ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Times after the Civil War and Reconstruction in the US brought the Second Industrial Revolution to the country. It brought factories and people willing to work there, despite the harsh conditions and low payment. Workers tried to organize the Labor Unions to resist the unfair treatment by the business owners and government officials. However, authorities had much power that allowed them to suppress strikes and other organized activities directed at improving the work conditions at the US factories. Reasons for Labor Unions The end of the nineteenth century in the US was characterized by the Second Industrial Revolution and the construction of numerous factories all over the country. Such conditions led to the emergence of the Robber Barons, the wealthy entrepreneurs who used their money and influence to build their business empires. Among those influential figures were famous J.D. Rockefeller, A. Carnegie, and J.P. Morgan (Maryville University, n.d.). They gladly hired thousands of workers at low wages to create as much profit as possible. Immigrants, unskilled laborers, and poor Americans saw the machinery development in US as their opportunity to work hard and provide for their families. However, since people were willing to tolerate uncomfortable conditions, working in industries often meant twelve-hour shifts, no breaks, and low wages (16mm, 2016). The employees observed the unprecedented concentration of wealth in the hands of a few businessmen. In their opinion, it threatened not only the decent working conditions but the democratic nature of American society (Freeman, 2020). The only acceptable strategy for the laborers was to create a union organization to resist the unfair treatment of the bosses and authorities collectively. Labor Unions The purpose of Labor Unions is to concentrate the power of separate employees to state their requirements regarding the work conditions and wages. The most known organizations of such type in the US during the end of the nineteenth century were the Knights of Labor and the American Federation of Labor (AFL) (History.com, 2020). The former promised its members a radical labor change leading to a permanent improvement in the working conditions. The organization did not cooperate much with the US government and acted mostly through strikes. The Knights of Labor was inclusionary for their time, allowing African Americans and women to join (Freeman, 2020). The main requirements were directed at the basic needs for the employees to have enough money and rest time for a decent lifestyle. The AFL was based on the trade union members and concentrated on job-conscious goals (History.com, 2020). The organization was pragmatic politically, banned Black and female members, and supported negotiations with the authority representatives (Freeman, 2020). Despite millions of people all over the country supporting them, the labor unions were not effective at the end of the
Community development (CD) can be defined as the empowerment of members of a community. This empowerment is tailored to ensure that the members of the community are not only willing, but also able to make good decisions about their lives. Community development is relevant in any country, regardless of whether the country is a developing country or an already developed country. Although term community development is mainly used to refer to the economic empowerment of a community, this is not all community development is about. CD is not only meant for economic related concepts, but also for other life concepts that are of concern. It could revolve around education, politics, and health among other things. There are very many people who work as community development workers. They include civil servants, teachers, and those working in non- governmental organizations that deal with community development. In as much as these and other community development workers work to make the community self sufficient, there are very many challenges, tensions, and dilemmas that get in their way. The community development workers have to be good at what they do, despite all these challenges. A community development worker is supposed to be well trained in order to do his or her work accordingly. A CD worker is also supposed to be organized, a good facilitator, a good public speaker, able to work in teams, and a good problem solver. There are, however, very many challenges that make community development workers unable to be the best that they can be. Some of these challenges are personal while others affect every community development worker regardless of the region they are located. The most common personal dilemmas that the community development workers face revolve around individual ethics. The other problems that CD workers face revolve around governments, funding, and social problems among other issues (Hoggett, Mayo, & Miller, 2008, p. 34). One of the biggest challenges that make the community development worker’s work difficult is shallow training. There are many universities and colleges that offer community development as a course, yet most of their students cannot solve some of the common problems in their respective societies. The Kenyan society has had its share of community development projects. The country is categorized as a developing country in Africa. However, there are very many members of this country who do not know how to make fulfilling decisions. This is mainly visible in matters that concern finances. Very many of the elderly in the community are illiterate and they cannot make decisions concerning education and health. This presents a huge challenge to the community development workers in the country. CD workers are unable to have satisfactory conversations and projects with some of the members of the community due to language barriers among other barriers. The students who have taken the course in schools
