ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction For a long time in human history, the Middle East region has had substantial intensities of geopolitical significance and, therefore, had considerable levels of global interest and great tension (Commins, 2012). Particularly, the region has had many issues, including political, socioeconomic, and religious aspects that significantly contribute to the apparent international attention. For instance, the gulf area has continually remained a vital international trade route linking the Middle East and other regions, including Africa, Europe, and other Asia (Bo & Zhen, 2014; Barnwell, 2013; Cooper, 2012). Some of the interesting elements in the Middle East include the modern history of the rise of the Gulf States and their evident strategic socioeconomic importance to the neighboring regions and the world (Cooke, 2014; Commins, 2012). The rise of the Middle East was significantly evident in the 1960s-1970s when oil the exploitation transformed the livelihood of people from the U.A.E, Qatar, Bahrain, Saudi Arabia, and Kuwait from the archaic fishermen/nomads/pearl divers to societies that could comfortably and effectively interact and compete with the modernized world (Cooke, 2014). Apparently, the transformation had significant socioeconomic and political implications in the region and the world. This paper discusses the modern history of the rise of the Middle East (giving significant attention to the Gulf States). Moreover, the significance of the rise of the Gulf States on regional stability and the consequent implications for other states and regions globally. Finally, the paper endeavors to argue for the rise of the Gulf States as the reason for the stability in the Middle East relative to the surrounding countries, including Egypt, Jordan, and Syria. As such, the paper is based on the thesis; the rise of Gulf States since the 1960s and 1970s had grown more important to the stability of the Middle East than the states that experience critical conflicts in the Middle East. A Brief Historical Background before the Formation of the Gulf States The Middle East region has a very rich and a relatively long history dating back to the medieval period (Barnwell, 2013), but the most critical time that could be linked to its transformation is the mid-17 th century when the European powers, including Britain, the Netherlands, Germany, and France demonstrated their interests (Commins, 2012). It is worth noting that the key economic activities prior to the rise of the Gulf States included fishing, trade
Sewage spills and overflows accounts for 1,600 closing and advisory for beaches after storm water, wild life and boats discharges. With the current relocation of people in large masses to the coastal areas, there has been an increase in pollution of beach waters due to sewage contamination rendering the waters unsafe for recreational activities. There are pathogens such as viruses, bacteria and other parasites found in waste. Contaminated recreational water poses a great health risks to the public and other consumers especially young children due to their playful nature and weak immune system. Water borne diseases One of the main water borne diseases surfers or beach water users can be contract from contaminated beach water is typhoid, results from by a bacterium called Salmonella. Contaminated water is with human faecal is one major source of this bacterium. Shellfish growing in faecal polluted water can build the bacteria up for the. Common signs and symptom of a person suffering from typhoid include watery diarrhoea, malaise, fever, anorexia, headache constipation and dehydration. Another disease contracted from faecal polluted water is cholera. This is acute water borne diseases caused by vibrio cholerae bacterium and can kill within a short period if untreated. WHO estimates that 120,000 people die from cholera each year? Acute watery diarrhoea and severe dehydration are some of the signs and symptoms. The dysentery affects walls of the intestines and is brought about by an amoeba known as ‘Entamoeba histolytica’. A suffering from dysentery does not show symptoms for long period but it damage the intestinal walls of the infected causing bleeding. Other signs of dysentery include cramps, frequent loose stool, and some cases difficulty in passing of stool, ulcers and diarrhoea, which may contain bloods spots due to damaged intestines. Other diseases contracted by contaminated water include hepatitis, anaemia, ascariasis and schistomiasis among many more others. Finally, another threat posed to consumers of beach waters includes the red tide. Red tides are type of microscopic algae that are responsible for production of toxins in water. These toxins can lead to serious health problems to both humans and marine creatures. Abdominal cramps, diarrhoea, vomiting and nausea are the main symptoms displayed by a victim of red tide. Challenges in monitoring and managing beach water Amongst the challenges encountered in monitoring and managing beach water are
Introduction Perioperative nursing is an integral field in nursing, for it ensures that patients who have undergone surgical operations do not get surgical site infections (SSI). The recovery of patients who have undergone surgical process considerably depends on perioperative care they receive from nurses; hence, perioperative nursing is essential in enhancing patients’ recovery. Belton and Berter (2004) explain that perioperative nurses deliver safe patient care by developing a nursing care plan, coordinating operational activities, and assessing the recovery process of patients (p. 27). Even though surgeons may perform successful surgical operations, SSI threatens to heal wounds and thus affects the recovery of patients. The United States’ statistics indicate that SSI accounts for about 17% of all infections acquired in hospitals and causes complications of 2.6% of over 30 million operations annually (Welsh, 2008, p.2). Thus, SSI is not only an issue that faces the healthcare system but also