ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Economics explains the agents as market actors such as consumers and organizations that influence a specific market’s behavior. Conversely, the standard economic model assumes that individuals choose actions that optimize their expected utility. This paper investigates how players’ existence impacts economic agents’ behavior in various frequently studied corporate environments. Moreover, it intends to analyze the market behavior of organizations in monopolistic and competitive marketplaces, the way such environments affect the performance of an industry, and the benefits society gains from market competition. The monopolistic market is a type of commercial organization that exists when an organization is the lone dealer of particular merchandise. As such, monopolies are described as an absence of competition within the marketplace that produces products and services. First, firms in such markets enjoy high profits due to a lack of competition; thus, they can charge prices above those existing in economic marketplaces (Thaler, 2016). For example, Microsoft Corporation had a monopoly on computer operating systems and software, thus making it generate significant revenue and becoming among the leading multinational corporations (Thaler, 2016). Furthermore, in a monopoly, the firm can change the quantity of a product; thus, inelastic markets, the organization is expected to sell a significant quantity of the good despite its low price. Conversely, if the price is high, the company will sell a reduced quantity in a flexible marketplace. Firms in monopolistic markets set policies that focus on goods production and consumer satisfaction, thus preventing new entrants into the market. The organizations usually influence the terms and conditions of exchange, thus controlling the pricing of products (Thaler, 2016). Moreover, companies in such markets have patents over their products, preventing competition from developing similar products. Finally, organizations in controlled markets are usually the sole producers of the output of commodities and services. Perfectly competitive markets are known as price takers because competing corporations compel them into accepting the prevailing balanced rate in the marketplace. If a firm in a completely economical marketplace increases its merchandise prices, it will lose its sales to competitors. Supply and demand in such markets determine the market’s price rather than an individual producer (Thaler, 2016). The total revenue for a corporation in the market is calculated by dividing its total return by quantity. Simultaneously, the marginal income is analyzed by dividing the variation in profits by the change in capacity produced (Thaler, 2016). Therefore, a perfectly competitive company should be a small player in the overall market to regulate productivity without influencing the price and amount of goods distributed in the marketplace. Moreover, an economical market is a hypothetical margin despite manufacturers in various businesses facing competitors who produce similar goods, forcing them to act as price takers. For example, in 2015, American corn producers established a standard rate
The Obedience Experiment The confidante, called Derren Brown, performs the Milgram experiment to review the level of obedience towards authority. Interestingly, the participants are businessmen and women who have no track record of criminal activities. The authoritative figure has a direct influence on the behavior of the participants. The participants displayed machine-like behavior by blindly following the directive of switching on the electric chair, without critically evaluating any consequence of such a directive. Unfortunately, the participants are subjected to inflicted insight and emotional stress. Thus, extreme distress might have influenced their action in the shock experiment. However, exposing the participants to extreme emotional distress raises a lot of ethical concerns since their responses could have been influenced by the inflicted insight. Besides, the participants are not briefed on the nature of the experiment and what to expect in terms of emotions. Developing personal and social competence through emotional intelligence will improve an individual’s self-efficacy. Emotional intelligence orientation module has remained active in developing dependence of interest attached to an activity, creating proactive relationships, and monitoring their interaction with the directive of a figure associated with authority. This experiment is not representational of the conformity variable since it was conducted in a controlled environment. Conformity Experiment This experiment demonstrates how mankind is rarely an independent thinker. Rather, the actions are influenced by others, especially in the majority group. The experiment revolves around establishing the relationship between multiple variables such as culture, gender, task importance, and conformity. In performing the experiment, the participant, who was a student, had seven confederates surrounding him. The progress was then measured by the reaction of the participant to the behavior of the confederates. The participant’s behavior conformed to that of the confederates who were in the majority group. Unfortunately, the experiment depended on the lack of awareness on the side of the participant besides being run in an enclosed room. As a result, the conformity attitude might not be the same if it is done in another environment. To classify an action as of moral worthiness, the motive should be self-generated without coercion or external motivation to prove a point. Theref
