserve Bank of Australia (RBA). It is the guiding rate at which banks can transact overnight borrowing and lending on unsecured basis (RBA “Market Operations” 2012). RBA influences the volume of these operations through the settlement balances. The balances belong to the commercial banks. These are known as cash targets. As of 6 th June 2012, the official cash rate by RBA was 3.50 percent. As of 2 nd May 2012, the official rate was 3.75 percent (RBA “Cash Rate Target” 2012). This was a decrease of 0.25%. According to Zettelmeyer (2000, p. 11), official cash rate target are “overnight interest rate targets”. The market rate of interest is the rate that is set through the mechanism of demand and supply. The market rate will differ depending on different debt securities, and the official rate of interest. The other factors that determine market rate of interest are inflation rates, risk of security, and the marketability of security (Brigham & Ehrhardt 2011). Therefore, the market rate of interest is the rate that is used by traders in financial markets. This graph obtained from Boyes & Melvin (2011, p. 296), shows how the Federal government of the US maintains the velocity of money M1 against the market velocity M2. In this diagram M2 indicates the rate at which commercial banks transact with the central bank while M1 indicates the rate at which the commercial banks and other financial institutions transact between each other, and the public. The velocity M2 is relatively stable because it is governed by the federal government while M1 is more volatile because it relies on market mechanism. Fig.3. Gradualism-e represents gradual liberation scenario. In figure 3 above obtained from Kwan & Chia, diagram 4.5b (1998, p. 92), Gradualism-e represents gradual liberation scenario. Gradualism –M represents a scenario that uses monetary policy to influence exchange rates. The big bang is the actual market rates. From figure 3, we can see that when Gradualism-e and Big Bang have low rates, as in case between the periods 1998 and 2002, the Gradualism-M rates are raised to bring the rates closer to the official rate. Using this diagram to illustrate the RBA policy to rates, the dotted line would indicate reactionary measures to bring the other two rates closer to the desired level. Diagram to show cash rates against money holdings- figure 4. A simple diagram to illustrate how the RBA uses money holdings to influence rates of interest would look like the one above. The RBA sets the percentage of cash holdings that commercial banks would be keeping. A bigger allowance for holdings increases money supply and lowers rates as banks have less need to borrow from one another. Commercial banks will also have more cash available to offer their customers. With each bank trying to entice borr
Many people use the term ‘personality’ to identify the characteristics of an individual or the kind of skills a person has. Psychologists who study human personality tend to use idiographic or homothetic techniques in trying to explain the aspects of human behavior. “Personality theories organize what of which we already know, stimulate new research and give theorists an opportunity to specify a view in personality” (Engler, 2008) Trait theory Trait theory is the primary personality theory that is biologically based on classical human genetics. Such utterances as being outgoing, kind, hot tempered are some of the words used to describe individual. All this words can be concluded to being the personal traits of an individual. Most of time we use an individual characteristic to explain their behavior. Theorist who studied this theory focused on the difference in character portrayed by different individuals. The Idea behind this theory is that, how an individual behaves, is dictated by the joint effects of the organisms inherited capabilities and past experience. It centers on the capability of recognizing and measuring a person’s personality. One of the early theorists to study this theory was Gordon Allport in 1937. He began his research after noting that there were almost over 4000 words which could be used to describe character trait of a person from a single dictionary. His approach was based on the differentiating the different types of traits within a person (Richard, 2007). According to him, the central human traits were dictating the personality of individual e.g personality expressions while the secondary human traits were more peripheral and did not manifest immediately. He also thought that the most common traits were the ones which were recognized in a cultural context which varied across different cultural practices. Besides Gordon, Theorists such as William Sheldon also took part in trying to explain the traits theory. This theory is argued on the basis of how one would carry out the study which was through idiographic or homothetic techniques. Gordon applied the principles of scientific taxonomy as he studied the character tr
Childhood obesity has been on a steady increase in the US resulting in a decline in child health since children who are obese are at increased risk of physical as well as psychosocial health consequences. Ogden, Carroll and Flegal (2008) reveal that by 2008, the prevalence of childhood obesity had risen to a shocking 19.6% for children aged between 6 to 11years. This is alarming considering the fact that 70% of obese children grow into obese adults. Obesity brings about negative implications on the health of the individual since it is associated with conditions such as type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. It therefore reduces the quality of life and shortens the lifespan of the person. In addition to the physical healthy implications, obesity may also result in depression due to the psychological abuse that the obese individual suffers. Wardle, et al. (2006) highlight the fact that obesity is a stigmatized condition which results in social exclusion as well as discrimination. Considering the negative implications of childhood obesity, it is important to come up with solutions to the problem. However, before a solution can be proposed, it is important to highlight the major causes of obesity. While obesity can be attributed to a number of causes, the condition is mostly limited to people who overindulge in unhealthy food and exhibit limited activity. In the US, childhood obesity levels are closely linked to the lifestyle adopted by the children. Andreacci et al (2007) declares that the increase in sedentary behaviors and decrease in physical activity have been related to the rise of obesity in children. As can be seen, childhood obesity is a major problem and solutions must be come up with to restore the health of the children and avoid the negative future implications that obesity brings. Proper dieting is one of the means through which obesity can be combated in Toledo. The CDC (2009) highlights the need for provision of nutritional education guidelines to school-age youths so as to ensure that health lifestyles are adopted early in life and perpetrated all through adulthood. Another means of conducting obesity is by presenting children with opportunities to take part in physical activities both in school and at home. At school, physical education should be made mandatory in the school curriculum and all students should be required to participate. In the community, parks and recreational spaces should be made so as to encourage a healthy lifestyle by the children. Childhood obesity is a major issue facing the US and it should not be taken lightly. Obesity not only results in physical health complications but it also causes psychological distress. This diminishes the quality of life for the child. Even so, there are solutions that can be used to counter childhood obesity. These solutions, if effectively implemented, will result in the improved health of the students which will be beneficial since it will improve the quality of their lives.