ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction In recent times the use of object-oriented designs in manufacture of software has skyrocketed. This has led software engineers to think of ways of coming up with database systems that are object oriented since they are much capable of meeting market needs. At the moment, there is no standardized language that can be used to program relational database systems. The field of relational database is still evolving and stakeholders hope to formalize some standards for object oriented database systems. To maximize utility of relational database systems, concerted efforts must be initiated and which should aim at containing the shortcomings associated with the current technology. A historical analysis of evolution of relational database technology will help us to understand how object oriented database systems can be implemented with the aim of eliminating the aforementioned shortcomings. Relational database system is defined as a database that allows any data visible to the user to be organized in form of tables that allow all operations on them to be possible (Chamberlin, 1990).Database refers to collectively to data or information organized and stored in a manner than allows for quick access to enhance usability. Between 1950 and 1960, a system called database management system was invented which provided necessary functionality for maintenance, creation and modification of databases. This systems were however not efficient due to complexity associated with them. A client in database client/server architecture makes an application by requesting for data related services e.g. filtering or sorting from a server (Batory, 1998). The later is also known as the sequel/ SQL engine or database server in full. The clients request is granted by the SQL by returning a secured access to data that is to be shared. SQL statements allow client applications to perform certain operations on a set of server database records such as retrieval and modification of data. The engine also allows for other operations to be performed on the data such as filtering of query result sets there by improving communication of saved data. There are various types of database management systems such as hierarchical databases, network databases and relational database models. The later had less advantages compared to the previous ones. This led into increased interest in how it worked. Relational database systems are unique in that data is organized in separate structures commonly known as tables which can be linked so as to enhance storage of data. This model wa
History has a central role in human development as evident in the article “Kung Fu: Negotiating Nationalism and Modernity ” by Siu Leung Li (2006). The author attributes myriad aspects of history to help in understand various Chinese cultural frameworks. Tracing back to the 1970s, Kung Fu has been one of the most influential imaginary martial arts in practice. Li provides a comprehensive analogy of the history and trajectory of how this practice began to become what it is today. Evidently, the art of fighting and fitness began with the local traditional imaginations in China as the author considers this practice as sports. Founders such as Wong Fei Hung initiated folk culture that led to Kung Fu master smashing Japanese karate fighters to mark the onset of the rise in this philosophy. In their quest, many ancient fighters focused on ensuring that the culture was utilized as a mechanism of sporting and socializing among communities. These martial art events were paramount in enhancing discipline and self-awareness in different ways. Likewise, the dominance of Kung Fu films tends to maintain the traditions and heritage of China as a unique civic setting. Asian cinemas and other artistic frameworks have a central role in propagating their values. Gender factors are also clearly perpetrated in many movies filmed in modern society. Evidently, the majority of the theater portrays test of masculinity and wellness which is a common theme in many of the films and movies embracing Kung Fu. Kung Fu is gaining more prominence across the world as more individuals begin to embrace it as a means of physical exercise. Notably, it provides mechanisms that help practitioners become healthy and aware of their environment. Even though many initial fighters switched to boxing, the skill still remains as one of the most prominent cultures across all communities in China and the world at large. The original Kung Fu was as brutal as modern boxing; hence, its place has remained irreplaceable among those of who consider it as athleticism. One of the key uses include body building which often helps in keeping shape and fitness to avert lifestyle diseases in communities. Although it exists as an ambiguous practice bordering ancient-modern and fantasy-reality fragments, Kung Fu resonates with many people working in the area of health and fitness. Some modernists use techniques envisaged in this culture to develop current styles like yoga and other lifestyles to diversify the practice. At the same time, Kung Fu helps in fitness and self-defense while promoting mental health in various ways within communities. Although set as a Chinese way of life, it has been propagated to become a universal cultural approach to non-communicable ailments. Many individuals in the modern environment tend to mimic the Chinese heroes, including Bruce Lee, in their skills. In several ways, Bruce Lee us
