ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Vodafone is a mobile service provider. Cases have been reported of security breach within the company as leaks have been realized into people’s personal details accounts. The accounts which are supposed to be guarded under the company’s internal security systems are reported to be available over the internet where they are accessible to anyone subject to application of the company’s password. There have been reports of leaked password to a number of people who are in a position to further expose the password to any person who can then use the password to access people’s accounts. Reports of people checking on their spouses’ accounts have for example been reported. The company, however, claimed it would check on its control measures and admitted that the security breach was substantial (O’Brien, 2011, p. 1). This paper seeks to discuss ethical principals with respect the case study. The paper will look into a number of ethical principals that were breached by the Vodafone Company with respect to the breach. Ethical Principals Ethics is the concept of
The best model which reflects the nature of management and changing environment is the model proposed by Drucker (Mullins 418). This model is selected for analysis because a modern manager should be a flexible and open minded, authoritative and ethical person in order to meet challenges and threats of the environment. The survey results show that a modern management is much more than planning and coordination but an art of leading and directing employees. The case study portrays that a manager should be able to set objectives and motivate employees, organize and measure their success, communications and develop people. From the expanded list of alternatives developed by the manager and his subordinates, the manager then selects the solution that he regards as most promising. Management represents an extreme degree of group freedom only occasionally encountered in formal organizations, as, for instance, in many research groups. The survey results unveil the problem of how the modern manager can be “democratic” in his relations with subordinates and at the same time maintain the necessary authority and control in the organization for which he is responsible has come into focus increasingly in recent years. The case study vividly portrays that “a manager is someone who performs the tasks of management” (Mullins 418). The main problem highlighted by the case study is the difficulty to lead and persuade others. Thus, it is one of the crucial dimensions of leadership. The successful manager of men can be primarily characterized neither as a strong leader nor as a permissive one. Rather, he is one who maintains a high batting average in accurately assessing the forces that determine what his most appropriate behavior at any given time should be and in actually being able to behave accordingly. This model best meets changing economic and social conditions, because the manager’s behavior in any given instance will be influenced greatly by the many forces operating within his own personality. He will, of course, perceive problems in a unique way on the basis of his background, knowledge, and experience. In contrast, the manager who releases control over the decision-making process thereby reduces the predictability of the outcome. The survey shows that lack of delegation skills and lack of knowledge about change management, lack of leadership and stress management skills reduce effective performance and productivity. Seminars and on-job training will be the best methods for training initiatives. The constant need is to educate managers how to cope with stress and lead others. Some managers have a greater need than others for predictability and stability in their environment. This tolerance for ambiguity is being viewed increasingly by psychologists as a key variable in a person’s manner of dealing with problems. Delegation
Introduction Thirteen Days is a movie that dramatize inside dealings at the White House during the confrontations between the two world superpowers at that time; the United States and the Soviet Union, who were currently involved in the ongoing Cold War. These confrontations were known as the Cuban Missile Crisis, and characterized the hot peace that was felt in the world system, as the two powers tried as much to influence nations across the world to adopt their ideological view. [1] The Review It is in October 1962 that a U-2, a type of military plane taking surveillance photos over Cuba, reveals that the Soviet Union is placing missiles carrying nuclear weapons in the country. Bruce Greenwood acting as President John F. Kennedy is informed by the security advisers. The missiles are in a position so close that if launched they could wipe the Eastern and Southern parts of the United States in minutes. [2] The president was therefore required to devise a plan to prevent activation of missiles. The president is reluctant on the decisions by the Joint Chief of Staff; to invade Cuba and destroy the missile site, as this will make the Soviet Union to invade Berlin, which was supported by the United States. At this point a nuclear war between the two powers is not only possible but likely. A decision is reached to place a naval blockade around Cuba, aiming to establish a quarantine that will stop ships entering Cuba, preventing Soviet Ships from