ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction The theories that are discussed in this paper are those propounded by Charles Spearman’s Two-Factor theory of intelligence, Robert J. Sternberg’s Triarchic theory of intelligence, and Howard Gardner’s theory of multiple intelligence. Two Factor Theory of Intelligence An important constituent of this theory is that of the ‘g’s theory or the general theory of intelligence. Its proponent believed that there were fundamentally two factors, general and specific, that together determined the use of intelligence in any given task. According to this theory, “every single variable was linked to each other to some degree and that a single general intelligence factor could account for all variables.” (Spearman, 2005, para.3). Triarchic Theory of Intelligence According to this theory, three sub-theories could explain the aspect of intelligence and they are componential, experiential, and contextual sub-theories. (Sternberg, n.d.).  1. The componential branch deals with the performance of metal components, the executive authority that commands tasks to be done, the performance components that execute tasks, and finally the knowledge acquisition skills that add knowledge on new tasks performed.  2. The experiential branch suggests that intelligence can be assessed by how new and unfamiliar tasks are undertaken and performed.  3. The contextual theory delves upon the fact that the socio-cultural milieu determines the assessment of intelligence, in that either personality change to suit surroundings, the environment may be changed or new settings may be set. Theory of Multiple Intelligence This theory is suggestive of the fact that intelligence is not based on one or two elements, but since eight factors govern the evaluation of intelligence. It delineates that although these eight domains of intelligence are not interdependent, nevertheless they may not be found in isolation. (Gardner, 1991). The two-factor theory of intelligence is based on the “g” factor which is governed by general and specific traits of individual personality. Triarchic theory of intelligence lays stress on componential, experiential, and contextual aspects of intelligence assessment. The theory of multiple intelligence, however, is concerned with the impact of linguistic, logical, mathematical, musical, spatial, bodily-kinesthetic, interpersonal, and intrapersonal traits of intelligence in human beings. (Gardner, 1991). Pros and cons of each model The ‘go factor does not consider aspects of environment, socio-cultural or genetic factors that govern intelligence. Similarly, the triarchic theory does not consider genetic or inherent traits of intelligence, while it does consider environmental and social factors. The theory of multiple intelligence lays more emphasis on the domain or realms of intelligence without really going into the processes of determining intelligence evaluation. Coming to the aspect of contribution of each theory in our comprehension of intelligence, it could be said that the two-factor theory has
Introduction Leadership is an ongoing process in an organization. It results from the dynamic nature of the environment. The use of efficient leadership change management and leadership principles make change management successful and keep followers from being toxic. First, the leader needs to embrace system thinking in an organization. Besides, they need to integrate the three approaches in system thinking in the daily running and control of their followers. This paper reviews the leadership styles of the Apple Plc operations vice president Jeff Williams. Company Profile At its inception, the Apple Inc Company concentrated in the local market of America. The company has experienced growth in the last ten years and has substantially expanded its markets beyond America’s traditional domestic market. At present, Apple is one of the most profitable international companies in the global business arena. Apple controls a substantial share of the mobile communication market across the global PC industry. To survive and control a sizable share of the global PC industry, Apple Company has endeavored to remain competitive through the non-competitive strategy. Apple was founded in 1976 and has established branches across America. Jeff Williams Leadership style Jeff Williams is Apple plc’s senior operations vice president. He has worked in the company for fifteen years. Jeff has developed transformational, situational, and participatory leadership skills in managing operations at Apple plc. To promote the ideals of positive responsibility amongst different departments, Jeff has developed a good organizational culture by fostering a strong alignment on the set path of achieving goals, missions, and vision. The main characteristics of Jeff’s leadership style include adaptability, empowerment, commitment, contribution, and critical problem-solving skills. The aspect of adaptability influences the adjustments that may be required in exercising influence over a challenge (Rath & Conchie, 2008). Through these adjustments, Jeff was in a position to model a unique setting that reassures and discerns the wants and desires of the customers. Besides, he inspires self-esteem and confidence among the staff to align their feelings to specific intuition or instinct in his proactive conce
