ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction As the basic unit of life, a family forms the basis of all societal relationships. Many anthropologists believe that a family allows the advancing of other relationships through strengthening of social bonds and associations. The concept of kinship has been studied by anthropologists who have arguably noted it as the principle element of social bonding. Despite the fact that kingships are rooted in economic systems, their establishment usually plays a core role in influencing individuals’ behavior. In tracing human descent, kinship narrows down to specific segments, which define societal relationships [1] . One of these is the unilineal kinship whose membership is mainly determined at the time of birth. Of importance also is the fact that membership of outsiders to this kingship can be established through other set rules and guidelines by a given kinship. This essay discusses unilineal kinship units with reference to structure attributes, their interdiction, arrangements of personnel and potions of authority and the different terms anthropologist use to refer to them. Kinship As mentioned above, kinship forms the foundation of any group or relationship that is to be governed by kinship norms and ethics. Additionally, these groups get allied to others and assimilate them in their existing relationship as a way of expanding their relational domain. In other words, kinship is centered at advancing the responsibilities and rights of most of its members unlike the western world in which other factors like citizenship, politics, economics and work play a major ro
Abstract Education in Australia is provided and delivered in different forms but the traditional mode of acquiring education is considered conventional and widely accepted. This traditional mode entails provision of education through the school system which may be public or private and may be a primary or elementary as it is known in some countries; it can also be secondary and tertiary which includes higher educational institutions like the colleges and universities. The availability of numerous educational opportunities in Australia is an indication that every Australian has a variety that he/she should choose from depending on his/her preference. As to whether or not this numerous educational opportunities are taken to mean that all Australians have equal access to education is the main subject of this essay. This essay will discuss the role played by education and training in Australia as a way of promoting equality of opportunity. The essay will begin by giving a brief description of education in Australia and identification of various social groups that have a limited chance to education and training and provides factors that influence their access to education. It will also discuss the processes and the policies that the government can design to overcome the inequality of opportunity. Consequently, the essay will dwell on the ways by which the community can support the disadvantaged groups. At the end of the essay, recommendations of what need to be addressed to facilitate equality of opportunity will be given and a conclusion drawn thereafter. Introduction There has never been a unanimity concerning the goals and the outcome of education, consequently no one has comprehensively defined education. The widely accepted definition of education is to “stimulate a love for questioning, to promote self reliance and risk taking” (Tepperman & Blain, 2006, p. 216). The ultimate goal of education is to have a successful future though there is no conventional yardstick for measuring or judging success. Furthermore, education is aimed at dragging, directing and disciplining students to enable them to perform effectively in the real world through the promotion of virtues like obedience and orderliness (Tepperman & Blain, 2006). Before we analyze the role of education in promoting equality of opportunity, it is paramount to understand what equality of opportunity is: equality of opportunity is understood to mean the absence of legally accepted and condoned form of discrimination based on such aspects as race, religion and gender (Argy, 2006). Australian journal of teacher education defines equality of opportunity as a system where st
Introduction Approaching modernism, the first thoughts that come to mind is its relation to artistic forms of expression, and partly such reasoning is true. Nevertheless, for the philosophical analysis of modernism as an intellectual direction such reasoning cannot be considered complete and satisfactory. The epoch of modernism can be related to substantial changes in the all-European world outlook, which was reflected differently through the works of different philosophers, authors, and artists. Analysis In that regard, this paper analyzes modernism as an intellectual direction, in terms of distinct ideas, through excerpts of works by Friedrich Nietzsche and Stephane Mallarme, presented in the book “The Humanistic Tradition” by Gloria Fiero. The paper states that the defining aspect of modernism, deriving from the word modern as innovation and change, was more of reaction and rejection during the period of formation. Analyzing Friedrich Nietzsche’s ideas presented I his works and relating them to the main events of the late nineteenth century, it can be sensed that rapid technological development called for the his highly criticism of that time. Taking for example “The Madman”, a story published in “The Gay Science (1882), the narration portraits a man proclaiming that God is dead. In that sense, this story can be representative of the way Nietzsche, being an atheist, showed the decline of human morals. It can be assumed that Nietzsche is praising the moral values provided by religion, whereas knowing the fact that he rejected the religion as an institution, it can be stated that Nietzsche points out to the fact that the materialism brought by the new technological developments will eventually lead to the degradation of moral values as they are merely based on the belief in God. Thus, if people lose such belief, they will lose the basis for their moral values; “Whither are we moving now?