ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Different scholars look at education functions from different perspectives depending on the theory they deploy in interpretation of their perceived features of education. The theories that tend to explain the sociological functions of education are collectively termed as sociological theories of education. Young posits that sociology of education entails the study of the manner in which public institutions coupled with individuals experience the various impacts of education alongside its outcomes (1995, p.21). On the other hand Floud, Halsey and Martin (1956) claims that it “is mostly concerned with the public schooling systems of modern industrial societies, including the expansion of higher, further, adult continuing and education” (p.12). People have, over the years recognized education as the most fundamental way of overcoming various handicaps in the society with the capacity to make the society achieve higher equality coupled with acquiring wealth. They have also claimed to have the ability to improve the social status of individuals. Educational scholars strongly believe that through education children are able to develop to their full potential. Additionally, people view education as having the ability to make people from challenged background to rise to higher social classes. In this context, Sargen argues that education is “perceived as one of the best means of achieving greater social equality” (1994, p.30). Some sociology scholars argue that any properly formulated educational system has the ability to achieve this purpose precisely. However, as Bourdieu reckon that other sociologists have “a particularly negative view, arguing that the education system is designed with the intention of causing reproduction of social inequality” (1990, p.47). Putting into perspectives the various scholarly approaches in the interpretation of the purposes of education, especially bearing in mind the social changes impacts of education, the modern perceptions of education attracts mixed reactions. It is in this regard that various sociological theories of education become significant as one of the subtle ways of determining the direction of modern and future educational policies. The work on moral education by Emile Durkheim pioneered systematic studies on educational sociology. His work looked at the education as a platform that constitutes organic solidarity within the society. Max Weber, on the other hand, perceived education as a tool for political manipulations. After the Second World War came to a halt, the subject of sociology of education acquired renewed interest. This renewed interest shifted from “technological functionalism in the US, egalitarian reform of opportunity in Europe, and human-capital theory in economics” (Sullivan 2001, p.893). The concepts of human capital were widely necessary particularly by putting into consideration the fact that increased industrialization created divisions of labor and hence the necessity for a given way of hierarchically divi
There is a great number of different countries in the world, however, one can hardly find a state which has such a great diversity of landscapes and climate zones as the USA. Being a giant country which area is about 9,826,675 square kilometers. (Briney para. 1), it can impress any person by its nature and beauty. That is why, every road trip even within one state can be taken as a very interesting journey which can show peculiarities of nature of the USA. However, the road trip from one state into another can be even more fascinating and give the opportunity to admire beautiful views and landscapes. With this in mind, it is possible to describe a journey from Oklahoma City to San Antonio in Texas to show onliness of nature of the USA. First of all, it should be said that there is no use choosing the shortest way from one state to another as the majority of places of interest will be omitted. We are planning to be in California in early July. The weather is fine at this period of time and it is possible to enjoy the drive and the view from the window. We are going to start our trip around I-35 and move westward, visiting different places of interest connected with some phenomena of nature. Being situated in the basins of rivers Red and Arkansas (“United States of America” para. 2), Oklahomas surface is mostly plain and a we can enjoy the landscape as nothing prevents us. Moreover, there is a possibility to meet some animal such as deer, or coyote during the trip (Renzulli para. 3). Nevertheless, it is absolutely necessary to visit Wichita Mountains Wildlife Refuge. The road will be longer, however, it is impossible to miss it. It is the oldest wildlife facility in the USA , that is why we can see here animals which cannot be met in other places. This Refuge tries to save original nature of these lands, that is why, it is possible to see American buffalo, elk and Texas longhorn cattle here. It is a very important place as due to its efforts American bison was saved (“About the Refuge” para. 3). With this in mind, this place should be one of the most important parts of the trip from Oklahoma to Texas. Besides, there is a great number of state parks in this area, that is why there is no use visiting them all. However, it is possible to make a detour and visit Oklahomas Glass mountain state park or Salt Plains National Refuge and enjoy their landscapes and views. However, Texas can also impress a traveler, that is why we will obviously devote much time to investigation of its beauty and admiration of its nature. First of all, it is possible to enjoy the views of the Red River which serves as the natural border between Oklahoma and Texas. Staying on one bank on the river, a person can see another state.
