ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Medicare is a generation transfer system designed in the 1960s to provide health care delivery coverage, and forms the biggest federal spending. In this program, services are provided on a ‘pay-as-you-go’ basis where workers pay a payroll tax to fund the Medicare expenses. This system is funded through payroll taxes, premiums and public subsidy. Medicare Part A is a government funded hospital insurance that covers hospital inpatient services to certain people who qualify. This involves a 20% co-payment or coinsurance for some services. For one to qualify for Medicare, one has to have paid a certain amount of taxes and earned a particular number of ‘credits.’ People born after 1929 needs forty ‘credits ‘of which one can only earn a maximum of four per year. The amount of money needed for one credit varies from year to year. For people born before 1929, one credit is subtracted from each year before 1929. Services covered in part A include the cost of blood after the third pint in a calendar year; home health services that is, services ordered by the doctor if one experiences great difficulty in leaving home for the hospital. This covers the first 100 visits after leaving the hospital. It includes services such as physical therapy, speech and language pathology, occupational therapy, physical therapy, home aide services, medical supplies and equipment, medical social services, hospice care for people with terminal illness and doctor certified to live for only six or less years; hospital stay in a semi private room and the services related excluding doctors pay; and skilled nursing facility care for up to 100 days (Fruits 2009). This part generates its fund from payroll taxes levied on employers and employees with input amounting to 2.9% of payroll. Medicare part B is a medical insurance service funded by the government and covers expenses not covered in part A. These include out patient care, doctors visits and some preventative services, however, one must be enrolled for part A in order to enroll for part B. This is available to persons over 65 years who receive social security or retired rail road board benefits, individuals under the age of 65 who are disabled and those with Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Medicare Part D covers prescription drugs and is available to everyone with Medicare. It is provided by insurance companies as a separate coverage or through Medicare advantage plan. The cost for this part varies. A monthly premium is paid including the part B premium (Coulam and Gaumer, 1991). In 2009, the costs of funding the Medicare part A was $246 billion while that of Medicare B was $203 billion and Part D $63 billion. The total amounts to 3.6% of Gross Domestic Product. This program is expected to consist of 8.7% of U.S GDP by 2050.The Medicare program has an uncertain future in that it is funded from a pool of funds raised principally through FICA withholding on payroll. The financial equations of the funding system have changed since the fund was created, and more money is required to sustain it due to demog
Introduction Dialysis is a concept that is applied in medicine. It refers to the process of replacing a kidney when it stops functioning properly. The kidney stops functioning properly because of renal failure. Dialysis is practiced to those patients whose kidneys fail to function properly. In the case of acute renal failure, patients may be stable, but their kidneys may stop functioning altogether. This form of renal failure is referred to as End-Stage Kidney Disease (ESKD). In this case, the functions of the kidney decline after several years. This forces patients to seek kidney treatment so that they can survive (Stam 2). This paper will therefore look at dialysis as an alternative lifestyle. Kidney treatment There are various types of treatments that can be used to care for ESKD patients. The most common form of treatment that substitutes the lost functions of the kidney is kidney transplant. However, there are those patients who are not taken through the kidney transplant process because of medical reasons. Moreover, other patients cannot receive kidney transplants because of inadequate supply of donor kidneys. In addition, other patients avoid kidney transplant because they argue that kidney transplant is not the best alternative for them. In this perspective therefore, most patients who have been diagnosed with renal failure should be subjected to dialysis to help replace the lost functions of the kidney such as water and waste materials removal (Stam 7). Kidneys play a vital role in the body Kidneys play a vital role in the body because they ensure that a person’s body remains healthy. When the kidneys are healthy, they ensure that the body maintains a proper balance of water and minerals. The various minerals that the kidney regulates in the body include potassium, chloride, sodium, calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, and sulfate. The kidney is also responsible for getting rid of the acid metabolism bi-products which cannot be removed through the process of respiration. Kidneys also play an important role in terms of facilitating the production of red blood cells and in the formation of bones. The drawback associated with dialysis is that it does not substitute the endocrine roles of the kidney (Henrich 15). Kidney diseases have raised concerns all over the world The rising cases of kidney diseases are raising concerns all over the world. This is because most health programs are being forced to struggle with the increasing demand for dialysis treatment. Most people in the world today are adopting unhealthy lifestyles which have led to increased case
