ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
An obese person is one who has accumulated excess body fat that affects their health negatively. This condition prompted Lincoln University to introduce a ‘Fitness for life Program’, which endeavors to, peg physical fitness of students to academic merit in the attainment of diplomas. It entails obese students taking 3 extra hours per week to cut their weight before graduating. However, this policy by the university has received mixed reactions since its inception, as it will be explained below, even as the first lot of students to whom the policy was applied nears their graduation. It has been argued that the policy is segregative and, all students should undergo the fitness test, as opposed to only those who are obese. This fact was highlighted by one student of the university; Tiana Lawson, 21 in her editorial comment, in the Lincolian, by stating that she is confused by the policy as she does not understand why some people should be healthier than others. This policy would be more effective if it were applied to all students to keep their levels of fitness at par and prevent the feelings of segregation. James DeBoy who is in charge of physical processes and activities argues that the university has limited resources. The historically black college that was founded in 1919 at San Francisco depends on public funding that is independently controlled. This eventually results in monetary constraints. If only the resources were available, then it would have been applied to all students in his view. This would then have quashed the feelings of selective application of the policy among the students. Considering the constitutional rights of the students the policy seems paternalistic and intrusive to them. A professor of law at Temple University, David Kairys is of the legal opinion that Lincoln University is breaking new ground. However, the part that seems unnecessary is forcing the students to engage in the practice. This is because it involves computing the height – weight dimensions to find the Body Mass Index (BMI) and the waist size, which is mandatory for students to partake. This may then create a conflict of interest between the university policies and the laws of the land. Obesity makes an individual susceptible to certain terminal health conditions. This program according to DeBoy directly addresses the issue of obesity that is exponentially rising. All these are terminal illnesses that will eventually lead to the demise of the vibrant young men and women from college. The ‘Fitness for Life program’ will curb the possibility of contracting such ailments at an early stage. The university risks deviating from its core function of providing education to compromising academic standards with physical fitness. Physical fitness does not necessarily h
Introduction The quantities of intangible cultural elements and forms that are mutual and shared by a wide variety of national communities are diverse (Mazrouei, 2010, p. 1). Many communities in the past found and continue to find themselves sharing similar cultural forms with their neighbors as well as with others miles away. History informs that there were many human processes and forces that justify the shared cultural unities including independent inventions, parallel inventions and evolution, and psychic unity of humanity (Khalaf, 2009, p. 308). Falconry is practiced in more than sixty countries globally. The universality, principles, the craving, the art of practice, significances, depictions and morals of falconry is similar among the practitioners in all the countries albeit with negligible differences. There have been assertions by different schools of thought that falconry emerged as a need for survival in early ages while others argue that falconry emerged as a form of leisure. This paper seeks to explore the diverse aspects of falconry to establish if falconry in the United Arab Emirates (UAE) is a true tradition or it was invented. History of Falconry The sport of hawking commonly referred to as falconry gained extensive reputation and undeniable sovereignty as a noble leisure activity during the middle ages in Western Europe. The chronological and geographical origin of falconry is shrouded in darkness as it has not been fully documented. However, there is literary evidence that seems to place the earliest existence of falconry in the Middle and Far East. These regions are observed to have enjoyed the services of the proud birds of prey (Epstein, 1943, p. 497). Falconry was eventually transmitted to other regions from the East through Isl
Introduction Postoperative management of patients with epidural infusion should be thorough. This is because of the risks, as well as benefits associated with the epidural infusion. As a result, this paper will analyze the case of Mr. Johnston who is on epidural infusion after pneumonectomy. The rationale behind the use of epidural infusion for postoperative pain relieve Continuous relief of pain Epidural infusion is important for postoperative pain relief of Mr. Johnston because it provides pain relief better than other methods. According to the pathophysiology of pain, there are two main mechanisms. They include nociceptive and neuropathic (Hall, 2008). Nociceptive pain involves the sensory nervous system and it happens when nerves that respond to pain stimuli are irritated. The irritation can be due to chemical or thermal stimuli. This irritation sends a pain message to the brain via nerves and the patient experiences pain. When an epidural infusion is used, it blocks the nerve transmission pathway (Howie, 2010). As a result, the patient does not experience pain. This is particularly important for the relief of pain at the surgical operation site. Therefore, this is the reason why epidural infusion is important for Mr. Johnston. The second mechanism of pain is neuropathic and it occurs