ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Vocabulary Defined ‘Word’ is defined by Merriam Webster Dictionary as follows: “ 1a: something that is said b plural (1 : TALK, DISCOURSE (2) : the text of a vocal musical composition c : a brief remark or conversation 2a (1) : a speech sound or series of speech sounds that symbolizes and communicates a meaning usually without being divisible into smaller units capable of independent use (2) : the entire set of linguistic forms produced by combining a single base with various inflectional elements without change in the part of speech elements b (1) : a written or printed character or combination of characters representing a spoken word —sometimes used with the first letter of a real or pretended taboo word prefixed as an often humorous euphemism (2) : any segment of written or printed discourse ordinarily appearing between spaces or between a space and a punctuation mark c : a number of bytes processed as a unit and conveying a quantum of information in communication and computer work. (Merriam-Webster Dictionary Online, 2011, 1) The work of George A. Miller entitled “On Knowing a Word” states that the individual who “knows a word knows much more than its meaning and pronunciation. The contexts in which a word can be used to express a particular meaning are a critical component of word knowledge. The ability to exploit context in order to determine the meaning and resolve potential ambiguities is not a unique linguistic ability, but it is dramatically illustrated in the ease with which native speakers are able to identify the intended meanings of common polysemous words.” (nd, 1) Miller writes that it has been the fascination of many psychologists to question what it really means to ‘know’ a word and states for example Galton (1879) and his experiments with word associations and Binet (1911) testing mental age through use of word tasks. Miller also cites Ogden (1934) who selected 850 words that he deemed the individual must know to master Basic English and Buhler (1834) and his analysis of deictic words that make the acquisition of referential value from the contexts in which the words are used. Verbal-linguistic intelligence used in communicating with one another is the method that human beings use to understand one another. Verbal-linguistic communication may be either formal or informal in nature and includes such as writing a letter, creating poetry, keeping a
There is no use denying the fact that modern world belongs to giant international corporations which try to spread their influence and increase the level of their incomes. Certainly, money and organizations which deal with them have always been important for the functioning of society. Since the invention of money people became dependant on this tool, though, in modern world the situation is unique. Never in the history the issue of money was so topical and important and never corporations, which deal with them, had such a great power. Though, it is obvious that increase of the number of corporations, which want to become beneficial and obtain great incomes, leads to the appearance of rivalry. Trying to win it, companies perform different actions and use various remedies in order to make their rivals weaker and guarantee certain advantage. Very often, these actions can even break the law and cause serious harm to people or companies. Additionally, trying to become more beneficial, companies also can step outside the bounds of law. That is why, a great number of trials appear. Being not satisfied with the actions of a company, complainants sue over certain organizations in order to attain justice. The bigger a company is the greater number of trials will be. With this in mind, it is possible to say that the issue of resolving law cases becomes very important, especially for international companies. Being one of these organizations, Emirates Airline also has several problems connected with this issue and, that is why, its actions should be analyzed in order to understand the main peculiarities of the pattern which is used by the organization to solve existing problems. First of all, the main information about the company should be obtained in order to understand better peculiarities of its functioning and what problems it might face. The company is relatively young. It is founded in 1985 and is one of the youngest companies of this sort in the world ( The Emirates story , n.d). Moreover, is should be said that at the beginning its main aim was to guarantee delivery of tourists to the region. However, being sponsored by the government of the UAE, the company started its blistering development. New planes were bought and new directions organized. Emirates Airline has never stopped in its development and, that is why, nowadays it is one of the greatest international carriers, and the seventh largest airline in the world in terms of revenue ( The Emirates story , n.d). The company
Executive Summary Six Flags, or Six Flags Entertainment Corporation, is one of the biggest companies in the sphere of entertainment targeting average-income families. It is the amusement park company that was founded in 1961 in Texas, the USA. Nowadays, it is one of the most famous and prosperous entertainment corporations in the world with the annual revenue of almost $1,500 billion. The company’s business sector is tourism and hospitality sphere; it is a theme park industry with amusement parks in America, Canada and Mexico, which is now included in the top ten of amusement park corporations. Hofstede cultural analysis of the company allows to define the American management model of Six Flags. There are many similarities between American cultural characteristics and the management model of the company. For example, the management of Six Flags has a short-term orientation, and its members are primarily interested in achieving individual goals (unlike in Japanese management model where collectiveness is the primary concern). The decisions are taken by the management; the company hires both full time and seasonal workers, as theme parks usually become popular tourist attractions in summer. Today, the theme park industry is growing continuously, as clients all over the world seem to be attracted by the entertainment sphere. Therefore, many amusement parks, including Six Flags, are highly visitor-oriented. Consequently, such companies focus on clients and define corresponding business strategies (Pelsmacker, Tilburg and Holthof, 2018). For example, as Milman (2017) suggests, b
