ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Leadership is a process by which an individual is able to make an impact on other people, so as to achieve a certain goal and be able to direct people in a way that will make them unified and coherent. For a person to be a good leader there are some skills and knowledge that should be applied. Sometimes leadership can be acquired by learning in a person, but there are some traits in which they influence the kind of leadership a person will have. These traits are; person beliefs, what a person values, his ethics, and lastly the character of a person. Thesis statement: Everyone in an organization who wants to become a leader must learn that being an effective leader requires certain behaviors, skills, traits, motivation, characteristics, and influence tactics in order to be a successful leader. Leadership Behaviors and Skills There is no specific blueprint that can define a leader, but there are some qualities which can be used to define a great leader, and these are behaviors and skills which will be used to define quality leader in an organization. What you apply in terms of leadership in one situation it will be different in another situation. “While skills may be seen over a longer period of time in a leader; these traits have little effect across various situations” (Bass, 1990). Some behaviors and skills are essential to leadership such as, direction setting, trust, asking tough questions, maintaining high standards, stability under pressure, accessibility to group members, having positive attitude (including supportiveness), and willingness to accept blame . Direction Setting In every organization, a leader is supposed to bring change in organization in which he/she is working. In order for a leader to set direction in an organization, he/she must have a vision for that organization. For example, a leader can have a vision for the company to diversify in future so that they can start producing bicycles for children, apart from producing toys for children. The leader is able to share his/her vision with the rest of the team in organization; the leader can share his skills through one on one mentoring or hold organizational leadership seminars. Being Trustworthy To be an effective leader, it is a duty for every leader to display honesty, integrity and credibility. Many followers in an organization will measure honesty of a leader by his/her deeds and how the leader will keep his/her promises. To be an effective leader in organization, the leader must be trusted and at the same time, the leader must trust his/her followers. Asking Tough Question There is a common perception that a leader should be knowledgeable, but many times a leader will be effective if he/she asks tough questions rather than provides answers. When a leader asks tough questions, it will make his/her followers start thinking about their roles in organization. Give a real life example here. For example, a store manager asks
What is Minimalist Design in the Hotel Industry?   * Minimalist design in the hotel industry takes the form of the minimization of unnecessary furniture, services and products in favour of an emphasis on space, freedom, and the ability to maximize revenue from every single square inch of the hotel (Marin, 2008).   * This takes the form of hotels getting more creative regarding the space utilized (i.e. creating more areas for commercialization) as well as creating more open space within their interiors that are not cluttered by needless furniture. Basically, the minimalist design focuses more on customization of guest experienced by removing amenities and services that are rarely used so as to reduce the overhead costs of the company while at the same time giving guests exactly what they need instead of amenities which they may never utilize (The Shock of The Old, 2005).   * As a result, minimalism in hotel design can be considered a reflection of a shift away from overly luxurious interiors and amenities towards greater functionality and maximization of space (Meyer, 2009).   * Do note that other iterations of minimalist design involve a greater emphasis on spacious interiors which are considered a luxury in an overly crowded urban environment. Success of Minimalist Designs   * Based on the work of Broome (2008) which examined changes in present-day hotel designs, it was noted that minimalist designs have actually been quite successful as of late (especially in Europe) wherein lower overhead costs, an emphasis on spaciousness within the hotel as well as the maximization of floor space to bring in added income (ex: through the use of shops within the hotels) has been embraced by various hotel chains such as Marriott (Broome, 2008).   * While this trend has yet to be fully adopted in other hotel chains, the cost savings alone makes it a viable option as hotels scramble to minimize their costs during seasons where guest bookings are at an all-time low. What feelings are being transmitted?   * When examining the design elements utilized in the minimalist design of hotels, it is immediately obvious that the openness and lack of clutter attempt to bring about feelings of freedom and solitude.   * Minimalist design elements focus more on functionality rather than pure luxury and, as such, imparts people with the fe
