ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction According to Dagger (2002), socialism is a set of ideologies which put that a society ought to exist through collective power and modes of production. It is a set of economic and social theories that advocate for public ownership and decentralized administration of the forms of production and the distribution of the goods produced. The ideologies also advocate for a society that is characterized by fairness and equality. Modern socialism was defined in the late 19 th century by a group of working class politics who were against the industrialization and private ownership strategies in the society. According to Dagger (2002) the socialists believed that a society ought to exist through a collective or decentralized power and authority, where the means of production are also collective. It was focused towards creating an organized working class society through social evolution with an aim that the working class society would result in a society that has no social class. With time, the socialism ideologies became less common and criticisms arose with different philosophers taking their stand against Karl Marx’s socialism theory. In the current way of living, the by-fact meaning of socialism has changed and it is no longer applicable in the society. The rise of socialism critiques The concept of socialism found its way into the society as early as in the 19 th century and with its theoretical and un-applicable thought, it has been taken as an unrealizable system that is only political. It has mainly existed as a utopian theory even though a number of governments have implemented it in their systems and it has also been applied in political philosophy in the late 19 th century. Some of the socialist thinkers during this century were François Marie Charles Fourier , Henri de Saint-Simon and Robert Owen . They were keen to stress the positive aspects of socialism as well as its possible application in the governance of the society (Somerville, 1963). Fourier developed the idea of a system of economic units that he referred to as the phalanxes. In this system of units, individuals in a particular society would work in unity to benefit the community without taking into consideration their social classes. Saint-Simon, on
Introduction Social media changed how people of all ages can reach out to each other and collaborate to promote specific causes. For example, the campaign “Am I Suspicious?” asked people to question their prejudiced judgment of young Black men (CourtScrub, 2012). Another movement that dealt with racism was the hashtag #StudentBlackOut, an initiative created by the Black Liberation Collective (Brown, 2015). Main body The principal aim of this project was to demand better rights for Black students on university campuses. In this case, the hashtag was used on various platforms such as Facebook and Twitter to foster discussion and raise awareness about the challenges that young Black people faced while attending school. The most recent example of student activism was the Never Again movement which followed the school shooting in Parkland, FL (Witt, 2018). With the hashtag #NeverAgain, students protesting for stricter gun control rights and the survivors of the incident shared their stories. The effects of these campaigns rely on social media to some extent. It is clear that online platforms contributed to the increase in awareness– hashtags are a simple way of sorting information and disseminating it to the public. They also show that many people are invested in the problem and want to see it solved. However, it is arguable that social media has only positive effects on activism. It may also lead to some people engaging on platforms but not doing anything else to help. Nonetheless, the overa
Promotoras are community members who receive specialized healthcare training and provide basic healthcare education to their community. They also serve as liaisons between the residents, medical and social service organizations, assisting in community organizing, and social policy formation. This essay will examine their role in healthcare and social policies, discuss the model’s success, and possible communities and issues that implementing a similar model of service can improve. Videos Provided Four videos were provided, describing various programs that involved promotoras. In these videos:   * Two women describe how they became promotoras after attending classes on personal improvement and healthcare. Through the program, they worked with an organization that plants gardens around residents’ houses to provide them with healthier food. They note that the promotoras’ work is about “helping these people” (Colorado Health Foundation, 2017).   * Promotoras described their efforts as liaisons between local families and agencies. They mentioned organizing dance, fitness, and nutrition classes to help prevent illnesses like diabetes, as well as making home visits to monitor the community members’ progress (Kaiser Permanente, 2010).   * Promotoras discuss how a local river became polluted by local factories, causing serious health problems in the community. They speak about currently looking a solution to the issue by making small changes within their environment and workplace, and the responsibility it brings. (Citizen Film, 2010).   * Several people discuss promotoras serving as liaisons between communities and agencies, analyzing health and social issues, as well as motivating and informing the residents to participate in resolving said issues (Vision Y Compromiso, 2010). Promotora Model The health issues addressed in the videos mentioned above are obesity and healthy eating, fitness, environmental problems, and chronic illnesses such as asthma. Promotoras act within their communities as well as serve as liaisons informing public officials of the needs that exist in them (Vision Y Compromiso, 2010). They also help foster participation in the community and motivate residents to action in identifying and resolving the problems they face. Promotoras provide an invaluable service in public outreach and access to healthcare to people who otherwise may be unaware that they have a problem. In one study, participants were “able to make lifestyle changes that positively impacted their lives” (Albarran, Heilemann, & Koniak-Griffin, 2014, p. 2307). The same study also points out that in addition to improvements to lifestyle and physical health, promotoras also provided counseling and emotional support (Albarran et al., 2014). These findings point to the importance and success of such programs. Such outreach is crucial for first-generation immigrants who may have difficulty accessing healthcare due to language barriers or unfamiliarity with the healthcare system. The study mentioned above points out that many of its
Introduction In 1978, Vygotsky developed his social constructivist theory of learning, in which he first introduced the concept of the zone of proximal development (ZPD). In his argument, Vygotsky (1978) described learning as an essential and conventional process that allows individuals to improve mental functions and culture. Specifically, Vygotsky asserted that social interactions coupled with structured learning in the aspect of the ZPD drive cognitive development. The implementation of assistive technology (AT) requires knowledge about essential resources and prudent monitoring to ensure effective decisions and enhanced quality of outcomes. Moreover, optimal use of available resources requires a comprehensive understanding of the learning needs of both educators and students. Odden, Archibald, Fermanich, and Gallagher (2002) hold that an effective decision concerning the use of resources ensures equity and prioritization in the allocation of resources, leading to the achievement of expected outcomes among educators and students. Evidence-Based Practices in Implementing AT The demand for evidence-based practices in AT decision-making is frequently articulated by administrators, researchers, and educational leaders, mainly because of the legislative influences mentioned above, and the CEC’s professional ethics need special educators to utilize evidence-based practices in their classrooms (Peterson-Karlan & Parette, 2007). Failure to use evidence-based training methods has been identified as a factor in the nonuse or abandonment of AT (Dunst, Trivette, Hamby, & Simkus, 2013). Furthermore, in the implementation of evidence-based practices, education professionals experience challenges relating to the adoption, accessibility, effectiveness, and sustainability of implementing interventions (Peterson-Karlan & Parette, 2007). Planning, application, and detailed understanding are the main attributes of evidence-based practices in the implementation of AT. Planning entails the process of (a) introducing novel practices, materials, and knowledge to learners, as well as (b) demonstrating how educators and instructors use them in teaching. Application constitutes the way learners (a) integrate and incorporate novel practices, materials, and knowledge in their learning process and (b) the assessment of learning outcomes. Detailed understanding comprises of the process of (a) involving learners in (a) the reflecting of their experience and (b) undertaking self-assessment to explore new learning opportunities (Dunst & Trivette, 2011). The IEP team is responsible for considering AT services for all students with disabilities and for documenting any AT needs in a student’s lEP. When the IEP team identifies a need for AT and selects specific AT services, it develops a plan for AT implementation. It is suggested that AT specialists assist the IEP team with consideration, assessment, and development of this plan (Dyal, Carpenter, & Wright, 2009). Nevertheless, since the provision of educational services has not gained the expected attention in line with the roles of AT, teams of individualized education programs (IEP) experience considerable struggles
Introduction Environmental analysis is an indispensable aspect of the environmental studies in modern society. Increased pollution of the environment due to human activities necessitates environmental analysis to establish the nature and the extent of pollution in a certain environment. Fundamentally, environmental analysis involves the application of scientific tools and techniques in the analysis of pollutants in various components of the environment such as water, soil, and air (Reeve, 2002). Analysis of the pollutants is imperative because it aids in the determination of environmental risk factors that predispose humans to diverse diseases and disorders. The increased rate of pollution in modern society due to industrial development and increased human population has led to the development of the environmental analysis as an academic discipline. Since environmental analysis has become an academic discipline, environmentalists apply it in the assessment of the environment for the