ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The Battle of Gettysburg was one of the high points of the 19 th century American Civil War. It was the battle that decided the outcome of the war. It was also here where more than 50,000 thousand American soldiers died while fighting for their interpretation of what a Union should be. This battle was made more special by the fact that the President at the time of the conflict was the much-beloved Abraham Lincoln. It was also a highly significant event because its outcome will not only affect the political landscape of a relatively new Union but it will also influence the economy of America. This is because one of the major issues that led to the Civil War was the problem regarding Negro slaves. At the end of the third day, there was no clear victor but one thing was made clear; the Confederacy lost many of their best men that day. The war was extended for another two years but Gen. Lee and his army could no longer defend the South from advancing Union forces. Before going any further, it must be pointed out that two important events may have contributed to the outcome of the Battle of Gettysburg. The first one is the death of Gen. Jackson – more popularly known as Stonewall Jackson. If he was present at Gettysburg, his superior skills and daring could have shifted the battle in their favor. Secondly, the inept Maj. Gen. Joseph Hooker was relieved of his command and Gen. George G. Meade took his place. If Gen. Hooker was allowed to continue serving as the overall commander of the army of the Potomac, it can be argued that the Northern forces may have suffered more losses and strengthen the position of the Confederacy. Moreover, the Confederate armies achieved a significant number of victories before this battle and as a result, succeeded in pressuring the North. In a brilliant move, General Robert E. Lee invaded the northern territories saving northern Virginia from further damage. If they can pull off a victory, the disenchanted northerners will be forced to plead a settlement toward peace and the Lincoln government will have no choice but to oblige (Gettysburg.com, p. 3). The two armies shadowed each other for days. But on July 1, 1863, they will have to engage. Moving Towards Gettysburg When General Meade was made the overall commander of the Federals, Gen. Lee was able to slip the Confederate forces past the Mason-Dixon Line and succeeded in taking Carlisle, Pennsylvania, and on June 30, 1863, was threatening Harrisburg (Pfanz, p. 2). This made the future Battle of Gettysburg all the more crucial because if the Confederacy can defeat the Army of the Potomac then they can move on to conquer Washington, Baltimore, and possibly Philadelphia (Pfanz, p. 2). Gen. Meade was well aware that their forces were in a very precarious state, one wrong move and it would be game over. The Day Before The following are just some of the army corps at the disposal of Gen. Meade. Maj. Gen. John F. Reynolds was the commander of the First Corps. Maj. Gen. Oliver Howard was the commander of the Eleventh Corps and his men were at
“Horizontal differentiation” and “vertical differentiation” in terms of the structure of an organisation In reference to the structure of a business organisation, differentiation is represented by a number of processes that happen within the organisations. Differentiation processes are directed at the employees’ assignment and the decisions about their purposes and objectives. Ever since the process of industrialisation started to affect the structure of businesses, they started to actively obtain vertical organisational differentiation. This means that the control over the employees was spread from the top down. The managers and directors were the top sectors, while the executives and employees represented the bottom layer. The chain of command within an organisation practising vertical differentiation can be rather long. At the same time, it is proved by evidence that a hierarchy that includes more than eight vertical layers makes an organisation less productive. This occurs because too long chain of command disrupts the control and makes it weaker. Such organisations are likely to have a high level of professional and ideological confusion. One of the strongest advantages of organisations with vertical differentiation structure is better to control when less than eight vertical layers are employed, and a clear organisation with strictly divided duties. Besides, the distinct hierarchy in the organisation makes the system of promotions easier. Business organisations with horizontal differentiation are normally significantly smaller than vertically structured ones. Horizontal differentiation involves much fewer levels of hierarchy. This kind of structure differentiation appears when managers and employees are focused on working on different tasks and are controlled by different sources. The horizontal organisational
