ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction During the last three decades, the American government has made numerous attempts to promote democracy in various regions of the world. For instance, one can mention such countries as Iraq, Syria, Libya, Ukraine, and so forth. Very often, these attempts resulted in the complete failure because new democracies proved to be unsustainable. This paper is aimed at determining what types of democracies can be most suitable for countries that experienced different forms of totalitarianism in the past. Moreover, one should determine the extent to which these new states can be made sustainable. It is possible to say that liberal democracy can be the most efficient approach for such states because it reduces the risks of discrimination and violations of human rights. However, the sustainability of such states is dependent on a variety of factors such as the efficiency of the government and economic development of a country; to a great extent, the future of these democracies cannot be easily predicted. Nevertheless, it is possible to identify the conditions which can contribute to the success of such countries. These are the main questions that should be discussed more closely. Choosing the most appropriate type of democracy Overall, political scientists distinguish various types of democracies that differ in terms of how people’s will is represented or how the rights of citizens are protected by the state. It seems that the main concern for the policy-makers should be the tyranny of the majority (Cunningham 53). In other words, there is always a risk that a group of people representing the majority of the population can adopt laws that can marginalize or even dehumanize minority groups (Cunningham 53). These minorities can be marked by such characteristics as religion, race, ethnic origin, sexual orientation, political convictions, and so forth. This is one of the risks that attract the attention of many political scientists and lawyers. Therefore, the main task is to implement a system of checks and balances that minimize this threat. It seems that liberal democracy can be the most suitable approach in this case. This approach implies that the power of policy-makers is limited by several important documents, such as the constitution or the bill of rights. These documents should provide various guarantees, such as the right to free speech or freedom of religion. Moreover, it is important to eliminate every form of discrimination, at least at the official level. This provision can also be included in the constitution of the country. One should bear in mind that many of these states are ridden with internal conflicts. For instance, one can mention the confrontation between different religious groups (Cohen 3). This argument is particularly relevant to countries like Iraq or Afghanistan. In turn, liberal democracy is supposed to e
Introduction The world today has shrunk into a global village courtesy of the unprecedented advancement in technology. Global companies, notwithstanding their physical location, have made inroads into markets that were hitherto considered as no-go zones. The real estate industry, as part of the global business fraternity, is not an exception to these spiraling trends. The industry was temporarily, but adversely affected by the global economic recession witnessed in the year 2008; however, it is currently recovering. This trend is attributed to the adoption of desirable marketing practices by the industry players. The focus of this research paper is to investigate the new marketing techniques used in the real estate industry. In order to achieve this task, it is necessary to get a clear concept of the terms under discussion in the paper. The American Marketing Association (AMA) defines marketing as, “the process of planning and executing the conception, promotion, and distribution of ideas, goods, and services to create exchange and satisfy individual and organizational objectives” (Gronroos, 1989, p.52). The paper shall adopt this definition. Rostowicz coined an easy to understand the definition of marketing from which he developed a definition of marketing real estate. According to him, it is “a social and managerial process by which individuals and groups obtain what they need and want through offering and exchanging land and creating, offering, and exchanging buildings directly and indirectly to others” (Rostowicz, 2001, p. 21). This definition shall be applicable in the context of this paper. A plethora of marketing techniques exists out there courtesy of numerous studies that have been conducted in this area. Studies show that marketing, as a field, has drawn a lot of interest from scholars globally. The changing face of marketing, as a concept both in the real estate industry and beyond, can be attributed to the dynamic nature of the social and economic conditions of people as well as their needs. A key concept of the marketing theory is that human beings need, want, and demand some products (Bailey et al., 2009). This concept, when applied to the real estate industry, helps in understanding the fact that one will always need a place to stay, work, and recreate. In addition to this assertion, based on the varied tastes and preferences of different people, everyone will want something that satisfies his/her specific aesthetic orientations. Marketers have been striving to meet and exceed the expectations of their clients. In the real estate industry, there exist conventional ways, which were applied in the past, but are rapidly being overtaken by time and events. Therefore, marketers have been inevitably forced to depart from these old ways to stay relevant in the industry or be abreast of competition from other industry players. This aspect suggests that many new techniques have been introduced into marketing to serve the current generation adequately. Gronro
The Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) was created to provide welfare for indigent families until they become employed and can earn their living. It “is a block grant that provides discretionary funding” at the level of the states, which at the time provide financial support to low-income families (Theodoulou & Kofinis, 2012, Chapter 10.2, para. 20). The program’s strengths lie in supporting the family institution and in stimulating employment since recipients can receive government welfare for a maximum of two years with lifelong benefits within five years (Theodoulou & Kofinis, 2012, Chapter 10.2, para. 20). The main disadvantage of this program is that it depends on the economic capacity of the state to provide such assistance to families. Apparently, during the financial crisis, when there is a shortage of workplaces, families remain in poverty after reaching the TANF lifetime limits. Nevertheless, the program functions appropriately, as it effectively fulfills its primary function of providing for underprivileged families. Within this context, the government, along with financial assistance, initiates programs aimed at meeting the primary needs of citizens. For instance, Medicaid provides treatment or nursing care for underprivileged people. Lam (2016) states that the point of the program is that “all Americans pay in, but those found to have enough means, and thus do not require government assistance, do not qualify for the program” (para. 20). The major advantage of Medicaid is that it provides social support to vulnerable groups of the population, while its main disadvantage is that it is done at the expense of its wealthy part. From my point of view, the Medicaid program seems to be reasonable, since the state performs the function of social support, and it inevitably aims to equalize disparities. Federal welfare programs are always the result of a complex balance between the principles of capitalism and social equality and support. I thought achieving such a balance was not a major challenge for the legislator. While reading this week’s reading assignment, I have learned more about the mechanisms by which the government attempts to keep this balance. Now I understand that this challenge is rather complicated and requires the creation and application of well-designed social welfare programs. They should both support the disadvantaged part of the population and meet their primary needs and encourage them to provide for themselves.
John Locke (1632 – 1704), a famous English philosopher, political thinker, and physician, lived and worked in the epoch of the Enlightenment Colonial Wars, the British Revolutions, and the Monarchy Restoration, and this fact impacted his works considerably. The period of Locke’s life can also be characterized by the great implications it had for the development of British society and its political and humanist aspects (Lowe, 2005, pp. 13 – 15). The major works by John Locke, An essay concerning human understanding and two treatises of government , are focused mainly on the issues of cognition, political regulations in a country, rights, and freedoms of human beings. The two major events that shaped the author’s view on the above problems and contributed to the development of An essay concerning human understanding and Two treatises of government include Locke’s work with Thomas Sydenham and the author’s meeting with Lord Anthony Ashley Cooper, 1 st Earl of Shaftesbury. Locke’s Work with Thomas Sydenham The fact that John Locke was a highly educated person with a variety of interests in numerous spheres of human life cannot be doubted. However, it is Locke’s interest in medicine and philosophy of human life that made him famous worldwide, especially this is true about the so-called Tabula Rasa theory, i. e. Locke’s idea about the human mind as a blank piece of paper, data on which can be written only as this person acquires certain life and work experience and cognates the world (Fuller, 2004, p. 118). The formation of this theory by Locke would have been impossible without the influence of Thomas Sydenham, the prominent English physician and thinker of the 17 th century. The very meeting of Locke and Sydenham happened in the house of Lord Shaftesbury and was the result of Locke’s already existing reputation as a professional physician and a person committed to the study of the human being in all aspects of its development (Lowe, 2005, p. 165). Although there are no documented proofs of the assumption, this meeting might have completed the process of shaping Locke’s philosophical ideas and brought him closer to the Tabula Rasa idea. Thus, influenced by Sydenham, Locke proceeded to the formulation of his philosophical view in which, however religious aspects intertwined with medicine and philosophy. The support of these assumptions can be found in the scholarly works by Lowe (2005), Fuller (2000), and Waldron (2002), as well as in the work by John Locke himself under the title An essay concerning human understanding : “Ideas, especially those belonging to principles, not born with children” (Locke, 2007, Ch. IV, p. 2). T
