ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
There are many things that affect the movement of people globally and within a nation. Demographics is the study of the reasons why people move around. There are many factors that influence the migration of people, from social, to cultural and personal. Religion, people’s education, their national preferences and the surrounding environment all play a crucial role in where people chose to live or where to move to. The changing times have been especially influential on the migration of the indigenous people, but the historical records are partly lost or non-existent (Turner, 2006). The purpose of this paper is to analyze the background reasons for the movement of indigenous people away from city centers, and in Saudi Arabia in particular. An objective look will be taken at the different criteria that lead to changes in migration patterns. More specifically, the migration determinants and demographics of the indigenous people are closely related to the global economics and societies, but are also interrelated between each other and local, intercultural societies (Carnes & Yang, 2004). The history and the indigenous people possess knowledge that is very specific to the area and which can be used to an advantage. The environment determines the way people lead their lives and what they can offer to each other. Even in the modern world, indigenous people are secluded and their history is not as specific. The native populations of all modern countries have been suscepted to the influence of the dominating culture which colonized and secluded the indigenous population (Mahadevan, 2009). The results of such a shift led to a city becoming a very busy place with a lot of potential for growth. Heritage is an extremely important part of the society and this can be seen in how society functions. The city bases its priorities on the development and so, technology has become the center focus on life. Just like the first years of development, the movement forward continues today. People are able to communicate and cooperate, so that whole of society is interconnected and participating (Sargent, 2008). The modern society strives to eliminate any kind of separation between races and people, so that all are able to enjoy an environment free of stress and unfair treatment. In turn, this leads to full assimilation of indigenous people, and there is a risk that the older and valuable culture will be lost (Moses, 2004). Traditions and beliefs of people have a dominant effect on how demographics of indigenous people are set up. The role of personal attributes like educ
Economic reason It is commonplace that the main reason for European expansion to Africa was economics and trade. Given the differences in geographical and geological composition present in Africa, several activities were pursued to raise income. Exploitation of mineral reserves was the most common, with the harvested materials being exported to their nations for sustainability of their industries. Agriculture was also practiced, with the produce being exported for value addition. Later on, European industries produced much more than their markets could consume. This development prompted European governments to take up African colonies in a bid to secure markets for the goods they produced. From this, it can be said that European inquest and colonization of Africa was aimed at guaranteeing a continuous provision of unrefined resources, together with marketplace for finished goods, hence profitability and continued existence (Osterhammel & Frisch 71). These trips had an effect on the natives, by altering their way of doing things. Currency based trade was introduced in the process as a substitute for the widely used barter trade. In addition, several concepts, including mechanization were incorporated into the African societies. This marked an end to the archaic methods they utilized when carrying out tasks like farming and harvesting. It is noteworthy that economic practices in the present day are mirrored on the precedent established by the European invasion. Political reason As mentioned earlier, political supremacy was the focal point of the European incursion into Africa. This came in the wake of intense rivalry for political supremacy among monarchies in Europe. After the cessation of the world war, the struggle for supremacy was transferred to the political front. This prompted their excursion to Africa. Their arrival in the continent prompted a struggle for territories, with several confrontations happening in the process. After the partition of Africa ended, the colonies set out to impose their preferred systems of government in the continent. This was a new concept to the natives, who had different systems of government in their communities. Most of them were whipped into conformity, after their monarchs had been persuaded with gifts. Gradually, western forms of government were instituted into the African culture, bringing with it new concepts, like democracy (Gann & Duignan 66). In the end, the colonial masters took over entire territories and established total dominance over these regions. This development enabled them to advance their economic agenda. Consequently, they achieved impressive progress in this area, since vast majorities of African states carried on with the systems instituted by the colonial masters. It should also be noted that most of these states still use constitutions that were bequeathed to them by their colonizers. Cultural reason This is the area in which most ground was covered with the Europeans during their expedition to Africa. A shift in cultural ideologies was guaranteed after the entrance of Europeans into Africa (Bulliet, Cro
