ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Bilateral Agreements   * Bilateral agreements on air cargo are international trade contracts between two states that regulate commercial provisions of air services   * They are regarded as treaties, inter-governmental or executive conventions, or exchanges of diplomatic notes   * According to Article 6 of the Chicago Convention of 1944, there is no transnational service required to operate in any contracting state (Abeyratne, 2018)   * Transnational service is established only under specific permission/agreement with the contracting state   * The transnational air services grant the rights for landing or flight without landing across a state’s territory   * United States/European Union (US/EU) and the Multilateral Agreement on Liberalization of International Air Transportation (MALIAT) are two main multilateral agreements   * EU uses Regulation 1008/2008 (Air Transport Regulations) as the primary document directing air cargo transportation within the Union   * MALIAT was signed in 2001 between partnering states of Chile, Fiji, Brunei, New Zealand, Tonga, Samoa, the US, and Singapore (Fu & Yang, 2017) Five Freedoms and other Agreements   * First, Second, Third, Fourth and Fifth Freedoms make international air commerce possible   * They include the allowance to land with passengers or cargo taken on board in the state native to the airline   * They represent the right to perform transportation from and to the state native to the air company   * The rights are granted depending on bilateral agreements between states   * The Open Skies agreement is a bilateral contract between two nations that allows unlimited air travel between them   * The Open Skies agreements prohibit governmental interventions in the commercial decisions made by the air cargo management (Contreras, 2017)   * The US is pursuing Open Skies policy since 1992   * The US finalized Open Skies agreements with 126 partners by 2019 (Contreras, 2017)   * Chicago Convention regulates safety constraints   * It requires the customs warehouses or free zones to issue comprehensive rules on safety   * Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) also controls the safety issues   * Customs and Border Protection (CBP) agency imposes regulations concerning international and domestic air cargo security   * Transportation Security Administration (TSA) is another federal agency mandated with air transport security   * Article 37 of the Convention of International Civil Aviation (CICA) requires countries to apply the procedures to freights moving by air, sea, and land
This paper is aimed at examining such works of Asian literature as the epic poem The Tale of Kieu by Du Nguyen and the play The love suicide at Amijima written by Monzaemon Chikamatsu. Both authors explore the experiences of women who cannot take full control of their own lives. In both cases, female protagonists express compassion or kindred feelings toward other women who suffer the misfortunes. Much attention should be paid to the way in which Kieu and Koharu seek and show empathy for other female characters. This is one of the questions that should be analyzed. Furthermore, one should focus on the way in which two characters perceive the life in the world of prostitution. These are the main aspects that should be discussed more closely. On the whole, this analysis can throw light on the worldviews of the protagonists and their attitude toward other people. The theme of compassion plays an important role in Monzaemon Chikamatsu’s play. In particular, the readers learn that Koharu, who has to become prostitute, receives a letter from her lover’s wife, Kamiya Osan 1 . One can say that Koharu perceives Osan as her kindred spirit. Moreover, she does not want to ruin her family by letting Jihei commit suicide 2 . This is one of the details that should be taken into account. The main character understands that this woman also has to cope with significant challenges. For instance, Osan is responsible for the education of children and the management of their business. More importantly, according to the existing cultural tradition, she is obliged to remain obedient to her husband. In addition to that, she accepts her status, and her only concern is the preservation of family. She has no right to express discontent. To a great extent, Koharu expresses kindred feeling toward Osan since both of them can be viewed as powerless victims. This is one of the issues that should be considered by the readers of these texts. Similar attitude is displayed by the main character of Du Nguyen’s epic poem. One can say that Kieu also searchers for a person who can understand her experiences. To a great extent, Kieu is attracted to the spirit of the poetess Dam Tien whose beauty and talent were famous. Nevertheless, Dam Tien died at a very young age. When speaking about Dam Tien, Kieu says, ‘in her, perhaps, I’ve found a kindred heart’ 3 . Kieu understands that her beauty and intelligence can also be lost irretrievably. One can argue that the main character searches for Dam Tien’s consolation. This is one of the main issues that can be singled out since it is important for understanding the actions of the protagonist who wants to understand the reasons why she is reduced to the
