ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction After the end of the Second World War, many authors wrote on the events that took place during the war period with some writing from personal experiences and others from studies on the subject. The Holocaust, which took place during the war, has attracted much attention from scholars, especially historians, most of whom work to justify why the event happened, its actualization, and the aftermath. The Destruction of the European Jews by Raul Hilberg and The war Against the Jews by Lucy Dawidowicz are two such texts that focus on the Holocaust. This paper is an analysis of the two texts and it presents similarities and differences in the prevalent themes. Similarities The most outstanding similarity between The Destruction of the European Jews by Hilberg and The War against the Jews by Dawidowicz is their subject of discussion. Both books give accounts of what happened during the Holocaust in Europe during the Second World War, albeit from different perspectives. Hilberg’s account comprises some of the major institutions that orchestrated the event and how the institutions planned and executed the murder, which resulted in the death of millions of Jews throughout Europe. Similarly, Dawidowicz’s account of events during the period explains aspects in the German leadership at the time that led to the annihilation of millions of Jews all over Europe. Secondly, although the accounts in the books differ significantly, both focus on the same event, viz. the Holocaust. Hilberg discusses the Holocaust from a perspective that focuses on the possible causes of the event and progression of occurrences that culminated in the annihilation of millions of Jews in Europe, with Germany as the epicenter. He explains that the Holocaust was a partial result of the passive nature with which the Jews in Germany treated German acts of oppression in the years preceding the execution of the ‘final solution’ (Hilberg 1985, 65). Dawidowicz explores the Holocaust as an atrocious event that greatly affected the Jewish community in Europe. She also vulcanizes Hitler for the atrocities, stating that the event was a grand scheme Hitler had planned several years before the German administration executed it (Dawidowicz 1986, 42). In her view, the turn of events caught the Jews unaware, justifying the high death count. Thirdly, both accounts bear evidence of extensive research on the topic by both authors through evidence they present in support of their perspectives. Both authors passively observed as the holocaust unfolded during their lifetime and thus lacked substantive information to narrate in their accounts. As a result, they compensate using extensive research on the topic from years of study. For instance, Dawidowicz includes data from an analysis of ‘one-way’ passes from train stations during the Holocaust in support of her theory that Hitler’s hatred of Jews went to irrational extents (Dawidowicz 1986, 107). On his side, Hilberg uses data from his studies on German documents in presenting his
Introduction Studies such as those by Prahalad & Mashelkar (2010) have shown us that modern day consumers are heavily influenced by the concepts of convenience and accessibility when it comes to their purchasing decisions. The more convenient and accessible a particular product or location, the more likely it is that consumers will patronize it. Evidence of this can be seen in the study of Baum & Bird (2010) which focused on the importance of location of retail establishments and how this directly correlated to the amount foot traffic and sales such stores would have. It was shown by Baum & Bird (2010) that customers were more likely to spend more on a particular item so long as it was nearby and easily accessible as compared to getting the same item at a much cheaper price at a location that was much further off and less convenient. This can be seen in the case of the proliferation of convenience stores such as 7-Eleven in various financial business districts which cater to your average office worker looking for a quick snack, drink or whatever else the store may stock at the time. Convenience stores are popular since they address the issue of accessibility and convenience that defines the modern day consumer. Not only that, due to their limited selection of products such stores do not require as much space as compared to other retail establishments enabling them to be placed in high traffic locations that would otherwise be unusable by other store types. With their selection of snacks, drinks and a few types of grocery items such stores have become a staple of the modern day office worker’s environment. Based on the information presented, it can be seen that establishing a convenience store within a location that has a high volume of commuters can become a viable business venture. At the present, my own business venture, a small retailing business that occupies 1,000 feet of space that sells a variety of products to the office workers of the building, has been doing rather well with annual revenues of $150,000 to $300,000 a year. This is more or less in line with the revenue margins of stores of a similar type and is evidence of the profitability such stores have in high traffic locations. In line with this particular bit of information is the opening of a new office building a few blocks away from the current location of the store. This presents itself as a potential opportunity for expansion to create another branch of the store at the newly opened office building which in itself could be the beginning of a new chain of small convenience stores named “Buster’s”. As such, this report Will address the various components of the proposed business venture and show that it is a viable investment given the current consumer environment and how the business conforms to the wants and desires of the modern day consumer. Concept Plan With so many different types of convenience stores and product variations already present in the local business market today this mak
