ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Masculinity and femininity is always influenced by geographical, cultural, and historical location. Currently, the combined influence of gay movements and feminism has blown up the conception of a standardized definition of masculinity and femininity. Therefore, it is becoming increasingly fashionable to adopt the term masculinity or femininity not only to reflect the modern times, but also to depict the cultural construction and manifestation of masculinity and femininity to closer and more accurate scrutiny (Beynon, 2002, p. 1). In this regard, social, behavioral, and cultural scientists are specifically concerned with various ways in which gender acquires different meanings and contexts. pecifically, gender is more associated with definitions attached to notions within the cultural and historical framework. According to Andersen and Taylor (2010), gender roles are closely associated with masculinity and femininity in different cultures. In western industrialized societies, people intend to believe that these masculinity and femininity should be absolutely juxtaposed as two opposite sexes due to the social functions they perform. This is why the era of capitalism is highly distinguished among other historical periods. Cultural Variations of Masculinity and Femininity in the Era of Industrialization Given that maleness has a biological orientation, then masculinity must have a cultural one. According to Beynon (2002), masculinity “can never float free of culture” (p. 2). Culture shapes and expresses masculinity differently at different points in time in different situations and different areas by groups and individual. For instance, Hispanic professional males depict a somewhat higher robustness rating than other categories (Long and Martinez, 1997). In Hispanic cultural societies, traditional masculinity is associated with power status. Hispanic professional men (and women) fight the challenges of attempting to balance the popular cultural values in the United States with their ethnic identity and ethnic values. Traditional masculinity has an appreciable influence on Hispanic men’s perception of self. Thus, social counselors must consider the cultural values and ethnic identity when handling a social issue involving the Hispanics. In addition, Beynon (2002, p. 2), argues that, masculinity in the first place exists merely as fantasy about what men ought to be, a blurry construction to assist individuals structure and make sense of their lives. Much research has been done on discussing gender differences from a cross-cultural perspective. To enlarge on this point, Costa et al. (2001) have found out that th
The primary role of Homeland security is to protect all states within the US against terrorist activities (Homeland Security). As a security umbrella, Homeland Security Enterprise has a serious duty of ensuring that all Americans are safe. As such, DHS has a responsibility to reduce terrorism vulnerability, minimize the damage that occurs as a result of terrorist attack, and help American citizens recover from this kind of disaster (Alperen 2011, 23). Therefore, this memorandum will highlight a number of ways that Homeland Security Enterprise can approve to increase effective use of intelligence within the organization. There is no doubt that ensuring the national homeland security is one of the biggest challenges of the 21 st century due to the high level of technology and a number of problems that may arise when protecting the homeland. These problems are deeply rooted in the “over-centralization, pervasive complacency, and entrenched politics” (Mayer, Carafano, and Zuckerman 2012). These kinds of problems often make different states work improperly. As such, there is a need to increase the use of intelligence in order to ensure that these and many other obstacles are eradicated for safety of the American citizens. Effective use of the intelligence will ensure that all the security enterprises are steps ahead of security threats caused by their enemies. This will not only guarantee national security but will also help in ensuring that all infrastructures are safe, and there is no data breach (Alperen 2011, 33). The use of effective intelligence security measures will improve multiple security products as well as minimize vulnerability of all security systems. Now, the question is how Homeland Security Enterprise can increase the effective use of intelligence. First, there is a need to review the mandate and structure of Homeland Security Department (Homeland Security). Since the creation of Department of Homeland Security, its structure has not been reorganized. Therefore, there is a need to review and make numerous changes in the homeland security organization structure. This will ensure that the Homeland Security Enterprise is flexible. The restructuring of the organization should be based on the past and present security threats. Secondly, there is a need to adopt an approach that would ensure the decrease of illegal immigration to the US (Homeland Security). The Homeland Enterprise should, therefore, adopt a fair, honest and realistic approach to immigration enforcement policies (White 2011, 27). This will make the local authority responsible for maintaining and implementing all the policies that discourage illegal border immigration. These measures are important in ensuring maximum border security as they pose a major threat to national security. Thirdly, Homeland Security Enterprise should adopt policies that will ensure it focuses on its vision and mission (White 2011, 45). These policies involve maintaining the use of major counterterrorism tools. They consist of those authorized by the USA PATRIOT Act. In addition to these policies, there is a need to establish a national domestic cou
