ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction The human body is a complicated system made of many sub-systems. These sub-systems work independently, but they contribute to the overall function of the body as a whole. The body has many organs, and these organs are adapted to carry out different functions (Bruce, 2012). The individual functions of the individual organs of the body ensure that the body is at some equilibrium; all needs of the body are met. General and Special Senses These are the physiological abilities of an organism that supply information for perception. Classification of senses, action, and conjecture are interrelated topics. Although they overlap, they are studied in different fields. There is an organ devoted to each sense in the nervous structure system of sensation. General senses include exteroceptors, interoceptors and proprioceptors. Exteroceptors are the senses that monitor the outside world, and they help the body to adapt to the outside world. These senses are very important as organisms live in an environment in which they need to adapt; exteroceptors help organisms in this adaptation (Sherwood, 2012). Interoceptors are senses that monitor the way the body carries out its internal functions. These senses determine whether the body is in a state of homeostasis, and when it is not, these senses send information to the brain. These senses are crucial in the survival of an organism. Proprioceptors are useful because they monitor the joint position. These senses are useful in that they maintain the natural structure of the body of an organism. General Senses are further subdivided to include Baroreceptors, Chemoreceptors, Mechanoreceptors, Nociceptors, and Thermoreceptors. Baroreceptors are sets of mechanoreceptors, they monitor pressure changes in tubular organs. These organs include the bowel, ureters and vessels. Chemoreceptors help an organism in monitoring the chemical compositions (O 2 , CO 2 , and pH) of their body fluids. This is important because the chemical compositions of the fluids have to balance so that an organism can maintain its state of homeostasis. Mechanoreceptors are usually located in the skin, and they monitor body contact and pressure. Nonireceptors usually monitor the damage of body tissues, and they are found in areas that have been harmed. Lastly, thermoreceptors are found in the body’s skin, and they monitor the regulation of body temperature (Sherwood, 2012). Special senses include the senses that people are conscious of, and these senses are used in almost all activities of organisms. These senses include equilibrium (maintained by the balance between right and left ear), gustation (taste: different parts of the tongue help in this sense), hearing (the ear advances this sense), olfaction (smell: the nose is responsible for this sense) and vision (the eye and its parts takes care of this sense of sight). These senses are very important, and they are the senses that physicians first use to determine whether the body of an organism is working properly (Bruce, 2012). The Endocrine System The endocrine system consists of glands that genera
The case study conducted by Giffords, Alonso, and Bell (2007) is an excellent example of the assessment of human services. The article provides a careful description of the offered service to homeless adolescents for the successful transition to adulthood. The authors also provide information about the theoretical frameworks behind the proposed services, describes the expected outcomes, and compares them to actual outcomes using coherent methodology. The purpose of the program evaluation was to determine the effectiveness of the provided services and identify the barriers to the successful implementation of the program. The authors concluded that transitional living projects for adolescents, such as the Walkabout program, are an effective method for empowering young homeless adults to make the difficult transition to self-sufficiency. However, the lack of sufficient resources can obstruct the successful implementation of such programs. The evolution of human services is crucial since they assess if a program is worth the allocated resources. In other words, evaluation of services provides information if a practice is to be praised of dismissed. According to Barret and Sorensen (2015), the importance of the process was first recognized in 1976; however, since then, the situation has hardly changed. Thirty-five years later, the authorities still had little information about the outcomes of human services programs due to the lack of adequate assessment tools (Barret & Sorensen, 2015). However, the attitude to the matter has changed considerably since, in the 1980s, many professionals believed it was impossible to evaluate the outcomes (Barret & Sorensen, 2015). Since then, the appropriate tool has been elaborated, and the article by Giffords et al. (2007) confirms it.
