ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction No child left behind is an act of the United States congress. This act was legislated to cover education matters of children who attended public academic institutions. This paper seeks to discuss the American No Child Left behind Policy. The paper will discuss the origin of the policy, the implementation of the policy as well as the current status of the policy. Origin of the No Child Left Behind Policy Legislations are majorly undertaken by politicians and most of them are normally attached to forces that influence political leaders, if at all the causes for the legislations are not political. It is believed, according to Emery Kathy, that the No Child Left behind Act was born from forces of the corporate community that must have influenced two figures in the then American politics, President Bush and Ted Kennedy, to consent over the legislation. The corporate community which is made of about three hundred chief executive officers in the United States and founded in the year 1989 is believed to have influence of the American politicians and the American legislative process. The history of the act can be traced to the year 1989 when the group of CEOs, known as the business roundtable, resolved that states should offer education systems that were results oriented. Proposals for recognizing outstanding performances and punishing inefficiencies in the education sector were then made by the roundtable. Objectives of this driving force were developed into specified goals such as “state standards, state tests, sanctions and transformation of teacher education programs” (Emery 1). It is this body that organized for support of the act which they obtained in the year 2000 by convincing a number of legislatures to adopt the act (Emery 1). The history of the bill can also be traced through the United States’ legislations on education policies. Legislations on education started with the enactment of the “elementary and secondary education act of 1965” (Mon 3). The federal government adopted the funding of education sector in its state in a bid to counter poverty in the country. The policy, however, suffered a blow as it failed to attract the support of Reagan’s presidency that ascended to office in the year 1980. Change in politics in the year 1989 again revived the earlier support for education systems with plans made for goals in education sector to be achieved by the year 2000. Goals such as increasing “high school graduation rate” (Mon 3), ensuring that the America education system produced competent people and ensuring that American students became the best in mathematics and science were then outlined (Mon 3). The “improving America’s schools act” (Mon 3) then followed in the year 1994 before the later development of the No Child Left behind Act of the year 2001 (Mon 3). The legislation was, however, initiated by the political class. Immediately after taking office as the president of the United States of America, President Bush announced hi
Introduction Bipolar disorder, also called manic-depressive disorder refers to psychiatric condition that entails varied mood swings whereby an individual experiences episodes of intense mood swings. These mood swings are different from the normal mood swings because they are so intense such that they interfere with normal body functioning ((Maj, Akiskal and López-Ibor, 2002, p. 6). The episodes involved here range from extreme levels of mania to the extreme lows of depression. As a result, there is a budge in energy, behavior, and thinking affecting an individual negatively. Causes Until now, there has not been any established cause of bipolar disorder. However, researches indicate that this disorder may result from imbalances in neurotransmitters, brain chemicals that if not balanced throws mood-regulating mechanisms off balance leading to mood swings. There have been speculations that this condition maybe genetically inherited which acts as a predisposing factor. Generally, these causes are believed to be of genetic, biochemical and environmental nature (Maj, Akiskal and López-Ibor, 2002, p. 520). There is a strong link between bipolar disorder and depression. Substance abuse may also lead to this condition. Signs and Symptoms Signs and symptoms of this disorder vary in different situations in terms of frequency, severity, and pattern. This disorder occurs in four phases each with characteristic signs. The four phases, which also qualify as types are; mania, hypomania, depression and mixed episodes ((Maj, Akiskal and López-Ibor, 2002, p. 522). During the mania phase, individuals have increased energy levels accompanied by euphoria and creativity. Individuals experiencing this phase are hyperactive, extroverted and they rarely sleep. They dream big and think that they are invincible. However, despite these feelings of greatness, this phase gets out of control easily. Individuals may become unrealistic, unable to concentrate and this often leads to delusions and hallucinations. Hypomania, which is a less form of mania as the name suggests, does not get to the extremes of mania
