ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction The topic of healthcare has always been relevant in the USSR, and during Stalin’s reign, this sector started developing significantly. During the Soviet era, people had an opportunity to undergo wellness treatment in specialised places called sanatoriums, and free trips to such facilities were offered. Particular attention was paid to water procedures as essential health programmes. The cult of bathhouses became a symbol of the Soviet era, which speaks about citizens’ love to hygiene and their respect for traditions and habits, and these customs took their roots in the birth of Christianity and were associated with purification. As a result of the Stalinist plan for the development of medicine, a large number of sanatoriums were opened from 1933 to 1936 during the restoration of Sochi as the main Soviet resort, and the trend of wellness was common (Geisler 18). The healthcare system in the USSR was largely based on using water procedures for the treatment and prevention of various ailments, and a special attitude to water became part of not only the physiological but also the psychological profile of the Soviet citizen. Trend of Using Natural Resources for Treatment The Soviet healthcare system was famous for its commitment not to contemporary developments in the field of rehabilitation but to traditional healing technologies. According to Geisler, physicians in the USSR adhered to the strategy of using natural resources as valuable sources for the prevention of various diseases (2). As a result, the trend of naturalness became a cult trend in the country, and most people considered it their duty to trust specialists promoting such methods of treatment. Therefore, promoting water procedures was one of the key areas in the healthcare system of the state. During the renovations of Soviet resorts, one of the most important procedures was the adoption of radon baths as a traditional way of healing. Veselova agues that this trend was maintained both in the era of the Soviet Union and in modern times, although in many spas, new and modern treatment methods have developed (497). Soviet citizens’ physiological need for water was natural and due to not only the desire for hygiene but also some other motives, in particular, religious beliefs. According to Vujosevic, the Orthodox Church has always encouraged the cleansing of not only the soul but also the body, and regular washing was a psychological characteristic of both Soviet citizens and their ancestors who lived in this territory (2). Natural resources were used in the USSR as those few and affordable means of healing because, at all times of its development, the country had difficult relationships with many powers. The isolation of the state explains why borrowing from foreign welln
The article under consideration “Safety Assurance Network – How Toyota makes sure safety is everyone’s job” (2009) is taken from the journal Professional Safety and discusses the problem of people’s safety in the workplace. The Safety Assurance Network (SAN) is the main consideration of the article, the tools, and other facilities are analyzed to involve the workers of the Toyota Company to care about their safety. The article is devoted to the research on the Toyota plant, reviews the steps which were provided by Toyota’s managerial staff in the reference to workers’ safety in the workplace and identifying and eliminating the health hazards. The article provides the methods according to which workers should care about their safety, and these methods are also considered as the methods to join the workers and to teach them to work in a team. The Safety Assurance Network procedure is based on teamwork, which teaches workers to care about their safety and work in a team. The very procedure is as follows, the hazards are analyzed and the list of the most dangerous objects and of the objects which need solution is provided. The other team works under the development of the list where the solutions to the future possible hazards are provided. After the data is collected the checklist is created to combine the work of two teams and to see the results. The main disadvantage in the methodology is that the whole data is collected by the workers and does not check by the specialists and in some cases, the hazard objects may be incorrectly considered or some things may be missed. The beginning of the teamwork with such disputable subjects may lead to the opposite effect, videlicet the problems in the communication among the employees after the experiment. The Toyota plant was taken as the basis for the Safety Assurance Network procedure. The aspects which were analyzed from the point of view of being dangerous are caught in machinery, contact with heavy objects, contact with moving vehicles, falling, electrocution, and contact with heated objects. These aspects were taken as the basis for the research. The data was analyzed from two points of view, (1) the possibility of mentioned danger to occur in the manufacturing process and (2) the seriousness of consequences in the case of the accident occurring. Considering the dangers, the method contains the four levels of assurance, S1, S2, S3, and S4. Every level contains a more complex type of analysis. In conclusion, the Safety Assurance Network procedure is the procedure that lasts not for a week, if the managerial staff wants to create reliable results. The experiment which was offered in the article was finished successfully as employees of the Toyota plant managed to identify the sources of dangers, the ways to get rid of them, and the ways to cope with them in the case of an accident. Moreover, the morale of the workers and their teamwork were placed on a higher level. Reference List Colazo, J.A. & Talpone, C. (2009) “Safety Assurance N
