ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Chapter 2 of this book provides a new perspective on various expeditions done by Europeans sailors to new lands. It reveals a lot of information about the activities of the sailors and the consequences of their expeditions. They were able to reach territories which had not been occupied by European settlers before; those lands were abundant in treasures. This chapter also outlines the way how some territories became colonies of the European states because of their rich resources, favorable climate, and strategic locations. The sailors who visited these territories for the first time prepared them for colonial administration by European countries which wanted to extend their imperial powers (Davidson 53). This chapter also reveals the impact of sailors and explorers and how their actions led to the exploitation of resources and the establishment of colonial administration in these territories. This chapter also underlines the impact of expeditions on native population living in territories which later became colonies of various European states. Some of these explorers were praised in their home countries for having discovered these lands, yet they committed many ills against native people living there. The chapter focuses on the actions of these explorers and how they harmed the lives of native people, living in the territories which they discovered. For example, chapter 2 highlights Christopher Columbus’ role in subjecting native people in America to servitude and other forms of suffering. This chapter emphasizes the fact that Columbus’ actions were motivated by his insatiable greed for gold and other treasures but not the patriotism he had for his country. This chapter provides more information about how Columbus is respected in North America and Europe, yet his actions and those of other explorers were not placed under serious scrutiny (Davidson 56). The chapter shows a critical period in history when expeditions by European sailors led to the expansion of geographical knowledge about other parts of the world. It also shows th
E-books have become a potent force in the publishing market due to the advancement of technology and the numerous advantages they offer. They are easier for publishers to produce in significant quantities and for consumers to obtain and use. Amazon has contributed considerably to the trend by launching its Kindle product line, which disrupted the existing situation and made the technology more popular. Nevertheless, many people still prefer physical books, which the corporation also sells, for a variety of reasons. Despite the long history and numerous advantages of digital print, it does not dominate the market. This essay investigates the differences between the two categories of buyers using a customer-delivered value framework. The concept of customer-delivered value is frequently used to evaluate the popularity of a product with consumers. According to Ike (2018), it is the difference between the perceived worth of the offering to a prospective buyer and the costs associated with purchasing it. There are four definitions of value as seen by a person: low price, matching specific needs, the quality to cost relationship, and the overview of benefits gained compared to those given (Ike 2018). The analysis will examine the attitudes of consumers of both categories with regards to each of the metric and determine the factors that drive them to display their preferences. E-books are convenient for portable electronic device owners, a category that encompasses most Amazon users. They are cheaper than physical books, a trait that can be seen in the statistics provided by Reddy and Reinartz (2017), where a higher number of digital books generated less sales revenue. The books match the need for easy and portable access as well as search and suggestions (Baye, Santos & Wildenbeest 2015), as smartphones, tablets, and other devices can open the files. Amazon E-books are well-formatted and contain the same information as physical versions would, delivering high value for the price. As such, they offer immediate access to information or entertainment without demanding that the customer pay a higher price or arrange transportation for the book. Nevertheless, physical books have a considerable and dedicated audience of buyers. Gilbert (2015) notes that E-books are unlikely to affect sales of paperback equivalents. Physical books tend to be more expensive than digital ones due to the extra production costs, a disadvantage. However, according to Atasoy and Morewedge (2017), they fulfill a need for psychological ownership as opposed to the rental-like approach of online outlets. Physical books also have a decorative aspect that lends them additional quality in return for a higher price. As such, paperback consumers are willing to tolerate having to pay and wait for delivery or travel to a bookstore’s location to obtain their book since the benefits they get outweigh these costs. E-books are cheaper than physical equivalents and contain the same information, making them the superior alternative in theory. They are also easy to acquire and highly portable, removing many of
