ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Reforms in the Christian world can be traced back to Apostle Paul who after conversion from Judaism wrote a considerable amount of epistles to various churches. These epistles gave clear directions regarding the manner of life each Christian ought to live. The reforms were often met with opposition and persecution especially from the mainstream religious faction. Central to these reforms is the doctrine that man cannot find salvation in works of the law but only through faith in God. On realizing that Paul’s version of Christianity had been compromised through the doctrines of the Roman Catholic church, a 15 th century reformer named John Calvin who had so much in common with Apostle Paul undertook the task of leading the church back into its true roots. So how did his leadership style differ from that of Apostle Paul? And did his mission succeed? Apparently most Protestants do not know about Calvin and his contributions towards the secession of Protestantism from the Roman Catholic Church. John Calvin was born in the year 1509 in France. Among the three siblings, John was much intelligent and at the age of 12 he had managed to convince a local bishop to hire him as a clerk. As a clerk, he had his hair cut signifying his resolve to absolutely commit himself to church service. His acts of devotion landed him a favor with Montmors, who were a rich family. This family went ahead and sent Calvin to a prestigious college in France called college de la Marché that taught Latin (Helm 2004, 81). Here, he met an outstanding Latin teacher who enhanced his proficiency in the language. Later, he studied philosophy from a college in Paris. Discontented with the kind of education that Calvin was receiving from the benevolent family, Gerard recalled his son from the philosophy college and took him to pursue law at the Orleans University. During the year 1529, Calvin undertook to study Greek, a language that was a requisite to comprehending the New Testament. It was after these events that he got converted or rather broke away from the Roman Catholic Church. He joined forces with those pushing for protestant reforms. He especially became outstanding for having pioneered reformed tradition, which was one of the prime branches of Protestantism. His distinguishing characteristics are composed of his dogmatic moral and religious views and for having formed a radical theocratic authority in Geneva that suppressed any perceived dissident. Apparently, his background in law enabled him to write elaborate manuscripts that formed the basis for his protestant systems(Bouwsma 1988, 77). In 1533, Calvin sought refuge in Switzerland in a city called Basel following an outbreak of persecution of evangelists by the Roman Catholic Church. Here, he laid down the salient Institutes of Christian Religion (Helm 2004, 81). The development of French language is attributed to this magnificent piece of work and so is Protestantism in France. While still in Ge
The sociology of any institution always embraces a definite pattern of behavior between and amongst individuals. There are roles; positions; interactions; structures and more importantly interrelationships. These are the paradigms through which social scientist tend to establish a perception that distinguishes practices within an institution from merely relationships among group members. As such, in modern societies there are traditional as well and modern institutions. Sociologists and anthropologists alike when researching people and how they operate within groups sometimes find it difficult to differentiate among established institutions and emerging ones. It is true that in the final analysis institutions determine the way their interaction would be perceived based on how structures are established to achieve collective goals. Therefore, the argument is that every institution functions to achieve goals of interest groups. On many occasions validation of society is not necessary. Actually, the power foundation on which some are constructed forges societal acceptance since insidious values sustain their existence. In essence, then, it takes risk and boldness to relate group interactions; roles; positions; structures and interrelationships as being institutions. Ultimately, the sociology of gambling can be conceptualized as an institution of risk taking which very extensively has become interwoven into American Financial culture. Obvious questions are then asked, non- judgmentally, but precisely, how does this institutional culture impact activities on Wall Street; an artificial financial crisis; and the international perception of forced and voluntary gambling. The mere fact that there are no laws in America prohibiting institutionalized gambling on Wall Street is indicative of its nature to support traditional economic institutions. Its power base foundation has forced the International Monetary Fund as well as world banking institutions to recognize the impact it has in shaping a new world economic order. This is achieved by merely by taking risks every day in casino interactions; stocks trading and horse racing. Even though the history of Wall Street actually began as a risking taking venture in trading of stocks it has escalated into a culture which determines a value of the US dollar on a daily basis. Presently, traditional institutions struggle to compete as these practices are exclusive to the interest groups’ values and goals which nourish this institution. Consequently, Wall Street has the ability to create a financial crisis in America as well as prosperity within its gates. Investing in stocks entails the same amount of risks as playing a casino game or ev