Introduction Background of Study Technology has significantly improved organizational performance by making firms more efficient and connected with one another. In this regard, there is improved connectivity of organizational processes and the adoption of faster data processing techniques. However, as companies continue to reap the benefits of these changes, they are increasingly facing the possibility of losing important or valuable data to hackers through cyber theft. Relative to this fact, Mukhopadhyay et al. (2019) say that the uptake of technology and the prominence of the Internet of Things (IoT), which is a network of objects that communicate with each other, has increasingly exposed companies to the threat of online attacks. Hackers and identity thieves are the most common set of criminals found online and they are ready to exploit weak security systems for criminal gains. Hacking and identity theft are cyber-security issues that have affected many organizations because before most of them use computing devices to carry out their core tasks. Consequently, they are vulnerable to multiple levels of security threats, which can be launched from anonymous quarters. The record and history of online attacks have been well documented in reports, publications, and academic studies (McAfee, 2018; Dinger and Wade, 2019). Most of them suggest that such attacks often lead to the loss of information, privacy, and funds, and may cause reputational damages to firms (McAfee, 2018; Dinger and Wade, 2019). Additionally, firms may be concerned that public awareness about such cyber threats may fundamentally undermine confidence in their businesses. Therefore, without the assurance that the devices are secure and that the data contained in them are protected, it is difficult for people to trust organizational systems. In the context of this study, hacking will be used as a broader term involving different types of malicious activities affecting the integrity of data or information contained in a secure network system. For example, Carpenter et al. (2020) classify unlawful appropriation, embezzlement, espionage, and plagiarism as part of crimes involving hacking. The establishment of sham websites to carry out fraudulent activities and using spoofers to “trick” people into releasing sensitive data through phony email addresses are also categorized as crimes involving hacking (Levitin et al., 2018). Contrary to popular belief, hacking does not only affect personal computers because large-scale operating systems, such as those owned by government agencies running water treatment and sanitation services or electric power lines could also be hacked (Bialas, 2016). This statement means that not only are individuals at risk of such attacks but corporations are equally affected. Identity theft occurs in several ways, but the effects on victims are the same as those of hacking. This is because bo
Modern buildings and skyscrapers constitute one of the phenomena of large cities that aggressively affect the environment. It goes without saying that cooling is not the primary way to address adverse pressure on the ecological component of the urban environment, yet in conjunction with other measures, it can produce a synergistic effect and optimize the microclimate inside the buildings. This paper focuses on the comparison of cooling strategies utilized in the Council House 2 (CH2) and Eastgate projects, such as shower towers and termitary construction, respectively. Council House 2 is the first office-type building in Melbourne, Australia that received the prestigious D’STAR Design Award, the Australian equivalent of Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) Platinum Certification (Fam, Mitchell, Abeysuriya, & Lopes, 2014). The construction of this famous environmentally-friendly project was completed in 2006, when it was recognized as one of the most secure buildings in the country. The concept behind this ​​building belongs to Rob Adams, the Director of City Design for the city of Melbourne. The team of designers wanted the energy- and water-saving project to meet the climatic and environmental conditions of this Australian city. The architect of the project, Mick
Background The process of identifying risks and searching for the tools that will help mitigate them successfully is crucial for an organization operating in the environment of the global economy. Therefore, it is crucial to spot the threats that the oil project will be exposed to in Sudan, including environmental, economic, political, social, and financial factors. By creating a sustainable approach toward cost management and taking the political threats into account, the managers will be able to make entrepreneurship a success. Operational Uncertainties Among all operational uncertainties that the organization is likely to face in the context of the target market, the oil supply needs to be listed as the issue that is likely to be of the greatest concern (Leiras, Rebas, and Hamacher 2013). The available capacity of the process units is another operational uncertainty that needs to be addressed to facilitate the smooth management of the related processes. Indeed, the cracking and coking capacities, which are currently viewed as the primary target of investors, restrict the firm’s operations to a significant degree ( Addressing uncertainty in oil and natural gas industry greenhouse gas inventories 2015). It should be noted, though, that the emphasis on the identified capacities has affected the oil market somewhat negatively over the past few years: “Instead of closing refineries in the OECD, however, companies have invested in more complex cracking and coking capacities, exacerbating the surplus of petroleum products in export markets” (Doshi 2015, para. 5). In other words, by improving the tools worldwide, investors have created the situation, in which the supply rates may exceed the demand levels (International Energy Outlook 2016). As a result, the organizations that have