ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Under the European Union law on common markets, all the members are required to implement laws into their constitutions that uphold the agreed policies passed by the community. Likewise, laws enacted by the European court should be adopted into law by member countries and not be seen as mere substantive procedures. Therefore, the members are supposed to implement laws that reflect on the acts and policies set by the community and not set up other laws that might be similar to it but undermine the authority of the law 1 . The European Union implemented a common fisheries policy whose function was to create a common market where member states would have free access to members’ waters for fishing purposes. Since the U.K is a member of the European Union it should have embraced the policy fully as dictated by the European Union into its law. The U.K in its implementation of the policy enacted other laws which went against the spirit of the European Union. By doing so the U.K parliament said it was acting in its sovereign powers and that it was superior to the European community this resulted in a breach in the European community laws set by the Economic committee 2 After the implementation of the policy on common fisheries, the U.K later adopted another law that was referred to as Merchant Shipping Act, 1988. This law prevented member states vessels from accessing the U.K waters. Under the provisions of the Merchant Shipping Act 1988 and part VII of the Merchant s Shipping Regulations, 1988 only ships with genuine ties to the U.K were allowed to access the waters. Therefore, even ships that were flying the British flag but were not genuinely British owned were barred by this law 3 For vessels to access the waters they had to fulfill three conditions which were in contradiction to the European economic policy, they included, that fishing vessels had to be British owned, the vessels management and operations were to be based in the U.K and finally the operator of the vessels had to be a British citizen. This new law brought in a contentious issue since the act was in contradiction with the provisions of the European Union community. The U.K law placed stringent measures on ships fishing in its territorial waters which affected ships belonging to member states. Under the community law ships belonging to member states were exempt from laws barring them from using member states’ fishing waters. From this U.K directive, a lot of the people who relied on the U.K fishing grounds were automatically barred from fishing thereby cutting their source of livelihood 4 Due to the U.K laws which were enacted by the parliament, there arose a conflict between the EEC and
The Economist (2014) article “Everybody wants to rule the world” discussed the phenomenon of Internet monopolies that rarely allow new businesses to grow and expand to the increased threat of competition. The article stated that the majority of large and successful businesses that operate with the help of the Internet (Amazon, Alibaba, Google, Facebook, etc.) are fighting very hard to prevent fresh and new businesses from entering the market and capturing at least the smallest share. However, the regulators worry that large corporations with millions of followers worldwide tend to abuse their power and influence in order to establish a monopoly in the area of their operation. For example, the European Parliament issued a resolution addressing Google to split its search engine into separate commercial services (The Economist, 2014). The e-commerce giant Amazon is also facing some scrutiny on the part of the community, especially writers and publishers that question the company on the antitrust grounds. On the other side of the argument was the opinion that the Internet monopolies are very beneficial for users who have an opportunity to choose products or services from the abundant selection. The article provided an in-depth analysis of how online monopolies try to capture the largest chunk of the market and make sure that new businesses do not succeed. Since a monopoly is a market where one large firm is practically in full control of the sector, the situation with large Internet corporations perfectly fits the description. An example of a large company pressuring a new competitor can be seen from the conflict between Uber and Lyft. As mentioned by Lyft’s brand representatives, Uber was using unethical methods of limiting Lyft’s performance (pressuring drivers to leave the company, disrupting the operation of the app, etc.). Therefore, the competition on the Internet service market is on the rise, and monopolies such an Uber put in extra effort to preserve what they have already achieved. The article gave a better understanding of the processes within monopolies as well as how they apply to the sphere of e-commerce. Thus, the views on the competition on the Internet market shifted dramatically with the emergence of the globally-renowned corporations such as Amazon and Google. While it the past, it has generally been asserted that the Internet is a sphere where businesses could compete on equal terms, the anti-competitive practices and strategies employed by large monopolies undermine the chances of new and independent companies from entering the market. Furthermore, the protests of small businesses, as well as Internet entrepreneurs against anti-monopolistic practices, have never brought any significant results since large corporations put no effort into responding to the external concerns – all they care about is more revenue (Carter, 2012). Since outside protests against anti-competitive practices have never been perceived by the Internet monopolies as relevant