due to damage in the central or the peripheral nervous system. According to normal physiology, pain results when the afferent neurons, which include unmyelinated (c-) and myelinated (Ad-), synapse in the horn of the spinal cord. The synapses lead to the transmission of information about pain to the thalamus and brain. Continuous activation of (c-) alters the central and peripheral nervous systems (Starritt, 2010). Under normal circumstances, (c-) usually conducts dull aching pain and it is silent when there is no stimulation. When there is an acute injury in continuing pathophysiology, sensitization of the nerves takes place and leads to the release of a mixture of pain, as well as inflammatory mediators that result in pain sensation (Simpson, 2010). Therefore, epidural infusion minimizes or alleviates pain sensation resulting in a lower pain score of zero to three out of ten. According to Wahba (2009), epidural infusion provides continuous pain relief thus, it is suitable for postoperative pain management. It achieves this through blockage of nerves that run in the spinal cord to the brain and the thalamus. This means that stimulated (C-) fibers will not gain access to the brain and the thalamus system. Hence, the pain sensation will not take place and the patient will remain comfortable. Additionally, the fact that epidural infusion entails the slow release of mescaline and adrenaline into the epidural space is imperative
Introduction The problems related to obesity are well-documented in this country. There is a public awareness campaign with regards to the harmful effects of overeating and the lack of physical activity. There are various government agencies involved in this endeavor but one of the most helpful is the Food Pyramid designed and implemented by the U.S. Department of Agriculture. This website allows the visitor to enter health-related information and then be able to receive feedback and access to resources that will help in reducing weight or sustaining an ideal weight. One of the most important features of this service is the part where one can get information regarding the food consumed daily. This way one can create an effective plan to become healthy. Food Pyramid After using the USDA program I discovered that I am overweight and need to shed off those pounds using a combination of exercise and a sensible healthy eating plan. But before going into that it must be pointed out first that I consume high-calorie foods. This is because I like to eat processed food, especially those that are rich in carbohydrates. This means that I am having trouble when it comes to burning excess calories because I consume more than I should. I am also aware that I need to consume more fruits and vegetables but I am addicted to high-calorie food, especially those that are artificially sweetened. One way to motivate me is to realize that I can die prematurely due to my unhealthy diet. Obesity is also a medical as well as a social problem. When it comes to the social aspect of obesity I am well aware that it can sometimes cause low self-esteem, especially on campus, in the office, as well as in the community. Interacting with people can be a problem when weighed down by the negative impact of obesity. Aside from the emotional impact of such a problem, my quality of life can suffer considering that obesity can result to:   * type 2 diabetes (high blood sugar)   * high blood pressure   * heart disease and stroke   * some types of cancer   * sleep apnea (when breathing stops for short periods during sleep)   * osteoarthritis (wearing away of the joints)   * gallbladder disease   * liver disease   * irregular menstrual period Yet, first of all, I have to make sure that there are no other explanations for my being overweight other than the fact that I like to consume sugar-filled snacks and other junk food. I have to find out first if I am suffering from hypothyroidism. This medical condition can easily cause significant weight gain. Certain types of medication can also increase weight. After I am certain that I am not dealing with this kind of problem then I am sure that my weight problem is due to eating high-calorie food. The Plan One of the significant changes that should be made is with regards to the consumption of processed food. To be more specific I should limit my intake of refined products such as white bread. Rather than eating refined products, I should consider taking in more whole grains. Thus,
Medical Ethics “Medical ethics is the discipline of evaluating the merits, risks, and social concerns of activities in the field of medicine” (Kinzbrunner). Many methods have been evolved to analyze the ethical considerations surrounding a situation. Based on the methods several principles can be applied in the process of decision-making in any medical case involving ethical considerations. Medical ethical values include principles of autonomy, beneficence, non-malfeasance, social justice and distributive justice. The removal of feeding tube from Terri Schiavo can be considered from the medical angle. Case of Terri Schiavo Since Terri Schiavo has not left a written advance directive, the alternative available was to understand from the closest family members what she would have wanted under the medical conditions prevailed at that point of time. Michael Schiavo, husband of Terri was designated as the decision maker above other family members since Terri has become irreversibly incapacitated and has not designated a healthcare proxy. Informed consent is the implementation of the ethical principle of autonomy, which accords individuals the option of accepting or refusing medical treatment. Since Terri was not in a position to take a decision in this case on her, own the decision of her husband has to be considered as the best decision taken by her in the prevailing conditions. In the case of Terri Schiavo, the action of removing the feeding tube can be considered as both ethical and legal in the light of evidences as found by the courts, where there was no hope of recovery by enforcing life-prolonging treatment against what is agreed to be the will of the patient (Quill, 2005). The central issue in the case of terminating the treatment of Terri is not the feelings and desire of the family members or the treatment the family would like to extend to the loved one who is incapacitated. It is rather the course of action, the patient would have wanted for her considering the medical situation she was. In the absence of specific data or information on the wishes of the patient, it would be an
