ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Miranda warnings Miranda warnings usually refer to precautionary procedures that are given by the law enforcement officers in the USA to criminal suspects who have been put under police custody in readiness for interrogation. The main task of the law enforcing officers, in this case, is to investigate to establish the truth in form of evidence attached to the suspects. The gathered evidence is supposed to be acceptable during the trial process. Miranda warnings were formulated after ceasing the case of Ernesto Miranda who was accused of raping the young woman. Thus, Miranda was interrogated without having been informed about his rights to remain silent. Miranda confessed that this aspect could be discussed as a kind of self-incrimination ( Shipler 140). Miranda was imprisoned, but the case was heard again. Miranda won the case because the interrogators did not state the person’s rights according to the Fifth Amendment. The law enforcement work was affected because Miranda warnings accentuated the problem of self-incrimination. Thus, the person has the right to refuse to answer interrogators’ questions without the attorney at any time despite the start of the interrogation process. There are six key sections of the Miranda warnings. In the first part of the Miranda warning, the availability of data is considered to be a crucial factor (Rogers 186). When a suspected criminal is arrested, there should be adequate evidence in form of data that should be presented in a court of law. Data must be made available before a suspected criminal can be taken through the criminal justice system. In addition, the data to be used before a suspect can be convicted should be valid enough. A language that is unequivocal and clear should be used when presenting a case in court. One of the advantages is that the available data ought to be presented in a court of law in a language that can be vividly understood by all the concerned parties (Schauer 159). If data are not available for the trial process, then the constitutional provisions are considered to be just nonfunctional formalities. This can be a major disadvantage especially on the part of the plaintiff. Nonetheless, the data to be used in a court of law can be worded differently depending on specific jurisdictions. This fact implies that this first feature of the Miranda warning may not necessarily be standard across the board as long as the information provided is valid as instruments of evidence in a criminal justice process. It is possible that the language used can vary significantly without altering the data. It is a mandatory requirement that the suspect should be interrogated about the statements made (Schauer 162). If the latter was not properly advised on the importance of making such statements, then the court cannot be held liable for such omissions. Ignorance cannot be used as a defense mechanism in a court of law. Even if the defendant was not willing to give a statement during interrogation, it cannot be applied by the state as e
Summary The problem of firearms in Mexico has recently been spinning out of control, causing both citizens and state authorities to reconsider the current concept of managing the specified issue and the reasonability of firearms being readily available. Despite the criminalization of firearms possession in Mexico, the local criminal market has been thriving due to the trafficking of firearms from the U.S. to Mexico (Martinez, 2019). By revisiting the present approach to managing citizens’ movement from Mexico o the U.S., as well as imposing more rigid legal standards for gun possession, the Mexican government may be able to address the current problem of firearms owned by its citizens. A report published lately to discuss the subject matter has shown that the border debate, which has been going on for several years running, has been obscured to the point where its actual effects on the well-being of Mexican citizens have been lost entirely. Specifically, the affordability of firearms and the vast opportunities to purchase them to traffic them to Mexico have not been addressed properly, leaving a huge legal gap for criminals to use and aggravate the current situation. According to Martinez (2019), a PBS writer, “A report from the U.S. Government Accountability Office showed that 70 percent of guns seized in Mexico by Mexican authorities and submitted for tracing have a U.S. origin” (para. 5). The author derives key information from recent reports, which makes it a descriptive case study. To resolve the concern at hand, one will need a joint effort from Mexico and the U.S., yet the lack of response from the latter does not allow minimizing the damage and establishing at least a modicum of control over the situation. However, apart from external factors, the issue of gun control in Mexico is also aggravated by the rapidly developing criminal market, which has built an immensely strong presence despite the efforts of law enforcement. Vanda Felbab-Brown (2019), a senior at Brookings, states that there is a trend toward rapid, exponential growth of the Mexican criminal market, which the availability of guns enhances. The general rate of criminal violence in Mexico, which has been spiraling out of control over the past few years, has reached its climax in 2019, has intensified and diversified to the point where it can hardly be addressed (Felbab-Brown, 2019). The Mexican police, in turn, have been losing control over criminal activities within the state due to the lack of qualified staff and the resources required to embrace the scale and speed of the problem development. Using a descriptive methodological approach, the author concedes that the pres
