ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Traditional record industry business model Sacha Wunsch-Vincent and Graham Vickery note that the relationship between the artist and the record company is usually contractual which normally last for a limited period of time or number of records depending on the specification of the contract. 1 Record companies converts the artistic creation into consumer products alongside investing in artists to expand and market their works. 2 A record industry can be said to be doing extremely good if one in ten of the total artist investment in turn out profitable. Noteworthy, most artist often never sell enough to recover the incurred overall cost. Record companies sponsor novice artists from profits, catalogues sales and new releases. Artist must achieve a specified number of copies sold to break even. The customary recording industry revenue is collected from recordings while the turnover from T-shirt sales, concerts and so forth, normally grow to the artist. Once a music piece has become popular, the music industry package industry in diverse bundles to sell the same consumer the same piece multiple times. 1 In times of increasing revenue from sponsorship, merchandised, live touring and declining sales of CDs the industry has experience a shrinking share in the general 1 Sacha Wunsch-Vincent and Graham Vickery, ‘Digital Broadband Content: Music’, Working Party on the Information Economy: Directorate for science, technology and industry committee for information, computer and communications policy, 2004, p. 39. 2 Barney Wragg, Vice President, eLabs, Universal Music International (UMI) and Ms. Sara John, Government Affairs Head, EMI Music during the OECD Digital Broadband Content Panel (OECD, 2004b). music revenue. With regard to declining CD sale, the negative outcome of the changing record label approach on the artist’s returns had to be revisited in terms of digital music sales also which may shift artists’ returns. 1 Digital rights management (DRM) Effective DRM technologies have been embraced as the business enablers has for the digital delivery
Introduction Popular culture is commonly defined as the totality of ideas, attitudes, perspectives, and other features shared among the people in a particular culture that and often take shape through informal consensus in the society. Throughout American history, there has been evidence of different cultural traits that make it unique from other cultures. Its culture is highly westernized and diversified. It was largely influenced by European culture during the colonial period. The Americans have a unique way of handling their day to day life, which significantly describes their culture. The Americans value individualism and view the world as in-animate and limitless. They aim at self-improvement and hard work to better their future (Carr-Ruffino, 2009). “The role of concepts and ideas in American life is to provide direction for purposeful activity” (Carr-Ruffino, 2009). The Americans embrace a culture where thinking and way of life are guided by facts. American culture is also characterized by risk-taking. Since they value achievement, they use money, technology, art, and all other available resources to achieve high status in life. American culture is also a youth culture, and they value maintaining their youth as they associate it with beauty and strength (Carr-Ruffino, 2009). Americans are also friendly and informal. They prefer a casual relationship and maintain a few deeply committed ones. They maintain personal boundary (usually arm’s length) which, when crossed, often leads to violation of privacy. They also believe in fair play and are also fairly generous compared to most cultures of the world. Religious trends in the American culture In the 80s, many aspects of the traditional narrative of the American history were found wanting by scholars; religious history had for long highlighted only the views for men especially the white (Goff and Harvey, 2004). However, the past decade saw scholars overcoming this misconception as they searched into the traditional settings from which the stories were told and highlighted various issues that had earlier been ignored. Roles of women and other ethnicities in religion were unveiled, and the dominant narrative of the cultural hegemony of the Protestants whose ideas played out against the backdrop of America was demolished (Goff and Harvey). In America, different religions adopted different ideas about God. Some of the religions do not perceive God as a Singular supreme being and instead embrace the idea that there are many gods or no God at all. Theological beliefs among the Americans commonly stem from formal theologies which are derived by people with advanced theology training and often depict high regard for logical consistency. Others may originate from popular theology which is generated by ordinary people in their day to day li
