ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Choosing the type of restoration in case of a missing element of a tooth structure is not easy. While some of the types of dental fillings have stood the test of time and are used actively even nowadays (e.g., amalgam and composite types of restoration), some of the more recent, including gold or ceramic inlays and Onlays, may show better results after standing the longevity and survival tests. To understand, which choice a dentist must make to address a specific problem concerning a tooth restoration, an analysis of different types of restorations must be carried out. It should be noted that in the given research, the line between direct and indirect types of restoration has not been drawn. Therefore, both methods of direct and indirect dental cavities restoration are considered in the paper. Hypothesis Because of the outstanding durability of gold, such types of restorations as gold inlays and onlays should be viewed as the best method of dealing with cavities and restoring teeth. However, since amalgams and composites are much cheaper and, therefore, will be used much more often by most of the patients, it will be reasonable to promote amalgams and crowns as the most durable and long-lasting type of restoration according to the Kaplan–Meier median survival times evaluation. Methods To analyze the effects of several different types of restorations, a method of comparative analysis was used. Seeing how analyzing a case study would mean providing very specific results, the method for delivering a more general yet also very accurate result was used. Literature Review When it comes to discussing different types of restorations, most researchers seem to agree on gold inlays and onlays being the best restoration type possible. A range of researchers also stresses the fact that ceramic inlays and onlays are among the most widely used materials for filling cavities and restoring parts of teeth. For example, the study conducted by Reinhard and Manhart indicates that ceramic inlays have a rather high rate of stress-bearing (0% to 7.5%, to be particular (Reinhard and Manhart 45)). Still, the researchers admit that ceramic inlays and onlays, as well as CAD/CAM ceramic restorations, do not stand any chance in a comparison with the inlays an onlays made of more durable materials, such as noble metals, particularly, gold (Reinhard and Manhart 45). As it has been stressed, a comparatively cheap price and a less complicated dentistry procedure of implanting amalgam restorations still attract a number of patients, therefore, making amalgam restorations by far the most popular type of cavity fillers. It is quite remarkable that the failure of amalgam restorations to stand the test of durability was discovered quite a while ago; nevertheless, amalgam still remains rather popular. The negative effects of amalgam have been studied by a variety of researchers; the latest study of its deplorable influ
Various agents of globalization, including the internet, mass media, social networks, and technology, mostly shape intelligence processing in foreign policy making in the current international system. On one hand, the emergence of the internet and social networks are praised for enhancing information analysis among foreign policy makers while on the other hand, it is accused of impeding secrecy, which is important in strategic security. Lowenthal notes that the intelligence community faces a number of challenges in the internet age because they rarely process any piece of information without members of the public acquiring it at the raw stage (Lowenthal 4). For instance, he gives the example of the Snowden leaks, which had a great impact on the US foreign policies at the time. Snowden exposed various secrets of the US government, especially the country’s foreign policies towards the European countries, including Germany. Roger Hilsman believes the existence of the media, especially the print media, plays a critical role in foreign policy making since it paves way for proper analysis of intelligence. Policymakers rely on it before designing the best policies for the state (Hilsman 10). The scholar revisits history when Donovan established the secret intelligence agency during the reign of President Roosevelt in 1941. The policy maker reviewed various articles and books that other government officials wrote before advising the president on the best option. His view was that reading the books found in the congress library would give additional information on the lifestyles of policy makers, their daily activities, and the risks they take in formulating and implementing policies. In this regard, the media plays a critical role in facilitating foreign policy formulation process, as well as enhancement of intelligence analysis. In his analysis, Rovner observes that intelligence collection has a brighter future mainly because of the emergence of sophisticated technologies and development of the social media, such as Facebook and Twitter. (Rovner 21) Through the complex media channels, policy makers are in a position to collect intelligence more easily and disseminate them to the public in time. If the US is to intervene militarily in any foreign state, intelligence is critical. Rovner suggests further that counterterrorism policies cannot succeed without equipping intelligence agencies with the current technologies. This means that the social networks, the internet, and the media provide important information as far as terrorist organizations are concerned. After the 9/11 attack, the US has consistently relied on the social media to analyze the functions of terrorists, their ways of operations, and their leadership structures. Through the internet, the intelligence agencies are in a position to evaluate any security threat and the available opportunities (Sherman 18). The social media
