ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Social learning theory Social learning theory is a general psychological theory deployed for understanding the nature of deviations in behavior as well as predicting confronting behaviors. What is special about this theory is that it has no relation to culture. Instead, it is believed that any social bonds and relations have a significant impact on an individual’s development and behavior in the future (Akers & Gensen, 2007). Significant attention is paid to the impact of social bonds on the formation of criminal ideas. Social learning theory is based on several central postulates. First of all, it is believed that an individual’s behavior is modeled by parents, closest relatives, peers, and the combination of all of them. It means that if a child becomes a witness of home violence or sees peers smoking, these pictures are considered to become normal causing deviations in behavior. There are four primary constituents of the social learning theory – “differential association, differential reinforcement, imitation, and definitions” (Bell, 2008, p. 17). The first one stands for the idea mentioned above – it is the closest social environment that has the most momentous influence on the future behavior of a person. The second element, reinforcement, implies treatment. For example, rewards in case of doing something positive and punishing when breaking the rules. Definitions are the third part of the theory. It means defining behaviors and actions as positive or negative. Finally, there is imitation, which is about learning behaviors by copying those belonging to the closest environment (Holt, 2010). Social learning theory can be investigated from the perspective of different scholars. Albert Bandura, for example, views the development of behavior in the light of observation calling this phenomenon observational learning (Siegelman & Rider, 2015). It resembles imitation, but the primary idea is that people consciously choose and change their environment. Another noticeable scholar is Julian Rotter. His central belief is that the primary concept of the whole theory is potential behavior. It is measured as the combination of expectations, reinforcement value, and subjective perception of a situation. In other words, a particular behavioral outcome is possible to the extent of the expected reinforcement and the personal value of this reinforcement to an individual
Introduction In psychology and biology, stress is a physical or environmental factor that induces an organism’s reaction to fast-changing environmental conditions. In this regard, biochemical changes, primarily related to the nervous, endocrine, and immune systems, play a critical role in regulating physiological responses to stressors. The main substances preparing the body for proximate danger are cortisol and catecholamines secreted by the adrenal glands. This paper aims to describe the function of biochemicals, namely, catecholamines and glucocorticoids that regulate the stress response. Catecholamines Catecholamines are physiologically active substances that serve as mediators and hormones, the main regulatory functions of which are conducted by the adrenal medulla and specialized adrenergic neurons. Catecholamines comprise epinephrine, norepinephrine, dopamine, and serotonin that trigger the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) regulating blood pressure by contracting the smooth muscle via alpha-1 receptors (Paravati et al., 2020). Additionally, catecholamines’ musculoskeletal actions entail increased heart muscle contractility through beta-1 receptors, pupillary dilator shortening via alpha-1 receptors, and smooth muscle relaxation in bronchioles or the gastrointestinal tract (Paravati et al., 2020). Norepinephrine and epinephrine also control metabolism, increasing blood glucose levels and decreasing insulin secretion. Glucocorticoids In addition to catecholamines, glucocorticoids, such as cortisol, cortisone, and corticosterone, also have substantial significance in an organism’s reaction to stress. The regulation and synthesis of glucocorticoids are executed by adrenocorticotropic hormone activated by corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) (McCance & Huether, 2019). Glucocorticoids increase systemic blood pressure, blood glucose levels, glycogen synthesis in the liver and skeletal muscles, protein catabolism, and fat anabolism. They also inhibit the activity of lymphoid cells, phagocytic activity of leukocytes, and the maturation and differentiation of both T- and B-subpopulations of lymphocytes, among others (McCance & Huether, 2019). In this regard, Bereshchenk et al. (2018) indicate that synthetic glucocorticoi
To believe without sufficient evidence William Clifford strongly held on his epistemological dictum that people should believe without systematic evidences. His idealism clung on the fear or error through questioning on evidences. He committed his pragmatist view on empiricist basis of verification. I do not believe in this perception whatsoever. I don’t want to believe on phenomenon or ideas without solid evidences. Clifford’s biased imperialism principles are greatly erroneous (Moore 98). Our beliefs are efficacious at levels beyond what is personal. They affect the social integration among people. For this reason, it makes less sense to believe things with regard to fear of making an error. We cannot therefore believe without sufficient evidences as Clifford postulates (William 524). This is especially so when it comes to such things where empirical data can be used as evidences. However, in cases where such evidence is exempted, it becomes very difficult to believe. This should be a personal choice and no one should be forced in whatever means to take any line of thought. Every person should be given the opportunity to choose whether to