ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction The case of the space shuttle Challenger is, probably, one of the biggest disasters in the history of American space exploration. Challenger, the second NASAs reusable orbiter, broke apart 73 seconds after the launch, which took the lives of seven crew members. The investigation which followed the case revealed the major technical reason that caused the explosion – faulty O-rings (Wilkinson, 2016). Nevertheless, this technical cause is a consequence of activities provided by NASA, Marshal Space Flight Center (responsible for booster rocket development), and Morton Thiokol, the contractor responsible for building the solid rocket booster. Thus, the case of Challenger implies some organizational aspects and those related to organizational ethics in particular. This case study provides an analysis of the space shuttle Challenger came from organizational ethics and suggests solutions and recommendations. Case Background The Challenger launch on 28 January 1986 was an expected event and attracted much public attention. Long preparation preceded the launch and many professionals were involved. The explosion in midair shortly after the launch caused the death of all crew members and became a shock to the public. The investigation provided by the Rogers Commission revealed the following facts. Morton Thiokol, the contractor that was building the solid rocket booster, informed the press that they were against the launch because of the expected problems with O-rings. Nevertheless, levels I and II decision-makers at NASA reported to the commission they were not aware of any controversies between the contractor company and the Marshall Space Flight Center, which were the decision-makers of levels IV and II and would not have allowed the launch if th
Introduction As a people, the Jews have experienced some of the worst forms of violence in human history. In 19 th century Russia, the community underwent terrible experiences as an ethno-political minority. In early 1800s, Germans constituted a major part of the Russian population. According to Rowland, the empire, like its successor the USSR, was one of the largest multinational states in history (207). Jews made up a significant part of the minority groups in the nation. By the turn of the century, their number had risen to about five million (Rowland 207). The figure represented four percent of the total population of the empire. At this time, the Russian Tsarist government had begun imposing various forms of restrictions on this group. Consequently, a number of Jews fled Russia and settled in the United States of America (Treewater-Lipes 650). In this paper, the author will analyze Jews as a minority group in Russia before 1861. The various forms of discrimination that the community was subjected to, as well as the reasons for these mistreatments, will be analyzed. In addition, the place of Jews in today’s Russian will be reviewed. Discrimination against Jews Minority Groups in 19 th Century Russia Segregation was one of the forms of treatments that Jews were subjected to. The Pale settlement was established for this purpose. The scheme was introduced in late 18 th century by Catherine the Great (Vucinich 135). It followed the acquisition of the vast Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth territory by the Russian Empire (Vucinich 135). Jews had been living in this region from as early as the 14 th century. The macro-scale segregation was orchestrated by Catherine as she sought to keep the Jews away from Orthodox Russia (Rowland 208). The Pale of Settlement restricted this group to selected Western provinces in the Russian Empire. In addition, they were forced to reside only in the predetermined urban territories. The restriction was also enforced arbitrarily. The Pale of Settlement regulated how the Jews lived. For instance, they were only allowed legal status of petty-bourgeois and merchants (Bartal 85). What this meant was that the Jews could only travel and reside in rural areas with prior special permissions. According to Bartal, the Jews were significantly discriminated against even in the Pale of Settlement (12). For instance, they were subjected to double taxation. In addition, access to education and some public goods was limited. The Jews who wanted to leave the settlement and settle in Russia were required to embrace Christianity. Most of them abhorred this precondition. Owing to the apparent restrictions imposed on the Jews in 19 th century Russia, their residents were mainly located in relatively high urbanized areas. Consequently, almost half of the occupants of the Pale of Settlement resided officially in urban centers. Their stay in these areas was facilitated by their steady removal from the villages. As such, Jews were forced to live in urban ar
Nubia is a place located alongside river Nile and extends from the southern part of Aswan to the town of Dabba. The bigger part of Nubia is in Sudan while a small potion is situated in Egypt. History clearly indicates the subdivision of Nubia into lower, upper and southern Nubia. The lower and upper Nubia was the initial settlement place for Nubians. Nubia gained its fame from its perpetual activity of mining gold in addition to trading with ivory and ebony. It is among the earliest black civilization with its backbone mainly on natural wealth (Bulliet, 2001). Culture Kerma culture was the first empire to bring together the Nubian community and it is believed to evolve from Neolithic. At that time, 1750 BC, the kings were powerful enough to mobilize construction of walls and rich tombs filled with human sacrifices and possessions (Bulliet, 2001). Craftsmen in Kerma were excellent in pottery and metalwork. Egypt took over Nubia in 1500 BC to form the new kingdom