ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
We calculate the contribution from non-conformal heavy quark sources to the entanglement entropy (EE) of a spherical region in N=4 SUSY Yang-Mills theory. We apply the generalized gravitational entropy method to non-conformal probe D-brane embeddings in AdS_5 x S^5, dual to pointlike impurities exhibiting flows between quarks in large-rank tensor representations and the fundamental representation. For the D5-brane embedding which describes the screening of fundamental quarks in the UV to the antisymmetric tensor representation in the IR, the EE excess decreases non-monotonically towards its IR asymptotic value, tracking the qualitative behaviour of the one-point function of static fields sourced by the impurity. We also examine two classes of D3-brane embeddings, one which connects a symmetric representation source in the UV to fundamental quarks in the IR, and a second category which yields the symmetric representation source on the Coulomb branch. The EE excess for the former increases from the UV to the IR, whilst decreasing and becoming negative for the latter. In all cases, the probe free energy on hyperbolic space with \beta=2\pi, increases monotonically towards the IR, supporting its interpretation as a relative entropy. We identify universal corrections, depending logarithmically on the VEV, for the symmetric representation on the Coulomb branch.
Fine-grained object recognition that aims to identify the type of an object among a large number of subcategories is an emerging application with the increasing resolution that exposes new details in image data. Traditional fully supervised algorithms fail to handle this problem where there is low between-class variance and high within-class variance for the classes of interest with small sample sizes. We study an even more extreme scenario named zero-shot learning (ZSL) in which no training example exists for some of the classes. ZSL aims to build a recognition model for new unseen categories by relating them to seen classes that were previously learned. We establish this relation by learning a compatibility function between image features extracted via a convolutional neural network and auxiliary information that describes the semantics of the classes of interest by using training samples from the seen classes. Then, we show how knowledge transfer can be performed for the unseen classes by maximizing this function during inference. We introduce a new data set that contains 40 different types of street trees in 1-ft spatial resolution aerial data, and evaluate the performance of this model with manually annotated attributes, a natural language model, and a scientific taxonomy as auxiliary information. The experiments show that the proposed model achieves 14.3% recognition accuracy for the classes with no training examples, which is significantly better than a random guess accuracy of 6.3% for 16 test classes, and three other ZSL algorithms.
We consider functionals which are weighted averages of the avoidance function of a Poisson process. Using the approach to Stein's method based on Malliavin calculus for Poisson functionals we provide explicit bounds for the Wasserstein distance between these standardized functionals and the standard normal distribution. Our approach relies on closed-form expressions for the action of some Malliavin type operators on avoidance functionals of Poisson processes. As a result we provide Berry-Esseen bounds in the CLT for the volume of the union of balls of a fixed radius around random Poisson centers or for the quantization error around points of a Poisson process. We also give Berry-Esseen bounds for avoidance functionals of empirical measures.
We develop a theory of nonlinear response to an electric field of a two-dimensional electron gas (2DEG) placed in a classically strong magnetic field. The latter leads to a non-linear current-voltage characteristic at a relatively weak electric field. The origin of the non-linearity is two-fold: the formation of a non-equilibrium electron distribution function, and the geometrical resonance in the inter-Landau-levels transitions rates. We find the dependence of the current-voltage characteristics on the electron relaxation rates in the 2DEG.
With an eye toward the precision physics of the LHC, FCC-ee and possible high energy muon colliders, we present the extension of the CEEX (coherent exclusive exponentiation) realization of the YFS approach to resummation in our KK MC to include the processes f\bar{f}\rightarrow f'\bar{f'}, f=\mu,\tau, q,\nu_\ell, f'=e, \mu,\tau, q, \nu_\ell, q=u,d,s,c,b,t, \ell =e,\mu,\tau with f \ne f'. After giving a brief summary of the CEEX theory with reference to the older EEX (exclusive exponentiation) theory, we illustrate theoretical results relevant to the LHC, FCC-ee, and possible muon collider physics programs.
