ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Although Scotland is largely known for its whiskey production and excellent golf courses, the country offers a good ground for most Information Technology (IT) businesses around the globe. The country is geographically located to the Northern side of the English border and is well endowed with a resourceful and well educated human resource 1 . Scotland is dotted with excellently performing economic sectors and has a long-standing culture of innovation which has spurred information technology to new heights. Information technology is now a key economic sector and many companies seek to expand from its rising applicability in almost every area of operation. Scotland is strategically located as a gateway to mainland Europe and this has provided many countries with a two-way investment plan that’s mutual for all countries. More specifically, Australia has benefitted from this kind of agreement. Edinburgh is Scotland’s capital city and a major economic center throughout Europe. Glasgow is however the country’s largest city and home to one of the biggest digital media centres throughout the European continent and indeed home to Scotland’s BBC network 2 . The city currently boasts of having the third largest Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in the United Kingdom (UK). In recent decades, Scotland has not only established itself as a powerful digital economic hub but has also affirmed its position as a viable economic powerhouse in knowledge-driven sectors 3 . To increase the country’s dominance in these sectors, the Scotland government has taken a steadfast approach in attracting more investors into the country. This has involved a review of the country’s laws to accommodate more investors and improve the overall business environment. This study seeks to explore such existing laws with regard to the Information Technology (IT) sector, in order to analyze the market viability for a local IT company to operate in the country. Scot’s Law The Scottish law is distinct in its own way because it finds its parenthesis in a number of foreign laws. The Scottish law was prehistorically of a Celtic nature until domination was observed from the feudal and Canon law 4 . The Anglo-Norman law thereafter prevailed and legal institutions were set up. The Roman law also has its influence in the country, although most of the cases incorporating it are largely social 5 . Comparatively, it is correct to note that Scotland has had a hybrid legal system. Scotland’s business and contract laws are however largely borrowed from English common law and in fact, it has shared tits legislature with UK since 1707 6 . Nonetheless, the English country has a distinctively different legal system when compared to England and Wales but t
Jurisdiction The offender is 15 years old, which makes him qualified for juvenile proceedings. The offender is accused of and armed robbery of a corner convenience store without wounding. While no one was hurt, the crime was committed, and the offender was detained by the police officers when he was at home. The juvenile has no prior record of the offense. Currently, the minor lives with his mother while his father is incarcerated for assault. The offender’s grandmother provided supervision for the juvenile, as the mother worked two jobs to support the family. However, the grandmother deceased a year before the offense, and the mother does not have time to supervise the child. Thus, the child may be considered uncontrollable. Legal Rights The child admitted the allegations and did not resist the arrest. There are several issues contributing to the case. First, the child lives without parental supervision under the constant pressure of their peers. Even though the offender does not admit the fact, it is most likely that the firearm used during the robbery was acquired from other minors in the neighborhood. Second, the father of the family has a record of drug possession. Considering the circumstances, the juvenile may have had access to the illicit drug and developed a dependency. The child does not have any known mental health issues. Intake Decision The present case is recommended to be diverted from the formal processing in the juvenile justice system, as the child is a first-time offender. A diversion will help the offender reduce the stigma from processing through the juvenile system and support rehabilitation (National Institute of Justice [NIH], n.d.). First-time offenders are considered low-risk youths, and a carefully chosen diversion program is expected to reduce the probability of recidivism (NIH, n.d.). The diversion program should include restitution to the convenience store, parenting services, drug screens, and community work. Short-term Strategy The offender’s mother needs to take full responsibility for the supervision of the child. As a front matter, the child needs to be assessed for illicit drug use. If drug use is confirmed, the child should be provided with addiction treatment. Currently, the mother works two jobs to provide for the family and does not have enough time to dedicate to the child. Thus, she needs to be offered social services that can help her receive benefits to quit one of the jobs to have enough time to supervise the child. After that, the mother and the offender are to be provided parental services to restore family bonds that can support rehabilitation. Finally, the offender is also recommended to engage in community service work to develop accountability and repay the debt to society. Long-term Strategy In the long term, the child should be s
