ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Martin Luther King Jr. has made an enormous impact on promoting a peaceful and tolerating environment in the U.S. His efforts were recognized both at home where he was awarded Nobel Prize and abroad where his experience and knowledge are extensively cited and used. He opposed the use of violence from both protesters and the government preferring a word as his weapon, which proved to be quite effective. The motivation he gave the people around him inspired them to follow his steps and pursue their dream until it is fulfilled. The King’s teachings helped build the new identity and image of the people who were often unkindly treated. Equality and justice were among the key ideas he stood for during his civil rights activity and thought his life. In his speeches, he also addressed controversial and urgent topics like the war in Vietnam and poverty opposing the policies that instigated it. ‘Freedom’ – the word that he often used had the central place in his speeches, life, and philosophy. He taught people how to pursue it and what it means for a person. Inspiring common people, he also addressed politicians who had the power to make fundamental changes because it was the majority he often defended. Many people believed he was or would become a politician since he had a great deal of charisma and built a solid image in society. However, he was more interested in being a religious person and becoming a preacher. Religion transcended his whole life and activities and, as he stated it was his “greatest commitment” (Warnock, 2013, para. 5). Martin Luther King Jr. did not betray his affection to public speech until the day he died, murdered by a villain. The ideas he created, his sermons, speeches, and even his life became a legacy that still echoes in the present. Martin Luther King Jr. and the Today’s Society American history witnessed many people who fought in their own methods for creating a better world including George Washington, Abraham Lincoln, Mark Twain, Bob Dylan, and many others. King can rightfully be called one of the most famous and influential people in the United States and stand in one line with those mentioned above. Together they all forged the spirit of today’s America. Many things that Martin Luther King Jr. stood for are urgent issues in the present-day U.S. and the modern world. Freedom, equal opportunities for all, and justice are the key things that King promoted all his life, and they became the values that are still dominant in the minds of people around the world. However, these core attributes are preserved not in every corner of the earth. Many occasions of human rights violations happen globally. Terrorism has become a modern threat to civil society and its consequences direly affect the life and safety of civil society. Recent terrorist attacks in France, Belgium, Germany, and other European countries instigated anti-Islam protests and general hatred towards the Arab population. The 2016 Human Rights Watch report stated that there were several occasions of race-motivated crime in Germany (Human Rights Watch, 2016). There were also occ
Introduction Cross-cultural psychology forms a good basis for understanding multicultural issues in research since culture is integrated in research. The multicultural and traditional research methodology approaches various research variables such as cultural norms and sampling in ways that not only are similar in some aspects but also differ in some other aspects. Moreover, researchers in multicultural psychology experience various challenges when they tackle the variables using the multicultural and traditional methodology. This paper discusses the similarities and differences in norms and sampling as research variables used in multicultural and traditional research methodology. In addition, the paper focuses on the problems that a researcher is likely to come across in the quest of putting these variables into application in a cross cultural environment. Multicultural Psychology In cross-cultural psychology, researchers are involved with applying the scientific method to give an explanation to the ensuing differences when one study’s the behavior of individuals who have different cultural origins (Olatundun, 2009). The social and cultural practices experienced by individuals play a vital role in defining the behavior of such individuals hence calling for attention when conducting research involving different cultures. Sampling in Multicultural Psychology When exploring the question of sampling under the multicultural and traditional research methodology, getting a representative sample is always a major challenge. The fact that there exist differences in geographical location of different cultures not to mention the different cultural norms is bound to bring difficulties in selecting a representative sample. It is not uncommon to have some subjects not being a
Middle East largely inhibited my Muslim nations and it consists of such countries as Iraq, Iran, Turkey, Palestine, Syria, Yemen, Saudi Arabia, Oman, United Arab Emirates, Qatar, Bahrain, Jordan, Lebanon, Israel and Kuwait. Middle East has been known for a long time with political issues that have resulted to a long time war between the Muslims and the Christians. The central political issues in the modern Middle Eastern nations are the “Palestinian-Israeli conflict, economic development and the nature of prevailing state-society relations within each country” (Kamrava 4). The following essay will mainly focus on the conflict between Israel and Palestine. The present day manifestation of the conflict between Israel and Palestine resulted from the war between Arabs and Israelites in the past which was brought about by various competing nationalism tastes. This was shaped by the manipulation of the Western colonial powers that inhibited the region after the collapse of the Ottomans and other issues. This conflict has been a difficult and unresolved issue where by the two states differs in terms of political issues of separate state and territorial