ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction The topic of inability by women to break the glass ceiling has ignited heated debates among scholars who seek to explain the causes of the phenomenon. Some scholars argue that the problem is the women themselves owing to the reluctance to advance their careers (Coleman 2010). On the other side, others attribute the problem to male dominance, which denies women the chance to ascend to the different leadership positions. Research on the actual causes of the ceiling is limited even though most scholars agree that male dominance in senior positions is evident in most societies. In Saudi Arabia, the problem is persistent with only a few women holding senior positions in both the public and private sectors. This paper shall make a proposal for a research aimed at uncovering the reasons why the country has been left behind in terms of women empowerment as opposed to the western countries. The paper shall explain the research methodology to be used while conducting the study. Problem statement The majority of Saudi Arabian women hold junior positions in the business sector. The persistence of the glass ceiling has not received much attention from researchers thus derailing the process of breaking it. This research shall be based on the problem of the glass ceiling that hinders women from ascending to powerful positions in Saudi Arabia. Research objectives Although women in many Western countries have managed to break the ceiling by ascending to powerful positions, women in Saudi Arabia have remained reluctant about leadership. Research about the causes of the slow pace is limited thus the need to add to the knowledge. In that regard, the objective of this research will be to unearth the setbacks faced by Saudi Arabian women in their attempts to break the ceiling. The study shall use both quantitative and qualitative methods to investigate the issue. The study shall seek to investigate whether the management approach explains the delayed breakage of the glass ceiling in Saudi Arabia. Literature Review In most developed countries, women make up 50% of the workforce (Metcalfe 2008). Additionally, a good number of female workers get into leadership positions in the contemporary workplace environments. However, in some countries, only small groups, if any, of female workers, manage to get into leadership positions. Most women serve in junior capacities in the male-dominated leadership. In developing countries, women are poorly represented in leadership positions. For many years, leadership positions have been reserved for men while women perform supportive roles. The problem is compounded by the stereotypes that exist among communities and different cultures (Ladin 2007). In most cultures, women are perceived to be minors who are entitled to perform household tasks. In the recent past, various countries in the world have come up with policies aimed at supporting women to assume the leadership position. However, such laws have faced stiff opposition from males and entrepreneurs who are unwilling to accept female leaders. According to Sadi and Al-Ghazali (2010), women leaders in the G7 c
Introduction and thesis The urban crucible is set in the urban seaport of New York, Philadelphia, and Boston between 1690- 1776. The author, Dr. Gary Nash is incensed by the lack of focus on the colonial urban centers in American history and the lack of interest or discussion of the issue of the class by the past renown historians and scholars who seem to focus much on the chronological events of the historical aspects than the events of the cities during the years of revolution. He seems to single out the work of Carl Briddenbaug, great historians, who he considers as the only one with such concept of handling past events of the cities and class. The book is taking us on the aspects of social inequalities in the urban centers during the era of revolution in American History, citing the laboring class Vs the ruling class. He states that individuals were trying to understand themselves during this period of social and political change that was just beginning to take place in all of the American cities. That these people began to notice that they occupied a special place in the society, based on their role in the pre-industrial era was one of Dr. Nash’s aspects of this book. The economic aspect is also brought about by Growth and war, and conflict and revolution, under which saw the introduction of paper currency and its influence on the economic and social structures of the said cities during those years. Politics influence society’s way of doing things. This is illustrated by the way the laboring communities are influenced to participate in street demonstrations, boycotts, and other politically charged actions to press for a change in the cultural practice (Nash 223). Discussion  1. Dr. Nash identifies the composition of the 17C towns as the laboring class and the ruling class who, economically could be referred to poor Vs the rich. To retain the already established order, the rich or the ruling class ensured that they had control of the economy and that there was stability in these towns. The social inferiors saw colonialism as the source of their suffering in a social and political aspect while the men of ‘rank’ simply saw it as a source of their economic frustrations.  2. The families of the laboring communities were congested in their areas of residence while those of the ruling class were living in leafy suburbs. The relationships were not cordial because as the poor community saw the class arrangements as the source of their problems, the richer class wanted to retain the class and status. The social order was being stressed by the works of the learned and well-educated in the society by the use of newspapers to ignore the plights of the struggling laboring communities. Lawyers used their intellectual might to reap from the rich in order to support every course they took to enrich themselves. The custom of difference was seen in the way people of different classes viewed each other. The men of ‘ran
