ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction There has been an ongoing debate regarding the real forces that determine our happiness. Indeed, psychologists have struggled in an effort to gauge happiness and identify strategies that can be used to increase individual happiness levels. However, these research efforts have not been successful in coming up with a conclusive explanation for the actual determinants of happiness. The main debate revolves around the classic “nature versus nurture” debate that concerns the relative importance of a person’s inherent traits (nature) against personal experiences (nurture) in determining or causing personal disparities in the levels of happiness. While some psychologists support nature as the more significant factor that contributes to individual happiness, others insist that nurture is more significant. Behavioral studies show that both nature and nature contribute to our happiness. Studies on this topic are still underway with researchers and theorists from both sides passionately defending their argument as the prevailing one. The Nature vs. Nurture Debate To explore the nature vs. nurture debate in relation to individual happiness, we have to define what constitutes happiness. The Open University defines happiness as “a positive feeling covering a range of emotions from joy to contentment” while unhappiness is defined as “a negative feeling associated with a range of feelings from sadness to depression” (The Open University, 5). Furthermore, whenever we are happy, we want to the feeling to persist but when we are unhappy, we want the feeling to end. Happiness and unhappiness feelings cannot be said to be mutually exclusive since we sometimes have both emotions at the same time. The quest for happiness is a universal phenomenon. A significant proportion of persons when asked what they wanted most in life, mentioned happiness as one of the things they wanted. While every person would like to have happiness in their lives, researchers are divided on how to achieve this happiness (The Open University, 125). There are those who say that happiness is caused by life events experiences (nurture) such as happy relationships, social influences, social status, employment (Layard, 3), achievement of goals and so on, however, others assert insist on the genetic makeup of individuals. The latter has been criticized for its heavy dependence on social construct. For instance, it can erroneously lead to the conclusion that a certain genetic makeup is superior to others in determining one’s capacity for happiness. Nurture as a source of Happiness Contrary to the belief that nature determines a person’s sustainable happiness is a counter-argument that happiness changes throughout a person’s life due to life events and experiences. Therefore, we can conclude that nurture plays a more significant role in determining a person’s happiness. Life events include happy relationships with spouses, peers, and other persons, the national, geographical, cultural region in which one resides as well as demographic elements, personal history and life status variables such as social influences, social stat
Introduction In the contemporary business world, it is prudent for management teams of companies to adopt effective approaches to making decisions, which would culminate in improved performance outcomes. Effective strategies would also help business establishments to maintain their existence in both local and foreign markets. It is apparent that GM Motors recorded better sales in China, a relatively new market, in 2009 than in the US, which could be termed as an old market. It is notable that sales of motor vehicles in the Chinese market grew by 46%, while sales in the US remained almost stagnant (Bloomberg 2010a). It is no doubt that the management of GM Motors needs to adopt a new organisational design that would help it to take advantage of shifting trends in the global auto market (Bloomberg 2010b). This paper discusses the best approach that would be utilised for GM’s success in China. In addition, it highlights some of the structures that would be critical to expand to other markets across the world. Finally, it offers merits and demerits of adopting decentralisation in GM’s operations in the Chinese market. Organisational structure ideal for GM’s success in China Due to the fact that GM Motors recorded better sales in China than in the US, it is important for the company to use a strategy that would result in long-term trends of success in the new market. The best strategy that would be ideal for the enterprise is the team structure, which would focus on promoting teamwork and innovation (Blanding 2011). In the case study, it is notable that the organisation operates in China through a business venture with the SAIC Motor Corporation and Shanghai General Motors. However, it can be argued that the firm would reap more benefits if it would operate without collaborating with other companies. Since its products have already registered excellent results, it would be expected that they would continue to record exemplary sales in the future (Williams 2013). The management should aim at establishing a major plant in the People’s Republic of China. Afterwards, it should create different teams of personnel. The cross-functional teams would wo
