ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Cognitive issues speak of factors such as intelligence quotient, memory, problem solving, reasoning, mental arithmetic and other such issues. There is an argument that gender influences the IQ of a person and that men have more intelligence than women. This issue has raised considerable debate with supporters and detractors both arguing their line of view. This paper examines the issue of gender and how it is related to cognitive processes. Main body There were arguments that men have more brain mass and so they are more intelligent and the fact is true that while men’s brains are about 1 kilogram more heavier than women. To test this argument Haier (2004) conducted brain-scanning tests on volunteers to find out if grey matter content in the brain had any influence on the cognitive skills of men and women. The researchers used to sets of volunteers, 23 people from University of Mexico with 14 women and 9 men and 24 volunteers from university of California with 13 men and 11 women. General intelligence ability for the people was tested using the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale to ascertain the non verbal and verbal mental abilities. WAIS Full Scale IQ score was found out for each subject and then each was subjected to a full MRI scanning. The volume and depth of grey and white matter in the brain were mapped for each volunteer in about 50 locations and the percentage of grey matter and white matter was calculated. The study concluded that intelligence had no relation to the gender of the subjects. Differences in the volumes of grey and white matter in smaller number of areas that are distributed in the brain are the main reason for variation in intelligence. The results also showed why structural differences in grey and white matter volumes in specific regions define why people with the same IQ have different cognitive weakness and strengths. Colom (2002) performed a test on 703 women and 666 males to find out if the gender has any difference in the IQ and cognitive ability of people. The author subjected the volunteers to 14 tests based on the WAIS-III sub tests. The tests that were performed were: vocabulary, similarities, arithmetic, digit span, information, comprehension, letter number, picture completion, coding, block design, matrices, picture arrangement, symbol search and object assembly. Based on the analysis of the g loading it was concluded that there was nothing of statistical significance that showed that men are more intelligent than women. The only reason for the variation could be attributed to group factors and test specificity and that the scores as seen in the test showed negligible difference. The two journal articles have researched the contribution of gender to the cognitive abilities of people and the influence it has on the intelligence. The study by Haier (2004) exa
Introduction Thousands of people are released into society each year with criminal histories. Better employment results provide them with the best opportunity for successful reentry. Reentry is the way to end imprisonment and return to society. Reentry is not a measure of success or failure to not be confused with reintegration or resurgence. Reentry is instead a trip, and there are no two analog reentries. In 2015, 641,100 individuals were released from state and federal prisons, according to the US Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs (Zeng, 2018). The reentry process is unique and largely reliant on various circumstances, including reentry, imprisonment, and after-release resources. Life of Re-entrants A re-entrant person might discover a reasonably fluid transition or a task surrounded by apparently insurmountable hurdles in their return to the free world, depending on certain conditions. Most re-entrants need help to negotiate these barriers. The state traditionally offered reentry aid via correctional programs in prison or by parole authorities responsible for monitoring reentry. Nonprofit and religious groups have become an increasing component in creative recovery programs in recent years. Reentry projects usually take deficit-based and force-based forms. Deficit-based model reentry utilizes actuarial evaluations to determine criminogenic hazards and requirements of a reentering individual. Deficit-based models are then in principle targeted by quantified, tailor-made solutions to these risks and demands. Several reintegration programs have moved away from the conventional reentry paradigm that concentrates on deficiencies, and a strengths approach with these concerns acknowledged. Instead of concentrating on the dangers and requirements of a newcomer, strength-based approaches stress the characteristics of persons who rejoin and rely on the experiences of former criminals who have successfully rejoined and understood the hazards of the process better. The solid approach for reentry, supported by recent, if limited empirical and experiential data, suggests that the concerns and ideas of people directly affected by the criminal justice process are making the transition from prison to freedom more fluid. UNICOR UNICOR is the commercial name for the Federal Prison Industries (FPI), a government-owned business founded by Congress on 23rd June 1934 (Federal Bureau of Prisons, 2021). UNICOR aims to safeguard society and minimize crime by teaching prisoners to get back to work. It is entirely self-supporting; it does not receive proper Congress money and operates for taxpayers free of charge. UNIC
