ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
We use the parton and hadron cascade (PACIAE) model and the dynamically constrained phase-space coalescence (DCPC) model to investigate the productions of (anti)hypertriton and light (anti)nuclei generated by 0-10% centrality $^{12}$C+$^{12}$C, $^{24}$Mg+$^{24}$Mg, $^{40}$Ca+$^{40}$Ca, and $^{64}$Cu+$^{64}$Cu collisions at $\sqrt{S_{NN}}$ = 200 GeV with $|y|$ $<$ 1.5 and $p_{T}$ $<$ 5. We study the yield ratios of the antiparticle to particle and the rapidity distributions of the different (anti)nuclei. We find that the amounts of antimatter produced are significantly lower than that of the corresponding particles, the results of theoretical models are well consistent with the PHOBOS data. The yield ratios of the particle to antiparticle in different transverse momentum regions are also given, and we find that the ratios are raise with the increase of the transverse momentum.
We present the results from a monitoring campaign made with the Neil Gehrels Swift Observatory of the M51 galaxies, which contain several variable ultraluminous X-ray sources (ULXs). The ongoing campaign started in May 2018, and we report here on $\sim1.5$ years of observations. The campaign, which consists of 105 observations, has a typical cadence of 3--6 days, and has the goal of determining the long-term X-ray variability of the ULXs. Two of the most variable sources were ULX7 and ULX8, both of which are known to be powered by neutron stars that are exceeding their isotropic Eddington luminosities by factors of up to 100. This is further evidence that neutron star powered ULXs are the most variable. Our two main results are, first, that ULX7 exhibits a periodic flux modulation with a period of 38 days varying over a magnitude and a half in flux from peak to trough. Since the orbital period of the system is known to be 2 days, the modulation is super-orbital, which is a near-ubiquitous property of ULX pulsars. Secondly we identify a new transient ULX, M51 XT-1, the onset of which occurred during our campaign, reaching a peak luminosity of $\sim10^{40}$ erg s$^{-1}$, before gradually fading over the next $\sim200$ days until it slipped below the detection limit of our observations. Combined with the high-quality Swift/XRT lightcurve of the transient, serendipitous observations made with Chandra and XMM-Newton provide insights into the onset and evolution of a likely super-Eddington event.
We describe recent discoveries of low column density [N(HI) < 10^14.5 cm^-2] H I Ly-alpha absorbers made with the Hubble Space Telescope (HST), which have allowed us a first look at gas in local intergalactic space between us and the "Great Wall". Despite the mere 2.4m aperture of HST, these new observations allow us to detect absorbers with column densities, N(HI) \approx 10^12.5 cm^-2, as low as those found using Keck/HIRES at high-z. Owing to the proximity of these absorbers to the Earth, the 197 absorbers in our combined GHRS + STIS sample (Penton, Stocke, & Shull 2001) provide our best view of the relationship between these absorbers and galaxies, voids, and supercluster filaments. Unlike previous results based on galaxy surveys near higher-N(HI) absorbers, we find no evidence that these lower-N(HI) absorbers are extended galaxy halos. Rather, the majority (78%) are associated with large-scale filamentary structures of galaxies, while 22% are found in galaxy "voids". Since these Ly-alpha absorbers are currently the only baryons detected in the voids, we use their properties to estimate that the voids contain 4.5 (+/-1.5)% of the Universal baryon density.
The spinorial version of the conformal vacuum Einstein field equations are used to construct a system of quasilinear wave equations for the various conformal fields. As a part of the analysis we also show how to construct a subsidiary system of wave equations for the zero quantities associated to the various conformal field equations. This subsidiary system is used, in turn, to show that under suitable assumptions on the initial data a solution to the wave equations for the conformal fields implies a solution to the actual conformal Einstein field equations. The use of spinors allows for a more unified deduction of the required wave equations and the analysis of the subsidiary equations than similar approaches based on the metric conformal field equations. As an application of our construction we study the non-linear stability of the Milne Universe. It is shown that sufficiently small perturbations of initial hyperboloidal data for the Milne Universe gives rise to a solution to the Einstein field equations which exist towards the future and has an asymptotic structure similar to that of the Milne Universe.
