ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Iraq has faced a multiplicity of challenges ever since Saddam Hussein was removed from power in 2003, but the main obstacle to its democratization process seems to stem more from religious/sectarian and ethnic-oriented divide. From the reading, it is clear that sectarian and ethnic-based politics, which is sanctioned by the Shiite-Kurdish axis, has dominated the Iraq political scene ever since the dethronement of authoritarian dictator Saddam Hussein (Ghanim 33). It is imperative to mention that the Shiite-Kurdish alliance in question here is based on religious nuances, thus it would be entirely correct to suggest that religious divide is one of the main obstacle to the Iraq democratization process. Indeed, upon reading the chapters, an opinion forms that ethno-sectarian polarization is not only the leading cause of a weak and divided Iraqi government, along with an ineffectual parliament (Ghanim 125), but it is also the mainstay through which minority tribes and women are repressed and coerced to compliance using violent means (Ghanim 34). Perhaps it would be plausible to draw parallels between the situation in Iraq and the recently concluded elections in Egypt to demonstrate the role of religious sects in attempts to stifle the democratization process. While we all know that democracy is based on individual rights and choices (Ghanim 44), and that it is the rule of the majority while guaranteeing the rights of the minority through constitutional channels (Ghanim 129), we see a situation in Iraq where the constitution stresses religious and sectarian rights at the expense of individual rights (Ghanim 44). The rights of the minorities are not guaranteed in this setup. In Egypt, not only is the ruling elite (The Muslim Brotherhood) a conglomeration of Islamic groups with vested sectarian interests, but minorities with a different political viewpoint continue to be killed mercilessly by Islamic fanatics (Ali para. 1). Elections are supposed to spur the democratic process. Indeed, from the reading, it is clear that “…elections are an indispensable and integral part of democracy” (Ghanim 125). However, in Iraq, elections are stage-managed via religious and ethno-sectarian interests with the view to hinge the democratic process on the politics of exclusion, domination, repression, violence, and monopolization of power and w
Drawing up a business model related to the creation and sale of art objects is a somewhat risky and challenging undertaking. Unlike the release of any general consumer goods, painting is not a constant, continuous process. This type of activity does not produce basic necessities, which means that demand is not guaranteed. Therefore, in the case of Sikander, the first key factor in ensuring the success of her project’s business model is having a stable customer base. This element is vital as it is the basis of the first stage of the business project. To move forward, gain an audience and notoriety, Sikander needs to sell enough work through the University and her website. Subscribers can also be considered as an alternative to having direct buyers. To reach her audience, Sikander must either develop a campaign to attract attention to her work or gain support for them. These factors are the main ones since the further development of the entire project depends on them. In part, these problems are solved because the artist has already earned a name for herself by participating in various kinds of exhibitions and teaching. The Lean Startup is the ideal model for approaching an artist’s business on multiple factors. This concept is characterized by a scientific approach to management, which allows you to engage in project work. This approach is combined with a different kind of experiment, iterative release of goods, and customer feedback. All the qualities described are suitable for the artistic direction chosen by Sikander due to its specificity. Firstly, drawing is always a kind of experiment, and in most cases, the final result is not fully known. Secondly, the paintings are released with a rather long interval between them, in cases of traditional art. Finally, feedback from clients, and in this case, viewers, is an integral part of an artist’s life. If the creator does not have an audience, they cannot fully develop and move on. Therefore, using this approach, Sikander will be able to design their drawings to suit the largest possible audience, thereby getting the most out of their business project.
