ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
There various groups in society that contribute differently to the growth of the economy. Some own and run major business enterprises and those who work in such business. This leads to the emergence of social classes in society, with the elites who own most business enterprises at the top of the hierarchy. The elites at the top of the scale tend to have the upper hand in influencing decisions, especially in their favor, leading to a capitalist society. Modern capitalism, therefore, is a system where the elites who control the wealth of the community form a political system to protect their interests. This can be traced back to the 16 th century where Great Britain adopted it after the English Civil War and the Glorious Revolution, becoming the first to practice modern capitalism. During this time, Great Britain saw a transition from a feudal society to a capitalist society (Rössner, 2020). This paper discusses the events that led to the origin of modern capitalism in Great Britain, its evolution, and how it influenced the former British 3 rd world colonies. Scholars attribute modern capitalism to England to the growth of the cloth industry between the 16 th and 17 th centuries (Kuo, 2018). Initially, the feudal system was being used to run the society in England. The landowners and the wealthy exchanged their land and other wages to peasant workers in exchange for their service. In the feudal system, most of the wealth accrued was channeled towards community development, such as building cathedrals and other social amenities. However, several historical events led to modern capitalism, where wealth was reinvested in other profit-making projects rather than community welfare. An increase in the supply of precious metals such as diamond, which led to inflation in prices of such commodities, was one of the contributing factors to modern capitalism development. Capitalists had to protect themselves from the government policies and the backlash of the people. As a result, they formed the representative form of democracy where they elected their fellow capitalist to represent them in the government to protect their interests of maximizing wealth. During this period, prices had increased while wages were still low, making the capitalist the significant beneficiaries of inflation. As a result, economic development shifted from being a public initiative to a private initiative so
Overview of tourism and economic development The contribution of different sectors to economic development of states as well as the global economy has been the greatest area of focus for economists. They measure sector contributions basing on both the direct as well as indirect effects of the sectors on the economic growth and development. One of the notable sectors in modern economies is the tourism sector. This sector is being given a lot of attention to in many countries because of the benefits that are derived from it. Of considerable attention is the role that is played by the sector in bringing about full employment in modern economies. As pointed out in many research outcomes, tourism is one of the main contributors to employment in economies. More researchers are sure that tourism has contributed to the creation of employment opportunities in economies (Aykac 12). Tourism and employment Tourism has been termed as one of the main leading factors in social, cultural and economic development. One contribution of tourism to economic development is argued to be the creation of jobs in economies. There are a lot of investments in tourism development. These investments open up job opportunities for populations. Jobs in the tourism sector are created in different ways. There are direct jobs that are created indirectly in sectors that back tourism. Therefore, any research or analysis of the contribution of tourism to the creation of employment has to be objective in order to capture all the diverse aspects of employment (European Commission 2). There are a lot of kinds of tourism activities, which create both long-term and short-term employment opportunities. Percentage of job creation differs from one tourist activity to another as well as from one economy to the other. The international labor organization has termed the tourism and travel industry as one of the most dynamic industries across the globe. Tourism contributed 9 percent to the global gross domestic product in the year 2010. According to statistics from the ILO, the tourism industry has been attaining growth and expansion at a remarkably quick pace thence creating many economic opportunities in the prevailing globalized economy. The diversity in the tourism industry resonates from the argument that different tourist activities are being coined hence increasing the job creation capacity of the industry. The more creativity is employed in the tourism industry, the more the number of employment opportunities. According to the economic surveys that were conducted by ILO, the global tourism industry employs approximately 8 percent of the total employees in all industries in the world. This translates to about 235 million jobs. This is a significant contribution to economic development bearing in mind that employment creation is one of the mechanisms through which economies are sustained (International Labor Organization 6). Economic forecasts point out that employment opportunities are expected
