ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Dietary supplements consist of herbs, vitamins, minerals, and other elements administered either as pills, capsules, or in liquid form aimed at improving the diet of the consumer. The supplements provide extra units of the components for the body with the intention of meeting the recommended dietary allowance for that component, or with a view of providing other substances believed to be beneficial to health. According to Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act (DSHEA), the term dietary supplement is collective for a formulation containing a vitamin, mineral, or herb, or concentrates, metabolites, or extracts from the components. The supplements have a profound effect in regulating both biochemical and physiological functions in the body. Unfortunately, not all information regarding the use of supplements is true. Some of the information contains bias, an aspect that increases their popularity due to the promise of enhanced performance and health optimization (Talbott, 2003). A person taking supplements stands to gather various benefits. Functional foods such as dietary fiber in the supplements promote physiological functions in the body that reduce the risk of colon cancer and cardiovascular diseases. Minerals such as selenium also play a role in neutralizing possible cancer causative agents. Adequate amounts of selenium result from the growth of food materials in soil rich in it. Supplementation of the mineral in the diet is, therefore, a more viable way of ensuring adequate intake. Mineral requirements for elements such as Boron and Tin are hard to meet through a normal, balanced diet. Supplements containing these components become feasible in obtaining the recommended dietary intake. Supplements are also beneficial in managing certain health conditions. Hormones such as melatonin help maintain healthy sleep patterns for people with low melatonin secretions in their system. Supplements, therefore, provide relief for people who fear not meeting certain dietary allowances for minerals and some vitamins in their diets by mere administration of a pill (Talbott, 2003). Consequently, supplements may pose a health risk to an individual because of toxicity. Many vitamins and minerals requirements are easily met through the intake of a normal, balanced diet. Supplements may pump in excess of what the body requires for optimal functioning. Toxicity may occur when Vitamins and minerals exceed the upper tolerable limit. Vitamins A, D, E and K are oil soluble and excess proportions are stored in the liver fat. They are harder to expel from the body than Vitamin C and B complex. Fat accumulation may cause enlargement of the liver, which has severe consequences. Excess of Iodine causes a form of goiter that is harder to treat than the other form caused by low intake. Excess potassium can lead to cardiac arrest due to elevated heartbeat. Sodium is abundant in most processed foods and more so since it is a constituent of common table salt. Excess of sodium in supplements can lead to hypertens
Introduction It is normally the case that endeavors involve the harvesting of ocean resources, such as fish, clams, and a variety of crustaceans, to be done in order to fulfill a specific need. This justifies the consumption of various types of ocean resources since without them, a lot of societies all around the world dependent on daily supplies of this particular method of sustenance will starve as a result (Fox, 2002). If there were no inherent need to supply populations with such resources, then the activity of harvesting various live animals from the sea could be meant as needless slaughter (Fears, 2009). It is based on this that Japanese continued whaling activities under the guise of “scientific research” can be categorized as a form of unnecessary killing since based on the research of Christian et al. (2008), Japanese population neither requires the large quantities of whale meat (500 whales per year) that are caught and sold nor does whale meat constitute a major part of the average Japanese citizen’s diet. The primary defense of the Japanese government, regarding the sale of whale meat within local markets, is that whale meat consumption is an integral part of Japanese culture. Such a defense is rather ambiguous given the aforementioned fact that most people in Japan have rarely, if ever, tasted or even seen whale meat. The main point of contention between Japan and other countries that condemn the act of hunting down whales is the method of justification utilized by the Japanese government which entails “scientific research” as the basis behind its activities of whale hunting. While such an excuse may be valid, if a few specimens are caught through internationally sanctioned actions each year in order to examine the current status of the species, the fact remains the same that Japanese whaling ships often catch 500 or more whales annually. Such a number is far beyond what can normally be construed as “catching for the sake of scientific research” since 500 species taken at any one time in order to examine population rates and the general health of the species are inherently unjustifiable given the numbers involved. Based on this, it must be questioned whether the act of whaling, scientific or not, should be outright banned or justified based on traditional heritage and the concept of collecting scientific data. The act of whaling by the Japanese should be prevented since they do not own exclusive rights to whales and are subject to the concept of international joint ownership of marine species. Legal Principles Involved First and foremost, it must be noted that whaling itself is illegal as per the ratification of international treaties that specifically ban the harvesting of species that are vulnerable or endangered (Stoett, 1997). Whaling for the purpose of scientific research, on the other hand, is
