ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The Problem By this time, students joining campus have been warned about the problems associated with parking within the institution. Parking problems affect students, faculty members, guests, and parents. Apparently, the available parking spaces in campus cannot accommodate the rapidly escalating user population. The parking areas are also provided based on political and economic approaches. The political approach entails the application of administrative rules in allocating parking areas (Mostajabi & Trousdale 22). On the contrary, economic approach, which is now an emerging trend entails charging small fees for parking tickets. Parking rules are clear and discernible to students. However, some students violate parking regulations. Students are getting numerous tickets weekly for violating parking regulations. Moreover, the setting aside of some parking areas to faculty has started causing more problems in campus. Students are saddened by the fact that the officers regulating the parking spaces have come up with a new approach to giving out tickets. Presently, illegal parking attracts hefty financial punishment. A ticket worth fifty dollars is too high for students. Furthermore, it is always depressing to return to the car and find a fine voucher placed on the windshield (Mostajabi & Trousdale 24). Occasionally, students have been given the fine vouchers during weekends. Students have also experienced embarrassing situations whenever their friends and parents come to visit them in campus. The campus has not set aside visitors parking spaces. Students are getting frustrated with the unattainability of parking areas. However, whenever they make slight mistakes such as parking on a fire lane tickets are handed down to them immediately. Several conflicts have taken place because of quarrels over parking spaces. Students have said severally that they want the problem of parking tackled as an urgent matter. It is important to appreciate that the relevant office is already doing something to resolve the problem. However, the solutions being suggested are likely to worsen the problem particularly in the long term. The office charged with public safety in campus is instead giving mixed signals (Attorney 29). A communication has been sent from the office indicating that the anticipated changes may not come happen indicating that parking challenges are here to stay. In addition, the office has urged all users of parking areas to modify their way of life in order to manage the dilemma before changes the implementation of changes. This is a worrying trend and as a college, there is the need to find a way of dealing with this matter. In the subsequent section, the
Introduction Structural violence is a fundamental concept in the analysis and understanding of international conflicts. The contents of structural violence include disputes, where comprehension between two parties does not come to a point of consensus because of differences in their social setting. The failure of distinct entities in an ecosystem to comprehend each other acts as an instrument of causing conflicts in the international scope. The international conflicts arise from societal setting, affecting people around the world. The comprehension of the influence of structural conflict has a rationale of enhancing the analysis, as well the comprehension of the scope of the international conflict. The understanding is also vital in the creation of a path for strategic implementation of ample methodologies that would prevent or eradicate the conflicts. A vast theoretical literature has also been presented in regards to the importance of structural violence in comprehension enhancement, with some authors arguing that conflicts have been a major drawback to economic, social, and political triumph over the years, owing to the state of misunderstanding distinct takes of different individuals and groups (Burchill, et al, 2005, p. 291). The recent decades have seen researchers, academicians, scholars, as well as psychologists develop enthusiasm in the area of the effects of violence on the international relations. The discussion in this paper seeks to establish the usefulness of the concept of structural violence in analyzing and understanding international conflicts. The comprehension of this is enabled by comprehensively analyzing the concept of structural violence as well as the international conflict. The theoretical approach towards the same is critically discussed, in addition to the provision of rationale and impacts of the study at hand. Analyzing the concept of structural violence The form of violence whose basis is on the social structure or social institution that harms some populace and prevents them from fulfilling their essential needs encompasses structural violence. Structural violence is product of the organization of political, social, and economic settings and systems in ways that have both negative and positive effects on the immediate community. The rationale of the impacts is portrayed when some segments of the population in existence are oppressed, intimidated, and dominated, while other segments are privileged in one way or the other. Conflicts that have their fundamentals on the societal structures deprive part of the population their peace, food, security, healthcare etc, while others still enjoy the abundance of the same in similar setting. For instance, movement of large numbers of rich people into a community may lead to the increment of housing costs, affecting people that lived originally in a similar place under low costs. In addition, structural violence is mostly recognized at the level of a society due to life quality shortfalls that occur in certain societal groups. The accomplishment of structural violence mostly occurs via the existence of political repression in a society. This entails the
