ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Quality management is one of the modern tools business organizations in the United Arab Emirates employ in confronting business challenges that come with modern approaches to doing business such as changing customer expectations and dynamic customer behavior. That is the case with air traffic control and controllers at Etihad airways. Quality is an important aspect in air cargo operations, technical operations, the monitoring of weather conditions and other aspects for efficient running of the airport operations and service improvements. For efficient operations at the airport, the principles of quality management, benchmarking employee responsibilities and tasks and the aspect of quality spanning the total organization, tools for quality management embedded in the six sigma steps for quality are key roles in driving the airway’s business organizations to better performance levels. Recommendations call upon the management to factor issues such as effective and open communication channels, quality improvement plans that target both the customer and the employee, and customer focus at all levels of service provision to improve the quality of services to higher levels, among other recommendations. Definition of Quality Management Quality management is defined as the coordination of organizational tasks consistently focused at organizational policies implemented through clearly defined objectives using specific tools such as quality assurance, planning, control, and quality improvements throughout an organization’s hierarchy. Therefore quality management principally focuses on customers, focused leadership, people improvement strategies, quality process techniques, quality management through a quality system approach, impeccable decisions and decision making processes, and organizational and stakeholder benefits. That is the case with Etihad airways. Quality Management Contribution to Organizational Success Successful business organizations factor the whole concept of quality management in tailoring themselves to success. Success, in terms of Etihad airways comes in terms of value gained by the customer, among other benefits, translating to higher organizational profits and customer satisfaction and quality service provisions. However, organizations that do not factor the principles of quality management face severe penalties associated with organizational failures to comprehend and incorporate quality management policies. Such organizations largely lose their customer base and profits leading
For decades, the fashion industry worldwide has been promoting extreme thinness standards. Professional models often experience mental and physical health issues as they are pressured to comply with the employers’ requirements. Moreover, scholars believe that such marketing policies increase the risks of eating disorders among teenagers and young adults (Rogers et al., 2017). In the past few years, several states, such as New York and California, have introduced or proposed legislation that addresses this issue (Rodgers et al., 2017). In the nearest future, the fashion industry might face increased pressure from the lawmakers to adjust marketing content to promote a healthier lifestyle. Seasonal factors represent another important aspect to consider in the fashion industry. A significant percentage of items are sold at decreased prices at off-season sales. The brands focusing exclusively on such products in demand during the summer or the winter as, for example, swimwear or parkas, have to account for the potential losses during an off-season. Weather issues can also impact the sales of certain types of clothes and accessories, such as sunglasses or fur coats. The latter might become unpopular clothing, as environmental issues have a notable influence on the latest tendencies in fashion. In modern society, sustainability has become a ubiquitous trend. The textile industry has always been notorious for its environmental impact, but changing consumer attitudes forces major conglomerates to rethink their strategies (Kusa & Urminova, 2020). Environmental awareness of Millennials and Generation Z is a significant factor that affects the marketing strategies of brands and designers in the 21 st century (Kusa & Urminova, 2020). It is reasonable to suggest that the demand for the materials which do not fit in the sustainability concept, such as furs, will drop significantly over the next decades. The popularity of online stores, on the other hand, will only keep growing. In the past decade, e-commerce has become a critical business development tool, and the fashion industry is not an exception. Online shopping has emerged as an alternative to department stores, and online sales have been steadily growing during the last decades (Guercini et al., 2017). Moreover, e-commerce plays a pivotal role in the internationalization of fashion brands (Guercini et al., 2017). Overall, online sales represent a huge potential for the industry, as they replace traditional distribution channels.
