ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The criminal justice system is an intricate network of laws that prevents chaos and makes people responsible for their actions. Many psychological problems of an individual, including mental disorders such as psychopathic nature, have been inevitably linked to crime, but the treatment and decisions made towards these individuals is a grey area. The big question is whether a person is capable of understanding their guilt or they have no or little control over their actions and act without thinking? The diagnosis and key terms have often played an integral part in defining the disorder. The criminal justice of the United States, Canada and United Kingdom, all have unique details in regards to the mental irregularity. The process of treatment and sentencing has been made difficult by the inability to come to a common decision by scientists, psychiatrists and the law. Some say that the disorder is so severe that it causes criminal behavior and is linked to the other people directly. Often, abnormality of a person’s mental processes is cited as the key problem, but there has been an opposing view. One side argues that it is a genetic malfunction and a person has the disorder since childhood. An individual with such mental problem is anti-social and often, violates the rights of other people. Morality is one of the key issues, as a psychopath is unable to feel any ethical or moral concerns for the well being of others or the whole society. They also were shown to feel no remorse, which is quite dangerous and leads to high levels of recidivism. In order for these people to be treated as mentally ill patients, they must show an almost global loss of reasoning and cognitive functions. As psychopaths are unable to learn from their past actions, it makes them extremely immoral in the wide sense of the word. But an opposing side is that these people are aware of their actions and that it is wrong. The fact that they can register and comprehend their actions makes them responsible and in some cases, “diminished responsibility” verdict was carried out. It is unclear if a psychopath can choose to commit the crime or apply an effort and avoid the negative and un-human behavior. If someone does not feel morally responsible for the crime, does not mean that they had no control over their actions, as they could base their deeds on own desires instead of other people’s. Properly defining and explaining the disorder is a very sensitive matter, as it endangers the law and the whole system of justice. Even though people have rights and can sometimes commit acts they had no control over, responsibility is still felt, making the decision a conscious and reasonable choice. The biological nature of the disorder clashes with the opinion that it is the environment that causes such behavior. If it is the environment and not internal stimuli, then the disorder can be controlled, as
Introduction Harry Truman was the 33 rd president of the United States of America. He first went to France as head of a special unit in the artillery wing of the army. During World War II, he headed a committee in the senate whose primary goal was to monitor the progress of the war. Truman did not believe in losing in war. He spoke of the “golden rule” as recorded in the book of Matthew 7:12 . The verse read, “Do unto others what you would like them to do unto you” This fact was a Biblical example of good neighborliness. However, considering the practical examples highlighted by Kinzer’s Overthrow ; the fact was not always the case. Truman oversaw the signing of the UN Peace Charter in 1945. The citizens of the U.S hoped that peace would start being realized after the signing of the declaration. When Japan refused to surrender; Truman ordered atomic bombs to be used in the war against Hiroshima and Nagasaki. This idea had adverse consequences on the people of the two Japanese towns and the effects are still evident in recent times. Democracy Truman managed to end racial segregation in the civil service and armed forces in 1948. Democracy in many parts of the world has not been easily realized. Abraham Lincoln recognized that democracy is embedded in the will of the people. He insisted that all citizens had equal rights in decision-making. The interest of the U.S in Chile’s major copper mines was an infringement of workers’ rights. The interest had effects on Chile’s land reforms and re-organization of the natural economy. This fact meant that Chile’s power and right of democracy were mutilated. Resilience Chileans did not succumb to external pressure from the US despite attempts by the latter to negatively affect its economy and politics through sanctions. The U.S disapproved of the outcome of the result and imposed economic sanctions against Chile. Facts showed that the U.S tried to fund three rebel groups to oust President Allende. Reports show that during the 1 st year of Allende’s reign; the economy was favorably growing with a 12 % industrial growth, an 8.6% thrust in GDP, and a reduction of inflation rates from 34.9
