ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Credit cards denote forms of payment documents given to users to enable them to buy goods and services founded on the promise of catering for their costs and an additional agreed fee later. Card issuers (which are mostly banks) open revolving accounts for cardholders and provide a line of credit, which enables them to settle payments with the financial institution or borrow cash. There are some important features that a person may consider when choosing a credit for business purposes. Such features encompass interest charges, grace period, repayment deals, credit limits, and additional benefits (for instance, insurance protection and reward schemes) (Agarwal, Chomsisengphet, Mahoney, & Stroebel, 2014). The major characteristics of a business credit card include an alternative to cash, a set credit limit, regular charges, a provided grace period, and high-interest rates. Business credit cards enable payments in both local and foreign currencies and keep an accurate record of all transactions. Though business credit cards offer traders considerable benefits over personal credit cards, they have drawbacks. One of their disadvantages is the issue of personal accountability. Credit card regulations do not allow as many protections for business credit cards as in the case of personal credit cards. The second disadvantage is that business credit cards are charged high-interest rates. The third disadvantage of business credit cards is their risk of employee misuse. Workers may abuse business credit cards by paying for their personal goods (Cheng, 2015). Such occurrences have negative effects on organizations since business credit cards have inadequate protections. To safeguard businesses against the risk of employee abuse, workers should be allowed only to buy goods and services in cash because it is simpler to oversee and control where and how company money is being spent.
Introduction Several factors affect international relations, some of which are mainly internal, meaning that they reflect on the inner workings of individual countries including factors such as national trade policies and governance policies within the state. However, others are external hence borrowing from external forces such as the rate of globalization, international rules of interaction, and technological advancements. Although numerous factors affect international relations in more obviously pronounced ways, technological innovations mostly play an indirect, but significant role in the conduct of international relations. The application and use of some of the technological advancements result in positive results on international relations among countries while others present negative results. In order to obtain an objective perspective of some of the essential elements, a selective case study of a few examples is necessary. For this paper, the devices of choice are the mobile phone and the Internet. The discussion mainly revolves around how their usage directly affects individuals, hence resulting in effects on international relations. Impact of mobile phones and the internet on international relations Mobile phones and the Internet have changed the manner in which countries conduct economic relations amongst them. In the nineteenth century, most of the international corporations across the world expanded their operations in various countries through the establishment of subsidiaries on the geographical market of their choice. At the time, this strategy was the only way to access markets in countries other than those in which the corporations had undergone incorporation. However, it is now possible for a business
US monetary policy since 2009 The monetary supply in the US has been experiencing a considerable expansion since 2009, following the 2008 Crisis. Despite the fact that the supply is high, inflation is going on in a peaceful fashion. The reason to it are considerable cuts in lending; instead, the funds are being used to buy the government debts, with housing credits still quite hard to obtain (Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, 2016). What can be seen is the lack of serious inflation rates both de facto and as expected. But, albeit the growth of incomes per household, the interest rates remained low and stay there up to the present day. The Fed has been trying to persuade the credit market to take precautions and time to decide when – and whether – to raise rates. Such solution is largely predetermined by the inflation – the prospect of it, to be more exact. The recent directions of the US monetary policy The Fed has not yet started the rate increase due to the uncertainty about the inflation levels and the speed of its possible escalation. Due to dollar stabilization, energy and imported goods prices, as well as other commodity prices, have not inflated significantly as the demand on such products fell (Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, 2016). It is also estimated that the prices will not rampage in the nearest future; as a consequence, the inflation rates are unlikely to display rampage that is in any sense significant. It is stated in the report that the Fed will do their best to assess the energy prices that might serve as an indicator of underlying inflation. For that sake, dollar and energy costs have to be adjusted. It is also stated that the Fed’s monetary policies will be mainly based on the data that will be possible to retrieve (Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, 2016). The impacts of the monetary policies on the US economy Such policies cause the increase in demand for commodities by means of changing the borrowing prices, credit access, household income, etc. Within a shorter time period, the decreasing value of dollar will result in decreased costs for commodities meant to be exported. At the same time, the imported goods prices will rise, as well as the US-based goods production expenditures. Economic activity is also affected. For instance, the interest rate decrease causes a borrowing prices downfall. As a result, households demonstrate their readiness to purchase, thus enabling organizations to invest into more movable and immovable assets. Another area that is affected by monetary policies
