ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
An effective inventory internal control procedure enhances Return on inventories (ROI) and that in turn pushes revenue upwards for the overall benefit of the entity. A general and summarized Inventory internal control procedure is described as under: Segregation of duties in purchases and stores The basic rule of internal control of separation of authorization of transactions, the recording of transactions, and custody of inventory needed to follow very strictly.   * The functions of authorizing purchases, receiving goods purchased, and recording the receipt and issue of inventory should be segregated.   * The cash function should be segregated. Authorizing payment for purchases, recording payments, access to checks/authorizing e-transfers, and reconciliation of the bank account should be segregated. Similarly, authorization of issues of material and actual disbursement to departments or customers be segregated.   * Individuals with the authority to approve payments should not have the authority to issue purchase orders. Purchase of Inventory   * The person requesting the goods prepares a purchase requisition. The requisition is approved as to price, quantity, and quality by an authorized employee and forwarded to the purchasing department.   * Based on a purchase requisition, the purchasing department prepares a purchase order and negotiates the terms with the vendor. Copies of the purchase order are sent to the vendor, stores (receiving department), and accounts payable. Copy of purchase order sent to stores or receiving department should have quantity ordered obliterated. Receipts of goods   * Stores or receiving department inspect the goods on receipt, counts the goods, and prepares a receiving and inspection report .   * Receiving report is sent to the accounts payable department. Accounts Payable   * The accounts payable department compares the vendor’s invoice with receiving report and purchase order and also recomputes the vendor’s invoice.   * The accounts payable department prepares a payment voucher, records the accounting transaction, and sends a package of all documents to the treasurer for payment. Treasurer   * The treasurer reviews all documents for propriety and prepares a check or remittance advice.   * Once the check is prepared it should be mailed immediately and all the supporting documents should be stamped ‘paid’. Issue of goods   * Stores should issue material only on basis of duly authorized material requisition slips of production/ sales/dispatch departments.   * The dispatch department should verify the quantity on basis of copies of material requisition slips, a copy of challan that is required to be sent to transport and to the customer along with the invoice.   * Record the issues immediately and verify the calculations of balance recorded quantity. Physical verification
Kohlberg’s model consisting of six stages can be rearranged into a three-stage one. The first two stages as they are known among the scholars are logically connected by one and the same idea of pre-conventionality. Such moral conduct is mostly attributable to children, although in some cases adults can display it as well. At that, those facing a moral dilemma are primarily centered on themselves. Another characteristic of this stage of moral speculation is that the speculators mostly view the dilemma through the lens of consequences it might result in and engage them in a direct or indirect manner. It is not without reason that such way of moral thinking is considered the prerogative of children. They have not yet learned or accepted the notion of conventionality and are incapable of thinking in social terms. Instead, their thinking is close to instinctive, even reflectory, judging their conduct by the consequences (Kohlberg, 1984). Such way of reasoning is displayed, for instance, in another one of Kohlberg’s dilemmas which is widely known as Heinz’s dilemma. Heinz, the protagonist, had to save his wife’s life but could not afford the medicine that would curb her cancer, which left him in two minds as to whether he should or should not steal the medication. Given that there is no way one could change the order of moral reasoning, Heinz plunged into the first stage, viewing his potential course of action in terms of their direct outcomes for him personally. Firstly, he fought with the power of authority (i.e., jail); secondly, he tried to single out any possible benefits (Kohlberg, 1984). The Christians’ case appears to bear significant likeness to that of Mr. Heinz. To decide upon the Christians’ dilemma, it is worth considering that, on all stages of their moral conduct, they were put in between two mighty powers: the power of the Emperor with his radical autocratic measures and the power of Yahve, their God. The first stage of moral reasoning is obedience and apprehending punishment for a wrongful action (Kohlberg, 1984). On that stage, the persecuted Christians appeared to be asking themselves whether, if at all, they could avoid punishment for their crime of faith. On one side of it, they were making the right choice because if they surrendered to their fear, the God would punish them for committing apostasy. On the other side, they were wrong to continue practicing their faith despite the Emperor’s prohibition because they would be eventually found out and thrown to the lions. Further into moral reasoning, the persons in question are guided by other motives. On the second stage of moral reasoning, the actors are oriented solely on themselves, which is why it is dubbed self-interest stage. On this stage, as per Kohlberg, the Christians would seek profit adopting either solution of the dilemma (Kohlberg 1984). For instance, the persecuted may have had personal interest in following the rites and customs of Christianity, particularly that the God would have mercy upon them and grant them heaven afterwards. Thus, even if the crime was discovered, they would supposedly benefit after they died. On the othe