The concept of fast food has always been taken with a grain of salt since the first fast food outlet was opened. However, despite the low value of fast food, people are still willing to consume it, which can be attributed to the sophisticated marketing strategies and the companies’ ability to create a façade of sustainability and health-oriented manufacturing. “Super Size Me 2: Holy Chicken!”, a movie by Spurlock, has shown that fast food has direct negative implications on people’s health due to low quality of products used for cooking fast food. The efforts that fast food chains make to represent themselves as sustainable and health-oriented have been perceived as questionable, at best, up until recently, when the introduction of innovative tools has allowed making fast food seemingly healthier. Due to the inability to fact-check the information that fast food companies provide, buyers tend to take the statements made by these companies for granted, which leads to a drop in their ability to question the quality of the food. The described causal relationships are particularly evident in the movie: “Let’s have a conversation of how healthy our sandwiches are” (Calogero LM, 2020). As a result, low quality of McDonald’s food has direct implications on people’s health. Obesity is the primary outcome in this cause-and-effect relationship, the choice of meals being the main cause, and weight gain among customers representing the key effect on their health (Calogero LM, 2020). Another obvious cause and effect relationship portrayed in the film concerns the rise in the threat of diseases such as diabetes as the effect of the food choices that McDonald’s provides to its customers. Although the direct connection between the development of diabetes and the consumption of McDonald’s
The underground system in the UK is the mother of the metro systems dating far back to 1863. It has had a mixed history of both ups and many downs. One of the major problems is the issue of the inhumanity of the system. This has to do with the complications and technicalities involved in the usability and comfort of the system (Geocities, 2004). The reading of the maps is one of the technicalities. Reading of maps has great topological problems (Gunther and Leuween, 2006, 99). The London subway map compounds this by being geographically incorrect and can cause confusion for new users of the subway system (Rumble, 2002). This is further compounded by the general disorganization of signs within the station. The signs are confusing and are set great distances apart. This is very inconvenient for people who are new to the system (The Traveler, 2008). The other problem is the air conditioning issue. The mayor, Boris Johnson, just unveiled the new form of the trains that are meant to ease both congestion and conditioning problems. The only problem is that they are meant to be released in the year 2010 and will not cater to satisfactorily eliminate rather than alleviate these problems. They will form only 40% of the train fleet available meaning that one still has to contend with the old and uncomfortable trains (Milmo, 2008). The other problem associated with the underground system is overcrowding. Though the trains have been increased, this still remains a problem, especially during peak hours. The result is that there are more delays and more discomfort due to heating, especially in the summer. The problem causes a variety of risks. The heating up of the subways and the overcrowding can cause heat strok
Culture is an acquired compliment of a long interactive process. It depends on period of time in which an individual is exposed to the interactive process and level of internalization of the subculture. Reflectively, culture varies from one geographic region to another. Besides, subcultures are unique in terms of beliefs, practices, and communicative gestures or language. Thus, this reflective treatise present in-depth issues surrounding Tibetan subculture of China as revealed in the interview of traditional musician Chung Wing Lee; who is currently on a world tour to promote peace through music and acculturation. Mr. Chung Wing Lee is an informed change agent who has traveled extensively around the globe in his campaigns for peace. He is from the subculture of the Chinese Tibet. Though he has a fair mastery of English language, it is apparent that his native language has influence on his pronunciation of some English words. Reflectively, Lee has a rich sense of culture and is proud of sharing the same with the world. Specifically, he defines Tibet culture as a “religion based, social friendly, and flexible subculture within the Chinese main culture”. In the Tibet subculture, traditional dressing is characterized by long acrylic colorful garments with printed philosophical words and patterns that have been preserved across many generations. According to Lee, language and religion are the most powerful tools of every culture irrespective of its size and mode of interaction. Since he is a keen follower of the principles of liberation as preached by Tibet traditional leader, Lee is specific on expected norms and laid down institutions that address a breach on the same. Characteristic of the Chinese culture, Lee is short, slim, and round faced. He dons a long red robe with Chinese language inscriptions on it. On the left breast of his attire is inscribed the word ‘丹增嘉措’ translated as ‘culture is love’. Lee is conscious of food he eats. Characteristic of the Tibet culture, he argue that “man is what he eats, wears, and interact with”. Interestingly, this laid back individual is a firm believer of significant role played by culture towards unity, creating a sense of belonging, and maintaining status quo. Repeatedly, Lee uses the phrases ‘tashi delek’ and ‘nga debo yin’ translated as ‘hallo’ and ‘I am fine’ respectively. In Tibet, the phrase ‘kayrang jel-pa gawpo chung’ which Lee repeatedly use means ‘pleasure to meet you’. Culture defines religious beliefs and ethnic orientation. Lee is a Buddhist and a keen follower of philosophical schools of thought which he has acquired through series of interactions with his people back in China. Traits displayed by Lee define a subculture within the main Chinese culture. Specifically, a subculture is u
