ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The economic crisis and financial crisis have had a great impact on UK companies, their performance, and profitability. The main changes take place in the priorities and strategic goals of companies. In contrast to the previous time, many companies introduce strict economic measures aimed at safe resources and survive in difficult economic conditions. Some UK companies prefer to avoid huge investments in outside projects and taking. Also, these companies avoid loans using their own resources and capabilities. Their mission statements and objectives changed towards savings and effective use of financial resources rather than development and growth opportunities. The UK companies try to sustain their market position and remain competitive in difficult market conditions. Because the company never knows what is going to happen, the manager must deal with contingencies. The question, what would happen if financial markets or competitors’ policies change in a specific manner, is very important. For many producers, time is one of the common means of classifying new objectives. There are long-range, intermediate, and short-range needs and demands. In this way, the company can explore the planning horizon — the period of time for which the manager is predicting a marketing environment within which a marketing program will be introduced. For some marketing objectives, the horizon is quite distant where the planning may extend three years or longer (Dunkley 2009). The mission of some companies is to save jobs and provide employees with substantial income and regular pays. The job of creating realistic goals and objectives is certainly not simple. The company typically has many goals, some of which are short-run and others long-run, and some of which are well-matched, whereas others engender conflict. In view of the multiple objectives, confusion often arises in both planning and action. During a period of crisis, market potential and purchase decisions presuppose a specific period of time. Financial efficiency is measured on the basis of sales or profits over time, and new strategic programs are laid out in terms of a time period — a quarter or a year. Though, the time aspect may be considered in another way. New financial planning rests on the sales forecast, which is a consideration of future market changes. As a result, the strategic policy is involved in the determination of expectations (Dunkley 2009). Mission and objectives are determined goals and are related to the means and inputs to their achievement. If the means are insufficient, objectives have to be scaled down. It is the corporate commitment of financial resources that indicates whether objectives seem reasonable. Another measurement of the relationship between goals and missions stems from the fact that the company does not have a single corporate goal; it has multiple goals. Thus, a choice that at first appears to be a compromise among conflicting goals actually creates a super-go
Works written in ancient times are of particular interest to people of all times. They have their own distinctive and similar features that are easily identified. Moreover, given such a large number of ancient works from different countries, they are constantly being compared. Such examples are the Indian Ramayana and the well-known Odyssey. The designation of the similarities and differences of these works is necessary for a better understanding of the literary creativity of those times. Thus, the main similarity is the narrative about the difficulties of the protagonists, and the difference is the presence of magical characteristics. The most obvious similarity between the two stories is the fact that the Odyssey and the Ramayana are products of an ancient epic and oral tradition. Therefore, as already mentioned, the prevailing similarity between Ramayana and Odysseus is the narration of such difficulties on their way, such as wars. However, both stories differ from each other in the level of the presence of a supernatural element. Furthermore, the Indian Ramayana tells about Ravana, who was the king of demons and who kidnapped Rama’s wife (Agrawal 65). On the other hand, the author tells the story of Odysseus, where the witch goddess Circe also possessed only some supernatural abilities that could not be compared with the skill of the Indian protagonist. Both works were written in the period from the fifth to the sixth century BC. The key characteristics of this literary period are the heroes’ responsibility to the gods. They are filled with faith and repentance to divine creatures and receive great reverent excitement from understanding and fulfilling divine goals. Therefore, both epics have a significant impact on Indian and Greek cultures. They convey the human worldview, experience, and perception of those times. Work Cited Agrawal, Reena. “Management Learnings from Valmiki Ramayan-The Oldest Indian Epic.” IBA Journal of Management & Leadership , vol. 8, no. 1, 2016, 65.
