ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
In broad terms, imperialism can be described as the increase of authority of a particular state over another, directly or indirectly. In this paper, however, the term imperialism is used to refer to the era from the year 1848 to 1914 when the power of Europe was extended over several nations of the world. In the 19 th century, Europe had more control over majority of America, Asia, as well as Africa in terms of military power, trade power, and intellectual strength. Europeans justified the European Imperialism between 1848 and 1914 with some rationalizations. According to Merriman, Imperialism was severally justified as an effort to introduce advancement to the less privilege, expand civilization and Christianity, social imperialism, and diplomatic struggle among European authorities, pushed by nationalism. Several factors motivated the European imperialism. The exploration for new markets for goods produced and manufactured in Europe, raw materials such as cotton and gold for industries in Europe, cheap labor, cheap land, and highly demanded goods, were some factors that motivated European imperialism (Merriman). Some imperial events occurred during the era 1848 to 1914. Europeans had control over about 8percent of the world’s region, and by 1914, they had control over about 84percent of the world’s region (Merriman). By 1900, British Empire solely, had control over about 20percent of the world’s region and 26percent of the world’s populace (Merriman). Also, Africa and Asia were colonized by Europe. Europe did this by taking charge of local governments, enforcing standards to the advantage of “backwards” societies, and exploiting for raw materials which were needed by European developing industries. Another imperial event includes the emigration of large European population. The European populace had been on the increase more than other populaces during the era 1848 to 1914. During this time, the pressure from population coupled with enhanced transportation gave rise to the highest migration in history. Origins of the World War I The World War I started in Europe in June 1914. The origins of the war comprised of tangled reasons, which include the clash and aggression of the forty years resulting to the war. Major factors that facilitated the war include; patriotism, imperialism, coalitions, as well as militarism (Merriman). However, the immediate causes of the conflict were the decisions of the generals and leaders during the cla
Introduction The industrial revolution in the early twentieth century changed the world in terms of production and distribution of the products to consumers. The invention of automobile engines changed the transport sector. People and property could easily move from one place to another. The development of information technology in the twenty-first century has also changed the way people conduct business transactions. Currently, people from across the world can use the internet and social media platform to interact and conduct businesses across the world. As technology advances, the production processes become cheaper and faster. Consequently, the varieties of products offered in various markets have significantly increased. The same modern technology and its applications have made it easier to move products and services from one part of the globe to another. With several transportation options in the current world, freight logistics has become more complex. Safety management of people, property, and environment in the industry has become a challenge. On the other hand, the complexity has made it difficult to control external costs associated with the outbound shipment. Safety Issues in Freight Logistics The technological development has helped in improving the production of goods and services in all industries. Besides, it has enhanced the connection between individuals and business entities across the world. Transactions of products and services across the world have increased. As a result, logistics has continued to be part of the daily operations in many industries. However, the aspect of logistics in business operations is based on its efficiency. People who handle consignment at the port and during transit use a combination of machines, technology, and human power. The safety of human resources and the natural environment is important (Kant, Quak, Peeters, & Woensel, 2015). Improving safety standards helps in increasing the effectiveness and productivity of human resources in the freight logistics sector. Physical activities such as the transfer of items can cause body injuries leading to accidents and ergonomics related illnesses. Factors that cause injuries and accidents depend on the nature of activities in which a worker engages. Several factors lead to accidents in the freight logistics industry. The types of tools and equipment people use to determine their safety. The working environment also determines the safety of people and other resources. Conditions of the vessels used to transport products and services influence the safety of people using them, the product they transport, and the environment in which they operate (Yoshida, 2011). Lastly, the nature of the transportation medium such as water, air, and the road significantly influences the effectiveness of safety measures. An organization should consider all the above factors when establishing safety guidelines. Building materials are among the heaviest and the bulkiest products handled
