ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The chemical content of plastic Plastics are made from chemicals extracted from dirty, non-renewable natural resources. Such resources include fossil oils, naturally occurring gases, and coal (Thompson, 2018). Plastics are considered organic rather than inorganic because of their chemical properties. A molecule is categorized as organic if it has hydrogen and carbon atoms in its structure with carbon atoms being its main building blocks. Organic molecules are large and have a complex structure when compared to inorganic ones. On the other hand, inorganic molecules have a simple structure and usually lack carbon atoms. Chemically, plastic molecules are made of numerous elements such as nitrogen and oxygen, including hydrogen and carbon atoms, which form the main part of their structure. The materials from which humans extract carbon occur naturally and form part of the lithosphere. Coal is an example of these materials and is formed from flora and fauna remains that were part of the biosphere. After use and disposal, carbon ends up in the lithosphere and hydrosphere in solid form (Thompson, 2018). The solids degenerate into small particles, some of which are absorbed in the biosphere through ingestion by living organisms. Carbon-rich molecules are used to generate the energy required in the manufacture of carbon. After the process, the carbon in these energy sources ends up in different spheres including the atmosphere, hydrosphere, and the biosphere. Combustion of carbon-rich molecules results in gaseous and liquid byproducts. Gases such as carbon dioxide are released into the atmosphere from where they are absorbed into the biosphere. Water in vapor form is also a product of combusted carbon-rich molecules and forms part of the hydrosphere from where it is absorbed into the biosphere. Plastic Pollution Consequences Plastic pollution has various potential environmental consequences, with micro-plastic invasion, especially its impact on humans and animals, being of great concern. Micro-plastic invasion describes the appearance of minute plastics, also referred to as micro-plastics in the environment. Microplastics include all tiny plastic particles whose size range from 5mm to microscopic. Some of these particles are factory manufactured while others result from the degrading big plastic products such as bottles and bags. Inefficient disposal methods of plastic wastes are the main causes of micro-plastic pollution. There are about 15 trillion tons of micro-plastics in the oceans, with an equivalent amount in the lakes and soils worldwide (UNEP, 2018). Animals such as fish have ingested these tiny plastic particles, with the microscopic ones being absorbed by plants such as planktons. The absorption of micro-plastics by plants is alarming as they are the basis of food chains. The study by Browne in 2008 that proved the presence of microplastics in a mussel’s bloodstream demonstrates the ecological implications of micro-plas
Question 1: What is the role of the peer group in car purchase? Nowadays, buying a car is one of the most common activities in the modern world. Despite being a definer of one’s socioeconomic status and reflection of one’s financial prosperity, consulting a group of peers when purchasing a car may help avoid some mistakes. Using the assistance of a friend when buying a used car is critical. In the first place, he/she will help see whether all the obligations are followed by both parties. Alternatively, a friend or relative may provide all the necessary support and increase the buyer’s effectiveness in the negotiations process. Overall, peer groups can minimize the financial losses and select a car, which complies with all the needs and preferences of the buyer. Question 2: Why are there so many websites offering help with buying used cars? Nowadays, buying a car is challenging, as it requires a substantial financial investment and is one of the most important conveniences that help people to navigate around the city. Nonetheless, not all people can afford new products, and the used ones are gaining popularity. Overall, it could be said that the factors highlighted above underline that purchasing a car is a difficult decision to make. This purchase is associated with many risks and threats and involves a high level of responsibility. It could be said that these matters create favorable conditions for the intensified competition and attract more and more companies to assist the potential customers in the buying process of the used cars. Question 3: How might the average person reduce risk when buying a car? It is evident that buying a car is a complicated process. In the first place, any buyer has to understand the main features of the preferred model. Alternatively, to reduce the risks, one can use Top Gear’s and Yahoo’s advisory services and guidance and consult the Automobile Association and the Royal Automobile Club. These services will assist in selecting the right time, place, and date to buy a car and propose relevant techniques, which will ease the process of negotiations. Lastly, using the help of a friend or relative will offer support and help select the most suitable car model. Question 4: Why is used car purchase so risky? As it was mentioned earlier, buying a car involves an extended variety of risks. Nevertheless, the used-car market is more challenging. In the first place, it requires making a significant financial investment. Alternatively, not meeting the expectations of the buyer and the inability of the seller to comply with obligations are other major challenges. At the same time, the buyers can make mistakes in negotiations and apply wrong decision-making techniques, which will question the relevance of the purchase. Overall, a combination of these factors helps understand the potential reasons for the presence of high risks when purchasing cars or any other types of vehicles in the goods market. Question 5: What would you expect the purchase process for a car to encompa
