ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
A curriculum is an integral part of any systematic educational process. However, the creation of an effective curriculum and the revision of existing curricula may be difficult. It is stated that the teacher involvement in the processes of such creation and revision may lead to significantly better curricula (Huizinga, Handelzalts, Nieveen, & Voogt, 2014). Therefore, it is important for teachers to understand the process of curriculum designing. In this paper, some guidelines for curriculum creation and revision will be provided; in particular, a number of guiding questions for curriculum designing will be offered, some recommendations for its revision will be supplied, and the issue of devising assessments will be discussed. While designing a curriculum, it is important to consider a number of guiding questions. First, it is paramount to ask oneself what the aims of the course the curriculum of which is being created are. For instance, a history course for ninth-grade students will likely be aimed at giving the learners a broad picture of the described period and providing them with chance to learn to critically read and understand the materials, while a university’s course in history for history students will most likely be aimed at in-depth understanding of the period in question. Second, it is recommended to take into account the audience. For example, a statistics course for mathematicians will differ from a statistics course for sociologists. (It is possible to see that the first two issues are interconnected.) Third, a curriculum needs to be consistent; this requirement may often cause difficulties for curriculum designers (Huizinga et al., 2014). Fourth, it is important that a curriculum allows for employing innovative educational techniques where appropriate, for example, blended learning (Mirriahi, Alonzo, & Fox, 2015). And, fifth, a curriculum should be up-to-date, ought to include information that was uncovered in recent studies, and needs to be relevant to the current and the forecast needs of the society (O’Keefe, 2013). Because of the need of an educational course to be up-to-date, it is paramount to regularly revise and update its curriculum. It is possible to state that the frequency of carrying out such updates cannot be universally prescribed, but depends on the discipline that is being taught and on the needs of the society. For instance, in an ancient history class, it may not be crucial to substantially revise the course every year; however, at least minor updates that would show the importance of the discussed topics from the point of view of the current events, and ones that would include recent findings, should be carried out. At the same time, a course in modern history requires more frequent updates. Finally, the curricula for such disciplines as medicine or technology should be revised often, for much new knowledge pertaining to these spheres appears every day (O’Keefe, 2013). An essential part of a curriculum is the assessment t
Introduction This essay has two parts. These two parts seek to answer two different questions. The first is the definition of empires i.e. what is an empire? This essay will use both modern and ancient examples to describe what an empire is. The second part of this essay will confirm whether or not empires still exist. Empires have been known to exist for thousands of years. Even in today’s world, there are still several government entities that operate by the name ’empire’. They contain several elements that are associated with empires such as a standing army (Doyle, 54). What is an empire? An empire has many descriptions. It however should have some basic characteristics so that it can be called as such. These include the control of a trained army and direct or indirect political control of a population. It also should be actively taxing the people under its reign. In many cases, the people under an empire do not share the same social or cultural background with their ruling elite. The provinces or divisions under an empire have very little autonomy. Many empires also influence the people within them by diversifying or altering their main linguistic preference (Doyle, 104). Empires have existed for a very long time. A lot of archaeological evidence suggests the existence of empires from as far back as 2100 BC. This was the time of the Ur III Empire that lasted for a mere hundred years. The Roman Empire is known to have existed from 509 BC up to the year 1453 when the East Roman Empire collapsed. Other famous ancient empires include the Byzantine and Ottoman empires. Most empires had a central governing point where the Em
Entrepreneurial opportunities The In-Home Pet sitting business is one of the remarkable entrepreneurial businesses that are rewarding. Basically, the business’s main focus is to offer care for pets at the comfort of their homes (Moran, 2006). The business involves playing with animals at no cost, thus making it more interesting. From this aspect, pet sitting will involve feeding, training, and cleaning the pets. It is important to offer pets certain comforts as stipulated in the animal rights policies. A pet sitting entrepreneurial business will benefit from the large market base. This is justified by the fact that almost every household has a pet. The business requires a low start-up capital and is profitable. Doggie Daycare business is a business venture dealing with taking care of dogs perceived as pets. In this aspect, taking care of dogs, training, and grooming the dogs are the core business activities. This business is interesting as it has a low start-up capital. Spending time with pets such as dogs is interesting. This offers an entrepreneur an opportunity to learn animal behaviors, and at the same time preserving animal rights. Many American families substitute children with