ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
There is no use denying the fact that the development of any society is determined by a great number of various facts that create the unique environment needed for the appearance of a certain issue. Thus, money and economy have always been integral parts of human society which determined its existence and ways to evolve. One realizes the fact that the modern age could be characterized by the development of market relations and this kind of economy. That is why, a great number of various specialists try to investigate the given sphere in order to determine some important peculiarities and outline the main perspectives awaiting modern society. Karl Polanyi and Friedrich Hayek also cogitated about the sphere of economy and the role people and society played in its evolution. Nevertheless, starting the analysis of the main ideas of these authors, it is vital to outline the background and the main processes in society that triggered the growth of the interest towards these issues. It should be said that both Polanyi and Hayek lived and worked at the period which could be characterized as by the prominent tempos of the evolution of the market economy and relations. Moreover, being active actors as any member of society, they could not but try to analyze the main conditions which helped society to choose this very way of development (Vancura 2011). That is why, they introduced their own points of view on the given issue, in which they showed their own vision and understanding of the processes peculiar to society. Thus, Polanyi created the work The Great transformation which helped him to outline his own ideas about the rise of the market economy and the main conditions of its development. Using Englands model as the background for his investigation, he tends to pro
The contest if the confederate statuettes should be removed has been on the rise. Many people have focused on the significance of the monuments in the country due to the increased cases of their destruction. For instance, many monuments represent vital individuals who played an essential role in American history. However, one can analyze various aspects to determine whether statues should be removed or not. While some argue that statues should be removed due to issues such as discrimination, their opponents claim that monuments are essential since they represent significant events and people in American history. Some people argue the statues pervert history and instead end up adoring the perpetrators of slavery or the architects of the attempted separation from the United States who were defeated in the national conflict. Many individuals claimed that they were defending industrialization as opposed to the supposed end of slavery. The creation of statues for the black heroes who died during the Civil War was one way to adjust history. While the confederate’s statutes serve as a reminder of independence and freedom, some argue that they serve as an agitator, hence enabling the residents to retain racialist philosophy (Jasmine). Therefore, some monuments have been used to remind people about events such as the Civil War. Some leaders have also focused on the importance of monuments in America. One of the leaders who opposed the demolition of statues is former president Donald Trump (Phil 1). According to the former President, bringing the statues down means overlooking their history (Goodrich and Bombardella 2). Similarly, the destruction is breaching their heritage which they hold very dear. The United States residents have the privileges to hold contrary views and erect statues to respect their beliefs (Goodrich and Bombardella 3). The Constitution of America preserves everyone’s speech regardless of whether it is accepted by the majority or not (Goodrich and Bombardella 3). The confederate’s monuments serve as a mnemonic for civilian war, the culmination of captivity, the government’s affirmation of the privileges of the state, and the continual systemic racism. John Daniel, a political newspaper writer, expostulates that some monuments cannot be a justification for the current residents to overlook the motivators of the civil war and the motivation behind bringing down countless statues many decades later. The editor also argued that the demolition of such statues is disrespectful to the existing founding fathers (Gould 163). Additionally, many people have also argued that statues should remind what the American residents are and the price the founding fathers paid to secure their freedom. In support of the demolition of the monuments, some people postulated that many residents aimed to take society back to the limiting time when liberty was initiated by ethnicity. Thus, removing the statues can be exercised to ensure that they do not prevent equality in a diverse culture (Phil). Further, society learns from the past by knowing that racial discrimination should be commemorated.