issues which have brought about political instability in the region due to constant wars between the two nations. The historical war between Israel and many Arab nations in the Middle East has caused mistrust between them that has made most of the treaties between Palestine and Israel hard to manifest making them null and void. This has been triggered by the involvement of the military in the unresolved issues making it even more difficult to resolve the issues. The current conflict between Israel and Palestine is also an extension of the blood feud battles dating back to hundreds of years that were brought about by ethnicity and religious differences. This view may be somehow in accurate and damaging since it promotes wrong judgments between Arabs and Jews conflict thus making it difficult to identify and solve what could be the major cause of the present day Israeli-Palestine conflict. In order to be able to come up with a solution of the present day conflict between Palestine and Israel, it is important to approach the matter while recognizing that neither the Arab-Israeli dispute nor the Israeli-Palestinian conflict is based upon those traditional beliefs while bearing in mind that the conflict is less than a century old (Tessler 1). A review of the Jewish history as well as the Palestinian history could be very vital in establishing a base of counter attacking the present day Israeli
Introduction Governments as well as various stakeholders have continuously called upon organizations and their employees to uphold high standards of ethics and moral while carrying out their duties, tasks and responsibilities. Indeed, there are various ways in which firms can respond to such calls. In most cases, business entities have responded by developing formal ethics programs which have been used to help employees to take appropriate actions while engaging in business. According to Cheeseman (2010), a code of ethics refers to principles and rules crafted by an organization to guide employees. The primary purpose of code of ethics is to ensure that organizations and professional take actions that are socially, professionally and environmentally acceptable (Ferrell, Fraedrich & Ferrell, 2009). For the purposes of this paper, I will develop a code of ethics for a company to be formed that will provide management consultation services to non-profit organizations. The company will have approximately 15–20 employees. Since majority of the clients pay the new firm from funds provided by government sources, we have decided that it would be appropriate to have a code of ethics in place before we start offering services. The task, in this paper, includes developing an appropriate standards and procedures that will guide the firm and its employees, an appropriate ethics training program, a system of monitoring, auditing, reporting misconduct and finally a plan to review and improve ethics program. Standards and procedures We acknowledge that standards and procedures have a direct impact on the daily activities of any firm the new business not being an exception. It has been shown that consultancy firms should have in place a code of ethics that should be strictly adhered to by all workers when dealing with clients and fellow employees. It is worth noting that the entire team is responsible for upholding this code of ethics. The things to be strictly adhered to by all employees include:  1. All employees should be always smart, the dressing code should be official;  2. All employees should act with very high level of integrity and honesty in all aspects and they should be accountable for their actions. Workers should at all time employ integrity, competence, independence, objectivity and professionalism.  3. Workers should only work on tasks and duties for which he/she possesses the required experience and expertise so that the clients are served effectively.  4. Before taking any task, it is rational to establish with the client a mutual ground on what the objectives, scope, work plan are to ensure that one does not devi
Customer Segments Among the key target customers, middle class families, office workers and students can be identified. Early Adopters The ideal customer for the company to work with can be characterized as the person concerned with healthy eating and the one, who attempts at reducing the possibility of developing diseases due to bad habits. Problem An overview of the existing fast food companies has shown that most of the food provided within the industry is highly saturated in fats and other nutrients, which have a deleterious impact on people’s health. Among the key ones, the following issues deserve to be mentioned:   * Threat of obesity due to the low nutritional value, as well as increased high fat and cholesterol rates;   * Threat of a cardiovascular disease due to high fat saturation (Mytton et al. 2). Though not numerous, the specified factors still make the use of fast food rather questionable in terms of the consequences for the health of the person consuming it. Existing Alternatives Though the amount of companies, which serve home cooked meals, is quite limited, they Unique Value Proposition Home cooked food, in its turn, does not contain the elements mentioned above. Therefore, it is assumed that the existing niche for home cooked food can be filled successfully. High-Level Concept The organization in question, therefore, will represent the McDonald’s, the KFC or the Burger King for those, who are willing to eat not only cheap, but also healthy food. Solution A closer look at the subject matter will show that the harm, which is caused by fast food, occurs due to the methods of cooking adopted in the industry. As a result, the fast food encourages for an increase in the calorie intake. The innovative approach adopted by the company in question concerns refraining from using trans-fats, as well as incorporating reasonable amounts of salt into the dishes cooked. Specifically, butter, olive oil and coconut oil deserve to be mentioned as the key ingredients of the food served by the company. Channels The food