ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Abstract Sociology is a field of science that has influenced the society to a large extent with the upcoming knowledge developed by modern academic theorists. This paper aims at discussing the significant contribution in sociology made by such a famous theorist as Karl Max. This paper aims at looking and describing the classical theory that he developed and provides evidence supporting my choice of the theorist and his outstanding contribution in the field of sociology. Introduction In sociological context, theories play a pivotal role in trying to understand the society and their behaviors per se. Yvonne Vissing (2011) discusses various leading theorists and their significant contributions in the field of sociology. These theorists include Karl Marx, C. Wright, Howard Becker, W.I. Thomas, Harret Martineau among others. According to Laura Desfor Edles and Scott Appelrouth (2010), to understand one’s contribution in development of the sociology, one ought to read his or her writings to comprehend the ideas behind the theory. Karl’s theory bases on the context that “the history of all hitherto existing society is the history of class struggles” (Adorno, 2000). Marx’s work influenced not only the students, but also other scholars who found his work distinct. An outstanding example is Though Veblen who embraced Marxists models of society and social change (Desfor Edles, & Appelrouth, 2010). Karl Marx theory Though Karl Marx never considered himself a sociologist, his work contributed to the promotion of critical thinking, considerably in this field. On critical analysis of Marx’s view, since the emergence of the human society formed its primitive and relatively undifferentiated state, it was and remains fundamentally divided between the classes that fight in pursuit of class interests (Vissing, 2011). Focusing on the world of capitalism, for example, the inner core of the capitalist system, the source, is the main locus of rivalry between classes, buyers and sellers of labor power as well as exploiters and the exploited rather than functional collaboration (Adorno, 2000). The interests and emanating confrontations of struggle for power pave way for self wake and, according to Marx, are the central determinants of social and historical process. It is truly normal in the society to find individuals associating in line with class and positions in the society. Marx argues that the relationships between men become shaped by their relative positions with regard to the means of production (Vissing, 2011). This can be termed as being through their differential access to scarce resources and scarce power. Marx further argues that under all circumstances, unequal access to power ought not lead to vigorous class struggle (Desfor Edles, & Appelrouth, 2010). The important aspect of Marx’s classical theory is in the ways in which specific positions within the structures of the society contribute to determining the social experiences of their incumbents, inclining them to actions geared towards improving their c
Introduction In the modern linguistics discourse, scholars and practitioners identify multiple factors affecting second-language (L2) acquisition. Age of learning and length of residence in the country of the L2 origin may be considered as the most significant. For example, the critical period theory suggests that individuals tend to acquire L2 skills during early childhood far better, and the learning process usually slows down and becomes more challenging after the transitional developmental period comes to an end, and the brain becomes biologically mature (Huang, 2014). At the same time, it is considered that such a learning technique as language immersion, which implies that a person resides abroad and communicates with native speakers on a daily basis, substantially accelerates the learner’s progress. Therefore, some researchers hypothesise that a higher length of residence is correlated with better language skills (White, 2015). In the given paper, the introduced variables will be analysed in relation to L2 phonetics and phonology. It is possible to say that the acquisition of L2 phonetics skills and achievement of vowel and consonant harmony may be extremely challenging especially for those students whose first language (L1) phonetic system drastically differs from the L2. However, it can be suggested that the lower age of learning and higher residence length can have a robust effect on the acquisition of L2 sound system in learners. To support this suggestion, several scholarly papers will be reviewed, and major controversies pertinent to the topic will be identified. Literature Review Age of Learning It seems when a person acquires particular skills during early childhood, the chance that he or she will be able to achieve proficiency in whatever they started to do and learn early is much higher than in people who engaged in self-development later in life. The given statement is supported by Berken, Gracco, Chen, and Klein (2016) who revealed the links between learners’ age and the level of language proficiency in them when analysing experience-dependent neural plasticity, as well as structural and functional alterations in the brain, in bilingual individuals with accented and non-accented L2 speech. It is observed that after six months after birth, infants become unable to differentiate phonemes of other languages (Berken et al., 2016). The given finding implies that inability to achieve a native-like level of proficiency in L2 sound system operation is linked to some developmental, physiological processes. As the researchers state, the thicker accents in young learners are correlated with “age-related constraints on the plasticity of the motor and auditory systems” (Berken et al., 2016, p. 3591). It is implied that the earlier children are exposed to different languages, the greater capacity to understand other languages they obtain. When Berken et al. (2016) compared grey-matter density in simultaneous and sequential bilinguals, it was significantly increased in the left putamen area in the former. As researchers state, the left putamen plays a vital role in language production and motor
