ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The Middle Eastern region has always been the place of endless wars and local conflicts resulting in a great number of victims and triggering new skirmishers. Events which happen on these lands are not occasional and arise from the inefficient and unwise colonial policy used by countries that dominated in this region. They did not take into account peculiarities of local culture and mentality, acting in the way which made various oppositions even more complicated. Under the influence of the WWII, Europeans had to leave this very territory, given independence to a great number of new countries created regardless of the peculiarities of culture. This process could be taken as the starting point of all conflicts which happened there. Lebanon is one of the countries which obtained independence from France due to the WWII. At that period of time the country was characterized by a great variety of cultures and mentalities of the locals. Being a multiconfessional state, Lebanon provided equal rights to all its citizens trying to guarantee its stable and beneficial development (Altman, 2013). The combination of this policy, advantageous geographical location and other facts promoted the rapid growth of the country which turned into the most important state of the region. The country was often compared with Switzerland because of its financial power and diversity. However, the period of peace and stable development was interrupted by the civil war and the chain of other military conflicts which ruined the infrastructure and led to the appearance of the need for some foreign aid (Nagel & Staeheli, 2015). Speaking about the wars and conflicts which had a great impact on the country, it is possible to admit the role of foreign countries and United Nations in the attempts to make the compromise and renew development of the country. The Civil War resulted in a great number of civilian causalities and destruction of cities. Beirut, the capital of the state, lied in ruins and the infrastructure was destroyed. Financial power and stability were depleted and the country needed the help of the UN in order to recover from the effects of the war. However, it was not the last military conflict in the region. The weakened government was not able to resist various terrorist groups which managed to take some provinces under their control. This fact led to the 2006 Lebanon, or July, war. Being attacked by the terrorists from Lebanon, Israel started the military campaign aiming to protect its regions and eliminate the terrorist threat. Analyzing the effect these wars have on the country, it is possible to outline several points. First of all, prosperous and powerful Lebanon changed into the devastated state characterized by a very unstable situation and a great terrorist threat. Traditionally attractive to tourists who guaranteed about 15% of the states GDP, Lebanon was not able to renew its image becau
Introduction A short history of Reconstruction by Eric Foner is centered mainly in the period surrounding the Civil war era, a period which bore profound controversy and intrigue. African Americans and women from an early stage in American history found themselves misplaced in society and the developing findings that followed led to the alteration of the meaning of Reconstruction. Varying definitions of freedom emerged that ultimately changed the understanding of Reconstruction and inarguably shaped the outcome of Reconstruction. Definitions of freedom Eric Foner encapsulates the definitions of freedom before, during, and after the Civil War, which also compares the definition of what slavery meant to African Americans and also White Americans. Freedom from Slavery After the Revolutionary War, white Americans embraced the ideology and belief that the possession of slaves meant economic independence and real freedom (Foner 1990, 22). Majority of the White Americans felt the Revolutionary War had been fought to protect their property, which included their slave property. Hence, most of the white Americans possessed the notion that abolishing slavery would reduce white Americans to slaves (Foner 1990, 15). The emergence of a capitalistic America during the early 19th century also played a role in altering the perception of freedom. After the Revolution, enslavement gradually diminished, revealing a form of liberation for the slaves. However, with the abolishment of slavery, there emerged a deep division between the north and south due to their differing opinions on slavery (Foner 1990, 71). The North caused economic modernization of industry and had great influence in the development of the greatest slave society in the South earning the name “The market revolution” (Foner 1990, 73). Universal liberty was despised in the south since they believed the existence of slavery was the true expression of freedom for American whites (Foner 1990, 43). Not long after the development of capitalism brought forth another form of abuse called wage slavery (Foner 1990, 101). The dependence of the workplace by laborers for financial freedom brought about the exploitation of the laborers by their employers. Political freedom After 1800, the political power associated with voting was only limited to American white males. Race and sex were, therefore, the ultimate determinant to political freedom and neither African Americans nor women had any political leverage (Foner 1990, 65). Even Thomas Jefferson, one of America’
