ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Luxury Brand Imitation Brand imitation refers to copying attributes like design, logo, and shape of a renowned product. Doss and Robinson (2013, p. 427) define brand imitation as “a product that borrows or copies some special attributes of a famous or leading product such as name, shape, or color”. According to Doss and Robinson (2013), the act amounts to a breach of the core value of the original product. Different states have laws that prohibit imitation of luxury brands. Brand imitation deprives the original product designers of the right to reap benefits from their innovation. Additionally, it leads to companies losing significant market share. Mostly, customers opt to purchase the imitation as it goes at a low price. Today, brand imitation poses a major threat to branded companies. The reason for focusing on brand imitation is the danger it poses to the growth of companies and innovation. As per Doss and Robinson (2013), brand imitation is a great crime in the 21st century. Currently, imitated products account for at least seven percent of the global market. The vice is highly concentrated in the luxury product sector. As companies continue to invest in the development of prestigious products, counterfeiters are increasingly targeting them. Growth in technology has made it easy for people to imitate brands. Geiger-Oneto et al. (2013) allege that it is hard for a person to notice a counterfeit brand. One requires paying attention to the unique features of the original product. Below is an example of a counterfeit T-shirt. Fig 1. Coco Chanel fake T-shirt. According to Geiger-Oneto et al. (2013), imitators can target all kinds of luxury brands. Nevertheless, there are areas where imitation is particularly practical. Mostly, they target sectors with limited legal protection. Geiger-Oneto et al. (2013, p. 361) claim that they target sectors where “complementary assets cannot be mustered to protect innovators”. The industries that are highly prone to imitation include fashion and apparel companies. This report will focus mainly on the apparel industry. The study will concentrate on the imitation of branded T-shirts and handbags. Limited legal protection of the branded handbags and T-shirts makes it easy for people to imitate these brands. Besides, technology has made it possible for counterfeiters to come up with diverse appealing designs for handbags and apparel. Below are images of different varieties of handbags from My Other Bag brand, which are replicas of Louis Vuitton handbag brands. Fig 2. Handbags from My Other Bag. Popularity of Imitations To combat imitation, it is imperative to understand the factors that contri
Introduction With exponentially rising healthcare costs in the United States, particularly for those lacking any or good insurance, medical tourism is a rapidly growing industry. In simple terms, health tourism is utilized by individuals who are unable to afford complex procedures or surgeries in the United States and choose to travel to another country where similar procedures can be performed at a fraction of the cost. Many times, these operations are critical, lifesaving, or greatly improve the quality of life for patients to the point that they are willing to take the risks of travel, lesser quality of care, or other potential complications (Yeginsu, 2021). The market for health tourists leaving the U.S. is estimated at 1.4 million, with the average cost per visitor being $3,800-6,000, with the global market worth ranging from $45-72 billion (Dalen & Alpert, 2019). This paper will explore the risks and issues in the health tourism industry and identify strategies for multinational companies and national governments to address them. Summarize the Problem The CDC notes that medical tourism carries a certain number of risks. While it recognizes that medical tourism exists due to elements of cost, culture, or legal reasons – the risks of complications exist, depending on destination, the facility where the procedure is performed, and the patient’s health. Some of the most common risks highlighted by the CDC (2021) are infectious disease, antibiotic resistance, quality and continuity of care, communication barriers, and air travel post-surgery. Individuals traveling abroad lack the same protections as they would in the U.S. and may struggle to receive aftercare or emergency care in case anything goes wrong. Companies operating in the health tourism industry face various challenges, one of the primary being bottlenecks forming due to demand, with a compound annual growth rate of 16% (Dalen & Alpert, 2019). The companies have to through a complex process of navigating both domestic and foreign regulations, ensuring that the quality of care abroad is legitimate (certified facilities), and ensuring that all logistics are in place. There are also concerns regarding the impact of health tourism in destination countries, particularly access to care in the public system, which is often less than ideal but continues to decrease as facilities prioritize medical tourism (Snyder et al., 2013). Key Actors  1. Patients – their health and safety are directly impacted by the issues in the industry. Many patients need the services rather urgently but at the same time, their well-being depends on the recommendations made by the medical tourism companies regarding the facility chosen and all the travel arrangements.  2. U.S. health