Motivation is a set of factors that activate, direct, and maintain behavior, usually, toward a goal (Carpenter & Huffman, 2010). Thus, motivation is a moving force that activates human behavior and directs it to the achievement of a certain purpose. There are three major theories of motivation that explain the forms that motivation can take and the sources of different types of motivation. In this paper, we are going to compare the differences between four hypothetical individuals who want to obtain a promotion at their place of employment. The first one is Ella, whose motivation can be accounted by a biological theory of motivation. The second one is Marcello, whose actions and behavior coincide with the psychosocial theory of motivation, and the third one is Masoko, whose actions are characterized by an interactionist theory of motivation. At the end, we are going to analyze the sources of motivation of the fourth individual Sam, who has a realistic combination of motivating theories, which give rise to various factors inspiring him to pursue a promotion. Finally, we will explain how the factors of each motivation theory might interact with each other. Thus, the first question under consideration is the sources of motivation for Ella, Marcello and Masoko. Ella is characterized by a biological theory of motivation: This biological theory of motivation (The Intuition Theory), suggests that motivation levels are regulated by neural pattern recognition events. Subconscious drives impel people to achieve excellence, or to spend exceptional energies on services to humanity” (Thomas). In other words, the biological motivation is based on our basic needs such as food, for example. Thus, the Ella’s motivation is caused by her will to survive. It is quite possible that her motivation is triggered by the fear of poverty and inability to support her family. According to the Maslow’s hierarchy of needs (motives), Ella’s sources of motivation are the bottom of the pyramid. Marcello’s behavior is characterized by the psychological theory of motivation which can be explained by incentives and cognition. “Incentive theory holds that external stimulation motivates people to act to obtain desirable goals to avoid undesirable events” (Carpenter & Huffman, 2010). According to a cognition theory, the motivation is affected by how we interpret our achievements. In this light, the source of Marcello’s motivation may be his esteem needs to achieve success and gain approval among his relatives, friends or fellow workers. Perhaps, he was the best students in the class, and now he cannot let himself to be considered unsuccessful. Thus, the sources of his motivation are ex
Introduction Howl’s Moving Castle by Hayao Miyazaki is on the list of cases where a movie adaptation adds to the original charm of the book. This is the reason, apparently, why the animation of 2004 became one of the most successful Japanese movies ever. Although it is quite “loosely based” on the cognominal fairy-tale novel by Diana Wynne Jones, the author appreciated it, in particular due to the exemplary visual performance (Campisi, 2020, para. 1-2). The story where magic is combinable with technology was bound to inspire such a big dreamer as Miyazaki; the morally strong female protagonist, which type is frequent in his works, may have become another attraction. The above picture that shows the Castle is a textbook example of Miyazaki’s unique manner, natural and unconstrained but in parallel quite detail-oriented. It actually resembles the style of coloring books, which wakes nostalgic sentiments in the audience and consequently makes the animation appealing even before they watch it. In parallel, the moviemakers apply both elements and principles of art to demonstrate that the fairytale is closer to reality than it may seem to be at first sight. Elements of Art An essential component of any visual artwork is colors that can serve both to express the mood of the characters and to create it in the viewers. As apparent from the given shots, Howl’s Moving Castle is not excessively bright, which not solely hints that it is not for kids, but also adds to realism. The latter is important because, although the animation tells a fictional story, the emphasis is on the character’s traits and behavior, through which both Jones and Miyazaki seek to transmit certain philosophic messages. Lines and shapes also determine the harmony of visual art by matching or not matching the colors. In Moving Castle , the lines are thin, and the shapes gentle, so that they supplement the delicate shades. The resulting combination enables drawing detail, such as the mimics of the characters and the decoration of their clothes, as in the image below. This not only strengthens the attachment to reality by specifying the setting epoch, but appeals to the viewer’s empathy by depicting emotions. Principles of Art As mentioned above, lines, shapes, and colors in the animation form a unity, which, in turn, comprises the detail that the moviemakers consider important. It is worth noting that, although the setting plays a considerable role in realistic perception, the emphasis is on people, specifically, on their emotional as well as behavioral response to the events. This is apparent from the scenes where the figures of the characters are especially sharp on the background of partly blurred landscapes, as in the following example. Such an approach to drawing proves that the main function of th