Introduction Music has been in existence as far as the history of humanity dictates. Furthermore, it has continually played a very significant role in society. This has been through its influence in the manner in which the young generations shape their future. It has also continued to entertain the old and middle-aged generations as they continue to enjoy the sweetness of life the world over. Nevertheless, as one listens to a particular set of music, composed by a certain artist, it is important to examine the nature of that piece of art, and then try to juxtapose it in the context of its author. In many cases, authors enter into the music industry with a view of expressing their innermost feelings and aspirations. Besides, music is very crucial in society, for it aids in the destruction of illusions in society by bringing to focus the actual societal outlook. 1 Additionally, music has been regarded as that which soothes even the savages, smoothens rough edges, and also assumes a role synonymous to water in people’s lives. 2 However, in music three discourses must be brought to focus, that is, “art, folk, and commerce. 3 But, music practitioners progress in their careers as musicians cognizant of the differences that ought to exist between music and noise for it is understanding this disparity that they are bound to display relevance in their music. For instance, according to Jean-Jacques Nattiez, this border depends on cultural dispositions, and that there is no “single and intercultural universal concept defining what music might be. 4 In other words, it is upon individual artists to determine the manner in which they are to present their artistic works in an environment permeated by cultural diversity. Such was the predicament that the Velvet Underground band had to encounter in their bid to rock and roll music in the United States. The emergency of rock and roll music came due young people’s quest to experience a different approach to music. 5 The Velvet Underground practitioners, formed by John Cale and Lou Reed way back in the 1960s became a very influential band during that period. 6 They authors of this group achieved their aspirations by blending rock energy with sonic adventurism, which had been ex
George Hegel The philosopher became the first integral philosopher to revolutionize Western philosophy. He expanded the concept of reason and order in human history. However, his contradiction did not affect the revolution of integral philosophy. He revealed the significance of logical arguments that unfold history. As a result, he proposed the idealist system that contradicts factors of interaction. He developed an ideal system of dialectics and consciousness. However, he had many contradictions of philosophy. He rejected Kant’s views on timeliness and consciousness. He was the first to accept the dynamics of consciousness and knowledge. The philosopher believed that the human mind evolved through developmental stages of contradictions and consciousness. Thus, he became the first philosopher to accept the concept of the absolute spirit (McIntosh 156). His contribution to philosophy developed the dialectical concept of conflict, contradictions, and truth. Thus, he revolutionized the power of history. In summary, his integral philosophy revolutionized the mind, nature, subject, religion, object, and history. Henri-Louis Bergeson He was the first philosopher to interpret human evolution using a spiritual perspective. He was called a post-Darwinian philosopher because of his correlation with Darwin’s theories of species. However, he rejected the ideas of Spencer’s synthetic philosophy. The philosopher revolutionized the significance of intuition and analytical reasoning. He maintained that things do not just happen as conceived by many philosophers. Thus, his spiritual interpretation of human evolution was welcomed by many as a step towards freedom. His artistic and poetic style of expressing ideas influenced his contributions to the integral philosophy (McIntosh 159). As a result, he rejected the fallacy of metaphysics and dialectical evaluation. He became known as the father of process thinking because of his contributions to the integral philosophy. In summary, he believed that the mechanist concept of nature was not significant as intuition. He argued that things happen out of intuition and unmediated process. Alfred Whitehead He presented a spiritual view to human consciousness. The philosopher harmonized integral consciousness with spiritual philosophy. His contributions to the integral philosophy were accepted by many philosophers. Thus, he revealed the relationship between human science and spiritual interpretation. He suggested that the gap between science and spirituality can be closed by philosophy. As a result, we can harmonize science and religion using philosophical perspective. The philosopher was known as the father of process philosophy because he used the concept to explain the dogmas of science and religion. He argued that human evolution and consciousness could be interpreted with a spiritual perspective. Thus, his contributions to the integral philosophy referenced God as the promoter of peace. Events of experience and processes characterized his philos
Introduction Working environment is a term used to refer to all the aspects surrounding a worker in any setting or organization. This includes the physical work environment, relationship with other workers, the working conditions and the relationship between the workers and the management (Chandrasekar, 2011). Different organizations adopt different working environments depending on the functions, model, culture or history of the organization. The working environment impacts on the workers’ performance irrespective of the model adopted. The work environment is not constant and keeps on changing or is changed according to emerging demands to ensure optimal performance of the workers. This paper will review the working environment with reference to its developmental history, example of a good working environment, the impact of good working environment, and how to improve a working environment. History of Working Environment (Past and Present) Working has been part of human history since creation. The earliest forms of work involved food production on farms as people depended on it for survival in a largely subsistence economy. For successful farming to be accomplished, the people organized themselves into small family farms or villages. This