Introduction Cloning can be defined as the molding of an organism that has the same genetic settings as another organism. This means that the created organism has the same DNA as the original organism. Naturally, there exist human clones which can be attributed to the fact that they have the same DNA settings and it is important to note that these clones were not made in a laboratory but were born as identical twins. Historically, the first cloning was done on a sheep which is popularly known as Dolly and this was in the year 1997. But the cloning technology had been present for a number of years before the first success was recorded on Dolly the sheep (McLaren 2000). Main body There are various ways of creating a cloning and some of the most popular ways include the artificial twining of embryos and transfer of nuclear sells. Artificial embryo twining is the traditional way of cloning and can be said to be the lowest technology in the art of cloning (McLaren 2000). It involves the copying of the natural process which ends up in the creation of natural twins. Naturally, twins are created after an egg is fertilized by a sperm. In cases which are not normal the eggs which has been fertilized divides itself into an embryo which is two-celled and hence separates and creates two individuals within the mother of the twins. This is how identical twins are created. This is the same way that artificial twining of embryos is done. It is achieved by separating the embryos manually. The transfer of somatic cells through nuclear uses a different approach than the artificial embryo. However, the results are the same as those of the artificial embryo. This is the approach that was used in creating Dolly the sheep. Somatic cell can be said to be any cell in the body excluding the reproductive cells which are the ova and the sperm. Somatic cells are also called germ cells and this can be rooted to the fact that they only have a single cell which is complete. Mammals have somatic cells which contain two complete sets of chromosomes. Nuclear can be said to be the brain of the cell and it is an enclosed compartment which is in possession of all the information need by an organism. This information is what is referred to as DNA and it has a unique way of being identified (McLaren 2000). Conclusion Both approaches result in the creation of an organism. However, there is a distinction between the two approaches and this can be seen in that the two cells that are used by the two approaches originate from different sources. In fertilization the egg and the sperm contains a single set of chromosomes and when they are joined a zygote is produced (McLaren 2000). A zygote hence contains two sets of chromosomes each from the egg and the sperm. In somatic cell nuclear transfer, the cell from the egg is removed and replaced by the nucleus from the somatic cell and this has chromosomes which are two complete sets. Bibliography McLaren A, 2000, “Cloning: pathways to a pluripotent future”. Science 288 (5472): 1775–80.
Introduction Representative democracy refers to governments that are established by electing several people to represent a large population. They establish a self-sufficient governing body, which is tasked with protecting the interest of the electorate (Urbanati, 2006). Constitutional democracies are forms of representative democracies, where regimes are governed by the principle of free and fair elections, in addition, to an aggressive political process. This example of representative democracy allows political pluralism (Kis, 2003). This mode often assumes different constitutional forms; a federal republic, like India, Brazil or Germany, or a constitutional monarchy, like Canada, Spain and Japan. It also provides for a presidential system like Brazil, a semi-presidential system like France, or a Westminster system, which is mostly used by the commonwealth nations. A republic is defined as a state that allows a section of the subjects to have dominion and supreme control of government. It should be noted, that these governments are not led by monarchs, rather, an executive whose mandate is ratified by popular suffrage and a constitutional dispensation (Brandolini, 2009). Impacts on Democratic Governance It has been observed that most of the nations operating under constitutional, democratic systems often disregard the will of the majority. After the elections, vested interests resume control of the government, greatly reducing the number of policies passed with the interest of the electorate. Majority will is also constrained by an existing constitution or a previously created precedent. This has led to assertions that liberal democracies are suitable decoys for plutocracies, oligarchies or Plutarch governance systems (Kis, 2003). Representative democracy has several provisions, which mirror expectations of ideal democracies. They have independent judiciaries, which may adjudicate the legality of legislative acts. Options for deliberative democracies exist through high commissions, but enforcing popular measures is also possible through recall elections and referendums. Federalism Federalism refers to a mode of governance where dominion is shared between a central government and the constituent political units. These units may be provinces or states, depending on the mode of government used in a nation. This creates entities called federations, and proponents of this governance style are referred to as federalists (Campbell, 2004). Under separation of powers, the nation is classified in branches. Each branch is allocated unique responsibilities to discharge. These responsibilities are structured in a manner that ensures no branch is superior to the other. The judiciary, executive, and legislature form the most commonly used branches. It was conceived in primeval Greece and was widely used by the Roman Empire (Smith, 2004). It is commonplace that two levels of government are required in order to have an effective federal system of government. The power structure between the levels should be designed t