Executive Summary Effective human resource management ensures building open relationships between employees and their managers to avoid possible adverse implications. The case of Des and Sarah Cole, the owners of an independent wine merchant’s store, showed that ineffective HRM practices could lead to arguments and conflicts in the workplace that may even result in either reasonable or unreasonable dismissal. It was found that all claims employees made against their management could have been avoided with the help of sustainable HRM procedures that cater to the demands of workers but are beneficial to employers at the same time. Introduction The UK employment law has the following key sources: the common law and statute of European law (both in the form of European Directives and decision made by the European Court of Justice). As to the brief overview of the Contract of Employment, it is an agreement between a worker and an employer that provides a basis for the employment relationships (ACAS n.d.). The contract begins as soon as the employee accepts the offer of employment and ends when the employee is dismissed or decides to resign. The paper will focus on exploring various points associated with the contract of employment, specifically matters of dismissal, unethical practices, and overall relationships between workers and employers. Discussion of Cases The case study concluded with four claims from employees that Des and Sarah Cole were forced to manage in order to overcome the arguments their company had with workers. The first claim was for disability discrimination and unfair dismissal (£50,000)
Introduction Art is an important aspect of our lives that we don’t appreciate as much as we should. It goes far beyond any technique or style, and for each individual, art is a reflection of his or her own unique identity. As a whole, art provides numerous purposes to the community and society. Photography and video art is extremely beneficial to society for more reasons than one. The result of the responsiveness can only lead to a better, more educated society. As individuals get older, they forget to educate their imaginations, and in the process lose the power to see new worlds. It’s sad how individuals simply outgrow something they shouldn’t. The arts are a major part of our society. Everywhere you go and whomever you may see, all types of things have much to do with art. Without art there is no saying were our society would be today. Without freedom of speech and expression we would live in a communist government and no one would have any rights. Arts are more than just visual experiences to stimulate our mind. They are perfect examples of how we represent and take advantage of our God give rights as Americans. Visual Art Visual Art is categorized with items such as painting, photography, or sculpture in an attempt to appeal to the visual sense of a person. Visual Art is also usually in more of a permanent form, except in the case of Ice sculptures. Ice Sculpting is truly an art of its own, and even though this style of art is not permanent, unless a person were to place the item into the freezer, this would still be categorized as visual art. (Rosenblum, 2005, 154-61). Visual Art is more easily recognized than other forms of art, being able to look at a picture or photograph makes the art more portable. While architecture can be called visual art, the building will only gain the notoriety with the passing of pictures or paintings to gain popularity. Several structures exist which can be classified as visual art, one will be the new World Trade Towers. One of the most famous pictures is the “Mona Lisa”. (Marien, 2002, 87-91) The use of visual art is a method of telling a story outside of that region, being able to interpret the real meaning of daily existence. Photography Photography can capture all of the real emotions in life and can pause them in time forever. Pictures let us see what happens in different countries, different people and even lets us see things we would have otherwise never been exposed to. Just think would you ever really know the extent of the Great Depression without pictures, like the one of the mother and child homeless on the street. Also without pictures we would never be able to show our children how wonderful and tall the World Trade Center buildings were. Photography is one of the most real art forms that can be expressed today. Art is and always will be a major part of our society. No matter what happens in the future, different forms of art will always influence people, places and t
Introduction According to (Skolnick, 1966), discretion is the process by which actors in the system of criminal justice try to determine whether a person is innocent or guilty which leads to either sentencing or freedom. These actors include prosecutors, jury, judges, as well as police officers. Application of discretion assists them in making various decisions which include penalization as well as a mode of punishing the offender. The initial stage in which discretion is applied in the system of criminal justice is where police officers make a decision on whether a suspect should be arrested for a particular offense or not. Application of Discretion in System of Criminal Justice (Cole, 2004), argues that, since discretion is applied by each of the various parties of the criminal justice system, uses of discretion may differ according to their roles as well as powers are given to them. For example, when police officers forward a suspect to a prosecutor, the decision is made on whether or not to pursue the particular charge that the suspect has been arrested for. Discretion powers allow the prosecutor to drop a case based on several considerations which include, offender’s characteristics, characteristics of an offense, likelihood of conviction as well as availability of civil remedies. Prosecutors may also make decisions on whether to reduce charges, seek indictments or have charges filed for adjudication. The second application is judicial discretion where a judge is allowed to make a decision