We address semigroup well-posedness for a linear, compressible viscous fluid interacting at its boundary with an elastic plate. We derive the model by linearizing the compressible Navier-Stokes equations about an arbitrary flow state, so the fluid PDE includes an ambient flow profile $\mathbf{U}$. In contrast to model in [Avalos, Geredeli, Webster, 2017], we track the effect of this term at the flow-structure interface, yielding a velocity matching condition involving the material derivative of the structure; this destroys the dissipative nature of the coupling of the dynamics. We adopt here a Lumer-Phillips approach, with a view of associating fluid-structure solutions with a $C_{0}$-semigroup $\left\{e^{\mathcal{A}t}\right\} _{t\geq 0}$ on a chosen finite energy space of data. Given this approach, the challenge becomes establishing the maximal dissipativity of an operator $\mathcal{A}$, yielding the flow-structure dynamics.
Actinide compounds with 5f electrons have been attracting much attention because of their interesting magnetic and electronic properties such as heavy fermion state, unconventional superconductivity, co-existence of the superconductivity and magnetism. Recently, we have reported a phenomenological analysis on 80 actinide ferromagnets with the spin fluctuation theory originally developed to explain the ferromagnetic properties of itinerant ferromagnets in the 3d transition metals and their intermetallics (N. Tateiwa et al., Phys. Rev. B 96, 035125 (2017)). Our study suggests the itinerancy of the $5f$ electrons in most of the actinide ferromagnets and the applicability of the spin fluctuation theory to actinide 5f system. In this paper, we present a new analysis for the spin fluctuation parameter obtained with a different theoretical formula not used in the reference. We also discuss the results of the analysis from different points of views.
In the context of the relaxation time approximation to Boltzmann transport theory, we examine the behavior of the Hall number, $n_H$, of a metal in the neighborhood of a Lifshitz transition from a closed Fermi surface to open sheets. We find a universal non-analytic dependence of $n_H$ on the electron density in the high field limit, but a non-singular dependence at low fields. The existence of an assumed nematic transition produces a doping dependent $n_H$ similar to that observed in recent experiments in the high temperature superconductor YBa$_2$Cu$_3$O$_{7-x}$.
We present a device-independent protocol to test if a given black-box measurement device is entangled, that is, has entangled eigenstates. Our scheme involves three parties and is inspired by entanglement swapping; the test uses the Clauser-Horne-Shimony-Holt (CHSH) Bell inequality, checked between each pair of parties. Also, focusing on the case where all particles are qubits, we characterize quantitatively the deviation of the measurement device from a perfect Bell state measurement.
Let $(X_t, t \geq 0)$ be an $\alpha$-stable random walk with values in $\Z^d$. Let $l_t(x) = \int_0^t \delta_x(X_s) ds$ be its local time. For $p>1$, not necessarily integer, $I_t = \sum_x l_t^p(x)$ is the so-called $p$-fold self- intersection local time of the random walk. When $p(d -\alpha) < d$, we derive precise logarithmic asymptotics of the probability $P(I_t \geq r_t)$ for all scales $r_t \gg \E(I_t)$. Our result extends previous works by Chen, Li and Rosen 2005, Becker and K\"onig 2010, and Laurent 2012.
Pulsations were recently detected from the ultraluminous X-ray source X-2 in M82. The newly discovered pulsar has been described as a common neutron star with a 1 TG magnetic field that accretes above the Eddington rate and as a magnetar-like pulsar with a 100 TG magnetic field that is above the quantum limit. We show here that this X-ray source is not exotic in any sense. The standard equations of accretion along field lines predict that, for the measured spin period $P_S$ and spinup rate $\dot{P_S}$, the isotropic X-ray luminosity $L_X$ must be near the Eddington limit (i.e., $L_{X}\approx 3.5\times 10^{38}$~erg~s$^{-1}$); and that the surface magnetic field $B$, that does not depend on $P_S$, must be modest (i.e., $B_*\approx 1-10$ TG). The observed higher luminosity can be explained by a moderate amount of geometric beaming that occurs in our direction. Other ultraluminous X-ray sources may also turn out to be common pulsars with similar physical characteristics, but since the emission must occur at a favorable angle to the observer, we expect that very few such pulsars will be discovered in the future.
