ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The first half of the twentieth century was marked by the rise of African-American culture when black people resided within the borders of the United States. In 1920s, the African-American culture gradually acquired the international status. What is more important is that it had a great impact on the development of the African-American literature that was largely dedicated to the analysis of racial and gender problems existing in the United States. In particular, the African-American authors, such as James Johnson and Nella Larsen, produced the so-called “passing novels” to highlight social and cultural contexts which mix-raced people had to face and overcome in the fight for racial and social identity. Hence, Johnson’s Autobiography of an Ex-Colored Man and Nelson’s Quicksand discuss the challenges and constraints that mixed-raced people had to encounter just because of their cultural affiliation and reluctance of the White people to treat African-American culture equally. Thesis Statement The narrative composition of Johnson novel composition reflects the problem of passing and segregation and emphasizes the protagonist dual nature by means of introducing different plot lines in a chronological order. Similarly, Larsen’s novel discloses the protagonist’s quests through addressing different cultures and communities to find her place in this world. In particular Johnson’s novel reflects the problem of segregation and passing through the use of autobiographic narration and introduction of different plot line. In contrast Larsen’s novel discloses Helga’s searching for cultural and racial identity is presented in the third person, which influence the characterization of plot, settings, and characters. Supporting Arguments Comparing and Contrasting the Stories through the Prism of Plot In contrast to Johnson’s novel whose chronological structure is precisely divided into several parts, Larsen presents her work at various phases of a spatial journey that Helga Crane, the heroine, who visits Naxos, Chicago, Harlem, Denmark, and Alabama in the quest for maturity, development, and growth (Larsen and Davis XVII). By describing the seasons of the years, the author relates to the episodic narrative structure with the physical transformation of scenes, meanings, and action. The writer also draws parallels between physical landscapes and mental process, between physical forms and baselines and human styles and manners, between economic structures and racial ones. This relation can be explicitly illustrated by the scene during Helga’s staying in the home in New York that is “incomplete accord with what she designated as her ‘aesthetic sense” as large room that delicately and perfectly fit the appointed historic things that “ming[ing] harmoniously and comfortably with brass-bound Chinese tea-chests, luxurious deep chairs and davenports, tiny tables of gay colors, …lustrous Eastern rugs, ancient copper, Japanese prints” and many other multinational items (Larsen and David 47). In Autobiography of an Ex-Colored Man , Johnsons makes use of a biographic narrative structure th
One of the highly discussed topics in the modern world is the question of racism. Racism is still alive in America. The evidence to this fact might be seen daily. Students of color face more severe punishments at school than their white peers; many of them live in poor conditions and study at high-poverty educational facilities; lots of people of color are in prison. In the age of so-called tolerance, there must be found way how to solve this issue. Deductive Argument Education nowadays plays a key role in a person’s development. As a rule, today’s student groups are increasingly diverse. Usually, it appears that their teachers come from a mono-cultural, homogenous background, and as a result do not possess an experience of diversity. It leads to a lack of the competence needed for effective teaching in diverse classrooms (Van Driel, Darmody, & Kerzil, 2016). Van Driel et al. (2016) in their research gave an example of Cunningham and Hargreaves’s study, which showed that “teachers from minority groups tend to be more aware of student needs from minority communities, they can dispel stereotypes,” (p. 72) and can support and encourage greater participation in the educational process. Moreover, according to the recent report by European Commission, teachers with a minority background serve as a positive role model for students, and some other studies also confirmed the established link between teachers’ background and students’ achievement (Van Driel et al., 2016). One more example is the network of teachers from a minority group in North Rhine-Westphalia, where according to the initiative from the Ministry of School and Further Education and the Ministry of Labor more than 630 members from 40 different countries were accepted for the teaching position. The action resulted in a reduction of institutional discrimination, and similar networks have been created in seven other federal states, like Berlin, Hesse, Bavaria, and others (Van Driel et al., 2016, p. 72). It all leads to the idea that racism could be fought due to the improved educational system, where the teachers of other races could foster tolerance in students. Explanation: The argument is deductive because the proposed premises are confirmed facts, which can be easily checked. Therefore, the conclusion, which is based on such facts, is typical of a deductive argument. The conclusion represents the truth since the mentioned facts are also true. Inductive Argument It is said that if people want to change the world, they should change themselves. The researcher and pub
