ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction For many years, social scientists have argued on the reward of marriage due to the distinctiveness of the populace who get married and stay married. Do matrimony itself – and the condition of being a married person generate assured returns? The response is mutual. It has been observed that people who are used to and brought up by married parents, who are educated and depend on economic sustainability, generally opt in favor of marriage and are comfortable in staying married. Background It is true that marriage is an institution that tends to change an individual’s life in terms of associations, habits, lifestyle and priorities. It is obvious that people accept these changes because they find certain advantages, socially and economically, through the institution of marriage. As a result, it can be seen that marriage acts as a beneficial quantum. Discussion It should be noted that the institution of marriage includes not only two individuals but their families too. Thus, by definition marriage cannot simply be termed as the union between two individuals. It generates a wide association of different people who were not associated with each other before the union of the two fundamental people who are getting married. Thus, the definition of marriage surely includes and accommodates the existence of other family members and is not restricted to the nuptial couple. Analysis It has been seen that wedding implants citizens surrounded by superior social networks. Similarly, married parents have an enhanced chance to harness aid and other facilities, companionship and expressive affection-based support within the population. For men, marriage serves as a medium of taking up responsibilities that otherwise would not be a favorable option for the male. Thus, it can be stated that marriage means taking up responsibilities and performing the responsibilities willfully. This sense of responsibility becomes a role model for the future generations to come and on the greater scale the sense of responsibility not only serves the benefit of the individual or the family but it serves as a beneficial quantum for the society as a whole as the family can be termed as a smallest political unit within a state. Results Furthermore, it has been seen that children whose parents stayed married have more rewarding and satisfying dating relationships. At the same time, they generate a more positive approach en route for prospectus matrimony and a superior success rate in forming permanent marriages. Young men raised in a two-parent household also have more positive attitudes toward women, children, and family life than men who were raised by a single parent. As a result, the definition of marriage can be broadened to the degree of peace, prosperity and social development. Conclusion However, it cannot be stated that marriage is the answer to all social problems existing in society. However, it can always be stated that through marriage there is always a chance that the male part of the community would tend to sober down and thus yield to be more fruitful for the
Network Security Concepts and Policies by Catherine Paquet She explains that there are several new assumptions that people should make about the security of their information and computer networks because the changes witnessed in this sector expose people to risks. First, she believes that modern networks are large, interconnected, and run on ubiquitous and proprietary protocols that are very risky (Paquet 2013). In addition, she argues that there has been an increase in the complexity of computers attached to these large networks; therefore, this has become a serious challenge because it is not easy to analyze, secure, and taste the security of their systems and application (Paquet 2013). Therefore, she argues that the basic security requirements for such systems and their applications involve the provision of confidentiality of data to ensure only authorized people can access view, and use sensitive data. She proposes that network security designers should know the threats possible in computers and their applications and assess their risks (Paquet 2013). In addition, she argues that they should also assess the cost of implementing their preferred security measures and determine whether they are economical. Implementing Information Security: Risks vs. Cost by Gideon T. Rasmussen This author argues that there is a need for managers and other senior stakeholders to ensure that they are in regular contact with security professionals so that they can be updated on the latest technology and applications of securing their systems. He claims that managers cannot easily estimate the benefits of a secured network and computer application, but its losses are usually huge and can make investors close their businesses (Rasmussen 2005). In addition, he claims that there is a need for data recovery plans and checks that will ensure companies do not expose themselves to threats and believes that dishonest and disgruntled workers are usually the biggest perpetrators of internet fraud. The prudent man principle and concept of due diligence are compulsory in organizations to ensure every employee is committed to protecting the safety of sensitive information (Rasmussen 2005).
