ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction This paper will critique “Prehospital Management of the Difficult Airway: A Prospective Cohort Study” by Keir Warner, Sam Sharar, Michael Copass, and Eileen Bulger, from the Journal of Emergency Medicine, Vol 36., pp 257-256, 2009. The purpose of the study is to properly define how to manage difficult airway in prehospital management. The failure to set up an ultimate airway is the main reason for death when sufficient oxygenation and ventilation cannot be otherwise obtained. In this instance, death is avoidable as early airway management is very important in cardiac arrest patients and the exhausted, but is also significant in patients at danger for the progressive loss of airway patency and individuals at danger for aspiration, such as those individuals with head or neck injuries. Oral endotracheal intubation (ETI) is the present standard for the best airway administration and accomplishment rates in the prehospital locations vary from 33–100% (Wang, 2006). This unpredictability has been credited to advanced life support (ALS) provider differences in the level of early preparation, ongoing learning, medical mistake, or access to neuromuscular blocking agents (NMBAs) (Bulger et al, 2007). Numerous studies in both the field and the Emergency Department (ED) have established enhanced ETI success rates with the use of NMBAs. Continuing ability maintenance may also be very important, as the incidence of ALS provider performance of airway measures is considerably associated with ETI success rates (Garza et al, 2003). The paper was able to discuss its riddance. It add up to these ALS provider issues, and why many patients need definitive airway access may be complicated to intubate due to anatomic irregularities, distressing injuries, foreign bodies, incapacity to open the jaw, or insufficient muscle relaxation. Such “difficult airway” patients have an advanced occurrence of complications and an increased threat of death. If a patient cannot undertake successful ETI in the prehospital location, the ALS provider must either return to bag-valve-mask ventilation or resort to a more sophisticated airway method. a number of highly developed airway measures have come out to help administer these demanding cases, including surgical cricothyroidotomy, retrograde ETI, transtracheal jet ventilation (TTJV), and Eschmann sty let (gum elastic bougie)-assisted ETI. Lately, with the arrival of supraglottic airway devices such as the Combitube and the laryngeal mask airway, the position of prehospital intubation has been questioned, as achievement rates are extremely changeable in pre-hospital ETI (Bulger et al, 2007). The reasons for this reading were to broadly assess a large legion of patients experiencing prehospital endotracheal intubation with and without rapid sequence intubation (RSI), and especially illustrate the incidence, presentation, and management of the difficult airway and look at consequences of airway breakdown. Study Design The study design focused on a group of patients who undergo attempted oral ETI in the prehospital location over a 4-year period. It was carried out in conjun
When applying the concept of “talented” to a particular person, people often mean that this individual has specific abilities that can differ from the others. An approach aimed at identifying different talents and strengths and consciously managing this process in a team is the key to more effective task performance and personal satisfaction. This paper mentions that talent has several different themes that reflect a person’s abilities and qualities, such as learner, achiever, relator, arranger, and connectedness. The two central values of leadership that are considered in work and presented as the most important are authenticity and humility. A robust system of proven values defines the management style. In turn, actions based on these goals benefit the entire workflow and everyone involved (Rudolph et al., 2018). Humility creates a high trust ratio and commitment of followers, empowering both the leader and the participants and strengthening their abilities. Learner and connectedness are two strengths that the author would like to improve. Learning is a continuous process that allows a person to improve constantly. Also, the competencies that a nurse should have are based on the knowledge and skills they receive. (Kalyani et al., 2019). Thus, it can be concluded that learnability is one of the most important forces that determine the success of the educational and working process. Simultaneously, the development of such strength as connectedness can help the author promote awareness in people that teamwork and group efforts are vital for performing many essential tasks. Summing up, the author notes that in order to strengthen the willingness to achieve the goal and get the best result, it is necessary to develop the achiever’s drive. The author believes that people need to manage their employment and use it rationally and deliberately so that a person has the opportunity to focus on other aspects of life. Thus, considering all the themes of talent, successful leaders help subordinates grow and establish themselves, increase competence, involve them in decision-making processes, and objectively evaluate their contribution.