Introduction A hologram can simply be defined as a 3D (three-dimensional) image. It is usually produced in a 2D (two-dimensional) surface but it gives a 3D image of a certain real object. Therefore, users of the hologram do not need to have special equipment in order to view the image in 3D. Most of the holograms produce very precise images that look exactly as the real object because the image is in 3D just like the object is. To expound on this, if one views a hologram from different angles, the image will appear differently, unlike a 2D image. The hologram therefore tends to behave like a real image because a real object viewed from different angles will appear different to the viewer at each of the angles. Some even appear to be in motion as the viewer changes the viewing angle or walks past them. Some of the holograms give views of different objects if the viewer changes the viewing angle. They may even change their color as the viewer changes the viewing angle (Wilson 1). Holograms have other traits that may be quite interesting. If one cuts the hologram into a half. Each of the two halves has the entire image that was initially in the whole hologram. The same will also be the case if the hologram is split into four pieces; even a very small piece of the hologram will have the image of the original hologram. This, together with the fact that a hologram can contain various different images on the same surface has puzzled many people who do not know how holograms work. In addition to the aforementioned surprising characteristics of holograms, a holographic image of a magnifying glass will be able to act as a magnifier itself, just like the real object (Wilson 1). Given the details that a hologram carries, it is obviously much harder to make one than it is to produce a 2D image. However, despite this difficulty in making holograms, they are almost everywhere; in some credit cards, identity cards, and even in some driver’s licenses (ACEPTGroup 1). The main reason why holograms are popular is because it is very difficult to copy a hologram and thus they are used to secure cards, documents and other products. Thus if a credit card has a hologram on it, it is difficult for it to be forged. How to make a hologram To make a hologram the following items are required:   * A laser – this is used to magnify the light that is used to produce the image. Depending on the laser that one chooses to use, he/she may need to have a shutter for controlling the exposure of the object to the laser light.   * Lenses – these are used to spread light in order to shed it on the whole image while regulating its intensity.   * Mirrors – these are used for directing light to the right locations on the object.   * Holographic film – this is used to record the light. Its use is mainly based on the fact that it has a very high resolution that helps in creating high-quality holographic images (Wilson 2). There are a number of ways in which one can arrange the above listed items to make a hologram. The following is the set-up for the basic hologram.   * The laser is directed to the beam splitter that separates the light into two beams.   * Mirrors are used to direct t
Internal Communication Strategies Cisco started paying considerable attention to risk management in the 2000s, and it has effectively addressed various issues (Munson 89). This extensive experience can help the Supply Chain Risk Management (SCRM) team implement the necessary change effectively. It is noteworthy that the company considers such risks as weather, economic, political and so on (Schlegel and Trent 274). At that, the major focus has to be made on the development of efficient internal and external communication strategies. When it comes to internal communication patterns, one of the most important steps to undertake is to develop efficient software to ensure effective knowledge sharing within the organization. Clearly, the company should utilize technology, which is one of the central competitive advantages (Chao par. 3). The system should include all the necessary data on the suppliers, their contacts, availability of back-ups, and so on. The system should also include the crisis alert. It should be automatized. Thus, the alert system available to the Supply Chain Incident Manager should be incorporated into the risk management system (“Cisco SCRM in Action: 2011 Tohoku Earthquake” 1). It can be effective to assign certain responsibilities to the risk management team members. Thus, there should be one manager responsible for each of possible crises (weather, economic, political and so on). The alert is sent by the system to a device of the person responsible for this or that type of crisis. The manager assesses the impact of the crisis and makes a decision whether to launch a meeting of the entire team immediately. If the crisis is significant, each team member, as well as the Director of Supply Chain Management, should access the system and start addressing issues. Each team member will take part in the online conference to discuss preliminary steps. This will ensure immediate response to the crisis as no time will be lost to hold unnecessary meetings in the office that take more time than an online conference as people are available within minutes irrespective of their locations. External Communication Strategies It is also important to improve external communication patterns (Manners-Bell par. 16). The improvement is necessary in such areas as collaboration “across supply chain partners”, the development of trustful relationships with partners and (Manners-Bell Supply Chain Risk 39). It can be effective to ensure suppliers’ capacity to issue the alert. Clearly, it will be effective when some internal issues occur. At that, the suppliers will be able to notify timely the company and avoid significant losses. Of course, when it comes to such external factors as an earthquake, another strategy should be employed. Instead of trying to contact partners experiencing difficulties, the system should provide possible alternatives immediately. Meanwhile, the system can notify the supplier about the redirection so that the partner could stop some processes if necessary. Thus, the supply chain will not be disrupted. It is also essent
