ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The phrase copyright protection can be used to mean two different things. One is the sole control bestowed on authors, inventors, and owners of information by copyright law. In the1996 act more copyright protection was created prohibiting the use of materials and images that are copyright protected. It can also mean the methods of copy protection that protect digital data from being copied or replicated. However, this application of the concept is not used often and in its place copy protection is used. (Warwick, 1999) Copyright entitles the creator of work, art, or materials sole rights for a given period, this covers the rights to publication and transfer but is made available for use by the public after this time. This law is applied to every work that solely comes from a particular artist. Under this law, the author is recognized as the sole author of the work and has complete rights over the work. In law, copyright is covered under intellectual property together with trademarks and patents. (Warwick, 1999) Freedom of speech on the other hand is the right to speak freely without fear of restriction or limitation of any kind. The phrase, freedom of expression is often used to mean the acts of seeking, getting, and transfer of information and ideas in addition to verbal speech regardless of the model used. Being free to think is not the same as being free to express yourself though they are close. However, in the application, the right to freedom of speech is subject to restrictions therefore not absolute in any country. According to the Universal Declaration of human rights article, 19 freedom of speech is recognized as a human right. In the International Convention on Civil and Political Rights freedom of speech, it’s depicted as the right to air views without interference whatsoever. It’s also recognized in European, American, African, and international human rights laws. Freedom of speech and expression can be traced to early human rights documents such as the declaration of the rights of man of 1789 and the British Magna Carta of 1215. (Lemley & Volokh, 1998) The areas of freedom of speech that relate to copyright protection include seek, receipt, and imparting or exchange of information and ideas, this may be oral, written, printed, internet, or in art form. Freedom of speech is highly related to other rights and may be limited/ restricted when conflicting with other rights. (Lemley & Volokh, 1998) The value of copyright protection in relation to freedom of speech can be shown in the seek of information and ideas that form part of the right in that in the seek for this information, the person in question has to observe copyright protection by not using materials covered in this protection without the consent of the owner that may lead to a criminal offense that is subject to legal proceedings. (McDonnell, 1998) The receipt of information and ideas from materials that are cop
Introduction The English System has been greatly affected by the European Community. This could be because of a number of issues like the binding nature of treaties, issue if parliamentary sovereignty. Most of these laws have been applied in a number of cases within the English system. These details will be further examined below. Regulations and directives in English Law English law applies within Wales and England. Other parts of the United Kingdom have their own laws to govern them. Usually, the highest level of civil and criminal cases within Wales and England are handled by the House of Lords Appellate Committee. But the Supreme Court itself is governed by the Supreme Court of England. It is made up of the High Court of Justice that mainly deals with civil cases, Crown Court that deals with criminal cases and a Court of Appeal. There are some tribunals that mainly deal with issues related to labour such as the Employment Appeal Tribunal and Employment Tribunal.. 1 In the English court system, statutes are the highest form of law. Judges are not allowed to disregard this form of law. Also, laws are passed using very strict rules; the English system is rather rigid. European Community Law Primary legislation within the European Community is obtained from treaties. Once a country is a signatory to a given treaty, then it is obliged to apply all the regulations that are surrounding the given treaty. They strictly apply to a member country and they take precedence in that country’s courts. Secondary legislations within the European Community are passed through directives, decisions and legislations. Directives can be likened to parliamentary legislations. European Community law ascertains that all the laws passed by the EC community are binding and that they take precedence over all others within the law. This was as a result of the 1972 Law passed. Judges are also expected to consider an external source of law enforcement through the EC. It is a sort of regulatory body decisions made by courts. This role played is what is known as Marleasing How EC Law became English Law The United Kingdom joined the European Community in the year 1973. In the previous year 1972, the European Community had passed an Act called European Communities Act. This Act required that all the treaties and remedies created by the European Community are binding within all member States of the Union including England and Wales. The implication of those was that there was the incorporation of certain types of laws within the English system i.e.   * decisions.   * directives.   * regulations.   * treaties. Therefore EC Law became part of the English system through treaties. The most important treaty was the one signed in the year 1957 called the treaty of Rome. This treaty caused the formation of the European Economic Community. Under Article 249 of that treaty, rules were laid down on what procedures must be followed when creating other types of laws (decisions, directives, regulations, treaties) 2 Treaties have an immense contribution to the way laws in
