ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Exploring the Historical Trends and Ideologies of Consumerism It had long been considered that the consumerism and consumption patterns used to establish social limits among the existing social groups. However, the emergence of mass culture, as well as proliferation of cultural identities, led to the contrary outcomes. It has been emphasized, therefore, that “the social patterning of consumption in an increasingly mystified social world” (Holt, 1998, p. 1). Despite this definition, social class distinction had long been associated with different lifestyle patterns that identified consumerism habits among the populations. The culture of consumption, therefore, is a multi-faceted phenomenon that has been developing over time and space. It has also created underpinnings for the development of counter movements, as well as provided a basis for the development of mass culture and advertising. At the same time, lifestyle identifies have been significantly promoted by means of advertising and by creating the advertising categories of consumerist behavior. Most importantly, people’s behavior has become largely dependent on specific lifestyles, options, or choices dictated by mass culture. According to Leiss and Botteril (2005), “…individuals often define themselves through a rejection of certain lifestyle options” (p. 267). In this respect, the customization of products has limited the choice of consumers leading to a specific cultural and social diversity. Tracking the Emergence of Hip Consumerism The emergence of consumerism culture leads to the critique of consumerist perspectives. Hip consumerism appeared as a counterculture movement fighting against the mass culture imposes a limited possibility to choose. As a result, people often purchase many products which, in fact, are not necessary for them because they bring neither use nor happiness to consumers. Because consumerism is strongly correlated with conformity, homogeneity, and structure, the opposing view is more focused on the issues that stand beyond this hierarchy. In fact, people neglect such important “social priorities, like health, education, famine relief, and so forth” and, as a result, “a consumerist society is thought to be one that is governed by a set of priorities that no reasonable person would endorse upon reflection” (Heath, 2001, p. 3). Hip consumerism can also be defined as a rebel, countercultural movement against modern consumerism whose primary purp
Observation summary Psychological analysis of the child’s behavior should be based on the cognitive and psychodynamic issues expressed in the process of observation. Taking into account Erikson’s theory of psychological development, it is important to underline the fact that Quinn is observed to have problems with attention in class especially when instructions are being given. According to theoretical conceptions of cognitive world perception developed by Erikson, a child is to get right understanding of family and learning norms. (Almeida & Woods, 1998) In case with Quinn, the child is observed to be inquisitive, when he questions the teacher concerning putting toys away. Erikson states that a child is to express interest in communication process and contact with people; Quinn is observed to be friendly when he is seen shaking hands with the other children. He is observed to interrupt the teacher. (Psychodynamic Theories Continued; n.d.) Being focused on Freud’s theory of Ego in the process of child’s interaction with external world, one should underline the fact that the child participates in the activity but during questioning he only repeats what other learners say. (Szasz, n.d.) There is another activity concerning reporting on a bear and it is Quinn’s turn. He shows some good imagination as he explains chasing the bear and sleeping with it. When it comes to passing over the bear Quinn, seems to be having a particular student in mind. The teacher reinforces the behavior by telling him to pick the new student from the bowl. The next task observed concerns security and Quinn does not participate. His attention shifts to shaking hands with other students. At one time he is observed copying the behavior of another student who was playing with the hood on his shirt. He is also fond of making race car noises during story time, safety exercise time and snack time until when he is redirected and stopped by the teacher. Quinn is noted making many hand movements. When the teacher asks him to stop his noises, he is unable to sit still as required by the teacher. In the next activity he is seen to participate fully by picking the boys to go and pick their snacks first in the circle bin. He is observed not to be engaging other students during snack time at the table and he has to be instructed several times. Quinn is observed making several faces at the table and repeating video game noises and putting his finger
The theme of marriage has often been a subject of many plays, novels, essays, and poems. It is a transcendent topic that is relevant at any time in the history of human development. While gender norms and expectations change, the desires of partners to have a strong, lasting, and loving relationship never vanish. This paper aims to explore the theme of marriage using two couples from notable plays, Nora and Torvald from A Doll’s House (1879) and Rose and Troy from Fences (1985). The couples are similar because both of them are heterosexual, have one or more children, and follow traditional gender roles. While marriages start well at first, acts of betrayal, although of different types, contribute to spouses’ disillusionment and their ultimate breakup. A Doll’s House explores love and marriage in great detail by illustrating the relationship between Nora and Torvald. Notably, the play aims to discover whether there can be love in marriage, which lasts a long time. At the beginning of the play, the two spouses appear to be in a happy relationship; Nora speaks lovingly of her