ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Intercultural communication is the process of study and research that seeks to understand how people all the world think about their neighbors. Emanating from the knowledge gained realistic efforts in application of such results helps the different parts of the world to interact and engage in constructive activities. This field must concern itself with understanding the daily operations of a people. Also, the field must understand how people view their lives as well as what are the considered norms and behaviors in an everyday spectrum. The modern trends in globalization and advanced technology have led to increased number of interactions from the business, cultural, and political, economic as well as social platforms. It thus becomes a pertinent issue to understand and put behind cultural prejudices in order to achieve one united global efforts. This paper in recognition of this process seeks to define culture in an effort to answer outlined questions as a descriptive approach. Background Approach For effective communication between cultures, a number of strategies must be fulfilled in order to enhance efficiency. The fact that persons are unaware of other cultures at glance presents problems in attempts to communicate between such persons. It is thus important when two opposite cultures learn and get equipped with the knowledge of the others. The difficulty in intercultural communication can be frustrating hence advance knowledge helps to shape an otherwise potentially repercussion during interaction of nay two given cultures. The need for active listening is another major process that needs to be included in the strategies for intercultural communication. It is important to note that a culture’s language has mannerisms, attitudes and nuances that described by certain expressions, as well as body posture. This requires the involved personalities to immerse themselves in any interaction process to avoid heated situations or debates. These situations and debates are usually guided by lack of such prior knowledge. This can be enhanced by go between personalities who understand and point to the concepts alluded in any interaction. The calm and careful approach in any cultural exchange has been advocated since it leads to better assessment of the opposite culture at display. It has been noted that the lack of such understanding has resulted to outbursts that have led to nasty and painful experiences. This causes untold damage to property and loss of lives. The Definitional Perspectives of Culture In his book, Gudykunst (2003) observes that individuals never grow up in a society on their own. A child is from the early stages connected and raised through the family’s ideals and perceptions. These ideals are those that the parents view as necessary after years of living and practicing them. A child thus acquires what the environment the parents give of him or her. In tandem to this observation, a family is part of a society that believes and sees things in a certain manner as compared to neighboring families that make a different society. Thus, the identification of situations and ideals in one family that is different from another i
Abstract Ellis-Van Creveld Syndrome, also known as chondroectodermal dysplasia, is a complex genetic disorder caused by a mutation of particular genes. Its main physiological characteristics are dwarfism, polydactyly (additional figures or toes), abnormal nail structure, and dental malformations. In addition, patients with Ellis-Van Creveld Syndrome may have heart defects that cannot be visually identified without specific diagnostic tools. Dental manifestations include enamel hypoplasia and hypodontia. The exact prevalence of this disorder remains poorly investigated because the majority of risk groups are the Amish population that does not share personal information voluntarily. In this report, an eighteen-year-old girl is presented with her chief complaint of poor appearance of teeth. Her dental history includes the exfoliation of mandibular natal teeth, ventricular hypertrophy, and epilepsy. The first-line treatment was offered at the age of seven, and regular check-ups and orthodontic manipulations were made within the last ten years. This case proves the importance of radiographic and physical examination, along with the cooperation of dentists, surgeons, anesthetists, and cardiologists. Introduction Ellis-Van Creveld Syndrome is a rare and complex genetic disorder that is usually characterized by the presence of additional fingers or toes, abnormal development of nails and teeth, and skeletal transformations. The main cause of this disorder is a mutation of genes (EVC1 and EVC2, in particular) 1 . The first case was reported by Ellis and van Creveld in 1940 and termed as chondroectodermal dysplasia or meso-ectodermal dysplasia. 2 As a genetic disorder, Ellis-Van Creveld Syndrome was thoroughly studied among siblings and relatives to identify common (partial hare lip and partial anodontia) and distinctive (extra fingers or toes) features and symptoms. 3 Its prevalence varies from 1 to 7 in one million in the general population, but some communities (Amish) do not always report on this disorder officially, and all the cases remain poorly investigated. 4 In this report, the attention will be paid to one particular patient in order to investigate the main signs, family history, diagnostic and assessment techniques, and available treatment plans for Ellis-Van Creveld Syndro Case Presentation An eighteen-year-old girl reported to the Orthodontics clinic complaining of the poor appearance of upper teeth. She is the 6th child born and the third baby born diagnosed with Ellis-van Creveld Syndrome her elder brother was diagnosed with Ellis-van Creveld syndrome and died after birth, her parent is co
