ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
History is the greatest teacher and source of inspiration. Our country, the United States of America, is home to the greatest legendary heroes and scholars who have forged the shape of the today’s world. Former President, J. F. Kennedy, when he “welcomed Nobel Prize winners into the White House in 1962, he out rightly admitted that he was obliged to share the room with the world’s greatest sources of knowledge with the exception of one, Thomas Jefferson” [1] . Thomas Jefferson was a former President, Politician, Architect, archeologist, paleontologist, musician, inventor, revolutionist and scholar. If I were given the humble chance to travel back in time and get a chance to interview Thomas Jefferson I would ask him the following questions:  1. What is your own opinion what do you have to say about banking establishments and the role they play in their environment?  2. As a politician and the president of United States of America, which has just gained independence which elements do you intend to enshrine in the domestic policy?  3. Following the hot debate and conflicts involving the thorny issue of slave trade, do you consider yourself as a crusader for or against slave trade?  4. As The United States of America tries to establish itself as a giant nation in the world what are the various foreign policies you are putting in place to govern the relationship between The United States of America and other countries?  5. What is your take on the majority rule and what way should the minorities take to redress any wrongs done on them?  6. What are your take on education and its importance on the advancement of United States into one of the strongest countries in the world? The Response In 1816, Jefferson noted “banking establishments were more dangerous than standing armies and therefore if necessary that such institutions be properly controlled.” [2] Thomas Jefferson was against most banking institutions and their famous discounting techniques which allowed people to spend money which they have not earned at the price of jargons called interest rates. He thought that banks and their aggressive search for money would swindle the children of America who would wake up homeless one day in the land that belonged to their fore fathers. For instance, from his personal experience, he got into a lot of debt and hard to mortgage his property and slaves. He believed that such institutions would be used by hereditary aristocrats to further their ambitions at the expense of the citizens. Although Thomas Jefferson tried to lobby policy makers to accept his line of reasoning but they refused only to regret later in 1812 when a financial chaos was formed as a result of war. He would in turn be very categorical and blame the current financial institutions such as the Wall Street and credit card institutions which have handed massive debt to the citizens of America. It is this debt and their discounting techniques which have ended up leaving Americans with no cash
Introduction Gram staining is a form of differential staining used to determine the form of infection that an organism has. That is, whether the infection has been caused by either a gram positive or gram negative bacteria. It involves both a primary and a counter stain that help in categorizing the Eubacteria strains. Occasionally, the presence of white blood cells in the area attacked by bacteria shows the presence of an infection. This gives a clinician more information on diagnosis. This kind of information can enable a doctor or clinician to quickly prescribe particular antibiotics that would help in treat the infection. This form of test is quick and acts as an alternative test to culture diagnostic tests. Culture evaluation may be coupled with gram staining test and endospore tests. This can help evaluate the type of bacteria strain and its removal methodology. Hence, it is possible to perform other tests that would give more information on progress of any infection. Some diseases are related to the spikes or spores in bacteria. These spikes do cause wound development on organisms. Hypothesis Gram stain test gives much information on color of bacteria. That is either pink or purple color. In addition, the shape of the bacteria can also be analyzed. That is whether the bacteria are round shaped or rod shaped. This would help give much information on origin of most infectious diseases. On the other hand, there has been a formed view that some bacteria cause wound by use of their spikes. For this to be proved, certain tests like endospore staining can be done to categorize the bacteria. This test is normally done for the purpose of determining certain forms of bacteria that have spores which are resistant to stain and other harsh conditions. In addition, the test is used in studying certain bacterial structures such as the vegetative cells. The experiment would show whether the spores produced are due to nutrient limitation or resistance to the dye component. Procedure for Gram Staining A heat fixed bacteria smear was taken. The smear was then flooded with crystal violet for one minute and it was rinsed. The crystal violet was the primary stain. The next step included a smear by use of iodine for a minute and the stain was washed with water. The smear was then flooded with Acetone which was quickly rinsed with water. A counter stain was added on the smear and left for a minute. This was again washed with water. Lastly, the smear was air dried and observed under the microscope. Results Observation of the slides under the microscope showed the following results:   * Gram positive bacteria stained purple while gram negative bacteria did not stain at all. Endospore Staining Procedure for Endospore Staining Half a drop size of distilled water was placed on a slide using a dropper. A small portion of agar was taken aseptically and mixed with water on slide to form a cloudy sample. The remaining bacterium was then burned off the loop. The suspension was then spread to form a thin film using the loop. Afterwards, the suspension on the thin film was allowed to dry. A sample of the organism