There has been much said about globalization and its possible outcomes, including the positive ones, such as the opportunity to expand worldwide for literally any organization, and the negative ones, such as a steep rise in the prices for such crucial products as oil. Indeed, like many other events of a truly massive scale, globalization cannot be viewed as fully positive or, on the contrary, a completely negative process. It certainly has its issues, which will, doubtlessly, trigger a negative aftermath; still, it is important to admit that globalization also has a significant economical, political and financial value, opening huge prospects for the development of all states of the world. There is no doubt that the effects of such a massive process as globalization are going to sweet the entire world, therefore, having effect on the political, financial and economical state of every single state. However, Sassen offers another way to view the aftermath of the globalization process; stressing that globalization is bound to shape the infrastructure and politics of the world’s major cities first, the author invites the audience to check the supposed outcomes of globalization, both positive and negative, as well as the ones that have already become evident. While Sassen delivers his argument concerning the new centrality of the economic operations in a clear and very straight-forward fashion, by focusing on primarily large cities and disregarding the effect that the globalization process will have on the smaller ones, Sassen makes it clear that the globalization will not contribute to the integration of a whole state into the world economic process, thereby, denying the key principle of globalization, i.e., the overall involvement into the economic cycle. It would be wrong, however, to claim that Sassen’s argument boils down to the idea that large cities are going to make the bulk of the economy in the globalized environment. In addition to stressing the role of large cities like New York, Sassen also offers a deep introspective on the specifics of the globalization process within urban setting. Considering the example of such a city as New York, one can possibly evaluate the strengths and weakness of Sassen’s work. As Sassen explains, to get prepared for the changes of such scale, the humankind will have to work on the strategies that will help overcome the shock that will inevitably follow the analysis of the changes brought upon the world by globalization. According to Sassen, creating a transactional system of alliances can be viewed as an opportunity to make the effects of globalization less drastic. Sassen claims that “We must develop a transact
Introduction With the coming of technology, people have discovered that IT applications can be customized to meet their needs. This has led to a high level of innovation that was not there before. With such innovations and making everything accessible through a click of a button, Google Apps is one such application that has made it easier to access any information on handheld computer notebooks. This report will elaborate on how IT has been essential for business management and the impact it has brought to the society. The approach will be majorly an evaluation of the history of Google Apps and how since innovation it has proved to be essential in the business environment. IT innovation is one of the key features that have seen business become more workable around the globe. With developing different IT products, it does not only portraying product innovation but also business innovation. Google Apps is one such innovation where business people are able to get business emails, calendars and documents without necessarily sitting in an office. With Google Apps Innovation, communication among team members has been enhanced hence making business environment more interactive than it was before. A higher level of efficiency has been enhanced since the response to queries in the business environment is quick. With Google Apps data management, expensive and time consuming data storage devices have been avoided since all information is online and accessed as wished by the user (Grove Group, 2011). Historical review of the topic Before IT innovation, business communication and collaboration was very manual. In search for a better environment, business owners and employees demanded for a better and faster way to communicate with customers and business partners (Laudon & Laudon, 2011). This is because they needed an end to walking with address books and day planners written in notebooks. The needed, a break from untraceable business emails that after some time got lost since there was no safe custody of historical email data (Grove Group, 2011). Google Apps came in to answer the queries that business people had. With Google Apps, companies got a web application that could be customizable to their needs. Through Gmail, Google groups, Calendars, Talk, Docs, Marketplace and Sites, business has b
Introduction As globalization and industrialization continue to influence the development of megacities and urban centers across the world, the attention of civilians on immigration for socioeconomic purposes has increased (Eakin 2). An influx of mass population resulting from mass immigration trends has a significant influence on the national economy. Although immigrants are a potential source of labor workforce that companies require in enhancing their productivity and improving national economy, maintaining immigrant population is costly to any nation. Since the gold rush era, the United States remains considered as a nation of immigrants. Currently, the United States is undergoing financial crisis, with the economic growth stagnating at 2%, and the public debt escalating to $16 trillion, probably due to its national expenditure of the massive population (Immigration Policy Centre 1). Recently, the United States has been undertaking immigration reforms purposely to improve its economic welfare. Hence, this essay seeks to examine the underway immigration reforms and their economic impact on the United States. Major Immigration Reforms Underway There has been an evolving controversy regarding the presence of legal and illegal immigrants in the United States, with the Native Americans complaining about the economic impacts of managing the growing national population (Bennett 12). For approximately two consecutive decades, the American government has been struggling to mitigate unauthorized immigration from several nations across the world. Contemporarily, the federal government of America is seeking to improve the immigration policies in response to the dwindling economy (Gamboa 7). The intended reforms in the American immigration issue include the development of a competent immigration policy that is capable of controlling the immigration