ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
In “Sexuality and the Invasion of America: 1492-1806,” Vicki Jaimez gives a brief history of relations between native women and invading men which, in many ways is a testimony to the strength, independence and courage of these women. Part of their strength and adaptability is due to the demands made on them by their own culture, one in which women were regarded as pawns in complex political and economic games, but part is also due to their being free from the kind of religious and social oppression endured by their European counterparts. These same factors made them so alluring to the Europeans who came to the Americas during those centuries in search of gold, religious freedom, scientific advancement or personal freedom. It is impossible to see the invaders through the eyes of native women but the evidence points to the fact that they saw them as men, and accepted that all men everywhere were much the same under their skin or their armor plating. We have a clearer picture of how European men saw the women in those exotic cultures. Initially they judged them by European standards of dress and decorum, and found them wanting but delightfully so. In their own cultures, which were dominated by the Catholic Church and its celibate priesthood, sexuality had been suppressed and concealed by whatever means the Church could muster. Here in the New World women behaved as Eve might have, thereby raising the expectations of the invaders no matter whether their objectives were political, economic, sporting or merely obsessed with practices that in Europe were considered taboo. Christopher Columbus, the first of the invaders to express his amazement at the native population’s nakedness, no doubt encouraged many young men to join the emigration to the Americas. Those who saw themselves as doing God’s work had to repress this motive as best they could but so
Introduction The prevalence rates of HIV/AIDS vary from on ethnic group to another in the United States. The epidemiology of this global menace has evolved with time since it started by affecting the white people and is now affecting the black people. Epidemiological data indicates that in the modern society, black people have high prevalence rates of HIV/AIDS. One of the many ethnic groups experiencing worst cases of this disease is the African Americans because they have high prevalence rates when compared to other ethnic groups. For example, this disease is more prevalent among African Americans than among Asian Americans and Hispanic Americans. Stone, Ojikutu, Rawlings, and Smith (2009) record that within a period of 20 years, viz.1985 – 2005, the rate of infection of HIV/AIDS doubled from 25 per cent to 50 per cent among African Americans. This change means that more African Americans are contracting the disease, living with it, or are under treatment than ever before. Additionally, statistics indicate that HIV/AIDS infections have gender orientation, as rates of infections are higher among women than among men (National Alliance of State & Territorial AIDS Directors, 2008). Overall, a number of reasons might explain this scenario; for instance, drug abuse, sexual behaviors, and socioeconomic factors. The American government has come up with a number of programs to combat this problem. Therefore, this paper explores the potential causes of the disparity in HIV/AIDS and examines the efficacy of the programs that have been established to help in combating this menace. Overview of HIV/AIDS in the US Beyond 1980s, the white people had a higher number of people living with HIV/AIDS when compared to the blacks. Drug abusers and homosexuals defined the group of people among the whites who had a high prevalence of the disease. However, as cases of HIV/AIDS infections increased among the Americans, Africans Americans started to experience higher rates of infections than other ethnicities. Between 1985 and 2005, the infection rates doubled among African Americans from about 25 per cent to approximately 50 per cent (Stone, Ojikutu, Rawlings, & Smith, 2009). In 1985, the population of African Americans formed about 12 per cent and during 2005, their population comprised 13 per cent. The increase in population by 1 per cent does not justify the doubling of the disease cases. The increase was quite shocking because infection rates among other ethnic groups remained considerably low. Currently, the cases of infections among African Americans are still increasing exponentially. The disproportionate impact of the disease on the Americans ind
The general purpose of this speech is to persuade the audience to believe a certain point of view of the speaker and, therefore, this can be categorized as a persuasive speech. The title for the speech is ‘Gun violence: It does happen right next to us.’ The kind of persuasive speech used in this case is a question of fact. This style is used to convince the audience that the topic being discussed has happened, is happening, and will surely happen. (The Persuasion Speech). Here, the goal is to prove that the city is yet not completely capable of preventing gun violence. To be specific, the purpose is to establish that such fiendishness is getting severe in Toronto, enough to affect everyone in the community. The central idea of the talk is that this type of violence is threatening the safety of Canadian citizens. To support the main idea, (Canada Blames US for Gun Violence – Toronto Shooting is Latest Death in a Record Year). There has been a gradual increase in gun-related violence in Toronto during the last 10 years. This makes it urgent to analyze its reasons and consequences. It is equally critical to discuss the prevention methods since until now, the government has been unsuccessful in controlling such attacks and the result is a steady rise of such mishaps. “Canada’s prime minister and Toronto’s mayor blame weapons smuggled in illegally from the United States, but others point to a growing gang problem.” (Gillies). To begin with, the reasons like the illegal hand-guns and gangsters; then, the effects of it on the civilians of Toronto, and lastly the ways to prevent it or at least control it are the issues to be dealt with. The main reason is the use of smuggled illegal hand-guns and other weapons by gangsters and even children. Also, the number of gangs has risen rapidly which makes it difficult for the police to keep an eye on all of them. Another reason is said to be the extreme violence shown in video games and movies which influence both the adults and the kids. (Dube). Among the many consequences of these gangster activities, a major one is that hundreds of innocent people are seriously injured or killed in it. (OPP Boss Decries Gun Violence Against Innocents). In many of these murders, youngsters in the age group 12-17 are involved. The use of guns is increasing among children which is reason enough for fear, as they are the future and hope of many families. A third consequence is racial discrimination towards the black T
In 1939 Hitler and the Nazis decided to conquer the whole of Europe. A short while later they secured an alliance with Japan. The Japanese Imperial army were aware that the significant U.S. military presence in Pearl Harbour, Hawaii is something that gave them a great deal of insecurity and they had to eliminate this threat. Thus, in 1941 a daring raid was conducted and the radio code signal in the event of success is a Japanese term now known all over the world as Tora or Tiger. In 1970 Hollywood produced a film that would tell the story from both sides and the title of the said movie was known as “Tora! Tora! Tora!” a shout of victory for the Japanese and the signal that the Americans were defeated. This is a prelude to what would happen next. The movie was received well in a Japan but not in the United States. Box-Office Appeal In order to understand the purpose of making the movie and why a Hollywood studio was willing to spend a great deal of money producing the film, one has to understand the context of the times. The movie was released in 1970. This means that it was almost the 30 th anniversary of the Pearl Harbour attack and it would be the best time to tell the story from two perspectives. The Western world is so familiar with the way the story was recounted through the eyes of the victors. It is therefore time to hear the other side of the story from the perspective of the vanquished. Aside from the desire to acquire a balanced view of the story, the detailed recounting of this very important chapter in military history will also show how the Japanese succeeded because it was not just a daring raid but devastating blow to the enemy. The producer of the said film wanted to capitalise on the fact that people wanted to know that side of the story. Marketing Tool With regards to the question if the movie can be used as a marketing tool, there is no definitive answer. However, this question can be interpreted another way. If the fact that the producers of the film tried to create a historically authentic film can be used to sell the movie to the general public? The answer is yes, this feature of the movie can be utilised to drum up support and promote the film more effectively. But the general public did not have the same aspirations as the producers of the film. They will go to the cinema for the drama and the entertainment value of the movie and not because the director created something that is a faithful re-enactment of history. Artistic Freedom and Historicity In every movie the challenge is always focused on the critical as well as financial success of the venture. The critiques must give it a positive review and then at the same time there is a need to entice people to go and watch the film. There is a need to find a way to sell it to the general public. It has to be creative and it has to be entertaining. It can only be entertaining if the director knows how to tell a story and present it in such a way that would make it interesting to watch. This requires knowledge of film techniques as well as an overall sense of what the audience would love to see in a war m
Introduction Nazi Germany was characterized by a number of ideologies. The Nazis were driven by their impulsion for establishing a lasting and solid rule within the German population. While the persecution of the Jews in Nazi Germany is well documented, there is very little written evidence about the persecution of homosexuals. This is because of the fact that these persecutions were not a priority in the Nazi regime. Nonetheless, one cannot ignore the plight of this outlawed group. This essay shall attempt to unravel the issues surrounding the extermination of German homosexuals during the 1933 nationwide ultimatum. (Grau, 1995). Reasons behind the persecution of homosexuals prior to this event The horrific acts committed in the year 1933 were consigned partly as a result of some ideological beliefs. Nazis believed that homosexuality would ruin the youth. They also realized that homosexuals could not reproduce and would therefore be unable to perpetuate their ‘superior race’. At that time, there was ideological propaganda going around that the Germans were the only pure race in the world. Consequently, there