ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Effects of the Media How can the media teach responsible behaviours such as decision-making? The current and almost inevitable behaviour involves periodical flipping of channels using a remote control to find a suitable program. People learn both beneficial and negative practices from the media. Children learn some languages or slangs from the media, and this end up influencing their communication behaviours even in future undertakings. The themes and issues such as drama, violence, sex and music are common implications. Children are therefore prone to stereotyping and deceiving information about the world, particularly due to their innocence. People need to realize that socialization is a developmental process whereby the individual encounters others or earthly resources and they enable him/her to be socially acceptable into specific settings. Social acceptance is a continual and ever dynamic procedure, throughout the entire lifetime. Lack of social control causes personal life to lacks proper meaning. Surroundings and experiences are the main determinants or the agents of socialization, which are the world’s main influences. These controls depend on exposure, and thus the positive or negative impacts on individuals. The media is one of the agents that have nearly permanent effect on people social lifestyles because o
Blackboard Pty Ltd (Blackboard), a supplier of vinyl, entered into a contract with PostersPLUS Pty Ltd (PostersPLUS) to supply it with cast vinyl film over a 12 month period. Between November 2012 and September 2013, Blackboard supplied PostersPLUS with the film to the value of the $200,000 pursuant to the contract. The film was used to manufacture labels for bulk shipping containers, which were then sold to SEASTORM Containers Ltd (SEASTORM), who in turn leased the containers with the labels on them to shipping companies. Blackboard was aware of the use to which PostersPLUS intended to put the vinyl film at the time the supply contract was entered into. The contract contained the following clause: Blackboard gives no warranty that the goods are fit for any particular purpose. In early 2014, SEASTORM complained that the labels on the containers were fading and becoming illegible. The investigation revealed that the film was degrading because an insufficient amount of ultraviolet stabilizer had been added to it during the production process. As of February 2014, SEASTORM has made only one claim against PostersPLUS. PostersPL
The articles under analysis describe pros and cons of plastic surgery and its perception by women. The issue of plastic surgery is closely connected with the question of ideal beauty as one of the most controversial one for philosophers and social critics. The articles discuss the principles applied to ideal beauty and depict the urge to classify all the world’s many things as an impulse which has received encouragement from science. The paper includes historical examples of women ideal beauty and their role in society. A special attention is given to the beauty of bodies of young women who want to improve their appearance. Nauert connects the desire to change one’s body with self-esteem and; pw worth. The authors state that beautiful forms are mainly aesthetic (meant to induce innocently pleasurable sensations, even if on occasion they threatened to appeal to amoral tastes), and they must be explicitly moral in order to further principles of love and virtue. Ideal beauty image requires that each generation collaboratively create and declare its own social and aesthetic standards, codes, and norms for ideal truth and beauty. The ideal is a matter of individual preference, and individual since the experience of truth and beauty can neither be created nor discovered but can only — simply, amazingly –happen. The main problem identified by the research is that: “There may be patients who will never be satisfied with their bodies no matter how much surgery they receive or feel that their life will completely change after plastic surgery” (Nauert 2007). The women and men’s desires for being judged fashionable could conflict with their interests in developing other characteristics they valued, such as the characteristic of individuality; however, the girls remained painfully aware of the problems associated with low performance with respect to fashion. That is, they explained how an assignation as not fashionable carried a heavy social cost by relegating a girl to an inferior social position (Bily, 2001). When judged as not fashionable any girl could expect to be considered as generally undesirable. Women are identified by the ideals they represent. Even the staunchest supporters of stability had to admit that there was precious little about late-nineteenth-century life that satisfied their taste. It was not enough for them to repeat the tiresome fact that permanence was what they desired, although it was not what they had. The visual representations of virtuous order which the American advocates of ideal values commissioned for the walls, corridors, and rotundas of churches, libraries, and courthouses existed in a tarnished world. They had to justify representations of serene forms in the midst of the raucous “rotary system” of modern times (Dittman, 2005). Th
Introduction The paper is dedicated to the study of factors influencing the happiness of women, whose lives were affected by the Katrina Hurricane, one and four years after the hurricane (Calvo, Arcaya, Baum, Lowe, & Waters, 2015). The study used a validated questionnaire to determine the happiness of women, where the same questions were asked one and after four years after the hurricane. The surveyed women were mainly non-Hispanic black origin, the average of 25 years old, having two children. Main body The level of happiness of the respondents one year after the hurricane has significantly decreased (the number of women who chose a “not at all happy” option has increased by 3.5 times), remaining almost intact even after four years. The biggest number of respondents selected a positive ‘somewhat happy’ answer both after one and four years. The amount of “very happy” respondents has increased after four years, almost reaching the pre-hurricane values. About one-third of the respondents lost a family member, and a major part of them had severe to enormous damage caused to their properties. The average amount of their total household income increased 1.4 times in the course of four years. The social support of the women has significantly increased one year after the hurricane, experiencing a slight reduction 4 years later. The number of times the respondents were attending religious services has slightly increased after four years, compared to the results of one year after the hurricane. Conclusion Approximately eight percent of women reported that they became less happy four years after the hurricane, compared to one year after. However, this unhappiness is most likely linked with the absence of a partner. The respondents who reported high happiness rates were more likely to report the same rates one year after. Most probably, it is linked with the characteristics of the personality that were not taken into consideration in this study. The index of baseline happiness did not depend on the stressful situations, linked with property damage or death of a family member. The income of the family, the factor of religiosity, as well as hurricane-related stressors had no significant influence on the happiness of a woman both in one year and four-year perspectives. Only the factor of losing a close person could pre-define the decrease in the level of happiness after one and four years after the hurricane.