Modern technological innovations are transforming a wide range of human activities. Telecommuting (also called e-commuting) is a new model whereby an employee can complete tasks and assignments outside his or her office. This arrangement is currently being embraced by many corporations across the globe. This paper examines the major issues associated with this work arrangement. Impacts of Telecommuting The idea of telecommuting has been observed to have numerous impacts on specific areas. The first one is that of energy conservation. This means that the amount of fuel consumed to travel to the office reduces significantly (Allen, Golden, & Shockley, 2015). Electricity expenses incurred by organizations also decrease. Secondly, telecommuting minimizes information technology (IT) costs. Companies will not have to acquire more computers to support their workers. The third area to take seriously is that of green computing. Telecommuting supports this idea since users minimize energy consumption. Environmental dissipates from computers are minimized. This model results in sustainable computing and promotes the integrity of the natural environment. Finally, telecommuters will experience new shifts in lifestyles. For instance, parents and guardians can babysit and engage in various domestic chores without affecting their productivities (Wojcak, Bajzikova, Sajgalikova, & Polakova, 2016). Disabled persons can work comfortably from home and earn a living. Companies will not have to provide natural support. Designing Business Infrastructure Telecommuting is founded on the effectiveness of existing computer systems and infrastructures. Employees who have these resources will be in a position to perform various functions efficiently and deliver positive results. However, hurricanes, earthquakes, and storms can make it impossible for them to access different buildings. Corporations should, therefore, put in place superior IT systems that can support telecommuting (Tavares, 2017). This means that employees will be able to complete their duties and assignments even when there is a disaster. However, this model is appropriate for companies that deal with IT-related services. Backup systems, social media networks, and advanced Internet connections will be needed to meet the needs of companies and their workers. Tavares (2017) goes further to encourage organizations to recruit competent employees from different geographical regions and support them using adequate telecommuting resources. This approach will result in flexibility and deliver desirable goals. Advantages and Disadvantages: IT Manager’s Point of View Information technology (IT) managers use their competencies to analyze and monitor the effectiveness of businesses’ electronic and computer systems (van Lier, de W
The case dwells upon the paradox Adam Smith mentioned in his famous work The Wealth of Nations (Tucker 157). The paradox consists in the following: even though water is more important for people’s existence, its price is much lower than that of diamonds that are not as crucial for people’s life. This paradox can be easily explained with the help of such concepts as total and marginal utility. Smith employed only the principle of the total utility. In other words, he focused on the importance of water and diamonds for people’s lives. However, the concept of marginal utility, which was developed in the 19 th century, will help solve the puzzle. The case includes a graph that shows the difference between marginal utility of water and diamonds. Since the amount of water is much more significant than that of diamonds, marginal utility of the latter is high. People are more eager to buy more diamonds as they are comparatively rare. At the same time, people have plenty of water and the vast majority of them can access water quite easily. Therefore, when it comes to water and diamonds, the price depends on availability of the product rather than its total utility. It is quite easy to imagine the situation when diamonds will cost less than water. When the sources of water are scarce, people will be more willing to buy more water (to make their own reserves, which could be used by them and their families). People need water to live and, if they understand that they will not be able to access the resource whenever they want, they will try to accumulate this resource to have plenty of it available for them. Thus, if the amount of drinking water reduces significantly, people will soon understand that they should accumulate more water. People are very dependent on this resource, as they cannot live without it. Even if the amount of diamonds remains the same, people will still be more eager to buy more water to replenish their reserves, as they will not be able to use diamonds for drinking. It is possible to note that the marginal utility of water as well as total u
Range of Emotions of a Parent with a child who has special needs Parents with children who have special needs are often subject to a range of emotions that are different from their counterparts who have children that do not need special care and attention. It is often the case that this type of parent feels a profound sense of helplessness, grief, or even a loss of hope due to how they perceive the future of their children. Two Emotional States and How a Teacher would help a parent with them In this case, the two emotional states that will be focused on is the loss of hope parents experience as well as their feeling of helplessness when it comes to dealing with their child’s disability. One of how a teacher could assist a parent going through a profound loss of hope would be to help them understand that they can prepare their children in such a way that they can live almost normal lives when they grow up. By doing so, teachers would give some hope to parents that their child is not a lost cause and that they could become productive adults. Aside from this, teachers can help to address the feeling of helplessness experienced by parents by telling them that numerous support groups exist both within the school