ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction In the United States, as well as in any nation, much attention is paid to sociology and the quality of the relationships people have to develop. Despite multiple intentions to solve the outcomes of racial or gender inequality, American society is still challenged by racial, ethnic, and gender diversity, meaning that the representatives of different races have different jobs, education, and health opportunities. In addition, in some regions, women are not able to find good working places compared to men. In this paper, special attention will be paid to socioeconomic mobility among American black men and white women. According to Gould et al., black men have not reached evident progress in earnings compared to white women. For example, in 2000, white women earned about $42,500, and black men earned about $42,900, and in 2016, white women earned $46,500, and black men earned $42,000 (Gould et al.). Statistical data, personal preferences, and existing social prejudice in today’s American society prove the presence of racial and gender inequalities in social-economic mobility and privileges of white women compared to black men. Gender and Racial Inequalities in Modern America Racism and sexism are the two anomalies that are inherent to the United States. Although certain progress in employment, education, education, and politics has already been made due to such processes as universalization, globalization, and industrialization, social diversity still creates certain challenges for the population. The investigation of Bloome showed that “demographic trends alone cannot explain the evolution of black-white inequality” and promoted a better understanding of racial differences through the analysis of the labor market (1220). In his research of educational attainment and mobility, Assari underlined that “the effect of racism on social mobility is not the same for males and females”, proving the possibility of various privileges for black men and white women. Regarding recent findings of the Census Bureau, Gould et al. believe that wage gaps an
There are many legends and myths of how and when all life and the Earth came into being. One of them tells a story about a complete emptiness. There was nothing, indifferent darkness where no life, planets, solar systems or energy were present. This was a state of existence that is not classified by any qualities, as there was no life or an observer who could define the surrounding environment. Some myths call this state chaos, and Gods were the ones who changed everything by creating order. But even chaos is something rather than nothing. As it is hard to imagine a universe where nothing exists, the beginning point is difficult to imagine. Humans are used to thinking that there is always some form of a beginning and an end, but there is a supposition that there was no actual beginning. The universe and all life are timeless and there was no creation of the universe, it existed always. The higher beings, ones that are called Gods, can be seen as forms of life that have existed for billions of years. They often come down to planets that are still young and the civilization is just beginning to flourish. This sort of possibility is often attributed to the Earth and buildings that can be found here. Many older civilizations that have disappeared a long time ago, deliver a message through the buildings they have left behind. The sculptures and drawings of human-like beings can be seen as proof of civilizations and are characterized by coming from the sky and carrying great technology. The people who were born on the Earth would mix with the beings that were higher in development and knowledge, thus leading to a civilization that exists today. A very significant segment of this myth is that many pyramids that cover our planet are built at specific and significant points. This means the technology that the higher beings had, allowed them to calculate distances and specific locations from space and not the Earth. The ability to travel between galaxies and bend time is one of the major characteristics that are attributed to the God-like beings. It is interesting to consider that the story about extraterrestrial visitors does not conflict with the belief in God or several Gods. Nature itself is a system built on order and balance. The planets and stars are made by the energy that exists everywhere, thus making it one of the most significant forces. Ancient mythology unites Nature and God into one being and makes evident the fact that people have a part of God and Nature inside them. This is illustrated through many religions and people are given the connection between the beginnings of life and eternity of the universe. Every person has a chance to develop a higher understanding of the surrounding environment and the self through meditation and other techniques. All the things that take place in existence follow the same order, which means that there is no other place where only Gods are made, while everyone else is made differently. In the end, it is clear that Nature is a divine part of the universe. The creation of planets can be compared to the beginning of new life, where the chaos of cosmos comes together in perfect
