ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Hamman Ibn Ghalib Abu Firas also known as Al-Farazdaq was an Arab poet who lived during the period from 614 to 730. This paper will focus on his works as well as early life that nurtured him to get into poetry. Early life Al-Farazdaq was born in Kazma (Kuwait) and moved to Basra together with parents where he lived. He came from the Darim community, which was part of the respected divisions of the Bani Tamim society. His mother came from the tribe of Dabba while his father followed Bedouin until the time Basra was founded. The father was also famous for his generosity and hospitality especially towards the less fortunate in the society. When he was 15 years old, Farasdaq became a very popular poet, and he did so for a short period of time after receiving a word of advice from the caliph Ali that he devotes most of time to the study, understanding and interpretation of the holy Quran. He, therefore, returned to making verse and dedicating his time to the religion, but the ability was still inside him. He would later make a comeback into poetry and began applying satire which he was talented in using the same to attack Bani Nahshal and the Bani Fuqaim. He was forced to flee to Kufa when Ziyad, a member of the Bani Fuqaim tribe became the governor of Basra in 669. The Emir of the city of Kufa, Said Ibn Al-As received him so well and he remained in the for a period of ten years while writing satires on the Bedouin tribe but kept off from the politics of that city. His works have been used for many centuries and are still preserved where they act as a source of inspiration for many leaders who seek to understand the challenges of the past and forge the way for the future. His verses made him live a prodigal life because Caliph Marwan chose to expel him from the city where he was living but by then, Ziyad had died which paved for his return to Basra. He was able to work hand in hand with the person who came after Ziyad named Ubayd Allah Ibn Ziyad and started working again as a poet whose critique work of the society and people around him became noted. His matrimonial affairs took the center stage in this whole career. He chose to Marry Nawar against her will and this is because he chose to use his power and prowess. She took an initiative to move to courts in Basra but all of them feared Farzdaq’s satire which meant that it was difficult for them to overturn the decision. Nawar chose to move to Mecca and appealed to the political content at that time who successfully convinced her to accept the marriage and move on. This was a marriage that became very shaky and as a result of that, he took in a second wife as a way of annoying Nawar and a third wife came in after the death of a second one. He later chose to consent to a divorce that was presided over by Hassan Al-Basri. At this point, new subjects emerged and he chose to write about them in the spirit of a poet who was out to criticize. A feud between him
Introduction Investor confidence is a pillar of the financial system. Investor confidence in the financial industry is nurtured by the bond of trust that exists among the members of the financial system, who include regulatory bodies, net savers, and net borrowers. Therefore, a healthy financial system can only exist where participants within that industry have enough confidence in the institutions that exist within that financial industry. It can be said that the relationship of participants of the financial system can only be successful if information is properly acquired and objectively analyzed to guide the decision making process (Lawrence 454). Credit rating companies and security analysts have a duty of objectively and honestly analyzing and rating securities in a way that reflects the true situation that will enable investors make independent and objective investment decisions. As a result once a credit rating agency carelessly carries out its rating activities, it may paint a wrong picture for both investors and issuers. Any rating mistakes in the credit rating process by analysts and credit agencies such as Moody, S&P and Fitch is highly risky especially when dealing with millions or possibly billions of dollars may be detrimental to investors and other stakeholders and therefore the eventual decrease in investor confidence. What Moody did wrong Moody’s Business Expansion and the Increased Pressure from the Top Management that directed other business executives to increase their revenues and market Moody could be partly blamed as the genesis of the whole problem. Credit ratings done by companies like Moody were especially vital for investors in mortgage based securities and since investors had no way to access such information they relied on the judgment of the existing credit agencies such as Moody. On the other hand, companies such as Moody who were the aristocrats of the ratings business pressured their employees to achieve revenue targets and therefore business executives ended up poorly rating the securities. The downgrading of security based mortgages on the other hand ended up miss-judging the actual risk and therefore misleading both investors and those people who took out mortgages that were later pooled by other intermediary institutions. The role of Moody’s corporation and other credit rating agencies that ended up wrongly and in accurately rating several thousands of bonds which had been pooled into bundles of subprime mortgages that belonged to individuals who had poor credit ratings was the biggest mistakes that Moody did. Having existed for almost a century, many participants of the financial systems fully trusted the analysis and recommendations of Moody Corporation, and therefore did not use extensive credit rating techniques to accurately come up with more objective information. In addition, Moody Corporation was absorbed in a stiff competition with other credit rating information agencies and ended up doing a shoddy credit rating job, which ended up costing the investors bi
