ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction It is a well-known fact that the patients who undergo surgery need a special treatment. Basically, this is due to the postoperative pain, which can be extremely dangerous for the organism. This kind of pain can cause a set of disorders, such as hyperglycemia, decreased gastric emptying, atelectasis, anxiety, ischemia, urinary retention, and reduced mobility (Rigg, 2002). Taking into consideration such risks, it is obvious that the prevention of pain and effective pain relief is extremely important for patients who underwent surgery. One of the most popular methods of pharmacological pain relief which is currently used in all the hospitals of the world is analgesia (Loeser, Bonica, Butler, and Chapman, 2001). This therapy includes giving the patients drugs like opioids, which release people from painful feelings. There are two basic ways of relieving pain with analgesia, namely PCA (patient controlled analgesia) and NCA (nurse controlled analgesia). The first type is considered to be traditional and is used for the patients of all ages. This method means that a doctor is responsible for periodical injections of drugs. The doses are defined by a therapist; the duty of the doctor in nurse controlled analgesia is to push the button on a machine which lets the medicine be sent to the patient’s bloodstream (Stoelting, 1990). The second type of analgesia is realized by the patients themselves. Depending on the strength of the pain attack and personal senses the patient is to decide when to take the medicine and how much they need it. The patient controlled analgesia is sometimes allowed for adults and is based on the notion that the needs for opioids are individual. The both methods have their own benefits and disadvantages; for instance, the nurse controlled analgesia can guarantee a safe dosage (Czarnecki, Ferrise, and Jastrowski, 2008), but, unlike the patient controlled analgesia, it does not allow the patients to decide when to make the procedure. Therefore, the effectiveness and safety of both methods are still being discussed by the leading professionals of the world. The analgesic preparations are considered to be most effective when taken on a regular basis (Pang, Mok, and Lin, 1999); however, the patient controlled analgesia suggests taking the medicine depending on the patients’ needs. Thus, this paper is aimed at comparing the two methods and defining which one is more effective for post operational pain relief. It contains analysis of different studies on the subject and also presents the recommendations for practice changes which can be implemented in the surgical practice. Research question We use the PICO format for formulating the research questions concisely.   * Patients: those who have undergone surgery process and are in the process of recovery (post-surgery patients).   * Intervention: patient-controlled analgesia during the post operational period.   * Comparison: the nurse controlled analgesia will be compared to the patient controlled analgesia.   * Outcome: the expected outcomes of the both types of anal
According to Morrison (2005), healthcare is a dynamic field whereby one area has an effect on different independent areas. In that case, decisions must have an ethical bearing on human dignity, human values, the mission of the organization, and community service. Morrison in his text presents the ideas of eight philosophers whom he classifies into two groups. Each group contributes to the development of principles of health care ethics. The first group was comprised of Thomas Aquinas, Rawls, Mill, and Kant. The second group was comprised of Aristotle, Frankl, Buber, and Kohlberg. The first group focuses on the issues that revolve around making of ethical decisions as well as the universal issues that have a bearing on ethics. Aquinas advances the principle of basic good. He argues that since human beings have the capability of rationality, they should choose what is good over evil. Goodness has an effect of preserving life in the human race (Morrison, 2005). Kant on the other hand advanced the principle of good will. Kant argued that the test of what is good lies on a categorical imperative that whatever is right for one individual is right for all people. Mill advanced the utility theory. According to Morrison (2005), he argued that for something to be good it has to fulfill the threshold of utility. In other words, goodness is whatever provides to the greatest number of people the greatest benefit. Ethical decisions should not focus on an individual, rather on the outcome that best serves the entirety of people who are affected. Rawls advanced the argument of social justice. He argued that
Abstract This research has been conducted on the situational and special marketing orientation of Hong Kong based fast food companies. Most of the fast food shops in HK are fast causal in nature which tends to serve both Chinese and non-Chinese items demanded by the target consumers. Unlike the global demand of consuming junk foods, HK population also shows such a trend for which many local and international entities are entering into the market for getting a favorable saturation. Although the industry is dominated by some national and multinational chains like- Pizza Hut, McDonald’s, KFC, Cafe De Coral, Wendy’s, the demand, and performance of the smaller chain cannot be ignored easily; this is because of their greater contribution in the total Chinese GDP. Marketing plays a major role for the internal and external activities of the mega industry partners by both attracting and retaining consumers. Such influence can be observed through their segmenting, targeting, and positioning strategies mostly along with a concentration on price. Initially involved by competitive pricing strategy, the industry, especially the domestic partners are getting more innovative like the westerns