ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Historical literacy includes knowledge of the content of historical events and the historical analysis. Historians should be able to identify problems, which people in the past had faced and to come to corresponding conclusions about actions which have been undertaken. In world history it is especially a challenge as the societies differing from our own, face other sort of problems and come to other sort to decisions concerning those problems. In identifying history it is not always concerned with events of a world scale only, where history could be written in the form of a biography, event, movement or epoch. This paper analyzes history based on three works, “Experience” by Joan W. Scott, “On the Concept of History” by Walter Benjamin and “The Politics of Historical Interpretation “ by Hayden White and the way the interpretation of history through these works can be related to some modern aspects. Analysis If identifying history through the work of the aforementioned authors, it should be noted that they are considering history from different perspectives although in general they do not contradict each other. To characterize history from the work of each author with one word based on the aspect that is considered the most through their works, history in Scott’s work as the title implies will go as “experience”; in Benjamin’s work it will be “reflection” another word could be “explosion” and Hayden’s work is analyzed by the word “discipline”. In Scott’s “Experience” the vision of history was presented through various excerpts of works by other author’s in which she tried to come up with unified idea that the history is a documented experience that brings evidence that “has drawn attention to dimensions of human life and activity usually deemed unworthy of mention in conventional history.” The use of the term experience can be free of authority as the author mentions the works of Collingwood where an author is his own authority in reenacting past experiences. Another definition of experience was mentioned through the works of Thompson where his notion of experience combined ideas of “external influence and subjective feeling.” In Hayden’s work, history as a study is a discipline that is based on theoretical rationale provided by “interpretation, narration, and understanding”. The purpose of such discipline is determination of the “facts history, by which to assess the objectivity, veridicality, and realism of the philosophies of history” Benjamin’s work although filled with quotes has his unique identification of history in which he sees it as “a construction whose place is formed not in homogenous and empty time, but in that which is fulfilled by the here-and-now.” In this definition the approach of the historians is to take out one moment or period which he called “zero-hour” from the flow of time to analyze “a specific life out of the epoch, or a specific work out of the life-work” Considering these visions of history, if we take some representation of a historical event represented in modern form such as the
Summary of the Issue The retail financial sector in the UK is currently facing a lot of challenges which include customer exploitation through risky products, unethical practices such as selling products that do not meet the expectations of customers and inadequate supervision of the industry (Turner 2011). The Financial Services Authority (FSA) is the institution that is responsible for the regulation of the retail financial industry. FSA is currently seeking for more powers to ban the sale of certain financial products that are deemed to be exploitative and unbeneficial to the customers (Turner 2011). Banning the policies is part of FSA’s plan to protect the consumers from losing their investments and promoting fair competition and stability in the industry. In order to achieve this objective, FSA aims at indentifying product problems that are harmful to the consumers and offering solutions to such problems at an early stage (Turner 2011). The following strategies are to be used by FSA in regulating the activities of firms in the financial services industry. First, products that are associated with significant risks will be banned in the market since they can lead to the loss of investors’ funds (Turner 2011). This will be done by denying firms the licenses that allow them to sell such products. Second, FSA will regulate the charges that are associated with the various financial products in the market (Turner 2011). This will help in protecting consumers from paying fees that are above their expectations. FSA will also determine the various products that are suitable for particular segments of the market (Turner 2011). Turner (2011) says that the approach used by FSA to regulate the industry is not effective and should thus be changed. According to the new changes, financial institutions will be supervised by the Bank of England while consumer protection will be the responsibility of Consumer Protection and Markets Authority (CPMA) (Turner 2011). Analysis Regulation refers to the process through which the activities of firms within a given industry are monitored (Meyer, Jones & Ashleigh 2007, p. 45). Regulation within an industry is guided by a set of rules that define what is acceptable and beneficial to the customers, the firms and the industry in general. The rules act as the benchmarks which are used to judge the activities of firms in a given industry (Meyer, Jones & Ashleigh 2007, p. 45). The regulation has to be done by an independent body that has the authority to formulate and implement policies in the industry. Thus FSA is the regulator of the UK’s financial services sector. According to the chaos theory of contemporary management, the industry becomes more complex as it grows (Meyer, Jones & Ashleigh 2007, p. 67). The complexity relates to the level of competition, product development and quality of customer services. However, the industry will be more volatile as it becomes more complex. This calls for effective regulation policies that will help the industry to remain resilient to the challenges that face it. Regulation can be detrimental to the competitiveness of firms especially if it is not done properly. T
