ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
What are possible alternative dispute resolution systems (ADRs)? Conflicts are an inherent and unavoidable aspect of any workplace interactions, which is why avoiding them is likely to result in a failure to help the parties reconcile, as well as the eventual outburst of emotions that will be very difficult to regulate. However, litigation as a formal means of resolving an organizational conflict is also undesirable given the possible repercussions, as well as the impressive expenses that both sides will take. Thus, other options must be considered. Selecting an appropriate strategy for handling a workplace conflict, one might want to consider mediation. Another option for managing conflicts in the workplace, negotiation is also quite known and well-established as a conflict management tool. Typically, negotiation implies that a conflict can be resolved by applying one of four core strategies, namely, collaboration, compromise, accommodation, and avoidance. To ensure that all parties are aware of the consequences and accept the proposed solution, it will be necessary to have them signed the contract. What is the difference between a conflict and a dispute? A conflict and a dispute might appear to be fully synonymous at first, yet the further analysis of the two notions will show that they are quite different. Unlike a dispute, which is typically short-term and driven by clear factors, a conflict is a long-term phenomenon with multiple underlying issues. To discover the reasons for the conflicts and disputes to occur in the described setting, one should talk individually to the participants involved in the confrontation. Thus, one will have several perspectives, analyzing which will lead to the likely root of the problem. Although a dispute resolution clause would be very appropriate, it will not provide the solution to every scenario, which means that conflicts will still have to be solved on a case-by-case basis. Likewise, consulting agreements with clients will need to have a legal basis to rely on when managing them, which is why a specific policy must be provided. However, each conflict will have to be handled individually. In turn, the general dispute resolution system would include a framework based on mediation and negotiation in order to keep the relationships between the parties as neutral and devoid of emotional tension as possible.
On May 10, 1983, the Principal of the Hazelwood East School, Mr. Reynolds, obtained an example of the local newspaper “Spectrum” for proofreading of the May, 13 issues. On the whole, the plot of the newspaper’s issue was rather satisfactory as far as the newspaper highlighted the most significant issues in the lives of the school’s students. However, there were two articles that attracted the Principal’s attention. One of the articles described the pregnancy experiences of three of the school’s students, while the second one touched upon the impact of divorces in the families of the school students and the impact of these divorce practices upon their academic performance. So, Principal Reynolds demanded to take the two articles away from the issue and replace them with more neutral ones. The newspaper under consideration was issued as a part of the school’s class in journalism, and Robert Stergos was the professor in charge of this course. He was rather upset by such policies of the Principal, and so were his students. A number of them filed a lawsuit against the Principal and other school officials of the Hazelwood East School claiming that their rights according to the First Amendment were violated. To prove this, the students stated that it was their choice to include or not certain materials in the newspaper issue. However, stating that class newspapers are parts of the school curricula, the Federal District Court decided that no First Amendment violations took place. At the same time, the Court of Appeals reversed the decision stating that apart from the mentioned reasons, the school newspaper
There exist some biomolecules in a vacuum whose unique nature can only be determined by some special techniques like mass spectrometry. Charged molecules are normally analyzed with their masses playing a major role in determining the nature of biomolecules present in a vacuum. Complete mass spectrometry consists of the source, drift tubes, and analyzers (Eng et al., 1994). It has been observed that the results from the mass spectrometry experiments differ because of the different spectra, sources and analyzers used.The difference in results also occurs as a result of the type of mass spectrometry components used in the experiment. Biological samples are analyzed using the large-scale mass spectroscopic proteomic analysis that normally results in large amounts of data that is sometimes difficult to manage especially in a downstream flow. Data processing and analyzing tools are needed in processing the hundreds of spectra produced in a single analysis. The data processing and analyzing tools are used to extract and interpret the masses of the charged molecules from the data output of that particular mass spectrometry (Eng et al., 1994). Database searches are then performed simultaneously to identify the peptides about the mass criteria of the detected masses from the mass spectrometry data output. The mass spectrometry technique heavily relies on these tools in processing and analyzing data. This paper will discuss why it is important to understand the manual analysis of the mass spectrometry data for one to correctly use the automated mass spectrometric database. The process of identifying proteins relies on the algorithms specially developed to identify the type of protein in question. The algorithms are designed by correlating the measured peptide masses with the experimentally calculated protein masses. These proteins exist