ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Carlos Fuentes was among the authors of the American literary Boom. One of his major works was “La muerte de Artemio Cruz” (The Death of Artemio Cruz). The Death of Artemio Cruz critically analyzes the shortcomings of the revolution in Mexico and looks into the history and prospects of the country by examining different aspects of the community, beliefs and politics. Through the account, we get to see pervasive class differences between the poor and the rich in Mexico (Hart 67). Carlos contends the capability of language to portray actual happenings using the typical third- person account by telling the story through the first, second, and third person perspectives. He begins every chapter in the novel using the first-person view of Artemio Cruz. As Artemio lay on his deathbed, he notices the fuss surrounding him when he sees his family members and the priest. The priest, who is Father Paez, is performing the final ritual for Cruz. The method of using the present gives the reader a chance to navigate into Cruz’s mind, to listen to his opinions, search his conscience, and experience his internal mental condition during his last moments. All episodes end by incidences that use the future tense or the second person narrative (You). One such ending is evident in the incident where Cruz and his son Lorenzo are out riding. “You will bring Lorenzo to live ……without need on your part to explain the motives behind your labor in reconstructing the burned walls of the hacienda and reopening the flatland agriculture. The two of you will go out into the sun. You will pick up the wide-brimmed hat and put it on your head” (Fuentes161) Words representing the future tense “you will” are all over the novel. This implies that both Cruz and Mexico have a predestined future. Every chapter begins with the scene at the deathbed and ends with circumstances of the future. In between are the flashbacks to the central incidences of the life of Cruz. Using the third-person narrative technique, which is the most commonly used style, the author manages to drive the reader from the contemporary into the earlier life of Artemio, and similarly, of the empire of Mexico (Duran 57). One key literary device that Carlos uses in Artemio Cruz is time alteration. Unlike other narratives that start with the birth of a character and then his death, Carlos’s work starts with the death of the main character Artemio and ends with a description of his birth. Duran, a Latin America Literature Professor, thinks that this inversion of time is symbolic. He explains that Carlos used the style to symbolize the ‘death’ of Mexico subsequent to the 1910 Revolution and of its ultimate ‘birth’ as soon as the present corrupt capitalist power vanishes (Duran 56). Before the realization of the Revoluti
Introduction The “Axial Age” (from 500 B.C.to 300 B.C.) denotes the era during which most of the significant spiritual and religious traditions developed in Eurasian cultures. Even though the Axial Age has been the topic of growing interest in recent years, its actual existence is still a very contentious subject. The primary reason why the Axial Age’s existence is questioned is that its nature and spatial boundaries are still vague to date. 1 The standard description of the Axial Age is a shift of cognitive approach, from an analogical and narrative approach to a more reflective and analytic approach, most likely because of an increase in external memory tools. However, this may be true; the main reason for the shift was a shift in world view from purely a materialistic view of human existence to a spiritual emphasis on humanity’s existence. Essentially, the Axial Age’s main highlight was a paradigm shift of how society viewed itself and the reason for its existence. Origin of the Concept of the Axial Age Karl Jaspers developed the phrase “Axial Age” to highlight what he considered the simultaneous growth in many separate and different societies, 2 such as Israel, China, India, and Greece of a new awakening amongst mankind. What Jaspers meant has been described as a type of philosophical, critical questioning of the world that we live in and the afterlife. During this period, there was one commonality between these distinct communities; each of these cultures began to come up with new approaches to discussing reality, including ethics (or morality), the cosmos, and society. 3 Therefore, it reasonable to suggest that the Axial Age was a time distinctly defined by mankind’s search for meaning beyond the here and now, albeit separately (each community’s search was autonomous). Paradigm Shift’s that distinguished the Axial Age The Axial Age idea emerged from the view that most of the existing world religions, such as Islam, Judaism, Hinduism, Buddhism, Christianity, and Daoism, can trace their beginni
Introduction Many modern companies attract people’s attention and remain in demand for a long period. Each organization has its history, mission, and a hardworking team. There are also such companies that distinguish from others by their unique approach to every aspect of the chosen business, and Nike is one of them. It is not enough to say that Nike is about bringing innovation and inspiration to endorse athletes (Knight, 2016). This company helps millions of people regardless of their race, age, or gender discover potential and contribute to the creation of an effective sports future. In this paper, a brief historical overview of Nike will be offered to identify an outline and a purpose of a research project and understand better its strategic management, segmentation, and strengths in the current US market. Purpose Despite economic challenges and unstable international trade relationships around the whole globe, Nike stays one of the companies with a strong brand image and a number of regular customers. Sustainable growth of Nike is determined by technological advancements in one particular field, sportswear. Its analysis is a good opportunity to investigate