ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Abstract Terrorism is one of the most challenging issues in protecting and guaranteeing global peace and stability. Over time, it has evolved to develop new forms of threat. Nowadays, one of the most significant problems is cyber terrorism. Regardless of being less intimidating in terms of shifted lives compared to traditional terrorist attacks, cyber terrorism is still a challenge from the perspective of national security. That is why the majority of countries, especially those with a robust influence on the global stability, pay special attention to addressing the risks of cyber terrorism. Being one of the most appealing targets for terrorists regardless of the chosen weapons – either cyber or physical attacks – the United States is not an exception to this rule, as the risks are critical. Therefore, it is essential to identify and investigate the major threats related to cyber terrorism in order to develop efficient protective measures aimed at guaranteeing exceptional quality of national defense and security programs. That being said, the main objective of the paper at hand is to review the greatest cyber terrorism risks for the U.S. with the special focus on the evolution of terrorism and such challenges as malicious applications and programs, network attacks, information wars, digital activism, and polarity of cyber terrorists. Introduction Terrorism has always been a critical challenge in protecting international security and stability. However, it has become even more problematic with the evolution and implementation of the newest technologies in everyday life that has led to the alterations in the common forms of terrorism. One of them is commonly referred to as cyber terrorism – the use of computers for performing terrorist attacks (White, 2014). The main issue with cyber terrorism is the very fact that it is a real threat to the global peace and security, and this threat has numerous different forms. It is especially critical for the most developed countries, such as the U.S., that are among the central targets for terrorists. Therefore, the pa
Introduction The following paper provides a case study of the chapter “The Power of Rewards at Industry International” from the perspective of strategic organizational communication and how it applied in this instance (Conrad & Poole 2005). The case study provides a definition of strategic organizational communication and highlights the organizational structure that the company Industry International operated under. The case study also delineates the changes in the rule–reward system that triggered resistance in the workforce, and details the strategies that the employees deployed to minimize resistance and add value to the rule–reward system. Finally, the case study lists the strategies used to motivate the employees, and concludes with insight as to why the employees changed. Strategic Organizational Communication Strategic organizational communication means that communication within an organization will have a focused agenda whereby policies are set, rules are enforced, modes of reward are defined and methods of attaining higher status within the organization are communicated formally and informally (Conrad & Poole 2005). Within an organization such as Industry International for example, strategic organizational communication changes radically according to the stability of the bonus system, which is directly dependent on the economic health of the organization (Conrad & Poole 2005). Informal strategic organizational communication therefore will be subtle, often non-verbal cues which communicate what behaviors the employees should adopt in order to sustain and grow their bonuses (Conrad & Poole 2005). Organizational Structure of Industry International The organizational structure of Industry International is centralized; decisions that affect the entire organization are made by the top tier of management, and there is a pronounced division between management and workers (Conrad & Poole 2005). The centralized nature of Industry International appears most readily in the area of bonuses, namely, how the year-end bonuses are allotted, and how much money the year-end
In his previous works, Douglas Coupland explores popular themes such as love, life, culture and death. In “ Hey Nostradamus!” Coupland introduces an uncommon theme in the name of faith and spirituality. Faith is an overarching theme that not only defines the story but also seems to largely influence the lives of the characters therein. Coupland explores the concept of faith from four different angles, and in doing so he utilizes each of the four major characters therein. Each of the four characters mirrors a unique perspective of faith. Suffice to say that faith is a major tool through which Coupland differentiates the characters. While Coupland uses Cheryl, Jason, Allison, Heather and Reg to bring into the novel a four unique viewpoints on faith and spirituality, such a diverse exploration of faith helps the reader to gain a deeper understanding of who the characters are. Suffice to state that Coupland attempts to differentiate faith and religion, and in doing so demonstrates how an individual’s perspective of faith and spirituality is influenced not only by religious affiliations but also by major life occurrences. Coupland, through Cheryl, Jason, Allison, Heather and Reg tests an individual’s beliefs against real life occurrences; in doing so, he manages to draw