The therapeutic benefit of using psychedelics in treating various mental illnesses is controversial. Despite the potential of psychedelics to help the patient, there is a risk to make things worse as the drugs of this type might be dangerous for the patient’s mental state. This work critically analyzes five studies exploring the effects of a specific psychedelic (psilocybin) in treating a specific mental health disorder (depression). This work is a literature review that aims to discuss the topic and compare and contrast psychedelics with traditional forms of psychological treatment. First of all, it is essential to understand the general effects of psilocybin on the brain that are present in the current literature. According to Kuypers (2020), small doses of psilocybin can positively affect cognitive processes, including time perception and divergent and convergent thinking, and the corresponding brain regions. However, the same study has found that using psilocybin increases anxiety and may create a cycling pattern of depression and euphoria (Kuypers, 2020). Therefore, it may be dangerous to administer small doses of psilocybin to patients suffering from depression as it does not guarantee a positive effect and can contribute to the development of another severe mental illness. Compared to the traditional psychological treatments, psilocybin may provide similar improvements, but it is also associated with high risks, meaning that more scientific knowledge is required to support psilocybin’s therapeutic value. The risks of using psychedelics in treating patients with mental health disorders cause the related question concerning the reasons to use them instead of traditional psychological treatments. According to Roseman et al., (2018), psychedelic therapy may be more appropriately thought of as a distinct form of (drug-assisted) psychotherapy than as a pure pharmacotherapy. However, the current treatments have limited effectiveness and adherence (Davis et al., 2021). That is why new methods and techniques, including the usage of psilocybin, are constantly explored to find more effective ways of treating mental illnesses such as depression. The importance of studying the positive effects of psilocybin is explained in recent studies. They suggest that 1 or 2 administrations of psilocybin with psychological support produce antidepressant effects (Davis et al., 2021). The research of Hibicke et al. (2020) has also provided evidence to that suggestion. The randomized clinical trial conducted by Davis et al. (2021) shows that psilocybin with therapy is efficacious in treating major depressive disorder. The trial consisted of two sessions, using 20 mg and 30 mg of psilocybin (Davis et al., 2021). Therefore, conducting more clinical trials may lead to discoveries and provide more evidence of the positive effects of psilocybin in treating mental illnesses. As it is known, depression is a complex mental illness, m
Introduction Every profession has guidelines on how its operations can be carried out. This is due to the diversity in human beings that can lead to variance in the work produced by individuals of the same profession. On the same note, there is a high probability that people can act in a manner that only serves their interest if they are left free. Similarly, since conflicts cannot be avoided not only at places of work, but also at all social places, there should be guidelines on how to solve conflicts. As a result, the ethical codes of conduct have been formulated to help in guiding various people on how to work. It is important to note that the ethical code of conduct gives limits on what actions a professional can take in any situation. Nevertheless, there are scenarios when some people breach the code of conduct of their profession leading to dire consequences not only to the firm they work for, but also to the reputation of the profession as a whole. These cases have been reported even in the accounting profession and actions have been taken on those found to breach the codes of ethics. Description of the Case In New Zealand for example, the New Zealand institute of chartered Accountants (NZICA) has in place the code of ethics that guides all accountants. Unfortunately, cases of breach of the code of conduct including that involving an accountant from Wanaka have been reported (Smith, 2012). In the case of the accountant from Wanaka, Alistair Rickard King was found to have accepted a job knowing that there could be conflict of interest. While still serving a client associated with a rival company, King accepted an appointment as the receiver of William Hill Winery Limited (WHWL). The two clients being obviously competitors in the same industry, avoidance of conflict was impossible (Smith, 2012). However, King went ahead and accepted the position without taking into consideration the conflict of interest that was eminent. In case where a professional accountant notes potential threats to the professional code of conduct, it is upon the accountant to take safety measures to ensure that the threat is reduced to manageable levels. For the case of king, he deliberately took the appointment without putting in place any precautions to ensure that the conflict of interest is reduced to the minimum. At WHWL, King was representing Southland Building Society (SBS) a secured creditor (Smith, 2012). These two clients had conflicting interests in this venture and it would have been wise for King to withdraw from the engagement. It is important to note that king should have recognized these issues given the fact that he had access to all the necessary information. The engagement that King agreed to undertake had adverse effects to both clients and King knew this (Smith, 2012). Similarly, while the clients would have wanted King specifically to represent them may be due to his renowned experience, it was upon him to advise them accordingly. These actions led to a scenario where King would be compelled to favor one client and negatively impact the other. Accounting Violati
