ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction The ultimate goal in life is happiness, as reflected in Scott Fitzgerald’s The Great Gatsby and Herma Hesse’s Siddhartha. Fitzgerald was an American novelist from the late 19th and early 20th centuries. He was famous for his narratives emphasizing the Jazz Age and flamboyance. In The Great Gatsby , Fitzgerald pessimistically illustrates the American Dream through Jay Gatsby, who works his way from rags-to-riches but does not earn him pleasure. Hesse’s Siddhartha seems complementary to The Great Gatsby as Brahman, the main role in Siddhartha, finds contentment in self-realization and not in money, sensuality, and love. Herman Hesse was a German poet born in 1877 and died in 1962. The stories exemplify the American Dream’s misconceptions and true contentment, which cannot be attained by affluence and sensuality but by self-realization. Gatsby Jay Gatsby is the main character in the story, described as a deeply flawed and dishonest man who works his way to wealth through extraordinary optimism. Gatsby’s early life is miserable, but he works hard to fame and prosperity (Fitzgerald, 2017). He is famous for throwing lavish parties every Saturday night. His friends do not know his rich background except Nick Carraway, who learns that Gatsby hails from North Dakota and earned his capital by working for a millionaire and criminal activity (Fitzgerald, 2017). Gatsby meets Daisy in an officer training camp in Louisville and falls in love with her. Ultimately, Gatsby’s efforts to entice Daisy with money fails when she learns about the sources of this money. Daisy and other friends leave him and do not show up at his funeral except Nick (Fitzgerald, 2017). The main lesson from this depiction is the flawed mentality that many people like Gatsby have about happiness, which is not defined by wealth but by something more profound, such as self-realization. Nick Carraway Nick is illustrated as an honest, tolerant, confidant, and faithful friend who reserves judgment. Nick hails from Yale and later relocates to New York City to learn business skills. He befriends the mysterious Jay Gatsby, who also lives in his block. Nick serves as his confidant and keeps Gatsby’s troubling secrets (Fitzgerald, 2017). Moreover, he facilitates rekindling the relationship between Gatsby and Daisy and remains loyal to Gatsby until his burial. The role teaches of the need for or to be true friends as the only action that can give people hope to live. Siddhartha As the main character, Siddhartha is reflected as the carrier of the book’s central theme, ‘the seeking of self-realization.’ In the first two chapters, the author Hesse introduces Siddhartha’s early life. He lives an enviable life, and he spends time reading Hindu li
Information is power: those who possess actual knowledge of current events can easier find themselves in the complicated stream of everyday life, as well as classify their understanding of what is going on, make appropriate conclusions, and undertake corresponding action. Curiosity for information lies deep in human nature, and for centuries on end people have involved in the process of information sharing. Nowadays, the task of rendering the most actual and up-to-date information lies on the institute of mass media, and one of the key genres of information delivery is TV news programs. Originally designed for the purposes of mere informing of key current events, news programs are observed to have evolved into more entertaining events. A special notion of ‘infotainment’ appeared, that designates the deviation of news from their informative function into the sphere of entertainment. Pursuing the objective of commercial profit, modern news programs embody the principle of infotainment in both their contents and presentation style. Debate on television news programs losing their professional quality and rolling down into the sphere of popular entertainment events dates back to the late 1980s, when the term ‘infotainment’ was first coined reflecting the genre mix of information and entertainment in news and programs on current affairs. The word turned out to be so catchy and appropriate for what was happening in the contemporary media, that by 1992 it had already been included into R
Youth is the period when individuals enter adult life, and choosing a future career path is one of the characteristic features. This process can be challenging for many individuals who cannot enroll in universities due to a high financial burden. In this case, vocational training and education become an optimal solution for such people. Thus, I would like to address the local government to make it more involved in increasing vocational opportunities for the youth because of a few reasons. Firstly, the local government should be involved in the process because it has the required powers. According to Eisenstein (2019), the council deals with running public schools and licensed professions. It denotes that this governing body can connect these two structures to ensure that more young individuals have access to vocational opportunities. Secondly, one more supporting argument implies that the local council is responsible for public works, streets and sanitation, roads, and others (Einstein, 2019). There is no doubt that individuals with appropriate competencies are required to cope with the tasks, and recreational opportunities can help get such professionals. Thirdly, this decision is necessary because it will provide more young people with jobs, which will improve their quality of life and provide the local council with higher tax revenues. In conclusion, I would like to emphasize that the local government’s involvement in promoting vocational opportunities is necessary and possible. The rationale behind this statement is that this situation implies versatile benefits. On the one hand, the council will provide the citizens with a better professional and private life. On the other hand, a higher proportion of professionals in the area will denote that the local council will collect more taxes for further development. Reference Eisenstein, L. (2019). What are the primary functions of US local government? Diligent Insights. Web.
