ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction With increasing tendency of internet-based communication, control of information residing or passing through the internet has become a publicized debate over the last few years. A great controversy concerns the question on whether controlling and monitoring information on the internet is necessary. It also concerns the determination of whether such actions are likely to interfere with or violate the citizens’ rights of freedom of speech and expression (Goldman 1075). On the other hand, the need to control cyber crime, cyber stalking, and violation of copyrights, examination leakage and other negative uses of the internet has become a necessity. The debate further revolves around the need to maintain a particular moral standard by censoring the internet. While some nations have implemented strategies to censor the internet, others are finding it difficult because it is difficult to find the difference between censorship for moral standards and violation of rights (Wu 263). Therefore, it is necessary to investigate this question in a deeper sense. This paper aims at analyzing recent research and literature on the moral standards of internet censorship in order to show that censorship is necessary. Arguably, the internet has become a tool for communication in socialization, business, governance, education, research, leisure and crime, which makes it play a vital role in all aspects of life. This means that information passing through the internet needs integrity, security and meaning. However, the information should not be harmful in any way. It should not expose people and organizations to psychological or physical threats. From this perspective, it is clear that censorship is necessary in the modern world, which means that censorship laws should be applied to the internet. The Importance of Internet Censorship Internet censorship will improve security and integration Internet censorship aims at controlling or suppressing certain information on the internet by regulating how they can be accessed, retrieved, viewed, presented or published. This process seeks to eliminate the problems associated with illegal or unethical use of the internet and its applications (Salbu 429). Since the internet is becoming a crucial tool in managing daily activities, censorship seeks to ensure that the information passed through the technology has a high degree of security and integrity while at the same removing possible threats posed by unethical use of the information. Therefore, it is possible to censor the internet in a manner that will ensure an orderly application of the technology (Salbu 429). Internet censorship will control indecency of information Monitoring and controlling of information accessible to the citizens is a noble idea, despite the concerns raised over the possible violations of information and freedom of expression. Although excessive technical censorship is oppressive, absolute freedom of internet usage and communication is likely to lead to a number of social, political and economic problems. In particular, decency of information and pro
Introduction   * Description of eMedicine;   * Description of Telehealth;   * Comparison of Available Models and Systems;   * How Data Tracking is Improved through Telehealth;   * Recommendations to move to Telehealth. In this paper, I explain the benefits of telehealth by showing how it fits within the wider scope of eMedicine and how its different models and systems help in the improvement of health outcomes. The aim of this presentation is to encourage people to adopt telehealth for the improvement of medical outcomes. Description of eMedicine Emedicine refers to the use of electronic equipment to improve the delivery of care (Royal College of Nursing, 2011). Emedicine uses technological advancements to improve different aspects of health care service delivery, including surveillance, record keeping, health education/training, and health research (Queen’s Nursing Institute, 2012). Generally, eMedicine involves the application of technology in the delivery of health care services. Different sectors of medicine are affected in this regard. Some of the most commonly affected (improved) areas of health include decision-making, information processing, and records keeping. The eMedicine phenomenon is designed to improve health outcomes, mostly by eliminating human incompetence/mistakes. Description of Telehealth Telehealth refers to the use of technological innovations to provide health care services when patients and health care service providers are geographically separated (Vinson, McCallum, Thornlow, Champagne, 2011). Many people are yet to realize the true potential of telehealth as 77% of the population have had it for less than two years (Brewster, Mountain, Wessels, Kelly, & Hawley, 2013). Telehealth is an application of eMedicine. It enables the interaction between a patient and a health care professional when both parties are not in the same location. Available technologies in telehealth include live video conferencing, remote-patient monitoring, and mobile health (among others). Comparison and Contrasting Available Models and Systems Model                           Description                    Same time/Same Place            Traditional                    Same time/Different Place       Interactive video conferencing Different time/Different place  Multimedia internet services    The three models described in this slide explain three different methods that physicians could use to interact with each other and with their patients. The same time/same place model is the traditional model of health care service delivery. The same time/different place model defines current interactive video conference programs. Comparatively, the different time/different place model uses multimedia, internet services for communication. It also uses Teleradiology and store-and-forward techniques to facilitate communication in the health care field. How Data Tracking is Improved through Telehealth   * Improves the accuracy of data collection when tracking medical data;   * Creates a standardized tool to collect health data;   * Helps to store and forward informatio
