ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
History Wastewater is made up of different forms of components. However, the three main types of solids found in wastewater are suspended particles, colloids and dissolved molecules. To start with, suspended particles have a typical dimension of approximately 10 μm. The main types of suspended particles include sand, vegetable matter, and silts. On the other hand, colloids are much smaller in comparison with the suspended particles. Therefore, it is important to first destabilise these small and suspended particles by chemical means in order to help remove colloids from wastewater. This process is necessary as it creates heavier and larger flocks that can easily be removed through conventional physical treatment. The clarification mechanism involves coagulation, flocculation and sedimentation processes. Coagulation helps to destabilize particles in a process that takes 20 to 30 seconds (Water Rand 1). Zahrim, Tizaoui and Hilal (2010) have observed that coagulation entails “the destabilisation of dye solutions using a coagulant(s), which can be classified into two main categories, namely, metal coagulants and polymers” (p. 624). This technique involves the addition of coagulants to wastewater to remove suspended particles. A rapid mixing process is vital in the coagulation process in order to achieve immediate and full homogenization of the coagulant. This is a spontaneous technique that ensures that destabilisation takes place as a necessary step in the flocculation process. Flocculation, on the other hand, combines smaller particles to much larger particles in the raw/wastewater. Some of the major coagulants used include Alum: Al 2 (SO 4 ) 3 . 14H 2 O, Aluminium chloride: AlCl 3, Ferric chloride: FeCl 3, and Ferrous sulphate: FeSO 4 (Zahrim et al. 624). The flocculation process takes 10 to 30 minutes, although the maximum flocculation time varies based on the quality of raw water and the dosage used. Lastly, the sedimentation process facilitates the settling of the sediments at the bottom while clear water floats on the top. In most cases, the retention period during the sedimentation process is approximately 4-6 hours. Figure 1 below is a description of the wastewater clarification, which combines the coagulation, flocculation, and sedimentation processes. Fig 1. Coagulation, flocculation and sedimentation process. Literature Review Characteristic of Textile wastewater The textile industry uses large quantities of water at different stages of textile processing. Moreover, “the major speciality consumption operations are pre-treatment processes (desizing, scouring, bleaching), dyeing, printing, and finishing (Le Marechal and Križanec 34). All these processes consume very large volumes of water. Other processes that require water are “pre-treatment processes are de-sizing, scouring, bleaching, and mercerizing” (Le Marechal and Križanec 34). Table 1 be
While considering the concepts, purposes, and definitions of heritage tourism and cultural tourism, much controversy arises in terms of their similarities and distinctions. At a glance, both branches relate to the concept of cultural preservation, but revealed from various angles. Despite the fact that cultural and heritage visitors pursue similar purposes, it is still possible to highlight slight distinctions between those. In order to define the differences, it is purposeful to pay attention to the composite parts of heritage tourism and cultural tourism. More importantly, objects, geographic location, time frames, and representation groups are also among the limits of the two definitions. Because of the plethora of factors influencing definition, many complexities and confusions may arise. To define the differences, specific emphasis should be placed on the consideration of urban and rural areas, consideration of people as the object of tourism, and conventional attitude toward cultural and heritage tourism. The term of heritage tourism is associated not only with economic and intellectual dimensions, as well as with the historic environment, including built and natural, but also with profile of material cultural, cultural identities, and intellectual inheritances (Timothy & Boyd, 2003). However, similar perspectives are also seen while considering the term “cultural tourism”. Though the linkages between these types are presented, there are still discrepancies. Specifically, cultural tourism “…goes beyond the visitation of sites and monuments, to include consuming the way of life of places visited” (Timothy and Boyd 2003, p. 5). There is also an assumption that cultural tourism covers the concept of heritage tourism, whereas the latter is much more specific. Hence, heritage tourism is considered one of the most importance forms of cultural tourism. More importantly, cultural tourism is a larger definition because it is more associated with tourism itself as a culture. Therefore, most of cultural attractions are created to encourage more cultural visitors. Definition of cultural tourism, therefore, can be presented as follows: “all movements of persons to specific cultural attractions as museums, heritage sites, artistic performances and festivals outside their normal place of residence” (Richards 1996, p. 24). Therefore, cultural tourism does not only refer to historical pl
Currently, our societies are in need of visionary and inspiring leaders. For the world to overcome its current challenges such as economic chaos, terrorism, and social injustices, the world leaders should motivate people through actions rather than words. This implies that the world leaders should not only strive to meet the needs of their people, but also strive to be beacons of hope in their societies by enhancing justice, fairness, caring for the less fortunate and allowing love to flourish within our societies. The need for transformational leadership in our governments and institutions is evident from the current leadership wrangles. In our business organizations, increases in staff turnover cases imply that our institutions are in need of transformational leaders. In history, Nelson Mandela is viewed as a transformational leader. Unlike other historical leaders, when Mandela was the President of South Africa he treated all genders, races, tribes, and ages equally. When he was the president, he managed to unite his country, which was once considered the most polarized