The chapter on Cultural Materialism in Salzmann explains the intellectual relationship between anthropology and political economy, especially Marxist thinking (P. C. Salzman 49-66). He uses the example of India’s sacred cows to demonstrate how religious rules support good long term ecological behavior. These worshipped cows seem to be poorly cared for and skinny, but are actually productive as oxen, milk-cows, and sources of manure, hoof, horn, and leather. Hindus avoid killing them to avoid ritual pollution. However, this religious practice also works to keep the cattle from being wiped out during famines. Salzmann also addresses the example of pork avoidance in the Middle East, where pigs are costly to raise. Religious rules have evolved to keep people from spending precious resources on them. Likewise, witchcraft accusations, seen through this analysis, appear to be useful in distracting public attention away from protest and reformation, or to express stresses on society. The chapter goes on to discuss how forms of leadership and production can be seen as developing in response to the kind of habitat that people occupy, for example, among the Basseri of Persia (P. C. Salzman 41). The materialist approach to understanding people’s arrangements for survival, representing their accumu
Introduction The fast-food and restaurant industry that now extends throughout the world has its roots in the United States. Restaurants are often regarded as emblematic of a new global culture, but the industry has indisputably been shaped by its origins. The informality of the restaurants, their uniformity of service to everyone, their focus on speed, their promised smiles are all distinctively related to their origin. They grow out of a cultural ethos that values friendliness more than propriety, practicality more than traditions of gracious living, and democratic egalitarianism over status-based distinctions. However, as the high street has become increasingly saturated, the restaurant chain has stepped up its store expansion programs into new kinds of locations and markets. These include hospitals, military bases, prisons, and schools and a wide variety of locations other than on the high street, such as kiosks, carts, ‘drive-thru,’ sites in motorway service stations, retail and leisure parks, shopping centers, petrol forecourts and trains and other travel terminals. Vigorously growing restaurants apply extraordinary marketing proficiencies and many people react favorably to them by visiting their place. The advantage is that there are several marketing procedures that can be carried out at a very low cost (many at no cost at all). Restaurants’ marketing strategy Vincze & Anderson (2000) stated that restaurants should look for ways to attract the attention of their customers. One easy way that is included, but not limited to, all the benefits that enhance the consumption or product use experiences of customers. When the customers have a long history of product use, brand identities can be complex. Restaurants should be a place for parents and children. Over time, this will lead to a marketing strategy with two targets (Kids and parents) and two objectives which are: “Get kids to go to a restaurant, and get parents to say yes. To accomplish the first objective fun foods(hamburgers, shakes and fries) that kids would like must be offered, spokespersons that are liked by the kids must be hired, special meals should be created for the kids, playgrounds (bouncing castles, swings, swimming pool, and toys) should be added for the kids for usage after meals. Subsequently, to make it easy for parents to say yes, the inclusion of a restaurant experience lowered parents’ stress. Such Parents are sure that their kids will get the following services:   * Getting their food quickly (which minimizes the stress of waiting in line.   * The kids will eat the food regardless of the location, because the taste and ser
Introduction Recently, the National Emergence Crisis and Disasters Management Authority (NCEMA) launched a website and a magazine that would provide information regarding crisis management in the country. The chairperson of Emergency and Crisis board promised that the board would do everything to strengthen the civil defense charged with the responsibility of ensuring that fire disasters are handled adequately. The chairperson observed that training of the civil defense is paramount in case firefighting services are to be effective. To enhance the services of civil defense, the board would provide information to the public regarding the role, facilities, and capabilities of the civil defense. The major aim of the civil defense is to put out fires, as well as preventing fire outbreaks (Legeros 19). This demands that the civil defense be taken through suitable training programs in order to equip workers with modern skills. In Dubai, fire outbreaks are usually small and the damages caused are small. This means that adequate training would prevent the occurrence of small fires. In August this year, the civil defense carried out an awareness program that would sensitize the public on the importance of observing firefighting regulations. The agency in charge of civil defense collaborates with other fire fighting agencies, such as the Saudi Factory for Fire Equipment (SFFECO) to administer fire fighting instructions and training. The deputy manager of SFFECO observes that there are generally five types of fires, each needing a specialized form of training. Solids, chemicals, gases, and electric matters might cause the fires. In this regard, the civil defense should be made to understand that fire