ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Background Islam is an Abrahamic and Monotheistic religion that derives its teachings from the Quran (Watt, 2013). Islamic faith bases its northe mative examples in the Quran and related teachings. A Muslim is an adherent of Islamic doctrines and belief systems. The latter believes in one God by the name Allah, and his only prophet is referred to as Mohammed (Ahmed, 2013). However, they acknowledge the existence of other prophets such as Moses, Abraham, Noah, and Adam (Lassner, 2012). Numerous cultural practices and religious concepts in Islam are collectively referred to as the five pillars of Islam. These include prayer, testimony, giving Alms, fasting, and Pilgrimage (Watt, 2013). Research has shown that Muslims are spread all over the world, such as the United States, Middle East, Great Britain, Pakistan, India, and other Asian countries (Ahmed, 2013). In-depth research has been carried out for a long time to understand Islamic teachings and practices. This paper will, therefore, discuss how Islamic teachings are interpreted and practiced as well as the effects on Muslims’ and non-Muslims’ interaction. Also, the paper also explores and contrasts n Islam, Christianity, and Judaism. Interpretation of Islamic teachings and practices The practice of Islam is largely similar in most countries in spite of a few differences. It is pertinent to note that the United States, Great Britain, Middle East, India, Pakistan and other Asian countries have a distinct way of practising Islam. Koopmans (2015) elucidates that one God called Allah unifies Muslims across the world. Mohammad is his only prophet. Moreover, a number of religious practices bind Muslims into a formidable belief system. Examples include fasting during the month of Ramadan and assisting the needy. Nevertheless, historical evidences have shown that the practice of Islam differs from one geographical region to another (Lassner, 2012). In other words, the aspects of faith vary from one country to another. According to a global survey conducted by Pew Research Centre’s Forum on Religion and Public Life, it is certain that other than the conviction and the belief in Allah and Mohammad, there are other core tenets of Islam. Although Muslims share the key fundamentals of faith such as giving Alms, existence of heaven, hell, Angels and predestination, research has revealed significant differences in the level of commit
The United States is one of the countries with the most active legislation in the field of telemedicine. According to Parimbelli et al., “discussion on the legal and ethical implications of remotely exercised medicine started even before specifically designed telemedicine systems were developed” (2). In the last 10–15 years, telemedicine has become more pervasive, and debate about its legal and security implications has arisen. Laws are in force at the state level, but the legal definition of telemedicine at the federal level requires improvement. In 2015, federal legislation HR 691 was introduced to Congress that seeks to establish a federal telehealth standard and serve as guidance for states (United States, Cong.). Core Operational Guidelines for Telehealth Services, developed by the American Telemedicine Association, define telemedicine as the exchange of medical information through telecommunications in order to improve the health of patients. Telemedicine, according to the Guidelines, is not a separate medical activity. However, different states use different approaches to the definition of this term. States can choose whether (or not) to cover telemedicine under Medicaid, how it is provided, what types of services and practitioners may be covered, and how much to reimburse for telemedicine (“Telemedicine”). Speaking of Medicare, in almost all cases, Medicare only reimburses for live telemedicine – in other words, a real-time video chat between a physician and patient (Iafolla). Telemedicine service is covered under Medicare if the patient is located within a Health Professional Shortage Area. It is also necessary to separate the terms telemedicine and telehealth. According to Brous, although the terms are often used interchangeably, telemedicine applies more narrowly to clinical services and telehealth more broadly to general health care, such as patient education and monitoring (1). A physician who practices telemedicine should be licensed not only in his or her state of residence but also in the state in which he or she carries out telemedicine services. Also, any legal issues that arise will be resolved under the laws of the state in which the patient is located. The use of information technologies in the health care system makes it possible to significantly improve the quality of life of the population of any country. Undoubtedly, legal control of telemedicine plays a vital role in the development of telemedicine. At the same time, a significant factor in slowing down the development of remote medicine will be the lag in the legal framework and its deliberate restriction. Works Cited Brous, Edie. “Legal Considerations in Telehealth and Telemedicine.” American Journal of Nursing , vol. 116, no. 9, 2016, pp. 64-67, Web. Parimbelli, Enea, et al. “Trusting Telemedicine: A Discussion on Risks, Sa
