ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
In the article “American Democracy is Doomed,” the author presents several arguments that support the premise that the American democratic system is at risk of collapsing. The discussion includes an argument presented by Juan Linz, a Yale political scientist, to support the hypothesis. First, the checks and balance system that regulates the United States political system depends on democracy, which involves the election of the president and the Congress by the people (Yglesias par. 5). Therefore, even if they compromise the constitution, they argue that it is for the good of the people. The author argues that the American constitution is ineffective in finding solutions to political disagreements that could lead to the collapse of the country’s political system (Yglesias par. 5). The presidential system that America uses lacks a democratic principle to address political disagreements. Second, the American party system is at risk of disintegration. In the past, political parties were formed on the basis of their leaders’ readiness to deliver on certain promises. Today, political parties are formed based on ideologies that encourage extremism
Reflecting on these four articles; ‘There is reading … and then there’s reading,’ ‘Taking literacy skills home,’ ‘The importance of the act of reading,’ and ‘the new literacy studies’ I cannot help but appreciate and celebrate the beauty of the milestones of achievements literacy know-how has bequeathed us with, enabling us have a personal intimate interaction with the world- even our world. The articles highlight this utility value of literacy in our society and promote the application of theoretical-linguistic research findings in a bid to fully exploit our literacy potential. Varied literacy approaches, strategies and models are brought to the fore, stirring us to develop an inquisitive appetite for a sustainable lifelong literacy exploration. Of necessity is the keen realization of the involuntary nature of acquiring knowledge through spontaneous interaction of the self and the world’s social, physical, political, spiritual structures in the course of one’s life. This portrays the community as an indispensable platform for literacy development and evolution, in reciprocate; literacy equips every community with the necessary social interactive tools for a harmonious coexistence. It is, therefore evident that spontaneous involuntary understanding of the world always precedes the literal reading of the word. This immutable spontaneous yet consistently progressive nature of literacy endowments is the basis of literacy research; investigating about viable literacy acquisition genres, formulating strategies of retaining the a comprehended literacy parameter, recommending varied areas of application of accomplished literacy know-how and promoting lifelong literacy exploration for all persons (evident in adult aided education programs). Obvious as it may seem, the literacy models theoretically presented in these four articles are of a unique, central and pivotal role in shaping a strong literacy foundation for all people. Key among the models is the fact that no one can read unless he/she looks at the print, recognizes the letters and then the words, text font sizes and their presentations are pivotal in this respect; the effectiveness of this hypothesis is appreciated in the ease with which it aids literacy encoding processes, boosting the realization of the ultimate goal of all literacy endeavors-comprehension of the literacy item. It is important to clarify at this point that decoding is not reading; only comprehension is. This is true because, learning to read and write cannot be reduced to encoding mere words, syllables, or lett
Communication is the systematic way of exchanging ideas and information involving two or more entities (Adair, 2009); in order to ensure that communication process is complete, the involved parties must actively participate and get involved in exchanging of such information. As such, effective communication is a two way process which involves sending of a message in the correct way which will facilitate and enable the intended recipient to understand the message as expected (Adair, 2009). In this research paper, we shall discus and elaborate the importance of effective communication within the department of law enforcement and how it contributes positively to implementation of services within the community by officers in their line of duty; furthermore, we shall also look at the various recommendations that are essential in achieving effective communication by supervisors. Why is effective communication important in law enforcement? In this era of globalization, the need for better and sufficient communication has increased which demands the need for advanced communication skills. For this reasons, it is equally important to make the necessary changes in order to facilitate effective communicational within the law enforcement agencies. There are numerous reasons why supervisors should apply the concept of effective communication in the department of law enforcement as discussed below. First, effective communication is basic since it is through such ways that sufficient information is acquired necessary for producing the desired result. Effective communication therefore ensures provision of adequate information that consequently facilitates the exchange of ideas for a given purpose (Miller and Miller, 2009). Secondly, effective communication reduces ambiguity cases such as misinterpretation of the message and information as per the original intentions. This means that when effective communication occurs within such a department the message is acquired in the right and correct way by the recipients and therefore instance of misinterpretations are eliminated which will lead to achieving positive outcomes and accurate response (Adair, 2009). Finally, effective communication creates a complete concept of authority and responsibility especially when the supervisor initiates communication to their sub-ordinates at the work place and it is through such ways where instructions are given. Qualities of effective communicat