Introduction The emergence of adult education as a distinct academic discipline dates back to the 1960s. Since its emergence, it has grown tremendously in terms of research and practice. For example, adult education has changed from a discipline viewed as merely involving teaching adults just the way children are taught to an academic discipline that has its own educational theories. In the past, adult students were bundled into traditional classes but currently, there are exclusive educators who teach adult learners. There is no single agreed upon definition of adult education since scholars who have actively taken part in its evolution argue that it is a complex concept. This is attributed to the fact that there are various techniques employed in educating adult learners. Other scholars opine that the term adult education should be defined in terms of whether the students are treated as adults (Peers, 2003). In this paper, the definition of adult education incorporates all aspects of culture which include the education of adult people. It will also be viewed in terms of structured higher education for the adults. This essay will focus on the concept of adult education and its various aspects. Education is undoubtedly important in the development of any country. Adult education has been ignored for long with individuals who decide to pursue it receiving little attention. In addition, there is lack of factual information concerning adult education and that is why many adults lose interest. The choice of the topic for this essay is inspired by the need to understand adult education well and dismiss the misconceptions surrounding the concept . Historical Development of Adult Education Colonial Period (1600-1776) As this period of adult education began, there was integration in both social life and adult education best exemplified through apprenticeship. Important information was passed through meetings which were held in schools and churches. People who resided in towns were responsible for making decisions on how to solve the problems they faced and govern themselves. Although they never considered adult education as one of their priorities, it was nevertheless important. The most educated group of people during this period was comprised of the clergy men who were responsible for conducting religious services alongside performing leadership roles. Adult education was also provided through trade fairs. In addition, there were some private schools that offered adult education but most people could not afford it. Examples of such schools were found in Carolina. Republican and Antebellum Periods (1780-1865) The transition between the civil war and revolution was characterized by Americans’ clamor for new lifestyles. They insisted that education for the adults and the children
Introduction Food is arguably the most basic need of man and as such, having food security is a fundamental goal for human civilization. Ensuring that people are protected from hunger that is often the consequence of underproduction of food is therefore one of the major ambitions of most governments. To cater for the increasing need for food caused by an every growing population, traditional methods of producing food have in most cases being replaced by modern means which are deemed to be more efficient. Livestock farming is one of the areas whereby modern methods such as feeding livestock on corn have been adopted to increase the growth rate of the animals. As it currently stands, livestock products today contribute a large percentage of our daily intake of nutrients in our bodies. However the foods that the livestock feeds upon impacts on the livestock products that we as human consume. This essay will argue that free range animal products are more beneficial to the consumer as compared to corn fed livestock products. To reinforce this claim, this paper will review the various benefits that free range animal products hold over corn fed livestock products. Benefits of Free Range Animals Human beings rely on animal products to provide them with some essential nutrients. Animals that are fed on corn sometimes end up lacking these essential nutrients. Challem reveals that farm animals that eat mostly corn and other grains have little to no omega-3 fatty acids in their muscles (78). Free range livestock products on the other hand are endowed with most nutrients that help us to boost our immune system in that they contain higher levels of antioxidants and important fat soluble vitamins such as A, D, and E (Forge 10). These vitamins are essential for promotion of good eye sight, strong well formed bones as well as healthy skin. Free range livestock products are also rich in calcium which is essential to maintain a healthy body, strong healthy bones and teeth, healthy skin hair and nails and more so helps us to have supple and flexible joints. It is hence very important to go for free range livestock products so as to maximize on health benefits. The United States and other developed countries currently face high prevalence rates of obesity, a condition which is mostly caused by consumption unhealthy foods. This problem is accentuated by corn fed livestock result in products that are unhealthy to human beings. Research indicates that pasture-raised meat, eggs and other dairy products are better for consumer health than conventionally-raised grain-fed food (Challem 38). This is because these products are lower in calories and total fat as a result of feeding livestock with the right food. The reason for this is that corn is not friendly with the digestive s
