ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Maternal health confers to the health of women at the period of pregnancy, during birth and the postpartum. At this time, many mothers are associated with a lot of suffering and deteriorated health which can result in death. The common causes of this ill-health during the motherhood period are; high blood pressure, hemorrhage, obstructed labor, unsafe abortion, and other infections which normally lead to mortality and morbidity (Yonath & Frydman 2012). These deaths mostly happen during the birth period or immediately after childbirth. In Papua New Guinea, an estimate of 50 million people does suffer from insufficient intake of vitamin A. It occurs when fruit and vegetable intake and even sometimes when fat intake is low. Haerens (2012, p.78) claims that deficiency leads to childhood blindness, and also lowers the resistance of the body to infectious diseases which eventually raise morbidity and mortality rates. These are some examples of infections, respiratory infections, measles, and diarrhea. Hauner & Strohm (2012, p.43) found out that ‘poor nutrition status is associated with delivery problem and prevalence of anemia and growth retardation’. Poor health affects fertility and productivity by lowering the adults’ physical and intellectual performance. This leads to impairing the national population. Malnutrition also causes a lack of iron in the body (Haerens 2012, p.78). Among the refugees and other vulnerable fall pray of deficiencies of elements like zinc, and selenium which in turn leads to outbreak of scurvy, pellagra and beriberi (Buonocore 2012, p. 89). Besides, cricket affects a significant numbers of children in most areas. The private sector, international organization, non-profit making organization, government, and local communities can contribute to the initiatives designed to curb the nutrition challenge (Masatlioglu, et al 2007, P.654). The government of Papua New Guinea can contribute through agricultural, health, educational sectors and social welfare. This can be achieved by increasing the nutritional impact of their respective sectoral policies, and projects. The objectives are achieved in light of inter-sectoral cooperation through resource availability and need. On the other hand, non-profit making organization mostly foster formulated activities at the community-based level to address this menace (Adams & Ferraro 2012, p.9998). These agencies supply food to the household and maintain food security throughout the year (Bruce 2012, p.139). The private sectors in Papua New Guinea that own production firms also contribute by ensuring that consumer is protected through high quality and chemical-free products (Maynes 2012, p.100). Maynes (2012, p. 100) suggests that consumers should also be advised on hygienic food handling. Education and training are also conducted at the grass root level to reach rural residents. Era
Attempts at improving access to and quality of healthcare services have been going on for a while, with varied effects having been achieved so far. However, among the current trends, the endeavor at introducing a systematic approach to managing health issues can be called the prevalent one (Sherrow, p. 11). Consequently, the notion of Universal Healthcare, which is expected to unify the existing approaches to public health management, is often deemed as the ultimate response to most present-day health concerns. However, on further inspection, the Universal Healthcare system turns out to have several critical flaws that may affect the target community negatively. Due to the provision of unnecessary services and the related costs, as well as the threat of a massive decrease in health literacy levels among general audiences, the Universal Healthcare system should be, at the very least, postponed until an improved approach is introduced. Payment Access to healthcare and the relevant services is largely defined by people’s ability to pay for the required healthcare services. Therefore, a flexible pricing strategy and the opportunities for covering the associated expenses with the help of insurance are critical to one’s ability to address one’s health needs accordingly. The current framework for health management, namely, the use of Medicare and Medicaid insurance, may be flawed, yet it allows handling the challenges linked to the rapid alterations in the prices for medication and treatment. However, once the specified systems are replaced with the Universal Healthcare model, the prices for health management services and treatment options are expected to skyrocket, making health management inaccessible to a range of disadvantaged groups (Sherrow, p. 17). One might use the example of Canada as one of the more successful implementations of the Universal Healthcare model. Indeed, the Canadian experience has shown that the specified framework can be used to improve the well-being of citizens. However, it is worth keeping in mind that the political and financial environment of Canada is significantly different from that one of the U.S., especially in relation to the latter’s libertarian policies and regulations. As Naylor explained it, The consolidated federal health care legislation for cost-sharing (Canada Health Act, 1984) outlaws private insurance for any publicly insured service and penalizes provinces and territories that levy user fees or allow additional charges by physicians beyond the negotiated “Medicare” fee schedules. These restrictions clearly conflict with the libertarian ethos of the United States (Naylor, p. 17). Therefore, the integration of the U
