ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
A growing body of knowledge has investigated the extent to which social networks have been used in facilitating community healthcare programs. According to Addy, Dawn, Wilson, Kirtland, Ainsworth, Sharpe & Kimsey (2004), social networks are groups of actors and places, which are interrelated to yield some customized outcomes. Research suggests that social networks have been regarded as a group of individuals who struggle to keep their social identity, receive emotional support, and social identity. The concept of social networking continues to receive a lot of focus in the health sector. The efficacy of social networks has been investigated to establish the relationship between social networks and feasible healthcare programs (Addy, et al., 2004). Relationship between social support networks in a community and the community’s health While networks help in creating identity, studies show that they provide support for disease management. Some studies have suggested that networks help participants to develop behaviors that influence vulnerability to diseases (Addy, et al., 2004). For instance, individuals that have strong affiliations remain healthy during their old age and die after a short illness. Considerable evidence from epistemological studies indicates that healthcare support networks have a direct influence on mortality rates (Bordogna, 2012). Numerous studies confirm that social networks can help members to withstand high-stress levels that would otherwise be potential for pathologies. In essence, social networks play a critical role in mobilizing support for health. Arguably, social networks help community-based health programs to source and disseminate learning information and provide opportunities. These factors have an obvious influence individual’s health while promoting positive behavior change. Effective strategies for incorporating community social support networks into a public health program Extensive research has been undertaken to explore potential strategies that support the process of incorporating social support into community health programs. The first feasible strategy refers to integrative bridges, which involve actors from differentiated populations within a community (Bordogna, 2012). The establishment of these integrative bridges occurs out of deliberate outreach programs conducted by involved parties. This process ensures that different groups within a community are integrated into the larger segment. As a result, minorities, immigrants, and other disadvantaged groups are incorporated through referrals to increase their access to social and health services (Kaplan & Kaplan, 2003). Leveraging Today, many populations are left out of social connections based on their social class. Leveraging enhances a vertical connection of people differentiated by class, which enables individuals of lower classes to link up with their counterparts. The result of this strategy gives access to opportunities, resources that fall outside their context. Studies show that leveraging promotes the integration of low-income and disadvantaged groups to yield heterogeneity. This enables individuals sharing different characterist
Introduction Intracranial pressure (ICP) may be raised whenever there is an increase in brain tissue volume, blood volume, CSF volume, and due to other metabolic factors. A raised ICP has the potential to cause serious damage to the body by compressing vital structures in the brain stem, and is associated with a high mortality and morbidity. This is because unlike other organs like the kidney or liver, the brain can withstand ischaemia only for a short time. This essay is based on the case history of Adam, a 50-year-old male, who has suffered a subarachnoid bleed. The purpose of the essay is to explore the pathophysiology of raised intracranial pressure and outline the importance of assessment of vital signs in a patient with raised intracranial pressure. A brief analysis of the intracranial anatomy, CSF, and subarachnoid hemorrhage is followed by analysis of the pathophysiology of raised intracranial pressure and assessment of vital signs. Intracranial anatomy The cranium of the normal adult brain is a nondistensible structure. The components making up the volume within the cranium includes: brain tissue-1400 ml, blood-150 ml, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)-150 ml (Samuels, 2004). The brain and spinal cord are covered by three meninges; dura mater, arachnoid mater, and the pia mater. These are protective in nature (McCaffrey, 2008). The dura mater is a two-layered membrane, which lines the skull and is the most superior of the three meningeal layers. The space above the dura mater is called epidural space. The epidural space is a potential space; if there is bleeding in the brain, it may collect here (McCaffrey 2008). The space between the dura mater and the arachnoid mater is called subdural space. It is also a potential space, and blood may collect here (McCaffrey, 2008). The arachnoid mater is the middle layer, which has projections (arachnoid granulation or arachnoid villi) into the sinuses of the dura mater. These projections transfer CSF from the ventricles into the bloodstream (McCaffrey, 2008). The subarachnoid space is present between the arachnoid and pia mater, and contains the CSF (McCaffrey 2008). The pia mater is the innermost layer of the meninges, which is closely attached to the brain (McCaffrey, 2008). The arachnoid and the pia mater are very thin and are called leptomeninges (Greenberg, 2000). Cerebrospinal Fluid The CSF is principally produced in the choroid plexus of each lateral ventricle. It exits the brain via the foramina of Luschka and Magendi, and flows over the cortex to be absorbed into the venous system along the superior sagittal sinus (Ropper, 1998). A small amount of CSF is produced by the ependymal surfaces of the ventricles, and a minimal amount by the brain through the small perivascular spaces surrounding the blood vessels entering the brain substance (Reichman & Simon, 2003). CSF is produced at a rate of 0.34 mL/min (Samuels, 2004). Approximately 150 mL of CSF is pr
