ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
A Brief Description of the Organization Procter and Gamble is a consumer goods corporation in America. It produces pet food, personal care products, as well as cleaning agents. Procter and Gamble are known for producing foods and beverages, but the latter sold that production line to Kellogg Company. It has received many ratings including being the fifth most admired company in the world. It is known for the best leadership development in the United States of America. The Culture of Procter and Gamble The culture of a company establishes its success or failure. Scholars have defined organizational culture as the behavior of persons that are associated with a given organization. It also includes the meaning that individuals in an organization attach to their dealings. Flamholtz and Randle (2011) avow that, organizational culture incorporates norms, values, vision, beliefs, working language and habits. Organizational culture impinges on the way people and groups interrelate internally with customers and stakeholders. Procter and Gamble is an organization that believes in upholding culture for success in business. The company has diversified across the world at an alarming rate. Ever day, Procter and Gamble continue to expand in diversified fields. This makes it vital for the organization to have a unifying way of doing things. Organizational culture is key to providing uniformity in any organization (Flamholtz & Randle, 2011). The organization believes in innovativeness, aggressiveness, teamwork, risk-taking, and people orientation. Ways in Which Procter and Gamble Shows This Culture Aggressiveness Aggressiveness is a key dimension in Procter and Gamble. Aggressiveness is the degree to which employees are insistent and competitive in an organization rather than cooperative (Martin & Frost, 2011). Procter uses aggressiveness in taking over companies that are fleeing out of business and then advertising them under their name brand. All the eleven managers of Procter insist on aggressiveness on employees’ part to ensure success in business. Aggressiveness ensures the smooth running of operations in an organization where workers are self-motivated other than being dragged along by the leaders. Consequently, aggressiveness guarantees high levels of production. This is because time is well managed since nobody needs to be told what to do and when. Every person in an organization that upholds aggressiveness sees the success of the company as their success, hence motivation. People Orientation People orientation is a scale to which executive decisions take into consideration the organizations impacts on people (Flamholtz & Randle, 2011). Procter’s apprehension on people orientation culture is illustrated in that; managers emphasize that people are the firm’s biggest assets. To design a means for workers to bond, the organization would put up celebrat
Taking position It is certain that needs and wants exist that must be satisfied by human beings in the course of their survival. Various marketers; therefore, endeavor to gratify the needs of the populace, and they do it through advertisement to inform the public that they stock what they want. I, therefore, disagree with the statement that marketing modifies the consumers’ wishes and wants. Instead, marketing simply imitates the needs and the wishes of the clients. “A defender of marketing would maintain that the marketing system merely reflects society’s needs and wants” (Reynolds & Lancaster 2005). Needs of the people fluctuate depending on the locale and other socioeconomic factors. A restaurant in China will sell different foods from a restaurant in United States due to cultural and societal differences. Consumers would like to obtain all their wants, but the means of acquiring it may not be easy. The marketers, therefore, meet the wants by locating the businesses where various segments can afford what they want. In this way, marketers reflect but not modify the people’s needs and wants. Supporting the position The community realized the need for communication thus the need for possessing a phone. The society, therefore, strive to buy various phones depending on preference and economic status of a person. The marketers are just polishing on what they have so as to win customers’ confidence; consequently, they maneuver their way to win customers over other competitors. The companies strive to maintain their customers by delivering value and satisfaction. It is noted that satisfaction is in consumer mind as a combination of service, quality and price. Consequently, buyers will not hesitate to pay elevated prices for a good or service if they get the value for money (Lancaster & Reynolds 2005). If the company provides a consistent satisfaction to its customers, then they become loyal to it and repeat their visits. The uniqueness of a Company’s product ensures that it sells more than its competitors. This happens when a company manufactures unique brands and services which are instilled in people’s minds. Exceptional style in a product ensures a large customer base; consequently, they are willing to sacrifice high costs. Marketers also use segmentation technique to satisfy the needs of the consumers, meaning that companies must target where to market their yields. They consider factors like behavior, geography, as well as, population distribution when marketing. It is crucial to note that marketers use the basic conduits of marketing to reach consumers. Communiqué channel makes use of media to tell people about the product. Distribution channel makes use of wholesales, stockrooms and sellers to avail products to consum
