ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Every day we use the language in order to express our opinion and in order to understand what we hear from others. The conventional use of language involves the knowledge of grammar, spelling, language in use, etc. However, sometimes the general rules are violated with different purposes. One of the cases is a word play. Word play can often be met in our daily life. For example, in the television show “A Charlie Brown Christmas”, the cartoonist Charlez Schulz presented a scenario, in which Linus tells Charlie Brown: “Of all the Charlie Browns in the world, you’re the Charlie Browniest.” This sentence is with no doubt an example of excellent sense of humor. However, what is more obvious, Charlez Schulz is a professional writer, who knows how to use all the tools offered by language to achieve the desired stylistic effects. For instance, in this concrete example the writer used some morphemes in order to make the sentence sound funny. The first proof is the word “Browns”. The author used the morpheme “s”, which in English language is applied to denote the plurality. Despite the fact that the sentence was addressed to a concrete person, and there is no other person similar to the addressee, the writer points to the plurality of the name. Such paradox emphasizes the uniqueness of the person, meaning that there is a little chance for existence of many Charlie Browns in the world. Another unusual use of morphemes is observed in the second mentioning of the name. Charlez Schulz uses the phrase “the Charlie Browniest”. Here the morpheme “est” at the end of the surname is added by the author. This morpheme is traditionally used in the English language in order to show the highest level of comparison. Thus, the message of this morpheme is that the addressee has the most characteristic features and qualities of Charlie Brown. Instead of writing a long explanation, the author preferred to use one morpheme to express this idea. Interestingly, the use of the morpheme “est” plays one more role in this sentence. The personal noun, which denoted the name of a personal, changed its grammatical category into general. Indeed, while “Charlie Brown” is a personal noun, the word phrase “the Charlie Browniest” means that there are other Charlie Brown, or people having more or less qualities of Charlie Brown. This changed “Charlie Brown” into a general notion. Another peculiar detail about using the morpheme “est” in this case is that it is used with a noun. In fact, such use of this morpheme is unacceptable, as far as this morpheme can only be used with adjectives. If so, than what does the word “Charlie Brown” mean? If the author wants us to treat this word combination as an adjective, than what qualities should it represent? In any case, the listeners are left to decide. The author was directed not with the grammar rules but with his own vision of the words and their meaning. As a result, words changed their grammatical categories, subcategories, properties, and changed their lexical meaning. All these transformations helped the cartoonist to achieve the desired effect in the sentence. As we can see
Introduction Nokia Company grew up as a small company in Finland with very limited resources and moved swiftly to claim the largest share of worlds market in telecommunication, moving from network infrastructures to handsets and software applications. Incentive is both non-financial and financial reward that makes somebody partake a course of action and also choose between alternatives. There three main types of incentives. These are financial incentives, moral incentives and coercive incentives. Nokia Company offers its employees various incentives under its incentives program. These include both short term incentive programs such as individual, team, project and program incentives. It also offers the Nokia connecting people bonus which all enable the company to be in competitive. Discussion Nokia has different types of incentives. These include incentives offered to new customers, incentives offered when penetrating a new market and also incentives offered to upgrade performance. Nokia also offers incentives to cater for the competitive performance and consumer demonstration incentives in their store’s outlets. The employee incentives include reward programs which encompass bonuses to recognize the performance based on individual, team and company results. Nokia introduced changes to its employee incentive program in the last half of 2007 due to employee complaints. The employees are rewarded with joint equity plans which are usually pegged on the performance of the employee and company in general. These include stock options and performance shares which are both linked to company’s performance. The Nokia employees who participated in the Nokia Connecting people Bonus plan in 2007 were handsomely rewarded in partial pay.those not covered by the plan benefited in 2007 through a new plan formed to cater for factory employees and stores employees not previously covered. The customer incentives include two levels. At the expert level, the channel partners seeking to gain higher expertise in Nokia technology tracks which are mobility, voice and security is offered. This basically involves designing, integrating, implementing, supporting both simple, moderate and complex mobility solutions to customers. At authorized level, the channel partners who want to achieve moderate expertise in the above technology fields of mobility, voice and security are offered. The basic model focuses on designing, integrating, implementing and supporting security and offering mobility solutions. These are basically the new customer incentives and the new market incentives which are offered to its customers and partners. Conclusion Nokia also offers incentives through its social responsibility programs. The recycling ability of Nokia products is said to be 65 to 80 percent. Nokia coordinates with its customers to bring back all obsolete mobile phones for recycling. This enables benefits to accrue to consumers, environment and producers. Nokia also cooperates with those working in Nokia care
