ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
We present the soft X-ray (0.1--2.4 keV) properties of a complete sample of 88 southern radio sources derived from the Wall \& Peacock 2-Jy sample. It comprises 68 radio galaxies, 18 quasars and 2 BL Lac objects. Whereas both BL Lac objects and all but one quasar are detected in the {\it ROSAT} All-Sky Survey, the fraction of detected radio galaxies is only $\sim$ 60 per cent. For the undetected sources upper limits to the X-ray flux are given. We confirm the correlation of the soft X-ray luminosity (\lx) with the core radio luminosity (\lc) for galaxies as well as for quasars using partial correlation analysis, whereas the corresponding correlations between \lx and \lt are probably spurious due to sample selection effects. We also find strong correlations between \lx and \lc for both Fanaroff-Riley type I (FR~I) and type II galaxies. The broad-line radio galaxies (BLRGs) and the quasars are at the top end of the X-ray luminosity distribution and the detection rate of these objects generally is higher than that of the narrow- or weak-lined radio galaxies. This indicates the presence of an anisotropic X-ray component in BLRGs and quasars, as predicted by unified schemes for radio sources.
We investigate the effects of the spontaneous CP violation at finite temperature in the Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model on the baryogenesis at the weak scale. After a brief discussion of the case in which the electroweak phase transition is of the second order, we study in details the baryogenesis scenario when the transition proceeds via bubble nucleation. We show that the space-time dependent phase for the Higgs vacuum expectation values coming from the spontaneous CP violation can give rise to a efficient generation of baryon number inside the bubble walls if the superpotential parameters and the soft supersymmetry breaking ones are complex. However we find that in order to get the observed value for the baryon asymmetry of the universe the phases of such parameters can be as small as $10^{-5}$, giving rise to an electron dipole moment of the neutron well below the current experimental limit. Moreover a light Higgs pseudoscalar is needed, and an upper bound on its mass is obtained.
The results of spectral observations of NGC 3516 with the 2-m telescope of the Shamakhy Astrophysical Observatory during 2016-2020 are presented. In the first half of 2016, the intensive broad component Hbeta was found, which indicates a spectral type change compared to 2014, when the broad component was almost invisible. In the second half of 2016, the broad component H${\beta}$ again was weakened and was practically not observed, remaining as weak until the end of 2019. At the end of 2019, the broad component Hbeta strengthened again, and in May 2020 reached a typical level for the high state of the object. During 2016-2020 we observed several changing looks of NGC 3516.
Dispersionless flat bands are proposed to be a fundamental ingredient to achieve the various sought after quantum states of matter including high-temperature superconductivity1-4 and fractional quantum Hall effect5-6. Materials with such peculiar electronic states, however, are very rare and often exhibit very complex band structures. Here, we report on the emergence of a flat band with a possible insulating ground state in the sub-monolayer VSe2 / Bi2Se3 heterostructure by means of angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy and scanning tunneling microscopy. The flat band is dispersionless along the kll and kz momenta, filling the entire Brillouin zone, and it exhibits a complex circular dichroism signal reversing the sign at several points of the Brillouin zone. These properties together with the presence of a Moir\'e patterns in VSe2 suggest that the flat band is not a trivial disorder or confinement effect and could even be topologically non-trivial. Another intriguing finding is that the flat band does not modify the Dirac cone of Bi2Se3 around the Dirac point. Furthermore, we found that the flat band and the Dirac surface states of Bi2Se3 have opposite energy shifts with electron doping. This opens a novel way of controlling the spin texture of photocurrents as well as the transport properties of the heterostructure. These features make this flat band remarkably distinguishable from previous findings and our methodology can be applied to other systems opening a promising pathway to realize strongly correlated quantum effects in topological materials.
