ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services, CMS has the task of managing three of the state’s biggest health care schemes. The three health care schemes are Medicaid, Medicare and the CHIP (Children’s Health Insurance Program). It also monitors new benefits for employers and consumers using the PCIP (Pre-existing Condition Insurance Program), State High-Risk Pools, the ERRP (Early Retirement Reinsurance Program) as well as State-based Health Insurance Exchanges. The CMS takes this role through implementation of new rights and better responsibility for providers and consumers. This is always applicable to the health insurance in the private market (Bardach, 2008). CMS is also responsible for distribution of an unprecedented stage of consumer details concerning coverage alternatives. CMS is the United States’ major purchaser of health care and anticipates serving millions of consumers and approximately 105 million beneficiaries in FY 2012. According to FY 2010, the expenditure of CMS is $828 billion on reimbursement and other costs. The CMS is a major division, which operates under the Health and Human Services department (DHHS). The CMS that was formally the known as Health Care Financing Administration was established in 1977. This brought together the two biggest Federal health care schemes at that time, which include the Medicaid and Medicare under joined leadership. There was the establishment of the CHIP (Children’s Health Insurance Program) in 1997 with the objective of addressing uninsured children’s health care obligations. There are emerging laws in the past years that have significantly influenced the CMS’ responsibilities in decision-making and its day-to-day operations. For instance, the MMA (Medicare Modernization Act) of 2003 implemented a prescription drug gain. This was the most essential extension of the Medicare plan since its foundation in 1965. The advantage of the inclusion was because more consumers were relieved from the burden of non-prescribed drugs that was rampant. In 2005, there was a creation of another Act called Deficit Reduction Act. This was a Medicaid Integrity Plan to oversee abuse and fraud in the Medicaid scheme. The policy was also very important because the cases of frauds and abuses were reduced substantially by a greater margin. The 2006 TRHCA (Tax Relief and Health Care Act) recognized a physician quality-reporting plan as well as quality improvement schemes and improved CMS’ agenda integrity efforts. This was possible by employing a program called the RAC (Recovery Audit Contractor). This program assisted a greater deal because auditing provided assurance of integrity in the CMS. The MMSEA (Medicaid, Medicare as well as State Children’s Health Insurance Program Extension Act of 2007) ensured physician value reporting and broaden the CHIP, TMA (Transitional Medical Assistance) together with other program
Abstract This paper presents an analysis of the theoretical application of integrated information systems in various organizations around the world. As businesses expand from small and medium sized firm to large cross-border enterprises, the operations become more complex. Large organizations often encounter tough challenges, especially when it comes to managing the complexity of operations involving many stakeholders and diverse units. The effective management and coordination of the operations of the mega enterprises requires a smooth flow of reliable information. Traditionally, firms utilize orthodox systems that do not provide timely and inclusive information. This paper seeks to investigate and reinforce the significance of employing Integrated Information Systems (IIS) to help managers run the large enterprises better from a central point. The essay reveals that the integrated information systems include the automation software platforms that have been developed to help managers control organizational data with a view of establishing a perfect position to supervise each unit. Introduction Information is one of the most valuable resources of a firm around which business processes unfold. The overall performance of a firm is contingent on its ability to manage the flow of information between its constituent elements. Managerial decisions largely depend on the carefully analyzed information including on-going projects, distribution, demand forecasting, customer communication, production, stock levels, and supplier information among many other constituents of a business firm. In the advent of rapid globalization, technological dynamics, and inter-organizational dependency that shape the modern-day business, the need for appropriate information management systems is inevitable to handle the plethora of complex operations. The te
After having read both the preamble to the United States Constitution and the United States Declaration of Independence, one can clearly see where the government of the United States derives its power and the potential for abuse of that power as delineated in the reasons for seeking emancipation from British rule. The power of the government is derived from the people in democratic societies. This power is imparted to the individuals chosen to represent all of the people. In the role of representatives of the people, it is prudent that the legislators seek to act in the best interest of the majority of the people and to do so with its input. This power should not be taken lightly, nor should it be abused. The Declaration of Independence speaks directly to the propensity of governments abusing this power and blatantly disregarding the wishes of the people. In examining the Declaration of Independence, one can clearly see the delineation of infractions a government can commit. A portion of the Declaration refers to the tyrannical actions of the monarchy in Britain at the time. It states, “Britain is a history of repeated injuries and usurpations, all having in direct object the establishment of an absolute Tyranny over these States. To prove this, let Facts be submitted to a candid world.” The facts submitted in support of the tyrannical actions include:   * The restriction of trade.   * Imposition of unfair taxes.   * Infringement on civil rights by preventing the proper trial in cases where a crime has been alleged.   * Interfering in the pursuit of happiness. Another way in which a government can abuse its power can be seen in the act of blatantly disregarding the serenity and sanctity of one’s land. This is evident in the Declaration when the writers refer to the action of the King by saying, “He is at this time transporting large Armies of foreign Mercenaries to complete the works of death, desolation and tyranny, already begun with circumstances of Cruelty & perfidy scarcely paralleled in the most barbarous ages, and totally unworthy the Head of a civilized nation.” This action proves to be extremely disruptive to the lives and livelihood of those living in the colonies. It was felt that by virtue of their geographical distance, these actions should not be undertaken. One of the most fundamental and philosophically based statements on the value of life can be seen in a statement made by Socrates. He states that “the unexamined life is not worth living.” This speaks directly to the worth of an individual’s life. In order for an individual to conceptualize their role in life, it is prudent that they examine their life. Such an examination would serve to quantify their ability to be beneficial to society. Essentially, the first step in establishing a life that proves to be of benefit to others, it is prudent that an individual first look at the elements of their life and ascertain whether it is a life of public service. Socrates held the belief that a life worth living is one that is lived for the service of others and the only way to assure that the goal of public service is met is by retrospectively examinin
Introduction Leaders may adopt different headship styles to ensure that things are done in the right way within organizations. Leadership styles include autocratic, authoritative, democratic, and strategic leadership among others. Strategic leadership provides the necessary vision and directions that will take an organization towards success. In the modern organizations, change is inevitable. While managing change, premeditated leadership provides the means of dealing with it by availing the necessary expertise, comprehension bases, and other aspects that are vital for tactical development, evaluation, and execution of organizational change plans. The Nissan Company exemplifies the role of strategic leadership in ensuring success of an organization. The company almost ran bankrupt due to lack of good strategic leadership and orientation to the changing operational environment. However, following the appointment of Carlos Ghosn as its chief operating officer in 1999, the company revived its fortunes. This paper discusses strategic leadership using the Nissan Company as a specific case example. Delegating Responsibilities, Effective Conflict Management, and Team Building The Nissan Company experienced various challenges, which threatened it to become bankrupt. Faced with this challenge, Ghosn had to ensure that he turned around the fortunes of the company. Global CEO (2005) informs that he joined the company when it was having an accrued debt of 20 billion US dollars. At this time, among 48 models of vehicles made by Nissan, only three models returned profits. Upon joining the company, he promised to consider resigning in case he failed to ensure the organization made profits. He set his mission as ensuring that the Nissan Company did not have any debt by 2005. Hence, Carlos Ghosn attempted to restore the glory of Nissan Company by ensuring that the organization managed to cover all its debts. To resolve this leadership challenge, he needed to reduce the costs of running the company. One of the ways of accomplishing this mission was by increasing the productivity of the organization by eliminating challenges that reduced the productivity of workers such as organizational work conflicts, low teamwork motivation, and the failure to delegate responsibilities. Making Nissan Company profitable was the main desired outcome. Ghosn’s effort to attain his vision and the desired outcomes was not in vain. He considered delegation of responsibilities an important way of motivating his highly experienced employees. However, he ensured that such delegation would comply with his intentions to alter the manner in which things were done in accordance with the Japanese business culture. These changes included the mechanisms of making organizational decisions based on the a system of consensus where people could develop awareness of issues that were necessary for making decisions based on their merits and demerits. He then progressed to eliminate Nennkou-Jyretu in the effort to ensure that people assu
Introduction The demanding and fast-paced business environment of modern economies has created several shifts in business working paradigms. Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) is one business paradigm that has emerged from these changes. As such, Sharma and Kiran (18) say CSR has become a growing area of interest for researchers, businesses, and practitioners (in terms of its theoretical and practical underpinnings). Although few scholars agree on the proper definition of CSR, Sharma and Kiran (18) define it as “a concept whereby companies integrate social, environmental, and health concerns in their business strategy (policy) and operations, and in their interactions with stakeholders” (18). The above definition shows that the society often has legal, economic, and ethical expectations (from companies). These expectations are more profound for multinational organisations because they have the greatest impact on the society. Consequently, people expect many multinational organisations to take part in CSR projects. For example, airline companies have increasingly come under sharp scrutiny because of their environmental impact and cross-border activities. However, such companies have responded by participating in many CSR responsibilities. Etihad Airways (6) is one such company. Founded in 2003, by a Royal Decree, the airline has become among the fastest-growing airline companies in the world. Based on its stature as a premium airline brand, Etihad Airways (6) operates as the national flag carrier of the United Arab Emirates (UAE). The airline mainly operates a fleet of more than 88 planes from Abu Dhabi (the capital of the UAE). From this place, the airline flies to more than 84 destinations around the world (spanning across the Middle East, Africa, North America, Asia, Europe, and Australia) (Etihad Airways 6). Etihad’s vision is to give quality airline services by blending the best of Asian and Western hospitality. However, the airline’s sustainability vision is “To be recognised as a sustainable airline that operates to the highest standards of safety, with integrity and transparency” (Etihad Airways 8). Etihad Airways (8) also strives to adopt new and unconventional hospitality practices. This goal is part of the airline’s commitment to introduce “freedom” to air travel by practicing the highest global standards in this respect. In line with its vision, the airline also strives to provide safe and environmentally friendly air travel to it
Introduction The VOC approach does not end at just grouping nations but also delves into the details that make up the country’s economy. For instance, VOC takes an interest in the country’s preoccupation, nationalism, dependency on capitalism, reliance on rational choice, and firm centricity (Hall and Soskice, 2001). Currently, known LMEs are countries such as the United States, the United Kingdom, Ireland, Australia, Canada, and New Zealand (Hall and Soskice, 2001). On the other hand, CMEs include countries such as Japan, Austria, Sweden, and Germany. “Hybrid” economies have Middle Eastern countries such as the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia (Thelen, 2012). In China, VOC is a tricky approach to utilize to evaluate the country’s economy. The country’s economy cannot be confidently classified as either LME or CME considering her path and position versus conventional attributes in VOC. This paper gives an in-depth evaluation that explains why the VOC approach cannot be used to confidently examine and categorize China as either an LME, CME, or mixed economy. Industrial Relations Industrial relation is a crucial economic dimension that was considered an independent field of study as early as the beginning of the twentieth century. The field deals with the relationship between the labor market and investors within a country and the dynamics that govern them. These dynamics include labor laws, work environment, the existence of trade unions, and economic opportunities (Hall and Soskice, 2001). Using Hall and Soskice’s VOC approach, a low unionization rate would indicate a liberal market economy, while a high unionization rate would indicate a coordinated market economy. China has the All-China Federation of Trade Unions (ACFTU), an organization that unionizes over three hundred Chinese workers. The ACFTU is tasked with taking care of worker’s interests and needs (Shen, 2006). At the same time, there is the All-China Federation of Industry and Commerce (ACFIC), a non-governmental department of commerce that influences industrial relations. The existing ACFTU rarely promotes the interest of Chinese workers despite being the largest union in the entire world. For instance, when workers strike with reasonable demands, the ACFTU occasionally sides with the management in a resounding manner (Chang, and Cooke, 2015). The situation is complicated. Cooke’s industrial relations survey indicated that the Chinese were convinced that ACFIC and ACFTU were designed to serve the state’s interest (Cooke, 2004). This was achievable through the state’s top-down approach to control employees. With the labor market finding itself with such state-controlled associations, private firms within the nation have found it difficult to operate. For instance, there are compelling laws that encourage ordinary workers to join state-controlled unions instead of private organizations (Cooke, 2004). In other words, the labor market is controlled by the government, and it influences huge segments of many economic sectors. To add salt to injury, attempts by private businesses to show visible representation have always been suppressed (Cooke, 2004). These p
Telehealth has been recognized as a useful tool to assist healthcare institutions, systems, and providers to increase access to healthcare and improve its quality. It is also expected to improve the monitoring, timeliness, and communication efforts within the healthcare systems. With the help of telecommunication technology and other electronic data, telehealth assists with providing clinical healthcare services remotely, including such services as patient education, administrative measures, and peer meetings. It can take several forms, such as remote patient monitoring (RPM), mobile health communication (mHealth), as well as the storage and forwarding of transmission of medical information across parties. People residing in rural areas of the US are more likely to die prematurely from the five leading causes of death, such as heart disease, stroke, chronic lower respiratory disease, cancer, and accidental injury compared to their urban counterparts. Therefore, telehealth represents an opportunity to improve the health of rural residents. In rural areas, telehealth is used as a means for delivering and assisting with the provision of healthcare services by reducing or