ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction The history of the independent press starts in 1735 from the libel trial in the colony of New York of John Peter Zenger. Since that time the press is protected by law from government authority and is responsible to the public (Periodical 34373). Nowadays the United States American press strikes with the variety of the existing items and a wide range of the topics covered in them. The current paper is concerned with comparison of the two daily US newspapers, namely, Nebraska’s York News-Times and West Virginia’s Williamson Daily News. Main text The York News-Times was established in 1887, since 1892 it has been published daily. The Williamson Daily was established in 1912. The York News-Times is a property of Morris Communications Corporation located in Augusta, Georgia, the Williamson Daily News is a part of a 25-newspaper group operated by Heartland Publications, based in Old Saybrook, Conn. In the online versions of the two dailies we find the newspaper claims that “York News-Times is Nebraska’s most complete news source” and that the Williamson Daily News serves readers “bringing local, state, national and global news to area doorsteps” (York News-Times, Williamson Daily News). The front page of the York News-Times suggests the reader the information subdivided into several sections like: Local News, Sports, Anniversaries, Births, Business, Editorial, Education, Engagements, Food, Family, Health, Lifestyles, Obituaries, Regional , Religion, Seniors, Weddings, Youth. The Williamson Daily News singles out such sections as: News, Sports, Obituaries, Entertainment, Comics and Editorial. Thus, the two newspapers deal with nearly the same problems and are intended for a wide audience. At first sight the front pages of the two newspapers attract the readers’ attention due to the brightness of the sections, the laconism of the articles’ titles and the information the articles contain. A reader of different ages and social status can find a useful item for him/her. The front pages of the two newspapers contain the newspaper overview that informs the reader about the items that this very issue focuses on. If we compare the current issues of both newspapers we will see that the Williamson Daily News informs us about third bomb threat that Williamson schools faced this year, about Circuit Court affairs, County Commission’s decision to purchase new vests for deputies, Hilary Clinton reaching for Pa’s win today and warns that April, 22 is the last day to register for primary in West Virginia. Sports, entertainment, comics, obituaries and editorial information are also included. The York News-Times throws light on first financial figures presented for proposed softball fields, melodious reunion, entertainment in corny kindergartens
Introduction Following the cravings of natural curiosity, man has always been eager to gain new experiences and sensations, drawing them from any possible source. The culture of taking drugs as an exciting and at the same time relaxing pastime roots in the oriental countries and has gradually spread its deathly embrace all over the world. People may try drugs with a view to joining a fancy social group or escape from routine reality, or out of despair, or simply for fun. However it may be, more often than wanted, drugs do not remain a single instance in one’s life, since envisaging drugs as an easy way of achieving the desired state one develops a severe addiction to them and suffers grave consequences which in the worst case can be lethal. So threatening is the drug situation nowadays that it has become a worldwide social issue that attracts the attention of specialists and requires immediate and effective action. Addiction to drugs is viewed as a complex disease, the roots of which go deep both in the physiology and psychology of human beings. Starting as a voluntary act, drug-taking promptly develops an intensive uncontrollable craving for new ‘fixes’ even if the addict recognizes the negative consequences it entails. Since drug addiction is characterized by devastating effects on a wide range of human life aspects, its treatment requires a complex approach involving both the physiological and the psychological sides. In modern practice, the three major ways of treating drug addicts are cognitive–behavioral therapy, pharmacological therapy, and motivational enhancement therapy. Cognitive-behavioral therapy When prompt action is required in drug addiction treatment, the option to choose is cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT). Taking into account the conditions at clinics where resource capabilities may be restricted, the briefness of the CBT approach allows of achieving a relatively long-term result in resolving immediate problems within a short time period and at rather a low cost. Basing on the importance of the learning process in the development of drug addiction practice, CBT makes use of the learning process, firstly, in helping the patients to recognize the conditions which stimulate them to take drugs; secondly, in teaching the patients to avoid such potentially drug-taking situations; and thirdly, in introducing the strategies of coping efficiently with the patients’ state and problems caused by drug abstinence. In order to achieve the best results, the program of CBT comprises two essential stages. The first stage, functional analysis, is designed as information exchange between the doctor and the patient, during which they establish the patient’s ideas and feelings before, during and after taking drugs, as well as the possibly risky situations involving drug use. Basing on the results of the previous analysis, the second stage, skills training, is an individualized program of actions that stimulates the patient to stop the behavior that led to drug abuse and
