ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Cancer and Genetics The nature of the process that makes regular cells turn cancerous has not been studied fully yet. However, there is an assumption that cancer occurs as a result of a genetic abnormality but is not transferred genetically to future generations (“Chapter 8 – Photosynthesis”). The specified assumption is likely to be true since cancer seems to develop as a consequence of a single disruption in the functioning of a cell as opposed to the mechanism that was implanted into one’s genetic makeup since the day of one’s birth. On closer inspection of the problem of cancer as a result of a genetic mutation, one will realize that the mechanism of the disorder in most cases is launched at an unspecified point in time in contrast to the genetic disorders that are inherent. Therefore, it would be reasonable to state that cancer will not be transferred to future generations and should not be seen as an inherent disease (“Chapter 8 – Photosynthesis”). Even though one may inherit a faulty gene that increases the threat of developing cancer, one will not necessarily have cancer in the future. Therefore, claiming that cancer is a genetically transmitted disease would be an erroneous conclusion. The described characteristic and nature of the disorder will help to study its nature more accurately and meticulously to determine the methods of treating it effectively. Gene Therapy The idea of correcting genetic defects sounds very alluring due to the vast opportunities for managing a range of genetic disorders and, thus, managing numerous health concerns. Nevertheless, gene therapy as a process of transferring genes in order to correct genetic defects is likely to pose additional threats to patients’ health. The idea of transferring genes as the means of managing the described problem could be regarded as a plausible tool for managing a vast range of health issues (“Chapter 13 – Modern Understanding of In
Introduction Bare midriffs, spaghetti strap tops, skinny jeans and short shorts all once belonged in the realm of teen/young adult clothing yet as of late there has been a growing trend wherein such clothing choices have now become common place among children aged 12 and below (Gill, 137-160). Such is the influence of modern day popular culture that sexualization and objectification has not been limited to adults and teens but has now begun to encompass children as young as 7 to 10 years of age (Bill, 1). Sexualization can be defined as process where an individual’s sense of personal “value” is actually based on sex appeal or a predefined and narrow standard of attractiveness (Goodin et al. 1). This has resulted in the proliferation of numerous clothing lines, products and even popular culture shows which place a certain degree of sexualization on children resulting in the creation of what is now perceived as a cultural norm when it comes to children wearing clothes or displaying behaviors with distinct sexual undertones that is many years ahead of when they should be displaying such attitudes (Bartlett, 106-11). Even parents themselves have contributed to the modern day adoption of the idea that it’s perfectly alright to employ a certain degree of sexualization on children as evidenced by their continued patronage of toys, clothing styles and TV shows for their children that have themes depicting early child sexualization (Albiniak, 1). Based on this it can clearly be seen that children have been sexualized at an earlier age as compared to their counterparts form 30 years ago yet it must be questioned whether such an early rate of sexualization actually has an adverse impact on their emotional, behavioral and social development. Several studies examining early childhood development do indicate that a child’s formative years (age 4 to 12) is a period in which they begin to develop the behavioral characteristics and ideologies that influence their subsequent adult behaviors and actions. Aspects related to religion, culture and ideologies introduced during this early stage of development reflect well into adulthood and become an integral aspect of who a person is to become. It is based on this developmental backdrop that parents and society developed the notion that early onset exposure to sexualized content will have an adverse effect on a child’s development and as such children should be inculcated early on with positive societal messages in the form of cooperation, peaceful action and other similar behavioral characteristics that espouse the creation of a socially acceptable persona (Kopkowski, 220). Other studies though have stated that sexualized media in modern day popular culture such as those seen in TV shows, movies and magazines and other similar forms of consumable media actually have a positive effect on children resulting in the development of independent, socially well adjusted children that from an early age are capable of utilizing what they perceive