believe or not to. Religious and metaphysical beliefs on the other hand should be respected but as James believes they should not be believed fallaciously especially when they affect the people rationally or irrationally. They should however be analyzed for the greater good of the people. No believe therefore should be accepted on mere faith (William 524). Scientific theories should be hypothesized and scientific methods should be incorporated to ensure that we have a ground to believe in these theories. Evidentialism for instance led to scientists like Lamarck to postulate fallacious hypothesis about evolution. He said that acquired characteristics were inheritable and therefore could be passed from one generation to another. This was however disapproved through evidenced approaches and hypothesis. It therefore leads to a general conclusion that the fear of error should not lead individual to believe in non-evidenced approaches especially in social and natural sciences (William 524). This phenomenon puts across the numerous errors that are made upon believes with sufficient evidence. The effects in our decisions are much more rampant and could have far reaching effects in our social lives. For this reason, it becomes greatly important to re-evaluate circumstances and seeking of empirical evidences before we can solidly conclude some issues. I strongly disagree with Clifford and I believe that it is quite vulnerable to make an error from assumptions and insufficiently evidenced beliefs than in properly researched and evidenced cases. People should understand that evidentialism leads them into constrictive skepticism and irrational subjectivism. Philosophy should therefore cut in and allow people to understand decision making especially in such dogmas that cuts across epistemology, philosophy of religion and philosophy of science (Moore 98). It should also allow us to think rationally and be in a position to classify genuine believes and those that try to avoid error. Clifford’s p
Key events and development of the EU Some of the major events characterizing the formation and development of the EU include the 1957 Rome Treaty that created the European Economic Community or EEC. This Treaty was established in order to foster economic unity between member states. It would be much later before the latter goal was established but at that point, it was focusing on customs union development. The second major event occurred in 1973 when three very influential nations joined the body and they were the United Kingdom, Denmark, and Ireland. At that point, the European Union had a total of nine members after this expansion. This was largely described as the first enlargement. The Single European Act is the third major event that occurred in 1987 (Bainbridge, 2002). It was signed in order to facilitate trade through a single market. The fourth major event occurred in 1993 through the Maastricht Treaty which was created in order to facilitate the four freedoms of people, goods, services, and money. This Treaty enabled the creation of the European Union as we know it. The Union now had three pillars identified as Police and judicial cooperation, foreign and security policy (which aimed at dealing with political issues), and the original European Community, Euratom, and ECSC. Many changes occurred in between but the year 2004 was definitely noteworthy owing to one of the largest enlargements in the EU. In that year, ten new members joined the EU in what is now known as the fourth enlargement. These were Balkan nations that caused EU membership to rise to 25 (The EC, 2010). There are a number of reasons why the European Union was formed. At first, it was an attempt at forging peace in Europe especially after the horrors of the Second World War. However, member states were soon motivated by economic reasons. The European Community of the 1950s and early 60s was established in order to facilitate these goals (Mc Cormick, 2000). The establishment of a common market came to be an important motivating factor such that people, services, capital, and goods could flow freely within the Union. This was especially because European based firms were performing poorly in the international arena. Furthermore, Europe could no longer rely on the world superpower at that time owing to a deteriorating relationship with it. Additionally, the monetary aims of creating a single currency also motivated the integ
Introduction The HRM practices embraced in Children’s National Medical Center (mostly known as Children’s Hospital) are diverse and strategic. Nonetheless, the hospital has gathered a momentous legacy since its inception in Washington, DC. The hospital provides exclusive pediatric cares due to its strategic human resource provisions, novel managerial tactics, and exemplary customer focus. It has served in this capacity for decades and has reaffirmed itself as a leader in the industry not just in terms of patient care, but also as a research and development center. It has also focused on a growth-centered business strategy in order to continue offering high quality healthcare services to its clients (Rotter et al., 2011). Formerly, the hospital realized that it needed to change its customer care services, expertise, and human resource management so as to serve the increasing number of patients who were coming for medical services. With over 300 bed capacity and a huge potential to grow, the hospital focuses on capacity development and a profitable coexistence with other healthcare providers including Medstar Washington Hospital Center adjacent to it. In addition, HR management contributes credibly to the health systems, administration, and service provisions in this hospital (Home Facts, 2012). In orde