Discussion In this project, three research questions should be answered regarding the factors that may influence consumer behavior during an online purchase, the determinants for online purchase behavior, and the differences within a purchase cycle of household items and healthcare products. There are also several important theories with the help of which it is possible to analyze human decisions and actions. Each theory has a specific impact on understanding the worth of online purchases of healthcare products. The research findings provide various insights into the main determinants in consumers’ behavior towards the online purchase of medicated products. A perfect opportunity to identify the main principles of consumer behavior using personal experiences and interpretations was created. At the same time, research findings support various frameworks discovered in reviewed literature such as: Innovative Diffusion Theory (Agag & El-Masry 2016) phenomenon – as we can see from research findings many respondents are willing to try new products while shopping online sometimes even prefer them to well-known brands with a meaningful story (Maity & Dass 2014). This phenomenon is questioning Commitment–Trust Theory (CTT) (in on-line shopping context), which highlights the importance of building a strong bond between customer and organization. Communication with the participants of the study proves the contradictions between theories and the inability to discuss consumer behavior in one particular way. For example, female consumers in Ukraine and Russia enjoy the possibility to observe innovations in different fields and make new purchase decisions, evaluating brand characteristics, reading feedback, and examining the price. Such an approach proves the correctness of the IDT and rejects the principles of the CTT because of the impossibility to build strong buyer-customer relationships online (Wang, Wang & Liu 2016). However, male consumers can neither prove their devotion to particular sellers. They demonstrate their preference to buy at physical stores and check product originality. There is clear evidence of culture-specific factors that need to be taken into consideration when analyzing differences in customers’ behavior. Perceive usefulness and ease of use, the base point of the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) has found its support in the respondents answers. People want to be sure that the recent technological progress, globalization, and the development of international relationships increase their benefits as potential buyers. The participants of the study admit that they like online shopping because of the inability to buy all the necess
The poems North and South by Derek Walcott and Lu Xun’s Upstairs reflect unique traditions and cultural values of the authors and their relations with the outside world. The poems depict hat physical segregation and badges imposed by white majority to mark them as minorities reinforced these feelings of exclusiveness. There is no neutral ideological ground upon which majority could meet, no religion of humanity that they shared. Individuals are wholly the one or the other. Thesis Walcott and Lu Xun reflect the culture they originate in through the concept of identity and the self. In both poems, the concept of identity is emphasized by the authors as the core of their personality and a link with the past. Walcott states that few are the instances of individuals who could maintain a subjective consciousness of being no longer, or only minimally, a black despite the objective mark placed on all members of the “race.” The more common response was to look inward at an interior landscape that had long ago grown barren. Walcott describes himself as :” a colonial upstart at the end of an empire / a single, homeless, circling satellite” (Walcott). Similar ideas are expressed by Lu Xun who describes her Chinese identity and relations with the past. It is possible to say that both authors call for a revitalized community that would be capable of compensating in some measure for the loss of identity. Whereas a unique national identity is for most people either a religiously based morality or a loose bond of ethnic solidarity, the rise in awareness of the racial envy produced in many individuals a much more determined cultural uniqueness and the self. The poems portray that the culture the authors originate in is a part of their self and their past. For existing forms of identity it is cultural awareness that offered the most serious challenge. For Derek Walcott the self is not principally a matter of externals. It is less a question of altering the conditions under which black people lived than of transforming the race themselves. Walcott writes “I prefer the salt freshness of the ignorance as language crusts and blackens the spots” (Walcott). The narrator intendeds that wide-ranging intellectual creativity would characterize Chinese culture depicted by Lu Xun. The friend compares herself with bees: “When I was a kid, I used to think that bees and flies were absurd and pathetic. … Who could have imagined that someday, having made my own small circle, I would fly back too? And who would ever have expected that you would do the same thing? Couldn’t you have managed to fly a little farther away?” (Lu Xun). The author i
