ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction A paradigm is a system of beliefs or theories that guide human beings in establishing standard practices that reflect the basis of knowledge. Ontology, epistemology and methodology are elements of paradigm that have constantly shaped the course and development of knowledge. As ontology focuses on reality, epistemology deals with perception, while methodology involves the process of obtaining knowledge. Given that development of knowledge involves reality, perception, and processes, diverse paradigms have emerged in the course of human history. In this view, paradigm is “…a set of beliefs procedures and working practices that inform the dominant world view and which shape the context of modern science” (Somekh and Lewin: 2005, p.207). Therefore, it means that paradigm has led to the emergence of different fields of knowledge in modern science, which progressively develop with time as paradigm shifts. Hence, this essay seeks to describe paradigm and discuss how it influences knowledge development and the selection of practice theories, and how they relate to the ecological model. Paradigm and Knowledge Development Paradigm is a system of beliefs and theories that have accumulated in the course of human history and have become the basis of modern knowledge. The beliefs and theories emanated from concepts, values, assumptions and practices that people formulated and developed with time. Paradigm shift were responsible for the occurrence of various disciplines and revolutions that marked human history. For instance, “…case studies need to be assimilated to the scientific paradigm if they are to produce good social science” (Schram: 2004, p.430). Thus, social science emerged from scientific paradigm that adopted case studies which depended upon practices, theories and beliefs. Since humanity has been evolving for many centuries, paradigm shift has led to development of human knowledge. Comprehension of knowledge lies in ontological, epistemological and methodological aspects of scientific paradigm. Ontological aspect of paradigm seeks to unravel reality of knowledge as evident in nature. In this aspect, realists perceive reality a natural occurrence that is subject to law of nature and that human beings exist in an environment that is full of undiscovered knowledge. If human beings could understand their reality and nature, they would obtain a terrific deal of knowledge. Comparatively, critical realists believe that nature and humanity are different entities in that human observation is subject to inherent biases that influence acquisition of knowledge. Moreover, relativists believe that, knowledge has its basis on social reality because different individuals have a different interpretation of nature. Relativistic ontology holds that there is no single reality because human beings construct multiple realities that reflect diverse phenomena of interest (Krauss: 2005). Through constructivism, human beings impose their beliefs and theories onto the world in a constructive meaning. Thus, ontological aspect o
Introduction Art has been defined in various ways and always about ‘expression’, deliberate or otherwise. As the material world grows in humongous ways, the forms of art also evolved and multiplied to encompass various mediums, ways, and means to exploit expression to the fullest. This paper, looking at the work of two artists Tracey Emin and Sarah Lucas will try to explore the issue of making images of the self, self-portraiture. It will discuss the works chosen as well as how and why these two artists use the medium of self-imaging and how making an image of the self differs from making a portrait of another individual. Discussion Historically, Lubell (1982, p 12) said that women pursued portraiture or self-portraiture because they could do so without the academic life that formal and systematized drawing and other training which has been denied of them due to gender. This was so until the 19 th century. The lack of institutional training made many unable to paint the multi-figure altarpieces or commissions necessary for patronage and continued exercise, if not existence. In addition, domestic life and childbearing responsibilities added weight to travel for art study (Lubell, 1982). Lubell, as early as 1982 has proposed that the changing definitions of art and art forms expanded the media and formats in which self-portraits are executed. Self-images become diverse depending on the artist’s perceptions of the “self”. Likewise, art movements have provided for images as common as the former standard three-quarter profile head and shoulder view, or as obscure and radical as photographs, photocopied pieces, body art, or even performances. The movements had influenced the forthright use of bodies, emotions, sexuality, and political consciousness as subjects of the self-image, or as Lubell (1982) put it, vehicles for autobiographical and commentating expression. I have chosen two female British artists Tracey Emin and Sarah Lucas as artists who use their bodies to visually represent their expression of art. Tracey Emin Tracey Emin’s The Last Thing I Said to You was Don’t Leave Me Here II (2000) is one of the more personal and intimate images about the artist’s work as this is a photo showing her naked taken from behind while sitting in a squat position in a corner of a hut. The Tracey Emin website says that she was born in 1963 and is known as an English artist or one of the Young British Artists (YBAs) doing autobiographical art. She is considered second to Damien Hirst among the YBAs in terms of notoriety among the general public when her piece My Bed , a part of 1999’s Turner Prize exhibition that consisted of her unmade bed was complete with used condoms and blood-stained underwear. This brought her attention to the press. Emin was born in London and brought up in Margate with twin brother Paul. Emin’s father, a hotel owner, was married to a woman other than her mother and the failure of his business led to a decline in their standard of living. This had been an event that has featured in several of