ExxonMobil (XOM) is an international company that deals with oil products. The company is based in Texas, and it has been expanding its business over the years. The company has existed for over two decades. It is increasing because the world is in a dire need of energy, and XOM is never hesitant to meet these expectations. To build new units, the business will need proper analysis of the capital cost to ensure that it operates smoothly. The Use A Single Company-Wide Cost of Capital The use of a single wide cost of capital will be crucial in XOM’s case since it weighted average into consideration. According to Frank and Shen (2016), the WACC system’s use enables the directors and the decision-makers of the company to determine the economic practicability of engaging in business expansion and mergers. Suppose XOM wishes to either expand the business or build new units. It should also determine the risk associated with the new venture and compare it to the total risk that the firm has taken. XOM’s WACC should be lower than the discounted rate, if the new project is of high risk and vice versa. In other words, the WACC technique examines the risk factor, hence promoting sound decision making. Moreover, being that XOM is an international organization, which means that it operates in many countries worldwide, the company’s directors should conceive the idea that capital budgeting is complex. This is because numerous external and internal factors can influence the process of capital budgeting. For instance, the inflation rate is an external factor that can affect the company’s budgeting process. This is due to its capability to interfere with the flow of money used in the project. Additionally, the exchange rate affects the capital because the budget is performed at the headquarter of XOM based in Texas, US. After the budgets have been done, the amounts are converted to the country’s currency, where the project is initiated. As a result, the process is affected due to currency fluctuation rates, forcing XOM to use a high-value discount rate compared to the total XOM’s WACC. Additionally, XOM can analyze other big companies that engage in similar business and determine their WACC, such as BP. This implies that XOM company will use the same discount rate the competitor is using. Although it is an effective idea, it becomes complex when it is a new market because it is challenging to analyze the market risk. Moreover, the competitors can be unwilling to disclose their WACC. Evaluating Divisional Costs of Capital Companies that operate in international borders requires the use of beta to determine their sources of capital. Therefore, XOM will apply the same technique of beta to estimate the cost of capital of each unit. In the event that the company initiates numerous projects, each project has its own cost. Therefore, I would use the approach to evaluate the amount of capital invested in each division by using the current market price to calculate the total value of the invested capital. Summation of the market value of the equity, debt, and preferred stock allocated to each division will yield the overall market value billed to a unit. According
Introduction Schools form an essential social environment for children since they give them an opportunity to engage in myriads of activities through self-regulated and harmonious interactions with their teachers and peers (Belsky, et al., 2006). Social skills entangle “a set of competencies that allow an individual to initiate and maintain positive social relationships, peer acceptance, and a satisfactory school adjustment that allows an individual to cope effectively with the larger social environment” (Bellini, et al., 2007, p.154). In the classroom setting, students not only learn academic contents but also gain knowledge for their academic content in the learning process via repeated interactions (Mantzicopoulos, Patrick, Samarapungavan & French, 2008: Lopes & Salovey, 2006). This implies that academic skills are critical in enhancing better learning for children in addition to possession of social skills. Possession of emotional control among students is a critical success factor for excellence of students in their studies since it enables them to develop a positive interaction with peers (Lopes & Salovey, 2006). Therefore, school should ensure that they develop both emotional and social skills among their students in the effort to produce citizens who are both knowledgeable and responsible (Quinn et al., 1999). Based on this proposition, researchers have found out that there is a relationship between social behaviors and academic performance for students (DiPerna, Volpe & Elliott, 2001: Malecki & Elliott, 2002: McClelland & Morrison, 2003: Yen, Konold & McDermott, 2004). This paper discusses the results of a study conducted to investigate how teachers can promote social and academic skills in students in a bid to show how social skills influence academic performance of the students. The overall study was accomplished by conducting a number of separate studies. Therefore, the paper attempts to draw inferences based on the results derived from specific studies. Student Forms To determine how social achievements influence educational achievement among students, a study was conducted through pretest and posttest scores performed on SSIS (social skill improved system) before a peer buddy program was conducted. This step was taken in the endeavor to come up with an evidence based “multi-tiered assessment and intervention system to aid tutors develop, improve, and maintain vital social skills” (Gresham & Elliott, 2012, para.3). The participants in the research were required to fill a student’s evaluation form before conducting a peer buddy program. In the discussion of the findings presented on the impact of social achievement on academic performance, it suffices to compare the results with those of other researchers on the same subjec
