ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction There are several ways in which classrooms can be set up in order to facilitate positive behaviors and outcomes from students. Listed below are some of the physical arrangements which can be made by the teacher to enhance the process of learning among students and ensuring minimum disturbances. Main text According to Savage (1992), the arrangement of the classroom must be done keeping in mind the smooth flow of the various activities which are likely to take place in the class without any impediments. The stage must be set in such a way that the teacher is visible to all the students of the class and similarly all the students to are visible to the teacher. It is crucial to ensure that the classroom space permits easy movement for the teacher as well as the students so that the presentation materials can be view by all the students with ease. Students with special needs must be in close proximity to the teacher so that the teacher can pay special attention to these students (Wolfgang, 1996). This would enable the teacher to monitor the behavior of these students with ease. Some researchers have stated that the utility of audio-visual stimulus in class must be restricted as it has the potential to distract the attention of the students as also those with problem behaviors (Quinn et al., 2000). Emphasis is laid on clean, organized and systematic classrooms so that the students and the teacher work in an atmosphere conducive to work. An important behavioral aspect that can facilitate positive classroom behavior is a positive approach from the teacher. If the teacher exhibits positivism in the students it is most likely to reap positive results. Summary There are several ways in which classroom behavior can be enhanced and the teacher must be motivated enough to devise ways and means to enhance the learning process among students.
Today, women have been able to create a discriminate position for themselves in a hitherto man-dominant world. They have done wonders in various fields, like flying across the Atlantic, swimming across the English Channel, being part of the coveted Space Shuttle, being elected to the highest post in a government, etc. Some years back, women were given the right to vote also. But despite all these achievements, women are still oppressed, especially at the workplace. This is one place where the women haven’t been able to get their due reward or position. This happens because in the corporate world there is a trend being followed called the “glass ceiling”. The term was invented about 25 years back by Hymowitz and Schellhardt, while writing a report on corporate women, for the Wall Street Journal. Karine S. Moe and Dianna J. Shandy (2010) wrote, “…the term ‘glass ceiling’ refers to subtle barriers that impede the career advancement of women and minorities. The ceiling is glass because while the path to promotion seems clear, these invisible barriers prevent women from reaching the top levels in their careers.” (Moe, 46). If we interpret these words, glass, and ceiling, we understand why it is so-called. The word “ceiling” depicts a kind of barrier for the progress of women and the word “glass” is used as an adjective for ceiling because as glass in invisible (transparent), the barrier is also invisible. This glass ceiling dissuades women from attaining higher posts and higher salary slabs. Deborah Woo (2000) noted, “The overwhelming majority of the CEOs interviewed in the survey commission by the Glass Ceiling Commission think of the glass ceiling in terms women.” (Woo, 65). The glass barrier takes into consideration, the disparity in salaries for similar works, promotion delays, and sexual harassment. The management of the organizations where the glass ceiling is effective has reasons to do so. According to them, the increments and promotion policies are different for women because more men tend to opt for higher-risk jobs rather than women. Another factor is that while women have to keep an equilibrium between home and workplace, men concentrate more on their workplace. This mindset of the management shows the “Deontological” theory of ethics. According to this t
Introduction First incorporated under the colonial rule of the French in 1749, Port-au-Prince has grown to become the capital, commercial base, and largest city of the Caribbean country of Haiti. The city has witnessed sustained economic activity since the civilizations of the Arawaks not only because it borders a natural harbor, but also due to the fact that it acts as an export hub for coffee, sugar, shoes and other commodities (Sherwood, Bradley, Rossi, Gitau, & Mellicker, 2014; Tobin, 2013). The present paper researches on the biography of Port-au-Prince with the view to indentifying its urban challenges and recommending ways through which such challenges could be effectively addressed. Historical Evolution (Urban Growth Context) Available literature demonstrates that urbanization in Haiti and specifically in Port-au-Prince “followed patterns similar to that elsewhere, but unique economic patterns and lack of construction regulations placed the inhabitants of Port-au-Prince in special danger” (Tobin, 2013). Although the city’s history dates back to the arrival of the Taino from eastern Venezuela in approximately 2600 BC, migration to the capital increased under the Duvalier regimes and was reinforced by perceived flaws in institutional capacity. Agricultural policies coupled with continued high birth rates witnessed in Haiti worsened the problem of population density in Port-au-Prince as people moved from the countryside to the city in search for employment and opportunities for economic betterment (Tobin, 2013). Lack of proper planning and weaknesses in institutional capacity crystallized to fuel the eruption of shanties and poorly constructed high-density