Introduction In a narration of one of his experiences in Burma, George Orwell manages to bring out the irony of imperial rule, the perception of the local people and the strange relationship between the imperialists and local people. Although Orwell categorically outlines that he does not support imperialism, his actions demonstrate discontent towards the local people due to their apparent ignorance, their pathetic living conditions and their evident lack of ambition or enthusiasm in life. Orwell uses the details surrounding the shooting of the elephant to bring out the sarcasm of imperialism, and the vulnerability of the imperialists to the otherwise primitive locals that they purported to rule over and civilize. The subsequent collapse of imperialism only demonstrates that colonies were white elephants and that imperialists could have been better off without the humiliation experienced during the colonial years. The paper analyses how Orwell uses literal tools to emphasize on the satire as the locals and the imperialists attempt to co-exist. Orientalism The greatest sarcasm in Orwell’s narrative is that no European could have agreed that there were some significant aspects of orientalism in existent in Burma or even in the rest of the colonies. Orwell manages to outline how the imperialists, who were supposed to be the masters, were psychological slaves to the primitive and uncivilized locals. Imperialism was supposed to have been an easy maneuver by the civilized Europeans with little or no resistance from the locals. Orwell outlines various instances where the Burmese demonstrated complete contempt and open hatred for the Europeans. Phrases like “hideous laughter” and “sneering yellow faces” demonstrate the contempt the Burmese felt for the Europeans (Orwell, 2011). Orwell describes his hapless situation just before he shot the elephant to outline how the Europeans had psychologically been enslaved by imperialism. Orwell writes: “I could feel their two thousand wills pressing me forward, irresistibly” (Orwell, 2011).However, Orwell still leaves the reader with the conclusion that he employed orientalism in the narrative. Orwell describes the situation and culture of the people of Burma as being inferior and as a people who are unambitious and petty. Orwell desperately attempts to bring out the effects of imperialism on both sides but eventually he only manages to demonstrate that his criticism and discontent is leaning more towards the locals. Orwell is relieved after shooting the elephant because he can justify his actions by claiming that the elephant was extremely wild and had even killed the Indian Coolie. However, we are only able to discover the facts because Orwell is sincere in his story. Orwell manages to demonstrate the humiliating imperialism was for the Europeans. Eventually, he admits that he shot the elephant not because he had to, but because he had made the decision to act as the other imperialists. Orwell’s Portrayal of the Local Community Orwell portrays the
Introduction In the early twentieth century, information could only be accessed by purchasing a piece of literature physically. There was a straight forward way of exchanging ideas because things were done manually. The internet has brought a lot of changes to the information industry. It has increased the number of people accessing writings. Initially, this was received with a lot of enthusiasm as readers thought that writers could transfer their ideas across to readers who were half way across the world. It has enabled individuals to gain knowledge in fields which were previously thought to be inaccessible. Despite all these benefits, the internet has been blamed for the death of literacy, reading and writing skills. It is quite important to look at both sides of the coin in order to come up with a fair conclusion (Malecki, 2002). Has the internet brought the death of literacy? Arguments against the internet The most important aspect to look for in a piece of literature is its creativity. One should ask themselves whether ideas reflected in a piece of writing are original and imaginative. Sadly, this is a very rare picture in most writings found on the net. It is quite common to find pieces of writing that are almost identical on different websites (Graham, 2001). Serious literature must also be well thought out. It must be accompanied by painstaking research and articulation. Online writing is impulsive and some of the writings displayed are quite shallow. The so-called online debates are often characterized by views that don’t even hold water. Language is another aspect that has gone down the drain after introduction of the internet. Most writers no longer pay attention to their grammar because this can be done for them through the spell checker. This does not mean that the word processor solves everything. It may not be able to detect wrong sentence order, noun and verb agreement etc. these are crucial aspects of writing that will be eliminated thanks to the internet. The internet also makes it quite hard for professional writers to earn a decent living. Arguments for the internet The internet has the ability to reach any corner of the world. This means that audiences have been expanded and books that would only have been read by a small category of people can now be accessed by a higher number. More reading equates to better literacy. Secondly, the internet makes research easier. Thanks to search engines like Google, Amazon and others. Information regarding any topic can be accessed by the touch of a button (Batty, 1997). How the existence of the internet threatens existence of libraries Despite all the disadvantages that have been addressed above, it is highly unlikely that real libraries will be replaced by the internet. This is because there are a number of deficiencies found on the net that leave it wanting. First of all, searching for information requires use of certain ‘keywords’. If these words are not specified, a search engine will ignore all the literary works that do not have them (Shane, 2007). In order to access a book fully, Google or other