Maren Tool as a Lucrative Market Product in Saudi Arabia Microsoft Mare is a tool that contributes to Internet communication development in the Arab world. Due to the language barriers, the lucrative market segment presents great potential, since it can be a beneficial finding for both Internet users and the developers of a product. Saudi Arabia represents the most favorable foundation for Microsoft Maren’s functioning. After the popular uprising that took place in the country in 2011, the central government imposed a number of strict regulations upon the Internet and social media content. Such intensification contributed to the decadence of the online services throughout the country (“Saudi Arabia: Prime Center of Content Blocking” par. 3). The content blocking was sustained with the help of various methods: banning, online filtering, and so on (Hofheinz 6). Today, when Saudi Arabia embraces a new political direction, Internet freedom is partially extended. According to the modern demographic estimations, the country starts following a new path, and it can turn in a global market dominator with a share of foreign citizens increasing to 35 % in 2030 (“Saudi Arabia in 2030: The Future Demographic” par. 2). Due to the future globalization of the country, Internet language barriers should be destroyed. Microsoft Maren is a tool that can bring value to the Internet users of Saudi Arabia, for it can open up a number of opportunities for the country to enter the world market. According to Lulu, Microsoft marketing gains extreme popularity in Saudi Arabia since the Maren tool is used by almost every young citizen of the country (par. 1). Therefore, the product creates the way in which the Arab market can become globalized as well as the opportunities for Microsoft development and its successful promotion. Microsoft in the Arab World Since the Internet gains crucial importance in the Arab world, Microsoft Maren becomes a revolutionary market product. Still, the tool targets the elites primarily, due to its relative expensiveness and the English-language content (Ghareeb 396). The Arabian experts emphasize the importance of Microsoft Maren for the population but mention that Microsoft still has to undertake numerous challenges: “as an Arabic startup we are flattered to see this happen but do remain to focus on innovating to better serve our users” (“Arab Crunch: Microsoft Launches Maren, a Native Windows Arabic Transliteration” par. 7). It is a primary challenge for Microsoft today to embrace a new strategy that can potentially enhance the general popularity of Microsoft Maren. First, the Windows Arabic transliteration should be improved through the introduction of clear Arabic instructions, for many citizens have trouble with the usage of the program, due to its English-language guidance. Second, the company has to launch the trial version of Microsoft Maren. The costly program offers few opportunities for the young Arabians to evaluate its advantages. Consequently, a free version of the Maren tool
Introduction The advent and proliferation of nuclear weapons distorted and changed the nature of international security. During the World Wars, nations like Germany were more aggressive and characterized by confrontations. With the end of Second World War emerged two super powers namely; The United States of America and The Socialist Soviet Republic. These two nations possessed nuclear weapons. Experts warned that the use of nuclear weapons could bring devastating effects to the globe as nuclear weapons are deemed to cause havoc over a wide range. Instead of military confrontation, the two super powers turned to ideological clash, which sparked the cold war (Gallagher 45). Cold war In the cold war, there was restrain from using weapons because of the threat on nuclear weapons, instead the two powers instigated conflicts in other parts of the world. This created tension and havoc in other parts of the world as the world was divided into two ideological canters. The first couple of years saw more political competition than military. They went at each other at the UN summits, articulating their own formulas on how the then post war world should have looked like, and the best methods for ensuring development. Later militarization became a hot issue. This is mainly after communism took over China, the Truman Doctrine and the Korean War. The spread of communism across Asia saw the US becoming more wary. When the communist North Korea invaded the capitalist Republic of Korea in the south, Truman feared that this would lead to the south being taken over, by communism. He authorized the then general in charge of Japan to offer the south support. The US forces entered the war to deter the north from conquering the south, which brought more tension and verbal threats. During the 1960s, the USSR had started to erect missiles in Cuba. Prior to this, the two super powers had signed treaties that no nation should mobilize missiles without notifying the other. The Soviet erected missiles in Cuba without the knowledge of the US. When US intelligence discovered what the Soviet had been doing, there emerged a standoff between the two nations something that is touted would have sparked World War 3 very easily. However, the Soviet withdrew the missiles from Cuba and war had been averted. Nuclear possession was the sole reason why these nations were very cautious not to enter into military confrontations and world peace had been safeguarded. Contemporary setting As noted, the fact that the two superpowers possessed nuclear weapons was one of the main reason they avoided direct confrontation during the cold war. In fact the two nations entered into treaties on nuclear non-proliferation, with nuclear weapons manufacturing being banned, limiting nuclear weapons possession to the five nations that already possessed them namely the US, Russia, Britain, France and China. In the contemporary modern world nuclear weapons and weapons of mass destruction has been discouraged. Nations that are deemed to support