Abstract Cyclic voltammetry is a part of potentiodynamic experimental methods. Computer controlled experimental equipments are developed day by day with development of automated data collection and mathematical description of potentiodynamic curves are also developed day by day. In now days the users are able to obtain the basic characteristics of the studied system regarding mainly a mechanism of electrode reactions and their kinetic parameters with the help of these techniques. Electrolysis, cyclic voltammetry, amperometry and several other techniques are the example of this and they might be described as “active” electrochemical methods because the experimenter drives an electrochemical reaction by incorporating the chemistry into a circuit and then controlling the reaction by circuit parameters such as voltage. A cyclic voltammetry (CV), measures the current response of a solution over a range of applied potential Introduction Cyclic voltammetry is an attractive method for teaching a number of concepts in electrochemistry. The principles of cyclic voltammetry are introduced to qualitatively examine the oxidation and reduction of the ferricyanide ion which is a simple, reversible, diffusion-controlled electron transfer reaction. The cyclic voltammetry data can also be used to quantitatively calculate the diffusion rate of the ferricyanide ion. Finally, cyclic voltammetry will be used to study the electrochemical characteristics of thyronine and the chemical reactions that occur following its oxidation. Cyclic voltammetry is described by smooth increase of a working electrode potential from one potential limit to the other and back. Cyclic voltammetry potential waveform. Current waveform. The potential limits and the potential sweep rate are the basic adjustable parameters in this. Properties of an electrolyte like the concentration of electro active species and temperature could also be affected. Electrochemical system that includes electron transfer along with its equivalent circuit. Schematic diagram of an electrical double layer. Discussion In typical cyclic voltammetry, a solution component is electrolyzed (oxidized or reduced) by placing the solution in contact with an electrode surface, and then making that surface sufficiently positive or negative in voltage to force electron transfer. In CV the potential of the working electrode is swept across a potential range at a constant rate while measuring the resulting current. In simple cases, the surface is started at a particular voltage with respect to a reference half-cell, the electrode voltage is changed to a higher or lower voltage at a linear rate, and finally, the voltage is changed back to the original value at the same linear rate. The potential is measured between the reference electrode and the working electrode and the current is measured between the working electrode and the counter electrode. The three-electrode method is the most widely used because the electrical potenti
Chekhov’s story Gooseberries is composed of two narratives where one story is enclosed with another. The inner story is introduced by Ivan Ivanovich, the protagonist, who decides to tell about his brother Nicolay. At the end, the author transfers to the outer story to address the audience and frame the entire literary work. This frame structure is aimed at attracting the readers’ attention to the overall idea and context within which the heroes are placed. The narrative frame also prepares the audience for more important ideas. In whole, Chekhov’s concreteness enables readers to construct their own vision of the story and its main idea; while referring to details, the author attempts to disclose some common notions situations, and atmosphere of the time to engage the reader into the overall narration. Therefore, the outer narrative serves to introduce and construct a basis and context of the work whereas the inner story presents more concrete details building up the main theme. The author’s preference to use a two-framed structure is aimed at presenting his outlook on the essence of life. According to author’s view, “…human being tend arbitrarily to fetter themselves with superfluous encumbrances – ideology, ambintion, love – thus renouncing man’s most precious bright-right, freedom” (Chekhov 10). At this point, the author provides the readers with the story of Nicolas who is ready to sacrifice life for gooseberries, the veritable dream of all his life. While describing his life in detail, Chekhov intends to emphasize the wrong choices made by the main characters as well the consequences these wrong choices might have. The narrative also shows the limited nature of human wishes and desires; all people are bound with their desires and dreams and they do not dare to go beyond the established boundaries. Both narratives reflect the hero’s failure and overwhelming frustration with life. Just like Nicolas,
