ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Islam Islam is one of the largest religions in the world, and, like any other, religion it involves certain values and conventions that guide people throughout their lives. Islam is a monotheistic religion that teaches people to be righteous and bring good to this world. One of the central postulates of the Islamic religion is to do the right things and be a righteous person who follows the laws created by God. When considering Islam, it is important to take a closer look at the main book of Islam (Qur’an), the main values (Five Pillars), and Ramadan. It is also necessary to identify the difference between two major denominations to understand one of the most important features of this religion. The Qur’an and Its Significance to the Religion Qur’an can be regarded as the most important source of knowledge within the Islamic religion. This Holy book is of paramount significance to Islam as it is the core of the religion, as well as the cultural tradition of the Muslim world (Keepin, 2016). First, Qur’an is the book of revelations that are the basis of Muslim people’s values. It is believed that the book was written based on the teachings of Muhammad who heard the revelations from the angel Gabriel (Robinson, 2013). At that, Qur’an is used in Muslim daily life as the verses (suras) provided in the book are used during daily rituals. Besides, Qur’an is also seen as an artwork as Muslims reproduce the verses on walls and other surfaces using beautiful calligraphy. The Five Pillars The Five Pillars of Islam can be regarded as basic values of Muslims that include shahadah, prayer, alms tax, fasting, and the pilgrimage. The first pillar, shahadah, is the testimony of faith. Proclaiming shahadah (that involves two parts) means being a Muslim. The first part means that the person accepts that only God can be worshiped, and the second part means that the person accepts that only Muhammed’s teachings are true (Keepin, 2016). The second pillar is concerned with the daily practice of praying. Muslims pray five times a day. The third pillar is also referred to as zakat meaning growth as well as purification through giving. Muslims give away a part of their wealth to those in need. The fourth pillar is fasting during Ramadan, which is also associated with purification. The fifth Pillar is the pilgrimage (or haji) to Mecca (Keepin, 2016). These five pillars are based on the principles of deep faith, self-growth, and purification. The Importance of Ramadan in Islam As has been mentioned above, Ramadan is associated with purification in many respects. Ramadan is the month when Muhammed received the revelation. This is the ninth month of the lunar year, which means that Ramadan does not have a fixed date. The importance of this month cannot be overestimated as it is the time when Muslims spend a lot of time praying and thinking of spiritual things. Muslim people fast during the daytime and can eat only after the sunset. They spend a significant part of the nights of Ramadan praying, which makes them stronger believers. The abstinence from pleasures makes people purified and enlightened. The Sunni, Shiite, and Sufi Branc
Over the past few decades, a steep rise in the number of expatriates from a variety of countries to the UAE has been noticed. The immigration rates are beyond impressive, as the 2014 statistics shows. Moreover, people flee to the UAE from a great number of countries. At present, the citizens of more than eighty states inhabit UAE. For the most part, these immigrants have moved to the Emirates in search for a job with a salary that can cover the expenses for their basic life necessities, as well as for better educational opportunities. However, the rapid increase in the amount of people immigrating to the UAE on a regular basis causes the Emirati government major concern regarding the unemployment rates among the citizens of the state. In order to reduce the latter and introduce the concept of sustainability into the management of the UAE entrepreneurships and institutions, the government authorities need to put stricter limits on the state regulations concerning the admissible percentage of immigrants. 1 The key methods for conducting the qualitative research in question concern primarily the use of a basic, or pragmatic, research, i.e., the overview of the exiting records, statistical data and literature on the topic. The methods chosen for carrying out the study in question are justified by the fact that the study must embrace the entire population of the UAE immigrants, as well as the native residents of the state, with a close analysis of their culture, the effects that immigrants have on the unemployment rates, the factors that contribute to increase of immigration rates, etc. Seeing that the acquisition of the requested information presupposes the analysis of the UAE citizens’ records in general, it is reasonable to suggest that surveys will provide only superfluous information, whereas official statistics will shed more light on the phenomenon of immigration. The analysis of the existing data has shown that people come to UAE from thef following countries: India, Bangladesh and Pakistan. 2 In addition, the 2014 statistics shows that immigrants make % of the population in the UAE, which is % higher than the previous year. As far as the reasons for immigration are concerned, one must admit that the factors, which made people change their location from their native land to the Emirates mostly concern the specifics of the political issues in the former. In addition, a number of the UAE immigrants have moved due to the poor economic factors for running a business or poor chances for finding a job in their states. Finally, a range of people confessed that the UAE provide much better educational options and, therefore, deserves to be considered an option for immigration. Apart to the threats to the population of the UAE, the increased rates of immigration into the state trigger a range of problems for migrants as well. To be more specific, the UAE immigrants often have to face the violation of their civil rights, mistreatment from their employees and the UAE authorities, etc. As a result, immigrants suffer, facing life-threatening issues and forced to work in the conditions that lead to serious health concerns. Despite the fact that the incr
