ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Most of the toxic substances released into the marine waters provide major hindrances to marine ecosystem. Chemicals and most of the effluent from industries act as poisonous substances leading to extensive adverse effects on marine life. Dead zone is a term used to refer to an area within the ocean affected by hypoxic conditions. The condition of hypoxia is created when algal biomass decompose leading to dissolution of oxygen in the water column. This leads to lower concentrations of oxygen within a big percentage of water columns for several months. The five phases of dead zone formation include nutrient-rich runoff, thermal zones, Algae blooms, organic rain then finally flees (Millennium Ecosystem Assessment). The images shown reveal how ocean colors change from winter to summer. There are massive blooms of phytoplankton extending from the mouth of Mississippi River towards the Texas coast (Millennium Ecosystem Assessment). The dead zones are as a result of river sediments. The blooms from Mississippi river die and sink to the bottom enabling bacterial composition which eventually deprives the water environment of available oxygen. Such environment makes it difficult for the survival of marine life hence represented by red and orange color symbolizing high concentrations of phytoplankton (Millennium Ecosystem Assessment). Top Predators are vital in the maintenance of balance amongst sea organisms. Overfishing of large shark species leads to the increased number of rays which are intermediate consumers; these have led to destruction of Scallop fishery (Millennium Ecosystem Assessment). Reduction in the sea lions, because of the overfishing of Pollock fish, led to the increased number of increase in whales assassin hence more predation on sea otters. This resulted in the adverse loss of kelp forest habitat (Arnold 207-219). Fish                          Level  Sustainability Ranking  Toxicity                          Tuna, Bluefin                 4      Avoid                   Very High mercury level 0.818 ppm Tuna, yellow fin-pole caught  4      Best                    High mercury levels 0.354 ppm      Yellow fin-Tuna is available in most of the world’s oceans; it is considered to be in abundance and well managed through farming in ocean friendly ways. While, on the other hand, farming of Bluefin tuna leads to destruction of marine life as well as environment (Arnold 207-219). According to theorist perspective irrespective of which ontological, epistemological position one adopts at one point, there are some negative impacts to be dealt with due to overfishing of tuna. Some perspectives appear better than others; however, there is a need for thorough research capable of generating debatable results in a conservation perspective. Comparison and condensation always guarant
Introduction Technological progress and innovation result in multiple positive consequences, such as increased living standards, productivity, and economic growth. Presently, for more and more people, digital technologies have become an indispensable part of life. Among these people, children and adolescents represent a particularly vulnerable population group that sometimes faces less positive digital age repercussions. The phenomenon, commonly known as “cyberbullying,” constitutes a grave public problem that affects various age groups, but primarily teenagers (Fahy et al. 502). Cyberbullying has numerous debilitating effects on mental, emotional, and physical health, decreasing the life quality and well-being of affected individuals. Its incidence in educational institutions of various levels calls for increased public and scholarly attention and actions to mitigate the issue. Thus, online harassment represents a range of frequent and complex situations, in which chiefly teenagers target other teenagers secretly from adults. Description and Definition As a phenomenon, cyberbullying emerged at the beginning of this century. Although the term was coined in 1999, supposedly, a lack of agreement regarding its meaning still exists (Englander et al. 149). Nonetheless, cyberbullying presupposes the use of digital technologies to harm and abuse emotionally. The phenomenon can be defined simply as “The use of electronic communication technologies to bully others” (Englander et al., 149). The phenomenon primarily occurs in venues and media of the virtual space such as social platforms and shares three common characteristics with face-to-face bullying. The characteristics are power imbalance, reiteration, and intentionality (Englander et al. 149). Therefore, online harassment can be viewed as a type of bullying. Effects of Cyberbullying Similar to classical bullying, cyberbullying has a range of adverse effects on its victims. Nonetheless, features particular to cyberbullying might entail a more harmful impact on adolescent psycho-emotional health. Permanence and publicity of online