Oxidative Stress Radical atoms originating from molecular oxygen in cells are called reactive oxygen species (ROS). The body uses antioxidants to neutralize the effects of these ROS in the body. However, excess ROS in the body occurs induces oxidative stress because it overwhelms antioxidants’ protective effects, leading to cell and tissue damage in the body. In essence, oxidative stress stems from an unfavorable imbalance between ROS production and protective antioxidants, resulting in the damage of biomolecules, such as nucleic acids, proteins, and lipids. Usually, infection, trauma, heat injury, toxins, vigorous exercise, and hyperoxia trigger short-term oxidative stress. The damaged tissues and cells generate ROS in excess amounts due to increased stimulation of enzymes, such as lipogeneses, xanthine oxidase, and cyclooxygenase. Moreover, the secretion of copper ions, release of free irons, activation of phagocytes, and interference of the electron transport chains contribute to excess ROS production. An imbalance between protective antioxidants and ROS in the body is associated with the occurrence, development, and progression of cancer. The extent of chemotherapy and radiation therapy’s side effects is also associated with the imbalance of antioxidants and ROS in the body. Additionally, excess ROS has a role in initiating and developing age-related eye diseases, Parkinson’s disease, and diabetes. Oxidative Stress and Biomedical Conditions Researchers have claimed that oxidative stress has numerous roles in numerous biomedical conditions, such as cancers, inflammation, and aging. Currently, oxidative stress has been linked to the genesis and progression of inflammatory diseases, including vasculitis, lupus erythematosus, arthritis, adult respiratory diseases syndrome, and glomerulonephritis. Oxidative stress is also associated with the occurrence of ischemic diseases such as stroke, heart diseases, intestinal ischemia, gastric ulcers, hemochromatosis, hypertension, smoking-related disorders, emphysema, hypertension, neurological disorders, alcoholism, and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. The presence of ROS in excess causes oxidative stress in the body, leading to the oxidation of proteins and lipids and the transformation of their structures and roles in the body. Role of Antioxidants on Carcinogenesis The mechanism of carcinogenesis shows that nitrogen species and ROS, including hydrogen peroxide, superoxide anion, nitric oxide, hydroxyl radical, and their metabolites, contribute to cancer occurrence and progression. For instance, ROS causes DNA damage by breaking strands, modifying bases, and creating protein-DNA cross-linkages. Researchers have provided ample evidence to demonstrate that free radicals play a critical role in genetic material mutation, the transformation of cells, and carcinogenesis. In analyzing the mechanism of carcinogenesis, radiation induces mutagenesis by damaging DNA via heme oxygenase (HO). Radiolysis produces radicals and other reactive species, which
Global warming is the average increase in the atmospheric temperature caused by natural and human causes. It results from increased greenhouse gas emissions in the atmosphere (IPCC, 2006). Emission in the atmosphere can be reduced by a decrease of fossil fuel consumption. In addition, reduction in fossil fuel consumption leads to a reduction of greenhouse gas concentration in the atmosphere. Moreover, reduction of these gases keeps the effects of climate change within manageable levels. The adoption of efficient energy can also be used to mitigate global warming. Motivations to improve energy efficiency involve sustainable energy use. Advantages of improving energy efficiency include reducing energy costs, which results in financial cost saving through the implementation of energy efficient technologies. In addition, the use of efficient energy methods also leads to a reduction and control of global emission and concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. Efficient energy and renewable energy are two crucial pillars of sustainable energy policy. Increased use of efficient energy plays a crucial role in productivity growth (IPCC, 2006). Renewable energy sources are particularly essential in providing energy access, as well as a reduction in green house gas emission in the atmosphere. Therefore, renewable energy helps in enhancing energy security. It is also helpful in accelerating economic growth and development. Another cause of global warming is deforestation. According to Hassenzahl (2008), trees use of 50% of carbon in the atmosphere. When they are cut down, the carbon dioxide that is stored in them escapes back into the atmosphere leading to increased concentration of green house gases in the atmosphere. Reduction of deforestation leads to a reduction in carbon-dioxide concentration in the atmosphere, thus reducing global warming. Sustainable agriculture, which makes use of organic carbon, has been advocated by IPCC as an important option in reducing global warming. It also minimizes transportation cost of fossil fuels leading to reduction in green house gas emission (Hassenzahl, 2008). Population growth leads to multiple environmental problems. It has led to the clearance of rainforests hence, leading to green house gas emissions. Reduction in population growth leads to a reduction in use of fossil fuel and reduced deforestation rate. In addition, it leads to a reduction in the consumption levels, thus minimizing devastating effects on the environment. All these measures contribute to sustainable development and leads to a wise use of natural resources (Hassenzahl, 2008). Households air pollution come from petrochemicals, coal and wood products, tobacco products, building equipments and furnishings, asbestos having insulations, furniture, and household cleaning products, humidification devices, pesticides and insecticides. Health problems associated with indoor air pollution includes; respiratory health diseases, cancer, respiratory track diseases among infants, suffocation, and death. However, there are topographical factors that can lead to an incre