concerning a case within a particular specification. That is, the precedent or legislation lays down some constraints within which they expect judicial decisions to vary according to the judicial actor’s discretion. These may include probation, dismissal of charges, and setting of bails, and acceptance of pleas. Thirdly, discretion can be exercised by the jury in the system of criminal justice. Upon hearing the evidence presented before a court by the defendant and petitioner, a jury decides on a verdict based on the judge’s instructions as well as the evidence presented. Advantages of Discretion in the Criminal Justice System Discretion has been found to be very essential in a system of criminal justice due to its various roles in the system. One of the advantages of discretion is where it allows a variety of decisions that could not have been anticipated by bodies of legislature to be made. This is because, it’s impossible for these bodies to predict all circumstances regarding each and every crime, predict mores, and put forward laws that cover all criminal and noncriminal conducts. Therefore, the application of discretion provides room for flexibility of decisions where crimes are judged accordingly but within specific limitations put forward by law. A high level of discretion leads to the professionalism of decisions made. That is an increased level of discretion results in considerations as well as discussions of various possibilities before arriving at final decisions. Increased discretion also provides an allowance for different laws that vary from nation to nation and region to region. T
Introduction Slavery in America dates back to more than two hundred years before the birth of the republic of United States. Slavery as a trade and a practice did not begin and take place overnight; it was a progressive happening or phenomenon, which expanded over many years. Despite slaves having been at the heart of America as a country’s birth and development, it is surprising that the contribution made by slaves in the colonial America has been left out of many history books. Selective writing has denied those who took part in the struggle of laying the foundation for current America their rightful place in history. This research paper explores the contribution of slaves in colonial America. Slaves in Colonial America It is widely believed that only black people of African origin were enslaved. However, there were also quite a number of white slaves in colonial America. Vickers (535), notes that “though limited, there were Britons, Germans, Scots and Irish slaves in colonial America. Most of these white slaves had been shipped and subjected to slavery in colonies, as punishment by the local administrators in the countries of origin. Colonial masters owned slaves; however, in some parts, some Native Americans and free blacks also owned slaves”. Vickers (345) notes that “slavery was most intensive in the southern part of America. The south had more slaves because the region had fertile soil for growing high-valued cash crops for export, such as rice, tobacco cotton and sugar”. Initially, black slaves were referred to as indentured servants, which gave them a comparable lawful position equal to most deprived Englishmen who traded a number of years of labor for means of access to America. However, even when having the status of indentured servant, Roberts (281), notes that “the term Slave was used as a practical word in job regulation and politics” Contribution of Slavery in Colonial America Contribution in Agriculture The contribution of slaves, those of African origin, is always reduced, in many documentaries and writings, as merely unskilled farming field hands and household servants. However, critical reading through history reveals that slaves were more than just field hands and household servants. Slaves contributed to Colonial America with their agricultural knowledge and inventions. As Engerman (335)explains, “within the Southern Colony of South Carolina, Africans brought with them their exceptional skill of rice cultivation as they had long time expertise in growing rice back in Africa. They therefore shared these skills with their masters and as a result, rice production that had never been experienced before was witnessed” .Engerman (328) notes that initially, “slaves in the colonial America were subjected to all manner of work, which included working in cotton, sugar and tobacco plantations”. Engerman (331), however, points out that this is not
Research activities are often attributed only to scientists and students. However, it is successfully used by many people outside the scientific field. Research can be viewed in different contexts, but its essence remains the same. This activity is performed to obtain additional knowledge that confirms specific theories or helps make a decision. I use research almost all the time, both in my studies and in my daily life. For example, for sufficient preparation for performing a given job or passing exams, collecting as much information as possible from various sources is necessary. These sources should also be found and verified as relevant to the issue at hand. This type of research allows understanding the subject under study more deeply, which, for example, will enable to respond to the teacher more confidently. Besides, I often use research to broaden my horizons and get different views on the same issue. Instead of accepting the news shown on television, it is usually much more productive to do your own research. This is especially important in the political sphere, since the largest media outlets often take the side of the current government, as, for example, in the case of President Trump. In such situations, comparing different news sources allows for getting a more realistic perspective of what is happening. The more information is known about a problem, the easier it is to draw a conclusion and form a more objective opinion and perspective. An article written by Leann Zarah confirms my words about the importance of research as a tool for building