Introduction Religion is part and parcel of the complex whole in any given social structure. Religion as a whole covers people’s belief systems, which enable members of society to adapt and survive in a given environment. Some people may believe in the existence of one god (monotheist) while others may believe in the existence of many gods as well as goddesses (polytheist). From polytheist, we derive polytheism which simply refers to a belief system whereby members of a society believe in or worship multiple supernatural beings. These supernatural beings are either good or bad and do hold a special position in people’s day-to-day activities. They are worshiped and from time to time feasts or ceremonies are held in their honor. Polytheism is predominant in both the ancient Greek and Babylonian societies’ religions. Like many societies, Greek and Babylonian polytheism do share some common characteristics and they also portray a good deal of differences which will be outlined in this essay. Common Features To begin with polytheism as per my definition represents the presence of many gods in society and this is evident in the Greek society as well as among the Babylonians. The Greeks, for example, have gods and goddesses with names such as Athena, Zeus, Hera, and Apollo among many others while among the Babylonians we have Anu, Mardux, Kingu, Ishtar, and Ea among others. All these gods are united and they function together but they are not given the same treatment during feasts and ceremonies. This is due to the fact that some gods are seen as being more important than others although we all understand that they all fulfill the same purpose in society. Johnstone (2004) points out that the Greek and Babylonian polytheism ‘know three spheres of dimensions of divine presence and religious experience.’ These three religious spheres are the cosmos, cult and political organization, and myth. Cosmos basically represents a system that is orderly and all the sub-parts of the system are in harmony with one another and they work together in addressing various societal problems. In the two societies, one can confidently say that the deities work closely in creating and maintaining the world of the people. This aspect expresses itself very well in the social and political structures of society. Among Babylon’s, we have Marduk while the Greek has Zeus . Turning on to the cult and political organization the gods do participate in the political and governance structures of the societies. Johnstone (2004) argues that ‘town names are associated with a deity whose temple is the chief temple of that town.’ The Greek city Athens is associated with Athena which is a deity while the big city in Babylon is Marduk which also represents one of the deities among Babylon’s. Remember that the deities are worshiped and this makes the divinity ideology in the politics of this society become a cult. The deities receive cultic worship in terms of ceremonies as well as feasts that are celebrated by the people who dwell in the city because to them they represent the roles of a town lord or a lady who deserves and commands respect. Myths on the other hand represent the personal or biographic aspect of the