The healthcare management system is a complicated one but vital due to the demand and social significance of the sphere. In the US, where the sector is mostly private and, therefore, highly competitive, proper management is a necessity. Since even non-profit organizations compete with others for customers, they should apply methods of management that corporate companies use. As such, strategic planning is the most important part of providing management for the successful and efficient functioning of an organization. To make an enterprise produce a desirable result, healthcare management must plan, budget, implement, monitor, and evaluate its strategy (Walston, 2018). In the current essay, strategic options of Wishard and St John healthcare net hospitals are discussed. The first clinic net in which strategic resources and plans are to be discussed is Wishard. As described in the case study, Wishard’s competitive situation is rather complex and ambiguous. From one side, the hospital has one of the largest markets in its area that might show that it has a competitive advantage. Namely, the clinic has public-owned facilities that gain funds from Indianapolis, Indiana, and charities. Due to this factor, the net is organized to help disadvantaged individuals who cannot afford care in other clinics. Fortunately, Wishard Health Services already has the modern equipment for providing professional care (Walston, 2018). As a result, its facilities are demanded by the biggest amount of people in Indianapolis, Indiana. On the other side, there are various deficiencies in the strategical position of Wishard in the local healthcare market. Despite the large customer inflow, the clinic’s net is not of the most considerable size in the area. Then, some of its resources are insufficient for providing care independent from other clinics; the most obvious problem is a financial one. The product range and quality of Wishard are not of particular excellence in comparison with other hospital nets. The customers are attracted to it due to the policy of accepting uninsured people rather than special services. However, this policy might change soon since it costs an excessive amount of money to the hospital and leads it to bankruptcy. The hospital cannot compete with other indust
Physical environment The Procter & Gamble Company (P&G) attempts to reduce the impact of their activities on the environment. In particular, the plants of this corporation are powered with “100 % renewable energy” (Procter & Gamble Company 2012). Secondly, they use fully-recyclable materials while packaging their products. Additionally, they reduce their manufacturing waste to the minimum (Procter & Gamble Company 2012). Overall, one can say that this organization is committed to organizational causes. Apart from that, this company actively interacts with local communities, especially very impoverished neighborhoods, and regions. For example, one can mention that this corporation invests millions of dollars in order to build playgrounds for children (Procter & Gamble Company 2012). Furthermore, they implement a clean water program which is intended for children and adolescents living in Africa (Procter & Gamble Company 2012). Thus, this corporation attempts to act as a responsible corporate citizen. Intellectual property issues The company strives to protect its products and technologies from infringements and illegal use. The patent each of their technologies and designs and these legal acts provide exclusive rights to an organization that invented a certain product. This corporation is willing to make sure that its inventions are not used by for-profit companies. For instance, one can mention the case Procter & Gamble Company v. Garcoa Laboratories (Newberry 2011). The management of P&G argued that Garcoa Laboratories imitated the bottles of P&G shampoo (Newberry 2011). They were able to defend their interest in the court. Therefore, one can say that the management of P&G actively tries to protect its intellectual property from potential competitors. The action plan, control, and evaluation The Procter & Gamble Company closely works with third-party companies in an effort to bring innovations like products or technologies (Procter & Gamble Company 2010). Moreover, almost 50 percent of new products are not created directly by this company (Procter & Gamble Company 2010). They encourage other firms to search for creative solutions. Nevertheless, they also invest in R&D (research and development) activities. The company strongly relies on focus groups when deciding whether a particular product can appeal to buyers and how the product differs from others. The recommendations of these buyers can tell whether innovation should be further developed. It should be noted that the success of a product is evaluated according to three important criteria, namely customers’ opinions, the cost of production, and its performance in comparison with other brands. These are the main processes that are needed in order to bring new products to the market. Warranty The Procter & Gamble gives warranty to their customers in order to gain their loyalty. According to thei
