ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Brentari, Diane. Sign Languages . Cambridge University Press, 2010. This book provides an in-depth understanding of the properties of sign languages and their development in various countries. The book deals extensively with developing and maintaining knowledge of sign languages, passing them from generation to generation, and provides an overview of different linguistic, global, and historical problems related to the language. Moreover, a comparison is made between languages in gestures and their meanings, depending on the countries in which they are used. Furthermore, the book emphasizes the importance of preserving and spreading the study of sign languages and their development. The study of languages is considered from the psycholinguistic, and neuro-linguistic points of view, since modern science can provide an opportunity to consider the influence of each sign language on different areas of human development. The chapter on the unique characteristics of gestures is essential to me. The comparison and difference of the language structure depending on the place of identification and the possible dialects that manifest themselves among people are also very interesting for my research. The second chapter of the book can also be used since it contains much information about each language’s similarities and differences relative to the others. I am interested in sentence construction and word order topics depending on the phrase’s meaning. Pfau, Roland, et al . Sign Language: An International Handbook. De Gruyter Mouton, 2012. This book presents answers to the study of sign language’s linguistic features and provides a brief overview of sign language in modern realities. The book also demonstrates sign language linguistics with related fields: psycholinguistics, neurolinguistics, and sociolinguistics. Moreover, it describes the changing attitudes towards sign languages over historical periods. If initially sign languages were regarded as primitive and universal, now they are given much attention in the field of language learning since sign languages differ depending on the conditions and place of their use. Each language has its own specific and individual characteristics that affect its learning. I want to use this book because it explains the symbols and logic of the language quite simply. The essential quality of this book is that it is understandable even to someone who is not an expert in gestures’ linguistics. That means that colleagues will quickly comprehend the examples and the explanations given in this book, and it will help improve the assimilation. Moreover, linguistics topics related to psycholinguistics, neurolinguistics, and sociolinguistics will provide a more extensive overview of sign language linguistics. Tyrone, Martha E. “Nonmanuals in Sign Language” ed. By Annika Herrmann, Markus Steinbach (review).” Sign Language Studies,
Outline This paper discusses Effective Company Meeting Program. It is thus divided into an introduction, room scheduling, acquiring resources, room set up breakdowns, food requirement and finally, meeting establishing software. Introduction Company meetings can be termed as where people come together to discuss predetermined topics such as business, event planning, often in a formal setting. For the set objectives to be achieved effectively, several components must be set before the onset of the activities. These include communication lines and equipment such as conference hall, room scheduling and set-ups, food requirement among others. Meetings can be classified into different categories like status meetings, work meetings, staff meetings, and team meetings among others. Room scheduling The needed meeting facilities are always incorporated in a certain order to enhance effectiveness. Thus, the first thing that should be considered is the meeting room. This is the place provided for singular events and is commonly found at large hotels, convention centers, arenas, or concert halls (Barrett, 2008). Companies are advised to choose a conference hall which is windowless for security purposes, but with air conditioners, as they are always non-smoking halls. The room should also be in a favorable environment to avoid any external disturbances. Acquiring Resources/ Equipments Depending on the number of the meeting attendants, the furniture, overhead projectors, stage lighting, and sound system are determined by the host. Secondly, the top management has to determine how to acquire the needed resources such as human or financial and the required equipment. If its company’s first meeting it may decide to hire the equipment or buy it’s own depending on its financial position. After acquiring the equipment, the host should decide on the most effective way of transport to ensure they arrive at the premises in the right order. Finally, it is important to appoint someone to be in charge of them until the end of the meeting. As far as the human resources are required, the host may decide to use the already existing personnel in the company if available or acquire from elsewhere. Room set up/ breaks down The way the host has planned to pass his message to the audience determines the arrangement of the tables and chairs. Different setups of the furniture call for various contributions and interactions of the listeners and the host. For instance, classroom-style creates a dialogue between the presenters and the audience, theater-style maximizes meeting room space, and conference-style provides plenty of workspace for each person and good communication / visual lines for each participant. All the furniture put temporarily in the conference hall for the purpose of the meeting should be arranged in order of “last in first out” to avoid breakages as well as saving time of breaking down the set up. Food Requirement The food re
