ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Perceptions of people with intellectual disabilities have changed over time in that, the society no longer views them as disabled members but see them as having unique abilities that require nurturing. Since disability is not inability, human rights’ advocates argue that perception of people with disabilities as disabled is discriminative and therefore call for their recognition as a minority people with unique abilities that do not require any fixing but integration into mainstream activities of economic, social, and political development. According to Lindqvist (2004), the United Nation World Summit for Social Development agreed that to preserve human rights of people with disabilities and attain capacity for social development; they need empowerment and integration into social, political, and economic spheres of modern society (p.3). Thus, provision of special schools to intellectually disabled children is recognition of their unique abilities and contribution to the society. At special schools, intellectually disabled children get a chance to hone their unique talents and skills, which can significantly boost their independence in the society. In the past, people with disabilities experienced discrimination because the society considered them as lesser human beings due their inability to perform normal tasks. However, human rights’ advocates have tremendously changed such simplistic and undignified thinking and consequently, people with disabilities are progressively achieving equal treatment in various aspects of life. Although human rights’ code and constitutions of various countries clearly stipulate that, no individual should receive any form of discrimination based on disability, the rights of intellectually and physically disabled persons have been continually restricted. Griffiths, Owen, and Gosse (2009) argue that restrictions that are in place require justification whether they protect the rights of disabled persons or violate their inalienable rights as stipulated in human rights code (p.26). Thus, government and society should not restrict or deny intellectually disabled children from accessing education as other students. Moreover, education system should not discriminate against children with intellectual disabilities for they have inalienable rights to access education.
Introduction Different societies have presented diverse definitions and goals of marriage. While modern marriages are characterized by governing legal procedures, social norms, and spiritual meanings, history tries to present a wide range of aspects of this union. Many scholars acknowledge that marriage has changed its meaning over the past thousands of years. Without a single book or source documenting the true history and nature of marriage, this paper presents a detailed synthesis of this institution and how it has changed to become what it is today. Background The word “marriage” has been in use in different parts of the world for centuries. During the Ancient Period, many communities were keen to consider the best approaches to create environments that were secure and capable of protecting future generations. Marriages emerged as the best strategies for protecting and perpetuating the human species. By doing so, most people would find appropriate strategies to grant their children the relevant property rights (Lawson et al. e0238346). Different ancient populations went further to formulate powerful laws and guidelines that were essential to dictate how husband and wife inheritance took place. For instance, people in ancient Hebrew were expected to become husbands to the widows left behind by their brothers (Parker 1036). These efforts were essential since they created enabling environments for the continuity and progression of bloodlines. Due to the nature and intentions of marriage, numerous definitions and viewpoints have emerged that continue to dictate what the institution ought to be. For instance, people who followed religious foundations and institutions continued to pursue marriage a unique form of relationship that was supported and guided by a higher power or God (Parker 1036). During the ancient time, many people and populations identified and pursued marriage as a purely mystical relationship that cosmic forces ordered and monitored (Reynolds 27). Additionally, some groups in history were keen to identify marriage as a self-chosen union that was intended to provide the relevant environment for the protection of the human race while providing room for development. From this analysis, it becomes quite clear that marriage itself is a relationship whose historical development remains diverse, influenced by humans and supernatural powers, and even controlled by established policies. In some cases, analysts have indicated that marriage was a union that developed depending on the ambitions, experiences, and expectations of the people (Özyiğit 701). These attributes explain how and why it can impossible for analysts and scholars to follow a specific line of history when focusing on the subject of marriage. Numerous changes and transformations have been experienced in the recent past that gives marriage a totally new look. Synthesizing History of Marriage Within the past century, scholars and theorists have examined the subject of marriage from different perspectives. Specifically, these scholars have focused