Serco is a services company which is based in Hook, in United Kingdom’s North Hampshire. The company is arguably one of the biggest companies in the world, having a touch in almost all sectors of life. Serco believes in bringing a robust portfolio of services to the society through a number of key interventions focused on technology, management and professional needs. Some of the company’s vast services include aviation, private and public transport and traffic control, prisons and detention centers, schools, health, leisure, and contracts for military and nuclear weapons 1 . Through these vast interventions, the company aims at improving services through the management of people, technology, assets and technology. However, just like any other successful companies in the world, Serco has been fraught with both strengths and weaknesses in their mission to fulfill social needs in the society. Serco Group’s achievements As an international company that aims at improving the quality as well as the efficiency of important services to people allover the world, Serco has succeeded enormously in making a difference in the international society 2 . For instance, through its constant commitments in technology, the company plays a significant role in helping to improve services to the people. One of those major areas where Serco has had great impact in fulfilling social needs in the community is through its massive workforce constituting of over 48, 000 people from allover the world. By acknowledging people as its important resource in operation, the company invests widely on its workforce across the spectrum 3 . The idea of involving talented and driven personnel in its operation to the society has always made work in Serco smart. Ever since its inception, the company has been active in numerous key activities, such as running and managing health care facilities, prisons and detention facilities, and leisure centers. More importantly, they have also been successful in their mission to provide support to military bases, operating trains, as well as managing education services and air traffic services. The company’s major achievements with regards to fulfilling social needs in the society can be observed through those sectors it has bigger involvement, such as defense, science, transport, health, education and justice. The Defense sector Serco Company has successfully held defense contract from allover the world. This would include UK’s first outsourced contract for the maintenance of their Ballistic Missile Early Warning System. Other successful commitments of the company in this sector include infrastructure and asset maintenance and management. The company also offers multi-site support services and training and technological support to defense. Science Science is another sector through which Serco Manifests its achievements
The purpose of this qualitative study is to state whether the idea of fun in workplace can influence the employees’ motivation, job satisfaction, collaboration, and performance and to examine how fun in workplace can contribute to increasing the employees’ productivity and to improving the organizational performance. The qualitative study is conducted to be based on the hybrid approach, including the collection of the primary data and analysis of the tertiary data on the topic. In order to understand the relationship between the implementation of the principle of fun in workplace and the employees’ motivation, job satisfaction, productivity, and collaboration, it is necessary to collect the primary data with the help of the developed questionnaire and to conduct the literature review on the topic in order to understand the context of the problem and support the conclusions and results of the primary analysis (Leedy & Ormrod, 2013, p. 112). The questionnaire as the research instrument includes close-ended and open-ended questions in order to contribute to receiving the detailed qualitative primary data on the issue. The participants of the research are selected according to the principles of accessibility and convenience sampling. The sample population includes 10 persons who work in different organizations as employees and managers. The answers to questionnaires are collected with the help of e-mail. In order to collect the secondary data, it is necessary to review a range of the scholarly literature on the topic as well as the Internet publications and articles in newspapers and magazines. The discussed qualitative study is developed in order to provide the transferable results and have significant theoretical implications to promote the further research in the field of fun in workplace. Reference Leedy, P. D., & Ormrod, J. E. (2013). Practical research: Planning and design . Saddle River, NJ: Merrill.
Historical background CSR Company was incorporated in 1855 in Sydney as a sugar refining company. CSR are initials that refer to Colonial Sugar Refinery. It was incorporated to refine imported raw sugar. With time it has diversified its business to supplying building material, it’s also in the Investment business with a shareholding of 25% in Tornago Aluminum Smelter (The University of Virginia, 1955). It has been in operation for the last over 150 years and registered as a trading company in Australian security trading. The company’s first venture outside Australia was in 1883 when it established a refinery in New Zealand. The New Zealand Company is currently known as New Zealand Sugar Company, the Australia Company owns 75% (Haddon, 1993). The Company divested its business into building material production in 1942, when it built a plaster mill in Sydney and later in 1947, started the business of making plaster for sale in Australia. Its operation is in Australia, Asia and New Zealand. Currently, it owns seven sugar mills in Australia and is the leading building material producer and sugar in Australia. The company was incorporated in the era that the business of sugar was highly politicized and took 75 years for the company to establish itself internationally. Currently, there are approximately 10,000 workers in the company. How internationalization took place for CSR Amidst the political influence in the sugar business that the company was initially incorporated to undertake, it took innovations and making strategic business decisions for the company to successfully venture into the world market. It ventured into the New Zealand sugar market in I883 when it bought strategic farmland in Birkenhead. The strategy here is that of the direct venture after seeing an opportunity and taking well-calculated risk (Cateora, 2009). The land was close to the port and had a deep water table at the disposal of the company. Fifteen years after its incorporation it ventured into the Melbourne market. Here the business was sugar exportation. In the following twenty years, after the Melbourne venture, there were already two other sugar mills that had been made in Queensland and Fiji and started refining locally produced raw sugar, the method of diversifying that they used at this early age was to establish a potential market area, analyzing the risk and taking it. During this era, we can also notice that there was a change in the source of its raw material to locally produced ones this is in the effort to strengthen its base. It was in 1923 that the company after being in operation in Queensland that the government gave the company the advantage to operate as a monopoly and refine all the locally produced sugar. This lasted until 1989. The fact that it was operating in a large market as a monopoly give it the base to strategize on venturing into the intern
Home is where one always wants to return; there, I can feel calm and confident. I can invite my friends there and have a pleasant time with them. During the classroom discussions, there was a lot of disagreement among students about the term “home” because it was impossible to find a universal explanation for the concept. However, for me, home is a place of relaxation and comfort, a space filled with harmony. I cannot imagine that quarrels or conflicts occur in such a place because then the essence of the concept of home is lost. Indeed, especially when people live with families in the same space in real life, such situations cannot be avoided, but then it can be judged that such a place will no longer be considered a home in its true sense. A famous phrase, “my home is my fortress,” conveys how I define the term home. This saying means that, first of all, a home is a safe space where people feel free and secure. When it is mentioned about a house, what is meant is its dimensions, location. Its former tenants are remembered, and its cost is discussed. There is no soulfulness in this concept; instead, this term describes objective reality, physical properties, and practical necessity. A house can become a home for a person, but this is not always the case. The lack of comfort inside the place or a hostile atmosphere makes it uncomfortable for people to be in such a place (Ortiz et al., 2017). Residence refers to traveling or short stops on the way somewhere. People do not associate this word with comfort or the feeling of being close to their loved ones. Therefore, according to their meaning, “home” and “residence” concepts are not synonymic. The first houses were not built for centuries, but it is not easy to consider such structures as houses since they were logs or large bones of relic animals covered with skins. Temporary homes served people only as long as they did not move in search of food to another area. The Stone Age was marked by the construction of stone and wooden buildings, which sometimes could accommodate a whole family. The desire of people to live in large communities led to the appearance of the first multi-s
Introduction Many solutions have been fronted to deal with cyber intrusions over the years. The cyber kill chain is a 7-step intelligence-driven defense model designed to deal with cyber intrusions at each level. The fourth phase of a cyber kill is when the malware begins exploiting the attacked system for vulnerabilities. During exploitation, the malware actions will be based on the weaponization strategy used in phase two based on the knowledge gathered during reconnaissance in phase one. Main body Once the malware has been delivered onto the system, the malicious program will run on the host machine and initiate the intended attack. The execution will be against the vulnerabilities that exist in the attacked system. In this phase, the attackers might install malware code, referred to as dropper, to execute given commands. Alternatively, the attacker could install malware, referred to as a downloader, to download additional malware onto the system before executing attack commands. The exploitation seeks to find vulnerabilities that will allow malware programs and code on the host (HosseiniNejad et al., 2019). The malware includes trojans, viruses, worms, adware, spyware, and ransomware; there are instances where multiple malware can be installed. Advanced malware can be used to steal sensitive data or initiate given system events and functions, such as switching off the antivirus program. Consequently, this allows the attacker to gain a given level of control of the attacked system. The exploitation of the vulnerabilities leverages the weaknesses in the operating system (Khan et al., 2018). For instance, in ransomware malware, the malicious code will begin encrypting files and block the execution of critical operations of the operating system locking out legitimate users of the system. Alternatively, if it is a virus attack, the malicious program will stealthily steal data and undertake other operations over a given period. The attacker sends commands, including installation commands to initiate the fifth step, installing the intended malware. An information security officer needs to understand the different cyber-attack phases to plan measures on how to identify, assess, and mitigate them. For an organization’s case, the Chief Information Security Officer (CISO) should implement countermeasures to deal with the exploitation phase of a cyber-attack. If the organization’s computer systems have already been infected with malware, the CISO needs first to have the means to detect the attack. Detection of malicious software can be done through the use of an intrusion detection system (Singh & Govindarasu, 2021). Furthermore, an internet security and antivirus software program can be used to detec