ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The news of the data security breach at Target was delivered to the world by a blog that focuses on information security. The revelation occurred on December 2013, and it sent shockwaves across Target’s associates and customers all over the world. Target is a multinational retail chain of stores. In the United States, Target is the second largest retail store and it has close to 1,800 stores across the country. At the height of the revelations about the data security breach at Target, it became clear that thousands of customers from the big-box retailers had had their credit card data exposed. In the Target security breach, the hackers focused on the crucial information that is stored in the magnetic strip of the credit cards. Nevertheless, it is not precisely clear for how long the Target stores remained vulnerable to the data security breach. The Target security breach mostly affected customers within the United States. As a mitigation method, Target agreed that their customers’ data had been exposed to a security breach in the busy shopping period that falls between Thanksgiving and Christmas (Stanwick 23). Overall, it was estimated that the Target security breach affected over seventy million customers. Preliminary reports also indicated that the attackers utilized malware that was installed into the retailer’s network system. However, one of the most worrying trends in the Target security breach was that the compromised data also included customers’ pin numbers. The Target security breach showed that even data collected through physical shopping as opposed to making online purchases can have devastating implications. This paper explores the Target information security failure, its mechanics, and its implications on the data management. IT Controls There were wild speculations about how the attack on Target was precisely carried out. For most people, physical point of sale (POS) systems appeared to be exempt from data security breaches because of their simplistic nature. However, POS systems around the world operate under a certain set of guidelines that are meant to safeguard customer data. Furthermore, the payment industry is already aware of the sensitivity of the information that is swapped through POS systems. The Target security breach proved that all data is susceptible to attacks. Later on, investigations revealed that the individuals who were behind the Target data security breach did not rely on complicated mechanisms to carry out their mission. Investigations indicate that the hackers who stole customer data at Target purchased malware-sof
Bartleby the Scrivener is a famous short story by Herman Melville, which was first published in 1853. The work involves the narrator’s account of an employee named Bartleby, who refused to follow orders and instructions, saying that he “would prefer not to” (Melville 7). The image of Bartleby and his opposition to the narrator has been interpreted in many ways. Some people believe that the story is an exploration of clinical depression and its impact on all areas of a person’s life, while others view Bartleby as a reflection of Melville’s inner thoughts and apathy. However, given the context of the work, which was written in the period after the American Revolution and the Enlightenment, which was also called the Age of Reason, Bartleby’s image might have other meanings. The present paper will explore the characteristics that make Bartleby a man of his time and comment on the opposition between the character and the narrator. The story is written from a first-person perspective, and the narrator is a lawyer who employs Bartleby to copy documents. At the beginning of the work, Bartleby appears to be a diligent and hardworking employee. He performs his duties in a timely manner and has excellent handwriting, which impresses his employer. The first instance of refusal occurs after the narrator asks Bartleby to compare two documents, which is not included in his key responsibilities. Bartleby responds to the demand with, “I would prefer not to” (Melville 7). This stuns the narrator, who is not used to hear this phrase from his employees. As the days go by, Bartleby refuses more and more tasks and eventually ends in prison, where he dies of starvation after denying all types of food. In the context of the work, Bartleby’s image can be interpreted in two different ways. First of all, the period following the American Revolution is characterized by the formation of the American identity. Freedom has become a significant part of this new identity; to this day, many American people see the freedom of speech, action, and opportunity as the key values of the U.S. society. British people were widely seen as strictly following the rules, and after the Revolution, people began to reject many established rules and norms in favor of individual freedom and humanism. As the story is set in post-revolutionary America, Bartleby’s actions could thus be seen as a satirical example of the notion of freedom in the American culture. By refusing to comply with demands and instructions, Bartleby thus rejects the old values and norms of the society and executes his right to freedom of choice. The second possible interpretation of Bartleby’s character is that he represents the philosophical ideas of the Enlightenment period. In the Age of Reason, many philosophers expressed their ideas about ethics, human nature, and freedom of choice. For instance, hedonism emphasized that pleasure is the ultimate value in life and that people should avoid making decisions that place them in an uncomfortable position or prevent their happiness (Humphreys). In this light, Bartleby’s character can be seen as a distorted representation of hedonism, since he makes de
