ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Despite the fact that the professions of a barrister and an attorney have always been considered separate ones, there is a certain tendency in the modern UK policy to make these professions merge into one. The result of the change might be dramatic, and modern political scientists and layers are debating on the reasonability of such a step. Taking into consideration the established structure of the legal profession in the United Kingdom, these debates have all the grounds to be held, for the problem is rather controversial. Such is the structure of the legal profession that an attorney and a barrister have their own sphere of business, and they are concerned with absolutely different matters. Thus, an attorney is a person that is supposed to consult people on certain questions concerning the law, its peculiarities as for the given situation. The conflicts he solves, if these could be called conflicts, are the ones that do not conflict with the laws established. An attorney is a consultant on the questions of the civil case. The process starts by placing a document in the hands of the client so that they can in a way create their own customized legal documents using templates provided by the attorney, law firm, or outside vendor. (Council of Europe 46). This indicates that an attorney is someone who deals with the paperwork most and supports , he clients not in the court, but provides the necessary documents for them, giving consultations and providing help in solving the problems before they get to the court. It is quite different with the barrister, who presents the case in the court and helps his clients, the people accused, to escape the unjust and unfair punishment that has been imposed on them by mistake. Although, as Mitchel states, The traditional position is that a solicitor selects – or briefs – a barrister for his or her client, who will appear on behalf of the client in the courts. Barristers also carry out non-advocatory work as they advise solicitors on legal points, although a lot of their time is actually spent in a court (187), a barrister mostly deals with the court cases. Dealing with the paperwork is something that barrister seldom come to do. It is a common tradition to separate the legal work on defending an accused in these two ways. Although the job of a barrister and the one of an attorney can collide at times, providing them with the common area to fulfill their duties in, as a rule, they act separately. It has been recently suggested that these two professions should be fused into a single one, allowing the advocate both to give consultations and get busy with the paper work, and defend the cases in the court as well. This might sound reasonable, for it is often that the customer needs the barrister and the attorney in one. A person who has provided one with legal advice can also present the case in court, especially if the
An ostensibly minor statement in the global economy and society, the work of a designer, nevertheless, adds to the overall perception of a specific problem, and my own works are not an exception. The process of creation involves the use of symbols that are related to particular themes and, therefore, allow for specific opinions to take the center stage in the social and ethical development of the humankind. Because of an active search for the non-trivial solutions of standard tasks and the avoidance of any stereotypes traditionally used in design, my work can be viewed as contributing to the subversion of traditional gender and ethnic clichés; however, mere avoidance of stereotypes may be not enough to subvert these clichés, whereas their use in a non-stereotypical context may. The first and the most characteristic feature of the specimens of my design deserving to be mentioned concerns the use of gender stereotypes. Seeing that the current representation of gender in marketing and design is rather narrow and aimed at exploiting the image of shallow people with little to no personality outside of their sexually appealing look, the incorporation of well thought out characters seems a reasonable step forward in making the design less banal. As the gender issues reflected in design shape the lives of teenagers and young people to a considerable extent, it can be assumed that my design is a minor improvement in the “globalized inventiveness” (Berman 16). Another essential effect of my design concerns the enhancement of environmental issues significance. While the issues concerning saving the earth and recycling have become teeth-grindingly boring, I have come up with the ways of making the moral-less obnoxious and the negative consequences more explicit. It can be assumed that the people that will see my works will eventually adopt the sustainability views, thus, makin
