ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
It May Not Work in Politics Politics is a complex area of human relations. One of its most important tasks is the management of society, taking into account the interests of different social actors that are often mutually exclusive. Politics can be defined as the activities associated with the distribution and execution of power within the state and between states in order to achieve the security of people. This paper considers different sides of politics and its implications to display the multidimensionality of this notion. Congressional Ethics The USA has developed a system of laws and by-laws, instructions, and regulations that govern the issues of ethical conduct of members of the Congress as well as its staff and federal employees. Not so long ago, the ethical violations have been proved in the activities of one of the Democrats – Charles Rangel (“The president, congress, and lobbyists,” 2013). His guilt was proved in the non-payment of taxes, misconduct of soliciting funds, using his official position, and others. Rangel was censured for these violations. On the one hand, I agree with the verdict because one of the important conditions for the stability of American society is the public confidence in the authorities, and if such cases are not sanctioned, the trust of the people in authority and regulatory bodies will decrease. On the other hand, I do not agree with the degree of penalty; the proven cases are only small episodes in the career of the politician while he was accused of various frauds throughout his career (“The president, congress, and lobbyists,” 2013). Furthermore, the rendered censure did not prevent the further political career of Rangel. In addition, if an ordinary American citizen conducted the same violation of tax statements, it can be assumed that he or she would be pursued to the fullest extent of the law, including criminal charges, while Rangel suffered from a symbolic punishment. It should be noted that US political leaders pay much attention to the fight against the abuse of official position and various forms of corruption. The norms of political ethics governing the conduct of members of Congress, congressional staff system, and federal employees are generally reduced to the regulation of financial issues: the prevention of abuse in the use of public and state funds, proper and timely completion of financial statements, and so on (“The president, congress, and lobbyists,” 2013). Cases similar to Rangel’s undermine the authority of government officials and have a negative impact on the perception of the power structure by American society. Third Party Candidates Until now, no third-party candidate has won the US presidential election. It is crucial to note that if an independent candidate leads a presidential campaign, he or she takes away the voters from the Republican and Democratic parties, though having an impact on the outcome of the election. All third-party candidates are dropped out of the election since the US
Introduction The presence of disability has a significant impact on people’s lives. To provide disabled citizens with the required healthcare services, the Australian government introduced the National Disability Insurance Scheme (NDIS) controlled by the National Disability Insurance Agency (NDIA) (Snow & Donnelly, 2017). The choice of this framework for discussion is defined by its fast spread all over the country as well as the inclusion of all categories of disabled people (Collings et al., 2016). The purpose of this paper is to provide extensive information on NDIS and its operation. It consists of five sections discussing NDIS, its principal stakeholders, expected outcome, monitoring, and application in terms of therapeutic recreation. General Information The development of NDIS is conditional upon the existence of specific issues related to the provision of healthcare services to disabled people. They all derive from the same causes connected to the lack of individualization as there used to be no perceived difference between patients regarding the way of acquiring disability (Reddihough et al., 2016). Such a situation resulted in a lack of opportunities for education and employment, isolation, financial disadvantage, and varied support for people with similar conditions (Reddihough et al., 2016). Hence, generalization was not an option for disabled people as they needed another solution. The Australian government decided to solve these issues by changing disability funding and combining the new principles within the NDIS program. According to them, it will be directed not to agencies but to individuals who are to be provided with the required services (Collings et al., 2016). These services will be available to citizens with a permanent or significant disability and will increase their participation in the community’s life (Snow & Donnelly, 2017). In this way, disabled people will become more independent and satisfied with
Introduction Hepatitis C is an infectious viral disease. It depicts itself in an individual through swelling of the liver. Although the disease is usually asymptomatic (do not show symptoms early enough), it is a dangerous infection and when not handled appropriately, it damages the liver greatly causing Cirrhosis. The virus is transmitted through blood-to-blood contact. The disease is curable when noted during the early stages. Hepatitis C is an increasing public health concern and it has claimed many lives, young and aged (Preidt par 3). This piece of paper looks into the various issues that surround Hepatitis C. Causes and Diagnosis and Risk Factors The major cause of Hepatitis C is the Hepatitis C virus (HCV). It is transmitted through blood and other bodily fluids and it could get into an individual through sexual intercourse or any other contact for instance injection. Hepatitis C is diagnosed through blood