ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
This case dealt with the issue of racial segregation in public schools in Kansas. The ruling by the US Supreme Court determined that racial segregation in public schools was unconstitutional. The case and its subsequent ruling set a precedent in the history of the country. It was one of the most extraordinary steps towards civil rights’ protection for African Americans and other racial minorities in the US. The ruling meant that the Plessy vs. Ferguson case of 1896 could no longer be applied by states to sanction racial segregation in public schools. The ruling affirmed that detached educational institutions based on racial identity caused inequalities in the society. This ruling brought about greater racial integration in public schools, which had never existed before. The Supreme Court asserted that racial segregation in all its forms contravenes equality of all the citizens, as enshrined in the Fourteenth Amendment of US Constitution. The case was filed against the Board of Education in Topeka city, Kansas, at the local district court. Thirteen parents filed the case to compel the board to repeal its laws that permitted racial segregation in public schools (Patterson 68). The main plaintiff, Oliver Brown, filed the case because his daughter, Linda, had been denied admission to a public school which was close to her family’s residence. The racial segregation laws did not allow white and black children to learn together in public schools. His daughter had to board a bus every morning to go to a public school where black pupils learnt, which was more than a mile away from their home. The Plessy vs. Ferguson case of 1896 had permitted states to enact racial segregation in all the public places. These laws were responsible for widespread of racism against African Americans and other minority racial groups in the US. These laws made several states to institute racial segregation policies in public places. Patterson reveals that racial segregation laws were meant to offer services which were equal to both Blacks and Whites (71). However, this was rarely the case because Blacks were given services of inferior quality as compared to those provided to Whites. Segregation laws were used to justify the inhumane treatment of minority populations subjected to racial prejudices. Brown together with other parents from Topeka tried to enroll their children in public schools, close to their homes, in 1951. The children had been denied admission, and their parents were advised to enroll their children in schools which had only black students. This made the plaintiffs to seek legal redress to challenge the laws put in place by the Board of Education in Topeka (Patterson 74). The Kansas District court ruled against the plaintiffs because it followed the 1896 landmark ruling made by the Supreme Court, regarding the Plessy vs. Ferguson case. The district court maintained that the law that permitted racial segregation in public areas was constitutional. The three judges that ruled on the case argued that public schools for both the white and the black were equal regarding the level and quality of education. As such, the case lacked merit because it d
Executive Summary Marketing communication strategy is significant towards the success of a product in a highly stratified market where there are several alternatives. Since time in sundry, marketers have come up with different strategies to influence customer purchasing habits. Among the most controversial yet successful strategy has been the use of advertisements. Several past types of research indicate that the consumer purchasing process behavior is influenced by the type of adverts, which are generally designed to appeal to a specific demographic target market. This study focused on reviewing the relevance of two adverts in terms of their influence on the consumer purchasing behavior process. To achieve this aim, the five-step buying process behavior model was adopted. The advertisements used in the analysis were the Nivea Skin Care (advert A) and Mortgage Shop (advert B). The two advertisements are meant for specific market segments, with advert A targeting women while adverting B targeting potential homeowners from across different age brackets. The literature review suggested that advertisements have the potential of influencing different aspects of consumer purchasing behavior such as arousal, pleasure, stimulus, and dominance. The same findings were confirmed in the research where regression analysis establishes a more or less similar level of influence for each aspect for the two products. The findings revealed that the five-stage model is applicable in the two adverts and clients cannot bypass any stage in a completed purchasing process. Introduction Consumer behavior is influenced by a myriad of factors. Specifically, the buying process is persuaded by the five stages of the buying decision process. The first stage is problem recognition followed by information search and evaluation of possible alternatives. The fourth stage is the purchasing decision which is completed by the post-purchase decision. In this marketing report, the treatise concentrates on two products and how they are advertised to appeal to different customer segments. The first product is the Nivea Skin Care product featuring the image of the famous American artist called Rihana as attached in appendix 1. The second product is the Mortgage Shop product featuring an image of a coat that is official and casual as attached in appendix 2. The two advertisements are designed to appeal to different customer segments and reach the target of influencing the purchasing behavior of these segmen
