ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Psychology is an essential science that helps to understand many events that happen nowadays and the reasons for different people’s behavior. When something intriguing happens in areas like sports, art, politics, society, science, business, world news, and technology, psychologists may be able to analyze it and see something that other people do not notice. For example, one of the well-known topics that are now the subject of discussion by many people and social networks is body positivity. The purpose of this paper is to explain the meaning of body positivity, analyze this social movement, and discuss how neuroscience, psychodynamics, and humanism might provide insight into this social phenomenon. About Body Positivity Body positivity is a social movement based on the statement that all people should have a positive body image, at the same time challenging the ways in which society represents and considers the physical body. This movement states that people should accept all bodies, regardless of their shape, size, and appearance. This approach will change people’s ideas about some products and services such as physical fitness, health club services, and healthy food. The activists of body positivity work with disability movements, racial justice, and queer and trance inclusive. They acknowledge that size is just one of many ways other people value and judge our bodies. According to Cook (2019), this movement “intends to help people radically accept their and others’ bodies just as they are” (p. 3). The body positivity’s goal is to focus on unrealistic standards of beauty and strengthen confidence in people who suffer from public opinion and condemnation. The movement establishes the concept that beauty is a construction of society and arg
The documentary “Inequality for All” gives a detailed analysis of the challenges affecting the greatest majority in America. The film explains how a small fraction of Americans have the greatest share of the nation’s wealth. The level of inequality has increased significantly over the past three decades. Corporations focus on inappropriate business practices thus affecting the livelihoods of more people. Many companies in the country do not care about the welfare of every American citizen. Similar issues are encountered in different parts of their world. As competition continues to become fierce in the global market, more companies will be expected to engage in different malpractices thus threatening the lives of more people. Consequently, the middle and lower classes have been unable to realize their potentials. More people are unable to achieve what is known as the American dream. Experts also believe that this problem will continue to affect the lives of more people in the future. This situation explains why it would be appropriate for the nation to go back to the old concept of Fordism. This kind of approach will reduce the level of inequality in every Ameri
Opening Statement The problem of underage drinking is connected to a great number of reasons, aspects, and circumstances that are impossible to incorporate into one research. A plethora of social, economic, cultural, environmental, and psychological underpinnings shape a basis for consistent and in-depth study of alcohol consumption among the adolescents. According to the U.S. statistics on underage drinking, nearly 5000 adolescents under 21 die because of underage drinking. In particular, the dates reveals about 1900 deaths from car accidents, 1600 homicides, 300 suicides, and hundreds of related injuries because of substance abuse (NIAAA, 2012). The nationwide surveys also prove that drinking among young people is a widespread phenomenon. NIAAA (2012) reports that the majority of 12 th graders, 10 th graders, and 8 th graders in the U.S. have had experience in consuming alcohol. The Centers of Disease Control and Prevention (2010) also provides deplorable statistics on underage drinking. Hence, students under the age category of 15-18 years old consume about 11 % of alcohol of all the consumed in the United States. What is more threatening is that over 90 % of alcohol is severely abused by ado
Introduction The Caribbean Women’s Health Association, Inc (CWHA) has grown into a non-profit organization, whose role is to improve the health and wellbeing of individuals and the community at large. This helps to strengthen and empower communities. The CWHA was initially a community-based health organization, offering its services and support at the grassroots level. The CWHA is involved in eradicating poverty by creating safety nets and establishing leadership initiatives. The CWHA has served as an advocacy and service provider in communities for over twenty years. Participation by community members has been the key principle governing its successful operations. It is accredited by the United Nations Economic and Social Council because of its efficient and excellent mode of service delivery. Various women professionals involving doctors, nurses, and social workers, together formed the CWHA. CWHA does not concentrate on a particular culture but its services are enjoyed by various cultural communities. However, these services are culture-sensitive to avoid conflicting with the people’s cultures. The CWHA was founded after the realization that a large number of immigrants, and especially from the Caribbean, faced many and serious barriers when accessing health care services. This negatively affected their health outcome (Gilchrist, 2007)). Role of CWHA CWHA provides immigration, health and social services to a heterogeneous population. Its operations take place within five community service centers situated in Brooklyn and Queens. It also