Among all generalized Ornstein-Uhlenbeck processes which sample the same invariant measure and for which the same amount of randomness (a $N$-dimensional Brownian motion) is injected in the system, we prove that the asymptotic rate of convergence is maximized by a non-reversible hypoelliptic one.
Spin observables for the reaction $\gamma p \rightarrow K^+ \Lambda$ are examined using three recent dynamical models and are compared to the general features of such observables deduced earlier by Fasano, Tabakin and Saghai. These general features, such as the energy dependence of spin observables and the location of nodes in their angle dependence, are realized. Several instructive surprises, which occur in this comparison to the conjectures of Fasano et al., are then discussed. The sensitivity of spin observables to isobar and {\it t-}channel dynamics is analyzed and suggestions for selecting experiments which provide important dynamical information are presented.
We prove that the gravitational binding energy {\Omega} of a self gravitating system described by a mass density distribution {\rho}(x) admits an upper bound B[{\rho}(x)] given by a simple function of an appropriate, non-additive Tsallis' power-law entropic functional Sq evaluated on the density {\rho}. The density distributions that saturate the entropic bound have the form of isotropic q-Gaussian distributions. These maximizer distributions correspond to the Plummer density profile, well known in astrophysics. A heuristic scaling argument is advanced suggesting that the entropic bound B[{\rho}(x)] is unique, in the sense that it is unlikely that exhaustive entropic upper bounds not based on the alluded Sq entropic measure exit. The present findings provide a new link between the physics of self gravitating systems, on the one hand, and the statistical formalism associated with non-additive, power-law entropic measures, on the other hand.
Object tracking and 3D reconstruction are often performed together, with tracking used as input for reconstruction. However, the obtained reconstructions also provide useful information for improving tracking. We propose a novel method that closes this loop, first tracking to reconstruct, and then reconstructing to track. Our approach, MOTSFusion (Multi-Object Tracking, Segmentation and dynamic object Fusion), exploits the 3D motion extracted from dynamic object reconstructions to track objects through long periods of complete occlusion and to recover missing detections. Our approach first builds up short tracklets using 2D optical flow, and then fuses these into dynamic 3D object reconstructions. The precise 3D object motion of these reconstructions is used to merge tracklets through occlusion into long-term tracks, and to locate objects when detections are missing. On KITTI, our reconstruction-based tracking reduces the number of ID switches of the initial tracklets by more than 50%, and outperforms all previous approaches for both bounding box and segmentation tracking.
Behaviour of a rare earth impurity of Eu in the PbTe single crystals grown by the Bridgman method from the melt with different initial concentrations of impurity N about 1*10+19 cm-3 and less is investigated with X-ray fluorescent element analysis, Secondary Neutral Mass Spectroscopy (SNMS), and magnetic measurements. The impurity distributions along and across the doped ingots are established. It is revealed that doping impurity enters into the bulk of doped crystals only if its initial concentration in the melt is high enough, approximately 1*10+20 cm-3. If this concentration is lower, about 1*10+19 cm-3 and less, the doping Eu impurity is pushed out onto the surface of doped ingot. The thickness of the doped surface layer is estimated to be in the order of several microns or somewhat more. The longitudinal distributions of Eu impurity along the axis of doped ingot for N=1*10+20 cm-3, as well as the transverse one in the surface layer where entire doping impurity is pushed out for N=1*10+19 cm-3, are strongly non-monotonic. Possible reasons for this unusual behaviour of Eu doping impurity during the growth of PbTe:Eu crystals from the melt are analyzed.
