ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction The analysis of human behavior attributes most behavior change, in positive or negative directions, to internal, dispositional features of individuals. The reasons that are usually believed to guide behavior are initiated in the operation of genes, temperament, personality traits, personal pathologies, and virtues. These characters are referred to as intrinsic factors or natural factors. These factors are hereditary and inborn. A situation-centered approach, in contrast, focuses on factors external to the person to the behavioral context in which individuals are functioning. These factors are known as nature. Impacts on the behavior of individuals are dependent on the natural environment. (Blass1999). These behaviors are not hereditary, but the environment to which humans are exposed shapes them. These can be the family in which these individuals are raised, or one can acquire these traits from the society one lives in. Although human behavior is almost always a function of the interaction of person and situation, social psychologists have called attention to the attribution biases in much of psychology and among the general public that overestimates the importance of dispositional factors while underestimating situational factors. This “fundamental attribution error,” they argue, leads to a caricature of both causal determinants and means for modifying undesirable behavior patterns. (Blass1999). The extent of individual control on behaviors The extent to which an individual can control their behavior is determined by both internal and external factors, as discussed above. These factors lead to individuals that are either resilient or vulnerable. Resiliency is the human capacity to face, overcome, and be strengthened and sometimes be transformed by life’s adversities. In contrast, vulnerability is the inability of people, especially children and young people, to cope with their challenges in life. (Zimbardo & Haney1999). The external factors that help people to become resilient are: Trusted people People who have friends they trust tend to develop more confidence in life than those who have friends they cannot count on. Similarly, children who come from stable homes with good parental care and love tend to become resilient adults when they grow up. On the other hand, children brought up in unstable families such as divorced families or homes where the parents are alcoholic and brutal are likely to develop vulnerability. When they grow up to adulthood, these children are mostly not able to control their emotions accordingly. Most of these people are quick-tempered and violent. This is due to the type of life they were exposed to when they were growing up. On the other hand, children brought up in good families grow up, as adults who love, are responsible and able to control their tempers accordingly. (Zimbardo1974) Good role model Role models are those people that one adm
Introduction It we choose to compare the text with human organism, the structure of the text may be considered the skeleton of the text with its primary function of the basis of the text. The structure is the basis for the content, only skillful organization of the text can make the reader’s perception of the message of the text adequate. However, the structure may be a very effective means of persuasion of the audience and one of the components of the rhetoric of the text, which provides the disclosure of the text’s thesis, as it may be proven by the analysis of the essay “The land before Time” by M.T. Kelly. On reading the essay “The land before Time” it is possible to define its theme as the depiction of the otherness of nature, mainly the Barrens, as it is presented by the author. Since the author is keenly aware of the magnitude of the landscape and the topic he describes, Kelly makes the structure of the essay one of the means of disclosure of the theme of the text. He describes the Canadian Arctic resorting to different structural elements, combining meditation, the introduction of real characters, and the excerpts from Herne’s book as if reflecting the magnitude of nature in his text and inability of a single way of narration to express it. Main Body The role of meditation The text begins with the narrator’s meditation and reflection on the Barrens: “And it becomes clear that landscape, “wilderness”, which appears utterly uninhabited, has been profoundly inhabited, both physically and imaginatively” (Kelly 67). The author describes the Barrens as a living creature that possesses imagination and is alive due to its inhabitants. This type of introduction initiates the reader into the essay successfully, as it creates a bright visual image of nature. The bright language, the use of figurative language is the merit of Kelly’s introduction as it captures the reader’s attention, thus, performing its main function. Such elements as “vanished birds and the vanished people”, “unity and wonder… an ancient connection” cannot make the reader indifferent (Kelly 67). Since we are analyzing the parts of the text that present meditation, it is necessary to mention the final part of the text at once because in the end the author resorts to meditation as well. However, the final part of the text differs from the introduction as it presents more personal description of nature. The author makes use of such word combinations: “the land of little sticks”, “incredible mood”, trying to express his feelings after the personal contact with nature (Kelly 80-81). One more meaning of the cir
