ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The human resource management of any organization should allow workers to join unions. Unions are mostly important for the companies that mistreat their employees, have poor management system, and those that give below average pay and benefits. Those companies that are not up to standards, there is need for an employee union that can fight for their rights as workers. Some companies deny their workers the right to form a union and that is against the company rules and regulations (Dessler, 2004). Wal mart is one of those companies that have been opposing the idea of workers joining a trade union. These trade unions assist the workers to come together and achieve some common objectives like good working conditions. The leader of the union negotiates with the employer on behalf of its members. The things that are negotiable through the unions are salaries, working conditions, process of promotion, firing and hiring among others. Wal-Mart has been opposing the joining of union by its workers. A lot of critics have been subjected to the human resource management of the organization to no success. The main criticisms received by the management of Wal-Mart are from labor unions, the surrounding community, and religious groups, among other organizations. These criticisms are as a result of its poor company policies and bad business practices. Despite all those complains the human resource management denies that its company has done nothing wrong. In the year 2005, trade unions came up with special groups and new websites with the main aim of influencing the public ideas against the opposition of unionization. It’s the duty and responsibility of the human resource management team of any company to recruit, pick, train, and decide on what basis to pay the employees. Its part of the human resource management responsibilities in any company to ensure that the employees are treated well without discrimination. The value and the integrity of the human resource management are virtues that are reflected to the employees and the entire company. If the HR system fails in one aspect the whole company might end up failing as it follows the top team (Dessler, 2004). For the Wal-Mart employees to call for the need of joining union it was out of discrimination policies from the human resource system. For instance women were being discriminated by being paid less salary than men, and they could never be promoted despite how excellent their performances might be. Incase women complain about these types of discrimination the human resource system would demote them and even others might be forced to loose their jobs. The human resource management of Wal-Mart made everything worse by implementing the anti union policy. Without the interruption of the union, Wal-Mart could fire and hire its workers as they wish. Once they employ a new employee, he or she is welcomed with a misinformation videotape to discourage the idea of joining the labor union. Therefore, the employees are warned against signing a union card, and hence they adhere due to fear of loosing their jobs (Dessler, 2004). The new employees a
How Foster Care affects the criminal justice in the United States A detailed history of the creation of the social agency Historically, the destiny of dependent children has been put on adult’s contributions and goodwill where adults were expected to look after the dependent children. Throughout the history of the United States, the children welfare system has evolved according to shifting values and attitudes about what responsibilities governmental agencies should take in the defence and care of abandoned and abused children. In the US, it was English Poor Law, which led to the growth and eventual legislation of family foster care. In the year 1562, these regulations permitted the placements of needy children into practice service until they were old enough to be self-sufficient. When the children became old enough, they were permitted to move on with life and live on their own. This system was brought to the US and marked the foundation of placing children into willing families. Although this practice allowed cruelty and mistreatment, it was a step ahead from almshouses where children didn’t gain any skills and were exposed to unbearable environs and unsavoury people. At this time, the early government interventions on behalf of children needing care were characterized more by realistic concerns about meeting the physical needs of children rather than by concern about the negative consequences of abuse and abandonment of children’s development. John (1993) notes “in 1636, at the time the Jamestown Colony was found, aged seven years old, Benjamin Eaton became US’s first foster child.” As public awareness about child abuse and the damage it caused grew, the importance of child protection received greater attention by government officials. (Tarren & Hazell 2006) notes “in 1853, Charles Loring Brace, then a minister and director of the New York Children’s Aid Society, formed the free foster home movement group with the main concern of the increasing number of homeless and hungry children in the streets of New York.” Brace saw the need and came up with a system to offer these children homes. Acknowledging, it was Brace’s caring and imaginative actions which marked the beginning of the foster care agency. (John 1993). Gradually, the foster care system started to take course. Starting in the early 1900s, the federal Government and other social bodies became more concerned and engaged themselv