Introduction A 1992 article in the New York Times presented an interesting insight into the drug problem in organizations (Noble, 1992) the article stated in relation to testing of drug abuse in organizations, “Workplace testing is a search for deviance, not dysfunction” (Noble, 1992). Workplace deviance is thus any form of misconduct in an organization that is an outcome of deviance on part of the employee. This takes the form of theft, sabotage, absenteeism, drug abuse, or violence at the workplace (Henle, 2005; Lawrence & Robinson, 2007 ). According to the US Department of Justice, 70 percent of the reported workplace violence is due to robbery and 60 percent is due to aggravated assault (Warchol, 1998). This deviance has an incidence cost on the organization as well as the individual. It has attached financial cost (Henle, 2005) as well as results increases attrition, stress level, foregone work time, low morale, and decline in productivity. The results on the victims are more psychological wherein the victims lose self-esteem, an increase of fear and insecurity at work. These problems definitely call the attention of researchers to find out the reasons, predictors, and preventive measures of such deviance. Aim and Objective The main aim of the paper is to ascertain the reasons that lead to such workplace deviance. The reasons which lead to such acts of deviance are important to solve the problem from its roots. This will help employers to identify the causes of deviance and take countermeasures to prevent them. Negative behavior has not been widely studied in the organizational behavior literature as compared to positive behaviors like organizational citizenship (Baron, 2004). It is also believed that the previous researchers are not completely adequate to answer questions regarding workplace aggression and so it is important to undertake a study of workplace deviance and ascertain the reasons which instigate such behavior and its effect on the organization. Given the high cost associated with workplace deviance, it is important to understand the organizational factors that instigate workplace deviance. Literature Review What is workplace deviation? Robinson and Bennett presented a comprehensive definition of workplace deviation “voluntary behavior of organizational members that violates significant organizational norms, and in so doing, threatens the well-being of the organization and/or its members” (1995, p. 556) thus, this is an act that has negative reaction to the organization. Previous researchers in deviance have been based on three areas:  1. deviance and its relation to workplace experience,  2. deviance and the personality of the individual, and  3. deviance as a mode of social adaptation at work (Bennett & Robinson, 2003). So a person’s interactions and environment at work has a stron
Hain Celestial has implemented the differentiation strategy by focusing on several competitive dimensions. First are the product features-related choices – the company is specialized in selling a diverse product portfolio of natural and organic foods. This is followed by Hain Celestial’s distribution-related choices – the company sells its products through both the online platform and in red-brick stores. With regards to the online platform, Hain is the largest supplier to natural food retailer, Wholesome Foods Markets, which is owned by Amazon. Therefore, by partnering with Amazon, the world’s largest online retailer, Hain can significantly maximize the sales of its products. Hain Celestial also sells its products in traditional grocery chain stores. Third is its innovation-related choices. By acquiring small organic and natural food producers, such as Ell’s, Blueprint, and Celestial Seasonings, Hain Celestial has been able to expand its product portfolio, thus, making it the world’s largest natural foods company. Lastly, there are branding-related features, whereby the company is popular for its natural and organic foods. Hain Celestial’s business-level strategy, the differentiation strategy, was based on consumers’ changing perception and consumption patterns in the sphere of natural and organic foods. Irwin Simon, Hain Celestial’s Founder and CEO, observed that inclination to eat wholesome foods and lead a healthier lifestyle was not a trend, and instead, it was long-term. Moreover, the targeted consumers were willing to pay for the value of these natural and organic foods. Many companies are shifting towards the natural or organic segment. This may have a significant adverse effect on Hain Celestial differentiation strategy, especially considering that the entrants are providing natural or organic products at reduced costs. As a result, consumers might think that the price difference between Hain Celestial’s products and the differentiator’s product (Walmart) is too large. Second, although with a minimal adverse impact, already large branded food firms, such as Nestle, Hershey Company and Mars, Inc., are shifting from using artificial to natural ingredients, therefore, this might affect the sale of Hain Celestial’s products, which fall in a similar niche. Hain Celestial should consider growing through strategic alliances. In the course of formulating a strategic alliance, Hain Celestial should identify potential partners who are willing to both complement and supplement their strengths and weaknesses, respectively. Strategic alliances have an advantage over mergers on the basis that most often, mergers result in the complete absorption or even disappearance of one party rather than a joining of equals. Hain Celestial’s means of differentiation might stop providing value for which targeted customers are willing to pay. This is because there will be several other large branded firms that will start targeting the organic food-consumer segment. For instance, it i