The purpose of conducting any research study is to come up with better understanding of the underlying issues. The findings can then be used by a researcher or relevant groups in making decisions and other considerations. The article by Cedervall and Aberg (2010) goes a long way in achieving high levels of reliability and validity. This particular research employs a qualitative approach. This is reflected from the methods of obtaining data which include observation and use of interviews. Like many related studies which employ only one model or two methods to measure different variables, every measure in this study has been assessed using a different model and results further correlated to test the study hypothesis. The research questions in the articles were tailored along the various physical activities that can assist patients affected by Alzheimer Disease. In particular, the questions asked were based on the experiences which patients had after physical exercises. This was instrumental in determining whether they were improving their health conditions. The interviews did not take a long time as they lasted between 30 minutes and one hour for each patient and were conducted in a patient’s home. The questions were open ended. For instance, what is your experience after the physical activity? The sample size consisted of 2 different couples and patients of 60 years and above. The mean age for the sample size was 53 years (range 20-78). It is important to note that the approach to sampling employed by the researcher uses a basic approach whereby results are representative of the general expectation of data on physical activities and health reinforcement among AD patients. The research setting was within a patients’ home. Two different couples were chosen from different settings. The environment was different for each exercise while both interviews were conducted at the location of each couple. The findings from the research following the interviews and observations provide clear information on the effects of physical activities on AD patients. It is evident that Alzheimer disease (AD) begins when an individual is past the age of 60 years. The disease manifests its symptoms in varied unpredictable behaviors, language problems and memory. It is worth mentioning that referring to the age of 60 years and above does not quite indicate that the disease only afflicts the older generation. It comes out that the early onset of Alzheimer Disease among individuals between 30 and 50 years accounts for about 5% of the total AD burden. Within this age range, there are less physical activities and loss of memory. Therefore, physical activity is favorable as it enhances the reinforcement of health. Besides, age is a major barrier when engaging in physical exercise and it may negatively affect overall health improvement. Moreover, it was found out that engaging in physical activities is the best strategy for improving health. The difficulties that they experienced included exhaustion, altered walking abilities, and attitude problems. Reference Cedervall, Y. & Aberg, C. (2010). Physical activity and implic
The opioid crisis still claims many lives due to the misuse and overprescribing of opioid analgesics. Such medicines could be a godsend for terminal cancer patients or those who suffer from chronic or acute pain. Nevertheless, researchers stress that long-term use of opioid drugs may lead to adverse side effects and health outcomes such as overdose, addiction, respiratory depression, or gastrointestinal issues (Meske et al. 928). Thus, more common and safer options of pain management should be a top priority, while opioid analgesics can be applied for non-cancer pain as a last resort (Kiyatkin 220). Frontline and the Financial Times conducted an investigation that revealed how ill-minded opioid drug manufacturers bribe physicians to foster non-cancer use of their highly-addictive painkillers. It is clear from the case of Insys Therapeutics that profit-seeking pharmaceutical companies find tricky ways to influence doctors’ prescription habits (Eaton). The off-label drug prescription and paid promotional collaboration with clinicians to leave them room to exploit loopholes in the U.S. Food and Drug Administration’s regulations (Kita). Despite the FDA’s efforts, ill-minded drug manufacturers significantly influence the ongoing opioid crisis by utilizing off-label prescription and speaker programs for their own sake. The FDA’s too soft regulation approach is one of the main reasons why opioid drug misuse remains an urgent healthcare problem. Despite the strict manufacturing standards and comprehensive approval process, opioid prescriptions remained untouched by the agency. For instance, Eaton reports that Insys’s CEO, John Kapoor, was found guilty for overseeing criminal conspiracy to peddle the dangerous fentanyl-based painkiller. This opioid drug was tested and then approved by the FDA. The agency recommends applying it only in case of “treating the severe pain of cancer patients for whom other opioids had failed” (Eaton). Even if the drug is approved for a specific medical condition, it still “may be prescribed for different diseases or ailments, in different dosages, to other age groups, as a doctor sees fit” (Kita). Painkillers containing narcotic substances usually undergo a complicated approval process that becomes a challenge for a pharmaceutical firm. On the contrary, the prescription process is not so strictly regulated. In such a case, a doctor’s knowledge, experience, and relevant evidence-based practices play a decisive role. The FDA fails to control drug manufacturers who eagerly exploit gaps in regulations. Opioid Policing Steering Committee (OPS