pets like dogs (Moran, 2006). Targeting young families with no children is an opportunity to expand the business. Pet Waste Cleanup business is an ideal venture that is home-based. The venture deals in removing pet wastes around homesteads. In this case, the business will require a waste disposal system. This business is interesting as it involves conserving and cleaning up the environment. The business is environment friendly, has an unsaturated market, and requires less capital to start. This venture is viable and has much potential. Considering that people have no waste disposal mechanisms for the pet’s waste at their homes, the business will have gained a huge opportunity. Pet waste cleanup services are low-cost services that attract a large clientele. Business differences: What are the differences between business to business (B2B or B to B) and business to consumer (B2C or B to C) from an entrepreneurial standpoint? According to Talloo (2007), the following can be deduced as the difference between B2C and B2B forms of business as perceived by an entrepreneur. Decision making In a B2C form of business, entrepreneurs make decisions as to the sole decision-makers. They make the final decision unless such decisions are affected by their spouses. The simplicity in decision-making is simply because the entrepreneur bears the liability of the decision as a sole investor. On the other hand, the B2B business model is a complex form of business that requires intensive consultation before a decision is made. In this respect, a B2B business involves several decision-makers known as business partners in making a decision. Such complexities derail the objectivity of entrepreneurship. Buyer behavior A B2C form of a business is heavi
The Articles of Confederation were the first governing systems of the United States of America, having been ratified on March 1, 1781. It offered access to digital materials at the Library of Congress, a few print bibliographies, and links to other external websites. This system had granted the states much authority. The first Constitution of the United States was significantly compromised by the Articles of Confederation (Brinkley, 267). They established a loose confederation of sovereign states and an unstable central government handing over power to the state governments. A vibrant federal government’s need became clear and later led to the 1787’s Constitution Convention, which drafted the current constitution, replacing the Articles of Confederation (Brinkley, 274). The system did not succeed because it led the states to demand a new Constitution. The United States’ economy faltered so much under the Articles (Brinkley, 265). This is because the federal authority could neither regulate commerce nor enforce tax laws. The country’s economic state worsened, and thus, the Articles of Confederation failed. American leaders noticed that the country required a new and more robust constitution shortly after the Revolutionary War. Delegates, drawn from the 12 states convened in Philadelphia between May and September 1787, revised the Articles of Confederation (Brinkley, 268). Since the framers of this document were not all of one mind, they did not have a debate on most of the provisions. The convention was put in place since the system proved insufficient to cope with the growing nation’s challenges. Some of the contentious issues were slavery, taxes, trade, representation, foreign affairs, and division of power between the government branches. Ten months of private and public discussion were needed to secure ratification by the nine states. Even then, North Carolina and Rhode Island held out until after the Bill of Rights was adopted. The American constitution has been the jurisprudence for over two millennia, making it so controversial. Two approaches to the document usually determine where judges meet in these disputes. Strict construction of the constitutions is the philosophy of constitutional interpretation, which states that the constitution should be interpreted and used based on an accurate reading of the text (Brinkley, 275). On the other hand, loose construction of the constitution states that the legal interpretation needs to apply knowledge from outside
Introduction Acid rain is a very serious environmental problem that exists today because of high-energy consumption in the industrial world. Acid rain is snow, fog, or rain that has been polluted by acid in the atmosphere. Rain is naturally acidic because carbon dioxide, found normally in the earth’s atmosphere, reacts with water to form carbonic acid. While “pure” rain’s acidity is pH 5.6-5.7, actual pH readings vary from place to place depending upon the type and amount of other gases present in the air, such as sulfur oxide and nitrogen oxides. Acid rain is observed when sulfur dioxide (SO ) and Nitrogen oxide (NO ) are released into the atmosphere and mix with moisture in the air. Industrial processes and the burning of fossil fuels such as coal-fired power generators and ore smelting are the main culprits for the release of sulfur dioxide. Nitrogen oxide comes into the atmosphere in harmful amounts by the combustion of fuels in vehicles, furnaces (residential and industrial), and boilers. These are the main causes of acid rain. The formation of acid rain happens when acidic compounds, mainly SO and NO are released into the atmosphere. The wind then carries the acidic compounds, both wet and dry, across land and water, sometimes, hundreds of kilometers from where the acid was produced. (Mittelstaedt, 2000) With the help of sunlight, the gases react in the atmosphere with water, oxygen, and other chemicals to form various acidic compounds in the atmosphere. The result is acid rain that falls back onto the earth by rain or dry surface exposure. Main body Acid rain is a major problem in areas of high industrial productivity especially