Introduction Since time in memorial, anthropologists have utilized the dynamics of ethnography to understand the socio-cultural lives of people in various places around the world. Durkheim argued that social generations could perhaps be understood through studying how time is appreciated. Evans-Prechard on his part argued that time and age are perhaps striking. Societies vary in terms of how they treat age and how they use time in their day-to-day lives. Bourdieu observed that age and time could not be neglected since they are not to be viewed in simple terms of structural differences globally. In fact, societies use the age factor to differentiate members of society (Peterson 1972, p. 25). Concerning gender, various communities and societies treat each gender differently. In the traditional societies, the role of women was not appreciated in society since they were relegated to the domain of the home. In some traditional communities, women were treated with high esteem because of their role of bearing children. Such communities were mostly matrilineal, as compared to those that were patriarchic, meaning that they valued men. However, all societies seem to be similar in terms of treating women. Upon this realization, this paper attempts to compare the ethnographic factors, specifically age and gender, of the two areas that is, Bali and Aboriginal Australia. The paper evaluates how the two area diverge and converge in terms of appreciating the roles of individuals in society based on age and gender. The two ethnographic variables affect members of society differently in the two societies. Comparison In the two areas, the pace of societal life tends to be structured by complex forms of history and age. Each ethnography variable signifies a particular social meaning. The two societies do not have static histories, particularly mythic histories regarding age and gender. The Bali society decodes the meaning of life based on the political and religious activities of society. To the Bali society, the past does not have any significant meaning to the current state of affairs regarding age and gender. In other words, age and gender do not affect the activities of the individual in society. Generally, st
Introduction Art and design are two concepts that have been in existence for centuries (Watson 55). Art work was mostly inspired by the issues that revolved around the community in the ancient days. Most of these issues included, economics, politics, society, culture and aesthetics. The forms of designs were object oriented, these were interiors, crafts, fashion, textiles and product design. The current designs have been inspired by ancient works. Many current artists have been influenced by the advancement that took place in the process of modernization, but there work have basis from the past. Design in the current practice is being used for cultural and social studies. Artists in the 19 th century did investigations on other possible ideas of artistic language like use of pictures and in particular the use of abstract forms in their work. In this, they explored the possibility of using materials and techniques that had never been manipulated before (Vlieghe 120). This prompted them to use posters and pamphlets and developed alternative ways of exhibiting their art work. The exhibitions were done in theaters, cabarets and private galleries. A lot of changes have taken place in the world of art and many artists have also emulated some of the new procedures that have helped them work over the years to perfect their artwork. Styles such as still life painting advanced from the use of pencils in the past to the use of colors in the present. The artist in the past believed that at some point in life their art work would come into life and be real but this could not happen since it was just a myth. Most objects that were famous in still life painting were food based such as fruits, vegetables and cutlery. People believed that a miracle would occur and the objects would attain life. Unfortunately, their belief did not come to reality. People Who Contributed in Art Development Gerard de Lairesse Gerald was a Dutch artist. His main works were on flowers and Christianity. The still life paintings had a form of symbolism to Gerald and other people who viewed the paintings. The Dutch people did not welcome the idea of images depicting Christianity at first but later they agreed (Vlieghe 22). The use of still life paints to represent Christian movements was appealing to the citizens of Netherlands especially the
Observing Students This research paper is based on the school and social experiences of a first-grade 7-year-old boy named Alex 1 . Alex is of Hispanic descent and moves residences every two years because his parents work in the military. Having been born and brought up in the United States, Alex has a good command of spoken English although a keen ear will detect a Spanish accent in some of his speech. His accent suggests that he uses an alternative language while at home, or that he has picked the accent from his parents. Based on his reaction to loud reading exercises in class, it is easy to tell that Alex is a shy reader. Although this researcher did not talk to him to confirm suspicions, it looks like the boy is conscious about his accent hence his shyness in reading. Notably, his teacher encouraged him to read on, and nothing in his fellow students’ behaviors suggested that they tease him about the accent. Most students in Alex’s class were mainly of white American descent. There were two more Hispanic students, four African Americans, and two students of Asian descent. Despite Alex’s earlier hesitation to read aloud in class, he looked quite confident while speaking to his American desk mate. He also looked like a good listener, and during the research, he asked two questions to his teacher. In the first question, Alex was requesting the meaning of a word, and inquiring about the plural form of a noun in the other question. Outside class, Alex hung around his deskmate and a friend of Hispanic descent. On the playground, he interacted with the other students although he only chose to play with one child at a time. Alex could quickly pull out of a game if a third student joined in a game. Observably, he kept away from group games hence suggesting that he was very particular about the individualized attention he got from his playmate. This suggested that Alex enjoys a more direct approach with his friends and probably feels out of place in large groups. His behavior outside the classroom setting was not out of the ordinary except for one incident during lunch. Being a catholic, he bowed down for prayers before starting to eat. Not even his Hispanic friend (who he sat with during lunch) did the same thing. His behavior did not however attract any unnecessary attention. The interplay between Alex’s culture, language, and/or socioeconomic status classroom Experiences Observing Alex, one gets the impression that his military background and his Hispanic culture have some considerable effects on his mannerism. His shyness when asked to read aloud in class is an obvious reflection of the discomfort caused by his accent. Generally, Alex’s inquisitiveness overcomes his shy nature twice. This explains why he was able to direct questions to his teacher twice. His mannerisms
