ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Definitions A perfect market or perfect competition is a market situation where neither the sellers nor buyers, have the market power to influence the prices of goods and services. In such a market, identical goods are sold at a common price (Roberts, p. 212). There are specific characteristics of a perfectly competitive market and they include:   * Homogeneous Goods: Identical goods present price differentiation.   * Adequate Information: Consumers and producers are assumed to have enough information about the market conditions particularly the price prevailing in the market.   * Free Entry and Exit: Manufacturers, buyers, and sellers find it relatively easy entering or leaving the market. An imperfect market or monopolistic competition exists when either the sellers or buyers have sufficient control to influence the prices of goods and services. An imperfect market deals in differentiated products (Nicholson, p. 547) The characteristics of an imperfect market are as follows:   * No free entry and exit.   * Supply and demand are elastic due to few sellers and buyers.   * Goods sold in the market are usually heterogeneous. Comparing both models   * Both markets can make excess profits in the short run (Roberts, p. 244).   * Both maximize profit at the output level where marginal cost (MC) equals marginal revenue (MR)   * Product differentiation takes place in a monopolistic competition but does not exist under perfect competition.   * Monopolistic competition depicts a real-world market situation whereas perfect competition is an ideal market situation that rarely exists in reality.   * Both markets face the same competitive market factors. Examples of markets that are close to both models Industries that are close to perfect competition are: (Nicholson, p. 642).   * Stock exchange   * Free software   * Fruit and vegetable vendors   * Fish vendors Industries close to monopolistic competition are:   * Restaurants   * Cereal   * Clothing   * Shoes Advantages and disadvantages of perfect and monopolistic models Advantages of perfect competition include the following: (Smith, p. 49).   * Lack of Scarcity: There is no scarcity because of the availability of many producers.   * Low prices: Consumers are charged low for goods because of the availability of the same goods.   * Efficiency: Competition amongst sellers encourages efficiency.   * Information: The adequate information available enables consumers to know the prices of goods. Disadvantages of perfect competition:   * Wastage: There is a lot of wastage because of the availability of many goods.   * Insufficient funds: There is a lack of funds for investment due to the low prices charged to consumers.   * Variety: The homogenous nature of the market discourages products or goods variety.   * Design and specification: There is a lack of competition over product specification and design. Advantages of a monopolistic competition:   * It prevents over-production: This is a result of the fact that the sole producer studies the market demand before embarking on production.   * It prevents waste: The type of wastage experienced in
Human behavior is a concept that is often discussed along with questioning its origins, reasons and consequences. No one is absolutely sure where human behavior comes from, but there have been several philosophers and psychologists who have offered explanations. Rene Girard is one of the theorists and writers who have extensively written on the particulars of human behavior. His major points include scapegoating amongst people, mimicry and interconnection between culture, religion and human desire to repeat previous behaviors, as well as reach for similar and same objectives. Behavioral competition and rivalry The fact that all human beings are connected through social and family or individual ties is apparent. Thus, the repetition of behaviors and mimicking are observed in many instances. Rene Girard explains that people observe others and develop an idea for own desires. One person becomes a “model” for another and a similar behavior or pattern in the attitude emerges. In “Mimesis and Violence” it is described how people’s wants and needs eventually align into very common desires (Girard, 1978). Individuals start wanting the same thing and this leads to competition. As there is a limited and hard to get to amount of material objects, moral satisfactions and other acquisitions, people’s competition becomes more aggressive and in the end, violent. As such, the aggression becomes mimicked also, and a person focuses on the negative and competitive behavior their rival exhibits towards them. This is a valid point that is constantly seen in any social setting. Often, people want to have the life that others have, which is characterized by the amount of material possessions, emotional happiness and general success in life. From one perspective, people do give each other ideas of what their own dreams can be made of, but from another there is a constant modification and increase in desire. Considering an example of material objects such as cars, boats and houses, even though everyone wants to have one which is bigger than their neighbor’s is, they also want it to be “prettier” and more original. One of Rene Girard’s podcasts brings up the point that the more similar individuals and their personalities are, the closer their desires will be which in turn, leads to a more similar rivalry and tighter competition. The observation of others and their success makes people strive for the same level of evolvement, getting them closer in rivalry and goals (Cayley, 2011). But, the competition and comparison between individuals becomes a healthy motivator that leads to a creation of new and previously unseen objects and concepts. Even in the moral sense, people want to have deeper and richer experiences with their loved one
