ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction The key feature of the automobile industry is globalization, and the critical necessity to act locally. Every company is trying to invent a marketing strategy suitable for the entire globe, however, strategies of each company differ depending on the marketing region. The aim of the paper is to focus on the marketing strategies applied by KIA and Audi, and define the differences in their marketing strategies, as well as define the key differences of the product positioning. Audi Marketing Strategy The marketing strategy of Audi AG involves the strong positioning of the brand. Audi is associated with the reliability, endurance, and prestige. Therefore, the key accent is made on the history of the brand, as well as the benefits that an owner will get by giving preference to Audi. As it is emphasized by Koehler (2010), Audi AG is one of the companies that compete with rival models by launching low-priced models. This is achieve by low-cost manufacturing process. However, the key profits are raised from various marketing initiatives, like exploring new growing markets and marketing regions for promoting the brand name. The marketing strategy involves coping with economic threats, and improvement of the marketing positions that may be weakened by these threats. Considering the fact that most automobile markets are saturated with numerous manufacturers, the only competence solution is to offer products of higher quality, and for lower prices. Hence, these discounts decrease the profit margins of most manufacturers. The company is making a strong emphasis on management, and is deeply involved into the training process. Talented and experienced managers are regarded as the engine of future prosperity of the company, and grantors of its continued growth. Kia Motors The key strategic solutions that are offered by KIA motors involve direct strategic planning, extended public relations which helps to improve marketing communications, as well as system of reports. As for the marketing actions, implemented by KIA, it should be emphasized that the company is aimed at offering high quality production for the wide audience. Hence, as Ramrattan (2009, p. 33) states: KIA Motors launched five major products over a 15 month period – Soul, Forte, Forte Koup, Sorento and Sportage and a new in-vehicle communications technology, “UVO powered by Microsoft”; oversaw communications for Kia’s first manufacturing facility in West Point, Georgia. As for the media marketing, KIA motors is involved into promoting the brand name in various social media platforms, games, cell phone applications, and web video services. This helps to approach the target audience closer, and show that KIA is one of the most po
Introduction Management Accounting measures and reports financial and non-financial information that helps managers make decisions to fulfill the goals of an organization. Management accounting focuses on internal reporting. It differs from financial accounting which measures and records business transactions and provides financial statements for the information of investors, government regulators, and other external parties (Horngren et al 2002). One exclusive advantage of management accounting is that it encompasses performance measurement. Performance measurement encompasses the establishment of budgets that take into account the financial goals of the business. Alignment of the organizational goals, with the goals of the individual members of the organization, becomes the primary responsibility of the management accountant. The performance measurement system to be successful can also establish cost savings goals for the directors and other members of the organization who are responsible for controlling the costs. Recommendations to Claire’s Antiques In the case of Claire’s Antiques, the following recommendations can be made from the perspective of management accounting. It appears that there is a general attitude that the finance accounting group is viewed as pre-occupied with transaction processing not very responsive to the user needs. But in reality, it is not so. It would result in more advantages to the company to form a ‘Finance Leadership Team’. The members of the team are to include line managers, information system people, and finance department managers. The objective of the team is to ensure that the finance department provides information that the customers deem important. These should include:   * Budgets and planning   * Providing management with readily accessible information and data for supporting decision making By having established the budgets the performance of the organizational members can be measured against set targets. The planning and decision-making process including the budget preparations will be greatly helped by the information to be provided with the guidance of the new team. The second recommendation is to have a relook into the existing costing system and getting it revised to include a marginal costing system. This would enable the vice-president to operations those products where the contribution margin is more which will go to increase the profitability of the company. The calculation of cost-volume-profit ratios and product mix calculations would go a long way in aiding the decisions of the management in respect of improving the profitability of the company. Functions of Management Accounting Thus management accounting can be considered as an integral part of the management process. It a