sports management, strategies that continue working during several decades, and employees’ enthusiasm that makes customers choose Nike among other successful sportswear organizations. The purpose of a future research paper is to identify the role of Nike in the US market by discussing its product segmentation peculiarities, recent marketing strategies, and competitors. First, a brief evaluation of the recent achievements of Nike will be introduced, using recent annual reports of the company. Second, the investigation of its products, strategies, and competitors will be expanded to clarify this company’s tactics and prospects. Finally, a SWOT analysis will be developed to conclude its final achievements, as well as weak and strong issues in the market. History and Overview The discussion of Nike success may be rooted in its history and the first steps of its founders. In 1964, a coach, Bill Bowerman, and an athlete, Phil Knight, founded the company known as Blue Ribbon Sports in Beaverton, Oregon that officially turned into Nike in 1971. Bowerman made a pair of shoes for a local sportsman, providing him with necessary motivation and support. Knight (2016) admits that Bowerman always said that inspiration usually came from quotidian things that may be eaten, observed, or experienced. The simplicity of ideas attracted the attention of many people so in one year more than 1000 pairs of shoes were sold. In less than ten years, Nike demonstrated good results of its work by expanding business from the United States to China and many European countries. At the end of 1980s, Nike bought several small companies meeting its equipment and human resource purposes. Due to fast technological progress, Nike became able to use technologies in its production and manufacturing and offer a
Introduction Although medication errors are infrequent in clinical practice, they present a severe threat to the patients’ safety. To cover all aspects of medication errors, this presentation will include several significant points on the issue. First, the presentation includes an overview of the problem and its risks to the patients’ safety. Next, the presentation provides an explanation of the main factors that contribute to medication errors, according to the peer-reviewed literature. The presentation will include information about current initiatives geared towards reducing the number of medication errors and the issues that interfere with the implementation of the initiatives. Then, the presentation will define communication issues that relate to medical errors and, lastly, provide a conclusion with an overview of the discussion on the subject. Overview The medication errors are in
Introduction The title of the article “High-performance cultures: How values can drive business results” by Rosenthal & Masarech (2003) is appropriate for the assignment as it vividly captures what the material seeks to explain. The topic’s effectiveness is demonstrated in the explanation employed in the article, most of which depict how organizational culture enhances business results. The writer has backed the heading with substantial examples to drive home his feeling about high-performance cultures. Also, the writer is building the relevance of the title to the study by his introductory remarks which creates interest and captures attention (Rosenthal & Masarech, 2003). The negative description of the IT group before it employed organizational culture and the paradigm shift after engaging sound cultures is commendable. The meaning of focusing on performance Organizational culture is a vital element in any organization. An organizational culture entails the behaviors and practices employed in an organization with the sole aim of bringing success and keeping an organization competitive (Wikipedia, 2010). Strong organization culture fosters the image of the firm in the industry, and it helps attract and retain competent employees. According to the article, organizational culture is entwined with the objectives of the firm. These behaviors and practices play a core role in decision-making. Also, it helps build a mutual relationship between employees. With a strong culture, employees will enjoy the equitability brought about by the culture. The diverse beliefs of employees are moderated by the common culture of an organization; this, therefore, helps create a favorable environment for teamwork. This internal relationship is a plus to the organization, as the employees will be working towards the achievement of the postulated objectives. The general impact of this will be improved services to clients and ultimately organizational success. According to the article, an organizational culture develops employee commitment towards the organization, and although the labor market may be appealing, individuals will be contented to remain in a given organization (Rosenthal & Masarech, 2003). However, the writer fails to address a situation where an organization has several conflicting cultures. The steps that can be used to ensure the diverse culture existing in a single organization are aligned to the firm’s objectives. However, a strong culture is beneficial to t
