ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Over the years, there have been concerns over the management of fire, with a lot of focus on the occurrence and prediction of forest fires. As such, the planning and management of fires require serious measures. For this reason, consider the management of large forest fires, although such a factor will necessitate the availability of various tools that can be useful in the determination of the vulnerability degree as well as set up forest stands. Cases of forest fires especially in the Mediterranean countries are rampant (Chelli et al. 1795). To reduce the occurrence of fire cases as well as provide insights about fire and its occurrence, various fire hazard rating systems have been established in various regions of the world. In most of the cases, the primary aim of such an approach has been to find out the potential of forest fires in given areas. In Canada, extensive and continuous research has been carried out over the past years to provide information about fire behavior and occurrence. There are a number of modern tools, which are used in the assessment of fire hazards and risks. Some of these tools include prescribed burning, silvicultural management, crown hazard vulnerability, fire models, and fire danger rating systems. The process of making decisions in relation to fire hazards and risks can be quiet involving. Nevertheless, all the above assessment tools are applicable in diverse parts of the process. One of the successful fire hazard rating systems developed in Canada is the Canadian Forest Fire Weather Index (FWI) system. The rationale for the formation of this system was that even though there were other regional hazard rating systems, they were unable to offer satisfactory services as far as the need for fire management services’ sophistication was concerned (Wotton 107). The establishment of the Fire Weather Index in Canada has been of great significance as far as the forecast of forest fires in Canada and other areas are concerned (Wotton 107). In spite of this, the success of this system is affected by a number of factors such as climate and general vegetation. This paper aims to describe the issues related to the use of the Canadian FWI System in fire management operations in Mediterranean countries, with the primary focus being on differences in fuel types, forest structure, forest floor structure, and overall climate. While the inputs of the FWI system are universal, the adoption of the FWI system requires different modifications across different areas (Chelli et al. 1795). Within Canada, it is crucial for fire managers to interpret data regionally. This alignment is based on the regional distinctions and hence, the difference between the calculated indices and what fire weather the indices actually indicate is magnified in countries located in another continent. The geographical distance implies dramatic differences in fuel types, forest structure, forest floor structure, and climates. From the four aspects of geographical differences betwee
Abstract This report is a short review about the basic authentication schemes found in World Wide Web. The general idea about authentication techniques like HTTP/1.0, Basic Access Authentication, Digest Access Authentication are obtained from this short review. It also discuss about the advantages and disadvantages by implementing the each scheme. The schemes can be identified and applied with respect to the level of confidentiality and importance of the information. The Basic authentication sends cleartext and Digest access authentication create a checksum to make it unreadable to unauthorized people who tries to access the password. Introduction World Wide Web is the largest network in the world, which integrates each and every computer system availing Internet facility across the world. Hence there is always chance of unauthorized access to the systems or the resources. Hacking the system or system resources means to damage or to steal or to alter the important and confidential information of the system. If the access is restricted by applying best available authentication techniques the illegal intrusion is prevented to a great extent. This report describes about the currently available or developed authentication schemes being adopted by different websites to ensure secured access to authorized users. WWW : Vulnerabilities The connectivity of a client and the web server adheres with certain
In Singer and Baer’s book (2011), anthropology is viewed as a critical component of the medical sphere, helping to define reasons for a person’s health or non-health problems. In recent years, there has been a tendency to analyze not only local factors that may influence a person but also his or her social relationships. Consequently, “vertical links” connecting a person’s “social group to the larger regional, national, and global human society” are considered to be more critical with time passing (Singer & Baer, 2011, p. 39). Trotter (2019) tells a story of a Mexican folk remedy – arzagon, which locals believe to treat people for empacho but which, in fact, causes lead poisoning. The problem, therefore, has cultural origins, and the simple elimination of environmental sources of intoxication will not guarantee people’s health. Drinking problems are considered from an individual point of view, and both doctors and ordinary people tend to believe that the causes are emotional immaturity, insecurity, and troubled relationship with parents in childhood. Alcoholism is usually associated with a behavioral disorder, a self-destructive attitude in personal life, while a person with drinking problems is labeled with the disease of alcoholism. However, in their article, Singer, Valentín, Baer, and Jia (1992) argue that remaining at the level of an individual actor means ignoring the environment and culture a person lives in. To really make sense of someone’s drinking (for example, Juan García from Puerto Rico in the article), one should consider a wider range of factors – historical, political-economic, and cultural causes of the problem. Do you think that employing critical medical anthropology is necessary for defining and solving health problems? If yes, should it apply only to less-educated developing countries or to developed ones as well?
