ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Development of the economy is dependent on the availability and access to finances. The availability of finances is affected by the financial system. The financial system heavily relies on the market and whenever the market forces change, the financial system is affected Hawkins (2005, p. 65). Financial institutions give loans to fund economic institutions. In the recent past, there has been a change in the global economic market that has changed the market. As a result many economies have been able to change strategy and restructure to be able to realize their goals. The financial system is not an exemption and thus it is subject to change. The financial system must continue to offer credit and continue giving services without major disturbances (Sheng2010). The financial institutions must function effectively and efficiently so that the financial system remains stable. Johnston and Abbott (2005) note besides being effective the financial system must adapt to measures that will enable them be stable and provide finances. This paper will discuss the measures that are required to safeguard the stability of the financial system and ensure wider access to finance. The instability in the financial system and lack of access to finance Ingves (2008 Para 4) argues that financial instability began in the market. Using the example on the United States, the interest rates given on mortgage increased. The borrowers were unable to pay the credit hence the financial institutions suffered losses. This was partly due to the fact that the prices of the houses had reduced and later, the prices were increased. to respond to this challenge, the banks introduced security on the product. They turned to liquidation of property. Hawkins (2005, p. 67) argues that the market and the structure of the financial institution contributes to the financial stability of a financial institution. When the market and other economic institutions are failing the financial system is disabled. It interferes with the speed of transactions and slows down the economic development. Lack of financial availability cripples development. Many growing medium institutions have limited transactions and therefore the system slowly becomes stagnated and eventually become unstable. In his speech Papademos (2009) noted that the financial system has suffered form crisis that are emanate from
Cyber Crime is spreading like wildfire across the globe. The most popular forms of Cyber Crime are auctions, credit cards, lotteries and contests, work-at-home plans, and the Nigerian money offer. Eighty-nine percent of Cybercrimes occurred through online auctions. Unsecured websites are easy targets for some looking for credit card information. Visa recently reported that even though only two percent of its business is made up of online transactions much of its customers are being wrongly charged. The rise of unemployment has forced many people to find other ways to establish an income. Many respond to the work-from-home plans in hopes to earn more money. Many send in their start-up fee and receive a box filled with useless materials. The Nigerian money offer is the fastest-growing con. Victims receive an email from someone in Africa who claims to have amassed a fortune and wants to transfer it to your bank account for safekeeping. This scam has generated billions of dollars. So many people have fallen victim to it that the Secret Service has issued warnings about the scam proclaiming that many people have been robbed and killed after traveling to Nigeria to collect their money. Cyber Crime affects the entire economy. On average Cyber Crime costs the average American Five-hundred and twenty-one dollars. According to the Computer Security Institute between the five hundred and three organizations surveyed they reported a four-hundred and fifty-six million dollar loss over the past year due to attacks on their computers and networks. The law enforcement admits there is little they can do for many of the complaints. Local law enforcement can not pursue criminals because criminals are often not even in the same state. Also, the lack of technology of local law enforcement affects the pursuit of cybercriminals. The FBI turns down many of the complaints that flood the cybercrime squads. In order for the FBI to pursue a cybercriminal, there must be a minimum of “$5000 damage or an attack on a so-called federal interest computer.” (Garfinkel, 67-70) Law enforcement is making strides in order to tame the flames of cybercrime. New laws are being created to give law enforcement more power. Local law enforcement is creating task forces to deal with cybercrime. In order for law enforcement to deal with the problem of Cyber Crime, there are many steps it must take. It must first be better prepared to enforce Cyber Crime laws. The branches of law enforcement must communicate better when dealing with Cyber Crime. Law enforcement must realize what resources are needed to combat Cyber Crime and gather them together. Law enforcement has realized that it lacks the capabilities to prosecute online fraud offenders. It asks the citizens to take better steps to protect themselves so they do not needlessly fall victim to internet predators. Internet users should delete the cookies (record information about shopping cart contents, login information, address information, e-mail addresses, and such so you don’t have to re-ente
