ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
In the work Pedagogy of the Oppressed, Paulo Freire refers to the traditional method of teaching using a metaphoric term “the banking model of education.” According to this model, students are viewed as depositories to be filled with knowledge. Traditional classrooms are teacher-centered, which means that the teacher acts as a narrator transmitting experience and values to the students. Students, in turn, become passive objects that are to record, memorize, and repeat the given information without any active participation in the flow of a lesson. In the banking concept of education, the teacher is considered to be knowledgeable and experienced in contrast to the students who are supposed to be “blank slates,” or, in other words, entirely ignorant of the world around. Freire argues that by treating students as “receptacles” of content, the bank-clerk educator makes the process of learning mechanical, lifeless, and detached from reality. There emerges a contradiction between the teacher and the student, which characterizes the ideology of oppression and “negates education and knowledge as processes of inquiry” (Freire, 1968, p. 21). Banking education regards students as manageable beings who adjust to “the world as it is and to the fragmented view of reality deposited in them” (Freire, 1968, p. 22). Such an approach hinders the development of their critical consciousness, minimizes, or even annuls learners’ creative power and ability to think critically. Knowingly or unknowingly, bank-clerk teachers turn human beings into automatons and dehumanize them. Thus, the banking concept of education serves the interests of oppressors since the more the oppressed can be led to adapt to the situation, the more easily they can be dominated. Banking education tends to regulate and obviate thinking, as well as adapt people to the world of oppression, so it cannot satisfy the needs of humanistic society in the 21st century. Teachers must neither think for their students, nor must they impose their thought on the students since authentic thinking does not take place in isolation but only in communication. Real education should be a dialogue in which the teacher and students can share their experience in a non-hierarchical way, becoming jointly responsible for the process. Consequently, all the participants can grow and, as Freire states, “teach each other, mediated by the world, by the cognizable objects,” which in the b
Executive Summary Streetlights are a major consumer of electricity as they light the streets and bridges of the entire nation and apparently there is no one paying for the electricity being consumed. It is the government’s responsibility to pay for the electricity consumption of these infrastructural products through tax money collected. Due to this reason, the government is always looking for cheaper feasible ways in which to satisfy the costs incurred to have more savings at the end of the day. Today, in most countries, streetlights consumer standard electricity provided by the powerhouse grid which provides electricity to the neighborhood. An alternative however has been seen in the form of Solar powered streetlights which work on the principle of solar power stored throughout the day and use it to produce electricity to run the streetlight at night. The apparent savings in the long run are often overshadowed by the initial investment which must be done to install them. The report will debate on the numerous benefits and limited shortcomings of Solar powered streetlights and prove why they are the better alternative to the standard electric powered lighting. Introduction The purpose of this report is to address the differences between the solar powered system and the standard electric powered system of the streetlights and analyze which system would result in more benefits overall. I will attempt to prove that the introduction of solar powered streetlights would lead to increased savings in electricity costs and would also lead to no more future maintenance worries. The report will use numerous references and articles to clearl
Introduction Secret Sharer a story that begins with the mention of a relationship-that of the land and the sea. The environment is used to exemplify some of the character aspects of the main character; the Captain. The serenity of the area is contrasted with the apprehension expressed by the surroundings; both aspects depicted by the Captain’s demeanor and thoughts. Not only was he a “stranger to himself” but also to the ship. Main body The “Secret Sharer” becomes a story in which the reader experiences a ripeness process of the characters-who overcome obstacles for the sake of serving “good”. The initial lack of poise and a sense of inadequacy is reflected by the Captain’s actions; when he volunteers to stand guard a task normally not done by Captains. The surroundings reflect this uncertainty and dichotomy of state is witnessed by the reader in the “insignificant clumps of trees stand”. Another significant symbol that the reader identifies is that of the scorpion; it represents the presence of danger in the story as does Leggatt who brings a more menacing feel to the narrative. If one was to examine more closely and read between the lines; Leggatt in some ways represents that side of the Captain which is still unsure and the unrevealed aspect of the Captain’s character. The Captain senses his own initial struggle in Leggatt and for him this Captaincy is no sense than a boon. Throughout the story Leggatt is described as the Captain’s double; highlighting a shadier side of the Captain. The reader witnesses the struggle of the Captain within himself; whether it be giving refuge to a fugitive or struggling to assert authority over the shipmates. The added edge of deception proves that the presence of Leggatt is resulting in the more” darker” side of the Captain to become more prominent. Hence, the sense of fear of discovery gives a feeling of some evil lurking in the