Introduction Exploring the factors that allow creating the environment for successful personal, academic, and spiritual development should be deemed as a crucial goal for any individual. To encourage the acquisition of the required habits and relevant knowledge, one should explore the opportunities for creating the setting in which one will feel comfortable and, thus, ready to learn new information (Lee, Kim, Kim, & Choi, 2016). The goal of the study is to explore the effects that the adoption of music-based strategies has on the personal, academic, and spiritual growth of UAE female students, as well as their relationships and memory skills. Methodology The problem will be explored from the perspective of a quantitative method. Particularly, a comparison of the effects produced by a traditional teaching approach and a music-based one will be used. A t-test will be applied to carry out the analysis and compare the key variables, the students’ scores being the dependent one and the strategies (traditional and music-based ones) being independent ones. A total of 100 participants will take part in the research, with a sample size of 80. Literature Review At present, an array of tools is used for boosting personal growth, changes in the setting in which an individual develops being the key ones (Fox & McKinney, 2016; Dvorak et al., 2017). The importance of the background noise in the target setting is, however, underexplored (Lee et al., 2016). Although it is typically assumed that silence is the best environment in which one can focus and develop appropriate skills for enhancing the development of spirituality, relationships, memory, personal development, and academic progress music has recently been deemed as one of the possible options for creating a favorable academic setting (Fox & McKinney, 2016). Studies show that music plays a significant role in the development of communication between people (Rolvsjord, 2015). According to recent studies, music needs to be integrated into the traditional environment since it offers extensive opportunities for making communication more natural and flowing (Rolvsjord, 2015). Particularly, opportunities for enhancing long- and short-term memory need to be mentioned as the most important aspects of change. In addition, by incorporating music into the realm of an everyday environment, one is likely to enhance the spiritual development of target populations. Music can be used to encourage the development of behaviors that will ultimately lead to a significant rise in the quality of people’s lives; thus, premises for improvement of their physical and spiritual well-being are built (Burns, Perkins, Tong, Hilliard, & Cripe, 2015). The importance of rhythm in music for the improvement of one’s psychological well-being is not to be underrated, either (Rolvsjord, 2015). According to the outcomes of the analysis produced by the researcher, the rhythm that music sets help people develop a particular strategy for managing their everyd
John Locke is a renowned English philosopher and physician. Contemporarily, his name is encrypted in the historical chronicles of most influential Enlightenment thinkers. He revolutionized the nature of politics through his writings that influenced the British and American politics. He is a man of many firsts and most known for the theory of mind, which is cited as the origin of human conceptions relating to identity and self. Other renowned philosophers such as Rousseau and Hume cited his works in their works of defining consciousness (Baird 528). Just like John Locke, Adam Smith is a renowned English philosopher who established the moral philosophy and pioneered the political economy. Therefore, he was an influential person for his work of revolutionizing politics. However, two classical writings are nowadays considered the most influential of all his works. The writings include The Theory of Moral Sentiments (1759), and A n Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations (1776). He pioneered the art of modern economies where economic issues were intertwined into the political spectrum. Hence, his works led to the establishment of politico-economic career where politics plays a major role in influencing economic dynamisms (Baird 529). These two philosophers have various similarities. For instance, they hailed from Scotland, and their philosophical career played a major role in influencing the nature of the contemporary politics and economics in the world. However, John Locke did his work in the late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries before his death in 1704. He established the political framework that Adam Smith came to strengthen in the eighteenth century. Hence, the two philosophers had the same purpose of revolutionizing politics even though they worked at different times (Baird 529). Works Cited Baird, Forrest. From Plato to Derrida, Upper Saddle River: Pearson, 2008. Print.