Gompf's end-sum techniques are used to establish the existence of an infinity of non-diffeomorphic manifolds, all having the same trivial ${\bf R^4}$ topology, but for which the exotic differentiable structure is confined to a region which is spatially limited. Thus, the smoothness is standard outside of a region which is topologically (but not smoothly) ${\bf B^3}\times {\bf R^1}$, where ${\bf B^3}$ is the compact three ball. The exterior of this region is diffeomorphic to standard ${\bf R^1}\times {\bf S^2}\times{\bf R^1}$. In a space-time diagram, the confined exoticness sweeps out a world tube which, it is conjectured, might act as a source for certain non-standard solutions to the Einstein equations. It is shown that smooth Lorentz signature metrics can be globally continued from ones given on appropriately defined regions, including the exterior (standard) region. Similar constructs are provided for the topology, ${\bf S^2}\times {\bf R^2}$ of the Kruskal form of the Schwarzschild solution. This leads to conjectures on the existence of Einstein metrics which are externally identical to standard black hole ones, but none of which can be globally diffeomorphic to such standard objects. Certain aspects of the Cauchy problem are also discussed in terms of ${\bf R^4_\Theta}$\models which are ``half-standard'', say for all $t<0,$ but for which $t$ cannot be globally smooth.
We consider radiation-dominated Friedmann universe and evaluate its force four-vector and momentum. We analyse and compare the results with the already evaluated for the matter-dominated Friedmann model. It turns out that the results are physically acceptable.
In this paper we investigate the regularity properties of strong solutions to SDEs driven by L\'evy processes with irregular drift coefficients. Under some mild conditions, we show that the singular SDE has a unique strong solution for each starting point and the family of all the solutions forms a stochastic flow. Moreover, the Malliavin differentiability of the strong solutions is also obtained. As an application, we also prove a path-by-path uniqueness result for some related random ODEs.
Aims. The high energy spectrum of 3C 273 is usually understood in terms of inverse-Compton emission in a relativistic leptonic jet. This model predicts variability patterns and delays that could be tested with simultaneous observations from the radio to the GeV range. Methods. The instruments IBIS, SPI, JEM-X on board INTEGRAL, PCA on board RXTE, and LAT on board Fermi have enough sensitivity to follow the spectral variability of 3C 273 from the keV to the GeV. We looked for correlations between the different energy bands, including radio data at 37 GHz collected at the Mets\"ahovi Radio Observatory and built quasi-simultaneous multiwavelength spectra in the high energy domain when the source is flaring either in the X-rays or in the {\gamma} rays. Results. Both temporal and spectral analysis suggest a two-component model to explain the complete high energy spectrum. X-ray emission is likely dominated by a Seyfert-like component while the {\gamma}-ray emission is dominated by a blazar-like component produced by the relativistic jet. The variability of the blazar-like component is discussed, comparing the spectral parameters in the two different spectral states. Changes of the electron Lorentz factor are found to be the most likely source of the observed variability.
We classify the pairs $(C,G)$ where $C$ is a seminormal curve over an arbitrary field $k$ and $G$ is a smooth connected algebraic group acting faithfully on $C$ with a dense orbit, and we determine the equivariant Picard group of $C$. We also give a partial classification when $C$ is no longer assumed to be seminormal.
We present a nonrelativistic transition potential for the weak strangeness-changing reaction $\Lambda N \to NN$. The potential is based on a one meson exchange model (OME), where, in addition to the long-ranged pion, the exchange of the pseudoscalar $K, \eta$, as well as the vector $\rho, \omega, K^*$ mesons is considered. Results obtained for different hypernuclear decay observables are compared to the available experimental data.
We report the results of Swift/XRT observations (2008-2015) of a hyper-luminous X-ray source, ESO 243-49 HLX-1. We found a strong observational evidence that ESO 243-49 HLX-1 underwent spectral transitions from the low/hard state to the high/soft state during these observations. The spectra of ESO 243-49 HLX-1 are well fitted by the so-{called} bulk motion Comptonization model for all spectral states. We have established the photon index Gamma saturation level, Gamma_{sat}$=3.0+/-0.1, in the correlation of Gamma versus mass accretion rate dot M. This Gamma-dot M correlation allows us to estimate the black hole (BH) mass in ESO 243-49 HLX-1 to be M_{BH}~ 7x 10^4 solar masses, assuming the distance to ESO 243-49 of 95 Mpc. For the BH mass estimate we used the scaling method, taking Galactic BHs XTE~J1550-564, H~1743-322 and 4U~1630-472, and an extragalactic BH source, M101 ULX-1 as reference sources. The Gamma-dot M correlation revealed in ESO 243-49 HLX-1 is similar to those in a number of Galactic and extragalactic BHs and it clearly shows the correlation along with the strong Gamma saturation at ~ 3. This is a reliable observational evidence of a BH in ESO 243-49 HLX-1. We also found that the seed (disk) photon temperatures are quite low, of order of 50-140 eV which are consistent with a high BH mass in ESO 243-49 HLX-1.
