ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Oral Language Development Children usually start their oral language development when they are six years old. The development starts with babbling and listening to people around them (Hoff, 2013). However, at the age of two, young children start talking, and their language becomes more intelligible for adults or older children. At the age of three, children usually start speaking and asking a lot (Charlesworth, 2013). Therefore, it can be beneficial to consider the way such children communicate as it may provide insights into some peculiarities of oral language development (associated hazards, obstacles, favorable conditions, and other features). The paper includes a brief analysis of the way oral language proficiency affects children’s interactions with others. The two children come from monolingual middle-class families living in the urban area. The children are Caucasian. One of the children is a boy of 27 months (who will be referred to as Sam for convenience). The other child is a girl aged 37 months (who will be referred to as Jane for convenience). Sam is the only child while Jane has two siblings who are five and seven years old. The observation took place in the children’s houses with their moms in the room. The observer interacted with the children. At that, when interviewing Jane, her brother appeared, and she wanted to play with him. The observations lasted approximately 25 minutes. Importantly, the children know the observer, which may have affected their willingness to interact and their overall behavior. It is necessary to note that the two children develop their oral language skills a bit differently as Jane is showing more success. Sam uses some words, but, likely, the vocabulary is not very wide. The boy also ignores the interlocutor and focuses on his activities more often as compared to Jane. Sam does not use complete sentences even short ones. He uses separate words to express his needs, wants, or attitude. He uses yes and no a lot. Instead of repeating parts of the question or provide clarifying information, Sam simply says yes or no (see Appendix A). The boy also babbled when he was absorbed by a game he invented. Sam’s phonological skills are quite limited as he does not pronounce properly many of the words used. Oral language skills are quite appropriate for his age. The boy’s mother notes that she tries to develop his oral language skills using various strategies. The woman regards her effort as insufficient as other children have larger vocabularies, better pronunciation, and so on. She believes that more interaction with peers could be beneficial. At that, Topping, Dekhinet, and Zeedyk (2013) claim that the interactions between parents and children are more important or oral language development as compared to the child’s interaction with peers. Gurgel, Vidor, Joly, and Reppold (2014) states that such risk factors as interactions with parents, social environment, and encouragement. Jane, on the contrary, uses simple sentences, tries to provide as much information as possible. Jane is likely to have quite an extensive vocabulary even though the short observation could not help in identifying th
Introduction The ISO 9000 family of standards was created in order to help various organizations and businesses to be able to comply with the demands of their customers and other stakeholders. It was first introduced as early as in1987 and has been popular since that time. However, there exists controversy over the issue of these standards’ effectiveness. Even though ISO 9000 allows companies to set their own effective standards of quality, and makes the function of control significantly easier, on the whole, some authors claim, for instance, that it leads to numerous unnecessary bureaucratic procedures and adversely affects the performance of a company. The Influence of ISO 9000 on Management Functions ISO 9000 has the potential to improve the quality of an organization’s management, but it also has some important drawbacks. Let us consider how ISO 9000 works in relation to the four main aspects of the control function of management. Setting standards It is always hard for companies to set perfect standards (Ramasamy, 2010, p. 142). However, ISO 9000 can help with this task by providing guidelines and requirements for a product, as well as specifying some important aspects of the product’s quality. It measures performance It appears that ISO 9000 should also be able to help to assess performance. According to Wahid and Corner (2009), ISO 9000 is capable of improving the methods for measuring a company’s performance (p. 886-887). On the other hand, Najmi and Kehoe (2001) point out that ISO 9000 does not provide enough means for evaluating the performance of a business’ employees. It is comparing performance to standards If we adopt the opinion of Wahid and Corner (2009) that it is helpful to use ISO 9000 to measure the performance, then it should be clear that the family of standards should also be of assistance when it comes to comparing the performance to the standards set before that. It is correcting deviations Whereas the family of standards could have been helpful at the previous stages, many authors agree that when it comes to correcting deviations, procedures provided by ISO 9000 are ineffective. For instance, Wahid and Corner (2009) highlight the complexity of these procedures and state that the staff often try to take shortcuts. Seddon (1997) completely criticizes the whole approach, saying that it is ineffective to assume that it is best to influence the work of employees by imposing various controlling procedures on them. Therefore, it follows that correcting deviation using ISO 9000 procedures ought to be rather ineffective. ISO 9000, Requirements for Effective Control System, and Techniques of Control Ramasamy (2010) lists a number of requirements that are paramount for creating and maintaining an effective system of managerial control (p. 134). Let us discuss if ISO 9000 can help managers to comply with these requirements.  1. Feedback. By imposing controlling procedures, ISO 9000 implementation might mean that employees receive at least some feedback.  2. Objective. As the controlling procedures are prescribed, following them should result in the objectivity o