Introduction to Sustainable Supply Chains A supply chain is a system in organizations, technology, information, people, resources, and activities that involves moving a product or service from the supplier to the customer. Sustainable supply chains are supply chains with the ability of helping organizations to grow, protect, and create long term social, economic and environmental value for shareholders involved in bringing products and services to the market. Supply chain sustainability is the management of social, economic, and environmental impacts and the encouragement of practices of good governance through the lifecycle of services and goods. Sustainable supply chain management is the transparent and strategic achievement and integration of economic, environmental, and social goals in an organization in a systematic coordination of key business inter-organizational processes for improving the economic performance on individual companies in the long term (Pullman, Maloni & Carter, 2009). Sustainable supply chains are important to ensure that an organization complies with laws and regulations and to support and adhere to international principles for sustainable business conduct. Organizations adopt sustainable supply chain to reduce costs of operations in order to maximize profits. The organizations acquire the potential of satisfying the interests of stakeholders and the society. Examples of successful sustainable supply chains are those that practices of collaboration. An example of collaboration is “investment in alternative modes of transportation to reduce environmental impacts and cost of deliveries”. Some of the modes of transportation include airports, ships and canals. A successful sustainable supply chain is also in major components of management of supplier relationships. It is applied to create efficient way of cutting costs in the retail business (Krause, Vachon & Klassen, 2009). For example, Wal-Mart has a Supplier Energy Efficiency Project that are aimed at emission elimination the company’s supply chain.The project’s suppliers “reduced 3300 metric tons of GHG emissions saving approximately $200,000 costs of energy in 2009”. The suppliers of Wal-Mart were requested its suppliers to show efficiency in management of environmental footprint as a measure of reducing cost and realize this benefit. This could save energy, time, and cost for the company. IBM has a sustainable supply chain in which it conducts studies annually to address the issues in its supply chain. The company prepares strategies to overcome global challenges that arise from globalization to create business value (Pagell & Wu, 2009). Difference Between Traditional Supply Chains and Sustainable Supply Chains Have Created Competitive Advantage For Organizations When accurately designed, traditional or conventional supply chains present clientele the advantages of quality enhancement, reduced overheads, and rapid delivery. Sustainable
Mr. Begums’ has a meal plan that is full of different nutrients. He weighs 85Kg with 1.68 meters being his height. Hence, his body mass index (BMI) is calculated as 85Kg/ 1.68M². This gives a BMI of 30.11Kg/M². As such, Mr. Begums is overweight and may be suffering from obesity. The reason is that the BMI indicates a figure that is outside healthy brackets. There is the need to have a balanced diet that seeks to reduce his weight. Looking at his meal plan, the breakfast consists of cornflakes and sugared milk that serves as vital energy sources. Indeed, it appears to be a healthy diet. Nonetheless, it also consists of lots of high calories that invite measures for reduction of the same. It is important to note that at his age, he has a diminished need for calories. Additionally, his diet also consists of juice, fried eggs and toasts. They are vital sources of proteins and energy although they may add sugars and fats to his already unhealthy body. Besides these, he takes huge amounts of sugars during lunchtime and evenings where he gets a bar of chocolate, sweets and sodas (fizzy drinks). These amounts of sugar may predispose him to diabetes. Mr. Begums also consumes huge portions of fats and animal proteins. In fact, he takes butter, cheese and ghee at lunchtime. Fried eggs for his breakfast are also sources of fats. Yoghurt is common in his diet. As such, he is at risk of cardiovascular diseases. Cardiovascular diseases results from increased cholesterol consumption that is high in animal proteins. Knowing well that he is obese, he suffers a higher risk of CVD than a person who is within the healthy BMI number. His habit of taking tea has also predisposed him to higher risk of CVD. In fact, he drinks not less than three cups of tea. Tea contains nicotine that heightens the chances of being under the threat of CVDs. Discussion of Mr. Begums Meal Plan Mr. Begums’ meal plan has many sources of risks. Primarily, he faces the risk of diabetes. His sugar intake could make his pancreas to be ineffective in the production or the use of insulin. According to Webb (2002, pp. 32), when the pancreas becomes inefficient in the production of insulin, the person is unable to digest sugars. In other words, one becomes diabetic. Apparently, Mr. Begum is obese, which is a nutritional risk factor. Additionally, age predisposes him to the risk of diabetes. At mid 50s, he is more prone to diabetic risk than a younger person is (Galdston 2002, pp.11). Worse still, he rarely exercises and as such, he increases his chances of becoming diabetic. Further, he is at risk of getting a Cardiovascular Disease. CVDs include diseases of the heart such
