ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Over the last 50 years, leadership has received increased interest from scholars and management experts who are keen on accurately understanding what characteristics make a good or a bad leader. However, owing to the failures and problems caused by organizations as well as nations, the need for identifying good leaders has become more evident than ever in the 21 st century. The benefits of good leadership in organizations and nations cannot be underrated. The available research on leadership has focused on identifying known leaders and describing their successes and failures. While such researches are accurate in their descriptions of the successes and failures of leaders and are an inspiration to future leaders, they fail to identify the key characteristics that made such leaders successful or unsuccessful. Consequently, from such researches, people are left with unreliable and frustrating formulas of selecting and developing leaders. However, a new concept referred to as authentic leadership has been put forward. According to Zaccaro, Rittman, and Marks (2001), authentic leadership combines different characteristics including integrity, self-esteem, self-awareness, trustworthiness, high emotional intelligence, transformational leadership, and respect for others among other characteristics. This paper will discuss the concept of authentic leadership concerning issues of leadership and communication. Also, it will relate the concepts of authentic leadership by drawing examples from the leadership of his highness Sheikh Zayed bin Sultan al Nahyan. Dimensions of Authentic Leadership Five broad and interrelated dimensions of authentic leadership have been identified by scholars and will be discussed in this section. These dimensions include building relationships, developing self, leading change, leading people and leading performance. According to George (2003), an authentic leader must demonstrate the above dimensions in his/her position of leadership to be termed an effective and successful leader. Firstly, authentic leadership requires one to have the capability of easily establishing and maintaining relationships with other people, organizations, or nations based on what applicable to his or her position. Leadership does not happen in a vacuum. In many instances, leadership is a responsibility bestowed on a person by others who are willingly ready to be led. It is therefore important for a leader to establish and build a relationship within and outside his or her organization and scope of leadership to benefit people who are being led (Klenke, 2007). Building relationships is a capability that requires one to have good interpersonal skills, communication skills, influence and negotiation skills, partnering and networking skills and political insights, especially for political leaders. In the present world, leadership styles that focused on the leader as the sole decision-maker are long gone. Without relationships with others, the mandate bestowed
The world is divided into two spheres: East and West. This dichotomy is based on geographical differences as well as the common features of those who live in two different regions of the planet. The East usually refers to Asia and the Middle East while the West usually refers to Europe and the American continents. The difference between East and West can be summed up in the way the inhabitants view each other. The East views the West with contempt while the West views the East as inferior. Before going any further it is important to focus the discussion on specific locations. Although the concept East and West can cover a significant geographic area, it can be argued that East and West are symbolic terms. Thus, when one talks about the West the image that comes to mind is the United States and highly industrialized nations that can be found in the Western hemisphere. On the other hand, when one talks about the East the image that comes to mind are Third World countries in Asia, China, India, and the Middle East. By limiting the discussion in this manner, it is much easier to analyze the different and conflicting perspectives between these two spheres. The East views the West with contempt in terms of how the Orient values the importance of culture and religion (Hofstede 351). The Eastern mind believes that the West is full of individualistic people that only care about wealth, sensual pleasures, and fame. It is difficult to discount this idea considering the fact that the United States’ significant imports are linked to Hollywood films, unhealthy food, liberal ideas concerning sex, marriage, and social values. The United States and other powerful Western countries wield great influence and power. But the East views them with contempt because they seem to act without regard to the welfare of others. Consider for instance the growing hatred towards the United States and its allies when it comes to foreign policy. The animosity between East and West is rooted in the feeling of contempt coming from Asia and the Middle East. Recent headlines had shown the belligerent attitude of China towards the United States and Europe. The Great Dragon of the East wanted to show the world that they cannot be pushed around b the West. China is gaining supporters from like-minded allies like North Korea and other Asian countries opposed to the domineering attitude of the West. Although antagonism between China and the United States increases by the day, the conflict between East and West is highlighted when the Middle East demonstrated through violence their complaints against the Western world. September 11, 2011 is a date that will be considered as one of the saddest episodes in American history. On this fateful day Arab terrorists commandeered commercial flights and use these airplanes as guided missiles full of highly-combustible fuel. The targets were the World Trade Center, the White
