ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Many writers have different ways of defining health. Health is defined and understood as the state of full physical and psychological wellbeing, and not just the absence of diseases in the body (Harrington and Estes 2009), while a health policy is the plans, strategies and actions undertaken by an organization to achieve a set of health goals and objectives. Good health is vital to every living being, because it is the basis and foundation for all physiological and psychological activities that living beings undertake (Hunter 2003) Health Policy My selected policy in this policy search is “To reduce the rate of HIV spread and infections by 98% in the next 10 years” The epidemic has had adverse effects across the globe. In fact statistics from the World Health Organization indicate that out of the 60 million people who have been infected worldwide, 20 million already succumbed to HIV and basically the whole global population affected, either directly or indirectly. Women and the youth are the major virus bearers and a very small percentage of them have access to antiretroviral drugs (Milstead 2004) This is because it has not been easy to ascertain the exact number and distribution of people living with HIV/AIDS and in fact, 24-27% of the infected people do not know that they have already been infected, and this further complicates the issue. An estimated population of 1 million USA citizens and migrants are living with the virus, and there are reported 40,000 new cases annually. The above described statistics show the extent to which HIV/AIDS has spread in USA. Though the number of new HIV/AIDS infection has been on the rise, it is possible to maintain it at an optimum level. With a given level being maintained, it will be easy to deal with the epidemic from one constant and common angle (Weissert and Weissert 2006) The stakeholders involved in this policy are the infected persons, the government, non-governmental organizations and well-wishers. To start with, maintaining the epidemic at a constant level will call for aggressive distribution of antiretroviral drugs being one of the measures. The infected should then be advised on the kind of foods they should always include in their diet, so as to keep the infected bodies healthy and free of other diseases’ attack. This will reduce the number of deaths from HIV/AIDS. Protective measures should then be taken, so as to confine the spread of the disease from the infected to those who haven’t been infected. This will be possible through availing various forms of protection such as condoms for both the males and the females. The masses should also be educated on how to prevent themselves from the epidemic for example through abstinence and proper use of protective measures, especially to the youths. It is also important to set strategies of how and where to get funds to carry out the above discussed measures that comprise the policy. Funds can be acquired from sponsors, the government and non-governmental organizations such as the United Nation’s World Health Organization. Conclusion With the above described strategies being followed, it will be an achievable pol
It is a well known fact that Plato was interested in education in a profound way. Most of his dialogues are concerned with education in different ways. In one of his essays, the Republic , Plato used a series of images to reinforce his claims on education. Plato claims that there can be no end to political unrest unless our rulers or kings do not practice philosophy or are not philosophers. In the Parable of the Cave , Plato has not fallen short of his emphasis on education; this fictional dialogue between Plato and his teacher Socrates highlights the importance of education in our society. In the first line of the dialogue, Plato shows in a figurative way how enlightened or unenlightened natural man is. The cave conditions are, therefore, a correlation of mans education or lack of it (Plato ,Para 1) Plato tells us that if the prisoners were unlocked and forced out of the cave, they would prefer to go back and remain in the comfortable and familiar darkness of their caves. However, if they are forced out of the caves completely, they would gradually adapt to change and learn to appreciate. This, if analyzed, means that education is not an easy thing, and humans do not always welcome the truth but, when they are forced to be educated, they learn to appreciate the truth and incorporate new knowledge (Plato, para 3). Plato, in earlier pages of the dialogue, distinguishes the visible realm from the intelligent realm. According to him, visible realms are things grasped by perception while intelligent realms are those grasped by reasoning and intelligence. As the prisoner ascents out of the cave, a person stops perceiving things and stars to acquire the intelligent realm that did not exi