Dame Anita Roddick was a British woman with an interest in business activities and social activism that advocated for the need to improve human life and take care of the environment (Dee 12). She was born in Littlehampton in 1942 and her parents were immigrants from Italy. She attended a local school and interacted with peers from different backgrounds and this enabled her to know their cultural practices. Her interest in promoting human life developed after she read a book about the Holocaust. Anita’s teaching experience in Israel motivated her to explore the world and know how people lived and what she could do to help them (Roddick 51). She resigned from teaching and became a social worker and traveled to different places to help disadvantaged women and children. Her mother introduced Anita to Gordon Roddick and they got married in 1970 and were blessed with two children. Anita was a teacher and this allowed her to interact with children and know their needs. Her trip to Israel transformed Anita’s life and made her stop teaching and start working for the United Nations. This enabled her to travel to different parts of the world and interact with the village and urban communities. She started investing in business activities by opening a restaurant in Littlehampton in the 1970s. In 1976, she opened The Body Shop even though she did not have experience in running businesses. She realized that people were ready and willing to buy goods and services that met their needs without considering their prices (Roddick 65). In addition, she gained vast experience by interacting with women from different backgrounds and this enabled her to know their cultural practices. Moreover, she realized that women and children were suffering very much and this ignited in her the idea of human rights activism (Brown 82). She realized that women were ready and willing to maintain their beautiful looks at all costs. Therefore, she knew that investing in cosmetics would be a wise decision because of the ready market for natural products (Beck 38). Moreover, her mother had suffered during the Second World War and she knew how to survive during hardships. Therefore, Anita understood the importance of money in a poor economy and how to make marginalized people live comfortably. Her business started recycling containers and refilling them to reduce expenses and ensure it conserved the environment and this gave birth to the idea of environmental activism (Dee 19). She opened a second shop and her husband became active in the business after he realized that it was making profits and the money generated was used to open new stores. He stopped his trips to America and concentrated on expanding the family
It is important to treat some ground water and all surface water before consumption. This ensures that they do not pose any health danger, caused by chemical, microbiological, radioactive or physical contamination. The treatment is usually done in stages. Contaminants can be removed by physical means such as filtration, settling and chemical addition, as well as, biological means to remove microorganisms. This method is known as multiple barrier principle. Different circumstances make the process of water treatment selection to be complex (Logsdon, Hess & Horsley 1999, p.31). Some of the factors that are considered during the selection of water treatment processes, as described by Logsdon, Hess and Horsley (1999, pp.3-13) include: Removal of Contaminant This is the primary purpose of water treatment, especially surface waters. The treated water must satisfy all drinking water regulations, as discussed by Pontius (1998). He not only gave the status of the regulations, but also elaborated the looming effects on health and the sources of regulated contaminants that are to be expected. Quality of Source Water It is essential to note the contrast between the quality of source water and the quality of the desired treated water for better selection of the treatment process. It is possible to select processes of water treatment that would bring about appropriate changes in the quality of water, if knowledge on the quality of the source is known. Reliability Not only is the process of reliability a vital factor to consider, but also it could be key in the selection process. Since it is mandatory to disinfect surface water, the treatment process must be dependable. Robustness for filtration, which is an important element for reliability, is defined by Coffey et al. (1998), as a system’s ability to brilliantly remove particles or pathogens with minimal deviation from normal operating conditions under all circumstances. Existing Conditions The choice to upgrade or expand a treatment plant also determines which treatment processes are to be selected. Process Flexibility The treatment plant should have the ability to accommodate future amendments of regulations or quality of source water. Utility Capabilities After selection, design and installation of the treatment processes, the plant should be able to operate them effectively so as to achieve the preferred quality of water quality. Costs The cost of the process is another key factor in the selection process. Both capital and operation and maintenance costs of each process must be evaluated for the whole life cycle of the process. Environmental Compatibility The effect of provision of clean and safe water for drinking goes beyond the water treatment plant. The treatment processes should have proper residual