Overview Decision making procedure, rules, norms and principles that may either be explicit or implicit in affecting international relations are all embraced under the umbrella of international regimes. The expectations of actors in international regimes tend to converge on matters related to international affairs. The United States foreign policy is indeed one critical example of international regime although the Obama administration cannot be purely classified into any singly known international relations theory. There a sharp and surging contrast between his administration and that of his predecessor, George W. Bush. The hot pursuit to adopt a comprehensive realist/liberalist international relations theory is eminent and cannot be ignored either. The contemporary U.S foreign policy does not appears to strike a balance between realism and liberalism. It must be something else completely. A critical and more pragmatic argument can be directed towards Obama’s attempt to move the U.S troops out of Iraq. He has equally been emphatic on the dignity of international organizations alongside weaving and binding together mature democracies. Mixed criticisms have hitherto followed with some perceiving it as a replica of Bush administration while others feel that this is in favor of U.S capitalistic ideology. To be precise however, proponents of this power strategy may see it as the most adept means of harmonizing foreign policy in a world which is politically at quagmire. This paper explores the impact of international regimes by contrasting classic realism and liberalism with U.S foreign policy under President Obama. The paper also seeks to answer the question whether the contemporary U.S foreign policy can be categorized under realism, liberalism or something else. Realism The world political ideologies and especially those embedded on foreign policies cannot be debated effectively without embracing the global empirical influence. The exposition of the US foreign policy is a worthy illustration of an international policy deeply infiltrating into various nations of the world. There has been argumentative phrases like the impacts of globalization, climate change and global warming, terrorism just to mention a few, in which the US government has played an upper hand in what most political analysts would call unrealistic and pre-eminent encroachment on private matters of other countries. In this respect, United States has taken a global dimension in emerging socio-political and economic issues (Howe, 2005, p.103). Moreover, even as the debate on US foreign policies heightens, less has been addressed in modern studies of political science. Is the world conscious of the notable US foreign protectionist policy towards the less fortunate and disadvantaged nations? Or is the US foreign policy proposition beyond cheap publicity and primacy as purported by the opponents? Can this aggression towards foreign policy be empirically measured? Realism, so to speak, would focus on the genuine creation of justified, free and open administrative structures void of any form of coercion, intimidation or corrupted and mis
Firms derive competitive advantages by exploiting opportunities that emerge from macro-environment shifts. Entrepreneurial organizations are quick to explore and develop new business ideas and access sufficient capital to drive their growth. To be functional, these enterprises must possess certain defining characteristics that foster exploratory entrepreneurship moves in specific industries. Therefore, the defining inclusion criteria for entrepreneurial firms would include four elements: age, size, founder status, and innovativeness. The age of an organization is a key determinant of growth and profitability. Assuming no externality or staff turnover to other companies, older firms may exhibit greater entrepreneurial activities due to years of learning and experience compared to new entrants. Additionally, accumulated reputational effects may lead to higher sales revenue for such businesses. It also has a well-developed R&D function that ensures innovative products for the market. Conversely, age may make older firms less flexible to changing market dynamics compared to start-ups, but this behavior is dependent on managerial decisions to develop dynamic capabilities. Therefore, in terms of age, an entrepreneurial firm would be a much older, experienced organization. The size of a firm predicts its pro-activeness in its industry. Larger, proac
The discourse about nature and nurture concerning mental illness often involves factors that influence the mental development of a person. Nature (the genetic or biological composition of an individual) and nurture (environmental factors) are viewed on how they interact to influence mental development, but about one against another. Individuals can inherit certain mental traits and characteristics from their parents, particularly predisposition to specific mental conditions. Individuals may have predisposing genetic factors for mental illness. However, outcomes may depend specifically on what takes place in an individual’s lifetime. For instance, a study conducted in the US showed that differences in genes helped to protect adults who were abused as children from developing depression. This study had helped to demonstrate how nature and nurture interacted to cause mental conditions. In another study in Britain, researchers established that pregnant women who experienced significant emotional challenges during their early months of pregnancy gave birth to children with higher risks of developing mental illness, schizophrenia in particular. As shown by many studies, mental illness, specifical schizophrenia is linked to genetic factors within a family. Schizophrenia is a serious mental condition characterized by delusions and confusion. If a single member of the family has schizophrenia, then there are higher chances that children or other future members of the family will develop the condition. One must however recognize that an individual may be predisposed to