ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The development of emergent literacy is an important issue of broad interest in the modern society ( Emergent Literacy , 1992, p. 6). Especially within parents and teachers of young children. And it is clear that some specific methods should be applied to develop emergent literacy in children with some kinds of disabilities. The present essay is dedicated to the critical analysis of the article Emergent Literacy Skills During Early Childhood in Children with Hearing Loss: Strength and Weaknesses. The article is dedicated to the problem of developing literacy skills in deaf and hard hearing children in early childhood years. The research is stated to “learn more about the early development of literacy skills by examining changes over a typical school year for small children (aged 3-6) with hearing losses”(Easterbrooks et al, 2008, p. 92) specifically within the group of young children, because of the lack of research in that field. Though the similar research have been made on the groups of children of other age (Colin et all, 2007, p. 144). The particular attention was paid to phonological awareness, alphabetics, and vocabulary as to major influential components of the development of literacy ( National Reading Panel , 2000, p. 37). The authors clearly motivate their research. They provide the list of research questions they are going to pay particular attention and clearly answer them in the Discussion section. They also point to the specific results and issues of DHH children of the researched group and provide technics and methods that can be applied to improve strategies for their literacy development. The article is written in a clear understandable language. It clearly states the reasons for the research and provides the convictive background based on the vast reference section. It is obvious that the authors dedicated much of their time and sources to the problem. Despite its significant extent, the article is also structured well. The big units are divided into smaller subunits to help a reader to understand the material better. All the results are presented in detailed graphs and tables. The section including the methods provides detailed description of the searched group of children including the classes they attend, the methods applied in their education, the conditions they were in during the school day their age, the criteria the children were picked up for the research. The method section also contains the list of methods and procedures applied, with a detailed description on each. All the methods are grouped by the type of the skill researched. The present article gives a clear idea that much attention should be paid to children with some sort of disabilities, especially hard hearing children, as some results of the analyzed research provide the facts that the ratio of the development of such children in some aspects is the same as for children with no dis
It is difficult to argue about the key role of transportation in the economic and social development of a nation as a good transportation system allows individuals and goods to move to the places where they are expected. However, as the population in the world, and especially in some of its parts increases, there is a heated argument regarding possible means of overcoming multiple problems that are connected with transportation infrastructure. In the following paper, the issue of traffic congestion in Atlanta will be addressed in terms of its possible solutions that could be implemented with the aim of solving it. The issue of traffic congestion in Atlanta has arisen because it is one of the fastest growing cities in the United States. The consequences of this problem for the city’s economy and for people’s personal lives are very disappointing. Time wasting is the biggest difficulty that drivers face on the road in Atlanta from day to day. However, time is one of the most precious commodities in people’s lives. Local people are overly concerned about the reason for the traffic issue, and it is even seen in the most popular themes for local epos: “Atlanta’s epic, daily traffic congestion, and the hapless drivers who grow old as they creep sluggishly from place to place, have long been the fodder of jokes and ridicule” (Grillo, 2009, p. 48). Besides, the environment of the city is also greatly affected by the reason of noise and air pollution that are caused by traffic gems. If the government does not offer an effective salvage for this sad situation, the seriousness of this problem will become much worse. The argument around the issue of traffic congestion in Atlanta is getting more and more heated; however, all of its parties agree on the fact that the problem requires a multidimensional approach along with urgency in actions (Jeon, Amekudzi & Guensler, 2010). One of the important measures, that can be implemented, is expanding MARTA into all 28 counties in Atlanta as the current situation, when it serves only 2 counties, does not make any changes for the better. Expanding MARTA will especially affect the improvement of the situation with traffic congestion in suburban areas. The other strategy that would significantly improve the situation is the use of road pricing. Introducing and increasing toll prices during particular hours while providing low priced mass transit systems for commuters may discourage drivers to use their personal cars. As a result, the number of drivers on the road will be reduced, and thus, the traffic congestion situation will be improved. The governments of a number of places in the world including Germany, Poland, the United Kingdom, and many more reported the excellent results that were achieved by means of the use of road pricing (Jeon et al., 2010). As a final point, it should be stated that none of the above-mentioned strategies may solve the issue of congestion in Atlanta unless it is applied in combination with the other one. In addition, the situation in the econ
