ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The right to the confidentiality of a person’s responses on psychometric and educational tests is governed by national, professional and organizational policy to ensure that tests are used to promote the high standards of their use and inform best practices. Confidentiality in the Professional Clinician Context It is important for professional clinicians to adhere to a set of guidelines so that they can make decisions about the therapeutic relationship that promotes health, wellbeing, and the rights of all stakeholders so as to cultivate bonds of trust throughout the community. Thus, all testing materials are not permitted to circulate freely; instead, they are kept in a secure place. Ideally, the individual tests are de-personalized by having Client/participant Numbers. Tests should be locked separately to signed informed consent forms and any other materials that could link client/participants to raw data, or even as to have had a test. Materials remain in a secure place, preferably locked, for at least 5 years. The tests themselves are not to be left in the care of a third party if that party is not qualified to administer them. In a case such as this, there is more potential for a breach of confidentiality, as the unqualified administrator of the test may ask the client/participant to record personal details onto the test, or they may forget to ask the client/participant not to do so. It is also highly likely that the unqualified will not be familiar with ethical practices of the professional clinician, and so not be aware or understand the concept of “right to confidentiality”. This situation places the client/participant at risk of harm as circulation of their details (raw data or demographics) may lead to adverse consequences to themselves, such as disappointment that their trust has been violated, creating a lack of engagement with learning or accessing therapeutic care when needed. Confidentiality in the Educational/Organizational Context Students and employees have the right for their test results, and participation in tests, to not be communicated to a third party without their knowledge and explicit permission, such as in the form of a signed Informed Consent form. Such forms spell out clearly what is expected of the client/participant and how their information will be used; thus, who has access to it. Additionally, student/employee is able to have access to their tests, as this is their personal data. However, this may necessitate the application for “freedom of information” in the case where data is stored in a government facility. Furthermore, some tests may be considered exempt from disclosure given that to do so would not be in the best interest of the public. For example, when disclosure would invalidate the use of the test in the practice of the profession it is being used in. Or, alternatively, disclosure would not occur if it could impair the ability of the educational institute or other organization to perform their duties properly. Finally, when disclosure would be considered as a breach of the contractual arrangements by which the institution/organization has ag
Introduction Generally, the market for housing is categorized at the regional and national levels. The two providers tend to relate and consider the rate each use in terms of pricing and average square footage. It, therefore, requires real estate managers to conduct proper analysis to identify the prevailing charges in the sector. To determine the significant relationship in the industry, data containing the name of the state, county, region, house listing price, cost per square foot, and the square footage. Purpose The project’s purposes are to analyze housing sales prices in a local region in the United States and determine if they are higher than that of the set standard housing price of the national market. The project addresses this claim (hypothesis) by first carrying out a statistical test of means of both the local housing sales market and the national market price. This will be archived through a test statistics T-test on the two means: the local housing sales market price and the national market price. Additionally, the project will use a simple comparison method by getting summary statistics of the local housing sales market price compared to that of the national market price. After that, the conclusion will be drawn based on the findings on whether to reject or accept the null hypothesis. A random sample represents a group or population in which each item in the representation has an equal chance of being chosen (Tamhane & Gou, 2018). Random samples are meant to eliminate biasness in the population depiction. On the other hand, a Hypothesis is a statistical claim or assumption where an analyst tests those assumptions (claim) regarding a population parameter that is valid. Sample Size The main focus of the statistical analysis is to evaluate and determine if there is a significant difference between the housing issue in the region and those in the national market. A random sample of size 100 houses picked from various counties will be used to establish the findings, after which a general conclusion will be deduced concerning the population under study. The sub-set of the population contains state, county, region, house listing price (HLP), cost per square footage (CSF), and square footage (SF). In the research, the means to be analyzed are average prices and the cost per square footage. The project subjects’ samples from the housing sales market price data of size 100 are chosen at random (each sample has an equal probability of being sampled) to minimize type one error in the project. The sampled data has an appropriate sample size, and the process of extraction involves randomization. To very further the condition of the data, I need to confirm if it is normally distributed to ensure it meets the necessary conditions for the analysis. The samples include explanatory variables such as State, County, Region, house listing price, cost per square footage, and square footage. The main focus will be to establish if