Introduction Ethical decision making among businesses is the process through which corporations align their actions with the societal norms and expectations. According to Crane & Matten (2010, p 23), it is the responsibility and the role of businesses to exercise high degree of morality in their actions by conforming into the values and norms of the society at large. By being ethically responsible in their various decision making processes, corporations would establish cordial and productive relationship with the society. In the currently competitive business environment, businesses are entrusted with the role of safeguarding positive business-customer relationship by being ethical in their decisions, which influenced by both individuals and the organizational factors. On this basis, the process of making decisions in businesses is a multi-dimensional process which requires systematic corporation of all the parties involved. The Considerations of Ethical Decision Making In making an ethical decision, personal and social factors ought to be considered. As Fisher & Lovell (2009, p 22) holds, morality should be the core guiding principle in any ethical decision making process, where rationality forms the realm of the entire decision making process. Being rational means to be considerate of the societal norms and values in any decision making process. Blowfield & Murray (2008, p 41) considers rationality as the ultimate key for ethical decision making. On this basis, personal ambitions should be geared at ensuring satisfaction of all the other stakeholders, rather than being self-centered. By so doing, decision making would be considered as ethical, since all the stake-holders involved are put into consideration. Significantly, there is deep need of understanding and being aware of the significance of personal morals in any decision making process. It is through being morally upright in making decisions which will render any decision making process ethical. By being considerate of the prevailing moral standards and social norms, individuals should act in accordance to such standards and regulations. As Crane et al (2009, p 51) holds, personal decision making processes should conform to the expectations and values of the society for them to be considered as ethical. By so doing, it would be more appealing for stakeholders of the corporation, which would further foster prosperity of such business. Blowfield & Murray (2008, p 42) considers the process of personal decision making as an ethical duty for rightfulness in taking actions within an organization. It is through being considerate of the general rules and principles of action which will make decisions ethical. Behavioral outcome of any action should be apparently considered in an ethical decision making process. After rationally analyzing a decision, it is important to decision makers to consider the group behavior. This means to incorporate a number of individuals in the process of decision making for a wider base of views. By involving other sta
Addressing the needs of learners with disabilities or disadvantages is a challenging task as the process of accommodating the needs above may become extremely intricate. Since special needs learners are often unable to communicate their needs directly, the process of locating the subject matter often turns into guesswork (Farahani & Maleki, 2014). Herein lies the necessity to identify a proper theoretical framework that will, later on, serve as the foundation for building an efficient teaching strategy (Kiraz & Ozdemir, 2006). For these purposes, three primary theories need to be viewed as the foundation of the teaching philosophy since they provide the background for the teacher to locate the students’ needs and for the learners to bloom as explorers and attain the corresponding academic skills. As suggested by Howard Gardner in the 1980s, the theory of Multiple Intelligences subverted the traditional notion of measuring people’s mental abilities merely by applying an IQ test. According to the foundations of the framework under analysis, the general notion of intelligence is composed of a variety of elements, including the following; linguistic, logical-mathematic, spatial, bodily-kinesthetic, musical, interpersonal, intrapersonal, and naturalist intelligence (Armstrong, 2014). The significance of the Multiple Intelligence (MI) theory can hardly be underrated when it comes to locating the strategy for teaching students with disabilities. However, by far the greatest advantage of the theory in question concerns the fact that it compels the teacher to focus on the students’ unique abilities and talents as opposed to their limitations. Moreover, it is essential that the MI theory promotes the incorporation of technological advances into the learning process. The use of IT devices creates premises for engaging learners into being active and encouraging them to participate in the classroom activities, including individual and group assignments (Montgomery & Sanders, 2012). Researches point to the fact that the theoretical framework under analysis, though being a comparatively recent incorporation into the current set of theories of teaching students with disabilities, has already warranted application in the corresponding setting (Armstrong, 2014). Therefore, though having a very short history and having gained wide popularity only in 1980s, the theoretical approach of multiple intelligences has defined the further course of the development of the target educational setting. Unfortunately, the adoption of the MI theory as the primary means of teaching learners with disabilities the basic skills remains hypothetical for the most part, the key reason being the lack of financial resources for supplying the necessary devices to all learner with disabilities on the statewide scale (Handler, 2010). While it is unlikely to affect the curriculum significantly, it will provide teachers with the tools that will enable them to promote active knowledge acquisition among learners. Another viable theory that can be used as the basis for
