ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Epilepsy is a common chronic neurological disease that is characterized by the presence of more than one unprovoked seizures in the individual. There is no cure for epilepsy, although it is possible to manage the seizures that characterize the disease, therefore enabling the patient to live a productive life. This paper will provide a description of epilepsy and offer the current statistics on the diseases. The impacts of the disease on various body systems will be provided and a list of treatment options given. Description of the Disease By definition, epilepsy is “more than one unprovoked seizure caused by abnormal and excessive electrical activity in the brain” (Bernadette, 2008, p.38). The seizures are momentary disturbances of brain function that are caused by the spontaneous and excessive discharge of neurons in the brain. A diagnosis of epilepsy is made if a patient has an illness whose main characteristic is multiple uncontrollable seizures. The seizures experienced can be categorized into two: partial and generalized. In partial seizures, epileptiform activity occurs in localized brain regions. This results in seizures being experienced in only parts of the body. In generalized seizures, the entire brain is involved in epileptiform activity and, consequently, the patient experiences involuntary shaking involving the entire body. Classification of seizure disorders is crucial to the overall management of patients suffering from epilepsy. For a large number of patients, the cause of epilepsy is unknown. However, genetics have been identified as an underlying cause of the disorder since genes affect brain functioning. Epilepsy can also occur as a side effect of some medical conditions that affect brain functioning. Hesdorffe (2013) states that patients who have suffered from brain tumors, head traumas and strokes are likely to develop epilepsy since these conditions affect brain functioning. Current Statistics of those affected Prevalence estimates suggest that 2.76 million individuals in the US are affected by epilepsy. Epilepsy is primarily confined to young children and the elderly. In the US, 460,000 children aged below 18 years suffer from this illness. Bernadette (2008) reveals that the prevalence of epilepsy among children is high making it one of the most common childhood illnesses. This disease affects between 0.5 and 0.7% of children under the age of 15. However, the outlook for most children diagnosed with epilepsy is good for most childhood seizures resolve enabling children to live a normal life (Bernadette, 2008). In children, the condition is not severe and the disease can be managed with proper medication. The World Health Organization (2012) reveals that with proper treatment, it is possible to manage seizures so that drug intervention might be removed without relapse in the child. There is an increase in the prevalence of epilepsy among the elderly. A report by the CDC (2012) indicates that 1.4% of adults over the age of 55 suffered from active epilepsy whi
Introduction The text under analysis is “Inner History’ by Sherry Turkle taken from her book The Inner History of Devices. One of the main considerations of the book is the types of listening, which are introduced to the audience from a rather unexpected perspective. The theme, which the types of listening refer to, is the technologies, which have occupied the modern world. The reference of the ways of listening to the technologies is described by Sherry Turkle in such a way, three types of listening “refer to attachments in which technology inhabits the inner life and becomes charged with personal meaning” (Turkle 3). To explain the mentioned quote, memoir, clinical practice, and ethnography ways of listening should be described. How different people percept the surrounding world Sherry Turkle regards memoir, clinical practice, and ethnography ways of listening as separate traditions, which influence people’s understanding of how technologies affect people’s sensibility and relationships. They discussed concepts that give the understanding of how people percept the surrounding world and the recent innovative technologies, which have changed the world. Memoirists, clinicians, and ethnographers are described by the author of the book as the members of tribes. A memoirist is perceived as an artist, the clinician is perceived as a healer, and the third is a social scientist. This is rather easy to see if to follow Turkle’s book. Memoirist shows “social forces lived out in personal experience” (Turkle 3). Clinician turns more to cultural pressure and ethnographer is considered as the p0recticioner of art conversation. Analyzing the examples of the offered ways of listening, Turkle provides the examples, to make people understand what she means. The examples are as follows: “When I listen to my speech synthesizer, I hear it as an inner voice” (Turkle 2). The example is about the memoir way of listening. Giving the next example, the author tried to show the thinking flow of the clinician, “I wasn’t even sure I had sent that email until I got your reply. I thought that maybe I had only dreamed sending that message, or fantasized it” (Turkle 2) ad the last example describes the ethnographer’s way of listening, “Everything that I was interested in and everything that was important to me was on that Web site” (Turkle 2). People and computer technologies The research of the ways of listening was started by T