Introduction The movie in question resulted from inspiration that the two directors, Shaper and Joel Rasmussen had both upon losing their relative who was a musician. The two therefore made the film titled “Before that Music Dies (B4MD)” to showcase some important truths about music. From a humble distribution system at the grassroots level, the movie was picked especially amongst independent music fans. The director is of the opinion that the music industry has abandoned the true musicians. Music fans quote John, Shapter’s brother who opines that most likely, imagery has overtaken talent. He tries to make a point by saying that in most of the radio stations operating currently in the country, the image created by most musicians has replaced talent.This has evidently been downplayed to such an extent that “underground musicians” are no longer recognized amongst the top 40 places in the playlists lineup of most radio stations. Build-up Performance of “Agent Double-O-Soul ” by songwriter Ray Charles gives an energetic start to the movie. The American tradition with regard to music is seen next, vividly narrated by Forest Whitaker, who establishes the place of music in America as part of the American culture. Apparently, America has been known to have the biggest collection of style and form of music, having a greater variety of these genres beyond any other country before it. Nevertheless, this is an opinion that is not very common with those who think that other countries took great part in making the music industry revolutionary. The documentary builds up on the notion that image has replaced talent in the music arena especially after advancement of the video clips that have constantly been aired. The documentary continues to highlight the impact that the video has created. In today’s music industry, the video feature constantly matters whenever the selling of music is concerned. The experiment performed to investigate this theory in the movie entails a high school student who shows a great deal of attaining celebrity status through a catchy tune she has created, her outstanding image and utilizing technology which refines her voice projection even further. Analysis Criticism is given in this movie due to the homogeneity of pop music. A lot of companies have also been put under criticism because of owning more than one radio station through which a number of selected music tracks are preferred by the presenters. The United States Telecommunications Act had at one time restricted media companies to own and run only one radio station. After the lift of this restriction, these companies began running more than one radio station. Due to this monopoly, music has lacked diversification and the listeners are therefore not exposed to varying styles of music. Nevertheless, there is a contradiction to this notion, citing one view from one contributor, which states that there has been an evident diversification of country music throu
Introduction Saudi educational system and the DAS schools The Saudi educational system is undergoing significant changes to fit the needs of modern Saudi society. Thus, new educational establishments (especially secondary and higher) are set in various parts of the kingdom (Alnahdi 2014). The curriculum is also undergoing considerable transformations as more attention is paid to innovation. For instance, Saudi schools are now equipped with ICT that is becoming an indispensable part of educators’ daily routine (Al Mulhim 2014). Many teaching strategies used are new to Saudi schools since Saudi education starts focusing on practice rather than theory. The novel teaching strategies involve the use of the empirical approach, which means that students are encouraged to explore rather than listen to the teacher lecturing on some topics (Alhaggass 2015). New teaching methods are discussed and implemented. Finally, many schools provide extensive training programs for their teachers who are encouraged to develop professionally (Alhaggass 2015). However, in many cases, the effort is not sufficient, and many schools fail to provide high-quality educational services (Elyas & Al Grigri 2014). Teachers still focus on theory and rigid practices (drilling, memorising, retelling and so on), which makes students less motivated or even completely disinterested in learning (Elyas & Al Grigri 2014). These practices are ineffective as students are not prepared to enter higher educational establishments where the fo
Global culture is changing rapidly due to the influence of political, economic, social, religious, and technological factors. Humanity is struggling to build a better society by ensuring that these factors function optimally and collectively towards achieving the millennial development goals and overall growth of nations. In the 19 century, Karl Max and Frederick Engels drafted communism manifesto with the intention of transformation global culture after realizing that capitalism fashioned society into class struggles. Kuhn argues that “…in times when the class struggle nears the decisive hour…small section of the ruling class cuts itself adrift and joins the revolutionary class, the class that holds the future in its hands” (2011, Para.12). Communism as an economic system represents a powerful and opposing force of capitalism not only in the European countries but also across the world. Capitalism and communism are two opposing commercial systems that dominated the world in the 19 th century, but currently, capitalism is more dominant with many countries exercising the hybrid economic system of the two. In contrast, Appadurai perceives capitalism as means of cultural, technological, and economic globalization, thus national development. Due to complexity of global culture and globalization, this essay compares and contrasts communism ideologies relative to Arjun Appadurai’s argument. Globalization Karl Max and Frederick Engel see global culture and globalization as constructs of capitalism that r
