ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Tort gives rise to an action for damages to compensate the injured party. It seeks to give the patients what is considered a monetary equivalent of the loss suffered. In this case, the defendant can be the healthcare provider and the plaintiff can be the uninsured patient (Williams, 1951). On the other hand, a punitive damage is one set at a level intended to punish the actor so as to serve as an example to make others refrain from such mistakes. It basically warns them that dire consequences could result from their negligent behavior (Mark and Ken, 2003). The question whether tort law should demand less of healthcare providers who treat uninsured patients is a bit debatable. Take for instance, legitimate tort claims arising from damages caused by medical malpractices. It would be impractical to harmonize the damage imposed on the defendant on grounds that they served an uninsured patient. Mistakes and negligence should be subject to punishment to prevent them from happening in the future. Therefore leniency would just be a recipe for disaster in medical practices. On the other hand, one would argue that due to high cost of treating uninsured patients, it is quite practical to reduce charges impounded on them by torts especially if such hospitals or medical providers do not get a considerable support from the government. High cost of health services added to tort damages is a financial load big enough to bring down a health facility. This would do more harm than good to the poor majority of the population who depends on its services (van Gerven, 2001). In most cases, it is apparent that tort litigation is a very important tool for the prevention of injuries on patients. This is because doctors or physicians tend to minimize situations that might risk the life of or harm the patient in order to avoid future damages. For this reason, it is not a good idea to adjust the damages for tort features serving insured or uninsured patients. Despite this, reducing tort damages for medical providers treating uninsured patients can be beneficial in reducing instances of defensive medicine -altering clinical behavior or procedure because of the threat of malpractice liability, for example, eliminating procedures prone to complications, such as trauma surgery, and avoiding patients who had complex medical problems or were perceived as litigious. When such fears are eliminated by imposing a reasonable tort damages, the
The art of war is a versatile thing with points on direct and fast actions. This idea is incorporated in all wars that happened on earth in history. Conflicts may occur due to different reasons. It can be ambitions, interests, or pretenses about territory or ethnic groups of people. Carl von Clausewitz was a great theorist of war. Living in the epoch of Enlightenment with its philosophical background Clausewitz found out the principal approaches in war. Theoretical and empirical explanations of fog and friction are taken into account by him. Carl von Clausewitz’s major points should be used for today’s practice of warfare with a special approach toward the computer age of warfare. In modern times fog and friction of war are not obsolete, and their presence in warfare proves the theory of Clausewitz due to multiple examples of war tactics of today. Thus, in the theory of Carl von Clausewitz illustrated in his major work On War there are several points as of war realities. First, the author gives the classification of war in its types, namely limited and unlimited. Also, Clausewitz suggested two theories to be used in war tactics, such as fog and friction theories (Howard & Paret, 1976). In this prospect, Clausewitz pointed out that the fog considers the ambiguity of information in real war and possible mistakes due to a loss of right identification and uncertainty according to the enemy numbers, intent, abilities, and tactics (Howard & Paret, 1976). One of the examples shows such tactics in World War II when the army of the USSR met the opposing fascist army when the war came to an end. The tactics were concerned with the use of powerful projectors. They made the enemy blind and uncertain in their actions. They were greatly surprised, and this became a deterrent force so that the army of Marshal Zhukov could deliver a fatal blow to fascists. During the Cold War, the intelligence services of the US and the USSR widely used fog of war utilizing disinformation. Another theory implements the use of tactics that can terminate the enemy in real war using unexpectedness or irregularity (Clausewitz & Graham, 1873). The main principle of war is to destruct the powers of the enemy (Parker, 2005). Clausewitz points out accordingly in his work: “Everything in war is very simple, but the simplest thing is difficult.” (Clausewitz & Graham, 1873, p. 119). In other words, it is a concise description of reality effects looking at ideas and intentions in war (Clausewitz & Graham, 1873). Here human factor of debilitation and fatigue is taken into account. Desert Storm operation in 1991 is a great example of when the friction of war took place. In tactical, strategic, and operational levels this operation could not shorten the friction and even new technologies could not help (Watts,
