ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Banholzer, William. “Practical limitations and recognizing hype.” Energy & Environmental Science, vol. 2, no. 5, 2012, pp. 5478-5480. This research article evaluates the public perception of green energy, making reference to the lack of knowledge on energy issues. The author argues that the public is easily swayed by claims from scientists promoting their models of green energy. He points out that these claims of feasibility are not always true, and at numerous times have proven false. These false claims he refers to as hype. The hype produced draws unwarranted attention on the energy sources which later disappoint. The author uses case studies to identify such instances of hype in green energy. The article draws attention to the difference between theoretical and experimental models and real world applicability of projects. Falnes, Johannes. “A review of wave-energy extraction.” Marine Structures, vol. 20, no. 4 , 2007, pp. 185-201. This article is a theoretical paper. The author compares wave and wind energy in terms of persistence and spatial concentration. In the paper, the author identifies wave energy as superior to wind energy on both accounts. The author uses wave spectrum parameters to argue for the superiority of wave energy. This pertains to the conveyance, circulation and unpredictability of waves. By viewing wave energy harvesting as interference of waves, the author identifies inherent characteristics in all waves. These include an upper and a lower bound of power extractable depending on the system immersed in water. This article was useful in highlighting hoe the harvesting of power from the waves occur and the dependence of this power to the intensity of the waves. Kleidon, Axel. “How does the Earth system generate and maintain thermodynamic disequilibrium and what does it imply for the future of the planet?” Philosophical Transactions of The Royal Society: A Mathematical Physical and Engineering Sciences, vol. 370, 1962, pp. 1012-40. This is a scientific paper. The author argues that the depletion of energy carried in winds in significant amounts will create imbalances in the atmosphere, thereby concluding that wind and wave energy are not renewable. The author utilizes the laws of thermodynamics and planetary balance equations to substantiate his claims. This paper draws to attention some of the hurdles faced by wave energy scientists. The paper uses a highly technical language inaccessible to the general public; nevertheless, it presents convincing arguments. The sci
An evaluation of various aspects of Saudi Arabia is crucial in investment decision-making. The Saudi Arabian economic environment constitutes both positive and negative aspects concerning investors. The economy of this region is oil-based. Research indicates that an estimated 75 percent of budget revenues originate from the oil industry. Furthermore, about 40 percent of the Saudi Arabian Gross National Product results from oil-related activities (Euromoney). In addition, various surveys indicate that an estimated 90 percent of Saudi Arabian export earnings originate from the oil industry. The exploration and production of oil in Saudi Arabia has transformed the region into a major stakeholder in world petroleum reserves. Another aspect relating to the Saudi Arabian economy is the influence of the government in controlling major economic activities. The government in this region utilizes governance policies, which promote a centralized control on most aspects of the economy. The over-dependence on oil in Saudi Arabia has hindered economic diversification which is a crucial aspect for investors. The lack of a diversified economy introduces numerous risks to investors and thus minimizes the viability of potential business ventures. Since the economy thrives largely on exports, the lack of diversification introduces aspects of an overvalued currency. An overvalued currency has negative effects on the domestic price of imports and exports as it causes a distortion in price structures. Other negative effects of overvalued currency include the lack of balance between the demand and supply of foreign exchange. An economic environment in which the government has considerable influence scares away investors because effective markets function based largely on market forces. Government policies and regulations introduce restrictions that eliminate equal opportunities for investors. Saudi Arabia is a region characterized by an enormous platform of ancient rocks. The climate in most regions in Saudi Arabia entails hot summers as well as cold and rainy winters. The geographical location of Saudi Arabia provides an easy access to export market in various destinations. Its continuously growing population has helped to retain a population with strong purchasing power (Saudi Arabia). Apart from oil, Saudi Arabia contains a variety of natural resources such as bauxite, limestone and iron core. Saudi Arabia’s major source of electric power is oil-powered diesel engines. Statistics indicates that about 92 percent of the population in Saudi Arabia has access to power. Aspects of technological development in Saudi Arabia are unsatisfactory. The implementation of policies on science and technological development is still ongoing. Transportation in Saudi Arabia has undergone significant transformation to include extensive highways, modern airports