Introduction Migration is a concept that has been well been used in the past and present times. This is because it is a concept which has been used to illustrate the movement of people from one region of a nation to another (Braziel & Anita 2003 ). In essence, people move from one region to another for various reasons and purposes. It is on this basis that migration is based on. These reasons vary from one point to another. In certain cases, migration may be forced; other cases may have been induced by adverse conditions at home, attraction or curiosity towards an external situation, or some accidents of events which evoked the direct or indirect exercise of choice. It is also worth noting that other ethnics may not have moved or migrated recently, but their homes may be subject to migration from invasions from foreign settlers which may constitute another form of migration (Hammar 1997). What is migration? Presumably, scholars have been seeking to establish the right fundamental from which to view or evaluate the term migration in the societal setting. In essence, the shift which exists in locus of residence or crucial activities is an insufficient factor which exists in the correct definition of migration or migrants (Helmke 2011). Also to be considers are the factors of  1. purpose of travel,  2. frequency and duration of stay,  3. the distance and qualitative socio cultural differences between original and present places of residence (Wayne 2006). Within the definition of the term immigrant, there are emerging issues which may be considered or even termed to be an important aspect of which bring to the fore the correct distinctions or sub categories as well. Issues pertinent to this differentiation are the types of migration among migrants or types of migration themselves include several aspects (Wayne 2006). These aspects include sex and the age distribution, the generation, country of origin, language and culture, phenol – typical visibility, predisposition of the host society to the immigrants in general and particular, economic and political c
The United States presidential election of 2008 will be held on November 4, 2008. The two major parties of the United States political system already have their respective candidates, for the Republican Party, John McCain, a senior United States Senator from Arizona, and for the Democratic Party, a junior United States Senator from Illinois. Little the world knows that there is also a third party in this year’s election. The Libertarian Party will have Bob Barr as their candidate for the coming elections. The Libertarian Party is the third-largest party in American politics. It claims more than 200,000 registered voters. At the public office level, it asserts to have more than 600 people in position; this includes mayors, county executives, county council members, school board members, and other local officials. The Libertarian Party was founded in the home of David Nolan in Colorado Springs on December 11, 1971. The founding group includes John Hospers, Edward Crane, Manuel Klausner, Murray Rothbard, R. A. Childs, Theodora (Tonie) Nathan, and Jim Dean. The end of the Gold Standard and the implementation of price controls by President Nixon stimulated the formation of the Libertarian Party. The Libertarians thought that the other major political parties –Republican and Democratic – have deviated already from the libertarian principles of the American Founding Fathers. The libertarian party judges that the present political system is the proper means in effectively implementing the libertarian goals and principles. The Libertarian Party stands for the American heritage of personal responsibility, enterprise, and liberty. Libertarians view all men as unique individuals. Libertarians want their people to live free and independent. It wants its people to have the freedom to choose the way they want to live their lives as long as they don’t adversely affect the equal rights and welfare of others. A libertarianism is an approach in politics that is people-centered. It supposes that men themselves have the only right to control their own actions. In connection with this, the role that the government will play is the protector of this right. The government under Libertarian rule will keep its people away from force and fraud. The Libertarian platform is guided by the principle of “mutual respect for rights.” Therefore, they believe that in order to create moral and stable societies, individual liberty must be respected. So basically, the Libertarian party’s platform includes strengthening the recognition of the rights of the people and the protection of those rights. In this regard, the party wanted to adopt the laissez-faire principles that would result in the reduction of the role of the state in the economy. The effects of this would be the privatization of Social Security and Welfare and deduction of taxes for individuals. For businesses, government intervention will be reduced for local operations and foreign trade. Protection of the rights of the people will be intensified. These include the protection of property rights, freedom of association, freedom of speech, and
