ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Wastewater is fundamentally designated as the flow of used water discharged from businesses, institutions, commercial tasks, homes, and firms, directed to a treatment plant(s) by an accurately designed and engineered system of pipes. The wastewater is also categorized and characterized according to its source of origin. Wastewater management is a major issue at both industrial and domestic levels that needs to be resolved for access to quality water for use at both levels. It noted the amount of wastewater generated by a single individual daily amounts to about 200- 500 liters daily. This paper will thus evaluate the two superior methods of wastewater management and treatment, which are composed of: biological and chemical methods. Situation and Problem The wastewater treatment issue is a fundamentally critical topic of discussion in the public domain in that: it is the public that experiences the use of contaminated water, experiences water shortage, and the inability to recover it. Gross violation of the existing water acts by the providers also felt by the public as well as increasing health and medical issues such as, Cholera which threatens the life of the citizens. The ever-increasing demand for water by the ever-rising population is experienced too as the public uses any water sources at their disposition, leading to faster depletion. The major solutions to wastewater treatment thus include: Solution 1: Chemical Treatment Method Generally, it is credible to appreciate the fact that a general wastewater treatment plant undergoes six major steps that are undertaken for the full treatment process to be achieved. The steps are composed of: Preliminary treatment, which focuses on the removal of the solid materials (visible), which can spark an operational problem. The Primary stage removes about 60% solids and about 35% of the biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), as argued by DEFRA [1]. The other essential stages are: the Secondary treatment which focuses on removal of about 85% of the biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and any remaining solids, the advanced treatment stage which focuses on removal of about 95% of the BOD and any present solids as well as final treatment and the sludge management process. The major conceptual stages in the wastewater plant layout are as shown by the figure below. The chemical wastewater treatment process focuses on the removal of the present pollutants, which are not readily removed by the physical process. These pollutants are composed of: suspended solids, BOD (usually in the range of 10-15 milligrams per liter), heavy metals present such as Cadmium, refra
While I generally consider myself a good person, there are some incidents in my life which greatly contradict this notion that I have of myself. One incident which quickly comes to mind involves my encounter with a waiter at a restaurant I frequent a few months back. I had decided to take a couple of my friends for a treat and I chose Horizon Restaurant as the venue of choice; more because of the friendly rates than anything I must admit. When we arrived at the restaurant, it was virtually empty and the ambience was more than I could have hoped for. The waiter, who introduced himself as Gregory, came around to take our order. My friends and I placed our orders and sat back waiting to be served. The waiter came back in five minutes laden with our hot dishes. I am not certain what caused him to trip but he lost balance and while he managed to recover in time to salvage most of the dishes he was carrying, he couldn’t avoid pouring a bowl of soup on me. “How dare you!” I exclaimed with all the indignation I could muster. “I’m I very sorry! Let me help you get cleaned up,” replied the waiter who was obviously distressed by the turn of events. “Oh, that won’t be necessary you incompetent fool!” I shouted leaving my friends all very visibly shocked. “Excuse me, but this was an honest accident. Let me at least get your shirt cleaned for you” “What exactly do you know about expensive silk shirts?” My tone was condescending at best as I said this. By now the commotion had attracted the attention of the person I assumed was the manager in charge of the restaurant and he promptly made his way to our booth. Before the waiter could plead his case, I had bombarded the manager with my complaints. I accused the waiter of incompetence and proceeded to indignantly demand that I should be compensated for having been made to bear through such poor services. I must have thrown quite a feat since the manager actually proposed that I pay only half of the bill. Needless to say, my lunch with my friends was ruined and I could sense their disapproval at my actions. As we ate, the air around was tense and I cursed myself for the outburst which had messed what would otherwise have been a memorable lunch. My friends finished their meals in a rush and politely declined my offer for drinks. We left the restaurant and as I walked homewards, I couldn’t help feeling remorseful for my actions. The next time I visited the restaurant, I did not see Gregory the waiter. On asking around, I was told that he had been fired following some incident with a customer. It was then that the repercussions of my actions hit me. I felt very bad about my behaviour and more so the results. Since then, I am always keen to be polite and overly accommodative to waiters at all the restaurants I visit. As a matter of fact, I tip generously and generally try to be cordial with the waiters. I know this is mostly as penance for what I did to the waiter at Horizon restaurant but I must admit; I am a better person because of this experience.
