ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The development of Smith-Hughes Act in 1917 marked the beginning of vocational education. At this time, training in vocational education was practical as it sought to orient learners about business and working in industries. Introduction of new courses in fields like industrial arts, marketing and health was essential to match the needs of the economy during the 20 th century. The function of Smith-Hughes Act was to offer a different curriculum to youths and prepare them for jobs following industrial revolution. It distinguished academic training from vocational training and ratified new syllabus for high school learners whose interest was to work in manual jobs. Starting in 1930, the federal government offered vocational education to cut down levels of joblessness and in 1940’s, for war purposes. Later in 1950’s and 1960’s, low-grade colleges offered vocational education. However, the federal laws focused on equipping the youth with skills to work in industries, agriculture and business fields. In 1963, the Vocational Education Act came into place and it introduced many changes to the federal policies. The Act concentrated on special needs of some learners as well as youths in hardship regions. Such youths had trouble in assessing educations as well as other basic needs. The Act was further revised in 1968 and 1972 to merge disadvantaged learners, learners preparing to take vocational jobs as well as post secondary students (Lynch, 2000). In 1984, the legislature ratified the Carl D. Perkin Vocational Act. This Act sought to enhance vocational programs as well as increase opportunities of accessing education among learners with special needs (Gordon, 2003). In 1994, Congress ratified the School-Work Opportunities Act (STWOA) after realizing that most high school learners in the United States joined the employment world without adequate skills, or relevant degrees. The congress ratified the STWOA to deal with the problem of inefficiency due to lack of skills. The Act then formed a program whereby employers could interact with educators. The STWOA formed pathways with subjects related to jobs to make the high school syllabus more fit. The Association between school instruction and work environment offered learners internships and other work-related experiences. Most schoolwork courses consisted of high school subjects with post-secondary leaning within 2 to 4 years. The program sought to give learners work related experiences in post secondary education and not training them for particular jobs following high schools (Stern, Dayton, & Raby, 2000). During the late 1980’s, there was an increase in the number of learners with special needs who needed high school vocational education programs. This occurred due to students selecting academic subjects that led them towards achieving post secondary education. Additional amendments to the Carl D. Perkins Vocational and Technical Act in 1990 and 1998 called for t
Introduction According to Siegel and Worrall (2015), probation is a sentence adjudicated by court that allows an offender to remain in the community under strict supervision of probation officer instead of going to jail. On the other hand, parole is an early release from jail allowing the offender to get back to the community under the supervision of parole officer instead of serving a full term. A person who is given probation may avoid going to prison if the behavior is satisfactory for the entire period of probation. However, parole can only be given to the one who is already serving the term in the penitentiary. Parole only makes the jail term more brief compared to the judgment given by the courts. Another fundamental difference is that probation is given by a judge while parole can only be given by the parole board. A judge may decide to put the offenders under probation for a given period to offer them an opportunity to correct the behavior (Vito, Kunselman, & Tewksbury, 2014). On the other hand, a parole is given by the parole board when it is satisfied that a given offender had shown the capacity to change his behavior when released back to the community. Roles of Probation and Parole Officers in Correction The role of probation and parole officers in correction is to ensure that the offenders follow the laws and regulations set up by the judge and parole board. These officers supervise the offenders to ensure that they follow curfew if necessary, participate in rehabilitation programs, and engage in any other activities as directed by the relevant bodies. They are responsible for the actions of the offenders and are expected to report to the authorities on a regular basis. They can even make suggestions for the offenders to be incarcerated at any moment they notice that they are violating the set regulations (Roberts & Hough, 2010). The probation and parole officers have far-reaching authority in terms of ensuring that the offenders follow the given instructions. For instance, they have the authority under certain conditions to disregard civil liberties such as those protected by the 1 st and 4 th Amendments (Bohm & Haley, 2012). They can conduct a warrantless search. This is necessary to enable them to audit the behavior of the offenders. 1 st and 4 th amendment rights cannot be effectively applied to people who are in prison. Offenders under probation or parole are assumed to be in prison although they stay out of jail. That’s why they aren’t entitled to some rights that other members of the community may enjoy (Abadinsky, 2015). Differences between State and Federal Probation and Parole Officers The main difference betwe
