ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Abstract Coaching is an important process that allows a professional to develop his skills and abilities. It allows a professional to liaise with a professional coach to understand how he needs to improve his skills to make them more suitable for the organization he works for. Successful programs are only possible when a coach and his client know what they need to do to attain better outcomes. In addition, both parties need to agree on specific guidelines they are going to observe before coaching begins to avoid unnecessary conflicts. This will make them well prepared to deal with various challenges they are likely to face during the coaching process. Introduction Professional coaching is the process by which a professional establishes a working relationship with a professional coach to find out more about his personal and professional capabilities and how they are likely to impact on his long term success. Coaching enables an organization to institute high quality learning processes that improve the competence of all employees. Professional development programs must be well structured to respond to specific conditions a professional faces in his work. This paper discusses the importance of professional coaching and how it enables professionals working in different organizational environments to understand themselves better. Methodology The main methodology that will be used will be a review of published secondary sources that discuss coaching programs at length. This review will seek to gather more knowledge regarding the subject to find out its relevance in modern organizational practices. Fundamental Issues Professional coaching is a broad discipline that requires beneficial partnerships between a client and a coach. Professional instructors help their clients to explore different possibilities so that they can acquire competitive skills that help them succeed in their careers in the long run. As a result, they collaborate with individuals to help them explore different goals they have set so that they understand how they are beneficial to their long term development. In effect, this process allows an individual to reflect on the inner purpose that drives him to succeed in different endeavors (Lawrence & Whyte, 2013, p. 7). In addition, a professional development consultant encourages a client to think more critically about specific actions he intends to undertake to achieve his objectives. This allows a professional to ide
The criminal situation in the world has changed greatly. The violence, murders and other criminal actions are committed every day, and police is doing everything to catch criminals and to take them in jail. There are a lot of jails on the territory of the United States of America which are aimed to hold criminals under the guard. Shawangunk Prison is considered to be one of the most secured places for male criminals. This prison is almost impossible to escape from, and the most dangerous criminals are staying there. The prison is situated in the peaceful rural valley of Wallkill in New York. More than half of the prisoners, that is 56%, are serving life sentences. The jail has its own government, which consists of approximately 10 – 14 people, who are called the Men’s Council of Shawangunk. The leader of this group is Harris Breiman, 40 years old. His strong consideration is that criminals in jails should not just be bodies in the warehouse, but should come through the rehabilitation, what is happening in his prison right now. The prison is aimed to help people to understand the badness of their actions and to improve (Sabo et al 2001). The prison was created in 1983 and was ready for exploitation in 1986. The prison is situated close to the Wallkill Correctional Facility in order to share the services and with this aim to reduce the expenses. The prison is full of murders, violent criminals and others, who committed terrible crimes. Minor burglars, dunkers, drag sellers do not appear in the malls of Shawangunk Prison, as their actions are too small to keep them in the prison of such destination. Only the most severe and cruel crimes are punished by Shawangunk Prison. As it was already mentioned, the prison is impossible to escape from, in spite of the fact that there were some incidents. The New York Times from November 8, 1994 announces that four men were trying to escape. They managed to avoid the high level of security and leave the walls of Shawangunk Prison. Fortunately, they were caught that very night (Steinberg, 1994). That situation was the first since the prison existing, when criminals managed to leave the prison themselves, but still their escape did not any success. Since that last attempt to escape has passed 15 years and no other same cases appeared, that says about real high level of the security in the prison. Considering the situation about the programs, which are provided in the prison, and the Harris Breiman’s way of rehabilitation of criminals, it necessary to mention that criminals in prison do not stay without work. They are busy with plumbing, electricity, carpentry or any other facilities which may help them in future life if they are sentenced for some time, or just to occupy them with any job if they are sentenced for life. Work ennobles, so it is crucial for prisoners to work as idleness leads to brain inactivity and people may want to provide some criminal actions. So, Shawangunk Prison is one of the most secured prisons in the United States of America and people