Introduction Economic inequalities in the world have remained unchanged despite the significant improvements in the level of extreme poverty globally. For instance, income disproportions in Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries have increased by approximately 10% since the mid-1980s (Keeley, 2015). The debate on income discrepancies is based on whether the variations are good or bad for economic growth. The positive and negative implications of economic inequity have been largely discussed and contested in the political and economic arena. Although most economists argue that economic imbalances have pervasive effects on socio-economic factors, income disparities can also have beneficial impacts on the socio-economic climate around the globe. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the beneficial and adverse consequences of economic inequalities. The paper hypothesizes that income inequalities have both productive and inauspicious implications on a national and global setting. It will incorporate a multi-faceted and neutral view to enhancing an in-depth understanding of the effects of economic inequalities. Literature Review The dialogue on inequalities always differentiates economic inequalities and opportunity inequalities. According to Keeley (2015), economic variations refer to the uneven distribution of income, employment, natural resources, and human and financial assets. On the other hand, economic opportunities refer to the individual, organizational, or national outcomes which result from the disproportionate distribution of economic resources. The economic disparity can significantly affect an individual’s opportunities, especially those within the lowest cadre of the economic spectrum. The socio-economic factors associated with income disparity include social unrest, unemployment, poverty, inadequate education, and healthcare services inaccessibility. Research conducted by Mustafa et al. (2019) showed that high and unsustainable imbalances in Iraq led to increased corruption, decreased well-being among the poor, destabilized occupational and educational choices, and increased crime. These findings were supported by the OECD report on “income inequality.” According to the OECD report, income variations contribute to high crime rates, reduced wellbeing, low living standards, and educational inequality in a given country (Keeley, 2015). Another study conducted by Dabla-Norris et al. (2015) revealed that inequality could dampen investment by fueling economic and politi
Introduction Deficit spending occurs when the federal government spends more than the revenue generated. The last four years have seen the federal government spend an estimated $1.3 billion through budget deficits (Hagler, 2013). The deficit spending was even larger during 2007/2007 when the financial meltdown and bailout was at its peak. To finance the excess spending, the government normally borrows from foreign governments. Deficit spending has both advantages and disadvantages to the economy. Advantages Shaviro (2008) notes that deficit spending plays a leading role in spurring economic growth during the recession. During an economic downturn like the one the U.S. is experiencing now, a fall in taxation and increased government spending on benefits automatically occur. Nevertheless, any attempt by the government to solve the budget deficit through increased taxation can be extremely disastrous to the economy since it would lower growth and increase the unemployment rate in the country. In case of a negative multiplier effect, the deficit may increase even further, according to Shaviro (2008). Therefore, deficit spending is exceedingly crucial during a recession since it spurs economic growth by increasing consumer spending, creating more job opportunities, and stimulating business activities in the country. Jackson (2011) notes that deficit spending increases the unemployment rate in the country by creating fears over the future debt repayment. However, the fears created by the deficit spending is also advantageous to the future of the U.S. economy since it encourages the American citizens to work harder to save more to overcome the bad economic situation expected in the future, as well as to work harder to take advantage of the present tax rates. Additionally, deficit spending is advantageous since it enables the federal government to obtain funds needed to finance various projects in the country (Hagler, 2013). For instance, the U.S. is currently experiencing serious economic downturn in which it cannot generate enough revenues to funds the various projects. As such, deficit spending is necessary to enable it finance projects such as education, security, and medical needs of its citizens. Disadvantages As much as deficit spending is capable of stimulating economic growth, the increased borrowing is disadvantageous s
Introduction This lesson is devoted to the topic of World War II and its causes and outcomes, along with economic, historical, and governmental aspects. It is designed as a guide for teachers and students who are called to investigate the peculiarities of WWII. It includes the key concepts, objectives, materials, and the description of the activities that teachers can use to introduce new material to the students in the 11th and 12th grades. This lesson plan is developed to cover five days. A distinctive feature is the low level of required student performance because not all students can read and listen by their actual level. Their average reading level is equivalent to students in the 8th and 9th grades. Therefore, it is necessary to focus on learning and reading skills at the same time. Key Concepts World War II, causes of WWII, outcomes of WWII, WWII participants, economy, history, and government Material Worksheets developed by a teacher, a presentation with the main aspects of WWII, several textbooks about WWII required for