ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Strategic marketing is the key aspect of effective sales as well as product promotion. Because these principles are defined by the marketing situation, the key aspect of effective strategic marketing is the proper resource allocation, as well as adequate decision making. Therefore, strategic decisions differ depending on the marketing situation. This paper aims to review strategic management principles of a product depending on the market circumstances, based on the results of the economic simulation. Monopoly The pricing strategy on the monopolistic market should consider market demand as well as the production costs. Therefore, considering the product elasticity, it should be stated that the price can not be increased or decreased unreasonably. The price increase means lower demand. Optimal parameters for this situation will be:   * Price $2,550   * Total cost – 12.18   * Total revenue – 13.5   * Total profit – 1.29 Results of these parameters are given on the graph below: Therefore, this pricing will be the optimal variant, while the other variants will be featured with higher costs and lower profits. Advertising is the reliable engine of marketing promotion and product development. Therefore, considering the opportunity of stimulating demand, the new concepts should be promoted with an aggressive advertising campaign. Additionally, the increased demand will help to lower the price: Advertising budget: $ 600 mln, Price – 2,450 Additionally, the growing popularity of the product will stimulate the effectiveness of the advertising campaign. (Anderson, 23) Considering the necessity to improve the product, the company needs to focus on the production process. While specific improvements and innovations will increase the attractiveness of the product in general, the decrease of the production costs by optimizing the manufacturing process will help to increase demand, as well as lower prices ($ 2,200) Therefore, as it is stated by Grant (57): The corporation’s growth strategy has focused primarily on internal new product development, emphasizing both improved products for existing customers and new products for new markets. One formal objective assigned to every business unit is to obtain at least 30 percent of annual sales from products introduced within the past years. In the light of this statement, it should be emphasized that company development is the cornerstone of effective strategic marketing. Regardless of the opportunities and possibilities of technology development, the improvement of the production process should be of No. One priority. Oligopoly The key aims of the oligopoly competition involve deriving the maximum potential of the market, as well as stabilizing the prices. Therefore, there is no need to lower the prices for increasing the market share, as this will inevitably lead to essential losses. Therefore, there is no need to increase prices, as this will distract the target audience. Therefore, the optimal price for the simulation is
The article by Carole Turbin by the name “Collars and Consumers: Changing Images of American Manliness and Business” is centered on how social dynamics changes and diffusion of culture affect consumers tastes and preferences. The article focuses on a transition period from the 19 th century to 21 st century where the writer addresses the rise and fall of Arrow Collars as men fashion. The article traces the origin of detachable collars to 1827 which were adapted to as a means to ease cleaning of shirts; Hannah Montague’s was credited as the woman who invented the collar. As the article develops, the author shows how the color was used by different classes of men and how it meant different to different men. Augment about men’s collar According to the article, men class and social standing in the society could be gauged by the collar they wore; those who wore clean, ironed, and well maintained collar were thought to be of middle or high class as they would afford the costs associated with it. On the other hand, laborers and those people who did odd jobs were believed to wearing no collars; the social-economic status of men could be established by the collar the man wore. Social significance of the detachable collar According to the article, the collar was invented to ensure that despite hard washing needs that the people of the time encountered, they had a better way looking clean. The collar could be cleaned and ironed alone; people wearing the collars were seen as high or middle class working men who deceived to be clean and presentable all the time. How the arrow collar represented or added masculinity The invention of arrow collars was made as a move to have cheaper and easily maintainable collars that the detachable collars of linen. The invention was followed by adverts using people of high social standing in the society in the move to show how superior they were. They posed to show that masculinity is superior but should be matched with a good cut material; smartness and self esteem were shown in the adverts. How did collars perform the ideas of masculinity? Right from the invention of the detachable collars, it portrayed Hannah cleaning for her husband; this is meant to show that men are superior to women. On the same note, Hannah was preparing his husband to appear smart in the public regardless of the difficulties encountered when laundering. Arrow collars came to reinforce differences in social standings between women and men, according to the adverts made, flashy men was represented as the idea of masculinity and their need to have high social standing. Compare J.C. Leyendecker and Rudolph Valentino (shown in the PowerPoint slides), how they represent different performance of masculinity The ads by .C. Leyendecker and Rudolph Valentino shown men as people with high socia
