ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
International political economy (IPE) focuses on two interrelated fields that are crucial for the state, economy and politics. Researchers identify three major perspective within the discipline: mercantilism, liberalism and structuralism (Wullweber 2014, 80). Gilpin (2001, 52) notes that economy is a dynamic system that evolves and responds to the changing environment and also causes changes. It is possible to note that the three perspectives respond to the three stages of economy development. The three perspectives have some traits in common, but they are also quite different in major points. First, it is necessary to note that the three perspectives developed during different periods. Mercantilism existed between sixteens and the late eighteenth centuries (Balaam & Dillman 2012, 57). Liberalism replaced this perspective in the 18 th century and was primary during the 19 th century. However, structuralism came into being in the 19 th century and many people utilized this perspective. It is necessary to note that liberalism and structuralism are both quite widely used by different researchers in the contemporary world (Smith, El-Anis & Farrands 2014, 34). One of major similarities between the perspectives is their focus on such concepts as the state, economy, power, wealth, production, and authority. The three perspectives focus on the relationships between the state and economy as well as the way they affect each other. Another important similarity is that wealth accumulation and associated conflicts are seen as natural. It is also important to add that the idea of the conflict is leading in the three perspectives as it is accepted that there are conflicting forces tha
Introduction As the manager of a bottling company whose customers have launched complaints about the amount of soda that is less than recommended 16 ounces, I have undertaken investigations to ascertain the problem and report to my boss. To get valid and reliable data, I directed employees to sample 30 bottles randomly during different shifts. Employees then measured the amount of soda in each of the 30 bottles and tabulated the findings for further analysis. To determine if the claim launched by customers is true, the case study will calculate descriptive statistics, construct a 95% confidence interval, perform a hypothesis test, discuss the causes of the claim, and offer an appropriate recommendation. Main body Descriptive statistics were calculated using MS Excel functions and tabulated in the table below. Table 1. Descriptive Statistics. Statistic           Excel functions  Values Mean                AVERAGE          15.954 Median              MEDIAN           16.01  Standard Deviation  STDEV.S          0.855   The mean for ounces in the 30 bottles sampled (M = 15.954) is less than the recommended 16 ounces. The standard deviation (SD = 0.855) indicates that the amount of soda in each bottle is highly variable (15.954±0.855). Since the median (16.01) is greater than the mean (15.954), it implies the distribution of data has a negative skew. The 95% confidence interval was constructed using mean (15.954), standard deviation (0.855), critical value (1.96), and sample size (n = 30). Standard error = standard deviation/√sample size = 0.855/√30 = 0.1561 Margin of error = Critical value (Z) x standard error = 1.96 x 0.1561 = 0.30596 95% Confidence Interval = Mean ±Margin of Error = 15.954±0.30596 (15.648, 16.260) Therefore, the lower limit and the upper limit of 95% confidence interval of a true mean of the amount of soda that the company produces are 15.648 and 16.260 ounces respectively. The confidence level shows that the true mean of the population could be less than 16 ounces. The study performed a hypothesis test to verify or refute the claim that the amount of soda in bottles is less than 16 ounces, The one-sample t-test is an appropriate statistical test because the study entails a comparison of sample and hypothesized means for ounces of soda in bottles. The case analysis entailed the formulation of the following hypotheses: Null hypothesis: The mean amount of soda in bottles is equaled 16 ounces. μ = 16 Alternative hypothesis: The mean amount of soda in bottles is less than 16 ounces. µ < 16 Table 2 shows that the one-sample t-test fails to reject the null hypothesis that the mean amount of soda in bottles is 16 ounces, t(29) = -2948, p = 0.3851. The logic of the hypothesis test is that the t-value is not in the rejection region and the p-value is greater than the significance level of 0.05. Hence, the conclusion is that the claim of customers is not true since the mean of ounces does not differ significantly from the advertised value of 16 ounces. Table 2. One-Sample T-Test.                               Sample   Hypothesized Mean Mean
