ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The extent of human cooperation is one of the crucial characteristics that distinguish Homo Sapiens from other animals. Nevertheless, the emphasis on personal benefit, competition, and denial of group mentality is the qualities that outline the expanding individualistic culture – nowadays, it has become a global phenomenon, infiltrating countries where this behavior is somewhat atypical (Hoffman et al., 2018). The advancement in human history is to one degree, or another may be viewed as an outcome of collaborative nature, which makes the social contract theorist’s claim rather viable. Considering the benefits of cooperation, the prisoner’s dilemma seems to contradict the basics on which societal structures are built. The existence of a contract that guides social interactions and ensures their profitableness for all the parties involved requires a certain degree of trust (Moehler, 2018). Even though the social contract theorist’s claim and the prisoner’s dilemma conflict with each other on the surface, self-interest can act as a principal motivation for cooperative behavior (Robert & Broman, 2017). The prisoner’s dilemma accentuates the advantages that two individuals can achieve by mutual trust; nevertheless, as the paradox shows, the lack of faith in the other brings negative effects for both. Greed and conflict, as well as partnership, seemingly, are intrinsic characteristics of human society. This dual nature is emphasized by the refusal to cooperate found in the prisoner’s dilemma, despite the potential benefits of collaborative behavior. The ability to work jointly towards the same aim is more developed in humans than in any other species; it resulted in the current societal progress and constitutes the basis for the theory of social contract.
The task of choosing a career path is very challenging for an individual; however within a certain career path several challenges are encountered. Many organizations face the challenge of high staff turnover as a result of lacking an upward mobility program. Upward mobility program is a program whereby employees get an opportunity to advance their career to a certain desired level (Rothwell, 2005). Since many organizations lack an upward mobility program, employees have a tendency of moving to better paying positions or organizations (Ellis, 2003). To retain best talented clients, organizations have opted for education assistance, succession planning or shareholder programs to retain employees. Education Assistance In career planning, organizations should train their employees as a method of equipping them with necessary skills to undertake their jobs or new jobs. Education assistance entails offering in-house training or paying for specialized education to be offered to your employees. Organizations which offer education assistance are better placed to have employees who have a set of different skills and this is beneficial to the organization since these employees can move up or change careers easily within the organization (Ellis, 2003). Educational assistance affords employees the opportunity to learn new skills apart from which they already had or were employed with. For instance an organization with engineers could train their engineers on management and thus when a management opportunity suffices; engineers could be promoted to these positions instead of outsourcing other employees (Coetzee, 2006). An example of an organization that offers educational assistance as part of an upward mobility program is Toyota. Toyota offers educational assistance to its entry levels employees and it does so through educational centers and successful employees are considered in the future upward mobility program. Succession Planning Succession planning is very important is sustaining an upward mobility program within an organization. Succession planning involves laying down structures, systems that allow entry level employees to scale up the career ladder within an organization. Some of the succession planning systems includes conducting promotion interviews, exams, performance assessments (Ellis, 2003). By offering succession planning organizations can easily retain talent as plans are undertaken to offer promotion to all employees within an organization. Succession planning programs such as offering promotion interviews to existing employees for new positions at an organization help in retaining talent. Organizations
After a period of war, the most affected countries embark on a reconstruction process and the United States did the same following the end of the Civil War. After the war, the leaders had to come up with ways for the Confederate States to rejoin the Union. Other challenges that the country encountered included determining whether the Confederate leaders had betrayed the North. Nevertheless, the majority of the political leaders were questioned the President and the Congress’ ability to rejoin the Confederate States to the Union. With the prevalence of such challenges, the reconstruction era in the United States was more challenging than the military conflict that had just ended (Foner 409). The main aim of this paper is to evaluate the various plans that enhanced the reconstruction process in the United States. Lincoln’s Ten-Percent Plan: 1863-1865 Following the end of the wars that occurred at Gettysburg and Vicksburg by the beginning of the 1860s in which the major Union won, President Abraham Lincoln initiated his reconstruction plan (Egerton 52). The plan was set to unite the South and the North and reconstitute the South into the Union. The process of reconstruction started with the proclamation of amnesty and reconstruction in which the President announced officially his intention to unite the two regions (North and South) (Langguth 91). However, Lincoln’s initial intention was to garner the support of the northern states in a bid to persuade the Confederate soldiers to admit