ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction We all know that television and the advertisements they depict mislead us. However, only about 12 percent of Americans interviewed acknowledged that the media actually has any influence in their lives. We constantly succumb to deceptions time and time again without being able to stop ourselves. The media sets standards for us because it is a powerful conveyor of socio-cultural ideals that appeal to us (Donht and Tiggeman, 2006). What we dream about love, lifestyle among many others largely come from the media and the other, albeit small percentage comes from our family, friends and our self-conceived expectations. Some People who work behind the scenes on this addictive commercials or programs are very witty and crafty, usually with knowledge of the human psychology and are able to project their own notions in our mind, towing with our imagination and ultimately driving their points’ home, usually creating a desire in us to emulate or to purchase. They spend most of their time selecting images, words and even songs that they associate with their products stirring predetermined emotions in us with optimum outcomes. The messages are plastered in our subconscious mind and their repetition leads to brainwashing. The media, undoubtedly, is a very strong tool with a lot of potential for good or bad. Media advertises and promotes a wide range of information that is received by the subconscious mind. Most images portrayed are of blemish free, skinny women who have become the center of all adverts. These images drive ordinary women into spending big in a bid to match the standards set on the advertisements. As the media appeals to the subconscious, it is hard for the person to know that she has been brainwashed to desire what she sees rather than be content with the natural beauty characterized by flaws. It is in the nature of human beings to desire to be better in order to be appealing to their peers who they are in constant comparison with. Statistics The National Eating Disorders Association (NEDA) approximates that 7 million girls and women in the United States struggle with an eating disorder compared to 1 million boys and men. She further puts the average weight of the American woman as 140 pounds and the average height as 5’4″. In sharp contrast, the average weight of the American model is 117 pounds and the height is 5’11”. Fashion houses prefer thin models (Hesse-Biber, 1996) hence 98 percent of American models are thinner than the average American woman. Even children under 10 years of age say that they feel better about themselves when they are on a diet whereas, 91 percent of college students have attempted to diet at one point. Dieticians say that almost all people on a diet will eventually regain their weight within 1 to 5 years and will attempt to diet again in future. These statistics are alarming and point towards a systematic brainwash in effect in the society. Discussion Researchers argue that what women perceive of their body has no bearing whatsoever with what it actually is. Cash (1990), states that the body image
Introduction The struggle for women’s rights and abolition were intricately linked movements of the 19 th century. Professor Kelton in fact has argued that the former was in many ways an unintended outcome of the latter. Kathryn Kish Sklar is one of the women who were born in the early 19 th century and played a great role of ensuring that women achieve their equality with their male counterparts. Thus, the 19 th century marked an era when this feminist views gradually came into play and greatly influenced gender interactions. Despite the challenges facing the women’s rights movement, the group is important movement that introduces women to equal opportunities with men. Discussion How the Anti-Slavery Movement Challenge Established Notions of Manhood and Womanhood Kathryn Kish Sklar’s general idea in the book is to enlighten people on the role of women in the society during the 19 th century, how it changed dramatically, how women began to realize the various opportunities for them outside the domestic scene. She demonstrates this by showing how the white women became sympathizers of the black women who were held as slaves and were fighting for their liberation. Gender equality was the driving force behind the pushing for the freedom of slaves. As a result, the traditional views of women were changing, hence bringing about the notion of feminism (Sklar 14). On the other hand, Feminism precedes anti-feminism. This means that when one makes an effort to eliminate male dominion in the society, another tries to counter this efforts in order to maintain the status quo (Heilmann 51). The issue of feminism was countered by the United States government by abolishing slavery and giving the black men the rights to vote instead (64). This shows that the government was not ready to offer the women their rights as it decided to be gender biased. What Led the Grimké Sisters to Conclude That They Should Pursue Women’s Rights and Abolition Sklar (31) points out that the Grimke sisters had a growing belief that every human being is an independent entity and only subject to God and not to another human being. In 1829, the Grimke sisters traveled from South Carolina to Philadelphia where they found an opportunity of justifying the rights for women in addressing their issues in public. They received oppositions from the clergy men from South Carolina’s men, thus making the Grimke sisters to form the women’s rights movement in Philadelphia as they knew that the Orthodox Quakers in Philadelphia did not only oppose the issue of slavery but were also not ready to deal with challenging social issues that would result to disunity among members of their community. Despite the fact that they still had a challenge of addressing the issues concerning women equality, the Grimke sisters managed to convey their intended message using the biblical point of view. This is illustrated through Angelina who claimed that she did not recognize the difference between the rights of men and the ri
