ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction One main feature of the twenty first century is globalization. This phenomenon has permeated and affected almost every facet of today’s global society, ranging from the economic to the social sphere. Brady and Denniston (2006) describe globalization as the integration of regional economies, societies and cultures of the world. This has led to what these scholars refer to as the global village, where the borders between different countries become blurred and the world becomes one global village. There are various forms of globalization, according to Joshi (2009). These include political and cultural globalization among others. Economic globalization is such one form of globalization that has characterized recent developments in the global arena. Joshi (2009) and Riley (2005) provide a working definition of the term ‘economic globalization’. They conceptualize it as the increasing economic integration of regional and national economies of the world (Joshi 2009: Riley 2005). This interdependence is brought about by increase in movement of goods and services across national borders. Technology and capital are also part of this across-the-border exchange. The end product of economic globalization is the emergence of a single global market that is not inhibited by geographical borders. There has been ranging debate surrounding the benefits and costs of economic globalization and integration. This has led to the emergence of different schools of thought, either supporting or opposing international integration of national economies. There have been those with the view that the costs of this development are more than the benefits, arguing that few states and economies benefit more from economic globalization at the expense of many. On the extreme end of the continuum are those individuals who feel that many negative developments in the world today are incorrectly attributed to economic globalization. They are of the view that economic globalization is more beneficial than it is costly. It is as a result of this discourse that Robert Gilpin has written several books to state his position on how he feels as far as economic globalization is concerned. One book stands out from several that have been written and published by this scholar. This is “Global Political Economy: Understanding the International Economic Order”, a book published by Princeton University Press in the year 2001. On page 362 of this book, Gilpin argues that economic globalization, as a phenomenon, is “much more limited” (in scope and in orientation) than many people in today’s society understand (Gilpin 2001: 362). This scholar is of the view that in extension, the impacts th
Introduction The essay is an over view of monopoly. The chosen company or organization for the purposes of this study is Monsanto a company that holds about 70% to 100% of the market in commercial seed. It is well known for producing herbicide roundup, pesticide, crop seeds and it was sued by those organizations that compete with it for monopolistic practices as well as anti-trust. The company was founded in 1901 and headquartered at Creve Coeur, Missouri in United States of America. It employs slightly over 21,000 as at 2009. In 2008 its revenue and net income stood at $11.37 and $2.02 billion. Economists coined the term monopoly to refers to an existing situations whereby a particular person or an organization do have adequate say or control concerning given goods or services thus determining as well as dictating the conditions or terms under which consumers as well as other persons will have the potential to land their hands on such goods or services. There are four main characteristics of monopoly, single seller, market power, price discrimination as well as firm and industry. History of Monsanto It was founded in 1901 and well known as a multinational corporation that leads in biotechnology in the field of agriculture; additionally it produces genetically engineered seed. 18 years down the line, it partnered with Grasser’s Chemical Works thereby expanding its business in Europe. It later grew to produce industrial chemicals. In 1940 the company became well known in producing plastic. Four years later it started producing DDT bit was later banned, in 1949the corporation acquired the American Viscose (Julfekar, 2010). Five years down the line it joined hands with Bayer to engage in Polyurethanes in United States of America. The corporation bought G.D Searle &Company. It is important noting that, 11 years later, it acquired 49.9% of Calgene and before the end of that year, it again acquired close to 5%. In 1997, it spun of its fiber division as well as industrial chemical. It later sold three of its companies among them NutraSweet Co. In 2000 it entered into a merge with Upjohn and Pharmacia. Five years down the line the corporation acquired Seminis a company that is a leader in producing fruits and vegetable seed. At the end of 2007 the business venture purchased Delta as well as Pine Land Company. Two years ago, 2008 it again purchased De Ruiter Seed while selling its brand –Posilac. It now controls above 70% of the agricultural market in USA. In my view, Monsanto acquired it monopoly status through vertical mergers as well as acquisitions. Market impact of the monopoly It is worth noting that Monsanto Corporation through its monopolistic characteristic did impact both positively and negatively to the market. Traditionally, monopolies do impact especially in prices; i