Introduction In the postmodern world, traditional gender roles seem intact in the western society. While their establishment seems clear since they are evident through mass media, celebrities like Madonna want to break free from some conservative roles. Can she be called the first woman at the forefront of gender social transformations? The profound changes in conventional sex roles were set up by modernized changes in cultural attitudes. From historical perspective, it occurred due to a structural revolution in the characteristics of modern family institutions, educational opportunities for girls and women, and paid labor force. At the same time partial narrowing of the gender gap in the context of economic participation did not lead to the equality of men and women in the field of their occupations. Not only did women hold different jobs, they were distinguished in the status and possible rewards. Such socially accepted rules raised questions about attitude toward the family and moral values, establishment of which is now assessed as long and tedious rather than fast and fruitful. For this reason, the phenomenon of Madonna as of a revolutionary presentation of the inverted gender roles is extremely interesting to investigate. The concept of gender roles There does not seem to be any difficulty in finding the topic to speak in the domain of gender roles. As a preliminary, it would be a nice idea to state the concept of gender role in terms of its peculiarities, in order to see later how Madonna tried to change it. Phenomenology of gender is in the fact that not only does it encompass biological state, but expands wider and includes social functions and roles that are typical of each sex and are imposed by the culture in which one lives. Being built on the biological and physical peculiarities, general appearance and personality, life experience and general professionalism, education and career, sex and love affairs, gender becomes very individual. Gender experience influences the way people live, think about themselves and others, create the images of themselves for their own needs and for the sake of society. Indeed, having a certain gender role means taking on the responsibility of having certain qualities and being able to do certain functions; thus, having a gender role means being a link in the chain of society. It is also necessary to mention that gender role goes hand to hand with the concept of self-estimation that is explained as understanding of one’s self in the social relations. Another vital item t
Introduction Since the onset of this century, one of the most prevalent problems that has afflicted the society, especially in the developed countries, is that of obesity. Hendrick asserts that up to 63.1% of adults in America are suffering from this health anomaly (Hendrick, 2010). This figure implies that two out of every three American adults are obese. This finding suggests that thousands of Americans are at risk of contracting medical conditions such as diabetes, high-blood pressure, high cholesterol levels, and heart attacks. This is primarily the reason why the focus of numerous television advertisements, according to Grannis (2008), has shifted towards alternative weight loss solutions for Americans. Some of these solutions have occasionally come under heavy criticism, probably due to competitive reasons, yet, they seem to be viable options for losing that extra weight. This article gives some of these alternative solutions, their pros and cons, and a conclusive argument about each method. Controlled Breathing As a common exercise during regular Yoga classes, controlled breathing seems to be the least of the alternatives that can assist a person to lose weight. Nevertheless, latest studies reveal that breathing in a controlled fashion burns excess body fats. How does this occur? A big portion of body fat constitutes fragments of oxygen, carbon and hydrogen. According to WeightLossfor All (2010), addition of oxygen to the body through inhalation will inevitably break down the fatty compound into water molecules and carbon dioxide and secreted through urination and exhalation respectively. For a normal human being, taking deep breaths that lasts five seconds in the inhalation process, then exhaling through the mouth, is a sure way of achieving this goal. The same article advises that one should exercise this procedure at least eight times every minute to burn the fat in the body. Asthanga is a Yoga related treatment that uses this breathing technique (Carter, 2010). Scientists have m
The 1960’s are characterized by the a social movement which was called Counterculture and had a great influence on the historical, political and social events in the USA, as well as in the whole world, “the 1960’s brought revolution to American society – in the arts, technology and human understanding” (Welcome to the ’60s 1). In this paper, we are going to discuss how the Countercultural movement of the 60’s influenced on the people’s lifestyle and provide an argument that in had a positive influence on the development of modern society and youth culture. In the 1960’s young people of America began reappraising old values, materialistic and cultural norms. They created an alternative lifestyle named counterculture. A new movement faced new issues and ideas, such as civil rights, nuclear threat, Vietnam War, environmental protection, drug use and woman rights, “the years were marked by gay rights, and civil rights and women’s rights and outcry and disillusionment” (Welcome to the ’60s 1). The main moving forces of the Counterculture movement were the pursuit of peace, love and freedom. People felt freely, there were new visions on religion, child care family relations, etc. People felt more free and independent. As Joelle Fraser writers in her memoirs From the Territory of Men when speaking about her parents, “They made jokes about their lifestyle, how it was like the title from Hemingway’s book A Movable Feast . Almost every night they drank, and in the morning woke to friends passed out on their floor” (203). She also says that both of her parents were dreamers, as all the young pe
