ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The practical side of job attitudes arises from the comprehensive works on societal attitudes. An attitude is a psychosomatic propensity that is articulated by the assessment of a certain object with some degree of credit or discredit. Therefore, the idea of assessment is a uniting topic in attitudes study. One issue that is subject to the attitudes research is that people may elaborate an estimation of an almost unlimited number of objects. Some of these attitudes may seem insignificant, no less than in a universal psychological meaning, or maybe appropriately partitioned that they are only of specific interest. Considering this variety of attitude objects, it is established to consider job attitudes as a central and fundamental characteristic of societal attitudes. The summary of key issues that Swailes raises Swailes, in his 2002 research, reviewed the basic ideas of organizational commitment and focused on the difference between commitment and allegiance (Swailes, 2002). Whereas the connection between conversational and organizational management is equally well recognized, the consequences concerning the probable connection between organizational commitment and performance are more uncertain and designate only a feeble affiliation. This is expressly so when autonomous performance measure procedures are used instead of idiosyncratic self-assessment (Swailes, 2002). Commitment has been observed as having an emotional protraction or behavioral foundation curtailing from required socioeconomic and interactive bonds correspondingly. The concept of a person’s commitment can switch between these foundations over time in reply to what happened during labor and non-labor events. Committing attitudes may lead to behavior that, successively, emphasizes attitudes in a self-supporting sequence (Swailes, 2002). According to Swailes, high commitment from workers is presumed to be beneficial for the companies, providing a variety of tactics for organizational persistence. He also states that before the committee study field was completely understood, organizations responded to the turbulent corporate atmosphere and transformed th
Introduction Investors look at a world that has numerous opportunities at the moment. These opportunities are in many sectors. However, some sectors are appearing to be taking a sizeable chunk of opportunities. This paper looks at three sectors where such opportunities are immense. They include the energy sector, technology sector and industrial sector. Although others are anticlimaxes, many others are new challenges. However, the effect is the same: they present gaps which need to be filled. The only way to fill them is by coming up with innovative strategies. This paper will analyze the opportunities in line with these three sectors. Energy Sector Global Warming This sector has monumental potential for growth. It is spans wide with far reaching possibility for dynamism in the near future. The sector, according to scholars has a tremendous void that needs to be filled. In the near future, all and sundry will be frantic about energy and the need for development of newer frontiers for its provision. This is in the advent of the global warming. Many observers continue to point out that the energy sector remains a topic that will spill over in centuries to come. The human race has a possibility of grappling with a need for increased energy sources. This is in light of the ever burgeoning population. Many governments and non governmental organizations are also up in arms developing strategies that will ensure emission of clean energy. Clean energy is energy that has significantly little, if any, carbon emissions. These emissions are the cause of global warming. In as much as global warming seems to be a fairytale, scholars and observers in energy sector are warning of times when global warming will be like terrorism in the eyes of people. It is going to affect many a family and governments have to do something as soon as possible to avert a possibility of disaster (United Nations Environment Program, 2007). In light of the above, it is factual that the energy sector is worth investing. It is not just the energy sector at large, but particular areas of the energy sector. Renowned billionaire Bill Gates was asked in an interview on CNBC which sector he would invest if he were to invest in the 21 st century. He boldly replied that he would invest in energy: clean energy. Therefore, it is a matter of factual evidence that the energy sector will be quite profitable in the near and long future. Gates statement could not be closer to the truth if governments’ strategies are anything to go by. There are frantic efforts to finance projects related to development of clean ene
Incivility has become a topical issue in healthcare organizations around the world. Incivility within the healthcare metaparadigm is defined as behaviors that infringe the workplace norms of respect but have an ambiguous intent to harm (Zhang et al., 2018). It may include such actions as being rude, yelling, expressing gender or racial bias, reprimands, gossip, swearing, and others (Keller et al., 2020). Although these behaviors are unprofessional and hurt the target, they usually do not fall within the scope of legal sanctions (Keller et al., 2020). As a result, hospitals may not pay enough attention to dealing with this issue. Workplace incivility stems from the stressful environment that is characteristic of healthcare professions, especially nursing. Keller et al. (2020) discovered that the predictors of incivility in clinical sites were high workload, a lack of teamwork and little familiarity among the team members, poor communication, heavy responsibilities, and organizational constraints. Workplace violence can take four major forms: committed during