Bicycles are a prominent transport mode in the United States among other countries. In the US, the majority of pupils in the second grade own bicycles (Bergenstal, Davis, Sikora, Paulson, & Whiteman, 2012). However, bike riding has been a major source of trauma and deaths in the country as a result of the related accidents. Almost a half of the bicycle-related deaths and over 75% of all head injury cases involve children who are below 15 years old (Bergenstal et al., 2012). In Canada, a significant number of trauma cases are also as a result of bicycle accidents (Grenier et al., 2013). The scenario is almost similar in other countries and is a pressing issue. This paper describes various strategies that can effectively increase helmet wearing when riding bicycles among third-grade students. Although the use of a helmet while riding bicycles can protect a cyclist from head injuries, only approximately 15% of American children aged less than 15 years wear the protective gear as they cycle. A target audience can have increased awareness of a health problem or solution just through communication. In this case, the audience comprise of the students, their parents, and caregivers since they have a direct or indirect influence on the use of the protective gear (McKenzie & Smelter, 2001). Bicycle safety education curriculum, parents or guardians’ counseling, as well as mandatory helmet legislation, are some of the communication platforms that can be effective strategies for increasing the use of helmet among the pupils (Theurer & Bhavsar, 2013). The prevention of the bicycle-related injuries needs active parents or caregivers’ interventions to ensure that children make the helmet use their habit every time while riding. Therefore, making the parents and the caregivers aware of their role in promoting helmet use among their children can lead to an increased use of the protective hat. The sensitization on the importance of helmet use and its influence on children’s protective riding measures can also be imperative. The intervention would also include counseling the parents or caregivers about bicycle injury prevention measures concerning their children. Some laws hold parents accountable for their children’s safety and bringing them to the parents’ at
Use of foreign language in media, especially advertisements has grabbed extensive attention from linguistic researchers recently. The advent of the phenomenon in the Russian language too has gained some attention . Ustinova points out that 76 percent of the total advertisement s spots in Russian television are dominated by Russian-English mix . Clearly, English has a dominant place in advertisements presented over Russian television. There is a definitive intrusion of English in the content and structure of both print and television advertisements. Russian advertisements have been observed to become a giant cauldron of social-cultural mixture that has helped in the evolution of the modern Russian language – as a mix of English and Russian. Advertisements by multinational corporations translated in Russian have been accused of slowly infiltrating the Russian language with English words. The effect of advertising language on Russian lingo has brought forth a conflict between Russian culture and language. The advent of English words like “email” or “Halloween” has crept in the Russian language through advertisements. Since its entry into the Russian market in the 1990s, the Coca Cola Company has brought in English words in the Russian vocabulary. This primarily has been due to the advent of English advertisements by multinational corporations (MNCs) who had to promote their brand through advertisement campaigns translated in Russian. As it has been mentioned by academicians, “translation plays a facilitating role as it enables the colonizer and the colonized to communicate.” Therefore, many believe that the inclusion of English words in the advertisements of MNCs has been a deliberate attempt by the western colonizers to intrude into Russian socio-cultural mix. This paper analyzes the advertisements of coca cola in Russia and tries to ascertain the amount of English words that has been brought in by their advertisements. The aim of the paper is to identify the advent and usage of English in advertisements of Coca Cola in Russia. Therefore, the aim of the paper will be understand the use of Russian words, or English words, or a mix of Russian-English in advertisements . This will demonstrate the penetration of English in Russian usage that affects the cultural discourse of the society . The method that is adopted in analyzing the Russian advertisements of coca cola over a period of time is through analyzing the
