ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Bio-terrorism can be defined as intentional spread of biological components such as viruses, bacteria and toxins with the aim of affecting the health of humans and other living things. This paper addresses the history and effects of bio-terrorism. In this regard, the use of biological elements cannot be effective in combating the enemies of any given state. This option of using chemicals is preferred by combatants who want to attack their enemies without attracting attention. This is because when people get ill they will think it is due to natural causes. Terrorist groups use this method of inducing sickness to attack people without being suspected. The major problem of this tactic is that it is not selective hence it may cause harm to the wrong target. The substances are usually dissolved in drinking water, food and air. In some cases the chemicals can be put in envelopes (Bueler et al. 1). The effects of biological warfare can be extensive than armed confrontation because once a population is infected by a virus it will be difficult to contain it because some are transmitted through physical contact. Contamination of water is a more adverse effect of bioterrorism since all living things depend on water for their survival. Poisonous chemicals dissolved in water may lead to loss of lives and poor health conditions (Perkins, Popovic, & Yeskey, 1). During the First World War the use of biological weapons was adversely preferred because almost every state was well equipped and hence the use of armed forces was put aside because all the warring parties were on high alert hence biological weapons were intended to cause gradual harm due to the ailments that resulted after the chemicals were consumed. Biological weapons were first applied in Rome where human waste was smeared onto the faces of the captured enemies. Additionally, the effects of chemicals could persist even after the enemies have reconciled and thus they may have long term effects. In some cases most children who are born in the affected areas die as soon as they are born because their mothers were affected by these toxins. The effectiveness of biological weapons was not satisfactory because the ailments did not occur immediately hence an enemy could not be disrupted immediately. Among the most famous weapons ever used is anthrax which was last used in 2001 to attack US senators. Anthrax is not spread by contact hence it may not affect unintended targets. In the case of US senators the chemicals were sealed in envelops which were then sent through the post. Since then it was declared mandatory for federal employees to be vaccinated against anthrax because they were found to be the most prone persons since they are the ones who collect letters from various post offices. Currently Ebola is the most deadly virus which causes death within 48 hours. It mainly affected people of central Africa and specifically the republic of Congo. The virus is spread by coming into contact into infected persons hence when Congo was hit with this virus many people died because even the medical personnel
Introduction A placebo is an inert substance that is administered to medical patients as a form of disease management. Some patients may experience positive changes in their ailment owing to administration of the placebo. It is presumed that because disease is a combination of mental and physical factors, then the placebo plays into the psyche of the patient and causes positive results. Placebo effect Medical practitioners and researchers usually create the placebo effect by making the patients believe that they may be receiving treatment for their disease, yet this is not true. Thereafter, the practitioners will reinforce the effects by reassuring the subjects that they are already seeing positive improvements in the patient’s conditions. Expectancy and false feedback combine to create improved outcomes in the patient’s health (Colagiuri & Boakes, 2009) Price et. al. (2008) explain that the placebo effect is not just a response bias. It emanates from emotional changes in the patient. These, eventually, affect the patient’s neurological system and thus lead to noted changes in the patient’s body. Therefore, emotions play an important role. Psychological factors may also be used to explain how body functions change. Sometimes classical conditioning occurs, thus affecting the body’s immunity, respiratory or even hormonal systems. These alterations are manifested as improvements in symptoms of the disease. In medical research, placebos are used to demonstrate the effect of an intervention. These studies are often called randomised controlled trails. Andrews (2001) explains that placebos illustrate the usefulness of a new drug by comparing its effects with those that belong to randomized groups. If a drug has results that are weaker than the placebo, then the drug is labelled ineffective. Scholars argue that such drugs may have a mild effect on patients, but the result is not strong enough to overpower those that emanate from the placebo effect. Consequently, the failed drug should not be made available to the public because a non-interventionist effect is more powerful. A lot of psychologists have carried out research on antidepressants and found that their effects are less effective than placebos. This has reduced use of the drugs in treatment of depression. However, some ethical concerns exist concerning the use of placebos for drug-treatment research. By its very definition, placebos are inert, so they should create no psychological or biological change in the concerned individuals. Therefore, medical practitioners who endorse such a strategy are using a non –scient
