ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction The police service has been mandated by the government to maintain order and law in the society. By maintaining law and order in the society, the citizens get a chance to live in peace without any fear. The police just like any other citizen are mandated to abide by the law. In the course of executing their duties there are situations which may demand that they use excess force. This happens when there is a danger to lives, for instance, when there is an exchange of bullets. Use of excess force is only permitted in special occasions. Quite unfortunately, there have been circumstances where the police force has used their mandate in the wrong way. This has included the use of excess force when the situation does not really call for such a force to be used. Today, police service has been characterized by a lot of scandals including rape, sexual assault, brutality, corruption and much more. This is wrong and is a deviant behavior which ought to be stopped; it is an abuse of office powers. I strongly believe that there is no reason that can justify some of these acts that are so inhuman. I believe that this topic is very important and is requires further investigation because if no action is taken, we might end up having a society that is too bitter with the police service and the consequences of these will be that the society will be prone to police mercies as justice will become a thing of the past. This essay is a summary of police deviance and measures that could be taken to control this. Police Deviance A behavior is considered deviant when it is not within what the society expects. Any society operates within a given code of conduct. When a person goes against the laid down code of conduct then such behavior is considered deviant behavior. Therefore in order to classify a behavior as deviant or not, there is a need to be well versed with the accepted code of conduct because the breaking of this code is what will lead to a behavior being labeled deviant. A police man/woman is said to be deviant when he/she does not adhere to the police code of conduct. For the sake of this paper, the scope of this paper will only examine the code of conduct in reference to the relationship between the police force and the society. This is to make the scope of the paper achievable. The Canadian police force has a number of roles and responsibilities but generally they are entitled to: Act on behalf of the government and society to enforce laws, maintain the peace, detect crime, respond to emergencies, assist victims of crime, and provide assistance in prosecuting offenders. Police are also involved in community support and outreach programs such as drug awareness and crime prevention. Police services receive their powers to search, arrest, and detain individuals from the Criminal Code of Canada and from provincial and territorial Police Acts. (Li, 2011) It is evident that the roles and responsibilities of the police force as outlined above exposes it to the public when executing its duties. It is obvious that the police force is always in constant contact with the public. There are risks involved in executing some o
There is no use denying the fact that every human being has a certain set of qualities which makes him/her unique. Some traits of character can help a person in his/her life while some other can have pernicious influence on his/her personality and career. That is why, sometimes it is vital to be able to get rid of some quality and obtain another one which will help a person in his/her development. Due to this fact, there are Big Five personality traits which could be taken as the most important for the development of human being. These traits are Neuroticism, Extroversion, Conscientiousness, Agreeableness, or Openness to Experience. Each of them is extremely vital for a person and his/her development, though the accent will be made on openness to experience. To understand the main sense of the given issue it is vital to give clear definition to the term under analysis. Usually, under the phrase openness to experience the ability of a person to obtain new knowledge in different spheres is meant (DeYoung et al., 2010). In other words, this trait of character helps a man to become easily involved in different sorts of activities and obtain priceless experience which will help him/her in the future life. Moreover, a person likes this process very much and tries to create situations when he/she will be able to gain new information and experience. Besides, all skills obtained due to the presence of this trait of character will obviously make the life of a person easier. It should also be stated that a person, who obtains this trait of character, can easily be determined in the crowd (Walker & Vetter, 2015). The thing is that this man always looks for some new tasks which can help him/her to obtain new experience. Such person will probably like the work which supposes different kinds of activity and a constant stream of changes. Such work will give an excellent opportunity for this person to develop different skills and become a very diversified man with a great number of useful habits and deep knowledge. Additionally, it is easy to suppose that these people will listen carefully to people who have great experience in some sphere in order to obtain his/her knowledge. Thus, it should be said that very often openness to experience goes with industry and insistence (Liu et al., 2013). The thing is that if a person is eager to obtain new knowledge and skills, though he/she does nothing to do it, these skills will remain unobtainable for him/her. Sober fact is that the desire to become experienced is not enough as a person should work hard to do it. With this in mind, very often people who are open to everything new are also very hard working because they should be able to obtain these new skills which is sometimes very difficult. Additionally, persistence helps to do it. There could be situations where a person almost has no forces to continue his/her struggle and only the desire to achieve his/her aim helps. That is why, it is possible to say that industry and insistence are two traits which are correlated with openness to