Ireland is among the nations that have a rapidly growing aging population as people live longer today. While walking down the streets in main cities of the country one can easily notice more elderly people in comparison with previous times. When the number of older people increases in an area, it brings challenges to the nursing homes, as there is a rise in demand for quality care. Working in nursing homes has its opportunities and challenges; therefore, the paper will cover the multidisciplinary teams’ working scenario, their interaction and diversity, communication in client care, and support accorded to clients considering their family, culture, and diversity. Events and Interactions with Members of the Multidisciplinary Team A multidisciplinary team (MDT) comprises a group of health care personnel belonging to different disciplines such as psychiatric nurses, social workers, psychiatrists, and occupational therapists, among many others. Each team member provides particular services to the patient, and they independently intervene in numerous issues a client may have (Health Service Executive, 2020 ). The team’s actions are usually brought together using a care plan that coordinates services accorded to nursing home residents. In some instances, a patient has a key worker who manages all their needs and contacts. Professionals from multidisciplinary teamwork in different areas of expertise combine their knowledge sets necessary to confront challenging and complex conditions. This team frequently meets to deliberate their work, so each patient has a befitting care plan according to their requirements. Some of the duties and roles performed by MDT include:   * A social worker who offers support to patients by providing talking therapies   * A psychiatrist who prescribes medication and examines physical illness   * Psychiatric Nurse (PMHN), who administers drugs, monitors medication and examines challenges.   * An occupational therapist whose main task is to formulate rehabilitation plans both for group or individual patients. Review of the Interaction in Respecting Diversity and Individuality of Coworkers Workplace diversity has become increasingly essential in the Ireland health care settings. As the nursing and other health workforce and demographics change, it is significant for the nursing home administrators to influence and understand personnel with multiple values. Globalization provides more cultural diversity between clients and staff in aged care settings, with a substantial number being born overseas. It is not only the nursing home residents who outline multiculturalism but even their employees due to inward and outward doctors and nurses migration (Wals, Matthews and Brugh, 2018 ). The experience calls for tolerance among different cultures. Linguistic and cultural interaction between residents and home employees are viewed as enabling the building of relationships and a favorable working environment. Increased diversity in the nursing home workers has some implications for the facilities managers concerning managing the diversity and
Introduction There’s something odd that happens on the coasts of the Pacific Ocean that occurs every three to five years in December and January. This not strange among fishermen in South America, because for centuries, they suffered the brunt of this weather phenomenon, where their catch virtually dwindles as fish can be caught when El Niño sets in. Yes, the South American fishermen were the first to nickname this scorching phenomenon as El Niño or the “The Child” in Spanish. They named it as such in honor of the birth of Jesus, thus the Christ child. As time went on, the effects of El Niño have not been exclusively felt on the coasts of the Pacific Ocean alone, but it has become a worldwide concern. With the advent of computers, satellites, and data gathering techniques, scientists have concluded that the El Niño phenomenon has partly to blame for drastic climate change experienced globally (Evans, 2006). El Niño Southern Oscillation Also called as El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) cycle, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) identified this phenomenon as “an oscillation of the ocean-atmosphere system in the tropical Pacific having important consequences for weather around the globe” (NOAA Website, n.d.). Saying that ENSO is an oscillation means that the atmosphere and ocean influence each other in a very continuous, cyclical way (Wallace and Vogel, 1994). The atmospheric changes help produce the changes observed in the ocean, and these changes, in turn, act to influence and ultimately change the atmosphere above, which, in turn, bring about further changes in the ocean, and so on. Within the ocean in a macro sense, the ENSO phenomenon manifests itself as a slow sloshing of water in the huge bathtub we call the Pacific Basin. The warm water sloshes to the east and then a year or more later, back to the west. The sloshing is manifested by a series of very large-scale internal waves called Kelvin and Rossby waves. In the atmosphere, a similar transfer of air takes place that results in a flip-flop in pressure patterns and winds. Although the oscillation is most evident and consistent in the Tropical Pacific, research has shown that global weather patterns are also reliably influenced; and that the effects, like the modes of the oscillation in the Pacific, are opposite from one mode to the other. The two modes have been given the n