The gravitational-wave (GW) inspirals of stellar-mass compact objects onto a supermassive black hole (MBH), are some of the most promising GW sources detectable by next-generation space-born GW-detectors. The rates and characteristics of such extreme mass ratio inspirals (EMRIs) sources are highly uncertain. They are determined by the dynamics of stars near MBHs, and the rate at which compacts objects are driven to the close proximity of the MBH. Here we consider weakly and strongly mass-segregated nuclear clusters, and the evolution of stars captured into highly eccentric orbits following binary disruptions by the MBH. We make use of a Monte-Carlo approach to model the diffusion of both captured objects, and compact-objects brought through two-body relaxation processes. We calculate the rates of GW-inspirals resulting from relaxation-driven objects, and characterize EMRIs properties. We correct previous studies and show that relaxation-driven sources produce GW-sources with lower-eccentricity than previously found, and provide the detailed EMRI eccentricity distribution in the weak and strong mass-segregation regimes. We also show that binary-disruption captured-stars could introduce low-eccentricity GW-sources of stellar black-hole EMRIs in mass-segregated clusters. The eccentricities of the GW-sources from the capture channel, however, are strongly affected by relaxation processes, and are significantly higher than previously suggested. We find that both the rate and eccentricity distribution of EMRIs could probe the dynamics near MBHs, and the contribution of captured stars, characterize the mass-function of stellar compact objects, and verify whether weak or strong mass-segregation processes take place near MBHs.
Given an ensemble of systems in an unknown state, as well as an observable $\hat A$ and a physical apparatus which performs a measurement of $\hat A$ on the ensemble, whose detailed working is unknown ('black box'), how can one test whether the L\"uders or von Neumann reduction rule applies?
We study the effect of antiferromagnetic longitudinal coupling on the one-dimensional transverse field Ising model with nearest-neighbour couplings. In the topological phase where, in the thermodynamic limit, the ground state is twofold degenerate, we show that, for a finite system of N sites, the longitudinal coupling induces N level crossings between the two lowest lying states as a function of the field. We also provide strong arguments suggesting that these N level crossings all appear simultaneously as soon as the longitudinal coupling is switched on. This conclusion is based on perturbation theory, and a mapping of the problem onto the open Kitaev chain, for which we write down the complete solution in terms of Majorana fermions.
Any classical solution of the 2D incompressible Euler equation is global in time. However, it remains an outstanding open problem whether classical solutions of the surface quasi-geostrophic (SQG) equation preserve their regularity for all time. This paper studies solutions of a family of active scalar equations in which each component $u_j$ of the velocity field $u$ is determined by the scalar $\theta$ through $u_j =\mathcal{R} \Lambda^{-1} P(\Lambda) \theta$ where $\mathcal{R}$ is a Riesz transform and $\Lambda=(-\Delta)^{1/2}$. The 2D Euler vorticity equation corresponds to the special case $P(\Lambda)=I$ while the SQG equation to the case $P(\Lambda) =\Lambda$. We develop tools to bound $\|\nabla u||_{L^\infty}$ for a general class of operators $P$ and establish the global regularity for the Loglog-Euler equation for which $P(\Lambda)= (\log(I+\log(I-\Delta)))^\gamma$ with $0\le \gamma\le 1$. In addition, a regularity criterion for the model corresponding to $P(\Lambda)=\Lambda^\beta$ with $0\le \beta\le 1$ is also obtained.
A new Monte-Carlo radiative-transfer code, Sunrise, is used in conjunction with hydrodynamic simulations of major galaxy mergers to calculate the effects of dust in such systems. The simulations are in good agreement with observations of dust absorption in starburst galaxies, and the dust has a profound effect on their appearance. The dust attenuation increases with luminosity such that at peak luminosities ~90% of the bolometric luminosity is absorbed by dust. In general, the detailed appearance of the merging event depends on the stage of the merger and the geometry of the encounter. The fraction of bolometric energy absorbed by the dust, however, is a robust quantity that can be predicted from the intrinsic properties bolometric luminosity, baryonic mass, star-formation rate, and metallicity of the system. This paper presents fitting formulae, valid over a wide range of masses and metallicities, from which the absorbed fraction of luminosity (and consequently also the infrared dust luminosity) can be predicted. The attenuation of the luminosity at specific wavelengths can also be predicted, albeit with a larger scatter due to the variation with viewing angle. These formulae for dust attenuation appear to be valid for both isolated and interacting galaxies, are consistent with earlier studies, and would be suitable for inclusion in theoretical models, e.g. semi-analytic models of galaxy formation.