of Egyptian colony. Their empire stretched from Euphrates to the 5 th cataract of the Nile. After the conquest, monument such as Abu Simbel was built. When Egyptians left Nubia Kingdom of Kush came into being. This community adopted the Egyptian culture including their religion, music, language, and code of dressing. Assyrians invaded Kushite dynasty consequently pushing them down south to Meroe. At the present time, Muslims makes up the Nubian community. Their main median of communication is the Arabic language in addition to the Nubian language. Other distinctive features include the code of dressing, traditions and music. Jewelry was the most characterizing feature of Nubian culture. The jewelry was tailored to meet individual needs and specifications. Wedding festivity was a period to put on and display this jewelry. Nubian music in form of ‘shar’ was performed during wedding ceremonies. Technology Monuments, artifacts and tombs signified advanced use of technology to attain civilization. The unique form of writing comprising of hieroglyphs and the advanced alphabetic scripts of 23 signs clearly indicates high level of technology (Bulliet, 2001). Another important factor to note is the pyramids which were constructed in Meroe (800 BC – 350 AD). The process of putting up these pyramids required great human intellect and skills. This forms a reason for the classification of tombs and pyramids as the wonders of the world. The kingdom of Meroe was also described by a standing military force with sophisticated weapons. To support this point, military formation instituted by Candace of Meroe made Alexander the great to withdraw his force. Trade in the ancient time was the lifestyle of many communities. Nubia acted as a trade corridor for people from tropical Africa and Egypt. Ebony and ivory from tropical Africa were channeled to Egypt via Nubia. This contributed to Nubian wealth. Diet Agriculture was the main source of food for Nubians. A variety of date palms was planted
Background Information The issue of rural migrant worker is one of the most crucial concerns in the contemporary Chinese setting. Essentially, a rural migrant worker is an individual who is originally registered in the rural area, but has migrated to an urban area to work. The number of the rural migrant workers has attained alarming levels. In particular, the number of the rural migrant workers has been seen to rise as shown in this table. Year                Estimated Population of the Rural Migrant Workers 1989                30 Million                                        1993                60 Million                                        2006                120 Million                                       2010                158.63 Million                                    2012                163 Million                                       Estimation to 2025  Additional 243 Million                             Table 1: The data on rural migrants’ population (Bosker 47) According to the above statistics, it is evident that the population of rural migrant workers is increasing rapidly. Between 1989 and 1993, the population doubled from 30 million to 60 million. This implies that the population increased at a rate of 100% within a period of five years. Although, the rate of increase between 1993 and 2006 decreased, the total number of the migrants was substantial. Understandably, the rapid increase and the expected projection in 2025, raises a question of whether China has distributed its opportunities and wealth evenly. This question is necessitated by the fact that the migration prevails due to search for employment. As such, this paper will discuss the issue of rural migrant workers, associated problems, and the policies that can be stipulated to solve those challenges. Problem Identified The rural migrant workers face social, environmental, and financial problems in china due to the conservative system. Indeed, the challenges faced by this section of the population are completely unacceptable. First, the employment areas set aside for the rural migrant workers are inspired by discrimination. In this case, the residents from urban areas are absorbed in the manufacturing industry and distribution functions (Huang 98). On the other hand, the rural migrant workers are employed in the construction areas as well as the service provision entities. This implies that most of the rural migrant workers get casual employment which is both risky and temporary in nature. In addition, it is evident that this section of the working population is allocated physically-demanding jobs. In fact, some of the industries are known for the high risk they pose to the employees in the process of working. These industries include the textile companies, mining sites and garment manufacturing among others. From a critical perspective, these types of jobs indicate that the rural migrant workers go for the jobs that the local urban residents avoid. This is also an indication that the employers and the authorities absorb the local residents
