ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction It is noticeable that California can be considered a cradle of feminism as well as working unions. The Stanford University was one of those to accept women, whereas the tendency of unionization made San Francisco a center of the ‘closed shop’ labor and the territory of Los Angeles was free of unions and developed a reputation of an ‘independent labor’ region. The years of prosperity were followed by the great Depression. Nevertheless, the most progressive state had marked its history with numerous significant personalities who contributed greatly to the overall impression of the state, particularly San Francisco and Los Angeles. The period of Gold Rush started the exceeding migration; people from all over the world were attracted with a perspective to become rich. Though some difficulties such as lack of water reserves and the problems rising while the building of the railroad could prevent people from coming to this region, population of California grew steadily and made the state prosperous due to the efforts of its multinational community. Two cities should be compared to get the full picture of the events that influenced the growth and development of California. San Francisco and Los Angeles are the largest cities of California. Though their geo-climatic conditions and commercial concerns differed in terms of water supplies, earthquakes, and labor management, the efforts of people made these cities prosperous and helped to overcome the period of Great Depression as well as all subsequent difficulties of the war and post-war times. Besides, many common features can be found regarding the history of development of these two cities in terms of the labor market involving migrants from other countries and the lack of water in the very beginning. Comparative Analysis Labor management and unionization Labor Management in California The labor market of California has developed greatly due to the ‘gold rush’ tendency and hence attracted thousands of people searching for better job positions and higher salaries. Labor migration to California was in response to the discovery of the precious gold which generated more job opportunities in the mining industry (Bean and Rawls 122 ch10). In this respect, the development and growth of cities in this region can be clearly explained regarding the factors that made people migrate. Though some expectations were not met and turned out to be even worth than the previous living and working conditions, the population of the state grew steadily demonstrating a high level of integrity in striving for a common goal. Moreover, the salary level and the number of workers did not prove the expected desire of migrants. The history of California is hard to imagine without the migrants that came in search of treasures. As noted by Bean and Rawls, “the traditional view of this remarkable migration describes it as the most fortunate as well as the most significant factor in the whole of California’s history” (122 ch10). The economy of California was characterized by an initial wage increase which then progressively declined. Migrant workers
Abstract The criminal justice system is supported by various institutions to ensure that there is peace and order. Jail is among the institutions that are used to help address the problem of crime and criminal activities. Unlike prisons, jails are designed to confine individuals in a small location as they await trial. The need for jails is informed by the fact that there will always be criminals in society. Considering the cases about Kallikak and Jukes families, antisocial behavior is hereditary. However, there is a possibility that one’s behavior may also be influenced by the environment he or she is surrounded with. Consequently, people may be incarcerated because of their past family history. By and large, jails provide entry into the correction system and ensure that those arrested for involvement in criminal activities are monitored before being subjected to trial. Although jails are meant for offenders whose sentences are one year or less, there are instances when a jail term may be extended beyond one year. Introduction Jails were initially conceived in England as a place to be used to detain suspected offenders until an appropriate time to subject them to trial (Siegel & Bartollas, 2015). Jails in present-day society are designed to serve as detention and punishment facilities. This paper attempts to provide an understanding of what jail is and how it fits within the criminal justice system of any nation. It looks at the history and development of jails, administration and structure, and programs that are used by jails around the world to reform convicted offenders. What is Jail? Jail is a small lock-up place that is used to hold offenders for a brief moment (Hutchinson, 2014). Typically, a jail is managed by a local government and is meant to confine individuals who have been accused of committing small offenses. Jail is, however, different from a lock-up facility. A lock-up facility is normally found within police departments and is used to hold individuals who are unable to pay the required bail. According to Clear, Reisig, Petrosino, and Cole (2016), jails provide entry into the correction system and a house for accused perso
