ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction: Synopsis of the Film Paisà (1946) (or Paisan , as it referred to most often) is a movie by Italian film director Roberto Rossellini. It is a postwar neorealist film, a follow-up to Rossellini’s Rome Open City that depicts Rome of 1944 when it was occupied by the Nazis. Paisan presents life in Italy during 1943-1945 covering that period when Italy started to be liberated by the Allied troops. The movie consists of six separate episodes. Though they all are almost not interrelated and even present different characters, they all are bound by a common theme. They present differences between people in terms of language, nationality, and religion, as well as the relations between the Americans as the liberators and the Italians as the ones who have been liberated. Thus, for instance, the first episode presents an American, Joe from Jersey, who was ordered to guard a Sicilian woman, Carmela, who speaks only her native language. The episode presents the tries of these two people to communicate though the woman seems unwilling to do this at first. In the second episode, a black man is robbed by a Neapolitan street urchin, after which he discovers the whole horror in which people in Naples lived. The third episode presents the reunion of an American, Fred, and an Italian woman, a streetwalker; these two also speak different languages but seem to understand each other. The next episode is about an Italian partisan and an American nurse. This is followed by an episode that presents a theological argument between Franciscan monks and three representatives of different religions, a Catholic, a Protestant, and a Jew. The final episode is a confrontation between the German and the OSS; here the collaboration of the American and British soldiers, as well as the Resistance fighters, is evident. Each of these episodes is important and related to the general theme of the film; the expression of this theme is facilitated by the director’s use of different elements of style, such as composition, lighting, editing, and sound that add Paisa cultural value. The Elements of Style Elements of style used in the film helped the director evoke certain emotions in the viewers and express the overall theme of the film. Six episodes that present separate short stories are not completely fictional. Sometimes, the documentary is inserted into them, but the editing is performed so skillfully that the transition between fictional and documentary footage can hardly be noticed. Chronological movement makes one feel involved with the Italian history and the map of the Italian peninsula that is presented between the episodes only e
There are several types of quantitative research designs, but the most popular ones according to extant literature include descriptive, correlational, cross-sectional, longitudinal studies, causal-comparative, quasi-experimental and experimental (Hoe & Hoare, 2012; Welford, Murphy & Casey, 2012). The present paper illuminates some findings on the last two quantitative designs – quasi-experimental and experimental. Research designs characteristically vary in the context of the researcher’s interference, with some designs such as correlational field studies registering minimal interference while others such as experimental typified by interference, manipulation or control over the independent variable. In quasi-experimental research designs, also described as nonrandomized, pre-post intervention studies, the researcher has the opportunity to evaluate the effects of interventions by manipulating the independent variable; however, quasi-experimental studies do not occur in completely controlled environments as there are likely to be other changes occurring that are not being manipulated explicitly for the experiment, which may be causing the effect (Creswell, 2003). This therefore implies that although manipulation of the independent variable may occur in quasi-experiments, the level and scope of control is generally weaker than would be the case in a true experiment (Ellis & Levy, 2009). As one example of a quasi-experimental study, an organization introduces a new employee training program on customer satisfaction and wishes to study the impact of this intervention on the number of customer-related complaints before and after the intervention. In this specific example, the researcher has leeway to control the subjects (employees) that undergo the training program but has no capacity to randomize or control customers who may feel either satisfied or unsatisfied with the level of service accorded by the employees. In the above example, the independent variable is exposure to the training program and the dependent variables include (1) severity of customer complaints, (2) performance of employees before and after exposure to the training program, and (3) organizational competitiveness and performance before and after exposure to the training program. In such a scenario, it becomes more difficult for the researcher to, for instance, say that it is the independent variable (training program) that is responsible for changes in the dependent variable (severity of customer complaints), not only due to lack of control of the dependent variable but also due to other confounding variables that differ across conditions (Harris et al., 2006; Levy & Ellis, 2011). There are several essential conditions that are required in quasi-experimental designs. Extant literature demonstrate that these designs are not only us