may be pointed as the first ever organized working environment albeit primitive in structure. Nevertheless, the society also had specialists in different fields such as craftsmen and artisans who traded their wares for food with the farmers. At the beginning of the 19th century, industrialization registered a rapid growth. Most people migrated to urban centers and worked in factories. These factories employed workers and divided them into various segments according to personal skills. With this came the wage system of labor in which people worked for pay. The working environment then was restrictive and employees suffered physical and psychological torture. For instance, some firms in New England forced their workers to sleep in dormitories owned by the firms. They would also offer low wages and restrict them to only purchase goods from stores owned by the factory owners. The working environment continued transforming with the emerging demand for skilled lab
The Business Overview: A Short History of S&S Recycling S&S Recycling is a company that collects recycled material and offers it to the companies that produce their goods from recycled resources. S&S Recycling is going to provide various companies with recycled material for further production. Offering only high-quality material, the company is bound to earn quite a reputation in the course of its service. About the Service: Efficient Recycling Is What Matters Focusing on recycling various materials that can be re-used in producing various items, S&S recycling offers the delivery of recycled materials. The company offers such materials as foam, pad, washers, dryers, refrigerators, water heaters, 100% nylon carpet, some metal, and aluminum items. It is essential to add that the items are sorted out into different collection bins, thus, saving the customers’ time and money. Collecting the material for free and providing free bins, S&S Recycling is a perfect service to choose for any company that deals with recycled materials. Concerning the Market Opportunity: Target Customers One of the most important tasks of the company is to define its target clientele. In the case of S&S Recycling, the preferred market is carper and furniture companies. On the one hand, when it comes to furniture and carpets production, recycling hardly seems the appropriate practice. However, when considering the issue a bit closer, one will find out that, to keep the world greener, it is necessary to use recycled material instead of wood, which means that S&S Recycling will be quite helpful in the given sphere. With such a slogan as “Helping the world stay green,” S&S Recycling will doubtlessly succeed in the chosen field. Competition: Facing the Rivals S&S Recycling is bound to be a huge success, mainly because the significance of recycling is emphasized so greatly nowadays. However, due to the importance of the issue, several similar companies offer their services to the target audience, which means that S&S is likely to face a lot of competition. According to the results of the recent market exploration, there is a company that offers similar services and is located.5 hours away from S&S Recycling. It must be admitted that the
Culture and traditions are a big part of our lives, which is represented in the way we dress, build relationships with others, things we say, and so forth. As many people seem to grow up in one particular culture, they tend to adopt a certain viewpoint on life. In the film, Ongka’s Big Moka, completely diverse culture is demonstrated for a viewer to compare and gain insights on the world’s diversity. In this response paper, the film’s idea, major cultural themes, and key topics will be discussed. The main point of the film was to demonstrate the social, political and cultural traditions of New Guinea tribes and illustrate the tradition of Moka. Moka is the basis of the tribal economy and is an important ritual, which seems to contrast with Western, Asian or any other traditions. The culture and economy of life built around giving gifts to other people are indeed very rare, and the authors of the film apparently wanted to describe it in a documentary. Gift-based economies represent a particular interest to modern science as archaic forms of organization of society, distribution of wealth and power. The film creates a sense of parallel reality as one tries to believe that such a relationship system can exist in real life. The film also shows that power as the ability to influence other people’s decisions is important for many people, and some are ready to put everything on the line to achieve it. One scene from the film, where Ongka was trying to persuade other tribes to initiate gift giving, however, showed that verbal negotiation is also a big part of social life. One of the main themes in the film is the role of a deed as opposed to spoken word. In the tribes depicted in the film, an act of giving possesses the ultimate power. It can give a person either the status of a Big Man or lead them to poverty and loss. In western culture, language serves as an instrument to achieve wealth and status (Eller, 2009). Here one can see that it is not always true. It is fascinating how these people value only the physical act of what they consider to be a virtue and necessary attribute of life. In comparison to American culture where language and verbal communication constitutes the basis of human relationship, here it is valued to the extent of voicing one’s intentions. Such considerations imbue the idea of cultural relativism and inappropriateness of western values for evaluation of such in these tribes. Another topic that could be identified in the film is the notion of cultural diffusion being not effective in this case. The reason why the penetration of Asian or Western cultures did not occur is probably the relative isolation of the area. The globalization also surprisingly did not cause significant fundamental changes in the way the tribal society works. This is probably because there is no need for them or that the cultural exchange started fairly recently and generations have to change. All in all, the film was a fascinating cultural discovery. It illustrated a variety of topics from the lectures including cultural diffusion, language as a source of power, globalization and cultural change, and over