Introduction Desistance and recidivism can be seen as two common terms used when assessing juvenile delinquency and offence. The issue is of vital importance, which in Australian context can be represented through the heightened public concern in the last decades. Elements of such concern translated into “the imposition of mandatory sentences on juvenile offenders; adoption of zero tolerance policing (especially in public spaces) and the significant extension of police powers” (Cunneen and White, 2006a, p.96). At the same time, it should be stated that the statistics that cover the cover the rates of juvenile reoffending are not sufficient to show trends of successes or failures. Taking the example of the United States, the National Report on juvenile offenders and victims does not deliver rates of recidivism, accordingly, due to the fact that the variables used for assessment vary greatly between different states, e.g. one state uses re-arrest rates, other re-incarceration, re-offence, etc (Snyder and Sickmund, 2006, p.234). With such examples being related to the United States, the same can be partially said about Australia, where recidivism as a variable was also denoted as limited, specifically in the context of measuring the effectiveness of various criminal justice programs. A subjective approach was investigated in a research by Mark Halsey, who “conducted in excess of 80 interviews at Cavan Training Centre and [the majority of] South Australian prisons (including Adelaide Remand Centre) in order to produce a client-based picture of the reasons for recidivism and repeat incarceration (and particularly the incredibly high rate of progression from juvenile to adult custodial spheres)” (Social Inclusion Initiative, n.d.). The subjectivity of the subject of juvenile offending raise several issues related to juvenile detention systems and desistance. In that regard, the present paper attempts to identify the issues raised in Halsey’s research, providing recommendations on the way the levels of crime desistance can be improved. The Current Perspective In order to present the issues raised by Halsey, the analysis of the current practices of juvenile detention and incarceration might be required. In that regard, the first aspect that should be mentioned is the differences that exist in law, policy, and practice between eight children’s court jurisdictions in Australia (Cunneen and White, 2006a, p.96). Such factor can be seen contributing to the different rates of incarceration across the country (p. 96). As a general trend, it can be stated that the police services are granted extensive new powers, where combining such fact with the sole reliance on legislation in carrying out intervention, implies that juvenile justice systems “disregard any consideration of the special needs of children and young people” (Cunneen and White, 2006a, p.102). Assessing the interventions, it can be stated that a review of juvenile justice programs demonstrates their narrow focus, “based on psychologically based interventions, or specific forms of trea
The film Schindler’s List tells the story of a famous German entrepreneur Oskar Schindler who saved the lives of many Polish Jews during the Holocaust. This movie was produced and directed by Steven Spielberg. Its plot is derived from the novel Schindler’s Ark written by Thomas Keneally [1] . It was released in 1993, and since that time it has attracted the attention of critics and professional historians. This paper is aimed at evaluating this film in terms of its historical accuracy and central message. Although, Schindler’s List is not a documentary, this film can throw light on the lives of people who were affected by the Holocaust. More importantly, this cinematographic work shows that even despite changing social or political environment, an individual should be to retain his/her humanity and help the victims of violence and injustice. These are the main aspects that can be identified. First, it should be noted that the movie is not anachronistic. It provides an accurate description of living conditions in the Polish ghettoes and concentration camps. Moreover, the viewers can see the policies of the Third Reich. For example, the viewers can see that Nazi officials were willing to implement the policies of the state, but they did not try to evaluate the ethical aspects of their decisions [2] . This is one of the aspects that historians identify when examining the behavior of people who were responsible for the Holocaust. Yet, one should take into account that this film is described as an epic drama, so it is not aimed only at creating a detailed account of the main events. This is one of the main issues that should be considered. Thus, Schindler’s List can be an informative source for scholars, especially those ones who examine the decisions of the Nazi officials. This movie received both commercial and critical success in part because of its cinematography and excellent performance of actors such as Liam Neeson and Ralph Fiennes. Nevertheless, the main strength of this film is that it threw light on the dehumanizing policies of the Nazi regime and its impact on a large group of people. The most important aspect is that the authors showed how the main character could retain his integrity even despite the presence of ideology that legitimized violence, brutality, and cruelty. One can argue that Liam Neeson managed to portray the the feelings of Oskar Schindler who was forced to live in such an environment. It should be noted that Schindler’s List is short predominately in black and white [3] . To some extent, this strategy is supposed to emulate the techniques used in documentary films. Moreover, the film-makers relied primarily on held-held camera while shooting the movie. To some extent, this strategy enabled the authors to cre