Introduction Barrack Obama is a United States presidential candidate for the year 2008. His campaign is a position of a nationalistic approach in that under the nationalistic approach, nationality is one of the most important aspects of one’s identity but not in terms of race, ethnicity among other forms of human aspects. You see that Obama is not a white but a black America hence meaning that his campaigns tend to show the issue of being nationalistic but not looking at the many differences people have said the issue of race, color, or even ethnicity. Nationalism, in this case, can be taken to mean a political movement or even a doctrine which holds that a nation which in this case can be defined in terms of its culture and ethnicity has its right so that it could contact an independent or even a political community which in this case is based on a common destiny and a shared history. The nation in this case is supposed to be ministered by a single state. So in this case under the nationalistic approach, you find that the national identity, in this case, supersedes the biological attachments which are attached to so many ethnic groups like color, race, and other biological differences which people tend to have similar from other groups. (Craig, 1998). Barrack Obama Campaign is a position of Nationalism Barrack Obama’s campaign is a position of the nationalistic approach in the sense that his campaigns are geared towards the economic nation. This can be proved in the statement when he said that “I showed my patriotism by working to help the veterans so that they could end the Iraq war plus also improving the health care and the economy”. All his campaigns address the issue of the whole nation in trying to the nation that all the people in the United States have the pride of living in their country through the equal sharing of the countries resources. This is one of the major elements of being a nationalist. You find that the citizens of that country have the full potential of enjoying the countries resources. For example in his campaign, Obama said that he has the plan of ensuring a national health plan for all its citizens. His health plan will cover all the uninsured Americans who include the self-employed plus the small businesses. This is because you find that most of the self-employed and the people with their small businesses are usually neglected from insuring their own business since they are not in a position to buy affordable health coverage like those people with big businesses. So under his plan, he is going to ensure that there is a national health plan which will cater to everybody. He said that there will be no any American who will be turned away from any insurance plan as a result of any illness. This is a
The entertainment industry develops under the circumstances of economic uncertainty. The uncertainty arises from the companies’ constant formation, merging, re-forming, and dissolving. (Entertainment Law – Contracts) Certain risk always exists due to the constant changes in consumers’ tastes that determine the popularity of some artists and their performances and the failure of others. To reduce the economic risk to the minimum the entertainment industry relies on contracts (Entertainment Law – Contracts). Various contracts either between firms or between firms and artists also exist to establish a cumulated advantage process in the industry. The contracts are based on the basic economics of the media industry – production, distribution, and promotion. The success of these processes determines whether the firms and artists can survive in the entertainment industry or not. Speaking about contracts between artists and firms we should say that artists usually find an attorney or personal managers to get professional help before negotiating a contract with a firm. In general, the function of a personal manager consists in guiding various aspects of an artist’s career (Entertainment La
Because of its historical and cultural specifics, the United States has rather high rates of bilingualism as a linguistic phenomenon (Destination Casa Blanca, 2009, 00:01:18). The education opportunities for the bilingual people, however, still leave much to be desired. Because of the lack of tools required to address the needs of bilingual students, the latter fail at working on their code-switching process, thus, developing difficulties in understanding the material taught at school. The problem turns out to be even more drastic for the students that study English as a second language. It would be wrong to claim that nothing is being done to solve the issue. The No Child Left Behind Act allows for a range of measures to be taken to facilitate the bilingual education process. While in 2009, learners were “not encouraged to maintain their native languages” (sumsmith, 2011, 00:0:35). A decade later, however, with the adoption of the No Child Left Behind Act, new instructions and strategies for ELLs emerged, making it possible for the ESL students to acquire the skills for communicating in English and at the same time retain the skills of speaking their native tongue. Though the English-only education is no longer supported fiercely in most of the U.S. (TT, 2011, 00:09:37), the tools for helping the ELLs acquire and train the necessary skills are very scarce. The number of misunderstandings in the course of communication between a teacher and an ELL student must be driven to a minimum, which is only possible once the appropriate regulations on creating new strategies for teaching ELLs are passed. As soon as a flexible approach making the process of code-switching easier for the ELLs is adopted, improvements in bilingual education can be expected. Reference List Destination Casa Blanca (2009). A historic background of bilingual education. YouTube . Web. sumsmith (2011). No Child Left Behind and its impact on bilingual education. YouTube . Web. TT (2011). Bilingual education in the US. YouTube . Web.