Introduction The purpose of the experiment was to study the relationship that exists between an object using a uniform circular motion to move and the force that is required to cause that acceleration. The conical pendulum was used to examine the mathematics and physics associated with uniform circular motion (Minkin, L., & Sikes, 2021). The conical pendulum moves at a constant spend in a circular horizontal plane and when the bob is attached to a string, it forms a cone and so it is used to illustrate uniform circular motion. Objective This experiment enables one to acquire information on uniform circular motion since many have problems relating to it. This helps in sorting out some of these problems. Materials   * Pendulum   * Motor   * Telescope   * Bob   * String   * Support Preliminary set up The pendulum used in this case moves in a horizontal circle and so a bob with mass m is connected to a string with length L with its other end attached to firm support. That bob rotates with an angular velocity ω that completes a horizontal orbit with radius r. The vertical distance between the plane of the orbit and the support is assumed to be h with an angle θ between the string and the descending vertical. The string has tension supporting a stationary mass M and a mass m that keeps moving in a loop. Therefore FT=Mg Procedure (Minkin, L., & Sikes, 2021)  1. A pendulum with length L was connected to a shaft containing a motor whose rotational speed could be changing by altering the voltage.  2. The speed of the motor and length L was adjusted to allow the period of several revolutions to be measured by observation with values of the angles of rotation.  3. The height h of the pendulum was measured by focusing the telescope on the rotating pendulum while noting down the values on the scale while considering the point of suspension. Whenever the revolution speed increased, it made it difficult for the plane of revolution to keep track o
The Importance of the Past Human beings inhabit a very unpredictable world. The human environment is a product of the interaction between millions of forces. In order to chart their course through an unpredictable world, human individuals and societies need some sort of guide to determine what possible consequence they take face, upon taking a certain step. The study of the past is therefore important because it is an important factor in determining present and future conduct (Lowenthal, 1998). Another aspect of the past is its role in determining the self-image of a human individual or society. Societies cite the real or imagined beliefs and actions of their real or imagined ancestors as evidence that they are a brave, generous and just people, similarly stories about the history of rival societies are told to show them in a bad light as compared to one’s own society (Lowenthal, 1998). History is also a tool used to establish the validity of the current beliefs or ideas held by an individual, society or section of a society and the invalidity of the ideas and beliefs held by their ideological enemies (Lowenthal, 1998). The Reason for Disagreement in the Views and Interpretations of the Past Because the past is used as a tool to determine the present and future course of a society, it’s self image and the validity of its beliefs. It becomes a device in the hands of people who wish to chart a particular course for their society, present a particular self-image of the society and establish the validity of certain beliefs (Lowenthal, 1998). An example of this can be seen in the Enola Gay exhibit controversy at the Smithsonian Institution. The historians at the Smithsonian were came up with what they thought was an objective position on the bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. The exhibit depicted the horrible destruction caused by the bombing however the establishment view that the bombing of two Japanese cities was necessary in order to force the Japanese government to surrender unconditionally, was presented in the exhibit (Bird & Sherwin, 1995). Other historians objected to the exhibit on the grounds that it adopted an essentially nationalist position justifying American atrocities, tried to minimize the depiction of horrible destruction and the immense loss of civilian life caused by the bombing and suppressed other facts which would reflect badly on the United States (Bird & Sherwin, 1995). However, according to politicians espousing a hyper nationalistic and militaristic agenda, the exhibit was an exercise in anti-Americanism. These politicians were outraged that the museum would exhibit something that would show even the slightest criticism of the United States or the military forces of the Un
