ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Sexual category or gender is an ingredient of the wider socio-cultural framework that encompasses the societal attributes and opportunities connected with individual male and female and the conduit between women and men and girls and boys, comparable with the dealings linking women and those between men. These qualities, opportunities and affairs are developed in a social milieu and also acquired through socialization course of action. They are circumstance events that can be altered. Femininity establishes what is expected, allowed and valued in a women or a man in a given context. Inequality disparities do exist between women and men in terms of responsibilities allocated, activities undertaken, admittance to and enclosed power over possessions, on top of managerial opportunities (Hartmann. Heidi, 1990). Background Hypothetical definitions gyrating around inequalities focus around the initiative of an identical allocation of possessions that are described as socially feasible and are centered on deviations from this theory in the form of collective inequalities (Reskin, B. F., 2006). Women’s undoing in comparison to men’s in this respect, belong to the most implacable structural facial appearance of traditional but also of contemporary societies. To construct a dissimilarity that involve mere differences flanked by women and men and inequality, it is indispensable to present a definition of (gender-based) inequalities which is not controlled by hypothetical assumptions (Reskin, B. F., 2006). Social disparities consist of socially generated, unwavering precincts for social groups to the access of sought-after goods and the probabilities of life, which are acknowledged, in the general public. To be able to comprehend gende
Introduction Social life is a rather complicated matter as far as people are involved in numerous social relations with each other and with the society as a whole. Due to this, it is important to understand the essence of these relations and see whether a person is properly socialized and introduced into the society and whether he or she meets the social requirements of the society. Culture, as one of the most significant aspects of the social life, is of crucial significance for the formation of a social personality in a human being, and this paper will focus on culture as one of the manifestations of human social life (Andersen and Taylor, chapter 2). Theories and concepts applied to the issues of culture will be exemplified by life experiences of a friend of mine who will be called Jane Morrison for the purposes of privacy policy and confidentiality. Sociology in Life To start with, it is necessary to state that culture has numerous definitions and scholars still argue about the uniform one that would synthesize all dimensions of culture. Nevertheless, drawing from the existing definitions, culture can be viewed as a set of all achievements and progressive ideas of the mankind in the spheres of art, science, language, etc.: “Culture is the general way of life, including norms, customs, beliefs, and language. Human society is a system of social interaction that includes both culture and social organization.” (Andersen and Taylor, 94) Thus, to view the experiences of my friend from the perspective of culture, it is necessary to consider the process of his socialization through the lenses of race, social class and gender factors. Moreover, the effect of cultural values and norms, language and cultural ethnocentrism and relativism on the development of the personality of this woman and on the shaping of his social life will also be considered. First of all, it is obvious that culture is a set of values and norms that a person learns in the initial stages of his or her life, and this process is called socialization. The hero of this story went through a complicated process of socialization due to her peculiar background and racial identity. As the chapter 2 of the book by Andersen and Taylor states, culture is a means of holding the human society together, so the elements that form this culture are very important. Among others, thus, the aspects of culture such as race, ethnicity, gender and belonging to a certain social class are of paramount meaning for personality formation. For the person under consideration these aspects were rather difficult as she is a representative of African-American ethnic group which has long been discriminated and disregarded in the US society: “The United States is a multicultural nation. Yet, even with numerous cultures here in the U.S., we have a dominant culture with core values that are part of our fabric.” (Mini-Lecture 6, 2)Due to this, and the fear that Americans have towards wrong things, according to Barry Glassner’s article in the book by Fergusson (chapter 2, article 7)