Introduction This advert is about the use of sugar products as the main selling point in many of the products in the US today. Sugar is one of the contributors to the energy needs of the body and thus it gains an appealing advantage to the manufacturers of soft drinks like root beer, coca cola etc. This nutritional advert is trying to show the growing trend of the manufacturers in that they are slowly replacing the high fructose corn syrup with the old composition of sugar. This move may in the future bring medical problems associated with this form of sugar products e.g. obesity, blood pressure etc. (New York Times). Target audience This advert targets the consumers who in most cases are uninformed on the compositions of the products they consume. It is designed to warn the consumers of the disadvantages of abandoning the high fructose corn syrup with the adoption of the old composition of sugar (New York Times). It can be also said to target the young consumers especially the youth who in this case are the major consumers of these commodities. The producers target the fulfillment of the psychological needs of their consumers and thus they present the products in a manner that the consumer’s tastes and preferences are satisfied. Cla
Introduction Teaching has significantly developed since several decades ago. Now it is not only conveying knowledge to students through personal experience and primitive means, also it is about using hi-tech devices along with new knowledge acquisition. Therefore, contemporary teachers have to convey their knowledge and acquire accompanying skills on modern technology in order to stay on track of teaching devices. There are several conditions required for creating a perfect learning environment in schools of the twenty first century. This paper will elaborate on the devices necessary to implement technology based classes and all possible troubleshooting together with tracing conditions to consider while learning. This should give a detailed description of the learning process with technology and evaluate risks if anything goes wrong during the class. This is Phase IV of the project where describing the resources used is essential. The paper will depict the learning environment explaining how studies and instruction is supported with the arrangement of the classroom. The essay will discuss the accommodations made by the teacher to make sure everybody has got everything they needed. Moreover, privacy and safety of students remains one of the most important features of the study (Roblyer, 2006). Technology Resource Description Among the devices the instructor used was IBM laptop with Windows Vista on it in order to deliver information to students. It was an Intel Dual Core processor that laptop contained and 512 MB of RAM, the sound card with speakers, integrated wireless network card, microphone, and printer that enabled a better understanding of the material by the group of tested students. Firstly, the permission to install Voki presentation was obtained and only after the permission was received it was installed together with Digital Dialect Flashcard. The versions were all the trial ones and got from department chair in order to teach the students how to use the programs to learn Spanish vocabulary and pronunciation through Voki recording. This makes the subject not only educative and memorable for students; also it evoked interest of contemporary youth familiar with all possible technological tendencies, hence, learning vocabulary on long-term basis went effectively. There was another way of conveying information to students through social networks – the most effective and appealing mean for students. The instructor used Jing (having acquired permission for installation first) to create a video tutorial to explain the way Vokiand works. Afterwards, the students could follow the video link on YouTube from Facebook and schoolnotes.com. This ensured utmost availability of the resource and probability that students would click on the link and watch the video. Moreover, aside the tech resources there were printed out copies of tasks for students’ assessment. Appendix A was the assessment part that estimated different groups’ performance. Appendix B presupposed using computer in a period of two weeks to complete two tasks – computer sessions. Appendix C was the most prolific because students recorded their vo
The modern era of electronic technology has brought great transformations to the lives of contemporary generation. The ever-changing trend of the computer technology has impacted almost every sector of the human life. The internet is one of the main aspects that have continued to play a significant role in the entire sector of computer technology. The concept of social networking, which brings people together no matter the distance separating them, has been made easy by the internet. Major social networking sites such as Facebook, My Space and Twitter among others, have enormously led to the development and adversity of the contemporary world. Among other significant benefits, these sites have also paved way for the introduction of E-Commerce, a phenomenon that enables people to conduct business transactions over the internet. Through social networking sites, sellers and buyers are able to interact online and actively take part in business activities (Turban et al., 2011). This paper explores the Facebook, as one of the social networking sites for business professionals, as it is highlighted in chapter 3 of the provided text. Ever since its inception in the year 2006, facebook has rapidly grown to become one of the most popular websites of the modern day, as far as social networking is concerned. The site connects people from across the world whereby