ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Culture can be defined as the socially transmitted behavior patterns, norms, beliefs and values of a given community (Vance and Yongsun 2010, p.43). Culture influences how individuals interact with one another in society. It shapes the behavior and thinking of people and can be transmitted or even lost. Different aspects of culture can be adopted or rejected by society depending on their impact on society as a whole. People tend to be comfortable interacting with individuals with similar cultural backgrounds where there is interaction predictability. This is mainly because they share similar characteristics and traits such as language and traditions. Similarity in culture produces feelings of inclusion while feelings of exclusion are experienced by people who do not share the same culture. Individuals who find themselves in situations where their culture is not similar will stand out and interaction uncertainty will occur. This article will discuss ways of managing culture and ways of influencing people (Deardorff 2009, p. 56). Culture is not confined to national or societal areas but can also be found in organizations. Each organization has its own unique culture in terms of management, rules and even code of conduct. Culture varies and can be influenced by different factors. Globalization has meant that organizations increasingly interact with markets that are culturally different from their countries of origin. This has introduced a new dimension in leadership whereby leaders are tasked with finding innovative ways to manage different markets with different needs influenced mainly by culture. Culture is not static and is constantly changing; sometimes at fast pace and other times it may take a long time. One way culture can be viewed is either tight or loose. Tight culture describes culture where society largely agrees on what is acceptable while in loose culture society is more liberal and tolerant of different views (Vance 2010, p. 49). Organizations have to view culture as an important factor to consider when making decisions. Globalization has caused inter-cultural convergence which in turn means organizations have to understand the culture of the markets they are involved in if they intend to remain profitable. Different cultures demand different management styles. An example is countries in the East like Japan putting a high value on their employees and seeking to develop their potential while countries in the West such the USA view employees merely as workers, there to deliver on their contractual obligations. The difference in the cultural attitudes of the two regions means that different approaches to management are required. Organizations working in different countries will also encounter a difference in the way business agreements and contracts are arrived at. It is necessary for organizations to familiarize themselves with regional cultures so as to avoid mistakes that may affect thei
Introduction Venturing into the business world poses great challenges though it is much more promising than seeking to be employed. In general, you get the privilege to be your own boss which is a personal favorite advantage for many individuals who have dared to start their own businesses. When one finally makes up his/her mind to start a business, he/she faces the task of choosing the type of business to venture into. Many factors will come into play at this point in time ranging from naming of the business to identifying the objectives of the business. This paper seeks to look at the different types of businesses one can start in Canada all of which are mainly distinguished by the form of ownership i.e. sole proprietorship, partnership, corporations and cooperatives. Their advantages and disadvantages will also be covered. Sole Proprietorship This is the simplest of all the other types of businesses and is characterized by its form of ownership. It is basically one person business. The name by which it runs by can be derived from the owner’s name or otherwise, on condition that it does not contain any “legal designations of other forms of businesses such as Ltd. or Inc.” (Ward 1). The following advantages are associated with the sole proprietorship business:  1. It is inexpensive and easy to manage especially when it comes to procedures for setting it up.  2. Does not need registration or “annual filings”- this however varies with the different provinces in Canada since requirements are not similar for instance in Ontario, registration of the business is essential every five years (Ward 1).  3. Tax simplicity i.e. personal income tax form is used to declare the business income (Ward 1).  4. You are your own boss i.e. even as the title suggests you get to make sole decisions and implement your own ideas (Ward 1). The disadvantages mainly stem from the advantages and they are as follows:  1. Unlimited liability i.e. the owner bears all the liabilities and this could extend to his personal property (Ward 1).  2. Limited diversity in terms of the ideas to run and manage the business since he is the sole decision maker.  3. “Lack of tax flexibility” (Ward 1).  4. Challenges in the initial capital. Partnerships A partnership is a business with two or more people (no limit) involved as owners/partners. It is the alternative a prospective business owner would pursue if sole proprietorship is not suitable for him or her (Ward 2). In Canada, the most common type of partnership is the general partnership, others which can be formed depending on the province and the business details are: limited and unlimited liability partnerships. The distinguishing factor among these three is the extent to which the partners can bear liabilities and also the type of partners. General partners all bear the same liability and are actively involved in management unlike in lim