The question, whether American college students should be required to learn a second language, has remained a matter of debate in academic circles. I feel that there is no necessity for American college students to learn another language. Several reasons exist to substantiate my belief. First of all, English is a global language, spoken in several countries around the world. It is also the lingua Franca, or common language, that is universally accepted. The second reason is that students who study in college are usually in the age group of 17 – 22 years. This is not the ideal age for learning languages. The last reason comes in terms of the fact that learning a second language requires a lot of time and efforts. In brief, for these reasons, I do not agree that American colleges should envisage a second language for their students. English language is spoken in a large number of countries around the world, which means American people can speak their native language in those parts. Therefore, American college students have no necessity to learn a language other than English. Indeed English language is the most important language in the world because we can use it for communicating with a larger number of people across the universe. For example I have a lot of international friends and we communicate in English language alone. Besides, English is the lingua franca, or the
A hybrid economy can be described as a type of economy that occurs in the local, national, or state economic system and involves a bilateral focus on two financial styles. Over the history of humankind, the hybrid economic style has been used to elevate various regions’ economies. A university-industrial economic system would be one significant example of a hybrid economy. When adequately effected, the mixed economy draws merit from every participant’s strengths and minimizes the weaknesses of any approach used in the economy. Jon Altman has studied the Aboriginal tribes in Australia for many years. He, therefore, came up with a hybrid economy theory that would be used to help the lives of the Aborigine people. The theory has various proposals that can be implemented to benefit these marginalized groups of people and help pull them out of poverty. According to Altman, the Aborigine people living in Northern Australia have been marginalized and discriminated against for a long time. He notes that the Aborigines have resorted to living in this remote and rural region despite the northern part being not so productive. They are people who have been denied the necessities in life, such as good education and inclusion (Altman and Kerins, 2012). Due to this fact, submitting these people to
The article “ Molecular Insights into Classic Examples of Evolution ” attempts to demonstrate how modern advances in molecular biology are challenging the scope of our understanding regarding the concepts of evolution and survival. Current research, as discussed by the symposium speakers explicitly cited in this article, reveals that genetics plays a fundamental role in evolution science and it is indeed the mutation of genes that actually allows organisms to evolve and develop survival tactics. The author cites a classic example of how the common garter snakes have evolved over a short period of time to be able to gain an advantage over their major prey, the newts, even though the prey produces a potent neurotoxin that is capable of killing other animals as well as humans (Hlodan 264). In a sense, the article attempts to draw a correlation between genes and evolution on one side and the ability of organisms to survive within their own natural environments on the other. The author of this article, through citing presentations made by various speakers in the symposium, also attempts to demonstrate how viruses continue to challenge our basic insights into the evolution and how scientists can make important in
Introduction As the world develops and the gap between the haves and the have-nots increases, the likelihood of the disadvantaged in the society of committing crime is very high. To ensure that everybody lives comfortably, when an individual commits a crime there are no other options left apart from arresting the suspect and presenting him before a court of law to answer the charges. The court may find the suspect guilty or innocent of the offence accused of depending on the evidence provided before it. The process of deciding whether you are guilty or innocent can be reached through two approaches: either through undergoing the full trial process or admitting to guilt through a plea bargaining process. If a suspect is sure that the provided evidence will end up with conviction, a trial process through plea bargaining is more preferable as most of the times the courts are lenient on the penalties imposed and if one had committed several crimes he is charged for some while in others he is set free. Plea bargaining approach serves as a time solving strategy both for the convict and the court. It is worth noting that in the recent past most of the court sentences in the United States of America have been through plea bargains. Most legal experts have attributed this to the reality that a complete crime trial involves many legal procedures, which need to be followed and thus wastage of time of all the parties involved (Weninger, 1987). While some people may compare plea bargaining to an out of court settlement as in the civil process it should be noted that what happens here is only leniency otherwise acquittal is a hard thing to expect (Hall, Dolatowski, & Schmalleger, 2010). An important fact to note is that bargained pleas are not done depending on the nature of the crime one committed rather on the sentence one is likely to be convicted if he pleads guilty to the crime without wasting the courts time and money with the investigation process. Other