not established a strong presence in the target market yet may be ousted from the economic environment by the enterprises that have already become household names in the oil industry. In light of the investment issues mentioned above, it will be reasonable to assume that the current supply rates are going to rise consistently, therefore, leading to the necessity to reduce prices. The identified step, in its turn, will imply that the project in question will need a reduction of expenses; otherwise, it will not be viable in the target environment. For these purposes, the principles of sustainable use of resources will have to be included in the organization’s system. Risks Environmental The environmental impacts of oil production are, perhaps, among the most dubious aspects of the industry’s existence. Unless the project is located in a remote, deserted area, its threats to the wellbeing of the people living in the vicinity, as well as the unique habitat and its endemics, will be immediately confirmed. The environmental uncertainties mentioned above are linked directly to the operational ones, such as the emissions inventory uncertainty. Even though oil sites are not typically viewed as a source of large emissions, the degree to which they pollute the environment still ne
Introduction There are only a few people perhaps who are interested in the historical Moses of the Bible. Even if Moses was credited for the establishment of Judaism, no one can hear of a movement or an organization dedicated to discovering Moses in history. There is also not much that can be heard in the Western world when it comes to the passionate search for the historical Buddha and not the deified person that now sits in Buddhist temples. There is also no debate when it comes to the historical Mohammed. But when it comes to the discussion regarding the historical Jesus, one can expect a heated exchange of ideas and opinions. It can be argued that the study of Jesus can provoke such reactions from historians, theologians, and even the average person is because he claimed to be God and he is currently worshipped as God by many of his adherents. How can one man cause such intense passion? This is the main reason why the question has to be raised, “Who is the historical Jesus? There is no easy way to answer this question because would like to Jesus’ contributions and impact in ancient history while supporters would want to make him more than a man. Main body The search for historical Jesus usually means the use of information outside the Bible. It is easy to understand why this is the stance of historians and critics of Christianity. The Bible is of course seen as the main document that established the Christian religion and therefore it is seen as an information source that is biased towards Jesus and his followers. Thus, it could not be used to understand the historical Jesus. On the other hand, it can also be argued that if one will take this position, he is biased against the Christian faith. The Bible should be an important source of information especially if the data that can be taken from it can be verified and more importantly not contradicted by well-established facts. Many historians argue that Jesus was not known beyond Jewish circles. One noted history commentator, Ernest Renan argued that well-known historians like Philo who died in the year 50 A.D. had no idea who Jesus was (Renan, p. 72). He also added that Jesus did not create an impact in Israel and Greek and Roman countries Jesus was not heard of (Renan, p. 72). On the other hand, Renan’s views had to be carefully considered because in the early years of the Jesus movement the presence of Christians was so significant to cause persecutions and in fact, in 60 A.D. Roman Emperor Nero ordered the destruction of many Christians and included in the list of victims were the pillars of the Christian faith – St. Paul and St. Peter (Norman, p. 14). How can the world be ignorant of Jesus when the greatest empire in the history of mankind was bothered by his teaching and disciples that they had to silence them? On top of that, the Roman Empire embraced Christianity later on. It can therefore be argued that the historical Jesus was hidden from plain sight because historians used a dif
The Main Argument of the Video “A hundred years ago, a new theory about human nature was put forward by Sigmund Freud. He had discovered, he said, primitive sexual and aggressive forces hidden deep inside the minds of all human beings. Forces which, if not controlled, individuals and societies to chaos and destruction. This series is about how those in power have used Freud’s theories to try and control the dangerous crowd in an age of mass democracy” ( The Century of the Self ). Summary The video can be divided into four parts. The first part tells about Sigmund Freud’s work in Vienna and how his ideas of “dangerous instinctual drives” hidden deep inside all people were criticized ( The Century of the Self ). This part delves deeper into the origins of psychoanalysis and features commentary by Freud’s colleague, Dr. Ernest Jones. The second part introduces and concentrates on Freud’s nephew, Edward Bernays, whose parents immigrated to America in 1892. During WWI, Bernays was employed by the Committee of Public Information, where he promoted the idea of spreading democracy all over Europe. This part of the film is complemented by the extracts from propagandistic films of that time, archive footage of the parades and rallies, photographs, etc. There are also extracts from the 1991 interview with Bernays where he shares his memories of President Wilson inviting him to the Peace Conference in Paris. This opportunity facilitated Bernays’ resolve to attempt to use the same propagandistic techniques during the time of peace. The third part of the movie tells about the first attempts at this, including the successful campaign to convince women that smoking symbolizes independence and strength of character, product placement in