Abstract This paper analyzes training strategies for small and medium size businesses (SMEs). The research focuses on the challenges that SMEs face in implementing different training approaches. It utilizes literature based on practical evidence and opinions from researches to understand the “state of art” in training and development within SMEs. Analysis of literature reveals that size of business is a major factor in determining training strategies. Smaller firms rely on informal and on-the-job training arrangements while larger SMEs or organizations conduct structured training programs that are integrated with organizational strategy. The major findings indicate that training strategies vary across businesses regardless of size. Therefore, employers and managers should adopt training strategies that fit in their budget. Introduction The significant changes in global business and the advent of new methods of doing business have led to important changes in labour market. Companies are now focusing on improving the skills and knowledge of their employees in order to enhance efficiency. Training is important because it is among the major approach of enhancing the skills of workers. Other approaches include recruitment of skilled workforce and appraisals. Companies should not only focus on training new staff but effort should also be on continuous professional development especially in instances of new changes. Training requirements mainly depend on size of a business. Smaller enterprises often perform their training activities through informal methods, with the main aim of gaining specific skills. On the contrary, larger firms view training as part of organizational strategy. Such companies focus on a more structured training strategy with the aim of acquiring standard skills. Empirical studies explain the significance of training for companies. Nevertheless, few researchers focus on SMEs. The results regarding firm size and training are general, and mainly argue that small firms offer less training to their workers than medium sized and big firms. In essence, different enterprises have different training approaches in spite of the size. Training programs that may appear efficient in large businesses may not work in small and medium sized organizations. It is important to implement different approaches depending on the business size. Literature Review The features of SMEs differ from those of larger businesses. Anoloui and Karami (2003) argue that large businesses have good opportunity of accessing international and local investment markets, while SMEs are sidelined because of higher costs of contracting smaller projects. Likewise, the regulatory costs, a constrained level of international marketing, and difficulties in reaching out to policy makers work
Women have very little to gain when it comes to migration matters compared to men. First of all, women are known to be home makers and take care of most activities in the house. When a case of migration comes up, women are the most affected. The occupations that women have and their economic status are always affected greatly because for them to get well-paying jobs becomes so difficult. At times, the immigration policies in some countries which women go to always tend to warrant more favorable rights and work opportunities to men. Most of the jobs that are meant for men seem to attract better remunerations.These countries are used to receiving men as opposed to women and therefore tend to set better ground rules for men. The female sectors have always tend to be riddled with poor working conditions, problems to do with insecurity, low pay, and there is always a very high potential of them being exposed to sexual abuse. Most women can be easily subjected to sexual or any other kind of abuse like physical violence from male transporters, or better yet, fellow males whom they are travelling with. In some instances, they get abused or mistreated by border guards. The most vulnerable ones are trafficked women. This lot is especi
Supported by federal and state grants, law-enforcement agencies actively adopt License Plate Recognition (LPR) technology to track the vehicles that were stolen or used in crimes (Gierlack et al. 11). Though LPR appears to be rather effective in the process of combating car theft and other crimes, certain issues related to the abuse of private information of the innocent citizens need to be properly analyzed to determine the potential solutions to the problem. The Main Issue The major issue faced by American citizens described in the case is a threat that systems used by the police to read license plates put to the privacy of the people. The usefulness of such systems has always been taken for granted by wide publicity as they let the police track the suspects and, therefore, contribute to more effective work of police officers. However, recently the issue has become a subject of numerous debates as the police officers have an opportunity to track any American citizen along with tracking the suspects. Besides, many concerns are related to the length of period the data from LPR databases is stored by the police. The inclination of the police to store such data in long-running databases can be considered as a violation of privacy rights of common people. Facing this issue, the citizens have to search for an optimal solution taking into account the controversial nature of the problem. From the one side, effective surveillance of license plates of suspects and potential criminals is an essential part of the