Project statement and goals Stakes International is developing an intranet-based dashboard that will assist the management to place queries to the firm’s database and receiving information such as the current financial status of the firm, the status of development projects as well as the network and server infrastructure. This has been occasioned by the fact that the management has in the past experienced delayed decision-making because of a lack of timely information. This has resulted in delayed processing as well as dissatisfied customers as Stakes International operates at under capacity. It has been envisaged that with these processes being streamlined through the introduction of the intranet dashboard, Stakes International will generate up to 1.2 million US dollars from its business. The initial feasibility study was conducted using interviews. The Team metro carrying out the project for Stakes International carried out the initial training and orientation and derived the necessary interview materials in form of questionnaires. The general structure of the questionnaires was balanced including both open and closed questions. All projects initiated must have a goal (Schwalbe, 2005). The goal of this project is to implement an intranet-based dashboard that will provide an interface giving the management current status reporting function concerning a number of factors such as the network and server infrastructure, the financial and project development statuses. The Team metro that is handling this project is so far enthusiastic concerning the progress. The project is expected to proceed expediently resulting in the long-term sustainability of the processes carried out at Stakes International. Performance Objectives A successful project management discipline will ensure that a set of performance objectives are in place upon which the project’s progress can be measured (Rioux, 2008). The introduction of the intranet-based dashboard is expected:  1. To improve Stakes’ managerial monitoring process and improve their decision making. Status reports have been taking a month to compile can now be compiled biweekly. The delay was as a result of limited data communication services and system inefficiency. The intranet based dashboard is expected to reinstate the frequency of reporting to biweekly thereby helping the management make timely decisions as regards network and server infrastructure, financial and project development statuses.  2. To centrally avail project management status data and information in real time mode. Initially this data has been delayed and would be available only after three days. The intranet based dashboard will ensure that the data is now available instantaneously enabling the management to make decisions on how shared working can be facilitate
Meat is generally considered an integral part of a healthy diet for people and carnivorous pets such as cats and dogs. However, there also exists a noteworthy vegetarian movement, with extreme members known as vegans. There is a variety of reasons why one may choose to forgo eating meat or animal-based products in general. Supposed health benefits or personal beliefs are usually considered the primary drivers for vegetarians, and vegans tend to base their position on disapproval of the animal cruelty that takes place on farms. However, their opinions are not taken into consideration often, possibly in part due to animal product suppliers exerting control to protect the status quo. The Case Against Animal Product Producers Like most businesses, farms are concerned with efficiency and maximizing profits by minimizing spending. This trend often means that the comfort and potentially well-being of the animals who are used are disregarded, and the treatment may be considered unethical from some standpoints. Meadows (2012) describes how chickens are killed en masse, female pigs are exploited and kept mostly immobile, and cows are killed when their milk production slows. While these practices are appropriate from a purely utilitarian perspective, most people would not enjoy witnessing them in person. As such, empathy plays a significant part in the case against supporting animal product producers, as doing so would reduce their profits and potentially compel them to create better conditions for their livestock. Some people, mostly vegans, take a more radical stance and draw parallels between animals and humans. Spiegel (1988) begins her book by comparing racism and speciesism, or the tendency of modern humanity to show disdain for animals. She argues that the onset of industrial trends, spurred mostly by the rapid expansion of the European civilization, changed the view of animals from creatures to admire and honor to pests and livestock (Spiegel, 1988). Some people champion the idea that animals deserve the same, or similar, treatment as what humans receive, with specific rights that are enforced. The methods employed by many producers, particularly large-scale firms that benefit from efficiency improvements considerably, would be unethical, if not illegal, in such a situation. The abuse perpetrated by meat, dairy, egg, and other suppliers that employ animals in their activities becomes still less justifiable as technology advances. Wurgaft (2019) discusses the concept of artificially growing meat for human consumption using samples collected from animals with minimal inconveniences for them. The idea is not yet viable for large-scale implementation, but