A cultural compromise lies in the peaceful coexistence of deliberately preserved contradictions as necessary complementary to each other within the whole society, which is recognized as the highest value. This applies to the relationship between the old and the new, as people use the past experience as the foundation of the culture of the future. However, most importantly, this concept also applies to resolving social contradictions that naturally arise in society, and the coexistence of group and individual interests. Japan and its culture truly represent the cultural compromise that determines the development of the entire Japanese spiritual tradition. Conflict-free relationships and the orientation towards equal assimilation of the most diverse ideological concepts have become the hallmark of the culture of this country. First of all, one must understand the traditionally rooted in Japanese culture “non-individualism.” Japanese are practically dissolved, on the one hand, in nature – that is, in the whole universe with which every Japanese is in a close emotional bundle. On the other hand, each of them is also an inseparable part of a social group which they identify themselves with, such as a family, an organization or a class at school. Japanese oppose themselves neither to nature nor to society, unlike a Western individual who is always fighting for existence. Traditional Japanese is focused on a harmonious coexistence with everything in the surrounding world, therefore the culture of antagonism in conflicts spread in the West is quite alien to them. For example, in Japan, turning to lawyers or to courts to resolve conflict situations occurs much less often than in other countries. It is rooted deeply in the tradition of the Japanese to resolve problems and conflicts by non-legal methods. This is due to the fact that the Japanese legal system is based on the norms of Giri (義理), which is loosely understood as a set of ethical rules. When solving interpersonal conflicts, most Japanese people choose not to resort to legal acts because they are convinced that it is better to stay away from the law in general, especially in the provinces. For example, if in Japan a citizen suffers losses through someone else’s fault, they react to the situation in a completely different way from what Europeans might imagine. The Japanese consider going to court with a claim for damages as an extortion, so they try to refrain from such extreme, in their opinion, actions. In addition, the Japanese do not like to change the nature of the relationship they had developed with other people. The intervention of the court would not leave an opportunity to continue the previous relationship between them in the future. Yu (2020) also states that “the Japanese have out-of-spec
Introduction Job analysis is the analysis and identification of behaviors, skills, and characteristics needed for effective job performance. It is the process of analyzing job requirements that can lead to satisfactory performance (Sidique, 2004). Job analysis entails obtaining information about jobs through identifying the tasks, duties, and activities involved in the jobs. It implies a systematic analysis of jobs using some predetermined steps. After completion, job analysis gives a report that summarizes the information obtained from the investigation of several jobs. This paper will analyze the job of a dietician and evaluate the performance appraisal methods relevant for the job analysis conducted. Job Analysis of a Dietician Summary Description The main role of a dietician is to plan nutrition programs as well as monitor food preparation and serving. Dieticians promote healthy methods of eating that play an important role in the management of diet-based diseases. They have also been involved in the prevention and treatment of nutrition-based illnesses through the promotion of healthy dietary habits. They improve the health of the public by recommending necessary dietary regimes that lead to healthier lifestyles. Dieticians work in private and public institutions, such as hospitals, where they manage food and nutrition processes. They are also involved in research that plays a vital role in promoting proper eating habits in society. Job Tasks Dieticians provide counseling in the primary rules of proper nutrition. They are tasked with the responsibility of promoting proper dietary habits, monitoring how members of society eat and determining the effects their dietary habits have on the quality of their lives. Second, they assess the needs of individuals and groups, as well as their diet restrictions, and help in providing nutritional counseling. Furthermore, dieticians act as advisors who promote healthy dietary plans, advise on how to select and prepare food, and also prescribe diet modifications that can positively impact the quality of people’s life. They work hand in hand with health care professionals to develop the correct dietary regimes based on the needs of an individual. Another major task of dieticians is supervising and inspecting meals to ensure that they are in line with the expected standards of quality and safety. Dieticians are involved in the organization, development, analysis, testing, and preparation of special meals, such as low cholesterol food, low-fat meals, and food without any chemicals. In addition, dieticians are engaged in the development of curricula as well as the preparation of manuals and any other materials needed for nutrition and dietetics teaching. One of the most important tasks of a dietician is to make public policy recommendations which include food labeling. To promote the health and wellbeing of people and control the nutritional diseases that afflict them, dieticians develop programs and policies that address the nutritional needs of a healthy population. They act as advisors who oversee the process of food planning and budgeting and play a major role
