ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Executive Summary Women have made remarkable strides to become breadwinners in most households in the USA. However, with the growing number of women leading households, studies indicate that for a single dollar earned by a man, a woman is paid approximately seventy-seven cents. Most importantly, African-American and Latin women earn significantly less amounts of dollars. In addition, women with college degree qualifications undertaking same tasks are paid less hundreds of dollars compared to men in similar career courses. In essence, bridging of pay discrimination gaps between women and men is essential for the enhancement of fairness. Currently, close to fifty percent of personnel in organizations are females. In addition, studies show that women hold over fifty percent of decision-making and specialized stations in administrations. Moreover, increased clamor for college and innovative gradations among women have enabled many females to land on many employment opportunities since various organizations rewards refined employees. As such, the women’s pay and economic strengths are expected to escalate in the future. According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, a permanent employed woman earned approximately eighty-two percent of the remunerations earned by full-time male worker representing an increase from the estimated seventy-seven percent experienced over the last decade. The paper will examine various aspects of women pay in relation to the wages offered to men particularly in similar occupation and profession. Introduction The passage of Equal Pay Act (EPA) in 1963 was meant to ensure equal pay for work between men and women in equivalent job positions in US. On the contrary, gender gaps in pay continue widening (Peterson & Morgan, 2005). In fact, in 2010, women involved in permanent employment earned approximately seventy-seven percent of the total earnings received by male colleagues. In addition, the Africa-American and Latina women workers earned sixty-five percent and fifty-five percent respectively for every dollar paid to a Caucasian man. Closing the pay gap has been a major priority of the US government. Evidently, a number of bills pertaining to equal pay between women and men workers have been signed into law. For example, the Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act (LLFPA) has created situations in which the sufferers of earning discernments pursue reparations
Introduction Simplify put, life expectancy has been said to be, ‘the number of years that an individual is expected to live as determined by statistics’ (Wilkinson, 1996, p.171; Banca, 2003, p.23). The years an individual could live are determined by actuaries. The calculations involving life expectancy are conducted during child births or other preferred times as desired. on a general note, it is expected that at birth, humans have the tendency to live up to eighty years, when as an individual who is 40 years could possibly live up to eighty-five years of age. The benefits accrued to projecting the expectations for how long individuals could live include the determination of the period s expected of individuals to attain retirement form work, and how long they continue to benefit from emoluments. Based on this notion, Belsley noted that: ‘Annuities payable for lifetimes are usually based on separate male or female tables, except that a qualified plan or trust must use unisex tables’ (Belsley, 1991, p.82). For countries, the wide recognition is that the expectations for longevity of an individual are primarily determined by individual’s financial state of been, as well as healthiness- but most determining among these are the negative aspects of poor-health and poverty, which are quite known to interrelate (UNDP, 2003). It is however noted a misperception of the two as said: ‘…based on the experience of the last few generations, the assumption that rising prosperity remains the main source of improved standards of health throughout society constitutes some form of misconception’ (UNDP, 2003, p.64). The usual believe is good health will continually follow a comfortable standard of living. But against this believe, it is noted that: ‘The misconception is that the only remaining relationship between income and health is the residual relationship between absolute poverty and ill-health’ (WorldBank, 2003, p.229). These counteracting misconceptions have necessitated the need for a study on the actual facts that determine the longevity of individuals in a clearly defined statistical, comparative and computational manner. This paper, therefore, is a direct response through statistical determination of human longevity as applied to by factors that affect how long humans live. information on (i) Life expectancy at birth (years), (ii) Literacy Rate (% of people ages 15 and above), (iii) Infrastructure (% of rural population with access to water) and (iv) Gross National Income per capita from a random selection of thirty countries was obtained and imputed into a new excel spreadsheet, as well further analysis was conducted using eViews. Methodology This analysis was conducted using eViews on the following parameter:  1. A (30 X 1) matrix Y represented the data on Life Expectancy; and  2. A (30 X 4) matrix X as follows:  1.       1. The first (30 X 1) column contained only the number 1;
A study by Miranda and Jegasothy (2009) aimed to explain consumer expectations (in Australia since that is the study setting) about what retailers should do in respect of four types of goods that are commonly returned (the designated dependent variable, DV) in respect of five essentially unrelated (among themselves) independent variables:   * Why shoppers became dissatisfied and returned the goods in question;   * Socio-demographic variables like age of shopper, occupation, and family size;   * Experience with the store where the purchase was made or which was designated by the manufacturer’s Help Line as the official returns, repair, and replacement center for the area.   * “Inclination to repurchase the returned brands” (369) or product class; and,   * How satisfactory the return process was deemed to be. The relevance of studying this designated DV, the authors affirm, is heightened by a combination of factors: the sizeable value of goods that are returned each year (about $35 billion but this figure is for the American market) and which manufacturers who wish to maintain high rates of customer satisfaction feel they must replace no questions asked; the growing concern about environmental issues that could impel questions about how manufacturers dispose of returned merchandise; friction in the value chain when manufacturers do not reimburse retailers for the tasks of accepting and refurbishing returned goods; and the damage is done to brand equity by-products so defective consumers trouble themselves to complain and return them. Based on Compliance Strategies Branch, Australian Consumer and Competition Commission rankings, the authors confine the DV understudy to the top four categories of returned products: packaged food, toiletries, apparel, and appliance product categories. In turn, the IV’s are operationalized as a combination of qualitative/categorical and ordinal variables: CATEGORICAL: Gender, age, occupation, the incidence of returning defective products, whether single or multiple items, whether used items before returning, whether returned for cash, same model or another model, the reason for return, type of refund sought, whether an external stimulus was needed to impel return, and whether agreeable to purchasing reconstituted goods in general and the returned brand in particular. ORDINAL: Recency of returning defective products, how long returned item was in use, how obligated a manufacturer is to accept returned goods, satisfaction with store handling of a return procedure, the price class of the returned good, The study employed convenience sampling in the form of mall intercept interviews. Over two weeks, a total of 426 “randomly intercepted adult shoppers” (Miranda and Jegasothy, 2009, p. 374) outside the Chadstone and High Point sho
The film The Help (2011) was a story about the problem of segregation in American society of the 1950s and 1960s when the Civil Rights Movement of Blacks had just begun to appear. This period was a turning point for the US citizens faced with the past echoes when racial discrimination was prevailing in the society. Now it is hard to imagine that in modern society, there are slaveholding relations between citizens; however, echoes of the past racial discrimination sometimes still appear. For people not to forget a story that was filled with human suffering, there are reminders of that terrible events, and one of such racial reminders is the movie The Help . The film was created on the basis of the novel written by the American writer Catherine Stockett. Before the book was published, many publishers refused to cooperate with its writer. However, when the novel was published, it immediately became popular among the population and was translated into three languages. At the time of the film’s release, about 5 million copies had already been sold. The film was directed by a longtime friend of Catherine, Tate Taylor. As soon as he learned about writing a book with such a story, he immediately expressed his interest in obtaining rights for the film adaptation of this novel. Catherine, of course, could not refuse her friend and immediately gave her consent. However, she insisted that secured and apparently prosperous white ladies should be depicted in the movie as hypocritical, mediocre, and inhuman creatures. In contrast to them, black maids are shown as honest, skillful, and kind-hearted people. Accordingly, the film changes black and white in places, making it clear who is positive and who is the negative hero in the picture. In essence, I chose this specific movie because it is tightly connected with the issue of racial discrimination against females in the United States. In the 1960s in America, the issue of desegregation among the population was very acute. Measures were taken to eradicate racial discrimination and equalize rights between all citizens of the country, regardless of skin color. However, the movie touches not only the problems of racial discrimination but also the role of women in society and the attitudes towards children. The film takes place in the small town of Jackson, M
Introduction This report has been written at the behest of Mr. ABC, the CEO of XYZ Medical Manufacturing and Supplies Company Limited, in response to increasing concerns among employees following intentions to outsource certain manufacturing operations to businesses abroad. After consulting with several departmental heads within the organization, I collected findings and made a series of recommendations as discussed below. Findings Departmental heads reported to the HR Department that their juniors were worried that they would be among the 200 employees who would lose their jobs following outsourcing to foreign companies. Many personnel has been psychologically prepared to grow professionally within the organization, but they are now confused about the next move they would make. Departmental heads are also concerned that they were not consulted by the management on the plans to start outsourcing manufacturing to foreign businesses. There is a concern that the organization would be affected by delayed delivery of products from abroad, and this would have a negative impact on its earnings. Most companies that outsource their products have often kept customers waiting for products to arrive from overseas. This would result in the loss of customers to business competitors. It is expected that the quality of products from overseas companies would be lower than what workers produce within the organization. This would be attributed to the lack of close monitoring of workers by a person who knows the customer needs. In fact, the initial products would be of high quality, but the quality would decrease with time. There is also concern that the initial goal of reducing costs would erode as time passes. Delivery costs would increase, and this would result in lower profit margins. In addition, an increase in labor wages would culminate in higher operating costs. Recommendations   * The management should find other ways of reducing costs other than adopting outsourcing.   * One tested option for outsourcing that would result in the reduction of costs is Lean Manufacturing and Six Sigma. This would also increase the quality of medical products supplied to hospitals.   * All departmental heads should be consulted when making decisions that would result in major changes within the organization. Conclusion Outsourcing would not result in a long-term reduction of costs and improvement of the quality of medical products. The organization should adopt other ways of reducing costs and improving the quality of products. This would not lead to the loss of jobs and the shutdown of one factory.