Democracy is a system of governance which entails the representation of people, and it is based on consent where the mandate to rule is not permanent but subject to renewal over a period of time. Most African states are underdeveloped and democracy is far from being achieved, and this has presented the greatest challenge to its citizens and the world at large (Lindberg 78-84). In 2007, the general elections in Kenya were claimed to have been rigged in favor of government. There was civil unrest which led to destruction of property and loss of lives, the peaceful country which had enjoyed relative peace since its independence in 1960’s had joined the growing list offailed states in Africa. The Chinese official newspaper reported that the western democracy was unsuitable for Africa (Goergy 4). The comment supported the widely held opinion that democracy and development is not possible in Africa.The African continent has experienced a lot of conflicts, wars and more failed states than any other continent. The conflicts among the countries have provided a lucrative market for arms and weapons from the developed countries. This infiltration of arms and weapons into the hands of civilians undermines development and democracy in the continent. Somalia has been without a government for over two decades now, and there is no hope of having one in the near future. Most civilians are armed because guns are easier to come by, and they have joined different factions in the country, each trying to take control of the country. The country now is the most unsafe place in the whole world. Under such a grim situation, development and democracy is simply not possible(Ake 95). The situation has been made worse by the western democracies when they imposed the democracy as it is understood in the west. This attempt to impose the whole concept of democracy, as it were, in America in a single package has been the major cause for chaos in the continent witnessed to date(Shtedman 54). The current political events in Africa point to a crisis of commitment to democratic leadership. Despite advancements in intellectualism, education and the influence of globalization, the continent’s leaders are disregarding the national constitution and subverting the people’s will as they continue in their unaccountable leadership and wild corruption. In early 1990’s there were celebrations that Africa would finally embrace democracy especially with fall of Communism and ending of the cold war, but this quickly fa
Abstract TSC is one of the communicable diseases that belong to the phakomatoses and, affects at least one person out of every 600 (Kwiatkowski, Holets, & Thiele, 2010). The complication ends up in several lesions that have effects on the nervous system, the lungs, the skin, and the kidneys and displays variant clinical courses as well as phenotypic severity. One of the lesions is the hallmark TSC lesion, and it marks the start of hamartoma, which is a tuber in the cerebral cortex of the brain and has an association with mental retardedness and seizures. The tubers in the cortex usually end up in considerable levels of mortality and morbidity (Plank, Raymond, & Elizabeth, 1998). Patients with the complication also display some levels of brain and kidney malignancies. As a result, there is a consideration that TSC1 could be a form of inheritable cancer syndrome with the suggestion that the genes that cause the TSC1 complication could as well act as tumor suppressors. Genetic studies of TSC1 indicate that the disease has several interesting features such as both sporadic and inherited cases. However, the conclusion is that almost 2/3 of the cases belong to the former category. The Methods of Research Used In the Article The studies in the article focused on scientific experimentation, which is a primary source of data. For instance, the researchers wanted to investigate the implications of overexpression of hemartin on the development of morphological characteristics. Therefore, they transfected an entire length of the human cDNA clone into the Rat-2 fibroblast that was immortalized. The experiment also led the scientists to discover several clone lines, which enabled them to proceed with the immunoblotting procedures and then checked it for an expression of hamartin (Benvenuto et al. 2000). Statistics Used In the Article The researchers employed an experimental approach to the relationship between the morphological characteristics of individuals and the concentration of the cerebral cortex of their brain. The research also investigated the relationship between the findings that they found in the former experiment and the development of TSC1 in humans (Benvenuto et al. 2000). However, they did not use human subjects in the study because of the consideration of the ethics of human research. The Findings of the Research The results of the experimentation procedures in the article indicate that there is a relationship between the TSC concentrations and the morphological transformations (Benvenuto et al. 2000). More precisely, the study revealed that overexpression of TSC had a considerable effect on the morphological transformation of the rat through inhibition of the growth of fibroblasts. The Reason for the Research and the Usefulness of the Findings The researchers in the article carried out the research as an initiative that targeted to find the effects of the concentration levels of TCS and its relationship with the development of tuberous sclerosis-1. Their findings could be use