Sample and Setting Number of Subjects To carry out a detailed analysis of the effects that peer-mentoring and self-management have on patients suffering from pain, one will have to recruit a total of at least 200 participants. Thus, the foundation for an all-embracive analysis can be created. With the above information in mind, one will have to consider using a sample size of 120 people. Thus, a basis for retrieving credible results can be built (Creswell, 2014). Inclusion/Exclusion Criteria The participants will be recruited among the people that suffer from pain and need strategies that will help reduce it. Since the perception of pain is individual and, therefore, measuring pain intensity is going to be problematic, it will be necessary to recruit the people that have the same condition (e.g., cancer). Thus, the results of the study will remain homogenous. Sampling Strategy To make sure that the outcomes of the study should remain objective, it will be necessary to provide every participant with an equal choice to be selected as a part of the sample group. Therefore, the use of random sampling is recommended. The identified framework will help reduce biases (Grove, Gray, & Burns, 2014). Research Design Description The research will be conducted as a quasi-experimental randomized control trial. The participants will be represented by two main groups, i.e., Group A, where peer mentoring and self-management will be used, and the control group, where traditional approaches to pain alleviation are utilized. A comparison between the two will shed light on the subject matter. Rationale It is crucial to make sure that the research is modeled after a real-life scenario. Thus, the efficacy of the study will remain high. Furthermore, the introduction of randomness into the study will help make the outcomes more objective (McKean, Ross, & Dressler, 2016).
The pursuit of service economy, which dictates the specialization in the service industries, is one of the newest economic concepts that ensure the realization of the economic growth. The adoption of this form of economy will allow countries to transform the dimensions of their economic standards in a positive way. In this regard, countries would need to develop more service industries rather than manufacturing industries due to flexibility in the international trade. Similarly, the concept of service economy incorporates the need for improvement of services and product provision. Based on these factors, service industries should mainly focus on financial services, health, education, tourism, and distribution (Nissan et al. 2011, p.76). The degree of mobility of these services is high, and they can be cheaply transferred from one location to another. Additionally, geographical factors do not hinder the performance of these services. As a result, industries should focus on service delivery to their customers, which increases their market share and profitability. The needs that underlie the urge to adopt service economy are numerous and appropriate for any economy. Initially, the development of service economy makes the innovation of other forms of economy achievable. In this regard, a service economy allows the efficient conduct of business operations. This form of economy embraces both the service development and role of technology in the struggle for economic development. It seeks to give value to the need for capitalism, as well as technological innovation to enhance the economic growth of a country (Nissan et al. 2011, p.62). As a result, firms will be able to undertake foreign direct investments with ease facilitating globalization. This will lead to the increase in the industries’ production while realizing maximum benefits to boosts their investment levels. With the adoption of globalization, the service economy would gain maximum benefits from the increased Gross National Product of the country. This will improve the level of the quality of the services rendered to consumers in addition to high quantities. With this concept, foreign investment will be possible with flexibility in operation. Since the multinational firms have a large capital base, they would be able to conduct businesses in their country of choice (Graz 2010, p.158). Furthermore, the mobility of the factors of production will be improved due to the lack of restrictions in various countries. In this regard, firms will boost their levels of investment and earn the benefits attributed to the international trade. Therefore, the production level will be high, with new products and services delivered to the market. For the developing countries, they will benefit from technical expertise that will guide them to industrialization (Apte et al. 2008, p. 19). The importance of service industries in the economy is that they contribute significantly to the domestic and global economy. Based on various research reports, 70
Abstract This paper provides the concrete literature to show the working and efficiency of corporate universities. The introduction of the paper points out the definition of corporate universities and offers the traceable origin of the terms usage. The paper examines the development of corporate universities. Three corporate universities are used to indicate the aims and the benefits of the universities. There are other corporate universities considered in the paper in offering solid examples of the working of corporate universities. The paper further shows the importance of the knowledge offered by the corporate universities in dealing with global challenges. A conclusion is offered and recommendations. Corporate Universities Introduction A corporate university is defined as a strategic umbrella whereby employers, customers and suppliers are educated to achieve the organization’s set goals. The sole duty is to equip the individuals related to the company with education which conform to the vision of the