The straw man fallacy is a type of logical fallacy whereby one person misrepresents their opponent’s question or argument to make it easier to respond. A person who utilizes this fallacy, whether knowingly or unknowingly, is said to be attacking the straw man. When an individual uses this fallacy, they respond to a weaker or distorted version of the original argument rather than addressing the subject of their opponent’s argument. People resort to the straw man fallacy in moral issues to exaggerate their opponent’s positions. Rather than presenting a logical counterargument, they prefer to undercut their opponent (Arp et al., 2018). For instance, in an argument about sex education, one person may argue that sex education enables teens to practice safe sex and therefore reduced the prevalence of early pregnancy and STIs. To make this position seem ridiculous, an opponent may argue that the person is encouraging all teenagers to have sex with no consequences. In this example, the person attacking the straw man has exaggerated their argument. I dislike it when someone uses the straw man fallacy against me. It annoys me when someone deliberately misinterprets my statement or oversimplifies it. It also makes me feel that the person is not listening to my side of the argument carefully but only waiting for their chance to speak. The straw man fallacy is commonly used in contentious debates, such as the topic of climate change. For instance, two people, Lisa and Anna, are debating how to manage climate change. Lisa argues for the increased use of public transport since cars release greenhouse gases which heavily contribute to climate change (Mittal, 2020). In response, Anna says that Lisa is advocating for human beings to completely stop using cars and walk to their destination instead. Anna’s argument is an example of the straw man fallacy because it distorts the argument originally made by Lisa. Lisa advocated for the use of public transit but did not say anything about completely stopping the use of cars (Mittal, 2020). Additionally, Lisa did not say that people should walk from place to place. Instead, Anna distorted Anna’s argument, exaggerated it, and responded to a weak version of the original argument. Since there is a mismatch between Anna’s stance and Lisa’s counterargument, it is evident that the strawman fallacy was employed. The scenario described above is an example of the strawman fallacy and not similar fallacies, such as an appeal to the people and red herring. An appeal to the people is also known as ad populum and is a fallacy that argues something to be true because most people believe so (Arp et al. 2018). It is whereby one person argues the validation of the ma
Man is a story-creating animal. They weave a web of stories around themselves to fathom their relationship with their surroundings. They narrativize some event or incident through numerous discourses into an undeniable fact. In fact, in no time these narratives acquire mythic proportion. Battles, conspiracies, adventurous journeys, evil tempter, heroic warriors, all from the basic elements of a myth. The typologies and archetypal elements utilized in the format of the narrative allot it the status of a myth. What are myths? Myths are stories about heroes, divinities, and kings who emerged from the story-telling habits of human beings. Dynamic to its core it cannot be considered a product but a process. Myths document the relationship between man and nature. Such documentations though not always faithful and objective nonetheless provide us with valuable insights into the past. Critically studied, myths can open before our eyes the world of the ages of heroes, warriors, kings, and magicians. The historical value of myths cannot be denied. To many, it might seem as silly prattles of the people of the past with little or no historical precision and veracity. Nonetheless, the importance of such myths, stories created around the lives of divinity and heroes affords us a chance to peep into the customs, society, and rituals of the ancient world and of the worlds where it has been re-created and re-told. Thus, in course of reading the lessons and writing this assignment, I realised the importance of myths in our daily lives. I have often come across characters, events, or incidents of classical myth in their contemporary re-creation. Myths of the ancient civilization have often been utilized in the myths of later generations. The repetitive appearance of heroes, battles, adventures of the classical myths raised my interest to learn more about the original myth. The main intention that prodded me to undertake this task and made it so endearing a project throughout has been the desire to re-think in a somewhat objective manner the process of transformation these myths underwent over a generation. Myths have always been in my understanding of small anecdotes that are recounted in stories and conversations to moralize about some general human fault and failure. Numerous reinterpretations that I have come across about ancient myths made me believe that myths are actually fairytales. However, direct contact with the source of the myth about Ulysses made me realize that myths are not some fairytales about heroes and their feats. Myths are above anything a substantial socio-historical document. They tell us about the time and the nature of the society and culture to which it belongs. This knowledge about the original source of the myth abets our understanding of the transcendental nature of a myth. In the course of working on this assignment, I was reminded of an ancient myth, which reigns as a popular anecdote of all times. ‘Achilles’ heel’ and the myth surrounding it remains a potential term used by various authors to depict several vulnerable situations. In fact, it has b