Introduction In globalized economy leading companies have to employ various means to increase their efficiency or at least to survive. Among possible strategies, we can single out downsizing and delayering. Perhaps, we should give a brief definition of these notions: the first one is just a euphemism for massive layoffs and reduction of the staff. Subsequently, delayering can be interpreted as the simplification of the administrative structure of an organization (Child, 2005, p 4). Our task, in this essay, is to analyze the benefits and possible adverse effects of such policies. The best way to do it is to refer to the experience of the firms, which have already faced a similar dilemma. Delayering As for delayering, we should say that many enterprises have to struggle with such problems as bureaucratic apparatus, which is extremely cumbersome and unproductive. Thus, there is a necessity to make this hierarchy more flexible. The major advantage of delayering is that it enables managers to get their message across without delays and distortions. To some extent, it creates a direct connection between the higher authorities and average employees. Furthermore, delayering helps to reduce the costs of managerial compensation, which is also very important. At this point, we may discuss the implementation of this policy in such companies as AT& T (American Telephone and Telegraph). In the early nineties, the leading officials decided to improve the functionality of the firm utilizing delayering. For a short, period, it decreased the operation expenses. Yet, this also gave rise to some unexpected difficulties; in particular, we should speak about the so-called loss of memory”. A great number of very skilled and qualified workers were forced out, and there was no substitute for them (Baker, 2001, p 111). Apart from that, it should be mentioned that delayering provides no stimulation to the workers because they know that they have practically no opportunity to climb the career ladder. Secondly, we should not disregard such phenomena as overload. Many managers are simply unable to cope with the whole scope of their duties. As a result, they are often discontented with their jobs and search for an alternative variant. To sum up, in the vast majority of cases, delayering produces short-term results, and in the long run, these tactics may even impair the companys performance. Downsizing Speaking about downsizing, we have to admit that it has both economic and organizational advantages. First, considering the rapid growth of information technologies, many companies tend to computerize some menial jobs. This subsequently boosts the profitability of the enterprise. In part, this is the reason why AT&T chose to do it. Secondly, it brought some improvements to customer service because clients achieved a greater degree of independence. In this respect, we cannot forget that this optimization of the workforce also leads to an atmosphere of uncertainty or even fear among those employees who secured their positions (Baker, 2005, 113). Moreover, it had a detrimental impact on retention in this organizati
Blogs are proliferating at the astounding rate of over 100,000 per day. They reflect both the both urge to communicate and the changing face of marketing. Funding a blog can be challenging, especially when you are starting out. However, micro-financing web content promotion is possible – so micro that it could be free! You may be blogging for the sheer joy of sharing your ideas, or to mobilize action on a favorite cause. Alternatively, you could be blogging for pay, promoting something you or someone else sells. Commercial blog is a growing category. These days, almost any product, service, or cause should probably have an associated website and blog to let prospective customers or supporters know about it. Such commercial blogging’s growth reflects drastic changes in marketing. Many traditional channels for promotion such as network (and even cable) television, print periodicals, and broadcast radio, are giving way to online alternatives. Even print Yellow Pages effectiveness has fallen prey to the switch away from landlines (up to 75% of some demographic groups). These factors pose a challenge for you as a blogger. You face a challenge in alerting your target audience that your expertise exists. You
Certified public accountants (CPAs) denote financial experts who have satisfied strict educational and experience demands, encompassing succeeding in difficult assessment tests such as the Uniform CPA Exam. Consistent with the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants, they ought to attain a bachelor’s degree and a minimum of two years of accounting experience (Gaynor, Janvrin, Pittman, Pevzner, & White, 2015). Certified public accountants operate in a diversity of capacities, encompassing consulting, tax advice and preparation, and auditing. They are at times self-employed but might be employed in public accounting organizations. CPAs might focus on the concerns of tax returns for companies, self-employed people, and small/medium-sized enterprises. They may also assist their customers in developing a policy to reduce the level of taxes that firms owe. If a company is about to carry out a crucial task, for instance, acquisition, merger, or expansion, the certified public accountant may alert its ownership of likely tax implications. Certified public accountants might audit financial documentation and books to confirm their correctness and check whether the essential paperwork has been followed (Raiborn, Butler, Martin, & Pizzini, 2017). They also aid firms in setting up techniques of financial reporting and accounting. In most instances, they are requested to assess monetary documents to establish the probable existence of fraudulent practices. On the concerns of consulting, certified public accountants assist the setting up of business plans that enable potential owners to acquire adequate funding (Watts & Zuo, 2016). They also inform the management of the viability of a business concept, which assists in decision-making progression. Similar to other experts such as physicians and lawyers, certified public accountants are required to conform to a stringent code of ethics. In this respect, they ought to have the best interest of their customers at heart and uphold public confidence.