Introduction Numerous races and ethnic groups exist on the Earth in communication and cooperation with each other or in permanent conflicts. However, the relation of all other races to the ethnic group of Jewish people is rather controversial. Although it is unacceptable nowadays, the attitude towards Jews in the world is mostly negative and is based upon certain prejudice or stereotypes about their being greedy, cunning and ready for what ever to reach their goals. Based on these stereotypes, which are wrong in their essence, the existence of the Jewish people in the world has always been rather complicated. For example, the Romans conflicted Jews for their religious beliefs, Medieval countries considered juice to be criminals and thieves, while Nazi Germany had the Holocaust program based on the unexplainable hatred to the Jewish people. The focus of this paper is to consider the development of Jewish civilization from the earliest stages of its existence till today as pictured in the books by David Liss, Michael Satlow and Paul Kriwaczek. Another aim of this paper is to comparatively analyze these books, their arguments, topics and logical considerations. Analysis The first book under analysis is the work by David Liss called “The Coffee Trader” which was first published in 2003. The major focus of this book is the history of the Jews that escaped from Portugal from Inquisition and settled in Amsterdam in 1659. However, this book is a piece of fictional work that incorporates the details of history with the completely fictional events and characters. Drawing from this, it can be said that the author tried not to make his book into a dry enumeration of historical facts but managed to create an interesting piece of work which moreover shows the little changes that human beings went through during the centuries that passed from the time the events in his book had taken place (Liss, 2004). Thus, it can be stated that the major theory of the book is the depiction of the development of the mankind through the perspective of the Jewish people and its relations with other peoples of the world. As it is a novel, the theory is not explicitly stated, but it is still obvious that the author depicts modern world by making allusions to the 17 th century. Consequently, the major problem of the book under analysis is the relations between in human beings in the boundaries of the society. In other words, David Liss in his work touches upon the topic of betrayal, faithfulness and decent human relations through the perspective of interrelations between money and friendship, money and love, money and human dignity on the whole. The book itself is a story of a Portuguese Jew Miguel Lienzo who comes to Amsterdam to find safety from the Inquisition. He becomes a stocks dealer at Amsterdam stock exchange but soon realizes that all his so-called friends are not with him when financial problems occur. He takes up coffee trade encouraged by his friend and partner Gertrude Damhuis, but does not find happiness in this business either. His friends turn their backs on him, and Miguel understands the unfaithfulness of thi
Clinical Question In children with obesity, how does a nutritional diet compared with physical activity affect the rate of reduction in body mass index during childhood? Literature Review Obesity among children has become a serious health issue since the number of children who are becoming obese is increasing gradually. Across the world, the trends of childhood obesity are relatively similar due to changes in nutrition and lifestyle patterns. Obesity has become a global phenomenon that affects all people irrespective of their socio-economic standards and demographic factors. According to Raj and Kumar (2010), obesity has become an epidemic and has increased the burden to healthcare systems across the world, because it causes about 2.6 million deaths annually. Moreover, obesity is a predisposing factor to other diseases such as diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. Among children, the trend of obesity has been increasing gradually during the past decade, and projections indicate that the trend is set to increase exponentially if the right interventions are not in place to curb the incidences. Currently, worldwide statistics show that about 22 million children below the age of five years are obese (Raj & Kumar, 2010). In view of this knowledge, healthcare systems have been employing a number of interventions that include change of nutrition and increasing physical exercises. Nutritional diet is one of the effective interventions in the prevention and management of obesity among children. Through nutrition, children can regulate the intake of calories to suit requirements of their bodies, and thus prevent the accumulation of calories, which subsequently causes obesity. Children who eat a balanced diet do not become obese, unlike children who consume many calories without balancing their diet. Kain et al. (2012) argue that the main reason why obesity figures increased from 7% to 22% amongst Chilean children is due to the increase in energy intake. Food intake makes children gain weight rapidly and become obese. In this view, an increase in the incidences of obesity implies that children’s nutrition has become poor with time. Therefore, to prevent the occurrence of obesity among children, families should improve their nutrition by ensuring that children consume the right amount of calories. Nutrition diet is also relevant in the management of obesity among obese children. The process of managing obesity entails a reduction of the rate of weight gain, maintenance of weight, and eventually reduction of body mass index. Proper diet plays a critical role in achieving significant changes in body mass index. Usually, nutritional management of obesity should aim at reducing or maintaining weight without compromising the num
