ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction David Ricardo (1772-1823) was a political economist and a successful business man who is recognized for his organized economics ideology. In the early nineteenth century, Ricardo was considered to be one of the most influential economists. In addition to being an influential figure, David Ricardo was also a Member of Parliament, a strategic investor and a keen sighted entrepreneur whose economic ventures managed to accredit to his name a sufficient amount of wealth. In his most active years as an economist, he idealized and combined a collection of economic policies that perceived an ideal politico-economic structure. Among his most significant contributions were the theory on the Influence of demand and supply on prices, theory on foreign trade, theory on value, the law of wages and the theory of comparative advantage. This paper will take an insightful look at the conceptualization of the theory of comparative advantage as analyzed and applied by another economist, Amartya Sen. Amartya Sen (1933) is an economist and academician whose contribution to the economic sphere has earned him widespread recognition and several awards. Sen has particular interest in social and developmental economics and has presented several publications and writings that identify economic barriers whilst offering practical solutions. He identifies several economic and social issues such as unemployment, war, logistics, corruption, hoarding and the decline in wages as the major obstructions to the growth and development of any functional unit. Among his prominent work is the theory of social choice which basically challenged the voting rules citing that they contradicted the democratic norm. The comparative advantage Theory The theory of comparative advantage refers to the capacity of a party to provide a standard good or service at a lower production cost than another party with similar capability. One can also say that comparative advantage is the ability to come up with a product that is most efficiently created through specialization of a precise product thus overlooking all the other products that could be produced. Origin in relation to David Ricardo and Amartya Sen The comparative advantage theory was first used by David Ricardo in 1817 in his book concerning the Principles of Political Economy and Taxation where he used an example of England and Portugal. Portugal has the resources and the capacity to produce both wine and cloth with less labor and consequently less production cost as compared to England. England lacks the adequate resources necessary to produce wine and is moderately equipped in terms of capacity as far as cloth is concerned but both of these goods are easily produced in Portugal (Dornbusch et al 823). The structure of the arrangement is that though it is cheaper to produce cloth and wine in Portugal, there is a higher potential for Portugal to produce excess wine which is then used to trade that for English cloth (Chang 56). The overall outcome is that both nations benefit from the trade arrangem
CSRA and its abilities to fix problems The Civil Service Reform Act was represented to public in 1978 in order to reform the civil service of the federal government in the Unites States of America. The essence of this act was to reorganize functions of the Civil Service and “to create a professional, well-managed federal workforce in keeping modern employment practices” ( Civil Service Reform 2). The peculiar feature of this act is that civil servants and top mangers in particular got numerous opportunities to have bonuses or merit pay for their work. People tried to demonstrate the best results of their work in order to distinguish from the others and prove that they were worthy of these performance awards. Unfortunately, the attempts to achieve the desirable success led to a terrible failure only. In spite of the fact that congress made numerous attempts to fund some of the bonuses and government was on the side of the bonuses, people realized that they could work just a little in order to get the desirable bonuses. People also got a chance to forget about numerous reprisals against whistleblowers, which limited their actions (Bardes, Shelley, and Schmidt 280), but still cannot comprehend the benefit of this opportunity and decrease the level of work and the abilities to save this act working. Taking into consideration these facts, it is possible to give more or less clear answer to the question whether CSRA was able to fix problems for the federal system or to promote their development. The role of time is crucial in this concepts. Because on the one hand, this act is a good attempt to encourage people to work and to demonstrate their potentials; on the other hand, with time, people realize that they can do nothing and still get benefits. It is the problem number one, created by both time and CSRA. New issues were presented, and they lead to new problems and new challenges, people have to cope with. Pay band, pay scales, and pay for performance The results that congress makes all possible attempts to vote against NSPS (the National Security Personnel System) are not that positive. Pay for performance systems (another explanation of NSPS) usually aim at meeting all types of need of cultures and organizational structures of their nations ( Human Capital 4). General Schedule (GS) has been already replaced by NSPS. This system also becomes more effective than pay band system. The peculiar feature of NSPS is its ability to provide flexible payment levels and to decrease people’s efforts while paying for performance. Taking into account the fact that GS schedule is used by the variety of white collar personnel in the existed civil services, I think that General Schedule system has to be modified in order to meet the conditions under which National Security Personnel System works and provides a qualified pay for performance system. This modification may happen in the following way: NSPS system is closer to private affairs and their effective collaboration; it attracts more and more performers; and if the conditions of NSPS are used in GS system, where federal