A narrative essay can be defined as a story written for a certain purpose and point. People have many stories they need to tell and they therefore write narrative essays for particular audiences or for their own satisfaction. In workplaces, narratives essays are not common occurrences but at times individuals might be asked to give a report on conferences they attended or give an account of something that happened. Narrative essays give the writers an opportunity to speak about themselves. People have experiences they wish to share with their friends thus narrative essays provide the necessary tools for telling these stories in understandable ways. Narrative essays usually tell stories about the lives of individuals. They may also talk about memorable people or events that took place in the past (Essayinfo 3). Although it is advisable not to begin narrative essays with I, this may be used to initiate creativity in a narrative essay. It is also a requirement that narrative essays be written in chronological order. However, it does not imply that the rules have to be always followed because narrative essays may be boring when told in this style. Use of descriptive language is an effective way of drawing the attention of the readers into the experiences of the writer. Verbs adverbs and adjectives that make the reader create visual images should be used in narrative essays. The writing of a narrative essay should be conversational for the writers to sound as if they tell the story verbally as opposed to a written one. This is made possible by applying metaphors, anecdotes and other related tales within the narrative. The writer should think of the most comfortable way the story would have been told and write a narrative essay that way. It is always important to start with a draft then transform it into a complete narrative essay. Most narrative tales are told in the 1 st person and this applies to a narrative essay. However, if the essay talks about the experiences of other individuals, she or he may be used. Consistency is crucial in the narrative essay thus if it starts in the first person, the whole essay should be written in the first person. The most important thing to note in writing a narrative essay is that its basis is real events. As a result, it follows all the rules of an essay as opposed to a mere story (Essayinfo 4 ). Narrative essays start by explaining the topic and then introduce the characters. A basic premise is included in the introduction which in simple terms shows the lesson learnt from the experience and what makes the story important. From the draft of the e
Introduction The criminal justice system in any nation serves the principal purpose of crime control and prevention. It also fosters the achievement of justice. It constitutes a powerful component of preventing crimes, especially to the US citizens who fall victim to criminal activities, concerns. Indeed, Wellford states that effective judicial systems are the ones which “are fair, respond equally to individuals, afford individuals the full rights that are attributed to them by their society, and which seek to reinforce the community’s desire for crime control and justice” (57). In this context, wrongful convictions subvert the purpose for which the judicial system is established in the US. Wrongful conviction is costly to society. A testimony beyond any doubt that a suspect engaged in criminal activity leads to his or her conviction. In this sense, convictions ensure that the judicial system does justice not only to the victim but also to the society by eliminating a potential threat. A false conviction implies a failure to eliminate the threats. Injustice is also done to wrongfully convicted people. As such, the criminal justice system fails in delivering effective, efficient, and unswerving fair judicial process in the best interests of the public. This situation highlights the importance of determining and evaluating the causes of wrongful convictions to minimize costs, such as maintaining wrongfully convicted people in prisons and/or the cost of living with potential threats. From this perspective, this paper focuses on discussing why many people are wrongly convicted in the US judicial system. Prevalence of Wrongful Convictions Before discussing the possible causes of wrongful convictions, it is important to consider how the problem plays out in US society. Norris confirms that the number of people who are identified as wrongly convicted increases as more cases continues to be revisited (1302). Since the successful prosecution in 1989 of the first case that involved DNA testing in the US, Innocence Project, which is an advocacy group that fights for the rights of wrongly convicted persons, claims that there were 272 people who had been exonerated by 2011 (Norris 1302). The organization only considers cases where DNA evidence has been retained after a conviction to permit re-testing. It estimates that such cases only account for about 10% of all criminal convictions in the US (Norris 1302). In nations where the number of homicides exceeds 20,000 every year, the figures quoted by Innocence Project fall within the acceptable limit of errors in convictions. This finding is perhaps a valid inference upon considering that the errors have occurred within two decades. However, this number is only a piece of a submerged iceberg. Acker informs that advocates for reform in judicial systems assert that DNA testing only encompasses a conclusive approach to a successful conviction in few criminal cases (‘The Flipside Injustice of Wrongful Convictions’ 1630). This claim suggests that there are many more wrongfully convicted people in