In modern nursing practice, there are many valid models and theories according to which care and professional relationships between the medical staff and patients are developed. Each approach has its unique features, as well as strong and weak sides. The choice of the Neuman systems model for analysis is explained by two major reasons: holistically centered care for patients and the recognition of health promotion conditions. According to McEwen and Wills (2019), Neuman used several disciplines to develop her theory, including stress theory by Selye, general systems theory by Lazlo and von Bertalanffy, and wholeness in systems by Chardin and Cornu. The systems method in nursing offered by Neuman is a unique opportunity to study the connection between personal needs and stressors in the environment. Personal Philosophy and Neuman Theory As well as Neuman, I consider the importance of care as a whole process where internal and external factors are recognized. In the majority of cases, patients ask for help when they experience some particular problems (e.g., headaches, hypertension, strokes, or urinary tract infections). They mention their complaints, take several tests, and are diagnosed according to the standards of health care. However, I believe that nursing care is not only about treatment and dealing with a disease. It covers a variety of living factors, and Neuman made an excellent attempt to combine all of them through the prism of stress and its effects on human health. I agree with this theorist that care should be flexible, and the interrelation between psychological, sociocultural, developmental, and other structures defines the patient and his or her needs. Surprised Parts After watching a video, it was interesting to admit that the creation of the theory was closely related to Neuman’s life and her nursing practice. Neuman was the daughter of a farmer and a midwife, and the necessity to take care of the people around turned out to be a critical part of her life. On the one hand, there was her mother, who demonstrated the power of commitment to her job and patients in need. On the other hand, her father died young (at the age of 36) because of sickness that required additional care and support. Neuman gave everything to her father to help him and stay compassionate. I was deeply surprised that personal challenges and losses did not scare a future theorist but encourage her to think about new ways to improve care and nurse-patient communication. Recommendations The chosen video about Neuman and her systems model can be recommended to other students who want to strengthen their understanding of the essence of nursing. In her approach, it is hard to concentrate on one point of the discussion. Nursing care does not have limits in its development, and such a wellness-illness continuum determines the level of professionalism that has to be inherent to all the medical workers. Neuman was the creator of a new way of thinking about nur
Single parenthood is a growing phenomenon in the contemporary society. It refers to scenario where a lone parent sustains the life of a child exclusive of material support of the other biological parent. It occurs due to option like divorce, adoption or through naturally non-projected occurrences like death, child neglect, among others (Armstrong, 2007). The 2009 US census report reveals that there are about 13.7 million single parents. The exigent assignment is how they balance their family as well as employment demands. Grall further asserts that this group of parents is responsible for sustaining the wellbeing of over 21.8 million kids in the country. Single parents have to work to raise children, as well as cater for their individual needs. This means tireless work for this cluster in the society. Whether single through choice or any other means, these parents experience similar confrontations. Appropriate balancing between the two issues requires adequate discussion between the employers and the parents in matters pertaining to their availability and the workload (Grall, 2009). According to the demography, it is notable that mothers form the majority of single parents, 82.6% while fathers take the rest. The engagement level of single parents in the public sector has amplified in the recent past. Full time assignment has risen from 45% to 53% amid the period starting 1993 to 1999. Furthermore, Timothy Grall found that more than a quarter of single parents are in labor force, but 18.7% were not working in 2007. It is imperative to affirm that the proportion of the employed single fathers supersedes solo mothers. This is factual since mothers exceed fathers in numbers. Moreover, mothers are so anxious regarding their children, as opposed to single fathers. This determines the poverty levels of these parents. In 2007, approximately ¼ of solo parents had their income beneath the poverty line (Grall, 2009). The catalyst indicates that the information on single parents has changed in the recent past. According to the US survey of 2010, there lived about 9.924 million solo mothers sustaining children below 18 years old. This accounted for 84.9% of these parents, of which 65.4% were under employment. Accordingly, 2.243 million single mother parent families were caring for children under 3 years. It is remarkable that 53.4% of these mothers were engaged. Conversely, there were 1.278 million single fathers sustaining the lives of children under 18 years, and 72.5% of them were under employment. The report further indicates that 207,000 solo fathers were taking care of kids below three years and 70.6% of these parents were under employment (Catalyst, 2011). This shows that there are many single fathers under employment as opposed to mothers of the same status. Fu