Introduction Background Over the past 80 years, the global population has increased from 2 billion to 7 billion. In the next 40 years, it is predicted to rise to 9 billion or more. With the emerging challenges of climatic change and reduced agricultural production across the globe, the challenge remains on how to feed a population of 9 billion or more people adequately. Justification The growing population creates a necessity for increasing global food production capacity. However, increasing food production presents challenges due to the decreasing soil fertility and climatic change, among other challenges. By noting that the world population will continue to rise amid various challenges in ensuring the availability of sufficient food supply and reserves, it is necessary to develop appropriate measures for ensuring food security for the rapidly expanding population. Defining Food Insecurity Food insecurity has a direct correlation to malnutrition, which is an enormous contributing factor to undernourishment-related ailments. Radimer (2002, p.860) defines food security as the accessibility to adequate and healthy foods by all people at all times to foster their healthy living. Drawing from this definition, food insecurity occurs in situations of limited access to safe food, which has sufficient nutritional values, through socially acceptable mechanisms. Thesis Statement Nations that seek to maintain healthy populations place a critical emphasis on food security. However, challenges that require solutions are encountered in this noble endeavour. This paper investigates these challenges and measurements that are most effective in feeding the rapidly expanding global population. Preview Over the past few decades, global world food production had been in pace with population growth (FAO 2003). This consistency was attributed to the then growing food production technologies such as the development of new drought-resistant varieties through advances in biotechnology, mechanisation, and substitution of rain-dominated agriculture with irrigation and interventions in improving or replacing the depleted soil fertility (Borlaug & Dowswell 2008). However, with an expected population rise to hit the 9billion mark in the next 40 years, food insecurity is a major problem that is likely to afflict many nations across the globe. Problem Statement Following the risks that are posed by global warming, which influences food production levels across the globe, the global population will encounter the challenge of inadequate availability of food. Thus, nations have to address the problem of feeding the increasing global population amid the challenges of the production of adequate food. Solution To resolve the problem of food insecurity, and with reference to the escalating global population, future food production will have to grow by more than 100% in the next 5
Introduction In every part of the world, the business sector is streamlining its operations through diverse types of amalgamation approaches. Amalgamation is done in order to triumph over the many challenges but also harness opportunities created by globalization. The intensity of such operations has been witnessed in different major sectors of the economy in many countries of the world. In particular, there have been relatively high rates of mergers and acquisitions among the pharmaceutical industries. This phenomenon is attributed to presence of subsidiaries of big multinational companies in many countries the entire world over. This paper investigates into literature written on acquisition and mergers with a special focus on the pharmaceutical industry. Acquisition and Mergers The term merger and acquisition are often applied synonymously; however, there is a slight difference in the meaning of the two terms. A merger takes place when two firms harmonize to go onward as a unitary corporation rather than remain disjointedly possessed and managed. When merging occurs, and in most occurrence between companies of the same size, their stocks are surrendered and the new company stock is issued in their place. On the other hand acquisition takes place when one firm takes over another and establishes itself as the new owner. In this case the target corporation ceases to exist legally, and the buyer’s stockpile continues to be traded, as noted by Hassan (2007, p.58). In addition, Hassan (2007) notes that almost all mergers tend to be between medium size firms and large sized firms. Cross-border mergers and acquisitions in the Pharmaceutical Industry There are numerous reasons that lead to the majority of mergers in pharmaceutical industries. In reference to most mergers and acquisition in pharmaceutical industries in the United States of America, Kang &Johansson (2000, p.29) observes that possession of recognized product in some pharmaceutical markets, well renowned market system and the market allotment are examples of motivations that has led to the boom in merger and acquisitions. The other Factors that motivate Cross-border mergers and acquisitions in the Pharmaceutical industry can be classified in two distinct categories (Kang &Johansson, 2000). Kang &Johansson (2000) further observe that while some of these factors are exogenous, others are autogenous. Exogenous factors are those that surface within the company or those factors that the company can be able to handle or even influence (Kang &Johansson, 2000). On the other hand, autogenous factors are those foregoing extern