Introduction This is a paper on judicial precedent. The paper will basically give a summary of case law (Grant v Australian Knitting Mills Ltd [1936]). This is an example of judicial precedence in action. In summarizing the case law, the paper will outline the relevant facts about the case and thus shows how it developed an early case Donoghue v. Stevenson [1932]. An outline of the Donoghue v. Stevenson case is given and afterward, a synthesis of the Grant v. Australian Knitting Mills Ltd [1936] case follows. Donoghue v Stevenson [1932] This was a case involving Mrs. Donoghue who had been bought some beer. The beer bottle had residuals of a nail. Mrs. Donoghue went to a cafe with a friend. The friend brought her a bottle of ginger beer and ice cream. The ginger beer came in an opaque bottle so that the contents could not be seen. Mrs. Donoghue poured half the contents of the bottle over her ice cream and also drank some from the bottle. After eating part of the ice cream, she then poured the remaining contents of the bottle over the ice cream and a decomposed snail emerged from the bottle. Mrs. Donoghue suffered personal injury as a result. She commenced a claim against the manufacturer of the ginger beer. (e-lawresources 1) Mrs. Donoghue succeeded in her claim and this led to the establishment of the tort of negligence and the neighbor principle (Cooke 35). Lord Aitken made the following statement in relation to the judgment of the case: A manufacturer of products, which he sells in such a form as to show that he intends them to reach the ultimate consumer in the form in which they left him with no reasonable possibility of intermediate examination, and with the knowledge that the absence of reasonable care in the preparation or putting up of the products will result in an injury to the consumer’s life or property, owes a duty to the consumer to take that reasonable care. (Privy Council 1) The Donoghue v Stevenson [1932] case has been used as precedent judicial for instance in the case of Gant v Australian Knitting Mills Ltd [1936]. Gant v Australian Knitting Mills Ltd [1936] Gillies gave a comprehensive summary of the above case: The plaintiff had bought an undergarment from a retailer. It was contaminated with a chemical, which caused severe dermatitis. The Privy Council held that there was an implied term of fitness for purpose in the contract, by virtue of the operation of the statute (the SA Act). In a case of the type in question, “of a purchase from a retailer, the reliance will, in general, be inferred from the fact that a buyer goes to the shop in the confidence that the tradesman has selected his stock with skill and judgment: the retailer need know nothing about the process
Ludwig Wittgenstein’s assertion that “The world is all that is the case” can be found in the principal work of all his life “Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus” as the Preposition 1. On the whole, the work does not feature specific arguments supporting ideas stated in it; however, it presents the very interesting approach to the representation of connection between reality and linguistics. The assertion that “The world is all that is the case” is a part of Ludwig Wittgenstein’s metaphysical view which he developed to explain his picture theory of language. The Tractatus is mainly organized around the concern that there exist certain relationships between the world, reality around us and the language (Ludwig Wittgenstein, p. 2). Language can be treated as the declaration of thought in accordance to Wittgenstein’s approach. The Tractatus begins with the description of the world around us and the issue of the “voice speaking behind” this description. It argues that it is rather hard to identify this voice. Another idea connected to the voice is that it may belong to some entity of godly nature who announces pieces of wisdom concerning the logical structure of the world (Monk, p. 24). Speaking about semantics supporting the assertion by Ludwig Wittgenstein’s that “The world is all that is the case”, it should be mentioned that there exist a row of such arguments. First of all, it can be said that everything that happens to achieve something in the world is a kind of situation that may be described as ‘case’ in the universe. Thus