If professionals are left to act in whichever way they deem fit, there is bound to be a lot of mistakes and behavior disparity. Consequently, each profession has come up with guidelines which prescribe the correct code of conduct not only to ensure uniformity in actions but also to avoid inappropriate behavior. For psychologists, these guidelines are contained in the psychologists’ ethical code of conduct (Weseley & McEntarffer, 2010). The ethical code of conduct is composed of general principles and ethical standards. The general principles require psychologists to be aware of their limitations and offer only those services they are qualified to provide. On the same note, they are required to exhibit integrity by being fair, honest and respectful to others. Moreover, psychologists should maintain professionalism and be ready to take responsibility for their actions. Additionally, psychologists are advised to consult others whenever they are not sure (Gravetter & Forzano, 2011). It is important to note that people’s rights, dignity, and diversity are vital and should be respected. Furthermore, psychologists are required to have in mind other people’s welfare in their actions and be socially responsible. According to the ethical standards, conflicts between ethics and any other requirement the same should be solved by the general principles and ethical standards of the ethics code. Moreover, any ethical violati
Until the past few years, Latin America was a world apart from most North Americans. The Latin American population has undergone dramatic changes during the XX century, but it still remains a developing part of the world. In other words, variations of structural-functional and conflict theory are apparent in Latin America. Various historical processes are rationalized implicitly or explicitly in various religious and political ideologies. In the intervening years arose a new phase based on neoliberal economic policies oriented to a world-system with a trend toward democratic regimes, at least on the surface (Abel and Lewis 23). One common thread running through these phases is the need to protect economic elites, even though the expanding urban working and middle classes seek a more comprehensive distribution of income. Other pressures of change include the revolution in mass media and communication and a growing social conscience among religious communities. The paper will describe and compare Latin women and Latin men from two historical periods: the 1960s-1970s and the present-day population. The demography of Latin America is unique in the world. Not only its rapid growth but also its socioeconomic advance will make the area even more important in the international power structure. During the 1960s-1970s, there was a great divergence in population concentration and growth, the burgeoning population of Middle America and most of South America, including Brazil. There was a sharp demarcation between urban and rural populations, with an unprecedented migration taking place from the rural hinterland to the city (Chant, 93). An age profile distinctly differed from Europe and the United States, there were a majority of persons under 22 years old, and a comparative scarcity of the aged. This preponderance of the young or economically dependent was a factor making for slow economic growth. The present-day situation is marked by rapid population growth. For instance, In 1990, and Latin America occupies 15 percent of the total area of the inhabited continents of the world. With a density well less than that of the world average, it is little wonder that overpopulation was not a major source of concern until the 1970s. Latin America’s rate of growth was, until the 1960s, leading the world (Chant, 76). Currently, the annual growth rate is 1.9; only Africa is higher. The number of young people entering the fertility cycle means a population growth into the next century. In Latin America, population pressure on resources is rapidly becoming acute. Because of climate, topography, and resources, neither industrialization nor land reform is likely to solve the overconcentration of people in some areas and their comparative absence in others. Rapid growth is not an entirely recent phenomenon, but spurts in the past resulted more from immigration. In both instances, the growth shifted from immigration to natural increase, and later and more gradually in Argentina. Now the Americas depend almost exclusively on the natural increase for population growth (Chant, 38) In spite of these changes, gender r
Introduction As a discourse, hospitality has enabled me to understand a personal experience in my life. Moreover, it has reinforced my belief that, as a discipline and a social reality, hospitality is one of the most fundamental societal concepts of our time. As our modern day societies become more individualistic, I feel that a large number of persons in our societies are abandoned to experience the world and life in lonely and lonesome contexts. This phenomenon is due to the increasing negation of the long held beliefs of offering hospitality to friends, relatives, and even strangers; a notion that originated from our medieval societies (Selwyn 2000, p.14; Lomaine 2005, p.17; Heal 1990, p.7). As I was studying the course, the social/cultural domain of hospitality struck a chord with me, and reinforced my belief that modern day society’s abandonment of the culture of hospitality has