ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction The quality of peoples lives depends on a number of factors that impact a persons mentality, worldview, and his/her level of satisfaction. The evolution of the humanistic approach and reconsideration of the system of values resulted in the increased importance of any individual and his/her quality of life. That is why such science as sociology is focused on the investigation of the main factors that impact peoples lives and their quality. Furthermore, sociology also tends to monitor changes in the social opinion towards a person who faces significant problems that decrease the level of satisfaction and result in numerous disorders. For this reason, the given paper is focused on the investigation of the most important concerns related to chronic illnesses and the way they impact social relations within a family and community. Background One should accept the idea that any illness should be considered the factor that aggravates a persons life and conditions the appearance of numerous problems. For this reason, provision of the high-quality medical care to treat this very disease is the main task of the modern healthcare sector. However, there is a sort of diseases that persist for a long time (3 months or more) that are considered chronic (Golics, Basra, Finlay, & Salek, 2013). They could not be treated in a short period of time and demand a special approach to help a patient and guarantee at least slight improvement of his/her state. However, the negative impact of these illnesses could hardly be doubted as they deteriorate the quality of life and impact relations with other members of a social group and family. Hypothesis Resting on these facts, the main aim of this research paper is to determine the way chronic illnesses impact peoples social and family life and monitor the alterations of relations within a family. The works current hypothesis states that patients suffering from chronic diseases experience some significant changes that come from the nature of the illness in their social and family life. Moreover, the more serious a disease is, the more significant deterioration of the quality of life a patient might experience (Martire & Schulz, 2007). To prove this very statement, it is crucial to conduct a survey among people suffering from chronic diseases and obtain the credible data related to their life and relations with family members. It will also provide the basis for discussion and further cogitations related to the issue. Methods As stated above, a survey is chosen as the main tool to collect the credible data and provide reliable results. It is conducted among 47 patients suffering from various chronic diseases (15 severe and 32 mild illnesses). They were given a questionnaire to collect the needed data. Their answers were added to the table and used while making final conclusions. With this in mind, the nature of the research could be defined as mixed qualitative-quantitative as it obtains the numerical data and tends to trace the alterations of a certain quality. The chosen method contributes to the increased credibility of the given paper and conditions the
In accordance with the US administration, Iran’s intention to possess nuclear power is a great threat for Middle East. Moreover, it threatens the effectiveness of the present nonproliferation regime. It has been 10 years already that the media in the US has a keen interest on Iraq and Iran’s operations in regards to nuclear power. Irrespective of the fact that the accusations have been exceptionally severe, there is still no evidence, concerning Iran’s ability to manufacture and trade in nuclear power. During Clinton’s presidency, a dual containment policy was initiated for Iran and Iraq. During the preceding policies, the US focus was on setting the two countries against each other. The present policy, however, aims at weakening Iran and Iraq at the same time. In addition, the United States is making efforts to assure that Iran is contained because of its struggle to possess mass destruction weapons. In addition, Iran has been engaging in a military build-up, hindering the peace procedures in Middle East, subverting the United States’ associates and Israel (Binnendijk, 2006). From some of the Iran’s claims, it is clear that the United States has suspicions that Iran is strategizing on an atomic bomb. The US is strongly against Iran’s acquisition of nuclear weapons. The containment policy is a clear reflection of this objective. The US fears that Iran can create nuclear weapons since it has corresponding and necessary knowledge as well as resources. Therefore, the US has laid strategies to ensure that Iran never deals with the nuclear power, technologies, and procedures connected with it. In this regard, President Clinton ensured that Iran had an entire trade embargo. Irrespective of the fact that the embargo is currently unilateral, there are efforts to make it multilateral. The majority of the European nations underline the fact that the United States does not have policy against Iran. Hence, these nations are against the US placing embargos on France, Germany, and Iran (Hiro, 2009). When Iran tries to make an agreement with any nation, regarding nuclear technologies, the US convinces that nation to deny the agreement. A bill is underway to ensure that the US does not collaborate with any nation that trades with Iran. The pressure from the US has impacted many countries, including India, Argentina, and Czech Republic. However, China and Russia have ignored these pleas. Israel believes that force should be used, and the nuclear strategies in Iran are delayed. However, President Obama has a different opinion. He believes that diplomacy should be used, so