Flexibility In order for Anthony Salim group to operate flexibly to capture whatever opportunities may arise on the axis between Australia, ASEAN and China, there must be certain tasks which its companies are required to fulfil. With regards to corporate communication, Salim group tends to stay off the media publication completely. This in itself hinders transparency of its operations and shields the public from knowing its internal goals, size and performance. Dieleman (2006) also argues that “Even relative insiders such as board members of the OPUs do not know exactly what Salim Group as a whole is up to” (p.14). Since International accounting standards require transparency and disclosure, Salim Group may experience difficulties going multination due to violation of this very standard. Benny also explains in Dieleman (2006) that “We don’t give interviews to reporters, normally” (p.14). Keeping low profile operations in its internal management information system as well as towards outside world communication may compromise its competence and progressive leadership may hinder its effort in attracting investors. Another difficulty raises the issue where Salim Group permits its companies to operate under different legal basis. While the legal system in principle offers uniform interpretations concerning the application, Salim Group system requirements have not obliged to this law. Dieleman (2006) also states that it is always unclear to know if a particular company belongs to the Salim Group until it publishes its end year results in the publicly listed companies, and if it’s a private owned company may be hard to prove its priv
A key strategy of improving energy efficiency and reducing carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) emissions of the industrial sector in the US. The US Department of Energy and Environment Protection Agency (EPA) pursue this strategy by providing international standard service mark or certification through the trademark of the ENERGY STAR program. ENERGY STAR is a statistical benchmarking tool embodied the Energy Performance Indicator (EPI) used to measure energy intensity (amount of energy per unit output) and energy efficiency (amount of output per unit of energy) of product-related activities such as as plant-level energy use (e.g. auto assembly plant). Assembly plants consume the most energy within the motor vehicle sector. Table 12 shows the annual energy consumption by assembly plants spent over US$441 million on electricity [49]. Table 12: Annual energy consumption by assembly plants. Type of Plant  Electric (MWh) Small          ~78,700        Medium         ~121,000       Large          ~188,000        Through ENERGY STAR partnership has worked with automotive companies since 2002, (see Table 13) get engage to develop guidelines, practices, technologies, metrics, and evaluation tools for monitoring plant energy efficiency. The performance indicators can be tracked from the type of raw material use, facility, process, and industry level. Each company’s goal is to achieve best-in-class energy performance by decreasing intensity and increasing efficiency. Energy efficiency production does not generally influence production rate and product quality, it is a direct effect on lowering production costs and supports customers’ energy management efforts. Energy is used in many different process applications in assembly plants as shown in Table 14. Table 13: ENERGY STAR partnership with automotive companies. Automotive Companies BMW                  Chrysler             Daimler              Ford                 General Motor        Honda                Hyundai              Mitsubishi           Nissan               Subaru               Toyota                Table 14: Energy use in a variety of assembly plant process. Process            Share of energy use Paint              30-50%              HVAC               11-20%              Lighting           15%                 Compressed air     9-14%               Welding            9-10%               Material handling  7-8%                Metal forming      2-9%                Miscellaneous      4-5%                 EPA has benchmarked the energy performance of U.S. automotive assembly plants as shown in Figure 19. The Energy Performance Score (EPS) of 75 percentiles or greater than is used as the benchmark for efficient plants. Less than 30% shows that needs greater improvements in energy consumption while greater than 50%, performance improvements focus more on optimizing systems. Figure 19: Distribution of Energy Performance Score (EPS), Source: (Helmer, 2012) An assessment tool that provides a percentile ranking of an automotive manufacturing facility when compared with the best
Uncontrollable Forces Organizations should focus on their uncontrollable forces to stay fit within the market spectrum. Businesses are structured to serve a purpose through coordinated plans and goals to be profitable. International companies are organizations that have widened their business ventures to cover most parts of the world. To operate within the uncontrollable forces, it must structure its internal and external activities to meet their demands and opportunities (Mittal, 2018). Three main uncontrollable forces that affect international businesses are sociocultural forces, economic forces, natural disasters, and human-related problems. Sociocultural Forces Any business venture has a workforce that affects its operations. An organization is formed when people from all walks of life come together to attain business goals and missions. Society contains people who are defined by their cultural beliefs and understanding. The impact of sociocultural forces becomes stronger when it is an international company (Njenga, 2017). The organizational operations are affected when the sociocultural impacts are the determinants of the company’s decision-making analogy. Multinational companies can be affected by customer preferences, culture, religion, language, level of education, politics, and attitudes of the society surrounding them. Therefore, an international company must understand foreign cultures before starting operations in a new environment. When a company engages in the pork business, it should do thorough research about the area. For instance, opening a pork business in Muslim countries will not be profitable because their religious belief is that pork should not be consumed. When most of the targeted customers are not consumers of pork, the idea is null and void. Equally, when the target audience is teenagers and yout