Abstract This paper is a critical review of an article on original research about the controversies surrounding ASD vaccination. The paper is divided into five sections. In the introduction, which is the first section, the study’s research problems and their significance to nursing are stated. Other aspects covered include justification of the study and conceptual framework. The second part is the methodology section whereby the study design, sampling, data collection instruments, and ethical concerns are addressed. Under the results section, the sample characteristics, data analysis procedures, and a summary of the findings are highlighted. The discussion section covers how the authors relate the findings to the research objective and the limitations of the study. The last part is the overall presentation and final summary. Introduction The research problem for this study is that some parents with children who have autism spectrum disorder (ASD) fear that vaccines are linked with the regressive-onset variant of the condition. Consequently, such parents delay or refuse to have their children vaccinated against ASD even in cases where older siblings have the condition. The research problem is clearly stated in the article. This research problem is important to nursing because when parents start questioning the role of vaccines against ASD based on unproven claims, the affected children may not get the necessary intervention measures early enough to address the condition appropriately. Prevention is one of the strategies used in nursing to minimize disease progression where possible. In this case, establishing whether vaccines are associated with regressive-onset ASD would help nurses in educating parents on the need to embrace preventive approaches towards this health condition. The study is justified because, in 1998, Andrew Wakefield published a fraudulent paper claiming that the MMR vaccine caused regressive-onset autism. Even though the study has since been retracted, fears about a possible link between vaccines
Introduction Like many cities across the world, the presence of slums in Sheffield has presented challenges to the authorities and different efforts have been made to address the situation in different ways. The slum menace began in Sheffield in the middle of the 18 th Century as the city’s population expanded and reached 10,000 people (Greenwood, 2010, para 1). Several slum regeneration programmes have been generated since the 18 th century in order to eliminate the slums from the within the city’s jurisdiction. The first slum regeneration plan was adopted in 1860 (Greenwood, 2010, para 1), with its main target being to improve the life of the city’s inhabitants who had been living under the squalid conditions. Sheffield City, however, suffered subsequent challenges following increase in its population, especially following the industrialisation era of the 19 th century. This paper seeks to elaborately analyse and report on the series of slum regeneration programmes that have been held in the city of Sheffield since the early 20 th century to the present date. First Phase of Development Sheffield’s expansion towards the end of the 18 th century saw the city encroach outside the township boundary. This resulted into previous open fields being turned into residential areas. These open fields were referred to as crofts. The total population had risen to more than 30,000 inhabitants (Greenworld, 2010, para 1), with the crofts being turned into both residential, as well as industrial activity areas where cutlery manufacturing was the predominant practice. Pressure began to mount as the crofts were singled out as dens of immorality, especially involving the young people. Death rates among the inhabitants soured as the living conditions and general hygiene deteriorated, with every four children born in the area failing to see their first birthdays. This prompted reformers to identify the need for improving the slum conditions as a remedy for the poor conditions of living. Demolitions were sanctioned and began from 1898, lasting through to 1899. Three crofts were singled out for demolition during the first phase. These included Hawley Croft, School Croft, and Sims Croft. The first slum regeneration programme saw the introduction of three-storey modern housing. The new project began in 1903/1904, and is what is presently known as Hawley and Townhead Street housing. The housing project was the first rental property that were developed by the local council (Greenworld, 2010, para 1). Second Phase of Demolition The second phase of the demolitions affected the remaining slum areas, mainly Lee Croft. The demolitions continued
American slavery arose as a way of exploiting labor within capitalism but gradually took shape in an autonomous socio-economic and political structure. Over time, a liberation movement began, which implied the illegality and unethical “ownership” of people. However, even after official emancipation, the slaves were dependent on the state and slave owners in the past, with a lack of resources for subsistence. Without documents, financial resources, and moral support, it was difficult for new members of society to integrate into a standard life. Additionally, discrimination and lack of inclusion as a phenomenon continued to exist. Slavery was abolished as a result of the Civil War between the northern and southern states. The passage of the Thirteenth Amendment to the US Constitution in January 1865 brought a permanent end to slavery in the US, making it illegal and anti-constitutional. Currently, this phenomenon in the United States is considered one of the most shameful episodes in the history of the country. At the same time, an urgent question arises whether the state should have compensated the slaves for the material and spiritual damage that was caused to them in the process. Even if slave labor is not officially permitted and the slaves are freed, without the provision of basic resources for life, survival is unlikely. The concept and attitude of society also affect the acceptance rate of new members. In the case of unequal chances of receiving the same benefits, the slaves in the past have more difficulties, challenges, and complexities on the path of integration. In this regard, the new slaves were not truly emancipated, as they were still dependent on a source of resources for subsistence.
