ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Madama butterfly is one of the most celebrated opera pieces in America and Europe. The opera extensively touches on social vices like devotion and irresponsibility, depicted by a tale of two lovers (Butterfly and Pinkerton) (Metropolitan Opera, 2011, p. 1). However, some people note that the opera has more to do with misunderstandings willful and innocence (Metropolitan Opera, 2011, p. 1). According to Metropolitan Opera (2011, p. 1) critics note that the opera is “compassionate and brutal, colonialist and anti-imperialist, disdainful of Americans and demeaning of Japanese”. However, Art Nouveau (2010, p. 7) notes that “audiences are enraptured by the humanity of Cio-Cio-San’s love—and by Puccini’s music, which is at once lush, evocative, and witty”. Madama Butterfly was an opera done by Guacomo Puccini based on the events that took place in Nagasaki in the early years of the 1800s when foreigners took Japanese women as their temporary wives (Groos, 1991, p. 1). The opera was originally played in two successive acts but ultimately in was played in three (Art Nouveau, 2010, p. 3). The piece enjoys a huge acclamation in the United States, though it has a Japanese origin (Greenwald, 2000, p. 1). Nonetheless, its hugely acclaimed version was not the original, but a rewritten piece by the composer, Puccini. Around the world, the fifth version of the opera is commonly played (Metropolitan Opera, 2011, p. 1). Madama Butterfly is a unique opera and its distinct nature can be best affirmed in the words of Art Nouveau (2010, p. 3) which notes that “It is intimate, devoid of spectacle, taking place completely within a house in Nagasaki”. The story line is also uniquely simple in that “without subplots, girl wins boy, girl loses boy, and girl commits hara kiri” (Art Nouveau, 2010, p. 3). Art Nouveau (2010, p. 3) further notes that: “What makes the opera unique is the characterization of Butterfly and her Captain Pinkerton, both in the drama and in the rich and luscious Puccini score”. This observation, and the fact that the opera was among the first literary works to expose the differences in the way of life between the Western and Eastern world, are the unique features of the opera. However, the fact that the opera got a bad reception in its initial premiere and the fact that it turned out to be one of the most celebrated literary pieces also makes it cut a mark above the rest. Public Reaction to the Opera Madama butterfly was a poorly received opera in the public eye during its first debut in Milan, Italy (Art Nouveau, 2010, p. 3). This happened despite the fact that celebrated singers such as Rosina Storchio, Giovanni Zenatello and Giuseppe De Luca graced took part in the first overall presentation of the piece (Fisher, 2004, p. 330). Some sections of existing lite
Introduction Understanding jurisdiction is a crucial skill impeded by the multitude of the differences and possibilities of intersection between state and federal laws, making it a challenging endeavor. Discerning the differences, similarities, and inconsistencies among the laws of different levels permits not only engaging with the described requirements through achieving an appropriate level of personal professionalism but also developing adequate critical thinking. Therefore, through defining jurisdiction concepts and the use of examples, it possible to better understand the situation, currently in place in the US system of laws. The Meaning of Jurisdiction Jurisdiction as an official method is choice power that is granted upon those relevant to the selective jurisdictional scope, usually subdivided into the aspects of the whole concept. In the US Constitution, historically, it is Article III that creates the prerequisites to “create a federal judicial system” through the investment of power on a national level (Chemerinsky, 2016, p. 2). Local, state, and federal courts, therefore, can individually carry out punishment for the breaching of their laws with a court for each level of a jurisdictional misdemeanor. Concurrent jurisdiction occurs when two sections responsible for prescriptive action intersect, either in the case of a conflict of state and federal interests or when differing authorities cross within the same level. An appropriate example of intersection would be a conflict of interests between criminal and economic incidents due to the far-reaching effects of financial malpractice (Ryngaert, 2015). The legal situation is made even more complicated since “besides formal legal rules, there are customary or consensus practices that are also of importance” (Rosenbaum & Schap, 2016, p. 201). This situation creates circumstances where not only different states within the US attain the possibility of declaring concurrent interests but also create prerequisites for differing ways of practicing law. State and Federal Examples The state examples of judicial authority could be easily presentable, in the event of situational conditions contained within one US state. Taking a theoretical couple from Idaho as an example, vehicular manslaughter of another state citizen or the previous theft of the car would still retain them to be solely within the scope of Idaho jurisdiction (Idaho Legislature, 2018). Their case could become federal if their actions fell under the competency of the US Constitution or breaching federal laws (Siegel, Schmalleger, & Worrall, 2017). This level could be a
