ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
A flat Friedman-Roberson-Walker universe dominated by a cosmological constant ($\Lambda$) and cold dark matter (CDM) has been the working model preferred by cosmologists since the discovery of cosmic acceleration. However, tensions of various degrees of significance are known to be present among existing datasets within the $\Lambda$CDM framework. In particular, the Lyman-$\alpha$ forest measurement of the Baryon Acoustic Oscillations (BAO) by the Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey (BOSS) prefers a smaller value of the matter density fraction $\Omega_{\rm M}$ compared to the value preferred by cosmic microwave background (CMB). Also, the recently measured value of the Hubble constant, $H_0=73.24\pm1.74 \ {\rm km}\ {\rm s}^{-1} \ {\rm Mpc}^{-1}$, is $3.4\sigma$ higher than $66.93\pm0.62 \ {\rm km}\ {\rm s}^{-1} \ {\rm Mpc}^{-1}$ inferred from the Planck CMB data. In this work, we investigate if these tensions can be interpreted as evidence for a non-constant dynamical dark energy (DE). Using the Kullback-Leibler (KL) divergence to quantify the tension between datasets, we find that the tensions are relieved by an evolving DE, with the dynamical DE model preferred at a $3.5\sigma$ significance level based on the improvement in the fit alone. While, at present, the Bayesian evidence for the dynamical DE is insufficient to favour it over $\Lambda$CDM, we show that, if the current best fit DE happened to be the true model, it would be decisively detected by the upcoming DESI survey.
We report the most comprehensive UBV(RI)_C observations of the bright, radially pulsating field stars SW And, DH Peg, CU Com, DY Peg. Long term variation has been found in the ultraviolet colour curves of SW And and DH Peg. We apply our photometric-hydrodynamic method to determine the fundamental parameters of these stars: metallicity, reddening, distance, mass, radius, equilibrium luminosity and effective temperature. Our method works well for SW And, CU Com and DY Peg. A very small mass 0.26+/-0.04 M_Sun of SW And has been found. The fundamental parameters of CU Com are those of a normal double-mode RR Lyrae (RRd) star. DY Peg has been found to have paradoxical astrophysical parameters: the metallicity, mass and period are characteristic for a high-amplitude Delta Sct star while the luminosity and radius place it in the group of RR Lyrae stars. DH Peg has been found to be peculiar: the definite instability in the colour curves towards ultraviolet, the dynamical variability of the atmosphere during the shocked phases suggests that the main assumptions of our photometric-hydrodynamic method, the quasi-static atmosphere approximation (QSAA) and the exclusive excitation of radial modes are probably not satisfied in this star. The fundamental parameters of all stars studied in this series of papers are summarized in tabular and graphical form.
In this paper we prove some new identities for multiple zeta values and multiple zeta star values of arbitrary depth by using the methods of integral computations of logarithm function and iterated integral representations of series. By applying these formulas, we can prove that multiple zeta star values whose indices are the sequences $(\bar 1,\{1\}_m,\bar 1)$ and $(2,\{1\}_m,\bar 1)$ can be expressed polynomially in terms of zeta values, polylogarithms and $\ln2$. Finally, we also evaluate several restricted sum formulas involving multiple zeta values.
We propose a novel scheme for probabilistic teleportation when the information of the partially entangled state is only available for the sender. This is in contrast with the fact that the receiver must know the non-maximally entangled state in previous typical schemes for the teleportation. Additionally, we illustrate two potential applications of the novel scheme to probabilistically teleport an unknown two-level quantum state from a sender to a receiver with the help of an assistant, who plays distinguishable roles under different communication conditions, and the applications indicate that our proposal could improve the security and enlarge the applied range of probabilistic teleportation.