Introduction Probably, music is the most popular way of entertaining people in the modern culture. Artists create different music to suit different people, situations and needs. This has resulted to the emergence of many songs which aim at attracting audience in unique ways. For example, Classic Rock music targets elderly people showing its unique characteristics that target to satisfy their needs. In line with this satisfaction, artists tend to embrace violence, purport racism, and isolate social classes when they are creating music. Therefore, this paper will analyze how the classic rocks and gangsta rap depict violence, racism and social classes. Additionally, it will make a comparison between classic rocks and gangsta rap (Covach & Everet, 2000). Analyzing Classic Rocks Understandably, audience determines the content of music as well as the depiction of violence, racism and social class. Classic rocks are created to target the elderly generation by including the old lyrics in the modern hits. This implies that artists must include themes relating to good morals so that they can capture their interest. Consequently, classic rocks do not portray violence since the audience regards it as immorality. Unlike other songs that refer women as whores and bitches, classic rocks do not use abusive words when referring to people. This is an undisputable indication that classic rocks avoid violence to maintain the audience and satisfy its needs. Classic rocks are composed in a manner that is more related to white races than the black people. They address issues that confront the European countries including laws, health services, and love among others. In fact, most rocks are inspired by real life occurrences affecting the audience. During the federal law that limited the speed of vehicles at 55 km/h, Hagar composed his rock which was referred to as I Cannot Drive 55. This song was addressing a real issue that faced the citizens of United States of America. Although the song does not specify the race, it addresses an issue experienced by the citizens of a European country. Generally, classic rocks are related to the white race and address issues conjoined to the whites. In regard to the social class, classic rocks target people who earn high income in the society. This is evident in many classic rocks that have been composed since 1980s. It is evident that Hagar’s rock is addressing the vehicles’ speed limits in the United States of America. It is probable that the people who own vehicles are at the middle class level. This implies that classic rocks are related to wealthy people in the society. Analyzing Gangsta Rap You
The twenty-first century is also referred to as the era of information or rather the digitally based information age. Availability of information has enabled people to achieve numerous goals in many spheres of life. Undoubtedly, digitally based information society affects individuals as well as communities to a great extent. The new environment has influenced people’s health and the way people treat information. It is possible to note that the digital world has negative as well as positive outcomes. In the first place, it is necessary to consider people’s health or rather the way the digital world affects humans. The case of La Quinta School can be regarded as a bright example of the negative effects digital environment causes (Segell 88). Several teachers developed cancer while working at the school. The principal of the school initiated an investigation that showed that “[c]umulative exposure to transients in the school increased the likelihood a teacher would develop cancer by 64%” (Segell 86). Of course, the school is not the only place where people are exposed to negative influence of technology. People are not safe even at home. Technology has made people’s life by far easier. Nonetheless, it has also become quite hazardous. Cell phones, Wi-Fi, Bluetooth and other appliances affect people’s health as they act like magnets (Segell 88). Development of serious diseases is the price people pay for their comfort. Apart from health hazards, the new environment is associated with a number of other effects. Thus, it has already changed the way people communicate. At present, there are no borders and people disregard distances. They can communicate 24 hours a day with people from all over the world. Thus, “sending and reading e-mail is by far the single most popular use of the Internet” (qtd. in Campbell et al. 51). More so, instant messaging has become a greater hit among young people. Thus, instead of waiting some time and sharing ideas and emotions during meetings at certain places, people now can share their ideas with the rest of the world without even meeting their ‘interlocutors’. Personal communication is sometimes optional and many people are becoming absorbed by the digital world. There is another way the digital world affects people. The abundance of information and its availability influences people’s lives and the way societies develop. The Internet enables people to share any information and spread it easily. Thus, ideas of violence and rebel can also be disseminated among people. Governmen
