ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Lecture Response Music or listening to music tends to yield subjective appreciation to individuals depending upon each one’s aesthetic sense, music sensibility and interest in music. Copland’s argument that it is the objective approach to music that is to be given priority over the subjective approach assumes significance as well as controversy in this respect. The term objective is universal and is equally applicable to everyone whereas the term subjective offers scope for individual difference and variety of appreciation to the same piece of music when it is enjoyed by many divergent listeners. The concept of “authorial intent” or “the composer’s intended meaning” seeks to provide a universal appeal to music, and based on a thoroughly objective approach it is possible to arrive at an objective meaning that is brought out by a particular piece of music. However, how far the composer’s intended meaning is apprehended and appreciated by the listeners varies from person to person, opening wide horizons for the subjective approach to music. The perceptions and the observations of most music lovers tend to be subjective as “the ‘meaning’ of a piece of music can be associated with an ’emotional’ or ‘affective’ response” and can be influenced “by subjective introspection and the verbal reports of others.” (Marriott). The composer breathes meaning into a piece of music and it cannot be taken for granted that the composer’s meaning is always grasped by the musician and is transmitted effectively by him to the listeners and that they also grasp the same meaning while hearing or listening to music. Even music criticisms very often turn out to be mere personal opinions because of the subjectivity of one’s assessment. Music is very often regarded as a physical process that necessitates the proper blending of “vibrating instrument parts, physical sound vibrations transmitted through the air, and physical brain processes in both the performer and the listener.” (Marriott). This physical process, no doubt, offers common structural and semantic properties to the piece of work and acts as the primary contributing factor that affects the appreciation of the music. In other words, the physical properties of the music provide a framework or rather create an atmosphere that is quite objective for the appreciation of the music. However, one cannot expect all the listeners to go through the same emotional, psychological, or mental experience as the exposure and the experiences of each one is unique. It can be concluded that whether the composer intends meaning or not, no objective transfer of meaning takes place during the performance or listening as meaning is “ ‘affected’ in the listener – not ‘conveyed’. Any meaning intended by the composer can be elided by the performance, and masked by the listener’s pre-existing psychological pre-dispositions.” (Marriott). Thus, these pre-existing psychological pre-dispositions exert great influence over the listeners’ appreciation of a piece of music and provide scope for a subjective approach. It is because of this subjectivity of the human mind that people have different levels of experience each tim
Introduction Outpatient services are offered to patients who go to a health facility for an appointment or to seek healthcare services. Outpatient services do not involve overnight hospital stays (Rebholz, 2007). Outpatient services are cheaper than inpatient services. Outpatient services can be grouped into two categories. These are freestanding facilities and hospital-based services. Freestanding facilities offering outpatient services include surgical centers, urgent care centers, community health centers, retail healthcare centers, and mental health centers. Hospital-based outpatient services are outpatient surgery, oncology, emergency room and urgent care clinics (Rebholz, 2007). Hospital-based oncology setting Oncology setting in a hospital is visited by patients who are at different stages of cancer or tumor development. With an increasing number of patients diagnosed with cancer annually, there is a need to have fully operating oncology outpatient settings in hospitals where patients can receive the needed healthcare. The setting offers diagnosis, treatment and healthcare services to patients with tumors and cancers. Cancer screening is also offered to populations or close relatives of the affected patients. The screening services are necessary because they help diagnose cancer at early stages. Early diagnosis is necessary in cancer management. Genetic screening also helps predict the chances of parents giving birth to a baby with a genetic disorder that would result in a form of cancer. The parents would undergo genetic counseling to understand issues related to the disorder. The key personnel in the oncology setting include health records personnel, nurses and nurse practitioners, physicians and their assistants, medical assistants and medical laboratory technologists. The team offers a multidisciplinary approach to the diagnosis, treatment, and support of cancer patients. (Ferrante, Balasubramanian, Hudson, & Crabtree, 2010). The oncology setting is both interdependent and independent. It is interdependent because its personnel interact with personnel from other departments like the billing, laboratory and pharmacy departments. Samples (blood or tissue) are drawn from patients and tested in the laboratory department. Drugs prescribed for the patients visiting the oncology setting are dispensed at the pharmacy department. The setting is supported by the billing department because it is in the billing department where patients pay their healthcare bills either out-of-pocket or using healthcare insurance. The setting is independent because the employees working in the setting complement each other. Every worker is essential. For example, health records employees ensure proper documentation of patients’ health records while nurses provide patients with nursing healthcare. Oncologists are physicians who specialize in the diagnosis, treatment, and science of tumors and cancers. Two