In this TEDx talk, Benny Lee speaks about the American criminal system. He discusses the effects of incarceration on convicted people after they are released. Lee draws insight from his personal life, having been imprisoned thrice. According to him, going to jail increases the likelihood of being convicted again. Most prisoners are repeat offenders because when they are released for the first time, they do not receive enough support to reintegrate into society (TEDx Talks, 2018). People who spend a portion of their life in prison emerge without the skills to survive in society. For instance, Lee says he had a basic level of education until he was thirty years old because imprisonment does not allow one to continue with their studies. He is an outlier among the many who are unable to finish secondary and tertiary education. Another collateral consequence of confinement is being denied employment and housing because of a criminal record. The speaker urges the audience to question where the wrongs of a convict end and where his rights begin. According to the video, although America has only 5% of the world’s population, 25% of convicted people are in America (TEDx Talks, 2018). This is a shocking statistic that made me wonder if the system is intentionally designed to keep some people imprisoned for long. For instance, I do not think it makes sense to place a teenager in a juvenile detention center and prevent them from completing their studies. It is also impractical to detain people for years and then expect them to have survival skills when released. When I watched this video, I was surprised and angry at the collateral consequences of being imprisoned. Benny Lee is the exception rather than the norm of how people live after release from prison. I think a prison is a form of punishment for crimes rather than a rehabilitative center. The system definitely needs many reforms because as it is, prisons do more harm than good for the convicted persons and the society at large. Reference TEDx Talks. (2018). When do prisoners’ wrongs end
The contemporary business world is rapidly changing, and it is essential to trace the slightest change to remain competitive. Hence, companies conduct a variety of market researches to keep updated. Clearly, the success of a business depends on the quality of the research implemented as wrong data can lead to erroneous strategies which can lead to significant losses. It becomes clear that information is one of the most important strategic assets of a company and businesses have to gather high-quality data. In the first place, it is necessary to consider the stages of marketing research. Boone and Kurtz (2011) single out six major stages of the marketing research: defining the problem, conducting exploratory research, formulating hypotheses, creating a research design, collecting data, and interpreting research information. Thus, companies have to understand the issue and conduct research accordingly. Of course, collecting data is one of the most important stages as it is the basis of the development of a new strategy. It is essential to choose the right method to acquire valuable information. Collecting data can be carried out in numerous ways. It can be exploratory research, a survey, observations, secondary data analysis, and experimental research (Boone & Kurtz, 2011). Admittedly, each of these methods has to be used to meet particular goals. Most importantly, data collection has to be comprehensive and detailed. Of course, this requires additional investment. Nonetheless, efficient research has proved to be beneficial for companies as they are able to forecast successfully. For instance, such companies as Oberto Sausage (Washington) and Ogden Publications (Oklahoma) develop their strategies on the basis of numerous surveys and data collection (Boone & Kurtz, 2011). These companies manage to predict changes in the market and react accordingly. Hence, such businesses are expanding all the time and provide new products and services which become popular among their customers. When it comes to international marketing research, the same types of research can be used as well as ethnographic research. At this point, it is necessary to add that companies entering (or operating in) the global market need high-quality data collection and analysis as one mistake can lead to complete failure (Cavusgil & Riesenberger, 2009). Thus, companies have to know about competitors, cultural peculiarities of the target audience as well as legislation in this or that area. An example of the importance of research preceding the launch of a new product can be Procter & Gamble with its introduction of diapers in the Japanese market. The company did not implement research prior to the introduction of diapers in Japan and made considerable losses as the product (even though it was useful) did not become popular as Procter & Gamble failed to take into account cultural peculiarities of the region (Cavusgil & Riesenberger, 2009). The company conducted in-depth research and managed to develop a successful strategy. To sum up, it is possible to state that collecting data and proper anal
Project methodology A low electricity conducting liquid model is developed in a small scale Hall-Heroult cell model to determine the bubble creation, coalition and motion in a horizontal negatively charged electrode surface and the character of electricity between this and positively charged electrodes when a magnetic field is introduced. The chemical compositions of the materials used are CuSO4 and H2SO4 respectively. When balancing with the Hall-Heroult cell, copper is resided at the positively charged electrode and bubbles of oxygen are produced under the negatively charged electrode. This whole procedure of bubble creation, coalition and disengagement are observed under very effective high speed cameras [1]. Apparatus used Developing the electrolyte cell This cell of quarter scale in relation to the actual is developed by conserving the numerical and dynamic similarities of the actual Hall-Heroult with the fiber material made from glass. There are five dimensions of the numerical values to be considered as follows. From equation (1, 2, 3, 4, 5), [1] Where q is gas generation rate per unit surface area, g is acceleration due to gravity ρ 1 ρ 1 is the liquid density and ρ g ρ g is density of the gas. σ is surface tension of the surrounding liquid; L is the characteristic dimension and μ 1 μ 1 is the viscosity of the surrounding liquid. From this it is found that Buoyancy force and