How people first become deviant is a question that many people, including scholars and policymakers, have often asked. Generally, those who are labeled to have deviant behavior are those who, in one way or the other has failed to conform to socio-cultural reinforced norms. According to Becker’s Interactionist Theory of Labeling, people often commit acts which do not conform to cultural norms without getting involved in a protracted pattern of deviant activity (Orcutt, 1983). However, initially, they do not get caught while performing their nonconformity acts, and therefore this behavior remains secret. Those who are around the person do not even suspect the individual of such deviant activities. Finally, when the person is caught, he or she is labeled as a deviant by the members of the society. Consequently, people’s reactions towards this individual now only focus on this identity that had been identified. This causes the person to continue rebelling against the cultural norms or to withdraw from participating in generally accepted societal activities or interacting with other members of the society, and as a result, continue developing the deviant acts by disobeying societal norms and rules as part of his or her personality. As a result, such people begin to develop a deviant career. That is, they are likely to be cut off from participating in more conventional groups. Other members of society get an excuse to deny the individual the opportunity to participate in conventional activities and to interact with them (Douglas & Waksler, 1982). Thus, the person drifts into unconventional, as well as marginal activities or occupations which best match his or her behaviors or aspirations, which are the deviant activities. Consequently, the person increasingly involves him/herself with others who have the same deviant behaviors or in organized deviant groups (gangs). Since the members of these groups share similar deviant subculture, the persons form a self-identity, and this gives him or her the justification and rationalization to advance his/her deviant activities (Clinard &
Contemporary art is so unpredictable and outstanding in all its expressions that people tend to get extremely overwhelmed with emotions aroused by prolific artists. As such, one of the greatest and stunning contemporary installations is called Skyspace by James Turrell at Henry Art Gallery in Seattle. Created by the space and light artist, this is one of those exhibitions that make you rethink your being and understanding of the environment. James began his series of Skyspaces in the 1970s and they have not lost the demand until today. Significantly, Turrell is a Quaker who designed a Live Oak Meeting House and made a hole in a roof through which the light transcended. This had a very religious implication. As such, the Skyspaces represent the recreation of this very room. The installation called Meeting reflects the way the room looked for real. James’ Skyspace Light Reign is magnificent. The installation looks like an oval room with a hole in the ceiling through which you can see a beautiful blue Seattle sky. The perimeter-type bench is a wonderful installation for the visitors to sit and look up at the sky. If it is an evening that you are visiting the gallery, the impression will be the best as well because they have specially installed LED lights embedded in glass panels to showcase a wonderful exterior, though they do not open the top of the roof for real at night. It has served as a space for many meditations, and audio sessions, like Steve Roden’s. This is a splendid art piece and it has eventually become an integral part of the museum’s architecture. Remarkably, the visitors are likely to enjoy the installation in various ways because of the changing seasons. Moreover, they are encouraged to come in and have a sit on the bench during different weather conditions. The views are given different meanings in this case since the sky is observed in different colors every time and, besides, the observer’s mood and inner feelings intertwine with the light perception. So, every visitor has his/her impression of the Light Reign . Yet, Skyspace has more in it than you can possibly imagine. Once you are in the oval room, try lying on the bench rather than sitting. This gives that remarkable illusion of the dome. If you look at the sky long e
“The City and The Pillars” by Adam Gopnik was written after the 11 th September terrorist attack on The World Trade Center. It is a description of the New York after the catastrophe. A motionless and descriptive narration about the city and aftermath of the events express fear and anxiety that captured it peoples’ minds and changed their attitude to the city itself. The author focuses on the subject of the New York appeal before and after the attack, and describes a real and symbolic New York. Through the article, the author makes use of various devices to provide the reader with the in-depth analysis and understanding of the real NYC and a symbolic one that was created during ages of its development. Thus, the author builds his narration on two extremes. As it has already been mentioned, the author uses various stylistic and literary devices in order to describe the city. The article begins with the description of an ordinary day in the New York City: “On the morning of the day they did it, the city was as beautiful as it had ever been. Central Park had never seemed so gleaming and luxuriant—the leaves just beginning to fall, and the light on the leaves left on the trees somehow making them at once golden and bright green” (Gopnik 411) Broad use of epithets and comparisons creates the image of a beautiful day and beautiful city. People live their ordinary da