was a need to ensure their continuity; this was a process that would only be achieved through reproduction. It was impossible for homosexuals to reproduce and this meant that they were undermining the German coz. Homosexuals liked forming assemblies and this was perceived as a threat to their Nazi rule. Homosexuals also threatened Germany’s moral society. At that time, homosexuality was perceived as a sickness. German authorities kept claiming that homosexuals would spread their way of life to other ‘normal’ persons if they were allowed to interact freely with them hence the reason for their isolation. The Nazis strongly believed in a society where everyone had their duties and responsibilities clearly spelled out. They believed in heterosexual families because such an arrangement would only have room for one superior; the man of the house. The ideal German society was one in which wives had no say in their home and were answerable to their husbands. Dominating such a household would be quite easy for the German authorities because all they had to do was to convert the husband and the rest of the family would follow without question. However, homosexuality would not make this possible. The latter arrangement encouraged families comprised of two men and such people were quite difficult to control and dominate. In order to achieve some form of control, the Nazi authorities decided to spread propaganda about the gay community. They convinced the rest of the population that homosexual men were not as masculine as they should be. In order to ‘restore’ their masculinity, Nazi authorities would make gay men work harder than other men in society. Additionally, they would punish others by castrating them because they wanted to communicate the thought that these men were ‘useless’. However, one must not be fooled by these ideologies as t
Introduction RTC training that uses cars is a part of the curriculum at the Ras Laffan Emergency & Safety College (RLESC). It is associated with a variety of risks, both during the preparation for the exercise and its execution. Cars are inherently dangerous due to their weight and speed, and the courses used involve their operation in potentially unsafe conditions. Both the driver and bystanders can be harmed in car accidents and receive severe or fatal wounds. As such, it is critical to evaluate the risks involved in RTC training and provide recommendation for their minimisation and elimination. The author of this assessment is a student at RLESC who undergoes car training and is concerned about the risks as a result. The report is addressed to the management that is responsible for the design of the training and includes recommendations for them. Aim & Objectives The report is trying to minimise the dangers involved in the provision of training at RLESC. More specifically, it attempts to address RTC training that involves cars and the hazards to which the students and workers that work with it are exposed. The paper aims to highlight and address the dangers involved in the preparation and execution of the exercise. To that end, the report will set the objectives of identifying the various hazards, describing them in detail, and suggesting solutions that can eliminate or reduce the risks. The identification process will use both practical experience and findings from contemporary literature. The descriptions will feature the number of people affected as well as the sources of danger and its severity. Lastly, the recommendations will be aimed to address as many risks as possible at once and be organised in a separate section at the end. Preparation Hazards Before the training can begin, it is necessary to prepare the course and adjust it based on the needs and abilities of students. There are generally approximately twenty workers involved in the pro
Similarities and Differences Principal components analysis (PCA) and exploratory factor analysis (EFA) have some similarities and differences in the way they reduce variables or dimensionality of a given data sets. One key similarity of PCA and EFA is that both are methods of reducing variables or data based on exhibited variances (Hahs-Vaugh, 2016). The assumptions that underlie PCA and EFA are similar because both require variables to be on ratio or interval scale, exhibit linear relationships, follow the normal distribution, have large sample sizes, and show paired variables with bivariate normal distribution. The steps of their analysis are also similar because they involve selection of variables, extraction of variables, interpretation, rotation, and selection of components or factors that account for most variation (Elliott & Woodward, 2015). However, the main difference between PCA and EFA lies in the way data reduction process occurs. While PCA reduces a set of variables using a linear combination to create principal components with optimal weights that explain most variation, EFA reduces a set of variables using an indirect linear combination of latent variables to develop factors that explain commonality of the variance in data (Hahs-Vaugh, 2016). An additional difference is that whereas PCA decomposes a correlation matrix, EFA decomposes an adjusted correlation matrix with latent factors. Exploratory Factor Analysis EFA aids in reducing data by collating variables that have common correlations and grouping them into themes, factors, or components, which effectively account for most commonality in a variable of interest. In exploratory data analysis, EFA uses univariate descriptive statistics, which show patterns and trends of individual varia