Abstract Psychologists emphasise integration of games in the school curriculum to enable students develop in all their faculties. Besides the physical fitness aspect, games provide students with an avenue to release the mental tension resulting from rigorous academic engagement. Research indicates that the learning process can be made more enjoyable by using games as part of the learning activities. Teachers need to design teaching content that gives some weight to games. Games provide a practical learning approach, which enables students to remember most of the content learnt. Those tasked with design of the curriculum should as much as possible emphasise on instructional methods that make it possible for teachers to infuse games into the classroom content. Introduction Games have found their ways into classrooms for the past several decades. While different types of games and instructional approaches have differed, they have been considerably utilised for pedagogical purposes in the last several years. Games used in pedagogy span a large range of technologies and they include digital games such as video, computer games and handheld games. Their popularity in the mainstream culture has fascinated stakeholders to question and find ways in which they might be used to engage and enhance learning in primary and secondary schools. Despite games not replacing the role of a teacher in the classroom, they are seen to succeed or complement the role of the teacher in the classroom; making learning fun and enjoyable. For example, video and computer games allow students to simulate situations such as experiments, scientific and historical events for themselves. Similarly, they motivate students, who otherwise are weak in some subject areas by allowing them to encounter ‘real problem’ and devising ways of how to solve it. Moreover, the increased use of games in classrooms has contributed to student’s development in other aspects of their personal life. Hence, skills such as patience, discipline, critical thinking skills, problem solving among others, are learned with the use of games. Games and influence in variety of classes and subject area Language learning The application of games in a variety of classes and subject areas has been investigated extensively in various studies by scholars in pedagogical field (Randel et al., 1992). They have cited that games enhances positive perception of different subjects by students of various learning stages, thus, influencing on their learning outcome. Cassell & Jenkins (1998) feel teachers have used games to successfully deliver learning content to students. They note that because learning a new language is difficult and challenging and calls for a concerted efforts from the learner, games as an instructional tool, helps a learner to have a positive perception and direct his/her energy towards learning the language.
Introduction Disaster bonds or catastrophe (cat) bonds are income securities that are issued by insurers. The fixed-income securities pay a good return on investment, but these returns are predicated on catastrophes. This means that if a disaster occurs before the returns on the investment are realized, investors will potentially lose their returns or capital. Catastrophe bonds are a form of insurance securities that transfer the risk from insurers in case of monumental risks that may be brought about by natural or manmade disasters (Grossi and Kunreuther 32). Cat bonds are by definition not a form of insurance, and this makes them very relevant to the insurance industry. Cat bonds overview and history Cat bonds originated from the need by insurers to ease the burden of huge policy payouts in case a major disaster strikes. Before the advent of cat bonds, insurance companies had a difficult time remaining afloat after large payouts that were occasioned by disasters. This is because the massive payouts are not covered by either the premiums collected by the insurance companies or their returns on investments. The insurance company is the entity that is charged with issuing cat bonds through the usual avenues such as investment banks. Cat bonds as securities The reason why cat bonds appeal to investors is that they are usually priced at attractive discounts and offer good returns. These two factors ensure that cat bond investors overlook the fact that they can potentially lose their money altogether. In addition, cat bonds are one of the few types of investments that are not affected by global financial markets. Disaster bonds are issued through special purpose vehicles (SPV). The SPV is companies that are charged with the development and issuance of bonds. Cat bonds are usually rated per their investment grade. This grading takes into consideration several factors including the bonds’ regulations, structures, as well as accompanying risks. The SPV is also responsible for the payment of interest to the bondholders (Thau 62). In return, the SPV receives premiums from the insured. In case of a disaster, the bondholders lose their money, and it is paid to the insured parties. In some cases, a single entity may require ensuring a huge risk and decide to do so in form of cat bonds. For instance, FIFA issued disaster bonds as insurance for the loss that could have been incurred if the 2006 World Cup was cancelled (Cummins 29). Disaster bonds came into existence in the 1990s and they have been used since then. This initial use was triggered by two catastrophes, the Northridge Earthquake and Hurricane Andrew. The cat bonds are the brainchild of Kenneth Froot and a
