ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Identifying the Problem The proponents of the study wanted to find out the extent of the OC that was transforming the UK’s socio-economic landscape. They wanted to know how these changes are affecting UK managers. With regards to the impact of the said business transformations, they were able to find out that there were a variety of perceived consequences. The proponents of the study wanted an in-depth analysis of the said OC. They also wanted to find out if there were different ways of looking at the way things were functioning from the point of view of managers coming from three different sectors. They wanted to find out if they had different views and experiences with regard to their respective working environment. Identifying the Hypothesis The hypothesis was not stated explicitly, and it was given in the form of an assertion. The proponents of the study pointed out that they were able to get hold of information that allowed them to make certain assumptions. For example, they believed that the managers working in three different sectors exhibited diverse worldviews and experiences in reaction to the changes that were sweeping through their respective organizations. In conventional research design, it is customary for the researchers to prove or disprove the hypothesis in light of the evidence gathered or in view of the results of the experiment. However, in this particular study, the members of the research team already knew that there were pronounced differences in the perceptions and experiences of the managers working in three different sectors. Thus, the development of the research design focused on the identification of these changes. The Need for the Study It is important to know the performance of public and private enterprises in order to acquire an insight into the state of the national economy and the performance of the public sector when it comes to government-related services. The need to know these things entered a whole new level of significance when viewed from the perspective of the study. According to the proponents of the said research endeavor, a higher level of organizational change has been impacting the public sector. The same thing can be said about former government enterprises that were transformed into private organizations. The study discovered an overall negative impact. However, managers reported min
Infertility or impaired fertility can be defined as the inability to become pregnant or conceive within the timeframe of one year as a result of unprotected sex. Due to the fact that fertility may become impaired with age, health care providers usually treat women according to this decline after the age of thirty-five and within six months of unprotected sex. Impaired fertility may manifest at a number of stages of a typical pregnancy. Because a pregnancy requires the release of an ovum, fertilization by a sperm, and attachment of an embryo to the inside of the uterus, a number of factors may be responsible for infertility or impaired fertility. Impaired fecundity refers to a condition that relates to infertility but is specific to women who have challenges becoming pregnant or carrying pregnancies to term. Currently, infertility and the inability to conceive affect approximately 15% of all couples (Huether & McCance 807). Additionally, factors that influence infertility may be due to issues in the female pregnancy process, the reproductive system of the male partner, or even in both partners. Within women, around 6% between the ages of fifteen and forty-four can be affected by infertility, while impaired fecundity affects about 12% of the same population. Because infertility is an issue that may also be a result of conditions in the male partner’s body, cases of impaired fertility a
Introduction Religion is closely related to politics in a number of ways. In the traditional society, religious leaders were both temporal and civil leaders. In 1648, a treaty of Westphalia was signed, which separated politics from the Church. However, religion has always influenced policy making process and decision-making in government. In many parts of the world, religious leaders influence political leaders to come up with policies that are in line with the provisions of religious beliefs. However, the main question is how religion influences politics. In the United States, there is a clause in the Bill of Rights referred to as the disestablishment clause, which provides that politics must be kept separate from politics. In established democracies, somebody with questionable religious record stands no chance of being elected. The populace believes that a religious leader would always be willing to listen to the wishes of the majority (Settimba 9). Relationship between Religion and Politics A non-religious leader is believed to be indifferent to the sufferings of the majority in society. In other words, a non-religious leader would fulfill his or her own interests instead of serving those who elected him or her. During campaigns at state level in the United States, local leaders quote the Bible whenever they want to bring out a certain fact. In human life, each group has a belief system that is established with the help of religious values. These beliefs influence the political standpoint of an individual in a political system. The media will always evaluate the life of a politician using certain religious principles. These principles are derived from religious morals and beliefs. In this case, a candidate in an election is identified as a Christian or a Muslim. The religion of a political leader determines the number of votes he or she would gunner in an election. In the United States, politicians associate themselves with Christianity because a majority of voters are Christians. In the Arab