ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction The human body functions well under certain body conditions. One such condition is temperature. For metabolism and other processes to go smoothly, the temperature of the body has to be kept at a certain level. There are times when due to certain reasons that will be identified later in this essay, the body temperature drops below the required level, thus affecting the rate at which metabolism takes place. This is what is called hypothermia (Mccullough & Arora 2325-2329). Hypothermia is a combination of two words with different root meanings. Hypo is a scientific connotation for less or below while thermic has its etymology linked to thermal which refers to heat. Thus the word formed, hypothermia makes perfect sense when it refers to low body temperature The human body functions at a temperature that experiments and measurements have fixed at 36.5 degrees Celsius. But at times it drops to a low of 35.5 degrees Celsius or even much lower and at this point, no metabolism can take place. Hypothermia a metabolic disorder has been divided into three categories. These categories or divisions are based on the severity of the base temperature of the body. The first case is the worst for hypothermia (Mccullough & Arora 2325-2331). It is called and one is declared to be suffering from extreme hypothermic conditions if the temperature of the body is below 20 degrees Celsius. At this point, no metabolism takes place at all and no remedial procedures are needed so that the victim does not lose his life because the victim is already dead. The next level is called severe hypothermia. An individual whose hypothermic situation has reached severe levels has a body temperature of between 21 degrees Celsius and 32 degrees Celsius. At this point, metabolism is also not possible and speedy steps to restore the normal body temperature are unnecessary since, in clinical terms, the body is already dead. The brain is however functional at this point. The problem is that it does not continue functioning for long and the fact that the body is already dead means that the function of the brain is of no value. Leaving severe hypothermia aside, there is moderate hypothermia. In this case, an individual’s body temperature falls below the 29 degrees Celsius to 32 degrees Celsius range. The last category of hypothermia is when the temperature of the body of an individual falls below the 36.5 degrees level but it does not drop much lower. It remains above the 32 degrees range but it does not rise to the normal level. Historical perspective of Hypothermia There has been little to no mythic connection to low body temperatures from most cultures. It is one of the
Before the 9/11 attack, the police intelligence had no connection with the military intelligence. The police intelligence was concerned with issues that affected the locals while the military intelligence was charged with the responsibility of ensuring that American interests are safe in oversees states. The police had a sole role of ensuring that local criminals are dealt with in accordance to the law. The security forces exercised specialization and division of labor because the military could not interfere with the role of the police. Since 9/11, actors at the international system have posed serious challenges to the existence of states. In this regard, states have reacted to terrorism threats by formulating policies aimed at unifying the activities of security agencies at the local, national, and state levels (Kelling, & Bratton, 2006). Terrorists utilize various techniques, including the use of weapons of mass destruction and small arms. In Mumbai, terrorists used small arms to extend their heinous acts to innocent citizens. Due to this, the US government has come up with policies aimed at strengthening the operations of the police. However, the policies are perceived to affect various levels of government, including the state, local and national governments. Terrorists might be living with local communities yet the government searches for them in other countries. There needs to be a policy that would link up the activities of the police with those of the military. A terrorist might reside in the US while committing other crimes, such as drug abuse, abduction, and carjacking in order to fund terrorist activities. The joint operation between the military intelligence and police intelligence would help identify the activities of terrorists both locally and internationally (Eack, 2008). The local police have a great role to play according to the new policy. The main role of the local police is to keep an eye on the activities of foreigners and lend its ears to the demands of the locals as far as security is concerned. In other words, the local police are charged with the responsibility of information collection. It collects raw data that must be analyzed by other security agencies before acting. In this regard, the local police employ community policing as one of the major strategies towards kicking out terrorists in the community. Through community policing, the local police would be in a position to establish strong links with the locals, as well as build trust. The local police are referred to as the first preventers because they obtain important information from the locals and act to stop terrorists from accomplishing their missions (Carter, 2004). The state police have a role to play in the information sharing policy because the state police advise the governor on the best practices to employ regarding terrorism. Apart from o
