1. After the Great Leap Forward, Mao was criticized for trying to develop communist relations of production without having developed the forces of production (p. 163-164, Riskin). Explain and use GLF policies to illustrate (Riskin, Chapter 6). Mao believed that the Chinese could achieve everything provided they have the right attitude. It led him to set targets with minimal time limits. He intensively used ideology to make people believe they are achievable. He believed that socialist relations of production would provide the right attitude. Productive forces at all levels would be put to use by “walking on two legs” (Riskin 117). It meant to combine scattered productive forces through small-scale factories in the rural areas. In urban areas, heavy industries would link the productive forces. In the GLF period, all goals were considered possible without evaluating constraints, such as time and cost. Riskin (116) elaborates that the GLF policies were set without considering the means that were to be used to achieve each goal. According to (Elster 243), the productive forces are input factors that are used in the creating of good and services. They have the capability to be possessed by an individual or entity. They can be modified through the ages. Some of the forces of production include raw materials and labor. On the other hand, the relations of production are the links between the forces of production (Elster 244). They are relationships between the input factors that seek to maximize production. One of the policies of the GLF was to eliminate stratification of social classes through eliminating ranks in the workplace. The GLF advocated for unskilled workers to be trained after working hours. It would enable them to manage their work station (Riskin 120). On the other hand, managers were required to work at lower levels. It was carried out to enable them understand the needs of their workplace. It also allowed the sharing of knowledge between managers and lower-level workers. The issue of making all workers have equality in the workplace is a communist relation of production. The unskilled and skilled laborers are productive forces. Mao was setting a stage where unskilled laborers are made managers irrespective of their managerial skills (Riskin 120). Mao should have allowed the unskilled laborers to complete their education before allowing them to act as managers. All forms of labor were allocated communist relations of production indiscriminately without qualifications. Labor was allowed communist relations of production in the steel industry. There were a large number of workshops that were converted to small-scale factories with the ability to manufacture steel. The small-scale steel industry did not have workers with the appropriate technical skills to manufacture the right quality of steel. It was a communist relation of production. Any person could produce steel provided they have the raw materials and a workshop. Markets are a productive force that determines what will be produced. The small-scale factories were supposed to support the needs of the agricultural industry (Riskin 118). Markets pushed most people to work in other industries rather than agriculture. Production shifted from agriculture to targeting the no