Introduction to the topic Since the beginning of a series of democratic protests, revolutions, and uprisings throughout North Africa and the Middle East in the spring of 2011, the political atmosphere in this region took on an entirely different turn. The movement that was later named the Arab Spring changed the mode of political life in the Arab world in general and in Saudi Arabia and the Gulf States, in particular. Moreover, it is also important to point out the fact that the atmosphere of riots and uprisings not only forced the reaction from the governments and leaders of Saudi Arabia and the Gulf states but also became a catalyzing agent of the multi-faceted political agenda in the region. In particular, during the Arab Spring and intermediately afterward, a lot of new forces appeared at the political scene of Arab countries, and the social and political dynamics in many of the Arab states changed quite drastically. One of the aspects that today should be assessed under a different angle is the incentives, strategies, and practical evidence of the War on Terror in Saudi Arabia and the Gulf states. Toby Matthiesen in his article A “Saudi Spring”?: The Shi’a Protest Movement in the Eastern Province 2011–2012 supports the idea that the Arab Spring triggered a reconsideration of the role of Arab states in the global political arena because the movement came as a surprise for both policy-makers and scholars researching Middle East (Matthiesen 628). According to Matthiesen, in the context of general political turmoil, the War on Terror became indivisible from the governmental repressions and violent protests. On the other hand, the states, in which the ruling dynasties and authoritative leaders managed to preserve their political regimes, need to be viewed from the strategic point of view, as allies in the War on Terror (Hegghammer 5). However, it is also important to assess the internal policies of those governments in terms of the legitimacy of their regimes and the balance between their goals and democratic values. Therefore, the phenomenon of War on Terror should be analyzed in a broader context of the current political situation in Saudi Arabia and the Gulf states, including the oppositions between democratic uprisings, violent radical groups, and authoritative governments. Thus, the objective of this paper is to assess the role of different political forces of the international arena, ideological movements and uprisings, and the gove
Memorandum for Privatization of Tupolev Division It is proposed to take over the Tupolev Military Aircraft Production Unit from the Russian Government since it is not, presently, in a position, for financial reasons, to build military helicopters here. The plant capacity is idle at the moment, and running at severe losses, due to non-production of aircraft. Although the Russians have expressed reservations over the sale of a unit which has strategic defense overtures, the only way this company could be bailed out from future insolvency, is through a complete takeover. The Russian Government is not in a position to invest heavily to rejuvenate this industry, nor is there any entrepreneur, in the private or public sector in Soviet Russia, capable of massive doses of investments needed to take over this ailing industry. However, the major aspects to the deal would be with regard to the financial restructuring of Tupolev Division. Formerly it was a military defense production installation with focus on production, delivery and military operationability. With the breakup and disintegration of the erstwhile Soviet Russia into different confederations, this unit now ceases to have any military significance. Lloyd’s main reason for staking its claim for a buyout is because it has a good Research and Development Wing, which could be optimized with its proposed integration to Lloyds. US Military analysts have admitted that Russian aircraft technology has a definite edge over American technology. The main thrust areas for converting into a profit center would be:   * Layoff of excessive work force   * Introduction of modern management tools and techniques including TQM, Six Sigma, PERT, CPM and Just in inventory control systems   * Introducing a decentralized and delegated work flow culture with accountability moving upwards instead of the present highly centralized work culture.   * Installing individual Profit centers for each division with departmental heads in full functional control and mandatory weekly performance reporting to the CEO. Regulatory arrangements with the Russian Government Our Company, Lloyd Aviation Company have a lot in common with Tupolev- we are both in the helicopter business and both have high production capacities, to produce and install advanced civil, military helicopters and aircrafts, used mainly for defense, agricultural and Surveillance purposes. Our helicopters rank as one of the best in the world markets and are in heavy demand. Our main need, at this hour is to use Tupolev’s idle infrastructure for making civilian helicopters at economical rates that could be sold in the Lloyd’s growing markets in the US and other markets around the world. Moreover, with the present state of Tupolev, it is possible to buy out the un
