ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Abstract Though education is considered a public good by policy maker, its consumption can be privatized just like most public goods depending on the setting and consumption behavior of an individual. Reflectively, an individual can be in a position to make decisions whether to consume it or not. The purpose of any education system in a country is to serve both public and private interests. In addressing the interests of the public, education system prepares the young to be in a position to assume the roles of adults and promote the civil responsibility, uphold common set of political and economic values, and be in a position to share on common language acquired. On the other hand, the role of education as a private good is to promote personal development, acquisition of knowledge, and productivity of the well being of a target group. Thus, this analytical treatise attempts to analyze the private education system in Unites States of America (U.S) in terms of definition, history, policies, advantages, and disadvantages. Definition to private education The definition offered in this research papers is based on comparison between private and public education. Characterized by the way they are managed and financed, public education in its totality is normally managed by the government and their expenditures settled under the obligations of the tax payers’ money (Coulson 1999). Private education system relies on the revenues collected from fees of parents and other contributions. Managed differently, their managers have their own educational services. This means that private schools in America are normally established through the support of non governmental agencies. America private education system comprises of three major divisions. The first category is the parochial schools. Management of parochial schools is left under the responsibility of religious institutions such as Dioceses and parishes. They are obligated to provide financial support and managerial services. Secondly, nonprofit independent schools are owned independently. Their finances depend upon an individual together with their management services. The third category is the profit private schools. Similar to nonprofit independent schools in management and ownership, the main objectivity is to make profit. Thus, it is more market driven and organized. History of private education in America History of the American private education is noted to have started early in the 16 th century. At that time, the country was mostly occupied by private schools and religiously owned and managed schools. This initiative saw many individuals get educated. After the government adopted its law through Massachusetts General Court that required both parents and guardians of children in private schools to ascertain on the capability of their children. The first private education center was founded by Benjamin Franklin. As a first secondary school, it started offering practical curriculum and variety of subjects based on the useful skills. By mid 18 th century, many of such catholic private academies were instituted. This was due to the increased (Coulson 1999) higher number of
Introduction Augusto Pinochet was a Chilean president. He got into power by overthrowing a democratically elected government in the year 1973 and exercised a dictatorial rule until the year 1989. This paper seeks to discuss the evolution of the Chilean government after Augusto. The paper will discuss Augusto Pinochet and his rule, the politics of the Chilean government after Augusto with specifications on the presidents and their political parties. Augusto Pinochet Pinochet was born in November 1915 to a civil servant father who was a customs office. The father was therefore able to afford a private school for Pinochet though he (Pinochet) never performed well academically. Childress (2008) recounted that Augusto always failed in majority of subjects in his classes. In school, the later to be president and army commander preferred classes that were related to fencing. He also had great interest in boxing. His involvement in politics started early in life as he attended political rallies in his teenage life. As a young man, Augusto was persuaded by his father to study a medical course while his mother wanted him to be a soldier. Following his mother’s interest, Augusto tried to apply into military school but was only successful on his third attempt in the year 1933. His first two failures to join the military are claimed to have been due to his poor grades from school though he is reported to have given different explanations to the failures. In the military, Augusto was very committed to his call. His first posting was to San Bernardo infantry school where he was later reposted in the year 1940. He got married to Lucia in the year 1943. [1] Augusto slowly rose through the ranks of service and was made a prison commander by the year 1948. He then proceeded to lecturing a military school before being offered the post of director of the institution. In the year 1970, the then Chilean chief of general staff was shot and succumbed to the injuries in what appeared to be an assassination. Augusto was then appointed by the then president, Salvador, to fill the vacancy of the chief of general staff. With the help of the CIA, Augusto planned and successfully led a military coup that killed Salvador and he became the president. The reign of Augusto was characterized by massive mur