The distribution of resources and the production of goods and services in a market economy are associated not only with the advantages of the system but are also accompanied by certain failures. The existence of market failures necessitates the intervention of the government in the functioning of the economy in order to reduce the negative consequences. In addition, the market needs government support in the area of ​​competition enforcement, as otherwise uncontrolled mergers of companies may occur, leading to the emergence of monopolies in industries that are traditionally competitive. Essentially, market failure is a situation in which the market is unable to coordinate its economic choices to ensure effective resource use. Such a failure may occur due to the market ignoring external problems or lack of market interest in the production of public goods. Another cause for a failure is the market mechanisms being unable to make a breakthrough in the field of fundamental science and technology, as well as to implement a deep restructuring of the national economy if needed. An exemplary case of a market failure is the story of Martin Shkreli. In 2014, his company Turing Pharmaceuticals bought the rights to the anti-AIDS drug Daraprim and instantly increased its price by an incredible 5455% (Boyle, 2015). Shkreli’s Daraprim was the only FDA-approved version of the drug, therefore, only Turing Pharmaceuticals could sell it in the US at enormous prices. Such an issue could only be resolved by employing state regulation of the monopoly’s activities through the adoption of certain norms of antimonopoly legislation. This legislation is called antimonopoly policy which is, in fact, a system of measures aimed against the monopolization of production and the development of competition among producers. Using these measures, the government must strictly monitor the negative consequences and take timely actions to eliminate them. However, governmental methods of managing monopolies do not always dictate or directly restrict entrepreneurship. They mostly ensure that entrepreneurs employ a healthy model of behavior but do not necessarily force them to act in complete accordance with state directions. Infrastructure building is often one of the governmental requirements because it would help curb the free game of market forces. Arora (2017) states that “despite the mixed opinions, government’s useful role in supervision and regulation, building financial infrastructure and promoting macroeconomic stability has been well established” (pp. 17-18). The purpose of this regulation is to maintain stability in economic development, expand and strengthen the sphere of economic activity of the country and support the growth of the public sector. However, the objects of government intervention, according to Western economists, should be only low-income, long-term payback sectors, the development of which is necessary for the entire economy. Peng and Liu (2018) claim that “the government should take the reali
Abstract This paper exposes the particulars of how an effective leader goes about inducing/fostering change, concerning the character of Herman Boone in the 2000 film Remember the Titans . The main idea that is being promoted throughout the paper is that the character’s effectiveness as a coach is best seen partially reflective of his talent in acting as a transformational (adaptive/human resource) leader. The author exemplifies the validity of this suggestion, regarding the three selected scenes in the movie, in which Boone has proven himself fully aware of the highly systemic nature of the task of leading the team of racially diverse football players towards victory. In the concluding part of the paper, the author confirms the discursive legitimacy of the initially proposed thesis. Introduction Even though the concept of leadership represents the legitimate subject of an analytical inquiry, one’s ability to lead people towards accomplishing a particular objective continues to be perceived as such that has a strong phenomenological quality to it. After all, there is plenty of examples of individuals who have proven themselves as effective leaders, despite their unawareness of even the basic provisions of the leadership theory. Alternatively, it is also often the case that, despite one’s complete mental mastery of this theory, he or she ends up being dismissed as someone who simply does not have what it takes to be seen as a true leader by others. Main Discussion In the author’s opinion, this
The problem of the youth antisocial behaviour in the British society is discussed at several levels. Today definite Antisocial Behaviour Orders are developed by the government as one of the main measures in order to control and correct the facts of antisocial behaviours in community. Nevertheless, the effectiveness of this practice is argued by the researchers, sociologists, and psychologists because of the complexity of the notion of antisocial behaviour and its connection with the adolescents’ behaviour (Burney 2009; Connell et al. 2011). That is why the major issues which are discussed in the literature on the topic of reducing youth antisocial behaviour with the help of legislative programmes are associated with the questions of the definition of the term, the problem of the programmes’ effectiveness, the possible success in the usage of the community-related programmes, and the role of the family in the process. The term ‘antisocial behaviour’ is rather broad and has different variants of its interpretation from the position of the governors, psychologists, and sociologists. There is also a number of associated notions. Thus, Burney states that it is necessary to distinct between the notions which can be discussed by the public as equal ones because they refer to the same field, but are connected with different problems. These terms are, for instance, ‘disorder’, ‘crime’, and ‘antisocial behaviour’. According to Burney, “‘disorder’ is a term applied collectively to communities; ‘anti-social behaviour’ is something done by individuals who are thereby singled out and blamed for the harm they inflict upon communities” (Burney 2009, p. 2). Following Burney’s considerations, it is possible to say that antisocial behaviour is predominantly connected with the specific behaviour of a person or a group of person which influences the character of their interactions with other representatives of the community negatively. Moreover, it is also important to pay attention to the fact that the term of ‘antisocial behaviour’ also involves the problem of the intrusive measures realized against individuals (Burney 2009). To define the term more clearly, it is significant to focus on the examples or patterns of realizing by the youth their antisocial behaviour in communities. Connell, Cook, Aklin, Vanderplong, and Brex developed the study in which they concentrated on the analysis of the most typical patterns of antisocial behaviour using the results of conducting the survey (latent class analysis) in a nonmetropolitan region of Britain (Connell et al. 2011). According to their survey, such types or patterns of the youth antisocial behaviour as damaging property, stealing, vandalism, and fighting were determined. Furthermore, the evidences stated that the fact of antisocial behaviour was in the most cases fixed by police (Connell et al. 2011). Having determined the most frequent patterns of antisocial behaviour typical for the youth in Britain, the researchers analysed the results of the survey and proposed the groups or classes of antisocial behaviours (ASBs) organised according to their severit
Unlike in the past, many people the world over have become conscious of their body weight and now they are going to great extents to keep healthy and keep off the extra calories. This is perhaps in the last couple of years; many people have been dying as a result of what has come to be known as lifestyle diseases. These are diseases that come about due to the lifestyle that one is leading. Failure to have a balanced diet and lack of proper exercise has been cited as the greatest danger for today’s person. Most people are however not sure on the best way to go about the whole procedure without starving themselves or interfering with their health. This discussion focuses on the best ways of ensuring that you have the proper body weight and that even after shedding off the extra weight, you are able to maintain a thorough intake of the right kind of food. Tips to Remember Diet The first thing to note when losing weight is that it is a process which is supposed to happen gradually; you therefore lose the extra calories with time and not drastic. It is also important to remember that weight gain is brought about by intake of heavy amounts of protein rich foods. Usually, when we eat food, the body absorbs only what is required to provide energy, the rest is either removed from the body through waste products or stored as fat. Therefore, always eat enough; not too much and not too little. It is also important to always ensure that the kind of diet you eat is balanced. A lot of weight gain that many people experience is as a result of eating one kind of food more and not maintaining a balanced diet. Carbohydrates and other foods that are rich in sugar and fats should be taken in small portions and must be equal to the rest of the portions so as to maintain a balanced diet. Exercises It is of great importance that any person intending to lose weight embarks on exercising, as this is the other way that one gets to lose some of the weight in the body. When exercising, it is important to note that you are expected to maintain a well balanced diet. When exercising, pretty much energy is used, and thus there is a tendency for one to increase the intake of food. However, for effective weight loss, one needs to maintain the same kind of diet which is well balanced. Exercising takes various forms; one can enrol in a gymnasium where one will be guided by an instructor on the various ways to go about weight loss. Other than the gym, one can engage in sporting activities like running, cycling, swimming or even walking. All these activities help reduce greatly the amount of unwanted calories in your body. When choosing a sporting activity, go for an activity that you are likely to enjoy; this is because weight loss is a process and if you go for an activity that you do not derive fun from, then you are likely to give up halfway. Reduction of Calorie Intake It may be somewhat frustrating for someone looking forward to lose weight while at t
Summary of the content The purpose of this article was to use “a spatial microsimulation model to calculate the rates of poverty for small areas in Australia” (Tanton, Harding & McNamara 2010, p. 52). The spatial microsimulation approach used in this research involved “reweighting data from Confidentialised Unit Record Files (CURFs) from surveys conducted by the Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) to small area census data, also from the ABS” (Tanton et al. 2010, p. 52). The authors considered spatial microsimulation as a substitute for other methods used in spatial analysis (Tanton et al. 2010). Microsimulation considers small area in spatial analysis. The maps of poverty rates were obtained from small area estimation. They covered the eastern coast of Australia and its capital cities. The researchers further conducted “poverty analysis to determine poverty rates in capital cities” (Tanton et al. 2010, p. 52). From this research, the researchers established that specific areas of higher poverty risks could be effectively located within Sydney, Melbourne, Canberra and Brisbane (Tanton et al. 2010). In addition, they also found that areas of high poverty were mainly “buffered’ by areas with moderate rates of poverty” (Tanton et al. 2010, p. 52). The researchers, however, noted that this was not often the case because there were some high poverty areas close to low poverty areas. Nevertheless, there were poverty buffers in most capital cities. A critical analysis of the content Literature coverage The article relied on previous studies to identify the gap in the field. For instance, the researchers noted that for a long time Australian researchers have experienced challenges related to producing neighbourhood level estimates of household features such small cases of poverty or housing stress, which affect social policies. This shows that the researchers were able to identify limitations of available literature and fill the gap. The study was based on past studies. It showed that past studies have used national measures to understand variations in socioeconomic characteristics of households (Harding, Lloyd & Greenwell 2001; Pfeffermann 2002). In addition, recent studies used in the research showed that Australia and the UK have focused on developing studies based on spatial microsimulation (Ballas, Clarke, Dorling Rigby & Wheeler 2006). The researchers acknowledged that previous studies were used to develop the methodological framework for their research. As a result, they were able to apply it on available data from Australian Census and other survey data to estimate poverty rates in cities. The article also acknowledged sources of data used in the spatial microsimulation methodology. Literature used in this study is current and sufficiently covers the issue under study. Overall, the study has a thorough literature review, which provides background of the study and supports the model and findings. Appropriateness of materials used From the reference list, one can notice that the researchers
Introduction An effective pricing strategy is one of the keys to attracting more customers and ensuring the continuous growth of the company. The TJX Companies, Inc. has managed to gain an immense competitive advantage with respect to pricing thanks to its unique pricing strategy relying on the benefits of the off-price retailing. Pricing The TJX Companies, Inc. uses a sales orientation objective, as its pricing strategy relies on the principles of providing constant quick sales of the products offered by the company. The company is aimed at delivering steady sales growth and broadening the network of its stores and the population of its customers. Such an objective lets the company stay devoted to satisfying the customers’ needs and able to maintain its financial stability at the same time. The strategy employed by TJX provides the retailer with an opportunity to achieve a bigger market share and more sales. The company can keep the shareholders satisfied and continuously broaden the customer population even when the buying capacity of the customers decrease, as its pricing strategy is rather flexible. TJX is an off-price retailer, which means that the prices it offers for the products sold in its stores are considerably lower than the ones available in most department stores – the regular prices for comparable merchandise in other stores are up to sixty percent higher ( What is “off-price” retailing? n.d.). TJX employs a one-price policy, as the company offers a continual flow of rapidly changing merchandise for stable low prices. Thanks to the strategy of buying off-price merchandise from a wide range of vendors, including manufacturers making up too many products or retailers eager to clear the items at the end of the season, TJX can offer branded products and exceptionally low prices. The company does not change prices over the product life cycle as it is aimed at selling the items in the shortest period by offering the lowest possible prices and does not organize clearance sales. Such a strategy is based on the belief that buying new products at low prices is much more attractive to the customer than buying old items for cut prices. In such a way, TJX manages to ensure continuous high-speed sales. The company has expanded its network outside of the U.S. successfully by employing the discussed pricing strategy. Understanding target customers and their cultural traits are the keys to ensuring the high demand for the company’s production, and TJX utilizes this principle well with respect to pricing (Grewal, Roggeveen, Compeau, & Levy, 2011). The company thoughtfully enters the markets where its current pricing methods are most likely to attract lots of customers. Western countries with a brand-aware population appear to be most favorable to the discussed strategy, and this aspect motivates TJX to open in its stores in such countries as the United Kingdom, Ireland, Canada, Germany, etc. Competitive Advantage in Pricing The TJX Compan