Intellectual property, such as copyrights, trademarks, and patents, is a phrase that is often used in reference to different unique kinds of creations of the human mind or intellect for which the creators are given certain exclusive rights to a variety of intangible assets. The intangible assets include, but not limited to, musical, literary, various works of art, terms, signs, and inventions. Internationally, the governing body is the World Intellectual Property Organization, and it is responsible for granting exclusive rights to the owner of the intellectual property for a varying period, according to the type of the intangible asset. Because of the benefits of intellectual property rights, they should be protected by all countries. In order to protect intellectual property, a number of agreements are usually reached to ensure that the owners retain the exclusive rights regarding their use. The first agreement is copyrights, which refer to the set of exclusive rights, specified under the copyright laws of a country, that guard the original authors of both published and unpublished works of literature from unaccredited reproduction and republication (Bainbridge, 2009). In this form of intellectual property, the creator of the copyright is endowed with the responsibility to control how the work is used for a specified period, after which the work is open for others to use. The second agreement is trademarks. These refer to any unique symbol or indicator used mostly by companies for identification purposes, for example, the products of Nike Inc. can easily be identified through the design of their logo. Once registered, a trademark has a legal protection and any unauthorized use of that trademark can make the originator to sue the responsible individuals for trademark infringement. The third form of intellectual property is patents, which refer to the granting of exclusive rights to an originator for a specified time period for discovering any new, beneficial, and no-obvious thing (as opposed to the rights of authorship of any form of art or literature). A patent is usually granted by the state in exchange for the originator’s agreement to disclose the aspects of the invention to the rest of the people (Smith & Russel, 2005). Another type of agreement is trade secrets, which refer to the initiatives an organization can put in place to ensure that it gains a competitive edge in the market, for instance, an organization can protect trade secrets by issuing contracts to its workers or by locking sensitive information away in a bank vault. Lastly, industrial design rights, often conferred for a period of ten to twenty-five years, have been employed to shield the aesthetic design of items that are not entirely serviceable. Protecting intellectual property rights has many benefits. Importantly, the rights shield the originator from unauthorized use of his or her ideas; consequently, the originator can comfortably earn the sweat of his or her hard work. In addition, the introduction of the rights has playe
Studying particular information has a tendency to develop and change our views. In this case, the lecture, which was focusing on the flow of robotics’ development, influenced my perception about the future, robotics’ impact on our lives, and the ability of robots to destroy the humanity. In my opinion, despite having good intentions, advancement and innovation in the robotics sphere might be dangerous for the humanity, as the robots are senseless instruments. The lecture represents the idea that people always wanted to improve the living conditions and standards. The development of mechanisms began in 1400 BC, as Babylonians seek for the helpful instrument to measure time. It is evident that this invention was a start of the robotic era, as people tend to ease their lives with the various machines and instruments. In my opinion, the progress is impressive, as the complexity of the modern machines cannot be compared with the early innovations. People were able to introduce a sophisticated and complex mechanism, which can act autonomously in the particular scenarios. Nonetheless, soon the robots became an essential part of our everyday routines, for instance, every child had a Furby as a companion. In this case, a robot is the representation of friendliness and kindness. Nowadays, robots are utilized for the military purposes, medical assistance, and manufacturing. Nonetheless, are they really helpful and harmless? It could be said that the primary purpose of the lecture is to make a student think whether the innovation is the positive phenomenon in the society. In my opinion, the presentation reflects that the humans are not able to stop the innovation process since the dangerous robotics such as nanorobotics are being developed. It is apparent that the autonomy of nanorobotics might be a cause of the disaster. Additionally, the usage of the robots in the military purposes increases the number of deaths during the armed conflicts. In my opinion, the intense focus on the development of the artificial intelligence might result in the development of autonomy and loss of the control over the machines. It is apparent that despite having positive intentions such as the expansion of the working length and the abilities of the robots, the autonomy might result in the negative consequences of the existence of humanity since the robots are not able to reflect their feelings sufficiently. The laws of robotics were introduced to assure the survival of mankind and protect the human race from the extinction. Nonetheless, it is hard to control this process, as it seems that the ‘rise of the machines’ has started. For instance, it was emphasized in the lecture that the robot on the Volkswagen plant killed the employee. In conclusion, it could be said that now it is questionable whether the robots are
