ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Abstract The main aim of this study is to examine the effects of multicultural experience on an individual. Multicultural experience shapes people’s opinions and behaviors. They help people to acquire new ideas and appreciate other people’s cultures and traditions. Multicultural experience can be both positive and negative depending on the type of influence it exerts on an individual. The study also explores the effects of social group discussions on an individual and the researcher’s real-life intercultural experience. Introduction Globalization has increased the level of intercultural contacts and the subsequent prospects of acquiring multicultural experience (Langer, 2000). The reaction of people to globalization has been both varied and polarized. Critics have argued that globalization threatens the viability of local values, cultures and undermines individuals’ sense of identification with his/her community. On the other hand, proponents believe that globalization has enriched people’s mind, removed social obstacles, and even strengthened the spread of human rights and democracy. Others have commented that multicultural experiences improve people’s creativity (Chiu & Cheng, 2007). Some studies have shown that intercultural experience can easily be frustrated when the situation highlights the need for firm answers or when people experience threaten their existence, making them conform more rigidly to their original ideas and cultural practices. These individuals may even view the new ideas and practices not as a source of motivation, but as contamination to their original cultures (Chiu &Cheng, 2007). Subjects related to the cultural and psychological outcome of multicultural experience have been a consistent topic among many global academic and public forums. The effects of multicultural experience on creativity and psychological resistance to foreign cultures have formed the major subjects in these forums (Chiu, 2008). Effects of social group discussion on an individual According to numerous studies carried out around the world, group discussions have been found to have a significant effect on individual decisions and opinions. The methods by which these social gatherings exert influence on an individual during discussion have been a subject of interest for a long period, with two methods being the most dominant in the social arena. The first method is the normative influence which is based upon the desire to conform to societal expectation. The shift in judgment is assumed to be an outcome of exposure to other people’s ideas/preferences and from the consequent adherence to the norms that are inherent to the preferences (Kaplan & Miller, 1987). The second method is an informational influence, which is based upon the approval of the information received from others in the discussion as proof to the reality. The shift in judgment is attributed to the sharing of pertinent arguments and true-life information about a particular subject in question. These two methods of inf
Statement of the Research Question The main research question that my thesis will cover is, ‘How does Qatar use soft power to strengthen its global political influence?’ This question will provide an opportunity for me to study the various processes of soft power that Qatar has and/or continues to utilize to strengthen its political influence not only in the Middle East, but also across the world. It is evident that Qatar has emerged as one of the most influential Middle East countries in the world’s political affairs. This thesis will be a revelation as to how such a country has achieved its current position. Introduction Since 1995, following the takeover of leadership by Sheikh Hamad bin Khalifa al-Thani through a peaceful coup d’etat, Qatar has been transformed from a little-known tiny country into a major economic and political powerhouse in the Middle East and, in extension, the world (Evans and Grant 42). In the last 18 years, the country’s leadership has been engaged in a protracted effort to transform it into a globally recognized and respected modern state (Brannagan and Grix par. 3). Being the world’s richest country in terms of per capita income, which stood at USD$ 448,246 in 2008, Qatar has managed to achieve tremendous successes in its short history (Hey 42). Its enormous wealth and a leadership that is keen on putting the country ‘on the map’ in the Middle East make it a major political player in the Arab World. Its influence in the world is growing (Beaumont 3). The main question is how such a country can achieve so much within such a short period. According to Brannagan and Grix, Qatar presents a good example of how soft power can be used to propel a nation’s influence in the global political affairs (par. 5). In the last 15 years, the country has invested heavily in building an appealing image to the world without using military or other forms of hard power. This move has allowed the country to gain a substantial political influence (King 16). The country has used its enormous resources to put in place measures of not only making Qatar an important investment destination for many nations and companies, but also as an important economic ally of many other states (Antwi-Boateng 39). Further, its close and friendly association with western countries such as the US and the United Kingdom has separated the country from the politics of the Middle East, hence creating an appealing image to the world (van Ham 10). Other major areas of focus have been on the creation of an image of the country as a top tourism and sporting destination (Amara par. 3). For a long time, its neighboring rich, populous, and influential neighbors such as the UAE, Saudi Arabia, and Iran among others have over shadowed the country (Worth 7). Owing to the fact that it was the last Arab country to discover its oil wealth, it is a recent entrant into the politics of the Middle East. So far, it has been successful in its push for becoming a key player in the region. For instance, while the UAE’s Abu Dhabi has been the major tourist and financial hub of the region, Qatar’s Doha has gained a strong footing against the former with an increasingly busy Airport, a
