ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
What is Cyberbullying? Cyberbullying is a new forms of aggression that is typically perpetrated online. Like conventional bullying, cyberbullying is characterized by repeated behavior that is particularly aimed at causing emotional or psychological harm to another person (Spielman & Jenkins, 2020). However, cyberbullying is distinguished from other forms of aggression by the fact that it is a covert, concealed aggressive behavior that is usually perpetrated in private and the perpetrator may remain anonymous (Spielman & Jenkins, 2020). The anonymity that define this antisocial behavior empowers the bully and makes potential victims vulnerable by rendering them helpless and unable to escape or retaliate (Spears et al., 2009 cited in Spielman & Jenkins, 2020). Cyberbullying is facilitated by the rapid technological advancement and growing access to mobile technologies and social networking media. Forms of Cyberbullying Cyberbullying, like bullying, can manifest in many ways, including spreading rumors or false information, sending nude, embarrassing content, insulting, harassing, or threatening videos or messages to another person. It may also take the form of ignoring laughing at, threatening, or teasing the victim as well as publishing personal information about the individual without their consent (Spears et al., 2009 cited in Spielman & Jenkins, 2020). Cyberbullying manifests in many forms typical to bullying in physical spaces, but it is unique because it is usually perpetrated over the internet. The internet provides the bullies with an effective medium to engage is the antisocial behaviors highlighted above provided that they have access to the internet. For example, a person may publish nude or embarrassing videos, photos, or comments on his or her social media account about another person and even refuse to delete such content. Who is Most at Risk for Cyberbullying? Although social networking platforms such as Facebook, Twitter, blogs, and Instagram provides powerful tools for sharing information and resources, they also have serious risk for bullying. Any person, regardless of age, gender, race, ethnicity, faith, and social status, can be bullied online and in physical spaces. However, empirical evidence shows that certain groups are at a greater risk of falling victims of cyberattacks. Particularly, girl
Introduction Every child attending school in America is taught ‘in 1492, Columbus sailed the ocean blue’ and discovered the New World later to become known as the North and South American Continents. The impression received by the school child is that a promising age of wealth and discovery was launched by this single explorer, bringing Europe out of the dark ages and into the light of the Renaissance and modern wealth and technology. Reinforcing this concept is the fact that America celebrates Columbus Day as one of its major holidays. Each October 14, banks and businesses close their doors for a usually well-earned three-day weekend, holding festivals and parties to commemorate the first day Christopher Columbus’ foot touched land associated with the North American continent. Main text However, there is a significant lie in the ‘facts’ as they have been presented. Christopher Columbus did not actually touch North America during any one of his four voyages, having remained mostly on the Caribbe
Introduction Although status offenses and juvenile delinquency justice are functionally similar, they are fundamentally different concerning the actions that constitute an offense. In this paper, there will be an investigation of the meaning and examples of status offenses. This will be done about the problem question. Furthermore, the paper will seek to answer the question of how perpetrators of status offenses are processed and corrected, underscoring the various rationales that have been provided for such treatment by the juvenile justice system. It will also look at the role of the parent in helping the system to correct such behavior and the stance that is taken by the juvenile system where the parents are uncooperative in that regard. Status offenses committed Status offenses are non-criminal acts that are considered offenses by the fact that those who commit them are underage at the time of commission. Therefore, adults can commit the same act without them being regarded as offenses (Kendall, 2007). They are regulated under the premise that they are harmful to minors and that the state should play its protective role towards them by prohibiting such actions. For example, the law regarding underage consumption of alcohol is justified by the fact that most people are not considered to have developed their decision-making skills until the age of 18 years (Rose, n.d). Moreover, some of them develop these skills much later on. The age of 21 years that is set is, therefore, an acceptable compromise for the law in its role of protection. Some other status offenses include truancy, incorrigibility, breaking curfew, etc. (Federle, 2012). Most cities have laws in place requiring that all children under the age of seventeen years should be home before 11.00 pm failure to which they will have broken curfew and can be detained for having committed a status offense (Arthur & Waugh, 2009). The children who are found committing this crime are often held in a designated center until their parents can pick them up. All four teenagers are therefore violating their curfew and are hence committing a status offense. Possession of alcohol or tobacco is also considered a status offense (Arthur & Waugh, 2009). The current state laws prohibit the purchase and consumption of alcoholic