Introduction The selected nursing concept for the analysis from different ontological views is quality of life (QoL). In nursing, QoL is an essential concept that nurses apply in the provision of healthcare services to patients, families, and communities. According to the World Health Organization (2019), QoL is a broad concept that measures the way individuals perceive their health status based on their value systems, cultural factors, beliefs, psychological conditions, physical health, environmental state, and social relationships. In this view, QoL is a composite nursing concept because it encompasses various factors that dictate the health status of individuals. Since QoL is dependent on perceptions of patients, it is also essential that nurses understand it to provide relevant healthcare services (Bahrami, Parker, & Blackman, 2008). The analysis of the nursing concept of QoL from different ontological perspectives highlights its philosophical basis in general health and nursing. Therefore, in the analysis of QoL, this paper examines history, development, impact on nursing practice, and epistemology from the three ontological views of post-positivism, complexity, and human science. Post-Positivism History From the perspective of post-positivism, QoL was developed in the 1960s and 1970s when numerous advancements in the diagnosis of diseases emerged. Clinicians used QoL as an instrument that assesses the health status of patients and allows them to make informed decisions regarding care and treatment interventions. The primary driver of post-positivism was findings from clinical experiments, which pointed out the importance of health assessments in patients. In the 1960s, clinicians were concerned with the protection and improvement of health conditions of their patients based on medical assessments. Innovative treatments and therapies proved useful because they extended the duration of life among patients. However, high costs of treatments and adverse effects of therapeutic procedures used in lengthening lives of patients necessitated the assessment of QoL. Subsequently, researchers focused on standardizing health factors and scoring them to measure QoL (MacKillop & Sheard, 2018). Thus, the development of instruments used in the assessment of QoL commenced in the 1970s and aided healthcare providers in making medical decisions. In the 1980s, researchers concentrated their efforts on the development of capable research instruments, which generate valid and reliable outcomes of QoL. Nevertheless, the developed instruments generated inconsistent results of QoL, makin
Introduction to national parks and resorts in Kenya and worldwide Kenya has been noted as one of the most dominant and famous tourist destinations across the world. It is an original safari country that has attracted tourists from all corners of the world. The country is currently well endowed with wildlife reserves and national parks that stretch from the coastal region to the drier northern parts of the nation. As it stands now, wildlife reserves and national parks are over forty in number. These memorable sites have been specifically set aside for the sake of preserving the natural habitat and wildlife. There are myriads of animals and indigenous plants that have been conserved in these natural habitats. For example, Selenkay Conservancy and the Amboseli National Park is one of the most renowned national parks in Kenya. This park is located near Mt. Kilimanjaro on both the Kenyan and Tanzanian borders. Towards the northern side of the Amboseli National Park, the Selenkay Conservancy can be found there. In this particular conservancy, there are quite a number of restrictions to visitors especially in regards to those who are allowed to visit the site. It has been described as an ‘unspoiled’ wilderness largely due to its distinct physical features and animal kingdom that have not been interfered with at all. As already mentioned, Amboseli National Park is apparently the largest point of alluring visitors who are keen in observing wild animals and the general natural habitat. The entire park is part and parcel of the attraction that encompasses Mount Kilimanjaro. This mountain is known worldwide due to its vantage and snowy view that has been captured for several years. One of the most outstanding features of this mountain is that it can be vividly viewed at dawn or dusk. During these moments of the day, the iced summit of the mountain can be observed quite easily due to low hanging clouds that hardly obscure any kind of viewing. The mountain is und
Introduction The Man Who Was Thursday, like most of the fiction works written by Chesterton, is a tale rich with allegory symbolic of the Christian religion. Many followers of Chesterton have claimed that the story is designed as an allegory due to the high amount of symbolism. However, this is not truly the case. It cannot be a Christian allegory in the classical sense because the story openly discusses Christianity, while it cannot be an allegory for generalized good and evil for many reasons. The fans and followers of Chesterton must have analysed his work so much that they have both found and enjoyed all of the symbolism that is there, and have likely also found symbolism that is either not truly there or was not meant to be conveyed as such. While this story does in fact contain enough real symbolism and implications which can be drawn from analogies to various elements of the story, it certainly was not intended to be an allegory in the classical sense. Main body At first it may appear to some the book is an obvious and clear allegory. The main story is a mystery story which discusses detectives and spies and related traditional activities among such people. Not understanding a great deal about the story near the beginning of the story, the reader is