Change management is a logical and structured approach to transitioning both in individual or organizational levels from their current state that is desired in future. It is a process that is aimed at aiding employees in an organization to embrace and accept transition in the business environment they are in (Hiatt 2010). There are three main aspects when it comes to change management and that include adapting to change, affecting change and controlling change. It is important for an organization to successfully adapt to change. This is because the more effectively an organization deal with change, the more it increases its chance to thrive. Change management also involves establishing a structural methodology for dealing with any form of change in business environment, such as economic fluctuation or threats from competitors. Change management is important since it is needed by managers and leaders in order to be more competent. This approach is needed in all aspects of life and it makes it crucial. Change is something achievable, measurable and realistic. Effective change management always provides supportive and structured path that enables one to handle change. Change management helps individuals build acceptance by minimising resistance and denial during change (Hiatt 2010). It encourages a person to explore and accelerate commitment that helps them accept and become part of the new transition. Change management has a great impact on business. It helps employees of a particular organization to easily deal with transition in the business environment. Change management systematically and progressively removes unfamiliarity by building familiarity before change occurs. This normally helps in removing or reducing perceived threats that are caused by change. Change management helps employees resist change and adapt to the new environment. Examples of change experienced in organizations include operational change, mission change, technological change and strategic change. Change management in an organization should begin with logical and organized diagnosis of current situation. This will help in determining the capacity for change and the need for change (Ulrich1998). Usually, the contents, process and objectives of change are always included as part of the plan in change management. The process of change management involves creative marketing to formulate effective communication between employees. It also formulates deep understanding of group dynamics and leadership styles. Change management in organizations aligns employee’s expectations, manages training and integrates the teams. Lack of change management in business may lead to poor performance or even project failures in case there are any change
Introduction One fundamental question that is mostly asked when referring to the moral cause in the contemporary society concerns the role of business in the society. There is a high level of growth of business in the contemporary world. This denotes a lot of competition among businesses. Even amidst competition and struggle for survival in the competitive business environment, firms are still bestowed with the responsibility of ensuring that they play a critical role in eliminating the challenges that face the society. This does not only help firms in establishing bonds with the society and ensuring sustainability of the society, but it also helps firms to win customers who come from the communities in which the firms operate. In this paper, it is argued that the main objective of almost all firms in the competitive environment is to make more profits. This implies that moral duties, like corporate social responsibility, are secondary considerations. This paper explores business ethics in the contemporary business environment. Of greater concern in the paper is the discussion about the probability of firms attaining balance between their objectives and corporate social responsibility. Corporate social responsibility vs. morality and ethics in corporations One of the moral responsi
Introduction Depression is a rather common psychological disorder that is one of the most popular objects of research among scholars and healthcare practitioners (Goodwin 259). This health condition may lead to such adverse effects as aggression, guilt, sadness, and even suicidal tendency. The history of investigating depression takes its roots from Ancient Greece where the disease was referred to as melancholy (Hofmann et al. 174). Over time, it became considered a mental disorder and was addressed with a combination of medication and therapy (Hofmann 182). Over the past ten years, some of the approaches to the treatment of depression remained the same whereas many new methods replaced the old ones. In general, it is possible to say that the scholarly conversation on depression has changed over time. A comparison and contrast of sources from within 2006-2010 and 2013-2017 will demonstrate the divergences in scholarly thought on depression. Evidence from Research As the article by Goodwin indicates, the scholarly thought of a ten-year-ago period was concentrated on physical illnesses associated with depression (259). The author emphasizes that such health conditions as heart disease or stroke may have a “putative direct impact on depression neurobiology” (260). Goodwin explains that patients who have such diseases are more exposed to depression since they realize the mortality risks associated with their illnesses (260). The author also investigates the association between depression and such nonspecific somatic issues as chronic fatigue, fibromyalgia, and chronic pain (Goodwin 261). According to research, depression starts with “minor depression” that used to cause much misunderstanding about the disease (Goodwin 261-262). The confusion appeared because of similar symptoms such as low energy and self-esteem, pessimism, reduced productivity, and irritability. With the increased responsiveness to treatment, such clinical cases started to be considered as depression (Goodwin 262). Chronic pain and chronic fatigue are also defined as syndromes causing “controversial diagnosis” (Goodwin 262-263). However, as the author notes, no sufficient interventions have been performed due to the lack of financial support. The article by Hofmann et al. also focuses on the difficulties associated with the management of depressive disorders in the first decade of the twenty-first century (169). The scholars investigate the effect of mindfulness-based therapy (MBT) on patients with depression. As a result of a meta-analytic review, Hofmann et al. conclude that MBT has a positive impact on patients with depression (180). Although MBT is not diagnosis-specific, it can help to manage processes that appear in multiple disorders by altering a variety of “emotional and evaluative dimensions” (Hofmann et al. 180). The authors remark that MBT may be applied in general practice. Articles published within the current decade have a different focus and suggest modernized approaches to the pro
Rae-Dupree in the story “Innovative Minds Don’t Think Alike,” and Carey in “You’re Bored, But Your Brain is Tuned in” have successfully used rhetorical techniques to establish inversions to the ordinary forms of thinking. Some of the rhetorical devices employed for this objective include sarcasm, paradox, repetition, and contrast. Rae-Dupree, for instance, makes use of the device of paradox to challenge established traditions that instill standardized systems of knowledge, which leave little room for alternative thoughts. The phrase, “The curse of knowledge,” is a paradox that inverts the connotations of progress and other positive attributes associated with knowledge. The substance of this paradox is to present a negative association with established schools of knowledge. The author’s intention through this paradox is to discourage the tendency of experts to rely exclusively on their knowledge and encourage them to open up to other possibilities outside their areas of professionalism. In other words, the author seeks to decentralize the system of thinking by strengthening other alternatives. Rae-Dupree also uses contrast by creating a system of difference between the flexible thinking habits of “Renaissance thinkers,” Rae-Dupree versus the fixed forms of thinking as practiced by most modern experts. The intention of this contrast is to support the underlying thematic concern of this argument that the creation of new knowledge is a process that relies on the creative and determined departure from fixed knowledge as presented by experts. To reinforce this argument, the author also makes use of the rhetoric device of sarcasm through the argument that sometimes scientists only create knowledge that only benefits fellow scientists. Carey, in her story, celebrates the value of boredom as a supple terrain that is most conducive for the growth of new knowledge. Sarcasm and paradox are used to showcase how moments of boredom must be accepted as normal and even useful processes in the cognitive development of humans. The paradox is captured in the very title of the article in the words “bored but your brain is tuned in.” It is a paradox to imagine how a bored brain might be tuned in. The element of sarcasm is illustrated in the placing of boredom at the most official and formal of settings for instance in Prime Ministers sitting “with frozen smiles through interminable state events”. Another instance of sarcasm is in the author’s imaginative illustration of bored scientists poring through “meaningless data”. The device of paradox has been employed in the explanation that boredom is a useful neural process that can be used constructively in learning and creativity. The aspect of deriving interest by looking at mud can be classified as both sarcasm and paradox, in the sense that it evoke
Introduction People have been trying to cognize themselves as a phenomenon since the dawn of time. Indeed, there are many eminent philosophers trying to find answers to the main questions about humanity’s purposes and motivators. It is generally agreed that John Locke and Thomas Hobbes succeeded in creating a keen understanding of human identity. However, their theories seem to differ in some key points. Hobbes’ judgment appears to be more reasonable than Locke’s inferences because of his realistic approach to mankind. Hobbes’ Characterization of Man in the State of Nature Admittedly, there were thousands of wars in the past because of the lack of different resources, from gold to cheap labor force. Therefore, some nations would constantly win and become wealthy by conquering property that was not their by rights. In this case, the opposite side would lose and lose before fading into oblivion or rising from ashes and redeeming position. Such an everlasting state of war could seem natural for humanity, because being equal they could hardly achieve similar conditions that would satisfy them all. In fact, many wars were commenced in the name of noble things like faith or honor. Nevertheless, the true reasons can hardly be advocated as they represent the most disgraceful human traits like greed, vanity, and thirst for blood. According to Hobbes, such behavior corresponds to human nature because people are likely to yield to their temptations (Darat, 2017). Their equality is considered a negative thing because they deserve the same, but they strive for privileges often taking something away from one another. Thus, human nature is viewed pessimistically, yet true to life. Nowadays there are still many conflicts in the world. People have proclaimed human rights paramount importance after Hobbes, Locke, and other philosophers, yet presumably never approached poetical justice. Locke’s Perception of the State of Nature There is a more optimistic view of the natural condition of mankind or the so-called state of nature. Locke also supports the idea that everybody deserves freedom and equality but sees no correlation between natural rights and constant fight. In fact, “Men living together according to reason, without a common Superior on Earth, with Authority to judge between them, is properly the State of Nature. But force, or a declared designed of force upon the Person of another, where there is no common Superior on Earth to appeal to for relief, is the State of War (as cited in Locke, 1823, p. 113). It means if people fail to listen to the voice of morality, they undergo the transitional period from natural state of peace to war. Conclusion All things considered, humanity purposes seems to be a very controversial topic. Judging by the everlasting character of military conflicts in the world and the absence of verified periods of time when no wars took place, war is the state of nature. It would be too optimistic to believe in God’s will in compliance with Locke. To consider wars as many of cases when people failed to listen to Reason is possibly old-fashioned and naive.
