ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL) is an irreversible and gradually developing condition caused by exposure to excess noise. The disorder affects the sound-receiving department of the auditory analyzer (neuroepithelial structures of the inner ear) and is manifested as a chronic bilateral sensorineural hearing loss (Mohammadi, Mazhari, Mehrparvar, & Attarchi, 2009). The given health outcome is widespread in the United States. According to the statistical data provided by the National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (2017), approximately 24 percent of the U.S. adults aged 20 to 69 years have symptoms of NIHL in one or both ears. A high rate may indicate the lack of awareness of the disease risk factors, symptoms, identification techniques, and prevention methods in the population. The research of NIHL is important and presents a significant interest as it may help to design strategies aimed to reduce the incidence of the given public health issue. Occupational exposure to excess noise (over 85 dBA) is one of the major factors contributing to NIHL development. As Kitcher, Ocansey, Abaidoo, and Atule (2014) state, the number of hearing loss cases reported in different mill markets is three times greater if workers exposed to high levels of noise and do not undertake the preventive measures. Additionally, Wells et al. (2015) claim that over 7 percent of the deployed U.S. Army soldiers are diagnosed with NIHL, and the exposure to high intensity and impulse noise during the military operations is considered to be the major contributing factor. In order to understand the relationships between the environmental factor and health outcome selected for the study, we will evaluate three articles in this paper. One of the articles is a cohort study, and two others are cross-sectional studies. All three papers are focused on the investigation of the effects of occupational noise on different population groups. The review findings will be evaluated based on Bradford Hill Criteria, and summarized in the table. The findings of the literature review will allow us to identify possible clinical, individual, and social implications associated with the health concern and the physical hazard existing in industrial and military working environments. Methods The selected articles were located via Washington State University online database by sing Smart Search option. Since the study is devoted to the research of the relations between the health outcome and one factor defining it, we used only two keywords including “NIHL” and “occupational noise.” In order to ensure a higher level of credibility and validity, we focused on research papers published in high-quality scholarly and professional journals such as Noise and Health and European Journal of Public Health . As a result, we chose one cohort study that addresses the problem of hearing impairments in the military environment, and two cross-sectional studies focusing on the same health
The nursing profession has a very rich history that dates back to ancient times when women used to provide nursing care without prior training. Since then, the profession has changed a lot. Over the past two decades, the nursing profession has undergone numerous changes, such as the uptake of information technology. This has resulted in the development of nursing informatics as a branch of nursing. Nursing informatics involves the integration of information science, computer science, and nursing science. Such integration is aimed to facilitate the identification, collection, processing, and managing of data and information in order to support the nursing practice, expand nursing knowledge, and improve research and education (Staggers and Thompson 260). The integration of informatics in the nursing profession has resulted in better provision of nursing care services. Also, patients’ outcomes have improved, in comparison with past decades. However, we still require developing the nursing profession further. The uptake of new technologies such as electronic medical records (EMR), computerized charting and electronic health records (EHR) have revolutionalized the nursing profession. As a result, nurses can now provide better nursing care services. This has led to an increased level of efficiency in the nursing profession, in addition to reducing the degree of human error. Before the new technologies had been adopted by the nursing profession, patients used to experience lengthy delays as they waited for the processing of X-ray films and medical records. However, all this has been and patients can now easily access their medical records online. Furthermore, it has also become easier for nurses to access patients’ medical records. The purpose of the paper is to explore the development of nursing practice and its relevant significance to society. To achieve the desired purpose, the paper shall make use of literary materials such as journals. The target audience for the report is a government agency that is interested in nursing development. Development of New Technologies The healthcare sector has adopted new technologies and information systems in the last few decades and this has really changed the way professionals in the sector share, manage and communicate health information and clinical data. Staggers and Thompson (260) have carried out research work in which the authors have endeavored to document the evolution of information technology. According to Effken (316), the nursing profession has really embraced science and technology, and this has seen the profession adopt new technologies and developments. Consequently, this has changed the way the nursing profession functions. The adoption of new technologies by the healthcare sector has helped to drive the provision of nursing services to a totally new direction. Based on the definition of nursing informatics, information technology, nursing science, and computer science have all been integrated with the objective of improving nursing services (Sunderman and Johnson 2). In addition, the integration of new technologies into the nursing profession is aimed at ensuring that the profes