husband, while Torvald affectionately uses pet names to refer to his wife. While their marriage has been built on love, it is still ruled by social norms and expectations, with Nora having to obey her husband and allow him to make decisions on behalf of their couple. Torvald must present to his peers as an individual who has a successful marriage with a beautiful and dutiful spouse. Thus, as Nora goes behind her husband’s back to borrow money from Krogstad, she seemingly breaks his trust in Torvald. The family needed money for Torvald’s treatment as his doctor underlined the importance for him to be in a different place to survive. Thus, the wife decides to borrow some money to fund a year that her husband can spend in Italy. She even forges her late father’s signature for the loan because, at that time, money could only be borrowed by a man, and the whole process was socially condemned. Keeping this secret is crucial to Nora because she is sure that if it is revealed, her husband will sacrifice his reputation by taking the blame for the loan, ruining himself. Even though her husband has played the role of a reputable man who values his place in society, Nora believes that Torvald’s love for her is much stronger and more profound. However, as everything comes to light, the wife discovers that her husband has not been playing a role but instead cares about his reputation more than anything, and he will never risk it to protect his wife. Torvald says, “I would gladly work night and day for you, Nora – bear sorrow and want for your sake. But no man would sacrifice his honor for the one he loves” (Ibse
Introduction The US demographics have been changing at a very high rate in the recent years. According to the US Census Bureau (2010), 32% of the population consists of multicultural minority groups. The census report (2010) also projects that by the year 2060, minority group will comprise of the whites. Increase in cultural diversity comes with some challenges that can eventually escalate into real problems. Criminal Justice System Diversity Problems The US criminal justice system has experienced some challenges related to cultural diversity (Limbaugh, 2011). For instance, in November 2011, Cape Coral police department was under scrutiny following allegations that minority groups were being discriminated against (Limbaugh, 2011). According to a report filed by blacks and Latinos, police officers were unfairly arresting and accusing minority groups without reasonable grounds. As Limbaugh (2011) notes, these groups attributed the unfair treatment they received to their race because whites were treated differently. The Cape Coral complaint was not an isolated case. There have been claims that minority groups are over-represented in correctional facilities and under-represented in employment in the criminal justice system (Limbaugh, 2011). In addition, it has also been claimed that judges give discriminatory and undeserving sentences to suspects from minority groups (Limbaugh, 2011). On the other hand, as Limbaugh (2011) points out, concerns have been raised regarding the relationship between race and criminal activities. It is claimed that the high rates of incarceration among minority groups result from their high association with criminal activities rather than mere prejudice (Limbaugh, 2011). Whichever way this debate goes, there is a problem to be addressed. People from different cultural backgrounds have different attitudes and beliefs (Johns, 2004). Individuals with different attitudes and beliefs see and interpret things in different ways. In this regard, police activities affect people from different cultural backgrounds differently. Consequently, such activities attract different reactions depending on the culture of the group in question (Johns, 2004). This kind of misunderstanding reduces trust between police officers and local communities. Therefore, criminal justice system employees should be trained to enable them develop cordial working relationships with the local communities. The training should focus on the following areas. Training Criminal Justice Employees Training of criminal justice employees should be designed to achieve specific objectives. At the end of the training, Johns (2004) notes that learners should be able to identify some of the benefits and challenges associated with cultural diversity in the context of criminal justice system. Learners should also be able to identify factors that undermine trust between them and the communities they serve. Criminal justice system employees should also demonstrate skills necessary to address the identified problems (Johns, 2004). To achieve these objectives, employees should understand culture as discussed below. Culture entails norms th
Alfred Russell Wallace The article summarizes the life of Wallace and his desire to invest in understanding the theory of evolution. Nearly all his entire life is dedicated to collecting different organisms, which form his basis for understanding the differences in these organisms. Wallace indirectly contributes to the theory of evolution, which was linked to the natural selection of the organisms by Charles Darwin. The idea of evolution as defined by the differences in characteristics that were inherited by the organisms within generations. These characteristics would change within time as new generations were ushered in. Natural selection, on the other hand, involved the development of new characteristics by organisms based on the suitability of the characteristics into the environment on which the organisms were living (Quammen 9). These characteristics would enable the organisms to be comfortable with the environment in which they are living. Wallace was able to identify that short-necked giraffes had been replaced by long-necked giraffes due to the demand of the environment for long-necked giraffes. Wallace also contributed much in prompting Charles Darwin to publish his book, The origin of species . Wallace traveled to many places during his study