ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Globalization is one of the most controversial and debatable questions today. Globalization processes bring benefits and opportunities to modern businesses and nations, thus it hides many threats and dangers for low developed countries and geographically isolated regions. Globalization can be defined as the expansion and the stretching of social relations, activities, and interdependencies. Today’s financial markets stretch around the globe, and electronic trading occurs around the clock. Gigantic shopping malls have emerged on all continents, offering those consumers who can afford it commodities from all regions of the world – including products whose various components were manufactured in different countries. Thesis Globalization reduces rather than contributes to inequalities giving low developed nations a chance to progress and grow, acquire new technologies and innovations in all spheres of life. Globalization reduces inequalities as it involves the intensification and acceleration of social exchanges and activities. The Internet relays distant information in mere seconds, and satellites provide consumers with real-time pictures of remote events. The intensification of worldwide social relations means that local happenings are shaped by events occurring far away, and vice versa. In other words, the seemingly opposing processes of globalization and localization actually imply each other. The ‘local’ and the ‘global’ form the endpoints of a spatial continuum whose central portion is marked by the ‘national’ and the ‘regional’ (Germov and Poole 2008). The creation, expansion, and intensification of social interconnections and interdependencies do not occur merely on an objective, material level. Globalization processes also involve the subjective plane of human consciousness. Hence, economists underline that globalization also refers to people becoming increasingly conscious of growing manifestations of social interdependence and the enormous acceleration of social interactions (Giddens, 2007). Their awareness of the receding importance of geographical boundaries and distances fosters a keen sense of becoming part of a global whole. Reinforced on a daily basis, these persistent experiences of global interdependence gradually change people’s individual and collective identities, and thus dramatically impact the way they act in the world (Conley 2008). Globalization is an uneven process, meaning that people living in various parts of the world are affected very differently by this gigantic transformation of social structures and cultural zones. Hence, the social processes that makeup globalization have been analyzed and explained by various commentators in different, often contradictory ways (Germov and Poole 2008). Scholars not only hold different views concerning proper definitions of globalization, but they a
It is not certain when language was originally evolved. It is a subject that has not yet reached any consensus, even though scholars have been trying hard to draw inferences from various indications. One of the theories of the language evolution suggests that during the prehistoric era, language evolved as an adaptation to change; a change that meant better survival and enhanced understanding of the surroundings. Therefore, according to this theory, language was a source of survival; to communicate, to hunt, and to defend (Bryant, n.d., para. 2). All living things (animals, birds, etc.) communicate with each other using their own methods of communication. Then, how was language important for the survival of human beings? Iit should be understood that language has made all the difference. It has made the human beings superior than other living beings. Other living things have not made any developments, but people have gone way ahead and this has been possible by virtue of language. Language does not simply mean to communicate. It should be mentioned that the mute can also interact. So how is language different? How does it help human beings? The world that one sees today was not the same. There have been tremendous innovations, inventions, and developments that have steered mankind to this stage. Businesses and finances have increased and so have the living standards. Talking of innovations, all these have been possible by virtue of the facilitation provided by language. With the help of language, important and confidential information could be transferred without any risk of landing in wrong hands. Planning for the future could be done with ease. No one is perfect and as such, people made mistakes in the past and language was the medium through which such mistakes were passed over the years. People learned from these mistakes and rectified them. There are some important decisions that have to be made for the betterment of the society or the world. Such decisions cannot be taken individually and have to be discussed in order to arrive at some concrete decision; again, language is the medium. One cannot explain his/her point of view by simple gestures. In addition, human beings have faith in some religion and no religion preaches bad things. It is crucial to spread such teachings but without language, this would not be possible. Even if people want to spread the teachings of any particular language by way of books or art (paintings), these are a sort of language as well. In today’s world, business plays a vital role, whether people are employed or have their own business. There are many corporate houses that were small businesses earlier. However, by the virtue of language, such businesses have been able to communicate with people worldwide and expand their businesses. Furthermore, businesses have also been able to sustain the competitive markets by having up-to-date information about their competitors; again by virtue of language ( Importance of language, n.d., para. 5). During this data collection, I was able to acquire information about the evolution of language and
