ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) became a significant threat to the world when they were discovered in the 1980s. After that, these diseases started attacking millions of people in all world countries, causing severe health problems and resulting in death. Since then, medical professionals have achieved essential success in the field of curing HIV and AIDS. As a result, better treatment of the illnesses globally and especially in Africa has contributed to a longer life expectancy of the patients. At the same time, better medicine has exposed HIV-positive individuals to fewer opportunistic infections (OIs) and more comorbidities. Thus, the principal purpose of this paper is to explain why improved treatment implies such controversial outcomes. HIV/AIDS and Longer Life Expectancy The diseases under consideration significantly decreased the duration of life of the affected population in the late 20 th -early 21 st century. For example, Teeraananchai et al. (2017) explain that “life expectancy deteriorated to 49.5 years” in sub-Saharan Africa by 2000 (p. 256). At the same time, many young individuals from developed countries also died because of HIV and AIDS. It was so because those people did not obtain adequate education and treatment. However, the situation increased dramatically after starting antiretroviral therapy (ART). As a result, life expectancy increased by 43.3 years for 20-year individuals in high-income countries and by 28.3 years in low/middle-income states (Teeraananchai et al., 2017, p. 256). Even though higher longevity is a positive phenomenon, enhanced treatment has provided HIV-positive patients with both advantages and disadvantages, and they will be described below. Fewer Opportunistic Infections To begin with, one should comment on what OIs are. This term stands for diseases caused by pathogens that benefit from specific conditions. For example, it can refer to a person’s weakened immune system. As a result, many bacteria or viruses attack an organism and lead to health issues. Adequate treatment is sufficient to minimize the impact of OIs on people, and the case with HIV and AIDS proves it. The information below will explain the lower incidence of Pneumocystis pneumonia, candidiasis, tuberculosis, cerebral toxoplasmosis, and invasive non-typhoidal salmonellosis (iNTS) among HIV-positi
Type 2 diabetes is a prevalent chronic illness of global proportions. Its main cause is the pancreatic β-cell dysfunction and insulin resistance in target organs, which leads to insulin deficiency in the organism (Chatterjee et al., 2017). By 2015, type 2 diabetes has become the sixth leading cause of disability, and cardiovascular diseases and strokes associated with it are particularly prominent as a cause of death (Chatterjee et al., 2017). In the last decades, as obesity steadily rises, and sedentary lifestyles become more widespread in the developed countries, the prevalence of type 2 diabetes steadily increases (Chatterjee et al., 2017). Thus, type 2 diabetes has medical costs, or the difficulties of coping up with the illness, economic ones, which are the financial costs of managing it, and the organizational ones for the healthcare systems. As a chronic disease, type 2 diabetes requires prolonged management and coping on the patient’s side. There is no known cure, although glucose management “reduces macrovascular outcomes such as cardiovascular disease” (Chatterjee et al., 2017, p. 2239). As with many chronic illnesses, successful management of type 2 diabetes relies on early detection, which necessitates the screening of individuals at risk of
Introduction The issue of climate change has raised a lot of concern among various companies and government across the world because its effects impacts on all of us. A 2004 estimate by Swiss Re indicated that the total cost of natural disaster as a result of climate change is likely to increase two-folds to reach $ 150 billion within a decade. In addition, global carbon dioxide emissions are projected to increase two-folds by 2050 (Reuters 2004). As such, there is need to ensure that long-term strategies are implemented to mitigate the effects of climate change. The effects of climate change may be synergistic, antagonistic, or addictive (Speth 2004, p. 18). Most of the times, the effects of climate change tend to be harmful. There is very little that can be done to reduce the unfavorable impact of natural factors; however, we can do a lot to mitigate the extra stressors brought about by antagonistic contributions, and human activities. The report endeavors to explore the key drivers of climate change. Emphasis shall be on the natural and manmade drivers of climate change. Some of the nationally and internationally adopted strategies that deal with climate change shall also be examined. The issue of reducing carbon emission has remained quite intractable, and the report shall also attempt to explore why this is the case. There are several options available for energy conservation and these shall be explored as well, including the growing shift towards renewable systems. Finally, the report shall endeavor to assess if an emission trading system can be made to work. Key drivers of climate change Extraterrestrial and terrestrial factors of climate change The solar system happens to be the main source of energy that impacts on climate. Prolonged periods of geological imbalances has resulted in an unbalanced dynamic system that is more prone to cycles of cooling and heating up, with the corresponding falling and rising in the sea level (Pararas-Carayannis 2003, para. 3). Terrestrial and astronomical factors are some of the key natural drivers of climate change. Changes in orbital forces are estimated to be nearly 10% of the entire amount of solar energy that specific latitudes can get (Dow & Downing 2006). Geological short-term changes also affect the earth’s climate. Some of these changes could last for hundreds of thousands of years. The transfer of heat energy from the equator to the earth’s poles is also affected by seasonal variations (King & Walker 2008, p. 159). This heat energy determines the strengths of wind currents, rainfall, and ocean curr