Criminology is the scientific discipline where many technical and humanitarian sciences have been incorporated to serve the public good. It consists of elements of biology, chemistry, physics, psychology, sociology, and many other scientific branches. Each criminological term has a unique meaning that is strikingly different from its counterparts in other disciplines. Therefore, a person wishing to become a specialist in criminal law must know and understand what the various criminological terms mean. Words such as trends and patterns are critical to the discipline. Knowing them gives one an understanding of the basics of criminology and makes further study easier. This paper will explain what trends and patterns in criminal law mean with examples. Such a term as a trend has a clear definition in criminal law. Experts note that “a crime trend is defined as a significant change in the nature of selected crime types within a defined geographical area and time period” ( Crime trend law and legal definition , 2021, para. 1). For example, British criminologists have found a decline in adult victimization in violent crime over the past 20 years (Stripe, 2021). The trend was found in the analysis of crime statistics in England and Wales. In criminology, patterns refer to crime pattern theory, a conceptual model designed to explain how and why crime occurs and predict it. Patterns here mean variations in the behaviors of both victims and perpetrators and shared and unique circumstances of offenses within one type of crime. Recently, the United States has experienced an outbreak of violent crime, including homicides and aggravated assaults (Hilsenrath, 2020). A common pattern here is that the rise in violent crime has only occurred in large cities.
Executive Summary The purpose of this report is to ascertain the feasibility of setting up a business of portable rental halls. The owner is based is the UAE, an oil rich nation. Due to the increase in population and the simultaneous demand for function halls, it has become very difficult for people to find a suitable hall on their preferred dates. Moreover, the existing halls are very expensive and there are people/families who cannot afford them. So they opt for tents to be erected in the vicinity of their homes. But these tents are very risky because they may catch fire. All such facts and the increase in the birth rate and marriages gave us the idea of venturing into this field. Mr. X will be the sole owner of the business and will be assisted by a qualified and experienced team of people. There will be two main departments – the operations department and the administrative department. Mr. X will be in direct control of these departments and the managers of these departments will report to him on a daily basis. The existing function halls are very costly and the disadvantage for people is that in cases where they have to cancel the bookings, the advance amount is not returned. These function halls are not portable. There are some companies that have ventured into the portable rental hall field but their business is somewhat different. And even if they are of the similar kind, their head offices are situated in some foreign country; so they have a certain lead time. Our target market will be corporate houses and the event management companies. We will try to affiliate with them and convince them to divert business to our company. But above all, we depend on mouth publicity through our patrons. There are certain risks involved in this business but we have already planned the strategy to overcome them – the risks and the strategy are explained in the report. In order to have hand-on data, we conducted a survey in which 200 people took part. The results of the survey are in the report and they are very encouraging. The report includes financial reports such as funds, breakeven, return on investment, and cash flow statement. The total investment required for this business is AED 1,048,000 out of which Mr. X plans to invest AED 248,000 and the balance will be arranged as
Introduction The two suggested readings, “When the Internet Thinks It Knows You” and “What Are People For”, focus on the relevance and purpose of the Internet, respectively. Indeed, the Internet has taken a key role in everyday life. Its ease of access and availability has connected people from different parts of the world with the help of just one click. As Naughton explains, the impact of the Internet on everyday life is significant and diverse, therefore, the majority of people want to use the Internet for their purposes. The scholar explains that the desire for control over the Internet by politicians and other large corporations is eminent. Currently, there are various measures that have been put in place to ensure this control. Naughton gives an example of Instagram that tried to get the rights to all images that its users posted in their accounts. This essay considers the arguments purported in these two stated readings and their importance at both individual and societal levels. Values Supported or Criticized in the Readings Several values are supported and criticized in the readings. First, Eli Pariser, who wrote “When the Internet Thinks It