Introduction The selected event is henna night, which is a common private wedding ceremony originally associated with the Turks and Muslim Indians (Vahapoglu, 2016). Currently, the wedding ritual has been induced in other cultures that practice Islam. Henna night is normally held one day to the wedding and normally celebrates the girl who is about to wed. Ideally, the event is for women only. There are no rules on where the event can be held. Thus, it can be hosted at both the bride’s and the groom’s homes. Vale (2014) notes that over the years, henna night has become more modern and currently echoes a bachelorette party. Despite this, the programmatic aspect of the event is still present. Additionally, the cultural aspect of the different things that occur during the henna night is still observed. This essay outlines the different operations and logistics of this highly programmatic event. Internal Factors Associated with the Event Several internal factors can be associated with henna night. The factors can be grouped into culture, purpose, and budget. As stated, the chosen event is a cultural pre-wedding ceremony that occurs one day before the marriage ceremony. The purpose of the event is to bless and beautify the bride, celebrate the upcoming wedding, and also give marriage advice. Before the event starts, a woman whose parents are alive and not divorced or separated is selected to break the henna in a silver or copper bowl. There are two main cultural implications for this. The first is that the lady that breaks the henna is seen as unblemished as the marriage of his or her parents is deemed strong. Secondly, the henna is normally bought by the groom’s family. The reason for this is to show respect and the invested time and resources in making the girl a part of the family. After the breaking of the henna, the bride is covered in a veil and escorted to the middle of a circle. A woman who is described to have a happy marriage and is neither separated nor divorced will then apply the previously prepared henna on one hand of the bride. A younger unmarried girl will then apply the same on the other hand. Vahapoglu (2016) notes that there are discrepancies in the application of the henna depending on the region. In some regions, the henna is first applied to the bride and then to her guests. In other regions, the opposite is true, where the henna is first applied to the guests and then to the bride. After this, many of the guests can leave at their pleasure, leaving behind close family and relatives. The rest of the group will wait for the henna to dry as they enjoy themselves with music and dance. The guests are usually
Pornography and censorship are two interrelated concepts affected by social norms and moral values. When sexual themes are as dominant as they are in pornography, and are presented, as they often are, in a repulsive, depraved, and even violent manner, then sex becomes dehumanized, and love is transformed from a beautiful four-letter word to a common, harsher one. Sex without love is what pornography is all about. It should be pointed out here that the term pornographic has no legal significance. Some people often use it interchangeably with erotic , which means anything that can arouse us sexually. There is some difference of opinion over whether erotic material is necessarily pornographic. Obscenity is a legal concept under which certain publications can be banned or restricted because of their graphic treatment of sexual material. Definitions of obscenity usually include phrases such as “disgusting to the senses,” “abhorrent to morality and virtue,” “designed to incite to depravity or lust.” Pornography (or erotic material) does not belong solely to the twentieth century. Admittedly, sexual explicitness has risen (or sunk, depending on your perception of the matter) to new levels in the last few years, due in part to changing attitudes toward sexual behavior and the desire for more personal flexibility in the making of moral decisions. “The etymology of the word “pornography” suggests that its primary use should be to refer to obscene depictions of sexual organs or behavior” (Copp and Wendell 2003, p. 17). Legislating against pornography is one thing. As late as 1961, in fact, American dictionaries defined pornography only as of the “description or portrayal of prostitutes or prostitution” (Jensen 2007, p. 43). Later, this was extended to include “obscene or licentious writing, painting or the like,” a definition that generally holds today. In Japan, pornography is defined as “that which stirs up or excites sexual desire, spoils the normal sexual modesty of the ordinary human being, or is contrary to good sexual morals” (Jensen 2007, p. 43). U.S. Supreme Court Justice Potter Stewart put it more simply, however, when he declared that he knew it when he saw it. In 1969, the Court said that under the First Amendment an individual is allowed to have whatever material he or she wants in the home, even if it is obscene. Prosecution for private possession of pornographic material is unjust. There have been several other rulings, some quite incomprehensible to the non-legal mind, others inconsistent with other cases. In general, as matters stand today, individual states have the right to pass laws banning works that “appeal to the prurient interest in sex, which portray sexual conduct in a patently offensive way, and which, taken as a whole, do not have serious literary, artistic, political or scientific value.” Determining what is “prurient” or “patently offensive” is left, under the recent rulings, to local judgment. T