and outside of it to help guide them in how to care for their special needs child. These groups would enable the parent to understand what methods need to be implemented to help their child lead a healthy and productive life in the future. Three Roles that a Parent with a Child who has a disability Might Undertake Teacher While it is true that schools do advocate for parents to teach their children at home whenever possible, a parent who has a child with a disability may take such a role even further by utilizing an assortment of teaching modules at home to help prepare their child in knowing how to live a normal life. Caregiver In many cases a parent does take care of most of the needs of their child; however, children with disabilities require considerably more specialized care and attention. It is due to this that parents who have children that have special needs are often relegated to the role of a caregiver resulting in them having to bathe, feed and even change the clothes of their special needs child. Friend It is often the case that children with disabilities cannot make the same type of friendships that other children are capable of making. It is due to this that parents o
Introduction People of various cultures have different perceptions toward various elements of the outer world. They are based on a culture’s value system, which defines how its members react to the environment: for example, whether to adapt to it or try to control it. A prominent example is the relationships with nature: Western civilization and minor Native American civilizations have different views on nature, traditions, and their societies in general. Understanding those discrepancies between cultures and establishing good contact may help greatly in improving the well-being of small cultures’ representatives and preserving nature. Case Study Description: Lummi People Lummi people are the Native American tribe living in Washington state. They suffer from massive timber production, which has continued since the 19th century (Russo, 2011). Those lands were full of old woods, sacred for the Lummi people; thus, their cutting was destructive for the tribe. During the 20th century, most of those woods were totally destroyed, which led to the almost total extinction of the tribe. Today, tribe representatives and American government organizations, such as the Washington State Department of Natural Resources, seek contact to preserve both the remaining forests and the tribe. Value Systems and Their Applications Value systems can be described based on their orientation in several dimensions: each combination of orientations presents a unique approach. One can select three distinct dimensions of values: relations with nature, other humans, and activity in general. Each dimension may be oriented in the past, present, or future; the exception is the activity value, which cannot be oriented in the future. Such temporal orientation makes eight specific fundamental values; their combinations condition the typical behavior of the culture’s members (Russo, 2011). The direction in the past means preserving the current state of things: nature, traditions, and social structure. Preference for t
Introduction Uniformitarianism has been associated with Sir Charles Lyell. He has been a well known British geologist and a lawyer who has made great contributions in the field of geology. The theory of evolution has been added to his account of the contributions as he has been the one reviewing the work by Lamarck and Darwin. Discussion Charles Lyell was born in Scotland in the year of 1797. His father was a botanist and a lawyer but he had lesser repute. Thereby this makes the fact clear that Charles Lyell had gained interest in the nature and its surroundings since he had been a boy by learning all about the nature from his father. “Introduction to Geology” by Robert Bakewell played its role in increasing an interest in geology of Charles (Weber 10). House of birth of Charles Lyell was located in Central Lowlands in the valley of Highland Boundary Fault and this is a distinguished area in Scottish geology. Important natural views that were visible from his house were the farmlands and the Grampian Mountains in the High lands and Bartlet Lodge in England being of geological importance inspired Charles (Rudwick 25). Charles was a lawyer and he worked for Lincoln’s Inn in the year of 1820. He constantly used to explore rural England in order to observe the geographies of the place. Geology was his full time profession since he joined in the geographical society in 1823. His main interests were the volcanic changes, and the geological dynamics. One of the main contributions of Sir Charles relates to the theory of uniformitarianism. Lyell argued that there are many economic advantages related to the geological surveys (Lyell 25). Before Lyell had worked on earthquakes and volcanoes, they were recognized as the natural phenomena related with disasters. Lyell on the basis of geology explained the reasons associated with earthquakes. His most important contribution has been in stratigraphy where he has argued that the categorization of the strata layers can be done by estimating the number and proportions of the marine shells embedded within. He had researched a lot about the glaciers and according to him the glaciers can be one of the greatest sources for the erratic as these are the rocks that differ from the surrounding rock layer because it has been transported by a glacier (Larson 25). The first book written by Lyell was “Principles of Geology” and three volumes of this book were released between the years of 1830 and 1833. Main achievement that the book gained is related to the redefining of the theory related to uniformitarianism. Uniformitarianism defines the processes as land erosion and changes in the sea floors. “Geological Evidences of the Antiquity of Man” was the second b