ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Following the tragic murder of Kitty Genovese, social psychologists Bibb Latane’ and John Darley did a series of innovative experiments to test the effects of bystanders on decisions to intervene in an emergency. The main issue and the hypotheses tested by the experimenters The main issue of the experiment carried out by Latane and Darley was the behavioral research of the witnesses of some cases of emergency. As opposed to the common opinion that the more witnesses are involved in the emergency, the better, the researchers have made the hypothesis that the more numerous are the bystanders, the less is their motivation to assist. Latane and Darley explain this phenomenon by the effect of the diffusion of responsibility. The mere understanding of the fact that other people are also witnessing the situation decreases a person’s sense of responsibility, and in such a way, decreases the opportunity of interfering with the situation. The individual hopes that it will be another person who will take responsibility. On the contrary, the person who is alone with the victim is more likely to render assistance. Findings of the experimenters comparing their three experimental conditions in terms of their dependent measure In order to confirm their prediction, Latane and Darley carried out a certain quantity of the experiments. The method used in the experiment was the staging of the potentially dangerous situation (such as smoke from the wall vent) and the observation of the participants reaction. The point, which was maintained a focus, was the length of time for the participant to react. The subjects of the experiment, which had been tested alone, showed an adequate reaction to the appearance of the smoke. It took them several minutes to report about it. Those who had been tested together with the confeder
Being a teacher is a challenge. It is inseparable from the need to constantly improve and always find ways to make the grading system more efficient so that it represents the real achievements of students. It took me a lot of time and research to come to this conclusion, as I always believed that teaching is a natural talent instead of hard work, and all of the needed decisions are made intuitively. Nevertheless, as I observed my students and assessed their academic performance, it became evident that I was wrong. That is why I decided to consult with my mentor. Consulting with my mentor was an initial stage in the path of my transformation and improvement. We discussed the specificities of the differentiated approach to teaching. In addition, my mentor helped me to understand that differentiation does not stand for different expectations of students with varying knowledge of the language. Instead, differentiated instructions are based on recognizing the differences between students and using them for addressing peculiar needs of everyone in the classroom. My mentor shared a wise thought, offering to view other teachers in action after reading some helpful materials because it would enhance the understanding of the primary concepts and details connected to the idea of differentiated instructions. Therefore, I conducted some research and attended three different language classes to observe the method in practice. My research focused on several research topics in order to address all the gaps in my practice. First and foremost, I paid special attention to discovering the peculiarities of the differentiated method. In order to complete this task, I located a detailed paper on differentiating instructions in a mixed class. The contribution of the author to my personal development is priceless because I finally realized that differentiation is not about individualized or chaotic instructions. Instead, it centers on the differences in students’ needs and praises quality over quantity. Moreover, differentiated instructions not only involve several variants of instructions for students with different levels of knowledge but also address various steps of the assignment and aspects of the task, including content, process, and results (Tomlinson 4). More than that, the same resource is valuable for understanding that none of the instruction types is efficient without adopting relevant motivation strategies. It is especially true in case of studying because students cannot choose what they want to work on but are obliged to complete the given tasks (Tomlinson 13). To cope with the challenge of misunderstanding the concepts of motivation, I found another valuable source, describing different motivation strategies. Reading it, I came to the conclusion that a traditional carrot and stick approach (the combination of positive and negative motivati
At various levels, stigma encompasses thoughts, perceptions, practices, and institutions and can result in prejudice or discrimination towards those with cognitive function diagnoses or substance use disorders (SUD). Medical professionals have a significant amount of discrimination and negative attitudes toward substance abusers, partly due to disparaging or condescending terminology (NYS OASAS, 2021). At the time of treatment, stigma does not deter individuals with SUD from using substances; instead, it creates feelings of worthlessness and triggers further use (NYS OASAS, 2021). As a result, patients present to treatment late, do not disclose substance addiction, downplay suffering, and seek care elsewhere. Medical professionals must investigate the underlying causes of individuals abusing substances, such as adverse childhood outcomes (ACOs) and their health consequences. Additionally, clinicians should conduct trauma-informed treatment, which includes an awareness of the pervasive effect of trauma and the ability to recognize trauma-related clinical symptoms in their clients (NYS OASAS, 2021). As a result, they are obligated to respond by fully incorporating trauma understanding into regulations and vigorously resisting re-traumatization (NYS OASAS, 2021). Denigrating language in health records harms clients’ feelings and the treatment they deliver, as it perpetuates bias among other clinicians. Physicians can strengthen language by creating a welcome setting, avoiding judgmental communication, and employing identity-affirming dialect to foster stigma-free and inclusive patient care settings. Health professionals should use a person-centered and strength-based approach when communicating with individuals with SUD (NYS OASAS, 2021). By avoiding terminologies such as addict, user, heroin addict, and druggie, medical workers can provide more appropriate care to people with SUD (NYS OASAS, 2021). For new practitioners, patient records transcription is frequently their first experience. When studying their health records outside the medical environment, patients with SUD are more involved and in control of their care (NYS OASAS, 2021). Moreover, effective patient-centered treatment bolsters the patient’s perspective, encourages endurance, and promotes healing. Reference NYS OASAS. (2021). Addressing the use of stigmatizing language towards persons with substance use disorders [Video]. YouTube. Web.