homes on every available hillside to give Port-au-Prince the outlook it currently projects. Special Features of the City Before the catastrophic earthquake which occurred on 12 January 2010, the presidential palace stood its ground as an elaborate structure suggestive of French colonial times. The city also borders a natural harbor, not mentioning that it is the seat of government and mainstream economic and commercial activities in Haiti (Scarpaci, Escamilla, & Brothers, 2012). Urban Challenges and Problems As documented in the literature, Port-au-Prince is faced with many urban challenges and problems, ranging from social and geographic segregation to elevated poverty levels and occurrence of natural disasters which compound the problem of poverty (Scarpasi et al., 2012). In social and geographic segregation, demand for exclusive high-income communities have led to the displacing of poor groups from targeted urban neighborhoods as high-
Introduction The stiff competition which has engulfed the contemporary business arena has forced many companies to maintain proper books of accounts. Proper maintenance of financial records is imperative for every successful business. Maintaining proper financial records enables a company to identify the various areas of finance where it is failing. For instance, during the recent economic recession firms which do not value proper book keeping were more affected as compared to companies with efficient book keeping department. By keeping proper financial accounts low sales and excess expenditure are effectively addressed and an appropriate cause of action is implemented in case a deviation from the budget is detected. Due to these factors, companies have resulted in hiring and motivating experienced auditors who are supposed to be independent. These auditors are trained to follow accounting ethics and must report the real financial situation of the company to the shareholders. Some companies have adopted the services of external auditors in order to ensure that the work done by the Accountants reflect true financial position of the company at the end of a financial year. In addition, most of the organizations have adopted a period of 12 months as their financial year. At the end of the financial year, it is imperative that every company hold an annual general meeting in order to give reveals the financial position of the company to the shareholders and other interested parties. This paper seeks to analyze the financial position of MJ Gleeson Plc by using its financial statement. MJ Gleeson Plc is a company which is based in the United Kingdom. The firm deals with general building and construction services. MJ Gleeson Plc also deals with process engineering including electrical installations and maintenance. Financial analysis is a vital accounting procedure which entails preparation of annual reports of a company. The reports include the balance sheet, the income statement and cash flow statements. This analysis involves critically examining the accounting principles used by the company in relation to other companies in the industry. MJ Gleeson Plc bases its assets and liabilities using the historical cost principle which ensures that consistence in accounting is maintained. Revenue recognition on construction contracts is calculated and referenced in relation to the completion level of those contracts as at the end of the financial year. Financial assets on the other hand, are not recognized when they are purchased but an investigation is done to determine whether a profit or a loss was incurred after the initial purchase. The company also includes exceptional items on its financial statements. These are items which are infrequent but sometimes occur during the day to day operations of MJ Gleeson Plc. Even though some of the expenses incurred by the company may seem to be negligible, it is imperative to take into consideration their short term and long term implications on the company. Some of the minor expenses incurred by the MJ Gleeson Plc include renovation of acquired premises. It is the culture of the company to tr
Introduction The modern world is profoundly influenced by capitalism. One of its core characteristics is the presence of competitive markets: every economic realm is supposed to have multiple agents that enter into rivalry with each other in order to attract customers and gain benefits. However, this model does not always correlate with practice. In this context, the phenomena of monopoly and oligopoly seem to be challenging. Monopoly and oligopoly can be considered the opposite end of the market structure spectrum from perfect competition. 1 The USA is not an exception since some spheres tend to be controlled by one or a few companies. In this regard, the example of online television and streaming media is illustrative. Recently, it has been discussed whether this market may be described in terms of monopoly and oligopoly and what position Netflix, one of the most successful and big companies associated with this field, holds. Although the majority of the nowadays studies that pertain to monopolies in digital media cover Google, Microsoft, Amazon, and Apple, Netflix has also become the object of growing interest among researchers. 2 As a rule, the materials containing information about the current state of affairs, ups and downs, and management strategies are found in different web sources. The purpose of the present paper is to examine if the Netflix’s tendencies to monopoly are increasing. The characteristics of monopoly and oligopoly in the modern setting are given. Further, the American audience’s preferences and the Netflix’s key competitors in the TV market are explored. Later on, the brief history of the company under consideration is described. Finally, monopoly tendencies and up-to-date situations are investigated. Monopoly and Oligopoly in the Modern Age The small number of sellers or goods in an industry may be described in relation to three key theories. One of them is the theory of monopoly. The term “monopoly” refers to the market situation when there is a single market entity that is the only provider of a product within a certain industry. Another assumption is that this firm produces goods that have no close substitutes; as a result, there is little, if any, competition. 