Oscillatory Zoning (OZ) is a phenomenon exhibited by many geologically formed crystals. It is characterized by quasi periodic oscillations in the composition of a solid solution, caused by self-organization. We present a new model for OZ. The growth mechanism applied includes species diffusion through the solution bulk, particle adsorption, surface diffusion and subsequently desorption or incorporation into the crystal. This mechanism, in particular, can provide the synchronization effects necessary to reproduce the layered structure of experimentally obtained crystals, lacking in other models. We conduct a linear stability analysis combined with numerical simulations. Our results reproduce the experimental findings with respect to the patterns formed and a critical supersaturation necessary for OZ to occur.
We investigate chiral symmetry breaking in strong magnetic fields at finite temperature and densities in a 3 flavor Nambu Jona Lasinio (NJL) model including the Kobayashi Maskawa t-Hooft (KMT) determinant term, using an explicit structure for the ground state in terms of quark antiquark condensates. The mass gap equations are solved self consistently and are used to compute the thermodynamic potential. We also derive the equation of state for strange quark matter in the presence of strong magnetic fields which could be relevant for proto-neutron stars. ~
We use SDSS data to investigate the scaling relations of 127 NoSOCS and 56 CIRS galaxy clusters at low redshift ($z \le 0.10$). We show that richness and both optical and X-ray luminosities are reliable mass proxies. The scatter in mass at fixed observable is $\sim$ 40%, depending on the aperture, sample and observable considered. For example, for the massive CIRS systems $\sigma_{lnM500|N500}$ = 0.33 $\pm$ 0.05 and $\sigma_{lnM500|Lx}$ = 0.48 $\pm$ 0.06. For the full sample $\sigma_{lnM500|N500}$ = 0.43 $\pm$ 0.03 and $\sigma_{lnM500|Lx}$ = 0.56 $\pm$ 0.06. We estimate substructure using two and three dimensional optical data, verifying that substructure has no significant effect on the cluster scaling relations (intercepts and slopes), independent of which substructure test we use. For a subset of twenty-one clusters, we estimate masses from the M-T$_X$ relation using temperature measures from BAX. The scaling relations derived from the optical and X-ray masses are indeed very similar, indicating that our method consistently estimates the cluster mass and yields equivalent results regardless of the wavelength from which we measure mass. For massive systems, we represent the mass-richness relation by a function with the form ${\rm ln (M_{200}) = A + B \times ln(N_{200}/60)}$, with M$_{200}$ being expressed in units of 10$^{14}$ M$_{\odot}$. Using the virial mass, for CIRS clusters, we find A = (1.39 $\pm$ 0.07) and B = (1.00 $\pm$ 0.11). The relations based on the virial mass have a scatter of $\sigma_{lnM200|N200}$ = 0.37 $\pm$ 0.05, while $\sigma_{lnM200|N200}$ = 0.77 $\pm$ 0.22 for the caustic mass and $\sigma_{lnM200|N200}$ = 0.34 $\pm$ 0.08 for the temperature based mass (abridged).
We present an analysis of high resolution HST Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph (STIS) observations of O I 1356 and H I Lyman-alpha absorption in 36 sight lines that probe a variety of Galactic disk environments and include paths that range over nearly 4 orders of magnitude in f(H_2), over 2 orders of magnitude in mean sight line density, and that extend up to 6.5 kpc in length. Consequently, we have undertaken the study of gas-phase O/H abundance ratio homogeneity using the current sample and previously published Goddard High-Resolution Spectrograph (GHRS) results. Two distinct trends are identified in the 56 sight line sample: an apparent decrease in gas-phase oxygen abundance with increasing mean sight line density and a gap between the mean O/H ratio for sight lines shorter and longer than about 800 pc. The first effect is a smooth transition between two depletion levels associated with large mean density intervals; it is centered near a density of 1.5 cm^-3 and is similar to trends evident in gas-phase abundances of other elements. Paths less dense than the central value exhibit a mean O/H ratio of log_10 (O/H) = -3.41+/-0.01 (or 390+/-10 ppm), which is consistent with averages determined for several long, low-density paths observed by STIS (Andre et al. 2003) and short low-density paths observed by FUSE (Moos et al. 2002). Sight lines of higher mean density exhibit an average O/H value of log_10 (O/H) = -3.55+/-0.02 (284+/-12 ppm). The datapoints for low-density paths are scattered more widely than those for denser sight lines, due to O/H ratios for paths shorter than 800 pc that are generally about 0.10 dex lower than the values for longer ones.
