ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
How does the principal of opportunity cost apply to you attending college? For example, if you decided to save some expenses by not buying the textbook and study guide for this unit what might be the opportunity cost of that decision? (1 mark). In the context of opportunity cost, literacy is far much better than remaining illiterate. Attending college is a profitable gain since the knowledge gained help in improving one’s efficiency in performing certain tasks that require applied skills. This also applies to the opportunity cost of forgoing part time or full time work for the purpose of earning income. According to the example given the opportunity cost for not buying textbook or study guide could be saving for some educational trip to some popular organization. This will enhance practical application of the skills theoretically learned in class. Also outlaying the cost of textbooks and study guide may enable settling full time cost for the college fees. For each of the following, draw a diagram that illustrates the effect on the market for cars and show the effect on equilibrium price and quantity: The price of petrol, a complementary product, keeps rising. This will lead to a decrease in the quantity demanded due to increase in prices. The equilibrium quantity will shift from E to E 1 . The demand will eventually go down because there is no substitute for petrol in the market hence consumers have no other alternative to turn to. There is an increase in the price of compulsory car insurance. With the increase in insurance cost, the cost for the cars also increases. This has led to decrease in quantity demanded hence decrease in supply, shown by the movement from E to E 1 . High insurance cost is seen by the consumers as an addition on the normal prices of cars, this makes them shy away from buying cars. This is because the income of the consumers is still the same despite increase in price of commodities. A technological innovation reduces the cost of production. With the innovation of new technology, the cost of production is reduced and the supply increases. Before, the number of cars bought was Q 0 at price P 0 . New technology lowers the cost of production hence the numbers of cars Q 1 are bought at price P 0 . The equilibrium price and quantity shifts from E to E 1 . A local government imposes a green tax on car ownership (2 marks). Imposition of tax by the government leads to decrease in supply and quantity demanded. The same cars now cost more as compared to previous prices. Before government tax the supply stood at Q 0 at price P 0 , after the supply is only at Q 0 at price P 1 . The supply of oil will never actually run out. Why? (1 mark) According to principles of economics the supply of oil will never run dry if the markets are allowed to function freely. The changes brought by new technology coupled with the changes in consumer patterns on its use w
Introduction The expansion and extension of State Route 710 (SR-710) freeway is a Los Angeles County transportation network project that was proposed over 40years ago but still remains to be implemented. According to the U. S. Department of Transportation (2000), the 710 freeway project is not a typical highway project due to its magnitude and the immense impact that the project will have on the freeway system once it is completed. The current 710 freeway suffers from a heavy traffic load that has led to congestion and high inefficiency. Expanding and extending the freeway will help increase the roads capacity therefore making it more efficient. In spite of the positive impact that the proposed freeway project would have on the transport region in Los Angeles metropolitan, the 710 Freeway project has been faced with controversy from its initial proposal leading to a lengthy delay. Various stakeholders in the project have taken a stand either for or against the project. Due to this, the project has been stalled for over 40years and this highly contentious atmosphere still characterizes the implementation of the project. This paper will provide a detailed research on the 710 freeway project with focus on the merits and demerits of the project. The information presented will assist the community to decide on whether they should take a stand for or against the proposed 710 tunnel. Background The 710 freeway is regarded as a “critical north-south link in the LA Country transportation network” (Redmond and Romero, 2011, p.738). As of 1970, state officials observed that the freeway was unable to effectively serve the transport needs of the road users in the region. An expansion and extension project was therefore proposed to increase the carrying capacity of the freeway. The bad traffic conditions that served as the basis for the project at its inception have continued to exist and actual become more dire as the number of vehicles on the freeway increase. From its onset, the project faced controversy with a lawsuit being filed against the proposed project by the city of South Pasadena in 1973. This opposition from the city led to an injunction against the project and work could not get underway until the injunction was lifted. Because of this lawsuits and oppositions from the local community and the Los Angeles County officials, the freeway project has been refined numerous times. In 1976, the original route of the highway expansion was revised to ensure that the freeway did not pass through the Arroyo Seco Park. In reaction to opposition based on the impact that the proposed project would have on historical properties along the corridor, a new Meridian Variation Alternative was identified in 1986. This new alternative would h