Introduction Although our society has made positive steps towards reducing discriminations and inequalities, a considerable proportion of people around the world are still living under discrimination and inequalities. Usually, such inequalities are often based along gender, racial, ethnicity, religious and among other discriminatory lines. The United Nations and civil right groups, among other positive parties have been active in fighting for the reduction of global inequalities. Many programs that have been precisely designed to mitigate global inequalities have thus been started in many countries. Among the forms of discrimination that have been of concern to human rights groups is gender discrimination. We are now becoming aware that some forms of global inequalities are gender based. As such, understanding the link between gender and global inequalities is fruitful in mitigating global inequalities. Females and Poverty Has global poverty been taking a global dimension? Although there is no sufficient data to support this particular assertion, we can still observe that compared to men, more women have been sinking into poverty (Dhongde 2007). According to a 2005 United Nations report on gender inequalities, about 50% of women in developing countries have become poorer in the last thirty years (Deaton 2011). On the other hand, about 30% of men in developing countries became poorer in the last thirty years (Deaton 2011). Here, the trend has especially been bad in sub-Saharan Africa and Asia. A total of about 140 million women became poorer in Africa (during the period mentioned), while about 500 million became poorer in Asia (Dhongde 2007). Thus, we can see a worrying trend where poverty is increasingly taking a gender dimension in the developing world. Due to the presence of multiple programs in the developed world that have helped to empower women there, the number of poor women has not been increasing there as fast as in the developing world. However, the overall proportion of women that live in poverty is still high. Since global inequalities are measured on the threshold of poverty and on empowerment capacities, we can observe that global inequalities are (at least to some extent) based on a gender. One of the factors that have helped to drive gender inequalities is the existing family model. Often, when compared to men, women have a more economical and social burden in raising families (Chen 1994). For example, although the number of single parents has been increasing, it is often the women who usually continue to feed, educate, and raise their children. Without help from their former male couples, women are thus taking an economical burden here; hence, increasing the number of poor women around the globe (Kapan 2009). On the other hand, on separating with their wives, many men do not bother to finance the needs of the children that they leave behind. Although many developed countries have designed laws that have been tailored to protect childre
Abstract This paper describes the various types of endurance sports. Since there are many types of these sports, only a few have been highlighted, and, notably, endurance sports are demanding hence they need a lot of motivation. The main important tool required for success in endurance sport is the dedication to training and proper nutrition. This keeps the athletes in form and fits for the competitions which may take place once a year. It is, therefore, important for the participants to observe these instructions for a promising career in endurance sports. Introduction Endurance sports refer to games events that involve an immense deal of staying power, compared to short durations of physical activity. Though endurance sports are not clearly defined and classified, it is possible to tell between non-endurance and endurance sports. A simple example to differentiate between endurance sports is Marathon and short races. It is clearly shown that marathon is an endurance sport when compared to short races. These sports mainly involve individual efforts hence they do not attract much attention as compared to team sports. The sports are also based majorly on motivation and training, unlike other sports mainly based on action hence a wide range of possible results. There are various categories of endurance sports. Discussed below, are part of the categories. Main body Ultra marathons are types of endurance sports that involve running longer distances superseding the normal marathon. The normal marathon covers 42.195 kilometers while ultra-marathons cover between 50kilometers and 100 kilometers. This type of endurance sport is categorized into two fields, the first type involves activities carried over a specific distance while the other type involves activities in a particular time. These types of events may take place only once a year but require a lot of exercise and training for fitness and the ability to finish the race (Doyle 67). Ultra marathons are carried out in different forms ranging from cross country races, trail races to multiple loops. Participation in ultramarathons is associated with harsh challenges mainly during training and competitions. These include competing on gravel roads, sloppy areas, and high mountains of rocky terrains. The main purpose is to bring out the endurance of the competitors and their ability to survive harsh con
Human trafficking is a type of criminal business in the United States that has become a national problem. The traffickers target the most vulnerable groups of the population, one of which is teenagers. The victims of such illegal activities are being exploited all over the country. The problem lies in the fact that it is almost impossible to reveal whether a person is acting on their initiative or has fallen victim to the threats of criminals. The two principal types of criminal activity include child labor trafficking and sex trafficking, and both are difficult to identify due to the lack of assistance on the part of the victims. In both cases, the perpetrators use various tactics to entice them. They include psychological manipulation, financial exploitation, trickery, and some others so that a victim willingly follows the traffickers until it is too late to escape from the trap (Kaufka Walts, 2017). Therefore, the cases of human trafficking are more difficult to trace than any other type of criminal activity. Child labor trafficking is the type of crime that is hard to identify as it does not seem to be suspicious from the start. Adolescents might have a job that is allowed by the government with consideration of all the conditions, such as the number of working hours and the type of activity. Due to the psychological pressure, they will never confess they are working illegally and in poor conditions (Kaufka Walts, 2017). Hence, one can never know for sure, whether teenage waiters in