ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction The work of Erzen (2011, pp. 125-131) explains that the development of architectural styles and methods of innovation in the various regions of the world is often the result of responses to the natural environment (Erzen 2011, pp. 125-131). This does not limit itself to aesthetic differences in design as seen in the opposing design elements of buildings from Japan as compared to those within Europe but instead encompasses unique architectural manifestations of internal and external innovative differences that impact not only the look of the building but how it functions as a living environment (Agudo 2010, pp. 1-33). This can have long-term influences on the development of architecture within a region and as such can be considered a means by which architectural development responds to the natural environment (Agudo 2010, pp. 1-33). This paper will thus examine how naturally hot temperatures found within the Middle East have influenced the development of Islamic architecture. What you have to understand is that the Middle East has an environment whose temperatures often reside in the median range of 45 degrees Celsius. As such this creates a unique set of architectural challenges to ensure that a living environment is not only capable of protecting its residents from the heat but dissipating it when necessary. This is to prevent the creation of buildings that can only be described as human ovens. Due to the information presented this paper thus presents the assumption that the design elements within Islamic architecture are meant to address the issue of heat within Middle Eastern environments and would manifest themselves in design elements related to cooling, shade, and water. The Wind Catcher (ملقف ‎malqaf) One of the developments in Islamic architecture that has come about as a direct result of the environment and climate is the windcatcher (ملقف ‎malqaf). Usually, a wind catcher takes the form of a tower that is 3 to 4 stories high with several openings placed at the top of the tower to let fresh air into a shaft that directs the cool air downwards into a home (Al-Qahtany 2009, pp. 435-457). Windcatcher is located within the Souk market in Dubai (Dry Climate) This can be considered an early form of architecturally based ventilation that relies on differences in temperature gradients to chill the interiors of various homes. This is
Crohn’s disease (CD) is mainly a disease of the gut. It usually comes as an inflammation that may affect any area between the mouth and the anus (Shanahan, 2002). This region is also known as the gastrointestinal tract. This disease has also been referred to as the regional enteritis. It is a form of inflammatory bowel disease. The main symptoms of the disease include diarrhoea, abdominal pain, vomiting and consequently, weight loss. When the condition worsens, the faeces may be bloody and vomiting may be continuous. Other symptoms include the appearance of skin rashes, inflamed eyes, inability to concentrate and general tiredness. There are several public health burden associated with the Crohn’s disease and this has prompted many health institutions to try to estimate the costs of the disease. For example, the Australian Crohn’s and Colitis Association (ACCA) was interested in looking at the actual figures. It commissioned the Access Economics to do the estimates (Access Economics Pty Limited [AEPL], 2007). Some of the burdens associated with the disease include the loss of earnings. This is due to workplace separation and retirement at an early age. Australia estimated this cost to be $94.3 in 2005. Another issue caused by the disease is absenteeism from work. In Australia, statistics averaged that every employee was absent from work for at least 7.2 days from Crohn’s disease or the other related inflammatory bowel disease. CD also causes premature death (early death) and if the individual who died was a provider at the home, this means loss of income streams to the affected individuals. The prevalence of the disease in Australia has been estimated to be comparable with other very common diseases. These include the Type 1 diabetes and schizophrenia. In 2005, it had been estimated that approximately 28000 people in Australia were living with Crohn’s disease. In addition, there were more than 770 new cases of the disease. This only shows the seriousness of the disease and the costs that are incurred annually due to the presence of Crohn’s disease (AEPL, 2007). Detailed Pathophysiology This involves the study of the effects of Crohn’s disease to the normal functioning of the human body. These include the physiological functions, mechanical functions and the biochemical functions. This disease usually causes various changes to these normal functions. The effects may be seen from cellular, organ or system levels. Cellular level Crohn’s disease has been established to induce an abnormal
Introduction The success of every organization depends upon its management. The management incorporates the managing director who in most cases is referred to as the Chief Executive Officer (CEO) and the other middle level managers who are the heads of various organizational departments. The CEO alone cannot adequately enhance the management of an organization and so the other management staff is equally important in critical decision-making. Successful implementation of company’s various strategies requires total commitment and cooperation on the part of the management of the organization. Almost all organizations have stakeholders who have stakes either directly or indirectly in the organization (Goddard & Broad, 2010, p. 64). The manner in which an organization is run will attract varying attitudes from the stakeholders or any other external bodies that may be having direct link to the company. These attitudes will be based on how the managers are running the organizations. It is important to assess managers’ performance t o ascertain how the set goals and objectives are being or likely to be achieved. This will call for an appropriate action against those managers who are not performing accordingly and a different direction can be sought. The following report will try to analyze how the managers’ performance can be measured and the complications involved in the entire process. Performance Management Indicators