ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Aging Theory There are myriads of aging theories that have been explored by biological scientists for some decades. Whereas aging may be a broad area of discussion, it is still possible to study various theories and hypotheses that expound on aging especially when the topic is divided into two major categories. The first category of discussion should investigate the reasons why aging in organisms usually takes place. Second, it is imperative to study how the process of aging takes place (American Federation of Aging Research, 2011). Since several theories on aging have been put forward by scientists, the Practicum Experience will only discuss one specific aging theory to guide the practice. The following will be the goals and objectives of the Practicum Experience in this course (Hines & Murphy, 2011). It is vital to mention that these goals and objectives are in tandem with the geriatric competencies that will be gained in this course (American Federation of Aging Research, 2011). Goals and objectives   * Define the phrase ‘theory of aging’   * Explain how the aging process can be altered. Are the current theories of aging in agreement with each other in terms of the various schools of thought?   * Identify and discuss aging mechanisms   * Discuss aging as a non-programmed developmental aspect   * Discuss the evolutionary senescence theory of aging   * Explain how late-life traits are affected by the natural selection failure   * Expound how later life can be influenced by the reproduction process   * Deliberate on the differences between the senescence theory of aging and the mutation accumulation theory   * Give examples of antagonistic pleiotropy in human beings   * Discuss how mitochondria contribute towards the process of aging   * Explore how organisms can regulate their body cells to extend their lifespan. Medication adherence for geriatric patients For most old patients, adherence to medication guidelines is a major challenge. In most cases, geriatric patients are expected to adhere to multiple medications. Hence, pharmacists must offer corrective actions to address the challenge. Healing curable conditions, extending the quantity of life, and addressing symptoms of illnesses for patients in old age are crucial undertakings. From my experience, I have noted that patients who are over sixty-five years are highly likely to take over ten medications at the same time (Gavrilova, Gavrilov, Semyonova & Evdokushkina, 2004). There are several cases when underlying medical conditions affecting old patients demand multiple drugs. However, it has been found that adherence challenges are encountered when multiple drug intakes are proposed by pharmacists. The worst affected age group is the old generation. Adherence challenges are faced by most elderly people who are under at least one type of medication (Hoskins, 2011). It is also unfortunate to note that there are several adherence issues that physicians have not fully explored. For example, meaningful c
Introduction It was once remarked that the digital age brings many opportunities to individuals. This statement is true as opportunities abound in the digital era. Nevertheless, the lingering question centers on the costs attached to the era. There is evidence that with the developments made in technology, opportunities and risks have increased. Although advancement has its pros and cons, the digital era has registered unprecedented opportunities and risks. Hence, it is not surprising that both ethical and moral issues regarding this age continue to bewilder people. Analysis of the cases Case one illustrates the element of software piracy. Danny Ferrer was convicted for dealing in illegal software online. It is alleged that Danny Ferrer sold the software products valued at twenty million US dollars for much less since he put them on sale at a discounted price. Three serious concerns emerge at this stage, the first issue revolves around benefitting from other peoples’ work without due recognition or acknowledgement, secondly, the culprit dupes customers into purchasing counterfeit products, and thirdly, Ferrer denies the original software providers the opportunity to sell the genuine products. This view is held since it is established that Ferrer sold the products at substantially lower prices. Subsequent effects may be mindboggling in terms of lost revenue to original producers and likely job cuts based on reduced sales. Worse still, the products sold by Ferrer were further reproduced and distributed to unsuspecting customers. The distributed software had company labels and fake serial numbers. Such aspects were meant to dupe the customers. This issue centers on copyright infringement, as original producers had secured the brand names used to sell the products. When passing judgment, the court gave a hefty sentence to Ferrer and his conspirators. The court decision was correct since it is unethical to infringe on other peoples’ rights by copying and distributing private products. The second case gravitates around downloading music files. The first cause of disagreement is whether the music is downloaded for personal or commercial use. However, the main issue rests on infringement of copyright provisions. As the online service provider Napster alleges, the law protects downloading of music for non-commercial use. On the contrary, the recording industry supports the notion that downloading music without paying for it is an illegality. Napster thus argues that availing music to random internet surfers is normal practice that is legally protected. However, it is morally wrong to benefit from other peoples’ hard work without compensating them for the investe