The Renaissance was a defining period in the history of art, as it gave the world new genres, styles and notably liberated bohemia from the clerical influence. Donatello (Donato di Betti Bardi), the son of craftsman, whose educated consisted of the training at goldsmith’s house, became one of the prominent sculptors of the 15 th century, owing to his natural gift and willpower (Rea, p.9). He probably represents the self-made man of art, extolled and glorified by the circle of artists, sculptors and poets. Donatello dedicated the main part of his life to transforming his native Florence into the truly magnificent city and creating the atmosphere of freedom, humanity and appreciation of human excellence. Due to the fact the Renaissance was marked with the return to the natural ancient forms of representing humans, one of the most famous and antiquity—oriented works of Donatello is the statue of David. This work is known as the first free-standing statue (Hofricher, Roberts, Simon et al, p.533). Young David is an adolescent boy, holding a sword in his rights hand and stone in the left, so that it seems like he has already defeated Goliath. David’s hat and boots emphasize his sensuous nudity and the beauty of his strong and young body. Donatello’s and Cosimo Medici’s decision to use relatively expensive bronze as a material for this life-size statue can be justified, as the young man looks like a tanned human, not divine hero (god’s figures were commonly made of marble or lighter materials). As a Renaissance artwork, David is significant due to the fact it emphasizes human freedom and beauty of a common man. Since David is a free-standing statue, the figure is seen from every side. Whereas in the earlier periods, statues served as a decoration of temples and palaces and were viewed rather as a means, David can be categorized as a more “independent” sculpture. The liberation of human statues from temple walls might symbolize the separation of the secular from the clerical which took place approximately at the same time, and Donatello was first to reflect this tendency in a creative and symbolic way. Furthermore, notwithstanding the fact that David is a popular and commonly admire
The contemporary fast speed of life is largely associated with a big amount of stress experienced by people in everyday life. Stress can be defined as the brain’s response to any situation forcing the person to feel too much mental or emotional pressure (Hellhammer and Hellhammer 14). It is the way our body responds to any demand or threat. Understanding the diverse nature of the causes of the stress is crucial to the effective elimination of its effects, as these two factors heavily depend on each other. The causes of stress have various origins and are highly diverse. Though stress is strongly associated with negative events, its causes can include positive experience. The main components of stress, change and pressure, can be associated both with good and bad events and, therefore, there are both negative and positive causes of stress (Aldwin 56). A person experiences significant stress both in the situation of loss of close relative and birth of a child. Besides, stressors can be classified to those that are related to everyday events (micro-stressors), those that are connected to major life events, and those that have an ambient nature. Micro stressors include personal problems, job issues, social interaction, and other minor events happening in the life of every person on a daily basis (“Stress Management – Causes of Stress” par. 2). The causes related to major life events include marriage, graduation from college, loss of parents, etc. The ambient stressors include the external conditions that have a negative value and constitute a part of our environment, e.g. pollution or traffic jams. Severe natural disasters, such as hurricanes, and social crisis, such as wars, can be unified into a separate group of stressors (Whealin, DeCarvalho, and Vega 6; Wilson and Raphael 936). The effects of stress include both biological and psychological manifestations. The scope of effects largely depends on the causes and the nature of stress. A person attacked by a homeless dog experience a release of hormones and chemicals associated with stress, which are aimed at making the body ensure the survival. The effects of such stress are short-term and fade after the stressor is eliminated. However, a person that is going through a divorce experience a chronic stress, which has long-term negative effe
