ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Duncan is also concerned about cars parked illegally behind the shop which prevent supplies from being delivered. He offers Susan, a local traffic warden, £20 a week if she makes a particular effort to give parking tickets to anyone who illegally parks behind the shop. For the next month Susan carry out their side of the deals. When she ask Duncan for the money he refuses and says she is only doing her jobs anyway. Issue In regards to the case involving Susan and Duncan, some important issues arise that must be looked at to establish if there was a contract between Susan and Duncan that was legally enforceable and also determine whether Duncan breached this contract or not. The first issue that emerges here is whether there was an intention on Duncan’s part to form a contract that is enforceable? Can Susan claim the amount due from Duncan or she was just in her line of duty? If Duncan actually intended to enter into a contract that is legally enforceable in nature, then has he breached the contract by refusing to pay Susan the amount due? (Mulcahy, 2008, p. 195) Rule of law As seen from the case above, a contract is only valid if it meets the following; it should have an agreement the is arrived at through making an offer and receiving an acceptance, there must be a consideration, which is simply a valuable exchange between the parties involved, there must be capacity, that is the parities involved should have the ability to legally and mentally enter into contracts that are binding, and lastly, the agreement should not violate the law. Once again a duty carried out while some one is in his or her line of duty may not be regarded as good consideration and may dismiss an agreement from being a contract. Contacts are usually classified as “bilateral or unilateral, valid, void, voidable, and unenforceable, formal or informal, express or implied, and executory or executed” (Goldman & Sigismond, 2010, p. 126). A bilateral contract is characterized with both sides making an agreement as opposed to a unilateral contract: “an express contract is just stated in words either in writing or orally” (Chandler & Brown, 2007, p. 20). An implied contract depends on the conduct of the parties to define the agreement. An executed contract is one that has been performed and an executory one is still being performed (Chandler & Brown, 2007, p. 20). Application In this case, Duncan made an offer to Susan who accepted it by performing the task needed. This was a unilateral contract because it was one sided. It was an informal contract because the agreement was not written down. However, the two were in a commercial relationship, and therefore the contract is expected to be legally binding. It was also just implied because acceptanc
Introduction Persons with disabilities often need help with the simplest things such as where to find housing that they can actually navigate or how to make sure that a certain test that they’d like to take is accessible to them. Federal, state, and local government agencies provide various services for those with disabilities, and it is important for the library to provide information about these services. When looking at the staff training which is provided in Georgia with regard to training of persons who have special needs, what stands out is the fact that it is important to consider services such as the Braille which are offered to the people who have visual impairments. Library disability training The main purpose of a library disability training program should be to eliminate unlawful discrimination, to promote equality of opportunity for individuals with disabilities, and to develop policies and best practices to best serve the needs of individuals with disabilities. Developing a training plan to serve individuals with disabilities is much like developing any other aspect of library training. The top priority should be involving individuals with disabilities throughout the planning and implementation process. One of the main mandates of the ADA is that libraries should solicit public comment regarding the self evaluation plan for serving individuals with disabilities, cooperative relationships will be a necessity in order to provide the best quality services and materials for patrons. A transition team for accessibility should be appointed that includes a wide presentation of all areas of responsibility. Individuals with disabilities should be appointed to this ad hoc committee. Some individuals do not need to attend all committee meetings. The transition team will recommend and encourage the best use of resources to meet the information needs of library staff and patrons with disabilities. One of the first tasks of the groups should be to carry out an access audit. The international Federation of Library Associations checklist compiled by Irvall and Nielsen (2005) is an excellent plan for auditing the library facility as well as materials and equipment for individuals with specific disabilities. The transition team should make specific recommendations to help improve both the physical space in the lib