In the article “Re-thinking and Re-tooling the Social Marketing Mix”, Ross (2012) contends that the traditional four Ps (product, price, place, promotion) marketing mix model has failed to deliver the intended outcomes in social marketing, hence the need for the model to be re-thought and re-tooled to include other marketing mix elements that are critical to the social marketing domain. The author heavily relies on documented research studies not only to demonstrate the shortcomings of the four Ps model in the contemporary marketing arena but also to conceptualise a more open-minded social marketing approach that takes cognisance of the realities on the ground. All the arguments included in this article seem to demonstrate that, although the four Ps marketing model has so far predominated the marketing thought and practised particularly due to its pedagogic orientation, it has already been stretched beyond breaking point and is no longer feasible for use by marketers who are more into social marketing than commercial marketing (Ross 2012). From the onset, the article highlights the incomplete nature of the four Ps marketing mix model particularly in its explanatory authority over the facets of social marketing interventions, with evidence being adduced to the fact that many techniques and intervention approaches used in the social marketing domain do not fall under the four Ps marketing mix categorisation. The main premise is that social marketing is informed by more than just ideas from mainstream marketing; hence there is a need to re-think and re-tool the four Ps model to fit current social marketing trends. In brief, the traditional marketing model is criticised for  1. its simplicity and naivety in solving complex marketing problems such as service provision, business to business networking or social marketing,  2. its focus on short-term, sales and transactions orientation hence undervaluing the significance of strategic, long-term relational thinking and brand equity,  3. its bias to time-specific media channels such as TV advertising at the expense of less-time specific media with capacity to provide segmentation, targeting and behaviour change interventions that form the basis of social marketing,  4. its incapacity to cover the various tools and strategies used in modern-day marketing,  5. its inbuilt orientation towards the seller rather than the customer (Ross 2012). The author cites several scholarly debates to demonstrate why an effective social marketing tool needs to move away from one-off transactions involving the aspects of product, price, place and promotion, to a more focussed approach that entrenches the value of developing relationships with consumers and other stakeholders to develop trust and loyalty. Such an approach, according to author, must not only have the capacity to initiate long-term interventions required to change or modify behaviours, but must more willingly identify and gratify customer needs and preferences by developing and implementing “solutions rather than just products, providing information instead of only focussing on promotion, creating value instead of obsessing
Introduction Every society must be guided by laws and regulations, and distinguished philosophers such as Kant have been quoted (Avaliani, n.d) to have said that no state or society can exist in the absence of laws. Violation of these laws attracts punishment. Most states and justice systems employ the death penalty as punishment for crimes that are considered to be serious. Crimes such as murder, treason and most recently terrorism attract the death penalty. Many ethical issues are raised about the death penalty (Mosser, 2010), and this paper examines and analyses the ethical arguments for and against the punishment. Do we need the death penalty? It is only the state that has a right to execute a person, and this execution must be premised on the decision of a court (O’Neil, 2012). The debate surrounding this issue is not about its legality but on whether it is ethical or not. Most people agree that a person who violates the law must be punished, even those who argue against the death penalty. Kant argues that a society that does not punish those who violate its laws becomes the offender’s accomplice (Avaliani, n.d). Every individual has a right to life. Why then, should the state sanction the willful taking away of life by its agents? Everyone who commits a crime against society puts himself in debt, and this debt must be satisfied in full (Vollum, Mallicoat, & Buffington, 2009). The implication of this is that punishment should have a retributive effect. One of the strongest arguments that support the death penalty is that it satisfies the need for retribution. Therefore, one who takes away life must give up his own. The retributive value of the death penalty is distinguished from revenge, which is said to be based on hatred and is ethically unjustifiable. The argument is that executing a murderer is a way of ensuring that he/she pays back the debt owed to society. The punishment that the society imposes on a lawbreaker must act as a discouragement from committing similar crimes (Vollum, Mallicoat, & Buffington, 2009). The death penalty is supported for its purported deterrence effect (O’Neil, 2012 & The BBC, n.d.). It is alleged to cause fear in others, so that they restrain themselves from committing a crime for which they may face the death penalty. Proponents of the death penalty reason that if someone has the knowledge that he/she may get a lighter punishment than the taking away of his/her own life, then there will be nothing to deter people from committ