We study irreducible time-homogenous Markov chains with finite state space in discrete time. We obtain results on the sensitivity of the stationary distribution and other statistical quantities with respect to perturbations of the transition matrix. We define a new closeness relation between transition matrices, and use graph-theoretic techniques, in contrast with the matrix analysis techniques previously used.
Large area catalogs of galaxy clusters constructed from ROSAT All Sky Survey provide the base for our knowledge on the population of clusters thanks to the long-term multiwavelength efforts on their follow-up. Advent of large area photometric surveys superseding in depth previous all-sky data allows us to revisit the construction of X-ray cluster catalogs, extending the study to lower cluster masses and to higher redshifts and to provide the modelling of the selection function. We perform a wavelet detection of X-ray sources and make extensive simulations of the detection of clusters in the RASS data. We assign an optical richness to each of the 24,788 detected X-ray sources in the 10,382 square degrees of SDSS BOSS area, using redMaPPer version 5.2. We name this survey COnstrain Dark Energy with X-ray (CODEX) clusters. We show that there is no obvious separation of sources on galaxy clusters and AGN, based on distribution of systems on their richness. This is a combination of increasing number of galaxy groups and their selection as identification of an X-ray sources either by chance or due to groups hosting an AGN. To clean the sample, we use a cut on the optical richness at the level corresponding to the 10\% completeness of the survey and include it into the modelling of cluster selection function. We present the X-ray catalog extending to a redshift of 0.6 down to X-ray fluxes of $10^{-13}$ ergs s$^{-1}$ cm$^{-2}$. We provide the modelling of the sample selection and discuss the redshift evolution of the high end of the X-ray luminosity function (XLF). Our results on $z<0.3$ XLF are in agreement with previous studies, while we provide new constraints on the $0.3<z<0.6$ XLF. We find a lack of strong redshift evolution of the XLF, provide exact modeling of the effect of low number statistics and AGN contamination and present the resulting constraints on the flat $\Lambda$CDM.
Simulation data are analyzed for four 3D spin-$1/2$ Ising models: on the FCC lattice, the BCC lattice, the SC lattice and the Diamond lattice. The observables studied are the susceptibility, the reduced second moment correlation length, and the normalized Binder cumulant. From measurements covering the entire paramagnetic temperature regime the corrections to scaling are estimated. We conclude that a correction term having an exponent which is consistent within the statistics with the bootstrap value of the universal subleading thermal confluent correction exponent, $\theta_{2} \sim 2.454(3)$, is almost always present with a significant amplitude. In all four models, for the normalized Binder cumulant the leading confluent correction term has zero amplitude. This implies that the universal ratio of leading confluent correction amplitudes $a_{\chi_{4}}/a_{\chi} = 2$ in the 3D Ising universality class.
Molecule-metal interfaces have a broad range of applications in nanoscale materials science. Accurate characterization of their electronic structures from first-principles is key in understanding material and device properties. The GW approach within many-body perturbation theory is state-of-the-art and can in principle yield accurate quasiparticle energy levels and interfacial level alignments that are in quantitative agreement with experiments. However, the interfaces are large heterogeneous systems that are currently challenging for first-principles GW calculations. In this work, we develop a GW-based dielectric embedding approach for molecule-metal interfaces, significantly reducing the computational cost of direct GW without sacrificing accuracy. To be specific, we perform explicit GW calculations only in the simulation cell of the molecular adsorbate, in which the dielectric effect of the metallic substrate is embedded. This is made possible via a real-space truncation of the substrate polarizability and the use of the interface plasma frequency in the adsorbate GW calculation. Here, we focus on the level alignment at weakly coupled molecule-metal interfaces, i.e., the energy difference between a molecular frontier orbital resonance and the substrate Fermi level. We demonstrate our method and assess a few GW-based approximations using two well-studied systems, benzene adsorbed on the Al (111) and on the graphite (0001) surfaces.
