ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Human behaviour undergoes numerous changes during a person’s development. Depending on the context of social environment, human beings tend portray different behavioural perspectives. The variation in such behaviour calls for different strategic implementations because the differences in this behaviour require varied therapy disseminations, (Richardson, 1998, p.51). Socially, human beings tend to change their behavioural perception depending on the social-structural environment affecting the person. They propose that they are faced with. Propagators of the, “dramaturgical theory of social human interaction”, argues that, the originality of human behaviour is determined by the social environment affecting the person. They propose that, the conflict born in the change of originality of social environment of individuals is made to bring with it new social-behavioural therapies. Human behaviour can be attributed to the nature of pleasures which embody persons or even the consequent pains that may deter persons from happiness (Richardson, 1998, p.53). Human behavior undergoes a series of developments which are generally attributable to the cognitive theory of development. However, changes in ‘behavioural stimuli’ can alter the normal behavioural equilibrium to make human being develop new behaviour in regard to the changes in the environment. Basically a change in environment brings with it social conflicts which in turn lead to behavioural changes as response stimuli to such conflicts (Ishaq, 1991, pg 48). Due to the conflict, therefore human beings develop stress. Human interaction in various depths leads to changes of human behaviour, where persons tend to emulate behavioural concepts from their fellow mates. This is most evident from the peers who normally emulate as they do the behavioural characteristics from their friends (Cirillo, Wapner, 1998, p.83). Behavioral images are determined by several factors such as peer influence, education, social-cultural backgrounds, the media influences and psychological factors like stress. Depending on the nature and course of the behavior different strategies are employed to address different behavioral concepts (Lerner, 1997, p. 43). Behavioural mismanagement brings with it societal conflict where role players in the society blame one another for each others responsibility in controlling and preventing it. Perhaps, behavioural conflicts between the societies have been the source of societal cohesions in many societies where parents blame professional modelers, professionals blame behaviour victims and behaviour victims blaming either of the parents or their modelers. Such conflict has continued to bring with it societal indifferences (Gray 2004 p. 4). However, psychologists have proposed of the collaborative strategy of dealing with poor behaviour. They, propose that collaboration between stakeholders in behaviour development should have an active collaboration between one another. Implied here is that, members acting as behaviour modelers sh
Outline The 18 th century emerged as a very important era in the development of music and the “personality cult” culture. Earlier years were jammed by classical music, which was nevertheless less personified but still moved listeners with unmatched aura (Brown, 1973). This period saw the emergence of virtuoso singers who were more charismatic and agile, traits that kept their performances alive, and led them to be completely adored by listeners. Some modern scholars have described the virtuosity in that period as dominating, thereby enslaving the listeners (fans). The paper discusses the development of the virtuoso artists and their fanatic following, represented by Prima donna Faustina Bordoni and The male castrato: Farinelli, and how they moved their fans, drawing support beyond an unimagined boundary-less population of the world. It also discusses both the professional and brief personal lives of Fautina Bordoni (female Prima Donna) and Farinnelli (male Castrato). Introduction The rise of virtuoso singer in the early 18 th century brought an important era in the development of music synonymous with the personalities behind the music. Prior to these years there the classical music, that was less personified but moved listeners with unmatched gastro (Brown, 1973). The rise of the virtuosos was represented by the visibly charismatic singers of both sexes who kept the performance alive, getting support from the virtuoso pianist, and their listeners, who with their enthusiasm kept the artists strong and blazing. Franz Liszt, a legendary figure in his own right, was dubbed “the Orpheus of our day” in 1840 by one Christian Anderson (Carter, 1992). This music was described as dominating, and thus could be termed as enslaving the mentality of the listeners (fans) who seem not to look at the contents into details but follow the artist’s appearances and antics during performance. While it is true that ornamentation played a very important role in the early baroque music performance and that it was instrumental to the early sociento style of music, there is no denying fact that the performers, particularly the male virtuoso singers and the prima donnas became the center of attention during these early years. This is due to their perceived supernatural style they portrayed during performance, and the public image they infused into the minds of the fans, that could be associated with the fanaticism, developing into cult-like following. Origin of the cult of the performer- the castrati The castrati in these early days were the male singers who were castrated to preserve the soprano or contralto range of their voices and played a major role in the Italian opera (Fenlon, 2002). According to many scholars, the fact that St. Paul forbade women to sing in the churches perpetua