The World Trade Organization (WTO) plays an enormous role as a global trade regulator that contributes to developing and strengthening the bonds between countries through facilitating mutually beneficial partnerships aimed for selling and buying goods and services. Unfortunately, despite WTO positions itself as a global organization that claims to be open for all, does not seem to represent each country’s interests equally. The particular issue is economic dispute settling mechanism that WTO considers to be functioning flawlessly but in fact generates no profit for developing countries that have only a nominal access to it. That brings up an issue of underrepresentation of such countries in the system of WTO dispute settlement. There is a clear need for studying the question of whether and how the situation could be amended. This problem has been given attention in the number of scholarly researches, which can be a ground for a systematic review. Such method is thought to allow testing a following hypothesis: Saudi Arabia can influence other countries in WTO to address the problem of developing countries’ access to the WTO dispute settlement mechanisms. Literature Review In his article, Najah Hassan Salamah (2016) has reviewed the state of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) in the WTO and whether the decision to join the organization was right for the economy of the state. The study uses quantitative approach to measure the support of private companies within the country for membership in WTO. The article pays a great deal of attention towards outlining the main mechanisms and principles Saudi Arabia can utilize to effectively use the potential WTO possesses to enhance KSA global trade perspectives. From the point of view of this research the study performed by Salamah provides a valuable insight into the place of Saudi Arabia in WTO. The possible downside of this research is the methodology design that seems to incorporate a certain bias connected to the self-reported data that is used as a main data source, on the basis of which all the assumptions are made. Another valuable research that will possibly be used for the current study is a comprehensive work performed by Kristin Bohl. Bohl (2009) presents an extensive overview of WTO as an international organization that plays the role of a dispute settler. He vividly underlines the problem of underrepresentation of developing countries as one the main problems that harms the WTO’s prestige and its ability or desire to influence trade relationships globally. He builds a solid case uncovering statistical evidence and discussing implications for trade in developing countries. One of the main problems of such state of affairs Bohl (2009) names finding facts, absence of adequate connection between private business and governments, and a lack of political will that obstructs proliferation of the spread of healthy trading relationships between countries. The above-mentioned paper seems to present the issues using the author’s work experience and scientific knowledge as a ground for conclusions. Apart from WTO documents and other resear
Introduction As mentioned earlier, the Cordoba mosque, also known as Mezquita, stands tall as a representative of the medieval Islamic civilization located in Spain. It is believed that the ground breaking of the mosque began in the Sixth Century AD as a Christian Visigothic church. The Mosque was, however, completed much later, in the year 987 AD, and shared for use between the Muslims and the Christians. Beginning 784 AD, an Islamist prince called Abd ar-Rahman, acquired the structure from the Christian fraternity and began refurbishing it as a Muslim worship centre. The mosque underwent a lot of ”structural changes and interior design repair” (Savory 1976). This was meant to fit the mosque into the “Islamic design”. The purchase of the cathedral by the Muslims also meant that it would be refurbished to “rid it of the “Christian characteristics”(Ching and Prakash 2011). The magnificent building is outstanding with the huge arches and numerous columns that exceed 1,000 in number (Savory 1976). The columns consist of various valuable stones such as Jasper, Onyx and marble that have been artistically modelled to provide the artistic countenance that the mosque has. The mosque had a turbulent moment in the year 1236 when it was captured from the moors and used again by the Christian fraternity by King Ferdinand three. The proceeding kings that followed later redesigned the mosque according to the Christian beliefs and design (Ching and Prakash). Initial design During the re-designation period of the mosque, the most outstanding and notable reconstruction activity involved the construction of the Reconnaissance cathedral in the middle of the structure, courtesy of a Spanish king Carlos who was a Christian by then (Savory 1976). The Mezquita, or the Cordoba, mosque had different measurement during the initial construction. In terms of the area, it measured a total of 73m square. Out of this area, half was a forecourt (Trachterberg 2002). Later, during the reconstruction periods, there was a need to enlarge the total area and this led to the addition of an extra 65 square miles making the total area to stand at 138 square miles. During the first construction, the worshipping hall increased two folds at the end of the 9th century and the length widened to a total length of approximately 138m. Proceeding kings that followed later redesigned the mosque according to the Christian beliefs and design (Trachterberg 2002). Design Structure of the Mosque Arches The arches, throughout the structure, have a common shape that is referred to as “the horse shoe form” (Savory 1976). This style is described as being very predominant with the architectural design of the Visigoths, i.e. the inhabitants of the area where the mosque is situated before the arrival of the Islamic population called the Umyyads from North Africa (Ching and Prakash). The horse shoe form was assumed to be very strong and durable by the medieval arc