Humanity is often faced with challenges such as disease, natural disasters, and war that cause us pain and suffering. While it is impossible to evade these harsh realities of human life, we can try to alleviate some of the sufferings through various efforts. The Ypsilanti Lions Club at Eastern Michigan University attempts to do just that even if at a small scale since we believe that even if our efforts positively affect only one person, then we will have given something valuable to humanity. Beginning 16 th February 2010 through to the 18 th the Ypsilanti Lions club organized the organ donation registry table whose main purpose was to invite people from all walks of life to literally give a piece of themselves to others. Considering the deficit of organs for transplantation in hospitals, this was indeed a very noble gesture. The event was set to be a part of an ongoing inter- campus challenge within various schools in the area. Its main aim was to provide information about the importance of organ donation and also register the members who were willing to participate in this noble cause. According to Jett, a writer with the Eastern Echo Newspaper, the students at the university were very positive about the whole process and were equally excited at the prospect of making a positive contribution to society on such a monumental issue. An organ donation specialist at the university, Ms. Boldon, devoted much of her time to spreading the word about the exercise. Boldon set up a Facebook page, contacted the radio stations about the event, and sent a lot of emails to ensure that people registered in their hundreds. The event was attended by some members of the Ypsilanti lions club of Eastern Michigan University, Ann Arbor Lions Club, and several other representatives from the MI eye bank and Gift of life organization throughout the three days. People flocked the table to gather information and at least 84 of them registered online after being satisfied by the information provided. What really moved me was the fact that people had over the years realized the importance of helping each other without expecting any gains. Volunteering to give someone else a piece of you so that they too can have a chance of living is not only humane but also a virtue that should be implemented by all. In one case, a man who had lost his wife to cancer 10years back came by and registered himself as a donor as if it were not enough he himself was suffering from bladder cancer but instead of self-loathing, he made a choice to help out those who with his organs would live longer. In addition to this, a lady in charge of the Faculty Development Center also came by and registered her name as a donor. These two examples show different people with different social statuses being joined in oneness towards a common goal to save humanity. The support offered by the university, the gift of life organization, and members of the public were indeed impressive. The international student office, women’s Center, and Lesbian, Gay and Transgender centers at the university had promis
This Sales Agreement (the “Agreement”) between Sports Apparel (the “Seller”) and Boston Fanatics (the “Buyer”), collectively “the Parties”, is entered into as of October 8, 2019 (the “Effective Date”). Background Seller is the manufacturer of the following product(s):   * “Super Bowl LIV Patriots 19-0” T-shirts; and   * Buyer wants to purchase and distribute the identified product(s). Accordingly, the Parties agree as follows:  1. Sale of Goods. Seller is to make available for sale, and Buyer shall purchase 10,000 items (the “Goods”).  2. Delivery. Seller should deliver the Goods to Buyer to California at least one (1) day prior to the event (Super Bowl). The Goods can be regarded as delivered when Buyer accepts them at the above-mentioned location. The shipping method is to be chosen by Seller, and Buyer shall be responsible for shipping costs up to the place of the event.  3. Purchase Price and Payments. Seller agrees to sell the Goods to Buyer for $ 150,000. Seller will provide the first invoice for $30,000 to Buyer after assigning this sales agreement. The second invoice for $120,000 will be sent at the time of delivery. These invoices are to be paid, in full, within ten (10) days. A five percent (5%) late payment penalty will set to any unpaid balances.  4. Inspection of Goods and Rejection. Buyer is eligible to examine the Goods at the time of delivery. In case the Goods are objectionable for quality or any reason, Buyer shall discard them within 3 (3) business days from the date of delivery. Otherwise, it is considered that Buyer surrendered any right to reject this particular delivery. If Buyer castoffs the Goods, Seller should be allowed a reasonable time, which is to be determined by the Parties, to cure deficiency.  5. Risk of Loss. Until the time when the Buyer accepts delivery, the risk of loss will be on the Seller, who should carry all necessary insurance to protect the Goods against loss at Seller’s own expense. In case Drunk and Disorderly Trucking LLC, the transportation company, meets an incident during delivery, two (2) additional days are to be provided to Seller to resolve issues.  6. Excuse for Delay or Failure to Perform. Seller will not be liable to Buyer for any delay due to fires, transportation shortage, Acts of God, accidents, or any other causes that are not in Seller’s control. Seller is to contact Buyer immediately upon such events that can impede the delivery of the Goods as stated.  7. Termination. This Agreement can be terminated at any time by Seller or Buyer through the written notification to the other party. All Goods delivered and recognized up to the date of termination must be paid by Buyer.  8. Disclaimer of Warranties. In terms of this document, the goods are sold ‘as they are’. Seller specifically refutes all warranties, such as any implied warranty of merchantability for the mentioned event.  9. Entire Agreement. The Parties confirm that this Agreement represents all interests between them. If the Parties want to alter or modify any ter
