ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction A national security issue has been in controversy since the time when democracies of Europe and North America arise. While Americans have suffered from many problems since then, the worst fears have been realized to succumb to international terrorism. That clearly indicates us to the point where enacted or renewed special powers or security forces have expanded their jurisdictions, and most states increased protection around certain installations and important persons. So it might be argued that in these and other ways, the democracies of civil liberty emerged subtly less free, and in other words, we can argue that the consequences of imposing civil jurisdictions uphold its own limitations that start from being less democratic. While many countries, despite applying civil liberties, have failed to achieve a balance between effective countermeasures against international terrorism and the protection of democratic practices and civil liberties, therefore it indicates that terrorism, whether in the name of national security or international sanctuaries, has been unable to get hold of. My standpoint that terrorism does not justify the suspension of civil liberties does not require any emotional reasoning devoid of any logical or factual justification, but those grounds that defend certain countermeasures to be examined. In the name of national security, such measures that perturb the general public include special powers implications, negotiations with terrorist groups, international collaborative measures, intelligence methods, target-hardening, and military or paramilitary actions (Charters: 3). This study would assess the impact of these measures on the democratic character of the imposed limits on individual rights that not only impose restrictions on the media but also widens the intrusive investigative powers of police and other security forces, which provide a free hand to law enforcement and judicial procedures to the detriment of democracy and civil liberties. When we talk about preserving civil freedom, we need to talk about the significance of the social realm between civil society and the state. This social realm is accountable for providing the civil society with intermediate institutions that include businesses, unions, voluntary associations, educational facilities, media, charities, and religious institutions (Bendle, 52:115). In turn, civil society helps in maintaining balanced economic and cultural forces and helps in preserving individual and group interests and differences. Problem Statement According to Ignatieff’s quote in The Financial Times on September 12, “As America has
Thinking about leadership, I decided to do not to talk about politicians or historical figures. One of our time’s real leaders is a well-known talk-show host, social activist, and actress Oprah Winfrey whose talent and professional skills helped her get the popularity and admiration of millions of people worldwide. Oprah is only one African-American woman billionaire. Her success is caused by the sensitive topics that she always discusses, such as modern racism, discrimination, and human rights. She can convince people to follow her in order of good joint achievement. She is one of the most influential and popular women on Earth. She tries to change the world, to help people improving their lives. As the media proprietor and very successful businesswoman, Oprah has several qualities that every leader should have. For instance, she demonstrated a will to survive and to improve her life from early childhood. The woman, who was born in poverty in Mississippi, studied well, graduated from a good university, and started a career in such a highly competitive area as media. Her life lime proves that self-motivation and confidence are the key aspects that can help everyone to get a promising career, despite the starting conditions. As a leader, Oprah can inspire everyone. She can plan, organize, control, and motivate. What else is needed? She knows how to earn money and she is kind to people and helpful. She is acquainted with the world’s tendencies and knows how to maintain an appropriate working process level. Thereby, she can treat her employees justly. Analyzing all her qualities and skills, it is possible to conclude that Oprah Winfrey is an excellent example of a transformational leader. And I believe that she can achieve outstanding results being a leader in hospitality.
