ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
It is necessary to say that the Black Death was a critical moment in the history of the world, and the number of casualties is astounding. The fact that it is a frequent topic of controversies and discussions should not be disregarded. It is paramount to mention that some authors have suggested theories that are particularly interesting. The work of Michael Dols titled “The comparative communal responses to the Black Death in Muslim and Christian societies” is especially fascinating, and the thesis that is suggested by the author can be regarded as reasonable. However, the issue is that he did not study the documents that were available and did not take into account different opinions on this situation. The author notes that the dissimilarity between the responses to this disaster is significant and should not be overlooked. Michael Dolls thinks that plague epidemics in Muslim communities did not lead to the creation of movements and other issues that occurred in European countries at that time because of differences in cultures and traditions. He believes that they reacted like they did because they did not think that it was a punishment from God. The author also suggests that Muslims had an opinion that it was not necessary to take the measures to avoid the plague (Dols 275). He has studied a broad range of articles and literature and uses the knowledge that was gained as evidence to support his ideas. “They were further asked to go on the fourth day, a Friday to the Mosque of the Foot to in order to humbly beseech God to take away this plague” (Albert 11). It is imperative to mention that this passage is especially important because it indicates that Muslims were worried about the situation, and the idea that it was a kind act from God was frequently questioned. The fact that the belief that it was martyrdom was widely spread should not be overlooked, but it is evident that there was no consensus on this issue. It is also quite interesting that it is believed that some rulers have taken advantage of the situation, and have taken control over the property that belonged to individuals that were infected (Necipoglu 69). It needs to be said that this fact is especially fascinating, and it may mean that rulers intentionally did not try to educate the masses about this problem. Meri suggests that
In Susan Glaspell’s Trifles one of basic themes is solidarity between women. Mrs. Hale and Mrs. Peters show compassion towards Mrs. Wright, who is accused of killing her own husband. This points to an unconditional and sincere support of representatives of their gender. While men treat Mrs. Wright as a cruel killer, women found a way to justified her from a solely woman’s position: “I might have known she needed help! I know how things can be — for women” (Glaspell 323). Moreover, the women decide to hide the evidence (a dead bird). When the men asked about the bird, women replied: “We think the — cat got it” (Glaspell 320), even though they knew that there could be no cat: “… she didn’t have a cat. She’s got that feeling some people have about cats — being afraid of them” (Glaspell 318). Among the characters, I found Mrs. Hale very interesting. Mrs. Hale shows a rare ability to sense the emotions of other people; in addition, she is very compassionate and sentimental. Mrs. Hale even feels guilty of not helping Mrs. Wright when she needed her: “I wish I had come over to see Minnie Foster sometimes” (Glaspell 319). One of the central issues opened in Ibsen’s A Doll House is confrontation of selfishness and altruism. Torvald, a personification of selfishness and narcissism, cares only about his reputation. Thus, he fires Krogstad because he dares to “adopt a familiar tone with me” (Ibsen 190). In addition, he views himself as a savior and master of his wife, who is totally helpless without him. At the same time, Nora is fighting
The Whole Community advent is an ideology that significantly impacts the security status of the nation. The main reason the inclusivity approach is an effective concept towards promoting sustainable living engulfs the ability of individuals from different institutions to collaborate for enhancing the monitoring and prevention of criminal activities. In this case, homeland security handles minimal criminal activities due to the community’s contribution to the mentorship of the members. Homeland security monitors and manages terrorism security issues as well as the emergency services in America (Traci et al., 2018). The integration of the Whole Community approach poses a dynamic interplay between the homeland security engagements and the American community. A comprehensive strategy is developed through collaboration among the community members, homeland security, Federal government in the collection of adequate and executable intelligence about planned terror attacks. Although homeland security participates in fighting terrorism, it is an ideology that renders extra exploitation of the resources towards boosting security services through the inclusive participation of the community. Terrorism is an issue that both the Federal government and homeland security invest resources in for enhancing the security of the Americans. Although the concentration of the two security agencies in terrorism activities in America cultivates security, this approach exhaust the country’s budgeted security resources. It is the key responsibility of homeland security to monitor and enhance disaster management (Traci et al., 2018). An excellent example of rescuing and evacuating victims during hurricanes is the case of Katrina hurricane. The President appoints the Administrator to manage homeland security with the mandate to update the President about the security status on daily basis. Over the decades, homeland security attained resilience in the management of emergencies across the American territories while fostering to gain track of terrorism activities. In a different spectrum, the Federal government shirks from its role in fighting terrorism mainly because of the high investment of resources to attain the core objective. The primary goal of the Federal government entails monitoring and neutralizing the security situations that threaten the safety of the nationalities and government executives to enhance justice. Efficiency in security functions demands an increase in the financial resources for homeland security (Traci et al., 2018). On the other hand, the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) fosters an imperative strategy that counters extra utilization of national resources such as the Whole Community approach. Preparation, prevention, mitigation, response, and the recovery process in the evaluation of terror attacks render an effective solution. Collaboration between the government security agencies and the community is an effective strategy due to its proactive impact against the enemies.