The Fifth Amendment Right to Remain Silent The criminal justice system serves the principal purpose of crime control and prevention. It also fosters the achievement of justice. It constitutes a powerful component of preventing criminal acts in response to the US citizens who fall victims of criminal activities. Thus, the judicial system must guarantee crime control and prevention whilst providing justice to suspects and victims of crimes. Indeed, Wellford states that an effective judicial system is not only fair but also responds to individual rights (57). In the same line of thought, the Fifth Amendment guarantees people the right to remain silent in the interrogation process in a bid to mitigate forced confessions, which may lead to wrongful convictions. The Fifth Amendment ensures that people do not incriminate themselves. Acker defines self-incrimination as the act of revealing an individual’s affairs in an allegation or blame of an offense that includes the individual (1207). The right to remain silent implies a refusal or choice not to engage in utterances in response to questions, which might lead to a dangerous disclosure. Defending people to ensure they are not forced to make bogus admissions reduces cases of self-incrimination while attempting to acquire information from the accused persons. The right to remain silent implies that suspects have been at liberty to shun making any remarks when interrogated by law enforcement agents. The right to remain silent guarantees the privilege to either testify or not give evidence to the defendant. This claim means the accused persons are not required to make their acknowledgment. Indeed, in the US jurisdiction, outside arrests, or detection contexts, people have no duty to respond to questions that are raised by law enforcement agents. Where a state seeks judicial compulsion, the accused persons still have the privilege of invoking the Fifth Amendment’s rights and/or refusing to make any compelled self-incrimination. Supreme Court Decisions that influence Law Enforcement Interrogations Escobedo v. Illinois made provisions for the defendants to have counsel during interrogation before Miranda found its way into the US legal discourses. While at Phoenix, Ernesto Miranda was suspected of sexually abusing and abducting a minor. After being interrogated by the Phoenix police department for about two hours, Miranda signed a self-confession form admitting to having committed the rape. This form had an included typed statement asserting that “I do hereby swear that I make this statement voluntarily and of my own free will, with no threats, coercion, or promises of immunity, and with full knowledge of my legal rights, understanding any statement I make may be used against me” (Norris et al. 1303). Miranda was not at any time told that he had a right to an attorney. Miranda was not aware of his freedom of not making any remarks before presenting any spoken admission, which he was later required to put in writing. He was also not aware that any stateme
Business writing can differ from other kinds of writing which are more common. It is a new sphere of writing, and students are often not sure what methods and style to use. The fact that business and academic writing are not similar should be considered. The analysis of business writing principles and features is a key to successful written work. Getting Started. People and Resources to Address When writing on business, it is a good idea to interview some people who are the experts in the sphere; for example, an experienced businessman and a recognized scholar. Knowledge of both, theory and practice, can provide progress in business as well as in writing on the topic. I came across the owner of a bakery shop in the neighborhood. He is not a millionaire, but for as long as I can remember, his shop has been full of customers. He shared his observations on starting a business. Firstly, it is important to try and never give up if something goes wrong. Secondly, your undertaking should be somehow different from the others. Besides, he is sure that not only your skills or budget matters but the passion for what you do. “So, if you have an idea, put it into life, and love what you do,” he told me. The development of writing skills on the subject presupposes referring to some organizations and journals in the field. Speaking of establishments that unite the people interested in different spheres of business in the USA, I would mention the following. The American Management Association (AMA), which suggests professional development and preparation; Association for Small Business and Entrepreneurship (ASBE), which assists the educators in the sphere of entrepreneurship; Business Network International (BNI), a global networking association for experts in business; Small Business Administration (SBA), an independent governmental agency aimed to encourage small business and secure their interests. When writing a paper connected with business, it is important to refer to the recognized journals. The major ones are: “The Journal Business,” “Business and Society,” “American Journal of Business,” “The Journal of Business and Economic Statistics,” “The Journal of International Economics” and many others, dedicated to some particular business branches. What and How to Write Business writing should have an explicit goal, declared a
Introduction In the recent past, there has been a shifting paradigm from Taylor’s model of organizational management to more productive methods of production. The new methods aim at increasing production through efficient management of human and capital resources. A number of scholars have conducted extensive research to establish the effects of various managerial techniques on the performance of employees. Some researchers note that task formulation is the most notable aspect of management, whereas others observe that the availability of human resources is the crucial factor that influences the performance of the management team. However, scholars concur that three factors are essential as far as the best managerial practices are concerned. One of the factors is production management while the other is the organization of work. In addition, the relationship between various groups in the organization influences the performance of employees. Scholars agree that a new model of management should be applied in case the organization is to achieve high results. The new model must incorporate the tenets of neo-liberalism into its productivity structures. Currently, scholars focus on exploring the new management dynamics that relate to post-Ford model of production. Scholars in the UK and the US perceive that the model should be adopted in order to enhance productivity in organizations. However, changing the work structure has micro and macro implications. Scholars of po
