ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Since the invention of motion pictures in the late 19th century, the film has grown to become an important tool not only for entertainment but also for educational purposes (Pattison 1492). However, the increase in the importance of film, especially in the educational realm has sparked debates about their appropriateness. Concerns have been raised about the accuracy with which films present historical events. Many films have been termed as loose representations of the real-life occurrences they claim to reconstruct. Incidentally, the criticism leveled against the film industry is not misdirected. Many films, which are based on real-life occurrences, replace facts with fiction. A good example is a German film The Physician (2013). Although it tells an inspiring story about a young man’s quest for knowledge against many odds, it falsely depicts Ibn Sina, who is a key figure in Asian history. This inaccurate depiction of Sina is the focus of this essay. Synopsis of the film The Physician is a film based on the life of a young man in 11th century England. At the tender age of nine years, he loses his mother to appendicitis. Just before his mother’s death, he discovers that he has a unique gift, which enabled him to tell that his mother’s illness was terminal. Equipped with this gift and an inner desire to understand the cause of his mother’s demise, he resolves to study medicine. He becomes an apprentice to a physician who passes through his locality, but soon realizes that his teacher’s skills are rudimentary. He gets a rare opportunity when a Jewish physician successfully treats a serious illness that had incapacitated his teacher. After learning that the Jewish physician was trained by the great Ibn Sina, who lived and taught in Isfahan, Persia, he decides to travel there to train as a physician. Despite many challenges, he successfully reaches his destination and disguises himself as a Jew because only then could he gain entry into Sina’s school. He learns the trade well and turns out to be an exceptional student. When the town of Isfahan becomes inhabitable due to politically instigated fighting and persecution of non-Muslims, the young man, Rob Cole returns to his homeland as a distinguished physician. Analysis of the film A superficial look at this movie may give the impression that it is entirely about Rob Cole. However, a deeper consideration of the events that occur therein shows that Ibn Sina is a critical character in the movie. The difficulties the Rob goes through to become Sina’s student accentuate the importance of this distinguished individual during his time. The movie makes it apparent that only death would have stopped Rob from becoming Sina’s student, but not any other obstacle no matter how daunting. Thus, the film succeeds in presenting Ibn Sina as an important character but goes ahead to inaccurately depict some critical aspects of his life as demonstrat
In a general sense, ‘constitution’ means the whole scheme through which a country is governed; in its narrower sense, ‘ constitution ’ means the leading legal rules, usually collected into a document which is called ‘ The Constitution ,’ permanently this cannot be compressed in one document, as customs and conventions grow around this formal document, constitutional government is regarded ‘limited government’ as it requires public authority be exercised according to law, rights and duties of the citizens and the central government. In English law , there is no real distinction between public and private law, but the main essentials of constitutional law are clear, they include all the rules relating to the crown and its powers, the functions, power and composition of the parliament and executive, which includes all organs of the central government. Written constitutions are also described as ‘rigid’ meaning that they can be altered only in special ways; in the United States, to propose amendments requires two-thirds majorities of both houses of Congress or a convention called on the application of two-thirds of the states legislatures, and any amendment made is not effective until ratified by three-fourths of the states of the union. In Belgium and in South Africa, there must be a prescribed majority; in Switzerland and Australia, a referendum is necessary. The British constitution is ‘unwritten’. It is not contained in a formal document; the nature of the British Constitution contrasts largely with every other country. (Encyclopedia Britannica 1968 vol. 5 pg 397 ).In the United Kingdom, the constitution is the law, but parliament can make or unmake it. This is in contrast with a rigid constitution, constitutional law can be changed, amended or abolished just like any rule of private law as in English law, and there is no real distinction between public and private law. The ‘constitutionalism’ theory is sacred as constitutional law is a superior, moral binding force as it is the will of the people,’ constitutionalism means public authority is to be exercised according to the law . Lord Chesterfield quotes, “England is the only Monarchy in the world that can properly be said to have a constitution ”.(Encyclopedia Britannica 1968 pg.397 ). The English people know that the royal powers are curtailed; all political power has been shifted from the crown to the people acting through their chosen representatives in the parliament. All the states of the United States have written constitutions; they had to face many technical problems for constitutional changes, and whereas the constitution of the United Kingdom has proved to be very stable. States are described as unitary or federal depending upon the distribution of powers between central and local governments; all modern states find it necessary to have local as well as central governments. The British system is unitary; the powers of the local government are defined by statutes enacted by the parliament, the legislative organ of the central government, whereas the system of the United States is federal due to its constitutional law . (Encyclopedia Britannica 1973 vo
