ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Inclusion has become a rather popular term today, as people realize that fitting into the environment that already exists, or integration, is not the best option for everyone. Humans, especially children, require a comfortable space to learn and develop new skills. Unfamiliar environment may make them nervous, so inclusion and support are much needed tools to help children adjust to changes. Playgrounds, both indoors and outdoors, are places where children learn new things and interact with each other, so creating an inclusive atmosphere would be beneficial for their development. Despite the need for change, there are no exact guidelines for communities to switch to an inclusive approach. Harman (2016) emphasizes the importance of helping children when they enter a new and unfamiliar environment. In this context, children’s play areas would have to be made of hypoallergenic and soft materials, possibly some rubber or plastic variation. Some of the parks and school grounds experiment with equipment now; however, many still use metal and wooden parts. These materials are durable but too firm for children to feel comfortable. Playgrounds’ purpose is to provide an area in which every curious child will find something to explore. As social spaces will become more inclusive, they could attract children with different topography levels so that some areas become a maze with hidden secrets, unexpected stairs, and exciting slides. Schools and public parks already incorporate this idea to a certain degree, but the number of levels is usually small, and children lose interest quickly. Social interaction is essential to understand the needs of a child and to make the playground inclusive. Avramidis and Norwich (2002) point out the problem of communication between children and adults. Sometimes parents and teachers do not understand if children feel uncomfortable because they do not spend enough time together. Inclusive playgrounds of the future could be built at the location with much sunlight and openings near the jungle gym for parents to be nearby. Today, some parks and schools place playgrounds in the available space, not in the area with the best sunlight and visibility. Unfortunately for children, this leads to potential injuries and the fear of being lost, as parents cannot always spot the problem on time. Inclusion is also essential for children with disabilities and particular limitations that cannot be easily disregarded. Halfon and Friendly (2013) mention that even modern countries do not have enough comfortable space for young citizens with special needs. Quite often, the stairs and slides of the playground cannot be accessed by children in wheelchairs. Inclusive social areas for young children could be appropriately designed f
This article reviews the importance of managing occupational safety and health. It specifically presents the problems or costs associated with poor management of occupational health and safety. The main findings show that failure to observe safety and health of workers may result into unnecessary costs like payments for sick employees, administrative, insurance as well as recruitment levies. An organization can overcome such costs using different strategies such as improving the legislation and implementation of occupational health and safety procedures. Additionally, an organization can develop management systems that reduce the level of risks exposed to workers. The main arguments presented in this article are geared towards understanding the importance of managing occupational safety and health. Van Stolk et al., (2012), state that the increasing cases of unemployment in industrialized countries have become paramount concern among members of the public for a relatively long period of time. According to Bohle and Quinlan (2000), the transition of improved economies characterized by rapid increase in services and automation is seen by many people as a method of evolution that seeks to reduce or eliminate physical jobs associated with numerous risks, safety and health hazards. There are also costs associated with lack of safety and poor health at workplace. These include increased cases of workers who request to be paid for hospital expenses, costs incurred during administration, compensation for injuries, recruitment costs and insurance remittances. Apart from the organizational and individual consequences, there are other costs which society is supposed to oversee. This challenge has been worsened by organizations’ failure to observe occupational safety and health among workers. Some of the examples of these costs include reduced or complete loss of output, increased medical costs, costs incurred by an organization in administering benefits as well as the local authority safety and executive investigation costs (Ferrett, 2012). The author believes that the costs associated with poor management of occupational safety and health can be eliminated by observing quite a number of measures. Firstly, there is need to improve the current legislation and implementation of safety procedures. This can be achieved by carrying out non-abiding actions like exchange of appropriate practices, conducting awareness campaigns and increasing the level of training. Secondly, it is necessary to mainstream occupational health and safety in different policy areas such as education and public health sector. It is also necessary to identify fresh synergies. Thirdly, the national strategies that have been tailored towards specific contexts should be well defined and implemented. Implementation should also target the enterprises or sectors that seem to be affected more by illnesses and occupational injuries. S
