ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Regarding the matters of media violence, first of all, it is necessary to mention, that this term is usually regarded in two senses:  1. Information that is provided without any will or determination by the recipient (advertisement, spam, etc)  2. Scenes of violence showed on the screen (movies, news, video games), or described in press (web pages, newspapers, etc.) As it is mentioned in the paper, just 0.2% of the FBI reports are murders, but more than 50% of the TV news is murders on various grounds. The following outcomes should be made:   * Watchers are attracted by the scenes of violence.   * People are interested in thrilling videos. As it has been stated by the psychologists, the violent video, or information that describes some violent scenes originate emotional flow, and emotions are known to be a drug: if one lacks emotions and impressions, he/she starts looking for it in the surrounding world. Mass media provides the most available satisfaction of these requirements. Thus, TV channels, newspapers, and other visual sources gain their auditorium, by binding it to the screens and pages. It is necessary to agree with Bushman and Anderson, that violence is an essential part of mass media. As for the video games, containing violence, a separate paragraph may be devoted to it. It is closely linked with the latest psychological finding: it states, that being killed on the screen, gamer experiences psychological alleviation. The research held by Finnish scientists showed, that killing of the main character of the game originates much more positive emotions than the elimination of the negative characters. Researches also stated that gamers are less subjected to emotional experience. It is closely linked with the full devotedness to the process, which is the reason of interest to the gaming process, the desire to win, to solve the quest, upgrade the character, etc. The indifference to mass media violence is not so crucial for psychology from the angle of emotions. Surely, violent scenes may cause depression, suicidal thoughts, but all these take their origin, not in the image of blood, murder, raping, etc. These thoughts are genetically defined, and the violent scenes just accelerate the process of their appearing. Ass media is not to blame for this, as sooner o later suicidal determination appears itself, as raises and falls are inevitable in our life. The clear evidence is stated in the paper, and it can not be disagreed with: There are at least six instructive parallels between the smoking and lung cancer relationship and the media violence and aggression relationship. First, not everyone who smokes gets lung cancer, and not everyone who gets lung cancer is a smoker. Similarly, not everyone who watches violent media becomes aggressive, and not everyone who is aggressive watches violent media. In the conclusion, it would be necessary to mention, that violence in our everyday life is viewed as something common and routine. It i
Description of the Company The targeted company for this assignment is Emirates Airline (EA). The firm’s website is “www.emirates.com”. This airline is part of the Emirates Group. The company is located in Dubai, United Arab Emirates (UAE). The airline is the largest in the Middle East. The ‘airline operates over 3,300 flights every week’ (Nataraja & Al-Aali 2011, p. 473). It has numerous destinations in over 78 nations. The company has over 50,000 employees. Such workers are obtained from various backgrounds. The rate of employee turnover is very low. However, some workers leave the company in search of better opportunities. The company provides transportation and logistical services. EA’s services satisfy the needs of different clients. The targeted customers include businesspeople, politicians, business managers, and tourists ( Emirates: Hello Tomorrow 2015). Emirates Airline also has a proper management structure. The Emirates Group has a Board of Governors. Emirates Airline is headed by a Chief Executive Officer (CEO). There are ‘several executive vice presidents who monitor different segments such as Human Resources (HR), operations, project and facility management, and services’ (Nataraja & Al-Aali 2011, p. 475). EA operates in the global aviation industry. It’s major ‘competitors include British Airways, Cathay Pacific, Qatar Airways, and Etihad’ (Nataraja & Al-Aali 2011, p. 474). Emirates Airline uses powerful strategies in order to deal with competition. Emirates Airline has performed positively within the past decades. The company ‘generated $24 billion revenues between 2014 and 2015’ ( Emirates: Hello Tomorrow 2015, para. 2). Its cargo department has also been getting numerous revenues. Emirates Airline has formed new alliances with other companies in order to deliver quality services to its customers. Fig 1: Diagrammatic Representation of EA’s Management Structure Innovative Policies and Strategies at Emirates Airline Emirates Airline is one of the leading competitors in the global aviation industry. Emirates Airline embraces ‘modern technologies and ideas in order to support its Services Improvement Strategy (SIS)’ (Nataraja & Al-Aali 2011, p. 482). Technological change is used by this company in order to transform its services. The practice has made it easier for Emirates Airline to satisfy the needs of its customers. There are numerous sources of innovation. Some of these sources include technological changes, competitors, employees, and customers. EA also examines every new change in modern technology. The airline company devises new practices that can segment its services. The firm ‘uses such needs to produce quality services and offerings that can improve the level of performance’ (Nataraja & Al-Aali 2011, p. 479).The company uses the punctuated equilibrium theory whenever embracing new technological changes. The firm introduces new services for its customers. Such services are configured to support the firm’s
