ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction In the past recent years, there has been a remarkable marginalization of many young people and their subsequent communities in many parts of the world; leading to the disintegration of different social institutions in many countries. As a result of this, there have been remarkable youth crimes and mass actions conducted by these marginalized communities advocating for their recognition in society. This conflict mainly between the police and these minority youths as Cunneen (2002) explains, has been caused by the unequal distribution of the country’s resources; the pursuit of social networks and the massive youth unemployment which lead to these youths engaging in crime so as to earn a living. In the pursuit of making ends meet; Cunneen (2002) has observed that these youths end up engaging in various anti-social activities both locally and internationally; as a result of police alienations and such side-lined communities. In fact most of these communities that have been in continuous alienations with the police springs out inadequate economical welfare, to enhance their ability to afford a living and thus due to the lack of the ability to purchase the things they want; they end up taking other people’s property to an extent of even applying force. This tendency of the young people loitering everywhere in social and public places like town streets, market places and shopping malls among others; in the search of social connections have been observed in many parts of the world as Wash (2008) has observed. The extents to which these youths engage in crimes searching for economic and social welfare vary greatly from one region to another, depending on the national context. More so, as Wash argues (2008) it has been observed for years there exists a diversity of youths from various cultural backgrounds and sub-cultural forms; as well as gangs of young people which lead to the long-term existence of these conflicts between the state and such marginalized groups. Most importantly the concentration of poor people in various places of the countries in the world has played a big role in allowing for the formation of such youth groups; as a move to fight for the rights of the poor people in such countries who seem to be neglected by the government. Case Study of Marginalized youths in Australia In the entire Australian community, Aboriginal people are considered to be the most side-lined people who are portrayed to be the most culturally suffering community among the Australians. Though no precise data has been gathered to show national gangsters in Australia; the emerging youth groups are coming together forming small gangs which seem to threaten the state. As Blagg (2005) argues the suffering undergone by these people in Australia is far rooted in colonialism in the country back in the year 1797. More so, other academicians like Walsh (2008) further expound on this marginalization of Aboriginal people, especially the youths, which has resulted in their alienation from the Austra
Venn Diagram Justification The articles on the topic “New York City” from Wikipedia and NWE were selected for review and comparison. Based on the analysis results, it is possible to say that the Wiki-article is better than the NWE article in multiple aspects: informativeness and detail, structure and readability, credibility, and visual representation. First of all, though the articles cover some similar themes related to New York such as history and culture, the information in Wikipedia is by far more detailed. The overview of the matters presented there is more comprehensive and, thus, provides a better chance to develop a good insight into the topic of interest. Additionally, the Wiki-article “New York City” (2018b) covers a broader range of sub-themes that are not covered in the NEW entry at all: public safety, environmental pollution, et cetera. Another winning feature of the Wiki-article is how it is structured. Sections and sub-sections are clearly defined and plenty of charts, diagrams, and other visuals are included there. It facilitates the information search and the overall readability of the provided material. Lastly, big sections of text in the NWE article do not have references. Moreover, it is noted in the Credits section that the NEW writers “rewrote and completed the Wikipedia article” (“New York City,” 2018a, para. 17). It means that this article is merely a tertiary source and is not of high quality. Contrary, the Wiki-article gives references to over five hundred media and scholarly resources, which significantly increases its overall quality.
