ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Disposal of domestic and industrial waste remains one of the main challenges facing many cities in the modern United States of America. In particular, disposal of domestic waste in growing cities remains to be n area of concern and a challenge to most local authorities in growing cities. For instance, with an increase in the use of plastic products, the need to separate biodegradable from non-biodegradable waste has seen a number of local authorities implement some specific laws in order to ensure that residents take care of their waste and assist garbage collectors to manage the waste depending on its nature. John Corte’s article “S.F mayor proposes fines for unsorted trash” explains how the city of Francisco hopes to maintain a green environment through the enactment of strict environmental laws (Coete 1). San Francisco is perhaps one of the major cities where the separation between biodegradable and non-biodegradable waste has become an area of major concern for the city, with the local authorities proposing to enact strict laws that will see residents who fail to separate between the two face fines. Under this law, garbage collectors are set to inspect the trash that residents leave for collection to make sure that pizza crusts are not mixed with plastic bags, wine bottles, and other non-biodegradable wastes. The proposal was announced by Mayor Gavin Newsom has become a topic of debate. The purpose of this paper is to review the nature of the proposal, its intentions and the possible effect on the environment as well as on the society (Coete 1). The paper hypothesizes that the proposal to make residents be responsible for their household waste is an important step towards improving the ability to handle wastes and a step forward towards marinating a healthy environment. Nature of the proposed garbage law in San Francisco According to the article by John Corte, the new law in san Francisco allows garbage collectors to inspect the trash left by the city residents to make sure that plastic bags and bottles are not mixed with other types of wastes. Both businesses and residents are obliged to separate biodegradable from non-biodegradable wastes and put them in separate bags or bins for collection, which makes it easier for collectors to solve the problem of disposing of the waste. Each household and business has to obtain three separate color-coded waste bins: green for compost, blue for recycling and black for trash (Coete 1). It also requires food vendors to s
Summary of facts The plaintiffs, the government of the United States of America, and thirteen states jointly filed a suit against Apple Inc. The Antitrust suit alleged that the defendant and other e-publishing companies had conspired to destabilize the retail prices of e-books. This was based on the significant rise in the prices of books in the United States in April of 2010. It was the plaintiff’s case that the companies had conspired to fix and affect the prices of newly published books significantly. According to the defendants, such conspiracy was against the Sherman Antitrust Act. The defendants specifically sought to rely on section 1 of the Sherman Act. The suit was also backed by other specific state laws. The cases closely related to other two cases brought in the same court relating to the hiking of the prices of e-books. The cases were founded on the allegation that Apple Inc. had conspired with the other publishing companies to raise the prices of e-books. The publishers in this case were Hachette Book Group, Harper Collins Publishers, Holtzbrinck, Penguin Group, Simon & Schuster, and Macmillan. The above publishing companies were sued collectively. There was direct movement into the trial phase for Apple since the other defendants had already settled some claims outside the court. In a joint Pretrial Order, the proposed parties requested for findings and conclusions based on the existing law. A number of rulings were made upon filing of the pretrial memoranda on April 26. The judges were mandated to determine the liability of the injunction relief as per the requirements of the parties involved in the case. The bench was also meant to look into the status of the same injunctive relief. All parties involved agreed on these resolutions as the trial became apparent. The parties consented to the trial being conducted in accordance with its practices, whereby the jury was excluded. The trial process also included taking direct evidence from the parties. This would be done through affidavits submitted during the time of the pretrial order. All evidence that was scheduled to be used in the trial was presented before the court in advance. All parties complied with this requirement. The trial involved 12 witnesses produced by the United States as the plaintiff. This included two expert economists. Apple’s employees were also called in to give evidence. The senior Vice President of Apple Inc. in charge of Internet Software services at Apple was a key witness in the trial. The director of iTunes at Apple and the Associate General Counsel in charge of the software also testified in the trial. On the other hand, the plaintiffs called senior executives from eac
