ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction All of us use energy on day to day basis. It is certain that almost everything we do uses energy for example cooking, transport, cooling, and entertainment among many more others. Though many of us take this issue for granted, energy makes our lives productive, enjoyable and comfortable. Energy conservation can be termed as any effort that leads in use of less energy for example use of energy saving bulbs. Conservation of energy will lead to less consumption per capita and therefore offset some of the growth in supply of energy necessary to keep up with population increase. Renewable versus non renewable energy Renewable energy is also called self sustaining. It includes things like wind, water, sun and geothermal which have been around the earth since it was formed. This type of energy is sometimes difficult and expensive to harness. Large amounts are required to produce very small amounts of fuel or electrical energy. On the other side, non –renewable energy refers to those sources that can not be replaced once they are used. Some of the examples include coal, oil and natural gas to mention but a few. Methods to conserve energy and help the environment Energy saving doesn’t take many days of planning as many people think. There are several things one can do right from now to start saving the energy and cutting down on costs which in turn will save our environment. Some of the immediate methods can be applied start from now to conserve energy. One of these methods is reduction of reuse and recycles. This can be achieved through reduction of the amount of waste we produce and can be condensed by trading in minimally packaged food and selecting products that can be reused over the disposable ones. Through the recycling and elimination of waste, you will save energy and significantly reduce the emission of carbon dioxide by at least one pound. This can translate into significant energy saving if every one can start immediately this practice saving our world a great deal. Another method that can be employed by all of us right from our homes especially those who use heating devices to keep the rooms warm. It involves shutting the doors of the rooms that are not being used. Shutting doors to the unused rooms will result in an overall reduction of surface area that air conditioning and heating system have to heat and cool. Also use of showers rather than bath dramatically reduces the amount of heat used since showers use less heat than baths. Some small investment can really pay off. Buying of energy saving bulbs (compact fluorescent bulbs) for your most used lights. Although these bulbs cost more, one saves money in long run for they use little energy as compared to an ordinary bulb and lasts longer. The energy saving bulb provides attractive and an equivalent light like the ordinary bulbs. It has been known that it is only 10% of energy consumed that produces light whereas the rest 90% is used to just make the ordinary bulb hot. If therefore each and every one of us can replace the ordinary bulb with the energy saving ones, we can save energy that is equivalent to what nuclear power plant produces in o
Issue 1 Whether the parents of a university student are entitled to access information contained in the education records from the university administration. Rule The Family Education Rights and Privacy Act (FERPA) stipulates that the information contained in a student’s education records cannot be released to third parties without the student’s consent. However, the information can be released to parents without consent if the student is under 21 years of age and has committed a violation of drug or alcohol rules of the university. Application It is impossible for Iggy’s parents to access Iggy’s records because of the FERPA rules. However, the parents may access these records if it is found that, Iggy, being under 21 years of age, has violated the university policies on drug and alcohol use by drinking and using a fake ID. Conclusion Iggy’s parents may be granted access because Iggy is under twenty one years of age and has been spending a lot of time drinking, using a fake ID, if this is in violation of the university policy. Issue 2 Whether a university should grant a parent’s request to release information regarding a student’s welfare. Rule The University’s Parental Notification Policy states that parents may be informed of instances of medical treatment and transportation and serious, repeated alcohol and drug abuse violations in situations where a student’s welfare and health become a concern. Application Iggy has been almost always drunk. His drinking has caused him to miss most classes, have no disregard for personal hygiene, drive while under the influence of alcohol, and be treated for a number of falls as a result of his drinking habit. His actions exempt him from being protected by the privacy policy set out by FERPA. Conclusion The university should release information on Iggy’s welfare to the parents because Iggy has constantly violated drug and alcohol use policies and has undergone treatment as a result.
