ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Music plays a very important role in our life: people can express their feelings, attract the attention of other people, provoke somebody to do something, warn, inform, and even live another life in music. There are so many genres of music that not every person can catch the difference between grunge and hard rock, jazz and country, etc. However, if analyze the peculiarities of each style, it is quite easy to find out the difference and be amazed of how rich and wonderful the world of music is. Crossover is music that unites several absolutely different styles of music and introduces known works in a new adaptation. For example, this style of music allows people to hear some classical pieces of art or folk works in rock adaptation. Such wonderful musicians like Meredith Monk or Robert Ashley, and such bands like Yes, Pink Floyd, or ELP (an abbreviation form of Emerson, Lake & Palmer) have already made a considerable contribution into the development of crossover music; and some of them still continue to impress the listeners and present more and more captivating works in the sphere of progressive and experimental rock. Their music is full of philosophical lyrics, which make us look at the same things in different ways; the stories, presented in their work attract listeners and make them believe in something really great and worth. Robert Ashley Robert Ashley is a wonderful American composer, known for his operas in electronic adaptations. He was one of the first representatives, who was not afraid to experiment and use audio synthesis. This composer prefers to create in different spheres of music: Music with Roots in the Aether: Opera for Television and Perfect Lives (An Opera for Television) are his best television works; That Morning Thing and In Memoriam… Kit Carson are his well-known operas. (A Conversation with Robert Ashley 2001) If we talk about crossover artists in the 1970s, then Robert Ashley may be studied and analyzed as the author of two perfect television works. These both are operas that were created at the end of the 1970s and amaze lots of people till today. Robert Ashley admits that there is not much music on TV, this is why his operas should interest the watchers and arouse their interest to differ
Introductory note In the United States, the age discrimination in the workplace is prohibited according to the Age Discrimination in Employment Act (1974), but the forms of “hidden” discrimination can be observed about the treatment of “both the young and the old” (Harvey & Allard, 2015, p. 109). In the organization, age discrimination prevents managers from gaining the benefits associated with diversity. In many cases, employers choose to hire middle-aged workers to avoid challenges associated with the retention of the diverse workforce. The age or generational discrimination can be presented in the workplace in many forms, including the lack of opportunities for recruitment and promotion, differences in compensations, and unfair performance appraisals. Discrimination of Young Employees While speaking about the age discrimination in the organization, people are inclined to think about discriminating older employees. However, the reality is different. According to Harvey and Allard (2015), young employees “experience age discrimination when their ideas are too easily dismissed or they are not treated with respect by older co-workers” (p. 108). In their turn, older
Introduction The position of such an important factor as education cannot be overestimated, as it is a vital indicator of the country’s development. In that regard, such statement is definitely unquestionable, as good education serves as the basis for the generations that will form the society. An educated generation will be capable to cope with the country’s needs, requirements and expectations. In that sense, specific attributes of a particular educational system, along with its position among other systems, can outline the main achievements and deficiencies of this system. In that matter, this paper analyzes the US educational system, providing an overview of its position and accordingly its importance, stating that the position, specifically in the higher education sector, was achieved due to constant developments in that field. Analysis The attention is brought to US educational system, at least by the fact that, in terms of universities as educational institutions, there are forty four US universities among the top universities in the world. 1 There is no doubt that such indicators clearly outline USA as a leader based on such ranks. Subsequently, the foreign students’ enrollment in USA institutions of higher education show increasing numbers, where according to the National Center for Education Statistics this number for the period 2006-2007 was the highest since 1980. 2 Similar results can be seen through the level of overall educational level of the population, where as of 2003 “over four-fifths (85 percent) of all adults 25 years or older reported they had completed at least high school; over one in four adults (27 percent) had attained at least a bachelor’s degree; both measures are all time highs.” 3 Analyzing the factors of reaching such high status in the world, specifically in the field of higher education, the main factors contributing to such level lie within the scale and the scope of American universities. “The true hallmarks of the American higher education system relative to its counterparts in other nations have been its decentralized control, the enormous competition between and within the public and private sectors, and its laissez faire orientation.” 4 In that sense, it can be seen that the sector of higher education is being paid much attention, in which competition and growth had a leading role. The field of primary and secondary education might be slightly lacking in terms of academic achievements, compared to that of other countries. Nevertheless, the performance is relatively well, while constant improvements in that field, such as No Child Left Behind (NCLB) Act, shows that it is an area of concern for the government. Conclusion In conclusion, it can be said that the rank of the American education in the world is a result of the attention pai
