ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The rapid changes in speed and power of computing hardware, introduction of sophisticated software in Accounting and Finance, growth of businesses in size and complexity are some of the factors that led to evolution of ERP System. These factors can be grouped into growth of information and communication technology (ICT) and development of business enterprises. These developments and growth require a system that can provide efficient flow of data in the business and communication environment. This helps in different fields such as accounting, human resource, procurement, inventory management and decision making procedure. For a business organization to compete effectively with other businesses they need an efficient information system which provides better logistics at a reduced cost. The ERP system was introduced into the market in the late 1980’s and early 1990’s based on the weaknesses of MRPII such as lack of focus in manufacturing, poor budgetary and many others. The need to introduce new techniques which would integrate transactions of an organization led to the development of ERP system. The ERP system is widely used in large business organizations but lately the vendors of the system are repackaging it for small and medium enterprises (Pandit n.d). Definition of Legacy Systems A legacy system is an old or outdated computer system which is used in business organization even with the introduction of modern systems. The system uses old programs, software and hardware which are no longer available in the market. The legacy systems are usually used because they hold data that cannot be changed to new formats, the application programs cannot be upgraded and because the company may have spent a lot of money and time installing it. However, the available new softwares are designed to import data from the legacy systems. Most business organizations continue using legacy systems to avoid the expense of installing a new system, the risk of losing data and to avoid interruption of normal flow of work in the organization. Some people believe that the legacy systems are important because they have been tried and have worked for them. Many old organizations rely on legacy systems that were used by their predecessors. MRP System The systems used in the 1960’s were based on inventory control packages; they used programming languages such as COBOL and ALGOL which are no longer used today. Material requirements planning system (MRP) was developed in 1970’s it focused on order launching, product scheduling and interacting with the master planning schedule to produce practical plans. MRP II System Manufacturing resource planning (MRP II) was introduced in 1980’s. This system improved the MRP system by adding other departments besides manufacturing such as engineering, accounting, human resource and finance among others into the planning schedule. The main focus of MRP II was on integrated financial planning, making the manufacturing planning schedule a decision variable and creating capacity resource planni
The firm is targeting female clients aged 20 to 35 in Germany and England. This differs from the target market of the same product in the US which is aged 21 to 38. The kitchen appliance product has been designed for middle and upper income clients. This product has several features that appeal to consumers’ interests. It has also several models that are priced differently to ensure crucial needs of various users in both markets are satisfied. The criteria used to define these target markets focuse on cultural, social and economic aspects that enable the firm to identify specific attributes of customers existing there ( Panda, 2008, p. 67). The marketing mix assessment to be used will focus on consumers’ lifestyles, income levels, and specific consumer habits that define them. The target market of this product in the US will include women aged 21 to 38. These consumers are known for their unique attributes and are always willing to try out new products. Therefore, the firm’s kitchen appliance products have been well designed to cater for both indoor and outdoor cooking activities. The product will be launched in Georgia and Florida before it is sold in other areas of the country. The targeted market segment in Germany and England covers middle and upper class women who have refined culinary tastes (Panda, 2008, p. 72). It is important top mention that the marketing approach used will focus on major cities in the two countries on a six-month test run to understand their interests. The marketing approach used will mainly be used on selling products for indoor cooking activities. So, customers will choose between gas and electric powered products which will be sold in urban areas. Cultural issues to be considered in the US will relate to eating habits, lifestyles, types of food consumed and the weather patterns. In the US, the product will target customers who prefer cooking their own meals and who have a relaxed lifestyle. The product will mostly be designed to satisfy the needs of young mothers who cook regularly. In England and Germany, people have unique culinary habits that are influenced by different cultural attitudes. Therefore, the firm needs to sell kitchen appliances that are well designed to cater to their specific culinary habits (Panda, 2008, p. 76). For instance, some models of this product need to be gas powered due to high electricity costs in some German cities which discourage consumers from purchasing electric powered kitchen appliances. It has been difficult to enforce patent infringements for products patented in the US which are sold internationally. It is worth noting that international intellectual property laws are weak and ineffective. This has barred firms from reaping the rewards of their patented products sold in international markets. Some foreign governments do not have the will or capacity to p