world, a political leader must associate himself with Islam because it is a dominant religion in the region. Furthermore, the religious sects must be stated clearly before a political leader is elected. In other countries, religion is the major variable in every electioneering year. It is believed that certain religious affiliations are related to cultural beliefs that affect the performance of leaders in any political system. Recently, the issue of religion emerged in the United States when Obama was said to be a Muslim. Many people were much worried that Obama was a Muslim. Islam has always been associated with extremism meaning that Muslims are accused of using warped means to attain justice. It was feared that Obama could support Muslims once he became president. However, the president dispelled fears by declaring that he was indeed a Christian. This nearly cost him the presidency (Johnstone 64). There is a popular belief among Christians that good leaders are usually sent by God. This is based on the Bible whereby many kings and prophets were sent by God to lead Israelites in the times of
Introduction Eutectic Mixture for Local Anesthetics (EMLA) is generally used as the painkiller cream for local anesthetizing of intact skin during superficial surgery as well as Venipuncture (VE) and Intravenous (IV) insertions. Because similar researches have been successfully performed by other researchers, however, this one is a sufficient contribution for the sphere of anesthetic research. The paper aims to provide critical analysis of the EMLA research. Discussion Aim and Importance Because the importance of anesthesia during surgery is rather high, often, there is no necessity to use general anesthesia. Hence, EMLA creams appear to be helpful enough. The research aims to provide a reliable meta-analysis of the researchers dedicated to the application of EMLA creams for decreasing Venipuncture and Intravenous insertion pain. The effects of the anesthetic measures need to be measured and systematized, as Eutectic Mixture for Local Anesthetics are intended for intact skin, while insertion violates this point. (Eller, 2005) Ethical Considerations In general, any personal information was not used for this study, as this is a meta-analysis and compilation of the related studies. Considering the history of EMLA creation, the ethics of using the serendipitously invented medication should be more worrying than the research of using this medication for easing up pain during superficial surgeries. Results The results of the study reveal the fact that reports of the benefits of using EMLA for VE and IV are described in numerous medical and nursing publications, however, the scientific background of these researches is highly doubted. The empirical studies were arranged in 15 countries, nevertheless, the pain aspect was not paid sufficient attention in these studies, hence, they are useless for assessing the aspects of VE and IV insertion pain study. However, the meta-analysis of the related researches helped to reveal that the mean effect of the EMLA cream had a large significant effect on VE pain (d = 1.05) with a 95% confidence interval, while the results for IV insertion pain (d = 1.04) were close to 95% confidence interval. Even though most of the related researches ignore the aspect of VE and IV insertion, the analysis helped to reveal that EMLA cream is rather helpful in decreasing VE and IV insertion pain in at least 85% of the patients. (Feltzer, 2001) Assessment The article is based on the properly gathered and structured research data that is aimed at studying the aspects of decreasing the possible pain decrease during vein inserting. The results of the study confirmed the initial hypothesis, however, the clinical assessments and experiments have not been performed. Nevertheless, the meta-analysis of the related researches helped to achieve the precise results and values of EMLA cream usage. (Howe, 2006) Considering the criteria for including the researches into the offered meta-analysis is far from pe
Today, people are inclined to think that the modern society becomes more tolerant in relation to following definite social norms, rules, traditions, and rites of passage. I can refer to such important life periods and events as the graduation from high school and marriage as certain rites of passage, but they do not have the real ritual meaning for many people. The graduation from university, career development, and marriage can be considered as important stages in my life, but I do not discuss them as the real rites of passage. For instance, getting married, people provide their vows, but this process often lacks its spiritual significance. Social norms and rules of morality should regulate marriages, and spouses should not betray their partners. In reality, these norms are regularly violated. The advantages of the life patterns accepted in our society are in the possibilities for the personal and professional development. However, the disadvantages are in the people’s ignoring many social norms because of their limiting character. It is the first step to the social chaos and decline which can be observed today in the youth’s alcohol and drugs abuse in spite of all the limitations. From this point, social norms, rules, and rites of passage are important to regulate the social life. Moreover, it is almost impossible to determine some strict rules regulating the life of the modern people in relation to morality without involving the legal issues and laws. Nevertheless, there is the world where people follow the social norms and rules strictly. According to the Amish people’s visions, the world can be divided into the ‘English’ one and the ‘Amish’ one. Thus, the main difference is in the religion and social norms followed which determine the people’s way of living. When Amish young people are at the age of sixteen they receive the opportunity to experience the life typical for the ‘English’ world. It is the period of their rite of passage known as Rumspringa. The main problem is in the fact the representatives of the ‘English’ world cannot understand the meaning of this period for the Amish youth because there are no fixed or followed rites of passage in this world. The advantage of the Amish life is in plainness, religious rituals, daily routine, rural activities, and humility. They do not use electricity, television, telephones, and cars. Alcohol and drugs do not harm their health, and there are no other provocations and serious challenges in this world, except the period of Rumspringa. That is why, following their Rumspringa rituals and traditions, the Amish people face a lot of provocative situations which emphasize the
