ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA) and its type, Intensive Behavioral Intervention (IBI) are the interventions for children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) that are currently being used by many professionals including the Child and Youth Care (CYC) ones (Bristow, 2015). However, the interventions have always been rather controversial and can be considered doubly controversial in light of the modern disability studies perspective. In this paper, they are critically analyzed from the point of view of various models of disability and that of CYC. It is concluded that the current medical community approves of the interventions, but ABA and especially IBI cannot be considered in line with the current disability studies perspective since they perpetuate the construct of the “norm,” which has already caused CYCs to begin to raise concerns. As the medical and CYC communities transform, they move further away from the medical perspective, but for the time being, it stays dominant, and ABA and IBI remain extremely popular and proceed to “normalize” and damage children diagnosed with ASD. Describing Autism The medical term for autism is the Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), which, however, is a relatively recent development. This term is aimed at highlighting the fact that the ASD types are numerous and various, which results in different experiences for the majority of persons diagnosed with ASD (The Ontario Ministry of Children and Youth Services [OMCYS], n.d., pp. 9-10). ASD is “one of the most common developmental disabilities” (OMCYS, n.d., p. 9). It embraces a variety of “complex developmental brain disorders that affect the way the brain works” (OMCYS, n.d., p. 9) that “come under the umbrella of Pervasive Developmental Disorder” (Leaf, Taubman, McEachin, Leaf, & Tsuji, 2011, p. 259). The origin of ASD is still unclear for the medical society, but it is assumed that the combination of genetic and environmental factors can cause it (OMCYS, n.d., p. 9). Nowadays, ASD is not curable, but there are interventions means that are aimed at “normalizing” the development of a child (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC], 2016). Contrary to the popular belief, people with ASD are capable of learning, communicating, and developing related skills (Bristow, 2015, p. 66) despite their “issues” with “normal” teaching methods. ASD affects are typically united into three categories: “problems” with social interaction, specifics in language and communication development, and “strong interests and repetitive behaviors” (Leaf et al., 2011, p. 259; OMCYS, n.d., p. 9). Eventually, all these effects have “a severe impact on overall adjustment and quality of life as adults” (Leaf et al., 2011, p. 260). Admittedly, the effects can lead to exclusion from the modern society and complicate the lives of many persons with ASD, but ASD can hardly be classified as impairment. From the data presented abo
As a teacher I am supposed to be accurate when I present or teach students. Students trust that their teachers are knowledgeable and always take what they are taught as it is taught. A teacher should make sure the class is lively by interacting with students. Further, the teacher has a duty of ensuring every student is actively involved in the lesson by asking questions. As a teacher, I know I have to conduct myself in a way that makes the lesson exciting for the students. Teachers are urged to show students a good example by way of how they conduct themselves in class. If the teacher is disciplined, the students are likely to follow suit. Discipline begins with dressing or general smartness. As a teacher, I am expected to be smart and presentable. My students will have to meet a number of behavior goals. All students will have to be attentive in class, to contribute in class; the students will have to raise their hands or politely bring me to their attention, the students will always complete and send in assignments in time or face penalties and finally, I will encourage the students to be free and assertive at all times especially when it comes to participation in mandatory team work. To facilitate effective learning, proper class room conditions are very important. The first thing I will look into is the sitting arrangement. The sitting arrangement has to encourage all students’ participation in class activities. Often students form cliques that are likely to increase indiscipline. The sitting arrangement has to allow for each students comfort but also detract them or break alliances that may detract learning. Apart from sitting arrangements, I would focus on resource availability e.g. books and other aids. Depending on level or type of class, different learning aid materials that would facilitate effective learning. I will help the students to behave appropriately by setting down ground rules. The ground rules will be based on clarified expectations between me as a teacher and the students. The ground rules will be in line with the stated student behavior goals stated above. Apart from well stipulated ground rules, I will often talk to students and discuss virtues as an antidote to failure. I am sure that this kind of guiding and counseling will help students focus on what really matters. Student’s behaving wrongly is unavoidable. Often teachers have to intervene to correct deviant behaviors among students. While changing a student’s behavior, a teacher has to involve the student actively i.e. the student has to be made aware of issue at hand and actively involved in ways of altering any given habit, behavior or attitude that is de