Introduction Use of illicit drugs is a major problem to the Australian government. Initially, use of heroine was the major problem the government faced. The government later banned the use of heroine, and took measures to prevent the use of the illicit drug. However, the heroine draught led to the use of other substitute drugs such as oxycondone. Australia has a policy that mainly prosecutes people found using drugs and ensures that they spend time behind bars for drug use. However, Australia does not have effective systems to help in the treatment of drug users. Therefore, soon after getting out of jail, these people are involved in crime in a bid to get money to pay for the drugs. This makes the system used by the Australian government to be economically and socially wrong (Penington, 1999). However, to help in solving the problem of drug policy the country should take measures to prevent drug users from spending time behind bars, and instead, focus on treatment measures to help them overcome the problem of drug use. This method has been successfully implemented in the United States where few people end up spending time jail due to drug use. Instead, most of these people are put under treatment programs to help them overcome the problem of drugs abuse. In addition, people who are incarcerated due to drug related offenses are enrolled in treatment programs long before their release, pending their release and successful integration into the society (Horwitz and Jamieson, 2011). Background The Australian government structure puts the responsibility of criminal law – a category that includes the drug laws – enforcement to the state governments. Most of the current drug laws in Australia have been shaped by the commonwealth and other treaties that the government has entered into. Australia has ratified three international treaties – The Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs (1961) and the protocol (1972), the United Nations convention Against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Drugs (1988), and The Convention on Psychotropic Substances (1971). The government therefore undertook measures to incorporate the treaties in its laws through undertaking several legislative changes. However, there are different interpretations to the level of sanctioning of Cannabis by the treaties that Australia has signed (MacKay, 2001). As outlined above, the responsibility for enforcing drug laws is under the state governments. The state governments have therefore formulated different Acts to help in the enforcement of laws. In addition, the Acts vary fr
Introduction Humanity is made up of races, tribes, ethnicities, and varying religious convictions. Each of these groups is arrived at due to the uniqueness of their culture, traditions, practices, skin color and geographical location around the world. Races for instance are due to skin color and are mostly found in different continents, each race has its subdivisions of tribes, sub-tribes and ethnicities (Hetfield 23). This is normally due to language, culture and economic activities. Africa is a continent with the most diverse tribes. A tribe is defined as a component constituting a number of families, clans, or other groups with common ancestral and cultural origins and whose leadership is informally determined (Michelle 53).This research paper examines a tribe called the Maasai. Subgroups Maasai also refers to Masai, Massai, Maasaï or Masi. It is composed of twelve subdivisions, each one having different customs, appearance, leadership structures and dialects, these include Kaputiei, Keekonyokie, Matapo, Laitokitok, Iloodokilani, Damat, Purko,Loitai, Siria, Moitanik (Wuasinkishu), Kore and Kisonko (Ole Sankan 2). The small group is the Maa and is composed of Baraguyu, Ilkunono, Ilarusa .The ethnic groups include the Eastern plain Nilotes also referred to as Nilo-saharan, Nilotic, Eastern Sudanic who originated from Sudan and Ongamo group of the Maa. The Maasai has been in the past categorized as the Hamites from North Africa and theories were put forward that they include the lost tribes of Israel but it has since been discredited (Spencer 12). They are closely related to Samburu; a subtribe in Kenya, in way of living, culture and language and they are thought to have divided hundreds of years ago. Geographical Location The Maasai are only found in Kenya and Northern Tanzania. In Kenya they are confined to Laikipia, Narok and some parts of Transmara counties. However, their territory in the mid19th century extended all the way from Turkana and Mount Marsabit in the Northern Kenya through the fertile Great Rift Valley province extending to the South. This was due to their pastoral way of life and militant warriors who fought and greatly extended their territories. In 1891, Maasai suffered a catastrophe; 90% of their animals were killed by rinderpest, contagious bovine pleuropneumonia and small pox. These diseases are zoonotic and consequently humans were infected and their population drastically reduced and much of their land was taken by other communities. In 1904 and 1911 more than 60% of their land was taken by the colonizers of Kenya i.e. Britons by way of signing treaties. Type of the Society Maasai is a pastoral community who keep large herds of cattle, sheep, goats and donkeys. The donkeys are normally used for transport while the rest are a symbol of wealth, source of food as well as mode of payment of dowry. They are nomadic and semi nomadic people,
