ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Similarly to other articles and clauses in the Constitution, the so-called “necessary and proper” clause can be interpreted in different ways, as it is possible to challenge the “aptness” of each law, adopted by the Congress. This means, there has been many debates on the basis of this aspect, many of them are still influencing the development of American political thought. The present paper is designed to discuss the application of the clause in the case known as McCulloch v. Maryland. Main Points The Necessary and proper clause entitled the Congress to adopt the necessary and proper laws, which will be observed by state governments, local authorities and other bodies of power, i.e. the clause allegedly enables the Congress to spread its power around the whole country. This means, the entitlements, provided by the clause are to great extent elastic and are often characterized as “elastic” due to the fact that they are not stated clearly and explicitly. The debate over the meaning of the statement began amongst the Founding Fathers, namely between Thomas Jefferson, Secretary of State, and Alexander Hamilton, Secretary of the Treasury. Whereas Hamilton argued that the statement should have been interpreted directly and the “necessary and proper” included a wide range of laws and powers, whereas Jefferson sought to restrict this excessively broad entitlement and alleged that “necessary” meant “essential”. Jefferson was particularly concerned about the possibility of usurpation of power by the central government, as “essential” could be interpreted as basic or related to the most important a
The history of American medicine dates back to the Colonial era when traditional medicines and cures were the preeminent methods of treatment. After the American Revolution, the medical system was disjointed, dysfunctional, and slow to adopt scientific advances and innovations originating from the Old World. One of the particular weaknesses of the healthcare system was medical education, as the majority of educational facilities were nothing more than “diploma mills,” offering certifications for a fee. The book-length report by Abraham Flexner criticized the lack of standards for medical training and offered fundamental principles for managing public health. This paper argues that Flexner’s report set the trend for subsequent milestones, including life extension efforts and infant mortality reduction. Milestone Description Today, the US science administrator and political activist Abraham Flexner is recognized as a critical figure behind US medical education reforms that have shaped the modern education system. The best-known milestone associated with Flexner is dated 1910 when he presented the report under the title Medical Education in the United States and Canada: A Report to the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching (Stahnisch & Verhoef, 2012). Trained in natural sciences at the preeminent Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore, Abraham Flexner was well-aware of the pace that scientific development in medicine had taken. For this reason, he passionately advocated for making the best scientific practices and clinical experiences become the basis of medical education. The Flexner report addressed the evolving role of the physician, suggesting that scientific progress had had a profound impact on medical ethics and social responsibility (Maeshiro et al., 2010). The author explained that previously, the focus of therapy was an individual patient. However, as of 1910, the United States population required that the physician’s scope of work went beyond family medicine and became “social and preventive, rather than individual and curative” (Maeshiro et al., 2010, p. 211). In his report, Flexner did not use the term “public health,” though it is quite clear that he concerned himself with matters of this very concept. The report contained three public-health-oriented principles that remain relevant to this day (Maeshiro et al., 2010). Firstly, Flexner argued that the contents and quality of medical training should be in line with the health needs of the public. Thus, medical education should be ever-evolving to broaden medical professional’s knowledge and prepare them for disease prevention and health promotion. Lastly, Flexner was a strong believer in the value of collaboration between academic medicine and public health communities. As for the context in which Flexner’sFlexner’s report emerged, it should be noted that at the turn of the century, the state increased funding for medical research, welfare insurance, new hospitals, and asylums. A number of philanthropists, such as the Roc
As a result of the 2008/2009 economic crisis, different countries are increasingly using monetary policies in an effort to stimulate their economic growth. One of the monetary policy tools being used is the cash rate which is the rate of interest that financial institutions charge to lend funds (Marthinsen, 2012, p. 202). The Reserve Bank of Australia is one of the central banks which have adjusted the cash rate severally. In November 2011, RBA’s board lowered the official interest rate by 25 basis points to 4.25% (Reserve Bank of Australia, 2012, para.1). By adjusting the cash rate downwards, the central/reserve banks expect commercial banks to respond by adjusting their lending rate similarly and with the same margin. This paper is aimed at evaluating situations of similar changes with specific reference to lending cuts undertaken by central/federal in other countries over the last year. The paper has considered three countries which include Turkey, India and China. The report specifically focuses on cuts undertaken on the lending rate. Other roles performed by the central/reserve banks in an effort to promote economic stability are not considered. China, India