Executive Summary Effective conflict management is the key principle to successful achievement of main plan action goals. It is the main signifier of great performance and effectiveness of knowledge acquisition. In this respect, the implementation of successful conflict resolution techniques can greatly contribute to problem solving through forcing, avoiding, and compromising. De Dreu et al. (2001) insist on the fact that the establishment of consistent conflict management approaches should be presented through negotiation studies, analysis of opponent-reports, and behavioral issues. In order to understand the significance and role of conflict in organizational management, as well as the causes of disagreements in the employed environment, conflict definitions should be identified. Hence, conflict definition can be presented from different perspectives depending on its origin, context, and reasons. In this respect, Constantino (1996) presents the term in the organizational context stating that “…conflict I an expression of dissatisfaction or disagreement with an interaction, process, product, or service” (p. 5). The disagreement can be presented as the outcome of different factors, including diverse competing goals, expectations, and misconceptions, and interpersonal relations. A great number of definitions are presented by Rahim (2010). Specifically, the overview of definitions demonstrates enormous variance of terms for specific areas and for general usage. A synthesis of gathered elements of conflict involve a number of aspect, including opposing interests, conflict recognition, different beliefs, interaction between individuals, and thwarting of other plans. All elements are discussed in detail to understand the reasons and main underpinnings for building viable conflict management strategies. Before establishing goals and approaches to conflict resolutions, significant attention should be paid to the nature of conflicts and causes leading to disputable situations. Due to the fact that the purpose of the Learning Contract is to define which personal skills can contribute to more efficient conflict resolution, the emphasis should placed on the analysis of interpersonal conflicts. In this regard, face-negotiation theory should be carefully studies to define the approaches and concepts that will be useful for managing disagreements between the members of an organization (Ting-Toomey, 2005 p. 71). Specifically, Ting-Toomey (2005) suggests that much importance should be attained to shared identity and cultural diversity as far as the interpersonal disagreements are concerns. Another important theory to be considered is contingency approach to conflict management that is based on the analysis of a specific situation. The theory assumes
Introduction According to Farley (2), a telephone is any gadget that can transmit sound over long distances by producing sound through electricity and conveying the sound of the voice. There must be both receiving and transmitting devices, which are linked to one another by the use of a wire or line that passes over the electric current. The invention of this device came about following particular needs within society, in particular the rising level of industrialization, which called for the need for superior communication devices. Alexander Graham Bell worked on the development of the telephone, using ideas that were developed from the telegraph. The invention of the telegraph has facilitated voice communication over long distances and this was not possible before its invention. The development of the telephone Alexander Graham Bell concentrated on improving the telegraph set up by Samuel Morse. The problem with the telegraph was that it needed operators to carry out the interpretation of the messages that were coded and passed over a wire. More so, it was only possible to pass over a single message each time. The search for a solution generated much competition among those working on the telegraph, including Bell, together with other individuals such as Thomas Edison, among others. Each of them strived to come up with a telegraph that would facilitate sending more than one message at the same time over one wire. In 1874, Bell took his proposal for his vocal telegraph to the Boston electrical shop of Thomas Watson, who later became his assistant. Most of their efforts to achieve the objective in the course of that winter failed, but at some point, Bell came up with the idea that the telegraph could be used for speech. He developed a
Title and Authors The article The Aspects of Organizational Entrepreneurship in Competition Environment was written by Ph.D. Ebrahim Chirani and Rogayeh Hasanzadeh from the Islamic Azad University in Iran. The article was presented in the Kuwait Chapter of Arabian Journal of Business and Management Review in July 2013. Summary of the Article The authors of the article focus on corporate or organizational entrepreneurship and stress the importance of new ideas to develop both organizations and society. The article is divided into several sections. The first one examines the existing definitions of organizational entrepreneurship. The authors distinguish between the individual entrepreneur, group entrepreneur, and organizational entrepreneurship (Chirani & Hasanzadeh 2013). The authors explain each definition and accentuate the advantages and disadvantages of organizational entrepreneurship. In the next section, Chiarini and Hasanzadeh approach the necessity of organizational entrepreneurship. According to them, corporate entrepreneurship allows the organization to resist and successfully overcome rapid and complex changes, as well as become a better rival to competitive organizations (Chirani & Hasanzadeh 2013). The fourth section of the article is dedicated to the explanation of entrepreneurship’s effectiveness. Here, the authors present and discuss their main findings; these are the main components of the organizational entrepreneurship: “entrepreneurial tendency” and “entrepreneurial management” (Chirani & Hasanzadeh 2013, p. 67). Entrepreneurial tendency operates with the three following aspects: risky commitments, the freshness of ideas (innovation), and pioneering (willingness to imply new ideas and suggestions). Entrepreneurial management, in return, should focus on change and opportunity, offer a broad perspective when making a decision, following changes, and, if necessary, take risks and derive benefits from the outcomes