ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Corruption is the abuse or misuse of public resources, power and or office for financial or other personal gains. It is the use of illegal and illegitimate means to acquire advantage in private or public positions. Corrupt people lack the virtues of integrity, honesty and moral principle. Corruption has greatly increased in the world since the late 80s and the early 90s with many post-communist countries being greatly affected. There has been a lot of debate on the causes of corruption and factors that have led to its spread and increase around the world. Factors contributing to corruption Neo-liberalism and corruption One of the major factors that contributed to the apparent rise and spread of corruption and which is a subject of debate is neo-liberalism which started in the 1970s and the 1980s. Neo-liberalism is mainly about promoting free markets and trade, competition, consumption, reduction state regulation, control and other roles, more importance is placed on the end than the means. There is lack of conceptuality and less emphasis on the rule of law in most corrupt societies where the process of liberalization has led to the weakening and delegitimizing of state powers and control. There have been many arguments about the relationship between neo-liberal measures and policies of free trade and investment and corruption especially in post-communist countries (Holmes, 1999). Neo-liberalism has been highly credited with economic growth and increased investment; it is seen as an important factor for development in many countries. However as globalization takes effect and local and international enterprises compete for new markets and business ventures, corruption practices are inevitable. There are restrictions, obstacles and barriers within bureaucratic systems of countries and international markets that can lead to these practices. International quarters and trade tariffs which lead to varying prices of goods and other special treatments can lead to enterprises bribing in order to take advantage. According to Williams and Beare (1999), the administration of exemptions and restrictions within countries involves complex and complicated procedures and only bureaucracies can perform such duties as a result this can encourage corruption practices in government offices. Although t
Introduction: Theories of Crime Causation An important goal for many criminologists is to develop valid and accurate theories that can be used to explain the major causes of crime. The theories of crime are usually used to explain the occurrence of crimes and what factors lead individuals to commit crimes. A theory is defined as a statement that is used to explain why certain aspects occur and for theories to be viewed as accurate and valid; they must have the ability to predict future happenings and occurrences based on the phenomenon that is under observation. Theories should be designed in way that they can be tested and validated against specific phenomenon through the use of experimentation or empirical observation (Siegel, 2009). Criminologists around the world have began to focus on the major causes of crime by collecting relevant information related to crime and criminal activities that can be used to interpret scientific data in a meaningful way. These criminologists have identified crucial scientific information that can be used to develop empirical, verifiable statements and hypotheses that can then be used to create crime causation theories. A review of the early criminology theories has demonstrated that crimes are caused by people who suffer from genetic abnormality, insanity, poverty and physical anomalies. Theories that have been developed at the later stages have shown that crime is caused by factors such as peer pressure, poverty, the social framework, family dysfunctions and poor education (Siegel, 2009). A variety of theories have been advanced to explain the causes of crime and what drives individuals to commit criminal acts. The most common methods that exist to explain the causes of crime include the early theories, which include demonology, classical or neoclassical theories and the Marxist theories. The physical and mental trait theories that are used to explain the causes of crime include the mental deficiency theory, phrenology and morphology. The psychological theories that exist to explain the causes of crime include the psychoanalytic theories, self-talk theories, psychodynamic theories and the aggression theories. Sociological theories that explain the causes of crime include societal control, deviant subcultures, social labeling and differential association (Zastrow, 2010). The two theories that will be focused on in this research paper include the psychodynamic theory and the rational choice theory that falls under the classical school of thought. Rational Choice Theory and Major