defeat. In the course of the reconstruction, Lincoln came up with the 10% Plan as the blueprint through which the southern states would be accepted back into the Union. The southern states were required to have 10% of their voters swear to the oath of allegiance to the Union and adhere to the Emancipation Declaration (Foner 409). However, the vote count was based on the number of registered voters in the 1860 vote count, after which the voters would elect delegates to enhance the revision of the Constitution and establish new states. Lincoln further pledged to protect the southerners and their properties coupled with granting amnesty to the majority of them. However, the declaration did not guarantee protection to the slaves bound to masters from the South (Egerton 59). Nevertheless, Lincoln’s plan was a form of peace strategy aimed at shortening the war and extending his emancipation policy. However, Lincoln failed to guarantee the protection to the slaves whose masters were from the South (Martin et al. 352). The plan garnered support of the Republicans in the Congress, as they wanted immediate peace. However, they were worried that the plan would restore aristocracy that would revive the spirit of slavery (Foner 411). From the analysis, it is evident that the President was quite lenient with the South
The Importance of the Final Report to the Prosecution of a Case In legal proceedings, most cases feature a number of intricate facts and use complex terminolory that can be ambiguous when it comes to interpretation. Thus, my primary objective as a prosecutor is to present the final report in such a way that all the elements of evidence are clearly organized, vague points are clarified, and all the terms are explained. A concise chronology of the events can also be attached if it helps me improve the structure of the report. If I want to add value to my arguments in court, my final report should cover the following aspects (Worrall & Nugent-Borakove, 2014):   * An overview of the case. It must briefly present significant events and actions connected with the case and explain the essentials in a few sentences. This helps identify the pivotal issues and concentrate on them.   * Description of the parties involved. The section deals with the personal information of the sides, their criminal litigation history, etc. It is a significant part of the report as any relevant background data can affect the attitude of the court towards the participants.   * Summary of witnesses’ testimony supporting the accusation. This part is crucial for the success of the prosecution as it ensures that there exist no gaps in the proof. It can contain various charts, recordings, documents, and any other materials that clarify the case from the necessary perspective.   * The analysis of anticipated defense tactics. The part concerns rebuttal of possible counterarguments, which, being performed properly, allows me to sound more convincing in court than the defendant.   * Request for further sanctions. Being a prosecutor, I must clarify what sanctions I consider to be necessary in this or that case. As it is evident from the description, each part contributes to the success of the prosecution of a case. Thus, each of them must be carefully prepared. The final report should logically and coherently combine all of them in order to form one inseparable whole. In case some issues are overlooked, and the report is completed poorly, the consequences might be deplorable (Worrall & Nugent-Borakove, 2014):   * if the parties are identified incorrectly or incompletely, the key events could be omitted;   * in case the summary misses certain points, important evidence can be neglected by the court;   * unless witnesses’ testimony is credible, the truth could be distorted;   * the documents provided in the report must be genuine – forgeries or unattested copies not only undermine my reputation but also tell on the outcome of the case in a negative way;   * unless I prepare strategies of rebuttal and present them in the report, I can fail the case because of a better-prepared opponent. The Way Each Stage of the Criminal Justice Process Helps to Build a Successfully Litigated Action There are common stages
Introduction Speaking in tongues is an interesting phenomenon with Christianity. In many occasion, people who witness this phenomenon for the very first time would find it funny, amusing, or even annoying. Such a reaction can be understood easily since this matter has also proven to be complex even to Christians and Theologians. It seems to be an issue that is beyond the natural means of human understanding. Besides this mystical understanding of the phenomenon, there are various cultic Christian groups that strongly use this phenomenon to pray. The phenomenon is commonly used during prayers and it is evident with particular denominations in the Christian religion. Considering all the confusing circumstances that surrounds the idea, it is necessary to have an in depth look at the topic with regards to what the Bible says about it. The topic can be found in the books of Acts of the Apostle and the book of 1 st Corinthians. In this paper, the understanding of this topic in a biblical perspective will be based from the book of Acts of the Apostle. The book of Acts of the Apostle was authored by Luke and he is the first one to account on this issue in the Bible. During Pentecost after the ascension of Jesus Christ, speaking in tongues was first experienced by the disciples of Jesus when the Holy Spirit came upon them. This happened seven weeks after Jesus’ Crucifixion 1 . Before leaving, Jesus instructed the disciples to wait in Jerusalem for the coming of the helper. This was a promise to bring a helper to mankind who is the Holy Spirit. This was the beginning of the first church. This instant and another occasion in the book of Acts do we see people speaking in tongues. The other place in the Bible where this topic is touched is the letter that Apostle Paul wr