Abstract This reflective paper on industrial-organization psychology explains the writer’s personal perspective on the field of study. The vastness of the field requires a practitioner to have a wider knowledge on industrial psychology itself, and also basic knowledge of the company’s operations as well as the cultural background of its employees. The paper makes an inquiry on the issues surrounding the holistic training of an industrial psychologist; challenges he/she may face and how to tackle them. Part one of the paper contains the importance of ethics as an aspect of industrial-organizational psychology. The second part is the writer’s personal reflection on this field of study. Introduction Industrial-organizational psychology, which is the writer’s area of specialization, is strictly concerned with the research of behavior in industries or organizations. The research is often meant to increase the company’s/organization’s productivity, product or service testing, and employee selection. An industrial-organizational psychologist therefore must have a wealth of knowledge on issues surrounding these activities to be effective in his/her work. Ethical behavior of people at workplace is the launching pad for psychological inquiry into the areas that an industrial-organizational psychologist deals with. This paper is a reflection of the writer’s personal assessment of his academic journey and experience of the field of industrial-organizational psychology. Ethics. The foundation of Industrial-organizational Psychology In the field of industrial-organizational psychology, ethics is used as the basis of analysis of workplace behaviors that justify psychological research with an aim of providing a solution(s). The writer’s combination of academic research and experience in this field of psychology reveals that ethical codes, principles, and standards play a monumental role in regulating some behavior that may detour the company/organization from its mission and objectives. Given that human beings are prone to error and can sometimes become eccentric in their behavior, ethical codes are meant to control personal conduct. Ethics involves personal choices that can easily break or make a person in his/her workplace. The importance of having good conduct enables a person to maintain a high level of respect for his/her profession, but most importantly for people. Organizational ethical codes often work as a guide to employees to uphold certain fundamental issues addressing morality at workplace. These codes of conduct facilitate personal moral development that brings about business growth. The reason being, doing what one should do at the right time and in the right place develops a sense of discipline that fuels his/her work practices to greater heights. Experience shows that ethical behavior supported by organizational code of conduct promote teamwork among workers given the great respect placed in fundamental issues in the workp
Can you imagine living in a world without the internet, televisions, automobiles, mobile phones, computers, and music players? Can you imagine driving to a new location without a GPS device for guidance? Life would be boring, unbearable and slow. Technology has made life easier than it was in the early years of the 20th century when technological advancements were nonexistent. Technology has become an indispensable tool that enhances human survival and effectiveness (Thomas 45). Human beings cannot live without technology because of its influences and benefits in all areas of their lives such as transportation, medicine, communication, education, and entertainment (Radziwill 34). Despite its innumerable benefits, technology has several adverse effects on society that include embracement of sedentary lifestyles, development of addictions, and destruction of relationships due to dependence on online socialization. This paper will discuss how technology encourages sedentary lifestyles that have negative health outcomes, initiates the development of addictions, and destroys relationships. Technology affects society negatively because it encourages sedentary lifestyles that result in poor health outcomes. According to statistics from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), about 25% of children aged between 2 and 17 years of age are either obese or overweight. Technology acts as a catalyst for unhealthy eating habits and sedentary lifestyles that encourage conditions such as obesity and diabetes. Many people spend hundreds of hours watching TV, driving, playing video games, and surfing the internet that they hardly find time for physical activity. Research by the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) revealed that an average American child spends more than 7 hours daily using technology (Radziwill 39). This is in contrast to the 1-2 hours that the association recommends. According to a research study conducted in 2000, physical inactivity that results from computer use encourages premature mortality and morbidity, obesity, and increased cases of overweight people (Thomas 47). According to the American Heart Association, technology has resulted in an 83% increase in jobs that have eliminated the need for physical mobility (Thomas 53). Technology affects society negatively because it leads to development nt of addictions that affect productivity, relationships, and victims’ financial wellbeing. Technological gadgets such as mobile phones, computers, and music players are used for communication and entertainment. Frequent and uncontrolled use of these gadgets encourages addiction to things such as video games, social networking, online gambling, and online shopping. A study conducted in 2004 revealed that internet use leads to pathological use among young people if it is uncontrolled. According to the study, participants who were addicted to technology abdicated their chores to spend time using technology (Kanwal and Archana 654). Also, the study revealed that lack of internet use for a day caused mental distress and panic. Another study conducted by researchers at the University of Maryland revealed that students experienced menta
