ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
There are several types of punishments that are inflicted upon law offenders. Traditional sentencing options include fines, probation, imprisonment, and the death penalty. A judge may impose a penalty on the perpetrator according to the severity of the crime. For example, fines are considered to be the lightest form of sentencing as they are generally used for simple offenses, for example, traffic violations or minor drug possessions. In such instances, a convicted must pay a certain amount of money to the court. For example, a case of Brett Sanders was spotted going nine miles above the speed limit (Alexander, 2017). He was spotted by the officer while driving recklessly down the highway in Frisco, Texas. For this violation, the court gave Sanders a ticket and made him pay $212 in fines. As a form of protest, he decided to pay it in coins. Another type of sentencing is probation when a convicted has to be supervised within the community. While being on probation, he or she must follow strict rules. In cases when the convicts violate regulations that were imposed on them, they can be sent to prison instead. As a rule, conditions of probation include restricting movements, obeying all laws, and regularly reporting to a probation officer. One of the most famous cases where the convicted was put under probation, is the case of the 16-year old Ethan Couch, who stole his father’s car drove around carelessly while being drunk. Moreover, he also stole two cases of beer from the supermarket; however, his most violent crime was accidentally running over people, killing them. Nevertheless, despite the severity of his offense, the judge sentenced him to an “open-campus state probation facility that hosts a 90-day treatment plan” (Weston, 2016, p. 231). The reason for such sentencing was the fact that the judge considered a psychologist’s testimony, where it was stated that Couch made poor choices because of his poor upbringing. Imprisonment is the third sentencing option, which includes the restriction of a convict’s freedom. In other words, a judge gives a sentence; after that, the offender is taken to jail or prison. These two correctional facilities may seem similar; howe
Introduction Human trafficking has emerged to be one of the direst problems facing the global community today. The international community denounces this practice as “modern-day slavery and a crime against humanity.” The USAID organization warns that human trafficking victimizes millions of poor who are exploited for profit (par. 1). Human trafficking constitutes a gross violation of the human rights of the individual as he/she is reduced to the status of a commodity to be used in any manner by the person who buys it. While there is no debate on the need to end trafficking in persons, there is a consensus on who should provide the major funding for anti-trafficking efforts. Over the last decade, the US has taken the lead in activity aimed at ending international human trafficking. These efforts have resulted in a reduction of human trafficking cases to some extent. For this reason, activists of human trafficking causes are calling for additional funding. These calls have been met with opposition by some critics who argue that the US is already doing more than its fair share in the fight against global human trafficking. This paper will argue that the US should provide additional funding for human trafficking cause to increase the probability of these efforts succeeding. The paper will demonstrate that while the current US contribution to the efforts is commendable, it is still below what is required to make a significant impact in the human trafficking scene. Why the US should Provide Additional Funding Tackling the human trafficking issue will assist the US in its quest to deal with some of the crimes perpetrated by international organized crime syndicates in America. Siskin and Wyler reveal that many organized criminal groups take part in the lucrative business of human trafficking (6). Most of the organized crime groups that engage in human trafficking employ sophisticated means and have members from various countries. These organizations use the illicit income obtained from human trafficking to engage in other crimes. Siskin and Wyler explain that other crimes associated with human trafficking operations include “fraud, extortion, racketeering, money laundering, bribery, drug trafficking, arms trafficking, and migrant smuggling” (6). The US has been adversely affected by the activities of money laundering and drug trafficking by organized criminals. These criminals have been able to accomplish their crimes due to the huge financial resources they have. Some of this money is obtained from human trafficking activities. A report by the FBI in 2006 estimated that organized crime generates $9.5 billion annually from human trafficking. If the US provides additional funding for anti-human trafficking programs, it will greatly impede on the profits obtained from this crime by cartels. Dealing with the multi-billion dollar human trafficking industry will be beneficial to the US since it will deny organized criminals