Before the invention of printing press, people used to write in their respective handwritings. It was possible to identify the author of a written material from various works because everyone has unique handwriting. However, writers in the medieval ages developed calligraphy which was to be used for unofficial use. Calligraphy can be defined as artistic form of writing which was developed manually by people who had passion for art. The good thing about this art is that one does not require any experience in art. The art of calligraphy was initially practiced for the purpose of adding beauty in one’s written work. Nowadays calligraphers can earn a decent living by designing logos and other items and fields that integrate calligraphy such as textile industry and tattooing. When computers were invented these handwritings were integrated into computers as fonts. Just as they were complex in hardcopies they retained this quality. Fonts come in different forms and shapes and just like handwritings there are some that are difficult to read. There are some fonts which can not be used in lengthy texts because they occupy a larger space. Examples of such medieval fonts include Ithornet, Cloister Black, Sir Fig, Perry Gcothic, and Teutonic which is appropriate for printed cards and T-shirts. Other types of fonts such as Strassburg Fraktur, Cardinal, and MilleniGem are good for preserving space because they are designed to occupy minimal writing space. Using such fonts in websites would confuse users and it would imply that the owners of such a web site are not serious about their business. In brief medieval fonts imitate calligraphy but the good thing about this modern calligraphy is that they are done digitally hence they are not time demanding and tiring like before. When calligraphy is to be applied manually it takes a lot of time to accomplish the desired design. For instance, fonts such as Saraband and Teutonic would require a lot of concentration
African apartheid and discrimination that some many people had to face has become the basis for a number of books and films. “A Walk in the Night” and “A Dry White Season” are two movies that describe the oppression people of African descent had to face. The discrimination and unequal treatment had no real basis, except for selfishness, greed and the mere ability to inflict unpunished harm onto other people. The movie “A Walk in the Night” tells a story of an African man Mikey who has had a rough night. He is one of the workers at the local factory and is fired because he confronts the foreman, after being called a racist name “kaffir” ( A Walk in the Night ). This is very much representative of the society where people were able to get away with offending others based on their race and skin color. Such behavior would not be tolerated if it was done to someone of equal status or race but for those of African descent this was acceptable. This shows how ignorant and cruel a whole nation of people can be and what sort of influence a large number of individuals can have. Mikey is outraged by such behavior and his reaction costs him his job. After he leaves the factory, he meets Joey who is caught up with the wrong crowd and leads a life of crime and unemployment. Even though Mikey wants to help Joey, he realizes how futile and pointless his efforts are because a whole society is prejudiced and will not be able to change overnight. Mikey then finds out that his girlfriend is pregnant and is feeling hopeless because he lost his job and he knows that the society they live in is very much unhealthy. He then encounters a police officer who adds to the frustration by harassing him and calling another racial name. Mikey is in such a stressed condition that he goes drinking with his neighbor Uncle Doughty. They have a heartfelt conversation because Doughty has been around for some time and knew Mikey when he was a child, as wel
One of the core ethical dilemmas that could arise when caring for patients at the end of life is whether or not to withdraw treatment that prolongs life but does not lead to full recovery (Campbell, 2017; Lo, 2013). The ethical principles applicable in this case are beneficence, nonmaleficence, and autonomy. On the one hand, it is unclear if continuing treatment would comply with laws of beneficence and nonmaleficence, particularly if the patient’s quality of life and mental health suffers as a result. On the other hand, supporting patient autonomy is challenging when a patient wants to die sooner to end their suffering. Physician-assisted suicide is legal in some states or countries, but it may still be challenging for care providers to agree and support patients’ autonomous decision to die (O’Gara, 2015). In addition, it is often unclear whether the patient’s wish to die is truly independent and autonomous. Patients might experience intense emotions, pressure from family members, or pain, which affect their judgment. When faced with an ethical dilemma, it is crucial for nurses to assess the situation and take appropriate action. In some cases, nurses might find that ethical decision contradicts their personal values and beliefs (Higginbotham, 2002). The U.S. legislation enables nurses to use conscience protections and rights to refuse to perform procedures that are in opposition to their religious or moral beliefs (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2018). However, if a nurse continues to provide care, they should ensure that the care fits in with the principles of bioethics. In the example identified above, the role of the ethical nurse would be to provide information to the patient about various treatment options and their possible effect in terms of life prolongation. Then, the nurse should allow the patient to make an independent decision about whether or not to continue treatment at all. They should assess and minimize any possible influences and offer to postpone a decision if the patient is in distress. Once the patient has made a decision, the nurse should communicate it to other care providers and follow the selected plan of care. The described role of the ethical nurse would allow supporting the moral principle of patient autonomy, which is crucial at the end of life care decisions.