Introduction The 21 st century has witnessed the development of numerous technologies which have helped to make human life easier. One of the technological breakthroughs of the century was in the adoption of various uses for the microwaves. Today, these waves are extensively used for mobile communications and for cooking using the microwave oven. The prevalence in use of microwaves has resulted in human beings and the environment in all industrialized countries being exposed to electromagnetic fields in degrees that far exceed the natural tension levels. Significant concerns about the adverse impacts of radio-frequency on health have, therefore, been raised by the public with increasing frequency over the past few years. This paper will address the health concerns about microwave radiation so as to demonstrate that microwave radiations do have adverse effects on both human beings and the environment. The paper will conclude by offering alternatives and recommendations to mitigate the adverse impacts of microwaves. Background on Microwave Definition Bogdal defines microwaves as “electromagnetic radiation placed between infrared radiation and radio frequencies, with wavelengths of 1mm to 1m which corresponds do the frequencies of 300 GHz to 300Mhz respectively” (1). Microwaves are classified as non-ionizing electromagnetic radiation since the energy of the quanta that carry the energy is not enough to knock electrons from atoms as is the case with ionizing radiations such as X-ray energy. The past decade has witnessed a dramatic increase in the worldwide use of microwaves. Figure 1: The Electromagnetic Spectrum The manner in which microwave radiation interacts with biological systems is through thermal and non-thermal effects. Thermal effects are attributed to the deposition of heat on a tissue while non thermal effects are attributable to the direct interaction of the waves on a tissue without a s
Introduction Background to the study In their purchasing patterns, consumers do not have comprehensive understanding of the product they are purchasing compared to the firm offering the product (Yang, 2008, p.54). However, they perceive the products according to their own terms. Due to lack of knowledge, they gauge the products attributes on their own opinions. Their perception towards a certain product is based on the benefits they derive from the product. These benefits may either be functional or emotional. The consumers’ perception towards certain products and services are in most not conscious. Considering the degree of complexity of relationship between the customers and products, brand names becomes necessary in selecting the products to purchase. In their decision making process, consumers consider products which have characteristics close to their personalities (Kumar, 2009, p. 424). As a result, their selection process is influenced by their perception of the brand. To appeal the customer, companies put effort in developing products in line with their target customers’ personalities. Aim In an effort to understand brand personality, this report evaluates the link between individual personality and brand personality. Scope and significance of the report This is attained by conducting a literature review on individual personality and brand personality. The report will be of significance to firms who intend to differentiate their products in an effort to attain a high competitive edge. In addition, the report will help firms to understand how they can develop their brand personality. This will be attained by considering the various product and non-product related aspects
The environment people live in dramatically influences their lifestyle and health. With the climate on the planet changing, accelerated by human activities, people’s health condition is adjusted in different ways. One of the most serious issues people are dealing with nowadays centers on air quality. Deterioration of outdoor air can result in such health problems as lung diseases and respiratory problems. Nurses are to ensure the proper actions are taken in order to prevent the health decline. Climate change results in many consequences, most of them negative, which can affect population health. One of the most significant issues is air quality aggravation because it affects everyone around the globe, more or less, depending on the area they live in. First and foremost, decreased quality of the air can manifest in the destruction of the ozone layer and increased air temperature. As a result of this process, lung tissue can get impaired or airways inflamed, which will cause worsening of asthma or other chronic lung conditions. Also, lung cancer and cardiovascular disease can originate from people breathing in some particles emitted into the atmosphere because of certain human activities. Healthcare providers, nurses, in particular, are not only able to treat the appearing conditions but also try to prevent them. As Cook (2019) states, “Nurses are in key positions to address the environmental impact of health care facilities by influencing decisions to help reduce greenhouse gases and other pollutants in hospitals” (p. 57). Therefore, nurses need to be educated on the subject to be able to assist people with health problems resulting from air quality impact. Promoting health by way of providing a healthy environment is one of the nursing goals (Rector, 2018). To do so, nurses can advise using alternative methods of transportation or help to regulate toxic air emissions (Rector, 2018). This way, community health nurses will be able to ensure that the possible adverse effects or poor air quality are lessened. To sum up, the environment greatly affects people’s health, and some climate change issues do so in a sickly way. Nonetheless, the outcomes of people breathing in bad quality air can be partially fixed. This can be done by not only treating appearing diseases but also preventing them from happening. In this process, community health nurses can play a significant role, helping find solutions in healthcare institutions and also educating their patients.