coal-generated power stations and high transportation problems. Places such as Germany, Japan, China, Parts of Russia, Eastern Europe, eastern sides of Canada, and North-east America. The effects of acid rain in an area are dependant on the type of bedrock that a continent has. The more alkaline bedrock is the more the continent can ‘buffer’ the acid rain i.e. in Canada, Ontario and Quebec has no natural protection to acid rain and gets a lot of damage from acid rain. Acid rain has a serious effect on the natural and physical aspects of the environment. (Webber, 2003). The acidification of lakes and rivers has a huge effect on the ecosystem and biodiversity that is natural and beautiful around us. Acid rain is powerful enough to damage trees, change the conditions of animals, and even affect the reproduction of insects and small mammals. While acid rain is known to cause large amounts of damage to the natural environment its effects on buildings are often overlooked. (Mahoney, 2002). In fact, acid rain is a major factor in the decay of buildings, structures, and paints especially heritage monuments. Acid rain has been blamed for visibility damage and cases of respiratory problems such as bronchitis and asthma. The effects of acid rain are extensive and ar
Components of the Web Services Interoperability Basic Profile [WS-I BP] likely to be useful to Mr. X in his business To a business person like Mr. X, the Web services approach is all about integration: functionality within an organisation or integrating applications between his different business partners. Therefore the components which would help him in integrating his setup require him to build up a web service inclusive of the UDDI, DISCO, WSDL and SOAP components. This application integration allows time and cost efficiencies for receiving purchase orders, answering status inquiries, processing shipment requests, and so on. The key point is that application integration is exposed to all the business partners, without any obstruction. However, the fundamental aspect is that Mr. X is independent of any platform and can view the status of his business anywhere, anytime around the globe. If another supplier has a better price, shipping terms, or quality assurance, then a Company’s reorder systems can be easily repositioned to use that supplier; doing so is as easy as pointing a Web browser at a different Web site. With a broader adoption of Web services and XML document format standards, this style of dynamic business partner integration will become more broadly used. Interoperability Interoperability is the felicity of a software interface working with diverse and varied software systems swiftly and at ease for providing special finesse and rhythm to web services’ network and its operations. Here, web services signify utilising “standardised” interfaces for purposes of communication, integration and dexterity of information between applications in an autonomous environment. Interoperability of web services is, thus, streamlining the web operations through ever more refined technological software impetus. For standardising interoperability of web services, the Accenture, BEA Systems, Fujitsu, HP, IBM, Intel, Microsoft, Oracle and SAP have also formed the new Web Services Interoperability Organisation (WS-I) in 2002 (xml.coverpages.org 2002). In simple words, “Interoperability of Web Services” means developing swift and user friendly Internet system and softwares. There is also a noted RAND study highlighting a military perspective on interoperability. They extend a much broader view of this matter. They are also suggesting multi-level interoperability (Davis and Anderson, 2003). Tolk, Diallo Turnitsa and Winters LS have discussed various levels
Introduction Clements High School is a public school located in Sugarland, Texas with a population of 2,509 for the school year August 2007 to June 2008 (Clements par. 6). As in other high schools, Clements implements policies to deter the use of drugs and alcohol by adolescent and teenage students. The school prohibits any activity that involves drugs and alcohol within the school premises. Violation of such policies will cause the suspension, expulsion, or sending of the violator to a behavior learning center. A heavier sanction involves the participation of the police department in the apprehension of violators. Evans-Whipp and Beyers (par. 9) said that the policy for first-time substance users in the US is notifying the parents or guardians by the school administrator (qt. in Ross et al. 1995; Small et al. 2001); violation of alcohol and another drug (AOD) policies would entail suspension, referral to a campus counselor, and participation in “student assistance program”; and for use of illegal drugs, the response to violators which occurred in 75 percent of schools would be a referral to local authorities (qt. in Small et al. 2001). However, high school students can evade the policies by using drugs and alcohol outside the school campus. Despite current efforts by the schools and the local and federal government, adolescent students taking drugs and alcohol continually rise. A problem of substance abuse among the young Substance abuse among the young is a significant “social and health problem in the United States, Australia and other Western nations” (Evans-Whipp and Beyers par. 1). According to Evans-Whipp and Beyers (par. 2), substance use by young individuals is viewed as a major international health concern (qt. in WHO 1997; WHO 1999; WHO 2001). The use of alcohol and other drugs increased during the last decade before 1999 (Evans-Whipp and Beyers par. 2 qt. in Bauman and Phongsavan 1999). They (par. 2 ) added that the use of substances by adolescents led to numerous “physical and social harms,” that includes “accidents, disrupted family and peer relationships, educational problems and overdose” (qt. in WHO 1997; WHO, 1999). Usage of drugs and alcohol also causes a lot of societal problems and triggers the commission of crimes. It has been medically proven that prolonged overuse of such substances produces dependence on the user and other negative effects ranging from mental, psychological, and physical infirmities. The abuse of alcohol and other drugs, called “substance abuse”, may cause medical conditions and worsen existing ones, and have destroyed lives and families (Nissl par. 1). Overuse of alcohol resulted in the death of 100,000 persons in the US and Canada