Introduction One of the social issues that affect and influences almost every aspect of our lives in the media. The influence that the media wields in our lives is very significant since the media provides the backdrop against which we make sense of any new conditions and information that we encounter in a world that is increasingly becoming globalized. Some of the information presented is aimed at propagating some personal agendas or reinforce some stereotype which may be harmful to a viewer. As such, it is important to become an active and questioning recipient of the information presented by the media as opposed to being a passive viewer. In this paper, I shall analyze a television program that I like viewing to critically analyze the gendered themes and advertisements presented. Program Analysis The program that I watched was the Eight season of “Scrubs”. “Scrubs” is a medical comedy set in a fictitious hospital called “Sacred Hearts”. The scripting of most of the episodes is based on the premise that racial integration is a positive attribute of society and that all people no matter their race or gender can make it in the world through hard work and dedication. The theme of friendship is also greatly accentuated in all the episodes that I watched. The program “Scrubs” has several main characters. The lead character is undoubtedly John Dorian, one of the young doctors in the hospital. The program is centered on him as he provides the viewers with his insights on various issues by use of his inner monologues. Another main character is Dr. Perry Cox, a senior doctor whose approval Dr. Dorian incessantly seeks without much success. Dr. Elliot Reed is the other lead character. She is also a young doctor, skilled but dogged by numerous personal issues. The last main character is Dr. Christopher Duncan (Turk), a young black surgeon who is Dr. Dorian’s best friend. The various episodes that I watched exhibited various plots. In the first episode, the plot revolves around Dr. Dorian struggling to teach the interns who constantly thwarted his attempts at teaching them. Eliot, the female doctor is also coming to terms with how her attitude hurts those around them. In the end, the characters effectively deal with their problems thus restoring harmony. In the second episode, the plot develops around coping with death. The theme of friendship is also advanced by Dorien and Turk as they assist a patient deal with imminent death. The two also prove to be extraordinary doctors as they take care of a dying patient. In the third episode, the hospital staff gangs up to fight against the chief doctor who is deemed as uncompassionate. Alliances are forged and in the end, the unpleasant chief of medicine is fired. In the fourth episode, the issue of trust is reviewed as Turk and Dr. Cox resolve their trust issues. Personal issues are also handled by Dorien and Eliot who decide on having a romantic relationship. In each of the episodes, the women were portrayed in the same manner. Women always play a secondary role to the
Introduction It is important for our team to have a clear focus on what should be done when signing a contract, given that we have identified our first client. Understanding these elements will make it easy for us to avoid any future litigation that may arise due to the poor execution of the contract. The following are the six elements of a contract, and each of them is very critical in developing a legally binding agreement with the client. Offer The first element of a contract is an offer. An offer refers to what one party is willing to give in exchange for a product or a service that is expected from the other party. According to Albaric and Dickstein, any of the two parties can make an offer based on the prevailing circumstances (41). A good example can be our client offering our legal firm a certain amount of money in exchange for the legal services that are to be offered. Sometimes there may be a counteroffer, especially in case one party feels that the value of the offer made is below the value of the product or service to be delivered. Acceptance In case the other party is convinced that the offer made is fair enough, then there will be an acceptance. Acceptance refers to commitment by the second party to deliver goods or services as per the terms and conditions stated in the offer (Cross, Miller, and Cross 33). For instance, if our client made an offer to pay our firm $ 250,000 for the services that we shall deliver, and then if our firm communicates back to the firm agreeing to the terms, it shall be considered an acceptance. Acceptance can be communicated orally or verbally. Consideration The offer and the acceptance can only be considered legally binding if they involve the exchange of goods or services which are of value. Both parties must be seen to benefit from the offer and acceptance made (Schwenzer, Hachem, and Kee 84). For instance, it may be suspicious if our client offers our firm $ 250,000, and all we do is to congratulate them for having a lot of resources. Unless it can be proven that through such actions, we are adding value to them, the contract may not be valid because we shall not be offering any value in return. Mutual obligation The entire process of making an offer and acceptance should be based on mutual obligation. It should not arise from mistakes, fraud, or any other form of coercion. None of the parties should feel forced to be a party to the contract. For instance, in case our firm uses any form of threat or blackmail to force the client to make a generous offer, then if the client can prove that such were the circumstances under which the contract was signed, then it can be nullified. The agreement should be made voluntarily. Competency and capacity The parties involved in signing the contract must have competency and capacity. It means that our client and members of our team who shall be involved in this contract should be of legal age. They sho