Introduction Hearing loss may be classified differently. The most common classification is based on the pathology where the disease may be conductive or sensorineural. Another classification is based on the cause of the hearing loss, which may be age-related (presbycusis) or in noise-induced cases as discussed below. In conductive hearing loss, the transmission of sound to the cochlea is ineffective, despite the nervous system being intact. The ear is divided into the external, middle, and inner ear. Obstruction to the transmission of sound along the pathway results in conductive hearing loss. The causes of conductive hearing loss may be congenital such as the meatal atresia, or acquired such as the case of accumulation of wax (Gradwell, & Rainford, 2006). Sound is perceived in a series of physiological changes that occur in the ear. There is a change of energy from sound to mechanical and then to electrical energy that is transmitted to the brain for interpretation. The main organ that is involved in the sound perception is the cochlea, which has specialized structures that change sound into the nervous impulses. Sensorineural hearing loss results from lesions that interfere with the transmission of electric impulses from the cochlea to the brain (Orsello, Moore, & Reese, 2013). Lesions in the cochlea result in sensorineural hearing loss. These cells may be acquired or congenital. Another form of hearing loss is presbycusis, which results from the fixation of the ossicles because of old age (Abel, 2005). A common cause of hearing loss is induced by noise. People operating loud machinery are prone to this disease. The military is a career that is frequently associated with noisy environments, especially where aircraft engines are involved. According to Azizi (2010, p. 116), Noise-induced Hearing Loss (NIHL) is the irreversible damage to the cochlea hair cells, resulting in partial or total hearing loss. Noisy environments induce NIHL. Some of the mostly affected individuals are the military workers and aviators. The severity of NIHL varies depending on the duration of exposure and the intensity of the sound that causes the hearing loss. Noise-induced hearing loss can be described as a relatively new condition, if the history of man is anything to go by. Its origin dates back to just a century when man invented gunpowder and started using it in war. T
Alcoholic people spend most of their time in pubs, nightclubs, casinos and other entertainment joints that sell alcohol. The atmosphere in these places is very noisy as a result of loud music that is normally played as well as the noise made by those taking alcohol. Some alcoholics are always noisy in the course of their interactions under the influence of alcohol. The crazy atmosphere has left many communication experts wondering how this group of people is able to interact and socialize within its context. Observing alcoholics from a distance paints a picture of normal people going about their normal business, but that is not exactly the case. The mode of interaction of alcoholics is different from that of non-alcoholics because the two categories of people operate in different states of mind. There have been conflicting opinions on whether alcoholics interact in a different way compared to non-alcoholics. Some communication experts argue that there is no difference in the way alcoholic people interact but this has always been a bone of contention. In order to understand how alcoholics interact, it is important to first of all understand the effect of alcohol on a person the moment they start drinking. To begin with, alcohol weakens the communication between the cerebellum and the frontal lobes of the brain. These two parts of the human brain enable a person to make decisions and judgments. Many alcoholics appear very excited after drinking because a good number of them drink alcohol to escape from the realities of life. Some people become very talkative after taking alcohol compared to instances when they are sober. The difference in conduct, communication and judgment between an alcoholic person and the one who is sober tends to justify the fact that alcoholics interact differently. This paper will explain why the interaction between alcoholics is different from the way non-alcoholics interact. Alcoholism affects the communicative norms of a person in many different ways. Alcohol makes a person gather a lot of courage to talk to everyone within the entertainment joint without any fear. This false kind of courage disappears immediately the person becomes sober. This is a communicative norm associated with many alcoholics especially in the entertainment joints. The ability to talk to everyone makes them able to form a lot of friendships. Many alcoholics tend to be very arrogant and vulgar after drinking because their judgment becomes very poor. This communicative norm is what causes a lot of fights in nightclubs and other places where alcohol is sold. The violent interactions are normally stimulated by alcohol and many alcoholics extend this type of behavior to their families. The communication tone of an alcoholic is very different f
The article under consideration for this paper is titled “ Disappearing Dividends, Catering, and Risk ” co-authored by Gerard Hoberg and Nagpurnanand R. Prabhala of Robert H. Smith School of Business, University of Maryland. At the onset, the article refers to the findings of the study carried out by Fama and French (2001a) which suggests that the figures relating to the tendency of paying dividends recorded a radical fall from the year 1978 to 1998. It was observed that 66.5 percent of the listed companies paid their dividends in 1978, whereas just 20.8 percent of them did so in 1999. This phenomenon was termed as the “ disappearing dividends ” puzzle by them. The authors of the study under consideration examined this conundrum through the perspective of risk and noticed that considering the risk factor is significant in accounting for the dividend-paying standings of companies. They ascertain that the risk variable affects the economic status quo in a manner, which is comparable to some other elements used