Bat Boy is an adaptation of the book by Farley and Flemmng that narrate the story of half-boy and half-bat who was found in cave. The plot inspired the directors to create a stage adaptation. Although the musical differs a bit from the details presented in the plot, but the main idea is still preserved. The musical touches upon very urgent and serious themes such as acceptance, hypocrisy, forgiveness, revenge, racism, and scapegoating that are closely intertwined with such serious moments containing irony, camp-horror and slapstick. The musical also comprises religious themes related to biblical allusions. In particular, it contains the quotes from Genesis 9:4 and Psalm 23. In addition to this, Act II starts with a revival of faith healer. Although the plot reminds of horror films imbued with the gothic scenes, the musical is still more close to more positive representation of the characters and the events. The musical production was quite successful due to magnificent play of the actors. The main actor playing Bat Boy/Edgar faced difficult task: he had to show a clear transition from wild and solitary existence in the case to a normal human interaction and socialization. The main hero is forced to learn the keys of human ethics and communication to be able to survive. Therefore, the actor who played one character at the beginning of the musical should play its antagonist. Such a situation impelled a quick shift in events and situation taking place on the stage. It should also be emphasized that all the characters look cartoon like. Their voice, speech, movements, and gestures were subjected to firmly established stereotypes about horror movies. On the one hand, such acting perfectly rendered the main idea of the plot – a confrontation of the real and imaginary worlds. The acting team, hence, decides to remain alienated from the audience to emphasize the main idea of the musical and of the original script. In addition, the actors also want to preserves the main features of the musical and its genre so that they try to use music to enhance the impression and to provide the audience with clearer understanding the plot and the problem. So, when the actors moved, spoke, or sang, they tried to render the seriousness with their poker faces despite the lyric tone of the musical. Such dissonance in gestures and lyrics make the scenes quite funny. In general, the actors succeeded in disclosing the main conception of the musical without resorting to ridiculous costumes and gag lines. Their strength lied in strict observance of the scenario and deep trust in what they were performing on the stage. Due to the fact that Bat Boy is a musical full of humorous and comic situations and charismatic characters, the director decided to resort to certain appropriate techniques which brought much clarity and accuracy to the plot. The most striking images included a muddle of trees covered with blood red lights of the fog. Besides, the excessive loudness of the sound that was harsh to the ears supplemented the creepy sceneries and images. The directory did not pay attention to the details, but was striving to present the overall idea of
Introduction The image of the nursing profession is rapidly changing in the society. The previous images of nurses dressed in nursing caps, competent and independent nurses from diverse backgrounds are quickly replacing starched uniforms. Latest images of thoughtful and experienced nurses attract most people to the line of work. Gordon (2005) describes the previous iconic images of nurses to be similar to handmaiden, waiting for directions from the physician. The nursing profession has not been effective in publicizing the skills of nursing. The changing society needs to understand that the nursing profession also involves risks surveys and assessments, arranging for independent actions, handling of the client’s goals, and prioritizing care. Nurses must create awareness of the skills and knowledge involved in professional nursing in order to maintain respect from the public (O’Mara, 1999). This begins by enlightening the student nurses on the cognitive skills of nursing in order to provide competent health care. They must also be aware of the tangible benefits of joining the nursing profession, apart from just caring for patients (Benner, Sutphen, Leonard, & Day, 2010). Action plan for developing competency Development of competency in student nurses is achievable through clinical practice, by practicing clinical skills as well as performing professional health care practices to the patients. These practices can assist the student nurses in gaining