In this case, a man leaves a woman who is pregnant with his baby, however, both of them have a clear understanding of the situation, which means that Kant’s principles are not broken (Ruggiero 96). The woman agreed to have free relationships, and her partner accepted her decision to have a child. Both parties decided that it was normal for them not to change the situation. The woman understood that she could be left and she accepted this situation. However, the way she was informed about the fact that their relationship ended should be discussed, as it caused a moral issue (whether it was right or wrong to leave without saying anything). The man left a note and did not let his partner understand what happened. He decided not to tell her everything face-to-face, which means that he did not have enough respect for her. According to the good will theory that was developed by Kant and the principle of respect for persons, he should have explained the situation in person. It is also vital to pay attention to the fact that the woman was pregnant. Their relationship presupposed no boundaries and allowed both individuals to have other partners, which opposes the good will theory (Burnor and Raley 156). In Kant’s point of view, the man should help his partner to take care of the child. Even though there is no information about his actions towards the baby, his note allows thinking that the man was not going to take this responsibility (Paul and Elder 20). However, if it turns out that he participates in the woman’s life and the life of his child, no principles will be broken. In case he decides to become a good father in the course of time, Kant’s theory will not support and approve his actions, as he has already ignored the universal moral duty to take care of his baby. Works Cited Burnor, Richard, and Yvonne Raley. Ethical Choices . Oxford University Press, 2011. Paul, Richard, and Linda Elder. Critical Thinking . Foundation for Critical Thinking Press, 2009. Ruggiero, Vinsent. Thinking Critically About Ethical Issues . McGraw-Hill Education, 2014.
Executive Summary The report at hand is aimed at providing an explicit analysis of Blackmores’ marketing situation and formulating a guideline for the company’s operation for the next twelve months. The introductory part provides some background information and the analysis of the current situation with the help of SWOT so that the readers might get acquainted with the main aspects of the company’s performance. The next part of the report is devoted to the marketing objectives – the plan offers four key objectives in various market dimensions. The report also provides a detailed examination of the target market and product positioning. This part does not only review the current trends but also suggests the relevant recommendations for potential improvements. The final part of the report is devoted to the marketing mix review; it sets a rough framework for the company’s activity within the following segments: product and price, place and promotion. The conclusion passage includes a summary of the key data, and the recommendations elucidated throughout the report. Introduction: SWOT Analysis Blackmores is one of the leading Australian companies in the natural health market. The company casts itself as “the most trusted name in natural health” ( About Blackmores , 2014). This statement is substantiated as Blackmores offers the widest range of high-quality health products and performs significant contribution to the support of the local community and environment. In the meantime, a varied product line and a well-established brand are not the only strengths of Blackmores. Experts also point out that the company has strong positions both in the domestic and Asian markets. Thus, with the launch of new products, Blackmores constantly strengthens its presence in such countries as China, Thailand, and Malaysia (CFA Institute, 2012). Few aspects might be pointed out in terms of weaknesses. In the meantime, one of the main benefits of Blackmore – the multi-faceted character of its activity – can be treated as a disadvantage from the standpoint of competitiveness. Thus, the company has to compete not only with similar suppliers but with all the players related to complementary medicine. The key opportunities are associated with the company’s activity in the Asian market. Blackmores has recently reported on the beginning of the collaboration with Bega Cheese Ltd, one of the leading vitamin distributors in China. The cooperation opens up new opportunities in terms of extending the product line. Moreover, Blackmores has signed a profitable free-trade agreement that is likely to facilitate its operations in this country (Mackinnon, 2016) The principle threat for the company is connected with the usage of exclusively natural ingredients in its production. Thus, one product might comprise up to 20 different ingredients (Evans, 2016). As long as the cost of raw materials is constantly increasing, the company will have to search for alternative solutions to sustain the prices. This threat is rather critical taking into account the fact that the competitive environment is already intense due to the
