ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Arthur Miller composed his play “The Crucible” in the town of Salem, Massachusetts, in the year 1692. The story of the play revolves around a farmer John Proctor and his community, devastated by allegations of witchcraft. The play begins with a group of young girls being discovered to have been dancing in the forest. Fearing the consequences of what they did, the girls begin to lie about their actions. When one of the girls falls ill, accusation of witchery becomes their escape from suspicion. This coincidence only helps exceed the villagers’ beliefs of supernatural possession. Abigail Williams, the prime motivator behind these series of events, takes this opportunity to accuse Elizabeth, the wife of John Proctor, of practicing witchcraft. In so doing, she hopes to be able not only to affect vengeance on Proctor, who had earlier rejected her after an affair, but to regain him by eliminating her competition. Lies build upon lies as the chain of events escalates and results in many deaths. When John Proctor tries to save his wife and friends, he is forced to question his own values and beliefs and is made to choose between the purity of his name and the value of his life. Miller saw in history a parallel sequence of events: a mass hysteria that gripped people and destroyed the social fabric of their community. The cruel persecution of minorities and the interference of the state in the individual’s conscience became the key concerns of Miller’s criticism of this people’s actions and beliefs. Miller relates the actions of the people in 1692 to present day by stating that when one rises above the villainy displayed, one can only pity them all, just as we shall be pitied someday. Miller portrays these Puritans as a selfish group of people who can claim witchery upon their neighbor or someone with whom they’re disputing for the simple purpose of self-benefit, without even feeling any hint of remorse about it. Their creed was a snobbish sort who “carried about an air of innate resistance.” They forbade anything having to do with any sort of enjoyment, and in the instance of vacationing from work; they found themselves concentrating harder upon prayer. As Miller makes plain in his explanatory notes to the play, even though the belief in witchcraft was widespread throughout the Christian world, New World Puritanism was much harsher than Old World Protestantism because of the Puritans’ trials in the wilderness. The disasters that they endured, coupled with their strict theology, led to persecutions, including the Salem witch-hunts. The destabilized and demoralized situation indicated, according to the Puritan interpretation, that God had turned his face away from his chosen people and that Satan was reaching out for power. The fear of God’s wrath, evoked and nourished in fierce Puritan sermons, intensified the search for dark forces, which were blamed with the entire we
Executive Summary and Recommendations Planning is one important factor that should be adhered to in every organization. A strategic plan should not be compared to the normal vision or mission statements. It is supposed to provide a structure for decision making in a competitive and dynamic environment. In the current century, there have been rapid changes in the technological field. This has resulted into the need for updates in the structure of various organizations. Health organizations should have strategic tools for planning. These plans for the field of health are to be developed in local, regional and national level. John Hopkins Hospital is one of the renowned hospitals that is claimed to be providing the best services in the health care and service sector. The main theme or plan for all their operations has been geared towards risk prevention. This plan has been achieved by creation of a culture for safety. This safety culture covers patients, the public and the service providers who are the clinicians and doctors. Other major significant strategic issues are the adherence to information management systems and provision of quality care. Recommendations The recommendations are as indicated below; Hospitals should be institutions that give people an interface for recovery. For this reason, there should be a laid up strategy for monitoring patients improvement even if it means following up with the patients. The hospitals should offer preventive visits. In addition, they should advocate for more health insurance coverage and public health programmes together with staff capacity building programmes. Lastly, there should be a medium for providing increased awareness on disease, on contraction of the disease, preventive measures and awareness on good nutrition practices. These recommendations could have been in the plans of the hospital but the achievements are the most appropriate step in attaining success in the health sector. Internal Assessment This can be achieved by conducting a drill or just going through the management practices of the hospitals, also, one could have a look at the achievements. An internal assessment is good because it provides a basis for the functionality of an institution. Following John Hopkins Hospital, this has been attained by assessing the following;   * Innovation   * Customers’ satisfaction   * Safety and health   * Productivity Innovation here refers to the access of technological resources. It should also involve the number of staff can utiliz the current technology during operation. In addition, innovation should also apply to customer training from time to time due to the dynamic effects of change in the health care system. Customer satisfaction is very important and this is rated as highly important at John Hopkins. Factors that are considered are such as readmission of patients, the waiting time intervals, patient’s case cancellations, the length of stay by patients in the hospital, provision of complaints by patients on a we