Fantasy literature has been defined as a “story based on and controlled by overt violation of what is accepted as the norm or possibility a narrative that transform a condition that is contrary to the fact into fact itself” (Jackson 14). This kind of literature represents the unreal as the new real, and puts to question people’s accepted truths on reality. Jackson also adds that fantasy literature is “concerned with describing the desire in its excessive forms as well as in its various transformations or pervasions” (10). Therefore, this kind of literature tends to engage and test the reader’s ideas of the real world by indulging him deeper into the unreal and unnatural world. The aim of this paper is to define real fantasy and explain its six basic elements. In Fantasy literature, the most consistent creation is a highly valuable object, which in most cases is a place that offers safety to the hero. The appearance and significance of this object is usually blown out of proportions. Stevens in his 1918 narrative Friend Island explains this mysterious island called Anita that had a human heart. Anita was so priceless and valuable to the sea woman, who had come to posses it so dearly (para 56). This mysterious lady island had human feeling such that when Nelson cussed it, she responded by “throwing snakes and lava” at them, which according to the see woman was expression of human feelings (para 57, 58). In Ballard’s Drowned Giant, the drowned giant is the priceless object as the local finds several uses for it including making fertilizer (7). Fantasy narrative authors also create a hero, a person who posses the right characters to accomplish
This paper deals with the report of the Special Rapporteur in detailing the steps taken for the crisis emanating out of the world wide shortages of food. The primary emphasis of the report has been on the right to food for the various countries in the regions of Africa and Asia. The report lays special emphasis on the fact that the primary responsibility in providing food to the populace lies with the respective national governments and hence the governments concerned have to take steps to alleviate the sufferings of the local population. The report also points to the fact that “externalities” like territorial obligations and the duties of each country in not exacerbating the situations in other countries needs to be considered. As the report points out, “All countries should therefore ensure that their policies do not contribute to human rights violations in other countries”. Thus, apart from having a duty towards its own citizens, each government has to ensure that it has a special duty towards the other countries in resolving the issue. The central argument of the report is that the citizens of these countries have certain rights that include the r
Introduction The idea of risk based approach to aviation security has been considered one of the best solutions that can be used to address security concerns in the aviation industry. The rise of a new form of terrorism in the world that targets the aviation sector is a clear indication that the stakeholders in this sector must find a way of dealing with this problem expeditiously. The Al-Qaeda attack on the United States soil on September 11, 2001 remains one of the worst attacks that sent a massive shock to the entire aviation industry in the world. Recently, the Malaysian airline went missing, and some of the analysts have claimed that it might have been an act of terrorism. The only way of improving the security in this industry is to remain alert to possible risks that may lead to serious threat to the lives of the passengers and other stakeholders in this industry. As Berrick (2008) says, “Safety and security is not a destination but a journey, and we have to keep making improvements” (p. 47). The aviation sector stands to benefit by using risk-based approach in aviation security at a time when every passenger’s worry is about their security. Importance of Using Risk Based Approach in Aviation Security Risk-based approach in the aviation sector became very popular after the September 11 attack that led to loss of lives and massive destruction of property. The stakeholders in the aviation sector came to realize that a time had come when security had to be given priority. The sector suffered a massive blow, and this was blamed on poor aviation security approaches that were in use before. The managements of leading aviation regulatory bodies such as IATA, Transportation Security Administration, Airports Council International, and many other national agencies realized that a time had come when they had to step up on the issue of security in the country. Risk-based approach in managing aviation has come out as one of the best alternatives that can be used to avert potential threats to the aviation sector. This would involve thorough screening of the passengers and their languages before they are allowed on board the planes. Zellan (2003) says, “When we talk about screening, you always have people talking about human rights, privacy, health issues, but you need to draw the line somewhere in order to enhance security” (p. 58). It is important to respect the rights of the passengers at all costs. People may view the regular screening as a way of abusing their privacy. It is a fact that inspecting the bags of the travelers may injure one’s privacy. Some people have even complained that the kind of search that the authorities at the airport use is not in tandem with the ethical procedures required of them. However, Berrick (2008) warns that averting the screening procedure may lead to a serious threat. When screening is abolished, an ill-intentioned passengers use this immunity to board the plane with very dangerous