Executive summary The Tasmanian forest industry refers to an association that is aimed at the conservation of Tasmanian forest. It achieves this by ensuring that the members of the surrounding community benefit from it. This report looks at the importance of this association to Australia in general and to the members of the communities living in the region where the forest is located. The report analyses the performance of the associations and gives the future prospects of the Tasmanian Forest industries. Recommendations on the way forward in solving the problems that arise and affect the organisation’s operations are provided in the end. The report shows how the government is participating to support these associations and the approaches it employs in ensuring that this project is highly beneficial to the Australian community. It also analyses the effects of the government regulation on the demand and supply of forestry products as well as looks at its impacts on the producers and consumers. Background The Tasmanian forest industry was developed under the Tasmanian Intergovernmental Agreement of 2011. This agreement was aimed at supporting the forest industry to progressively develop more sustainability and diversity. The agreement was also focused on building regional diversification and community resilience. The agreement that brought this organisation into being was signed by the then prime minister Julia Gillard. The Tasmanian Intergovernmental Agreement was aimed at providing certainty for the Tasmania’s forest industry. It also targeted at supporting local jobs and communities as well as creating awareness on the need to value forests and forest products. The Tasmanian government assists forest companies in Australia as well as in other parts of the world. It helps them adapt to the forest changes. It also protects communities and families which rely on the forest industries for survival. For instance, the government contributed funds in an agreement to help the victims affected by sudden changes in the forests. This capital was directed towards such achievements as offering support to forest workers, contractors as well as their families, who got affected by the downturn in the forest industry. This is well confirmed by the incident where the Guns Limited Industry decided to quit native forest harvesting in the region. Many people who depended on the company were affected significantly. These included the aforementioned victims (workers, contractors and their families). Several appropriate measures were employed to curb the challenges experienced during this incident. For instance, some of the cash contributed to tackle the issue was directed towards the implementation of a plan. A part of the other funds was directed for creating new forest reserves that were to be established. In other words, appropriate measures were integrated to help curb the situation faced by workers, contractors and families associated with the Guns Co
Introduction Humanity changed the role of nature substituting environmental values with material achievements in the atmosphere of modern urbanism. This situation raised the interests of most scientists in natural values and the physical environment. It is necessary to underline the fact that nature restoration for cities development stimulated the development of planning projects throughout the world. The determination of nature’s role in the epoch of urbanization was thoroughly analyzed by McHarg Ian in the work ‘The Place of Nature in the City of Man’ (1964). The author stated the position that economic determinism in the form of main human values of modernity diminishes the role and image of nature in contemporary society; nevertheless, it is the man who should bring nature to the city and maintain the importance and centralization of basic nature environmental values. Nature and City According to the article ‘The Place of Nature in the City of Man’, despite modern processes of urbanization leading to rapid environmental changes, still there is a place for nature in the city developed by people. The central task is focused on the understanding of the necessity to reflect natural processes within introduced constituents of these natural processes. The fulfillment of this task by humanity will allow reflecting natural processes in the city through metropolitan form and urban structure; it will result in environmental reflection of the physiological environment in urbanism demonstrating the true art of nature in building design with the expression of meaning and purpose of natural processes. According to Anthony Blanco, 1999, who analyzed the book ‘The Man Who Brought Nature to the City’, the reconstruction of major world states, such as China and the USA experienced the embodiment of valuable natural elements in the architectural planning of countries’ greatest centers. (Blanco, 1999) Sticking to major historical sources, one can stress that cities were identified as environments created by people being contrasted to nature. Nevertheless, the an