Introduction and Objectives The first experiment was carried out to prepare nylon by combining two monomers. The second experiment was intended to modify a property of polyvinyl alcohol from being a glue-like substance to being a non-tacky and rubber-like substance. The main objective of the experiment was to produce rubber from Elmer’s glue. Background and Purpose Generally, polymers like nylon are compounds with high molecular weight due to the combination of several molecules with lower molecular weights. Polymers such as nylon naturally weigh higher than 108 grams per mole. These polymers are formed by the combination of over 104 units of monomers in one polymer molecule. Due to the large size of their molecules, polymers are referred to as macromolecules. The process of modifying existing polymers is achieved when they acquire new properties that were not intended during their original formation. For instance, modification of polyvinyl alcohol is done by treating it with borax solution. This way, Elmer’s Glue can also be modified into a rubber-like material with no sticky properties of glue. Hypothesis and Expectations The hypothesis of the first experiment process was that nylon can be formed by combining two or more monomers. The hypothesis of the second experiment process was that Elmer’s Glue changes into a rubber-like material from a glue-like substance. After the first experiment process, it was expected that two layers would be formed due to the generation of a new polymer. After the second process of combining Borax solution with Elmer’s glue, a rubber-like material was expected to be produced. Methods Experiment process A The experiment involved combining 10 ml of a 5% aqueous hexamethylenediamine solution with 10 drops of a 20% sodium hydroxide solution in a beaker. Then the next step was to gently add 10 ml 5% solution of sebacoyl chloride and cyclohexane into the resulting solution. At this point, two layers were expected to be observed due to the formation of a polymer film. After the film had formed, a copper wire hook was used to separate polymer strings and the walls of the beaker. The wire was pulled out to get polyamide that formed continuously into a long strand. The strand was then broken and pulled faster to form a rope. The rope was rinsed with water and later dried on a paper towel. Experiment process B This process involved combining 25 ml of 5% Borax solution with a portion of Elmer’s glue into a 100 ml laboratory beaker. The resulting mixture was then stirred with a glass rod. Observations were made to note any resulting physical changes to the mixture. A rubber material was expected to be produced. Results In the experiment process A, the mixture in the beaker began to bubble and to separate. The mixture of white coagulated solution then started to stick together consistently and eventually formed a strand-like material of fiber. In experiment process B, the mixture started to bind together into a consistent blob of a white rubber material. Discussion The two experiments were carried out independently to analyze two different aspects of polymers. Experiment process A had a true h
Planning is an essential aspect of a city because it determines its liveliness and attractiveness. People across the world tour certain cities in preference to others due to differences in planning. A beautiful and attractive city must have appropriate planning, which depicts the impressive architectural nature of buildings, appealing landscape, spacious streets, and imposing gardens or parks where people can rest. Moreover, proximities of shopping centers, markets, hotels, and residential estates determine the attractive of a city to buyers, sellers, as well as tourists. While some people visit cities to admire the impressive architectural buildings, others tour to enjoy the calming gardens and parks that grace the landscape. Usually, elegance of a city relies on a combination of several factors that relate to planning. Therefore, this essay reflects on planning of Los Angeles city. Los Angeles city is a unique city because it does not meet criterion of a standard and an elegant city. A normal city usually has center or heart where numerous executive offices and prime businesses are situated. However, Los Angeles has no specified center that defines its principal activities since it consists of several neighborhoods and districts that have their own minor cities. Therefore, when one visits Los Angeles, it is exceptionally difficult to locate a center that holds significant economic activities of the city since businesses and executive offices occur randomly across the city. Therefore, it means that, residents of Venice, Hollywood, Chinatown, and Beverly Hills amongst others do not have a central place where they can interact with one other since Los Angeles has no specified center. Unlike other cities, Los Angeles is also unique in that it has no borders that define its boundary and differentiate it from residential estates. Los Angeles is a homogenous city that covers expansive land ranging from residential estates to skyscrapers. Although the majority of the impressive buildings scatter cross the land, some of the buildings are in a perceived center of the city. Additionally, impressive architectural buildings that spread across Los Angeles are quite fascinating be it day or night. During the day, one cannot help admiring attractive and scattered skyscrapers that dominate Los Angeles. Transition between day and night is quite subtle because lights brigh