Abstract Paul Strassman is one of the most outstanding gurus in the field of organizational politics and governance. This paper provides a brief insight into Strassman’s vision of information technologies management and its implications for politics and governance. Paul Strassman’s book The Politics of Information Management: Policy Guidelines is used as the primary source of information about Strassman and his vision of information management in organizations. The issues of power, politics, organizational relations, and a balance between organizational power and reason are discussed. Managing information is a complex process. The role of information technologies in all fields of organizational and human performance constantly increases, and information systems management is gradually becoming the issue of the top public concern. It should be noted, that managing information systems is not merely a matter of technological decision-making. In the world of globalization, integration, and sophisticated technologies, information systems exemplify a unique source of power, which can readily change the balance of political, social, economic, and cultural forces at a global scale. Unfortunately, not everyone can easily recognize that information systems have profound implications for organizational politics and governance. Paul Strassman suggests that, to ensure that information technologies matter, Chief Information Officers must have sufficient authority to set and execute information systems management policies. However, this is only one side of the coin, since organizations must be able to maintain a reasonable balance of information power. Organizations must limit CIO’s authority to the degree, which does not damage their corporate reputation and performance. Paul Strassman is an outstanding professional, expert, and guru in the field of information management. His book The Politics of Information Management: Policy Guidelines provides a brief insight into how information systems management is related to politics, power, authority, and governance in organizations. It should be noted, that the discussion of information systems management is often limited to its technical and technological aspects. This, according to Strassman (1995), is one of the major organizational mistakes. A former chief executive and strategic planning professional in three multinational corporations, Strassman (1995) is confident that “managing information systems is primarily a matter of politics and only secondarily a matter of technology” (p.xxv). Strassman (1995) believes that information management is inseparable from politics, as long as management of information defines the patterns of organizations, and availability of information in the free market system predetermines the scope and availability of market power. Thus, organizations and their information resources are synonymous with power; consequentially, org
Introduction The exploration of the so-called New World was a very controversial topic even before the popularization of historical revisionism. At that time, tales of new and completely foreign lands and cultures were exciting people across Europe. Writers such as Thomas More and Michel de Montaigne were inspired by the idea of unknown cultures to reflect on the state of Europe at the time. Thomas More’s “Utopia,” also known as “On the Best State of a Republic and on the New Island of Utopia,” and Michel de Montaigne’s essay “Of Cannibals” are two of the more prominent works on this topic. While they differ in structure and form, both of these works serve as a good illustration of uncommon opinions regarding New World exploration. This paper will cover the themes and ideas of these two works on New World exploration, as well as their differences. The Overview of the New World The “discovery” of the Americas in the 16th century began a new era in exploration. The newest technologies were utilized to send explorers on massive ships to find new lands and resources. This period of exploration was also the start of a major colonial expansion for many European countries, which would eventually become a tragedy for the native peoples of those discovered lands. One of the first examples of this problem happened during the expedition of Christopher Columbus. Despite the official position of the government, Columbus and his crew chose to exploit the native population of the places they visited, treating them as slaves and not considering them to be equals. Upon returning to Europe, he misrepresented many of the people he encountered as tribal cannibals, even outright saying they were evil and inhuman. Such defamations were made despite the fact that he and his crew were rescued by the native population of the Bahamas after his shipwreck (Jalata 55). He and his crew were responsible for many crimes against native populations, but due to the distance and cultural differences of those lands, people did not have an immediate negative reaction to this treatment, even when the events came to light. Unfortunately, even today, these facts are denied by many people who choose to be ignorant about the issue, despite Columbus himself confirming many of the events in his own letters and journal. However, opinion on this issue was clearly not unified, as the works of More and Montaigne show a more humanitarian view of the indigenous people of distant lands. Indeed, these authors subvert the idea of technological superiority being a symbol of moral superiority and try to reflect the hypocritical nature of Europe at that time. The Themes Both “Utopia” and “Of Cannibals” share an idyllic view of native life. However, the representations of those lives hold some important differences. In his essay, Montaigne describes the lives and
