ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Ivy Lee and Lazy Journalists Ivy Lee is credited with modern public relations. He was a son of a minister and a former reporter at the New York World (Sullivan 1-18). Lee informed reporters about the train accident in Pennsylvania. Prior to Lee’s press release, railroads had engaged in different strategies to cover up accidents. Lee understood that a massive crash was difficult to hide and therefore it was important, to tell the truth. The railroad had no choice but to release a statement about the accident. Lee’s action resulted in a profound influence on modern journalism. When press releases can find their way into newspaper and news Web sites almost unchanged, then it is a clear case of laziness and gullibility in journalism. Journalists must not engage in transcription, but they must actually report. Journalists must conduct research and verify stories to ensure that they exist. Unchanged press releases by journalists show that lazy journalists no longer observe the rules of journalism. While journalists cannot admit that they have engaged in press-release journalism, it is not acceptable for journalists to present directly quoted press releases as news. Press release people offer information, slanted and propagandistic one, but not false information. A good journalist must verify such information. While sensational news depends on time, on speed, and on getting the first bit of information up quickly, journalists have failed to give readers or listeners adequate information for making independent judgments and to ensure the credibility of their sources. They have uncritically repeated the same press releases to the public without any verification, which could be unethical. Laziness and gullibility are some of the serious challenges that have plagued modern journalism. Consequently, modern journalism has failed because they are unable to verify and research stories that originate from self-interested parties producing their own stories. ‘ De-Americanizing Soft Power Discourse’ Countries are getting into t
Introduction Sixty-five million people are affected by hypertension in America and 35 million of these are outpatient visitors annually (Moore, 2005). Mostly asymptomatic, hypertension is easily detected and treated effectively. Of the 53% of patients who have medications, 30% have their pressures lowered as required by the recommendations of the 7th Report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood pressure (Lookinland and Beckstrand, 2003). Other studies like the Hypertension Optimal Treatment, Elderly Program Study, and the United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study have indicated that patients who have a lower BP have a lower mortality rate (Michaels et al, 2003). Lifestyle modifications are essential in the treatment. It requires exercise and dietary changes (Moore, 2005). All people with hypertension need to follow the guidelines of the recommendations of the JNC 7. Cessation of smoking, physical exercise, reduction of weight, decreasing salt intake, and reduction of alcohol consumption are important considerations. A healthy diet consisting of fresh fruits, vegetables, dairy products with low-fat content, decreased saturated and total fat must be advised (NHLBI, 2003). These factors reduce hypertension and thereby the risk of cardiac disease (Uphold and Graham, 2003). Patients with pre-hypertension have been shown to have a higher risk of myocardial infarction compared to people who have a BP less than 120/80 mm Hg. (Liszka, 2005). Observing BP over some time helps to diagnose hypertension. Treatment is not necessary during the pre-hypertensive stage. Lifestyle modifications are sufficient to maintain a low BP. The elderly are prone to hypertension. They have systolic hypertension with low diastolic BP caused by “increased systemic vascular resistance and decreased vascular compliance caused by the replacement of elastin by collagen in the arterial walls” (Moore, 2005). The goal of therapy is 140/90mm Hg. for hypertensive patients and 130/80 for diabetic patients and those with progressive renal disease. Patient self-care is the best method to keep BP low. Lifestyle modifications must be impressed upon the patients who are in the pre-hypertensive stage and once diagnosed as hypertensive. According to the recommendations of JNC 7, patients in stage 1 must be encouraged to come for reevaluation after 2 weeks. Those in stage 2 must return in 1 week. The revisits are necessary every month. When the BP is stable, revisits at intervals of 3-6 months are sufficient. Serum potassium or creatinine must be examined every 6 months or once a year. The risk of stroke or cardiovascular illness must be prevented. R
“I wished I looked like Paul Newman. He looks tough and I don’t. The other thing-it’s a long walk home with no company…And nobody in our gang digs movies and books the way I do. So I lone it” (Hinton, 1967, p.6). From this passage, it is evident that the main character, Ponyboy Curtis, who is fourteen years of age, will be telling the story from the first person perspective. This is important to the story because he describes the events in a slangy, youthful voice that makes his narration easily believable. I liked this passage because it shows that though Ponyboy belongs to a gang, he is not stereotypical as he loves being alone in pursuit of his own interests. On the other hand, this passage does not interest me in the sense that Ponyboy wishes to be another person, instead of focusing on his own strengths. The fact that Ponyboy regards himself as “superior,” despite his young age, to other gang members amazes me. “…so I can still help Darry with the bills and stuff…Tuff enough. Wait till I get out…I told you he don’t mean half of what he says…” (Hinton, 1967, page 26). This phrase illustrates the method of communication between the gang members. Since they speak in street slang, this illustrates that the two rival groups of the greasers