accommodates new immigrants to enable them to adjust to their new environment. It does not target a particular group but rather, it targets every group based on its specific needs. It engages itself in research studies to find out the reasons behind health disparities. It also offers services related to domestic violence, maternal and child health, teenage issues and health insurance. All this is done to ensure that all communities in the Caribbean have equal opportunities for health care. This move by CWHA bridges the gap that prevails between minority and non-minority groups in the Caribbean. It builds bridges across communities with diverse cultural affiliations, and subsequently opens doors to citizenship. Guiding Principles According to Bayne-Smith et al (2005), four principles are attributed to the successful operations of CWHA. The existence and leverage of these principles have led to participation, sustainability, and development, of the health keepers model within the ethnic communities in the Caribbean and especially, within the immigrant communities. In addition, the health status of the populations has significantly improved. The four principles are as follows:  1. Multi-factorial/Multipronged approac
Maslow’s Theory Maslow’s theory of the hierarchy of needs show the order of the fulfillment of the human needs under ideal circumstances. According to Simons and Irwin (1987), “if the environment is right, people will grow straight and beautiful; actualizing the potentials they have inherited and if the environment is not right, they will not grow straight and beautiful.” This means that the environment affects the satisfaction of our needs. Maslow’s theory applies to the educational and career development in the nursing. The physiological needs are necessary to sustain life and they include air, water, nourishment and sleep. These needs are the minimum needs required to sustain life without which there is no life in this world. In education, for one to learn more effectively these needs must be satisfied as they are the integral components of the health, while in the nursing profession, the physiological needs are the basic needs necessary in the recovery of the patients hence the nurse ensure that these needs are not limited to the patient. The safety needs in the education and nursing are the health security of patients, the safety of the nursing profession and the job security. The social needs of love and affection are very important in effective interaction with students, lecturers, patients and workmates thus forming health relationships in the society. After the social needs are satisfied, one focuses on satisfying self-esteem through achievements in the education and nursing profession, hence, making one earn respect and recognition. Self-actualization is the summit of human needs such as wisdom, justice and truth. These needs enable one to achieve excellence in educational performances and become a passionate expert in the nursing career. Psychology and Elections Politics and psychology are related because for a politician to win an election there must be a psychological correlation between the voters and the politician. Politics is about convincing and satisfying the voters’ psychological interests, and if their psycho logical interests are satisfied, then a certain politician will win an election. “An election campaign that fails is one that could not understand the political psychology of the voter” (Comstock & Scharrer, 2005). This means that understanding and captivating voters’ psychology is paramount in winning an election. Political psychology is necessary during political campaigns in order to understand the psychology of the voters and customize on their interests. According to the Comstock and Scharrer (2005), “the voter’s brain is political marketing’s battlefield and a dark labyrinth where almost every message is lost on an election campaign.” Since the voter’s brain is dark, it requires illumination of the political psychology so that psychological understanding betwee
Introduction Strategic implementation of the processes that aim at reducing cyber bullying relies on proper arrangement of the activities. When we identify concise activities, we improve the chances of evaluating the constituents without leaving some unattended. It is, therefore, necessary to identify what should be performed to support the system effectively. McDavid and Hawthorn (2006) postulated that proper organization is the stem of high performance. For this reason, program constituents must be organized to warrant successful results. Identifying and planning the activities are ways of ensuring program organization. Therefore, I will evaluate the program to determine the areas that require establishment of activities. In a bid to show this, I will table and describe the activities expected in reduction of cyber bullying. Table of Activities Activity                                                                                                    Significance                                                                                                                     Assembling parents/guardians, students and teachers to announce and explain the program in the institution  To enlighten parents/guardians, students and teachers about the rules and regulation enacted due to the threat of cyber bullying Distribution of the regulation materials                                                                    To provide regulation reference documents to the students                                                                        Assessing cyber bullying at the initial stages of the program by use of questionnaires                      To determine the level of cyber bullying in the institution so that the administrator can determine the strategies of acting.    Reception of cyber bullying reports and provision of the reporting documents                                To collect reports and ensure that students have efficient access to reporting materials/documents                                Information Dispersion It is crucial to create awareness and a strong foundation when the program initiates. Otherwise, if the pace of the program seems weak at the initial stages, the students might assume or ignore the seriousness of the issue. The ad