The theme of education is not central yet tightly woven into both “Everyday Use” by Alice Walker and “Sonny’s Blues” by James Baldwin. Exploring this theme in two short stories revealed that Baldwin made a more significant focus on education comparable to Walker. Nonetheless, both stories contain similar notions, topics, and perceptions of education. Both works highlight and discuss the impact of education’s presence or absence on the characters’ lives. These short stories tell about siblings: Walker’s work narrates about two sisters while Baldwin describes the life of two brothers. In both stories, one of the siblings graduated from high school while another lacked education. Thereby, it seems that stories aim to compare the lives and intelligence of siblings. Initially, in both stories, the authors emphasize the success linked to education and the necessity of school attendance. Sonny’s brother claims that Sonny is “going to be sorry later” if he does not finish school (Baldwin 34). Sonny’s brother meant that education was the only way to prosper and forget the disadvantaged past; that is why finishing school was a condition that the narrator has set for Sonny (Baldwin 34). On the contrary, Mama, the narrator of “Everyday Use”, mentioned “a lot of knowledge we didn’t necessarily need to know,” referring to her daughter’s Dee education (Walker 50). She does not exaggerate the importance of education because she was not educated but had a lot of valuable knowledge and skills. Interestingly, in both stories, uneducated siblings appear wiser and more aware of specific topics and issues. Back in time, education might create a delusion about one’s intelligence, overstating the significance of existing knowledge and competencies. Education was perceived as a privilege in the stories, and those who could attend high school and graduate seemed to be given the right to condemn less fortunate people by default. Stories of Walker and Baldwin revealed the truth: particular skills, worldly knowledge, daily human experiences, and understandings of life frequently cannot be achieved in high school. Works Cited Baldwin, James. “Sonny’s Blues.” The Jazz Fiction Anthology , edited by Sascha Feinstein and David Rife, Indiana University Press, 2009, pp. 17-48. Walker, Alice. “Everyday Use.” In Love & Trouble: Stories of Black Women, Harvest Books, 1974, pp. 47-59.
It is very unfortunate that even though water is an essential part of human survival, almost one-sixth of the world’s population lives without having appropriate sources of drinking water. Moreover, almost 25% of those who are privileged to have such access do not have enough quantity to suffice their requirements (Hardberger 2005). The efforts of earlier conferences could not take a legal shape but their intent became clear. It showed that the world community is concerned about the global water problem. Such concern become clear from the proceedings of the renowned ‘1977 Mar del Plata’ conference that recognized water as a right of people, irrespective of their socio-economic status (Gleick 2007). The concept of human right to water has been the point of contention for over several decades but the issue gained global importance in 2010, when the ‘United Nations General Assembly’ and the ‘United Nations Human Rights Council’ identified access to ‘safe drinking water’ as a human right (Murthy 2013). Human rights can be categorized into two groups, namely welfare rights and liberty rights. These rights may be related to consequential and non-consequential theories. The utilitarianism theory of ethics (consequential) relates to the welfare rights and the libertarianism theory of ethics (non-consequential) relates to the liberty rights. Both these theories uphold the consideration of water as a human right. This report would present arguments in favour of the topic, ‘Access to Water Is a Human Right’. The recognition of water as a human right by the international community coincides with the characteristics of various consequential (such as utilitarianism) and non-consequent (such as libertarianism) theories of ethics. The utilitarianism theory of ethics, for instance, suggests that communities should strive to fulfil the utility needs of people in order to make their lives comfortable and healthy. Here, a special reference to women of the community is eminent. The ‘4 th World Water Forum’ suggested that the involvement of women from various communities in ‘water related projects’ would help in eradicating poverty (Brown 2006). This particular conclusion of the ‘4 th World Water Forum’ shows that if efforts are made towards providing utility services to people, the resultant could be beneficial (health and prosperity) for the people and the communi