Australian consumer law with regard to a misleading representation The Australian consumer law prohibits any form of misleading representation that may influence consumers to make a decision to purchase a product. The law requires businesses to give accurate information to consumers so that they can make informed choices. The assessor must delete the statement on the banner because it leads prospective buyers to think that the piece of land on sale is few yards away from the train station. According to Jack, the actual distance is estimated to be almost an hour’s walk which means it is a longer distance contrary to what the statement says. This is “misleading conduct as to the nature of goods and services” (Taylor and McNamara 112). Considering the piece of land that is on sale, the assessor will be lying about the characteristics, nature, and the suitability of the piece of land (Paterson 2). Also, putting up the advert in its current form without removing the misleading clause they will be displaying insensible conduct which is against the law in Australia. The law is very clear that a person should not make any forged or deceptive demonstration regarding the location of a piece of land on sale (Paterson 2). Misleading advertising according to the office of fair trading guidelines Bait Advertising is one of the major unfair practices in the marketing field today. Most business people are using false claims and misleading information about a product in order to persuade consumers to purchase their products. The assessor should be warned that putting up a clause in an advert that leads to a deceptive end is against the law in Australia. The law prohibits business people from giving misleading information about the details of a product. In this case, the piece of land is the product and the distance to the train station is the detail that has been altered to entice and attract prospective buyers. People will be interested in purchasing land if it is closer to the train station due to convenience in terms of transport. The advert says that the piece of land is at close proximity to the train station but jack confirms this is not accurate information. According to Australian laws, this is bait advertising and it is against the business law. Agents that deal with advertising and marketing material When dealing with advertising and publicity materials in Australia, it is important to look for authentic agencies that can advise you accordingly. Like in any other country, there are a number of fraudulent agencies. However, some of the trusted agencies in the country include, the ZOO Group, McCann, and Ogilvy Australia, among others (Doloswala, Thompson, and Toner 410). These are reputable advertising agencies and their reputation has been as a result of fair practice and adherence to the Australian Consumer Law. If Jack wants to
After the discovery of the Americas, the accounts and the chronicles by the men who discovered the New World amazed the Europeans of the 16 th and 17 th centuries. Europe, with its long history, was suddenly eager to learn more about the people of the New World. It did not take long before some Europeans moved and settled in the New World. Because of this, several changes were witnessed both in the New World and in the Old World. This article evaluates the course’s theme found in the attached videos using the book Broken Spears . Through this, human interactions in the Americas during the 16 th and the 17 th century will be exposed. The videos focus on the Columbian exchange and the Atlantic slave trade. As such, the videos’ main theme is about human interactions in the Americas. In the video, John Green asserts that slavery is as old has human civilization. Unlike other slavery incidences in the human history, Green believes that Atlantic slave trade was the worst of all (The Atlantic Slave Trade) . The Atlantic slave trade resulted in thousands of African slaves being transported to the new world to work in the farms and factories. These slaves were treated in an inhumane manner. On the other hand, Green asserts that Columbian exchange resulted in tremendous interactions in the New World and the Old World. The continent of America had been isolated from the rest of the world before the earliest European explorers encountered it. After its discovery, European settlers moved in taking with them new plants and animals, which have changed the continent (The Columbian Exchange) . These arguments can be evidenced from the book Broke
“Yellow Wallpaper” is a series of diary notes written by a young woman during her three months in a secluded mansion in the countryside. Her husband, a successful doctor with a high position in society, brings her here for the summer to improve her health. In doing so, he is guided by the principles of the so-called “relaxation treatment” developed by Dr. S. Mitchell2, and deprives his wife of society, books, and entertainment, leaving her alone for a long time. The narrator, whose name Gilman does not name in the story, secretly disagrees with her husband, and therefore keeps a diary, unable to trust the “living soul.” The image of the doctor’s husband, who has authority, correlates with the traditional patriarchal social order, within which traditions and prescriptions limit the behavior of women. Placed in a yellow wallpaper room, the storyteller immediately recognizes it as disgusting, and the color and pattern of the wallpaper repulsive. Remarkable is the fact that the space chosen by the husband was a former nursery, and his condescending attitude towards his wife infantilizes her. Thus, in an environment devoid of any intellectual and emotional stimulus, the narrator is carried away by the wallpaper pattern. After some time, she begins to distinguish a particular background: a woman behind bars. The story’s ambiguous ending is marked by an act of disobedience and aggression (the narrator locks herself in the room, tears the wallpaper off the walls, crawls in a circle). Feminist readings interpret the heroine’s madness as rejecting the patriarchal system and escaping from it, and the process of becoming insane as a search and finding of her female identity. Since its re-publication in 1973, critics have appreciated and read Gilman’s text from a feminist, psychoanalytic, historical, and cultural perspective. The magic of the story arises from