ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Overview of Wireless Sensor Networks What is Wireless Sensor Network? Wireless sensor Network consists of independent sensors, which are dispersed to examine physical and environmental conditions such as temperature, pulsation, pressure and movement; in fact, they collect data and transmit to the main location through network (Yenumula, 1). What are the Characteristics of WSN? One of these characteristics relates to constrains associated with consumptions of power for nodes using batteries; in fact, they can also cope with communication failures, and they have mobility nodes and dynamic network topology. In addition, they also have heterogenic nodes, scalable deployment, and ability to endure adverse environmental setting. Standards and specifications Some of the standards relates to process automation through Wireless HART, ISA100 and IEEE 1451, which is a set of smart transducers standards. Another specification is ZigBee / 802.15.4, which is a specification for low-powered networks for monitoring and controlling illumination and alarms. IEEE 802.11offers standards for telecommunication and information exchange between systems. Factors influencing sensor network design Some factors influencing sensor network design include fault tolerance, which is ability to sustain functionalities of network sensors without interruptions. Cost is also a factor that affects the design of sensor network in terms of hardware and limitation sensor. Network typology is also a factor that influences design of sensor network together with other factors such as environment, deployment, transmission media and consumption of power. Measurements for Wireless Sensor Networks Measurements of WSN are based on physical properties such as pressure, temperature, humidity and flow, while other measurements are based on motion properties such as position, velocity and acceleration. WSN is also measured in terms contact properties such as strain, force, slip, vibration and torque. There are measurements based on presence such as proximity, motion and distance, while others are measured in terms of biochemical and identification such as biochemical agents and personal features respectively. Topology WSN typologies include ring topology, which has nodes performing analogous functions, while other forms such as fully connected networks have problems with NP complexity. Mesh networks have distributions that facilitate transmission to adjacent nodes, while star typology is linked to one hub node. Bus topology transmits data from the bus to all nodes, while tree network has nodes that disconnect only decedents. Applications WSN is applied in military operations such as monitoring equipments, nuclear weapons and detection of chemical attacks. WSN is also used in environmental application to detect forest fire and floods, and health care applications. Protocols and Routing Protocols refer to comm
Blood donation has been a common practice in different countries across the globes. Different agencies have been established in different countries to deal with the collection and distribution of blood to the health institutions to save lives of other people. In Canada, the Canadian Blood Services (CBS) is an agency that manages the country’s blood system. The agency is concerned with the collection and distribution of blood and blood products to manage different health problems relation to blood (Smith et al, 2011, p.46). The agency has several collection sites and donor clinics. It carries out the recruitment of blood donors and ensures a continued supply of healthy blood for the needy patients (Smith et al, 2011, p.46). The agency embarks on extensive promotions to encourage blood donation in the country. However, despite these efforts, the rate of blood donation is still very low in the country with only about 3-4% of the total population donating blood towards the program (Smith et al, 2011, p.46). The low rates are likely to pose challenges to the health centers that rely on such blood to manage cases like anemia and excessive blood loss following an accident. It is then necessary that other promotional strategies be applied by the CBS and other similar agencies. Promotional objectives for the blood-collection agency Promotion as a marketing strategy has been a common practice by many business organizations. The organizations understand the need to attract and retain more customers to have a competitive advantage over their competitors. The promotions are aimed at increasing the inflow rate of the customers to a given organization and ensuring the customers are satisfied and willing to buy the products again (Taffer Dynamics, 2006, p.7). Such promotional strategies are aimed at increasing sales by expanding the customers’ expenditure on the products and services. However, the need for marketing has received less consideration in among the non-profit organizations (Lake, 2011). The organizations seem to have the traditional perception that marketing is merely aimed at increasing sales. The promotional strategies of a non-profit organization should aim at obtaining donors and volunteers. It should also be aimed at satisfying the needs of both the donors and the consumers of the organization (Lake, 2011). Thus, one of the promotional objectives of the blood-collection agency is to attract donors and volunteers who would donate blood or provide financial support to the agency. The blood-collection agency would wish to have its operations be sustained for a long period. The continuous supply of blood is affected by volunteerism of the individuals in a given country (U.S. Department of Health & Human Services, 2011). This can be achieved if there is a strong relationship that is developed between the donors and the organization. The donors need to have trust in the agency in order to provide continued support. Therefore, the promotion is also aimed at developing and maintaining trust and loyalty between the blood-collection agency and the donors and volunteers. The level of transparency and integrity that the donors will ide