The extinction and persistence of infective individuals are closely related to the random change of the environment. In this paper, via the random/stochastic SIRS models, we analyze qualitatively and quantitatively the impact caused by the random change of the environment. Our contributions consist in (i) giving some sufficient conditions on extinction (persistence) of the infectious individuals even though they are persistent (resp. extinct) in certain fixed environments; (ii) revealing the influence of random switching of incidence functions on extinction for the infectious individuals, which has not been studied before; (iii) establishing a criterion to judge extinction of the infectious individuals for a range of random/stochastic SIRS models with state-dependent switching via a stochastic comparison for functionals of jump processes. Moreover, some examples are set to illustrate the applications of our theory.
The effects of (in)homogeneity and size on the phase diagram of Lennard-Jones fluids are investigated. It is shown that standard multifragmentation scenarios (finite equilibrated systems with conserved center of mass position and momentum) are implying a strong radial inhomogeneity of the system strongly affecting the phase diagram. The homogeneity constraint is therefore necessary for finite systems in order to align to the ``meaning'' of infinite systems phase diagrams. In this respect, a method which deduces the equation of state of homogeneous finite systems from the one corresponding to bulk matter is designed. The resultant phase diagrams show a strong dependence on the system's size.
We introduce a notion of $Q$-algebra that can be considered as a generalization of the notion of $Q$-manifold (a supermanifold equipped with an odd vector field obeying $\{Q,Q\} =0$). We develop the theory of connections on modules over $Q$-algebras and prove a general duality theorem for gauge theories on such modules. This theorem containing as a simplest case $SO(d,d,{\bf Z})$-duality of gauge theories on noncommutative tori can be applied also in more complicated situations. We show that $Q$-algebras appear naturally in Fedosov construction of formal deformation of commutative algebras of functions and that similar $Q$-algebras can be constructed also in the case when the deformation parameter is not formal.
Coherent control of a spin is limited by both the decoherence due to coupling with the environment and noise coming from the quantized control. The quantum noise study of this system is particularly important in fault tolerant quantum computation where a very high fidelity is demanded. Here, we present a time evolution study of a two level system (TLS) interacting with a laser pulse and the electromagnetic vacuum based on the multimode Jaynes-Cummings model. We develop a diagrammatic formalism in which one can easily identify the coherent Rabi oscillation of the TLS and its relaxation from corresponding diagrams. In the small time limit ($t\ll T_1$), where the noise level is small but still an issue to fault tolerant quantum computing, this method gives a quantitative evaluation of the quantum noise of the TLS under an optical control with an arbitrary pulse shape. Furthermore, this approach can be naturally extended from the Markovian to the non-Markovian regime, resulting in dynamics different from that obtained in the optical Bloch analysis. All these calculations are done without any stochastic assumption.
We present an algorithmic embedded desingularization of arithmetic surfaces bearing in mind implementability. Our algorithm is based on work by Cossart-Jannsen-Saito, though our variant uses a refinement of the order instead of the Hilbert-Samuel function as a measure for the complexity of the singularity. We particularly focus on aspects arising when working in mixed characteristics. Furthermore, we exploit the algorithm's natural parallel structure rephrasing it in terms of Petri nets for use in the parallelization environment GPI-Space with {\sc Singular} as computational back-end.
The luminosity, light curve, post--maximum spectrum, and lack of a progenitor on deep pre-outburst images suggest that SN 2010U was a luminous, fast nova. Its outburst magnitude is consistent with that for a fast nova using the Maximum Magnitude-Rate of Decline relationship for classical novae.
It is shown that the dissipation of energy in an electron gas confined in a quantum well made of non-centrosymmetric crystal leads to a direct electric current. The current originates from the real-space shift of the wavepackets of Bloch electrons at the electron scattering by phonons, which tends to restore thermal equilibrium between the electron and phonon subsystems. We develop a microscopic theory of such a phonogalvanic effect for narrow band gap zinc-blende quantum wells.
