ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Bills are proposals bought into a legislative body for review. Upon acceptance, these proposals are then enacted into laws enforceable by the country. Bills go through a number of processes before they are enacted into laws (Sullivan, 2007). A proposed bill is first introduced to the house by either a member of the senate, the president or a member of cabinet. Heads of federal agencies could also introduce bills but only through a member of the house (DeDecker, 2008). After introduction, the bill is then subjected to committee action. At this stage, a committee looks at the bill, comments and makes any revisions as may be necessary. Following hearings and revisions by the committee, reports are written with the committee’s recommendations after which the bill is brought back to the floor of the House and Senate for debate. In some cases, bills are subjected to a conference committee that is constituted by members from both the house and the senate. This is done in order to reconcile any issues that may be covered by two such bills that may be in both chambers. After careful deliberation, a compromise is then normally reached and a conference report submitted to both chambers on the same (DeDecker, 2008). Once the bill has passed the committee action stage, it then proceeds to the floor action stage. At this stage, the bill is debated on the floor of the house and senate and any additions and or subtractions made. After the debate on both floors, a decision is then made on whether to approve the bill or not. This is done in a harmonised way to ensure that both the House and the senate reach a consensus on the way forward for the proposed law. The final version of the bill is agreed upon after the debate and members of both the senate and the house then subject it to a vote. The last stage of the law making process is whereby the approved bill is sent to the president. Once the president receives the bill, he has an option of commenting and signing it or he may decide to veto it. Upon the president signing, the bill then immediately becomes law; but if the president decides to veto it, the bill is taken back to congress where it is drafted again or his decision can be overturned by a two thirds majority in both houses. The head of state is allowed a period of ten days to carefully look at the bill and raise any concerns. Once this period expires, the bill becomes law without further delay.(DeDecker, 2008). The new laws are then published and given numbers. Dra
Introduction Background of the Writer Born in Shaoxing, Zhejiang province, Lu Xun, who was first named Zhou Zhangshu and later renamed Shùrén (literally, “to nurture a person”), is one of the major Chinese writers of the 20th century. Considered the founder of modern baihua literature, Lu Xun was a short story writer, editor, translator, critic, and essayist. He was one of the founders of the China League of Left-Wing Writers in Shanghai (Wikipedia, n.d.). Lu Xun hailed as commander of China’s cultural revolution by Mao Zedong, is typically regarded as the most influential Chinese writer who was associated with the May Fourth Movement. He produced harsh criticism on the social problems of China, particularly in his analysis of the Chinese national character. Called a “champion of common humanity” by some, he helped bring many fellow writers to support communist thought (Wikipedia, n.d.). Lu Xun and his works have become a widely accepted topic of research not only because of his remarkable contribution in the field of literature but also because his views provide clues for us to gain insight into the complex social reality of his time. The literary images in his writings were not merely faithful reflections of real-life characters but were molded and created by him with certain specific messages. His contribution in the field of language and literature is enormous, thus, most of the commentators have viewed his greatness primarily from the angle of literature. However, the point that he played an important role in the overall historical development of Chinese society, which was highlighted by Mao, has not been examined in depth (Bhattacharyya, n.d.). Lu Xun wrote a great number of stories and essays during his time. Most of his writings reflect Chinas’ socio-cultural system. His target of criticism was the dominant culture which was based on Confucian-Mencian morality and ethical values. Lu Xun could be considered anti-feudal and anti-imperialist, and a voice against the Confucian orthodoxy. His concrete ideology is to bring change in the cultural behavior of the people of China. A Short Background of “My Views on Chastity” Considered one of Lu Xun’s greatest works, “My View on Chastity” reflects a time of great political and social tumult in the early twentieth century in China, a time when women were subjected to the cruelness of war and to the effects of modernization and transformation, as well as brisk social change. In this essay, Lu Xun talks about theoretical and practical issues revolving around the plight of women. Here, he brings an insightful observation and discussion on the lives of Chinese women in the context of the significant events that shaped China in the twentieth century. Discussion Chastity is defined by Mer