Description The Sunday Catholic liturgy included several steps that appear to correspond to those of typical worship as described by Willimon. First, the church was gathering: some of the people seemed to be praying or possibly, meditating. The pastor walked into the sound of the hymn Jesus, Remember me. When the pastor greeted the people (by wishing that the grace of Jesus Christ was with them), they responded accordingly. Several prayers followed, and then the readings began with hymns between them. The priest announced the titles of the readings: one from the book of Isaiah, one from Luke, and one from Corinthians. One from John was interpreted: it was about the Christian idea of love. The pastor invited the church to confess, and silent prayers followed. During the offering part, the bread (wafers) and cup that had been on the altar were uncovered, and the baskets with money from the church were collected. The people were invited to accept the bread and the cup. The children tried it as well, so there must have been juice. The priest seemed to know the names of many of the people and was touching their hands when they were receiving the bread. The hymn One Bread, One Body is being sung in the process. There were two more hymns afterward, and the people were let go with a blessing. Not everyone left immediately, many of them wanted to talk to each other, some stayed in their places, probably thinking or praying. The pastor did not appear distant. Unfortunately, as can be seen from the description, the worship did not correspond to Smith’s description of the new type of preaching (47-57). It would have been interesting to meet with unusual interpretation and preaching as an art of resistance, but this was not the case (probably, because no controversial issue was discussed). In fact, the way the pastor explained the scripture was very simple (probably, because there were children in the church). Still, while not being particularly rebellious or enlightening, the priest’s interpretation was inspiring, primarily due to the way it inspired himself. It seemed that he had “the power of the love of God shed abroad in Jesus Christ,” and the people listened to him with great attention (Proctor 50). Analysis: The Role It is hard to believe that every one of the worshippers was a “seeker” praying as if “being in love,” but it was obvious that many came here willingly a
Introduction Personality tests are a method by which an individual’s proficiency and ability to be integrated within a corporate setting are evaluated based on their inherent personality attributes (Janda, 2001). The popularity of this method has considerably increased as of late due to the way in which it supposedly enables a company to “weed out” individuals who have the possibility of not being able to successfully integrate themselves into the company (Huprich, Pouliot, & Bruner, 2012). It must be noted though that with the rise of the popularity of personality tests has also come considerable criticisms regarding their use on the grounds of their accuracy and actual ability to sufficiently measure the complexities of an individual’s personality accurately (Huprich, Pouliot, & Bruner, 2012). Critiques of personality testing point to the fact that it is quite possible for potential employees to fake their responses on a test in order to give a better response, that performance in a company is not necessary dependent on an individual’s personality and the fact that the complexities of individual personalities cannot be succinctly evaluated based on a single test alone which calls into question the accuracy of the entire process (Federmann, Bäckström, & Goldsmith, 2010). It is based on this that this paper will examine the various aspects of personality tests, determine how they work and evaluate whether they can actually be utilized as effective methods of evaluation. It is my assumption that, personality tests cannot be utilized as effective methods of personality examination due to the potential for biased methods of answering, the possibility of personalities changing over time and the fact that personalities themselves are complex attributes which cannot be sufficiently examined based on a single test alone. Construction of Personality Tests First and foremost, what must be understood is that factor analysis is a method utilized in order to describe the inherent variability in the variables for a particular test. In other words it is utilized as a unit of measurement by which the study variables are set against (Howard & Hughes, 2012) (Van Kampen, 2012). For personality tests in particular factor analysis takes the form of the five factor model which is often utilized to examine the inclination of a particular individual towards one type of personality or another (Howard & Hughes, 2012). This model consists of the following traits: emotional stability, extraversion, openness to experience, agreeableness, emotional stability and conscientiousness. Do note that while it may be true that a plethora of personality traits do exist outside of the 5 factors given, most psychologists do agree that most of these can be boiled down to the 5 primary factors lists (Van Kampen, 2012). Reliability of Personality Tests Consistency in results is the best measure of reliability