Currently, the use of horticultural therapy as an alternative form of treatment is being acknowledged in our society unlike in the past. This has led to the establishment of more therapeutic gardens. When setting up these gardens, certain considerations should be made concerning the capturing and engaging of client’s five senses. Because of their varied and distributed clientele, modern therapeutic gardens have been customised to meet different client’s taste and preference. Normally, these gardens are designed for people with impairments or various dysfunctions in the society. Such people include patients with Alzheimer’s disease, prison inmates, patients in hospital care facilities and physical handicapped people. Due to the need to cater for the needs of various clients, horticulture therapy programs are also availed in most health care centres. Horticultural therapy is known to be an effective way of reliving stress for depressed individuals. However, not all horticultural practices and gardens are designed for horticultural therapies. Some of them are meant purely for farming or demonstration purposes. In order for any horticultural practice to be considered as a therapy, it must meet three basic requirements. These requirements are specified based on clients’ goals and treatment task. Horticultural therapy clients vary in nature in that not all patients have the same disabilities or sickness. An historical overview reveals that geriac patients were the first to use horticultural therapy. The second group to embrace this therapy constituted of individuals in nursing homes subsequently followed by people in retirement homes. In horticultural therapy, different clients have diverse needs that must be considered. For instance, people with mental problems and mental injury are taught on the enhancement of job employment skills. There is no defined boundary between horticultural farming and horticultural therapy. As a result, any horticultural farm can be modified to meet the requirements of a particular client. In the therapy farms, treatment is administered through various farm activities. These include harvesting of flowers, intermixing of various plants to provide a varied view, and weeding. Some activities like flower sorting and plant propagation are known to have a motivational impact on clients. For effective therapy results, some patients’ behaviours have to be stimulated. This is normally achieved by adjusting the therapeutic settings in several ways, which include enhancing the proximity of the plants, organising the program activities in a scheduled manner, and clearly identifying the garden’s territories. Moreover, the garden’s setup should be appealing to the client. Through therapeutic gardens, individuals are provided with an appealing environment, which nourishes them in numerous ways. The gardens provide isolation and comfort to those who want to avoid external disturbances. Appropri
Party Voting in Congress Party voting promotes democracy and at the same time allows determine a member’s vote. Helping make sure that each of the party members follows the existing policies, party voting is an important element of the Congress clockwork. A Powerful Speaker of the House Representing each his/her corresponding state, every Speaker of the House in the Congress helps approve a specific bill in question. Since the Speaker of the House makes a decisive choice in the bill approval, it goes without saying that the role of the Speaker is crucial. A Highly Specialized Committee Structure When considering the specifics of the Committee, one must admit that it has a very elaborate structure. The given feature of the Committee guarantees that the responsibilities should be delegated in
Introduction Mergers and acquisitions are sometimes a worthy undertaking for businesses. When Kraft foods acquired Cadbury it became the worlds largest confectionary, food and beverage manufacture with operations in almost 160 countries of the world (Cadbury 33-41). Mostly, business executives when formulating, implementing or monitoring strategies usually use the porter’s model to determine their business move so that they can move their business to industries that are highly attractive. It is with the same technique that Cadbury and Kraft use to make sure that every business move of theirs is justified and highly logical because it is dangerous to make business decisions that lack weight. Once top managers land in the industries which seem most suitable it is up to use their management skills to ensure that they coordinate their business ambitions for other organizations with lower level managers through communication. Communication is therefore a very important part of business especially when companies are very large company’s operating in numerous countries. When Kraft took over Cadburys for $ 19 billion it was clear that the top management of Kraft Foods had sufficient data indicating that the business move would be a lucrative venture that would take Kraft’s dominance in that industry to another new level (Lieberman & Krantz 2010). Kraft decided to re-evaluate its business model and gather new opinions from its entire workforce with an aim of carrying out business re-engineering management practices so threat the company’s takeover of Cadbury would be a smooth and fruitful one. The top management was highly optimistic and therefore even forecasted that their overall coasts would also fall by close to $ 675 million thereby making it very necessary to take over Cadbury and increase its market dominance in the confectionary industry(Odih 233-240). The company intended to utilize every resour