Dignity and autonomy are the two most controversial terms commonly used in debates on end-of-life care. Dignity refers to the right of an individual to be respected, valued and treated ethically (1). It also means respecting other people’s decisions or choices without making any assumptions. Autonomy refers to the right of an adult to make informed decisions regarding their medical care (1). It is mandatory for care providers to seek the patient’s consent before administering any treatment. The difference between these two terms lies in their definitions. Unlike dignity, autonomy can be limited when its exercise violates the physician’s team’s conscience. (2). Dignity is concerned with the ability of an individual to maintain self-respect and be valued by others while autonomy refers to an individual having control of decision making. Nursing personnel’s attitude toward the autonomy and dignity of older adults affects the quality of care the patients receive. Most nurses believe that older adults do not have the capacity to freely make decisions regarding their well-being (3). Consequently, they hide information from these patients or even ignore their opinion. This affects the quality of care they receive, raising ethical concerns. Similarly, there are several factors that can affect the two concepts. They include: “effective communication, maintenance of privacy, staff decency, protecting patients and providing confidential conditions” (4). For instance, a lack of effective communication may affect the patient’s ability to inform the provider of their wishes. The feedback I appreciate the way the writer opened their discussion by noting that both autonomy and dignity, despite being human rights, are being undermined in the healthcare setting. However, the writer needed to show how these two concepts are being undermined. For instance, Persson, Benzein, and Morberg Jämterud (5) argued that dignity is threatened by the lack of respect for patients’ privacy and general insensitivity. Autonomy is undermined when the providers deny the patients the information and informed consent. Additionally, the writer’s decision to rely on the survey by the World Health Organization to emphasize the importance of dignity makes the whole discussion credible. The on
Introduction In the 1960s, the economy of Indonesia deteriorated due to political instability. This led to increased poverty and hunger. In the mid 1960’s the economy was in bad shape with 1000% inflation, minimal investment, low export revenues, poor infrastructure and companies were operating at a very low capacity. When the president Sukarno failed the new order administration worked hard and brought the Indonesia’s economy back on track in the mid 1960’s. The recent government brought an extent of discipline in economy which reduced inflation, suspended foreign debt, helped to stabilize the currency, engrossed foreign aid and investment (Fane, 2003). The raised oil prices made the economy of Indonesia to grow with a 7% from 1968 to 1981. GDP per capital grew at 545% from 1970 to 1980 as result of increased oil export revenues. The economy growth since then has been accelerating. Despite this growth there are problems that keep dragging economic growth behind. These includes the wide spread corruption, low foreign investments, exploitation and destruction of natural resources, health issues among others (Natasha, 2001). This paper will focus on inflation, environmental issues and health issues as the biggest problems in Indonesia. Environmental issues The problem is due to large scale deforestation and wildfire; there is also over exploitation of marine resources, high population has contributed greatly to the environmental problems. Environment preservation is important as it contributes to economic development. Good environment that is free from deforestation and pollution is good for agricultural production. Agriculture contributes to economic growth of a country. The increase in population in the country has resulted to a strain in the resources of the country to appoint that they have made the country fall in the trap of resources misuse. Deforestation and wildfires has contributed to desertification leading to hungry population (Miller, 1997). A lot of money is being used to restore back the good environment and this has been leading slow economic development as a lot of money is being used in environment conservations and preservation. In 1983, an area that was estimated to be equivalent of 30,000km2 or an amount of $10 billion was burnt in Kalimantan Timur Province as a result of wild fire; this affected the economy growth as it led to environmental disaster, other than China and United state, Indonesia comes in third as the major emitter of green house gasses; this can be attributed to the way they clear their bushes; by burning. Air pollution in Indonesia is high and it is leading to public health issues. Inflammation of respira