Errors and Oversights The first error related to FMLA is the scarcity of information regarding the necessary medical documentation. The document requires an employee to present a certificate that supports a request for the FMLA leave as a result of an adverse health condition. However, it does not list the criteria for a document in question. As a result, it is possible to expect a scenario where an employee will submit a certificate that would identify major symptoms observed by a healthcare provider and the approximate duration of a condition. In some instances, this information can be considered insufficient, which will prompt the management to request additional data (e.g. a specific diagnosis) in order to confirm the employee’s eligibility for leave (Bosland, 2008a). This request may be difficult to obtain in some cases, leading to tensions and, possibly, termination of employment. This scenario can be avoided by introducing specific criteria for documentation required for submission by employees, such as the inclusion of certain elements by a healthcare provider. The second error is the vagueness of the definition of failure to return to work after the leave. According to the document, the failure to return is considered equivalent to a voluntary resignation. This vagueness introduces the risk of employment termination as a result of the prolongation of a serious health condition. Admittedly, the document does contain a disclaimer regarding the circumstances beyond employee’s control. However, it only applies to the recovery of health insurance premiums, which factors in after an employee is already fired. This oversight can be addressed by acknowledging the existence of circumstances preventing an employee from returning t duty on a previously specified date. Third, the FMLA policy statement states that the company reserves the right to undergo a second certification procedure on the conditions determined by the company in the case when there is a reason to doubt the initial certification results. However, the possible causes for doubt are not specified, which opens up the possibility of unfair practices on the part of management. In other words, it becomes possible for the company to arbitrarily assign recertification, putting an employee in unfavorable conditions. This oversight can be addressed by specifying the situations in which such action may be deemed necessary. Fourth, the statement does not mention the adjustment of performance standards related to FMLA leaves. As a result, it is possible to encounter th
Samuel is a relatively healthy individual with health concerns typical to his age group. Unlike the US demographic profile for his age group, Samuel has a part-time job and enjoys an active lifestyle. Additionally, unlike the majority of people of his age, he is widowed and financially prosperous. He is within the life expectancy of 78 years (Arias & Xu, 2019). Thus, according to the activity theory, Samuel is in the process of successful aging, as he remains physically active and retains his social contacts and hobbies. The activity theory claims that older adults’ quality of life is enhanced, and the aging process is delayed if a person actively maintains his relationships and endeavors (Franzese & Rurka, 2016). In general, the activity theory is useful for promoting health care in the frail elderly population. For instance, it can be used to promote physical activity to reduce the risk of obesity and diabetes. Apart from theory, it is crucial to synthesize the latest evidence to care for the aging population. For instance, due to changes in the cardiovascular system, it is critical to promote heart health. The latest evidence supports the promotion of a healthy diet with increased intake of natural antioxidants, exercise, stress management, and smoking cessation (Kolarzyk et al., 2018). Additionally, age affects the health of bones; thus, Rodríguez-Gómez et al. (2019) suggest that older adults take adequate amounts of calcium, vitamin D, and moderate physical activity to prevent bone issues. As for Samuel, I would refer him to a dietician due to significant weight gain and a cardiologist due to elevated blood pressure. Before referral, I would take a detailed family history of heart conditions and outline the dietary habits of the patient to make interaction with the dietician more effective.