Render and Heizer (2005) point out that the ability to attain higher competitiveness in today’s global market is by transforming a business unit into an intensive integrated process for the sole purpose of optimizing returns. Many multinationals such as Regal Marine have displayed credible responsiveness in a bid to remain competitive in the global market. This paper discusses how regal marine has used the concept of product life cycle in making its products, the strategies the company has employed to remain competitive and the benefits of using the CAD technology as compared to traditional drafting techniques. Application of the concept of product life cycle in regal marine The quality of products which a company avails in the market for consumers is a major success factor in businesses. Leondes (2001) notes that in an industry where there are multiple competitions, a business must aspire to be distinguished from other players by impressive and consistent satisfaction of customers. The operations team at regal has made an important choice of considering the business principle of product life cycle. This cycle is attributed by the economics rule that all products have a lifespan. Products are manufactured at a specific time; they are circulated in a cycle characterized by different stages and are eventually consumed at some point (Foster, Datar & Horngren, 2006). In order to make appealing and competitive boats at Regal, it is well known that the boats made have to go through the four stages of product life cycle. The four stages are introduction, growth, maturity and decline (Foster, Datar & Horngren, 2006). In Regal Marine, as boats are being introduced into the market, it is already anticipated that low returns per boat are expected at introduction stage before a certain model of boats grows to record optimal sales and profits. To avoid recession during introduction and decline of boat models, there should be continuous introduction of new models in a financial period of between three to five years. Strategies used by Regal to remain competitive In order to continue accruing maximum profits,
Employee Absence Figure 1. Number of Days Lost per Employee per Year (by Sector) (Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development 10) The information in the graph above indicates quite explicitly that the current absence rates among employees in public and private organizations leave much to be desired. Based on the information provided in the chart above (the left bar indicating the number of days lost), the Public Services department has been suffering from the employee absence factor to the greatest extent (8.58% average). Similarly, the non-profit sector showed a rather high employee absence rates (81.4%) (Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development 10). The identified characteristics of the sectors in question show that there is a strong need to reconsider the employee benefit package elements provided to the people employed in the given realms. It is also quite peculiar that the variable rates are the highest in the private sector area. It could be hypothesized that the observed phenomenon owns its existence to the lack of homogeneity in the leadership approaches adopted by the leaders of private entrepreneurship. Indeed, in contrast to public and non-profit companies, the leadership approaches in which can be deemed as rather stiff (Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development, 2014), private corporations are comparatively free in the choice of the HR management strategies, as well as the leadership strategies used to reinforce the significance of the company standards and, therefore, improve the employees’ performance rates. It is also quite remarkable that the manufacturing sector has been showing comparatively consistent and admittedly high rates of employee attendance. The identified tendency shows that a more profound analysis of the specified environment could be a means of addressing the current drop in the staff workplace attendance rates. A detailed overview of the strategies that the manufacturing entrepreneurship managers adopt to increase the specified factor may serve as the foundation for improving the present-day attendance rates. Figure 2. Average Level of Employee Absence As the graph provided above shows quite clearly, the absence levels have been quite inconsistent over the past three years. The levels of absenteeism have been increasing for the most part, which shows that the present-day motivation strategy could use significant improvements. Indeed, the fact that the staff members prefer to ditch their workplace responsibilities points to the need to reconsider the current leadership approach and the model for the organizational behavior that it suggests. In addition, the fact that the standard deviation rates have been changing over the identified time period deserves to be brought up. On the one hand, the specified characteristics of the data
Game theory is a proposition used for strategic decisions. Mathematical models are used to examine the interaction between the decision makers, the issue at hand, and the cooperation between the decision makers. Case Study The conflict issue is about Iran and Israel. A rivalry for influence and power is emerging between the two nations. Iran is becoming uncomfortable with the regional competition posed by Israel. Iran views such competitionas an intention to undermine her revolutionary system. Israel, on the other hand, is disturbed by Iran’s anti-Jewish ideologies together with her increasing military potential, particularly her nuclear energy programs (United Institute of Peace 1). Israel believes that Iran’s nuclear program will be used to create nuclear weapons, which Iran might use to wipe Israel from the world map. Israel already has nuclear energy programs in place. She is