Introduction Continued advancements in the information technology front have provided the impetus for market competition currently being witnessed among portable device manufacturers. Apple Inc., one of the world’s leading manufacturers of mobile phones, portable music players, and personal computers is renowned for its high innovative skills in the industry. Apple single-handedly revolutionized the industry with its unique and high performing gadgets that outwitted other rival manufacturers in almost all areas. However, competition in the industry is stiff following the determination by all the rival players in addressing innovation, targeting to gain commanding market shares, and improving their profitability. This paper addresses a possible strategic plan that can be used by Apple to strengthen its market position and performance, especially in the mobile phone industry. External Environment Analysis Political and legal factors Apple depends on the international market to supplement its domestic market performance and boost its overall earnings revenue. However, the world is experiencing an increase in wars and incidences of terrorism. These might eventually affect the company’s performance in the international market. The US’ bad political relations with other countries of the world could also fuel a negative campaign against products from the country, including the iPhone. As competition within the industry continues to grow, there have been accusations and counter accusations from rival firms accusing each other of copying ideas and technologies. Apple Inc. has been sued by Nokia, for instance, for breach of patent (Thompson, Strickland III and Gamble 54). Such legal battles are costly especially for
Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats (SWOT), can be defined as an important technique used for understanding one’s strengths, weaknesses, available opportunities and the threats faced. It is vital in career development because it helps in taking the best advantages of one’s talents, capabilities and opportunities. With little effort one can discover opportunities that could not have been discovered. And by identifying weaknesses, it becomes easier to control and get rid of threats that might otherwise obstruct career development. If SWOT structure is used, strengths include education, connection, achievements, personal resources that none of the other people can have. The weaknesses include negative work habits, lack of confidence and the opportunities include new technology, current market, competition and the threats include obstacles, change of technology and unhealthy competition (Federal Trade Commission 2012). It is important to consider skills and experiences before looking for a job. Many avenues can be used to identify jobs. Job seeking involves various ways; it includes calling employers directly, using personal contacts, tapping the resources of professional unions and organizations, state workforce agency offices and using both agency and online job listings. There are only two job openings; the advertised and the unadvertised. Using SWOT analysis, one can be able to target both the two openings because it enhances the chances of getting the right job. SWOT does not allow the use of only one job opening to search, it gives a chance to explore all the available jobs and makes one under
Introduction A business model refers to a company’s plan in respect of how it projects to profit from its operations currently and in the future. Therefore, a business model entails a unique procedure of determining the fundamental elements necessary for achieving the strategic business goals (Chesbrough, 2007). In essence, a business model encompasses all the details of a firm’s operations both short-term and long-term perspectives. Ford as a one of the leading automobile manufacturers in the world operates on a strategic business model that enables its performance. In the view of Ford’s business model, it endeavors to position itself in a competitive business environment that experiences changes (Chesbrough, 2007). A business model consists of various requisite elements, which must be present in order to accomplish a feasible, strategic, and profitable model. To achieve this objective, Ford has founded a number of participants who would strengthen its presence in the market. Some of the strategic suppliers include Delphi Autoliv, Yazaki, Johnson Controls, Lear, Magna, and Visteon. Strategic business alliances and partnership Ford has developed a business strategy that aims at exploring numerous foreign and local markets. To maintain a strategic presence in the market, Ford believes in the power of strategic partnership with formidable supply chains with a wide network across the world. In establishing itself as top most business with a strong image, it has endeavored to maintain its reliability in respect of availability of products within the custom time. Strategic entry into numerous and unexplored markets require that a firm develops a mechanism capable of beating the market participants who exist within the market. Although Ford exists in a wider market with extensive market coverage, it asserts that to maintain its leadership, it must pursue strategic partnership. Informed of this imperative, it seeks to enter into new short-term and long-term agreements with specific suppliers of its marketing components on a global basis in order to establish a strong, and sustainable performance (Pateli & Giaglis, 2004). Since Ford operates in an industry full of technological advancements, the need for a sustainable and hi-tech technology capable of addressing the dynamics of the market. The company ensures that its strategic partnership brings the leading-edge technology that affords to produce the best-of-breed automobile products that meet the changing market needs. Additionally, the quest for sustainable environment, environmental stakeholders have leveled pressure for companies that contribute to production of green house gases to scale down their pollution. In the wake of these demands for a habitable ecosystem, Ford has decided to belong among those comp