Definition The theory of planned behaviour states that individuals’ behaviours are determined by their intentions which in turn are influenced by attitudes, subjective norms and perception of control over behaviour (Contento, 2010). Intention refers to the extent to which someone is ready to engage in certain behaviour. It refers to the likelihood that someone will engage in certain behaviour. Therefore, the theory of planned behaviour is based on the concept that people are likely to do something if they plan to do it than if they do not. This means that intention is a key determinant on whether a certain action will be carried out. Therefore, people are certainly not likely to engage in a certain behaviour if they do not intend to. However, intention is influenced by attitudes, social norms and perceived behaviour control (Edberg, 2009). Attitudes Attitudes are developed from a series of beliefs and they determine the value placed on the outcome of a given behaviour (Shaw, Gorely & Corban, 2005). A person’s behaviour will be favourable if he or she perceives the outcome of certain behaviour to be positive, desirable, beneficial or advantageous. Conversely, unfavourable attitude refers to a case whereby, an individual perceives the outcome to be unpleasant. Hence, he or she is less likely to engage in that behaviour. For example, if a person believes that taking a lot of water will make him healthier then he is more likely to drink a lot of water (Ajzen, 2005). However, if the same person believes that taking a lot of water will make him lose his or her body shape, which he or she values, then he is less likely to take more water (Armitage & Christian, 2004). Subjective Norms Apart from attitude intention is also influenced by subjective norms. Subjective norm refers to a social pressure to engage or not to engage in a certain behaviour and is determined by normative beliefs (Wilson & Kolander, 2010). Therefore, subjective norms refer to those behaviours that we perceive that the important people in our lives expect from us. The important people are those that we esteem highly who are our family members, religious leaders, healthcare providers, or friends and peers. Therefore, the subjective norms are as a result of our perceptions of the behaviours these people expect from us, and our desire to comply with the perceived expectations (Arnold, 2010). For instance, a first-time mother is likely to feed her child only on breast milk for a longer period if her mother and the doctors emphasize it to her. However, she is likely to breastfeed her child for a short period if these people are not concerned. (Hayden, 2009). Perceived behaviour control The intention to do something is determined by the extent to which he or she can control that behaviour. The theory of planned behaviour is based on volitional control of behaviour whereby a person is able to decide at will to engage or not to engage in certain behaviour. For instance, a person decides whether to
Objectives  1. To identify the existing measures for improvement of agricultural production in smallholder irrigation schemes in Limpopo province, South Africa and Eastern Province, Kenya;  2. To establish the stakeholders involved in the agricultural production improvement measures in the above smallholder irrigation schemes;  3. To identify the gaps that exist between agricultural production improvement measures and poverty reduction in the study areas;  4. To suggest approaches and policies to poverty reduction through improved agricultural production in smallholder irrigation schemes in these two countries. Contributions made by the proposed project Although South Africa and Kenya have already started adopting some technological changes in agriculture and the economy, the research is likely to provide a direct link between agricultural development and anti-poverty actions. Consequently, policymakers and administrators will be sensitized to the importance of streamlining these two aspects. Since Kenya and South Africa represent other developing nations, then chances are that the results are likely to have implications in other African countries that may be carrying out similar actions. These results may cause a reexamination of agricultural practices for the better in such countries to the point of improving the quality and quantity of food produced. This may eventually cause food security and economic growth or sustained development for such nations. (IDRC, par 5) Developed nations may also be sensitized to the seriousness of the problems within these countries and may be prompted to work hand and in hand with poorer nations to boost their development efforts. For instance, they could do this through the provision of direct donations. Alternatively, they may use other strategies such as carbon trading where nations that exceed their carbon emission standards can be allowed to sell off these excesses for a fee and the money collected can then be directed to poorer countries who have to bear the brunt of climate change without necessarily contributing to it in the first place. Alternatively, developed nations may be prompted to offer technical advice and assistance to countries such as Kenya and South Africa upon realizing that these nations lack experience in determining the policy actions that are most successful in dealing with food security. In other words, the latter countries will be helping poorer ones to help themselves by offering them technical know-how on how to curb or mitigate the effects of food shortages. As stated earlier, it is evident from research that certain rich countries went through the same p