Introduction Entertainment programs on crime such as CSI have created a perception now referred to as the ‘CSI effect’. This is the response of the public who have been exposed to forensic science and eye witness evidence from a fictional point of view. As a result, the society now demands more from law enforcement agents, jurors and scientists. The decisions in court now appear to be based on whether or not there is availability of forensic evidence. However, what the society fails to realize is that there is a distortion between what they watch on television and the reality. The evidence that seems to be easy to gather on television takes time and money. This distortion is not only spread through television but also print media. This paper examines how the media has affected the eye witness evidence, the jurors’ knowledge and specialist testimony. It further examines whether crime dramas affect the public perception of forensic science and whether this influence affects court rulings. Forensic evidence Research on the CSI effect has shown there is a correlation between the need for forensic evidence in court and the increase in crime related programs. The availability of this type of evidence determines whether the accused is convicted or acquitted. This finding questions the integrity and reliability of the justice system, especially the decision made by the jury. Court rulings were previously based on the law but with the increase in popularity of crime related programs, one is left to wonder if the jurors’ judgment is fair. A study to determine the validity of the CSI effect on the public and the jury was carried out. The main aim was to establish whether the society believed that some proofs were more dependable than others; and whether crime dramas or other factors have an effect on these views. The study was carried out over the phone and at least 1200 people were contacted. The people interviewed were from different races, 66 percent were white while 6 percent were African American. Most of the respondents were college graduates with families. The average age was 51 years and more than 50 percent were women. About 30 percent had served in the justice department, 70 percent watched crime related programs, while 40 percent of the respondents were casualties of a crime. Nearly all the respondents believed that evidence presented in court varied significantly. The results showed that DNA was regarded as the most efficient evidence. It was followed closely by fingerprints. The statement of medical experts and police testimony also received support from the public. However, the public seemed to have little faith in the injured party and eyewitness evidence. Generally, scien
The Golden Gate is a novel in verse composed of 690 sonnets. This is a fictional and poetic work at the same time based on iambic tetrameter. Such poetic elements as metaphors and symbols, specific tone, and syntax are used by Seth to create an atmosphere of solitude and hardship, affection, and search for personal identity. Many themes and motives, such as family relations and friendship, are described metaphorically to create emotional tension and describe the deeply personal experience of the main characters. Thesis the personal voice of Seth and poetic elements used by the author shape an atmosphere of solitude and loneliness and appeal to the emotions and feelings of readers. The personal voice of the author supports the narration and describes the events and actions of the main characters. The personal voice in poetry is crucial because an author communicates with the audience through it. Seth has introduced effective words and arrangements to create a tone that will govern the reader’s response to the materials. All of the deviations from descriptions of the characters are in the interest of tone building: the affective qualities of language are being exploited rather than used to do no more than making a report. It is through the interplay of words, phrases, lines, and groups of lines that a poem gets its tones and overtones.. Seth comments: “Ah, John, don’t take it all for granted. / Perhaps you think Liz loves you best’ The snooker table has been slanted. ‘/ A cuckoo’s bomb lies in the nest (Seth 6.14). Humor and pun are the main poetic devices used in these lines. Also, Seth addresses readers directly which helps him to involve them in discussion and active reading: “A doomy?” “You know–someone who Thinks all Jane Fonda says is true” (Seth 64). Suing humor, the author expresses different points of view which cannot coincide with his own, but which has a great impact on the tone of the novel. The personal voice of the author is important because a poet might also use several voices in the poem. The importance of this literary device is that the author separates himself from other characters and appeals to readers by simplicity, spontaneity, and naturalness of his narration. Symbols and vivid images of the main characters, John, Janet, Liz, and Ed, help the author to create an atmosphere of loneliness and despair. For instance, using the character of John, the autho
Statistics is a mathematical science which deals with all the different aspects of data collection and processing. The data is first collected and then analyzed and interpreted before being presented. Statistics are important in society for academic purposes including science and its various fields as well as to the business communities and the government. Statistics are frequently and broadly used in society to solve several problems which may be scientific, industrial, or even social in nature. Statistics is used in society for several other reasons as well. For example, crime statistics are used to denote the degree of crime in a particular area or region, or even country. Similarly, economic statistics deals with the economic status by means of data collected from a sample of the region or area under examination. Statistics is a science and as such involves particular and precise procedures and methods in order to study and evaluate the sample of the population that needs to be researched. Statistical data is collected in an observational or experimental setting. This data is then analyzed and serves two important purposes of description of the data (descriptive statistics) and inference (inferential statistics) of the data acquired. Descriptive