Summary The notion of power elites offered by Millis can be determined with respect to their impact on society and its principal trends. Hence, these groups are the entities, which implement major changes in citizens’ lives due to the fact that they possess more extensive information and rely on centralized power instead of individual efforts (Millis, n.d.a). Their approach is impersonal since the considerations of profits or other benefits on a global scale prevail those of people’s wellbeing and active participation in the discussion of critical matters (Millis, n.d.a). In fact, these organizations control the political course of the country and exercise their capabilities to the full (Millis, n.d.a). The distinctive characteristic of individuals belonging to power elites is the ability to use their positions in order to influence the environment with little resistance from ordinary citizens. The examples of these groups, as per Millis’ articles, are large organizations, the activity of which is linked to the task of forming opinions of others to their advantage. For instance, the most influential of them are those connected to “the economic, the political, and the military domains” (Millis, n.d.a, p. 242). Millis claims that other institutions are subordinate to them, which, more specifically, relates to religious, educational, and family entities whose alleged power is limited by the former companies’ impact (Millis, n.d.a). Thus, the authorities’ activity is aimed at shaping the preferences of people in their decisions when it comes to politics to gain their support. The present-day corporations strive to instill their ideas on tax distribution and other issues. In turn, the army leaders develop measures to increase soldiers’ motivation to participate in military operations. Application of a Sociological Perspective to Analyzing the Power Elite A sociological perspective and the alleged presence of numerous power elites in the United States are compatible concepts, which can beneficially complement each other in analyzing the most critical situations in society. According to Millis’ arguments, the former is an efficient tool for examining any notions regardless of the sphere to which they belong because this method helps establish collective responsibility as opposed to individual impact (Millis, n.d.a). His attention to the connections between the societal statistics demonstrating major trends and the influential organizations in the country allows concluding on the consideration of the latter by the author with regard to this approach. Therefore, the discussion of his argument should be conducted with respect to the theoretical underpinning, which was designed by the scholar in his previous works. First, this opinion is confirmed by the fact that Millis views power elites not as a group of people with varying interests but as an organization of like-minded individuals working towards achieving their common goals. In the beginning, he rejects the idea of “solitary rulers” controlling society in favor of the existence of “levels of power,” which allow influential and wealthy citizens to combine their effort
Job order costing can be defined as a method of allocating costs to cost units that are large and can be identified separately. The cost units should be able to be identified and related to a specific order. The products produced in this process should be related to a certain order or they are distinctive in nature. In this costing system, we have direct expenses, overheads, the order price, plants or assets that relate to the job and other costs that are specifically for the job. It is usually used for contract costing where a separate account is created for the contract. The approach of job costing involves identification of the job, identification of direct costs, selection overhead cost-allocation base and allocation of these costs (Cokins, 2001). Process costing is the costing system where allocation of cost is to a process of production and units produced passes through many processes. In this costing system, the processes are well defined and the finished output of one process becomes the input of another. All costs both direct and indirect are charged to the process of production. It is used in those products with have continuous flow of identical products and it is hard to distinguish the units. The best examples of this include, oil refinery, paint manufacture, ink, textiles and many others. In the process costing, there may be defects of products or services. A rate of defects regarded as normal in the past is no longer tolerable. Managers know that reducing defects reduces costs and makes their company more competitive. After defects have been discovered in process, rework, or scrap is possible. Defects of units are those products which are fully or partially completed but do not meet the standards required by customers for good units and that are discarded or sold for reduced price. If the can be improved they are returned to the system for reworking. Some amounts of spoilage, rework, or scrap are inherent in many production processes. An example of spoilage and rework occurs in the manufacture of high standards, but only at a considerable cost. Some amount of rock, which is scrap, is inevitable, but its volume can often be decreased (Michael and Tse, 2009). Normal spoilage is spoilage inherent in part