Motivation in higher education is the area of special concern for many researchers. Müller and Palekčić focus on the continuity of motivation in the context of higher education. The researchers explore the way autonomy, competence and social relatedness affect motivation during a specific time span. It is found that the overall degree of motivation does not change significantly, but the influence of autonomy and competence deteriorate while social connectedness becomes a leading factor affecting motivation (Müller and Palekčić 31). The research in question is a quantitative study. 104 students took part in the survey aimed at identifying their motivation and its change throughout three years of their study. The dependent variable was the motivation, and the independent variables were the three time points at which the data were collected (Müller and Palekčić 34). Notably, literature review provides the necessary context and aligns the research with other studies in the field. The researchers also provided the information on the gaps in the existing research. At that, it would play the same role if the research was based on qualitative or quantitative method. The present research is based on the self-determination theory (SDT) developed by Deci and Ryan. The researchers employ the concepts of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation (Müller and Palekčić 32). The theory was the foundation of the study as the researchers traced the way both types of motivation changed throughout their studies. The researchers focus on quantitative data, and the theory was used to identify major aspects of motivation. If the researchers chose another design, they would focus on attitudes of students and reasons for the motivation change rather than identification of the trend. Research Questions It is necessary to note that social interactions have proved to be an important constituent part of students’ motivation in higher education (Jones 272). This element can be associated with both intrinsic and extrinsic motivation (Holder 245; Savage, Birch and Noussi 40). It has been acknowledged that academic engagement enhances if social integration is involved (Nukpe 13). Such forms of connectedness as socializing, peer assessment and counselling are especially valuable (Topping 631). At that, proper relations with the faculty also plays an important role in the construction of motivation. Importantly, it has been found that the level of social relatedness remains stable throughout students’ studies (Müller and Palekčić 31). The purpose of this research is to identify the role of social relatedness for motivation in higher education as seen by students. Therefore, the research question for the qualitative study can be formulated as follows: How important is social relatedness for undergraduate students of different higher educational establishments? The sub-questions of the present research are as follows: What are students’ ideas on their relations with peers as well as educators? Do students think these relations have an impact on their academic performance? Why or why not do these relations influe
The fact that that nuclear power offers many advantages over its conventional competitors such as oil and coal is undeniable. A single Kilogram of readily available uranium can effectively produce more power than 200 barrels of oil (Mazher 339). Scientists the world over are in agreement that nuclear power is one of the most viable options that can be used to combat global warming, a phenomenon that has increasingly become the subject of discussion in major world forums, including the G8. Indeed, any plausible policy aimed at addressing climate change must make reference to carbon-free technologies such as solar and nuclear energy. However, the fundamental problem of nuclear energy is occasioned by how to deal with enormous quantities of deadly radioactive waste produced. This study evaluates various alternatives that can be used to deal with this problem, and comes up with waste reprocessing technique as the most viable option. It is clear that nuclear power is destined to play a much more enhanced role if the dream of using clean and secure energy is to be achieved in the U.S. The country is one of the largest consumers of nuclear energy in the world. Presently, the sector serves over 20% of the country’s electricity needs (Mazher 340; Lagus 2). However, the benefits of nuclear energy are often overshadowed by genuine concerns over the radioactive waste produced. Although this problem have persisted for almost 50 years, the government is yet to come up with measures aimed at effectively and efficiently disposing spent nuclear fuel and high-risk radioactive waste churned out by 104 commercial reactors at 65 nuclear power utilities across the country (EIA, para. 4) Presently, commercial utilities are holding over 70,000 metric tons of commercial radioactive waste. The quantity keep rising each day as more nuclear materials continue to be used to supplement other sources of energy. According to available data, 2000 additional tons of nuclear waste is produced in the U.S. each year (NRC 23). This radioactive waste continues to present grave hazards to present and future generations. As such, it is only imperative that the problem of nuclear waste disposal is comprehensively dealt with to reduce the immense dangers associated with the waste as well as stimulate the growth of carbon-free energy sources. Stakeholders and decision makers have suggested various policy prescriptions that can be used to alleviate the problem of nuclear waste in the country. A good policy must be able to isolate the nuclear material from the environment for thousands, perhaps millions of years to come. One of the most touted approaches is the construction of geological waste repository. In 2002, the Energy Department recommended Nevada’s Yucca Mountain as an idea