Description of the topic and subject matter The purpose of this essay is to provide an instructional plan for learners with disabilities in writing. For any students, writing remains a fundamental way of expressing, asserting and defending opinions. Writing helps learners to demonstrate their knowledge about a given subject and depict their experiences, thoughts, ideas and feelings. Students who wish to become writers must develop writing skills in high school. Writing skills require learners to account for the task, the aim of writing and audience. Therefore, abilities to choose words, develop structures, contents and format written materials should be deliberate. At high school level, learners should be able to apply technology techniques when developing and refining their written materials. Writing requires learners to be adept in collecting relevant information, assessing sources of information and ensuring a proper citation as required. At the same time, students must understand how to present and report their findings from researched and analyzed data. This process must be clear and logical in presentation. Writing skills should allow students to develop flexibility, attentiveness and fluency for producing critical, best drafts within minimal time. Moreover, students should be able to review and revise their written materials in order to produce the best final drafts. Learners must dedicate a part of their time and effort to researching and writing to achieve these writing goals. Thus, writing literacy is a fundamental instruction for students, and teachers must prepare adequately to deliver the best content and meet needs of learners with disabilities in writing class. Setting and Grade Level The study unit has been developed and modified to meet various characteristics of learners with disabilities. The study unit is critical writing in which 20 students with learning disability in expressive language will benefit. Some of the learners have single or multiple expressive language disabilities. A review of the learners’ files revealed their diverse writing disabilities. This is necessary for developing an instructional plan that accounts for different learning disabilities among students. The teacher noted learners’ current levels of performance and decided on the most effective interventions. The process will also include a pre-assessment to identify any changes among learners. They display attention deficit hyperactive disorder (ADHD), reading difficulties, and high-functioning autism spectrum disorders (ASD). Learners do not show extreme cases of intelligence relative to the rest of the population. Students have trouble in expressive writing. According to Russell Gersten and Scott Baker, research-based instructional strategies can help in teaching learners with expressive writing disabilities (Gersten and Baker 34). The instructional plan is designed to allow students to analyze different materials within the course content and materials from different sources to support thei
Introduction Several decades ago, Australian employees were hardly protected whereas now the government pays special attention to development of proper relations between the employer and employee. Safety is one of the primary concerns of all stakeholders involved. Safety regulations in Australia have been alternated several times throughout recent decades. 1 The changes have positively affected working environment for both employees and employers as the former have obtained security and protection while the latter are also secure from a variety of legal proceedings. Admittedly, the employer’s responsibility can be regarded as almost absolute though employees should also comply with a number of regulations. Certain cases can illustrate positive changes that have taken place in legislation and at workplace. Legal Information When considering occupational safety in Australia, the following acts are often referred to: Work Safety Act 2008, Occupational Health, Safety and Welfare Act (2004), Occupational Health and Safety Act 2004 (Vic), Workplace Health and Safety Act 2007 (NT), Workplace Health and Safety Act 1995 (Qld), Occupational Health, Safety and Welfare Act 1986 (SA), etc. 2 These acts define major regulations to comply with at workplace. Definitions of who major stakeholders involved are as well as their duties and responsibilities are provided in the acts. Thus, the employer’s duties include duties to provide safe working places and consult employees to make sure the latter are aware of all necessary precautions (provide comprehensive consultations on all matters associated with occupational safety at a particular workplace). 3 At the same time, employees also have duties including the duty to comply with the necessary documentation on safety and follow all safety regulations provided by the employer. 4 Notably, the acts highlight general regulations and define more specified documentation which should be used in particular spheres. Apart from this, the acts define specific committees and inspection bodies that ensure compliance with the necessary norms. Finally, the act also ensures validity of inner documents on safety which comply with the necessary state regulations. Case Studies As has been mentioned above, employers have become more secured during recent decades. It is possible to consider a number of cases which illustrate existing trends in this field. For instance, Worksafe vs. Victoria SES (2009) is the case that illustrates attention people pay to instructions. In this case, the employer was prosecu