Main subject One of the greatest revolutions in the ascent of money after the creation of credit banks, the center of the discussion in this chapter is on how issuing bonds can help governments to borrow money from the public. The government of Japan is a typical example of a country that has borrowed money by selling bonds to the public. That has accumulated a debt of 838 trillion yen since the 1980s, which it repays at 100, 000 yen (15%) yearly. Here, investments made by governments in the bond market have grown to its vast size with the value of internationally traded bonds reaching $18 trillion. Most countries raise money by selling bonds in the stock market and put it aside for old age. The performance of bonds in the stock market provides important indicators of the credibility of a government’s monetary and fiscal policies. However, the value of a bond can either increase or decrease with the changes having serious implications on the interest rates payable on the money borrowed through bonds. The theme of the chapter The theme of this chapter is to illustrate the nature of bonds and their importance to any government in helping to raise money to sustain the delivery of services to the people. Bonds have been in existence for many years as a means for governments to raise money and cover their fiscal deficits. Governments can use the bond to test their monetary and fiscal policies. The fundamental base of all markets depends on the power of the stock market, the driver of the value of assets, and the credit value of the stock market. The argument has its foundation on the historical development of bonds that governments used to raise money to hire armies for war. Governments had realized that without having enough funds, the cost of incessant war, as happened in Italy, could plunge states into crisis. Interpretation of Historical events Despite bonds having been in existence for many years, their nature has changed with time. For instance, in some countries, rich people could lend money to the government and in return get reprieved from paying wealth taxes and earn interest on the money. Despite the changing nature of bonds, many countries have accumulated huge debts from the sale of bonds such as the increase in the British debt, which issued so many bonds to finance military conflicts between 1783 and 1815. Many countries that favored the use of bonds to pay for wars and other government expenses followed the same trend. The rationale was to turn citizens into being the biggest investors in servicing public debt and government expenditure. James Carville once claimed that if he were to reincarnate, he could take the nature of the bond market to shake the governments. Here, the statement sums up the historical meaning of the power of investing in the stock market
Introduction Time management is one of the most crucial factors in any field. There are different categories of people when it comes to time and stress management. There are people who thrive in a stressful and a time limited environment, while there are those who do well in a stress-free environment. This difference in people and their level of productivity has made it harder for scholars to determine the best way to manage time and avoid stress. A number of suggestions have been put forward to help in managing time and stress. Managing time and stress is very important for maximum productivity in any given circumstance. This research paper will look into the different ways that people waste time, how people become stressed due to wastage of time, and how this problem can be solved to ensure maximum productivity. The first part of the body of this research paper will discuss the various ways people waste time. This will be followed by ways one can avoid time wastage and how time wastage affects productivity. How people waste time and ways of avoiding stress One of the most common ways people waste time, become stressed, and reduce their levels of productivity is through unnecessary entertainment. In a work environment, people use social media and play games on their phones or computers, among other things all the time. All these lead to misuse of time. According to Linden (2005), such misuse of time and opportunity shows that the people involved have either overworked themselves that they do not have time to relax, or they are generally lazy. Linden (2005) continues to say that the likelihood that such people are extremely lazy in the workplace is very minimal, thus the most reasonable argument is that they are overworked. From this argument, one can deduce that the time that is used on social media, the Internet, and playing games must be significant enough to be noticeable. This means that there is work that is being neglected. In this case, the person becomes stressed and might forget about the work due to the entertainment they are having. This causes stress later when they have limited time to deliver the work that they were supposed to do. It is pertinent to point that different individuals have different ways of managing time and coping with stress. There are several ways that one can avoid stress and misuse of time. The first strategy is that companies should have specific times for entertainment for their employees. This can reduce the curiosity of employees about what is happening. It also makes the employees feel rejuvenated. Another way to manage misuse of time is to restrict access to social media sites using the company’s Internet. The second suggestion is quite extreme. Nevertheless, all these ways can help the employees increase their productivity by learning the importance of doing things at the right time, thereby managing time and stress effectively. Procrastination is the second most significant reason why people waste time and become stressed. Procrastinating is arguably the most common factor that leads to time wastage and stressful environments. Procrastination is the forwarding of events tha