suspects may prefer plea bargaining when the magnitude of the crime they committed need to be lessened for a lighter sentence to follow, for example, if one kills another person the court may decide that he pleads guilty and be charged for manslaughter rather than taking a risk and undergo the whole trial process where if found guilty one will be convicted for murder and thus a longer sentence that may sometimes be a life sentence or death through the electric chamber. It is a major concern in what would happen if following the game theory, all convicts pleaded not guilty. The courts would have backlog of cases and it would require the intervention of the state to hire or employ more judges in order to be able to solve all the cases. Not opposing or advocating for plea bargains some questions that rings in ones’ mind are who really benefits from plea bargaining and whose rights are undermined, are they for the accused or the defendant? Who Benefits from Plea Bargaining The main beneficiary of plea bargaining is the accused who through plea bargaining receives a lighter sentence than the
Problem statement Bit Torrent technology is a technology developed to enable users to share big files over networks. The files to be shared are however patented, under copyright and owned by media houses. This then makes implementation of the technology very tricky because whereas it may be useful and probably offer convenience, it could also lead to infringement of copyright laws. Introduction Stakeholder analysis involves identifying the parties that have interests in the project (Resource papers in action, 2003). It is vital that as many stakeholders as possible be identified and be involved in the analysis so as to increase the chances of success of the project in question (Larry, 2000). In the above stated case, the main stakeholders were identified as:   * The media houses.   * The bit torrent technology inventors.   * Media regulating agencies.   * Projected beneficiaries of the bit torrent technology.   * Network administrators.   * Law enforcement agencies.   * Copyright law enforcers. All these stakeholders have to be categorised according to how much the project is going to affect them and how much influence they have on the project (Dick, 1997). This then allows for them to be categorised as follows:   * Stakeholders of high importance and high influence.   * Stakeholders of high importance but little influence.   * Stakeholders of high influence but low importance.   * Stakeholders of low importance and low influence. Stakeholder analysis matrix (Nzaid tools, 2007) Stake holder                                           importance  Amount of influence  Intend to see the project succeed Media houses                                           High        High                 +/-                               Technology inventors                                   High        High                 +                                 Media regulating agencies                              High        Medium               Neutral                           Law enforcement agencies                               Lo
The abortion debate has raged on for a long time generating controversy after controversy. Abortion revolves around the sensitive issue regarding the life of the unborn. So acrimonious is the debate, that it has attracted the attention of popular figures such as the former United States President Ronald Reagan. In his opinion, Reagan states that “Abortion is advocated only by persons who have themselves been born” (Reynolds, 2009). While this seems to be a simple statement, it nevertheless exposes major theoretical weaknesses within the prochoice philosophy. Reagan’s statement on abortion centers on the term ‘born’. In this statement, Reagan assumes that birth occurs at the point which a child is detached from the mother. Additionally, prolife activists use the terms ‘mother’ ‘unborn’ jointly, to demonstrate the inherent bond between a pregnant woman and her unborn child. Prochoice activists oppose this and assert that the use of the terms ‘unborn’ and ‘mother’ is quite insensitive and biased. Similarly, some medical practitioners aligned to the prochoice movement argue that using the term ‘mother’ in relation to the ‘unborn’ is technically wrong since a woman technically becomes a mother after birth (Hardin, 1974). Regardless of assertions made by prochoice activists, the natural dependency between a woman and her unborn child cannot be ignored. During pregnancy both the child and the mother depend on each other for survival. In his statement, Reagan alludes to the self-centeredness of those who support abortion. Reagan’s statement implies that prochoice activists fail to acknowledge that they are alive because their mothers made the decision not to abort. In opposition to this, prochoice activists argue that the debate is not centered on abortion vs. no abortion, but on abortion vs. coerced motherhood. Every woman has inalienable right to determine whether to be or not to be a mother. As such, denying women the right to abort a child she is not ready for amounts to coerced motherhood. Additionally, prochoice activists argue that coerced motherhood reduces a woman to a biological slave. This violates a woman freedom of choice and happiness, which effectively reduces the quality of a woman’s life. In prochoice view, the rights and happiness of the mother supersedes the need to protect the life of the unborn child (Hardin, 1974). However, instead of furthering prochoice beliefs, these assumptions reinforce Reagan’s view on the self-centeredness of prochoice activists. It is evident that prochoice supporters uphold the need to protect the rights of the mother at the expense of the unborn child. In Prochoice view, arguing that the unborn child has rights and life amounts to illogical use of the terms ‘right’ and ‘life’ in the sense that the two terms refers to human beings (Hardin, 1974). In his statement, Reagan seems to implicitly refute such views and instead maintains that the unborn child has inalienable right to life. B
