ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Governments should implement powerful strategies and projects to improve the lives and experiences of all citizens. Unfortunately, many leaders in different countries continue to support inappropriate processes and models that disorient economic development. This problem affects many African, South American, and Asian countries, thereby making it impossible for the affected citizens to achieve their potential. The selected choices for this comparative discussion include Nigeria and Ghana since they have similar causes or factors that affect disorient growth. Common Factors Democracy is a political notion or model that many African countries embraced after gaining independence from their colonizers. Unfortunately, those who took up leadership responsibilities failed to implement superior measures to promote good governance systems. Effective management can ensure that more people have access to health support, employment opportunities, proper infrastructure, and government services (Bamidele, Olaniyan, & Ayodele, 2016). The factors described below explain why Ghana and Nigeria remain less developed despite the presence and availability of numerous resources. Governmental Corruption Corruption has remained a major predicament in both Nigeria and Ghana, thereby undermining the true promises or objectives of democracy. This problem continues to take different shapes in Ghana despite the government’s efforts to implement superior measures to address it. For instance, Frahm (2018) believes that corruption in this country makes it impossible for both foreign and local investors to do business successfully. This is true since they have to bribe different government officials in order to win contracts. Public servants working in different organizations ask for bribes before providing services to the citizens (Bamidele et al., 2016). A report released in 2017 revealed that the health sector was facing this challenge since many professionals in the field were unaccountable for their actions (Frahm, 2018). This predicament has continued to affect government tendering processes. Similarly, Nigeria is one of the most corrupt countries in West Africa. Many leaders and politicians in this country use government revenues for their own benefits while ignoring the needs of their followers. Governmental corruption is a perennial problem that is recorded in all sectors, including the judiciary, executive, and the legislature. After the country discovered natural gas and oil, the problem exacerbated since many people began to pursue their personal objectives instead of supporting the idea of economic development. A report released in 2012 revealed that this country had lost around 400 billion USD to cartels and corrupt individuals from 1960 to 2017 (Frahm, 2018). According to Bamidele et al. (2017), customs, ostentatious living conditions, greed, and people’s negative attitudes are some of the leading causes of corruption in Nigeria. Unfair Judicial Systems The judiciary is
China manufacturers have lost their markets of late due to poor quality their products. Allegations on poor quality of China’s products began in 2007 when some of them were banned in west countries. Troubles for these China manufactured products began after Canadian company which imported pet food from China realized that some animals died after consuming the food. Laboratory analysis later revealed that these food products imported from China had melamine. This scenario tainted China’s products image and most of west countries that outsourced their products from China started to investigate those products keenly. The situation deteriorated further after the United States of America based toy companies recalled toys made in China. Mattel and RC2 Corporation discovered that some of toys they outsourced from China constituted of high leads level. In addition, these toys outsourced from China had design flaws rather than manufacturer related faults. The rumors of flawed China’s products spread quickly globally especially in the western countries. A toothpaste company based in Europe discovered that the products they outsourced from China contained diethylene glycerol. This ingredient can result to mass poisoning. These China controversies did not spare even China itself. In 2007, China unearthed mass corruption deals in the state food and drug administration unit. It was revealed that China’s manufacturers of drugs bribed the Chief in the state’s food and drug administration unit to produce substandard drugs. In 2008, China faced a major blow regarding its export of manufactured products to the west countries. In 2008, China was entangled in another flawed deal, but this time round was on milk products. Apparently, after laboratory analysis on milk products outsourced from China it was discovered that they contained melamine. These milk products led to death of six infants while approximately 900 infants were hospitalized due to the side-effects of these milk products from China. The infants did not suffer alone, but also more than 300,000 adults. This led to strict ban on all milk products outsourced from China to western countries. The fall of China’s manufactured products in the western market can be attributed to the urge of China manufacturers to save on production cost and increase their profits. These China manufacturers’ ideas were to produce low quality goods to maximize their profits. On other hand, western countries buyers expected these China based manufacturers to produce high quality products and sell them at affordable price. This clash in expectations between both parties contributed to flaws and deterioration of China’s manufacturers as the largest exporters to the west countries. To improve the quality of these China’s products, the manufacturers should first acknowledge products quality as a key influence in the market. China manufacturers should focus on customers. They should