Recently the study on self-reflection has been activated greatly, which can be justified by the humans’ need to determine their place in this rapidly changing world, which is impossible without understanding oneself. Starting from the “early adolescence” people keep self-reflecting for their entire life (Honess, 1987, p. 150), which helps them to make decisions and live through significant changes in their life. The essence of self-reflection is the ability of “the direct consideration of the self as an object” (Honess, 1987, p. 150). So we put oneself on the pedestal and consider oneself from different angles; we contemplate about our thoughts, deeds, emotions, feelings, etc. It is significant that, as Wilson et al. suggest, self-reflection can make people imply a different attitude than they previously held” (1990, p.45). This peculiarity makes self-reflection very demonstrative and, thus effective, since we clearly understand the reasons of our actions or emotions and can control them next time on similar occasion, for instance, we may try to avoid expressing some feeling, if we regard it as inappropriate; and, which is even more important, we find the real background of our feelings, thus, we are able to analyze it. All this helps people to be a part of society, without hurting someone and being heart as well. I can confirm that by thousands of my personal experiences and experiences of people I know, for so many times I was contemplating on why this or that saying made me angry or said: I sat and tried to find the reason, and, as mentioned above, I really found different reasons. First I thought that it was it, I analyzed it and made conclusions on how to overcome my difficulties, and I found the way, but the next time I acted as I thought to be right and still experienced negative feelings. So it meant only one thing – I found the wrong reason. Then I started the process once again, and, finally, always found the right reasons for my negative feelings. It is necessary to add that I often changed my mind even within a single self-ref
Why is database technology so important for a business? Database technology is essential for most businesses; as they need to understand better their customers, suppliers and competitors. Thus, collecting, storing and processing information inform of databases offers businesses with advantage. Majority of businesses lack time or resources to collect and process large amounts of information. Therefore, they may not have information concerning how their enterprises are performing, determining profitability of their product lines, determining whether clients are making repeat purchases, and others. This information can assist businesses deal with specific problems of operational nature or shape future strategy. Businesses need to gather as much information as possible, as it is not predictable what information could be important in the future (Stockport, 2000). Database technology is also important for businesses as it ensures compliance with data protection law on any personal data gathered and held on clients. Furthermore, disciplines needed to gather, enter and process such information assist to ensure that businesses are managed in a regulated manner. Typical advantages of using database technology in businesses include; minimizes the quantity of time spent in managing data, enhances capacity to analyze data in a variety of ways, promotes a disciplined framework to management of data, converts disparate information into important resource, and enhances quality and consistency of information (Weill, 2009). Database technology benefits businesses immensely in terms of its ability to handle large volumes of data. For instance, relational database management system can handle millions of records and is tailored to cope with large processing needs. Most important, relational database management systems can allow several people access and update individual records at the same time. The data store is made more of a shared resource. Most important, database technology has ability to build applications specifically designed for business requirements (Stockport, 2000) How do enterprise systems help business achieve operational excellence? Enterprise systems are software systems packaged in large-scale used to streamline and integrate organizational business processes and improve information and knowledge levels within the organization as well as its supply chain partners and other stakeholders. An Enterprise system includes a number of systems such as; Supply Chain Management (SCM), Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP), Customer Relationship Management (CRM), and others (Stockport, 2000). How do enterprise systems provide value for a business? Enterprise systems largely assist organizations in reducing errors, processing transactions faster, and timely access good quality information when effectively implemented. These systems are information technology tools that assist organizations create business value. As information technology platforms, enterprise systems enable businesses realize intended benefits after adoption. The focus on enterprise systems ha
Report Chris Ansell and Alison Gash from the University of California explored the phenomenon of collaborative governance and aimed to create its effective model in their article “Collaborative Governance in Theory and Practice.” Authors defined the term “collaborative governance” as a governing arrangement where one or more public agencies directly engage non-state stakeholders in a collective formal, consensus-oriented, and deliberative decision-making process that aims to implement a public policy or manage public programs. They conducted a meta-analysis of existing literature and discussed positive and negative factors of collaborative governance. Results showed that powerful stakeholders or other participants with an unequal amount of resources and distrust were negative factors influencing the collaborative governance. Meanwhile, the establishment of beneficial relationships, collective learning, and problem-solving were the positive outcomes. In addition, basic ground rules and protocols were particularly important to ensure procedural legitimacy and transparency. Deadlines were found to limit the scope of discussions during the meetings. According to their findings, collaboration is predicted to be productive if it continues during a sufficient amount of time and establishes trust between agencies. Conflicts can be resolved rationally if stakeholders are dependent on each other. These contingencies are interrelated and directly affect one another. Authors also recommend using surveys before and after collaboration to assess behavioral changes. Recently, the practice of collaborative governance became popular in government, public agencies and communities. It facilitates cooperative resolution of complex problems, minimizes costs for adversarial policy making, and brings many mutual benefits to stakeholders. However, due to the imposed challenges, maintaining collaborative governance may not always be efficient. This article provided substantial evidence for effective governance considering such factors as time, trust and interdependence.