of these risks if it is possible. Aspects of entrepreneurial management are also presented in the article: strategic and resource orientation, organization culture, as well as reward philosophy and management structure (Chirani & Hasanzadeh 2013, p. 68). The section ’empirical works’ is used by the authors to refer to the previous works in the field and to emphasize the importance of the middle manager’s inefficient organizational entrepreneurship. At last, the authors provide a conclusion where they briefly summarize their findings and proposals. Research Method The research method implied in the article is qualitative: the authors reviewed the articles and books written on corporate entrepreneurship and drew their conclusions from these examinations. The authors also critically approached the information from the articles written earlier and compared it to the data presented in the new articles; the r
Definition of Immigrant An immigrant is a person who leaves his country of origin and moves to a foreign country or region voluntarily. 1 Definition of Refugee A refugee is a person who migrates from his country of origin due to restrictions or threat of danger to his life. 2 Differences From the above two definitions, both immigrants and refugees leave their countries of origin and settles in a different country but for different reasons. Immigrants travel due to either push or pull factors. 3 The country of origin may push them as a result of harsh economic conditions, and on the other hand, the destination country may pull them due to better standards of living and promise of good education. Refugees travel to their destination country because of fear. Refugees fear that if they continue staying in their country, their life will be in danger and might be killed, detained or even injured. Immigrants travel voluntarily to find opportunities to better their lives. The countries of origin fail to provide to their needs and therefore force them to look for better opportunities elsewhere. As they move to other countries, they still have a chance of coming back to their home countries. 4 Once they are satisfied of the economic gains from their host countries, they may come back and invest their new-found wealth in their country of origin. On the contrary, refugees do not have that chance of coming back to their mother country. Because they fled their country for fear of persecution, their chances of coming back is almost zero. Another difference between immigrants and refugees is that immigration is regarded as a natural phenomenon. Since time immemorial, people have been migrating to different parts of the world to look for better opportunities. 5 The early man is believed have his origins in Africa. His descendants migrated and occupied other parts of the world. The movement of refugees is not historical but it is forced movement. Refugees experience pressure from their home country and they have the fear of being in danger if they continue staying there. Circumstances like war, civil strives, religious or political persecutions and even natural disasters force people to move to places they feel are safe. It should also be noted that immigrants are different from refugees in the sense that immigrants are subject to the laws that govern their hosting country. Every country has its own laws that govern immigration of persons and some paperwork has to be completed before one is accepted as an immigrant. Refugees are protected by the refugee law and the 1967 protocol that relates to the refugees status. The 1967 protocol and the 1951 convention allows countries that have signed the accord to offer standardized treatment to refugees and guarantees them certain rights as stipulated in the accord. 6 As concerns freedom of movement, immigrants have mor
Introduction Restaurants and the hospitality industry, in general, have been an integral part of many people’s lives for a long time. These industries employ about 10% of the population worldwide, which is also an important contribution to the economy since people spend more money when they are paid for work. In addition, these jobs provide career growth for those who want to be a part of the restaurant and hospitality industry of their cities or states. A large number of different roles makes it possible for employees to choose from a wide range of directions for personal and professional development. From the customer’s perspective, restaurants and other segments of the hospitality industry are essential because they offer leisure and entertainment activities and help in organizing various important events. The challenges to Florida’s restaurant and hospitality industry will be presented and analyzed in this research, and the interdependence of its segments will be discussed. Challenges to the Florida restaurant industry The COVID-19 pandemic has posed several challenges to Florida’s restaurant industry. One of the most recent challenges was the regulations and requirements issued by the government to restrict indoor dining. As a result of those restrictions, restaurants in Florida, as well as across the whole country, had to dismiss the majority of their employees, which led to higher unemployment rates (Yost & Cheng, 2021). Another challenge was the fact that the employees have not returned when the restrictions were eased. Many restaurants in Florida are still facing a major labor shortage. Those who did return to work in restaurants face challenges as well: due to the shortage of employees, they have to work harder to make the service quicker. They have to accept customers’ complaints about the service when it is too slow. This makes servers’ jobs more stressful and can lead to job dissatisfaction among employees. Moreover, high competition in the market forces restaurants to lower their prices, which, in turn, causes them to lower their pay rates. To cut their losses, restaurants can develop strategies that would allow for reducing shrinkage and product waste. The impact and quality of technology Computerization can be a solution in