Abstract Mobile computing provides significant benefits for organizations that choose to integrate the technology into their fixed organizational information system. This is necessitated through the combination of communication systems, software, and portable computer hardware which are interconnected with non mobile organizational systems distanced from the fixed workplace (Yuliang, 1998). Being a resourceful technology can be applied as part of strategic measures taken to improve information accessibility and quality. It also increases operational effectiveness enhancing effectiveness in management. The primary essence of this research paper is to exemplify the versatility and the potential of mobile computing as strategic technology capable of improving the quality and the accessibility to increase operational efficiency which translates to efficient management (Mariga, 1997). Introduction Technology is advancing each and every day with new and emerging technologies hitting the market. With this advancement of technology, there are many areas of information and data transmission that have grown greatly. Technology has been advancing tremendously in the wireless networking, security, virtualization and cloud computing, internet technology, data storage, data warehousing, multimedia display technology, voice over internet protocol, open source operating systems, web services and advancement of microprocessors (Gentry, 2011). In general, the way things used to operate before, have really been changed due to emergency of new technology. Mobile computing has not been left behind in this journey of technology advancement. In my research, I choose to put more emphasis on the current and emerging technology in mobile computing. Mobile computing technology Mobile computing is an area of technology which allows transmission of data and/or information through a computer device, without the necessity of a fixed physical link, but the use of a computing device even when being mobile and, therefore, changing location. Portability is one of the aspects of mobile computing. Mobile computing has three aspects that allow it to transfer data and information from one location to another effectively. These three aspects are mobile communication, mobile hardware, and mobile software. The facet of mobile communication addresses ad-hoc communication issues, as well as the communication infrastructure networks. It also addresses communication properties, data formats, concrete technologies and protocols. Mobile hardware is a physical device that is used to enhance communication which includes mobile devices like cellular phones and mobile accessories. Mobile software entails the application that will be used or employed to carry out the communication. This is the group of programs that must run in the mobile device to enhance communication and data transfer. In the past ages, mobile phones were used only for voice communication. During that era, if one
Introduction In the past, the criminal justice system treated minors the same way as adults. They were subjected to penalties similar to those meted out on adult offenders (Hendricks, 2010). However, today, the laws have changed. In most jurisdictions, a juvenile is a person between the ages of ten and eighteen. As a result, infantile delinquents are not treated the same way as adult offenders. In this paper, the author will focus on juvenile and adult crimes by analyzing the case of Mrs. Ingrim’s 15-year old child. Responding to Mrs. Ingrim According to the case, Mrs. Ingrim’s 15-year old child has committed the crime of grand theft auto. In addition, the kid has destroyed the automobile by crushing it into a storefront. Stealing a vehicle is a felony in most states (Lab, 2013). The punishment for the offense is imprisonment and fine. As an attorney specializing in juvenile cases, I would respond to Mrs. Ignrim by asking her to calm down and stop worrying about the possibility of her child being locked up in a county jail and harassed by other offenders. The reason for asking her to calm down is that according to the law, her kid is a minor. When a person below the age of 18 years commits a crime, they are taken through the juvenile system as opposed to the adult criminal justice procedure (Schmalleger, 2011). As a result, her teenager will be treated as a delinquent and not as a criminal. The most probable punishment would be probation, fine, restitution, or detention in a juvenile center. The child will not be taken into a county jail. Steps to Defend Mrs. Ingrim’s Teenager in the Juvenile Justice Process The stages involved in the juvenile justice system differ from those in the adult criminal procedure. In addition, the cases travel through the system faster compared to those dealing with grown-up offenders. The process includes intake, detention, hearing, sentencing, and appeal. Intake It is the first step after arrest. An intake official processes the juvenile at this stage. The detective determines whether or not there is enough evidence to file a charge against the offender (Champion, 2010). At this stage, the delinquent can be released to their parents. They can also be detained and taken to court. Detention If Mrs. Ingrim’s teenager is detained, a hearing has to be held within 72 hours. At the detention stage, a judge has three choices (Kratcoski, 2012). The options include dismissing the case, calling for an informal adjustment hearing, or ordering for a formal hearing. If the teenager is a first time offender, he will be taken through an informal adjustment hearing. Hearing At this stage, the judge listens to the case. The aim is to determine whether the juvenile is guilty or not. The determination is made after all the evidence is presented. In addition, witnesses may be called to give their testimonies (Shoemaker, 2009). Sentencing Based on the evidence presented, a juvenile can be assigned to boot camp, fined, referred for counseling, or placed on probation (Shoemaker, 2009). Other forms of punishme