The choice of a career as a surgeon or fish and game warden depends on one’s ambition and hard work. Different career paths require distinct training criteria to make sure that the trainee acquires relevant information to perform the tasks in his/her area of jurisdiction. Remuneration for every career varies, depending on the nature of specific tasks that the person is required to perform. Introduction Choosing a career can be a cumbersome event; not knowing the correct path can be stressful, and frustrating. The i
A Summary of the Six Key Components of the Original 1975 IDEA (Individuals with Disabilities Education Act) The Individuals with Disability Education Act (IDEA) was signed into law in 1975; however, it was originally called 1975 Education for all Handicapped Children Act (EHA) or Public Law 94-142. Before the development of the act, many disabled children were denied access to education and very few schools allowed in public schools. Under the Act, the US has a goal of ensuring that all youths develop into independent, responsible, and respectable people in the society (Gargiulo, 2010 p.33). Therefore, the Act was developed to protect the rights and meet the needs of disabled children and their parents, as well as ensuring that all children got equal opportunity in education in the United States (Lain, 2006, p.1). This original IDEA had six key components, which include free and appropriate public education(FAPE), individualized education plan(IEP), nondiscriminatory evaluation and Identification, the least restrictive environment(LRE), procedural due process and parental participation(Lee, 2005, p.259). The first important component of IDEA 1975 is free and appropriate public education (FAPE). FAPE implies that all the children with disabilities should have access to the special education and special services that they need irrespective of the severity of their disability conditions. This special education should be provided at the public cost and should equally meet state’s education standards (Tenor865, 2009). It requires a proper definition of the educational placement, services and setting that are most appropriate for students with disabilities (Lee, 2005, p.259). FAPE ensures that parents of such children do not pay for the special education and services that are offered to their children. The other component is nondiscriminatory testing and evaluation. This provides that, an unprejudiced a
Aristotle views happiness from various perspectives. For instance, the science of politics is perceived to possess the highest good according to Nichomachean Ethics in book one, section two. Aristotle notes that “the attainment of the good for one man alone is, to be sure, a source of satisfaction; yet to secure it for a nation and for states is nobler and more divine.” In order to be a bit reasonable and fair enough in his assertion, he apparently does not give too much attention to this claim because he later notes that happiness can be considered to be a destination on its own. He also clarifies that “the good of man is an activity of the soul in conformity with excellence or virtue”. Hence, attaining happiness requires an individual to be virtuous and also be in good terms with others. This implies that happiness can be attained by living a life full of virtues. The latter statement is apparently sensible even when judged from various perspectives of happiness. Nonetheless, section nine of the book injects a different view altogether when politics is correlated with happiness. He observes that “our results also tally with what we said at the outset: for we stated that the end of politics is the best of ends; and the main concern of politics is to engender a certain character in the citizen and to make them good.” At this point, Aristotle seems to be offering a contradicting statement in comparison to his earlier assertion. For instance, how can safeguarding good for a country be a more gallant and divine undertaking if the highest good of an individual is to obtain happiness? The desire to make citizens to feel fine is the key role of the state. Therefore, it is better to improve the state than secure the well being of an individual. In addition, common beliefs have also been presumed by Aristotle to be integral in the process of achieving happiness. He elucidates that there are several wise people who share certain ideological beliefs that eventually make them happy. Whether such beliefs are formidable or not is a completely different concern altogether. He expounds by noting that the various belief systems may as well be dialectic in nature and therefore significant to just a small fragment