A Benefit Corporation is a new legal for-profit corporate entity that has been in operation for a long time (B Lab, 2013). Owing to the new changes in the operational nature of this company, there is an urgent need to oversee the wellbeing of the immediate environment. In other words, there is excess waste that is being generated by Benefit Corporation at the moment. The company is expected to demonstrate both social and environmental benefits besides just making a profit. The purpose of this memo is to report on suppliers’ reactions to the proposed changes in waste management. They are among the key stakeholders in the production and management of industrial waste products at Benefit Corporation. Our suppliers have reacted differently in regards to the drastic measures that Benefit Corporation wishes to take in line with effective waste management procedures. As you all understand, we obtain raw materials from our suppliers. The latter also plays an instrumental role in the services required by the Benefit Corporation. Most of the company’s logistics are handled by suppliers in the transport sector (B Lab, 2013). One of the proposed measures to be put in place in reducing the emission of harmful and enormous environmental waste is recycling of by-products and used goods that are no longer needed by consumers. This implies that suppliers of fresh raw materials will have to reduce the quantities supplied to the company. Although this might be a positive move to minimize the generation of waste materials, some of our experienced suppliers have already objected this move by arguing that close to 60% of all fresh raw materials are perishable. As a result, they may end up at a major loss due to the absence of ready markets. If the changes are implemented, it implies that Benefit Corporation will resort to heavy usage of recycled materials. Second, the logistics department has also come up with stringent measures to cut down the emission of toxic gases into the immediate environment. Hence, a limited number of transport vehicles will be utilized in the daily operations of the company. Consolidation of goods to be transported is crucial for the organisation. This will call for a significant reduction in the consumption of fossil fuels. Although some suppliers have remained silent over the proposal, some have suggested expanding their business portfolios to other firms where they can optimize service delivery and profitability. In spite of the divergent opinions from suppliers on how the company can minimize waste production, it is highly recommended for the management to seek more rational and formidable means of executing the proposal (Davidson, 2011). It is crucial to mention that any changes that may be implemented can hardly satisfy all categories of suppliers. As a company that seeks not just to make a profit, Benefit Corporation is keen to make sure that compliance with standards is maintained at all times. In any case, all the corporate decisions passed by directors and officers are safeguarded by law so that the needs of the environment, community, and employees can be fully met.
The Rig Veda is the holy book of Indian Aryans, which was written during the conquest of India. It was a time of the emergence of “forest universities,” in which the beginnings of Indian spirituality and mysticism developed (Smith, 2019). By the time Buddhism arose, all Vedic literature, including Brahmins and Upanishads, already existed. According to the theory of Brahmanism, Vedas are still considered the most important scriptures in India. Thus, this paper discusses the interaction of human and the environment in a broad sense of the word: biological, geographical, and social. Despite differences in the interpretation of features text as a whole, the data remained of the most ancient Indian religious texts allows restoring some elements of mythology and cosmology of the Vedic Indians. Initially, there was “Something One” (tad-ekam), which has a single attribute – integrity, indivisibility (Smith, 2019). The basis of being implies something impersonal, in which there is no division into existing and non-existing. Orientalist Giuseppe Tucci described it in its full vitality the complex dual nature of disintegration and reintegration: “It is, above all, a map of the cosmos. It is the whole universe in its essential plan, in its process of emanation and of re-absorption” (Singh, 2017 p.10). Hence, Rig Veda introduced the first idea of these cosmic connections, concerning the tertiary segregation of the world into “earth, atmosphere and heaven, created by three appropriate words, the sounds produced by Vac, the sacred word – “bhu, bhuvah, svah” (Tucci 1968: 116). The earthly world was also seen as a kingdom of differences arising from the division of an original whole into two parts; the existing-non-existing, death-immortality, day – night. Then an idea is formed of a particular “abstract deity” who creates all that exists; he is called differently (Visvakarman, Prajapati) (Smith, 2019). It is devoid of any attributes or anthropomorphic features and is formless, not having a visible appearance, foundation that underlies all things (Halbfass, 2017). Deities create elements and ideas combining male and female principles from which the world is born. At the same time, the mystery of an appearing world remains unsolved. In one of the hymns to convey a sense of uncertainty and doubt, the image of a particular universal “overseer” (Adhyaksha, demiurge) is drawn (Rig Veda 10:129). Endowed with a higher vision, examining cosmic panorama, the Adhyaksha could answer all questions posed in the hymns. This god represents the initial source of creation of the world and he knows how everything began. However, there is a mystery behind this creation of the world since Adhyaksha is the one who can know but also might not know. There is a common belief of Hindus about the sacred tree called Ashvatha in Vedic literature, the pipal. It serves as the combination of thre