entering Cuba. This act by the United States is seen as an act of war and sent a series of reactions to the Soviets. After a series of hostile confrontation with eminent possibility of war the Soviets agree to withdraw their missile from Cuba on condition that the US agrees never to invade Cuba. After lots of missteps concerning removal of Jupiter missiles from Turkey happened at this time. After deliberations US removes its missiles from southern Italy and Turkey, while the Soviets removed theirs from Cuba. Historical Inaccuracy It is difficult for a movie to detail all the aspects that conspired during a historic or political period, although it is imperative for the writers of such movies to stick to the historical occurrences at that time the movie asserts to act. Most Hollywood productions have not accurately captured the situation leading to the creation of a distorted image in the minds of viewers. [3] It is therefore important to sort out the historical inaccuracies in these movies, for that reason I identified the following historical errors from the movie; Thirteen Days. First, the movie portrays O’Donnell as the key player during the resolving of the Cuban missile crisis. O’Donnell is seen present very close to the president serving as a close personal advisor, conducting special tasks for the president and at
Ayn Rand supposes that ethical egoism is very much needed in the world, as it will be more beneficial for an individual, which will lead to a better functioning society. Rand defines objectivism and states that it is the best option but the reality has proven that egoism does not work and people should form cooperative relationships. Objectivism is a view of life and governing that is closely tied with ethics and egoism. Ayn Rand has written several works that display her opinion in this relation. “In ethics, Objectivism holds that man exists for his own sake, that he must neither sacrifice himself to others nor sacrifice others to himself and that his highest moral purpose is the achievement of his own happiness” (Rand, 2009). The second part of the quote is very true. Every person must use their individual efforts and abilities to find their way in life and govern themselves. But at the same time, people have been forming unions and partnerships to help each other throughout history. It is hard to deny something that has been so natural and unavoidable for so long. People depend on the community, understanding and lenience, as well as forgiveness of others. If people existed only for their “own sake”, everyone would become greedy and selfish, using others in ways they saw fit and abusing any human rights. The government and the functions of society are another major point that must be addressed. Any society needs to have some form of order to prevent chaos and loss of control. In the old days, people used to have local governments that focused on a small group of people which led to a better understanding of the group’s needs, unique to the conditions and general environment present. Modern government is greatly centralized and this creates inability to see the real demands of the society. The view that “This country is not a democracy. It was established as a republic, which means a system of free, representative government, limited by the principle of individual rights” (Rand, 2009), might cause even greater problems. Ayn Rand believes that people should have their own say in the way business is conducted and economy is run. But then, business and trading will focus on the ever increasing needs and desires of an individual who will use the system without governance and find ways to gain more than give away. An economy that favors select few will not be able to support the whole society, the welfare of people will decrease and the amount of social programs will be minimal. The system can be compared to a religion where people cannot foresee everything by themselves. The society requires someone with resources that are much greater than those of an individual, to overlook the order, create laws and prosecute any unfairness. The fact that governance and mutual understanding are much needed parts of humanity is confirmed by the reality of the world. People have enough time to help themselves, their relatives and loved ones, as well as strangers. Ayn Rand names several benefits of objectivism and egoism which are valid and logical but the circumstances of the world have shown a different side of the matter. Cooperative efforts of a large am
Introduction and Background of Waymo Waymo is a self-driving car company that started in 2005 as a subsidiary of the Google Self-Driving Car Project. Sebastian Thun led the team that designed the Stanley Robot car. The company’s technology was advanced by 2010 as it surpassed the initial technology that had humans behind the autonomous cars for emergency control. Waymo introduced its new self-driving car model that removed the need for steering wheels, pedals, and mirrors (Scanlon et al. 1). The company then held its first autonomous drive on public roads in October 2015, after which Google unit of the autonomous car became a division called Waymo. Waymo has also extended its vehicle supply deal with Fiat Chrysler to produce a fleet of 600 minivans in 2017. During the same time, the company offered residents of the Phoenix area a free ride in the self-driving minivan. The company used Google’s long