ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Originally, procurement is the government consumption of goods and services aimed to serve the requirements of the community. Procurement regulations have been expanded by the government for two key objectives. First, the government aims to make all capabilities available to interested commerce. They permit government representatives to consume supplies and services in an impartial atmosphere. Second, procurement originally results in more cost effectual consumption for the government, thus saving taxpayer finances. It is also applied by government institutions for budget regulation reasons. Procurement is generally referred to as government request, government capabilities, and tenders. The requirements of government structures are widely expanded: from the procurement of workplace supplies to the structure of hydroelectric power stations; from shoelaces to distant sensing tackle. Government consumers procure more than 17 000 various categories of yield. (Keene, 2006) The procurement of merchandise and services by government structures for their own aims is a central component of the operation of governments. It saves the inputs that empower governments to complete their assignments, having a key collision on key stakeholders in the community. Government procurement is also a significant feature of global trade. Background of the Problem Since public reserves are limited, the effectiveness of the procurement procedure is a primary deliberation of every procurement system. Open, transparent, and non-prejudiced procurement is communally regarded to be the best instrument to achieve ‘value for money as it optimizes rivalry among providers. At the same time, lots of WTO Members still apply their purchasing results to attain family policy aims, such as the promotion of special domestic industry segments or social groups. Government procurement is a significant feature of worldwide trade, offered the substantial size of the procurement market (often 10-15 percent of Gross Domestic Product) and the advantages for local and foreign stakeholders in times of augmented opposition. (Celec, Voice, etc., 2005) The purpose of Government procurement is to guarantee that government choices regarding government acquirements of goods and services do not depend upon where the good is manufactured or the service provided, nor upon the provider’s foreign associations. The GPA parties’ initial step in stating this “non-favoritism” was to make a working group at the 1996 Ministerial Conference in Singapore to examine government procurement clearness. All WTO associates were symbolized in this working group. (Swaine, 2003) Many countries place constraints on government procurement of both goods and services for a diversity of motives. Some will do so to hearten domestic production, though many developing states have restricted domestic service industries, and turn to foreign serv
Like any other commodity, labor is determined by supply and demand in the market, and any artificial intervention disrupts the market balance, leading to shortages and gray employment. Some economists argue that any restrictions on working conditions are harmful. Employees who are unsatisfied with their work can always change employers and conditions in the free market. In fact, in almost all developed countries, the labor market is highly regulated, and there are several important reasons for that. At the same time, it is worth noting labor is a particular commodity, and its low cost can have serious social and political consequences. In reality, it is not always possible to change the place of work or occupation due to the asymmetry of the employer-employee relationship. The simplest example is when there are more applicants than jobs, and the employer dictates his conditions to applicants. Available statistics provide another argument in favor of minimum wages. Worst of all, Low salaries grow the worst, and this is despite the tremendous growth in the incomes of highly paid top managers (Gould). This disease of developed and developing economies is known as economic inequality, and the primary way to combat it is the redistribution of income, which is carried out, among other things, through the establishment and indexation of minimum wages. Certainly, the living wage, in this sense, is an essential factor in determining the minimum wage level. Just because one works full time does not necessarily mean they are not a beggar in today’s world. Therefore, since the cost of living is estimated based on accurate prices for food, shelter, and transport, and relying on this indicator, it is possible to control poverty. Moreover, the living wage provision is argued to make workers happier and increase morale since they feel safer (Smith). However, the universal living age does not seem to reflect the regional differences and, thus, is irrelevant for the purposes mentioned above. Works Cited Gould, Elise. “State of Working America Wages 2019: A Story of Slow, Uneven, and Unequal Wage Growth Over the Last 40 Years.” Economic Policy Institute , Web. Smith, Kelly Anne. “What You Need to Know About the Minimum Wage Debate.” Forbes Advisor , Web.