What Kind Of Paper Is The National Enquirer? The National Enquirer is a tabloid that publishes gossips, celebrity news, scandals and other informal and personal information of prominent persons. Just like other tabloids, the information contained in the publication focuses on personal lives of individuals as well as other information related to secretive activities of certain people. Despite these personal news, the tabloids are very popular than the newspapers since they encourage their readers to get interested in knowing more by featuring untold stories. The National Enquirer was started in 1926 and has grown to be one of the biggest publishers of tabloids, with a list of uncovered stories of prominent persons. Although the tabloid enjoys huge market responses from the entire country, California remains its highest-generating state in terms of sales (Calder v. Jones, 1984). The tabloid has published many scandalous stories of prominent persons and rumours that have mostly turned out to be true. However, some stories have also turned out to be defamatory on these celebrities, leading to great harm. One such case involved a Californian musician, whose private life was exposed by the Explorer and caused great defamatory damages to her (Cheeseman, 2010). Was It Ethical For The National Enquirer To Try To Avoid Suit In California? It was not ethical for the National Enquirer to avoid suit in California. Although the Californian court seemed to lack personal jurisdiction, it was well aware of the potential harms on the respondent. The company was trying to run away from its responsibility and to discourage accountability. By using the jurisdiction claim to escape the charges, the National Explorer was trying to cover up its actions. In addition, the company had acted in a distrustful manner and since it was aware of the charges, it should not have resisted the charges at California. Knowing its large target customer base, it was very easy and lucrative for them to have featured such a story. Since the company went on with the defamation, it was supposed to be held liable for the dangers and charged for its decision (Cheeseman, 2010). The respondent’s place of residence should be the venue for the charges and for this reason, the tabloid knew of that but pretended not to realize it. The defamation process was also carried out intentionally and it required that the petitioners accept the charges and more so the venue for the charges. Being accountable and responsible are some of the unethical practices that were lacking in the National Explorer. The company was aware of the amendments to the jurisdiction, but proceeded with the defence by c
Sir James George Frazer is a British anthropologist, theologian, and ethnologist. He is the representative of classical social anthropology, who has made a great impact on the development of anthropological science. He is known as the author of The Golden Bough. In this book, Frazer has systematized factual evidence concerning original magic, mythology, totemism, folklore, religious beliefs, and traditions of different cultures. George Frazer is famous for his researches on the culture, beliefs, and traditions of ancient nations. In spite of the fact that he has never left England, many of his anthropological researches have been used in understanding colonial and postcolonial studies. In his investigation, he did no fieldwork relying mostly upon his correspondence with colonial authorities and eyewitness accounts. In his works Totemism and The Golden Bough, he paid much attention to the research of primitive beliefs of nations that populated different colonies. According to Frazer, in the process of its development, humanity has passed several stages. They are magic, religion, and science. Frazer emphasizes the difference between magic and religion. He states that in the infancy of mankind, magic has preceded religion. Nevertheless, magic has disappeared when religion has emerged. On the magical stage of the development of humanity, people believed in their abilities to change the surrounding reality by means of magic. Later on, people lost faith in it. In such a way, there emerged the idea that a world was subdued to gods and supernatural forces. In the last stage, humanity rejected this concept too. People began to believe that the world was ruled not by gods, but it was subjected to the laws of nature. The prevailing idea was that by understanding this law, it was possible to rule nature. Among his most famous works are Totemism and Exogamy , Folklore in the Old Testament , Man, God, and Immorality . Though many of his ideas are criticized even now, Frazers works are used by many contemporary scientists.