Introduction Computing devices and the internet are two of the most important inventions of the 21st century. These technological breakthroughs have had a great impact on the personal and professional lives of people all over the world. Mobile devices are some of the equipments that utilize computing technology and the internet to provide communication services. Many organizations have exploited computing devices to increase their productivity. The last decade has witnessed a prevalence of mobile devices in the corporate environment. Glisson and Storer (2013) state that mobile devices have become ubiquitous in the information rich corporate environment with most corporations increasing their usage of these devices each year. This observation is corroborated by Friedman and Hoffman (2008) who declare that mobile devices have become important tools for organizational productivity. While mobile devices have increased the efficiency of employees by enabling them to access organizational information and services at any time and from any location, they have created some security concerns. Mobile devices have a potentially negative impact on the cyber security of an organization and as such, special attention should be given when using mobile devices in the organization. Security Impact of Mobile Devices The very popularity and extent of the use of mobile computing devices and the internet creates a special vulnerability to businesses. Computing devices and the internet have been used expansively by businesses since their invention in the mid 20th century. Many businesses exploited the efficient information processing ability of computers to gain a competitive advantage. Historically, computing devices were restricted to desktop systems that could only be used within the organization’s environment. Wired technology was the primary means through which the system communicated (Bernik & Markelj, 2012). However, there have been incredible developments in technology recently, in the form of wireless technology and mobile computing, which has changed the manner in which organizations access their information. Mobile communication began as a voice service and over the decades, it expanded to include data transmission and today we have 4G mobile communications (Dong, Joo, Chae, Wan, & Yoo, 2013). These developments have made it possible for employees to have constant access to data and information. Purchases of mo
It is pointless conducting diagnosis at the individual level, because most issues can be addressed at the organization and group level. This statement is not correct and it may only apply in very few isolated cases. It is a statement which should not be used in the current world in which most organizations are in competition with one another. The statement may only apply in cases where individuals are used to collect data without any diagnosis and delivering them to a central point so as to be assessed and diagnosed. Organizations can achieve great effectiveness if individuals forming the organizations are effective (Bushong, 1997). Diagnosis can simply be described as a way of analyzing the nature of a problem and it can be extended to include the analysis of the causes of a given problem. If all individuals are allowed to bring all their raw data to a group for analysis, the workload at group level is likely to be very huge because minor tasks that could have been sorted out by individuals are carried forward. It is therefore very important to conduct diagnosis at individual level even though most issues can be solved at a central point within the organization (Harris, 2000). Only issues that appear to be complex or issues that individuals are not allowed to handle should be forwarded for group diagnosis so as to be solved. This is the only positive way in which organizations can develop. In an ideal organization model, every department is connected to one another within the organization. Such a model usually demonstrates that for effective management of any organization to take place, each department within the organization should be effective and this implies that individuals within those departments must be fully involved in management and development of the organization. It is also clear that the level of influence of decisions made relating to an organization gets stronger as one gets closer the top management of an organization. This implies that the decisions made by the managers of an organization have more weight than those made by other stakeholders but every decision at every level is important and should be assessed at the group level. Self-assessment is one aspect that an organization can consider to be very useful when it wants to make major decisions concerning the development of the organization (Health Canada, 2008). For example, an organization may wish to expand its operations so as to improve its performance. In this case there are a number of surveys that must be undertaken at various levels of the organization. Senior managers of the organization must involve other individuals within the organization to come up with a plan on how self-assessment should be done. At the organization level is where individuals raise their proposals and ask questions relating to the ta
Community Description The First United Community is a product of the inner-city ministry of the United Church of Canada, geographically located in Vancouver Downtown Eastside (VDE). Although the community has a geographical location, it is open to all people irrespective of their place of residence, variances in needs, economic or social standing, and religious or political orientation (First United, n.d.). Members of the community exhibit some awareness of their identity in the shared Christian values and beliefs, and in the needs of people within the confines of the community. The community’s interventions target the marginalized people in the VDE neighborhood, especially the homeless, poor and those at high risk of drug dependence and mental illness. The open membership implies that the First United Community can pass also pass for a virtual community (First United, n.d.). Analysis of Perspectives on Community Stanhope & Lancaster (2010) defines community as “…people and the relationship that emerge among them as they develop and use in common some agencies and share a physical environment” (p. 3). The First Church Community exhibits some components of community in that it has a central geographical location; membership can be through virtual platforms; shares common Christian values and beliefs and; it is committed to meeting the needs of members, including the burdens (First United, n.d.). Membership to the communit