The mentality and personality of a human being are determined by their behavior. In expressing their feelings and thoughts, the relationship is built for both parties. This is well-evaluated as a counseling process. Each would have their career choice, accountability and responsibility for choosing that particular area. The most important step in career selection is the passion for winning what one does or ought to engage in as a long-term life strategy. This paper will critically evaluate counseling psychology as a career choice, and the role information contributes to the career choice. It will discuss factors learned from the course and how they are applicable to the chosen job specification. Moreover, it will cover the recent news that helped in polishing of the career choice, and finally, the study will also outline vital issues learnt from the career choice and how it will help after the graduation in rebuilding a job opportunity that would be comfortable. Counseling is a best career choice that would help contact many people in different dimensions. As it stands, it’s a platform that conveys information that helps other people build their self-awareness and esteem. Counseling has provided a platform to help people deal and express their feelings in the right way, where no one will judge or doubt them. The information is enhanced through the counseling skills that include, active listening, which entails listening to emotional feelings and thoughts, and understanding behaviors and the actions going on in the surrounding that would cause any destructions.(Grapers 65). The role of information in counseling has also enhanced the open-minded mentality, and people can communicate freely knowing that the counselor will observe confidentiality. Informat
Climate change has been widely discussed in all aspects. In this regard, the latest global heat wave rekindled the debate on climate change. Proponents of climate change argue that human activities are to be blamed for the current global climate change. Essentially, human activities are cited as the major cause of global warming. The Intergovernmental Panel’s on Climate Change (IPCC) recent reports indicates close links between human activities and changes in the global climate (Burke 2). The relationships between human activities and global warming are yet to be ascertained though the symptoms are obvious. In fact, extreme weather conditions experienced around the world are attributed to human actions. The current heat wave is one of the extreme weather conditions resulting from climate change due to human activities. Even though critics argue against the link between extreme weather conditions and climate change, scientific evidence clearly indicate a strong correlation between the global warming and the extreme weather conditions. However, researchers in this field have been cautious when drawing conclusions directly linking extreme weather conditions to climate change (Burke 2). The opponents question the validity and reliability of current data basing their arguments on the history of world climate. Historically, the world has experienced calamitous heat waves, floods as well as other extreme weather conditions without human activities involved. In the recent past, scientists have continued to draw in data linking the two variables. The agreement across the board is that human activities such as emissions of the greenhouse gases have contributed to global warming. As such, there should be sustained measures to limit the greenhouse gas emissions (Thurber 2). Unless such measures are undertaken, dangerous heat waves as well as floods are likely to re-occur. In addition, prolonged draughts as well as coastal flooding have increased chances of extreme weather conditions occurrence. Nonconformist scientists and politicians often dispute about the predictions, yet the number of disasters arising from extreme weather conditions is undoubtedly escalating. In addition, similar data from various sources cannot be disputed on the ground of validity and reliability (Thurber 2). In fact, data from climate agencies indicate similar results with slight variations. For instance, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) and National Climate Data Center (NCDC) indicate that the last thirteen years have experienced the hottest periods within 132 years. Precisely, the hottest period ever recorded since 1895 occurred from 2001 to 2013. The IPCC, which has been involved in various researches around the world, predicts more extreme weather conditions in the coming decade (Zaelke and Veerabhadran 2). Moreover, the IPCC reports that the frequencies of extreme weather conditions have increased. Previou
Introduction The survival of any civilization hinges on the establishment of laws and codes of conduct and the subsequent obeying of the same by the members of the society. Since not all members of the community follow the law on their own accord, forms of punishment for wrongs done may be used both for retribution and deterrence purposes. Over the years researchers have developed theories on how the brain works in regards to processing information, learning, and environmental adaptation. These theories have made it possible for various experts to identify and divide human beings according to their different intellectual capabilities and behaviors. In this paper, we shall research on how criminals come into being, the different types of criminals and the theories that best relate crime to the perpetrators. This paper argues that criminals in our societies are fueled by various political, social and environmental factors. The different theories that have been formulated to correlate this statement shall be explored, and the rationale behind them analyzed. According to Dweck (2000), there is a difference between a fixed and growth mindset. She states