Instructions The purpose of the Learner’s Log Book (LLB) is to document the achievements of the learner in a central repository that will be considered as evidence on the effectiveness of the learning process. It is a ‘monitoring tool’ that e-tutors use to report on individual learners’ progress and it is a way of ensuring that learners:   * Are engaged in their learning process.   * They are experimenting by doing the tasks subscribed to them by the e-tutor.   * Avoid plagiarism because learners have to be engaged continuously and the informal assessment can therefore be used to ensure consistency with the main formal assessment.   * Provide e-Tutors with the opportunity to get to know the learners evaluate them and mentor them properly.   * Some templates will reflect whether learners read, whether they understand, whether they assimilate the knowledge, whether they develop inquiry ability, whether they have the potential to conduct critical thinking, and whether they can reflect on the knowledge accumulated by relating to real situations. The onus is mainly on learners to furnish the required information in the templates after each unit based on the Reading and Analyze Activity. After filling the information in the template they need to e-mail it back to the e-Tutor. The e-Tutor will then comments on the work done and the involvement that takes place and give overall impressions on the learners at the end of the module. General Information   * Learner Name:   * ID Number:   * Course Title:   * Article Title: Citizen Involvement in Performance Measurement and Reporting: A Comparative Case Study from Local Government   * Date of Submission: ———————————————————   * Date of Received Feedback: ———————————————— Summary Provide a summary in your own words on the article you requested to read and analyze in the following space Performance measurement is an essential factor in assessing the success of specific initiatives and approaches and is therefore vital to a government. The primary metric for evaluating this statistic is the opinion of citizens, as they are both the government’s employers and the primary beneficiary of its politics. The article investigates the measures employed by various local administrative bodies to involve citizens and encourage feedback. Most of the methods used did not significantly vary between locations, but the governments failed to achieve a satisfactory level of interaction. The authors attribute the lack of engagement to differences in perspective between administrators and citizens. In particular, the data collecting efforts appeared to be sporadic and small in scale, which, in turn, did not encourage significant citizen participation. Key Learning Points Identify the key learning points in the read and analyze assigned activity   * Modern theorists emphasize the necessi
The use of plastic bags in many homes and other places has become rampant due to their affordability and also they are easy to handle. The manufacture of such bags is easy and a large quantity can be produced within a short time and cheaply, hence the producers can sell them off at a low price. Plastic bags have been preferred mostly for packaging, carrying and storing of goods of different kinds ranging from foodstuffs to other commodities. As much as they uphold such credit for their use by many people, they have or rather caused a great environmental hazard, which is considering the way they are disposed off after use. Author, Elizabeth Arriero, in her article “City Switches to Plastic Bags on Pet-waste Cleanup,” addresses the issue of recycling plastic bags for clean up of dog waste but still the problem is they will be re-disposed a second time to the environment. Generally, the author is trying to encourage the city residents to maintain cleanliness by using them in such a way but there are more accredible ways of dealing with these plastic bags’ menace to the environment. Her focus is only to pet owners then the question arises of what about those without pets, should they continue to litter the streets with their plastics after use? The best way to deal with this is by taking the bags to the factories for recycling to make various items for instance plastic chairs, making of toilets which are movable, manufacture of utensils, toys for children which will be of great benefit both to the people and the environment. Furthermore, there is creation of employment opportunities to many people both in the factories and to those given the role of collecting the bags and delivering them for recycling thus reducing the problem of unemployment to some extent. If the government or the private sector focuses on such a project revenue creation will be maximized and at the same time littering of the city reduced, thus optimizing on the use of scarce available resources effectively. Though her claim is rhetoric but at the same time it has some kairos or it is timely because it comes at a time when the government faces an economic and environmental crisis and by doing so it will save a lot of money that would have been used in the clean up exercise besides saving individuals money to buy the mutt mitts (Arriero 5). Granted the fact that there are established specific points where the bags are to be put after use is a good idea as the bags won’t be thrown carelessly, for this reason one is able to collect them easily for use by his or her dog. Consequently, she urges the residents to be responsible for the cleanup of their dogs mess as this will see them enjoy a very habitable and clean atmospher