Abstract The afterlife, or the resurrection, is the purpose of most religions. Can we speak of any religion without talking of resurrection and eternity? There is no such religious grouping or even religious sect that does not refer to the next life. For Christians and Muslims, the topic is very interesting and stimulating because when we talk of the afterlife, we also refer to our own existence here on earth. Rick Warren asks this revealing question in his popular book The Purpose Driven Life , which all of us also would like to ask and have an answer: “What on earth am I here for?” Yes, what are we here for? This is the question we ask when we talk of the afterlife and the resurrection. When we talk of the resurrection, we have to examine our very existence here on earth. Are we doing good or bad? Are we going to heaven or hell? Moreover, when we talk of the afterlife, we also expect a happening. What will really happen to me when I die? Aside from the happening (the dying) your mind will also ask after you die what will happen to you? There are many questions here. We like the what, how, why, where, and when answered. But it seems there are really vague answers if we find it somewhere else. The answer only lies in us, in how we were brought up and how we lived our lives. The purpose of this essay is to dig deeper into the concept of the afterlife and resurrection from both Islam and Christian perspectives. Muslim and Christian Beliefs Death is not the end but the beginning of eternity – this both Christian and Islam believers agree. What notions and philosophies do we believe when we talk of the resurrection? Christians always believe that there is a resurrection. And so do others, especially Islam believers. Question of the after-life is a question of faith. All we have is what we learned from religion or faith and from the stories of our folks. Abraham Lincoln has this to say: “Surely God would not have created such a being as man to exist only for a day! No, no, the man was made for immortality.” (Warren 2002, p. 36). The Bible says: “If there is no resurrection of the dead, then Christ has not been raised; and if Christ has not been raised, then our proclamation
Introduction Economic environment is a study area of economic and has a major focus is environmental issues. The central part of economic environment is market failure. Therefore, for effective economic environment, the management of an organization must focus on market success. For instance, marketing strategies must be employed to have effective environmental economics. An international company has its market spread across countries in the world. Therefore, their market strategies and to the extent environmental economics are not confined in country of origin. This paper analyzes market strategies and environmental economics for Haier Company; an international company dealing with consumer electronics and a number of home appliances. Background Economic environment of any business largely depends on the kind of strategies that are used in managing competition. Most importantly, these are the strategies that are used by a company to move goods and services closer to the targeted consumers. Therefore, most of the economic environments are usually shaped by marketing strategies that have been put in place. Additionally, use of well enhanced technologies and carrying out situational researches has been perceived to be viable means of understanding how well to invest productively. For an international organization such as Haier Company, all of the economic environments and marketing strategies must fit within the international demand for goods and services. Therefore, in analyzing the best forms of marketing strategies, management of competition must be put into consideration. In other words, there can be no successes if companies do not have sufficient competitive niches in the market. In the case of a company such as Haier which has a major focus on electronics, its competitive niche would mainly dwell on large volume of sales compared to its rivals. The structure of any company must also reflect modernity, and must be strategically instituted to control competition in the marketplace. Haier Company has a hierarchical form of management or organizational structure. At face value, hierarchical form of structure is equated to bureaucratic form of management. As a matter of fact, there are some negative attributes of this kind of management. However, this company has utilized the latter management style to emerge strong especially during turbulent economic times. For example, the company had an easy way of coming out of the global financial crisis of 2009 which saw a number of companies halt their operations. In essence, this company uses this kind of management structure to control its human resource management, accounting and other factors necessary for effective marketing. Since it is based in China, this company has used the Chinese culture of management of organization, but tries as much to customize its products in targeted markets. The