Today, there are many young mothers who admit that they are in need of additional help and suggestions in order to cope with their routine tasks and never regret about their decision to have a baby. One of the challenges is to understand that babies like to have their own schedules, and parents have nothing to do but to accept these demands and enjoy every moment they spend together. If grownups realize that a good portion of sleep is a norm, children establish their own rules and sleep when they want. The peculiar feature of the process of putting a baby to bed is its unpredictability: on the one hand, it has to be properly analyzed and followed, and, on the other hand, it may be successful in case no organization is observed at all. The experience of many mothers proves that there are no definite sleep strategies for babies, and it is normal not to follow a plan, but change approaches and investigate something new. Some mothers find it effective to read books or sing lullabies. Sometimes, such approach can work, and the quiet environment for a baby may help. Still, modern babies are complicated by their nature, and ordinary steps that were taken in the past cannot be effective. One of the young mothers introduces an interesting and helpful approach that can be available to every mother. First, a baby should be informed that it is high time for sleep. Though some people may think that little children who do not speak can hardly understand what their parents are talking about, such information is served as a symbolic click for a child. The second step is the choice of a location. In fact, children do not like to sleep at different places. The only requirement that should be met is that both parents should not try to put a baby to bed at the same time. As a rule, babies enjoy the presence of both parents in a room and try to play with them, share their emotions, or become as active as possible to use a moment. The third step is not complicated because a parent has to find out a kind of support for a baby to go to bed. For example, a favorite toy, a crib sheet, or even a bottle of milk may be a sign for a baby that it is high time to sleep. Finally, a child-parent contact has to be properly developed. Many mothers make one single mistake – they look at their babies’ eyes when they want to help them fall asleep fast. The less contact with a parent is offered to a baby the better. It is possible to lie on the same bed, stay in the same room, or even tell a story. However, there is no need to look at the eyes and try to support or take pity. A baby may use such “techniques” as crying, faking, or an extreme desire to eat, drink, or visit a bathroom. Parents should stay firm and confident and do all those “bathroom” things beforehand. In general, in several minutes, there are all chances to achieve the goal in case all process details are followed and taken into consideration. Parents may adore their children and believe that a five-month-old infant is able to understand when it is time to sleep. However, this mistake should be identif
Hip-hop music has become popular in Japan despite dismissal by the country’s major media companies. This revolution has provided Japanese youths with an opportunity to express their views as well as sharpen their skills in music. Most of the artists have developed through underground club scenes. They have gained support from the Japanese youth who love their music. The local name for the underground club scenes is Gemba (Condry, 2006). There have been debates against development of hip-hop in Japan despite the efforts by fans and artists to grow this music. Critics against localization of this music argued that it would result in division. However, localization of culture has proved to be a path towards globalization. This paper will focus on the debates following the revolution of hip-hop music in Japan. Debates Emerging from Hip-hop Popularization Major corporations in Japan dismissed hip-hop music as a transient fad which would come to an end. However, the Japanese youth pressed on with this culture, and have proved these corporations wrong by making hip-hop popular. Today, hip-hop culture matches the Japanese powerful media companies in driving globalization. Since this culture was adopted from America, there was fear that it would result in conflict between the two nations. It was argued that adopting hip-hop and localizing it would hinder globalization, but it has amounted in interconnectedness and global sharing. Borrowing culture and localizing it, is a form of interaction among the artists, the fans and the general audience. The revolution of this culture rescued youths from the economic uncertainty experienced in Japan in the early twenty first-century (Condry, 2006). Hip-hop artists have challenged the world on crime issues, for example, the American government’s response to terrorism attacks. The artists seek to know what the government has planned in response to these attacks. This is a form of communication to the governments, and not offensive stereotype as initially assumed. While clubbing, the Japanese youths socialize, network and share business ideas. This is a scene that offers more than just mere stage performance and entertainment. It provides a forum for the artists, fans, producers and even the organizers to network. The issue of commercialization of hip-hop music came about when a smaller fraction of the artists went for major record labels to promote their music. This caused a stir, and it was assumed that the artists were driven by economic benefits. However, this was not the case, most of the artists focused on refining their music in the Japanese languages to give it a Japanese flavor. This was done in the gembas , fans segregated themselves according to artist preference (Condry, 2006). Hip-hop culture has also encouraged the youths to be socially responsible. For instance, environmentalists would