Introduction Employment relationship context in china is marked by key characteristics and features emerging from the recent developments and transformations in labour realms. Employment Relations entails the coordination of service provision and labour provision. The relationship between the employers (labour providers) and employees (service providers) provides the best explanation for what Employment Relations is. The recent decades have seen researchers develop interest in the study of employment relations thriving in various industrial and country realms, owing to their significant differences and complexities (Blanpain Lansbury and Wailes, 2008). China’s recent strategies have been geared towards competing for survival in the world economy that experiences rapid globalization in the recent years. In addition, the agenda that would enable a reformation of state-owned enterprises (SOE’s) ownership has been top since 1990’s and this is deemed as a crucial factor that will enable promotion of economic advancements in the country via transforming employment relations. Employees are also considered as the main driver of economic change by their provision of labour for payment. Employee relations system is therefore featured and characterized by interplay of labour force availability and the control of employer-employee relationships by various regulatory bodies. Moreover, the enhancement of employee satisfaction, morale, performance, and productivity, in addition to economic sustainability and increased value are the rationales of such a control (Shih-wei, 2005). This assessment is aimed at investigating employment relations of china in regard to the main characteristics and features that define the system used. The control of the system by the state, employers, and trade unions will be established in details. Moreover, it is deemed crucial to investigate issues that challenge the Chinese system of employment relations and the future of the system of employment relations in China to increase the understanding of the employment relationship context. The main features and
Nursing is no doubt the heart of every hospital. Through my own observations, I have noted that the nursing profession will most likely face increased challenges from clients’ demand for quality healthcare, increased client acuity, and complex disease processes. According to Andrist et al. (2006), Nursing science is “an identifiable, discrete body of knowledge, comprising paradigms, frameworks, and theories” (p. 165). The nursing discipline encompasses the daily activities that nurses have to undertake when providing care. Based on nursing science as the source of scholarly knowledge, nurse theorists across the world have developed their own formulations explaining the nursing profession over the years. The theory posits that the nurse-patient relationship involves perceptions, judgments, and reactions, which are determined by how the two parties interact. Chitty and Black (2011) explain that nursing theory helps a nurse responds to a patient’s situation by asking, “what goals can we set together to restore [the patient] to health?” (p. 311). This paper will address two renowned nursing theorists, Neuman and King, as well as my own philosophy of nursing which is based on King’s nursing theory. Imogene King’s theory of goal attainment indicates that, “nursing is a process that is interactional in nature” (330). According to the theorist, the interactions that occur between the nurse and the client lead lead transactions, which results in the attainment of goals. Like other nursing theories, King considers the interactions between the person, his or her environment, health, and nursing are elucidated in the four-meta paradigm concept. Simply defined, a person is made up of the physical body, the mind, and the spirit (Munhall, 2007). The environment on the other hand is the tangible area where the person lives in the physical or intangible area he or she encounters mentally. Marriner-Tomey and Alligood (2006) define health as a “state and process of being and becoming an integrated and whole human being” (p. 201), while nursing is defined as the provision of care and compassion in order to support healing. As a profession, nursing helps people restore their autonomy. More this, nurses assist in restoring people’s full potential, which in turn leads to them attaining their goals (Munhall, 2007). The Neuman systems model elucidated by Neuman and Fawcett (2011) regards the person as a combination of five variables, which include the physiological, mental, socio-sociocultural and developmental aspec
Introduction The term competency is used in the current organisational literature to indicate performance excellence in an organisation. Competency indicates the broad concepts that are applied in organisations to provide demonstrable performance outputs that express the dedication of an organisation to achieving a set of minimum standards that are required for excellent performance at the workplace. The behaviours and concepts relate to skills, abilities, knowledge, and personal attributes that are important in performing certain functions for an organisation to succeed in its various roles. In the healthcare sector, the competencies relate to the effective provision of healthcare services. Competency framework defines the knowledge, skills, and attributes that are needed by the people who work in an organisation or in a particular profession, in this case, the health facility (Street, Gold & Manning, 2013). In an organisational setting, a competency framework guides the determination of the skills and abilities that are necessary for each individual position for the achievement of business objectives, organisational culture, and values. Failing to put in place competency frameworks for healthcare delivery is detrimental. Firstly, without a competency framework, it is difficult to ensure accountability for healthcare practitioners. In many cases, providing healthcare is a matter