Introduction The Royal Bank of Scotland is one of the retail banking supplementaries of the Royal Bank of Scotland Group plc, which jointly with NatWest and Ulster Bank, offers branch banking services in the United Kingdom. Royal Bank of Scotland has approximately 700 branches, mainly in Scotland though there are divisions in many larger cities and cities throughout England and Wales. Cultural environment The central office is located in Cardiff – One of Britain’s six ‘cities of grace’, that has lately been sleeted as the most attractive city in the United Kingdom in which to live and work. It unites the practical benefits of a small, gracious, inexpensive city with the cultural and recreational facilities of a triumphant and contemporary capital. The city of Cardiff proposes outstanding capacities for cultural, social and sporting activities, from current film to dance and drama to key concerts to high-profile sporting occasions. Cardiff also offers undisturbed multi-cultural surroundings where all nationalities and beliefs are represented and respected. Outstanding road and rail connections mean that both London and Birmingham are just 2 hours away, and the Central Station, coach and bus overhauls are all centrally located and Cardiff International Airport serves many key destinations. These factors generally mean that the workers would be fully satisfied with the cultural surroundings, and will have an excellent opportunity to restore moral forces, after exhausting or simply very active work. The road links signify that the opportunity to get acquainted with the British capital would be fully realizable. The impact of factors The factors that may generally impact the working personnel are always included in the working circumstances. These are stipulated by: Provisions stated in the working agreement  1. Length of the working day  2. Salary  3. The availability of insurance Other circumstances  1. The working place (space, light, conditioning)  2. Obligations (direct/extra, in accordance to the education or not)  3. Relations with the colleagues  4.  Arguing on the matters of stress, it is necessary to mention, that the achievement of any of the three stages of stress depends only on personality. The difficulty of the work simply relates to the credibility of stress appearing, but in some measure, it is useful for successful work, as it presupposes quick decision taking, successful brain attacks, and thus – making of original conclusions. But it is essential not to allow stress to turn into the last stage – exhaustion. Responses to stress include adaptation, psychological coping such as stress managem
Executive Summary Exelon Corporation is one of the largest electric utilities based in U.S, Chicago. The company primarily engaged in generation of energy, transmission of energy and distribution of energy. Exelon is also engaged in distribution of natural gas, solar, nuclear, and hydroelectric energy. Organizations that desire to operate competitively in the future have to do business differently. They have to plan and device strategies to guarantee a competitive edge that will keep them in business. A strategic plan by itself does not achieve long-term goals, but it facilitates the realization of the goals given that it acts as a synergistic map for all stakeholders in the organization. In other words, the management works within a stipulated framework. This report considers the strategic options at the disposal of Exelon. The company’s strategic plan will include analysis of both external and internal environment, strategy formulation, strategy implementation and strategy evaluation. When developing policies and strategic approaches, the management should ensure that they:   * Develop and ethical code of conduct, which the organization must follow.   * Have in place a formal committee that mandate ethical practices and see that they are upheld.   * Train and teach their employees on the need of business ethics   * Align their internal processes that will help in setting the code of ethics. The energy sector has the role of producing the much-needed energy for industries and other human activities: from a general angle, companies in the sector have the role of ensuring Company Background Exelon Corporation was initiated in the year 2000 with the merger of PECO Energy Company and Unicom Corporation. This contract created one of the largest firms in terms of utilities in the United States. With revenue of over 15 billion US dollars, the company has emerged to be the biggest energy corporation in the world. The company serves 5 million electric and natural gas customers. Exelon Corporation has three main business segments.  1. Energy generation  2. Energy delivery  3. Un regulated enterprises The firm has 17 nuclear units and 10 stations in United States, which represent about 20% of U.S nuclear power capacity. The company has its head quarter in Chicago. The company distributes natural gas to 490000 customers and its nuclear plants have a capacity of producing 25620 MW. The corporation has employed about 8500 professionals working in these power units. Exelon power team is responsible in producing and maintaining on power from variety of sources such as fossil fuels, wind, hydroelectric and