Introduction Glucophage also known as metformin (generically) is a medicine which is administered orally and assists to regulate blood sugar levels. It is used to treat type2 diabetes in children and adults or the commonly called non-insulin-dependent diabetes. What’s more, Glucophage is utilized in the prevention of diabetes in a vulnerable population, and weight gain management resulting from psychoses medications side effects. Glucophage is infrequently utilized along with other drugs, such as insulin even though it cannot treat diabetes type 1. Insulin is produced by the pancreas; this hormone is used to regulate the levels of blood. It achieves this by decreasing the levels of glucose synthesized by the liver and activating the elimination of glucose from the blood by fat and muscle tissues. Consequently, the blood glucose level decreases. Diabetes results because of low production of insulin which leads to high production of glucose from the liver and low uptake of insulin in muscle and fat tissues (Jjemba 60). Glucophage as a rule escalates the sensitivity of fat, muscle, as well as dissimilar tissues, to the uptake of insulin. Those actions cause blood sugar to decrease. Background About fifty years back Glucophage together with exercise and diet has assisted type 2 diabetic patients throughout the world. The invention of Glucophage has helped the patient lower the sugar level more importantly it has been a safe medication for the patients. During that time, the invention of Glucophage was a unique and significant development in the treatment of type 2diabetes mainly because it prevented the body to produce excess insulin. However, it assisted the body to respond positively to the amount of insulin produced in the body itself, to reduce the amount of glucose produced by the liver, and reduce the absorption of sugar from the intestines. Thus this drug together with exercise and diet assisted in regulating blood sugar levels (O’Keefe et al 177). Glucophage was introduced in 1958 by a French pharmacist called Jan Aron, together with Doctor Jeane Sterne. They guided a team that developed the most significant type 2 diabetes drug. As a result of their faith and determination, they gave new hope to patients with type 2 diabetes (86 Due to conviction that the drug could decrease blood glucose amongst the patient, Aron decided to launch the drug in France by late 1958. In 1958, December 11, Glucophage was authorized by the Ministry of Health in France. During that time, the concept of a type 2 drug that inhibited the body from producing more insulin raised some speculation. Nevertheless, the French medical group promoted the drug by word of mouth. As a result, Glucophage started to be recognized as a drug which assisted in decreasing blood sugar among type 2 diabetes patients. Consequently, the drug‘s favorable status grew very rapidly. After two years, Aron Laboratories validated a new finding concerning Glucophage. Doctor Jeane Sterne noted
Introduction Hispanic is a term taken from Hispanics, which in turn derived from Hispania. The term is used for people living in Hispania during Roman times. The word Hispanic is usually used to describe the culture and people usually governed or used to be governed by the Spanish. They are characteristically Spanish-speaking people with most of the people sharing Spanish heritage and culture, from food to preference of dress. They are more ethnically and linguistically diverse than other minority groups in the United States. These comprise of people from a lot of nationalities from Argentineans with strong European heritage to Dominicans with a predominantly black population. The Case Study Hispanic Nation talks about English-speaking people Mexican migrants in the US with the Hispanic origin and their influence on the US economy and culture. This growing ethnic group has its strengths, weakness, opportunity, and threats. So there is a need to identify them in detail, so a clear direction may be developed so that it can help Hispanics in the future. Strength Hispanics as any other ethnic group have some strength of their own. ‘Demographics’ is one of the main strengths of Hispanics. The number of the baby born to Hispanics in comparison to other groups is very high. This is the reason they are also called baby boomers. They are nearly 30 million in population that includes 8 million illegal immigrants in the United States. They have a population growth of about 3%, which is very high compared with others at just 0.8%. (Grover, Weintrab & Palmeri, 182)A large population in a democratic state like the United States of America means more power. They have now crossed African Americans to become U.S.’s largest minority group. This huge population has its effects on the economy. Take for example half of all new workers past decade come from Hispanics. There are cultural changes also happening to their advantage like most under-18 or around in Los Angeles, Miami and San Antonio are changing as rap culture did way back in the 1980s of African Americans. Disposable income of Hispanics is at 29% in 2001 to $652 billion last year with Latino businessmen growing at a healthy rate of around 30%. There is an annual influx of around 400,000 immigrants which also adds to the demographics. They have another strong point that they are almost are car ride or bus ride from their native land Mexico, where the money goes back and forth. So they have fewer chances of failure because they can always go back. Due to their skin color, they face less racism in comparison to other ethnic groups like African Americans. Weakness With all those strengths Hispanics also have weakness due to their culture