business. There are numerous reasons, which make a company establish its own university. One of the main reasons of establishing corporate universities is to enhance productivity, increase in profits. In addition, businesses aim at counteracting the global competitiveness through offering education related to the market place. The education offered in such universities can also be used as an incentive to reduce employee turnover. The corporate universities have also considered education as a business. Such programs offer academic sources to the public at a fee; hence the company makes profits (WankeL & Defillippi, 2008). The history of corporate universities dates back in 1927 when General Motors was the first company in North America to build an educational division named the General Motors Engineering and Management Institute. Other firms all over the world started corporate institutions. At that time, the corporate world was training future managers. The classes in these institutions were geared towards getting solutions for the problems at the work place. The education offered was based on problem solving (Paton, 2005). The modern corporate university was marked by McDonald’s Hamburger University, which was set up in 1961 with an aim of polishing competent executives. The executives were used in running fast food restaurants. McDonald’s ideology in setting up the university was based on the fact that once employees are acquitted with corporate values, they tackle business challenges with confidence. The university helped McDonald in expanding business to other parts of the world since he had enough personnel. Hamburger University has gained popularity, and it has other branches in japan, Germany, England, Germany and Australia (White-Moore, 2002). It is imperative to draw a line between the corporate training in early stages and corporate university education evident today. One of the most notable distinctions between the two aspects is the nature of edu
The wine industry represents one of the fundamental U.S. marketing domains since the high number of constant wine drinkers in America. This paper reviews the business achievements of Michael Shaps, who became an idol of winery art in Virginia through his outstanding collection of drinks. At a particular stage of his professional growth, the businessman faces a challenge: he is forced to decide whether it is appropriate to widen the scopes of his label production or start working for the individuals or companies, which would use their brands to promote Shaps’ wine. The latter was called a custom crush business strategy (Nichols 1). Since Michael Shaps’ winery gained a full recognition and fame in the state, his decision to work for the separate brands and clients is wrongful. The separation between the brand and the product influences Virginian industry, for it is acknowledged that approximately 55% of the citizens of Virginia have a specific winery, and there are some consistent grounds for them using the production of one brand (Geide, Harmon, and Baker 352). Moreover, the wine industry business in Virginia was vulnerable to sustainability changes. Thus, the model of Kluge Estate production showed that the sustainable practices of the product life cycling benefit individual businesses (Mann, Abramczyk, and Andrews 204). To sum it up, one may draw a conclusion that custom-crush business formatting can be applied with reference to the developing companies or any known partners. However, the usage of this strategy in the case of Michael Shaps is quite damaging both for his brand’s reputation and for the quality of production. Alternative Wine Packaging Technique In his innovative business conception, Michael Shaps elaborated a system of alternative wine packaging. Specifically, the businessman, who was determined to embrace a custom-crush strategy decided to sell his wine in ecology-friendly boxes. Such packing system could provide a customer with gross sells since every box enclosed minimum three liters of liquid. Moreover, it was acknowledged that the wine, which is preserved in plastic bags, rather than in open glass bottles, evades a complete oxidization and keeps its original qualities. According to the recent scientific studies, there is a strong tendency of the U.S. citizens preferring ecologically-clear production. Therefore, the usage of “green” packaging can draw a number of new clients, whose values comply with the principles of production (Barber 424). Besides, the marketing experts state that a choice of the product is highly dependent on the interface of a bottle or pack. The statistics are primarily directed at females, who can abandon the study of qualities of a product for the sake of its excellent appearance (Barber and Almanza 84). Therefore, Shaps’ idea of launching a serial of alternative packaging usage reveals an efficient business model an