Introduction Over the last five decades, several countries and blocks in the western world as well as Japan have spent billions of dollars in terms of foreign aid by assisting governments, international and local organizations to cope up with various social, economic, political, and security challenges. Nevertheless, what exactly is foreign aid? According to Riddell (2007), foreign aid is the international transfer of commodities, services, and financial means from the supporting country or international organization for the benefit of the target country or population. According to Riddell (1987), the aid can be in any form such as military, economic and humanitarian assistance. Food, equipment, commodities, credit, grants, cash, technical training, and technical advice are the major forms of foreign aid in the world today. In the past, Egypt and Israel, due to their location in the Middle East and cordial relationships with the west, have been the major beneficiaries of foreign aid. On the other hand, the western world has been a major source of foreign aid in the world. For instance, Germany has been funding Israel since 1948 as a way of compensating the Jewish community for the atrocities they suffered under the Nazi. Similarly, Egypt and Israel have been receiving massive foreign aid from Western Europe and the US to help them cope with the political and insecurity problems in the Middle East (Alesina & Dollar, 2000). However, since America’s military intervention in 2002 and 2003 respectively, Iraq and Afghanistan have become the major beneficiaries of foreign aid from the US. Nevertheless, Africa remains the major destination for foreign aid from the Western World, Eastern Europe, Japan, and recently, China. It is estimated that the foreign aid business is worth more than $100 billion and it is expanding every year as more and more countries and international organizations continue injecting millions of dollars into projects in Africa and Asia. However, the major issue is to determine the impact of foreign aid projects in destination countries. Does foreign aid work? Are the positive outcomes realized in the long-term perspective? Is there evidence of the negative impacts of foreign aid on socioeconomic and political development in the destination countries? Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to determine whether foreign aid is good or detrimental and whether it should be continued or discouraged based on the outcomes. Donors and recipients In modern times, official development assistance (ODA) has become the major form of foreign aid to third world countries. The purpose of ODA is to help populations of the third world nations overcome poverty. It is mainly obtained from developed nations in the form of bilateral grants between natio
AT & T is among the largest providers of telephone services providers in the United States of America and across the globe (Kleinfield, 1981). In late 2008, AT & T announced that, as a result of the economic/financial pressure being felt across the world, that it would be cutting 12,000 jobs. This was termed as a “changing business mix and a more streamlined organizational structure” by the company (At & T Inc., 2007). As mentioned, due to the tough economic conditions that were being experienced the world over in the year 2008 and partly through 2009, the company decided to lay off close to 4% of its workforce (At & T Inc., 2007). The company had announced that it would incur a cost of close to 600 million dollars for this exercise. What was surprising, however, is the fact that during this period, the company was not making losses as it seemed. For instance, the company reported a net income of $3.23 billion, up from $3.06 billion in the third quarter of 2007. As a result, the company revenue grew from $30.1 billion to $31.3 billion (At & T Inc., 2007). As exposed by the reasons mentioned above, the corporation announced that it will spend a total amount close to$11 billion in 2009 out of a total capital spending plan estimated to be between $17 billion and $18 billion to increase and improve both its wireline and wireless broadband networks. AT & T had formerly devoted about $1 billion of its capex budget to global network initiatives. It was, however, expected that the planned cost-cutting measures of 2009 would lead to the creation of about 3000 employment opportunities (At & T Inc., 2007). AT & T Company has improved on its financial position due to the layoffs. It is first off imperative to note that AT & T made a compensation attempt (an attempt to put some of its employees in their initial position) by adding employees in some areas of the company that was “understaffed” (At & T Inc., 2007). Sections such as wireless, video, and broadband required more employees to meet the ever-increasing customer demand. In 2009 (after the lay-offs) the company’s capital expenditure reduced from the 2008 levels. The company made major improvements/growth in the year 2010 also. AT&T announced a startling $2 billion boost in 2010 wireless capital spending at its fourth quarter and year-end earnings call on January 28. This is an important and very substantial spending increase. What should be understood is that the company was not facing any financial itch as reported by many media houses. The company was merely taking some precautionary measures that would see to the avoidance of one major financial meltdown. AT & T however, managed to secure and increase its financial positions in a period when many companies were facing an economic crisis. Although many people lost t
Introduction Trade liberalization is the opening of domestic market to the international world. It is the establishment of free market across the globe where by all players across the world are accorded the freedom to carry out business transaction in any country. The trade liberalization is opposed to the concept where countries protect their domestic industries from international competition. The establishment of trade liberalization implies the abolition of regulations that can in one way or another limit any form international trade that is viewed to be legal under international law. This paper seeks to explore the subject of trade liberalization. The paper will discuss impacts of trade liberalization with respect to poverty, agriculture and government subsidies. The paper will with specification discuss the relationship between trade liberalization and poverty in Argentina, the impacts of