Introduction Commencing with an overview of the material conditions of society, The Future of an Illusion proclaims that these conditions result from two processes: the technological processes that control the forces of nature and extract its wealth and the social processes that regulate the distribution of the [resulting] available wealth. Freud argues that, in all hitherto known civilizations, this second process, the distribution of social wealth, has always been out of kilter with the first, the production of wealth; the goods of society have always been inequitably distributed, resulting in the major inequalities of class society. When one considers the history of various civilizations, one discovers that civilization is something that was imposed on a resisting majority by a minority that understood how to obtain possession of the means to power and coercion. This inequitable outcome continues in the case of all present-day cultures, and thus one finds that t is understandable that the suppressed people should develop an intense hostility towards a culture whose existence they make possible by their work, but in whose wealth they have too small a share. Contemporary civilization provides the social elite with the leisure and education to enjoy the fruit of civilization, including the artistic output, while it remains inaccessible to the masses, who are engaged in exhausting work and have not enjoyed any personal education. Freud’s judgment of these class-based inequities is definitive: It goes without saying that a civilization that leaves so large a number of its participants unsatisfied and drives them into revolt neither has nor deserves the prospect of a lasting existence. Main text Here, more than elsewhere in Freud’s writings on civilization, explicit sociological categories—class, status, power, labor, the extraction and distribution of material wealth—are the constituent elements of the surface layer of his thought. But right under this surface lie ideas of the psyche. Consider this question: in what consists of this wealth that is so inequitably distributed, the deprivation of which makes the masses discontent and in potential rebellion against civilization? Th
Introduction The article “Marketing Public Sector Services: Concepts and Characteristics” explains how different Public Sector Organizations in the west turned to marketing professionals in order to emerge successful. This development occurred at a time when “managerialism” was becoming a powerful concept in many organizations. According to the authors, it has become appropriate for marketers to apply their concepts in the public sector. This became possible because the public sector portrayed unique aspects that could support different marketing models. As well, the public sector can borrow numerous marketing principles in order to satisfy the changing needs of different populations. This paper offers a critical analysis of the above article. The essay will also highlight the strengths and weaknesses of the arguments presented by the authors. Theoretical Framework The targeted article was written at a time when marketing was not a critical aspect of Business Management. Marketing was also becoming meaningful towards the management of different public services. The conceptual framework presented in the article makes it easier for managers of Public Sector Organizations (PSOs) to market their services. According to the authors, Public Marketing (PM) has the potential to embrace most of the principles applied in other industries. The next step is applying these concepts in the public sector. The article offers useful arguments to explain how different Public Sector Organizations can benefit the most from various marketing principles. The authors support their arguments using different models and theories. The article explains how a proper marketing approach can be useful towards delivering quality services to the targeted stakeholders. These strengths make the article meaningful to the reader. However, the article fails to describe how Public Sector Organizations (PSOs) can market their services. Summary and Analysis of the Article Public sectors usually deal with “service products”. Such products are critical towards fulfilling the needs and expectations of the targeted society. The Public Sector Industry offers specific services instead of tangible products. This fact explains why individuals and governments should “industrialize” such services. The authors of the article examine how the principles of marketing can support different public sectors. Several structural characteristics are critical whenever marketing different public services. Scholars categorize such services into three segments. These segments include Duties, Facilities, and Constraints . According to the article, constraints are powerful regulations or rules that govern various actions in the society. For instance, the society prohibits citizens from smoking in public locations. Duties also require specific behaviors. Economists treat every public service as “a public good”. The article explains why marketers of different public goods should be ready to deal with the imperfect links existing between provisions and payments. These imperfect links can result in dissatisfacti
The ‘ right to live’ – the essential right of every human being is sometimes threatened by issues that make us sit back and question the very concept of the value of life. The value of life doesn’t always refer to the ‘ right to live’ ; it also refers to the right to choose between life and death. The conflict between the ‘ right to live’ and the ‘ right to die’ is even more glaring in the case of Terri Schiavo which generated a lot of public interest not only because of the nature of the case but also because of its implications on the end-of-life care (Hampson and Emanuel 972-975). Till the 1940s, the main aim of medical care was to offer some relief from pain. But things have changed dramatically in the last fifty years. Medicine now has the power to prolong life. Subsequently, we are faced with a dilemma – shall we continue to live or choose to die? But