As the authority of the fire brigade is giving considerations on forming alliances with the international search and rescue team of the United Kingdom, additional information is required before a commitment is fully made. For that reason, this paper is aimed at analyzing how this union will affect the service legally and ethically as well as globally. Therefore, in covering this issue the paper is going to focus on several subject matters. First and foremost, it is going to assess the law in England and Wales and how it operates internationally as it applies to the fire service. Secondly, the paper is going to analyze the role of globalization and how it affects the legislative and substantive work of those in the fire and rescue service. Thereafter, we will identify how ethical considerations are dealt with in the fire and rescue and services and finally, there will be a summary of what role the practitioners play in the changing world environment. Fire outbreaks are disasters and normally occur from time to time due to careless human behavior, unsafe electrical conditions such as overloaded sockets or as a result of natural disasters such as earthquakes or volcanic eruptions. Prevention of such fire outbreaks is very crucial and is a responsibility should not be neglected. However, at the same time precaution in the case of an emergency is just as important. It is the need for these precautionary measures that has led to the formation of fire departments and brigades in all the countries of the world. Therefore, a fire brigade is defined as an organization that provides fire protection for the citizens in certain jurisdiction. These organizations can either be government-owned or privately-owned. Normally, a fire brigade or department is able to host s
The Journal of Albion Moonlight by Kenneth Patchen is a famous antiwar novel. At 313 pages the novel is a weighty tome and is quite difficult to go through. In addition the novel is written in a very confusing manner and it is hard to get a sense of plot out of it. The novel can be seen as a lament on the horrors of war. Patchen’s narrator Albion Moonlight is supposed to represent an ordinary man. His narration documents a journey in the physical world which is, at the same time, a journey into the farthest reaches of his inner self. The story is often interspersed with ominous prophesies about death and widespread destructions in the style of the biblical Book of Daniel and Revelation by John of Patmos. The physical journey of the novel is concerned with going to meet a mysterious person named ‘Harry Rovias’ who lives in the village of Galen. The significance of the name ‘Rovias’ lies in its being the word ‘Savior’ spelt backwards. The narrator and his party depart New York and embark on the trip on the 2 nd of May. The entry for the 10 th of May reveals that the party is headed to meet Rovias. Other entries consist of internal dialogues about the nature of God and the feelings of terror experienced by the wanderers (Patchen, 1961). The entry for the 19 th of June consists of a meeting with Roivas in which Albion Moonlight has a long conversation with him. Later he continues a correspondence with Rovias. Throughout the journey Albion makes reports for Roivas’s perusal. On the 20 th of June, Albion records that a small, invisible animal called the ‘entichahoosh’ brought him a communication from Roivas (Patchen, 1961). Up to page 47, the novel consists of journal entries only. After the entry for the 23 rd of June, Albion decides to tell his story in the manner of a novel. The rest of the book consists of chapters of the novel along with journal notes that record the events of the journey and make comments on the novel (Patchen, 1961). The book ends with the entry for the 27 th of August wherein Albion says that he has come within sight of the house of the Savior and has seen the face of Christ look out of every window. He then repudiates himself and declares that he is lying. Albion ends the entry and the book with a declaration that there is no way to end or begin the book and the book ends at that (Patchen, 1961). While the plot of the book is difficult to fathom, the message it gives is quite clear. The writer is a pacifist and completely opposed to war of all kinds. He does not consider the Second World War that was going on at that time as a just war. Albion laments the death and destruction wrought by the war. He does not consider one side to be morally superior to the other. In his view, the Allies and the Axis are both two faces of the same coin, both are destructive forces united against hu
Name and describe the organization’s Industry Netflix is an organization that is applying modern technology in its activities and is currently involved in the Movie industry where it carries out activities that allow its clients to subscribe for paid mailing of movies and delivery of the movies at their homes. The organization is hence involved in the provision of services that allow clients to select the movies of their choices from any of the sources they can use, and then they request for the delivery of such movies in any format, especially in the Digital Video Discs (DVD) format (Thompson 1). Describe the Dominant Economic Characteristics of the Industry The organization carries out different economic activities in the movie industry. The main economic activity, however, is the fact that the company offers delivery services to its clients who order for their favorite movies and then pay for the delivery services that allow them to be delivered to their doorsteps. In this way, the clients are able to make payment arrangements for the services, mainly before the delivery, in any of the agreed modes of money transfer and bill payment services. Usually, since the clients subscribe to the organization at a given fee, then they usually become full members, and under some organizations, they are able to order for the movies and have them delivered, then make the payments for the deliveries at a future agreed date, usually at a given time interval such as weekly, monthly or after a few months (Thompson 1). The movie industry, on the other side, has various economic activities that are very significant to the whole economy. The Industry has various departments that are the main consumers of different electronic gadgets. Research has shown that more than 85% of the population