Advertising remains a powerful provision in the marketing realms. As consumers, the importance of advertising in influencing purchase decisions remains critical. Various advertising techniques enable consumers to change their purchasing habits and adopt the usage of new products (Randfish, 2010). Of particular interest is the manner in which appealing advertisements of drugs manipulate the consumption and addiction trends of the consumers. It is vital to note the role of advertising in transforming consumer’s health-related lifestyle either for the best or worst. Thus, the effect of advertising is usually subtle and inherent. Generally, advertising is largely about manipulating individuals’ decisions and choices. The principle aim of advertising is usually to bring a concept to the public’s awareness. This occurs by highlighting desirable qualities or traits in order to stir clients’ desire to buy the advertised brands and their products (Randfish, 2010). It is critical to observe that the consumer behavior transforms with the advertising technique employed by the company. This is applicable in the context of drug abuse and addiction. Usually, when correct media are appropriately used in advertising, there is an equal responsive behavior from the targeted audience. A televised advert on cigarette smoking accompanied with persuasive presentations and appealing comments would definitely influence most consumers to try the cigarette. This is similarly realized when different alcoholic brands are persuasively and colorfully advertised. The processing companies have learnt to develop persuasive and attractive adverts within appropriate media channels to influence the purchasing behavior of their consumers or target group (Schooler, Basil & Altman, 1996). A persuasive advertising would make a person believe in the products or service and buy it. False imagery and exaggerated advertisement messages are usually pertinent within persuasive advertisement. These exaggerated messages and over-estimation of the positive impacts of a product have a potential role in swaying a consumer’s conviction and behavior. The exposure of consumers to such attractive adverts plays a significant role in transforming their lifestyles as well as behaviors. The incorporation of trendy messages and a
The Current State of Women’s Health in the U.S The health of women in America is a multifaceted phenomenon mainly because of the interdependent relationship between the biological, psychological, physiological, emotional, and sexual domains. According to Alexander et al. (2020), females encounter dynamic challenges that highly affect the quality of living. The researchers further argue that in the 1800s, there were remarkably higher maternal death rates recorded at twenty-five per one thousand individuals within the American population. It is an indication that a pregnant female had a 2%-8% survival ability during child delivery (Alexander et al., 2020). The improvement in the quality of medical care among women during birth reduced the risk of complications and death. As a result, the current state of women’s health features effective and proactive measures on preventing difficulties during therapeutic procedures. The ideal solution to women’s health engulfs the incorporation of treatment and prevention strategies to enhance medical care. Currently, the maternity marks at 28.5 per one hundred thousand people in the US, a rate that is half of the recorded percentage in the 1800s. The main reason for the increase in the quality of healthcare among women regards the invention of family planning and advanced personal care (Alexander et al., 2020). Apart from using family planning, technology fostered dynamic approaches in giving birth, thus reducing the risk of infections among the ladies. The Social Determinants of Health Relating to Access to Women’s Healthcare The social determinants of health regarding women’s access to healthcare highly affect America’s quality of living. In research by Prather et al. (2018), the health index among African American women records lower mainly because of racism. The researchers further establish that it is harder for a Black woman to access medical services in America than a White counterpart due to the social identity and status. On the one hand, the government focuses on promoting equity in the distribution of healthcare services. On the other hand, the females of African American descent get denied the basic necessity under the spectrum of ethnic superiority and inferiority. Apart from the racial identity, other factors contributing to social determinants encompass unemployment, housing, income, area dep
Introduction Background of the Case Singapore Airlines (SIA) belongs to the list of few companies that have managed to reconcile the opposing and contradictory elements of management. Applying dual strategy to carry out business, therefore, constitutes the foundation of the company’s activities, which allows it to sustain economic growth and receive constant benefits. In particular, SIA integrates four main paradoxes of management – providing high quality at attractive prices, introducing innovation in a centralized and decentralized way, sustaining leadership in technological development and achieving personalization and standardization in its activities (Heracleous & Wirtz, 2010). Thus, all the above-mentioned elements permit a company to meet the rigorous competition and sustain constant growth and development. The problem is that the chosen set of strategies is quite challenging because of the growing competency of other airlines which could outperform SIA, despite its long-term list of successful activities. Overview of the Case Despite the fact that many Western oriented companies have given up following this approach, the Eastern oriented companies, such as SIA continue handling the business successfully through the application of dual strategy. In particular, the preservation of high quality of service is ensured by efficient management of planes and human resources that are the major assets of the company. As a result, such a strategy allows the company managers to spend less time and resources for repairs and delays. Heavy investment into employee training is highly rewarding because it guarantees exceptional service as well. SIA Company is also regarded as a pioneer in innovating technologies. Interestingly, innovation is not confined to improving technology. Rather, the concept also entails constant upgrading introduced by employees at a local level through suggestions schemes (Heracleous & Wirtz, 2009). In addition, SIA dual strategies support the image of the company as a technology leader that introduces innovation by small improvements and risk project. Finally, the policy of standardization and personalization imposes no restriction to employees’ constant development, as well as to the presentation of services to customers because the scheme of training and reward is cost-effective enough to provide the employees with sense of pride of working with SIA. The analysis of the implemented strategies reveals SIA’s straightforward orientation on predicting and meeting customers demands in terms of services, technologies, and innovations, which has become the key to sustaining a competitive advantage over other leading airline c