Introduction Teaching five year old is as tricky as dealing with two year old children. Five year olds also have special needs that are critical to their growth and development. In this case, the five year olds perception and cognitive abilities must be harnessed in school for better understanding and good academic performance. In this case, a teacher may come up with activities that a five year old learner can cognitively understand or perceive. It is therefore, recommendable for teachers to use activities such as cooking, while teaching five year olds. Perceptual development Perceptual development is an aspect of cognitive development concept that describes the psychological development of a human being. In this case, development is majorly concerned with children, as it deals with sensory aspects of a child. For example, the aspect of a child being able to perceive, understand and interpret is considered as development. Cognitive development Cognitive development is a broader term that encompasses development and also deals with perceiving and understanding of concepts. However, cognitive development deals with the memory, the ability to concentrate and use of logical thinking and skills. Promoting /cognitive development According to Saracho (1997), research has found that some activities that engage the child in the very activity improve perception and cognition abilities. Cooking is one of the activities that a teacher can use to involve the five year olds. Such activities are basically in form of demonstrations in a lesson. It is important to note that a child attention is captivated by the activity conducted by the teacher. At this juncture, a teacher can engage the student in other lessons through explanations. Nonetheless, the child must be part of the activity. For example, the teacher can instruct the student to help in adding ingredients in whatever is being cooked. In so doing the teacher can come up with other activities that students can complete on their own. In the very process, a child develops the use of logical thinking by observing the process of cooking. Using activities such as cooking, explains that action can be a supplementary of perceptual input. Considering that children are able to perceive an action as part of their own doing, the teacher can test the students with similar activities to assess their cognitive abilities. A cooking activity has the potential of influencing perception and cognitive ability in that it involves action production-observation matching system. Another reason as to why a cooking activity by the teacher could be used in teaching five year olds is that such activities are considered to be motor actions. The teacher cooks by using various hand and wrist movements and such can be constructed internally by a child, thus developing a mental representation of the activity. If a child is able to remember such movements in cooking, it is because they are mentally constructed. This is a sign o
Research Study 1   * Hypothesis 1: Coworkers’ OCB is positively related to work engagement.   * Hypothesis 2: Coworkers’ competitive behaviors mediate the positive relationship between coworkers’ OCBs and focal employee work engagement. This is a Moderation diagram. This case Positive relationship between coworkers, Competitive behaviors of coworkers and focal employee work engagement cab be identified and connected to Work Engagement. There is no casual relationship between individual and group-level predictors and work engagements. The figure below is a mediation model of the case study and shows indirect effects of some variable. It may change the direct effect of a single independent variable on a dependent variable. Framework of this research is shown Research Study 2 Optimal results are possible for all organizations. The problems arise when there are no people to help tap the synergies into relevant areas from which they can maximize their potentials and that of their employees. In other words, a leader without passion does not really understand the value of time and the detriment of wasting any corporate resources. It is also imperative for the leader to understand that good and great are in two different worlds and they should be handled from different perspectives. An important aspect about passion is that it is natural and can only be cultivated by creating an interest in whatever one is pursuing. Scholars posit that it is who you are and doing whatever comes out of you naturally. If an individual really likes whatever they are doing and the work is directly proportional to the amount of interest, then they are more energized whenever they do it. A prime example is having a river follow its’ riverbed. When a river flows, it gets more energy down the stream and this is quite different when people try to create a new path out of already set bed, for it to flow through. Likewise, in the organization, the most important aspect is to be interested in ones’ work and create an environment that is geared towards improving all work experiences. This aspect is critical in all leaders. Leadership must therefore be more than what is trained in graduate school. With such in born charisma desired of them in any work environment, there is a need to appreciate the organization and all its’ members. Leaders must lead and therefore they must show appreciation for leadership by being interested in the job they are doing. Additionally, as a leader, one needs to lead by example being a servant to the well-being of the organization instead of looking out for individual gains alone. The desire to ‘achieve more than the ordinary’ can be used to describe the term passion. As a leader, one should be aware that nothing new has ever been achieved by doing the same thing repeatedly. A leader should be wise enough to look for innovative ideas that emanate from the workforce and allow them to be implemented within their space. This way,