The article written by Jennifer Saba describes the marketing strategies of the New York Times. It is stated that in the near future this organization will charge for full online access to the articles (Saba, unpaged). This article can be related to several sociological aspects: in particular, we need to speak about the so-called digital divide and cultural diffusion of information (Murray, Linden, & Kendall, p 377, 72). The paper aims to show how these concepts can throw a new light on the topic of the article. Additionally, it is necessary to explain the benefits of applying sociological concepts to these topics; namely, we need to show how the concepts of digital divide and cultural diffusion can explain the new tendencies in the evolution of mass media and Internet. For a very long time, Internet has been viewed as a tool that can provide equal opportunities to people, irrespective of their income level, nationality, race, gender, and so forth. Furthermore, Internet is often referred to as the technology which is able to more connected and most importantly less hostile to one another. Nonetheless, the evidence presented in this article indicates that social inequality permeates Internet as well. At this point, we should discuss such concept as digital divide. On the whole, this notion can be interpreted as inability of a certain group of people to have access to information (Murray, Linden, & Kendall, p 377). It can be also defined as the gap in access online information (Compaine, 25). This difference can be observed both between and within countries. It is also possible to say that digital divide is directly proportionate to the degree of economic and social inequality in the country or in a certain geographic region. Therefore, successful implementation of the New York Times marketing strategy can impact a great number of people in Canada, the United States, and all over the world. The commercialization of Internet will significantly widen knowledge divide and diminish the opportunities of many people. As a rule, this concept is usually used when we are speaking about technologies but in this case it is more applicable to information, itself. The decision, taken by the management of the New York Times, can lead to significant implications for online. Provided that this strategy will prove successful, many other newspapers will also require payment for the access to their websites, and in the near future it will be even more difficult for low-income population to find valuable information on the Web. Certainly, the New York Time has only launched the new marketing campaign and it may be soon abolished. One should take into consideration that in the future the New York Times already tried to implement such business model but it did not succeed (Saba, unpaged). Still, this attempt sugge
Introduction The speech of the teacher demonstrates sensitivities to the parents include a teacher’s desire to help parents understand the class and its tasks; sensitivity, in this case, is that a teacher cares about students and wants them to receive assistance from their parents as well. As such, parents should understand the tasks and the system of grading. Besides, a teacher invited translators knowing that the families of his/her students can lack language skills. Finally, a teacher demonstrated understanding of their schedule and his/her ability to cooperate by staying late at school so that parents could come and ask about their concerns. Main Body The first instance of sensitivity includes a desire of a teacher to cooperate and parents should treat it positively. At the same time, a teacher invited translators which should positively affect parents as well because they should clearly understand what is required. As Mendoza (2003) claims, “language differences may cut parents off from important information” (par. 3). The teacher indicates that he/she realizes the difficulties with parents’ schedule and offers some extra hours when it would be convenient for those who work till night. This can bring a great relief to those parents who want to participate in their children’s school life but are not able to do that. At the same time, a teacher also demonstrates insensitivity while offering “a written disclosure document” which can be difficult to comprehend for parents that have poor reading skills as suggested by Mendoza (2003, par. 2). The second instance of insensitivity is when a teacher mentions computers at home and suggests that “E-mail is one of the best ways for us to communicate!”. Low-income families may not afford a computer and they may lack computer literacy skills if they have a computer at home. The two instances of insensitivity could affect parents in the most harmful way for potential further partnership. As suggested in the study by Epstein (2001), “schools in more economically depressed communities make more contacts with families about the problems and difficulties” of children (p. 407). The school under discussion should use every opportunity to build bridges be
Introduction After being trapped underground for 69 days, all the 33 miners trapped in Chile’s San Jose copper and gold mine were finally brought to the surface around 9 pm EDT on Wednesday October, 13, having been trapped since August 5 th . The rescue mission was a perfect combination of high technology and engineering, construction expertise, experience, and patience. A careful application of engineering strategy by a team of experienced engineers banking on teamwork finally made the procedure a success. New technological innovation was applied from the initial process of creating a 700m drill hole that linked the miners to the outside world. The rescue effort was the deepest ever made by current records mining disasters, and the miners underground stay was the longest ever recorded. Extreme Engineering The rescue effort of the Chile miners was one of the most advanced rescues of its kind. The first step of the operation involved the boring of three-6cm wide- drill holes that aided the trapped miners in communication with the external world (NewsFlavor, para. 3). This helped the rescuers in knowing the conditions inside the mine, more importantly; the holes were used to send food, water and medication to the miners. These holes also served as ventilators through which the workers received air, more than 600m below the earth’s surface. The engineering team developed what came to be known as Plan A- the initial step in the rescue effort. Later, two other plans were developed, known as plan B and C, during the process. The