The first part of the novel Passing by Larsen explores how the Irene and Clare, who were childhood friends, reunite. It is from their skin color and behaviors that Larsen comes up with the title Passing . The title is symbolic since later in the book the two ladies try to pass as Americans and African Americas depending on the circumstance and benefits it presents. More so, Irene’s friend Clare has perfected the art of “passing” as a white lady. She does this so as to have the things she did not have during her childhood. This lifestyle although dangerous, intrigues Irene who all along wanted a safer and secure life, but after reuniting with Clare she starts to fancy the art of passing. Furthermore, the initial letter that Clare sends to Irene after so many years requesting that they meet is symbolic. The letter evokes strong emotions in Irene prompting her to reveal Clare’s childhood life and how she used to be cold and selfish. Irene recalls all this with contempt and wonders how such a person who was capable of transforming to the now warm, loving and caring Clare. Thus, Larsen uses the letter to reveal Clare’s background as well as their relationship during childhood. Another symbolism used in the novel exploits the desires of Clare when she
Abstract This essay discusses the learning of English through pushed output technique of language acquisition. According to this approach, learners can acquire language skills if they are pressed to speak in various situations. Pushed output technique enables learners to acquire both semantic and syntactic language skills. Learning of English through pushed output technique is carried out through a systematic process that involves identification and presentation of a research topic. Once a learner has identified a topic, he or she should plan to talk about it. Planning of speaking tasks enables learners to communicate in an organized manner during speaking activities. Pushed output technique requires regular speaking tasks that can be carried out formally or informally. Nonetheless, formal speaking tasks are important because they push learners to communicate effectively during transactional conversations. Evaluation of speaking tasks is an important aspect of the pushed output technique because it enables learners to improve consistently their language production. Introduction Language acquisition is an intricate process that requires proper techniques and regular practice. The syllabus of an English learning course for learners will vary significantly according to the reason for learning, educational experience, and age of the learner. A learner’s experience with English should also be considered when designing learning tasks. Students can learn English through various techniques. According to the comprehension technique, learners should not be motivated until they have considerable experience and understanding of the language scheme. Nonetheless, some language experts contend that the skills required to talk cannot be developed unless learners are compelled to converse. Swain asserts that learners can understand a language without closely examining grammar. Nonetheless, if learners are compelled to speak, the focus they give to language ru
One of the most significant forms of American folklore, which laid the foundation for such musical genres as gospel, blues, and jazz, was the spiritual chants of African Americans. The ancestors of African Americans were forcibly separated from their homes and brought to the United States to work on the plantations of the Old South. Descendants of hundreds of different tribes in Africa brought distinctive musical traditions that were destined to have a global impact on world culture. Spirituals were generally considered religious music, but they carried a much deeper meaning to the people who composed and performed them. African Americans faced severe restrictions even in arts and music. White planters tried to split the communities to prevent riots, and sometimes slaves were forbidden to speak their native language (Music for emancipation of African Americans, 2016-2017). Music has become a primary way of expressing inner feelings, grief, sorrow, and a sense of oneness with brothers and sisters in distress. It is a story about the strength of the human spirit, pure reverence for ancestors, and faith in the future. Frederick Douglas was born in 1818 in the US state of Maryland into a family of slaves. He despised American slave laws and actively tried to shed light on the terrifying events taking place in the country. Frederick Douglas’s lifelong goal was to fight slavery in all its forms, advocate total emancipation, and raise the moral standards of society. He perceived musical creativity as a way of raising spirits, prosperous fighting for a hopeful future, and a manifestation of cultural pride. Slave owners often did not understand the true meaning of this art and demanded the slaves sing for entertainment. Frederick Douglas documented in his autobiography how compulsory singing oppressed him in childhood and how different it was from singing from the heart ( Music for emancipation of African Americans, 2016-2017). In an endless sense of homesickness and grief over the cruel perspective of the planters, music became an origin of the declaration of Blacks’ beliefs and transmissions into the world. Exploring Douglas’ work and the history of African American culture requires saving these ideas in mind to better understand the origins of the music and its message to the world. William Edward Burghardt Du Bois was a prominent American historian, sociologist, and public figure. He was born into an impoverished family of farmers, but his extraordinary talents helped him lift himself out of poverty and become the first black graduate of Harvard University. He was the author of numerous books and articles on the history of peoples of African descent and their struggle against racism, slavery, and the slave trade. His works include visions for independence and the development of the prosperous traditions of African cultur
