ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Science is divided into three main categories namely natural science, formal science, and social sciences. The origin of social science can be traced back to ancient Greece, where philosophers like Plato and Aristotle contributed to the world. According to the philosophers, there was no clear distinction between natural science and social science as it is today. Social science can simply be defined as the study that deals with human society and relationships in society. Social science mainly comprises anthropology, psychology, economics, sociology, history, and political science. It also includes the study of legal systems and religions of various countries and cultures. Social science uses experiments and scientific methods to come up with human aspects. The methods used in social science are mainly qualitative and are concerned with personal interpretation hence termed as soft sciences. Natural science and formal science use quantitative methods hence they are known as hard sciences (Trigg, 2001). Social science has been developed into a career due to its complexity and human relations. This profession has had an increase in the number of people pursuing it in the recent past. What I have learned from studying social science The greatest achievement I have had from studying social science is learning how to analyze society. The society comprises of the international, local, and national community. With this understanding and analysis of society, I can relate well with the people around me. It has also allowed me to understand the different ways of life of the people in the society. With qualitative methods, I have learned how to make well-informed decisions. This has provided me with the ability to reason behind the various decisions people make. I can also use my knowledge to make critical decisions on life issues. Many people want to think big, but a lack of knowledge of social science is a hindrance. This may be classified under psychology in social science as it deals with people’s actions and behaviors (Oak, 2000, p.1). With the help of social science, I can conduct research and come up with a logical finding. Such research may be about people’s ways of life, characters, or even personal life. The findings of the research are important to the concerned party. For instance, if the research is on health matters of underage children, it will be useful to the government and medical experts (Lowa, 2010, p.1). These findings may be used to formulate rules and policies for the government. They can also be used by organizations to maximize their profits. With the knowledge I have in social science, I can research our political system and patterns of leadership. To me, this is an achievement because very few people can carry out research, analyze it, and interpret the findings. Additionally, social science has helped me expound my knowledge and understanding of geography and history. I am now able to read and interpret geographical
Situation 1 A graduate-level professional provides career counseling without required training and gives interest inventories to her clients. Even if her desire to help her clients is sincere, the lack of appropriate training forms a professional dilemma for the counselor’s colleagues, who may decide to report these incidents. Her practice may entail an incorrect evaluation of her patients’ issues, leading to poor career choices. As suggested by the Association for Assessment in Counselling (2003), the use of standardized test results requires technical knowledge to interpret the results correctly and ensure validity. The American Counseling Association (ACA) Code of Ethics (2014) obliges mental health professionals to ensure their proper qualifications before offering their clients consultations. In this case, the counselors did not have relevant training, meaning that she violated the Code of Ethics, regardless of her motivation. From a legal standpoint, the counselor has the professional licensure to provide consultations, in general, but the lack of career development training poses ethical issues. The ACA Code of Ethics (2014) serves as a valuable reference point for her colleagues seeking consultations in this situation. It advises all mental health professionals to resolve ethical issues informally before taking actions that are more decisive. While it is possible to inform the Board on this issue, the probable course of action would be to discuss it with the counselor in an informal, one-on-one conversation. If she refuses to either obtain necessary training or abandon the idea of career consultations, her colleagues may decide to inform the State’s ethics committee. In this case, the counselor faces punishments, varying from being fined to having her license suspended. Therefore, the informal, peaceful solution seems like the most beneficial course of action. Situation 2 A physically challenged individual has applied for a mid-level position in a fast-food chain. The person was denied an opportunity to ta
Lynne Cunningham describes three models for conversations full of difficulties. One of the significant criteria for having a conversation is to be a good listener as people tend to listen more than 40% of the time (1). However, there are specific models for softening the problematic conversation and achieving communicative success. Impact Messages Developed by Beth Keane, this model includes four elements: describing behavior, describing impact, identifying the desired change, and receiving a commission. For example, the chief asked their employee, Jack, to comply with the monthly report. Jack was continually irritating him with questions; however, he did not manage to cope with the task in time. If the director wants to avoid the reoccurrence of the situation, they need to influence their employee. In this case, the chief may say impactful phrases. For instance, “Jack, when you ask me dozens of questions about the report, I feel like I deal with the task by myself. I need you to learn how to comply with your assignments. Do you agree you can do it?” Stub Your Toe or Cup of Coffee Conversations The second model, Stub Your Toe or Cup of Coffee Conversations, was first introduced for communicating with the physicians; however, it further entered different spheres of activities. Typ