Background The following background to the launch of the debate insights is take from John Steinbeck’s novel, ‘East of Eden’ (1952). “ I don’t know how it will be in the years to come. There are monstrous changes taking place in the world, forces shaping a future whose face we do not know. Some of these forces seem evil to us, perhaps not in themselves but because their tendency is to eliminate other things we hold good…In our time mass or collective production has entered our economics, our politics, and even our religion, so that some nations have substituted the idea collective for the idea God. This in my time is the danger. There is great tension in the world, tension toward a breaking point, and men are unhappy and confused. At such a time it seems natural and good to me to ask myself these questions. What do I believe in? What must I fight for and what must I fight against?” As relevant as these words and sentiments were 50 years ago, how much more so are they today? The foregoing dilemmas are directly applicable to the discussions and debates on how food demands posed by an ever increasing population raise fundamental questions regarding the use of world resources to satisfy such demands. Attempts to answer those questions have resulted in divergent opinions regarding strategies for food production, international development, poverty alleviation, and the reduction of population growth. One key issue is the consideration of the economic, social and environmental costs of supplying agricultural products to satisfy food and fiber demands into the indefinite future. Analysis of this issue has led to criticism of the ability of conventional agriculture to sustain food production without economic, social and environmental costs that could compromise global equity today and the welfare of generations to come. Thus, alternatives to conventional agriculture were proposed seeking to improve the sustainability of agriculture. These different options are collectively termed alternative agriculture. Many people, however, view the intensification of agriculture through increased technology as the only viable way to feed a global growing population. The Debate As the world braces for the implications and the consequences of contemporary sweeping global phenomena such as globalisation, population growth and global warming the raging debates surrounds the matter of which food production concepts and techniques will be feasible for the production of food supplies, which will suffice to sustain the ballooning population. The paper presets an arguments around the matter of food production alternatives a
The geisha is a unique phenomenon for the Asian culture as well as, of course, for the western one. Feminine social roles in Japan were divided into three main branches: a wife, who served men’s body, a woman of pleasure, such as, for example, an oiran, who prostituted, and a geisha, whose main concerns were men’s souls and minds. Art played a great role in Japanese culture an
Introduction Nowadays, considerable attention is paid to the development of human resource management models according to which employees have to work, meet their needs and expectations, and improve the results of work that should be done (Bharnagar & Stivastava, 2012). Human resource management is the field within the frames of which organizational development, as well as human resource development, should be promoted and explained to managers and employees. Tertiary hospitals are the types of non-profit organizations that require appropriate and management to complete their main function and be a successful public charity representative (Tschirhart & Bielefeld, 2012). The evaluation of organizational culture, behavior, and satisfaction is a crucial step that cannot be neglected because culture identifies the norms and values that should be used by employees, behavior demonstrates the way of how the requirements should be met, and satisfaction clarifies the results that should be achieved during the managing process (Tsai 2011). In this paper, the role of pharmacists’ service delivery in a hospital environment and its impact on employee performance, behavior, and satisfaction will be investigated through such management categories as communication, supervision, leadership styles, orders, workload, and staff cooperation. The analysis of different management categories in terms of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs theory should help to understand how tertiary hospitals can develop the relations with pharmacists’ delivery services and overcome the performance, behavioral, and satisfaction challenges hospital employees face with. Working Environment in a Tertiary Hospital in an Ambulatory Setting Tertiary hospitals are the organizations that offer patients various types of tertiary care that may take place after a certain portion of primary and secondary care has been given. Kayden, Anderson, Freitas, and Platz (2014) explain a tertiary hospital as “a hybrid of intensive care and trauma units” (p. 319). In such organizations, employees aim at providing i