Introduction Dandegong Ranges in Victoria is one of Australia’s breathtaking tourist destination sites. It is located an approximately 38km from Melbourne. The whole park occupies an area of 3400ha (Bennett, 2003, p. 179). It is a haven full of lush green towering forests coupled with gardens of fern glades and an outstanding variety of eclectic villages. The site’s serene environment is ideal for retreats from the hustle and bustle of city life. Location map Destination analysis Business environment The legal environment requires that the management, Parks Victoria, prepares a plan on programs it has to implement every year under the Parks Victoria Act 1998. The management is required to prepare an annual report under the National Parks Act 1975 as well (Parks Victoria “Management Planning”, n.d). Under the Traditional Owners Act 2010, Park Victoria is considering a joint management with Aboriginal owners (Parks Victoria, “Aboriginal Joint Management”, n.d). Ecological concerns require that all activities being conducted in the Ranges be conservative with the environment. Dandenong Ranges management takes into consideration social factors such as inclusion of Traditional Owners’ insight on management issues (Director of National Parks 2011). The tourism industry in Australia is experiencing shortage of skilled workers, difficulty in securing funds, changes in exchange rates, and shortage in accommodation services (McCarthy 2012, para. 1). These have an impact in reducing international competitiveness. Dandenong Ranges exist in an industry experiencing local, and international competitive forces. It has to suit both market segments depending on variations of the seasons. Competitiveness Competitiveness on the local market considers other high ranking tourist attractions. These include Healesville Sanctuary, Gum San Chinese Heritage Centre, Scienceworks, Werribee Open Range Zoo, Melbourne Zoo, among others. These offer features that act like substitutes because they are not exactly similar to Dandenong Ranges natural vegetation. Lysterfield Park It is a public park offering facilities for recreational activities such as mountain biking, and has a 20km trail which gives riders an exciting course for riding. The course has been designed to suit all age brackets. There is also a lake where visitors can engage in canoeing, sailing, surf, skiing and paddle boating. In addition, there are also walking trails for those interested in taking part
Introduction to the Topic The clinical nurse leader (CNL) must use his or her dexterities in order to facilitate direct care to the targeted patients. The CNL usually collaborates with the professionals in a given unit or department to assess patients, offer adequate support, meet health needs, and design sustainable care delivery models (Hodgson & Scanlan, 2013). The leader takes up a wide range of roles in an attempt to maximize patients’ outcomes. Some of these roles include that of a team manager, client advocate, educator, and risk anticipator. Competent CNLs should be able to interpret the trends in data in an attempt to improve the nature of care delivery. They should incorporate powerful values that can result in culturally competent care and apply concepts of systems theory and improvement science (Galuska, 2012). When such roles are completed successfully, the CNLs can become pioneers of timely, evidence-based, quality, and personalized nursing care. The discussion presented below explores the relevance of the CNL’s role of a risk anticipator in an emergency department (ED) and how it can transform the field of nursing. Relevance of Risk Anticipation to the CNL Role The presence of a clinical nurse leader (CNL) in an emergency department can make a significant difference and support the health outcomes of the targeted patients. In the ED, the CNL becomes a competent risk anticipator who can eventually identify potential weaknesses that can result in poor health care delivery. The CNL goes further to use the best skills to implement or promote better practices that can result in quality care. Chances of recording various errors reduce significantly whenever the CNL embraces the concept of risk anticipation (American Association of Colleges of Nursing, 2013). Th
Introduction Southeast Asia refers to the sub-region of Asia made up of countries such as Brunei, Cambodia, Indonesia, East Timor, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, and Vietnam. It is one of the most populous, diverse, and dynamic regions of the world. According to Furnivall, the ethnic groups or elements that constitute the plural society in Southeast Asia are basically of three types: Europeans, “alien Asians,” and natives (Keyes 278). The cultural diversity of Southeast Asia has been studied through myths, legends, and traditional histories. The first scholars to study the cultural diversity of Southeast Asia were the Westerners who served as colonial officials or missionaries (Keyes 2). Thesis: The various cultures of Southeast Asia are diverse in some regards and unified in some ways and they can be explained based on ecological adaptation, sociodemographic adaptation, and political-economic adaptation. Comparison of cultures According to the diffusionist theory, certain “bundles” or “complexes” of cultural traits “adhere”(Keyes 4). The presence of these complexes can be taken as evidence of historic contacts between these cultures or of diffusion of the complex of these cultures from a common source. In the Southeast Asian context, the “megalithic complex,” which includes ancestor worship, buffalo sacrifice, head-hunting rituals, and grave posts is believed to have diffused in prehistoric times from Central Asia and ultimately from Europe (Keyes 4). Some