As a matter of introduction, a group for purposes of this study means a company of more than one person who often interact with a view of sharing a common interest. A primary group according to Sutemeister (54-12), is defined as a face-to-face interaction by a small number of people. These members can be close relatives or members in a particular sports group. On the other hand, a secondary group consists of a large number of members who do not necessarily have to interact directly. A good example is that of an organization. According to Newton (112-64), interacting with members of a community is a vital and an important aspect in a human life. It helps an individual to live a satisfactory life. Leadership is of great importance in both the primary and secondary groups. Weber has expressed this concern (126), that a leader is helpful when it comes to leading other members in democratic decision making. Differences occur between the two groups in that, In a primary group setting members tend to have close personal ties, and share most activities as a group. They see each other as unique and cannot do away with any of their members. On the other hand, we have weak ties in the secondary groups which can end in the short term. Members of a secondary group have very little knowledge about each other, but only end up being tied by the wish to achieve a common goal. Primary groups differ from secondary groups in the way they are structured, the manner of leadership, their membership, and also in their size. Small groups consists of members who meet more oftenly, and who share a common interest and have a common identity. This concern has been expressed by Brown (21). Their structure can either be formal or informal, and this would depend on the needs of members of a particular group. In the secondary setting the size of the organization tends to be larger than in the primary level, and the structure appears to be formal. In secondary groups, a user can belong to as many groups as they would wish. On the other hand, in a primary group setting a user can only belong to one group at a time, but can also belong to as many secondary groups as they wish. When it comes to permission according to Thompson (125), user’s secondary groups join together in order to come up with the final decision. This means that one YES permission can overrule all other NO permissions. For example, a user belonging to a certain primary group (p group z), and also belonging to other two secondary groups (s group x, s group y), if he does posting of threads permission will be as follows;   * p group z-NO   * s group x-NO   * s group y-YES In such a scenario, the YES answer will prevail because one YES here overrules the No’s. Though the concept of secondary group can be confusing, this groups are really powerful. Primary groups are used as a way of getting registration for secondary groups. This means that, it is necessary to first have a primary group which will be used as
Introduction China has numerous environmental issues that have severe impacts on the biophysical environment of the country as well as on the human health (Chen, Zhao, & Kan, 2013). The major contributors of these environmental issues include the lax environmental oversight as well as the country’s rapid industrialization. A review of the state of pollution in China shows that the country has the highest level of pollution in the majority of its cities (Streets et al., 2007). The situation has been worse such that the Chinese government has taken the responsibility towards the mitigation of the environmental issues affecting the country. Significantly, there has been some progress as far as the reduction of the level of pollution in the country is concerned despite the government being criticized for having not done much. Such criticism has been seen in citizens’ activism to compel the government to ensure that environmental pollution decreases by making sound decisions that are focused on the reduction of the damages currently witnessed on the environment (Sun et al., 2004). One of the significant environmental problems in China nowadays is Smog. This problem has had enormous effects that warrant investigation (Zhang, Song, & Cai, 2007). Sun et al. (2004) pointed out that smog has adverse impacts on the human health as well as on plants and vegetation. Since smog results from the accumulation of nitrogen, sulfur dioxide, carbon dioxide and other gases in the atmosphere, it is more likely that places that are highly populated are vulnerable to smog occurrence.
