ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction A planet, by the International Astronomical Union, is defined as a celestial body orbiting a star or stellar remnant that is massive enough to be rounded by its own gravity, but not massive enough to cause thermonuclear fusion in its inner core. The sun and the moon form part of our solar system. The sun is the largest object in the solar system and is mainly composed of 75% hydrogen and 25% helium by mass. There are traces of heavier elements synthesized by past generators and are constituents of the inner terrestrial planets in the solar system while the jovian planets have compositions almost identical to the sun itself. The moon is the closest astronomical object to earth. This is also the only object that has been visited by man. Its mostly composed of rocks but has small iron-rich core. It lacks water and no permanent atmosphere. It has small traces of potassium and sodium. The new moon is the position when the earth, the sun, and the moon are roughly aligned.(Cumming, 2003) Planets are generally divided into two main types: large, low-density gas giants and smaller, rocky terrestrials. Eight planets are orbiting around the sun. These are Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune. Of late there are three dwarf planets in the solar system which are classified by the IAU: Ceres, Pluto and Eris. While the other eight are classified as the solar systems: Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn and Uranus, Neptune. The inner planets that are near the sun are called the terrestrial or earth-like planets: mercury, venus, earth and mars. These are rocky with metal cores that have solid surfaces. The other outer planets ; Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune are sometimes referred to as jovian or Jupiter-like. This is because they don’t have solid surfaces and are made mostly of hydrogen and helium. While the dwarf planet ceres is a crated ball of rock and are believed to be the largest object in the asteroid belt. Part of the Kuiper Belt is the planets Pluto and Eris which are frigid and icy worlds.(Cumming, 2003) Other planets have rings in our solar system. These planets are those that are large and are Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune. Saturn’s rings are the most magnificent; they are bright, wide and colorful. Uranus has nine dark rings around it, and Neptune’s rings are also dark, but contain a few bright arcs. Jupiter’s ring is thin and dark, and cannot be seen from Earth. Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter and Saturn are visible without any kind of aid. The planets Uranus and Neptune and the dwarf planets were discovered by the aid of telescopes. Apart from the above planets there are also comets, asteroids and meteors which are often grouped since they are all the same thing. That is; they are characterized by small pieces of rock and or ice that isn’t part of a major planet.(Cumming, 2003) When the comets fly near the sun the high temperatures makes the ice to vaporize. Then the gas flies off the comet and
The argument that there are “New wars” dissimilar to older forms of warfare is not only generalist, but also not supported by existing scholarly and objective literature on the subject. According to Mary Kaldor, “New Wars” differ from older forms of warfare in their goals, methods of implementation and financing. I believe, and will show objective analysis in the subsequent paragraphs, that the only difference between “New Wars” and older types of warfare exists in the manner of financing; however, the goals and methods of implementation of warfare have remained the same throughout the existence of warfare. In Kaldor’s view, the goals of the “New Wars” are to increase economic gain and impose identity politics “which is inherently exclusive and tends towards fragmentation” (2006). Identity politics involves a “claim to power on the basis of a particular identity” (Kaldor, 2006). The imposition of identity politics in “New wars” results in the fragmentation of communities and massive resettlement of populations and refugee movement (for example the aftermath of genocide), so much that the movement of these refuges becomes not a by-product of war, but a central goal of it. Concerning the methods of implementation of these “New wars”, Kaldor is of the view that during the last decades of the twentieth century, a new type of organized violence that incorporated war, organized violence, and human rights violations emerged. This includes the “privatization of violence” (Kaldor, 2006) creating a scenario where the instruments and means of war are not held by the state but by War loads, criminal gangs and police forces within a particular state. On the issue of financing these “New wars”, Kaldor argues that the state no longer mobilizes finances for the wars, but – especially in weak Third world governments – the fighting units finance themselves through plunder, hostage taking and the black market, or independently through trafficking in humans, dealing in drugs and arms trade. On this matter, as stated in the in
