ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Basic Design of Data Flow Diagrams A data flow diagram (DFD) is a process model that graphically represents data flow between entities in an information system and the relationship between the entities. A DFD, therefore, represents a logical or physical flow of data within a system. Typically, physical DFDs are developed from logical data flow diagrams. In context, therefore, DFD serve the purpose of modeling high-level details of any information system by detailing on data inputs into a system, data transformations, and information outputs from the data transformations, and the functions each component performs. The four essential components constituting a DFD include a data store (data sources and data sinks), data flows, processes, and entities. However, different DFD constitute different symbols in their design, but the syntax and fundamental principles for designing DFDs remain the same. Basic concepts to consider when designing DFDs include external entities that send and receive data, processes that transform the data from one form to another that have inputs and outputs, the flow of data within and outside of the system, and locations for data storage. Notations are used to represent modeling process. Notations show the graphical representation of functions in the DFDs. The five notations used include: Of critical importance are the data items used in the design, their sources, and destinations. In the design process, recommendations have it that tabulations of collected information is done as a first step in designing a DFD. A typical example appears in table 1 below. Table 1 Data Item  Source of data  Destination of data                                                                                                It is critically important, as the next step, to identify system boundaries by separating identified entities into entities that belong to internal and external system boundaries. External entities belong to the outside of the system while internal entities provide typical locations for processes. In addition to that, prior knowledge about the tasks performed at each level of the deeper levels of the system helps in designing the next DFD level. A context diagram developed at this level provides a simple representation of the system and its functionalities. That leads to an exploded data flow diagram showing more details considered when modeling the system. Typically, a DFD uses arrows to show how data flows from and into the system being modeled. The system captures data flowing between external entities and is represented using dashed lines. Other requirements to adhere to when designing a DFD include the use of arrowheads to show the flow of data within, into, and out of a system. Higher-level diagrams allow the usage of double arrowheads, which show two-way data flow. However, lower level data flow diagrams use unidirectional arrows only. In addition to that, is important to assign a reference to a data store designating its function or the type of data in its storage. Data flow can occur between external entities of a
In the literary analysis of any work of art of the main focuses are usually done on the main characters of the work of art. Works of imaginative literature are usually built according to different models, but almost all of them are created around main characters. However, the diversity of the possible heroes of works of art may be really impressive, as the writer’s imagination may resort to anything like the main character of the work. Still, the writers in the majority of works of imaginative literature resort to people as the main characters, and their activity, their thoughts and feelings. However, people are not the only characters in literary works. Especially interesting choice of the writers is the choice of landscape as a character in the literary work, as this character is sure to be always deep, moving and multidimensional. The character of land may help to describe large-scale problems and reveal universal themes. When we are speaking about the landscape as the protagonist of the work of art, it does not necessarily mean that we should analyze the leaves and flowers described in the text. Very often, a person, who is performing the analysis, should use a more generalized approach. For instance, let us consider the “City Upon a Hill” passage from “A Model of Christian Charity” by John Winthrop (147). At first sight, there is no image of a landscape, but for tho
The organization The organization is a nonprofit making behavioral health clinic, which aims to serve mostly patients from within the county. Its range of clients includes drug abusers, mentally ill patients, and those with mental disabilities. Being a nonprofit making organization, it will largely depend on donations, both from internal and external donors, to carry out its operations. The clinic will offer both inpatient and outpatient services and collaborate with other service providers for services which they may not be in position to offer. Among the services that the clinic offers are: cognitive behavioral therapy, family therapy, children’s play-related therapy, stress and anger management, and any other mental treatment that may be required. Apart from these services the health clinic will also provide education on these and other related issues to the interested members of the community. Mission statement In any organization, the mission statement should describe the reasons or the purposes that explains its existence. In other words the mission statement should explain at a glance the main purpose for the establishment of the organization. In nonprofit organizations the mission statement should identify the target market, product and the services that the organization is offering (Oster, M., 1995, p.22). It should tell what we are producing and for whom. Among the nonprofit organizations the mission statement serve boundary functions, serve to encourage both the staff and the donors and help in terminal evaluation of the operations of the organization. Some