ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The article “Spiritual life and the survival of Christianity” highlights comparisons and contrast in the 18 th century and modern day Christian church. The history sheds light on the issue of secularism and how it has encroached on the church threatening its core. The relationship between secularism and the eighteenth century time is particularly important because it is during this century in history that secularism gained foothold and became accepted as an alternative to religion. The century is remembered in history as the first non Christian century. Christianity is highlighted from the modern and ancient perspectives with emphasis given to the present day church in the US and Europe. The article tries to show the roots of the today’s attitudes towards Christianity and how the eighteenth century contributed to them. The emphasis given to the Christians in the US is especially important because it sheds light on how American Christian principles came up and how the American culture acquired its secularism through Christianity. The article does show how culture was “pure”, so to say before it was penetrated by Christian values. After the penetration, thinkers found themselves enslaved by the Christian values and traditions that it was difficult to use a language free from Christian influence. That is why the eighteenth century was alive with antitheist campaigns keen on eliminating all Christian vales. What’s more, it’s the elite who led these attacks but after all was done; Christianity still maintained strong influence on people’s culture. The article contains information deeply detailing the important role that Christianity played in making the existent culture in the US and Europe and how early scholars contributed to the advancement of secularism without bothering religion, in this case Christianity. This was done through the art of benign atheism that was led by Marx and Freud. For instance, Marx believed that curtailing Christians’ belief in their God was an unnecessary distraction of communists from their course. Freud on the other hand believed that it was a waste of time to argue for or against religion since no one had produced a rational though for or against religion. Despite modern culture drawing heavily from Christianity and other religions like Islam, culture has evolved separately and has almost become a religion on its own. Believers have become non-attached to religion and seem to have adopted the attitude that God doesn’t matter any more. The main point driven by this article is that the secularism that has been adopted by people is more detrimental to the Christian religion than was the antitheism sentiments that characterized the eighteenth century. There are growing tendency by people to treat religion especially Christianity as just another part of civilization same as industrialization and agrarian revolution. Religion in the past especially in the eighteenth century was handed down as a tradition but that is not the case any more. Control that society exerted over people through religion is long gone and people are nowadays responsible for thei
The development of technology is, by all means, a positive trend, but it is constantly bringing new apples of discord. It was not long ago when people tried to get accustomed to tiny discs for DVD instead of VHS format. The new millennium has brought new choice: HD-DVD VS. Blu-Ray. The two formats do not differ greatly, though each of them has a feature desired by users. Blu-Ray has more capacity whereas HD-DVD is more attractive because of the lower price. Interestingly, the battle was not confined to pure technology. Film studios played a very important role in the rivalry which resulted in the victory of Blu-Ray format. The history of the famous battle started in 2004 when two versions of “next generation high-definition DVD players and discs” were introduced (Hill and Jones 2009, p.240). The Blu-Ray format was created by “a consortium” of 9 companies, electronic producers. The major companies of this camp were Samsung, Sony, Pioneer (Null and Lobur 2006, p.358). This format’s rival, HD-DVD, was developed by two famous companies, Toshiba and NEC. From technological perspective the two formats do not differ drastically. Both formats provide significant improvements as for sound and picture quality, if compared to conventional format. Thus, Blu-Ray has 25 GB data capacity, whereas HD-DVD has 15GB data capacity (Vogel 2010, p.163). However, Blu-Ray format offers significantly better resolution than HD-DVD does and this can be regarded as a very huge plus. Admittedly, many customers long for better quality of picture and sound. Nevertheless, the major advantage of HD-DVD is that it is significantly cheaper. Thus, HD-DVD discs and players are cheaper than their Blu-Ray counterparts. Basically, the forces of the two camps were quite equal: there were advantages and downsides in both rivals. Thus, both parties found the way to outweigh the rival’s forces. Both companies’ worked out “a key strategy” which presupposed the interference of film studios, both companies tried to get studios “to commit to issuing discs based on their format” (Hill and Jones 2009, p.240). Many people understood that the format “with the biggest range of movies on offer” will inevitably win “leaving the losing format to slowly die out as it becomes uneconomic” (Grimming 2007). This decision could leave HD-DVD behind since Sony owned two companies (MGM and Columbia Pictures) and it also made an arrangement with such companies as Fox Studios and Disney. As far as Toshiba is concerned they also obtained the support of Paramount, Universal Studios and Warner Brothers. However, in 2005 Paramount and Warner Brothers announced about their support of Blu-Ray format citing “Blu-Ray’s momentum among other studios and its strong copyright protection mechanisms” (Hill and Jones 2009, p.240). Blu-Ray did not hold such strong positions for a long time and in 2007 DreamWorks Animation and Paramount announced that they would release their products in HD-DVD format “exclusively” for eighteen months (Grimming 2007). In