criminal activity, performed by the customer, used by the worker against the colleague, and done to the employee at home, for example, by a member of the family (Enos, 2020). Healthcare organizations have the power to address workplace violence coming from customers and healthcare workers’ colleagues because these types of incivilities often stem from poor organizational culture. The Impact of Incivility on Nurses’ Clinical Judgment Workplace incivility negatively affects nurses’ ability to exercise high-level clinical judgment. According to Zhang et al. (2018), victims of incivility experience continuous stress, which may lead to severe psychological problems, depression, and anxiety. McPherson and Buxton (2019) also state that the uncivil work environment causes nurses to have poor sleep quality, withdrawal from others, burnout, and increased sickness and absenteeism rates. All these adverse effects make nurses feel distressed and shift their focus from providing the best possible patient care to coping with the influence of workplace incivility. New nurses are the most susceptible to uncivil behaviors coming from colleagues and supervisors. The study conducted by Zhang et al. (2018) showed that novice nurses experience a lack of self-confidence due to workplace incivility. This is because they are assuming a new professional role and are faced with a gap between their career expectations and clinical competence. Thus, they need peer support to adapt to the workplace environment. However, when they see that their colleagues treat them unfairly or ignore their requests for help, they may lose their self-confidence and start doubting their career choice. A lack of trust in one’s clinical competence can have adverse consequences in the healthcare setting. For example, a nurse may perform an assessment several times or wait for the other nurse to do it, thus wasting the preci
Pragmatic Competence Pragmatic competence is defined as the speaker’s ability to employ language in an effective way and in the proper context. According to Chomsky, pragmatic competence is the awareness of the conditions, relevant manner, and objectives of language use with the help of which communicators are able to relate “intentions and purposes to the linguistic means at hand” (as cited in Infantidou, 2014, p. 2). Such a statement poses a question of the nature of pragmatic competence: it is a system of knowledge, or is it an ability gained through getting immersed in relevant circumstances of language use. The answer to this question, according to Infantidou (2014), may be found by investigating the relationship between pragmatic competence and performance, as viewed by Chomsky. In case if pragmatic competence is separated from performance, its explication as a system of knowledge identical to grammatical knowledge might be increased (Infantidou, 2014). As Chomsky states, “performance provides data for the study of linguistic competence” (as cited in Infantidou, 2014, p. 2). Such an assertion provides no particular explanation of pragmatic competence, but the situation becomes different when with the help of performance, it becomes possible to obtain data for the investigation of linguistic competence. In such a way, as Infantidou (2014) remarks, linguistic competence is connected with pragmatic competence. Chomsky relates the concept of pragmatic competence to “the system of rules and principles of the logic of conversation and of disclosure structure” (as cited in Rivers, 1990, p. 54). The linguist notes that it is necessary to examine the mental state of “knowing the language” into further elements with the aim of distinguishing between grammatical and pragmatic competence (as cited in Infantidou, 2014, p. 2). If to consider pragmatic competence as a constituent of linguistic competence, linguistic performance must offer data for the investigation of pragmatic competence, as well. Thus, in Chomsky’s view, pragmatic competence is one of the components of linguistic competence, which leads to the possibility of studying the former with the help of data received from linguistic performance (Infantidou, 2014). Pragmatic competence is particularly important when considering the acquisition of a foreign language. When it comes to the proper language use in a variety of circumstances, grammatical appropriateness is not sufficient (Rivers, 1990). However, many elements of the language that need to be acquired by foreign learners are considered by Chomsky as “nonlinguistic” and as such that encourage students to “conclude that language is a chaos that is not worth studying” (as cited in Rivers, 1990, p. 54). Rivers (1990) opposes such an opinion by asserting that the development of mental representations of another culture’s aspects is crucial for the successful acquisition of the new languages’ semantic-syntactic-phonological framewo
Bureaucracy is a typical way that people use to organize actions or activities. The innovation of Western bureaucracy many years ago gave leaders a solution for managing human systems that have grown over the years. It can also be defined as an institutional way for applying procedures, thereby making actions of authorities anticipated and fair. The essential function of bureaucracy is to put into practice procedures of an organization successfully regardless of its size to achieve the purpose and mission of the organization. Bureaucracy is a powerful tool in an organization and is sometimes referred to as a ‘branch of government’ because of its ability to function as if it has authority and power. Despite how bureaucracy brings order in an organization, there are several problems associated with it and are discussed below. One of the problems I encountered with bureaucracy is when I did my attachment in a manufacturing company. Leaders and management of the organization were regarded as the most critical arm of the organization and the higher your rank, the more important you are considered to be. In my opinion, the most important person in the organization is the one who strife’s to bring quality and satisfy the needs of customers. When members of a team are ranked in terms of significance, other members are hurt. I suggest that every job and responsibility in an organization be regarded as essential and the notion of importance and status be disregarded to avoid alienation. Another problem I encountered with bureaucracy in this institution is the rigidity of making decisions. A lot of emphases was placed on consistency when creating products. Unless a good reason had been deliberated upon by management to change the p