Leader A leader is one who carries the people with him or her. It can be a team, an organization, or even a country. A leader has to be non-partisan and above the individual interests. In fact, he or she has to represent the collective will and ensure that decisions are taken that are in the interest of the people if not, a majority of them. This last point is relevant as leaders in democracies and in general represent a majority of people and not everyone. A leader has to be visionary and be able to articulate the wishes of the majority. In these times, often, we find that the majority strives for meaning and understanding of an issue. It is in this facet that a leader shines. He or she has to have a clear and concise understanding of the issues at hand and be able to articulate and express the same lucidly. A leader also has to transcend the individual barriers to decision-making and be able to articulate a vision that is for the common good. John Gardner’s quote With specific reason to John Gardner’s quote, it is worthwhile to examine some of the leaders who have stood for president or have been presidents in the United States. Right from the period of the World Wars to the present challenges to American security and the war on terror, there have been presidents who have been able to rally the nation around them for a particular cause. Roosevelt, Truman, and Eisenhower were able to win wars and also build an economy out of the post-war scenario. Their speeches have filled people with hope in a time of despair. The example of Churchill who famously proclaimed that “I do not have anything to offer but blood, tears and sweat” energized a nation on the brink of defeat and brought them around to victory. Apart from the wartime presidents, there have been the famous examples of Kennedy and Clinton who were able to hold out a promise of a better tomorrow. Now, we have Barack Obama who is being seen as a catalyst who would “heal” the nation that has been going through a difficult period post 9/11. Personal examples In my own life, I have come across many leaders who have “walked the talk” when it came to performance. Their integrity for whatever they stood for and whatever they acted on that basis has inspired me. There is the example of a CEO of a company that I worked for and the example of a Dean in a college that I studied. Both men were outstanding individuals who could rise above the “ordinariness” of human existence and lead their employees and students towards a “greater good”. Though they were heads of their respective organizations, nonetheless they made sure that each of the employees felt at home and welcome. They used to make it a habit of remembering the names of the em
Introduction An observational study is a method of research used in business to collect information. Furthermore, humans have used this approach for many years, thus it contributes to many discoveries that people are aware of now (Brobst, 2016). The technique is simple to utilize as it involves looking closely at a particular phenomenon to understand how things operate or how people communicate with the world. Sekaran and Bougie (2016) describe the method as “planned watching, recording, analysis, and interpretation” (p. 127). This paper focuses on the advantage of this method as it excludes the self-bias that is present in cases were other research methods such as interviews or surveys are used. Main body Observational study has specific aspects that distinguish it from other research methods. Firstly, Cooper and Shindler (2013) state that due to the nature of the study, it is difficult to guarantee anonymity for the subjects, which is an object of ethical dilemmas. Secondly, due to the nature of the approach, the collected information can be considered deceptive. Sekaran and Bougie (2016) state that observational research is suitable for studies that do not involve “self-report” data (p. 126). Thus, the approach focuses on observing a phenomenon (e.g., consumer behavior) without notifying the participants of the study. According to Cooper and Schindler (2013), there are several ways to conduct an observational study. The central principle is to observe the behavior of people in a specific situation. Sekaran and Bougie (2016) state that it is essential to perform the study in a natural setting. The primary method that can be used is exposing the subjects to a specific situation and observing the behavior. According to Sekaran and Bougie (2016), this is the controlled observation, as the researcher can choose the conditions that the subjects will be put in. A more complicated method is the uncontrolled study, as the researcher does not manipulate the settings of the experiment. The analysis is the final stage of the observational studies and the use of computers can make the task of looking through a lot of information much more accessible. Brobst (2016) states that modern business researchers can benefit from the technological advantage in their studies, specifically when conducting an observational study. In addition, there are a participant and non-participant observations. In the first case, the researcher does not get involved in the environment he or she is observing. In the second case, the researcher directly participates in the experiment (Sekaran & Bougie, 2016). Thus, there are various approaches to conduct an observational study; one should choose the method that is suitable for the aim of the research. Conclusion I do not have an experience conducting an observational study. However, in my daily life, I observe different situations and analyze them. Although it is not a setup experiment, the observations help me understand t
