ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction The evaluation of personality has been a major area of application of psychology in other disciplines and majorly real life matters. Personality underscores the aspects that shape one’s life based on how other people see him/her. An individual’s personality is described as the traits that reoccur or show consistency throughout life. The immediate environment in which human beings find themselves is a key factor, which influences their personalities as elaborated throughout this paper. For instance, substance abuse can influence one’s personality in many ways, thus making it difficult for others to get along with such a person. This paper will explore and elaborate research article on alcohol drinking motives among the young adults. The hypothesis identified in this research indicates that alcohol consumption by young adults is usually instigated by the desire to cope with immediate life situations or social motives such as peer acceptance and the enhancement of the urge to get high (Kuntsche, Knibbe, Gmel, & Engels 2006). This paper will analyze the causal relationship between the personality alteration and substance use. The chosen article is “Who drinks and why – A review of socio-demographic, personality, and contextual issues behind the drinking motives in young people” by Kuntsche, Knibbe, Gmel, and Engels. Methods The research adopted quantitative research method in seeking to compare and establish the causal interlinking aspects between substance abuse and personality amongst young adults. A computer-aided compilation of data, focus group interviews, and questionnaires were incorporated as well as a close reference to psychology information and sociological abstract databases. The literature search focused on the recent peer-reviewed articles on personality and substance abuse. The general population of young adults was sampled for young adults within the age of eighteen to twenty-five years. This population included about 500 young adults mostly students in their final years of university studies coupled with others who had joined the employment sector (Kuntsche et al., 2006). The objective of the paper was to assess the empirical research on the current knowledge on possible causes of drinking incentives amongst young adults Results Gender and age trends Later in adolescence and transiting to adulthood, the study identified that young male adults were more vulnerable to substance abuse as compared to their female counterparts. The motives by the young men to drink alcohol were mainly instigated by social factors such as the pressure to fit in and identify with fellow peers. Amongst girls, the causal factor to drink alcohol was influenced by the male partners who in most cases introduced them to drinking. According to Kuntsche et al. (2006), later at age 25 years old, young adults, both boys and girls, consumed alcohol as an incentive to cope with what they felt as hardening life moments such as difficulties in studies and finding employment coupled with complications in relationships and pressure from society to take
Introduction Traditionally, HIV/AIDS did not have much impact on international relations; however, today, it is one of the major international challenges. International Relations may be defined as a branch of political science that marjory deals with foreign affairs and relations between different countries and nations. It includes the role of sovereign states, intergovernmental organizations, and even non-governmental organizations. The main aim of international relations is to produce normative standards globally by reducing conflicts and crises such as HIV/AIDS and to ensure that there is international cooperation. Therefore, this paper will evaluate and discuss global HIV/AIDS challenges and effects, specifically focusing on international relations. Indeed, AIDS is killing people globally and the best thing to do is to find ways of resolving this problem. In addition, it is evident that finding a cure for AIDS will help in saving lives of many people globally as well as improve living conditions at family, community, national and international levels, as AIDS’ effects cover all these levels. 1 Background of HIV/AIDS There are various theories and myths explaining the origin of HIV/AIDS. For example, some people argue that it emerged from laboratory experiment accidents while others claim that HIV/AIDS primarily originated from lack of enough food, leading to malnutrition, especially in Africa. Others argue that HIV/AIDS is one of the plagues sent by God to punish the world for involving in homosexuality. AIDS is known to be caused by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), which most people believe was transferred to human beings around early 20 th century by some non-human primates such as chimpanzees in Africa. In addition, some argue that HIV/AIDS was one of the strategies developed by Europeans to wipe out the black race out of the world. Various factors contribute to the spread of HIV/AIDS in the world. First, due to international travels and trade relations, HIV/AIDS has spread from one country to another. 2 Additionally, AIDS is said to emanate from blood transfusion, especially through infected blood donated and sent to various countries globally without proper screening. Finally, drugs abuse such as heroin, which is mostly injected into individuals’ blood stream, leads to spread of HIV/AIDS, especially when drug users share their injection instruments. Therefore, the main issues of HIV/AIDS mostly revolve around its causes, beliefs, and myths about it. 3 Issues about HIV/AIDS The origin of HIV/AIDS can be traced back to 1980s. The first manifestation of HIV/AIDS was the clinical manifestation in early 1980s where AIDS was seen in gays, followed by Haitians and people in Africa. These people showed various signs of susceptible rare infection prompting more research to be done on the disease, with findings showing that the disease is very resistant to treatment. The second period of the manifestation of HIV/AIDS is the molecular diagnosis period as established by scientists who discovered that AIDS was mainly caused by Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). This virus was found to be ver