Human beings have used animals in scientific research for a long time. Animals are currently being used in clinical studies to find cures for some diseases such as HIV, Alzheimer and Leukemia. Nonetheless, several organizations are now campaigning against the use of animals in scientific research. This paper will present a brief summary of arguments against the use of animals in scientific research.   * The British Union of the Abolition of Vivisection (BUAV) is one of the organizations that campaign against the use of animals in scientific research. It encourages regulators to accept and encourage the use of alternative scientific testing techniques (as stipulated under the REACH regulations).   * The outcomes of animal-test methods can be misleading. It is important to mention that both animals and humans react differently to a particular drug. For example, some scientists have concluded that humans (and not animals) are the most suitable subjects that can be used to test HIV vaccines.   * Animals locked up (in cages) in the laboratories for use in scientific research undergo enormous stress. Consequently, this phenomenon may compromise the outcome of an experiment and render the scientific results irrelevant.   * Just like humans, animals have a right to live and not be used in clinical trials. Killing animals for scientific reasons is morally wrong and constitutes murder.   * There are numerous scientific testing alternatives to animal tests which are not only consistent and efficient but also save the lives of millions of animals. Some of these alternative methods include the use of patients and volunteers in clinical trials as well as computer-simulated models, genomic and in vitro .   * Studies have revealed that the use of non-animal tests techniques in scientific studies have produced reliable results. For example, in vitro (tissue and cell culture) have successfully been utilized to develop anti-AIDS, anti-cancer and other forms of drugs. Studies on tissue and culture have also been used to test and produce pharmaceutical products such as antibiotics and vaccines.   * In vitro genetic studies have also been successful in isolating distinct proteins, genes and markers associated with schizophrenia, muscular dystrophy, Alzheimer’s disease and other types of genetic disorders.   * Scientists have recently developed a unique 3-dimensional model that will be used to screen breast cancer in its early stages as well as assess potential cures. Rather than using rodents to study cancerous tissues, this model utilizes the affected human tissues to study the progress of cancer in human beings.   * Other non-animal test techniques include the use of donated cadavers or human skin leftovers to assess the speed at which chemicals can permeate human skin.   * Microdosing is also another non-animal test procedure that can provide useful information about the danger/safety of an experimental treatment.   * Most of the organizations such as BUAV, PETA and SHAC argue that animal experimenters want to use disposable research subjects which are subject to
Introduction Children development is a very complicated process. Trying to unite different ages in groups with he purpose to give some particular characteristics, scientists used the range of ages as children development may differ and some children at 4 years may possess skills and knowledge which others will acquire only at 6. There are particular norms which deviate in the issues of children development. Speaking, listening and comprehension, reading and writing are the main aspects according to which children development is accessed. Early childhood (2-6) and middle childhood (6-10) are two age groups which stand close, however, children development at each of these stages is absolutely different. Giving the general characteristics of each of the stages mentioned above (early childhood and middle childhood) this paper aims to consider the differences in language development, reading and writing. Comparative and contrast analysis is going to help in the future choice of reading and writing tasks for children of different age groups. Short Description of the Stages Early childhood stage (2-6 years) leads children through many physical, cognitive and social changes. Children at this age form stable reasoning aspects which help them develop their cognitive and mental thinking processes. Children at this age develop intuitive reasoning, their reason and consequence connections become more logical. At middle childhood stage (6-10 years) children are able to complete more complicated thinking processes. The reasoning becomes more refined and detailed. Here is a detailed comparative and contrast analysis of the language skills, reading and writing development of children at two different stages, early childhood and middle childhood. Comparative and Contrast Analysis                  Early childhood (2-6)                                                            Middle childhood (6-10)                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 * Temporal words and comparatives become more understandable                                                                                                         * Children of this age rapidly increase and advance their vocabulary             * Lack of knowledge of the irregular words                                                                                                                           * Lack of understanding of some simple words and desire to know their meaning    * Literal understanding of information