The ever changing technological advancement is catching up with all the traditional systems that used to define the parameters with which we conducted our activities. Technology has infiltrated into our education systems, creating an avenue where education is carried out courtesy of technology. Online learning, also called virtual learning or e-learning has opened up a wide platform and raised the bar in the different educational curricular there are. E-learning can therefore be defined as “a platform through individuals are dynamically linked to a given network or system and are able to swap or exchange information that relates to a given discipline“(Yen, 2005). Traditionally, the classroom was a composition of a room with a tutor or instructor with students as the participants. This system facilitated face to face communication, enabling the class to hold many interactive forums in the course of their study. Combining the two concepts then, we can define e-learning “as a learning environment that exists solely in the form of digital content that is stored, accessed and exchanged through networked computer and information systems” (Yen, 2005) The comparisons, therefore among the two platforms vary, but there are similarities to the two also. The difference among the two is basically one, that in an actual classroom, everything that is in that setting is tangible and both the learner and tutor have to physically change locations in order that they attend classes. A virtual class on the other hand occurs through a purely intangible media that is the internet. The students just get connected to an internet source anywhere around the globe and log onto their respective online portal. That is how my online college experience compares to that of a student attending real classes at Harvard University. Online learning can in many ways be used as a platform towards the advancement of personal profiles via their programmes. The advantages of online education vary, meaning there are many ways through which it can propel one to the crème of higher education. There are five features to online education, these are; convenience, they enable one to learn at his own pace at a time when a person feels he’s ready to get into the virtual class. This has helped even the fulltime employees in the different sectors get certified in their various fields of interests. There is control; a student is able to dictate his pace of studying hence he acts as his own manager. This allows the student to determine the most appropriate time for the learning process, and allow for emergencies that may arise in the duration that he is studying for the given paper. They facilitate connection, in that the interactive forums available on the platforms provide an opportunity for the students from different parts of the world to share the ideas on the topics under study. Cost; they are cheaper compared to the real classroom, and facilitate faster completion of the courses at cheaper rates. These courses nurture a student’s commitment to the given units that one has to cover
Introduction Modern business conditions in the world’s globalized society are shaped by successful public relations among all other factors. The level of company competitiveness in the market is directly proportional to its achievements in forming contacts with the wide public (Seitel, 2011). Public relations practice aims at providing customers with evidence, proving that a company is reputable, and offers products and services of high quality. To effectively reach the goals of public relations practice, specialists should create well-elaborated and achievable public relations plans. The primary purpose for the creation of a public relations plan is to enhance company performance using establishing efficient connections with varied participants of the business process (Bivins, 2011). Toyota has encountered serious problems in this area. In particular, the most significant among the dilemmas that have currently emerged around Toyota is in serious allegations on the level of quality of automobiles, produced by the company. Thus, the most important purpose that the company has is in regaining its reputation among customers. The Public Relations Objectives   * Regain customer trust in Toyota quality within the next business year.   * Increase media awareness of Toyota quality within six months.   * Constantly inform customers about the abundance of Toyota support services.   * Regularly explain product limitations to show Toyota excellence in its price category.   * Dispel myths about Toyota fragility spread by competitors within the next business year.   * Always provide customers with all the necessary information regarding the product firsthand.   * Adequately warn the public about quality issues of competitors’ automobiles.   * Immediately provide the utmost facts regarding the allegations about Toyota products.   * Always being zero tolerant to prejudice by customers and stakeholders.