Abstract Poor security at the US airports was highly blamed following the twin attack of the September 11 2001 in the United States. Since then, the US government has invested heavily in security, particularly in the airports, in order to protect its citizens. There has been advancement in technology besides the extensive screening of passengers before they board the airplanes. The airport security has been tightened using video surveillance and advanced data exchange technology. Besides, the aircraft security has also been advanced using bulletproof cockpit doors and restricted access to the airports. Advanced personal identity screening has been fine-tuned at the airport. The paper thus gives details of these advancements made in the US following the attack. Introduction Since the September 11, 2001 terrorist attack in the United States, there has been a deliberate move by both the US and the federal governments to seal the loopholes that existed before in the airports sector. The 19 hijackers who terrorized the US in the twin attacks were able to go through the normal security checks and even shut the alarms of the metal detectors. The hijackers forced the planes to fly into the World Trade Center and the Pentagon thus pushing thousands of people to respond to the attack. However, thousands died innocently portraying the fact that the United States airports were insecure. The many questions raised concerning the incidence about safety of the US airports form the basis of this paper that discusses the advancement of airport security since September 11, 2001. Advanced Passenger Screening The previous poor airport security in the US that led to the attacks was highly criticized by people like Saine who have declared the “transport security author as “too reactive, imposing screening procedures that respond to past terrorist plots and not doing enough to anticipate future threats” (2012, Para. 2). As a result, the airports have adapted advanced screening devices that can screen any bomb materials and or even metals (Foster, 2011, Para. 3). Before the September 11, 2001 attack, passengers could not carry bottled water into the airport leave alone the airplanes. However, the new technology has enabled them to do so comfortably. Computer companies like Siemens have played an important role in helping the airports install baggage screeners, which now allow the passengers to drop off any bag that they are carrying immediately they enter the airports. The new luggage screening system has also speeded up the process of screening. For example, the Delta airline has been able to increase the number of luggage screened per hour from 200 to 500 (Saine, 2012, Para. 4). The step that has resulted out of technology has also eased the previous congestion in the airport thus reducing the safety risks because the aircraft hijackers of September 11 were able to pass their luggage though security checks without raising any alarm. For example, they carried box cutters that they used in threatening other passengers The government has also provided a good administration by investing heavily on the developme
Introduction The ability to unravel the current quagmire surrounding the causes and effects of global warming on food and agricultural production remain the key area towards effective policy design, management application and eventual sustainability assimilation in society. Although food security is the main driver and core determinant of the level of economic development, it presents a major paradox to the policy makers who are undecided between conservation of nature and economic development. According to Jennifer Burney in the film Food’s footprint: agriculture and climate change , the problem has been further complicated by emission of greenhouse gases (GHG) and uncertainties presented by poor understanding of carbon dioxide chemical cycle. In order to effectively address the effects of global warming, Burney presents a critical review of the emissions and their impacts on agriculture. This critique presents an intrinsic evaluation of the film by analyzing the emerging concerns surrounding global warming, sensitivity of the environment and food shortages. Summary of the main points The suitability of any publication is gauged on the impact it makes to the target audience. In order to achieve the key objective of this film, Jennifer Burney discusses major elements unsustainable environmental management. The problem of global warming is brought out from a historical and statistical point of view (“ Food’s footprint: agriculture and climate change”) . From the film, the audience is left without any doubt of various conclusions drawn from the discussion as they are accompanied by derivative equations. Besides, key relevant resources are consulted to support the views and arrive at different recommendations. From the onset of the short film, there is great coherence and flow of ideas that make the audience to follow every section with ease. One of the main points from the film is that effective environmental management is the most critical concept that enhances sustainable agricultural development. It acts as the main link between clear conceptualization of the role played by the environment and the social, biological, political as well as economic affects. In her review, Burney suggests that factoring in the correct environmental management policies and systems with an international orientation at the local level anchors the realization of the interconnected nature of the environmental spheres (“ Food’s footprint: agriculture and climate change”) . However, she laments that there has been lack of effective environmental management at the local, corporate, and international levels. This has culminated to a plethora of negative affects especially in food production in the agricultural sector. Burney also indicates that human beings have made major progresses in climate related studies in the recent past. Even so, it is more certain that the world will be warmer in the next 100 years. Her views cohere with those of the World Watch Institute on the global warming theory. The latter organization notes that the looming disaster will be due to rising temperatures. The speaker strongly suggests