Introduction Rodney King was an American taxi driver whose confrontation with the police led to the infamous 1992 Los Angeles riots (Rissman, 2004). King was brutally beaten by officers belonging to the Los Angeles Police Department (LAPD) after a car chase that resulted in a court case in which the officers involved were charged and acquitted for assault. The incident is used as a case study when discussing the issue of race and police brutality against African Americans and minority groups. The incident was recorded by an onlooker who gave it to a local news station that highlighted the plight of King (Rissman, 2004). The incident raised concerns that even though the officers used excessive force and assaulted King, they were acquitted. The public was displeased with the ruling because it was discriminatory and a show of the widespread injustice meted on African Americans (Siegel & Worrall, 2011). As a result, the Los Angeles riots erupted. The riots had severe consequences because 53 people died, property was destroyed, and thousands were wounded and arrested (Gooding-William, 2013). The government requested for grand jury indictments because it was evident that King’s rights were grossly violated during the hearing. History of the incident The infamous 1992 Los Angeles riots erupted after the acquittal of the police officers who arrested King after a high-speed car chase (Rissman, 2004). King engaged police in a car chase because he was afraid of being charged for driving under the influence of alcohol. King was determined to avoid arrest because he had a previous robbery conviction. Prior to that incident, there were numerous cases of police brutality against African Americans and other members of minority groups. This incident was interpreted by many people as a racial strike aimed at the African American community (Rissman, 2004). As mentioned earlier, the police officers assaulted King using a weapon and batons and used excessive force to arrest him (Gooding-William, 2013). During the period of the incident, a witness was standing on a balcony recording the happenings. The witness sent the tape to a local news station that aired it on their channel for the country to watch. Trial and acquittal of police officers The trial of the officers involved in the assault was to be held in Los Angeles. However, it was moved to Simi Valley because of fears that the publicity that the case had attracted would cause interference. The hearing raised eyebrows because of the absence of an African American member in the jury formed to decide the case. This absence was a source of objection because there were fears that King would not be tried fairly (Rissman, 2004). The jury acquitted the officers of all charges and ruled that they were innocent. The acquittal evoked rage among some members of the public who initiated ri
Introduction The article discussed the relationship that exists between HIV-infected people and tuberculosis (TB). The article indicates that there exists a biological synergy between HIV and TB. HIV infection lowers the immunity of a person that makes the person become more vulnerable to TB infection. In the U.S., more than 60% of TB cases originate from foreigners who suffer from latent TB infections before migrating to the United States. In 2010, about 8% of active TB cases happened to patients who suffered from HIV. TB infection remains an important aspect of HIV clinicians in the United States of America. However, the United States of America has recorded a great decline in TB infections in the last decade. The article indicated a decrease of approximately 3% of TB infections in 2010. The clinician put a lot of emphasis on TB because the disease is highly infectious, as well as difficult to diagnose. Moreover, TB is a sensitive illness because the improper medication is dangerous as it can result in the illness becoming resistant to drugs to both the patient and the person to who the patient transmits the infection. Even though there are other factors that increase the risks of TB infection, such as diabetes, malnutrition, immunosuppressive drugs, HIV infection remains the prime factor in TB infection. What the article is about TB is an illness caused by the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex , which are organisms that grow gradually and only recognized with special staining techniques. TB mainly attacks the lungs causing chronic pneumonia. However, TB can also affect other body organs such as bones, liver, and spleen. Transmission of TB occurs when healthy persons come- in contact with the sputum of TB patients who suffer from active TB. Patients with positive-smear sputum are highly infectious. I
Choe Pu is famous for his description of travelling around China in 1488 called A Record of Drifting across the Sea . The account of his journey is considered to be the most comprehensive and unique description of Chinese society, culture and government system from the point of view of a Confucian scholar. The diary provides an in-depth inside into the essence of attitudes that shared both Korean and Chinese nations. The value of this account lies in the fact that it presents an objective perspective of the scholar and realistic description of contemporary life and relationships. The book was translated into English in 1965 by John Meskill. These days it is one of the most valuable historical accounts which is unusual and relevant, and serves a credible and comprehensive source of information about historical events. The diary tells about the period when Ch’oe travelled from the Korean island Cheju to Naju when he found out about his father’s death. But the ship was caught with the storm. The ship drifted to the coasts of Chine, there Ch’oe travelled to Beijing and continued his way back home after he reached the embassy from Korea. The diary was completed in 1488 and presented to the king. It is written in a form of an everyday account and provides cultural and historical notes about everything observed by the author. Ch’oe noted also his conversations with people from different social layers. The first part of the diary is the record of the storm and the days spend during the drift. He writes: “This day a dense fog obscured everything. Towards evening, rain streamed down heavily, abating somewhat with night. The frightening waves were like mountains. We might all be drowned and left to rot at any moment” [1] . Finally, they reached the shores of the North of China. The most part of the diary are records of travelling through the north-eastern and s