Introduction As a matter of fact, the law is supposed to be class-neutral and apply to everyone without discrimination. However, in practice, justice and the attitude of the criminal justice system, especially in relation to punishment, to offenders are determined by several factors, including a person’s economic status. On the one hand, economically disadvantaged incarcerated perpetrators are overrepresented in the system regardless of their race, gender, and age. Poverty may be regarded as one of the major factors that lead to delinquency. On the other hand, the predominance of people with low economic status in prisons indicates justice inequities on the basis of income. In other words, more affluent people have an opportunity to receive less severe punishment in comparison with poor individuals. The purpose of this work is to examine the prevalent economic characteristics of offenders using the method of literature review. The significance of this paper is determined by the fact that the criminal justice system’s unfair treatment of offenders on the basis of their economic status violates people’s constitutional rights. As it undermines the authority of the law, responsive measures should be taken. The paper aims to assume or abandon the following hypothesis: People with lower economic status are punished more severely for crimes than those with higher economic status. Issue of Unfair Punishment The issue of the economic status’s impact on punishment may be regarded as one of the most disturbing problems in sentencing. As a matter of fact, the vulnerability of socially and economically disadvantaged offenders in relation to criminal justice is a widespread phenomenon that may be observed all over the world. Otherwise stated, people with lower economic status are sentenced to imprisonment more frequently and convicted of more crimes in comparison with more affluent individuals (Bagaric, 2015). In addition, sentences for the same crime may be substantially different for poor and rich people. At the same time, in a substantial number of cases, such injustice occurs for particular reasons that cannot be controlled by offenders. Nevertheless, the biased manner of the criminal justice system’s operation that results in economically disadvantaged offenders’ over-representation in it requires a clear solution. The significance of this problem is also determined by the fact that it has forced some eminent philosophers and experts to rethink and retract their theories related to punishment. A legal philosopher Herbert L.A. Har
Abstract Security is fundamental in every country to ensure that it prospers and grow in terms of economy. The 11 September bomb attack by Al-Qaida was a surprise to the security of US. The bomb led to enactment of policies by policy makers that would ensure that the perpetrators are dealt with. One of the strategies was to expand its military bases or operations in countries perceived to be the perpetrators. The question of increasing their bases has elicited mixed reactions with some people supporting it while others opposing it. Some of the benefits of increasing these military base is that security will be enhanced which will foster economic growth but increasing the amount of money in the military. On the other hand, decreasing the military operations poses security threat but seems to be a solution to the high expenditures that are channeled to the military. These are two good issues with both advantages and disadvantages but, the policy makers need to scrutinize each of them and reach the most beneficial decision. Introduction Since the September 11 US bombing, security of the American people has become one of the fundamental principle that the government pursues to achieve. The government has therefore put in place various measures that are geared at ensuring that security of all its citizens is provided. However, the question of whether to increase its military forces in overseas has elicited mixed relations around the world. US decision to increase or decrease its defense military is for the security of the US citizens and should be reached at decisively. Commitments to friends and allies American US military forces presence overseas demonstrates its commitments to friends and allies (Sasha, 2011, p. 215). By using power and force in defending its own citizen and other countries, the US endeavors to maintain balance of power, which favors freedom of its citizens. There are many threats and uncertainties that face the US. These challenges, therefore, requires establishment of bases and stations within US and even beyond its borders such as Northern Asia and Western Europe , and deployment of forces to ensure that the security is upheld. There are many groups of terrors that are spread outside the American jurisdiction and pose threats to the security of the Americans. Such groups need to be dealt with by spreading/expanding of the military. One of the groups that has posed threat to the security of the US and other people around the globe is the al-Qaida and Taliban. Therefore, setting up military camps overseas may aid in reducing the activity of these groups. Dissuading potential adversaries Increasing of overseas military also helps in dissuading potential adversaries from a potential military build-up (Sasha, 2011, p. 216). Some enemies a