country in the world during the apartheid. On the other hand, Margaret Thatcher is considered one of the best female leaders who portrayed transactional leadership skills in Britain’s history. Nelson Mandela Before South Africa attained its independence, Mandela was one of the black South Africans who were championing for the country’s independence from the British colonials. His transformational leadership style was evident way back when he was the leader of a freedom movement fighting to end apartheid in South Africa (Lodge 2006, p. 3). Notably, as a leader of a freedom movement Mandela aimed at championing for an equal society where people could be treated fairly regardless of their race, colour, religion, or nationality. During the apartheid, the white South Africans were undermining the black and the coloured South Africans in every sector. To put an end to these injustices, Mandela and his fellow friends risked their lives for the benefit of all by campaigning for equality in their societies. For several years, Mandela managed to escape traps from British authorities who were determined to arrest him for his actions. When Mandela was finally captured and imprisoned by the British soldiers, he never stopped campaigning for justice in the South African society. His transformational leadership was tested during one of his trials. During this trial, Mandela never denied the char
The American gothic literature mostly follows the general rules of this genre. The gothic literature itself is a part of a broader writing movement called Romanticism. Being inherent to this movement, the gothic literature focuses on the emotional grief and moral issues raised in the characters’ hearts. However, the gothic literature is darker and evil concepts oriented. The American gothic is based on the various mythical and supernatural events embarrassed by the traditional horror stories famous in America. Developing on the grounds of the American Civil War and the Great Depression, the American gothic literature gained the unique features of moral and material destruction. The main focus of American gothic literature is the mythological concepts and the characters’ psychological madness, despair, and death. The first feature that is inherent to many American gothic stories is the culture of violence. In the story called Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge , Ambrose Bierce’s denouement is cruelly presented in hanging the main character (19). Developing based on the horrifying events of the Civil War, the plot includes various images of the violence. The second feature is the broken personalities of the characters (Anolik 22). A great example of the moral grief of the character in American gothic literature is the Young Goodman Brown , written by Nathaniel Hawthorne (12). The story is full of mystical symbolism: the author implements implicit images of despair and terror in characters’ names, the atmosphere, evil creatures. The mental choice of the main character to stay true to the Faith or betray her depicts the psychological distraction of the personality (7). The last essential feature of American gothic literature is the mythical occurrence (Anolik 24). In Young Goodman Brown , the main character is tested by the devil seducing him into believing that “there is no good on earth” (6). Thus, by using supernatural occurrences, the author creates ambiguity to let the reader find the answers to the philosophical questions themselves. Therefore, American gothic literature is characterized by three main features: the mythological basis, the broken spirit of the characters, and violent depictions. The horror-driven genre is embarrassed by such historical events as the American Civil War, which caused severe moral and material damage to the Americans. However, horrifying gothic stories help the reader plunge into the dark atmosphere witnessing the grief stirring the characters’ hearts. Works Cited Anolik, Ruth. American Gothic Literature. McFarland, 2018. Bierce, Ambrose. An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge . Dover Publication, 2008. Hawthorne, Nathaniel. Young Goodman Brown . Wildside Press, 2005.
This study aimed to find current issues with regard to progress in the field of property rights, organizational agency, and financial aspects to formulate a theory to guide the ownership framework of an organization (Jensen and William 305). The authors assert that the idea of the business corporations that are held publicly is an awesome social invention based on the common goal of creating wealth using investment vehicles that are supported by firms (Ang, Rebel and James 84; Jensen and William 311). The authors found that the number of people entrusting their personal wealth to managers in firms is growing steadily. However, there are no statistics given to support the argument. Evidence-based findings should be backed by crucial statistics. Investor-manager relationships are also anchored on the complex factors that delineate the rights of investors (Jensen and William 343). This finding could have a negative long-term impact on investments made by individuals in the corporate world because persons would stop investing upon realizing that their rights are being violated in the process of investing in firms. The agency feature is crucial in financial investment (Ang et al 90). The study found that there has been consistent growth in the adoption of the corporate form and market monetary value of established firms (Jensen and William 347). This could be an indication that creditors and investors have not been discouraged from investing by inherent agency costs. This observation could have been better if the authors established a comparison between investment trends and increase in agency costs using computable and reliable data. In conclusion, the authors state that agency costs are affected by common and statutory laws that are crucial in shaping contracts. This finding has been reported elsewhere (Ang et al 97). The shortcomings notwithstanding, organizations have survived the market over several decades. Works Cited Ang, James S., Rebel A. Cole, and James Wuh Lin. “Agency costs and ownership structure.” The Journal of Finance 55.1 (2000): 81-106. Print. Jensen, Michael C., and William H. Meckling. “Theory of the firm: Managerial behavior, agency costs and ownership structure.” Journal of financial economics 3.4 (1976): 305-360. Print.