Consumer risk perception: the case of eBay Executive summary One of the major developments in business is the use of online marketing. Despite many of the advantages of online marketing, there are a lot of risks that consumers may face while trading online. This article analyses one of the online marketing places called eBay. In the study, the paper explores the risks that eBay customers may face and the strategies which the organization has employed in order to minimize the risks. The article also suggests additional strategies that eBay may use to further reduce the risks. Types of consumer risks Among the types of risks that eBay customers incur while shopping online may include performance risk, financial risk, social risk, time-loss risk and privacy risk. Strategies to reduce consumer risk perception Some of the strategies which eBay has employed to reduce consumer risk include the Money-Back guarantee policy, improvement of the company’s image, building of customer loyalty, existence of the customer support service and free security advice for customers. Additional suggestions In addition to the strategies listed above, other suggestions that the company may use include brand endorsement, advertising or promotion, free trials, government testing and private testing. Introduction In service marketing, it is important for management team to center on the consumer. This is the reason that prompts the efforts to ensure that consumers are protected from any risk that they are likely to incur while conducting business. If consumers incur the risks and move out of the business, the business may then lose a great portion of its market. EBay is one of the leading online marketing places, where consumers and merchants meet to trade their goods and services. Consumers and merchants make all the arrangements such as negotiation, payment and shipment online. Like any other online marketing company, however, eBay faces the challenge of earning the trust of customers, because the customers have a negative perception towards online marketing. This perception results from the knowledge about a number of risks that the consumers may face while shopping online. Types of consumer risks There are many risks that eBay customers are likely to face, the first one being the performance risk. This is the loss which a consumer is likely to incur in case the product purchased through eBay does not meet the expectations of the consumer. The risk may result from false advertising or lack of enough information about the commodity before making the purchase (Jahankhani 2009, p. 84). The other type of risk that may be perceived by eBay consumers is the financial risk. This is the amount of money that a consumer is likely to lose in the transaction as a result of
Introduction The PersianGulf lies between the Iranian plateau and the Arabian Peninsula. Iran was originally known as Persia and that is where the gulf derived its name from. Since the 1960’s there has been a row about the naming of this gulf between theArabs and the Persians. The Arabs feel that it should be called the Arabian Gulf. The Arab countries and Iran have been engaged in disputes from time immemorial. There have been historical disputes involving Arabs and non-Arabs and between Sunnis and Shias. Therefore, the dispute about the naming of the Persian Gulf is a continuation of an old rivalry. This discussion explores the extent of therivalry between the Arabs and the Iranians over the naming of the PersianGulf and possible ways of resolving it. Discussion The name ‘Persian Gulf’ is used in naming this water body in most of the maps produced before 1960.Before this time, even the Arab countries used the name Persian Gulf.The ancient Greeks and early Roman historians referred to this body of water as the Persian Gulf in their maps and texts. Moreover, European and Persian Muslim map printers also used the name Persian Gulf.The Arab countries adopted the name Arabian Gulf after the Arab nationalism. They celebrated their achievements and sought ways to enhance their welfare. Some of these ways included shunning the western influence and renaming the Persian Gulf (Choueiri, 2000). Initially, the name Arabian Gulf was used to refer to the Red Sea. Several names like The Gulf, Arabo-Persian Gulf,and Islamic Gulf have been suggested to replace the name ‘Persian Gulf’ but the matter still remains unresolved.Most countries and organizations use the name ‘Persian Gulf’ to refer to this water body, for instance, the United Kingdom, United States, the Group of Experts on Geographical Names, the United Nations Secretariat, and International Hydrographic Organization, among others. These organizations have done research on the history of the Persian Gulf and established that the original name of the gulf should be maintained(Freedman and Karsh,1992). From the point of view of the Iranians, the changing of the name from ‘Persian Gulf’ to ‘Arabian Gulf’ is a threat to their rights