ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Many countries have declared their commitment to taking action toward mitigating the effects of climate change and increasing the sustainability of their economies (Sachs 445). Moreover, they entered into international agreements and undertook to take measures on national levels to address climate change issues and report progress to each other. Qatar is one of those countries, and it currently demonstrates certain efforts in climate policy-making. Three issues need to be addressed to discuss how this is made: mitigation of climate change effects, adaptation to new climate conditions, and economic issues influencing these two processes. Mitigation One of the main components of a country’s climate policy-making is recognizing the adverse effects of climate change and the effort aimed at mitigating them. In Qatar, this recognition exists on the highest level, as the government has defined four main areas for the development of the country and listed environmental issues among them: the so-called fourth pillar of the Qatar National Vision 2030 is environmental development, which includes the government’s determination to “strike a balance between development needs and environmental protection [and to support] international efforts to mitigate the effects of climate change” (“Intended Nationally Determined Contributions Report” 1). Qatar officially declared its dedication to complying with the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. Mitigation may have various forms and occur on institutional, regulatory, legislative, infrastructural, or behavioral levels. In Qatar’s case, it is acknowledged that the country is in a difficult position in terms of the environment. First of all, there is food insecurity and a lack of fresh water. On the other hand, the presently decreasing oil price and the current achievements in the area of clean energy allow the country to improve policy-making on energy. Some researchers argue that the country is demonstrating the intention to use this opportunity, as it displays the recognition of the “importance of renewable energy and sustainability and [fights] for reducing its ecological footprint” (Shafi). An example is employing carbon use taxes as an instrument of emissions reduction. Among the energy use targets and standards (EUTS) in GCC countries, Qatar only incorporated one of them into its national regulatory system: the mandatory efficiency codes for new builds (Meltzer et al.). Also, it can be noted that the country has been making its indirect contribution to the international climate change mitigation initiatives by exporting liquefied natural gas (LNG) in the form of cleaner ene
Bowel disease is a collection of disorders that includes Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis, which causes pain and swelling in the intestines, affecting the digestive system. The first step in treating bowel disease involves a doctor taking a careful medical history and physical examination. Numerous diagnostic tests are conducted on the patient, such as blood tests, stool samples, endoscopy, colonoscopy, and imaging studies. During blood tests, providers test patients’ blood and evaluate how well a treatment works (Fiorino et al., 2019). Blood tests include measuring hematocrit, C-reaction protein, thrombocytes, and leucocytes. A stool sample is checked for infections or inflammation, while CT and MRI scans reveal internal images of the digestive system. Health providers also perform an upper endoscopy that involves looking inside the food pipe, stomach, and ileum and collecting biopsies for examination. A colonoscopy helps reveal infections in the rectum and it is done using a thin, flexible tube fitted with a light and camera lens at the end to allow examination of the inside large intestine. Bowel disease is a lifelong condition; therefore, the primary goal for its management is always to find ways to keep it in remission as long as possible so that the patient experiences few to no symptoms. There are various treatment and maintenance approaches for bowel disease, such as dietary changes and medications like biologics, immunomodulators, and aminosalicylates (Fiorino et al., 2019). There has been increased study on nutritional interventions for improving inflammation and helping control symptoms. Dieticians play a crucial role in designing a balanced nutrition program for patients to assist in the alleviation of symptoms. Aminosalicylates are aspirin-like maintenance medications such as balsalazide, sulfasalazine, and mesalamine that alleviate inflammation at the intestinal wall. Mainly these medications are used for the treatment of ulcerative colitis in mild-to-moderate form and sometimes in Crohn’s disease. Immunomodulators work by decreasing immune system activities, and the most commonly used are methotrexate, azathioprine, and 6-mercaptopurine. Biologics work by blocking inflammatory chemicals in the blood and reducing the number of immune