Introduction The widespread dangers posed by the COVID-19 pandemic have forced most countries, prominent industrial actors particularly, to develop and apply strict regulatory policies regarding their exports, imports, and travel. Their primary intention was to minimize the number of human interactions and, therefore, the infection rate. Unfortunately, these measures have caused significant damage to the global supply chain, especially those sectors where car and computer manufacturers operate, creating multiple significant and minor delays. Given the current external conditions, the best resolution for companies experiencing long delivery times is to shorten their delivery chain of semiconductors by excluding all its actors except one entity capable of providing large quantities of components and warehouses for them. New COVID-19-related government regulations regarding import-export semiconductors, especially from China, are the main reason for the increased delivery times in the United States industry. Moreover, it has also slowed down progress in such areas of supply chain management as transformational agility, flexible network integratio
Introduction During the early 1990s, most organizations integrated the decentralized bargaining system as a competitive business strategy. This arose from the fact that it was considered to be necessary vehicle through which organizations could implement change so as to remain competitive. The effect was emergence of a new organizational culture whereby a firm was supposed to operate as a family (Consortium Research Program, 2006, p.11). Australia is one of the countries that experienced a change within its industrial relations system. Additionally, there was a significant transformation in the country’s labor market which affected employment relationships in Australian firms. According to Kaye (1999, p. 577), the decentralized employee relations system by Australian firms has culminated into incorporation of a unitarist approach to management. Unitarist theory of management postulates that an organization should operate as one single entity. This means that the employees are supposed to have a common interest in order to enhance the organization attain its goals. According to Kirton and Greene (2010, p.232), organizations are increasingly emphasizing on employee commitment. In view of this, management teams are evaluating employee loyalty on the basis of the extent to which they have internalized the firm’s corporate vision even if it is at the expense of their personal interests. As a result of more Australian employment relations systems becoming unitarists, the degree of inequality has increased significantly. According to Budd (2005, p.19), equity in employment relationships which involves a number of fair employment standards should prevail.
‘Mens rea” is a Latin term that means criminal intent or just intent to do harm. Before a state convicts a person of a crime, it must prove the criminal intent. In this case, it is referred to as the mental element of the person at time the crime was committed (Mens Rea n.d.). The mental element consists of four states of mind, the person is subjected to the most severe punishment when he/she did something purposely, knowingly recklessly and negligent. “Mens rea” is not applicable in cases of strict liability when a guilty verdict does not necessarily require a “mens rea”, these include laws that protect public safety and security from drugs, food of poor quality and transportation. (Lippman 2010).The requirement of “mens rea” is used to establish the criminal liability of a person. The common law originally punished criminal acts whether they were intentional or not, while religious laws stress on sinfulness and moral guilt which helped introduce the idea “mens rea”. Before one is punished because of a criminal act, the reasons behind the committed crime should also be considered. These two ways of dealing with crime were incorporated into the American criminal jurisprudence rather as rules than as an exception in the process. The reason behind incorporating the two notions was that people had to be responsible for what they do whether intentionally or not; the law also seeks to prevent people with criminal intentions from violating the law and using “mens rea” as a scapegoat for their criminal acts, and the severity of the punishment one gets should be according to the scale of the crime (Lippman 2010) This requirement needs to be applied in all cases because the law seeks to establish a concurrence between criminal intend and criminal act which can cause a prohibited harm or injury for one to be found guilty. The criminal act must be the cause or some deed that results in harm or injury as well as a legal proximity cause (Lippmam 2010). Looking at the history of law, it is clearly stated in Latin “Actus non facit rum nisi mens sit rea:” which means that a crime cannot exist without criminal intend. “A coincidental act does not break the chain of causation caused by defendants criminal act unless the intervening act was unforeseeable, and a responsive act does not