in sequence databases that are often used in the manual analysis of the mass spectrometry data (Ekman, 2009). Computational or automated data analysis can only be applied to interpret known proteins. The manual analysis technique needs to be thoroughly understood for proper application of the computational technique especially in the case of mixed proteins. The mass spectrometry data is determined using the protein sequence databases (Gentzel et al., 2003). The searches of translations of expressed sequence tags are somehow difficult to understand in case the computational data analysis technique is used. The mass spectrometry data is first of all processed out of the spectrometer followed by a thorough analysis of the parameters. The parameter is essential in the process of identifying the real identity of the protein in question. The manual data analysis technique is very much needed in this process and simplifies the analysis of peptides using the computational data search technique. The multiple criteria provided in the mass spectrometry tag tool play a major in narrowing down the search results (Mann & Pandey, 2001). Manual data analysis minimizes the probability of
Katerina is a young girl who is curious to learn how to cook. Despite of her interest, her parents have never given her a chance to learn as they do not have time to teach her. She has considerable knowledge on what cooking is about, knowledge she has acquired from watching cooking shows on television. Katerina’s mother, Katina agrees to show Zucchini omelet is to be prepared. Katerina is excited to demonstrate her techniques in front of the camera. She also wants to perfect her technique, which is the main goal of such television shows (Sutton, 2009, p.63). The people of Kalymnos have always been mindful about what they eat and what they cook. There is concern that young people like Katerina will never learn how to cook. The introduction of the fast foods in the market in the recent times has made young people dependent on ready-made food (Sutton, 2009, p.63). The use of video in cooking is a recent methodological tool. It captures the attention of the audience more than other traditional methodologies do. Apprenticeship is a traditional method of learning to cook. It involves the apprentice to acquire the skills and learn the techniques of cooking through observing what the master does. Techniques and skills change with time. To be a good apprentice, one has to learn hard and face the challenges. Research has shown that girls get the skills necessary for cooking better than boys do. Their bodies are balanced and can stand extended period without tiring as it is required for the apprentice (Sutton, 2009, p.64). The kitchen in Kalymnos is an environment where different activities take place. To achieve this, there is a need to select the right tools to use and also the right techniques. The Kalymnian kitchen is organized as a workspace. The kitchen is used as a cultural artifact of the people and also as an expression of the mother/d
Introduction Within the history of civilization, the natural law is perhaps one of the oldest concepts of human morals and behavior. The western idea of natural law is based on the expression of the natural laws in ancient Roman and Greek literature 1 . The ideas of nature and law developed by various philosophers like John Locke, Grotius, Hobbes and Thomas Aquinas have a profound impact on the development of the natural law and natural law theory. However, the classical definition of the natural law transcends a wide range of ideas developed over time.It is called “natural” because of two major elements. First, it is worth noting that natural law, unlike customary and statutory laws, disregards the use of institutions and customs within a given society 2 . This means that none of the members of the natural laws can be derived from these sources. Secondly, it is worth noting that natural law is not supernatural because it is not given by any divine power and does not require divine powers or interventions for interpretation 3 . However, the natural law is attractive because it is independent from divinity. In addition, it is freely accessible. Since modern law relies heavily on legal institutions and practices, it is difficult to apply the natural law theory in practice. Secondly, it lacks ground because humans cannot change it but can rely on it. Thus, it lacks metaphysical basis. Moreover, it has been argued that the natural law theory is inapplicable in the modern context because moral standards should not be ascertained by human reasoning. It is also difficult to acquire knowledge of what is considered“wrong” or “right”, which means that the natural law does not have anepistemological basis. Thus, the purpose of this paper is to develop a critical view of the natural law and the natural law theory. Based on these discrepancies, this paper argues that the natural law theory lacks both epistemological and metaphysical basis, which makes it outdated and no longer has a place in the contemporary legal practice, despite its attractiveness due to accessibility and independence. The concept of the natural law theory The Dutch philosopher Grotius was the first person to separate natural law from religious attachment. Therefore, he is considered the father of the theory of natural law 4 . The western civilization derives much of its grounds from the natural law theory that Grotius developed. In turn, Grotius borrows heavily from the ideas of Aquinas. Both philosophers agree thathumans were created together with their natural inclinations 5 . Human have many emotions. Nevertheless, all human emotions are derived from only two natural inclinations- the society and the survival. In this case, Aquinas and Grotius agree that human’s desire is to remain alive and to live together with other people, which make the core of human nature.However, Grotius argues differently because he says that a third element of this nature is the human mind. He argues that humans can follow one of the three elements, which he calls “motivators of human life”. According to this concept, humans have the freedom to follow one of the three eleme