Crash (2004) is an “American drama directed by Paul Haggis.” It’s on the social and ethnic apprehension in Los Angeles. Several different people’s lives entwine as they try to handle overwrought race relations that contradict life in the city. Some of these characters include a Caucasian district legal representative who uses racial discrepancy as his political ticket. One time his Caucasian wife is carjacked by some black men and for-this-reason she believes that her conventional perception and opinion concerning non-whites is warranted and should not be regarded as racial discrimination. There are several racial and social incidents in the film: for instance, the two carjackers who use their cultural background for their benefit and as a justification; Caucasian law-enforcement constables, one who uses his influential status to pester non-whites and the other who detests his colleague because of his racially prejudiced viewpoints; a black movie producer and his black spouse, who thinks that her spouse does not give his support to their black culture particularly given an incident with the racially prejudiced white police; Law-enforcement officers and at-times lovers, one Hispanic woman and the other a black man, the man deals with his drug-addicted mother who believes that he does not take care of his family. His young brother is a thief who constantly hypothesizes on racial discrimination and society. Haggis intertwines his tapestry with unbounded expertise, supported by brilliant performances. In Crash, the multi-racial dwellers of the rambling west-coast hub are so mistrustful about being crime victims and ethnic oppression; they’ve lost the facility to interrelate with each other rationally. A mere car accident creates an unbending foundation for the convoluted exploration of narrow-mindedness and race. Haggis succeeds in bringing out the behaviors that many different people keep hidden under their skin; he puts racism on the highest platform for the viewer’s review. The film draws together people from different parts of the globe. Two theorizing black men steal an expensive car that belongs to a white couple (a district attorney in Los Angeles and his jittery wife). A similar car that belongs to a rich black TV director is pulled-over by a racist police officer and his coworker. Every dispute leads to an unwarrantably aggressive, outward depiction of racism. Haggis has created a conscientious screenplay that keeps the anxiety in the film near the boiling-point with hardhearted verbal attacks and revolting physical display of abhorrence. One time, they behave in the most hateful and despicable manner; later, they perform acts of compassion that surprise the viewer. This is the key point that the director of the film seeks to-drive-home; people are time-and-again swayed by their presumptions concerning other people and people’s mindsets and behaviors are affected by the situations they find themselves in. The reason why I decided to watch this film is to understand the concept of racism and its effects on people and to the general soci
Prewriting Assignment Topic The topic of this article is texting and driving. According to the authors of the article, the South Dakota Legislature needs to acknowledge the perils of texting and driving and place a ban on the practice. The article then outlines the reasons behind this argument. Angle My argument is that a ban on texting and driving is not enough to overturn the current developments. The state should instead direct its efforts towards educating the public about the dangers of texting and driving. This awareness campaign should mostly focus on teenagers and other youthful drivers. Purpose The purpose of my letter is to highlight the other aspects of texting and driving campaigns that could have a more significant effect than imposing a ban on texting. For instance, the State of South Dakota is not necessarily neglectful through its inaction. Audience The letter is addressed to all South Dakota residents as well as all stakeholders of safe driving. However, my letter makes specific reference to teenagers and youthful drivers because these groups are closer to the issue of texting and driving. Personal Experience I have a friend who was involved in a car accident while he was driving and texting. He hid this information from investigators but revealed it to me in confidence. Given the scope of the accident, he was lucky to have survived. He also revealed to me that he was not explicitly aware of the dangers of texting and driving. Therefore, there is a need for a comprehensive awareness campaign like the one for drinking and driving. Context The blame on the South Dakota legislature is unwarranted because there are other stakeholders of drunk driving, including the traffic department, activist groups, and other road users. Therefore, the call for a ban on texting and driving should be a concerted effort from all involved stakeholders. The national wide ban on texting and driving represents the part the government has to play. The rest of the efforts should be from other stakeholders. Letter to the Editor on Ban on Texting and Driving in South Dakota I am writing this letter in response to the Sioux City Journal’s article titled “Our Opinion: It’s time for a tough ban on texting while driving in S.D..” The article was authored by the journal’s joint editorial board. The article is a timely response to the rising instances of road accidents involving texting and driving. However, I feel that the sole blame on the South Dakota legislature is misplaced. From my perspective, a legal ban on texting and driving will not have a significant impact on the vice, and concerted efforts from various stakeholders could yield better results. Lack of harsh legislation on texting and driving does not necessarily translate to high instances of this practice. It is important to note that the National Safety Council’s statistics do not only reflect on the situation in South Dakota but the whole country (Journal Editorial Board