Definition: Economic sustainability can be defined as the organization’s orientation to using a range of strategies in order to utilize all the available resources for addressing the current business needs, preserving the economic vitality, and creating the conditions for the further effective development of the company within the competitive environment (Collier & Evans, 2011, p. 18). Thus, the company’s strategic management and business goals are accentuated with references to the resources which can be used to contribute to the company’s constant growth. From the point of operation management, economic sustainability depends on such resources and notions as the company’s performance excellence, financial management, resource management, and emergency preparedness in order to guarantee realizing the long-term goals and receiving long-term benefits (Collier & Evans, 2011, p. 18). Role: Economic sustainability is important for the company because the orientation to it provides the company with good opportunities to compete within the industry during a long period of time, to operate within the expanding markets. Moreover, the focus on the economic sustainability is necessary to provide jobs within the company with references to the stable and effective economic development (Collier & Evans, 2011, p. 18). Economic sustainability can be measured and analyzed with the help of referring to the financial audit results, some legal and governmental sanctions, and measurements on certain strategic initiatives to achieve the long-term financial success (Collier & Evans, 2011, p. 51). Furthermore, economic sustainability is significant because it is based on the shareholders’ position, and it can be discussed as a kind of the organizational strategy (Collier & Evans, 2011, p. 76). Applicability: The concept of economic sustainability can be applied to the strategy used by McDonald’s in order to compete within the industry successfully. McDonald’s determines a range of corporate goals the completion of which is directly connected with the notion of economic sustainability because the orientation to these goals makes the managers and strategic specialists of the company work out the approaches to contribute to the company’s further economic growth. Thus, McDonald’s is the leading company in the industry of quick service resta
Abstract Increasing utilization and popularity of the internet has by consumers has prompted high speed and easy access to the WAN. The high-speed internet options available to consumers in the market pertain to the DSL and the broadband internet. The DSL provides the consumers with a dedicated and a more secure link, with various options of ADSL and SDSL options but is restricted in terms of availability in rural and remote regions. The broadband internet provides customers with ease of access, fast internet, and 24-hour connectivity but over a shared link resulting in a less secure internet. The conclusion highlights that the DSL internet is more suited for businesses and professionals while the cable or broadband internet is more suited for general consumers and households. Introduction The internet technology has come a long way in the past decade and the utilization of the internet by general as well professional consumers has become extensive. The internet is currently being used to manage large business, integrate communication in enterprises, transfer money and documents, as well as for leisure activities like gaming, streaming and downloading multimedia and shopping. The increasing numbers of users have put a strain on the speed of the internet while the complicated applications on the internet also demand high speed dedicated links. The high level of usage has prompted an increase in the speed and the performance of the internet technology. As a result DSL and broadband internets have been introduced into the market. A DSL internet is a Digital Subscribed Line based internet where the user is directly connected with a telecom company which provides the user with a dedicated high speed phone line for the internet which results in a constant bandwidth every time a consumer connects to the internet. The bandwidth which is offered by the DSL ranges from 128 KBPS to 1.54 MBPS. The cable or broadband internet on the other hand uses coaxial cable for transfer and communication. This form of the internet is provided by cable service providers who provide the TV signals and digital video streaming to consumers. This form of the internet link is shared with other consumers clustered by the cable service providers in their distribution network. As a result the speed and the bandwidth may be compromised if many consumers are using the link at the same time. The bandwidths offered by broadband pertains to an average if 500 KBPS to 700 KBPS. Comparison of DSL and Broadband Internet The DSL and The Broadband internet are similar in terms of their functionality and the service provided to the customers; however, they are significantly different when it comes to their characteristics. The DSL provides its customers with a constant high speed internet with very high bandwidth and a dedicated line. The broadband on the other hand provides easy and continuous access to the consumers and is widely available in most regions. The advantages that are presente