The common sense scientists disprove claims from physics discipline. Albert Einstein laid the foundation for two successful theories that have withstood the taste of time over one hundred years of experimental tests. His theory of annus mirabilis, which deals with quantum mechanics, was explained in the two theories. The string theory and cosmological external inflation are two theories that common sense defenders do not agree with. They do not agree with the fact that an electron can exist at two different places on the earth at the same time. In their counter argument, the physicists have labeled common sense as an impediment to the progress of the discipline of physics. The common sense defenders are also against the procedure where only scientists can judge their fellow scientists. They also do not agree with theories that they term profundity. The common sense scientists define their profession as one that has the ordinary, nonspecialized knowledge of judgment and that it has the ability to judge the work of scientists. Failure by scientists to find a common ground on Einstein’s theory of quantum mechanics has been a subject of argument by the common sense defenders. They claim that the varied approach used by scientists to explain the theory has only served to elicit profundity. The common sense defenders observe that scientists should come up with a single common stand to explain the theory. Their argument is that the two theories cannot stand any convincing experiment on earth. They have put forward two reasons to support their stand. The first is that the parallel universe is far apart and the second reason is that the membrane strings are too small to be manufactured by any manufacturing company. According to them, it becomes impractical to perform these experiments (Gray, 1921). The common science find human beings to be very unpredictable and as having diverse personalities. It is therefore very difficult to trace their behavior. In other words, a number of reasons determine their behavior. In this argument, they refute some facts posed by the theories of evolution, genetics, and inheritance. They disagree with the God-gene theory. The idea that the human spirituality stems from a specific snippet of DNA and that the birth order has a strong impact on personality lacks strong evidence of defense. They disagree with claims that the first-born tends to be conformists while the last-born children is likely to be rebellious (Parson, 1915). The common sense defenders demand that scientists must proof every bit of their theories in a systematic way. They explain that putting forward theories that include oedipal complex, conditioned reflexes, genes, and the evolutionary adaptation do not make sense. The theories tend to explain human behavior without giving empirical tests. The common sense is so strong and only spec
The minimum wage usually distributes income not between employees and employers, but between a small group of lucky workers and those unlucky workers who lose their jobs. The average leftists will try to achieve an increase in the level of salaries with the help of the minimum wage. However, the disadvantages of raising the minimum wage are much more than the advantages. Many believe that an increase in the minimum wage leads to a rise in income, but this is not the case. In fact, for the average layman, an increase in the minimum wage does not lead to a rise in income but to an increase in expenses (Atkinson et al., 2017). First of all, the fact is that when minimum salaries are increased at any enterprise, the tax burden rises at the same time – the number of deductions to the wage fund. Employees who receive tips will also feel an increase in the minimum wage. At the moment, there is a system in place, according to which the employer is obliged to ensure the minimum amount of earnings from tips for the employee. If the employee does not receive a good bonus, then the employer will have to pay extra. The size of tips at the moment can reach 40%; after raising the minimum wage, one can only assume what proportion will be go-to tips. Significant measures were previously taken to raise the minimum wage also indicate a negative impact on employment. After the minimum wage in Seattle was raised to $13 in 2016. (Quinn, Kahill, 2017). Researchers from the University of Washington found that low-paid workers’ number of hours worked was reduced, and total wages for such jobs decreased. The most vulnerable age group in the case of a salary increase is the group from 16 to 24 years old. This creates a problem with gaining experience in a profession, which begins with low-paid positions and finding a job to pay for training (Richards, Sang, 2019). Workers without work experience, in principle, have fewer advantages against workers with work experience; with an increase in the minimum wage, it will become even more difficult for teenagers to look for work. In conclusion, many people mistakenly believe that raising the minimum wage will help them solve the problems of poverty and low wages. However,
The authors of this article wanted to study the effects of vocabulary instructions on word knowledge and reading comprehension among students suffering from different types of learning disabilities. The research methodology was experimental in nature and involved three sets of experiments that aimed at measuring the effect the dependent variable (vocabulary instructions) has on the independent variables (word knowledge and reading comprehension). The participants were selected as follows: Experiment  No. of participants  Gender of participants                                     Age of participants  Selection criterion                                                                          1           12                   Eight females and four males                               9-10 years old       Performance on a vocabulary screening test for “average” students.                           2           6                    Four 4 th and 5 th grade females and two 6 th grade males  10-13 years old      Learning disabled students receiving instructions from a special education resource teacher. 3           10 fourth graders    Six males and four females                                 10-12 years old      Students attending a summer school program for children of economically deprived families.    Design critique This was a controlled experiment in which the researchers designed the condition of the tasks and determined the level of instructions given, as well as the duration each task would take. Experiment 1 and 2 conditions focused on meanings from context, meanings given and meanings practiced. The experiments used an incomplete randomized block design to measure the variability of the established conditions. Experiment 3 a within subjects design was used. This design gave the participants the ability to act as their own control. Both designs were very effective in giving reliable results since they called for statistical analysis of the conditions, variables and treatments. In addition, the fact that the experimenters had more control over the experi