Histopathological assessments, including surgical resection and core needle biopsy, are the standard procedures in the diagnosis of the prostate cancer. Current interpretation of the histopathology images includes the determination of the tumor area, Gleason grading, and identification of certain prognosis-critical features. Such a process is not only tedious, but also prune to intra/inter-observe variabilities. Recently, FDA cleared the marketing of the first whole slide imaging system for digital pathology. This opens a new era for the computer aided prostate image analysis and feature extraction based on the digital histopathology images. In this work, we present an analysis pipeline that includes localization of the cancer region, grading, area ratio of different Gleason grades, and cytological/architectural feature extraction. The proposed algorithm combines the human engineered feature extraction as well as those learned by the deep neural network. Moreover, the entire pipeline is implemented to directly operate on the whole slide images produced by the digital scanners and is therefore potentially easy to translate into clinical practices. The algorithm is tested on 368 whole slide images from the TCGA data set and achieves an overall accuracy of 75% in differentiating Gleason 3+4 with 4+3 slides.
We investigate the physics case for a dedicated trigger on a low mass, hadronic displaced vertex at the high luminosity LHC, relying on the CMS phase II track trigger. We estimate the trigger efficiency with a simplified simulation of the CMS track trigger and show that the L1 trigger rate from fake vertices, B meson decays and secondary interactions with the detector material can likely be brought down to the kHz level with a minimal set of cuts. While it would with any doubt be a severe experimental challenge to implement, we conclude that a displaced vertex trigger could open qualitatively new parameter space for exotic Higgs decays, exotic B decays and even direct production of light resonances. We parametrize the physics potential in terms of a singlet scalar mixing with the Standard Model Higgs and an axion-like particle with a coupling to gluons, and review a number or relevant models motivated by the hierarchy and strong CP problems, dark matter and baryogenesis.
Abridged. The feedback between massive stars and the interstellar medium is one of the most important processes in the evolution of dwarf galaxies. This interaction results in numerous neutral and ionised gas structures that have been found both in the disc and in the halo of these galaxies. However, their origin and fate are still poorly understood. We here present new HI and optical data of two nearby irregular dwarf galaxies: IC 4662 and NGC 5408. The HI line data were obtained with the ATCA and are part of the Local Volume HI Survey. They are complemented by optical images and spectroscopic data obtained with the ESO NTT and the ESO 3.6m telescope. Our main aim is to study the kinematics of the neutral and ionised gas components in order to search for outflowing gas structures and to make predictions about their fate. We find the HI gas envelopes of both galaxies to extend well beyond the optical discs. The optical disc is embedded into the central HI maximum in both galaxies. However, higher resolution HI maps show that the HI intensity peaks are typically offset from the prominent HII regions. While NGC 5408 shows a fairly regular HI velocity field, which allows us to derive a rotation curve, IC 4662 reveals a rather twisted HI velocity field, possibly caused by a recent merger event. We detect outflows with velocities between 20 and 60 km/s in our Halpha spectra of both galaxies, sometimes with HI counterparts of similar velocity. We suggest the existence of expanding superbubbles, especially in NGC 5408. This is also supported by the detection of FWHMs as high as 70 km/s in Halpha. In case of NGC 5408, we compare our results with the escape velocity of the galaxy, which shows that the measured expansion velocities are in all cases too low to allow the gas to escape from the gravitational potential of NGC 5408. This result is consistent with studies of other dwarf galaxies.
Symmetry-breaking perturbations destabilize the critical points of the two-channel and two-impurity Kondo models, thereby leading to a crossover from non-Fermi liquid behavior to standard Fermi liquid physics. Here we use an analogy between this crossover and one occurring in the boundary Ising model to calculate the full zero temperature crossover Green function analytically. In remarkable agreement with our numerical renormalization group calculations, the single exact function applies for an arbitrary mixture of the relevant perturbations in each model. This rich behavior resulting from finite channel asymmetry, inter-lead charge transfer and/or magnetic field should be observable in quantum dot or tunneling experiments.
