ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Socrates was a Greek philosopher born in Athens in the year 470BC. The lifestyle of Socrates made him a famous figure in the world of philosophy and influenced western philosophy and the history of the world of philosophy. He was admired by many because of his mastery, insight, and great arguing skills in philosophy. Socrates had a significant influence on ancient philosophy thinkers who preceded him were called pre-Socratics. He is considered the first philosopher who talked about ethics in Greek; hence his work became recognized far and wide as a controversial philosopher. Socrates did not record any of the dialogues he depicts but were written by his devoted followers who admired him for his bravery, integrity, and insight into philosophy. Among the people who wrote about him are Xenophon and Plato, who portray him as insightful and argumentative. Socrates became more famous for the events that led to his death. During his trial, Socrates explains the meaning of justice by examining the action of the citizens of the republic of Athens, where he gives a response to the challenge of Glaucon and Adaimentus on what justice truly is. Socrates uses the republic to show that it is the same as its citizens on the grounds of justice. In this paper, the three arguments of Socrates recorded in book ix are discussed and analyzed to see whether he answered the questions posed and if they are relevant to the challenge by Glaucon and Adeimantus on justice. Socrates’ Argument on Ignorance Plato explains that Socrates disliked the republic because he was considered wiser than any other citizen. Socrates claims that he does not have any knowledge of being wise. Still, since the oracle told his friend Chaerophon, “no one is wiser than Socrates” (Mouracade 48), he decides to find a wise person to show that the oracle is wrong about him being more intelligent. In his quest for a wiser man, Socrates visits politicians, poets, and craftsmen, but all his encounter with these people who seemed wise proves that they are not smart but do what they do due to the knowledge or inspiration they have Finally, he concluded that he indeed is more intelligent than the republic because he is not ignorant of his lack of wisdom. According to Socrates, being ethical means acknowledging one ignorance of some things. Socrates repeated arguments on ignorance demonstrate his view on justice that as much as he can tell what justice is, there is still more he does not know about it. In his apology, Socrates condemns Athens for being ignorant on matters of justice because the citizens fail to answer his question on who is in charge of helping the youth if he is accused of corrupting them. As per Socrates, the implication that he c
Introduction Globalized and local entities have held the concepts of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) in order to achieve varied business objectives that match the current dynamic markets. This paper focuses on the different strategies used by organizations that chose to work with local communities, and their effectiveness in conducting themselves as corporate and global entities. According to IISD (2011), CSR is the internal enactment of regulating policies, which ensures that the involved organization conforms to the legal, social, environmental, and ethical concerns of the society. Numerous organizations have realized the importance of practicing CSR in enhancing their market share and the overall public perception. CSR involves the utilization of set standards within the company to ensure that the company acts responsibly and meets the aforementioned requirements. Quality is one of the ways through which an organization can express its commitments to CSR (Calabrese 2004). It means that the involved organization care for its clients hence endeavours to serve them with the best. CSR is an in-built drive governed and steered with appropriate policies through viable business models. Focusing on the different strategies used by organizations working with local communities, and their effectiveness to conduct themselves as corporate and global citizens Viable CSR starts with mutual cooperation with communities to enhance equality, impartiality, and nurturing of the unique potentials presented by different individuals. Creating regulations that enhance adherence to ethical and human rights concerns is critical within organizations. CSR endures to achieve both internal and external compliances to the moral demands of the society. This is achievable through stringent observation of the self-regulative policies and ratification of competitive business models within the organization. CSR strives to capture the community with ethical products and by-products that do not disfavour the community (Bidgoli 2006). It relates to the aspects of sustainable development where the industrial activities of today do not compromise the survival of tomorrow’s generation. Most organizations have formulated a unique approach to CSR as indicated in a while. Such companies have long-term strategies to ensure their compliance with the legal, ethical, social, and environmental demands of the concerned societies. For example, GM Motors strives to provide the society with due comfort as one drives with a guaranteed safety on the roads (Schwartz 2011). As a strategy, policies and business models that ensure the achievement of these provisions constitute the ethical and legal aspects of CSR. In this context, the organizations have developed safety mechanisms to guarantee this provision. To improve the safety skills of a community, most organizations have organized education on issues affecting proper living. This aspect indicates the significance of CSR and its contribution to the corporate schemes (E