Biomonitoring and Biomarkers Biomonitoring The human body contains multiple elements and chemical compounds. The body is built to withstand the existence of these materials since most of them are usually toxic (Sexton, Needham & Pirkle, 2004). The ability to withstand the toxicity of the said compounds is referred to as the ‘body burden’. Biomonitoring is used to measure this burden in an individual. Most of the tests carried out in the process of biomonitoring are performed on body fluids like blood and urine. Biomarker When an organism is exposed to the environment, they come into contact with several chemical compounds. The chemicals affect the health of this organism. According to Sexton et al. (2004), dealing with such exposure requires medical intervention. It is here that a biomarker comes into play. It is regarded as an event, at a molecular level, which is associated with the said medical intervention. In essence, a biomarker is used to understand the effects of environmental exposure on the organism to determine the best medical regimen to be used. The common assays related to biomarkers include scans and toxicology examinations. The specimens used include body tissues and fluids. An example of such a biomarker is Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (HCG). It is used in pregnancy tests. The specimen used can be urine (using a colorimetric stick) or blood (using ELISA). Edible Bug Filled Cheese The environment is full of organisms that can contaminate the food consumed by people. DrMarcone (2012) recommends the production of cheese using mites. In a video blog, DrMarcone emphasizes the need for food production to meet the flavor and texture requirements. The German MIlbenkase (mite cheese) is an example of cheese produced using mites. Millions of mites are included in the cheese block to enhance flavor. The process involved is referred to as mite-assisted-affinage. Soil Contamination The soil is a key component of the environment. It is exposed to several toxins. The high rate of industrialization evidenced in the 21 st century has led to increased soil pollution. In addition to pollution, Bini (2010) suggests that there are natural processes that may alter the chemical content of the soil. As such, soil contamination can be regarded as the alteration of its chemical
No, I do not think that the nightmare scenarios of the demographers are exaggerated. The population of our world has almost quadrupled in the last century and it has been estimated that within twenty years it will increase by another billion. Another concern for the demographers is that while in certain developing nations the rate of population growth has been increasing, in the developed countries it has been found to be declining steadily. Demographers are worried that this variation in the fertility rates may lead to agitations, destabilization and poverty in certain areas, which further justifies their concern. They also feel that an increase in education, development in contraception and modernization will help to lower the present fertility rates so that population is stabilized. I also think that their concern is justified since even a small change in the fertility rates could affect our population in billions causing even more social and economic mayhem. The scramble for available resources may lead to economic and social instability and conflicts. Our increasing population will certainly put a massive pressure over our global environment and will also affect our water, food and power supplies. This can result in economic and social instabilities causing conflicts over available resources. Our population has almost reached 7 billion. This is expected to grow over the next years. Thus, with so many people the availability of resources will be affected with everyone trying to obtain resources for themselves. This will result in mayhem causing social unrest. If the current economy is, unable to support such a huge population it will become unstable and collapse creating conflicts among all for resources. It is my opinion that we can control and even reduce our growing population rate but have to do it in a natural and respectful manner promoting the human rights of the people. The best way to do this is to educate the people, especially the women and girls of developing countries so that they understand the effects of overpopulation. I also think that the media could help in educating the people by providing them with options and information that make them aware of ways to conduct family planning for their better future. The policy makers at various levels need to pay proper attention in order to stabilize our population, as their decision will affect the future generation’s well being and quality of life. Population needs to be controlled only to a certain level and we should to it that the rates do not fall below the replacement rate of fertility. The Chinese opted for the One-Child policy to control its population explosion in the last century. However, over time it has been found that this policy created a number of financial problems and an imbalance in their population growth. Thus, it is my opinion that due to its long term side effects the policy may not have been totally right. When the policy was