of a given population. In this case, Aristotle tends to approach the concept of happiness according to the Socratic’s perspectives bearing in mind that there are myriads of questions that he tends to come up with in the common beliefs. Finally, Aristotle brings out the significance of justice in achieving happiness by commenting that “between friends there is no need for justice, but people who are just still need the quality of friendship; and indeed friendliness is considered to be justice in the fullest sense”. Although Aristotle’s list of virtues does not contain the aspects of justice and friendship, he posits in book eight that justice is the most important virtue needed by an individual in order to attain happiness. He adds that justice can be improved or enhanced in cases where good friendship prevails among people. Needles
Introduction The egalitarian tradition of the UK school system manifests itself in maximum accessibility, even in higher education. In the absolute, fees are low, to begin with, and can be repaid after graduation. The government subsidizes all costs for students at the lowest family income levels. In addition, loans are available to students for maintenance and living expenses. The universities themselves offer bursaries dependent on the size of their trust funds and special revenue streams such as donations for research. Before the economic travails triggered by trans-Atlantic speculation in second-class securities, the higher education sector in the UK was generally sound and in fact, flush with funds from the preceding period of economic prosperity (Times Higher Education, 2008). The pace of donations was brisk, loan sources were highly receptive, foreign student enrolment (with higher fees charged) steadily expanded, and university deficits were lower than they had ever been in decades. Hence, the prospects for broadening access to university for even the poorest students were bright. However, revenue growth was uneven. Income increases were greatest for large, most established, and already-prosperous universities. This fuelled more extensive research, enabled them to attract more talent, and advertise even more for lucrative foreign students. On this basis, the universities that have the most flexibility for assisting UK students are those that have diversified best beyond just state funding, generating positive income from students outside the UK and the European Union, from higher education funding councils, teaching income (tuition fees), research income, endowments, and in-campus commercial operations. As well, the economic straits brought on by the current recession dampen prospects already dimmed by still-unimplemented increases in top-up fees, by local enrolment expected to fall commencing 2012, and by the volatile nature of foreign student enrolment. Literature Review Deprivation and Higher Education The deprivation that low family incomes bring is universal, have long-lasting effects beginning soon after birth and through to one’s deathbed. Summarizing the evidence, the Schools Analysis and Research Division of the Department for Children, Schools, and Families (2009) revealed that deprivation even trumps being born with naturally higher mental ability. Even when cognitively superior at 22 months, the children of the poor began to lag by the time their cohor
Introduction An apology is a regretful acknowledgement of a fault or disappointment. The interpretation of an apology depends on the individual making or receiving the apology. An apology is a single act that does not suppose a problem’s disentanglement, concession or an adjudication attempt. Instead, an apology is a ritual act of the two parties involved that may provide a way for reconciliation. An apology serves as a symbol of clemency. Description of Apology An apology combines the mention of the expressive act of apologizing and the performance of the act simultaneously. Apologize is defined as a performativity verb because of the combination of the expression and the naming aspects of the action of apologizing. To complete the acknowledgement of an offense, the apology must include the actual reference of what was committed, recognition of the charge, regret and pronouncement of future actions. Some people believe that an apology is an admission of guilt and therefore they refrain from making an apology unless the circumstances are clearly visible and point to them as the wrong doers. To others, an apology is a form of emotional expression not linked to any aspect of liability. In this case, an apology is offered as a show of sympathy for the person hurt or the parties involved in a discomfort. In conflict situations, a party may demand an apology as a ploy to position the demanding party as the holder of more power than the other party. In this case, the apology serves as a white flag stopping further conflict and signalling the intention for the parties to resolve their disputes through a compromise. The party making the apology becomes the weaker party and their resolve to make an apology to the other party expresses their desire against a repeat of the conflict. Conclusion An apology may be voluntary or demanded by the offended party in a dispute. In most cases, offering an apology refers to an admission of failure. A person’s view of an apology varies with their upbringing.