for delivering higher customer values. At the same time, many companies are using different marketing tools to aware the customers about their potential offerings. Finally, the industry is also subjected where some suggestive actions can be implemented because of several situational defects. Again, those can be overcome through further marketing and operational sophistication. Problem Statement Background of the industry The fast food industry of Hong Kong is also known as QSR (Quick Service Restaurants) that has especially been gradually improving during the last two decades. In 1993, this industry has occupied 13% of total restaurant share, which involves most of the household expenditure estimated for food budget with a wider introduction of both local and global operators. Today, it is acting as a product- oriented market, which delivers greater and diversified menu choices while domestic entities are mostly private or family owned and global entities are franchising ones. Lan (1995) stated that among a number of food items, chicken fast food, Italian pizza, cutlet, broccoli, baked port chop rice, pastry, desserts are notable delivered by McDonald’s, Windy, Pizza Hut, Cafe De Coral, KFC, Hardee’s, Maxim’s, Firewood and other fast food companies 1 Rational for the research The fast food chain in Hong Kong is becoming highly significant for huge economic contribution and understanding the changes in conventional food pattern of people. As a result, more mega ventures are getting attracted and entering into this industry involving KFC, McDonald’s, and KFC (Ktizo Technologies, 2008). So, making of a critical evaluation of such industrial development along with related marketing functions would be helpful in realizing a proper reflection of livelihood, standard of living, eating beha
Some of the ecological problems associated with Gold in Indonesia include depletion of the resource, land erosion, human conflict and illegal gold mining and illegal trade (McMahon et al vii; 6). For many years, Indonesia has been relying on gold as one of the most valuable resources. Therefore, a lot of emphasis is given to how the resource should be mined and used for the benefit of the country’s economy. Recently, there have been concerns over the environmental degradation, if the current mining methods continue to be used (ix). Most of the gold that is mined in Indonesia is exported to other countries. Only a small portion of gold is used domestically. This has made gold to be one of the most sought out natural resources in the country. Therefore, this makes the resource vulnerable to both illegal mining and illegal trade (xi). In this context, various and uncertified gold miners mining methods have been used to mine the resource. As a result, a lot of depletion of the resource is taking place at a very high rate. On the other hand, there are ethical issues that surround gold mining. For example, communities that live near gold mines are not direct beneficiaries of the resources. Basically, mining corporations have failed to consider such communities when setting up mining plants by giving out jobs. Moreover, the technology used for mining gold in Indonesia has been alleged to have negative implication to human health. Some of the large-scale miners in Indonesia have been accused of not compensating their workers fairly, amidst mining one of the most valuable resources in the world (5). Precisely, the risks associated with large scale mining of gold indicate that miners are at risk of major accidents (xi). Another significant environmental issue is the loss of forest cover. Once these forest covers are lost after the clearance of mining fields, little is done to ensure that there is good soil management (5). Moreover, miners are unable to maintain good drainage system around areas that are termed as gold fields (xi). The natural gold resources in Indonesia have been instrumental in improving the country’s economy, as well as the livelihoods of the populations. Indonesia has been able to trade globally by using gold. In addition, the Indonesian gold mines have created jobs for thousands of Indonesians. On the other hand, the Indonesian government has been able to collect revenue from gold income. Indonesia is prone to several natural hazards. For example, flooding is a common environmental hazard in most regions in the
Summary of Supply Chain Management Review In the past decades, the task of inventory system, location, and control has been carried out by the corporate entity itself. In the new era, however, the system of inventory control has changed and contractual forms have been aroused. The major factor behind this change can be attributed to the advancement in information technology (IT), and the improved supply chain management (SCM) systems. Improvement in inventory control can be seen in vendor management inventory (VMI) as well as the supplier hubs. For designing and implementing the inventory control system, supply chain management adopts different ways. Remote controlling of inventory is now possible through tracking and visibility of inventory levels in different departments. Advanced supply chain management systems such as VMI, CRP (Continuous Replenishment Program), supplier hubs, and outsourcing to third-party logistics (3PL) can provide effective inventory control systems. These systems are enabling the collaboration between supply partners and thus the information and decisions can be easily transacted. Accountability and performances in inventory control can be shared and mutually owned by the suppliers and the buyers. Dispersal of inventory ownership can be carried out in different ways. Inventory consignment is a generally used method of inventory control in the retail industry. In this system, the replenishment of inventory can be controlled either by the buyer or the supplier. In this case, ownership and location of inventory are shared