ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
In 1800-1870, the period was marked by industrial revolution and the wave of liberal nationalist across the world transformed most nations. The industrial revolution in the early to mid 19 th century turned the Great Britain as the first and the wealthiest industrialized nation. This was actualized by a series of advanced technology in the production of cotton, iron and coal. In addition well-structured infrastructure such as steam-powered locomotives and railroad tracks reduced the cost of shipping goods. The industrial revolution spread to both Europe and North America. This had a considerable social impact that included the rapid growth of cities and an emergence of industrial middle class (Fiero 27). The depressed working conditions of the industrial class paved way to socialism which aimed at improving working conditions through government bodies. After the defeat of Napoleon, the Great Britain, Prussia, Austria and Russian met regularly to restore the old conservative order and establish stable borders. However many liberals, who were middle class men, opposed the old order and demanded a new constitution and voting right as the landowners. In 1830, the king of France was overthrown by upper middle class and a constitutional monarchy planted. Revolution in Italy and Poland failed tremendously in the same year. In 1848, the serious economic crisis in France led to revolt of the French working class. This led to formation of Second Republic under Louis-Napoleon. National Confederacy and National State Confederacy occurred at different times throughout North America and Europe. Due to the growth in prosperity, the Great Britain avoided revolution in 1848. In 1852, Hungarians were granted their rights by Austria and Czar Alexander II freed the serfs in Russia. Alexander II was assassinated and later his son succeeded him and introduced the repressive rule. The three main points discussed at the Congress of Vienna included compensation, legitimacy, balance of power and territorial rewards for those countries that made sacrifices to defeat Napoleon. In addition, the map of Europe was revised to ensure that peace prevailed in the future. A series of meetings by the European international relations were held by the great powers to define and monitor status quo. However, the balance of power was agitated in 1870 by the Germans. Conservatism arose from the traditional ruling groups which were also supported by the peasants. The conservatives viewed history as a continuum and expected no single generation to revoke it. Most liberals came from middle classes and were reformist and political in nature. They were involved in various revolutionary movements in the early 19 th century. For instance, the ten constitut
Leg. Claudication Claudication is pain that occurs if muscles receive too little oxygen and blood flow during exercise. Usually, it appears in the legs after a person was walking for a specific amount of time and at a certain pace; it depends on the condition’s severity. As the pain may be not constant but begin during exercising and end with resting, this disease is also called intermittent claudication. However, if a person’s condition worsens, the pain may become constant and appear even during rest. The symptoms of claudication include ache, pain in the hips, buttocks, thighs, calves, and sometimes in forearms, biceps, and shoulders, and fatigue or discomfort in muscles. Treatments focus on preventing damage to tissues, increasing mobility, reducing pain, and lowering the risks of vascular disease. Knee Meniscal tears If a person has torn cartilage in the knee, it is probably a meniscal tear. Between the shinbone and thighbone, there are two rubbery wedges of cartilage – the menisci. They can tear suddenly because of heavy knee strain and during sporting activities or slowly due to aging. If the tear is abrupt, a pop may be felt or heard in the knee. The symptoms of the injury include swelling, pain, and increased tightness. Bursitis Bursae are small, fluid-filled sacs whose purpose is to cushion the knee joints and allow the ligaments and tendons to slide easily over the joint. These bursae can become inflamed and swell because of repeated pressure from kneeling or overuse; this health problem is called bursitis. Fortunately, most of the bursitis cases are not severe and may be treated by rest and self-care. Nevertheless, sometimes this disease may require antibiotics or even aspiration, which is a particular procedure of withdrawing excess fluid with a needle. Ankle Achilles tendonitis or tear The Achilles is the largest tendon in the body that connects the bone in the heel and the two primary calf muscles. Because of overuse, this tendon is especially susceptible to inflammation. This health problem is known as Achilles tendonitis and may be eliminated by ankle treatment. A patient who suffers from this disease is also at risk of getting an Achilles tear or full rupture because of repetitive damage or inflammation. Besides, this injury may occur because of sudden trauma such as falling. If a person experiences heel pain after jumping or hears a sudden popping sensation or noise, it means that there is a rupture of the Achilles tendon. Ankle sprain Ligaments are special connective tissue bands that provide strength and stability to joints by binding bones together. As for the ankle, ligaments’ purpose is to stop the joint and do not let it move too far from side to side. If the ankle sprain appears, it means that at least one ligament has been torn or stretched. Among the most common ankle injuries, high ankle sprain impacts the syndesmotic ligament that runs from the ankle up into the knee. In most cases, sprains are not significant and may be healed with ice and rest. However, if pain and swell