Although some people would like to think that individuals approach economic relations exclusively in a rational manner, it is unwise to disregard the role of national culture. It explains why conducting international business and entering different markets, one cannot have the same expectations or rely on identical principles. These days when more and more organizations strive to operate globally, it is essential that managers understand the specificities of each country their company sells to or establishes a brunch in. There are multiple dimensions that are affected by national cultures: they have a significant influence on consumer behaviour, work ethic, negotiation styles and other important factors that managers should take into account. Being unaware of these differences may lead to various complications. For instance, it might be difficult for employees from low power distance countries to adapt to an organization with a strict hierarchical structure and vice versa. Therefore, experts suggest taking into consideration “the fit between the organizational culture and the host country’s cultural values” when making decisions regarding international trade (Eisend et al., 2016). It does not mean that only nations with similar profiles should develop economic relations but highlights the necessity to address this problem. For instance, managers can ensure that organizational structures can differ between the countries. This explains why leaders who conduct international business should be aware of the most prominent approaches to understanding national cultures (such as Hofstede’s cultural dimensions theory or The GLOBE research project). Moreover, in order to make effective decisions, they should be able to connect theoretical information and recent research data with their practice. To conclude, there are several reasons why managers need to understand international cultures. Many companies these days prefer to explore global markets as opposed to operating domestically. Hence, they increasingly often have to conduct business with people who have mentalities, traditions, and expectations that significantly differ from their own. These cultural characteristics affect business in various ways: from a typical organizational structure to consumer behaviour. Therefore, managers need to educate themselves on these differences to make effective decisions. It is also important to note that they should not refer to stereotypes but use well-established approaches and reliable research data.
Introduction In the world there have been many conflicts in human interactions. These usually result from struggle for getting access and control over various natural resources such as land, minerals and water among others and due to differing political interests. There are usually disagreements between the parties involved which sometimes lead to wars. When these wars arise, sometimes the member parties require external intervention in bringing it to an end. There are various means of preventing arise of conflicts. The method of approach to each conflict is usually different from each other. This is mainly due to the root cause of the conflict in reference to internal and external factors and the possible consequences of the intervention to the parties involved, citizen and the world as a whole. Thus in undertaking any intervention, it is good to observe the best way out of the conflict. This paper seeks to look into peace and conflict resolution taking critical analysis of the cases in Rwanda and Libya. It is to evaluate whether intervention by external organizations such as the UN was necessary citing the similarity and differences in both cases. Rwanda Genocide The Rwandan genocide was as a result of conflict between the Hutus and the Tutsi. There had been power competition in Rwanda with the tribe in power being oppressive. It was easy to identify the ethnicity of a person from the national identification card. There had been other conflicts before the genocide that left many people dead. They played significant role in dividing the people in ethnic lines. Rwanda was a dictatorial country by the end of 1980’s. There were even regulations restricting interaction between the Hutus and Tutsi for example in the military forces. There were many refugees outside Rwanda who were denied access back to their mother country. This led them to organize themselves into various groups and find their way back. These troops such as the Rwandan patriotic front attacked Rwandan government from outside the country in 1990-1992. This led to the rise of more ethnic tensions, displacement and the death of so many Tutsi. The death of the Rwandan president in 1994 from an assassination led to the eruption of the massacre. The Hutus attacked the Tutsi killing them. In response to the attacks, the Rwandan patriotic front fought for about three months to overcome the Hutus. This led to more than half a million people dying. There were meeting on how to settle the disagreement in Tanzania before the genocide. France was observed to take side in support of the government. The international intervention to stop the genocide was not present despite the information about the planning. This led to the killings of many civilians in respect to the tribe they belonged to. This was because there was information about the planning of the massacre yet nothing significant was done. Libya Crisis Muamar Gaddafi has been the leader in Libya for over forty years. During this time he has strengthened his political strength by appointing selected member to be in charge of crucial sectors of his government. There has been uneven distribution of resources and power. This