and Systems There is no reason to retain a manager who cannot deliver. The managers’ goals should be in line with organizations’ functional goals and objectives. Managers must always be achievers and they should focus on getting the organization to the highest possible level. That is why poor performing managers are usually retrenched or have their contracts terminated because of non-performance. The overall performance of an organization is the summation of all the individual sections’ performance in that organization. This calls for the people of high integrity, excellent credentials in their fields of management and well devoted to their work in order to achieve organizational goals. This calls for proper performance management in an organization. Performance management is a tool for evaluating how the company has successfully achieved its goals and objectives and to what extend it has achieved them. This will direct the relevant authority to take the most appropriate corrective measures in time. Groove, Joby & Fisk (2006, p. 252) maintained that performance management can be applied based on performance management systems. These systems can be used in line with specific consideration of behaviors (the manner in which work is completed) or results (the outcomes realized) or both aspects are used. Management by objectives is part of a performance management system based on measuring the outcomes. Performance management systems can also be based on processes rather than results. These are competencies, intelligence, skills-based or professionalism (Goddard & Broad, 2010, p.67). Whichever the approach is adopted, it should give the best evaluation to determine the organization’s position and future p
Introduction “British Empire in North America, the first permanent colony was Virginia State; they established this state in the year 1607” (Roark, p. 13). British colonies in Northern America were 13 in number, and they were divided into three main regions: New England region, Middle region and Southern region. Virginia Colony “ This was the first British settlement in the North America i.e. “new world” and was established in 1607” (Roark, p. 23).The state of Virginia was established from a desire by the settlers from England to gain wealth, and at the same time they were missionaries who wanted to convert the local Indians to Christianity. “A number of crops were grown in the colony, the most common crop which was grown in the colony was tobacco, but other crops such as rice and indigo were also grown by farmers in this Virginia state” (Roark, p. 25).”The state being strategically located, there was lot of trade between the State of Virginia and Great Britain” (Bancroft, p. 23). Massachusetts Colony This colony was established between1620s and 1630s , ever since; it has been a significant state throughout United States history, because many wars were fought in this state. This was the second colony to be acquired by the British settlers in United State. The State was well known as a center of creative poetry. The soil that was in Massachusetts State was not favorable for farming, especially in places near the Atlantic Ocean, also the long-winter which was being experienced in Massachusetts State killed many crops which was planted in that state. But, the people in Massachusetts State manage to grow food which was enough to feed their families, and some was imported to other states. The crops which were grown in the state was maize and wheat, also, fish contributed to the economy of the Massachusetts State. In the Industrial Revolution that happened in United States at that time, Massachusetts State was well known for its manufacturing industries. New York Colony This was the most popular State in the United States. Hudson an employee of Dutch East India Company established the State of New York, in 1609. These traders were given exclusive rights to trade with native Indians by their king back in Holland. New York was first known as New Netherland, but the name was changed to New York in honor of the Duke of York, when the British took control of the State in 1664. Significance for this state in America history was that, America Revolution was organized from this state during the 1760s. “Reason for this was in response to the oppressive Stamps Act passed by the British Law makers on 13 British colonies which were found in North America” (Bancroft, p. 20). The New York State was part agriculture, part industrial. The crop which was mostly grown in this state was wheat. The factories which where found in this state produced iron products, also paper an
Organizational development is an evidence-based approach that helps companies increase their capacity to become more effective by improving strategies, and processes. OD implies a systematic approach focused on the whole organizational system. The systematic process requires the implementation of OD tools at the stage of working with an external consultant as well as throughout all the further working processes. It means that those who are accountable for change in an organization should have a deep understanding of the OD change process. There are many people involved in organizational development processes, but the main influence comes from those who are responsible for a change procedure in the company. The implementation cycle of OD instruments is quite long and consists of several parts – a problem being detected, analyzed, and new policies being implemented. (Warrick, 2017). At all of these stages internal control is carried out by the company’s change expert and the external consultant. (Aslam, Mugadas, Imran, 2018). “A skilled third party works with individuals and groups to help them learn about human and social processes and learn to solve problems that stem from process events” (French & Bell, 1999). The process’s aim is to identify and eliminate any issues following the company’s goal. An external consultant leads the processes in this cycle, but in addition to establishing work procedures, he also shows a scheme for resolving arising issues. That scheme should be analyzed by the person the company’s change expert because he or she will have to develop further processes, which may require modification of the system in a particular area of operation. Therefore, all of this processual knowledge is essential for a change specialist.