Information The film Beowulf (2007) was directed and produced by Robert Zemeckis. Such Hollywood celebrities as Anthony Hopkins (King Hrothgar), Angelina Jolie (Grendel’s mother) and Ray Winstone (Beowulf) starred in the movie. Beowulf (2007) is based on the Old English epic of the same title. Notably, the movie is “the full-length motion picture” where actor’s movements rather than their appearance were captured (Jones 18). I watched it on DVD and I was impressed by the technique used. I was also interested in the story itself, of course. The Plot Beowulf is a warrior who travels the world and fights against the evil. He comes to help King Hrothgar to defeat a monster, Grendel, which devastates his kingdom. The warrior manages to kill the monster, but Grendel’s mother comes and kills almost all Beowulf’s men. Hrothgar tells Beowulf that Grendel’s mother, the Water Demon, lives in a cave and Beowulf sets to kill her only to be seduced by the monster’s mother who takes the form of a beautiful woman. Beowulf and Grendel’s mother make a deal and the warrior becomes the next king while the Water Demon gives birth to Beowulf’s son. Many years later, when Beowulf is old, the deal between him and Grendel’s mother is broken and Water Demon’s son, a dragon, attacks the kingdom. Beowulf manages to kill the dragon but is wounded and dies soon after. The Reality As has been mentioned above, the movie is based on the epic. However, it is an interpretation rather than a screening as, though major events are quite close to the text, the characters are very different from the original. First, Beowulf is not a very good example of a conventional warrior of the Middle Ages as he is less masculine and he is half naked throughout most of the film. Grendel is also depicted as a victim rather than hideous monster that is to be destroyed. Grendel is that bad because people do not like him. People cause great pain to his head, which is the reason why Grendel attacks. In the text, Grendel is the evil monster who needs blood and murders. In the original, there is nothing about Grendel’s father and the dragon’s origins. In the movie these are children of Hrothgar and Beowulf respectively. The Setting As far as the setting is concerned, it is really specific. On one hand, the landscape is depicted true to life. However, the creators of the film were not that precise when it came to costumes, appearance and customs. Thus, the king is wearing something like a Roman toga instead of clothes worn by Vikings (Jones 20). The movie reveals certain clichés depicting the court in the Middle Ages as a “site of uncivilized savagery” with “bad table manners and boorishness” (Jones 20). Clothes of Beowulf and his warriors do not correspond to the epoch either. Evaluation However, irrespective of these differences, I would recommend young people to watch the film. In the first place, this can make them read the text itself. More importantly, the movie represents a cont
Overview of presenter’s perspective For a long time, employers and business people have believed in motivating employees through offering financial incentives, including good salaries, bonuses and commissions, a factor which has been thought to improve employee performance. In a talk by Dan Pink however, this idea is argued. The evidence gathered by social scientists Daniel Pink analyses that performance efficiency goes beyond monetary reward or punishment and refocuses attention to important aspects of employee motivation which are autonomy, mastery, and purpose. In this study he accepts the fact that the idea that financial incentives have worked overtime has been true but the money motivation has lost its relevance in developing creative and cognitive thinking tasks and may only work in improving mechanical related tasks. Evidence obtained from Karl Ducker’s candle problem experiment proves the author’s argument, especially in the light of such cases as that of individuals being offered a monetary reward to accomplish. The experiment takes three and a half minutes more to solve the problem compared to the ones tested to establish norm averages (Pink 2009). Employees are focused on the financial goal rather than on achieving the task. Thinking, therefore, is affected and creativity is blocked. Agree disagree I agree with the author’s perspective on performance motivation in this age going beyond the money factor. A good salary does not ascertain an equivalent output from employees, and, while workers may receive high salaries, their productivity may not good as their financial reward. People are also generally motivated by a greater self-drive to achieve things beyond money, and Pink’s theory unmasks the great divide between previously practiced human capital practices that businesses have employed overtime in comparison to what really works. From the study, one realizes that greater persistence is required to accomplish difficult tasks, which cannot be equated to money rewards. Great achievements in life have been driven by passion and determination that surmounts the money factor. While a reward and punishment approach related to “carrot and sticks’ in Pinks analysis is an effective tool to make work happen in many cases it only makes a part of the bigger picture. This factor helps one achieve goals on a short-term perspective before it loses its significance. Getting rid of the money problem is a key factor in ensuring performance is achieved but certainly not the most basic. Theory Backing: Vroom’s Theory The idea of improving people’s performance by providing them with incentives, moral support and encouragement has a sufficient theoretical support to be viewed as a reliable strategy for an organization’s performance improvement. Indeed, considering the case closer, one must admit that the concept of motivation and encouragement complies with the key postulates of Vroom’s theory. According to the theory suggested by Vroom, which would later on be called the Expectancy Theory, the behavior of a person is largely predetermined by the consequences that their behavior is going to have. In ot