Introduction Historically, the space race was a stiff competition between America and the Soviet Union which lasted for a long period. The period was long because it lasted between the years 1957 to 1975 1 . The space is believed to have occurred out of the Cold War and it was so intense because both the Soviets and America wanted to outdo each other. The competition between the Soviets and America was based on missiles arms that were to prove their superiority. It is in 1957 that the Space race started. It was triggered by the Soviets when it launched Sputnik which was their first satellite. To Americans, this was a big surprise because they did not expect it to happen. Having received such a surprise from the Soviets, Americans did not rest until they sent their first man to the moon. This was barely a month after the Soviets had launched their satellite. The American president at that time was Kennedy who had authorized an American to land on the moon. Initially, the Soviets had a very strong beginning as it launched its first satellite but this changed as America became a victor 2 . The space race was essentially the finale of the cold war which began after World War Two. It was distinguished by an oblique war involving the Soviets and America. As rivals, the relationship between the Soviets and America 3 was based on hatred since they were fighting to overpower. The objective of this paper is to critically analyze the historic events that escalated as a result of the space race between America and the Soviets during the Cold war. Cold War Relationship between the Soviet and America The relationship between America and the Soviets was based on enmity as both of them were fighting over power 4 . Although both of them were into war, they did not fight each other directly. Soviet and America fought each other indirectly and that is where the name cold war emanated from. The enmity between them was mainly caused by political, economic, and ideological differences. Politically the Soviets and America were sharing power since Europe had declined after the Second World War. This led to a poor relationship between America and the Soviets since each one of them wanted to dominate the other 5 . In terms of the financial system, America had capitalist ideologies and advocated for it across the world while the Soviets wanted to cut off itself from global trade. The Soviets feared that it would incur risk as a result of trading with Western Nations. Such differences between the Soviets and America led to more enmity 6 . The poor relationship between the Soviets and America was also caused by ideological differences. In this case, both of them represented two government systems tha
Introduction In today’s society, the role that women play in all facets of life cannot be overstated. The title given to the article accurately indicates the core issue that the article seeks to address; empowering of women in the work environment. The authors propose that affirmative action is one of the surefire ways to ensure that women make a notch in the male-dominated science and engineering field, a view which is echoed by Layne (2009, p.166) who asserts that the combination of affirmative action and bureaucratic formalism are the core reasons for the advancement of women in the aerospace industry. The article also acknowledges that there have been significant strides made in the battle for female representation in the workplace. However, research by Niederle, Segal & Vesterlund (2008) indicates that despite the achievements that the fight for gender equality has brought, there is still a disparity in the labour market whereby men are disproportionately allocated to professional and managerial occupations. It is with these undertones that the authors expresses disappointment at the pace at which changes are taking place especially in the engineering field. The authors go on to contend that in some cases, it is the young women themselves who are the Achilles heel in the development process since they deem engineering work as “dirty” and therefore better suited for their male counterparts. This is contrary to the older women folk who regard science and engineering as the front which will provide the “best opportunities for the next generation”. Only by offering forums for female students can this mindset be changed therefore ensuring that even more women are represented in science and engineering. A critique of the article The agenda of this article is clearly stated out and the arguments presented therein only serve to reinforce it. The main issue proposed by the article is the empowerment of women through higher education and other schemes and programs. This is because getting more women enrolled into higher education programs implies better access to top managerial position by the women (Long 2004). In particular, the article looks at the science and engineering field which has traditionally been a male stronghold. The paper contends that only through affirmative action can managing diversity be established. In addition to this, the article concedes with the views expressed by Prasad (1997, p.64) who asserts that education is of equally vital importance in ensuring that females contend favourably in the work environment. This article is written from both a political and socio-economic point of view. On a political note, the article hints at the government and other institutes being responsible for developing radical strategies to increase race and gender diversity in the work place. Many countries have developed such measures as a result of which progress has been made in the increasing of women’s representation in decision making as a direct result of the special measures put in place (Konrad, Prasad & Pringle 2006, p.496).