worried about Iran’s intentions and is not interested much in offending Iran unless she believes that Iran has crossed the red line, meaning that she is ready to engage in a nuclear war. Iran is also focused on avoiding to show early offence to Israel since she might be resented by a large section of the international community, or even face combined strikes from the UN and Israel allies. It has demonstrated this by holding talks with the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) about inquiries into her atomic bomb research (Thomson Reuters 2). Israel, however, is still convinced that Iran is being cleverly deceptive, and therefore wants to engage her directly. The two countries have to respond to the tension that has built between them, and the results of their response might be beneficial or fatal to both or one of them. Summary of the game Issue: Does either of the countries need to boost her military capability in anticipation of war, or embrace more peaceful strategies in order to facilitate arbitration? The players are Israel and Iran. The actions are boosting military capacity to attack the rival, and receding from war preparations in order to maintain peace. The payoffs for the game include:   * A nation loses resources by fighting an unprepared rival and gets a payoff of (-1). Remember that winning the war does not solve the conflict.   * The unprepared nation falls if attacked by a well-prepared rival. The defeated nation gets a payoff of (-3).   * A well-prepared nation fights another well-prepared nation, and the battle ends in a draw, and apayoff of 2is gained by each nation. In this case, both nations defend their resources again
Executive Summary This paper aims at revealing the website design concepts undertaken by the Nyali Beach Hotel. The study analyses the 4 P’s of marketing, and attempts to critique whether they have been used appropriately in this particular website. Therefore, the paper provides a critical analysis of the Nyali Beach Hotel’s website by exploring the main purpose of the website, the business model used in the website, the main target customers for the website, and the consumer behaviour in relation to the website’s model. More so, the paper analyses the role of the website in creating a good relationship with its customers. The analysis helps in identifying the strengths and the weaknesses of the Nyali Beach Hotel’s website, hence strengthening the website through providing recommendations for improvement. Introduction Web marketing is an interactive form of marketing, as it provides instant responses that makes it a unique form of marketing. Web marketing uses both technical and creative aspects of the internet marketing, including the 4P’s of marketing. Web marketers have in the recent past analysed that a business cannot carry out effective web marketing without taking into account a good coverage of the products offered, the prices of the products offered, the placement of the products, and the promotion of the products offered. This paper aims at providing a critique of web marketing of Nyali Beach Hotel. The hotel is a famous tourist destination due to its proximity to the Indian Ocean. Discussion Purpose of the Site and Its Business Model Nyali Beach Hotel is a tourist hotel that makes money out of selling guest rooms as well as other goods and services including food and drinks, water sports, tennis, volleyball along the beach, darts, and snookers, among other services. The business is a B2C targeting tourists from developing and developed countries of the world, including the domestic tourists. The hotel is also a B2B since the website contains links for booking hotel rooms in other international hotels (Nyali Beach Hotel n.d.). The hotel aims at selling its products to its target customer segment by portraying that it understands the needs of diverse customers, as it provides a variety of products that serve diverse customers, who have different economic capacities. The hotel uses the website in carrying out bookings and payments for the bookings, while the services are enjoyed under the bricks and motors of the business. The 4 P’s of marketing create an avenue that helps the hotel in coming up with successful results. The first P of marketing, which is the product, defines the Nyali Beach Hotel as a hotel that offers both goods and services to its guests. In doing so, the hotel considers a number of factors including presentation of the products, the safety of the product, and the quality of the products. In a bid to
Philosophers dreamt of theories to create the ideal world that could throw away the evils of the time. For example, Descartes’s power of reason or Hobbes and Locke’s arguments against absolute rule bring forth a phenomenal change in the political structure that tried to remove the evil present in the system. However, can these theories explain the increasing number of state terrorism, use of torture to counter terrorism, and curtailing of liberty in the name of counterintelligence? In this era of mass terrorism, the question of civil liberty, freedom, and state sponsored surveillance blurs the public-private space (Bromwich, 2001). Ideas of liberty, freedom, and justice are contradicted when applied to the modern occurrences of state sponsored surveillance of the private space (Davis & Silver, 2004). Increasing state surveillance of private