perioperative nursing care in various hospitals. In this light, this essay examines SSI as an issue in perioperative nursing and further explores the implications of literature recommendations to perioperative nursing and perioperative environment. Surgical Site Infections SSI is a group of infections that usually affects patients who have undergone a surgical operation. During early times before the introduction of antiseptic principles of sterilizing surgical apparatus, many surgical patients used to suffer from SSI, which prolonged their recovery period and at times led to death. Currently, the introduction of antiseptic principles of sterilization has led to a massive advancement in surgery and perioperative nursing (Greene & Mills, 2010, p.79). However, in spite of enormous advancement in the operating room practices, sterilization of apparatus improved surgical techniques and prevention of infections, SSI is still a severe challenge of hospital-acquired diseases. Moreover, hospitals that have limited resources to perform safe surgical procedures and offer effective perioperative care register high rates of SSI, which contribute to mortality rates, yet they are preventable. Belton and Berter (2004) argue that since SSI is posing a severe threat to the efficiency of surgical procedures and recovery of patients, the healthcare system needs to equip perioperative nurses with appropriate technical interventions (p.27). Hence, it is the responsibility of perioperative nurses to ensure that surgical patients receive proper perioperative care to prevent SSI. SSI consists of both endogenous and exogenous pathogens that infect site of surgery sin
Introduction The protection and restoration of the environment are important duties of every individual if our world wants to continue enjoying the benefits that nature brings. These tasks cannot be left to the government agencies alone because of the people who interact with their habitat everyday. Research showed that individuals were not conscious enough of the damage they exposed the environment to through their activities. This has led to environmental degradation which has affected various habitats in a number of ways. Some of these habitats that are under a real threat due to this degradation are stream and rivers’ biodiversity and productivity. Though evolutionary change was noted over the past few generations because various species had disappeared from the ecosystem, human activities have a great impact on the natural ecosystems. According to Williams et al (271), this has affected the earth biota in a number of ways. This paper will focus on the effect of these activities on the population of salmon fish and seek to find some explanations for this issue. This is because the population of this species has been noted to reduce consistently over the past few decades. Much of this decline is attributed to human activities which interfered with the physical stream habitat and caused the danger. Such a situation has happened because of high rates of fishing on this species. This affected the population of both the young and adult salmon. Materials and Methods In determining the population stability in salmon species, consistent change in environmental conditions was noted as the greatest force behind the decline in populations. Therefore, Measures can be taken to reduce this interference, especially after determining how this occurs. However, the problem that most of ecologists have found difficult to decide lies in coming up with the appropriate processes that outline the variability in the fish population abundances. The best time to determine the temporal variability in fish population abundance is spawning which is the most important part of their life because fish is a species that reproduces fast. The reason to take into consideration this period is that there are high rates of mortality in the fish species during the spawning. According to Einum et al (812), this is determined by trade-offs between egg size and number. During that period, an organism is highly productive, so this fact should reflect in the high mortality from egg to adult life. As a result of the high mortality, even a small level of environmental change may lead to even larger change in adult population abundance during the juvenile stage. In fact, any changes raise the mortality rate at this stage. On the other hand, such species that lay fewer eggs, but that are larger in size show more stable numbers in their population. This thesis is supported with comparative data received from the month long observation of the population when the egg size was important in unfriendly environmental conditions. Therefore, adopting other approaches seems to be the best option. This includes such ones as phylogenetic compar
The American society and history of it cannot be mentioned without the flow of African American people. This was characterized with the ideas, traditions, and culture of Black people after their enslavement and removal to the North America. The African American part of the society could not express their views on what was happening in America during its stages of development without the implementation of the philosophical background for the scientific accuracy. Booker T Washington, W.E.B. Du Bois and Malcolm X are those eminent persons who contributed greatly to the national grounding of African Americans as the constituent part of the United States during the struggles in previous times until contemporary realities. The philosophical heritage of the US from the side of African American authors is significant to evaluate on the prospects of freedom, religion, education, and social importance of Black population for the United States. With more and more separation between the North and the South of America the development of African American thought drew to a head. It was due to Booker T. Washington, W. E. B. Du Bois, Malcolm X, and Dr. Martin Luther King, in particular. The influence of “Black America” on the rest of the American society is highly felt in the