Introduction All living things have one thing in common. All living things are carbon-based and that they need water to survive. Water is therefore important to sustain life. There is no need to elaborate the reason why water is a crucial ingredient in a habitable planet. Water must be used as a primary requirement in the search for Earth-like planets. Scientists pointed out that water remains in liquid form if the planet is in a distance that would enable it to “receive sufficient radiation from the star to maintain the effective surface temperature of the planet above the melting point of water, 273 K” (Shaw 204). This is an important statement because water can appear in three basic forms, liquid, gas, and solid. It is imperative that water remains in a liquid state in order for life to exist. However, if one considers the environmental conditions outside planet Earth, one will find that water cannot remain liquid beyond what is called the habitable zone. The habitable zone or HZ is the optimum condition and “this condition defines a habitable zone around a star and it is the range of distances from which an orbiting planet will have liquid water on its surface” (Shaw 204). In the case of the Earth, “the habitable zone is determined by two factors: the effective surface temperature of a planet as determined by the flux arriving form the local star and the radiation-trapping efficiency atmosphere around the planet” (Shaw 204). This is an interesting definition because it also takes into consideration the necessity to trap heat because of the presence of an atmosphere. The HZ is an important topic of discussion when it comes to the search for life outside planet Earth. Extrasolar Planet Search The search for life outside planet Earth must begin with the study of extrasolar planets. For many centuries, learned men were convinced that the Earth is not unique and that there are Earth-like planets that are orbiting stars like the Sun (Casoli & Encrenaz 2). By using this concept, scientists made the bold declaration that as of today, there are at least 200 extrasolar planets that have been discovered by NASA (Casoli & Encrenaz 2). However, it must be clarified that these extrasolar planet are not really similar to Earth (Casoli & Encrenaz 2). As of this point it is safe to say that no extrasolar planet has yet been discovered that closely resembles the Earth in terms of habitable zone and the presence of liquid water. The desperate search for life in outer-space can force others to become overly zealous about their pronouncements. There are also those who would like to interpret these statements based on their own biases. Such was the case of Dimitar Sasselov, a member of the Kepler mission team tasked to search for extrasolar planets (Moskowitz 1). Sasselov was quoted to have said that his team were able to discover 100 Earth-like planets. But upon closer examination, Sasselov said that the Kepler mission discovered possible “candidates” and these are yet to be confirmed as extrasolar planets. When a pl
Nowadays, due to the increased complexity of the contemporary world, supply chain management has become an essential component of virtually any industry. There exist attempts to simplify supply chains, and the “farm-to-table” approach is one of them. Although this approach may often be successful in simplifying the supply chains, the latter still may include a large number of components even in cases of the relatively low distance between the supplier and the buyer (Dani 2-3). The term “farm-to-table” is utilized to refer to a conception according to which it is highly desirable that the local food, rather than food which was brought from afar, is provided for consumers in restaurants, cafeterias, local schools, and so on (Benjamin and Virkler 5-8). There are several reasons which the proponents of this conception provide for popularizing the farm-to-table delivery of food; for instance, they may argue that products which were created locally are often fresher, safer, and better for the health than the foods which were brought from afar, because, for instance, the local product may contain a smaller amount of preservatives, or sometimes do not require these at all. Also, it might be argued that the use of local products promotes economic activity in the area by helping the local farms. Also, when it comes to supply chain management, it should be stressed that the farm-to-table approach to purchasing products for cafeterias, restaurants, and so on ought to allow for a simplified supply chain because the transportation of local food to its consumers should require fewer “links” of a supply chain thanks to the proximity of the food provider. An organization that orders products from a local farm might be capable of contacting the farmers directly and arranging for the delivery of products, without any third parties involved. On the other hand, ordering products from local farmers is not always possible. For instance, an organization that needs to purchase such products may be located in an urban area, where no farms are present, or in a region where the products that this organization requires are not available. In this case, it becomes needed to order food from more distant farmers. Also, the owners of large farms may often not be able to deal with all their customers personally, thus relying on third parties to deliver the required products to their clients. In many cases, therefore, restaurants, cafeteria, and other organizat