Introduction Within religion there emerged strong concern and emphasis on the process of renewal and Christian reformation. The Christians of the 13 th and 14 th century saw the need of approaching such kind of renewal and reformation through reassertion of spiritual priorities, which helped in bringing new life and energy to the societies like that of Cistercians. The religious concerns of the Christians also penetrated the political arena within Europe where clear interpretation of society’s laws, rules and regulations were required. There was dire need for interpretation between spiritual and secular authority since the society demanded to know how to differentiate what belonged to Caesar and that which was God’s (Thompson 1993, 10-84). Comparison of the texts The nature of argument presented in these texts could be likened to the design nature of overall societal rules, especially those used in various sectors concerned with issues on justice. Every sector functioned in accordance to the nature of its design and each function within certain limits. This presented good example to religious leaders who were required to undergo education and learnt the art of spiritual and political application of laws for the purposes of creating harmony within the society. The process could also be learnt from nature which harmoniously combined beauty and composition of form to produce peculiar objects (De Voragine 1998, 12-382). The law became one of the stumbling blocks to reformation since it acted as one of the instruments of kingship within the Roman Empire. The compilation of the Roman Legal sources known as the Corpus Luris Civilis, restored back full heritage of Roman law within Western Europe, introducing Europeans to a much more legal system than before. The church was placed at a much less subordinate position within the society with its own powers and disciplinary measures exercised over the clergy as well as the laity (Thompson 1993, 10-84). The Roman-derived materials, which were used in controlling the society had expired, hence could not rhyme with the major changes which had taken place within church structures and needs. At the same time intellectual elites from the modern western world took advantage and hence thrived on controversy and actions they took against authoritative bodies, and this met praises from the majority instead of criticism. There was indeed no sign of respect to the authority of any kind. This was contrary to the medieval scholars, who had respect for institutions and individuals, they were confident of their own source of power, community heritage, holiness and spiritual inclination. The state of uniformity and authoritative nature of Gratian’s work attra
Protecting personal data from cyber attacks is a significant problem faced by the specialists of the Berkshire Hathaway company. According to Amoroso, many data are stored on cloud-based servers, and it increases the risk of information theft. Therefore, it is necessary to develop a specific protection plan and assess the efficiency and quality of the implementation of the technology used. The plan is based on several points:   * Berkshire Hathaway potential and capabilities are sufficient to develop its activities successfully.   * The potential risk of severe problems caused by the leakage of valuable data is significantly increasing.   * The calculation of the possible range of threats should be carried out.   * The development of a particular policy may help to protect the company from possible troubles and withstand hacker attacks on an electronic network. The theft of corporate data is dangerous from different points of view. A short-term outlook:   * Regular attacks on an electronic database will have an adverse impact on the company’s performance.   * Hackers’ activities will adversely affect employee safety. L A long-term outlook:   * The loss of credibility in the market.   * Severe material losses and the lack of clients and partners caused by mistrust.   * The loss of skilled specialists.   * The problem of hiring new insufficiently experienced and qualified specialists. Thus, it is
Introduction Involves the investigation of the death of Caylee Marie Anthony, a two-year-old daughter of Casey Marie, the defendant. On July 15, 2008, Caylee was reported missing by her grandparents, George, and Cindy Anthony. The defendant claimed that her daughter was most likely kidnapped despite giving excuses previously as to why Caylee was not with her. Casey was caught lying to her parents and detectives numerous times regarding the circumstances of Caylee’s disappearance and other relevant information. In October 2008, Casey Marie Anthony was charged with the first-degree murder of her daughter, and pleaded not guilty. In December 2008, remains of Caylee (skeletal) were found in a wooded area near Anthony’s house. The Trial Casey’s trial lasted six weeks between May and July 2011. The prosecution in the case sought the death penalty for the murder of Caylee. Casey was alleged to have the desire to free herself from parental responsibilities. Casey was alleged to administer chloroform and applied duct tape to her daughter’s mouth. The defense team was led by Jose Baez, who suggested that Caylee accidentally drowned in Anthony’s pool and George disposed of her body. The defense also stated that Casey’s lies occurred due to her dysfunctional upbringing and the sexual abuse by her father. No evidence of how Caylee died was presented