statistics are primarily used for summarizing the collected data. The sample may be described by means of a graph or charts. The data may also be described mathematically, by means of numerical descriptors. Inferential statistics primarily deals with the depiction of inferences for a larger sample of data or population. The inferences are drawn by using several statistical techniques. These techniques may be used to produce inferences by means of hypothetical testing, estimation method, correlation method, regression method, data mining, Anova modeling technique, and the time series technique. Most people trust statistics and the statistical data is more trustworthy when it is released by the government or any other non-profit organization. However, it is a known fact that statistics can be interpreted and presented in many different ways, to the advantage of the person or agency that has sponsored the research program. According to the official government website of the Office for National Statistics (O
To consider the results of research valuable and applicable, they have to be reliable, and valid. Salazar (Pp.1-2) defined reliability of results as a reference term to repeatability that is if the study were to be conducted for a second time in the same circumstances, it would produce the same results. Reliability is a term describing a research outcome that applies also to study measures. Validity points to the trustworthiness of results (credibility) or are the results true as judging the assumption, the faster students in solving an exam are those with the highest IQ. Van Cantfort (Pp.1-9) suggested there are two aspects of validity, internal and external. Internal validity is where researchers use research procedures and instruments to measure what instruments and procedures are supposed to measure. In simple words did procedure D as an experimental manipulation instrument produces a significant difference? External validity means that the results of the present research can be applied or generalized to other similar conditions (Salazar, Pp.1-2). Salazar (Pp.1-2) described the relationship between reliability and validity as reliability is necessary to achieve validity; however, alone it is not enough justification for validity. The department of Psychology at Georgetown University explained the factors that affect the internal validity of research results. These factors (threats) are Maturation (changes due to aging or development between or within groups), history (outside proceedings during the course of research). Third, is instrumentation valid during the course of the research, fourth is testing that is experience gained by the research team during the time course influenced results. Next, are the participants selected in each grouping the same to respond to the instruments and procedures homogenously (selection)? Sixth is the Hawthorne effect that is when individuals of the treatment group whose response represents the dependent variable change over time so they act differently. Seventh is contamination when the comparison group affects or becomes affected by the treatment group. The department of psychology summarized threats to external validity (factors that prevent generalization) as selection bias (nonrepresentative sample), reactive effects of experimental arrangements, or test or pretest sensitization. Multiple treatment interference is considered also a threat to external validity. In some cases, a specific instrument assesses the average causal effect of the treatment group. This produces a diversity (heterogeneity) of casual effects, a situation that a
A company’s planning activities are centered around finances, because the language and plans are states in terms of financial states, and measures to evaluate plans are financially focused as well. Furthermore, money remains the most critical resource for a commercial organization. Since practically every corporate action has financial consequences, the viability of any plan is seen through the lens of whether it is attainable in the context of limited financial resources (Higgins, 2019). Therefore, the process of financial forecasting can be described as using historic data to predict the financial future in a wide variety of contexts (Investopedia). Business managers may use forecasting to predict sale and plan operations, as many other practices such as cash flow, hiring, or projects depend on having the revenue to ultimately fulfill them. One of the most common tools used are pro forma financial statements, which is a prediction of a company’s financials at the end of the specific forecast period. These can vary from detailed plans and budgets to simply rough estimates (Higgins, 2019). Other applications of financial forecasting can include investors predicting market trends and government economic agencies forecasting economic trajectories to guide policy. It is important to distinguish forecasting from budgeting. Budgeting is a regular required practice where management plans expenses, quantifies expectation of revenues, and ultimately sets the financial direction for a company in the short-term (usually no more than a year), it is a baseline to which actual results are compared. Financial forecasts are long-term, used to determine how companies should allocated their budgets in the future, helping to generate long-term strategy in determining the viability of major projects, and unlike budgeting, it does not analyze the difference between forecasts and actual performance. Therefore, it is a difference of quantification and estimating. Financial forecasting remains important for companies, providing insight to business performance in the past and how it compares to the future. In turn, it allows executives to establish business goals that are both feasible and will help guide the long-term direction of a company to achieve the planned objectives and performance.