Introduction The United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) is a refugee agency (under the umbrella of the United Nations) that has a mandate of protecting and supporting refugees from a third country as requested by a government that is a member state of the UN. The agency focuses on providing voluntary assistance, resettlement and integration of displaced persons from a third country. It does this through funds obtained from donors and other arms of the United Nations. It is therefore imperative to note that the agency deploys its operatives to areas depending on the need and priority given to the places. Failure Despite the fact that UNHCR has in the recent past executed its duty in the best interest of all the refugees across the globe, the agency faces some setbacks and failures that need to be addressed with immediate effect. This should be done in order to restore the faith the globe has had on it. Additionally, the agency should assure governments of its effectiveness in its mandate in order to secure its operations within their territories (Burger, and Rahm, 1996). The UNHCR has been doing a commendable job for refugees since it was founded in December 1949 but has, however, failed to provide services to areas according to priorities and need. A November 2010 research carried out by the Policy Development and Evaluation Department, which is a UNHCR’s branch, revealed that the agency’s global strategic priorities are not in a position to give concrete information concerning resource allocation processes as well as the level of prioritization of a subject. This came about despite the strategic priorities being a useful element in the agency’s checklist of involvements. This is an implication that the agency only provides services according to operatives’ own instincts without evaluating and assessing the levels of prioritization. As a result of this, quite a number of nations that need genuine and urgent assistance from UNHCR end up receiving delayed services or no services at all. A good example is the case of Iraqi refugees who needed urgent and genuine help during a war that lasted for almost a decade. The political situation was unstable at that time in Iraq. That was understandable but not a reason enough for UNHCR not to provide immediate shelter, clothing and other necessities to the refugees who were victims of the war. It is therefore important that the agency formulates measures to curb such an occurrence in future (Burger, and Rahm, 1996). How the organization’s culture has led to the failure The Executive Committee of the UNHCR holds an annual meeting in Geneva in Switzerland where member states review and approve reports and recommendations brought forward for implementation. Additionally, the panel also evaluates operational plans and policies as well as discusses finances during this annual meeting. This is the most outstanding culture that derails the process of service provision to refugees across the globe according to priority. It is championed by the sl
The formation of the UAE as a separate nation has been preceded by a multitude of prerequisites that triggered global tension in the 1970s. The two superpowers of the world were engaged in the Cold War and arms race while at the same time struggling to release the tension. To understand the global situation in the 70s, it is worth peeking into what has caused it and when. To start with, the Cold War stipulated the superpowers’ expansive international politics and the struggle for control. About the Middle East, it meant the US attempting to make use of its resources and simultaneously prevent the USSR from doing the same (Migdal, 2014). For that sake, the US engaged itself in recruiting allies in the region and encumber the expansion of USSR forces, and at the same time promoting peace. As a consequence, albeit the USSR’s pretensions for the expansion into the countries of Northers Tier, the US made its best to prevent the outspread of communism. In response to the significant donations, Turkey has proved its devotion to the US and availed its military bases for American force and missiles (Migdal, 2014). Apart from the Northern Tier, however, the results of the US policies were insignificant. The failure to recruit more partners was to a large extent caused by the US position in the Arab-Israeli conflict. On several levels, the US was more prone to support the Israeli, although the threat to lose the influence in the Middle East and open the path for the USSR to intrude was more than real (Migdal, 2014). Albeit the impression of neutrality the US tried to create, the trust of the Arabs could never be gained back. Also, the USSR’s influence in Egypt was undeniable, considering the active supplement of the latter with the Soviet forces and arms. The US responded by providing the Israeli with defensive, and later – offensive weaponry, thus gaining a toehold of influence in Israel. While the Soviets presented Israel as “a tool” of the US and the West, the relationship was not deterred until the conflict in 1973 (Nizameddin, 1999, p. 110). When a civil war for Jordan broke out in 1970, the US mobilized the Israeli troops but never used them. Such was the situation that the United Arab Emirates entered as a nation in 1971. After the British-Trucial Sheikhdom treaty has lost its power on December 1, the founding treaty of the UAE was signed. The departure of the British triggered the United States’ struggle to fill the void caused by it and emerged the Soviets’ activities that aimed at the same (Migdal, 2014). The major factor of influence on the Emirates’ foreign affairs was primarily the diversity of the superpowers’ intentions. While the US claimed they offered protection of the newly born nation and partially play the role of Britain, the USSR set gaining more allies as their goal. However, as a result of the States’ support of Israelis, the relationship between the UAE and the US was that of economic persuasion (Almezaini, 2012). What the UAE did was offer protection and