work. These places include the Amazon River, which is located in South America and the Malay Archipelago. The great work done by Wallace led to the development of what is known as the Wallace line that divides Archipelago into two parts. The eastern part represented organisms of the Australian origin while the western organisms represented organisms of the Asian descent. Wallace is referred to as the father of biogeography. Wallace was concerned with the study of the distribution of the different types of organisms within a certain geographic locality within a certain geographic time frame. This study basically borrowed ideas from field of geography, evolution and geology. Wallace hypothesis was to demonstrate how natural selection was contributing to the development of new species through the development of many characteristics that would fit the environment. Despite his great work in the theory of natural selection, Wallace was also a great activist who was concerned with conservation of the environment. Wallace was one of the scientists who raised the issue of negative impacts on the environment due to human activities. Wallace was inspired by other scientists and he decided to travel in different areas to do his research work. Wallace first travelled to the Amazon River where he collected insects and other animal species. He intentionally collected these organisms in order to sell them to the collectors in the United Kingdom. Wallace continued to live in Rio Negro where he collected information about the people, their language and also information on the animals and plants that were found in the region. Wallace decided to go back to United Kingdom after four years in Amazon. During his journey, the ship catches fire and the specimens which
The given readings provide essential insights regarding the issue of motivational interviewing (MI) in the clinical environment. In their research study, Miller and Rose (2009) pinpoint that MI should be composed of the two elements: the relational component with a focus on empathy and relationships and the technical one that implies reinforcement of patients’ change talk. The causal chain appearing as a result of such an approach connects therapists and clients. Hays (2001) discusses the culturally responsive therapy that can be applied to such levels as family, couple, individuals, groups, etc. This approach recognizes that culture and society significantly affect patients’ lives. Therefore, it is critical for a therapist to be aware of diversity, adaptation techniques, and non-verbal expressions to create a multicultural environment, in which people would be able to receive and provide support to others. The article by Sobell and Sobell (2008) reflects on examples of MI techniques and strategies. The authors cover such approaches as asking permission, eliciting change talk, exploring confidence and significance, listening, decisional balancing, feedback, etc. Explaining every issue in detail, they provide specific questions or phrases that may be used to communicate with patients. This article is guidance to use in practice with the aim of establishing good relationships with clients. Morrison (2014) focuses on the first interviews with patients regarding their history of the present illnesses, feelings, and social and personal issues that may worry them. The awareness of the enumerated aspects is likely to provide a therapist with valuable information and help to improve health outcomes in patients. Both negative and positive feelings and events, childhood history, and family background are important and should be revealed via emotional cues.
The unemployment rate has been on the rise in the United Arabs Emirates for the last five decades. According to recent statistics, the current rate of unemployment stands at 13.5 % and the figure is expected to continue rising if appropriate measures are not taken to deal with the situation (Katzman 35). It is estimated that 38% of the UAE nationals within the working age have no jobs. The major concern about unemployment situation is that almost 30% of University graduates still remain unemployed (Katzman 35). The policymakers in the UAE have a very serious problem to deal with if they intend to avoid potential social issues. The youth are the most affected by the unemployment problem with statistics indicating that almost 12% of the Emirati youths are jobless (Gonzalez 112). This paper will highlight some of the main reasons for unemployment in the UAE and what should be done to deal with the crisis. The education system in the UAE does not prepare students well for the job market (Gonzalez 112). Students find it difficult to adapt to the work environment because their training is inadequate. A good number of young people in the UAE were surveyed and most of them confessed that they were not prepared to cope with the work requirements especially those to do with communication. English and Arabic are the major languages in the UAE and almost 58% of graduates can not communicate effectively in either of the two languages (Gonzalez 112). Communication problems are a major factor in the unemployment situation in the UAE. Colleges and universities in the UAE have failed in their role of equipping students with the relevant practical skills that are needed in the job market (Uz Zaman 67). The training offered to students with institutions of higher learning leaves them with limited career options. The unemployment rate in UAE is very high because of an influx of foreign expatriates who take the majority of employment opportunities in the country (Uz Zaman 69). A survey conducted in 2008 indicated that almost of 70% of the jobs in the UAE are occupied by foreign expatriates (Gonzalez 137). The UAE government does not have elaborate plans to create employment opportunities for the local people. A research conducted in 2008 indicated that the unemployment rate of expatriates was almost five times lower than that of locals (Gonzalez 138). Foreign expatriates are therefore another factor in the current unemployment crisis in the UAE. The third reason for the high unemployment rate in the UAE is the failure by the UAE government to come with policies and strategies aimed at creating employment for its people (Al Abed 89). It is the responsibility of any government to create employment opportunities for its people by building more industries and providing the right environment for the private sector to create more jobs for the locals (Al Abed 89). In conclusion,