Introduction Smoking rates in Australia have reduced significantly since the 1940s, a period when approximately 70 percent of men in the country smoked. During 2007, the smoking rates stood at 27 percent for men and 18 percent for women. Although Australian smokers of all ages are warned of the dangers of smoking cigarette packs, they have repeatedly ignored this notion, and though avoidable, cigarette smoking has continued to cause deaths and disability across the world (Khot & Polmear 2006). Smoking has created a heavy load on Australia’s public health and its health care system through morbidity which has led to the rise in mortality rates. Currently, 21 percent of the male adult male population and 19 percent of the adult female smoke (Spoehr 2005). Even though Australia is one of the countries which has implemented a majority of international health provisions, smoking is still a preeminent public health issue since policies dealing with tobacco control is a most rigorous process in Australia (Spoehr 2005). Discussion Tobacco has been cited as a significant cause of death compared to other drugs, causing approximately 89 percent of deaths in Australia that are related to drugs (Travis 2004, p. 13). Smokers are at risk of developing various forms of cancer such as lung, mouth, nasal, pancreas, and kidney cancer. Heart disease is also a potential risk factor for smokers. Chronic obstructive disease (CO
This is a company situated in America and majors on manufacturing process of motorcycles. The company was founded in Milwaukee, Wisconsin during the 20 th century (Wagner, 34). This was the period during which the great depression was recorded in major parts of the world but the company stood the intense shock of the years. Its main competitor includes the Japanese companies manufacturing Honda, Kawasaki, Suzuki, and Yamaha. However Harley Davidson Motorcycle Company has managed to out beat these products consequently maintaining its market niche. Harley Davidson Motorcycle Company participates in the manufacturing and selling of 750 cc motorcycles which are designed to be used on the American highway system. The motorcycles therefore are heavyweight in nature. In addition to this, Davidson Motorcycle Company sells parts of the motorcycles, its accessories, and general products related to motorcycle (Howard, 108). Buell Motorcycle Company which is a subsidiary of Harley Davidson Motorcycle deals with production of sport motorcycles. Harley Davidson financial services, is also a subsidiary company of Harley Davidson, Inc. In the year 2009, Harley Davidson Company considered joining the Indian market in a bid to expand on its market niche. This was facilitated by trade agreement between India and USA to allow importation of mango. Harley Davidson Motorcycle therefore managed to establish a subsidiary company in India located in Gurgaon. In the resent years the value of the HD brand reduced by 43% a value associated with a drop in profits by appro
In modern world sports, football inter alia, is attracting millions of spectators and being an integral part of entertainment and media industries which involve an immense turn-over of capital. As a result commercialization of sport grows, increasing the risk of power abuse for the people who are involved in settling the mercantile part of it, therefore calling for proper regulation in terms of the rights and obligations of the parties involved. One of the burning issues in the modern football business is the relationship between football players and their agents, with the latter being prone to arrange profitable deals for themselves alongside with officially representing the player, and to keep back the information about the extra profit they get. The aim of this essay is to review a legal case and to consider its impact on the modern business of football. The legal case selected is Imageview Management Ltd v Jack. This legal case is about the footballer’s agent making a secret deal with the club for himself in the course of negotiations on the behalf of his client (Conflict of interest in agent’s secret deal, 2009). The issues analyzed would be: the concept of this action representing a breach deal or not; the destiny of paid fees depending on the result of considering a case; the obligations of the agent towards the football player; and the possible considerations of value of the work done (Conflict of interest in agent’s secret deal, 2009). The main participants of the legal case were the football player Kelvin Jack (defendant), and Imageview Management Ltd (claimant), represented by the agent Mr Berry, who agreed to act as Mr Jack’s agent and signed a two-year contract with him, where it was stated that Mr Jack undertook to pay Imageview 10% of his monthly salary if arrangements were successfully made by that company for him to sign with a UK club. Imageview, in its turn, undertook to advise and represent Mr Jack “in connection with any contract or renewal of contract which the Player might wish to enter into” and pledged to “use its reasonable endeavors to promote the Player and act in his best interests” ( Imageview Management Ltd v Jack 2009, p. 2). The negotiations with Dundee were successful and Mr Jack signed a two-year contract, without knowing that Imageback demanded a fee of £3,000 for getting Mr Jack a work permit. A year later, having played for Dundee and paid the 10% due under the agency contract with Imageview, Mr Jack found out about the side deal of Imageview’s and stopped the payments. As a result, Imageview claimed the unpaid agency fees from Mr Jack, and the latter defended that claim and himself claimed back the agency fees he had already paid. Moreover, the player also claim