social transformation and constant frictions between Whites and Blacks. According to the democratic way of reforms Black people of America always urged to find the solutions for their place in the society. Due to this reason there rose many socially active people who tried to implement the humane ideas to the whole structure of the American society. The impacts on White top of the nation began with literature and works by H. B. Stowe, later Gertrude Stein and Langston Hughes. The philosophical explanation for the needs of African Americans to have similar rights and benefits in social life is considered with the works by three major Black philosophers of the United States and their views and even hot discussions about educational, religious, and, of course, social affairs of African Americans. While talking about the religion approach for Black people living in America, it is necessary to mention that in Black churches African American tried to represent their thoughts according to the beliefs and strategic significance of the Christian religion and the teachings of Jesus Christ. Du Bois and Griffin (2003) pointed out the exclusive role of Baptist churches in which Black Americans were mostly concentrated. The authors value the church of today as one of the arenas where social issues should be resolved: “The Negro church of to-day is the social center of Negro life in the United States, and the most characteristic expression of African character” (Du Bois and Griffin, p. 137). This concern was also supported by Dr. Martin Luther King in some of his works and in his historical speech “I Have a Dream”. In fact, the United States with the influence of African Americans is realized to have suchlike churches which, exactly, chara
Thai Airways is a public transportation company that provides airline courier services throughout the Thailand Kingdom. It provides a range of services, including domestic and regional flights, as well as intercontinental flights to African, European, and Western countries. The headquarters of the company, as well as one of the major airports is situated in Bangkok, from which it provides flights to all the major points of the country and around the world. Thai Airways was founded in 1960, and since then has undergone several major changes to be up to date with the contemporary standards and provide the required level of service to the customers. One of the most prominent turning points was the formation of a joint venture with the Scandinavian Airlines System (SAS). This allowed Thai Airways to expand its area of influence by utilizing the additional resource base of the partner, as well as a managerial insight unavailable to TAC otherwise. The expertise of the staff was improved as well, resulting from the training exercises and assistance of more experienced pilots. Since the joint venture, Thai Airways has reached a new technical and economic level and continues to experience financial growth. Currently, the company is pursuing its long-term goal of becoming an independent national airline (Company Profile 2015). This report aims at assessing the productivity and performance of the TAC in a time period of 2011 through 2014. To achieve a comprehensive result, it utilizes four parameters that are widely used to estimate the profitability of the airline companies: CASK (cost per available seat kilometer), RASK (revenue per available seat kilometer), fuel cost per ASK, and revenue per employee (Swan & Adler 2006). As the company is not known to undertake any radical moves or implement any major changes, the initial assumption is the stable performance characterized by little or no difference in any given parameter (Hong & Zhang 2010). Cost per Available Seat Kilometer Cost per available seat kilometer = Operating expenses/Available Seat Kilometer The available seat kilometer is a parameter that describes the total number of seats available in an aircraft flown over a distance of one kilometer. The parameter is counted per seat. It is calculated by multiplying the number of seats available in a certain plane at any given time and distance covered by the plane in kilometers. The CASK can be perceived as a SI unit of seats. In other words, it approximates the carrying capacity by mathematically estimating the cost of every kilometer covered by each seat. This parameter is useful for determining the losses as well as revenues of the airline more precisely. As such, dividing the company’s expenses by the ASK, we can estimate the likelihood of the company’s profitability. By looking at the bar diagram above, we can see that throughout the designated time period, the CASK was largely within the same range, with the biggest deviation of 0.09 million between 2011 and 2012. Additionally, no tendency of either growth or decline is obs
Current Risks   * All forms of violence towards care providers.   * Direct or indirect mode of perpetration.   * Physical assaults or threats of assault.   * Risks involve physical, emotional, and psychological harm.   * Care providers’ service delivery is affected.   * Leads to negative healthcare outcomes. According to the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), workplace violence includes all violent acts directed towards healthcare providers including physical assault or threat of assault in the course of performing their duties (Sharp, 2015). Such acts may involve threatening gestures, verbal threats, puling hair, spitting, hitting, and all other forms of physical aggression. Therefore, healthcare providers face the risk of physical, emotional, and psychological harm from work-related violence. Some healthcare workers have also reported sexual harassment, which is a form of violence. The mode of perpetration might be direct or indirect. Ultimately, the victims of this violence may suffer from physical injuries, depression, or post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) (Phillips, 2016). These consequences affect the way care providers deliver services to patients, thus leading to negative health outcomes. Nursing Professional Bodies   * ANA notes that workplace violence in healthcare sector is on the rise.   * Violence cases increase by 25 percent annually.   * Causes are diverse.   * Need for mitigation measures. According to the American Nursing Association (ANA) (2015), workplace violence among healthcare providers in the US has been increasing consistently over the years. In 2014, the International Association for Healthcare Security and Safety carried out a study and found that violence among healthcare providers increases by about 25 percent annually (Smith, 2016). The causes of this form of violence are diverse including the rising number patients, increased wait times, few hospitals, and shortage of care providers among other problems. Therefore, there is a need to come up with mitigati
