ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Boeing was founded way back in 1916 in Washington State. It is currently the market leader in the manufacturer of commercial and military aircraft . “ In its earliest days, the company built military aircraft for use in World War 1 (Yenne 87). It began to prosper in the 1920’s and 1930’s, when the civil aviation market expanded, primarily because of the demand for mail carrying .” In 1969, the company implemented a New Airline Program with the sole purpose of learning from previous experiences where it had failed to reach a desired outcome. This program was in some aspects also a launch pad for Boeing to create the next generation commercial airline. It already had a fleet of successful 707’s, 727’s, 737’s, and 747’s in its portfolio. But the company wanted to launch a product that was not only superior to its existing fleet, but would be also technologically advanced, with a state of the art cockpit, dynamic exterior as well as interior, fuel efficient, and most importantly could easily accommodate long distance flights. At the time of the 767 development, a number of the major airlines had substantially capitulated to union demands that “all future transport airplanes would be designed for three crew members”. Interestingly, the techniques of airplane system design for simplicity of operation had significantly improved. For instance, microprocessor-based system controllers had increased functional capability and made redundancy more ‘friendly’. Microprocessors also made it possible to automate functions previously considered too complex to apply to commercial aircraft. The cathode ray tube displays now offered new opportunities to improve situational awareness of the flight crew. These changes promised to significantly improve the operational efficiency and reliability of the airplane. They also reduced the small amount of useful workload that could be assigned to a third crew member. In the tight knit flight deck environment, occupying a crew station with a member that has little useful work to perform would be an invitation to distraction and, contrary to the intent of the labor unions, could actually cause a decrease in the safety of operations. In addition, Dr. Frank Ruggiero from the Boeing Flight Deck Technology group correlated the extensive psychological literature on dyads and triads to the operation of a flight crew. This rich field of study provided strong evidence of much more team complexity in 3-person groups as compared with 2-person groups. Issues related to coalition formation, distraction, and the need for more extensive verbal coordination in 3-person crews were shown to have the roots in normal human behavior that starts with childhood and continues, with far greater sophistication, through adulthood. From the viewpoint of the psychologists the best crew size was the absolute minimum number of people it took to complete the work. The launch of the customer-7
Abstract The song “In the pines” has several titles, such as “My girl”, “Where did you sleep last night”, and “Black Girl”. “In the Pines” is the representation of the folk song corresponding to many American long-standing traditions. The authorship of this famous song is unknown, but it has many covers and interpretations of artists who wanted to manifest something sacred and precious that existed in their hearts. Bill Monroe & the Bluegrass Boys – In the Pines (1952) Bill Monroe and the Bluegrass Boys’ recording is considered to be extensively influential in terms of creating further bluegrass. This is the version of country singing which highly gay and exciting. The form of folk singing is observed in this version as it is full of trembling timber accomplished by the guitar tune. It seems that the singers were full of cheerful emotions and sensations that they wanted to be absorbed by their listeners (MonroeJr, 2021). Bill Monroe, coupled with the Bluegrass Boys (Bill Monroe’s band), used yodeling and fiddles to portray the image of the train featured in this song. Bill Monroe was a resident of America, Kentucky state where the beheading of power was the current agenda. Bill Monroe tried to convert this song projecting harsh American times into a cheerful piece of music; he minimized connections to the decapitations. Joan Baez – In The Pines (1961) In comparison with Bill Monroe, Joan Baez’s version is rather sad than gay. Obviously, all insignias of folk music are traced here, as Baez sang in the pitch trembling voice that descended from the high tones to the low ones. This form of singing is the telling example of folk-country music accompanied by guitar playing. Joan Baez is famous for gospel and country music which elements she resorted to skillfully. Being an ardent American socialist fighting for justice and a fair attitude towards all Americans in the 1960s, she used art to convey social meanings. Her version was full of sorrow and alertness to raise Americans’ awareness of people’s rights and prospects. Reference MonroeJr, B. L. (2021). The birds of Kentucky . University Press of Kentucky.