Introduction Human resource is very important in achieving objectives of a firm. According to Dattilio (2010), for any project to succeed, there must be a carefully selected workforce that will carry out various duties within the project. This scholar further emphasizes on the importance of selecting a workforce that understands the project properly as a way of making work easier, and cutting costs that would be incurred when the workforce has to undergo some form of training in order to understand the requirements of a project. Grace Cornett must realize these facts in order to succeed in this massive project that has been availed to her. In order to have the desired employees within this organization, there is need to apply the right recruitment techniques. Grace Cornett should use successive hurdle technique to select the most qualified candidate for the task ahead. This is a stage by stage process of eliminating recruits with the least desirable skills till the most qualified candidate is selected. The following are the stages in this process. Reviewing Resumes and Application Forms The selection panel will review the resumes of all the applicants for various positions to determine the levels of education and their experience in the various positions applied for within this project. Resumes always help employers understand an employee from the employee’s perspective. This is because it is in the resume that an employee will try to explain self in the best approach possible. Testing of the Skills Wit (2010) says that it is always important to test the skills of applicants whenever this is possible. In this selection plan, Grace Cornett will test the skills of the applicants based on the job described. At this stage, the most important thing will be to detect special skills that an applicant may be having. The Cognitive Test Cognitive test refers to the process of testing the strength of the mind. Einsiedel (2009) describes this process as a test of the mind. Cognitive test is always important in determining the capacity of an individual to perform a given duty within a specified time. This test is very important for managerial positions. This is because these positions would always demand that an individual makes a decision that will affect other employees and the firm in general. Grace Cornett will have to ensure that the general manager has academic qualification in leadership and experience of at least three years in a managerial position. Personality Testing According to Einsiedel (2009), testing the personality of an applicant is always important in determining how effective an employee would be within a firm. This scholar says that personality testing helps determine how an employee would manage himself or herself within the firm when faced with varying
I picked up this poem because it makes me realize how best to appreciate the ‘step by step’ achievements in one’s life and how to translate ‘success’. When Emily Dickinson says that looser knows the real meaning of success, it tends to imply that one must be able to recognize the value of one’s achievements in life. This poem gives an idea of how the level of our appreciation increases for something which we do not possess. This poem tells us about one of the very important philosophies of life. Each one of us wishes to be a successful person. But the moot point is how do we define the success? Or do we really understand the meaning of success? This poem underlines how the term ‘success’ has different connotations under different circumstances. In general, someone who is not able to attain a certain position or not able to possess something important, feels the importance of that particular position or object. The poem says, success is considered sweetest by those who are never able to succeed. The looser is said to know the meaning of success better than the winner. Further it states, ‘to comprehend the nectar, requires sorest need i.e. to appreciate the quality of meal one need to have the urge or the hunger for this. To emphasize the point, poet uses the term ‘nectar’, indicating that ‘the drink providing life to the gods’ can only be appreciated if one has the extreme need for it. In the second stanza, success is being compared with the victory in battle field. Victory laps were often done by kings and emperors in purple robes under a purple flag. The color purple is in general associated with royalty. It is stated that even those who are having a victory lap will find it difficult to define success. This stanza basically integrates the ‘need’ with wants and desires, and stresses the significance of exigency or an urgent requirement. It is pointed out that though it is not forbidden for the defeated and dying person to hear the voices of victory, but those triumphant celebrations are certainly not meant for him. The irony gets highlighted in the very next line when Dickinson says that for someone who is defeated, the sounds of triumph appear much clearer even if emanating from a far off place. Presentation of different perspectives of winning and loosing sides makes the poem all the more interesting. Dickinson makes us realize that the loosing side with ‘defeated’ and ‘dying’ soldiers is in a better position to translate the meaning of victory and success. Notwithstanding the agony and clear sounds of triumph from the other side, the distance from victory makes the defeated soldier metamorphic in his approach to understand the meaning of success. After getting deeper into the meaning of ‘success’ and correlating the circumstances narrated in the poem are we somewhat wiser? Perhaps, after understanding the importance better we might be in a better position to work our way towards our goal with renewed vigor and motivation. Such philosophies often tend to bring new insights into one’s thinking and understanding of issues. That was the basic reason that I opted for this poem.