Introduction The organization under consideration is a small real estate company based in the United States known as Morgan Brown Real estate Company. It deals with real estate investment and usually assists its clients to sell or purchase houses anywhere around the country. It is currently confronted with three ethical dilemmas that will be analysed under various ethical theories and approaches. Ethical dilemmas facing Morgan Brown Morgan Brown is generally an ethical real estate company because they posses a strong code of conduct and try their best to deal with day to day challenges in an ethical manner. However, because of the nature of the industry that this company operates in, it often faces a series of ethical dilemmas that sometimes force it to result to moral theories and values that govern different professionals within diverse business environments. (Cornman, 1992) An example of such a situation is when the company realises that it is going to represent a seller and a potential buyer for the same property. In other words, there may be a scenario in which the seller and the buyer both require services from this company. Usually, such a scenario arises when the seller has already secured business with Morgan Brown and then another client comes to them asking to purchase a certain piece of property that belongs to another member. The latter issue may present an ethical dilemma to the company when the company plans on taking sides with the property’s seller in order to get a greater commission. According to the theory of utilitarianism, the moral worth of any action is supposed to be jud
Introduction The China-US relations are probably the most crucial and sensitive bilateral relationships in the contemporary modern world. The US has the most sophisticated and most advanced military technology in the world. Therefore, the US has unprecedented power of which none of the other world powers can challenge making the US a central key factor in confronting and controlling other powers, China included. The US is thus the defacto world leader. On the other side, China’s economic growth and advancement has been tremendously and unmatched. Due to massive economic growth, China’s influence in the world has been mounting with its neighbors becoming concerned. This US dominance and China’s economic growth have led to the inevitable puzzle of US-China relations, with conflict being inevitable as one nation tries to solidify its influence while the other tries to penetrate new areas establishing itself as the global leader (Shambaugh 2011). Ideological differences The US-China relations are a concern to every nation on earth as each has a major impact on global peace and global economy. There have been pessimistic views that, in the future this relation might paralyze major operations in the world especially on economic terms, as their ideologies have been sharply conflicting. The Communist Party of China has ruled China with very little democratic freedom for along time. China is a communist republic that believes in the nationalization of major sectors of the economy. On the contrary, the US is highly capitalistic nation that believes in the power of privatization of key areas of the economy. The US also is a democratic nation that highly believes in the freedom of individuals and the media (Levine 1972). Owing to these differences, Washington has frequently accused Beijing of oppressive measures, Washington raising the issue that in the contemporary modern world all areas of the economy should be privatized to encourage healthy global competition. While the US has been strongly advocating for liberalization of markets to facilitate globalization, China has been very strict on foreign companies and foreigners (Shambaugh 2001). The strictness of China’s system has discouraged investors something that has raised major conflict with the US. China’s communist regime has been very strict on freedom of the media and individuals. Washington has accused Beijing of oppressive measures like the ruthless treatment met by any form of public protest like in the case of Tibet. In China, demonstrations are illegal with any group that tries to demonstrate being harshly treated by the police, with tear gas and molestation. Therefore, Washington has been concerned that, in the contemporary society, people should have the freedom of agitating for their rights through peaceful demonstrations and other channels (Kan 2011). Human rights concerns in China China