Introduction and Overview The Haring Center’s Summer Camp provides educational sessions for children by striving to engage them in an inclusive environment. Healthy children and those with developmental disabilities are provided with the opportunity to learn together and make their lives better. There are three main goals set by the Haring Center, including research, training, and education – all integrated into children programs. The average age of participants is 5, and each of the offered programs identifies the age range, depending on the topics to be studied. Along with providing subject education, the organization proposes equitable teaching and learning as well as community engagement. Specifically to the Haring Center’s Summer Camp, it offers educational sessions in robotics, cooking with chemistry, slime extravaganza, theater and art practice, and preparation for kindergarten. For example, Robotics 101 focuses on basic skills and knowledge in programming, building simple robots, and engineering. Problem Outline and Analysis As a rule, children learn in small groups, and staff members manage and guide their activity. During the recent Robotics 101 program, a conflict occurred between girls and boys. A male student who joined the session after others stated that girls were unable to properly understand mathematics and robotics as they have different brain structure. He expressed a stereotyped view that girls can cope with the exact sciences worse than boys. After that, the class divided into two groups, each of which was sure that they were better. However, the teacher’s arguments that all people have the ability to learn various subjects were ineffective. One of the leading girls declared that it was her assiduity, accuracy, and diligence that allowed her to successfully study robotics. She also stated that she thought something was wrong with her as the majority of girls preferred learning languages and other related subjects. It was revealed that some girls also believed that boys are smarter than they are. Considering that the Haring Center’s Summer Camp is open for children regardless of their gender, it is essential to find the ways to resolve the above problem. While analyzing the case, attention should be paid to supporting both girls and boys and assisting them in understanding that learning should be equitable and equal to any gender. There is a link between an individual behavior and the society, and each of them may affect the other one. Therefore, from the very childhood, people should be aware of the societal roles, opportunities, and how educational inequities may adversely impact students.
Australia is known globally due to its initiative in controlling the advertisement and promotion of tobacco. There has been always a controversy concerning how the tobacco and cigarette sellers should advertise their brands. To some extent, the advertisement of the cigarettes by some of the firms in Australia is questionable due to the influence the advertisement imposes to the non-smokers. Some debates have been conducted to put some limitations on the brands of tobacco, and try to curb the consumption of the same. This essay paper will focus on the reaction of the customers concerning tobacco, and the marketing environment of tobacco in Australia. The costs of smoking are also discussed. On the other hand, the cigarette-manufacturing firms in Australia try to fight for their rights of marketing their products, although there are some public sectors that go against the issue. If customers are not informed correctly about the product, they may fail to make informed decisions concerning what they are purchasing. Just like any firm that advertises its products, it is the right of tobacco manufacturers to advertise their products and inform their customers on the available products in the market. Customers react differently concerning the brand advertisement, hence affecting their choice of purchasing the same. The major aspect in marketing is about increment, and concentrating less in dramatic changes in consumers’ behavior. The central government of Australia is working tirelessly to remove even the slightest influence on the packaging of the cigarette. The government is trying to work on this by reducing the amount of branding on a packaging. The main reason that made the Australian government to work on reducing the use of cigarettes was the reason behind the fact that in 1945, 72% of Australian men were smokers. This big percentage was because of the idea that smoking was accepted and an important part of Australian culture. After the interaction of the central government to the issue of smoking, the percentage of the smokers currently has reduced to 17% of the adults in Australia. Severally, the government of Australia has tried to ban the advertising of cigarettes especially its crucial initiative it showed in 1976. Since this important initiative, the advertising and smoking of cigarettes in Australia has been regulated. This action made a great step of moving from
De Bono describes four “processes” that he says have the same basis. What does this basis seem to be? How do they differ from one another? The four processes have the same basis of either a change or a challenge. These processes seem to change the same idea in order to come up with great results of ideas. De Bono uses the process of humor in the explanation of lateral thinking. Humor appears interesting especially when a literally thinker jumps for one idea to another related idea before coming into a conclusion. Creativity process in lateral thinking used by de Bono is shown through the re-arrangement of existing ideas in an appropriate manner while in insight process; the ideas must be well understood. All these processes bring about the change of ideas and clearly bring out lateral thinking. Which of de Bono’s statements lack adequate support or explanation? Where does he make logical leaps that require further discussion or evidence? One of the statements that lack adequate explanation states that, “But whereas insight, creativity and humor can only be prayed for, lateral thinking is a more deliberate process” (Bono, Lateral Thinking: Creativity Step By Step 9). This is because de Bono has not shown enough information about how these processes can be prayed for in order to function in an individual. “Culture is concerned with establishing ideas. Education is concerned with communicating those established ideas” (Bono, Lateral Thinking: Creativity Step By Step 9) is another statement that lack full support. This statement lacks adequate explanation because lateral thinking is concerned with the already existing ideas but not establishing new ideas. Edward de Bono has made logical leaps on the explanation of critical thinking. This is because the author has not shown the differences or similarities