trends. As part of the 1986 Immigration Reform and Control Act (IRCA), the federal government seeks to renew immigration policies using new approaches (Center for American Progress 2). The Senate house of the United States in June 2013 passed the immigration reform bill that seeks to shape the American economy through managing illegal migration into America. The emergence of immigration policy from the comprehensive immigration reform primarily seeks to implement a flexible legal immigration platform that would leverage the economic situations of the United States (Gamboa 12). The government of the United States is on a quest of embracing a comprehensive immigration reform that seeks to legalize immigration and allow immigrants to acquire permanent citizenship (Eakin 1). The notion is that through a flexible system of immigration that allows legal movement of potential workforce in the United States, its economy would grow. The Americans are defiant to the prevalence of immigrants in the United States with fear that immigrants would perhaps displace Native American workers. The comprehensive immigration reform that their Senate house has proposed seeks to
Ideological narratives that shape public opinion can be seen as informative roadmaps created by the media and other prominent players such as spin doctors or famous politicians with a plan of affecting people’s way of thinking and intruding particular behavior. Ideological narratives are the comprehensive sets of ideas introduced in the written, oral, and video forms. They address the themes of gender, social status, race, nationality, religion, the relations between men and women, sexual relations, and the role and function of government among all. The main functions of ideological narratives are the interpretation of social, political, and economic contexts to common people, evaluation of the current state of affairs, orienting the masses, and giving people directions regarding their personal and public life. The film “Wag the Dog” is a good example showing how ideological narratives work. The very title of the movie shows the absurd of the mechanism of people’s thought manipulation. Everyone knows that it is the dog that actually wags its tail; however, the film tells about such times when the tail may wag the dog. This figurative image in the title of the movie shows that politics often use made-up scenarios to perform manipulations with public opinion. In the film, the audience may well notice how political ideologists utilize a special technique to distract people. “Wag the Dog” shows how an influential political technologist initiates a fiction war in Albania to invade the news by the accounts of military actions. This spin doctor intends to turn journalists’ attention to the war because he hopes to divert common people from the presidential scandal so that his reputation could remain untainted before the elections. The two documents of the class reading provide more illustrations to enlarge awareness on how ideological narratives function and who creates them. A key illustration of the way public opinion is shaped in the United States observed in the two readings is the opinion about Islam and Islamic countries after the events of September 11, 2001 and within the period of sixty years earlier this date. The author of the first document explains that his journalistic activity presented him with tools helping to identify connections between the terrorist attacks on September 11, 2011 and major political developments in the country (“Fixed Ideas 1” 6). A remarkable fact is that those days the government was trying to justify increased funding for the missile shield and other military expenses. In connection with the a
Several industries do not give much attention to surplus and obsolete stock because they are not keen on the monetary value involved. Obsolete stock can be defined as the equipments and materials in store which are in good condition and have an economic value, but are no longer subsidiary for the categorical operations of a company due to constant changes in production technology, product design, technological innovation, erroneous codification and erroneous forecasts. The costs of holding obsolete stock in the warehouse can efficaciously lead to a tremendous reduction of profits and therefore, inventory managers should stick to a schedule of customary obsolete inventory reviews. Obsolete inventory occupies nonessential space in the warehouse leading to dispensable storage and handling costs. If the warehouse manager does not spot obsolete inventory as early as possible, then the company will not realize the best salvage value for its obsolete stock, making it compulsory for the warehouse manager to take the obligatory steps of disposing of this type of inventory as early as possible, as the value of this type of inventory declines over time. Holding obsolete stock is very costly. For instance, costs such as inventory holding costs, security costs associated with holding inventory, preservation costs, inventory stock taking costs, and the costs of employing additional staff for stores work uses a lot of company’s resources. In view of the costs that are associated with this type of inventory, the decision making managers should devise felicitous mechanisms which ascertains that obsolete stocks are at minimum levels in stores. When a stock has been rendered obsolete, it can be sold to employees or another firm at a more frugal price or donated to non profit making institutions such as public schools. Even if this can be termed as a corporate gregarious responsibility, the management will just be coerced to make such a decision as this does not fall under their orchestrations of giving back to the society. This denotes that an organization’s decision makers should endeavour as much as possible to ascertain that obsolete stock is not kept in store by having a customary stock taking procedure to determine those stocks that have been in the stores exceeding a given period of time (Muller, 12-36). Obsolete stock in stores should be reported as soon as possible and their causes investigated. The management should therefore use proper control mechanisms for them to evade the problem, as it is costly and wasteful. The management should dispose this type of stock as early as possible if there is no use for it in the organization. This is because this type of stock occupies an abundance of nonessential space, increases stock holding costs, its value declines over time, reduces employee morale, may influence some employees to glom, and may cause accidents if not packaged and stored well. Ev