Which one do you personally feel is strongest in explaining the family? Why do you feel this way? Postmodernism concept involved an extensive range of ideals practices and methods which incorporated several significant and philosophical notions considered to be postmodern. The most common being post structuralism and feminism. It is hardly considered as a philosophical movement but rather a concept of handling traditional practices and ideas in a non-traditional mode which is totally different from the common super structural methods. However the exact definition of postmodernism has never been fully established. Postmodernism explains that most opinions on realities are social elements and are therefore likely to change. It puts emphasis on power relations, motivation in the rising of beliefs and ideas as well as the role of language. It specifies the importance of differentiating male and female, white and black and colonial versus imperial. In addition it holds the reality of being dependent on the interested parties and the nature of those interests. It was claimed that there is no apparent truth in the world and that the way people view life is based on their cultures when growing up. Post-modernism had influenced several cultural fields such as music, architecture, history, religion, literature, sociology and visual arts (Santos, 1996). Relate the theory of the paper to social class Most scholars suggested that postmodernism was an uprising of ideas from the modern era. It was also termed as significant aspects of modernism. Since the term had so many ways of being expressed, the various aspects of modernity are criticized while they are chosen to be consistent. Arguments were raised on the basic nature of knowledge as known in philosophy. Those who consider the term meaningful argue that modernism has significant weaknesses in the knowledge system. The argument for the significance of the term implies that there has been establishment of decentralization of technological and economic factors. The media which has for a long time dominated perceptions of people was criticized as not being unique but would acquire information from each other. It was despised for lack of objectivity and meaning due to unreliable sources of communication. Globalization created pluralism and united the global community that lacked a domineering center of leadership or intellectual production. Moreover it was a force which caused decentralization of the modernized life by bringing creative ideas on manufacturing and communication (Ritzer, 1996). Why postmodernism? This is one of the elements that cover all sectors of a fa
Drawing upon the cases we’ve looked at in class, provide a discussion of the critical tools helpful in understanding religion cross-culturally Nowadays, people understand that cultural diversity plays a significant role in the modern globalized world. At present, people do not try to stick to their national (cultural, religious) group but ready to share experiences with other nations and groups. Such an approach helps the entire humanity develop and improve living standards. However, sometimes it can be difficult to understand traditions (and especially religion) of other nations, which may (and does) result in various conflicts. Thus, it is essential to have effective critical tools to consider religion in cross-cultural perspectives. According to King and Beattie, the best critical tool while thinking about other religions is empathy (22). People should, first of all, know the basic principles of the religion they are considering. Secondly, while thinking about it, they cannot conclude “projecting from one’s values,” but should take their time to “reflect on the practice” (King & Beattie 22). When thinking about some other religion, a person needs to concentrate on the values promulgated and should avoid judging. People should try to understand that different cultures were developing in different socio-cultural environments, which influenced their beliefs. For example, two religions have two different approaches to sexuality: Christianity and Japanese Shinto. Japanese Shinto claims that the entire world was created during the sexual act, whereas Christianity insists on the innocent birth of Jesus, praising Virgin Mary, and condemning Eve, who is regarded as a temptress. However, it is possible to understand these religions one, only should focus on the idea of life and birth. So, there is no need to condemn the Japanese and say that they are all sinners only because they explicitly reveal the idea of sexuality since Japanese Shinto, just like any other religion, strives for kindness and harmony in the world. Thus, can be, also helpful to look for similarities in religions and trying to understand what could cause differences. For instance, rituals are one of the most disputable issues, and people often condemn or loathe some rituals. One such ambiguous rituals are African spirit-possession, which is hardly understandable for people who do not pertain to the religion where it is practiced. Of course, it is difficult to understand what you have never felt or never really seen. However, it is possible to compare this ritual by praying in Christianity since both of them bring joy, revelation, and relief. So, using these tools can be beneficial for understanding other religions. Provide a discussion of some of the limitations that Western conceptions of art might have for our understanding of artistic productions (such as music, visual arts, etc.) cross-culturally Admittedly, people about Western cultures have always thought that they are superior to other cultures due to the sophistication of Western culture. This perception is manifested by Western disco