Guidance on the Documentation Requirements of ISO 9001:2008  1. Organizations preparing to implement a Quality Management System should identify processes involved, understand the processes and document them basing onorganizational needs and required standards. The management of an organization which wants to adopt an existing Quality Management System should rewrite its current documentation to meet ISO 9001:2008. However, if there is no existing system, the organization should pay attention to its processes by simplifying and consolidating existing documents. If an organization wishes to demonstrate conformity to ISO 9001:2008, its existing documentation may be sufficient. However, it must provide sufficient evidence of effectiveness of its Quality Management System using new and existing documents required by the standard.  2. The most important objective of current ISO standards is to develop a simplified set of standards for organizations of all sizes to cope with any amount and details of documentation. Through ISO 9001:2008, these objectives can be achieved. These standards allow organizations to choose the form of documentation basing on their needs and capacities.The type and form of documentation depend on operations, processes and products of an organization. The level of communication skills and formality has an important role in choosing the type of documentation. Documentation should show some conformity to the company’s plan. Knowledge and information can be shared through papers, photographs, computer discs, magnetic mode and master sample. The system should include a high quality manual, documented procedure, records and documents statements required by the organization and international standard. Environmental Auditing and ISO 19011  1. The aim of ISO 19011 is to recognize the need for harmonizing Quality Management System and Environmental Management Auditing. The standard provides a guide to external and internal environmental audits in organizations. While implementing ISO 19011, joint and combined environmental audits are used to establish the real environmental situation. The purpose of ISO 19011 is to provide guidance during environmental audits only. Generally, ISO 19011 provides ageneralized guidance on planning, carrying out and reporting an environmental audit.  2. Environmental audit is used by organizations to identify and determine their level of compliance to various laws and regulations. The audit identifies the type and extends environmental impacts caused by activities of an organization. Environmental auditors give their opinion on performance of a company as expected by stakeholders and how it can be improved. The audit is conducted in three different stages which are pre-audit, audit and post audit. These steps ensure that the auditprocess is exhaustive. There are three different typesof audit, they are Liability, Management and Activity Specific audit. Importance of all Types of Auditors  1. External auditors and internal auditors are equally important in management of an organization. After external auditors have conducted an audit, they
Introduction Arnold Schwarzenegger, a republican is the current Governor and has been on the helm since November, 2003 and is the 38 th governor; he came in after Grey Davis. The governor is the head of the executive branch of California ‘s government, commander in chief of the California military forces , enforces state laws, has the power to either approve or reject bills passed by the California Legislature , convening legislative meetings , grants pardons, except in cases of impeachment, (Constitution of California). California economy is said to be dependent on trade (California Chamber of Commerce, 2009), the more the reason the state is experiencing such a deficit due to fluctuating stock markets as a result of global economic crisis, but in the past few years, 2007 in particular the international commerce is said to have contributed approximately one quarter of the states economy. Computers and electronics are the most traded products and the top most exported products accounting for 36% of the total export. When the governor came in as the governor, there were a lot of expectations considering he was a familiar figure in every household as a successesful actor and body builder, this together with the fact that he is married to a celebrity wife from the Kennedy family provoked high expectations from the people of California and even the country at large. During his first years in office he received the highest ever approval rating for 45 years of 65%, a rate even Ronald Reagan never came close to, an implication of the good will people of California had entrusted in him. This approval rating has since been fluctuating but it is now said to be statistically flat above 50%, a good implication that, though his support has dwindled in the past few years, he still remains popular and commands some following which he could use to push for implementation of views favoring ways out of the current budget crisis. Role of Governor Schwarzenegger since the credit crisis Imagine a successesful body builder and a Grammy winning actor for a governor, I am sure a similar success story would be expected, but has this been the case? Reports show that as of 2007, California had the largest gross state product (GSP) of approximately $1.812 trillion and the state is responsible for 13% of the country’s gross domestic product (GDP). However, the state is experiencing the one of the worst budget crisis ever in United States for the year 2009-2010 and economic crisis has hit the state to a near insolvency, the governor is quoted saying, “our wallet is empty, our bank is closed and our credit is dried up”, (Brown, Web of Debt, 2009) California’s economy is deemed to have hit the lowest during this recession period, through the following:   * Has the forth highest unemployment rate with an approximate percentage of 12.2%.   * Has the third highest rate of mortgage foreclosure.   * Has the biggest budget deficit for two consecutive years.   * Has a budget gap of approximately $24 billion. The partisan battle between democrats wh