Introduction An ecosystem is an environment that is self-sustaining and contains a complex set of relationships between the living organisms (Biotic factors) and the non-living physical environment referred to as Abiotic factors. These include sunlight, air, water, and soil. Ecosystems that share similar characteristics are grouped together from larger areas known as biomes. A biome is therefore a large area that has specific climatic conditions and specific species of both animals and plants. Biomes are mainly described by the vegetation they support. This is because the plant life in that region will determine what kind of animal species will be found there. The world’s major biomes include tropical rainforests, coniferous forests, temperate deciduous forests, grasslands, deserts, freshwater and saltwater ecosystems, and the tundra. The Tundra The word tundra is derived from the Finnish word Tunturi, which means a treeless plain. This region is marked by extremely low temperatures making it the coldest of all the biomes. Its land surface is covered by frost. The tundra is also characterized by a climate that is extremely cold for most of the year, little biotic life, and simple vegetation structures that have short growing seasons. The tundra is also further classified into two types (Johnson 93). Arctic tundra This region is located in the northern hemisphere of the equator. It surrounds the North Pole and spreads south where it links the coniferous forests of the Taiga belt. The Arctic is a cold region with winter temperatures of – 35 o c and summer temperatures of 3 to 15 o c. Since the growing seasons are often short, they range from 40 to 60 days in a year. The tundra is sometimes referred to as a cold desert because it receives low rainfall, ranging from 12 – 25 cm. During the summer, the frozen ground that is known as Permafrost melts to give little water that supports vegetation growth. The major plants found in t
Coffee Break Café (CB Café) is a business start up in Saudi Arabia with the intention of rolling out a new financial accounting system based on a spreadsheet. This paper evaluates the use of spreadsheets as a better strategy than using paper, pen, and calculator. Introduction Business startups have many issues to handle. The success of a startup usually depends on how well the management prepares to run each of the functions of the business. This paper relates to the financial management system of the CB Café in Saudi Arabia, which is a business start up. The central idea in the paper is that the business will benefit from the use of a spreadsheet to manage financial records compared to the use traditional tools such as paper, pen, and calculator. Statement of Primary Problems The main problem that this paper deals with is the use of papers, pens, and calculators as the basic instruments of financial accounting. The position of this paper is that there are better tools available for use for these tasks. The use of paper, pen, and calculators complicate the process of data entry and slows down the capacity of a business owner to make important financial decisions. The use of paper-based records to document financial transactions worsens the situation. The business owner must look through all the manual records and make calculations every time there is need to know where the business stands financially. This is labor intensive, and inefficient. Evidence of the Problems Evidence of the problems caused by the use of paper, pen, and calculator includes the following. First, the manager of the CB Café takes at least three hours daily to balance the books in the evening after the closure of the café. The work the manager does include ensuring that all the sales made during the day find their way into the books. The manager also deals with invoicing issues. Secondly, the manager cannot tell before the end of the month whether the work done on any day produced profits. In other words, the manager cannot make effective tactical decisions to address any significant changes in the cash flow of the business. Thirdly, the manager at all times needs a large storage area to keep the records related to the management of the café. Effects of the Problems The main effects of the problem are that it slows down decision-making, and it robs the manager of the ability to make quick decisions that can lead to savings or increased business. Statement of Secondary Problems The secondary problems associated with the use of papers, pens, and calculators are that it leads to the need for large storage space for the paper records. The café will generate a large quantity of paper records in the next few years. There will also be the related problem of retrieving the information from the files. In addition, there is a serious risk of data security because access to the manager’s office
Islam is a monotheistic religion that was founded by Prophet Muhammad, a visionary leader from Arabia, centuries after Jesus’s coming. Islam religion considers Allah to be their God and believes in Muhammad’s revelations detailed in the Quran. Prophet Muhammad’s writings are valued by Muslims who consider them as flawless, which are final revelations of God. Christianity, on the other hand, is based on the teachings contained in the holy book, the Bible. They believe in an eternal, all-powerful and all-knowing God personified in Trinity. Christians believe that God created the universe and everything within it including human beings. Judaism is based on Tora which are the Old Testament books written by Moses. Similarities Revelation is considered to be the basis of the world major religions such as Christianity, Islam and Judaism. According to Judaism, their major goal was not connected with the knowledge of God but with an intimate and immediate communion with God. The three religions, also known as Abrahamic religions (Judaism, Christianity and Islam), share the commonality that consists in the fact that God does exist capable of revealing His will to humanity. These religions have profound documents which help the faithful distinguish between the false and true prophets. From historical books it