Drug abuse has been, and still is, a great challenge facing the human society. In spite of the efforts that have been made to curb the vice, it is still impossible to completely phase out the issue of drug abuse from the society. Measures are thus being taken to reduce the use of drug abuse in the society, mitigate the effects that drug abuse has on its patients and also try to cure people who are completely addicted to drugs. Drug abuse and mental illnesses are, in a way, interconnected and thus psychotropic medications are usually used in the treatment of drug abuse patients. It is common knowledge that most drug abuse patients start abusing drugs due to mental illnesses. Thus a person who has a certain mental problem will be more likely to abuse drugs than another person who does not have a mental problem. For instance, a person who has Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) will be prone to drug abuse because he/she may reason that if he/she uses drugs, he/she will be able to forget the incident that made his/her succumb to PTSD. This also applies to other categories of mental patients because they seem to take drugs as their haven from the trauma that they go though due to the mental illness. It is thus apparent that the use of psychotropic medications in curing these patients will be effective since it will be easier for the patients to quit taking drugs when their mental condition is healed. This is because the mental illness is, literally, the one that sustains the abuse of drugs and thus after it is healed; the patient will have no reason to continue abusing the drugs. On the other hand, if a person is a drug addict, he/she is very susceptible to mental illnesses. It thus follows that some drug addicts end up developing mental illnesses that they did not have prior to drug abuse. Therefore, a doctor wishing to treat the drug addiction will find psychotropic drugs very useful. This is because the drugs will be able to reduce or completely treat the mental illness and thus making the patient able to listen well to counsel (“Drug Abuse”, 2009, p. 1). In the two circumstances discussed above, a number of psychotropic medications can be used. This is because in both cases, mental illnesses co-exist with the problem of drug abuse. The drugs may not have the capacity to impact on the issue of drug abuse intrinsically but they are very helpful because, as stated above, they make the patient willing to attend counseling sessions and listen to the counselors attentively. This, in turn, makes it easier for the addict to be healed through counseling. Some of these psychotropic drugs include lithium, Neuroleptics and tricyclic antidepressants may prove to be very useful for specific conditions (Millman, 2005, p. 75). As evidenced in the discussion above, psychotropic medications have a very great role to play in the treatment of drug addicts. This is because of the aforementioned co-existence of drug addiction and psychologica
Introduction The launch of a new product is a complicated and multi-level process that requires considering all the aspects of the market activity. While working on product development, a company necessarily carries out the relevant market research, targets its audience, works out SCM strategy, and evaluates potential risks. Product development always has some practical aims whether it is the sales’ increase or positions’ strengthening. The paper at hand is devoted to the analysis of the launch of Samsung Gear VR from different perspectives: the product development model, the business analysis, its technical implementation, etc. The key focus is put on the potential outcomes that this implementation will have for the company’s performance in general. Idea Generation and Screening Every product that appears in the market is initially developed in response to the relevant demand. Thus, it is reasonable to assume that Samsung Gear VR was introduced to meet the demand of keen gamers and those who would spend hours playing the Sega VR in the early nineties. It is essential to note that Samsung was not the first one to enter the VR market – by the time it appeared, such products as Oculus Rift, PlayStation VR, and HTC Vive had already occupied the niche (Lowe par.1). Moreover, according to the latest annual report produced by Samsung, the innovative sphere is “critical for the company’s survival” (Samsung 6). The launch of the VR product is a successful attempt to support their innovative strategy. Hence, the prerequisites of Samsung Gear’s appearance are the following: the launch of the similar products developed by competitors, the need to introduce some innovations, and the intention to engage new clients. Concept Development While developing a product’s concept, it is critical to ensure that it possesses some unique characteristics that will guarantee a certain competitive advantage in the relevant market. In the case of Samsung Gear VR, its key distinguishing feature resides in the fact that it is the first time that the virtual reality option is available through a mobile device. As long as their product line already comprises different mobile versions – Galaxy S7, S6, etc. – it is only necessary to develop the relevant hardware. Hence, in terms of costs, the company managed to fit in a relatively moderate budget as there was no necessity to start from scratch. The product engineering was carried out in close collaboration with Oculus, an experienced market player in the field of innovative technologies. It is essential to note that the company ch