The Chinese nation has its psychological peculiarities. It is classified as past-oriented, which implies supporting traditional values and behavior. In Chinese culture, religion, and social organization, settled patterns have been being passed on through numerous generations. An individual has to be obedient to the tradition, even against his own accord. Another classification dimension is individualism/collectivism, which defines the rate of people’s unity in actions, taking decisions, and reaching goals. The Chinese people, like many Asian nations, are collectivistic, which is peculiar to socialistic societies and reflects the relation between the personality and the nation. Forcing to keep the social standards often causes much pain to a person who has an alternative worldview and values (Differences in Culture). These cultural peculiarities have been inspiring Asian writers of all generations, from ancient times to the present. The protagonists of two outstanding stories, The Story of Stone and The Golden Age, are separated by hundreds of years. Nevertheless, they have much in common: both characters were young and full of eagerness for life, love, and happiness. And they both experienced the pressure of social unification, which brought much misery into their destinies. Jia Baoyu, the protagonist of The Story of the Stone, felt dissonant to the traditions in society since his young years. He was not understood even by his family which considered him stubborn and spoilt, “…Bao-yu has inherited a perverse, intractable nature and is eccentric and emotionally unstable” (Cao 137). Baoyu’s willingness to communicate to the people of other classes, to enjoy nature and literature, and to be with his beloved girl instead of building a career and keeping the strict traditions led him to conflict with his environment. Even after trying to fulfill the requirements of his father and getting an education, Jia Baoyu did not manage to adapt to the world of restrictions surrounding him. He escaped from his native places, getting the possibility to live according to his values and principles, and met the monks who sent him “where he came from” and explained to him the meaning of what he had experienced. To escape was his way of dealing with his desires and eagerness for freedom. In The Story of the Rose, an individual did not manage to adapt to society. It is necessary to mention that this story was written in times when the social restrictions were extremely tough. However, it is interesting to compare it to the story which took place at the dawn of the cultural and sexual revolution in Chinese society. The protagonist of The Golden Age, a 21-year old Wang Er,
Individuals and Institutions as Mechanisms of Social/Governmental Change   * The African American history has its rooting from the great slave trade.   * The need for the African Americans to be treated like lawful United States citizens has been noted in the years preceding the slave trade.   * However, the institution of slavery was entrenched in the American society long after independence.   * The civil rights movements were formed to advocate for the abolition of slavery (Newman, 2004). African American Civil Rights Movements   * They advocated for Black Americans’ right during the 1950s and 60s.   * The main aim of these movements was to spearhead the mobilization of the Black Americans and other races interested in the liberty of the Black Americans.   * The strengths of these movements were the large numbers thus mobilization was a pillar of their success (Sirimarco, 2005).   * The existence of large masses both Black and white having a staunch backing to the realization of Black Americans rights was a point of reliance by the movement’s leaders (Romano, 2006).   * The acknowledgement of leaders such as Martin Luther King Junior was through the backing of defiant masses who organized boycotts (Riches, 1997).   * When the movements gained momentum, some leaders used that opportunity to spread hate and radicalism in the civil rights movements.   * It was that reason that brought about the breaking away of the umbrella movements to simple organizations, which were based on different ideologies (Newman, 2004). Historical Systems of Power, Governance, and Authority   * The war of independence was fought by American loyalists against the British colonial government (Williams, 2003).   * This war marked a defining moment in American history.   * The Continental army, led by George Washington, brought independence to Americans (Williams, 2003). The 1776 war and independence   * The war and the signs of the revolution were first witnessed in Pennsylvania (Williams, 2003).   * At the time the colonial government had its capital at Philadelphia (Williams, 2003).   * The main army which took the first step in the revolution were organized and trained in Phi