Since its inception immediately after World War II, industrial or organizational (I/O) psychology continues to command space in organizations across the world. This is a branch of psychology dealing with the application of physiological procedures in solving practical problems arising from the workplace (Wagner, 2009). I/O psychologists work hand in hand with human resource managers to recruit and train personnel at different levels of an organization. I/O psychology draws such attraction from different organizations due to the numerous benefits associated with it. These include improved organizational performance through a selection of candidates who are likely to perform better. It also identifies the people with skills and abilities suitable for a given job. I/O psychology plays a very important role in the process of selecting and training employees. This is because a well-constructed selection system encompasses all required qualities the employer is looking for in an employee. Employees undergo rigorous selection processes qualified by a psychologist. They design a selection system that complies with legal requirements and still auspicate candidates likely to succeed in that job. This system entails a job description pointing out the required skills, abilities, knowledge together with the tools used in performing a given task. In the training of employees, psychologists play a motivational role in encouraging trainees. Newly recruited employees are not conversant with the working conditions. Thus, they undergo training to familiarize themselves with the organization’s systems and adapt to the working environment. Many companies are currently liaising with psychologists to boost the confidence and morale of these workers. During selection, a candidate undergoes a series of psychometric tests and psychologists then analyze the results based on a scientific study. They assess the validity and reliability of these results and establish whether a candidate is competent enough for the job. The application of scientific research is immense at this level to ensure that those who proceed to stand a high chance of thriving in the work environment. These psychologists go beyond the recruitment and training phase, they offer legal support to the hiring firms should any issue arise. They testify in court and prove the validity and reliability of a given selection procedure in improving the output of the involved cases (Industrial-Organization Psychology Learning Module, 2002). However, this process flouts some ethical issues and in some cases, it leads to court battles. The process has a critical negative impact on the lives of the candidates involved. After failing the tests, people may feel unworthy and this may lead to stigmatized individuals with crushed egos. In 1975, Albemarle Paper Company solidified the use of scientific selection but workers challenged the decision in court, which ruled against the company (Industrial-Organization Psychology Learning Module, 2002). Several kits designed by I/O psychologists are on market today and assist i
Abstract The curriculum is perhaps one of the most important documents in any given school in the United States of America and even other commonwealth nations around the world. Ornstein & Hunkins (2009) conceptualize a curriculum as a set of courses that are offered at a given institution of learning. The institution can be a college, a university or just any other school out there. It is important to note that a curriculum lists both the courses and their contents (Golen, 2005). The importance of the curriculum to the school cannot be underscored. According to Ornstein & Hunkins (2009), the curriculum as a field of study is “……crucial to the health of (both the) schools and society” (p. 1). This is given the fact that the school is perhaps one of the most important institutions in the society. This being the case, the input of this institution as far as the society is concerned cannot be ignored. The curriculum helps the school in achieving these goals by organizing the activities taking place within the institution. Introduction According to Alonsabe (2009), the curriculum in a given school may be developed partially or fully by an external agent. Such an external agent is the National Curriculum for England which determines what is being taught in all English schools in that country. In the United States of America, the role of the external agent is taken up by the school districts which are to be found in each state in the country. It is the individual school districts which formulates the curricula to be adopted by the various schools within a particular district. Ornstein & Hunkins (2009) state that curriculum can be conceptualized from two perspectives. First, the curriculum can be viewed as the collection of courses in a given school from which the learners select what to take. These are for example majors such as biology, chemistry and geography in a university. Secondly, a curriculum can be conceptualized as a specific learning program (Ornstein & Hunkins, 2009). This is whereby the teaching, learning and assessment processes in the school are taken into consideration. It is noted that the curriculum is the driving force behind a given educational system. It is the tool used by educators to teach content, skills, concepts, attitudes and behaviors (Golen, 2005). This is either explicitly or implicitly. The major aim of a curriculum is to prepare students to become productive members of the community within which they are to be found. Schools and teachers vary considerably as far as the methods and strategies used to apply curriculum and achieve its goals are concerned. The methods used by these teachers and schools are based on different curricular approaches and foundations. Curriculum Map Influencing Factors In this section, I am going to look at how the subjects taught at Cochrane Middle School (as shown in my curriculum map) have been influenced by or reflect various factors. Curriculum Approaches According to Ornstein & Hunkins (2009), a curriculum approach is an i