Introduction Since 2000, the economy of India has been growing very fast thus placing tremendous strain on the country’s infrastructure (Sahoo and Dash 359). This problem is worsened by the fact that the country’s infrastructure has been poorly managed. Lack of new infrastructures and developments have affected various economic issues in the country (Agarwal 4). The government has therefore been focusing on the problem of infrastructure in order to support the growing economy. However, there are specific factors that restrict different attempts to improve various infrastructural systems. This research paper examines the nature of this practice and offers appropriate measures that can be undertaken to support the country’s road transport system. Problem Identification The Indian economy grew very fast throughout the last quarter of the twentieth century. In 1991, the government embraced the concept of economic liberalization thus attracting more foreign investors and business partners (Agarwal 3). This move “ushered in a new wave of a free market system in India” (Verma 13). By the year 2000, the economy was growing at a rate of over 7 percent. This growth rate explains why India’s economy is followed carefully by the other BRIC nations. Such nations include China, Brazil, and Russia. However, experts predicted a poor economic performance from 2000 due to various challenges such as lack of infrastructure. The issues associated with India’s infrastructure continue to affect different aspects of the economy. The country has not undertaken any major road construction project within the last three decades (Saluja 2). This malpractice has affected the objectives of many investors and citizens. Similar deficits are also observed in other critical areas such as railroads, ports, and telecommunication services. Problem Justification The World Economic Forum’s Global Competitiveness Report (2011-2012) indicated that India’s infrastructure was a blow to its economic goals (Agarwal 1). The report focused on different aspects of the country’s road systems. The “country’s road network was criticized because of its insufficiency” (Verma 64). It was also poorly-adapted to address the changing needs of different investors and businesspeople. Experts and economic analysts continue to single out road infrastructure as one of the biggest economic hindrances in India. Businesspeople and entrepreneurs planning to invest in India have remained skeptical because of these infrastructure challenges. The government has “failed to consider the major threats posed by inadequate infrastructure during t
The purpose of this paper will be to analyze the world historical process of growing up in China by examining Yan Phou Lee’s biographic adaptation of “When I was a boy in China”. The author talks about their life from birth to growing up as a boy in China. The thesis statement for the essay will therefore be to examine the process and pattern of growing up as a male child in China from birth, to infancy and then to adulthood (marriage). The essay will look at how male and female children in China are treated and raised by their parents, relatives and the society as well as important periods of celebration in their lives. The primary source which is Yan Phou Lee’s biography offers an insightful look into the life of male children in China and it also presents various aspects of Chinese culture such as the Chinese calendar and Chinese months which is corroborated by other secondary sources used in the study. Lee’s biography supports the arguments made by the secondary sources with regards to how the Chinese count their months as well as the religious systems that exist in China which include Buddhism, Taoism and Confuciusm. Lee’s work however presents some controversial issues which might be viewed by many gender activists to be biased against women. He portrays the Chinese culture as one that is punitive to women by not offering them the same gratuities that are given to the male children. The evaluation of the historical process therefore offers the readers a look into the life of a male child growing up in China as well as the differences that exist in the society. In the first chapter of Lee’s biography, he talks about his birth and the cultural practices of the Chinese people when a child is born. Lee indicates that the Chinese calendar is different from that of the English calendar, an indication of the difference that exists between the Chinese and English cultures. According to Lee (7), the Chinese year is different from the English year because the months of the year are determined by the revolution of the moon around the earth. This is corroborated by Parise (215) who notes that time in China during the period of 1800 was usually determined by the number of accessions that the country had in terms of Emperors. Time was also determined by the number of cycles which were usually sixty years each and the cycle in which Lee was born was 1861 during the reign of Emperor Tung-che. Parise (215) also highlights the difference that exists between a Chinese calendar and English calendar where the months are referred as Regular Moon, Second Moon, Third Moon, Fourth Moon and so on instead of January, February, March and April. Every third year was termed as a leap year and it had an extra month so that it could make the lunar year to be equal to a solar year. The Chinese cult