The CLASS Act was part and parcel of the 2010 PPA that was enacted by the government with the aim of boosting the healthcare concerns of the working Americans. It was purely administered by the government. The Act was voluntary and it aimed at proving healthcare benefit on areas such as severe cognitive impairment, disability, and long term physical illnesses. This healthcare benefit was supposed to cover the entire life of the applicant. According to the argument put forward by the Congressional Budget Office (CBO), the CLASS Act was supposed to lower the federal budget. However, the Act has not solved the issue of long term care so far. To begin with, the estimates provided by CBO were not accurate. This concern was raised by the Congress even before PPACA was endorsed. For example, there was double counting of the premiums that were collected. The CLASS Act has failed to take care of long term care because it did not secure the funds needed to settle the benefits of the program. It misconstrued the latter with the cost of expanding PPACA entitlements (Brown & Finkelstein, 2007). The solvency of the program has also been questioned by critics. The affordability of the long term benefits proposed by the Act may not be sustainable at all. It may be cumbersome for the federal government to take care of all the budgetary requirement of the CLASS Act regardless of the premiums collected from customers (US Department of Health & Human Services, 2011). The savings projection of CBO was directly proportional to the solvency of the CLASS Act. However, this will highly likely augment the nation’ deficit especially if the program becomes insolvent. Although the CLASS Act has been projected that it will be sound for over 50 years, the deficit created so far will not allow the program to run without hitches. There are myriads of design flaws in the CLASS Act. For example, the Act has not borrowed the ideals of Medicaid. The Act does not have the ability to ensure uninterrupted enrolment or even lowering the rate of underwriting by insurance companies. The private insurance plans seem to be doing better than the CLASS Act. Moreover, it is not practical for the Act to maintain the solvency for over seven decades. There are also myriads of legislative revisions that have been carried out on the CLASS Act. Eventually, its contents have been made weak (Nyman, 1988). The Appropriations Committee drawn from the Senate also hampered the operations of the CLASS Act when it withdrew over $100 million that was meant to market and redesign the program. This clearly shows that long term care can hardly be catered for by the program since it has no political goodwill even at the Senate level (Nyman & Connor, 1994). Perhaps, the CLASS Act would have catered for the long term care if the concerns of the Congress would have been put into consideration. However, the implementation level of the program failed against the expectations. According to Pareto efficiency, it is vital to create a balance between the utility of users and the revenue of carrier
Introduction Before delving into the debate concerning whether juveniles should be treated as adults in a criminal cases, it is critical to have a basic understanding of basic themes first. The term juvenile is used to refer to criminal offenders who are below the age of 18. In some states in the US, juvenile age is set a little higher or lower than 18 years (Gardner, 2011). This young age is used as a restraint when prosecuting juveniles in a case that an adult would normally be placed. Indeed, juvenile cases usually attract lesser punishments compared to sentences passed on adults. The question is whether juveniles should undergo similar judicial process as the adults or they should be treated differently. This paper argues that trying juveniles in the same manner as adults is not a deterrent to criminal activities as it might harden the hearts of the children so convicted. Opposing view A crime should be considered as such, no matter who the offender is at that particular time. This understanding is the one that motivates criminologists to suggest that the whole juvenile delinquency system must be overhauled to allow for one judicial process that does not differentiate between an adult and children. According to Gardner, “this pointer overrides the present juvenile system completely” (p. 114).This is because, the law requires the establishment of juvenile courts since children cannot stand trial in the same way that the older people are prosecuted. The following points will show that doing away with the juvenile delinquency system might not be a popular idea. Indeed, even simple logic can prove that a child cannot be treated the same an adult (Crofts, 2002). In most cases, children are found to commit crimes at a very young age, may be at 9 or 10 years (Crofts, 2002). Sociologists argue that for a person of this age, it is not likely for them to know or to have the mental capabilities to act like a normal adult. An adult can sit with another adult, conspire, and arrange how to conduct a criminal activity. Adults can go to greater heights and travel across borders to plan and execute their plans. In addition, they can bribe their ways in order to conceal their criminal activities. On the other hand, it is not possible for children to know how to plan and carry out their schemes. They do not have resources to conceal their ways. Therefore, putting them at par with adults is an injustice and a misunderstanding of a simple concept. Supporting arguments According