Historical Trends in Corn Prices and Supply And Demand of Previous Years Prices have largely been influenced by the supply and demands rates. Regarding the supply factors for corn prices, specific attention should be paid to the analysis of stocks, production, and imports. The presented numerical data was premised on the situation with carryover and beginning stocks that influence supply rates of corn. In particular, larger stocks ensured extra supplies in case the production level was low whereas small stocks did not provided safety grounds and could negatively influence supply. All these reforms contributed supply rates was significantly diminished causing increase in corn prices. However, it did not influence the corn price because the demand rates remain the same. Regarding the supply and demand rates, corn prices in 2002/2003 period equaled to $ 0.34 per bushel whereas the period from 2003 to 2003 reveals a significant price rise by $ 1.66 per bushel. The next year, the price was almost doubled and reached $ 3.4 per bushel (Leibtag 2). The period of increase, from 2005 to 2005 is explained by an increased demand for corn-based ethanol production. Higher demand of corn use in food production has also contribute to the increase in supply, which followed by the increase in prices. The increase in price observed is associated with higher demand for ethanol. As a result, demand for corn increased due to the increased demand for ethanol, which later influenced positively the price of corn. Judging from the above, the farmers are likely to increase prices on corn because of the demand on the products made from corn – ethanol and corn flakes. Corn was also used for feeding cattle (Leibtag 4). The fluctuations in price were explained by higher demand for corn involved into the production of food, including ethanol, corn flakes, and corn syrup for beverages (Hoffman 2). The 2007-2008 marketing years also provides a significant increase in prices from $ 3.28 per bushel in 2007 to $ 5.26 per bushel in 2008 (National Agricultural Statistics Service 1). Ann
Outline A leader is a person dealing with aspects that help an organization achieve its objectives as well as equipping and motivating others with required tools to help achieve the same. For a leader to be effective, he or she needs to have a self-assessment of his or her own leadership characteristics which is done by using self-assessment tools. The result of the assessment shows one’s areas of weakness as well as areas where he or she is competent in otherwise known as strengths. What follows is a task to help improve one’s weaknesses to be effective in leadership. Self-assessment on leadership characteristics and strengths According to (Atwater, 1997), maximization and development of one’s leadership potential can be achieved through an assessment of one’s attributes and skills of leadership. In my self-assessment, I will be identifying as well as discussing characteristics of leadership which will give a picture of my strengths and weaknesses. The first characteristic is professional competence which helps one to assess information, solve problems and ensure that work is performed efficiently making a leader earn respect from the subordinates. Its absence makes a leader unable to understand things quickly hence fails to utilize resources available properly. I score high in this area since I’m very quick at understanding information as well as applying it where it’s needed. Conceptual flexibility is the leader’s ability to view situations as well as problems from different perspectives allowing him or her, to guide subordinates when need arises. I’m very good in this area as I research well on my job to be able to understand it deeply and widely enabling me to view problems as opportunities to help improve in that particular area. Another characteristic is the ability of a leader to have a future vision where one is able to understand trends and proceed to make future plans while intervening in the present to avoid problems in the future. I achieve this by making sure that, I have goals set to be achieved within a particular time frame, following trends very closely as I keep records to help in prediction of future trends. (Atwater, 1997). According to (Spreitzer ,2006), Interpersonal competence is also important where I also score high by genuinely appreciating others for what they are worth; respect them as well as creating conducive environment to enable openness. This makes subordinates get motivated enabling