The Term “Parent Engagement” A term “school, family, and community partnerships” is a much better one compared to “parent engagement”. The latter term proposes an idea when only parents are engaged in students’ upbringing which is not true. Surely, parents are one of the many parties who have a significant impact on an environment where students live. In other words, the term “parent engagement” limits areas of life which are influential and beneficial for the students. It states that only a family can contribute something to the life of a child. Due to the fact that students live and communicate with people in a family, in an educational institution, and in a local community, all of the interactions are valuable. Hence, parents are not the only ones who contribute to the development of students as personalities and members of society but also to surrounding individuals. Theory of Overlapping One of the additional terms is a “social capital” which relates to the information that is shared between members of a local community, parents, and teachers. The information is useful as it improves the learning experience of students. There is also a theory of overlapping which is beneficial to child development and learning. It prioritizes cooperation between parents, teachers, students, and members of the community (Epstein & Sheldon, 2006). All of the parties attempt to improve the existing atmosphere for children to learn and apply their knowledge in the real world. In other words, the theory recommends creating a multidimensional environment for children, where they can be motivated to study better. The Importance of Education in the Future the importance of education in the futureChildren, especially in elementary schoo
During my ministry experience, one of the key insights that I have derived from the book is that it is not necessary to seek the approval of everyone that you encounter or to seek to be well-liked at the expense of your values or your time. Such a realization has impacted my ministry experience by enabling me to realize that it is more important to focus on being a true minister by spreading and teaching the word of God rather than be embroiled in being “accepted” or petty local politics. Being a minister involves spreading the word of God, guiding people towards ethical and moral actions as well as being an embodiment of the values and dedication that people must express to both God and their loved ones. It is at times tempting to say “yes” to various obligations or to agree with certain points of view; however, continuously doing such actions compromises the objectiveness that is necessary for being a minister. To continuously say “yes” to the demands of your congregation or the views of a particularly adamant individual creates a situation where you lose your sense of “self”. To agree with what everyone demands of you, to focus on what they want instead of being objective, and to appease rather than to guide is not the work of God, rather, it is similar to what a politician does to keep the peace within his/her respective district (Kalish and Kruschke, 1997). A minister is not a politician, he is a shepherd of the flock of God and, as such, he must focus on doing what is right based on God’s eyes and not the eyes of man. While any minister needs to listen to what his congregation is telling him, sometimes such views are in direct conflict with what theological text and the word of God has deemed as ethical and moral. Examples of this range from the rampant sexual themes in modern-day society that are deemed as “normal” as well as the increasing ac
Introduction Governments and public institutions all over the world have used public-private cooperation to develop public projects. A public-private partnership model has brought numerous benefits in the design, implementation and completion of public projects. 1 Projects under a public-private partnership can benefit from the facilitative capacity of public institutions as well as from their efficiency capacity. 2 One of the most critical issues challenging the cooperation between the public sector and public institutions in developing public projects is the sharing of future risks. Because of their huge size and high public expectations, public projects will frequently face multiple bottlenecks which may become the future risks in the result. In the direction of trying to solve disputes between private and public institutions, FIDIC has been developing documentation that would be helpful for guiding the sharing of risks between public institutions and private firms. 3 Background Information In 1914, the International Federation of Consulting Engineers and the International Federation of Housing and Public opened their first offices in Switzerland. These two federations then published the first edition of the FIDIC contracts in 1957. The members of the FIDIC association include professional consulting organizations from 25 European nations. FIDIC has gained an international outlook after engineering consulting associations from America and Asia joined the umbrella. 4 Because of a range of professional standards present in the FIDIC contracts, the World Bank has now proposed to only fund the international projects that adhere to the standards of the FIDIC contracts. After publishing the first suite of contracts in 1957, FIDIC has published several amended editions. Experience has contributed to the amendment of the proceeding FIDIC editions. 5 Most of the current international projects in developed countries (such as European nations) follow the 1999 FIDIC edition suite. The 1999 FIDIC suite distributes more risks to the