Introduction Japan’s government is headed by a constitutional monarchy who is a hereditary leader with almost no real political power but acts as a symbolic leader of the country. While there are other countries with constitutional monarchies, Kingston reveals that Japan’s emperor system is unique in that it has been in existent for centuries and the emperor continues to be the center of the unity of the people and from this the people of Japan are unified (45). The emperor has therefore played a significant role in uniting the people of Japan in the past and even today. The role has undergone significant changes and the Japanese emperor today is, according to the constitution, only the “symbol of the state” and not the head of state. The role of the Japanese emperor has not always been as limited as it is today and the limits imposed today are as a result of changes which have taken place over the years. The changes in role of the emperor have been influenced by the events taking place nationally as well as globally with the greatest changes being imposed by the new constitution which was imposed by the American Occupation following the defeat of Japan in WWII. This paper will set out to address the changing role of the emperor of Japan and how the emperor’s role in every period influences the world. The paper will begin by giving a historical overview of the Imperial system in Japan and highlight the major changes that have taken place. A look at the role of the emperor in post WWII Japan will then follow with the action of Emperor Hirohito and Emperor Akihito being focused upon. Historical perspective The concept of an all-powerful monarchy was borrowed by the Japanese from the Chinese and the first Japanese emperor appeared as far back as 660 BC. Ohnuki-Tierney states that the historically, the emperor first and foremost was a religious leader who officiated over religious rituals (3). The Japanese emperor therefore served the dual nature and functions of a religious leader and a secular monarch. The post of emperor was held in high regard and the continuity of his post was important for th
Eviction of a family member is a very time-consuming process that may take a great amount of time. In this case, we need to determine whether Mary (a landlord) has to provide accommodations to her son Tony (tenant). Mary insists that her son should live the house that she owns in Dublin. It is rather difficult to give a precise answer to this question since there are several factors that should be taken into account. First of all, one has to determine whether Mary is the sole owner of this house. For example, if this accommodation also belongs to her husband or to some other family member, she has no right to evict her son, and the opinion of the co-owner should not be overlooked (Putman, 2005). It is quite possible that he/she will object to such a decision. The eviction of a family member requires the consent of all people who own a house or apartment. If Mary fails to receive this consent, she will have to accept the situation and let Tony stay in the house. Nonetheless, she will not be legally obliged to provide him any financial support. Therefore, Mary would first have to prove that she actually possesses the landlord’s right to evict. This is one of the issues that she should keep in mind. Apart from that, we should discuss the nature of the agreement reached by mother and son. If she had made an explicit promise to him and said that he could live in the house for a certain period of time, Mary would not be able to evict Tony from this house. This kind of agreement can be described as a tacit contract. Under such circumstances, the court will have to ascertain whether Tony had any reasons to believe that he could stay in the house for a certain time. Provided that his mother has told him that he was allowed to live in this place for a year or several years, and there are people who can confirm it, it will be very difficult for Mary to force her son out of this house immediately. At least, she would have to wait for some time until he finds other accommodation. Furthermore, every lawyer would first ask whether Tony has lived in this house for three or more years. The problem is that if a tenant stays in the house within three years, the landlord would be l
Patriotism is the love that one has for his/her country. When America was fighting for independence patriotism was very important because it encouraged Americans to put more efforts in the struggle for independence. America is made up of fifty states; all of these were expected to unite to fight against British rule in America. Some people did not see the importance of fighting and therefore chose to remain loyal to the British government. Their loyalty was seen by freedom fighters as an insult to the American people. Their houses were burnt, and some of them were killed because they were thought to be undermining the efforts of freedom fighters. Everyone was expected to show his/her commitment to the struggle for independence regardless of their sex or age. This led to a lot of casualties and destruction of property. The war affected children of that time negatively because both men and boys were recruited into the armies and sent abroad. This meant that the boys had to quit school and join the army. In the battlefields many men were killed which left many children fatherless and therefore the mothers had to assume duties that were earlier left for fathers. Children were not allowed to be children because they had very little time with their families. They were organized into youth organizations that were responsible for collecting money within their schools and within areas of their locality. The money would then be used to support the struggle for independence. The children’s’ efforts in the struggle for independence were greatly recognized and appreciated by the government which led to the introduction of classes on patriotism and nationalism. This was done because the government and activists had declared that patriotism was a must for all. The women were also directly