3 Finally, as the sole firm controls the production branch, it installs barriers to entry. Legal barriers, economies of scale, and a firm’s exclusive possession of some scarce resources account for the impossibility of entering the market. 4 Because the barriers are high, new firms, the potential competitors, are unable to enter the industry and develop. Apart from the theory of monopoly, there is also the theory of monopolistic competition built, again, on several assumptions. 5 First and foremost, multiple sellers and clients are involved. Then, the offered goods and services are almost the same: they differ a little in terms of trade names, decoration, advertising, salespersons’ attitude, and so on. The quality and function of the products
Introduction In the contemporary interpretation, the concept of English as a Lingua Franca (ELF) is conventionally utilised to denote a special sociolinguistic category, in particular, a functional type of language that is used as a medium of intercourse between speakers of different languages ​​in the certain spheres of the interaction (Jenkins and Leung 2). Nowadays English unequivocally takes the leading position among the modern languages, performing the aforementioned function. The idea of ​​English as the language of a lingua franca assumes its description from the two perspectives, such as functional and descriptive (Berthoud et al. 388). The former approach to English as a lingua franca raises the question of who, in which situations, and for what purpose realises this function. From the descriptive point of view, as stated by Mortensen, it is imperative to emphasise the formal content of a genuine speech product that results from the implementation of ELF, which is not always built according to the rules and norms of the standard English language (32). English as a Lingua Franca: A Historical Perspective Initially, a lingua franca implied a specific lan
Police brutality is associated with the use of excessive force to inflict pain on citizens. Thus, the United Nations objects to human rights infringement because police should only apply pressure in suspects’ resistance. Innocent civilians suffer from shootings that could be avoided if officers acted decisively (Graham et al. 556). Constitutional reforms and amendments advocate for justice and accountability from law enforcement agents. Civil rights movements are vital in ensuring service members who breach law and are held accountable for harassment and torture of innocent citizens. Police officers strive to maintain order and ensure adherence to the laws of the state. Despite police earning praise for ensuring compliance with the law, they perpetrate evils against civilians. The illegality demonstrates unnecessary force against civilians who could otherwise cooperate-police brutality range from assault, intimidation, torture, and murder in extreme instances. The injustices date back to the late 19 th century when working class and poor citizens lamented on discriminatory acts from crooked officers. In the early 20 th century, Jewish alongside other immigrants, complained of unfair treatment of their members in the United States (Cunningham and Gillezeau 17). In the 1920s, Italian-immigrants were tackled violently by urban police agents (Cunningham and Gillezeau 17). Major cities affected by the crackdown include Chicago and New York as police unleashed extralegal tactics. In 1943, civilians from the United States were involved in zoot suit riots after police attacked Mexican Americans (Cunningham and Gillezeau 17). The law enforcement units were required to be responsible and accountable to all civilians without discrimination. The United Nations on Curbing Police Violation of Human Rights The United Nations devised measures to curb police brutality as a result of widespread demonstrations and activism. Civilians should follow the law in as much as their rights and enshrined freedom in the Constitution. The standards observed the right to democracy and addressed the need for representation (Lee 651). Furthermore, they emphasized morality to restore public order and meet general welfare in society. It mandated police with protecting everybody against illegal actions, therefore, retaining the dignity of citizens. Additionally, the regulations barred servic
Although defining philosophy lacks a standard approach, at least all the attempts to find an agreeable definition have one thing in common. It engages intellectual matters such as reasoning and decision making. Philosophers are known to be critical thinkers who seek to understand the patterns and realities of this life. They are known to unveil the reasons why things happen the way they do. It is critical to find a path or a way for one to live their own lives. The whole world is currently taking a paradigm shift towards trying to find the reason and meaning of life. Living a philosophical life means living a life following careful procedures and reasoning. A philosopher, like Socrates, must always seek after the truth and the reason behind the occurrence of certain behaviors. Life, according to philosophers, does not just happen. There is more to life in every situation, whether bad or good, and there is always a reason why things happen as they do. Philosophical life requires one to have a reason to wake up, a reason to behave in a certain way, and so forth. Nonetheless, the debate is on the subject of “right or wrong.” This is to understand what really justifies someone’s actions and what makes one action wrong and another action right. This is a question of intellectual rationale based on moral matters. A perfect philosophical way of life is the philosophy of the three Ls which stand for; Live, Love, and Learn. The first L, which stands for “live” stands for respect and placing value on one’s self regardless of the situation. The current generation holds this aspect of life very high, emphasizing it. Young people all over are advised to step out without fear and overcome low self-esteem and find self-worth. However, this is different from going rowdy and doing things that would affect or hurt other people around you. Love, on the other hand, is part and parcel of human life. It is the essence of humanity. Love, however, does not bend only towards others but also towards one’s self. The assumption is that one can not know how to love others if they do not love themselves first. The idea is that one can not offer what they don’t have; hence, if I do not have compassion for myself, then I can not have compassion towards others. Loving and showing respect to humanity is a display of love. Love can be defined in simple terms as putting into consideration the consequences as a result of on
Introduction Buyers of electronic products normally need customer support at certain times after they acquire ownership of the appliances. End users of electronic products need such customer support services to achieve maximum value of the money they spent on the products. Customer support services include activities undertaken to ensure that clients use electronic products without difficulty. The idea of customer support service is used to describe activities undertaken by a firm to attract and retain clients. Customer support services improve the position of a product in a market. It is a tool that a firm can use to ensure that its product is accepted in a market. It also enables a company’s growth and domination in a market. Customer support services include a series of promotional activities undertaken by firms. Some of the activities include timely delivery of products, online and phone assistance and after sales services (Jin & Lin, 2011). The extent of importance of these services varies from one industry to another. The extent of importance depends on the requirements of the market and the nature of the product sold. This paper focuses on after sales services as a customer support activity. It examines the effect of provision of after sales services on the purchase of electronic products. Reasons for After Sales Services Customer service has emerged as a basis for competition for electronic firms. Many firms have realized that it is difficult to compete on production excellence only. Provision of excellent support to a customer is one way through which a company can achieve client satisfaction. Moreover, it can be another means through which a company earns revenue. Notably, a product can earn more revenue to a company after its sale. The global economy has experienced a rapid increase in competition, demand and technological changes. These developments have resulted into production of hi-tech electronic goods. Addi
Abstract Financial statements are records within a business entity that are formally prepared and which show the financial undertakings of a business, an entity or a person in case of a sole proprietorship. They are also referred to as accounts. These statements include the balance sheet, cash flow statements and income statements. Financial statements help in evaluating the business’s cash flow and profitability so as to be able to make concrete and substantial future decisions. It is therefore the responsibility of the management to prepare and consolidate their company’s financial statements and address the pertinent issues arising from the findings. Our case study seeks to show the interrelatedness of financial statements and whether it is possible for managers to manage earnings. The interrelatedness of the financial statements It is evident that there is an interrelationship between financial statements prepared in a company’s current financial situation. The findings of accounting operations are interrelated in that the same amount of retained earnings from one year’s balance sheet is carried forward to the following year’s cash flow statements as an additional for retained earnings and also the cash from one year’s balance sheet is carried forward as cash at the beginning of the following year. Generalizations from the findings in this study relating to managing earnings Based on the article; The dangerous morality of managing earnings (Gibson, 2011), research is carried out to identify and understand the morals of short-term earnings management. General Managers were surveyed and interviewed to come up with the findings. There were mixed reactions from different groups in regard to the judgment of all earning-management practices and striking disagreements were observed. There were different views on what is moral and what is ethical. Most managers believe that practice is ethical if it is not clearly restricted or prohibited not bearing in mind the effects caused by the practice or the information flowing through it. There are five major generalizations that were pin-pointed from the findings:   * An average number of those interviewed thought that manipulating operating decisions or procedure would be far more acceptable compared to achieving the same targets by accounting methods   * Materiality matters: If the earnings effect is deemed large than small, then the short-term earnings management is deemed less acceptable.   * The path of the effect on earnings is also deemed vital and very influential. In this case, reduction in earnings is judged as more acceptable method compared to