Introduction A government is very important in any country and the constitution of America is a clear indication of why the government is a necessary institution in the state. The American government is responsible for unifying the different states that are under the United States of America. The government ensures justice, infrastructure, as well as economic development. The government of America provides its citizens with a common defense against attacks from foreigners. Without the government, Americans would not have a secure territory and probably the country would not be in existence. Functions of a government that infuse the force and social contract The academic system and social justice are all established and supported by the government. In the absence of the rule of law, America would be the country full of chaos, and it would be involved in war as it was during the Civil War (Coleman, Goldstein, and Howell). The government is also important because it protects its citizens from invasion and ensures their safety. Without the government, exchange of goods, services and the money system would not function, hence, America would be a failed state like some countries in the Middle East nowadays (Coleman, Goldstein, and Howell). Such services as fire protection, local police security forces, armed forces, and post offices would not be possible to offer citizens without the government. It provides opportunities for its citizens to access knowledge through schools hence promoting development (Coleman, Goldstein, and Howell). Through government policies, social order is maintained, economic systems are kept under surveillance, and security is granted. The government regulates international trade and as such it can protect its citizens against any harmful products. The social contract and force theory The social contract theory states that a person’s political obligations are shaped by the agreement between him or her and the society. This theory is influenced by modern, moral and political theories in politics (Coleman, Goldstein, and Howell). The social contract as presented by Plato describes justice as the conventional result of the law. He argues that people have no problem with injustices as long as they are not the victims. People are comfortable while acting unjustly against others but they get angry when others perform injustices against them. For this reason, the law gives us a common ground to access justice (Coleman, Goldstein, and Howell). The force theory, on the other hand, states that other groups or individuals may take control of an area or region forcing the natives to follow their laws and governance. This is a situation where gover
Impact of Chronic Illness Chronic diseases affect many people from different parts of the world (Wiens and Walker 9). Such conditions can produce numerous disabilities and deaths. Chronic illness is therefore “defined as a long-lasting condition that can have detrimental effects” (Heyman 12). According to different medical practitioners, chronic diseases might have disastrous implications on the society. Such illnesses can affect different individuals and their respective families. To begin with, the condition makes it impossible for the affected person to execute his or her daily activities. The “condition also results in dependency” (Wiens and Walker 5). The affected person is also supposed to get specific medications or therapies. Such approaches will significantly change the individual’s life. Chronic conditions are known to present copious psychological and emotional imbalances. The illness also “interferes with a person’s financial position, relationship with others, career, and even emotional stability” (McKay and Hiller-Sturmhofel 360). Some people with such conditions might also become suicidal. The family of an individual with a chronic condition will also encounter numerous challenges. For instance, parents and guardians will have to offer long-term care to their disabled children. Individuals with such conditions require continued support from their family members. This kind of support can be physical, emotional, psychological, or financial (McKay and Hiller-Sturmhofel 362). As well, chronic illnesses affect the functioning of the whole family. For instance, the family’s income becomes strained thus affecting the welfare of the other individuals. Some people might be forced to sacrifice their careers and savings in order to support the targeted patient. Heyman also believes that “such illnesses can affect a family’s communication process, belief system, multigenerational pattern, and organizational structure” (24). The emotional wellbeing of the family also changes completely. Addictions as Chronic illnesses Heyman states clearly that “addiction is a chronic disease comparable to other conditions such as cancer, cardiovascular disease, and type II diabetes” (39). This is the case because different forms of addiction are evident in specific families and communities. This fact explains why addiction is closely associated with specific environmental factors and human genomes. For instance, drug addiction is usually inherited from one individual to another thus making it a major social problem. Addiction is “a major disorder that can be transferred from a parent to a child