schizophrenia, but that does not imply that the person will ever develop the condition. Other psychological disorders such as severe cases of depression may also be genetically passed to future generations. Environmental factors, as demonstrated, present various opportunities to individuals with predisposed conditions both physically and psychologically. However, individuals’ reactions differ significantly. Some people may succumb to environmental influences, others may be extremely resilient and some people may even develop strengths because of effective coping mechanisms with adversity or stress. It may be noticed that individual variations merely show differences in risks of conditions. Environments have significant influences on genes. This happens through gene expression and not gene sequencing. These effects may extend to brain activities and thus mental development. For instance, a study established that mothers who experienced a loss of a family member during the first trimester were most likely to give birth to children with increased risks for schizophrenia. Stress resulted from the environment, but it was later found to influence the brain development of an unborn child. Genes, as now known, have critical influences on mental conditions and so is the environment. While some gene disorders also exist, schizophrenia is a classical case for explaining the role of nature and nurture on mental disorders. In schizophrenia, for instance, genetic risk is nearly 80 percent. This implies that
Online matchmaking is an enormous industry. It is developing at a rapid pace thanks to the introduction of new technologies (Yoder par. 4). The size of the market has grown by 7,1% from 2013 to 2014 (Bercovici par. 3). There are always new opportunities for companies in this business. Many expected that smartphone dating applications would become very trendy. It is explained by the fact that people can use such services on the road or at home without leaving their comfort zones (Finkel et al. 50). It is necessary to understand the most important aspects of a successful online matchmaking system. There are numerous competitors in this industry that focus on particular target markets. Currently, Tinder is the most popular smartphone application. It matches users that are close to each other with the use of geolocation services. Once matched, one can swipe right or left depending on if he or she wants to communicate with a person or not. The biggest advantage of Tinder is that it is free to use. It is also liked by many for its privacy. One does not know about the interest of the other user unless they both like each other (Corpuz par. 2). It is also connected with a Facebook account and synchronizes personal information such as interests. There is also a paid service that provides a range of advantages. However, it should be said that it has its disadvantages. One of the problems is that there is no official application for Windows Phone. Also, many dislike the paid service, and the fact that it is priced differently depending on age is also controversial. Coffee Meets Bagel is a unique service because it finds only one match every day at a particular time (Davidson par. 5). If users like each other, the application allows them to communicate for a week. One of the biggest advantages is that its matchmaking algorithm is much more complex than those of competitors. A custom match that was generated with the use of Facebook information is a major factor that is liked by its users. However, this service also has its disadvantages. Many people prefer to have the option to choose with whom they want to communicate. It is also hard to get the first match without spending money, and it turns off many users Tastebuds is a popular s
Introduction Skinner noted that people have minds. However, he believed that it was necessary to understand observable behaviors other than mental processes. In other words, one could not use internal thoughts and motivations to explain behaviors. Hence, Skinner stressed the importance of understanding the cause of a behavior and its impacts. Skinner referred to this as operant conditioning. Skinner used the Law of Effect that Edward Thorndike proposed after studying animals through a puzzle box. In this context, operant reflected an active behavior in animals, which relied on a given environment for responses. Skinner’s approach aimed at explaining how people acquire various forms of learned behaviors from the environment. The theory of operant conditioning Skinner is the main proponent of operant conditioning. However, the concept of operant conditioning emanated from the work of Thorndike referred to as the law of effect. Skinner added the concept of reinforcement in his theory. Animals tend to repeat reinforced behaviors (strengthened). On the other hand, behaviors that they fail to reinforce normally weaken and eventually disappear. Skinner used his Skinner box in order to study behaviors of animals and understand the concept of operant conditioning. He used the term operant conditioning to reflect changes in behaviors because of reinforcement applied or given after preferred responses (Staddon and Cerutti, 2003). Skinner noted that there were three concepts associated with the certain behaviors. First, neutral operants were responses that emanated from the environment. They did not have any effects on a behavior in terms of either increasing or decreasing the likelihood of a behavior occurring again. Second, reinforcers were the responses from the environment that enhanced chances of an animal repeating a behavior. Reinforcers could be either positive or negative. Finally, punishers were responses that emanated from the environment, but they discouraged the probability of an animal repeating a given behavior. In this case, punishment was responsible for weaknesses in behaviors. Skinner’s concept is eviden