The Tortilla Curtain is a novel that touches upon the issues of racial discrimination, illegal immigration, and middle-class virtues. The story makes the reader realize that life is subjected to snobbism due to the social gap that existed between Latinos and Americans. Two couples, the Ricans and the Mossbachers have their outlooks on the American Dream. Delany Mossbacher is a full-fledged member of society who does not realizes the moral and material values thus being in constant discontent with the life he lives. He is a complex character that embodies the hatred for racial minorities and illegal immigrants. The first two parts of the novel reveal Delany Mossbacher as round and dynamic. This could be in the character’s attitude the life and his constant discontent with the way he lives throughout the novel. Delany is a typical snob that is reluctant to appreciate the values already given to him. He is completely passive in his vision of life thus believing that white people should acquire everything without effort. Regarding this, Mossbacher functions as the measure of contrast between the poor and the rich classes. Delany takes his high social and material position for granted, as he is confident that white people deserve to live in a respectable community deprived of “illegal campers” (Boyle, 228). As the story develops, Delany becomes more racially prejudiced and intolerant due to the unpleasant encounters with the illegal immigrants from Mexico. The character’s framed outlook on life and passiveness is uncovered through his actions. Delany, a representative of the white population, is identified with social acceptance and material welfare. In the very beginning, as Delany encounters a Mexican in a car accident, he treats him as a potential threat to society. When he realizes the injured man be a Mexican, Mossbacher sees him as an illegal immigrant. Instead of resorting to police, he pays him money explaining to his wife: “He is a Mexican” (Boyle, 15). At first, we could trace Delany’s liberalism and appraisal of racial minorities. Further, the story reveals his resentment and irritation as the reaction to the accidents taking place near his house thus negatively influencing his family. In the story, he is obsessed with conservative ideas of standardized behavior that prohibits surpassing the limits of permissible. The main weakness of Mossbacher’s character is his being passive and reserved. His fear of evasion forces him to resort to the unexpected actions that contradict the philosophy of life. Though Delany supports the idea of the liberal society where Americans and Mexicans could work and cooperate, his weak
How would you define what a mystery story is? A mystery story often relates to fiction that can be realistic or made up. The events of a mystery story are usually part of detective or crime stories. This sort of genre presents ideas that are unanswered until a later time and creates suspense for the reader. Mystery can bring about a form of illusion where a reader is misled and is later surprised with an unexpected twist. There are also mysteries that are not fictitious at all but are fully realistic. These can relate to natural occurrences of events or facts presented in such a manner that leaves a person guessing until the very end (Saricks, 2009). What do you think is the theme of Hunter’s “First Offense?” The major events of the story take place in a police station where a police detective questions freshly arrested individuals. The story is written in a somewhat comical style, as the offenders know that they must keep their mouths shut and not give any provocative information about themselves. The police are well aware of this knowledge and have a trick of firing a great number of questions towards the suspects. The main character witnesses how the questing goes and is given the advice to say nothing to the police. When people are questioned they try to act stupid and unknowing of why they are at the police station. They present themselves as being decent citizens who are blamed for crimes they have not committed. Even though they have a criminal history, they still try to make an appearance of wrongfully accused. The theme is that there is no escaping the law, as the people who hold it in their hands are professionals and will get the information in the most intricate and skillful ways. What do you think made Steinbeck’s “The Murder” a mystery story? The mystery is in the fact that two people being together lead separate lives where a husband cheats on his wife and is unaware of her actions while the wife knows where her husband goes and has an affair of her own. Jelka is an attentive wife and this deceives Jim into believing that she is sitting at home alone, without the slightest idea where he is and what he is doing. Their characters are much different and while Jelka is able to see through her husband, he is unaware of her personality and what she is capable of. The reader is surprised when Jim admits to his murder and expects some form of punishment, but the story ends with an indefinite conclusion where most likely, the offender will be left unpunished. What is the theme of MacDonald’s “Gone Girl?” The story centers on a private detective who is intelligent and appears in the wrong place at the right time. The reader is presented with a lot of confusing information, so the suspicion in the murder case falls on several different people. Many things that could have been avoided take place, only because the characters are unsure what to do and cannot reasonably analyze the situation. The theme is that there are moments when it is better to be honest and trusting, as doing the opposite can bring problems to the individual and others. Only because