Public health problems affect groups of people in different thresholds, including neighborhood communities and people within a state. Public health nursing field has a role to play in the management of such problems. The field concentrates on the health wellness of populations, as opposed to focusing on health outcomes for individual groups. Mental illness is one of such problems. Although all population segments are vulnerable to mental illness, this paper restricts its discussion on the link between homeless people in the United States and mental illness. Homelessness is a significant problem that affects people’s health in different proportions in various parts of the world. Due to their socio-economic status, homeless people in the US are vulnerable to health problems, including mental illness, compared to people drawn from high socio-economic status. In other words, many homeless persons tend to belong to low socio-economic families (Johnson & Haigh, 2012). Ensuring good mental health for such persons calls for the creation of a means of accessing quality health care for all people within a nation. However, mentally ill people experience problems of accessing such care, especially those who are homeless due to lack of financial resources or the presence of physical barriers. Hence, there is a need to establish elaborate policies for addressing the problem of mental illness among homeless people in all regions in the US. This paper establishes a plan of policies for addressing the public health problems of mentally ill homeless people. However, it first offers a description of the problem statistically and in terms of how it relates to the goals of Healthy People 2020. It then provides an in-depth analysis of the problem before proposing potential policy interventions. Description of the Identified Problem People experience the problem of homelessness when they do not have places to live in with peace, dignity, and good security. People who are considered homelessness include those who sleep in vehicles, those living with their friends in temporary shelters, refugees, and those who live in houses that do not have tenure security. The nature of the problem of homelessness depends on the adopted definition. Indeed, all persons who cannot access regular, enough, and fixed residence are legislatively considered homeless in the United States. They also include people who sleep in private
Introduction Life is very complicated and it is sometimes difficult to fully understand all its aspects. Human beings can only strive to get the best while they are alive because they have no power over live and death. It should be noted that human beings are morphology similar and functioning of the various body parts is the same. However, there are some noticeable differences among the behaviors of human beings. When placed in similar situations, various people will act differently bringing to the fore the question of why the difference. Moreover, many people are concerned with finding the best way that they should behave and conduct themselves in society. Jiddu Krishnamurti tries to explain human behavior and the best principals to follow. In his discussion named the only revolution, he tries to discuss the effects of the environment on human beliefs and actions. Summary of the Teachings In the search for truth, human brains play a very crucial role. Our brain should be able to freely think without pressure from the preconditions of society so as to find reality. If we have predetermined expectations of what our results should be, then we cannot proclaim that we are able to find the truth. Society has been structured in a manner that outlines what is expected as being right and what is deemed wrong. In this regard, we often find ourselves using the known facts in our search for the truth (Williams, 2004). However, as Krishnamurti argues, truth goes beyond the ordinary things that society has conditioned our minds to belief in. Whatever people belief in is mostly what the social cultural teachings have made them to belief in. We seldom want to question whether the reality is the same as what our culture defines as being correct. If we are asked today about time we gladly explain our answers. We say we did this and that yesterday. Nevertheless, Krishnamurti points out that people do not actually know the difference between yesterday and today. Society has conditioned people to think that some things just happen naturally without any cause (Epstein, 2011). He disputes this fact arguing that nothing happens without any cause. In his words, the cause and effect of everything in the world are so entangled that differentiation between the two is almost impossible. Thought is always in the search of how to do things better and different from other people. As a result, letting the mind free to think is the beginning of finding truth. He is, however, concerned with the idea that human mind always works in fragmentation. Consequently, the best education that one can get according to Krishnamurti, is the education directed to the mind thus eliminating fragmentation. Just as Socrates, Krishnamurti wants all people to be more concerned with their inner soul rather than the earthly things (Stephens, 2010). Krishnamurti believes that people should be very objective in their search for truth. Any cultural preconditions should be removed when one is meditating. This is because success of meditation is highly dependent on