Economic Analysis of Unpaid Internships Human capital is important in facilitating performance outcomes of organizations across the world. It is important for an individual to adopt an approach to developing a platform that would be utilized to incorporate an investment attitude and lifetime perspectives. This paper focuses on answering questions that are related to unpaid labor. In addition, it supports or disputes some arguments and policy proposals in the labor market. A college senior is considering taking an unpaid internship after graduation. Using the basic human capital investment model, explain how this student would decide whether or not to take this unpaid internship. Using the human capital investment model, the college senior would make a decision whether to take an unpaid internship after graduation. Upon graduation, the student would have invested in education and training. If he or she would move in search of an unpaid internship, he or she would also invest in terms of migration. All these are investments of human capital that should be paid. Assuming that the college senior would have acquired the required skills and knowledge that would be applied in the job market, he or she should not take an unpaid internship. Are unpaid interns considered to be in the labor force? Employers may utilize internships as a strategic management approach to reducing the costs that are associated recruiting and compensating personnel. It can be argued that interns who are not compensated for their services are not in the labor force. Two important elements in relation to the labor force are service offers by workers and wages that are given by employers. In fact, persons who are not paid cannot be regarded as valuable assets in the labor market. Policy analysis of unpaid internships It is true that unpaid internships are used to exploit students. It is unfair for students to do a lot of work, yet they are not compensated for their services. Unpaid internships are used to improve outcomes of firms at the expense of students. Position A: Unpaid internships do not exploit college students and should be seen as human capital investments just like any other training/education programs that workers participate in. Unpaid internships are designed to help college students to develop practical skills in the job market. In most cases, there are differences between what colleges teach and wh
The biblical version of human origins My peer chose the Biblical version of human origins as the alternative model. The model presupposes the use of the Bible to explain phenomena, but it is not very homogenous. The relevant beliefs can range from fundamentalism, which requires perceiving the words of the Bible literally, to more liberal approaches, which interpret the Bible in multiple ways (Jurmain et al. 46). Also, the Bible might contain contradicting concepts that require interpretation. For example, the idea that Adam and Eve were the ancestors of all humans does not coincide with the fact that Cain had a wife and was fearing retaliation for killing his brother from other people (Moritz 2). Thus, the Biblical model is comprised of rather diverse perspectives and ideas. Religious explanations of human origins do not typically presuppose scientific proofs (Jurmain et al. 45). Additionally, it may be difficult to discuss the evidence of the Biblical model due to its inconsistency. However, my peer demonstrates that certain events described by the Bible can be evidenced to have occurred. For example, the peer points out the multiple cases of migration depicted in the Bible. They might indeed reference the actual migrations from Africa. Since the migration of people from Africa is proved, it can be suggested that this evidence supports the Bible-based model as well (Jurmain et al. 289). Thus, some of the specific elements of the Bible might find a form of support in the currently available facts. The Bible may have preserved the perspectives of the witnesses of some of the events of human history. Consequently, it may be reasonable to search for some additional evidence that would support specific events described by the Bible in other historical documents and relics. If the limitations of non-scientific literature are considered, the Bible can offer some information about human history. As a result, I like my peer’s proposal. Studying the model may be interesting from the point of view of investigating the relics that provide some information about human history. The study of burials One of the exhibits offered by the Institute of Human Origins is titled “Why Bury the Dead”. In it, the Institute discusses the possible causes and consequences of the practice of burying the dead. In particular, the Institute reports that burial is the form of disposing of bodies that is helpful to archeology. Also, the Institute demonstrates that the cultural implications of burying the dead are diverse. For instance, the bodies of the dead may be sacred in one culture and meaningless in others. Therefore, the study of burials can offer insights into the diversity of human cultures and worldviews. Neandertals are evidenced to hav
Motivational interviewing is a common counseling method to analyze contradictory feelings, find an appropriate solution, motivate a client, and promote behavioral changes. According to Martinez et al. (2017), this technique is characterized by the development of partnership, acceptance, and compassion. Four main processes include engaging, focusing, evoking, and planning. During the engaging stage, it is expected to establish good relationships with a client and enhance understanding. In this case, Amy is a therapist of Ricky, who does not accept his guilt, although enough evidence was introduced (Maschi & Leibowitz, 2018). Using the motivational interviewing framework, in the first stage, I would try to show Ricky that I have learned the situation and want to know his perspective. My task is to make sure that it is comfortable for Ricky to communicate. The next step, focusing, is when a client and a therapist identify and discuss their goals. It is important for Ricky to realize what he wants to achieve and for the therapist to define what kind of help is applicable. Target behavior change is an ambivalent concept, and the choice of common purposes and principles should facilitate a situation. Evoking is the third process, during which internal motivation and the client’s intentions are considered. Ricky should change his attitude toward his past abuses and mistakes and learn how not to harm people. Finally, planning is used to develop a commitment to change. Ricky is ready to improve his life, and this stage is necessary for developing a plan of action and treatment. Forensic interview is a structured conversation with an alleged victim of abuse to identify the needed information about the offense, support investigation, and promote effective help. To be effective, each interview should have a definite structure. The first phase is rapport building during which a case is introduced, settings and rules are defined, and the abilities of a client are mentioned. The goal is to understand what a person can do and what interests are held. This information-gathering phase entails the efforts to extract the most relevant facts (Vera et al., 2019). A substantive phase contains a number of open-ended questions to create a solid description of the situation. B
