ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Israelis and Palestinians are a dispute between these states caused by territory claims. In 1947, when the United Nations approved a partition plan for what was then a British mandate, the Zionists realized that they had gambled on the right horse. The Jews would have their state. The Palestinians, under their leader Hajj Amin el-Husseini, rejected the UN plan. They believed the entire land belonged to them and could not see any justification for sharing it with a usurper from abroad. They managed to drag the neighboring Arab states into the caldron, only to realize, too late, what a mistake they made. The Palestinians lost their land and the chance they had had no longer to be a stateless people. The war of 1948 became the finest hour for the Zionists and the Hashemites. Both sides achieved their most important aims in May when the State of Israel was born and withstood a joint Arab invasion that included Jordan’s impressive, British-led Arab Legion (Frykberg et al 376). Abdullah’s legionnaires, although fighting through the year, had tacit limits to their ambitions and were truly interested only in the Arab sector of Palestine as delineated by the UN. They made no serious effort, unlike the other Arab armies, to seize the land apportioned to the Jews. So as to avoid a similar fate, the grandson, King Hussein, did not talk to Israel at first and insisted on secrecy and slow progress when he later did so. His loss of the West Bank and his half of Jerusalem in 1967 prompted him to deepen his contacts with the Israelis, so as to maintain some Jordanian influence in the occupied territories. Once again, the Palestinians found themselves, as they did nineteen years earlier, squeezed in the middle. Despite Hussein’s announcement in 1988, as a response to the Palestinian uprising, that he was dropping all claims to the West Bank, he does want the land back—especially the mosques in Jerusalem. The peace process, however, needs a major push. There is talk of convening an international conference, to bring all parties in the conflict to the negotiating table. There is the rapid growth in Palestinian nationalism growing to a crescendo, which Israel and Jordan ignore at their peril (Keating 25). The true requirements are face-to-face negotiations between Israelis and Palestinians, with Jordanian participation, to find a solution to live together in whatever agreed structure may emerge. It could be a Jewish state alongside an Arab confederation, or even three independent states if that is the wish of the parties involved. Direct negotiation is preferable, but if another forum for discussion is needed—with the involvement of the two superpowers or other international sponsors
George Eastman founded Kodak Company in 1888 with the motto “you press the button, we do the rest,” and designed a simple camera that consumers could use in making photography simpler (Fandel, 2007). The Eastman Kodak Company has been focusing on photography and has currently added the use of technology in combining images and information in order to alter the ways through which businesses and people communicate. By 1879, London had become the center of the photographic world such that by 1894, the Eastman Dry Plate and Film Company went underway. The Company has built its foundation on four key principles namely focusing on the customers, executing extensive advertisement, massive production at minimum costs, and enhancing international distribution (Fandel, 2007). Later, Eastman added the following policies: strengthening growth and development through extensive and continuous research, treating employees fairly, and profit reinvestment for building and extending the business. The high rate of growth that the Company witnessed made the management use the principle of large-scale production in order to meet all the customers’ needs. The Company also witnessed massive expansion in 1880’s. For example, it constructed the Harrow Factory in England and established numerous outlets in Italy, Japan, Germany, France, and other European nations (Fandel, 2007). Fujifilm on its part has been producing photographic films since its establishment in 1934. In addition, Fuji Photo Film Company Limited has diversified its services into new markets hence has been able to build its presence in the entire world. For instance, in 2006, it transformed Dimatix and rena
Introduction Capital punishment can be defined as the deliberate and premeditated termination of human life as a punishment for the victim who is convicted under the provisions of the law. In the United States, capital punishment remains a highly debated and controversial topic as substantial portions of the U.S. population are proponents or opponents of executions. This has been, partly, contributed by the different legislations that different countries hold concerning executions. For instance, a good number of Latin American democracies and other democratic countries in Europe have gotten rid off of executions although a number of Asian democracies, the United States and totalitarian countries still carry out executions (Cassel 1). Death penalty in the U.S Although the death penalty is, arguably, most debated in the United States, it has not always been there. The greatest number of executions in the United States was carried out during the Depression era that took place during the first half of the twentieth century. This was, however, followed by a significant decline in the number of executions in the fifties and the sixties. The United States subsequently saw no executions during the period from 1967 to 1976. In the year 1972, the death penalty was nullified by the Supreme Court and death row inmates were consequently given life imprisonment. However, in the year 1976, another Supreme Court determined that the death penalty was constitutional and thus it was reinstated. Since then, and up to 3 rd June, 2009, a total of 1167 people have faced the death penalty (Robinson 1). Most death penalties in the United States have been given due to