Negotiation can be considered one of the most effective ways of conflict intervention. When people negotiate, they participate in a particular process rather than a single event. Negotiation can be considered a communicative process directed toward eliminating or minimizing the causes of a conflict and reaching an agreement. Negotiation can be dependable on the approach taken during that process. Two distinct methods for negotiation are competitive and collaborative. The collaborative approach can be framed within a mutual gain perspective, where parties will engage in “a rational discussion within a fair process if they believe their interests can be sufficiently met.” (Spangle & Isenhart, 2003, p. 49). In that regard, in collaborative approaches imply that the other party is “connected and not compatible” (Wilmot & Hocker, 2007, p. 225), and treated accordingly. The collaborative approach can be viewed from the perspective of integrative power, where the win/lose situations can be turned into considering the interests and rights of both parties. The collaborative approach can be seen as more successful as it can satisfy the individual needs and the need for fairness. Accordingly, the conflict might be resolved more quickly when the problem is transferred from being a particular problem into a single mutual problem. Nevertheless, the collaborative approach might fail when the other party considers the willingness to cooperate as a weakness and acts competitively, taking advantage of such a situation. In that regard, collaborative language implies that the negotiator is as firm as in a competitive approach, where the goals are unchangeable while the methods to achieve them can be flexible. (Wilmot & Hocker, 2007, p. 232) The competitive approach in negotiation can be related to the distributive perception of power. Competitiveness implies a “zero-sum game,” i.e., a win/lose situation, unlike the collaborative process. The negotiation in such an approach is utilized to reach a specific goal that cannot be divided between the parties. Accordingly, only one party can get it, and the other party does not. In such negotiations, the rights and interests of the other person are out of the question, and thus the results are more important than the relationship itself. The language of competitiveness can be seen as the more intuitive in negotiation, where according to the theory of the power, people assume that the other party has more energy, and thus collaborative languages can be interpreted as weakness; “most inexperienced bargainers automatically assume a competitive stance regarding negotiations since they believe that “toughness” can only be achieved through competitive tactics.” (Wilmot & Hocker, 2007, p. 236). In general, both approaches in negotiation have their advantages and disadvantages and specific situations when to be used. Nevertheless, collaboration can be seen as more effective, where association stands between cooperation and competition. Additionally, the negotiation being a collaborative process assume
Executive Summary The phenomenon of an International Debt Crisis (IDC) incorporates a range of complex concepts, which makes the process of defining it and, more importantly, locating the means to prevent it, rather complicated. While a crisis cannot be viewed as an entirely negative concept as it provides important economic and financial lessons to learn, reaching an international level, it may cause a range of troubles for developing countries and the global economy. Therefore, it is essential to study the phenomenon of IDC closer. The IDCs of the 1980s and 2015 can be viewed as graphic examples of an IDC. Starting as a local problem and affecting the entire world, they have changed the financial landscape significantly. Therefore, by studying the given examples, one can locate the patterns that are typical for IDCs development, thus, discovering the underlying causes and evaluating the effects thereof. Hence, by comparing the specified manifestations of a financial crisis, one will be able to locate the patterns that are characteristic of the given phenomenon. Claiming that the outcomes of the analysis will help create the framework for avoiding the instances of a financial crisis in the future would be quite a stretch. However, the issues identified will permit controlling the factors causing and inhibiting the development of an IDC better As a result, the effects of the economic shocks can be reduced as well as the negative aftermath thereof. Thus, it is highly desirable that the phenomenon of the IDC should be analyzed carefully and that the existing examples thereof should be considered closely. As soon as specific patterns are discovered, appropriate tools for responding to the emergent prerequisites of the crisis can be spotted, and the corresponding set of measures can be introduced to the designated business environment to prevent a larger economic shock. Problem Statement and Nature Background and Theoretical Framework By definition, economic development cannot be even (McKinnon and Cumbers 17); economic crises can be defined as cyclic and, therefore, are bound to occur regularly. Nevertheless, they have to be managed and analyzed accordingly so that the economic disturbances having a momentous impact on the wellbeing of people all over the world should be prevented successfully. Therefore, the phenomenon known as the international debt crisis (IDC) has to be inspected correspondingly to prevent a similar economic downfall. The phenomenon of the IDC is rather basic. Reaching its peak in the 1970s, it can be defined as the “product of repeated investments in non-sustainable development p