In her book, The Spirit Catches You and You Fall Down, Anne Fadiman explores the experience of a Hmong family struggling through the healthcare system of California. This book can throw light on the challenges faced by these people who have to confront a different socio-cultural environment. This source can be better analyzed with the help of the essay Mother Tongue written by Amy Tan. This author also discusses the interactions between people who have different cultural and linguistic backgrounds. It is possible to apply such a concept as compassion in order to examine the themes which Anne Fadiman explores in her work. This notion can be defined as the ability of an individual to understand and fill pity for the suffering of another person. To a great extent, this ability is critical for interactions between people who can have different cultural or linguistic backgrounds. While Anne Fadiman’s this book seems to be primarily related to the impact of linguistic and cultural barriers on the experiences of immigrants, Amy Tan’s essay suggests that their difficulties can be explained primarily by lack of compassion which is essential for the emotional well-being of individuals. This is the main thesis that should be elaborated more closely. Anne Fadiman’s book is a valuable source that can illustrate the problems which emerge when immigrants have to interact with healthcare professionals. It should be kept in mind that the representatives of foreign cultures often question “the efficiency of Western medical techniques” (Fadiman 23). As a rule, these people “require more time and attention” since the services of an interpreter are needed (Fadiman 25). These are some of the details that should be considered. This text’s text can be analyzed with help of Ami Tan’s essay Mother Tongue, and this reading indicates that language barriers can significantly impair the experiences of immigrants. This source demonstrates that a person may find it extremely difficult to express his/her thoughts very clearly. It is usually argued that they speak in “broken or fractured English” (Tan 48). Moreover, it is often assumed that these people think in a primitive way. The author speaks about her mother who also struggled with the language barrier. Many people assumed that “her English reflected the quality of what she had to say” (Tan 48). Thus, one can speak the discrimination against these individuals. Admittedly, Anne Fadiman also provides numerous examples indicating that linguistic and cultural differences can prevent people from integrating into the society. For instance, the author mentions that medical professionals often have to communicate with teenaged children of patients and discuss such issues as surgery or resuscitation of “a dying family member” (Fadiman
Historical and Theoretical Roots of Systems Theory Systems theory has a long history with regards to the prerogative of human beings to be self-defining and symbol making entities. The historical features are associated with the coming together of knowledge and understanding of parts concerning their whole. Such comprehension aims to highlight the totality of these parts and wholes in a meaningful manner. The various historical periods are characterized by different solutions proposed to deal with the systems problem. According to Hammond (2002), when viewed from the context of history and evolution of social thought, it appears that the science related to unified systems theory is a product of 20 th -century thinking. However, rudiments of this concept are evident across the entire historical continuum of self-conscious human beings (Senge, Cambron-McCabe, Lucas, Smith & Dutton, 2012). Hammond (2003) postulates that general systems theory is the solution to age-old questions regarding human existence in the 20 th century. The roots of such thinking can also be traced far back in history, depending on one’s definition of system and systems thinking. Hammond (2002) poses that the definition of systems theory as a new and unique world reflects the 20 th -century trappings of this concept. However, as a concept, the theory has its roots in classical times. According to Bertalanffy (2004), general systems theory is defined as the new perspective of human knowledge about the self. Also, the theory is a response to four scientific inquiry problems of the middle 20 th century. The first question is that of duplication with regards to scientific investigations and discoveries (Bertalanffy, 2004). Some scientists who were unaware of previous investigations duplicated them. The second question entails the need for a universal theory of knowledge that can deal with various constructs. Such a construct includes directiveness, wholeness, differentiation, self-control, teleology, and regulation (Bertalanffy, 2004). The third question involves the need for the development of mechanics to expose various isomorphic (Bertalanffy, 2004). The isomorphic arose from the fact that under certain circumstances, corresponding abstractions and conceptual models