Six helpful tips on reducing your potential exposure to lead in your drinking water Lead is one of the metals that are toxic to our bodies. Toxic metals form part of a group of elements that are harmful to mankind. However, some of these elements are not injurious to the body when consumed in the right quantities. Therefore, exposure to lead must be minimized at all costs. This section provides six helpful tips on how a person can reduce exposure to lead in drinking water. Firstly, a tap should run until it becomes cold. The exercise makes water that has stood for long in the tap safe for domestic use. Secondly, people must always use cold water. Cold water contains less lead than hot water. Research has shown that dissolution of lead is slower in cold tap water than hot water. The third tip discourages people from boiling water to reduce lead. In actual sense, boiling water concentrates lead rather than removing it or lowering its concentration. Proper cleaning of the faucet is the fourth tip. Lead and other residues collect on faucet screens after a certain period of time. For that reason, faucet screens should be cleaned periodically. Fifthly, it is advisable to test for lead if one still thinks his plumbing is not safe. This is done after trying the other four tips. Luckily, kits for this test are offered free of charge. Lastly, home treatment devices must be inspected and renovated regularly. They should also be tested immediately after installation. Furthermore, a person must ensure that these devices are approved for use in reducing the amount of lead or contact with the element. For further clarity, relevant authorities must be consulted through their various contacts. Metal     Chemical symbol  Where it occurs in the natural environment.                 Major health effects in humans.                                                                                   Food, household, beauty products containing the metal.                                                              Cadmium   Cd               Majority of metal ores.                                     Affects DNA repair and replication. In addition, cadmium increases aggression in human beings.                    Fish, mascara and car parts such as brake linings.                                                                  Chromium  Cr               Bran and germ from most whole-grain cereals.                Excessive exposure can cause lung cancer, liver, kidney and blood toxicity and allergic contact dermatitis (ACD)  Blender, refrigerators and other household appliances. Most whole-grain foods contain chromium in large quantities. Mercury   Hg               Gold and silver ores.                                       Exposure to high quantities damages the nervous system and kidney                                                 Eggs, electronic appliances and creams such as Aichun Beauty (Aloe Vera).                                           Nickel    Ni               Forms part of planet’s iron-nickel molten core.             Leads to Cancer, birth defects, heart disorde
Social and economic processes in Africa in the 1980s and 1990s are closely linked with the economic reforms of the newly independent States and the values of international cooperation in the sphere of economic development. In fact, these processes are featured with the application of neo-realistic economic theories. The liberalization of the economic systems, in general, was regarded as the engine of further business and economic development. In spite of the fact that some African leaders supported the orthodox approaches towards economic reforms, most countries selected the liberal modification principles for modifying the economic structures of their states. On the one hand, this was an important step for the economic recovery of former colonies, and States that were destroyed by civil wars. On the other hand, this liberalization made the economy vulnerable and dependent on foreign investment. Nevertheless, this was the obligatory condition for receiving foreign economic assistance. (Harbeson and Rothchild, 239) Considering the importance of performing recovery measures, the governments initiated the actions aimed at liberalization of the economy in general, implementation of free trade rules and principles, reforming taxation legislation, etc. These measures were the necessary basis for further recovery of the industry, education, public health, etc. (Kiros, 305)These were the measures for renovating the social life, as the newly created industries, organizations, and bodies required working force. Hence, unemployment was also conquered by providing liberal measures of economic regulation. The World Bank concluded up to 