Introduction This paper provides an examination of the concept of organizational change with a specific focus on the case of improving hospital performance at King Edgar NHS Hospital Trust. The case involves Tracey Burns, who is the director of the Trust and head of a project aimed at improving the efficiency of the flow of patients within the hospital. The case presents the empowerment of nurses to proactively help in the discharge of patients. Additionally, the case study highlights the financial challenge that the Trust was facing, the problem of adhering to government’s requirements regarding the waiting targets, as well as the problem of adverse media scrutiny. As such, this report seeks to critically analyze the sources of power and the power tactics employed by any one of the main protagonists in the case study. In this analysis, a lot emphasis will be on the French & Ravens model of power. In addition, the analysis covers the concept of organizational politics, and how such aspect affected the implementation of the nurse led discharge at King Edgar NHS Hospital Trust. The stem of the analysis is the approaches they used to manage the resistance encountered as far as the implementation of the nurse led discharge was concerned. Background on Power and Political Behavior All organizations suffer from the impacts of power as well as associated political behavior. For this reason, it is important for organizations’ management to be aware of the sources of power as well as the evitable political behaviors to encounter in any organization. Power can be divided into five forms including expert power, referent power, legitimate power, coercive power, as well as reward power (Blois & Hopkinson, 2013). All these forms of power are used in organizations for different purposes such as social or even personal gains. Sources of Power As noted above, power is a very vital aspect in an organization and it can be used to ensure that the required activities in the organization run as expected. For this reason, leaders in a company can use their power to instill organizational change whenever needed. In spite of this, Erwin and Garman (2010) noted that the adoption of any change within an organization faces significant resistance from employees based on various reasons. In support of this, Oreg (2006) observed that the business environment is ever changing business, which explains the inevitability of resistance of employees to change as well as any associated political behavior. According to Jansson (2013), organizational change is a ubiquitous process and hence, the resistance of employees to such changes can play a significant role to the organization’s failure to achieve the goals and objectives of any proposed change, and well as the organizational goals. For this reason, leaders of change are required
English language is now the national language of the United Kingdom, the United States, Australia, New Zealand and most parts of Canada. Each country has its own national version of the language standard. Here it would be appropriate to speak about the notion of language variety that denotes the phenomena of using the language with the applied features of national peculiarities and identity. Australian variant of English has always been and remains a cause of disputes. Developing in terms of geographic and cultural isolation, under the influence of extralinguistic factors – characteristics of the natural environment and way of life, the influence of contact languages – English Language in Australia has acquired a number of features that allow determining its status as Australia’s national variant of English. Australian English language does not occupy a subordinate position in relation to the Standard English, as it can be in the case of some geographical dialects; it is not limited to the sphere of everyday talking. It is used in government agencies, educational institutions, it is the language of mass communication and literature. Nowadays the process of literary version of the regulation of Australian English and pronunciation norms are not completed due to the relatively short period of development in relative isolation of Australia. The study of the Australian variant of English helps to identify the trends in the development of the language on the continent (Jupp, 2004). The development of the Australian variant of the English language has a comparatively short history – two centuries. It should be noted that between the initial point of the process (one language) and its final point (two different, albeit related language) there is a long historical path. In the first stage the language of the separated group of people is nearly identical language to the original language (social structure of the separated group should be taken into account). In the second phase – the language of the separate group is different from the original one and is a dialect of some territory and is used in everyday communication, while literary standard is the basic language. When the language of the separated group of people starts to be used in the field of literary writing, speech, and it develops its own literary rule, its social and regional variety, its common parlance and the slang, its status can already be defined as a literary version of the basic language. Finally, as a national version of the language, the language of the separated parts of the population serves as the language for all spheres of life and gradually becomes an independent language with its literary norm, common parlance, a complex hierarchy of social and territorial forms of speech. The process of divergent development of the languages ends and it is possible to speak about two languages. Australian version has its origin from the lower strata of English society of the XVIII-th century, as well as it has the specific characteristics of the language of