Introduction In the modern world, people’s movement across the countries has been marked by political and economical diatribes. Richard Rodriguez portrays the way people fit themselves in the larger scheme of nations. Everyone is affiliated to the Nation-State and their affiliation has been marked by the changing political equations. However, the myth of nation-states is often broken by the interest of individual well-being. Rodriguez is a portrayal of the victory of the individual over the nation-states. Secondly, his arguments seem to reinforce the age-old belief that there is nothing like a closed gate. The human mind finds a new direction for every block it faces over a period of time. Possibly, better and superior to the earlier one! The American Dream As Richard says, ‘By the 1970s California was full of immigrants’. The Mexicans, the Chinese, and everyone else who migrated into the state of California had a long but standing dream. They had all come to ‘America’. The United States was America for them and that was the place to get work and grow business. The dreams of these people were slowly resolved and made in the golden lands of California, though in the initial days the migrants never really occupied the important locations of California. There were restrictions on the movement of the people to the US. The country’s federal leadership opened to the happenings after noticing the large-scale settlements of non-white people. Particularly, when the state did not have the majority of people from New York and Oklahoma, it was getting concerned! The federal government had brought in all the regulations that it could on the settlement of immigrants. But still, people continued to move in with their American Dreams. ‘We are only looking for work’ slowly transformed itself into a settlement. However, there was a pseudo cultural milieu that was created by them in trying to retain their identity. The Central Valley was manned by the working peasants from the Mexican territory. Though they express an interest to only go over there for the picking, the work seems to end up swallowing them. The freedom that it promises, the money that it provides really break up into much more when the person does return him; all add up to the charm of the new place and the person transforms himself from being a Mexican to an American. The author also plays with the fact that the national boundaries in the American continents seem to be laid differently. American seems to refer only to the citizen of the United States and does not include the rest of the people in the continent! The American dream that is carried by the individual in his heart drives them to the new world wherever it may be. Whether it be west or the North, he moves to the new world and amalgamates himself or herself into this America of his dreams. More often than not, possibly enters into the co
Within the contemporary nutrition discussion framework, ancient grains represent a topic of intense interest. This group of foods comprises the grains and pseudocereals that are considered to have experienced little or no transformations instilled by humankind through selective breeding. In other words, these plants have preserved their original composition and properties throughout millennia (Boukid et al., 2018). In most cases, the grains that are cultivated today are the product of specialized selective breeding, which transformed their image. Evidently, this process has been maintained with a particular purpose. More specifically, humanity has conducted selective breeding to improve the nutritional qualities of the foods, as well as their ability to be cultivated across different climatic zones. This way, the idea was to meet the increasing demand of the continuously growing population of the Earth. Nevertheless, amid the pursuit of selective breeding, a range of grains have been able to avoid transformations. To this day, they preserve the original image, remaining the same as millennia ago when they fed ancient people. This list includes einkorn, emmer, spelled, millet, oats, quinoa, chia, and other varieties (Boukid et al., 2018). In fact, Boukid et al. (2018) report that humanity’s interest in ancient grains has been revived in light of the ongoing pursuit of healthier eating habits. This information is confirmed by Clark (2015), who reports that a wide variety of such grains has become a part of advanced menus around the world. Furthermore, the popularity of ancient grains extends beyond the daily diets of different households, permeating the restaurant sphere, as well. Clark’s (2015) article for the New York Times relies on the examples of several exquisite restaurants. Their chefs have discovered a passion for the forgotten grains and pseudocereals. Thus, these ancient varieties represent a highly promising culinary area that provides consumers with new healthy discoveries. While the focus of attention remains on such popular ancient grains as quinoa and chia, there are other varieties with equally high potential. Through the resurgence of ancient grains, the history of nutrition comes full circle, as millions of people enjoy the same tastes as their ancestors did thousands of years ago.
Groupthink Concept Groupthink refers to a psychological phenomenon happening within a cluster of persons under which the aspiration for conventionality within this cluster results in a biased outcome in the decisions made. The main underlying assumption towards belonging to this cluster is the need to minimize conflict through blind conformity. Thus, an individual caught up in a groupthink phenomenon is blindly loyal to a set of thoughts or actions for fear of being controversial as a result of exercising independent thinking. The often dysfunctional dynamics within such a group generates what is commonly referred to as an “illusion of invulnerability” 1 . Actually, the groupthink psychology makes persons belonging to this group to belief in universality of their decisions as right without accommodating the opponents’ abilities, which are often underrated. In the worst case, groupthink orientation in the decision making process may generate actions that are dehumanizing those perceived as belonging to the opponent quarter. High-Quality Decision Making The process of high-quality