A bond is an investment instrument with a fixed rate of return over a definite period, the maturity of which, the issuer of the bond repays the principal (face value). Unlike stocks or shares, bonds have predictable returns and repayment amounts, and they are less affected by market volatility. They are more preferred investment options to raise capital, receive periodic income, or act as a saving strategy. There are several types of bonds that include corporate bonds, government bonds, municipal bonds among others, all of which differ on the level of risk and return. Before investing in bonds various factors should be considered to derive the highest benefit based on personal investment objectives. Firstly, the maturity of the bond is important and it may be short-term, medium-term, or long term. Depending on the investment goal (for example, long-term asset acquisition), the maturity time will influence the investment decision. In addition, the returns and risks are more or less based on the maturity of the bond. The second factor is the interest rate. Although most bonds carry a fixed rate of interest, some bonds have a floating rate that involves payment of interest at maturity. The periodic payment of interest (which may be monthly, semi-annually, or annually) is more appealing to investors as it
Introduction Fascism is a political system characterized by absolute power being held by the state. This concept was first implemented in Italy under the leadership of Benito Mussolini who formed the first Fascist movement, the Fasci di Combattimento, in March 1919. The programme of this movement was first radical and republican. The Fascist organization in Italy did not begin as a powerful nationwide party. Its beginning was humble and in its first year, it had only 20,000 members. This is because Mussolini was unable to compete with the established left-wing parties. However, a number of conditions encouraged the growth of Fascism and in three years, Mussolini was able to establish himself as the ruler of Italy, a role he continued to play until his death in 1943. This paper will set out to analyze why Mussolini and the Fascists were able to seize power in Italy so quickly after the war. A detailed review of the factors that facilitated the rise of the fascist movement in Italy and the nature of the movement will be made. Post-War Italy Fascism in Italy can trace its birth to the First World War where Italy fought alongside the Allies. The Italian war efforts were successful and the Italian army was able to decisively defeat the Austrian army (McNeese 2000). However, the period after the war was characterized with instability in Italy. Marsella (2004) records that during the years of 1919 and 1920, the country was beset by a wave of industrial strikes and agricultural strikes. The war had a more damaging impact on Italy than it did to almost any other belligerent country. Sforza (1925) documents that Italy was less wealthy than the other warring nations and the restrictions imposed by wartime discipline were felt more acutely by Italians. As a result of the enormous resources that had been dedicated to war efforts, Italy was economically devastated after the war. The consequences of these were high unemployment, high national debts, and inflation. The population was therefore dissatisfied and desired political change. Fascism emerged as a reaction by a post-war society afflicted with economic impoverishment, political instability, and thwarted nationalist hopes. Reasons for the Success of Mussolini and Fascism A number of factors led to the rapid rise of Mussolini and Fascism in Italy. To begin with, post war Italy was characterized by xenophobia and growing anti-allied sentiments. Italy was dissatisfied with the terms of the peace treaty following the end of the First World War. A major motivation for Italy’s joining the allies had been the promise of territories that belonged to her traditional enemy, Austria. The Allies promised Italy territory in return for her participation in the war. However, the Allies refused to honour this promises and Italy was not given a share of the German Empire and most of the land in the Istrian Peninsula. Italy felt betrayed by her former allies and this feeling created a sense of isolation in a world where only the strongest powers flourished. Many Italians felt shamed by the terms of the treaty, which refused to give Italy her share of the victory. This diminis
Introduction Coca Cola Company is the leading beverage firm in the world. Started in 1886, this firm has managed to become one of the America’s most profitable companies. Its trademark was officially registered in the United States in 1944. Kline (2010) reports that the firm has experienced a consistent growth in its market share in the local market. The firm is currently operational in over 200 countries across the world. The brand ‘Coca Cola’ has been rated as one of the best brand in the world. In the year 2008, it was rated the most valuable brand in America and the world at large, beating some of the renowned brands like Apple, General Electric and Amazon.com. The firm has been experiencing consistent growth even in the face of the economic slowdown in the United States and other major world markets. According to Biswas (2011), it has been in a position to withstand some of the external challenges posed by various factors in the environment. In order to bring to focus the environmental factors that have influenced this firm, a SWOT analysis will be used. SWOT Analysis The strength of this company lies in various factors. One of the major strengths of this firm is its brand name (Grossman, 2011). As Stated above, the brand Coca Cola is one of the strongest brands in the world. This has made it be able to maintain its market share in the face of an increasingly competitive market. This firm also has financial strength. It has been in operation for over 100 years, amassing huge wealth in the process. As such, this firm is in a position to