basic things ought to be considered in developing the mission statement. Things such as the organization’s products, services, the public, as well as the target market should never be taken for granted. In many cases the mission statement may be confused with the vision statement. However, the vision statement should describe the organization critically as it endeavors with its operations. The mission statement of the health clinic is “providing free quality treatment and education, on matters of mental health to promote a mentally conscious society”. In this mission statement the health clinics clearly at a glance explains its purpose and the reasons for its existence. Any person looking at the mission statement would know that the health clinic does not aim at making profit, since the mission clearly states that it services are offered free. The statement also gives the services offered, that is, treatment and education on matters relating to mental problems. Value statement Values are the priorities that drive the organization. In developing the value statement, it is important that you consider what the customer’s values are as well as the shareholders if any, employees and the general public or community. The value statement for the organization will be “ensuring a mentally upright society that is able to manage mentally related complications at any time”. This value statement would probably represent the value of the society. Every society would value good mental health for its members. Being a nonprofit making organization, the health
From games to education and from businesses to shopping auctions, everything has gone online. While sitting at home we enjoy a complete freedom to travel throughout the world. Of course this has created ease for us but at the same time have we considered the fact even for a while that what has been our younger generation up to with this new ‘blessing’? Joe – Our lazy future “ Joe, a 15-year-old boy after school is desperate to arrive home at the earliest so that he could check his emails and chat with his online friends. After all he runs a forum on msn and is free to upload new games on the forum. Joe never indulges in any kind of sports activity even during school hours because he thinks that the time he would give to sports, would be best consumed while thinking how to promote his forum. For this reason he is overweight. Joe’s Future Plans –Joe is determined to get admission in an online university. This according to him would be helpful in increasing his social circle of friends on the Internet. However the main reason for preferring an online university over regular university is the fact that Joe does not like to work hard. ” . The above example reveals about how Internet dependency has been increased among our younger generation which possess the following characteristics: Lack of Confidence Children that rely completely on Internet are not able to face the world or any conditions that require hard work from them. Online forums and social gathering makes them vulnerable enough to face the physical world. No work, no play Today our whole generation is a victim of laziness and according to a survey out of 100 high school students, 80 are online for 10-12 hours per day. Lack of Physical Exercise and sleep disorders Most of the students have ‘cyber’ mania type of attitude which is evident from ‘late night sitting’, ‘Internet shopping craze’ and chatting in late hours. This has not only alleviated the motivation factor from the lives of our young ones but has also slowed down the process of learning in them. Sitt
The impact of Information and Communications Technology on education Throughout the 21st century, the educational process has been transformed by technological development and the digital revolution. The impact of Information and Communications Technology on education has been proven in various studies over the last few years. It is no question that ICT can make learning more interesting, motivating, and meaningful while preparing students for their careers in a rapidly digitalizing world (Gharehblagh, & Nasri, 2020). At present, technology in language classrooms is contributing to the improvement of speaking, writing, listening, and reading skills (Zurita & Nussbaum, 2004). It enhances the efficiency of the educational process. Overall, while specifically aiding in finding innovative applications for the skills learned. With scientific development as rapid as in the modern-day, digital innovations become outdated almost immediately after becoming widespread. Mobile Learning strategy is one of the recent trends among the ways in which digital innovations might be utilized in education (Chang, & Hwang, 2019). Currently, it provides educators with ways to enable learning and enhance voluntary practice within and outside of the school setting (Martin & Ertzberger, 2013). When applied specifically to languages, Mobile Learning transforms into Mobile-Assisted Language Learning, further referred to as MALL. Nalliveettil & Alenazi (2016) state that MALL is a new phase in approaching a foreign language and has opened new opportunities for language teachers. Among these opportunities are the use of handheld technology and the implementation of students-focused teaching practices. Since being assigned its pandemic status, Covid-19 fundamentally and drastically transformed the usual way of life. Countries across the world were affected by the Covid-19 virus in multiple ways and across different sectors. The pandemic’s impact on the UAE education sector is one of the most evident since schools have been shut down internationally. To maintain the semblance of normalcy and find a safe alternative, the UAE Ministry of Education has opted for online education. This was the first-time online learning was widely implemented in the UAE K-12 schools on a mandatory basis. Currently, school-issued laptops, tablets, and other gadgets are being used to fulfill online learning purposes. Mobile phones have become one of the most widely utilized tools for teachers in all areas. Consecutively, barriers might transpire in the areas of technological fluency and skills in dealing with apps. When it comes to learners, the technological aspect of MALL implementation and insights into mobile learning have been widely discussed (Alkhudair, 2020). Furthermore, other published research has touched upon the usage of MALL from UAE instructors’ perspectiv
