ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction The character of Faust is a complex one. For this reason, evidence will be found throughout the text that can be appropriated to paint him either as a hero or a villain. This is, however, the result of divergent conceptualization of morality and of the heroic character. In this paper, I will provide evidence to show that, in consideration of the whole text, Faust can be understood as either hero or villain and that a deep analysis of the Dungeon scene will give credit to Dante’s claim that Faust cannot be morally classified as a positive figure. Faust as a Positive Figure Faust is a seeker of knowledge. He is driven by a great need to understand the nature of things, thereby, studying a number of disciplines including law, medicine, philosophy and theology (Goethe). This quest for knowledge occupies his whole life. This trait of persistence in seeking something one believes in is an integral part of the hero archetype. In striving to arrive at the truth, he makes an error of judgment by getting into a wager with Mephistopheles. He does not believe in hell and, therefore, thinks he has outwitted Mephistopheles. In the end, he does make it to heaven after supplication, showing that he isn’t responsible for the errors of judgment he made earlier in his life. A second argument supporting Faust’s place among heroes would be if he is regarded as a victim. Goethe’s plot alludes, to a great extent to the book of Job in the Bible. Job is the victim of a wager between God and Satan; Satan thinks he can corrupt Job’s moral standing but God knows otherwise. They make a wager and Job becomes the victim of endless misery as Satan seeks to make him deny God’s greatness. In the end, Job upholds his faith on God and, for this reason, he is greatly rewarded. Faust’s experiences can be viewed this way. His eventual remorse for all he has done in search of knowledge and his quest to conquer death serve as the ultimate proof of his heroism. Even after the witnessing the power of Satan, he still has a capacity for remorse. When looking at this way, Faust can be painted as a hero even if taking into account just a concept of a belief. Faust as a negative Figure Faust is given an avid need for humanly pleasures. He disregards all consequences in getting into a wager with Mephistopheles. He portrays little responsibility in giving into the desires of the flesh, a case in point being his lust for Gretchen. He has his way with her and later leaves her that leads to her eventual death. He shows a great vanity when he accepts Mephistopheles’s offer to restore his youthfulness. On not finding an
Historically, homosexuals have encountered many challenges due to their erotic orientation because there exist certain people in society who view them as a deviation from the norm. Discrimination against an individual on the grounds of their sexuality is known as homophobia. This form of bigotry is found in many societies in varying degrees. Conservative communities tend to be more prejudiced in comparison with progressive ones. The problems encountered by homosexual persons can be broadly categorized as either psychosocial or economic. Psychosocial issues are those found in an individual’s environment that affect their mental and emotional health. People who identify themselves as lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, or queer (LGBTQ community) experience loneliness due to being ostracized by their intolerant parents and loved ones. Some guardians oust their children when they find out they are gay and withdraw their support. Additionally, about 70 countries in the world have criminalized same-gender unions (Stromberg, 2020). This may further lead to loneliness and dejection for homosexuals since they are not permitted to marry their desired partners or adopt children and start families. Aside from the lack of a support system, gay people face systemic challenges such as being denied medical care. A person’s well-being would decline due to such troubles stemming from their environment. A person might also encounter financial barriers due to their sexuality. In conservative regions such as the Gulf countries and most parts of Africa and Asia, an employer can legally fire someone for being gay. The US passed laws to protect LGBTQ workers in 2020. However, in some states, bankers may refuse to process an applicant’s loan request based on their orientation, while in others, it would be permissible for a landlord to refuse to lease property to queer people (Stromberg, 2020). All these examples represent a form of economic hardship encountered due to romantic preferences. Additionally, they are all systemic problems that can only be solved through legislation. From the discussion, it is evident that homosexuals still face many challenges despite the advancements that LGBT rights organizations have made. Reference Stromberg, S. (2020). LGBTQ discrimination is still legal. Here’s the quickest way to end it. The Washington Post. Web.