Knows You”, argues that the Internet is a revolutionary power (Pariser). This statement supports the value of freedom of extensive communication using this medium (Internet). It is this power that has made different stakeholders fight to control the Internet. As Schneier explains, the war on the Internet has put the government and other large corporations against grassroots users, criminals, and hackers. This can be perceived as a critique of the medium and its impact on the general society. The author goes further to criticize the Internet due to its inability to allow for censorship. It can be suggested that freedom has created a liberal society that is prone to manipulation at all times. Indeed, from Pariser’s readings, one can argue that even though the Internet offers great benefits, it has more disadvantages than advantages. In “What Are People For”, Wendell Berry considers the purpose of technological advancement. The scholar argues that the main aim of the Internet and other technological advancements in the acquisition of money and wealth. One can argue that Berry supports the advan
The research proposal focused on the importance of applying technology in workplaces to enhance worker’s productivity. The proposal suggested that the use of internet by the employees have both negative and positive effects. Regarding the positive effects, the proposal suggested that the use of internet for leisure activities such as chatting, blogging and doing personal activities motivates and improves the performance of the employees hence productivity in the workplace. Such an argument is difficult to understand because employees waste their time in leisure activities while the company is expecting high productivity. Since time is a valuable resource that when wasted is forever gone, it is apparent that time wasted by employees in leisure activities translates directly into loss to the company. It is difficult to understand how employees can spend some hours in leisure and at the same time increase productivity in their workplaces. Conventionally, employees should dedicate their efforts to working for the company throughout the stipulated time and then have leisure at their own time. Another difficult concept to understand is how the use of technology would enable human resource management to change the mode of management from subjective to objective management that promotes and motivates workers. Subjective management involves constant monitoring of workers’ activities throughout their working time, and technology has made it possible for human resource managers to track the progress of all employees during work. With the use of technology such as internet, human resources managers can have real time access to progress of duties and can assess the performance of the employees even from the comfort of their homes. Ultimately, the application of technology in work places is more subjective as compared to instances where technology is not applicable because human resources management cannot easily track and assess the performance of employees. In the proposal, it is easy to understand why and how application of technology in various aspects of work in companies increases employees’ performance and productivity. Many companies are struggling to keep abreast with the advancement in technology because application of technology significantly reduces the cost of labor and production, thus giving their products and services competitive advantage in the market. The objective of companies is to automate all process that lead to the production of goods and services to avoid unnecessary costs due to manual processes of labor. Therefore, the use of technology does not only enhance performance and productivity of employees, but also leads to the reduction of labor cost. Therefore, availability of technology and technological experts in workplaces determine th
Introduction Nursing presents one of the most significant professional caregiving services, due to the sensitivity of recovery from a disease. As a profession, nursing ranks among the healthcare disciplines that demand high organization and regulation. In terms of the input needed to maintain delivery of accurate and quality nursing services, the discipline experiences tight demands of human resource management. As discussed below, some pertinent human resource topics of debate determine the strategies to adopt inefficient nursing management. History of Nursing From time immemorial, humans have grappled with healthcare conditions demanding specialist attention for their resolution. As Halstead and Roux (2009) observe, even the most primitive man had to develop skills to overcome health issues such as giving birth and dressing of wounds. The authors reckon that women as maternal caregivers during nurturing of infants gave them an advantage in attending to most health conditions. Perhaps that explains the natural attraction of female professionals taking up nursing as their careers. The authors also note that the difficulty of healthcare conditions gave rise to several caregivers ranging from simple care to complex interpretation demanding medicine men expertise. Advancement of man’s culture produced nursing as a specialized trade using oral traditions as the tool to pass the trade to future generations. Further details after prehistoric nursing illustrate professional nursing organizations appeared around the Christian era (Halstead and Roux, 2009). From home-based to the institutionalized nursing setting, the trade kept on changing from 600s AD onwards, with European nurses making massive contributions. Prominent names such as Florence Nightingale produced invaluable professionalization contributions in the mid 19 th century. American reception