Introduction In a very weird way, sometimes grown-up adults with a unique personality and solid educational baggage forget the simplest things that toddlers manage to keep in mind. One of the most well-known symptoms of this weird mental dysfunction is forgetting that lies are never the answer, mostly because they tend to be revealed in the most embarrassing and humiliating way. In his case study, Business week CASE: Executives making it by faking it, McCool (2007) makes it clear that faking previous working experience will most likely have negative effects on one’s career and reputation. For an HR manager, it is essential to learn the background of a candidate for a certain vacation. Though one might argue that experience often turns out an even more important element of a candidate’s background, it is still necessary to keep in mind that education certificates mean that a person has been trained properly for a specific job (McDavid, 2009). Therefore, it can be considered that an employee’s background is important when the person being hired does not have a previous record in any company yet. When an HR manager looks for someone with previous experience in a certain sphere, the recommendation letter from the candidate’s previous job can tell much more about his/her skills and qualifications. Executives Making It by Faking It Therefore, lying in the given case is quite understandable and, frankly speaking, quite excusable, especially if the interviewed person has no previous experience and is very anxious. Therefore, if the interviewee meets the standards, lying about the previous experience can be excused – though not encouraged. Speaking of background checks, one must admit
In Hamlet, Shakespeare introduces a concept of women more in keeping with the traditional view than what he usually portrayed. The play opens upon Hamlet’s return home following the death of his father. He finds his mother married to his uncle and the ghost of his father appears to inform Hamlet that he had not died accidentally, but rather was killed by the ambitious Claudius and, perhaps, the willing acceptance of Queen Gertrude. As the action unfolds, Shakespeare tells of how Hamlet seeks a way to both prove what the ghost has said and bring about the revenge that is demanded if the ghost is correct. Hamlet feigns insanity to discover the truth, effectively confusing those around him as was his intention. Because he is acting outside of his normal character, he has no problem using others as they might be used against him, introducing the theme of individual manipulation. Forced to work alone, his hesitation to act proves almost fatal to his vengeance and most certainly fatal to himself, but not before those he loves are also destroyed. While the concept of manipulation is evident in Hamlet’s actions as well as the actions of several other characters throughout the play, it is perhaps brought into the clearest focus as it applies to the women of the play, particularly Ophelia. Shakespeare employs the traditional view of the woman as a means of illustrating its more dangerous elements through his portrayal of Ophelia in her innocence, the ease with which others use her, and the suspicion that falls on her as a result of the actions of others. According to the traditional and more popular view of the female sex, women were considered necessary but nearly mindless household accessories rather than actual people. Most of Shakespeare’s women, though, broke this mold in some way, such as the defiance of Desdemona when facing her father or the self-determination shown by Juliet. However, Ophelia floats through the Denmark castle providing little to no valuable service and seemingly without volition or true activity of her own. Not only conforming to the traditional concept of a submissive, malleable female with little to no educated thoughts of her own, Ophelia also conforms to the traditional concept of a hero’s love interest. She is presented as a demure, chaste young girl, obedient to her father and her brother, mild-mannered and sweet. Her humble question “Not more but so?” (I, iii, 11) following Laertes’ warnings about Hamlet’s interest indicates her traditionally proper complete acceptance of a man’s opinion and directive. Her response to Laertes warning him against debauchery while at school reinforces her role as the guardian of the family soul just as her acquiescence to Laertes, as the male, reinforces that he is the guardian of the family chastity. She is a faithful servant to the queen and is always engaged in properly frivolous activities – the sewing of decorative things and the knowledge of flowers and songs. She seems to be innocent of the plotting of those around her and proves to be incapable of comprehending the various dynamics of the events unfolding. Shakespeare seems to suggest through this portrayal that an u