Syria is undergoing through the armed conflict between the rebels who oppose President Bashar Al Assad’s rule and forces that are loyal to him. The origin of the conflict ranges from political repression to the uneven economy. The change in the ruling system in Syria can only take place through a military coup since the leadership has remained in one family since 1970 (Manfreda par. 1). When the Pa resident took the throne upon the death of his father in 2000, he maintained the status quo of anti-reforms. Also, families with close ties with President Assad were the ones who could access the privatization of assets. This inequality also prompted the start of the uprising in March 2011. The two years of the Syrian war have worsened the living conditions, especially in the opposition-held areas. The UN Office that coordinates humanitarian aid contented that they are unable to access these regions as Syria has blocked aid deliveries. The use of force by the world group led to the suffering of families, as they cannot receive aid from the UN. Moreover, the malnourished population is suffering from numerous diseases, mostly waterborne diseases from unclean water. Also, people could not access medical centers; only Turkish NGOs could supply medical products to some centers in the opposition-held areas. The WHO had estimated that close to 550,000 people are living in the worst humanitarian conditions and health centers are overwhelmed due to understaffing and lack of adequate resources. Since that time to date, the use of force by the two groups has led to the death of 22,000 to 25,000 Syrians, displacement of close to 22 million people and over 1.3 million people have become refugees in other countries (Manfreda par. 3). The forceful engagements between the two rival camps have led to a human catastrophe in which innocent civilians pay the price for the inability of the camps to end the war. President Assad continued the use of force to fight the rebels have led to murder, torture, and sexual abuse to children. This condition has made it impossible for many people to have food and others are fully traumatized. This brutal conflict is not only destroying Syria’s present but also its future. Some families had been burnt in houses and towns reduced into ashes. The use of force has violated human rights to law, which is a high level of impunity. The Syrian antagonist forces should stop using force against each other; the weapons used in the uprising have negatively affected the lives of the Syrian citizens. For instance, the United Nations noted that there have been 8,000 civilians crossing the border since February 2013 (Ghitis par. 5). These people move to other countries like Turkey and Lebanon. Their infiltration can cause insecurity issues in the accommodating country. The movement can also lead to social problems among the refugees, due to unsafe conditions in their short-lived residences. Moreover, the receiving nations are burdened with meeting the basic needs of the refugees. Lebanon, for instance, has recorded a refugee influx until its population has grown by 10%. Syria should stop using force o
Introduction Between the years 1346 and 1353 Europe has suffered from a massive pandemic of a plague that took millions of lives. This event had major consequences for every part of life in the middle ages. One of the fundamental changes that were brought by the plague was a change in the religious attitudes of the people. Christianity was gradually losing power during these years, people of Jewish faith suffered major persecutions, and heretical movements have become much more common during this time. The reasons for these outcomes are varied, but the widespread of the disease and the lack of effective help from the religious and political leaders facilitated many of these changes. This paper will show that Black Death had a strong effect on religion in Europe. Before the Plague To fully understand the impact of the Black Death pandemic, it is important to establish the power of the Catholic Church in the years before the appearance of the plague. In the centuries prior, various denominations of Christianity reigned supreme over Europe, with the Holy Roman Empire and the Byzantine Empire having the most religious power in the area. In the 11th century, Pope Leo IX declared papal authority to be absolute in all spiritual matters, which would lead to a variety of conflicts among different denominations. 1 It was also the start of the crusades, as the Emperor Alexius I called for the help of Pope Urban II to help stop the Muslim aggression. The start of the crusades marked a turning point in Papal authority, as it showed that the Roman Catholic Church can amass a serious army capable of both defensive and offensive actions. The idea of Crusades was not unopposed, with religious critics seeing various issues with it. However, the declining power of the Byzantine Empire and the promise of regaining the Holy Land was enough to gain widespread support in Europe when the crusades have proven to be fruitful. 2 This success inspired Christians with radical views to organize pogroms against the Jews. Many violent acts were committed against the Jewish population of Europe, as well as the Eastern Orthodox Christians. However, these actions were not supported by any religious leaders, and many churches gave sanctuary to the Jewish people that were targeted by the mobs. 3 The 12th century would see the crusades continue, with progressively lesser results. During this century, crusades have spread outside of the Holy Land into the Baltic lands, such as Russia, Norway, and Sweden. Despite the lack of satisfactory results from the later Crusades, the Roman Catholic Church did not lose the support of the people, leaving Christianity with significant p