Home remains one of the most crucial but usually underestimated things in human life. In literature, this theme is interpreted in a variety of ways, including the physical characteristics of a building and family relationships. In this paper, attention will be paid to three stories by Marshal Curry ( The Neighbor’s Window ), Scholastique Mukasonga (“Grief”), and Nathanael West ( The Day of the Locust ). These authors do not directly address the home theme, but their narrations show what it means to misunderstand values. Being the representatives of different literary genres, the chosen stories contributes to the promotion of home as the only place for hope, safety, and empowerment. One of the most evident characteristics of the home is safety. When people are at home, they believe that they are protected and supported. However, the time comes to leave their safe homes under different circumstances. In her short story, Mukasonga uses massacres and genocide as a symbol of threat that makes the main character go away from her homeland. The theme of compulsion and unfair force is developed to prove that even if “you never know” what to expect or “you might run into a madman,” home is safe, and it is never too late to come back (Mukasonga). In The Day of the Locust , West uses repetition to explain why home is the only safe place for Harry to which he returns. Compared to the previous authors, Curry chooses a family home as the main setting where all events are developed, turning this place into a symbol of transformation. The couple and their children are safe and free to do what they want within the walls of their house. As long as people feel protected, they enjoy the empowerment that their homes provide. In The Neighbors’ Window , Alli and Jacob seem to be a couple with no common interest except bringing their children and watching the family in the neighbor’s window (Curry). Until they are at home, they can laugh, cry, make jokes, and doubt. In comparison, Mukasonga deprives her character of the power of home and empowerment and introduces the girl as fragile as an egg that could break after a single jolt. West relies on the deceptiveness of the American Dream that makes people believe that a foreign country could become their new home. As a result, empowerment in the novel is similar to domination, and the author adds many similes “like a soldier at the command” or “heads of burnished spikes” to underline the lack of character’s awareness of home (West). While people do not accept their homes as something real and crucial, they do not have a chance to improve their lives. Hope is the strongest force that contributes to human growth and development, and it is closely related to the home theme. Home is where hope is born, and, according to West, without hope, people suffer from the anguish that is “basic and permanent.” In Curry’s movie, hope is revealed through the thought that something can be changed with ti
In this paper, we intend to analyze three articles, published in New York Times, The Economist and Newsweek . Each of them focuses on such topic as the development of the US economy and its struggle against the ongoing recession. Our main task is to evaluate the arguments, put forward by the authors and determine whether there they are evidence-based and objective. The first article to be discussed is called Across the US, Long Recovery Looks Like Recession. It was written by Michael Powell and Motoko Rich and was issued in New York Times on the twelfth of October [1] . The authors argue that the US economy will not be able to recover from the recession in the near future. In particular, they say that the aftereffects of the crisis can be overcome in at least nine years. Their prognosis is based on the fact that current rate of job creation is rather slow (Powell & Rich, p 1). Furthermore, they point out that housing prices still remain relatively low and as a result, people are very reluctant to work with banks. Another issue, mentioned by the authors is the lack of job security: American citizens are afraid of losing their jobs, and they cut down expenses, spent on consumer goods. On the whole, the authors’ overarching thesis is that American government has not identified the underlying causes of the global crisis or addressed the key challenges, faced by American society. To a certain extent, one can certainly agree with Michael Powell and Motoko Rich. Their arguments are based on quantitative data and they appear to be quite plausible. However, the authors overlook the fact that in part, the on-going recession was triggered by external forces, which are not under governmental control, for instance, high prices on oil, continuous outsourcing, the existence of shadow banking systems, irresponsible money lending and other factors. From the point of view of Keynesian economics, this economic crisis has been caused by inefficiency of private organizations (banks, large corporations, manufacturerers), and it is not directly connected with the policies pursued by the government. The journalists accurately describe the situation, which has recently emerged but they do not propose any solutions. According to the authors’ estimations the US economy will regain its former strength only in nine years. Yet, it seems that the adoption of American Recovery and Reinvestment Act provide additional stimulus to American enterprises. The thing is that according to this legislative act, more than seven hundred billion dollars will be invested in the development of infrastructure, the reduction of taxes, paid by companies and individuals, and construction of housing for low-income population [2] . This governmental incentive can subsequently increase job creation rate. Overall, we can say that the authors’ views of the US economy are too pessimistic and they do not really reflect all the complexity of the problem. Another article, which is of great interest to us, is ca