Introduction Zara is amongst the successful companies in the fashion industry. Clothing by Zara is sold in boutiques. The company does everything from designing to sampling to in-house production. They primarily use silks in production, which involves printing on silk georgette, crepe de chine, silk satin, and silk jersey. However, the company faces competition from rival firms in the industry. This is because it deals with the production of clothing, which is a necessity, and therefore many firms have been established to merchandise in the sector. These firms produce brands that compete with those of Zara in the industry. Fashion clothing is known to have a short product life span given market segmentation and product differentiation, which means that firms such as Zara have to constantly reassess the brand’s strengths, product life cycles, and revenues to sell its products and to recover losses in the event of a change in fashion. It is thus appropriate for Zara to always take into account the market life of new products and to attempt to optimize life cycle revenue and profits. In making such strategies, brand consumers will have enhanced learning about the brand, while Zara would be able to fill the identified gaps. Background analysis The fashion industry is one of the major sectors of the economy. It is usually engaged in the production of designer products at a large scale, which has expanded its business significantly. Increased level of business activity in the industry is necessitated by the fact that clothing is usually a necessity and therefore people need clothes at all times. However, the weather is a principle determinant in demand for fashion design products in the fashion industry (Yuanyuan, Holland, Shengfeng, and Weicheng, 2008). There is a wide range of factors that facilitate an increased level of business activity in the fashion industry of Sudan. These factors are the driving forces since they increase the willingness of firms to engage in production activities. People with less income also purchase luxury products since they are usually pressured by conformity needs. This is a driving force in the industry since it implies that demand for fashion design products is significantly high in Sudan. High level of demand in any industry increases the willingness of investors both locally, internationally, and therefore more firms are likely to be established with primary objectives of profit maximization. This is a driving force in the industry since it increases the demand for fashion products significantly.
Introduction The paper deals with the ethical issue of free will in business. The writer has opted for the social responsibility of organizations in conducting their business. It is considered a business ethic to follow the corporate social responsibility (CSR). The writer has chosen this ethical issue because this is the need of the hour. We have lost so much in our daily routine that we have forgot the humanitarian side of humankind. It’s good to progress but it is better progress along with the society. In the ensuing paragraphs, the ethical issue has been defined. It has also been discussed as to how the ethical issue has changed over the years. Describing the cases where this ethical issue is involved in business, the writer has also shared his personal experiences related to this ethical issue. The writer has also put forth his recommendations and suggestions. The Ethical Issue There are certain things or features that are not under the control of human beings. The happenings of the past cannot be altered. We cannot change the kind of universe in general and the society in particular that we live in. Talking about the physical features of human beings, a person’s height, colour of eyes, colour of hair, skin colour etc., are not controllable. Such things depend on the genetics. There are certain things that are hereditary. Such things include human behavior and certain diseases like arthritis, diabetes etc. In other words, we can say that human beings can’t have certain physical features as per their liking or their will. One more thing that is certain and doesn’t depend on the human will is death. We cannot control death as per our will. The same applies to the nature and different climates. On the other hand, there are certain things that human beings can control. Our actions, not the past ones but the present and future ones are under our control. We can change our present and future actions as per our will. Some examples of our present and future actions are: Do we want to stay at home or go out for a party? Do we want to go to office or take a leave and stay at home? What subjects do we want to study? What profession do we want to choose? Do we want to participate in electing our political representatives? Where do we want to go for a holiday? Things like these and many more are under our control because they depend on our premeditated or intentional actions. In other words we may say that if the actions of a mentally sane person are not influenced by the nature, other people’s actions or any prior event then the person can be said to be acting as per his/her free will. According to Jared Tanner, “Free will is standing out in the sunlight and denying that the sun is shining. Free will can be defined as choosing one’s actions or course. Free will also is frequently defined as indeterminism” (Tanner, 2009). Talking about free will, Matt Slick suggests that, “There are two main views: compatibilism and libertarianism” (Slick). Elaborating on the two views, Slick further says that, “The compatibilism view is the position that a person’s freedom is restric
