ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
HIV service From the time when antiretroviral (ARV) treatment found its way to the United Kingdom, it has resulted in a profound influence on the lives of people living with HIV as well as AIDS (Dunbar 2011). There has been a significant decrease in the number of individuals dying from AIDS. On the other hand, in spite of the availability of free ARV treatment, there are yet individuals dying from AIDS-associated sicknesses in the UK. Late diagnosis greatly augments the possibility of death. A twelve-year study (from 1997 to 2008) of deaths because of HIV in the UK revealed that three-quarters of deaths associated with AIDS over the time studied happened because the victims had a late diagnosis (Dunbar 2011). Prior to the start of ARV treatment, there was very little to do to prevent the progression of HIV to full-blown AIDS (Dunbar 2011). Existence was limited (life expectancy was limited) and management of opportunistic diseases was mainly intended to control pain and additional symptoms. While the initial AIDS instances were accounted for in the UK at the start of the 1980s, most of the AIDS patients passed away within a period of two years (Dunbar 2011). The circumstances began to get better during the mid-1980s with the discovery that individuals with HIV and AIDS had a longer life expectancy after taking antiretroviral drugs and receiving other forms of necessary health care (Dunbar 2011). Statistics distributed by the Health Protection Agency (HPA) illustrate that from the 1990s, the number of people living with HIV and accessing HIV services and care in the UK has considerably increased. In the UK, approximately 18,000 individuals were receiving HIV services in the year 1998, and this figure had more than tripled by 2007 (Dunbar 2011). Nevertheless, among people with highly developed HIV infection, people with below 350 cells/mm 3 of CD4 count, nearly one in every five, were not getting treatment. Apart from late diagnosis, drug resistance has as well influenced the rate of continued survival amid people living with HIV in the UK (Dunbar 2011). Two main reasons underscore why there is a noteworthy augment in the number of individuals obtaining HIV services. Firstly, there has been a great reduction in HIV-associated deaths thanks to the introduction of ARV treatment. People with HIV are living longer and hence need health care for longer (Dunbar 2011). Secondly, there has been a rise in the number of fresh HIV diagnoses attributable to ongoing sexual transmission, an augment in testing, and migration of HIV-positive people because of stigmatization in some places (Varni et al. 2012). Description and critical evaluation of its performance in relation to accessibility The impact of primary health care (PHC) in the handling of HIV/AIDS has been revealed among infected people in the UK (Kalichman et al. 2011). Useful involvements comprise the consideration of risk and willingness by patients to adjust, motivational inv
Introduction When the European Union (EU) was founded in the 1950s, it consisted of six countries. It is both an economic and political union currently with 28 member states. The six states that founded the EU included Italy, Netherlands, Luxembourg, Belgium, France and West Germany. The European Union formulated trade laws that applied to all the member states. The passport controls were abolished in several states. This was mainly to eliminate the restriction of movement among those states. It also facilitated the free movement of capital, services and products. Other changes that came about after the founding of the union include the enactment of legislation in justice and home affairs, and the maintenance of common laws that govern issues of trade and other factors that facilitate regional development. The European Union developed an interest in global security and other external relations. It has been involved in several missions around the world. Currently, the EU plays a major role in the international system. [1] This paper aims at bringing an understanding of the European Union’s position as an actor in international political economy. EU as an Actor in International Political Economy The capacity of the EU as an actor in the international system started during its inception and gradually expanded over time. With time, it introduced foreign policy initiatives in many states of the world. In order to achieve this, it used various foreign policy tools. They emphasised on building the economy and diplomacy. [2] They have also been involved in military activities with the aim of enforcing and keeping peace. However, this position was previously not included in the Treaty of Rome. Even the observers had not anticipated that the EU would be involved in such activities as it took a global approach. Many predicted that the EU would not be able to succeed in its endeavours especially in the Middle East. Many observers were also quick to conclude that it would never be able to organize its own military operations. However, some were optimistic that the EU would successfully secure a portion of the world and enjoy the fruits of its labour. With time, it was evident that the pessimists were incorrect to think that the EU was incapable