Two ways in which advertising can change the consumer’s perception of a product and thereby affect the decision to purchase There are several ways in which advertising can change a person’s perception of a product. In particular, commercials can associate a product with certain things that a customer may value; for instance, one can mention success, physical beauty, fame, and so forth (Chan, 2010, p. 84). In particular, many companies rely on the assistance of various celebrities, such as movie stars or athletes (Chan, 2010, p. 84). For example, such a company as Channel involved Keira Knightley in some of its commercials. Additionally, one can mention advertising campaigns involving Michael Jordan or David Beckham. In turn, consumers may believe that by purchasing a specific product, they can reach the high standards of physical attractiveness, wealth, or recognition. Admittedly, this approach is rather costly; nevertheless, many businesses are willing to accept these expenditures in order to attract a greater number of buyers. This is one of the aspects that can be singled out. Secondly, advertising can highlight certain qualities of a product that people can value. For instance, one can mention such aspects as price, design, functionality, warranty, and so forth (Neves, 2012, p. 89). It is quite possible to refer to various posters or videos that inform potential clients about the change in the prices of products (Neves, 2012, p. 89; Gillespie & Hennessey, 2010). In this way, companies can appeal to price-sensitive clients. Similarly, such commercial messages may show that a certain product is superior to others in terms of functionality or other characteristics such as serviceable life. Therefore, a buyer is more likely to distinguish a product, among others. Overall, one can argue that there are many businesses that adopt this approach on a regular basis. It is one of the most cost-effective methods that marketers can apply. A strategic idea that could launch a regionally famous American product into the global market It is possible to distinguish various companies that occupy very competitive positions in the American market. Furthermore, many of them have tried to enter some foreign markets. Nevertheless, one cannot say that their products are effectively marketed at the global level. This argument is relevant if one speaks about such a brand as Hellmann’s; it is an umbrella name for various types of mayonnaise. Overall, scholars argue that such companies should adopt several methods to achieve this goal. Among them, one can distinguish the use of a global theme or a slogan that can appeal to the customers that may come from various countries or cultures (Keegan & Green, 2014, p. 384). It should be a very brief phrase that summarizes the essential qualities of a product. This approach has been adopted by several c
The greatest threat to human rights is war. That is the challenge of today, “to prevent the tragic violations committed in the course of conflict and reconstruct the societies which conflict has destroyed. When the U.N. first met, in 1946, one of its first resolutions declared that the Commission had no power to look into communications about individual human rights abuses. Instead, it would stick to drafting standards and stay out of the actual developments and problems of the Stalinist Soviet Union, the United Kingdom and its colonies, and the segregationist United States and other powers as well. Much has changed since that time: inch by inch a structure of legally binding treaties, special investigators, and mechanisms has been built up to hold countries to commitments to respect the human rights of their citizens, and be accountable for their actions. Human rights depend, as Hannah Arendt pointed out, on national rights – that is, rights constitute, protect, and punish one as the citizen of a nation-state. This also means that the state has the power to use human rights discourse to coerce its own citizens—just as colonial rulers had the power to use it against its own subjects. In defending its own citizens’ human rights it is only the state that can legally threaten to punish violators. There is an unresolved tension here between the moral invocation of” universal humanity” and the power of the state to identify, apply, and maintain the law. For not only does the Declaration equate law with justice, it also privileges the state’s norm-defining function, thereby encouraging the thought that the authority of norms corresponds to the political force that supports them as law. Ironically, it was the moral revulsion against the legal atrocities of the Nazi state that led, after World War II, to a renewed interest in the old natural law tradition, and that contributed in a major way to the framing of The Declaration . (It was the Nuremberg War Crimes Tribunal that retrospectively introduced the notion of crimes against humanity into international law.) But the condemnation of a particular state’s system of law and of its behavior in terms of norms entirely external to them led not to recognition that nonstate norms have authority as such. They led instead to the formulation of sacred laws that must ultimately depend, as laws, on their recognition by states. Human rights flow from the intrinsic sacred dignity of the person in his/her vocation to serve the community and to be recognized by communities and governments. Human rights flow from the respect of human dignity. Each person has a right
Introduction Many professionals have always regretted thus citing countless reasons, why they ended up in their occupations. Some of the major rationales behind their disappointment include diminished passion for what they do. Job satisfaction is one of the major factors behind successful organizations including healthcare. Healthcare workers especially nurses experience both contentment and displeasure in their habitual responsibilities. Nurses in both public and restricted institutions have expressed apprehension about their profession, citing many reasons why they are not contented with their jobs. Even though, many nurses have a liking for their occupation, some experience a plethora of challenges whilst handling their assignments. Many argue that nursing as a profession is looked down upon by other related experts like doctors, clinicians and pharmacists yet they work in similar settings. This concept was conceived after realizing that this cadre of healthcare workers presents many complaints as opposed to their colleagues. It is noteworthy that nurses form the mainstay of the health care workers, so their concern must be conceived with thoughtfulness. The topic is intere