ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Clinical research may emanate from questions raised in a hospital ward. A case in point is the research questions by Gans & Beek (2002). The questions touch on the possible effects of steroids on pyogenic meningitis. Another question may analyze how neurocysticercosis is related to epilepsy (Gans & Beek, 2002). It is from this that more refined research questions may develop. For instance, Gans & Beek (2002) developed two refined research questions from the general questions above. To conduct a clinical study, one must come up with a single focused research question. Setting It is important to choose an appropriate setting to conduct the study. The setting may be a hospital or a population. The reason for this is that the profile of some diseases may be different within a population and within a hospital setting. Generalizability of the study reported in the articles relies on how Gans & Beek (2002) and Scarborough et al. (2007) examined the effects of adjunctive Dexamethasone on bacterial meningitis. Both studies are examples of a clinical study in a hospital setting. The studies involved acute conditions. The researchers assumed that patients suffering from the conditions will seek hospital care. The assumption helped them track down patients suffering from meningitis. It is fallacious to analyze less acute diseases in such settings. From the two studies, it is clear that one cannot generalize the findings if they disregard the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Sampling Crosby et al. (2006) provide a working definition of the term ‘sample’. They conceptualize it as balanced reflection of a population. The essence of having a sample is to reduce the cost of studying the entire population. Scarborough et al. (2007) used stratified random sampling. The researchers randomly divided the patients into two groups. One group was treated with Dexamethasone, while the control group was subjected to a placebo (Scarborough et al., 2007, p. 53). Use of Sampling Techniques and Conclusions Made According to Crosby et al. (2006), effectiveness in sampling relies on the optimization of the technique used. In the case of Scarborough et al. (2007), sampling was not misused. The study yielded the envisaged results. A critical analysis of Gans & Beek (2002) and Scarborough et al. (2007) reveals that the scholars did not make conclusions outside the boundaries of the samples. Validation The profile of some diseases varies from one setting to the other. Other acute diseases, such as Ebola, have a similar profile within both hospital and community settings. For a researcher to make conclusions or generalizatio
Introduction Black power moment started in 1960s. It had interest of bringing black American together in fight for equality among black and American. Black power movement was formed to fight for racial pride and joint interest. It was against multiculturalism. It aimed at protecting black people from racial discrimination. It supported formation of separate social institutions and self independence economy. Violence was used in order to achieve civil rights. It was for the independence of black people and separation. Not all people were for Black Nationalism (Obama 7). Party of self defense was not for Black Nationalism and did not believe there was racism. They believed the struggle was for the economy differences. Black power moment came at the time of black people struggle for civil rights and inequality. They insisted on racial incorporation and absorption. Black power movement succeeded in fight for independence and self esteem of black people. The movement focused on political issues that were filled with oppression of black people (shakur 10). Barrack and Assata Shakur History on Civil Rights-Black Power Moment Barack Obama was told the history of black people oppression and slavery by his grandmother. He saw himself as the heir to the king and was determined to fight for civil rights. He positioned himself as the forerunner of black politicians to fight for civil rights. He fought for equal treatment of people regardless of their race, religion, color or country of origin. Unlike the early fighters of civil rights who insisted on separation of social amenities, Obama termed this as unconstitutional (Obama 15). He was against the use of violence in the struggle for civil rights. Barack Obama was aware of the violence and oppression of black people in the United States. He dedicated himself to fight against this. He became a politician with the interest for equality of all people in the United States. He discussed the fifty years of racial politics as inhuman and unconstitutional. He paid respect for the elders who had formed the civil rights- black power movement in their struggles for civil rights (Obama 28). Assata shakur story does not have much difference from Barack Obama’s as she also fought for civil rights. She indeed experienced the violation of human rights and racial discrimination. She was imprisoned with charges she never committed. She escaped from prison in 1979 to get away from the racial discrimination and violence that was exercise by the United States government towards black people. She lived as an exile in Cuba since 1984.she participated in civil rights movement vigorously in fight against racism. During her studies she was in the black students’ movement in fight for equal education facilities and against racism. She was also in black partner party which aimed at total racial equality and independence of black people. Her treatment in the prisons raised alarm among human rights activists. She is a clear example of racism that was exercised by the white government towards the black people. The federal bureau of investigations classified her as a domestic terrorist. This d