What this Story Says About Jesus This Biblical story tells us about the end of the world. Jesus is speaking to his apostles about the last days. The passage encourages believers to keep watch and be ready for God’s second coming. Jesus uses the example of a thief who comes to steal at night. No knows when the unexpected thief might come (Duvall and Hays 18). This story explains why Jesus should be treated by God’s son. The Bible explains how God gave Christ a superior position than all human beings. He knows everything about the future. Christ is powerful because he is God’s son. He has the power to predict and prophesy the future. These verses encourage Christians to follow Christ’s message to see God’s kingdom. The “passages before these verses inform the reader about the last days” (Duvall and Hays 32). According to Jesus, the world will encounter great tribulations during the time. The Holy Bible encourages every believer to expect catastrophic signs such as food shortages, diseases, wars, earthquakes, and human disagreements (Duvall and Hays 43). The story is meaningful because it explains why every believer should be prepared. The passages go further to explain how God will punish and destroy the wicked during the time. The bible describes how Christ will rescue those who devoted their lives to their creator. According to the subsequent passages, “God will come to take the discreet slave” (Mathew 24: 45-47). The chapter encourages believers to follow God’s words because his prophesies are inevitable. The passage helps Christians to believe everything narrated by Jesus. The story tells us that Christ is God’s son. His “heavenly status” makes it easier for us to understand Jehovah’s messages and prophesies. This passage advises Christians to “keep watch and prepare themselves because the Lord is coming soon” (Duvall and Hays 46). The Writer’s Message to the Audience In the Gospel of Matthew, Christ uses different stories to say something meaningful to the readers. In Matthew (chapter 24), Jesus uses different stories and examples to inform the reader about God’s second coming. These passages encourage Christians to trust God’s words. This is necessary because every story in the Holy Bible help believers to be faithful. The passages explain why believers should focus on God’s predictions and prophesies. Jesus narrates these stories in a proper manner. The approach helps believers understand why no one is aware of the last days. He encourages “Christians to look for new signs at the end of the world” (Duvall and Hays 46). However, Jesus does not say anything about the last day. Believers should read these stories together. This will help them understand the message intended by the Gospel writer (Duvall and Hays 49). The smaller stories help the reader understand why God’s promises are inevitable. The stories deliver the intended message to the targeted Christians. The three stories narrated by Christ have several things in common. To begin with,
Introduction Shakespeare remains the undisputed monarch in the history of English Literature due to his unparalleled contribution in the various genres. Perhaps the area where he has been diversely interpreted is in his Sonnets – a fourteen-line lyric with the rhyme –scheme abab cdcd efef gg (a set of three quatrains and a couplet). Bruno Leone asserts, “The poet must posses creative techniques and artistry to effectively compose a sonnet.”(38) Shakespeare has to his credit 154 sonnets wherein sonnets 1 – 26 are devoted to a beautiful young man. Sonnets 127 -152 are reflective of an unfaithful and seductive lady. The themes in his sonnets range from love, beauty, politics to mortality. They are more earthy and sexual than contemporary sequences. Analysis of sonnet 20 An in-depth analysis of sonnet 20 reveals that it stirs the most critical controversy and remains the perfect battleground for scholarly interpretation. It has the largest bodies of criticism than any other sonnet. In the first quatrain, the fair lord is treated as feminine and has been interpreted both in the literal sense and figurative sense. In the literal sense, the poet’s master is having control over him, and in the figurative sense, the Lord is both male and female. The closing couplet ties with the theme of Platonic love and carnal lust. Of course, such varied interpretations could be the product of autobiographical research in the area. The sonnet is unique as it exclusively ends in feminine rhymes – that is, end rhymes of at least two syllables with the final syllable unstressed. Meter is a recurring pattern of stressed (accented or long) and unstressed (unaccented or short) syllables in lines of a set length. Each pair of unstressed and stressed syllables makes up a unit called afoot. A foot containing an unstrained syllable followed by a stressed syllable is called an iamb. Because there are 5 feet in a line, all iambic, the meter of the line is iambic pentameter. It should be noted that a couplet is always indented; both lines rhyme at the end. All of Shakespeare’s sonnets except sonnet 145 are in iambic pentameter. Conclusion It could be too far-reaching to pronounce that the poet wants to possess the youth physically. There is a declaration of love from one man to another, and who the man is speaking to. Helen Vendler comments that Shakespeare “has only obligated himself to portray the feelings of his protagonist in that time and situation” (17). The understanding of the poem pierces into the youth’s double nature and character. It is asserted that ambiguity characterizes the poet’s feelings but not his language.