Introduction Electronic waste refers to carelessly discarded, excess, or out of order electronic devices. This definition is vague and there is still debate as to whether items such as broken fridges and other household appliances should be included under e-wastes. However, the widely accepted definition includes wastes arising from computers, old electronic devices such as phones (both fixed and mobile) and entertainment gadgets, television sets, computer monitors, refrigerators, and other electronic communication devices. Poor disposal of e-wastes poses several risks to human health and environmental quality as they contain noxious metallic elements known to cause serious health complications such as lead, cadmium, mercury, and beryllium. When the wastes are buried in landfills, toxic constituents can infiltrate into water systems and the soil, and finally reach our bodies. Should we sacrifice ourselves for the sake of technology? There has been a growing call for industry players to effect proper disposal of e-wastes, or to find alternative uses of the wastes, such as recycling and separating the components of the electronic devices for use in various industrial processes. Why I chose this Topic Because I wanted to inform readers of remedies to poor disposal of e-wastes such as recycling, consumer awareness efforts and adopting safe manufacturing techniques. Recycling is the best approach to tackling threats arising from e-wastes owing to several advantages. Because I wanted to emphasize on the benefits that we can get by recycling electronic devices rather than discarding them haphazardly. This method entails using the old items for other purposes instead of discarding them. Because I wanted to highlight the severe health complications that arise from poor disposal of e-wastes, the complications include chronic damage to the nervous system, renal dysfunction, lung cancer, kidney and liver damage and even brain damage. E-waste Why are we not aware of the dangers of disposing electronic wastes and keep insisting that these wastes have no use at all? Of late, the issue of electronic waste (e-waste) disposal has become a controversial issue all over the world owing to the widespread use and electronic technologies such as computers, television and CRTs (Morgan, para. 1). The rate at which people use and discard electronic devices is alarming, shockingly, few people have knowledge of how the devices we use regularly can be harmful once they become obsolete. When shall we all wake up to the reality of poor disposal of e-wastes? Should we wait until all of our water systems and soil are contaminated with heavy metals so that we can take action? Sadly, it will be too late and time for action is now. Today, every home uses at least one electronic device and the television, computer and mobile phones are the most common. With increasing ease of access or ownership of
Case Summary Case name: Gilbert v. Homar , 520 U.S. 924 (1997). The discussed case was initiated by Richard J. Homar, a former police officer who, while still holding this position, was charged with a drug felony, causing his employer, East Stroudsburg University (ESU), to suspend the man without pay. The main issue stated by the respondent is the violation of the due process, which usually contains a predetermination hearing that would allow the man to tell his side of the story and timely notice before suspension coming into effect. Homar filed a suit under the civil action for deprivation of rights against ESU petitioners and claimed that their failure to notify him and allow him to tell his story violated the process of suspension. Before the incident, Homar was employed at the university as a police officer. ESU is a part of Pennsylvania’s State System of Education ( Gilbert v. Homar , 1997). On August 26, Homar was arrested by the state police and charged with drug possession and a conspiracy to violate the controlled substance law. Upon being informed about Homar’s arrest, ESU officials decided to suspend the respondent without notice. Homar received a letter about his suspension a day after it has started. It remained in effect after the official investigation dismissed the respondent’s charges, and Homar was able to present his story on September 18. However, the information shared with the officials did not allow him to defend himself adequately. As a result, Homar was demoted and subjected to receiving back pay for the period of suspension. Notably, the court discussed the definition of a predetermination hearing, stating that its primary purpose is to establish a reason for a suspension. The case explores the issue of whether the state violates the due process stated in the Fourteenth Amendment if it fails to provide a predetermination hearing and a timely notice to a public employee before suspending him/her without pay. Here, the rule of law is the Due Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment, which states that government officials cannot deprive individuals of life, property, or freedoms without any legally confirmed authorization. Based on the given facts, the court noted that the respondent’s occupation significantly impacted the overall state of public trusting and respecting police officers. Therefore, if the ESU officials did not react to the accusations in time, the reputation of the state’s officials could have been damaged. Thus, a predetermination hearing was unnecessary as the police have already charged Homar. Moreover, the court concluded that the time during which Homar was suspended was not long, and the pay was provided to him after the suspension was lifted. Thus, his claims of being de