Erwin Schrodinger’s Proposal Erwin Schrodinger proposed various characteristics of electrons’ behavior. For example, he argued that electrons depict both wave and Patrice-like behaviors. He presented electrons as matter waves. He developed the equation Ĥψ=Eψ. The equation yields a series of various wave functions, ψ. Each of the waves describes unique binding energy (E) for an electron. Considering that various electromagnetic waves have different energies (E) associated with them, Erwin Schrodinger argued that electrons exhibit a wave-like pattern (Brown et al., 2014). Indeed, unique wave functions correspond to the different orbitals of an electron. Since the equation, Ĥψ=Eψ, yields unique energy, which describes distinctive waves that define the probability of finding an electron in the space of an atom, Schrodinger presented another characteristic, namely, the particulate behavior of an electron. Electromagnetic Radiation Properties in Terms of Wavelength and Frequency Electromagnetic radiation refers to specific waves, among them, radio waves, X-rays, and infrared radiations that propagate through space. According to Brown et al. (2014), they carry with them radiant energy. The above radiations have instantaneous oscillations that mainly consist of magnetic and electric waves, which travel at the speed of light in an empty space. According to Brown et al. (2014), frequency and wavelength distinguish the different types of electromagnetic radiation. Radio waves, which depict the longest wavelength that goes beyond one meter, have the least frequency
Introduction After Barrack was elected the President of the United States of America, the public expectations of his success in bringing positive change in the country were far much greater than they had ever been for any other American president who came before him. According to the Associated Press-GfK’s poll, it was found that over 60 percent interviewed believed that he would be a president who would be above average or even better including 30 percent who thought he would be the best president. This poll discovered a greater hope in people that the new president would assist in improving the country’s economy considerably to overcome the prevailing economic crisis. Over seventy percent were hopeful that the economy would be turned around during the first year of Obama’s presidency. More so, there was solid support of his economic plan in which almost a trillion US dollars were to be introduced in new spending, to be there tax cuts to revive the ailing economy, with about sixty percent having a belief that this would improve the economy to a considerable level (Gmillner , 2009, Para. 4 ). The Americans sought after the focused, strong, efficient, and influential presidency that they saw in Barrack Obama (Rawlston, 2009, Para. 3). They were no longer interested in wars, especially those fought in Afghanistan and Iraq, causing America to be considered as the world’s number one enemy. Americans did not like this idea. They also did not want to continue living in continuous fright of terrorism; they were concerned about their security, wealth, and the general value of life. The expectations that Barrack Obama could enable them to realize these were very high and that was why he was elected as the president. Americans Expect Much From the President Today The Americans’ expectations from the president are still high despite some of the challenges he is currently facing. But still, it is very natural for any human being to encounter obstacles in the course of life, and indeed, the president can not be an exception. Ray (Para.1) agrees with the fact that people’s expectations of the president are currently high. He suggests that people are looking ahead to more from the president for the reason that he is a minority. But this should not be taken as a change of racism, but this is the way the American people are. since minorities, and not just black people but women and other groups as well, have gotten to elevated positions of duty only after working so hard, there is a tacit and most of the time unrealized prospect that these people will put much effort in doing their work. The second reason for people having high expectations from the president lies in the state of affairs. The country gets itself in a terrible situation. Two wars are being fought: one in Afghanistan and the other in Iran and these wars are not just a walk-over, the country is handling the pira
Amazon’s board of directors is not entirely independent from the management due to the fact that Jeff Bezos, who serves as the Chairman of the Board, also happens to be the CEO of the company. In 2018, more than a quarter of the shareholders voted for replacing him with an independent chairman (Sum Of Us, 2018). However, as of today, Bezos retains both positions despite the conflict of interest. Amazon executives share a significant amount of experience between them and, most importantly, have been working at the company for a long time with very few exceptions. For example, Brian Olsavsky, who holds the key position of Chief Financial Officer, joined the company in 2002 and held various roles before he was appointed Senior Vice President ( Officers and Directors , n.d.). Several executives have been working at Amazon for more than 20 years ( Officers and Directors , n.d.). Some of the newer members of the top management have gained vast experience working for other companies and the US government. The notable examples include Dave Treadwell, who worked for Microsoft for 27 years, and Jay Carney, who served as the White House press secretary under Barack Obama (Bishop, 2016; Kim, 2019). Overall, Amazon’s management team is among the most