decision making is dependent on heuristic since it provides assumptions, integration of options, and rational control. Decision environment often experience dynamics and swings which create short and long term effect on chances of survival for two alternatives to solve a problem. When faced with a decision problem that requires critical assessments, high-quality decision making process resorts to analytical tools that ensure competitive positioning advantage and rationality. Each option is assigned to a quadrant with predetermined response strategies and ‘follow-ups’ upon each decision made 2 . Differences between Groupthink and High-Quality Decision Making High-quality decision making functions on the presence of rationality and verifiable facts, irrespective of the position or situation that the decision making agents are in. Unlike groupthink decision making process, high-quality decision making incorporates a series of perspectives through which the final decision is identified via a qualitative analysis. Therefore, high-quality decision making relies heavily on the pillar of alternatives through research and knowledge of the situation or problem. On the other hand, groupthink (‘ingroup’) decision making process only accommodate the views of a cluster of individuals who belong to similar orientation and cannot exercise independent thinking. Decision making through groupthink is very biased since the underlying determinants
In the modern medical industry, professionals draw specific attention to performance assessment, improved outcomes, and a better quality of care to provide patients with enhanced services. They use various tools and strategies to cope with the task above. Among possible options, it is reasonable to emphasize medical management, medical technology, and information systems. The three are useful because they make it possible to improve the results in the spheres mentioned above. To begin with, one should note that the use of such systems is said to result in some benefits in all fields, and medicine is not an exception. That is why the three phenomena under consideration imply a few positive consequences. Firstly, medical management systems allow responsible persons to assess the performance of individuals and whole medical units comprehensively. It is so because these software products contain information on scheduling, assigned administrative tasks, and others. As a result, it is possible to evaluate the individual performance of every employee. Secondly, medical technology is inevitably connected with improved outcomes for patients. It refers to the fact that this technology is used to diagnose health problems accurately and early, which is essential for achieving positive results. Finally, Kisekka and Giboney (2018) stipulate that various information systems are responsible for increasing the quality of care. These software products collect, store, and analyze data about patients’ health problems to provide individuals with the correct treatment. In conclusion, it has been demonstrated that medical management, medical technology, and information systems imply significant benefits for the health care industry. These systems are used to improve patient outcomes, assess performance comprehensively, and contribute to a better quality of care. When they are used in combination, they result in the fact that medical professionals effectively perform their tasks, while patients obtain services that are sufficient for an enhanced state of their health. Reference Kisekka, V., & Giboney, J. S. (2018). The effectiveness of health care information technologies: Evaluation of trust, security beliefs, and privacy as determinants of health care outcomes. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 20 (4). Web.
Introduction Germination, which is responsible for the propagation of plants, requires moisture, warmth, and oxygen to liberate stored energy from the cotyledon. Thereafter, light is needed to help shoots from the germinated seeds to manufacture food for plant growth via photosynthesis. However, it is observed that seeds of certain plants fail to germinate even in the presence of water, moisture, and oxygen (Flores, González-Salvatierra, & Jurado, 2016). This observation indicates that light, a fourth factor, is needed for germination. Consequently, plants can be grouped into three groups based on their need for light for germination. Positively photoelastic plants need light for germination while negatively photoelastic plants require darkness for the same process (Flores et al., 2016). In contrast, neutral photoelastic plants can germinate with or without light. Seed size is also thought to influence seed germination in the presence and absence of light. For example, small seeds are reported to be positively photoelastic, whereas large seeds are negatively photoelastic (Flores et al., 2016). Knowledge of the effects of light on germination is important in the proliferation of wild species to ensure their survival as well as to provide different plant species with optimal conditions to boost their productivity. Based on the impact of seed size on the light requirement for germination, it was hypothesized that pea seeds would germinate well in the absence of sunlight than in the presence of sunlight. The purpose of this experiment was to use the scientific method to investigate the effect of light on germination and growth of seeds. Ten pea seeds and ten pots were provided. The pots were filled with potting soil after which one seed was placed into each of the pots and pushed 1 cm into the soil using a finger. Five pots for the negative controls (not exposed to sunlight) were labeled 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5. A similar labeling approach was used for the treatment groups (peas grown in the presence of sunlight). All pots were watered with the same quantity of water every other day from day 0 to the last day of the experiment. The seeds were observed every day for germination. The length of the plants was measured (in cm) and recorded every day using a metric ruler. Data The pea seeds germinated faster in the absence of light than in the presence of sunlight as shown by the absence of germinated seeds by day 7 in pots kept in sunlight. Also, a faster growth rate was realized in the absence of sunlight than in the presence of sunlight as indicated by the height of the plants by the end of the experiment. Plants grown without sunlight attained a mean height of 23 cm while plants growing in sunlight reached 9 cm (Table 1). However, the plants growing in the absence of sunlight had thin stems and small leaves, whereas those growing in the sunlight had thick stems and large, broad leaves. The data in Table 1 were plotted as indicated in