The farming industry and, specifically, the production of milk has been experiencing serious turmoil in the U.S. lately. The article by Yaffe-Bellany (2020) seeks to understand what has made the dairy industry so vulnerable and why farmers are exposed to external threats. Due to the increased competition and the high prices set for raw milk, farmers are unable to withstand the rivalry and, therefore, have to forfeit, leaving the market (Yaffe-Bellany, 2020). At first glance, the situation that farmers are facing is impossible to resolve without introducing artificial barriers for large companies selling raw milk. However, Yaffe-Bellany (2020) argues that the use of mergers may have the milk farming industry in the U.S. without hampering the development of the organizations selling raw milk. A farming co-op that can be created with the help of a merger will need to comply with the standards of the Dairy Farmers of America. The latter was expected to support the rights and needs of American farmers, yet, as time passed and larger organizations emerged, increasing competition, the Dairy Farmers of America lost its impact on the economic status of farmers. Consequently, the development of a co-op will help to consolidate the community of farmers and
Creativity is a term that is used to describe the mental process that involves coming up with new ideas and concepts, where from the scientific viewpoint, the outcomes from creativity are always original and appropriate. Creativity has been much associated as being dependent on the thinking process, social environment in which one resides, personal traits of an individual, and also happening by chance. Therefore creativity is coming up with something new, adding new properties to an existing item, coming up with new ideas which were not realized before, and also doing something in a different way that is different from the way it’s done normally. innovation implies the use of already acquired ideas in producing economically valuable products. Creativity and innovation are two important concepts in organizations that are likely to promote the competitiveness of the organization and also in making the organization relevant to the community in which it is operating. Creativity and innovations are expected to be guided by the change in demand of various products as pertains to the ultimate users of product desires, in making the process quite useful. Creativity and innovations also promote the efficiency of the organization in it trying to maximize its profitability, because some other creativeness and innovations might be used in cutting down the operational expenses thus improving the profit margin of the organization. Therefore creativity and innovation is seeing all that everybody has seen, thinking o
The proposed research will aim at determining whether children of incarcerated parents demonstrate a disproportionate exposure to adverse childhood experiences (ACE). The list of ACE’s comprises parental divorce or separation, parental death, household member abuse, violence exposure, household member mental illness, and household member substance problems. It is assumed that such negative aspects are prevalent in the case of children of incarcerated parents. Accordingly, the proposed research must utilize an appropriate design to explore this issue.   * The Method of Data Collection: Mixed: survey and secondary data will both be utilized.   * The Research Design:       + First, there will be a survey of families in which there are incarcerated parents. Children and their legal representatives will be asked to share their experience in regards to potential ACE’s.       + Secondly, data from credible sources will be utilized to examine the issue within a greater context. The first stage will not have a large sample, which is why global statistical data will be useful within the framework of the project. Research Participants The study will require the personal involvement of several families. They will be families in which at least one of the parents is incarcerated, and the child is younger than fourteen years old. Online communication and personal connections will be used to determine the study group. In order to ensure the results’ accuracy, there will be a control group of three families, in which neither of the parents is incarcerated. In fact, a parent’s incarceration will serve as the independent variable, whereas the presence of ACE’s in the family will be the dependent one during all stages. Survey The survey will revolve around the potential ACE’s in relation to parental incarceration. The questions will serve to determine whether there are particular issues present within the family while not being direct. For example, “Have you ever felt threatened by one of your relatives? If so, who was that: A: parent. B: grandparent C: sibling D: aunt/uncle, E: other. The exact phrasing of all the questions is to be finalized later. Secondary Data The use of secondary data will be required to analyze the incidence rate of ACE’s on a larger scale. Statistical information from several organizations will be collected and processed to determine a general pattern. This research stage will have a larger scope, making it potentially more accurate. The secondary data will comprise the statistics regarding potential ACE’s in the cases of children under the age of fourteen. The information will be recent, and the study will encompass the period between 2009 and 2019. Policy Implications The proposed research appears promising in terms of current and potent