safety of humanity. Environmentalists perceive pollution as a major environmental issue that threatens the existence of humanity if no one establishes effective interventions. In this view, different governments are formulating legislations and regulations to curb and reverse the increasing trend of pollution. Academic institutions are also producing environmental scientists who have essential knowledge and skills to design mitigation measures of pollution. In this view, this proposal seeks to convince the university to establish a new environmental laboratory to serve masters students, Dubai community, and other important stakeholders. Problem Statement The increasing rate of pollution across the world and in the United Arab Emirates requires environmental analysis for environmentalists to ascertain the extent of pollution and the dangers that pollutants pose to humanity. Given that the United Arab Emirates is a developed country, it has numerous industries that generate and empty their effluence into the rivers and seawater. Industries usually release heavy metals into water bodies, and thus contaminate water for domestic and industrial uses. Moreover, the use of pesticides on the farms is a common form of agricultural pollution in the United Arab Emirates that leads to contamination of water bodies.. Willis et al. (2010) state that heavy metals and pesticides are significant forms of water pollutants, which require effective mitigation measures to prevent them from causing chronic diseases. This shows that the environmental scientists in Dubai require appropriate infrastructure to perform environmental analysis of the pollutants that affect the population. According to Patnaik (2010), for environmentalists to perform environmental analysis, they require a laboratory equipped with modernized equipment. Given that environmentalists
Introduction Globalization has brought many revolutionary changes in every phase of human life and function. The businesses world has especially changed a lot witnessing substantial effects of globalization and the banking sector is an important part of the business operations is also going through the phase of rapid changes due to advancement in communication and information technology. At present many banks are operating at the international level and these banks offer different corporate and consumer banking services to millions of customers in different countries. This paper is intended to discuss the major international banks operating in the USA, Mexico, and Canada. An international bank is one that owns and operates branches in more than one country and for this purpose, the bank makes the foreign direct investment in those countries. Thus the presence and operations of an international bank in the country can draw a significant impact on the banking scenario and the following discussion strives to trace these impacts of the international banks’ operations on the banking scene of the USA, Mexico, and Canada. In this regard, the paper describes the background of the banking sector of these countries to have an understanding of the international bank’s operation and their roles in the banking sectors of these countries. Banking Sector of Mexico and International Banks The banking sector of Mexico is the second-largest banking sector of Latin America. The banking sector has commercial assets of U.S. $186 billion (Heiner Schulz, p8). After the financial crisis of the 1990s, the government of Mexico allowed foreign direct investment in the banking sector of the country after the enforcement of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) in January 1994. This step was taken to get support for the undercapitalized domestic banks. As a result of the liberalization of the banking industry, a huge amount of FDI entered the country. From 1994 to 2004, there was almost U.S. $30 invested by the foreign banks in the financial sector of Mexico. The major international banks that started their operation in Mexico after the economic liberalization include two Spanish banking groups “BVB and BSCH”; the Canadian “Bank of Nova Scotia”, USA-based “Citigroup” and UK-based “HSBC”. An important move was taken by Citibank group in August 2001 when the bank took over Banamex for the U.S. $12.5 billion. This was the largest foreign acquisition in Mexico as well as the largest financial sector deal ever in entire Latin America. In this way, Citigroup became the biggest international banking group operating in the country. Citibank was the only international banking group that was operating in Mexico even before the liberalization of the Mexican economy (Heiner Schulz, p8). By the year 2002, the FDI in the banking sector become so high that almost 80 percent of the financial assets of the country went under the control of foreign financial institutions. By 2004 there was a further increase in FDI and 82 percent of financial assets went into the hands of the international banking groups. This was a substantial and unp