Executive Summary The discussion presented below describes market equilibrium as a scenario when the recorded level of supply and demand intersects. The introduction of a shock will alter or adjust both supply and demand. The decision by the government of Germany to introduce a price ceiling will trigger a similar outcome. Nonetheless, more people in this county will be in a position to afford electricity despite the possible shortage in energy supply. Market at Equilibrium In the field of economics, a given market will be in a perfect equilibrium when the forces of demand and supply overlap (see Fig 1). This scenario will usually trigger what is known as equilibrium price (P1). If the targeted market does not encounter any external influence, chances are high are that the identified variables will remain unchanged (Ngondya and Mwangoka, 2017). This representation depicts the Germany electricity market before the introduction of the proposed shock. Fig 1. Market equilibrium The selected shock for the current scenario is that of fixing price at a specific level. When the intended commodity or product is marketed at the implemented value, the level of demand (D2) will increase since more people will be able to afford it (Ngondya and Mwangoka, 2017). Incidentally, the recorded supply might remain constant for a period of time and eventually drop (see Fig 2). Fig 2. Introduction of a shock This analysis echoes the scenario expected in Germany if the government introduces a price ceiling on electricity. Such a move will encourage more Germans to purchase electricity than ever before. This decision is essential since it will protect more consumers of power (Ohlhorst, 2015). The national grid could become strained and disorient the current level of electricity supply. Possible Consequences The identified price ceiling will have specific consequences on Germany’s electricity sector. The outstanding outcome is that more citizens will be in need of power than ever before. The available generators and distributors will also find it hard to meet the demand. Consequently, different regions across the country might record increased power shortages (Böhringer, Landis and Reaños, 2017). Excess demand will become a reality should the government invest heavily to minimize scarcity. A detailed analysis and knowledge of these possible outcomes will guide all policymakers to make informed decisions regarding the move. Market Forces Perfect markets experience diverse forces that can eventually stabilize the equilibrium. In Germany, the National Energy Act of 1988 established the country’s electricity sector as the best example of a natural monopoly (Ohlhorst, 2015). This move reduced chances of competition among different producers and suppliers of this utility. From this knowledge, it is agreeable that the introduction of a price ceiling would force all stakeholders to provide electricity at the recommended price. Such an initiative will ensure that the existing force of supply, price, and demand do n
Ethical Issue The ethical issue presented in Robert Capps’s article “Why Things Fail” is the need for companies to produce products that are durable enough to meet the clients’ demands. It is clearly demonstrated in the article that most mechanical devices will fail to perform for the period they are expected to is attained, and this involves even the best-engineered products. This has presented a lot of dilemmas to manufacturing companies who are faced with meeting the clients’ needs. The dilemma of the companies is based on the fact that technological advancements have resulted in the need for the development of products that are highly efficient, small in size, light, and more powerful. This means materials for making new products have to change. Materials that can meet these new technological demands are normally less durable, thereby lasting only but for a short time. Companies are, therefore, in a dilemma: Should they produce durable products that are 100% failure-free within the stipulated time, or should they produce products that meet the new technological demands? Personal Feeling Competition between different manufacturing companies and the ever-changing customer demands are the main factors that have contributed to the high failure rate. In terms of competition, manufacturing companies feel unless they outdo their competitors in the field of innovation, their products may become irrelevant and hated by clients. They, therefore, end up struggling to outdo their competitor without paying enough attention to the quality of their products. Clients, on the other hand, have impacted to this due to their high and ever-changing demands. They desire small, light, powerful, and efficient products that still should be durable. In reality, this is not attainable. There is, therefore, a need to strike a balance between technology and durability. Further Research Several studies have documented the ever-changing customer needs as a great challenge to the development of new products. According to Kano Analysis, the manner in which the company analyzes and determines the needs of the customer is critical to ensuring the success of the product and maintaining the customers. The analysis revealed that for most of the clients, their satisfaction is dependent on the extent to which the product will be fully functional. This means, apart from the new desirable features in new products, customers still value durability. Basic customer needs need to be satisfied as these allow the company to establish itself in the market. Performance needs are critical in ensuring the company remains in the market while excitement needs allow the company to excel and become world-class. New product launch is a great challenge also because it’s always welcomed with lots of expectations from customers who always desire a product that fully addresses their needs but doesn’t affect the basic needs. The development of a new product, therefore, requires vision, focus, research, and paying attention to detail. Final Opinion and Recommendation The needs of the customers will forever change and increase. Though there is a need for th