The single European market The single European market has provided a lot of opportunities for business organizations. The various business opportunities that have been availed by the European single market have accelerated the levels of growth for several multinationals operating within the European Union. To begin with, business managers can enjoy the increased prosperity presented by the single market by creating a close link with their clients within the union. The fact that the market has been bridged, it is quite easy to reach out for customers and other stakeholders with much ease. It is imperative to note that the opportunities presented by the single market are vast. For instance, a GDP growth of 2.15% has been experienced within the European’s Union single market over the past 15 years. This implies that the single market has increased business earnings tremendously. It is upon the business managers to get in close touch with clients in this region. A strong relationship with customers can also be improved using monthly newsletters that describe various offers and opportunities. Secondly, the progress of a business entity should be monitored regularly by business managers to take advantage of the existing opportunities in the single market within the European Union. Since the single market was initiated, over 2 million employment opportunities have been created. It would not have been possible to create all these jobs in the absence of proper business management. The progress of any business organization depends on the management style adopted by a firm (Balta & Delgadoy 2009, p.130). The performance of employees and their overall productivity is a critical factor of production within a business organization. Even in the presence of a single market, the productivity of employees at the workplace should be put into consideration by business managers (Smith & Wanke 2001, p. 536). For example, the hiring process should be carried out in the most effective manner. Also, talent management is vital when working out on the capacity building and training of employees. Business managers also have a vast marketing opportunity with a single market portfolio with the European Union. Therefore, it is highly recommended for business organizations in the European Union to expand their level of operations (Young 2004, p.410). In other words, additional subsidiaries can be opened to reach out for consumers confined within the single market platform. It is pertinent to note that the single market arena has eliminated several business restrictions and therefore, it is quite easy for business entities to expand their operations without incurring surplus costs (Fligstein 2001, p.276). Through such expansions, business organizations will be in a position to increase their net revenue earnings and consequently be able to expand to foreign markets. Most global business organizations have managed to reach their international statuses largely through capital accumulation. The EU’s single market platform has enabled several businesses to accumulate adequate capital in readiness for global operations. Product differentiation is instrume
Introduction The innovations that took place in Europe and America in the eighteenth century led to industrial revolutions. The developments, which were characterized by intense changes in socioeconomic and political areas of the societies, occurred in agriculture and industry. An example is the emergence of urban industrial economies that eventually spread to other regions of the world. The profound changes replaced work carried out in homes (cottage industry) with power-operated machines in factories. This change was what was referred to as the workers’ industrial revolution. The transformation altered the way people lived and worked. This paper looks at the Russian working class movement as part of the notable occurrences that took place in the Russian history. Evolution of Early Workers’ Organizations In most parts of the world, the majority of the people were farmers who lived in rural villages. The industrial revolution was preceded by feudalism in Europe. Feudalism was characterized by nobles who controlled the land that was tilled by peasants. Agricultural produce from the land was essentially for domestic use. Activities such as pottery, iron working and weaving among others were regarded as home economies, which were carried out together with agriculture. However, in 1100, there was the emergence of merchant guilds. These guilds were workers’ organizations that attempted to protect businesses, markets and workers as well as to regulate the prices of commodities. The associations covered numerous occupations that ranged from carpentry to weaving and masonry. Individuals who owned shops and tools were considered the masters of particular guilds. These masters employed unskilled people and trained them to become masters through apprenticeship. During the apprenticeship period, an apprentice did not receive any payment. Apprentices who successfully completed this stage graduated to become journeymen
Cases of Conflicts Conflicts arose when other group members did not fully participate in the discussion. This happened when one would simply participate in the group partially while waiting for others to answer the questions for them. Others would absent themselves knowingly simply because they were the ones to be taking the group through the discussion. At some point, a group member would miss the discussion just because he or she felt tired without informing the group leader. Consequently, the individuals who absented themselves would be taken to the master on duty for corrective measures. They would be dealt with and even a punishment would be awarded if one absented him or herself from the group without the permission of the group leader. In some cases, the leader only considered the first learners in the group. People have different levels of intelligence quotient hence the leader ought to have considered the slow learners. Additionally, conflicts would come up when group members became lazy. One person would take the group through the topic assigned to him or her very well in such a way that when the discussion for that day ends, everybody goes home smiling. The lazy members would not even bother to go through the units in advance. This would then lead to instances where others just come to read the notes without