Introduction Vegetarianism refers to abstinence from the consumption of meat products. In some instances, the lifestyle may also involve the avoidance of consumption of all animal products (Agrawal et al. 2014). People adopt this type of lifestyle for various reasons. This paper explores the reasons for the rise of vegetarianism among the Chinese. Health-Consciousness An increase in vegetarianism among the Chinese could be explained by health concerns associated with meat consumption. For example, Roxburgh (2017) says that people living in major Chinese cities, such as Beijing and Shanghai, are increasingly concerned about chronic health conditions, such as obesity, diabetes, and cardiac conditions, which are partly brought about by the consumption of unhealthy foods (Lee & Park 2017). Such concerns have shaped broader lifestyle choices, including the rise of vegetarianism among the population. It is important to understand health concerns supporting vegetarianism within the wider socio-political context of the Chinese people because, in the past, meat products were considered a “luxurious” food because of past famines and food shortages (Roxburgh 2017). However, this perception has changed because people are now more concerned about the health effects of animal products (Lee & Park 2017). This transition means that many Chinese consumers today are more concerned about their health than their social standing. This paradigm shift is partly explained by the Masl
Burgess was full of pessimism, presenting another version of a possible future. In his novels, both The Wanting Seed and 1985, the reader is confronted with “an incredible variety of cultures,” but not in colonial countries – in London itself. Chaos, which Burgess describes as an essential feature of colony life, becomes an integral part of his dystopian vision of the future. Burgess believes that the national culture of Great Britain is collapsing, its capital is losing its political and cultural basis, and parodies are the only form to depict postcolonial England properly. Therefore, he takes it upon himself to develop and orchestrate a dualistic narrative, where his reader would experience a tremendous clash between desperation and opportunistic humor. Burgess’ 1985 combines both artistic narrative and non-fiction text. In his non-fiction reasoning, Burgess speaks in terms of philosophy, using allegories of cyclicality when speaking of politics. Clarke (2018) states that “in Burgess’ works, the modernist urge to merge form with content renders non-narrative elements of his fiction subordinate to his aesthetic purpose” (21). The gravity of his wording attracts the reader, catching them in a loop of dystopian phases reviewed through different perspectives. Pradeeban and Narayanan (2019) add that “his creativity is a matter of style, of words combined in strange new shapes rather that specifiable political, philosophical or religious ideas” (77). In 1985, he painted the grand picture of his own concept of dystopia, developing it further in The Wanting Seed, The Clockwork Orange, and 1985 itself as well. Developing the gang slang in 1985, Burgess uses Latin and Greek to subtly underline the attempts of rebelliousness the gangs take in order to separate themselves from the government and its dull educational system. It becomes clear as Burgess (1979) writes, “‘Festina lente,’ smiled a cocoa-coloured youth in a sweatshirt that showed a huge-fisted flying-cloaked Shakespeare with the legend WILL POWER” (12). The universities only support and concentrate on practical subjects – so the gangs base their slang on languages that seem to have no meaning in a person’s outlook anymore. Masters (2018) explains that “Burgess’ prose develops a bespoke logics and ethics.” This move
Ravitch notes that it is clear that NCLB remedies are not effective and not working. For instance, students had the offers to attend other schools, but rejected them. They had free tutoring but more than 80 per cent turned it down. Students signed up for tutoring companies, but the systems rarely monitored the quality of their services. Some tutoring companies just came up to exploit opportunities that NCLB created. Such tutoring companies were recruiting students by offering money and gifts to principals and parents. Some of the companies’ employees even had criminal records (Ravitch 103). According to Ravitch, the most technical challenge in NCLB is the legislative command. It requires that all children in all schools must be proficient in reading and mathematics by the year 2014. The legislative states that all must be proficient by then with no regard to other factors, such as students with special needs, students whose first language is not English, students who lack social advantages or are homeless, or those who have the social advantages, but have no interest in school works. All are suppose to achieve proficiency by 2014 or else their teachers will suffer the consequences. The Congress goal of 100 per cent proficiency by 2014 seems to be an aspiration. Ravitch argues that the goal is unrealistic, and no one believes that all students will achieve proficiency by 2014. She shows that no state or nation as ever achieved such goals. Finn and Hess note that only politicians can