Targeted Market Segment Foreign tourists Since Bali Island is located in Indonesia, a customer segment that would be easily attracted is foreign tourists from all over the world. Foreign tourists would be appealed by the diversity of arts and culture which are preserved in an exotic fashion in Bali Island (Oxford Business Group 125). Foreign tourists travel around the world in search of such places so that their holidays can be spent in an interesting and explorative manner. Foreign tourists are targeted since the natural features found in the Indonesian Island would appeal greatly to their holiday needs. Characteristics of foreign tourists  1. This customer segment includes people from different ages, but especially older adults who are from the working class.  2. The targeted age group includes travellers who have a stable source of income and maybe families.  3. The need for quality services  4. Extravagance  5. Willingness to spend so as to get the best services and the need for a relaxing atmosphere.  6. They normally search for a place they can go to take a break from the busy lifestyles that they lead in their countries. These will make the location of IndoBali Hotel ideal for this customer segment since Bali Island is in an isolated place away from civilization and the hustles of city life. Furthermore, the social, cultural, artistic, religious and hospitable people create an experience of a lifetime for foreign tourists who cannot find these aspects in other luxurious destinations or in their home countries (Richards and Hall 179). Food and Beverage Operations The IndoBali Hotel will include two restaurants that are needed because the expected visitors will be from different cultures and backgrounds. People from various regions in the world eat different foods. For instance, the Japanese mostly eat shrimps and sea foods while Indians eat spicy foods. One restaurant will therefore be themed and will specialize in preparing exotic foods. This restaurant will be decorated with wooden frames and will have a capacity of 100 seats. It will have an international presence including artwork from Asia, Africa, Europe and America. This will also be a fine dining restaurant that will cater for the needs of foreigners who might prefer their local cuisines even while on holiday. The prices of foods in this restaurant will be higher than those charged in the other food joint and will range between $15 to 35 for adults and half for children below 12 years. This strategy will aim at encouraging tourists to eat the local foods that are eaten by the Indonesian people. The beverages sold here will include popular brands like Coca Cola, Pepsi, Smirnoff, Viceroy and fruit juices. The second food and beverage establishment will specialize in local 3 course meals including foods and beverages and will be operating throughout the day as long as there are visitors spending in the hotel. Wit a capacity of 200 seats, this restaurant will serve dishes such as Indonesian snacks like warung, siomay and batagor (Holzen, Hutton and Arsana 24). The foods will also be spicy since the Indonesian people like hot foods. Other Indonesian delicacies in
Introduction Motivation is the activation or desires an individual or animal gets in order to satisfy goals and objectives. It may be either internal/intrinsic or external/extrinsic. The main aim of motivation is to reduce physical pain and advance in pleasures (Deci, 1972, ¶ 114). Motivation is present in everyday life. Simple acts like education which is motivated by desire for knowledge. There are forces both negative and positive they include: coercion, fear, influence, desire and need. It is mostly exhibited in the workplace where it leads to successful leadership in the organization. It can also be seen in education when students are studying for their examinations. Motivation is a drive and in its absence life is meaningless. Many scholars have debated about the role of motivation in determination of behaviour. Motivation is what drives you and gives reason for action. It gives purpose and direction to behaviour modelling. There are many sources of motivation both internally in an individual and externally driven by the environment. Among them is achievement motivation, this is the drive to pursue and attain goals. An individual strives to realize objectives for the purpose of success, accomplishment is very important in sensation. Affiliation inspiration is the force to intermingle with people on a mutual basis. A person will work harder if they are complimented for their attitudes and operations (Ken & Param, 2008, ¶ 1). Competence motivation is obliging to be good at something; it requires the skills of mastery and problem solving. Power inspiration is the energy to cause an impact on people and making transformation in situations. An individual at this point attempts to make an impact to natives. Attitude motivation entails the perception and feeling of individuals. It involves one’s belief and confidence. Incentive motivation is the drive towards attainment of a reward and prizes, an individual will be compelled to work harder once this is achieved. Fear motivation is where by individuals’ drive is fear. In such instances people may be motivated to act due to the fear of the repercussions of the failure to act. Relationship between motivation and behaviour Motivation is an internal state of condition (described as need, desire, or want) and serves to activate goal oriented behaviour and give it a direction (Huitt, 2001, ¶1). Factors that alter one’s behaviour are perception, emotions, memory and cognitive development. People respond to increasing complex events (stimuli) in the environment; they identify thoughts, emotions, dispositions and behaviour. Attributions both internal and external make individuals to perceive probability of success (expectancy). They make use of their success to obtain reward which helps them achieve goals. How moti