Introduction The main aim of this research paper is to establish the nature of work of teachers and the motivation behind it. The interviewing process has been used as the data collection tool. Generally, interviews provide in-depth information pertaining to participants’ experiences and viewpoints of a particular topic (Turner, 2010, p.754). After gathering data from a teacher through interview, the gathered data was analyzed and a comprehensive list of an average teacher profile was created. The findings from the teacher revealed that all teachers belonged to the teachers’ union, which participates in collective bargaining services on behalf of teachers with relevant authorities. Literature Review According to Macbeath (2012, p. 77), it is almost inevitable that schools in some form will continue to exist in the foreseeable future, and it is also inevitable that teaching and learning will continue to expand to sites other than schools. This statement triggered a research study on teaching profession. Generally, teaching is a process of monitoring learners by way of inferring emotions, beliefs and knowledge, ability to detect gaps between correct knowledge and possible incorrect students’ knowledge, the ability to communicate this knowledge to the students, and finally, having the ability to provide feedback through assessment and corrections to students (Dessus, Mandin & Zampa, 2008, p. 51). Several studies have established that teachers’ conceptions influence their practices (Kennedy, 1997, p.10), and an ideal teacher should show enthusiasm and passion in teaching (Gencturk, Akbas & Kaymakci, 2012, p. 1569). Other recent research results have shown that there is a moderate and positive relationship between the age of participants and their attitude towards ICT (Elsaadani, 2013, p.1). Ball and Forzani (2010) argue in the American context that, the bias against detailed professional training impedes the improvement of teachers’ preparation for the work of teaching. This points out to the challenges that teachers are facing, not only in America, but also at the global level. Aim/objectives of the Research The philosophy of this research was that, a crowd starts with an individual. However, the main aim of conducting this research was to establish the nature of work that the teacher did, as earlier stated. In addition, the research aimed at finding out the reason that made the teacher decide to pursue a teaching career and determining whether it was innate or forced by an external force. The study also wanted to establish the average teaching experience of the teaching workforce by determining the period that the teacher had been in service. Other aims include the need to know the challenges that teachers face in their career and bring them to the limelig
Qualifications for a Community-Based Program The use of community services as a means of retribution for petty crimes is rather popular since it focuses extensively on the opportunities for rehabilitating criminals as opposed to merely punishing them (Karp & Frank. 2016). However, not all misdemeanors qualify for a community-based program. According to the current U.S. regulations, there has to be a distinct connection between the crime committed by the offender and the service that they are given. E.g., a person accused of drug abuse could be sentenced to several months of organizing or leading meetings dedicated to discussing the issue of substance abuse and the available treatment methods. Types of Community-Based Programming Options The number of community-based programs is rather vast. Traditionally, the subject matter is classified based on the crime committed by the person assigned with a community duty (Alarid, 2016). According to the existing classification, roughly ten types of community-based programs can be distinguished. As a rule, the programs are aimed at addressing criminal behavior patterns and suggest alternative ones. Mentoring The criminal will be provided with a mentor that will guide him through the issues that he is currently facing. Family Reunification The focus is kept on improving family relationships. Outpatient Alcohol and Drug Services Regular interventions will be provided to address the drug issue. Cognitive Behavior Interventions The program is aimed at shaping the criminal’s concept of positive behavior. Mental Health The program focuses on managing the issues associated with psychological issues developed by the criminal as a result of drug abuse (Official State of Pennsylvania Website, 2016). Types of Community-Based Sanctions When considering the different varieties in which community-based sanctions come, one should bring up the fact that the introduction of IT innovations to the realm of legal justice has made it possible to introduce new types of punishment for criminals. Electronic Home Detention For instance, electronic detention, which implies that the person in question, is monitored electronically. The use of IT devices allows expanding the opportunities for legal authorities to control the criminal and their actions, monitoring them closely and, therefore, preventing any instances of misconduct. Community Service and Work Crews Working for the benefit of the community is another way of paying the debt to society and rehabilitating. Community service may include organizing an event related to the problems that senior people have and the significance of community support. Furthermore, it may require giving public speeches on the subject matter, collecting donations, etc. Intensive Supervision The conditions of the supervision are to be established by the court. Work Release Upon serving the time, the criminal may b