Introduction It is apparent that Melanie Buddle, in her book, The Business of Women: Marriage, Family, and Entrepreneurship in British Columbia, 1901-51, has emerged to be quite influential in the modern world. Uniquely, the book is important since it offers background information on how Canadian history has contributed to the field of business (Buddle 2). The author is specifically targeting women in business with the need to conceptualize the trend of business history in Canada. As the plot of the book unfolds, the author begins by asking questions that touch on gender, business, and family. From the content in the book, the author is very keen to study the relationship between married women and their entrepreneurial abilities. He confirms that marriage has been taken as an occupation by this category of women. Therefore, many single women often lose out on gainful employment in order to settle in their marriages. It is also crucial to note that the book explores the lifestyle of entrepreneurial women in contrast with the income-earning women in Canada. Buddle reflects how women have been defined in society by analyzing the influence of gender norms in the 21 st century. Evidently, the author puts more emphasis on the history of business, labor, gender issues, and the experiences encountered by women in British Colombia. According to the author’s opinion, it is apparent that there is a growing need for business history to undergo a revolution in terms of gender issues. In this case, the author triggers a rethinking altitude to the reader’s mind that business history must be considered in terms of gender contributions. She points out that women have participated in a conceptual space that is far away and divorced from the world of business (Buddle 14). Moreover, the author is convinced that an entrepreneurial woman has reconciled identity by having the mentality that she is a wife, mother, or a widow and thus has no chance in business. This is contrary to the author’s expectations as she expects that profile of a businesswoman to be qualitatively entrepreneurial. Buddle perceives the entrepreneurial woman to be a product of a frontier ethos. She does not only shed light on the entrepreneurial nature of women. She also explores the challenges and common stereotypes women hold about marriag
Introduction The biological catastrophe in the movie Contagion is enough to send cold shivers to anyone watching the film. Directed by Stephen Soderbergh, the thriller focuses on a lethal virus that finds its way into society. The movie is brilliantly directed. The plot is written in different viewpoints that range from the society itself and the representatives attached at the Center for Disease Control and Prevention to the government officials, all in an attempt to recognize the patient zero of the virus to come up with a cure. Plot Summary Most of the movies’ elements have been well brought out by the characters to explore a global catastrophe. When Beth Emhoff, played by Gwyneth Paltrow, returns home from a successful business trip with the flu, it is assumed to be a simple jet lag hence raising no cause of alarm. Her husband, Mitch Emhoff, played by Matt Damon, becomes concerned when she collapses but upon rushing her to the hospital, she dies. The cause of her death is attributed to a mysterious viral disease. What follows is a series of more people dying from the flu and the doctors are at a loss to explain the cause of the deadly virus that seems to spread very fast. The outbreak leads to the intervention by medical experts led by Dr. Ellis Cheever and Dr. Erin Mears to investigate the possible cures of the disease. To add to the panic, the director introduces Alan Krumwiede, a freelance journalist who causes more confusion through his blog. A General Review of The Movie Soderbergh succeeds to capture the viewer’s attention by integrating different characters to bring out the main theme. The theme depicts a possible worry that is bound to strike society at any time. The human race in the movie is being advised not to talk to anyone or touch anything. The viral disease is comparable to the pandemics such as bird and swine flu that hit certain parts of the world a few years ago. It is, therefore, a phenomenon that society has already experienced. However, the movie is recommended for its ability to convey an intense moment of mass hysteria which in turn leads to social disorder. The concept of helplessness in the movie has not been exaggerated hence bringing out the reality of the movie to the viewer. The exclamation by Dr. Ellis, ‘So, we have a virus with no treatment protocol’ shows the predicament of the health experts and government officials. Critics have however criticized the reaction by the government officials and the medical experts in the movie. Unlike in a real-life scenario, the government officials in the movie react in a casual manner by sending only one investigator to Minnesota. When SARS (Severe acute respiratory syndrome) hit Hong Kong in 2003, the government sent more than five experts to the region alongside othe