Introduction Wil Time Bigtime is a Philippine television show broadcast by TV5 from Monday to Saturday, having premiered on October 23, 2010. The show is hosted by Willie Revilame and produced by Wil Productions. Formerly known as Willing Willie, Wil Time Bigtime is a variety game show in which participants take part in a series of games with the winner taking home a jackpot. Controversy Since its inception, Wil Time Bigtime has aired a number of shows that can deemed offensive and bad for society and this is one of the reasons why the show had to change its name from Willing Willie to the current name. First, the show consists of in-house girls who manage the show and appear onscreen (Bahala Na Si Batman, 2011). These ladies are frequently scantily dressed and many viewers have opined that their dressing may promote acts of incest and rape. Most of these girls are regularly involved in feuds and this has sometimes led to temporary suspensions. Authorities have also mentioned that Wil Time Bigtime and similar shows draw their audiences by offering a quick source of cash, hence benefitting from the poverty of Filipinos (Bahala Na Si Batman, 2011). The most notable act that was very offensive and amounted to child abuse occurred recently when a 6-year old boy performed a macho dance to show off his talent. This is an erotic dance in which the performer wears few clothes, in some cases, the performer wears only a boxer. In this specific case, the six-year old boy known as Jan-Jan performed the lewd dance on national television, and to the shock of viewers, the host and audience were so mesmerized that they told to reluctant Jan-Jan to perform the dance numerous times (Bahala Na Si Batman, 2011). This caused a big controversy with major sponsors pulling out and forcing the government and private organizations to investigate the matter. Eventually, the show was slapped with several sanctions that forced it to make a number of changes, plus the name (Chikkadora, 2011). Defense of the Show Despite having a number of scenes that can be considered offensive, the owners of the series have every right to create, distribute, and market the television show. First, the constitution grants every member the right to self-expression, onstage or offstage. If a person wishes to express himself or herself through dance or choreography, then they should be allowed to do so. Any hindrance towards the creation of this show would be a violation of the freedom of speech and expression. After creation, the owners have the right to distribute their product television stations and private viewers that are willing to purchase it. This action can only be blocked if the owners have infringed copyright acts or violated any terms, clearly, the creators of Wil Time Bigtime have not done any action that may warrant the blockage of the distribution of their product. If television networks feel that the show violates some terms of its service, the it can eit
Introduction A product is anything that can be accessible from the market to satisfy wants or needs. The varieties of products that can be marketed by a company include physical goods, services, events, places, persons, properties, organizations, information, ideas, and experiences. In light of this, American Airlines (AA) offers products and services that are mostly flight-specific to its passengers. Even though AA is the largest airline in the world passenger fleet size and transportation, it is constantly looking for ways to serve its passengers and reviewing many new ideas to cater to its customers. Therefore, the following paragraphs describe the major products and services provided by the AA including destinations and flight services, onboard services, shipment services, gifts, and quality improvement products and services. Destinations and Flight Service In the context of destinations, the AA operates in four continents: South America, North America, Europe, and Asia. For instance, Dallas and Miami hubs act as gateways to the Americas. Whereas for Europe, the Chicago hub acts as the gateway. Consequently, the main entry for America and Europe is the Kennedy airport, while St. Louis and La Guardia act as local hubs. Thus, AA is thought of as the largest airline with the highest number of destinations, preceded by Continental Airlines. Among the scheduled flights which the airline operates in international locations include Bolivia, Saint Vincent, Anguilla, and Uruguay. According to the American Airlines management, non-stop airline services include the operation from Chicago to Shanghai, Chicago to Beijing, Miami to Salvador and Horizonte, Dallas to San Salvador, and Fort Worth to Madrid. All these flight destinations are accompanied by well-trained flight attendants who ensure that customers’ requirements are met; the company views the flight attendants as an important part of its quality product. Therefore, concerning customer behavior and satisfaction, the company seeks to treat each customer with much respect and dignity. On-Board Services American Airlines fleet is about 620 aircraft, with phone handsets and full in-flight internet service using the Wi-Fi technology on its United States flights. This is a marketing strategy that enhances the services offered to its customers, especially the first-class passengers on very long flights; many of whom are business people whose high-priced tickets pay most of the freight. Since marketing aims to meet and satisfy target customers’ needs and wants, there is a need to understand consumer behavior about their buying process (Kotler, 2003, p. 182). Thus, the AA invented the AAdvantage flyer service to reward constant clients and impr