what if one lacks the cognitive ability to decide for oneself? Who is going to decide in such a case in the best interest of the patient? These were the concerns that led to the conflict between Terri’s husband, Mr. Michael Schiavo, and her parents, Robert and Mary Schindler, which assumed a magnitude hitherto unprecedented and involved the legislative, the executive and the judicial branches of the United States federal government as well as the State of Florida. It was on the fateful day of February 25, 1990, at approximately 4:30 am EST that Terri suffered a massive respiratory and cardiac arrest in her St. Petersburg apartment. She was taken to the Humana Northside Hospital where she was in a coma for two and a half months and later slipped into a persistent vegetative state (PVC) (Blendon 2580-2584). In November 1998, Michael sought permission from the court to remove Terri’s feeding tube based on the statement his wife made earlier that she would not prefer to live on artificial sources of sustenance. Terri’s parents, however, objected to it, but their plea was overruled by an appeal court judge’s decision “ that Terri Schiavo was in a permanent or persistent vegetative state and that, if she could make her own decision, she would chose to discontinue life-prolonging measures ” (Annas 5). Subsequently, Schiavo’s feeding tube was removed for the first time on April 26. 2001. However, it had to be reinserted two days later as a civil suit filed by Terri’s parents alleging Michael of perjury was still not settled. Moreover, the Terri case had already started drawing considerable media attention by then, and various politicians, pro-life activists and religious groups were already involved with the case. The Schindlers, then, challenged the original court decision claiming they have substantial evidence of a new form of treatment that they felt would help Terri regain her cognitive function (Fins 304-307). On the basis of the results of the medical examination of Terri by the appointed physicians, the appeals court upheld the earlier decision and ordered the removal of the feeding tube for the second time. After the Supreme Court refused to review the decision made by the appeals court judge, the Schindlers, backed by various religious groups, appealed
China’s continuous double digit economic growth may not be sustainable in the long term. The Chinese economy has consistently posted high growth figures even as the rest of the major world economy giants undergo recession. Though probable, such a trend is unlikely to last long and will likely stall in the near future. One of the reasons postulated for the eventual decline in the Chinese economic growth is that the Chinese economy is highly dependent on foreign demand. Although many Chinese officials try to downplay this interconnectedness with other world economies, the evidence is clear (Breslin 1180). Chinese officials go as far as to manipulate international trade figures in order to downplay the emerging fact that, the projected growth may be partly a function of manipulated figures. At the beginning of this year (2011), analysts and critics reported that some Chinese officials had the figures in copper trade altered in order to inf
Vision Our vision is to develop into a universal reference program in the provision of early childhood education as evidenced by the all round products channeled to the elementary schools. All the stake holders shall endeavor towards working in the attainment of this vision. This will be by functioning in congruence with the mission pertaining to the maximum benefits accrued by the child. The program will assess progress towards attaining the vision by evaluating the child’s performance. This shall be a motivation factor to the curriculum deliverers and supervisors since it will serve as the benchmark for their performance. This will go a long way towards ensuring the children have a protected and nurturing environment to stimulate their growth under the watch of loving adults. Attainment of the hopes and dreams is enhanced by complementing the children. Through this mutual coexistence, the program will be able to attain its vision and that of the child consequently facilitating excellence in experiences (Decker, Decker, Freeman & Knopf, 2009). Mission of early Childhood program Our mission is to furnish children with societal, bodily, rational, creative and emotional skills that will provide a solid foundation to their lives. These skills will be essential at the various developmental stages and critical in helping them to succeed in all spheres (Barnett & Jason, 2003). The school shall endeavor to provide the highest attainable standards of quality of education. Customizing the curriculum and tailoring it with the needs of the diverse children will form the basis of the early childhood course. The program shall endeavor to cut across all abilities of the child to ensure a uniform field for all the children. Issues pertaining to child neglect are consequently addressed. The program shall endeavor to create a mutual attachment among the children. This is to ensure the child fits in society and learns mutual coexistence at that early stage. Their intellectual capacity will also be widened through practical activities that will involve direct contact with the surroundings (Decker et al., 2009). This will, in addition, facilitate identification of special skills and their subsequent nurturing by th