and sovereignty. They feel that the Persian Gulf is part of their historical heritage and changing the name will deny them control over the gulf’s oil reserves. The Iranians also do not allow the use of neutral names like ‘The Gulf’ in reference to this water body. Moreover, Iran has set aside a day to celebrate the National Persian Gulf Day on 30 th April. On this day they celebrate the successful expulsion of the Portuguese from the Persian Gulf. Celebration of this day is meant to deter the Arab countries and other institutions that seek to change the name of the Persian Gulf. In addition, the Iranian government is constantly seeking to enhance thePersianidentity, for instance, there is the Persian Gulf Cup soccer league in Iran. The countries surrounding the Persian Gulf hold asoccercompetition referred to as the Gulf Cup of Nations but Iran’s team does not participate because the contest does not use
The rapid evolution of technologies gave rise to numerous innovative strategies used by modern companies to attain a competitive advantage and increase their efficiency. A hybrid distribution strategy is one of them. The given system could be described as a multi-channel arrangement in which other channels are linked together to perform a number of distribution tasks. Besides, it means that in case the given approach is explored, more than one distribution channel exists. It results in the increased diversity and flexibility of certain companies as they become able to respond to current customers demands and introduce new goods obtained from different suppliers and channels. At the moment, the given tendency could be considered very popular as it is explored by the majority of leading companies that tend to be prosperous and beneficial. The popularity of the strategy could be explained by numerous benefits that come from the exploration of the approach. First of all, hybrid channels could help to adapt to rapidly changing customers needs and shopping patterns. Moreover, in case a company has a broad product line, the usage of the hybrid distribution strategy might help to satisfy all diverse needs. Additionally, companies with high manufacturing capacity could use new outlets to sell their products. Finally, it might result in the acquisition of significant competitive advantage and improved competitiveness, which is extremely important for any business venture. However, there are also several challenges. The first one is the increased probability of the internal conflict between such company recourses as capital, personnel, products, and technology. Moreover, diverse tasks of different channels could confuse individuals and precondition the appearance of the internal conflicts over customers and internal hybrid conflict.
Methamphetamine, which commonly goes by the name “meth, speed, chalk, ice, crystal, glass, crank, yaba, tina, and tweak” (Byker), is a stimulant made from pseudoephedrine or ephedrine. The drug affects pleasure functions of the brain by making it to discharge dopamine (Byker). Meth users have various methods of consuming the drug, which include injection, snorting, swallowing, anal insertion, and smoking. Meth causes long-lasting effects that range between 6 and 24 hours, but these consequences depend on the method of meth consumption. Some have referred to meth as the worst drug in America today because it is highly addictive, easy to buy, readily available, and cheap for most drug users. Meth is the most abused drug in the world today. As a result, the meth epidemic has turned into a social problem with severe outcomes everywhere. Meth is a problem because illegal home labs have used key chemicals in the drug (pseudoephedrine or ephedrine) to manufacture highly lethal and addictive substances. Consequently, the consumption of meth has increased tremendously with severe consequences to society. For instance, the abuse of meth has resulted in child abuse, neglect, health problems, hard economic situations, domestic violence, and environmental problems among others. Moreover, home labs have diluted and adulterated versions of meth, which are highly dangerous substances. Regulators have failed to control the use and abuse of the drug for several decades. Drugs cartels have used such loopholes to supply meth in various states. Over the years, the number of people who use meth has reached many millions. Initially, there was a linked between meth and white males. However, today, this situation has changed as people of different ages, gender, background, social class, and economic status consume meth. In fact, street children, attorneys, business executives, housekeepers, mothers, actors, and musicians among others all consume meth. The problem of the meth epidemic originated from the western sides of the US, and later spread to the East Coast. Today, many people who consume meth are people of diverse characteristics in terms of race, age, occupation, gender, social, and economic background. Generally, white males have dominated others in abusing and using the drug. Government agencies noted that meth was a problem as early as 1980 (Byker). The federal government restricted the use of some chemicals required for making amphetamine. In the 1990s, the use of the drug increased significantly in the West Coast because drug cartels entered the business. Ever since, the use of meth has increased in the US. The effects of meth epidemic on social institutions Effects of the meth epidemic on social institutions are appalling. The drug use has affected families, communities, individuals, businesses, technologies, media, and medical firms among others. Today, meth remains the most dangerous and highly abused drug in the US. Hence, it has destructive effects on societies. Family The meth epidemic has ruined several families in the US. Among families, meth