Alibaba is one of the largest commerce companies working in the sphere of online and mobile retail. With three key websites: Alibaba, T-mall, and Taobao.com, the company supports its development in China. In addition, the world-renowned website Aliexpress.com offers online shopping services to customers around the globe. While the company does not sell specific products or regard the operation of an online store as a priority, it focuses on building a large marketplace for merchants to sell their products to either businesses or consumers. If comparing Alibaba to eBay or Amazon, the distinction lies in Amazon focusing predominantly on business-to-customer operations, while eBay is a customer-to-customer commerce website (Dixit and Sinha). One of the key strengths exhibited by Alibaba is the in-depth understanding of the needs and demands of the Chinese marketplace, handling of the complicated policies and regulations, and the ability to work with the government on a variety of levels. The key focuses for Alibaba are the expansion of the global market for exploiting increased levels of social capital and merging into more efficient business units by acquiring new firms. As reported by Mozur in the New York Times article, Alibaba showed immense growth in the past couple of years despite the fact that the Chinese economy experienced a slowdown. With regard to internal strategy, the company achieved considerable success with its new cloud computing services, which Chinese businesses are currently using for increased computer power. As for the company’s external strategy, Alibaba continues to expand the range of available products and involve merchants who sell items that will not only be popular in China but also worldwide. When exploring the internal and external strategies undertaken by Alibaba, the article highlighted the differential between the opportunities and challenges the company may experience in the future. Regarding the opportunities, the company has a chance to succeed as a result of global expansion and the acquisition of new firms. However, the Chinese business environment limits Alibaba’s capabilities in the internal market due to stiff competition and the decline of the economy. The three key concepts explored in the article include global expansion, the stumbling Chinese economy, and competition in the e-commerce market. With regard to these concepts, Alibaba is currently thriving despite the slowdown of the Chinese economy and is planning to expand its global presence and reach as many customers around the world as possible. Internal When comparing Alibaba to JD.com, its mai
The risks that Microsoft has faced in operating in China and dealing with the Chinese government While operating in China, Microsoft has faced risks at the different levels. The first most evident challenge for the company was the practices of software piracy and the lack of legislative power to protect the original products. On the local level, Microsoft initiated partnerships with sub-national governments in order to stand against the policy of procurement. However, the alliances with the government were risky nonetheless because they try to pressure the company into entering the joint ventures with the local software producers. The macro risk for the Microsoft was the fact that the software piracy and lack of means to protect intellectual property rights were combined with the Chinese nationalism (Buderi and Huang par.7). The potential consumers might not be interested in the world reputation of the company and would prefer to buy unlicensed software products from the local suppliers. Currently, the risks are diminishing since there are now more international companies operating in China. Despite the controversies about Microsoft supporting the censorship in China, the company indeed managed to succeed in smoothening relationship with both national and local governments (Taubman 257). Whether or not, the same risks could apply to other developing countries, it depends on the level of nationalistic tendencies, legislative base, and the procurement predispositions in governmental policy. Risks of supporting, financing, and transferring technology to local firms There are considerable risks that Microsoft takes by financing and transferring software technology to Chinese firms. However, we cannot say that Microsoft is not aware of those risks since major companies, including another software producer Linux, have had difficulties dealing with intellectual property right issues in China (Shen 190). The procurement policy that exists on the macro level of the state provides the local software firms with advantages over the international companies. The government defines the development of the software technologies sector as the top priority. One of the government’s objectives was to increase the amount of Chinese export of technologies to 10 billion dollars by 2010. That is why the Chinese government itself contributes a great amount of financing into the local software firms (Yang, Ghauri, and Sonmez 70). However, aside from that, the international enterprises are constantly under the pressure of creating the joint ventures together with the local firms, and therefore, share the technology with them. One of the ways to manage those risks is to try influencing the policy. Microsoft achieves that by making the alliances with the major companies, such as Petro China (Blanchard 69). Another way of avoiding risks is concentrating on importing hardware, which is also a significant source of Microsoft’s revenues. However, the reasonable cooperation with local firms, including Lenovo and TLC Group, is helpful because consumers from the Chinese region often prefer t