The atmosphere in the classroom and particular features of the necessary instructional planning and assessment significantly depend on contextual factors which are aspects of the community and district’s development, features of the concrete school, and students’ characteristics. To analyze how contextual factors can influence the teacher’s approach to realizing instructional planning and assessment, it is necessary to refer to the environments and contextual factors typical for the First Grade class of Webster Elementary School located in Webster, Wisconsin. Thus, it is important to focus on the discussion of environmental and classroom contextual factors as well as on students’ characteristics and on their impact on the teaching-learning process. The environmental factors which influence the development of the community of Webster, Wisconsin, are the community population and support for education. Thus, according to the data of 2012, the whole number of residents in Webster is 644 persons living at the rural territories ( Webster, Wisconsin, 2013). The small number of population influences the number of students in Webster schools from the community because many students are from other communities. Responding to the needs of these students, teachers include the aspects associated with the communities’ cultural and historical development designing instructions, focus on different values and traditions. The community’s support for education is strong, but the parental involvement in the classroom activities is minimal. The design of instructions depends on the ability of parents to participate in the class projects, pay for the additional educational materials, and interact with a teacher while involving a teacher in the family environment. To describe the district, it is necessary to refer to such factors as socioeconomics and race and ethnicity. While referring to socioeconomics, it is important to note that the median household income of the population is approximately $34,460 as it was fixed in 2011 ( Webster, Wisconsin, 2013). The majority of the district’s population is involved in manufacturing, and the average rate of unemployment is 6.7% ( Webster, Wisconsin, 2013). It is important not to focus students’ attention on economic differences while providing instructions to avoid biases and to contribute to the idea of equality. The development of a district is also influenced by the factor of race and ethnicity because 3.8% of people are American Indians, 2.8% are of the mixed origin, 2% are Hispanics, and 1.8% are Blacks ( Webster, Wisconsin, 2013). This factor contributes to the cultural diversity and teacher’s use of instructions to demonstrate the respect for diversity without focusing on stereotypes. The factors of school population and the race and ethnicity are important to discuss the demographics of Webster School. The whole population of the school is 720 students, including the students from the other neighbor communities. This fact influences the teacher’
The Second World War was the most devastating conflict in the history of humanity. It is estimated that 50 million people perished during the war, approximately 20 million of whom were civilians (Foner 888). The conflict started in Europe, initiated by the German Nazis led by Hitler, who was helped by other far-right forces. The U.S., despite initially trying to be neutral, was also dragged into the conflict. The war ended with the defeat of the far rights; however, conflicts of interests of the winners led to the tension that persisted for long years after the war. In Eurasia, a number of events occurred in the 1930s that led to the war. In 1931, Japan invaded Manchuria (a Chinese province); later, they moved farther to China, slaughtering people. In Europe, Hitler came to power in Germany; he started rearming the country (violating the Versailles Treaty) and occupied Rheinland in 1936. Italian fascist Benito Mussolini invaded Ethiopia. A far-right General Francisco Franco led a coup d’état in Spain (for which aim he received support from Hitler), and achieved victory in the civil war in 1939. In 1938, Hitler annexed Austria and a part of Czechoslovakia in his pursuit to “unite the Aryan race.” Hitler also launched mass persecutions of Jews, deporting them to concentration camps. At first, Britain and France kept to the policy of “appeasement,” trying to talk Hitler into promising peace. In 1939, Stalin offered to oppose any further German claims on territory, but Britain and France refused. Then the Soviet Union signed the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact, a treaty of non-aggression between the USSR and Germany, and Germany invaded Poland in 1939. Germany followed the method of Blitzkrieg, “a lightning war,” which involved fast and unanticipated attacks in order to defeat an enemy who was not ready to defend oneself quickly. Hitler planned to capture all the Europe fast and spread his Nazi policy further. Within a single year, the Nazis seized Scandinavia, Belgium, the Netherlands, and France. In 1940, the Axis, a military alliance between Germany, Italy, and Japan, was forged (Foner 853-856). The U.S. initially attempted to remain neutral. In addition, in America, there also were followers of Hitler. Many others strongly wished not to participate in the conflict. The country adopted the policy of “appeasement” and isolationism. However, Roosevelt showed support to Britain and China, who were fighting Germany, by selling them weapons. The U.S. gradually found itself in closer and closer relationships with the countries fighting the Nazis. However, these countries run out of finances to buy American supplies at some point. In March 1941, the Lend-Lease Act was passed by the Congress; it permitted the USA to provide military supplies for the enemies of the Nazis (in particular, Britain, China, and later the USSR when it joined the war), as long as the recipients promised to pay back after the war. America also froze all the Japanese assets in the U.S., which stopped t