Introduction Since American and British forces invaded Iraq in 2003, there has been an unending wave of insurgency in the oil-rich nation. This invasion led to a wave of insurgency that has taken different forms, including inter-clan attacks, religious attacks, terrorism attacks, and political attacks. Coalition forces (British and US forces) in Iraq have, therefore, been fighting a multifaceted and complex war that initially started as a nationalistic response against foreign invasion (Dobbins, 2005). According to a British non-governmental organization (NGO), the Iraq insurgency has led to about 162,000 deaths (SMH, 2012). Most of the casualties (about 80%) of the deaths have been civilian deaths. Thousands of soldiers (from the Iraqi army and coalition forces) have also died in the endless string of insurgency that has lasted close to a decade now. Besides the unfortunate death toll, the presence of coalition forces in Iraq has brought a high financial cost to the participating countries. For example, the US alone has spent more than $1 trillion in war expenditure (White, 2012). Britain has also spent billions of dollars in the war. Albeit the coalition force wanted to install a stable government after the fall of Saddam Hussein, Britain and America have suffered a significant backlash and domestic criticism for their prolonged occupation of Iraq (Hughes, 2010). While the Obama administration has refocused its efforts on the Afghanistan war, the continued instability of the Iraqi government and its failure to control most parts of the country remains a critical issue for the future of Iraq. Indeed, it is crucial to assess the ability of the reigning regime to prevent the complete collapse of state authority because such an outcome may be disastrous for the future of Iraq and the global community at large. With a shift in American foreign policy, the continuation of insurgency attacks, and the withdrawal of American forces in Iraq, the future of Iraq remains uncertain. This paper explores the nature of the Iraqi insurgency with the aim of providing an accurate outlook of insurgency in Iraq. Three sections (past, present, future) outline the framework of this paper. The first section describes the historical context of the insurgency, the origins of the attacks, and the possible causes for its spread. The second section outlines the current state of the insurgency in Iraq, the prevailing situation in the oil-rich nation, and its impact on Iraqi national stability. The last section portrays an accurate outlook of insurgency in Iraq and the implications of this outlook on US national interests. The importance of understanding the nature of the Iraqi insurgency is pivotal to the future development of foreign policies in western countries and the execution of future military strategies. Policy-makers and academicians are also likely to benefit from the findings of this paper. Past Hughes (2010) says the collapse of the Sunni-dominated Saddam regime (in 2003) created the right conditions for the wave of looting and public disorder that characterized subsequent years of US dominance in Ira
Introduction One of the finest explanations of American’s dream is the powerful speech of Martin Luther King, Jr. He delivered the speech at the Lincoln Memorial on August 28, 1963, in Washington D.C. The speech is mainly centered on racial equality and stoppage of discrimination. At that time, racial segregation ruled in almost all places: be it schools, neighborhoods and even in social places. With violence and riots so often, it was a disturbing moment for America although the U.S government was doing nothing to change the situation. Through the speech, Dr. King was educating inspiring and informing both the civil supporters and the unborn generation in the world to reach out to their dreams and giving his audience hope for a better future. Discussion Up to the time when he was delivering the speech, African Americans were still under slavery from the white people as indicated in the below excerpt. One hundred years later, the life of the Negro is still sadly crippled by the manacles of segregation and the chains of discrimination…….One hundred years later, the Negro is still languishing in the corners of American society and finds himself an exile in his own land (Luther, 1963, para. 2). The speech depicts the idea that someone can actually be anything that he dreams of becoming. Dr. King suggested that America is a land full of opportunities and that Americans should maximize on them. Before transforming the world, he saw the need to begin in America. Dr. King began the speech with a rhetoric phrase, ’Now is the time’, a tool that he used throughout speech. In the sixth paragraph of his speech, he used the phrase six times. He was echoing to his audience to get hold of the moment. More so he used the phrase, ‘I have a dream eight times. By so doing he was echoing future hope for the people that will make them forget about all the slavery sufferings and injustices that they had faced while under slavery. This is a sign of hope for the future too. He brought in the idea of slavery to suggest that it is still operational in today’s world. By using the word ‘slave-owners’, Dr. King was referring to the white, however to calm any tension between the black and the white people, he re-unites them by saying, “… will be able to sit down together at a table of brotherhood” (Luther, 1963, para.12). I have a dream that one day this nation will rise up and live out the true meaning of its creed: “We hold these truths to be self-evident: that all men are created equal.” I have a dream that one day on the red hills of Georgia the sons of former slaves and the sons of former slave-owners ………, a desert state, sweltering with the heat of injustice and oppression, will be transformed into an oasis of freedom and justice…. I have a dream today (Luther, 1963, para.12). The dream in the above context symbolizes the aspirations that Dr. King had of America setting the stage for the rest of the world. He also says that ‘this nation will rise up’ meaning that he had fathomed a revolution time when the Americans will be accepted as right persons in the States (Luther, 1963, para.12). Conclusion There was an established racial discrimination that is wh
