ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction In ensuring that people interact and live in harmony there are rules and regulations that are usually stipulated. This is usually the case for all countries around the world. The police are the ones who are mostly entitled to arrest the offenders before taking them to courts. In most countries, parliament is the ones mandated to formulate the laws. The laws are usually approved by the president of a country. Once one has been arrested by the police and taken to court, he or she can be released on bond or remanded before their case is over depending on the type of crime they have committed. In administering their duties, the courts are supposed not to discriminate people according to their race, religion or economic wellbeing. This is not usually the case and discrimination is usually evident in many cases. This paper seeks to examine racism and racial disparity in the criminal justice system with special reference to the United States of America justice system. Racism in U.S. Criminal Justice System Racism, which has been persistent in the United States of America, dates from the time of slavery. African American and Native Americans among others were highly discriminated against by the whites (Love, 2004). Racism has been found to be evident in all aspects from schooling to the administering of justice by the courts. There has been continuous fight against racism in the US but it has not yet been totally eradicated. This is mainly because it is deep rooted in the administration structure and thus requires total cooperation from all parties involved in the success of its eradication (Cronkhite, 2007). The election of Obama as the US president irrespective of his roots in Africa is a good indicator of the good progress achieved so far although much more has to be done. Clinton and incarnation A country administration is mainly mandated in maintain law and order in all aspects of human interaction. In the United States of America, Clinton was the only president who passed very strict law on drug trade. These laws led to the arrest of more people who were charged at courts and imprisoned. During his term, more tough penalties were formulated and more prisons constructed. This led to more African American being on the increase in comparison the whites. This raised query on the possible cause of the difference despite them being the minority in population. The treatment given to blacks in the United States is different from that offered to the whites. This is evident in the administering of justice. Despite the small number of African American in comparison to the whites in the United States, the number of blacks imprisoned is very high. It is said that the number of blacks and white men participating in drug trade is almost equal. The number of blacks arrested and charged for drugs is higher than that of
Introduction Environmental pollution has been a big global problem for more than a decade now. Environmental pollution majorly occurs through the contamination of the natural environment by artificial substances which later cause instability to the natural ecosystem and geography of the area. Pollution essentially has a strong impact on the geography of various zones which support the natural ecosystem. Across the globe, this has been evidenced through the disappearance of lakes, rivers, and the likes. Canada has been greatly affected by environmental pollution and currently, there are huge concerns regarding the environmental sustainability of its major provinces such as Quebec, Ontario, Western Canada, British Columbia and the likes. Of more importance is the fact that some of the major Canadian provinces depend on their geography for ecotourism which is one of the major economic activities of the country (Benchmark Education Company 23). Environmental pollution threatens this status because currently, there have been evidence of melting glaciers, an increase in global temperatures, death of marine life and the likes which are caused by environmental pollution. Canada is ranked the 35 th out of 36 OECD nations in terms of volatile organic compound emissions per capita when compared to other developed nations because it produces an estimated 88.1 kg of volatile organic compounds per capita (OECD 3). Among all developed nations, Canada only fairs better when compared to Australia (OECD 5). It is also a widely known fact that the Canadian economy is much more pollution-intensive than many developed economies across the globe. These factors have consequently affected the geographical features of the nation; therefore destabilizing the ecosystem. This study will consequently evaluate the impact of environmental pollution on the various geographical areas of Canada and in so doing, we will analyze the geographical composition of Atlantic Canada, Quebec, Ontario, Western Canada, British Columbia, and Territorial North to determine the danger environmental pollution causes to these regions. Atlantic Canada Atlantic Canada consists of four provinces namely Prince Edward Islands, Nova, Scotia and New Brunswick which make up the Eastern block of Canada and located on the Atlantic Coast (Benchmark Education Company 3). This area is encompassed with forested Maritime Provinces which are characterized by abundant river valleys and extensive coastlines (Benchmark Education Company 3). Prince Edwards Islands are located off the mainland but connected to it nevertheless by a confederation bridge which links the islands with New Brunswick and Nova Scotia (Benchmark Education Company 3). Cape Breton is the only island to the north of Nova Scotia and is accessible by road and rail but is home to one of the most dominant lakes in Nova Scotia; Bras d’Or Lake (Benchmark Education Company 6). The region is also characteristic of extens