provided with new surprises often and goes on somewhat of an adventurous journey throughout the tale. One thing that becomes most seemingly symbolic is the anarchists. Free will can be associated to anarchy as well are the inherent results and consequences. In the story, the anarchists’ roles are described in the passage “I can’t tell the police you are an anarchist. You can’t tell the anarchists I’m a policeman. I can only watch you, knowing what you are; you can only watch me, knowing what I am. In short, it’s a lonely, intellectual duel, my head against yours. I’m a policeman deprived of the help of the police. You, my poor fellow, are an anarchist deprived of the help of that law and organisation which is so essential to anarchy. The one solitary difference is in your favour.” (Chesterton pg.1) One can see the symbolic relations within this passage, where the anarchists have free will but also a lack of freedom. The detectives also seem to be symbolic, in this case of the government, while the civil sphere and related problems are also parts of this symbolic relationship. Near th
Introduction European Union is regarded as the largest trading bloc of the world (Oli Brown, 2005). European Union plays an important and defining role in the trade scenario of the European region and the world. The establishment of the commission in the year 1955 was an attempt to build a community of the nations that could be commented through trade because trade is the tools that can be used as a powerful driver to accelerate the growth of economy, to reduce the poverty within the countries, to promote the regional integration and to create non military ways of settling the disputes between countries. (Oli Brown, 2005) But to use this powerful tool in an effective manner it is very necessary that there must be a framework of some fair rules that can lead to trade between the countries on equal terms and can contribute towards the settlement of the disputes. In order to fulfill this need, the creation of the European Commission occurred with the intention of providing the member countries a fair and balanced frame work of managing the trade operations and settling their disputes (OECD, p8, 2000). The trade policy of EU are mainly focused on the principles of trade liberalization and regional integration however it is also observed that some of the trade policies of EU are not conflict sensitive in nature and the member and nonmember countries have some reservations over the trade policies of the commission. In this context the trade policy of the commission and its effects on the member and non member countries is an important issue. This paper is aimed at analyzing the effects of the EU trade policy on the world economy. In this regard the discussion is focused on the effects of the EU trade policy both on the member nations as well as the non member states. EU Trade Policy – An Overview Being the largest trading bloc the trade policies of the European Union play important role in the international trade operations and the trade policy of EU possesses great importance in the commencement of the international trade operations. As far as the decision making on the foreign trade policy is concerned it is observed that it is largely centralized at the EU level and the two main pillars upon which the UE trade policy based are “multilateral bilateralism and regional integration”. (OECD, p8, 2000) In order to attain these two basic goals the commission remained involved in different regional preferential agreements and other activities that led to integration and enlargement. Moreover since its establishment the organization has appeared as an active participant of the multilateral liberalization efforts. In this regard the commission is credited with an important achievement and this is to include agriculture in the trade liberalization negotiations (Mark et al, p54, 2004). EU remains involved in the global trade liberalization agenda through the import of the agriculture goods from the developing countries to the developed ones. The trade policy of EU is considered very supportin
Irigoyen, M., Glassman, M. E., Chen, S. & Findley, S. E. (2008). Early onset of overweight and obesity among blow-income 1- to 5-year olds in New York City. Journal of Urban Health: Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine , 85(4): 545-554. Brief summary The author hypothesized that there is an alarming trend in the rate of obesity in the early-childhood. The worst affected people are the poor, minority and children living in urban towns. The research was significant because it could help the government in developing public health policies to stop the epidemic by creating appropriate strategies. The research was conducted to determine the occurrence of obesity in children aged 1-5 years. In addition, the risk of obesity was estimated according to age and gender. The sample used in the survey was 1713 children in New York. The findings of the survey showed that boys had a higher likelihood of being overweight compared to girls. In addition, the prevalence of obesity increases with age. Urban children had a high likelihood of being obese. It was concluded that there is an increasing trend in childhood obesity, and the government should intervene (Irigoyen, Glassman, Chen & Findley, 2008). The types of graphical descriptive statistics used to describe the sample or population The data collected was stratified according to the age groups of the children studied. In addition, gender was used to stratify the data. Chi-square tests were conducted on the data. In addition, multivariate analysis was conducted. Stacked bar charts were generated to explain the relationship between the variables. The level of measurement applied, and distribution of the data influenced