Introduction At the opposite extreme to perfect competition, there is the situation where there is only one producer in the market. Such a situation is described as ‘monopoly’. Under perfect monopoly, competition is non existent and the price can be influenced by the single seller. Two conditions are necessary for perfect monopoly to exist, there are:-   * A single producer or seller: – The single producer may be an individual owner or a group of partners or a joint stock company or any other combination of producers or the state. If there are many producers, there will be competition, perfect or monopolistic, and if there are a few producers we face oligopoly. Hence there must be sole producer or seller in the market, if it is being called monopoly.   * The commodity produced by the producer must have no closely competing substitutes. This ensures that there must not be any rival of monopolist. Thus under monopoly the market is dominated by one seller who has complete control over the supply of the commodity. He cannot, however control demand and so he cannot sell as much as he likes at any price he chooses. A monopolist is faced, therefore, with two choices. He can decide either:       + The quantity of the commodity he is prepared to sell – in which case the price will be determined by consumers competitors with each other to buy the supply available; or       + The price at which his product is sold – in which case consumers will decide how much they wish to buy at that price. Perfect monopoly is almost impossible to achieve in reality. It suggests a firm operating in the completing absence of competition, that is, without any close substitutes for its products. This is unrealistic because there are few commodities for which there is not some form of substitutes. In any case, all goods are some extent comparative because they compete one with the other for consumers with limited incomes. In this sense, therefore all goods, are to some extent substitutes for each other and perfect monopoly could exist only if one firm controlled the supply of all the goods and services available. The demand curve facing the monopolist Since the monopolist is the sole supplier of a commodity, he is not faced with a given price level and his own behavior des affect the price. For his reason he is also faced with a downward curve; at a higher price; less of his goods will be demanded, while at a lower price demand will be greater. Price- output determinant under monopoly Since the monopolist is the sole supplier of a commodity, the demand curve for this product is the market curve and will slope downwards from left to right. This is a very different state of affairs from that which obtains under perfect competition where the individual firm’s demand curve is perfectly elastic. The monopoli
Introduction Digital electronic devices have tremendously revolutionized the world. Many electronic devices have been invented due to the increase in the state of technology day by day. Programmable logic devices offer a wide range of features, speed and characters. In most of cases, the PLD used for a given prototyping, is the same PLD that will be put into use in the final invention of the end equipment, like games. There are a number of PLDs that have been discovered, and mostly used by the designers. These PLDs includes, field programmable gate arrays and complex programmable logic devices (Sprankle & Hubbard 2012).FPGAs provide a wide range of logic capacity, with numerous features and offer peak performance, whereas the CPLDs offers lower amount of logic gates. Therefore, these are the two types of programs that are the most ideal for developing and designing games. Game designers often use these programs because they offer a large volume of applications, and are the most relevant in the game designing. Another benefit that can be derived from these PLDs is that, they are economical and where the designer need a high performing PLD, the fixed programmable device will always be used. Since the game designer must be a person with high level of artistic and technical skills, designing skills are taught in many colleges and universities across the world. Mostly, game designers are also writers and editors. They must be well versed with the system design, content design and excellent game writing skills. Therefore, many video games have been developed due these acquired designing skills. Many people, young and adults have now embraced watching or playing several video games. The PLDs are very flexible, hence, whenever designers need to make an alteration during the design period, they simply change the programming files and effects in the design changes will be seen straight away. The most interesting part of the benefits is that PLD can be programmed when already in the field (Zimmermann 2001). Programming steps New features can easily be added to the product that has been released in the market, hence making it more interesting. It is very imperative for the programmer to make clear the programming requirements. Otherwise the program may not be successful and accomplish the target. The designer should also know the purpose of the program; verify the end user and determine how the program shall function. At this time, the designer must also establish the ty
Women who performed on the blues scene struggled desperately with stereotypes and ideas about womanhood and femininity. It is not valid for all performers, but many of them, especially for women. These women grew up in disadvantaged neighborhoods, lived in poverty, and some, like Billie Holiday, were involved in prostitution. They did not want men (in particular, white men) to look down on them, so they defended their positions. Aretha Franklin showed incredible courage and fought for women’s rights (McCarthy, 2018). She left the field of music and creativity and entered the political field, which was very brave for a woman to overcome discrimination (Saex, 2019). In addition, her advocacy extended not only to women but to civil society in the US in general. In my opinion, their music fought against misogynistic ideas, but music, coupled with their lifestyle. These women were wealthy, hardworking, traveled a lot, and gained a lot of life experience as a result. In addition, some of them led a bisexual life, which was at least unusual for the heyday of jazz and blues. They showed in their songs