With the rise of social media and the abundance of information, it is not surprising that people develop certain mental health problems. In this day and age, the popularity of procedures that can change one’s appearance has become incredibly high. The amount of treatments for altering a person’s looks makes people wonder if they are worth a try. If people become obsessed with their appearance, to the point where it is unhealthy, there is a good chance that this is the case of body dysmorphia. What is it that makes people look for defects in their appearance as if they are looking at themselves in a funhouse mirror? The reasons why this condition establishes itself include individual predisposition, the influence of social media and a phenomenon called early maladaptive schemas. People with body dysmorphic disorder, or BDD, do not think they have a mental problem, therefore, they would rather consult with a dermatologist or a plastic surgeon than a psychiatrist. Many individuals do not feel comfortable in their own skin which causes an imbalance of their self-esteem and therefore promotes the presence of BDD. One of the main causes of this condition is having a predisposition for it. BDD has many forms, including muscle dysmorphia – obsession with achieving a particular level of muscularity. Sandgren and Lavallee claim that there are people who maybe predisposed to the development of MD (216). That would include having a traumatizing experience that can exacerbate the growth of BDD. Generally, a certain negative event that has caused some kind of emotional damage in a person may be one of the reasons of him acquiring BDD. People that are also predisposed to having this condition are those already dealing with some mental health issues, like depression, anxiety or obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)(Dehbaneh and Bahrainian 172). Since one problem significantly undermines emotional balance, it is much easier for another one to establish itself. The second reason that exacerbates an individual’s mental state and potentially causes BDD is what Dehbaneh and Bahrainian call “early maladaptive schemas” (171). According to the research, these are the reality structures development of which is based on objective experiences one can acquire from the environment (Dehbaneh and Bahrainian 171). These schemas include a person’s belief in himself or lack of it, for that matter. The influence of society in general and people who are close to the particular individual promote the growth of the schemas. Dehbaneh and Bahrainian claim that “one of the variables associated with body dysmorphic disorder is dysfunctional attitudes, the… beliefs that make a person susc
Tesco as a well-linked hypermarket in Europe is an international chief in the produce, plan as well as overhaul of technology-based elucidation for the upstream power business (Tushman & Anderson, 2004). Tesco’s burly obligation as well as its advanced agenda, Tesco has made it to acquire inventive resolutions. Tesco has been a base of merit due to it having enough skills needed to bring about the success of the industry (Tornatzky & Klein, 1982).This is due to the fact that, it has professionals in investigation and progressions, mechanization as well as manufacturing in the team involved with coming up with the resolutions A supermarket is a giant shop that deals with merchandizing different types of goods and services in a well displayed manner (Tidd, Bessant & Pavitt, 2005). There are several types of produce found in the supermarket. These include; foodstuffs, clothing, household utensils and luxurious goods. Industry is a division of cost-effective development activity that deals with the production of goods and services that helps one to make profit in any type of business started by an entrepreneur. Supermarket industry is an area of business that sells manufactured goods in fit exhibited order that makes the customer to see them easily and how much each item costs (Adair, 1990). Due to the dilemma of having many individuals who are not in a position of purchasing goods in a supermarket because of less or unlimited moment as well as people don’t feel like using their time on retail of rations, has brought about the need of having futures and innovations (Tornatzky & Klein, 1982). Futures within the supermarket industry can be viewed as the expectations of the business success or rather the trends of a certain supermarket towards the achievements of its set goals which is to attain maximum profit hence sustaining its existence. Innovations of supermarket on the other hand, can be termed as the complete changes through introduction of new ways of doing things within a supermarket business that will enable people to purchase their goods. Goals oriented supermarket industry that will appreciate its vision should formulate new ventures that require creativity as well as networking strategies of fresh innovations that will allow those people with no time to purchase in it (Fichman, 1999). The needs for novel innovations to generate and evaluate ways of making supermarkets goods available for those customers who lack time to buy, may call for techniques such as brainstorming, creativity, ideas appraisal, trend analysis as well as a thought transfer from one economy to another or rather one locality to another. In any case, a supermarket industry that fails to innovate often dies due to lack of critical view of future success that stabilizes it (Kenneth, 2009). For a supermarket industry to deal with problem of people not purchasing due to lack of time, it is wise to put in place new innovations in marketing strategies, con