Introduction Defining quality is one of the most controversial topics in management. The fact is that quality, by any precision, is a difficult concept. Most of the management scholars understand quality products or services as those that can be deemed to be meeting the customer’s expectations (Reeves & Bednar 1994, p.120). Though, this fundamental definition of quality is still being considered to be inadequate. According to Garvin 1987, this definition only considers one aspect which is user-based. However, there are also other scopes such as transcendent, product based and manufacturing based qualities that must be considered so as to have a complete definition of quality. Scholars such as Garvin 1987, argue that in order to come up with a complete definition of product or service quality, certain dimensions must be put into consideration. These include performance, features, reliability, durability, serviceability, aesthetics and perception. These eight dimensions of Garvin will constitute what a quality product or service is to the end user. Conceptualizing quality In most cases, product or service quality will be understood from the customer’s point of view (Reeves & Bednar 1994, p.123). According to Garvin 1987, that would be when the end user is satisfied. The reason why this definition dominates is that most corporations have understood the fact that providing customer’s value is the only way through which they can remain competitive. In other words, providing quality services or products that satisfies the customer’s needs offers the company an additional competitive advantage (Sachdev & Verma 2004, p.93). Basically, increased competition, technological changes and the constant modifications in the regulatory environment have led to increased customer sophistication (Chakrapani, 1998). Customers are constantly demanding more in a particular product, emphasizing quality that normally satisfy their broader needs. This makes it intricate for companies to manage their expectations. The customers raised standards, expectations and perceptions of a product or service are constantly evolving (Foster, 2009). This further complicates the effective management and measurement of the customer needs. In order to manage and measure the customer services effectively, firms have to selectively improve the services and critically pay attention to more customer oriented dimensions (Sachdev & Verma 2004, p.93). It is vital for the companies t
The Fundamentals of the Play When discussing one of the most famous plays like The Glass Menagerie written by Tennessee Williams, I would like to consider the fundamentals of the work. So, first of all, I would like to define the key themes. Generally, one is to keep in mind that famous work discloses ten major themes, namely, illusion vs. reality, memory, freedom, quest, instinct vs. civilized behaviors, famous American Dream, a person’s survival in the machine age, fragility vs. strength, and a person’s need to be far away from his or her surrounding. The Glass Menagerie illusion vs. reality theme I would like to highlight in detail in this paper. While speaking about the first theme, illusion vs. reality, I have to point out that the play explores a family that lives in the shadow of reality. The playwright Williams Tennessee alludes from his early life to write an explicit play focusing on the social lives of specific individuals. Amanda is a mother of two adult children Tom and Laura. After her husband abandoned her, Amanda struggles to take care of the family. Unfortunately, besides suffering from mental instability, Laura is also crippled. Therefore, Tom has a job at the shoe warehouse to provide for the family. Consequently, the three members of the family become engrossed in illusions, an aspect, which separates them from the real world. As the essay on illusion vs. reality in the story shows, the so-called illusions help the main characters escape an unpleasant reality. I suppose it is a loss of psychological space that makes the characters to realize that it is impossible to escape the realities of the real world. Dipa Janardanan believes that the author is able “to get to the marrow of universal truth – the human condition of an individual’s inability to escape a psychological loss of space no matter how much physical distance is attained” (24). I have to admit that the playwright uses innovative production techniques to draw the reader’s’ attention to the contrast between illusion and reality. Moreover, the author showed us that the so-called survival mechanisms family decided to rely on were transformed into destructive power. The Thesis Statement One of the major themes of the play is considered to be the characters’ inability to meet reality, and the meaning of illusion for them. Taking into account the attitude of all characters towards the realities of life, one can conclude that the main characters require objectivity. No one is ready to accept reality because it is really painful. While considering such complex psychological situations, it becomes evident that the psychological loss of space seems to be one of the key problems the author highlights in his play. Tennessee Williams and his Story I would like to say a few words about the author of the play. Generally, there is a need to point out that the aut