Born in Paris, France, in 1840, Claude Monet is considered to be the founder of impressionist style and philosophy in painting. Throughout his career, Monet portrayed consistence and prolific application of impressionism philosophy in his paintings, which emphasized on his perceptions of nature “as it is”. In fact, one of his early paintings, “the Impression Sunrise”, is considered the foundation of the impressionist movement. Monet believed that his work was based on scientific study of life and nature (Rewald, 2009). Therefore, most of his works were paintings of various aspects of nature, especially landscapes and real-life scenarios. Monet’s painting “The Water Lilies” is an example of his work that portrays how Monet viewed and valued the nature. This painting indicates that the painter appreciated it and sought to present the aspect of nature as it appeared in the environment. The painting, which was done using oil on canvas style, depicts a scenery in a Pond, somewhere in France. It shows an aesthetic scene created by light reflection by water and several water lilies on the water surface. According to analysts, Monet used his view of nature with an aim of appreciating the nature and inspiring human’s appreciation of their world. Figure 1: Claude Monet’s Water Lillies, 1919 (Rewald, 2009) It is most likely that Monet’s target audience was the public in general. It was probably meant to show off the beauty of pods in Paris. The color in the painting indicates how the painter used different colors to depict nature. Light reflection by water under the water lilies is a major aspect of the painting. It provides an indication that Monet wanted to impress the audience with the beauty of surrounding nature. In fact, this 1919 painting was done during the last days of Monet’s work and life, after over seventy years of painting. During this time, Monet had already developed his impressionist idea and decided to paint landscape throughout his remaining days. As aforementioned, Monet’s Water Lilies painting belongs to the impressionist era. Therefore, it is worth reviewing the meaning of the19 th century artistic style and philosophy. Impressionism comes from the French term Impression , which was derived from Monet’s earlier work “Impression, soleil levent” (Impression, Sunrise). However, it is worth noting that Monet did not use this term to refer to his idea, but rather Louis Leroy, an art critic, used coined the term “Impressionism” to refer to the moveme
Social media present a platform for potential business growth. People use them on an everyday basis. Twitter, Facebook, and other social networks have become the primary source of information for many people. The reason for this is that each of these sites uses a newsfeed. The posts of their friends are mixed with the posts of communities, channels, and public pages they have subscribed to. Using the newsfeed service, it is possible to capture users’ attention to any business entity, including Happy Valley Yogurt. Facebook has a unique feature, which allows sharing fiscal cards between Facebook users. Once a user receives the card by e-mail, they can make purchases with the money stored on it. Happy Valley Yogurt can send out Facebook cards to its followers. They will receive cards with the balance that allows them to buy the company’s drink. Such an action would attract social attention, which will, in turn, bring about an increase in sales. Customers are driven towards seemingly costless experiences. Social media can provide such experiences with minimum effort involved (Wilcox and Cameron 240). For instance, Happy Valley Yogurt may promise a free drink to any customer who posts an image of themselves with the company’s product on Instagram. Instagram is known for its stories, which have shoppable tags. These tags allow businesses to mark their products. Anytime a user posts a story with Happy Valley Yogurt’s product, their subscribers will see the company and its initiative and will be compelled to purchase products for themselves. YouTube analyses the videos and sorts them according to their popularity. The more popular the video is, the more likely it is to appear in the recommended video feed. Happy Valley Yogurt can utilize this mechanic by posting a video about a new product and making it viral by inviting people to like it or making an advertisement based on it. Media interest generates consumer attention, which leads to more purchases of the promoted products. Twitter has the function to create Twitter Moments. It allows authors to create continuous stories by linking various tweets into one narrative. It is a useful feature, which helps distinguish a certain event among the thousands of other tweets. Happy Valley Yogurt can create a Tweeter Moment, which will refer to a certain event, such as a free giveaway, a temporary discount, or the introduction of a new product. Users will instantly see the corresponding tweets and will be more aware of the Happy Valley Yogurt’s offers. Finally, Pinterest allows advertisers to do targeted marketing. Each user has a pinboard, which comprises images and videos of interest to them. Considering that many people use Pinterest for shopping, advertisers can create content, which is similar to the one contained in personal pinboards. When a user sees an image or a video that coincide with those in their portfolio, they will take interest. Thus, Pinterest’s targeted marketing increases the chances of users getting acquainted with Happy Valley Yogurt and buying its produce. In my