Introduction PICC is an American company that has specialized in various products in nursing. The company has managed steady financial growth despite problems in the economies within which it operates. This can be attributed to the dependency of other companies on their products. The major method of growth has been by mergers and acquisitions. The company’s financial ratios have been compared with industry statistics in this report. The company is seen to perform well in its industry. It also has good growth prospects as portrayed by the Pro-forma financial statements and ratio analysis. We conclude that PICC is a worthy company in which to invest. Initial Pro-Forma Financial Statements These financial statements predict the future position and performance of PICC based on the historical financials and some assumptions of growth. In this case, the growth rate for the year 2013 is assumed to be 15% while that of 2012 is assumed 20 %. Determination of the Cost of Debt Debt capital refers to what a company has borrowed to help finance its investments. In the case of PICC, for the year 2012, it is the $ 2,253,500 shown on the balance sheet under long-term debt. Debt issuers expect returns in the form of interest. This is the charge to the company for using their funds. Interest is quoted in percentage form. Determination of the Cost of Equity The cost of equity refers to the returns expected by the owners of a company. Shareholders are the owners of the company and they expect compensation for providing capital. Compensation is usually in the form of dividends. PICC shows stockholders’ equity of $ 974,000 on its Statement of Financial Position for the year 2012. Discounted Cash Flow Assumptions DCF is one of the methods used to estimate whether or not an investment is worthy. This method takes into account the money that will be available to investors in the future from the specific investment. PICC Company can be valued using DCF. Dividends are considered as the free cash flow that will be obtained by an investor. The growth rate of these dividends is also useful in DCF valuation. The cash flow obtained is adjusted for the effect of time on money. Internal Rate of Return IRR is an interest rate. The cash inflows from a project will exactly equal the cash outflows at this interest rate. It is used in investment decisions to eliminate undesirable projects. Projects with higher IRR are considered more desirable. Investors compare the IRR with the cost of capital. An acceptable project should have an IRR higher than the set cost of capital. Net Present Value This is a method of investment appraisal that considers both cash inflows and outflows of a project. The difference between the inflows and outflows at their present values is the NPV. Projects with positive NPV are desirable as this implies that investors will gain from engaging in them. Projects with negative NPV suggest that investors will lose the amount equal to NPV if they were to engage in the projects. Cash Inflow Determination The cash inflow in a project is usually taken to be the revenue received f
Leadership and the Libyan War A current situation in which leadership has become questionable is the Western alliance’s (NATO and the US) attack on Libyan army. NATO’s mission in Libya is to protect civilians by preventing government forces from entering rebel-held areas, it undertakes this role by destroying weaponry, air and ground defense systems and airfields. Although this is a noble mission, there has been a clear lack of leadership in the whole process since there is no single control center. For instance, the mission is referred to as Operation Odyssey Dawn, Operation Ellamy or Operation Harmattan by the various forces engaged in the war, namely US, Britain and France, respectively. This is also evident by the fact that days after the joint mission began, the coalition cannot agree on who should take control of the campaign, and there is no likelihood of a clear answer to this impasse in the near future. News from various quarters indicate that every army or political leader has a different stance on the issue. Additionally, indiscipline is common as no single army has a central role in the Libyan mission. Further indications of a lack of leadership stems from the fact that there is a lack of clarity on the role of the joint operation against Gaddaffi, how the mission will be fulfilled, and when the forces are going to leave Libya. While the US, once seen as leading the operation, tries to scale down its engagement in the conflict, countries such as Britain and Italy want NATO to take charge, however, this opinion is rebuffed by some NATO members who say that a NATO-led operation would send the wrong signal to the Muslim world. This lack of leadership may hamper the success of the operation and raises concerns about the effectiveness of the political leadership. Without a clear central command to head the mission now and in the future, or the possibility that NATO may not be the head, has caused many divisions in the joint mission. For instance, Italy and Luxembourg have expressed doubts about their continued participation. Additionally, without a concise leadership structure, the kind of operations that are allowed in the course of protecting Libyan citizens is subject to differing interpretations, for instance, whether Gaddafi’s himself is a justifiable target under the UN decree that allows for “all necessary measures” is debatable since the statement is as ambiguous as the leadership structure and is subject to different interpretations by the various command centers. Indeed, Turkey, the only Muslim nation in NATO, has already shown opposition to various proposals. Turkey was enraged at not being involved in the emergency meeting convened in Paris, and which ultimately led to French forces being sent to Libya. A deficiency in leadership is seen in the lack of a clear mission for going into Libya. Are the nations going to protect civilians? or, are they going to depose Gaddafi? and, if they depose Gaddafi, who will fill the power vacuum, as the rebels also lack a concise leadership, with several