valuable experiences that are applicable in various clinical situations. They can achieve this full package of competency when guided well by mentors from school or the clinical mentors (Emmons, 1999). These mentors can also assist in situations which pose to be difficult or when the students need guidance or assistance. The clinical performance of students can assessed through the strategies set for clinical competency and evaluation to check the skills, knowledge and attitudes adopted by the students during training (Cronenwett et al, 2007). These assessments need to be done frequently with reports on the feedback to encourage prompt achievement of the learning objectives. The strategies for assessing competency include self-evaluation and field evaluation. Self-evaluation emphasizes on the philosophical approach of the training, and offe
Introduction Most cultures in the world treat death as a sacred calling for the dying person to join the afterlife. Major religions such as Christianity hold that death on earth ushers in an eternal chapter in the life of the deceased. Despite the general views held by a particular society, individual opinions and beliefs regarding death and the dying process often vary greatly. The emergence of modern medicine has brought about artificial technology that may be used to prolong the dying process. This situation raises the question of quality of life. People are often divided over the usefulness of life support machines when the dying person can barely breathe. Some of the dying person’s family members would wish to have him or her around much longer, even if it means staying in a vegetative state for years. The other category of people are worried that the dying person is unnecessarily subjected to pain, yet there is no hope of meaningful recovery. There is also the question of the dying person’s wish and the need to strive to ensure it is fulfilled. Research Objectives The research seeks to fulfill the following objectives:  1. To investigate the ethical issues that underline the issue of death and dying  2. To examine how such ethical issues are applied in the subject of death and dying Literature Review According to Lichtenthal, death poses a challenging time for people, especially when they attempt to deliberate on interpersonal issues, financial concerns, and issues of medical care (311). Those left behind make these decisions since they will be the most affected in the end. For example, questions of how much to spend on the medical care of the dying person may be difficult if faced with financial constraints (Sudore and Fried 256). Ordinarily, family members and friends of the dying person would rather exhaust all their finances attempting to secure a longer life for the dying person. However, other family members may regard the efforts to prolong the dying person’s life as unhelpful, especially if the chances of recovery are minimal. The dying person may also experience a difficult time trying to come to terms with the fact that he or she is about to die, leaving behind loved ones. Often, the wish of the dying person is to leave his or her loved ones living comfortably, despite his or her obvious absence. However, according to Cook and Rocker, if the dying persons are not in a state to express their wishes due to conditions such as dementia or a coma, it is difficult to understand how they feel regarding their imminent death and its impact on those to be left behind (2509). One of the emerging ethical concerns regarding death and dying is the actual definition of life. As Sudore and Fried assert, in the United States and most developed countries, end of life care is available for terminally ill individuals (258). The aim of the end of life care is to en
Further Questions for patient Sprain of joints:   * Have you observed muscle spasms?   * Have you experienced joint weakness recently (after the accident)?   * Can you shit a leg?   * Have you observed cases of bruising?   * Have you felt some discomfort or pain before your last dance class?   * Have you heard some audible sounds when you tried to walk? Muscle injury:   * Do you have any health problems or feel discomfort right before the accident?   * Do you feel pain or irritation of the nerve endings?   * Does pain bother you when you take a rest?   * Can you use the ankle muscle in different positions?   * Have you felt relief during the last 12 hours?   * How can you classify your pain in the leg: as moderate, middle, severe? Leg fracture:   * Have you observed some changes in your leg as soon as the accident occurred?   * Could you move your leg after the accident?   * Was there any blood after the accident?   * Is the leg pain localized or general?   * Do you have some abrasions before the accident? What were their reasons? Differential Diagnoses: Dislocation and sprain of joints and ligaments at ankle, foot, and toe level (S93): is the condition when an ankle is injured as a result of turning it in an awkward way and disturbing the joints. An ankle sprain is one of the most common consequences of physical activities, and the results of damage have to be carefully managed to avoid further problems (Wikstrom, Hubbard-Turner, & McKeon, 2013, p. 385). Ankle sprains could occur at all ages (Buttaro, Trybuski, Bailey, & Sandberg-Cook, 2013, p. 887). Dancers are the people, who could suffer from sprained ankles a lot and experience such symptoms as the inability to move or bear weight on the affected ankle, pain, and swelling that could be accompanied by bruising that may/may not be visible (Kadel, 2014, p. 839). Elizabeth admits that she landed on the side of her ankle and heard a pop. The result of such unsuccessful landing was a left ankle injury and the inability to bear weight and walk unassisted. Injury of muscle, fascia, and tendon at lower leg level (S86): this type of trauma could include the health problems caused by the injuries of an ankle that influence muscles, fascia, or tendon in the chosen area. The main symptoms of ankle injury include pain and the inability to move it properly. Ankle stiffness is another important symptom of this kind of injury. As a rule, the causes of injuries in dancers are bad luck, fatigue, stress, or the inabi
Introduction Family diversity is a current trend in many societies across the globe. Some communities are ready to accept individuals with their personal preferences and unique interests. However, sometimes, additional help and explanations are required to clarify the situation and support families. In 2011, Judith Stacey introduced her book Unhitched: Love, Marriage, and Family Values from West Hollywood to Western China to discuss same-sex marriage through the prism of the equality rights for gays, lesbians, and transgender people. Diverse families exist in every country, from California to Africa and China, and the 21 st century has created a new paradigm of polygamy, sexual practices, and gender responsibilities. In this review, Stacey’s book Unhitched will be summarized with special attention to its strengths (the author’s position) and weaknesses (limited multiculturalism) and the evaluation of such concepts as family, divorce, and violence in class, race, and gender relations. Summary Stacey begins her book with a well-known traditional vow that millions of people hear at the wedding. “Do you [Adam] take [Eve] to be your wife…” – this urge reminds the reader about the main idea of marriage when a man takes responsibility for a woman and vice versa. Along with common sections like Acknowledgements, Introduction, and Conclusion, Stacey (2011) develops five chapters to explain what makes gay men “the most controversial, and… the most creative petitioners for family recognition and rights” (p. 9). This goal is rather ambiguous and provocative for the author because it is not enough to examine families and the relationships between their members but to identify the connection between love, marriage, and parenthood in a specific gay-based context. In the introductory chapter, the author underlines the necessity to unhitch the concepts of love, commitment, marriage, and parenthood and redefine a current understanding of family and fidelity. There are two main problems in modern marriage: the intention to domesticize human relationships and identify erotic desires that have already been constrained by traditions and conservatism. The first chapter reveals the worth of gay intimacy and kinship using the research findings from Los Angeles between 1999 and 2003. Stacey (2011) investigates monogamous relationships of friends, lovers, and ex-lovers to show any success. She proves how families themselves complicate the application of such concepts as masculinity, femininity, and sexuality. The second chapter describes the peculiarities of parenthood in gat families who are ready to say about their preferences openly. In addition to social controversies and debates, gay couples are challenged by their means of reproduction and the necessity to prove their rights for adoption, care, and surrogacy (Stacey, 2011). There are many real-life examples of how three-parent
Traditional care and nursing imply a personal touch and direct interaction between the patients and healthcare professionals. With modern technology development, new inventions started to integrate into the industry. The progress made in artificial intelligence introduces new software programs and new electronic tools. Besides, the healthcare industry has implemented automated robotic nurses into its operations. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the effects of new technologies on the work of nursing specialists and investigate whether those effects have a favorable or adverse impact on the industry. Technology innovations continue their spread within multiple organizations around the world. According to Glauser, there is a robotic revolution taking place in various industries and transforms their daily operations (24-26). The healthcare industry has introduced a “triage nurse” that can question the patients, provide answers according to the built-in algorithms, and even take blood samples (Glauser 24-26). The scholar claims that artificial intelligence can become a substitution for specific nurses’ functions, but it cannot entirely take over their roles (Glauser 24-26). Pepito and Locsin argue that artificial intelligence machines dramatically shaped nursing, and gradually a routine job of the employees can be performed at higher rates by technological advancements (106-110). Still, the critical factor is to learn about the machines and their capabilities and adapt to the technologies (Pepito and Locsin 106-110). Examining the machines’ performance will help to figure out how to use them to achieve greater benefits (Pepito and Locsin 106-110). Consequently, th