Introduction Students often tend to misunderstand the role and the peculiarities of primary sources in the study of history. This results in non-critical absorption of information, which not only fails to provide the students with a better understanding of history but also does not let them develop critical thinking skills. To address this problem, the backward design may be employed while educating the learners. In this paper, the use of such a design to deal with such a problem is discussed. Primary Sources: Definition and Issues Primary sources are crucial for any study of history. They include artifacts, recordings, documents, music, or other sources that were created by witnesses of the studied events (“ What are Primary Sources? ” 2008). On the other hand, secondary sources describe, interpret, scrutinize, or otherwise process primary sources. Primary sources are often considered to be more reliable than secondary sources because the former provides an original perception of the events in question from inside; such a perception is free from additional layers of interpretation that may be added in further studies. On the other hand, it is important to understand that primary sources also can often contain bias of the author, either conscious or unconscious; they may show information from one point of view and be unable to produce a more general picture. At the same time, secondary sources, especially research materials, are often created with the use of tested methods and subjected to careful academic scrutiny, which results in a higher degree of objectiveness; however, they are still written from a certain perspective. Students often tend to have various types of misunderstandings about primary sources. They might, for instance, view them as always more reliable than secondary sources, perhaps even as completely reliable. Learners might also tend to ignore secondary sources, which may result in a lack of a more general picture of events. Therefore, it is essential to instruct students
Introduction Freedom of speech is essential to American culture. It seems like a beneficial attribute of everyday life as it allows people to express their ideas freely, but sometimes it has a negative influence and violates the rights of social minorities. Consequently, some restrictions have to be introduced to avoid conflicts in society. The primary goal of this essay is to compare and contrast the freedom of speech in the United States of America to the laws of other countries such as Finland, Germany, Canada, and other countries, which also have free speech laws. Moreover, it discusses its necessity for restriction and impact of this freedom on different social groups, as it is vital to determine whether it is harmful to the society or not. Furthermore, the right to protest as freedom of speech specialty is evaluated. In the end, possible suggestions for restrictions are proposed. Free Speech in the USA in Contrast to other countries A comparison of the American freedom law with the legislation of the other countries has to be made to determine the necessity for improvement. Nonetheless, a few words have to be mentioned about the American specifics regarding free speech. Firstly, the First Amendment provides a right to express ideas freely in all forms (Machan 92). This matter makes the United States of America exceptional
The role that ethnicity plays in American residents’ voting activities continues to defy political scientists’ expectations. Dahl theorized that as immigrants were becoming more integrated into society, they would shy away from ethnically motivated political choices. However, real-life evidence countered that point: for instance, once the New Haven Italian community improved its social-economic status, it started to put even more importance on ethical voting. Wolfinger criticized the “melting pot” concept and opined that ethnic identification does not disappear all that easily: it might as well accompany a person with an immigrant background throughout their life. Florida’s 18th Congressional District elections demonstrated that ethnic consciousness was very much alive among immigrant communities. Firstly, it is worth mentioning that the district spanning Miami and Miami Beach is multinational. Moreno and Rae report that in the 1980s, more than half of its residents were Hispanic, 13% Black, and 1% Asian. The second factor that explains ethical voting is the high concentration of people of the same background in specific settlements. For instance, Little Havana and Hileah were dominated by Latinos while Overtown and Liberty City were mostly inhabited by Black communities. Living in ethnic clusters might have driven those communities to conserve and sustain the sense of ethnic identity that was translated into their political activities. Probably, the most interesting manifestation of ethnic voting in the 1980s was the Cuban community’s overwhelming support for the Republican party. Originally, Cubans were satisfied with the democrat Congressman Pepper representing the district. Pepper