Introduction Transgender issues in the workplace gain significant recognition and provoke a number of discussions. Modern employees aim to establish strong and authentic relationships, which makes them disclose some personal issues. However, not all individuals are ready to accept such facts as someone’s transgender history. As a result, companies have to develop clear policies and make sure no issues remain unsolved. In the case under consideration, Egan Woodward did not get a job at A&E Tire because the company learned that he was transgender (U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, 2019). Although the organization did not consider his transgender factor as the main reason for their rejection, another person was invited to this position. The U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) settled the lawsuit, using such backgrounds as sex stereotypes, gender inequality, and discrimination. The ramifications for the organization included the necessity to pay $60,000 to Woodward, announce an apology, and improve their employment policies. The experience of the EEOC and the A&E Tire vs. Woodward case showed that despite the intentions to promote equality in American society, there are still many ambiguous issues and controversies to be solved. EEOC Functions In a world where many debates and discontent about discrimination and inequality occur, such organizations like the EEOC play an important role. Their functions include the enforcement of federal laws and the protection of employees against discrimination because of the color of the skin, age, gender, or sexual orientation. The representatives of the EEOC are able to investigate each case of discrimination in different organizations using the law and the intentions of people to leave in an equal society. If the EEOC cannot find enough evidence or does not have access to information of a case, there is the authority that can file a lawsuit and support people who face employment challenges. As soon as a lawsuit is filed, the EEOC has to make sure that the evidence is strong enough, the issues are clear, and the impact is recognizable. The task of this organization is to use an example of one perso
Introduction Systems servers have hugely modified the management and running computer networks in institutions. Operating systems for servers are a set up of arranged components put together to maintain and make sure there is well-organized delivery of services in server utility. Various companies have designed wide ranging types of operating systems for servers. This is done according to the desired function of the system. The operating systems have also been advanced from time to time to make sure effectiveness in network administration. Comparison between Server Operating Systems UNIX Server This operating system applies the server- user technique which works appropriately for both workstations and system servers. The server operating system has facilitated the expansion of internet technology since it enables easier management of networked computers from one central server machine. The main feature of the Unix Server operating system is its simple design created for the purpose of multi tasking and easy portability. UNIX further comes with a micro kernel which offers the capabilities of file management and efficient running of programs. The operating system is also designed to store large data amounts using the plain text concept (Burleson, 2002). Applying the use of UNIX server operating systems has significant advantages as compared to other operating systems. Firstly, the operating system has the ability to work as an independent print and mail server. This reduces the risks experienced in exchange of files and mail between the server and clients. UNIX also offers security to private mails reducing the chances of system hacking. Another advantage experienced by using UNIX is the stability offered by the operating system. Unlike other servers, running and using the operating system is easy and does not necessarily need skilled people to use it (Fenner, 2004). The stability reduces crashing of machines hence the appropriate operating system for organizational use. To add on these advantages, the operating system is designed in a way that enables multitasking. This allows several users to perform their tasks without causing hitches to the network system. The system does not require large physical memory since UNIX has a powerful virtual memory that can handle a number of programs simultaneously. According to Fenner (2004), UNIX is however, associated with several limitations such as the technicality required for its configuration. This calls for well acquainted personnel to offer co
Summary The CIPD HR Professional Map aims to cover theoretical knowledge, practical activities, and behaviors that, according to CIPD, are necessary for HR to be able to maintain the value of the organization. It is a pivotal model for HR professionals and allows them to obtain the required knowledge and skills in order to deliver quality service across every aspect of their profession (Rees & French 2013). The Map identifies 10 professional areas in Human Resources. Each of them is further subdivided into four bands and eight desired patterns of behavior. The two core areas of the map are applicable to all professionals (Martin 2008):   * Insights, strategy, and solutions – These ensure understanding of the organization and its environment and apply the insights to develop strategies and solutions that would allow for meeting organizational needs at present and in the future;   * Leading HR – This performs the role of a model leader in order to increase the contribution that HR professionals make on their own or with other members’ support. The non-core professional areas are organization design, organization development, resourcing and talent planning, learning and talent development, performance and reward, employee engagement, employee relations, and service delivery and information. CIPD research has proven that success in HR depends on competence in the core of the MAP. The 10 areas describe the scope of activities