Introduction The consequences of crimes committed by children are faced by every society in the world and everyone to some extent feels the impact. Understanding why children commit crimes is paramount since the proper distribution of such information can serve as the foundation of creating a crime-free society. Some of the reasons why children commit crimes include being neglected by parents, racial discrimination, being in a state of poverty, access to weapons, and access to drugs (Beyer, 2003). Thus, a proper understanding of why children commit crimes is vital since it helps the juvenile justice system to know the kind of program that should be put in place to induce cognitive behavior. The purpose of this paper is to provide a summary of two juvenile articles and to compare and contrast their philosophical differences. Summary of the Article ‘Best Practices in Juvenile Accountability: Overview’ This article reflects the “parens patriae” doctrine that takes into account the differences that exist between the children and the adults in terms of accountability as well as room for rehabilitation. It operates on the basis that the children can be successfully rehabilitated, hence increasing the safety of society. Moreover, it operates flexibly since it tries to find a balance between the juvenile court and the needs of the state. Therefore, when a child commits a crime, the police have the responsibility of arresting him/her. This is then followed by intake, diversion, detention, waiver, adjudication, disposition and finally, aftercare (Beyer, 2003). The purpose of the “parens patriae” doctrine is to divert young offenders from facing punishment by providing them with an opportunity for a rehabilitation program (Beyer, 2003). It also handles the children who are neglected by their parents and provides them with the appropriate intervention program. When implemented appropriately, this program plays a critical role since it reduces the prison admissions, and it therefore helps to reduce the costs associated with crimes. Summary of the Article ‘Changes to OJJDP’s Juvenile Accountability Program’ This article reflects the mandates of “get tough movement” that has enacted policies, which facilitate prosecution of young offenders in the juvenile courts. This is because when a child commits a serious crime such as murder, this program considers such a child as an adult; hence, he/she is liable to punishment (Andrews & Marble, 2003). Depending on age, attitude of the offender, and evidence produced in the court, the juvenile court judges have the overall responsibility of determining where the child will serve. Discipline can be imposed by subjecting the children to severe environment or by providing the offenders with an opportunity to meet with the adult prisoners in order to frighten them. Philosophi
It is very difficult to communicate with an angry patient. This conclusion came from the case of a motorcycle accident victim. The motorcyclist lost his lower right leg through surgery. The twenty-three-year-old young man loved riding motorcycles. He had a Harley-Davidson tattoo on his right shoulder. In addition, he had a biking club tattoo on his left arm. Both his biking leather jacket and helmet had his initials. On the day that he had the accident, the young man was riding his motorcycle on the outskirts of the city. A truck failed to stop at an intersection and ran right into the young man. In the process, the truck ran over his right leg and smashed his bones. He experienced a minor concussion, which is a common occurrence in motorbike accidents. Amazingly, he did not have any more serious injuries. The decision to amputate his leg came after consultations with his family because he was in an induced coma, and he needed surgery urgently. He woke up from the coma three days later. It was then that he discovered that he had lost the lower section of his right leg. This made him very furious. Understandably, he was still very young and energetic, with a passion for outdoor living and motorbiking in particular. He was not in the wrong when the accident happened, and hence it was painful enough that the truck hit him. It was possible to justify his anger. I was the first nurse to attend to him after he woke up from a coma. The surgeon in charge had just briefed him about the events that led to the amputation of his leg. His wounds were due for a change of dressing. As I got into his ward, he hurled the hospital blanket at me while shouting that he wanted his leg back. What followed was a tense fifteen minutes where I sought to calm him down. It was the most challenging communication interaction with a patient in my nursing career. Reflection Using John’s Model Johns’ model of reflection identified four stages that reflective practitioners should use for reflection (Johns, 2009). The first step is the identification of key issues and goals the practitioners have in the communication encounter (Johns, 2009). The key issues in the case presented were that the patient had lost his leg through a series of events that he had no control over. He became angry as a result and wanted the reversal of a process that was irreversible. On the other hand, my duty to him was to change the dressing to minimize the risk of infection. After the patient’s angry outburst, my immediate goal became calming the patient down to proceed with my clinical objective of changing the dressing. The second stage in Johns’ model required practitioners to identify their feelings during the encounter and the issues that influenced their thoughts and behaviour (Johns, 2009). The most recognizable feelings I had during the encounter with the patient were fear and empathy. His muscular build and violent actions during the initial contact made me feel as though I was at risk of personal injury. The risk of injury is an acceptable reason for medical staff to make choices to protect themselves in the process of delivering heal