Introduction Obesity is a health condition that results from accumulation of fat in the body that has adverse effects on health of victims. It is caused by excessive intake of high-energy foods, genetic makeup of individuals, and lack of adequate physical exercise (Wolin 34). It reduces life expectancy and predisposes individuals to other health problems such as type 2 diabetes, osteoarthritis, and certain types of cancer (Wolin 35). Individuals with obesity are more prone to diseases than individuals without obesity are. In olden days, obesity was associated with wealthy people. However, the situation has changed. Research suggests that poor people are more likely to be obese than rich people. Discussion One of the reasons why poor people are more prone to obesity than rich people is because of poor diet. A major cause of obesity is excess intake of high-energy foods (Smith 44). Many parents from poor households cannot afford healthy meals for their families. For example, they buy processed foods for breakfast and dinner. In contrast, rich people take time to prepare meals that are balanced in nutritive content. Fast foods and processed foods are usually rich in fat that is a predisposing factor to obesity (Pena and Bacalloa 51). Since fast foods are cheap and readymade, parents prefer them without considering their health implications Poor people have little or no access to health facilities such as gyms for workouts (Pena and Bacalloa 53). Rich people can afford to subscribe to health facilities for regular workouts. On the contrary, poor people rely on physical activities such as walking and running for exercise. However, with frequent intake of foods rich in high fat content, ordinary physical activities are not sufficient. On the other hand, parents from poor families do not play active roles in the lives of their children (Smith 47). They allow children do things on their own. As such, children eat junk foods because it is sugary and sweet. Many parents from rich families play active roles in the lives of their children. They ensure that their children eat healthy foods, and take them to the doctor for regular medical checkups (Levine 2667). In addition, poor people do not get time for exercise because at the end of the day, they are very tired from working. Many poor people work in manual jobs that are very tiresome and that pay small wages. Their little income denies them access to farmers markets that sell healthy foods (Levine 2667). Poor people prefer high-calorie foods because they keep them satisfied for longer. This helps them tackle hard times when they
Eating disorder as a severe health condition that can be manifested in many different ways may tackle a person of any age, gender, and socio-cultural background. However, adolescents, especially when it comes to female teenagers, are considered to be the most vulnerable in terms of developing this condition (Izydorczyk & Sitnik-Warchulska, 2018). According to the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry (AACAP, 2018), 10 in 100 young women struggle with an eating disorder. Thus, the purpose of the present paper is to dwell on the specifics of external factors causing the disorder as well as the ways to deal with this issue. To begin with, it is necessary to define which diseases are meant under the notion of an eating disorder. Generally, eating disorders encompass such conditions as anorexia nervosa, bulimia, binge eating, and avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder (ARFID) (AACAP, 2018). Although these conditions have different manifestations in the context of eating patterns, all of them affect teenager’s nutrition patterns and average weight. According to the researchers, there exist common external stressors that lead to an eating disorder, such as:   * Socio-cultural appearance standards. For the most part, modern culture and mass media promote certain body images as a generally accepted ideal, which causes many teenage girls to doubt their appearance and follow the mass trends.   * Biological factors. Some teenagers might have a genetic predisposition for certain disorders if anyone in the family struggled with the disease at some point in the past.   * Emotional factors. Children, who are at risk of being affected by such mental disorders as anxiety and depression, are likely to disrupt their nutrition patterns.   * Peer pressure. Similar to socio-cultural standards, peer pressure dictates certain criteria for the teenagers’ body image, eventually impacting their perception of food and nutrition (Izydorczyk & Sitnik-Warchulska, 2018). With such a variety of potential stressors, it is imperative for both medical professionals and caregivers to pay close attention to the teenager’s eating habits. Thus, in order to assess the issue, any medical screening should include weight and height measurements. In such a way, medical professionals are able to define any discrepancies in the measurements over time and bring this issue up with a patient. When working with adolescents, it is of paramount importance to establish a trusting relationship with a patient, as teenagers are extremely vulnerable at this age. After identifying any issue related to weight and body image, nurses and physicians need to ask the patient whether they have any problems with eating. In case they are not willing to talk on the matter, it is necessary to emphasize that their response will not be shared with caregivers unless they want it. It is also necessary to ask questions regarding the child’s relationship with peers carefully, as they may easily become an emotional trigger. In order to avoid such co