Contribution The most significant contribution of the work published by Krehbiel (1998) is associated with the attempt to explain the US lawmaking process. As a scholar, Krehbiel provides important grounds for claiming that a pivotal politics theory might enhance contemporary lawmaking procedures. Consisting of two key elements, such as gridlock and coalition, the theory aims to explain how all lawmakers can be placed in a unidimensional policy space, and it suggests that divided government cannot provide the most appropriate solutions. Krehbiel (1998) presents his model in a quite detailed manner, emphasizing pivotal players such as Congress, the Senate, the President, and the veto override pivot. The author specifies all the movements and actions of each pivot and clarifies potential outcomes. The implications of Krehbiel’s work lie in a description of adequate processes for presenting, revising, and approving laws. In particular, due to the fact that gridlock involves all the status quo points, the theory presupposes moderate policy proposals that will come to a standstill because of gridlock. In this regard, it is evident that the election of presidents is largely dependent on the preferences of the electorate, and some policies that were subject to gridlock may be eliminated and changed (Gray & Jenkins, 2017). At the same time, the author opposes party-centered and social choice theories since he addresses various essential factors such as ideological, institutional, and electoral aspects. The model offered by Krehbiel (1998) integrates status quo policies, heterogeneous preferences, and supermajority procedures, thus creating a comprehensive foundation for model building. The pivotal politics model also implies that actual policy changes will remain incremental. Thus the great contribution made by this author in political discourse is a new perspective on the lawmaking process that ensures adequate policy selection and respects its developing nature. Criticism and Alternative Solution This criticism addresses the core of Krehbiel’s model, as it focuses on key implications of the theory of pivotal politics. A consideration of the explanations offered by Krehbiel (1998) makes it possible to reach credible judgments about the role of this theory in US lawmaking procedures. It must be emphasized that Krehbiel’s theory serves as a preliminary point for model design, as it presents the basics of political organization. Since the above assumptions were made based on the existing evidence, their critical nature cannot be overestimated. In other words, the contribution of this author is likely to be associated with a thorough and anticipatory explanation of lawmaking in the US, including its key players, circumstances, and outcomes. Comparing the pivotal politics theory with its alternatives, Gray and Jenkins (2017) find that retesting the theory revealed that the utilization of an explicitly ideological independent variable in the analysis of two landmark laws led to negative correlations between the severity of gridlock and law production per se. In this regard, a model of partisan positive agenda control may be assumed as an al
Abstract In the recent years, a very strong correlation between depression, perfectionism and rumination has been established among the adolescent populations. Both genders have a tendency to get affected by these; however, the girls exhibit this tendency to a higher degree. The perfectionist attitude usually takes form of physical control over eating habits and body shape, and the development of various eating disorders can take place. Suicide ideation in such children has led to a higher number of suicides committed each year. Rumination has become one of the chief contributors to this problem. The correct identification of the problem is essential to prevent suicidal incidences in these children. Introduction It is a sad fact that depression is becoming a prevalent problem in younger age groups. This rise in the incidence is leading to new strategies being implemented for the treatment of depression afflicted individuals and identifying the various factors that may be contributing towards such trends. Depression among adolescents is all the more concerning due to the various physical manifestations that it can take form of. Children may develop personality disorders, eating disorders, or self harm tendencies. Addiction and alcoholism are also increasing especially in the UK. These and many of such findings point to the importance of understanding the underlying reasons which may be affecting the minds of children and adolescents, and how these can be tackled with. Depression Depression in the psychological sense displays the overall depression of the normal behavior of a person, and a depression in the ability of that person to respond normally to various circumstances in one’s life. This inability to socialize and carry out daily activities on normal basis may isolate such individuals, and the person may feel inferior, scared, isolated, misunderstood, and may even be avoided by his or her peers. (BPS, 2005) There are many manifestations and representations of depression, however, all of these represent