Abstract If not treated timely, cardiac arrest presents a significant problem for patients in the intensive care unit (ICU). Nurses’ skills and use of advanced knowledge greatly influence cardiopulmonary resuscitation – the use of capnography, for example, is considered to improve CPR results. The purpose of this quantitative, quasi-experimental pretest-posttest project is to determine to what degree the implementation of capnography during cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) when compared to the current practice would impact nurses and increase the use of capnography during CPR for adult ICU patients at an acute care hospital in New Jersey. The project is based on Lewin’s change theory; the author proposes that any change process has three main steps: unfreeze, change, and refreeze. The quantitative methodology was selected due to its ability to address clinical questions with meaningful, quantifiable, and transparent results. The project utilizes a quasi-experimental design to choose the sample and manipulate the independent variable, the nursing training program of capnography use during CPR, to influence the dependent variable, the number of CPR cases with the use of capnography. The population under investigation is adult patients who had a cardiac arrest and underwent CPR while in the ICU. The data, obtained from the Nurses’ Knowledge on Capnography Test and EHR, were analyzed with a paired sample t -test and Gain’s score to note pretest-posttest differences in nurses’ use of capnography before and after training. [data results and implications to be added later] Introduction to the Project Nurses’ knowledge pertaining to clinical devices used for monitoring, assessing, and treating patients with heart conditions is an important factor for achieving quality of patient care and organizational effectiveness (Cook & Harrop-Griffiths, 2019). Studies conducted by Linet al. (2017), Novais and Moreira (2015), and Pantazopoulos et al. (2015) alluded to the lack of knowledge among nurses in using capnography as recommended by the Advanced Cardiac Life Support (ACLS) to capture pertinent information about a patient’s end-tidal carbon dioxide (ETCO2) condition. They found that such low awareness of this approach presents uncertainties and poor clinical monitoring practices. Low-quality nursing practices are exemplified by the lack of awareness in using capnography; especially, when success in patient care is dependent upon the practice knowledge and use of innovative devices such as capnography in a clinical setting (Hamrick et al., 2017). In another study, Hamrick et al. (2017), Heradstveit and Heltne (2014), and Kodali and Urman (2014) linked the importance of using capnography in monitoring and gathering patient informatio
Acute stress and attachment behavioral systems Acute stress triggers one’s attachment behavior system by activating that innate human disposition to seek comfort and care from a familiar individual or group. At the point of stress, the person will feel vulnerable or in danger and will need something to offer them security. Normal people have a way of dealing with conflicts in an appropriate manner because they have developed a healthy attachment behavioral system. However, those with a disorganized attachment system will feel like victims when scared, in pain, or anxious. They will revisit earlier experiences of the same and focus on it. Furthermore, such parties have negative views about themselves. They will worry about experiencing the same consequences that emanated from similar stresses in the past. These individuals will always be vigilant about a repetition of their past. Some of them will display higher levels of hostility or anger during that period of stress in an attempt to defend themselves against past misfortunes. Therefore, a person’s attachment system is turned off when a negative experience such as fear, stress or anxiety is terminated. At this point, the person experiences ‘felt security’. On the other hand, if felt security is not attained, then the person’s attachment system will be constantly activated. This will lead to extreme reactions to real and perceived moments of fear/ anxiety/ stress. Helping somebody experiencing deep loss An effective way of helping somebody experiencing deep loss or acute stress is establishing a support system. Since creation of ‘felt security’ is paramount in deactivating the attachment behavioral system, then one must establish this reaction through association with others. Family and friends are vital in the grieving process because they provide the bereaved with an outlet that can offer them support through those trying times. Since a person’s thought processes contribute tremendously to their coping ability during loss, then one can help the affected person by focusing on positive thinking. For instance, the bereaved may have a perfectionist stance on matters. A counselor can help that person realize that it is alright to be less than perfect. The grieving person should be taught to avoid overgeneralizations. Grief comes in various phases; denial, anger, negotiation, depression and acceptance. A person in the denial phase has not come to terms with the fact that the loss has occurred. A counselor or therapist can help such a person by urging him to face his feelings. He or she should try to express his feelings creatively through personal journals, art, or writing a letter to the loved one. Alternatively, a counselor may assist a grief-stricken individual to cope with his stress by identifying and planning for possible grief triggers. If a person lost his life-long partner, then anniversaries or public holidays may be particularly difficult. The person can talk about these days with a trusted friend or counselor and then plan what to do on that day. It should be noted that grief must be accepted and expressed in one’s own unique way. Although helpers can assist an in