that women could cope on their own with the betrayal of a loved one, survive disappointment, and heal their wounds. The women in their songs were soft and strong, brave, and resourceful in their songs. The music of jazz, blues, and the swing that followed them taught, in general, people, and not just women, to be liberated. Women came to the club and invited men to dance, not being afraid to be ridiculed. The dance moves were sharp and fast. The dance itself may positively affect the psyche of any person, causing them to relax. The example of Beverly Watkins her guitar playing made many women feel that not only men can have musical talents. Women more and more boldly and freely declared themselves in the field of music. Soloists, guitarists, pianists – all of them masterfully handled notes and had an impressive store of knowledge. The example of Bessie Smith shows how a woman can boldly declare herself and her talent when only men play on the stage, and the young singer needs to shine. Modern singers on the crest of popularity meet a lot of approval from the audience. Beyoncé became a cult figure back in the early 2000s; she is the wealthiest singer who earned herself a considerable fortune through her work. Rihanna has also become a symbol of the fight against patriarchy and violence. Being a twin brought her the unconditional love of millions of people, wealth, and opportunities to try herself in other areas: fashion, perfumery, charity, and design. Madonna has long been considered an icon of style, feminine strength, and freedom (Saex, 2019). Women in the modern world manifest themselves in different genres: from hip-hop to rock. The songs of these performers show women that they can enjoy life and live for themselves, first of all. They show that women can challenge society’s demands on them for a long time (Saex, 2019). The woman in these songs is shown as the subject, the initiator (of relationships, parties, trips somewhere); she makes any decisions that can lead to positive and negative consequences. In these so
The process of passing a legislation is central to maintaining the current justice system working. Providing the basis for legal standards that will be applied to managing legal and civil issues in the U.S. legal setting, the specified changes must focus on the needs of the population and contribute to the increase in people’s safety. Therefore, to ensure that the legislature developed during the next legislative session addresses the needs of the public, it is crucial to build the redistricting strategies that will allow for the maximum representation levels. For this purpose, the principles of compactness, equal population, and racial and ethnic fairness must be adhered to as the cornerstone standards for performing the legislative session properly. When developing legal standards for a specific setting, authorities must consider the legal issues, obstacles, and problems, in general, faced by the target population. Therefore, it is highly recommended that the legal standards to be established by the corresponding bodies should be based on the principles of racial and ethnic equality. Thus, the said legal standards will meet the main requirements for representation (Edwards, 2017). Additionally, the standards of compactness and equal population should be applied in order to ensure that key groups are represented accordingly in the new regulations to be issued by the state legal bodies. Indeed, given the current low rates of visibility for minority groups, the extent of their representation in the existing legal system leaves much to be desired (Gimpel & Harbridge-Yong, 2020). Therefore, to enhance their visibility and ensure that their need are reflected in the new legal standards, the concepts of compactness and equal population must be followed as the standards for ensuring that all voices are heard.
Our opponents have presented quite convincing evidence proving the existence of the threat posed by terrorism. We have to admit that this threat is real and has caused visible damage to certain regions. However, we intend to prove that the imminence and scale of terrorism are exaggerated. Moreover, there are some more serious dangers that modern society faces worldwide, such as state violence and religious and ethnic intolerance. Therefore, governments should focus on them instead of inflicting unnecessary fear on their citizens and using it to achieve their political goals. Before we present our arguments in detail, we would like to note that the term “terrorism” is quite vague and has changed throughout history. According to Martini and Emeka, there is still no “universally accepted definition” of it (73). Thus, anyone can attribute it to any violent act to attract attention or, on the contrary, can fail to label some dangerous act as terroristic due to the term’s vagueness. Consequently, presenting terrorism as an existential threat can become a weapon of state violence (Wolfendale 249). In our opinion, it can be even more dangerous than the potential terrorism threat. Our opponents have provided several examples of dire consequences of ignored or underestimated terrorism threats for some regions. We accept the existence of this threat, but we are still sure terrorism narrative as an existential threat is doing more damage to a larger amount of people than local terroristic attacks. For example, Team 1 claims that terrorism threatens democratic regimes as some governments have to violate their citizens’ human rights to prevent or eradicate terroristic acts. However, we believe that the negative impact of such countermeasures may be even greater and more violent than the acts themselves. In such cases, a government becomes a terrorist who inflicts fear on its citizens instead of protecting them. Lleshi believes that the conflict in Kosovo and Bosnia and Herzegovina is a perfect illustration of it (162-163). The former Serbian leaders whose regimes used terror tactics, such as torturing, raping, murdering people, including civilians, justified their actions as a defense against terrorism (Lleshi 163). In our opinion, their actions are no less terroristic than those of their opponents. We understand your position, but have you considered how current counterterrorism initiatives trigger even more serious and internationally relevant problems, such as religious intolerance and nationalism? We are certain th