ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction The article presents a safe architecture known as the S-Border Gateway Protocol (S-BGP) that can lead to the authorization and authentication of BGP, thereby reducing its associated security problems. Researchers in this study confirm that BGP has proven beyond a reasonable doubt that it is susceptible to varying attacks. The article states clearly that the lack of proper means to verify the authenticity, as well as the legitimacy of the control traffic associated with the BGP has been the major contributing factor in the unending attacks on BGP. The overview of the BGP is clearly outlined in the article, where the reader is introduced to the operation of the BGP. According to the article, the two main vulnerabilities that BGP faces include the attack on the Internet Protocol (IP) and the unauthorized modification and replacement of the software that is related to BGP. The weaknesses can lead to weaker user traffic and the misuse of network components. Moreover, the vulnerabilities can lead to congested networks and a breach of the rules that manage local routes. It is commendable to note that previous works that have been carried out to tackle security with regard to routing protocol have been recognized in this article. However, it has been noted that no other previous work had presented workable solutions to the security problems that were facing BGP. Main body There are a number of countermeasures that have been proposed in this article to address BGP security problems. There are two PKIs that are utilized by S-BGP to test the authenticity of the BGP speakers. The PKI’s uses are anchored on four t
Overview The phenomenon of AI used to be a figment of science fiction authors’ imagination, yet it has established quite a firm presence in the modern reality owing to the advances made in the realm of science and engineering. As a result, the AI trend has grown to become nearly ubiquitous, with the AI-related technology currently being the driving force behind an array of processes within many industries. Defined as the attempt at recreating human intelligence, AI offers numerous opportunities in business (Weber & Schutte, 2019). In section 1, the main issue of AI in business will be addressed, including threats and opportunities. The rest of the sections will contextualize the issue as from the perspective of Evie.ai and offer recommendations. Trends of AI In their study, Raban and Hauptman (2018) show that the latest trends for AI in business have been predetermined by the urge to adders the problem of cybersecurity and the threat of data theft. Specifically, the study points to the urgency of developing characteristics such as cyber resilience and the creation of a blockchain within the corporate environment to reduce the external threats of cyberattacks (Raban & Hauptman, 2018). Overall, the research indicates that companies need to build the technology that can both defend and attack. Another research that addresses the nature of AI trends and the possible opportunities for using AI as the means of forecasting and performing all kinds of analysis for business. The article by Lichtenthaler (2018) suggests that the integration of AI into business and corporate processes will lead to fewer errors and a more careful evaluation of key factors. The research creates the basis for determining how AI can be incorporated into a specific organization. Definitions and Examples of AI for Business In order to understand and embrace the tremendous impact that the use of AI has produced within industries and in professional performance, one will need to define the subject matter accordingly. However, remarkably enough, there seems to be little consensus on what AI is expected to mean; for example, in his research, Simon (2019) explains that AI remains an umbrella term that covers far too many types of innovations to make any conclusions concerning the nature of the concept, its impact, and its defining characteristics. The study shows that the existing overlaps between AI and other technological innovations, such as robots, do not allow drawing a clear line between AI and other types of innovative technology. Nonetheless, the research also proves that AI has been quite effective in business, leading to a better analysis of data, forecasting of future outcomes, and defining common trends within the target industry. Global Demands for AI With the increase in the range of areas in which AI is applied, the global demand for the specified technology has been rising exponentially and causing it to become an important part of business processes, especially in re
Whether and When Should Coercion Be Used? Obesity is a major population health issue with vast health consequences for individuals and society, and not without reasoning. Various researchers delineate a discouraging picture and even more premonition future for public health. The predominance of this issue has increased two times among the grown-ups and minors during the past twenty years (Cunningham, Kramer, & Narayan, 2014). Moreover, over the same period, the obesity occurrence increased three times among adolescents (Ogden, 2014). As a result, more than half population in the United States is either overweight or obese. There is an occurrence of nearly forty thousand deaths and over 115 billion dollars in health care expenses due to the obesity issue annually. Nowadays, there is an increasing capability in defining the obesity problem; however, analyzing and establishing efficient methods towards impeding the worldwide issue of obesity is far more complex. There have been a few debates over the reasons for obesity of an individual; the problem of obesity tendency in society had been explored for the past decade. “Sedentary lifestyles, calorie-dense foods, large portion sizes, and excessive television viewing are among the identified contributors” (Bassett & Perl, 2004, 1477). There have been various attempts to change obesity patterns, some involving law, as it becomes a grave threat to a population of the United States. For example, in 2013, the authorities of New York attempted to implement the Sugary Drinks Portion Cap Rule (Marcello, 2013). The essence of this regulation consisted of prohibiting the purchase of soft, sweetened beverages, the volume of which exceeded sixteen ounces, or half a liter. The reaction to this regulation was abrupt, as the issue of the partial ban was even not about the connection between the problem of obesity and the admission to the volume of the beverages. The central question that was raised by the proclamation of the Soda ban was “whether the city’s Board of Health (part of the New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene) had the legal authority to restrict the serving size of such drinks” (Mariner & Annas, 2013, 1764). On June 26, 2014, it was decided that by implementing the ban, the New York City Board of Health has outpaced its jurisdiction. As for me, the strategy of prohibiting the large sweetened drinks does not make sense in the framework of public health protection. Not only would the prohibition not decrease the consumption of fast food and unhealthy diets, but such limitations would also have an impact on the families with lower incomes because of the taxes and the disability to buy a