trade liberalization on agricultural activities of in Salvador and Costa Rica as examples of low income nations and finally, government support for industries under organization for economic co-operation and development. Poverty effects from trade liberalization in Argentina The poor economic performance witnessed in Argentina in the late decades of the nineteenth century led to the idea of liberalizing the economy in an attempt to rescue the country’s economy. Argentina was under threat of adverse economic instability that was characterized by international debts, inflation as well as deficits in balance of payments among others. One of the effects of the Argentine economic liberalization was the increased rate of unemployment that was witnessed in 1990s. The opening of the country to unrestricted international trade led to influx of importation of goods. The imported goods were relatively cheaper that the locally manufactured goods. This undermined the operations of the domestic factories costing locals their jobs as the domestic production was realized to be more expensive. The reliance of imported commodities further undermined job creation thereby increasing cases of unemployment. The end result became evident as increased poverty level. The technique used by Barraud and Calfat to analyze this
Introduction Marketing strategy of a company, in practice and theory, is often replete with gaps. Often, marketers have deviated from the theoretical principles to develop their own set of rules that they have dubbed more useful in marketing and selling their product. This paper is a case study analysis of Rolex. The main objective of the paper is to ascertain the gap in the marketing strategy and principles adopted by Rolex with that of the theoretical marketing framework presented by McDonald and using anatomy of world class marketing. WCM This analysis is done using the 10 points of world class marketing developed by Malcolm McDonald. The first point shows the market orientation of the company. The first point entails that it is the work of the company. It is the job of the top management to instill among its employees the ideal of customer orientation. In other words, customer orientation has to be enhanced in order to ensure greater possibility of creating products that would satisfy the customers. In case of Rolex, the company has historically paid a lot of attention to the product that they created. As the company sells luxury products, it makes sure that all the qualities of luxury are presented in the watches crafted by the company. Further, the customers should be made a vehicle for promotion. This can be attained only by making high quality products. A high quality product that satisfies the customers exceedingly would ensure that he/she promotes it to his/her peers. Rolex has achieved this through its quality and brand name. Thus, the first point of McDonald has been satisfied by Rolex’s marketing strategy. Rolex is a luxury watchmaker. The company is famous for its unique targeting, segmenting, and positioning of their product. However, with the change in the generations and ushering of the new generation who is more inclined towards new fast moving technology than a timeless timepiece, Rolex faces a challenge as to how they can attract these new emerging customers. In this section, we will first discuss the marketing strategy of Rolex. Usually companies carry out extensive research and analysis before formulating the four Ps of marketing – price, promotion strategy, place, and product. We undertake a thorough research of the marketing strategy and mix of Ro
Throughout the whole history of mankind existence, people have demonstrated propensity for a range of substances, the most addictive of which are — along with alcohol and tobacco — drugs. The importance of drugs in certain cultures cannot be overestimated; for instance, the intoxicating haze of opium is part and parcel for the civilizations of the oriental countries. The two-hundred-year old history of the United States of America has witnessed several dramatic swings in the cultural attitude to drugs, from favorable acceptance on the one hand to passionate rejection on the other hand. One of the most exciting periods of a cultural shift in relation to drugs occupies around fifty years: in the first half of the twentieth century, the general cultural trend in America’s attitude to drugs took a rapid turn towards legal limitation of drug use. Therefore drugs were no more viewed as substances used for purely medical purposes but as forbidden fruit that became more and more widespread among such social strata as criminals, assuming a new cultural perspective. However striking one may find it, at the beginning of the twentieth century the percentage of the United States population addicted to drugs was not much lower than modern statistical data. According to Whitebread (1995), up to five percent of the nation experienced dependence on drugs, and there were two major reasons which called this situation into being. On the one hand, the common medical practice of the whole preceding century made wide use of morphine as a pain killer in every possible surgery situation. Morphine was used both during operations and after them, thus condemning the patients to drug addiction even if it was the last thing they wanted. On the other hand, the specific nature of the social stratum mostly involved into drug use also contributed to the growth of statistics: contrary to the present situation when the person most likely to be a drug user is a young male city dweller, preferably representing a minority group, at the turn of the twentieth century the most typical drug addicts were middle-aged white women living in the countryside. The reason for such popularity of drugs among those women was the flourishing trade of various patent medicines that were claimed to be no less than universal panacea but in fact often consisted of morphine by almost fifty percent. Thus, the main peculiarity of the drug culture that had developed by the 1900s lays in the fact that the drug addicts of the time were not aware of their addiction which was therefore accidental. (Whitebread, 1995) With the development of scientific and medic