Introduction University education refers to a level of education that is offered at universities. This type education normally follows upon a successful completion of education at secondary school or other mid-level colleges and tertiary institutions, students are normally awarded academic degrees after going through an undergraduate or a postgraduate education by the respective universities. University education takes high school, tertiary and college education to a higher level and students are required to major in a major field of study that will form their career once they graduate. It is for this purpose that university education must lead to the development of the learner in all aspects and not just on career development. Discussion When the university education was set up almost a century ago, academicians clearly set the basic function of these institutions to be that of imparting wisdom and enlightenment to the learners and they were meant for the few elite and well-endowed people. Unfortunately, this has not been adhered to in many universities, most of which have now shifted their focus and are now commercialized with many people trooping in to attain a degree in various fields. Though mass university education is a turn of good events, this has diluted its basic function of developing a learner into an all rounded individual, rather, most universities now focus on enabling a leaner achieve an ‘A’ grade. It is no wonder universities base their success is based on the number of graduates who obtain good grades, rather than on the ability of these students to come up with solutions to problems affecting the society. One of the most important functions of university education is developing the learner’s character and training them on real-life expectations. One might argue that these should be already developed before entering the university, they should, unfortunately, the education systems at pre-university levels do not give the learner an opportunity to discover himself and have an uninterrupted character growth. This is due to congestion in the syllabi as education at this level is more generalized and as a result, learners spend most of their time grasping new ideas given in class. A student gets to have a complete character evolution once he enters the university and it is common for a person who was troublesome in his teenage years get out of university mature and well behaved. This character modeling, however, must be accompanied by working hard in class to make one more productive in future. Students should not just grasp ideas taught in class for passing exams, classroom sessions should be used to further one’s knowledge in a particular field in a manner that they can apply such skills in real life situations. The classroom knowledge gives one the qualifications to acquire a job, but character is needed to maintain such a job. For example, a person may land a well-paying job but may find himself jobless after a few months due to poor relationship with co-workers or poor wor
Introduction Hatzidaki (2007) argues that many studies in translatology involves the analysis of the language processing that takes place when a text is being translated from one language to the other. This being the case, the researcher goes further to argue that a connection exists between translatology and psycholinguistics. This is given the fact that psycholinguistics involves cognitive processes that are largely similar to those found in translatology. Translatology especially addresses the activities of bilingual and multilingual individuals involved in the process of translating a text (Hatzidaki, 2007). On the other hand, psycholinguistics (as mentioned above) addresses the cognitive elements of language usage, an aspect that is related to translatology. In his article, Zasyekin (2010) seems to concur with Hatzidaki (2007) as far as the relationship between translation and psycholinguistics is concerned. Zasyekin (2010) argues that applying psycholinguistic principles in translation studies (read translatology) enables the researcher to determine “structural and semantic characteristics of the original and target texts, (and how) they influence the reader” (p. 232). This paper is going to critically review the article written by Zasyekin (2010) which reports the findings of his study viewing translation as a psycholinguistic phenomenon. In this paper, I am going to provide a summary of the article which will be followed by a critical reflection of the same. I will also comment on selected aspects of the article as well as relate the study to the SLA context in Saudi Arabia. The application of this research to different social settings will also be provided. Summary of the Article In the study reported in this article, Zasyekin (2010) proposes a theoretical framework that can be used to analyze translation of literary texts. This theoretical framework conceptualizes translation as a “psycho-semiotic phenomenon” that involves cognitive processes on the part of the translator. Zasyekin (2010) makes use of four sources of data in his research. This includes The Catcher in the Rye and Franny, both texts written by Salinger. This is together with the Ukrainian and Russian versions of these two texts. The Temple of Poseidon by Pokalchuk is also used in this study. Other texts used include The Calling Cards and The Tender Breathing both by Bunin (Zasyekin, 2010). The English translations of the two texts are taken by Zasyekin as the primary corpus of this study. Ozymandias sonnet by Shelley is used by Zasyekin to supplement the primary corpus identified above. Zasyekin (2010) reveals formal and content characteristics of the corpus by the use of a discourse analysis technique. The researcher also makes use of psycholinguistic techniques developed by Osgood et al. in 1957 to identify how semantic spaces are created by the nati