I believe that art criticism is not just evaluation of art. It is actually a process that contains several steps, the first of which is description. This is the step whereby an art critic studies artwork details keenly in order to obtain certain elements. At this step, the art critic mentions everything he/she knows and understands about the piece of art. This stage also requires the critic to be factual and to mention everything he/she sees on the piece of art. Analysis is the second step which basically covers information of how the piece of art has been organised. The features of art that are emphasised at this step include, for example, lines which are meant to show the direction of movement. Shapes and spaces are also used to show the position of the art while colors depict the mood. Taking into consideration that the next step is interpretation, the artwork is designed in such a way that there is a metaphor behind the observable art’s meaning. It could be indicated that interpretation calls for the art critic to use his/her intelligence and imagination skills to explain the meaning of the art. The final step is judgment, which entails how the critic thinks of the work. This step is used to determine whether the work communicates to the viewer. It also helps determine whether the art has failed or succeeded considering the intended purpose. No doubt, opinion is also provided here based on the steps mentioned above. It is important to keep in mind that making judgment calls for honesty and absolute absence of biasness.
Abstract Personality tests are quite common in many organizations. This is especially true when recruiting new staff. The interviewees take stormy sessions where their personality is delved into. This paper looks at the factors that psychologist put into consideration when developing aptitude tests. The world is quickly changing. This means that personality tests have been overtaken by time. Putting this into consideration, this paper goes ahead to look at the solutions to these problem. Introduction A personality test is an attribute-based examination that defines a person. Many personnel managers use the test to hire employees by knowing their crucial attributes. This clearly defines how well they can fit in the job. It is also used by researchers in fields such as technology to look into people’s character traits. A personality test is a set of questions that a person fills. These questions have predetermined traits attached to them. A person fills the answers against the predetermined traits. Some of the traits include intuitiveness, intelligence, creativity and alertness. Although many of the personality tests reveal the exact traits that a person holds, some have faults. Scholars continue to argue about the viability of personality traits in a world where trickery and many other factors do not favor the results. Interviewees in jobs constantly deceive their prospective employers by having prior knowledge of the exact personality that their answers will present. Personality tests also fail on the social front. Many social factors are not universally the same which distorts the end result of a personality test. This paper looks at the factors that psychologists take into consideration when determining whether personality test is a good measure of the exact personality of a person (McGhee et al. 2008). The Down Side of Personality Tests Respondent Counterfeit Many companies the world over continue to use personality test to hire their employees. Many scholars continue to fault that approach. This is because they argue that prospective employees are in a position to cheat their way to lucrative positions once they realize this is the method to vet candidates. Personnel manager get the illusion that it is a simple method. This simplicity hides in it a danger that is continually ignored by managers. All over the United States, this method is quite common. It is psychological scholars of the 60’s and contemporary psychologists. The contemporary ones are of the opinion that personality tests do not quite depict a true personality that an individual possess. This favorable presentation in interviews h
