ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction The task of the connection to nature can be explained by the fact of environmental degradation and urbanization processes which disconnect a modern citizen from nature. Without theory, responses to problems will be arbitrary and short-sighted. A coherent theory of environmental education, related to the connection to nature, is required to guide our thinking about education. Theory guides by establishing the aims of education and projecting basic ways in which these ends can be reached. Concrete decisions–such as whether sex education should be conducted in middle schools or whether a college should add a certain program of instruction–can be made according to a theoretical framework. Why it’s Important to Do Urbanization processes harm reducing connection to nature. Children are deprived chance to communicate with nature and understand its importance and role in their life. The government has suspended all fiscal incentives and official credits for livestock and agricultural projects, and also prohibited the exportation of timber “in natura.” In the coming years, the government will make a systematic effort to define areas of permanent preservation and to select microregions particularly appropriate for a range of economic activities. The government will also do whatever is necessary to enforce the law establishing 50 percent of each rural property as a protected site (“legal reserve”) in forested areas (Bengtsson and Saito 2004). Urbanization processes change traditional outdoor activities and deprived children of a chance to play outside. More and more children spend time before TVs or in front of their computers playing games or communicating with their friends online. In this case, the practice has a reciprocal impact on environmental theory. Practice can “test” a theory; it can validate or invalidate educational concepts and proposals. A fine-sounding theory may run into difficulties in practice and thus cause us to rethink, modify or perhaps even relinquish our original ideas. The task of local communities and the agencies is to involve children in outdoor activities and help them to communicate with nature and understand it. Every educational theory has to encounter the hard realities of ordinary life and stand or fall according to its adequacy to human experience. Exploring the general ideas which give direction to specific environmental and ecological educational policies and practices does not go far enough. For example, take the policy of nondiscrimination in hiring teachers and educating students. This policy can be deduced from the concepts of the dignity of all human beings and of fair treatment. But how did we obtain these concepts? They must still be defined by a more comprehensive philosophy of life. But there are competing views of life that vie for our allegiance. Thus, the particular world
Managing a big company in the information age is a challenging and demanding process. It requires constant renewal of cooperative techniques to meet the needs of the market and consumers for the ultimate goal of successful performance and profit-making. The age of technology presents its specific difficulties and, at the same time, opportunities for the development of businesses. Having met the obstacle of the lack of ideas or knowledge within the framework of one company, the enterprises started attracting outside parties for cooperation. Thus, a new type of corporative entrepreneurship named open innovation appeared. Open innovation has occurred in the field of business and technology as a new progressive approach to solving the problems of the implementation of challenging ideas and is now popularly utilized by many companies. The phenomena of open innovation had existed long before it was introduced as a notion. The attempts to carry out an idea employing someone else’s knowledge or skill was made back in the 15 th century when Johannes Gutenberg incorporated his ideas with outside experience to invent a printing press. However, the term “open innovation” was introduced by a professor at the University of California, Henry Chesbrough at the beginning of the 2000s. According to his definition, open innovation is an opportunity to advance a company’s innovation achieved with the help of collaboration between external and internal ideas and knowledge. Under the conditions of the modern economic integration growth, the internationalization of business, the globalization and the emergence of new information and communication opportunities, the companies cannot afford to rely solely on their resources. The form of closed innovation is not sufficiently effective anymore due to the overall lack of universal tools, ideas, and knowledge available within a separate company. These factors significantly affected the emergence of open innovation, which has a lot of advantages to present. It helps to decrease the expenses for research, improves the effectiveness and quality of innovative performance, and enables the exchange of ideas among different sectors of the economy. Thus, open innovation contributes to the overall development of the technological field of business and guarantees the uniqueness of the new products on the market. One of the most suc