in the country purchased a specific electronic product within a timeframe of one year. This implies that the organizations dealing with the manufacture and supply of electronic products were able to gain a lot of revenue from the sales of such products. On the other hand, the movies industry contributed to the development of the economy through the provision of employment opportunities, and hence individuals who were involved in the sales and distribution of the movies were able to earn a living out of the sales, distribution, production of more copies through downloaded movies and delivery of movies to the consumers’ doorsteps. The Industry also contributed to the advancement of technology through the invention of better gadgets and techniques for the viewing of movies through different outlets such as internet viewing and different ranges of players. In this way, different people, especially households, could be able to view movies from different places rather than the movie theaters. They could be able to access and view movies from anywhere using laptops, internet connections, from their vehicles, houses, and anywhere else, they could access the movies (Thompson 3). Describe the major Driving Forces of the Industry There are different driving forces that are associated with the m
E-collaboration is defined as the process of integrating people engaged in a common task through electronic technologies. The concept of e-collaboration emerged in mid-1800s with the invention of the telegraph. However, invention of the telegraph was not effective and efficient in supporting individuals performing common tasks. Discovery of email between early 1970s and 1980s culminated into attainment of the first e-collaboration technology. Due to increased innovation, what was referred to as the ARPANET has undergone significant transformations culminating into the current ubiquitous internet. The internet constitutes a network of computers which are interconnected through this technology. Boundaries of e-collaboration Boundaries mark the limits in addition to guiding future exploration. In addition, the boundaries are multifaceted and also interrelated. Some of these boundaries relate to theoretical boundaries, technical boundaries, use boundaries and conceptual boundaries. This combination of boundaries facilitates expansion of e-collaboration. Collaboration as the future of invention The concept of teamwork in relation to enhancing innovation is not a new phenomenon. Team members contribute new ideas and diverse knowledge resulting into effective and efficient innovations. Developments which have been witnessed in modern physics are as a result of teamwork. Another example of success of teamwork relates to the Manhattan project. This project was executed by a team of approximately 130,000 people who were working in 30 different sites in Europe and North America. Online collaboration In the 21 st century, management teams of various companies are considering amending their operational strategies. As a result, they are shifting from traditional methods of business operations and incorporating online collaboration. This arises from the fact that it has proved to be effective and efficient. The future of E-collaboration E-collaboration has overtaken traditional methods of doing business. Numerous businesses are increasingly considering the internets as one of the major tools which can enhance innovation. For example, the internet is currently being used as a source of information which entrepreneurs can use in the process of developing new products. Eventually, e-collaboration will transform the world into a village where people can easily communicate, exchange ideas and interact freely. Doing business nowadays Considering the rampant growth and development in technology, it is inefficient and ineffective for firms to operate using traditional methods. One of the factors whchi has contributed to increased transformation of the business is an increment in the intensity of competition. In order to compete successfully, firms it is paramount for firms to adopt modern ways of doing
Introduction Capitalism is just one stage in the natural evolution of economic systems. Marx asserts that every society is divided into social classes, with members of one having more in common with members of the other. The value of commodities is determined by economic laws, as shown by the social link between wages and prices. Profits lost as a result of wage increases cannot be recovered only by increasing prices. As a consequence, profit is defined as the surplus value generated by labor above and beyond the amount needed for reproduction, as represented by wages and their buying power, such as the price of commodities, which is at the heart of this argument, particularly necessities (Lebowitz, 2016). This paper will show how Marx argues on Value, Price, and Profit under capitalism perspectives. Therefore, this paper depicts that Marx argues that the maximum profit is limited because of the actual remuneration that workers get and a workday physical maximum. The Relationship between Wages and Labor Power Labour power is a one-of-a-kind commodity since it is a characteristic of a living person. They would be slaves in this state, since slaves do not own themself. According to Lebowitz (2016), labour-power is the sum of a person’s mental and physical skills, which he employs anytime he creates anything of worth. Sweezy (2017) continues to argue that it is only through work does labour-power becomes a reality; only through effort does labour-power become a reality. Consequently, muscle, nerve, and brain are all gone and must be restored through an act of payment known as wage. Labour power may only be sold for a limited period by legally recognized individuals who can freely sell it and participate in labor contracts. The sale of labour-power is banned if the proprietors are not legally recognized as legal entities (Lebowitz, 2016). Once it has been actualized and wasted via work, it must be replenished and restored. Marx’s Theory of How Profit, or Surplus-Value, is Generated Marxian economics spells that the surplus value is calculated by subtracting materials, equipment, and labour costs from sales proceeds. According to Sweezy (2017), surplus value is the value produced by workers over and above their labour costs, from which the capitalist benefits when goods are sold. When economic surpluses are transformed and represented in money, wealth growth becomes possible on a more significant and larger scale (Lebowitz, 2016). Throughout that period, he or she does actual work, producing goods and services. Capitalists may sell these goods and services and profit from the gap between their wages and their value. Therefore, profits and surplus value are generated by creat