The primary goal of this paper is to determine potential reasons for the lower net revenue than it is projected and propose effective marketing strategies to resolve these problems. When observing the introduced case, it was apparent that net revenues were lower than it was expected. In general, there are several trends that can describe the situation in North America, Europe-Africa, Asia-Pacific, and Latin America. In the first place, low income was associated with an intensified rivalry of competitors with 8% market share each. Apart from the well-established loyal consumer base, the leaders of the industry had a strong reputation with 3.9/5 at a price to quality ratio while the case company had only 3.1/5. It remains apparent that brand image was one of the most defining factors for the company’s success, and an extended number of rival firms limited the operations in the market. Nonetheless, when comparing the performance of the case enterprise with the rivals, there are some major differences in strategic decision-making. For example, the company decreased its spending on retailer recruitment while the competitors highly relied on this method. This aspect restricted the company’s marketing channels while having a negative impact on its revenue. In turn, the enterprise selected to offer high discounts to online retailers (27%), and the competitors had a tendency to have 16.2% on average. It was viewed as an additional state of expenditure that had an adverse impact on net profit. Alternatively, the company employed a cost-leadership approach when operating in different geographical
The book “Health and Wellness for Life” by Human Kinetics outlines powerful insights and ideas that can transform a person’s health outcomes. The first chapter is “Health Promotion.” From the chapter, I have learned that there is a difference between wellness and health. The term wellness focuses on the overall balance of a person’s intellectual, environmental, physical, and social wellbeing, while health is the absence of diseases in the physical body. The second lesson is that wellness has six unique dimensions. These include intellectual, emotional, physical, spiritual, social, and environmental. People should consider these dimensions in an attempt to re-pattern their health goals. The third lesson is that people should focus on specific challenges affecting their health in order to make appropriate lifestyle changes. I will, therefore, consider the six dimensions of wellness in an attempt to develop a sustainable health promotion philosophy. The second chapter is “Fitness Basics.” From the chapter, I learned that people should engage in a wide range of exercises. For instance, 150 minutes of aerobic activity are needed each week. The second lesson is that there are some health-related factors associated with physical activity. Some of these factors include muscular strength, flexibility, cardio-respiratory endurance, and body composition. Physical activities are relevant because they result in muscle strength and flexibility. The third lesson is that people should divide their exercises into three unique stages. The first one is the beginning phase, followed by the progress stage. The final one is known as the maintenance phase. I did not know anything about these phases before. Warming up is appropriate because it minimizes the chances of body injuries. I will always warm up by stretching and jogging in order to achieve my health goals. The third chapter is “Nutrition”. It has educated me about the importance of micronutrients and macronutrients in the body. These nutrients support various body functions and processes. The major macronutrients outlined in the chapter include water, fats, proteins, and carbohydrates. The micronutrients needed in the body include minerals and vitamins. The second lesson is that human beings should consider the right dietary guidelines in order to manage their health outcomes. Young children and adults require different nutrients. The third knowledge obtained from the chapter is that people handle food in a proper manner. This is the case because poor food handling processes will result in diseases or illnesses. That being the case, I will combine these ideas to eat appropriate diets depending on the physical exercises and activities undertaken. I will also handle my food in a hygienic manner. The name of chapter four is
Outline Analog footage in opposition to digital soundtracks compare the two forms in which resonance is documented and stockpiled. Authentic jingle waves consist of continuous discrepancies in air anxieties. To illustrate these indicators can be documented in, digital or analog layouts. Analog documentation is one where the inventive sound indicator is adapted onto a subsequent corporeal channel or substrate such as the groove of a turntable compact disk or an iron oxide surface of a magnetic ribbon, (Rumsey & Watkinson 1995, Dunn 2003:34). A substantial eminence in the standard is straightforwardly associated or resembles, to the tangible attributes of the inventive soundtrack; thus the amplitude phase and so forth. Digital documentation is produced by converting the tangible attributes of the inventive sound into a sequence of integers, which can then be stockpiled and replayed for facsimile. The truthfulness of the translation process is dependent on the case tempo and the case profundity, thus, the quantity of in rank comprised in each sample, this can be illustrated as the optimum integer extent each mock-up significance. Nonetheless, unlike analog documentation that is importantly dependent on the long term durability of the fidelity of waveforms documented on the standard, the tangible standard stockpiling digital samples is fundamentally immaterial in replaying of the encoded in rank so long as the original information of numerals can be improved, Rathmell, J. et