ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Stress is an inseparable part of any human experience, which is why its effects on the body need to be examined further. Although efforts must be applied to reduce the extent of stress and the exposure to it, eradicating the specified phenomenon from an individual’s life is presently impossible and barely productive (American Psychiatric Association, 2013). Instead, the effects of stress and their mitigation need to be learned closer to reduce possible health outcomes. Especially after the pandemic of COVID-19 has made the levels of stress in people worldwide skyrocket, the significance of studying the levels of stress on the human body has grown tremendously (Schönrich et al. 3). This paper will examine the effects of stress on different systems within a human body, further recommending the strategies that can be used to alleviate the adverse outcomes. Stress: Definitions Before proceeding with listing the multiple outcomes of stress affecting the human body and its multiple systems, one might want to define the subject matter first. The notion of stress might seem simple enough, meaning mostly feeling of unease caused by negative emotions. However, the concept of stress is far more complex due to the presence of multiple factors determining its de
Introduction In public relations, it is important to be able to conduct an analysis of an organization to uncover its structure and the communication activities it carries out. In this paper, we will provide such an analysis of McDonald’s, one of the most known companies around the world. The Sector in which the Company Operates McDonald’s is a global corporation that operates in the restaurant industry, specifically, in the fast food branch. It opens restaurants that sell different types of fast food. The foods sold by the company include hamburgers, French fries, various desserts, beverages, etc. The Company’s Organizational Structure The enterprise’s headquarters are located in Illinois, the U.S. (“Contact Us” par. 2). The following features are characteristic of the company’s organizational structure: global hierarchy, performance-based divisions, and function-based groups. Global hierarchy means that the CEO supervises all the areas of the business, and the mandates are passed downwards to regional, local administrators, and concrete restaurant managers. Performance-based division means that the basis for it is not regional; the global structure includes the following divisions: “(a) U.S., (b) International Lead Markets, (c) High Growth Markets, and (d) Foundational Markets and Corporate” (“McDonald’s Organizational Structure Analysis” par. 5). Function-based groups mean that the company consists of separate departments, each of which deals with its own spectrum of issues. These departments include the departments of “corporate affairs, marketing, human resources, national operations, regional managers, finance, information, and strategic planning” (“What is the Structure of McDonald’s” par. 3). Other departments include “legal, customer services, franchising, security, hygiene and safety, property and construction, supply chain and restaurant services” (“What is the Structure of McDonald’s” par. 4). It is also worth pointing out that McDonald’s operates as a global franchisor. According to the company’s official website, over 80% of the company’s restaurants around the world and approximately 90% of its locations in the USA are owned and run by independent businesspeople (“Our Business Model” par. 2). The Company’s Communication Activities When it comes to communication activities that McDonald’s carries out, it is worth noting that the company regularly runs various advertising campaigns in order to attract new customers and retain the old ones (“How do McDonald’s Communicate” par. 4). The enterprise continually stresses that its food is high-quality. At a certain point, the business decided to change its external rhetoric and highlight the nutritional value of its foods; McDonald’s even won a number of awards for this PR move (“McDonald’s Sets Up a Nutrition Network” par. 4). Nowadays, the organization provides its customers with information about the nutritional value of the food it offers; this information can be obtained from informational stands inside the restaurants, as well as read on the individual packages of most foods. It also should be observed that the company attempts to adapt its menu to the loca
The psychological theory of crime investigates individual factors and their influence on a person’s unlawful behavior. The framework is appropriate for describing serial crimes, murders in particular because the culprits often report experiencing positive emotions and fulfillment as a result of their misdeeds. In particular, the cognitive development theory may explain the reasons behind repeatedly committing severe crimes. Dennis Rader, also known as the BTK killer, will serve as an example and illustrate the theory’s ideas. Psychological Theory The psychological theory of crime posits that individual factors in a person’s life or personalities, such as past experiences or mental disorders, can explain criminal behavior. According to Mallicoat (2016), the theory claims that people do not illegal actions of free will or through rational choice, but are compelled toward them due to particular deficiencies in their minds. A criminal has a warped perception, and the gaps in it prevent him or her from identifying the factors that other people would consider as highly unattractive as such. As a result, he or she will commit actions that another would not consider doing and fail to recognize the negativity associated with that act. Theorists such as Jean Piaget and Lawrence Kohlberg have led the development of the modern psychological theory. They have developed a subset of the concept known as the cognitive development theory. According to Mallicoat (2016), this subset concentrates on the ability of criminal offenders to make a moral judgment, which is impaired or overall undeveloped. The theory separates moral growth into three levels: pre-conventional, conventional, and post-conventional. In the pre-conventional stage, children learn obedience and internalize the idea of punishment. On the conventional level, young people become aware of social and behavioral norms, particularly laws, and abiding by them. Finally, in the post-conventional stage, the person’s moral compass is fully formed, and he or she makes his or her judgments without necessarily relying on other norms. Usually, a person will internalize societal norms during his or her childhood and adolesce