Brief History of the Curriculum Development The US educational system is seen as one of the most effective in the world. The ability to develop an efficient curriculum has been one of the pillars of this success. Mohr-Schroeder, Cavalcanti, and Blyman (2015) note that one of the major stimuli for the development of the educational system in the country was the fear to lag behind the Soviet Union in the distant 1960s. A lot has changed since then, but the focus on problems rather than memorization of facts was brought to the fore at that period. It is necessary to note that educators in Texas have developed curriculum by standards as well as trends and beliefs that have existed in the American society. Thus, 15 years ago, teachers concentrated on the development of a problem-centered curriculum while some started insisting on the use of a more student-centered approach. Teachers seemed to find the balance ten years ago although there are still numerous debates on the matter (Knezek, Christensen, & Tyler-Wood, 2015). The development of technology has brought new issues to the fore. For example, modern educators have to make sure that students can use technology to be successful in their career or academic lives. Besides, teachers also start paying more attention to the development of the so-called soft skills of students and their ability to learn throughout their lives. This paper outlines some peculiarities of the modern STEM curriculum and includes several recommendations concerning the improvement of this process. Today’s Use of Curriculum Technology As has been mentioned above, modern STEM te
The origin of Aime Cesaire Aime Cesaire is the author of Discourses on Colonization, which is a book that has been translated by Joan Pinkham. Cesaire, who is an author, politician, and poet, comes from Martinique, France. He lived between 1913 and 2008. The effect of colonization on the colonizer Propagators of colonization sought to amass other nations’ wealth to quench their own individualistic gains (Katz 41). Cesaire asserts that people who propagate colonization site hypocritical reasons. Cesaire says, “It takes refuge in hypocrisy” (1). For example, he says the goal of Europe is to deliver good to the colonizers at the expense of the resources of the colonized class; Cesaire maintains that it only serves to decivilize the colonizers. It makes them appear brutal, immoral and characterized by racial hatred (Bradford 354). These attributes only serve to degrade their character. Human values coming from colonization Quoting from various religious writers such as Muller, Cesaire claims that such writers are convinced that colonization ensures that resources are not left in the hands of incompetent, ignorant, and lazy people who cannot convert them into a form that can benefit all people as God intended the situation to appear (Heller 10). Therefore, colonization is equivalent to a civilization. It enhances better resource distribution. However, Cesaire does not believe that colonization has any human value. This position is clear when he asserts, “out of all the memoranda that have been dispatched by all the ministries, there could not come a single human value” (Cesaire 2). He claims that the only room that exists between the colonized lot and the colonizers is for terrorization,
Article Summary The issue of domestic violence has been on the social and political agenda for years, yet current measures still lack consistency, leading to an aggravation of the problem. In her recent article, Elisa Berlage (2018) outlined the fact that the 2018 budget does not include financial support for services protecting victims of domestic violence, and implied poor prioritisation strategies and mismanagement of the problem. On the one hand, the 2015-2016 endeavours at advancing the issue and raising public awareness, bringing the issue into the limelight, have helped to spur discussion within the wider Australian society. On the other hand, the allocation of financial resources with the focus on awareness campaigns has also led to a lack of financial support for centres that provide the frontline services to victims of domestic violence (Berlage 2018). In her discussion of this change in the state policy, Berlage (2018) introduces a valid and reasonable argument, which calls for a change in the current policy. Although building awareness is essential in preventing and addressing cases of domestic violence, victims should remain as the priority. As such, by addressing the needs of those who suffer from domestic violence, one can contribute to a gradual improvement of the current situation. The Author’s Argument In the article under analysis, the author’s opinion is influenced by a liberal feminist philosophy and social justice ideology. For instance, Berlage tends to focus on the effects of domestic violence on women without victimising the latter, aligning with feminism principles (Fellner, Fernández-Morales & Martausová 2017). Indeed, domestic abuse poses a permanent threat to women as a vulnerable group (Lockton & Ward 2016). Therefore, Berlage focuses on the problems of female victims, while at the same time avoids stereotypes and