Summary of the article in the book Mary Fraser begins by exploring Nova Scotia and its aboriginal inhabitants. From the article in the book, it is evident that the Miemac Indians were the aboriginal group that dominated Nova Scotia from very early times. The confederation of eastern Algonquins was the original homeland of this group of people. They were also considered to be in the third place especially when it came to the ownership of land as a resource. They were given the name Souriquois by some of the earliest missionaries who visited their original land. Before the close of 1693, they were being refereed to as the Miemac. When the land was originally distributed to these Indian ethnic groups, they were given the Algonquin name known as the Migmagig. This piece of land was made up of southwestern New-Foundland, Quebec, New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island, Cape Breton Island, and Nova Scotia. From the article, it appears that they were largely a peaceful community according to the sentiments of Father Biard. Their main source of income was fishing and hunting. They could also participate gathering of wild fruits, insects and herbs. The sun was a major point of veneration among the Micmacs according to the historical records obtained from Leclercq. In other words, they worshipped the sun bearing in mind that they saluted the sun both in the morning and evening. Mentou was also part of the great spirits that was worshipped by this group of people. Although they clearly knew that Mentou was a rebellious spirit that had gone against the rules of the Great Spirit, they continued to worship him. Strengths of the article From the summary of the article, it can be noticed that the author has attempted to explore the background roots of this Indian sub tribe. Fraser does not merely give an outline of the background information of the Micmacs. Instead, the author creates a detailed background of this aboriginal group beginning from the time when their history was first recorded. For instance, Fraser discusses their economic, social, political and cultural ways of life. Second, Fraser has organized this piece of writing in the most chronological manner. The text can be read and understood quite easily by the reader. The structure of the language used is also friendly enough to the readers in this level. As a matter of fact, this is a mid 17 th century history that targets tertiary or college level learners. Therefore, the language used in most suitable for this category of learners. The author also attempts to give cause and effect of each action taken by this Indian sub tribe. This is similar to expounding the reasons why certain events take place in the piece of literature. This writing technique assists the reader to follow the plot of the historical record of the Indian sub tribe being studied. Fraser approaches the aspect of civilization of this Indian sub tribe from a very objective point of view. This is apparently one of the strengths of the article. For example, Fraser explains how the Micmac ethnic group was at one time deeply entrenched in worshipping traditional gods and
Since the United began keeping count of the number of legal immigrants, approximately 70 million authorized migrants have entered the nation. Through out that history, a number of illegal, or simply put, unauthorized immigrants have also entered the country to stay more or less permanently. The flow of illegal immigrants became accelerated in the 1970s, and their numbers are at today. The current number of illegal immigrants living in the U.S. stands at 10.5 to 11 million (Haines & Rosenblum, 1999). The presence of the illegal immigrants, commonly known as illegal aliens, is such massive numbers has brought the issue of illegal immigration to the limelight of the U.S. political scene, to the halls of Congress, and to the public policy agenda of almost all levels of government. This is a positional essay that examines whether illegal immigrants really cause many social problems, or it is a case of exaggerated fears by Americans. Unauthorized immigration fundamentally entails two categories of migration to the U.S. that qualify as illegal. One of the categories is that of the undocumented, or popularly known as ‘illegal immigrant’ who enters the country without paperwork or authorization. This occurs mainly in the southern border with Mexico (Michael & Barkan, 1999). The second category is that of the visa ‘over-stayer’, or the migrant who enters the country with a valid but temporary visa, and then goes underground staying beyond the terms of the visa. Since visa over-stayers initially enter the country with valid paperwork, they do so from the north – from Canada—and at the different ports entry all over the nation. Apart from these two categories, a person may become an illegal immigrant to the U.S. is by entering the country with fraudulent documents. Lastly, an illegal alien may be a person who, as a legal permanent resident, committed a crime after entry, became subject to deportation, but then failed to depart. Of the estimated 10.5 to 11 million unauthorized immigrants in the U.S., about 60 percent are undocumented immigrants, while 40 percent are ‘over-stayers’, fraudulent entrants, or persons failing to depart (Levy, 2010). Legal immigration policy for the U.S. today is established by the Act of October 3, 1965: Immigration and Naturalization Act of 1965 (Michael & Barkan, 1999). Gaps, flaws, and unanticipated consequences associated with that fundamental law establishing legal immigration policy, and with its subsequent amendments over the years since its passage, form the basis for the nature and scope of the illegal flow. Nevertheless, it is difficult to understand the development of the unauthorized immigration flow without examining the impact of the Bracero Program and its fall in 1964. The Bracero Program was a type of guest-worker program