Introduction The short story “Signs & Symbols” by Nabokov uses the idea of “madness” and ‘insanity’ to create the story’s conflict and question the boundaries between reality and insanity. Nabokov uses the familiar motif of insanity in an unfamiliar way: not just to convey the result of an unnerving, disquieting, even infuriating reality, but also to comment on its hypocrisies. Symbolizing modern man’s alienation from the goals of a mechanized society that emphasizes humanistic values, insanity seems to be an effective method of challenging the social order. The essay will examine and discuss the usage of symbols and images about the actions and thoughts of the main characters and their meaning for the readers. Using vivid images and symbols, Nabokov gives readers only some hints about the story conflict and leaves it to readers to interpret the meaning and significance of the symbols. The world of insanity Nabokov uses the world of insanity and unique symbols as the main channels of communication between real and sane worlds. The boy’s disease, “referential mania”, represents the world of insanity and can be interpreted as a symbol of something strange that happened in the family many years ago. Nabokov does not retell the story of the family but he points out that there is a mystery about the boy’s birthday and a ‘conspicuous’ birthmark of his father. “The vein on the side of his bald head where there was a large birthmark stood out conspicuously” (Nabokov n.d.). Nabokov unveils that there is a close link between insanity and something strange or fearful that happened in the family many years ago. It is precisely the pathology of madness, a metaphor for the disabling and disorienting threats to individuality inherent in contemporary society. Conformity and nonconformity, sanity and insanity, madness and insight The novel is replete with images of madness, ranging from the universal (the bureaucratized institutions that demand complete conformity, opposed that the distinction between conformity and nonconformity, sanity and insanity, madness and insight, was not always very clear. Nabokov underlines: “Coinciding with a long convalescence after pneumonia when those little phobias of his which his parents had stubbornly regarded as the eccentricities
The era of the global pandemic of the COVID-19 infection has raised multiple fundamental questions in social morale, and the United States is no exclusion. In this context, the officials and the media have built a narrative that constructs a dichotomy between the economy and human lives. While some try to assess the cost of a life, others insist it should be out of the question as any economy is supposed to serve its society. Nevertheless, this discussion is not entirely new if one draws their attention to the discussion on environmental degradation and poverty. To begin with, there is a pragmatic approach that seeks answers to the question of human life value in mathematics. As Adam Rogers claims, it still appears to be significantly challenging: at first, the decision-making units used to search for assessing a death’s costs (2020). However, the issue under discussion is not new either: for instance, one of the most convincing approaches that used VSL data was developed in 1981 by Kip Viscusi (Rogers, 2020). The possibility of an American citizen’s death on a job every year is about 0,0001, while “in return, people got paid an extra $300 a year for incurring that risk” (Rogers, 2020, p. 28). Thus, in this model, VSL estimates are between 9 and 11 million dollars, adjusted for inflation (Rogers, 2020, p. 28). It is only one of the possible approaches to the problem which demonstrates: experts make an effort to assess the value of a life – or death, in many cases. Meanwhile, there is a dramatically differentiating vision of the problem. Some fairly criticize the question of whether the economy or human lives are more valuable. As Paul Krugman points out, the economy is supposed to serve society, and if its work contradicts the common good like health, it must be seen as problematic: “There is a clear relationship between income and life satisfaction. But it’s not the only thing that matters. In particular, do you know what also makes a major contribution to the quality of life? Not dying” (2020, p. 5). In other words, the economy is not an autonomous system that should function for its own sake but individuals’ wellbeing. This point is understandable; however, the author does not consider that living and even surviving without an income or a job requires social support. That direction of policy is not unequivocally perceived in American society either. Finally, as for the place of poverty and inequality in the question raised, there is another dimension that political economists tend to analyze in this context: environmental degradation. James K. Boyce argues that inequalities of power lead to ecological problems: “the greater the degree of political and economic inequality, the higher the rate of environmental time preference of the r
Unfortunately, even though the level of development of modern medicine is relatively high, a great number of people still suffer from life long illnesses and it often happens that their quality of life significantly decreases due to this fact. Therefore, if we consider the needs of such patients, it is important to assume the great importance of various practices applied by specialists in occupational therapy. Discussing the particular practices that healthcare providers pay an increased attention to in order to improve physical and mental condition of patients suffering from various pernicious diseases such as cancer, it is necessary to put more focus on such intervention as equipment provision. As for the latter, it refers to a range of special tools that are successfully used by healthcare providers in rehabilitation therapy; the latter can help the ones fighting against terminal diseases to solve essential problems without becoming dependent from those who take care of them. Considering the importance of the issue stated, it