Is it necessary for people to listen to the opinion of the majority because they live in the society? Is the majority’s vision of the problem always right? Plato’s dialogue Crito is based on the discussion of such issues as justice and injustice with references to the notion of the majority’s opinion. Crito insists that a person must listen to the opinion of the majority, and Socrates argues that it is impossible to pay attention to the opinions of all the people because it is important to concentrate only on the wise men’s ideas and examine it in relation to his specific situation and his vision of it. In spite of the fact the opinion of a single person can be discussed as irrelevant in comparison with the opinion of many people, Socrates’ focus on the value of the opinion helps determine the main aspects of the issue and find the most appropriate variants to resolve it. Socrates’ argument based on the principles of value, expertise, and justice is more convincing than the opinion of Crito which depends on the notion of reputation in its association with cowardice and tangibles. Discussing the situation of Socrates’ being in prison, Crito provides his vision of the problem’s resolution with references to his values and ideals. Crito claims that it is possible to save Socrates from execution giving some money to the guard. His decision is based on the idea that it is a kind of injustice to have money and not to use them to save the friend. It is the problem of reputation, and according to Crito’s arguments, it is possible to conclude that reputation is the social notion which depends on the opinion of the majority. Crito draws Socrates’ attention to the fact that there can be “no worse reputation than to be thought to value money more highly than one’s friends, for the majority will not believe that you yourself were not willing to leave prison while we were eager for you to do so” (Plato 44e). Crito supports his argument about the necessity to concentrate on the majority’s opinion, emphasizing that “the majority can inflict not the least but pretty well the greatest evils if one is slandered among them” (Plato 44d). One the one hand, Crito’s arguments can be discussed as relevant if the majority is the group of people who can be discussed as wise. On the other hand, the majority is the group of different people, and their opinion can be based on the principles of justice as well as injustice. That is why, Socrates disagrees with Crito’s position. Socrates’ argument sounds more convincing because it is organized consequentially, and the principles on which it is based are correlated with the ideas of virtues. Thus, according to Socrates, the opinion can be discussed as valuable when it is expressed by wise persons who are experts in their spheres. It is impossible to rely on the opinion of any person because of the lack of knowledge. Moreover, Socrates states that “the most reasonable people, to w
Introduction When excellent and experienced leadership is in place within a corporate organization, it may be experienced throughout the organization. With good leaders in control, corporate cultures are freely practiced by the stakeholders, especially the employees (Bruch & Vogel 2010). This also enhances communication between employees and leaders; in this case, everybody understands the goals, mission, and vision of the company (Bruch & Vogel 2010). Therefore, the success of a corporate organization, both at national and international levels, depends on the kind of leadership in place. This means that everything rises and falls on leadership (Bruch & Vogel 2010). It is important to note that leadership in multinational organizations poses more challenges than those in national organizations (Rugraff & Hansen 2011). In this case, the multinational organizations have more challenging roles than the national ones have (Rugraff & Hansen 2011). This is the reason leaders have to lead by example to demonstrate how to be accountable for their actions and how to actually deal efficiently with adversities. This is the subject of this paper; this paper examines the leadership traits that can role-model the right behaviors within the environment of a multinational company operating in at least three countries. In tackling these issues, the paper focuses on General Motors and the three states in which it operates. General Motors, commonly referred to as GM, is a multinational corporation whose headquarter is in Detroit, Michigan (Daft & Lane 2009). It is one of the largest automobile corporations in the world. It has its subsidiaries and operations in more than 150 countries around the globe (Lane & McNett 2009). In examining the context of General Motors, the focus is placed on three countries: Kenya, the United States, and China. Leadership in the Context of General Motors As a component of their responsibilities, managers of multinational corporations should influence other employees to concentrate on maximizing the value of the organizations across the world. However, it is essential to note that the leadership in a multinational corporation comes with more responsibilities than that of a national corporation (Rugraff & Hansen 2011). In this case, there are many reasons a leader should lead by example, especially concerning multinational corporations. As earlier noted, business operations in a multinational context have several differences when compared with business operations in a local context; one of the differences is that a multinational business environment has diverse cultures (Kezar 2008). For instance, General Motors operates in the United States, Kenya, and China among other countries (Haviland, Prins, McBride & Walrath 2010); these countries have relatively different cultures and lifestyles (Landstrm 2005). Justifiably, there should be a shift from the types of thinking that has a singular cultural dimension to that of a cross-cultural dimension; this requires a blend of knowledge of how corporations may take advantage of different cultural diversities. Concerning this, it is important to note that emerging market eco