… Backward, sideward, forward, in all directions? Is there any up or down left?” (Fiero 110) In that regard, it can be seen what Nietzsche is rejecting. He is rejecting the world outlook, where people if freed from the bounds that were put on them, would state the moral values that are formulated on their own. Even if partly disagreeing with Nietzsche, his metaphor could be seen in present times, where many ethical considerations, especially for people refusing the religion as an institution, are based on pure opinions and at such created by the people themselves. Additionally, Nietzsche in “Twilight of the Idols” (1888) rejects the idea of the moral criticism of the art, which can be seen as a tendency for the epoch of the end of the nineteenth century. “The fight against purpose in art is always a fight against the moralizing tendency in art, against its subordination to morality.” (Fiero 10) In that sense, Nietzsche is calling for locating art and beauty beyond the distinctions of the good and evil, or art for the art as stated by Nietzsche. In that regard, this is al
Introduction   * The Kurdish question in the 20th century.   * Major stakeholders.   * Kurds and foreign policy. The Kurdish question emerged at the beginning of the 20th century, but it still remains unresolved. On the one hand, some nations support Kurds in their fight for their self-determination. On the other hand, some countries see these efforts as terrorist activities and a threat to their wellbeing. The primary stakeholders involved in the associated conflicts are Turkey, Syria, Iraq, as well as the USA, Iran, and Russia (“Who are the Kurds,” 2019). This ethnic group is trying to gain its independence or, at least, to get basic rights in the territories where they have lived for centuries. At the same time, these people became the force that has been used by different actors to address certain geopolitical issues. Historical Background   * Historical territories of Kurds.   * The aftermaths of the First World War.   * The 1920 Treaty of Sevres.   * The 1923 Treaty of Lausanne. Source: (“Who are the Kurds,” 2019) For centuries, Kurds inhabited the Mesopotamian plains that are now a part of such states as Turkey, Armenia, Iran, Iraq, and Syria. This ethnic group had to live under the rule of the Ottoman Empire, but when it ceased to exist after the First World War, Kurds tried to earn their independence (“Who are the Kurds,” 2019). The Big Four countries were rather positive regarding the creation of the Kurdish state, which was mentioned in the 1920 Treaty of Sevres. However, three years later, when the 1923 Treaty of Lausanne was signed, Kurds lost their hopes as they were torn to be ethnic minorities of the countries mentioned above. Kurds in Turkey   * Turkish Kurds seen as a threat to Turkey.   * Kurdistan Workers’ Party (PKK).   * Victims and destruction.   * Outcomes of the conflict. The Turkish government has seen Kurds as rebels who undermine the wellbeing of the country by their uprisings. Kurds’ claims and their fight for independence in the 1920s and 1930s become one of the open wounds in the relations between Turkish officials and Kurds. This ethnic group makes up almost 20% of the Turkish population (“Who are the Kurds,” 2019). However, Turkey does not recognize these people’s right to self-de
Vienna Convention on Law of Treaties (VCLT) is the framework that is used in creating of international law; it was first advanced in 1969 but it was not until 1980 on January 27 th that the treaty came into force (UnitedNationsTreaty, 2001). It is a treaty that summarizes the various customary international laws between the various member states. Among its international laws are two norms of public international laws that are defined in the VCLT as jus cogens and erga omnes (UnitedNationsTreaty, 2001). The VCLT is currently ratified by more than one hundred countries worldwide while it has been recognized by other countries although they are yet to adopt it. In fact it provides a guideline that is also referred by non-member states that have not yet ratified the convention since it is considered by most nations as the “treaty of all treaties” (UnitedNationsTreaty, 2001). Thus, we can say that legislation framework for international law does indeed exist although not at the optimal level. Because Vienna Convention treaty redefines much of the general laws that are already in existence by classifying them in the context of the convention framework it means that it is not involved in creation of new laws per se, thus no debating and proclamation is actually necessary. In fact when you consider the type of international laws as incorporated in jus cogens and erga omens it becomes clear that Vienna Convention does not propose it own set of laws but rather proposes certain general laws that already exist to become international laws. Jus cogens for instance defines the category of norms and laws that safeguard peaceful existence among communities and also includes humanitarian rules as well; as such it is concerned with such issues like slavery, torture, racial discrimination and genocides, all of which are common natural laws in many countries (Linderfalk, 2010). Erga ormens on the other hand is used to describe the nature and extent of specific types of rights that everyone is entitled to and describes obligations that treaty parties owes to each other and all other countries in general regardless of their member state by virtue of such rights being collective, undeniable and crucial for peaceful co-existence and sustenance of human rights (Linderfalk, 2010). Thus, because these are in essence natural laws that exist in many countries then I see no point why debating and proclamation of these laws should determine their legality. The way that globalization has contributed to international law is by facilitating their creation as well as their advocacy, this is through several ways. One, globalization has opened up societies making exchange of information become rapid, secondly with the advent of globalization societies have been pressured to scrap unfair and discriminatory laws such as slavery and apartheid, and finally globalization has facilitated a forum in which such laws can be created and legalized.