Factors That Affected Baroque and Romanticism Art Periods Art is dynamic and changes with fluctuations in the environment. It adapts to the lifestyles of the society and as a result, communal, political, and economic factors are capable of changing its nature and meaning. For instance, social conditions dictate how art is understood by society, economic factors point towards art that has already been produced, while political factors determine how art is produced. I strongly concur with the fact that communal, political, and economic factors can change the nature and implication of art (Jacob, 1995). This paper will discuss the effect of these factors on two art periods, that is, Baroque and Romanticism. Artists in the Baroque era were influenced by social conditions and religion was the most influential. This is because the era was highly typified by religious actions especially the proliferation of western Christianity following its dramatic fragmentation from Roman Catholic. “The Crucifixion of Saint Andrew” by Michelangelo is a good example of artwork done during the Baroque period. The artwork describes the basics of Christian principles by emphasizing the salvaging power of Jesus Christ (Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1985). Features such as eccentricity, subjectivism, and beliefs dominate Romanticism art. Art done during the period explicates the efforts of human beings when trying to achieve their passions. “Odalisque with a Slave” by Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres is a good example of art done during the period. The painting is full of emotions and the sculpture appears posed in a standard manner. The artist by making the sculpture meant to indicate a woman’s steady awakening from an indolent stupor to a more fervent mood (Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1985). The above two works of art depict great disparities in art as a result of communal, political, and economic factors of mankind during the periods. These factors are, therefore, influential when it comes to the imagination and cultural demands of artists (Preble & Frank, 2005).
Contemporary sociological theory covers the theoretical orientations that have been influential in shaping up the society since the mid-twentieth century. Contemporary theories are majorly based on the ideas of the classical age theorists. Some of the theoretical orientations that have heavily influenced contemporary theories include; “phenomenological sociology and ethnomethodology, sociology of emotions, symbolic interaction, social exchange and rational choice theories, conflict and critical theory, functionalism and neo-functionalism, structuration theory, systems theory, sociobiology, selected sociology of culture perspectives, and major themes from postmodern orientations” (Shilling and Mellor 12). Below we shall briefly look into some of the prominent contemporary sociological theories put forward to try to explain the shape of the society. Parsons’ functionalist theory The functionalist theory, formulated by Talcott Parsons, sought to create a “grand theory” as he referred to it, which is able to provide explanations to all the social behaviors all through history. Functionalism observes the society as being made up of parts that are interconnected to each other all contributing to the function of the complete social system. Parsons’ functionalist theory is put together upon two main emphases, which are 1) application of the systematic approach to the objective society and 2) by using the resemblance between the organism and the community. Conflict theory The conflict theory, founded by Karl Marx, is based on social science perspectives that put emphasis on the inequality within a group based on the material, social, and political dynamics within it. These dynamics are in most cases an evaluation of the wide ranging socio-political systems within a society, and which otherwise detract from structural functionalism and ideological conservativism. The significance of conflict theory is felt due to the theory’s ability to attract interest towards power disparities, for instance class conflicts, as well as in general contrasting traditionally popular frameworks. Conflict theory mostly sets out to draw attention to the ideological facets contained in traditional thought. The conflict theory and the functionalist theory both acknowledge that there are classes in the society and that the rich have power over the poor individuals. However, the two theories differ in that while functionalists see the society wholly uniting for a common goal and focuses on things that are good for the equilibrium of the society (functions) and things that undermines the equilibrium (dysfunctions); conflict theory doesn’t see the socie