experienced in the US. Salaries of Amazon executives are often lower than in competing companies. Jeff Bezos’ salary has remained stable at $81,840 for many years (Levy, 2017). However, Bezos has been one of the wealthiest people in the world for the past few years, thanks to his stake in Amazon. Other executives’ overall compensation significantly benefits from their share in the company as well. For example, in 2016, Jeffrey Wilke made almost $33 million, and Jeffrey Blackburn earned $22,2 million (Levy, 2017). Overall, Amazon prioritizes stock-based compensation for employees at all levels (Levy, 2017). Hence, while executives’ salaries might seem not on par with the competition, the compensation package is very lucrative, especially considering the dynamics of Amazon’s share price. Moreover, this policy helps to prevent managerial entrenchment, as the compensations of the executives depend on the company’s performance on the stock market. The control over Amazon shares is not as tight as in many competing companies. Insiders own less than 17% of the stock, and Jeff Bezos has been continuously reducing his stake during the past few years ( Amazon: control freak , 2016; U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, 2018). Amazon has a “one share, one vote” policy, meaning that Bezos does not have majority voting rights, unlike the founders of Facebook and Google ( Amazon: control freak. , 2016). However, his stake’s value still represents a serious obstacle for a potential takeover ( Amazon: control fre
Introduction It is imperative to note that the safety of computer systems is a fascinating topic that is actively discussed by scholars. Many approaches have been developed over the years and currently, there is no consensus on which framework is the most reasonable. The problem is that most companies that have tried to achieve satisfactory levels of privacy were not successful, and they had to deal with numerous difficulties. Furthermore, a review of articles on this subject matter may be quite beneficial because it will help to improve an understanding of this issue, and it would be much easier to identify differences between these two concepts. Discussion Hurley, Gillespie, Ferrin, & Dietz (2013) have focused on the development of a model that can be utilized to ensure that a company is trustworthy. Authors of the first article suggest that a set of approaches must be used to ensure that the rules of an organization are not broken by employees. The focus on violations of trust is also critical, and it is an aspect that is not frequently discussed. The issue needs to be addressed because the system may not be regarded safe if an individual that is aware of the defense will be able to access the required information without any issues (Hurley et al., 2013). Moreover, it would be beneficial if each session consisted of several verifications, and all activities were monitored. Sprague (2006) suggests that many computers are trusted when their safety is not guaranteed, and numerous approaches to avoid defense can be considered. It is stated that corporations are incredibly vulnerable at the moment, and they should devote many more resources to support research. The problem that occurs when a computer that is trusted is used by an individual is that he or she is not aware of possible consequences, and it may hurt the business in the long-term (Sprague, 2006). The similarity between these two frameworks is that they both are focused on the protection of data, but a misunderstanding may be critical at this point. Such definitions seem practical but they are not clear most of the time, and it may not be an easy task to identify why a particular system is viewed as trustworthy, and another one is trusted. The approach suggested by Kazemi & Shahabi (2013) is much more focused on reliability and developers are determined to ensure that a system is safe, and possible risks are avoided. The authors propose a particular framework that should be safe and would help to address current problems related to privacy. Also, it is suggested that such factors as associated with data and its validity are of utmost importance. Moreover, a trustworthy system would help to deal with such barriers. The level of effectiveness of this approach varies when it comes to trust, and it is quite problematic and indicates that the approach may have to be improved because it cannot be viewed as appropriate based on available data. Another fascinating aspect that needs to be highlighted is that an individual may select a privacy level, and this is an approach that may be viewed as innovative (Kazemi & Shahabi, 2013). Alshar’e, Sul
Introduction With the opening of international trade routes and globalization of movement of goods, services and utilities, spawned by technological advancement and the internet, global equity markets have been receiving wide attention in recent years, thanks to the opening up of global economies. Therefore, it is now possible for an investor sitting in Mumbai or New Delhi to transact in the London or New York stock exchange, through the process of global equity market schemes. The main aspects of global equity trading, beside being more profitable for investors is that it provides a higher assessment expertise from given levels of market rules. Further, it reduces price fluctuations through market inefficiencies and also considerably enhances the improvement in macro economics and financial essentials. Higher returns envisage higher risks for investors and this applies to global markets too, where the capricious tendencies of stock markets are fully manifest. Again the apparent anonymity of global investors could camouflage illegal and fraudulent transactions, and therefore need to have maximum control, security and transparency. However, it is widely believed that “Global equity markets, in essence safe and predictable only to those