Describe the origin and rise of political Zionism Zionism is a Jewish political movement that emerged in 1880’s and 1890’s. The founders of this movement started it with a view to support the Jewish people enjoy a Jewish sovereign homeland. The main objective of this movement was to continue campaigning against any threats of insecurity as well as existence of Israel as a state. The movement was started by secular Jews in the response to the Jewish in Diaspora who faced many uprisings against them. The Anti-Semitism, Anti-Jewish programs in the Russian empire and Dreyyfus affair in France are some of the reasons that saw the rise of Zionism. The problem that led to rise of Zionism started due to the way Jews were been assimilated in Europe. Some of them ended up losing their Faith to be modernists. The group of assimilationists that depicted themselves as messianic had in mind a situation where Jews would totally integrate with the European society, leave their identity, and achieve homogeneity. However, there was another group of Jews in favor of cultural syntheses that campaigned for keeping the Jews’ tradition values and still conform to the modern society. Their wish was to realize stability between transformation and traditional steadiness, which contrasted the assimilationists’ support for change. The meeting in Jerusalem, w
Visiting the Baroque concert has made an important impact on me as a listener and as a learner. First of all, Baroque music is incredibly complex and multidimensional by nature. Secondly, it is an excellent representation of its period of history. This music reflects the social changes and main movements of its time. The Baroque period in our history is said to be stretched through the 1600s and 1750s, but Buelow mentions that such massive social and cultural change has been slowly developing decades before that (9). The term “baroque” derives from the Portuguese language and means “a pearl of an odd shape” (About the Baroque Period par.1). In music, it is used specifically to refer to the works of the Western European musicians of that time. Listening to the baroque music concert that incorporated the works of Bach, Fasch, La Barre, and Pelligrini among others, I realized why the critics of that time referred to the art of the Baroque period likening it to a pearl of a bizarre shape. First of all, comparing the architecture and the music of the time one may see the prevalence of advanced ornamentation and a variety of decorative elements (The Baroque Period par. 2). The masterpieces included in the concert had a very complex structure, with a lot of turns and trills, the contrast of the level of volume within the melodic lines referred to as terraced dynamics and the presence of harpsichord continuo – all of these characteristics are known as the main features of the Baroque music (Baroque orchestral music par. 1). Listening to the Baroque music at the concert I noticed the high tension and vibrant rhythm of the masterpieces of Bach, the sequence of more than two melodic lines in the work of Fasch, flowing structure of Sicut Cervus by Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina. In general, Baroque music is considered one of the most diverse musical styles and is known for its polyphonic texture and complex rhythms (Thornburgh par. 9). The complexity of the Baroque melodies is a reflection of the process that unraveled in the Western European society of the 1600s – 1750s. In history, this time is known for the first leaps of technological progress leading to major advancements in all areas of science. Art was affected by the technological progress as well; the majority of musical instruments used during the Baroque period are still employed in the modern classical music, and the Baroque style of music is transcendent because the masterpieces that revolved during that period are still widely recognized and admired in the contemporary society (Thornburgh par. 3). Visiting the concert of learned to view the music as not only a product of inspiration and talent but also as a demonstration of technological and scientific development of the time when it was composed. The society of the Baroque period was proud of and keen on its advancement, this is why every product of the Baroque style screams about the versatility of techniques and opportunities the masters could access. In conclusion, emotionally, Baroque music is overwhelmingly diverse, a
The Mayan elders were charged with the responsibility of safeguarding the traditions of the people and overseeing all the cultural practices. These practices varied from childbirth, to marriage. For instance, after the birth of a child, there was a ceremonial burial of the umbilical cord which was done near a water spring to symbolize the planting of the child into the Mayan way of life. It was the duty of the elders to conduct marriages and other rites of passage. The security of the Mayan people was another responsibility of the Mayan elders. They were charged with the responsibility of declaring war against Mayan enemies, and this was done by raising a red or yellow flag on top of a mountain (Montejo 151). The culture of the Mayan people among other things may be so much blended to the type of clothes those people put on. The nature of the clothing used by the Mayan people is a cultural element that embodies many aspects, some of which included cultural creativity, political resistance and historical struggle. While studying the Mayan textile, tying and weaving technology some researchers have come up with great relationship between the Maya religion and the communal identity to the weaving style. The Maya art of weaving have also become very vital in explaining the Mayan advancement in technology and language (Hendrickson, 149). The Mayan clothing takes up a very important role of differentiating the Maya people from other people of the Guatemala. The Mayan dress