The Industrial Revolution involves four phenomena: regional specialization, the emergence of new industries, an increase in the scale of production, and a dramatic increase in the rate of technological innovation. The fourth of these is caused in large part by the other three. It is also the most important in the view of most historians and will be my primary focus as well. Any attempt to describe the Industrial Revolution without devoting considerable attention to the question of technological innovation would be highly suspect. The Industrial Revolution is so important precisely because it is the starting point of a new era in which economic growth has largely been generated by persistent technological innovation. While the eighteenth century was not characterized by high growth rates in aggregate output (see below), the period saw the emergence of a new environment highly conducive to technological change, which would come to dominate the whole economy in succeeding centuries. Chandler (1994) has described this as a transformation from an economy where improvements in productivity are mostly generated by expansion in trade, the spreading of fixed costs, and increasing division of labor to an economy where the engine of growth is continuous technological change (which he terms Schumpeterian growth). While technological change has occurred throughout history, the Industrial Revolution created for the first time an environment in which it could occur with such frequency as to be the major cause of economic growth. Because of the special importance of this great transformation, my analysis extends not only to the more direct effects of improved transport on technology but also to the indirect effects through regional specialization, the emergence of new industries, and increasing scale of production (Montagna 2006). The other three factors are necessary for a balanced view of the Industrial Revolution for they are quite important in their own right, as well as being causes of technological innovation. Regional specialization has long been recognized as an integral part of the history of England during this period, and many scholars have focused on such questions as the reasons for the increasing concentration of the wool industry (Chandler 43). The emergence of new industries was another cause of the Industrial Revolution. The fact that the English Industrial Revolution was characterized by th
Introduction The features of tax policies and prerequisites that determine the taxation system of countries are significant economic factors that characterize the financial sectors of states and their stability. The peculiarities of these policies form unique development plans and allow judging the stability of budgets. In order to analyze possible similarities and differences, the tax systems of the two countries of the European Union will be analyzed – Sweden and Ireland. Despite the relative territorial proximity of these states, the indicators of their financial development based on duty fees are distinctive. As basic evaluation criteria, such parameters will be utilized as public opinions, political structure and domestic parties, political institutions, and European Union membership to determine the influence on tax systems in these countries. The tax burden on the economy is more significant in Sweden than in Ireland, and the rules of fiscal laws are more stringent in the Scandinavian country, although its self-regulation is more advanced. Public Opinions’ Impact on Tax Systems When comparing the tax systems of the two states under consideration, it is essential to take into account the factor of the citizen recognition of certain laws and norms regulating governing legislations. According to Jagers et al., when carbon taxation policies began to advance in Sweden, population approval rates varied in different years (6). The authors note that according to the national surveys, in the early 2000s, about 19% of Scandinavian citizens supported the idea of ​​these taxes, while in 2012, this indicator was 23% (Jagers et al. 6). In general, for Swedish domestic financial policy, public opinions are an important aspect that can be both a constraint and an incentive to promote specific provisions. The approval of periodic changes in tax legislation proves citizens’ concerns about the pressing issues of social development and confirms the awareness of responsibility. For the tax system of Ireland, public opinion issues are more acute since, in recent years, European governments have doubts about the objectivity of the Irish fisc
Introduction Oedipus the king is a play written by Sophocles explaining the Greek culture in the ancient days. The play outlines the conflict between gods and the humans, in determining their destinies. At the beginning of the story it is well shown that there were sufferings of all kinds in Thebes. This was the result of a famine which contributed to weakness, starvation or death to the people. Because of starvation, there was a low birth rate; which could not cover the death rate leading to the death of flocks and herds. The Delphic Oracle informed that this famine served as a punishment from the gods for not having reattributed the murderer of the Oedipus royal predecessor (king Lauis); therefore, Oedipus ironically vowed to find the murderer. “Just as if Laius was my own father,” he claims that he would save Thebans from the plague as the Oracle had stated that the murderer must be identified and justice found. Main text In search of the murderer the blind foreseer Teiresias, revealed in a meeting with his sovereign Oedipus that he was the murderer. He points a finger to the murderer after reluctantly being asked to share what he knew. Even though he was insulted, threatened and bullied by the king; he ends up disclosing the information about the killer of king Lauis. The Theban king could not believe that he was the murderer even though he admitted committing a murder on his way to Thebes; since he thought he knew his life very well. He couldn’t believe that a king could behave aggressively and unintelligently regarding the correct way at a crossroad that made him kill him (Kennedy et al. p. 278 lines 413-430). As the play continues, Oedipus starts suspecting himself as the murderer especially when Chorus told him about the supposed killing of Lauis by robbers. By his taking king Lauis’ throne and wife, means he