The scene of the story “Guess Who’s Coming for the Dinner” is laid in an ordinary Irish house of an ordinary Irishmen. The story reflects the time of intolerance against interracial marriages. Ireland in the author’s story is against any interference into routine life. The people are shown as if from the point of view of an immigrant, who has come to an unknown country and sees prejudices of the native Irish. The reality of family life in Ireland is depicted in the short story “Guess Who’s Coming for the Dinner” by Roddy Doyle. It is necessary to analyse cohesion and discourse of the given text in the specific field (Halliday & Matthiessen, 1989, p.524). A description of a happy family life is an example of the reality of an Irish society with deep racial prejudices. We see family life depicted from the point of view of the head of the family, Larry by name. We got to know about members of the family. Larry’s reality and his picture of the world are shown in the given excerpt. He enjoys observing trifles and serious quarrels of his daughters, does not pay attention to his son mocking him gradually drifting apart from his father. Family life was calm. “Until Stephanie brought home the black fella”. In the course of lexis analysis we have found different groups of words, which carry lexical meaning, which is very important for the understanding of the text, and contribute to subject matter of the text: (1) great, grand, loved, trusted, quiet, (2) to cheer up, modern, successful, Irish, habit, really good days, crack, (3) rejection, hurt, pretending, crooked, (4) madder, louder, screaming, roaring roundabout. Groups (1) and (2) prove positive moods, happy life and deep affection of Larry for his family. The word crack in spoken Irish English means “a good time, friendly enjoyable talk”. Groups (3) and (4) show the real state of things in the family, contempt of the son and condescension of daughters. Such vocabulary items as telly, bitch, wagon, ref, cuppa, fella, fart belong to informal nouns and jargon and contribute to the understanding of the family members as representatives of working class. According to “a socially oriented model of analysis”, which investigates language and texts taken within a particular social situation (family life in our text); it is necessary to describe the relationships between language, texts, and social systems (Halliday & Hasan, 1989, p.29). Analysing the tenor, we defined several persona taking part in the text. The la
Description and history Partners In Health (PIH) is a health care organization that is based in Boston, Massachusetts whose main purpose is to provide affordable health care services to the poor people (Partners In Health, 2011). In essence, PIH is a non-profit organization that is affiliated to Harvard. It works with Brigham Women’s Hospital and Harvard University’s School of Public Health (Partners In Health, 2011). PIH was founded in the year 1987 by Dr. Paul Farmer, Thomas J. White, Ophelia Dahl and Todd McCormack (Partners In Health, 2011). In the same year, the four founders spearheaded the start of its service delivery in Haiti (Kidder, 2004). Today, Partners In Health provides services across the world and it mainly delivers healthcare services to the poor people from both developing and underdeveloped countries. PIH was established after Ophelia Dahl and Paul Farmer aided in the establishment of a healthcare project that was community based in Haiti at a place called Cange (Partners In Health, 2010). At the beginning, its main focus was treating patients infected with HIV/AIDS in Haiti only but with time it expanded its services to other parts of the world (Kidder, 2004). Mission Partners in Health Organization’s mission is to provide alternative health care options that are geared towards prevention of diseases before they afflict the community. Such services deviate greatly from the conventional methods of treating the sick. Its service delivery model is based on the belief that health is a vital human right and it should therefore be made available to all. PIH has made it a priority to provide quality healthcare services to the underprivileged through establishment of long-term beneficial partnerships with other local organizations that serve the same purpose of providing preferential health care services to the poor (Partners In Health, 2011). In addition, PIH aims at improving the availability of convenient healthcare services information and its subsequent use (Kidder, 2004). Apart from this, PIH is also devoted to providing clean water, food, housing, and education to the sick in poor societies. Within the organization (PIH), a well-established department is extensively involved in advocating for human rights. This particular department fights for the rights of the poor people who make the majority of the population, which has been deprived human rights (Partners In Health, 2011). Programs offered According to Partners In Health (2010), the main programs that are offered by PIH include healthcare services, education to the poor, and provision of water, food and accommodation. In terms of the healthcare services provided, PIH treats diseases such as Malaria, HIV/AIDS, and Tuberculosis. Poor people benefit greatly from these services because treatment for such diseases is very expensive.