Because of the increasing pace of global warming and the drastic effects it has on the environment, especially on the variety of species, the effects of global warming have to be reconsidered and re-evaluated. Therefore, the issue deserves immediate research and consideration. Once working out the solutions for the problem of species disappearing from the face of the Earth, the humankind will be able to face the rest of the challenges that global warming poses. Among the most important concepts that require explanation, the following terms should be mentioned: 1) endangered species, which are the species currently facing extinction; 2) the extinct species, which are the ones that are no longer in existence; 3) habitat, which is the typical environment for the given species; 4) non-native species, which are the species migrating from their natural habitat to another one due of the change of climate. It is important to mention that, of all the concerns that touch upon the issue, the one demanding endangered species protection is the most essential at present. According to what the researchers say, “Unless we get our act together soon, we’re looking at committing ourselves to this kind of thing”, Handrewk, the author of the article “Global Warming Could Cause Mass Extinctions by 2050, Study Says,” emphasizes. Therefore, the primary concern is to come up with the solutions on the space extinction problem. As for the secondary problem that the opposition is facing in relation to the species extinction due to the increase in the pace of global warming, the change of the natural habitat of the species is the key concern. Since the environment conditions change, animals migrate, which causes severe changes in the environmental processes and decreases the life expectancy of various non-native species, leading the latter to complete extinction. Indeed, according to Powers, who wrote in 2008 the article “Effects of Global Warming on Snowpack in Colorado River Basin,” Contained beneath the snow of the Colorado Basin is a layer of frozen ground. The layer of soil which freezes in the winter only to thaw out again in the warmer months is known as the active layer. In areas that are cold enough there is another layer below this which never fully thaws out. This is known as permafrost. As the average temperature of an area rises, these layers will decrease in size and duration. This has the potential to create lasting atmospheric effects. (8, Effects of global warming on snowpack in the colorado river basin ). To address the primary concern of the opponent as for the effects of the global warming, namely, the fact that the species extinct due to the increasing effect of the global warming, one must keep in mind that the process of extinction is enhanced by the unceasing poaching, as well as by constant air pollution and the environment contamination. Therefore, the change in the attitudes towards the nature can help prevent the
Executive Summary Applying Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs to the Australian company known as Woolworths and the Macro product line that it has recently launched, one will be able to determine the presence of vast corporate issues that need to be managed. To define the extent and magnitude of these issues, Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs was adopted as the evaluation tool. Woolworths’ Macro currently meets nearly all of the requirements set by Maslow’s Hierarchy, yet the issue of self-actualization could use certain improvements to ensure high customer loyalty rates. Introduction Among recent projects in the Australian retail sector, Woolworth’s Macro has attained particular success yet certain improvements may be needed. The analysis will allow determining whether the company has the potential for further expansion into other markets and introducing innovative solutions to current concerns (Cao et al., 2013). Although the firm has managed to fulfill the social needs of its customers, the further focus on the opportunities for customers’ self-actualization will need to be analyzed. To analyze the progress made by Woolworth’s Macro, one will need to take a glance at the retail industry, in general. The specified segment of the Australian market has been experiencing rapid growth recently. Emerging as a response to buyers’ need for fast access to key products such as food and clothes, Woolworth has grown despite rather stiff competition with companies
Executive Summary Media refers to lopsided reporting rather than inaccuracy of presenting information. Media bias in favor of corporate groups is as a result of ownership. Media bias requires that both sides who claim bias be considered because most of the time if favored sides consider the media biased against them at some level. In the U.S. politics, it is considered that liberal journalists reduce their aggressiveness when handling conservative groups to avoid being labeled as biased. However, the bias streams because they set double standards when a Democrat is being interviewed. The main cause of media bias apart from the influence of power is the profit-maximizing objective. Matters that are weird are considered unexpected, and exciting. A touchy visual impression is also considered as newsworthy. This makes the selection of topical issues, and photos to be biased towards cuteness. Introduction The media refer to whole groups of materials that used to pass information to the masses. They include printed material such as newspapers, and magazines. They also include electronic materials such as TV, film, radio, video, videogames and the Internet (Sanson et al. 7) Media bias does not mean that the reporting is inaccurate or dishonest but preference to cover one side of a story. The main reason given by Groseclose & Milyo for not labelling media bias as dishonesty or inaccuracy is the fact that rarely do reporters make dishonest statements. A better name would be ‘slanted’ in case of one-sided reports. Groseclose & Milyo point out a case where “a journalist chose facts or stories that only one side of the political spectrum is likely to mention” (para. 40). Mackay and Sloan discuss the case where media groups would not cover business stories unless they are about events such as “national strikes, layoffs, shortages, or rising prices” (218). All these events are bad news for businesses, and the consumer. Background Groseclose & Milyo empha