Introduction Despite the fact that racism was at its maximum in the past years there exists a new form of racism in the society today. Racism that is in the society today is not evident like that of the early 19 th and 20 th century which was characterized by among other things separation based on color of the skin, religious differences especially the religion of the blacks and that for the whites. These acts were quite evident in the society. Today unlike the case of the traditional racism, there is a different form of racism which might not be as clear as the traditional racism. It involves the application of a more restrained kind of behavior unlike the use of violence in the traditional racism. Modern racism The kind of racism that is in the society today has gone to the extent that it cannot be visible but it effects are felt. Discrimination occurs mainly in the workplaces. Though so many companies claim that they are providing equal opportunities for all the employees it is doubtful whether all the workers are accorded fair treatment in their specific work area. One most evident form of discrimination in the work place has been explained by the glass ceiling effect. This explains that though people do the same tasks in the work place there are undetectable differences in their salaries, the position that they hold in the company and promotions especially among men and women. In most companies it is found that women make up the highest number of employees in companies. There is other evidence of discrimination in the society which include the attaching certain abilities to some tribes, for example Asians are regarded as intelligent while blacks are good in athletics (Perry, 2007). Institutional discrimination There exist both individual and institutional forms of discrimination in the society today. Institutional discrimination is evident in modern racism. It occurs mostly in organizations and well known government associations. These include police acts, lack of employment issues in housing and educational sectors among others. Differences in the salary scales and promotions in the work place are seen in public offices. Fight against racism The fight against racism has been in the hearts of any for over 50 years now. Individuals, communities and the nation as a whole have a role to play in achieving this goal. As individuals we should be vigilant so as to deal with all issues of racism whenever they occur. For example if one is a teacher he or she should be able to address any form of discrimination that occurs. For example if a student makes a discriminative remark that pupil should be corrected. We should be able to address the issues of racism before they occur especially in areas where racism is likely to exist. To be able to address the issues of racism individuals should beware of the differences that are likely to occur be keen on monitoring the interactions between individuals and create awareness about the diversities that
In the essay “Sweatshop Oppression,” Rajeev Ravisankar begins by appealing to the audience and making the readers feel equal to him. The problem he identifies is low-cost-driven consumerism and the associated devaluation of the high human cost. Ravisankar assumes his readers relate to “poor” college students’ desire to buy as much as possible at the lowest prices. His purpose in this essay is to educate the readers on the unacceptable conditions under which sweatshops usually operate and identify ways to address the issue. To accomplish this purpose, he appeals mainly to activists and students concerned with the problem by using ethos and pathos. In particular, Ravisankar calls upon the audience’s values and emotions, highlighting the companies’ interest in increasing profits by any means and describing the abhorrent working conditions at sweatshops. He also appeals to companies drawing their attention to the sweatshop issues that are harmful to their employees. In his essay, Ravisankar addresses the main argument against his thesis, the idea that anti-sweatshop activists affect the low-income households in the developing world as companies disappear at specific locations, creating higher unemployment rates. He refutes this argument by saying that not anti-sweatshop activists but companies are to blame for cheap labor and lack of job opportunities in certain areas. Finally, he concludes by makin
Introduction This paper discusses why credit card companies should not market to college students .The culture of spending has become an important shaper of societal approach towards money and is now a widespread way of life in colleges. In a bid to get more customers, the credit card companies target college students, and to do this, they employ assertive marketing techniques in order to attract students. College students have been raised in homes where money acquired through credit is used without inhibitions (Ritzer 1995).Since credit is available easily, students tend to overspend. College students now have easier access to credit than any earlier generations. However, the use of credit cards and the debts that is a consequence of cards have become an increasingly monetary threat to students. Today’s credit card companies are getting outrageously ridiculous with their marketing ideas and strategies. Many of their strategies are pointed towards people who are more likely to be irresponsible. The one strategy I would like to talk to you about and my opinion about it is credit card companies should not be on campus marketing to college students. Why credit companies target college students One point of view to this is that credit card companies target college students because many of them are young. Younger people are most likely naive and do not spend their money wisely. They would use a credit card for everything and maybe let the balance pile up and only pay the minimum. This would make the interest pile up and when they did pay their bill, most of the payment would be going towards the interest. This would be making the credit card companies more money. Another point of view would be that maybe credit card companies think that if people are smart enough to go to college that maybe they are really smart with their money and are completely in control of their financial status. Maybe the companies view it