Introduction Many historians have agreed that the Romantic period revolutionized the world of music composition. Hanning argues that the era was characterized by innovative lyrical melodies, emotional expressions, and rich harmonies (52). Most of the composers during the era were inspired by the desire to entertain people and achieve eternity though music. Many composers of the Romantic era are remembered today because of their timeless contributions to different genres. Most of these musicians transformed the nature of music. One of the outstanding figures of the Romantic era was Franz Liszt. This research paper gives a detailed analysis of the works and achievements of this distinguished composer. Franz Liszt Life Liszt was born in 1811 in Hungary (Saffle 4). He was taught by his father, Adam, how to compose music. Liszt had already become a famous pianist by the age of 9. He appeared in different concerts at such a tender age. Antonio Salieri eventually admired the young boy’s ingenuity. He chose to train him without receiving any payment. Liszt traveled across Europe with his father. Adam later requested Ferdinando Paer to teach Liszt (Wojtczak 58). Paer’s guidance made it easier for Liszt to compose his first opera. He gave it the name Don Sanche (Piotrowaska 129). At the age of fifteen, Liszt’s father died thus forcing him to quit music completely. He decided to focus on other forms of art and literature. However, Liszt read numerous books that reshaped his future career objectives. Liszt as a Composer During his early 20s, Liszt mastered the art of music composition. He was also a good pianist (Saffle 16). In 1833, the young man befriended Comtesse Marie d’Agoult who encouraged him to compose various romantic pieces. This period led to the composition of an album titled Years of Pilgrimage. By the year 1834, the composer had managed to produce three Apparitions (Wojtczak 59). Throughout the 1840s, the romantic composer was admired by music enthusiasts across Europe. He was also believed to be a successful pianist during the time. Music historians have argued that Liszt was a natural performer. His compositions and presentations were guided by feelings. However, Liszt’s style became more personal after the death of his father. The composer “attended many events and performed music across Europe during his years as a travelling virtuoso” (Saffle 33). Saffle indicates that “Liszt’s repertoire revolved around his transcriptions, paraphrases, and compositions” (42). The pianist also reworked several musical compositions such as the Hexameron (Saffle 49). He also gave numerous piano recitals thus transforming the nature of music composition. Music Compositions and Achievements Franz Liszt wrote numerous works and composed many pieces throughout his career. The world remembers this legendary musician because of his
Background Experimental research can be conducted in two ways by employing a within-subjects or a between-subject approach. In a within-subject approach, the people who are responding to the survey can access all the items of survey. On the contrary, a between subject approach allows a respondent to access one item of the survey (Fisher, 1966). In light of applying the two approaches to this question, it is important to understand that the survey involves three types of advertisement that are disbursed through email to the respondents in order to convince the respondent to take survey (Jha, 2008). Within-Subject Approach In this approach, the researcher will compose three emails. The first email will be portraying a link that redirects the respondents to the survey site. This link will not provide any information concerning the beneficial aspects of carrying out the survey. The second advert will contain the link and a message suggesting that the efforts of the respondents will be compensated by donating $10 to charity. Lastly, the researcher will compose a message promising the respondent of winning $1000 for carrying out the research. The researcher will identify potential respondents who will participate in the survey and obtain their email contacts. The three emails will be sent to each respondent such that they will have three options to choose according to their preference. The researcher will prepare a recording book where the responses for each respondent are recorded for evaluation. This approach will involve few respondents because the respondents are presented with all the options available for the survey (Knobe, 2008). Between-Subjects Approach This approach aims at providing each respondent with a single option of survey (Mahmood, 2010). Therefore, the researcher will compose the email messages containing the information that is explained in the previous approach. Then, the samples will be selected from the population and