History The Time Out Group Limited is one of the leading publishing companies in the United Kingdom. Having its headquarters in London, it specialises in publishing city guides. The Group’s premier magazine was Time Out London that was launched in 1968. Its owner was inspired to name it Time Out when he came across the new David Brubeck album of the same name. During the four decades since then, the Time Out Group has spread out into diverse other publications meant for different cities around the world and has supplemented that with an identical presence online. The Time Out Group presently has 180 employees. The Time Out Group experienced a serious setback in 1980 when its staff went on a strike to protest against Elliott’s practice of offering more salaries to entice efficient new editors. Gaining steady momentum, the strike reached its peak in May 1981 when the staff staged a walk out. This forced a stoppage of Time Out productions. The crisis went on for four months during which time no Time Out magazines hit the newsstands. Elliott finally managed to reconcile differences with all but 15 of the striking employees. The 15 were terminated. 1 Starting with Time Out London, the Time Out magazines expanded worldwide. Time Out Paris began in 1993, followed by Time Out New York in 1995 and Time Out Chicago in 2005. The Time Out magazine for a city lists comprehensive information regarding that city ranging from cultural events and television programs to shopping tips and general news. Plans are underway to start Time Out editions for cities like Toronto, San Francisco and Los Angeles. The second major publication of the Time Out Group was the 1980s magazine Sell Out which concentrated on shopping. Unfortunately, it did not do well, and was quickly scrapped. This was followed by the third major publication Time Out Eating & Drinking Guide in 1982. In its fourth major move, the Group launched a series of London-specific publications such as the Time Out Film Guide, London for Children, Pubs & Bars, Student Guide, and Gay London. Lastly, Time Out has given legal authorisation for its format to be launched as local monthly language versions in several prominent world cities such as Mumbai, Dubai, Abu Dhabi, Shanghai and St. Petersburg. In its fifth major move, Time Out launched its first Internet Web Site in the mid 1990s. It then went on to team up with DatingDirect.com to establish a dating service supplement for its timeout.com site in 2002. 2 Ownership The ownership of the Time Out Group is controlled by one individual – Tony Elliot. Apart from Time Out New York and Time Out Chicago the rest of the publications are totally owned by the Time Out Group. Time Out New York has a different owner holding 55% of its ownership while Time Out Chicago is also owned by Joe Mansueto who controls a 50% stake in it. In other cases, the Time Out brand is licensed in different cities of the world. 3 Target Audience Given the fact that its premier and second major publications { Time Out London and Time Out Eating & Drinking Guide } are London-specific as are Time Out Film Guide, London f
Introduction There has been a steady decline in the health of school going children in the U.S. This decline in health has mostly been characterized by a rise in childhood obesity which not only increases the risk of physical health consequences to the child but also psychosocial health issues. This decline in health has been as a result of poor nutrition and unhealthy eating habits by most students. Ironically, junk foods which are responsible for the poor diets by children are readily available in schools through the vending machines which dispense chips, sodas and other foods that are of low nutritional value to the children. This paper shall argue that in order to ensure the health of children, vending machines which dispense sodas, energy drinks and junk foods should be removed from schools. Argument Against Vending Machines While health issues such as childhood obesity can be attributed to a number of causes, the one major reason for obesity is overindulgence in unhealthy foods. Vending machines have been known to encourage unhealthy eating since all the foods and drinks that are offered by vending machines are of little nutritional value therefore making children prone to obesity. Students are especially found of vending machine products. The foods and drinks available from dispensing machines are high on fats and sugars, both of which are known to cause overweight as well as obesity. Proponents of vending machines may argue that children have a choice to not buy the unhealthy food stuff and opt for healthier foods offered within the school. However, this is unlikely to occur since the junk foods and drinks offered by vending machines in schools are more attractive to the students. It is unlikely that a child will buy a fruit or vegetables while he/she could buy a soft drink or a candy bar. The presence of vending machines therefore tempts students to eat unhealthy foods. Fast foods and junks result to excessive body weight which has been linked to diabetes and fatal conditions such as strokes. As such, it can be argued that vending machines dispense foods and drinks that may have dire consequences to the consumer. In addition, these diseases that can result from consumption of vending machine products result in increased medical expenditure for the country. Considering the fact that the products dispensed by the vending machines can be replaced by products that are of a healthier nature, it makes sense to remove this machines which dispense foods and drinks that may cause fatal conditions to the consumer as well as high medical expenses. Arguments for Vending Machines Vending machines are not all negative and they make a positive contribution to the school. Vending machines result in corporate