Introduction In most countries, non-governmental organizations (NGOs) complement the government in the provision of social amenities. In most instances, NGOs identify the areas of need where the government has not managed to effectively provide services. The major essence of NGOs is to provide services with no particular monetary interests. In addition, NGOs should be able to identify areas of need and this should be done after adequate research has been conducted. In most developing countries, the distribution of resources is not always equitable. Furthermore, it is important that NGOs identify the most vulnerable and the most marginalized in society and identify ways in which they can be assisted. What are the areas of Need in Qatar? In Qatar, there is a need to take care of the elderly in the population. The elderly in most societies are usually left to take care of themselves due to the high demands that the current economic situation places on the young and the middle-aged. The young are mostly involved in pursuing education and it is obvious that they would not have time to take care of the old or risk jeopardizing their future. The middle-aged on the other hand are lays involved in their careers and looking for money to take care of their children and their aged relatives. In most instances, governments fail to identify the age as being vulnerable and are mostly ignored during the formulation of policies and budgetary allocation. A society should be able to take care of the aged because they once contributed to the development of society. Most governments concentrate on the young but fail to identify that the aged are also s vulnerable. Social security is sometimes not sufficient as some old-aged people may be having terminal illnesses that might be expensive to treat or to manage. Children constitute a needy segment of society because they have not reached a point in their lives where they can take care of themselves. Therefore, it is upon society to ensure that children can access their basic needs and be educated so that they can have the chance of a promising future. In traditional communities, a child was not just the responsibility of his or her parents but a responsibility of the whole community. However, things have quickly changed and with the economic constraints being experienced the concentration has shifted the nuclear family. Therefore, there is a need for NGOs to complement the government in the provision of services aimed at children. The NGOs can initiate activities aimed at assisting children to develop their skills in a favorable environment. In most instances, during disasters governments are overwhelmed with management, treatment and evacuation of casualties. During such circumstances, NGOs play a significant role in assisting the government take control. Natural disasters are usually the most difficult to contain since they mostly come with little or no warning. Such circumstances req
Synopsis of the Case The case under analysis relates to a young girl named Geraldine Brown, who is an America-African girl aged nine years. The history of Geraldine shows that she has grown up in one of the towns in the United States all her years. She has a sister three weeks old named Jasmine. Their mother, Tanya is the sole breadwinner in the family who works in one of the Information Technologies firm while their father is a local driver with one of the truck companies in the city. Geraldine was very close with her mother and maternal grandmother. Her mother’s relatives would frequently visit. Through an interview, it is revealed that Geraldine is staunch Christian since she was an active member of the local church when her mother was alive. Unlike the mother, her father is an alcoholic and an abuser of various drugs. This condition made him violent towards Geraldine’s mother, who was frequently abused. However, her father was never violent to her since he provided the needed care. An interview with Geraldine proved that the family has been moving from one place to the other. Whenever settled in one place, her father would always abuse the mother. Reports from the police proved that 911 calls had been received from each house that the family lived meaning that her father’s violent behavior has been consistent. Geraldine’s mother refused to file charges against her husband whenever the police arrived in response to the 911 calls. The father’s behaviour was extremely dangerous to the family since he would even assault the mother when she was pregnant. Three weeks after the mother delivered Jasmine, she was seriously beaten and succumbed to injuries.
Introduction SMART goal-setting was first introduced by Dr. Edwin Locke in the 1960s (Griffin, 2017). According to Locke, setting goals that fit into the SMART criteria provided motivation and empowerment to people, which was crucial to ensure that the goals are achieved (Griffin, 2017). Today, SMART criteria are applied to the goal-setting process in many organizations, regardless of their size and area of business. The rules are universal and can also be applied to personal goals, which makes them an excellent tool for developing a career plan. SMART Objectives Specific The first criterion emphasizes that goals need to be specific and relevant to the desired outcome (Joseph, 2017). Setting general goals may reduce motivation, as the path to achieving them becomes unclear (Joseph, 2017). Measurable In order to achieve success in pursuing a goal, there has to be a way to measure success, which is why the second point of SMART goals theory is that the goals need to be measurable (Joseph, 2017). By measuring success, it is possible to monitor the progress towards the goal, which ultimately improves motivation. Attainable The third criterion to be applied to goals is attainability. A goal that is impossible to achieve becomes a burden rather than an opportunity, as all the efforts put in by the person will not help him or her to attain the goal. If the goal is achievable, on the other hand, it is possible to devise a clear strategy to ensure that it is reached. Realistic The next criterion emphasizes the need for the goal to be realistic, which means that a goal has to be set with consideration of the current circumstances. If the goal is set too high comparing to the current career level, reaching it will be hardly possible. Time-Bound The final stage of goal-setting is ensuring that the goals are time-bound. Setting a definite time limit by which the goal has to be achieved creates a sense of urgency, which may become a substantial motivating factor. SMART Career Goals My ultimate aim is to become a Registered Nurse. However, there are three main stages that have to be completed before I can reach the desired position. Stage One: Graduate from Regis Health Care Administration The first step in my career plan is to graduate from Regis College with