contributed to the overall decay in moral and behavioural levels within our societies (Lashley 2008, p.70). The study of hospitality as a discourse brought to mind an act that our entire family engaged in during my childhood. There used to be a certain boy who walked around our neighbourhood mostly on weekends, and whose unkempt and dishevelled appearance earned him scorn and few friends. He mostly begged for food, and during the winter, he would ask to stay in various homes for warmth with little success. Our family, with the urging and initiative of my mother, resolved to take him in, and within a few years, our family adopted him. Hospitality In the course of studying hospitality as a discourse, the various definitions of appeared to vindicate my belief that, modern society is lacking a tremendously vital and noble principle. By negating social/cultural hospitality at the expense of individualism, and self-centred approaches to communal issues, the modern society missed the mark. Our modern societies no longer take in guests as a matter of social duty, and many times guests, even family, are viewed as a bother. The generous reception of strangers into our homes is virtually nonexistent. The Modern Society: A picture One of the prices that modern society has to pay for the abandonment of a culture and spirit of hospitality is that more children end up in foster homes. These children, lacking parental love and care that families can offer, mostly end up being socially mal-adjusted adults, and many more engage in crime and other social vices due to a lack of proper upbringing (Richardson, Foster, & McAdams 1998, p.410; Curran 2008, p.430). The results are higher crime rates for our societies (Burman & Naude 1991, p.373). The two principles of cultural and social hospitality are that the relationship of the host and guest is a natural one, and the second principle states that hospitality is noble. Natural Nature of Social Cultural Hospitality The study of hospitality has helped me understand the actions of my mother in her quest to accept, and later adopt that homeless child who is now my brother. The study of social cultural hospitality has enabled me understand that her actions were born out of natural maternal instincts. It was only natural for her to desi
For a company that is trying to expand into a new market, creating an initial public offering (IPO) may become the ultimate path to succeeding. According to Sorkhi and Paradi (2019), an IPO is “an event where a private company (an issuer) sells a portion of its authorised shares to the public investors for the first time” (p. 733). Therefore, the company will gain greater support from investors, which will allow it to establish itself firmly in the UK setting. Given the current competition rates among organisations in the milk production and selling business, financial assistance and extended relationships with local organisations that can provide support are essential components of success. The advantages that an IPO provides to an organisation are quite substantial, For example, the financial support that a company receives once creating an IPO can be used to establish an effective infrastructure within the target market in order to build a highly efficient supply chain. In addition, the financial resources that an IPO will provide to a company include the opportunities for increasing the initial capital and expanding eh relationships within the UK market. Moreover, with the focus on stock options as one of the key competitive advantages that an IPO-based firm can offer, one will be able to create a highly functional HRM strategy for talent management. As a result, the current staff members will receive an opportunity to increase the extent and depth of their knowledge and prowess. In addition, options for professional growth will be provided (Brigham and Ehrhardt, 2016). Finally, with the rapid rise in the value of the company’s shares, it will become quite attractive to potential investors, thus increasing the amount of financial support received in the target economic setting. However, an IPO also has several disadvantages that are worth discussing. For example, an IPO is likely to take a substantial amount of money and effort from company leaders. Indeed, sustaining IPO is a challenge that an organisation may fail to meet, especially in the context of modern economically challenging setting. Therefore, an IPO may become an excruciatingly difficult notion to support for a company, especially for small or medium entrepreneurship (SME). Moreover, as an IPO, an organisation is likely to attract close attention of regulators, which may entail multiple legal complications. Thus, it is critical for an organisation that decides to use the IPO approach in the UK to consider legal risks and threats of the target market. Another important disadvantage to remember is that the owners of the company cannot take a significant part of shares for themselves (lu and Derindere, 2019). The specified problem is linked to the fact that the IPO may entail a loss of ownership control, thus
Introduction The significant importance of innovations is evident in modern society, especially, to successful business performance. For an enterprise to survive in the current competitive environment, it is vital to track the recent changes in the market and adapt to them. By implementing new ideas and tactics, companies improve the quality of the products, increase the revenue and their position on the market. Innovations are an integral part of the business’s success factor. Identifying an Innovative Idea Tech devices that help track the health indicators of a person have been existing for several years; however, none of them achieved personalization of health recommendations, except the UCLA Stanford School of Medicine engineers. At the beginning of August of 2020, they presented the next stage of innovations in the technological health system with the introduction of a smartwatch that analyses chemicals in sweat to make individual predictions and advice on the exact dosage of medicine to take. The researcher