Marriage is a sacred union of two people. The United Arab Emirates shares the same view on marriage. Statistics shows that married couples are happier and have better chance in terms of longevity while those who are single are less happy and live shorter lives. But unfortunately, people who are married are not always happy; depression plays a significant role in family ties and relationships. A study of the UAE married couples has shown interesting results. Research was conducted that rated married couples on their happiness. There were three criteria, namely, very happy, pretty happy and not happy. The results have shown that 56.3% were pretty happy, 30% very happy and 13% answered as not being happy (Al-Othman 2012). Even though 13% might seem as a low number when applied to the whole population, it is a significant amount of people. The United Arab Emirates and the culture itself are very much open to marriage and consider it to be an important and necessary part of life. It is also thought to be prestige and healthy. Child bearing is a necessary part of tradition and life, and it is expected that married couples will have children. So, even though it is a good thing to get married and have children, there are several detrimental factors that influence happiness of a family and individuals within marriage, as well as their immediate relatives. Currently, the Arab Emirates’ government is encouraging marriages because of the fast changing world. Gender roles are changing and people are starting to take up attitudes and behaviors that were not previously observed (Schvaneveldt, 2005). Another study was conducted that focused on the reasons why couples and individuals within a family union were not happy or experienced signs of depression. The major reason was the postnatal depression or PND. One of the reasons why mothers feel depressed is because of hormonal changes, which takes place during and after pregnancy when a child is born. But at the same time, it does not happen purely for biological reasons. The amount of support and the relationship between husband and wife and immediate family members also plays a great role in causes of depression. First time mothers have many doubts about child birth before and during pregnancy, and if the support they receive is minimal their fears are largely increased. The relationship with mother in law has shown to have a significant effect on PND. The culture of the United Arab Emirates traditionally has close ties between sons and mothers meaning that if the wife does not receive approval or support from her mother in law, it can trigger signs and causes for stress, which evolves into a long term depression (Green, 2006). The study has shown that “almost half of the sample could be identified as having risk factors for developing postnatal depression” (Green, 2006). A change that has been rather recent in the UAE coupl
Introduction The functions of Chief Finance Officer (CFO) have broadened beyond traditional focus where they were only limited to finance and accounting aspects. I think finance departments are the most appropriate places to train future Chief Executive Officers (CEOs). Although the promotion rate of CFOs to CEO positions is at 14%, the figure is expected to rise because of the evolving roles of the two job posts (Whitehead, 2015). Although in the past CFOs rarely became CEOs, a number of CFOs have recently managed to get to the top-most post. CFOs who became CEOs Daniel L. Florness, the CEO, President as well as Director at Fastenal Company and Robert James Riesbeck, the CEO and President of Hhgregg Company are perfect examples of Chief Finance Officers who became CEOs. Before becoming a CEO on January 1, 2016, Daniel L. Florness worked as an executive vice-president of the same company since 2002. He holds a Bachelors Degree in Accounting from the University of Wisconsin. Robert J. Riesbeck became the CEO of Hhgregg, Inc. after serving in financial and operations management for 25 years. He is a certified public accountant and a graduate of the University of Akron with a degree in Accounting (Management, 2017). Pros of Hiring a CFO to be a CEO The global economy needs business leaders who are well versed with financial issues, thanks to the recession, credit crisis, and increased uncertainties. Consequently, companies emphasize on various strengths of CFOs such as financial accountability and risk management while seemingly grooming them to become future chief executive officers (Whitehead, 2015). Today’s Chief Finance Officers are expected to participate more in strategy and operations. Once such officers engage in operations, improve the productivity of a company, and have a good relationship with the public, they become better candidates for the top-most position in their organizations, CEO. This engagement gives these chiefs a holistic outlook of operations thus more suitable for the Chief Executive Officer’s job (Whitehead, 2015). Chief Finance Officers have the ability to apply their knowledge of business finance to decisions that are meant for the long-term growth of the business. With this skill, a finance officer is seen as a strategic partner who is not only limited to in-house affairs but also plays a great role to make a company sign in the market. Besides, Chief Finance Officers are well knowledgeable about both bottom-line and top-line management. They come up with decisions that address both financial and business perspectives. The most successful CFOs find a middle ground by controlling some decisions while supporting others, a strategy that is ideal for the success of most CEOs. Indra No