was decided to search relevant and peer-reviewed sources on the topic in order to answer the following clinical question: Within the context of terminally ill adult patients, can equipment provision be regarded as the measure allowing to increase the degree of independence and improve quality of life of both patients and their carers? Search Strategy and Outcomes The primary goal of the given paper was to choose from a wide range of strategies and search tools in order to find a substantial number of credible academic sources providing relevant and appropriate information on the topic of equipment provision within the frame of occupational therapy and the effects that such practice may produce on adult patients and those specialists who take care of them and help them to recover in a shorter period of time. In fact, the links between the provision of special equipment allowing patients to be independent when it comes to fulfilling the essential tasks such as cooking food and getting shower are very important as such equipment may prevent possible injuries, reduce the burden on caregivers, and make terminally ill people feel that they can still take care of themselves. Understanding that, it is necessary to pay an increased
Since questionnaire design is an art, it is not necessary to follow a rigid set of procedures ibn developing a questionnaire. Instead, the process may be left entirely to the creativity and ingenuity of the researcher. Discuss whether you agree or disagree with this statement It could be hardly doubted that the process of designing a questionnaire demands a certain level of creativity. However, it would be wrong to assume that the researcher is left entirely to his or her creativity and ingenuity, with disregard to a distinct set of rules and recommendations of questionnaire development. First of all, it is essential to determine the role of being creative in the process of designing questions for the research. It is evident that every study, to a considerable extent, represents a unique situation or problem, which has to be investigated. Therefore, it is of high importance to develop an approach which will be suitable for particular research objectives, and it could be stated with certainty that using creative thinking is highly essential for proper questionnaire designing. However, it is also important to keep the research in a distinctly strict frame. Otherwise, it is possible that the information which is obtained in the process of interviewing the participants from the chosen sample will be irrelevant to the objectives of the study, and thus the ultimate goal will not be achieved. Therefore, it should be stated that creativity is an integral part of the development of any research, but it is also essential to use a creative approach only when it benefits the results of the study. It is possible to suggest that the best way of designing of a questionnaire is to keep it in compliance with the particular objectives of the research. The following section will propose a set of questions, which would be suitable for the investigation of the involvement of Asian customers in the UAE real estate market. Draft a short questionnaire with 3 demographic and 5 variable items that would enable you to collect data to assess the market need for the services provided by Manzeli Al Thani. Justify your selection of variables and rating scale selected The following questions are proposed to form a research questionnaire:  1. What is your gender?  2. How old are you?  3. Where are you from?  4. What is your level of education and major you graduated with (or going to graduate)?  5. In which working position do you see yourself, and what is your projected income (state the current position if you are employed)?  6. Is the rent price is an important factor for you when seeking an apartment? If so, what is the most satisfactory price for you?  7. Do you see any cultural, social, or religious obstacles or issues related to your residence in UAE?  8. Would discounting and other financial opportunities provided by the owner of real estate be an important factor for your choice in favor of a particular housing option? Further, it is essential to explain the rationale behind designing this questionnair
Introduction Regarding the current impact of globalization and cultural diversity in medicine, healthcare, and nursing, much attention is paid to the conditions under which different ethnic groups have to work. International humanitarian workers are challenged by the necessity to not only observe local problems and shortages but also to make fast decisions and participate in different processes (Chang, 2007). In this paper, a case that happened to an expatriate nurse at one of the sub-Saharan African health clinics when had to investigate the outbreaks of meningitis will be discussed. Things to Learn Meningitis is an infectious disease that is in the top 10 list of diseases that cause death in people of any age (Skolnik, 2016). Though humanitarian healthcare workers have to support vulnerable populations (Fraser, Hunt, Schwartz, & de Laat, 2014), the situations when such help can be offered ma