Introduction British Airways was started in 1974 as a result of merger between two airlines, British Overseas Airways Corporation (BOAC) and British European Airways (BEA). BA is known to be one of the Leading Airlines in the world. By the year 2001, the company had approximately 360 aircrafts and operates in ninety seven countries covering 270 destinations. BA owns stakes in other airline companies such as Australia’s Qantas and Iberia from Spain. Business within the global market demands a great change within the operational and management practices of international business companies. Management team should ensure maintenance of excellent working conditions within companies. They should have the ability of creating new business models for the purposes of satisfying current human needs and at the same time for profitability purposes. Implementation of up-to-date business plan and appropriate business models ensures change in image of business companies. Great level of confidence and creativity is required for the purposes of achieving the expected financial goals. SWOT analysis of British Airways Company British Airways Company                            * Asset of 360 aircrafts                                                            * Skillful and Professional workforce                    Strengths                  * Strong brand name                                                                 * Use of modern IT, fleet and ground facilities                                     * Stable financial base                                                             * Poor customer services                                                            * Downsizing                                             Weaknesses                 * Highly hierarchical bureaucratic structure                                        * Serious communication gaps                                                        * Absence of clear market orientation                    Opportunities              * Wide customer base in 97 countries                                                * Joint ventures                                                                    * Internal politics                                      Threats                    * External political instability in crucial destinations                            * Global recession                                                                  * Terrorism                                               Problem definition British Airways was faced wi
Correct psychological assessment and testing is the first step towards a successful psychological intervention. Although existing psychological assessment and testing methods and instruments are found to be helpful, there is always question about possible bias when applied in minority populations. There is possibility of individuals from minority cultural and ethnic groups being assessed inappropriately because of possible generalization of the psychological tests. Many scholars admit existence of cultural bias in psychological assessment and psychological therapies. Addressing cultural bias in psychology, Rogler (1992) noted cultural bias in research methodology, testing and treatment. Addressing psychological assessment and testing, the scholar noted that there was over-generalization of results without considering possible difference across cultures. Indeed, what is considered healthy differs in one culture to the other. In most cases, however, psychological health is associated with self-confidence, independence, assertiveness and having internal control (Carter, 1991). However, the qualities and characteristics that denote health and normality in majority Whites may not be applicable to clients originating from minority ethnic and cultural groups. According to Rogler (1992), application of psychological testing to minority groups may lead to negative results that may show the status of minority cultural and ethnic individuals to be undesirable. Carter (1991) noted that cultural bias in psychological assessment and testing can make individuals originating from minority cultural and ethnic groups to seen as less psychologically healthy. Confirming presence of cultural bias in psychological assessment and testing, Samuda (1998) discussed psychological testing in minority ethnic and cultural groups in the United States. In the discussion, Samuda affirmed that there were clear bias in psychological assessment and testing in use. Psychological assessment and testing that does not take cultural difference in consideration is not only marginalizing but can also lead to psychological interventions that can harm a client. It is therefore prudent for psychologists to consider cultural background and level of acculturation when applying and interpreting results from psychological assessment and testing. Appropriate psychological assessment and testing should consider unique features of the culture that a client belongs as well as the mainstream culture (Arredondo & Perez, 2006). For accurate psychological assessment over culture and ethnic minorities, conventional psychological assessment should ether be altered, or new psychological tests that are specific to cultural and ethnic minority