citizens, with or without their knowledge to counter terrorism has brought up questions related to freedom, civil liberty, and private space. Is government-sponsored surveillance on the citizens legitimate? Do we restrict the freedom of people in the name of state security? Contrary to Rousseau’s belief in natural freedom, state surveillance systems curtail privacy, freedom, and liberty of citizens as a counterterrorism measure. This shows a rise of despotic government’s fear of terror attack and its surveillance on its citizens to subside its own insecurities. This paper shows that the acts of civic surveillance prevalent in America to counter a terrorist attack, a phenomenon that has gained precedence post-9/11, curtails civil rights of people and violates their private space and freedom. The paper will analyze the case of Edward Snowden and his disclosure of the practices of the US National Security Agency (NSA) that has triggered questions related to freedom, justice, and security raised by Rousseau. I argue, following Rousseau, that even though surveillance system takes away privacy of the people, there is a necessity to create a balance between the two. Locke, Montesquieu, and Rousseau have presented varied ideas related to liberty, justice, and power of the government respectively. The idea of freedom is essential in all these philosophies, though they differ in their arguments about the extent of freedom of people and the degree of state’s powers. John Locke (1632-1704) was an English philosopher was a proponent of natural rights of man. Life is important and everyone is entitled to live (McCoy, n.d., slide 5). Every person is entitled to individual liberty and he can attain anything as long as it does not compromise the natural rights of other individuals. He agreed with Hobbes with the necessity of a social contract to control the brutality of the state of nature (McCoy, 2015). However, he felt that the sovereign should have the authority to decide the fate of the people. Baron de Montesquieu (1689-1755) was born into a noble family in France. He first proposed that establishing three different types of governments – republics, monarchies, and despots (McCoy, n.d., slide 18). These types show the kind of governance present in a state. For example, a despot would
Introduction An experiment is carried out to determine the viability of age as an influential factor in second language learning. The experiment also aims to understand the aptitude of the English language among foreign-born adults in the United States. The author uses data collected from the U.S census bureau to assert his argument that age is indeed a potent entity that predisposes the acquisition of English as a second language. However, the author attributes the level of proficiency in the second language to social and demographic factors such as exposure, education and the duration of residence in the United States. In using historical census data, the author is able to access a wide range of research material and supportive information to reinforce his hypothesis. Census data is acquired through the archives and the author has no personal contact with his subjects. Subjects A sample population of foreign-born Chinese, Spanish and French native speakers with a minimum of ten years residency in the United States was selected (Gillian 555). Their ability to speak English was the dependant variable in the experiment and this ability was grade in three categories of ‘Good”, “Poor” and “Fair” (Gillian 555- 578). Details of Experiment method and procedure The information pertaining to the research was obtained from data collected during the 1991 national census conducted in the United States (Gillian 555). Three census questions on language attributes were used to effectively allocate the grades to each of the responses given during the census. The streaming questions were, “Which was your former country of residence? – Is it your birth country?”, “At what age did you immigrate to America?-how old are you now?” and “what is your primary or first language (L1)?” (Gillian 559). These streaming questions allowed the author to identify native speakers of any non English language even though they were reported to use English as the only spoken language during the census. The author points out that, other researchers have had great difficulty when attempting to classify non-native English language speakers in census or survey data due to that fact that researchers assume that all immigrants born in selected countries learned a particular majority-based language in childhood (Gillian 561). The author used regression models which reconcile assumptions of linearity and parametric curve appropriation even though the initial step up was measured as trivial (Gillian 561-562). The author took precaution to exclude immigrants who speak only English due to the possibility that they might be fluent in English (Gillian 560). The degree in which the analysis sample was abridged increased with the age of the immigrants to determine the impact of residency on the proficiency and application of the English language (Gillian 564). The author proceeded to search for discontinuities in the deterioration of English proficiency on the age at immigration with the variable ranging from the ages of 15 to25 years (Gillian 566). Summary of findings The author conclusively deduced that imm