of life and death. Hence, there is no space for unjustifiable and controllable errors that may greatly jeopardise a patient’s life. Secondly, lack of a competency framework can greatly affect the level of knowledge, skills, and abilities of professionals who join the health care system (Battel-Kirk et al., 2012). Thirdly, healthcare provision goes hand in hand with technology and facilities. In this case, competency frameworks help the healthcare institution to acquire the right instruments and technologies that will ensure that the organisation can meet the requirements of the best healthcare as guided by the competency frameworks (Englander et al., 2013). Lastly, providing healthcare requires collaboration between different healthcare providers, and hence the importance of communication in ensuring the success of the collaborations. A competency framework that is deployed in the health care sector incorporates nine competencies that are important in guiding the provision of health care and the healthcare promotion practice. These competencies include “enabling change, advocating for health care, mediating through partnership, communication, leadership, assessment, planning, implementation and evaluation, and research” (Dempsey, Barry, & Battel-Kirk, 2011, p. 7). These competencies must be incorporated in the healthcare promotion practice. This paper will comprehensively discuss three of the nine competencies by highlighting their implications and significance in terms of health c
Background and Intent of the Law The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) was passed in 1996 to lay down a common set of standards and accessibility for electronic medical records. Given the extent of information exchange required between patients and primary health care institutions, on one hand, and public and private insurers on the other, the explicit goal of HIPAA was to enhance accomplishment toward full electronic data interchange (EDI). However, efficient recording and transmittal of essentially private information over the Internet and even proprietary networks posed a threat to the individual right to privacy of health and treatment information. Patient Access to Own Medical Records The health information privacy provisions of HIPAA explicitly expand patient access to their own information. For the first time, consumers could file a request to see a copy of their health records, have corrections made, be notified about EMR end-uses and who it is shared with, approve such proposed end-use and sharing if desired, and receive information on the circumstances when health information was shared (U.S. Department of Health & Human Services, n.d.). If convinced that their privacy rights were violated, consumers can file a complaint with either their insurer or health care provider, both of which must respond, if the patient is still not satisfied, with options for proceeding to the government for help. Complaints may be filed with the Office for Civil Rights (OCR, under HHS). The procedure calls for filing complaints in writing and transmittal by post, e-mail or fax. The target of the complaint must be identified, the privacy violations or omissions defined, and the complaint filed within 180 days of when the covered incident occurred. Given a showing of “good cause”, OCR may extend the filing deadline by another 180 days. Circumstances When Personal Health Information Can Be Used for Purposes Unrelated to Health Care Health care information can be provided to employers and for marketing or advertising purposes, such as to list brokers, mailing databases, subscription services and sales agents. However, both of these require written permission by the patient. Express permission outside the health care arena is not required in cases of: a) Conflict with other laws or when judgment by a court requires access; b) For discovery of evidence to prosecute or defend cases of abuse, neglect or domestic violence; c) To adjudicate the estate of a decedent (such as in the case of a finding of homicide in the case of Michael Jackson the singer); d) For all other law-enforcement activities which are deemed legal ab initio (e.g. the medical and mental health records needed to prosecute the Army psychiatrist Hasan who went on a shooting rampage in Fort Hood, TX); e) When regulatory mandate and the public interest coincide, such as reporting cases of H1N1 flu to the Centers for Disease and Control; f) In cases of organ, eye, or tissue donation to prevent contamination by blood-borne or genetic dis
Trends in the global market beer The global market trends has faced substantial changes over the past three decades with giants like Heineken being edged out by upcoming new brands such as Corona Extra from Grupo Modelo. The two key strategies that clearly alter global beer market are strategic alliances with strategic partners and global marketing strategies that are unique and quickly identifiable. The two Mexican companies Modelo and FEMSA were forced to form strategic alliances with international distributors with sound knowledge on local market and because of the fact that they enjoyed less international restrictions especially because of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA). Modelo chose Anheuser-Busch while FEMSA opted for Heineken. These strategic alliances were especially important in terms of market penetration since less cost was incurred. The strategic marketing images of “fun in the sun” and strategies employed by Modelo played a pivotal role in its international growth toppling market leaders such as Heineken in the United States. On the other hand FEMSA faced a rather difficult time while Heineken marketing strategies caused its significant market loss to Modelo. This was because Modelo focused less on human image for marketing but rather focused on the experience enhanced by its products. It