took over his life. Jocasta told Oedipus that the oracle had informed Laius that he would be killed by his own child, “Laius and I were told that our baby would kill him and marry me”, as was said by Jocasta. In the play, there are episodes of conflict, for example Oedipus conflicting with Creon and Tiresias because he believed he was not the murderer (Kennedy et al. p. 286 lines 607-614). But the central conflict is the Oedipus inner struggle with arrogance and self-centeredness, since he wanted to be praised for outwitting the plague by finding the murderer. In scene 4 page 1412, we see him struggling with prophesies of killing his father and marrying his own mother. He had thought that he was too smart to outwit the gods. It is the main conflict because; it’s a struggle between human freedom and the gods. After Oedipus recognized his guilt he decided to blind himself. He was blind metaphorically at the beginning since he never knew the truth about his origin;
Introduction The education system is usually faced with a lot of challenges one of them being cheating in exams. The main reason behind cheating in colleges is usually to pass the examination and reach the expected grades. Many students suffer from transition from high school to colleges and the belief that college education is tougher than that in high school makes them panic hence the temptation to cheat in exams. The learning atmosphere in colleges, for instance, lack of strict rules with much freedom also may make the students relax and forget their studies hence cheating due to lack of adequate time to revise for exams. All in all the factors that lead to cheating do not in any way justify the wrong act and the students usually face a lot of consequences. This paper gives an insight into some of the consequences faced by a college student because of cheating in exams. Consequences of a College Student Cheating In Exams There are various consequences that are linked to cheating in exams in the college level. The student face some punishment which in most cases is determined by the seriousness of the cheating, the institution’s stipulated rules and regulations in regard to examinations, the particular lecturer’s or professor’s view of the circumstance among other factors. One of the consequences involves failure in the specific course which leads to the overall failure. This is because cheating may result in getting a zero mark. Apart from the failure, the student may also face the academic examination and disciplinary body which may make severe judgment for instance suspension or probation in case of first attempt or discontinuation or expulsion of the students in case of repeated attempt which affects not only his or her academic life but also the general life for instance in terms of securing employment opportunities. Another consequence of cheating in examination among the college students is that the habit of copying or relying on others as opposed to working hard in their studies creates a negative attribute on them where they lack creativity and originality in their academic work. They also lose the sense of responsibility as they depend on others for their educational success reducing their chances of gaining new knowledge which adds to their pool of existing knowledge hence putting them in better places in various aspects of life. The ethical and moral grounds of the college students who engage in cheating habits is also undermined which may affect all other aspects of their lives as they do not value accountability and ethics for example in family or work place settings (Hinrichsen 1). In the event that the student who engage in cheating exam successfully finishes the college education, he or she may create a false character to the outside world as the certificates and other documents shows that the student is capable or fit for a particular position in the work place whereas he or she has little or no knowledge on the field. The lack of indep
Goal The number of children and adults who suffer from obesity is growing at an alarming rate across the globe. Individuals with this condition are at risk of developing health complications such as hypertension, cardiovascular disease, and diabetes. In the United Arab Emirates (UAE), obesity is a grave public health challenge amid kids and adults. Over 14.2% of kids aged between 6 and 19 are overweight (Rizvi, 2015). Moreover, at least 19.8% of teenage in the UAE are obese (Rizvi, 2015). Youths that are overweight are at high risk of being obese in adulthood. Numerous conditions contribute to people being overweight. They include the kind of food that they eat and lack of physical exercise. Obesity can be hereditary. Kids from families where the mother, father or both parents are obese are susceptible to the same health condition (Musaiger et al., 2013). Doctors and nutritionists recommend consumption of food with low calories to curb accumulation of fat in the body. They also encourage parents and children to engage in physical activities to burn excess body fats. Unfortunately, many families do not understand the significance of participating in physical exercise or checking on the kind of food that their kids eat (Al-Junaibi, Abdulle, Sabri, Hag-Ali, & Negelkerke, 2013). They allow children to spend a lot of time watching television or playing computer games. It denies them an opportunity to engage in outdoor activities. It is under this backdrop that we intend to launch a public relations campaign to create awareness of childhood obesity in the UAE. Target Audience The fight against childhood obesity calls for a concerted effort between parents, youths, and healthcare professionals. Children aged between 7 and 18 are at high risk of becoming obese. Physicians refer to the age below 18 as the rapid growth stage. The child’s body generates new cells at a higher rate than it disposes of the old ones. It underscores the reason why kids grow in height and size rapidly. According to Al Foteih (2018), children aged below 18 should avoid consuming excess glucose because it may expose them to the danger of becoming overweight. Parents may not manage to control what their kids eat. Thus, it is imperative to educate teenagers on the issue of childhood obesity and enlighten them on how they can avoid developing the condition. The campaign will serve as a deterrent mechanism. It will aid in educating youths about the dangers of childhood obesity and the factors that expose them to the condition. Parents contribute to their children being obese. They fail to encourage them to partake in outdoor a