team developed several options to use in case others failed (NewsFlavor, para. 4). Rescue Plans Before the actual rescue began, rescue teams made a capsule that would be used to lift up the miners, the capsule was constructed by the Chilean Navy with assistance from the NASA. The rescue hole was also bored and was 0.66m in length while then capsule was 0.54 m in diameter. Every precaution was taken while constructing the capsule to prevent scenarios such as the capsule hitting the sides of the tunnel (for which it had retractable wheels), besides, it had Oxygen supply, lighting, communication devices, a strengthened roof to protect against falling rocks, and an escape exit for the miner to lower himself down in case the capsule malfunctioned. Rescue Process The rescue began on Tuesday, 12 October. The first rescuer lowered to aid the miners was Manuel Gonzalez, a skilled rescue expert and employee of mining company Codelco, the descent to the miners lasted 18 minutes. Each miner was strapped into a harness inside the capsule, wearing a green water-resistant overall and goggles to avoid eye damage due to first exposure to sunlight. Once the miner was inside, the capsule took roughly 15 minutes to travel to the surface. The miners were placed into three categories: the skilled; weak; and strong. The skilled miners were lifted f
Introduction Cross-cultural leadership plays a significant part in many modern business environments. Companies seek to expand their operations to other countries, and diversity in the workplace keeps increasing. Managers’ experiences show that it can be difficult for a leader whose values do not match those of his or her subordinates to establish effective operations. Some companies succeed in their efforts to develop foreign branches, whether through luck or by adopting superior approaches. Others, however, see their efforts falter or fail outright even though they use the same business models that made them succeed and prosper at home. There is a variety of causes for this phenomenon, many of which are associated with cultural differences and the behaviours of the managers in charge of the effort. This paper will analyse the practice of intercultural management from a theoretical standpoint and use the cases of Renault, General Motors, and Daimler Chrysler to illustrate it. Concepts and Theory Intercultural leadership has emerged in response to the various challenges posed by diverse corporate environments. Cultural suitability has proven to be a significant factor in the determination of one’s ability to work productively. As such, Maheshkar and Sharma (2018) highlight respect for diversity, competitive advantage aim, individual relationship capacity, organisational integration training, discrimination discouragement, intercultural skill development, communication and sensitivity promotion, and humanistic and critical direction as central aspects of cross-cultural management. The goal is to ensure that employees are comfortable working with their colleagues and participating in the organisation regardless of their culture. The concept includes both personal improvements for the managers and organisational refinement, which leaders should promote. Each of these concepts warrants additional elaboration, and the paper will expand on them below. Respect for Diversity Globalisation and advances in communication technology have enabled increases in migration and created the concept of long-distance teams that cooperate remotely. As a result, managers are likely to face culturally diverse teams both in their home countries and on expatriate assignments. Moreover, as Čuhlová (2018) notes, differences in values that result from the phenomenon “affect team spirit and basically all project activities and phases” (51). If the manager does not address these influences appropriately, they can impact the operation of the company adversely. Moreover, attempts to resolve the issue by having all employees follow the same set of values will likely backfire, as no culture
During the Era of Progressivism, which lasted approximately from 1890s to1920s, some reforms were made to deal with the socio-economic crisis which the United States faced at that time. Among the most prominent political figures of that period are the two presidents, Theodore Roosevelt of the Republicans and Woodrow Wilson of the Democrats. In our paper, we will consider the situation that America was in and elaborate why those reforms were needed. After that, we will compare the policies of the named two presidents. The United States of America faced numerous problems related to poverty, social injustice, and corruption in the government. The degree of social injustice was despicable; workers had to labor in terrible conditions, enclosed in small, dark factories. The fire in one of the factories of the Shirtwaist Company in 1911 and the resulting deaths of ≈150 workers were symptomatic (Foner 681). Major political and grassroots movements such as the Knights of Labor, populists, feminists, anarchists’ IWW, and socialists emerged to fight the inequality and promote social progress (Foner 627, 632, 642, 662, 693, 695, 702). The inequity and the deep class conflict were a result of monopolization, total domination of major businesses in the political life of the country, and their interpenetration with the government (corruption) (Foner 708). The political representatives of the Era of Progressivism were forced, therefore, to deal with the economic issues of monopolization and corruption in order to alleviate the social tension and address the newly emerged political ideas. Theodore Roosevelt, the president in 1901-1909, as it was stated at his time, “didn’t believe in democracy; he believed simply in government” (qtd. in Foner 709). Fortunately, he was able to address the adverse situation of social inequity. He attempted to implement progressive reforms via strengthening the influence of the government. It is interesting that Roosevelt believed that two types of corporations existed: the good ones, which “served the public interest”, and the bad o