Legal and Ethical Issues in Biomedical Research Any research must put into consideration the various ethical and legal concerns associated with conducting social research. Firstly, the methods for data collection should be devoid of sensitive questions. The majority of people fear for their views to be known, and they seek confidentiality. The principle of voluntary participation requires that no correspondent be forced into participating (Boswell & Cannon, 2011). To achieve these, the participation of the human subjects was based on free will. Also, this was achieved through the preservation of the anonymity of the respondents: all biomedical research studies should aim at guaranteeing the anonymity and confidentiality of the respondents. Not all the information gathered will be revealed to anyone under any circumstance except for meeting the research purposes of the study (Burns & Grove, 2010). All these were achieved through the ethical review of the human subjects under the Instrument Generation and Psychometric Testing of phases during the study. The research guaranteed no harm to participants and researchers before, during, and after the research study. It is an ethical requirement of a biomedical research study that the researcher should not put the respondent in a harmful situation through his participation in the project. Also, all the subjects received equal treatment without prejudice, and they have informed of the reasons for the research prior to their participation. Code of Ethics Protecting Human Subjects in Biomedical Research Professional Code of Ethics is implemented to serve as a guideline for professional practice. They are esta
“Forecasting is a waste of a manager’s time because no one can actually predict the future”. I disagree with this statement. To my mind, forecasting is crucial for marketers nowadays. It is the basis for the policies and business strategies. The future of the market is shaped with the help of forecasting. It is correct that the future cannot be predicted, but at least the forecasting creates an opportunity to evaluate the possible outcomes and address them before something negative happens. In our globalising world, the markets are becoming broader and bigger. The number of clients involved is large, and the outcomes of using the wrong strategy in the process of trading can result in a huge loss of income. A good manager should always monitor the changes in the market carefully and follow all the new tendencies in order to be able to develop a flexible marketing system that would respond to all the issues and address the problems as soon as they occur without creating damage and losing money. Contemporary marketing is all about strategies and tactics. This is why simply waiting for visible changes in the market field to occur and then reacting to them and formulating a response is going to be highly non-profitable for the company and for the traders. Monitoring the changes in the market, and the economic situation, in general, is what helps the suppliers establish the prices. In cases when the prices are too high and do not match the expectations of the potential customers, the companies may lose their clients. If the prices are too low, this leads to the inevitable loss of capitals. In both situations, the company ends up losing income, and it is the fault of the people that were supposed to be involved in the forecasting of the market. The forecasting is the base element of the market analysis (Berry 2014). It allows the managers to collect the data for the planning of the future strategy. The analysis is done in order to determine the number of potential clients in the target market. The number of clients makes it possible for organisations to learn the approximate level of income and revenue in advance. Such an analysis could cover the periods of time lasting for several years. Of course, the numbers received by means of such forecasting are estimates. It is true that no one can predict the future and count the precise data because markets are changeable. Any kinds of circumstances may occur and create a positive or negative impact on the further development of the markets and affect the possible number of future customers. Yet, the numbers received through the forecast
Engineering is one of the most popular fields of professions. It encompasses mathematical, scientific, social, economic, and functional fields that make the world a better place for people. Engineering is an area of technical activity that includes several specialized fields and disciplines. It is aimed at the practical application and application of scientific, economic, social, and practical knowledge to turn natural resources to human benefit. The goals of engineering activity are the invention, development, creation, implementation, repair, maintenance, and improvement of equipment, materials, or processes. The two main branches of engineering are mechanical engineering and electrical engineering. The differences between these two areas are substantial, even though these areas and industries may work together or overlap from time to time. Nevertheless, these spheres are significantly related to each other and greatly benefit the development of humanity. Mechanical Engineering Mechanical engineering is the largest complex industry that determines the level of scientific and technological progress in the entire national economy. It provides all industries with machines, equipment, appliances, and the population with consumer goods. It also includes metalworking, repair of machinery and equipment. It is mainly characterized by the deepening of the specialization of production and the expansion of its scale (Dixit et al., 2017). “Small” metallurgy should be added to the listed divisions of mechanical engineering. It includes the production of steel and rolled products, castings, forgings, stampings, and welded structures for mechanical engineering. In this structure of the industry, the most complex is mechanical engineering, which includes such essential sub-sectors as:   * Mechanical engineering for intersectoral industries: electronic and radio industry, instrument making, machine tool, and tool making, bearing sector (Appendix A).   * Production of equipment for branches of the national economy: road construction, transport, tractor, and agricultural machinery (Appendix B).   * For industries: power engineering, metallurgical, mining and mining engineering, chemical engineering, production of technological equipment for the textile industry.   * For the non-industrial sphere: municipal engineering, household appliances and machines, military equipment (Herrigel, 2018). In addition to the industry classification, mechanical engineering can be divided according to the stages of the technological process into a billet, machining, and assembly. In terms of metal consumption and labor and energy intensity, it is customary to distinguish heavy, general, and medium engineering (Dixit et al., 2017). Heavy engineering is characterized by high metal consumption, relatively low labor intensity, and energy intensity. It includes the production of metal-intensive and large-sized products. General mechanical engineering is characterized by average consumption rates of metal, energy, low l
Introduction Niccolo Machiavelli was born at a time when the political scene in the European nations was heated up with corruption and impunity among leaders. This character was also seen through the religious institution, and he was nurtured into a philosopher with first-hand experience of the adverse effects of biased leadership. One of his stands was that political leaders should avoid flattery in order to make proper decisions. His sentiment on political leadership was valid, and it should be observed by the political leaders of the modern world. This paper looks at the ideas of Niccolo Machiavelli with a close focus on explaining why his sentiment for political leaders was right. Flattery gives the people false hope During Machiavelli’s time, flattery was a definitive characteristic of the political and religious leaders. The leaders would make promises to the people to get into power, and this strategy always seemed to work. For instance, Alexander Borgia used flattery and bribery to win the elections of the Papacy (“Niccolo Machiavelli and “The Prince”” par. 1). The people believed that he would deliver the promises he made during his campaign for the seat, but he ended up using his position in power to build the wealth of his family. Similarly, political leaders who use flattery to get to the positions of power, but they fail to deliver their promises. Using flattery to get to power blinds the leaders, and they fail to develop a constructive strategy to apply when they get the power. Their political career becomes a series of wrong decisions based on their personal interests. According to Machiavelli, most political leaders who use flattery during their campaign always regret making empty promises that they cannot fulfill. Machiavelli also claimed that the flattering political leaders are always inclined toward making decisions that will help them fulfill the promises, and in most cases, the decisions are wrong. Pressure to fulfill empty promises According to Machiavelli, political leaders that use flatteries are inclined toward allowing everyone around them to make demand
Introduction This paper discusses the ideals of individualism and collectivism. There exist cultural disparities in social behavior caused by ideals of collectivism and individualism. Individualism is the notion that life is individualistic and thus, everyone has a right to live as he pleases (Sampson, 2001). This ideal also holds that a person ought to act on his individual opinions, pursue the values of his preference as well as utilize and maintain the creation of his effort. Besides, it is the thought that the person is an end to himself, independent and the basic component of moral concern (Kim, 1994). This represents the principle that Americans expressed and endeavored to launch when they formed the Constitution that safeguards a person’s rights to freedom, rights to live, right to own possessions, as well as the individual quest for happiness. On the other hand, collectivism is the thought that a person’s life belongs to the entire community and that he does not possess any rights (Kim, 1994). Rather, the idea holds that an individual should forfeit his goals and values for the good of the larger group. From the perspective of collectivism, the society forms the fundamental element of moral concern, and a person has to serve the group to get value (Kim, 1994). In other words, the only rights that an individual possesses are those that the society bestows. From when a person is born to the day of his demise, the community allows him certain rights and denies him others. This ideal values the welfare, preservation and happiness of the entire community. Collectivism and individualism have a strong attachment to the society and thus, they shape our identities and behavior. The two ideals shape our values, attitudes, understanding, communication, socialization, as well as attribution. Normally, intellectuals use individualist behaviors to describe people in Western parts of the world, including North America and Western Europe, while they use collectivism to describe people from other parts of the world such as Africa, South American, and Asia. The majority of Europeans and North Americans have a sovereign perception of the self as a unit that is self-sufficient, unique, independent and gifted with exclusive characters. However, in countries like Africa, Asia and Latin America, citizens embrace a mutually dependent perception of the self as a component of a bigger social system that comprises the family, colleagues as well as others to whom we have social attachments. As per se, Americans are more apt to articulate ego-focused sentiments such as pride and resentment. Conversely, Japanese who are collectivist often announce feelings of gratitude to somebody, familiarity to somebody and association with someone. Resolving the Conflict between Individualism and Collectivism The issue of individualism vs. collectivism is a source