Introduction Every modern lifestyle or technological aspect has its unique historical background that led to the development of its current state. Aviation is an international business and an academic concept that focuses on engineering the aerospace sciences and technologies. 1 Before the civil aviation and the commercial aviation began operating, several theorists, scientists, and early innovators, had foreseen the coming of the aerospace technologies. 2 Although people have simply understood the airplanes as swift modes of modern transportation, very few people understand the early history and development of the aviation industry. This essay discusses the history of aviation from its early development to its present days. Early Development (860BC to 1893) From the beginning of 863 BC to 1490s, intelligent philosophers such as Bladud, Aristotle, Archimedes, and Leonardo Da Vinci had foreseen a bright future in the early craft artisans. 3 The Greek mythologists believe that Daedalus and Icarus were skillful artisans who motivated the early development of air travel. In 863 BC, Daedalus and Icarus used the feathers of the birds to develop a gentle curvature that looked like real wings of birds and tested a flight that remained abortive. 4 In 350 BC, Aristotle fostered the continuum model that believed in the notion that a body moving through a field will encounter some natural resistance. 5 In 250 BC, a physics philosopher Archimedes theorized about the aspects of motion, fluids, and pressure differentials. 6 This idea gave birth to the hydrodynamics concept that later improved the use of gas pressure, fuels, and the airplane streamlined shape, which supported the modern aerospace technologies. 7 Towards the 1490s, Leonardo Da Vinci came up with the concepts of cross-sectional area, velocity, and constant variables in the physics paradigm. 8 After some successful mathematical tests, Leonardo Da Vinci constructed sketches of flow pattern and later delved into the concepts of ornithopter and helicopter. 9 The Greek engineers wanted to imitate the flapping style of the bird’s wings to develop airplanes. In 1799, Sir George Cayley designed the sketches of modern airplane configuration. Later in 1804, Cayley designed the hand-launched glider, wrote concepts that could apply in the aerodynamics, and later designed the trip-lane glider that could carry a 10-year boy, and a monoplane glider that could carry a coachman. 10 From the era of 1831-1843, Thomas Walker developed various glider concepts and tandem-wing designs, before William Henson and John Stringfellow could come up with the aerial steam concept, and designed the vision for commercial aerospace transportation at the Aerial Transit Company in Britain. 11 In 1866, the British government began the Aeronautical Society of Great Britain, which led to the development of steam-powered biplanes. 12 The Modern Aviation (20 th Century) Several innovations occurred before the flyers of the 20 th century came up with some unique innovations. The Wright brothers, Orville Wright, and Wilbur Wright, brought some technical innovations that inspired a new generation
Normal response of the heart rate and blood pressure when one changes from supine position to sitting and standing The normal heart rate is in is 80-100 beats per minute, and the normal BP is 120/80. From sitting to standing, blood pressure decreases initially, as a result of the pooling of blood in the venous circulation. This results in decreased venous return and, thus, decreased stroke volume. This leads to decreased cardiac output and, hence, lowers blood pressure. The blood pressure should not fall by greater than 20mmHg systolic and greater than 10mmHg diastolic. This is due to the baroreceptor reflex, whereby, stretch receptors in the carotid artery are not stimulated resulting in less stimulation of the cardiovascular center. This results in decreased vagal activity and increased sympathetic stimulation of the heart. Stimulation of beta 2 adrenergic receptors results in an increased rate of contraction of the heart muscles, thereby, increasing heart rate. Stimulation of alpha 1 receptors results in constriction of the arteries, increasing peripheral vascular resistance and, consequently, blood pressure. List of dysfunctional locations in the cardiovascular system that could affect the baroreceptor reflex  1. The carotid sinus  2. The heart such as in cardiomyopathy  3. The blood vessels  4. Decreased blood oxygen-carrying capacity such as, in anemia and decreased blood volume.  5. The cardiovascular center in medulla oblongata.  6. The aortic arch body  7. The afferent nerves (glossopharyngeal).  8. The efferent nerve (vagus).  9. The receptors such as beta 2, M2 and M3 10. Neurotransmitter deficiency 11. A lymphatic system such as, in obstructed vessels 12. Autonomic nervous system Preganglionic fibers  1. Ganglia  2. Postganglionic fibers  3. Receptors on effector cells Role of the muscarinic system in blood pressure regulation M3 receptors are located in vascular endothelium, smooth muscle and in glands. They are G-coupled receptors. Their stimulation results in activation of the phospholipase C-inositol triphosphate cascade. This results in vasodilatation. This reduces total peripheral resistance (TPR) and lowers the blood pressure because (Blood pressure) BP= Cardiac output (CO) × TPR. Blockade of the M3 receptors did not result in a change in the heart rate. This is abnormal because stimulation of M3 receptors should cause vasodilatation lowering TPR and, hence, lowering BP. This should be followed by reflex tachycardia if the baroreceptor mechanism is intact. Blockade of the vagus nerve will result in uninhibited sympathetic stimulation of the sinoatrial node. This causes tachycardia due to sympatheti