Civilization in Notes from Underground by Dostoevsky In his Notes from Underground , Dostoevsky depicts an unknown Underground man, who describes the rise of civilization as the primary cause of becoming cruel and thirsty for blood. Even though it might appear to be nonsense, the fact of the matter is that there is more truth in the words of this unknown man than we, people living in the twenty-first century, might want to admit, and history proves it. First of all, it should be noted that the concept of bloodshed could be adapted to correspond with historical events. Thinking of bloodthirsty people, the first image, which comes to mind, is war. However, there is also another aspect of this issue. Why not interpret this word as the desire to own more lands and resources, however, without respect to human li
The development of DNA technologies has brought considerable change in forensic science. In fact, it is possible to speak about the advent of a new field of criminalistics, DNA profiling. Despite the fact, that it is not as accurate as fingerprint analysis, DNA testing has often been used in criminal investigations. This technique is based upon the investigation of loci or DNA sequences. To a certain degree, these sequences may be similar, on the condition that two people are in lineal consanguinity, but they are not sufficiently repetitive, and there is practically no probability that two (or more) people can similarly set of alleles (Saferstein, 2007). There are many ways to perform a comparative DNA analysis; among them, we can single out the following ones: RFLP (or restriction fragment length polymorphism) analysis. This method was the first one to be adopted by forensic science. It analyzes a particular DNA fragment, in particular, the variation in length or allele. The allele can also be defined as different forms of the same gene or succession of its forms. There are some distinct patterns of alleles, but these patterns are too variable. RFLP analysis is very discriminative, though, it is worth mentioning, that the samples have to be undamaged, otherwise the validity of analysis can be questioned (Rudin, 2002). Another way to incorporate the findings of genetics into forensic science is PCR (polymerase chain reaction) analysis. With help of such ferment as polymerase, it is possible to trigger a chain reaction, which will eventually increase small quantities of DNA (Levy, 1995). This process is also called the artificial replication of DNA. As a rule, this technique is employed to restore the information, especially if the initial sample is contaminated, but there are some limitations (the degree of contamination). Moreover, it helps to magnify certain fragments of DNA. The most widespread genetic technique, used in criminalistics is STR (Short Tandem Repeat) analysis. Tandem Repeat is a combination of nucleotides (units of DNA), which is accompanied by a similar pattern. The
The term which was most contested in the Mabo and Wik decision was the terra nullius which is translated from Latin as “Land belonging to no one.” When the expansion of the Europeans began in the 1800s they used this term to describe the lands owned by the Indigenous people of Australia. According to their edicts the lands which were present there were owned by no one and were under the jurisdiction of the crown. At first, it was used to claim lands that were owned by no one. Eventually, the edict evolved to include those societies which were considered uncivilized and thus have no rights. Through such adversities, they have fought for years to gain back the rights which were theirs all those years ago and have succeeded. In their success, however, there is also a reaction of a different sort. This essay will focus on how the Mabo and Wik decision affected mining in Australia. Between 1973 and 1993 there was a shift in public opinion regarding the rights of indigenous people. The government passed laws that turned over all of the reserve land available to the indigenous tribes. They would continue fighting for the right to reclaim their lands. Eventually, the case was brought before the Australian High Courts on 3 rd June 1992 by the Australian Indigenous Movement; the case was known as Mabo vs. Queensland. The case was brought forward by a number of indigenous people in order to lay ownership to land and waters of the Murray Islands which were seized during European rule. After deliberation, the judges ruled almost unanimously in favor of the Mabo judgment. This judgment was one of the first steps for the indigenous peoples to seize their own destiny and would have a profound effect on Australian politics and law for years to come. At the time the judgments did not specify the exact description of the title, what it entailed and how it would be protected. It did not provide any information as well how the title could be used by its owners. Whether it could be seen as any other title or were there special circumstances (Sharp, 1996 p. p. 207-224). Another reason the judgments were considered so problematic was the fact that due to the unknown nature of the title the compensation for the lands of the indigenous people could not be set. The prices varied according to the particular characteristics of the land in question. For example, if we consider the land to be primarily used for hunting and gathering then its cumulative price would be low, however, if it is a prime locati