Are zoos cruel to animals, or are they important educational facilities that conserve different species of animals? This is a question that will be amenable to discussion for a long time. The reality is that there is ambivalence whether zoos protect animals from the adversity of the wild or they violate the rights of animals to enjoy their freedom in the wild. On one hand, zoos provide educational facilities for a wide range of people, but looking at the cruelty some animals are subjected to in zoos, one would think otherwise. The most widespread accusation against zoos is that they subject animals to cruelty. In fact, many visitors to zoos have been made to buy this argument, thus a question of whether future generations will continue perpetuating this kind unfair treatment to animals. Arguing on the issue, Bostock (1993) notes that there are many instances where animals are kept cruelly: in houses, in factories, and many other places (p 7). Along this line, Bostock posed the all-important question: Are zoos also used to perpetuate cruelty against animals? Perhaps the answer to this question would be forthcoming after considering other factors such as the kind of harsh environment that animals are subjected to in the wild. In this context, to say that zoos provide refuge to animals from harassment in the wild would not be an overstatement. After along evaluation of ideas, Bostock (1993) noted in chapter five to seven of the book Zoos and animal rights: The ethics of keeping animals that zoos can and indeed provide favorable conditions for the animals they keep (p. 45). This brings a notion that the references to zoos as a source of cruelty to animals or as important facilities that enable conservation of animals and education of people about the animals are based on individual judgment. This paper will argue the above point with considerati
Introduction Native Indians have had a turbulent past with the United States in general and the states within which they reside in particular. Their history is marred by significant events such as Indian wars and failed attempts by the federal government to dismantle tribal governments and assimilate Indians (Wunder 2000, p.13). These events have culminated to the realization that limited self-determination in Indian Country is the best solution. American Indians have therefore emerged as a unique group of Americans who have some limited form of self-determination in Indian Country. Even though American Indian countries are largely unconstrained by the US Constitution, the State government exerts significant influence on the lives of American Indians. As such, the State government has the power to influence the civil rights of the tribal communities. This paper will set out to critically evaluate the role of the state in defending ad infringing Native Indian Civil Rights in the United States. The paper will demonstrate that the State has to a large extent played a positive role in defending the Civil Rights of the Native Indians. States
The instructions given by the mother to her daughter in the story Girl written by Jamaica Kincaid may capture the reader’s attention from the first lines. It is introduced as one huge paragraph with a number of ideas a girl should consider in her life. The author is not afraid to talk about such things as becoming a slut, spitting up in the air, and loving a man. On the one hand, all these ideas have nothing in common and could be defined as the words pronounced by a madwoman. On the other hand, each word in the story has its meaning and impact on the girl who has to follow the pieces of advice offered. In my opinion, “a slut” remains to be the most important word in Kincaid’s story because it could perform several functions in the girl’s life: it helps to create a goal for a girl that is not to become a slut, and it becomes a kind of edge that should never be crossed. A girl should be ready to make many decisions, take numerous steps, and analyze personal thoughts. Her mother wants to be sure that the girl is ready for all challenges and whims of life. It is hard to share the emotions and concerns of the mother, who tries to provide her child with the best living conditions, on one page. Kincaid finds the word that could combine positive and negative emotions in one word. The slut is the word that bothers the woman and frightens the girl. Nowadays, many girls are under the threat of becoming sluts because of the ways many people behave and want to see other people behave the same way. It is important for the girl to understand that her task is not to become a slut regarding the fact that girls are so bent on becoming it. Besides, Kincaid develops the text in the way it introduces the idea of becoming the slut as the edge never to be crossed by the girl. There are so many choices that the girl could make. Her mother tries to underline the details that should play an important role in her lie and help her avoid that terrible edge. The suggestions include the necessity to wash clothes, to walk like a lady, to set a table, and even to love. It is so easy to make a wrong step, to give a wrong look, or to say a wrong word and be misunderstood by the people around. Therefore, the girl should never cross the line wh