The collapse of the Soviet Union in the 1980s was unexpected yet unavoidable due to several reasons including its structural weaknesses, the Containment Policy, and national forces. First of all, the very structure of the Soviet Union was fundamentally leading to failure. Regarding the authoritarian nature of the Soviet power, the following issues significantly affected its collapse: the persecution of the Church and dissidents, forced collectivism,
Abstract Drivers play an important role in the transport industry across the world as they transport goods and move passengers from one place to another. However, due to increased cases of accidents, safety is becoming a paramount issue in the transport industry. Since drivers are liable for the occurrence of accidents, experts have identified age as a critical factor that determines competence among drivers. Across the world, age is an important factor in driving because accidents that normally happen vary according to age of drivers. Hence, the essay discusses the relationships between age and driving. In this view, the essay presents the risks that the old and the young drivers pose the transport industry. Moreover, the essay also elaborates factors that reduce driving competence among drivers in a society and recommend why the state should enact regulations to govern age limitations and privileges concerning driving. Essentially, the essay highlights the importance and relevance of age limitations in the management and control of car accidents. Introduction Driving is an important activity in the transport industry because it promotes movement of goods and people from one destination to another. To drivers, driving gives them some form of independence and liberty as they have the capacity to control motor vehicles. In the past decade, the number of accidents in the transport industry has increased exponentially, and experts have attributed to careless driving. Dobbs, Dobbs, and Triscott (2010) state that “although many older drivers are safe drivers, in the past 20 years crash rates have increased by 50% for senior drivers, but decreased by 10% percent for drivers under the age of 65” (p. 26). Thus, the increase in the level of accidents has forced the state to consider whether age is among the factors that have led to the increase in cases accidents. Therefore, the essay examines the reasons why the state should provide a limitation on driving privileges. Age Limitation Driving requires an active mind as it needs undivided attention and care so that drivers can prevent or evade causing accidents or crashes. In addition, driving requires good health because illnesses tend to affect the attention of an individual; hence increasing the chances of accidents while driving. Therefore, unhealthy individuals are not good drivers for they have high chances of causing accidents. Since a number health complications such as arthritis, visual and audio impairment, poor judg
Introduction In management, learning curve theory indicates how a new thought, job, process, or activity starts; in which it is more likely for the labor force involved not to realize maximum effectiveness. In this case, it is required that this process or activity should be repeated once and again to give the labor force involved confidence and knowledge; which would ultimately result in more effective and efficient operations. On this basis, as repetition of the process or activity lengthens; the learning process would cease. Consequently, the time required in the completion of a task would decrease and then stabilize as a result of the achievement of effective working. When this happens, the increasing average time per unit is supposed to decline by a steady percentage every time the amount produced doubles (Allen, 2001). Main Body Mario’s Pizzeria is a mom-and-popular pizza place that takes contentment in their genuine flavor and safe ingredients but requires decreasing the waiting time within the eatery and harmonizing the demand for the service. In the process, Mario wishes to safeguard the same unique tastes and instructions as per the customers’ preferences. In this place, there are adequate wait and kitchen staff, despite that many customers leave having not served as a result of delayed services (University of Phoenix, 2002). In the case of the pizza store, the learning curve theory can be used to indicate how well the workers would serve their customers as a result of repetitive customer training. On this basis, when the manager of a pizza shop initiates new processes concerning customer service and reduction of wait time; the process at its initial stages may seem unfeasible and unproductive. As a result of repetition of this process by the labor force, its efficiency would increase and the time used in learning would decrease In the case of a pizza shop, issues that need to be addressed to achieve customer satisfaction may include; providing a larger area to serve many customers, making innovations where customers serve themselves, improving the kitchen and wait staff among others. In connection to this, these innovations should be adopted in phases as the employees would find it inconvenient if they put them in place at once. Based on this, the learning curve theory states that these employees would after some time get confidence and become more skilled in their operations (Teplitz, 1991). Pizza Store Layout Simulation from the University of Phoenix indicated that; the manager of a pizza store was able to identify suitable metrics which ensured the improved efforts focused on the business outcomes. In this connection, the development of performance metrics in the analysis of learning curve theory is crucial. Secondly, one should identify the work process within the store and the customers’ needs; which would lead to their s
