ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Notably, a great percentage of American population is concerned with healthcare system. Over the past years, U.S has been trying to implement a universal insurance system for all citizens but all these efforts have failed. Instead, increased systems of complexity and dysfunctions have been the result. Studies have shown that America has few doctors compared to other developed countries. Despite all these efforts, Americans claim that they hardly get adequate medical attention that they deserve. For instance, admission to hospitals is rarely given to patients. As a result, life expectancy for Americans is quite low. In addition, rates of immunization among American children are as well low. The problems with America’s healthcare system can be said to be caused by political setbacks considering that the idea to create a universal insurance policy. This indicates that the idea has had substantial amount of support. This is because the push to implement the universal policy solely comes from organized labor rather than from the government. The failure to achieve such healthcare policies results from the fact that the organized labor groups pushing for policies work only through collective bargaining unlike other western countries such as Europe whose organized labor groups always have the support of the government. As a result, healthcare insurance has and will continue being an individual responsibility unless something is done to stop political battle in the healthcare system. This has prompted American economists to formulate an idea called moral hazard which explains other causes of healthcare dysfunction such as how different policy makers view the issue of insurance. One of the popular healthcare policies grew due to the intuition that healthcare services should be availed in areas where there are children. This has resulted to creation of local and community health centers as well as the opening of public healthcare departments in schools and among the poor communities of the society. However, the implementation of these policies has drawn a number of moral concerns. For instance, the provision of healthcare services in schools without the knowledge of parents has raised concerns on children misusing drugs and other services such as use of condoms. The issue here is not merely the use of condoms itself but rather the encouragement to engagement of premarital sex by school children. To counter this possible effect, a welfare reform was implemented to promote abstinence in schools. Similarly, liberals proposed that school children and the youth should be provided with counseling services especially on drug abuse and sexuality. These concerns were further raised when the U.S. legislature proposed that privacy should be instilled in school healthcare services hence keeping away the parents’ participation in their c
“Halves,” a short story, was written by Benji Whalen in 2002. The novel’s plot contains an enveloping process of getting each other by two half-brothers who had been living separately for their whole lives. The attitude towards the new family member of the main character is ambiguous and changes gradually through the narrative course. Both boys become lucid personalities to readers by the end of the story while entering into a new relationship: brotherhood based on shared experience. The remembrances of the narrator begin with a clear statement about the nature of his acquaintance with his brother before the main events. Namely, he clearly states that Alexis was not always his brother (Whalen 1). The relationship between the children seems ambiguous because of the negative emotions expressed by the narrator after the first impression of the meeting. The twelve-year-old main character is afraid of losing his world to the newcomer, an outsider, and is devastated by the profusion of Alexis’s presence. In brief, the little only child in a family experiences a lack of attention from his mother and suffers a personal crisis due to the changes in his life. However, the outcome of the story shows the possible rise of intimacy, kindred between the two. They are obviously from different worlds, which contributes to their personalities being distinctive from each other. However, a scene where both youngsters commit a forbidden deed is a decisive point in their story. After that, the introductory stage of the novel may be s
Introduction People’s dreams, goals, and life priorities are different; they may dream of a good career, a trip around the world, a big house in the suburbs, a faithful and loving life partner. However, since ancient times, one of the most cherished dreams of a person is to become a parent. Oocyte donation programs are often the last chance to become a mother for those women who, due to problems with health, cannot become pregnant naturally. Egg donation is an effective method of reproductive technologies to combat infertility. In this work, I will consider two articles: “Should young women sell their eggs?” by Donna De La Cruz and “Her Body, My Baby” by Alex Kuczynski. On the basis of the articles, the given paper will discuss the pros and cons of participating in the program and prove that women should be allowed to donate eggs or act as a surrogate if they want. Possible Effects on Health Dreaming of holding a newly born baby in the arms, watching the first steps, teaching them to read and master important life values is so inherent in some people that sooner or later all other desires obey the realization of this dream. Unfortunately, not all couples can realize this plan naturally without the help of a doctor. The causes of infertility are different, so when they are diagnosed and then treated, most couples manage to have