Introduction Elsevier is a renowned commercial scientific publisher that has been employing modern technologies to improve its business like every other player in this sector. In fact, from the point of view of the use of non-print journals, it can be said that Elsevier has been relying on these technologies (Gowers, 2012), which is typical for modern scientific publishers and is likely to be required for them to stay competitive (Jha, 2012). As a result, it is correct to suggest that the development of technology has had a positive effect on Elsevier’s business because it has lead to a noticeable increase in the published materials while also reducing the amount of money required for publishing due to the lack of the need to actually print the articles (Gowers, 2012; Larivière, Haustein, & Mongeon, 2015). However, these advantages have resulted in certain disadvantages; in particular, the profit margins of Elsevier began to raise questions because of the way the reliance on technology has alleviated the expenses of the business. As reported by Gowers (2012), Elsevier has earned the title of a “gorilla of scholarly publishers” because of the way it manages the business and the knowledge that is available to it, the access to which the publisher controls while putting the development of the science at risk. The Academic Spring Researchers have been dissatisfied with several aspects of the Elsevier model, which includes the costs of the articles but is not limited to them. In general, the main issue that modern researchers point out about Elsevier is the way knowledge and research end up distributed, which, in their view, is ineffective as a result of being excessively restricted through the prohibitive costs and the copyright constraints (Jha, 2012). Modern researchers tend to feel that their research needs to be as widely available as possible, but it is apparently against Elsevier’s benefit (Gowers, 2012). The conflict reached its peak when a distinguished mathematician Timothy Gowers posted his concerns on the matter, and a scientist Mike Taylor started a boycott website (Gowers, 2012). The boycott was defined as “the academic spring,” and it has been fighting against any knowledge privatization, especially if the knowledge is publicly funded, but Elsevier was the first publisher that the “spring” was directed against (“CSOC880: Information Technology and Society. Module 7,” p. 8). Implications for Elsevier: The Hidden Dangers of Technology Reliance Naturally, researchers are not the only ones concerned about the price of knowledge and its distribution; the institutions that are involved in knowledge dissemination (universities or libraries) have to negotiate the price, which is why they are even more interesting inaccessible ar
Community consultation in the resource management can be defined as the one that “entails the deliberate and purposeful engagement of the community by means of consultation (during strategic planning, development of core business strategies, transformation management, assessment of services delivery”, and other key activities (Muller, Jooste, & Bezuidenhout, 2006, p. 18). Different authors understand community consultation in different ways, especially applied to the concept of resource management and the Resource Management Act 1991in New Zealand that became one of the most controversial documents that guides authorities in sustainable management and use of natural resources. As such, the Resource Management Act 1991 is treated as a legislature in the domain of natural and physical resources though community consultation is often acted out in the form of hearings of the case in the court. For instance, Gardiner and Harrowell (2001) report about the consent to be granted on the project and one of the reasons for this is that “The proposal is consistent with the Resource Management Act 1991” (par. 4). However, this document can also be regarded as the basic act that guarantees safety of natural resources though it is imperfect to be the only one to stipulate people’s rights concerning the use of resources including the community consultation which is fulfilled through meetings and hearings. Roxburgh (2011) and Anderson (2011) claim that the Resource Management Act 1991 needs development with regard to the number of unsatisfied people that want to use natural resources with specific purpose while authorities prevent them from doing so based on the articles of the abovementioned Act 1991. Urban planning is discussed by Perkins and Thorns (2001) in the framework of the Resource Management Act 1991 which does not seem to be complete because different controversies emerge in the process of planning various projects where planning, zoning, or use of resources is involved. “Town and country planning legislation” became the major focus of the article written by Memon and Gleeson (1995) where they analyse the environmental planning in New Zealand and legislation that can enforce righteous use of all resources. In this respect, most of the community consultation faces inappropriate interpretation of the imperfect Resource Management Act 1991 with regard to the understanding of this document by the authorities on different levels. As reported by Howitt (2011), community consultation may fail to inform the population about possible changes in the use of resources thus making people argue about the appropriateness of land or water use. Besides, communities should be able to apply the legislative acts to the practical situations. O the other hand, Palmer (1995) claims that the Resource Management Act 1991 in New Zealand is aimed at regulating the use of resources as it is “a single system which promotes the sustainable management of al