Introduction Over the past decades, integration of markets has shifted from theory to practice with its application varying from one market to the other as well as from one enterprise to another. However, the integrated market communications (IMC) programs have taken a solid stand as a standard for the academic community, agencies and marketing organizations. Integrated marketing communication has been a major concern to many organizations, an aspect that has made it attract considerable attention globally. However, there has been argument concerning the perception of IMC with the idea that IMC should be considered more as a philosophy (Bowie & Buttle 2004, p.71) This focus is aimed at creating room for flexibility by adapting to changes in the market. On a critical view, this idea seems to follow a path similar to that of marketing. Since the impact of IMC was felt towards the end of the 20 th century and at the beginning of 21 st century, it has become a major communication development with significant impact in the business environment been evident. From its emergence, development as well as its re-emergence, aspects relating to researchers, advertising practitioners, as well as educators have found a clinging site (Barker & Angelopulo, 2005, p. 218). IMC at a glance IMC has diffused throughout the world within a short time period. It has also been welcomed as a guide or a norm of businesses and more so as the agencies which deal with the businesses needs. If we can take a pause and look at the state that we are currently in and try to figure out what process have contributed to this state, we can connect the situation of the IMC with Daniel Webster’s quote who said: “… when the marine has been tossed for many days in thick weather, and on an unknown sea, he naturally avails himself of the first pause in the storm, the earliest glance of the sun, to take his latitude, and ascertain how far the element has driven him from his true course. Let us imitate this prudence, and, before we float further on the waves of this debate, refer to the point from which we departed, that we may at least be able to conjecture where we are now. I ask for a reading of resolution…” (Cited in De Mooij 2005, p.307) In regard to the purpose and the meaning of the Integrated Market Communications, it can be considered that they have gone and still going in the course of a conjectural storm. This is so because the initial point or meaning of IMC was associated with creation of “one-voice” phenomenon through bringing together mix elements of promotion. Nevertheless, IMC has advanced beyond this point (Beamish, 2008, p. 174). In consideration of the IMC’s starting point, one may view its ending point as an accomplishment of emergence of “integrated marketing.” However, since integrated marketing can be considered to be connected to the frame of promotional juxtaposition, “an extension of old
Popular Culture and Hollywood movies define masculinity in extremely narrow terms. If these movies are to be believed, in order to be masculine, a man must strong, fearless and heterosexual and his predominant leisure activity must be either having sex with a woman or fantasizing about it. At the same time, he must not run away from a fight and in order to prove his masculinity, he must also win every fight he gets into. Obviously, this picture of what constitutes masculinity is flawed. Unfortunately, our children are fed this ideal from an earlier age until they grow up to believe that being a man means acting tough no matter what the situations. A typical Hollywood movie has a macho male lead who spends the entire movie fighting the villain so that he can avert some kind of catastrophe. Countless movies have repeated this basic plot over and over again but Independence Day (1996) takes the plot to a whole new level. Instead of fighting human villains, the lead actors in this movie fight the aliens and eventually win the ultimate war for the survival of mankind. And in fighting this war, the three lead actors reaffirm their male superiority and masculinity. Independence Day tells its viewers that a true American Hero is not deterred even when odds are heavily stacked against him and in the war between human courage and adverse conditions, masculinity always wins. Masculine courage often means that lead male characters in Hollywood movies do things that are downright illogical. Randy Quaid’s character, Russell Casse, is a Vietnam veteran, an alcoholic, and has the responsibility of three motherless children, including one who has a chronic illness. He has no previous experience of flying fighter planes. But masculine courage demands that he volunteer to be a pilot when faced with shortage of pilots. It also demands that after his missiles do not fire, he fly his plane into the enemy craft. At the time he made this supreme sacrifice, he did not know if his action would have any results. Everything that had happened until than showed that the alien ships were indestructible. Besides, he was not really required to fly into the alien craft. His decision to do so was for all practical purposes a suicide. But by flying into the alien ship he becomes a martyr and a hero and makes his children proud of him. Similarly, David did not really have to be onboard the alien craft especially since he suffered from motion sickness. He could just as easily have briefed someone else. As someone with absolutely no knowledge of flying an aircraft, his presence on the spaceship could have proved a liability. But the demands of the genre required for them to establish their masculinity and the only way to do so was by sho