Since time immemorial, the issue of whether intelligence increases or is suppressed during adulthood has been a source of vexation for many psychologists. Little regard has been paid to adult developmental processes as a lot of previous developmental psychological efforts have been aimed towards infants and children. This is on the assumption that with old age, one only awaits death thus there is no more need or opportunity to grow or learn. While intellectual and personality development in adults is complicated, a lot can be said and done on their development. This essay presents a comprehensive analysis on how personality and intellect develops in adults, factors that affect their development and how to live or work with such developments. Individuals go through various stages of development that alter their way of reasoning, feeling and acting that prepare them for a certain stage of life. According to Piaget, intellectual development is fully attained with formal operations during late adolescence and thus apart from several individual specializations, further growth is no longer necessary. However, formal operations are not enough. The intellectual growth of adults can be explained through the stability and decrement approaches. According to the stability perspective, adult thinking basically does not change after maturity. On the other hand, while there is little proof that one’s personality doesn’t really change much with age, there is evidence that older adults especially from those above 60 years of age do actually change thus the decrement model is of the idea that owing to various factors especially biological, a person’s thinking capacity deteriorates slowly with age (Bjorklund, 2010, page). Actually, the way an older adult thinks differs a great deal from how a young adult does. This is because as individuals grow older, there is a slight change of personality. The vigor of work and life brought on by changes in social roles help a young adult have post formal thinking that helps one be smarter or wiser. This stage of growth becomes fully fledged during old age when adults try to find meaningful existence in relation to their experiences. Majority of cultures believe that with advance in age comes increased religiosity and wisdom. Older adults become more religious or engage more in private activities that have significant meaning to their lives (Bjorklund, 2010). As opposed to young adults who view things idealistically, older adults owing to their vast experiences tend to think more realistically and clearly. Adults tend to think more logically and with advanced age because they have experienced many social situations that enable them utilize and enhance their intellectual abilities and personalities. The gender, environmental and cultural dispositions impact a lot on an individual’s personality and intellect. According to Kohlberg, adults especially women who go to mass tend to live much longer as religion enhances prosperous behavior, lend social assistance, instill adaptation skills, and enhance positive feelings (Bjorklund, 2010). In
Introduction The mystery movie Knives Out , directed and written by Ryan Johnson, is a modern whodunit that tells the story of a family gathering gone wrong as its patriarch is found dead. Released in 2019, the movie has been highly acclaimed by both critics and viewers for its stylistic direction, the unexpected turn of the plot, as well as an award-winning cast. Knives Out stars, Daniel Craig, Christ Evans, Jamie Lee Curtis, Ana de Armas, Michael Shannon, Christopher Plummer, Toni Collette, and others. While the movie’s budget was $40 million, its box office sales reached $312 million. At the Golden Globe Awards, Knives Out received the nominations for Best Motion Picture, Best Actor, and Best Actress and Best Original Screenplay nominations at the 2019 Academy Awards and the British Academy Film Awards. The accolades point to the positive receipt of the movie for its cast and screenplay. The movie can be enjoyed not only because of the story and the suspense of finding out who killed an important character but also for the unique style of cinematography and great acting. Knives Out Plot The plot of Knives Out centers around the mysterious circumstances of the death of crime novelist Harlan Thrombey the same night when his entire family gathered at the house. The appearance of the renowned detective Benoit Blanc, played by Daniel Craig, at the scene of the crime is concerning for the family because each of them becomes a suspect. The relationships between everyone are very complicated, which makes the investigation more challenging than expected. As said by Benoit, “the complexity and the gray lie not in the truth, but what you do with the truth once you have it.” What the detective encounters is the lack of the overall support for the investigation by the family, which could be a sign that a relative was involved in the untimely demise of Harlan Thrombey. Every family member has a motive because Harlan was holding the majority of the wealth due to his success as a writer, and everyone depended on him for their livelihood. Throughout the movie, the viewers discover that Harlan knew of his inevitable death because his caretaker, Martha Cabrera, played by Ana de Armas, mistakenly administered the wrong dose of medicine. To protect the young woman, Thrombey plans his death to ensure that no one would suspect Martha. However, in a twisted turn of eve