Introduction Gifted students can be viewed as those students who display a high level of creativity, intellectual ability, cognitive ability, as well as a high capacity for motivation. This group of students has a strong inner desire to learn more and does not require intensive attention in training compared to other students. Gifted students are also associated with good performance in class. However, this is not just enough for a gifted student. In most cases, the number of gifted students varies from one place to another. The gifted students are found everywhere in all geographical regions, racial, ethnic and socioeconomic groups (Barbara, 2002). Discussion The way in which giftedness and the way gifted students are identified matters a lot. The world events, people, and trends have significantly influenced how giftedness is defined and how gifted students are identified. However, there are some variations in which this is viewed. In the United States, talented education is entirely left over the control of the state affair (Education Commission of States, 20). There is therefore no specification through the federal legislation which requires the states to provide any special attention on the gifted or talented children. In other words, every state is free to have its own ways of identifying and classifying gifted students. Therefore, there is a probability of having different identification criteria for identifying gifted students ranging from one state to another. In every state, the identification criteria are very important because it acts as a guide in formulation of programs to be implemented in identification of those students who are gifted in each district (Education Commission of States, 2004). These states vary to some extent in definition of the gifted children. For instance, fifty states widely vary on the governing body that defines a gifted child (Education Commission of States, 2004). On the other hand, twenty one states legislature gives definition which distinguishes gifted from non gifted students. In their definitions, different states have used several ways of identification. Among these states, some use the terms gifted and talented in their classification. However, others have been using only the term gifted in their definition of exceptionally gifted
The Imami Shiites also known as the Twelvers are traceable to the eleventh imam known as Hasan al-Askari (Martin 351). However, the Imami Shiites only came into existence after the death of the imam in 874 (Martin 350). The Imami Shiites are known for social and political leadership. Imami Shiites are found in Lebanon, Iraq and Syria (Nasr 58). Other regions where the Imami Shiites are found include India, Yemen, Turkey, Iran, Afghanistan and Pakistan (Nasr 60). The population of the Imami Shiites in the Middle East as compared to the rest of the Shia Islam is twenty percent (Nasr 61). Population trends imply that the number of Imami Shiites in Central Asia has increased during the 20 th century. Fig 1.0 a representation of the Shiite population in the Muslim world For a long time, the Imami Shiites have succeeded in influencing the rest of the Muslim population (Haynes 111). The idea of ensuring that Islam leadership is entitled to an Imam has always led to a political debate between the Shiites and the Sunni. The struggle by the Shiites to control the Muslim world through religious doctrines led to the political tension between the Israel and the Arab world. The early dominance of politics in Lebanon and Syria by the Imami Shiites led to an unending conflict between Islam and Judaism. Apparently, the Imami Shiites have always believed that Israel occupation is illegal. While the Imami Shiites continue to agitate for political leadership that reflects the image of Prophet Muhammad, the Sunni prefers dictatorship. In this regard, the dominance of political dictators and monarchy in the Middle East flourished from the 1900s to early 21 st century. For example, the establishment of dictatorial leadership in Iraq, Syria and Egypt resulted from power struggles between the Imami Shiites and the Sunn