Introduction Terrorism is an issue that highly affects the global human society mainly because of adverse effects such as fear. It is the ideology of using intimidation and violence to enhance terror among the target population, namely, the inactive. Focusing on the unbiased is an intimidation technique for the military and the government. However, the use of radiological terrorism cultivates a significant threat to the medical health condition of individuals. On the one hand, radiology efficiently transmits from one individual to another, thus rendering it difficult to treat victims of the attack. On the other hand, Marzaleh et al. (2019) argue that there is a clear distinction between the treatment of life-threatening conditions and radiological decontamination. The protective gear that the medical practitioners wear during emergency operations reduces the risk of getting radiologically contaminated while treating a patient (Marzaleh et al., 2019). As a result, it is appropriate to prioritize stabilizing patients suffering from serious wounds due to radiological decontamination. The vital element in the pharmaceutical field is the utilization of precautions to boost the level of efficiency and well-being of health practitioners. Main body Terrorism is an issue that profoundly affects the state of the globe, especially after the Cold War era, mainly because of the unpredicted repercussions. Terrorism refers to the adverse disruption of a country’s activities, either socially or economic-wise, through various attack modes such as bombings. An excellent example of an explosion that profoundly affected the Americans is the 9/11 attack that led to the destruction of the Twin Towers and the Pentagon. In most cases, the countries that experience terrorism at a higher margin include the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) (OECD 2004). The common factor among these countries engulfs the promotion of free trade as another form of exercising democracy. Terrorism is a significant issue in America and modern society mainly because it enhances the sense of insecurity. As a result, shareholders shy away from investing in America, which significantly impacts economic development. However, terrorism indirectly affects the nation’s growth due to raising the government’s attention to increase its spending on military weapons and emergency response services (Brands, 2018). Primarily, terrorism becomes a backbone of the backlashing of the country’s economy due to the diversion of resources to boost security in the American territories. Various hospitals utilize different emergency operations plans, especially during a radiological terrorism attack. The California hospitals establish that the foremost step in the emergency operation plan involves identifying the necessary resources. These elements include communications, resources and assets, safety
Demographic shifts and political changes played a critical role in shaping the social status of the First Nation people. Most of the historical events took place during the 19th century. It is prudent for the Crown to get back to the roots of the challenges facing the First Nation people instead of merely relying on the legislative agenda of the Canadian parliament. From the early beginning, the First Nation people believed that the government was mandated to perform certain roles on their behalf. Important rulings made by the Canadian Supreme Court are largely not in favor of the First Nation people. The fiduciary principles in place are apparently not clear in regards to the aspirations of the aboriginal people. Needless to say, consulting the First Nation people should not be perceived as a privilege to this group since they also have their constitutional rights and freedoms. The issue of land as a major resource of the aboriginal people has been a controversial subject for long. Whereas the Supreme Court boasts of being a chief law interpreter in the country, the aboriginals are yet to enjoy the benefits of most rulings made by this court. The aboriginals have always claimed that they do not have express rights to some of their resources. It is the fiduciary duty of the Crown to investigate and act on the recommendations of such claims. For example, the Nechako River in British Columbia triggered a lot of conflict between the First Nation people and the Canadian government during the 1950s. The government built a major hydroelectric dam across this river without consulting the aboriginal people. The group claimed that their source of livelihood was significantly affected since the river was their only source of fishing and other daily upkeep activities. An effective dispute resolution mechanism should be adopted in such cases. Better still, the government of Canada was supposed to make prior consultations with the First Nation people even before planning the construction of the dam. Unfortunately, similar disregards have been taking place for several decades in the presence of a functional judiciary. In 2004, the Supreme Court made a landmark ruling on the Haida Nation v. British Columbia case. According to the contents of the case, the Crown was supposed to either concur or refute that it had full knowledge of the rights and freedoms of the First Nation people. A constructive knowledge was also supposed to be considered in the contents of the case. Second, the contemplated conduct of the Canadian government by that time was also queried. Finally, it was asserted that the claim of right by the First Nation people was highly likely to be affected by the contemplated behavior of the Crown. The three elements adopted in the Supreme Court proceedings were a clear illustration that the Canadian government was not sincerely interested in the constitutional rights and freedoms of the aboriginal people. As it stands now, major strides have already been made in regards to the consultation role of the fiduciary. It is vital to understand