Learn about theories, skills, and the impact of world leaders in this case study about leadership. Introduction Leadership is one of the concepts in the world, which has received massive coverage and attention. Although there are several reasons behind this trend, the commonest one is the fact that leaders have a significant influence in the society. Not to mention that some people and organizations have become what they are today because of the impact of certain leaders (Grint 2010, p. 1). Leadership Even though there is a wide range of definitions that describe a leader, it has been universally agreed that a leader is a person who gives direction to others in order to attain a common goal (Gallos 2008, p. 1). This is mainly achieved through setting a pace in serving as a role model and creation of a working environment that allows members of the organization or employees to feel honored as part of the advancement process. Importantly, a leader cannot be viewed as a boss since he or she remains committed to the full course of achieving set goals and objectives. It is noteworthy that there are numerous qualities, which define the character of a good leader. While these factors may vary from one person to another, common traits include being a good listener, focused, organized, available, ready to delegate duties, confident and decisive (Gallos 2008, p. 2). Leadership Theories Twentieth century saw the demand and interest in leadership rise to an advanced stage. While early leaders laid emphasis on existing differences between leaders and followers in terms of their qualities, subsequent leadership theorists approached the issue by considering certain variable like qualifications and situations in establishing an understanding of leadership traits (Grint 2010, p. 1). Some of these theories have been discussed under this segment of the analysis. The first one is the “great man” theory, which assumes that good leaders are born and that what is considered to be good traits are naturally obtained. In other words, these leaders are born, which is against the notion that favors making of leaders. This school of thought normally depicts leaders to be heroic and ready to take up leadership positions in the corporate world whenever there is need. It is also paramount to note that the term was developed when the society thought that leadership
Introduction In the last couple of years, there has been increased innovation in different aspects of the financial service sector and ways not previously conceived. While many seasoned financial analysts and experts would argue that financial innovation has been around for a long time, the pace of evolution in this sector has been the greatest cause of concern for policymakers and regulators. 1 The reason for this worry is the introduction of new players in the financial sector who are more technologically oriented as opposed to financially focused. This development has had a significant impact on how financial products and services are delivered to people. 2 The powerful force that is changing how people conduct business in the financial sector has been synonymously associated with new and revolutionary terms and concepts, such as, cryptocurrency, virtual currencies, and blockchain technologies (among others). 3 Innovation is at the center of the evolution of these concepts. Although many factors have led to the growth and spread of financial innovation, a key ingredient to its acceptance is regulation. Indeed, there has been a new push for regulators to adapt to these changing market dynamics by formulating new laws that would moderate the use of new financial instruments. Complicating the ability of the same players to regulate the sector effectively is a rule-based culture that has traditionally defined how financial regulators perform their roles and duties. Consequently, there has been a disconnect between financial regulation and innovation because authorities are unable to keep up with technology changes that break the norm or override conventional regulatory procedures. There are numerous areas where financial innovation and regulation collide. This conflict has led to the growth of the term “disruptive innovation.” The emergence of Bitcoin in 2009 highlighted this technological revolution, but it is not the ultimate event in the evolution of financial innovation in the 21 st century. The Bitcoin protocol, which has demonstrated how blockchain technology could influence the financial industry has been deployed in different cases and consequently influenced how digital currencies are issued. It has also been applied in asset tracking and financial recording. 4 Formulating contractual agreements and managing complex data sets are also other ways that the technology has been employed with relative success. Notably, these different areas of financial innovation have different regulatory implications. More importantly, they have attracted the attention of different regulatory bodies and players. This paper is an argumentative essay that discusses whether emerging financial technologies need robust regulatory frameworks to enjoy public trust and acceptance, or not. The arguments cited in this study are analyzed in the context of financial innovation through digital currency development as a core area of FinTech. The essay is divided into four sections. The first one examines the arguments made in support of financial regulation in FinTech and the second part investigates contrary views. The third section of the paper discusses b