A descriptive case study of Procter and Gamble A brief background of Procter and Gamble The current staffing issues facing the accounts department at Procter and Gamble are very relevant in determining the strategies, structures and practices to be assumed in order to achieve and manage change in order to meet organizational objectives. The efforts towards ensuring that an organization is cognizant of staff issues is a major step in determining the ability and levels of successes that will be realized via seeking the best strategies of addressing the issues pro-actively. Being a worker at Procter and Gamble, I noticed a major management problem in the area of staffing since the staff working in the accounts payable department did not have adequate knowledge of the work they were to carry out. This problem gave rise to accumulation of work load, high stress levels, dissatisfactions and eventual quitting of work by managers in the department as well as some staff. In my view, organizations should regularly review and harmonize their management strategies with organization learning and communication to cohere with the highly dynamic business systems. Procter and Gamble is a leading American multinational company that manufactures and sales wide range of goods to its consumers in over 180 countries. Its channels of primary sales are drug stores, membership club stores, grocery stores, and mass merchandisers. It has several business segments some which include family care segment whose brands are pampers, Charmin, and bounty. The products from this segment include paper towels, facial tissues, diapers and bath tissues. Other segments include homecare, snacks and pet care, healthcare, grooming and beauty segments. The latter manufactures products that include skin care products, prestige fragrances, personal cleansing, hair care, deodorants and cosmetic products. In the period between years 2000 to 2007, Procter and Gamble’s organic sales growth was marked at 6% with a growth of 13.9% in its earnings. Its growth in terms of sales has massively grown, a consideration that is reflected by its sale of $ 82.6 in 2011. Procter and Gamble has been able to establish its competitive edge via differentiation of its offerings. It leadership has devoted finances and time to research and development with an aim of creating new products needed by consumers. In addition to research and development, the company has invested heavily in enhancing relationship with retailers and learning consumer behaviours. This has been effective in helping it understand the needs of consumers and improve its products. As a company, it is decentra
Video games make a big part of the American culture, and this industry constantly keeps growing. According to Taylor, almost half of the U.S. population play video games and twenty-five percent of families possess a game-playing device (Taylor). It implies that the video games industry has a tremendous effect on consumer’s cognitive, social, and psychological behavior. Many legislators have tried to regulate access to video games. California law of 2005 prohibited the sale of violent computer games to children under eighteen. However, in 2011 The Supreme Court of the United States video games were given full protection under the First Amendment because free speech applies to the digital era and new types of media (Gutterman). There are many opinions on whether violent games should be given First Amendment protection or not. Violent games appear to be a legitimate type of media with its right for free expression; however, minors should also be protected from the violent and sexual content of video games because they lack media literacy to make rational decisions and are vulnerable to the violent and sexual content of video games. The definition of a video game, along with its target audience, has changed with the progression of modern technologies. In the beginning, the nature of video games was very primitive. Whereas today, video games have a compelling storyline, individual characters with realistic graphics, and professional sound design that provide a very genuine experience. Initially, video games were considered to be only for children. Now an average U.S. player is 35 years old; females also make up almost half of the American players (“Excuse Me Princess – Gender in Video Game Culture”). Proponents of giving protection to video games, such as Entertainment Software Association base their argument on the First Amendment to the U.S. Constitution which grants freedom of speech, religion, and assembly. It is interesting to note that U.S. courts have ruled thirteen times that video games fall under the category of protected speech. According to Supreme Court Justice Antonin Scalia, “video games qualify for First Amendment protection. Like protected books, plays, and movies, they communicate ideas through familiar literary devices and features distinctive to the medium. And ‘the basic principles of freedom of speech… do not vary’ with a new and different communication medium” (ESA, 1). Indeed, video games are considered a communication medium because they can raise important philosophical or political issues, communicate cultural values, human relationships, and unite communities. On the other hand, it is impossible to ignore the negative