between buyers and suppliers. The Scan based trading (SBT) that emerged recently is an effective way of retail consignment in high tech industries. In this system, the ownership of inventory has changed when the supplier handed over goods to the retailer. Pre-positioning or reverse consignment is another way of ownership dispersion. It is suitable in the fashion industry for which high volatile demands in the market can be easily set off through this inventory system besides reducing the risk of extra holdings and lead times. Third-Party inventory ownership is effective for inventory control in large original manufacturing firms characterized by large bargaining power. In cases where the ownership of inventory lies with the supplier, they have direct control over inventory. Thus they can be aware of the buyer’s usage pattern through which a proper level of inventory can be maintained. The location of inventory is also an important factor for effective inventory management. It may be in the buyer’s own site or on-site supplier hubs. The onsite supplier hub is a warehouse near the buyer’s premises. Through this system, multiple suppliers of the specific buyer can be concentrated in a single place. The hub materials are owned by the supplier. Operation of the supplier hub is through a 3PL provider and it supports the sharing of information and data between partners. Offsite supplier hubs are not under the direct control of the buyer and the supplier is liable to take the risks related to inventory. Throu
The Libyan conflict has had an enormous effect on the Libyan nation as a whole. This had led to the participation of the international community in order to resolve the conflict, and come up with a long lasting solution to the strife and civil unrest. As a leader of a member country in NATO, several factors come into play, which determine whether my country can participate in order to provide a solution to the problem (Daft & Lane, 2008). Being a member state of NATO, it is a responsibility to provide the assistance necessary so as to resolve any issue quickly and effectively. The ongoing uprising in Libya was a result of the citizen’s dissatisfaction in the leader. Muammar al Gadhafi was considered a dictator, and his policies were seen as victimizing the citizenry. Political unrest was on the increase in Libya since the citizens were the target of atrocities committed by the leader (Nelson & Quick, 2012). The armed forces were harassing the population, yet it is the police who should be tasked with ensuring law and order within the country. These problems can be considered a dominant influence in providing a reason as to why my country as a member community should participate. The citizens required protection from the government, and it is only the international community that would provide sufficient protection. Both economic and political measures had been put in place, and these did not seem to deter the leader from committing these atrocities, but instead he persisted. In the end, it was only through the use of military measures under NATO that Gaddafi would be defeated (Daft & Lane, 2008). It would be necessary for member countries to participate since they would act as a stronger force in resolving the conflict and also provide the necessary facilities to do so. Moreover, human rights violations were rampant, and it became clear that participation is crucial. This also acted as a cause for
Although it does not apply to everyone, these days, a lot of people are lucky enough to live in a world without war. However, one must not forget the sacrifices made by participants of any military events who served to protect other people. A way to understand soldiers’ struggles is by reading books such as The Last Stand of Fox Company . The book describes the American soldiers during the Korean war, with some of the main struggles being not even the battles but events in between. The Last Stand of Fox Company consists of several sections, a prologue and epilogue, with dates marking the time of events and maps showing placements. As the book is narrated in the third person, the prologue informs readers that the setting starts in November of 1950 in the “Injun Territory” of North Korea (Drury & Clavin, 2009, p. 4). The main characters are the US Marines, Fox Company, who got attacked by Chinese troops at the beginning of the story (Drury & Clavin, 2009). During the long standoff, Marines witnessed their fellow soldiers getting injured and wondered if they had just participated in “the opening salvo of World War III” (Drury & Clavin, 2009, p. 6). From the start, the book shows that soldiers participated in intense battles during the Korean War. The book suggests that aside from the dangers of the battlefield, people at war face other hardships. The first section narrates the struggles of the American soldiers on a hillside covered in snow, ice, and mud (Drury & Clavin, 2009). Their food was more “ice-cold” than nutritious and made the officers suffer from diarrhea (Drury & Clavin, 2009, p. 8). Their journey was repetitive to a certain extent, as they had to move from one place to another, with every area ceded to the enemy the moment Americans left (Drury & Clavin, 2009). Moreover, most of Fox Company were not experienced soldiers but simply “baby-faced” young men who left their homes for the first time in their lives (Drury & Clavin, 2009, p. 20). The book shows that battles were not the only threats to soldiers, a lot of whom were not properly trained to fight or even survive. Furthermore, as the troops continue their journey, the story focuses on several characters, describing their lives prior and behaviors during the war. One was once a “precious student,” smart and helping, and then grew up to be a World War II veteran and a captain during the Korean war (Drury & Clavin, 2009, p. 21). Another one was a fan of war movies and had dreamed of “carrying a BAR since high school” but instead joined a Marine rifle company (Drury & Clavin, 2009, p. 28). Another person used to excel in “biology, chemistry, and psychology” but dropped out of college and became a seasoning Marine, certain of his decision (Drury & Clavin, 2009, p. 52). Although the book describes many more people, a lot of them are pronounced dead by the end of it ((Drury & Clavin, 2009). The book shows how different people unite during the war in the face of a co