Introduction It could be hardly doubted that science and religion are considered to be two primary approaches to cognize the world (Petersen 808). Even though science and religion were closely connected throughout human history, since the beginning of the 20th century, a widely accepted stereotype has established about these two approaches as being opposite to each other. Nevertheless, it should be stated that this opinion is not entirely accurate. This paper aims to investigate the correlation between the recent scientific discoveries (particularly, in the study of particle physics and patterns in nature) and religious beliefs, dwelling upon the evidence from the academic literature on the topic. One of the primary purposes of this paper is to discuss this correlation critically, providing a profound historical context of the mentioned issue and developing arguments based on the opinions from academic literature. Theology, Philosophy, and Physics as Primary Ways of Cognition This section aims to overview the notions of theology, philosophy, and physics to put further reasoning in a proper context. These three aspects can be considered as a more elaborated version of the opposition between religion and science, which is mentioned in the previous section. One can argue that philosophy represents a conterminous area between scientific and religious worldviews. Therefore, it is of high importance to observe each of these cognitive approaches. According to Hodgson, theology is “the result of our rational attempts to understand God and His relations with us and with the natural world” (3). It is possible to notice that this approach to theology implies religion is not an entirely irrational method of understanding the world, as some people tend to think. Hodgson also mentions that this approach borrowed a considerable amount of concepts and cognitive patterns from Ancient Greek philosophy (3). Moreover, it is also noted that theologists tend to use terms and concepts derived from science; therefore, it is implied that theology accepts the current scientific worldview at least to some degree. Overall, it is argued that theology primarily strives to understand the relationship between human and Divine aspects of the world, and thus it does not integrate new scientific concepts because they tend to change rapidly, unlike religious postulates. It might explain why many people perceive religion as an outdated worldview. As it was mentioned in the previous paragraph, theology had borrowed several concepts, ideas, and cognitive patterns from Greeks. It is widely accepted that Ancient Greeks were the founders of philosophy, and their opinions and approaches influenced
Social networking by children my expose them to the following risks  1. Privacy: Risking one’s privacy is always a major concern one must consider while engaging in communication through online media. Often, children do not understand the threats and risks involved in parting with their personal information on the internet.  2. Cyber-Bullying: There are many people with ulterior motives, who hover within the virtual environment, preying on others through hacking their user’s account or other personal details to irritate and harass them. They may use such information for the purpose of harassing and intimating children who are vulnerable. Therefore, children need to remain conscious of these dangers and encouraged to report such matters as and when they occur.  3. “Cyber-Stalking” (Cyber Stalking and Internet Stalking, 2009, para.9).  4. Another risk or threat is that of cyber-stalking and pestering on the internet. Cyber-stalking via social networking sites normally occurs in three ways: where an ex-paramour chases the victim to exhaust the anger about a failed relationship; or a relationship has started online, and personal data has been exchanged, but the relationship has now gone sour, thus making the previously shared information vulnerable for misuse by the aggrieved partner; and where someone is the random sufferer of a cyber-stalker who merely derives a kick out of such malicious activities. Children are also not capable of discerning the behaviour of persons who intend harm and not able to decide whom to befriend and whom not to.  5. Inappropriate Content: The Internet offers easy access to all type of content, including pornography, horrific images, inducement to indulge in criminal acts etc., which may not be appropriate to children as they are not endowed with the faculty of discretion, which would enable them to make informed decisions as to which material to view and what to avoid.  6. Online Grooming: The most distressing risk to children is that of online grooming, whereby another user with malicious intentions can befriend an unsuspecting child, use various pretension strategies and finally misuse the relation for any sexual or other kinds of exploitation. The possibility of anonymity enables paedophiles to make use of chat rooms and social networking sites to befriend kids and teenagers, without revealing their true identities. Thus they win their trust on online platforms to facilitate physical contact at a later stage, often in a premeditated manner.  7. Exposure to “ offensive images and messages”: (Social Networking Sites, 2012, para.5). Children tend to be curious about things that adults normally prevent them from viewing or discussing. Thus, the unwanted images or messages that they come across while using social networking sites, generate inquisitiveness in them, and they begin to explore such content. Apart from exposure to inappropriate content, viewing such material can instigate a criminal tendency in children.  8. Identity Theft: Sharing information try children on social networking can entail its misuse by identity. Hackers and other antisocial elements ma