Introduction The business process reengineering (BPR) strategy was developed in 1990s and it was directed towards analyzing and redesigning workflows in organizations (Thong, Yap & Seah 2000). On the other hand, business process management (BPM) involves a systematic process meant to replace an existing business process gradually while at the same time maintaining the day-to-day activities. They both came into existence courtesy of the ever-evolving technology and the need to improve quality and cut down the costs of running businesses. The two concepts are used interchangeably and most people use the terms synonymously. Even though the two terms have some similarities in their definitions, there exists a thin gap between them, which comes out clearly at the implementation stage. This paper underscores the differences between the two terms, viz. BPR and BPM. Process of implementation As aforementioned, the major differences between the two stand out during the implementation stage. BPR is a onetime process involving radical changes and replacement of the existing processes with new ones. Several jobs are combined into one, where machines do most of the work with only a few technical employees needed to operate them. On the other hand, BPM is a top-down design aimed at empowering persons at the bottom such that they can make decisions on their own. BPM is a method of improving operations and outputs of a business, and thus all stakeholders must be consulted at every stage of the process. BOM involves a long process as opposed to a onetime change in BPR. Under BPM, the existing business processes are not replaced at once, but rather in a continuous process that goes on until all the unwanted processes are replaced (Lin, Yang & Pai 2002). The idea seeks to maintain the day-to-day running of a business, while at the same time implementing innovative versions to improve the products’ quality. Role of people BPR advocates for pure automation of business activities, thus cutting down the number of employees. It calls for the automation of all business operations including documentation. Workers are replaced with machines wherever possible, which explains the resistance from employees when the strategy was first proposed in the 1990s (Thong, Yap & Seah 2000). The idea here is to cut down the cost of operating a business, and by retrenching employees and replacing them with machinery, this objective is automatically achieved since a machine will increase production speed and it will only require few people for its operation. The process in this case is not visible to non-technical personnel since everything is fed in applications and only the technical team can access a
Discussion Baroque is a historical designate period and style in art, music and architecture. In music, Baroque period is usually classified in three sub-periods. This paper discusses the history of instrumental music of the Baroque. It also explains the forms and evolution of instrumental music, Mozart’s legacy, and emergence of new concertos in the 18 th century. The early Baroque was a period of experimentation in which harmonic complexity grew a long-side emphasis on contrast. It occurred around 1590 to 1640 periods. This period witnessed the commencement and gradual beginning of the sonata, suite, concerto grosso, toccata, and fugue instrumental music. Outstanding composers of the early Baroque period includes; Giovanni Gabriel, Johann Hermann Schein, Claudio Monteverdi and others (Hinson, 1998) The middle Baroque consisted the period of consolidation and happened around 1640 to 1690. The evolution of Baroque music during this period resulted to enhanced regularity of form and style, and brought about greater monumental works. In this period, there was strict control of dissonance compared to the early Baroque (Hinson, 1998). The declamatory style (expressive recitation) of earlier years waned in importance, while the lyrical bel canto aria and new regularized forms took on greater expressive weight. Operative elements such as aria and recitative appeared in other vocal classes: the cantata, built from a simple alternation of aria and recitative, displaced earlier lyrical single voice, and oratorio and church cantata transformed the sacred concerto. The work of single instruments, that is, solo sonata, and the work of two solo instruments became popular during this period. The outstanding performers of the middle Baroque include; Henry Purcell, Giacomo Carissimi, Johann Jacob Froberger, Jean-Henri d’Anglebert and others (Kirby, 1995). The late Baroque occurred in the period around 1690 to 1750. In this time, the tonal regularity, achieved gradually through the preceding century, generated large formal patterns, such as; the grand da capo aria and ritornellos form in the concerto. The old style of polyphonic church music of the renaissance was still used for religious and instrumental music throughout the 17 th Century, leading in the frugal style of Bach, Handel and others. The masters of the late Baroque include; Johann Sebastian Bach, George Fredric Handel, Jean-Philippe Rameau, and Domenico Scarlatti (Craw, 1964). Forms and Evolution of Instrumental Music The period around 1790 and 1830 s