Introduction The classical economist, Adam Smith, presented the diamond-water paradox theory in academic circles. Concisely, the diamond-water paradox theory refers to the outright contradiction that, despite water being more useful for human survival than diamonds, the latter is highly priced in the market. Blaug (1962) observes that, Adam Smith had presented this theory based on value, which in this context had two meanings: value in use and value in exchange. Water has a higher value in use since it is more essential for human survival than diamonds (p.17). However, since water is readily available in almost all human habitats, it has lower/little value in exchange. On the other hand, diamond is very scarce; therefore, most people would be willing to give more money in its exchange than water, making it a very expensive commodity. Adam Smith’s presentation of the theory later came under criticism because the comparison being between heterogeneous commodities could have been explained better by the concept of marginal utility, which he had ignored. Wage Determination in Labor Markets Marginality is a term used for reference to a commodity pricing process that is neither based on the usefulness (total Utility) nor the amount of labor expended for production, but rather on its marginal utility. Marginal utility can be explained by assuming a rational consumer will consume commodities A and B in such a combination as to derive maximum utility. Further, consumption of any additional unit by the consumer marginal utility derived would be smaller. This phenomenon (reducing marginal utility) is known as diminishing marginal utility. Since water is readily available, its average consumption per person is relatively high, hence results in low marginal utility. Diamond, on the other hand, is scarce; therefore, the average consumption of diamond per person is very low and resulting to a high marginal utility. Due to its high marginality, many people are willing to pay a higher price for diamonds than for water. A further scenario that has greatly drawn attention is the paradox of value in the fields of sport and that of noble professions such as teaching. Teachers, in any part of the world, receive very low salaries for their highly esteemed service to th
Forecasting is essential for business as it allows identifying specific factors that will influence the operations. These techniques can help predict the supply, demand, and other indicators for products and services. Flostrand (2017) states that managers can “rely on their own intuition and judgment or resort to the insights of others” (para 1). This is because they often do not possess quantifiable data that can be used to resolve an issue. Considering this, the Delphi technique is crucial as it helps create forecasts for uncertainties relying on the opinions of experts. The process involves polling the specialists on their opinion regarding a problem, collecting the responses, giving the answers to other experts, and repeating the process until a consensus is reached (Flostrand, 2017). Therefore, the Delphi technique is useful in cases where the data amount is limited, and the opinion of specialists is the only option for performing a forecast. Both in daily lives and business, the extensive use of computers offers a new way of forecasting. Weingärtner, Bräscher, and Westphall (2015) state that Cloud services provide a lot of functions that can be used by businesses to enhance their forecasting techniques. Thus, surveys and various market researches can be performed in this way, making it easier for both the researchers and the respondents. Furthermore, the computers allow utilizing techniques of data analysis that would enable receiving results of forecasts more quickly. Different tasks may require a variety of forecasting techniques to carry out the process correctly. For example, Kahn (2014), states that forecasting for a new product should differ from the methods used to determine the values of existing commodities. The process of choosing the approach should include evaluating the data, plan, measurement, forecast, and analytics. In cases of new products, only a small number of data is available which requires qualitative methods of forecasting.