Credibility is one of the central concepts in the field of criminology. Practitioners and scholars try to ensure that their decisions are based on credible evidence, which is regarded as the essential premise for the effectiveness of the decision. The importance of the use of credible evidence is discussed when evaluating an approach within the corrections system (Carroll, 2017). The Missouri model is quite different from the conventional approach to the corrections system as the juvenile delinquents who are in correctional facilities are not subjected to violence and have fewer restrictions. Many people claim that the Missouri model should become a norm as it has proved to be effective. However, many scholars and practitioners stress that more studies have to be implemented to obtain credible evidence supporting the effectiveness of the model. Carroll (2017) argues that it is essential to identify the population that will benefit from the model most, particular methods to implement the model in different settings, examine long-term outcomes, identify some weaknesses or gaps, and so on. It is clear that researchers and practitioners cannot rely on a case that shows the benefits of some systems. When it comes to the research, Maxfield (2015) notes that the data obtained should be generalizable, which is one of the criteria of credible evidence. Therefore, the model should be checked in different settings (for example, in different states) before it can be made a system used nationwide. It is also essential to make sure that short- and long-term effects are analyzed as interventions can be effective during a limited period of time and have adverse long-term outcomes. Credible evidence is also critical in the field of migration agencies when it comes to the analysis of data obtained from asylum seekers. Van Veldhuizen, Horselenberg, Landström, Granhag, Van Koppen (2017) claim that the number of details is regarded as the major criteria of credibility. Thus, migration officers see the lack of details as an attempt to deceive. Nevertheless, researchers note that this criterion cannot be regarded as central since people may have memory issues due to various reasons (for example, certain psychological states). This case unveils an important topic concerning the credibility of the evidence. Researchers and practitioners have to use proper criteria to assess the credibility of the evidence. The lack or abundance of details is not reliable enough, and other aspects should be taken into account. As for criminology research, Maxfield (2015) states that it is important to collect sufficient details to be able to come to plausible conclusions. At the same time, it is necessary to collect relevant data. For instance, migrant officers do not have to focus on details concerning places, people, and so on. It is possible to discuss values, traditions, and even emotions as these topics can help asylum seekers prove their origin. On balance, it is possible to note that the debate concerning the credibility of the evidence is still ongoing as researchers and practitioners still have different
It is crucial to plan a direct practice improvement (DPI) project, and developing a budget is a part of that process. The budget in Appendix A includes diverse types of costs and justifies them. The present paper explains the different types of costs, demonstrating how and why a budget is important for the project and nursing in general, in particular, due to the limited nature of accessed resources. As can be seen in Appendix A, most costs are not directly applicable to the project, but their consideration was still required because their funding was alternatively produced (provided by the clinic). Indeed, the budget incorporates a fixed (not variable, that is, not fluctuating based on volume) and direct (directly related to producing the project) cost of the labor of one individual, who will assist with extracting the data (Flaherty, Grasso, & Aiena, 2017). Furthermore, the budget includes some money meant to cover the miscellaneous expenses should an unexpected one be required. Additionally, the budget recognizes the need for a lot of resources, including the time and effort of the researcher, the space and equipment of the clinic, as well as the materials provided by the clinic, all of which will not be paid for and will be provided for free. Travel is acknowledged as a source of expenses for the participants, but it will not be reimbursed. Overall, the need for diverse resources is acknowledged in the project’s budget. Budgeting is a critical skill in many fields, and nursing is not an exception. Zaccagnini and Pechacek (2019) highlight its importance for nursing projects, and Flaherty et al. (2017) and Moore (2018) discuss it outside of such constraints. All these sources recommend that nurses, especially those in leadership roles, become familiar with key economic terms and concepts because of their involvement in resource allocation in healthcare. In a quality improvement project, the budget ensures that all the key resources are available; in leadership roles, its understanding assists in the management of the limited resources in an efficient way (Moore, 2018). The recognition and appreciation of the resources provided by the project’s site are important from this perspective because the organizational budget will be impacted by it. Thus, the budget is there to ensure that the project can be carried out, and it demonstrates the use of a skill that nurses need to develop for successful resource management. The limited nature of the resources and the need to manage them carefully are particularly crucial in this regard.