It is important to note that over the past weeks, a wide range of topics was covered, which provided me with crucial knowledge and skills ready to be implemented into clinical practice. The given reflective assessment will primarily focus on elaborating, exploring, and reflecting on the learned knowledge and experiences further to deepen my understanding and awareness of my learning outcomes. My time and energy during the first week were allocated mainly to goal setting, establishing objectives, planning, and exploring novel practice approaches. On the second day of the week, I came across an article that explored how one of the significant issues in clinical practice is the lack of time, skills, and access to proper training and professional development opportunities (Cooper et al., 2021). In other words, the sheer workload experienced by nursing specialists is a key barrier that prevents the advancement and development of nursing professionals during their work time. It is stated that integrating evidence-informed clinical practice development programs can effectively overcome the obstacle (Cooper et al., 2021). I met with my preceptor and discussed the study, and we both agreed that workload is a significant barrier to integrating other new approaches. In addition, I realized that my competency in APA formatting was low, so I dedicated some time to becoming proficient in it. The second week was highly productive due to an acquisition of new knowledge and understanding regarding interprofessional collaboration. It should be noted that human well-being and health rely on an intricate work of a wide range of the bodily system, which is why medical professionals specialize in one of these systems. However, to effectively treat and ensure recovery, the involvement of several healthcare specialists is required, which is interprofessional cooperation is a cornerstone of high-quality service. I learned that hierarchal roles are the main barriers to such collaboration, which is why the nurses need to lead the way by adopting and adhering to transformational leadership measures (Goldsberry, 2018). Nursing specialists play a central role in interprofessional collaboration since they are the
Reflective Observation There is no need to elaborate the fact that our community and our county is in dire need of creative people. Creative individuals are sources of innovation and creative solutions that can enhance our way of life. Without them culture and society will stagnate and the world will be overwhelmed with problems and unable to solve new challenges that crops up everyday. There is a need to be creative but it starts with the individual. I must aspire to be creative and to see things differently. I need to train myself to think outside-the-box. The readings, especially the book by Dawson and Andriopoulos was a tremendous help in this regard. Creativity is closely related to change and innovation. Creative people are not bound by the status quo. This is not an easy thing to do. There is the risk of being alienated if an action or word spoken will offend another person, especially if that person has power and influence. In a corporate setting there is a tendency to follow policies set by those who are unwilling to adapt and to experiment. Creative people are wary of the limitations set by others and at the same time they too feel the pressure. It is a balancing act. It is not practical to always go against those who are in power, especially if that person is your boss. However, men and women and children of the 21 st century would probably be still living in caves today if not for change agents. Abstract Generalization One of the most intriguing and interesting component of organization change has something to do with speed and scale of change. I believe that this is an important topic that I need to familiarise myself with. An example of is the concept called first-order incremental change which is another way of saying that change must be a slow and adaptive – the objective is to refine a business process rather than to radically alter something that has been proven effective (Dawson & Andriopoulos, p.15). As the wise saying goes there is no need to fix something that is not broken. On the other hand there is a continuous need to innovate. While it is a helpful strategy to incorporate first-order incremental change in the creation of business strategies that will increase the overall efficiency of the organization, there will also come a time when it is no longer enough to fine-tune current business processes. When your competitors are doing something unexpected and utilize newer technology it is also time to adapt or perish. It is time to think about the next level of change called second-order discontinuous change (Dawson & Andriopoulos, p.15). This time around change is not expected to occur piecemeal but it is so significant that it can even transform the way the company is doing business. The second-order discontinuous change rarely happens because in my opinion human beings are creatures of habit. This is especially true when it comes to old organizations and successful businesses that have made a mark in the community or society. Their products are well-known and the corporate leaders have tasted what it was like to be on top. For these people and for t