tests. The blood test is capable of revealing the type of Hepatitis C an individual is suffering from, for instance, chronic Hepatitis C. In case chronic Hepatitis C is suspected, the doctor may undertake a liver biopsy to check the extent of liver damage. Other tests that could be done include EIA assay and Hepatitis C RNA to detect Hepatitis C antibody and virus levels respectively. Some of the risk factors include having been on long-term kidney dialysis, drug injections and sharing of needles, receiving blood or organs from an infected individual as well as being born to a Hepatitis C infected mother among others (Hepatitis Foundation International par 4). Symptoms Just like any other disease, Hepatitis C is characterized by some symptoms. They include swollen stomach and ankles, jaundice (yellowing of the eyes and skin), inability for blood to clot, fatigue, stomach upset, loss of appetite, breast enlargement in men, weight loss, dark yellow urine, diarrhea, light-colored stools, and easy bruising among others. It is however unfortunate that the symptoms may not a
Scientists and scholars try to answer the question of defining people as human and the aspects of this definition during many centuries. That is why the question of what can define people as human remains to be rather controversial and requiring answers developed from several perspectives. Thus, it is possible to focus on being human as the ability to be different from the other animals because of the biological nature and physical qualities. Moreover, it is possible to differentiate between traits and attributes which make people be the best representatives of the society because of their morality, values, and consciousness. As a result, the most appropriate answer to the question can be found between the mentioned extremes, and it is necessary to pay attention to various biological, mental, and emotional qualities and features which help to define a man as human. Although the particular features of the people’s skeletal structure and other physical qualities cannot be discussed as determining to speak about persons as human, it is important to focus on differences in the mental and emotional spheres which allow defining people as human because of their consciousness, empathy, and forgiveness. The physical body of humans has many similar features with the bodies of such animals as apes. Furthermore, many animals are rather smart to perform different activities or to demonstrate their emotions. However, animals are ruled by their instincts, and their emotions are based on the different physical processes and changes in the bodies. In spite of the fact that physiology plays an important role in determining the nature of a person, such emotions and feelings as consciousness, empathy, forgiveness, and love make people human about the other persons within the society. Those persons who can be defined as a human not only act, think, an
Introduction Interaction with the people of another culture, as it is known, is not always accompanied by mutual understanding and loyalty to each other. Fadiman in her rather famous book gives quite vivid examples of how disagreements can cause the death of a child. The case described by the author is a clear reflection of the situation where the two sides were not ready to compromise, which led to the tragedy. Neglect of Reasonable Truths A Chinese girl Lia looks like a personification of a unique personality that is different from most peers and is forced to experience severe consequences of her illness. One of the primary problems is that the parents of this heroine, knowing about her problems, refused to participate in the state treatment program, where qualified specialists could have taken care of the child. This approach probably became the principal cause of aggravation of the disease. Certainly, Lia had a chance to survive. When people adequately assess the current situation, they are trying to do everything possible to save their child and to prevent any fatal consequences. Nevertheless, the cornerstone was the denial of obvious facts, when parents just refused to believe in the effectiveness of professional physicians. Perhaps, the practice of traditional medicine has the right to exist; however, it is possible only if the life of a child is not at stake. The rejection of evident truths leads to the fact that the situation can take a new turn, which is completely different from what people expect. If the girl’s parents had not believed in mystical powers, Lia would not have had to experience all those sufferings caused by epileptic seizures. It is not enough just to believe; it is important to be guided by common sense. Intercultural Contradictions Fadiman’s book is a rather good tool for teaching that the ignorance of reasonable solutions never leads to positive consequences. The supporters of two different fields of medicine were not able to agree among themselves about which treatment technique is better. Despite the assurances of experienced doctors, parents chose a different way, in their opinion, more correct. For example, when it was decided to take the child from the family, Lia’s parents were categorically against it. However, even when they managed to return the girl, they did not change their principles, as Fadiman wri