background. In the second part of the novel, when Captain Archbold makes his presence felt, the Captain shows a rare side of “playfulness’ when he pretends to be deaf. Captain Archbold comes across as the villainous presence that can play a role in ruining the carefully laid but scheme of the Captain’s. He paints Leggatt in a negative manner not allowing the reader to judge fro themselves if Leggatt is actually at fault. Leggatt‘s pattern of semi-level-headedness mirrors the uncertain state of the Captain. However, Leggatt is clearly not described as the absurd or insane in any way. In fact, the narrator is quick to point out that: “…there was no agitation in his whisper”. (Conrad” Secret Sharer”) The negative personality depicted of the Captain depicted by Leggatt meant that only with Leggatt leaving the ship could the Captain finally take complete charge of himself and of the ship. This did happen later on the story when Legggat was finally left on the shore-depicted by the Captain leaving the cap behind. By having provided refuge to Leggatt and by overcoming the inner struggle, the Captain was able to finally overcome all the anxiety and inadequacy. Even, the attempt to bring the ship as close as pos
Introduction There are several policies that have been critical to the advancement of a favorable trading environment in the United States. A lot of things surround the policy right from its formulation to its implementation, thereby affecting how the policy plays out in meeting its intended objectives. In order to understand the nature of policy and its its implications on the economy, one must be able to trace the policy goals, which are reflected in the activities that are undertaken as part of the implementation of the policy. This is what is referred to as public policy analysis. As one of the leading countries in international commerce, the regulation of the trading environment in the USA was critical. Therefore, it is worthwhile to say that the country needs to ensure that there is a stable internal business environment, which paves way for external competitiveness in trade. One of the areas that have been given attention for a long time is the regulation of trade in the United States. This has been done through the development and enforcement of trade policies that have governed commerce till the contemporary times. The Federal Trade Commission Act is considered to be one of the critical legislations that have aided to regulate commerce in the United States. As a policy, the Federal Trade Commission Act has undergone several amendments in the course of its applicability. The changes that have been made to the Act have been geared towards making it efficient to capture the emerging needs and demands in trade in the United States and beyond. This paper explores the Federal Trade Commission Act of the United States. The paper carries out an analytical evaluation of the act in order to develop a bigger picture of the policy and how it has been relevant in the country. The paper carries both a description and analysis of the Act. The paper begins by bringing out the history of the Act. This is followed by an analysis and evaluation of the key areas of the Act. History of the Act The Federal Trade Commission Act can be traced back to the early years of the 20 th century. These are the times when the United States, under the leadership of the then President Woodrow Wilson, was working hard to gain a strong economic footing. The Act was formulated in the year 1914, and through amendments it has remained vital in the country. The Act became a law in the same year in which it was formulated. The Act spearheaded the establishment of the Federal Trade Commission. Prior to the establishment of this body, there was a lot of fragmentation of trading activities that denoted the absence of order, which is vital for molding business for the benefit of the country. The Federal Trade Commission was meant to be a body to help in moderating the trading environment in the country. The issue trusts in the US economy had resulted in a lot of unethical practices, particularly the large business corporations in the United States. Therefore, a poli
The article researches an alleged flaw in a system of the U.S. compulsory schooling system that has a negative influence on students’ factual level of education and earnings. The study used quantitative data to prove if children born in the first quarter of a year receive less salary and exhibit poorer education levels as compared to children born in other quarters. The evidence is comprised of seasonal patterns and years of birth compared to years of completed education, and high-school graduation and salary. The authors conclude that there is a strong correlation between the compulsory education system and early dropout rates. The main problem Angrist and Krueger address in their article is the system of compulsory school education that generates a certain imbalance. This imbalance entails students who were born in the first quarter of a year finish their studies earlier than those who were born later in the year. The first assumption is that it correlates with college enrollment rates. In the states, where the enrollment requirement is set at 16 years of age the amount of new students in an educational institution of a higher tier is significantly lower than in states with a 17-year limit. The second hypothesis suggests that as a result of a prolonged period of compulsory schooling, students of a second and a third season are more successful at earning a living. To test the hypothesis, the authors use Two-stage least squares with variation in education as a primary identification source. To double-check the results, the researchers apply ordinary-least squares as well. To determine the statistical significance of the results p-value is calculated. As evidence, they draw official school records for students in two decades: 1930-1939 and 1940-1949. In these periods, they compare years of education a person finished with the year and season of the year he or she was born. Additionally, they use such factors as the number of college graduates, completed masters and doctoral degrees. Weekly wages were used as an additional test criterion. However, its significance has proved to be small. The obvious strength of this research is in its meticulous calculation and the amount of the researched data. The research design was elaborated to deliver the finest and most accurate results. Calculations and thought processes are supported by illustrative material to ensure clarity and demonstrativeness. The possible weakness is that it did not manage to give a straightforward answer whether the compulsory education system is good or bad for students. The problem of the research has slightly lost its relevancy as s
