Introduction In the context of modern society, one of the challenges for international integrity is not only to appraise and encourage various cultural and scientific advances in different cultures and civilizations but also to recognize their influences and appreciate traditions. In the history of Islamic civilization, there are a number of achievements that contributed to global human knowledge. Those milestones of the progress of Islamic culture and civilization concern the inventions and ideas of both past and present. They derive from various fields of human knowledge, from mathematics to psychology, and from philosophy to architecture. In the contemporary society, those achievements of Islamic culture and civilization should be recognized and appreciated both on the inside of Islamic culture and within other cultural paradigms. In such a way, the objective of this paper is to analyze the crucial milestones of Islamic culture and civilization in relations to its achievements in the fields of both sciences and humanities. In particular, it is to discuss the achievements and inventions in natural sciences and humanitarian disciplines nurtured within Islamic culture and civilization in order to analyze how they contributed to the development of global modern development of a range of different disciplines, scientific paradigms, and humanitarian knowledge. Islamic culture and civilization in the context of natural sciences It is important to point out the fact that the development of sciences in the Islamic culture is currently uneven throughout different counties, since they differ in terms of how much they invest in scientific research, in what areas the research is conducted, and what are the implications and results of such different types of research. However, alongside all those standard variables that usually define the success and dynamics of scientific progress, there are sometimes also other determinants influencing the development of natural sciences in the Arab countries. There are some conflicting opinions on the issues whether the progress and advances in the scientific research in Islamic civilization is encouraged or hindered by the Western world. For example, Stone argues that Iranian government is actively investing money “into world-class facilities for biotechnology, particle physics, and astronomy, but growing tensions with the West threaten a scientific community [are] just coming into its own” (1802). Although some arguments lie in support of such interpretation, there is also evidence of the opposite, including the fact that some of the scientists turn down job offers from the Western countries in order to develop and continue research in their home countries (Stone 1803). On one hand, it means that there is a crucial cooperation between different cultures in the field of scientific innovation and research. On the other hand, the dedication of the scientists who prefer to go back to their homeland and continue their research there suggest that, at least, they have enough opportunities to guarantee even more scientific advances for Islamic culture and civilization. At present, among the most important programs, scientific project, ideas and inventions in the field of natural sciences in Isl