of professional nursing experienced mixed fortunes, partly due to the American Civil War and thrived under the social changes of the 19 th century. Requirements: Education and Experience Various jurisdictions have different requirements for one to obtain authorization to practice nursing. To gain authorization to practice nursing, the United States healthcare system recognizes three types of education qualifications. These qualifications include Nursing Assistants, Licensed Practical Nurses, and Registered Nurses, with the latter occupying the highest status. One qualifies as a Registered Nurse after graduating with a registered nursing degree. Different institutions across the United States offer the degree in varied programs aiming at the highest possible qualification as a nurse. Some of the programs totaling to Registered Nurse threshold include Associate Degree in Nursing, Bachelors of Science in Nursing as well as a Diploma in Nursing. To begin practicing, nurses must attain significant practical skills but does not compel an Associate Degree in Nursing graduates to attain extra practical
Abstract The ice cream industry as one of the subdivisions of the food industry is often overlooked. However, it needs to be explored in detail since the target audience is, in fact, rather big. Because of the propensity toward a healthy lifestyle, the demand for ice cream may shrink. However, the specified change opens new possibilities for ice cream-producing organizations in terms of offering new flavors and type of the product. Therefore, the new brand named CrazyTasty will require a very careful marketing aimed at shedding light on the opportunities for enjoying unique experiences and eating healthy sweets. Introduction Although the food industry has received a lot of attention from marketers recently, the field thereof that deals with the production and selling of sweets is often overlooked (Akın & Dasnik 2015). Perhaps, the idea that children are typically the target audience of the businesses operating in the identified domain makes the analysis of confectionary production, in general, and ice cream organizations, in particular, less attractive than the assessment of other organizations (see Fig. 1). However, the identified area of food industry also enjoys huge popularity among children and adults alike, which makes it a highly profitable setting (Carvalho et al. 2015). Therefore, the creation of an ice cream brand that will stand out among the rest of ice cream brands and products, as well as its further promotion to target audiences, is bound to lead to a massive success. However, to create a sustainable brand that will survive in the environment of tough competition, one will have to consider some of the current market trends. The scope of the report includes shedding light on the current situation in the ice cream industry, identifying key trends in customers’ behaviors and influences experienced by them, and creation of a sustainable marketing strategy for a new ice cream brand, CrazyTasty. Figure 1. Ice cream trends (Ice cream market size 2018). Major Consumer Trends: Exploring the Ice Cream Market According to a recent report, the ice cream market (ICM) has been experiencing an impressive growth over the past few years ( Free from’ ice cream trends in $28 billion market 2017). It is expected that the
Introduction The fact that nurses compose the basis of healthcare seems to be undoubted. These specialists carry out a series of critical functions such as administering, monitoring, ensuring patients’ safety, and coordinating doctors in their activity, to name but a few. As a result, it is considered critical that the problem of safe staffing for nurses is addressed properly. Nowadays, a high percentage of nurses have to work longer hours out due to the significant shortage of relevant specialists. Thus, it is proposed that lawmakers provide a consistent strategy plan that would outline the minimum ratio of nurses required for a particular health care organization. More specifically, it is proposed that the reduction of relevant ratio to 1:5 (nurse-patient correlation relatively) should be implemented. This practice has proved to be efficient when applied to health care management in California (Aiken et al., 2011). Empirical Evidence To communicate the proposed strategy to the legislator, a series of relevant empirical evidence has been collected. First and foremost, it is suggested that the implementation of a precise ratio will improve the performance of nurses, and thus, the quality of the service delivered. Thus, for instance, Weston and Roberts (2013) have carried out the research that shows that the improvement of the healthcare service begins with the positive change in the nursing management. Secondly, it is assumed that the implementation of a precise ratio will provide nurses with a clear idea of what they are expected to do. This change, in its turn, is also supposed to improve their performance. Hence, in their recent research, Khamisa, Peltzer, and Oldenburg (2013) show that the lack of a precise ratio or clear job expectations creates extra stress and leads to burnout in nurses, impeding, in such a manner, their progress. The implementation of the proposed strategy is supposed to eliminate this problem. Specific Examples Successful presentation plays a critical role in implementing change. One of the core elements that compose its basis is empirical evidence. In other words, while presenting the strategic plan to the relevant legislators, nurses can employ the collected evidence base that will add significant value to their rationale. Hence, for instance, some researchers hold up Iranian nurse activists as an example. The latter have carried out a profo