difference between theoretical and practical faith as well as define each character based on his or her spirituality. Even though Jason and Cheryl are primarily used to develop the theme of love and the perils of modern day couples, there are notable religious cues deeply underlying in their secretive relationship. Jason and Cheryl secretly gets married not for the love they have for each other but to avoid sinning. By sinning, Coupland refers to fornication (Shaffer, O’Donnell and Madden, 2011); Jason and Cheryl wants to enjoy the pleasures of sex without sinning thus the secret marriage. This implies that Jason strong faith, while having a strong influence on his wife Cheryl’s spirituality, also influences major decisions in their married life, especially regarding romance and sex. Jason and Cheryl’s marriage further demonstrates not only the spiritual struggles of modern day youth but the perils of trying to come to terms with ones spirituality in the face of real life challenges. Cheryl is the final casualty in Coupland’s fictional school shooting scene that depicts the moral depravity of modern day societies that, other than struggling with the whole concept of spirituality, devalues human life. To remain married to Jason, Cheryl goes through a spiritual metamorphosis. While she is initially presented as lady devoid of faith, she converts to Christianity, a faith that she holds to even in times of adversity. Thus, faith changes Cheryl from an unbeliever to a deeply religious person. It is imperative to state that Cheryl is unlike her friends in the Youth Alive group who portray superficial spirituality. Cheryl demonstrates genuine devotion to her new found faith during her moment of death by noting that while she “may have looked like just another stupid teenage girl, God” had always been there in her life (Coupland, 2004). This portrays Cheryl’s strong connection with God
Dishwasher machines are one of the essential technological tools of any kitchen. Modern houses and apartments possess a wide range of assistance instruments, which save time and effort, and among them are dishwasher machines. A dishwasher is an instrument designed for washing dishes, and the need to mechanize this manual labor contributed to the invention of such a device. The first dishwashers appeared at the end of the XIX century (‘Industries’ 2019). They differ in their mode of action, in design, and in purpose and by design, dishwashers are open and chamber, the method of processing dishes depends on their device. By categorizations, dishwashers are industrial, household, specialized, universal, and their action can be continuous or periodic, and the dishwasher drive is electric. Some machines have devices that maintain the level and temperature of the water, regulating the composition of detergents. The most widespread are universal continuous machines. Dishwashers are used in large catering establishments and personal households. The primary target market used to be middle-class housewives, but, in the current age, almost anyone who is not below the poverty line can be considered as the target market. However, the highest demand can be observed among working women, who do not have enough time to wash the dishes. There are six main brands that were observed, which are Beko, Ariston, LG, Hoover, Whirlpool, and Bosch. Beko is a Turkish consumer electronics and domestic appliance company that entered the market in 1967. Ariston Thermo is among the top dishwasher producers, and it was founded in 1930 as a company producing scales and boilers. LG is one of the largest Korean corporations, which was established in 1947 as a plastics manufacturer (‘Industries’ 2019). The Hoover Company was founded in 1908 in Ohio, the US, and its primary products are vacuum cleaners. Whirlpool is another American home appliance company that was founded in 1911 in Michigan, US. Finally, Bosch is a German multinational technology and engineering company that was established in 1886 (‘Industries’ 2019). All of the given brands possess the same technological principles and approaches in washing the dishes. An important point when choosin
This response paper looks at the differences between ‘ the Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen’ and ‘the Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen’. This response paper highlights the differences between the two declarations. The ‘Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen’ was adopted in France and affirms that all men are born equal. The declaration does not discuss anything related to women’s rights. The declaration is masculine in nature and does not consider women to have the same status as men. It states that men are born free with equal civil liberties which cannot be taken away from them (Anderson, 1908, p. 59). The declaration further advances the argument that political systems only exist to preserve the rights of man. It looks at man as the origin of power which a sovereign state exercises. Sovereignty therefore is obtained from the will of the people. The freedoms outlined are to be practiced without injuring others as stipulated by existing laws. The declaration also stipulates that established laws need to forbid actions that are considered to be harmful to the society. Article 6 of the declaration observes the right of all people in a society to participate in formation of laws either directly or indirectly. The dominant position that man is accorded in the society however does not change