Introduction Since the very moment of the Marxist theory’s introduction in the first half of the 19 th century, many scholars and philosophers continued to develop it in many alternative ways. Nowadays, it is possible to find a large number of the theory’s variations, and a few of them were even applied in practice. In the example of the Soviet Union, the communist country with the political basis that was initially based on the Marxist-Lenin philosophy, one can observe that the good intentions that motivated the politicians of the Soviet Russia induced controversial results. The theory developed by the Italian philosopher, Antonio Gramsci, has a few significant distinctions from the one introduced and practiced by Lenin and his followers. Gramsci has different perspectives on the concepts of hegemony and domination. He also brought in the several concepts that helped to understand hegemony from a more comprehensive and rational point of view. These concepts include the notions of common sense and good sense. Gramsci’s new ideas support the in-depth understanding of the nature of power and social leadership. In his theory, the philosopher suggests the principles that could make Marxist philosophy be applied in the society more efficiently, and through the contrast of Gramsci’s version to the other Marxist ideology interpretations, it is possible to define the significance of the conceptions offered by the Italian thinker. Gramsci’s Perspective on Hegemony and Power Differences in cultures and knowledge often induce struggles not merely between nations but within a particular society as well. The differences create the social hierarchy. It is commonly and undeniably accepted that some classes have a superior social status while the others have a lower status in the society. Usually, the superior classes have a political power, and they dominate over the other classes. The domination and leadership of one class over another can be explained in terms of hegemony that was perceived differently by Russian Marxists and Gramsci. There are distinct opinions on how to perceive hegemony in political philosophy. According to Simon, overall, hegemony can be understood as leadership and the predominance of one society or a part of it over another (Simon 1991, p. 21). Hegemony is a form of the relations between classes in which one takes a leadership position. Lenin regarded hegemonic forces from a narrow perspective. According to the Russian Marxists, the working class in the alliance with the peasantry must have become the leading hegemonic social force in the liberation movement (Simon 1991, p. 22). However, Gramsci offered a more profound and wide perspective on the understanding of the nature of the hegemonic relations in the society. While Lenin-Marxist followers attempted to draw the attention of the other classes to their own, narrow and specific, working-class interests, Gramsci deduced that the social hegemonic force must take into consideration the interests and benefits of the vast number of the community members, the whole society, in an ideal. For Lenin, ‘hegemony was a strategy for revolution, a strategy which the working class and its r
Nowadays, despite the development of modern technologies and an increase in the level of education of people, there are still many phenomena and theories that do not have scientific explanations. One of these theories is the idea about aliens who come to Earth from another planet using special flying devices, which are commonly referred by people as Unidentified Flying Objects (UFOs). Having an interest in unknown, mysterious objects, Earthmen created numerous media sources such as movies, pulp magazines, and TV shows about UFOs (Callahan, 2017). In this essay, the ways and reasons why aliens are presented as subjects of fear in Hollywood films of the 1950s will be discussed. The information will be focused on the movie named The Thing from Another World. The Thing from Another World is an American science-fiction horror film, which was produced in 1951. The story is based on the novella Who Goes There? written by an American author, John W. Campbell, in 1938. The plot revolves around the arrival of an alien to the Earth. This humanoid is extremely dangerous as it feeds upon the blood of both people and animals. To avert the danger, scientists decided to get rid of the alien and kill it by electrical current. According to the professor of film and media studies, Telotte (2001), all Science Fiction Films can be divided into three types, namely marvelous, fantastic, and uncanny. Marvelous movies imply “the impact of forces outside the human realm, fantastic films entail changes in society, while uncanny stories mean technological alterations and substitute versions of the self” (Telotte, 2001, p.12). Thus, the movie The Thing from Another World can be applied to the category of marvelous films, as it shows the encounters of human beings with representatives of other planets and worlds. These representatives are often presented as subjects of fears in movies, and The Thing from Another World is not an exception. There are a number of reasons why aliens are shown as subjects of fear in the film. The first reason is that humans do not trust something if they do not have any knowledge about it or records. This uncertainty results in subconscious anxiety and the desire to protect human beings from an unknown threat (Callahan, 2017). Thus, one of the last phrases in the film encourages people to be more attentive and watch the sky in case of any suspicious activity. In general, in the context of the film, producers of The Thing from Another World demonstrate aliens as metaphors for the potential unexpected danger that comes from unknown, unexplored sources. There are no scientifically proven facts that confirm the existence of aliens. However, if they exist, it is obvious that their civilization is more advanced than the level of human devel