This is an economic concept that was coined by Maynard Keynes where he argued that the increase in the savings of individuals during a time when the economy was in a recession could result in overall decline of the aggregate demand in the economy and would end up leading to overall decline in the national savings. Keynes argued that the decrease in the economic growth of a country together with the aggregate demand could result in reduced economic productivity thereby resulting in overall decline in the national savings (Dwivedi 115). Therefore, the paradox arises when the total savings of an economy decrease even when individuals in the country have increased their levels of savings. This is a narrow perspective of the paradox that focuses on the individual savings. On the broader perspective, an increase in individual savings may be harmful to an economy since the consumers would focus so much on savings and forget to spend thereby leading to overall reduction in the aggregate demand hence the poor performance of the economy. According to Boyes and Melvin (222), the narrow perspective of the paradox contradicts the assumption while the broader perspective of the paradox contradicts the claim through implication since it is expected that when individuals increase their savings, it is good for the economy. The argument postulated by the paradox is that the total income in an economy must equal the total output when the market is at symmetry while all savings in the economy must equal all investments made in the economy (Boyes and Melvin 222). It is assumed that the level of savings increases faster then income increased as compared to the increase in the level of investment as output increases. Therefore, the marginal propensity to save is likely to move the point of equilibrium at which income equates output as investment equates savings at lower levels. The paradox is similar to the prisoner’s dilemma since the savings made by individuals could be beneficial to them. However, the same savings could be disastrous to the general economy of a country. The scenario presented is a paradox since the intuition created is that of contrary intuition. For instance, individuals that do not understand the paradox could end up thinking that an issue that is good for an individual such as increasing savings could also be good for an economy. Despite the negative effects that the thrift may have for an economy, it is good for an individual to exercise that discipline in savings so that one can increase his or her total savings. The savings made by an individual could help the person during difficult periods (Dwivedi 115). Despite the significance of understanding the paradox of thrift, it has received many criticisms especially form the neoclassical economists. For instance, in Say’s law, they postulate that in the instance of slackening demand, prices of commodities would fall while the low level of prices would stimulate demand just as explained by the la
There is no use denying the fact that modern age can be called the era of giant cities. More than 50% of population live in urban areas (Brook, 2013) and contribute to the development of metropolises. However, the situation was not always the same. Blistering development of cities and urbanization started along with the first signs of industrialization. New industries demanded new plants where thousands of workers had to work. Due to this fact, all conditions for the appearance of metropolises were created. That is why, it was quite logic that the increase of the demand for oil led to the development of this industry and, as a result, regions where it was produced obtained the new stimulus for their development. Desolated lands became the place where new giant cities appeared. Dubai could be taken as the best evidence for this statement. Being a small town, in 1968 it was given the new life as rich oil deposit was found there ( Dubai’s growing thirst for resources , n.d). Since that time the city has never stopped its development. It should be said that the tempos of evolution of Dubai from the small town to metropolis are unique. In 1963 it covered only 3km 2 , while in 2015 this number became 605km 2 . (Fazal, 2008). The same deals with the population of the city. According to statistics, in 1968 only 59000 people lived in the town (Brook, 2013). However, due to the blistering urban development, in 2010 this number became 1.9 million. (Binno, 2012). These facts show the outstanding tempos of urbanization. In 50 years Dubai transformed into one of the greatest cities in the world, with the developed industry and infrastructure (Zuhairy, 2012). The whole world watches the development of ambitious projects connected with the construction sector. There are many skyscrapers which are built according to the unique project and which create the unique image of Dubai. Thus, it is possible to say that such blistering urbanization also has some disadvantages. First of all, it should be said that the greater part of the population of Dubai is comprised of workers who came here from different countries. The locals are taken as the privileged class as their rights are protected by the government and there are many services available to them, which make their existence rather careless and pleasant. However, at the same time, a great number of workers, who came here hoping to earn some money, are deprived of these privileges and had to struggle for their survival, occupying the niche of unqualified and low paid labor. This fact leads to the appearance of contradiction within the society. The rich minority irritates the poor majority which has to work hard to satisfy their needs and demands. It is obvious that this contradiction cannot but lead the different conflicts which show inhomogenuity of society in Dubai. The given issue is so top