The novel Adios Hemingway written by Leonardo Padura, explores the experiences of a police detective, Mario Conde, who lives in Cuba after the revolution. This book is also closely tied to the life of Ernest Hemingway, in particular, his last days in Havana. This literary work presents a peculiar representation of gender; to some degree, this representation reflects the values advocated by Hemingway in his literary works. This paper is aimed at examining the way in which male bonding and masculinity are portrayed in the novel. Furthermore, it is important to show how this conception of masculinity affects the behavior of Mario Conde as well as Hemingway. In this book, Leonardo Padura draws parallels between the main characters. Overall, it is possible to argue that Leonardo Pandura describes masculinity, which is based on the rejection of one’s weaknesses or at least their concealment. Moreover, male bonding is the key value for the main characters, and in some cases, these people prefer to turn a blind eye to the truth. These are the main arguments that should be discussed more closely in this essay. When discussing the peculiarities of masculinity, one should first focus on the personality of Mario Conde since the inner world of this person is closely examined by Leonardo Padura. To a great extent, he is very disillusioned person. He is disappointed with the outcomes of the Cuban revolution and the behavior of other people who accepted this revolution as well as the policies of the state. He once strived to be a writer, but eventually became a police detective. This work, which once seemed noble to him, has also disappointed him. This person understands that in many cases, he could be used by the state as an instrument of injustice. His experience in the police can be best described with the following quote, “I’ve seen too many people turning into bastards when their job should be making life fucking difficult for real bastards” (Padura 52). So, he is keenly aware of the injustice existing in Cuba (Padura 52). This is one of the reasons why he finds it difficult to work as a police officer. Overall, this background information is important for understanding some of his actions and attitudes toward friends, colleagues, and people who he admires. To some degree, Mario Conde’s notion of masculinity can be described as the ability of a person to withstand hardships without complaining. The protagonist is willing to devote “his time just to thinking, reminiscing, and watching the calm, peaceful sea” (Padura 2). Seclusion can be viewed as a shield that protect
The right to own firearms is one of the fundamental human rights entrenched in the American Constitution. Gun laws in America have been constrained by the court interpretation of the American Constitution (Dowlut, 2013). In 1789, the US government passed the Second Amendment. “The historical evidence surrounding the acceptance of the Second Amendment indicates that it protects the right to self-defense, enables the establishment of a broad-based militia, and serves as a deterrent against government oppression” (Dowlut, 2013). Congress passed the Fourth Amendment in 1868. These two laws authorize Americans to own firearms. In the past few decades, opponents of the right to own firearms have made serious attempts to repeal it (Nolan, 2012). At present, the right to possess firearms has sparked off contentious debates among politicians, lawyers, scholars, and citizens. This essay contends that the right to own firearms is fundamental because it protects Americans against insecurity. First, insecurity is one of the contemporary challenges in America due to the increase in violence and terrorism (Bogus, 2002). According to Nolan, “law-abiding Americans use guns to defend themselves against criminals more than two million times every year” (Nolan, 2012). Nolan’s assertion justifies the need to uphold the right to own firearms. In most cases, citizens shoot with the intention to scare off criminals rather than to kill them. Additionally, the right to own firearms facilitates the implementation of the right to life. (Nolan, 2012). Therefore, citizens should be allowed to possess firearms to defend themselves. Second, firearms enable many women to protect themselves against sexual violence (Nolan, 2012). Thus, if the right to possess firearms is repealed, many women will be vulnerable to sexual violence. Third, the right to own firearms enables Americans to reinforce national security in many ways (Bogus, 2002). Armed citizens can defend themselves and others against criminals and terrorists. For example, “crime statistics point out that citizens shoot and kill at least twice as many criminals as police do annually” (Nolan, 2012). Thus, armed citizens mitigate criminal activities. Moreover, the US government cannot manage to provide enough security in all parts of America (Dowlut, 2013). Therefore, Americans can only remain safe if they are armed. Although many Americans support the right to own arms, some human rights activists and politicians have seriously campaigned against it because of the following reasons. First, it has been alleged that the Second Amendment encourages the formation of armed gangs in America because it permits people to own guns (Bogus, 2002). Second, some armed citizens misuse firearms and cause irreparable losses. For instance, firearms were use