Introduction PwC has its employees and clients as the major sources of new ideas. Employees have technical expertise and experience, which can enable them to have a better understanding of products and application software. There are many strategies and tools that the firm can use to generate ideas from its stakeholders. The firm has to select a few simple tools and use them repeatedly to generate better results (Skiba & Herstatt, 2008). Sources for generating new ideas Customers Customers are a major source of new ideas for firms that provide services. PwC offers a wide range of products in different segments. PwC offers about ten categories of products. One of the reasons for involving customers is to reduce the failure rate of introducing new services. Skiba & Herstatt (2008) explain that there is a failure rate of 80 percent for new services introduced in the financial service industry. Customers may help the firm to understand the market needs from the customers’ perspective. It helps to eliminate the gap between internal beliefs and existing market demands (Skiba & Herstatt, 2008). There is a challenge that customers may lack new ideas, different from existing products. However, customers are an important source of ideas for incremental changes to make up for cultural differences. The firm can select a group of lead users to help generate useful ideas about the firm’s products. The lead users are more innovative if they are experienced practitioners (Desouza et al., 2008). Customers can form groups that may be useful in generating
Goal setting can be an effective method of enhancing athletes’ performance and helping them build new skills. This strategy would be appropriate for training a child of 10 years old who would like to acquire skills in a specific kind of sport, for example, football. The outcome goal, which is the desired result of the training, is joining the school football team. Since the child of this age does not specialize in this sport yet, the performance goals can be aimed at increasing the general physical abilities, for example, improving short-distance run results. Finally, process goal setting may include mastering special techniques used in football. According to achievement goal theory, it is necessary to provide a child with professional guidance and create a motivational climate; these factors influence the child’s spirit and confidence (Williams and Krane 365). Variable practice, namely, frequent change of sports activities and exercises, may help prepare the child for acquiring new skills. Finally, fixed practice, such as exercising in delivery, may contribute to better remembering. Combined together, goal setting and training may help a child acquire and develop new skills. There are several guidelines that aim to help an athlete in an effective goal setting. In my opinion, the advice to “set moderately difficult but realistic goals” is one of the most important since it defines the outcomes of task performance (Williams and Krane 194). If the individual sets unachievable goals, failure may lead to frustration and disappointment. Moreover, it is necessary to mention that an optimistic attitude is one of the decisive factors of success. Therefore, the athletes are advised to set positive rather than negative goals. Indeed, the positive statement of the goal reflects the successful outcome and prevents an individual from focusing on failure. In sport, it may influence the athlete’s spirit and inspire for hard and productive work, which is especially important in achieving goals. Goal setting can be used as a method to reduce individual’s anxiety. According to the cognitive theory, understanding the personal goals and desired results increases the athlete’s confidence and positively influences motivation (Williams and Krane 365). Performance goals are especially significant because they are flexible and can be controlled by an individual (Williams and Krane 189). Therefore, I would recommend athletes with anxiety or lack of motivation to set realistic goals to increase confidence and enhance performance. Work Cited Williams, Jean M., and Vikki Krane. Applied Sport Psychology: Personal Growth to Peak Performance . 7 th ed. Mc Graw Hill Education, 2015.
Calculations on financial ratios are basically derived from information obtained from the accounting records. The ratios provide the required guidelines of measuring the progress of the business and at the same time alert the management on the problems that might occur within the Company businesses. The profitability ratios indicate the level of efficiency on how capital is being utilized. Liquidity ratios on the other hand help in indicating the ability of the Company to continue with its normal operations even in the midst of unexpected problems. While growth ratios are best used in the process of tracking down the financial progress of the Company (Graham, & Campbell, 2001, pp 187-243). Compute the following ratios for 2009, and show supporting calculations (define each of the ratios, and explain them in simple terms Current ratio The current ratio is obtained through calculations derived from current assets and current liabilities. The ratio shows the relationship between current assets and current liabilities. The current assets refer to assets that are in form of cash or could easily be converted into cash within a short time. While Current Liabilities, refer to liabilities that could be compensated or repaid within a short period of time. This ratio measures the company’s ability to settle short-term liabilities effectively and promptly (Graham, & Campbell, 2001, pp 187-243). The ratio reveals the number of times the current assets could be used for the purposes of settling current liabilities. In normal circumstances the current assets should always be twice the current liabilities. However, any organization should have reasonable current ratio since higher ratio on this gives an indication of poor financial utilization. On the other hand, low ratio is an indication of insufficient working capital; hence the enterprise cannot settle its current liabilities (Keown et al, 1998). Current Ratio = Current Assets/ current liabilities = 220,000/80,000 = 3:1 The short term financial position of the company can be said to be satisfactory enabling the settling of current liabilities. But at the same time the ratio seem higher showing poor utilization of finances (Pink et al, 2007, pp 87-96). Total assets to Debt ratio This ratio compares the relationship between total assets and