“Detroit” was released on July 25th, 2017, and is one of the prime examples of films that portray historical events. The movie tells the real story of the riot in the city of Detroit in the summer of 1967 during 144 minutes when the illegal arrest of club visitors provoked protests throughout the city. “Detroit” accurately and vividly describes the events of those days and shows the racism and cruelty of the police and justice of those times. Riots burst in Detroit as a response to the arrest of nightclub visitors in a black neighborhood, and the government introduced the National Guard (“Detroit” 2017). One of the guests of Algeria Hotel, where musicians Larry Reid and his friend Fred Temple are staying, fires a starting pistol, and police officer Philip Kraus, who arrives at a noise, shoots him. Further, Kraus finds a group of black men, including Reid and Temple, and two white women, which makes him angry, so the police try to find a reason for their arrest. A guard, Melvin Dismukes, wants to help the captured people, but cannot protect them from the police (“Detroit” 2017). An officer accidentally kills one man because he misunderstands Kraus’s order to threaten him. The police try to leave, but Temple is too frightened to be silent, and Kraus kills him (“Detroit” 2017). A few years later, the police officers are charged, but get acquitted. Larry Reed stops his musical career as he cannot recover from that traumatic situation, and Dismukes leaves the city after receiving threats. Thus, this story describes the racial injustice of the police at that time. The movie plausibly describes the figures of events in the hotel and riots. Dismukes notes that everything shown in the film is 99.5% true (Lang 2017). However, there are some minor changes in this movie that generally do not affect the historical accuracy. For example, the names of the lawyer, Norman Lippit, the main police officer, David Sanek, and some other characters have been changed (Zeitchick 2017). However, in general, the events are displayed appropriately, and the inaccuracies that some media display are mostly unconfirmed. The film also perfectly reflects the authenticity of that time, both in the events and the details of scene design. The music that sounds in the frame, the cars and clothes of the characters correspond to the trends of 1967. In addition, the tension in the city, the poverty of hotels, and the rage of rebels also vividly describe historical events. According to the Rolling Stones, “Detroit” is not inferior in deepening the history and accuracy of “Dunkirk”, directed by the famous Christopher Nolan (Travers 2018). It is also noticeable, even without the review, that the tone and exposition of the film correspond to the spirit of the era. “Detroit” is most appropriate for high school and college students as it is simultaneously thrilling and full of meaning. The cruel
Overview The writer of this paper had the opportunity to experience different aspects of patient care in long-term care (LCT) facility during his clinical replacement. During the placement, the writer had an opportunity to interact with a 75-year old diabetic client (Mr. X), who also had kidney complications. The client had failed to comply with medications. As a result, the client was admitted to the renal unit and scheduled for dialysis. To manage his condition, he had to undergo dialysis regularly. The writer had an opportunity to listen to the client’s stories and health experiences. Through the interactions, the writer was able to understand his care needs, which was a new learning experience for the writer. The patient was worried that he will have to undergo dialysis at least twice a week. The writer spent three weeks with Mr. X. During this period, he interacted with the client daily and helped him develop an appropriate plan of care for his condition. The writer also had the opportunity to work alongside experienced nurses, social workers and a multidisciplinary care team caring for this client. He learned that the client, besides specialist medical care, needed constant social support from the nurses and family. Through interpersonal interactions, the client revealed his views and concerns in relation to the dialysis procedure. The writer also honed his nursing skills on blood sugar monitoring and patient referrals after complications. He also learned about the complications that arise due to renal failure and the ethical and legal issues associated with end-of-life care. In summary, the experience helped the writer to understand the challenges that the residents face. It also allowed the writer to help the client formulate his plan of care. The Human Becoming Theory The human becoming theory, which was put forward by Rosemarie Parse in 1981, focuses on a new approach to nursing that is different from the psycho-social-spiritual and bio-medical theories. In this theory, a patient’s quality of life is defined by the patient and becomes the central goal of nursing care (Edwards, 2008). Parse called this approach the man-living-health theory. However, later the theory was renamed to the human becoming theory to reflect the changes in the definition of the term “man” (Edwards, 2008). The three basic assumptions of Parse’s theory include transcendence, ‘rhythmicity’, and meaning, which are derived from the works of Merleau-Ponty, Sartre, Martha Rogers, and Heidegger. Transcendence means that the “human” element in a person transcends all possible environmental limits (becoming) and exceeds his/her set limits (Melnechenko, 1995). This means that an individual will constantly transform to reach personal goals. ‘Rhythmicity’ refers to the rhy
