ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction A fire investigation should be taken as a methodical line of enquiry whose purpose is not only to determine the cause of the fire, but how and where it started. Chisum and Turvey observe that the scientific method is the most effective and commonly used method of fire investigations (364). According to Cote the process refers to “the methodical quest of knowledge that involves the identification and setting up of the problem, the collection of data via observation and experiment as well as the formulation and testing a theory supported by data (hypothesis)” (334). The scientific method is inclusive and comprehensive with important steps that this paper attempts to discuss. Steps involved in the scientific method Recognizing the need Realizing that there is a fire problem is the first step to be resolved which is always evident because a notification has already been given to the investigator and requested to investigate about the incident. The role and responsibility that should be fulfilled by the investigator determine the exact nature of the problem a particular investigator needs to address. For example, an investigator may receive a call for a residential house on fire on James Street. Define the problem On arriving at the scene, an investigator is required to define the problem that needs to be solved. Often this involves determining the origin as well as the cause of that fire. There is also the need to determine the role of the surroundings in spreading the fire and whether there are any casualties. This step is important as the information gathered helps the investigator to apply the available resources more effectively. An example is when an investigator conducts a comprehensive assessment of the scene and realizes that the fire originated from the kitchen. Collecting data After defining the problem, the investigator will evaluate the scene and collect all the relevant information that will help in finding the solution to the problem. The data collected is empirical data that can be verified (Chandler, 130). An investigator is therefore required to document the data properly. An example of data collection is when an investigator notes burnt pots with food. The investigator questions the owner of the house and confirms the answers from other members of the family. The investigator further examines the burned pots and notes down his/her observation. The investigator may further try to connect the pattern followed by the fire noting the observations. Analyzing data While analyzing the data, an investigator examines the evidence as objectively as possible to assess its meaning and ultimately determine a possible theory that can be supported by the data (IAAI, 18). The important data are considered while discarding any irrelevant information. The investigators are supposed to use their knowledge, expertise, experience, and training full to deliver effective outcomes. An example for this step is to
As long as immigration implies numerous factors, it is rather problematic to assess the correlation between the negative and the positive consequences of this process. On the face of it, the principal benefit, which an unskilled immigrant is likely to receive in the USA, is the level of wages set for different types of basic labour. Whereas the locals might consider this amount to be insufficient, statistic shows that an average immigrant finds the level of payment satisfying in comparison to the conditions he or she is offered in the home country. In the meantime, it is necessary to note that the range of job opportunities is rather limited for unskilled immigrants. The principal occupation fields, within which one is supposed to choose, are farming, foresting, crafting, repairing, to name but a few. Thus, the lack of a degree initially deprives an unskilled immigrant of any prospects for potential career advancement. Therefore, the level of wages, which an immigrant can receive for the manual labour, is likely to remain relatively the same throughout the entire career way that he or she decides to take. Moreover, analysts point out the current tendency for a considerable decrease in the wages in the basic labour sector. Therefore, the principal economic benefit that unskilled immigrants receive is gradually losing its value. The key problem with unskilled immigrants’ occupation is that the labor they provide does not require professional experience, which means the worker who performs it can easily be replaced. As a result, apart from the limited choice in the occupation field, an unskilled immigrant is likewise, apt to face the environment of instability and regular employees’ turnover. As far as many immigrants come from African and Asian countries they are more susceptible to the social prejudice and racial discrimination. Thus, an unskilled employee can potentially receive a refusal from an employer or get unexpectedly fired due to his or her skin color. From the economic perspective, the lack of sustainability in the work sphere is critical for immigrants who, as a rule, cannot afford to buy their own apartments but are obliged to pay monthly rents. Therefore, losing a job for an immigrant essentially alludes with homelessness. Another critical factor that determines the character of prospects for an unskilled immigrant is the authorized or unauthorized status. Legal immigrants are initially in a more favorable position than ineligible foreigners as the status provides them with a certain level of economic security. Hence, they are ensured that the working conditions their employer offers will not be altered unilaterally. However, the reality is that a large percentage of immigrants is unauthorized, which means that their economic sustainability is twice ambiguous due to the fact t