Introduction Successful employee recruitment and selection are two vital Human Resource Management processes whose success depends on methods applied by respective officials. The analysis below will use one organization’s selection process to illustrate how best practices can be used to improve hiring practices, which form strong foundations of employee productivity in respective organizations. The analysis is divided into four distinct sections: the first one provides the selections method of the organization in question; the second section illustrates direct and indirect costs of the method in practice; the third provides strategies that could help in reducing costs, whereas the fourth section illustrates how the recommendations on improving selection methods should be implemented. This analysis will use an example of public policy research and analysis selection methods. The writer has had an opportunity to participate in such an organization’s hiring processes. Individuals applying for policy analysis and research positions have to provide some work samples in the form of written policy analysis papers. This also applies to other positions in the organization, including internships. These samples are inherently important given that general work in the organization involves writing. HRM department has to therefore ensure that candidates express ideas in written form. In some instances, the hiring department requests HRM to have candidates write papers addressing specific policy issues, which helps in gauging their understanding of specific topics and concepts. Many are candidates who feel enthusiastic presenting their work samples, given that they happen to be passionate about issues they have to address. HRM then uses written samples from candidates to analyze for three key elements: level of understanding of the required topic or issue(s), depth of topic analysis, and clarity in writing. Candidates scoring high on all three parameters are the ones who finally get selected from the crowd of applicants. Direct and Indirect Costs of Work Samples Public policy think tanks face several challenges as they use work samples as the primary selection method. Among the challenges include the subjectivity of writing styles (Bernthal, 2006). Indeed, individuals have their own writing styles, which they prefer but may not be preferred by others. In this regard, HRM officials have to understand candidates’ writings style rather than sticking on their own. This is a tasking responsibility. In addition, HRM officials have to read all the candidate’s documents despite the number of individuals applying for respective positions. These are burdens that HRM officials have to bear in the cost of. This means officials have to leave other duties as they concentrate on reading the materials for the selection process. Such indirect costs are especially high when the organization is hiring several policy analysts or interns. A solution to this indirect cost is addressed in Part III. HRM department in the think tank has further expressed concerns over a long tim
Introduction Sporting activities have been part of the society for a very long time. These activities have been used as part of education to the members of the society, as a source of entertainment and as a way of maintaining health in a person. According to Coakley, (2006), sporting in the society serves several functions without which there will be a problem in the members of the society. For a good social and human development, a person must engage in the sports. However, if people shun away from the sports, their personal and social development will be impaired. Sporting activities have been used as a powerful tool of bringing about economic and social development. Sporting has led to the intermingling of culture in the different societies. Therefore, sporting is a very essential part of both human and social development (Coakley, 2006). Abstract Sports have been in existence for a long time in the ancient civilizations. They originated from Greek and they have never lost significance even in the modern societies. Sports form a very important component of the societies throughout the world. The importance of sports ranges from educational uses, entertainment, economy and socialization. Without sports, the societies would not operate effectively. This paper analyzes the importance of sports in the current societies in regard to health, education, entertainment, socialization and economy. Sporting and Health According to Wenner, (1989), sporting encourages physical activities in an individual. Physical activities have a lot of health implications and they have been used in the prevention and treatment of various diseases in the society. To start with, sporting has been known to decrease the risk of heart disease. This is because sporting activities encourage the use of cholesterol, which is in the blood vessels. As a result, they prevent the accumulation of cholesterol in the blood vessels such as coronary arteries. If a person does not exercise, these cholesterol molecules accumulate in the blood for a long time. With a longstanding accumulation of the cholesterol in the blood, the cholesterol will tend to be deposited on the walls of the blood vessels leading to a continuous obliteration of the blood vessel. This is because the continuous deposition of the cholesterol on the walls attracts inflammatory cells and an inflammatory reaction which makes the blood vessel narrower. If the coronary vessels are affected, they may get obliterated to a level which interferes significantly with the provision of blood to the heart muscles. The muscles are not able to receive enough blood in order to oxygen and nutrients. To a certain critical obstruction, the amount of oxygen provided by the blood is less than the amount tha