period of operation on public roads to enter into the transportation of normal passengers. The firm also established self-driving technology on large commercial trucks in April 2017 before signing a contract with Lyft. Waymo also signed a deal with rental car company Avis to assist in maintaining the firm’s minivan fleet in the Phoenix region (Webb et al. 2). Waymo has several strategies that aim to ensure its success in the self-driven autonomous car. Three main case studies of the Waymo division illustrate its success strategies in the market of self-driven vehicles. This report discusses the reconstruction of fatal crashes in autonomous vehicle operations, Waymo’s safety strategies and readiness, and the case study on the firm’s public road safety data analysis. Case study 1: Waymo Public Road Safety Performance Waymo’s mission is to limit traffic injuries and deaths and enhance mobility for all users. The firm’s mission has resulted in the deployment of automated vehicles on public roads without a human driver (Schwall et al. 4). The company, therefore, intends to achieve the mission by issuing the public with information and appropriate data on the validated safety of its automated driving system called the Waymo Driver. Crashes and Slight Contacts Figure 1: Classification of Waymo involved collisions Collision events form significant implications for the public road safety performance of any category of vehicles. Waymo participated in 20 events involving contacts with other objects and resulted in 27 disengagements, which produced contact in post-disengagement simulation for an overall of 47 events as indicated in table 1 (Schwall et al. 6). It is important to have information about driving events suitable and applicable to the Waymo AVs’ safety operating in driverless mode on public roads. Such information is significant in generating extensive learning with the sector, policymakers, and the public while also enhancing public confidence in automated vehicles. Above 6.1 million miles of automated driving comprising 65,00
Introduction Mooney (2004) defines work as the effort put in a certain task in order to attain a specific goal or output. It may be on payment basis where one receives payment at the end of the month as salary or paid wages according to work done. Work may also be performed on unpaid basis, for example volunteering. Voluntary work entails being motivated and using your time and effort working towards a project you are interested in; most cases without monetary compensation. However, there may be benefits associated with voluntary work. This paper will look into various aspects of voluntary work including categories of voluntary work, benefits and drawbacks of voluntary work and whether voluntary work should be paid. Categories of Voluntary Work Voluntary work can be categorized into three forms; long term -paid, short, medium and long term unpaid, and short term conservation projects. The long term unpaid benefits entail professional and qualified volunteers working on long term projects that may take a long duration e.g. over one year. They may be sent far from their home areas to exercise their knowledge and skills and therefore it requires sacrifice and determination. Short, medium and long term unpaid basis takes one year or less. Volunteers are expected to cater for their expenses through out the execution of the entire project for example transport cost. It is good for those people who may want to gain practical experience in their area of profession or those that takes breaks from work. Short term conservation projects entails taking part in part time wildlife conservation and surveying projects especially for those people with limited time. The projects are usually in remote areas and volunteers are expected to fund themselves on the expeditions (VWIS & Working Abroad 2010). Benefits and Drawbacks Potter (2004) asserts that volunteering is away of helping or giving back to the community without necessarily gaining monetary benefits. Nonetheless, there are other benefits that surpass money, for instance; One can use the opportunity of being a volunteer to develop new skills like better interpersonal and communication skills, gain work experience, develop leadership and teamwork spirit and networking hence improving ones social life and personal growth in general. Volunteering also helps one attain a sense of achievement and personal satisfaction which help in building up ones confidence. The reputation built by volunteering is also beneficial and may bring long term benefit to the volunteer, for example, in future job opportunities since it shows a caring and self motivated character which pleases most employers. Barnes, Parry & Lakey (2002) states that the biggest challenge is usually choosing a volunteer chance that suits you well and where you can perform your duties passionately and achieve self satisfaction. Volunteering can also be very time consuming and you may not have the best living conditions. Volunteering for the wrong reasons