Introduction The phenomenon of multitasking as a student activity is deemed as a rather controversial subject due to its debatable outcomes (Paul par. 5). Numerous studies point to the fact that multitasking hurts students as its effects on the developing mental capabilities thereof has not been fully examined yet (Keim par. 2). However, other authors claim that multitasking can help address a range of issues that teenage learners have. Thesis Statement Although multitasking is viewed as negative by numerous scholars due to its possible detrimental effects on the developing brain of a teenager, it, affects children positively as it helps improve their attention and improves the learners’ mood, therefore, creating premises for the development of strong motivations for studying. Although multitasking has been receiving a significant backlash from scholars over the past few years, it can be viewed as a crucial step in updating the learners’ skills and abilities: “While multitasking often gets a bad rap, new research suggests concurrent integration of different types of media may help an individual perform a specific task” (Nauert par. 1). The reasons for the subject matter to lose its popularity are rather understandable. After the hype over the phenomenon, questions concerning the possible drawbacks have emerged, triggering an immediate discussion of the effects that multitasking may have on the mind that has not been fully developed yet. Thus, researches have displayed the possibility of cognitive impairment in the process of multitasking. However, further analysis has shown that multitaskers can be split into two categories, i.e., frequent (FM) and light (LM) ones. While highly negative outcomes area possible for the former, the latter is unlikely to develop any unhealthy habits or face the obstacles that will hamper their mental development (Nauert par. 1–15). The effects of multitasking used to be viewed as positive as it was suggested that the subject matter helps learners acquire new skills more expeditiously and efficiently. However, recent studies tend to subvert the above statement, making it quite clear that the efficacy of performing several tasks at once does not have an immediate positive effect on learners. Nevertheless, there is still enough evidence that the subject matter helps improve the cognitive skills of students significantly. Even though the study carried out by the University of Hong Kong did not provide actual proof thereof, there are reasons to assume that multitasking leaves a positive impact (Taylor par. 4). While the effects on the learners’ cognitive abilities are not direct, the simultaneous performance of several tasks contributes to a significant rise in the le
Introduction Economic analysts and their political counterparts are yet to concur on the truth of the allegations by the Population Association of Pakistan that effective population control measures have been put in place to reduce the population problems in Pakistan. Despite the slight decline in the total fertility of Pakistan since the start of this decade, the country still remains one of the most fertile countries in the whole world. Some demographers have associated this decline with the increasing use of methods of contraception in limiting fertility but there still exists a considerable controversy regarding the effectiveness and contribution of contraception in the relatively lower fertility rates seen in Pakistan as this decade ends. Despite the aforementioned decline in the fertility rate of Pakistan, the country still experiences insurmountable population related-problems and stakeholders have been struggling to find an amicable solution to the problem. The future of Pakistan population therefore depends on the measures that the government and other stakeholders will take to curb the problem. Otherwise, the predictions of future population in Pakistan based on trends in the past and the present are shocking. If nothing much is done from now on, Pakistan is expected to be one of the three most populated countries in the whole world. This paper investigates the population problem in Pakistan by suggesting the possible reasons for the current population trends, the effects they have on the country, possible solutions to the prevailing population problems and future predictions of population in Pakistan and its implications. Current population problems in Pakistan Pakistan’s total population was more than 180 million in the year 2009 with a total fertility rate of 4.0 in the same year (Sathar 7). This can be considered to be exponential population growth if compared to the 1947 figure for total population of 33 million. Currently, more than three million children are born each year adding more people to the already unsustainable population. Pakistan is currently the second largest contributor to global population after India. The country is estimated to currently have a population of more than 170, 000 and the current population growth rate is believed to be currently standing at a figure above 1.5% (Sathar 8). In addition to the large population that Pakistan has, it is characterized with the fastest rate of urbanization with more than 35% of its total population living in