Crime prevention is an essential set of activities of state legislatures, and its purpose is to implement and maintain special programs aimed at excluding deviant behavior among the population. Particular attention should be given to juvenile delinquency since early manifestations of a propensity for crime can have serious consequences in the future. In order to find the way to deal with various forms of deviant behavior among children and adolescents, it is necessary to analyze several separate jurisdictions and draw conclusions about the success of the programs used. Also, it is required to consider a specific prevention system, expected outcomes, and the success that can be achieved. It is supposed that the proposed program can make a significant contribution to work on combating youth crime and can be applied in different jurisdictions. Jurisdiction Description As a specific jurisdiction that will serve as the basis for assessing and implementing the provisions of the crime prevention program, the District of Florida will be considered. According to Hay, Ladwig, and Campion (2018), “more than 75,000 juvenile cases are referred each year, with roughly 3,000 receiving a residential commitment” (p. 313). These figures indicate that urgent measures should be taken since such a high percentage of crimes committed by young people allows speaking about the inefficiency of the existing preventive system. Hay et al. (2018) also note that the Florida Department of Juvenile Justice (FDJJ) cannot cope with the problem. Therefore, a new program should be implemented and maintained to achieve the improvement of indicators. Analysis of Similar Jurisdictions Through the SARA Model and the Crime Analysis Triangle In order to evaluate the current practices used to prevent youth crime, several similar jurisdictions can be considered. For this program, California, Texas, and Illinois will be used to determine the basic approaches to work in the chosen direction. The assessment will be focused on such techniques as the SARA model and the Crime Analysis Triangle. According to Clarke and Eck (2005), these methods allow understanding the causes of a specific problem and its possible consequences. All the three selected jurisdictions will be analyzed based on these two models. Jurisdiction of California The jurisdiction of California also provides for the need to counteract juvenile delinquency. As Liles, Blacker, Landini, and Urquiza (2016) remark, every year, a large percentage of young people become victims of violence and are later involved in crimes. The state program provides for the detection of cases of child abuse and their involvement in criminal case
Paintings The painting “Constructivist View of Montevideo” was painted by Julio Alpuy in 1957 utilizing oil paint on a canvas that is roughly 5 feet in length and two feet across. It was painted in the constructivist style which utilizes a variety of grid patterns, squares, rectangles, and various geometric shapes to symbolically depict a particular subject matter. The focus of this painting is the city of Montevideo, which is located in the home country of the artist (i.e., Uruguay). The second painting that I examined was “120-MM” created by Paul Manes in 1948 using oil on canvas. The painting depicts the front view of a tank and seemingly incorporate aspects related to the Neo-expressionist movement about the style utilized and how the tank seemingly “pops” out of the screen at the viewer. Examination of Content When going over the work of Julio Alpuy, it becomes immediately obvious that it is the artist’s representation of some sort of cityscape. Further analysis of the history behind the piece reveals that it is a representation of Montevideo (a major city within the artist’s home country) and seems to depict the current industrial and urban development that is occurring within the city. When analyzing the piece, one cannot help but be struck by how simple the elements utilized are yet they come together to create a complex representation of a city that has been encapsulated into the size of a painting. The painting contains many of the modern elements that you would see in a major metropolitan city such as:  1. Ground transportation in the form of buses, trucks, and carb.)  2. Sea transport as seen in the large ship seen in the middle of the painting.  3. An assortment of pedestrian traffic I utilize the term “frame” to encapsulate my perspective that the work, despite being vertically oriented, is divided into different frames of reference, each depicting an aspect of Montevideo that the artist had encountered at some point during their life. For example, normally, it would not make sense to see a large cargo container ship in the middle of the city, yet there it is right in the middle of the portrait (Smith 37). The same can be said regarding the placement of the buses above the buildings and how the buildings are placed in an almost haphazard fashion here and there yet when looking at it from afar, it seems that the entire portrait is divided into distinct grids that depict life within your average city. It is based on this that one assumption I developed after looking at the painting was that the author created it to encapsulate the entirety of what he believed was the changes that occurred to Montevideo in his time. First and foremost, what must be understood is that unlike Montevideo at present, the area of the city during the childhood of the painter was largely rural and was not the bustling metropolis it is today. Overtime, the city developed into a bustling modern metropolis which Alpuy took note of; however, instead of depicting the city in bits and pieces, he chose to represent it