The discovery-justification distinction was taken for granted for a long time by old-timer philosophers of science. One of Kantorovich’s objections is that ‘discovery and justification are inseparable’. The paper explains the nature of the DJ distinction and why it seemed to the old-timers to be important and correct. Kantorovich (1993, p. 97-99) argues that the context of discovery and justification is one of the main concepts of logical empiricism and it is one of weak points of traditional philosophy of science. According to the author, the context of discovery is about the actual method and process that has allowed a new idea to come forth while the context of justification is about the manner in which the new idea is evaluated. The author points out that the old school of Baconian inductive reasoning postulated laws and theories by applying inductive rules on observations. However, Kantorovich arrives at laws and theories by using the method of creative hypothesis. He has used the example of discoveries of Ampere who postulated the empirical laws of electricity. Kantorovich argues that by using inductive reasoning, the electric and magnetic phenomenon were deduced. However, to find the theory behind circulating currents, Ampere had to use his creative imagination. The creative process is not defined or covered by any rules and that the actual justification would be derived only after testing the predictions. Kantorovich further argues that there are two approaches for justification of discoveries and they are generationism and consequentialism. In the first case, theories can be justified only if they can be derived from observation. An idea of theory is generationistically justified by showing that it can be derived from established premises and these can be observations, first principles or established theoretical foundations. So a hypothesis is justified if it was generated by derivation from established premises and if it can be derived by rational reconstruction of the process of discovery. On the other hand, the consequentialists argues that theories are tested only as per the success of their predictions. Therefore, a theory can be refuted based on the false predictions and this does not depend on the manner in which it was derived. Kantorovich (1993, p. 99) points out that the modern logistic version of the D-J distinction was put forth by Hans Reichenbach who argued that the task of epistemology and philosophy of science is to deal only with the context of justification while the context of discovery refers to psychology and this can deal with the actual processes of thinking, However, the context of discovery is not excluded from the domain philosophy of science since some laws can be derived at by inductive reasoning. The epistemology is prescriptive because of the logical force while psychology would describe the actual manner in which the idea is obtained. Rather Reiche
It is commonly believed that a person might shape the future according to his desires. However, certain factors which one grows up around and cannot control are often overlooked as insignificant. Nevertheless, they may serve as powerful forces which define one’s way of thinking, self-esteem, and worldview. Cultural legacies, including traditions, beliefs, and mindsets inherited from previous generations as well as resources of the community, shape the patterns of a person’s achievement and success; the crucial step in spreading the positive effect of these factors is high-quality education and a good example. Cultural legacies are standards, morals, values, stereotypes that are unconsciously passed on from generation to generation. According to Gladwell, these long-standing cultural patterns have an essential impact on one’s whole life (“Outliers Chapter 1 Summary & Analysis”). This might be explained by the fact that the logic of one’s actions might stem from his cultural background. Therefore, cultural legacies might be considered as a factor for success. To prove that, Gladwell states that there are many math geniuses among the Asians (“Outliers Chapter 8 Summary & Analysis”). However, this is so not because of their exceptional math skills. Rather, it is because Asian children are used to working long (“Outliers Chapter 8 Summary & Analysis”). To one’s surprise, this might have its roots in the cultural legacy of hard work caused by rice agriculture. The point is, Asians’ reliance on rice led to hard work and perseverance, which explains their good math skills. Upbringing also plays a key role in promoting one’s success in life. It is known that involved parents spend much time with their children taking an active part in their education, showing them how to communicate and socialize, taking them to places of interest, helping them with home assignments, and so forth. Important to note that children who are brought up in a family with a healthy atmosphere have adequate self-esteem, which makes them confident. However, it has been proven that not only a child’s self-esteem could matter. In the research carried out by Carol Dweck, it was striking evidence that children of those parents, who praised them for high-scores, lied about their scores and had fragile confidence in their intelligence (Dweck). On the other hand, children who were praised for their hard work were more confident in their skills and were more successful at completing hard tasks (Dweck). Therefore, parents who encourage their children to cultivate intelligence through efforts stand a chance to bring up successful adults. Proper technological equipment, stable financial security as well as high qualification of teachers aimed at unleashing every single child’s potential might be viewed as crucial factors in bringing up a smart, confident, and successful person. Being an establishment where a child spends a great part of his life, the school serves as a powerful tool for shaping one’s self-es