ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Healthcare systems should ensure the provision of high quality healthcare services to the people. A number of healthcare systems exist in the United States and are run by the federal government and the private sector (Sultz & Young, 2005). The stakeholders are usually involved in the planning of the various healthcare systems in order to ensure effective implementation. Healthcare systems in the US have witnessed significant changes with the government seeking to ensure universal healthcare provision, particularly when it comes to insurance. This essay discusses the several issues and concepts found in the US healthcare systems. Public health efforts and those of private medicine complement each other and together serve the spectrum of health service needs of American society. However, the relationship between these key players in the healthcare sector has been so contentious. Most Americans now get publicly available health services although they can still access private services and vice versa (Docteur, 2004). One of the most important differences is the varied patterns of practice between the public and private medical care providers. Private medicine efforts offer comprehensive and individualized care unlike the public providers. Lack of appropriate facilities, competent staff, and adequate financing have been identified as another contributor of contention between the two medical communities (Sultz
Introduction The Koran is the holy book of the Muslims. They believe that it was revealed to the their prophet, Muhammad over a period of 23 years and that the revelations were brought to him by the angel Gabriel. For the Muslims the Koran is the ultimate word of Law, its words can never be questioned. Among them those who memorize the Koran, known as the ‘Hafiz’, are greatly respected. Although the verses of the Koran were recorded in writing immediately after they were revealed to the Prophet, it was formed into a book during the time of Abu Bakr the first Caliph after the Prophet Muhammad’s death. The relationship between Islam, Judaism and Christianity In regard to the followers of these faiths although recognizing them to be followers of the books revealed by Allah the Koran takes issue over what it considers to be the misinterpretation of the books. For example the Koran says ‘Say not Trinity: desist it will be better for you’ (Ali Yusuf (1938) Sura Al-Nisaa Verse 171’.In the same Ayat it exhorts the People of the Book which includes Jews and Christians ‘Commit no excesses in your religion: nor say of God what is untrue’. Other verses are harsher in their tone. For example this Ayat referring to the ‘Children of Israel’(Jews) talks about the oath they broke with God. ‘But because of their breach of their Covenant, We Cursed them and made their heats grow hard: They change the words from their right places and forget a good part of the Message that was sent them’( Sura Al-Maida Verse no 13) There is a different Ayat which talks about a Covenant that Christians broke. From these Ayats it can be understood that even though The Koran recognizes these as followers of the true prophets of the one God it also vehemently states that the message has been distorted. In many other Ayats the Koran talks about how the People of the Book have not followed God’s words and has declared various statements made by them as blasphemy. At times the Koran is quite harsh in its treatment of Jews and Christian for example in another Ayat in Surah Al-Imran the believers are told that they will never find true friends from within Jews and Christians because they will always be looking after and focused on their own interests. However at another point in the Koran it is specific in referring to only the Jews as enemies. In fact it categorizes the Jews along with the pagan infidels. It is also important to note that references are also made to a certain section of the People of the Book who are on the right course. ‘There is among them a
Introduction Student loan forgiveness programs are intended to partly or fully alleviate the current and past students’ financial burden of pursuing certain education degrees. They include but are not limited to Teacher Loan Forgiveness, Closed School Discharge, Perkins Loan Cancellation and Discharge, Discharge in Bankruptcy, and Unpaid Refund Discharge ( Student Loan Forgiveness ). However, the most famous program is Public Service Loan Forgiveness which was introduced in 2007 and was specifically directed at those who work in the public sphere or for non-profit organizations (Lieber). Nevertheless, despite the existing opportunities for students with loans, there may be a need to create special programs that would target the reduction of racial inequalities. Indeed, the financial burden from the loan is not distributed equally among the people of various ethnical origins. Especially, that difference is evident in African American population. As such, black students on average graduate from college with $52,726 in debt, whereas their white classmates owe around $28,000 (Scott-Clayton and Li 2). Moreover, it is found that having a college degree is associated with wealth accumulation significantly less for African Americans than for other groups (Meschede et al. 121). Thus, the necessity for a targeted student loan forgiveness program is evident. In this regard, the current research seeks to answer two questions. Firstly, it is necessary to study the public sentiments toward the potential student loan forgiveness initiative for African Americans. Secondly, it is crucial to investigate to what extent such programs would benefit the latter group. The Research Significance and Design The research into this topic seems highly significant as the reduction of racial inequality was one of the most debated topics in the U.S. for the last several decades. Therefore, in my opinion, the research on targeted student loan forgiveness programs can provide another perspective on the solution to the issue mentioned above. For this reason, it is important to understand what other people think concerning this initiative. For example, the opinion poll may entail such topics as the fairness of providing benefits to certain groups based on ethnic origin. Furthermore, another topic may include the fear of possible moral hazards. As a result, this research’s contribution to scientific knowledge would be twofold. On the one hand, it will help to evaluate the overall support for these types of programs. On the other hand, it will allow determining the weak and controversial parts of this issue that could be further improved. Additionally, the potential benefits of such programs for the material well-being of African Americans are important to evaluate as the final aim of targeted programs is reducing inequality. Fo