Yosemite National Park can be found in the Northern California, in the counties of Mariposa, Madera, and Tuolumne, and is located across the western side of the Sierra Nevada mountain range. It is a worldwide-known national park which is comprised of breathtaking landscapes including cliffs, rocky intrusions, waterfalls, and dales. These landscapes were formed over hundreds of millions of year to stand as they do today. In this paper, the history of the geological formation of the park and its contemporary geological features will be discussed. The bedrock of Yosemite National Park, which consists mainly of granite, was mainly formed approximately 100 million years ago in a subduction zone (Glazner and Stock, 2013). Before the subduction, this area was a part of a continental margin; being in the shallow waters led to the formation of sedimentary rocks that were later subjected to metamorphism. At a certain point, the Farallon tectonic plate started going under the North American Plate (Waltham, 2012). This process, together with the volcanic activity resulting from it, caused the formation of a number of volcanic islands located to the west from the North American coast. Later, these volcanic isles were again covered by magma because of the volcanic activity, which led to the beginning of the formation of the batholiths, intrusive igneous rocks, which later shaped the contemporary Sierra Nevada mountains. Also, a number of volcanic eruptions took place somewhat later, which became the cause of the territories located to the north of the contemporary Yosemite National Park being covered with magmatic rocks (Huber, 2007). Approximately 10 million years ago tectonic movements started raising the mountains of the Sierra Nevada, which also resulted in the increased amounts of water currents going downwards and leading to the quicker formation of valleys and canyons. Nearly two million years ago, the pace of the Sierra Nevada’s rising increased further. It is also noteworthy that the granite mountains, due to being raised, started being influenced by higher pressure, which led to the spalling of the rocks. Also, landslides started taking place, which caused the cracks in the intrusive rocks (Huber, 2007). It is stated that the formation of the Yosemite National Park’s landscape was also significantly influenced by glaciers. For instance, Yosemite Valley and some other well-known territories in the Sierra Nevada were formed due to the glacial erosion; glaciers moved downwards from mountains or peaks either by sliding or by deformation, and eroded the landscape by plucking or abrasion (Glazner and Stock, 2013). The melting glaciers also very
Company’s Name and Logo The name of the company is New Startup Company. This is a chain of stores that deals with two sets of consumer goods. There is a segment that deals with consumer goods and the segment that deals with fashion. This is a new name that is supposed to help in reestablishing the brand of the company. The company’s logo will also be changed. Executive summary of the situation The case presented in this paper focuses on a company that performed excellently in the past. However, the company no longer performs well in the present time. Several managerial problems or weaknesses are linked to the declining popularity of the company in the market. The company has lost its stability and is about to be closed. There are declined sales, lower customer turn up and dead stocks. The management of the company has been focusing on how to deal with this unremunerative situation. It is pointed out that the main cause of poor performance of the company is lapses in management. This is seen in a number of business trends, which have been seen in the company for the past few years. They include regular complaints from customers about the services that they receive from the company, complaints about high prices of goods and services and frequent employee strikes in the company. The company has also been accused of being inactive. This means that it has failed to promote its goods and popularize its services in the market besides shunning corporate social responsibility. All these issues point to one thing; the failure of the company to embrace public relations in its practices. Therefore, a public relations oriented plan is crafted in this paper. It is aimed at revenging Smarktlinks. In the plan, business objectives, as well as public relations objectives are clearly stated and explained. The strategies of reviving business are outlined and incorporated into public relations programs. Business Objectives According to Gaulden & Brown (2007), business objectives are quite critical as they give any company a path to pursue its activities. In this case, business objectives will be structured in such a way that they will guide the management in solving the problems that have led to the collapse of the company. The main business objective will be to rurn the company back to the performance path. This is the core objective of business improvement. This objective will be attained through the formulation of other minor objectives. Minor objectives help in setting out the operations and strategies which eventually results in the fulfillment of the main objective. The first objective is to attract customers through the implementation of service quality strategies. This objective was developed based on research outcomes that denoted a high level of dissatisfaction among the customers of the company. Service quality improvement is a broad exercise which will necessitate changes in direct as well as indirect operations. The second business objective is to revert the profit making trend in the company. The company operates at a loss because it loses