The history of fashion dates to the 17th century. French designers described fashion using beauty models. By the 19th century, few designers lead the fashion world. Quality and expensive garments were displayed by high income earners. The latest designs were exposed at civic events and weddings. The elites controlled the operations of fashion designers. By 1987, fabric designers realized the decline in the control of trending garments. Women from different social class gained access in the clothing industry. Trending clothes became a majority vote rather that a designer’s view. Women’s clothing industry lost huge revenue when fashion designers made short skirts no one purchased. The power to decide the best garment resides with the consumers. An era in the fashion world ended with the death of Martha Phillips. She controlled women fashion industry since 1930. The rich and elegant women took turns to view simple dresses that ordinarily may not pass the fashion test of the majority. Martha’s garments dominated fashion world until death. Martha’s retailers such as Conture de Paris could not convince customers with other quality designers. The end to Martha’s collections opened the door of modern fashion design. Fashion designers changed the orientation with four major considerations. The consideration includes consumer values on fashion, women trooped into the fashion industry, women changed dressing patterns and designers lost grip on trending garments. The article summarizes the life of top designers and the challenges of the fashion industry. Top in the list of fashion designers is Calvin Klein. His ascension in fashion world began with the fall in fashion garments. Consumers wanted to wear dresses rather than cages. Dresses allow you to walk the streets while cages disrupt your looks and posture. The simple idea turned the fortunes of Calvin Klein to a fashion brand name. By 2000, women fashion designers changed the design patterns. Designers used market segmentation to win customers. Garment tailors like Ralph Lauren utilized the opportunity to build an empire. Women looked for better designs among many. Fashion merchandizers profited from the confusion. Retailers stocked garments from many designers to satisfy customers. The author summarized women’s clothing industry with 5 marketing strategies. Fashion marketing policy dictates consumer preference over designer pattern. Fashion specialists changed the pattern of design using majority votes and consumer perception. Merchants in clothing industry used social media, the Internet, fashion blog, promotions, fashion shows and adverts to sell products. The business operations of the organization affected the brand name. For exampl
The USA is said to have the highest divorce rate in the world with Scandinavian countries sometimes edging in and taking over the lead. It seems that a high divorce rate is linked with countries enjoying a high standard of living. The word ‘divorce’ is linked to the word ‘marriage’. One cannot be understood without knowing about the other. The institution of marriage is something unique to human society. Broadly speaking in all human societies it comprises of a vow taken before God and society by the bride and groom during a wedding ceremony to remain married till death. Some many animals and birds pair for life but they never marry in the sense of the humans’ pair. When this promise is broken divorce takes place – the laws differing from one society to another (Lamb 276). In the primal stage when mankind foraged and hunted – did not have any fixed abode but followed the movement of the fish in the rivers and the herds in the forests it was the female who guided the tribe about the best hunting places. Since the human infant takes the longest period to mature as compared to animals the females clubbed together and there was no commitment of marriage with the male. Thus the there was no botheration about the paternity of the child. It belonged to the tribe and all the women cared
The Arab-Israeli conflict is the term to discuss the prolonged tensions between Arabs and Israelis which are based on differences in cultures, visions, values, religions, political paths, political orientations, and territory questions. From this point, the Arab-Israeli conflict can be discussed from the perspective of the conflict’s historic significance and from the perspective of its importance for Arabs and Israelis. In spite of the fact that the Arab-Israeli conflict has deep historic roots based on a range of political and military tensions, much attention should be paid to the role of cultures, ideologies, and religions in developing and resolving the conflict which divides Arabs and Israelis into two continuously conflicting camps (Landes, 2007, p. 845). That is why, the conflict can be analyzed not only through the historical lens but also from the anthropological perspective. Thus, the causes of the Arab-Israeli conflict are in the opposition of Zionism followed by Israelis and Nationalistic ideas supported by Arabs; in differences regarding the nations’ mentality; in religious differences referred to Judaism and Islam’s values; in approaches to the culture of honor and shame; and in Israel’s orientation to the West when Arab countries follow the Eastern path of development. The Historic Background of the Arab-Israeli Conflict To understand the causes of the Arab-Israeli conflict, it is necessary to focus on the historic background or on the roots of the prolonged opposition between Arabs and Israelis. During the late part of the 19 th century, the development of Zionism as the focus on the historic connection between the Jews and the lands of Palestine led to the active Arabs’ opposition because of their intentions to discuss the lands of the Jewish people as the Arabs’ historic territories (Ovendale, 2002, p. 20). Arabs and Israelis supported their declared rights to obtain the lands referring to the histories of both the nations. Following the Hebrew Bible, the Palestinian lands belonged to Israelis. While referring to the Quran, the discussed lands were the Muslims’ ones, as it was mentioned in the scripts (Scham, 2006, p. 60). As a result, Arabs stated their rights to live at the Palestinian territories and intended to oust Israelis from these lands for ever in order to contribute to the Arabs’ unity. During the early part of the 20 th century, several Palestinian riots were developed to expel Israelis for the terr