Critically determine and describe the application of the theory of market-making costs is to market for information. Evaluate the ways by which an entrepreneur can exploit commercial information. The firm can own resources on its own behalf, and is in turn owned by other people – Illustrate. The theory of market-making costs is rather innovative because it used to be neglected in the prior scientific works and did not attract much attention. However, according to the literary review of Loasby (1999) giving a proper account for the discussed theory, it was considered by such economists as Chamberlin, Coase, Marshall, Casson, Penrose etc. It pertains to the fact that the key person who benefits from the creation of the market is the one who invests. So the task of the creator is to attract investors and to expand the market to the profit-bringing scale: “A market is a kind of public good. But who will have sufficient inducement to invest in a public good? Such investment will appear attractive only to someone who expects to undertake a great many transactions, and who values the private benefit above private costs, or who expects to be able to charge traders for the transactions which they undertake” (Loasby, 1999). The entrepreneur can exploit commercial information in a number of ways that are sure to bring him or her profit – this may be the information on the changing consumer needs, the coming currency exchange rates, the innovation planned for launching by competitors etc. Anyway, any relevant commercial information may be utilized by the entrepreneur by making constructive decisions as to the working process, production process or some other aspects of the firm’s activity. For instance, the entrepreneur may cancel launching the production of a new product or the introduction of a new series of services if the commercial information witnesses lack of demand in the given sphere or too fierce and advantageous competition from the side of other firms acting in the given market. The firm may really possess a certain amount of resources on its behalf because every firm should possess them in order to exist and function in the market successfully. This may be a set of contracts, human resources capital, reputation and a set of tools for acting in the market. However, there is always another owner who is actually the possessor of the firm, so sometimes his activities may be not directly connected with the line of activities of the firm. The owner’s main function is to guide the firm’s activity in the direction individually interesting for him or her. The owner may even not take part in the firm’s activity on the everyday basis; however, the owner is the main influential person in the firm as he or she is the creator, sponsor, financial mover of the organization. Critically analyze and describe the process of transformation of firm as a Market-Making Organization with the considerable amount of information. Tran
Technology advances date back to the Stone Age. Through the centuries, technology has evolved in this era of civilization and modernization. This has had advantages as it has led to today’s civilization and development. The technology considered useful but has its own setbacks. Neil Postman is a technology critic. Technology has many evident benefits and society has unquestioningly embraced it. Postman’s intellectual target which is to illustrate how technopoly redefines culture is illustrated in his book, “Technopoly: The surrender of Culture to Technology” Therefore, this essay presents a critical analysis on the impact of technology on society through Postman’s eye. Postman argues that uncontrolled advances in technology destroy important sources of humanity. He states that this could lead to losing morality and changes in our ideologies. Technology takes superiority over humanity because of its efficiency. The rise of control systems that manage information such as statistics are based on the fallacy that information can be scientifically measured and stored. Technology cannot be blamed because humans are the ones to be blamed in case of a mishap due to technology. This puts pressure on humanity and gives superiority to technology (Postman, 1993). Postman feels that this puts humanity in a subordinate position to technology. He addresses the issue of information invasion in his book. Traditionally, information was limited and therefore it was easy to manage it. Information was critically classified such that what was delivered was standard for the age and academic level of a person learning. This way, tradition ensured productive development in children. On the other hand, technopoly gives children information without limitation. Subsequently, this