convictions for murder. In addition to this, other serious crimes have also attracted the death penalty. Some of these crimes include rape, robbery with violence/ armed violence, treason, kidnapping and the like. Thus after the aforementioned 1972 Supreme Court decision, executions were limited to crimes that were a threat to human life and appropriate legislations were passed to regulate the imposition of the death penalty. In addition to the state laws discussed in this paragraph, the executions can also be carried out by the federal government and the military using the laws of these bodies (Robinson 1). The pros of death penalty The faction supporting the death penalty has substantial membership and thus there is need to evaluate their reasons for supporting the death penalty. Some of the reasons they cite for supporting the death penalty are the fact that the death penalty makes criminals restrain from committing murder and other serious crimes like terrorist acts. Second is the argument that the death penalty is the most suitable punishments for certain crimes like murder. The proponents of the death p
Introduction: Who was Fleming?   * Alexander Hugh Fleming was born at Lochfield Farm in Ayrshire, Scotland on 6th August 1881 (Mazumdar, 2004).   * Educated at Loudon Moor School, Darvel School, Kilmarnock Academy and the Royal Polytechnic Institution.   * Took an MBBS degree at St Mary’s Hospital Medical School, Paddington, between 1903 and 1906 and earned a BSc Degree in bacteriology in 1914.   * Served as a captain in the Royal Army Medical Corps in WW1 IN France and North Africa.   * Discouraged the use of antiseptics because it killed natural bacteria that protect wounds from infections.   * Discovered the enzyme “lysozyme” in 1921 (Hugh, 2002).   * Accidentally discovered penicillin, the cure for bacteria, in 1928. The Problem   * Previously, the existence of bacterium had been studied after the discovery by the French biologist Louis Pasteur years before Fleming.   * The major problem was how to kill pathogenic bacteria that infected millions of people around the world (Bennett & Chung, 2001).   * The major problem during the time was to treat infections in wounds that was killing thousands of soldiers during the first world war.   * Sulphonamides were the most popular antibiotics, including the Protonsil that had been discovered in Germany.   * However, sulphonamides were ineffective and the treatment caused many deaths.   * Most physicians were using antiseptics to treat wounds, but this increased the rate of infection by pathogenic bacteria.   * Fleming hypothesized that antiseptics were killing the natural microorganisms that were protecting the wounds from pathogenic infections. The experiment   * He left several cultures of the bacteria on a bench in his lab in August 1928 before leaving for a holiday.   * Returned on September 1928 and found colonies of fungi growing on the cultures.   * He realized that the colonies of Staphylococcus surrounding the fungus were being eliminated by the fungal growths on the media (McIntyre, 2007).   * Predicted that the fungi had some “funny” effect on the bacteria (Fleming, 1929).   * He replicated the experiment by growing pure fungi in new cultures and infect them with staphylococcus bacteria. He realized a substance released by the fungi was responsible for the death of the bacteria.   * On March 1929, he discovered “penicillin”, the fungal secretion that was responsible for the death of the bacteria.   * In 1929, he published his findings in the British journal of experimental pathology.   * However, it did not attract the attention of the scientific and medical community.   * Fleming thought that mass production of penicillin was not possible because of the difficulty in isolation and the slow growth of the fungi.   * He also thought that penicillin could not last long to kill bacteria once introduced in the body- it was an in vitro discovery (De la Bédoyère
A not-for-profit organization is governed by a not-for-profit board. Since it is an organization built on the concept of service and the propagation of culture and the arts. The members of the board can even be considered as volunteers. The organization cannot afford to pay them because the endeavor does not create a profit compared to a traditional business organization. This is good for the venture because all the money that it earns from fees and donations goes back to the system instead of paying hefty wages to members of the board. However, this complicates the management of the organization because there is no way to demand full-time commitment. Therefore, members of the board must learn to collaborate with all the stakeholders of the said organization in order to achieve its primary goals. The stakeholders are the members of the community, the supporters, the contributors, consultants hired to perform certain duties, management professionals, and the staff. In Nello McDaniel and George Thorn’s treatise entitled Leading Arts Boards: An Arts Professional’s Guide for Creating and Leading an Effective Collaboration with Board and Volunteers the focus is on the board and the volunteers but in order to develop an efficient non-for-profit organization for the arts, the leaders must see the big picture. The members of the board must focus not only in the interaction between the leaders and the volunteers. In other words it is not enough to simply clarify the work roles and the power structures; it is also imperative to get everyone involved. This assertion is consistent with the realities of leading an arts board as discussed by McDaniel and Thorn. Problematic Issues The challenges faced by the board, volunteers and staff were correctly diagnosed by McDaniel and Thorn. They pinpointed three major factors and these are listed as follows: 1) difficulty to raise contributed income; 2) the professional and personal difficulties that results in the selection process for board members and volunteers; and 3). Organizations are saddled by the need to sort out theories and myths with regards to