Nowadays, the issue of developing female leaders has become significantly important for companies and organizations. Furthermore, it raises some challenges and questions, such as how instructors can support and train them, as their needs are different from male leaders. Therefore, it is essential to work out a list of specific instructions for the efficient developing of female leaders and elaborate on some activities, which may be implemented in companies. Instructions This section will outline specific step-by-step guidelines for the instructors to develop female leaders.   * Identifying the goals that the instructors want to reach.       + The instructors should determine the objectives of their training and guidance of female leaders, focusing on the entrepreneurial capabilities, the success of relations within the team, and leadership skills. Setting clear points of the supervision and its purpose is essential to achieve high-performance rates after the training period.   * Observing the individual characteristics of female team members and the features of the environment.       + This step can be helpful for the instructors to understand the psychological part of the program, and to notice possible behavior and perception differences. Working with female leaders can differ from guiding male teams. Consequently, the instructors should possess specific psychology knowledge and understand gender differences to find the right approach for the activities’ design. Besides, the instructors should consider the features of the future environment of operations for the female leaders.   * Designing workshops and activities to empower female leaders.       + The instructors should implement the information from the prior work conducted to identify the objectives and unique characteristics of the guidance into creating interactive and creative training activities. Those workshops, real-life cases, and meetings should aim to discover new strengths of female leaders and to encourage them to be active and enthusiastic. The activities should also introduce guidance on the actions under the stressful events and the training for stress management. Female leaders might act differently under pressure, so the instructors must emphasize this area as well, and design interesting cases that will train this aspect.   * Implementing various self-assessment tools into the training process.       + Self-assessment is a critical measure that will help the participants to discover individual traits and understand personal strengths and weaknesses. The instructors can offer various self-evaluation techniques for female leaders. This step is beneficial to the training and can produce exciting outcomes that can help women to choose their leadership style.   * Evaluation of the training and guidance results       + During this stage, the instructors should conduct a thorough activities’ assessment, analyze their results, and compare those to the initial objectives. It is critical for the instructors to have a fair and independent judgm
Introduction Public health is concerned with issues that affect the human population. Public health policy refers to making decisions, planning and taking actions to achieve healthcare objectives (Teltelbaum & Wilensky, 2013). According to Teltelbaum and Wilensky (2013), a good health policy can accomplish various objectives. This paper concentrates on discussing emergency preparedness and response as a public health issue. Emergency preparedness and response This is a major issue in public health and it entails being quick to act whenever there is a crisis. Organs of a state are expected to work with each other to prepare for the uncertainties, but each playing different roles (Goodchild & Glennon, 2010). There should be enough money set aside in the budget to cater for emergencies and enough medical practitioners and drugs to meet the needs of those affected. My choice was driven by the fact that the timeline could be short. Since I am familiar with the issue, I could research on it within the shortest time possible. I decided to choose the issue to be my personal investment because if the matter would be addressed, then it would assist to reduce mortality rates. The issue has affected many people. For example, between 1980 and 2010 about 17,557,645 American people were affected by natural disasters (Goodchild & Glennon, 2010). In fact, it can be stated that the global human population is at risk of suffering from impacts of emergencies and disasters. Thus, there is an urgent need to address the issue in order to curb many emergency cases. Outline of policy analysis Policy analysis has the following components:  1. Background information about the problem  2. Statement of the problem  3. Landscapes  4. Options to solve the problem  5. Recommendations Analysis of emergency preparedness and response Statement of the problem Good health condition is essential to a country’s population. Emergency preparedness and response is key to quality healthcare. Quality health is not only a right of every citizen, but also a necessity (Teltelbaum & Wilensky, 2013). Since most countries offer free healthcare services, the quality of health services has declined. Many countries are not ready for emergencies and lose many people (Rubin, 2012). In view of this wanting situation, there is need to come up with methods of preparing and responding to every emergency (Rubin, 2012). Background information about the problem According to Goodchild and Glennon (2010), good healthcare is a major factor in development of every state. However, many countries have poor healthcare systems. This is so particularly in emergency preparedness and response. Every state needs to prepare well because this will reduce mortality rates. Landscape The following stakeholders are important in relation to the public health issue: gover