and Turkey are amongst the countries which have cut their lending rate over the last one year. For example, the Reserve Bank of India lowered the short term lending rate with a margin of 0.5% to 8% (The Economic Times, 2012, para. 1). The decision by the RBI was motivated by the need to stimulate the country’s economic growth by lowering the rate of inflation. Findings of a study conducted by the RBI revealed that the country’s economic growth had slowed considerably in 2011 compared to the previous year. In 2011, India experienced an increment in the rate of inflation which was fueled by increment in the price of commodities such as food and fuel (Ro, 2011, para.1). However, from December 2011, India has experienced a significant decline in the rate of inflation as a result of the cut in the lending rate (Daily News, 2012, para. 3). This has arisen from the fact that cutting the lending rate is reviving investment and hence promoting employment (The Economic Times, 2012, para. 2). Despite the measure taken by the RBI, some of the public and private-owned banks such as the State Bank of India are not willing to cut the lending rate sooner. These banks argue that they are experiencing narrow profit margins, threat of increased bad debts and high-cost of long term deposits (The Economic Times, 2012, para. 2). As
Introduction Policing involves a number of purposes, the most important of which is to ensure public safety and order. In addition, it implies the protection of fundamental rights and freedoms of people, the prevention and detection of crime, assistance, and services to the public in order to reduce the level of fear of crime, eliminating the possibility of injury and the emergence of social violence. At the same time, police-public partnerships do provide a more efficient and effective strategy for achieving these goals. It is crucial to analyze both community-based policing and intelligence-led policing to assess which of the two approaches is more effective and, in general, what their implications are. Comparison The similarity of the two approaches lies in the fact that both of them were determined as the most crucial strategic complementary branches to traditional policing practices. In this regard, the police work has changed in terms of practices, but the main objectives of policing remain the same (Ratcliffe 200). Regardless of the differentiation of these two concepts, they have the same fundamental platform as they are based on the understanding that the current situation in the society requires flexible police work aimed at the specific needs of the citizens and society as a whole. Nevertheless, the differences lie in the approach to practical activities, which are not similar. The community-based policing is based on the assumption that the police cannot control crime and keep order alone, but they need the support of society in ensuring security. The policing objectives for community service include the prevention and detection of crime, reducing the fear of crime, and strengthening police-public relations (Dunham and Alpert 459). These objectives are achieved through the three measures. First, it is the interaction with the communities to discuss the priorities and strategic directions of the work and to mobilize efforts to provide active assistance to the pop
Introduction The contract between the government and Chill-Out can be terminated. The Chill-Out company did not fulfill the exact expectations of the government. By law, a contract is an agreement between the employer and the employee where there is a mutual duty for each party (Carrigan, 2012). However, a contract can be terminated by either of the involved sides. The agreement between the government and the Chill-Out company can be concluded fairly by the law. For a termination to be just, it has to be performed correctly, both procedurally and substantively. The employer should have fair and valid reasons for contract dissolution. The Commonwealth Government of Australia can terminate the contract with Chill-Out enterprise as the firm did not fulfill the requirements as per the will of its employer. The company caused significant loss to the Australian government, as the COVID-19 vaccines supplied to the Queensland hospital and other hospitals in New South Wales were damaged and could not be implemented in the future. In addition to that, a primary goal of a seller or an entrepreneur is to make a maximum profit (Cheeseman, 2012). The vaccines were of no benefit to the Commonwealth government since they could not be distributed, and no profit was to be gained. This event failed due to the employee’s mistake, which may initiate the termination of the contract. An established contract can be concluded due to several major reasons. Such causes include poor performance, physical incapacity, misconduct, and also employer retrenchment (August et al., 2009). The law states that, even after a contract disagreement, no party can take disciplinary action against each other (August et al., 2009). A conflict may arise due to loss or a need for financial compensation, hence, coherent and justified contract termination is required regardless of the established fault. In the contract between the Commonwealth Government of Australia and Chill-Out company, dissolution can be applied because of the poor performance of the employed enterprise, as in the case of Abrams v RTO Asset Management (Court of Appeal of New Brunswick, 2020). Considering the damage to the COVID-19 vaccines in the Queensland hospital, the worker wrongly programmed the cooling system, significantly decreasing the surrounding temperature, which remained between -2 degrees Celsius to -8 degrees Celsius. On the contrary, a temperature between +2 degrees Celsius to +8 degrees Celsius is required from the manufacturer. Th