their contacts obtained. The researcher will select the respondents who will receive the plain link and send it to them. The second group of respondents will receive a message for $10 dollars donation while the last group will receive a message promising to give a token of $1000 dollars upon carrying out the survey. The responses will be collected through the same email and the statistic determined in order to compare the number of people who responded from each group. Advantages of Between-Subjects Approach Between-subject approach has several advantages based on exposing a single option to each of the respondents. First, it saves a lot of time during survey since a respondent can answer a take one survey rather than taking all the surveys available (Montgomery, 1991). This implies that the cumulative time will be less that the time used to complete the surveys using within-subject approach which requires them to take more than one survey. The second advant
Introduction Performance of every business organization is based on the proper and balanced relation between the various spheres of its activity. In other words, every single department of the organization should fulfill its functions and put them in accordance with the performance figures and needs of the other departments to provide the successful work of the organization as a whole (Blanchard, 2003). Naturally, if an issue is observed in an organization, it is necessary to consider the performance of every single department to see which one experiences this issue and how it can be solved. This is namely what the Theory of Constraints deals with (Eliyahu, 1990). Formulated by Eliyahu Goldratt, this theory uses the methods close to the medical ones in finding out the issue and approaching its solution: “The process a clinician applies to treating a patient is an excellent analogy for explaining how TOC recommends going about solving a systems problem” (AGI, 2008, p. 4). Drawing from this, the Theory of Constraints tries to separate the issue in its elements, then find a solution to every problematic element, and finally propose the comprehensive solution for the whole issue. Accordingly, to create the value stream map and recommend certain solutions for the issues observed in the VMC, it is necessary to consider those issues and see their cau
Immigration is a significant part of Italian history that has brought crucial changes to the traditional way of life set. Researchers note that this phenomenon resulted from increasing social and financial problems typical for Italia of that time and lasted from 1870 until the end of the 1980-s (Gabaccis 82). Therefore, several generations of Italians passed through living abroad and tried to improve their lives outside the motherland or save money and come back. As a period of immigration, the decade around the turn of century is especially interesting to analyze. This period is marked with the quick development of industries and society that accompanied the changes caused by immigration. The purpose of this paper is to discuss the experience of people from Italia who chose to emigrate in the decade around the turn of century. The capitalist society of the United States, Argentina, France, and other countries where immigrants decided to stay could not give them an immediate improvement of living conditions and economic prosperity. According to Gabaccis, “migrants from Italy crowded into two- and three-room apartments in six-story tenements” (Gabaccis 99). Having relatively private dwellings was rare among such relocated families (Gabaccis 99). Besides, many men of the diaspora were seasonally unemployed and those who had a permanent job earned too low wages to support secure and comfortable family life. The problem was especially acute for unskilled immigrants for at home, their main occupation was agriculture or crafts (Gabaccis 99). Hence, it was not easy for them to get used to the new rules of the rapidly changing industrial society. Financial difficulties and high living costs made women and children work, too, thus transforming the traditional practice and the relationships between family members. Speaking about women, wives chose to work outside the home, for example, to sell goods in small shops owned by their fellow Italians. However
Facts of this case The facts of this case have been that DWI has been a threat to the lives of its guests and properties, in the light of which it had to provide additional layers of security covers to its guests. These threats materialized when snipers shot and wounded several guests and staff members. This has also affected the morale of workers and staff to the extent that it has disrupted the unit’s daily functioning. It is imperative to avoid the recurrences of such violence in the future. Civil Rights Act 1964 In the light of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, public places have been prohibited from adopting discriminatory attitudes. Further, in the decided case of Heart of Atlanta Motel v. the U.S. (1964), the Supreme Court judge had predicted that the “ power of Congress to promote interstate commerce also includes the power to regulate the local incidents thereof, including local activities in both the States of origin and destination, which might have a substantial and harmful effect upon that commerce.” Thus it could be seen that DWI could not enforce a ban on the stay of guests of Middle East descent. In another leading case, Katzenbach v. McClung (1964) it was rule