Introduction The State of California aims to achieve a safe as well as drug-free community through enforcement of various prevention programs. The state officers have the duty to prevent targeted crimes in cooperation with the local as well as federal officers. They are also assisted by the local community members. One of the programs that have been implemented by the state is the Gang Violence Suppression Program which was created through the California Penal Code, Chapter 3.5 (Davis, 2003). The program aims to minimize gang violence within the California community. It also aims to change potentially dangerous activities of gangs into more valuable as well as constructive behavior. The program helps remove dangerous weapons such as guns, explosives among others from the street. It removes violent offenders such as career criminals as well as repeat offenders from the streets of California. The program uses CALGANG Information System to track gangs as well as their members which is necessary for investigating gang-related crimes. GVS program therefore provides funds to the California Department of Justice to operate the CALGANG System since it is the lead agency among the components of the GVS Program. Purpose The purpose of the study is to analysis the success and the effectiveness of Gang Violence Suppression Program in California. Thesis Statement The Gang Violence Suppression Program has achieved significant success in reducing gangs and gang-related crimes. Reasons for establishment According to Justia US Law (2009), it was realized by the California legislature that gang violence and gang activities were fast growing in the state. School age pupils and students were also not left out in this and their level of involvement was increasing. Besides, there were several schools that provided education to many youths who were involved in gang activities; however, these schools were not able to effectively implement programs which could help prevent the students from getting involved in gang activities since there was no statewide funded program in institutions for such purposes. The legislature also found evidence that the parents of those involved in gangs do not have appropriate parenting skills considering that the youths get involved in gangs while still young. Gang involvement is usually a result of lack of positive role models (Justia US Law, 2009). Gang Violence Suppression Program was therefore established to support the district attorneys’ offices in prosecuting offenders involved in gang violence; and the local law-enforcement agencies in crime and criminal identification, investigation as well as apprehension of suspected offenders of gang violence. It was also implemented to assist county probation departments to provide extensive supervision to gang members on pr
STP framework consists of three components: segmentation, targeting, and positioning. Each of these elements plays a significant role in building organizations’ strategic value. Market segmentation is defined as a process of apportionment of a mass market into specific and recognizable segments, each of them having common features and demonstrating identical reactions to marketing actions (Baines & Fill 2014). With the help of this process, companies can choose particular target segments and establish marketing plans focused on satisfying the specific requirements of potential consumers. Determining the segments is regarded as an opportunity (Baines & Fill 2014). Two major groups of variables are employed in segmentation: descriptive considerations (demographic, geographic, and psycho-graphic) and behavioral characteristics (customers’ responses to brands and benefits) (Kotler & Keller 2012). Descriptive features enable researchers to analyze customers’ responses to products. Behavioral considerations help to identify whether various features are related to each particular consumer-reaction segment (Kotler & Keller 2012). Market segmentation is based on a principle that every consumer has different needs and purchasing behavior. With the help of this component of STP framework, companies can identify what segments should be targeted. Market targeting is defined as a set of consumers with similar characteristic features that an organization wants to serve (Zimmerman & Blythe 2013). Segments can be targeted in two ways: by evaluating the appeal of each sector and by scrutinizing the ability of a company to serve particular segments (Dibb & Simkin 2013). Targeting may be undifferentiated, differentiated, and concentrated. When a company uses undifferentiated targeting, it concentrates on similarities present in all segments but at the same time makes an effort to satisfy the whole market with a single marketing mix. This type of targeting most frequently occurs in the initial phases of a product lifecycle when consumers are bound to accept the product because they have no alternative (Zimmerman & Blythe 2013). Undifferentiated marketing ends when competition appears. Differentiated marketing is employed when a company creates particular marketing mixes to serve every segment. The cost of this type of targeting is higher than that of undifferentiated marketing. The third kind of targeting – concentrated – is suitable for companies with limited resources (Zimmerman & Blythe 2013). When using this type of targeting, an organization can afford to focus on as little as one or several segments with the aim of building dominance in that sector. The third component of STP framework is positioning. Positioning takes place when the processes of segmentation and targeting have been completed. Market positioning is defined as establishing a set of features and advantages that will help to single out the brand in consumers’ perception (Andaleeb 2017). The main
The main differences between the revolutions lie in their origins: the American Revolution was stimulated by the unwillingness to pay higher tax revenues to Britain, the French one was stimulated by the willingness to replace current political and social structure, and the Haitian one was stimulated by the need to proclaim the equality of all men of all races living in the Republic. Other differences between the revolutions are related to their political goals. The American Revolution was aimed at gaining independence of the Republic from Britain, the French Revolution was aimed at struggling against the rulers and the abolishment of monarchy, and the Haitian Revolution was focused on the elimination of the slavery combined with the gaining independence of the Republic from France. Therefore, the development of the revolutionary ideas was stimulated by different groups of population – by upper middle class in America, by peasants and bourgeoisie in France, and by slaves in Haiti. The main common feature of the revolutions is related to their effective achievement of the main political goals and the similar immediate consequences. Each of the revolutions led to the broadening of the rights of the citizens and emphasized the importance of equality and liberty. The declarations and official sets of laws created as the results of the revolutions are similar in terms of their focus on the promotion of human rights and freedom. Each of the revolutions has resulted in the overturning of the country’s government. All of these revolutions are considered to be partially inspired by the ideas of Enlightenment. Besides, both American and Haitian revolutions were aimed at gaining of the independence of the republics from their colonizers. The evident negative consequences of the revolutions can be considered another common feature, as while the American Revolution gave the right of vote to the minority and promoted slavery, the French and Haitian Revolutions resulted in the outburst of violence (e.g. Reign of Terror in France) and caused thousands of casualties.