The word “Maasai” refers to Maasai people or simply Maasai language. The culture is usually recognized by their colored ornaments that are normally made from beads. Debatably, the Maasai are the most Africa’s populous ethnic group who believe all cattle are theirs. This has given them an image of fierce cattle raiders. To them, cattle is a sign of wealth and are supposed to be used in paying a dowry (Wallace 128). According to their culture and tradition, it is the role of women to construct the huts. It is their responsibility to fetch water, cook for the family, collect firewood, and milk the cows. The daily operation of the community and conflict resolution is done by older men (Wallace 130). The Maasai culture defines a particular dress code for the members of their community. Women should be in bangles and necklaces. Men, on the other hand, wear the Maasai blanket, a red checked shuka. The Maasai believes in beauty and therefore make colorful ornaments to suit this purpose. This is a significant aspect of their culture. The Maasai culture dictates the community diet. Their foods are mostly milk, cow blood, and meat (Jones 44). In Maasai culture, there are various ceremonies and rituals including Murata (circumcision), enkipaata (senior boy ceremony), Akiyama (marriage), Sokoto e-kule (milk drinking), eunoto (warrior shaving), or Gesher (junior elder) and enkang oo-Keri (meat-eating) among others. The culture has some other ceremonies preserved for young boys and girls that they must go through. The initiations such as ilkioirat (leg fire marks) and eudoto (ear lobe) are stages that the minors before circumcision. Each ceremony marks a new life in the Maasai community; every child in the Maasai community is usually eager to go through these initiations as they are considered the rite of passage. The Maasai, who moved from Sudan to Kenya, lives in Rift Valley. According to their culture, they live in huts that are made of mud, tree brunches, cow dung, and grass. They live in a homestead as a family normally referred to as Manyatta. Their Manyatta is usually surrounded by thorny bushes that protect their cattle from predators and intruders. Every Manyatta is composed of between 10 and 20 huts, which they refer to as “Inkajijik” (Wallace 132). In summary, Maasai people are a popular tribe in Africa, and their culture entails a lot of adorable traditions. They are the most of Africa’s populous ethnic group. According to the culture and traditions of the Maasai, circumcision is valued as the most significant initiation process among all the other rites of passage. This circumcision is normally done shortly after the pubic stage, and many Maasai children are normally eager to undergo through the process of initiation. It is, however, worth noting that due to the challenges arising with the advancing century, Maasai women no longer pass through the circumcision initiation, but young men still fancy the process and are still eager to under go through it. According to their culture, the initiation elevates individuals to adulthood f
The emergence of digital media has diversified opportunities upon which marketers interact with consumers. Each dawning day, consumers are confronted with a barrage of messages either through traditional or digital media. In this new era, individuals are striving to know what is happening beyond their borders through consumption of social media and text messages, reading newspapers (both print and digital), listening to radio, watching television and other online activities. Consequently, marketers have recognized the changing inclination in media consumption, and that these changes are significant in understanding how consumers interact and absorb information. However, recent studies indicate that marketers may be misguided in their understanding of how various media impact on consumer’s buying decision. Interestingly, a recent research article by Danaher and Rossiter (pp. 6-42) present surprising findings on consumer perceptions of the latest marketing communications channels. The authors explored this concept in a threefold study. They began by comparing traditional and new media channels based on their underlying attributes such as trustworthiness, reliability, convenience, entertainment value and perceived intrusiveness (pp. 6-9). Secondly, the authors sought to compare the perceived effectiveness of various marketing communication channels in an attempt to establish whether some channels were more effective than others in persuading consumers to make buying decisions. Similarly, the study also investigated numerous marketers to develop their perception on the effectiveness of adopted channels of marketing communication (p. 25). Contrasting to widely held belief that email is the most significant and popular marketing channel among consumers, Danaher and Rossiter study findings indicate otherwise. The authors established that email was a widely accepted model of communication among marketers. However, a detailed evaluation of consumers’ perceptions indicated that traditional channels of communication such as television, radio, newspaper and most importantly, direct mail were still preferable to most consumers. Furthermore, direct mailing received massive praises from consumers due to their significant attribute of trust and reliability (Danaher & Rossiter 10). Conversely, although most marketers believed that SMS and phone marketing would receive high acceptance among consumers, Danaher and Rossiter’s study revealed that revolutionary media received least acceptance as compared to traditional marketing channels (30). Consequently, cynical consumers’ perception of new media annihilates their effectiveness in spite of the escalating popularity among present-day marketers (Danaher & Rossiter 40). However, although Danaher and Rossiter explored the confounding factor of age, further research is needed to establish whether similar findings would be unearthed among youthful population. This is because presupposing that direct mail and other traditional media were widespread across the entire generation is a gross understatement, especially during this era when social media and mobile communication has received immense attention among youth