Introduction A non-fiction literature writer by the name Jonathan Kozol who is best known for his publications concerning public education wrote about the struggles, problems and challenges that the children of the poor people face in USA. He started writing about public education after he was fired from Boston Public Schools after teaching a Langston Hughes poem but later he was offered a job in the district that he grew up in, Newton Public Schools. Kozol is considered a great educator and activist who did some great work in advocating for social justice mainly through his writings and interpreting scientific works e.g. in the field of social psychology (Schultz, 2001). Let us look at one of his writing, ‘Amazing Grace’. Kozol’s Work In this essay discusses the work of Kozol, Amazing Grace, in identifying the challenges and problems that America’s poor population faces in their day-to-day life. A larger percentage of the affected people are either black Americans or of Hispanic origins living in Bronx, St. Ann’s Avenue, Beckman Avenue, Cypress, Hunts point, Mott Haven, East Tremont among others. He introduces to us the disheartening experiences that these poor people face including discrimination and racial segregation. The most affected are the younger population especially children who are still dependent on their parents. He quotes when children are exposed to extreme hardships they are not hardened as people may think. The only thing that makes them survive is that they are usually full of hope and are more than willing to welcome better life. For instance the people who attend and live near St. Ann’s church are said to be the poorest in America, the pastor to this church was interviewed by Kozol and he mentioned that he had visited different parts of America and according to him this was the “poorest of the poorest by any standard he can think of” (Schultz, p 372). Statistical reports released showed that 95% of the residents of this area live below the poverty line. At a local elementary school at St. Ann’s Avenue, only less than ten children out of eight hundred children can comfortably afford their own lunch daily i.e. they are not dependent of the free lunches that are offered at the school. Five of the ten believe that they are just poor but not destitute and by this, the in most cases do not rely/ accept the free lunch offered (Schultz, p 372). As we know if poverty levels are extremely high then crime is most likely to be as high in the same areas and this reduces security in the areas. This is known to the government but nothing much is being done to manage the situation. The New York Times refers to this area, St. Ann’s Avenue, as “the deadliest blocks in the deadliest precinct of the city. They cla
The essay critically examines the concepts surrounding generation 2010. To do this successfully, th paper analyzes the differences of this generation in terms of educational plans, habits/beliefs they old, hobbies and health as compared to the other types of generations such as the lost generation, greatest generation, silent generation, baby boom generation, generation X, generation, Y and Generation Z (1990-2010) It is worth noting from the onset that this kind of generation is also known as Net Generation and were born between 1990s and 2010. They are kids of parents from generation X, there are instances that some of them have parents from young baby boomers and older constituents of generation Y (Clemow 126). this generation is characterized by intensive social networking, advanced personal entertainment solutions always by their side, are very receptive to marketing information and are more at risk to suffer from poor management of finances. Education plans Unlike their counter parts in the previous generation, individuals in this generation are usually exposed pretty much earlier to technological innovation. For this reason, they have been termed students of today. Considering the fact that technological innovation changes within a blink of a second, these individuals to not think much of their education in future as compared let say to generation Y. Generally speaking they lack the ambition exhibited by the previous generation (Palfrey & Gasser 142). Although they are optimistic education wise, a culture of individualism is what defines them and they do not read books like those in the other generation, they have a lower concentration and like watching TV and other entertainment. All these make them to have a long lasting educational plan. With this advanced kid of technology, there are those few individuals who have clearly established their way forward concerning their professionals. Health In terms of health, the advent of technology has been deemed to be a cause for alarm for this generation. Since these individuals do everything online. This makes them to be less active physically as compared to generation X, Y, baby boomers and the rest. This coped with rapid development of fast food, makes these kind of generation to be at very high risk of suffering from a myriad of health complications especially as a result of fast food, “It is possible that Generation Z will be the most unhealthy, overweight group of workers the world has seen,” (McCrindle & Wolfinger 106) Additionally, due to advanced technology in communication, the world has turned into a global village where one can travel across thousands of miles and back within the shortest time possible. With the presence of contagious diseases and illness such individuals are much vulnerable to health risks as disease spread is quickly and faster. This indeed will affect even the rest of the generations. Habits or Beliefs One major believe this kind of generation had is that technology is everything to them. It provides them with information, entertainment. Another habit t