and the Socs share some things in common. This potential for agreement is important for the story since the reader can feel the aversion between the two teenage groups when they are engaging in a conversation. I like this method of communication because it is able to harmonize the division between the groups. However, I hate it because it is full of grammatical errors. Though the interpretation of this street slang may be difficult, it is an interesting youthful way of talking. “I could fall in love with Dallas Winston. I hope I never see him again, or I will” (Hinton, 1967, p.46). This quote is what Cheery told Ponyboy when they were having a conversation in chapter three. I like this conversation since it shows that Dallas Winston, the meanest person, could make a lady, like Cherry-a Soc girl with good habits, like him. This also amuses me as well. I hate the words Cheery uses in this instance because she seems not to be considering the personality of Dallas. She is simply speaking because she has been driven by emotions. Cherry’s attraction to Dallas is of essence in the story since it illustrates that the conflict between the two teenage groups is reconcilable. “I had to. They were drowning you, Pony. They might have killed you. And they had a blade… they were gonna beat me up…” (Hinton, 1967, p.57). These words were spoken by Johnny to Pony. I liked this phrase because it shows the sincerity in Johnny. Although he had killed Bob, he only did so to defend himself, otherwise he could have been killed instead. One thing I hate about this incidence is that instead of finding an easier way of solving the problem, Johnny, a greaser, opted to commit murder. It is sad that Bob, who played a critical role in defending the Socs, lost his life in such an unfortunate way. The death of Bob increased the rivalry between the two contending gangs. Ponyboy thinks, “That was the first time I realized the ext
Introduction Can disagreements over value judgments be resolved through rational arguing? Several philosophical theories aimed to answer this question. About this issue, the main conflict is between the “Metaethical Moral Relativism (MMR)” and “Moral Objectivism” (“Moral”). MMR doesn’t believe that moral conflicts can’t be resolved, and at the same time, objectivism assumes that resolving such conflicts is very easy. But by looking at the world today, it can be found that moral conflicts can be resolved rationally but not all the time. The next argument is going to explain the basic concepts of each theory regarding the conflicts overvalues. The purpose of that is to show the weakness in each view. The premises in this argument are going to lead to the conclusion. The conclusion is that moral conflicts can indeed be resolved if the conflict parties are being rational when they defend their morals. How Are Both Philosophical Theories Wrong about Their Views of Moral Conflicts? The first theory that aims to solve the issue is the “MMR”. According to MMR, “the truth or falsity of moral judgments, or their justification, is not absolute or universal but is relative to the traditions, convictions, or practices of a group of persons” (“Moral”). MMR claims that conflicts over morals can’t be resolved even with rational arguing. But in some rare cases, the 2 parties of the conflict can have a common “moral framework”. And even those common frameworks rarely exist. Also, MMR claims that the 2 parties need a third neutral party to be the judge between them (“Moral”). But in real life, this view doesn’t seem to be true. Disagreements can be resolved through rational argumentation even if the issues are very sensitive like religion. Thousands of people convert their religions every year. A person can convert from one religion to another even though both religions don’t have a moral framework in common (like Islam and Buddhism). And sometimes, a non-religious person may decide to accept a religion (or vice versa), and that’s because someone used a rational argument to convince him to make that decision. Plus, a disagreement over religious values doesn’t always need a third party to be resolved. Reading a book about a certain religion can be enough cause for converting to it. This book may contain effective rational arguments. All of the previous premises lead to concluding that disagreements over value judgments can be resolved sometimes. The second theory that aims to solve that issue is “Moral Objectivism”. In philosophy, objectivism is “one of several doctrines holding that all reality is objective and external to the mind and that knowledge is reliably based on observed objects and events” (“Objectivism”). According to objectivism, nearly all disagreements over judgment values can be resolve
I strongly believe that the drinking legal age should be lower to 18 years in the United States because it is just not the solution to all the problems as seen by the government and parents. The young adults of the present generation are smart and literate enough to be allowed to drink in the controlled environment or under supervision in the public places such as bars, pubs, restaurants, parties, special occasions and university gatherings. The young adults are sensible enough to understand how much amount of liquor they can handle in such situations. To overcome the overwhelming reaction of drinking among the new generation, they could be taught the perfect education and role model of how much liquor they can intake and what should be the maximum limit of the drink in one sitting. (Will) The reason why it is not allowed for the youngsters to drink is different with different situations. At times, the young adults react reckless and immature; they make unbearable noise, cannot handle the amount of liquor, drive in the other states after drinking and break the laws of other states. All these problems are true to be happened but did not succeed in breaking up the ice between the adults and the young adults. The government could not succeed in stopping the youngsters from