Public service refers to the set of different services offered by the government to the people under its jurisdiction, either through public or private sectors. Public service may also refer to a course that is offered in various higher learning institutions in order to equip learners with key knowledge and skills in the vast field of public administration. Public service or public administration is a field with a diverse scope, which main goal is to help in the advancement of policies and management to enable the government to carry its missions in a smooth manner. In other words, this is a field of profession primarily focused on the organization of government programmes and policies in various sectors of accountability. One of the main and striking characteristics of people within this diverse sector consists in the fact that, their services are required in all public agencies and departments. This, however, automatically makes them professionals in a number of disciplines. This nature of the service has won my heart at once, thus increasing my interest in this field. As it can be observed, the overall responsibilities of public service usually involve outputs that can rarely be attributed to characteristics of quality or even to specific individual efforts. Public service is a field guided by commitment and dedication, which attracts only those people who are passionate about serving the communities. Having studied Political Science and Philosophy, I am interested in using community-based organizations within this specific field to make a difference in the community. My wide knowledge in public policies, coupled with rich skills acquired from previous experiences and engagements are enough to lead me into higher levels of performance within this particular field. My participation in a number of sessions and retreats has also exposed me to extensive administrative duties, thus giving me some extra knowledge as far as the practice of public administration is concerned. My personal attributes, which include the ability to work well under pressure, fast comprehension of new concepts, and effective communication will help me effectively undertake the practice of public administration. More importantly, I will also try to utilize the basic skills of public relations that I possess in helping various segments of the community thrive in their respectful areas of commitments. My fluency in French is an added advantage to my career as a public service officer. French is arguably one of the widely-spoken languages across the world, and this clearly explains the reason why many people in the modern world have decided to study it as an alternative or the second language. This great exposure is likely to open up new opportunities to my career as well as to my personal growth, since I would be able to extend my public administration services to people of different cultural backgrounds, who may not be familiar with my first language, but can understand French. All these qualifications and experiences are instrumental in helping me achieve my goals in the diverse sector of public
Operations management is responsible for taking care of design and management of services, processes, products and the chains of supply (Operations Management, 2014). Besides, operations management deals with the development and utilisation of resources, the structure of the organisational work and the process of distribution of the services that are required from the company. APARU is the charity organisation and it is designed to help dealing with critical situations around the world. The goals of the process are to react quickly and present funds that are being requested before larger charity organisations step in and start assisting. Small projects sometimes need help to survive their initial stages of existence and development. In the situations when the future of a project is in danger, APARU and its Chief Executive Susan N’tini are ready to provide some help. The main quality of the process Susan N’tini is in charge of is its speed. There are two types of operational management – the one that deals with the products manufactured by the company and the one that is in charge of the services the organisation provides (Slack, Chambers, Johnson & Betts, 2009). APARU is not a manufacturing organisation, it only works with services and offers assistance and financial help to its clients. The production of services needs management in any organisation. APARU works through the system that involves many stages and many people carrying different functions, the applications submitted by the clients through the internet, post or phone enter the system, spend some time being processed by the system and receive a response – negative or positive. Due to the problems the company started to experience, the new objectives of APARU should involve bringing more clarity to their work process, improve their communication with the clients, namely, their ability to provide the clients with information about the status of their application, shorten the terms of processing the applications. The problems that APARU has to deal with are multiple. The cause of these problems was the company’s success and popularity, the company made itself accessible, began to have many new clients, and because of this its system started to be overloaded with