Introduction Due to the increasing rate of people suffering from obesity-related issues, diabetes, and other preventable diseases linked to improper nutrition, there is a demand for healthier food options. Specifically, sugar is the primary product that health-conscious individuals are trying to substitute with less caloric and healthier options. Monk fruit is one of the choices alongside stevia, honey, maple syrup, erythritol, etc. While the general public consumes monk fruit sweetener due to its low-calorie density and sweetness, which is comparable to that of regular sugar, there is an informational gap in regards to its potential benefit or adverse impacts on health. Researchers have studied this particular component and come to several conclusions. Scientific experiments show that monk fruit has much better health benefits than sugar, yet more studies are needed to assess its safety. Moreover, the scientific articles illustrate that it has antioxidant properties. However, the product does not have significant effects in terms of weight loss. Safety Since monk fruit sweetener has recently become a relatively popular household item, it is important to discuss its safety. The European Commission has requested a study to be performed regarding the safety of monk fruit sweetener consumption. Researchers have used rat labs to analyze the effects on the reproductive system and development (Younes et al., 2019). Both male and female rats were examined during the 90-day experiment, which would illustrate whether the sweetener was safe or not. The findings showed that while the weight of the liver increased and of the testis decreased, no adverse effects on the liver and reproduction functions have been found. Moreover, the researchers highlight that consumption of monk fruit sweeteners showed no adverse effects on humans’ liver and other organs (Younes et al., 2019). There is a need for more research that specifically studies the effects on people rather than animals, who may react differently to the product. However, the initial results conclude that while studies cannot yet reassure the public of the safety of monk fruit sweeteners, the initial results are promising. Antioxidant Properties It is essential to mention that while a large number of people substitute sugar with monk fruit sweeteners due to the differences in calorie density, there is evidence that such changes can be beneficial on multiple levels. Ban et al. (202
In Europe, the period after the fall of the Roman Empire until 1500 is commonly called the Middle Ages. This period can be characterized both as a period of chaos and instability and a period of a great increase in instability and order. This époque is divided by the scholars into three periods: an early phase, 500-1000; the central, 1000-1300; and the later, 1300-1500. The following events in the course of the European countries’ development give us a way to state that there was a time of chaos and instability during the period under consideration:   * The decay of the ancient city-state. Existing before as physical and social units, now they have led to the establishment of the isolated rural estate as a typical form of social and economic organization. The economic and cultural unity of the cities was ruined, only some cities survived as ecclesiastical or political centers.   * The decline of long-distance trade. As a result, the individual’s needs depended only on locally produced goods. Large-scale pottery manufacture and other major industries that depended on long-distance trade vanished in many countries.   * Diseases. Assaults from outside Europe carried outbreaks of bubonic plague. As a result, there was a drastic population decline in Europe during the Early Middle Ages.   * The decline of power by the two the Ottoman Empire and the Kingdom of Poland and Lithuania.   * The breakup of the Carolingian Empire. This process was accompanied by the invasions, migrations, and raids of external foes which brought chaos and instability to societies.   * The start of feudalism in Europe in the High Middle Ages.   * The long conflicts during the Late Middle Ages (for example, the Hundred Years’ War) strengthened royal control over the kingdoms, whereas the conditions in which peasantry existed were extremely hard. The following factors, on the contrary, brought order to the European society:   * The collapse of the centralized state (the Roman Empire). This contributed to the established government of law and social order.   * Conversion of peoples to Christianity. It led to a shift of basic loyalty from the state to religion.   * Explosion in population during the High Middle Ages.   * The first sustained urbanization, which resulted from the military and dynastic achievements of this period.   * The protestant reformation. It formed the shifts in attitude leading to the rise of modern nation-states.   * The rise of strong centralized monarchial states in Denmark, Sweden, Spain, France, England, Russia, and Germany.   * The independence of Switzerland and the Republic of Belgium.   * Carolingian Renaissance. This period of cultural revival is characterized by an increase in literacy, developments in arts, architecture, and other spheres of human knowledge.   * In the High M