beverages by anyone who is under the age of 21 years (Rose, n.d.). The sole lady is, therefore, committing an offense by possessing a cigarette, and the two male teenagers are also in the commission of a crime because they have a beer. How to process teenage violators First of all, I would find out if their reasons for being outside at 1.00 a.m. fall under any of the provided exceptions. The only exceptions that are availed for this offense are when the young violators are either outside after acceptable hours because they are traveling or when they are dealing with a school project (Michon, 2016). None of these teenagers fall under any of the exceptions, and therefore, the only option available is to take disciplinary measures. With regards to curfew violations, I would issue a warning to the teenagers and drop them off at their respective homes. If the t
It is not a secret that the Apple iPhone is the most recognizable and popular phone on the planet. However, it is not the most affordable one. It seems that for those who want to enjoy the benefits of the iPhone or just to get acquainted with iOS, Apple created the iPod “younger brother” – iPod music player. The iPod is almost twice cheaper than the iPhone with a similar memory. It suggests a significant difference in the functional quality. Speaking of his personal experience, Shalin notes both advantages and disadvantages of iPod: “small, portable, and had a good battery life, but had only one audio jack” (114). Even though the iPod has a most of the iPhone functional, Apple had to remove some of the characteristics and components. Processor set to iPod, generally similar to the processor of the corresponding model of iPhone. However, another important component of almost any portable device is a screen. It made by Retina technology but has a smaller angle of view (Shanklin par. 7). Also, the colors on the iPod screen seem dull and “lifeless.” The mentioned shortcomings are noticed only at the direct comparison of the two screens, as, before comparison, pictures on the iPod screen are clear and bright. Due to Retina technology, it is almost impossible to discern individual pixels, in other words, there is no graininess. Another evident difference is a camera. The camera module installed in iPhone suits for casual shots on the street or in a company. iPhone copes well with shooting in optimal conditions. Probably, the camera installed in the iPod is just “for a show”, because it is practically useless while the front camera of both devices does a good job with its “responsibilities.” The player is also installed with 256 MB of RAM memory against of 512 the iPhone (Yoffie and Merrill). This difference is visible when a person uses games and applications, but unnoticeable during web surfing. Pages in Safari browser are opening slower. For example, finger zoom is rather inconvenient (Engst and Josh Centers par. 5). Partially, the problem might be solved by the installation of the other Web browsers. Kwan reveals the reason for the iPod popularity in the world: “it is capable of storing thousands of songs in such a tiny package” (par. 5). Many people believe that the iPhone has two speakers. In fact, it is not. What appears to be the second speaker is a microphone. Therefore, there is no stereo on both the iPhone and iPod. However, the phone speaker louder and better than those of the phone, and using volume function in iTunes, one could make it sound better. It goes without saying that the sound quality of the headphones should be noted. iPod is a player; therefore, it seems to sound ideal, but it worse t
General liability policies do not ensure protection for the professional against arising negligence, misinterpretation, and malpractice. Professional liability insurance (PLI) is the coverage for nurses, lawyers, or other workers that protects them from their clients’ claims and complaints (Westrick, 2014). Medical malpractice falls under this type of insurance to prevent nurses, physicians, and other medical staff from the alleged prosecution. Therefore, a hospital worker must be aware of the PLI. Four nurses have been interviewed for this assignment. Three of the interviewed nurses reported having individual liability insurance; the other nurse was satisfied with the healthcare organization’s insurance. The majority claimed that individual kind of policy is beneficial because a complaint may arise from a colleague or a hospital. Moreover, it is an ability to practice and receive benefits as a nurse. These points were identified as the most popular for obtaining the individual plan; however, there is also one reason against unpredictable premium cost determinants (Clarke, 2017). The grounds were valid and fully corresponded to the nurses’ guesses. All nurses interviewed were professionally insured and considered the coverage as an opportunity to protect themselves. However, they did not know several options the insurance provided. For instance, they were unaware that such a plan covers the violation of confidentiality or slander (Clarke, 2017). Furthermore, it ensures that a nurse may rest, knowing they do not have to pay compensation. As a result of the discussion, nurses received new information about the professional liability policy; one of the nurses decided to obtain the individual plan. In conclusion, what I found out is that the PLI serves as a reliable protection for a nurse against slander, claims from patients, colleagues, or hospitals. Besides, I learned that it covers all the expenses, prevents the alleged suitcase, and allows workers to be confident about their actions. Therefore, each nurse has to obtain it to create a safe working environment and stay secure.