Introduction Calculating the cost of doing business is one of the most important aspects of a business. It helps in taking critical decisions and also points out the several areas which are the company’s strength or some other areas where the company to improve (Drury, 2008). At all times, the prime concern of the company regarding the cost aspect is to minimize it. However, the step before that involves the actual calculation and allocation of cost. This is a sensitive and highly regulated area; allocating costs in a wrong manner can end up in poor decision making and regulatory problems, as well. Job Order Cost System Job order costing involves calculation and allocation of cost of any job on the basis of discrete units. Using this method the manager can accumulate costs wither by batch or individual units (Horngren, Foster, & Datar, 2005). The manager needs to find out the typical cost sources such as direct labor, indirect labor, cost of raw materials and equipment. These costs are then accrued until the production is complete. Then the manager needs to add the overhead costs, which can be done by using several different ways. However, after allocating the overhead costs, the manager can establish the cost of the job. This method is very useful when the manger needs to find the actual costs incurred during a job and not some average value (Young, 1985). Process Costing System It can be said that Job costing and Process costing lie at the opposite ends of the continuum. Process costing attempts to find the total incurred cost of a process, and then attempts to allocate these cost on average basis (Edwards & Hermanson, 2007). The manager needs to calculate all the direct, indirect and overhead costs for an entire process, which may be the production of products for an entire month, and then divides the total cost by the number of produced units, to get the average cost per unit. Process costing is the preferred method when the companies are involved in mass production, and finding the cost of individual units is not important. Project Decision and Method SAC was right to use the process costing method for the regular spark plugs, and it is also right in thinking about using job costing for the special-order spark plugs. I would suggest them to use job costing for the special order production and continue using process costing for the regular spark plugs, for the reason that these spark plugs are made to order, they are different from other units. Each client may want the spark plugs to have different characteristics, which would obviously change the cost structure for the unit. Therefore, to track and allocate the cost in a better manner, it seems like a wise choice to use job order costing. This way SAC would know the exact costs incurred, and thus charge prices accordingly, by changing the profit margins. Cost Driver Cost driver is the factor that influences or drives the cost of the production process or a specific step of the
Critical and creative thinking skills are instrumental in various difficult situations in life. For instance, using fossil fuels as the main source of energy has led to the degradation of the environment through toxic emissions. Governments across the world have opted for the quota system when emitting greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. This implies that heavy emitters have to reduce their quantity of emissions. However, compliance with this rule is still a challenge. Even if emission was to be reduced, pollution would still persist. As a permanent solution to this challenge, the world should abolish the use of fossil fuels in mass production and instead adopt green energy alternatives such as wind, solar energy, tidal power, and hydropower, among others. Similar situations demand critical thinking because life on the planet may diminish completely if mediocre ideas are persistently used. Free will refers to the power to perform any form of action without being coerced. Free will may also be described as acting within personal discretion. We use free will to create a perception of issues around us. When we have developed perceptions, free will enables us to probe the same perceptions if they are factual. Truth refers to the essence or state of being authentic, factual, or real. Whenever something or an issue is confirmed to be truthful, it enhances the confidence of our thinking process. In other words, truth does not merely assist us in forming strong opinions. We also use truth in formulating ideas that we are ready to defend. Knowledge can be defined as the skills and information that may be attained from formal or informal education or experience. The information and facts known from specific fields of study may equall
Introduction Heritage tourism is the aspect of experiencing destinations and activities that represent a group of people’s culture, history, and the present (Paolo, 2002). Megalithic temple of Gigantija Gozo Malta is an example of a heritage site. Primary data was obtained through interviews and interactive discussions with the head curator of Megalithic temples of Gigantija in Gozo and Malta, Mr. Kenneth Gambin. Further discussion was also held with another official, Mr. James Aquilina. Data was also obtained from secondary sources that included websites, books, and literature from the libraries and other academic publications (Heritage Malta, 2008). This report identifies the resources and visitor attractions that are present in this site. The report analyses the management of the sites and explores various ways in which sites can be improved to attract more visitors. Megalithic temple of Gigantija Gozo Megalithic temple of Heritage Malta The temples are regarded as the oldest structures standing