Introduction This essay attempts to critically and comprehensively review the concept of hegemonic masculinity. The hegemonic masculinity theory is particularly significant in understanding concepts such as the predisposition of men to violence, the evaluation of social network analysis in relation to hegemonic masculinity and the links between social identity and the occupation that someone belongs to. The essay begins with an introduction and an analysis of the concept of hegemonic masculinity and proceeds to critically analyze articles that address the concept in relation to gender and social change. Hegemonic Masculinity Hegemonic masculinity, an influential theory in gender studies was first advanced by R.W Connell; the phrase is used to describe a social construct that is a benchmark for evaluation of all other forms of masculinity. (Momsen, 2004 p.81-83) Hegemonic masculinity restricts and defines masculine behavior within a given social context and all other forms of masculinity are seen to be subordinate to it. In the society, hegemonic masculinity is not the prevailing form of masculinity; rather, it is a standard, endorsed by the society, against which, men are measured (Schipper, 2009 p.19-20). Hegemonic masculinity is a theory that proposes that, there exists a normative standard for male behavior in society; men in the society are meant to attain these set standards of masculinity. The theory is characterized by the inclination of men to dominate other men and to subordinate women. Hegemonic masculinity is characterized by aggression, self reliance, and ambition, attitudes that are encouraged in men but are discouraged in women. Several criticisms have been leveled against the Hegemonic masculinity theory. Connell, the original proponent of the theory cited his inspiration as being rooted in feminist theories that dealt with the concept of patriarchy and the associated issues about the role of men in altering the concept of patriarchy. Critics contend that the theory is responsible for fostering negative attitudes towards the concept of patriarchy (Howson, 2006 p.64). It is claimed by critics of the theory that hegemonic masculinity is only a theoretical perspective and it cannot be translated in the real world situation. A critique advanced proposes that the theory can be conceived as a type of projection that deliberately victimizes women instead of men. This victimization is done either collectively or limited to individuals. This is to say, the theory cannot be closely contrasted or applied in examining the lives of any real men. Furthermore, the critics of the Hegemonic masculinity theory propose that the theory fundamentally misconstrues the mental representation of male identity. Critics also associate the theory
The history of the United States can be characterized by the presence of changes in mindset that herald shifts toward new types of economic systems. The elements of the Jeffersonian worldview became less contemporary by the middle of the nineteenth century. In particular, the change took place due to the impact of gender equality movements, the issue of slavery, and rapid population growth. Among the reasons that affected the popularity of the yeoman farmer in a certain way is the rapid development of the movement for gender equality in the United States. In this connection, the Seneca Falls Convention that took place in New York in 1848 remains an important event. 1 The document presented by Lucretia Mott outlines the ways to recognize gender inequality and unethical attitude toward women, paying special attention to male-dominated occupations and women’s limited access to education. Arguing that women’s abilities and talents are underestimated, the first feminists facilitated female leadership in western states. 2 Due to the movement and its impact, women gradually became more independent, which justified a shift towards the expansion of large businesses. Another aspect of social inequality, racial division, belongs to the reasons that changed the context, supporting the Jeffersonian worldview. Jefferson viewed justice and independence as principles that should form the basis of laws. In this connection, the abolition of slavery was seen as the key to a more prosperous life, even though the concept of gradual abolition was widely criticized. 3 However, the economic interests of plantation owners were contrary to those principles, and the slave trade was to support the growth of the agricultural business. 4 Despite this human rights-orientedness, slavery was legalized again in the middle of the nineteenth century in the South. During that period, the views on the nature of slavery were extremely different in the North. Some members of newly established commercial elites in Northern states contributed to the creation of the hard-working culture as opposed to Southerners, who valued leisure and effortless living. 5 One more reason why the Jeffersonian worldview gradually receded into the historical distance is the growth of the U.S. population due to increased immigration and the accession of new territories. The number of immigrants arriving in the United States significantly increased in the middle of the nineteenth century. The majority of new citizens were from European countries. Being promised a piece of land and employment, foreigners were ready to contribute to the country’s economic development. 6 This open population growth had a significant impact on American society. It did not only help to propel agricultural endeavors in the country to the next level but also enriched American culture, making it more diverse. In the end, a shift toward a new ec
Introduction The Gospels written by Mark and John have a series of common traits, as soon as they tend to assign particular connotations for the human nature of Jesus. Thus, both texts cover mental and emotional aspects of Jesus assigning them with worldly characteristics. Meanwhile, one is likely to find some differences in the approaches that the authors of Gospels employ. The discrepancies might be determined by the fact that the Gospel of Mark was written before the Gospel of John; thus, the author might have experienced less impact of the social vision of God. As a result, the emphasis on the divine nature of Jesus is less significant in his text than in the Gospel of John. Jesus’ Human Emotions The depiction of Jesus in the Gospel of Mark has several connotations for human nature. Thus, the emotions that Jesus experiences let one perceive him as an ordinary man. In some parts of the Gospel, he is “moved with compassion” that creates a positive link to human nature (Mark 1:41). In the meantime, other passages represent Jesus as “greatly troubled, which means the author of the