Introduction The relationship between supply and demand, in terms of markets, prices and price setting, is closely intertwined, a change in one variable results into a corresponding change in other variables. For instance, an increase in price of a commodity in the market might result in a decrease in the demand for that particular item. With decrease in demand, the supply will possibly be affected (Supply and demand, n.d.). If the opposite happens, and the price of a commodity is reduced, the demand and supply will increase. The general relationship between these variables, specifically in the market for milk, is the subject of discussion in this paper. The Market for Milk This paper discusses the market for milk in various market scenarios. Like any other product in the market, milk could either be negatively or positively affected by existing conditions, particularly in terms of its supply and demand. Below are some of the events and how they might affect the price and demand for milk. Scientific study finds milk does a body good In the event that a scientific research results indicate that milk has a variety of benefits to the body, the demand for milk will increase significantly hence shifting the demand curve to the right. At the same time, people will buy more milk in order to obtain the said benefits hence this will result in significant increase in the quantity of milk demanded. The supply of milk will also increase due to the increased demand. However, as the demand increases, the quantity of milk supplied will not be sufficient since the people will be purchasing more milk. There is an outbreak of mad cow disease Since mad cow disease is not transmitted through the consumption of milk or utilization of milk products (National Milk Producers Federation, 2012), the outbreak of this disease will not, in any way, affect the supply and demand of milk. Therefore, the demand, quantity demanded, the supply and quantity supplied will remain the same. The price of milk decreases In the event that the price of milk decreases, the demand will increase resulting in increase in the quantity demanded and the shift of demand curve to the right. At the same time, the supply will increase leading to a corresponding increase in the quantity supplied. The government decides to implement a price ceiling on milk Implementing a price ceiling on milk will affect the supply and demand for milk in various ways depending on price ceiling adopted by the government. If the price ceiling adopted by the government is higher compared to the
Recognition and respect of professional relationship boundaries compose a vital element of medical practice and clinical practice in particular. Professional-patient boundaries in clinical practice relate mainly to different physical assessment skills and methods, and acts of care for the patients. Multiple issues raise awareness on the subject of professional boundaries in clinical practice and the prevention of potentially harmful violations of boundaries. Analyzing different surveys on various approaches to professional boundaries could help to explore possible ways to legally prevent boundary violations in clinical practice. The original concept of boundaries was introduced in the Hippocratic Oath and implied that physicians must maintain confidentiality and follow the principles of beneficence and nonmaleficence. The Oath partially mentions the potential issues and notes that the physician is to enter the patient’s house only for the patient’s good and must keep himself from all ill doings and seduction (Friedman & Martinez, 2019). Since then, society has made numerous attempts to define the boundaries and protect them through various professional codes, such as the American Medical Association (AMA) Code of Ethics. The Code of Ethics includes three sections that cover the topics of patient-physician interactions, treatments and technologies used in treatment processes, and a self-regulation code for professionals. Several peer review committees and institutional lawyers reviewed different types of potentially inappropriate relationships between the professionals and patients to avoid violating professional boundaries. According to Nieva et al. (2019), professionals were recommended to maintain “arms-length” postures in the process of patients’ examinations. However, as a result of the changes, some of the professionals reported patients’ growing alienation from the physicians. Several different programs are implemented in the modern world aimed at training the students based on professional boundaries; for example, in the UK, the training involves the use of simulated patients (SPs). SPs are used to train and educate the students in a supportive environment by providing feedback in ‘intimate’ examinations and improving students’ clinical skills and confidence (Kearney et al., 2018). However, Kearney et al. (2018) also emphasized that the power dynamic between physicians and patients during examinations could be very intimidating to the patients and influence overall opinion about the treatment. As the same dynamic is present in the training processes that involve SPs, there are several ethical concerns about the impact the training makes on their emotional stability and the overall use of the method. As few counties use methods like the involvement of SPs, the learning process of professional boundaries in several countries entirely relies on e