Music in video games is often taken for granted, which is completely unjustified. In his paper, Bongiovanni explains that videogames soundtracks often represent one of the main selling points since it is critical to make the background music both memorable and as unobtrusive as possible. Thus, the author posits that soundtracks contribute largely to the feeling of nostalgia that a range of people has toward video games. Although the lack of focus on the other constituents of the videogame experience can be seen as a weakness of the stud, the detailed analysis of how the soundtrack helps to form the feeling of nostalgia in gamers is crucial to understanding the subject matter. The article was instrumental in understanding how video game nostalgia develops. The concept of nostalgia is often mentioned when talking about media and especially the type of media that is inherently tied to people’s childhood, such as books, movies, animated films, and video games. Kalinina explains the mechanism of developing nostalgia, stating that the feeling is so powerful that it can be used for therapeutic purposes. The specified article provides the basis for understanding how nostalgia develops and what factors affect its intensity and overall impact. Although the focus on the focus of the study could be seen as quite dispersed and slightly chaotic, the evaluation of the tremendous impact that media has on the development of nostalgia can be used to build the basis of the argument for the nostalgic value of the commercial. In his paper, Keogh offers a slightly different stance on the subject at hand, showing how companies capitalize on the feeling of nostalgia by exploiting an already existing franchise by introducing new elements to it and updating it based on new or emergent social trends. Moreover, the paper shows how different types of media, namely, an animated series and a videogame, can be combined to create an innovative product that will take the target audience by storm. Using an example of Pokémon as one of the most recognizable brands ever produced by Nintendo, the article demonstrates how nostalgia can spur a surge of public interest toward a product and create a significant stir around a newly developed product. Therefore, Keogh’s research can be incorporated into the basis of this paper as the source of examples and essential evidence. Since video games are inherently linked to childhood or adolescence in most people, they hold a very powerful nostalgic value for those that played them as children. Explaining that the specified me
Introduction Available literature demonstrates that communication is a central component to the existence of the organization (DuBrin, 2010). Yet, it is a complex process, which generally involves creating, exchanging, interpreting, and storing messages to accomplish common tasks and goals within an enterprise (Conrad, 1994). This paper purposes to briefly explain some organizational communication theories. Besides, it will provide examples in real-life scenarios and explicate their contexts within the history of the field. As a result, the paper will reveal and analyze all the general theories of organisational communication. Organizational Communication Theory: Bureaucracy The Theory of Bureaucracy was developed by German sociologist Max Weber to exemplify an ideal organizational form; that is, an organization exhibiting a high level of formal structure. In terms of communication, the theory assumes as hierarchical approach where each organizational member reports to one above him/her until the communication reaches the top command. According to the theorists, ideal organizations should assume an impersonal structure and have a clear set of rules not only to control emotional-oriented behaviors of workers that causes them to react irrationally and unpredictably, but also to protect common workers from abuse of power by those in the upper echelons of the structure (Fergusson, 2007). The United States Military, public service, the Central Intelligence Agency, and the Federal Bureau of Investigations are all examples of bureaucratic organizations. Bureaucracy comes to organizational communication from the Classical School. It is important to organizational communication because of its effectiveness in strictly controlling workers, ensuring an absolute chain of command and structure, facilitating predictability of behavior in general and, by extension, the performance of the organization, and promoting principles of workplace standardization and specialization (Conrad, 1994; Fergusson, 2007). Acceptance Theory of Authority This theory was first proposed in 1938 by Chester Barnard in his book The Functions of the Executive . Among his major contributions, Barnard argued “…that the three functions served by the informal organization are (1) communication, (2) maintenance of cohesiveness in the formal organization, and (3) maintenance of feelings of personal integrity and self respect” (Fergusson, 2007, pp 26-27). Additionally, Barnard provided a “bottom-up” explanation of authority and the communication process, suggesting that executives were merely interconnecting centers in a communication system (Conrad, 1994), and that authority was not vested in those who gave the orders