as a place to pick up some continuous valued customers. I got that point of view when I asked my mother to read what I was writing and that was her point of view! I do see her point of view as a valuable opinion and I enjoyed her criticism of the topic. But let me tell you some of the facts and things that I have learned while studying this argument. In a report from trueCredit.com students graduate from collage while being indebted to credit companies for significant amounts This report further indicates that ten percent of undergraduates graduate with thousand of dollars as loans. After finishing your studies it’s a night mare for you to start thinking of paying debt to credit cards companies. It’s more than enough for a twenty year old to think of how he will pay school loans, utilities and rent if he used them and how he will support himself in life. There will be bills to be paid every month and other additional debt, for example, car loan. That is already a lot of concerns that must handled by a young student. Prior to going to college, a s
Article Summary The news article under analysis, titled MDG poverty goals may be achieved, but child mortality is not improving , appears in the Guardian newspaper. The article was authored by Claire Provost and details the progress in achieving the Millennium Development Goals (MDG), especially by developing countries. Provost begins by stating that two-thirds of developing countries are on course to meeting the MDG targets in fighting poverty, according to reports from the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund (IMF). Provost then cites reports from the Global Monitoring Report that mentioned that the number of persons living below the poverty line would decrease to 883 million by 2015. This would be a large significant drop since the number of people living in acute poverty had been 1.4 billion in 2005 and 1.8 billion in 1990. The progress in achieving the first goal- to cut the number of people living in poverty by half- is evidenced by the high growth rates in China and India. The report further shows that China is on course to reducing poverty by 4.8%, however, some African countries may fail to achieve the MDG goals by 2015. Progress in combating poverty may be hampered further by the high and unstable food prices, and could increase the number of people living in extreme poverty. World Bank president, Thomas Zoellick, gives strategies for reducing poverty levels and prevents future food crises. These include a ban on food exports, improve access to information on food quality, quantity, and increase food reserves. Despite the progress of developing progress in achieving MDGs, maternal and child mortality rates remain the most challenging issues as 40% of developing nations are not likely to meet this target despite a lot of resources being directed at this effort. Sanitation targets are a challenge too as 45% of developing nations have deviated from the path to achieving MDGs on sanitation. Topics Related to the Article Two topics can be derived from this news article: socio-cultural issues and human development. Socio-cultural issues arise from the reference to social issues such as maternal and child mortality rates. Besides, the article reports that a number of developing nations are on course to meeting MDGs on primary education and access to clean water. Provost writes that no low-income country has achieved significant progress in lowering mortality for children under the age of five, and most of them are likely to fail on this target. The countries are on course to achieving targets on primary education access and eradicate gender disparity in the education sector. All of these subjects: maternal and child mortality, education, reflect on the socio-cultural aspect of life in developing countries. Human development is reflected on Provost’s discussion of the progress of developing countries in achieving the MDGs on education. Education is a very important aspect of human development, and failure to achieve this target will likely affect human development in these nations. Fortunately, the report mentions that most developing countries are on target to achieving MDG targets on educ
Abstract The objective of this research paper was to establish the impact of e-marketing on consumers’ attitudes towards Emirates Airline’s products in the global arena. The research reviewed the perception of customers towards the airline’s e-marketing strategies and how they influence their attitude towards the products. The research was carried out through a primary research survey consisting of 200 randomly picked respondents. The researcher used questionnaires that were mailed to respondents and collected after 4 days. The results indicated that there is a positive relationship between e-marketing and customer attitude towards the products being marketed by Emirates Airlines. From the analysis, there is a need for Emirates Airlines to invest more on appealing adverts to improve product intake, especially at the global market level. However, there is a need for further research involving a larger sample space to make scientific conclusions that can withstand tests in different regions and markets. Introduction It is important to review the impacts of e-marketing on purchasing behavior concerning customers of the Emirates Airline products. Since the beginning of the last decade, the Emirates Airline has quickly embraced the e-marketing strategies to be on par with other airlines within the global business arena. In the last two decades, e-marketing has played a key role in product promotion for the airline. The most common e-marketing platforms that the Emirates Airline uses include social media, the internet, and cable television. This paper will attempt to establish the actual impact of e-marketing on the attitude of customers towards the products of Emirates Airlines at a global level. Significance of the study Several studies have been carried out on the role that online marketing plays in