Introduction The first question requires the removal of a valve for four weeks. There are additional chemical hazards and pressurized nitrogen to consider, in addition to the usual hazards of the actual process of removal and the prevention of any mistakes while the valve is missing. The risk must be assessed and the steps identified for the prevention of accidents before a permit to work can be issued. Then this must be documented and all labels placed properly and the documentation must be properly located in the central area designated. The work order must include the steps required for safety during the removal procedure and the steps required to prevent accidents while the valve is missing. To increase the safety of the workplace and decrease injuries and fatalities on the job, a system for safety has been developed which, when follows, will ensure that the workplace is as safe as anything involving human beings can be. The parts to this system involve assessing the risk, identifying the steps needed to limit the risk, using a permit to work system which will require the assessment and implementation of the steps it identifies to mitigate danger, assigning responsibilities, and documenting with date and time all of these in designated central areas to be certain they are available where and when needed. Most accidents are caused by one or more of three critical factors:  1. Failure to properly assess all workplace hazards and identify the steps required to mitigate or eliminate them.  2. Failure to follow the steps provided in the sell done assessment.  3. Failure to reassess and make changes when circumstances change. A properly done risk assessment will include all the steps of a job concisely but completely described, all the possible hazards and the steps and tools required to compensate plus a detailed plan with a map of hazardous areas and the locations for all permits. If all of these are followed carefully, there should be no added risk for the removal of the valve. The procedure which should be followed in the case of this task (valve removal) a TRA (Total Risk Assessment) must be done since this is what is known as a one-off job, not something often done. The assembled team for this job must include an expert on attachment and removal of this valve, someone (preferably supervisor level) who will be present on this job in the areas where the valve is located, an expert on pressurized nitrogen, and an expert on the hazards of disulfide oil. An independent documentation specialist would be included who is, ideally, not connected to any of the departments of the other members of the assessment team and is very familiar with the process. Hazards Identification No  Hazard                                                                Discussion of hazard                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         * 1 Highly flammabl
Introduction Since time immemorial, the need to convey messages has been an integral part of human life. Today, communication is almost a basic necessity. Communication, which is the transmission of messages, takes different methods. Throughout the ages, the methods of communication have continuously evolved. This communication evolution has moved from the early development of language and symbols to the present day use of advanced computer technology. The use of computer and internet forms the basis of data communication, which refers to transmitting digital messages. These digital messages that thereafter received by other electronic devices called receivers. According to Blanchard (2007), the amazing development brought about by today’s use of data communication and networking is the enormous distances, short time period and accuracy in which messages are sent. Communication network is concerned with connectivity of the computers, in order to enable sharing of data between the communicating parties. Such communication networks include the Local Area Network (LAN) for short distances and Wide Area Network (WAN) for long distances. With the ever evolving and advancement of technology in communication networks, focus has now shifted to fine tuning the accuracy of transmission and security of the message being transferred. The challenge here is brought about by the increasing need to convey data to distant places and to multiple destinations, which technologically results to distortion of messages as well as exposing the message to possible disclosure to unintended persons. Data communication has therefore, hugely eased message transmission. In addition, data communication has continued to advance, while adhering to the rule of increasing the rate of data transmission with the least possible data interference and guaranteed data security (Strangio, 2012).
