ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Abstract China and United States are among the largest nations on earth. China is a country found in Asia just along the Pacific Ocean and is the third largest country in the globe. Moreover, it is the most populated country in the world with over 1.3 billion people. Her land size is 3,705,407 square miles. On the other hand, United States is a country found in the Western, Northern and Eastern hemisphere. It is slightly bigger than China with land size of 3,794,100 square miles. Additionally, it has a population of 307 million people. Despite their geographic positions, the two countries are major trade partners. Undoubtedly, international trade plays an important role in uplifting the economic standards of countries. Different countries collaborate to create markets for the exchange of goods and services. For example, trade relationship between China and the United States of America dates back to the early days of America’s Independence. In fact, after the Second World War, China became the leading trading partner of the United States. However, upon the foundation of the Republic of China in 1949, trading activities between the two nations has had troubles. This study examines the trade links between these two countries. Additionally, the study involves the review of trade policies, treaties, and even sanctions that enhance trade. This study reveals that, since then, trade sanctions have remained part of the US-China economic and business relations. However, the sanctions have assumed different forms on dissimilar levels of sternness and times (Louis and Bull 127). Introduction The United States imposed selective controls of trade with China immediately after the communist forces won
Executive Summary McDonald’s is one of the leading fast food brands worldwide. The first McDonald’s restaurant was opened in 1955 in Illinois, USA. The restaurant has since grown and expanded its operations to more than 119 countries in the world. The number of outlets has also grown to more than 31,000 serving an estimated 47 million customers (Yang et al. 2010). McDonald’s serves a variety of fast food cuisines such as hamburger, chicken products, French fries, cream deserts and coffee, just to name but a few (Rtel and Härtel 2012, p.6). The company is today viewed as a symbol of globalization, as well as the American way of life. Introduction McDonald’s is the first ever first food restaurant whose origin dates back to 1955. The restaurant has since emerged as the restaurant of choice among many customers going by its presence in many countries and the number of customers it serves. However, the success of the restaurant has mainly been attributed to its best operation practices and supply chain management, which has given it a competitive edge over its rivals in the industry. This paper seeks to explore ways in which McDonald’s operations and supply chain management has given it an edge over its competitors. To begin with, McDonald’s is a restaurant synonymous with famous hamburgers and other cuisines such as chicken McNuggest, Egg McMuffin, Quarter Pounder, Big Mac, French Fries and the recently introduced McCafe coffee (Boyer and Verma 2009, p.507). Despite the fact that other restaurants have also come up that serves similar cuisines, McDonald’s has since remained the most preferred restaurant of choice for many. This is because its food and drinks and prepared based on quality and value for money. In this regard, the company has always ensured that its food meet the quality standards expected by customers. McDonald’s has b
‘Size 6: The Western Women’s Harem’ forms part of the Moroccan feminist Fatema Mernissi’s works, published in 2001. Size 6 is a sarcastic article Fatema employs in explaining how she wanted to purchase a size 6 skirt from a U.S saleslady, contrary to the veils their culture restricts. It does not fit her, though she knows what their Muslim men cannot allow them to wear such skirts. Fatema’s childhood is not as she wishes it be because she grows enclosed in a Harem where she hardly gets a chance to even walk outside the house. She can only get out of the place once a week to the bathrooms, escorted and covered not to be seen by other people. In her article, Fatema wants to show how the mid-East and Western cultures perceive the beauty of women. She wants to depict the difference between the appearance of a beautiful woman in her culture’s point of view and that the western. The writer is a Muslim woman in a veil, as accepted by their beliefs, but is demanding to purchase a skirt from a girl who holds a different culture, that size is a factor worth considering when a woman is buying a garment. Following their conversation, it stands out that the two differ when the saleslady unfolds the reason behind size 6 as on women in jobs. The writer realizes that it can be more of trouble wearing the skirt compared to her veil. It becomes clear that western men demand that their women should wear particular sizes of clothes to appear beautiful before their eyes, a case that makes them secure higher job positions, not based on performance or experience, but dressing. They also differ when it comes to the issue of women weight and diet. It is not a matter to the Muslim women as it is to those from the west. The origin, intention, and the impact of dressing mode, as portrayed by women, form the major purpose behind Mernissi’s article. She wants the reader to know the significance of the dressing style used by the present women. Although it’s now everywhere, it was started by the western people. It is their culture that women ought to dress in a particular manner to please their men. It has been imitated by many non-U.S. people, both married and unmarried. She wants to show how dressing can turn out as a disaster, a case that is evident today. It is the style that prostates have acquired to capture the attention of men into sexual affairs. On the other hand, she purposes to show how women can also avoid this. She illustrates the Muslim culture as conserv