Introduction The Industrial Revolution is considered to be a major historical period. The Industrial Revolution oversaw a significant shift in production. Major changes in the 18th century led to the innovation of new production technologies that included machines and iron products. The development of chemical manufacturing and water-power or steam-powered machines became popular during the Industrial Revolution. Britain was considered a crucial economic hub in the European region, and many other countries, including France, emulated Industrial Revolution strategies (Lualdi 42). The emergence of new industries was influential in terms of changing socio-economic and political aspects. Unlike the French Revolution, the Industrial Revolution was not characterized by social and political turmoil. In any case, the French revolution was a period of the socio-political enlightenment. Moreover, the Industrial Revolution lasted for many years. The Industrial Revolution started in 1760, while the French revolution started in 1789 and ended in 1799. Therefore, it is important to explore the reasons why the Industrial Revolution is considered more significant than any other revolution in history. Background The Industrial Revolution was established in England in 1760 and lasted until the late 1840s. During this period, the majority of the western societies in Europe and America were agrarian and practiced farming (Levack, Edward and Vieldman 123). Nevertheless, the idea of establishing urban centers as commercial regions grew between the 18th and 19th century. The idea of shifting production technology in manufacturing industries from hand tools to machines became a common phenomenon. However, the reasons why the Industrial Revolution started in England are intriguing. Arguments The Industrial Revolution was based on England’s economic history. In this regard, historians perceive England as the beacon of progress. England was a highly “developed and commercialized economy within the European region before the Industri
Many people have been trying to establish the possibility of God’s existence. Theism argues that God is indeed there in our lives, while atheism claims that the concept of God’s existence is false. Belief in God depends on rational argument or a balanced idea supported by knowledgeable discussion. However, placing money on theism is not a good bet because it is difficult to provide evidence that God exist and thus the bet may be misguided. This is due to the fact that different people explain the existence of God in different ways and there is always a contradiction between scientific theories and faith of individuals. According to Feinberg and Shafer-Landau, there are always some disagreements in providing evidence on the existence of God. Traditional points of view about the existence of God are based on experience or without experience. The ontological argument, started by St. Anselm and supported by Descartes, and Spinoza is based on lack of experience (2). This concept strictly explains that God must exist in order to have the definition of God, even if someone has knowledge on whether He exists or not. However, philosophers like William Rowe objected the ontological argument because it is defective and brings about philosophical questions. This implies that there should be some sort of evidence before concluding that God exist. Other arguments about God’s existence are cosmological, historical, practical, and arguments from spiritual experience. Cosmological argument requires a true cause in order to provide a conclusion.
Counselor values Counseling is a profession that inculcates the approach to the needs of the clients, presenting issues and the character of the individual. A counselor’s approach is distinct grounded on belief systems and personal values. Counseling is a career that requires personal values as an essential part of the development of the individual and society. As such, counselors are able to influence society in which they live through the guidance of their clients in situations that have a striking life changing effect. The first section of this short essay considers specific application of a counselor’s values in specific cases. The first scenario that I am going to consider is a case where a couple is engaged in extra-marital affairs. They are seeking my help to strengthen their marriage in spite of being committed to an open marriage. One of the fundamental values that I work under is the belief in saving marriages, as well as the restoration of relationships. To me, marriages are more than mere “contract” or “piece of paper”. They are the basis for a healthy family (ACA, 2005). By saving a marriage, I do not imply that I simply wish to keep two people together physically. My intention is for the spouses to have a rejuvenated purpose, link, worth, and joy together. I would, therefore, counsel the clients to seek consider re-committing themselves to their marriage since their current scenario is only harming them. This will lead to a purpose driven life characterized by greater freedom, and true independence. The second scenario is a case where a client with terminal cancer wants to commit suicide, but is hesitant to inform her family. I believe in the sacredness and dignity of life, that all people have significance and , and that no individual is without true worth in spite of of their condition. As such, I will counsel the client to consider her decision to commit suicide wisely given the fact that life is sacred, and individuals have a purpose in life regardless of their age and health condition (ACA, 2005). Client rights In addition to the values and principles that counselors are supposed to have in their profession, they are also obliged to give their clients rights and freedoms before and after the counseli