Introduction Extreme sports have always attracted people by promising them a chance to experience new emotions and to get a true adrenaline rush. Nowadays skydiving is one of the most popular extreme activities in the world. People include it in their must-do lists as a symbol of a true challenge both to their physical skills and spirit. However, some consider going in for skydiving too thoughtless due to the high risks the sport implies. History and the concept To begin with, the history of skydiving might seem completely unexpected as the appearance of this sport dates back to 90 B.C. when the first parachuting attempts were made in China. The use of the parachute, which had a form close to the one we know, today first happened at the end of the seventeenth century in France. At that time, it performed a safety function for balloonists who ventured their lives traveling in hot air balloons despite the high accident frequency ( The History of Skydiving, 2015). Today skydiving has turned into a real sport with its rules and regulations. Some people, though, regard it as a hobby and a perfect opportunity to escape the routine. As well as every sporting activity, skydiving h
Introduction There is one story about a man sitting on a barrel full of powder. He holds a candle in his hand guessing whether it will explode or not. The same deals with the current situation in the world. The fact is that the last several decades could be characterized by the increased popularity of environmental concerns and a great level of attention devoted to different aspects of human activity that might have a certain impact on our planet and environment. The rise of the level of interest to these issues is not accidental as now we can observe the gradual worsening of our environment and the appearance of numerous problems related to it. We are like that man as we try to guess whether the planet will be able to cope with all problems or not. However, scientists, activists, and common people give great attention to the possible solutions to these very problems. One of the suggested ways is to give up using energy resources that harm the environment and coal is one of them. It is expected that if to close all coal-fired power plants the situation will improve significantly as they are very environmentally unfriendly. The given problem becomes so significant that numerous strategies could be explored to achieve this goal and help humanity to become more friendly to our planet by reducing the number of emissions and other harmful substances. Yet, the shutdown of coal-fired power plants is unjustified considering that there is no reliable alternative, we are not prepared for the possible economic domino effect; most notably, it does not constitute a solution for climate change. Background The grounds of this problem could be traced back to the previous century when coal had become one of the main sources of energy. The rapid rise of the industrial sector peculiar to the 20th century preconditioned the increased need for power. That is why humanity managed to create thousands of coal-fired power plants to satisfy this very need and provide people with the desired energy. It is obvious that environmental concerns were less topical at that period and people did not think about the consequences of their actions. However, the further development of the industrial sector along with the constantly increasing need for energy resulted in the reconsideration of the approach to this very source of energy. Additionally, the rise of environmental concerns triggered numerous researches in the given sphere. Some of them constituted the pernicious impact it might have on the climate by great CO2 emissions, global warming, etc. Additionally, because coal deposits are exhaustible, the further exploration of this very mineral might result in a serious crisis. However, there are opponents of the given perspective who state that the total rejection of coal is impossible as i
The Problem and its Background More than a decade ago, the world was a very different place. It is no question that it was fraught with its own obstacles and difficulties for children and families. During that time, it was hard for the young generation to imagine that 50 years later, their children will be able to communicate with all sorts of people from friends to strangers at all times of the day and night without them necessarily being aware. While during this period, parents used to keep a check on the whereabouts of their kids, nowadays a teenager can travel through out the world even without leaving the bedroom. Currently, many experts are arguing that social networking sites are impacting negatively on the social skills of today’s generation with many concluding that though technological advances have made many things possible (like most things available nowadays), if they go unchecked, these life tools are likely to turn out to be weapons of self destruction. While social networks main goals are to allow people interact socially, these sites have also caused members to become like zombies. Most of them spend time socializing and this in return dents their personal social skills. That is the reason why most of the people in the current generation prefer communicating through cyberspaces since it is easier to say everything than a one on one form of communication where some people cannot even express themselves (Thackeray & Hunter, 2010). Experts goes further and argues that aside from developing strong interaction skills, today’s generation has developed weaker interpersonal relationships with those they relate to: from teachers, friends to their own parents, a character which has been attributed to too much dependency on the internet. Most of the times, today’s generation can only communicate with other people by chatting or placing comments on their friends wall. They have been doing this for a long time until it develops into a habit. This