inertial forces developed by the evolving gas are driving forces for the movement of the bubbles and bath motion. The Eotvos number and Morton number together are used to characterize the size of the bubble and shape moving in the surrounding liquid. Eotvos and Morton number are considered for the dynamic analysis [1]. Electrolyte Chemical and Physical features Chemical formula         CuSO4.5H2O                                                                      Molecular weight         249.7                                                                           Density                  2.27                                                                            Appearance               Blue crystalline solid                                                          pH 10% aqueous solution  3.5                                                                             Solubility               Dehydrates partially at 29 o c and completely at 350 o c, Decomposes at 560 o c  The electrolyte used in this case is made up of copper Sulphate since this substance is stable enough both when in storage and when being used. Conductors Different conductors also known as electrodes are involved in studying the characteristics of negatively charged electrodes. The conductors used in this experiment include:   * Carbon – carbon   * Carbon – stainless steel   * Carbon- Co
Coach Carter is a sports drama film with important leadership concepts. Throughout the film, Coach Ken Carter (Samuel L. Jackson) is on a mission to ensure that the players not only succeed in sports but also in academia and join college. Carter uses different tactics and portrays various leadership values. His transformative leadership style ultimately yields results, as the majority of the team members get good grades and proceed to college on top of being competitive basketball players. This paper addresses the leadership values that stand out in three different scenes of the movie. Group Dynamics Different aspects of group dynamics come out in the scene where Carter introduces himself to the team and asks members to sign a contract on terms of association and operation. The need for group effectiveness is clear in this scene where the coach introduces some ground rules on what is expected from the players. Some of the key characteristics of group effectiveness include having goals that should be achieved, maintaining a good working relationship among team members, and adapting to new circumstances and working as a group (Johnson & Johnson, 2013). In this scene, Carter sets goals that each team member should work hard to achieve. First, the players must attend all of their classes, wear ties on game days, and maintain a 2.3 GPA (Thomas, 2005). Second, team members are required to maintain a good working relationship. This requirement means that each person should respect other people. Additionally, members of the team are expected to adapt to the new ground rules. The recurring-phase theory of group development can be seen in this scene. This theory discusses issues that dominate how group members interact. Coach Carter clarifies that respect is paramount and anyone unwilling to comply with this requirement would be punished. Therefore, when Timo Cruz, a player in the team, misbehaves, he is instructed to get out of the gym. However, he becomes aggressive towards Carter, but the coach is unmoved. He stands his ground, and when Cruz tries to punch him, he twists Cruz’s arm, pushes him against the wall, and escorts him out of the gym. In the scene where Cruz is allowed to rejoin the team on the condition that he does 2,500 push-ups and 1,000 suicides. By Friday, Cruz is short of the target by 80 suicides and 500 push-ups. Carter tells him that he cannot rejoin the team because he has not beaten his target. However, other players volunteer to do the remaining push-ups and suicides for him because they are a team and if any one of them fails, they all fail. In addition, a triumph for one member is a win for everyone. Th
Epidemiologic studies are conducted to discuss various diseases and health behaviors, their prevalence, risk factors, and other related characteristics. In addition to that, it is possible to focus on interventions and analyze their effectiveness. These studies the can be descriptive and analytical. Analytical study designs are used to test hypotheses and can be both experimental and observational. Approaches Used in Analytical Studies An experimental study presupposes that the researcher has the power to control the sample and assign participants to different groups randomly.   * Randomized control trials. They are used for the comparison of interventions with a specified sample (Kovesdy & Kalantar-Zadeh, 2012). The participants should have a particular diagnosis, age, etc.   * Community interventions. These studies are focused not on individuals but on populations. Nevertheless, they also compare the influence of various interventions (The BMJ, 2017). Conducting observational studies, on the other hand, researchers obtain an opportunity to find out how people actually act in particular situations so that they do not base research on their self-reports. It is a great advantage because people do not provide their true opinions when they contact a stranger. Thus, they often say and do those things they consider to be the most appropriate but not those they would do in real life. Observational studies allow obtaining a proper description of human behavior, which makes them less hypothetical. In this way, information becomes very reliable, and biases are reduced. It is also rather easy to collect data through observations because there is no need to use various technologies. In addition to that, these studies provide researchers with an opportunity to develop