Introduction This paper focuses on investigating the technological use and support in the US retail industry by analyzing the industry’s general overview, its dependence on technology, IT expenditures, etc. Investigation of the typical technology use and support in the industry: Typical technologies used that give advantages to the retail industry Technology                                             Uses                                       Advantages to the retail industry                                                                                                  Mobility-commerce: web kiosks, WiFi, mobile apps, etc  Used both inside and outside of the store  Gives enhanced service quality, after-sales service, retaining loyal customers                                                     Big data, web analytics, social media                  Consumer data storage and others           Develops commodities, supply-chain, advertising, e-commerce, and trail clients                                                     Buyer delivery-scheme                                  Delivery systems                           Enhance consumer experience, service-delivery, timeliness, home-service, email notice, SMS, etc., giving clients personalized feel Inventory-management                                   Stocking                                   Ecommerce channels advance product assortment                                                                                      Online Pay-system                                      Multi currencies, coupons, loyalty-cards   Allows proficient, swift, and safe transactions                                                                                    Ecommerce-sites                                        Online use                                 Flexibility, quickness, etc                                                                                                        Digitalized-data                                       Software                                   Better information supervision                                                                                                     Supply-chain optimization                              Online and offline use                     Enhanced logistics                                                                                                                 Store-development                                      Visual-merchandising                       Develops CRM                                                                                                                        Table 1: Technology use and support Source: Kulkarni (2014) How technology makes retail businesses work facilitating them It is hard to imagine a retail business today without
In the age of information knowledge is a real valuable power. The famous idea – Time is Money – got today another formulation – Knowledge is Money. Knowledge is your key to the best job and to all opportunities which our life provides. But let’s take a look at the opposite side. What if knowledge is not that good? Sometimes it can be fruitful do not get new information, just to stay in a habitual world of knowledge. Descartes and Plato consider that the sense of “not knowing” is founded in nature of interaction of humans into society. New information can be fraught with the threats. Moreover, it is difficult to understand, what exactly the truth is. In the first chapter, entitled Concerning Those Things That Can Be Called into Doubt , Descartes formulates a principle of radical doubt of all intellectual processes into mind. The philosopher says, let us assume that we are asleep and all of these particular things such as opening of eyes, head movement, drawing of hands – all this is not authentic, and in addition, perhaps, we don’t really have such hands, and all over the body. Maybe it is just an illusion (Wilson, p. 12). Descartes’ ultimate aims, however, are constructive. And it is not the way of “the sceptics, who doubt only for the sake of doubting” (Newman). An example of bulldozer to show us a constructive way of the method of Doubt: “Bulldozers are typically used for destructive ends, as are sceptical doubts. Descartes’ methodical innovation is to employ demolition for constructive ends” (Newman). In this way Descartes uses sceptical doubts to test the firmness of people to develop the base of Knowledge. Descartes believes in existence of the God, who created everything, including Descartes, but he can’t be sure that everything was created in a way, which Descartes sees. He demands, what if there is no earth, no sky, no length, shape or size, and no place, but all this exists only in imagination. Plato also discusses a way of getting information, but, vice versa, he thinks about the reason why people behave like they are prisoners of the cave. Who are they? If they are prisoners, they must be released. They will get the freedom to contemplate the whole world and to imagine freely. But the point is that they were not forced to stay in darkness. Now they see only offset shadows, games of fire on the wall in front of the Cave: “The partitions puppet-handlers set in front of the human beings and over which they show the puppets” (Bloom, p. 193). And they can’t see something else, their heads are motionless, their legs and necks are fixed. This fire is the pure Knowledge. But people can see only its shadows. They chose this way because it is more safe and easy to see only the shadows, not the flame. If they were free, they will start to imagine. And every social phenomenon they will explain from a position of superstitions. And again it is also an illusion of knowledge, as Descartes supposed. Educated in the spirit of ignoranc