Introduction Charted in 1945 by 51 countries, the intent of the United Nations (UN) was to provide a forum for the nations of the world to congregate as a means to promote world peace. This number has grown to 191 today, in practically every country. No one can debate that the formation of the UN has provided relief and stabilization for millions of the world’s population over the past 60 years. However, many rightfully question the ability of this international organization to successfully manage present and future adverse scenarios. The power of the UN to stop imperialist actions was put in serious doubt when it could not stop the US from invading a sovereign country that did not initiate military conflict. The genocide in Darfur, Sudan was ignored until just recently and many thousands of children worldwide die from starvation every day. In addition, globalization has gone far beyond the scope of what could have been imagined in 1945. Responsibility of UN The ‘Responsibility to Protect,’ a basic tenant by which the UN operates, provides that a country cannot refuse assistance or support from other countries when it cannot or will not safeguard its citizens from genocide or other actions deemed as a crime against humanity. All nations’ sovereignty is respected as is their ability to conduct their affairs but this is a qualified condition, not one that is considered absolute. “When peaceful means are exhausted and leaders of a UN member state is ‘manifestly failing to protect their populations,’ then other states have the responsibility to take collective action through the Security Council” (O’Neill, 2006). Critics of the responsibility to protect concept argue that it is simply another method by which the western world can justify its imperialistic predispositions. The concern is that the responsibility to protect will be invoked whenever a more powerful nation wishes to advance its agenda at the expense of the less powerful. Of course, this concern cannot be dismissed or denied in light of the Iraqi occupation which makes the argument for military intervention a tough sell to all, especially to the lesser developed countries. It is the nature of countries to consider their interests first and foremost and a responsibility to protect the document, no matter how well-intentioned, cannot change this fact or guarantee that the motives behind its invocation are morally sound in every situation. Critique The responsibility to protect is also criticized because it does not place enough emphasis on poverty and famine conditions and too much on violent situations. In addition, many that advocate humanitarian efforts question military involvement as the focus of this effort. “The challenge
Polygamy in Islam Polygamy is a practice of marriage where one person marries more than one spouse (Khan, 2009, para. 2). Since Islam prohibits polyandry, polygamy here is discussed in terms of a man having more than one wife. Islam is unique in that it has come up with ways of not only restricting polygamy, but also reorganizing it as well. The Quran mainly highlighted polygamy following the aftermath of what came to be regarded as “the battle of Uhud” (Khan, 2009, para. 2). Many Muslim men had been killed in the war leaving behind widows and orphans who needed to be cared for by the surviving men. In this context, polygamy was an act of compassion. Reasons for polygamy in Islam Islam uses polygamy as a means of solving social problems. There are more women than men in the world which means that some women are left without spouses hence the need to share a man. Islam also compares the escalating problems of divorce in the west to their own. In the West the rate of divorce caused by infidelity is very high. Therefore, Islam supports polygamy and in the process recognizes the second wife. This is important for reducing cases of infidelity amongst its faithful. There is also the need to practice polygamy in the event that the first wife is infertile or sick rather than divorcing heron such grounds. Therefore, the man can still take care of the first wife and have children with another woman. In these two cases the man is guarded from having illicit sexual relations which is forbidden by Islam. Leaving a woman because of sickness is also not compassionate and so marrying another woman is a more human solution. The biological and psychological difference between men and women is another reason for permitting polygamy. Women usually have a lesser desire for sex compared to men and therefore the man can get this attention from another wife when one is not able to have sex. Moreover, Islam does not allow sex when a woman is on menstruation, so a man can have sexual relations with the other wife in a legal framework.This is better than a man having affairs with unknown women. Benefits of polygamy according to Islam Women who do not have a mate can still get benefits of a marriage such as companionship and other desires satisfied. Negative effects of polygamy in Islamic context The disadvantages of polygamy according (2010) to the wife are that she has less time with the husband since time has to be divided with the other wife, jealousy because the woman would want the full attention of a husband. A husband has lesser time with the children hence he may not have enough time to discipline and guide the children. It is unfair because w