Economic Analysis The onset of the COVID-19 pandemic and the subsequent lockdowns led to massive lay-offs and left many people without sources of income which undermined their spending power (Jones, 2020) As a low-cost brand, Boohoo is forced to offer completive prices to its clients, which it does at the expense of workers’ wages which results in job dissatisfaction and decreased productivity (Krekel, Wards, and De Neve, 2019) Social Factors On-campus influencers may discover that Boohoo utilises unethical manufacturing practices such as forced labour in poor countries and cease working with the company. Social, music, and other influencers have substantial power over their audiences, and one negative comment about Boohoo on their part can substantially harm the company’s reputation. Additionally, influencers may refuse to be associated with fast-fashion brands such as Boohoo due to their detrimental effect on the environment (Bick, Halsey, and Ekenga, 2018). Technology Factors As a retail company, Boohoo does not design or manufacture any innovative solutions. It is also a large enterprise. This prevented it from receiving government support during the pandemic since the UK government made equity contributions primarily to start-ups (OECD, 2020) Environment Factors As it was mentioned earlier, the fast-fashion industry is one of the main contributors to environmental pollution, which also jeopardizes human health. Thus, recently, retail companies have been experiencing considerable pressure to embrace the use of sustainable materials and packaging to reduce their footprint (Moore, 2020). Legal Factors Boohoo has been accused of pursuing modern slavery when it was discovered that its workers in Leicester were paid twice below the minimum wage ( Boohoo, 2021 ). Recently, Boohoo also was accused of exploitation by its Pakistani workers because they were underpaid and had to work 24-hour shifts (Bland, Baloch, and Kelly, 2020). The company was additionally accused of subjecting employees to the risk of being infected with the C
There is no clear consensus on whether management is a science or a craft. Recognizing management as a profession and enforcing strictly defined professional standards may promote the former approach but will not be easy to implement. A managerial code of conduct based on the stakeholder theory and enforced by a professional association could potentially increase management’s social responsibility, but it will take time to do so. Envisaging the code of conduct for managers is inextricably linked to making management a profession in the truest sense of the word. This perspective has its basis in the difference between leadership and management. While leaders have followers and may operate in any context, managers are only managers insofar as they have employees and occupy a corresponding position. Since the definition of management describes a professional arrangement, management can definitely “strive to become a profession” (Khurana & Nohria, 2008, p. 72). If one accepts this idea, one should also agree that management should embrace a professional code of conduct. It may be based on such prominent concepts of business ethics as corporate social responsibility and stakeholder theory, stressing the manager’s obligations to society at large rather than the enterprise alone (Freeman & Dmytriyev. 2017). Enforcing these codes would require creating professional associations that would establish and maintain educational standards as well as monitor pertinent ethical issues through peer review (Ibrahim, 2016). Yet even if all these suggestions come to pass, it will still take years for a new generation of managers to emerge and make a difference. To summarize, the idea of making management a proper profession is not without merit. There are theoretical underpinnings for it, and practical models of enforcing codes of conduct in other professions. However, this transformation is bound to take a long time for the new institutional practices to settle and start making an impact.
Jeremy Bentham is one of the most influential philosophers of the 18th and the early 19 th centuries, he propounded many significant insights that sought to determine t role of the state in economics and among key among them was utilitarianism. According to Bentham, the government should act similarly to what the French physiocrats called laissez-faire. He summarized this by saying that the government should either be quiet or stay out of his sunlight (Roll 353). According to him, the state should not try to show favor, but rather create opportunities for people to thrive. Essentially, according to this thinking, the theory capitalism is founded. Bentham propounds that both the intelligence and power could be administered by the government at a relatively cheap rate. Furthermore, if reward is to be skillfully applied, the result is often bound to be characterized by a great deal of knowledge. In many situations, the only requirement is simply the elimination of coercion that normally occasions government involvement in business. According to Bentham, with only a few exemptions, the reality is that the maximum degree of success and enjoyment can only be realistically expected if each is left at their own devices so that they can pursue happiness to the means available to them (Roll 355). However, Ricardo was open to the idea that there should be a limit on the extent to which professional and economic advice could be applied in matters of the government. He reasons that as far as the direct perception of economists was concerned, the main targets were money, banking and foreign trade. The fact that foreign trade as example has been retrospectively understood in a limited sense is a piece of evidence of the limited scope of projecting economics to government. One of the main doctrines by Ricardo has a bearing on the theory based on the development and fluctuation of economic activity. In his theory, he further discourses on the effects of technical development. When he published his principles in 1821, he introduced a new chapter titled “On Machinery”, where he discoursed the views of those contradicted theories that were in existence in his time, many of which he had retrospectively subscribed to (Roll 298). The chapter offers important insights about various theories in economics. Although Mill was in agreement with Coleridge’s strictures on the laisser-faire principle, which was also underlined by Bentham, he was of the opinion that considered the role the state had played in providing services for the people, such as security infrastructure. It should not be entirely precluded in the efforts to improve the material wellbeing of the citizens so as to ensure the facilities it provides are well developed and used, this is a factor that underpins his departure f