in the subsequent articles of the declaration. The declaration sets standards to be followed regarding how penalties are to be administered to those citizens that break the law (Anderson, 1908, p. 60). The declaration upholds freedom of speech, the authority vested in government to administer taxes and the rights to own property. This declaration is masculine in its outlook but highlights strong civil liberties that have become synonymous with modern democratic societies. The ‘Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen’ was constituted as a reaction to the ‘Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen’. The declaration sensitizes women to be aware of their rights in the society. It affirms that women are born with equal rights just like men and they should be treated fairly without any discrimination. This declaration argues for the rights of women to own property and have liberties similar to those enjoyed by men in the society (Levy, Applewhite & Johnson, 1980, pp. 87-90). The sanctity of marriage as seen through the union of a man and a woman is stated. It states that the union of the two is the source of sovereignty from which the state obtains its power and legitimacy. The declaration takes issue with male dominance; likening it to tyranny. It further takes the view that nature and reason should be the guiding principles used when forming laws. The laws formed must reflect the will of all in the society without any gender being given preferential treatment on how laws are to be applied. Women’s right to enjoy freedom of speech is up
Introduction Adverse selection is an interesting topic that has been actively discussed by economists during the last few years. It is a term that is used to describe behavior that is demonstrated by certain buyers that take advantage of information asymmetry to get deals that are most beneficial for them (Morris, Stephen, and Song Shin 1). It needs to be said that adverse selection may set back the market as a whole, and this fact should be taken into consideration (Philippon and Skreta 1). Discussion Aspiro is a company that operates on a rather new market of streaming services. It should be noted that the firm is struggling at the moment, and it will not be an easy task to address all of the issues that are present. Adverse selection should be viewed as an extremely dangerous factor because the company needs to make sure that customers are retained, but it is nearly impossible because there are such competitors as Apple and Spotify . The company offers unique content and superior quality of audio. However, one of the biggest problems is that most customers take advantage of price reductions to gain access to music and videos that are provided and do not have further intentions of using the service. It may cause servers to go down, and it could affect the experience of others. The presence of such subscribers cannot be viewed as beneficial, and the company needs to focus on consumers that are loyal. Aspiro should review the current strategy and consider the development of long-term subscription plans to develop relationships with the customers. Conclusion In conclusion, the biggest issue is that some firms have a better understanding of risks that are associated with particular economic decisions, and it gives them a significant advantage over competitors. It is imperative for every company to consider adverse selection as a major threat. Works Cited Morris, Stephen, and Hyun Song Shin. “Contagious Adverse Selection.” American Economic Journal.Macroeconomics 4.1 (2012): 1-21. Print. Philippon, Thomas, and Vasiliki Skreta. “Optimal Interventions in Markets with Adverse Selection.” American Economic Review 102.1 (2012): 1-28. Print.
The development of the Chesapeake colonies is a bright example of how slavery became one of the integral parts of societies existing on these lands. The necessity to grow specific crops and use them to earn money and survive resulted in the constantly growing demand for the workforce. However, the practice of using indentured servants was ineffective because of the end date of their contracts. It meant that new sources of people to work on fields and plantations were needed. The resolution of the given problem was a matter of survival, as the inability to raise crops would mean death for the whole community (Kidd, 2019). Under these conditions, the development of slavery was inevitable as people stripped of their rights could be used to perform diverse tasks, and the term of exploitation was not limited. It created the basis for the evolution of slavery which became one of the fundamental institutions functioning on these lands. At the same time, the example of the Middle colonies proves that the enslavement of people and their use as a cheap workforce was inevitable. Although the pacific principles of Quakerism dominated these lands at the first stages of their evolution, settlers still needed people to perform complex tasks and support the evolution of colonies. Regarding the limited number of arriving settlers, slavery became the possible option to compensate for the deficit and create the basis for future expansion. The given trend was similar to the Middle and Chesapeake colonies, proving specific attitudes to slavery peculiar to people of that period (Huntley, 2019). They were ready to promote further evolution of this institution as the central way to support the development of the agricultural sector critical for survival and enrichment.