Introduction The article by Sommers is focused on revision strategies. The author remarks that this aspect of writing has not been receiving sufficient attention from scholars (Sommers 378). Sommers sees a possible explanation for such a state of affairs in writing models being linear and disconnected from revisions (378). Because the models of writing are based on speaking, they exclude revisions as such. Thus, Sommers regards such an approach as “a parody of writing” (378). Further, the author describes a case study approach she employed to analyze the revision strategies of students and adult writers. Main body The group of student writers consisted of twenty first-year students whereas the group of adult writers included academics, editors, and journalists. Every participant had to write three essays: persuasive, explanatory, and expressive (Sommers 380). For each work, there had to be two revisions, thus resulting in nine papers from every individual. The researcher counted, analyzed, and categorized the changes that participants made. In the process of analyzing students’ attitudes to revising, Sommers found out that they did not like using the word “revision,” mentioning that their teachers preferred such a term (380). Instead, they used the following definitions: “scratch out and do over again,” “reviewing,” “redoing,” “marking out,” and “slashing and throwing out” (Sommers 380-381). The major concern of this group’s definitions was vocabulary. Students viewed revising as a “rewording” activity (Sommers 381). The reason for such an attitude was that they understood words as units of written discourse. As a result, they entitled word choice with the quality of determining the failure or success of their papers. The primary aim of their revision was to find a more suitable word or phrase (Sommers 381). Another concern of student writers was repetition (Sommers 382). According to Sommers, such a problem occurred because their writing imitated speech in which individuals did not tend to pay much attention to words that were reiterated (382). One of the main goals of the study was to identify differences in the interpretations of the revision process by students and experienced writers. The latter defined their revision processes as “rewriting” or “revising” (Sommers 383-384). Not only their interpretations were different from the students’ ones but also the approaches to revising. In particular, adult writers reported their purpose of revising as looking for the “form or shape” of arguments (Sommers 384). Experienced writers employed such phrases as “finding a framework,” “a design,” or “a pattern” for their thoughts (Sommers 384). These participants explained that in the first draft, they usually tried to “define their territory” (Sommers 384). Meanwhile, in the second draft, they started noticing the general arrangement of development and choosing what to incorporate in the final version and what to avoid. Apart from analyzing the form of their writing, experienced writers also had “a concern for their readership” (Sommers 384). Also, they considered the revision a
In the article, “Good people do file bad expense reports” , Wensley (2014) defines the concept of ethics concerning reporting expenses. Presently, there has been a rise in the cases of managers being prosecuted for misusing revenues in different organizations. However, little has been done to distinguish exorbitant expenses from normal expenses in relation to the standards of an organization. Consequently, Wensley (2014) sets out to define some of the ways through which managers can avoid prosecutions arising from misappropriation of companies’ funds through exorbitant expenses. The author begins the article by questioning why some reports on expenses generate scandals, thus leading to the prosecution of the officers or managers involved. According to Wensley (2014), both private and public sectors are prone to scandals, but most people are quick to notice misappropriations that involve small amounts. However, the misappropriations involving small amounts unearth scandals involving large amounts for which the culprits are convicted (Wensley, 2014). The author further highlights greed and conflicts between personal interests and those of an organization as the key factors contributing to the fraud in different companies. Nevertheless, the author warns the public against judging the decisions of the management before reviewing whether the determinations are in line with the companies’ standards and the international standards of accounting and reporting. However, the author highlights that people cannot rationalize their actions, and thus they act ethically. Wensley (2014) highlights proper rules and periodic reviews as remedies to curbing fraud in both public and private institutions. Concerning management accounting, Wensley (2014) addresses the concept of reporting expenses of an organization. Organizational expenses form part of the costs that are charged to different cost centers as emphasized by the principles of management accounting. Furthermore, management accounting stipulates reporting as a vital role of management accounts. The article propagates the above role by providing standards through which managers should formulate expenditure reports. According to Wensley (2014), the reimbursements made to personal accounts by companies should be in line with the set standards that govern expenditure. Such a stipulation highlights the role of managers in providing reports that involve the structure of the companies’ finances. Apart from highlighting the reporting role of management accountants, the article incorporates some of the concepts of management accounting. For example, through the illustration of CEOs purchasing personal items at exorbitant prices and charging their expenses to the company’s account, Wensley (2014) highlights the concept of value costing and cost-benefit analysis before making purchasing decisions. I agree with the author that employees and managers should rationalize their actions before incurring expenses to be charged to the account of an organization. Fraudulent and exorbit
Marketing and Truth Ethics It is possible for marketers to tell the truth about their products because that’s what the market demands. Failing to tell consumers the truth about products offered for sale will lead to future downfall of respective company’s sales. First few months or years of telling lies to consumers could, however turn profits for the company. But as consumers understand the real truth by using the products and getting different results than the ones advertised on the media or printed on the product labels, the most logical for them to do would be switching to competitors products. Competitors’ also would have understood the weaknesses of the said company’s products and thus put aggressive campaigns to educate consumers, which will mean loss of market for the lying company. Truth in the market is thus a vital input in a companies attempt to popularise its products; going away from truth is tantamount to committing suicide at the market place. Telling the truth to consumers is desirable because it helps in cultivating loyal customers. It’s common to see that most of company revenues accrue form repeated business other than from new customers. Therefore keeping the current customer base should be every company’s goal. These customers are crucial marketing tool because they can influence their friends and families into purchasing certain products. Further, the internet has necessitated easier access to information. Consumers can therefore get all the information they need regarding products. Any discrepancies in quality or results will be shared all over the internet, which will result to the truth being found. It is, however, a little hard for the marketers to tell the entire truth about their products to consumers, especially because not all people will take the information that way marketers intended. As a result, marketers do their best to tune their advertisements in ways that most consumers would relatively understand. Marketers do not have any problem while doing their works in lines with the truth statement on their organisation’s code of conduct. They sometimes deviate from the statement, but there exists a large margin between the ethical point and the point that will lead to serious repercussions in their work. Deviating from the truth ethical statement has actually become a second nature to them, because it makes advertising more easily, which is done through exaggerating on what their products can achieve. Marketers are however keen not to go beyond the boundaries, because they pay a heavy price though loss of customer base and heavy fines from authorities. Racial Marketing Racial marketing could only go too far when it declares that certain products could only be used by such and such cultural group. Racial marketing does exist, especially on medicine—where some disease