Introduction The incredible usability and portability of smartphones increased their popularity and changed people’s lives worldwide. Indeed, these devices offer a wide range of options that allow users to search for information online, connect with others on social media, access entertainment websites, participate in conferences, text, take pictures, and organize their lives (Yu and Sussman 1). However, the use of smartphones was found to have similar features to addiction, “including preoccupation, tolerance, inability to control craving, impairment of daily life functions, disregard to harmful consequences, and withdrawal” (Matar Boumosleh and Jaalouk 2). Furthermore, people are now at increased risk for traffic accidents, sleep disturbances, musculoskeletal disorders, vision deterioration, and mental health problems as a result of excessive smartphone use, especially among children and young adults (Yu and Sussman 1). Still, device addiction has not been clearly defined yet because of the lack of sufficient evidence-based research on this topic and the widespread utilization of smartphones (Yu and Sussman 16). Innovative technologies seem to be becoming a significant issue for humanity’s wellbeing owing to increasing device addiction trends, leading to people’s everyday lives disturbance and social withdrawal, which requires monitoring and proper intervention. Definition of Addiction Device dependence is not listed in the DSM-5 manual of psychiatric disorders, but it describes addiction even though it is not a medical term. This concept can be defined as an increasing priority and need in a substance or object that leads to physical or emotional harm, functional impairment, and physical dependence (Panova and Carbonell 253). Addiction is a clinical problem, a critical feature of which is substantial impairment to daily life. Hence, other problematic behaviors that do not have a tremendous negative effect on an individual’s functionality cannot be considered a clinical condition that needs therapeutic intervention. Is Device Addiction Real? Although global society has raised the issue of device addiction, it still lacks sufficient scientific data to be classified as a medical problem; therefore, it is unclear whether this issue is real. Still, it often shares specific features with other p
Introduction The promotion of alcoholic beverages is one of the “ highly regulated “(Kline, 2009) form of marketing, and in some countries of the World the direct marketing of alcoholic beverages are completely banned. Scientific researches have proved that advertising of alcohol is not responsible for the higher consumption rate of alcohol. Basically the marketing is targeted only to increase the awareness of the customers and their brand locality. Some times the marketing of alcohols is targeted to increase the market share of the producers (Mele, 2008). Over the years the target audience of alcoholic products has changed extensively. Conventionally there are some types of drinks which are termed as male drinks, and all the other brands can be consumed by both the male and female alike. According to financial reports, it has been counted that the total spending of the alcohol industry over marketing throughout the World is $2 billion. To be more specific, beer, a special type of alcoholic drink, was market worldwide in a year and the total money spend was $785 million in the financial year 2000 (Mele, 2008). In the year 1999, the Federal Trade Commission, the regulating body of the Alcohol industry in the United States of America, has issued the following statement concerning marketing of alcohol, “ While many factors may influence an underage person’s drinking decisions, including among other things parents, peers and the media, there is reason to believe that advertising also plays a role ” (Jones, 2005). Other than the marketing aspect there are other factors that affect a person’s addiction to alcohol, like his environment, his formative years and like that. By the strict orders of the two international councils, European Union
Prada is an Italian fashion label company based in Milan, which specializes in luxury goods and products. Some of the company’s main products include leather accessories, luggage, ready-to wear apparel, shoes and hats, among other distinctive fashion products. Having been founded in 1913 by Mario Prada alongside his brother Martino, the company has been in operation for the last one century and over the time, it has transformed into one of the most successful and influential fashion houses in the world today. Prada Group is well-known for its original products and its leading portfolio of luxury goods and fashion products across the global markets. This report provides an in-depth analysis of the company whereby aspects such as value chain, geographic scope and competitive advantage are observed. Through its superior nature of internal organization, Prada has been observed to be a good example of how businesses can utilize the concept of value chain in making a difference in the market. The term value chain is used to describe all activities and processes that are involved to ensure that a product or service is finally delivered to the end-users, in the desired form and shape (Heskett and Sasser, 1997). Value chain involves all technologically and physically distinct activities undertaken by firms in ensuring that they add quality and value to their customer experience approaches. The company’s exclusive value chain model has been a useful tool in defining its core competence in the luxury market. As a reputed global leader in designing and producing luxury products, Prada applies a well-laid chain value. The company’s focused planning and coordination of internal and external processes has made it
The definition of the HOPES (Homicide Outreach Project Empowering Survivors) as a necessary tool for individuals that experience this form of attack is accurate. Karmen indicates that victims have a profile and are likely to get attacked in the future if they do not develop a protection system (Karmen, 2020). Individuals in big cities and near them have a higher chance of experiencing one form of violence such as robbery or homicide when compared to people that live at a farther distance from these locales. Programs such as HOPES provide these individuals with answers to troubling questions involving why the cases are more rampant in their locale. It is also important to consider the potential for these programs to illustrate the safety level of a particular location based on activities such as drug trafficking and police presence. This information is critical in enabling possible victims to make logical decisions concerning their living conditions and predisposing them to various forms of violence. The writer asserts that the criminal justice system does not protect victims against possible repeat attacks. It is important to discern that women are considered rape victims in most instances. One should note that studies such as those conducted by Kopel in 1987(Karmen, 2020) do not focus on male victims, illustrating the flawed nature of this system. While males encompass a section of this population, they are not listed in the statistics. It is also crucial to note that black individuals are more prone to experience any form of crime when compared to their white counterparts (Karmen, 2020). Discerning such information allows programs such as HOPES to target particular communities and neighborhoods while providing aid. Reference Karmen, A., 2020. Crime victims: An introduction to victimology , Boston, MA: Cengage Learning.