Introduction Examples of authentic assessments include writing one’s autobiography after reading an excerpt from the biography of a famous person. This assignment may be done in pairs with one student interviewing another about a specific period of his or her life. English language learners are expected to show their communication and vocabulary skills. This authentic assessment of writing and speaking develops students’ ability to interpret and convey meanings for an authentic purpose. Main body Another example of an authentic assessment is a simple story retelling when a student has to retell main ideas after reading or listening to the text. This assignment requires a learner to demonstrate skills of effective oral communication in summarizing a piece of work. The authentic assessment effectively measures the capabilities of ELLs who are usually unable to show their learning using traditional assessment methods due to language barriers (Rukmini & Saputri, 2017). Not only does authentic assessment emphasizes what students know rather than what they do not know but it also elicits higher-order thinking. One example of performance assessment is conducting research on a student’s topic of interest. An English language learner will have to read literature in the English language and extract meaningful information to write an essay. The main advantage of this task is that it allows for keeping students interested and thus engaged in the process. When searching for information, a student not only expands his or her vocabulary but also learns to compare and analyze data in the English language. Conclusion Another good example of performance assessment is dramatic enactment which students may do collaboratively or on their own. Dramatic enactment may include prose or poetry interpretation, and learning outcomes of such tasks can hardly be overestimated. Since the activity is engaging, students are motivated to attain high levels of learning. This is especially important for English language learners who need constant support and motivati
Social and historical contexts surrounding Mary Shelley’s prose fiction text Frankenstein , 1816, and Ridley Scott’s Blade Runner (Director’s Cut), 1992, influence the meaning and significance of each text as perceived by their audiences, through contrasting mediums of the novel and the film. By employing techniques significant to each medium, such as the multiple plot structure and epistolary narrative of Shelley’s novel, and Scott’s use of mise-en-scene and lighting, the composers convey a provocative view of texts in time. The elements of Frankenstein and Blade Runner are often disparate and distinctive for the reason that values and perspectives are reflected in the context. The contrast of both these texts allows singling out common features of some of their elements which altogether create new contexts and themes. Differences in these texts’ settings, plots, and structural techniques create such themes as human’s usurpation of the power of God, the concerns with science excess, as well as the essence of humanity and duality of mankind. The texts under consideration picture the events of different periods of time and have absolutely different settings, but both Frankenstein and Blade Runner express the desire of a human to have powers of God. The plot of Frankenstein set in the 1790’s is situated in a broad spectrum of places throughout Europe, much of the action taking place in and around a Castle. Shelley also employs various literary devices, the portent dream, overwrought emotion and metonymy of gloom which together with the castle setting contribute to the Gothic sense of the novel. In contrast, Blade Runner is set in only one location, namely in a bleak, dystopian and postmodern Los Angeles during the year 2019. It is as if this futuristic rendering of Los Angeles exists in a perpetual state of darkness, a common trope of film noirs. This shows that, irrespective of how modern or developed the society is, there are always people who try to stand out and take full control over natural processes. Both Tyrell and Victor try to play God through the creation of life. These characters have different intentions regarding their creations. Victor, for instance, experiments with the revival of a dead because he wishes to learn “the secrets of heaven and earth” (Shelley and Hindle, p. 39). Tyrell, in his turn, creates Replicants as a cheap labor force; moreover, he seems to take much pride in himself for having powers of God because he even tries to control the Sun by polarizing his office window. In addition, the plots of Frankenstein and Blade Runner reflect the progressive concern of science which is evident in both the texts. In the 19 th century when Frankenstein was composed discoveries were being made in all fields of research; in those times there emerged evolutionary theories of Darwin and various branches of medicine, including the potential for electricity (galvanism) to restore life to dead bodies. Blade Runner , in its turn, was released in the post World War II, the Cold War, and the Holocaust er