The most ground-breaking public health achievements In the course of this class, we had the opportunity to know what challenges were now interfering with the public health system in the US without letting people obtain proper care. Over the last decades, some revolutionary innovations were introduced to save millions of human lives. Some of the most ground-breaking public health achievements concern immunization, workplace safety, control over communicative diseases, and reduction of licit drug use (CDC, 2017). Although major positive changes have been made over the century, public health is a sphere that constantly requires new achievements to secure human lives across the globe. The system of public health communication In the year 2117, I see a series of revolutionary modifications introduced to the sphere. First of all, I would like to see an improved system of public health communication with residents, as today, the world is still struggling with stigma and unawareness. People who live with HIV/AIDS or various mental disorders are perceived by society as outsiders due to the impressive number of ignorant people who know nothing about the issue. Hence, the aspect of preventative care will have decreased both discrimination and the rate of spreading infectious diseases by more than 50%. The necessity of immunization Another important issue is the necessity of immunization, which is still unresolved nowadays. CDC provides people with a list of vaccinations, indicating that they are essential for one’s safety but are not predetermined by law (CDC, 2016). According to my assumptions, all the vaccines that can prevent humanity from diseases that emerged centuries ago are to be required by the government on the level of civic duty. The war on drugs Finally, the war on drugs, taking place today, is acting quite passively about what is happening in the world. The opioid epidemic, along with possession and abuse of illicit substances, cannot be combated by the prison sentence, as prisons are now one of the most dangerous environments in terms of drug dependence. By the year 2117, the issue of illicit drug abuse will be dealt with with the help of qualified help and raising social awareness rather than by punishment.
Introduction For a long period of time, human life has been defined by the lifestyles people live and ownership of property. Most people are recognized in the society because of who they are in terms of occupation and daily activities. The desire to advance in our careers has significantly grown, with most people preferring to do everything it might take them to attain a certain status in life (Curry 1). In other words, what we do is directly linked to who we are, our satisfaction, and the desire to excel. All these elements are based on work and what a person does on a daily basis. While there are several perspectives on work, people work for various reasons. Work For instance, some people take work as the only way of keeping themselves busy in life. In other words, life would be quite boring and unbearable for such individuals. In essence, people who “love” work consider it as a choice, which makes the life complete. Besides being a choice, work also allows people to earn a living through monetary payment. In most cases, people are paid for their work unless they are engaged in voluntary activities (Curry 1). In the present day society, every leader is concerned with creating more job opportunities to allow more people to work. Similarly, ways of creating more working hours have been adopted to increase the output of individuals and firms in most parts of the world. Another element, which is tied to work is success. Most people have been carried away by the notion that one can only be successful as a result of work. This is however true or false based on one’s definition of success. With changing societal values, the definition of success has also changed, and includes certain elements like happiness, satisfaction, and love (Loth 335). Working allows a person to become famous and to connect with other people. While work can be viewed from a positive perspective, other schools of thought have opposing ideas based on its impact. It is doubtless that the world has significantly changed, either positively or negatively as a result of work. Due to advancement in technology and industrialization, companies experience better performance with reduced expenditure (WebProNews Staff 1). Additionally, employees enjoy working, because of efficient systems, which simplify tasks. This is however attributed to long working hours, a trend that dominates most workplaces. As a result of wireless devices like computers and smartphones, people are able to extend their working hours at home or somewhere else outside the office. With the massive use of the internet, it is possible to monitor employees while at home or assign tasks and evaluate performance while you are on vacation. Although extended working hours increase productivity and may keep people busy when they are away from office, it is important to highlight some of the negative effects, which come with this culture. For instance, people who are addicted to work get detached from other aspects of life. Instead of developing stronger relationships with family