Introduction At the dawn of the 20 th Century, the Spanish colonialism and stranglehold on countries in Latin America came to an end. The fight for independence by Latin American countries bore similarities to the American fight for independence. Occurring between the 18 th and 19 th Centuries, the Latin American Independence Wars culminated in the creation of several independent states, such as Brazil and Haiti, which had been colonized by Spain and the French (Da Costa, 56). Events in Europe and inspiration for democratic ideals espoused by the newly independent United States of America led revolutionaries in Latin to demand freedom from colonizers and openly revolt as they doubted the resolve of colonizers. Reasons for Independence Fight and Colonialism Challenge in Latin America One of the reasons that led to independence wars in Latin America was Napoleon’s conquest of much of Europe and especially Spain. The occupation of Spain by French forces between 1808 and 1814 inspired revolutionaries in Spanish colonies to revolt (Da Costa 63). The defeat of Spanish forces in Europe diminished its credibility, stoking a revolutionary spirit that eventually sparked revolutionary wars of independence. The overseas Spanish empire reacted to the domestic crisis by openly undermining Spanish rule and calling for an end to colonialism. Areas recently concurred by Spanish forces were the first to break rank with their master, while countries where Spanish rule was entrenched declared their independence later on. Another reason for the Latin American revolutionary wars was the disintegration of the Spanish dream of a unified empire in Latin America after the invasion by Napoleon (Da Costa 73). After the occupation of Spain, the direct link between the colonies and the colonial master was severed, creating circumstances for decolonization. The subsequent subdivision of the Spanish mainland and territories under its control in Latin America further weakened Spain. Liberalism espoused by the French revolutionaries inspired revolutionaries in the colonies to aspire to self-determination and self-rule. These territories leveraged their military strength with help from mercenaries of French and American descent. The domestic turmoil in Spain after the invasion by Napoleon had cascading effects that eventually led to freedom for countries in Latin America, such as Brazil. In Haiti, burgeoning African and European populations disillusioned with French rule that restricted foreign trade served as catalysts for the independence revolution that saw Haiti declare its independence shortly after the US (Helg 8). After years of brutal repression of uprisings in the French colony of Haiti, the free blacks in Haiti and the slaves, inspired by the enlightenment ideals, organized and demanded their freedom which the French granted in 1804 (Helg 10). At the time, no other country in Latin America had gained its independence. Thus, Haiti served as an inspiration for freedom and sel
Introduction Based on research carried out, the No Child Left Out Act (NCLB) is faced with many detractors that range from lack of support in terms of inadequate funding. Many schools of thought have emerge where myriad educators still don’t concur with the axiom of educating every child. It has been argued that most educators are opposed to the issue education access to all or rather the minority. Moses W. (2006). How much success does it take to turnaround around a failing school to a performing one? This questioned is received with mixed reactions, where the political figure reiterates by arguing and expounding on the intricacies bedeviling the elementary system of education. Educators have deliberately haltered education placements and also this disease is evident in high school where the rates of dropping are very high among the African American students. Wraga, F.N (2004). Curriculum Alignment Curriculum re-alignment has therefore been attributed to the improved performances in most of the schools. Structured approach to using research driven strategies have replaced conventional frames of reference in terms of teaching and within a year a school with over 90% minority, nearly 90% poverty, over 60% speakers of other languages, met the minimal standards of NCLB. To some improvement is an integral aspect, where educators should collectively be involved in the implementation of these programs on a professional platform in meeting the standards of collective students. The success issue could be achieved through explicit inclusion of teaching all students on board but this is far from being achieved. Michel, D. J., & Douglas. F (2006). Teaching of human entities encompasses diverse variables, which would rather be taken with a huge grain of salt. For instance, while it is imperative that most English-speaking graders learn to read more quickly with phonics-based
Selection of a Leader The leader that I have chosen is Warren Buffett. “When a management with a reputation for brilliance tackles a business with a reputation for bad economics, it is the reputation of the business that remains intact” ( Warren Buffett biography , 2015, para. 1). Below we will describe Warren Buffet’s several personal and business-related traits, the development of his business abilities, and his formation as a successful businessman in order to establish a link between his personality and enormous success The Leadership Style of the Warren Buffett There are several angles of the style of leadership of Warren Buffett from which he could be described. It appears to be that the style of leadership of Warren Buffett represents a sequence of democratic, assistant and self-empowered leadership. Buffett displays a role of a democratic leader, as he is willing to engage himself in the conversation with his workers