that people with a fixed mindset often believe in the basic intelligence they are born. They often doubt their abilities because their minds cannot perceive beyond what they think they can manage, and as such, they lack the motivation to try harder because they are afraid to lose. On the other hand, those with a growth mindset perceive challenges as an opportunity to prove and test their mental capabilities. With this in mind, the question that begs to be answered is: why do people commit crimes? The answer to this question can best be addressed by exploring the various theories that explain the causes of crime. The rational choice theory Miller (2009) asserts that this theory assumes that crime is a rational action undertaken by people and aimed towards an expected outcome. Therefore, crime is a matter of choice and is orchestrated with due diligence t
Shakespeare’s play “Romeo and Juliet” is often examined for its dramatic content, its investigation into the nature of love or the elements of tragedy. However, each of these greater themes can be better understood when you look at smaller clues to the characters, such as their personality characteristics or levels of maturity. It is often forgotten that the play is about two young teenagers attempting to find a means of being together in spite of a bitter feud existing between their two families. Maturity plays a significant role in their story as it dictates the way in which they respond to the pressures brought upon them. Within the play, there are many ways in which Romeo can be said to be less mature than Juliet. In considering this answer, it is important to think about the known generalities regarding maturity and the actions of each of the two characters involved. The generalities that are known about maturity are that girls tend to mature faster than boys. This is generally true physically as well as mentally. While this idea is not always true in specific cases, it can be assumed to be true in the case of Romeo and Juliet because of the ways in which they act. It is assumed that they are both of sufficient physical maturity to take on the roles of adults, but that their mental maturity is still lacking in judgment. Juliet is 13 and Romeo is slightly older at 17, indicating that perhaps they have been able to reach comparable maturity levels. However, their actions make it clear that Romeo is decidedly less mature the Juliet. Romeo spends most of the play exhibiting an impetuousness that greatly works against him. He is quick to take anger with others and quick to fight, both attributes that are consistent with being male. However, he is easily compared at all times with other men in the play, all of whom within his same class can be seen to exercise more caution and thoughtfulness in their actions than Romeo does himself. Romeo’s infatuation with Rosalind is also seen as a childish crush. Compared with his sentiments expressed toward Juliet, Romeo can be seen to mature during the course of the play, but not by so much as to qualify him as more mature than Juliet. He is very eager to be with Juliet and is impatient for every minute that separates them regardless of the fact that they have just met. In his dealings with others, he sounds very much like a spoiled little boy as he begs the friar to marry them and, when he finds Juliet dead in her tomb, he is quick to take the po
The historical periods change, and the new eras require innovative approaches to organizing the political, economic, social, and cultural life of the people. In the United States, the Progressive Era is associated with the period of 1890-1920 when the traditional old order was changed with the new order under the influence of active transformations in the political and social spheres. The activists of Progressivism in the USA were the representatives of different social categories that is why the changes started by the Progressive politicians were actively supported in the society. The importance of the Progressive Era reforms is in providing a lot of possibilities for changing different aspects of the political, economic, and social life for the benefit of the US citizens with references to stating the democratic principles, development of the women’s movement and labor unions, and modernizing the social and economic spheres. Today, the Progressive Era is discussed as the period when the leaders of the USA chose the way of reforms to improve all the aspects of the social life and state’s development in order to respond to the requirements of the industrial age. To follow the way of progress meant to set the democratic principles as efficient basics of the US development. That is why it was necessary to make the work of the government effective without concentrating on corruption and make the state’s economy strong without references to the corporate business. The next important stage was the changes in the social sphere. The active followers of Progressivism were the women who stood up for the actual equality of women and men in relation to the suffrage. Moreover, the importance of the Progressive Era reforms can be evaluated with references to developing the feministic ideas among the American women. The possibility to accentuate the social value of women becomes real, and the female activists of Progressivism use this chance to state their rights and emphasize the social equality with the focus on developing definite charitable programs. The representatives of the US working class also used the possibilities provided by the Progressive Era to change their current state and gain some benefits. The accents were made on forming labor unions as the organizations to protect the workers’ rights. In spite of the fact, there were a lot of limitations for the labor movement development, the positive tendencies in changing the workers’ situation for better were observed. Furthermore, the movement for the racial equality developed along with the women and labor’s movements. There were no immediate critical changes in the social situation, but the Progressive Era reforms changed the general course of the country’s development, accentuating the democratic ideas and social rights. Such leaders as Theodore Roosevelt made a lot for transforming the previous order based on traditions and for setting new goals for the country’