Both good diet and regular exercises are important for individuals to stay healthy. However, there are many controversies that surround exercises and diet. Some people argue that particular foods are better than others. With regard to exercises, some individuals think that they have negative effects while others argue that it is important to exercise regularly. There have been controversies on the best diets for disease prevention. Vegetarians argue that diets based on plant products prevent cancer and heart diseases. They also hold a view that the diets can even treat the diseases. They base their argument on the fact that people who eat a lot of meat are more likely to get cancer and heart diseases when compared with vegetarians. Books have been written to support this view but arguments presented in the books have been regarded as unconvincing. In addition, the argument that keeping large mammals for consumption is unhealthy has been supported by many people. Documentary films have been developed and they all reveal dangers of consuming a lot of meat . The diet controversy is heightened by individuals who promote paleolithic diets. They argue that human beings are supposed to eat plants and meat as vegetables and fruits rather than grains. According to them, large amounts of proteins and low carbohydrates cause chronic diseases. Elimination of grains and starch from their diet is therefore a successful strategy of staying healthy. There are also nourishing traditions that prefer diets with healthy fats and products from animals . Generally, it is advisable to eat animal products of organic nature. The animals should be kept in conditions that are healthy. Studies have shown that eating a lot of vegetables and fruits is healthy while reduced consumption of junk food eliminates certain diseases. There are certain diets that are appropriate for particular groups of people. Individuals who take interest in diet controversies eat well than those who show little concern. For example, the Americans might find it difficult to abandon fried food and humburger, but it has been found out that concentrating on organic foods and healthy eating habits is a trend being embraced by many people. Apart from the controversies that surround diet, exercises are also surrounded by controversies. About 80 percent of weight lost by individuals is associated with change in eating patterns while 20 percent comes from exercises. Exercises are important for human beings but some researchers have argued that their role in losing weight is minimal. They argue that exercises do not play any role in weight loss. Although they agree that they burn calories which are responsible for weight loss, they associate them with other negative effects. For instance, they say that exercises stimulate hunger that causes individuals to eat a lot of food. This eventually affects efforts to lose weight. Exercises are therefore not helpful in weight loss since they can make the whole pr
The history of the last centuries has been marked by the unprecedented dominance of the Western countries over the rest of the world. If it were not for the industrial revolution, scientific development, and confidence in their superiority, there would be no European colonial empires and globalization waves. The fast reaction to the challenges of the given century explains the reasons why the European invasion in Africa and other regions succeeded. During most of the time in world history, the countries conducted a solely agricultural mode of existence. In the mid-XIX century, due to the exploration of the coal resources, the invention of the steam engine in Europe and its export to the North America continent, the role of agriculture gradually declined giving place to a large-scale industrial production, which was constantly improving thanks to scientific and technological developments. Western Europe, North America, and later Japan became huge “industrial hubs,” which defined the trends and volumes of the world production and trade. Development of trade relations with China and other Oriental countries made possible the export of the most up-to-date industrial technologies. At the same time, this rapid industrial development of the West increased the divergence between wealthy and poor nations (Frank & Denemark, 2015). There is no doubt that in the agricultural societies, divergence also existed, but in industrial society, it was more clearly perceived due to a greater amount of goods available on the market. The phenomenon of globalization was both the key factor and the result of the spread of Western dominance. Driven by the business and scientific representatives of the middle class, globalization brought to power big industrial corporations that gradually started to see less developed countries as locations of their environmentally harmful production facilities. As time passed, European countries demanded more human and natural resources, which motivated them to start the new wave of colonization of Africa and Southeast Asia in the 80-90-s of the XIX century. Political tensions and ambitions of the European states heated those demands. As Mitchell and Dunn (2014) explain, Europeans succeeded because of advancements in medicine helping to cope with malaria, military technology dominati