The Mediterranean Sea for the past decades has encountered massive research on its factors and attributes that are entailed in it. The deep water has attracted greater attention to the study of the sea. The majority of the water has been an illustration to clarify the adequacy to long-term deviation in their hydrological possessions. The Mediterranean emerged as a result of multifaceted tectonic history of pushing that entails thrusting and rifting. This two involved the African, Arabian and Eurasian plates. The motion towards the north of Arabia lastly closed the connection flanked by the eastern parts of the Mediterranean and the loose ends of the Tethys Ocean around 9 million years ago. From this time the sea developed the enclosed basin. The landscape around the Mediterranean continues to expand in an extremely vibrant manner, which has significant impact for this region’s continental fringe. The basin occupies an area in square kilometers of about twenty six million with an average water depth of about 1.5kilometers. After dipping until its symmetry depth, LIW is extend following the general circulation, and from end to end of the channel of Sicily goes into the western basin of the Mediterranean sea. In addition to being comparatively easily follow in all sub-basins, some particulars of LIW thermohaline distinctiveness, alteration progression, and movement still necessitate to be better understood (Brasseur1991). The (L I W) is a significant mass for the largely hydrology of the Mediterranean Sea and there are open questions connected with the possible long-term variability of its physical attributes. The LIW flow scheme in the western side of the Mediterranean was first proposed by (Brasseur1991). LIW entering through the Sicilian channel mainly outline cyclonically the consecutive western sub basins.The wearing away of the maxima is a clear sign of LIW alteration, by integration with nearby waters, along its westward trail in the western Mediterranean. This arises as a result of the recirculation to the east of LIW. The locale layer is at first formed by LIW, depressed down to the equivalent isopycnal stage in its configuration region and being more and more integrated to the circulation at depths. The LIW volumes that have just been formed generated due to surface layer density increasing by cooling in winter and their salinization due to evaporation in summer continue to sink up to the depth of the isopycnal. These warmed volumes of LIW are finally d broken to slighter ones by integration process, mainly of double diffusion nature (Bower & Appen 2008). The negligible lenses scatter, maintaining the elevated temperature and salinity of the
Writing is the most important activity in the current world driven by the knowledge economy. As a result, books and authors should strictly adhere to a realistic global view. They say that a picture contains more than a thousand words. In this regard, a book combining the use of photographs and words is more informative and realistic in the knowledge economy. While including full-page photo spreads and mind-provoking essays, Menzel and D’Aluisio deliver a masterpiece in “Hungry Planet: What the world eats.” In their pursuit to investigate the effects of growing wealth, globalization, and migration on nutrition in communities in the world, author D’Aluisio and photographer Menzel set out to explore and convey the report in a book. The two hundred and eighty-eight pages book is a compilation of a journey in twenty-four countries around the world. The authors visited thirty families, living with them at their homes in order to come up with their book. In this regard, the authors became part of the family by going to the farm, cooking, eating, and shopping with these families. All along, they observed as every package unwrapped, every vegetable peeled and every beverage flowed in order to come up with this masterpiece of work. The book is a photo-chronicle of 600 meals from these 30 families. The book features pictures from all these families each taken with their food purchases they consumed in a week. The authors asked each of the families they visited and lived with to purchase their groceries equivalent to one week’s consumption. The authors then asked the family to artfully display their purchases and pose with them in a family portrait. As a result, the assortment of foods varied from sacks of potatoes and grain to packed take-out pizzas, from sodas to alcohol, from overripe bananas to oranges and other diverse foods. The book further illustrates in detail the listing of the goods breaking them by food groups and cost. In addition, the book also illustrates the methods the households use in attaining the foods and the family recipe. To inform fully the reader, the authors used photographs of the families’ recipes, enlightening essays, and the weekly food-intake lists with the prices noted. As a result, the book gives the reader an insight into the diets of both the world’s poor and the rich. In this regard, the reader will meet a German family, the Mellanders, with a weekly food expense amounting to $500 mainly enjoying beef roulades, cinnamon rolls and chocolate croissants. On the other hand, the reader will also meet the Natomos family from Mali. The family’s weekly food budget is $26.39 consisting of corn and millet. However, theirs does not form the cheapest of weekly food budget in the boo