When a person comes to Dubai for the first time from New York, he will be surprised. On arrival in the UAE, a businessperson, especially from the Western world is very easy to be in a culture shock. He must be well prepared because the difference is very big. While walking the streets, you can see people dressed in beautiful traditional clothes. Dubai is full of representatives of different cultures, but Arabic traditions are deeply rooted here and should be considered in every business and social interaction. The businessman from the Western world will be definitely surprised to see dressed in traditional Gulf countries dishdashas and abayas, not only on holidays but also in everyday life. Men wear long dresses of bright, spacious cotton tissue, and women – elegant dresses with long sleeves, gold and beads decorations. An obligatory attribute of national costumes is the variety of headscarves
Nursing practice is regulated on different levels, which ensures the delivery of high-quality care and the proper functioning of the entire healthcare system. As far as the macro-level is concerned, each state and territory have a nursing care act that addresses all the aspects of nursing (Sullivan, 2017). To reinforce the act, boards of nursing (BONs) have been established. These bodies regulate all the domains within the scope of nursing practice. Some responsibilities and duties of BONs are the development, enforcement, revision, and repeal of regulations, as well as the introduction of nursing standards. The boards also provide training and development for nursing professionals. At the meso-level, nursing practice is shaped by the organizational culture and regulations established in every healthcare facility. Nursing professionals follow the existing rules and guidelines that ensure the achievement of organizational goals and the best patient outcomes (Sullivan, 2017). Furthermore, nursing practitioners are supervised by nurse leaders who provide mentorship and guidance if necessary. Moreover, peer control, or rather guidance, is often common as more experienced professionals are ready to assist new nurses. At the same time, it is important to remember micro-level control that is manifested in each nurse’s moral and ethical agendas. Every nurse has their philosophies and approaches to care, as well as beliefs and values. On balance, it is possible to note that nursing practice is associated with control on different levels, which ensures the provision of high-quality care and the development of the healthcare system. Nurses’ functions are regulated by legislation, certain institutions, organizational culture, and individuals. Nursing practice is also affected by nurses’ values and beliefs, as well as their standards. However, it is essential to note that nursing practitioners often take an active part in this process and contribute to the development of nursing practice. Reference Sullivan, E. J. (2017). Effective leadership and management in nursing (9th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall.