Socrates taught that a life that is governed by the rules and dictations of others, oblivious of the need for self-examination and evaluation is not worth living. He believed that a valuable life is one in which the individual strives for self-knowledge, wisdom, and a deeper understating of the self (Hoffpauir, 2020). A failure to question one’s actions and the way the world works results in irrational behaviors and the inability to distinguish good from bad (Hoffpauir, 2020). This view is controversial, with many philosophers providing opposing views. One group supports the argument that an unexamined life is worthless while the other criticizes and downplays the importance of superfluous examination of one’s life. Socrates’ argument is not successful because a life of rigorous examination is not fit for every individual, and mainly because happiness in life originates from a myriad of factors. Therefore, his argument is unreasonable, flawed, and wrong, even though it has a degree of truth to it. Factors such as good health, family, gratitude, and values such as kindness and generosity make life worth living, even though it is not examined. Socrates’ belief that the lack of constant examination and evaluation of one’s life makes it worthless has little merit because it downplays the importance of many other factors that are the ingredients of a
Annually, it is estimated that at least one billion influenza cases (flu) are experienced annually. According to the provided statistical records, 10% of the total cases usually succumb to the disease and its related complications (Black et al., 2018). The highly affected group by the disease are the health care workers. These health care professionals are attacked by the flue in their lines of duty. Therefore, providing vaccine is the number one approach to treat the condition. In most cases, the influenza immunization is effective and capable of preventing health care workers from the flu attack. This research paper aims at explaining why the personnel need to receive the flu vaccine. The provided results will be based on several theories, principles, and evidence to support the position. The Nature of the Illness Influenza is a viral respiratory disease, which can be easily spread to other people through the droplets when they sneeze, talk, or cough. These substances may land on the next person’s nose or mouth. Healthy people may depict the virus’s symptoms soon after 5-7 days of contracting the illness (Black et al., 2018). It means they can pass the infection to others when they are still asymptomatic. These unique characteristics make the ailment one of the most complex conditions. Theories, Evidence, and Ethical Principles According to the social theory, health care workers are vastly sociable with patients and co-workers. As a result, they are highly susceptible to contracting the influenza virus from infected patients (Black et al., 2018). In the circumstances when these professionals contract the infection, they can easily spread the disease. Consequently, health care workers are most likely to be hospitalized and, sometimes, die. According to the most recent statistical results presented, the number of infected health care workers has continued to receive immunization against the disease. The graph provided below is a typical indication on how the stability of the vaccinated health care workers has been achieved against the number of influenza infection over the past four years. The graph proves that by being vaccinated, health care professionals will manage to protect themselves, patients, and family members. Fig 1. Vaccinated Health Care Providers over the Past four years. (Black et al., 2019, p. 1052). Ethically, health care workers are expected to treat every sick member of society. While subscribing to the idea of vaccination, they must ensure that patient’s well-being becomes the priority. Immunization forms the hallmark of protecting patients against any attack and spread of the virus. In fact, it is the only option which can help reduce
The Hershey Chocolate factory is located in Hershey, Pennsylvania the home town of its founder Milton Hershey. Milton Hershey pioneered this company in 1894 as one of the outlets of his Lancaster Caramel factory and it has grown over the years to become one of the largest chocolate manufacturers in North America. Hershey Corporation’s 2012/2013 performance in the stock market is very impressive as indicated in the flow chart below; Flow chart 1; Hershey Corporation 2012/2013 stock market performance (The Street, 2013, p. 1) Milton Hershey also created other units like the Hershey entertainment and Resort Company, to which the trust of managing Hershey Park has been entrusted; a chocolate-tagged entertainment center, Hershey park stadium strategically designed to host gaming events and amusement assemblies. History Milton Hershey started a candy retail unit in Philadelphia soon after completing his apprenticeship to a confectioner in 1873 which was to fail 6 years later for he was yet a novice businessman, not losing hope, he still ventured into the processing of candy in New York which did not thrive according to his projection, and so he went back to Pennsylvania. In Pennsylvania, Milton Hershey tried to incorporate fresh milk in producing caramels and to his amusement he noted the rise in sales, this triggered him to establish the Lancaster Caramel Company. Having acquired chocolate processing machines from the sale of the Caramel factory, he abandoned the production of caramels for the long term production of chocolate, citing the narrow future of caramels to be the main drawback. He build a chocolate factory in his native town and he w