Introduction Trade industry is one of the most dynamic of all activities done by man. Price of commodities changes from time to time due to various reasons. These factors or their combination work either to increase or decrease the market price of one commodity or another. Some of these factors may be man made while others are due to the changes in nature. Governments influence prices of commodities by regulating imports and exports, taxation and subsidies. Weather conditions either favor or affect different produce. Seasons determine planting and harvesting which in turn determine supply. Costs of production of different commodities are usually transferred to the consumer hence affecting the prices. Customer confidence on integrity of a given commodity determines demand and thus influences the prices. Festivities such as Christmas seasons increase demand for certain commodities hence dictating their prices. These and many other factors determine whether price of a given commodity will either go up or down. This paper discusses some of the factors that affect the price of milk powder, cooking oil and rice. Influence on price of milk powder Milk is one of the most important commodities consumed by man all over the world. Milk is used in different forms such as fresh milk, skimmed milk, milk powder, ghee among others. Milk price depends on different factors. These are some of the factors that determine the price of milk powder: Weather Condition Milk powder is a by product of milk a product obtained from cows. The amount of milk produced by cows depends on how well the cows are fed and the prevailing weather conditions. When there are enough rains there is more feeds to give to the cows and hence more milk. The cost of producing milk at this time goes down and this means more milk at a low price. Due to more supply than demand the prices of milk goes down. However when there is drought or other catastrophes such as cyclones and floods as was witnessed in milk producing areas such as Australia and new Zealand cows produce little milk as there is less feed and at the same time the cost of producing milk goes up and this cost is transferred to the consumer thus the price goes up. Disease Outbreaks and Contamination Milk powder being a food product is vulnerable to contamination and food poisoning. When there is disease outbreak the government will always issue a ban on exportation or importation of milk and milk product hence increasing the price of the few stock of milk powder left in a country. Customer confidence may be eroded when such news of disease outbreak or milk contamination comes out. Customers are afraid to take milk and milk products and prefer other alternative sources. This was witnessed when mi
Introduction As of today, it becomes increasingly clearer to everybody that China’s initiative One Belt, One Road (OBOR) will have a strong effect on the formation of the world’s socioeconomic realities for decades if not centuries to come. The reason for this is quite apparent – if proven functionally resilient and economically sustainable, OBOR will result in transforming the very essence of the geopolitical dynamics on this planet. After all, there are indeed many reasons to believe that the project’s practical implementation will turn China into the world’s ultimate trade center (Belal, 2015, p. 52). Such an eventual development is predetermined by the sheer scale of the initiative in question. As Godement (2015) noted, “(OBOR) initiative… covers 55 percent of world GNP, 70 percent of global population, and 75 percent of known energy reserves” (p. 1). At the same time, however, there appears to be a strongly defined ambiguous quality to the OBOR-related discourse. Partially, this can be explained by the fact that, despite having been introduced to the public by Chinese President Xi Jinping as far back as in 2013, there still remain a number of uncertainties about the initiative, in general, and its would-be implementation periods, in particular. Moreover, there is no agreement among political scientists/world politicians as to what account for OBOR’s de facto aims. According to China’s top officials, the OBOR initiative is there to serve the cause of “boosting mutual learning between civilizations, respecting one another’s development paths, maintaining win-win cooperation and advocating dialogue and peace” (Fang, 2015, p. 5). Nevertheless, many Western-based political analysts tend to remain rather skeptical about the initiative’s officially proclaimed goals while going as far as suggesting that OBOR’s primary objective is essentially utilitarian (concerned with improving the state of domestic socioeconomic affairs) and that by declaring its intention to invest heavily in OBOR, China seeks to attain geopolitical dominance in Asia, Africa, and the South-Pacific region, as something that has the value of a “thing in itself” (without much regard given to the considerations of economic feasibility). As Fasslabend (2015) argued, “The Chinese Silk road initiative seems to be driven by a combination of internal economic pressure (resulting from the slowdown in economic growth and the existing overcapacity) … and the Chinese dream of world dominance” (p. 301). It is understood, of course, that the continual lack of clarity, with respect to what should be deemed the initiative’s discursive significance, can hardly be considered thoroughly appropriate, especially given the wide range of the initiative’s would-be economic, social, political, and cultural ramifications. Hence, the rationale for conducting the proposed study, as such that aims to provide the theoretically sound insights into the actual meaning of China’s plan to reestablish the land-based/maritime Silk Road – something that in its turn is expected to fill the existing “knowledge gap” about the concerned project (Blanchard & Flint, 2017, p. 224) and to identify the