Among the most important compounds that are found in the earth’s biosphere is water. Water is vital in supporting millions of lives of both plants and animals that grace the land. As a matter of fact, in this sphere, it is the most abundant compound. In appearance, water is a colorless and odorless compound exhibiting unique physical properties. These properties are owed to its “electronic structure, bonding and chemistry” (Rolands 33). Significantly, its affinity to react with a myriad of elements renders it impure at any one given time. Against this backdrop, in the thesis statement, we explore the physical/chemical properties of water and analyze how unique they are. As such, in this essay, we explore the structure and bonding, molecular symmetry and amphiprotic properties. The molecular formula of pure water is portrayed as H 2 O. This molecule is unique in itself; the bond length between the oxygen and one of the hydrogen atoms (O-H) is 0.096 nm. The repulsion between two lone pairs is the reason that the molecule assumes a wedge-shaped structure with an angle of 104.5 o between the O-H bonds (see the fig. 1 below). Figure 1: molecular structure of water. In order to understand why the structure assumes the above shape, it is important to note that the atomic structure of oxygen requires extra two electrons for it to fill its outer energy level. When the atom bonds with hydrogen atoms, two lone pairs result (see fig. 2 below). Figure 2: molecular structure of water. The two lone pairs repel each with a greater force than they do for the O-H bonds. As a consequence, the O-H bonds are pushed much closer to each other to form a wage-shaped structure (fig. 1) with an angle much less than 109 o . Considering the structure in the figure above (fig. 1), it is evident that a molecule of water has a line of symmetry that can be traced through the water molecule, acting as a bisector of the angle between the two O-H bonds. Another line of symmetry that is visible on a three-dimensional structure is that which forms a mirror image containing three atoms. Moreover, the molecule remains uninterrupted when turned at an angle of 180 o , portraying that the molecule has a two-fold rotation plane. Both mirror planes “contain the rotation axis, and this type of symmetry belongs to the point group C 2v ” (Utz 3). A point group is defined by the number of symmetry atoms that are organized in a particular fashion. Molecules exhibit diverse point group characteristics which can serve as a model for classification. Those molecules that belong to a common group exhibit analogous spectroscopic behavior. Just like it has been mentioned before, H 2 O belongs to point group C v2 . This group includes compounds like CH 2 =O and CH 2 Cl 2 . One interesting topic that continues to baffle chemists is the science of equilibria, a science that analyzes acid-base behaviors. Water molecule is unique in the sense that they can form either a weak acid or base. This is owed to the fact that it has the ability to “accept (H 3 O + ) or donate a proton (OH – )” (Utz 5). As such, water is considered to b
A financial plan details how an organization will source for funds and how these funds will be used. In this healthcare organization, it is crucial to have a stable financial plan. The plan incorporates different stakeholders to ensure smooth running of the organization. Additionally, a financial plan details assumptions in budget making, elements of the budget, possible capital expenditures, and contingency plans to get funds. This is in line with goals and strategic plans of the healthcare organization. Detailed in a three-year plan, the goals are to improve competitive advantage and reduce production costs in the first year. The second goal is maintaining a competitive advantage through increased service quality and profit maximization (Swayne, Duncan & Ginter, 2009). Budget Assumptions Budget assumptions are conditions within and without the organization that may affect the financial plan. However, in the budget making process the assumption is to make them constant. This way they do not affect the budget and do not render the organization to unexpected contingencies. The following are the major assumptions. First, the healthcare organization assumes that the customer numbers will increase with time. This follows a normal distribution. Hence, this means that the organization will continue registering a certain level of profits (Hansen, Mowen & Guan, 2007). Additionally, it shows that the organization will meet all its immediate costs. This includes fixed and additional costs. The second major assumption is that the organization will abide by any new regulatory changes. This includes changes in renewal of licenses, tax codes, and labor laws. Although these are rarely likely to change in the short-term, there is possibility that in the long-term they will change. The third assumption is the cost regime of the organization. While making a budget, it is crucial to look into the cost regime of the organization. This informs an organization about the areas that require immediate checks. The budget making process caters for any changes that may come about in the cost regime (Hansen, Mowen & Guan, 2007). Elements of the Budget The healthcare organization’s budget will have the typical elements of a normal budget and other additional specifications as per the operations of the organization. First, the budget should have revenue sources. In this case, the main source of revenue will be the service fees charged to patients. Other sources may include profits made from sale of drugs, consultation fees, among other miscellaneous charges (Swayne, Duncan & Ginter, 2009). Second, the budget contains the costs inherent in the organization. The major costs will constitute the salaries paid to staff including doctors, nurses, and security staff among others. Additionally, the healthcare organization will be paying lease fees or rent charges depending on the agreement with leaseholders. The other costs may inclu