The article “Technology, Place, and the Nonmodern Thesis” by Moore (2001) examines the features of architectural practices from the perspective of regionalism as a concept that reflects specific trends. The author notes that, despite historical backgrounds and impact, the geographical aspect of technological solutions is more significant (Moore, 2001). The ideas of architects of the late 20th century often failed to address society as a dynamic unity that was regularly transformed, and this omission was associated with ideological beliefs about the specifics of places. Moore (2001), in turn, draws attention to such a concept as “a sense of place,” an approach that focuses on the empirical analysis of geographic locations as factors explaining relevant architectural trends (p. 131). In a historical context, this theory deserves attention since the characteristic nuances of regionalism have always been part of the architecture of different countries and cities. The author gives an example of the era of German socialism and notes the authenticity of forms as a phenomenon that is noticeable at first glance (Moore, 2001). Therefore, regionalism, in its architectural meaning, has stronger impact on the existing trends than ideological or historical preconditions. The role of technology as an architectural factor is also seen as a significant aspect. Moore (2001) draws a parallel between technological solutions and places and notes that their interaction is one of the main subjects of the study of regionalism in architecture. At the same time, he compares the approaches of modernism and postmodernism and emphasizes that in the latter concept, the concept of place has acquired a more important role than technology (Moore, 2001). As a result, in modern discourse, power relations, supplemented by the visions of regionalism, shape the basis of the architectural idea. Reference Moore, S. A. (2001). Technology, place, and the nonmodern thesis. Journal of Architectural Education , 54 (3), 130-139. Web.
Company Background Nestle is the largest beverage and food company located in Switzerland. Its formation occurred as a merger between Anglo-Swiss Milk Company and Farine Lactee Henri Nestle in 1905 and has since then acquired other companies like Crosse and Blackwell (1950), Findus (1963), Libby’s (1971), Rowntree Mackintosh (1988) and Gerber (2007). It specialises in producing baby foods, coffee confectionery, snacks, pet foods, ice cream, bottled water and a variety of dairy products. This is a multinational company that employs around 328,000 people in its 450 factories located in 86 nations. Its 2012 annual financial report shows that it had an enormous capital base (operating income about 14.44, revenue 92.18, profit 10.61, total assets 126.22 and total equity 62.20-figures in CHF billions).Its rivals include Uniliver, Cadbury, PepsiCo, Sara Lee, Kraft Foods and Dano. Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) and Creating Shared Value (CSV) Corporate social responsibility is a deliberate action taken by investors to ensure they participate in activities that promote positive development in the community around them. It involves the establishment of programmes that ensure a business pays back to the society through participation in community activities. This may include constructing schools, establishing sponsorship programmes, easing the implementation of environmental conservation policies and empowering local communities to safeguard their future. Creating a shared value involves the implementation of policies that ensure businesses get quality raw materials and offer awareness and education programmes to their suppliers to help them get better rewards for their participation in promoting businesses. This includes issues like research on production activities to ensure producers use modern technology and improved seed and animal breeds to boost their harvests. CSR and CSV help organisations to create a good public image and avoid conflicts with local communities and authorities. Primary and Secondary Industries A primary industry is one that acquires raw materials from its natural habitats and processes them to produce finished goods that are ready for consumption. This includes processing and service industries. On the other hand, a secondary industry is one that uses the products of other businesses and converts them into finished goods for consumption. Nestle can be classified as a primary and secondary industry because it uses raw materials (cocoa berries) from farmers’ cooperative societies and processes them to produce cocoa, chocolate and other products. On the other hand, it is a primary industry because it uses milk from farmers to produce a variety of its products. It combines primary and secondary production processes to maximise its profits and reduce costs. Differences between Creating Shared Values and Corporate Social Responsibility CSV differs with CSR in the following ways. First, CSV focuses on improving the value of products and services offered by a business. Nestle embraces this aspect by conducting research on seed breeds and quality and working with local organisations to help farmers to get high yiel