Introduction The purpose of this report is to recommend a selected company “Saudi Dairy & Foodstuff Company (SADAFCO)” to develop supply chain considering collaborative planning forecasting and replenishment (CPFR), green supply chain, vendor managed inventory (VMI), free zones in the UAE, disaster management using supply chain, cold chain logistics, third party logistics, cloud computing applications in supply chain and so on. However, this paper will concentrate on halal food supply chain, key strategic tools, main elements of supply chain and the role of overall supply chain, industry scan of the practice, internal strengths and weaknesses, external threats and opportunities, PEST factors, benchmarking and spider analysis for SADAFCO. Supply Chain Practice of the Company Including Key Elements and Role Collaborative Planning Forecasting and Replenishment (CPFR) CPFR is one of the most useful business practices in which trading partners apply information technology to upgrade supply chain management system and to facilitate inter company coordination along with to gain competitive advantages (Kim & Mahoney, 2006, p.4). According to the report of Hoppe (1999, p.38), this business model was first implemented by the Benchmarking Partners of Wal-Mart in 1995, which enables trading partners to advance visibility into one another’s critical actions and broaden cooperative arrangements to combine their intelligence in the planning and fulfillment of consumer demand and to standardize joint processes a
Explain the regional economic and political changes that took place in Europe due to the collapse of the Soviet Union. The collapse of the Soviet Union, which occurred after the end of the Cold War, led to profound political and economic changes in many countries. Most of all, these alterations concerned the former participants of the Soviet Union that gained independence upon the disintegration. In the political sphere, the most prominent event was the collapse of communism and its failure as the main regime. 1 A “strong disquiet” among the Communist Party officials was inevitable. 2 Another important change concerned the reconstruction of national identities of the former Soviet Union constituents. This process was closely associated with economic aspects since national identity was dependent on landscape development. 3 However, not all means were peaceful, some of the newly separated states starting military campaigns against smaller ones. As Schneider puts it, there occurred the reconciliation of “domestically feuding camps.” 4 One of the bloodiest and most dramatic examples was the military action of Yugoslavia against Kosovo in the 1990s. 5 Still, in comparison to previous decades, the situation in Europe was largely peaceful. Even though some wars emerged in Eastern Europe in the 1990s, they were not initiated by the major European powers and were stopped with the help of the USA. 6 At the same time, the dissolution of the Soviet Union also had an impact on Western European countries. While the countries in Eastern Europe separated, the Western European states tried to coordinate their efforts in the positive development and initiated the formation of the European Community. To be able to strive for a better future together, these states even partially surrendered some of their sovereignty. 7 While the optimistic expectations of the European Community did not become true immediately, these counties were able to overcome the dramatic aftermath of the Cold War. 8 Hence, the political and economic changes that happened after the Soviet Union disintegrated had a great effect on both Eastern and Western Europe and gave way to the modern international relations organization. 9 Evaluate the impact of the twentieth century on modern Europe. Influential people are not always the good ones, but their decisions and actions usually have a considerable impact on the development of history. If I were the editor of the Time Magazine, I would select Adolf Hitler for the cover of the issue speaking about the most dominant figure of 20 th -century Europe. Undoubtedly, Hitler’s military campaigns and his nationalistic ideas brought about a series of devastating occurrences in the continent. However, it is not the choice of the most pleasant leader but of the most decisive and forceful one. Hitler made himself widely known when he adopted fascism as the form of authoritarian ultranationalism power which he borrowed from Italian le