Marijuana is known as the most frequently used drug not only in the United States but also all over the world. Lately, there have been many arguments dealing with the legalisation of marijuana for medical and recreational purposes. Therefore, it is advisable to study its history and describe positive and negative effects. The most common way of marijuana use is smoking. This drug is derived from the leaves of the plant called Cannabis Sativa, which can be smoked in pipes, cigarettes, and cigars. It also can be mixed with food and tea. The flowers of cannabis are used to produce hashish, which is smoked and taken orally as well. This drug has been utilised in China and India to achieve euphoria since ancient times. It was stated that cannabis plant has the power to heal malaria, rheumatism and even absent-mindedness. It is a general opinion that Muslims used it for recreational purposes instead of alcohol banned by their religion. Marijuana was brought to America by Spanish seamen in the 14th century. Primarily, in the United States, some medications prescribed to patients contained marijuana. During the years of Prohibition, this drug gained big popularity as a substitute for alcohol. Still, in the middle of the 20th century, its medical properties were questioned, and it was classified as a Schedule I drug together with such heavy drugs as heroine. Nevertheless, nowadays marijuana has been legalised again in many countries, including some U.S. states. Although many people believe that marijuana is harmless and the access to it should be unlimited, it has a number of negative health effects and might lead to addiction. Regular use of this drug may cause anxiety and depression. It also is associated with the risk of development of psychoses among people who have genetic vulnerability. The use of marijuana may also lead to lung cancer because it is often mixed with tobacco in cigarettes. Some researchers state that “marijuana smokers are more likely to report symptoms of chronic bronchitis than are nonsmokers” (Volkow et al. 2221). The long use of marijuana, especially in the period of adolescence and childhood may cause addiction. The availability of this drug might cause the desire to use it. Still, it is crucial to note that i
Introduction A streamlined supply chain ensures business efficiency and more productive business processes. Supply chain management involves the management of supply and demand, customer orders, inventory tracking, distribution channels and customer deliveries. Thus, in streamlining the supply chain, integration of all these business processes is essential. However, the evolving global markets, stiff competition and technological advancements have made quality management in supply chains a challenge to quality managers. Supply chain management aims at enhancing sustainable organizational competitiveness and customer satisfaction. Often, supply chain management (SCM) emphasizes on customer delivery at reduced prices while quality management emphasizes on quality of goods or services at reduced prices. The article, ‘Developing global supply chain quality management systems’ by Kuei, Madu and Lin discusses “a conceptual framework for the integration of the two approaches; SCM and quality management” (2011, p. 4457). The article identifies system, design and decision variables as integral to any global supply chain quality management (SCQM) strategy. By using in-depth case studies of multinational companies in Taiwan, Kuei et al identified four essential themes of SCQM strategy: design, SCM, human resource management and leadership decision-making. According to Foster, quality management enhances communication in supply chains, which promotes partnerships along the supply chain and enhances customer relationship management (2009, p. 156). Kuei et al describe the CRM, enterprise-planning systems (ERP) and product lifecycle management (PLM) as systems that facilitate collaborations along the supply chains (2009, p. 4458). Their framework integrates the principles of quality management in supply chains to enhance profitability and customer satisfaction. The Quality Management Principles Most multinational companies have adopted various models that incorporate quality management concepts into existing SCM models in order to confront the challenges of globalization. Kuei et al identify five main challenges that affect the supply chains quality: advanced technologies, environment conservation, partnerships, outsourcing and reducing wastes (2009, p. 4459). These pressures call for the need for quality management in supply chains. Specifically, quality management addresses SCM inadequacies such as leadership in supply chains, creation of a collaborative culture, management of logistical processes and customer cost requirements (Goetsch, & Davis1997, p.148). The article highlights outsourcing as a viable option to modern enterprises for enhancing quality management in supply chains relative to vertical integration. It influences partnerships, logistics as well as the management of the supply networks and improves core competencies and productivity when properly im