Big Five Personality Traits Research in personality has indentified five personality dimensions. The first one is extraversion. This is the ability to have a wide social presence. People with this trait are sociable, assertive and talkative. The second trait is agreeableness. This refers to pro-social behaviour. A person with this trait is kind, affectionate and has a high sense of integrity. Thirdly, there is conscientiousness. Persons with this trait are quite thoughtful when making decisions. The fourth trait is openness. A person with this trait is quite adventurous and loves taking risks. Lastly, we have neuroticism. Persons with this trait experience bouts of emotional instability. Gavin McMillan does not have all these traits. Practically, it is impossible to have all of them at the same time. However, he largely demonstrates neuroticism. Despite the fact that he makes losses, he continues to attach himself with his goal emotionally. He lacks conscientiousness because his decision-making is a little off. However, he is open to suggestions. The latter is the most important because it allows him to succeed as an entrepreneur. It also complements other traits or lack of them. Extrinsic and Intrinsic Motivation Extrinsic motivation derives from external pressure. This pressure comes off as coercion or a promise. On the other hand, intrinsic motivation derives from ownership and enjoyment of a task. People with this motivation do not need promises or coercions to perform their tasks. From the case, I think Gavin is intrinsically motivated. He tries and fails many times but continues to push for ownership of a Flair Bartending Franchise. Owning a franchise is also his initiative. Goal Setting Gavin wants to own a yacht with a helicopter on it. This may seem a farfetched goal but Gavin has the ability to achieve it. From Vroom’s Expectancy Theory, operant conditioning is the factor at play to motivate a person. This means that setting a goal and working towards it motivates a person. The reward he will get upon accomplishment of the goal motivates Gavin. In this case, it is a yacht. Secondly, goal setting acts as a point of reference. Gavin will keep on referring to what he wants to achieve. Perhaps he will design a format with stages to follow in achieving this. Every stage acts as a motivating factor to go to the next one. Recommendations on Goal Setting From the case above, it is explicit that Gavin has a huge problem when it comes to setting realizable goals. Initially, he would make losses and continue investing in a project that was clearly failing. He would pursue too many projects at the same time. This was the Achilles Heel in his ambition. Therefore, it would be more reasonable if Gavin hires a Project Manager. This person will look into the various projects at hand and carry out an analysis of the most viable ones. This will drastically reduce the costs associated with botched projects. It will also save time. Gavin’s goals are also long-term in nature. He leaves no space for short-term goals, which motivate a person. For example, he does not state what he wants to do befo
Introduction Attitude refers to either negative or positive perception about a person, idea or an object. An attitude is comprised of three components namely cognitive, conative affective and often, a fourth component known as evaluative is occasionally recognized as part of it (Ajzen). Measurement of attitude has been an area of interest to several researchers and Louis Thurston is not an exceptional. He developed the model in an attempt to measure attitude and use attitudes to predict future behavior. He used a two step model and addressed the issue using three approaches namely; the law of comparative judgments, the method of equal appearing intervals and the method of successive intervals (Maranell, 2007). An assumption was made in each approach though his model is criticized by many researchers and seems to have dropped. Researchers should pay key attention to their respondents to ensure that they get sincere opinions fro the respondent. This paper will discuss how Thurston model could be constructed to measure people’s attitude in a ‘stop and search’ knife crime. The paper will also discuss how the model would be used to predict future behavior of people. The method of equal-appearing intervals will be given more attention in answering this question. Thurston Model Thurston model was developed in 1928 by Louis L. Thurston. The model focuses on measurement of people’s attitude and it can be used to predict future behavior though its ability to predict behavior is criticized. Thurston’s model for measuring attitude is popularly known as a two step scaling model in which he claims to use psychology in identifying stimuli followed by an examination of how human beings react to statements that build a psychological instrument (Salkind, 2010). Statements obtained from the people are the subjected to a continuum of the construct of the matter in question. The two steps involved are stimulus and person scaling. A general overview of the model will prior to describing how the model could be used to measure people’s attitude in “stop and search” knife crime. The first step starts with gathering of statements and developing constructs of interest that are useful in defining attitudes. Such statements are then jotted down and subjected for review by judges. It is important to note that the statements are not a true representation of the respondents’ opinion but rather shows the different attitudes expressed by people towards the same situation. Statements are given to the judges for scaling and elimination of the least important statements (Salkind, 2010). This is done by scaling them in terms of weakest through the strongest. For instance, the scale would have ratings such as strongly negative, negative, neutral, positive and strongly positive. At this point, judges ensure that they are with relevant statements taken at random. The second step entail entails scale administration in which information received from the participants is subjected