Introduction Ever since the concept of school counseling became an integral element of America’s system of education, teachers used to think of it as simply an additional instrument of increasing students’ chances to succeed in academia. However, during the course of recent decades, this concept had undergone a drastic transformation – from being essentially an educational tool, it was turned into the tool of politically correct indoctrination. It is exactly because particularly ‘progressive’ counselors strive to meddle with school affairs, which add considerably to the process of the country’s educational standards continuing to hit new lows, as time goes by. In its turn, this created a situation when even many ardent proponents of school counseling grow to realize counter-productive aspects of this practice. In their book “Strengths-based school counseling: Promoting student development and achievement”, John P. Galassi and Patrick Akos made a perfectly good point while stating: “School counseling and school counselor education have been criticized for focusing on the mental-health concerns of a small percentage of students rather than on academic development of all students” (2007, p. 150). Nevertheless, even though there is plenty of evidence as to the fact that school councilors’ activities do not result in anything but boosting up ‘ethically unique’ students’ perceptional ignorance even to a further extent, the government continues to provide counselors with financial grants rather enthusiastically. The reason for this is simple – given the fact that the conceptual fallaciousness of multiculturalism (as official state policy), appears especially self-evident within the framework of America’s educational system, it is the matter of foremost importance for government
Nowadays, there are many debates about the role of Jefferson’s statute about religious freedoms in society as well as many opinions if Thomas Jefferson was a true enemy of religion, or these were different historians and analytics, who made him such a protagonist. Of course, people are free to interpret his statute in a variety of ways using personal knowledge, experience, and beliefs. In fact, the Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom was about the relation between the state and the church and the ability to provide people of different faiths, Catholics or Jews, with the same opportunities and rights, but people were not ready to accept the religious equality as something normal and preferable, this is why Jefferson’s views on freedom of religion caused him to be seen as an ambiguous figure in history, religion, and politics. People, who cannot find the connection between politics and religion, or who believe that religion should prevail over politics, or vice versa, will hardly understand why Jefferson’s idea to make religion free from any impact is usually considered as something unclear, wrong, and unacceptable. The point is that a certain group of people, who lived in the 17 th and 18 th centuries, used religion as a powerful weapon to control the lives of other people and considered politics as the only possible weapon to control religion from time to time. When Jefferson underlined that “all attempts to influence it [religious belief] by temporal punishment or burthens, or by civil incapacitations tend only to beget habits of hypocrisy and meanness” (“Act for Establishing Religious Freedom” 2), he was confused by the reactions of many people, who did not want to believe that religion could not be controlled anymore. He actually expected “all officials to act as moral beings and … religion would promote virtue” (Ragosta, 52). Still, he was wrong. A majority of people could not understand and accept his intentions. This is why some of them define him as a true enemy of religion, incapable of solving religious and political hassles, but able to use the law as the only means to make a decision. The statute under consideration had one simple goal. It was a definite separation of state and church. He wanted to prove that social morals and rights should have nothing in common with religious beliefs. At the same time,
Introduction. Realism   * Known as ‘power politics’ or means to exercise power   * World Bank massive financial institution which poorer nations depend on for subsidies   * Manner of soft power of the richer states contributing to the World Bank over poor states   * World Bank policies directed by Western countries Liberalism   * A political philosophy which promotes individual rights, democracy, equality and free enterprise   * World Bank seeks to work with countries to improve conditions for economy and individuals   * Countries are evaluated first based on their freedom and democracy, and funds must be used for specific measures   * Communism   * A political, social, and economic theory based on ideas of Karl Marx emphasizing pure equality and common ownership in society   * World Bank has historically and currently seeks to avoid cooperation with Communist and Socialist-oriented countries   * World Bank is an international organization, in a way belonging to everyone, and its mission is to raise the economic conditions to an equal prosperous level everywhere Feminism   * A social theory seeking to promote advocacy of women’s rights and equality of sexes   * World Bank contributes funds to countries for social causes including gender equality development such as through education and jobs   * World Bank seeks to promote gender equality and female empowerment through its strategies, programs, and cooperation with world governments Constructivism   * Political constructivism seeks to produce and defend principles of justice and legitimacy through complex entities which are seen as moral and with obligations   * World Bank actively promotes justice as it engages in providing finances to societies which are inherently unequal   * When evaluating governments, the World Bank seeks to ensure they are moral and chosen by the people before providing them with the necessary funds