give such hollow promises. Critics see such targets as impossible to achieve, and their consequences are laughable. Educationists believe that such goals are undermining states working hard to improve their education systems. Therefore, there is no need to enforce remedies which are never effective and to assume that they will work is utterly unworkable. Ravitch suggests that politicians should leave the running of school to educators and teachers who understand what the students require. She believes that incentives and sanctions can only work in private sectors where profit is the highest priority. However, these approaches are not the best for schools. The central ideas of NCLB such as choice and accountability cannot bring effective changes in schools. In contrary to Ravitch, Guggenheim examines the problem of public schools in the US through the movie, Waiting for S
Introduction To attain the necessary degree of academic success, as well as the required level of personal growth, a student needs professional guidance and assistance. The challenges that learners may face in the contemporary educational environment may need the pieces of advice provided by a counseling expert (Mitchell, 2013). The significance of the services in question is especially high nowadays, with modern social networks and everyone participating in them actively. Therefore, the social/emotional domain of the school environment will be addressed first in the course of the counseling session. 1 st Lesson The students aged 8-10 (2 nd and 3 rd grade) will be the target audience for the counseling session. The social and emotional issues that the learners may face when dealing with the school-related communication processes will be considered in the course of the session. It is expected that the lesson will take approximately an hour. The counseling standards suggested by ASCA will be used as the primary principles by which the communication process will be guided. Particularly, the standards designed by ASCA will be used to provide the learners with the necessary information about the possible emotional issues that they may have, as well as the methods of addressing them (American School Counselor Association, 2016). The students will be told about the significance of self-confidence and the means of boosting it. Specifically, the learners will be offered a simple test that will require answering ten basic questions. The answers that will describe the learners’ responses to stressful situations will be analyzed to develop the strategies that will help the students manage the challenges that they will face at school (Peterson, 2015). 2nd Lesson The second lesson will also be aimed at meeting the needs of the target audience (2 nd – and 3 rd –graders). The session will address the issue of social pressure, in general, and bullying, in particular. The learners will be provided with extensive information on the subject of bullying so that they could detect the problem (Bentley, 2014). Furthermore, the students will be invited to tell about their experience, if they had any so far. Thus, the current status of relationships in the identified group of learners will be evaluated for the further design of an appropriate strategy. The lesson will be aligned with the principles of counseling described by ASCA, especially the instructions regarding managing the bullying issue at school (Blake, Banks, & Lung, 2014). The use of role-playing as the means of getting the essential ideas across and promote the expected behavioral patterns to the target audience should acquire to become more confident. As a result, the participants will learn to be resistant to negative outside influences (Arcuri, 2015). The victimization issue will also be explored so that the learners could realize how dire the effects of prejudice can be (Fareo, 2015). 3 rd Lesson Finally, the issue of enhancing the
The Silk Road referred to the old trade routes that connected the ancient world trade-wise between 131 BCE-1454 CE. Islam Akhun was an Uyghur swindler and treasure-seeker from Khotan. He was a forger of many manuscripts and documents, which were availed in galleries as ancient Silk Road manuscripts to several European travelers. He constantly supplied Petrovsky and Macartney with manuscripts and printed books between 1895 and 1898. 1 Islam collaborated with Ibrahim Mullah, focusing on the Russian market, Muhammad Tari, and Mulla Muhammad Siddi. Islam’s creativity was clear from the counterfeits and the ornate particulars he provided on the circumstances and provenance. Stein’s descriptions of Islam were conveyed with the scripts and block copies. At that time, Hoernle began to differentiate the original form from the forged Khotanese copies, but he trusted Islam. This paper explores the history of Islam Akhun in the Silk Road and his relationship with Aurel Stein. Magnus Bäcklund also began to suspect the authenticity of Islam Akhun’s goods. He even then wrote to the Resident in Kashmir to cease purchasing Khotan books. Islam stopped the large-scale trade almost immediately after that revelation and abandoned the traveler to figure his way back. On his return, Akhun extorted money from Badruddin through forging a note in Deasy’s handwriting, the Aqsaqal in Khotan, who was known for providing Stein with numerous manuscripts. 