Introduction The terrorist attacks of 11 September 2001 (9/11) that took place in New York and Washington made the world nations determine their strategies in protecting the human rights and freedoms and develop their specific approaches to addressing the threat of terrorism in the world. However, the problem is in the fact that the declared ‘war on terror’ provoked further challenges associated with the promotion and protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms because the methods used by such countries as the United States and the United Kingdom in order to address the problem of terrorism and protect citizens were rather controversial. The threat of terror and the further legal reactions of the nations to the problem were considered as challenging, and it is necessary to examine differences and similarities associated with the promotion of human rights in the United States and the United Kingdom and the nations’ legal response to the problem. Thus, the United States and the United Kingdom chose the path of countering terrorism since the events of 9/11, and both the nations faced the challenges connected with promoting and protecting human rights in the context of restricted liberties and questionable security procedures. Nevertheless, the responding actions of the authorities in these two countries to the necessity of protecting human rights and to further barriers are characterised by differences and similarities. The reason is that both the United States and the United Kingdom were oriented to addressing the threat of terrorism, but the authorities selected different approaches to solving the issue when the United Kingdom focused on legalism, and the United States focused on concrete measures. This paper will discuss strategies used by the United States and the United Kingdom to respond to the issue of human rights protection in the post-9/11 era and analyse differences and similarities in these two nations’ approaches. The US Approach to Countering Terrorism and Response to the Human Rights Protection Issue In order to counter terrorism after 9/11, the United States chose to focus on active measures and on direct steps that could be effective to prevent the nation from the other terror attacks in the future. In spite of the fact that the United States did not establish a range of laws and legal policies in order to address the problem, their response with the Patriot Act of 2001 was important to protect citizens and democracy in the country. The statements of the Patriot Act were discussed by the authors as effective to address the risk of terrorist attacks because of the changes in the immigration laws and in the surveillance and search principles. However, this response to the problem was ‘mild’ only from the legislative perspective, and it was actively criticised by the public and researchers because of the observed violation of human rights and freedoms. It was often stated by the researchers that the American approach “was dominated
The use of technology is beneficial in teaching practice as it facilitates learning and helps in addressing different students’ needs. Educators often combine the use of slides (or other digital forms) with more traditional resources, such as a whiteboard (Jethd, 2018). By using PowerPoint presentations, teachers may enhance students’ attention and motivation to be engaged and responsive (NAEYC, 2018; Well-Trained Mind, 2018). The presentation in question facilitated the provision of effective instructions, and the students in the small group responded positively. They were active during the discussion and seemed confident and motivated. The use of a positive approach is another strength as the teacher does not concentrate on the error but tries to understand the strategy utilized to come up with this or that answer (SAS Design Studio, 2016). These strategies the children use deserve the educator’s attention as they can use these patterns to make the material more understandable. Next time, I would pay more attention to dividing items into halves. It is easier for students to start by dividing into halves (Nine PBS, 2020). Some found it difficult to make equal parts, which led to the learner’s considerable discomfort. To modify the instruction, I could add a slide displaying the ways to double-check whether parts are equal. During the provision of instructions, the students were encouraged to be more engaged by focusing on their victories. As for the feedback related to wrong answers, the students were asked about the strategies they used to do the sums or solve the problem. The teacher mentioned the correct answer, and one of the students saw this as a type of criticism and felt demotivated. As to the possible revisions of the lesson plan, it is necessary to help students grasp the material more effectively and have a more positive attitude towards their wrong answers. If a student makes a mistake, he or she can feel discouraged and unwilling to participate further. Hence, the educator should find the exact words and activities that could make all students motivated and positive. It is possible to praise the student for inventing a new strategy and encourage the group to try this method in their calculations. Children, feeling that their input is also meaningful, stop concentrating on any negative issues and are willing to take an active part in the discussion.