Digital marketing is the dissemination of information about a product or a service to consumers through the internet. It involves the use of video or audio materials to enforce marketing campaigns. It can, therefore, be defined as means of advertising and promoting customised goods and services to clients using web based channels in a faster and efficient way. Digital marketing involves the use of technologies, such as “banner, e-mail and instant messages, pop up advertising, pay per click, search engine optimisation, RSS, and voice broadcast” (Ryan & Jones, 2012, p. 43). In marketing, digital media can be used to deliver advertising data to the potential clients in a personalised way. It can also be used to direct customers to an organisation. With the rise of new technology, marketing has undergone revolution to incorporate social media and different applications. Organisations reach their current and prospective clients in an interactive way, hence enabling quick delivery of personal information in a cost-effective manner. Encroachment of digital tools into organisation has shifted the usual way of doing things, communication and selling (Ryan & Jones, 2012). Organisations nowadays have a wide range of digital tools at their disposal that can be employed to drive marketing. The new media has also changed consumer habits and brought many opportunities in marketing across all fields. One of the main challenges for many organisations is connecting the digital marketing with their organisational objectives and deriving benefits from investing in digital marketing. Digital media has disrupted the traditional marketing models, forcing organisations to re-evaluate the uniqueness of the goods and services provided to the clients. With a more informed consumer who has an array of products and services to choose from through new media, intimate brands with less tangible attributes are needed. The intention of this discussion is to identify the opportunities and challenges of organisations who wish to use digital marketing techniques. Organisations spend large sums of money in new media marketing as they seek to reap from their investments in an environment characterised by dynamic marketing communication. Successive organisations respond to the demands of their consumers, hence aiming at satisfying the needs of clients by efficiently offering goods and promotions. In order to satisfy their current and potential clients, most organisations focus on new media. This enables organisations to assess the consumer’s behaviour when they are doing shopping. This enables them to interact with the consumers so that they are able to create personal products and services (Sheehan, 2010). Digital marketing challenges identified by Valos (2008) include internal resistance because of the shift from traditional marketing models, understanding synergies of integrating different platforms having similar functions, and managing the mobility of clients between digital and traditional models for various goods or phases in marketing. Organisations are also challenged in implementing digital marketin
Companies have always sought to increase productivity through various means. One of the essential factors influencing the growth of labor productivity is material and technical factors. They are associated with the use of new equipment, new technologies, materials, and several employees. In the article “China’s Future Economic Potential Hinges on Its Productivity” , the author describes this method of increasing productivity on the example of China and the introduction of robotics. In the first part of the article, the author enumerates the main factors on which economic growth depends: the number of employees and their available resources and their level of efficiency. According to the article, Chinese President Xi Jinping has made the country’s labor productivity and economic growth a priority. Therefore, the article describes an extensive type of economic growth the increase in the national product is achieved by attracting additional factors of production, that is, quantitative factors, namely a larger number of employees, greater use or use of resources, a larger volume of capital investments. Due to the text, his goal to improve China’s productivity is good, but on the other hand, many observers believe that he relies little on market forces. Then the article illustrates the GDP growth in China from 1980 to 2010 (“China’s Future Economic Future”, 2021). These data are followed by the conclusion that it has slowed down significantly in the last decade. The article highlights the fact that many analysts agree that China’s economic model is wasteful and this is evidenced by the growing debt. The next part of the article talks about the need to increase GDP growth. Based on this, the government has put forward a list of 32 points to improve productivity. The most important three points were the modernization of industry, urbanization in new directions, and subsequent reforms. Consequently, the government offers two grandiose goals for the modernization of factories. Initially, the development of independence in production, and then, the preservation of a large production base. The author notes that the government provides companies with advice and subsidies to ensure those information technologies are deeply embedded in all their operations. According to the article, the second part of productivity improvement is better urbanization, for example, larger agglomerations. Due to the text, the idea is to benefit from the agglomeration without monstrously congested highways, congested schools, and other disadvantages of a big city. Next, the author reflects on whether the proposed economic model for increasing productivity will work. The article raises the problem of limitations of technological processes on the part of the government. According to the report, the rules of large technological platforms are primarily related to making the economy more competitive, and therefore more productive. According to the article, another problem is the distrust of China from other countries. The opening of other export syndicates and the connection to the global trade did not contribute to productivity growth. According to