members can interact and communicate with each other in a number of interactive ways. More importantly, Facebook serves as a basis for social networking activities which are certain to bring people closer to each other in life. Apart from just establishing ties with friends through chats and sharing of photographs and videos, facebook users can also access and join groups and networks that have common interests. These are some of the features that have enabled the site to successfully create a strong online community within a very short period of time. Facebook has been successful in establishing its community and this is evident in the rapidly increasing numbers of people who join the site everyday. Currently, facebook is observed to have made a breakthrough in history, for having registered over 800 million daily users across the world so far. Most facebook users are adolescents and young adults who like to take part in social life. As it would be observed, these specific facebook communities are associated with certain characteristics or features. For instance, these people have more friends or acquaintances and are likely to offer more social support compared to other people. Frequent Facebook users are also more trusting and more willing to trust others, due to their uncountable interactions with
Terrorism is one the foremost threat to global peace and stability in the 21 st century. The sharp increase in transnational terrorist attacks is a source of concern for world leaders as evident in the 2014 G8 Summit. While there are conflicting arguments regarding the factors that influence terrorism, scholars agree on the need to evaluate evidence on the causes of terrorism and develop concrete strategies and approaches to tackle a vice that is threatening the cohesion of societies all over the world. An analysis of the influence of socioeconomic factors on terrorism tendencies demonstrates a weak link between poverty and terrorism. The proponents of the positive relationship between poverty and terrorism argue that poverty leads to social upheavals related to income inequality, unemployment and lack of education. Social, economic and political inequalities influence resentments by individuals who consider that the society has deprived them of their freedoms, opportunities and standards. Social, economic and political strife increases the susceptibility of the affected individuals to embrace extremist ideologies. For example, poor families in Afghanistan send their children to madrassas because they are affordable and provide children with free food, clothing and other items. Madrassas in Taliban strongholds allow the indoctrination of young children into terrorism. A significant number of the original Taliban fighters in Afghanistan were madrassas students. Terrorist develop extremist doctrines around the social, economic and political struggles faced by ordinary citizens. Proponents of the positive link between poverty and terrorism argue that fostering economic development in impoverished countries will significantly reduce the threat of terrorism (Gupta, et al. 108-110). An excellent illustration of the fact that poverty is not the chief cause of terrorism is the 2007/2008 UN Development Programme report, which presents the statistics on the regional distribution of terrorism between 2000 and 2006. The report shows that incidents of terrorism are not dependent on the socioeconomic status of a region. For example, Sub-Sahara Africa has significantly low incidents of terrorism compared to regions such as the Middle East, Eastern Europe, Western Europe, North America and Asia despite the fact that these regions have a higher regional human development index compared to Sub-Saharan African countries. The report demonstrates that the socioeconomic status of a region is not a catalyst for terrorist activities. The region of Western Europe and North America experienced about 16 times the incidents of terrorism in Sub-Sahara Africa between 2000 and 2006. The regional human development index in the two regions is 0.916 an
Case Latisha enters a restaurant and sets her umbrella in the corner before going to her table and eating lunch. Before leaving the restaurant, she grabs what she mistakenly thinks is her umbrella and leaves. About a block down the street, it begins to sprinkle and Latisha opens the umbrella and realizes that it is not hers. She looks at it more closely, decides it is nicer than the one she started with, and decides to keep it. Should Latisha be charged with theft and if so, based on what? Situation Arthur loves his 6-month-old daughter and only wants what is best for her so he drives her to the best day care each day. But one day he is preoccupied and forgets to drop her off before going to work. She is left in the car all day and dies. The prosecutor wants to charge Arthur for the homicide. Explain how the prosecutor can establish mens rea based on these facts. Li made fireworks and was extremely careful to use the highest safety precautions, but in spite of that, one of the firecrackers malfunctioned, killing Jean. Should Li be criminally charged with Jean’s death? Why? Considering criminal liability, it is crucial to determine the mental fault of a person. Mens rea means a particular state of mind: the absence of intention or knowledge of actions’ consequences (Molloy & Card, 2016). Actus reus is the physical element of the crime commission that refers to the omission or act of a person (Molloy & Card, 2016). There are some levels of mens rea in the Model Penal Code, such as negligence, purpose, knowledge, and recklessness. The case of Latisha could be considered reckless behavior because she had the opportunity to return the umbrella but decided to keep it to herself. She realized that her actions are not right, and she was able to prevent further problems. Therefore, both