Introduction Machiavelli is one of the political philosophers who lived during the renaissance. He was born in 1469 in Italy in the city of Florence. He is one of the individuals who developed modern political science. He wrote several pieces of literary works such as poems and plays. Besides this, he was also a diplomat and apolitical philosopher. Most of his writings reflected on the contemporary issues that took place in his society. For example, he wrote about the political ideas that he thought were good for his society. The Prince is believed to be one of the best works he ever produced. The Prince was skillfully written, and it also has innovative thoughts. “The Prince is sometimes claimed to be one of the first works of modern philosophy, in which the effective truth is taken to be more important than any abstract ideal” (Machiavelli and Donno 34). The book also criticized Catholic and scholastic principles used during that time, in political and ethical issues. The Prince The book focuses much on getting a new prince through alternative means apart from the hereditary process. Since Machiavelli is a political scientist, he sometimes advocates for the use of force and deceit. The political ideas that were developed by Machiavelli had a lot of influence on political leaders. Moreover, ‘The Price’ influenced protestant and catholic leaders. Many people have not been able to give a correct interpretation and analysis of Machiavelli’s ideas. Hence, they normally develop a negative perception of him. For example, such individuals contend that Machiavelli supported despotic and corrupt regimes. Nonetheless, a critical analysis of his political principles shows the need for a community to use a patriotic and intelligent individual to rule their country. According to the book, the Prince should first serve the interests of his subjects and country, and then he can come up with ways of maintaining his political position. “However, following these ideas, the latter is harmful as it does not encourage democracy” (Musa 56). Democratic countries normally can develop faster. Machiavelli’s Ideas of leadership Many despotic leaders have used ‘The Prince’ as a political guide book, and they normally justify their actions based on it. Consequently, some philosophers thought that Machiavelli deceived and manipulated his subjects. Some of the political ideas that were put forward by Machiavelli are still useful today. According to Machiavelli, political leaders should tr
Objectives The company pursues many objectives with the marketing plan. The objectives will be specific, measurable, attainable and timely (Trika, 2010). In other words, Apple Inc will follow the SMART model in developing and implementing its objectives. The marketing objectives of the company includes   * To improving the customer engagement and relationship with the company and its products by 50%   * To increase the company’s website traffic by 45%   * To increase the presence of the company’s brand across the social media channels by 50%   * To improve on the positive feedback concerning the company brand by 40% The objectives must be attained within three years. However, increasing the website traffic as well as the presence of the company’s brand is expected to be attained within the first year of the plan. In fact, the presence of the company’s brand will be attained by increasing the number of times the products are mentioned on the social media. In addition, the number of comments as well as the number of followers within the social networking sites applied by the company will also measure the brand presence. The numbers of comments are expected to reach 1000 by the end of the first year of the plan while the numbers of followers are expected to reach 1650 in the same year. The number of individuals and the companies that have visited the website will measure the objective of increasing the number of traffic. The objectives are attainable given the set targets against the period. In addition, given the past trends, the results can be achieved within the given time. Content Most of the information will be retrieved from the company website. However, other related marketing journals will also provide valuable information concerning the marketing plan. Most importantly, the marketing researches that have been conducted will provide valuable information to be applied in this plan (Wild, 2012). Moreover, the reports from the promotions, conference presentations as well as other events will provide valuable information on the company’s performance. In essence, the external sources of information will includes   * The websites including the applied social media websites as well as the search engine websites.   * Articles written concerning the company   * Journals both academic and non academic concerning the company and its brand products   * Marketing research reports that have been conducted concerning the company and its products   * Reports from the company marketing activities including promotions, presentations and events   * Blog posts regarding the company products, brand and activities   * Press releases concerning the company
Introduction In the contemporary world, different countries have different forms of government with some being run by president, others by prime minister while others are still being run by king or queen. The world now being a global village, all governments are aiming at uniting their regions to achieve the dream of one world. Uniting the world will require putting all individual differences aside and forge ahead towards one goal. The world has already been split into three depending on economic endowment thus; first, middle and third world. Good governance helps achieve the best results which are driven by good political will and non tolerance to corruption. Most countries in the continent, Africa, have been described as dictatorial and non democratic and in most cases involved in resources misuse, thus making them lag behind in economic issues. The government may be described as the “body within a community….a political or organizational entity which has the authority to make and enforce rules, laws and regulations” (Rasmussen, Thomas, Peterson, Steven, Heinemann and Robert, 1995). Governments can be of several types; authoritarian, constitutional monarchy, constitutional republic, democratic states, dictatorial, plutocracy, oligarchy, theocracy, or totalitarian. The government of Morocco and the government of US are two governments that govern two different areas and hence difference is inevitable. This report brings out the differences between the governments of Morocco and the United States of America. It outlines the major differences in the forms of system each government is using in t