Acid rain can also be termed acid precipitation which is described as rainfall whose level of pH is lower than 5.6 making it acidic. This form of rainfall results from the combination of Sulphite and Nitrogen oxides with the atmosphere resulting in the formation of Nitric and Sulphuric acids. (Weathers, K. C. and G. E. Likens p 10). The increasing level of pollution through acid rain all over the globe is a major concern that requires a quick and sustainable solution. The formation of acid rain has two major sources that include nitrogen oxides as well as sulfur dioxide. Nitrogen oxides include any form of Nitrogen chemical compounds that contain atoms of oxygen gas like for example Nitrogen dioxide. Emissions of Nitrogen dioxide include; industrial processes that use extremely high degrees of temperature, industrial chemicals, for example, those from industries that manufacture fertilizers, and from processes that occur naturally for example the action of bacteria in the soil, volcanic activities, forest fires and lightening. 5% of the emissions of Nitrogen oxides are from natural processes, 43% from the transport sector while the other 32% is from industrial combustion. (Bailey, T. G. et al, p 13). Nitrogen dioxide does not only become poisonous when it combines with Sulphur dioxide but also by itself. The gas adversely affects the human respiratory organs and also damages the Ozone layer. (Likens, G. E., et al, p 47). Sulfur dioxide abbreviated as SO2 is a colorless gas produced in the combustion of sulfur-containing fossil fuels, industrial manufacture of metals such as Steel, Zinc, Copper, and Iron, the processing of crude oil, and the occurrence of natural disasters such as volcanic eruptions. Research has shown that about 10% of the emissions of Sulphur dioxide are from volcanic eruptions. Sulfur dioxide in this case is the by-product of these processes. (Berresheim, H.; Wine, P.H. and Davies
Introduction The increasing challenge posed by an increase in the elderly population creates the need to deploy social security services. Demographic patterns on the provision of social services are estimated to increase drastically in the future. In the United States, the notable demographic trends that are likely to impose significant pressures on social security includes the anticipated retirement of the baby boomers cohort, a reduction in the fertility rates and increases in life expectancy are estimated to pose a large increase in the old-age dependency ratio (Feldstein & Liebman, 2002). The main purpose of this paper is to compare and contrast the United States with the Canadian social security system. The paper provides an overview of the United States and Canadian social security system, after which the paper discusses the objective similarities and differences between the two systems. In addition the paper also provides a subjective analysis that is based on the current evaluation of the United States social security system against the Canadian system. Basing on the research, the paper provides recommendations for improving the United States social security system. Introduction to the United States Social Security system In the US, social security mainly involves the Old-Age, Survivors and Disability Insurance (OASDI) scheme that is administered by the federal government. Social Security in the United States was first adopted during 1935; subsequent amendments have resulted to the inclusion of social welfare and social insurance. Major components of the United States social security also include the Supplemental Security Income, various unemployment benefits, offering aid to the needy families, grants issued to the states by the federal government for the purposes of Medical Assistance Programs (Medicaid), Health Insurance for the Aged and Disabled (Medicare) and the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (Giles, 2005). Social security in the United States is mainly financed using dedicated payroll taxes that are referred to as the Federal Insurance Contributions Act tax. Social security in the United States is largely concerned with the benefits associated with retirement, unemployment, cases of disability, death and survivorship (Hyman, 2010). Social Security in the United States is considered as the largest government program in the globe that takes a significant portion of the federal budget. In addition, social security is the biggest social insurance program in the United States. It is estimated that social security in the United States has helped to keep 40 percent of people aged over 65 years out of poverty. Introduction to Canadian social security Canadian social security comprises of approximately 2.3 percent of the Gross Domestic product, the Pay-as-you-go component Canadian social security is relativel
Introduction Psychological measurements can be described as the development of processes to measure individuals’ characteristics such as their personality or intelligence (Clark, 1999). The development of psychological measurements involves a number of processes. This paper highlights the processes involved in developing a psychological measurement. It also illustrates the processes in a psychological test for measurement of students’ aggression. The paper further goes ahead to discuss psychological practice requirement in New York State, considering who is eligible to interpret and administer psychological tests. The paper finally ends with the relevance of New York State laws and requirement regarding psychological practice. Psychological Test Development Processes Psychological testing deals with the measurement and quantification of some characteristics so as to obtain a mark that will predict a person’s future behavior (Schieltz, 2005). Psychological test development processes can be summarized in three major steps: research and definition of purpose, planning the test, and measuring the reliability of the test (Schieltz, 2005). Research and Definition of Purpose Researching and defining the purpose of the test is the first step in developing a psychological test. Here, one attempts to define the purpose of testing, users of the test, as well as takers of the test. This stage also considers previous researches on the test to be taken. Also, constructs of the test are defined. Planning the Test The test planning stage typically involves planning how the test will be administered and scored. This stage considers the sections and type of questions the intended test will feature. Test Reliability Measurement Here, the psychological test is administered to the sample of population under study. Also, measurements of reliability and measurement of test-retest reliability are obtained. These are obtained by the utilization of basic reliability measures and certain formulas. Psychological Test for Students’ Aggression The test for students’ aggression is an example which illustrates the developmental process of a psychological test. Research and definition of purpose: The purpose of the test is to measure aggressive tendencies of students. The test user is the school counselor. The test will be administered to students of the school, ranging between the ages of 10 and 19. Relevant researches on students’ aggressiveness will also be explored. Planning the test: The school counselor administers the test. It will take students 60 minutes to complete the test. The test will consist of five items and three scales: physical aggression, verbal aggression, and hostility. Items will be answered on a five-point scale, ranging from 1 (not at all) to 5 (very much). This test would be piloted by issuing the scale to about 20 students. It is crucial to conduct a pilot test, so as to improve the intended methodology and ensure that the actual test is appropriate and effective before commencement. Psychological Practice in New York State (NYS) In order to practice as a Psyc