Using a tensor renormalization group method with oblique projectors for an anisotropic tensor network, we confirm that the rescaled spectrum of transfer matrices at nonequilibrium critical points in the (1+1)-dimensional directed percolation, a canonical model of nonequilibrium critical phenomena, is scale-invariant and its structure is universal.
We produce a Grothendieck transformation from bivariant operational $K$-theory to Chow, with a Riemann-Roch formula that generalizes classical Grothendieck-Verdier-Riemann-Roch. We also produce Grothendieck transformations and Riemann-Roch formulas that generalize the classical Adams-Riemann-Roch and equivariant localization theorems. As applications, we exhibit a projective toric variety $X$ whose equivariant $K$-theory of vector bundles does not surject onto its ordinary $K$-theory, and describe the operational $K$-theory of spherical varieties in terms of fixed-point data.   In an appendix, Vezzosi studies operational $K$-theory of derived schemes and constructs a Grothendieck transformation from bivariant algebraic $K$-theory of relatively perfect complexes to bivariant operational $K$-theory.
We review our recent work on the existence of a new independent R^4 term, at one loop, in the type IIA and heterotic effective actions, after reduction to four dimensions, besides the usual square of the Bel-Robinson tensor. We discuss its supersymmetrization.
An overview of new 4d supersymmetric gauge theories with 2-form gauge potentials constructed by various authors during the past five years is given. The key role of three particular types of interaction vertices is emphasized. These vertices are used to develop a connecting perspective on the new models and to distinguish between them. One example is presented in detail to illustrate characteristic features of the models. A new result on couplings of 2-form gauge potentials to Chern-Simons forms is presented.
We propose a Finsler spacetime scenario of the anisotropic universe. The Finslerian universe requires both the fine-structure constant and accelerating cosmic expansion have dipole structure, and the directions of these two dipoles are the same. Our numerical results show that the dipole direction of SnIa Hubble diagram locates at $(l,b)=(314.6^\circ\pm20.3^\circ,-11.5^\circ\pm12.1^\circ)$ with magnitude $B=(-3.60\pm1.66)\times10^{-2}$. And the dipole direction of the fine-structure constant locates at $(l,b)=(333.2^\circ\pm8.8^\circ,-12.7^\circ\pm6.3^\circ)$ with magnitude $B=(0.97\pm0.21)\times10^{-5}$. The angular separation between the two dipole directions is about $18.2^\circ$.
A method for construction of the multipartite Clauser-Horne-Shimony-Holt (CHSH) type Bell inequalities, for the case of local binary observables, is presented. The standard CHSH-type Bell inequalities can be obtained as special cases. A unified framework to establish all kinds of CHSH-type Bell inequalities by increasing step by step the number of observers is given. As an application, compact Bell inequalities, for eight observers, involving just four correlation functions are proposed. They require much less experimental effort than standard methods and thus is experimentally friendly in multi-photon experiments.
The excursion set theory of halo formation is modified by adopting the fractional Brownian motion, to account for possible correlation between merging steps. We worked out analytically the conditional mass function, halo merging rate and formation time distribution in the spherical collapse model. We also developed an approximation for the ellipsoidal collapse model and applied it to the calculation of the conditional mass function and the halo formation time distribution. For models in which the steps are positively correlated, the halo merger rate is enhanced when the accreted mass is less than $\sim 25M^*$, while for the negatively correlated case this rate is reduced. Compared with the standard model in which the steps are uncorrelated, the models with positively correlated steps produce more aged population in small mass halos and more younger population in large mass halos, while for the models with negatively correlated steps the opposite is true. An examination of simulation results shows that a weakly positive correlation between successive merging steps appears to fit best. We have also found a systematic effect in the measured mass function due to the finite volume of simulations. In future work, this will be included in the halo model to accurately predict the three point correlation function estimated from simulations.