few who truly understand them, are capable to provide sophisticated investors and traders alike with plenty of rewards. “ (Global equity markets, (n.d)). It is now necessary to conduct Strength/Weaknesses/Opportunities &Threats (SWOT) Analysis to determine efficiency from investor’s perspective. Strengths The innate fluctuations and vicissitudes in Stock Exchanges worldwide need to be arrested through diversifying the application of funds in different kinds of investment activities like FDI, public and private placements of debts and institutional financing. Besides this, a primary tool could also be through global equity issues Again, it is seen that domestic equity issues may be subject to government rigours and stiff conditional ties, which could be avoided through global equity placements. It is also important that major companies, who may be keen to enter foreign markets through public issues, need to have their shares traded in foreign stock exchanges. It is very important that the financial system should stabilize and companies need to provide sound financials. “Equity markets will not find solid footing until the financial system stabilizes,” says Pierre Lapointe, market strategist at National Bank Financial. “One thing we have noticed is that the latest market rally is different from previous ones. This time around, investors have bought into financials. This is good news, because equities have never rebounded from a recession without a str
Introduction People, processes and procedures make up an organization. The most important of all are the people. They are in a central position ensuring that everything else is running smoothly and in the desired direction. A system to ensure growth and development of employees is necessary to facilitate easy achievement of goals and objectives (HR Magazine, 2010). The ability of an entity to develop employees makes a drastic step towards future sustainability in all that appertains to its operations. The following discussion has covered the scope of employees’ development as well as the careers aspect. Organization can successfully impart a positive attitude to their employees through an effective and efficient personnel development. Staff development This refers to the ways of facilitating advanced skills of the employees and the whole undertakings that appertain to their competency. It is the work of the Human Resources Department to ensure staffs are experiencing growth. However, the development of staff should be aligned with the objectives of the company and entailed in its overall vision. The HR department should cooperate with other departments in order to establish the areas that need to be improved. Then programs should be introduced in addition to other modalities, to determine to what extent the workers will benefit from them (HR Magazine, 2010). The nature of staff development Staff development is aimed at boosting the skills of workers, their knowledge and insights. The idea of employees’ competitiveness is at the back of the HR department members. Although staff development is an on going process, the aspect of time is considered. It is expected that, after a certain period, all or some group of employees will have risen to a certain level in their careers, in their respective department. Staff training is an integral part in developing employees’ career. The organization expects to get a measurable change relating to company’s returns. Holding discussions and seminars are an excellent way to develop staff in essence that honesty and transparency are key to any meaningful development. The HR department should be able to evaluate employees performance prior to and after change in the job description if at all there is any (HR Magazine, 2010). Ca
The development of human society is a complicated process. It is usually accompanied by various complications and ambiguities in which people wonder what is right or wrong, what is moral or immoral. The American society is one of the brightest examples of the problems that mankind can face on its way to wellbeing and prosperity. Throughout its history, the United States of America faced serious challenges connected with slavery, racism, sexual and religious discrimination, etc. Needless to say, United States faced political and social challenges as well, and the disputes over federalism and over the legal use of marijuana in medicine are still the most burning and controversial issues in the USA. This paper focuses on the consideration and assessment of federalism and the use of marijuana for certain medical purposes. Federalism is the form of the political structure which is currently used in the United States. According to Greenberg & Paye (2005), “federalism is the system under which significant government powers are divided between the central government and smaller units, such as states” (p. 44). Drawing from this, Greenberg & Paye (2005) claim that the country is “full of governments” (p. 44) as besides the central federal government, there are similar units of the executive power in all other levels of the country’s structure including states, counties, cities, and other smaller units. The roots of federalism, according to Greenberg & Paye (2005), can be observed in US history and in the demographic composition of the country (pp. 45 – 46). Concerning the former, the rights of every state that formed the United States in 1776 are defended by the Constitution, and this creates the grounds for federalism in the modern United States. As for the latter, diversity is another basis for federalism as Greenberg & Paye (2005) argue that this form of political structure is usually observed in large, densely, and diversely populated countries like the USA (pp. 45 – 46). Analyzing the ideas on federalism as presented by Greenberg & Paye (2005), it is necessary to state that this form of political structure has its pros and cons. The former inc