Introduction Long in history, different events are hosted in different places around the world. The events are very diverse and include sporting events, cultural, religious, and environmental among many others. Major sporting events are known to attract very many participants such as the Olympic Games. A lot of planning and management decisions are deployed by the organizers of such events. The hosting nations for such events must show course in line with the preparations to host such an event (Davis, 2012). Overview of the Olympic Games The world Olympics is a global sporting event. It is held after every four years. The games are held in after every two years in an alternating way – in summer and winter though the major event is held after four years. The Olympics event is managed by the International Olympics Committee (IOC). The Olympics is one of the biggest sporting events of a global nature. It is also one of the longest sporting events in the world sporting calendar (Toohey and Veal, 2007). The Olympics attracts the highest number of participants of all the sporting events in the world. This is quite a complex sporting event since different disciplines of sports are hosted at once. It is a sporting event of a kind where almost all disciplines of sports are brought together. These include the famous sports like football, athletics, and almost all other ball games. The numbers of sports that are hosted in the Olympics have also been increasing with time meaning that the size of the event has also been growing. The Olympics is the leading events in terms of the number of participating countries. It also attracts the highest number of sports men and women because of the many sports that take place in the event. Currently, more than 200 countries do participate in the event (Mallon, Buchanan and Heijmans, 2011). The overall administration this event is done by the IOC which aided by the Olympic governing bodies present in every country. These Bodies are known as National Olympic Committees (NOC). The NOC administers the activities concerning the event at national level. For instance, they oversee and ratify the selection of the national teams that participate in the event (Mallon, Buchanan and Heijmans, 2011). The Olympic Games are said to have started in Olympia, Greece during the 8th century. These games have a rich history. The IOC was founded in 1894. The IOC selects a committee which oversees a certain Olympic event. As of now, the Olympic Games attract approximately fourteen thousand participants. These participants do take in different sports – totaling to 33 as it stands now. These sports happen in more than four hundred events. The host city, for the event, is chosen by the major governing body – the National Olympics Committee – through a
Nike, Inc. (henceforth Nike) is an American-based corporation specializing in the development and manufacturing of athletic footwear, apparel, and accessories. Since its founding in 1964, it has considerably expanded its capacities through a number of successful acquisitions (“Nike, Inc.,” 2017). Currently, the company owns 362 retail stores in the US and 683 stores in more than 40 countries around the world (“Form 10-K,” 2016). The aim of this paper is to discuss Nike’s top management structure, key stakeholders, reward systems, and code of ethics. Discussion Nike is a multinational corporation; therefore, it has a wide range of stakeholders with varying degrees of involvement in its functioning. The major stakeholders of Nike are customers, shareholders, managers, employees, creditors, suppliers, communities, and governments. The company takes an active stance on sustainable growth, which necessitates stakeholders’ involvement in Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) programs (Weiss, 2014). The effectiveness of Nike’s CSR endeavors is affected to a substantial extent by the prioritization of stakeholders’ interests, which is controlled by the vertical and horizontal arrangements of authority (Weiss, 2014). The footwear and apparel giant is headed by the Chairman Emeritus Philip H. Knight who jointly oversees all corporate activities. Chairman, President, and Chief Executive Officer (CEO) Mark Parker ensures the growth of Nike’s global portfolio through industry-breakthroughs in both design and marketing (“About Nike,” 2017). Trevor Edwards is the President of the Nike Brand, which is a position that presupposes the involvement into and overseeing of all activities associated with the management of the company’s brand as well as tangible and intangible elements of the consumer experience. Other top management positions in the company are filled by Andy Campion (Chief Financial Officer), Hilary Krane (Chief Administrative Officer & General Counsel), Monique Matheson (Global Human Resources), John Slusher (Global Sports Marketing), Michael Spillane (President of Categories & Product), and Eric Sprunk (Chief Operating Officer) (“About Nike,” 2017). Nike prides itself on socially responsible practices, which is reflected in its written code of ethics. However, the corporation’s involvement in unconscionable labor practices reveals a major discrepancy between written and unwritten codes of ethics (Nisen, 2013). The company’s written code also shows the commitment to the preservation of employee and customer privacy, the importance of which has been emphasized by numerous scholars (Kumar & Reinartz, 2012; Shenkar, Luo, & Chi, 2014). Furthermore, the code shows commitment to competition and accurate record keeping (“Inside,” n.d.). The ethical stance of Nike stakeholders is rooted in the principles of CSR. Therefore, it affect