Introduction It should be noted that the external environment of a company is a source of both crucial business resources and potential threats. Analysis of the company’s environment is a tool by which strategy developers can predict the emergence of rivals or opportunities, develop a situational plan as well as outline a strategy for achieving goals. The purpose of this paper is to determine the ways through which a decision-maker can identify strategic factors in the external environment of a company. Strategic Factors and Environment Analysis of the societal environment allows identifying the strategic factors. In particular, a decision-maker can conduct a PEST analysis to determine the main trends as applied to the four forces, which are “political, economic, socio-cultural and technological factors” (Frynas and Mellahi 43). This tool will allow specifying those aspects of the external environment that affect the business directly and indirectly. The political situation should be studied due to the fact that it determines the authority and regulates the environment of the enterprise. Moreover, it affects the way the company receives its key resources. The economic aspect should be analyzed to comprehend how the distribution of resources occurs at the state level (Frynas and Mellahi 43). In addition, this strategy will allow specifying important consumer preferences. In terms of the technological factor, the analysis will reveal trends in the development, which are often the cause of changes and market losses or lead to the emergence of new products. Next, the decision-maker should evaluate the degree to which these trends will affect the primary stakeholders. This information will allow them to identify the developments, which will have an impact on the future environment (Koontz and Weihrich 51). The analysis should be arranged in the form of a matrix, in which the factors of the macro environment and the strength of their influence will be indicated. The obtained results will allow assessing the external situation in the areas of production and commercial activities. Those strategic issues that have a high probability of impact and occurrence should be regarded as strategic factors (Alon et al. 103). After the anal
The Ethical Issue The ethical issue in this article is the emission of greenhouse gases. Every country should address the issue of carbon dioxide emission. Coal produces over 40 percent of electricity in China (Mann, 2014). The outstanding fact is that many people are unaware of this scenario. The article also explains why many countries are using coal to produce electricity. China’s generates most of its electricity from coal. Most of the manufacturing companies in the country use coal to assemble different products such as the iPhone. China is also the leading producer of cement and steel. The country uses coal to produce most of these commodities (Ladanai & Vinterback, 2009). The universe cannot ignore the importance of coal. The world consumed 7.6 billion tons of coal last year (Mann, 2014). This situation explains why the threat of greenhouse gases is on the rise. Our sources of energy are unsustainable. This article explains why the world should be ready to deal with the problem of climate change. My Thoughts Before and After Reading the Article My understanding was that every state was working hard in order to make the planet sustainable. I have always embraced the best practices in order to make the world sustainable. This article explains why our world is facing a major energy crisis. The article explains why the current rate of global warming is a major challenge. The changing weather patterns also explain why we should deal with these greenhouse gases. Some countries, such as China will always use coal to produce electricity (Mann, 2014). The Chinese government uses coal to improve the living conditions of its citizens. The current effort to use solar, wind, and nuclear energies might never be sustainable. These energy sources cannot address our increasing energy needs. The world will always use coal “despite the protocols and laws formulated to reduce the level of carbon emission” (Ehrenfreund, 2014, p. 2). This article explains why the universe should be ready to address this problem. My Values and Opinion The facts presented in this article are meaningful and timeless. According to Ehrenfreund (2014), the current wave of globalization consumes a lot of energy and resources. The global population requires a lot of energy. Many countries, such as China will continue to burn more coal in the coming years. The practice will emit more carbon dioxide. Some of our energy sources, such as solar and wind, will not meet the world’s energy needs (Ladanai & Vinterback, 2009). The problems of greenhouse gas emission and global warming might never end soon. Every country should come up with new practices in order to deal with this challenge (Mann, 2014). This will be the first strategy towards a sustainable world. My Final Position I have gained new ideas after conducting this st
Abstract The inclusion or exclusion of courses in ethics in MBA programs has elicited a controversial debate among scholars. One side argues that the current MBA programs should include ethics units. However, some experts dispute the effectiveness of such training by claiming that it would be of minimal importance since ethical conduct depends on the personality of the individual. Cases revolving around employee misconduct in the workplace have grown tremendously over the past few decades, thus, prompting employers and other business experts to recommend the inclusion of ethical studies in business courses. Some institutions have heeded the call, and they are now offering courses on ethics to MBA students as part of the curriculum. Nevertheless, some institutions of higher learning have ignored the importance of offering ethics courses to business students. This paper examines the importance of offering ethics courses to MBA students and substantiates the argument that such an endeavor would be beneficial to the future of global businesses. Introduction The importance of introducing ethics courses in the MBA curriculum has elicited heated debate amongst scholars. The proponents of such integration argue that teaching business ethics to the students taking MBA programs could go a long way in averting business malpractices that are currently evident in the contemporary business world (O’Boyle 287). Unethical businesses incur huge losses in terms of fines and loss of contracts in the long-term as campaigns against unethical firms intensify. However, critics dispute the viability of integrating business ethics courses in MBA programs. The critics argue that most cases involving business malpractices involve people influenced by the organization’s culture to make the wrong decisions. Based on the menti