movies, the opening of the first convenience store chains, etc. He proved that information drove behavior and almost single-handedly launched the era of consumerism. The economic crisis in Vienna and the publication of Freud’s works in America are also briefly mentioned in this part. The last part – the longest one – is about Bernays’ rise to power and his downfall as the ideas of democracy fell out of favor. This part concentrates on the changes the newly elected President Roosevelt was making to lead America out of the economic crisis, the alternatives to democracy that were being sought around the world, and Bernays’ later career. The episode ends with Sigmund Freud’s immigration to England and death. Opposing Viewpoints The most obvious question the video asks: “Is it good or is it bad to appeal to the crowd’s desires? What if the crowd wants a wrong thing?” As Ann Bernays, Edward Bernays‘ daughter, but it Edward’s conviction was in the fact that the masses should be guided from above in order to choose the right things, which is not so much democracy the ideas of which he ad
Social influences are things that alter or influence an individual’s feelings, conduct, opinions, or actions. Both sociologists and psychologists find this concept of great value, for example, social influence is a pivotal tool for marketing, smoking and many more. Among the very many things under focus when handling the concept of social influence is how external factors affect behavior of certain faction or discrete individuals. In other words, nobody is exclusive of social influence as it can occur in any social condition. For instance, let us take prejudice, attraction and love as examples of social influences. It is quite apparent that prejudice develops feelings of misery or hate. On the other hand, love and attraction brings feelings that an individual can help one up. Whether positive or negative, these conditions can light a rollercoaster ride in the brain and make an individual change from being irate to blissful or from cheerful to fuming, within a split second. Thus, undoubtedly, love and prejudice remains two paramount circumstances that induce sturdy feelings in humans-the chieftains of human behavior in society (Ainette & Carmella, 2011, p.1). According to Kowalski and Westen (2009), schemas are the vital blueprint of thoughts, which systematize experience and direct the processing of information about human beings and situation. They go on saying that for this to occur, an impression of a person is necessary before anything else. Their work shows people that develop the first impression by observing the behavior of outgoing and attractive individuals. Thus, if a person appears shy and reticent, the observer will have a shoddier first impression. In short, the first impression, either good or bad, forms the source of social behaviors. For instance, prejudice can make people behave imperfectly bearing in mind many people do not like the idea of becoming outcasts due to stereotype. It is thus important to note that the first impressions are the antecedent from where love and prejudice emanate. Ordinarily, prejudice comes when a certain faction of people discriminate an individual either by race or color. Interestingly, the group has a leader who forces others to believe in discrimination. Although some members may be aware that what they are doing is wrong, they find themselves in a sorry state, as any resistance to what the group believes will makes them outcasts. Additionally, it is important to note that the group has an influencing power to facilitate socially how every member conducts himself or herself. At the same time, no member of the group risks being an outcast by opposing others. Such cases are more common in children as compared to adults. As Kowalski and Westen notes, no substantive amount of salutary intercession can stop people from practicing prejudice and stereotyping. This is because many people follow the crowd irrespective of whether he crowd is doing the right thing or not. Perhaps this is the reason why in the contemporary world; altruism is something hard to come across (pp. 8-27). Another componen
Budgeting is a process of allocation of suitable funds to different departments of government or companies. It allows the company to regulate and control their spending and to avoid any over and wasteful spending. Wisely planned budgets would enhance the use of assets and investments. The budget must be flexible enough to accommodate any rising change according to the change in the surrounding environment or situation. There are different models and types of the budget proposed. Incremental budget This type of budgeting is based on the previous year’s budget. A model of the budget of the previous year is taken as a model to design the budget for the current year. In this context, it is a more conservative form of budgeting. It seeks to save money, which may otherwise be wasted or used upon any risky project. It allows easy allocation of budget in the projects that are underway; spending may be increased or decreased in any part depending upon its feasibility when planning incremental budget. As is evident from the working of this budgeting system it only seeks to ensure continuity of projects that are based on long-term planning requiring many years for their completion, so incremental budget allows to make necessary changes as per requirement. There are no urgent changes in it, this attribute directly allows the budgeting system to be stable over a period of time, allowing projects to be completed without distractions in a linear fashion. “Incrementalism averts risk, provides an adequate rationale for decision-making, reinforces an existing equilibrium of political forces (potentially upset by a shift in the party in either the executive or the legislative branch), averts intense and destabilizing conflict, and is easily understood by all.” (Hayes, 2001) An incremental budget allocates resources according to the evaluati