Scholars have come up with different theories that seek to explain the foundation of juvenile delinquency, including why some regions record higher crime rates compared to others. The available schools of thought link juvenile delinquency to diverse forces that include young people’s unique personalities and the pressure associated with their external environments, including societal influences. The article by Çam (2014) indicates an alarming increment in the rate of juvenile arrests in the U.S. and Turkey since 2000. In America alone, such figures vary from one region to another, and hence the reason why I believe that the social organization theory can effectively explain this situation. This paper depicts the selected theory as the best because it specifies a juvenile’s physical and social settings as major forces that influence their decisions to engage in criminal activities. The Basic Tenets of the Social Disorganization Theory In a study by Bond (2015), the social disorganization theory is founded on the awareness that adolescents’ current location or environment plays a huge role in helping to foretell their chances of engaging in criminal activities. In particular, regions that have higher numbers of juvenile delinquents usually have various issues in common, which end up fueling the existence of criminal gangs steered by young people. According to Bond (2015), physical untidiness, poverty, and extensive cultural diversity characterize high-crime localities where juvenile delinquency is prevalent. Another principle of the social disorganization theory is that illegal engagements do not begin from the personal level. This theory holds that people who perpetrate crimes do not necessarily need to have previous records linking them to such misdemeanors. Instead, their reactions to “abnormal” circumstances influence their desire to participate in wrongdoing, regardless of their age or gender. Hence, according to Lopez and Gillespie (2017), tenets of the social disorganization theory have been resourceful in the present-day juvenile delinquency sy
Measurement refers to the process of determining the proportion of a physical quantity such as temperature, time, volume, area, weight and length. Measurement of length involves determination of the distance between two points. The measurement of temperature involves the quantification of how hot or cold a substance is in Kevin. Measurement of volume determines the capacity of matter, while weight determines how heavy the object is. Measurement is an arbitrary unit or value. As a result, early human beings came up with measurement units so that some order could be achieved in quantifying matter (Gupta, 2010). Measurement was one of the first logical achievements of man, which allowed people to count and carry out basic calculations. Early humans used various materials to construct implements that defined standards for measurement. Other units of early measurement used body parts such as fingers, arms and feet. The Chinese, Egyptians, Greeks and Romans used measurements that were accepted by their people, though there were no standards. A standard system of weights and measures was established in the early nineteenth century after numerous consultations between mathematicians, geodesists, and physicists (Gupta, 2010). The international bureau of standards was set up in Paris in 1875, and later revised in 1960 to form the new International System of Units.(SI). Establishment of the same standards of measurement made it easier for scientists and engineers to communicate with each other. The SI work by combining prefixes and base units to define the magnitude of the quantities. The five common base units are the meter (m), kilogram (kg), second (s), Kelvin (K) and the mole (mol) (Gupta, 2010). Engineers use a variety of instruments to obtain different measurements. For instance, scales and gauges measure length, thermometers and thermocouples measure temperature, and piezometers measure pressure. Scientists use other instruments to measure force, electricity, air speed and humidity. Instruments are used to determine measurements in different ways. Analogue instruments indicate a physical proportion of the quantity being measured. Such instruments combine an indicator and a linear scale to provide a value of the quantity being measured. Digital instruments are another category of instruments that convert indications to a numerical form for display in digits. The last category includes logarithmic instruments, which are similar to analogue, though they use a log scale. The quality of a measuring instrument depends on its accuracy and precision, which is dependent on the calibration (Gupta, 2010). Measurements are used in various engineering fields including aerospace, structure, architecture and civil engineering among others. Civil engineering involves the extensive use of measurement and scales. Therefore, civil engineers need to ensure a high degree of accuracy in the interpretation of various engineering drawings in order to avoid constructi