Introduction In biological taxonomy, a domain relates to the highest organisms’ taxonomic rank within the three taxonomic domain systems coined in 1990 by Carl Woese. There are three primary domains: Eukarya, Bacteria, and Archaea (Koonin, 2010). Bacteria and Archaea as single-celled or prokaryotic organisms with no cell nucleus (Abe, 2001). All life forms with nucleated cells and eukaryotic membrane-bound organelles are classified under Eukarya (Abe, 2001). Non-cellular life is not classified under the system mentioned above. This paper expounds further on the concepts discussed above by providing comprehensive responses to the questions below. How Did the Classification of a Microorganism Change from Kingdoms to Domains of Life? Until the twentieth century’s last quarter, taxonomists’ organism classification approach centered primarily on the phenotypic analogies between organisms. Monophyly, therefore, remained a postulation ground on the similar features’ hierarchy. During this era, there were significant advan
Introduction One of the world’s rapidly increasing threats to human security is organized crime. This threat does not only negatively implicate the political, social, and economic wellbeing, but also the cultural aspects of the society. Whereas drug trafficking may be considered the most common form of transnational organized crime, there are several other manifestations of this vice. Among them are trafficking in women and children, illegal smuggling of firearms and ammunition, money laundering, et cetera. Consequently, this paper intends to point out how these organized crimes are carried out, the people involved, their motives, and the effort of the government agencies to curb the practice. To facilitate this, the illegal smuggling of tobacco within the European Union by organized groups will serve as the point of focus. The Group The import and export of cigarettes are not illegal per se. However, the legal aspects associated with it and the diverse sanctions to control the use of the product are what have given birth to the illegal aspect of it. Many countries have imposed heavy taxes and other sanctions on the product hence reducing the profit margin of people involved. therefore, individuals and groups have formed transnational cooperation to ensure that the products get past the borders into the country and sold to the black market without being taxed or subjected to various sanctions. To facilitate these movements, intricate channels have been formed with each one being delegated a duty from purchasing and transporting to distribution and selling to the customers. Most people tend to believe that all groups that operate in organized crime are rough-looking young men with an ugly record of crimes and gang involvement. However, this does not give the true picture of groups involved in such activities. Especially, the groups involved in cigarette smuggling in the European Union do not align with this stereotyping notion. According to Lampe (2001, para. 10), the illegal trade in cigarettes in the European Union has attracted a great diversity of races and backgrounds. In Germany, the groups invo
Introduction The aim of every business enterprise is to maximize profits and this is best achieved by maximizing revenues and minimizing operating costs. To maximize profits, business enterprises usually deploy various strategies that contribute to the realization of their goal. These include creation of new customers and retention of existing ones, adapting technology and developing innovative solutions and efficiency in resource use. Creation of new customers and retention of existing ones requires the business enterprise to offer competitive prices for their products compared to what other firms are offering. In a free and competitive market, goods are not highly differentiated in terms of the utility derived from their consumption and quality of the goods. In this scenario, it is price that eventually plays a key role in differentiating one good from another. Adaptation of technology and developing innovative solutions often requires huge cost outlays. Most firms have a mandated Research and Development department that develops new products and improves existing ones. This is usually a long process since the product has to pass through stages of testing and quality assurance and finally approval by the relevant statutory safety and standards bodies. At the end of the process, the costs incurred are usually passed on to the consumer in form of higher prices (Kleinman and Monaghan 1). Efficiency in resource use requires the business to achieve the highest returns possible from every dollar invested. Consequently, the Sales and Marketing department has to generate the highest revenues possible at the lowest costs. However macroeconomic factors like high inflation rates and microeconomic factors like inefficiency in production may render the sales mandate difficult to achieve All these strategies create incentives for pursuing unethical business practices. A business seeking to lower prices to attract new customers may find this strategy untenable in the long run in the face of rising costs and may find it desirous to have market prices set at a certain point. A business that has a new product retailing at a higher price relative to competitor prices may not generate adequate sales if demand is price elastic. The business may consequently find itself in a quandary, on one hand setting high prices for its product to recoup Research and Development costs and on the other hand generating low sales for its product due to lower competitor