Open Skies Agreement The Open Skies Agreement between the European Union and the United States implies that the air transportation of cargo and passengers from Europe to the U.S. and vice versa should be allowed at any point and at any time (Bureau of Economic and Business Affairs). However, the recent tension between the U.S. carriers and the Gulf ones may disrupt the cooperation that has been in place for decades. After the rapid development of the UAE economy and airlines (Gray 36), as well as the emphasis on the role of Gulf carriers, particularly, “Emirates, Etihad Airlines and Qatar Airways” (Mouawad), the U.S. government has been trying to oust the specified companies out of the market (Cameron). The concerns of the “franchise agreements” (Cameron) and the associated issues regarding foreign ownership of the U.S. airlines were mentioned by the U.S. government as the main argument. The UAE authorities, in their turn, claim that the expansion is a part of the state’s economic growth and the related objectives (Cline 546). The Open Skies Agreement allows for receiving more efficient air travel services and faster delivery of the cargo. However, for the American consumer, the agreement also implies that the UAE airlines will dominate the global market. Thus, a possible decline in the U.S. economy may be expected (“Other Carriers Can’t Compete With Gulf Airlines Under The Current System — Here’s Why”). Foreign passengers, in their turn, will also since the aggressive behavior of the Gulf airlines will most likely contribute to a significant economic shock. Therefore, the current approach toward the subject matter needs to be reconsidered, and a compromise must be found. As soon as the business approach used by the Gulf airlines becomes less aggressive, significant improvements in the relationships between the UAE and the U.S. can be expected (Mouawad; Cameron). Rentier Economy The concept of the Reinter Economy can be defined as the economy in which the operations related to any form of property are monopolized (LaSalle 2). As a rule, to illustrate the concept, MENA states are mentioned. The reason for the specified assumption is that the MENA state economies rely heavily on rent as a continuous income stream (Nair). The development of the real estate industry (REI) is dependent heavily on the progress of the oil market (Al-Khatteeb, “Saudi Arabia’s Economic Time Bomb”). Seeing that the latter provides a significant number of UAE residents with job opportunities and contributes to the overall economic growth, the drop in oil prices will immediately trigger a slowdown in the development of REI. Therefore, lower oil prices make real estate prices fall to a “fresh low” (Martin and Alloway). The flow of private investments can be viewed as a source of financial res
Introduction There are a lot of disputes concerning the origin of tennis. It is believed that Egyptians, Greek, and Romans are the inventors of this fascinating game. Although there are not any descriptions of this game, drawings, and other artifacts testifying to the fact that this game was invented by Egyptians, Greek and Romans, there are some Arabic words that serve as evidence of this fact (Cooper, n.d.). The name of the game refers to the Egyptian town Tinnis that is near the river Nile and the word racquet comes from the Arabic word rahat denoting the palm of a human hand. Despite these words, there is no other evidence of the introduction of this game among Egyptians, Greek, and Romans. History of tennis Most historians consider French monks to be the first who played this game nearly in the 10th or 11th centuries. It is believed that they played a crude handball against the wall or over the rope strung across the yard. The name of the game comes from the word jeu de paume that means ‘game of the hand’ (Cooper, n.d.). Other historians believe that the name of the game takes roots from the French word tenez denoting something that can be taken from one player to another. When the game became more popular, it began to be played indoors using the same equipment including the ball, the wall, or the rope. Playing with a crude ball was inconvenient with bare hands, and players started to use gloves to protect their hands, and further on a racquet got in use. The ball used in the game was modified later too, and it was done with the help of a wad of hair, cork, or wool wrapped in cloth or leather. This game was considered to be the privilege of high classes as far as the first ones who played this game were monks. Despite the prohibitions of the Pope and Louis lV, this game spread all over the world and English kings Henry Vll and Henry Vlll were the ardent players of this game. The racquet was changed by 1500, and it was made of a wooden frame strung with sheep gut (Cooper, n.d.). This new racquet as well as a cork-cored ball made the game easier and more interesting. The ball weighed three ounces was more convenient to play with it. The tennis courts used by royal families differed from modern ones. The first tennis court that resembled the modern one was constructed in 1625 and it was England’s Hampton Court that is still used in our times (Cooper, n.d.). It is a narrow indoor court so that the ball may be played against the wall. The popularity of this game faded away in 1700, but 1850 was considered to be the year of the peak of its popularity. Charles Goodyear’s invention of a vulcanization process for rubber made considerable changes in tennis. The ball that was played with became much lighter an