Introduction In 1966, China entered a new phase in its history, which was characterized by a cultural revolution. Mao Zedong was the architect of this revolution in his quest to cement communism in the society by uprooting any capitalistic establishments that had started to thrive in China. At the time, Mao was the rightful chairperson of the Communist Party of China, and thus he simply wanted to impose his socialist beliefs in China. Being a calculating politician and given that he had lost in his earlier campaigns during the Great Leap Forward in 1958, Mao had learned from his previous mistakes. Therefore, he came up with emotional appeals to low-class Chinese citizens. In a bid to convince the majority that a few individuals were leading the country towards personal gains, Mao alleged that the bourgeoisie was taking over the government, and they were entertaining capitalism for the benefit of the middle and the upper class. He called for class struggle via violence, and this stand appealed to the emotions of students across China. Conventionally, politically charged people, and especially students love violence, 1 and thus, when they heard a respected leader like Mao calling for the same, they joined forces and formed the infamous Red Guards. This account highlights the birth of the Red Gua
Introduction Certain events tend to stand out in the career of a physician. The story of Maria, a local volunteer who worked in a local hospital, is one such event. Maria chose to deliver her baby at home in order to enjoy the full support of her social network. Listening to Maria’s story led to the realization that there is need to take a closer look at the role physicians play in the maternal health. This paper presents a report based on the process of researching issues that inform the role of a physician in maternal health. Physicians tend to deal with mothers separately from their children. It is easy to assume that a pregnant woman is not different from one who is not pregnant, and to ignore the baby while providing maternal healthcare. The research carried out tried to find out whether there are issues that physicians do not take into account when dealing with maternal health, and how to bridge those gaps. Rationale for Selecting the Topic Maria’s story brought to the fore the fact that it is possible for a woman to deliver at home based on the understanding that pregnancy is not a medical condition. Pregnancy is a biological process and does not necessarily call for hospitalization. If all the indicators of a healthy pregnancy predict a normal delivery, then it is plausible to allow a woman to give birth at home. This is the lesson in Maria’s story. She decided to have her baby at home to enjoy the warmth and support of her close friends and family. After reflecting on this story, it became clear that there are many assumptions medical practitioners make when dealing with health issues based on their t
Introduction From the existing data and hypothesis, females have a better memory than males when recalling a list of words. According to the statistics, on average, the females recalled about eleven words while the males recalled only ten. The main cause of this finding may be the differences in brain structures and functions connected with memory. Main text Some brain structures concerning memory and learning differ in size between females and males. The hippocampus is of importance when it comes to memory formation and preservation and is relatively larger in females than males, giving the females advantage in memory cognition. This is because it grows and matures faster in females than males, making the females tend to accurately remember words, lists of familiar objects such as furniture, animals, and food, with better recognition memory. There is also consistency for episodic memories, especially for specific events, that differs between the sexes. The study in the diverse recalling tactics between most males and females has its origin in sexual behavior. This trend has become the focal point of the study, which sees upon the theory that it is gender-based dearth memory. This difference may also come up owing to the opposite genders having varied interests and enthusiasms. Moreover, a survey shows that females also have a stronger working memory compared to males (Salkind, 2015, p. 15). They are also able to hold verbal information at once whilst the males can hold memories relating to vision. This study also found that there is substantial variation in people’s decisions on the acceptability of methods of studying, proofing that most people are tentative about the right studying skills. This finding calls back to the classroom level where students are still learning. As a result, there is a call for teachers to spend more time in class to educate students on positive and effective methods of studying (Sapsford & Jupp, 2006, p. 29) which will improve their memory. It is regular to consider learning as something that happens at school, yet quite a lot of learning happens outside of class. Individuals learn for all the duration of their lives. Learning alludes to the capacity to recover data from long-term memory and is firmly identified with it. Learning is otherwise perceptive. Some children tend to recall less of what they have learned but are motivated when they expect a prize for doing so. The term dormant learning depicts cases in which a human takes in another conduct, however, does not do it until there is the likelihood of getting a prize. There is a need for continuing research to find out the factors contributing to the fact that students recall fewer words. Educational researchers need to continue conducting empirical research to find out the factors leading to recognition difficulties. Conclusion Learning and memory are very much in relatio