The Shawshank Redemption (1994) is one of the best films ever made as it teaches several important lessons about life. It also teaches a lot about business. The movie tells a story about a successful banker who is accused of murder. He is sentenced to two life imprisonments. He becomes an inmate in the Shawshank prison, where his persistence and wits help him survive and become free. It is necessary to note that the prison is a very specific place where the right and the wrong are somewhat distorted. Therefore, entrepreneurship is manifested in a very specific form. Nonetheless, it is still possible to identify at least three archetypal entrepreneurs in the movie. In the first place, this is the protagonist, Andy Dufresne, who is a successful banker. He is a well-educated professional who can make money. He sees a lot of business opportunities in many situations. He assists the chief guard to avoid paying much in taxes. He also develops a business scheme for the warden. Andy can be characterized by such qualities as resourcefulness, persistence and ability to analyze risks. Andy is resourceful as he has loads of ideas. He is persistent as he continues working on his major project, i.e. his escape from the prison. He also can analyze situations properly and he understands which risks should be avoided. Another entrepreneur in the film is the warden, Samuel Norton. Of course, it is necessary to note that only the general idea of entrepreneurship is used. Norton decides to start up a business and take some risks in order to gain profit. His business is illegal since he uses inmates as workforce and gets kickbacks from his clients. Remarkably, Norton can be regarded as an example of a bad entrepreneur. Apart from starting up an illegal business, he has qualities which make him unsuccessful. Norton is able to see business opportunities. Thus, he uses Andy as his tool to make money as Andy generates business ideas. However, Norton is not quick-witted enough. He has to rely on his subordinate. At t
Introduction “Gangs an Individual and Group Perspective” by Kimberly Tobin gives us a perfect picture of the salient qualitative and quantitative features which exist in the gangs. I agree with the author as she fuses gang research in her book into such a format that is not only reasonable but also provides us with a sense of equilibrium between rigor and clarity. Kimberly Tobin clearly distinguishes between gang members and actual gangs as this is highlighting the difference that exists among the perspectives of the groups and individuals, thus, encouraging a better understanding of the gangs. Kimberly Tobin introduces us through the book to the prominent gang literature which exists in society even today thus, allowing the readers to view the connection between street gangs and prison gangs, thus enabling us to understand their characteristics. Definition I do agree with the writer since this book introduces the readers to the youth gangs and this knowledge is very important when we are directly or indirectly dealing with a gang or its members. Through this book, we understand the impacts of the gang problem, their social problems, criminology, and wrongdoings. Kimberly Tobin first introduces us to the basics of gangs in the USA by giving us a timeline that rages from the 19 th century to the present day. The way the author has explored the magnitude of modern-day problems due to these gangs paints a true picture, thus, aptly introducing us to the demographic features of the gangs. The author is justified in saying that the meaning of the term gang keeps on changing with time and originated in the USA mainly because of industrialization, immigration, and urbanization. The immigrating groups were poor and severely discriminated, which is still the reason for the formation of gangs today, increasing their criminal inclinations. It is true that although the nature of the gangs has changed, drastically, the basics remain the same even in the 21 st century. Kimberly Tobin has appropriately deduced that modern-day gangs consist of mainly Hispanic and Black males, with a background of poverty and they live in urban areas. Recently there has also been an increase in the number of female gang members and also in the age range of these suburban gang members. Other ethnic groups, like the American Indians and Asians, and even the Whites have seen an increase in the membership of the groups. I completely agree with the writer that for many generations the gang cities have constantly had several problems while the rising ones have recently started to face problems. Society and communities of the USA consider these gangs a menace causing social problems and thus, only by understanding the dynamics of these gangs and the experiences of these gang members can the nation