Objectives The purpose of the study is to provide engineering solutions to a particular community. It is to determine if a community’s development plan to establish a renewable source of electrical power can be established and maintained even if the village is located far away from government power lines. This study aims to survey a geothermal resource that is said to be near a hamlet called Jora. This hamlet is located in Southwest Mexico. The proponents of this study hope to submit a proposal to build a geothermal power plant that will work along side with diesel generators currently in place. However, the ultimate goal is to replace these generators so that the inhabitants of Jora will have access to clean, renewable, and more cost-efficient electrical energy source. Introduction It has been reported that there are close to 2 billion people that have no access to modern energy services ( Balakrishnan 2006, p.190). This means that there are people living in remote places that cannot use electrical appliances and office equipment. These appliances and equipment can easily change their lives for the better. This is true even in industrialised countries such as Mexico. In this country, four percent of the population does not have access to electric service (Sanchez-Velasco et al., 2003, p.67). These people live in small hamlets and villages with less than 200 inhabitants and located far away from electrical transmission lines (Sanchez-Velasco, 2003, p.67). Nevertheless, it was discovered that aside from the use of diesel generators, there are places in Southwest Mexico that can utilize the presence of geothermal energy resource. Geothermal energy is a renewable energy source. It is a type of natural resource, wherein the energy “comes from radioactive decay in the core of the Earth, which heats the Earth from the inside out as well as from the Sun which heats the Earth from the outside in” (Balakrishnan, 2006, p.192). According to scientists, “Geothermal heat pump systems are the most energy efficient, environmentally clean, and cost effective space conditioning systems available” (Fridleifsson, 2001, p.1). There are other specialists who remarked that ‘‘with learning by doing and innovative technology… cost can be reduced even further’’ (Malloy 2010, p. 32). This simply means that it is not impossible for a village to get the necessary help from the government and work on establishing a small-scale geothermal power plant in the area. Village Profile Jora is located in the Southwest State of Mexico. It is a hamlet with 600 inhabitants. It is a considerable distance from the nearest transmission lines, about 75 kilometres from the nearest electrical grid. As a result the village can only have electrical power for a few hours everyday through the use of diesel generators. A diesel generator burns fossil fuel. It is noisy and a source of pollution in the village. Aside from that, the cost drains the financial resources of the people. Fig. 1. South
Teachers have faced and continue to face rough times in class and outside the school, as a result they experience high stress levels which affect them and their work and affects the rate at which they go for early retirement. The Australian media has recently captured this plight of teachers. It was realized by researchers that teachers’ high stress levels had impacts on education and the retirement of the teachers. On 21 June 2008, the Courier Mail pointed out that research had revealed that there was a looming crisis of teaching skills since stress had made mature-age workers quit the profession. Most teachers tend to retire earlier than usual because they did not feel supported by the bureaucracy of education as captured by Mark Keough in his research through interviewing the retired high school teachers. Women tend to retire earlier than men and in that case it is treated as an anomaly because the teaching profession is dominated by women. This reduction in teacher numbers has made it difficult for the existing teachers to handle the students and perform their duties as required, it becomes equally tasking to recruit and employ new teachers since they will have an pre-conception of high stress levels in the teaching profession. Stress experienced by the teachers comes from different sources. Teachers have also complained about the mismanagement of schools, this has made them to feel the inadequacy in their teaching profession. Teachers feel the increasing aggression of students in the classroom and pressure from outside; from parents and the community. Students have lost respect for teachers and as a result the teachers find it extremely difficult to enforce discipline in their classrooms. The teachers feel more demoralized because they feel that there is no moral and practical support from the principals who offer very little or no backup This is a fact revealed by The Sunday Mail (May 25, 2008) as made known by primary school teacher. A number of teachers have complained although they say that the State Government has continually ignored these stress level concerns. This is evide