their own children. However, there are situations when it is impossible to fertilize a woman’s eggs even with the help of the most modern technologies for the treatment of infertility. The problem is that they may simply not exist because of premature ovarian failure or menopause. In some cases, eggs are present but do not mature and fertilize due to some genetic or functional disorder of the ovaries. Fortunately, women who are unable to conceive due to some health problems can receive anonymous and gratuitous help from egg donors. To understand this process more deeply, it is necessary to discuss egg storage. A woman’s egg cells are already formed when the embryo is just developing in the womb, and their number is enormous – several million. Despite the fact that the number of immature eggs is very large, nature is arranged in such way a that immediately after the birth of a girl, her eggs undergo atresia, in other words, die off. Upon reaching puberty, a girl has “only” 400,000-500,000 eggs in both ovaries. During the reproductive period (from the first menstruation to the last during menopause), women release about 400-500 fully mature and fertilized eggs. The rest, unfortunately, gradually die off and become useless. The ovaries are the organ that is least used rationally throughout life (only 1% is used, the remaining 99% are not involved). Ethical Issues By participating in the egg donor program, a woman spends additional 15-30 eggs; it does not lead to signif
Introduction Since the onset of the industrial age, energy has gained significant prominence due to exponentially growing demand for its many uses. Growing usage of machines has seen their primary energy source, oil, becoming a major aspect in the economies of the majority of countries and the global economy as a whole. As an international commodity used in nearly all countries, it bears huge significance in dealings between countries and country organizations. Export and import relations Russia and China top the lists of energy producers and consumers in the world respectively. Recently, oil deals have been the main negotiating aspect between the two as their cooperation has been enhanced with oil as the main link. The Russian administration is looking to shore up Chinese investment in the upgrading and modernizing of its own factories as part of the oil deal. The Chinese appeared to want to deal with Russia exclusively on the issue of energy thus, they continue to frustrate the Russians who are interested in pursuing their manufacturing needs as part of the deals with China[1]. The Chinese have also signed agreements with Russia that will see the Russians provide oil and coal energy to China for an extended period of between 20 to 25 years in exchange for a loan of over $30 billion. The two countries have also agreed on a $5 billion joint investment in an oil refinery venture[2]. However, there has been a failure on an agreement on the supply of natural gas which Russia is keen to secure and increase its market beyond Europe. The issue of gas supply to China has been on the pipeline for a long
Adolescent literature Courage is arguably a predominant theme in fantasy literature. From the ancient tales such as Epic of Gilgamesh as well as Beowulf, the elements of courage in these fantasy tales have over the generations captured the total imagination of the young readers. Today, with the growing popularity of such fantasy works as The Lord of the Rings and the Harry Porter series, the genre as well as the aspects of courage has grown to be popular all the time. Though, some pundits object to the plain presence of supernatural or magical forces in young adult literature, these aspects do compel young adults to explore diverse social elements through reading (Tuck 103). Fantasy narratives are generally characterized by insidious use of magical or supernatural powers not present or found in our everyday society. These aspects are injected in the plot, setting, theme and the storyline. The concept of courage is etched in the everyday objects which are enveloped with supernatural powers including the individuals who realize that they have supernatural powers. For instance, the classic fantasy novel “The Black Cauldron” the concept of courage is articulated considerably. The author asserts that in the Land of Prydain, where evil is everywhere the Black Cauldron be destroyed for cauldron Arawn had formed an army of deathless soldiers. However, the adventure presents an opportunity for Taran, the assistant Pig-Keeper a chance to use his sword and prove that he is a man among men. To sustain a continuous flow of the novels sequence the author employs the use of plot within a plot to establish his theme. Therefore, exploring the concept of courage he employs the use suspense and imagery. This is well illustrated by the manner such characters as Eilonwy, the tough willed and hot-tongued princess; Fflewddur Fflam, the exaggeration-prone lyricist; the faithful Gurgi; in addition to the curmudgeonly Doli are developed. These characters are all involved in an epic fight involving good and evil that is illustrated as determining the fate of the renowned land of Prydain. Presenting the tale of Taran, the assistant Pig-Keeper of Prydain, the author knits a decisive tale that captures the imagination of the young adults considerably. This is effected by the manner he explores the concept of heroism. Using motley of plot sequences he examines the aspects of sacrifice, dedication, courage as well as the honor of being faithful. Hence, the aspects of courage are witnessed where Taran and his close associates are called upon to seek and eliminate the Black Cauldron, which was being exploited by Arawn ,the Lord of the Land of Death to create soldiers from the corpses of his slain enemies. Drawing a line from the contemporary society the author attempts to relate the happenings in the adventure with the real world. Despite the adventure being complex the author doesn’t shy away from presenting both the strongholds and weakness of his characters. This is a good element of any fantasy novel. Discussion However, he goes beyond that by