Modern realities provide new challenges and new possibilities for people, who choose teaching as a career. The models of self-management and collaboration are preferable for contemporary Lebanese teachers aimed at successful processes of teaching and learning. It is impossible to choose between the two models, they should complement each other to a certain degree for the successful development of the teacher’s professional skills. The self-management as a model of teachers’ professional development, consisting of self-evaluating, self-monitoring, environmental analysis, and networking, predetermines the further teachers’ self-education. Continuous control and evaluation of one’s lessons are important steps for professional growth, which encourage the teachers’ objective evaluation of one’s weak and strong points. On some occasions, these are the only possible ways for controlling every point of the teaching-learning process in Lebanon. Goodlad (2004) noted that “the deep structure of schooling creates an ethos of isolation and individualism among adults that must be overcome by deliberate intent and action” (p. 96). But facing the class without the support of more experienced colleagues, the educators should not feel helpless, but, on the contrary, try to use the opened up possibilities for self-monitoring and self-evaluation. Goodlad (2004) noted that “no matter what kind of preparation beginning teachers have, some of the most important things they need to know can be learned only on the job once they face a real group of students” (p. 99). Thus, only plenty of practice, constant hard work, and self-perfection may result in a successful teaching career and demonstrate high students’ grades. It is impossible to predict all the variety of the possible situations of the educational process, it is impossible to be a perfect educator, using only theoretical knowledge without practice. It is very important to know all the current trends in education, to be aware of teaching methods and techniques as well as to learn from the experience of colleagues, but teachers’ self-monitoring is an integral part of an effective educational process. Tucker (2002) noted that “self-reflection by teachers arises from a personal need to understand, critique, and improve on their own practice” (p. 77). Even feeling overburdened by the everyday teaching routine, the educators, not only the beginners, but the experienced professionals as well, are to find time and strengths for constant self-evaluation and following self-perfection. Tucker (2002) noted that “a hallmark of “expert” versus “novice” teachers is their ability to learn from experience through observation” (p. 77). In other words, the novice teachers, as well as the experts, are learning through their classroom experience for better implementation of the theoretical propositions. Inner motivation is often more effective than the outer, that is why the role of self-evaluation for Lebanese teachers can not be underestimated nowadays. Tucker (2002) noted that “it is through reflection that teachers are able to observe inconsistencies or discre
Who are the Xaniths of Omani? The Xaniths are the third gender within the Omani social system. While Arabian Peninsula has the common two-gender system, the Omani considers the Xaniths as members of a distinct gender community. Despite being biologically men, the Xaniths are engaged in homosexual prostitution. However, prostitution is not the primary source of income for the Xaniths in Oman as they also work as domestic servants. Xaniths have different dressing codes as compared to other male members in the Omani society. They wear long tunic robes worn by men, but with pastel-colored decorations that are similar to female dresses (Archer and Barbara 102). Men and women in Oman are subjected to the Purdah system which dictates the behavior of women and men in public. However, the Xaniths violate all the restrictions placed on women that include seclusion. They communicate intimately with women in public without raising public outcry. Xaniths do neither eat and sit together with other men in public nor play musical instruments that are associated with men. What Social/cultural/sexual purpose do they serve in the Oman culture? The Xaniths represents the transsexuals and homosexuals within the Omani society. As witnessed in other cultures, transsexuals violate common two gender system rules. Women and men have different roles within predominant Muslim countries like the Omani. As a result, the Xaniths behave either as women or as men. However, this group has adopted a middle position which is distinct from the two genders. Homosexuals exist in almost all the societies across the globe. However, their issues and challenges are suppressed by the dominant transsexuals (Archer and Barbara 103). The Xaniths have embraced themselves as neither men nor women but as a distinct sexual group. With their cross-gender dressing code, the group faces the challenges attributed to homosexuals within the society. Male prostitution is also common in various modern societies but lacks proper representation. The Omani Xaniths represent modern male prostitutes especially among homosexuals. Unlike other communities, they are non-secretive and engage in open prostitution. The Xaniths also represent sexual development of homosexuals within the society. Their development phase is different from what transsexuals undergo within contemporary societies. However, homosexuals from different parts of the world experience the same development cycle as the Xaniths of Oman (Archer and Barbara 102). How do we treat people that are like the Xaniths in our own society? The Xaniths of Omani represent the transgender members of the society. Just like in Oman, this category of people is regarde