Introduction Ethics and moral values act as a guide to different disciplines, which underline the importance of incorporating philosophical views in the development of ethics that direct theoretical paradigms for different disciplines. Philosophy seeks to resolve several challenges that are associated with values, mind, and the power of reason, reality and existence, and knowledge (Teichmann and Evans 1). It addresses such problems peculiarly since it uses critical analysis, rationality, and systematic approaches. In this sense, philosophy implies the beliefs, attitudes, and concepts that guide a given group of people in a particular discipline of study. Based on this claim, in the discipline of medicine, bioethics becomes an important philosophical construct. In the first section, this paper seeks to discuss the essence of philosophical ethics by noting how philosophical ethics differs from the law, professional codes, etiquette or manners, and religious ethics. It also investigates the properties of philosophical bioethics that separate it from all other disciplines and must be present for it to be qualified as bioethics. In this discussion, the ethical considerations for medical practitioners to help in abortion and execution of convicts are used as specific cases for the application of bioethics. In the second section, the paper discusses the personal opinion of the writer on the effects of the course on personal worldview, self-concept, and other behaviors and activities. Philosophical Bioethics Different principles form the foundation of different disciplines of study. Principles of bioethics include various aspects that involve the practice of medicine together with environmental science. In the absence of the basic principles, it becomes hard to theorize any particular field of study. The most fundamental premise for bioethics rests on the platform of the role of medical practitioners in the treatment processes. People involved in the treatment are required to engage primarily in fulfilling the duty that is imposed on them in terms of fostering recovery and ensuring that patients are free from diseases and illness (Bankole and Singh 118). Bioethics develops this principle to set out broad ways of interpretation of the roles of people involved in the treatment processes. In this context, people involved in the treatment process do not necessarily include only physicians. They also include scientists and researchers in medicine who contribute in one way or another in the alleviation of pain and suffering for patients either through q direct treatment or even in investigating the causation of illness. Thus, the general understanding of a disease does not only entail medical conditions for which patients seek treatment, but also conditions, which prompt patients to seek medical advice. Another important principle for bioethics is the understanding of the concept of the patient. Patients refer to all peo
Introduction Educational growth and development is a complicated process that requires professional and proper management. First, it requires the cooperation of all stakeholders involved, including general school managers, teachers, students, parents, top education officials, and the wider society where learning institutions are located. In addition to quality management and cooperation of all relevant educational stakeholders, learning requires the application of effective and efficient content delivery approaches and an evaluation or assessment of the methods. Various educational schools of thought have put forward numerous educational theories on the most effective evaluation methods. One such school of thought holds that giving students grades does more harm than good. It is thus proposed that schools should replace grades with written evaluations of the student’s strengths and weaknesses. Scholars who have adopted this school of thought maintain that doing so would benefit not only the students, but also their parents or guardians in terms of keeping abreast with the children’s overall educational progress and performance. This task is an argumentative report against this school of thought. Reasons why giving students grades do more harm than good All relevant education stakeholders are concerned about the need to regularly evaluate how well their students are performing academically. Consequently, different educational systems found in different countries have crafted diverse evaluation approaches with a view to determining the education growth and development of their students on a regular basis in relation to their desired ultimate educational goals and objectives (Kohn, 1994). Opponents of grading as an evaluation and assessment approach have offered various reasons to elucidate why giving grades to students does more harm than good. First, they argue that grades cannot adequately be dependent on in effectively classifying students (Kohn, 1994). Secondly, grading is counterproductive to one of the major rationales of education, which is to motivate students to put more effort in their studies so that they can receive a favorable evaluation (Kohn, 1994; Casas, 2009). Thirdly, avid critics of the grading system contend that grades are an absolutely inadequate method of accessing the other main rationale of education, which is to provide a feedback to the learners so that they can do a self-introspection and work harder towa