The present paper aims at analyzing the forensic procedures that should be applied by criminal investigators inquiring into the case of a person suspected of illegal firework production. Among other things, while collecting and processing the data from digital devices found in the suspect’s house, investigators should act in accordance with the Fourth and the Fifth Amendments, stating suspects’ rights for proper investigation and protecting them from double jeopardy. Therefore, there are a lot of requirements that specialists from the case must meet to ensure proper investigation. All the files should be properly copied and protected with the help of recommended programs for investigators; for better protection, equipment used for data processing should be new as well. Apart from that, files have to be processed using approved applications such as Encase and Gargoyle. Those working in federal crime laboratories should be aware of any changes related to the process of taking and analyzing evidence as it remains an extremely important part of work that has an impact on crime detection rates in the United States. In the given case that we are supposed to analyze, the specialists were supposed to conduct the investigation and collect the information concerning the activities of a person suspected of manufacturing and distribution of prohibited goods – illegal fireworks explosives. Speaking about the way that the unlawful activity was discovered, it needs to be mentioned that the information was found a short while ago when the fire-fighting crew was supposed to extinguish the fire that started in a house belonging to the person suspected. Thus, when the fire-fighting brigade entered the house of the suspect, they discovered a great number of explosives, and due to that, they had
The Theme of “The Necklace“ and Lessons for the Readers The main theme of the story The Necklace is how appearance is deceiving. This is what the author expects the readers to learn from the story. Mathilde gets the opportunity to appear as someone she is not (Roberts 4). Her life is full of illusion where she keeps on picturing herself as belonging to a different class where she is the most beautiful and admirable woman and only mingling with other rich women. For the first time, her illusions appeared as true at the party. She is generally admired by everyone but only for a few hours. However, deep inside her seemingly right appearance at the party is the reality about how she got to that state: borrowing a necklace that she perceives as expensive and making her husband uncomfortably buying her an expensive dress “Very well. I will give you four hundred francs. But try and get a nice dress with the money” (Maupassan
Introduction Over the past two decades, the number of charity organizations has increased rapidly especially charities focused on offering aid to needy people in poor countries. This trend has raised many issues because not all charities are honest and transparent regarding their operations (Drucker 54). Some of them conduct many activities that have hidden political, economic, and personal interests. The situation has become worse because governments are not showing interest in vetting these charities. Many people use charities to get rich or avoid paying taxes by pretending that the money is for relief purposes in developing countries (Drucker 54). In developed countries, people give millions of dollars in donations. However, it is unclear where that money goes because poverty, ignorance, and diseases are still issues that are affecting the lives of people in developing countries. Analysis Charity is a trillion-dollar industry that benefits form people’s willingness to help the disadvantaged especially in poor countries (Drucker 54). Even in harsh financial times, people still give their money away to charitable causes. Charity is a noble idea that is responsible for improving the lives of many people in developing countries by eradicating diseases, supporting infrastructure, promoting agriculture, fighting poverty, and lowering levels of ignorance. However, certain realities about charities discourage people from offering their help to needy countries. In that regard, it is important for people to scrutinize charities before giving their donations. Examples of charities that have used their non-profit status to get tax breaks and enrich their executives and board members include American Association of State Troopers, Cancer Fund of America, Children’s Wish Foundation International, Breast Cancer Relief Foundation, Firefighter’s Charitable Foundation, and Children’s Cancer Fund of America (Hundley and Taggart par. 5). Others include Project Cure in Brandenton, Florida, Woman to Woman Breast Cancer Foundation, National Veterans Service Fund, and Kid’s Wish Network. Some of these organizations have embezzled millions of dollars that were meant to be used for financial aid. For example, The American Associat
The cut and thrust between Muthesius and Van de Velde offer an exciting perspective on the coeval cultural scenario. The debate highlights the contrast between the individuality within Arts and Crafts movement and the aim at standardization and a universal taste suitable for the increasing industrial production. Muthesius is the paladin of standardization, which “will alone make possible the development of a universally valid, unfailing good taste” (par. 2). Standardization is the prerequisite to involving industrialists and merchants to organize efficient production and exportation of what Muthesius calls “industrial arts” (par. 6). Van de Velde, on the contrary, underlines how standardization and every discipline that imposes canons and types on artists make their inspiration sterile. An artist is a creator that cannot be subjected to rules or driven “into universally valid form, in which he sees only a mask that seeks to make a virtue out of incapacity” (par. 11). Moreover, Van de Velde states that standardization aimed at export is not compatible with excellence in arts, architecture, and design: “nothing good and splendid, was ever created out of mere·consideration for exports” (par. 19). To strengthen his point, the Belgian architect provides some examples of excellent designs that thrived in specific environments before standing out for their fine quality and becoming export products (par. 9). Among them, are Tiffany glasses, Copenhagen porcelains, and Jensen jewelry. Work Cited Muthesius, Herman, and Henry Van de Velde. “Muthesius/Van de Velde: Werkbund Theses and Antitheses ” , class reading, 1914.