Working in the healthcare setting means having to deal with risks on a regular basis. In the wake of the recent technological breakthrough and the transfer to the realm of information technology, an opportunity to create a safe healthcare environment by managing information in the digital environment has emerged (Murphy, 2015). However, when providing the specified opportunity to the target audience, one must bear in mind that the technology under analysis needs the application of certain skills and the knowledge of the basics of information security. The use of the tablet that everyone can access may lead to the risk of patients’ personal data being stolen. To address the risk in question, one will have to reinforce the security system by introducing passwords and login details for each participant as well as teaching the target audience the basics of information security and data management. It is, therefore, strongly recommended that a series of short yet courses introducing the nurses working in the hospital to the basics of information management should be provided. For this purpose, the team manager will have to adopt the principles of transformative leadership so that the staff could be able to alter their traditional behavioral patterns as far as the security issues are concerned (Miner, 2015). The courses in question will presumably take approximately three months and require the participation of all members of the facility. The courses will be split
Introductory Abstract This paper traces the origin of hedge funds as an alternate investment instrument, particularly in the US financial markets. It also attempts to highlight the peculiar characteristics of hedge funds that make it different from other funds like mutual funds, list specific benefits of investing in hedge funds, as also mention the main risks or downsides that such funds have. Thus, while hedge funds are less transparent, need not be subject to disclosure mandates and consist of pooled funds that are invested for reaping substantial returns by way of arbitrages, derivatives, etc, obvious risks in hedge fund investment include these same characteristics of lack of transparency and regulatory restrictions that can play havoc in times of financial crisis as has happened in 2007 and 2008. Additionally, need for skills in fund managers, diversified nature of investments, high investments required, medium liquidity of the funds by nature, and legal stipulations as to the constitution and structure of hedge funds in the US are the subject of study in the following pages and subsequent pages shed light on the causes and circumstances of the recent hedge fund declines and collapses and the reasons for the same. Most fund agencies and companies had reported the decline in performances in the latter part of 2008 and some funds had even been closed by the emerging downturn and sequence of events, particularly relating to the sub-prime crisis, and the effect on the hedge funds were mostly due to the funds having invested in those sub-prime securities built upon underlying home mortgages to the economically weaker households. What are Hedge Funds? Hedge funds are leveraged speculative funds. Ordower, H. has defined hedge funds as “actively managed investments which are essentially the pooling of investors’ capital so as to acquire own or trade securities, financial products or commodities” (324). Walsh, K M of the US Federal Reserve System has observed that “while there may not be a precise legal definition of hedge funds, hedge funds are without doubt, pooled vehicles that are privately set up, administered by a professional investment manager and are generally not available to the public at large” (Testimony before Committee on Financial Services, 11 Jul, 2007, Original Speech, p. 2). Blundell-Wignall, A. in his paper on Financial Market Trends in Jan, 2007, defines hedge fund as lightly-regulated managers of private capital using an active
If I had an opportunity to travel across English colonies, I would have traveled to Jamestown because this was the first place that had been conquered by the British invaders. Besides, I could have become a witness of remarkable and historically important events that happened during the English colonization. Located in Virginia, I could also chance to take part in establishing and developing colonies, as well enjoy the benefits of geographical location. There were also many other interesting events, including introduction to the indigenous culture, development of agriculture in the area, as well as acquaintance with the most influential figures in the history of colonization (Davidson et al. 6). Finally, I could also have traced the origins of the historic survival of the newcomers on the Indian lands, particularly when the indigenous population rescued colonizers from hunger. However, I would prefer settling this territory after the years of hunger because these times were the most difficult ones for aristocratic population. Hence, I chose to stay at Jamestown for 15 years –from 1610 to 1624 – to trace economic, political, and cultural changes in the colonized region. At the beginning of seventeenth century, many newcomers conquering Virginia were of aristocratic origins and, therefore, the main purpose of their expansion consisted in increasing the profits of the Virginia Company, the first enterprise established on the colonized territories. Therefore, I could also have learnt much about the main underpinnings for the company’s activities, as well as their influence on the development and welfare of the colonized area. The significant economic progress would have allowed me to find a prestigious job and fulfill my professional goals. Moreover, it could have become a marvelous opportunity for me to explore how ancient Americans adjusted to new economic conditions. Despite the rapid economic development, I would still be more concerned with cultural background of the period because this was an excellent opportunity to explore the history of Native Americans, as well as define why they had to confront the pressure on the part of the E