What impact has globalization and increased modernity had on indigenous and native populations throughout the world? Can these impacts be argued as positive ones for these societies? Introduction Globalization is the process of integrating different countries to form one big society, called the global village. The integration process includes signing of trade agreements, making use of information technology, allowing multinational companies to do business across borders. This process also includes free movement of people across countries and continents; enabling trade, exchange of cultural, economic, political and social ideas. Globalization has been advocated by counties of the west that are already developed and are seeking to tap into the developing nations’ resources (Rodrik, 2011). This topic has been a subject in many debates all over the world. Different people have different views on the matter; while others take the stand that globalization is an exploitative mechanism crafted by the west to take advantage of the third world. Others consider it to be an opportunity to even out the playing field for all the nations to enjoy equal access and distribution of wealth, knowledge, and human resource. Modernity, on the other hand, is embracing change from the agrarian system, to newer practices of industrialization and the popular capitalistic culture. Most western countries have successfully adapted these practices and are, thus, more developed than the third world countries of Africa, Asia and South America (Stieglitz, 2007, p.12). Modernity is the change of the way of life, the way we do things, but who sets the standards for modernity? It is the developed world. People in the third world see modernity as an imposition. It takes time for cultures to accept modernity. Some aggressively resist it as witnessed in some counties of the middle east, while other countries are quick to adapt it. The rate at which a society embraces modernity will determine how fast it develops. Resisting modernity spells peril for societies that are backward. It is important, however, to note that modernity can be devastating to societies that do not know how to transit from their current situation and it is ,therefore, up to the rest of the global society to jump in and direct the young nations. Modernity, does not necessarily mean complete change of lifestyle; some attributes can be maintained as useful to the indigenous society. The indigenous people of Mexico Mexico has an indigenous population takes up about 15% of the entire population. There are over 250 ethnic groups in Mexico, each with a unique language and social structure, taking part in different economic activities. This can be attributed to the dynamism of their ecosystems (Pieterse, 2009). Even with their uniqueness, these indigenous people ex
The United States of America introduced the Clayton antitrust Act in October 15, 1914. According to Johnston and Johnston (256), the Act aimed to deter unfair business practices such as monopolistic market structures, which affect negatively the consumers due to lack rivalry in the market. Conventionally, competition is healthy and it always works for the benefit of the consumers because the competing companies have to tailor their products to suit and appeal the users. The founding of the Act based on the Sherman Antitrust Act 1890, which preceded it. The Sherman Antitrust Act 1890 had failed to produce the desired impact in curbing the unfair business practices. As a result, there was amending and reintroduction of the Act as the Clayton antitrust Act in 1914 (Clark 396). Effects and Significance of Clayton antitrust Act 1914 The United States shuns monopoly since monopoly can cripple an economy if not kept in check. It does so by infringing on consumer freedom for the sake of a few companies. After the world war, the economy of the United States began to grow because of improved infrastructure. However, monopolistic tendencies prevented international and foreign trade through high taxes and tariffs (Clark 396). To stimulate the growth of the economy further, the government required to put in place measures, which would finally put an end to monopolies in the market. Initially the United States government used fines to curb the monopolistic tendency but later introduced the Sherman Antitrust Act in 1890 and then the Clayton Antitrust Act in 1914. According to Clark, prior to the anti trust Acts the government did not regulate the market (396). This gave companies the freedom to compete as they saw fit but also affected negatively on consumers in situation where a single company controlled the market and held a sizable portion of all the resources in the market compared to other players in the same market. On introduction, the Clayton Antitrust Act 1914 protects consumers’ right through fair trades, which are achievable through fair competition in the market (Johnston, and Johnston 256). The Act provides guidelines for companies as to which practices are illegal to engage in and for which, if found guilty, the company is punishable by law. For example, the Act stipulates that companies should not restrict buyers from exercising their right to purchase from alternative suppliers in
Introduction Organizational development refers to advancement concerning performance and the quality of output. It entails identifying the current and future barriers so that the organization can progress towards achieving its mission. Organizational development requires the efforts of all employees in an organization regardless of their position because lack of participation can be an obstacle. This paper will focus on the procedures followed when implementing the changes intended to stimulate growth, skills in identifying and solving problems, and organizational development knowledge for achieving personal and professional goals. Procedures of Implementing Changes Before introducing reforms in an organization, it is important to observe the environment and the internal systems to identify what needs change or advancement. The problems that are associated with the present systems should influence the desire for change. For instance, if the performance of employees has been dropping the organization should identify the exact cause of decline in performance. The organization can borrow ideas from competitors who are a notch higher because such principles are the ones behind the success of an organization. The management should analyze the changes and determine how those changes can affect the careers of employees. This implies that the implementation of reforms should not happen without first consulting the employees because whatever consequences follow will affect them direct, and if they learn that the management ignored their interests they will loose confidence with the organization and some will exit the organization. This can be very