implement its projects, including those of research and extension. The firm also operates in various countries outside the home market. As such, it has been able to balance its production when one section of its market is experiencing economic growth while the other has recession. Despite the above strengths of this firm, Lippman (2004) says that there are some weaknesses that it has, a fact that has seen some of its competitors like Pepsi Cola eat up a section of its market share. One of the weaknesses that many environmentalists have repeatedly talked about is environmental degradation. The plastic bottles that this firm uses in packing its drinks are causing havoc to the environment. It is apparent that this firm is yet to develop solution to this problem because as Tanke (2000) notes, Coca Cola Company is yet to replace the plastic bottles with better alternatives. Within the environment that this firm operates are some opportunities that have made it experience massive growth in its market share. According to Panagariya (2008), Coca Cola Company has exploited vacuum that existed in many countries in the world, especially in the developing countries. Weiss (2011) says that there was no competition for this firm in the overseas markets and this Company was able to make the most out of it. Techn
The burden of diseases caused by smoking is growing rapidly imposing significant morbidity and mortality rates. Different population categories in search of credible but comprehensive information about the effects of nicotine on the human body are exposed to a variety of online sources. However, it is important to differentiate between different types of resources, depending on their target audience. In this memorandum, two websites, Healthline and National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) will be compared to investigate the differences between their primary and secondary audiences. Also, the memo will address such characteristics of writing as persuasive strategies, use of technical language, organization, style, and illustrative material. The broad presentation of the health impairments caused by smoking cigarettes is provided on the NCBI website. Since the article is written in an academic style with references to research and with the indication of statistical data, the primary audience of this resource is a knowledgeable population with a degree in medicine or students of medical educational institutions. People of all genders and cultural backgrounds whose age is relevant to the ability to obtain a degree might be considered a primary audience of the website. On the contrary, Healthline presents data in a more easily comprehensive way, mostly omitting medical terminology or giving simple explanations of sphere-specific words. Therefore, people of all ages, genders, educational levels, and cultural backgrounds are the primary audience of Healthline. This resource could be beneficial for individuals who are either trying to quit smoking or want to help someone in this attempt. Therefore, Healthline aims for a broader population in comparison to NCBI. As for the secondary audience, the information provided on NCBI might be forwarded to health care organizations’ authorities or governmental representatives as the basis for anti-nicotine program development. Community workers or school educators might be regarded as a secondary audience of Healthline since they could use the easily understandable information for the purposes of healthy lifestyle promotion. To reach their respective audiences, the two analyzed websites utilize different persuasive strategies. The types of these strategies depend on the task an author has and the audience’s characteristics. As NCBI represents a scholarly source, the author uses accurate facts, references to reputable literature, and verifiable statistical data as a persuasive tool to indicate the reliability of the information and the need for change. It is implied that the knowledgeable audience is aware of the harmful effects smoking might cause on people’s health. In comparison to NCBI, Helahtline applies a strategy that is similar in its informative content but is different in the aim. While NCBI’s task is to encourage medical workers to apply effective interventions when working with nicotine addicts, Healthline aims for helping smokers quit. For this reason, Pietrangelo and Cherney (2017) appeal to the emotions and feelings of a reader expressing sympathy in phrases like “quitting smoking is
Product Positioning Starbucks is a well-established brand in Abu Dhabi. People love Starbucks cafes as they appreciate the high quality of the products and the service. Notably, coffee is a very popular product in the region, and Starbucks’ coffee is one of the people’s favourites. However, to position Starbucks coffee capsules in the tops of people’s minds, it is not enough to focus on the quality. Admittedly, the quality should be a central point in the promotional campaign. Thus, it is crucial to stress that Starbucks provides exclusive high-quality products which have gained popularity in the world as well as in Abu Dhabi. People should always associate Starbucks with the highest quality. It is also necessary to add that Starbucks offers a variety of blends. Coffee lovers can experience the world of their favorite beverage at their homes. Besides, the new product is offered at a reasonable price. People should know that Starbucks coffee capsules are a good bargain. Another important point to focus on is the chance to prolong the pleasant experience of Starbucks. Thus, people love being in Starbucks cafes and enjoy the excellent coffee and pleasant atmosphere. People should perceive coffee capsules as a chance to prolong an enjoyable experience. It is important to stress that they do not even need to leave Starbucks as they will have it at their homes. People will be able to create a pleasant atmosphere of Starbucks at home with the help of the coffee capsules. This is the second