Introduction An organization that strives to function in the global market to sell a particular product or service has to pursue the goals associated with increasing its profit margins; otherwise, it will not survive in a highly competitive setting. Therefore, a company needs to design and follow the policies that are geared toward maximizing revenue and enhancing sales. However, for a company to succeed, it also has to pay due attention to the needs of its stakeholders, as well as the ethical standards that are upheld in the selected community. However, with the introduction of the Friedman Doctrine (FD), which seems to revolve around the necessity to build corporate profit rates, the question of whether the theory may undermine the notion of corporate social responsibility (CSR) has been brought into the light (Elcil 2017). Although the theoretical framework of FD may seem like a rigid focus on the promotion of financial goals while neglecting people-oriented ones, with the introduction of the principles of CSR and a set of people-oriented values, a company can utilize the FD framework without infringing upon the rights of its stakeholders. Friedman Doctrine: Description The concept of the FD is fairly simple, yet it requires a significant effort for companies to integrate it into their context. FD views the needs of shareholders and, thus, by extension, the idea of the continuous increase in profits, as the foundational goal that a firm has to strive to achieve (Offer 2017). Since the FD framework places an excessively strong emphasis on the needs of shareholders and the continuous increase in profit margins, it used to be positioned as an important addition to the general set of tools for managing a company (Chelladurai 2016). However, intrinsic flaws of the described perspective have made it barely possible to integrate it into a modern business setting. When considering the problematic aspects of the FD concept, one will realize that it is often seen solely from the position of the Agency Theory (AT). Indeed, when neglecting the foundational ethical values that are expected to be upheld in the business context, the FD system is likely to lead to disastrous outcomes and even open a threat of corporate fraud (Tian & Slocum 2016). The observed change is positive when explored from the perspective of the AT framework, which suggests that any transactions in the business setting have to occur with the help of an agent, who represents the principal party when performing regulator transactions (West 2016). The theory suggests that mediators are critical in the business environment, yet their role should be restricted to the performance of respective functions, while the principal participants should have the greatest power over the rest of the corporate processes and especially decision-making (West 2016). The theory in question aligns with the FD framework, allowing shareholders to be positioned as the key element of business interactions. However, the proposed theory does not allow taking the needs of the rest of the stakeholders into consideration. As a result, the introduction of the idea of corporate gove
Introduction Coordination in healthcare is a critical activity supporting healthcare’s efficient and successful transmission. Healthcare regulations, ethical resource development, and many other essential aspects of healthcare should be considered while coordinating treatment for patients. Care coordination also considers a patient’s psychological requirements, cultural viewpoint, ethics, and other specific features that provide satisfaction throughout the treatment process. A selected patient’s hypertension will be examined, and a tentative care coordination plan prepared to address the patient’s needs. Hypertension is a condition in which blood pressure is greater than it should be. Nearly 50% of the US population from around 54 to 74 years has hypertension (Carey & Whelton, 2018). Thus, a coordinated care plan will benefit the patient and anybody else who may be affected by the condition. The number of instances of hypertension has risen, and the primary reason is people’s lifestyles. Patient-Centered Health Interventions Effective interventions should place the patient at the heart of the treatment and clinical endeavors. Patient-centered care entails including the patient in the treatment process and taking an active role. Patients may make a significant difference in the quality of healthcare they get if they are adequately involved (Fowler, 2017). The patient in this study was a 65-year-old woman diagnosed with hypertension in July 2019. The important statistics are BP 141/90, HR 108 bpm, temperature 38 °C, and RR 37 bpm. When the patient learned about her illness, she became interested in care coordination and made the plan better and faster. She stated that she was eager to learn more about the disease and what she could do to maintain a normal life despite having a disability. Her hypertension would cause several health problems; thus, it was critical to point out three of them. Stroke or Heart Attack A heart attack can occur because of the hardening and thickening of the arteries caused by hypertension (atherosclerosis). It is common knowledge that a heart attack happens when there is a blockage of blood flow to the heart, resulting in a blood clot formation. A stroke is a similar obstruction of blood flow but affects the brain (Wang et al., 2018). They do, nevertheless, follow a similar pattern, and patients with high blood pressure should be on the lookout for any of these health problems since they are more likely to occur. The best ways to prevent heart problems for the patient in question include quitting smoking and drinking alcohol, getting enough exercise, managing their blood sugar and cholesterol levels, and losing or maintaining their current weight. With the support of a medical coordination cooperation team, the patient can accomplish this. Another way to improve this is to incorporate a shared resource to provide the patient with more information about their treatment options (Wang et al., 2018). Health Partners Regional Hospital, Mayo Clinic, and University of Minnesota Medical Center ar