Introduction Health checks are very important as their results can be interpreted instantly. Having regular medical checks can be helpful in assessing the general conditions of one’s health (Keleher and Mac Dougall, 2011). Actually, maintaining a proper health of the body requires an individual to carry out regular checks rather than reserving it only for the periods he or she is feeling unwell. There is a great disparity on how detailed a medical check should be dependent upon its purpose (Peckan and Hann, 2010). Although it may be brief in some cases, a complete check involves assessing everything from the appearance of the patient to the systems of specific organs. The information that is recorded from the health check becomes the medical record of an individual. Regular health checks in not only important in women and children but also in men. Presented here is a research about regular medical checks as a health issue in men with regard to unhealthy eating habits. Research Men are the most targeted group of people in this research. Selecting appropriate research method is vital for success. Poor selection of research methods could lead to disastrous results (Sim & Wright, 2000). The research involved talking to individuals, doctors and health workers, holding meetings with different partnership organizations as well as library research. Even though, there are several research methods that could be used, these approaches provided rather a convincing result. Some of the crucial questions that were asked included: What are some of the critical health complications in men? How are these complications detected? At what age is it prevalent? How often do men attend regular medical checks? What are some of the measures taken to encourage men to attend regular medical checks? How many men attend health centers and/or hospitals for health
Architecture works in many ways to help communicate cultural values and beliefs. Rather than simply erecting a specific building, the architect can contribute to society’s advancement by communicating through his engineering or technical advancement, structural political engagement, or through a variety of other means. Like art, what a building communicates about the customs and culture of the time in which it is built depends somewhat upon how it is viewed and how it is used by the people around it. Architects such as Tadao Ando have worked well within a modernist perspective in the design and construction of their buildings to try to convey some of these social processes that have been taking place in relatively recent world history while tying these ideas back into the traditional structures of their culture. The ideas of modernism incorporate the social changes that are constantly emerging, how these changes are experienced by the individual, and the reflection of these experiences in various social, political, and industrial circles. As a result, modernity is both a world of definition and one of ambiguity, full of static definitions at the same time that it’s undergoing constant change, an appeal to the traditions of the past at the same time that it is a stretch toward the future. As the following discussion will demonstrate, these are the concepts that Tadao Ando has striven to incorporate within his designs. To be able to understand how the designs of Tadao Ando communicate the concepts of modernity, it is necessary first to have an idea of how the term has been defined and developed. Marshall Berman says modern humans “are moved at once by a will to change – to transform both themselves and their world – and by a terror of disorientation and disintegration, of life falling apart.”[1] For Berman, the contradictions of modernity are characterized by a tendency to order space and time while simultaneously promoting their ruination and failure. These seemingly competing concepts are particularly evident within the world of architecture. Within this context, modernity can be considered as a collection of studies investigating the social processes that organize the world we inhabit while managing to remain constantly flexible and changeable. Berman describes modernity as “a mode of vital experience—the experience of space and time, of the self and others, of life’s possibilities and perils—that is shared by men and women all over the world today. I will call this body of experience ‘modernity’.”[2] Although the city, in general, is perceived to be a melting pot of various cultures, people, ideas, practices, and num
This paper explores the changing notion of the nuclear family. The understanding and operations of a nuclear family have changed over time. This is well exemplified in the way the nuclear family has been portrayed in television shows over time. The nuclear family is at the centre of children’s growth and development (Hansen 5). Apart form parents and siblings; other people are also involved in the growing up or every stage of the children’s life. The mother alone cannot be able to take care of the children all alone without the help of the nuclear family even though she is culturally preferred to take care to the children. Relatives often have to help in taking care of their children when the mother and father are not available; this is where the help of the extended family is needed and is preferred by most parents. When there help is not available parents seek other options like schools, after school programs, child care centers etc (Hansen 6). Hegemonic ideology of the nuclear family is clearly exposed in the Simpson show, which is popular among adults and the children alike. The show portrays the middle class nuclear family in America: father is Homer; mother is Marge, and the three children who are Bart, Lisa and little Maggie who live in town of Springfield, U.S.A. Most of the family television shows portrayed a family as happy and perfect but Simpson had a different way of portraying a family by showing how a true family is because it’s not always happy and perfect. By using comedy Simpson looks at popular culture. It reflects the true color of a nuclear family and the constant quarrels among family members. The Simpson displays frustrations and irritations in a family and how sometimes it suffers lack of money and other important effects and it portrays nuclear family which is a very important image of the family. In the Simpson the father is not displayed as the only one who can make decisions or who knows everything but as a rebellious one and also a failure (Bowler 1). Though the show has been blamed for portraying bad role models for children and parents and for the declining family values in America, it ends with celebration and appreciation of the nuclear family as a very important part of the family which has been assumed by many other family television shows (Cantor 70). The mother and daughter are good role models as Marge Simpson is a mother who is dutiful and a good housekeeper as shown in the episode where she goes off for an outing. She has a talent in painting and she tries to nurture it in different episodes of the show, e.g. the “Brush with Greatness” where she made and painted a portrait of Ringo Starr. Lisa on the other hand is a model of a perfect child in a modern nuclear family. She performs and achieves great in school and is also a vegetarian and an environmentalist, she is always right and all she does is correct. She portrays her integrity when she refuses to smoke in the episode “Lisa the beauty queen” (Cantor 74). The father “Homer” is portrayed as a dumb, illiterate, weak character and morally wrong. He has all these bad characters but he plays well h