Southeast Asian historians believe that Southeast Asian civilization is merely transplanted Indian or Chinese cultures because of early Indian and Chinese influences. Tribal societies in mainland Southeast Asia can be fully understood only by taking into account their relationships with neighboring civilizations (Keyes 65). In his study of Burma, Leach sees Kachin social structure as a function of the adaptation made by Kachins to the environment in which they live – and by the environment, he also includes the sociodemographic factors (Keyes 5). Cultural ecology views environment and culture as components of a single system, the ecosystem. Mainland Southeast Asia is organized primarily around the contrast between two different ecotypes (Keyes 5) – hill and lowland. The hilly regions were occupied by tribals and the lowlands by agriculturalists. The difference in culture is environmental basically. Most Southeast Asian societies were “open” societies that were influenced by neighboring societies. The Theravada Buddhist civilizations of mainland Southeast Asia have their roots in India and their spread was facilitated because of a larger trade existing between India and China that passed through Southeast Asia. Here the political economy leading to common religion explains the cultural similarities of the region. The earliest cities of the region that have been discovered archeologically – Chansen in Thailand and Beikthano in Burma – clearly show evidence of Indian influence (Keyes 259). The cities of mainland Southeast Asia had many centers of economic activity such as shipping companies, warehousing enterprises, processing factories, and internatio
In the increasingly complex healthcare settings, more people recognize the role of leadership in achieving organizational goals (Buckbinder & Shanks, 2001, p. 25). In order to provide the best patient care in the increasingly complex healthcare settings, today’s nurses are expected to possess the attributes of leadership and be aware of leadership practices related to their field. It is true for nurses in administrative positions, but it is also true for nurses who are at the beginning of their careers since they also have to guide for students and healthcare assistants. Leadership has been defined in many ways over the years. The main component inherent to many of the conceptualizations of leadership is organizing the work of people in order to achieve a certain goal (Northouse, 2015, p. 16). As such, leadership can be viewed as a process of organizing people into a group pursuing a common goal. Underlying assumptions about nursing leadership dictate that leadership is mainly about goal setting and coordination. In a real-life clinical setting, leadership is enacted as a series of interactions between a leader and the team which depend on the task at hand, and the way these interactions are perceived by team members is relevant in any practice setting, including healthcare. As such, the enacted leade
Abstract The proposed study aims to compare crime prevention through environmental design (CPTED) with the use of metal detectors in schools in order to develop an adequate understanding about their effectiveness and how they could be used together to prevent violence and crime in school environments. The study, which will be quantitative in approach and cross-sectional in design, targets to sample 200 students from public high schools in the United States to collect data that will be used to prove or disapprove the stated hypothesis. The findings of the proposed study will be important in informing policy directions as well as ensuring that educators and school boards have the capacity to select the most appropriate crime prevention strategy. Introduction The 2012 mass execution of twenty children and six educators at Sandy Hook Elementary School in Newton, Connecticut, serves as a horrific reminder of how crime and violence have become enveloping experiences not only in American public schools but also globally (Nance, 2013). Some years earlier, on April 20, 1999, two high school students gained access to Columbine High School in Littleton, Colorado, and massacred a teacher and twelve students before taking their own lives (Kleck, 2009). These tragic incidents, along with numerous other less violent crimes occurring in school environments, have caused parents, teachers, school heads, community members, and policymakers throughout the United States to question their basic assumptions about school safety in general and crime prevention in particular (Robers, Zhang, Morgan, & Musu-Gillette, 2015). Although schools should be viewed as nurturing environments that aim to promote the children’s intellectual and social development, it is no longer a secret that the institutions are increasingly becoming primary sites of violent victimization and crime going by the fact that 45 school-associated violent deaths were documented from July 1, 2011 through June 30, 2012 (Robers et al., 2015). Available literature demonstrates that “school crime and violence remain a threat to the physical, physiological, and emotional health of children and adolescents” (Limbos & Casteel, 2008, p. 540). Research is consistent that crime and violence in schools not only generate disruptions that interfere with the learning environment, but also “create a climate of fear in which children avoid school or engage in self-protective behavior” (Gagnon & Leone, 2001, p. 101). School-based crime and violence have also been associated with other adverse outcomes that include learning barriers, low student participation and performance, feelings o