The methods of analysis paleoanthropologists use to understand hominid evolution Paleoanthropologists apply various methods to understand the evolutionary processes of hominids as well as construct the ancient cultures. In other words, similar methods used in the study of evolution are also to understand the lifestyle of the hominids. The regularly applied method is the use of fossil remains. However, other methods such as the use of artifacts, genetics, dating methods, and climactic evidence have also been applied. Essentially, the methods are critical in dating and reconstructing the past life of the hominids. The archeological study of evolution has broadly applied fossil evidence. Even though fossil remains of the hominids are rare, the knowledge of the evolutionary process gained from fossils evidence is immense. Most importantly, fossils evidence have been used to understand the physical characteristics of the hominids. Further, the fossils evidence have been applied in the understanding of the gradual changes that occurred in the physiology of hominids, physical capabilities, gender as well as the growth pattern. With the combination of dating techniques, fossils have been applied to understand the point in time the evolutionary process took place. Artifacts are remains of materials that were made by early man, including tools. Artifacts are used to determine the activities of man during a particular period. Moreover, artifacts are evidence of man’s activities and used to determine the period in which such activities occurred. With the combination of dating procedures, artifacts are used to reconstruct the evolutionary process. Climatic evidence helps in the understanding of physical changes that took place on the planet. Moreover, various changes in weather conditions over time help in the understanding of the major modifications and the magnitude of such transformations to the living organisms. Developments in early hominid evolution (6.0-2.0 mya) The oldest hominid species consist of Sahelanthropus tchadensis and Orrorin tugenensis found in Chad and Kenya respectively. Sahelanthropus tchadensis must have lived around 6.0 mya. Also, Sahelanthropus tchadensis had a brain size of approximately 360cc. I am considering the foramen magnum. Moreover, Sahelanthropus tchadensis was bipedal, just like Orrorin tugenensis. However, the species’ cranial morphology and the brain size have been in doubt. Both species had larger canines compared to the Homo sapiens. Another hominid found in Ethiopia dated approximately 4.4 mya was Ardipithecus ramidus. The hominid was related to Ardipithecus kadabba dated approximately 5.8 to 5.2 mya. Also, the species were bipedal. Further, given the long forelimbs and fingers as well as the divergent and acquisitive hallux, the species took long durations of time on trees. Besides, the Australopithecus that was discovered in South Africa made use of trees to get food as well as for fortification against other enemies. The hominids included Australopithecus
Defining the Problem Environmental and energy issues have always been the key orientation of American presidents (Kraft & Furlong, 2017). In 2009, Barack Obama signed into the “H.R. 1 – The American Recovery and Reinvestment Act” (2009) intended to develop renewable energy. The focus of this bill on the technological aspect of environmental protection is seen in the allocation of funds on loan guarantees, grants for researchers, and the manufacturing of advanced systems. May Biblical Guidelines and Principles The Bible does not explicitly propose an approach for environmental management. However, in the Scripture, it is written that all of God’s creations should be treated with equal respect (as cited in Kipkemboi, 2017). Hence, this principle can be extended to the issue of renewable energy. It allows concluding on the necessity to develop its new sources and improve the existing technologies to ensure their proper handling in accordance with Christian morality. Constitutional Guidelines The initiatives for environmental protection in the United States have no constitutional underpinning. Their nature is statutory, but this fact does not affect the efficiency of adopted bills and their usefulness for the task (Burns, 2017). Hence, the passage of the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 was based on a variety of similar successful projects that highlights the impact of people on this area. Can Political Feasibility The public opinion on the development of renewable energy sources in the United States is positive. Such projects are supported by most Republicans and Democrats, which present no apparent challenges (“Public opinion on renewables and other energy sources,” 2016). They are developed not only by the government but also by the citizens who prefer using solar panels and wind turbines, and these actions should be further promoted (“Public opinion on renewables and other energy sources,” 2016). Financial Feasibility The cost of the bill related to renewable energy and other environmental technologies development was estimated at $68.4 billion (“H. R. 1,” 2009). The proposed initiatives included fossil fuel research, a smart electricity grid, advanced battery systems, and loans for similar projects (“H. R. 1,” 2009). The described allocation of funds demonstrates the feasibility of spending with consideration of limits (Eastman, 2011). The experts claim that, at the time of the passage, the national d