Introduction Tutoring is the support offered to students to enhance their learning. Most students are enrolled in tutoring programs to complement their normal class learning. Some people see tutoring as avery efficient remedy for academicdeficiencies, while others think it isdetrimental to the academic success of the students. Types of Tutoring Programs There are a variety of tutoring programs available for college students today. These include peer, professional and online tutoring. Most colleges havepeer tutoring programsconducted by student tutors to enhance their students’ academic performance. The tutors assist students in understanding subjects that are difficult for them. Usually student tutors are supposed to be diligent and be able to balance between their own course work and the task of tutoring. Before they are accepted as tutors, theyare supposed to meet minimum conditions, for instancethey should be full time students of good character andhave nocriminal record, and they should also have done the course that they are tutoring on. Peer tutoring is mostly preferred by many students. This is because the tutors clearly understand the difficulties that the students are facing since they also went through them. Students also feel freer to fully express their problems to a peer tutor as opposed to professional tutors. Peer tutoring is also cheaper compared to other tutoring programs (Topping 4). Challenges of peer tutoring include lack of sufficient time to conduct the sessions. Students may be forced to miss some activities like games or lunch in order to attend the tutoring session. They may also miss other classes if they conduct the session during class time. Professionaltutoring services are available outside the colleges. Students enroll in these tutoring institutions and attend sessions during their free time, for instance on weekends and in the evening. Advantages of professional tutoring are that they can help in subject matters that are too difficult for peer tutors. These tutors also have a lot of experience.However these services are expensive. There are also online tutoring programs.These programs are especially helpful to students who are taking on-line degree courses. They assist those students who are inhibited by distance, time and mobility. Most of these services are available every day for 24 hours. The students need to be connected to the internet and have the right equipment, for instance, a microphone and speakers. The tutoring sessions can also be done through web conferencing, email and chat. Online tutoring has several advantages. Firstly, the student and tutor do not meet at a place for the tutoring session, so they save on time and travelingcosts. Online tutoring also overcomes any distance boundaries as the student and the tutor can both be separated by long distances. Another advantage is that the internet contains a lot of information which enhances the success of the tutoring session. It is also convenient as students and tutors can do it anywhere,even in the comfort of their homes. The students also have the freedom to choose the tutors who are best suited to their needs and the most affordable (MacDo
Apple Inc. Company is an American based computer company with its headquarters at Santa Clara Valley, California; it has revolutionised personal computer industry, through its innovations of consumer-focused products. The success of the company is attributed to strategic decisions made by its management regarding developments, inventions, and innovations. However, the company has a major problem in that it C.E.O., Steve Jobs, is facing health problems and has resigned from duty. Jobs management style has turned around the company from a loss making company in the 1990s to a world leading electronic company. A letter to Apple management and employees written by Steve Jobs on January 17, 2011, explained that the manager was under medical leave of absence; in his speech the same day, he explained that he wanted to focus on his health, thus he wanted to be relived official duties (Apple Inc, 2010). This paper addresses leadership problems facing the company as well as how it can solve the problem in the present and the future. Diagnosis of the problem Leader-managers are the think tanks of a company; the success of a business is dependent on the quality, timeliness and effectiveness of their management team decisions. A chief executive officer creates the atmosphere for proper decision-making and pioneers the decisions made. He may not be the sole architect of the structure and policies to be implement but his input plays a major role shaping the direction of the firm. Apple Inc has developed from a loss making to one of the best performing electronic companies in the world; the success can be attributed to a management team that is working together to develop an orchestrate company respected for its innovations. The situation as it is now is that the leader of the successful team is not to his best of health; the way forward is the problem of the company. The following are the questions that are lingering in the board of director’s minds:   * Who will be meet the standards set by Steve Jobs in his leadership   * Are the policies implemented by Jobs the best the company can have or the company should look for manager with a different approach?   * How long will the new manager take to adjust and perform in the organisation, will the transition period injure the company?   * Which is the best method of approach to get an international manager who can meet the demands of local and international electronic markets?   * How will the company adjust to changes expected to happen in the company?   * How much will be the manager cost (the salary that was given to Steve was only $1) The problems must be addressed as soon as possible since a delay in operation in the fast changing computer world may mean that the company will lag behind its competitors. As much as there may be a manager mentored by Steve to undertake his role, it does not guarantee the company results so appropriate measures should be taken despite having such an individual. History of the company Apple Inc was incorporated on April 1 of 1979 (Apple Inc, 2010). After its registration, it started making single board monitor and keyboard-free personal computer, which were valued at $580. Th