individual reading, a separate vocabulary sheet, and one movie about WWII Day-by-Day Activities Day 1: A teacher introduces a presentation that describes the main aspects of WWII, its causes, participants, and outcomes and asks students to share their opinions about the war and its importance. The expected outcome is to develop students’ critical thinking skills and communication abilities. A vocabulary sheet is given to students to study at home. Day 2: The movie Saving Private Ryan (the first 25 minutes of the movie) is shown to students. The Omaha beach scene has been chosen for analysis as it depicts the cruelty and violence of war as well as soldiers’ inability to cope with the challenge ( Saving Private Ryan ). A teacher helps to create the required atmosphere needed to comprehend the feelings and emotions people experienced in those moments of the war. Students are welcome to make notes and pose questions. As a part of the homework, students are encouraged to watch the whole movie at home (it is not difficult to find the movie online, and students should not suffer from their reading challenges). Day 3: The presentation is repeated, and the main aspects of the war are discussed in small groups. It is expected to have three groups, with each group discussing one particular aspect of the war (historical evidence, governmental activities, and economic factors). Students are welcome to choose a topic for an essay to be completed at home. Day 4: Students are involved in different activities to check their knowledge and understanding of the subject. The first activity of the day includes filling out worksheets on several different topics. In the end, students get their assessed essays back with the identification of the best work done during the course. The student is welcome to read this part of the essay aloud so that other students can listen to the best approach chosen. Day 5: The last activity of the course is to take a test that consists of 10 multiple-choice questions. Students have to pose the questions in case of any before the test to
Introduction Eating healthy is a prerequisite to a happy and healthy living since it prevents several disorders and illnesses. The brain has several structures that contribute to healthy eating through initiation and motivation of an individual. Uptake of food involves evolutionary features such as relaxing rejuvenation of endorphins and serotonin mechanism that generates a sense of satisfaction and well-being after taking a meal. As such, it is important to understand what factors influence brain activity concerning motivation to eat healthily. Various intrinsic and extrinsic factors influence the execution of brain in motivating a person to eat a healthy diet. This paper seeks to examine various factors and brain structures that influence the brain to motivate a person to take a healthy diet. Brain Structures Influencing Motivation The motivation for healthy eating arises from a combination of structures found in the brain system. Such structures include the hypothalamus, hippocampus as well as the amygdala, which influence the generation of new memories and control feelings that lead to a positive outlook concerning diet alterations (Wickens, 2005). The limbic structure is directly responsible for reward and motivation, a prerequisite factor for changing of diet from an unhealthy to a healthy one. When amygdala gets excited, it leads to remembering new learning and maintaining fresh habits like taking a healthy meal (Wickens, 2005). Mesolimbic opioid, as well as the dopamine areas, trigger a high appetite for food as well as taking too much food through an injured or malfunctioning hypothalamus can also lead to an increased appetite for food. Dopamine is a chemical transmitter involved in transporting data within the limbic system and is responsible for reward and satisfying feelings. In addition, prefrontal cortex controls impulsive tendencies and assists an individual in making proper judgments concerning the choice of food (Wickens, 2005). Intrinsic Factors that Motivate Healthy Eating Genetics Genetic factors play a role in influencing the capability to indulge in healthy eating. Genetic factors include biological conditions like allergies, despising of certain foods and attachment to cultural foods (Deckers, 2010). An eating disorder is hereditary capable of influencing an individual concerning eating healthy or not eating healthy. The central nervous system is responsible for tasting perceptions and levels of satisfaction while eating yet these differ from one individual to the other due to the disparity in genetic makeup (Deckers, 2010). Tasting perceptions and feelings of satisfaction affec
Introduction The past century has witnessed novel medical advances that have made it possible to transplant organs from one person to another. These innovations have given patients who have failing or damaged organs a chance to enjoy a quality and prolonged life since the dysfunctional organs can be removed and replaced with new ones. This is a huge leap from the past decades where patients who had dysfunctional organs were doomed to suffer or face an early death if the available health care could not help their organs regain previous vitality. With organ transplantation, it is possible for a person to receive a healthy organ from a donor and therefore enjoy full recovery. The success of organ transplantation had led to increased demand for the process by patients who suffer from failing and damaged organs. This has led to an acute shortage of organs since the patients requiring this organs far outnumber the donors. In light of this shortage, there have been proposals for the legalization of sale of human organs so as to alleviate the organ shortage problem. These calls have been met by opposition from people who feel that organs should be given freely by the donor. This paper will set out to argue that organ sale is justifiable since it will help alleviate the suffering of many patients while benefiting the donor. A case for Selling Organs The lack of a legitimate market through which people can sell and buy organs has led to an acute shortage of organs. As a result of this, there have been increased suffering and unnecessary death of patients as they wait for donors. The shortage of organs has made it necessary for patients to bear with expensive and painfu