Authentic Leadership by George et al. and Ibarra According to George, Sims, McLean, and Mayer (2007), it is of great importance for leaders to preserve their authenticity not by imitating the models of ideal leaders, but by remaining themselves, “practic[ing] their values consistently, and lead[ing] with their hearts as well as their heads,” or else they would become “personae, not people” (p. 1); therefore, leaders should learn from their own life story, know their self, and lead according to one’s principles and values. However, the beliefs of Ibarra (2015) are somewhat opposite: this author states that to be effective leaders and adapt to the changing environment both in a company and outside it, leaders should adjust to that environment rather than cling to their self; the researcher stresses that one’s self is continuously changing, so it is almost impossible to be the same all the time, and, consequently, it is better for leaders to instead embrace the new values and responsibilities if they are to adapt to the new conditions and lead their company effectually in these. Analyzes of own leadership On the one hand, it would be more comfortable for me to use my own life experience to develop my leadership style, as per the advice of George et al. (2007). I would probably be more inclined towards the democratic style of leadership, where I would listen carefully to each of my subordinates and make attempts to reach an agreement about the decision that should be mare where possible. On the other hand, it is clear that Ibarra (2015) is also right, for one’s lifestyle and views might not completely correspond to the corporate culture of a company in which one is planning to work. Therefore, I would, of course, prefer to use my own experience and values to lead my future subordinates; however, Ibarra (2015) also made me realize that to become a successful leader, I should also be able to adapt to the demands of the organization in which I will work and that such an adaptation, although initially uncomfortable, might help me become a more effectual leader. A crucible story in authentic leadership According to Bennis and Thomas (2002), a crucible story is that in which a leader is faced by severe adversity, and where the values, opinions, skills, and beliefs of that leader are, therefore, put to a test. A leader who can successfully deal with such adversity becomes stronger, more confident, and better able to lead one’s subordinates to success. On the whole, crucibles are related to authentic leadership because, in the process of adaptation to a crucible, a leader is forced to reconsider one’s values and change according to the demands of the new circumstances. Therefore, a leader cannot follow the model proposed by George et al. (2007) but is instead
Speaking about such sphere as psychology, it is necessary to say that a wide range of factors connected with personality, personal problems, and life circumstances of future specialists influence their decisions when choosing their preferred fields. During our previous classes, we were provided with an opportunity to get acquainted with such a field as child maltreatment. Considering the importance of the given area for a level of mental health of children and, therefore, for the future of our society, it is necessary to discuss whether I will contribute to this field in my future practice. First, I suppose that child maltreatment can be regarded as my potential field because of specific features that I possess and my interest area. As for the particular reasons I could work in this field, I would like to state that I am highly involved in this topic because it means a lot for me. For instance, during my lifetime, I have witnessed many cases of child maltreatment (both physical and psychological) because I had acquaintances belonging to different social groups. Therefore, I have seen the consequences of such behavior for these children, and it is evident that traumatic experiences made it more difficult for them to cope with specific problems (Dion et al., 2016). As I have seen the consequences of cases involving even unobvious child maltreatment, I would like to do everything I can to improve the situation and help those who have experienced maltreatment and do not know how to accept such experience and keep wending their way through life. Another reason why the area can become essential for me to in the future is related to some unique features I possess that can be important during the work with children. Thus, I suppose that I am quite patient, and this feature is hugely significant for those specialists working with children due to the fact that the latter usually need more attention than adults. Besides, it often happens that those specialists helping children are supposed to repeat the same idea many times in order to make their patients understand it, and it takes a lot of time. Apart from that, I suppose that I am quite sociable, and this is why it is easy for me to communicate with children and understand their problems; in general, emotional empathy remains an essential feature of a specialist in the discussed field. Nevertheless, even if I suppose that my personality traits can help me to work in the discussed area in the future, it is necessary to assume that there are also specific adaptations that I will have to make in order to be more successful in the field. In the first place, I will have to expa