Introduction To begin with, it should be stated that the economic theory and math have been developing separately for the last 20 years, nevertheless, the central principles of math functions and calculations stayed the same, and the aim of this paper is to consider these principles and compare the math functions with the economic calculation techniques and make the parallels. The actual value of this work is covered in the notion that the analysis of the similarity of the techniques and rules of math and economic calculation will help to foster the further development of math functions, applicable for the economic theory. The fact is that the central branch of the economic analysis from the math perspective was the probability theory and the stochastic analysis. Originally, the development of economic theory in these directions caused important progress in the sphere of pricing theory and interest-rate modeling. The paper will be aimed at regarding various directions of the economic theory and applying the notions of this theory to math principles, including inverse functions, functions of two or more independent variables, curvilinear functions, and linear functions. The linkage between one function and one economic concept will be explained. General review of the Economic Approaches in Calculations First, it should be emphasized that the math functions in economics are generally intended for the performance of the decision-making process by the means of complex calculations, for guarantying the high precision and accuracy of the decision-making process. The fact is that the approaches, which are generally regarded in the financial literature do not fully represent the economic image of the world, and economic literature typically pays less attention to the high-level quantitative approach. In the light of this perspective, it should be emphasized that the quantitative methods, which are of particular importance for the economists were developed by the mathematicians, and stay available for an essentially restricted audience, while these approaches could become the bridges of math and economics. The math functions, which are generally used for the economic calculations and decision-making process are related to the consumption functions, and help to realize the issue of “What is going wrong in economics”. Metzler (2001, p. 907) emphasizes the following statement on this perspective:     The math functions have the merit of a relative simplicity: the economic thinking behind them can be understood. In the more “advanced” realms of mathematical economics, can be found with equations with literally hundreds of variables, coefficients, and constants, all of them vague and slippery and open to serious debate. The whole thing reaches
Debates Despite numerous attempts at addressing problems in interracial relationships, racism remains a despicable yet integral part of the modern world. The issue can be tracked down in the Australian environment as well, with the recent instances of racism being sparked in AFL sports clubs. However, a closer look at the subject matter will reveal that the problem is imprinted deep in the mind frame of the Australian indigenous community. Debate Description A recent incident points to the necessity to introduce control tools for managing confrontations between indigenous Australians and the representatives of racial and ethnic minorities. Particularly, the accident with Goodes needs to be mentioned (Matthey, 2017). The specified situation shows that there is a strong need to introduce the principles of cultural sensitivity into the realm of Australian society (Rigby, 2017). Adam Goodes is an Australian football player belonging to the indigenous Australian culture. He has been known for his stellar achievements in football, as well as his social activities aimed to address the instances of racism against indigenous Australians (Smith, 2017). However, Goodes’s public persona has become quite controversial over the past few years due to his outrageous actions (Matthey, 2017). On the one hand, the fact that Goodes became a victim of racism in 2012 when a racial slur was used against him shows that racism persists in Australia (“Infamous AFL racism incidents,” 2017). On the other hand, him performing an indigenous dance in 2015 indicates that the indigenous population needs further education about cultural sensitivity (“Sydney Swans’ Adam Goodes,” 2015). Therefore, there is a need to focus on the management of relationships between indigenous communities and the rest of the Australian population. The situation with the racial slur being used against the football player shows that racism remains a significant problem for the residents of Australia (Smith, 2017). Particularly, racism affects the members of indigenous cultures (Matthey, 2017). The case under analysis points quite clearly to the fact that the instances of racism against football players in the AFL club may be caused by misinformation or ignorance among the rest of the Australian population (Little, 2017). However, there is another side to the specified argument. One might argue that the very idea of using dance as the means of rendering one’s emotional state and express joy cannot be considered offensive (Rigby, 2017). While the specified assumption is partially true, it is also necessary to consider the goals that the football player pursued with his dance, as Day, Nakata, Nakata, and Martin (2015) explain in their analysis. Therefore, there are solid reasons to assume that the problem of racism is currently spinning out of control in Australian society. Other studies warn that the increase in the levels of social confusion that the specified problem causes is likely to lead to even more drastic outcomes (Day et al., 2015). Viewing the problem from the perspective of the Cultural Responsiveness Theory (CRT), whic