Rene Descartes was driven in the adventure of philosophy meditation and other philosophy related works such as the popularly known literary scriptures in the bible. The holy bible equipped his mind with several facts that would soon lead him to propose the first postulates pertaining to meditation of the first philosophy. He was encouraged to possess a thought that all that is visible or audible are perceptible in any other manner that is brought into existence through us (Descartes, 1996). The third chapter of the Wisdom of Solomon and the first chapter of the book of Romans were Descartes specific sources of inspiration. Romans one says, “that which may be known of God manifests is manifest in them.” It is also claimed that “where it is said how they are not to be excused for if their understanding was so great that they could discern the world and the creatures, why did they not find the Lord thereof?” These two scriptures led Rene Descartes into proposing the very first arguments of meditation in philosophy (Descartes, 1996). In his first meditation method, named meditation one, Rene Descartes tries to disapprove his earlier thoughts pertaining the human being and nature at large. He claims that, there is no clear standard and unanimously agreed distinction between right and wrong, good and bad, true and false and so on. The state of something being either originates from within us. Rene further argues that we are able to argue in favor or against a logical state depending on whether or not we can see concrete reason in favor or otherwise. This means that, logic is not as fixed as we thought and whatever we see, hear or feel is brought into existence by our own thought. We can decide to make ourselves naked, dressed, poor or rich by simply bringing them into existence. Meditation two tries to outline the effects of meditation one. It claims that after having learnt of our earliest perceptions as false and that we have the power to manipulate logic by making the truth or false out of anything the way we want. There is a tendency of us trying to play wise that we can not be cheated and i
Different cultural and religious groups need different ways of handling communication between health care providers and the patient/patient’s family members (Purnell, & Paulanka, 2008). The Jehovah’s Witness, a Christian movement, has very strong beliefs ostensibly guided by the bible especially when it comes to health care. The basic belief of this religion regarding life and death is that we are all born with sin and that is why we get grow old, get sick and eventually die. Those who follow the religion properly are believed to resurrect in another life (in heaven) while non-believers simply cease to exist (Bodnaruk et al., 2004) Beliefs on medical treatment The Jehovah’s Witness to a large extent believes in the treatment of ailments using modern medicine. All individuals however have the allowance to personally choose the medical procedures to be carried out (Layon et al., 1990). Basing their belief on certain parts of the Bible prohibits the consumption of blood, the practitioners of this religion are completely against blood transfusion. They hold the belief that life is the representation of life and taking another human’s blood is equivalent to taking part in his life (Jonsen, 1986). The believers from this denomination also believe that blood that has come out of the body is unclean and should be discarded. Anyone who accepts a blood transfusion is believed to either die or develop a disability. Practices on hospitalized patients In most times the religious practices on patients in hospital settings are free of ceremony or rituals. Terminally ill patients under most circumstances accept pastoral visits and may require a quiet place where they can pray together with their family members and other visitors. Those who cannot attend church services may at times wish to listen to the summons on tape or live on radio (Bodnaruk et al., 2004) Though not entirely based on their belief systems, Jehovah’s Witnesses tend to be uncomfortable in the presence of religious symbols such as crucifixes, candles, images of Mary’s mother of Jesus, and representations of saints. Pediatric care Jehovah’s Witness parents maintain that they would like their children to receive the same care that they would themselves. This belief is sustained in matters regarding blood transfusion and organ transplanting (Layon et al., 1990). Practices during birth When providing maternity care issues regarding anesthesia should be discussed with the individual and an agreement reached. There are no special religious considerations to be made regarding fetal or child death. However, the opinions of the parents should be sought and their wishes attended to. Practices during death When a person dies, Jehovah’s Witnesses hold the belief that suffering is over for the individual who has passed away, and concentration is mostly directed at giving support to the bereaved famil