Good Television  1. Through the Wormhole is the documentary series broadcasted on the Science Channel since 2010. The show is hosted by a famous movie celebrity, Morgan Freeman. The show is associated with the category of good television because it is informative, and it contributes to the promotion of science and exploration. As Dudo and colleagues (2010) claim, the popular science content assists in the building of an individual’s knowledge and provokes the interest towards the engagement in scientific research.  2. The Big Bang Theory is the comedy show aired on CBS. The main characters are successful young scientists who were the ‘nerds’ at school. By highlighting the lives of those who in real-life would be considered highly unpopular and manifesting their funny yet dramatic features, the show contributes to the elimination of the stereotypes existing in the society (Walters 2013).  3. Lie to Me aired on Fox. It is a detective story focused on the psychological aspects of crime and human behavior. The show promotes an interest in psychology (Dudo et al., 2010). And it is possible to assume that by showing the negative side of criminality, the series addresses the moral aspects of an individual’s performance in society.  4. My Kitchen Rules is the culinary show hosted by two prominent cooks and aired on Seven Network since 2010. The show is entertaining yet educational. It may help people who have the desire to learn to cook. It stimulates the promotion of high-quality food and the artistic aspect of cooking (Solier 2005). Therefore, it belongs to good television.  5. Styled to Rock is also one of the good educational and entertaining shows for those who are interested in design and fashion. The show is produced and hosted by Rihanna, one of the most popular pop stars. The show is made in the format of competitions, and it is directly related to the pop culture domain. However, it may affect young people in a good way by demonstrating the details and experiences that may lead to success in life (Arp & Watson 2012).  6. Bondi Vet, the show about the animals and veterinary aid broadcasted on Animal Planet. One of the main functions of the show is the promotion of compassion towards animals and wildlife. Thus, the example of ethical television (Arp & Watson 2012).  7. Friends one of the most famous projects of the ’90s. It is the comedy show that pushes forward the traditional values of family bonds, friendship, and support. The series is characterized by ingenious humor that helped to appeal to a vast audience interested in the pleasant and relaxing pastime (Khan & Jelveh 2013). Bad Television  1. Keeping Up with the Kardashians is the reality show aired on E!. The show was frequently criticized for its focus on materialistic values and lust for fame. The researchers claim that the low-quality programs negatively affect children and adolescents who haven’t yet developed the critical thinking skills and may become strongly influen
Introduction Some changes are inevitable. Sometimes they are long-expected and advantageous, but sometimes they are frightening and undesirable. Thus, changes, even favorable, may cause profound resistance in organizations. Some people are open to the implementation of different improvements, but some are anxious about the obscurity. Main body To make the changes work, one should know some guidelines, that make organizational development efficient and useful (Cummings & Worley, 2015). According to Anthony Marker (n. d.), Ph.D. of Boise State University, they are the following:  1. Explain to the employee his benefits. Don’t tell about the advantages of the innovation for the organization. Imagine that you are a seller at the moment, and the customer doesn’t want to know your benefits from the purchase, he wants to know will it satisfy his personal needs.  2. Notify people about possible losses. The greatest human fear is the fear of loss, so, let them know what they will be deprived of.  3. Connect your undertakings with aspects, that are interesting for people. If you know the desirable, changes try to link new reforms to them.  4. Meet the expectations of people. Avoid the resistance to change, making changes, that are appropriate to the current beliefs of employees.  5. Implement the changes among associates. Try to understand the mood of the team and divide it according to their opinions and, then, present the information to the groups of like-minded people.  6. Emphasize future perspectives. Persuade people in the beneficial result of the changes.  7. Clear and accurate terms. Tell very concretely about the threats of the changes, but don’t forget to use positive examples of efficient organizational changes.  8. Make a vivid presentation. Reinforce presented information at the expense of audiovisual means.  9. Don’t overload people with threats and fears. 10. Beware of the advantages and disadvantages of the changes for the employees. All their questions should be answered. Conclusion It is always difficult to change something, but it is even more complicated to change it against someone’s will. There are plenty of instruments to persuade people, to overcome the resistance, and, finally, to make necessary changes without losses. Reference Cummings, T., & Worley, C. (2015). Organization development & change . Stamford, CT: Cengage Learning. Marker, A. (n.d.). 10 Strategies You Can Use to Overcome Resistance to Change. Web.