even explaining and when asked to explain the content, they would feel aggrieved and even walk out telling members to mind their business (Nohria, & Khurana, 2010). Role of the Team Leader Team management was very poor in this group. The group leader ought to have considered a number of factors that caused conflicts amongst group members. For instance, he ought to have known that in every academic group, there must be a combination of fast and slow learners. If this were considered, the leader would have taken the group through the discussion depending on the levels of understanding. As a group leader, he ought not to have taken the students who never attended groups to the master on duty, but instead, he should have talked to each individual to find out why an individual would miss the discussion. Maybe, the person was generally undergoing stress, depression or he or she was feeling sick (George, 2000). Moreover, the group would also be effective and hence successful when urged to get involved actively. This would have been done by letting individuals be aware that they would be explaining the concept to be learned and not just reading the tutor’s notes to memb
Introduction Social media is an important channel of communication in modern society. However, the question of the implementation of social media in the workplace has been debated for a long time. Considering the adverse impact of social media on working processes, such as interruption of attention and the risk of being fired because of posts, social media seems detrimental to the working environment. However, positive impacts of social media implementation in the workplace, such as higher job satisfaction and increased communication patterns, show a different picture. Hanna et al. (2017) investigated the positive effects of Facebook in the workplace and its connection with job satisfaction and job calls. The results showed that the application of social media in the work environment positively correlates with job satisfaction. Main body The focus of the research was job satisfaction pattern correlations related to Facebook usage. According to Hanna et al. (2017), job satisfaction is an employee’s attitude towards the working environment. Many psychological, as well as physical aspects influence job satisfaction levels. Hanna et al. (2017) related productivity and the quality of work with job satisfaction levels. In addition to the previous claims, Hanna et al. (2017) noted that social networks in organizations also impact on overall working climate. The research aimed to identify the correlation between the Facebook communication of workers and job satisfaction levels. Hanna et al. (2017) used a survey method that includes questionaries to obtain research data. They supported the view that social media communication helps employees familiarize themselves with their colleagues’ lives outside of the working space, create a better sense of belonging to the community, and build an emotional connection with them (Hanna et al., 2017). The study was directed to test hypotheses about the relationships between the intensity of Facebook communication with colleagues and job satisfaction levels. The methodology used by Hanna et al. (2017) included quantitative information obtained by applying questionaries. They used the Facebook Use Scale to analyze the results attained by the questionnaires. They selected participants from two high-tech companies located in Northern California, USA. The overall number surveyed was 70, including 31 respondents from Company 1 and 39 respondents from Company 2 (Hanna et al., 2017). The questionnaires provided by Hanna et al. (2017) included a question
The present case study is targeted at an eight year old girl who is suffering from depression, anxiety and stress. This has led to many medical issues in her life causing her to miss school and normal healthy life. Her case is complex with many related medical issues. It is very important to understand the patient and her needs with care and sensitivity. In order to manage this patient it is necessary to evaluate clinically her medical and physical state along with her psychological state. The recovery plan should include a team effort on the part of the doctors which would involve her physical and psychological well being. The girl is suffering from neglect, loss and sickness which make it an overwhelming situation for her. Her medical condition which reflects enlarged tonsils and symptoms of sleep apnea requires immediate hospitalization and surgery. In the light of her medical history it needs to be identified that she is suffering seriously on account of her enlarged tonsils and acute stress. Her refusal to go to school for the last two months is a serious concern; it should be seriously acknowledged. Her rapid weight gain since her father’s death in the last one year should be noted as a serious symptom of distress and stress. She should be evaluated physically for her medical symptoms as well psychologically for her mental health. She clearly needs hospitalization and skilful management of her physical and mental health. The goal of her hospital treatment should be to examine her thoroughly clinically for her medical problems which are physical as well as psychological. She needs to be hospitalized, and be under the supervision of the hospital staff as she needs to undergo tonsillectomy for the correction of her enlarged tonsils which are causing her to miss school and also causing obstructive sleep apnea. Control of her sleep apnea is a critical matter in her case history and it requires immediate cor