Introduction Companies, individual businesses and organizations function in an environment that has the target customers who are the core reason for its existence and the motive of making profit. The opportunity that the market presents motivates investors, agencies or government to set up business for that opportunity with the reliance on market information. The uncertainty of the industry and basic internal and external environment changes do require the industry players to make strategic decisions based on the information available. This Porter’s five force model acts as an analytic tool for players in the industry to strategize by attaining higher market share, increased profitability and competitive advantage over the others in the same. The model consists of the aspects threats of new entry, rivalry between competitors, threats of substitute products/ services, the bargaining power of customers and the bargaining power of suppliers. The model is very much relevant in the analysis of an industry faced with high competition but at the same time experiencing high profitability especially the beer industry and market. Summary Analysis of the Brewery Industry Maintaining of a high competitive advantage in the industry and higher market share requires more market analysis especially through the porter’s five force model. The industry is faced with high operation costs because of the costs of manufacturing, equipment cost, labour and distribution among others. Further, the issues of competition in the industry are quite high as the need to maintain a high market share increases. Competition is motivated by the high returns expected from the industry. While there are product and service differences, homogeneity is high with customers having a wide choice of products and services to choose from. The suppliers in the industry affect the industry due to the fact that the quality of their supply influences the quality of products which is then spilled over to the market. The industry faces challenges of being associated with drug abuse and crime adversely affecting the market (Porter, 1998). The relevance of all these factors culminates to the analysis of the industry using the five forces model (Ireland et al., 2008). The Threat of New Entrants The level of profitability in the beer industry motivates other people to get interested in investing with th
Nowadays, the effectiveness and growth prospects of international companies directly depend on the development of internal corporate culture. After studying such aspects of the work of large organizations as the relationship between employees, the subordination system in the company, and employees’ attitudes and views on the development of the MNCs, Trompenaars states that the fundamental orientation should be on the personality and objectives of the company. Thereby, the scientist identified four types of corporate management culture, which received symbolic names: family, guided missile, incubator, and Eiffel Tower. Family Culture The family type of culture is strictly hierarchical and focuses on the execution of instructions from leaders. The system as a whole is based on a paternalistic attitude: the initiative and efforts of subordinates should correspond to the leadership’s goals, but people do not call the functions of employees formalized. Decisions, abilities, and even the mood of a leader determine everything. Moreover, leaders conduct a policy of approaching themselves often. That means they are carefully observing employees and giving them broader powers after they prove their loyalty. In the represented type of organizational culture, the leader plays the role of the father, while employees are his children. Usually, in the presence of the father, full delegation remains in the sphere of the desired. That happens because the children are too used to looking back at their leader and seeking his approval. The effectiveness of the family type of a company is determined by unconditional respect for the leader. Moreover, it is remarkable how much the leader knows the strengths and weaknesses of employees, their affection, and what they dislike. Usually, families use the language of ethical assessments of the approval or disapproval of the father. Eiffel Tower Culture Eiffel Tower culture is a fairly standard feature of hierarchical, bureaucratic, and functional companies. Organizations support a strict division of labor and activities, each worker executes their functions, implements in the area of their mastery. Same as the Eiffel Tower, tall, wide at the bottom and narrow at its apex, stable and resistant to outer impacts, any employee submits to their direct supervisor because the role of the latter is to give instructions to subordinates. An employment contract obliges an individual to work in accordance with job descriptions. Leaders regulate everything in companies, and they assign roles and responsibilities; everyone acts are based on instructions and stated rules. Unlike the family , personal relationships do not count, and close friendships are rare. People are only performers of roles, “cogs,” that leaders can always change due to insufficient qualification. This organizational culture is common in France, Austria, and German