Introduction According to the circumstances of the case, Francis B. Palmer bequeathed the greater part of his estate to his grandson Elmer E. Palmer, the defendant in the case. A testator ordered the remainder of the inheritance to be given to his daughters Mrs. Riggs and Mrs. Preston, the plaintiffs. Elmer E. Palmer was aware of the provisions of the testament, and being afraid of his grandfather changing them, the defendant killed him by poisoning. According to the explicit regulations of the law, the bequest must be transferred to the murderer. However, as this decision is contrary to morality and common sense, judges had to decide on the validity of the testator’s will. In the reasoning part of the court decision, the viewpoints of the judges were divided between that of the Majority judges and that of the Dissenting judge. This paper analyses these opinions in relation to philosophical theories of law. It argues that the Majority judges’ position provides the most convincing arguments, demonstrating the need for judicial discretion and the inadvisability of applying the legal positivism theory in this case. Arguments of the Majority Judges and the Dissenting Judge The Majority of judges argued in favor of a teleological interpretation of the statute and appealed to the fundamental maxims that form the basis of the common law. They state that “these maxims are dictated by public policy, have their foundation in universal law administered in all civilized countries, and have nowhere been superseded by statutes” ( Riggs v. Palmer , 1889, para. 7). In accordance with their position, the legislative regulations under discussion were adopted by lawmakers in order to ensure that the last will of the testator was fulfilled. This objective should be taken into account when applying the law to a specific case. It is hardly possible to imagine that this provision would protect an heir trying to obtain a bequest through a crime, especially through the murder of the testator. The Majority of judges argue that the letter of the law is merely an expression of the intention of the law writers. Judges should use a rational interpretation to appropriately apply that intention, rather than the formal text of the law. The Dissenting judge claimed that, despite the arguments about common law principles and the intentions of the legislator, the situation was exhaustively regulated by legal provisions. In this case, the law imperatively determines the possibilities for canceling and changing the will and does not leave the court with the authority to modify these regulations. The Dissenting judge considers the public policy argument to be untenable since it states that no one should be punished twice for the same act. The defendant has already been convicted in criminal proceedings and is serving a sentence in the state reformatory. Thus, in order to avoid double punishment and exceeding the court’s discreti
Introduction The American identity has been defined very loosely due to its very broad nature. Being a unique amalgam of numerous cultures and simultaneously incorporating the characteristics that are entirely unique to the American people, the essence of being an American is quite elusive. In his speech in 2016, Obama addressed the notion of “Americanness” as the sum of experiences that American society has undergone over the past few decades and the changes that have affected the concept of rights and freedoms within the American sociocultural and political environment. Referencing a comparatively recent phenomenon of racial discrimination and the following ongoing fight for the rights and freedoms of the African American population in the U.S., Obama contextualizes the notion of Americanness as the sum of the existing socio-cultural and historical experiences (Foner 1164). The decision to define being an American through the lens of racial and ethnic inequalities in modern American society sets the focus of the analysis on the historical, cultural, and social exploration of the American identity, implying the ability to reconcile with one’s past and derive important lessons from it. Main body The focus on the complex relationships with the African American community and the progress made in pursuit of equality can be considered one of the cornerstones in cementing the American identity. In his endeavor at defining it through the lens of the changes made to address racial inequalities and the history of racism in the U.S., Obama has made it possible to establish the pursuit of justice and equality as one of the foundational aspects of being an American. Coupled with the ability to acknowledge past mistakes and being able to move forward without forgetting the lessons learned from the past. The specified perspective allows defining being an American as the ability to reconcile with one’s mistakes and learn from them by improving the relationships with others and promoting justice at all levels of relationships within modern society. The cultural legacy of the U.S. might be very grim and filled with inherent contradictions, yet the lessons learned from it allows one to “to settle our disputes with argument and ideas and votes instead of violence and simple majority rule” (“Barack Obama, Howard University Commencement Address (2016)”). Thus, the lesson of democracy as the cornerstone of the American identity is what makes Obama’s interpretation thereof particularly important for the present-day U.S. population. Therefore, the representation of being an American as supporting democratic values at their core is the best way of determining the current concept of the American identity. Conclusion By defining being