Introduction The structure of Anthony Burgess’s novel “A Clockwork Orange” makes it an entertaining material with a theoretical and philosophical tale indicating the struggle between evil and good. It shows the use of believes and the ability of human beings in making free choices over their struggles. Today, the lifestyle of human beings faces various challenges concerning sexuality and violence as depicted in the reading. The structure shows the existence of controversies regarding the governmental social solutions and its support to the individual’s choice regarding moral decisions. The tale represents an ironic dissertation of governmental achievements in the dystopian world regardless of the evidential facts of unworthy lifestyles, shaped through the prosperity of evil and destruction. The structure is a full commentary depicting that life completely depends on the individual’s freedom of choice of good over evil. The annotations as represented in the book indicates that creation or registration of good is not possible because it is emerges from deep within personality and assists in making choices. Attempts to foster morality from external forces impinge on the individual choice thus having an effect on humanity. The structure takes the character of young Alex as the narrator as well as the criminal protagonist with the main aim of showing the importance of allowing people to make their personal decisions regardless of the results; detrimental or depreciating. There is a shouting aspect of criminals acting as protagonists but the novel does not consider Alex as a Clockwise Orange because such a fixation never exists. The structure of the novel takes a three-part basis with seven chapters in each part. The writer, “Anthony Burgess”, intentionally outlays the structure because the twenty-one chapters symbolize human maturity towards responsibility. (Burgess, introduction) In the first part of the story, Alex is in a group that terrorize the society as they aim at controls. They group collapses as the members fight for the leadership posts. Alex betrayal and abandonment occurs during the normal invasion that turns sour. His arrest and charges involves assault of an elderly woman who later succumbs to the injuries inflicted during the raids. Alex thus faces charges of murder and is subject to a sentence of fourteen years imprisonment. The second part of the writing shows Alex’s attempt on making the best out of prison life despite the mishandling by the warders and inmates such as rape attempts. He spends viable time in the prison workshops making matchboxes and later works through religion to become the prison’s “Mass Stereo Operator (aka Charlie)” for the chaplain (Burgess, 93). This dwelling in the bible shows his stereotype bloodshed mongered individual through his love over such depicting stories in the Book. Blame of the death of a new inmate through the prison fights falls on
Introduction As Paul is concluding his letter to the Galatians, his words are reflected as a strong benediction. In Galatians 6:16, Paul pronounces certain blessings to particular people, who he terms as “the Israel of God”. It is this blessing and the phrase, “the Israel of God” that results in a myriad of debates with varied opinions about who could be “the Israel of God” that the Apostle is referring to in the phrase. Thus, this essay is an analysis of this descriptive phrase as applied by Paul in his letter to the people of Galatia. In response, the writer seeks to analyze the meaning of the exegesis word in context and carry out further analysis of its application in the New Testament as evidence for the meaning created. Main body I believe that the utilization of the term “Israel of God” in Galatians 6:16 by Paul meant the church. I think the phrase was meant to address all believers of Christ, whether Jews or Gentiles. Thus, Paul is invoking both mercy and peace to everyone that abides with the new creation. As it is, the church becomes the “spiritual and true Israel” and not necessarily native Jews. While there are no other instances in the New Testament where the phrase is applied, Paul frequently uses similar words to describe all the believers of Christ. Thus, even though there is no explicit use of the term “Israel” in other epistles as written by Paul, he more than once applies the use of Old Testament language that is synonymous with the word “Israel.” For instance, the Apostle Paul refers to believers as the chosen or elect of God (Romans 8:33; Colossians 3:12; Ephesians 1:4; 1 Thessalonians 1:4). Another term that he uses to refer to the church is the “called” (Rom 8:28), or as the sons of Abraham (Gal 3:7), as well as the children of God (Rom 8:14). Further, Paul clearly explains the difference that exists between ethnic Israelites and the spiritual Israelites in his epistles to the Romans. He explains that being a Jew is not an outward deed, and neither is the act of circumcision. Ideally, he explains that “for one to be considered an actual Jew, he must have a heart that has been circumcised by the Spirit” (Rom, 2:28-29). Ideally, it is only Jews that recognized the act of circumcision to make them whole. Going by the words of Paul, therefore, the Gentiles also qualify to be termed as Jews if they also follow the doctrine of the gospel because following the gospel means circumcision through the spirit. Ideally, the context under which the “Israel of God” has been applied in Gal 6:16 qualifies to be understood as a reference to everyone that believes in the gospel of Christ, whether native Jews or Gentiles. I further believe that grammar is an inadequate context for understanding the application of this phrase, as such, an analysis of the meaning where it appears to be most appropriate. Notably, the entire letter to the people of Galatia is a reprimand to the Jews arguing that the Gentiles need not abide by the Jewish practices and circumcision as well as the works of the law to be justified as the people of God. (2:16; 3:2; 5:2-6).