between lateral thinking and critical thinking. Since lateral thinking requires one to search for alternative ideas, de Bono has not critically shown that this method should be used in order to find the most applicable idea. Techniques used in lateral thinking have not been well described by de Bono. How closely does de Bono’s description of “lateral thinking” jibe with your current understanding of Critical Thinking? What methods and purposes do they share in common, and where do they differ? Is Critical Thinking closer to what de Bono calls “vertical thinking”? De Bono has not clearly described critical thinking in details. Critical thinking is normally concerned with the assessment and judgment of the true values of a statement while seeking the errors in it. De Bono has critically explained lateral thinking since he shows that it is usually more concerned with movement value of a statement and that of a particular idea. The methods used in both lateral and critical thinking have more differences than similarities. In lateral thinking, the already existing information is re-arranged unlike in critical thinking where changes have to be made in or
Introduction The origins and nature of entrepreneurial opportunities are difficult to underspend. Theorists of economics and entrepreneurs have been puzzled by this question for a very long time. There are two opposing points of view that dominate the scientific discussion on the subject. One of these approaches suggests that opportunities exist in the environment and can be discovered by enterprising individuals, and the other says that it is entrepreneurs who create opportunities. Although there is a utility to both theories, and they have made a substantial contribution to the modern understanding of the subject, the contradictions integral to the two approaches are hard to resolve. New theoretical perspectives on the matter and empirical data show that entrepreneurial opportunities cannot be considered purely created or discovered and should be viewed as a complex phenomenon with mixed characteristics. Main body Understanding of underlying mechanisms that lead some businesses to success and others to failure is critical for developing a framework for studying and implementing new enterprises. As the concept of entrepreneurial opportunities is central for all economic theories, the debate over their origins has been drawing the attention of the scientific and business communities for many decades. The two dominant views on the subject are predicated on the assumption that sources of all entrepreneurial outcomes consist of actor and non-actor components (Sarooghi, Hornsby, Libaers, and Abolfathi, 2017). The actor component is mostly investigated as the individual entrepreneurs, whereas the non-actor part is studied as the opportunity. The conclusions of both theories find their basis in this assumption and are derived from it. Thus, studying entrepreneurship and opportunities as the two components that determine the success of an enterprise provides a useful framework that can be applied to further elaborate on the subject. The point of view that suggests that opportunities for businesses exist on their own and are waiting to be discovered by entrepreneurs puts more emphasis on the non-actor component. This approach to entrepreneurship was first formalized during the last decades of the twentieth century by British economist Israel Kirzner (Korsgaard, Berglund, Thrane, and Blenker, 2016). According to this way of thinking, entrepreneurship is facilitated by external stimulation and is reactive in nature. Even the most innovative enterprises that created new, unexpected produ
Introduction Schools that seek improvement of the educational process often establish collaboration with external organizations or individuals whose impact might be beneficial. Such partnerships are particularly useful when an educational organization needs some contribution from an outer party within a specific field of expertise for a systematic change (Center for Mental Health in Schools at UCLA, n.d.). The work with a community enables the school to cooperate with “parents, youth, community residents, and/or institutions to alter existing power relationships and policies and create more accountable, equitable, and high-quality schools for all students” (Renee & McAlister, 2011, p. 3). Thus, the implementation of the change plan aimed at increasing teachers’ readiness to provide first aid to students at GEMS World Academy needs to establish a partnership with a community organization specializing in medical care. The Partnership’s Purpose and Mission Community engagement has a significant impact on a school’s performance and ultimately affects students’ success. To validate the necessity of collaboration with a community organization, it is vital to understand the needs that a school faces. GEMS World Academy’s performance analysis showed that the majority of faculty staff lack competence in providing first aid to students. The safety and wellbeing of the pupils are one of the primary values of the educational institution. Moreover, a school administrator is a leader whose primary responsibility is to promote success for all pupils by collaborating with neighborhoods (Owens & Valesky, 2007). Thus, the school has an urgent need for reforming the current situation to ensure teachers’ readiness to prioritize students’ health issues. Overall, the partnership should be strategic and adhere to collaborative leadership (Anderson-Butcher, Lawson, Bean, Boone, & Kwiatkowski, 2004). Such an approach will ensure benefits for both, the educational organization and its partner. School change is a complicated procedure that needs to be carried out on multiple levels. It incorporates “not only the practical business of curriculum and teaching, but also many layers of power, politics, beliefs, and culture” (Renee & McAlister, 2011, p. 7). Consequently, it is essential to engage in inter-organizational relationships to facilitate the effectiveness of the school reform. The purpose of the partnership between the school and the community-based healthcare organization is to implement a training program for the teachers working at GEMS. It will allow for reducing the number of cases when a child is exposed to pain while waiting for a medical professional to provide primary help. The training sessions should be focused on the learning of theoretical background and practicing skills of first aid techniques. The mission of the collaboration is to enhance students’ safety at