freely and have been innovated as the culture of the residents evolves. These monuments have been in existence for approximately 7,000 years and form a wealth of artefacts that reflect the island’s history. These natural resources are as a result of man’s discovery and innovation, which have been articulated in the modern art for continuity. They consist of museums, temples and underground chambers that are very fascinating to the visitors. They portray the creativity and rich culture of the people who inhabited the place before Phoenicians arrived (Heritage Malta, 2008). Megalithic temple of Gigantija Gozo This tourist destination consists of two megathilic complex of temples that have a massive wall separating them. The monument has been preserved over the years by a series of restoration works in the 20th century. The name Gigantija originates from the belief that the walls were built by giants who existed in the 16th century. Some of the striking features of this temple are the remains of bones from animals. This suggests that there were rituals that were carried out in the temples. They make visitors explore and learn historical and cultural aspects of the people who inhabited this destination. Excavations on the surface suggest that liquid offerings were also performed in these temples. Soft limestone was used for the altars and doors and in other decorative slabs. This facilitates creativity in the way the architectural styles are used to bring out beauty and elegance (Heritage Malta, 2008). Core resources and products in Megalithic temple of Gigantija Gozo and Heritage Malta The temples are the greatest form of attraction. Visitors want to see the architecture used in the construction of temples and appreciate the beauty depicted by this creativity. The decorations used and some of the remains form a good source of archaeological materials that are preserved to serve the needs of tourists. Paintings and sculptures, most of which have been prepared in the studio, are a common source of attraction. They are painted on stones, wood and canvas or even on copper pla
Goals for the project The main purpose of the project is to investigate on the goals to be met in order to introduce and market the product Solarind. The establishment of a new product in the market poses many real-time challenges. The constraints can be related to cost of development, price of the product in market, time spent on developing the product and time taken for submitting the complete product to the consumers. The presence of substitutes of the product can result in the failure of Solarind. So, the first step is to discover complete features of the alternatives available in the market. It will be essential to include many attributes absent in those and almost all important characteristics present in those substitutes. Increase in the features can make the alternatives to be less similar or they are not alternatives anymore. The price fixing is an important step which is found to be a significant factor in altering the number of consumers. The price restraints along with the complexity of the usage of the product are to be considered with keen concentration. People opt for the products which are easier to operate and obtain the required output. Initiatives are to be taken according to the external conclusions of the project creators rather than the personal decisions. The decisions mainly depend on the situation of the area where the product is introduced. Australia is a country having a dry climatic condition with a plenty of sunligh
Introduction The history of Korean immigration to the US has distinct features that differentiate it from the experiences of other nations. Racial attitudes, gender, and class played an important role in shaping the culture of these people. Movies, journal articles, and books that portray their lives help understand the issues of contemporary Korean Americans. This paper aims to examine the various aspects that affected the Korean assimilation into the US society. Pre-1945 Korean Immigration In his movie Arirang: The Korean American Journey , the director Tom Coffman portrays the unique journey of Korean people traveling to the US to find better opportunities for their future life. While this element fits into the overall pattern of immigration that was present in the pre-1945 times, the specific social, political, and historical conditions that the Koreans experienced made their story distinct. Firstly, the documentary by Coffman displays the urge of the Korean people to avoid the Japanese imperialism that was developing on the Korean territory at that time. This movie represents the socio-economic conditions that facilitated the large-scale immigration for both Koreans and other nations due to the demand for cheap labor. This makes the Korean American history like others and like no other. This factor enabled people from all over the world to come to the US, work in the state, and arrange their life. Many Koreans were recruited and transported by the Hawaii Sugar Plantation Association (Chang 6). Thus, the need for a workforce that allowed Koreans assimilate in America is the factor that helped other immigrants as well, which provides an understanding of the similarities. Secondly, Coffman’s movie portrays how the Koreans in America were able to preserve their culture, while in their home country they experienced oppression from the government. This made the Korean immigration to the US unique because unlike other nations; these people were able to create communities that valued the language and culture of their home state. At the same time, people in Korea were not allowed to speak their mother tongue. Thirdly, before large-scale immigration, the Korean-American relationship was developing through diplomatic connections and educational opportunities such as aviation school development. Additionally, according to Chang, many Koreans arrived in America as political exiles due to their views on the political state of things in their country (6). In addition, Chang states that natural disasters had an essential impa