In this paper we complete the analysis of a statistical mechanics model on Cayley trees of any degree, started in [EsHaRo12,EsRo10,BoEsRo13,JaKuBo14,Bo17]. The potential is of nearest-neighbor type and the local state space is compact but uncountable. Based on the system parameters we prove existence of a critical value $\theta_{\rm c}$ such that for $\theta\le \theta_{\rm c}$ there is a unique translation-invariant splitting Gibbs measure. For $\theta_{\rm c}<\theta$ there is a phase transition with exactly three translation-invariant splitting Gibbs measures. The proof rests on an analysis of fixed points of an associated non-linear Hammerstein integral operator for the boundary laws.
We use a magnetothermal resistance method to measure the lattice thermal conductivity of a single crystal of Bi$_2$Te$_3$ from 5 to 60 K. We apply a large transverse magnetic field to suppress the electronic thermal conduction while measuring thermal conductivity and electrical resistivity. The lattice thermal conductivity is then calculated by extrapolating the thermal conductivity versus electrical conductivity curve to a zero electrical conductivity value. Our results show that the measured phonon thermal conductivity follows the $e^{({\Delta}_{min}/T)}$ temperature dependence and the Lorenz ratio corresponds to the modified Sommerfeld value in the intermediate temperature range. Our low-temperature experimental data and analysis on Bi$_2$Te$_3$ are an important compliment to previous measurements of Goldsmid [14] and theoretical calculations by Broido $\textit{et al.}$ [21] at higher temperature 100 - 300 K.
Quantum state elimination measurements tell us what states a quantum system does not have. This is different from state discrimination, where one tries to determine what the state of a quantum system is, rather than what it is not. Apart from being of fundamental interest, quantum state elimination may find uses in quantum communication and quantum cryptography. We consider unambiguous quantum state elimination for two or more qubits, where each qubit can be in one of two possible states. Optimal measurements for eliminating one and two states out of four two-qubit states are given. We also prove that if we want to maximise the average number of eliminated overall N-qubit states, then individual measurements on each qubit are optimal.
The content of gas in galaxies with an anomalously high relative mass of hydrogen $M_{HI}/M_*$ for a given mass of the stellar population $M_*$ (VHR-galaxies) is considered, using the available samples of such galaxies. It is shown that, within the optical diameter $D_{25}$, the mass of HI in VHR galaxies, as well as in galaxies with "normal" HI content, is limited by a value that depends on the specific angular momentum of the disk. Outer gaseous disks beyond $D_{25}$, which contain the main amount of HI in most of the galaxies we consider, are gravitationally stable, and, as a rule, they retain an approximately constant value of the stability parameter $Q_{gas}$ over a large range of radial distances. It allows to propose that the outer disks of VHR galaxies are not recently acquired, but are of great age, and their gravitational instability was the main regulator of star formation during their formation. In this case, the extended disks of galaxies should also include a low-brightness stellar components of old stars extending far beyond their optical diameter $D_{25}$.
Let $\mathcal{M}_{g,2}$ be the moduli space of curves of genus $g$ with a level-2 structure. We prove here that there is always a non hyperelliptic element in the intersection of four thetanull divisors in $\mathcal{M}_{6,2}$. We prove also that for all $g\geqslant3$, each component of the hyperelliptic locus in $\mathcal{M}_{g,2}$ is a connected component of the intersection of $g-2$ thetanull divisors.