There is hardly a single place where the word ‘immigrant’ is associated with anything positive or at least neutral; becoming a modern equivalent of a curse, immigration remains a double-sided sword, for some of its aspects are just as painful for the country of immigration as they are for the immigrants themselves. However, despite the numerous obstacles standing in the way of immigrants on their crusade of settling in a new country and getting used to its laws and traditions, there is still a way for both immigrants and the residents of the country of immigration to find a common language and reconcile. One of the most famous examples of a more or less successful implementation of the above-mentioned idea, Los Angeles is packed with the diasporas representing national minorities. Even though the path to mutual understanding and the development of the diasporas in question has not always been smooth and easy, Los Angeles minorities have managed both to grow economically, politically and culturally and at the same time not to lose touch with their national traditions and customs. The first national minority to talk about are the Chinese, who seem to have become an integral part of Los Angeles culture, with Chinatown in the middle of the city and all sorts of the elements of Chinese culture, starting from Chinese restaurants up to the Chinese lanterns on holida
Charles Lutwidge Dodgson was born on 27 January 1832 in Daresbury, England. Apart from being a mathematician, he was also a very well known writer. He wrote under the name of “Lewis Carroll”. He was most popular among the children, since he used to write only for children. Charles Lutwidge was the eldest son in the family. He had two elder sisters, Fanny and Elizabeth. The family was not so well off, still they managed to survive and provide the basic amenities to their children. Charles’ father was a vicar by profession. Charles was very much influenced by his father, since he grew up having a special inclination towards mathematics and then also reading religious books, since his family was strictly Catholic. He went to a boarding school where he went through one of the most difficult and unhappy phases of his life. He quoted- “ During my stay I made I suppose some progress in learning of various kinds, but none of it was done with love, and I spent an incalculable time in writing out impositions – this last I consider one of the chief faults of Rugby School. I made some friends there… but I cannot say that I look back upon my life at a Public School with any sensations of pleasure, or that any earthly considerations would induce me to go through my three years again.” (M N Cohen, Lewis Carroll: A biography). All this seemed to him as a personal disaster. He was a shy, sensitive boy and was often bullied by other boys in his school. He also had a stammering problem. During that time, his mother passed away, which added to the agonies of his life. Despite all this, Charles received various prizes for his outstanding performance in academics. Among all this, mathematics was his favorite field. He greatly excelled in it. In 1852, Dodgson received a third class degree in classics but he topped mathematics. He also taught at Christ Church College until 1881. Charles’ favorite hobby was photography. He had developed a strong liking to it and had also excelled in it too. Apart from all this, he had a great affection towards small children. He liked spending time with them and photographing them. He picked this hobby from his uncle Skeffington Lutwidge, and later his friend from the Oxford University Reginald Southey. In the year 1865, Dodgson published his first storybook for children titled- Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland. The author Henry Kingsley encouraged Dodgson to publish his stories, after which Dodgson did so. In 1872, he further published another book for
Throughout the course of known history, it has always been the case that the implementation of various innovations in particular country’s socio-political, cultural and scientific life, would initially be met with a fierce resistance, on the part of self-proclaimed ‘guardians of tradition’. Nevertheless, it had always proven to be only the matter of very short time, before such resistance would be subdued. In this paper, we will aim to substantiate the validity of an earlier statement, by reflecting upon the specifics of how Peter the Great went about modernizing Russia through 1689-1725. Within the matter of few years, after having ascended to Russia’s throne in 1689, Peter had made it clear to Russian boyars (nobles) and to Orthodox Church’s clergymen that struggling with Russia’s social and cultural backwardness represented his life’s foremost priority. And, Peter’s activities throughout his early tsardom, leave few doubts as to the fact that it was namely the undisputed dominance of Orthodox Church in country’s socio-political life, which he perceived as the actual root of Russia’s backwardness. For example, in 1692, Peter parodied the functioning of Orthodox Church by establishing a so-called ‘ Vseshuteishyi, Vsepyaneishyi I Sumasbrodneishyi Sobor ’ (Most Drunken Council of Fools and Jesters) – a carnivalesque mockery of Church’s High Council, which was perceived by Peter’s contemporaries as the clear proof of his sinful-mindedness. Yet, as many historical studies on the subject matter indicate, there was nothing new about drunken orgies that occurred in times of Peter Sobor’s gatherings – these orgies used to be an essential part of Orthodox clergymen’s lives, just as it was the case with their Catholic counterparts. 1 By establishing his Synod of Fools and Jesters, Peter simply exposed Church’s dirty laundry – hence, contributing to the establishment of initial preconditions for Russia’s rapid transformation from essentially a barbaric little