Introduction The task of generating product concepts for level crossing systems in Australia must be considered. The budget for this project is $250 AUD. The following will consider the elements of a product concept generation process, and integrate these elements into the specifics of a level crossing systems project. The following is a description of our prototype. Without the methods used in formal concept generation, we would not have been able to have such a complex and well-planned prototype description. Main body Generating a product concept is the process of giving a rough description of the working components and processes of a product in the designing stage. This process begins with a set of clientele desires and goal objectives, combined with a list of potential concepts which may or may not be implemented. The designing team should have a sense confidence of in the concepts and feel assured that all options were considered while the best were chosen before this phase is completed. The level crossing systems for rural areas project is to increase the safety of the people and the property while crossing the tracks in rural areas. Essentially, the idea is that level crossings are dangerous places. Countless lives are lost on the tracks. The government is spending thousands of dollars in making the level crossing safe, still, many level crossings need our attention and a huge amount of money is spent on upgrading them from passive level crossings with signs to an active level crossing with boom gates and the lights. The process of generating a product concept can be broken down into many steps, including clarifying the problem or demand, problem or demand composition, an external search, leading users, utilizing experts, creating benchmarks, considering patents and copyrighting literature, contacting various professional societies, standards, internal searching, implementing individual methodologies, implementing group methodologies, systematic exploration, creating a classification tree, creating a combination table, and reflecting on the process with regards to more consideration or amendments (Ulrich and Eppinger 2004 p.102). Continuous improvement is critical in generating product concepts. Full comprehension of the problem is critical. Any problems should be divided into smaller sub-problems, and then these should be the first focus. ‘Functional decomposition’ is an essential element of this process, while the essentials of the product should be the reference for functional diagrams depicting how the product operates from one step to another. Sub-functions should be considered, especially those that are most essential to product success or have the highest probability of making some gain from innovative solutions (Ulrich and Eppinger 2004 p. 102). The system we are designing is a unique system with safeguards and backups built into it. The system consists of the following: twelve sensors that would sense the train, a circuit board
Introduction Intelligence is one of the areas of psychology that have been greatly discussed but the exact meaning of intelligence has not been agreed upon. Different individuals have different definitions and this has led to the development of different intelligence theories. To some psychologists, intelligence is determined by several factors while to some others it is a single, general ability. These theories can be used in explaining the different stands taken by individuals who relate with their ethnic groups, explain the process of development of an individual, explain why different individuals have different levels of intelligence, etc. This paper will seek to analyze the multiple intelligence theory by Howard Gardener and the Triarchic Theory of Intelligence by Robert Sternberg. Different articles will be used in analyzing the intelligence theories. Howard Gardener- Multiple Intelligence Theory It is accepted that different individuals have different levels of intelligence but the exact way to measure these levels of intelligence is different. Again different cultures value different skills differently. The way that an individual carries out the activities in the community describes his or her level of intelligence and will determine how people will take him or her in that community. Gardener’s intelligence that differs from different cultures includes logical-mathematical intelligence, musical intelligence, interpersonal intelligence, naturalistic intelligence, etc. This is the reason why different individuals take on different responsibiliti
Introduction The western expansion refers to the process whereby the Americans moved away from their original 13 colonies in the 1800s, towards the west which was encouraged by explorers like Lewis and Clarke. These explore braved nature and hostile American natives in order to explore the lands at the west. They were later followed by the settlers. The American colonists took one and a half-century to expanding colonists took fifty years to push their expansion up to the Mississippi River, (Counter.E.M, 1926). The Americans were inspired by a notion that they had a manifest destiny which promoted their belief that it was their destiny to stretch across the American continent. Another reason for the expansion was the American’s search for cheap land, with the Texas edge of settlement being pushed by the year 1850. The expansion further extended to the Southwest and the Pacific Northwest. The ‘Manifest Destiny’ as a belief discouraged United States expansion from the Atlantic seaboard to the Pacific Ocean. In the 1840s the Western United States (Texas, Oregon territory, and Mexican Cession ) was proposed to be annexed. The expansion era is also referred to as the “Age of Manifest Destiny”, from the end of the War of 1813 era to the beginning of the American Civil war. States that were first acquired by the Americans during the expansion include; Vermont, Kentucky, Tennessee, and Ohio between 1791and 1803. After the 1812 war, expansion resulted in the statehood of Indiana, Mississippi, Illinois, Alabama, Maine, and Missouri. The expansion involved laying of siege, drafting of Acts to make expansion easier (for example Dawes Severalty Act), Impresarios, Overland trails, and building of trail roads. The Western expansion, in turn, affected social reforms and slavery in America. In this paper, the influences of western expansion on social reforms (women reforms) and slavery will be discussed. Discussion Social Reforms Social reforms refer to the process that involves a gradual change in certain aspects of society. A society always holds particular views or opinions. However, these opinions may be challenged and changes advocated about them in society. The changes are undertaken through a gradual process that can also be referred to as social reforms. From the colonial era, both unmarried women and men enjoyed equal legal rights though the same law advocated for early marriage in women. The social injustices to women before the Western expansion were many and very discriminatory. After early marriage, women lost the equal rights with men that they previously enjoyed before marriage. In addition, women were not allowed to vote during elections and their education rights were undermined by limitations to only reading, writing, music, needlework, and dancing. The western expansion brought with it social reforms to stop the above-mentioned injustices against women. Social reforms made many women realize their unequal position in society during the Western expansion. Women were prohibited from speaking in any public place before the expansion. Duri