NaOsO$_{\text{3}}$ undergoes a metal-insulator transition (MIT) at 410 K, concomitant with the onset of antiferromagnetic order. The excitation spectra have been investigated through the MIT by resonant inelastic x-ray scattering (RIXS) at the Os L$_{\text{3}}$ edge. Low resolution ($\Delta E \sim$ 300 meV) measurements over a wide range of energies reveal that local electronic excitations do not change appreciably through the MIT. This is consistent with a picture in which structural distortions do not drive the MIT. In contrast, high resolution ($\Delta E \sim $ 56 meV) measurements show that the well-defined, low energy magnons in the insulating state weaken and dampen upon approaching the metallic state. Concomitantly, a broad continuum of excitations develops which is well described by the magnetic fluctuations of a nearly antiferromagnetic Fermi liquid. By revealing the continuous evolution of the magnetic quasiparticle spectrum as it changes its character from itinerant to localized, our results provide unprecedented insight into the nature of the MIT in \naoso. In particular, the presence of weak correlations in the paramagnetic phase implies a degree of departure from the ideal Slater limit.
We use properties of doubly-magic nuclei and ab-initio calculations of low-density neutron matter to constrain Skyrme equations of state for neutron-rich conditions. All of these properties are consistent with a Skyrme functional form and a neutron-matter equation of state that depends on three parameters. With a reasonable range for the neutron-matter effective mass, the values of the two other Skyrme parameters are well constrained. This leads to predictions for other quantities. The neutron skins for $^{208}$Pb and $^{48}$Ca are predicted to be 0.182(10) fm and 0.173(5) fm, respectively. Other results including the dipole polarizability are discussed.
We present first prominence observations obtained with ALMA in Band 3 at the wavelength of 3 mm. High-resolution observations have been coaligned with the MSDP H$\alpha$ data from Wroclaw-Bialk\'{o}w large coronagraph at similar spatial resolution. We analyze one particular co-temporal snapshot, first calibrating both ALMA and MSDP data and then demonstrating a reasonable correlation between both. In particular we can see quite similar fine-structure patterns in both ALMA brightness temperature maps and MSDP maps of H$\alpha$ intensities. Using ALMA we intend to derive the prominence kinetic temperatures. However, having current observations only in one band, we use an independent diagnostic constraint which is the H$\alpha$ line integrated intensity. We develop an inversion code and show that it can provide realistic temperatures for brighter parts of the prominence where one gets a unique solution, while within faint structures such inversion is ill conditioned. In brighter parts ALMA serves as a prominence thermometer, provided that the optical thickness in Band 3 is large enough. In order to find a relation between brightness and kinetic temperatures for a given observed H$\alpha$ intensity, we constructed an extended grid of non-LTE prominence models covering a broad range of prominence parameters. We also show the effect of the plane-of-sky filling factor on our results.
We present the analysis and results of a spectroscopic follow-up program of a mass-selected sample of six galaxies at 3 < z < 4 using data from Keck-NIRSPEC and VLT-Xshooter. We confirm the z > 3 redshifts for half of the sample through the detection of strong nebular emission lines, and improve the zphot accuracy for the remainder of the sample through the combination of photometry and spectra. The modeling of the emission-line-corrected spectral energy distributions (SEDs) adopting improved redshifts confirms the very large stellar masses of the sample (M_* ~ 1.5-4 x 10^11 Msun) in the first 2 Gyrs of cosmic history, with a diverse range in stellar ages, star formation rates and dust content. From the analysis of emission line luminosities and widths, and far-infrared (FIR) fluxes we confirm that >80% of the sample are hosts to luminous hidden active galactic nuclei (AGNs), with bolometric luminosities of ~10^(44-46) erg/s. We find that the MIPS 24um photometry is largely contaminated by AGN continuum, rendering the SFRs derived using only 24um photometry to be severely overestimated. By including the emission from the AGN in the modeling of the UV-to-FIR SEDs, we confirm that the presence of the AGN does not bias considerably the stellar masses (< 0.3 dex at 1\sigma). We show evidence for a rapid increase of the AGN fraction from ~30% to ~60-100% over the 1 Gyr between z~2 and z~3. Although we cannot exclude some enhancement of the AGN fraction for our sample due to selection effects, the small measured [OIII] contamination to the observed K-band fluxes suggests that our sample is not significantly biased toward massive galaxies hosting AGNs.