Sports have always held a high echelon in the lives of every person starting from ‘early men’. Early men, who hunted game, were looking to obtain food for their living. However, as they lacked activity, they started taking part in hunting to pass their times, and hence hunting evolved to become a past time game rather than a necessity for food. This example can be stretched to the early times in England when the lords created a competition for hunting the fastest animal on ground by a bow and arrow. Thus the reason for hunting changed again, this to become one of competition rather than of fun. Dictionary.com defines sports as a “physical activity that is governed by a set of rules or customs and often engaged in competitively” and as “an active pastime or recreation” (Dictionary, 2008). This definition can be best understood by the example given above about hunting. Hunting evolved from a necessity to a past time, then to a competition and now again is a form of past time fun activity. In short, sport can be defined as an activity that either has a competitive sense or a recreational sense. The basic difference lies in the fact that one is played to win while the other to pass the time. Thus differentiating this definition on these two factors forms the basis of our discussion. We know sports as those activities that are recognized in the world for the purpose of entertainment for the viewers and as a competition for the participants. Sports such as Football, Swimming, Cricket and Basketball are held in stadiums of huge areas where the participants play in a specified limited area, while an external area is provided to the audience to view the sport in progress. Sports played for recreational purposes are usually played in homes, open spaces or anywhere they can find space and does not have a fixed boundary. A sport in a competitive sense involves playing to win a certain prize. This may be a trophy, cup or a cash prize that is given to the winning player(s). The reputation of the players is at stake for which they fight with their opponents. Sport for fun is usually to satisfy personal objectives rather than to win something. The factor of seriousness comes in a sport which is played for
Introduction Organizations are categorized as social systems, which focus on achieving certain goals. The success of an organization depends on how effective its workforce executes the allocated duties. Subsequently, it is necessary for organizations to foster optimal human behaviors. Some of the strategies that firms adopt include integrating strong work systems and job designs, hiring qualified and talented employees, implementing comprehensive employees’ reward systems, and coming up with effective training programs. All these strategies are focused on improving organizational productivity (Sims 2002). The integration of effective human resource management (HRM) practices cannot be underestimated considering the unpredictable characteristic of human behavior. HR managers have an obligation to enhance and maintain their workforce, which plays a fundamental role in minimizing the costs involved in recruitment and selection. Integrating effective HRM in the police department is critical as it offers services directly to the public coupled with being responsible for ensuring that members of the society are protected adequately. Therefore, a well-trained and qualified HR manager is crucial in enhancing the effectiveness with which a particular police department attains its goals. Abu Dhabi Police GHQ is focused on reducing the rate of crime, eliminating fear in society, promoting the achievement of justice, and preserving social stability. The department’s ability to achieve these goals is dependent on the extent to which effective HRM is integrated. This essay evaluates a number of themes, which will promote my ability to undertake the role of an HR manager within the Abu Dhabi Police GHQ. The study focuses on four main themes, which include diversity in teams, leadership and management, change management, and ethical leadership. Diversity in teams Organizations are increasingly inclining towards the concepts of teams, teambuilding, and teamwork as a way of improving organizational life. For an organization to succeed, it must utilize its human and financial capital optimally. Teams are effective in improving an organization’s productivity, level of motivation amongst the workforce, implementation, and use of new technology. Productivity is improved by maximizing the capability of the team members’ skills and strengths. Consequently, it is possible for organizations to undertake a variety of tasks. Teamwork contributes towards the development of a high level of autonomy amongst the workforce, which culminates in employees being more innovative. West (2012) argues that teams are likely to implement effective solutions that they have generated. Team working also contributes towards knowledge sharing, thus further enhanc