Genetic mapping is allowed and regulated by the Genetic Information Non-discrimination Act (GINA) in the United States (Krimsky & Simoncelli, 2012). The inclusion of GINA as a law has been critical in ensuring that the country’s health insurance companies do not engage in acts of discrimination during a genetic testing. This non-discriminatory law is also applicable to employers who want to discriminate their employees on the basis of health conditions (Krimsky & Simoncelli, 2012). The United States’ policy on genetic mapping as stipulated by GINA states that no single American should be discriminated against accessing information on genetic testing. The United States government requires that any individual who consents to genetic mapping should be well advised and informed. Medics and doctors who conduct genetic mapping are expected to abide to the ethical principle of disclosure to a patient. The United States policy on genomes through GINA prohibits any genetic database that exists without a license from relevant authorities. In this case, all hospitals should have a licensed genetic database (Krimsky & Simoncelli, 2012). In the United States, information on genomes can be used in a legal contest. This is only possible if the genome information is not appealing to public disposal. It is a policy in the United States for health insurers to provide less-costly healthcare covers in relation to genetic mapping services. It is also legally predetermined that pharmaceutical researchers shall be provided with government incentives in developing new disease cures. In the United States, genetic mapping services are required to be conducted under clinical standards of care (Krimsky & Simoncelli, 2012). Moreover, the country’s government does not allow the use of inheritable genetic modification (IGM). It is important to note that human cloning in the US is not permitted. Genetic mapping does not allow modification of genes and development of designed humans. This may cause an ethical dilemma in relation to the diverse cultural values present in the country. International policies on genetic mapping restrict the concept to acquiring knowledge on certain genetic attributes of illnesses. An international perspective on genetic mapping highlights the fact that the phenomenon should focus on understanding human biology and emerging diseases. However, international standards agreed upon by the Council of International Organizations of Medical Sciences (CIOMS) presuppose that ethical standards in such undertakings must be observed (Nordgren, 2001). Unlike in the United States, the CIOMS does not foresee any ethical dilemma that can stall any development in genetic mapping. CIOMS focuses its genetic mapping services on screening and gene therapy (Nordgren, 2001). However, genetic testing and modification are allowed in the United States only under strict GINA laws and policies. CIOMS also acknowledges the advancement of genetic mapping and advoca
The essays and data presented on the website Slave Voyages show the history of the slave trade and reveal interesting patterns and past events that explained individual decisions surrounding enslavement. The data contributes to one’s understanding of the harsh conditions enslaved people had to endure and the cruelty of the trade. However, it also depicts the astonishing normalcy with which the slave trade was treated by both Europeans and Africans at the time. A prominent theme in essays and statistics describing trade was the pattern of increasing or decreasing the number of enslaved people and their routes. According to Eltis (2007), the ocean currents and winds implicitly shaped two separate systems that included a list of locations in Africa and ports in the Americas for slave-trade voyages. The map of the currents and the traveling routes supports this finding. North East trades included Europe, North America, and the Northern part of Africa, while South East Trades engaged South American countries and Center and Southern nations on the African continent (Slave Voyagers, 2010). For instance, about 80 percent of slaves who went to Brazil were taken from West-Central Africa (Eltis, 2007). The patterns also show higher rates of slave trade connected to major events and crop harvest seasons (Behrendt, 2008). This picture of trade demonstrates the business-like way people treated slavery. Human beings were seen as commodities necessary to support the economy of the trading countries. It also shows that people’s voyages were determined by the weather and the diplomatic relationships between European and American countries. The separation of the African continent into zones of interest is staggering and terrifying, as well as the reports of some rules in Africa supporting slavery to get access to rare resources. Such normalization of treating people as commodities explains why the issues surrounding inequality are still prevalent in the world’s systems. The story of Dobo, a young man who was enslaved as a little boy and emancipated in Cuba, continues the narrative of the resistance to change. His ship was detained in 1826, decades after the largest former slave-trading nations made trade illegal (Moraguez, n.d.). Thus, one would think that former slaves could integrate into society and live as free men and women or return to their place of birth to regain their position in a familiar community. Sadly, the slave trade was still profitable, and it continued illegally for many years. More than that, people who were freed on the captured ships also could not find their place and were exploited under the guise of paid labor. Dobo, later renamed Gabino by the state, lost his name, identity, culture, home, and freedom as a young man (Moraguez, n.d.). Even after fighting for and regaining his independence, the man could not live a free life. Many people suffered the same fate as Gabino after the slave trade was made illegal. In fact, countries