250 separate agreements with the African States and ADB (African Development Bank) members. In fact, the IMF assistance may be regarded as an integral part of African economic recovery and improvement of the social situation on the continent. In spite of the fact that social, civil, and national conflicts are still common for the African States, the nature of these conflicts is no longer crucial, and military coups are regarded as a less effective tool of reformation in comparison with referendums, polls, demonstrations, etc. (Bond, 206) Hence, the economic reforms helped people and influence forces realize the power of civilized measures. (Chazan, 337) The political background of economic reforms is closely linked with the necessity to allocate the patronage of the financial resources, as the incoming financial help should be properly allocated for the state and social needs. Additionally, these investments were the only source of civil reforms, as structural adjustments may be regarded as the inevitable part of the social cure process. Considering the fact that society of numerous African countries was deceased with the idea of constant coups and revolutions (as while some people wished to live a quiet life, the others arranged coups and participated in plots), the economic reformation, and financial investments, as a result, were the necessary remedy for the African society. (Forrest, 112) Nevertheless, when the analysis of the
Introduction The European budget is a composed of three main elements: traditional own resources, VAT-based resource and GNI-based resource. The traditional own resources (TOR) consist of all the custom duties charged on all the products imported into the boundaries of the European Union from other non-member states. For last year, 2007, they comprised around 15% of the total, or 17.3 billion Euros. The second resource, that based on VAT (value added tax) is a uniform percentage rate applied to the revenue that each member state has from its own VAT. For the 2007 budget the revenue from the percentage on VAT was a total of 17.8 billion Euros, which is slightly more than 15% of the budged. The third resource is that based on the GNI, Gross National Product, of each of the member states of the Union. A uniform percentage rate is applied for all, 0.73% of their Gross national Product. This is the largest share of revenue for the budget. It accounts for a total of around 69% of it, or an amount of around 80 billion Euros. Analysis Let see now how is this budget distributed among different sectors and countries. First we have to state the priorities of budget spending for the European Union. The management of the European budget, 76% of it, is done mostly by the shared responsibility between the European Commission and Member States. All of the member states are equally responsible for protecting the financial interests of the Union. So, in a graphical display, the budget implementation may be: The centralized version of the expenditure is when the European Commission directly implements the budget in the different sectors of interest regulated by the sets of Priorities and Implementation Strategies for the European Union which is decided by the European Parliament when it approves the budget for the year to come every December. This year the budget and the priorities and strategies for it were discussed and approved on December 18 th . For 2009 the main concern of the European Union is the current financial and economic crisis and its development. In order to respond properly to this crisis the biggest portion of the union budget will go for the “Sustainable growth” sector. This comprises investments in employment policies, innovation and research, and regional development programs. For this year the European Union has increased its innovation’s programs investments by 22% and its research programs investments by 11%. This is done in order to respond to the priority of the Union to respond adequately to the cri
Introduction This is a marketing plan for a new product for PriceSmart Inc., a membership shopping club with warehouses situated in Central America, South America, and the Caribbean. Its growth is unprecedented in this sector and attributed to the kind of business strategy that the company has being applying through the years. First, we carried out a company analysis of PriceSmart Inc., its history, goals and objectives and how it has faired with the other member shopping clubs. After describing the company, we searched for a new product that is to be added to the countless products for sale to club members. After careful search and analysis, we found out that Pampers Swaddlers diapers are a quality product that can be recommended for sale at PriceSmart’s warehouses and stores. Pampers Swaddlers is popular in the UK and the US because of its softness and low price. It is also marketed over the internet. Pampers Swaddlers is popular with mothers taking care of their babies and those who try to ease the life of the elderly and bed-ridden patients. Management of PriceSmart Inc. should consider these selling and developing its prized products in order to continue to be preferred over the other brands in the market by the customers and users. After describing the company and the recommended product, we also provided a financial summary for the company including a three-year financial forecast for Pampers Swaddlers to become one of the products for sale at PriceSmart stores. Our conclusion depended on the results of the three-year forecast and the analysis of the