ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Academic honesty is expected from students when doing examinations, assignments and other academic discussions. Students are always expected to produce original work unless directed to do otherwise by their instructors (Harvey 132). In order to find solutions to the various problems in their course work, the internet and other external sources are readily available to assist them in coming up with possible solutions to their problems (Harvey 132). Presenting any form of academic work to an academic audience requires adequate preparations and the materials presented must meet the required intellectual standards (Harvey 133). It is important to point out that the use of external sources can only amount to cheating if the students use external sources without the permission of their instructors. Students should recognize all external sources as a way of appreciating borrowed ideas (Harvey 133). There are some conservative tutors who do not allow students to use external sources even if the use of the sources is legal. This is not fair for students since it is not possible for them to know and remember everything at the same time (Harvey 133). Students should be allowed to use external sources in tests and academic presentations as long as they avoid plagiarism. In using external sources, there are certain things that students are not expected to do (Spatt 34). To begin with, the word-for-word use of external sources is forbidden because it shows lack of initiative from the side of students (Spatt 34). Excessive use of external sources should not be tolerated by tutors because it encourages laziness and dishonesty (Spatt 34). The use of external sources can only be justified if students obey all the copyright laws. The use of print sources has been overtaken by the internet and this has left many instructors worried (Spatt 36). Most websites are not reviewed compared to print sources. Despite this concern, tutors should recommend credible internet sources to their students to enhance quality academic work (Spatt 36). Tests and assignments are vital assessment tools used by teachers in learning institutions (Spatt 78). It is not possible for students to understand and know everything without using other sources. Academic sources provide examples and evidence that support arguments in research essays (Spatt 78). Primary and secondary academic sources should therefore be used in an ethical way to ensure students deliver quality assignments backed by credible evidence from external sources (Spatt 78). Academic research entails referring to other people’s work to build one’s ideas, theories and facts (Spatt 99). Academic sources should be made accessible to students when they are doing standardized tests. Assignments and tests are important assessment tools in the life of a student and therefore being denied legal access to external sources is not fair to them (Spatt 99). Therefore, these tests should be restructured or should not be used as assessment tools. W
Introduction The assessment of ambiguous aspects in different areas of life can be performed not only through personal judgments and perception but also due to the existing concepts and ideas proposed by sociologists. As a background for analyzing dilemmas in social, professional, and personal life, Kramer’s (2003) reasoning may be applied. Approaches to the interpretation of the existing dilemmas can be expressed distinctively, but specific evaluation models may help determine the causes and impacts of particular dilemmas on different areas. Dilemmas in Society Ignoring social problems is a dilemma that complicates any process of improving interaction among people. Kramer (2003) describes this issue due to the concept of “the sins of omission” and notes that in any environment of interpersonal interaction, neglecting certain factors can affect the overall outcomes negatively (p. 63). With regard to social life, this dilemma is revealed through the deliberate ignorance of problems due to the lack of material interest in resolving them. For instance, if the authorities are not ready to tackle the problem of poverty without obvious benefits for the budget, this is an example of omission. In any other situation, disregard for the interests of others separates the parties of interests, thereby creating interpersonal contradictions. Jamison et al. (2020) note that omission bias may be fraught with segregation in case of deliberate neglect. Class inequality can be interpreted from the perspective of neglecting the needs of one category of the population in favor of the other one. Therefore, the omission concept is one of the tools for assessing social dilemmas. Dilemmas at Work In the workflow, the dilemmas that arise are often associated with different views on certain operational activities or ways to achieve set goals. Kramer (2003) suggests paying attention to the factors of “leaders’ recklessness” as a phenomenon that reduces work productivity due to leaders’ illogical or biased decisions (p. 62). Park and DeShon (2018) research a similar problem of interaction at work and argue that due to the strong influence of leaders on the team, the decision-making process depends on them directly. This means that if a leader uses erroneous or biased analytical approaches, this affects the progress of the entire team. Authority, in this case, plays an important role since dissenting employees’ opinions will