Case Scenario Mr. Lewis Sandy lives in Miranda Heights, which is a residential home for the elderly located in Huntington, California. Mr. Sandy has increasingly become delusional, and he has been complaining of constipation regularly. Mr. Sandy has indicated that FBI secret agents have been searching through his room for drugs and weapons. According to Mr. Sandy, these agents want to kill him because they think that he has leaked classified information to the Soviet forces. Mr. Sandy has asserted further that the cleaners at the residence have been giving him the wrong medication since they are conspiring to end his life with the FBI. Mr. Sandy is not only famous, but he also commands respect and affection from everyone at the residential home. Mr. Sandy is a well-informed individual who has an interest in international politics and foreign affairs. As such, he spends much of his time reading newspapers and political commentaries. Mr. Sandy was born in Poland before his parents relocated to the United States in 1953. Mr. Sandy is a war veteran who participated in the Vietnamese war. Mr. Sandy became a prisoner of war for three years. He experienced torture throughout this period of servitude before his companions rescued him. Mr. Sandy’s only son (31 years old) is living in Sydney (Australia), and he is married with two children. The younger son (28 years old) relocated to Perth, Australia where he is living together with his gay partner. Mr. Sandy has not seen his children for the past 15 years. His wife relocated to Australia with the children after their painful divorce. His children rarely call him because the accuse him of having neglected them. Mr. Sandy was diagnosed with psychotic depression three years after the divorce, and he has undergone treatment for the post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) successfully. Client’s Information Mr. Sandy is a 72-year old Polish man who is both divorced and widowed. The case manager has referred him to the Mental Health Clinic because his hallucinations have increased in scope and intensity. Mr. Sandy has not been getting enough sleep because he has been wondering throughout the night. The case manager is worried that Mr. Sandy may stroll away and meet an unspecified accident. The patient’s physical health is also deteriorating. First, he is becoming anorexic because he has not been eating well. Second, Mr. Sandy started smoking again although he had given up this behavior three years ago. Mr. Sandy’s main problem is the hallucinations. It is essential to identify and treat the underlying risk factors. This process will entail conducting an assessment to measure the level of depression using the most appropriate scale. Townsend (2010) has identified the Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS) as a crucial tool for measuring depression among older patients. Mr. Sandy’s desire to meet and reconcile with his children is a fundamental aspect of the evaluation. This issue will be critical to establishing its effect on depressive symptoms (Probst, 2009). Other areas of need include nutrition, sleep, increased socialization, and smoking cessation. The majority of patients with mental disorders lack the c
Introduction Ethics is supposed to be the basis of human society. Justice is one of the principles governing relationships between people regarding the distribution and redistribution of social values. Social values are understood in the broadest sense: freedom, opportunity, income and wealth, signs of prestige, and respect. The fair ones are those who fulfill the law, and the unfair are those who violate people’s rights, for example, depriving them of freedom and property. This paper aims at analyzing the case of Arizona University from the point of view of ethics and reaching a solution corresponding to the ethical principles, along with discussing alternative perspectives on the subject. The Relevant Ethical Issues Social contract theory and Kantian ethics determine the way ethics is understood nowadays. These concepts are also known as liberal theories as they are primarily based on personal freedoms and praise human rationality (Lindemann, 2019). The essence of a social contract lies in the idea that there are identified political, ethical, and legal obligations between citizens and government arising from a social agreement. People deliberately transfer their right to preserve their life, property, and freedom to the state, which, through laws and the judiciary, implements it much better. In this theory, people rely on an institution of statehood, in which the guarantor of the integrity of society is a law designed to protect natural rights given from birth. Thereby, students of Arizona University rely on university management and seek safety from the institution authorities. According to this, their freedom of privacy was to be guaranteed by the governance, but the question is if it was. Deontology is a unique way of determining morality by reducing it to what is proper and fair and what is not. The deontology foundation as an ethical doctrine and presenting its liberalism as a political philosophy is assigned to Kant. The philosopher believed that justice is an unconditional norm of an individual. According to Kant (2018), authorities can strive, for example, to increase the welfare, glory, and power of the people. However, none of these kinds of aspirations should be placed above justice and achieved in contradiction with it. Therefore, the question is if the eagerness of Arizona University’s authorities to use the information gathered unbeknown to their students to improve retention is justified. Making the Right Decision Ethics of justice should be at the forefront of all leadership, for it is crucial that individuals with power over the lives of others could be able to reflect ethically on their choices and actions. Strike et al. (2005) have suggested that the administration’s ethical decisions can be approached in two ways: according to the principle of benefits maximization or the principle of equal respect. As the scholars explained, these two concepts come from utilita