Introduction It is believed that America before the September 11 th attacks is different from the one after the 9/11. This is due to the statutory changes of how the US army was ordered to handle and treat terrorists. Also there were changes in the powers granted to the president. He was granted more powers and his decision was final and unchallenged. Intelligence should be relied upon in policy making but in the Iraqi and Afghan war decision were solely made by the Bush’s administration directly without consulting with the military intelligence and other intelligence agencies. This essay review and identifies the major problems in how the US government responded to the 9/11 attacks. This is according to a Frontline video which was recorded during the Afghan war. It also features on the inhumane treatment of the so called terrorists by American military police (M.P.) and Military Intelligence (M.I.) agents. Post 9/11 America After the 9/11 attacks every American was asking including the congress, what should we do? President Bush decided, after being convinced by his advisers, that they should retaliate and fight terrorism in which the first attacks were in Afghanistan where American troops were sent to find information about Al-Qaeda and their leader Osama Bin Laden. Before anything productive results were realized there was one major problem. It was not clear what should be done to the prisoners of war who were captured as terrorists. This was due to the fact that they could not be tried on American local or Federal courts, they could not kill them and they couldn’t they let them go (Frontline, 2005, chapter 2). Unlimited and Unprecedented Powers John Yoo and several other lawyers formulated a memo that had rules that and recommendations of what should be done to resolve this problem the Frontline video clip clearly states that, “Former White House and Justice Department legal advisers who were involved in drafting many of the administration’s boldest proposals…. The legal framework developed by lawyers like Berenson, Alberto Gonzales and John Yoo provided the impetus for unprecedented rules for interrogating detainees, rules authorized by Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld – rules officials insist never condoned torture… There was a powerful set of shared assumptions we had in the wake of 9/11, and one of the most powerful was the assumption that we would never be forgiven if we failed to do something that was within the power of our government lawfully to protect the public from a further attack.” This was the main source of all the torture and suffering that the terrorist went through. John Yoo under the Department of Justice (DoJ) went ahead and proposed to congress yet another change which congress over whelming accepted. This was to grant the Commander in chief of the armed forces unlimited and unprecedented powers and to use all necessary means possible to prevent and stop future attacks and to capture those responsible for previous ones (Frontline, 2005, chapter 2). This was the second mistake that they did as a result of anger from the attacks and the loss incurred from it. The president
The Great Depression that began in 1929 brought dramatic changes into the lives of many people throughout the world. The United States was among the countries that were adversely affected by this global economic recession. This paper is aimed at discussing various effects produced by this downturn. Moreover, it is critical to examine the way in which it influenced the individual experiences of many people, their values, and perceptions. On the whole, one can argue that that the Great Depression significantly lowered the standards of living and drove many citizens to the brink of property. Among its major consequences, one can also distinguish increased unemployment and the decline of economic activities in the United States and in other countries. Apart from that, one should not forget about political consequences such as increasing intervention of the government into financial sphere (Bauman 20). These are the main impacts that can be distinguished. In many cases, they were closely interconnected. Overall, the legacies of the Great Depression were palpable in the course of several decades. This is why this topic continues to attract the attention of many researchers. At first, it is important to mention the decline in people’s purchasing power. This effect can be partly explained by the fact that many of them lost their savings because of numerous stock market crashes such as the crash of 1929 also known as Black Tuesday (Gow 7; Bauman 10). As a result of this event, investors, who could represent different social classes, were deprived of their revenues. Additionally, many companies could not find capital that was necessary for the development and growth. There are several impacts that should be singled out. First of all, people could not afford various products and services. For instance, they could not afford to purchase or rent housing (Roth 11). This is why historians speak about the growing number of foreclosures in the country and increasing homelessness (Roth 11). This decline in purchasing power affected a great number of entrepreneurs such as industrial manufacturers, farmers, or service organization and they had to dismiss many workers. This is why unemployment became one of the most significant social problems. For instance, in 1933, the unemployment rate in the United States was approximately 25 percent (Taylor 500). As a result, many people were reduced to the state of poverty (Garraty 10). As a result, they became strongly dependent on the assistance offered by the government (Bauman 25). Unemployment rates began to decline only after World War II (Taylor 500). Finally, it is important to mention many businesses had to close down because they could not sell their products and services. Moreover, the value of their stock declined dramatically. These ar