Introduction The Ministry of Power is in charge of the power industry in India. The country has the fourth largest total energy consumption in the world; 1.052 terawatt-hours (TWh) (India Brand Equity Foundation 2015). Companies are divided into generation, transmission, and distribution segments of the industry. There are central, state, and private levels under the production division, with each sector giving companies different opportunities for involvement. The primary sector, also referred to the public sector undertakings (PSUs), makes up 29.78 per cent of the industry in terms of total installed capacity. State-level corporations whose mandate is limited to particular states contribute 41.10 per cent of India’s electricity while private sector enterprises command 29.11 per cent of the industry. Maharashtra leads in electricity generation among all the Indian states. The country has a total electricity demand projection of 950,000 MW by the year 2030. Power sources in India are thermal, hydroelectric, nuclear, and alternate sources. Thermal sources contribute about 65 per cent of the total production, followed by hydroelectric sources at 22 per cent and nuclear sources at 3 per cent. The private sector in India generates electricity from coal, gas, and diesel as the primary thermal sources. Coal is the most popular thermal source, accounting for about 57 per cent of the total electricity generated. Gas and diesel generated electricity have about 8 per cent and 0.6 per cent of the thermal share respectively. The Power Grid Corporation of India transmits about half of the total long distance bulk power in the country. It operates an interconnected transmission system in five main regions, namely northern, eastern, southern, northeastern, and western regions. Identification and descriptions of the structure of the industry The Indian energy sector is highly regulated. The power industry consists of regulatory authorities that demand flexibility and compliance to rules from the industry participants. PESTLE Analysis of the Indian Power Sector Political The government policy on the power sector focuses mainly on urban centres, with rural centres relying on special budgetary interventions to receive state-sponsored resources for electricity distribution. The present setup of the industry leaves the government annual budget as the main funds’ source. On the other hand, India has state governments that charge different power tariffs to distributors. Companies in the industry have to grapple with various pricing regimes. The state government and national governments offer subsidies to companies engaged in electrification as part of a policy to increase electricity access to all the citizens in India (Sharma, Nairb & Balasubramanianc 2005). Economic Investments in transmission and distribution have been few, causing the country to rely on old transmission lines. Consequently, India suffers electricity losses due to transmission that reaches 28.44 per cent of the total transmitted power. Subsidy power arrangements allow state governments to offer affordable power to some sections under their jurisdiction, and then hav
Introduction The processes that take place within the mind of a human being are rather difficult to study and understand. All these processes, like cognition, action, etc. are matters of human psychology, physiology, and even human anatomy as they concern directly the physical performance of the human body. Among all the sophisticated processes that happen in the human mind from day to day, cognition is the least studied one. It is necessary to admit that considerable research was carried out in this field but the issues of multitasking, attentional limitations of human cognition abilities, and some others still demand considerable study (Ashcraft, 3). Thus, in the present paper the following question will be a matter of analysis: How and by what are human cognitive abilities limited, and why do these limitations prevent people from effective multitasking? Answering this question will not only serve scientific purposes but allow every single human being to be more aware of his/her time and its effective usage. Main body To begin with, it is necessary to define the term cognition as the basic one in this paper. Cognition, therefore, is the process of perceiving and memorizing certain aspects and sides of the objective reality that were unknown to that person till the moment when the act of cognition took place. Cognition, in its turn, is not a solid phenomenon and is comprised of such elements as attention and memory. These are basic concepts for every activity that a human being might be involved in – a person pays attention to something important ignoring all other phenomena and tries to memorize it by his or her short-term and then long-term memory. Besides, working memory is involved in the process of practical use of memorized information in every particular situation. But all these means of human cognition, limited as they are by the possibilities of the human brain, are confused when a process of multitasking comes into play (Ashcraft, 5 – 7). Consequently, there is a need to consider all the above-mentioned elements of human cognition and the process of multitasking in their connection and interrelation. The first phenomenon to be considered in the present paper is human attention. Attention is rather close to the process of perception but in reality, it precedes the latter, being the more abstract form of cognition. Attention is the focus on a certain object or phenomenon which is to be studied or memorized while all other phenomena of reality are being ignored at this moment. Thus, attention and focus seem to be synonymic notions and presuppose that a person concentrates the activity of his or her brain on a single phenomenon that is of the greatest importance at the moment. The extent to which attention is “switched on” at the initial stage of cognition determines the rate to which the memory will have to work at the next stage thereof (Wickens et al., 360). Respectively, the concept of memory should be considered next. Human memory is one of the most complicated and least st