produced by the company will be distributed to retailers in the local shops, which are going to be a part of the company’s restaurant chain. The principle, according to which the food will be supplied to the end customer, will be similar to that one used by the aforementioned rival companies (e.g., McDonalds, Burger King, KFC, etc.). It is also suggested that the food produced by the organization should be available in the local shops; therefore, the approach involving the introduction of retailers into the channel list should be viewed as an opportunity. Revenue Streams Among the key sources of revenue, the profit obtained from selling the fast food products to the customers should be listed. Cost Structure The fixed costs include the rent for the premises and equipment, as well as the utility bills, property taxes, insurance and the staff’s salaries. Among the key variable costs, direct materials, commissions and
Nowadays, it is becoming increasingly clear to social scientists that the traditional tenets of modern penology, closely associated with the notion of rehabilitation through punishment, are being conceptually inadequate, due to the sheer ineffectiveness of today’s penological practices. The validity of this statement appears especially self-evident when discussed within the context of how contemporary American jurisprudence addresses a variety of operational challenges. As Lorna Rhodes had rightly pointed out in her article “ Toward an anthropology of prisons” : “In the United States today almost two million people are in prison. The expansion of the prison system began in the early 1980s, continues despite years of falling crime rates, and has resulted in the highest rate of incarceration in the world” (Rhodes, 2001, p. 65). Thus, it comes as no surprise that, as time goes by, the number of criminologists who insist on the methodological revision of contemporary Western penology, continues to increase rather exponentially. Their stance, in regards to the subject matter, is being articulated in Malcolm Feeley and Jonathan Simon’s article “The New Penology: Notes on the emerging strategy of corrections and its implications”: “The new penology is neither about punishing nor about rehabilitating individuals. It is about identifying and managing unruly groups. It is concerned with rationality, not of individual behavior nor even of community organization, but of managerial processes. Its goal is not to eliminate crime but to make it tolerable through systemic coordination” (Feeley & Simon, 1992, p. 452). Apparently, the revolutionary breakthroughs in the fields of biology and anthropological sociology, which had taken place during the course of recent decades, point out the fact that, while designing penal policies, criminologists can no longer be concerned with the observation of politically economic considerations alone. As time goes by, it is becoming increasingly clear to progressive criminologists that; whereas, it is absolutely appropriate to think of penology within the context of social engineering, the very practice of such engineering must be thoroughly revised, in order to correlate with the realities of post-industrial living. In our paper, we will to explore this thesis at length. For professionals that specialize in criminology, it represents a matter of crucial importance to be able to understand that the essence of a particular penological practice cannot be discussed outside of objectively existing preconditions, which make this practice socially appropriate. The best proof as to the full validity of this suggestion is the fact that, throughout the course of Western civilization’s history, the concept of corporal punishment never ceased continuing to transform, in order to correspond to newly emerged socio-political and economic circumstances. For example, before the beginning of the Industrial Revolution, which predisposed the emergence of such concepts as ‘mass production’ and ‘total war’, the punishing of a criminal was usually concerned with the
The problem of homeless people that became Dumpsters is discussed in Eighner’s essay and the novel written by Walls, providing a deeper insight into the matter and triggering a need to address it. The prevailing reaction of most people is associated with astonishment while reading Eighner’s essay On Dumpster Diving . Every sentence reveals new details about the everyday life of homeless people who practice scavenging on a regular basis. Dumpsters are not only searching for foods and clothes in rubbish bins, those are people who form a specific cultural group with characteristic lifestyle, philosophy, and preferences. Scavenging can be compared to some kind of work because searching for the right things is not a simple task. It is necessary to determine which food is safe, what are the best periods to rummage in the rubbish bin, what city-regions offer fresh and safe goods (Eighner, 1992). Overall, Dumpsters tend to express more value towards the things, they take advantage and opportunity from every single item. When comparing personal reactions On Dumpster Diving and The Glass Castle , some similar and contrasting points are evident. First, the common aspect between the two literary works is the reaction towards homeless people and how they survive. Dumpsters are not ashamed of their social status, they rather find scavenging as a challenge (Walls, 2006). The contrasting point is associated with the depth of perception – while Eighner describes a daily routine and general description of such lifestyle, the story of Rose Mary is tangled into a complex infrastructure of social attitudes and interpersonal relationships. Anyway, her daughter Jeannette is deeply concerned about her mother and suffers from being surrounded by luxury stuff. Jeannette’s attitudes towards her mother and her traits of character evolve sympathy in readers. The details of Dumpster life make people astonished because the number of homeless people tends to increase. The two literary works thoroughly discuss the scope of the problem within an individual and global context.