This paper is the initial project architecture that describes the design methodology of the project of an electric bicycle. The purpose of this work is to identify the strategy aimed to implement the project and determine what resources and tools will be required to achieve the project goals. In addition, the paper divides the project into several stages and describes what is expected to be accomplished after each phase is finished. Determining Basic Requirements There are several basic requirements for designing an electric bicycle. These include the acceptable price of the vehicle, the expected time of usage and distance during the day, and the necessity of battery charging while traveling (Nasiri-Zarandi & Ebrahimi, 2018). In addition, it is advisable to define the type of application of the bicycle: urban or suburban, racing, or mountain (Nasiri-Zarandi & Ebrahimi, 2018). Conducting the research on the average market price and technical possibilities of the electric bicycle will be required to achieve the goals of this phase of the project. Once the basic requirements of the vehicle are determined, it will make the entire work and the future phases more precise as the image of the final project will be drawn. Considering constraints, limitations, and technical details The second phase is associated with deeper research regarding legal standards of designing an electric bike and the corresponding mathematical issues. First, it is crucial to consider the legal limitations for an electric vehicle in a particular country (Nasiri-Zarandi & Ebrahimi, 2018). The corresponding reference documents are in open access, and investigating them is required to complete Phase 2. Then, the essential aspect of the project is related to the technical details of the vehicle, including the required road power, which can be estimated by analyzing wind speed and ground gradient (Nasiri-Zarandi & Ebrahimi, 2018). Other factors that can affect the process are installation of the electric motor and selection of the battery (Nasiri-Zarandi & Ebrahimi, 2018). Achieving that will require solving some mathematical relations and review the correlated literature to create an appropriate mathematical model for the project. Once Phase 2 is complete, the project will be ready for implementation. Reference Nasiri-Zarandi, R., & Ebrahimi, M. (2018). Extracting requirements for design a two-wheels electric vehicle and proposing a design procedure . In 2018 9th Annual Power Electronics, Drives Systems and Technologies
Abstract Housing is critical for every country because it allows the representatives of the general public to obtain appropriate dwellings. Unfortunately, housing prices in London tend to increase so that people can hardly afford them. Even those who want to purchase a house do not have such an opportunity because of the lack of supply. Considering the mentioned issues that exist in the UK housing market, this paper will analyze the topic trying to define the reasons house prices increased. The discussion will be based on authoritative literature sources so that relevant information will be used to identify possible market failures and how they can be overcome. Introduction The housing market attracts much attention from the representatives of the general public because it deals with the greatest form of household wealth and people can easily observe any issues related to it. In the majority of cases, they say that house prices are too high for the ordinary population to afford them, which has an enormous influence on clients and the economy, leading to the increased rates of homelessness. It seems that there are too many people who need dwellings in the UK, but only a few houses are available. In addition to that, people discuss this problem in connection with the financial crisis and new money that was created before it. Thus, it is not surprising that there is a considerable public debate on this issue. The population of the UK question the affordability of house prices and discuss the possibility of instability in the market. Mainly, attention is paid to London, as this city is the capital of the country that attracts a lot of English people and foreigners increasing competitiveness and making it more difficult to find a residence. According to the London Housing Market Report (2015), London’s economy grows regularly. As a result, the unemployment rate leveled out even though it remained at more than 6%, which means that a lot of people are still not able to afford appropriate dwellings. What is more critical, house prices grew up by 7% in 2015, making it more difficult to save enough money to buy them. In this way, the fact that the number of new housing orders decreases seems to be expected. Economic Functioning London is a place known to the majority of the world’s population as an outstanding place full of magnificent views, business, and entertainment opportunities. That is why the demand for housing in its framework is mainly based on the desire to move to this place. Still, it is also critical to take into consideration the fact that natural changes in population make people move. For example, due to births and deaths in families, individuals start looking for smaller or larger residences. Socio-economic factors are also critical as they lead to the same outcomes because people can obtain an opportunity to spend more money on housing or they may lack costs. However, for the market to operate appropriately, increased demand caused by the mentioned factors should be met by the increased