In his article, Straub advises how to respond to one’s peers’ writings. In the introduction, the author gives an account of the most typical scenario of such an analysis and remarks that this scenario is utterly wrong (Straub 136). Further, Straub divides his paper into several sections including suggestions on treating oneself as a responder, setting objectives, beginning the process of responding, and making comments (137-139). Apart from that, the author explains how responders should sound, how they should place their comments, and what the general character of their responses should be like (Straub 139-141). Finally, Straub advises that it is necessary to approach the response depending on what one knows about the author (141). Straub emphasizes the significance of being honest when evaluating others’ works (137). He notes that while it is necessary to sound polite, it is unacceptable to overestimate one’s peer. Under such circumstances, a student will think too much of his or her writing and will not spend extra time revising it, which may lead to receiving a bad grade. A helpful method in the process of responding is understanding one’s purpose. Straub notes that responders should always keep in mind that they are not editors, teachers, or, most of all, writers (Straub 137). Their major task is to understand what they are reading and give suggestions on how a writer could improve it. Straub pays particular attention to explaining the beginning of the responding process (138). He notes how crucial it is to keep in mind the following factors before commencing to read: the type of the assignment, the writer’s goals and interests, the strategies analyzed in the class, and the stage of drafting. Thinking of all these issues will help the reader to focus on the most important elements of the paper he or she is analyzing. Several paragraphs of the article are dedicated to commenting. Straub advises choosing seve
A wedding is a colossal event that requires proper planning and pulling off. A plan constitutes the simplest management strategy for time, money, space, and organized protocols for running the wedding event to avoid confusion. It constitutes a budget, date, wedding party, location, officiator, theme, colors, wardrobes, invitations, Rings, foods, music, vows, and others which may include big events, programs pillows, cake toppers, and flower girls baskets. This helps to avoid misappropriation during the wedding. “One aspect that must not be ignored is the reason for the ceremony” (Leigh, 2008, p 156). The ceremony falling short of the anticipated expectation can be a very stressful situation because of the money spent, nervousness, and the impression created to the people involved. This is a mistake that can easily be avoided by constituting a simple but explicit plan for a well-organized, proper wedding ceremony and reception. The wedding ceremony is to start with the Wedding Ushers arriving about forty minutes before the ceremony. They will greet and direct the visitors to the sitting positions. The bride and family sit on the left while the groom and the bride’s family are on the right side of the church. The groom and best man are to come second to arrive at about thirty to thirty-five minutes before the start of the ceremony. He pays the organist’s fee and any other church fee. He sits at the front of the church and on the right side with the groom. The organist for the event plays the introductory; prologue music that serves as the mood setter for the arriving guests and family. Sitting arrangements for friends and bride’s family who arrive are to get seated to the left side of the church while the groom’s family and friends are to get seated to the right side of the church. “The parents sit on the first line with the groom and bride while relatives sit from the second line” (Herberlein, 2008, p 94). The Bride has to arrive at the church accompanied by the Matron of honor and the Bridesmaid moments to the start of the ceremony and stands at the entrance of the church to await her parents to pick her up for a procession for hand over to the groom. They are supposed to be the last to arrive for the ceremony. The bride’s maids assist with the hair, veil, and train just before she enters the church. The Master of ceremony recognizes the bride’s presence and starts with the statement: “Here comes the bride——-“. Processional music: The processional music starts and the audience or the congregation salutes her presence by standing. The junior wedding attendants can consist of the flower girls and boys who are the ring bearer; they enter the church and walk down the passageway to th
One of the most famous and yet the most controversial work of Simone de Beauvoir, The Introduction to the Second Sex offers a lot of food for thoughts. Making the reader aware of the problems that women encounter in the XX century world, Simone de Beauvoir creates a vivid vision of the complexities that women have to fight against, yet clarifies that the issues mentioned above are very complicated. Discussing the problems of sexuality and feminism in her essay, the writer does not offer the solution, yet involves the reader in the process of searching for the answer. Speaking of the author’s position, one should mark that Simone de Beauvoir is obviously concerned with the role of women in the world. As the author explains, the importance of women’s accomplishments is diminished and the world has lost the idea of what makes a woman. “There is no longer any place for woman as such (6),” Simone de Beauvoir says with Vitter sarcasm. In addition, Simone de Beauvoir makes it obvious that the idea
