ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Abstract The construction industry is full of legal and ethical concerns. Although the government regulates most issues such as fair pricing, workers’ safety, and environmental concerns, professionals should rely on their ethical code to make the right decision. The ethical issue of using hazardous materials, for instance, should always be considered from various points of view. Most legal implications of one’s work are closely connected to the ethical ones, and the issues of these spheres are related to each other. Thus, prices can be negotiated in a legal setting, and various performance measurements regulate one’s safety and health. Introduction The construction industry is susceptible to unethical practices as it features high levels of competition and focuses on low prices. Therefore, it is essential for professionals in this business to remember the connection between their ethical and legal decisions and their effect on other aspects of the industry. Ethical Implications The issue of ethical behaviour of a professional includes not only fair pricing but also environmental protection, sustainability, and health of other people. For instance, the ethical considerations of cost manipulation should concern every specialist, who is interested in maintaining fair prices throughout the industry. According to Murray and Dainty (2013), a reasonable and fair price is one of the key elements of every business operation. Thus, contractors should remember that pricing should not be restricted to competitive aims and depict the real state of the market. Other ethical concerns are connected to the process of working. The assessment of risks, for example, becomes a legal matter during the process of construction as poor management of possible risks linked to the inappropriate use of equipment, hazardous materials, and untrained staff can lead to health-related problems of workers and other involved individuals (Kelleher et al. 2014). Therefore, the health aspect of this business is also a part of one’s ethical considerations. As Lingard, Wakefield, and Blismas (2013) point out, construction professionals’ work should always consider public safety. Health and safety performance of professionals is a vital part of construction management. Legal Implications All issues mentioned above are regulated by the legal sphere as well (Table 3.1). Unfair pricing can be challenged in court, while various performance measures regulate the safety of workers. In this business, the ethical and legal implications are related to the same aspects of the profession. Thus, safety is a legal issue as well because it can be measured and standardised (Kibert 2016). The same can be said about the protection of the environment. Table 3.1: Connection between Ethical and Environmental Aspects. Ethical Issue                   Legal Implication                                                 Work with hazardous materials.  Safety performance of the company.                                Fair prices.                    The regulati
Introduction Syria being an integrated part of the Arab world could not resist the strong effect of rebellious mood in the neighboring countries and join the Arab Spring, a series of protest in the Middle East regions demanding the Presidents’ resignations and democratization of the societies. This wave of upheavals demonstrated the ugliness of the societal systems and unwillingness for the transition from autocracy to democracy. In most countries, Islamist parties that came to power or significantly strengthened their positions and influence did not support building up civil society (Hubbard and Gladstone par. 3, 5). This issue is especially vital in the case Syria where the development of Arab Spring upheavals have led to the outburst of the Civil War, as President Bashar al-Assad did not want to resign and the protestants led by the opposition would not give up on their ideas. Parties Involved From the very beginning of the Arab Spring in Syria in March 2011, there were only two parties to the conflict – opposition which led the protesters and the President with his supporters. Such division, however, may not be comprehensive, as there is one more side of the conflict, local community members. Their position is clear. They neither wanted to participate in the protests nor back up reigning political regime. Instead, these people strived for safety for their children and their homes and peace in their homeland. This group is approximately 40 percent of the population of Syria, who were forced to leave their homes in the search for safety and better life abroad (Glass 16). What is at stake for them is their well-being and life. The initial position of the opposition was that the people lacked freedoms and that there is a need to eradicate the autocracy from social and political life and implement a new regime that would rest upon democratic values and respect for human dignity. All the requirements of the protesters came down to fair employment, sufficient provision, and adequate health care system (Hubbard and Gladstone par. 12). The only matter with the transition to the democratic society is that, from the opposition’s perspective, it was impossible until Bashar al-Assad remained the President. What is at stake for the protesters is the belief that if they win, their country might witness the positive shifts in the social and political systems, i.e. the transition from autocracy to democracy and from terror to respect of human dignity. The standpoint of the President remained the same during the course of the revolution evolving into an armed conflict. He would not want to give up on his powers and would do everything that is possible to maintain the functioning of his regime