Introduction Relatively recently, the world discovered that genetic engineering was becoming a very real possibility. Those who oppose the process argue that this unnatural style of reproduction has an overwhelming potential for decisions being made based on reasons of vanity in regard to children. In Gattaca, Vincent is one of the last non-designer babies born as it becomes realized what kind of long-term benefits can be reached by taking advantage of careful selection processes. Vincent is born with a high likelihood of having poor vision, ADHD, depression and has a congenital heart defect that assures his death at the age of 30. His parents, like many responsible parents, wish to prevent these problems for their future child and therefore use the services of a genetic engineer to help them select the perfect viable embryo. As the boys reach adulthood, the world has already shifted to one in which invalids, those who were not born free of illness and other ‘defects’ like Vincent, are relegated to the lowest status in society as they can only perform the most menial jobs available. Despite his handicaps, though, Vincent has a strong desire to be an astronaut and eventually discovers a way to make his dreams come true. The film suggests that society will be unable to resist discriminating against people based on genetic testing even though this shouldn’t be the only test of a person’s value or ability. Discussion Society doesn’t seem to have changed much at the beginning of the film, but as Vincent begins moving in the outer world more, the tremendous changes that have occurred become clear. Vincent describes how his parents conceived him the ‘old fashioned way’ in an old 1950s car backseat, but his process while he checks into work seems more intrusive than we’re used to today. As he tells about how he grew up dreaming of space flight, he also tells the audience about how impossible this dream was because of his heart defect. His first jobs are as a janitor and he makes it clear that, because of his in-valid status, he will never rise above this position in life. As the police search for the in-valid they suspect killed the Gattaca director, they round them up in a pen and begin scanning each one of them as if they were pigs or cattle. Invalids have become the new minority group regardless of where they were born or what color they are. Because they are unable to get good jobs, they are forced to live in slums and are easily suspect for doing anything wrong. Vincent’s co-worker Irene is an interesting study in how genetic engineering has determined the value of a person lies in their genetic perfection. Although she is a perfect worker,
Introduction The topic of sustainability pulls together all the complex threads that have already been discussed in the previous modules and go-ahead to put some emphasis on the interconnectedness of the world systems. Professor John Robinson in this week’s paper argues that “The technical fixes are necessary and important but not sufficient”. By this, he implies that there is something more that sustainability ought to achieve in terms of creating an improved lifestyle for all people. Sustainability, therefore, ought to surpass the address of technical fixes alone and also address those issues that are profound, for instance, distribution, consumption, material needs, opportunity, and empowerment. Environmental degradation Professor John Robinson points out that improvements should be pursued actively especially in social and environmental consequences of the delivery of goods and services, and efficiency due to the already present deterioration of the environment and the misery of human beings in the entire world. He, therefore, suggests that issues like natural area management, pollution and resources, and the preferred language as shown by table 1 below, ought to be focused on as far as sustainability is concerned. If this is done, then the negative effects likely to arise due to the achievement of a certain level of the well being of material will be greatly reduced. It will consequently create the potential of having the well-being of material on the increase without necessarily making the negative effects on the environment to increase. Robinson further insists that making the designs of human systems to agree with the principles governing ecology is in line with developing an ethic for the environment that is recommended by most environmentalists. The larger the extent of the effects of not having sustainability, the more the negative effects on the environment need to be completely reduced per unit of activities contributing to the economy practiced. This is because the sustainability challenge will not be sufficiently responded to by just having optimistic approaches like eco-efficiency, industrial ecology, bio-mimicry, and dematerialization among many others. The success in reducing the effects on the environment by the economic activities practiced does not automatically guarantee improve