Introduction While there were many methods used in the 18th century to achieve revolution, art paintings played a significant role in expressing the people’s ideas and rallying support for the cause. Paintings served as a medium to communicate messages and emotions that words could not express, and they captured moments in time that would be otherwise forgotten. They also stirred up emotions and provoked thought, which was especially effective in getting people to take action. These arts included Breakfast Scene (1795) , Death of Marat (1793) , Liberty Leading the People (1830) , Third of May (1808) , and The Stone Breakers (1849) . Each of these paintings depicts a critical moment leading up to a revolution. Painting Revolution Inspiration Third of May , depicted the execution by firing squad of Spanish rebels by French troops. The painting was controversial when it was first exhibited because it showed the brutal reality of war. Its impact was such that it is thought to have inspired the revolts against Napoleon’s rule in Europe during the early 1800s (Eitner, 2021). The Stone Breakers showed two workers breaking rocks on a roadside and was an allegory of the hard labor endured by the working class. The painting was seen as a protest against social conditions. Breakfast Scene was a painting that depicted the poverty-stricken conditions of the lower classes in 18th century England. The painting was banned for public exhibition, as it was seen as a threat to the social order (Eitner, 2021). Death of Marat was a painting that commemorated the death of French revolutionary Jean-Paul Marat. The painting became an emblem of the French Revolution and helped to rally support for the revolution among the people . Liberty Leading the People painting depicts a scene from the revolution, with Liberty (a female figure) leading the people forward over the bodies of fallen monarchy troops. Social Factors Influenced the Revolution It is interesting to compare Hogarth’s Breakfast Scene and David’s Death of Marat . Both paintings depict a moment of intense drama and killing of a political figure (Eitner, 2021). Hogarth was born into a wealthy family and was able to study art in Italy. David, on the other hand, was born into poverty and had to work as an apprentice before becoming a successful artist. It is possible that this social difference may have influenced their portrayals of violence. Concerning Liberty Leading the People , the social factor that influenced the creation of this painting includes the July Revolution of 1830, in which King Charles X was overthrown and replaced by Louis-Philippe I (Carrier, 2020). Conversely, The Stone Breakers painting responded to the social upheaval of the time (Nicholson, 2019). On the other hand, the Third of May was influenced by Napoleon’s invasion of Spain in 1808, during which Spanish patriots rose against French troops. Visual Characteristics and their Meanings The visual characteristics of each painting contributed to its meaning in a
Introduction Over the past few years, significant changes have been observed in the diplomacy field. The process of globalization, which has come in full swing by the beginning of the 21 st century, has revealed that some health concerns have transcended political and economic issues, turning into global problems. As a result, these health issues affect the course of the global politics, including the tendencies in foreign relationships in general and diplomacy in particular. By introducing a set of specific rules and regulations for international trade, the proponents of global health create the environment, in which sustainability can be fostered and, therefore, the principles of shared global responsibility can be promoted (U.S. Department of State, 2014, para. 1). Discussion Where Health and Economy Issues Cross At the first glance, there seems to be no way that the very idea of global health could be somehow related to economy and finance – the gap between the concerns for public health and the issues regarding trade and diplomatic negotiations seems far too big. A closer look at the concept of global health will reveal that it concerns not only the field of healthcare, but also a variety of issues that are connected closely to the process of international negotiations and the art of diplomacy. For instance, the principle of sustainability, which has recently been considered the top priority of the global political and economic relationships, in fact, hinges on the key principles of global health. Herein the necessity to incorporate the key postulates of global health and the major diplomatic strategies lies. According to the official definition, global health diplomacy as a phenomenon can be interpreted as the concept that “brings together the disciplines of public health, international affairs, management, law and economics and focuses on negotiations that shape and manage the global policy environment for health” (World Health Organization, 2014, para. 1); therefore, the foundations of global health may enhance the current economic processes, encouraging global trade on a more advanced level, which will promote safety as the basis for economic relationships. The necessity to introduce the concept of global health into the international relationships in general and the diplomatic processes that are carried out within the specified domain in particular is predetermined by the specifics of the current relationships between the states. The fact that the globalization process makes the states involved in international trade dependent on each other has led to the need for major countries to acknowledge the health concerns of the third world states, and the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) is a graphic example of that (World Trade Organization, 2014a, para. 1). It would be wrong to assume that the phenomenon of global health diplomacy has not been used up to date in the realm of international relationships – quite on the contrary, health concerns