In his book Captains of Consciousness: Advertising and the Social Roots of the Consumer Culture, Stuart Ewen accentuates the significance of using advertisements in order to influence consumers with references to advertisements’ effects on promoting. The author concentrates on several influential aspects which can change the standard approaches to developing the progressive marketing strategies. Thus, Ewen focuses on the necessity of influencing the consumers’ behavior with manipulating the notions of ‘human nature’ and ‘human instincts’, determining the consumers’ flexibility in relation to the advertisements provided. Moreover, the author pays much attention to the rather provocative correlation between shortening working hours, increasing the wages, and changing the consumers’ behavior. Although Ewen’s considerations are related to the situation in marketing and advertising during the beginning of the 20 th century, it is important to note that the main principles of advertising which are emphasized by the author are still actively used by marketers. The dynamic development of the market depends on the tendencies and changes in the consumers’ purchasing behavior. To contribute to the market’s growth and products’ selling, it is necessary to make consumers purchase the definite products. Advertising is the most general method to stimulate the certain consumers’ purchasing intentions. However, it is rather interesting that Ewen discusses the alternative variant to solve the problem. Ewen states that it is essential for companies to create new markets and attract potential consumers, and this process may involve providing their employees with the purchasing power. Thus, the author focuses on the connection between shortening working hours, increasing the wages, and changing the consumers’ behavior. Ewen accentuates, “now priorities demanded that the worker spend his wages and leisure time on the consumer market” (Ewen, 2001, p. 29). It is possible to agree with this conclusion, referring to the situations in which people go shopping because the growth of the purchasing activity can be observed during weekends, and effective advertisements can stimulate the process. The main task of advertising is to draw the audience’s attention to the definite product and make people purchase it. Advertising involves presenting a product to potential consumers in such a way that an advertisement could convince them to change the intentions and purchase the product. Ewen states that marketers discuss consumers and their intentions as flexible as ‘raw materials’ are. Thus, “they both would have to be shaped by the demands of the production line, pecuniary interests, and the newly emergent managerial tools of capital” (Ewen, 2001, p. 26). From this point, advertisements are
With a long history and a very changed format, football plays an important role in the U.S. in many ways. From its humble beginnings as a physical outlet for college students to the financial titan that it is now, football has altered itself and society through economic, educational, racial, and political factors. To observe this, it is best to take a look at the current National Football League (NFL) system and how it became the most profitable sports league in the U.S. The NFL changed the sporting economy as well as the general entertainment industry in a way that cannot be understated. The company generates over a billion dollars annually, not exclusively from ticket sales but due to a system of business methods. Because each event can cost over 200 million dollars, it is essential for the company to turn a profit (Ali, 2019). This is done through television broadcasting, fantasy football, partnerships, merchandise sales, and a myriad of other business incentives. All these factors affect society from an economic standpoint. Due to the expansion of the NFL into most media and even non-sport product sales, they have been seen by most people living in America. Even non-fans are subjected to NFL-related content while fans are encouraged to spend on their interests and favorite teams. The process also results in more infrastructure building and the creation of jobs. Due to the size of the industry, profit and incentive for the competition are very high. This allows many teams, companies, and other involved parties to spend their capital where they see fit. This often results in scholarships, university spots, and other education-centered assistance being offered to students that are successful in sports. Because of the industry’s size, such scholarships have become incredibly common over the last decades and a sort of a staple of most colleges. In such a competitive and rewarding field, every college and football team aims to perform better and to become successful but stable. Football also has a societal history of both incredible cases of racial disparity and discrimination and opposition to racism. The Los Angeles Ram became the first NFL team to integrate black players with Kenny Washington, and Woody Strode in the 1940s (“Black History, and American Professional Football, a story”, 2021). The journey towards full integration of professional football would take decades and be very tumultuous and troubling. However, by the 1970s, black players would finally emerge and be acknowledges as tops stars in the NFL, with the 1980s leading the way with black players gaining positions they were previously discouraged from (“Black History, and American Professional Football, a story”, 2021). Due to these successes, football slowly emerged as a game possible to anyone, completely irrelevant of race. Racism was not eradicated from the sport to this day, with heavy criticism coming from fans, managers, and other speake