Introduction Films and television series, just like all other ways of expression of creative thought, are recognized as forms of art. In turn, similarly to other works of art, they have two major manifestations – as the representation of the ideas included in them by their creators and as the perspectives of their audiences. It often happens that the two manifestations differ significantly. As a result, exploring and discussing any kinds of art pieces, it is important to take into account both the author’s ideas underlying the work and the way it is perceived by viewers. In this paper, the discussion will focus on a popular television series Prison Break . It is known as one of the shows that gained a large audience starting from its first season. However, over time, Prison Break lost views as its later seasons were perceived as boring, underwhelming, and illogical. In that way, the metatextuality of this series can be explored from the perspective of the public in general, as well as from my point of view as a fan. Prison Break: Series Overview History Television drama is widely known as Prison Break first saw the world in 2005. The show started during the so-called golden age of TV series when many famous franchises were launched. Some of them still air regularly and continue to gain new fans. Prison Break , however, was not as lucky. It ended after season four that aired in 2009 (Goodman). The short life of the TV show under discussion was accompanied by a gradual decline in views. At the same time, it is important to note that the first two seasons of the show were massively popular and gained a huge audience over a very short time. The popularity of Prison Break was so significant that the show remains on the lists of the most commonly binge-watched series. Moreover, seeking to bring back the success of the past, Fox, the channel that used host Prison Break , decided to revive the show in the form of a short sequel (Ryan). This announcement was made back in 2015, and just one year later, the fifth season of the show appeared as promised (Patten). This was not an attempt to relaunch the franchise that had fallen flat in the past but a chance to profit from the formerly successful show one more time. Analyzing that action of Fox, one could conclude that the authorities of the channel see Prison Break as a show with much potential that, unfortunately, was wasted and lost. Social Perception and Criticism In the light of Prison Break ’s revival, the old discussions about its failure to keep its fans’ attention started all over again. In particular, the show was criticized for revolving around a rather narrow idea – an escape from prison. For that, the series is regarded as a one-trick pony whose capacity to impress ran out after the end of the second season (Goodman). In reality, the narrow range of the show might have served as a reason for its quick loss of popularity. As perceived by many fans, during the third and fourth seasons, the series became repetitive, unreasonable, and less believable as if its characters and storylines became hopelessly entangled in the sp
Introduction Prior to Facebook, Twitter, MySpace, hi5, Whive and all other social networking sites, GeoCities dominated the market. The Internet seemed to focus more on GeoCities, and its impact was felt around the globe. Therefore, the origin of social networking can be traced from GeoCities, a company that existed in 1990s. This paper seeks to provide a genealogy of social networking. To achieve this, we will discuss the perceptions of GeoCities and its users on the World Wide Web, and continuities along with discontinuities between GeoCities, early and current media forms. History of GeoCities It is hard to speak about the evolution of networking without briefly looking into the history of GeoCities. GeoCities was a free web hosting company created in 1994. The company allowed consumers to create their own web pages by choosing the city that they preferred their web page to be classified in. This allowed users to personalize their pages. In 1997, GeoCities began controlling their web pages by introducing advertisements. During this time, its popularity increased. To promote awareness, GeoCities created watermarks for its web pages. This move made users feel that the company interfered with the look of their web pages. Early in 1999, Yahoo owned GeoCities and changed all URLs to Yahoo. Yahoo also created its own logo for GeoCities. Aimed at discouraging free web hosting, Yahoo introduced fees on premium hosting. The company also reduced free web hosting by limiting the rate of data transfer to visitors using such web pages. Yahoo later linked GeoCities pre-paid accounts to its Yahoo Web hosting service that provided high data transfer rates to users. GeoCities and the World Wide Web (1996-2003) GeoCities imagined the World Wide Web as a medium that connected people who were far apart. The introduction of free web hosting services at its onset became an indication that the company promoted the creation of an online community. GeoCities did not impose fees to users. Users also had the freedom to personalize web pages as they desired. GeoCities created a social platform where people could communicate from different parts of the world at no or low costs. This made communication not only affordable but easily accessible. As time went on, GeoCities began controlling its web pages. The company began introducing advertisements on its web pages. Although users did not like the concept, GeoCities aimed at making profits through advertisements. Then GeoCities created watermarked logo on the company’s web pages to increase its awareness. GeoCities gradually changed when it altered its ownership to Yahoo. Yahoo redefined the concept of World Wide Web as being communal to ‘paying to be a member of the community’. After purchasing GeoCities, Yahoo slowly eliminated free and low fee we