the use of stacked bar charts because the data was collected in the same period. The age groups of the children sampled could easily be presented in bar graphs because there was a similarity in the various groups. Monteiro, C. A. et al. (2010). Narrowing socioeconomic inequality in child stunting: the Brazilian experience, 1974–2007. Bull World Health Organ, 88:305–311. Brief summary Stunted growth in children is determined by the income of the parents and the distribution of basic services in a country. The author conducted a survey on Brazilian children aged 5 years and below. The data used was collected during the national census exercise in 1975, 1989 and 1996. The findings of the research indicated that there was a decline on the rate of stunted growth over the years. In addition, the prevalence of stunted growth declined tremendously. However, there is a sizeable gap in child stunting between the wealthy and poor. It was concluded that the public policies and development on socio-economic systems have caused the improvement and reduction in child stunting. In addition, a reduction in the gap in the nutritional status was experienced between the rich and poor. It was established that
Introduction The Ming dynasty has its beginning in 1368 and lasted its three centuries of existence in 1644 AD. The dynasty was founded by Zhu Yuanzhang of Hongwu, the third of the three peasants who became Chinese emperors (“Political History and Society”). Hongwu led a victorious revolt against the Mongols of the Yuan dynasty for the reason of widespread famine which was not given due attention by the rulers. Hongwu was constantly bugged by the thought that someone is planning a plot to overthrow him. Despite being compassionate and humanistic, he favored violence in dealing with anybody and associated groups suspected of plotting against him. He moved the central government from Nanjing to Beijing. Having originated from a peasant family, he favored the welfare of this group and created laws in their favor. He managed to keep the land tax low and always ensure that the granaries are stocked to full capacity as a guard against famine. As irrigation water is vital to the peasants, he instructed his subjects to manage the dikes on the Yellow and Yangtze Rivers. Hongwu lacked the knowledge of economics and commerce which are necessary to keep the wheels of the economy moving. According to the Msn Encarta encyclopedia, he lacked the vision to push trade and commerce and regarded it as a practice of parasitism wherein the traders amassed their wealth at the expense of the efforts and sacrifices of peasants who he dearly supports. The emperor favored the creation of self-supporting communities guided by ideals of Confucianism or self-preservation as he felt that agriculture should be the source of the country’s wealth and well-being and regarded trade as evil and therefore not needed anymore in self-supporting communities. Under Zhu Yuanzhang’s rule, the countryside was dominated by a large number of small farming communities and a few medium-sized landowners. In 1376, the Ministry of Revenue under Hongwu’s rule reported that there were 14,341 households controlling land of about 120 acres each, and the larger landholdings were used as tax collectors from the small landholdings. The population was registered in sections called lijia of ten households each and was in charge of the internal control responsibilities. Among others, the responsibilities include performing scribes tasks, jailers, warehousing, and other responsibilities which were all rendered free and unpaid by the government. As far as the empire is concerned, the revenues of the local group and that of the empire are one and the same. In all aspects, the empire is just like a conglomeration of village communities rather than a nation. Under this design of empire management, the state assumed absolute control over all branches of society with Hongwu as the supreme head. The prime minister’s office was abolished and from 1376 to 1393, to solidify his strong grip on power, Hongwu staged four successive waves of political cleansing that claimed close to 1
Religion influence on understanding and experience of childhood in Europe In Europe religion had great influence on understanding and experience of childhood. Religion beliefs were applied by mothers in rearing their children. Children who had both parents were considered to be of good omen. People in Europe strongly believed in religion. Women in roman started their pregnancy by praying to goddess Juno Lucina for safe delivery and to goddess Carmenta to watch over the newborn. After birth, the ritual of purification was carried out as it was with patria protestas. At dawn the festivals would began for ceremony of naming the child with tradition names. A sacrifice was usually offered in the baby’s’ name. Children were usually dedicated to a religion after birth. According to roman norm wet nurses were the ones who supervised the child’s education up to puberty. Roman writers expressed their concern by writing that patience and love is important in nurturing a child in Christian ways (Read, 1981). In middle age there existed a special bond between children and their parents. The relationship between parents and children were intense, enduring, and emotional. Childhood was viewed as special as it was a process of forming an adult. Parents and teachers had responsibility of bringing up children in the right manner where religion was mostly applied to ensure a responsible adult was formed. Biblical views were followed to shape the relationship between children and parents. According to biblical advice children are supposed to honor their parents. Religion was used to dictate the behavior of children. Children stayed in church up to the age