Introduction Business development and growth in a region strongly depends on the socio-economic and political climate which exists in the country. It is critical to assess policy and legislation in regard to any aspects that may influence domestic and international business operations. The United Republic of Tanzania is a developing country that is actively reforming its economy and seeking investors. However, various challenges and concerns from the international community remain over the stability and economic risks of investment. This report will investigate the political, labor, trade, and taxation factors influencing the business climate in Tanzania. Political Stability Tanzania has remained politically stable since the early 1990’s. The government has focused its macroeconomic policies towards structural reform and establishing resiliency from external shocks. There is also a gradual progression towards debt relief for the country. Despite being located in a volatile region, Tanzania has not experienced any major political turmoil or military conflicts. Recent elections were held peacefully, with transparency and legitimate transfer of power. However, in recent years the government has aimed to crackdown on the population, including business activity. There are increasing limitations to political activity and open debate. The private sector is concerned with the arbitrary enforcement of rules. Despite the moderate economic growth of 6-7% GDP annually, more than 28% of the population lives below poverty, and there is a rise in nonperforming loans by banks (Bureau of Economic and Business Affairs, 2018). Furthermore, the country’s government is burdened by bureaucracy and high levels of corruption which pose risks for the business environment. With the election of President John Pombe Magufuli in 2015, there has been a strong focus on eliminating corruption, improving public administration, and managing of public resources towards the betterment
The 19 th century brought a lot of significant changes to the development of the graphic design in general and to producing books with using innovative techniques in particular. The Industrial Revolution of the 18 th – 19 th centuries influenced the progress of the society, and many processes were considerably changed and mechanized. The accents were made on the speed of the definite technological procedures, the easiness of using their results, and financial benefits from utilizing the technologies and new mechanisms. Thus, the changes affected all the aspects of the people’s life including the art and design. Several centuries ago the books and illustrations which were made without any technologies were changed with the printed texts and images. The beginning of the 19 th century resulted in the development of these processes, and such technologies as lithography and chromolithography began to be used in producing different kinds of scripts and illustrations. The origins of chromolithography, and the development of the technique in the social context The origins of chromolithography are closely connected with the development of such a printing technique as lithography. Lithography was worked out by Aloys Senefelder at the end of the 18 th century as the effective and rather cheap method to produce a number of white-and-black images and illustrations. Moreover, Senefelder discussed the type of lithography with the help of which it would possible to produce colored pictures. However, chromolithography as the way to produce different types of the colored illustrations and paintings was patented by the French printer Godefroy Engelmann in the middle of the 19 th century 1 . Chromolithography became the very popular method to create illustrations for the books and different images of the various purpose because of the comparably cheapness of the process and its mechanized character. The social meaning of inventing chromolithography was in the fact that a lot of people got the opportunity to buy the books with different colored illustrations which were rather inexpensive. Furth
Introduction In the book, Beauvoir sews and describes women as a second sex in contrast to men who contain high position both biologically and socially. Beauvoir examines the role of women in society and her functions as a social member, analyzes her duties and importance for community. Beauvoir underlines that man is the sex whose characteristic attributes are strength and energy and who developed first, but rather than helping woman as a sex to develop. Beauvoir’s attitude towards women Beauvoir regards women as human beings but women are always portrayed as the ‘other’ opposite to a man. “A man is in the right in being a man; it is a woman who is in the wrong” i . The classical liberal point of view holds that the basic unit of society is the individual and that the only legitimate function of government is to protect individual liberty by protecting the rights to life, liberty, property, and the pursuit of happiness. This was the tradition of eighteenth- and nineteenth-century liberalism, which was transplanted to the American colonies and the United States. Thus, women are historically regarded as “afflicted with a natural defectiveness” ii . Beauvoir sees a woman as ‘the Other’ in biological sense. He states women have “ovaries and the uterus;