Introduction Ambush marketing which is now, for some companies, a strategic alternative to formal association through the purchase of legitimate sponsorship rights. It involves the promotion of a brand at various events without having to pay for any sponsorships fees. For instance, if a company A sponsors an event say, a soccer match and decides on giving out hats labeled ‘A-fan’ that promote the same company, if any spectator comes with a different hat labeled ‘ B-fan’ that tends to promote another competing company B, then this is termed ambush marketing. Research statistics indicate that this ambush activity may damage sponsors’ events and even the interests of bodies governing the sports and individual sports people. This activity is often opportunistic in nature since its goals are to make public awareness at the least cost while at the same time gaining. Techniques are therefore employed by the organizers of such events to make use of their privileges wisely. These intruders use stealth in their action and at times can cause chaos when provoked. Main body Ambush marketing is also very prevalent in the internet whereby, some extraneous and unauthorized product promoters insert live links to their product promotion websites without the owner of the host site being aware. It is a common occurrence in situations where there is a commentary pane or where the visitors are allowed to leave queries and comments. The remedy to this is constant maintenance of the site and its contents to deactivate the direct links. This issue has raised a lot of ethical concerns allover the corporate world. It is hard to imagine that having sacrificed a large amount of funds to sponsor an event in order to reach out to more consumers or prospective customers, then a rival ’hijacks’ both your dominance and mind space through backdoor means and outwits you instead. A product promotion should be as successful as would be projected by the company undertaking the promotion but in most cases it does not go the same way. If one may ask him/ herself; are there any legal measures that one can employ in case of such mischief? If so how much effective are they? Does the company stand to gain by following the legal procedures? Legal issues clearly arise, but the body of case law is as yet slight. Discussion often bases its argument on property rights, but can be as well problematic if a major event of popular cultural significance is concerned. The four ethical perspectives which come in mind are, first, utilitarianism which demands that the greatest happine
Introduction Over the last five decades, feminist writers have developed a wide volume of literature in an attempt to address various problems affecting women in the society. In particular, they have attempted to develop feministic views and perspectives of society, especially in terms of politics, law, policing, prison, healthcare, and education. Nevertheless, feminist writers do not provide personal perspectives that agree with each other. In fact, the perspectives on all of these state institutions seem to be varying and sometimes disagreeing. While the work of feminist writers has contributed to the development and progress of laws protecting females in most state institutions, it is worth noting that female writers continue to develop feminist theories, most of which do not necessarily agree with each other. Black feminist, for example, sometimes seem to contradict with the perspectives of their female counterparts. More so, poor black feminism has become the major topic of debate in the last few decades. In fact, their perspectives appear to contradict, in most aspects, with the state’s perspectives in various state institutions. Most feminist writers have criticized the state for disregarding the plight of poor black females in state institutions (Nash 16). Arguably, much of black feminist theories have insisted not only that the state has a particular perspective, but that the state’s perspective differs significantly, and problematically, from that of the black women in general and the poor black females in particular. The purpose of this paper is to analyze this argument in order to determine what is to be gained by rethinking the law and prison from some black feminist perspectives and theories. Feminist perspective of state prisons Several feminist authors have research the issue of women in prisons and the impact that female imprisonment has on the general society. However, most of the recent literature focuses on the disparities observed in the rates of incarceration of poor black women and those of their female and financially stable black counterparts. If the state was to rethink its imprisonment policies according to the female feminist theories developed in the last few decades, then a number of issues need to be analyzed. Angela Davis (2) is one of the feminist writers who have attempted to focus on the issue of female imprisonment in the US. According to her work, Davis argues that women face gender discrimination in prison and private life. According to her perspective, female imprisonment is a “gendered public punishment” while domestic violence against women is a “private gendered punishment”. She attempts to use historical and philosophical connections between these two issues. In this contex