Introduction Psychology can be defined as the study of the mind and behavior. It is the application of knowledge in the study of human activity such as the day to day lives and mental illness. It is a social science that differs from the others in that it involves the study of behavior and mental processes of individuals. Topics covered in the study of psychology include but not limited to personality, perception, motivation, brain functioning, and behavioral changes. Psychology knowledge can be applied in many aspects of human activity e.g. education. There are various criticisms in the study of human mind and behavior which have been discussed by many scientists. This paper will look at the common types of criticism compare and contrast the breakthrough model and connectivity principle and also compare and contrast single-cause explanation and multiple causation. Common Criticisms The study of psychology is subjective rather than objective and cannot always be relied upon for the prediction of human behavior. For example it becomes had to define a disorder and to distinguish someone who has it from one who does not have it. Sigmund Freud is one of the ancient psychologists who developed a procedure called psychoanalysis used to treat the medically ill individuals. “The doctor’s ‘treatment’ involves eliciting repressed memories from the patient by interpreting the responses to his questions” (Asiado, 2007). However, the validity of Freud’s procedure is questionable and has been criticized by other psychologist. The doctor’s treatment as defined by Freud seems to be strange because the doctor and the patient hold conversations only, with nothing passing between them. Moreover, the doctor’s interpretation is not objective or testable. However, Freud’s treatment has been popular and has some logic in it. For example he observed that individual personality is understood by interpreting a description of childhood experiences (Asiado, 2007). Another common criticism in psychology is the criticisms of artificiality. This refers to the state of imitation or lack of naturalness in the human behavior. It is making judgment without taking into consideration the needs of a particular situation or person. There is a discrepancy between internal and external validity of research in
Introduction This paper will be based on a reflection on my personal assessment of the learning styles and personality tests. Belbin (1981) defines learning as “a permanent change in behavior resulting from experience.” Educational psychologists point out that all people have different learning abilities. As a result, different learning styles have been devised to fit various learning abilities. It is therefore imperative for one to understand his or her learning style in order to be able to choose learning activities that fit their learning styles (Belbin 1981). Once an individual understands his or her learning style, they can focus on improving their learning experience by using their best learning styles. Students who understand their learning styles can make their learning process more enjoyable by focusing on what is in their interest. Belbin (1981) asserts that understanding one’s learning style provides students with a gateway to many learning opportunities to develop their skills and knowledge. The Learning Style Questionnaire In order to understand one’s learning style, a learning test has to be carried out for evaluation. The test is conducted through a learning style questionnaire. The questionnaire is based on four learning style; the activist, reflector, theorist and pragmatist. For each of the learning style, there are up to five scoring sections with assigned points. The questionnaire format is in form of a normal distribution curve, beginning with a low of 10%, raising to 40% and falling again to 10%. After filling the questionnaire, my analyzed results were as follows; activist B, reflector B, theorist D and pragmatist D. according to the scores, I scored highly for the activist and reflector learning styles, and low score in the theorist and pragmatist learning styles.Having understood the learning styles that best fits me, my task is to strengthen my learning skills based on my learning styles. Brown and Pendlebury (1997) point out that activist have a tendency to fully submerge themselves in the leaning activities they take part in. They also have an open mind and are more focused on the present enjoyment rather than the future. Brown and Pendlebury (1997) assert that activists are inwardly centered individuals who often act without bothering others for ideas. As a result, activists hardly consider the consequences of their actions either to themselves or the other people close to them. They simply act and hope that all will be well. Based on this evaluation, my objective is to seek the best way to benefit from the traits of my learning style. According to Brown and Pendlebury (1997) activists prefer a number of learning activities which will henceforth be my focus. These include; Brainstorming, this is a highly productive learning method in which a group of individ