Social class is an integral parameter especially in regard to access to important resources as well as various opportunities in life. People who are presumably from high social class seem to control most resources in our society today. Hence, they determine what people from lower social classes should get. I strongly believe that those who belong in higher social class control myriad means of both basic and secondary production which is heavily relied upon by those in lower social class. In most cases, individuals of high social class tend to have no barrier in social mobility in comparison to their counterparts in lower social ladder. Therefore, it is pertinent to note that social mobility of an individual is highly likely to be influenced by social status in society. For instance, it takes spans of generations for one to change his or her social class particularly with people of disadvantaged background, wealthy parents tend to have wealthy children’s as poor parent continues to have poor children. This trend continues for indefinitely long period of time. Social class will also affect the way individuals perceive things within their environment. Different social classes affect people’s perception. For instance, people from high social class will probably perceive those who are suffering as poor people since they feel poverty is connected with suffering. A person from low social class may perceive suffering to be caused by emotional and physical problems which are not connected with poverty. Hence, different perceptions arise depending on individual’s social class owing to the fact that different problems are experienced by people from different social classes which later influences their attitude and perception towards life. Social class diversity also creates differences on people relate with each other. Different component of social class determines relationship of individuals from different social classes. For instance, I am of the view that class diversity at workplace has always influenced the way promotions and demotions are determined in organizations. Different diversions of social classes determines the way top management relates to individuals who are at the lower social ladder and it is what determines placement in organizations. When there is absence of management strategies to evaluate and monitor performances of different social classes, majority of the low class will be perceived different in organizations. Your assigned social class determines your role and position in society which on the overall makes a difference in your achievement. I am of the opinion that social class affects an individual’s work and determines his role in the religion. Most individuals choose religions and work depending on their social status, certain works are meant for people of certain social class. In our everyday life, jobs like cleaning and gardening may be meant for people of low social class as some executive jobs like management positions are meant for people of high social class. This has been enhanced by several factors such as discrimination and perception that people have on different types of jobs. The association of different s
Nigerian ethnic groups have different cultural heritage formed by their history, values, and economic and social conditions. Indeed, the Yoruba people, Western African nations’ representatives, created their own language, religion, art, and architecture. The brightest period of this ethnic group’s development is the time of the Oyo Empire which impacted the Nigerian culture and today remains the largest and most influential state. The region is the origin of the Yoruba tribe that grew into a kingdom in the sixteenth century by conquering their neighbors and making social and political arrangements (Udo, 2020). Oyo Empire’s culture is represented through the sodality to all people, ruling of Alaafins, traditional art, drumming, spiritual dances, yam-based cuisine, and lingual deviations from other Nigerian ethnicities. Moreover, the Imperial times spread and enforced Yoruba’s native religion with its concept of Orisa and various gods who helped the tribe thrive (Udo, 2020). Oyo Empire went from rising to decline from the sixteenth to eighteenth centuries, leaving massive changes in its inhabitants’ values, traditions, and socio-economic attitudes that define its modern strengths and weak points. Researching the cultural heritage of the Oyo Empire is a workable approach to exploring the Yoruba identity. The study’s goal is to reveal the root causes of modern social, political, and issues Nigerian groups experience and help better understand the ethnicity’s representatives. Moreover, the Empire’s heritage must be explored to discover how conquering other tribes influenced and diversified the Oyo culture. As Yoruba is one of the largest Nigerian ethnicities, the research will explain why it maintains a strong position in the region (Udo, 2020). Besides, cultural heritage studying broadens the knowledge of humanity’s history and the events that form the latest values, lifestyles, and social and governmental systems in Africa and worldwide. Reference Udo, E. M. (2020). The Vitality of Yoruba Culture in the Americas. Ufahamu: A Journal of African Studies, 41 (2). Web.