labels by using phrases such as “women’s refuges” (Berlage 2018) and mentioning the case of Rosie Batty (Berlage 2018). In addition, the author incorporates the ideas of social justice in her article by pointing to the lack of societal concern for the identified budgetary issue. Specifically, Berlage renders the significance of “concessions for women’s safety” (Berlage 2018). However, this does not imply that the information represented in it is biased. For instance, Berlage never mentions that men should be seen as the only source of danger for women’s well-being, mentioning instead an “intimate partner” (Berlage 2018) as a possible abuser. The specified standpoint also reflects the principles of social justice, introducing the element of equality and equity from the author’s perspective. Although the phenomenon of social justice has recently gained negative connotations due to several misguided attempts at affecting the current social situation, the general idea of social justice remains neutral. The phenomenon implies rectifying the imbalance of power within contemporary society by providing the minority with a voice to express their opinions (Jaeger, Taylor & Gorham 2015). For in
Introduction California is the United States of America’s most populous state and it faces several complicated problems one of which being the water problem. According to the polls conducted however the most pressing issues in California are education, crime, unemployment, immigration, and job security. However, the truth is that water is a major problem and it is the drive of the state’s economy (Reisner, 2000). The water issue has over the years been faced by challenges like who to manage and control the water quality and quantity in California. This battle between the farmers and the environmentalists has not solved this issue so far and a lot needs to be done to save California. The state faces a critical water shortage and supply of limited water as the state also continues to face long periods of drought and an ever-growing population. The population of California is currently about 35.5 million and is estimated to reach 49 million by the year 2025. (US Census Bureau) The scope of water Problem in California In 1998, the Department of Water Resources in California carried out a water Plan Update in California forecasting that there would be a water shortage as the gap between water supply and demand continues to widen from 2.4 million acre-feet to in good weather years to 6.2 million during years with drought where an acre-foot of water is equivalent to 326000 gallons which can cover about an acre of land with a depth of one foot and can meet average water needs of two average households. California faces a serious problem of global climate change. From predictions carried out on various scenarios, the temperature of California is likely to rise by three to five degrees Celsius by the year 2090 that will affect the amount of precipitation and the pattern as well. California has two major water serving arteries which are a source of surface water for both urban and rural agricultural areas. These serving arteries are: The Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta is commonly known as the Bay-Delta which is a major water source serving 75% of the state which is about 22 million people. The delta is fed by the river Sacramento from the North of the State and San-Joaquin from the south of California. These two rivers producing freshwater also combine with San Francisco Bay which has salty water to form the largest water sanctuary in Northern America. From this marsh, 5.5 million acre-feet of water are pumped yearly to California via the State Water Project. The second source of water is the Colorado River which runs through the southwest United States and terminates in the Gulf of California in Mexico. This river provides water to seven states including California along its way. The use of this water is limited by the river Colorado Compact of 1922 which permits California to only use 4.4 million acre-f
Construction technology is the study of the ways structures on sites are built by human beings. Many procedures should be followed from the time the construction of the foundation of the house starts till the completion of the house. The site on which the building is to take place should be flat without hillocks and lumps. (Tony, 2005) To ensure that the ground is level a bulldozer is used to go over the land with its blades close to the ground to remove all hillocks and lumps. Laying stilts out can be done if the plot is on a severe incline to layout a floor on top of them. To raise the ground to the required level filling has to be done. This procedure is the first step in construction and it is referred to as site preparation and grading. The foundation of the house is an integral part of house building. It is the part where the whole house rests on. Sand should not be used because a firm foundation is a must to make the completed house stronger. (Roger, 2007) Concrete is used in most constructions because it forms a firm foundation. A trench is dug and the concrete laid up to 3 to 4 feet deep and this provides a very solid foundation for whatever material is used for building. Many operations are required to construct the foundation up to but not including the Dpc or the damp proof course which is a horizontal barrier designed in a wall to prevent the moisture from rising by capillary action through the structure through a phenomenon popularly known as rising damp. Most countries have standards that require most buildings to incorporate a damp proof course during the time of construction which may consist of a course of engineering slate or brick, a thin strip of plastic or even a layer of bitumen. Where a damp proof course is not available or is i