continues until a time comes when they can only use either the internet or computers to inform the other party what they want and through this, expression of emotions and feelings lost and this leads to loss of social skills on how people interact with others. However, contrary to the views of many, Affonso (1999) indicates that social skills and social mores are dynamic indicating that even though our teenagers are constantly in their phones surfing through social sites such as Facebook and Twitter that does not mean that their social skills are not developing but he argues that they are developing in a different dimension and in different social skills than those their parents placed high value on or developed in. Affonso goes further and indicates that while there are some positive aspects about social sites, there have also been suggestions that increased use of internet and social networks have negative influence on their social skills. He supports this by quoting a study done by Carnegie Mellon University which concluded that “Internet use leads to small but statistically significant increases in misery and loneliness and a decline in overall psy
Introduction The current event that has taken place is the need for kosovo to be independent after a long time of need. Kosovo has a declaration in this year to be independent. This been an important act in that it is a declaration that was adopted in 17 Feb., this year that declared kosovo to be independent from Serbia. This proclamation has not been seated in the United Nations because of Russia that blocks any application for UN membership. Kosovo was conquered by the Ottoman Empire due to the defeat of Serbia in the year 1389 and from that time it has had mixed populations of people from different areas such as the Muslims who lived along side the Christian formal independence. Main Discussion Due to wars in the nation the Serbs have become the minority group in the country as people had been losing their lives, as the tension had been great. In 1945, kosovo was made an autonomous province of Serbia rather than a republic in its own right. From the year 1974 to 1989 the kosovo has enjoyed rights of self-government and has a high population. Kosovo has been in need of wanting to become a nation of its own since the year 1990 but this failed due to the wars that existed in that time and they were not allowed to become members at that time but in this year it has made a new declaration requiring to be given the chance of becoming a nation so that the people can enjoy their freedom like any other person. Diplomats have had meeting to discuss the future of the kosovo the main discussion is between two groups that is the troika, as the Russian, European and American envoys who are to talk about the view of kosovo been independent and it has been seen that over 90% of the meeting people have
Introduction The level of competition in different industries in which organizations operate today is high and calls for increased competitiveness. In order to improve the competitiveness, firms could engage in different firm activities that may include process improvement. This may call for analysis of the problem and seeking different ways of solving the issues. In order to improve business processes, an organization needs to have the necessary knowledge and expertise. The business process could be attained through establishment of change such as business process reengineering. In spite of the good intentions of the changes, there is always resistance to change that could lead to project failure as examined in this paper. In addition, this paper examines reengineering as an example of process improvement in organizations. History of Process Improvement Change is a constant element in organizations given the dyna
Key Issues The management should target the most intensely involved super-premium consumers. The primary segment of this brand includes men because of the desire for a superior shave. Therefore, the marketing perspective in this technologically advanced product is to target them and then move to the women segment. The second issue is that its mechanism has superseded the other products in the market. It is one of the greatest inventions. Thirdly, Paramount Health and Beauty Company is a well-known brand in the market. Its products are unique and competitive in the market. The customers don’t expect products that are less than the desired principled quality from the company. The launch of the Clean Edge product should be above board. And hence, this becomes a strategy to confound them. The strength of the brand should be above board. Recommendations The brand will require a unique budgeting experience. The 2009 and 2010 marketing budgets have proved that the more money the company puts into product knowledge, the more the sales of the brand. Secondly, it is prudent that the enterprise invests in this quality continuously. The company should invest approximately $40 million into the marketing of Clean Edge Product. Lastly, it should use the available mechanisms to channel the product into the market. It will help to maintain the current customers and gain more market from the competition. Rationale The finance department should prepare a budget for the next financial year’s expenses. Secondly, the available distribution channels should modify their shelves at the stores. A unique transport mechanism will allow the product to stand out in the market. Lastly, the product has unique features. The promotional activities in the retail stores will influence the market to take up the product quickly. Works Cited Childress, Sarah. “ Podcast: How to Protect Yourself (and Your Data) Online. ” FRONTLINE from PBS. Web. Lesk, Miachael, and Jeffrey Mackie-Mason. “Nudging Privacy: The Behavioral Economics of Personal Information.” IEEE Security and Privacy Magazine, vol. 7, no. 6, 2010. Web.