Introduction If we are talking about literature as a whole, then any novel may include a number of various themes and basic major ideas. The theme of a certain story represents the idea of the novel’s author, but we need to admit that it is not actually clearly stated in any novel. Different critics usually disagree on the basic aim of the theme and on the purpose of representing of its characters. The critics of such book as “Animal Dreams” by Barbara Kingsolver have different opinions on the idea of the theme of this story and on the analysis of its characters, probably, because of the events, certain ideas, and various relationships that have, indeed, different influences on the novel and the major overall idea it actually portrays. Main text As for me, I would like to make an analysis of this novel’s main character – Cosima, generally called Cody, and those characters that surround her in order to understand the main idea of the novel. I chose this novel, because I live in Arizona, where most of the novel takes place. That is why I will be able to compare my own knowledge about the place, where the action takes place with the author’s story. the read about places I have been, or may travel to. I can use what I know about my current surroundings to help me better relate to the author’s story. In this novel each character’s hopes, wishes, aspirations, and also hardships are directly woven throughout their own lives and mated in their own dreams. I chose Cody, foresight introduced both the role of certain adversary and the role of the desired, as a character for description because the author speaks through her. That gives me a lot of insight on feelings that one would normally have to assume with other writing styles. With the support of those people who surround her, such as her sickly father, Doctor Homero Noline, her adventurous and risky sister, Hallie, a local, Dona Althea that is a very colorful character, and her own naturalist, boyfriend Lloyd who seems as hog-head, Cody actually finds closure and a warm place in her full of suffering heart for that love which has forever been granted upon her. The dreams of these characters represent their cultural and natural instincts. Some of them have no faith and are in great fear of rejection. These blockaded the door to their happiness. Other characters of this novel showed courageous, directed and hard efforts for the realization of their dreams. In search of the better life, Cody Noline sets out on a hard journey in order to return to her native town of Grace, Arizona, because she wants to help her old father, who is to help her aging father, who is ill with Alzheimer’s. It is a great suffering and sacrifice for her because she had felt herself just like an outcast there during her entire childhood. She works as high school teacher and lives with her old friend from the high school. Let’s go back in time and analyze the whole situation. After her mother died, Cody learned that love isn’t permanent. Her mother
Introduction Drugs abuse has been on the rise with five drugs being noted as the most abused among the abusers. These drugs include alcohol, heroin, cocaine, tobacco and marijuana. In addition, methamphetamine use and abuse has risen especially among the athletes in order to increase their muscles performance. These drugs have health hazards on their users, which differ from one drug to another. Ranking of the drugs Heroin is the most dangerous drug of all due to its negative health effects that include lethal overdose, impulsive abortion, malformed veins and the users contracting contagious diseases such as HIV/AIDS due to sharing injecting needles. In addition, the heart lining may become infected among the heavy users as well as causing liver diseases and respiratory diseases such as pneumonia etc. Heroin affects its users immediately after its injection to the body with many reporting dry mouth, warm swill out of the body skin and intense extremity. On the other hand, cocaine causes marginal blood vessels to contract, pupils to enlarge as well as rise in body temperature, heart beats and body pressure. Once a person us
Introduction The book “Between Two Nations” by Michael Jones-Correa describes political experiences of Mexican-Americans immigrated to the USA and to the New York City in particular. The author considers the life chances of generations of Mexican-Americans, who remain after a near-century of legal freedom the most obvious and, in view of the very considerable number of Mexican-Americans political refugees in the United States today, the most serious contemporary illustration of the problem, we find that this conclusion is more than amply sustained. The book consists of 5 parts describing political and social experiences of Latinos. Discussion section The first part of the book “Setting the Context” describes the problem of citizenship and participation in politics by Mexican Americans. For Latinos who flee to a Northern city may find, in the first instance, that he has simply transferred his problem to his new environment. Chicago, New York, and like cities are indeed havens of refuge in comparison to numerous Southern communities, but they are not devoid of their own iniquities; and Mexican-Americans who escape to them may find himself subjected to political and private acts of discrimination that, while infinitely more tolerable than the discriminatory acts he had previously experienced, are not altogether compatible with the larger principle of equality to which a democratic state is necessarily committed. It is altogether probable, in fact, that a sudden influx of Latinos into already congested areas may reproduce in the new environment