In the year 1993, three women were brutally murdered in the streets of Frankston in Australia. The brutal attacks occurred over a span of 2 months. In these series of crimes, one woman was lucky and escaped with minor bodily injuries. During their investigations, the police noted that the serial killer targeted the women and selected them randomly. With the help, of forensic experts the killer was identified to be Paul Charles Denyer (Petraitis, 2011). Later, several detectives arrested him at his residence. The police asserted that the suspect never resisted arrest as they expected. Upon his arrest, the police described Denyer as a plump and a dysfunctional misfit. During the police interrogation, Denyer admitted that he derived his pleasures by engaging in horrifying crimes. Similarly, the suspect informed the detectives that he hated all women for no apparent reason (Gibson, 2004). Surprisingly, the killer asserted that he had been planning to commit murder ever since he was 14 years old. In this regard, this paper seeks to analyze the Serial Killer’s background, crimes, conviction, and investigate the motives behind his horrifying crimes. Early life Paul Charles Denyer, the Frankston Serial killer, was born on14, April 1972 in Campbeltown, Australia (Petraitis, 2011). Denyer’s parents are Maureen and Anthony Denyer. He is the middle child in the family of five children. Before attending kindergarten, Denyer’s mother noted that Denyer rarely related with his brothers. His mother blamed his condition on an earlier accident where Denyer had hurt his head after falling from a chair. When his family moved from Campbeltown to Victoria, his parents noted that he had difficulties in adjusting to the new environment. At his new school, Denyer avoided the company of other students and depicted a low self-esteem. Psychologists have linked his low self-esteem with his body size. Unlike other students, Denyer was tall and overweight. In school, instead of engaging with other boys of his age, he was obsessed with the collection of knives and dummy guns. Similarly, his teachers reported that he physically assaulted some of his fellow pupils. At home, his sister accused him of dissecting her teddy bear. At a tender age, Denyer’s hatred for animals was apparent. He killed their family cat and hanged it on a tree. All these weird acts and behaviors were early signs that Denyer was a unique and troublesome child (Petraitis, 2011). Before the age of 15, Denyer had been in and out of the police custody for stealing a car and raising a false fire alarm (Petraitis, 2011). As a youth, Denyer got a job at a local warehouse store. At his place of work, his workmates were surprised by his anti social habits. On one occasion, he was accused by a workmate for slaughtering two goats within the neighborhood. Remarkably, his workmates reported that Denyer spent most of his time creating crude weapons such as knives and daggers. Before being fired, his boss noted that Denyer hardly ever associated with the workmates; instead, he spent most of his time in privacy. In the
Introduction Etihad Airways is an Abu Dhabi based airline company that was founded in 2003 under a royal decree. The airline has a fleet of over 100 aircrafts and flies to over 120 destinations across the world. This firm plays an important role in boosting the economy of this country. According to the statistics given by Bamber, Hoffer, Kochan, and Nordenflycht (2014), Etihad Airlines made a profit of over half a billion dollars in 2009 from its operations. This is a massive contribution to the growth of this country’s economy. At this stage, it is important to analyze the operations of this firm in order to determine its ability to manage the market forces. Products Etihad Airline is an airline company that offers travel services. It offers a range of travel products based on the needs and capacities of its clients. It has the economy and business class as some of the main products in the market. However, sometimes it also offers chartered services when the government or private entities make requests. Each of its products is designed to make unique needs of its customers in the market. According to Bamber, Hoffer, Kochan, and Nordenflycht (2014), Etihad Airline also offers cargo services to some selected markets. Cargo services are specially designed to meet the needs of merchants who engage in importation and exportation of various products from one part of the world to the other. Market Segments According to Jha (2013), segmentation is an important marketing activity that helps a business entity to profile its customers in order to help in designing the products that can serve them better. For Etihad Airways, market segmentation is always done based on the income of the targeted customers. The first target group, which accounts for over 65% of the company’s regular customers, is the middle class. These regular travelers have no cheaper alternatives other than to use the services of the airline companies. They are very sensitive to the pricing strategy that a given airline uses, and this makes it necessary to charge lower prices in order to meet their purchasing capabilities. They always use the economy class. The lower upper class forms another important segment. Inasmuch as they are conscious of the of the prices charged by the airlines, they want a little touch of class in the products they use. These people are willing to pay an extra fee for extra comfort when travelling. The last segment that Etihad has not paid close attention to is the upper uppers. These very rich individuals probably own their personal jet. They would come to hire planes from this company. They are not very regular, and this makes them an unattractive market segment. Target Market Etihad Airline had the Middle East as its main target market when it was starting its operations. However, the firm has grown very first over the past few years. Currently, the firm targets the market in North and South America, Europe, Asia-Pacific, and parts of Africa. With over 120 destinations in 54 countries, the firm has experienced a massive increase in its market share. According to the report by Bamber, Hoffer, Kochan, and Nordenflycht (2014), the firm ha