affected because they had to take positions that were earlier reserved for men and therefore they spent most of their time at work, leaving the children without someone to take care of them. The children were on their own because the men in their families such as uncles, brothers, grandfathers, and fathers had joined the army. After the war women had been enlightened and shifted from being house-wives and were employed in various sectors such as factories and offices. Men were significantly affected by the struggle for independence. While in the battlegrounds, they were not to show any signs of fear, and sometimes their fellow men killed those who did so. Fighters who had severe injuries were sent back home. Most of the men who died in the war were below 30 years which meant that women who had not been married had to remain unmarried for a long time. Men who returned home were left helpless under the care of nursing homes. They felt unimportant to society because they could not marry and have children. This was so because most of these men returned home without hands and legs. The effects of the war are still being felt to this date. Reference  1. Paul, D. (2007). True Stories of the First World War . The USA. First Scholastic Printing. ISBN 978-0-439-93237-0
Introduction One of the main functions of any government is to provide security to its citizens. In most US states, security dockets are among the most well financed departments. However, the large security budgetary allocations have not translated into safety. Most theories suggested by security experts have failed to work in practical situations. In this regard, this paper discusses the theory of broken windows in New Jersey in comparison to the Giuliani’s crime approach in Mexico City. Summary The broken windows theory was developed in 1970s to bring sanity in New Jersey cities (Kelling & Wilson 1). The theory required police officers to use foot patrol to provide security instead of patrol cars. It was believed that foot patrol was more efficient in reducing crimes than car patrol. On the other hand, Giulian plan was designed to eliminate criminal activities in Mexico City (Tayler 1). The plan’s philosophy was “zero tolerance to crime”. Broken Windows Theory Safety Foot patrol program was introduced to curb the increasing crime rates in 28 New Jersey cities. Security chiefs believed that car patrol reduces contact between police officers and the people they served. In the foot patrol plan, police officers were to be distributed in towns and assigned smaller areas that could be covered on foot. Police presence was expected to dissuade potential criminals from engaging in criminal activities. However, assessment of the foot patrol program five years after implementation indicated that it did not reduce criminal activities. In fact, some areas recorded higher crime rates than before the implementation of the program. Therefore, the foot patrol program did not enhance safety as anticipated. However, because disorderly people disappeared after the implementation, most residents felt safer and, consequently, became careless. Some people exposed themselves to hiding criminals who took advantage of their ignorance (Kelling & Wilson 3). Order Even in the absence of criminal activities, presence of disorderly individuals intimidates some people (Kelling & Wilson 5). For instance, people fear drunkards because of their association with violence. Old people feel threatened whenever they encounter large groups of youths. In this regard, police foot patrol program was effective in reducing the number of disorderly people in the neighbourhood. After the disappearance of crime suspects, residents did not have any reason to continue living in fear. It later emerged that although order
Introduction Sugar is an essential component of many products that people consume. However, the concern about sugar, particularly its negative effects on human body, is growing, which leads to a wider use of sugar substitutes, or artificial sweeteners. Sugar substitutes have the same taste as sugar while having a lower energy level. The views on sugar substances vary: some researchers believe that they are safe whereas others speak of its dangerous impact on health. The Effect of Sugar on Health Even though sugar is a valuable source of food energy for the human body, many scientists are sure that its damage to health overweighs its advantages. Among the most widely known negative outcomes of sugar consumption is obesity. For instance, a study conducted by America on the Move has demonstrated that taking sugar out of the diet along with a moderate amount of physical activity leads to a significant decrease in BMI in obese children (Rodearmel, Wyatt, Stroebele, Smith, Ogden, & Hill, 2007). Another study has established a link between the consumption of carbohydrates, to which sugar belongs, and the emergence of cardiovascular disease (Siri-Tarino, Sun, Hu, & Krauss, 2010). In addition, sugar is proven to be the cause of dental problems such as caries (Moynihan & Petersen, 2004). What is more, a study argues that the symptoms of excessive sugar consumption strongly resemble those of addiction, including such symptoms as specific behavior and neurochemical changes. In other words, sugar can cause unhealthy dependence (Avena, Rada, & Hoebel, 2008). Sugar Sugar Substitutes: Advantages and Disadvantages Artificial sweeteners are considered a worthy alternative of sugar. Not only do they allow to perform weight control, but they are also safe for individuals with diabetes (Mayo Clinic Staff, 2015). In the USA, the manufacturing of sugar substitutes is conducted according to the standards established by the Food and Drug Administration. The FDA ensures that the production is safe for consumption. Nevertheless, some concerns exist regarding the impact of sugar substitutes on health. Firstly, sugar substitutes must be consumed according to the norm of acceptable daily intake; neglecting this rule may cause health problems such as diarrhea. Secondly, many natural sweeteners do not differ from sugar in the impact on the human body (Mayo Clinic Staff, 2015). Finally, studies on animals have demonstrated that sugar substitutes are the cause of brain tumors, as well as weight gain (Tandel, 2011). It should be said, though, that some researchers do not consider the evidence sufficient (Tandel, 2011). The specialists from Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research claim that moderate consumption of sugar substitutes can spare a person from health problems (Mayo Clinic Staff, 2015, p. 2). The Implications for Nutritional Trends Due to the current popularity of weight control, fitness, and healthy lifestyle, many individuals are concerned about sugar consumption. This trend has a serious influence on the everyday food choice on an individual level: even individuals withou