The Merchant of Venice is a play that involves romance intertwined in a tragedy. The tragedy incorporates most of the plays. The tragedy is seen in Shylock’s strong desire for revenge that he will use an opportunity he gets to fulfill. In fact, it is a play of the hunter becoming the hunted. The play talks about all human weaknesses and strengths. It is also based on love and true friendship. The Merchant of Venice was written between the fiscal 1596 and 1598 and was set in Venice and Belmont in Italy. It is a play worth watching as it portrays that good always wins (Sokolova, 2009). The play was written and approved as the work of William Shakespeare. In the play, Antonio is a Venetian merchant. Antonio wants to lend a colleague named Bassanio some cash to enable go and persuade Portia of Belmont. Portia appears as a gorgeous, brainy, and an opulent woman. However, Antonio does not have money at the moment since his money is on the business and will only have it when his ships return safely (Sokolova, 2009). Therefore, he decides to borrow money from Shylock, the Jew. Shylock is a financier, but Antonio is always rude to him for the increased tariffs he charges on his loans. Shylock gives Antonio the loan with an agreement that he will pay for the money using a piece of his flesh if the agreed date of return passes. Portia has many wealthy suitors who have to marry her only after choosing the right casket made of lead, gold, or silver. The correct casket has a picture, which was her father’s wish. All the suitors fall apart from Bassanio, who chooses the lead. Antonio gets reports that his boats are missing and cannot pay the financier the money he owes him. Shylock takes him to court to request for some amounts of his meat. Portia dresses as a man and goes to the law court to defend Antonio. Portia claims that no blood is to be spilled as Shylock claims his price and demands that the Jew should be remanded for wanting to harm a Venetian. Shylock is forgiven but forced to give out his wealth to be shared between Antonio and the state. He is further forced to convert to Christianity. Antonio decides though to let Jessica, Shylock’s daughter, to have his wealth (Sokolova, 2009). Jessica has been disowned by her father for eloping with her Christian boyfriend named Lorenzo. In the end, a report is received that the vessels, which belonged to Antonio, were safe, and there were celebrations everywhere. The play talks about how the Jews were treated in the Merchant. Shylock represents the Jews, and he believes that they are not treated as humans by Christians. At the beginning of the play, one will sympathize with this Jew, seeing him as a victim of injustice. The court portrays him as a man of no mercy as he is not willing to forgive. He is so full of revenge that he refuses to take the money Bassanio offers him even though it was more than what Antonio owed him. It is a fairy story with a happy ending. The costumes in th
This report analyses the philosophy of community-based correctional programs based on Larry Greene’s profile. Community corrections aim at protecting the community by making sure that offenders are supervised according to state statutes. Non-compliance on the side of the offender is usually reported to the releasing/sentencing authority. Different states have their special conditions for supervision. The sentencing authority dictates these circumstances. They include restitution of the victim, substance abuse programs, mental health issues, etc. (Alarid, 2016). Offenders are usually monitored through well-positioned field contacts at their residential places, employment places, etc. The probation officer conducts investigations and prepares violation reports. The investigations may also be pre-sentence (Hanser, 2012). Community corrections are established to accomplish a number of goals. First, they ease institutional crowding as well as cost. They also strive to prevent future criminal behavior through constant surveillance, rehabilitation and community re-integration. Finally, the correctional programs address the victims’ needs through restorative justice (Alarid, 2016). Several aspects of jails and prisons are abundantly clear. These include overcrowding and cost. Building jails and prisons is costly. That is why community-based corrections becom
The story of European integration, as it is understood today, essentially begins and is conventionally dated as beginning in 1945. The titanic struggle of World War II was over, and amidst the widespread feelings of relief and exhaustion there was also the sense that a significant watershed in the history of the continent had been reached, that the ending of the war heralded the beginning of a new reality. Central to this changed atmosphere was the belief that the war had been a cleansing agent. The European economies were in ruins or at the least had been severely disrupted, and the old political systems had either been discredited for their inadequacies in coping with the economic conditions of the 1920s and 1930s, or destroyed by Hitler and his allies. Many people therefore thought and argued that Europe could start afresh, with a different political and economic order that rejected the tired doctrines of nationalism, political sovereignty and economic autarky upon which the old state system of the continent had been built. In its place they wanted some kind of political union or federation that would effectively put into practice the old symbolic concept of the harmony of European nations. Yet while this ferment of the months surrounding the final cessation of hostilities may have provided the seed bed for the developments in European integration in the years since 1945, the idea of and the desire for unity had had a much more prolonged prologue. Across the centuries intellectuals and political leaders alike had dreamed of overcoming the unique historical characteristic of Europe: its extreme political fragmentation. (Murray, 102) Most obviously, the historical record is replete with attempts at conquest: political leaders from