Introduction   * With COVID 19, the decision to close schools and universities left educational systems and the governments to scramble their way to find the right solutions and approaches.   * Students were highly impacted by COVID 19.   * Varying social factors have implied unequal impact with the prevailing situation.   * The educational sector moved its operations to the online platform, one of the most significant factors responsible for supporting the learning environment. Challenges and problems Some of the most significant challenges faced by the education sector include the following:   * Exacerbation of inequality across the education sector;   * Lack of technological awareness;   * Increasing issues in terms of the access to the online platforms. Actions taken To deal with the challenges, the educational sector in the UAE has taken a number of steps:   * Strengthen the education system for improved learning by adopting the effective technical assistance (Heba and Sultan, 2020).   * Vigorously train the staff members in order to grasp distance learning and also to assist the students in case of any challenges faced.   * Provide the grants to the deserving students to gain access to this new type of education and to help them be able to continue their educational experience more effectively. Conclusion   * The mission of education sector in UAE is to overcome learning crisis.   * The education sector is focused on eliminating the possible negative impact of the pandemic.   * The government and the educational sector to ensure same opportunities to all the students of UAE.   * The educational sector needs to increase the digital skills.   * Address the gaps and challenges through the integration of digital tools.   * Ensure teachers readiness to assist educational experience for both teachers and students.
The purpose of this paper is to write a reflection essay based on Carr and Milstein’s article “Keep Burning Coal or the Manatee Gets It” and Graham’s book Lawscape: property, environment, and law . This write-up provides a summary of the two articles and compares the main themes between the works of both authors. I also share my thoughts on what I have read and discovered. Summary of Carr and Milstein’s Article Survival threats faced by Florida manatees arise from the unchallenged human activities in their natural habitat. The rampant growth of the built environments, human harassment, and toxic algae blooms – due to climate change – have forced over 60% of manatees to depend on man-made habitats for survival. Carr and Milstein (2017) argue that the destructive personal acts against nature are facilitated by the very laws that supposedly protect animals from human destruction. Environmental legislations take a minimalistic approach to protecting endangered animals by prohibiting specific acts while ignoring the systematic, political, and sociocultural issues that promote ecological exploitation. The UN recently reported that environmental laws have failed to adequately protect the environment from human activities due to ineffective implementation and enforcement practices (Shirreffs, 2019). Property logic provides the best theoretical lens of how environmental destruction has become culturally naturalized. It is a dephysicalizing mindset that enables humans to separate themselves from nature and treat animals like properties, rather than existential beings. Because the law is obligated to protect human rights, individuals can enjoy the protection of ecocultural invisibility. Summary of Graham’s Book Human interactions with the environment are always characterized by exploitation and degradation unless land laws and management practices sustain activities in that area. Compensation has been long used as a solution to the conflict between land ownership and environmental protection initiatives. However, Graham (2010) argues in her book that the notion that land can be compensated as a material commodity is illogical since there is no distinction between nature and culture. The current framework governing property law treats land as a commodity that dephysicalizes people from nature and property. The dephysicalization of property from people is the reason why the law cannot adequately respond to the needs of dispossessed people (Graham, 2010). The book argues that when monetary value is placed on the property, people seek to acquire it for its value as a commodity, rather than its intrinsic value. Comparative Analysis The key theme in both articles is that property laws facilitate environmental destruction by dephysicalizing humans from all other natural elements. It is clear from the two writings that people are causing undisputable harm t
Annotated bibliography Auerbach, A. J., Kotlikoff, L. J., Koehler, D., & Yu, M. (2017). Is Uncle Sam inducing the elderly to retire? Tax Policy and the Economy , 31 (1), 1-42. Auerbach et al. (2017) approached the topic of forced retirement from the point where older workers could be perceived as a valuable asset and not an obsolete, malfunctioning cohort of employees. Their idea was that the current fiscal system might be damaged by the willingness of businesses to get rid of elderly employees early, causing a collapse linked to the lack of younger yet experienced workers. The key finding presented in the article is that tax calculations could also be affected by forced retirement, making it harder for the government to find the right solution to the problem. Chen, G., Lee, M., & Nam, T. Y. (2020). Forced retirement risk and portfolio choice. Journal of Empirical