The single-particle spectrum of deformed shell-model states in nuclei, is shown to exhibit a supersymmetric pattern. The latter involves deformed pseudospin doublets and intruder levels. The underlying supersymmetry is associated with the relativistic pseudospin symmetry of the nuclear mean-field Dirac Hamiltonian with scalar and vector potentials.
We present ab-initio calculations of effective magnetic exchange, $J$, as well as Hubbard parameters ($t$, $U$ and $\delta \varepsilon$) as a function of the local distribution of doping atoms for the high-$T_c$ superconducting $\rm (Ca_xLa_{1-x})(Ba_{1.75-x}La_{0.25+x})Cu_3O_y$ family. We found that both the exchange and the energies of the magnetic orbitals are strongly dependant on the local dopant distribution, both through the induced modification of the apical oxygen location and of the induced local electrostatic potential. The $J$ real-space map, for a random distribution of dopants, positively compares with observed STS gap inhomogeneity maps. Similarly, the orbital energy fluctuations induce weak charge inhomogeneities on copper sites, that can be positively compared with the observed LDOS inhomogeneities. These results clearly support an extrinsic origin of both the gap inhomogeneities and LDOS.
In this work we present a framework that allows to solve the Faddeev equations for three-nucleon scattering using the wave-packet continuum-discretization method. We perform systematic benchmarks using results in the literature and study in detail the convergence of this method with respect to the number of wave packets. We compute several different elastic neutron-deuteron scattering cross-section observables for a variety of energies using chiral nucleon-nucleon interactions. For the interaction $\text{N2LO}_{\text{opt}}$ we find good agreement with data for nucleon scattering-energies $E_\text{Lab} \leq 70$ MeV and a slightly larger maximum of the neutron analyzing power $A_y(n)$ at $E_\text{Lab} = 10$ MeV and 21 MeV compared with other interactions. This work represents a first step towards a systematic inclusion of three-nucleon scattering observables in the construction of next-generation nuclear interactions.
Opposite-sign lepton pairs ($ee$,$e\mu$ and $\mu\mu$) from open charm decay are proposed as a measure of nuclear shadowing effects. Via an approximate scaling the ratio of the dilepton spectra from $p+A$ to those from $pp$ reflects the shadowing function well. We show that the required measurements are feasible at the Relativistic Heavy ion Collider (RHIC) by considering the backgrounds according to the proposed PHENIX detector geometry.
I review the four mechanisms of bound states in the continuum (BICs) in application to microwave and acoustic cavities open to directional waveguides. The most simple are the symmetry protected BICs which are localized inside the cavity because of the orthogonality of the eigenmodes to the propagating modes of waveguides. However, the most general and interesting is the Friedrich-Wintgen mechanism when the BICs are result of full destructive interference of outgoing resonant modes. The third type of the BICs, the Fabry-Perot BICs, occur in a double resonator system when each resonator can serve as an ideal mirror. At last, the accidental BICs can be realized in the open cavities with no symmetry like the open Sinai billiard in which the eigenmode of the resonator can become orthogonal to the continuum of the waveguide accidentally by a smooth deformation of the eigenmode. We also review the one-dimensional systems in which the BICs occur owing to full destructive interference of two waves separated by spin or polarization or by paths in the Aharonov-Bohm rings. We widely use the method of effective non-Hermitian Hamiltonian equivalent to the coupled mode theory which detects bound states in the continuum (BICs) by finding zero widths resonances.
The Gross-Keating invariant of a half-integral matrix over a $p$-adic integer ring is a fundamental concept in the study of quadratic forms, and has important applications to Siegel modular forms and arithmetic geometry. We introduce the Mathematica package computeGK, a computer program for calculating the Gross-Keating invariant and the Siegel series of a half-integral matrix over $\mathbb{Z}_p$, as well as other related quantities. As a by-product, we obtain a table of the arithmetic intersection numbers related to the classical modular polynomials using the explicit formula of Gross and Keating.
The complex exponential weighting of Feynman formalism is seen to happen at the classical level. (Finiteness of) Feynman path integral formula is suspected then to appear as a consistency condition for the existence of certain Dirac measures over functional spaces.