On the website of Administration for Community Living, there is a comprehensive list of the different housing options, as well as of other costs a patient is likely to incur. Namely, the out-of-home alternatives include Assisted Living, Nursing Facilities, Continuing Care Retirement Communities, and Public Housing (“Living in a Facility,” 2020). Although some patients might be able to finance themselves through personal income or savings, there are many financial aid options available for those less fortunate, such as long-term care insurance, or reverse mortgages (“Costs & Who Pays,” 2021). The latter, for example, are available to those over 62 as monthly payments without losing the possession of the property (“Reverse Mortgages,” 2020). Therefore, there are options for those without the immediate access to the necessary resources. For a Christian, generosity and care for those around them are highly valued. Therefore, the best approach for a Christian care provider to the situation is to advise the patient on the alternative solutions for managing the costs. On the other hand, for the recipient the best approach is to humbly accept the help of the fellow Christians and the government, accepting it as a blessing. Although not discussed, if family members’ financial support is a viable option it should be desirable as to not take away the resources of those that might need them more. Nevertheless, costs are not the only consideration that a patient must contemplate before planning his or her future. It is vital that the facilities they enter adhere to the necessary regulations, as set by the Federal government and the State. For example, according to the Colorado State regulations, home care agencies must ensure their staff are properly trained to provide personal care and skilled services (“Colorado State Regulations, Summary of Current Laws,” 2020). This regulation is essential, since many of the elderly in long-term care facilities are unable to perform simple daily tasks, such as going to the bathroom, by themselves. Furthermore, since the patients in question are at a high risk of accidents and emergencies, a trained professional is required on site for the immediate action response. Although this regulation might make hiring new staff more difficult, especially in remote locations or small towns, it is a necessary clause.
In capitalist societies, the economic and political spheres cannot be separated. The appropriating class gains enormous control over the productive process, while the state is assigned the social or public activities formerly carried out directly by the owning class (Naiman 1999). I do not agree with this principle argument advanced by Naiman, and discussed below is the supporting evidence. As we shall see later in this discussion, the separation of economic and political spheres is only at the face value. However, when one delves deeper, one gets to realize that the two are somewhat intertwined and because of their very nature, they may not exist completely independent of each other. Whenever we think of power, more often we tend to associate it with political class. While this may be true, we cannot ignore the fact that even those who have control over production of resources have an equally great deal of power. However, there exists a separation between these two spheres, but the main question is, to what extent are the two separated? The concept of having a state has not always been in existence. While there was need to ensure that society remains orderly and organized, this was done in an informal way where leaders would use their influence to get people to do what they wanted. However, as surplus in resources increased and there was continued inequality in allocation of the resources, there was an increased need to formalize leadership (Valp 23). A line must be drawn between a capitalist society and one that is agrarian. In the agrarian society, those who owned and controlled the production of resources are the same people who had direct control of the state. This position was maintained even during the feudal period when both power at the political and economic level were highly related and intertwined. This position however changed during the capitalism era when these two aspects of society were separated. The economic aspect became privatized meaning that the class that has the power of appropriating had full and direct control (Miliband 46). By having a great deal of power on resources, they control production of resources for their own personal gains. This class of people would organize and intensify the level of production with an aim meeting their interests (Quinney 234). On the other hand, duties that were previously carried out by the class that owns resources such as military and administrative work was transferred to the state. In so doing, a line was drawn on the duties of the economic and political spheres. The situation was slightly different in societies that could best be described as pre-capitalist. In this case, the class that was in charge of appropriation of resources would always require surplus of resources which they would get by coercing or threatening members of the society to give in to their demands. However, in capitalist societies, it is the state that would look for means to get the rest of the society to contribute to the surplus resources required and not the appropriating class. The separation of economical and political spheres in capitalist societies has yielded certain effects (S