We present a photometric method for identifying stars, galaxies and quasars in multi-color surveys and estimating multi-color redshifts for the extragalactic objects. We use a library of >65000 color templates for comparison with observed objects. The method was originally developed for the Calar Alto Deep Imaging Survey (CADIS), but is now used in a variety of survey projects. We checked its performance by spectroscopy of CADIS objects, where it provides high reliability (6 mistakes among 151 objects with R<24), especially for the quasar selection, and redshifts accurate within sigma_z = 0.03 for galaxies and sigma_z = 0.1 for quasars. For an optimization of future surveys, a few model surveys are compared, which use the same amount of telescope time but different filter sets. In summary, medium-band surveys perform superior to broad-band surveys although they collect less photons. A full account of this work is already in print.
We report an unusual buildup of the quantum coherence in a qubit subjected to non-Hermitian evolution generated by a Parity-Time ($\mathcal{PT}$) symmetric Hamiltonian, which is reinterpreted as a Hermitian system in a higher dimensional space using Naimark dilation. The coherence is found to be maximum about the exceptional points (EPs), i.e., the points of coalescence of the eigenvalues as well as the eigenvectors. The nontrivial physics about EPs has been observed in various systems, particularly in photonic systems. As a consequence of enhancement in coherence, the various formulations of Leggett-Garg inequality tests show maximal violation about the EPs.
An alternative version of Hamiltonian formalism for higher-derivative theories is presented. It is related to the standard Ostrogradski approach by a canonical transformation. The advantage of the approach presented is that the Lagrangian is nonsingular and the Legendre transformation is performed in a straightforward way.
Future galaxy surveys require realistic mock catalogues to understand and quantify systematics in order to make precise cosmological measurements. We present a halo lightcone catalogue and halo occupation distribution (HOD) galaxy catalogue built using the Millennium-XXL (MXXL) simulation. The halo catalogue covers the full sky, extending to z = 2 with a mass resolution of ~1e11 Msun/h . We use this to build a galaxy catalogue, which has an r-band magnitude limit of r < 20.0, with a median redshift of z~0.2. A Monte Carlo HOD method is used to assign galaxies to the halo lightcone catalogue, and we evolve the HODs to reproduce a target luminosity function; by construction, the luminosity function of galaxies in the mock is in agreement with the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) at low redshifts and the Galaxy and Mass Assembly (GAMA) survey at high redshifts. A Monte Carlo method is used to assign a 0.1(g-r) colour to each galaxy, and the colour distribution of galaxies at different redshifts agrees with measurements from GAMA. The clustering of galaxies in the mock for galaxies in different magnitude and redshift bins is in good agreement with measurements from SDSS and GAMA, and the colour-dependent clustering is in reasonable agreement. We show that the baryon acoustic oscillation (BAO) can be measured in the mock catalogue, and the redshift space distortions (RSDs) are in agreement with measurements from SDSS, illustrating that this catalogue will be useful for upcoming surveys.
A two-dimensional arrangement of toothpicks is constructed by the following iterative procedure. At stage 1, place a single toothpick of length 1 on a square grid, aligned with the y-axis. At each subsequent stage, for every exposed toothpick end, place an orthogonal toothpick centered at that end. The resulting structure has a fractal-like appearance. We will analyze the toothpick sequence, which gives the total number of toothpicks after n steps. We also study several related sequences that arise from enumerating active cells in cellular automata. Some unusual recurrences appear: a typical example is that instead of the Fibonacci recurrence, which we may write as a(2+i) = a(i) + a(i+1), we set n = 2^k+i (0 <= i < 2^k), and then a(n)=a(2^k+i)=2a(i)+a(i+1). The corresponding generating functions look like Prod{k >= 0} (1+x^{2^k-1}+2x^{2^k}) and variations thereof.