disastrous because if an employee decides to leave an organization he/she exits with the skills that had cost the organization a lot of money (Estlund, n.d). Engaging all employees in drafting the changes will make sure they would not change their attitude towards the reforms, and thus the management should ensure that employees understand that the changes are for their own good. In addition, addressing the weaknesses and strengths of individual employees to ensure smooth transition is important. Heathfield (2000) points out that inclusive participation ensures that there is a common ground between the employees and the management. When employees do not understand the necessity of bringing changes, they are most likely to reject it or sabotage the implementation processes. The above situation suggests that managers should request employees to express their concerns and the feedback they give should be used in weighing the chances of success. Before implementing the changes, the management should communicate with as many employees as possible because if the employees are well informed they are the ones who will start pushing for reforms. However, the management should give a valid reason for bringing reforms. Some of the reasons include changes in economy and government regulations among several others. The organization should also notify its clients about the changes because any change process affects them. Informing them in advance will make them under
Abstract People coexist in different environments based on the theory of the general system and the ecology. The environment is meant for survival of all living things when all conditions are met. However, the scarcity of resources forces living things to adapt to environmental and ecological changes in order to survive. For economic success of a given population, there is need for government support through provision of basic necessities as discussed in this paper. Ecological perspective is based on two main biological ideas, the general system theory and ecology. The science of ecology is concerned with the environment in which human beings and other organisms live. The environment is fit for human survival if all the necessities needed are adequate and available. General system theory deals with variables existing between people and the environment in which they live in which enhance wholeness. Human beings and the environment are perceived as two interrelated phenomena according to ecological model. The environment provides human beings with resources, which they depend on. On the other hand, human beings have to take good care of the environment by avoiding destruction of resources which they depend on. The two therefore depend on each other (Manuela, 2012). According to Berrios, Marak and Morgenstern (2011), ecosystem model is universal in social work. The model is widely accepted for it helps people to understand deeply the relationship between the environment and human beings. The principle was adopted because social workers deal mainly with making the environment in which human beings live a better place. The model is very important in social work whose aim is to determine the relationship between the environment and human beings. Care should be taken to ensure that both the environment and people receive equal attention. Putting more weight in one party bring about negative effects. For instance, children may drop out of schools because of interacting with bad company. If the teachers in school and the parents at home do not closely monitor the movement of such children, then such children will continue influencing others. Parents should be role models to their children failure to which they grow up being irresponsible. The origin of Mexican Americans is Mexico a country in Latin America. Statistics collected in July 2009 in the United States of America showed that the population of Mexican Americans makes up about 10% of the total population. The population includes the Latinos and Hispanics in the U.S. The group has a complex cultural system with some of their values being a reflection of the Mexican history. Mexicans adore their original lifestyle and culture such that they continue practicing it even when living outside their country. Mexican Americans find it easy to interact with their neighboring communities because they share most of the cultural values and practices. Their culture is mainly a mixture from America an
Heroes and celebrities contribute to the development of the society. Additionally, they are active in helping people discover their roles. LaBarge indicates that “If we most of us, as Thoreau said, live lives of quiet desperation, it is because our horizons of possibility are too cramped” (LaBarge, 2010). This is an indicator that heroes are instrumental in shaping and rebuilding destroyed livelihoods. It is imperative for the society to adopt the ideas suggested by heroes in a cautious manner. This means that societal members have to neglect non-beneficial and inappropriate concepts. Authors and scholars define the word celebrity basing on their surroundings and ideas. Jaffe (2005) indicates that a celebrity “is not merely a commodity or status, but an intricate system through which meaning is made and social relations constituted”. Additional scholars indicate that a celebrity is a person with an outstanding personality profile as seen in career and social processes. Concurrently, a hero means “an individual who posses distinguished bravery in danger, or determination in suffering” (Jaffe, 2005). It is notable that heroes are famous as seen in their exemplary actions that affect the society positively. Eventually, they leave outstanding legacies that make people remember them. Even though, celebrities and heroes are not defined in a similar manner, several aspects characterize both parties. For example, celebrities and heroes are famous. Furthermore, they attract masses regardless of the strategies, which they utilize to influence the society. Indeed, both categories have the power to influence the society through their supremacy as evident when they attract people within a setting. Eventually, the community may choose to imitate them. The status associated with celebrities and heroes is different. Allison & Geothals (2010) indicate that, while a celebrity focuses on drawing attention to activities that characterize his nature and individuality, a hero is goal driven since he focuses on alleviating the conditions within the society. These actions are initiated with the intention of remaining relevant within the communal setting. The table below illustrates the distinctions between the two entities. Hero                                                        Celebrity                                                The actions of a hero go unnoticed                          The actions of a celebrity are often recognized          A hero focuses on aptitude to influence others positively.  A celebrity uses talents to seek attention.              A hero participates in activities that others               A celebrity participates in activities to