code included hand embroider or woven garments that are distinguished by the nature of their manufacturing, motif, design and style. These clothes may broadly vary from one region to another and also on the taste and creativity of the weaver. The Mayan people have all kinds of clothing for both men and women. The weaving work in the Mayan community was basically done by women and specialized artisans. For economic reasons it is more advantageous to use the Maya clothes woven by men on foot looms. The non-Mayan people in the recent dates are also very familiar with the Mayan dressing (Richard 72). Like any other creativity work such as poetry and painting, weaving also uses language. The Mayan language has a woven multivocality that can form at least two levels; the iconographic, the language expressed in images and the iconological. (Edward 146). During the onset of the Spanish colonization to the Maya people, their religion and identity was greatly interfered with, their style of making weaves and making clothes was altered. During the same period many Spanish enterprises were instigated in the Mayan area. The Spanish campaign of evangelism was all over Mayan land causing alteration on the Mayan ways of making garments. However, the Mayan resistance has always existed, even with all the influence both by persuasion and use of force, t
Introduction As part of the Cultural Encounter assignment, I chose to explore works displayed at the San Francisco Modern Museum of Art (SFMOMA) under the general admission. At the day of my visit in late June, such exhibitions as Approaching American Abstraction ; Julie Mehretu’s HOWL, eon (I, II) ; and Elemental Calder were open. In the present reaction paper, I would like to discuss those three works that I witnessed at these exhibitions that impressed me the most. These works are the monumental pieces by Mehretu (2017), Alexander Calder’s Aquarium (1929), and Joan Mitchell’s Bracket (1989). Mehretu’s HOWL Julie Mehretu is a contemporary African American visual artist, working in the genre of abstract painting. Large-scale, multilayered landscapes can be regarded as her specialty and, during the exhibition at the SFMOMA, two pieces of this type were shown. The canvases with chaotic, black ink strokes on them look like pages torn out from enormous books, written in a language that is impossible to comprehend intellectually. However, the swirls of unrecognizable words provoke a strong visual impression and ignite curiosity, making one continue to screen through the surfaces of these pieces of art. What is even more remarkable about Mehretu’s works is the story behind their creation. As I learned from the description of the exhibition by the SFMOMA and the video called “Julie Mehretu: Politicized Landscapes,” Mehretu painted with ink on the background of the blurred 19th-century paintings of the American landscapes and the photographs of modern riots, protests, and violence (“Julie Mehretu”). The final product was the artist’s emotional response to and her reflection on the history of American politics and colonization, in particular. When aware of the context and theme in which the HOWL pieces were created, viewers can appreciate the canvases more. Nevertheless, I think that the placement of the paintings in SFMOMA was rather unfortunate since two columns blocked the view. Moreover, the paintings were located nearby the stairway, and the continual movement of people from one floor to another was a distraction. Calder’s Aquarium Alexander Calder (1898-1976) was an American artist and a major contributor to modern art. He is now well-known for his innovative, abstract, and three-dimensional sculptures that influenced a plethora of other contemporary creatives. His creations are “poetic and gracefully formed,” and Aquarium is not an exception (“Alexander Calder”). The work is made entirely of a few pieces of metal wire, shaped like a big, rou
Leadership must focus on the strengths of people since employees do not work the same way. Buckingham relates that great managers are aware that they do not have 10 salespeople working for them. What they know is that 10 individuals are working for them since he is brilliant at identifying the unique qualities and differences of each one and can capitalize on these differences. Leaders must be able to get the most return of investment by working on the strengths of their people. Buckingham’s book Now, Discover Your Strengths , states that there ought to be a management revolution that will encourage managers to focus on the strengths of people. Buckingham and co-author Donald O. Clifton describe distinct worker profiles such as the “Learner,” “Achiever” and “Developer,” and exhaustively look at how those personalities can best be put to use (Good Managers Focus on Employees’ Strengths, Not Weaknesses). Leadership tasks are slowly evolving. This is a result of the changing needs of the business as a response to the external environment such as competition and globalization. Traditional leadership roles are shifting to more dynamic responsibilities. Management literature is shifting their paradigm from management as a function of managerial control towards management as a function of leadership. John P. Kotter for example changed the term “change management” to “leading change” (Coyle and Kossek, 2000). This would signify shifting the roles of managers towards leadership. Kotter presented several points on managers as leaders. Kotter argued that one leader is not enough in initiating change. The core of the emerging perspective is the decline of the control function of leadership towards increase the empowerment of all employees of the organization. Boerner et.al. (2007) explored the impact of transformational leadership on the performance and