Price is one of the major elements of marketing mix. It is a fundamental strategic issue, which is also link to product positioning. Moreover, pricing affects other elements of marketing, such as channel decision, promotion and product features. At the same time, there is no clear cut formula to that is used to determine pricing; some general steps might be followed to arrive at pricing a new product. Pricing must factor in the legal and competitive environment that a company operates upon. From a competitive ground, the firm must take into consideration the implications of pricing on competitors. For instance, setting a product at a very low price may generate a price war, which isn’t going to be of benefit to either side. On the other hand, from a legal ground a firm is not exempted to price their product at any desired level. For instance, there is a possibility of price control which prohibits product from being over charged It is imperative to identify pricing objective in order to decide on the optimal pricing. Current profit maximization is a common objective; it aims at minimizing current profit and brings about revenue and costs. Maximizing current revenue is another objective that seeks to maximize the present revenue without regarding profit margin. Consequently, maximizing quantity should be considered as well since it minimizes the quantity of customers served and the quantity of units sold, so as to minimize long-term costs as experience curve would have it predicted. There are various ways or strategies to price a product. Some of the policies include; premium pricing, economic pricing, promotional, geographical and value pricing. However it is entirely depend with the satiation on the ground when it comes to implementation. Johnson and Johnson is an already established company or brand for that matter. Hence, some of the strategies may not be fit for them. Value pricing could be the most appropriate strategy. The approach is applicable when external factors like increased competition or recession compels companies to offer value on products, in order, retain customers. It simply means getting value for your money, for instance, the amount spent makes it a worthwhile experience. In some w
Cadbury Dairy Milk is one of the most famous brands of chocolate bar, produced by Cadbury UK. From 1905, this chocolate is sold in different countries, and its nonordinary commercial is one of the most captivating things, which may attract any person. It actually does not matter whether people decide to buy the product at once or not, the effect of the commercial is regarded to be really impressive and stays in people’s minds for long. In this paper, I want to concentrate on the analysis of one of the commercial concerning a specific Cadbury chocolate, Dairy Milk, clear up its techniques and its audience, and explain how humor can make the commercial more effective. Nowadays, people cannot come to you and offer to buy something without proper advertising. This is why sellers prefer to use any possible powers of persuasion and prove that people really want to buy something and, if the product will not be bought, it will be a significant loss. Commercial techniques turn out to be really effective means to attract, persuade, and demonstrate a consumer that this or that product is really worth of buying. One of the best Super Bowl Commercials 2009 is the commercial of the Cadbury chocolate, where two little children demonstrate their unbelievable skills to move their eyebrows and express the emotions by means of eyes and heads’ moves. Of course, one of the possible ideas to use in the commercial of chocolate is concentration on children. Children adore chocolate; chocolate is something that makes all children happier. The creator of the commercial under consideration does not use such techniques as free products or snobbery, or exigency. To my mind, one of the bright techniques, used in this commercial, is innuendo. When people look at those two children, making such amazing things with their eyebrows, they have a chance to imagine what causes such abilities and why. Of course, some people may be just irritated because of such a creepy show; this is why it is better to remember about humor and laugh out loud. With the help of humor, the creators make this commercial interesting to lots of people: children will like it and pay attention to it because of the participation of other children in this commercial; parents will find out one more means to make their children happier; and other people will find another video to enjoy and be amazed with what children can do. Is such a commercial effective? Of course, it is! Even if people do not like chocolate, they certainly will be eager to known what this chocolate is all about, and why it can make children perform such show. All people want to have fun and relax. This Super Bowl commercial about Dairy Chocolate is one of those, which make any person with any mood smile and even laugh loud. The performance, prepared by a little girl and smart guy, attracts the attention of many people. Even if chocolate cannot cause such reactions, it is possible just enjoy, laugh, share this good mood with some other people. And when a person, who has a