It is a common trait for individuals to determine their overall health status regardless of their age, sex, race, or religion. Through this behavior, people tend to determine their overall well-being in comparison to other individuals within a given setting. The healthier an individual believes he/she is, the more confident he/she is with life. Through the interviews that I had with Joseph, I managed to determine the rates of his health status from time to time. By critically expounding on this issue, Joseph asserted that at times, this practice is voluntary while at other times, it is involuntary. However, from his self-rated health, Joseph believes that his health condition is excellent for a man of his age and background. This result is essential to him since it gives him a positive attitude towards life. At this age, this type of motivation is essential especially in enhancing the mortality of an individual. Joseph uses several methods to rate his health. Unlike most individuals of his age, Joseph believes that his health status is excellent since he does not suffer from chronic health complications such as cancer, kidney failure, arthritis, or heart diseases. These health complications are mainly associated with individuals who are above the age of 50 years old. Although he exhibits several depressive symptoms such as lack of financial stability, Joseph has developed control beliefs that motivate him to live a positive life by viewing every day as a gift. This is a trait that Joseph believes many people of his age lack. As living beings, our bodies undergo physiological changes with time. The nature of these changes is determined by factors such as age, sex, life events, illness, genetic traits of an individual, as well as socioeconomic factors. From the interviews, Joseph admits that he has experienced several changes in his body as he is growing old. From his description, I could classify these changes into two broad categories listed below: Sensory changes Structural changes According to Joseph, the major structural change that he has experienced is the loss of lean body mass. As a result, his energy levels have greatly reduced due to the reduced metabolic rates of his body thus making him feel weak. Consequently, Joseph has stated that he has experienced several changes that have affected his sense of vision and hearing. For instance, it is difficult for him to see objects that are far away from him and to
Introduction The article proposes an analysis of different definitions and explanations of two concepts: talent and gift. The author gives a detailed analysis of current concepts, their advantages, and their limitations for the research field. The author singles out such areas as general intellectual ability, specific academic achievements, creativity and artistic inclinations, leadership and cultural differences, income, and class location which influence the abilities and unique development of a child (Johnsen n.d.). She concludes that it is impossible to create a universal definition for a gifted child because of cultural and social diversity. In this case, “teachers should know how to establish situations for gifts and talents to emerge, how to observe characteristics over time, and how to observe characteristics in groups that are typically underrepresented in programs for gifted and talented students” (Johnsen n.d.). Main body The strength of this article is that it proposes readers substantial analysis of the concept and definitions used by educators. Johnsen underlines that very high levels of abstract reasoning ability may be required for certain activities—certain areas of academic study, for example—while somewhat lesser degrees may be required for other activities. As well as the capacity to think well, gifted people must have special capacities and affinities for particular kinds of work. Some special abilities can be identified in children in the very early years; others do not become apparent until much later in childhood. Using practical examples and case studies, Johnsen compares and contrasts the unique abilities and skills of gifted and talented children from different social groups. A major weakness of the models described by Johnsen is that none of the definitions recognizes the importance of the home and school environment in dictating the degree, and perhaps the direction, in which a gifted child’s abilities may be fostered. Johnsen (n.d.) claims: “students who are in classrooms where no differentiation is present are less likely to exhibit these characteristics”. The author does not use a true experimental study, but it would take much time and effort to test all groups a
Executive summary The assessment analyses challenges experienced by Pepsi Cola International in Ukraine. Distribution channels and logistics challenges have affected the business, which is the reason this assessment identifies four challenges and gives possible solutions. While using the available literature, challenges include poor transport and infrastructure. The ports are congested and delays are common. Burglary is a challenge for transporters. The distribution channels are not effective in distributing the product to all parts of the region it is required to. There is because of competition from other brands. Long distribution channels and economic slowdown make the prices increase. Warehouses are scarce as well as forklifts. The management can reduce the challenges by engaging in research and use recommendation to make changes that correspond to the environment and developments. Investment and long-term decision can be encouraged. Introduction Pepsi Cola International in Ukraine has been operating for over twenty years. The distribution of the soft drink determines the sales and the business development. Unlike other European states, Ukraine is lagging behind in development and this has affected the business. Moreover, Ukraine is a potential target for the company and the senior management of Pepsi Cola International in Ukraine should investigate and make changes that encourage business growth. This paper will identify four challenges the senior management of Pepsi Col