Introduction “Bread in a Box” is a company that makes and delivers bread to customers every day of the week. Khodaei and Ortt (2019) argue that businesses today need an agile business model of rapid changes in technology and markets in which they operate. In this light, Bread in a Box uses an online business model where existing clients and prospects subscribe to order and get bread delivered to their door. The company has majored in weekly delivery plans with convenient online subscriptions where they provide freshly baked bread each day of the week. The company’s mission is to ensure bred lovers with busy lives get fresh, organic, and handcrafted bread baked from traditional recipes and delivered to their door. Company Analysis Key Partners Johanna Rauch founded the business, and she is actively involved in running the business. She provides all the pivotal resources, including human resources, capital resources, and entrepreneurship. Her management team has acquired all the essential resources to successfully run their business. The key business partners include creditors such as baking institutions, suppliers of ingredients, and distributors who deliver bread to their customers. In addition, the business also works with external consultants and interns in various areas, including customer acquisition, health and hygiene, and website design. Other partners are recipes adviser Marcus Staib, adviser on food subscription business George Batton, and adviser on bakery business, Tonny Martin. Key Activities Some of the significant activities in the bread in a box company include baking bread, delivering it to the customers, and sourcing the raw material. Other tasks are subscribing new customers and maintenance of the website and subscriptions. In addition, the cofounders are involved in health and hygiene consultation, processing of orders, designing and
The characters of Boss and Woodifield demonstrate how people experience grief in different ways. At first glance, it may seem that the Boss is better at coping with the loss of his son, since he is a successful businessman and energetic and healthy person. At the same time, Woodifield rarely leaves the house, looks like an older man, and, apparently, has a low income. However, Boss’s emotional turmoil demonstrates that his problem is much deeper, and in the end, it can lead to unwanted consequences. Woodifield accepted his son’s death, mourned him, and although he still misses him, he and his family have found peace of mind to move on. Although Woodifield is not wealthy, as evidenced by his outrage at the price of jam and admiration for whiskey, his family visits the grave of their deceased son and deal with reality (Mansfield 160-161). The Boss never accepted his son’s death; thus, his high social status and prosperity do not bring him peace of mind, and the mention of his son’s grave causes him shock and anxiety. The Boss shielded himself from grief and acceptance of his son’s death, so after six years, he experiences confusing emotions because he cannot cry. This condition indicates extreme nervous tension, which can be the last straw for the Boss. The scene with the fly emphasizes this state as the author suggests a parallel between the fly and the Boss. The fly drowns in ink, but each time survives through effort and struggle, just as the Boss loads himself with work to avoid pain and grief (Mansfield 163). However, the last drop of ink kills the fly, just as an event can break the Boss. Thus, while it may seem that the Boss coped better with his grief due to his successful business and appearance, his inner state is unstable. His community is thriving, unlike the Woodifield family, but the support of his wife and daughters makes Woodifield richer. At the same time, the fly symbolizes the Boss’s struggle against a reality without a son, which will ultimately defeat him. Work Cited Mansfield, Katherine. The Best Short Stories of Katherine Mansfield . Courier Corporation, 2012.
Modern psychologists take great interest in the peculiarities of human memory and its types. At first, it is necessary to introduce the main concepts related to the storage and retrieval of information. First of all, one can speak about working memory. It can be understood as a small amount of data or information that the mind holds readily accessible to do some cognitive tasks such as calculations (Cowan, 2010, p. 447). This notion is very similar to the concept of short-term memory, but they should not be confused. The thing is that the term short-term memory is used to describe the capacity of the mind to hold a small piece of information within a very short period, approximately 20 seconds (Emmanuel, Omekara, & Usoro, 2007, p. 128). Nevertheless, the second term does not imply that an individual will use this information to cope with some mental tasks. Finally, it is important to mention long-term memory can be explained as continuous retention of information and the ability to retrieve it. These concepts are important for the discussion of memory. The test that I took was supposed to evaluate the short-term verbal memory of a person. At first, I had to look through a list of words that could be nouns, adjectives, verbs, and so forth. They were related to various areas of human activity. When working on this assignment, I needed to tell whether a certain word produced positive or negative associations. This is why each word had to be evaluated on the four-level scale, namely 1) very pleasant; 2) mil