The Progressivity of Health Care Finance One of the main objectives of millennium development goals was to have universal healthcare services to everyone in the world at a cost that is affordable. This responsibility was laid on governments of various countries for implementation. This noble idea was to ensure that cases where people die not because of the complexity of the diseases they suffer from but because of their inability to pay for the hospital services are eliminated. Various governments around the world have tried to come up with policies to help ensure that this goal is realized. However, Wagstaff, Yip and Hsiao (2009, p. S27) say that realization of this goal has remained a challenge to many governments. The costs of healthcare services are very high, especially due to the instruments and type of medication that some ailments require. Efforts have been made to ensure that most of the diseases can be treated at costs that are affordable to the poor. The policy is always meant to protect the poor from being unable to access healthcare services because of the increased costs. The government of the United Kingdom is one of the many governments that have tried to achieve this millennium development goal by ensuring that healthcare services are affordable to every citizen of this country. Progressive health care finance has been considered as the most appropriate way through which this goal can be achieved. Wagstaff, Yip and Hsiao (2009, p. S56) say that healthcare services have remained very expensive, and someone must bear the cost. For the poor to be in a position to access hospital services without paying the exorbitant fee that these services cost there must be a way that the cost will be paid by others who are in better position to pay for these services. This must happen in order to avoid a scenario where the government is forced to foot these bills. It is upon this that the progressive health care finance has been introduced in this country and many other countries around the world. As the name suggests, this health care finance is progressive in nature based on the earnings of the individuals. Those who earn higher salaries would be expected to pay more, while those with lower pay always pay a lesser amount towards this fund. The fund is always collected by the organ assigned by the government specifically for this purpose. Many countries have established National Health Insurance to be responsible for this task. This body acts as an insurance scheme where people are allowed to pull together towards financing the health of every citizen of the country. The rationale in this case is that not everyone will fall sick at the same time. For this reason, those who are of good health, which is always the majority, will health in contributing towards payment of the few who are hospitalized. The policy has worked in many countries around the world. However, it has also met a number of challenges in its implementation. Some people have complained why they are forced to pay more simply because they are earning more while when they go for these services they get the same treatment. They consider their effort not to be com
Introduction The negotiation process is a test of wits and will for the involved parties navigating the intense and challenging discussions. As each side tries to develop a contract that will benefit it the most, the stakes and risks are high. While for an average person, the negotiations might revolve around simple contracts such as buying property, joining a company, or selling a prized item, contracts with the federal government demand a more careful approach. A well-designed contract can bring millions in saving or profit for the company. Meanwhile, a poorly planned negotiation can lead to years of unprofitable and unmanageable contractual obligations. Therefore, early preparations help organize the negotiation plan efficiently, thoughtfully, and carefully. Negotiating within the Industry When addressing other industry members during negotiations, the process becomes an even more complex matter. Skirting around the well-known issues or concerns would only lead to the other company feeling disrespected and possibly tricked (Geiger, 2017). The negotiating company must approach the discussion by demonstrating respect for the other side. Being clear on what the company wants to achieve and expect from them and showing trust and willingness to negotiate further are critically important during a negotiation process. That is not to say that no tactics could be used to turn the discussion in the company’s favor. Whether a company sells, buys, or offers services, the usual strategies function just as well as when negotiating with other companies. One should be willing to create a win-win situation without agreeing to the first proposals (Dawson, 2021). The difference lies in the acknowledgment that as members of the same industry field, the other company is likely just as informed in the field prices, costs, and issues as the company is. Underestimating the other side can lead to losing negotiating power, signing unbeneficial contracts, or even earning a negative reputation in the industry. Federal Contracts When a government signs a contract with a private company to partially or fully carry out a project or deliver goods, it falls into one of three primary categories. It can be Cost Plus Fixed Fee (CPFF), Firm Fixed Price (FFP), or Time and Material (T&M) contract (Nash et al., 2021). The form of a contract decides which side takes the most financial risks and what techniques are used, affecting the project’s negotiation strategies. There must be a thorough preparation: