ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Human of Rights Guaranteed by the Constitution and being inalienable since the birth of an individual, human rights still remain on the global agenda (Hessler 2). The concept of a Human of Rights introduced by Foucault in 1950s, and also referred to as humanity is traditionally defined as a “floating signifier” (Douzinas 4) and is related directly to the idea of human rights. The specified definition of the concept, however, is rather loose, as the notion embraces the issues such as the provision of human rights, the basic principles of equality, etc. (Douzinas 5). Gender and Human Rights Connecting the subject matter to gender, one must admit that the concept of the human of rights cannot be applied to women in its entirety yet (Davidson 58). Due to the bigoted laws and the prejudices that persist in the society despite numerous awareness campaigns, women’s rights are infringed on a regular basis due to imperfect laws and the biased regulations. The lack of equality can be observed even in the countries that have progressed significantly in terms of promotion of human rights to all denizens of the population (Cook 39). Defined Right More importantly, the challenges, which women are forced to fight because of the flaws of the current legal system, are predetermined by social prejudices to a considerable extent. Researches show that the “politics surrounding women’s human rights” (Steans 75) are, in fact, enhanced by the stereotype of women as housewives (Cook 20) and result in women being labeled as unauthorized for “bodily autonomy and control over sexuality and reproductive choice specifically” (Steans 75). At this point, the issue of a defined right deserves to be mentioned. It is assumed that a right becomes defined once the corresponding law is issued, and the required changes are made to the legislation so that the current regulations should promote freedoms to all citizens and that a specific stratum of the population should be provided with equal opportunities. The integration of a defined right into the framework of a particular society, however, is likely to take a significant amount of time. Defined Right and Culture The problem in question can be spotted in gender relations easily. Although it is guaranteed constitutionally that women ar
Survey and Statistics Russian American population mainly includes people who came from Russia to the US, but the term also may refer to other immigrants who used to live in the territory of the Soviet Union. According to Census 2000, the Russian-speaking population is distributed in such a way:   * “NY Tri-State Area – 24%   * California – 16%   * Illinois – 16%   * Pennsylvania – 10%   * Massachusetts – 8%   * Florida – 7%   * DC and Maryland – 3%” (“Russian American Demographics” par. 4). Today there are more than 600,000 individuals who speak Russian in Southern California while about 6 million are Russian-speaking in the whole US The community is mainly concentrated in “Hidden Hills, Calabasas, Los Angeles, Westlake Village, Agoura Hills, and Simi Valley, in declining order of affluence” (“Russian American Demographics” par. 4). Not all Russian Americans know their origin language, as some of them were born in the US. However, the community encourages studying it. They have a website that is made for Russians who live in California, where people can communicate in both English and Russian. They have an opportunity to find a Russian-speaking job. There are shops with Russian products and media. Children can attend kindergartens with Russian as the main language (Personal communication). History of Immigration Immigration to America started in the 17 th century due to trade connections. Then being a part of the Russian Empire, Alaska joined the US under the Russian-America Company at the end of the 19 th century, and the majority of the population moved to Russia, but some people left. Searching for a better climate, many moved to California and settled there. At that time, a vast amount of the population moved to the US, as the serfs gained freedom. Cholera epidemics and the riots that entailed it, violence towards the Jewish population faced in Russia at the end of the 19 th century, and famine provoked other waves of immigration as well as the industrialization of America and the adoption of new laws. During the 20 th century, many Russians also moved to the US, as they wanted to avoid living in a period of economic depression. Of course, nowadays, people from Russia also come to America, as they believe the country to be more developed and think that they can get more opportunities when living in it. The influence of globalization also cannot be denied, as many people come to receive education and stay in the US, and some change their location because of work (“Russian Immigration to America” par. 18). Still, the majority of Russians came to America before the 20 th century, as people wanted to escape hunger, illnesses, and poverty. (Adomanis par. 6). Linguistic Features The Russian language is one of the representatives of the Indo-European family of languages. It belongs to “the East Slavic branch of the Slavic subfamily of languages” (“A Guide to Russian” par. 6). Its cognate languages are Ukrainian and Belarusian. Being the closest relatives, they seem to be so alike that the population of these countries can understand each other on a basic l
Introduction In this discussion, emphasis will be placed on an NA group, which included people aged 25-38. The majority of members were men, and almost all people had problems with substance addiction and underlying psychological issues. Importantly, the presence of non-addicts was allowed to increase support. Considering the difference in depression status, some clients from the group claimed to attend individual therapy sessions with other specialists. As for the theory behind the practice, the sessions were structured using a standard 12-step model (Adams, 2015). Despite the seeming spiritual context of the steps, such concepts as the higher power were used metaphorically, and attention was drawn to working with members’ fears and removing harmful thoughts. Discussion The sessions were structured in different ways to encourage both group and individual work; thus, it included free discussions and the use of exercise worksheets. One intervention used in the group was aimed at working with members’ interpersonal dealings. As a part of step 8, members needed to remember the cases when their addition had hurt other people and develop strategies to prevent it in the future (Dermatis & Galanter, 2016). Then, the members’ individual results were discussed. In reference to stages, this working group seemed to be in the norming stage since everyone understood the group’s common goals and tried to support others (Seck & Helton, 2014). The group included two people with a problem behavior who underestimated the problems of others by saying that “they blacken the picture”. To deal with the issue, a group leader assigned those members with additional individual tasks, which was helpful. Concerning the therapeutic factors, they included an instillation of hope (members were supportive of each other), better social skills, and interpersonal learning. Co-leader issues were not relevant to the case since there was only one leader who seemed to enjoy authority. Conclusion From my experience with an NA group, it follows that dichotomous thinking can sometimes contribute to frustration and the feeling of helplessness. As a result, people who think in extremities become vulnerable to addictions. Many members of the group I observed started taking drugs due to some minor failures in life, and this assumption is supported by many scholars (Dehghanmehr et al., 2017). It is often believed that successful people should excel in anything they do, and it seems that many members of the NA group have become the victims of this controversial statement. I did not observe any interventions aimed at making the group members aware of the problem.
According to the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment, no state may “deprive a person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law.” (Alexander and Alexander, 2005, p. 435) This clause refers to public schools and does not provide sufficient procedural requirements that each public school should satisfy while dismissing a teacher. Specifically, the due process does not explain why a teacher should be dismissed but provides the procedures that should be followed by a school to dismiss a teacher. The clause due process, therefore, is not relevant to use because it does not provide a sufficient basis for protecting teacher’s rights. The provisions presented in the Fourteenth Amendment are not congruent with those provided by the state of Texas. In this regard, Walsh, Kemerer, and Laurie (2010) state that a teacher must at least “be advised of the cause or cause of the termination in sufficient detail to fairly enable him or her to show any error that may exist…” and “be given an opportunity for a hearing before a tribunal that both possesses some academic expertise and has an apparent impartiality toward the charges” (p. 139). In this regard, the Texas school board plans to organize an independent hearing system for teacher’s fair dismissal, which would embrace all elements of the due process required by the courts. From the statements above, it can be explicitly seen that dismissal regulations in Texas are much more consistent and specific as compared with the Fourteenth Amendment.
Introduction The French philosopher and social theorist Michel Foucault laid groundbreaking work and ideas in the field of human sexuality studies. As a result, this led to shifting power dynamics and segregation which had its basis in sex but extended to areas such as race and gender. This will be explored in this essay by exploring Foucauldian theories in works by Collins and Martin. Concept Definitions The first concept that will be outlined is dividing practices, which refers to institutional procedures and objectives to divide individuals, most often into normal and “pathological” subjects. This is often done in education, healthcare, prisons, and other places as well as broader social concepts such as segregation. The concept of normal and abnormal is highly subjective, based on societal criteria and when the division occurs, it becomes an incident of social engineering (Étienne, 2011). This can have profound impacts on individuals and society alike but categorizing humans and classifying sexual behavior has become central to the modern regimes and social forces. Building on this, the second concept is disciplinary power, a characteristic of modern society with power being decentralized and omnipresent. Instead of an aristocratic ruler demonstrating power, it comes from below, the entire social body which operates itself and sets its own boundaries and contexts. It results in the microphysics of power, with disciplinary power not being a possession but rather manifested through diverse tactics and strategies (Étienne, 2011). The power dynamics in society are important to consider in the context of sexuality as they directly influence behavior, norms, and perceptions. Applications The principle of divisive practices can be seen as applied in the work by Hill Collins (2009) exploring the foundations of segregation. She argues that sexuality management is inherent to population management, suggesting that sexuality is prominent within the population. Divisive practices are evident in social trends and institutions. For example, there is a divide between heterosexual and queer individuals. Hill Collins (2009) then connects the concept of heterosexism to race. As an example, the African-Americans are portrayed as hyper-sexed individuals who are associated with heterosexuality. Meanwhile, whites are considered to be part of the LGBTQ community in some way. The divisions of racism and heterosexism are similar in many ways, such as establishing mechanisms of sexual hierarchy and eliminating any mobility. Furthermore, the social institutions play a role in this by not offering adequate protection, not punishing hate crime, and continuing to divide the normal from the pathological through various mechanisms. Meanwhile, Martin (1991) presents an application of disciplinary power which has constructed social stereotypes between female and male roles. Social norms and values are being built through perceptual schematic. Therefore, menstruation is seen as wasteful, failing, and negative, while sperm is more
Introduction A fuel cell can be defined as an electrochemical device that uses chemical energy to produce electric power. This process is in the presence of an electrolyte and result into minimal emissions. For the fuel cell to operate continuously the reactants must flow into the cell, and the products out of the cell and the electrolyte must remain within the cell (John & Shahed, 2002). Although the fuel cell generate power much like the batteries they are different in that they consume reactants from external source which must be replenished while the battery store electric energy chemically (John & Shahed, 2002). Fuel cell processes Through the process of catalysis, fuel cell works to separate the reactant fuel components into protons and electrons and hence converting the electrons into electrical energy when they pass through the circuit. The catalyst comprise of platinum metal or alloy. Through another process the electrons are forced back in thus combining with the protons to produce a waste water and carbon dioxide. An ordinary fuel cell produces a voltage of a bout 0.6V to 0.7 V of related load (Galen, 2001). To attain a desired amount of energy the fuel cells can be arranged either in series or parallel circuits. Whereas series circuit yield more amount of energy, the parallel arrangement allows a stronger current to be drawn – fuel set back (Galen, 2001). In the beginning the use of fuel cell was constrained to short distances but due to economic growth and the have a low cost, carbon dioxide free transport system accelerated the need for fuel cell (Brain, 2003). All cell have both positively and negatively charged electrodes and an electrolyte sandwiched between them, they can achieve an efficiency of 40 to 70 percent and thus making them much ore efficient than the internal combustion engines. Although high efficiency means more power being drawn from the cell, the more the power drawn the less the life span of the fuel cell (Brandsher, 2002). The various types of fuel cells include:  1. Phosphoric Acid- this is commonly used commercially and generates electricity at efficiency of 40 percent and above.  2. Proton Exchange Membrane-it is most used in passenger car applications and operates in relatively low temperature and high power density.  3. Molten Carbonate- this allows for h9igh con version of fuel – to – electricity and can utilize coal based fuels.  4. Solid Ox
Why the business was started This report is about a study that was conducted to determine the factors that motivated John Merck to become an entrepreneur selling computers, software programs, and related accessories, how the entrepreneur operates the business, the critical decisions John makes about the business, and the key lessons learned. When asked to address the research questions, the quick-witted John Merck reiterated that personal satisfaction, financial rewards in terms of profits, the need to transform the society as a cooperate social responsibility, the need for change, creativity, and the need to work independently motivated him to start the business. The entrepreneur asserted that the reasons for starting the business could be grouped into internal and external categories, with the internal factors including those that were self-driven and external factors including government support, availability of resources, and the after-sales services provided by various manufacturers of computer hardware and software products. In addition, John claimed that several opportunities existed in the market, including an increasing demand for computers among the people of different demographic profiles, a factor that could increase sales and profits. Description of the business John Merck’s business deals in selling computers, computer-related software and hardware, and in offering computer-related support and aftersales services. John’s business is best described as operating at the retail level because of the direct contact he makes with customers. Critical business decisions After Merck joined the computer business world, little did he realize that he could encounter challenges that compelled him to make critical decisions to make the business sustain itself. Among the decisions was to create the right strategy that could enable the business to grow from there. It was at the start of the current operational levels, determine the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats to be able to determine the right position and strategize for competitive advantage. Another area of focus was the Cash Conversion Cycle, where the entrepreneur was required to determine the profits that could be generated from the business because a business must survive on profits. Here, the key components considered were the sales volume, delivery of the products to the customers, how billing and payment were done, and the inventory of the computers and other products and the market. The main aim was to identify and shorten the cash cycle, minimize mistakes, and improve the business model. According to Mark, the critical questions to ask were what, when, and how the business could be done. The questions address issues such as who the target market could be, the characteristics of the market segments, the demographic profiles, the income levels of the target customers, how to make value for th
Introduction Human resources is one of the most valuable assets in any business. Unlike technology, it can grow skills and improve performance due to psychological influence from management. Employees are especially valuable in fields dealing with direct customer service, as their attitude predicates the company’s success through the reputation they create. The case of R&R, a retailer of luxury brands primarily from Europe, is an example of outcomes that each company would face after neglecting its personnel. With a key issue being an imperfect system of performance measurement, R&R should now look for a new system of recognition that would satisfy its sales employees. Key Issues and Challenges SPH The so-called system of Sales Per Hour (SPH) became the primary issue that is currently facing R&R. Its main idea lies in calculating the average revenue each sales associate makes an hour. For instance, there was a target value of $412 per hour in 2009. It did not look unachievable since the market of luxury brands features expensive products. However, the system was built in a way that the most successful sales associates received the most advantageous hours when they were able to sell more. It is a fact that the number of customers is different throughout the day and during a week. This measure created a situation where top employees would receive all options for growth, while other workers were put in conditions where they could not perform as effectively. Off-Hours Work While sales associates had to maintain the required level of SPH performance, their work outside of direct sales was rarely recognized. The company’s policy calls for performing all sorts of tasks to keep a client satisfied with the service and be willing to return to the store. It sometimes took sales employees hours to search for an item that their client wished to have, made them run around the city carrying clothes for customers, and required a lot of other out-of-office tasks to be performed. Although these duties resulted in customer loyalty, they were not reflected in the SPH measurement system. Thus, the employees’ input could not be recognized properly. Besides, the SPH system allowed some manipulations with it, which was carried out by several employees at some point in their career. Lawsuit The situation described above resulted in a major conflict with several sales associates filing a claim to a court where they identified the issue of their employer being too demanding. Those employees recognized their rights to be paid for work they were doing outside of office hours. Besides, the economic crisis that started in 2008 dropped the luxury market in the US by 14%. With income level decreasing, management stressed the importance of bigger efforts among the personnel, which could serve as a trigger for the growth of dissatisfaction. At this point, the top manager of R&R recognizes the importance of the lawsuit and needs to develop a strategy for satisfying the sales associates. Performance Management One of the adequate so
The European colonization of America changed the life and culture of Native Americans forever. It has affected my family and me so that the descendants of the native Cherokee Indians are forced to live and work on the reservation. There are many problems in the reserves, such as poverty, alcoholism, low literacy, unemployment, which prevent the preservation of native American culture. In North America, indigenous peoples remain strangers in their own country: those who leave the reservation face racism at all levels, from domestic to the official. In the world of white people, it is almost impossible for Indians to find a job; it is difficult to get an education. Colonization also had a substantial impact on the community’s health: the expected average life expectancy of the Cherokee is 72.3 years (Ongaro et al., 2019). At the same time, the average life expectancy for the United States is 76.5 years (Ongaro et al., 2019). In the reserves, due to the lack of medical care, child mortality is high. In addition, uranium was previously mined on the lands of the reservation, which caused contamination of the grounds, and as a result, oncological diseases of the tribe members. Modern Indian communities represent a specific institution of the indigenous population of the United States. The average monetary income on the reservation is about $ 3,233 per month, so natives have to leave it in search of work (Ongaro et al., 2019). Preserving cultural identity outside the reservation is incredibly difficult, but me, my family, and my community have shown strength and resilience in trying to do this. We have to deal with national discrimination and interethnic contradictions daily. We are fighting against the manifestations of racism against the Indian population by the authorities and police structures. Since every day we have to use English as the language of interethnic communication, there is a significant risk of forgetting the native language of the tribe. Therefore, we show perseverance and try to communicate in the Cherokee language at every convenient opportunity to preserve it. As Indian social activists, we show resilience in the struggle for the rights of our fellow tribesmen. We constantly try to remind the world of the many problems faced by the inhabitants of reservations. Traditional Indigenous ceremonies are inextricably linked with this strength and resilience. They contain instructions, moral and aesthetic norms, rules, and skills of economic activity. Stability, repeatability, consolidation in customs – all this has made the tradition a means of transmitting the culture of the Cherokee people. Traditions function in all social systems and are a necessary condition for their vital activity. A lousy attitude to traditions leads to a violation of continuity in the development of Cherokee society and culture and the loss of valuable achievements. Cultural traditions go back centuries, but they do not lose their modernity. Tradition is one of the essential categories of the theory of culture. The universality of this category is determined by the fact that indige