The two sequences taken from Zhang Yimou’s movies Red Sorghum (1987) and The Road Home (1999) can be discussed as the illustrations of the director’s approach to using the theme of exchanging glances in order to emphasize the definite relations between the characters. Thus, to demonstrate the relations between the woman and the workers and between the young man and the young woman falling in love, Zhang Yimou uses similar and different techniques. The main feature which connects both the sequences is the theme of reflecting feelings through exchanging glances, but to pay attention to the sequences’ other similarities and differences, it is necessary to focus on such formal elements as the mise-en-scene, shot number, image size, camera movement, editing, and sound. The nature of relationships between the characters and the style of mise-en-scenes are rather different, but the fact of the relations’ existence is accentuated with references to definite techniques and the theme of exchanging glances. Zhang Yimou uses the same technique in his two movies because of its effectiveness to provide the definite message to the audience. The helpfulness of manipulating the theme of the glance exchange depends on the successful mise-en-scenes. A mise-en-scene is a complex picture which includes composition, sets, actors, and lighting in their combination to present the definite author’s idea. The mise-en-scenes in Red Sorghum and The Road Home are similar in relation to some specific features. Thus, the mise-en-scenes in two sequences are based on the characters’ looking at each other when one character stays rather motionless, and the other character goes forth turning around to look at the other person several times. Moreover, the faces of the main characters are in the focus, and they are often centered, depicting from a short distance to emphasize the glance. There are presentations of the women who come forth turning back to the audience in Red Sorghum and The Road Home as rather long shots before the final shots of the sequences. The composition of the mise-en-scenes is also similar because there are groups of people presented in the scene, but they are not in the focus in comparison to the main characters. The women in both sequences are presented alone when the male characters belong to the certain group of people depicted in the scene. However, mise-en-scenes are different in using the lighting and colors. Thus, the sequence from Red Sorghum is started in red in black colors to reflect the tension of the characters’ feelings in the mise-en-scene when the sequence from The Road Home is in vivid and sunny colors to emphasize the positive feelings of the characters. The atmosphere of the scene and the feelings of the characters are also represented with the help of the shot number. The negative tension of the scene from Red Sorghum is presented through ten shots which are different in their length and image size. Long shots help feel the characters’ tension and worry. Shots in The Road Home are also different in length, but this difference is intentional and the quick shift of the sho
The California fashion brand Juicy Couture launched their fragrance, “Viva La Juicy” in 2008. To make the ad more attractive its designers used a combination of inviting colors and adorable designs to present the perfume, features liked by most women. The advertisement use of these features is a primary mechanism of igniting in women the desire to try out this perfume, because these features are very seducing and thought provoking hence, their nature of effects. At the same time, the advertisement illustrates the effects of the perfume by using a number of models dressed in elegantly designed dresses. Effective use of pathos is evident in the ad, as it designers have used five elegantly dressed women wearing differently colored dresses. Applications of this technique is appropriate, because the use of cheerful colors and an adorable design is a mode of igniting emotional and physical responses from its targeted audience hence, arousing in them the curiosity of trying out the perfume. In addition, the dresses’ colors namely pink, yellow, blue, green, and purple, helps to create a sup-beat, trendy, colorful, and glam-rock image, an image adored by most women hence, an emotional igniting mechanism, because of its appealing nature. The ad’s design, which includes a juicy logo chain and a beautiful background of toned with a cream color is very eye-catching and thought provoking, because of its beautiful nature. Therefore, the use of color and adorable designs in the ad may give the desired outcomes, because the ad’s targeted audience (women) is a group of individuals who adore designs that look lively and charming. In addition, because most individuals like warm colors, colors that the ad has blended well, likelihoods of the ad catching the eyes of even the un-targeted audience are high. This is an effective use of pathos, because the untargeted audience plays an important role as far as promoting the product is concerned. Such effe