The classic film, Alexander the Great (1956), follows the life of Alexander the Great, a successful military commander of all time who had conquered most of the known world by the time of his death at only thirty-three years. Written, directed, and produced by Robert Rossen, the ambitious film tells of how Alexander managed to create a huge empire that included Macedonia, Egypt, Syria, Persia, and Asia Minor. Some of the actors in the film include Richard Burton (as Alexander the Great), Claire Bloom (as Barsine) Frederic March (as Philip of Macedonia), Danielle Darrieux (as Olympias), and Barry Jones (as Aristotle). The events depicted in the movie are historically accurate. As is shown in the movie, Alexander was born in Pella in 356 BC when his father, King Philip II of Macedonia, was championing a campaign to take over Olynthus. After giving birth to Alexander, Philip’s II wife, Olympias, persistently claims that he is of divine birth. Although Philip II accuses her of infidelity, he endeavors to groom Alexander to succeed him. Consequently, he ensures that the young man receives the highest level of education in Greek cultural practices. The famed Greek philosopher Aristotle, who made him to accept that the Greeks were the most civilized, taught him history, mathematics, logic and other subjects. Alexander’s eager to rule is aroused when his father allows him to rule the city of Pella, the capital of Macedonia. Phillip did this because he was spending too much time in the battlefield. As the first taste of power made the young man to be confident, he soon started to take his father to the wars he was fighting to conquer other areas. For example, in the Battle of Chaeronea (338 BC), Alexander and his father managed to capture the city of Athens. This victory assures Alexander of a great future; however, Philip accuses his wife of infidelity and divorces her and this leads to a chasm in his relationship with his father because his succession is uncertain as some people in the palace thought of him as being an illegitimate child. When one of Alexander’s friends assassinates Philip II, he ascends to the throne and claims the loyalty of all the Greeks and also assumes all the titles that had been accorded to the late king. After this, driven by a god-like conviction, he embarks on a mission to bring the all region of Asia under his authority. As much as he is not going to live for many years, the extent of his accomplishments is going to be without parallel. The depiction of these events makes the film to be historically accurate. On the other hand, besides its historical accuracies in depicting the life of Alexander the Great, the film also has some historical inaccuracies. Since the movie is not a historical documentary, the filmmakers added some fiction to it, which makes it historical accuracy questionable. The filmmakers decided to omit some other battles and events that took place during the time, for example, the siege of Tyre. These were avoided supposedly because of time constraints. Other historical inaccuracies in the film arise from representation that the ancient Macedonian culture was the same with that of other p
The initial steps in investigating measles outbreaks in Australia The CDC lists steps for investigating measles as:   * Establish the existence of an outbreak by comparing the number of cases detected against the available data from local health facilities, which include discharge records and mortality or use information from the state or national records (CDC, 2012).   * Verify the diagnosis through laboratory tests irrespective of patients’ age. Case investigation should proceed alongside laboratory tests. Ensure a proper confirmation of the disease.   * Develop a working case definition based on confirmed, probable or possible cases to provide ease of investigation. Unverified cases should be confirmed after laboratory test results.   * Conduct descriptive epidemiology by noting time, place and persons, drawing and interpreting an epidemic curve   * Develop hypotheses to evaluate the source, modes of transmission and causes   * Assess hypotheses epidemiologically through fact comparison   * Reconsider hypotheses when necessary   * Adopt control and prevention strategies   * Communicate outcomes to stakeholders A focus on outbreaks, control and surveillance both in Australia and abroad Outbreak There have been several cases of measles outbreaks in Australia and other parts of the world in the recent past. Although other countries have eliminated measles, there are still some random reported cases. The measles virus spreads fast and is highly contagious. In some cases, sources of the outbreak may remain unconfirmed, but data gathered during the investigation may provide possible sources, including tourists and other travelers. The numbers of reported cases of measles globally differ significantly. While some countries have recorded high rates of measles outbreaks, particularly developing ones, developed nations have managed to control measles outbreaks (Simons et al., 2012). Even countries that claim to have eliminated measles still experience random outbreaks. As a result, they have reviewed their guidelines on managing potential measles outbreaks. Such directives assist healthcare providers to manage the spread of measles and limit the possibility of further spread and any complications. Control Following the successful eradication of measles in the US and the UK, other countries started to review their approaches to measles control. Australia had adopted a Measles Control Campaign to eradicate the disease. This strategy involved the greater part of the World Health Organisation’s efforts to eliminate measles globally. Some control approaches are reactive rather than proactive. For instance,
The Bible, as a literary work of a significant theological and cultural value, is filled with literary devices, such as personifications, metaphors, similes, symbols, and parallelisms, which intensify the depth of the spiritual messages and the literary features of the book. The Book of Psalms is one of the richest parts of the Scripture containing a great variety of literary devices specific to poetry. The passage retrieved from Psalms is one of the most striking for a reader since it introduces vivid imagery that explains the importance of God to the author. The passage is as follows: “The Lord is my rock, my fortress, and my deliverer, my God, my rock in whom I take refuge, my shield, and the horn of my salvation, my stronghold (Psalm 18:2, New Oxford Annotated Bible: New Revised Sta