Introduction J. C. Penney Company Inc., (JCP) like other chain of companies in the US, has a history of changing its management strategy to suit the growing demand for good governance (Nafziger, 2012). JCP deals in clothing lines and retail business in various countries of investment. Its position in Texas provides it with an opportunity to serve the suburban community and other metropolises around the world. With over 11, 000 stores across US States, JCP sold its merchandise through personal selling. In 2013, the company indicated interest in Seattle’s Best Coffee and Portrait Studios. This explains its business strategy that focuses on a variety of products and services for people through the numerous convenient stores distributed in the country (Talley, 2012). Since the 1960’s, JCP has used a similar management style until the 21 st century when it realized the importance of incorporating technology in the new democratic style of management. This paper intends to explain the company’s management style including the advertising technique that helps it achieve a competitive advantage. Changes in J.C. Penney’s Management Style Management strategies have direct impacts on organizational performances since inception. JCP incorporated different management styles owing to the changing consumer environment. Two most common strategies adapted by the company include: Acquisitions and Expansion Since 1960, the company acquired The Treasury outlets, but JCP experienced losses by the end of 1962. This involved an agreement between JCP and a General Merchandise Company that offered the company the stores it needed during the period. Within the same period, JCP extensively accessed about 10 stores through a Milwaukee acquisition contract. This provided the company with an opportunity to venture into the market in Alaska and other states in the US. Besides these acquisitions, JCP equally purchased Supermarkets Interstate. Normally, an independent organization rarely involves the managing director actively in most house businesses. This enables it to grow even in the absence of the founder. At JCP, it was impossible to operate since 1971 following the death of JC Penny (James Cash). For 30 minutes, all stores across the US closed down in hon
Introduction Arnott’s Biscuits Limited is one of the largest producers of biscuits and snack foods in Australia. The company was founded in 1965 as a single bakery and has since grown to be a multinational giant, with over 4,300 employees in Australia alone (“About Arnott’s,” n.d.). Arnott’s Biscuits owns several beneficiary companies across the world and provides more than 50 major products to Australian and foreign markets. The company’s yearly revenues are estimated at approximately 1 billion Australian dollars (“About Arnott’s,” n.d.). The purpose of this paper is to conduct a fact-gathering exercise and become familiar with the brand management strategies that take place at the supermarket interface. The Company’s Mission/Vision Statement and its Application Arnott’s Biscuits Limited does not have an explicit vision statement found on their site or in the media. Given its strong position and focus on the Australian market, however, it could be assumed that the implicit vision statement involves becoming the primary producer of food and snacks in the country. The company’s mission statement is as follows: “Creating moments of real connection for Australian families when they need it most” (“Mission statement,” n.d.). This mission statement is very old, existing since Arnott’s became an Australia-wide brand in the 1960s. It demonstrates two primary purposes of the company and its products – to create moments of real connection, with a specific focus on Australian customers (“Mission statement,” n.d.). This was accomplished in a variety of ways, most of which were associated with direct involvement with local communities. The primary means of creating connection was through the provision of excellent biscuits and snacks, which could be used during breakfast and teatime with the family. Arnott’s Biscuits succeeded in that endeavour, as for many Australians, the taste of their cookies is associated with pleasant memories and experiences of childhood. The other way of creating experiences and being there for people when they need it the most is through hiring and supply chain practices. The company has made it a policy to purchase foods and materials from Australian producers while employing Australian workers (“Mission statement,” n.d.). In so doing, Arnott’s Biscuits supports local communities by creating jobs and keeping money inside the country, while establishing itself as a popular national brand. The company positions itself as a major employer, getting brand exposure from its own workers as well as from businesses associated with its supply chain. Lastly, Arnott’s Biscuits indulges in corporate social responsibility practices with the help of Arnott’s Foundation. The charitable branch of the company engages in numerous activities throughout Australia, ranging from supporting children with cancer to endorsing education, reviving injured drivers and sponsoring the construction of beautiful gardens (“Corporate social responsibility,” n.d.). Nevertheless, the principles announced in the company’s mission statement are not en