Sadly enough, poor living conditions for a considerable number of people in the third-world countries is an inevitable part of the present-day reality. Despite the few attempts to address the given issue in several countries, the situation with poor living conditions remains the same all over the world; and, worse yet increasingly more people consider such living conditions as a norm. However, even in a relatively wealthy state, living conditions can become extremely uncomfortable. One of the most graphic examples of the given assimilation with the environment and unwillingness to change anything about the given deplorable state, Detroit and one of its most infamous districts, Grosse Pointe are worth taking a closer look at. Much like favela described by Parks, the given city and most of its elements create a rather controversial impression, with every single element carrying their unique features, on the one hand, and the overall mess and evident decay of the city, on the other hand. In contrast to Parks’ favela, however, Detroit and its districts do not have the element of vivacity that makes the former quite bearable and even curious for several tourists to explore. Favela being colorful and memorable, Detroit, with its ghostly atmosphere, creates the same feeling that one can experience when entering a haunted house. While some of its parts look quite innocent, some of the districts have the exact look like the haunted places portrayed in movies. Detroit Abandoned House. It should be mentioned, though, that not every single part of the city cries for help from the municipal administration; quite on the contrary, just a few steps away from the buildings that look like a perfect venue for someone to meet his/her worst nightmares, there are rather nice and inviting places in the city – at least, compared to the ones that are located northwards. However, when considering these places closer, one will be able to spot that they leave much to be desired in terms of maintenance. Among the most memorable elements of the city and its least inviting districts, colors should be mentioned first. In any other city, bright colors of commercials clotting the streets, as well as colorful elements of stores and other buildings, including even office premises, fall into the eye immediately. With the elements of Detroit background, however, it is not that simple; while there are many colors as well, they are all somewhat dim and, for the lack of a better word, unexpressive. Streets look like something has drained all creativity out of the people responsible for making the city look good, and the suburban elements do not add much to the colorless background. Detroit 2013. Google Earth. Detroit and its districts leave a very bizarre impression. Although it cannot be denied that the city and its numerous districts have a very hostile atmosphere, there is a certain charm to these places. Another
Abstract This paper is about the problems and barriers encountered by young adults with disabilities after they complete secondary school education. It examines the often confusing and staggering process linked to accessing services and support options by young adults with disabilities as they join postsecondary education and their impact on the young adults as they exit secondary schools. The problems tackled in the paper include examples from historical case studies, for instance, a report by National Longitudinal Transition Study-2 conducted on young adults with disabilities aged between 19 to 23 years who had completed secondary education within the previous six years. A macro and meso-level solution has been provided based on a conceptual model that addresses the barriers identified. It also highlights and discusses the current practice regarding synchronization and management of services and sustainability of students with disabilities. Recommendations for further research and practice that refer to the disability problems are presented at the end of the paper with the purpose of enabling the interaction of services. A commentary conclusion has been provided to give the general stance. Disability is a broad term that refers to a “non-normative” way of life and the “departure from that which is believed to be ideal”. It is a social term constructed from the undervaluing of “bodies that do not conform to the cultural standards”. However, the concept of disability has been natured by language, institutions, politics and social cultural practices. People with disabilities have a myriad of conditions including physical, sensory, cognitive, psychiatric, and developmental or multiple conditions. People are socialized to think and feel differently about disability and this usually affects life satisfaction and the quality of life of people with disabilities (Mackelprang &Salsgiver, 2009). For instance, the disabled have been discriminated against due to negative opinions, attitudes, beliefs and perceptions held against them. People hold different assumptions and practices that promote unfair treatment of people with disabilities on basis of dissimilarities that are physical, behavioral or mental in nature. The differences may either be apparent or assumed. Individuals with disabilities are perceived as violent, aggressive and destructive and hence viewed as a physical threat to the safety of people without disabilities. In other instances, the perceptions may be over generalized and this may lead to such individuals being discounted or underrated,