important point to concentrate on. Of course, Starbucks is a luxury product and customers of the company’s cafes feel their exclusiveness. This feeling should also be emphasized while promoting coffee capsules. The prices in Starbucks cafes are not low, but people in Abu Dhabi are ready to pay extra money for the exclusiveness. Therefore, it is important to stress that coffee capsules can help people feel their exclusiveness at home 24/7. These three points should be central to the promotional campaign. Concept of Advertising Campaign There will be three major concepts in terms of the advertising campaign. Firstly, the high quality and wide range of products provided will be stressed. Secondly, it is important to focus on the pleasant Starbucks experience which can be prolonged with the help of the new product. Finally, the concept of exclusiveness will also be promoted. One of the first places to start the promotion campaign is the network of the cafes. Nespresso, which is the major competitor of Starbucks, has used this method to promote their products and the strategy has proved to be effective (Albawaba Business 2011). Thus, it is possible to launch some workshops for customers. Introduction of the new coffee machine will favorably affect the promotion of the coffee capsules. The new coffee machines provide a variety of options for coffee lovers (Dubai Chronicle 2012). It is a
Introduction The topic of immigrant children who come to the US to escape the violence in their home country has become increasingly important. Because there is a variety of concerns connected to the kids’ health state, professionals from the field have been voicing their opinions on ways to resolve the question. Objectively evaluating each side of the debate is necessary to create a proper policy for immigrant kids. Article Discussion The underlying issue connected to children arriving from Central America to the US is the concern about them having no vaccinations, and carrying diseases that can spread to the rest of the population in the country. The ethical implication raises the question of whether the kids who come from dangerous environments should be allowed to remain in the US. The political and policy aspects include the endangerment of the general population that can be a possible consequence of such actions. One side in the debate argues that the kids can have illnesses such as swine flu, Ebola, tuberculosis, and dengue fever. The diseases are dangerous as they can become epidemical due to their nature. Additionally, reports of some children having tuberculosis and concerns about them not having vaccines are stated to crucial in the discussion (Poon, 2004). Thus, allowing children to go through the borders uncontrollably may endanger the nation’s health state. It is unclear what factual information is used by those who demand to send the children home, as the letter from Phil Gingrey did not include references to the sources of information. The organizational motive of the supporters for this argument is public health. A counterargument to the debate is the lack of evidence that diseases do often occur among these children. According to the other side of the discussion, the World Health Organization has stated that over ninety-three percent of Central America’s population had been vaccinated in 2012 (Poon, 2014). Also, border control includes health examination (skin exams and X – rays) which would allow identifying severe diseases. Other safety measures are taken by the authorities, such as additional vaccinations in the processing facilities. The information utilized for the arguments was provided by the World Health Organization and the Texas Department of State Health Services. The motive of this side of the dispute is to protect the children that come to the US seeking shelter by validating the information and addressing the concerns. Studies by different researchers suggest that immigrant children do not pose a threat to the general population due to the possibility of carrying severe diseases. Singh, Yu, and Kogan (2015) found that expatriate kids are less likely to have health problems when compared to US-born kids. Although the study f
Introduction Juvenile crime refers to the criminal act of a minor who is under the age of eighteen and is considered to be unendorsed by a matured protector (Juvenile Crime, 2006). The juvenile justice system has creative methods to defend and recuperate errant kids. But regardless of this, it has evolved cruel punishments including capital punishments to be given to these children. Some scholars hold the view that the juvenile law be alleviated such that these teenagers are not to be punished as much ruthlessly as the adults who consign the same crimes (Vogel & Vogel. 2003). Main body The juvenile law requires states to abstain from the idea of locking juveniles in adult prison where there are maligners and fugitives, realizing that it will only lead the way for the juveniles to become hard-core criminals. If a child is handed over to the adult court, it may develop the child to embrace an inclination to commit more brutal crimes out of frustration (Juvenile justice in America. 2007). Judicial system of the juveniles is designed with a varying concept where the thought and activities of the youngsters are different from those step follwed in adult prisons. It is evident that the judicial system in a state is intended for the total well being of all the people. At the same time, the fundamental aim of the judiciary is to encourage and stabilize the young generation in a society. Considering this aspect, the juvenile law has been set up with lots of leniencies. The state itself takes the responsibility to help the youth through counselling and better educational prospects. The aim of the judicial systems is to keep the juvenile distanced from committing further offence. To achieve this object, a juvenile’s family ought to be included in the awareness programs meant for these young peopl