The political cartoon drawn by Jim Borgman eloquently illustrates the problems faced by many young American people nowadays. In particular, it shows that they often do not have any employment opportunities, and some may be forced to join the Army hoping that it can create at least some opportunities for them. Apart from that, this image can be aimed at criticizing the policies of the government that attaches more importance to military spending, rather than economic development of the country and welfare of its citizens. These are the main argument that the cartoonist puts forward. By using both imagery and verbal elements, Borgman succeeds in making a very powerful statement about the life contemporary society in which the feeling of insecurity is probably the most dominant one. The key topic that the author explores is the lack of opportunities for American people, especially those ones who are relatively young. This cartoon was c
ROI, as a tool, can be an effective and simple way to understand the success and profitability of a particular investment. It allows a firm to measure the specific existing or potential costs spent on advertising against the profits it will provide in the future, giving a professional perspective into the profitability of particular ventures and marketing options. In the case of ROI, it should be acceptable to lose a portion of profits initially to make a return later, as the money can be further reiterated into the firm or considered as profit for its members. In business, the process of investing money and resources into potential marketing, advertising efforts and specific products with the expectation of increased returns is one of the primary ways of increasing revenues and growing one’s firm. It should be noted that the process involves a degree of risk that is accounted for and mitigated. The primary use of ROI, however, is not only calculating profits or discussing percentages. It provides the concerned parties with the relevant data to analyze the success and potential of new business ventures and choices made in corporate management. Evaluating the decisions using such evaluation tools can be an invaluable way of safely testing out business ideas and seeing which of them will work. Another useful tactic to solve business problems and find opportunities is analyzing one’s competition. Other firms and organizations working in the same field all strive to compete with one another, offering products and services that are constantly geared towards the best functionality and value (Lloyd, n.d.). Understanding the other options available on the market can allow a company to see possible opportunities for new development and disregard less ambitious ideas. Reference Lloyd, Alicia (n.d.) “The Importance of a Competitor Analysis and How to Conduct One: Kayo Digital.” Kayo Digital , Web.
Introduction American Airway was established in 1920 and later in 1934, it was formed to become American Airline. American Airlines is one of the developed industries worldwide because of its participation globe-wide in the business. Since its establishment, it has grown up to have a complex structure of management. It has several departments which run its management to make a profit and to work efficiently. An example is in 1982 where AMR Corp was introduced and became the holder of American Airlines. This was followed by AMR services formed in December 1983 which was a subsidiary to provide the Airline with aviation services to support other airlines. In 1992, AMR Consulting Group was formed as a subsidiary which expanded to be an airline training school and also consulting group. In 1993 the AMR Corp introduced the SABRE Technology Group which included the department of the Information Services (ARMIS), STIN – SABRE Travel Information Network, SCS- SABRE Computer Services, SDS – SABRE Development Services, and risk assessment/project consulting units. The American Airline completed its work of the spirit of SABRE in 2000 to manage itself. The chairman who was elected was Gerard J. Arpey to head the ARM cooperation and the airlines in 2004 For American Airlines to succeed it has got different departments to have it run efficiently and give it profit. The different departments are run by different staff. The cooperate management or structure in organizations includes the Board of Directors, AMR Corporation officers, Core businesses, American Airline senior management, American Beacon Advisors, American Airline management, and American Eagle management. According to International Banking, AMR ranked 902 worldwide as recorded by Forbes magazine and 312 (in2006) in the 500 fortune Global list. The departments in American Airlines are different and carry different businesses, the businesses within the structure of cooperation include American Airlines, American Airlines cargo, American Airline travel beacon advisors, and American Airlines Eagles. We have also different facilities within the Airlines, which are the Flagship University, American Airlines C.R Smith Museum, American Airlines Travel Academy, and American Airli