Foucault in his book , The History of Sexuality vol. 1, An Introduction , attempts to argue that our thought about sexuality is greatly dictated by what he refers to as “repressive hypothesis”. According to this hypothesis, the chronological record of sexuality for the past three centuries has primarily been laced with repression. Furthermore, sex is basically meant for the purpose of procreation, and any other role performed by sex beyond this is considered culturally prohibitive. We can only make ourselves free from this sexual repression by opening up among ourselves by deliberating on issues surrounding sex as well as embracing it (Foucault 1980). Foucault does not consent with the ideology that sex has been demeaned and perhaps made useless. He asserts that the sexual disposition has gone a notch higher for the last two hundred years or so. Besides, sex grew into an object of discernment. Sex has been perceived as a source of knowledge whereby its pleasure has been the most valued component, that is “an ars erotica”. Culturally, we have handled sex more as a scientific and biological concept when in fact it should take the center stage of power and knowledge. This paper explores and analyses Foucault’s theory on how sex has become a historical discourse rather than a biological entity. Additionally, the repressive hypothesis during the past three hundred years as well as the scientific approach given to sex in the 19 th century is well discussed. The “repressive hypothesis” as referred to by Foucault is what we have been studying in the history of sexuality for the last two centuries. This hypothesis proposes that since the emergence of the most influential class in society, the utilization of energy on leisurely engagements has significantly dropped. Consequently, the subject of sex has been painted as a highly confidential affair involving only married couples. Any sexual activity beyond the border of procreation is considered taboo and therefore prohibited. For this reason, any sexual discourse outside marriage cannot be talked let alone the actual act. The repressive hypothesis further stipulates that other avenues where illicit sexual feelings can be released also exist because there are individuals who have confirmed so. In his submission, Foucault observes that the act of having more than one sexual partner is one such outlet where these sexual feelings can be dissipated. Another channel of subliming sexual feeling is psychiatry. Through these avenues, some have candidly confessed to sexual fulfillment and thereby going against the tide of cultural morality. In relating the events of the twentieth century, not much has evolved as far as the repressive hypothesis is concerned. The open deliberation on the subject of sexuality has been made possible by Freud. However, this disposition is still within the borders of academia. It is practically impossible to liberate ourselves from this repression if no pragmatic action is put on the course (Foucault 1980). There is a dire need to embrace our sexuality by regularly talking and deriving pleasure from it. Besides, a sexual disposition i
Different groups of people can be involved in disputes because conflicts are caused by the diversity of opinions, visions, interests, and needs. If those people who work together to complete the project cannot understand the needs, motives, and interests of each other in relation to achieving the common goal, the work can result not only in the failure but also in developed confrontation between the parties. That is why, it is rational and appropriate to involve the third party in discussing the issue in order to assist in resolving the conflict. This process of assisting in the resolution of the dispute observed in a workplace, a family, or a social group is known as mediation. From this point, mediation is the complex method used to resolve disputes as a result of helping the parties to find the right solution for their conflict (Moore 2003). Mediation techniques and methods serve effectively to resolve the workplace disputes because these techniques and approaches are selected according to the concrete situation and in relation to the expected outcomes. Thus, the role of mediation in the workplace is significant because effective mediation contributes not only to resolving the current dispute but also to preventing conflicts in the future because the balance of powers is regulated by mediators, and employees receive the opportunity to improve their communication and collaboration. Theories of Mediation Mediation can be discussed from the point of its theoretical significance and practical role for resolving the conflicts. Thus, the theory of mediation is based on the purpose, principles, and role of mediation as the method of the dispute resolution. The development of the idea of mediation and its theory is a result of the people’s focus on finding the resolution for all the conflicting situations in order to keep the balance (Beer, Packard, & Stief 2013). It is important to note that mediation theories depend on strong links