from the defending side, nor was there any evidence regarding her sexual abuse as a child. The defense challenged every piece of evidence presented by the prosecution, using the term “fantasy forensics” (De Nies & Hopper, 2011, para. 1). Casey Anthony did not testify at her trial even though the accusations were severe. On July 5, 2011, Casey Marie Anthony was found not guilty of murder in the first degree (De Nies & Hopper 2011). Casey was found guilty of four counts of a misdemeanor of providing false information to law enforcement officers. She was released on July 17, 2011, due to the credit for time served after the arrest and before the trial (De Nies & Hopper, 2011). On January 25, 2013, a Florida court of appeals overturned two out of four misdemeanor charges for Case (De Nies & Hopper, 2011). Importance of the Case The Casey Anthony trial was highly publicized and televised. The case caught attention because it involved the prosecution of a white middle-class woman who had a darling little girl. Florida’s famous “sunshine” laws made the broadcasting of the trial available. Public opinion was highly divided regarding Casey’s involvement in her daughter’s murder. The ‘not guilty verdict caused significant outrage among the public. The case overshadowed many other important cases of child murder or abuse. Key Problems The lack of evidence to convict Casey of murdering Caylee was a massive barrier to the prosecution. No DNA evidence was found on Caylee’s body; there was conflic
The article, “Nutrition Services and Foods and Beverages Available at Schools” is based on descriptive statistics methods which helps the researchers to analyze and identify the main trends in school nutrition and the main types of products available for schools students. The research study is based on official state data collected by the USDA (the US Department of Agriculture). With improved awareness of school children nutritional requirements, especially the critical necessity of milk products, have come stupendous improvements in the overall health status of school age children. As pediatric comprehension of nutritional requirements has become more sophisticated, new elemental formulas, dietary supplements, enzyme replacement, and total parenteral nutrition therapy have also enhanced the care for children with such challenging health conditions. The research questions were based on literature review and statistical analysis of previous research studies. “Attention is increasingly focused on the need to establish school nutrition standards and limit access to competitive foods” (O’Toole et al 2007, p. 500). The questionnaire approach was used to collect the data about the state and district level data. The identification of eligible children is a significant challenge for both the health and education systems. In the absence of registries or management information systems for tracking health and developmental information, there is a hodgepodge response to early identification. Social workers in a nursery may be aware of information about a given child and family. These data collection covered elementary, middle, and high schools. The hypothesis is that obesity and health-related problems area direct result of inefficient and poor dietary patterns followed by schools at all levels (
Introduction Starbucks Corporation is a private limited company that was established in 1971. The firm operates within the specialty eateries industry. Upon its inception, the firms’ operation entailed roasting and retailing ground and whole coffee beans, spices, and tea. Its operations were solely based at Seattle’s Pike Place market. Due to its focus to attain an optimal market share both domestically and internationally, the firm currently operates approximately 18,000 retail stores, which are located in 60 countries. The firm has adopted a unique mission that entails inspiring and nurturing the human spirit. In an effort to position itself in the market, Starbucks has adopted a unique market strategy, which entails product differentiation and growth. The firm has achieved this goal by dealing with specialty products. Over the years, Starbucks has continued to provide a wide range of beverage products such as coffee, tea, and juices. The firm also deals with a variety of fresh food items such as pastries, salads, and oatmeal. Its product differentiation strategy has enabled Starbucks to incorporate premium-pricing strategy. In line with its differentiation strategy, Starbuck has adopted a unique marketing strategy. The firm has attained this objective by adopting unconventional marketing strategies. The firm does not engage in aggressive marketing strategies such as advertising, but instead it focuses on branding and high-level marketing using alliances, partnerships, and word of mouth (Larson 2009). Some of the most effective marketing strategies that the firm has adopted include provision of high quality coffee products, ensuring a high level of customer satisfaction, and establishing itself as the 3 rd place for consumers to patronise between home and work, brand marketing, and establishing a Starbucks’ community. By adopting the unique marketing strategies, Starbucks has positioned itself as a market leader in an industry that is increasingly becoming very competitive. In a bid to develop a better understanding of Starbucks, the paper entails a detailed analysis of Starbucks internal and external environment. An analysis of the internal environment comes out clearly in the process of undertaking a comprehensive strategic management analysis. Starbucks Strategy Analysis: PESTLE analysis of the UK market Firms face numerous factors emanating from the external business environment, which makes it paramount for firms’ management teams to develop a comprehensive understanding of the environment in which they operate (Kotter & Schlesinger 2008, p. 136). Market environment analysis should take into account the macro-environment such as the economic, political, legal, social-cultural, and technological environments (Gilligan & Hird 2008, p. 36). The analysis should also incorporate microenvironment analysis, which entails evaluating the industry in w