Introduction Primary prevention entails the precautionary measures undertaken on diseases and conditions before their onset instead of curing them when they are already in the body with the aim of promoting health (Gullotta & Bloom, 2003). This can be achieved through several methods such as ensuring safety measures are taken in all activities to prevent accidents and injuries that otherwise would have been avoided, educating the society the uses of condoms so as to get rid of diseases that are transmitted sexually, ensuring food and water hygiene, educating people on health behaviors that can enhance disease resistance mechanisms, vaccination against diseases where possible, avoiding situations that may affect the health of an individual for example avoiding drug intake, encouraging healthy eating habits, the government should also take measures that reduce pollution of air through formulation of policies that discourage air pollution and enacting them, and undertaking regular medical examinations. Primary Prevention in the Nursing Profession Lately, there has been a rise in formation of organization that basically deals with the primary prevention. Those bodies include Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), National Institutes of Health (NIH) among others. Their aim is to research on health issues affecting the communities, updating ways of dealing with some long term diseases such as cancer and heart diseases. They also go around the society educating the public on primary prevention measures through road shows, designing of special program and other forms of media. They also deal with the secondary prevention and the tertiary prevention. “One category deals with prevention measures undertaken to protect diseases that do cause disability by ensuring following one all vaccinations, diet and body hygiene and prevention against unnecessary accidents through enacting of government policies that governs safety conditions in the country such as work areas and the environment as a whole” (Cohen, Chavez & Chehimi, 2007). The second category deals with the management of infectious diseases by ensuring they make changes in the environment to get rid of disease causing microorganisms. They also deal with the management of chronic diseases which is even worse than the infectious diseases because they require changing some health behaviors. Primary Prevention in the Nursing Profession. Primary Prevention in Nursing and Medical Surgery The nursing field of medical-surgery and acute care units specialize in giving care to adult patients before the surgical process and even after. They also deal with the management of diseases that require pharmaceutical management. The nurses in this field attend to the patients who need top quality specialized care. Most of these practices involve the primary prevention. Most of the patients who undergo surgical processes often suffer from stress before and after the process. This is because they have the fear of death or may be uncertain of the outcome of the surgical process. It is therefore the role of the nurses in the field to help them
Abstract Both exercise and diet are essential elements of a healthy lifestyle. The main benefits of physical activity and diet regimen are outlined. Research conducted by Luke and Cooper in 2013 is presented. The methods employed by the researchers and the results obtained are characterized and interpreted. Implications of the mentioned research are specified, with supporting evidence from research conducted by Ravussin et al. (2015), showing the long-term influence of calorie restriction. Introduction Nowadays, many of us struggle with weight loss. An essential part of the problem is determining whether exercise or diet should be stressed in our efforts to lose extra pounds. Perhaps both are equally important. However, certain aspects of the problem should be taken into account prior to drawing any definitive conclusions. An analysis of one of the recent empirical research articles provides valuable insights into this problem. Exercise and Diet On the one hand, an exercise-focused routine is advantageous in many respects. Exercise strengthens our health and prevents the development of many potentially fatal health conditions, such as stroke, arthritis, diabetes, and even depression. Engaging in physical activity regularly is a well-known method of boosting your energy, keeping your mood elevated, and keeping your overall outlook on life optimistic. Exercise does not have to involve straining activities, but rather ways to keep you moving. Taking regular walks, or taking the stairs is an effective way to exercise every day. If the physical activity is aimed at losing weight, it usually requires professional advice from a fitness trainer. A trainer can assess your weight and state of health and adjust the training routine to your individual needs. However, when it comes to weight control, is exercise enough to reach your goal? It may well be that accounting for our dietary intake is equally important, or perhaps even crucial in our efforts to lose a few pounds. Eating right implies the right amount, as well as the