to explicate the dividend-paying positions. Their substantiations advocate that risk account for almost one-third to one-half of the Fama-French disappearing dividends problem. In their study, the authors find little evidence, which generates support for the outlook, that tendency to pay dividends rises and falls since companies “cater” to dividend fads. Further investigations prove that in cases where there is no control for risk, dividend premiums, the principal proxy for dividend fads, can be used to explicate the varying tendencies in paying dividends. However, if control for risk exists, this association disappears. Identical results are produced when other fad proxies are used and in different subsamples. They highlight that the relationship instituted by Baker-Wurgler amongst the dividend premium and the variations in the Fama-French tendency to pay dividends is not pragmatically incorrect. However, the paper puts forward a dissimilar understanding of their findings. Baker and Wurgler (2004a) present their results in favor of the fads-driven dividend strategy. Facts and Data gathered by the authors propose that the dividend premium carries weight in the analysis carried out by Baker and Wurgler, not for the reason that it implicates behavioral fads but somewhat since it assumes the role of a proxy for risk. The strength of the paper’s findings is tested outside the Fama-French framework by probing into catering theory’s postulation concerning long-run return reversals and retail ownership after dividend events. However, the findings of this paper do not align with the anticipations of the catering theory. Nevertheless, the analysis of the paper reveals a significant obstacle in establishing clean proxies for behavioral issues not “contaminated” by neoclassical thoughts, for instance, risk and cash flows. The dividend premium exploited by Baker and Wurgler is derived from M/B ratios and can be considered a price variable. Neoclassical asset pricing theory emphasizes that prices vary
French Revolution defines a period between 1789 and 1799 when there was fundamental social and political change in French and European history (Lefebvre 122). Many events took place and led to major reforms. These events were dominated by tensions between a conservative monarchy and a liberal legislature. The year 1789 was marked by celebrations of the centenary of the glorious revolution in Britain. France on the other hand had an absolute monarchy under the Bourbon, Louis XVI. There was much travel between Britain and France and the individuals who supported events in France started to dress in the Jacobin’s style. France declared war on Austria in April 1792 and issued the edict of fraternity in November 1792. Louis XVI was executed on 21 January 1793. On this very day, a people’s republic was declared. November 1793 was marked by the replacement of Christianity by the worship of the goddess for reason. On 14 July 1789, intellectuals launched a mob that stormed the Bastille in Paris. Thomas pain was arrested in December 1793. France was engaged in a war against Britain, Holland, Spain, Italian states, German states, and the Austro-Hungarian Empire. A coup d’ tat eliminated Napoleon from power in 1799. Historians consider the French revolution as a turning point in modern history. This is because all the events that took place affect the events that occur today. A transformation took place from the age of aristocracy and absolutism to the age of citizenly. Citizenly is up to date the dominant political force.
A person is always known better by his personality and the way he deals with his surroundings and the people around him. Many writers have tried to find out statistics and formulae which could help in finding out what kind of a personality a person possesses. Some of them have been successful in devising such ways and means which could accurately define a person’s personality. Various tests are solved which contain some questionnaires that need to be precisely answered. The result based on the answers marked in the test gives us a rough idea of what kinda person is. One such test is known as the IPIP-NEO Narrative report. This test is based on five basic principles which are evaluated to do the needful. The accuracy of the result can be determined by showing your report to someone who knows you well and can tell you whether the result is accurate or not. The IPIP-NEO test makes you fill a questionnaire that has some 120 questions and each such question contains some 5-6 choices. The questions are related to yourself and are designed in such a way to extract the maximum possible information about your reactions and what you tend to do in some situations. Based on the answers marked the computer prepares a report of your personality. An article written by Dan P. McAdams and Jennifer L. Pals titled “ A New Big Five ” contains the fundamental principles for an integrative science of personality. In this article, the writers have listed five main points or principles which are essential to determine a person’s personality or what he or she is like. Several facets are incorporated by these principles which have their ratings. By answering several questions in a questionnaire, one can easily come to know of one’s accurate self-provided the answers are marked with full honesty and are not made up, else a wrong result is fabricated. Analysis The first principle to be analyzed was Extraversion . Extraverts are those who like to mix up with society and be a part of them. Such kinds of people have a fairly large friend circle and they tend to make friends very easily. An Introvert, on the other hand, is an opposite of an extrovert. Such a person would not be as active in making friends as an extrovert but would be quite humble when approached by someone else for friendship. The sub principles of Extraversion are as follows-Friendliness, Assertiveness, Gregariousness, Activity-level, Excitement level, Cheerfulness. These qualities are inco