Introduction The question under discussion in this paper is a topic which will in a broad way assess the matter of ethics in the work place by considering all issues such as hiring of employees, assigning tasks to employees, promoting employees and so forth. As such, we shall review the numerous implications that come about due to discriminatory and selective behavior exercised on employees by organization. When disabled employees get better or preferred treatment as compared to those who are not disabled but qualified employees, it is a clear case of discrimination which can also be treated as complete failure or non-adherence to the business code of ethics which are essential for the success any business (Dipboye and Colella, 2005); this is unless that such actions are affirmative in nature which are aimed at addressing past discriminations. The problem is that such actions can obviously be categorized as selective since they appear discriminatory. In order to address this issue and many others we need to understand the whole concept of affirmative action. The concept of affirmative action Affirmative action refer to measures that have been put in place to create balance of some sort and at the same time address historical and documented acts of injustices among the category of persons for which the affirmative action program is designed for (Kowalski, 2006). Generally, the affirmative action usually takes into consideration factors such as gender, race, color, and nationality which are most often the common criteria upon which such injustices or discriminations are known to be based in the first place (Philosophytalk.org, 2011). Most often when such policies are formulated they are meant to create a balance by having the discriminated groups such as women and other marginalized persons for instance to be represented at such levels that is deemed acceptable in order to address whatever form of discrimination that had existed previously. A disabled veteran is a person who has permitted to be awarded compensation because of incurring disability when at duty which might have occurred when at the work place (Fhwa.dot.gov, 2004). Usually, one is entitled to compensation as regarded by the laws and policies set by the veteran association. So based on this essence of affirmative action it is my opinion that disabled veterans should be preferentially treated compared to other persons since this category of persons have been historically disadvantaged in the society but there are limitations to such preferential treatment as we shall see in the discussion below. Discussion The purpose of affirmative action is to provide a mean of righting an injustice or a wrong that has historically taken place especially that which is of discriminatory nature and not to propagate further discrimination in the society by use of policies that promote the same. This is the main principle that the Supreme Court is upholding in the various affirmative cases that it has ruled on and which has become the precedent
Introduction Clinical psychology involves the systematic study and implementation of psychology. The main purpose for clinical psychology is to comprehend, prevent and alleviate psychologically-grounded disorders, suffering or dysfunction and, support prejudiced healthy and individual growth and development. The key activities of clinical psychology include psychological evaluation and psychotherapy, though medical health care providers also participate in training, investigation, project establishment and implementation and forensic demonstration (Heppner, Leong & Chiao, 2008, p. 23). This paper will examine on clinical counseling psychology and the roles of research and statistics in clinical counseling psychology. History and evolving nature of clinical counseling psychology Conventionally, the main distinction between clinical psychology and clinical counseling psychology is their viewpoint and training. Clinical counseling health care providers center more on issues based on psychologically healthy person while clinical psychology centers on persons suffering from severe mental diseases or disorders. Clinical counseling psychology has developed from professional psychology and consists of a powerful educational element. Basically, the idea of counseling has been in existence for ages, and it mirrors on the requirement for an individual to look for assistance from another individual. Therefore, the concept of counseling does not evolve from medical setting but it originated from social set up. However, the term counseling has been incorporated in the clinical setting and is referred to as clinical counseling psychology. This is a form of psychology which embraces study and has implemented task in different extensive levels: counseling procedure and result, management and teaching, profession advancement and counseling, disease prevention and quality health. Clinical counseling psychology was developed due to the World War II. During the WW II, the United States armed forces had a great and powerful desire for professional placement and teaching. In the year ‘1940s and 1950s’, the management of Veterans formed an area of expertise referred to as counseling psychology. This provoked the desire in training individual for the purpose of counseling other people and counseling psychology courses were also developed. In addition, the profession and interpersonal requirements and predicaments of most of the veterans’ people and their relatives provoked the need to establish the counseling psychol