Creating a brand flavor of Lipton Ice Tea is an article that deals with Lipton Ice Tea as a brand of Britvic. In this article, the core, actual and augmented benefits of Lipton Ice Tea will be discussed. The article will also discuss the sources of brand equity of Lipton Ice Tea. The article will also recommend marketing positioning and targeting for Lipton Ice Tea. Britvic is among the leading companies situated in Europe that deals with soft drinks. Britvic has a desirable portfolio of brands leading in the soft drink market. The brands of Britvic include Lipton Ice Tea, J 2 O, Robinsons, 7Up, Fruit Shoot and Tango among many others. Britvic International has operations in various countries. The current branches that operate are Britvic Ireland, Britvic France and Britvic GB. Lipton Ice Tea is a desirable tea product and is sold in over fifty countries. The core benefit of Lipton Ice Tea is that it is nutritional, tasty, colorful, aromatic and has flavor. The ingredients of the brand include sugar, water, extract of black tea, flavoring, citric acid, some concentrate of juice of lemon and peace among other fruits. The presence of fruit juices concentrate shows that core benefit of being nutritional. The nutritional information indicates that there are traces of protein and salt. Lipton Ice Tea has carbohydrates and sugars that will provide energy to consumers (Mehtab and Noorani 15). Lipton Ice Tea is also easily accessible by consumers. Lipton Ice Tea has actual benefits of having an antioxidant. An antioxidant acts as a defense mechanism in human bodies that helps in fighting our cells from being damaged. Lipton Ice Tea has antioxidants that are flavonoid due to present fruits concentrates and provide benefits that resist viral, allergies, inflammatory and tumors. Since adult humans require about eight glasses of water per day, studies has shown that three cups of Lipton Ice Tea which is unsweetened tea can be substituted for the eight glasses of water and therefore enhance hydration in humans. Drinking Lipton Ice Tea provides purifying water effect and therefore removing toxins from human body (Atma 1). The packaging of Lipton Ice Tea shows that it can be easily be resealed and consumer at a later time. Lipton Ice Tea is the world’s leading tea brand sold in the world. With the launch of the ‘Pepsi-Lipton’ alliance in Indian market, Lipton Ice Tea has formed an augmented benefit to Pepsi brands. As an augmented benefit Lipton Ice Tea is shown to be complementing Aquafina and Tropicana brands of Pepsi (Exchange 4 media 1). Already tapped market segments provide the source of brand equity for Lipton Ice Tea. Tea that is used for production of Lipton Ice Tea is sourced from alternate plantations in popular tea producing countries such as Kenya, India and China among other tea producing countries that are sources of brand equity for Lipton Ice Tea. Lipton Ice Tea should target people of all generations and needs. There should be different packaging and contents to suit people with different needs. For example, people with special diets can have diet Lipton Ice Tea for the diabetic and for people who need lots of energy such as s
The Nazi death camps of World War II produced some of the most horrific atrocities ever recorded. History has seen many accounts particularly from the perspective of holocaust victims. However, not much attention has been paid to the emotional effects suffered by the individuals who worked in these death camps. These individuals were not guards of SS troopers but rather individuals considered too impure to be part of the German society. Their impurity however was not of the extent that could warranty their execution upon arrival. These people were referred to as “Canadas” and it was their job to clean up after the executions and herd those considered sub-human to gas chamber commonly referred to as “the Canada”. Tadeuzs Borowski’s short story This Way for the Gas, Ladies and Gentlemen , is an account of a young man forced to work in the camps as a Canada. While not directly responsible for the gassing of Jews himself, this young man definitely participated in the atrocities by helping the Nazis carry out mass murder. History is full examples of such circumstances where young men are forced to commit crimes failure to which they are either killed or bodily harm was inflicted on them. Individuals in such situations were forced to lose connection with their emotional side by ignoring humane attitudes directed towards the individuals being executed. To stand witness to acts demeaning human life inevitably resulted in the individuals losing all compassion for their victims. To some extent, there is a possibility that these ‘handy men’ ended up hating those being exterminated. This lose of emotion got to a point where the persons involved were in a position of turning against fellow men and start viewing them as animal at the snap of a finger. Those individuals who were constantly around killing fields had to develop adaptive measures to enable them cope with situation; this in current times is seen presented from the viewpoint of the soldiers’ involvement in the battlefields. They are constantly witnessing their comrades getting killed and maimed right in front of their eyes and hate begins to boil in their hearts directed at the individuals who inflicts these injuries. With time, their emotional tolerance towards fellow human greatly reduces such that they find it relatively easy to kill a person they consider an enemy. It gets to a point where their sole objective is to merely survive irrespective of the means used to obtain this survival. Such was the case with the young canada in Borowski’s story. The tolerance in this particular case develops as a result of the conditions in which he lives in as well as the rules that he is expected to follow. His task is to remove all the clothing and valuables from the Jewish prisoners and this has been clearly described in the essay. “Whoever takes gold, or anything at all besides food, will be shot for stealing Reich -property”. In order to stay alive they must take the food from those condemned to