Introduction In multivariate regression, more than one predictive outcome variable is observed and evaluated at the time. In this assignment, the focus will be on multivariate approaches that can best serve Big D Incorporated and their new customers, the outdoor sporting goods clients. This paper will further explain three major ways in which multivariate statistics can be utilized in this scenario, as elaborated in the following paragraphs: factor analysis, multidimensional scaling, and cluster analysis techniques. Factor Analysis Factor analysis is a technique in which mass data is taken and simplified into manageable and understandable information. It is a way of searching for unseen patterns, showing how they overlap and revealing characteristics of the data. The approach is useful when analyzing information involving socioeconomic status, psychological studies by creating sets of variables known as dimensions (Shahbaz, Shahbaz, & Hanif, 2019). Big D Incorporated can therefore use factor analysis to evaluate the relationship between quantity variables and their fundamental objective for the business. It will help them reduce huge data available to them and make it understandable with minimal data loss. The approach will promote better data and information association at Big D Incorporated. Multidimensional Scaling (MDS) Multidimensional scaling represents the visual illustration of distances or discrepancies among sets of object. In this case, objects can be faces, colors, coordinates of a map, political persuasion, and or conceptual stimuli (Bowerman, O’Connell, Murphee, & Orris, 2016). This approach dictates that similar items tend to be closer together on a graphical representation as opposed to those with divergent similarity. Big D Incorporated has a great opportunity to improve on their performance and customer relations as it will allow them to analyze client perspectives on their products and those of their rivals. In return, the organization will be able to stay ahead of its competitors as well as maintain a grip of the market. Cluster Analysis Cluster analysis is used to group a series of objects in a certain way. The technique aims at placing objects, which the data suggests are not defined priority, in groups or clusters, so that objects in a particular cluster tend to be similar in some ways to each other, and objects in other clusters often differ (Jaggia et al., 2016). It is important to note that through this method, Big D Incorporated can do product development and analyze social media clusters, which helps in learning the unknown and unmet needs of the customers. Conclusion and Recommendation In conclusion, the use of data to draw meaningful conclusions is a significant idea that companies need to embrace in order to perform well in the market and maintain their customers. The paper recommends that Big D Incorporated uses factor and cluster analysis techniques in its business analysis since the former will help it describe variability that is observable among data sets and correlate them in potentially low numbers to make meaningful inte
America happens to be one of the countries in the world that consists of different kinds of people including, the most dominant blacks and the whites and as a result, there has been a rich and diverse culture practiced by the inhabitants. For foreigners in the United States, it is not easy to be cognizant of the lifestyle exercised by the natives due to the complex social structure observed. Of the other nations of the world, Americans are so proud of themselves and their country boasting of its superiority, stability in terms of economy, and having the most mature democratic political system in the whole world. Condon & Yousef (1975) say that their values happen to differ from the other people considering first from the kind of education offered in the learning institutions which is totally different from that in most countries, that is practical rather theory that lays the foundation for every person. One of the values is individualism, and this is the core value where children are trained from their early stages to consider themselves as separate individuals who are responsible for every action or circumstance that pertains to their lives. Every growing citizen knows that the destiny to his or her success is within them and thus one does not even care about how the parents live. Another important point is privacy. Americans value privacy, they believe that they need to stay in a private place especially after a busy day to ponder on life. This is usually evidently looking at the partitioning of their houses where every child has a separate room from the other sibling’s something that is not common to people in most countries (Stewart, 1991). Americans consider those who like hanging out with others as dependants and indecisive who cannot handle matters concerning their lives as individuals. Another important value is that of equality, Americans believe all men were created equal and that they all deserve equal respect and treatment; although this value is not usually adhered to as there are some variations. Most Americans live an informal kind of lifestyle, in that they socialize freely with everybody despite one’s rank or position at the workplace. They have a notion that nobody is more important than the other and that every individual’s work position is as important as the other’s. Time is a crucial thing that one can either use or misuse within his/her disposal to do a constructive thing. Notably, it is quite different from the way other people perceive these values, from individualism where they believe nobody is capable of living an individualized life, although we require each other’s assistance in our everyday life. Meeting together after a busy day is an everyday thing to most Americans as they are able to share their challenges at work and how to counter them and in so doing, one is able to release fatigue and stress (Storti, 2004; Althen, 2003). On the issue of equality, there is standardized remuneration in most countries e