The essay “Farm Girl” by Jessica Hemauer narrates about the experience of a young lady, whose family lifestyle changes drastically from luxury and wealth to vulgarly and poor, because of bankruptcy. This essay features the aftermath consequences which this drastic changed caused to her education, confidence, family socialization and adaptation following her family’s migration from South Korea to America (Roen, Glau & Maid, 2009). Hemauer’s father is a millionaire who provides his daughter with the best in life, from private educational coaching to personal transportation when going to school. She remembers the “mansion with an orchard and a pond and peacocks” (Roen, et al., 2009), that was at her disposal back in the day. Poverty strikes when father “losses everything overnight” (Roen, et al., 2009). In those days, bankruptcy was punishable by law, and so her family flees to America to avoid it, as jail term was inevitable. The immigration and new way of life have posed new challenges to the family. According to Hemauer, duties like laundry were chaotic and disorderly for them, as they were used to having nannies and house assistants in their former home (Roen, at al., 2009). In this essay, Hemauer also displays the aspect of a language barrier. English language is new to the girl and only a few students in her fresh school can speak Korean. The author notes that there were two types of immigrants in America, those who could afford private schools, and those who attended public schools, where “policemen guarded the gate and checked bags” (Roen, at al., 2009). Hemauer’s purpose in this essay was to share the painful experience and struggle her family went through as immigrants. According to Roen, et al (2009), Hemauer demonstrates that “running away” has severe consequences to school children. It is difficult for them to interact freely using new language, let alone adapt to a new environment. “Farm Girl” is a personal essay where Hemauer uses her experiences to display both positive and negative emotions which she experiences after moving to the US. She illustrates the codependency of humanity by being part of her family’s affairs. She feels annihilated in her new home in America because, even though they successfully escaped the bankruptcy punishment back in Korea, they are now poor and have to adapt to this lifestyle. People today can easily relate to such feelings, whether they have suffered in the same way or not. Various audiences may find different contexts in this essay depending on their personal experience. Personally, I think that the best-suited audience is the average citizen who at one time or another, borrows advances from banks and societies, where defaulting to repay attracts adverse consequences. (Kao, Vaquera & Goyette 2013). If the borrower flees the country, external challenges like language barrier, insecurity and loneliness are bound to befall him or her. Either way, he or she suffers.
Individual Questions Although defining one’s life purpose is a task that cannot always be clearly defined (otherwise, things would be much simpler), I think I have found a general definition that I am willing to commit to. My life purpose is to ensure constant growth in various aspects of my personality. In everything I do, I would like to ask myself, “How does this contribute to my development?” There are multiple ways in which a person can grow, so I am not talking about some particular actions but rather an attitude. I want to make sure that, with every endeavor, I make a contribution to my intellectual, mental, emotional, spiritual, or physical development, thus becoming smarter, stronger, more enduring, more fulfilled, more satisfied, and more understanding. Therefore, I do not want to engage in activities that I know will not make me better in any way but will be a waste of time or—even worse—will deteriorate my characteristics. I find this life purpose worth trying to stick to because what I want to achieve is to become the best version of who I am over the years of my personal and professional life in the future. As any person engaging in interaction, I have faced conflicts, and the ones that I particularly recall every time are the conflicts between me and other people involved in a common project where we had to spend a lot of time together and come up with a lot of solutions really fast. The work was rather tense, and what I felt was that I thought I knew how everything needed to be done, so I was spending a lot of time trying to convince my teammates that I was right. We did not understand each other, and the atmosphere was rather nervous, as one of my teammates and I even yelled at each other at some point. After the end of the project, upon reflecting on my behavior, I realized that I really lacked the willingness to listen to other people’s points. It is not how I normally behave, but back then, decisions needed to be made quickly, so the pressure made me less flexible than I actually want to be. In fairness, my colleagues demonstrated a lack of patience and cooperation skills, too. I define those conflicts as conflicts of authoritarian nature: under pressure, we wanted to control things rather than to cooperate, and the way to resolve those conflicts is to adopt a more cooperative attitude. Upon analyzing my personality, I have discovered that my biggest strength is compassion manifested in striving for understanding people. I highly appreciate this trait because I think it is very beneficial—not only in my personal life, as some may think, i.e. for building stronger personal relationships, but also in my profession. Successful performance largely depends on the ability to understand other people because, whatever one does, he or she almost inevitably deals with people, and the unwillingness or inability to understand what people you deal with want is a major barrier to being success. My major weakness is being committed to ideals, which is manifested in a lowered ability to compromise, tolerate failures in other people’s wor