Introduction A budget is a short-term plan expressed in financial terms, or, a more broad term that extends into the future period. It is a plan of action covering one year, six months, or even a month. An annual budget is prepared yearly. The finance manager prepares them by making expenditure projections and revenue forecasts. A company revises historical data to arrive at these predictions. The company then makes adjustments to incorporate the aspect of inflation and other changing factors. Budgetary control makes use of the budget standards set by the finance manager. Budgetary control involves a follow-up in the implementation stage of the budget. In case of any variances, there are corrective measures where necessary (Brotherton, 2008). However, the circumstances during the prediction stage are different from the circumstances during the implementation stage of the plan. Hence, the budget standards are critically ineffective or useless in pointing out any inefficiency in the production process. This is one of the limitations of the annual budgets, which push the modern business managers to adopt beyond budgeting approach of budgeting (Campbell, 1998). Weaknesses of Annual Budgets Traditional budgets are prepared to provide a plan of action for the company in achieving its long-term strategic goals and objectives. However, these budgets have many limitations that hinder the achievement of these objectives. Annual budgets are not flexible. They are fixed. This poses a major problem to today’s businesses (Armstrong and Kotler, 2011). The current business environment is very complex and uncertain. It is characterized by high levels of technological advancement and stiff competition. The organization that moves forward is flexible or is fast in adapting or responding to change (Weetman, 2007). Annual budgets tend to be a predetermined plan along which all management decisions center (Heuser, 2010). The managers cannot exercise their discretion in determining what to invest in because the company’s resources are all occupied elsewhere. This limits the ability of the managers to respond quickly to the emerging threats and opportunities in the industry. This characteristic of annual budgets limits many companies from competing effectively with others in the same industry (Larson, 2004). Secondly, the preparation of conventional budgets takes a lot of management time and uses a bundle of the company’s resources yet they add little value to the organization. A company’s resources are limited hence, there is a need to optimize its usage to gain more advantage and increase its profitability. The modern and traditional budgeting system requires a large sum of money in gathering information for the preparation of the annual budgets. Yet due to the dynamism and complexity of the business environment, these budgets seize to be of
Major points in the papers/ Summary In ‘The Mirror Stage as Formative of the Function of the ‘I’’, as revealed in the psychoanalytic experience of Jacques, the main argument centers on the cognitive development of a child. A child’s growth and development aspects follow various stages. For instance, a small child may not be able to recognise its own image in the mirror because the child’s cognitive ability is not developed to perceive various situations. It is unable to construct ideas that can be connected with its mind. Ideal ‘I’, as used in the reading, refers to the state at which individuals can identify various situations they face. An infant is not able to understand the images in the mirror because of its incapacity to sense information or images in the mind. Therefore, they cannot translate what they relate in the images into language because of their minds and cognitive ability, which is not yet developed (Jacques 2). Differentiation between an organism and reality is manifested in the earlier stage of the formation of a child. Many parts are combined together to form a complete human being. Therefore, formation is something that is symbolised in a person’s dream. The id is the personality characteristic that makes individuals admire some things or want to achieve certain things in life. According to Jacques, it demonstrates the fact that people act or react to certain situations because of their mental processes (3). Jacques argues that the id is based on fatality. People will also put their lives at risk to satisfy their desires. The id directs people besides affecting their cognitive or mental abilities to do or engage in some things. Further, the author claims that the ego is centered on the perception and consciousness system that is organised by the reality principle. It forms a part of the personality that mediates the interests of id (Jacques 6). Experiences of people make them have certain predispositions about other people. For example, people will not do wrong to others because they believe that this is not the right thing to do. According to Jacques, psychoanalysis is a complex concept. Therefore, people will always disagree in their thinking and reasoning. For instance, friendship and love must break, and people must show selfishness and jealousy as they aspire to meet their desires (Jacques 7). In ‘Woman as a Sign: Psychoanalytic Readings’ by Griselda, women have been seen by their male counterparts as images, beautiful to look at, as defined by their looks and fancy dresses. These representations are illustrated in photographs and videos (Griselda 120). She argues that there is a difference between gender and sexuality. Gender differences