Introduction According to Gehdoo (2004), medical practitioners have historically undertreated children for pain and painful procedures on the assumption that they do not feel the pain or that they forget the painful experiences faster than adults do. Gehdoo (2004) further adds that it is absolutely necessary for children to be given an effective pain therapy before and after surgery and as such, it has become an integral part of paediatric practice. The research will seek to find out if preoperative education does in fact decrease postoperative pain scores in paediatric patients. Data collection Methods Like in social sciences, medicine employs the use of simple data collection methods like direct interviews. The basic collection methods in medicine are the interviews and conversations doctors carry out with their patients. Triangulation is also valuable in medical research but considering the age of the patients and the subtlety of the research, its not very applicable (Abramson et al, 1999). In this case, data will be collected from children on all trials that are conducted with them during their pre and post counselling sessions. Most important here will be the collection of data using the “cold probe” technique. This will involve collecting data during the first session that paediatric surgeons will have with the patients. The first session when the cold probe is conducted is good because the child will be fresh from surgery hence easier for behaviour analysis to determine if preoperative education did help. Measurement tool Multiple-choice questions will be used in this case. Norman (2002) contends that multiple-choice questions in medical research help in allowing straightforward sampling of the subject under research. The questions will help researchers to fairly and evenly distribute their probe thought the subject under study. They are also efficient in terms of cost and time. Given that patients will have mixed feelings, multiple-choice questions are better placed to capture all data in totality. Norman (2002) adds that they maximize the information attained per unit time in research. Again, the questions are more engaging and will make it easier for patients to express themselves on the subject being discussed. Method of Data Analysis Descriptive statistics will be used in this research. According to Lang & Secic (2006), descriptive statistics are useful because they help in reducing large amounts of data to small descriptive measures. The experiences that these children will go through will be captured through interviews structured to bring out the descriptive element. Though inferential statics may come in handy, their absolute necessity is diminished by the nature of the research. Summary that is guaranteed from descriptive statistics will especially precision in reporting the findings. Evaluation Methods According to Swanwick (2007), evaluation in medicine is the collection analysis and interpretation of information about any aspect in medicine. In
Introduction You are what you eat’. This is a statement that has been used by health experts, doctors and even philosophers in different contexts. What we eat in history has been determined by where we come from and socio-economic status (Ritzer, 1993). Food is as definitive of a people as much as language or dressing is. However, geographical location might be phased out as a determining factor in what one eats. The world is opening up with globalization and co-operations are grabbing the opportunity to expand their markets, sometimes with negative repercussions such as the erosion of indigenous cultures. McDonalds, the world’s largest foodservice retailer (McDonalds, 2009) is a fine example of what globalization really means. It is a franchise that is literally everywhere. It is more the norm than the exception to see the two golden arches in Milan, Rome, or Nairobi, Kenya or Beijing, China. The growth and spread of McDonalds has been met with reluctance by some, as they see it as one of the ways in which the world is becoming ever more homogenized. The richness of the cultures of peoples in different parts of the world is slowly fading out as they embrace western trends9watson, 1997). A good example is China; the Chinese have had an eating culture that has been passed down through generations and that has been preserved over millennia. It can be said that one of the definitive aspects of Chinese culture is their food. However, this is slowly changing as the Chinese, who have always been resistant to change, more so that instigated by westerners, are being converted to the fast food religion (Watson, 1997). This has implications that go further than just the cultural concerns. There are the questions of what the change in eating habits will do to the general well being of China’s people and what happens to traditional Chinese restaurants among others. it shall be examined how firm a hold McDonalds has on China with suggestions on how the corporate giant can metamorphose to make itself a more integrated part of Chinese food culture. China’s traditional eating culture: what there was before McDonalds The Chinese traditional eating culture is diversely different from that of the west. Starting from the way food is served, to what is served and how it is actually eaten, there ar