The US PATRIOT Act, enacted in reaction to the terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001, has been opposed by both liberal and conservative groups because they perceive it to violate the civil liberties of American citizens. However, there has been no credible evidence presented that this Act violates any constitutionally guaranteed rights. The Act prohibits discriminatory practices such as racial profiling, illegal wiretaps, and all other unlawful actions which are generally deemed improper. The PATRIOT Act was enacted to protect US citizens by augmenting the tools by which law enforcement agencies fight crime and improve communication capabilities between these government agencies and despite the prevailing majority opinion, protects, not degrades civil liberties. The name itself, the PATRIOT Act is an acronym for Uniting and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism. According to the Justice Department, the PATRIOT Act gives support to and encourages enhanced sharing of information among various law enforcement agencies at the local, state, and federal levels. In addition, this law assists law enforcement in their efforts to “connect the dots” from a wider scope of agencies when assembling evidence so as to “develop a complete picture” regarding possible threats from terrorists. The Act also allows law enforcement officials more latitude when attempting to intercept transmissions of suspected terrorist’s discussions via electronic surveillance. (Ward, 2002). Since the PATRIOT Act was enacted in October of 2001, it has been an essential instrument in ensuring the safety of American citizens in the ongoing ‘War on Terror.’ The more conducive sharing of information augments the same, constitutionally lawful, forms of law enforcement that had been employed to apprehend and prosecute criminals before 9/11. In addition, the legislation has increased the effectiveness of the U.S. Department of Justice in its efforts to interrupt terrorist actions while simultaneously and earnestly defending the civil liberties of American citizens. “America still faces dangerous enemies, and no priority is more important to the President than protecting the American people without delay” (“US PATRIOT Act”, 2006). The contentious debate regarding the PATRIOT Act among those in the public and private sector alike was sparked predominantly by left-wing propaganda which has continuously falsely characterized the intent and language of the Act. Newspaper and television reports have used phrases such as ‘unlawful use of authoritative powers by the executive branch’ which has been a factor in the widely distorted perceptions regarding the Act. Interestingly, the portions of the Act that have generated the loudest objections are the ones that
William Faulkner’s short story “A Rose for Emily” presented contemporary readers with a gothic horror story that was all the more haunting because of its innocent appearance. To gain an understanding of the story within a brief analysis, it is necessary to examine the story’s plot, characterization, point of view, theme, symbols, and setting. The plot of the story is not as simple as one might expect from a short story. If the story is taken out of its original context and placed in chronological order, it tells the story of a young woman dominated completely by her father until she is beyond marriageable age. This makes it very difficult for her to let go of her father when he finally dies, but his death also opens up new possibilities for her to find happiness, particularly in the form of an outsider, Homer Barron. Because of Homer’s lower social status, though, Miss Emily Grierson’s cousins come to town and chase away her lover. Although he was seen once following the cousins’ departure, Miss Emily lives out the rest of her life alone, finally dying in the old house of her childhood. Only then is it discovered that Homer had also died within that old house long ago. Faulkner makes heavy use of symbolism to help him characterize his people. Miss Emily is the bitter old maid who has been rejected one too many times and, because of her exalted social status, is unable to mix with the rest of the townspeople, the one thing that might have been able to save her. Homer Barron adopts all of the perceived stereotypes of the north – he’s loud, energetic, unconcerned with social norms, and happy to accept new challenges, yet he doesn’t want to be tied down. The old negro that works for Miss Emily is like a dark ghost in the background of the picture, doing the old woman’s bidding whatever it is and then disappearing when the old woman is no longer alive to command him. By contrast, the townspeople are seen as an image of the new, compatible with the energetic and progressive personality of Homer rather than the halting and conservative stance of Miss Emily. Part of what makes the story so successful is the easy, conversational point of view in which it is told. The entire story is told as if the rest of the town were sharing one of their secrets with the reader as a rare and honored visitor. The tone adopted is sympathetic to Miss Emily’s loneliness and the way in which she had been treated, even as it acknowledges the horror behind what she had done and remorse over the town’s own part in the tragedy. Although almost the entire story takes place within or around the old Grierson mansion, because of this point of view, the mansion, and thus the setting, remains as closed off to the reader as the thoughts of the old woman herself. Within this short story, one of the main themes Faulkner was exploring was the contrast between the old and the new as the old did its best to stop the progression of time while the new hurried forward to greet the innovations and improvements of tomorrow. In depicting th