Buddhism worldview On the question of origin of life, Buddhism has no exact answer. Actually, Buddhism does not explain the origin of life. Its view is that life is too complicated for our minds to understand; Thera (n.d) quoted Bertrand Russel on this “The idea that things must have a beginning is really due to the poverty of our thoughts” (Thera, n.d, p. 1). According to Khyentse (2008), Buddhism identity is based on four facts “all compounded things are impermanent, all emotions are pain, all things have no inherent existence, and Nirvana is beyond concepts” (p. 3). Understanding these four facts and putting them into practice make one a Buddhist. The middle path teachings of Buddhism teach on the meaning and purpose in life. A person ought to live a “neutral, upright and centered life” (Buddha Net, 1996, p. 1). To understand life, one is required to take a position that is unbiased and, as noted above, be neutral and upright. From this position, it becomes possible to critically examine life and the problems associated with it, and come up with sustainable solutions. Buddhism teaches on moral precepts (the Pancha Shila), noble qualities (the Paramita), the four sublime tests, teachings of Sigalovada Sutta and metta Sutta. All these teachings call for moral decency. They also emphasize being caring in words and actions, and living a simple life (Boeree, n.d). A person’s destiny is dependent on some factors. One of them is Karma. The present life is dependent on the past Karma. The practice of dhamma also contributes to one’s destiny (Jade Buddha Temple, 2013). Comparison of Buddhism to a Christian worldview Christianity views the origin of life in the creation carried out by God in the Garden of Eden where all animals, and Adam and later Eve were created (Ge 1:24, New International Version). This is in contrast to Buddhism which views such ideas as being due poverty of thoughts. Christian identity has to do with believing that Jesus Christ is the son of God, he was crucified because of mankind’s sins and living according to the teachings of the bible (Rom 10:9). Buddhism, on the other hand, does not recognize Jesus but has a set of teachings that form its identity. The purpose of life in Christianity’s view is to serve God. This is accomplished by following the ways of the bible and allowing the leadership of the Holy Spirit in one’s life (Isa 43:7). This contrasts with the Buddhism view which does not recognize the existence of Holy Spirit and God. Christianity advocates for uprightness in morals. It teaches that one should love his/her neighbor as he loves himself/herself. It also advocates for caring for the less unfortunate in the society (Ex 20:12-17). There is a very big similarity between Christianity and Buddhism on the issue morality. The two worldviews advocate for uprightness in actions and thoughts. They also advocate for people to be accountable for their actions. The Christianity view on destiny is that every person has a predetermined life. To live this predetermined life depends on whether a person submits to the leadership of the Holy Spirit. It also teaches on after death
Introduction Globally, women have been dismally represented in political movements. While developed countries have made more progressive steps than developed countries in including women in political activities, they also grapple with the challenge of female underrepresentation in political systems. For example, in the US, women only occupy 18.3% of all seats in the House of Representatives. Similarly, only 20% of senators in Congress are women. The situation is the same in the legislature because women only occupy about 23% of the seats. The Obama administration has not improved the levels of female representation in government appointments either. Indeed, although his record is better than Bush’s 19%, Obama has not reached Bill Clinton’s 41%. In Europe, female representation in politics is also low. For example, the Czech Republic, Estonia, Slovakia, Malta, Romania, Cyprus and Ireland have less than 20% female representation in politics. Finland, Spain, Belgium, and Sweden are the only countries that have more than 40% of the same representation in politics. Nonetheless, over the decades, women have made significant steps in increasing female participation in political movements. Most of these steps have either been supported or inhibited by political recruitment systems. Based on a global outlook of gender representation in political systems, this paper shows that voter perceptions (of women), quota systems, domestic political factors, and political party sponsorships are the main recruitment systems that explain the varying levels of female representation in political movements. However, these factors are contextual because they explain the same phenomenon in different parts of the world. Quota Systems Around the world, quota systems have contributed to increased participation of women in political systems. For example, in Sub-Saharan Africa, the quota system has increased female representation in parliament. For instance, Senegal adopted the parity law, which led to increased female representation in parliament. In fact, today, women occupy almost half of the country’s parliamentary seats. The same law has helped a woman to ascend to the highest political office in the country – the prime minister’s office. Different political parties in Africa have also increased female participation in political activities through the quota system. For example, the ruling South African party, African National Congress (ANC), increased the number of female parliamentarians through the quota system. Today, women occupy about 42% of all parliamentary seats in the country. The ANC party sponsored the women to parliament through the voluntary party quota system which allocated