Explanations are treated as either reality or epistemic. To give an explanation in realism, then the entities and course must exist. This means, the explanation given is the overall meaning of an existing external reality. On the other hand, an epistemic explanation may be true even when the entities do not exist. Many epistemic explanations play a role in organizing human knowledge and outcomes of many scientific experiments (Mayes, 2005, Para 2). Mayes further adds that, an explanation aids in the coming up with a reliable experiential model, but not the literal picture of reality. Many explanations are based on scientific theories but also, explanations can be based on appearances as perceived by humanity. For an explanation to be true scientifically, then it must follow a specified logical sequence. In addition, premises must hold for specified scientific theories. This article will discuss concepts of science, on-science and pseudo science. Scientific explanations In general terms, human beings try to explain the occurrence of certain events in terms of the cause. Hence, the critical analysis of such causes is left to philosophy. Philosophy tries to study the fundamental existence of humanity. It unravels the reality of human existence, hence giving direction to human actions (Thomas, 2009, Para 1-2). Scientific knowledge helps one to correctly perceive, understand and act in the normal life settings. Scientific understanding guides the invention and critical analysis of occurrences in nature. Many scientific explanations are proposals that are hesitant in concluding matters. They only offer the general outlook of the matter that can undergo modifications and critical analysis (Kermeling, 2001, Para 1). Many scientific models are based on valid deductive arguments that need the explanation of the conclusion. A number of scientific conclusions are sometimes counter intuitive. For example, in explaining about a granite boulder science postulates that the particle is made up of many small sub particles. In normal observation, the particle looks as a grey, solid and hard mass. Science further adds that the sub particles are in continuous motion. This challenges the human perception of the appearance of many things. Scientific methods try to understand and explain the reality of nature by application of the existing scientific laws and theories. In most cases, many human perceptions are never the exact manifestation of the reality of things (Science, 2009, Para 1-5). Many assumptions in the scientific study are mere hypothesis for the object under test, and many of have to be proved before conclusions are made. Many scientists believe that the properties of many objects are variables that before they can be proved. The measuring process is just there to prove what already exist. The knowledge of quantum mechanics makes us disapprove of this supposition. This is true because many experiments disagree with it. A scientific explanation follows the following steps. It st
Introduction In his book Give Me Liberty. An American History Eric Foner provides an in-depth analysis of the events, which shaped political and cultural landscape of the United States. In particular, we may discuss his views on the Revolutionary War, its causes and several controversies, which arose among the colonists. It is well-known that the struggle for independence was not supported by all the layers of the then American society. In point of fact, it was divided into several groups: Patriots, Neutralists and Loyalists (Foner, 211). They could not come to the consensus as to the struggle against the British rule. In this essay, we will try to present their argument, basing them on Eric Foners book. Opposing views In the chapter Resistance and Revolution , the author presents his own vision of the events and describes the peculiarities of the eighteenth century American colonial community and its stratification. In his opinion, those people, who called themselves Patriots, represented various classes of society; they belonged to very diverse backgrounds. The main peculiarity, according to the author, that all these people were more or less educated and rather well-to-do. Provided that they had met their opponents namely Loyalist in the spring 1775, they would have probably tried to persuade them to take their side. The would have advanced the following argument: at that moment, particularly, at the end of the eighteenth century American colonies were virtually autonomous, the British Empire was only formally present in the New World (Foner, 212). Apart from that, they would have claimed that the United Kingdom put colonists in almost intolerable position, namely, the taxation without representation, because in fact, such policy of the British government entirely violated the so-called Bill of Rights. According to Eric Foner, the Patriots understood that dependence on the United Kingdom was no longer acceptable and such taxation policy will bring them to the edge of poverty. His overarching thesis is that their struggle was mostly motivated by financial reasons. In their turn, their opponents would have stated that the newborn state would not be able to exist without the help of the UK. As a rule, they are rather conservative people could not believe that someone could inflict a defeat on English troops. In their view, the colonies could not possibly achieve complete independence from the British Empire, because this country was arguable the world greatest superpower at least at that time. Thus, they decided to struggle against revolutionaries. As regards, the neutralists, Eric Foner believes that these people harbored some doubts as to fighting against the British troops, On the one hand, they understood that the Colonies could do without the UK and but they did not believe in the success of Patriots (Foner, 218). It seems that neutralists were torn between Scylla and Charybdis. Their belonged to various s