Introduction There is a business opportunity to establish a car wash business in Mooresville. The population of individuals owning cars has increased and there is a higher demand for people to have their cars washed. Mooresville is a fast growing city that has people increasing there level of income and buying cars for luxury and for comfortable transport (Adamson). The problem of the report is that despite the increase in the number of people buying and owning cars, there are no enough car washes in Mooresville. People who own cars travel to the neighborhood town to have them washed (Hamel and prahalad). The objectives of the report will be to determine whether there are enough car washes in Mooresville. It will also seek to establish whether two car washes are essential and to determine the two best locations for the two car washes to be established in Mooresville. It will also suggest whether there is a demand for an automated self service car wash. The hypothesis of the study is that there are no significant car washes in Mooresville to meet the demand of the residents of the town. The significance of the study is that the establishment of the two new car washes will help to reduce the cost the people meet in washing their cars and the time spent by local people when waiting to be served in the car wash. The research design which was used in the study is a descriptive survey. This is because it describes the state of affairs as they exist. Descriptive studies are not restricted to findings, but may result in the formulation of important principles of knowledge and solution to significant problems. It involves collection of data, measurement, classification, analysis, comparison and interpretation of data. The secondary data was collected form books, journals and magazines (Kotler). Main findings There are no enough car washes Mooresville is one of the fastest growing cities in the USA with many cars in the road and one car wash represents over 60,000 residents. This implies that the population of the people of Mooresville has increased and the living standards of the residents are high. The level of income of the residents has increased and that is why many residents have bout cars. That is why 60,000 residents are represented by only one car wash. The charges are high due to the rise in demand of a car wash. 75% of the residents travel to the neighborhood city to get there cars washed. This implies that only 20% get there cars washed in the nearby car wash (pie chart 1). It was found that out of the population of 60,000 residents; only 55% of the population had 2 or more vehicles. The other 45% of the population had only one car (pie chart 2). The higher growth rate of the city has been due to the increase in income of the population. The people living standards have improved and their level of income has also increased. As the level of the population owning cars keeps increasing, there is only one car wash in the city of Mooresville. The higher population of the residents owning cars has led to increase in demand and the one car wash is charging exorbitant prices because it is
Kant’s Standpoint In Kant’s analysis of ethics, he makes a clear distinction between two types of commands; hypothetical imperative and categorical imperative. In the first category, an agent’s response to the statement in question depends on the implicit desires within him. For instance, a statement like, ‘you ought to do physical exercises every morning’ is a hypothetical imperative. The response to this statement depends on the agent. If he is not interested in becoming healthy, he can do without physical exercise. On the other hand, a categorical imperative does not operate in line with the desires of the agent. It is a moral obligation that applies equally to every element in society irrespective of their desires or liking. A good example of a categorical imperative is ‘you should not walk naked to a formal meeting.’ However much one enjoys walking naked, the statement shall not be retracted and allow the individual to come to a formal meeting naked. He will be forced to comply regardless of his inclination. Immanuel Kant, in his analysis of human ethics, comes up with two formulations of categorical imperatives. This paper highlights Kant’s conception of morality and identifies the weaknesses of the first formulation. In the first formulation of the categorical imperative, Kant argues that a true proposition of morality must be independent of any situation or condition. He writes, “Act only according to that maxim whereby you can at the same time will that it should become a universal law without contradiction” (Kant 30). In this supposition, Kant implies that whatever the circumstances surrounding a proposition, a moral maxim must stand independent and its application has to be universal. The physical details should not give a reason for deviation from the maxim. This conception by Kant is flawed. The conception that every action should be based on the moral maxim without considering the circumstances could lead to justification of certain ills. Furthermore, the outcomes of the proposition should not be considered when responding to a proposition. Motive or reward should not be the basis of action. The duty to do right should be the ultimate goal and basis for any action. This conception, therefore, justifies some actions that would subject other people to suffering. For instance, an ardent follower of the Kantian school would, without doubt, argue that Justice which is reflected through equality is a universal moral maxim that must be followed as a duty. What happens to a person who is found guilty of torture in a Kantian school of thought? He has to be punished equally. For justice, which is a moral maxim, to be done, the same person must be subjected to torture. In the same line, a person who commits murder has to be murdered because this is the only way the principle of justice can be achieved. No other considerations should be put on the table when dealing with such an individual. The rule of categorical imperative d