Brief history of the companies The Yahoo and the Amazon are online companies which also offer similar trading platforms across the globe. The Amazon.com was established in the year 1994. The company has been active in the online shopping platform. From its inception, the Amazon Company’s product line objective has been to provide quality products at the convenience of the clients. The services offered by the company include online advertisement, online purchasing, and online consultancy. The Amazon has a product or service to any one, from a toddler to an old man. The company has expanded from the US to all other continents due to its customer-centricity business model. On the other hand, the Yahoo Company also operates on the online platform and was founded in 1994 and has experienced rapid growth over the years. Yahoo offers series of online products such as broadband, Yahoo finance, games, online TV, and online shopping. Yahoo expanded due to the various online platforms its offers to different customers across the globe due to its ‘good, better, best’ pricing strategy. As a result, the demand for its products and survives has continued to grow since the objective of this pricing strategy is to attract and retain customers who want affordable goods and services. Key strategic differences Customer-to-Customer verses Business-to-Business platforms Amazon has employed the laggard activism strategy to not only capture the global market, but also leapfrog the dominant Yahoo Company. Unlike Yahoo which operates on the Customer-to-Customer (C2C) platform, the dynamic Amazon functions on the Business-to-Business (B2B) platform. As a result, the Amazon has penetrated the global market due to a balance in factors such as the Western business style, global business approach, and flexible organizational structure (Kashmanian, Wells, & Keenan, 2011). In order to penetrate the expanding global market, Amazon’s business platform was modified through introduction of services such as premium customer experience, compact support from the community, and low charges for small businesses. For instance, the Customer-to-Customer platform adopted by Yahoo has created and successfully implemented the marketing strategy to ensure customer loyalty and market expansion. The company’s product multi-branding as a positioning strategy has enabled it to survive competition. For instance, the online shopping and Yahoo finance are tailed to address the individual customer needs. Besides, the company has managed to balance the elements of intangibility, inseparability, and heterogeneity in the 4Ps of its market mix due to improved product visibility for each target customer segment (Coulson-Thomas, 2013). Open-system verses clo
Introduction The laws of natural justice assert that all people subject to the law should be treated equally and fairly. The need to seek justice after a tort or crime has been committed is sometimes inevitable. It is however unfortunate that the law sometimes does not administer the law on a fair and equitable platform. There has been ending debates regarding race based jury nullification in the USA (Dressler, 2001). Minorities are crying foul over increased discrimination and unfairness in the administration of justice. Race-based jury nullification is the process of rendering a defendant-not-guilty verdict when the jury is certain that he/she is guilty (Dressler, 2001). This paper critically examines the advantages and disadvantages of race-based jury nullification. General Discussion Jury nullification is experienced in situations where the criminal-trial jury challenges the application of the law. In this regard, a defendant may be guilty but may escape conviction courtesy of race-based jury nullification. The jury considers the application of the law unjust to the defendant. Several factors contribute to jury nullification. They are; unfairness of the law, unjust application of the law and racial discrimination. It should be noted that terminally ill people are usually pardoned or offered leniency by nullification (Dressler, 2001). The fact that race based jury nullification is common has witnessed endless debates within the corridors of justice and the community in large. The race of the defendant dictates whether jury nullification will occur or not. Supporters of race-based jury nullification contend that race-based jury nullification should also involve black juries and black defendants. The trend should proceed even when the evidence of guilt is available. Studies indicate that about 4 % of all jury trials are characterized by jury nullification (Monk, 2001). Ways to avert jury nullification are non-existent. It becomes extremely difficult to compel conviction. In view of this, the nullification of the law is witnessed. The exertion of the jury’s moral judgment or political preferences is deterrence towards attaining a fair and equitable judicial system. Whereas scholars argue that the jury is involved in the perfection of positive law, others believe that race-based jury nullification acts in favor of the majority race. Consequently, the minorities are oppressed by the law (MacNamara & Burns, 2009). Minority groups have over the past cried foul over the increased levels of racial nullification. It is usually based on personal vendettas that exist between the majority and minority groups. Letting a defendant go free by virtue of being a white is a clear attestation that the nullification does not uphold fairness. Several examples support the prevalence of jury nullification. A trial conducted in 1991 saw the freeing of Obafemi Donald; a black man by a black jury on grounds that blacks were being sidelined by the judicial system