Introduction Gay relations are qualitatively dissimilar from straightforward affiliations. However, people understand sex differently since there are diverse models highlighting the aspects that sexual partners represent in life. It is worth affirming that heterosexual marriage centers on emotional fascination associated with differing facets of the male-female polarity. This focuses on the complementary nature of the reproductive organ and passionate attachment of males and females, which fill missing portions and gives birth to fresh life. Heterosexual marriage supports bonding thus leading to reproduction and the creation of a household to nurture children (Newton 54). Family model is traditionally hierarchical and organized giving each partner a sexual role in a relationship but gay connections are not based on such aspects. According to gay persons, sexual fascination fails to derive its appeal on the complementary nature of physical organs since they lack a defined gender role thus making them incomplete. As evident in a decently functional perception, the gay relationships have no purpose therefore; they should not marry. Argumentative aspects of gay and straight affiliations Traditional marriage was a foundation amid a male and woman in western nations and other associated cultures. In this argument, “the marriage between a man and woman” is appropriate and the only correct lawful relationship that exists in the human culture to (Wardle 39). For example, Alan Sekulow of the paramount counsel for “American Centre for Regulation and justice” was against gay marriage. He testified before “U.S. House for Representatives Judiciary subcommittee” in 2004 supporting the custom of a man and woman marital association as the foundation of English and American bylaw. He supported the lawful marriage of people but not those prohibited by God’s law or by the church. It is evident that persons complete with bodily understanding and capability to produce children shall be everlasting. Sekulow emphasizes that unions, which are mixtures of individuals, who are not man and woman will not conform to the ideologies of marriage. People who practice gay marriage argue that in traditional marriages, there were alternatives to one man and one-woman marriage thus polygamy. Critics of this argument say that such a practice is inviolable and has been in existence for an extended period. Secondly, opponents of gay marriage argue that the main objectives of gay activists are not to obtain rights for “same sex couples” but destroy the marriage and family institutions (Newton 55). This argument bases on the fact that the key aim for gay activists is to overthrow the American society. While arguing on this reason, many authors derive their arguments on a book by two gay men who describe a media campaign convincing America to accept gay marriage as normal. The book defines the gay people as essentially the identical facet of other sexual orient
Introduction Controlling infectious disease is one of the primary goals of disease ecology, according to the existing definition (Verity et al. 1). However, because of a comparatively rapid pace of new strain of viruses’ development, the necessity to come up with new approaches towards disease control emerges. Though being a very challenging task the process of disease control may be improved extensively with the help of the method known as spatial targeting, as it allows for creating a map of infectious disease contraction, thus, facilitating the process of diseases geographical location. When Spatial Targeting Is Used Though created comparatively recently, the method of spatial targeting has already become a popular tool in carrying out major investigations concerning the effects of specific diseases; as a result, the specified approach has become popular and is nowadays used on a regular basis (Verity et al. 1). As far as the areas of spatial targeting use are concerned, the approach of spatial targeting is used for identifying, controlling, avoiding and preventing infectious diseases (Verity et al. 2). In addition, spatial targeting is a popular tool in locating invasive species (Verity et al. 2). How Spatial Targeting Is Used The application of spatial targeting is rather basic, yet it is often viewed as complex, since it ties in two concepts, i.e., ecology and geography (Verity et al. 1). As a result, the possibility for identifying multiple sources of a specific disease that used to be unknown previously emerges. Traditionally, several mathematical models for carrying out a geographic analysis of a specific area are suggested for the spatial targeting procedure. The GGT and the Bayesian methods are traditionally used as the key tool in carrying out the type of analysis in question. According to the existing set of standards, a distance-decay function is created around the given individual data points. The highest point is supposed to signify the level of confidence about the security of a specific data point. The lowest point on the graph, in its turn, allows for locating the lack of certainty regarding a specific issue related to the topic in question (Verity et al. 3). Speaking of the second approach, i.e., the adoption of the Bayesian method, the probability of data based on the location of each resource is to be identified prior to the analysis of the