Introduction Violence in sports is a common phenomenon that occurs in diverse sports as a result of distinct factors. Sometimes the notion of violence may differ depending on the approach. As a result, sports-related head trauma has been prevalent in various professional sports. Although there is no recognized standard laboratory test conducted to establish the extent of these traumatic brain injuries, a common concern exists in the mental health statistics portrayed worldwide. In the last decade, there has been a surge in research on the consequences of repetitive head injuries on cognitive neurological performance of the brain associated with violence of all kinds in the sporting arena (Mizobuchi & Nagahiro, 2016). Violence is more prevalent in current generational sports than it used to be years ago, whether it is between players, spectators, or post-match riots. To some people, it is their way of expressing patriotism or fanaticism, while others use it to show dissent with authorities regulating matches. The problem of violence has had far-fetched consequences in the world. Therefore, it is important to understand what factors contribute to violence in professional sports, risk factors of repetitive brain injuries, preventive measures and the consequences of such injuries among players. Head injuries are common in such games as mixed martial arts, where acts of kicking, punching, knee-striking, or use of pounds and ground to strike the head can accumulate into traumatic head injuries. Such encounters may result in debilitating conditions among the participants and endanger their psychological and cognitive health. Repeated traumatic brain injuries have the potential of causing future problems and may become fatal among player populations (Mizobuchi, & Nagahiro, 2016). Fares et al. (2020) assert that head injuries are attributable to routine punches, kicks, and strikes, which interfere with the structure of the skull, most common in martial arts and other contact games. Concurrently, the strains and the shock impact on the brain result in a potential long-lasting impairment, which then endangers one’s career for a lifetime. Consequences of Repetitive Brain Injuries in Professional Sport To explicitly understand violence in professional sports, it is ideal to explore the meaning of the term itself. Violence, in this context, defines unnecessary harmful acts intentionally committed before, during, or after a game as motivated by the sporting event. Some of the key games where such behavior often manifests involve contact games such as boxing, American football, rugby, hockey, mixed martial arts, wrestling, and lacrosse, among others. Several factors often cause violence in such games. Such dynamics frequently range from personalities, environmental elements to a combination of other variables in play (Weinberg, 2016). Nonetheless, the occurrence of these events is a major worry for many authorities around the world. Concurrently, the occurrence of violen
Introduction Dr. Jamison has joined a group practice of psychologists who have asked her to develop her biography to post with her picture on their social media page. They have asked Dr. Jamison to reach out to her former clients from her last employer to solicit testimonials. Dr. Jamison is very concerned about this request. She was unaware that the group practice had a social media page. When she visits the page, she sees several client testimonials for other psychologists in practice, some of which appear to reveal identifying information about the clients. This essay aims to examine the importance of confidentiality and code of conduct in professional psychology as well as determine the issues concerning this practice group and suggest ways of improvement. Main body Social media sites are crucial in modern-day society because they provide people with an efficient means of communication. However, such Internet resources store information about the users utilizing them. The collected data may contain private information that is not supposed to be seen by the public. Given the fact that anonymity is one of the main characteristics of the Internet, it puts users in unequal conditions. People who post their private information online may experience feelings of insecurity and anxiety. Needless to say, using personal data as an advertisement is wrong in many ways; however, it is especially detrimental when it comes to professional psychologists, who are to abide by the code of ethics (Ashton & Sullivan, 2018). This lack of respect for the client’s privacy is the polar opposite of what psychologists strive to achieve. People seek mental assistance when they do not have anybody else to support them, or they want to hear advice from a professional. Even if the treatment was successful, it is not ethical to use it as an example to persuade more customers to use psychological services. There is one proper way of reacting for Dr. Jamison in this situation if she is a professional with moral standards. The solution is to inform the group that their advertisement strategy is not only flawed but also illegal (Moore & Frye, 2019). In the USA’s case, the Health Insurance Portability and Accounting Act is a federal law that regulates the collection of health data and prohibits such use of private information. This crime’s responsibility ranges from fines to imprisonment; hence, it is not beneficial for the office to risk potential lawsuits. However, it is possible to improve their advertisement strategy without using personal data. If they intend to describe their professionalism and support it with evidence, they should instead give thorough descriptions of their achievements in the field of medicine. Even though this type of data may not be comprehendible by an average ci