drinking because they started drinking underground while hiding from their guardians and laws. The prohibition acts applied in the past were: 1) the National Prohibition in 1920s; and 2) the State Prohibition in 1850s. Even though the almost all the states have banned drinking for youngsters under 21, but it never stopped the ratio of drinking among them. There is no specified national limit for prohibited drinking. Apart from that, by doing so, 10% of the federal highway fund of the states caused considerable pandemonium and chaos from the construction unions and contractors. In most of the situations, drinking is prohibited to the students and young adults in many of the states in the United States, but it does not work out properly as planned by the governmental bodies. The legal age allowed for drinking is 21 years, but most of the youngsters coming under this age do drink recklessly and irresponsibly. This is because drinking has been made a “forbidden fruit” for them and they take it whenever it is possible for them and whenever they see a chance to grab it. The prohibited youngsters drink before their legal allowed age and regard it as “adulthood”, just to show that they are adults and can intake li
Homosexuality as a lifestyle and sexual orientation has been documented in nearly all civilizations throughout the ages. The practice has bore heavy condemnation in many societies which uses religious connotations to justify that homosexuals not only go against the laws of nature, but they willingly or unwillingly defeat God’s purpose of procreation (Kinsey et al, 1998). Recently though, the practice seems to be gaining acceptance in predominantly modern societies across the world. It is the purpose of this paper to evaluate how historical and scientific standpoints on homosexuality continue to shape the way gay people perceive themselves. Religion and heritage are two historical perspectives that have contributed immensely towards the development of a worldview that homosexuals are evaluated in society especially in regard to sexual behaviors (Kinsey et al, 1998). In religion, it is known that ancient Greek and Roman cultures habitually engaged in homosexual affiliations. The Christian religion, however, censured homosexual relationships, arguing that it was unchristian and ungodly to engage in the practice despite its mention in the Holy Bible (Siker, 1994). In early societies, religion was greatly intertwined with the state, and therefore the Christians used their muscle to introduce a legal system that criminalized homosexuality (Rathus et al, 2005). This standpoint makes individuals with homosexual tendencies to live in conflict of fulfilling their natural body desires on the one hand and going against the law on the other. Cultural heritage is yet another historical perspective that shapes the way homosexuals perceive themselves. In many traditional cultures, there exist clearly cut gendered roles for both males and females, and the family is considered as the primary social unit. Anything that is practiced outside the gender roles designated by society is considered unacceptable (Rathus et al, 2005). Specific gender roles in nearly all civilizations across the world lay the foundation and regulations for what is right and wrong for both genders especially in regard to sexual orientation. Homosexuality is viewed as culturally unacceptable, and hence individuals exhibiting gay orientations are left with no basis to exercise their sexual orientations whatsoever (Kinsey et al, 1998). Apart from the historical perspectives, a multiplicity of scientific factors such as gene, hormonal compositions, and brain differences influence the way homosexual individuals perceive themselves. This paper will discuss the brain difference factor. Scientific research has revealed di
Being in charge of a division of Mountain Products Corporation, I have noticed that our company has faced a number of problems connected to several failures with meeting the deadlines. Such failures have a considerable impact on the company’s profits as well as on the relations with vendors and popularity among the potential customers. Our GPS products are already delayed by 6 months so that our competitors become able to present their own production, contact with our constant partners, and provide some of them with similar products within the shortest period of time. In order to represent several good ideas on how to improve the situation and help the company to return expected profits and to take the same positions in the market, it is very important to evaluate the main causes of our current failure such as inventory shortages of the key parts, to develop a new program that helps to attract the attention of potential vendors and customers, and to introduce future innovations in the most attractive way and prove that our GPS production is still worthy of customers’ and vendors’ recognition and use even after this terrible failure is taken into consideration and analyzed from several perspectives. The current situation of the company is not very pleasant: because of the inventory shortage of the major parts which are extremely important for our production, Mountain Products cannot introduce its goods on time. Several vendors have already rejected our services due to such serious delay of 6 months. It is also necessary to admit that our competitors have already reached the market 2 months ago, this is why their product is in demand right now. In fact, the main causes of the problem under consideration are connected to poorly developed relations with our partners, lack of attention to the deadlines and strategic management of the activities, and inabilities to evaluate competitors’ possibilities under the same conditions which are still characterized by the better arrangement of relations at different levels. Fortunately, this situation is not as desperate as it would seem. There are a number of steps that have to be taken in order to improve the situation, correct the mistakes and problems appeared, and prove the fact that all GPS products and other goods offered by the Mountain Products Corporation may be in demand within a short period of time. Schilling (2008) suggests paying certain attention to innovation theory in action according to which any company is able to represent a line of innovative ideas and attract people’s attention. Of course, it is also necessary to remember about usual steps such as discounts for vendors and possible actions for consumers: the vast majority of people prefer to rely on sales and events where it is possible to buy a good cheaper in comparison to other companies. Though such discounts may considerably influence the p
During the evolution of mankind, many widespread cultures and religions have emerged around the world. Each of the cultures gradually began to develop specific art, traditions, and foundations. In history, various examples of works from representatives of different cultures in the past and present are recorded. In this regard, religions such as Christianity and Islam have acquired their characteristics, which have both similarities and differences. Christianity is one of the popular religions in the modern world, but at the very beginning of its development, it was few and persecuted. There is a paucity of information on the work of the early Christians, as only a few works of art have been found before the third and fourth early centuries. Over time, in 313, Christianity became legal and was allowed to freely exist and develop. Specific for the storage of art are the catacombs, which were built by Christians underground (Gardner & Kleiner, 2017). The preservation of such information emphasizes principles that are characteristic of religion. The religion of Islam appeared later in comparison with Christianity. It started around 570, but it began to develop most actively after 623. Islam is specific to Arab countries around the world. This religion also includes the name “luxury art” because of its scale and design. The walls of the buildings could contain both drawings and a finely written Koran manuscript as artwork. Most of the buildings are above ground level and the structures themselves are art of architecture (Gardner & Kleiner, 2017). This style differs from early Christianity and is more similar to its further development. In conclusion, both religions have their characteristics in the development of art. This can be seen in their specifics of creating and storing their work. Literature and the direction of mythology, cultural characteristics, architecture, and painting are developed. Some of these works of past generations have been preserved by history. Both religions, Islam and Christianity, are content-rich, independent, and evolving while having their similarities and differences. Reference Gardner, H., & Kleiner, F. S. (2017). Gardner’s art through the ages: A concise global history . Cengage Learning.
Although the first fusion centers to increase information exchange among governmental and non-governmental institutions were opened in the US in 2003, the promotion of active collaboration between police and these centers has become a new goal for authorities recently. A decade ago, fusion centers collaborated primarily with federal and state agencies responsible for homeland security to fight against terrorism. Today, the situation is rather different, and a new strategy or change promoted in law enforcement institutions is the collaboration between fusion centers and police or local agencies (Esparza & Bruneau, 2019). According to Lewandowski and Carter (2017), the reason is that the idea of intelligence sharing was not appropriately realized for fusion centers and police because of barriers associated with data exchange in these law enforcement agencies. Consequently, there is a need for police to implement the innovative strategy of cooperating with fusion centers, referring to the analysis of past mistakes. The implementation of this change means that the police will focus on removing barriers to the data exchange they receive from or send to fusion centers to guarantee a secured flow of intelligence. Background Research Multi-agency information centers effectively operated in the United States before 11 September 2001, but after the terrorist attack, the activities of these centers were reconsidered to develop into fusion centers. A fusion center can be defined as an agency, the purpose of which is to collect, analyze, and share information at local, state, and federal levels (Carter, 2015; Lewandowski, Rojek, & Manjarrez, 2017). Lewandowski and Carter (2017) state that the most significant feature of fusion centers is their ability to share intelligence vertically and horizontally. The reason is that “within intergovernmental relations there exist both ‘vertical’ (federal–state–local and state–local) and ‘horizontal’ (federal agency–federal agency, state–state, and local–local) federal relationships” (Regan & Monahan, 2014, p. 479). Fusion centers receive information from local police agencies and federal law enforcement agencies to further spread and share it in a way that will contribute to preventing terrorist attacks. Within a short period of time, fusion centers became discussed as an advanced response to terrorism in all regions of the United States. The reason is that the authorities understood that the key to addressing the threats of terrorism were in collaborative efforts of different institutions, guaranteeing the collection, selection, analysis, and interpretation of various types of intelligence. According to Esparza and Bruneau (2019), “fusion centers were considered a panacea that would overcome the challenge of linking the nation’s 15,000 separate local police departments and 27,000 fire departments” (p. 331). The necessity of finding new approaches to sharing intelligence among all the law enforcement agencies, governmental and private organizations in the United States made the authorities propose fusion centers as a