Comparing Kennedy’s New Frontier and Johnson’s Great Society Chart                                         Kennedy’s New Frontier  BOTH programs  Johnson’s Great Society 1. Head Start                                                                  x                       2. Peace Corps                          x                                                              3. Job Corps                                                                   x                       4. Civil Rights Act                     x                                                              5. Voting Rights Act                                                           x                       6. New food stamp program               x                                                              7. Medical aid for the elderly                                                 x                       8. Medical aid for the poor                                                    x                       9. Aid to Latin America                 x                                                              10. Aid to education                                                           x                       11. Aid to disadvantaged neighborhoods                                         x                       12. Corporate tax benefits                                      x                                      13. Funding for the space program                                              x                       14. Pollution standards for waterways                                          x                       15. Tighter standard for air pollution                                         x                       16. Decreased immigration limits                                               x                        Background John F Kennedy was the 35 th United States’ president. Upon election as the presidential candidate for the democrats, Kennedy used the tern new frontier in his acceptance speech in 1960. The term was adopted as the party’s slogan to try and inspire the citizens and win their support. The term later developed to be a phrase to represent Kennedy’s administration policies. On the other hand, the great society was a term used by President Lyndon Johnson as set of domestic policies and programs in the United States. Head Start This initiative was announced and introduced by President Johnson on May 1965. The initiative was then known as project head start. The program started by having children in the low income groups in the United States attending public schools. The president, having experienced education pr
Mapping can be termed or refereed to as the aspect of map-making. This is based on various issues that are supposed to be considered as far as communication and technology is concerned. It should be known that map making can be useful in communication based on different aspects. As far as the general principle of mapping is concerned, there are a lot of things that need to be looked at like design, implementing and generation. In this case, mapping revolves around a lot of technological issues that have evolved as time goes by. Maps are supposed to be delivered effectively to optimize on technology and thereby enhance communication. All in all, the web has been used for dissemination of mapping in relation to communication and technology (Ong 23). Mapping principles have always changed as time goes by because technology is also evolving. Mental mode seeks to explain how various things work in the real world. This is done by explaining somebody’s thought process. In this case, the world around us is represented by looking at various intuitive perceptions. It should be known that behavior is generally shaped from mental modes. As far as the principles of mental mode are concerned, there are fundamental assumptions that will always distinguish various aspects. Mental modes can be distinguished from other representations. As a matter of fact, there is always a possibility that can be represented by each mental mode. What is common is always captured as far as mental mode is concerned. A mental mode is very important in ensuring that we have a dynamic system (Blais 27). It should be known that a mental mode can be explained in various forms. In this case, system dynamics can be connected to enhance communication. The proximity principle revolves around a rule that is very important in communication and technology. In this case, it is quite obvious that if objects are close to each other, there is always an implication that they might be seen as relating units. This means that if various objects are together, there is a similarity that might exist. As a matter of fact, all this objects can be said to belong together based on their closeness and the features that they share. This similarity can be on a visual perspective that definitely creates an important bond. Designs can be enhanced thorough the proximity principle thereby enhancing communication. As a matter of fact, a bond between elements and people on a given page can be enhanced through proximity (Ong 45). All this principles can be combined to ensure that there is a less problematic interface. This is as far as the user and technology are concerned. An interface as a point of interaction is very important in connecting various components (Lidwell et al. 74). All this principles can be combined