Introduction In “A View from Outside the Whale: The Treatment of Women and Unions in Industrial Relations,” Forrest states that “There is nothing natural or inevitable about the sexual division of labor and that this has to change (Forrest, 1993, p.325). It is to the advantage of a male dominated society to suppress women’s rights especially when it comes to their to organize themselves in order to demand for better wages and better working conditions. But for large part of the history of industrial relations women struggle to find their place and assert what they believe to be a right and not a privilege. Main Body Historical records reveal that studies on industrial relations focused on men and that there is a death of information when it comes to women, most especially in the discussion concerning women and trade unions. Believes that “In the past and the present, women’s work has been characterized by low pay and rapid labor turnover, not because women refuse to invest in training or because women are not committed to their jobs, but because this form of work organization is profitable for employers and advantageous to male workers” (Forrest, 1993, p.327). It is time to address the issue of segregation of labor. Conclusion In order to change the current situation it is important to realize that job segregation has been successfully utilized as a mechanism for job regulation. There is a nee to understand that this system is based on fear that women would take over the jobs of men. It is also imperative to eliminate the simplistic view that the action of trade union leaders to exclude the participation of women is justified by the goal of trying to meet the needs of its mostly male membership. It is now the time to let women speak on this issue.
Introduction South Africa is one of the countries with rich and fascinating history in the world. It is regarded as the most developed state in Africa and among the last to have an elected black president towards the end of the 20 th century. Besides its rich history, the South African state has abundant natural resources, fertile farms and a wide range of minerals including gold. The country is the world’s leading miner of diamonds and gold with several metal ores distributed around the country like platinum (Rosmarin & Rissik, 2004). South Africa experiences a mild climate that resembles that of San Francisco bay. With its geographical location and development, South Africa is one of the most accessible African countries. All these factors contribute to South Africa’s global prominence, especially before and after the reign of its first black President, Nelson Mandela in 1994. However, these alone do not add up to what the country’s history. In fact, South Africa’s history sounds incomplete without the mention of Apartheid, a system that significantly shaped and transformed the country in what it is today. Without apartheid, many argue that South Africa would have probably been a different country with unique ideologies, politics and overall identity. In other words, apartheid greatly affected South Africa in all spheres of a country’s operation. From segregation to all forms of unfairness, apartheid system negatively affected South Africans and the entire country (Pfister, 2005). On the other hand, some people argue that apartheid positively affected South Africa in countless ways. This essay gives a detailed coverage of the issue of apartheid in South Africa and its impact to the economy, politics and social life of South Africans. To achieve this task, the analysis is divided into useful sections, which give concise and authentic information concerning the topic. Up to date sources were consulted in researching the topic to ensure that data and information used in describing the concept is up to date, from reputable and recommended authors. Among important segments of the essay include but not limited to the literature review, history, background information and recommendations. Research questions In addressing the issue of Apartheid in South Africa, this essay intends to provide answers to the following questions:  1. What was apartheid system?  2. What are the factors that led to the apartheid system?  3. What were the negative effects of the apartheid system?  4. What were the positive effects of the apartheid system?  5. Why was it necessary to end apartheid in South Africa? Literature Review Apartheid in South Africa is one of the topics which have received massive literature coverage even after the end of the regime. Most of the documented information describes life before 1994 and what transpired after Nelson Mandela took leadership as the first black African President of the state. This segment, therefore,