Professional autonomy in designing the structure of the new ambulatory center Ambulatory departments are among the most sensitive areas in hospital settings (Holmes, 2009). The sensitivity and urgent need to take care of a patient who faces physical and psychological distress requires professional autonomy. Ethical issues are bound to arise in the new ambulatory setting as previous studies suggest that patients face issues that affect their overall health care while at the hospital. The key issue is how to assess the new ambulatory center using professional autonomy to ensure that it does not contradict any set laws. Advantages of the perspective In ambulatory care, all professionals are governed by a set of core standards that link to saving lives (Holmes, 2009). Professional autonomy defines how professional bodies set their own standards to illustrate professional ethos that defines their character. Ambulatory care managers will collaborate with clinicians on a collective interpretation of clinical ethics. This will develop an ethos that suits health care settings better to serve patient needs. Disadvantages of the perspective A key disadvantage is that professional autonomy impedes the structure of various ambulatory care systems (Holmes, 2009). Although the ambulatory center will include a feature of professional autonomy, there are governance problems that may arise. If the governance structure of the optimal ambulatory center lacks other ideal health care systems, it might be impossible to achieve a workable optimum that accounts for national values. Examples of professional autonomy in action From the patient’s perspective, ambulatory care ensures that they receive immediate care (Teitelbaum & Wilensky, 2013). Ethical issues may arise where emergency treatment is denied in ambulatory centers. Refusing to provide emergency treatment to a patient presenting to ambulatory care centers contradicts the professional autonomy principle. Refusing treatment at this stage based on the argument that the cases are no-emergency complaints is insensitive to paternalistic decision-making (Teitelbaum & Wilensky, 2013). Refusing to offer treatment conflicts with the principle of professional autonomy as well as the demands of quality care. From a provider’s viewpoint, only a concerned authority in ambulatory care makes decisions. The nurse officer evaluates the complaints of the patient before looking into or managing the medical concern (Teitelbaum & Wilensky, 2013). In the new setting, emergency services are offered under the necessity doctrine if the patient is unable to give consent. The urgency in ambulatory care means that the first ethical priority may not be informed consent, but providing care instantly. Components of three (3) sources of law related to the effects of the new initiative. The three sources of law that relate to the new ambulatory center are constitutional, statutory, and administrative laws. Constitutional law compiles principles and amendments governing the establishment (Teitelbaum & Wilensky, 2013). Constitutional law guarantees rights, as outlined on the Omnibus Budget
Introduction The central goal of the given presentation is to discuss the three implementation science models, such as Practical, Robust and Sustainability Model, Dynamic Sustainability Framework, and RE-AIM Framework. These concepts are vital for the improved understanding of positive change and how it can be managed regarding the peculiarities of every unit. The presentation contains the following sections: Discussion of change management and implementation science; Analysis of the three selected models; Outline of common features; Discussion of differences; Choice of the best suitable model; Presentation of management tool; Conclusion Change Management and Implementation Science Change management and implementation science are closely connected spheres. Thus, change management offers a set of methods that can be used by a unit to promote a positive change and improve its outcomes at the moment. At the same time, IS focuses on considering the current peculiarities and trends to attain the goal of change and enhance knowledge of the main implementation phases (3). In such a way, the correlation between these two issues becomes evident. IS promotes better change management by offering tools that can be later employed by specialists. A correct combination of these two frameworks is vital for the work of an organization and its ability to adapt to new practices. Three models of IS Implementation science has several models that can be used regarding the peculiarities of the existing environment and the nature of the unit. These are PRISM, Dynamic Sustainability Framework, and RE-AIM. The Practical, Robust Implementation and Sustainability Model is focused on the impacts an intervention has on employees and their functioning regarding the planned change. Dynamic Sustainability Framework devotes more attention to research that supports a hypothesis and can be used to facilitate change. Finally, RE-AIM is concerned with evaluating the results of the study and using them in real-life conditions. Common Features The major advantage of using the three IS models is the ability to transform the existing theoretical knowledge into a practical one and translate research into action. They employ accurate and relevant data about the current interventions, their effects, and possible influences on recipients. It means that there is an improved vision of how to adapt new models and manage employees regarding new conditions. Moreover, they outline steps needed to attain the desired goal and improve results. Differences However, there are several differences between