Introduction Mobile learning (M-learning) is a learning process that takes place when the learner is not at a particular fixed location. The learning process takes place when the student takes full advantage of different opportunities offered by cell phones and other portable devices. These devices include notebooks, tables, laptops and other handheld digital computers. The learning concept developed recently. It has helped revolutionize the entire learning process. Today institutions and learners are concerned about travelling and environments that support the learning process. The world has become mobile thus making the technology applicable for learning process. It is clear that some people promote the learning while others are against the process. Mobile Learning and its Impact on the Learning, Teaching, and Training Process The idea of using the internet to teach distant learners is not new. In the recent past, the world has become mobile due to the wave of globalization. As a result, the learning experience is also undergoing the same kind of revolution. Mobile teaching is an approach promoted by portable devices such as computers, smart phones, and cell phones. The process delivers a properly designed curriculum to the learners wherever they are. The learning process takes place without considering the physical distance between the student and the instructor (Andrew, 2008). The new technological approach has enormous impacts on the learning, teaching and training process, both positive and negative. The learning approach is collaborative. This means that it makes it easier for the learners to share their ideas and concepts instantly. The teacher and learner can exchange constant feedbacks to improve the process. With the costs of acquiring books, the use of mobile learning offers a new opportunity with lesser expenses (Wolfe, 2010). Mobile learning is capable of offering a new yet entertaining experience. Mobile learning is also possible without having to carry books and other study materials. This gives mobile learning a unique beauty thereby making it an effective method. The idea is capable of revolutionizing the entire learning process for the better. This means that the impacts of mobile learning on the learning, teaching and training processes are real. Schools and institutions require huge fees and accommodation expenses. This has made it impossible for some people to enroll in these schools (Traxler, 2005). The idea of mobile learning is a new opportunity for learners. The strategy will transform the learning process for the better. More people will benefit from different educational programs than ever before. This will improve their living conditions and offer them new ideas. Mobile learning will make learning and training a c
Impact of COVID-19 on the SPA Industry The SPA industry, along with the overall hospitality sector, has suffered from the restrictions imposed following the Covid-19 outbreak. Accordingly, the sector has to rearrange its activities in order to adjust to the new reality (Navarette and Shaw, 2020). The pandemic poses a range of challenges, to which organizations must respond effectively. The Four Seasons SPA has been affected by the same negative factors its global counterparts have. Centorrino (2020) states that the world has faced unprecedented challenges due to the pandemic. The SPA industry has been placed under particular restrictions, as their role is not deemed as essential, while it creates favourable conditions for the transmission of the virus. For example, Han (2020) investigates a major COVID outbreak, which began at a local SPA facility. Four Seasons venues are located globally, but international travel has been experiencing extraordinary restrictions, following worldwide travel bans. Kitamura et al . (2020) refer to the example of the Japanese tourism sector, which has seen a 93-per cent decrease in foreign visitors. In order to respond to the new challenges, Four Seasons had to reorient its activities, focusing on its unique online shop of quality linens and bedding (“Four Seasons at Home,” n.d. ) This way, the company offers remote services to its guests while adjusting to the new pandemic-determined reality. Analysis While the COVID-19 pandemic has entailed major challenges for the industry, new development opportunities emerge. In fact, the companies, which manage to utilise the innovation potential created by the restrictions and the growing importance of the online environment, can achieve substantial success. In the modern business environment, innovation is determined by four P’s, which are Person, Product, Process, and Press (Figure 1). In the case of Four Seasons, the company’s management represents the Person aspect. Smith and Wallace (2020) emphasise the importance of positive employee experience in the SPA industry, as people must remain motivated to develop a new product in such challenging times. Accordingly, the product of innovation will be the unique, technologically advanced experience for the customer of Four Seasons. The Press aspect concerns the business environment, which is currently determined by the pandemic and its lasting consequences. Finally, the process of innovation reflects the spirit of the product, comprising new IT solutions. Figure 1. The 4 P’S of Innovation for Four Seasons. Developing a comprehensive cultural web will be another important point in analysing the prospects of Four Seasons in the era of COVID-19. The Cultural Web paradigm comprises six points presented in Figure 2: Stories, Rituals and Routines, Symbols, Organisational Structure, Control Systems, and Power Structures (Mind Tools Content Team, n.d.). First