Introduction Nosocomial infections (NCI) are the leading cause of sepsis in the acute care setting. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the highest rates of infection occurred in the Burn Intensive Care Unit (ICU), neonatal ICU, and pediatric ICU. The CDC strives to understand how healthcare-associated infections happen and develop appropriate interventions. A new report from CDC updates previous estimates of healthcare-associated infections. In American hospitals alone, healthcare-associated infections account for an estimated 1.7 million infections and 99,000 associated deaths each year. The most reportable NCI in the acute care setting are related to; urinary tract infections (32%), 22 % are from surgical site infections, 15 % are pneumonia (lung infections) and, 14 % are from bloodstream infections (CDC, 2002). The purpose of this literature review is to collect data on evidence-based practice (EBP) protocols that have been used or are in a testing phase to determine successful parameters that will help decrease nosocomial infections in the acute care setting. Nosocomial infections In order to understand the significance of evidence-based parameters to decrease the incidence of NCI in the acute care setting, the author would elaborate on an important aspect of the pathophysiology of NCI. Nosocomial infec
Marginal revenue and marginal cost are microeconomic concepts that are very significant in making production decisions. Marginal revenue refers to the revenue that is associable to the sale of the last unit of a product. The revenue for the aforementioned unit could either be the same as that of the previous unit, higher or lower. This depends on how the products of the producer are demanded in the market. This means that it can take negative and positive values and thus it adds to total revenue, subtracts from it or keeps total revenue unchanged. Total revenue refers to the money that a firm receives from its sales. Marginal revenue is related to total revenue because it takes total revenue as its frame of reference. That is, to compute marginal revenue, the change in total revenue is taken and divided by the change in the number of sales. This is illustrated in the formula below Marginal revenue = change in total revenue/ change in quantity On the other hand, marginal cost refers to the cost of additional elements used in producing an additional unit. It can thus be viewed as the increment in total cost that occurs after the production of an additional unit of output. Total cost refers to the fixed cost plus variable cost. Marginal cost is thus related to total cost since its value depends on fixed cost and variable cost just as the total cost depends on the two. Therefore, the calculation of marginal cost involves total cost and it is calculated as the change in total cost divided by the change in the number of units produced. That is, Marginal cost = change in total cost/change in quantity The two, marginal cost and marginal revenue, are specifically important because they are used in the determination of profit-maximizing output that is realized when the latter is equal to the former (Tohamy, 2009, p. 1). Marginal cost and marginal revenue have a number of similarities and thus they are used together to help in decision making. For example, they are both useful in the determination of the suitability of a company for economies of scale. Thus an analysis of both marginal revenue and marginal cost is used to gauge the profitability of increasing its production. Additionally, they are both based on the production of a single additional unit. That is, both the
The issues related to slavery were still burning in the middle of the nineteenth century. The tension can be illustrated by the debate concerning the Compromise of 1850. It is possible to consider three viewpoints on the matter to see three major arguments which existed in the American society of that time. John C. Calhoun, Daniel Webster and Henry Seward gave speeches that embody the three arguments. Calhoun was an advocate of slavery and criticized the compromise as he stressed that the newly created state, which was agricultural, had the right to adopt the effective ways which were used in other Southern states. The politician stressed that Southern states’ interests were often “sacrificed. however oppressive the effects” could be (Calhoun, 2010). Even though Webster was largely against proliferation of slavery, he also noted that it was logical for a new state to become a slavery state. Unlike Calhoun, the politician did not consider the interests of the North and the South, but he stressed that there was some legislation and acts which addressed the issue and there was no need in inventing new regulations (Webster, 2010). In contrast to the two arguments mentioned above, Seward appealed to the God’s law, he did not consider interests’ or laws of people. The politician stressed that “no climate” could justify slavery and all people were created equally free (Seward, n.d.). Thus, he claimed that new states had to be free from slavery due to the higher law. In my opinion, Seward’s argument is the most compelling as the politician articulated the ideas which were in the air at that time. He was brave (and persuasive) enough to reveal the wrongs of the American society. Clearly, his argument is the strongest as he appeals to the law of nature, the greater law. Reference List Calhoun, J.C. (2010). Proposal to preserve the Union . Web. Seward, W.H. (n.d.). William Henry Seward’s higher law speech . Web. Webster, D. (2010). Speech to the U.S. Senate in favor of the Compromise of 1850 . Web.