Introduction Hate crime refers to a criminal offense involving individuals or groups of offenders discriminating others based on their religion, race, sexual orientation, disability, gender, or ethnicity. Hate crime is prejudiced expressions which fail to involve threats, damage to property, or violence. Despite possessing this nature, the crime exposes the offenders to hefty penalties because they leave the victims vulnerable and victimized (Shattuck & Risse, 2021). Therefore, the discriminatorily motivated offense committed and targeted to an individual victimizes them and their immediate community and family; belonging is made vulnerable. Asian hate crime is a contemporary issue affecting many people in the United States, thus, it is important for legislatures and other relevant stakeholders to formulate strategies of addressing the problem to completely eradicate it. Problem Analysis The United States (U.S.) has witnessed a series of discriminatory motivated behavior linked to hate crime. In the past, hate crimes were not considered to be associated with discriminatory acts. The U.S. government was involved in perpetrating these vices directly through state violence on ethnic and racial minorities. Some historical U.S. hate crimes included slavery, the genocide of Native Americans, anti-Chinese violence, Ku Klux Klan criminal conduct, and lynching (Shattuck & Risse, 2021). The denial of victims’ legal redress by the government fueled hate crimes. There was a registered increase of hate crime against the Asian during the 9/11 bombing attack (Weiss, 2021). According to the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) statistics, these hate crimes registered an increase of 59.6% in 2018 due to ethnicity, race, and ancestral discrimination (Shattuck & Risse, 2021). This posed a more significant threat to the Asian people living in the U.S as they became more vulnerable to attacks. Hate crimes are considered serious forms of prejudice arising within political and social change leading to the devaluing groups being viewed as unfamiliar. New York City comprises 13.95% of Asians, who comprise students, immigrants, and tourists (Weiss, 2021). The occurrence of COVID-19 has witnessed an increase in hate crimes. The former U.S President Donald Trump referred to the virus as the ‘Chinese virus,’ which led to 1,100 reported incidents of hate crimes among the Asian persons living in the country (Man, 2020). The groups made vulnerable by the comment included Sikh, Muslim, Hindu, and South Asian communities. They were exposed to recurrent cycles of violence and harassment (Weiss, 2021). The recurrent problem of hate crimes needs to be considered since it not only discriminates against the victims but also tends to make them vulnerable to life-threatening attacks. The motivation of hate crimes is associated with violent acts that expose victims to harm physically or mentally. The motivations are color, race, disability, religion, sexual orientation, gender, and national origin (Shattuck & Risse, 2021). It is worth noting that groups of
Introduction As domestic markets mature and competitive activity intensifies, foreign business expansion is becoming an increasingly important component of most business enterprises across the world (Miller, 1998). Future growth in international market activity is apparently expected to accelerate because of unprecedented opportunities that are presented by emerging markets. As observed by Miller (1998), emerging economies usually experience four distinct phases of demand development as shown in figure 1. Figure 1: Phases of Demand Developments in Emerging Economies – adapted from Miller (1998) One of the principal benefits of developing overseas markets is the opportunity to achieve increased sales. Managers around the globe are recognizing the increasing necessity for their companies to develop the skills, aptitudes and knowledge to compete effectively in international markets. The emergence of a more open world economy, the globalization of consumer tastes and the unabated expansion of Internet access globally, all increase the interdependency and interconnections of national economies across the globe (Rugman & Collinson, 2009). There are, however, challenges that are associated with entering a new market in a foreign country. Because of geographical distances, and the complexities of operating in a number of disparate markets where risk and uncertainty are high, the need for knowledge and understanding is of paramount importance in international marketing (Doole & Lowe, 2008). Table 1 shows the differences between single country operations and international operations. Table 1: Differences between Single Country Operations and International Operations Factor                     Single Country                                                                  Multinational Operation                                                                               Language                   The same language is spoken                                                     Being in a different country will require the use of other languages                                  Culture                    Culture is relatively homogeneous                                               This is diverse between and within countries                                                          Labor                      Skilled and well trained labor is readily available                             Special training and redesign of production methods might be required                                 Economy                    The economy is relatively uniform                                               There is a possibility of having wide variations among countries and within countries                 Politics                   The political environment will be stable and relatively unimportant             The political environment is often volatile and of decisive importance                                Governmental interference  This is stable and reasonably predicta