Folate refers to a stable group of pharmaceutical and folate vitamins that comprise pterolylglutamic acid (PGA, folic acid). The subunits of folate include glutamic acid, pteridine, and p -aminobenzoic acid. Folate is naturally found in the family of B-group vitamins, which include legumes, liver, leafy vegetables, and yeast. Folic acid is better absorbed than natural folates, which makes it useful in the reduction of neural tube defects (NTDs) and oral clefts. 1 Numerous studies have been conducted on the benefits and risks of dietary folate and folic acid. One such study involving randomized controlled trials indicated that folic acid supplementation significantly reduced the risk of pregnancies with NTDs. 2 A study on the high intake of folate also showed similar results in addition to reduced risk of cardiovascular disease, some cancers, and age related cognitive declines. An absence of folate in pregnant women results in lower de novo DNA biosynthesis. 3 “This insufficiency causes the destruction of cell replication “resulting in rapidly dividing cell-types including erythrocytes and other cells generated by the bone marrow, enterocytes and skin cells”. 4 Consequently, patients suffer from megaloblastic and macrocytic anemia. An important consideration in the delivery of treatment for macrocytic megaloblastic anemia is that a deficiency of vitamin B 12 also causes this condition. As such, this deficiency should be eliminated before the administration of folate treatment. In addition to pregnancy, deficiencies of folate also arise due to infection, malignant disease, alcoholism, malabsorption syndromes, restricted diets in old people, and as a side-effect of some drug treatments. 5 The use of folic acid in the treatment of NTDs is a safe procedure since patients can take up to 20 mg/day without experiencing negative effects. However, a study conducted on the administration of 15mg/day of folic acid on healthy individuals revealed adverse symptoms including gastrointestinal problems, mental changes and sleep disturbances. 6 Adverse reactions may also occur in the event of folic reversal of the hematological signs of vitamin B 12 deficiency, causing the latter to go untreated, though this is often found in older people. Recent studies in this field have shown a correlation between the intake of high levels of folic acid and increased risk for colorectal cancer. Animal studies have shown that a high intake of folic acid prevents the development of neoplastic lesions in normal tissues while increasing the rate of malignant transformation of the present neoplasms. 7 This high intake has also been noted to accelerate cognitive decline with age, as well as the reduction of the efficacy of antifolate drugs including methotrexate, which are used in treatment of cancer, as well as drugs used in treatment of epilepsy. 8 A Randomized control trial (RCT) conducted to determine the effect of folic acid supplementation on the increased risk of colorectal cancer involved the administration of 1 and 5mg folic acid supplements for 2 to 3 years. This study revealed positive effects in the reduction of risk associated with adenoma, and no effect on
Introduction In the famous poem “Phenomenal Woman” by Maya Angelou the author demonstrates the living principles of a strong woman who is confident about herself and about her success in life. Angelou emphasizes the significance of women’s self-identity and ability to understand that they have equal rights with men, and consequently, equal prospects in life, making family or career. It is evident that the author, as well as the heroine of her poem, is a strong, or phenomenal, woman herself and this allows her to say what she says in her poem not from other people’s experiences but from the life she lived and experiences she had growing from a little African American girl to one of the most famous writers, poets and social activists of today. Discussion The contrast of sexes is also present in the poem by Maya Angelou, as the author wants to demonstrate that belonging to females does not mean anything negative for a person and can even turn out to be an advantage in some cases if only the person knows what she wants and what she strives for. Angelou, who is considered to be the embodiment of the phenomenal woman described in her poem, is a strong and confident woman and she proves in the following lines that express one of the main ideas of her poem – the equality and, sometimes, even superiority of women: I walk into a room Just as cool as you please, And to a man, The fellows stand or Fall down on their knees. (Angelou, 2000) The poem is clear manifestation of Maya Angelou’s view of life which is based on her own experiences and the things she managed to achieve directed by this very view of life. The heroine of the poem states from the beginning that she is not th