The implementation of taxation upon the population benefits many cities because it provides them with an additional source of income that can be used for development. Taking into account the fact that state and local revenue systems “depend on a greater variety of revenue sources (such as property taxes, income taxes, sales taxes, user charges, lotteries, and federal grants),” the use of taxation seems to be justified (Shafritz, Russell, & Borick, 2013, p. 489). Even though some cities do not have all of the mentioned revenue sources, they are to pay taxes to other entities. In the case of Lawsona, the same type of taxation is discussed. In order to identify whether it will benefit the city or not, it is significant to consider both the positive and negative influences of this change. The implementation of taxes reveals that the leaders of Lawsona want to stimulate its growth and to turn it into a well-developed place that appeals to its residents. However, it is significant to realize what kind of sales tax is needed to reach expected goals to ensure that the community is properly funded. The population of the city may resist the implementation of this change because they do not understand the concept of taxation. Acknowledging that taxes will be used, many people start revealing their dissatisfaction because they believe that the leaders of the city want to make them pay more and do not care about their financial problems. Nevertheless, sales tax is used to build roads and support public schools, healthcare facilities, and fire departments, etc. Due to the implementation of sales tax in Lawsona, the city will be developed, and its neighborhoods will become safer. People are likely to have more opportunities to become officially employed. The salary of teachers is likely to increase, and schools can purchase new books. The emergency management employees are expected to be supported by the funds obtained due to this taxation as well, which can affect their ability to benefit the community positively. Even though the advantages of sales tax are undeniable, it can have adverse influences on the citizens who have low and middle income. These individuals are limited in their funds, and the necessity to pay more is likely to worsen their condition. In particular, the community can be hurt by the flat tax because it presupposes the necessity for all people to pay the same amount of money regardless of their financial state (Moreno, 2018). Unfortunately, many cities prefer using it because of the simplicity associated with its implementation. Moreover, it seems to be the fairest, as people are not discriminated against
Introduction Machines based on artificial intelligence help humans to perform domestic chores, educational duties, as well as entertainment purposes. Busy work schedules have led to the designing of robots that help people with domestic chores. Simple robots have been designed to do basic household chores including cleaning, lawn mowing and dishwashing among others. Personal robots as opposed to industrial robots are tailored to fit personal needs. Personal robots enable an individual to automate repetitive household and work life tasks, which lead to high productivity. A personal or domestic robot also liberates people from unpleasant and dangerous tasks and gives more liberty and security (Cook 144). The main objective of inventing robots is to make life easier for busy people like a pilot, who has less time to attend to household tasks. Robots abide by directions precisely, which in turn boosts their efficiency in the log run. Personal Robot In my future career as a pilot, the perfect personal robot should be able to help in performing household chores and manage every aspect of my life. The robot will be fully automated to be able to do simple physical and mental works. In terms of set up and anatomical structure, I imagine a robot with enough sensors to allow for safe indoor localization and navigation within the house. The robot should be wheel driven for easy locomotion in and outside the house. It should be fitted with laser range finder and stereo camera to help it in recognizing the surroundings easily. It should also be capable of assessing whether the job performed is successful or not. The robot should be designed with responsive artificial intelligence to assist in kitchen tasks including dish washing and cooking. Sophisticated technologies sporting humane limbs, innovative detectors, cameras, fan layout with mobility coupled with many other operative appurtenances will help it to efficiently prepare meals, and interact with utensils and kitchen appliances. Moreover, it should also help in serving breakfast and cleaning the house. The robot should also be useful in providing help in situations where people are not in the condition to perform the household chores on their own. In addition to kitchen tasks, the robot should be able to do laundry duties. The robot should be designed to sweep dirt and debris that clings to rough surfaces and carpets. It should be able to carry out vacuum cleaning and even outdoor lawn mowing to keep the compound clean. All these activities should be done with less or no human intervention. To avoid accidents caused by robots, my personal robot will be installed with a safety awareness device that stops the robot automatically. The safety device when pressed, trips the circuit a