restaurants or workers in factories are being abused or work according to their own will. In the case of labor trafficking, the victims fall into two categories. The first one consists of homeless children as they lack access to basic needs and services. The labor traffickers promise them food and shelter, and, as a result, make them work for free or pay very little. The second category includes foreign-born children moving to the United States with fraudulent visas or even unauthorized (Kaufka Walts, 2017). This group of immigrants is the most vulnerable to labor trafficking. These children are from low-income families, and they are promised decent working conditions abroad. They cannot escape due to the constant threats to their families and the illegality of their presence on the territory of the United States. As for sex trafficking, this type is prevalent to the labor one. According to statistics, 33% of children get into this kind of dependence against 16% for labor trafficking (Kaufka Walts, 2017, p.60). There is a row of manipulative methods the traffickers use to gain control over their victims. First, they offer support and love to the minors who do not get that from their families. Once a child starts to trust the trafficker, they are engaged in prostitution and have to obey (“Child sex trafficking,” 2017). Otherwise, the child is being abused and beaten by the trafficker, so they have to pretend that everything is fine. The children cannot escape as they rarely can identify their traffickers due to the lack of information about them and risk ending up in even worse conditions once they are caught again. Human traff
Introduction The Gesher Bent Ya’aqov is an interesting archeological site located in Israel. The site was discovered in the 1930s. Excavation of the site revealed that the site had been occupied for thousands of years and there was usage of fire (McManamon 2011). The sediment layers at the site indicate that the occupants had used fire for thousands of years considering the burnt flints found in lower parts of the pollen diagram. This paper explores the site in detail to establish when the site was formed, the materials found by excavators and the implication to archeology and human activity. Site location The Gesher Bent Ya’aqov (GBT) lies in the Lake Hula region. The location is an archeological place in the northern Jordan Valley. The Jordan Valley is on the shores of prehistoric Lake Hula. The location of the site entails thirty-four meters of lake deposits. The site is known to have been used periodically for more than a hundred thousand years by successive generations. More than 14 archeological deposits have been established to exist at the site (Grosman 2011). Dates of the site GBY is believed to have been occupied by Acheulians between 700,000 and 800,000 B.P. The pollen diagram indicates that there was h
The infamous Ford Pinto case is one of the most mentioned cases in Business Ethics studies used as an example of cost-benefit analysis. However, the core of the decisions that the head management of Ford Motor Company had to make to resolve the key issues go far beyond the concept of cost-benefit analysis. The late 1960s were characterized by the increased demand for US-made sub-compact cars because unlike today, the quality of vehicles produced in Japan was very low and could not compete with the quality of cars made in America. Therefore, Ford Motor Company decided to withstand the thread from abroad and enter the market of sub-compacts by introducing Ford Pinto to the public. The results of the crash tests performed by the company showed that the vehicle had some design flaws that were potentially dangerous to drivers. Namely, the location of the gas tank was so inadequate that it caused a rupture, leading to an explosion if the vehicle was moving at a speed of twenty miles per hour or more (“Cars and controversy: The Ford Pinto case,” n.d.). The following tests indicated that the design of the rear part of the vehicle was inefficient and dangerous. Cost-Benefit Analysis Ford Motor Company calculated that the average price of repairs per vehicle was $11. However, the cost-benefit analysis showed that it would not be cost-efficient to repair the flaws (the advantage of spending $11 per car was estimated to cost approximately $49.5 million). It was more cost-efficient for Ford to issue the vehicle without repairs since the advantage of not spending money on repairs was estimated to cost approximately $137 million. The estimations of the advantages were conducted through assuming the worth of each death from car explosion ($200,000) and each injury from fire ($67,000), and the average cost of repairs ($700). Unfortunately, the advantage of not repairing the Pinto exceeded the advantage of repairing. The decision of the company was based on this analysis – Pinto entered the market and brought revenue. The key controversy surrounding the case was the choice of the company to compromise people’s safety to maximize profits. Even though Ford Pinto was a death trap for drivers and passengers, the company did not violate any laws. What is also important to mention is that Ford had previously failed an advertising campaign that was based on safety; thus, the management decided that “safety doesn’t sell” (Gioia, 1992, p. 382). Negligence-Efficiency Argument Central Issue The central issue of the suits filed against Ford Motor Company was associated with the usage of the risk-benefit analysis. Although the bulk of evidence showed that the company’s decision was predominantly based on the risk-benefit analysis, it is worth noting that other concerns supported the issue of Pinto to the market. These concerns were:  1. The failed advertisement based on safety;  2. The concern of bad publicity associated with the recall of the new vehicle;  3. The U.S. law did not require companies to redesign vehicles if concerns of safety were present;  4. Placing a gas tank between the bumper and the rear axle was customary to the car