When undertaking a capital investment, a company needs to be keen on the project to ensure that the project will be successful and to the benefit of the company. In the case of Nokia Corporation, adopting a laptop assembling machinery will assist the company make laptops with are fast selling in modern technology driven environment. The following are the main challenges that the company is likely to get: Risk There are chances that the machinery the company will adopt is not up to date with the current technology or alternatively it may not remain relevant for long periods of time before other systems better machines have been adopted. This may mean that the technology may become obsolete before the machine has yielded maximum result to the company. Another risk comes with the adoption is the chances that the demand of laptops will not be lasting; this will mean that the machine will remain idle in the company. Currently, there are high chances that the company will b e sold some counterfeit machinery that will injure the company financially and even reputational wise, the machinery may thus end up injuring the company instead of improving its business and operation (McCracken, 2005) Politics Projects are affected by internal politics, organizational behavior and culture, when a proposal has been presented for approval, chances that some people will feel that it should not be implemented for various issues. Some may even want the finances be diverted for other projects or alternatively feel that there should be a certain way they should be followed for implementation, chances that some people will argue to benefit from the project are high leading to the delay or failure of the project (Lefley, 1997). Costs With current changes in global environments, and the capitalist economies that the world has adopted, there are chances that the project will be rated higher than it should be. This will work against chances that it will give its returns to the company as expected. When a project has been rated higher or have consumed higher than the
A labor union also sometimes referred to as a trade union is an organization that is made up of workers who come together with the main aim being working toward ensuring that the working conditions are improved. They not only advocate for sufficient pay for their members but conducive working environment and protection while at work. Labour unions began many decades ago and they have since evolved to become so powerful; just like civil society groups have become. However debate has been raging especially among employers who always view labor unions as a threat to the flourishing of their business. The debate has been whether labor unions are ethical or whether they tend to inhibit business. This question is the focus of this discussion. Labour unions have obviously been hailed by many employees who find them as a safe haven and especially in cases where employees feel oppressed by their employers. Prior to the formation of labor unions, many employers had the tendency to exploit their employees by failing to provide proper working conditions and also giving them a considerably low pay in comparison to the work that the employees were doing (Mankiw 2007, p.123). Formation of labor unions was therefore a form of protest by employees to demand for better remunerations and better working conditions. To this extent, labor unions are ethical (Mankiw, 2008, p.23). This is because they ensure that employees are not exploited and that they are provided with proper working conditions, the right equipment to enable them carry their duties effectively and protective gear to protect them from accidents that they may encounter in the workplace. An employer always has authority over an employee. Therefore, without roper laws in place, the employer might always take advantage of the powerlessness of the employee and thereby exploit him. Another ethical aspect is in regard to labor unions is the fact that they were able to improve the working hours and according to the Bureau of Labour Statics in America the workers who are members of labor unions get a better remuneration as compared to their counterparts who are not members of a union (Mankiw, 2006, p.45). Having said that, we must also state that the mandate or authority of labor unions must be limited or curtailed to a certain extent. This is because, when labor unions are not checked, tables may turn and it may be now a case of employees exploiting their employers. We must all remember that all business organizations have one primary goal which is to make profit. Therefore, if labor unions push on the behalf of their member to have unreasonable kind of salaries and working conditi