what a board could, should and would do (McDaniel & Thorn, p. 10). These problematic issues must be dealt with using prudence and skill. The leaders of a not-for-profit organization must realize early on that these are interlocking issues. For instance, the lack of funds forces the organization to look for more volunteers wasting precious time that could have been used for artistic pursuits. Depending on the services of volunteers also means that the leaders cannot rely on a steady and consistent talent pool. There are volunteers that lack the necessary skills needed to augment an already weak workforce. The lack of funds also hinders the hiring of professionals either as managers, auditors or persons with specialized skills. The result can be a less than satisfactory output. For example, one can see a building that suffers from low-maintenance or a computer system that is outdated. The lack of funds can also force an organization to be desperate to fill Board vacancies with people that have administrative skills. Although it is be
Introduction: Purpose, Goals, and Methods Taking a retrospect at one’s own development is a good way to analyze the current behavioral patterns and define the issues that may possibly jeopardize building relationships with the people around. In the given research, I am going to take a look at my won cognitive development through the lens of various cognitive development theories (CDTs) and check the effects of various internal and external factors on my life. Thus, I will learn not only to apply the theories that I have learned to practice but also to define the aspects that I will have to work on later. In Search for My Own Self: From Early Childhood to These Days The journey starts in early childhood Naturally, browsing through my early childhood memories is quite complicated, seeing how I remember quite little about the given stage of my life. However, there were some choice moments that I clearly remember as the pivoting points of my development. For example, I can still recall some of the games that my mother used to play with me to develop my ability to think logically and be able to communicate. Piaget’s theory at its best Perhaps, one of the best ways to demonstrate a child’s development of cognitive and analytical skills, Piaget’s theory can be easily applied to my childhood memories. As an infant, I played with a teddy bear. Being a single parent, my mother had to leave me in daycare, yet I protested against being alone. To calm me down, my mother suggested that I draw a portrait of my teddy bear, which I did. Therefore, my ability to cognize the world through object permanence (tactile functions) transformed into symbolic thinking (transfer of the tactile experience into visual one). Erikson: at the sixth stage My childhood development can also be seen through the prism of Erikson’s stages of cognitive development. An alternative to Piaget’s and Vygotsky’s theories, it also has the right to exist, which my childhood experience has confirmed. I developed trust in my mother at the stage of infancy. It should be noted that the link between trust and breastfeeding, which Erikson provided, seems quite inconsistent, since in my case, mother-child relationships were very strong, even though my mother gave up breastfeeding when I was six weeks and started using bottle feeding. Like other children, I started fighting for my autonomy when I was around three; with little experience of raising children, my mother did not encourage my attempts at being independent properly and scolded me down when I failed, which resulted in enhancing my shame and doubt. Vygotsky: the world around me My childhood impressions, however, can also be analyzed from the point of view provided by Vygotsky. For instance, in my early childhood, I refused to share
Introduction Every one of us wishes to start and run a successful business regardless of the region, country in which the business enterprise is launched. There are some of the concepts that a business man has to look into before he or she can decide on the exact position where the business premises are going to be located. Some of those issues include the proximity to the main road, availability of consumers, availability of raw materials in case the business is going to involve manufacturing process, security of the area and the nation at large and also the government commitment to provide secure environment to run a business. For instance it is very difficult for an investor to start up a new business enterprise such as bottling of water in a very dry area because in such an environment, water is in scarcity and if the business is set up, the operating costs may be higher than the revenue and hence the company may end up closing down. In addition one cannot set up a business enterprise in a place that hardly experience peace and stability. Some of these issues play a very vital role in determining whether one will invest in certain areas. Having achieved these entire requirements then, the business can initiate its operations or decide to abandon the whole idea if some or all of the requirements are not met by both the state and the individual starting up the business. Anderson (p 198) points out that the government should encourage more and more people to invest in the country as the investments contributes a very big share in the government revenue realized in terms of taxes charged on the profits that they make. Therefore, the more the investment, the more the governments realizes more revenue and thus the economy of such a country continues to grow year in year out. In addition he points out that delocalization of business enterprises is very important for any country as this ensures that the whole country gains equally in the terms of development. He notes that some government have a tendency of encouraging investors to start their business in the already invested areas to enhance competition thus making other regions in the country lag behind in terms of infrastructure development. He asserts that delocalization of industries and other forms of businesses helps in the springing up of other small business enterprises around the area where the investor has initiated his business. This according to him helps in improving the lives of the people around that region in way of job opportunities and improvement of infrastructure such as roads that comes hand in hand with such investments. In this paper we will focus on the manufacturing industry in Qatar. Owing to availability of massive deposits of oil in Qatar, manufacturing industry is likely to thrive since crude oil is a raw material for many products such as plastics, petroleum jelly, as well as tar that is used for the purposes of tarmaking the roads. Therefore, I will look at some of the positive things that make Qatar a better place for a person to invest in and not in any other country in the entire world. Economic state of Qatar Qatar is a