Vocabularies are unfamiliar words that students come across while learning but fail to understand their meanings and so, teachers find it necessary to teach their students about them. On this basis, students may come across vocabularies in and out of the classroom situation; hence there are different ways used in understanding a vocabulary. In this case, tutors should through different methods; teach their students about vocabularies and their meanings (Newton, 2001). Among these methods, is the predicting method where learners form groups in which they discuss words from a certain topic amongst themselves. In this particular situation, they build some words into word webs then compare them to be able to note the differences and how these words should be used. The other way that learners can use in learning about vocabularies, is by cooperative dictionary search. In this method, each learner is given some words to look up in the dictionary after which he/she explains to others as he fills in the meanings of each word; this pattern repeats to all students in a class (Nagy, 1998). Words and definitions are another way that learners can use to learn more about vocabulary. On this basis, a learner will be provided with a list of words and another one containing meanings; here the learner is expected to match these words with their correct meanings. For easy learning, this task can be done in pairs where each of the learners has half the words and half the definitions and each writer will take a turn in trying to match words with his/her partner’s definition (Newton, 2001). Additionally, the glossary is a process where a learner is provided with words and their meanings making the learner’s work easier so all he/she has to do is to read and understand the definitions. In this approach, a learner becomes more inactive than when practicing to learn meanings in the class because it is not involving and the learner may easily forget; however a learner can use the glossary approach without the help of a tutor (Nagy, 1998). Further, an interactive glossary is a process whereby students are provided with a strip of words and their meanings. To learn words’ meaning, a different strip will be provided containing words without definitions where a learner will pick a word he/she is not conversant with and look for its definition from the teacher’s strip. For easy and interactive learning, this approach is used as the teacher monitors the practice (Newton, 2001). In the negotiation approach, learners are required to discuss the words among themselves without any external assistance. On this basis, this is a very effective way because through learners
When imperialist powers gained rule over the people of China, most Chinese became landless peasants and labourers. The people of China became desperate due to starvation, diseases and poverty. The situation was so severe that some families sold their children in response to the lack of food. A large number of Chinese had to work as salves both within and outside China. The struggle towards a communist China involved both the peasants and intellectuals. Around 1918, Li Dazhao established a Marxist study group at Beijing University. Furthermore, Li engaged in the publication of articles analyzing Marxist concepts, which gained a national wide audience. The successful revolution in Russia served to increase confidence among Chinese reformists concerning a Marxist model of revolution. However, unlike in the Russian case, the largest percentage of China’s population composed of peasants (Eberhard 1977, p.333). In this regard, Dazhao modified the Marxist model employed by Russian communists by presenting claims that China’s exploitation by foreigners placed all the Chinese under the category of an exploited mass. Furthermore, Dazhao claimed that the liberation of peasants was the only way through which China could attain emancipation. The movement of young Marxists into China’s countryside resulted largely from Dazhao’s influence. Qu Qiubai, a member of the Marxist group, played a central role in organizing China’s peasants in accordance to the aspects of communism. Although the Nationalist regime consi
In Postmodernism, or, the cultural logic of late capitalism, the author argues that architecture, which dominates the western culture, is an aesthetical form of cultural logic used to express postmodernism. Much of the expressions in paintings and philosophy show the true meaning of postmodernism. Architecture is a new form of aesthetically popular culture that takes political dimensions depending on the aesthetical features used to express a piece of an architect. Here, the higher forms of commercial (postmodernism) cultures have the merit of influencing people to decide the group to which an aesthetical feature belongs. Aesthetics is about the impressions people develop from what their eyes see. Responses “….a point that will be argued,…… namely that, every position on postmodernism in culture –whether apologia or stigmatization is also at one and the same time, necessarily, and implicitly or explicitly political stance on the nature of multinational capitalism today (Jameson 1991, 2). Here, a stylistic description of architecture shows the relationship between architecture and the cultural style of people, which often translate into the political dispositions of the people. I agree with the statement because people with different cultures have different ways of doing things and architecture is one of the crucial tools used to express the culture of the people. The connection between culture and the political d