Formal Assessments Formal assessment includes; screening assessments, diagnostic assessments, and norm-referenced assessments. Screening assessments usually engage the whole class or a group to represent the whole class. Screening assessment applies to an individual where an assessment test analyzes the individuals’ specific data. The individual screening assessment applied in early childhood unearths various issues a child encounters at early stages. Screening assessment is useful when applied at the beginning of the year; it identifies students experiencing problems. Timing and correct content of screening meet the needs of children from diverse linguistic and cultural backgrounds (Guzzetti, 2005). McKenna and Walpole (2005) affirm that correct benchmark scores help identify weaker students among the groups in a class. Secondly, a norm-referenced assessment compares the performance of a student to that of a referenced group. Test designers assign tests to a group of normal populations to identify performance norms. Norm-referenced assessment forms the basis of ranking and comparing students with others. Thirdly, for intervention planning and educational programming, diagnostic assessments help to provide information about the nature and the extent of reading problems. Reading diagnosis involves an analysis of the process in which a student benefits through meaning, enjoyment, value, and significance from printed materials or sources. Methods of delivering information to the students would improve as the various planning and programming strategies addresses the key areas that help the weaker students to catch up with the whole class. Screening helps improve performance when carried out at the beginning of the year because of the weaknesses that every student shows get addressed through the imple
Addressed Gaps in the Literature The article by Eijdenberg et al. (2019) aims to fill the gap in the literature concerned with entrepreneurs’ individual experiences and responses to institutional constraints to entrepreneurship. According to Eijdenberg et al. (2019), the existing literature on institutional constraints to entrepreneurship focuses on macro- and meso-levels, i.e., it analyzes the constraints at social and sector or community levels. The micro-level, i.e., individual behaviors and experiences, is not covered in the literature. Therefore, the authors addressed this gap to find out entrepreneurs’ day-to-day experiences regarding barriers and facilitators of entrepreneurship in a developing country. Ideas and Arguments Found Stimulating One stimulating idea is that the most frequent political constraint to entrepreneurship in a developing country is complicated bureaucracy, which includes bribery, licenses, and paying taxes. Eijdenberg et al. (2019) found that, in Tanzania, many documents and licenses should be obtained to register a business, and this process often involved giving bribes. It implies that the government’s inability to facilitate the procedure of starting a business and cope with
A general-purpose assembly is an enclosed region occupied by at least fifty people and above performing special functions such as entertainment, worship, and deliberations. Due to the large number of people who are usually hosted in a general-purpose assembly, safety is of great importance. Proper water flow requirements in a general-purpose assembly begin with regular inspection of sprinklers so that any impairment can be noted in advance. While some impairment in the water flow system may not go for too long, there are instances when such impairments may be experienced for over 10 hours (NFPA, 2004). If the latter happens, it is highly advisable to evacuate occupants from the affected spots. In addition, the affected area should be supplied with a temporary flow of water alongside keeping a strict vigil on any possible fire outbreaks. Moreover, an assessment of the fire control program should be initiated and approved whenever impairments are noted within the water flow systems. Typical inspection of water sprinklers for an NFPA 25 fire protection system is also part and parcel of requirements for proper water flow. For instance, water sprinklers may be leaking thereby exposing room occupants to more dangers in the event of fire outbreaks. Any leakage in the sprinklers also reduces the optimum pressure required (for water) when putting out fires. Leakages may equally cause dampness in halls used by occupants. Water sprinklers should also be free of corrosion. Corroded sprinklers are not effective for use in any water flow system because they may cause serious leakages during the fire fighting operations (Koffel, 2011). This implies that metallic sprinklers ought to be painted regularly. Water sprinklers should also undergo inspection to ensure that they are properly loaded and well oriented. In other words, sprinklers should be fully loaded with the right volume of water and positioned in such a way that they can be accessed
Introduction The history of humanity is the record of inventions and discoveries made in different periods in its development. In this record, the discoveries of new lands, islands, and continents take a special place as far as they widened the knowledge of the human beings about the Earth and added to the shaping of modern society. Discoveries, such as Columbus’ discovery of America, have also contributed to the development of the economies of numerous states and impacted the progress of sciences and technology. The discovery of Australia by James Cook is another significant event in the world’s history because it both completed the geographical maps of the world and gave birth to one of the most original and culturally rich nations – the Australians. The focus of this paper will cover the initial stages of the development of the Australian colony of New South Wales in the period between 1788 and 1792. This paper will examine the major concerns and preoccupations that the colonizers faced in their settling and working on the newly discovered land, including their internal issues, exploration of nature, unknown diseases, conflicts with the native inhabitants of the continent, etc. Background To begin with, it is necessary to briefly recollect the background of the period under consideration. First of all, the late 18 th century was the time when all the possible geographical discoveries were thought to have been made. Fleets of such colonialist countries as Great Britain, France, Spain, and others explored the seas and oceans discovered looking for some islands where they could either get additional labor force in the form of slaves or obtain access to the natural riches or launch the markets to sell their products. Australia became the last geographical discovery of global importance and served Great Britain not only according to the above-enumerated needs but also as an exile place where numerous dangerous criminals from the United Kingdom were sent. However, both the military forces of Great Britain and the criminals they were sent to supervise were further directed at one joint aim – an exploration of the new land in order to develop the appropriate conditions for