Describe Culture is the specialized and intergenerational collection of one group’s ideas, beliefs, and customs. In our increasingly globalized society, it is important to be conscious of cultural differences in order to negotiate effectively. According to research, there are seven major cultural distinctions that have the biggest impact on communication (DeVito, 2016). Four of them are included in the TV show Outsourced , a sitcom that caricatures the cultural differences between Americans and Indians. Firstly, individualist or collectivist orientation decides whether the individual’s or group’s goals are given greater importance. For example, in Outsourced , a cultural misunderstanding occurs because an American character does not comprehend the Indian tradition of arranged marriage wherein the family’s choice of spouse is more important than the individual’s. Secondly, high-context cultures emphasize personal relationships and oral agreements, while low-context cultures value verbalized, explicit explanations (DeVito, 2016). Indian culture is more high-context than American culture, so the Outsourced employees use indirect communication to preserve face and do not openly criticize the manager. In one of the episodes, the main character hosts a sexual harassment seminar, and an employee expresses her discomfort through the company hot-line instead of confronting him directly. Thirdly, power in high-power-distance cultures is concentrated in the hands of the few, and it is distributed more evenly in low-power-distance ones. Since India fits into the former category, there is a rigid hierarchal rule in the Outsourced office, and they are surprised by the manager’s active and hands-on approach. Fourthly, long-term orientation prioritizes future rewards, but short-term orientation focuses more on the past and present. It can be inferred that Indian culture is more short-term oriented since one of the employees prefers flirting with the clients rather than increasing revenue. Acknowledging cultural differences is important so the workplace misunderstandings that are spoofed in Outsourced can be avoided. Relate I have unknowingly encountered many cultural differences both in the classroom and at work. An argument once occurred between my classmate and me because our respective cultures had different distributions of power. She was from Russia, and she was angry with a professor who had unexpectedly moved her exam date a da
Maps are an interesting aspect of human history. Since their inventing in the ancient world, people have used them as a source of both knowledge and power. Maps can be utilized in various aspects. Some people use them to know boundaries of land, geographical features and political boundaries. This can be classified as a sort of practical knowledge in order to know where to go and what to expect there. The essay of James Akerman relates to maps in this sense. In fact Akerman praises the American road map of the twentieth century to be one of the greatest inventions at the benefit of the public. This is certainly the case for the American road maps. These maps had a direct impact on the popular culture. In fact they changed popular culture by introducing a new concept of traveling. The map is organized around the roads, the highways, and not vice versa. The central theme that attracts viewer’s attention is the highway(s) and everything in the map is organized around it. One can view the trip that he wants to pursue and find in the map all the necessary facilities to make it as easier and pleasurable as possible. The map clearly indicates all the gas stations during the trip so you will not be concerned about running out of gas, all the restaurants and bars so you can refresh yourself and any natural park or attraction alongside the road which you can visit. This is a very practical way of informing people and motivating them to take the trip instead of de-motivating them. These maps changed the psychology of traveling by road in American society. Now the trip is not just about getting from point A to point B but also of enjoying the road and taking advantage of all the facilities and natural beauties that can be found alongside the road. Another aspect of
Executive Summary On 19 th July 2007, the Victorian government made a formal announcement that it intended to develop a 150-gigalitre desalination project. After feasibility studies were conducted, the project was declared feasible. The government made its final decision to commit its financial resources to develop the project scheduled for completion by December 2011. Although the project lagged behind time so that it was not yet commissioned by 2012, Victorian desalination project can be deployed as an important case example for analysis of the roles of human resources, communication, and integration management in a successful execution of a project. Through the discussion of the case of Victorian desalination project, this paper reveals that consideration of the importance of managing stakeholders who have vested interests in the implementation of any project is a critical aspect for the success of a project. Additionally, this paper investigates the organisational structure of the management of the Victorian desalination project by providing criticisms on its appropriateness. This structure is identified as hierarchical since it promotes the flow of information from top to bottom. The paper recommends alteration of such an approach in management to give a room for the bottom-up flow of information. Finally, consideration of the importance of organisation and proper management of work teams are