Introduction Single-sex education became an issue as soon as it started formally in western universities in the 1960s. There were conservative groups in the European cultures who looked at the idea with dislike. Ever since then the comparative benefits of single-sex and coeducational schools and other effects on academic performances of boys and girls have been grounds for a heated debate. The important participants in this debate have been educationists, statisticians, econometricians, parents, and most importantly students themselves. In the circles of educationists and statisticians, the debate about the comparative benefits of single-sex and co-educational schools started with Dale’s longitudinal study of grammar schools (Malacova, p. 234). Since then several studies, surveys, and research have taken place in different parts of the world. The US government passed Title IX in 1972 that barred any public school from operating as single-sex (Bracey, p. 22). Very few of those not public schools remained single-sex after that in the USA. Europe also started having coeducational classes in the late nineteenth century. But is important to note that coeducational setup is symbolized as the product of western liberal countries. One can find many countries in the East where single-sex educational schools are more common. There are even countries like Saudi Arabia where co-education does not exist at the high school level. The most asked questions in the debate have been related to the benefits of single-sex education over co-education, the progress of boys and girls in a mixed rather than separate setup, and other ethical dilemmas originated in a mixed system. In 1992, the NCLB law seemed to highlight the advantage of single-sex education in failing schools. In 2007, the US government enacted relaxations in Title IX to facilitate public schools to offer single-sex classes to improve scores (Scarpa, p. 16). Over the years of experiencing coeducation at all levels, groups and organizations have developed like the National Association of Single-Sex Public Education that stands for the need for single-sex education (Scarpa 16) some groups believe that although coeducation is the best often enough the ideals of such setup cannot be achieved and single-sex education is a better alternative (Bracey, p. 23). Also, not to forget the insolvent groups like AAUW and Feminist Majority Foundation who rigidly stand the ground that coeducation is the best. They argue that girls face discriminatory behavior and adjustment problems once they are out of school in the workplace. But the groups supporting single-sex education have more to do with empirical research rather than religious and cultural issues like in the East. The leading character in such support is Leonard Sax, executive director [and founder] of the National Association of Single-Sex Public Education (Bracey, p. 24). Sax and his likes argue that boys and girls have different aptitudes and responses to different things like light, voices, and learning. However, his studies and others like those of Michael Guria
Introduction Background of the study Many corporate organizations including public institutions are dependent on the International Standards Association (ISO-standards). ISO standards demand that organizations and institutions unveil their corporate responsibilities and performances publicly by making reference to their annual corporate social responsibility reports (CSRs) (Velasquez, 2006, p. 4). This has been considered as one way of controlling the behavior of corporate behavior organizations. However, studies indicate that there is a danger involved in relying on such reports because the auditing standards employed are not universally acceptable. Moreover, these audits can be done by the managers or other qualified personnel related to the organizations, thereby making the authenticity of the audit reports questionable (Velasquez, 2006, p. 6). Therefore, there is the need for corporations to develop strategic plans to ensure that they reveal their social responsibility and mutual citizenship in a proper manner. The two concepts are important in the promotion of ethical culture within the organizations, the organizations’ performance and the much needed moral and financial support from the organization’s stakeholders and the public in general (Burns, 2009, p. 169). Besides, these organizations should prioritize on providing guidelines on the corporate social responsibility and citizenship requirements for their staff members and other personnel as part of the organizational behavior and culture development. The ever increasing social acuity and economic activism has seen many global organizations embark on addressing the major ethical arguments and issues that have been raised relative to the conduct of their employees at the workplace (Pritchard, 1988, p. 471). Workplace ethics can therefore be defined as those moral standards and values that govern the behavior of an organization’s employees either individually or in small groups. However, research studies indicate that, a person is said to exercise ethics when he/she is in a position of doing the right thing in the absence of another individual who is supposed to supervise the conduct of that person. Thus, workplace ethics is dependent on the personal conduct associated with the people in a given work environment, which also affect their colleagues and the organization at large (Haggbloom, 2002, p. 139). In this essay, four major ethical concepts are considered in the context of how they affect my conduct and moral development. Moreover, I shall employ the principles of these concepts to analyze my current moral being. These concepts include; rights-based ethics, utilitarianism, deontological ethics or deontology, and ethics of care. In addition, the four concepts shall also be considered in the context of their implications in project planning in a water supply project as part of the workplace decision-making process. The rights based ethics in the workplace indicates that the employees’ wellbeing should come first before even the employers’ privileges. Therefore, it is not ethical for an employer to direct his