Introduction Logistics has attracted growing interests from numerous scholars and organizations, due to its contribution in changing human lives. However, little focus has been directed to its impact on national and global environmental sustainability. Researchers aim at developing green concepts in logistics management with an aim of developing an efficient green supply chain. Kim and Min (2011) conducted a research about the impacts of economic growth and activities of logistics. They aimed it at increasing National Income on the environment, using Logistics Performance Index (LPI) and Environment Performance Index (EPI). This paper provides an analysis and critique of the article, written by Kim and Min, titled, “Measuring supply chain efficiency from a green perspective”. In addition, it provides other perspectives that can be integrated as viable measures in the green supply chain. Ilsuk Kim and Hokey Min Article Analysis The authors provide the first technique of measuring supply chain efficiency by modeling a Green Logistics Performance Index (GLPI). They use the GLPI to assess the green supply chain performance of several countries. Kim and Min (2011) argue that nations that focus attention on rapidly increasing economic development do it at the expense of environmental protection. They learn that the highly industrialized and export-oriented countries aim at developing infrastructure of logistics for the purpose of rapid economic growth. In the end, these activities lead to environmental degradation. In contrast, agricultural-based countries that rely on natural resources are less likely to impact on their environment than export oriented nations. Methodology Kim and Min utilize secondary data in their research. Majorly, they rely on data compiled by the World Bank and World Economic Forum. These researchers utilize data on Gross National Income per capita (GNI per capita) of different countries, which include Asia, Europe, Africa, and the United States. They run multiple regressions on countries’ GNI with the LPI data, which they collect through an online compilation survey. The researchers rely on interviews of over one thousand multinational corporation logistics professional officers in 130 countries in Asia, Europe, Africa, and North America. They develop five evaluation scales, which they use to convert the survey scores of each country in determining logistics efficiency. Through multiple regressions, correlation coefficients are drawn from the LPI, National Income, and the EPI. They include international LPI categories such as custom efficiency, infrastructure, international shipments, logistics, quality and competence, consignment tracking, and shipment timeliness as their indicators. Kim and Min consider EPI in evaluating the environmental performance of different countries. They also conduct an analysis of individual level of emission, air and water pollution, biodiversity, greenhouse gas emissio
Andrew Wyeth’s 1948 painting Christina’s World shows a young woman seen from her back, wearing a light pink dress, half-lying or half-sitting in a grass field, seemingly looking at the farmhouse in the distance. The young woman, despite being lower to the ground, has an alert or even intense silhouette, giving the impression that there is something specific on which she is focused, maybe looking for some help. The painting is not a still life portrait; rather, it combines genre and landscape styles as both the young woman and the nature around her play significant parts in the composition. Figure 1. Christina’s World. Christina’s World is two feet eight inches tall by four feet wide (32 1/4 x 47 3/4″). Painted with tempera on panel, the painting is currently on view at The Museum of Modern Art (MoMA) in New York at the Alfred H. Barr, Jr. Galleries. Completed in the realist style, the painting shows immense attention to detail, with every blade of grass in the field and every hair on the young woman’s head being attended to. Andrew Wyeth was born in 1917 and died in 2009, so Christina’s World , which was painted in 1948, could be considered an early to mid-career piece. It was painted in Cushing, Maine, as evidenced by the house illustrated, which is known as the Olson House and is today a National Historic Landmark. The Olson House was near Wyeth’s summer house, which means that the painter most likely completed the work in Maine (MoMA). It is more likely that personal use was the intended function of the painting because it was inspired by the artist’s neighbor, Christina Olsen. Although depicting a scene in daylight, the painting has a certain darkness to it, which is hinted at by the muted colors reflecting the austerity of the landscape of New England. There is not much variety as the dominant texture is the grassy field, which takes up the majority of the painting, which means that the composition is simple and spacious. The main contrast is between Christina’s light pink dress and the khaki green grass, suggesting that the girl is the only bright mark in the painting. Asymmetrical balance applies to the painting as Christina is placed slightly to the left; however, her silhouette is balanced to the top right by the farmhouse in the distance, which creates harmony. Christina herself is the first thing that one notices when looking at the painting. Upon further look, one discovers houses in the distance, which are painted in similar tones as the sky, although they stand out. The two focal areas, the girl and the houses, are being united with the expansive muted green field, allowing one to feel the distance