Relief, risk and renewal Scope This article addresses the Australian suburb community residents’ perspective on using alternative and complementary medicine in the current environment. The matter is examined through the lens of an anthropological study conducted in a suburban area referred to as Oceanpoint (Connor, 2004). The aim was to investigate the underlying reasons behind the increasing proliferation of alternative treatment options within the community. To fulfill the purpose of the study, its author analyzes 111 semi-structured interviews, encouraging the respondents to reflect upon their lives and the role of complementary versus conventional medicine in them. Argument From the perspective of this article, the anthropological considerations of illness, its origins, and remedies become the focus of attention. According to Connor (2004), these psychological and ethnographic aspects prevail within the community. More specifically, personal views likely prevail in society, bearing more weight than evidence-based scientific knowledge. Thus, the author’s findings are likely to improve the understanding of the factors that affect the decision-making process of regimen seeking treatment. The Conclusion Even though the governmental perspective exclusively supports biomedical interventions, complementary medicine has seen an increasing proliferation within the Australian communities. Connor (2004) concludes that the perceived effect of treatment is more valuable for the Oceanpoint residents than evidence or scientific knowledge. While the exact reasons may vary, in most cases, the use of mixed regimens is dictated by the inner desire to undermine the biomedical side of the disease through self-actualization. Overall, the authors highlight the collision of facts and subjectivity that prompts people to rely on alternative and mixed therapies when conventional medicine is deemed ineffective. This conclusion is logical form an anthropological perspective, meeting the purpose of the study. Parental management of childhood complaints Scope The scope of the study revolves around the increasing use of over-the-counter medicines (OCM). According to Trajanovska et al. (2009), this topic is related to the advice-seeking behavior of parents, responding to their children’s complaints. Thus, the study examines this behavior to understand the factors that affect parents’ decision-making. To do so, the authors recruited 325 parents and examined their decision-making patterns. This sampling will likely provide insight into the matter at hand, promoting the safe use of OCMs. Argument The primary argument of the study states that parents seek convenient options of treatment that would combine safety with efficiency. Trajanovska et al. (2009) stated that most parents actively used OCMs in less serious conditions, such as rash and wheeziness. However, 82% of the respondents follow doctors’ advice when purchasing specific over-the-counter medicines. Interestingly, the medicine’s perceived effectiveness in the past is another critical factor, combined with the insights from families and friends. This shows that parents
Amongst the great works on political philosophy, ‘The Leviathan’ by Thomas Hobbes holds an eminent place and is a subject of much debate even today. Hobbes, through his political construct of ‘the Sovereign’ laid the foundations for the development of modern Western political and legal structures. It must be remembered that in 1651A.D, when Hobbes wrote his magnum opus, Europe had just come out the dark ages and the age of enlightenment with its emphasis on scientific reason had just begun. Society had begun questioning the religious dogmas and the divine right of kings to rule leading to the ruinous English Civil war. In those tumultuous times, Hobbes sought to construct a political philosophy based on scientific empiricism which could help resolve the dilemmas faced by the European society in those times. This essay aims to explain the central tenets of Hobbesian political philosophy, human nature and its relation to governance. Hobbes was greatly influenced by the science of Geometry and he strove to explain the nature of man and issues of governance in an analytical sequential manner. To do that Hobbes commences his argument with an explanation of the Human nature. According to Professor Danny O’Rourke, Hobbes stated that “we must first resolve society into its component elements and the individual into their essential make up in order to arrive at a “state of nature” (Rourke). The state of nature is what the individual is taken to really be: outside of the confusing conditions they face in actual social history. Taking this state of nature as our starting point, we can the think of society as something essentially “artificial”. The essential character of human will is disposed to ‘predominate’ others in deadly opposition which if left in a natural state could lead to death. Thus according to Hobbes the natural state of human nature is war wherein: “In such condition, there is no place for industry; because the fruit thereof is uncertain: and consequently no culture of the earth; no navigation, nor use of the commodities that may be imported by sea; no commodious building; no instruments of moving, and removing such things as require much force; no knowledge of the face of the earth; no account of time; no arts; no letters; no society; and which is worst of all, continual fear, and danger of violent death; and the life of man, solitary, poor, nasty, b