Education Law aims to improve the basic skills of the public school children in the nation, especially poor and minority students. In 2003, fewer than two in 10 kids at Stanton met state reading standards. But by the year 2005, about seven in 10 did. The law turns 5 years old today. It is going to have a tough future as Congress prepares to re-authorize it. A group of 100 education, religion, and civil rights leaders already announced an effort calling for “major changes.” It is too early to say whether education is improving nationwide or not. Many schools didn’t get around to enacting most of its more than 1,000 pages of regulations until two or three years ago. U.S. Education Secretary Margaret Spellings says the law wasn’t being fully implemented in all 50 states until 2006 (Toppo, USA Today). But no Child Left Behind has certainly had a major influence on the daily experience of school for millions of kids. According to the teachers, most of the frustration comes as a result of the stress of mandated math and reading tests. All children should be virtually tested each year, starting in third grade as required by the law. It may result in increased penalties if schools don’t raise scores each year. Therefore the test day is fraught with tension in most of the schools. Many state rating systems nowadays end up celebrating the same schools the federal law slams. The law has even spawned an online petition after 5 years that had more than 22,500 signatures of people urging Congress to repeal it. Teachers’ unions have often been the loudest critics of this law. A leading National Education Association official once entertained the NEA’s 2004 conference in Washington by appearing onstage with an acoustic guitar and singing a protest song, “If we have to test their butts off, there’ll be no child’s behind left”. It’s not just teachers who complain. The year 2006 saw even the most ardent supporters of the complaining for a very different reason. According to them, states and school districts easily game the system by lowering their standards. The law allows each state to set its own pass-fail bar on skills tests. The percentage of Missouri fourth-graders at or above “proficient” in English is only 35%, but 89% of Mississippi fourth-graders meet that state’s standards. In math, only 39% of Maine fourth-graders are proficient or better; in North Carolina, 92% are. Brown University researcher Martin West this fall compared federal data from 2000 and 2004. He found that since No Child Left Behind, elementary schools have spent, on average, 23 fewer minutes a week on science and 17 fewer minutes on history. Also, to test history and science each spring, teachers spend about half an hour more a week on each subject. Schools actually spend a few minutes less a week on math after a large jump in the 1990s. But they still spend more than twice as much time on math than on either history or science. The law gives $1 billion a year to schools in order to spend on reading, and it is focused on 5,600 schools that serve the poorest 1.8 million kids in the nation. It starts with kids as soon as they enter school, has already trained 103,000 teachers on “s
Legal aspect refers to an instance where a legal action is employed where necessary. It mostly occurs where people violate other people’s properties or rights. The ultimate aim of this context is to outline the facts of the case, which include the definitive and the plaintive, the legal action to be undertaken and the claim that can be made. It then examines the problem of the case argued from the plaintiff’s point of view and from the definitive’s point of view. It concludes by giving the right decision required for this case considering both the facts and the law. Facts of the Case The definitive is the business investor who used to purchase businesses that were in financial crisis. The plaintive on the other hand are Harris and Danzil who pretended to be working for the investor only to display their interest by purchasing the manufacturing firm’s shares through paying $3.1 that was $100,000 more than what the investor had given out. The investor was right to take the matter to the court because Harris and Danzil had infringed his right of purchase. Therefore, there is no doubt that this case was a civil case. The issue of the case The problem of the case is the fact that Harris and Danzil had infringed the rights of the investor who was the initial person to approach the manufacturing firm that was in crisis for purchasing their shares. He then employed Harris to assess the financial status of the firm before he pumped in his cash. Harris on the other hand suggested that he was going to assess the financial status of the firm but there should be a person to assess the firm’s equipments and possessions. Therefore, Harris suggested that Danzil be contracted and the investor agreed. However, after assessing the required information, the two put ahead their interests and decided to purchase the shares before the investor could realize. The investor then decided to take legal action because the two had breached the contract he had given them. Argument for Plaintive The plaintive who is the investor wanted to purchase the shares of the manufacturing firm that had financial crisis. According to the investor, Harris and Danzil were only required to perform their duty, which he had been contracted to do. They were not supposed to show any interest in it but if it was necessary to show interest, it should have been done using the right procedure like informing the investor who would then decide what to do about it. However, they decided to do things in accordance to their own interest and mess up. Therefore, they must face the law for breaching the contract policy. Argument for Definitive The definitive who are Harris and Danzil argued that their shares are the ones that granted them the shares of the manufacturing firm. The investor had little money that required by the company but since they had enough, they gave it out. The investor only had $3.0 million while Harris and Danzil had $3.1 million. Therefo