Introduction Globalization can be stated as being synonymous with modernization and that in turn can be stated as being synonymous with westernization. Modernization on the other hand inculcates numerous values in itself. For instance, to be modern is to change not only your outlook but also your perceptions and intellectual thinking. Nowadays virtually the whole world is being affected by the west one way or the other. Increasingly it is being noticed that cultural identity has become a figment of our pasts. Many nations have given up their roots to adopt more mainstream western values and norms. Thus to a great extent, the whole world is going through a process of disintegration and identity crisis. The Middle East has more or less acted negatively towards mass globalization and has prevented its influence with utmost fervor. One fundamental reason why this fact might be so is that these Islamic nations have never been accustomed to western culture to an extent experienced by Latin America or East Asia for example. In other words, Middle Eastern countries have always been hostile towards the idea of western penetration. Anti-globalization is further fuelled by fundamentalists who can not take the fact that the west is responsible for several changes that could pave the way to the loss of Islamic values. The values of nationalism spark as soon as there is a threat to what is more commonly known as the ‘traditional’. The biggest threat to nationalism, religiosity, and traditional norms and values is perhaps the intrusion of globalization. As far as the Islamic teachings are concerned perhaps none of those teachings are in accord with the western ideals. (Rubin, 2003) In some countries, the concept of cultural synthesis is applied. This means that they can be modern whilst upholding traditional values, and if they believe that certain foreign aspects are invading traditional life they will simply refuse to accept them. That is one way to deal with the situation. So in reality globalization is only accepted when it is perceived as a situation where it does not give impetus to drastic change. Even Iran a country very staunch in its religious beliefs cannot get away from globalization. The former president Muhammad Khatami was in favor of cultural synthesis and believed it to be beneficial to not just Iran but also the west since he was of the notion that globalization is a two-way process. (Rubin, 2003) Countries such as North America, New Zealand, Europe, and Australia are all western societies. Asia is one such region that has been rather dynamic in borrowing culture from the west. Even though western culture is in direct opposition to their religious values these nations have found a way to mold it to suit their own needs. The Middle East has a different scenario where other religions such as Christianity or Judaism are mere minorities. They have built a cultural wall around
Introduction In the marketing world, the term brand loyalty can be defined as the commitment of customers to continue using or repurchase a particular brand and this is normally portrayed by repeated buying of a good or service (Jacoby & Chestnut, 1978). It is also portrayed through different positive behaviors which include promotion of the good or service by word of mouth. However, it has been noted that brand loyalty is more than simple repurchasing in that customers may be led to repurchase a particular brand as a result of lack of feasible alternatives, situational constraints as well as out of convenience (Berg, et al., 2010). Therefore, brand loyalty that is perceived to be true exists in situations where the customers have high relative attitudes towards a particular brand which as a result is demonstrated through repurchase behavior (Newman, 2008). Brand loyalty as a myth Businesses and companies in the market world have had a notion which states that brand loyalty is a myth. Marketing theories perceived as traditional have always emphasized the importance of brand loyalty, with marketers believing that it would eventually lead them to relationships with their potential customers (Carolyn, 2010). Moreover, the statement has some truth in it in that customers are bound to move on to the next best alternative product or good once the current one has been overtaken in terms of durability and improved quality standards (Hunt, 2009). Repurchasing of a particular brand largely depends on how well service has been provided as well as its ability to offer updated features to ensure that customers do not get lost to competition (Uncles, et al., 2002). Researching to find out whether customers desire updated features because such features are being offered by competitive brands or because they require it, is an important consideration by marketers to enable a particular brand to define what incorporates value for a loyal customer (Datta, 2003). The majority of marketers also tend to believe that brand loyalty is formed much earlier in life and determines customers’ purchases at retails for years to come. They have also made the assumption that the older individuals get, the less experimental they are and thus brand loyalty is lost at this point (Keiningham, et al., 2005). Examples of how brand loyalty is a myth An example of how brand loyalty is a myth is in the case of the health and beauty category where deodorants and shampoos are involved. It has been observed that brand loyalty to such products declines with age (Jacoby &