Definition Internet telephony is the provision of communication services; voice, facsimile and voice messaging applications that are transported via the internet rather than the public switched telephone networks. The steps involved in originating a an internet telephone call are conversion of the analog voice signal to digital format and compression/translation of the signal into Internet protocol (IP) packets for transmission over the internet; the process is inverted at the other end (Hoffner 2009). History The idea came about with the invention of the internet phone software in 1985; the software was designed to run on a standard computer which was outfitted with a speaker, microphone, sound card and a modem. The software condensed voice signals and translated them in to internet protocol packets for broadcast over the internet. How Voip works Internet telephony has undergone a considerable amount of change since its invention, software builders’ present PC telephony software. Gateway servers have risen to operate as interfaces between the internet and the public switched telephone networks PSTN. The servers are equipped with voice processing cards which enable users to communicate via standard telephones. A call goes to the nearest network server via a public switched network; the gateway server then converts the analog voice signal received to a digital format, compresses it into internet protocol packets, and takes it to the internet for transmission to a gateway at the recipient end. VOip supports computer to telephone calls, telephone to computer calls and telephone to telephone calls (Hoffner 2009). Intranet telephony The limitation in current internet bandwidth and compression methods has reduces the quality and reliability of internet telephony. Many business corporations willing to cut down the cost of communication are therefore confining there internet telephony applications to there intranets. An intranet refers to a personal network that is contained within an enterprise it may consist of many interconnected local area networks that join to form a wide area network the main aim of intranets is to allow the sharing of organization information and resources among the employees. Intranets have a knowable bandwidth therefore they can maintain full duplex and actual time voice interactions (Martin et al 2009). For example if an employee in London wants to make an end to end call to another employee in another corporation’s office in Manchester, he will dial an extension to connect to a gateway server, which contains a telephony board and compression conversion software; the gateway server will then configure the private branch exchange to convert the upcoming signal to a digital format. The employee will then dial the number in Manchester office, and the gateway server will transmit the digital packets over internet protocol based wide area network to the gateway at Manchester. The Manchester gateway then will translate the digital signal to analog signal and convey it to the target employee (Martin et al 2009). Advantages VOip offers great cost savings as compared with public switched telephone n
Introduction Migration occurs when there is a movement of people from one country to another. This is caused by factors such as economic pressures, social networks and connections, immigration control policies and cultural perceptions among others. Economic reasons In my own assessment, the most important cause of migration flows is economic pressures. Mostly, when economic pressures are high, people move from countries where there high unemployment rates to where there are better prospects for employment. When they migrate, these people anticipate better wages and higher standards of living than the one for their countries of origin. There are two theories that can be used to explain the economic reasons for immigration from one country to another. These theories are microeconomic rational choice theory and new economic theory of migration. The microeconomic rational choice theory explains that people make rational choices about the benefits that they are likely to obtain by migrating. The other theory, the new economic perspective theory, argues that the decision to either migrate or not is made at the individual level, but rather at the household or even at the community level. Another theory that can be used to explain the economic reasons of migration flows is the macro-economic /structural theory. This theory explains that there exist economic pressures that drive people from their countries of origin to other countries. These economic pressures include lack of jobs, over population, and surplus labor. For this reason, people will be drawn to those countries that have many employment opportunities. It has also been adduced that due to the popularity of the goods produced by the first world countries, the industries in the third world countries are adversely affected. For this reason, the employment prospects in those countries diminish considerably. Immigration policy Immigration policy is another determinant of migration flows among countries. There are two types of policies that a government might adopt regarding migration. These are restrictive immigration policy and open immigration policy. For this reason, if a country has an open immigration policy, it is likely to attract a lot o