Electronic business (e-business) and electronic commerce (e-commerce) describe the way people buy and sell goods and services through the use of the Internet (Anderson 2007). E-commerce also involves other transactions such as customer’s enquiries and requests about a particular product. There are very many companies, which sell their products through the Internet. However, the most companies which deal in e-business are those which offer travelling services (Chaffey 2007). The traveling agencies include thomascook.com, lastminute.com and thomson.co.uk. This paper seeks to analyze the three websites under different aspects. Some of these aspects include value proposition, market, revenue models, competitive environment, value chain and organizational structure among others (Afuah & Tucci 2003). Value Proposition Value proposition of the three travel agencies describes what they do in order to attract and retain customers (Chaffey 2007). Lastminute.com is one of the few travel agencies, which only charge fees on tickets and program changes. Lastminute’s customers are not required to pay for any other services. This implies that the services of this travel agency are relatively cheaper. The agency deals in traditional reservations such as cruise, car, hotel and air. The fact that lastminute.com registers customers at the time they book ticket it is quite advantageous to these customers. This gives the customers the easiest time to manage their itinerary programs at any time. This agency also offers a variety of booking options such as multiple air travel destinations (Critic 2012). Just like the lastminute.com, Thomson.co.uk also offers a variety of services to its customers. However, the latter specializes much on travel money services. Its services include traveler’s check, purchase of back guarantee and the most important, Thomson travel money card and Thomson gift card. Thomson gift cards are vital when it comes to special occasions such as birthdays, weddings and anniversaries. The gift
The presented budget has a number of strengths that qualify it to meet the Generally Acceptable Accounting Principles (GAAP). According to GAAP, a budget should be prepared in a manner that will reflect the true and fair position of the organization (Sensining, 2007). One of its strengths is that the appropriation amount is not less than the budgeted amount. The general rule of thumb regarding budgeting is that one cannot budget with what they do not have, thus this budget complies with this rule (Sensining, 2007). Similarly, the approved amount in the budget is larger than the actual amount. This implies that all the expenditures will be within the required range. The variance that exists between the actual and the budgeted amount creates flexibility in the event that the cost of products, labor and other variables increase or decrease. Further, its arrangement in terms of expenditure and revenue items facilitates ease of record analysis and provides a proper means of monitoring expenditures. This aspect gives room for transparency and accountability that may arise during the audit of the financial books. The methods used in its preparation are in tandem with the accounting and recording guidelines espoused by the International Accounting Standards (IAS). Such guidelines play an important role in ensuring that the approved standards of accounting are universally applied in analysis of the books of accounts. Alongside the above complements, this budget has a few shortfalls as well. One of its most obvious weaknesses is that the budgeted revenue and expenditure are equal. This attribute portrays inflexibility despite the budgeted amount exceeding the actual amount. Thus, in the event that there is an increase in expenditure, the organization may find itself in financial woes due to lack of funds to handle such emergencies. Additionally, the variance margin of this budget is exaggerated on certain items like the wage expenses, fringe benefits and Admin OH Salaries and Fringes. The funds should be allocated reasonably and appropriately, in line with the preceding budgets that had been prepared. Due to this excess variance margin, the entire amount has been budgeted for without any savings or allocations for miscellaneous expenses. It is surprising to note that with the exaggerated variance margin, the budget places emphasis on the required inputs and resources rather than the expected results. This attribute prompts one to think that there was mischief in the motives of those who prepared this budget. Since it concerns county health, its priority should be health matters rather than the additional indirect expenses that prominently feature. These expenses only serve to make it inflexible and prone to irregularities and misappropriation of funds. Based on the weaknesses identified in this budget, there are certain items that should either be reduced or removed. These include the excess variance in wage expenses and fringe bene
Historical Person with most Significant impact on Modern Psychology Despite the fact that psychology has a short history, its study has had major impact on the modern psychology. In my own opinion, Abraham Maslow is a great figure in the history of psychology that has had a strong influence on modern psychology. He developed the famous hierarchy of needs in which he introduced five more layers of needs above the standard; air, water, food and sex (Boeree, 2006). In his arguments, he asserted that some needs were more important than others depending on the conditions. For instance, if one was hungry and thirsty, he or she tends to quench the thirst first then goes ahead to eat (Boeree, 2006). However, if the same person is exposed to a situation that will undermine his/her breathing, he/she takes care of the breathing first. Figure 1.0 below shows the Maslow’s Needs Triangle (Boeree, 2006): Figure 1: Maslow’s Needs Triangle/Pyramid Source: Webspace.ship.edu (2006) Maslow’s findings have had had a significant influence on modern psychology, education and healthcare. Since the 1970s humanistic psychology has influenced education in many ways such as in encouragement of creativity and learning communities. In addition to that, it is important to note that the theory blends well with other theories of psychology. “For instance, several therapists adopt humanistic undertones when working with their clients” (Abraham Maslow, 2009). As such, the individual appreciates the benefit that will result from advocating