fighting is a complex process that needs adequate training. On the other hand, residents should know that having a safety plan at home is very important, as well as having an evacuation route. It is the role of civil defense to enlighten the public on the importance of developing a safety plan at home. Therefore, they should be equipped with adequate skills. Fire disasters are very dangerous implying that those in charge of putting off the fires should be shift in their actions. The deputy director notes that it takes seconds to think and minutes to act (Peige 98). Fire fighting is not like other disasters that can wait for other people to come from other places. This paper aims at comparing the effectiveness of Dubai civil defense with the civil defense of other countries, including Singapore civil defense, the US civil defense, the Australian, civil defense, the UK civil defense, and the Canadian civil defense. The paper will go a notch higher to provide a list of special advance training for officers in the civil defense, including the price range of programs. In the fourth section, the paper talks about the benchmarks and statistics of firefighting programs and training in Dubai. In the fifth section, the paper discusses some of the outcomes of training programs and training modules. Lastly, the paper concludes by assessing the position of Dubai in terms of providing firefighting program
Introduction With the passage of time, the remarkable trend with racism seems to be that it will become less visibly violent and more of a silent atrocity. The attitudes and ideas remain the same in the minds of the affected parties, albeit somewhat watered down with permissiveness that is prevalent in the society. Nevertheless, the various races can live more socially and amicably together. Moreover, as the passage of time demolishes social boundaries that initially would have been taboo to cross, people from various races come to the realization that they are more similar than different in terms of being human and that skin color is a very superficial basis of underestimating any person. This situation is more apparent to people who really live closely with each other such as inter-racial couples in marriage or other mixed race companionships (Hardy, & Style, 1993, p. 3). The rest of the society that does not interact directly with the other race retains its dogmatic views based on stereotypes of race. In the end, they never achieve true harmony. This disharmony is a result of the lack of a healthy and unreserved interaction that would have been instrumental in quelling the ridiculous ideas people have based on race (Clugston, 2010, p. 7). Consequently, as time passes by together with degeneration of the initial unabashed awe that is held by the inferiors of the superiors’ qualities into a loathing with time, it becomes apparent that those they hold
Financial regulation deals with the overall oversight and/or supervision of financial institutions through enforcement of specified requirements, restrictions and guidelines as laid down in the law. These restrictions are enforced with the sole purpose of ensuring the integrity of the financial system. According to Williams (2009: 8), financial regulation entails the enactment of laws and rules that govern the actions of financial institutions including banks, brokers and investment companies. He further states that financial regulation is generally spearheaded by government-sanctioned regulators and other internationally accepted groups that help protect people’s investments besides ensuring the orderly running and stability of the financial sector. The crisis served as a wake-up call to concerned authorities to put in place mechanisms that will check risky trading and closely monitor financial transactions to protect both investors and the economy. One such move was the enactment of the Dodd-Frank Act in the United States which was signed into law by President Obama in 2010. This discussion will comprise of two parts with the first part focusing exclusively on the pros and cons of financial regulation and the second part focusing on the same but from the Dodd-Frank Act’s point of view. Experts agree that regulation in the financial industry is necessary to maintain the soundness of the system. However, despite the advantages associated with financial industry regulation, supervision and oversight can only work to a certain extent. Too much regulation may prove counter-productive and may in the long-run muzzle growth of the industry-leading to catastrophic effects. In the following section, the discussion will concentrate on the rationale behind the justification of financial industry regulation and thereafter, it will focus on the views of opponents of regulation. Financial industry regulation is necessary for controlling and checking systemic risk. There is sufficient evidence pointing to the conclusion that costs from the failure of the financial institutions-both bank and non-bank – will easily produce an adverse ripple effect on the economy and other concerned parties. For instance, the social costs resulting from such crises as the global financial crisis will most likely exceed private costs (Dodd et al, 2009: 77). The need for regulation of the financial system especially banks stems from the fact that banks play an important role in payments and clearing, they pose serious systemic dangers through bank runs and their debt normally contracts both sides of the balance sheet. Regulation is therefore justified considering the depth of costs collapse of the banking system is likely to inflict on the overall economy. Banks and other financial institutions operate in an imperfect market with a lot of externalities that only regulation can deal with. In fact, ext