Political realignment is a concept which describes a change within a political system. This can indicate the balance of power within the government as well as internal bases within political parties. It is a natural occurrence as the political system evolves, being influenced by time, leaders, and events. This report will investigate the political realignment of the major political parties in the United States from 1964 to 1992. Leading up to the 1960’s the Democratic political bases encompassed an unlikely coalition, consisting of industrial workers from Northern states, Jewish and Catholic urban populations from the Midwest, Southern whites (including many supremacists), and African Americans. This was known as the New Deal coalition, many of the groups united by socioeconomic status of poverty, remnants of history from the Civil War and the Great Depression which affected their race or region. The Republican party maintained the support of business owners (both small and large), rural areas, prosperous farmers, and the highly educated upper class. This base was unified by their wealth or culture from previous generations (Friedman). The 1964 Presidential election began a significant political realignment for the parties. The year was particularly memorable for its major breakthroughs in the Civil Rights Movement which was advocated by the Democrat liberal Lyndon B. Johnson. He was able to pass the famous Civil Rights Act of 1964 amongst many other victories for minorities. Meanwhile, his opponent in the 1964 election was a Republican Barry Goldwater who ran on conservative values and opposed the emergence of the new counterculture. Despite Johnson winning the election with ease, the South was strongly alienated as a Democratic-controlled region. Goldwater was able to make the region into emerging bloc for the Republican right, which would redefine American politics for a considerable time (Public Broadcasting Service). The 1968 Presidential election was the actual political realignment point. Leading up the election, the Democrats were hurt by poor publicity of President Johnson associated with the Vietnam War. Their voter base was dominated by the New Left that encompassed various social progressive movements of the time. Meanwhile, the Republicans built on the foundations of Goldwater’s 1964 campaign and attempted to capture Southern votes. The candidate, Richard Nixon ran a campaign on the premise that “law and order” had to be reestablished in the country and states’ rights will be protected. The Democrats criticized this as exploitation of racial fears and misleading as many Southern states did not want to abide by federal court orders for desegregation. Nixon eventually won the election (Chatham). The country became increasingly divided as it struggled to find its identity upon political turmoil and social counterculture movements. The trend continued through the 1970’s, but unpopular economic policies and Nixon’s Watergate scandal resulted in the election of the Democ
In the present-day world, there is a significant number of online sources people use to receive information for their study or research. However, not all of the sources on the Internet are credible. Therefore, the primary task is to learn how to identify the sources, which can be used for scientific research. The search for trustworthy information on the Internet can be challenging for students, but specific methods help to make it easier. The reason why people find it difficult to distinguish the reliable sources from the unreliable ones lies in the fact that they do not understand what research is. They tend to focus on the information obtained from the most popular sources, such as newspapers and blogs, without consideration of their authors’ expertise. For example, when researching the natural sciences, such as chemistry or physics, or social sciences, scholars need to match their findings to empirical evidence and experiments conducted by other scholars in the chosen area (Childs, 2019). In this case, library databases can be of great help for people doing research (Top tips for finding high-quality scholarly resources, 2017). Thus, the first task for researchers is to focus on who provided the information and what area it describes. However, the process of defining reliable information does not end with the identification of the author and his expertise. To be confident, one also needs to consult some other reliable sources to compare their data to the primary one (Childs, 2019). This step is essential for verifying the accuracy of the chosen source. Otherwise, its credibility can be questioned, and some additional research would be required. One more essential concern of a scholar in determining the credibility of a source is the possible biased attitude of the author towards the studied topic. In this case, the religious or political beliefs of an author or an organization are vital when choosing a reliable source (Childs, 2019). This fact makes most newspapers and magazines invalid for further research, and they should, therefore, be avoided. One needs to pay special attention to the general policy of such sources of information. It also relates to all the information posted in popular blogs as their authors’ primary goal is to present their worldview, not the unbiased information suitable for research. The sources published online can be checked by their end designations as well. The use of websites is deemed to be a better