Introduction Although the primary objective of business organizations is the making and maximization of profits, it is always good for companies and other business organizations to uphold ethics in their operations and generally be socially responsible. Despite this fact, some companies have faced insurmountable problems due to their failure to incorporate the ideas of Corporate Social Responsibility in their policies. These instances have served the purpose of confirming to other companies and business organizations that Corporate Social Responsibility is essential for the success of any business organization. Corporate Social Responsibility touches numerous aspects of life, all of which are meant to conserve resources and ensure the good of the public. As the needs of the consumers/public are catered for, the socially responsible company also benefits in numerous ways. This paper looks into the importance of ethical behaviour and Corporate Social Responsibility to business organizations. Demand for CSR and Ethical behaviour Barely twenty years ago, companies were not keen on social responsibility and thus they operated in ways that were profit oriented. With time, the effects of irresponsible corporate behaviour were continually experienced until it became clear that companies needed to be socially responsible. For instance, companies in the manufacturing sector were releasing a lot of greenhouse gases to the atmosphere which aggravated the problem of global warming. The adverse effects of global warming, like earthquakes, floods, hunger, hurricanes etc, made administrative authorities to be very vigilant on operations of business organizations. The press also continually became attentive to companies that did not observe social responsibility and the result of this was that companies strived to protect their image by being socially responsible. Companies in the manufacturing sector have therefore been trying to be environmentally friendly and thus their effluents are closely monitored to ensure that they do not cause harm to the environment. Since the introduction of the ideas of social responsibility, the scope of social responsibility has broadened to cover areas that were never covered before (Kotler, 2005, p. 126). These include the responsibility of companies to, not only ensure environmental conservation but also to, raise living standards of their consumers, engage in charity work and the like. Most of the ideas of social responsibility discussed above are essentially voluntary except the ideas of environmental conservation. The ideas do not have profit-oriented motivati
The 20th century could be characterized by the appearance of numerous civil movements that conditioned significant shifts in peoples mentality. The evolution of a humanistic approach to the most important spheres of human activity also resulted in the reconsideration of existed value system and predetermined the increased importance of equality, democracy, tolerance, etc. In this regard, the rise of feminism could be considered the logical development of these tendencies. For centuries women have been performing a passive role and were not given the right to participate in social, political life and were prohibited to perform certain kinds of jobs. However, at the beginning of the 20th century, the situation altered. The feminist movement could be defined as the attempt of women to obtain equal rights and proclaim their independence. It should be considered an important event in the history of society as it predetermined its further evolution. Yet, feminist theory is the logical extension of the above-mentioned movement that introduces a theoretical, fictional, or theoretical discourse (Tuana, 2016). Its main aim is the coherent analysis of the nature of gender inequality and social roles, interests, and chores peculiar to women. The feminist theory focuses on the creation of the theoretical background for the majority of crucial assumptions and tends to provide the scientific rationale for womens ability to perform the most important functions in the same amount men do. There are several main ideas peculiar to the given philosophy. The first one implies working to increase equality which might result in the recognition of females main rights. Additionally, it is necessary to expand human choice as both men and women should have the freedom to develop their interests in the way they like. Moreover, it is crucial to eliminate gender stratification and guarantee the provision of equal conditions both for men and women. Only under these conditions, it is possible to end sexual violence and promote sexual freedom. Feminists are sure that all women should be able to control their sexuality and reproduction. These basic principles guarantee the comprehensive evolution of womens individuality and contribute to the further rise of the given theory. At the same time, feminism includes socialist, radical, and liberal approaches that vary in the perspectives on the basic questions and ways to achieve the main goal. Analyzing the theory, it is crucial to mind that the idea of gender equality rests on numerous philosophic theories and assumptions that prove the tolerance and equality of all individuals. In this regard, the feminist theory could be characterized by the well-thought-out approach to women’s rights, and it creates the solid ground for the further evolution of this idea. In modern society, feminism is considered one of the major concerns that impact its functioning and guarantees the provision of equal rights and opportunities both for men and women. Its rapid evolution contributed to the reconsideration of