Introduction “Guns do not kill people; People do” is the often-heard but still widely discussed theory. Despite the fact that most individuals are confident that people would be less likely to harm others without weapons, the opinion that an armed person is always guilty of murder is prevalent (Marais). This essay will respond to the mentioned statement proving its correctness based on concrete examples and evidence. Why Guns Do Not Kill People It is possible to provide two examples that support the statement that people are the ones who kill and not guns by showing how they can be used both for saving and taking lives. The article Police: Employee kills 1, wounds five at Texas cabinet business describes a shooting case at Kent Moore Cabinets in Bryan, Texas, when a criminal killed one person and wounded five others. It is evident that with intentions to harm his former colleagues, the man would do it with or without a gun. Simultaneously, Marais provides a part of an interview with congresswoman Diana Harshbarger who voted for the legalization of the use of firearms. She states that “I was robbed at gunpoint, and if we didn’t have a gun, there would have been a lot of people that probably would not be here today” (Marais). This example shows the opposite perspective that weapons can be used for saving others. Conclusion It is known that guns are intended for killing others and often are used for criminal purposes. One of the mentioned-above examples indicates that guns are tools for murdering, as only an individual’s actions are a force that an opportunity to kill to an actual case. The other example reveals the usefulness of weapons for an opposite purpose, that is to save people. Therefore, as guns are substituted for human beings’ will and can be used for different reasons, it is evident that the statement “that “Guns do not kill people; People do” is correct. Works Cited “Police: Employee kills 1, wounds 5 at Texas cabinet business.” Wjhl , 2021, Web. Marais, B. ‘Guns don’t kill people, people kill people’: Harshbarger against Biden administrations’ gun control proposals . Wjhl, 2021, Web.
Formal research and business proposals have similarities and differences. However, the two are independent of each other. Reflectively, there are series of differences between formal research proposal and business proposal on uses, purposes, sections, and goals. Thus, this reflective treatise attempts to explicitly explore similarities and differences between formal research proposal and business proposal. Proper understanding of these variances and similarities are critical towards effective writing of either business or formal research proposals. Similarities and Differences between Formal Research and Business Proposals Irrespective of the size, all proposals have outlined goals in the overview section. As a matter of fact, formal research proposal goals are different from those of a business proposal. In their composition, prompting regulates their scope to a specific research problem or topic. Therefore, both “formal research and business proposals employ a reader-centered approach which ensures that the focus of these documents is the specific and detailed in addressing of the concerns expressed in the CFP to which the proposals respond” (Hamilton 2010 par. 3). In addition, the two forms of proposals have a parameter for feasibility testing that facilitates a proactive response to research problems. Therefore, it is possible to monitor their proposed approaches on the basis of this feasibility test. Unlike business proposal, formal research proposal has a confined focus on specific data or information for a specific situation that needs a solution. On the other hand, business proposals have goals that suggest on improvement or alternative approach. In the goal assessment, theoretical approach dominates formal research proposal. However, business proposals adopt practical approac
In the present era of numerous flaws in the existing means of transport planners and policymakers have tried to come up with ideas and propositions that will help bring back order in the transport sectors of their particular countries or jurisdiction. Transport is considered a leading sector in many if not all economies in the world; it helps open up remote areas for viable business activities by making them accessible to interested investors (Margaret 37). This is by developing transport infrastructure for example constructing new roads and expanding the existing ones. Governments and lawmakers have also formulated rules and policies that help govern safety and order in transport. Road transport is on focus because of the fact that it serves the majority of people compared to other means like air which is more expensive and uneconomical if one needs to travel short distances like to and from work. Ironically road transport causes the most accidents compared to other means. According to the world health organization, road accidents rank second among the leading causes of death in young adults with up to 1.2 million deaths and an estimated fifty million injuries. The main causes of the accidents are careless driving, substance abuse where drivers are under the influence of intoxicants while driving, and bad conditions of roads, especially in developing countries. Statistics also show that pedestrians and passengers as opposed to drivers are the most affected by the accidents. Whereas a number of countries have taken into account well-formulated mechanisms to tackle the concept of safety and deal with the problems many have been ineffective due to lack of funds to affect them or their applicability. Government policymakers have proposed alternative ways of curbing the problems in the sector and among them is bicycle transport. For efficiency in bicycle transport, however, there have to be changes and modifications in the existing infrastructure like the roads and