Introduction The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act is a bill passed into law by the U.S. president Barrack Obama in the year 2010 (Goodson 12). This act is normally referred to as Obamacare. The act is one of the most important government developments and regulatory revamps in the United States’ healthcare system in the last 50 years. The act mandates all insurance companies to provide medical insurance cover to all claimants regardless of their social background, sex, race, or ethnicity. The chief aim of the act’s drafters was to reduce the number of uninsured Americans. Before and after the passage of this law, critics asserted that the law was a threat to everyday workers. Despite the fact that the law was meant to reduce the cost of medical access for the low-income population, critics argue that the law would ultimately leave employees worse off. Skeptics argue that the law would cost jobs, suppress economic recovery programs, and cause business doubts. This paper seeks to highlight the microeconomic effect of the act. In the paper, the effects of the act on an everyday worker would be highlighted and evaluated. Positive implications of the act Currently, the top three issues of the U.S. health care system affecting the employees are reduced access, reduced quality, and increased costs. When the act will be fully implemented in the year 2014, the government expects the act to tackle the above health issues. The U.S. health care system has continuously faced multiple challenges. By the time the government stopped its heavy-handed managed care in the 1990s, the cost of health care services had risen sharply as the number of uninsured individuals increased. Before The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act was passed into law in the year 2010, the number of uninsured individuals was estimated to be more than 46 million (Goodson 35). Equally, during this period new medical technology, pharmaceuticals, and workforce were in great demand. As the country’s life expectancy continues to increase, its population will continue to age leading to more chronic health issues. In the year 2006, the U.S. healthcare system was reported to be among the most costly system in the world. According to these reports, the U.S. government spent over $2 trillion in health care expenditure during the same year (Pipes 56). These figures are disturbing since the above expenditure represents 16% of the country’s gross domestic product. In the act, several mechanisms have been outlined on how to tackle the above issues. These mechanisms are mandates, tax credits, and subsidies. Within a period of 10 years, this act will ensure that every American has access to quality and affordable health care services. Through this approach, almost every employee would be covered by the health insurance scheme. Therefore, quality healthcare services will be accessible to all employees. Economic consequences According to the Congressional Budget Office, the act will lead to significant job losses. It is estimated that the act might lead to 650,000 job losses. An analysis by business owners grou
Introduction Hyperlipidemia is a medical condition that is characterized by high cholesterol or triglyceride levels. Cholesterol is fat in the blood that builds healthy cells and stabilizes membranes. High cholesterol provokes the risk of heart-related problems when fatty deposits challenge the blood flow. Hyperlipidemia has no evident symptoms but treatable, and this essay focuses on its pathophysiology, process, and treatment principles to clarify anti-hyperlipidemia classes and patient variables. Overview of Hyperlipidemia Pathophysiology The main physiological processes associated with hyperlipidemia include the elevation of cholesterol in the blood. Two common types of lipoproteins are responsible for the transportation of cholesterol in cells – low-density lipoproteins (LDL), also known as bad cholesterol, and high-density lipoproteins (HDL), also known as good cholesterol (Ramirez & Hu, 2015). Hyperlipidemia results due to lipoprotein metabolism defects and increased lipid levels that circulate in plasma. Disease Process There are two types of hyperlipidemia, primary (idiopathic genetic defect in the lipid metabolism) and secondary (the contributions of other diseases like diabetes or obesity). Cholesterol levels depend on the quality of food taken by a patient and the types of fat consumed. The disease process in hyperlipidemic patients is simple: as soon as the number of fats exceeds the accessible level, arteries stiffen and prevent blood circulation. Treatment Principles Standardized Guidelines When the doctor discovers a high level of cholesterol in the blood, standardized treatment guidelines must be followed. They include diet choice, physical exercises, weight control, no smoking habits, and the use of statins (Trentman, Avey, & Ramakrishna, 2016). However, medication treatment has to be discussed with a healthcare provider after the genetic predisposition is analyzed and no negative outcomes on the liver are observed. Evidence-Based Recommendations In 2013, the American Heart Association and the American College of Cardiology created evidence-based recommendations for patients to reduce cardiovascular risks that were derived from randomized trials, observations, and meta-analyses. Grundy et al. (2018) used these guidelines to explain how to improve cardiovascular health. Safety recommendations are based on an understanding of statin therapy benefits, and prevention is focused on regular monitoring of adherence to a healthy lifestyle. Cardinal Points of Treatment The major point of hyperlipidemia treatment is the identification of cholesterol/triglycerides levels. The choice of medication determines the development of the conditions. Statins are effective for all patients but not for those with elevated lipoproteins and LDL-C (Trentman et al., 2016). Inhibitors perform the role of antibodies that reduce LDL-C and control HDL-C with minimal changes within triglycerides (Trentman et al., 2016). Alternative medicine is acceptable only if the doctor permits it. Anti-Hyperlipidemia Classes Statins ai