The unification of North and South Korea is one of the topics that are being actively discussed by modern scientists. It needs to be said that some issues that are related to this process are currently present and need to be addressed. Korea was divided as a result of World War II in 1945, and it has led to significant tension between the states (Helgesen 41). They are located in East Asia (see map. 1). Map. 1. North and South Korea. The most important aspect that should be considered is that the cost of reunification is expected to be enormous (“Korea Opportunities” par. 1). The difference between economies of these regions is dramatic, and the level of development is approximately forty times higher in South Korea. It is extremely likely that it will lead to tremendous growth in the long run, but GDP is expected to be decreased. Such process cannot be viewed as beneficial to the state at the moment, and may lead to severe political and economic complications. One of the reports suggests that both regions may be unified peacefully in the next 25-35 years (Liston par. 12). However, numerous internal and external factors should be considered in this case. It is extremely likely that the current situation is going to change in the nearest future, and such estimation will no longer be accurate. It was also criticized because it lacked any real data, and most are also skeptic about the policy (Liston par. 14). Another significant issue that needs to be discussed is that the barriers that are currently related to this process are enormous and should be taken into account. One of the most important aspects is that North Korea has refused to discuss the issues that are related to nuclear weapons, and some other communication problems are also present. Is evident that both sides are determined to make sure that it happens on their terms, but their objectives are different at the moment. It needs to be said that numerous threats from the side of North Korea are significant factors that should not be disregarded (Winsor par. 4). Also, it is imperative to say that one of the primary issues is that populations of these states view each other as enemies, and the percentage of those who think that reunification is of utmost importance is getting lower each year (Liston par. 23). It is entirely possible that any provocation may result in an enormous conflict that will be hard to resolve in a peaceful manner. It is imperative to say that it is not an easy task to actualize unification because dissimilarity between the cultures and traditions of these states is dramatic. It is imperative to say that a collapse of the form of government in North Korea is expected, and it is important to take necessary measures to be prepared for the process because it may be viewed as a significant opportunity for development. In conclusion, it i
Human beings have different characteristics from each other. The way that one person is socialized is not the same way that another person will be socialized. Cultural backgrounds are different, and people tend to stick to their cultural teachings. It is important to note that ethnocentrism is the fact that each human being is unable to avoid. Each person is taught to believe that his or her cultural assumptions are supreme compared to other cultures. As a result, racism has found its way into the day-to-day activities of people in society. The most heartbreaking thing is that one person can discriminate against another because of their skin color, but that is the veracity that people have had to live with. In the US, for example, the relationship between people of different races has never been smooth. This has prompted friction in relationships between various races for a long time now. African Americans, as well as American Indians, were for a long time viewed as being inferior to their white counterparts. Whites were accorded special treatment in every place that they went while African Americans and Indians were not considered. Up to around 1970s, white children had their schools that were well equipped. They had school buses to take the children to school and schools were many, thus reducing the distance that children had to walk to school (Davis 53). On the contrary, schools designated for black children were few and ill-equipped. This meant that black children had to walk long distances to reach school. Because of the few number schools that were built for black people, the schools were usually overcrowded and therefore unable to provide quality education. That was not the only place where racism was practiced. In the public transport sector, whites and blacks could not mix. A white person no matter the age had to sit before a black person would sit. On the same note, black people would only sit at the back of the bus while all whites had to sit in the front rows. Parks, as well as other public amenities, were also divided on the grounds of race. Whites had their places where they could go, and blacks knew that they were not supposed to mix with whites (Feagin 78). Even in places of employment, blacks were relegated and were only considered for the manual and low paying jobs. Similarly, mechanisms were put in place to ensure that relationships between the oppressed and the oppressors were defined and clear. Some of the African Amer