parking areas. Adoption of bicycle transport on the roads in their present state may cause even more accidents. This is because many roads were developed with motor vehicles as the focus so little energy was directed towards the incorporation of other users like cyclists (Anthony & Jeremy 183). The little space that is there for pedestrians has been consumed by vehicles as more and more people buy cars and other use buses as their traveling means. This has in turn discouraged the use of bicycles led to high dependency on vehicles. Vehicles of course are faster means of transport compared to bicycles but their overuse has led to not only the aforementioned problems but also to the destruction of roads. A debate has been intense on whether or not more lanes should be constructed as a provision for improved and more efficient bicycle transport. For example, as it is known, Beijing is a country of bicycles and a grea
As I recollect my recent experience of Beethoven’s Ninth Symphony performed by Tafelmusik Baroque Orchestra in Koerner Hall, I find it quite complicated to communicate the enormity of the experience using conventional language means. My search for words can be explained by the mystery that surrounds the great composer and his last symphony, the ambiguity that the Ninth has aroused in scholarly literature and the public perception, and the unearthly feeling of the composer’s message slipping away into infeasibility when listening to live performance of the Ninth. Tafelmusik has gone further in their attempt to explore and reveal what Beethoven had contrived and prequeled the Ninth with a cappella choral works that served as a divine overture to Beethoven’s panoptic genius. In the following paper, I am going to render an account of my experience with a live performance of the Ninth Symphony, as well as the ground for including the a cappella chorales into the program and make an attempt at analyzing the implications of the performance style. The concert program featured four works, three of which were shorter a cappella compositions by Rheinberger, Brahms, and a modern Canadian composer Jeffrey Ryan, leaving the second half of the concert to Beethoven’s Ninth. The works by Beethoven, Rheinberger, and Brahms belong to 19 th century while Ryan’s work was written in 2015 and only premiered on February 4 1 . The styles of the works preceding the Ninth are chorales, which might have served as a tribute to Beethoven’s most widely-known symphony. The Ninth was an unprecedented case of a renowned composer deploying voices in a symphony 2 . “Warum ist das Licht gegeben” by Brahms, “Abendlied” by Rheinberger, and the Ninth Symphony were created by German artists, although these works are an indispensable part of universal musical legacy. “Valediction,” which is yet to establish itself as one, was not only the most recent but also the only work in the concert that was written by a Canadian. Rheinberger’s “Abendlied” belongs to the composer’s “Three spiritual songs,” which is a short work for choir. The text of the work directly cites St. Luke 24:29, particularly the episode featurin
Introduction Projects involve temporary endeavours that are undertaken with the objective of attaining predetermined goals. Moreover, projects are adopted in an effort to address various organisational activities that might be difficult to achieve through the normal organisational operations. Soderlund (2004) argues that the decision to adopt projects is prompted by a number of factors, which include customers request, change in market demand, legal requirements, and technological changes. The intensity of competition and the high rate of globalisation have prompted organisations to focus on achieving competitive advantage. Subsequently, different management practices have been formulated in an effort to drive the attainment of long-term organisational goals. Soderlund (2004) confirms that projects are being utilised as an avenue of attaining the goals and objectives as stipulated by an organisation’s strategic plans. However, the effectiveness of projects in enhancing attainment of goals can only be achieved if the project goals are aligned with the formulated strategic plan. Srivannaboon (2006) asserts that project management “is a specialised form of management that is used to accomplish business goals, strategies, and tasks within a well-defined schedule and budget” (p.1). A significant gap exists between project management goals and an organisation’s strategic intent. Therefore, in a bid to bridge the gap between an organisation’s project management goals and the strategic intents, it is imperative for the management team to integrate strategic project management concepts (Srivannaboon, 2006). Soderlund (2004) defines strategic project management as the various processes, tools, behaviours, practices, and procedures that are adopted in order to establish valuable connection between an organisation’s business practices and project management practices. Subsequently, strategic project management increases the likelihood of achieving the overall organisational strategic objectives. Most projects are complex, for they involve the execution of diverse tasks. Therefore, it is vital for an organisation to implement effective strategies to manage such complexities. Some of the aspects that project managers should consider include improving control and coordination of project activities. Th