Human beings are being guided by their brain and nervous system as they interact with other species in their environment. There are some exceptional characteristics that allow the nervous system to direct human behavior: complexity, integration, adaptability, and electrochemical transmission. The brain’s complexity helps a person carry out a number of tasks—breathing seeing, moving—simultaneously. This is with the aid of billions of nerve cells participating. The brain also integrates a large amount of information gathered by the sense organs. Also, the brain and the nervous system together serve as an agent for human being’s adaptation to the constantly changing world. Lastly, the nervous system and the brain function essentially as an ultimate information processing system, which is powered by electrical impulses and chemical messengers (Santrock, 2003). The brain is divided into four divisions: The hindbrain, which is located at the rear of the skull, the midbrain which is located between the hindbrain and the forebrain (a region where many nerve-fiber systems rise and fall in order to connect the higher and the lower portion of the brain), the forebrain, which is the highest level of the brain, and the spinal cord, which can be found at the spinal column (Santrock, 2003). The forebrain may be considered as the most important and the most studied division of the brain. Most human experiences would not be possible without the forebrain. It contains the limbic system (amygdala, hippocampus), which is responsible for both memory and emotion; the thalamus , which is a very important organizer and sender of information; the basal ganglia which function as a coordinator of voluntary movements, and the hypothalamus , which monitors pleasurable activities such as eating, drinking, and sex. The forebrain also includes the cerebral cortex. Which functions for the highest mental activities such as thinking, analyzing, and planning (Santrock, 2003). Most studies that were conducted by psychologists focus on specific parts of the forebrain and how they may be accounted for certain behaviors or how interventions may be conducted in these areas to improve existing behaviors. One study done by Bucci and Chess (2005) showed that the regulation of the changes in attentional processing of a conditioned stimulus involves specific parts of the f
Introduction The Aztec Empire was formed through the unification of three city states. These city states had the power to govern, and control the empire. They were also in charge of Mexico Valley. “This coalition was composed of Tenochtitlan , Texcoco , and Tlacopan , and they were commonly known as the Nuhua city states” [1] . Tenochtitlan acted as the capital of Aztec. It was from this city that the Aztec civilization flourished, and managed to control other Mexican tribes. “Within the alliance, Tenochtitlan became dominant among the other partners in the alliance” [2] . Therefore, the ruling class in the Aztec Empire used Tenochtitlan as the main point of operation, and the other cities adopted subsidiary roles. The empire was managed this way until 1520, when the Spanish arrived. The alliance expanded its frontiers through a series of military expeditions on their neighboring territories. The alliance also annexed a big portion of Mexico territory, and other distant territories. The Aztec rule was conducted indirectly, and it was also hegemonic in nature. In this case, the Aztec rulers governed their conquered territories through the native rulers that were in charge of those territories before they annexed them. The Aztec empire practiced its hegemony through annual taxation of its colonies. Besides this, their territories also reinforced them through military support whenever they engaged in any serious battle. The Journey to Tenochtitlan Cortés was a popular magistrate in Cuba, and he mostly served in Santiago. In 519, Cortés together with an army explored Vera Cruz in Mexico. “Velazquez called for Cortés to lead an expedition into Mexico after reports from a few previous expeditions to Yucatán caught the interest of the Spanish in Cuba” [3] . However, Velazquez soon invalidated Cortés authority to lead the mission. After that, he instructed Narvaez who was accompanied by soldiers to go and monitor Cortés activities. Consequently, Cortés did not have power to accomplish his plans and this humiliated him. As Cortés advanced into the interior, he encountered many tribes that detested Aztec governance. Cortés had conflicts with some communities that he encountered, and they also overwhelmed his army. His army was quite ineffective, but he continued advancing to Tenochtitlan. In November 1519, Cortés got close to Tenochtitlan city, but he organized his army before moving into Tenochtitlan city. He clustered his troops into various units that were comprised of foot soldiers and horsemen. When Cortés finally arrived at Tenochtitlan city, he moved in through the causeway, covered with flowers, which was believed to be mainly used by the god Quetzalcoatl. Montezuma cordially welcomed him to the city. “Moctezuma was later taken hostage as a safety measure by the vastly ou