Employee Performance The benefits that SAS offers its staff are quite promising; especially, the assistance to the members’ families that the organization provides ( Employee and retiree services , 2016) leaves a profound impact. As an employee, I would look forward to working for the company that values the parts of their employees’ lives that truly matter to them. The innovation promoted by SAS may solve one of the greatest business issues of the 21 st century, i.e., the imbalance between family and work. For instance, it may suggest a compromise that will satisfy both the company and the employee. However, it needs further improvement so that the family members could be convinced to make an effort. Employee Layoffs Employee layoffs have a variety of adverse effects on the staff. Particularly, the sense of insecurity concerning their jobs deserves to be mentioned. In addition, the remaining employees may become unmotivated seeing the lack of justice in the company. Finally, the increased rivalry rates spurred by layoffs and the fear of being dismissed may affect the process of information sharing and, therefore, bring the performance rates down. Moreover, the inconsistencies in the information management process can affect the company’s revenues significantly. In addition, the increased rivalry will create the environment, in which the staff may find it hard to evolve; as a result, the firm will collapse. Although I am likely to feel rather awkward when laying off an employee, I will try to make sure that the staff member to be dismissed accepts my arguments and at the
Introduction In a review conducted by the Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis in 2005, it was noted that the economic hero of the inflationary decades was the then chairman of the Fed, Paul Volcker. In the review, Allan Meltzer recognizes some mistakes and policy errors. Both political and economic factors that led to the Great Inflation are identified and scrutinized. It was found out that policy errors were based on the limited independence of the Federal Reserve. Misinterpretation of the apparently flawed economic theories resulted to fruitless policy deliberations and had an impact on the increased inflation rates. It was through Volcker’s new policy of inflation targeting that the inflation was controlled and sustained. The FOMC (Federal Open Market Committee) were slow in their response to the great inflation. This allowed the growth of inflation rates until it was out of control. Reasons for the 1979 monetary policy reform and how it was implemented have been analyzed in the review (Meltzer 18). The success of the reform is apparent over the past two decades characterized with higher degrees of price stability. The main principle behind the monetary policy reform was the control of the U.S money supply. Lindsey’s article splits the reform into five sections: how it happened, why it happened, challenges facing the FOMC, analysis of the then chairman Paul Volcker and finally the conclusion. Lindsey presented the historical description of the reform, reasons for the adoption, mechanisms of handling various challenges and tries to describe the economist Paul Volcker (Lindsey et al. 6). Lessons for Monetary Policy Several lessons have been learnt from the great inflation era. Personnel who have benefited from such lessons include policy makers, politicians and the public in general. The main lesson learnt from the high-inflation era is that low and stable inflation has considerable more economic benefits than high inflation. In the past two decades, substantial economic improvements have been recorded as a result of low inflation. Improvements such as a fall in economic volatility, economic growth and increased productivity have been recognized (Bernanke et al. 11). Bullard provides the following three lessons for monetary policy from the panic of 2008: lender of last resort on a grand scale, the several faces of monetary policy and the asset price bubbles. The Federal Reserve acts as the lender of last resort. Its ability to act in such a way was very innovative. It has proved to be more powerful and flexible than was previously held and has regained the
Cash is king, is it not? However, having cash is not enough. What is more paramount is to develop the mechanisms of managing cash because it is the employment of such tools that makes the business successful and protects it from bankruptcy and negative influence of economic turbulence keeping it afloat. That is why it is crucial to recollect the techniques of managing cash flow in the business. The Cash Flow Gap? First and foremost, it is vital to realize that managing cash flow is only significant to avoid what is known as a cash flow gap, i.e. the condition of the business, in which cash outcomes exceed cash incomes (Edwards 5). It is extremely acute in the case of small businesses and start-ups. However, sometimes even big businesses face this challenge, e.g. during the times of economic turmoil. So, understanding these gaps and eliminating them are the primary objectives of cash flow management. This article will present some effective techniques for managing cash flow. Maintaining Cash Balance It is always paramount to maintain the balance between cash incomes and cash outcomes. This technique requires a close look at a company’s financial health. The most important thing to realize about maintaining cash balance is that an enterprise should ensure that it has enough funds to continue its operation, and it should be done daily (Moodie 20). This method is often used by small businesses because it is close to impossible to employ in the case of big