Introduction Among the priorities of modern schools, the aspect of getting the school policy and laws serve the purposes of the school and trigger considerable administrative responsibility. Although the satiation with the law-abidance and following the rules is not a reason for concerns yet, certain questions must be answered and the problem must be talked about. In an interview with Mr. Phillips, another viewpoint on the problem was considered and possible solutions were suggested. School Boards and Their Responsibilities According to what Mr. Phillips claimed, the entire power over the school belongs to the School Boards, who serve to provide the school, teachers, and students with the safest environment and with the most efficient learning process. Therefore, it can be considered that the School Boards are the key link between the law and the school. With help of the administrative help that they provide, the school can feel comparatively certain about its safety, Mr. Phillips marked. However, he noted that it would be a mistake to consider that School Boards have total control over the school administrations. Explaining the idea of School Boards’ existence, Mr. Phillips drew a parallel with the State Constitution, which is to be followed, yet it does not restrict the freedom of people and enterprises. What Might Cause Concern Such a metaphor raised certain questions. First, it seems that the School Boards play only a symbolic part in school affairs and tend to consider the issues belonging to the “higher” sphere of school performance. However, on second thought, it occurs that the School Boards exist to create a number of rules for the school, its administration, and the students, to follow. Therefore, the question is how far the powers of the School Boards can stretch. As Alexander (2005) claims, “State law vests the governmental, or policy-making, function exclusively in the School Board” (119). However, it seems that the balance between the school and its administration is to be established, otherwise, the control that School Boards can take over the school administration will grow ever greater. This could lead to rather undesirable consequences since the School Boards are unlikely to understand the school’s state of affairs as fully as the teachers and its director do. It was also peculiar and quite surprising to learn that the School Boards possess their power as long as their actions are coordinated with one another. Though this might seem surprising and even illogical, alone no member of the School Board can possess a single speck of the powers that the boards are granted. On the one hand, such an idea seems rather illogical. Indeed, the School Boards are supposed to embody the powers that can change the school order completely, let alone these people can do practically nothing. However, such a state of affairs seems more reasonable when rethinking the idea that th
Most writers rely on their stories’ pivotal points to fully develop particular characters. The readers gain a vivid picture of the genuine nature of the characters by narrating their interactions with others, discussions, and actions. The authors use this methodology to bring their characters to life in their stories. Mr. Kapasi, the driver who also performs the role of a tour guide for the Das family, is divulged more via his interlinkages with Mrs. Das than any other personas in Jhumpa Lahiri’s short novel Interpreter of Maladies . In his late forties, Mr. Kapasi, a brilliant Indian man who has lost romantic values in his marriage, is the protagonist of this short narrative told in limited omniscience. Mr. Kapasi is precise in his physical appearance and possesses several qualities such as observance, hard work, modesty, dependability, and intelligence. He is well-educated, works two jobs that need him to employ his linguistic skills, and goes through life without his wife’s affection. He’s quick to point out the parallels and contrasts between tourists and himself. As a result, the paper looks at how Lahiri portrays Mr. Kapasi through his relationships with Mrs. Das and the story’s indirect depiction of Mrs. Das. It is revealed how Mr. Kapasi views himself and his love life through their connection and communication. For example, he regards his marriage as a failure and aspires to more romantic life. To do something about it, he creates a fantasy in which he imagines himself in an intimate relationship with Mrs. Das, who he believes is suffering from the same issues. His wife has alienated him and disapproves of his second job as a doctor’s interpreter, as seen by their interactions. His wife seemed preoccupied with their son’s death, which occurred at the hospital where Mr. Kapasi works as an interpreter. Mrs. Das has similar feelings as the protagonist. She is also stuck in a loveless relationship. Mr. Kapasi fantasizes about probable similarities between himself and Mrs. Das initially, but when he learns more about Mrs. Das’s personality, he is disappointed. He chooses closeness between them as a token of his gratitude for Mrs. Das’s kindred spirit in describing his job as ‘romantic,’ believing that it is the only way suitable to escape his loneliness. Although his attitude does not substitute when he discovers that the woman is not the one he envisages in his delusion, this conversation demonstrates his grateful and empathetic character. It occurs after she tells him about her adulterous affair with her husband’s buddy, through which she produced a son. “Is it agony you’re feeling, Mrs. Das, or is it guilt?” he wonders after hearing her narrative of unfaithfulness (Lahiri 120). This inquiry expresses his sorrow for Mr. Das once he discovers how evil the woman he had thought was good has turned out to be. Mr. Kapasi realizes that he has exaggerated the depth of his troubles with his wife after listening