Mediation, as is applied in law, is a model of ADR (alternative dispute resolution), a mechanism of resolving conflicts or disputes involving two or several parties. In most cases, a mediator, helps the afflicted parties to negotiate their own and preferred settlement (facilitative mediation). In different circumstances, mediators may give opinion on fair and reasonable settlement, typically where concerned parties agrees (evaluative mediation) 1, 2 .Mediation has a unique structure, schedule and dynamics that widespread negotiation lacks. The procedure is private and classified. The attendance of a mediator is a paramount identifying characteristic of the procedure 3 . Their may possibly be no commitment to the mediation, but in some circumstances, any settlement accord approved by the parties to a dispute will be effectively binding. Mediators exploit diverse techniques to improve, or initiate conversation between the disputants, aiming to assist the concerned parties arrive at an agreement on the disputed issue. Much relies on the mediator’s expertise and training 4, 5 . The mediator ought to be totally impartial. Disputants may exploit mediation in a countless disputes, such as workplace, diplomatic, commercial, community, and legal matters 6 . ADR practices consist of Summary Jury Trials, mini-trials, Early Neutral Evaluation, mediation, and arbitration. In my argument I will explore mandatory mediation and if it has gone far. The core missions of the institutions that will use mediation Mandatory ADR or mediation is more intently defined as routines such as adjudication which by court ruling or statutes are requested as a requisite to additional reprieve in the judicial or dogmatic system. Therefore, the Mandatory Mediation mission is to anticipate problems, injustice and difficulties involving parties before they evolve into a conflict. This has probable applications in big private sector groups, specifically where they are prone to excessive alteration, competition and financial pressure 7, 8 . A principal way mandatory mediation is employed to avert these divergences is complaint handling and management. This is a crisis prevention system designed to treat a grievance efficiently and effectively at first engagement including reducing the possibility of it growing into a dispute 9, 10 . Therefore, the core mission of the institutions using mandatory mediation is to provide a ground that can provide positive results without negative publicity. Considering we are living in touchy society. Citizens or organizations will take legal against for almost anything. For that incredible reason it is vital to understand why mandatory mediation is thus enforced by courts in dealing with diverse issues. It ought to be noted that organizations do avoid any concept of negative publicity, or an
Writing about the sexual life of the protagonists has already become a mainstream in the modern literature. However, sexual perversions, such as pedophilia or necrophilia, remain taboo for most authors. Barbara Gowdy, however, is not among those writers that are afraid of exploring the themes considered forbidden in the society. She has deserved the attention of a wide public by writing about characters with abnormalities and making the reader see their personalities from the atypical angle. We so Seldom Look on Love (1992) is one of the short stories included in the collection with the same name. The story presents an example of Gowdy’s innovative approach to modifying neo-gothic genre and addressing the forbidden issues, as she modifies the gothic elements and discredits the traditional stereotypes related to the dominating topic of the story. Gowdy’s Vision of Neo-Gothic Novel Genre In We so Seldom Look on Love, the reader has an opportunity to recognize the elements that are typical of neo-gothic novels and the elements that present the example of innovations and modifications brought by the author to this genre. Barbara Gowdy is recognized as a writer of the neo-gothic novel genre and Southern Ontario Gothic subgenre by most literary critics (Howells 107). The first traditional element of the neo-gothic novel genre that is used in the story We so Seldom Look on Love is the gloomy setting. The reader is submerged in the atmosphere of dark, mysterious nights starting from the descriptions of the narrators’ childhood up to the details of her adult life. At the beginning of the story, the author describes the details of her ritual burying of animals when she was a teenager and names it “a dark and forbidden thing” (Gowdy 142). The ritual always started at the midnight and was accompanied by the protagonist’s words “I enter the night, enter the night” (Gowdy 141). Her admiration of night can be proved by the following statement: “Entering the prop room, especially at night when there was nobody else around, was like diving into a lake” (Gowdy 148). As the result of this admiration, most of the events described in the story are happening at night, except for the first meeting of the protagonist with Matt. Besides the prevalence of a dark part of the day contributing to the gloomy atmosphere, the places, such as animal cemetery, mortuary, and funeral home, also make the setting obscure and grave. In addition to the gloomy atmosphere, the story is full of descriptions of intense emotions, which are also typical of the neo-gothic novel genre. The protagonist describes her feelings and emotions during the burial of animals and the sexual relations with corpses. The narrator shares the wide scope of emotions experienced by her at the moment of “anointment” describing them by such words as “high, high rap