Introduction The Declaration of Independence is one of the most important documents in US history as it laid the foundation for the existence of an independent union of states. This historical document is one of the primary sources of law in the United States, which guarantees the natural rights of Americans to life, liberty, and safety. The book 1984 by George Orwell, on the contrary, is a demonstration of a world in which freedom of the body, rights, and thoughts does not exist, and the slightest attempts to manifest it are controlled and suppressed by the state. However, if one carefully reads the text of the Declaration and realizes the book’s main ideas, a reader can note that these two works have several similar features. However, although the Declaration of Independence and 1984 both describe tyranny, the Declaration is a manifesto of liberation from it, while 1984 is a warning about the world of people not fighting for their rights. Main body 1984 is one of Orwell’s most famous works, which has been debated for years because of its dystopian pictures that could come true. People often compare the events of the novel with modern times and often find similarities or symptoms of the society that the author described. For example, recent scandals about the national security services tracking people’s lives through their webcams resemble two-sided screens that controlled the lives of Oceanians. Packer also recalls the words of Trump’s adviser Kellyanne Conway about “alternative facts” that remind the Ministry of Truth’s principles in the novel. In addition, Americans more often can hear statements about increasing state control over the media in an era when the flow of propaganda and fake news is exceptionally high (Kakutani). However, most of these concerns are controversial, while freedom of speech and action are among society’s core values. The US government cannot arrest a person and re-educate him or her for dissent or criticism of power. Therefore, despite the fears of some pessimists, as long as citizens do not allow the state to infringe on their freedoms, Orwell’s dystopian world remains on the book pages. Nevertheless, despite the controversial similarities between the current reality and Orwell’s world, one can note the features of the Declaration, which relate it to the ideas of the novel. One of the most striking passages is the explanation of reasons for people’s tolerance to tyrannical power. According to the Declaration of Independence, the traditional idea that the government cannot be changed due to light reasons makes humanity suffer and endure the evil to which it is accustomed, instead of overthrowing it (US 1776). The story of Oceania is a prime example of such human behavior. The main character, Winston, does not remember the true history of Big Brother and the Party coming to pow
How is kinship linked to identity and culture in Indigenous families? Such a concept as kinship plays an important role in the culture and identity of Indigenous families. In this context, the term can be understood as the relationships that are developed through the lines of descent or marriage. As a rule, this concept is used to describe blood relatives. One should keep in mind that Indigenous people usually prefer to live in extended families because they want to stay close to their blood relatives. Furthermore, the extended family can shape the values, attitudes, and norms of a child. What are the implications of Indigenous views of family when working in early childhood services? There are several implications that should be considered by people working in child care services. First of all, indigenous parents want their children to learn about the culture and history of their ancestors, and these topics should be included in the curriculum. Apart from that, grandparents and members of extended family take an active part in the education of a child (Mildon & Polimeni, 2012, p. 2). This is one of the main points that social workers and teachers should keep in mind. Therefore, one can argue that it is not permissible to take a child away from his/her family. This argument is particularly relevant to the Lost Generation or children who could not grow up in the indigenous communities. What are the implications of Indigenous views of family for building on children’s prior knowledge when they begin school? Close attention should be paid to the start of formal education. The children of indigenous people are more likely to succeed provided that they can interact with indigenous teachers, who are familiar with the local culture (Bowes et al, 2011). Apart from that, non-indigenous teachers should understand the nature of family relations within this population (Bowes et al, 2011). Finally, teachers should engage parents in the education of their children. These are some of the main recommendations that can be offered. On the whole, the understanding of these questions is vital for understanding the challenges encountered by indigenous people and their children who can be separated from their native culture and extended family. Conclusion In indigenous cultures, the people should not be separated from the close and distant relatives. Moreover, they should have an opportunity to learn more about the customs and traditions of their ancestors (Kitson & Bowes, 2010). This discussion is quite justified because social workers and parents should know how the representatives of various cultures approach child rearing. Additionally, the separation between parents and children is very widespread in indigenous populations. Yet, social workers should bear in mind that this separation can have long-term implications for these children, especially their socialization and academic performance (Walter & Hewitt, 2012). This knowledge is important for people who study Australian fam