Introduction There are many factors which are essential for success in business. Those factors range from proper and professional management of business resources to adoption of up to date business models in order to ensure continued existence and growth amid ever stiffening competition. The main conventional goal of any business organization is to maximize profits and to remain solvent throughout. Achievement of this goal largely depends on an organization’s capability to sustain its client base and win new business by growing into other markets and winning customers from other competitors within its current markets. The ability of a business organization to win new business, maintain a happy workforce and consistently keep up a superior customer service depends to a large extent on its ability to adjust to changes occurring in its area of specialization in order to sustain its competitiveness (Pinson 2008, p.56; Waddell, 2004, p.112). Failure to adopt the relevant technological changes as well as appropriate business models in this age can be the main cause of a company’s dwindling profits and eventual fall down due to its inability to offset liabilities. Surprisingly, there are business organizations such as Tod’s Luxury Shoes which sticks to old fashioned business models and still manages to sustain and even increase their client base and remain solvent and competitive. Growing Tod’s Luxury Shoes All business organizations are constantly on the lookout with respect to how they can expand their client base in order to maximize their profits. Business organizations expand their customer base by accessing new markets and winning competitors’ customers at the national level and international levels. Organizational marketing strategies are critical in establishing a ground in new markets and winning over your competitors’ clients because marketing function forms the important link between the company and the target audiences. Kurtz, MacKenzie and Snow (2009, p.37) notes that it is important for companies like Tods which are seeking to grow their business to change the way they interact with their present and new customers. Tods should substitute the conventional view of marketing as a plain exchange process or transaction-based process by a long-term approach that put emphasize on building strong relationships with each an every customer Kurtz, MacKenzie and Snow (2009, p.37). Unlike traditional marketers who focus on attracting customers and closing deals, Tods marketers should recognize that even though it is important to attract new customers, it is even more significant to create and preserve a strong relationship with them so they become loyal repeat customers Kurtz, MacKenzie and Snow (2009, p.37). It is important to note that strong relationships should not be limited to customers alone and must be expanded to include suppliers and employees. Tods marketers should realize that customers are getting more and more complicated. According to Pinson (2008, p.32), increase or decrease in the sales of the product or service of your company depends largely on th
Are you struggling to quit smoking? Did you know that your efforts may be the cause of increased smoking? Researchers have established that suppressing a behavior leads people to think more about the suppressed issue. These results were taken from a three-week study conducted on a group of participants who were trying to quit their smoking behavior. The group was contrasted with a control group whose participants were smokers who had not expressed the desire to quit their smoking behavior. Over the observation period, the researchers were able to establish a unique pattern of behavior rebound that may make the process of quitting smoking more complicated. The researchers observed that during the first and the second weeks of the suppressed behavior, the participants successfully managed to reduce their intake of cigarettes. This was attributed to their efforts to reduce cigarette intake consciously. As participants continued with the suppressed behavior, it was observed that they become more consciously aware of their suppressed needs. Somehow, this led to an increased desire to take more cigarettes in the second week of the observation period. However, there was no immediate increase in the number of cigarettes taken by the participants as they struggled to quit smoking. This resulted in increased levels of stress as the participants reported that they were thinking about smoking more than when they were not cautiously controlling their smoking habit. The increased thoughts about smoking which were above the average number of times that the smokers who were not trying to quit smoking thought about their smoking behavior led the psychologist to believe that a conscious effort to change a specific behavior leads to a rebound of the suppressed behavior (Erskine et al., 2010). This makes quitting the identified behavior even harder. As the participants struggled to suppress the behavior in the second week, they became stressed and even generated a greater urge to smoke. This means that the more people suppress a thought, the more they think about it, and thus, the more they are likely to do what they were suppressing. In week three, it was observed that the group that was trying to quit smoking smoked more than the group that was not trying to quit smoking. Psychologist attributed the rebound behavior to the effects of suppression as the group that was trying to suppress their smoking urges constantly thought about their smoking behavior. Therefore, they were more in constant thought of their behavior, and thus they were prone to smoking more than their counterparts who were not trying to quit the behavior. Due to the stress associated wit