The story of the four horsemen of apocalypse is found in the sixth chapter of Revelation starting from verse one to eight. The four horsemen are used symbolically to explain various activities that will occur as the world ends. The description of the first horseman of apocalypse is found in Revelation chapter six verse two. The first horseman is believed to be the antichrist. He will be empowered to destroy those who will go against him. He is a false representation of the real Christ who will use a white horse to come back. The description of the second horseman is found in verse four of the sixth chapter. The story of this horseman is a reference to a fierce war that will erupt in the final days of the earth. The third horseman appears in verse five and six of the same chapter. The story of this horseman is that of a deadly famine that will be witnessed probably resulting from the war the second horseman will have caused. The eighth verse of Revelation chapter six brings out the description of the fourth and last horseman. The appearance of this horseman represents destruction and death. His appearance will be characterized by both war and famine which will have been brought by earlier horsemen 1 . The 144000 The 144000 is a group of martyrs who are mentioned two times in the book of Revelation. John first saw this group in his first vision after which he had a second vision where he saw large groups of people dressed in white clothes. The 144000 is believed to be the initial group that will be protected from the wrath of God when God will begin punishing the evil. These are the ones who will be redeemed and saved from destruction because of their faithfulness and sanctity. The number is symbolic of God’s faithful who have rejected false teachings by remaining virgins in their spirits. They have repented their sins and follow the perfect ways prescribed by God. Although the 144000 may suffer on earth, they will be saved from further suffering when God will come to punish the sinners and those who rejected him. The 144000 will be granted eternal life. This group will be given a special seal symbolizing that it is a chosen group belonging to God 2 . Babylon the Great The symbol of Babylon the great is a woman in purple and red clothes seated on a beast holding a cup in her hands. It is believed that the Babylon was immoral and influenced other people in the city to follow her example. Her immoral deeds are believed to be the genesis of immorality which exists today. The Roman Empire gave way to a new kingdom with th
Study Purpose Many scholars have explored Saccharomyces cerevisiae alcoholic fermentation (AF) for many millennia in different food processes that are critical to humans. The core purpose of this scientific study was to compare different yeast strain behaviors in brewing, baking, and winemaking processes. Furthermore, researchers intended to investigate the impact of human selection on strains’ food processing in addition to studying both the genetic variability and plasticity of different fermentation products between strains and food processes. The study purposed to analyze the association between metabolic traits, AF kinetics parameters, and traits’ life history during the process of AF. Finally, the study aimed at proposing a new strain selection rationale. Methods Researchers selected varied strains of S. cerevisiae from different geographical origins and industries of food processing to make a representation of the major strain clusters. They used three synthetic media, which differed in anaerobic growth factor, osmotic pressure, pH, and sugar and nitrogen levels in order to reflect significant changes of fermentation medium between baking, winemaking, and brewing processes. Before inoculation, they further filtered the media through a 0.45-µm nitrate-cellulose membrane. The released carbon dioxide (CO2) amount was determined through automatic measurement of glass reactor weight loss in intervals of 20 minutes. Moreover, researchers regularly monitored cell size and population growth with the use of a particle counter. CO2-specific flux was calculated by dividing the production rate of the gas by the cell number for a particular volume. At the end of AF process, researchers made many dosages. Ethanol concentration determination was done using infrared reflectance while colorimetry was used to measure acetic acid and residual glucose production in continuous flux. Results The study results pointed out that human selection focused on completing fermentation for both trehalose and wine content using the S. cerevisiae strains. It was also found that the effect of food processing origin of the studied strains was lower than the medium and strain effects. Such a thing showed weak human selection for the processing of foods. The primary effect of the geographical origin of the strains manifested in the achievement of fermentation. Distillery and beer strains displayed either incomplete or slow fermentation while the wine strains produced more CO2 gas in less time, particularly in the enology medium. It is in the enology medium that the strains consumed all the sugars. Moreover, the geographical origin had no substantial effect on AF, which indicates that improvement programs of particular food processing industry can exploit the variability of strains utilized in many other industries. The used glucose was analyzed. The analysis revealed plastic and genetic variations in products of fermentation, which indicates that the use of artificial selection is effective in modifying the production of acetate and glycerol among many others. According to this study, the ma