al. (1997:832-840). Major Discrepancies This domain has been under discussion as to whether analog acoustic is superlative to digital auditory or subordinate versa. The subject is extremely reliant on the distinction of the structures under analysis as well as other variables that are not significantly associated with resonance excellence. Squabbles for analog structures incorporate the absence of fundamental error apparatus that are present in digital acoustic structures, this include aliasing, quantization racket in addition to presumed inadequacies in self-motivated assortment. Supporters of digital tip to the elevated echelons of presentation probable with digital acoustic includes; excellent linearity in the perceptible posse as well as diminutive echelons of noise and distortion, Rathmell, J. et al. (1997:832-840). Precise elevated eminence sound reproduction is probable with analog as well as digital configurations. The most off-putting variable of analog expertise is the analog sensitivity media to corporeal dilapidation. The most significant benefit that digital structures have is a homogenous source fidelity, cost effective media replication expenses, direct functionality of the digital indicator in modern day popular portable storage in addition to replay apparatus. Analog
Introduction Globalization of the economy has played a vital role in shaping the post-war period. Over the last fifty years, international trade in services and goods has increased tremendously. In addition, international financial flows have also increased immensely. The rise of modern imperialism has a close relationship with economic globalization. The two concepts can be linked to each other in various ways. Although globalization may be taken to mean developments that have occurred in the recent past (especially in the period from 1990s), the focus of globalization should be long term since it relates to the formation of the modern world through imperialism (Hepp 40-100). The relationship between economic globalization and modern imperialism Modern imperialism and globalization can be regarded as aspects that came to being with the intention of changing the world as well as interpreting the world. In many international forums, modern imperialism and economic globalization have taken centre stage due to the links, which exist between the two concepts. First, economic globalization relates to modern imperialism in that the origin of the two concepts dates back to 500 years ago. During this time, activities such as European imperialism, which started at a local level, became regional and eventually international, thus contributing to economic globalization. For example, imperialism can be associated with the establishment of a free market, which has become a common phenomenon in the arena of economic globalization. The expansion of the global economy has become a widespread phenomenon as a result of imperialism (Hepp 40-100). Modern imperialism also relates to economic globalization in that imperialism carried out by European nations led to the worldwide spread of the spirit of capitalism. This has played a significant role in economic globalization as it led to the establishment of global empires, which started during the 1500s. Modern imperialism also relates to economic globalization in that the European and Western powers emphasized on civilization, as they spread in most parts of the world; this ultimately led to economic globalization. The spread of European imperialism meant that most of the structures in society had to be rearranged. For example, politics and the economy got rearranged through imperialism. As a result, there was the introduction of new technology and new ways of doing things in the corporate world. This has had significant contributions to economic globalization (Fernandez-Armesto 674-685). The interactions between countries, which are enhanced through modern imperialism, contribute to economic globalization. Modern imperialism has also contributed to economic globalization through flows in international trade. As a result of imperialism, financial flows have become common in the economy of the world. (Fernandez-Armesto 674-685). The global economy witnessed significant changes during the 18 th century. During this time, there was widespread trade between the European and Asian countries as rulers from Europe expressed a lot of
The Freedom of Religion clause in the First Amendment ensures that all U.S. citizens enjoy the right to worship the faith of their choosing; more importantly, it also gives them right not to worship any faith. The Freedom of Religion clause in the First Amendment represents one of the few official documents on the planet that corroborates free will, specifically, the right to choose, in the arena of religion. The choice inferred by the words “Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof” …presupposes free will; this is why it is such a vital and valuable document, to the American people and to the world at large (“The Bill of Rights”). The right to choose religion does not simply mean that religion is not imposed. Credit the founding fathers with their comprehension that the individual choice upheld in the First Amendment of the Bill of Rights extends its roots much deeper than legislated safeguard against religious tyranny. It means that religion itself can be chosen, or not chosen; Freedom of Religion means we can be free to not choose a faith at all. The 9/11 bombers were not U.S. citizens, for example. For them, “choice” in religion appeared enough of an affront to the supreme rule of Allah that they felt justified in sacrificing their own lives, and murdering thousands of innocent souls. Infidels, after all, in the most painfully crude sense, are simply people who do not choose Allah. Americans have been sorely