right ingredients. Not only is it important to eat a certain food that is rich in nutrients and microelements but also to avoid obviously harmful food, more commonly known as junk food. Drinking a fair amount of water each day, as well as organizing your meal intakes two to three hours apart is essential for the purpose of weight loss. The main question remains – what is the best way to lose weight? Does engaging in strenuous exercise yield better results than dietary restrictions? Research Article Luke and Cooper conducted research aimed at determining the nature of the global obesity epidemic, as well as its principal reasons (Luke & Cooper, 2013). The starting point of their research is formulated in the following hypothesis: insufficient physical activity or lack thereof is not a contributor to the global problem of obesity. Physical activity is neither a cause nor a moderator of the problem. The methods used by the researchers include observational and statistical data, as well as data obtained from clinical trials (Luke & Cooper, 2013, p. 1831). Luke and Cooper emphasize that incre
Hershey Traditionally, the Company’s key resource of economics has been cash created from transactions. The Company’s profits and, therefore, cash offered from transactions throughout the year are exaggerated by regular sales molds, the timing of new production offerings, business attainments and divestitures, and price modifications. Vendings have naturally been greatest during the third and fourth quarters of the year, corresponding to regular and holiday-related sales outlines. Over the past three years, cash offered from operating actions comprised $2.0 billion, net of cash payments to annuity plans of $436.4 million. Cash from processes united with short-term borrowings was adequate to ground share repurchases, principal expenses, capitalized software adding, bonus compensations and commerce achievements which totaled $2.3 billion. Total debt augmented during the epoch by $428.0 million, reproducing amplified short-term borrowings, as described above, moreover to an augment in long-term debt outlining from the consolidation of Special Purpose Trusts (“SPTs”) connected with convinced lease conformities in 2003, offset rather by the reimbursement of long-term debt. Cash and cash comparables reduced by $79.3 million during the period. As of December 31, 2004, the fair value of the Company’s annuity plan assets surpassed benefits responsibilities. Payments in total are $8.0 million, $120.3 million and $308.1 million were made to the 18 annuity agendas during 2004, 2003 and 2002, correspondingly, principally to advance the funded position as a result of pessimistic returns on allowance agenda advantages during 2002. Providing performances included capital calculations, benefited from software addings, and numerous commercial achievements and divestitures. Financial addings during the past three years included the purchase of manufacturing equipment, and development and innovation of obtainable facilities. Software additions over the past three years were related mainly with the ongoing improvement of data systems. In December 2004, the Company obtained Mauna Loa, an important mainframe and dealer of macadamia snacks, for $127.8 million and in October 2004, the Company’s Mexican supplementary, Hershey Mexico, acquired Grupo Lorena, one of Mexico’s top confectionery corporations, for $39.0 million. In July 2004, the Company attained 11,281,589 splits of its Common Stock from the Milton Hershey School Trust in a confidentially discussed contract. The Company paid $44.32 per share, or approximately $500.0 million, for the shares and fees of $1.4 million associated within the obligations of the contract. As for the gross profit rage, it involves the data over four quarters:               Quarter 1  Quarter 2  Quarter 3  Quarter 4 Gross profit  $387,457   $360,484   $498,100   $503,676   Tootsie Roll Sales in 2004 augmented to $420 million contrasted to 2003 sales of $392 million. This symbolizes a new record rank of
Americans presently have the good fortune of an enviably high standard of living fuelled by physical prosperity, the ability to act freely, and a combination of favorable circumstances and situations. Despite this healthy national environment, Americans have experienced rising restlessness and anxiety over the past few years, feelings spawned by the fact their country is the global leader of all kinds of anti-social activities like murder, crime, drug consumption, divorce, teen suicide, making porn movies and juvenile violence. Juvenile violence poses an increasingly alarming danger to innocent American citizens as they go about their usual patterns of activities every day. The United States Department of Justice reported an increase of 49% in juvenile violent crime arrests over less than a decade and predicted that the number of juveniles who would be taken into legal custody will increase 100% by the year 2010. There are 5 main causes of juvenile violence in the U.S.:   * The first reason is heredity. According to eminent psychologist Rolf Loeber, “delinquent parents produce delinquent children.” Parental delinquency, similar to diabetes and heart disease, is hereditary. Children of delinquent parents display a strong tendency to indulge in delinquent behavior just as their parents did (Kulla).   * The second reason is the lack of parental attention. Americans are so immersed in their jobs and social lives that they do not find time for their children. Children are permitted to follow any course of action that pleases them and favor the company of any person they fancy: both ideal breeding grounds for juvenile violence. Rolf Loeber sums it well: “Poor parental child-rearing practices cause children to grow up as delinquents” (Kulla).   * The third reason is parental incompatibility. Divorce and separation indicate an absence of love and care for each other on the part of parents. This translates into a lack of parental care for the child, who will have to make do with love, comfort, and guidance from just one parent, while the output of that parent is severely restricted by the trauma of divorce or separation. As a result, the child feels very insecure and is highly susceptible to juvenile violence (Kulla).   * The fourth reason is peer influence. Children are quick and adept at taking up habits from friends and practicing them as their own. In the absence of effective parental guidance and control, children increasingly seek the company of friends. A group of unhappy, dissatisfied, insecure, and unsupervised kids soon form a gang that indulges in socially destructive behavior such as terrorizing streets and intimidating innocent people. In the words of renowned Canadian Professor of Psychology Frank Vitaro, “The peer influence model suggests that ineffective parenting leads to association with deviant friends which in turn leads to delinquency” (Kulla).   * The last reason is social class and race. Children belonging to a low social class do not have the same combination of favorable circumstances or situations that others enjoy. Children of this group do
Applicants who want to enter into the Registered Respiratory Therapist (RRT) Program at Crafton Hills College should meet particular requirements. The acceptance is based on a specific six-point system. Students must complete the following courses: Introduction to Respiratory Care (RESP 050), Essentials of Human Anatomy and Physiology (ANAT 101), Medical Technology (AH 101), Introductory Microbiology (MICRO 102), Introduction to Chemistry (CHEM 101), and General Education courses (Respiratory Therapy Student Handbook 6). Students should necessarily complete the first three points (grade “C” or higher is a must). Those who manage to apply with all six points will be the first ones to enter into the program, then five pointers will be accepted, and so on. Importantly, only the first 35 successful applicants will be accepted into the program. Therefore, it is important to apply with as many points as possible. It is also important to submit applications as early as possible. Applications should be submitted by July 1st of the year the student plans to start the program. The Certified Respiratory Therapist (CRT) is the specialist who has been certified by the National Board for Respiratory Care (NBRC). The credential is offered to specialists who have graduated from “entry-level or advanced programs” authorized by CAAHEP or CoARC (the Committee on Accreditation for Respiratory Care) (Respiratory Therapist 2). CRTs “evaluate, treat, and care for patients” with breathing disorders (Respiratory Therapist 2). They consult patients on various issues concerning their health issues and help them handle their problems. CRTs also conduct diagnostic tests and assess equipment functioning. However, the responsibilities of CRTs are quite limited as CRTs usually fulfill assigned procedures that do not require independent judgment. These specialists usually work under the supervision of the Registered Respiratory Therapist (RRT). The Registered Respiratory Therapist is the CRT who has graduated from advanced programs accredited by CoARC (the Commission on Accreditation for Respiratory Care) (Respiratory Therapy Student Handbook 21). RRTs usually hold supervisory positions. Intensive-care specialties also presuppose the RRT qualification (Respiratory Therapist 2). RRTs have a wide range of responsibilities. They evaluate and care for patients. They also provide complex therapy, e.g. they care for patients “on life support in intensive-care units” (Respiratory Therapist 1). Respiratory therapists work in a team with physicians, nurses, technicians, and other health care professionals to develop the most effective treatment plans for patients. They take an active part in diagnostic procedures. RRTs interview patients, perform the necessary physical examination, conduct various tests necessary for diagnosis. RRTs often supervise respiratory technicians on various issues concerning medical equipment. Respiratory therapists assess the wor
The world of computers has continued to baffle many people across the world. Ever since the invention of the first computer, there have been many developments done on later models and this trend has continued well into the twenty-first century. By looking at the history of computing, one is left with no doubt that computers will have a great impact on our current society and more so in the future. Every year, computing artifacts keep on evolving thus presenting the computer industry as one that will influence our world in the coming years. (Brian) Recently, I visited the Computer History Museum situated in Mountain View, California to get a first-hand experience of the changing nature of computers. Right from the moment I entered through the doors of the museum, I stood awed at the numerous computing gadgets on display. While growing up, I took a keen interest in computers and therefore I have basic knowledge of most computer models. However, the moment I entered the museum was a turning point for me since I realized that there are so many things that I do not know about computers. On display was a range of the oldest to the latest computer hardware, software, computer files, ephemera, still photographs, and all sorts of moving images. (Computer History Museum) What baffled me most about the museum was the dynamic website maintained by the museum and the dynamic online exhibition. Although I have spent nearly all my life in front of the internet, nothing prepared me for the extensive online resources displayed at the museum. Another thing that fascinated me was the robot theater that had all sorts of robots. These robots all of which are controlled by computers proved to me that the world was indeed evolving and if a man is to survive, he needs to evolve with it. (Brian) In the Computer Museum, the history of computing is presented in a multimedia exhibition dubbed Revolution: The Firs