Individual Decision Making Principles There are four individual decision-making principles, and they refer to the concepts established by Gregory Mankiw. As a result of these principles, students and businessmen have a better comprehension of the motivational features that enhance interaction between consumers. The first principle is that an individual should never risk more than he can afford to give. This involves more than financial ventures. It implies that it is unwise for an individual or business to engage in a venture that requires more resources than can be donated. Only the individual is aware of what he can afford in regard to emotions, energy, and time. Therefore, an individual should stick to the decisions that match his willingness to dedicate resources for an activity (Klein, 1998). According to the second principle, an individual should never risk more than he has. This gives the implication that individuals and businesses are restricted in regard to resources. There is a limited supply of money, space, time, and energy. Therefore, an individual should never attempt to use more resources than he has. Every decision involves the utilization of some resources. However, no economic venture should exhaust all the resources in a given department. According to the third principle, an individual should assess every decision in regard to the benefits he will achieve. Therefore, it is recommendable to only engage in risks that are linked to particular benefits. The fourth principle implies that it is worth being proud of the decisions one makes. Only an individual can make the best decisions for himself. Sometimes, adolescents may feel that the parents are forcing them into specific decisions. However, even when the parents make decisions for the teenagers, they are also involved in decision making since they adhere to the options presented to them. Marginal Costs and Benefits The totality of an economy’s strength influences the marginal costs and benefits linked to the decision to buy a home. During instances where there is growth in the economy, a person may have no second thoughts about buying the home. The home would satisfy the person’s needs, and his expectation is that the economy would continue escalating. In this case, the marginal benefits are higher compared to the marginal costs. During an economic recession, buying a home is a totally wrong idea (Choo, 1996). In this regard, there are always preferences to save or spend during particular periods. Removing tax deduction from the mortgage interest minimizes the need for a home. The Relationship between Decision Making and Economics Principles From the foregoing discussion, it is evident that the principles of economics play a significant role in influencing the decisions made. Key Attributes of Economic Systems Market Economy The market economy is also
The history of water service in the State of Texas dates back to 1878, when Houston’s City Council decided to build a water works facility. In part, this decision was triggered by the necessity to cope with devastating fires, which occurred on a regular basis (Smyer, p 2). At that moment, the entire consumption of water was 3.000.000 gallons per day (Smyer, p 2). This fact indicates that at that time, water needs of people, living in Texas were relatively small. It stands to reason that water needs of this region have drastically increased since that time. At the given moment, the population of Texas numbers more than 21 million people. Moreover, it is one of the biggest industrial centers of the US. According to the most recent estimations, the daily usage of water constitutes approximately 18 million gallons, while the annual usage 657 billion gallons (Texas Conservative Coalition, p 2). It is often argued that Texas is one of those US regions where the rate of water consumption far exceeds the replenishment rate. In addition to that, many scholars insist that local government should work out strategies, which would contribute to the reduction of water consumption. The thing is that many underground waters are going to be depleted, if the level of consumption does not drop. This is perhaps the key drawback of water distribution system in the State of Texas. At present, the local government tries to make a more efficient use of underground waters; in particular, we can mention such an aquifer as Brazos River Alluvium. The surface waters include such rivers and bayous as The Brazos and Trinity Rivers (Window on State Government, unpaged). We can say that water distribution system in Texas has to rely more on surface waters but at this moment, this source of water supply remains relatively unexplored. Water supply treatment, which aims to remove all possible contaminants, consists of such stages as pre-chlorination, aeration, desalination. Each of these processes is supposed to ensure that the water is suitable for drinking. These procedures are aimed at removing bacteria, viruses, various fungi and so forth. These purification techniques are instrumental for maintaining the highest quality of water. The water distribution system in Texas provides several options for pressurizing water:  1. By means of pumps (there is a whole network of pumping stations in Texas);  2. By using the force of gravity feed, in other words by means of water towers;  3. Through pressure vessels. This infrastructure is owned by both public and private organizations. It should also be pointed out that according to the standards, adopted by local government, water pipes must meet the following requirements:   * First, all water lines have to be rubber gasket pipes only (The State of Texas, unpaged);   * Secondly each of the pipes has to be furnished with a rubber ring at each joint (The State of Texas, unpaged). Moreover, the pipes must be of a specific diameter, which would not exceed 12 inches. These specifications are necessary for maintaining optimal pressure. Besides, water pipes must be made of ductile iron, p