Introduction Kosovo is an area lying in the south east of Europe. It turned out to be an argufied land after the fall down of Yugoslavia. The somewhat acknowledged Republic of Kosovo is a self-adjudged autonomous state that holds real power over the better part of the region. Serbia does not acknowledge the one-sided separation of Kosovo and regards it as a United Nations ruled unit inside its autonomous region. Kosovo is closed in and to its south is the Republic of Macedonia, to its west is Albania and to the northwest is Montenegro. The left border line is with the Central Serbian area which is the basis of global disagreement (Noel, 1998, p. 5). The leading metropolis and the center of Kosovo is Pristina. Ostensibly, the reference Kosovo has come to stand for various units over the years and its boundaries have as a result changed. There have as well been times when no opinionated unit(s) has subsisted with the name of Kosovo. In the period of Hellenic ancientness, the region more or less matching to contemporary Kosovo was part of quite a lot of ethnic associations, as well as that outlined by the Dardani. Kosovo’s present standing is the outcome of the mayhem of the degeneration of Yugoslavia, especially the Kosovo War of 1998 until 1999. This conflict permeated with matters going back to the growing of jingoism in the Balkans in the period of the last part of Ottoman reign during the 19th century. The Kosovo Albanian standing lays down that the Illyrians, whom they maintain are their straight antecedents, were the mainstream inhabitants of the area, and went on to be all the way through times past in spite of not being able to form any state-run entities in Kosovo until contemporary times and in the face of infringements on their indigenous areas. The Serbians disprove these claims, a position which is also taken by practically all historians of non-Albanian origin. They assert that there exists no understandable proof for such. Geography of Kosovo Kosovo makes up a vital connection between middle and southern Europe. It as well links the Adriatic and Black Seas. It consists of a region of 10,908 km 2 . It is between latitudes 41 0 and 44 0 North and longitudes 20 0 and 22 0 East. The bou
In the contemporary world, gender ratio and the representation of genders in the media have become some of the most commonly discussed issues. In particular, modern movies and TV shows are often reviewed in regard to the way they portray women; at the same time, Hollywood is frequently criticized for the creation and maintenance of rather harsh conditions for women to make it as workers in the film industry (Mičić, 2015). The well-known Bechdel test is one of the major drivers of modern arguments considering the under- and misrepresentation of women in the media. The test itself has not been developed for the purpose of measuring gender portrayal; in fact, it originates from a comic strip where one of the characters used a set of three conditions as the determiners of whether or not she would want to see a certain movie (Mičić, 2015). These conditions (the presence of two women in a film, who talk to each other about a topic that does not refer to a man) turned out to be an impossible threshold for the majority of the modern films and some TV shows, and thus powered multiple arguments about the insufficient and flawed representation of women in the media (Selisker, 2015). In that way, even though the modern TV and movie industry creates many films focusing on strong female characters, the overall ratio of female and male protagonists, as well as the ways they are portrayed, often shows that women are still heavily mis- and underrepresented. Of course, in addition to the aforementioned flawed products, the modern film industry also produces many movies with strong female leads. Significant changes have occurred in the representation of genders in films and TV shows over the last several decades (Haines, Deaux, & Lofaro, 2016). Disney films and animations are an excellent example of the gender roles representation evolution in media. The classic product of the 50s that contained all the gender perceptions that are criticized today was “Cinderella,” the Disney cartoon that presented a woman whose only role was to serve as a maid up to the moment she was fancied and taken as a wife by a rich man but only because she managed to make herself look unrecognizably different from who she was in reality. These days, Disney produces films such as “Frozen” and “Moana” focusing on strong female leads who achieve everything they want on their own and fight for causes greater than visiting a ball or finding a rich husband. Similar dynamics can be observed in other movies produced today and aiming to empower women. In that way, the entire issue of the underrepresentation of women in the media looks made-up and cherry-picked by feminists focusing only on the films that do not pass the Bechdel test. However, there exists research evidence that depicts the actual percentage of gender representation in the media. To be more precise, the statistics reflecting male and female leads and roles in general for recent years show that men still dominate the industry (Savigny & Warner, 2015). In particular, men as protagonists took up about 54% of all Hollywood roles in 2016, while women only had 29%; the rest of the roles were p