Single image dehazing is a challenging task, for which the domain shift between synthetic training data and real-world testing images usually leads to degradation of existing methods. To address this issue, we propose a novel image dehazing framework collaborating with unlabeled real data. First, we develop a disentangled image dehazing network (DID-Net), which disentangles the feature representations into three component maps, i.e. the latent haze-free image, the transmission map, and the global atmospheric light estimate, respecting the physical model of a haze process. Our DID-Net predicts the three component maps by progressively integrating features across scales, and refines each map by passing an independent refinement network. Then a disentangled-consistency mean-teacher network (DMT-Net) is employed to collaborate unlabeled real data for boosting single image dehazing. Specifically, we encourage the coarse predictions and refinements of each disentangled component to be consistent between the student and teacher networks by using a consistency loss on unlabeled real data. We make comparison with 13 state-of-the-art dehazing methods on a new collected dataset (Haze4K) and two widely-used dehazing datasets (i.e., SOTS and HazeRD), as well as on real-world hazy images. Experimental results demonstrate that our method has obvious quantitative and qualitative improvements over the existing methods.
In this paper, we enumerate lattice paths with certain constraints and apply the corresponding results to develop formulas for calculating the dimensions of submodules of a class of modules for planar upper triangular rook monoids. In particular, we show that the famous Catalan numbers appear as the dimensions of some special modules; we also obtain some combinatorial identities
We study the finite-size scaling of the roughness of signals in systems displaying Gaussian 1/f power spectra. It is found that one of the extreme value distributions (Gumbel distribution) emerges as the scaling function when the boundary conditions are periodic. We provide a realistic example of periodic 1/f noise, and demonstrate by simulations that the Gumbel distribution is a good approximation for the case of nonperiodic boundary conditions as well. Experiments on voltage fluctuations in GaAs films are analyzed and excellent agreement is found with the theory.
This master's thesis gives a thorough and pedagogical introduction to the Dijkgraaf-Vafa conjecture which tells us how to calculate the exact effective glueball superpotential in a wide range of $\mathcal{N}=\textrm{1}$ supersymmetric gauge theories in four space-time dimensions using a related matrix model. The introduction is purely field theoretical and reviews all the concepts needed to understand the conjecture. Furthermore, examples of the use of the conjecture are given. Especially, we find the one-cut solution of the matrix model and use this to obtain exact superpotentials in the case of unbroken gauge groups. Also the inclusion of the Veneziano-Yankielowicz superpotential and problems such as the nilpotency of the glueball superfield are discussed. Finally, we present the diagrammatic proof of the conjecture in detail, including the case where we take into account the abelian part of the supersymmetric gauge field strength. This master's thesis was handed in May 2004 and appears here with minor changes.
We solve exactly a special case of the anisotropic directed bond percolation problem in three dimensions, in which the occupation probability is 1 along two spatial directions, by mapping it to a five-vertex model. We determine the asymptotic shape of the ininite cluster and hence the direction dependent critical probability. The exponents characterising the fluctuations of the boundary of the wetted cluster in d-dimensions are related to those of the (d-2)-dimensional KPZ equation.
We calculate heat transfer between a 2D sheet (e.g. graphene) and a dielectric in presence of a gate voltage. The gate potential induces surface charge densities on the sheet and dielectric, which results in electric field, which is coupled to the surface displacements and, as a consequence, resulting an additional contributions to the radiative heat transfer. The electrostatic and van der Waals interactions between the surface displacement result in the phonon heat transfer, which we calculate taking into account the nonlocality of these interactions. Numerical calculations are presented for heat transfer between graphene and a SiO$_2$ substrate.