The Spanish-American War was a military conflict between Spain and the United States that began in April 1898. Hostilities halted in August of that year, and the Treaty of Paris was signed in December. USS Maine Riots in Havana by pro-Spanish volunteers gave the United States a reason to send in the warship USS Maine to indicate high national interest. Upon destruction o USS Maine the US declared war against Spain in Havana harbor on February 15, 1898. Commodore George Dewey George Dewey (December 26, 1837 – January 16, 1917) was an admiral of the United States Navy, best known for his victory (without the loss of a single life of his own forces due to combat; one man died of heatstroke) at the Battle of Manila Bay during the Spanish-American War. He was also the only person in the history of the United States to have attained the rank of Admiral of the Navy, the most senior rank in the United States Navy. Spanish American War, 1898 Major General William Shafter then conducted a successful transfer of troops from Tampa to the vicinity of Santiago de Cuba. The navy escorted his convoy of transports around the eastern end of Cuba to Santiago de Cuba, where he arrived on 20 June. The Spanish commander did not oppose Shafter’s landing and offered only slight resistance to his westward movement. On July 1, a combined force of about 15,000 American troops in regular infantry, cavalry and volunteer regiments, including Roosevelt entrenched Spaniards in dangerous Civil War-style frontal assaults at the Battle of El Caney and Battle of San Juan Hill. The Spanish forces at Guantánamo were so isolated by Marines and Cuban forces that they did not know that Santiago was under siege, and their forces in the northern part of the province could not break through Cuban lines. After the battles of San Juan Hill and El Caney, the American advance ground to a halt. Spanish troops successfully defended Fort Canosa, allowing them to stabilize their line and bar the entry to Santiago. At the western approaches to the city Cuban general Calixto Garcia began to encroach on the city, causing much panic and fear of reprisals among the Spanish forces. Hostilities were halted on August 12, 189, when Spain sued for peace, with the signing in Washington of a Protocol of Peace between the United States and Spain. The formal peace treaty was signed in Paris on December 10, 1898 and was ratified by the United States Senate on February 6, 1899. It came into force on April 11, 1899. Cubans participated only as observers. General Shafter In May 1898 General Shafter became major general of volunteers and given command over the Fifth Corps, containing most of the Army’s regular troops and volunteer compa
Introduction Over the past years, a rapid increase in global competition brought about by technological change and product variety has created the need for continuous performance improvement as a strategic and competitive requirement in many organizations world wide. In order for organizations to maintain and improve their competitive advantages, performance measures are widely used to evaluate, control and improve business processes. However, recent studies indicate that traditional performance measures that once sufficed and no longer able to provide the desired results. As a result, other approaches to measuring performance are necessary. Among others, the balanced scorecard has been used widely by many organizations to measure the performance of information systems and to provide a means of assessing how best they can be used strategically to gain a competitive advantage (Cannon 12). The balanced scorecard, developed by Kaplan and Norton, is a framework for the communication and implementation of strategy (Kettunen & Kantola 263). It provides managers with a means to navigate to future competitive success (Kaplan & Norton 2). It is also regarded as a performance measurement system that translates an organization’s mission and strategy into a set of performance measures with a view to providing a comprehensive and balanced framework for strategic measurement and management (Kamhawi 475). In the present business environments, industrial age competition has been replaced by the information age competition. While the adoption of technology really mattered during the industrial age completion, this is no longer the case when it comes to the information age era. It is now obvious that companies can not gain sustainable competitive advantage by simply deploying new technology into physical assets rapidly by excellent management of financial assets and liabilities like they did during the industrial age (Kaplan & Norton 3). Therefore, considering that organizations today are competing in very complex business environments, an accurate understanding of their goals as well as the methods for attaining the goals is very critical. This paper looks at how an organization may use the balanced scorecard approach in information systems setting to gain a competitive ad