Introduction The issues of the High-Frequency proximity Radio Frequency Identification systems have become rather important in recent years due to the wide spreading of technology and tags in various spheres of human life. Accordingly, the major focus of this work is the consideration of the High Frequency (HF) proximity Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) systems in the presence of electromagnetic (EM) interference. The phenomena examined in the paper include eavesdropping and the means to either facilitate or eliminate it through the coded and non-code tags. The paper also contains a review of the relevant literature and the account of the methods by which the data are collected, analyzed, and presented for consideration. Research context The research under consideration has the study of the High Frequency (HF) proximity Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) systems in the presence of electromagnetic (EM) interference. Accordingly, the context for the current research is the y’s situation when numerous items of licensed and registered, as well as private and non-licensed, the equipment can be observed in the country’s HF space thus interfering with the work of each other and making the cases of eavesdropping rather numerous. The presence of such an issue leads to certain problems that, for example, the medical or governmental equipment can have in their operation and work results. To support the research, a review of the relevant literature on the topic of HF RFID should be carried out. Literature review Scholars have taken their time to examine different aspects of the topic of this research. Thus, Finke and Kelter (2004) and Casciato and Sarabandi (2004) concentrate on the consideration of the transaction range that HF proximity RFID can have under different circumstances. Stating that the usual range is about 15cm, the authors claim that the remotely powered tags and readers transmit signals for a longer distance. Further on, Guerrieri and Novotny (2007) and Kumar et al., (2006) consider the different ways of HF measurement and its influence upon the possibility of eavesdropping in RFID systems. Important data can be found in the European Patent EP1033669, which considers the use of patents in devel the non-standard tags to suppress the negative effects on RFID systems. Harrington (1961) proposes the theory of the simple loop fields, while Hancke (2007) considers the carrier variations necessary to introduce to reduce the eavesdropping cases. Research methods The research methods used in this work include the combination of the quantitative and qualitative methods with the study of the relevant previous research on the topic of HF proximity RFID systems. The quantitative method is used to deal with figures
August Wilson’s The Piano Lesson is a play that tells the story of an African-American family plagued by a problematic past. The play takes place in Pittsburgh in the 1930s, but the rich history of the courageous characters is made relevant by a particular piano that is the object of contention. One of the key roles is played by Charles Doaker, the leading family member and uncle of Bernice and Willie. Doaker is a calm and wise man of age, who has worked on the railroad for a long time, almost all his life. The character is also the main narrator, from whom the reader learns the play. The author describes him as “He is a tall, thin man of about forty-seven, with stern features, who is permanently retired, although he works full-time as a cook on the railroad” (1.1.2). In this monologue, he says, “This is what I learned in my twenty-seven years on the railroad if a train stays on the tracks… it will get where it’s going. The train never stops. It will come back every time” (Wilson 19). The other characters treat Doaker with respect and deference, always listening to his opinions and listening to his stories, almost without interrupting. Speaking of the character in his youth, he was popular with women “I heard about you, Doaker. They say you got all the women looking out for your down-home” (32). Doaker has two main goals, which he maintains throughout the play. Firstly, he is the storyteller introducing the rest of the characters to what his family has encountered. As he tells the story, Doaker walks over to the piano, focusing the attention on portraits, and explains, “See these? He carved them from memory. The only thing… he didn’t stop there… He found out everything that happened to our family” (Wilson 44). Secondly, his purpose is to prevent a dispute about the piano between Bernice and Boy Willie, who cannot disentangle whether to sell the musical instrument or drop it. After analyzing Doaker’s actions, the conclusion is that he tries to remain neutral on the matter, trying only to give enough information for the characters to make their own decision but for it to be a hoot. Doaker physically grabbed Bernice during her argument with Boy Willie and said: “Come on, Bernice… leave it alone, it’s not his fault” (Wilson 54). However, this is not the case for the entire play, but only part of it. It should be noted that the character does not change throughout the novel, nor does his relationship with other characters. However, Doaker clarifies that he is on Bernice’s side and wants to keep the piano in the family. This is the only significant change, but otherwise, Doaker continues to function as a neutral narrator. He does not express his wishes about the future of the musical instrument, shifting that responsibility to Bernice and Boy Willie.