Introduction Pure Blonde came into the market in 2004. It was first produced by Fosters Group and it has become the first low-carbohydrate beer which was really successful in Australia. Many companies attempted to produce such kind of bear in the previous years. For example, Bond Brewery had Swan Gold in the 1980s, but it did not do well in sales and Cooper’s launched Coopers diet beer in the 1960s, but decided to remove it from the market in 1990s due to a declining market share. After a whirlwind product development process which took 90 days and with a promotional focus on customer discovery instead of aggressive push, Pure Blonde single handedly re-launched the ‘Low-carb beer’ market in Australia. Foster Group Company is known for manufacturing beer and soft drinks. It was founded in 1888 by two brothers, William and Ralph Foster who owned a refrigerating plant. Two decades later, the Brewing Company decided to form a liaison with other four companies to form Carlton and United Breweries. Today, this group stands as a sub-branch under the Foster Group umbrella. The Foster Group has become popular in Australia and is famous for brands such as Victoria Bitter, Carlton Drought, Crown Larger and Cascade. Pure Blonde was the first low-carbohydrate beer to be successful in the Australian market in spite of the failure of other companies to market their brands successfully. In 2004-2005, the dominant players in the beer market were Foster group and Lion Nathan. The popularization of the Aitkins diet and the rising health awareness led to the Australian consumers preferring low carbohydrate products in the 1990’s and early 2000’s. Why did Pure Blonde succeed in this market when so many had failed before? Deeper investigation of the customer base can reveal signposts to its success. Situational/SWOT analysis Pure Blonde’s success was based purely on the consumers’ preference of the premium beer sector. Premium beer is one segment that was under constant scrutiny. The Premium Peter beer segment seemed to grow at a much faster rate due to favorable economic times, raised standards of living and education, and the delay to have children. This resulted in the decline of Victoria Bitter. Unfortunately the Premium beer market was quickly becoming crowded and it became increasingly difficult to differentiate between the different brands. This was a major threat to Fosters’ profits. Fosters immediately identified this problem in the Australian market and came up with a low-carb beer that differentiated its products from the others in the market. This gave it a strength or higher hand over the othe
Introduction Philosophical elaborations on the meaning of life have always been very interesting and controversial within different historical time periods. As such, happiness as one of the essential components of life has been discussed over and over again since the earliest times of the current era. Unexamined Life Socrates, one of the most prolific philosophers of all times, used to deliberate on the notion of happiness and its possibility by deriving several reasons for happiness to be possible to exist. This chain is the following: happiness is virtue-dependent, and virtue is derived from knowledge, whereas knowledge is an eternally-seeking-for notion according to Socrates. Therefore, while a person is looking for answers to different questions, his/her self-improvement goes on. Once there are no interests and questions to struggle over, there cannot be any developments and, hence, happiness. Nevertheless, Socrates suggests that it does not mean happiness is impossible. Moreover, people do not stick to constant oblivion; they are likely to seek answers and review themselves continuously, getting closer to happiness. While getting closer to the truths, a person resides in the middle of philosophical happiness. Socrates used to say ‘a life unexamined is not worth living’ (Plato 15). This is true. Living without a distinct notion of what you strive for is purposeless, hence, unhappy. An individual has the sense to live for when the aims and goals are set up definitely. One is happy to see healthy grandkids playing in the green backyard of the beautiful house because the li
Description of the economic indicator Employment pattern in the automotive industry of Indiana is an economic indicator that provides details about the distribution of workers county by county. In the Indiana automotive industry, employment is categorized into two: The employees working on vehicle parts and those working on complete vehicles. In 2008, the automotive industry employed 58% people in companies that manufacture vehicle component. Approximately 29.6% of the workers in the industry manufactured frames of vehicles were employed. The companies manufacturing complete vehicles employed 12,720 people, which is about 12.4%. A research conducted to establish the employment rates of the automotive companies in Indiana from 1998 to 2008 indicated that Cummins offers employment to the largest number of people in Indiana. Other companies in Indian are Firestone Diversified Products, Remy International Inc. as well as Remy Inc. These companies build automotive parts, and were regarded to provide the highest number of employment in Indiana. On the other hand, companies such as Toyota Motor Manufacturing and Subaru; were found to be the only companies manufacturing complete vehicles in Indiana. The data collected shows that the companies building vehicle components employed more people than the companies manufacturing complete vehicles (Thompson & Merchant, 2012). In Indiana, the automotive industry o