innovativeness of subordinates. Transformational leaders can boost the performance of followers through the ability of this kind of leadership to enhance the citizenship behavior of the subordinates. Secondly, transformational leadership is also able to boost the innovativeness and creativity of the employee through exploration of task-related issues or engagement in debate and participation. In this specific study, Boerner et.al. (2007) used a sample of 91 leaders from 91 German companies using transformational leadership as a management strategy. Their study confirmed that organizational performance has improved with the use of transformational leadership. Transformational leadership is defined as the ability of managers to inspire subordinates to aim for outcomes that exceed specific targets through the provision of meaning and understanding. This is done by communicating to subordinates the goals of the organization and how this is aligned
Adam Sandler’s Movies and Their Popularity You may love him or hate him, but you are bound to know at least ten movies where he starred. Adam Sandler belongs to the kings of American comedy, and his characters are popular with several generations of people in the USA and well beyond it. Thus, I consider Adam Sandler a perfect example of The Hero’s Journey video and explanation of Joseph Campbell’s theory. The most famous films with Sandler are Happy Gilmore , Fifty First Dates , The Daddy , Billy Madison , The Wedding Singer , That’s My Boy , Funny People , I Now Pronounce You Chuck and Larry , and some others. The actor has a huge number of awards and nominations for his talent as a comic character. The movies with Sandler are so well-known that it is easy to understand what the presenters in The Hero’s Journey are discussing. Indeed, every movie has the main character (a hero) and several more important people or even objects, as Campbell points out, that make the story the way it is (“The Hero’s Journey”). To illustrate the typical elements of the movies starring Adam Sandler, Glove and Boots have chosen the most popular film with Sandler for their video The Hero’s Journey – Happy Gilmore . Since the popularity of an actor is huge, it is easy to understand what the video is talking about when it analyses various characters from different movies. It is mentioned that each of Sandler’s films has all of the characters from Campbell’s theory: a hero, a herald, a mentor, the threshold guardians, a trickster, a shape-shifter, and a shadow (“The Hero’s Journey”). In Happy Gilmore , the hero is Gilmore. The herald is his grandmother since it is her debt for the house that stimulates Gilmore to start some radical actions and save her home. There are several tricksters, one of which is Donal
Introduction Kraybill defines “the Amish people as a traditional group that follow strict Christian values and beliefs” (47). Members of this cultural group are believed “to have Swiss Anabaptist origins” (Smucker 24). The outstanding fact about this religious group is that it embraces a simple lifestyle. Individuals have ignored the benefits of modern inventions such as cars, electricity, and machines. The “culture focuses on special rules known as the Ordnung ” (Craker 56). Such rules dictate the behaviors, ideas, teachings, and values embraced by members of the religious group. It is also notable that individuals who fail to follow the Ordnung are usually excommunicated. This practice encourages more individuals to support and follow the teachings of the religion. This essay, therefore, explains why the choices, lifestyles, and behaviors embraced by the Amish people are good. Thesis statement The Amish people lead a simple lifestyle characterized by natural food sources, lack of electricity, and absence of industrial practices thus avoiding most of the problems affecting humanity today. Aspects of the Amish Culture To begin with, the number of Amish people has been increasing steadily since 1980. The cultural group also supports and embraces powerful ideas that can empower its people. The first outstanding feature is that “members of the religious follow a simple lifestyle” (“What Drives the Amish Culture?” par. 5). For instance, females are expected “to wear modest attires made from solid-colored material” (Craker 38). Such dresses should also be extremely long. This requirement is critical towards ensuring the believers remain decent. As well, women are not “allowed to trim their hair and should be worn in a bun on their heads” (Craker 46). Men should have dark-colored attires. Their clothes should also have conventional buttons. Young men are expected to grow their beards only after getting married (“What Drives the Amish Culture?” par. 8). According to many analysts, this practice of having unique clothes can be defined as a symbol of humility. The practice also separates members of this group from the outside world. The other aspect is that the Amish people do not have electricity in their homes (Craker 73). According to the culture, electricity is inappropriate because it can encourage more people to interact and connect with the world. This is the case because it can make it easier for them to use various appliances and television sets. The practice can eventually encourage more people to embrace the power of modernism (“Amish People and Amish Culture” par. 3). They also explain how the Holy Bible discourages “true believers from conforming to the world” (Romans 12:2). Many religious leaders believe that electricity can eventually result in temptations and eventually affect their religious values. Amish foods are sourced from different traditional or natural plants. People avoid processed food materials obtained from different industries. People embrace natural foods because they are nu