Qualitative methods refer to those methods that are used in the analysis of data whose focus is more on the attributes and qualities of data and features that are not measurable in quantitative terms but rather rely upon the intrinsic characteristics of the phenomenon under study. The data insinuated here is majorly raw but extensively descriptive. Qualitative data usually is represented in form of words and pictures as opposed to figures. In the evaluation of a program, the qualitative measurement may not essentially provide tangible or quantifiable characteristics but still, it is a vital area in terms of methods used to evaluate a program. To begin with, using qualitative methods will create a greater awareness of the various viewpoints of the persons taking part in the program. Weiss (1998) does not only incline his thinking to the greater awareness created but also states that a better understanding of any dynamics involved in the development of the program will be better understood. Unlike quantitative techniques, the use of qualitative techniques will create greater alertness to any events that are not foreseen in the cause of developing the program. This will equally operate in the same line as the sensitivity that will be accorded to the various contexts that the program shall have to go through. Qualitative methods that may be used in evaluating an ongoing program are wide and diverse. To gather these qualities, one may use informal interviewing of the participants of the program. This may be a sure way of getting to know the various perspect
Levocarnitine is a compound that occurs naturally and plays a part in ferrying fatty acids into the mitochondria for β- oxidation. It acts as an acyl group acceptor thereby helping to maintain adequate cellular levels of free coenzyme A (CoA). Likewise, it functions as an osmoprotectant in organs such as the kidneys, and as a plasma membrane stabilizer (Cuturic et al., 2013). In humans, endogenous L-carnitine level is furnished by its absorption from dietary sources, from de novo biosynthesis and extensive tubular reabsorption in the kidneys. The molecule has a potential of being used as a medicinal compound and as a food supplement. In this paper, however, specific focus is given to the purported uses of levocarnitine for treating psychiatric diseases, e.g., depression, anorexia, etc. The scientific evidence supporting its use as a mental health drug, and some of its pharmacodynamics properties are also presented. Fig. 1. The structures of (a) L- carnitine (C7H15NO3) and its derivative L-acetyl carnitine. Uses in Psychiatric Disease Numerous studies have demonstrated levocarnitine’s antioxidant properties, its role in sequestering free radicals and in reducing physical and mental fatigue in elderly (Cuturic et al., 2013). The use of levocarnitine and l-acetylcarnitine has several benefits including improvement of the motor, cognitive and behavioral functioning. A study with a high dose l-carnitine treatment in a transgenic mouse model of Huntington’s disease demonstrated that the compound had neuroprotective properties and alleviating effects on the condition (Cuturic et al., 2013). Similar studies were conducted on human subjects using low doses of levocarnitine, and after a six month monitoring period, the results showed that the compound had benefits of slowing down the progression of Huntington’s disease (Cuturic et al., 2013). Equally, treatment of the activated microglia with levocarnitine reverses the impact of detrimental neuroinflammation associated with Parkinson’s disease. The attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a heritable neurobehavioral condition that often occurs in children who present a range of problematic behavior (Cuturic et al., 2013). It is caused by structural or functional aberrations in the communication between the basal ganglia and the frontal cortex. While this condition is adequately treated using stimulants, antidepressants, clonidine, and bupropion, some of these drugs are associated with adverse side events. L-carnitine is a safe alternative compound to treat the condition. Also, a combined regimen of carnitine and cobamamide has been shown to improve anorexia nervosa patients’ physical state, i.e., it normalizes the gastrointestinal function, increases body
Background In the article ‘Antecedents and Consequences of Organizational Identification in Multinational Enterprises: Differences at Home and Foreign Branches’, it is impossible to find out enough information that should be presented in the background section. Still, it is evident that the author has a certain degree in management or business and has experience in the work of multinational enterprises (MNEs). Regarding the years of publication of the sources used by the author, it is also possible to predict that 2016 is the year when the article was written. Recent achievements and current research are used as the basis for the article. The intended audience includes human resource managers and scholars, who may be interested in such topics as organizational identification and international management. About 100 sources from the 1990s, the 2000s, and the 2010s are used. However, it is also possible to find several sources written in the 1970 and the 1980s. The majority of sources are peer-reviewed articles where management, employees’ relations, job satisfaction, and other similar topics are discussed. The academic books are used to create a powerful theoretical basis for the analysis of organizational behavior. The main topic is the relation between the antecedents and consequences of organizational identification in MNEs. The author uses a cross-sectional survey to explain the behaviors of employees from different organizations and generalize the findings. Several hypotheses are offered in the article to comprehend the relation of employee involvement to organizational decision-making processes and perceived organizational prestige to organizational identification, the importance of communication between employees and the level of satisfaction, and explain human resources changes in regards to organizational behavior. All assumptions are based on social changes that could be observed in MNEs. Analysis Purposes Taking into consideration the fact that organizational identification has a positive impact on employees’ behaviors and attitudes, it is also necessary to clarify the peculiar features of possible antecedents and consequences of this kind of identification. Not much research is available on organizational identification of employees, who work at home and foreign branches of MNEs. Therefore, the main purpose of the article is to investigate the impact of organizational identification on employees’ attitudes and behaviors in the home and foreign MNEs and provide a clear guide for HR managers in the field of international management. Evidence There are seven main variables in the study: organizational identification, employee involvement, communication, perceived organization