A radiative mechanism is proposed for magnetic flares near luminous accreting black holes. It is based on recent first-principle simulations of magnetic reconnection, which show a hierarchical chain of fast-moving plasmoids. The reconnection occurs in a compact region (comparable to the black hole radius), and the chain experiences fast Compton cooling accompanied by electron-positron pair creation. The distribution of plasmoid speeds is shaped by radiative losses, and the self-regulated chain radiates its energy in hard X-rays. The mechanism is illustrated by Monte-Carlo simulations of the transfer of seed soft photons through the reconnection layer. The emerging radiation spectrum has a cutoff near 100 keV similar to the hard-state spectra of X-ray binaries and AGN. We discuss how the chain cooling differs from previous phenomenological emission models, and suggest that it can explain the hard X-ray activity of accreting black holes from first principles. Particles accelerated at the X-points of the chain produce an additional high-energy component, explaining "hybrid Comptonization" observed in Cyg X-1.
We report on the observation of sympathetic cooling of a cloud of fermionic 6-Li atoms which are thermally coupled to evaporatively cooled bosonic 87-Rb. Using this technique we obtain a mixture of quantum-degenerate gases, where the Rb cloud is colder than the critical temperature for Bose-Einstein condensation and the Li cloud colder than the Fermi temperature. From measurements of the thermalization velocity we estimate the interspecies s-wave triplet scattering length |a_s|=20_{-6}^{+9} a_B. We found that the presence of residual rubidium atoms in the |2,1> and the |1,-1> Zeeman substates gives rise to important losses due to inelastic collisions.
In face recognition, designing margin-based (e.g., angular, additive, additive angular margins) softmax loss functions plays an important role in learning discriminative features. However, these hand-crafted heuristic methods are sub-optimal because they require much effort to explore the large design space. Recently, an AutoML for loss function search method AM-LFS has been derived, which leverages reinforcement learning to search loss functions during the training process. But its search space is complex and unstable that hindering its superiority. In this paper, we first analyze that the key to enhance the feature discrimination is actually \textbf{how to reduce the softmax probability}. We then design a unified formulation for the current margin-based softmax losses. Accordingly, we define a novel search space and develop a reward-guided search method to automatically obtain the best candidate. Experimental results on a variety of face recognition benchmarks have demonstrated the effectiveness of our method over the state-of-the-art alternatives.
We consider an infinite strip $\Omega_L=(0,2\pi L)^{d-1}\times\mathbb{R}$, $d\geq 2$, $L>0$, and study the control problem of the heat equation on $\Omega_L$ with Dirichlet or Neumann boundary conditions, and control set $\omega\subset\Omega_L$. We provide a sufficient and necessary condition for null-controllability in any positive time $T>0$, which is a geometric condition on the control set $\omega$. This is referred to as "thickness with respect to $\Omega_L$" and implies that the set $\omega$ cannot be concentrated in a particular region of $\Omega_L$. We compare the thickness condition with a previously known necessity condition for null-controllability and give a control cost estimate which only shows dependence on the geometric parameters of $\omega$ and the time $T$.
Coherent control of individual two-level systems (TLSs) is at the basis of any implementation of quantum information. An impressive level of control is now achieved using nuclear, vacancies and charge spins. Manipulation of bright exciton transitions in semiconductor quantum dots (QDs) is less advanced, principally due to the sub-nanosecond dephasing. Conversely, owing to their robust coupling to light, one can apply tools of nonlinear spectroscopy to achieve all-optical command. Here, we report on the coherent manipulation of an exciton via multi-wave mixing. Specifically, we employ three resonant pulses driving a single InAs QD. The first two induce a four-wave mixing (FWM) transient, which is projected onto a six-wave mixing (SWM) depending on the delay and area of the third pulse, in agreement with analytical predictions. Such a switch enables to demonstrate the generation of SWM on a single emitter and to engineer the spectro-temporal shape of the coherent response originating from a TLS. These results pave the way toward multi-pulse manipulations of solid state qubits via implementing the NMR-like control schemes in the optical domain.