Different countries operate their own central bank that controls and monitors operations of commercial banks within their economy; central banks are the custodians of commercial bank. Other than being the sole printer of notes and coins currency of a nation, central banks provide their countries’ currencies with price stability by controlling inflation. To control and intervene in an economy, central banks use monetary and fiscal policies; the idea of central banks was aimed at creating a bank that controls an economy without political influences, however the separation has been a challenge in many nations. This paper discusses the role played by central bank in an economy. Custodian of commercial banks Before commercial banks gets an operating license, it must be cleared and accepted by the central bank, the bank considers issues with security, liquidity and the quality of facilities with the applying bank. There are some bench marks that need to be fulfilled by a trader before being allocated the license, it’s upon the central bank to ensure that the bank has fulfilled the requirements. After licensing, central banks have the role of controlling, monitoring and ensuring that the bank is not engaging in fraudulent business practices. In case of such a move, the powers with the bank can revoke the operating license. Banks operate with a loan facility that they are given by the central bank. The central banks in various countries issue the loans to banks at a certain rate if interest. The banks on their side have the objective like any other business has, that is to make profits; the major source of their income is from loans given to their customers. When they are lending to the outside customer, they have to charge an interest that is higher than that that the central bank is offering. Control of banks interest rates When commercial banks are offering their lending services, they use finances they have collected from their depositors as well the money lend by central bank; an adjustment of the liquidity fund and the rate of lending the finances means an effect on the interest rates. By liquidity fund we
Introduction Islamic business is an entrepreneurial system that is consistent with Islamic laws and principles such as prohibition of interest charges alongside application of Islamic economics. The Islamic law does not allow practices such as those in banking and private commercial institutions; however, sharing of profits is permitted. Western banks have opened branches in Islamic regions due to increased international trade. Generally, multinational banking has played a major role in evolving the Islamic banking sector with respect to new Islamic laws on lending, accounting, and bank governance principles. Moreover, Islamic organizations have structured Islamic banks to enable right sharing of revenue between shareholders and customers. Islamic laws in business place a lot of emphasis on business ethics in forbidding wrong business practices and promoting what is right before Allah. This is championed in business environments with regards to rampant ethical issues being faced everyday by all employees in all works of life. Employees normally find themselves in a dilemma on how to deal with unethical issues such as fraud, deceit and sexual behavior in their places of work. Management of organizations has to deal with unethical practices such as: business closure and downsizing; pollution of the environment; abuse of drugs and substances, fraud; conflicts of interest and misappropriation of funds among many other issues. However, ethical values may vary among businesses due to differences in frequency of occurrence in the international scene. Internationally, individuals have varying opinions concerning Islamic ethical behavior in the competitive business environment around the world. Muslims uphold ethical behavior with regards to Allah’s definition of successful individuals as those who bring out what is good together with what is right and rejecting wrong practices and intentions in business and in general works of life. Currency Notes and Debt Certificates In Islamic business, currency notes and debt certificates in exchange of homogeneous currencies are not valid subjects of sale as they represent purchasing powers with respect to the different denominations they are in. Currency notes and debt certificates are legal tenders that have the characteristics of negotiable instruments and promissory notes delivered in place of money by banks to the bearer on for payment. Currency notes carry the time value of money and are therefore illegal and invalid subjects of sale according to Islamic Law. Interest charges on loans and leases are illegal business practices according to Islamic law whereas arguments invalid subjects of sale arise from the similar characteristics that currency notes and debt certificates have with sale and lease of common goods and assets. More so, savings certificates and treasury