In most of the cases, poor health is usually associated with the aged people. People tend to isolate and discriminate against the aged. People tend to develop stereotypes about age. There are policies and even institutional practices that tend to discriminate against the aged. In some cases, their ideas are even ignored on the basis that they could be old fashioned. At the workplace for instance, the elderly are perceived as being underperformers and lack the vigor that is needed to for effective performance. People have prejudices about the aged in terms of health and their ability to recover. The aged are usually perceived as being susceptible to illnesses and in the event that the aged is having an illness as well as a young man, it is usually assumed that the young man’s situation is temporary, while the that of the aged might be perceived as being chronic. The situation is made worse when a medical practitioner is the one holding such opinions as he/she is likely to discriminate against the aged (Quadagno, 2011). Doctors tend to ignore the elderly and may be reluctant to screen them for dreaded ailments like cancer on the basis that they are depressing or even crazy. This makes them susceptible to ailments that are preventable. They may be denied the appropriate treatment even after being diagnosed with the disease. In some cases the doctors tend to believe that the elderly are not physically fit enough to withstand the treatment and the complications that come with it can easily lead to their death. The efforts of the medical practitioners are geared towards managing their diseases rather than preventing or curing the disease. It is generally believed that the process of aging comes with diseases and ailments as the body’s resistance slowly wares off and its immunity weakens. There are various approaches and attitudes towards the issues of dying and death. One’s culture determines how a patient, a family or even the provider responds to the end-of-life decision making or treatment. Health practitioners are usually trained in professional cultures and handle the issue of death as per their training. The issue of death is approached differently by different people. Different medical practitioners, social workers, social workers, chaplains and other professionals all have different assumptions concerning their perception on aging and death. This mostly comes from the differences in their training. All these assumptions may however differ from the patients and families experiences (Quadagno, 2011). Different communities have differences in ethnicity, religious beliefs, about aging and death, their beliefs and priorities concerning care, anatomy as well as communication. This makes the perceptions about aging to be a complex issue and cannot easily be categorized according to one’s ethnicity, class or profession. A person’s culture is only relevant when interpreted in a given context for example the patient’s history, socioeconomic status or family constellations. It is not automatic that a patient’
Minor buses have been in business serving the local community for 100 years operating in routes 1, 2, and three. A closer look at the three routes shows that only route one is profitable. Routes 2 and 3 are making losses. The company has made large profits from route one because it is the only one that has had regular operations in the route. Throughout the years, there has not been stiff competition from major buses which operate in other routes. The decision by major buses to engage competition in routes dominated by minor buses requires an urgent reaction from minor buses to ensure that they do not only lose the traditional market but also gain some of the markets dominated by major buses. Solutions are developed after a clear analysis of the situation facing minor buses. Starting from the new developments, Major Buses has new management that intends to introduce competition for minor buses. The only condition is that the new routes taken up have to be profitable within the first 18 months. This implies that if Minor Buses is able to maintain a large portion of customers, then major buses would have to quit after 18 months of not making profits. Minor Buses has some resources available for enhancing competitiveness and expansions. At the same time, there is a new generation of buses with low floors which attract customers better. A new bus with this latest technology costs £120000 while a two-year-old bus costs £98000 or £102000 after an overhaul of its appearance. It is also true that buses are deregulated in the area. However, there is a statutory notice of 56 days before venturing to the new markets. Before investing in the buses, the company should determine the period that will be taken to recover the money it intends to invest. If this payback period is short, the company should invest. Determining the annual rate of return is also important. This can be estimated by summing all the inflows and subtracting the investment costs from the answer to give the profit. The annual rate of return will then be obtained by dividing the profit by the number of years invested and the cost of investment. Since the company has two options of buying buses, the option that will be more profitable and that will the higher annual rate of return can be taken. There is also an option of leasing buses so as to ensure that the major buses company does earn any profits within the first eighteen months. The strategy to ensure the business survives entails the following. First, Minor Buses should improve internal efficiency. Routes 2 and 3 are making losses. This could be due to the fact that the depot is located afar from the route hence increasing fuel costs. This being the case, the company should identify new locations for the buses allocated to routes 2 and 3. This will he