Abstract Gender stereotypes exist across all cultures and all societies. If an individual abides by stereotype threat, they are likely to perform poorly in any subsequently associated challenge. Various studies have been conducted mainly focusing on examining effects of stereotypes activation on performance. Past studies have revealed that performance can be depressed when individuals feel that the group to which they belong is negatively stereotyped with respect to that area; in our case, women are poor performers in mathematics. This study sought to investigate whether activating implicit gander stereotypes in female can influence performance in mathematics. As a result, it was hypothesized that increasing the salience of female identity stereotypes decreases performance in mathematics. The study used two groups of 50 randomly selected 2 nd year female students each. The participants were subjected to two different prime conditions. One was a gender based prime where they watched a two minute You tube clip from “Part of Your World” while the other was nature based where the participants watched dolphins playing near the shore from BBC’s Planet Earth. Participants later took a two minutes 10 questions mathematics test. The results were analyzed using descriptive statistics and particularly the mean. The results revealed that the participants who were subjected to the gender based prime performed relatively poorly compared to their counterparts on the nature prime. This thus indicated that actually activating implicit gender stereotypes in females influences performance in mathematics. The study therefore illustrates the negative impact of gender stereotyping and media representation of females. Influence of Activating Implicit Gender Stereotypes in Females on Performance in Mathematics The aspect of sex differences in education is one of the most researched areas concerning gender and education. Particularly, a male-female characteristic versus performance comparison takes centre stage. In their book “The psychology of sex differences,” Maccoby and Jacklin (1974) reviewed 1400 research articles on sex differences. According to the authors, it is hard to underpin the role of stereotyping on individuals’ development of behavior or cognitive sex differences. Nonetheless, they concluded that some observable patterns of behavior thrive in areas of verbal and mathematical skills where g
Introduction: The Search for Ethnicity Definition and the Associated Issues The problem of ethnic and national belonging is not new; in fact the process of ethnicity definition is only a part of one’s search for one’s self, though an admittedly large one. The search for one’s ethnic identity is, however, often results in questioning the very phenomenon of ethnicity. Indeed, the definition of ethnicity is extremely hard to conjure, since an ethnic group bears a range of unique characteristics that pertain to different aspects of people’s lives, including not only cultural, but also economic and political ones. In her study What is ethnicity and does it matter?, Kachan Chandra attempts at defining the phenomenon, and she does so very successfully by introducing the religious influence onto the process of ethnicity shaping into the definition of the subject matter; however, the lack of attention to the political and economical components of the definition make the study somewhat incomplete. Thesis Statement Because of the number of aspects that the concept of ethnicity embraces, starting from the cultural one to the geographical religious and political aspects, defining ethnicity becomes rather difficult. Judging by the complexity of the concept of ethnicity, its definition must be not only based on national identity of a person, but also meet such requirements as being the imagined community, being a section of the population rather than the whole and inclusion of siblings and the qualifying attributes. However, even with the aforementioned requirements met, because of the need to consider other factors that define one’s ethnic identity, the study conducted by Chandra is limited to the analysis of cultural factors and does not consider such important elements as political and economic aspects. Ethnic Identity Definition in the XXI Century and How It Matters In the globalized world of the XXI century, the question of ethnic heritage and belonging to a particular ethnicity seems to have become the major issue on the global agenda. Because of globalization and its effects, including acculturation, culture clash and cultures fusion, the safety of a number of ethnicities is in jeopardy. Immigration is another source of concern for researchers of ethnicity and the methods of its retention in every single member of a particular society. Also resulting in a possible acculturation, it has reached incredible rates in 2013 and is most likely to become the phenomenon of an even grander scale in the future. Finally, the effects of modern media on people’s ethnic identity seems to have become much stronger and may possibly lead to people defying their ethnic heritage for the sake of crossing cultural barriers in their communication. A further research of the issue will help not only evaluate the scale of the problem, but also mark the key avenues to be used for addressing the problem in the future. Research Limitations: As Far as the Study Can Stretch Naturally, the research has its limitations, and Chandra knows it well, seeing how