punished in recent years as a result of this amendment. So, is it time to retire it? Can the U.S. finally accept that the experiment has failed? Absolutely not. If anything, now marks the time the First Amendment to the U.S. Bill of Rights’ religious freedom clause demands full and resolute support. Right now signifies the precise epoch wherein the U.S. must “be especially careful to give no ground on First Amendment issues” (Abrams 30). For the purposes of this essay, let us focus on Islam, and the Ground Zero mosque. Given that practicing Islam in the U.S. persists as a hot button issue, let one thing be clear from the outset: this is not a polemic indicting the Muslim faith. In this paper, Islam will function metaphorically and contextually to demonstrate religious freedom in some cases, and lack thereof in others. Islam contains one tenet, the moral law, which bears scrutiny in regards to a discussion of choice and free will, and provides a clear example of the relevance and importance of the Freedom of Clause in the Constitution. Islamic scholar Fazlur Rahman clarified that: “the basic élan of the Qur’an is moral, whence flows its emphasis on monotheism as well as on social justice. The moral law is immutable: it is God’s “Command.” Man cannot make or unmake the Moral Law: he must submit himself to it, this submission to it be
Introduction Various scholars define the term media variously, depending on their professional and personal orientation. Many of them, however, agree that media refers to a variety of information channels available in the society. In our society today, the media plays an important role in enlightening people on issues that influence their life, as well as those issues surrounding them. Conventionally, the media gathers information, which is then passed on to the audience via different channels. The various channels used in passing the information include, among others, newspapers, television, and magazines. Depending on the form of media that is used, the information is passed to a large number of people within a relatively short period of time. Another major role played by the media involves addressing the various social issues affecting members of the society. In the past, the media was seen as a platform through which people could spread their ideologies and beliefs to other members of the society (Dabashi, 2012). It is through the media that such issues as the need for gender equality and human rights are voiced and made public. The media is also used as a tool for influencing opinion among members of the public. To this end, the coverage of issues by the media enlightens many people on the state of affairs in other parts of the world. The people can voice their opinion regarding what is happening in other parts of the world. The media is also an important tool when it comes to enhancing accountability in the society. As a result of increased media independence in contemporary society, almost all matters and events are subject to media scrutiny. As a result, community leaders are kept in check
In the movie “Boomerang”, a serious moral dilemma was presented to District Attorney Henry Harvey. He was to protect the man accused of a cruel murder of a local priest of the Catholic Church. The fault of the man was an ambiguous issue as the evidence were rather contradictory; thus, the prosecutor was to put a lot of work into understanding what happened in this case. In the following paper, the problem shown in the movie “Boomerang” will be analyzed from a Humean perspective and a Kantian perspective. Generally, these different approaches explain the motivation behind Harvey’s acts and vagrant’s deeds in a rather different way and reveal varied important details about the moral issues related to this murder. Speaking about a Humean perspective of the problem under consideration, it should be, first of all, stated that this murder can be seen as an ambiguous case where Harvey, the main protagonist of the movie, was to put his every ability into practice along with his moral sentiments to exercise his professional duty. As the investigation of this case proceeds the attorney comes to the understanding that the prosecuted is not guilty of this murder. Thus, a moral dilemma is presented before him as from one point of view he is politically and sociologically motivated to put a period to this case, but from the other point of view, he is to exercise justice, first of all. The murdered priest was a popular figure in the area, and, thus, the local society with its highest officials put a lot of pressure on Henry Harvey to end up with this case and to accuse the prosecuted one. Harvey was determined to do so initially; but later, when he discovered numerous pieces of evidence proving the vagrant’s innocence, he began to think about numerous moral questions related to this difficult and ambiguous case. As this conflict develops, the audience sees Harvey conclude that his moral obligation is higher than anything else including the desire of local society to condemn the prosecuted one. A Humean perspective is a system of assumptions, beliefs and conclusions stating that humans’ acts are motivated by more than the mind alone. Rather, a system of difficult rueful feelings and ambiguous emotions stands behind any particular act by the individual. Applying this logic to the issue of the study, it becomes evident that the actions of the attorney narrated in the movie “Boomerang” are caused by a complicated system of motivations including his ethical sentiments and moral concerns. Harvey is a decent representative of his occupation full of ethical thoughts and beliefs motivating him to put his professional duty above everything. Thus, upon discovering serious evidence proving the innocence of an accused vagrant he manages to overcome al