Introduction   * Self-reflection as a way to improve one’s cultural competence   * Jamaican cultural ancestry   * Addressing social norms, cultural beliefs, behaviors, and the impact on health care Self-reflection has been regarded as an effective way to self-develop and improve the quality of provided care. When it comes to cultural competence, it is critical to understand one’s own cultural background in order to develop proper relationships with colleagues, patients and their family, as well as community (Holland, 2017). My cultural ancestry is Jamaican, and I am aware of certain cultural peculiarities of my ethnic group. This work includes the major facts concerning Jamaican people’s beliefs, cultural norms, behaviors, and views on health care. The impact of this culture on the healthcare system will also be considered. Cultural competence   * Cultural competence as the process of the provision of care in the patient’s cultural context   * A more holistic approach to cultural competence encompassing political and social domains One of the most basic definitions of cultural competence addresses the major aspect (cultural peculiarities). Cultural competence is often referred to as the process of care provision to patients within their cultural contexts (Ritter & Graham, 2016). However, Garneau and Pepin (2014) note that a more holistic definition should be employed. The researchers define the concept in terms of the constructivist perspective (Garneau & Pepin, 2014). Cultural competence is a “complex know-act” that entails cultural, social, and political domains (Garneau & Pepin, 2014, p. 12). This reflection is guided by a combination of the two definitions and approaches. Some political and social elements will be included in the analysis. Sharing Thoughts, Feelings, and Ideas Jamaicans   * Are open and outspoken   * Share freely with people they trust and respect   * See such topics as sex, politics, and religion can be seen as taboos Jamaicans are outspoken people who are willing to share their ideas, feelings, and emotions, especially when it comes to family and close ones. Jamaicans are quite open with other people, but trust and respect are crucial for them to share. It is noteworthy that respect is one of the central values for these people, and they will never be open and follow recommendations of a person who has been disrespectful. However, when discussing some topics, it is necessary to remain cautious as there are certain taboos. It is viewed as inappropriate to discuss sex (sexuality, behavior, relationships) with other people even when it comes to close people. Other taboos include politics and religion, so these topics should be avoided. The Practice and Meaning of Touch   * Touch in greetings   * Touch in the family and immediate circle contexts   * Touch in other contexts including public spaces Jamaicans value their personal space but tend to have a positive attitude towards physical contact. When greeting, peo
America knows lots of different reforms. One of them may be described as essentially democratic movements that expressed the will and desires of the people at large, others as essentially elite movements that sought to enact reforms that privileged persons believed were good for the common people regardless of whether people actually wanted those reforms. Every reform is a part of American history, and now we may analyze them as the time has passed and we can see the results of these reforms. Three most significant waves of movements in America dealt with health, especially drugs, alcohol, sex, and tobacco. These tree periods occupied 1830 – 1860, 1880 – 1920 and 1970 – 2007. The movements received the name “Clean living movements”, which aims were to forbid people till 21 buy alcohol, to reduce smoking in the streets (Engs, 2001). The first reform movement period dealt with temperance, tobacco and women’s rights. Alcohol was considerate as a medicine till 1812, so was allowed in big amount. The problem of drunkenness appeared and it was a struggle with it, but drinking was not forbidden. The temperance movement held in several phases. Temperance movement began to involve more and more people during 1820s – 1830s; especially it became popular to refuse from alcohol among middle class (Engs, 2001). Tobacco was also an essential part of Americans’ life till it was not identified as dangerous to people’s life. During this time women movement for their rights is on its beginning stage. All these movements were on the wane before the war. The second period of clean living movement took place in twenty years and dealt with saloons, which played one of the main parts in that American society. The problems of alcohol and smoking still existed, but there appeared several more, the main were tuberculosis and influenza. The problem of public health created new reform movements, which aim was to reduce the number of saloons and create some departments which could control the appearance and widespread of seri