Introduction Terrorism can be defined as an act of violence, terror, or aggression whose objective is to achieve coercion and fear in non-violent individuals. However, there is no generally accepted definition of terrorism because of its broad and extensive application in different circumstances and behaviors. Therefore, according to the constitutional meaning given in the Terrorism Act of 2000 in the United Kingdom, terrorism entails those actions carried out by non-state individuals with the aim of influencing the government’s policies and decisions besides intimidating the general public (Randy 2004, p. 9). These terrorist actions include violence against individuals, damage to property, engaging in activities that endanger or threaten the security of other people, and the use of firearms to threaten the State or its citizens. On the other hand, terrorism can be sub-divided into several categories, which include terrorist activities carried out by regimes and governments; non-state terrorism, national terrorism, and international terrorism (Moghadam 2006, p. 18). Moreover, terrorism as a whole can be categorized into corrigible and incorrigible terrorist acts. Under corrigible terrorism, there is always a way of reaching a compromise between the two conflicting parties, thus ending violence and aggression. However, under incorrigible terrorism, t
Introduction The election of Thomas Jefferson served as a pivotal point in the contemporary history of the world. It was the first time the government surrendered its power to another political force via a popular election. What was usually achieved through blood, death, and revolution, was now achievable through votes and ballots. The party that lost the election left without putting up a fight and was not subjected to terror tactics upon leaving the office. This historical event reaffirmed the principles of the American political system. Thomas Jefferson’s address to the nation celebrates this occasion and interprets it within the scope of a limited government philosophy promoted by the Democratic-Republican Party. This speech ended a potentially dangerous period in American history. Back then, the USA was very close to civil war. People were on edge due to opposite views on how the federal government should work. There was a fierce competition between the supporters of Thomas Jefferson and Hamiltonian Federalists, as both sides argued with one another over how much power should be given to the government. The DRP, which later became known colloquially as the Democrats, established the longest electoral continuity up to date. From Thomas Jefferson to Lincoln, all presidents of the US came from among their ranks, save for two. Analysis Jefferson’s inaugural address comes in the form of a noble acknowledgment of victory, despite the bitterness of the electoral campaign. He acknowledged that while all Americans had different opinions, they all had the same goal in mind – the prosperity of the nation. This loyalty transcended any ill will that may have been present during the most heated debates. “Every difference of opinion is not a difference of principle. We have called by different names brethren of the same principle. We are all Republicans, we are all Federalists.” With that, Jefferson acknowledged his opponents as equals and compatriots and reaffirmed the loyalty to the Constitution and everything it stood for, even if the parties did not always see eye to eye. During his speech, Jefferson reminded everyone of the sacred principle that while the majority has the right to rule, it should exercise its power with rightfulness and reason, and never forget that the minority also possesses rights, which are protected by law and constitution. Violating them would have been an act of tyranny and oppression. These words shielded the Hamiltonians from harm and guaranteed no retribution. Jefferson was a strong proponent of a minimal government, brought in place with th
Raise the Red Lantern In the Chinese film Raise the Red Lantern, the ‘mise-en-scene’ technique is used to construct scenes by manipulating settings, costumes, lighting, and objects to create meaning outside the narrative. In the film, such scenes are mainly used to create the meaning that the world of wives like Songlian is oppressive and wholly inescapable (Yeh 37). For example, when Songlian first meets the Master, she is seen in a position surrounded by many lanterns in her room. It appears that the filmmaker wants to establish personal attitudes and judgments. Songlian seats in a room with lit lanterns and a chandelier with other small lanterns above the bed. The location of furniture in the room, light from lanterns, and Songlian create some meaning about the culture of the time. In 1920s, the Chinese culture treated girls as less important to the master, highly dependent on the prevailing circumstances, and innocent. In addition, the largeness of the room makes the girl appear very small and portrays a feeling of loneliness and sadness, which in turn portrays how concubines lived a lonely, sad, and unhappy life. Suzhou River In the Chinese film Suzhou River , the application of the mise-en-scene technique is seen at the scene where the Shanghai Oriental Pearl Tower is portrayed. The tower is used to encompass a dream world and a mighty transformation from the ordinary and mundane to the city’s future. The filmmaker drifts the camera towards the tower on the city’s waterways. When the characters are interacting on the foreground and attracting the attention of the viewers, the tower rises above the other objects in the background. The cameraman and the characters do not reach the tower in the Pudong District because the river is between them, thus permanently remain in the poor districts. In this case, the filmmaker wanted to portray the lives of the poor in a fast-rowing, modernizing city. Both are within the vicinity, but the majority of poor and ordinary people are forbidden in the old, shanty region while the affluent move forward towards modernity and the future (Yeh 71). The director wanted to demonstrate the changing nature of the city as China was transforming from the old socialistic to a new system that facilitates a marked-based economy. At the same time, the film shows the differences created by this transformation, with the poor people left in their old ways of life while the affluent assume a modernized lifestyle. Rouge Stanley Kwan uses mise-en-scene to present some