The frequency and effects of multiple weak deflections in galaxy-galaxy lensing are investigated via Monte Carlo simulations. The lenses in the simulations are galaxies with known redshifts and known rest-frame blue luminosities. The frequency of multiple deflections above a given threshold shear value is quantified for discrete source redshifts, as well as for a set of sources that are broadly distributed in redshift space. In general, the closest lens in projection on the sky is not the only lens for a given source. In addition, ~50% of the time the closest lens is not the most important lens for a given source. Compared to a naive single-deflection calculation in which only the lensing due to the closest weak lens is considered, a full multiple-deflection calculation yields a higher net shear for individual sources, as well as a higher mean tangential shear around the lens centers. The full multiple-deflection calculation also shows that galaxy-galaxy lensing may contribute a substantial amount to cosmic shear on small angular scales. The degree to which galaxy-galaxy lensing contributes to the small-scale cosmic shear is, however, quite sensitive to the mass adopted for the halos of L_B* galaxies. Changing the halo mass by a factor of ~2.5 changes the contribution of galaxy-galaxy lensing to the cosmic shear by a factor of ~3 on scales of order 1 arcmin. The contribution of galaxy-galaxy lensing to cosmic shear decreases rapidly with angular scale and extrapolates to zero at scales of order 5 arcmin. This last result is roughly independent of the halo mass and suggests that for scales greater than about 5 arcmin, cosmic shear is insensitive to the details of the gravitational potentials of large galaxies.
A low artificial anisotropy cellular automaton (CA) model is developed for the simulation of microstructure evolution in directional solidification. The CA model's capture rule was modified by a limited neighbor solid fraction (LNSF) method. Various interface curvature calculation methods have been compared. The simulated equilibrium shapes agree with the theoretical shapes, when the interface energy anisotropy coefficient is {\epsilon}=0.01, {\epsilon}=0.03 and {\epsilon}=0.05, respectively.The low artificial anisotropy CA model is used in the numerical simulation of the cell-to-dendrite transition (CDT) in directional solidification. The influence of physical parameters ({\Gamma}, Dl, k0, ml) on CDT has been investigated. The main finding in this paper is the discovery of the changing behavior of the Vcd when the solute partition coefficient k0 is larger than a critical value. When k0 is less than 0.125, the Vcd follows the Kurz and Fisher criterion Vc/k0; while when k0>0.125, the Vcd equals to 8Vc. The experimental data of succinonitrile-acetone (SCN-ace, k0=0.1) and SCN-camphor (k0=0.33) support the conclusion from CA simulations.
Galaxies which strongly deviate from the radio-far IR correlation are of great importance for studies of galaxy evolution as they may be tracing early, short-lived stages of starbursts and active galactic nuclei (AGNs). The most extreme FIR-excess galaxy NGC1377 has long been interpreted as a young dusty starburst, but millimeter observations of CO lines revealed a powerful collimated molecular outflow which cannot be explained by star formation alone. We present new radio observations at 1.5 and 10 GHz obtained with the Jansky Very Large Array (JVLA) and Chandra X-ray observations towards NGC1377. The observations are compared to synthetic starburst models to constrain the properties of the central energy source. We obtained the first detection of the cm radio continuum and X-ray emission in NGC1377. We find that the radio emission is distributed in two components, one on the nucleus and another offset by 4$"$.5 to the South-West. We confirm the extreme FIR-excess of the galaxy, with a $q_\mathrm{FIR}\simeq$4.2, which deviates by more than 7-$\sigma$ from the radio-FIR correlation. Soft X-ray emission is detected on the off-nucleus component. From the radio emission we estimate for a young ($<10$ Myr) starburst a star formation rate SFR$<$0.1 M$_\odot$ yr$^{-1}$. Such a SFR is not sufficient to power the observed IR luminosity and to drive the CO outflow. We find that a young starburst cannot reproduce all the observed properties of the nucleus of NGC1377. We suggest that the galaxy may be harboring a radio-quiet, obscured AGN of 10$^6$M$_\odot$, accreting at near-Eddington rates. We speculate that the off-nucleus component may be tracing an hot-spot in the AGN jet.
A general Lorentz-violating extension of the standard model of particle physics, allowing for both CPT-even and CPT-odd effects, is described. Some of its theoretical aspects and experimental implications are summarized.
It is experimentally demonstrated that with multi-frequency excitation of weak amplitude the dynamics of a cluster of dipolar-coupled spins can be manipulated to perform parallel logic operations with long bit arrays.