Introduction Recently United States president Barack Obama was quoted saying “get ready for a lengthy fiscal crisis and a weaker economy”. These words have caused ripples effect among economy experts. Raising concern of asking if there is more than what meets the eye in this case. Subsequently, substantial attention from the public and media has been drawn seeking clarification of the perceived elephant in the room. In a nutshell the current developments can be attributed to an increase in taxes and reduction in government spending. This resulted to a deficit, with a direct implication that the amount spent by the government exceeds its overall revenue (Sanger 5). The Congressional Budget Office (CBO) warns that the situation could lead to a calm recession leading to increased unemployment among other adverse effects. These remarks came out at such a strange time when the president was meeting the Congress leaders to discuss the thorny issue of sequestration. Sequestration is an idea aimed at cutting down public expenditure. The expected cut down includes $ 85 billion from now until the end of September this year. Sources say the plan is expected to continue to $ 1.2 trillion in duration of 10 years (Marsden 2). This news waves a sigh of relief but not for long as it has started receiving counter attacks of criticism. Since its first mention several parties have come out to oppose it, stating it is not feasible and it is unwise move by the White House. The predicament over sequestration opens a new chapter in a raging political war over US fiscal policy, and now the proverbial fiscal cliff. This stirs the question of whether this will turn out to be another political fiasco or it shall remain to be a focused economic agenda for national development. According to Forbes Magazine, some economists argue that the cuts, if done correctly, could trim more than 0.5 percent of US yearly growth as the process is aimed to be holistic affecting all government even the Pentagon (Politi 4). In this move more than one million workers in the federal government could end up been furloughed beginning April. The new secretary of state, Chuck Hagel, says that the Pentagon shall work diligently to find ways and means of ensuring that the enforced trims are well managed. This involves taking measures such as adopting less dramatic strategies especially to key sector such as the impact of sequestration on national security. Previously his predecessor, Leon Panetta, was quoted on Fortune Magazine warning that these cuts could result into catastrophe and could lead the US to become a “second rate” power state. Categorically stating that US w
Summary Although the application of desired leadership and employee management qualities in the endeavor to achieve an organization’s set goals may sound an easy undertaking, this is one of the primary nightmares facing most leaders (Harris, 2010, Para 1). According to research findings obtained by Development Dimensions International (DDI), Deloitte Consulting and other organizations, most workers felt stagnant in their occupations and were not ready to take leadership positions, because of the increased leader-employee mistrust and poor leadership styles. Therefore, because of the current economic recession and increased disparities in employees’ level of satisfaction, recruiting of workers has become one of primary organizational challenges; hence, the current practice of organizations redefining their employment strategies (Para. 2-7). Contrary to DDI’s findings, other organizations’ research findings, for example, Gallup showed that, most employees are satisfied with their occupations. Different from this, other organization’s surveys showed that, its leaders who have caused the employee-leader trust problem, as most leaders have altered their leadership styles by adopting leadership styles, which are beneficial to organizations only, neglecting employee motivation and development (Para 8-11). Further, as research findings show, most leaders assume the significance of management-employee trust in leadership. In addition, most leaders rarely respect workers’ rights, a case that is common with the prevalent misuse of energetic and young workers’ potentials, with little trust in what they are doing (Para 13-17). Trust and respect of ethics should be vices that all leaders should ensure they embrace in their leadership; hence the need for alteration of leadership training methodologies. Through being good role models and restructuring leadership orientations, which emphasize the building of trust, leaders will have a guarantee that they will succeed in their endeavors hence, be able to create stable and strong organization. In addition, training methodologies should emphasize the importance of innovation and work engagement, as this may provide a channel of breaking down the barrier between managements and employees (Para. 11-36). Refection Good leadership is one of the primary factors that determine the success of any organization. It is a leader’s role to ensure an organization defends its employee’s fundamental rights, and an organization attains its set targets. Hence, for leaders to have the appropriate leadership