The Concepts of Early Literacy Development The article under analysis is the “The comprehensive language approach to early literacy: The interrelationships among vocabulary, phonological sensitivity, and print knowledge among preschool-aged children” (2003) by Dickinson, McCabe, Anastasopoulos, Peisner-Feinberg, and Poe in the Journal of Educational Psychology . The study reports about the assessment of the literacy skills of preschool-aged children and analyzes various ways of developing early literacy. The authors of the article evaluate other different studies in this area and analyze effectiveness and productivity of various methods and factors influencing correct assessment principles. In this respect, a combination of phonemic awareness and “phonology, semantics, syntax, discourse, reading, and writing” (Dickinson et al., 2003, p.465) enables learners to acquire the language and its peculiarities with the help of literacy skills. I think that the idea of a complex approach is really constructive and requires more common application of it among tutors and learners. Phonological Sensitivity Approach The phonological sensitivity approach is the basic one and it is not sufficient to provide researchers with a comprehensive analysis of learners’ literacy skills and is aimed at merely making children of early preschool age aware of the basic phonemic structures, rules, and principles. In this respect, tutors can make use of the method offered by Schmidt, Miodrag, & Francesco (2008) where researchers analyze the productivity of computer related collaboration of a teacher and children while acquiring early literacy skills. I think that the phonological sensitivity approach appears to be of little use due to its insufficient sphere of influence and results demonstrated during numerous analyses. However, the authors of this study have chosen the right method for their research because a vivid contrast enables the readers to realize the importance of taking necessary measures while developing early literacy skills. Furthermore, it empowers us to analyze the significance of phonemic awareness for older children as “Studies of older children who have great difficulty learning to read have highlighted the importance of phonemic awareness” (Dickinson et al., 2003, p.467). In this respect, phonemic awareness appears to be required for basic skills of reading. Nevertheless, the literacy skills include other more complicated structures and concepts than mere phonemes. Storybook reading is aimed at development of the only aspect (recognition of phonemes previously learned in a separated manner and combined in a way that makes them full of sense). However, it is necessary to take into account the effectiveness of storybook reading for literacy development. This effect is achieved through engaging a child into an activity that appears to be interesting for him/her and useful at the same time. Thus, Justice, Kaderavek, Fan, Sofka, and Hunt (2009, p. 68) have suggested that the process of storybook reading can be successfully used to accelerate literacy skills devel
Introduction Post Christianity, a concept that explains the self destruction and decline of Christianity is a totally new idea. It is however justified by the fact that people are continually drifting from conservative Christian morals evidenced by laws and consitutions that are not based on strict Christian principles and doctrines (Meacham para. 2). The church is increasingly losing battles on issues like abortion, school prayer, and even same sex marriages. Although people are becoming more liberal, I do not find this to be a good idea because some of the choices we make are leading the human race to self destruction.The rising number of disasters and calamities affecting our land are evidence of the poor choices we have been making. Sharia law For Instance, in a case whereby Sharia law has been given precedence over other religious teachings Jihad is justified in the name of self defense causing destruction. I attribute this scenario to the decline in evangelism and fighting among churches that is causing this laxity among Christians and in turn causing fewer conversions to Christianity. Due to fewer non Christians in positions of power that influence decision making, laws that are contrary to Christian values have been formulated to favour the majority though this does not necessarily mean they are right. Christianity I disagree with the author’s opinion that America should not be a strictly christian nation.Although some authors assert that America was not founded on Christianity, its motto which says in God we trust should be used as an underlying principle in its educational and legal framework. The writer still mentions that freewill is a God-given right. We can only differentiate right from wrong because God has written these laws in our hearts “For this is the covenant that I will make with the house of Israel after those days, saith the Lord; I will put my laws into their mind, and write them in their hearts.”—Hebrews 8:10. (The Holy Bible New International Version) Christian era With the numerous vices that are going on in our society, we cannot justify that the new generation believes they are doing the right thing, their conscience still judges them even if the state may have legalised some of these vices in the constitution. The author should have discussed what religion really is or not and discussed its influence on the society. Although religion is diverse and dynamic it is important to acknowledge the existence of a supernatural entity over our powers of judgment. My interpretation of the arcticle is based on the decline in the number of believers. This shoul