Grade Level: 2. Subject Area: Science. Content Subject Matter Types and Functions of Teeth Key Vocabulary To be set in a way that allows students to learn content material and, at the same time, facilitate the development of English skills. The key vocabulary for this lesson includes: Learning Outcomes At the end of the lesson, the students are expected to:  1. Name all the teeth found in the mouth.  2. Tell the functions of the teeth. Objectives (Standards addressed) Students will learn the names of different kinds of teeth found in the human mouth. Afterward, the students will discuss the functions of the different kinds of teeth. Materials Needed   * Apples, cut into small pieces.   * A worksheet.   * Modeling clay to be used for class cooperative activity.   * A chart showing different types of human teeth, namely incisor, bicuspid, and the molar.   * A pair of scissors (to demonstrate how some teeth are used to cut pieces of food); a picture of a mortar and pestle (to demonstrate how some teeth are used to mash food); a picture of a grinder (to demonstrate how some teeth are used to grind food); and a piece of hard paper (to demonstrate how some teeth are used to tear food).   * Overhead transparency. Procedure/Method of Instruction Intro Activity The teacher begins the lesson by assessing/evaluating the students’ prior knowledge and understanding of the different types of teeth and their functions. This should be done in a non-coercive and non-graded manner. Assessment of prior knowledge about the subject matter should assist the teacher in appraising the students’ skill set. Practice To entail the following:   * Go over the key vocabulary together with the students, pronouncing each word and paraphrasing where necessary.   * Teacher to use the pair of scissors to demonstrate to the students how the incisor cuts food; a picture of mortar and pestle to demonstrate the bicuspid mash food; a picture of a grinder to demonstrate how the molar grinds food; tear the hard piece of paper to demonstrate how the incisor is used to tear food. This is aimed at reinforcing the pictures of the different types of teeth and their functions into the students’ minds to cater to content material.   * Students point to each tooth drawn in the chart and employ props to show or reveal function.   * Cluster students into small groups (diad or triad), then instruct them to bite a piece of apple with the selected tooth to practically experience the function of a tooth, i.e., cut, mash, grind, and tear.   * The groups to work independently to construct different types of teeth, as depicted in the chart, using the modeling clay. Afterward, groups to complete worksheets and exchange intergroup for marking/grading. Overhead transparency to be utilized in this exercise to facilitate the oral presentation. Accommodations Teacher to employ the following:   * Slower and clearly articulate speech to enhance comprehension of key vocabulary as students learn content material.
Change in a working environment and organization can be effectuated through several means. The 4Cs and 5Ws offer effective approach to change. The 4Cs model was aimed at obtaining the consumer suitable marketing mix and putting efforts to enhance flow from mass marketing to focus marketing. The four parts are: First, commodity it holds that a producer cannot come up with goods and sell them to the mass market, thus he needs to conduct survey on what the consumer wants and provide that. Secondly, cost, it encompasses many factors affecting cost including the consumers cost of changing and implementing the new product and the opportunity cost of the consumer buying the competitor’s goods. Other costs include the cost of production, marketing, purchasing raw materials (Koichi 87). These costs in turn are reflected in the final total cost of the final product or service. Thirdly, channel or convenience, they involve the ease of purchasing the products, sourcing for information and the product. Fourthly, the marketing communication it shows the wider scope than basically sales promotion. Communication includes advertisement, public relation, face-to-face marketing and other modes of communication between the company and the customers. Knowledge of 4Cs can be of great importance in effectuating change and in decision making in an organization (Koichi 213). Five Ws model is used in research and news styles and is considered as a basis in information gathering. It holds that for a report ought to address a list of five questions, these are: What happened? This question requires a task based approach and entailing seeking the problem which exists and the steps to be followed in attaining the objective. Who was there? These are the audience or respondents of the study and in the case of a market research these are the current and potential consumers which the producer targets to impact on. Where? This involves identifying the locality of the implements to perform the “what” and also explaining the action in context of its application. When did it happen? This is basically an issue of chronology of conveying the actions that will complement the overall objective. Why? It shows the necessity of every step the applicant should take to complete a function and the reason why the events follow a certain trend. Each question should bring out a factual answer and the questions should not be answered with words like “yes” or “no”. An organization can apply the 5Ws in doing its research work or implementing its policies, but these questions can applied in any order depending on the desired goals (Henry 421). Job training is one of the methods that an organization can effect change in its working environment. Job training encompasses the process of equipping the employees within the work place with adequate skills and knowledge. The skills and knowledge imparted is