Gospel of John goes further assigning some negative emotions to the character (John 11:33-35). Different attempts to endue Jesus with worldly feelings and concerns might signify the authors’ intention to emphasize the idea of human’s creation in imitation of Christ. Jesus’ Human Body While trying to assign human traits to Jesus’ body, the authors choose different approaches. Hence, the Gospel of John focuses on the natural needs that contradict with the image of higher beings. Therefore, in the Gospel of John, Jesus claims “I thirst” (John 19:28). The Gospel of Mark, on the contrary, prefers to preserve the connotations for super-naturalness while speaking of Jesus’ body. Thus, it is in the Gospel of Mark that Jesus touches a leaper without being afraid of getting infected (Mark 1:41). As a result, the Gospel of John employs the physical aspect in order to create a more humane image of Jesus, while the Gospel of Mark avoids such parallels. Jesus’ Human Mind In the Gospel of Mark one might find the following line, “Concerning that day or that hour, no one knows, not even the angels in heaven, nor the Son, but only the Father” (Mark 13:32). Therefore, according to the relevant statement, Jesus does not have those divine abilities his father possesses. His mind is wiser than the mind of a simple person but not more powerful. The author of the Gospel of John has another view and through the entire Gospel treats Jesus as God’s Word; he is supposed to be supreme that an ordinary man due to his sacred mission. It is reported that Jesus is aware of everything (“Lord, you know everything”), which contradicts with
Definition Schizophrenia is characterized by a variety of cognitive, behavioral, and emotional abnormalities, and as physicians are well aware, it can be difficult to detect. There is no straightforward physical or laboratory test for schizophrenia, and diagnosis entails recognizing a cluster of symptoms that interfere with social or occupational functioning. As per the DSM-5, the cumulative incidence of the disease is between 0.3 and 0.7 percent (qt. in Hurley). The disorder’s psychotic symptoms generally develop between 18 and mid-30s, with the peak age of emergence of the initial psychotic episode in the 20–25s for males and late 27–29s for females. Deficit Areas Schizophrenia is characterized by mental and cognitive impairment, which is associated with conformational and anatomical abnormalities in several major brain systems. The key brain areas include the pre-coronal and intermediate temporal lobe sections, which are involved in anamnesis and the ability to recall correspondingly (Coltheart). Attention, working memory, verbal learning and memory, and executive skills all have moderate to severe deficits. In most individuals, these deficiencies predate the development of frank psychosis and remain stable throughout the duration of the illness. Possible Cure/Recovery/Management of Schizophrenia At the moment, there is no cure for schizophrenia, although the disorder can be effectively treated and controlled. Because schizophrenia is frequently episodic, times of remission from the most severe symptoms are typically a good time to begin implementing self-help measures that may assist in decreasing the length and incidence of future episodes. Regular exercise can help
Introduction The Body Shop or The Body Shop international is an acclaimed cosmetics chain based in England. They have more than 2400 shops and operational in more than 60 countries worldwide. It is now a part of L’Oreal Cosmetics Group (Schwartz 192-206). Body Shop as a retailer and producer In the year 1986, The Body Shop formed an alliance with Greenpeace for a whale saving campaign. This is the beginning of the social activities for the company. After that they are involved in a lot of social programs. They also support local charitable programs, community events and other social gatherings for different socio-economical causes. The company criticized the cosmetics industry for their less environment friendly causes and tried to step their best foot forward to do something to solve the issue (Wycherley 120-127). The company has recently published an article where they have clearly mentioned their policy on this issue and the article is named as “ Policy on Animal derived ingredients ”. They have clearly mentioned that their products do not pose a threat to animal welfare. They basically deals with products derived from vegetables and even in some cases they had to use animal derived ingredients they make it sure that it is totally acceptable to the vegetarians. They have made clear their commitments:  1. The company has made it clear that they, to meet the needs of their vegetarian clients will use any ingredients that will cause the death of any animals or any thing that is somehow made from animals (Haake and Seuring 284-294).  2. To ensure that the products are of higher standards than that of the common market, the Body-Shop group will benchmark their products against the companies they still use the animal by-products.  3. They have also clearly stated that they will provide all the information on the ingredients used in their products and even provided the list where they use animal by-products. The animal by-products used by the company are honey (which is named in the labels as Mel), Beeswax (which is termed as Cera Alba), Lanolin and Shellac (TheBodyShop 1). The Cause of Consumer Attraction It is noted that the Body Shop is one of the store that are visited by men and women in the same numbers. The popularity of body shop is enviable for any cosmetics company. And one of the causes is that they always are very clear about their policies and try to s be honest to the consumers. Sometimes the Body Shop is called as “ the Champion of Ethical Beauty Products ” (Bastin 19-38). One of the chief attractions of the Body Shop is its founder named Anita Riddick. She initially started the shop in the year 1976, but her business ideas made the sales grow annually by more than 50%. During her life time she was a symbol of “ innovation, social responsibility and integrity ” (Schwartz 192-206) and her death was termed as a social loss for Britain. But the sale to L’Oreal has made the company loss in its sales. History The Body Shop or Body Shop International is a privately owned company by Anita Roddick setup in 1970s to deliver world leading assistance to self pampering by p