increasing product sales within the airline industry. However, no such study has been done particularly focusing on how the e-marketing strategies should be intertwined with the consumer attitude to ensure effectiveness in promoting products and services at the global level. This paper extensively analyses primary data to illustrate how e-marketing influences consumer attitudes towards products of Emirates Airlines at a global level. The study is significant in establishing how different e-marketing strategies of Emirates Airlines should be modified to influence positive product intake across the globe. Research problem statement Emirates Airline has been strategic in consumer behavior analysis in a systematic manner using various consumer behavior models as impacted by how a product is marketed. For instance, the company has developed 360-degree feedback and consumer surveys to modify the products to
Managers all around the world are always looking for ways of improving their businesses through innovation, but most of the time are frustrated by poor results. Stuart Crainer’s interview with the innovation guru, Costas Markides, in “Innovation Globally” ( Business Strategy Review 21.1 (2010): 24-27. Web) provides managers with techniques of innovating globally. This article has two main purposes: first, is to provide guidelines on how established companies can respond to the invasion of a disruptive business model in their industries; secondly, is how managers can apply ideas to non-business situations to find solutions for some global problems. In this article, the author addresses the following key question: “can the techniques used by managers to create innovation inside organizations work with global change?” (Crainer, 25). The most important information in this article is on how to disrupt the disrupter in the marketplace. Markides points out that the most successful way of responding to competitive challenges is by disrupting the disrupter. This strategy involves observing the business challenger and developing techniques of outdoing it in the market. The challenger most of the time comes up with products that correspond to the ones of the established business and adds more weight on the different product characteristics. Therefore, managers of established companies should find new ways of disrupting the strategies of the competitors. Markides also maintains that it is better for a company to make changes when it is booming rather than when it is having trouble on its growth. Innovation and continued success depends on the manager of an organization capability of taking drastic action, even when the business is on top of the marketplace. Introducing change at this stage gives managers the luxury and the credibility of rejuvenating the organization. The main inference in this article is that managers can apply sound ideas to non-business situations to find amicable solutions to a number of global issues. Management, as the art of bringing individuals together for a common objective, can be used to solve societal problems such as crime and prostitution. The article illustrates this point by giving a scenario of a research professor, called David Kennedy, who found a successful way of de
Evidence based practice (EBP) is a process through which decisions are reached based on scientific and clinical principles. Through EBP, the preferences and values of patients are harnessed to ensure that there is a cohesive healthcare program. Evidence based practice is subject to various challenges including conflicting personal preferences and beliefs (Bostrom, Rudman, Ehrenberg & Wallin, 2013). EPB changes are often slowed down by inadequacies of time and finances. These two factors are necessary in order to sensitize medical practitioners and patients among other healthcare stakeholders about EBP. This essay outlines a plan for resources that can be used to support EBP changes in a clinical setting. The challenges that are encountered during the implementation of EBP changes can be overcome through the co-operation of all healthcare stakeholders. To ensure closer interaction between the patients and healthcare providers, the human resource departments are required to institute measures that will streamline the progress of the EBP plan. These measures include employing healthcare staff that are drawn from various communities, genders, age groups, and social classes among other social groupings. This strategy will lead to a comprehensive understanding of the tastes, preferences, and tastes of patients from these social groups. Where it is not possible to have a large number of healthcare staff who are drawn from various social groups, it would be expedient to equip the contemporary staff with skills that can enable them to understand the environment that they are working in. Consequently, the healthcare staff will be able to deliver health services effectively. Healthcare workers should also be sensitized on the need to respect and uphold patients’ likings to enable the latter feel as part of the medical practice. This is a very important step considering the patients and healthcare practitioners could be from different social settings and hence have differing beliefs. A substantial amount of financial capital should be committed to EBP research in order for professionals to understand the tastes, likes, dislikes, and beliefs that are associated with individuals from each social setting or group. This financial strategy will enable the healthcare providers to understand their patients in a better manner. Consequently, the healthcare professionals will be prepared to serve their clients to the best of their ability. Inadequacy of information concerning finance can be a major hindrance to the progress of EBP. People of different communities, nations, races, and even religions have varying beliefs that should be taken into consideration if EBP is to be harnessed. Concepts are better comprehended when they are practiced as opposed to when they are read theoretically. Th