Most successful firms that we see nowadays started as small business entities. Microsoft is such a company that started from humble background and expanded into a multinational corporation. Microsoft is considered as the biggest software producer with a current market share of approximately 88%. In order to extend its operation, Microsoft can consider a merger with other software producing companies such as Apple, Google or Linux. A merger involves a combination of two or more firms to form a single bigger entity. A merger helps a company in growing rapidly in its market niche, or new markets without creating subsidiary companies. When two or more firms merge, the new entity formed is management as a single entity. When two companies merge, the less significant company losses its identity and the new firm formed opt to use the name of the larger firm in branding. There are three types of mergers. Horizontal mergers which are formed when two or more companies that sell similar or identical products/services in the same geographical area combines. This type of merger is mainly done in order to eliminate competition between the merging companies. Vertical mergers are formed when a customer joins with a supply and vice versa. Conglomerates mergers occur where two companies producing similar products, but operating in different regions merges (Ginsburg & Levin, 1989). In United States of America, the Federal government plays a significant part in the merger process. Federal government is interested in mergers because mergers eliminate competition between the merging companies. Federal government is even more interested if the merging firms happen to be direct rivals. The Federal government is more interested in such mergers because it considers them as strategies that companies use to restrict output in order to raise prices. It is known that firms have a propensity of merging in order to reduce competition between competing firms. Competition is healthy in an economy as it helps in regulating demand and supply in an open market. Shortage of supply and high demand are associated with high prices. Therefore, the Federal government carefully evaluates any proposed mergers in order to avoid any merger whose benefits are outweighed by resulting consequences on the external stakeholders. It is observed that monopoly in businesses result in deliberate reduction in outputs in order to escalate prices. Federal government is keenly interested in scrutinizing proposed mergers to avoid monopoly of trade that
The American Revolution is the historical event that ended with the Proclamation of Independence and the creation of the United States of America. However, despite the subject being taught ever since school, many people still have a lot of misconceptions about the war, its causes, and the opinions of the Americans regarding the sedition from the British Empire. The popular view tends to create an image of the American people suddenly becoming aware of the tyranny of the Empire and rising up to defeat it, fighting as one hand, one heart, one soul. The historical truth, as it often happens, is not as black and white. Instead, there are many shades of gray. Despite the revolutionary attitude of some of the colonists, a great number of them was not so eager on severing all ties with the British and had joined the protest in the hope of reaching a compromise. The purpose of this paper is to elaborate on the reasons why otherwise loyal citizens of the Empire turned their backs on it. The first thing that must be realized is that up until the revolution and the Declaration of Independence, the majority of the American colonists, considered themselves British. They were a proud part of the British Empire and held it in high esteem. They considered the fashions and customs of the British to be the best in the world; they sent their children to London for education, and they were very proud of the constitutional monarchy that governed the state. They considered it the pinnacle of law, which protected the rights and interests of the common person against aristocracy and the interests of aristocracy against the king ( Liberty! The Reluctant Revolutionaries ). The Founding Fathers of the American state were all wealthy patricians who had friends even within the British Parliament. Because of these ties, both social and economic, a lot of them were not ready to make the big step and becoming an independent country. The first episode of Liberty! summarized the sentiment towards the sedition perfectly: “I pray there be some, decent, honorable way to put to an end this conflict, to be once again reconciled with old friends” ( Liberty! The Reluctant Revolutionaries ). After the Seven Year War, the British Empire was left with a massive debt of over 120,000,000 pounds to both the internal and the external creditors. Had it not been for that money, the war and the American colonies would have been lost. The King and the Parliament decided that the colonies should help pay for it and for the army that was increased two times in its size. Ever since 1763, the Parliament had been introducing various acts, such as the Sugar Act, the Currency Act, and the Stamp Act (Oakes et al. 167). The last one was of paramount importance. It was the first tax in America that collected money fr