The Ku Klux Klan is a terrorist organization founded in the southern states after the American civil war of 1861 – 1865. The Klan basically employed force violence, and intimidation to pursue their interests. The Klan was founded to scuttle and destroy the reconstruction Government which, according to the Klan, was hostile and oppressive. Its second agenda was to ensure that blacks remain inert, inferior and without civil rights. Furthermore, blacks were not to have positions of power. This essay focuses on the beliefs and values that caused the group to form, its development in 1920s, the role it played in the 1920s culture, and the effects of the group on modern world. The Ku Klux Klan was formed by a group of young confederate army soldiers who were angered by the ending of the civil war which enabled the blacks to win their freedom from slavery. This victory meant that, whites lost their slaves. The six confederates decided to form this group to occupy themselves and at the same time carry out revenge against blacks for getting their freedom (Quales, 31). In addition, the whites wanted to have a secret group because they were threatened and thought that blacks would gain more power. Moreover, the Klan wanted to counter and destroy the reconstruction government since they considered it oppressive and hostile. 1920s signified rapid development for the Klan in terms of membership and activities spreading to urban cities. This period was characterized by; economic dislocation, political and social unrest that followed the First World War hence the rise of the Klan. In 1921, the group was estimated to have three million members. In 1925, however, the group lost its popularity due to poor leadership, resentment against violence, immorality and lack of issues. Come 1929, the membership dwindled only to thousands. The Ku Klux Klan in the 1920s stood for; Americanism, white supremacy, separation of church from state, protesta
The Earth is having a fever. Aside from the contamination of its waters, pollution of its lands, deforestation, and overall degradation of the environment within it, the planet is currently facing more serious diseases: climate change and global warming—and most of the causes of these phenomena were due to our activities. In fact, the increase in the Earth’s temperature over the past five decades is due to human activity, mainly through emissions of harmful gases in the atmosphere, or what we usually call greenhouse gases ( Confronting the Greatest Threat: Climate Change and Energy n.d.). We are trying to make up though, by proposing different policies to prevent further warming and we have eventually come up with “sustainable development” -a directive strategy that promotes the development of different environmental policies that will benefit not only this generation but also the other generations to come. According
Advertising Media and Integrated Marketing Communications (IMC) Even having to share the common marketplace with its longtime enemy, the Coca Cola Company has been quite prosperous over the past few years, which allowed it to hit the top ten of the most successful organizations of 2014 (Most admired 2015, 2015). However, even with its impressive string of success, the company still might need a certain boost in its promotion strategy so that it could launch a series of new brands and, therefore, attract even more customers. By focusing on the areas, which the organization is ready to explore and which are bound to seem groundbreaking to the customers and the rivals, the organization will be capable of altering its image. The AIDA sample provided below can be used for attracting new clients and intriguing the old ones. This summer, prepare for the fresh breeze of mint. This is the experience that you’ve never had! The new refreshing, exotic, and breathtaking Mint Cola is the tasted that you would never forget. Try the drink now with a 10% discount for a regular Coca Cola bottle and enjoy the freshness! The Importance of Social Media and Web Analytics For a manager in retail store where sales rates are dropping increasingly, the use of social media may become a matter of the existence of the business. For instance, a POS system can be launched as a means of increasing sales rates. Also known as the point-of-sale technique, it helps identify the location of customers in the store (Borland et al., 2012). As a result, the analysis of buyers’ choices is made in a more efficient manner. Nordstrom (4 examples of companies using social technology to increase sales, 2014) can be viewed as a graphic example of an organization succeeding with the help of the specified tool. Another strategy for dealing with a major sales reduction, the development of a mobile shopping application (4 examples of companies using social technology to increase sales, 2014), should be considered a possibility. According to the official data issued by the company, the specified approach allowed the organization to increase sales by 5.5% (Brohan, 2015, par. 5). Based on the experience of the companies mentioned above, the adoption of the strategies in question may enhance sales rates within a specific retail store. Apple’s iTunes Store The design of a new application requires not only a detailed analysis of the existing options and the choice of the appropriate technological advances but also the analysis of the demands and opinions of buyers. Therefore, in order to test the viability of a specific mobile application to be designed for Apple’s iTunes store, one will have to consider the point of view of its target customers. Consequently, tools such as surveys and concept testing should be integrated into the process of conceptualizing the design of the application. The choice of the tools in