Carrying out an evaluation of a mental state of a person charged with murder is an essential step towards facilitating a fair trial and making sure that the capacities of the person in question, as well as their intentions and the understanding of what happened, are incorporated into the context of the trial (Campbell, Patterson, & Fehler-Cabral, 2010). In other words, a psychological assessment of Bill, the person accused of a first-degree murder (Hemmens & Klein, 2012), is crucial to the fairness of the trial and the feasibility of the verdict to be passed. The rationale for choosing the tool in question is quite obvious; seeing that Bill has been displaying certain deviations from regular behavioral patterns, it will be legitimate to assume that he might be suffering from a mental condition that could have affected his actions in the above-mentioned case. Particularly, the fact that Bill has been described positively by his coach and teachers yet has also been reported as being depressed after the death of his grandmother. The fact that he stopped taking care of himself at some point, being reluctant to change his clothes, shows that Bill may have a mental condition that could have affected his actions on the day of murder yet allow him to display rather typical behavioral patterns and carry out regular communications in an adequate manner. Therefore, there are solid premises for conducting an in-depth study of Bill’s mental capacities (Green, Carroll, & Brett, 2010). Particularly, the specified tool will create premises for the assessment of the accused in the areas such as his ability to coordinate his actions and be responsible for them all the time (Jennings & Bell, 2010). Indeed, studies show that some forms of mental disabilities may occur at a rather uneven pace, allowing the people suffering from these disorders to act rather adequately on a regular basis, yet become completely uncontrollable in specific situations or when under certain conditions (Davis, Lurigio, & Herman, 2013). Allowing to “to determine whether (and to what extent) the defendant’s understanding of the nature and/or wrongfulness of his or her actions was impaired as a result of a mental disease or defect” (McLaughlin, & Kan, 2014, p. 129), the tool in question can be viewed as a rather legitimate method of the evaluation of Bill’s mental state. In other words, the specified approach will help define out whether Bill can be fully aware of his actions and, therefore, be responsible for them all the time (McLaughlin & Kan, 2014). Seeing that it is the discrepancy between the seemingly regular behavioral patterns that the accused displays and the actions that he took in the crime scene, which allow questioning Bill’s mental stability, it i
Introduction Fashion is a subject not only considered for its superficial aesthetic, but a subject that integrates itself within the history of arts and culture, industrial and social change and radical ideas. Today, the popular trends we adorn ourselves in display remnants of symbolism relevant to a pastime, watered down to appeal to the modern western aesthetic, perhaps today the only enduring character of fashion is its aptitude for shock and awe. Charles Baudelaire in, Painter of Modern Life, expressed that it is possible to touch the eternal through the ephemeral because everything “from costumer and coiffure down to gesture, glance, and smile… combines to form a completely viable whole”. 1 At the same time, the understanding of the dialectical image offered by Walter Benjamin also proves the inability to comprehend if fashion is something material or conceptual or if it is necessary to consider a picture or a perception of a picture. Benjamin explains the dialectical image as the one that is “constellated between alienated things and incoming and disappearing meaning… instantiated in the moment of indifference between death and meaning”. 2 Here, objects have shifting meaning throughout time, they become more valuable as they age and acquire a history. This paper aims at discussing the concept of the dialectical image, through the chemise a la Reine, whilst evaluating the works of Benjamin and Baudelaire to identify the role of fashion in modernity. The Essence of a Dialectical Image According to Auerbach, there was an optimistic development of the idea of the dialectical image offered by Benjamin in his Arcades Project . 3 But Benjamin never fulfilled his concept with enough clarity to identify it as a complete theoretical discourse. His references to the role of the dialectical image and its possibility to create a meaning help to understand that the dialectical image is not the method that can be used in the analysis of fashion but rather a goal that should be achieved. Benjamin created the dialectical image to identify the level of relations between such configurations like “the Now” and “the Then”. 4 The ideas developed by Benjamin and his fellows suggested using the dialectical image as a means to comprehend the messages of the past in the present. The dialectical image can be considered as the basis and with its assistance the evaluating process is possible. Fashion and beauty undoubtedly have a significant and lasting role in a cosmopolitan life and its continual presence and development indicate the importance of self-invention and self-image in modernity. Baudelaire explains modernity as “the ephemeral, the fugitive, the contingent, the half of art whose other half is the eternal and the immutable”. 5 For modernity to exist in art and fashion, it had to capture the eternal by