Business cycle refers to the contraction and expansion of aggregate economic activities for several years. This phenomenon is measured through total employment, real income, and real expenditure. Economists have noted that the phenomenon involves the interaction of several economic processes. The roles of these processes vary and evolve over time. Business cycle occurs nationally, and is depicted by the fluctuating levels of economic activities. Michael T. Belongia, an economist, suggests in his book, “Business cycles manifest themselves through co-movements of interactions among many economic variables” (7). This paper seeks to identify the features and causes of business cycles. Economists assert that business cycles comprise of five stages, namely, expansion, peak, contraction, and recovery. Massive investments and economic prosperity characterize the expansion period. On the other hand, the peak period indicates the end of the expansion period and the onset of contraction period. During the peak period, GDPs stop rising and stagnate marking the height of the economic booms. The end of the peak period marks the onset of the contraction period. During the contraction period, several economies experience reduced wages, business profits, productions, GDP growth rates, and increased unemployment rates. In the recovery period, final phase, economies are at their lowest levels. At this stage, GDPs stop falling and stagnate. Several factors contribute to the different phases of business cycles. Business investment spending, as a factor, affects business cycles in a number of ways. An increase in business investments signifies a boost in aggregate demand leading to an expansion in an economy. In addition, interest and credit rates offered in an economy affect business cycles. It is a fact that when interest and credit rates are lowered companies, organizations and individuals borrow more money from money lending institutions leading to the creation of more jobs. On the other hand, when the interest rates are high few people have access to loans and credits leading to a reduction in the creation of jobs in an economy. Features and causes of business cycle Economists can attest to the fact that the signs and characteristics of business cycle vary, and that its aspects are still difficult to understand. A number of economists have contributed to the current knowledge on business cycles. However, due to its complexity, its fundamental aspects, features, and causes are still a matter of debate among several economists. Before the World War I, there were little data on economic statistics leading to the ambiguity on the actual cause of the phenomenon. Over time, the public became more concern about the economic crisis, depression, rate of unemployment and inflation. As a result, the nature and cause of business cycle forced the economists to investigate on the phenomenon. In the 19 th century, economists focused on commercial crises such as bankruptcies, boom culmination, fluctuation of money rates, and scramble liquidity. However, with the emergence of the new concepts in the economy such as bu
Various scholars define home crime using different synonyms or by their varied point of views. As a result, their meanings are sometimes misinterpreted to lessen the seriousness of this grievous misdemeanor. They use terminologies such as wife-battering, family conflict and intimate violence to depict family violence. Historically, under the authorities set rules and regulations, the home was considered a private place and the police were not supposed to meddle in family conflicts. They were only supposed to maintain public peace and order, intervened only when extremely necessary. This posed a significant problem in regulating the rampant cases of domestic violence at that time. Moreover, cases of domestic violence were handled, when the victims sought for legal action rather than direct state intervention. Women also feared losing the families’ breadwinners and the male perpetrators who could increase violence once
Human Trafficking is a severe issue in the world in which we live. Many victims of trafficking are at a high risk of physical and sexual abuse and run the risk of homelessness. There are many ways to prevent the ongoing issue from spreading, as well as providing different services to the victims. These crimes can be stopped, and the victims can be helped. One question I find reoccurring is, “Are all victims of human trafficking being dishonest?” Throughout my career and law enforcement, I met the cases in which victims were dishonest, and I wanted to discover why. I believe that when dealing with human trafficking, the professional should remain professional and unbiased in investigating the causes of victims’ dishonesty. Human Trafficking is more common than people think. They prey on victims through acts of violence and threats and even seek out children. They go after individuals who are vulnerable and who have a history of physical abuse or even sexual abuse. An ethical issue would be communication with the victims of human trafficking. This is because the topic is sensitive, and victims may trigger some questions while addressing the issue. Therefore, it is crucial to comfort a victim during the investigation sessions. I chose human trafficking as my topic because it is a global concern and many ethical concerns have a key role in the fight against human trafficking. Each organization and branch must do their due diligence in times like these to ensure we all provide a safe harbor for one another. I have taken several courses that drew me nearer to this topic. I just completed a Drugs and Society class that I found to be super informative, and it goes hand in hand with these victims’ daily struggles and lifestyles. Another discipline that I find helpful is the psychology of victims. This helps to communicate with the victims and examine their behavior after and before the human trafficking issues. Regarding the sources, I am reading Louise Shelley’