Should the American Marketing Association (AMA) adopt one single definition of “marketing”? Despite continuous and detailed research in marketing, it has been difficult to develop a consensus in its definition with various schools of thought advancing different definitions which all seem valid. Thus, leading to a definition of the four main schools of thought requires developing the keywords advanced by each school. However, it would be utterly difficult to develop the pros and cons of each school of thought. The schools of thought thus examine the history of marketing without developing a debate on which school of thought could be better than the rest. Cook and colleagues (2002) thus conducted a research based on the early 19 th century definitions of marketing, noting their keywords. Do the four schools of thought holistically address the marketing definition? Cooke and colleagues (2002) note that the economic utilities approach mainly looks at the channels of distribution. Product movement assists in increased efficiency and leads to a reduction of cost. The advantage of this approach is that scholars mainly look at the channel flows of various products while taking into consideration the middlemen, and the institutions these people interact with (Cooke et al., 2002). As noted, keywords in the school of thought include storage, transfer and ownership, distribution and transpiration. Thus the most valid description of marketing according to this school of thought is that marketing is the performance of business activities directed towards the flow of goods and services from the producer to the consumer (Cook et al., 2002). However, the economic utility viewpoint neglects consumer satisfaction leading to the emergence of the consumer or the buyer’s viewpoint that addresses the issue. Additionally, the development of the consumer affairs department, a move by many states and federal governments was in a bid to ensure basic marketing mix integrity. However, as Cook and colleagues (2002) note, the consumer viewpoint does not consider the excessive costs associated with marketing as the main driving force behind any capitalistic society is the maximization of profit through marketing activities. Thus whereas consumers are concerned over rising prices, which Cook
Introduction It has been noted that “everything that happens to us-graduations, marriage, childbirth, divorce, getting or losing job affects us” (Adulthood 1). It is not right for one to live lonely, but sometimes circumstances may cause one to love this kind of a life. The strange action must have some driving forces behind it that may lead a young person to choose a lone life. How can one choose to live alone or decide to live with animals in the wild? This essay will discuss the book, In the Wild with emphasis on a young man, McCandless and how he went to Alaskan Odyssey as a result of crises during transition from childhood to adulthood; so as to separate himself from his family. McCandless’s life is bothered by his parent’s materialistic nature choices and this made him to move out of the home and becomes an itinerant. He lived in the wild where he hunted wildlife such as porcupines and birds for food. He roasted them but sometimes the meat spoiled because of poor methods of meat preservation. In this wild life, he sometimes failed to capture the animals for his meal and was provided by strangers. Unfortunately, he finally died in a bus because of starvation despite the efforts he made to get some assistance. The Quest for Lonely Life Christopher McCandless was a man who never liked people to be close to himself. He valued independence. He went to the extreme of being self reliant. He thought that people could not always depend on others but should have time to be alone so that they could discover their own will and thoughts. Christopher McCandl
The pace of climate change has accelerated significantly over the past decade, causing the global community to approach the issue with due caution and seriousness. In their article, Healey et al. examine the perspectives that the local community has adopted toward the issue of climate change lately. The goal of the study was to isolate key themes in the perceptions and attitudes of the target community members toward the subject matter. The study was conducted as qualitative research, specifically, an exploratory one, with the emphasis on the connection that was made between the phenomenon of climate change and the issue of public health over the specified time period. According to the results of the research, five themes have emerged in the course of the analysis. Namely, the study has shown that the target audience has been concerned with the impact of climate change on health, the shift from past to current climate, the adaptation process, the call to action, and the shift in the knowledge systems regarding climate (Healey et al. 92). The described outcomes indicate an increase in the extent of awareness among Canadian residents concerning the problem of climate change and the long-term impact that changes in global climate and ecosystems have on people’s health. As a result, the issue of an increased sense of vulnerability and insecurity has been addressed in the study. Overall, Healey et al. have raised an important question that is worth researching further to locate possible solutions for health management and disease prevention. Work Cited Healey, Gwen K., et al. “Community Perspectives on the Impact of Climate Change on Health in Nunavut, Canada.” Arctic , 2011, pp. 89-97. doi:10.14430/ARCTIC4082