for adherence to core values and beliefs in shaping peoples’ lives for good. “Rational-emotive therapy, reality therapy, and encounter therapy are examples of psychotherapies linked to humanistic psychology” (Life Tips, 2011). Also, the theory has significant influence in many fields of education such as in business where Maslow’s Hierarchy is taught. Overall, the humanistic psychology has key influence in many aspects of modern psychology and education because it promotes positivity and goodness of humanity (Abraham Maslow, 2009). School of Psychological Thought most Consistent with personal Beliefs Humanistic Psychology (Humanism) is a School of Thought that I find the most consistent with my personal beliefs. This branch of psychology was developed by Abraham Maslow as a reaction to behaviourism and psychoanalysis. “As opposed to the latter branches of psychology, humanistic psychology focussed on individual’s free will, personal growth and self-actualization” (Kendra, 2011). As such, the theory appreciates the role of personal choice in the development of human behaviour. According to the theory, each individual is considered to have the potential to trigger growth and self-ac
Rehabilitation model This model approaches crime by assuming that the best treatment for any crime is treating the causative factors associated with the crime. These may be social, economic, or personal factors. For instance, unemployment is usually perceived as one of the greatest simulators of criminal activities. This model thus advocates for the increment of the crime perpetrators’ chances of employment to curb crime. This can be achieved by either altering the laws and negotiating with employers or imparting the crime perpetrators with the relevant job skills for the marketplace. A theory under this model is the routine activity theory. This theory believes that crime must occur particularly in areas where it is more lucrative in terms of pay. Curbing it calls for advancing better paying legal activities. Under the model, people only resort to crime since there are no other sources of income available (Phillips 32). Non-interventional model According to this model, the reason behind many crimes in society is purely due to the extreme pressure from the legislative bodies. People have been portrayed as criminals and therefore they only strive to make the assertion true. In the process, the crime rate increases alarmingly. The non-intervention model advocates for non-interference. This will allow people to return to the mindset of being viewed as criminal and in the process desire to change. The social control theory falls under this model. It states that society carries the entire responsibility of ensuring a given level of stability in every individual (Phillips 32). Equal Justice Model Under this model, every criminal is responsible for his criminal activities despite his economic background, social status, or ethnicity. There exist society laws that govern every individual’s actions and these should be applied indiscriminately. Under this model, th
Introduction Human growth and development is a complicated process which is inevitably impacted upon by socioeconomic circumstances within which an individual is growing up Damon and Lerner (2006). In the end these circumstances determine the personality and behavior of an individual as well as their health and socioeconomic status. An individual’s attitude and perceptions are largely shaped by the socioeconomic surroundings within which they grow up and live as children and to a considerable extent as adults. The purpose of this task is to discuss how social influences affect outcomes for children growing up in two different socio-economic circumstances in Sydney, that is, in Double Bay and Redfern. Double Bay and Redfern are suburbs of Sidney with different socioeconomic conditions. Double Bay is found in new South Wales state four kilometers south of Sydney Rawlings-Way (2010). It is the administrative centre of the local government of Woollahra Municipality Rawlings-Way (2010). Comparatively, Double Pay is a wealthy residential suburb thus its nickname “Double Pay”. On the other hand Redfern is an inner-city suburb of Sidney located three kilometers south of Sydney central business district and is part of the local government of Sydney city Rawlings-Way (2010). There is a high level of concentration of poverty in Redfern and its neighboring Waterloo Rawlings-Way (2010). The role of social class, and family life Virtually all societies are stratified in to social classes or groupings mainly on the basis of individual and family incomes and general material wealth. Children growing up in diverse social classes experience life differently. Lareau (2003) argues that social class diversity influence the very pace and rhythm of daily life. In a capitalist economy like Australia a person’s social class generally determines the kind of socioeconomic conditions he or she lives and grows in even though there is upward movement of people in between the classes. Malina,Bouchard and Bar-Or (2004) point out that living conditions related to socioeconomic status include difference in education background of parents, acquisition power for food and in turn nutritional status, access to and use of health care amenities and programs and by and large regularity of lifestyle. These scholars further observe that the socioeconomic status of a child’s family is an important factor that influences growth and maturation. A child from well off socioeconomic circumstances like Double Bay tend to be on average taller and heavier than those from socioeconomic conditions like Redfern Malina,Bouchard and Bar-Or (2004). Damon and Lerner (2006) argues that family composition and social class put forth significant influences on the way parents bring up their children and their expectations of children as they grow. It is noteworthy Parenting is import