Look Deeper into the Abyss – and Watch It Look into You Throughout the history of the world, there has always been the kind of power which could not be suppressed or overthrown. The people of the greatest influence, these beholders of the world’s power were merely the TV officials. Despite the fact that many people consider the TV as merely a means of entertainment, its role is of much more importance for the mankind. Seemingly only a means of entertainment, it shapes people’s ideas of the world and the politics even in a more impressive way tan any political campaign ever undertaken. The Way the Movie Flows In accordance with its name, Videocracy is completely devoted to the role of the mass media in people’s lives. A snapshot of the life path of the great, the miserable plebs and the cunning in-between specific social layer, journalists, the movie director has managed to show the amazing fusion of tragedy and mockery of the Italian TV. However, was it only the Italian television that the film director depicted? Applied to any other country, this situation would look quite the same. Disclosing the vices of the modern people, their striving not for prosperity, but for money overdose, Eric Gandini created an unforgettable masterpiece which mirrored the lowest of the low which is hidden within people’s souls. It was extremely wise of the film director to choose the shape of a documentary to create the vision of one’s life grasped in the camera focus. It is obvious that there was only one genre which could embrace all the issues which the topic of the movie touches upon. Episodes Merging into a Story In spite of the fact that in the end, shown as a premiere, the movie looks like a complete, whole piece which cannot be separated and taken apart, it must be kept in mind that at the moment of creation the film was a sequence of short scenes and breakdowns. Thus, the original course of the operator’s thoughts can be traced even as the movie is shown to the public, eventually trimmed and with all the unnecessary elements cut. Thus, following the stream of ideas which the movie director sends the audience through, it can be observed that Videocracy has much more than the twists of the plot to expose to the loyal audience. As W. W. Norton noticed, A storyboard is a shot-by-shot (sometimes scene-by-scene) breakdown that combines sketches or photographs of how each shot is to look with written descriptions of the other elements that are to accompany each shot, including dialogue, sound, and music. (Norton 116) Thus, it must be admitted that in Videocracy, the sequence of the breakdowns was linked into a fascinating cadence of the accidents and actions of the lead characters. Making a sequence of episodes, this chain of events was developed into an intrigue spinning around the issue which has always been and will a
Introduction The fifties (and especially late fifties) of the twentieth century were marked by certain shift in public administration theory in the USA. Theorists in this field focused on human resources and people’s behavior within organizations. Leadership and decision-making were regarded as some of the most important components of public administrators’ functioning (Cox et al., 2010). Some of the most prominent public administration theorists of that period were Philip Selznick, Douglas McGregor and Charles E. Lindblom. These theorists contributed greatly to the field of public administration as they developed certain approaches which became the basis for further research. The Theorists and Their Contribution Selznick was one of the proponents of organizational approach. One of his major contributions was his attention to the goals set by the organization and employees’ goals (Shafritz & Hyde, 2012). The theorist noted that people often had different goals and this dichotomy often led to poor performance. Thus, according to Selznick, employees, who did not share the organization’s values and set goals which differed from the ones, set within the organization, could not function effectively (Shafritz & Hyde, 2012). Furthermore, the theorist also stressed that it was crucial to develop proper environment within the organization to enable employees to cooperate and be efficient. Thus, communication was one of the keys to success. Another prominent theorist of that period was Douglas McGregor. He also focused on the environment within the organization. The theorist claimed that motivation, control and leadership play essential role in the development of proper environment (Shafritz & Hyde, 2012). Thus, McGregor emphasized that leadership was important as employees needed support and control. Inspiring leaders could motivate public administrators, which could improve performance of the latter. Effective cooperation between employees could be achieved with the help of control. Noteworthy, the researcher stated that public administrators had to know the organization’s goals to be able to perform effectively. The theorist also paid specific attention to motivation as he believed public administrators (as well as any other employees) needed motivation to perform properly and achieve the goals set. Finally, Charles E. Lindblom also considered the human component of public administration. However, the theorist focused on the process of decision-making. Noteworthy, Lindblom was an advocate of democratic approach and stressed the importance of leadership. However, when it came decision-making, the theorist stressed the importance of cooperation. Lindblom claimed that the government consisted of a number of elites that cooperated (Shafritz & Hyde, 2012). This cooperation was necessary for proper functioning of public administration. The researcher also noted that public administrators had to be aware of peculiarities of decision-making processes (Shafritz & Hyde, 2012). He noted that it was essential to analyze the process of decision-making to enable