Introduction Databases (DBs) are used to store large amounts of data of a variety of types. They differ in the way they store and organize their data, and how one accesses this data. The most common type is the relational DB. In such a DB, individual entries are kept as rows in a table or, often, multiple tables. Each item, or record, has a unique ID, called the key. This key can be used to point to an entry in a different table, establishing a relationship between items. This DB model is versatile but can be difficult to design and maintain. Hierarchical databases tend to be simpler, organizing their data in a tree-like structure. Any item is assigned another item as its parent, up to an initial root node. This approach makes a database fast to access, but since each item can have only one parent, moving an item can require significantly rearranging the entire structure. The term nonrelational, or NoSQL DB refers to DBs structured in a multitude of ways that do not rely on the relational model. These include key-value and graph models, which allow nodes to be organized in specific ways that can be better suited to data than the relational model. Their primary advantage over relational DBs is their horizontal scalability: they can expand by adding servers. Object-based, or object-oriented DBs represent data items as individual objects — a concept shared with object-oriented programming practices. As such, these DBs work best when coupled with an object-oriented application (MongoDB, 2019). The object-oriented approach allows one to customize a DBs node to work optimally for a particular application; however, the same approach limits further customization. Moreover, object-oriented databases are heavily reliant on specific object-oriented programming languages and can be difficult to migrate. Distributed databases are DBs stored across multiple physical locations. These databases can duplicate the same data in multiple locations, allowing it to be accessed quickly from anywhere and serve as backups in case one location has a malfunction. Alternatively, they can store data in a fragmented form, even in multiple different schemas; fragments are accessible where they are required. The main benefits of a distributed database are its reliability if data is duplicated, and its availability — users can have local copies of the database. However, the need for queries to be processed and routed to the appropriate locations means there is significant overhead. Furthermore, data integrity can be compromised in a “duplicate” setup if something interferes with updating the data at multiple sites. Access and Encryption While some attacks against a DB are performed without legitimate access, one can also abuse legitimate privileges to corrupt or steal data. Because of that, clear authorization policies are necessary to ensure only legitimate users have access. Furthermore, to prevent privilege abuse, users should only have those privileges that are re
Introduction Racial bias in the judiciary system in the United States has been a topic of discussion for decades. Whereas the judicial system is supposed to uphold the rights of everyone without bias, it appears to have failed to support the same within itself. Critics and scholars have discussed and debated racial prejudice experienced during arrests. Minority races have suffered the most in this regard, and have been faulted due to the color of their skin. Specifically, the essay will discuss racial disparities in the justice system. It will be proved that racial disparities in the justice system are caused by individual/personal bias and not flaws in the system. Why do Racial Disparities Still Occur in the Justice System of the United States? Racial disparity in the US justice system has only grown more intense over the years. Interestingly, many people in the US believe that they are not racists. Burch (2015) argues that racial bias in the judiciary system has grown due to the rejection of the idea of racial disparity. The premise suggests
Classic Airline: Problem Identification Classic Airlines is the world’s fifth largest airline with a fleet of 375 planes that operate in 240 countries around the world. The airline firm posted earnings of more than $10 million on $ 8.7 billion of its total trading in the preceding year. The profitability has however not been enough to save the company from the global challenges that affect the airline industry. The company’s stock prices have been affected by increasing uncertainty in the airline industry especially with increasing fuel, labor costs and the 9/11 terrorist attacks in New York. The uncertainty in the airline industry has also seen the airline face a 10% decrease in its share prices in the previous year. This has led the employees and customers to have low a confidence in Classic Airlines. January 2005 saw Classic’s airline reward program having a 19 percent decrease in the number of members in the reward scheme when compared to 2004. The year 2005 also saw the airline experiencing a 21 percent decrease in the number of flights per members in the reward program. According to the airlines customer loyalty report, 20% of customers who were once loyal Classic airline flyers were now flying with other airlines; the number of customers who used the airline frequently had also gone down. According to the report, the average number of frequent flier customers had also gone down by 20 percent (University of Phoenix, 2010). The rising fuel and labor costs around the world also compounded the problem making it difficult for the airline to remain competitive. To prevent the company from facing a situation of possible bankruptcy, the Board of Director’s came up with a plan that would see the implementation of a 15 percent cost reduction in the company’s operations and activities in the coming eighteen months. Each business unit within the airline had to face budget cuts so as to create a financial turnaround. The board also had to find a way to increase the number of members in its frequent flier program by incorporating techniques that would yield a return on investing in the program. The company is faced with the aspect of bankruptcy or complete financial losses if the cost reduction plan fails. The purpose of the paper will therefore be to look at the internal and external factors that affect the airline as well as look at the marketing department’s ability to create a solution that will see the Airline increase its customer