Introduction Fire investigation in the United Kingdom is a complex procedure that requires combined and coordinated efforts of multiple professionals (Lentini 2013). Each of the specialists has their roles and duties that, if carried out perfectly, lead to solved cases of fire and arson. In this paper, the roles of each professional involved in the investigation of fire with casualties will be discussed. Fire Investigation According to the National Fire Chiefs Council (2018), there are two tiers of fire scene investigation. First-tier fire investigation encompasses fire inspections that can be classified as routine and where all the information required for the incident recording system can be retrieved with no complication. When fatalities are present and circumstances of the fire/arson event are difficult to identify, the fire incident can be classified as a tier two fire scene. Tier two cases of investigation involve multiple professionals (Hanlon 2008). The fire and rescue service crew suppress the flames to let other professionals begin the inspection and ensure no further casualties are involved. One of the most important professionals in the investigation process is the incident commander. This person is an operation leader who manages personnel and material mean. The Incident commander arranges resources for prompt and effective fire management are present on the scene. Their roles also include establishing inter-agency communication briefing higher-ranked officers. Additionally, they direct and focus the activities of all fire and rescue persons on the scene (Hanlon 2008). When incident commanders suspect fatalities or cannot determine a fire origin, they summon help in the face of fire investigation officers (FIO) (London Fire Brigade 2005). FiOS role includes scene examination, review of physical evidence, interviewing eyewitnesses, personnel, and reporting (Keith Borer Consultants n.d.). The role of FIO also includes using appropriate and evidence-based methods of investigation approved by the investigation community and scientific findings (The Institution of Fire Engineers 2017). Furthermore, this should evaluate the examined evidence to provide the police with an expert opinion on the origin of the fire, sources of ignition, and other relevant information (Fire Safety Advice Centre 2011). If casualties are reported, the incident commander transfers the authority to the police senior investigating officer (SIO) (Nat
Introduction “Yesterday orders came from the city. Today no orders have come. Yet the radio has not broken down. Therefore they have broken down,” said the little penner. “The men have broken down?” “All men have broken down.” “That is a logical deduction,” said the field-minder. “That is the logical deduction,” said the penner. “for if a machine had broken down, it would have been quickly replaced. But who can replace a man?” (Aldiss, p. 205). A theme of possible future relations between a man and machines is illuminated in the short story Who Can Replace a Man by Brian Aldiss. The author chose the machines’ perspective for his work of fiction, the events are viewed through the so-called eyes of penners, tractors, and field-minders, emphasizing their independence and ability to evaluate the situation critically and draw conclusions. The paragraph under analysis may be regarded as central for the entire story because the question voiced by the penner wondering who can replace a man, coincides with the central idea of the work. Analysis Whatever complicated brain the machines might possess, based on logic, does not allow solving any substandard problems. Machines were created by man to satisfy the growing demands of humanity. Though machines depicted by Aldiss exceed all expectations of a present-day reader, still, their existence would be senseless without a man. Machines admit this fact while lack of orders causes their anxiety. In the paragraph under analysis, the roles of men and machines are defined. The penner admits that any machine might be replaced with another one, while it is much more difficult with a man. The first part of the story depicts the attempts of the machines to answer the first question of the paragraph under analysis, whether the men were broken down. The lack of orders depicted in the paragraph appears to be a pre-condition for the chaos depicted in the following chapters. Being left to their resources, machines do not know what to do. From the one side, they get accustomed to executing orders and are
For issuance of a patent by the United States Patent and Trademark Office to take place, the substance must fall into four categories, including the composition of the matter, manufacture, machine, and process (Bilkis v. Kappos, 2010, p. 2). If the claim does not fall under the four, then it would not be patentable. The matter composition describes substances of two or more of other articles or substances that may have come up because of chemical reactions or mechanical mixing. The manufacture involves the changing of items from raw to finished products. A machine, on the other hand, should be a complete object with several parts or various devices. The last component, process, describes several steps or acts following each other to give out the desired outcome. Hedging just deals with protection or limiting the risks. The idea by Bilski and Warsaw describes ways of protecting the consumers and suppliers (Cheeseman, 2013). Hedging as a concept is independent of patenting. The hedge in itself is already protected against risk, and so there is no need for a patent. When the patent system is well evaluated and implemented, it would greatly help in innovations. There is a need to ensure that the idea or product meets the standards so that it passes the test for getting a patent.