minimizing the limitations and burdens that patients encounter, including issues with accessing transportation to get specialty care. Even though telehealth implementation has its challenges in rural areas, scholarly evidence suggests that it represents a useful tool for enhancing health care access and outcomes. According to Leath et al. (2018), who studied the effects of the telehealth EcoSystemTM Model, it was possible to increase the expansion of the healthcare system to incorporate multiple stakeholders and organizations together with the ecosystem of telehealth. By doing so, the participating entities could connect “to each other, to the regional, state, and national resources, and to the Internet at minimum costs” (Leath et al., 2018, p. 218). Therefore, web-based solutions are shown to be the most cost-effective and efficient for rural communities, according to the study. Examples of the anticipated use of telehealth include the enhanced process of coordinating medical care between healthcare providers, improved assessments of care for the initiatives of quality improvement, disease surveillance by public health agencies, increased community engagement, as well as the strengthened partnership between academics and healthcare providers. In the current COVID-19 pan
At some point, one inevitably asks him-/herself a question concerning why people came up with such a ridiculous idea as the existence of ghosts and, which is even more curious, why so many people, even adults, believe in supernatural beings. Though one’s guess might be that thinking up, supernatural beings might be an attempt to experience thrill and feel adrenalin rush though one’s veins, it still seems that the key reason is that people feel too lonely on the Earth without any other creatures, more knowledgeable and powerful. Anyway, ghosts seem to be a cross-cultural phenomenon, and the Japanese culture is no exception. In the fourth chapter “Museum of Weird: Modernity, Minzokugaku, and the Discovery of Yokai” of his book, Pandemonium and Parade: Japanese Monsters and the Culture of Yōkai , Michael Dylan Foster, predictably enough, explores the specifics, the weird nature and the manifestations in cultural heritage of such a phenomenon as yokai, offering a peculiar analysis of the Japanese culture. The chapter very correctly starts with the description of the most popular type of yokai, i.e., the tanuki. What needs to be mentioned at this point is that one of the fundamental problems is offering little to no translations of the names of the spirits. In any other culture, the given specifics would have no tangible effect on the readers’ perception of the book; yet in the Japanese culture, it is necessary to keep in mind that spirits take forms of living beings, such as animals, fish, etc. Therefore, the fact that “tanuki” is usually visualized as a raccoon seems quite essential, especially in the light of the “nature vs. nurture” conflict that Foster raises to explain the nature of
What Did both Fiat and the Participants Gain from the Open Innovation Experience? Draw up a List of Benefits for Each. It is no secret that Brazilian popular culture pays a great deal of attention to cars and their development. The majority of Brazilian people could not imagine their lives without cars and the opportunities that cars create. Therefore, an open innovation idea that came from automobile manufacturer Fiat impressed a number of people at the end of the 2010s. The head of the Fiat Brazil Style Center, Peter Fassbender, gathered the company’s best representatives in the innovation, publicity, and communication departments and offered an open innovation paradigm in which Fiat consumers were invited to share their opinions and suggestions to be considered in the creation of a new Fiat product (Saldanha & Pozzebon, 2015). Though some industry leaders believe that consumers should never think about what they want or what they can get from their companies, Fiat proved that involving customers in the creation of a new product could be rather beneficial. In fact, both Fiat and the participants of the open innovation initiative gained many benefits. Fiat and its employees received numerous benefits:   * The identification of the needs and wants of their customers;   * Brand development and expanded brand recognition;   * The ability to communicate with customers directly 24/7;   * The recognition of additional Fiat strengths and opportunities that can be used in the future to impress its consumers and stay unique in comparison to other representatives of the automobile industry   * The chance to invite more people to become Fiat customers; and   * An incentive to think about what customers actually want instead of just utilizing the company’s existing ideas. The benefits for the participants, including both existing Fiat consumers and potential customers, are as follows:   * A chance to share their opinions about the products they want to buy and use;   * A feeling of personal importance in the face of a huge corporation;   * An opportunity to think about their future and the development of their ideas;   * Constant cooperation with Fiat;   * A chance to understand personal needs and wishes in the automobile industry;   * An ability to learn how to introduce personal needs in a proper way and develop writing skills;   * The possibility to learn more about the organizational culture of Fiat, its intentions in regards to their customers, and future plans that can be implemented or used as prototypes for a particular company or the industry in general; and   * A realization that even well-known companies that have already gained recognition and respect are eager to pay more attention to ordinary people, their customers, in order to prove the quality of their work and their desire for mutual cooperation. Both parties gained a lot by using the idea of open innovation and consumer involvement. If the Fiat Mi