The following report discusses possible behavioral patterns, which employees demonstrate when changes occur within the organization. The report provides four possible reactions to the changes. The report provides brief strategy tips for HR managers for each of four behavioral patterns. Every developing company faces the necessity to change its traditional scheme of actions. However, the main asset of the company – employees – may have different reactions to the changes in the organization. The following report summarizes the main behavioral patterns of employees and provides possible reactions of the HR team to those patterns. The most favorable behavior of employees is called commitment, enrollment or genuine compliance (Martin, Whiting, 2010). Such employees welcome changes. They see the positive sides of alternations and usually demonstrate a willingness to participate in the process of changing. For the HR department, it is crucial to support such employees. Frequently, the group of people, who demonstrate a positive attitude within changing environment, can take the leading role in the company, so it is important to ensure their attachment to the organization (Pasmore, Woodman, Shani, 2010). Employees may also create the illusion of their supportive attitude, whereas, in the reality, they do not appreciate changes. Such behavioral pattern is called formal compliance (Martin, Whiting, 2010). It can be complicated to recognize such an attitude. However, HR managers should provide employees with various training or seminars, which can show the benefits of changes and provoke employees’ interest and involvement (Bryant, 2006). Another reaction to the change is apathy or disengagement. It occurs when employees feel scared of possible outcomes of the change. Accordingly, they decide not to act at all and indifferently wait for what is going to be (Martin, Whiting, 2010). The role of the HR manager is to take such employees out of their apathy and organize open communication with such employees in order to realize the core problem, which prevents them from accepting the change. It can be also productive to organize communication with enthusiastic employees, who can change their colleagues’ attitudes towards the change (Maurer, 1996). The worst reaction to the change is noncompliance or disenchantment (Martin, Whiting, 2010). Employees demonstrate anger and non-acceptance of the change, which can lead to sabotage. The first step of HR is to suppress the negativity by interviewing employees and talking face-to-face about their concerns. The next step is to show that their reaction is normal and
The financial crises of 2008 unveiled the hazards of relying on risks as many players in the market displayed rather reckless behaviors. Kopp, Kaffenberger, and Wilson (2017) note that financial stability depends on reasonable actions of all stakeholders and the reduction of reliance on risks. The reliance on risks and banks’ inability to secure their positions (as well as manage assets properly) led to major disbalances and, as a result, to a global financial crisis, which influenced the world economy (Kopp et al., 2017). Although diverse regulations and improved regulatory measures have been introduced, there is still a high chance of certain violations and misinformation. Some companies may display irresponsible behavior, similar to the situation that occurred in 2007. Companies and financial institutions cannot rely on risks, especially in the period of major financial constraints. The COVID pandemic and associated measures became a substantial shock to the market and global economy. Many countries still cannot recover from the negative economic impact. The USA has been affected significantly as well, and the financial sector of the country is also still vulnerable. In times of instability, it is preferable to rely on equity (Xu, Hu, & Das, 2019). This focus on assets rather than risks decreases the chances of losing funds, which is more important than potential short-term gains. Although reliance on risks may seem attractive in the short-term perspective, the situation in the market is still uncertain, so it is better to increase equity. Once the US economy recovers from the negative effects of the restrictive measures related to COVID (as well as the pandemic itself), companies may consider increasing their focus on risks rather than equity.
Introduction The fields of clinical practices and research have been boasted by the inception of MRI as a tool for mapping neuronal activity. The technology is safe and flexible with superb temporal and resolution of its kind. Researches based on functional Magnetic Resolution Imaging (fMRI) depend on Blood Oxygenation Level-Dependent also referred to as BOLD. However, “BOLD has limitations including considerable variability in the BOLD signal between subjects and low-frequency drifts in the MR signal with time, thus BOLD studies are generally restricted to activation paradigms that can be performed in a cyclical on/off pattern.” (1). The above features present BOLD as an inferior mapping technology for cerebral monitoring. (2). The low-frequency spectrum debacle has been solved with the development of Arterial Spin Labeling (ASL) that shows an even distribution of frequency spectrum; hence, ideal for studying brain functions. The main application of ASL is in the monitoring of cerebral changes brought about by tonic pain. “MRI technology will continue to evolve following its continued use in clinical practices and this necessitates continued researches to further advance MRI concepts.” (3). Therefore, this essay comprehensively covers the revolution and future evolution of ASL as a frontier in clinical practices and research. Before the inception of ASL, Cerebral Blood Flow (CBF) was being determined by invasive techniques like Positron Emission Tomography (PET). PET technique mainly depended on the use of exogenous agents in contrast i