is recorded that Abraham had two sons, Ishmael and Isaac. Islam religion considers Ishmael as the father of their religion while Christians and Jewish believe that Abraham’s second son, Isaac, is their patriarch. However, the similarity is based on the fact that Islamic and Jewish religions share a common ancestor, Abraham, and their patriarchs Ishmael and Isaac were blood brothers (Taylor). Differences Judaism, Christianity and Islam are believed to have originated around 2000 BC from the covenant between ancestor Abraham and the God of the ancient Israelites (Heschel). The three religious beliefs point out the specific leaders who led Israelites out of Egyptian bondage to the Promised Land. Their texts describe leaders such as Moses as an outstanding leader who took Israelites out of captivity. The same leader provided people with the laws of God who was later succeeded by Joshua that led the multitudes into the Promised Land where they were ruled by kings. The first Israelite King was Saul who was succeeded by David and then Solomon, the son of David, who ultimately built the first temple in Jerusalem. The Jews believe in God who possesses absolute power and wisdom hence should be worshipped by all people (Taylor). Judaism regards the God as the one who rewards good deeds but punishes evil. The Jews believe that God made perfect all creations hence there is no need in salvation for people (Heschel). Judaism does not believe in the need for one’s salvation, which is contrary to the Christians’ beliefs who affirm the fact that God sent His son Jesus Christ onto the Earth to redeem human kind from sin by dying upon the cross (Taylor). Conclusions In conclusion, it must be mentioned that the understanding of world religions requires one to have religious toleranc
Police departments use offender profiles, which is described as a series of behavioral and personal characteristics related with specific offenses, to make predictions regarding the type of person that may commit future crimes. Other reasons why offender profiles might be used are to identify the type of individual that might have already committed a crime for which they have identified no credible suspect or as yet not located an eye-witness to the event. The term criminal profiling progresses to racial profiling when the defining characteristics used comprises ethnicity, religion or race. Profiling methodologies differ largely because all profilers are not trained equally and they possess varying abilities. Essentially, there are two types of profiling that are performed by criminologists and police departments in the U.S. Each describes very different approaches to this field of study. Inductive Criminal Profiling is theoretically associated with the creation of a psychological pattern of symptoms and the subsequent evidence of symptoms. This method actually involves racial generalizations and deductions based on statistics. Deductive Criminal Profiling is a less common method of profiling. It can be considered somewhat as, very generally speaking, the Sherlock Holmes method where the profiler maintains an open mind and examines all premises, assumptions and opinions put forth despite how eminent the provider of the information might be. This discussion examines the merits regarding the Inductive and Deductive Criminal Profiling methodologies so as to provide police management a detailed account of the intrinsic worth of racial profiling. Decisions regarding what person to stop, question and detain based upon characteristic generalities that are either observable or perceived such as r
The poems of Blake emphasize the rebellious mood with a combination of religious and mystic frames. Social conflicts which have arisen in the era of industrial revolution in England confused the perception of Blake. Through the years the author got the new vision of his poems what was expressed by the difference between the imagery of Introductions and the Song’s of Nurse in the Songs of Innocence and Songs of Experience . The author expresses his own perception of the world. The use of imagery helps Blake to represent the image of Nature as the main character of the Songs . Imagery as a set of mental pictures or images is the main characteristic of poetry. Analyzing works of William Blake, we can find such characteristics as visual imagery, kinetic imagery, personification and metaphor. Visual imagery is the most important characteristic of both works. Analyzing the Introduction s we can notice that the Introduction of Experience contains more visual imagery than the Introduction of Innocence. In the Introduction of Innocence we find such examples as “Piping down the valleys wild, piping songs of pleasant glee, on a cloud I saw a child” (Blake, p. 81). Visual imagery of the Introduction of Experience : the Bard, that walked among the ancient trees; “fallen, fallen light renew” (Blake, p. 87). The last quatrain presents a consistent visual imagery: Turn away no more; Why wilt thou turn away? The starry floor, The watery shore, Is given thee till the break of day. (Blake, p. 88) In the Nurse’s Song of the Innocence we can find more visual imagery than in the Nurse’s Song of the Experience: ”in the sky the little birds fly”; “the hills are all coverd with sheep” (Blake, p. 87). An example of visual imagery of the Nurse’s Song in the Experience : “my face turns green and pale” (Blake, p. 90). We can make the conclusions that Blake pays more attention to the visual characteristics in the Song of Experience . I think that the use of visual imagery emphasizes the infinity of Blake’s imagination. Word choice is very important to the author. He treats them as live beings which can coexist only in cooperation with other live creatures (Farrel