Introduction Every democratic government has separate tiers and each tier is saddled with respective responsibilities, which promotes democracy and division of labour. If only few people are charged with the responsibility to lead a country, the workload will be too much. A democratic government usually consists of people from diverse backgrounds having their strengths and weaknesses, their firm beliefs and ideologies. In a system where people with varied life perceptions work together, some frictions could be observed from time to time. Such situation could presently be viewed in the United States of America where a government shutdown occurs. The US government shutdown is a result of an argument between the executive and the legislators over the affordable care act. To enable the US government to spend appropriately, the Constitution outlines that it is mandatory that expenditures of federal funds are approved by the Congress and the President of the United States. Both arms of government are yet to reach a compromise due to the disagreement over the affordable care act thereby preventing proper funding and eventually causing a shutdown. This essay will attempt to analyse what led to the lack of funds that affected the entire country. Lastly a solution would be proffered on how to curb this crisis. Cause of shutdown The federal agencies need funding for appropriate functioning and meeting their obligations. Americans are taxed to fund these agencies and it is their constitutional right to enjoy the services rendered by them. In a scenario where there is epileptic funding or a situation where federal agencies lack adequate funding, it affects the efficiency of such agencies. Such scenarios could lead to poor services or even the agencies’ closure. The stoppage of funding happens when the President and the Congress are unable to reach a compromise on interim or full funding. The result of such a disagreement can cause a shutdown as can be seen in the United States now. The last time the country experienced such a problem was in 1995, when a shutdown in the federal government’s activities took place for 21 days. This shutdown that began at the 16 th of December 1995, lasted till the 6 th of January 1996, before it was resolved. Judiciary The US Supreme Court is the highest court in the country. Litigants dissatisfied with lower court decision can appeal to the Supreme Court. Although a minimal number of cases ever get to the Supreme Court and a ruling by the Supreme Court cannot be appealed. One of the most important features of the American legal system is the practice of judicial review that is carried out by the Supreme Court. The court can determine whether a statute or executive action conforms to the rules or principles as enshrined in the Constitution. The Supreme Court possesses the powers to strike down laws it considers unconstitutional. A rec
The Moderation Dilemma Anny Bernstein’s book The Moderation Dilemma is concerned with the discussion of what causes America to fall behind European countries, in respect of enacting social-welfare policies, meant to ensure the well-being of the country’s most socially vulnerable citizens. The foremost idea, promoted throughout the book’s entirety, can be outlined as follows: the reason why the advocates of these policies’ enactment commonly fail to achieve their legislative agenda, is that they often appear incapable of adjusting their strategies, in this respect, to be thoroughly observant of the specifics of the surrounding socio-cultural environment. According to the author, this is exactly the reason why, while striving to convince state-officials to pass bills that would guarantee Americans to be qualified for paid medical leaves, social activists usually adopt a rather uncompromising stance, which in the long run rarely proves effective. In its turn, this prompted Bernstein to suggest that: “In order to succeed, groups (of social activists) need to adapt their strategies to the vagaries of the political climate in which they are operating” (6). The author substantiates the validity of this idea, in regards to what was the outcome of public campaigns for passing medical leave legislations in Connecticut and Massachusetts. Even though that, just as it happened to be the case with Connecticut, Massachusetts is considered a ‘lefty’ state (which presupposes that the state’s residents would support the enactment of social-welfare policies), the governmental officials in this state nevertheless decided in favor of refusing to approve the proposed leave-bylaws. This is because these bylaws’ advocates went as far, as demanding for temporarily non-working employees to be guaranteed full pay. As a result, employees in Massachusetts continue to be denied the right to have unscheduled leaves – even the non-paid ones. In Connecticut, however, leave-proponents limited their demands to the extent of agreeing for the proposed leave-legislations to be only concerned with allowing employees to be qualified for non-paid absences, without facing the prospect of losing their jobs. Thus, the reason why social activists succeeded in convincing state-legislators to pass these bylaws (although at the expense of having them substantially ‘curtailed’), is that the concerned individuals were willing to indulge in the public dialogue with their opponents, and to abandon some of their initial demands so that the consensus could be reached. Hence, the discursive significance of the book’s title – it is me