Introduction Assessment refers to the treatment process of identifying the signs and symptoms, which are associated with mental and emotional disorders. The disorders are then compared with the standardized disorders. It should be noted that the treatment process should be based on the health condition of the patient because patients differ based on their coping abilities. The therapist develops a treatment plan after completing the process of diagnosis. The treatment plan helps in the process of alleviating the symptoms. Some instruments are utilized in the process of diagnosis and measuring the condition of the patient, including psychometric instruments (Barraca, Yarto, & Olea, 2000). Family therapy is a process that uses systemic and relational theories in diagnosing and treating patients, including couples, family members, and families in general. The Purpose of Assessment Family therapy entails identifying some of the factors that make it difficult for family members to coexist in unity and harmony. The process helps those in relationships in resolving issues that may lead to serious conflicts or divorce. It is noted that assessment helps in identifying those problems before they escalate into serious problems. Problems are resolved so easily once they are identified as opposed to leaving them until they bring about major problems in a family unit. The assessment process is of essence in relationships because it assists in nurturing change and development in families. Family psychoanalysis perceives family change in terms of the structures of relations among individuals. In psychological wellbeing, the interactions among family members are considered one of the critical factors. A number of schools of thoughts exist as regards to the importance of assessment in family therapy. However, all scholars and practitioners confirm that family members must be involved in finding the main problem affecting them. In this case, the origin of the problem does not matter, but what matters is the quality of solution and the process utilized in arriving at the solution. Assessment is the first step towards unraveling the problem affecting an individual or a family member. In other words, assessment is the basic stage that a therapist must consider before moving in to provide any help to a troubled individual or family member (Caldwell, Woolley, & Caldwell, 2007). Through assessment, the family therapist can influence the outcome of the conversations in a consultative meeting between the troubled individual and the therapist. The assessment process has helped therapists understand that the family is not defined in narrower sense, but instead it should be understood in broader terms meaning that the family should be defined based on the roles and relationships of closely related individuals, which may even include friends. The assessment process in family therapy is of great importance a
Observation Settings The first location was the Saddleback College Child Development Center, a care and education setting. I observed a small group of children in the classroom and the center’s outdoor playing environment. Child 1 is a five-year-old Caucasian boy, and Child 2 is a five-year-old African-American girl. The activities that took place included playing with toys and in-class discussions of pictures and other learning materials. Apart from Child 1 and Child 2, there were seven children from three to five years old. Among the adults present at the time of the observation, there were two teachers responsible for caring and supervision. The second location was an informal setting in Mission Viejo – the La Paws Dog Park. Among other visitors, there was a Caucasian couple with a six-year-old daughter (Child 3) and a Pekinese dog. The observed activities included the child’s active games with her pet and conversations with both parents. The number of other visitors nearby is difficult to estimate, it varied from twenty to thirty people, with the majority of them being adults, and the child did not communicate with her peers during the observation. Characteristic Behaviors of Young Children   * Focus on appearances       + Definition: a propensity to emphasize appearances and ignore other characteristics when forming judgments.       + Observation: Child 3 saw a Chihuahua and a Malamute dog and said, “Why do puppies play with adult big dogs?”       + Connection: the bigger dog was obviously a puppy, but the girl considered it to be older than the Chihuahua just because of its size, thus making conclusions based on appearances.   * Egocentrism       + Definition: a person’s inability to understand that people’s worldviews and opinions may differ from his/her ones.       + Observation: Child 1 offered another boy to play with his toy tank brought from home and was surprised when the boy preferred another toy.       + Connection: Child 1 tends to think that everyone shares his interests and preferences. From his viewpoint, he is offering another boy the unique opportunity to play with the best toy in the world, and the boy’s lack of interest makes him wonder.   * Theory-theory       + Definition: the way that children attempt to explore and understand the world by creating and testing their theories.       + Observation: Child 3 observed a man with a service dog and asked her mother, “Is this dog helping him to see?”       + Connection: the child becomes an eyewitness of an unusual situation (the man is the only person wearing glasses, he uses his stick from time to time to touch the ground and check for obstacles, etc.). To explain it, she proposes a theory and asks her mother (an authority) to evaluate her suggestion.   * Static reasoning       + Definition: children’s tendency to think that the things that they know do not undergo changes.       + Observation: during educational activities, a teacher asked all children to say their names, and one girl started by saying, “My name is X,” but Child 2 interrupted her and shouted, “No, X is me.”       + Connection: it seems that Child 2 was not aware of the concept of namesakes and thought th