knowledge and practical learning. Besides, I would like to note the article’s section devoted to combating lies and supporting the truth. As Zarah writes, “Scientists also deal with research to test the validity and reliability of their claims or those of other scientists’.” This problem is faced by all who are engaged in research since, in any situation, it is necessary to separate false information from real and adequately assess relevance and credibility. On the one hand, the spread of Internet technologies has made it much easier to find information. However, at the same time, many pseudo-journalists appeared, presenting their opinions as factual information either out of a sense of their superiority or out of a deliberate desire to spread fake news. There are many examples of this behavior, for instance, from the 2016 election campaign, in which there were a vast number of specially launched rumors. The reason for this may be both a desire for profit at the expense of high-profile headlines and specially established disinformation for political purposes. According to Zarah, “Fact-checking to know the truth is integral to the process of research, for it is fueled by an inquisitive and critical mind.” I completely agree with this approach, since I use it frequently. Before using any source, it is necessary to verify its integrity by comparing the available data with similar resources and, where applicable, wi
Introduction Risk management can be described as the proactive management against the possibility of loss. The concept involves the identification of key risk areas and the formulation of possible strategies that can be used to lower the probability of occurrence of the risk, or reduce the potential losses (Crockford 1986, 12; Dorfman 2007, 10). Sometimes risks may also be positive, for instance the risk of completing a project before its scheduled completion date. Management therefore has the task of coming up with an action plan that will guide on the procedures to follow in the event of positive or negative risks (Gorrod 2004, 23). A basic project risk management program involves risk management planning, identification and assessment of risks, risk response planning and monitoring and control of risks and strategies. The risk management process involves the initial planning phase, whereby management decides on how the process will be carried out. Decisions made include the general approach in the project risk management process, and how management intends to execute key activities in the process (Conrow 2003, 21). Once a suitable plan has been selected, the management team has the task of identifying all potential risks that may have an impact on the project (Delvin 2006, 41). The planning process group has a role to play in the identification of these risks, as well as analyzing the effects of these risks on the project’s objectives. Risk assessment involves the qualitative and quantitative analysis of the identified risks, which are carried out by the process planning group. Qualitative risk analysis looks at the probability of occurrence of the risk event, and the potential impact on the project’s objectives. Quantification revolves the determination of the impact of each of the identified risks, and the prioritization of the risks according to their severity and probability of occurrence (Chapman, Ward and Ward 2003, 3; Capman 2005, 32). This can be done through a project risk map which categorizes risks according to their level of consequence and probability of occurrence (Fink 2002, 35; Chapman, Ward and Ward 2002, 74). Risk response planning evaluates the options available to management in handling various types of risks (Kendrick 2003, 2009). Risk response planning is also carried out by the planning process team. There are four basic methods of dealing with risks; avoidance, transfer, mitigation and risk acceptance. Risk avoidance implies strategies used to completely steer clear of risky activities. Management may decide to change suppliers for a particular material so as to avoid the risks posed by contracting one supplier. Risk transfer means transferring the burden of the risk to someone else, hence making them responsible for the resulting loss. A classic method of risk transfer is through insurance (Harvard Business School 2004, 23). Alternatively management may establish contracts that make vendors accountable for a specific risky portion of
Interview summary Board plus hair extension company is owned by Zuzana Chardiet, it is located in the United States and the company provides high-quality hair extensions. Zuzana was a good friend of mine therefore it was easy to locate her for the interview. This company was targeted for the interview because the company had gone through a tough financial crisis that was being experienced in the United States hence her entrepreneurial abilities were recognized. The entrepreneur was motivated to go into the hair business by various factors. These include the fact that she had grown up in a family where her parents worked in the fashion and design industry as well as having obtained professional training on beauty and hair products. She also possessed great skills in fashion and beauty. She decided to explore this opportunity of hair extension assembly since she had got the technology and the raw material, and the only thing that was needed was to locate the business in the area that there was the need for this technology. In evaluating the opportunity she recognized there was a need for a superior product and the gap that existed required assembling the product. The option of franchising was not very profitable due to the costs involved. In deciding whether to pursue this opportunity she identified a need in the market that needed to be addressed and fulfilled. In setting up the business there were various risks involved such as management challenges, managing people, suppliers, and even distributors. Protecting the business idea was also critical for her success in the business. Lacking a supplier for the hair products as well as the potentia