Anthropology of Consumption Marketing is a social practice that involves gathering and exchange of information to reflect and reinforce social structures and products. Marketing is also known as the anthropology of consumption and turns out to be a key aspect of critical thinking regarding the economy, globalization, human behaviors, and cultural needs of consumers. 1 Consumption is a key component of an economic system. It is developed in terms of what people have to use and buy and how much money people can spend. Consumption determines marketing considerably because it touches upon the cultural preferences of potential buyers, the personal interests of clients, and other aspects that can influence a decision-making process. Marketing Goods Marketing goods are all things that can be touched and observed by consumers. As soon as goods are introduced to a customer, they can be bought to meet personal needs and wants. From the anthropological point of view, the recognition of consumers’ needs and wants is integral for marketing because people are ready to buy not ordinary products but the products that can satisfy them. 2 It is not enough to introduce a thing and be sure that a person can buy it. It is necessary to investigate a potential customer, pay attention to local traditions and cultures, and analyze if a product or a service is appropriate. Anthropology of Business Many people believe that anthropology is the field that does not have a direct impact on human lives. 3 However, its impact is crucial in different fields, and the area of business is in this list. The business includes the development of marketing plans. In marketing, research on consumer behavior and the adoption of new products/services are two main tasks. To comprehend how to promote effective changes for society, individual cultures (ethnographies) and cultural backgrounds can be recognized. 4 Anthropology of business promotes the successful incorporation of social media, history, and personal preferences. Case Study There is a case when KFC opens several stores in India. The peculiar feature of this situation is that India is the country where not all citizens eat chicken. Not much attention is paid to the fact that such marketing move has to be supported by anthropological research in terms of which it is possible to investigate the cultural background of the area, customers’ preferences, and their choices. Marketers have to get to the root of their potential consumers’ actions, and an anthropological perspective is an option. 5 Past attempts of KFC to open its stores for Indian citizens show its appropriateness only in case vegetarian options are available. 6 It is not the most effective solution that can be made by an organization. Anthropology-driven marketing is a helpful tool in understanding the audience and the demographic peculiarities. Today, consumers become active participants in market dynamics. 7 The
Even though people are rarely aware of that, advertising has already deeply rooted in their day-to-day lives. Ads are placed in magazines and newspapers, on the streets and roads, in grocery stores and schoolyards. To tell the truth, ads are almost everywhere. The question is, do we want to see so many advertisements around us? Probably a lot of people would agree that the answer to this question is negative. As today’s reality shows, the advertising industry does not work for the community’s sake or even consider our needs and desires; instead, it crosses a lot of boundaries that should not be crossed and even show its disrespect to people. One of the strongest arguments against advertisements is the fact that people are forced to see those. In his article called A Death Spiral of Disrespect , Gary Ruskin states that advertising has already become coercive, and that is hard to argue with. If you want to watch a TV program or a movie, you have to put up with commercial breaks. Waiting in line to see a doctor, you see advertisements near his cabinet. When you are going to a store to buy groceries, you see plenty of ads both on the way to and inside it. And the list of examples can be greatly expanded. People see dozens of advertisements on a daily basis, even though no one has even asked them if they want to. In addition to the fact that people have no choice whether to see advertisements or not, those are not always positive. In fact, ads can be even disrespectful or humiliating. As a prime example, Charlie Minato, in his article in Business Insider , provides a list of ten recent advertisements that are considered to be racists. It is hard to argue with him when you see a billboard, which says that “white is coming” and shows a picture of a taller white woman menacingly holding a black woman under her chin (Minato par. 16). Even though that is the twenty-first century, and people claim that they are colorblind when it comes to the skin color, the advertising industry continues releasing ads filled with racism and disrespect. I see no reasons why people should put up with that. Making disrespectful ads is not the only boundary that the advertising industry crosses. Even though advertising companies deny that, they use children and young adults to increase sales of the advertised products. As Joseph McLaughlin states, children are much more impressionable than grown-ups are, which is why they a