I have chosen the article The Organizational Leadership Role of Top Management Team Members: A Multidimensional Conception by Neatby, Rioux, and Aubé published in 2015, as it provides guiding principles for Top Management Team (TMT) members on how to enhance their leadership skills and explain their organizational role in the enterprise (Neatby, Rioux and Aubé 55). The core aim of this article is to offer a framework to the top management members and distinguish their duties from the other management members with the help of five emerging trends in leadership, as it is essential to improving their organizational performance (Neatby, Rioux and Aubé 55). The fundamental issues that the authors are referring to are ‘What does the leadership role of TMT imply?’, ‘What are the primary duties of TMT?’, ‘What does the leadership role suggest on the practical basis?’, ‘What are the dimensions of the leadership role?’, and ‘How can these aspects affect the direction of TMT in real life?’. Many questions had risen to the authors before they started writing the article. However, the correlation between these problems cannot be unnoticed. The most significant aspects in this article are the opinions of the famous authors in the leadership sphere such as Mintzberg and Drucker, interviews with the management to understand the principles of the leadership role (Neatby, Rioux and Aubé 58). Additionally, the authors displayed the picture of the five dimensions to explain the interdependence between different aspects presented on it. Furthermore, the authors use the opinions of various researchers to describe the dimensions and provide a framework, which a top manager should follow to enhance the organizational performance of the enterprise as a complex mechanism. In turn, the primary findings in this article are an identified distinction between roles of TMT and unit leaders and documentation of the leadership role of TMT with the assistance of five dimensions and framework, which the managers can use to improve the quality of their performance. Additionally, the authors claim that the participation of the manager does not have to be equally distributed across five dimensions (Neatby, Rioux, and Aubé 58). Lastly, the authors propose the set of actions, which a CEO should take to enhance and increase the understanding of the leadership roles among top managers. The primary goal of this finding is to cultivate the understanding of the managerial impact on the functioning of the whole organization. Furthermore, the core principle we need to comprehend in this article is the difference between the duties of different managerial types, as, by this c
Strategic management is an approach that helps companies achieve competitiveness and efficiency in decision-making. Also, it is one of the methodologies, which make it possible to develop a strategy for the entire organization. In order to improve the quality of strategic decisions, companies should resort to the use of a variety of tools. The purpose of this paper is to discuss such elements and instruments of strategic management as a mission statement, SWOT analysis, TOWS matrix, and VRIO. Mission Statement In general, a company’s mission reflects the main purpose of the organization. Many elements of a strategic plan can be altered or transformed while the mission remains a constant that does not change its substantive form. Enterprises should organize their activities in accordance with this benchmark. It is important that the definition of a clear mission ensures that the company can achieve stability and outlines the guiding principles of its work (Caporale, 2015). In order to build an effective mission, the organization needs to identify its customers and their needs, and on the basis of these data, indicate its correct statement. After that, the company will be able to determine the goals of its activities. The nine essential elements of a mission statement are “customer, products, and services offered, markets, technology, concern for survival, growth, and profitability, philosophy, self-concept (the distinctive competencies of an organization), concern for public image, and concern for employees” (Editorial Board, 2015, p. 49). These aspects encompass all the areas which a comprehensive statement should cover. Notably, apart from the fact that the statement should reflect these nine factors, it should be understandable and concise and also avoid carrying a contradiction in itself. The mission’s tasks are to establish trust in the organization and disclose its values and key postulates. It is important to include as many of the elements in the mission statement as possible to make it comprehensive. In addition, it will allow addressing not only the current stakeholders but also those who can become the potential clients of the organization (Editorial Board, 2015). This way, companies will be able to sustain their current clients and attract new stakeholders. SWOT and VRIO Performing SWOT (“Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats”) analysis is a significant step of a strategic planning process due to a number of reasons (Editorial Board, 2015, p. 74). First, this tool gives a company the opportunity to explore its strengths and vulnerabilities and identify the main problem areas that should be avo