The bread industry in Saudi Arabia is a multi-billion-dollar sector, but it is not without its weak spots. Bread pieces are perishable, so there is a higher risk of waste if the ingredients are not baked adequately. One of the strategies to consume healthy food is to prepare meals at home. However, despite the obstacles bread bakers encounter being great, they are feasible to handle, therefore allowing young Saudis to become self-sufficient. The first procedure is generally connected to scaling, also known as “Mise en Place” (Baking Industry Research Trust, n.d., para 4). In scaling, immediately before beginning the bread-making process, it is crucial to collect all the ingredients and measure them precisely. In this scenario, weighing ingredients by weight is a considerably more exact technique to measure and is the recommended approach for bread manufacturing. According to Baking Industry Research Trust (n.d.), there are two primary purposes of combining components: distributing the different ingredients evenly and permitting the creation of a protein (gluten) structure to offer the finest bread possible (para. 4). Therefore, the process of cycle bread preparation comprises seven connected stages: mixing ingredients, rising (fermentation), kneading, second rising, baking, cooling, and eating. The second phase in the bread-making procedure at home is the “first rise,” also known as bulk fermentation. After the dough is mixed, it is allowed to rest and ferment. Fermentation happens when the yeast starts to feed on the carbohydrates and sugar contained in the dough. As the yeast feeds, carbon dioxide is created, which causes the dough to rise and produce the bread’s texture and taste. According to Tabibian et al. (2017), dough fermentation is influenced by temperature (p. 325). On the other hand, spiking vitamin levels may fluctuate at various temperatures. After the preparation procedure on the dough pieces is completed, the obtained findings suggest that temperature change has no signi
Introduction One of the most pressing demographic challenges, associated with the realities of today’s living in America, has to do with the fact that, as time goes on, the overall rate of divorce in the U.S. continues to remain rather high. After all, there can be only a few doubts that described state of affairs, in this respect, cannot have any other, but a strongly negative effect on the systemic integrity of American society. Therefore, it is fully explainable why throughout the course of the recent decades; there have been a number of sociological studies conducted to identify the actual driving forces of marital dissolution in the U.S. Nevertheless, the findings of these studies appear to be rather inconclusive, at best. One of the reasons for this is that, due to being multidimensional, in the discursive sense of this word, the issue of marital dissolution in this country is much too complex, to be concerned with the application of sociological inquiry alone. In its turn, this implies that when it comes to researching the factors that contribute to marital dissolution, one will be much better off adopting an interdisciplinary approach to address the subject matter in question. Moreover, this approach must also be phenomenological/interpretative to an extent – the main precondition for the would-be undertaken research to prove discursively enlightening (Larkin, Watts, & Clifton, 2006). The above-stated helps to explain the rationale behind my decision to conduct this study within the methodological format of an interpretative phenomenological analysis, concerned with reviewing the relevant academic sources of interest and analyzing/interpreting the actual significance of the would-be obtained qualitative insights into the issue. The appropriateness of choosing in favor of this specific research-format can be further illustrated, in regards to the fact that so far, the collection and quantification of the cross-sectional data, concerned with the phenomenon of marital dissolution, as the method of attaining a better understanding of the factors that trigger it, has not yielded any tangible benefits. The main hypothesis that will be tested in this paper can be formulated as follows: The would-be identified risk factors for marital dissolution in the U.S. should be seen reflective of the on-going process of American society growing increasingly multicultural, on one hand, and affected by the discourse of political correctness, on the other. The rationale behind this suggestion has to do with the fact that there are indeed many reasons to believe that, when it comes to assessing the risk factors of marital dissolution, one must be aware that there are both: biological and environmental aspects to how this process is being initiated. This again calls for the analytical approach to defining these factors to be interpretively interdisciplinary. Some of the main questions that I expect to be able to answer, in the aftermath of having conducted the literature review and elaborated on the significance of the would-be obta