attitudes of hostility and practices of discrimination no less oppressive than those which they experienced in the South. The difficulties attendant on individual or group withdrawal are no less serious when applied to that extreme form of concerted withdrawal that the author calls secession. It is true that in a given situation a particular group may, by separating itself from an established state, escape what it conceives to be the oppressive measures of the latter and achieve a greater degree of freedom (Jones-Correa 35). The second part, “the Costs of Choosing” evaluates the role of political resistance and rejection of Latinos by the American state. Under modern conditions, in fact, it is (in America at least) well-nigh inconceivable. The seceding state, after all, would at best escape the oppressive acts of the larger state; it would not correct or mitigate that oppression. Moreover, in the specific situation in which we now find ourselves, it is only the Southern states that might contemplate such an act of secession. Were they successful, they would escape not oppression but checks on their own oppressive acts; and this would render the argument for secession absurd. he expose himself to physical violence and even death
Setting Protocols The case analyzed in this essay points out the insufficiency of protocol and ignorance by staffs on how to manage a psychiatric emergency. Concisely, the emerging issues are; failure to conclude a case; staffs failure to clear case vagueness or pass amendments to the next staff in charge; and lack of information on how to deal with undiagnosed or misdiagnosed patients (Saxena, Ramer, & Shulman, 2004). Staffs need to know how to cope with psychiatric emergencies. This exercise will improve the staffs understanding on the emergency. Thus, the staffs will be capable of playing their respective roles in attending to the psychiatric crisis. Possible Causes The current protocol is rigid. It offers staffs two-way options without the probability of accommodating nonstandard cases. This is a weakness. In the case of Mr. X, which was presented in the case study, there appears to be no provision for staffs to incorporate their rationality. Mr. X’s, condition falls outside of their ordinary behavioral expectations of patients. The irrational following of current protocol was a weak point in the case study. If it were not for following protocol, perhaps the police would have cared to present Mr. X back to hospital, for further diagnosis. However, following their protocol of dealing with such people, they saw no motive and therefore left Mr. X alone. Another weakness of the process is the mishandling of Mr. X, which arose because the case was not closed. The presented case caused a variation in the normal tackling of patients by the staffs because it had no parameters to capture, at initiation (Roesser, 2007). Mr. X lacked all common symptoms of illnesses observed by staffs. Secondly, he behaved in a manner that triggered the attention of the Rapid Response team, yet there was no diagnostic conclusion to aid in their response. As the cause – effect diagram below shows, Mr. X’s condition failed to satisfy necessary points in the current protocol. Thus, he skipped diagnosis and recovery and would keep doing that until a change to the protocol occurs. Figure 1: Cause – Effect Diagram of Mr. X Case Study Improvement Plan Staffs follow protocol; however, they also need to make rational choices in the event that protocol does not provide for a proper reaction to the patient’s condition. The patient first engagement with the hospital staffs need to be improved. There should be a provision for the patient to divulge any prior characteristics of his health condition. Staffs need an additional action steps to use when all necessary tests, done at the preliminary stages of diagnosis, turn negative. The current protocol lacked a provision to hold the patient for observation. There
Methodology provides overall guidance in research. Therefore, it details the research design and the means to amass data. The above are vital aspects of any research since they enable the scholar to make conclusions. The conclusions result from inferences derived from data amassed. Nevertheless, to obtain apt conclusions, it is critical for the researcher to adopt an apposite methodology. Thus, the researcher will amass applicable data in a manner that suits the research matter. Overall, methodology constitutes a vital juncture of research since it directs amassing of data that facilitate deduction of conclusions. Accordingly, the reference problem, which relate to an individual undertaking research in Saudi Arabia, provides a pristine illustration to make certain evaluations relating to methodology. However, this illustration will require covering of expansive phases of research that entail sampling. The research endeavours to achieve a sample that bears the characteristics of the entire residents of Riyadh. Consequently, the research picks subjects from distinct locations of Riyadh. Nonetheless, an individual with statistical knowledge would have preferred to obtain subject via utilization of random sampling. Alternatively, the nature of the research could demand a purposive sample (Patton, 2002). The above sample enables accomplishment of research intentions by targeting a specific demographic subset. Though the detail fails to elaborate the topic, it is evident that it relates to social researching. Therefore, if the research matter