actually created a myth “fun in the sun” which swept the U.S. market like never before. Its mergers with Gambrinus Inc and Barton Beers also reduced the cost of distribution, marketing, insurance and advertising. The current global marketing has rather shifted to strategic alliance partnership to enhance global market dominance as evident in the case of InBev and Anheuser-Busch possible alliance. Such an approach has shaped the brewing industry towards global strategic partnership to create a behemoth capable of taking advantage of economies of scale and other strategic benefits to enhance their market presence and future sustainability. Mondelo’s international expansion International market entry for Modelo was particularly strategic because the international market nature and the restriction faced by foreign companies while exporting their products across borders. This was specifically experienced in the United States where North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) li
Introduction Wearing of the veil among Muslims has remained a debatable and controversial issue for decades, across the world. Different people have taken varying positions in explaining the origin and significance of the veil, which is a key symbol of identity among Muslim women. This is the case, with some of the people under this practice, unable to explain and defend the origin of Hijab. Moreover, the veil has gained massive popularity among Arab countries, as almost all women cover their faces. [1] While this is the case, some communities around the world view the use of the Islam veil as a way of oppressing Muslim women and depriving them their rights and freedom. This mindset has strongly been held by Western countries, which find no basis of the Hijab, neither in culture nor religion, but a self-imposed practice. This essay discusses the significance of the veil in Islam, and why it has become popular in most Islamic countries around the world. Veil Even though the word “veil” could be used to explain a wide range of headscarves and clothing, the term has found important meaning and application among Muslims throughout history. In general, a veil can be described as a piece of clothing worn by women to cover sections of the body like face and head. In most cases, veils are common among religious communities, where women are expected to wear them for various reasons, which have immensely contributed to the debates and stereotypes linked to the practice. [2] Within the context of Islam, there are several veils that are recognized, with most of them having been borrowed from the Arab countries, where Islam is believed to have originated from. Nevertheless, the veil has continued to face criticism from other cultures, which view it as a practice imposed on women by men as a way of oppressing and promoting their power in the society. History of the veil According to historians, the veil has a strong history, with evi
The article by Kilian Melloy provides the discussion of the issue related to the “Defense of Marriage” Act (DOMA) that “denies gay and lesbian families federal recognition and empowers states to ignore marriages granted to same-sex couples in other jurisdictions” (Melloy n. p.). The question under consideration is that Congress hires John Boehner (a Bush-era solicitor general) to defend the law in the court. It is a very expensive step to take, thus it is met with considerable criticism. It seems to me that the issue discussed in the article lack common sense. First of all, I believe that position that gay marriages cannot be recognized legal undermines human rights. I support the decision of president Obama to stop defending DOMA in federal court, because, “part of DOMA violates Constitutional guarantees” (Melloy n. p.). Moreover, the hiring will cost $520 per hour and, according to the article, “No one knows how long it will take to resolve the suits against DOMA, or how big the tab taxpayers will be handed might grow” (Melloy n. p.). Thus, it violates the taxpayers, and gay people are one of them. As I have already pointed, I consider that DOMA Act is useless and violates human and constitutional rights. This should not be discussed whether two people who are in love are allowed to marry or not. Many counties have already legalized gay marriages and it threatened neither “moral face” of the nation, nor its economic position. The HRC mentions in its press release devoted to the issue, “The Justice Department stopped defending DOMA because they concluded that laws that discriminate based on sexual orientation should receive a higher level of scrutiny by courts,” (Melloy n. p.). I strongly agree that the DOMA law discriminates rights of gay people making them “second-citizens” of the country. The Congress’s 1996 arguments for passing the law provided that: “It is necessary because marriage equality is ’a radical, untested and inherently flawed social experiment’ and contrary to the ’moral conviction that heterosexuality better comports with traditional (especially Judeo-Christian) morality” (Melloy n. p.). I believe that this statement is no longer valid because modern society should not focus on particular religious norms, but be open for people of all religions, races and sexual orientation. Furthermore, the financial side of the issue is also very important. First of all, the taxpayers’ money will be spent, and this expense has nothing in common with the improvement of education, healthcare or economic state of the country. In addition, it seems to be an absurd that people’s money (gay people in this case) will be spent on discrimination of their rights. In this light, the expense cannot be considerable “legitimate”. Finally, taking in into consideration the facts that “public opinion surveys show that a majority of Americans–51%–oppose DOMA” (Melloy n. p.), and that the case will waste much