the presence of sadness which is beyond the normal time frames of a normal sadness process. Depression and its manifestations may be different according to the age and sex of the person, therefore, men and women may show different methods of depression expression. Children may display very different sets of behave when they suffer from depression. Such children are more likely to feel physically unwell too, and they may be a common presentation in the medical clinics with symptom less illnesses and aches. (BPS, 2005) From a child’s perspective, there are two main environments that determine and even predict the likeliness of depression. These are the home and the school and peer environments. Children with problems at home, or who are exposed to substance abuse and violence in family or siblings are most likely to suffer from depression. Similarly, children who are unable to perform well in the academics, or are not able to make social relationships with their peers are very likely to become depressed. Academically challenged children such as those
The heightening issue of air pollution has brought many impacts on the environment. Almost every aspect of human life depends on the environment, and for that reason, any harm caused to the environment can trigger many ramifications throughout the range of normal human activities. Indeed, one of the ultimate trade offs here can be observed from environment matters and unemployment issues. Although it is important for countries to take environmental requirements as a priority, it is obviously clear that employment matters come first in many regions. According to a recent report by the Environmental Protection Agency, unemployment consequences associated with environmental issues are minimal compared with the overall rate of unemployment. It is also clear that there is a direct connection between inflation and the environment as humans continue to elude environmental-related matters due to high rates of unemployment. As it would be observed, there has been increased attention by the government to save jobs for the people, while neglecting quality environmental standards. Delays on the plans to establish and implement effective automobile emission standards have constantly been delayed in an attempt to give the automobile sector enough time to come up with effective solutions to the overwhelming issue of chemicals and substance emission (Edmunds, 1977). Over the years, incremental costs for both government and industry have been realized in the control of heightening effects of air pollution. Direct impacts of air pollution on environment have also contributed to immense health effects upon the global populations. Various studies have linked particulates and pollutants to various health conditions and higher mortality rates. For instance, synthetic chemicals and other substances emitted into the atmosphere as waste products are said to be the major cause of various cancers affecting humans today. The long-term supply of energy, minerals and land has seriously influenced the future of the American people as far as environmental impacts of air pollution are concerned. As a matter of fact, high levels of energy are required to sustain the bulging U.S. economy. The current high growth rates have contributed to high concentration of particulates and pollutants in the atmosphere owing to the population’s over reliance on various sources of energy. The same applies to the aspect of land use in the U.S., which has shifted to higher density in housing as a result of the higher growth rates that are observable today. These high-density developments around the urban centers are likely to change the way Americans live, most likely taking them backwards instead of placing them ahead of others (Edmunds, 1977). Despite being among the more resource-rich countries globally, America lacks sufficient commodity reserves in terms of minerals to cater for its cumulative demands. In that case, a number of key commodities and resources from across the border would be needed to sustain the country’s economic growth. This high demand of minerals has reminded the Americans of the val
Introduction Many cultures around the world offer different views on women’s positions. One of my best friends comes from an Indian community with a unique perception of gender roles and positions. In her community, there are some discriminatory beliefs against women. For instance, women are restricted from ownership of the property through family inheritance. The family inheritance is strictly preserved for the male offspring who have the support of the customary laws. The girls are supposed to witness the signing of some documents acting as proof that they are giving up their family share of the property to their male counterparts. This results in a severe imbalance of inequality between the male and the female gender. Women are rendered powerless in matters regarding access to, ownership, control, and use of the land. These customs limit women from leadership because they are sidelined from having the resources which might probably have been the foundation of their leadership endeavors. Existing Faulty Beliefs in the Culture The ceremonies are planned to pressure women to release their share of the family inheritance. After signing the documents and giving the male siblings their share of the resources, they were given petty gifts such as sweets. When women fail to release their share of the family wealth to their male counterparts they are subjected to serious discrimination in society. Furthermore, the inhabitants of the area will speak negatively about them since they defied the cultural norms (Narayanan, 2016). Women are only allowed to inherit family property if they do not have a brother. Culturally, these ceremonies were justified sin