Shakespeare’s play ‘Hamlet is a revenge tragedy because it deals with certain universal and also serious themes such as suicide, murder, and incest. It also fits into this genre of literature because it uncovers the death of the central character. These matters, as well as the presence of religion, were dominant in people’s lives in this era and they would react to them because of the dominance they had in their daily lives. A modern audience would also be seen to react because the themes are still relevant to them today. It must be noted that the play was written 70 years before the Reformation, and the dominant theme, religion played a major part in people’s lives. The idea for ‘Hamlet,’ thought to originate from the Scandinavian legend ‘Beowulf’ and the ‘Historia Danica’ shows some evidence that Shakespeare was influenced by the works of Thomas Kyd and François De Belleforest as they all contain similarities. (Spencer, 24). The Classical dramatist, Seneca arguably had one of the greatest impacts upon the development of this particular tragedy. He ‘revelled in sensational and shocking displays of violence and horror…’ and displayed the dominant motive of revenge in his plays. The impact his tragedies had upon English drama was extreme and was an influence on some of Shakespeare’s contemporaries. This was apparent, as shown in Shakespeare’s soliloquies and this will be explored in the essay. Act 1 Scene 2 presents Hamlet’s principal, much-needed soliloquy and sees venting his anger and frustration. It also shows him questioning the church and religion, and one must feel he is correct in this case; the church taught that ghosts failed to exist. Hamlet, the Renaissance thinker appears to battle with his Christian beliefs, as he is confused. This is a view which a modern audience would to a certain degree sympathize with as the secularisation of society takes place. ‘…the Everlasting had not fixed’ is of course a quote from Exodus and a reference to suicide. These definite thoughts enter his head very early on in the play, and rhetorical questions are used to highlight his mental instability. (Spencer, 137). Hamlet also demeans and shows his general disgust about women, which is apparent in the way he makes judgments about his mother, using the derogatory comment ‘Frailty, thy name is woman,’ insinuating that all women are unfaithful and disingenuous, as he believes her to be. This has prompted suggestions from literary critics that the Oedipus Complex plagued Hamlet and this may have been an explanation for his chaotic and confused state of mind. Making comparative references between his mother and classical mythological creatures may seem surprising, but Gertrude is an influential figure for Hamlet and he openly condemns her ‘incestuous’ behavior. (Mowat, 169) Shakespeare’s use of sibilance manages to personify the ‘incestuous sheets’ in his choice of words and this makes Hamlet further sure that his observations are correct. The whole purpose of a soliloquy is to use inner dialogue to reveal a character’s state of mind, which this does at this early point in the play. All of th
Nowadays more and more children are diagnosed ADHD. Many researchers accentuate the fact that the consequences of children’s hyperactivity and attention-deficit can influence the peculiarities of their mood and behavior in the period of adolescence. That is why the problems connected with ADHD are widely discussed by psychologists today. Catherine L. Bagwell, Brooke S. G. Molina, Todd B. Kashdan, William E. Pelham, and Betsy Hoza conducted the study the main objective of which was to examine the association between childhood ADHD and anxiety and mood disorders in adolescence in 2006. The results of the study were presented in the form of the article named as “Anxiety and Mood Disorders in Adolescents with Childhood Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder” which was published in Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders. The researchers developed the study in order to support their scientific hypothesis. Thus, they were inclined to examine the dependence of the peculiarities of the adolescents’ behavior characterized with different levels of anxiety on the effects of ADHD symptoms which were diagnosed for these adolescents when they were children. Moreover, the researchers determined two more aspects for the observation. That is why the investigation was developed to prove or disprove such hypotheses as the dependence of higher rates of anxiety of adolescents with ADHD on their diagnosis, the dependence of ODD and CD in adolescence on ADHD in childhood, and the influence of externalizing and internalizing disorders on the level of anxiety in adolescence (Bagwell, Molina, Kashdan, Pelham, & Hoza, 2006). The study was realized with the help of the observations and interviews which were conducted according to definite questionnaires and analyzed with the help of diagnostic interview schedules. The results of the study were presented in the form of the tables. The researchers examined and compared two groups of adolescents. The first group included 142 adolescents with ADHD, and the second group included 100 adolescents without ADHD (Bagwell, Molina, Kashdan, Pelham, & Hoza, 2006). Moreover, the parents of the adolescents also participated in the interview. The questionnaires contained the questions about the peculiarities of adolescents’ typical behavior and their mood. The difficulties with the study were connected with the analysis of the inappropriate answers to the questions of the interviews. Having analyzed the results of the study with the help of schedules and logistic regressions, the researchers concluded that those adolescents who have ADHD are at risk for developing higher rat