Introduction Although the health effects of drinking have been a subject of great controversy, a keen examination of the issue reveals that alcohol consumption has more negative effects on health than it can possibly be beneficial to human health. Drinking of alcohol has been proven to have adverse effects on the health of people with certain health conditions like the IBD (Inflammatory Bowel Disease), liver problems, and even problems with digestion. That notwithstanding, excessive drinking can lead to development of a myriad of health complications (Tresca 1). However, the side effects associated with alcohol normally vary from one person to another. These effects can either be short-lived or long-term. Some of these effects are reversible in cases where the person stops taking alcohol. However, continued consumption of alcohol leads to permanent health complications, or death. This paper is an in-depth exploration of the health effects that are associated with drinking alcohol. Causes of drinking addiction Research has shown that people who are not addicted to alcohol may be lucky to escape health complications. On the other hand, alcohol seems to have more devastating effects on people who are addicted to alcohol. It is thus of essence that before a discussion of the side effects of alcohol consumption, a detailed analysis of the causes of addiction to alcohol be conducted. One of the leading causes of addiction to alcohol is peer pressure. Social drinkers find themselves being addicted to alcohol due to the pressure that is characteristic of this kind of drinking. A social drinker may decide that he/she will never take alcohol again, but he/she may later be influenced by his/her friends to take alcohol. Other causes of addiction to alcohol include psychological disorders like Post Traumatic Stress Disorder. This is because psychological disorders like the stated PTSD make their victim to live in distress, and thus the victim may result to substance abuse in a bid to escape the depression associated with these disorders. Let us now have a look at the side effects of drinking alcohol. Side effects of drinking alcohol Drinking little amount of alcohol has been associated with a couple of health benefits like the lowering of the probability of heart diseases. However, the side effects of drinking beat such benefits. Drinking is associated with a number of side effects affecting mental health. Some of these side effects include insomnia, depression, and even amnesia. Drinking alcohol is also associated with a number of short term side effects that depend on how much a person has taken. These side effects include unconsciousness, vomiting and dizziness. Among the long-term effects of alcohol consumption, which are the most serious side effects of consuming alcohol, is depression, heart diseases, liver disease and diabetes. Alcohol addiction is also associated with increased risk of developing cancer in a variety of tissues in the body. Some of the tissues that are prone to cancerous
In an article written by Laura Erlauer-Myrah (2006) entitled “Applying brain-friendly instructional practices: one principal’s advice: start with a group of motivated teachers to plant the seeds of climate change,” the various approaches of successfully implementing a successful learning experience to the students are highlighted. This article has specifically stated that the method of “brain-friendly instructional practice” that will be facilitated by highly motivated teachers will provide higher educational results. It is further highlighted in this article that the teachers are not the only ones who should facilitate better instructional practices because the principal can also play a significant role. Each and every student is very important for the school (for the teachers, principals, administrators, etc). It is all the more important for the schools to know that the students are learning. “To effect change in students, every member of the educational institution must work through each teacher. “ (Erlauer-Myrah, 2006) This statement from the article is true and can be easily verified. This is the foremost reason why it is highly suggested that every member of the school administrators are encouraged to join in the student learning facilitation. Hence, even the principals are now expected to join the teachers to facilitate student learning activities. It should be noted that principals rise from their ranks because they have served as teachers before. This would of course mean that, like the teachers, they have also learned about the brain-compatible instructional strategies, thus they have a very good opportunity to share and/or advise the students. The principal should be in the best position to determine the most effective way to accompl