Physical evidence is always the most important requirement needed for the prosecution of criminals in court cases. It is in this essence that, evidence collection becomes an important aspect in law enforcement. The evidence presented in court for the prosecution of criminals ought to be of high quality for it to be fully relied on when making the ruling (Truro Police Department Manual, 2009, p.1). This can be achieved through proper identification and use of efficient laboratory equipment during evidence collection. In the case of a homicide where several evidences are required, the following methods will be appropriate in recovering the necessary evidence. Blood forms the main physical evidence that is encountered in the case of a homicide thus it is very important to identify and type the blood for evidence. Being of biological origin, blood is prone to deterioration hence it requires careful procedures. The first thing is to determine the pattern of the blood stain by taking photographs or drawing sketches and documenting them. If the blood is already dried up, it could be scrapped off or cut out the stained objects for instance cupboards, carpet and clothes among others (Bureau of Forensic Services, 2002, p.1). As for the hand gun, it should be collected with the use of polythene collection bags so as to keep the finger prints intact. It could be checked for traces of blood, hairs, paint or any other tissues. The shell casings are required to be safely collected using polythene bags in order to avoid destroying the evidence. In the case of the hairs, hey could be photographed if they have not been firmly attached on an object. If attached, the object containing the hair is collected and taken to the laboratory. Several tools could be used in evidence collection ranging from those used to physically locate the evidence to those used in transportation of the evidence. Some of the common evidence collection tools include: Collection tubes, evidence bags, cuticle sticks, sealing labels biohazard labels, crime scene bar
Introduction With regard to sports events, psychological concepts and theories are not limited to the study of the behaviour of athletes and their motives. Various aspects are taken into account, including the effects of stress, anxiety, self-control, and other factors affecting the results of sporting fights. In order to determine what effect such psychological nuances have, a soccer match will be taken as a basis. As a target participant for analysis, the captain of one of the teams will be interviewed. Based on his answers and observations of the game, relevant conclusions will be made regarding the interpretation of the performance situation within the framework of special psychological concepts. This work is aimed at determining the factors that characterise certain actions of athletes and the analysis of psychological concepts that are closely related to competitive activities. Performer’s Background The sports performance in question is a soccer national championship match. As an object of analysis, the captain of the winning team was interviewed and, based on the assessment of his behaviour and the work of the entire team, it is possible to identify some specific nuances. The athlete’s desire to win was obvious, and his efforts made it possible to achieve a high result, despite nerves and stress experienced during the match. As the game progressed, the captain’s team lost, and some players looked morally depressed due to the inability to change the course of the match. However, after the break, the players managed to change the preponderance of forces, and the captain’s merit in it was substantial since he encouraged the teammates and motivated them. As a result, with a slight advantage, the players achieved their goal, and the captain was recognised as the best player of the match. To comply with the ethical standards of the survey, the identity of the performer is not disclosed since anonymity is an important condition for an unbiased study. However, to prove the validity of the results, it is necessary to resort to the analysis of individual behavioural and other aspects of the athlete in question with the help of special psychological concepts. Based on these data, a comprehensive picture will be obtained, and appropriate conclusions will be made. Analysis of Psychological Factors Influencing Performance The evaluation of the athlete’s actions through the application of current psychological theories may help to determine the causes of certain emotional manifestations and highlight the most significant behavioural factors. The following practices will be considered as key approaches taken as rationale: the confidence and self-efficacy theory, concepts related to anxiety and its manifestation, as well as the principles for assessing personality and individual differences. Based on these approaches, the analysis of the performer’s actions will be conducted. Confidence and Self-Efficacy Theory Since t