Public administration officers are people who are employed by the government to work as overseers of the government in their respective areas of jurisdiction. Public officers are entitled to apply evenhandedness when performing their duties. This is meant to enhance public confidence in government agencies. There are rules that govern the conduct of public officials. This is necessary because public officers portray the image of the government. Public officials provide a bridge that links the government to the public. Therefore, public administrators should be restricted to only laid down rules. Max Weber stressed on the need for authority and control. This was called the bureaucratic theory, which emphasized the notion of bureaucratic power. It acknowledged the separation of labor and specialization, thus communication was only from the top managers to lower level managers. Likewise, the administrative theory emphasized the need of establishing guidelines that can be implemented in all organizations (Thompson 51). Public administrators should observe the guidelines given to them and exercise their duties are required. This means that public should not use their authority to oppress people but instead they should use it for the betterment of the public. Public officers should not violate public expectations because they may be fired. When a public officer encounters a problem in the line of duty they should first take time to visualize the situation at hand and consider the effects of their decision. Denhardt (10) advises that by visualizing, the officer will have an upper hand. Public officers should execute their duties free from political influence and without fear. Sometimes administrators are forced to go against the ethics of administrators by using their own expertise to ensure a decision has been made. Before a decision is made it is recommended that the problem be analyzed and come up with possible alternatives. These alternatives should be arranged according to their effectiveness. Though an administrator may make a decision that looks unethical, it should not be interpreted to mean that the officer has lost his mind. Administrators should consider the culture of the organization that they serve. The key role of these administrators is to monitor their juniors and ensure that the rules and regulations are adhered to. Each administrator commands authority in his/her department and should not extend his authority to people who don’t fall under his department. It is obvious that when people are being hired to work for an organization, they are selected according to their qualifications. They are then deployed to departments that mat
Outsourcing on the example of the A/P project by the Tegan company Outsourcing is now a very common practice, and more so in IT-related projects. Compared to other alternatives like developing a project, outsourcing is cheaper due to the reduced costs such as housing and labor. About the case study, outsourcing was the best move under the circumstances. To start with, collaboration with the Fan Li business had restrained the existing accounts payable and as such, a quick fix of the A/P was necessary (Upton and Straits 2). During this time, most of the employees at Tegan’s IT department were occupied with more urgent projects. Therefore, most of the talented employees in the IT department were absorbed in the R/3 project (Upton et al. 2). The remaining employees had little knowledge of the new program, while the rest of the employees had either retired or had little knowledge about how the new program would be executed. These challenges prevented the company from adopting the second alternative which was to rewrite the system using internal resources. The first option was to “install an enterprise resource planning system (ERP), such as SAP” (Upton et al. 3). Although this alternative was effective and reliable, the budget constraint was too high for the company. Given the shortcomings in the two alternatives, the firm was left with no choice but to outsource the A/P project. Outsourcing the project was cheap as it would be a fixed price contract. To execute the A/P project, the outsourcing company would receive £25, 000 for the whole project (Upton and Straits 3). However, since the contract was based on a fixed price, in case Hrad incurred more expenses than
Scene 1 What impression about Hamlet is passed on to Claudius by Rosencrantz and Guildenstern? The Hamlet’s friends tell the King that he is miserable and “he feels himself distracted” (Shakespeare 152). Guildenstern also says they think that he will not feel better soon; however, when they reminded him of the theater actors he used to know, he felt joyous and even arranged the acting performance. The King and Queen are invited to watch this performance. Why do Claudius and Polonius hide when Hamlet comes into the scene? Claudius and Polonius ask Ophelia to meet Hamlet in the hall, where he usually walks in the evenings. They decide to hide because they want to find out secretly if love to Ophelia is the reason for Hamlet’s madness. They intend to observe the meeting of the young people and to listen to what Hamlet would say to Ophelia. What is Hamlet really pondering in the soliloquy that contains the lines “To be or not to be…”? What decision does he finally reach and why? Hamlet bethinks of the meaninglessness of life. At the beginning of the monolog, he asks himself if it is better to surrender to the lifelong flow of events and calamities or rather to fight against it and die knowing that you tried to resist. “Whether ‘tis nobler in the mind to suffer The slings and arrows of outrageous fortune, Or to take arms against the sea of troubles, And by opposing end them?…” (Shakespeare 156). He thinks of death and the after-death obscurity. In the end, he comes to the conclusion that this obscurity is the reason people do not want to die and prefer to lead the lives full of suffering. In his opinion, the indeterminacy of life after death scares more than any distress a person can face in life. Describe Hamlet’s behavior in his encounter with Ophelia. What does he mean when he tells her “Get thee to a nunnery”? Why does he behave this way? What is her reaction? Hamlet considers that people, women and men, befoul and corrupt each others. He tells Ophelia to become a nun also because he thinks that if she gets married she will give birth to more sinners as he is: “… I could accuse me of such things that it Were better my mother had not borne me… What should such fellows as I do crawling Between earth and heaven? We are arrant knaves, All; believe none of us” (Shakespeare 160). He behaves this way because he is absorbed in the thoughts of death and revenge; he is completely engaged in his misery. Although he loved Ophelia before, it now doesn’t matter, and all the feelings seem meaningless to him. Ophelia becomes wretched after their conversation. She also thinks he went mad and that his “noble mind is her