Outline Title “James Carter: Operation Eagle Claw”   * Introduction   * Body       + Overview: Causes And Consequences       + Divisions Involved In The Event       + Outcome And Impact On The Country   * Conclusion Introduction A president’s term in office is associated with significant events which require strategic planning and sustainable solutions. James Carter, the 39 th U.S president who served between 1977 and 1981 is one of the presidents who experienced numerous major crises in their term in office. In the final year as a president, James Carter was confronted with various issues, including fuel shortages, holding of hostages by the Iranians and a failed rescue effort of the hostages. In this context we discuss the Operation Eagle Claw, the unsuccessful rescue attempt of the hostages during the administration of Carter; the units involved in the mission, significant history and its outcome. Operation Eagle Claw was a US military strategy to liberate the 52 U.S citizens who were held hostage by Iranians mob on 24 April, 1980 in Tehran, U.S Embassy (Absolute Astronomy). The inability to execute this operation resulted to the formation of the special operations command also known as the USSOCOM and the U.S Army’s 160 th Aviation Regiment. President Carter anticipated for the release to take place under his leadership, especially as the appointment of the 1980 presidential election by the Democrats neared. Nevertheless, no release occurred during his term despite ensuring that all the required negotiations were performed. The hostages were unconfined after 444 days; this was the time Ronald Reagan took office (January 20, 1981). Overview: Causes and Consequences After two days of taking U.S citizens hostage, Gen. Vaught prepared for rescue mission within the following five months. After the approval by Carter, the plan involved sending in airplanes and ground-based army rescuers to the neighborhood of Tehran, then executing an attack on the American embassy to claim the hostages. According to Bancroft, a revolution headed by Ayatollah had overpowered Pahlavi, the Iran shah eleven months earlier. As a result the relationship between the U.S and Iran deteriorated as the new leader of Iran criticized the U.S for its longtime relation with the former shah. Due to medical complications, the former shah entered the U.S for treatment; the Iranians saw this as a recurrence of the U.S assistance that had placed the shah on leadership in 1953. Thus, the hostage taking was implemented. Although 19 hostages were set free within a few weeks, the 52 that remained were seized for 444 days. As it became certain that the government of Iran was not in a position to release the hostages, United States under President Carter opted to hold Iranian assets both within the country and abroad. Bancroft asserts that diplomatic efforts were put in place by the United Nations and other private interveners, but the
Today, more than ever, management scholars and practitioners seem to be engaged in unending debate about what constitutes an effective leadership style which can be employed within organizational settings to spur performance and sustain competitiveness. This debate has served to show the popularity of the leadership concept (Mohammed et al., 2012), but more importantly to demonstrate the combination of traits, skills and behaviors that characterize different leadership styles (Iqbal et al., 2012). The present paper aims to explore some underlying concepts related to three commonly used leadership styles, namely transformational leadership, transactional leadership and servant leadership. The term ‘leadership style’ denotes a set of traits, skills, experiences and behaviors that a leader uniquely adopts in his day-to-day responsibility of leading others (Bhat et al., 2012). The set of traits, skills and behaviors demonstrated by a particular leader is essentially grounded on his/her beliefs, ideas, norms, values and education (Iqbal et al., 2012). These authors further posit that different theories and assumptions lead to a multiplicity of leadership theories, some of which are discussed in the subsequent section. Burns (1978) cited in Mohammed et al (2012) defined transformational leadership as “…a process of positive influence through which leaders motivate their followers to achieve organizational objectives beyond what is originally stated” (p. 52). Transformational leaders not only inspire followers by aligning their own and followers value system with an important moral underpinning, but they are responsible for trying to inject motivation and enthusiasm in the followers (Iqbal et al., 2012), and depend on how followers perceive them in terms of goal setting and motivation to achieve the set goals (Bhat et al., 2012). Extant literature demonstrates that transformational leadership style emphasizes the creation of a vision for and values of followers, in addition to developing an orientation of justice, loyalty and trust so as to transform the performance or fortunes of followers (Mohammed et al., 2012). Transactional leadership, according to Bhat et al (2012), “…is the traditional style which works on contract or agreement in between the leader and the follower, about objectives” (p. 349). Here, the followers are motivated to perform and achieve the set organizational goals through the promised rewards, and are indeed rewarded on accomplishment of the set goals. Consequently, transactional leaders are mainly task-focused and employ task relevant information as criteria to evaluate the inconsistencies between targeted and actual follower performance. It therefore follows that transactional leaders do not develop any motivating or boosting posi