2 In such consideration, Islam was found guilty of the alleged crime. He suffered a sentence of wearing a big quadrangular board and cangue on his neck for 30 days. In such consideration, Sir Aurel Stein eventually unmasked Islam Akhun in 1901. The relationship between Islam and Stein began in April 1901 when the renowned Indo-Iranian scholar and archaeologist confronted Akhun over his forgeries. It was a report by Hoernlé’s that Stein reaffirmed his suspicions. When Stein faced Islam, he pleaded not guilty, affirming that he acted on Macartney’s behalf. 3 He even claimed that Akhun was a victim of purchasing similar manuscripts from them, knowing the required language. Islam had forgotten the previous supplies he had been initially published. He finally pleaded guilty to the crime of forging the block prints and manuscripts. Stein acquitted Islam and instead captured him in a photograph and later posted the picture in his Ancient Khotan expedition publications. Stein was tasked with informing Hoernle, his mentor, with whom he had succeeded. 4 In the letter, Stein described Akhun as an intelligent person, whom he entrusted his work. Confronted with all these acquisitions, Islam Akhun pleaded guilty to forging the manuscripts and block prints. Additionally, he clarified the methods they used to set up the factory and attained the manuscripts by dyeing and smoking them to achieve the aged effect. Overall, Akhun conned many people by selling them forged manuscripts as the ancient Silk Road documents. The relationship between Islam and Stein began in 1901 when he tracked him down and questioned him over his forgeries.
Introduction The paper aims at coming up with an exclusive review of the controversy that surrounded the need to come up with a new payroll processing system that was expected to replace the old system in Queensland health program. The paper is based on two articles that aim at providing factual information that should shed some light on the procedures that should be employed in the identified process. The two articles have illustrated the need to have a new system and have given procedures that should ensure that the transition process is effective and it meets the stipulated mandate. The study has used Queensland health program as the case study. Article1: Moving to a New HRIS Time for a new human resource information system? Plan ahead for a painless conversion The article addresses the moving of organizations from their current HRIS to new systems. For example, the Arizona Department of administration (ADOA), management was aware that its current human resource information system was in dire need for a surgical change. The article has addressed the issue where the author has demonstrated that HRIS change does not always have to be a complex process, but the transition to the new system provides opportunities that are expected to streamline a number of business processes in the organization. The article identifies planning as the major step in ensuring that the conversion process is smooth. Article 2: Handling the Challenges of Change Management The article explains that human beings will subconsciously resist change. Therefore, it is of essence that the management addresses the issue of resistance to change critically. The article has addressed the areas that demand attention in the implementation of the new system and has come up with a three phase implementation approach that is expected to make the implementation process less turbulent. The three phases are:   * The identification of the challenges that are likely to face the organization and its new system implementation process,   * The exhaustive analysis of the expected challenges   * Mechanisms that will be applied by the management to resolve the challenges Implementation Problems Encountered By Queensland Health Program The efforts by Queensland Health Program and the Human Resource Division of Arizona Department of Administration to implement a new payroll system were met with a number of problems as illustrated in the two articles. It has been noted in the articles that the implementation process was late by 20 months a
Introduction The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) has become a powerful model for guiding people in different societies and countries to promote the principles of freedom and equality. Such a practice can make it possible for human beings to live harmoniously and achieve their maximum potential. The purpose of this paper is to apply the concept of equality to explain why people should strive to reveal and show that there are real human differences instead of surmising that they exist. Thesis Statement Since people do not apply the values of equality in a systematic and unswerving manner, there is a need for societies to acknowledge that there are real differences among populations and present evidence-based strategies to address them. Arguments for Supporting Existing Differences The notion of equality guides and empowers people to avoid prejudice and discrimination against others. This element has become a fundamental aspect of human rights laws across the globe. According to it, persons with diverse backgrounds require equal, fair, and just treatment. Unfortunately, the world has failed to apply the dictates of these policies proportionately (Gobineau and Collins 29). Consequently, the rights and liberties of many groups have become just a dream. Several reasons can be presented to explain why societies should accept that there are striking differences rather than surmising that they exist. The first one is that the move to reveal each difference will present superior solutions and e