Economic prospect and growth potential of Durham Industries Inc. The challenges of a firm’s business expansion influence its growth potential. Thus, Durham Industries must analyze the business potentials of a geographical location before expansion. As a result, we will analyze sample data from Oceana and Eastasia. Thus, the statistical analysis will facilitate the recommendations for Durham’s business expansion. Data analysis Oceana’s average income is $1000 per household, with a variation of $300. As a result, Oceana’s disposable income has a higher variation compared to Eastasia. Thus, the gap between rich and poor is higher in Oceana than in Eastasia. The frequency distribution table revealed that Eastasia households earned between $831and $883(max). Consequently, the histogram showed that household disposable income is skewed. The analysis revealed that the average disposable income (mean) per household was $894.96, with a variation (standard deviation) of 88.5912. The coefficient of variance (0.098989) showed that mean household income depends on the unit change in disposable income. Consequently, analysis to test the significant level of Eastasia’s disposable income showed compelling evidence to support the hypothesis (Ho). The research findings revealed that poverty levels in Oceana were 0.1495. However, the poverty level in Eastasia was 0.0162. Thus, the GDP of Eastasia is stable compared to Oceana. The confidence interval describes the difference between two means. Thus, we express a 96% confidence interval of the sample population. The p-value of 0.05 describes the probable result if the experiment is repeated five times. However, t value is a statistical technique for hypothesis testing. The one-tail t model was used in the analysis Recommendations From the analysis, I recommend that business expansion be carried out in Eastasia. The research finding showed that the gap between rich and poor is less in Eastasia compared to Oceana.
Introduction The most recent US Treasury Department’s review of foreign trading partner’s exchange rate policies revealed that China is manipulating the value of its currency to boost its global competitiveness. A careful analysis of all evidence on this issue clearly indicates that China has surpassed all well-established limits which have been previously used to establish currency manipulation. China has been pushing its Yuan up considerably day by day to counter its market liberalization policy (Autry and Navaro 2), and this is hurting the US economy and manufacturing companies operating in the US. I therefore send you my request asking you to influence the government to come up with policy that can better deal with China’s currency manipulation and help improve competitiveness of goods manufactured in the US in the Chinese and international market as well as the US economy, without creating trade war between the US and China. What actually happens? China adopts a “sterilization process” which enables it keep its Yuan trading within a designated range (Autry and Navaro 5). This involves emptying large amounts of US dollars out of their ever rising trade s
Introduction Culture is a term used to describe a set of values, goals and attitudes shared by members of a given society, organization or group. Culture springs from a series of integrations of human knowledge and beliefs, which over time define and dictate their behavioral patterns. Other countries like Japan, Switzerland, and Europe have homogenous cultural characteristics but the American culture is unique and complex. The American culture is a blend of many cultural inputs. This makes America and its people unique both at home and at work. A typical office, for instance, would be equipped with water, soft drinks, tea, and coffee vending machines. This kind of an office setup perhaps came up because the Americans do not value social attachments in the office environment. Unlike America, in other countries, usually the staff would take time off for tea or coffee. These breaks are meant to give the staff time to socialize and re-energize before going back to work. Additionally, you would not be surprised if you saw an American carrying his/her pet to the office; it is acceptable! Business runs in a very informal setup. American office environment has not only embraced informal lifestyle but has also ripped off hierarchies between managers and their subordinates. They believe that everyone is equal and their independent views should be considered for decision-making. An American is probably the most clock-ruled being in the world. They are very strict when it comes to time management, and would stop for nothing when they have an appointment to keep, whether it is with the “big” or “small” person. They have attached so much weight to time that gradually output has become a factor of time. Schor describes Americans as people who spend so much time at work yet their output is comparatively low (Para. 12). Ensuing are findings on why Americans in spite of spending so much time working; their productivity is low. Firstly, given that there are no hierarchies in the organizational structure numerous meetings define, the American office environment. The meetings are usually in the form of discussions, which are centered on project analysis, review, and evaluations. As earlier stated, everyone is equal and decisions are reached through consensus. This means that an individual cannot draw conclusions instantly without involving everyone else. As a result, decision-making process is bureaucratic and slow. Secondly, Americans tend to change jobs frequently. Kirjonen and Hanninen examined the effects of frequent job switching and concluded that people burn out fast “…due to mental strains from changes in the work content and the physical job environment” (518). The frequency of changing jobs is very high in America and it is considered normal. In addition, people can switch between jobs where multitasking is the norm. The result is that, a person finds him/herself operating in a very tight schedule with no meaningful breaks, which leads to stress and reduced productivity. Thirdly, there is more oversight and compliance in the American work environment. The Americans spend a lot of time on paperw