Introduction I am sure that the modern world belongs to corporations. Possessing an enormous amount of money and providing workplaces for millions of people globally, they become the main actors impacting the development of the modern world and the emergence of diverse trends. At the same time, their activity affects the environment significantly and might result in serious consequences that will alter our lives (Popper 98). That is why I am sure that our corporation should be ready to engage in the activity aimed at the protection of the environment and advocate for global solutions to climate change. There are several factors proving the given statement and showing numerous benefits we can acquire if participating in this sort of action. Main body First of all, climate activists and environmental companies consider the activity of global corporations one of the central causes for the gradual deterioration of climate and appearance of different kinds of pollutants (Bijlmakers 23). In general, they are right as multiple facilities might cause substantial damage to different regions because of their activity. Under these conditions, sustainability and the environmentally friendly character of all actions become central aspects of the functioning of diverse corporations for them to preserve their image and remain popular with the target audience (Wright and Nyberg 56). For this reason, I am sure that our organization’s participation in the global processes aimed at the improvement of the environment
Climate change has negatively impacted millions of people worldwide and is an existential threat to humanity on the planet. The debate rages on whether climate change is anthropogenic but scientific research has proven beyond reasonable doubt that climate change is primarily artificial and controlling the human activities that cause it could significantly reduce it. The biggest culprit in climate change is the greenhouse phenomenon that emanates from greenhouse gases such as methane and carbon dioxide. Sources of greenhouse gases include burning fossil fuels that fuel cars, coal plants that feed the electric grid, and factory farming that produces food for the nation. The question then emerges whether adjusting individual behavior can have a significant effect in curbing the climate crisis. The fact is that individuals are not the most critical contributors to the climate crisis, and while ditching the plastic straw might feel good on a personal level, it will not solve the situation. It is not that individual behavior such as going vegan or buying electric cars is not a good gesture, but it probably does not go beyond just a gesture. Climate change is a political issue both in the US and at the geopolitical level. While the progressive might perform these virtuous acts, the average Republican is mocking them for believing in a hoax. To combat a global existential crisis requires a concerted effort on a worldwide scale. The entire globe would need to agree; until climate-change evangelists can convince everyone that the planet is on fire, switching to vegan burgers will not significantly reduce greenhouse gases. In addition, the climate change strategists need to concede the impracticality of some proposed measures. For example, some countries have switched off their nuclear facilities only to end up with energy deficits necessitating them to reopen their coal plants. The truth much energy is required to maintain the average lifestyle of a westerner, and until there are reliable energy sources, climate change will continue to be a polarizing issue.
Introduction Culture jamming is one of the marketing tactics that has been used for many years among anti-consumerist groups as one of the most successful tactics in the sphere of marketing. In this respect, Carducci defines culture jamming as an organized effort by social movements to counteract messages portrayed in advertisements (161). These social movements disrupt corporate advertising using myriad of tactics such as exposing political utterances on commercial culture. In addition, culture jammers may also change the original configuration of a fashion statement, logo or product images of an advertisement made by a given company in order to challenge what is written in relation to freedom of consumption. It is imperative to note that the main rationale behind this form of culture jamming is reshaping social conformity to certain types of advertisements (Lambert-Beatty 99). This issue has been carefully examined in media that specifically focuses on the development and transformation of the counterculture which, in its turn, has provoked the expansion of capitalism, has introduced innovation to mainstream culture, and continues to influence the current mainstream culture. Regarding the above, culture jamming can be recognized as one of the most progressive, though not rebellious movements, introduced by anti-consumerist marketing strategies because many corporations, marketers and advertisers have managed to employ the policy of subvertisement while branding their product. Main discussion Development of Culture Jamming Movement: Use of Subvertisement and Its Relation to Capitalism Culture jamming has been practiced for several decades and it is difficult to exactly pinpoint the actual time when it was incepted. The term dates back to 1984 despite the fact that corporate organizations, advertisers and marketers had been using the tactic for some time (Carducci 161). Over the years culture jamming has been led by various groups from different quotas such as women movements, media theorists and art movements. Culture jammers advocate to be involved when decisions on creating adverts are made. For instance, feminist movements fight against the use of skinny female models and in general, using women in advertising. According to these feminist groups, increased use of women in advertising makes them feel emotionally inadequate especially in sexist advertising. Hence, such groups are capable of airing their opinions against sexist advertising. Similarly, feminist groups have equally been able to raise against a number of magazines and publications that have portrayed sexist adverts in the pretext of attracting more male customers or those that are targeting women who strive to maintain a perfect body as shown in order to attract men. Other human rights groups have also used culture jamming to fight exploitation of workers in factories – sweatshops. To affirm this, it is vital to note that our corporate culture is mainly driven by profitability whereby workers are lowl