The central message of the book Systems analysis may not be a distinct discipline, but it provides a different perspective on global issues and ways of addressing the complex challenges that people face globally. Nevertheless, the complex nature of the concept presents a challenge when presenting it, particularly to new audiences. “Thinking in Systems” by Dana Meadows, unlike most textbooks, captures the importance of systems thinking in a different way; it comprises of a series of stories with each story discussing a different system event coupled with offering advice on the appropriate approach in that respect. The objectives of the book are to inform the reader on systems science and provide fundamental thinking system capabilities with respect to the system (Meadows, 2008, p. 2). In the text, the book is divided into three distinct parts, each with distinct aim and format. In particular, the first part, Part one, which talks about system structure and behavior, best describes the central message of the book. This section describes the common components of systems, systems terminologies and the fundamental principles that govern systems. Chapter 2 describes the basic archetypal models common in many contexts: from the “systems zoo” (population and thermostats) to constrained systems (renewable and nonrenewable stocks) (Meadows, 2008, p. 121). The basic models presented in this chapter illustrate the central of the book, i.e. complex system behavior is influenced by the system elements and to a large extent, the interrelationships, or interactions between these systems elements as a system. For example, Meadow mentions that, “a system causes its own behavior” (2008, p. 11) meaning that, the interaction between different elements (reinforcing and balancing loops) determines the system’s behavior. The Value of this Central Message In this book, the author effectively describes the relationships between systems elements using models to illustrate the behavior of different systems. Previously, the systems theory had been critical as practical application tool in decision-making in multinational networks and large-scale production. However, recently, systems thinking principles have been integrated in strategic planning for governments and corporations. In this regard, central theme of the book i.e. the interactions between system elements and the effect on system behavior can help strategic planners understand complex systems and identify how networks are vulnerable to systems changes. In fact, Meadow argues that, system thinking allows people to “look at t
Abstract The main objective of this study is to examine the effects of an intervention program for at-risk high school males. There are many hurdles in today’s society that the at-risk students are exposed to. The study explored the risk factors that make a child to be rendered at-risk. Some of the risk factors that were explored in the study included: the relationship between the student and the teacher, the relationship between the parents and the students, the motivations for the students, the socioeconomic status (SES) of the students, and the effect of peer pressure. These risk factors were used to explain the independent variables to predict the dependent variable, which was the intervention program with two levels: participation in the program and no participation in the program. The variables were analyzed using correlation and regression analysis. A T-test was also done. The total population composed of 242 students who took part in the survey. All the students who participated were considered to be at-risk. The results revealed that the variables predicted the GPA scores, even though the variance of the GPA varied from one variable to another. Motivation of the students and the effects of peer pressure emerged to be the top two predictors of GPA. The study provided a detailed data analysis and provided recommendations for future researchers. Inroduction Background to the study Various researchers have pointed out that many teachers have handled in-risk males in the past. These students are prone to academic failure. These students are normally slow-learners. The school management has an uphill task of bridging the academic gap between at-risk males and the other students (Conrath, 1994, p. 3). The at-risk males normally lag behind the rest of the students and have to struggle to be at par with the rest. It is because of this that school administrators have intervened by setting up a different academic environment to accommodate the at-risk males (Bandura, 1977, p. 26; Coleman, 1987, p. 35; Margolis & McCabe, 2004, p. 244; McMillan & Reed, 1993, p. 139). This academic environment is aimed at spurring the academic success of the students. At risk students normally look up to responsible adults who can care for them and believe in them. This will help them in building their self-confidence and self-esteem. In addition to that, the at-risk males will adopt a sense of responsibility (Conrath, 1994, p. 3). The most important learning aspects for the at-risk males are: gaining the aspect of self-reliance, fitting int