Robert Putnam and David Campbell’s book is an informative overview of the cultural developments, evangelism, feminism, liberalization, homosexuality, premarital sex, and the religious institutions in America. The authors have provided a commendable insight into the religious landscape in the US. America has undergone numerous milestones in religious development to date. This is a charming and dependable book which offers a wide-ranging evaluation of the transformations and the function of religion in American modern world. The authors have shown their competence in developing the book. Personal biases have been avoided by the authors in developing the book, where a high sense of honesty has been adopted in producing this respectful fashion about religion in America. Robert Putnam and David Campbell are renowned scholars and authors in the fields of religion, international affairs, governance, and sociology. Putnam is the public policy professor at Harvard University. He is the founder of Saguaro Semina which is a prominent program on civic engagement in the US. Robert Putnam has built his fame through a series of academic works and writing in the field of governance, sociology, and religion. He is highly praised for his commendable work in writing on the topic of government, where he was a co-author. David Campbell is also a renowned scholar who has majored in political science. Campbell is a political Science professor at the University of Notre Dame. He has shown great passion in the study of American democracy. In this book co-authored by Campbell and Putnam, the two professors have demonstrated their competence in the fields of politics, government, international affairs and religion in America. The experiences of these two authors have enabled them to jointly come up with this fascinating book which is a choice of many readers in the field. America is a unique nation in the global scene due to its deep religious practices, tolerance and religious diversity. The Putnam and Campbell discovered that personal interfaith ties are in a rapid growth in the current American society. This is despite the several shocks and polarization of people on the basis of religion mostly conservatives and secular liberals. Putnam and Campbell have found out that religious identities are rapidly becoming fluid and interfaith marriages are taking the stage. As a result of these changes, religious based tensions are fading out and people are becoming friendlier with others from different faith or non believers. Based on the findings of the authors, interfaith tolerance is facilitated by the close personal ties of people from different faiths. Despite of the high religious diversity of America, a hi
General legal issues In Pennsylvania, the main public concern is policy and legal issues relating to drilling of Marcellus Shale. Most of these legal issues have been contributed by the development activities related to Drilling of Marcellus Shale. These legal issues address areas of concern such as environmental degradation, development of the industry’s infrastructure, municipal regulation, and so on. Major legal developments related to Drilling of Marcellus are outlined below. In order for a company to be allowed to carry out Marcellus Drilling activities, it must hold legal rights to the interests of natural gas property that are subject to the drilling activities (Blackburn 15). According to Blackburn (16), the land owner is the one who grants such rights pursuant to the terms of a lease agreement on gas and oil. The law in Pennsylvania requires that energy companies to extensively deal with private land owners in the process of acquiring leases. This is because most of natural gas rights within the formation of Marcellus Shale in Pennsylvania are under private ownership (Blackburn 20). In the Farm and Forest Land assessment Act of 1974, the land legible for mining is assessed based on the value of its use rather than its value in fair market. This statute is also known as Clean and Green. The result of this is usually lower real estate tax obligations. Incase such a land is used for an ineligible purpose, this statute provides for a roll back tax penalty. The requirement of the penalty is that the owner of the land must pay up to seven years of tax benefits received along with interest (Beck 20). Environmental legal issues Many issues of environmental law have cropped up in Pennsylvania as a result of an increase in the number of Marcellus Drilling activities. The main focus of these laws has focused on the quality of water. The reason for this is that the process of Marcellus drilling requires a huge amount of water. This huge amount of water is usually used during the process of hydraulic fracturing. The ability to extract natural gas from Marcellus drilling depends on the technology of hydraulic fracturing. Therefore, the law requires that before any company begins Marcellus drilling operations, it must obtain proper water permits. For instance, natural gas drilling companies, which use water from River Susquehanna are required to obtain the approval of Susquehanna River Basin Commission (SRBC), before using water from the river (Beck 25). According to Robert Beck (26) in 2008, the government of Pennsylvania issued a press release that measures to ensure that economic benefits from extraction of Marcellus shale did not accrue at the expense of the natural resources in the country. The responsibility to implement this order was given to the Department of Environmental Protection (DEP). In addition to this, the Marcellus Drilling operators must submit their well permit applications, plus an additional Permit Application Addendum to DEP. Robert Beck (26) continues to sta