The use of hypnosis has always been viewed as one of the most controversial and interdisciplinary practices. It can be related to the practice of medicine or psychology. The question concerning the accreditation and licensing required to practice hypnosis is argued about in the United States and different states have different legislation in this reference. This paper explores the regulations considering the practice of hypnosis in the state of New York. In 2005 the Legislature of New York State passed a law referring to the licensing for comprehensive behavioral health therapists (National Guild of Hypnotists, 2010). The law employs very broad language and states that everyone who is involved in the practice of behavioral therapy of any kind is to be licensed, yet it does not mention hypnotism namely. The law regulated the use of Biofeedback therapy as an activity requiring a license from a practitioner. The description of Biofeedback therapy includes the practices frequently used by hypnotists such as cognitive restructuring, progressive relaxation, imagery and psycho-physiological therapy (National Guild of Hypnotists, 2010). To be licensed a practitioner of this therapy requires a Master’s degree. Overall, in the United States, there is no accredited qualification for the practice of hypnosis, this way, certified hypnotists may involve in what can be called a “non-therapeutic hypnotism” (Smith, 2010). To practice hypnotism in the state of New York, the practitioner does not require a license of a behavioral health professional, but they are required to the proper use of terminology. The National Guild of Hypnotists has developed its Standards of Terminology according to which a hypnotist is obliged to refer to the services they provide for the clients as hypnotism, but not hypnotherapy or counseling (National Guild of Hypnotists, 2010). The Guild warns its members against using the word “therapy” for what they do because in most of the states practicing any kind of therapy requires a license of a healthcare professional. In other words, the hypnotists in the State of New York are to hold their services out to the public “under a non-therapeutic banner” (State Law and Legal Issues 2014 Edition: the National Guild of Hypnotists 2014). The specialty certifications in different fields of hypnotic words are awarded to the practitioners by the National Guild of Hypnotists. There are regulations concerning the titles of practices for the owners of more than one certification. Besides, since no specific professional qualifications are referring to such area as hypnosis, the practitioner is to be registered as a mental health professional to work in
Introduction The study of ancient thinkers’ philosophical arguments, their concepts, and the interpretation of certain social norms and laws is the goal of the educational course and the work conducted during this period. Such ideas will be considered as Socrates’ philosophical question and reasoning regarding the theory of constant cognition, Plato’s traditional knowledge as the educational base of the past era, and the rhetoric of Aristotle. Socrates’ Philosophical Question and the Theory of Constant Cognition It is impossible to imagine reasoning about ancient cognition theories without mentioning Socrates as one of the founders of philosophy as a science. According to Turgeon, the thinker “may be considered to be the father of the philosophical question” (291). The main idea that can be presented in the context of his teachings is the desire for constant knowledge and gaining new experience, which allows oneself to develop as an individual. This approach is also relevant today since most educational concepts involve regular research in certain areas and the search for the truth through the study of learning materials. As Turgeon notes, the basic essence of the philosophical question in the context of Socrates’ teaching is an opportunity to study the new aspects of life through non-stop education and the formation of new skills (291). In my understanding, such a principle of knowledge is widespread today, and I have already come across a teaching methodology that corresponded to it. When I was in high school, and I was 16, my literature teacher constantly told my classmates and me that any academic subject required not only superficial consideration but also in-depth analysis. According to him, any literary work can be read and forgotten in a few months. However, when studying it more deeply, for instance, through assessing the relationship among characters in terms of their temperament or views, the material will remain in memory for a long time. The teacher proposed us to develop plans for analysis independently and test our knowledge of not only the content of the stories and plays read but also our personal evaluation of the events described. As a result, we all could express our opinions concerning certain phenomena that we met in literary works. We posed questions and looked for responses to them, comparing one another’s positions and discussing specific nuances. Thus, such work was productive and allowed each of us to understand better what method of knowledge was used. Plato’s Traditional Knowledge Plato’s works are closely related to the ideas of Socrates and support his arguments. However, unlike his teacher, Plato expressed most of his concepts in the form of dialogues, while Socrates preferred oral conversations with his students and followers. The new principles of knowledge were discovered, which later formed into traditional knowledge associated with a specific philosopher. According to Turgeon, Plato was one of the founders of the theory of objective idealism, recognizing the reality of the world existence (291). He believed that in addition to human consciousness, there was a universal m