Introduction The ideologies of philosophers have influenced the world and changed the perception and attitudes of people toward various issues. Aristotle is one of the greatest philosophers who lived. Although various philosophers have contributed to knowledge and promoted philosophical thinking, Aristotle’s ideologies can be connected to practically every aspect of life. He became a great scholar after making significant contributions to various subjects of human existence. The peculiarity and popularity of Aristotle’s philosophy of life makes it easy for it to be included in various aspects of life. For example, Aristotle’s philosophies can be used to define and inspire the ethical operations of business organizations. This essay examines Aristotle’s ideas about civic relationships, happiness, justice, deliberation, friendship and the virtues and compares them with real-life business practices and the experiences shared through “Great Place to Work”, a website that analyzes the great workplaces. Aristotle’s Civic Ideas Aristotle’s philosophy comprises a collection of civic ideologies that apply to real-life activities. These civic responsibilities guide all aspects of livelihood. This section of the essay highlights some of Aristotle’s civic ideologies that can be attributed to ethical practices in business. Happiness, justice, friendship, and virtues are some ideologies highlighted by Aristotle that influence business ethics. Happiness Aristotle’s ideology posits that happiness is achieved when an individual is living a healthy and affordable life (Aristotle 3). People must not have everything to be happy. Instead happiness is achieved when they get what they need to satisfy their present and future needs. Modern philosophers still hold this view and believe most people are not happy because they do not know what they need. They claim that people focus on getting everything they want, and this deprives them of happiness. Aristotle argued that happiness is inborn, and an individual has the responsibility of generating it (Aristotle 9). Happiness is derived from activities that intrigue people. Aristotle defined happiness as the central purpose and an end for all human activities. Therefore, happiness is a state of mind that cannot be achieved through money or fame, but the psychological satisfaction that an individual is contented with what is available to sustain life (Aristotle 17). Justice Justice is another civic ideology developed by Aristotle. From Aristotle’s perspective, justice should be based on the character of an individual and not society (Aristotle 78). Therefore, justice concerns the behavior and motives that drive individuals do things they perceive to satisfy
Introduction Organizations develop mechanisms of enhancing their competitive advantage through various ways. One of such ways is to form mergers and joint ventures in the effort to gain economies of scale. A good example of such an effort is provided by Ericsson, a Swedish phone maker, and Sony Corporation, which is a Japanese phone maker, which pulled together its resources to form Sony Ericsson communications (SEMC) in October 2001 in the form of a joint venture. However, 10 years down the line, Ericsson and Sony announced their intentions to split. This paper discusses the motivations behind the formation of SEMC, the problems encountered in the joint venture, the strategies used by both organization to address the problems, and the factors, which led to the decision to split SEMC. Motivation for the formation of a joint venture between Sony and Ericsson The alliance of Sony and Ericsson was formed by organizations that were established in different nations. Thus, SEMC was an international joint venture. Scholarly research identifies different motives for the formation of international joint ventures. For instance, Hill argues that firms engage in joint ventures internationally to gain competiveness in the global market, enhance technological sharing, share operational risks, and to develop the capacity to fund strategic mechanisms of success, which are beyond the financial capability of a single firm (27). SEMC reflects this motivation. According to Harris, strategic factors led to the formation of SEMC alliance (1). For Sony, such factors included the need to gain market excellence to overcome the competitive force of Nokia Corp through increasing the market share for the two organizations. This goal was to be realized through the development of a knowledge base for wireless technology expertise in the telecommunication industry deployed by Ericsson. Ericsson shared a similar aim. It wanted to enhance its capacity to produce consumer-oriented electronics that would pose a mega threat to the market leader-Nokia Corp (Harris 3). This shared motivation meant that SEMC would be able to develop products, which were technologically innovative, hence enabling the joint venture to become more competitive in the market. Sony held only a quarter of the market share that was possessed by Ericsson. However, the presence of Sony in the European markets implied that Erickson would gain new markets in other regions apart from Japan. Sony would also acquire market in Japan that was essentially closed by dominance of Ericsson in the Japanese mobile market together with entertainment technology that was in-built within the Ericsson’s products (Dunn 12). Ericson wanted to have access to the production process deployed by Sony together with video a