Edgar Allan Poe’s “The Man in the Crowd” is the combination of the writer’s traditional approach to creating short stories in the Gothic tale genre and an innovative element of a detective story. The story comprises several interesting themes, some of which the author prefers not to reveal entirely but leaves them for the audience to judge. The structure of the tale, its manner of narration, and the minimal number of main characters are only some of the features that make “The Man in the Crowd” one of the most memorable short stories written by Poe. The first thing about the tale that draws the attention of a reader is its literary canon. It is a typical representation of Poe’s works: there is a place for darkness, pessimism, and even some fear: people “die nightly in their beds,” the “hideousness of mysteries” forbids their being told, and some burdens are so great that they can only “be thrown down… into the grave” (Poe 84). Such an introduction to the tale makes the audience recollect other stories such as “The Cask of Amontillado,” “The Black Cat,” “The Tell-Tale Heart,” and other popular stories written by the author. However, while these tales keep the readers in horror throughout the whole process of reading, “The Man in the Crowd” deviates from its sinister introduction and later turns into something close to a detective story. The narrator pays close attention to people in the street, he thoroughly describes the tiniest details of their appearance and garments, and he later decides to follow one of the people he sees through a café window because he is dying of curiosity. Such a combination of a detective story and a Gothic tale makes it possible to consider “The Man of the Crowd” as a story not entirely corresponding to the author’s literary canon. However, some of the elements of the genre favored by Poe are present in the tale. The style and representation of the story are rather peculiar. It is not unusual that the story is being told in the first person singular and that much of it is spent on the narrator’s account of some event. However, in this story, all narration is one single monologue of the man whose name Poe does not reveal. The tale begins with the narrator’s analysis of the world’s mysteries and people’s tendency to conceal their most terrible secre
Introduction What is contemporary art? It is the art of the epoch we live. It is the art of nowadays. On a more somber note, while it may be difficult to categorize developing movements, contemporary art – generally – is much more communally awake than any previous era has been. The key part of art of the previous 30 years has been related to one issue or another: feminism, multiculturalism, globalization, bio-engineering and AIDS awareness all come eagerly to mind as subject issue. Fascinatingly enough, some of the most unusual galleries were situated in Germany, the center of Europe’s modern art scene. “When the industrial epoch started, people earned a lot of money and they wished to invest in – and be diverted by – art,” Kunst im Peters explains. (Blackson, 2007). All the artists who will be discussed in the paper are trying to show their own vision of the most substantial global matters. They are trying to make the humanity not to forget the drawbacks of the contemporary world, with its wars, crimes and violence. The paper is claimed to review some of the most known contemporary artists, and define the particularities, that may be regarded as mnemonic traces of their arts. Thus, the notions on individuality will be observed. Anselm Kiefer Kiefer grades among the best-known and most victorious, but also most discussed German artists after World War II. In his works, Kiefer disputes with the past and refers to taboo and contentious matters from recent history. Themes from Nazi regime are chiefly pictured in his work; for example, the painting “Margarethe” was motivated by Paul Celan’s well-known verse “ Todesfuge ” (“ Death Fugue “). Polemical argumentations in the media over the estimation of his artistic work have taken place for many decades. (Gallucci, 2006). Throughout the previous three decades, Anselm Kiefer has become globally known for imposing, operatic works relating the historical, legendary and literary subjects that enliven post-war German culture. He is trying to depict all the challenges that German people were facing during the restoring of Germany after the WWII, and the miseries of late 1940 th Germany. The extraordinary graphic power of Kiefer’s work obtains from the application of the same dramatic views and imposing arrangements that featured Nazi parade-ground construction. The symbolisms in Kiefer’s art, as well as the intricacy of his iconography and subject issue, are now assisted by volumes of opaque writing to decode his art. However his work has unusual “attendance” that instantly hypnotizes its audience and attracts the viewer to engage in the strong experiencing of Kiefer’s art. Magdalena Abakanowicz Abakanowicz is regarded nowadays as the be