According to the United Nations Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees, a refugee is a person who “”owing to a well-founded fear of being persecuted for reasons of race, religion, nationality, membership of a particular social group, or political opinion, is outside the country of his nationality, and is unable to or, owing to such fear, is unwilling to avail himself for the protection in that country” (cited by United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, 45). However, the 1967 protocol and the regional conventions in Africa and Latin America expanded the concept so that it would include those people who had fled from war or any other kind of violence in their countries. The total number of refugees in the world is estimated at 62 million and 34 million of these refugees have been displaced as a result of war (United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees 67). Most of the refugees run away from their countries usually seeking asylum in bordering countries. In this case a person is referred to as an “asylum seeker” when his/ her protection needs have been acknowledged and the appeal to be taken in is granted. But, also there are also internally displaced persons who are refugees who have been displaced from their homes but remain within borders of the same country. The largest numbers of refugees are found in the African and Middle East countries. Refugees are regularly placed in refugee camps, which are set up by either the host government or by Non Governmental Organizations to accommodate those seeking refuge. The refugees are allowed to live in these camps and receive emergency food and medical care until they feel it is secure enough for them to go back to their domiciles or until they are re-united with their people living out of the camps. However, in these camps refugees face many challenges due to congestion and sometimes the lack of adequate aid from organizations and volunteers. More often than not, refugees face shortages of food, water and medicine, and are at a risk of contaminating diseases and have to fight against child soldering, terrorist recruitment, tribal clashes and physical/sexual violence. In the African refugee camps, there is a persistent shortage of supplies which include food, water and medicine. Despite these being the basic needs for survival they are often found in limited supply in the camps. This makes the living conditions of the refugees hard and unbearable. The food shortages are caused by hiked food prices or unavailability of food produces and usually lead to reduced rations for the refugees. It is also a major cause of undernourishment among children refugees. In addition, to food shortages, refugee camps also face a scarcity in
However painful it is, one must admit that the history of the U.S. is full of suffering, pain, and blatant injustice. In particular, racial discrimination is simultaneously one of the most shameful and outraging aspects of this history, and it even continues to exist nowadays, in the 21 st century U.S. The current paper discusses a documentary, “The Murder of Emmett Till,” which presents the story of the death of Emmet Till, one of the most known victims of racial violence in the USA, and briefly considers the impact of this case on the history of civil rights movements which followed the case. Emmet Till was a Black boy who was brutally murdered at the age of 14 by two White men for whistling at a Carolyn Bryant, a young white female shopkeeper from Mississippi, in 1955 (“The Murder of Emmett Till”). After describing the atmosphere of fear that reigned over the Black community in Mississippi in the 1950s, when Black men were forced to literally avoid meeting white females in the street due to the risk of being persecuted by the White community, the members of which predominantly viewed all the Black males as potential rapists, and the Black people on the whole as a threat to their whole way of life, which, given the chance, would consume their world and establish a Black domination, the movie describes the case of the boy’s murder in greater detail (“The Murder of Emmett Till”). It is explained how the boy was raised in Chicago and came to Mississippi for a visit; how he attended the Bryants’ store with his friends and whistled at Carolyn Bryant; how the boys were scared by the shopkeeper who left the room, assuming that she went to fetch a gun; how the murderers came for the boy a few days later. The trial at which the killers were acquitted by an entirely white jury, the members of which decided that the mutilated body of the boy could not be identified, and thus there were no grounds for convicting the two men, is also described, as well as the further development of the situation, when the murderers protected by the law against double jeopardy sold their story to the “Look” magazine for $4,000. However, it is stated that even the mass protests which were stirred by the murder failed to convince the federal authorities to re-investigate the case (“The Murder of Emmett Till”). Nevertheless, the blatant injustice that took place in Mississippi caught international attention. More importantly, it stirred up a wave of civil protests aimed at promoting racial equality and battling the discrimination of the Black people across the United States. It is stated that the case worked as a spark which caused the Black community to explode and to start mass demonstrations and campaigns against the inhumane treatment that African Americans would get in Mississippi, and the severe discrimination that they still faced across the rest of the U.S.; the Montgomery bus boycott is mentioned as one of the protest events that followed the murder (“The Murder of Emmett Till”). Even though a search in the literature and on the Web revealed