ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction When reviewing scholarly studies that deploy the methodology of a qualitative inquiry, it is important to be fully aware of what ‘constructs’ the criteria for assessing their actual value. The rationale behind this suggestion is quite apparent – the very nature of a qualitative research presupposes that, in order to be able to succeed in it, researchers must be capable of understanding what accounts for the would-be probed phenomena’s discursive significance. Main Body As Padgett noted, “Qualitative studies seek to represent the complex worlds of respondents in a holistic, on-the-ground manner. They emphasize subjective meanings and question the existence of a single objective reality” (2004, p. 3). Thus, in order to be considered as such that represents a legitimate scientific value, a particular qualitative study must be fully consistent with the so-called principle of the Hermeneutic Circle: “We come to understand a complex whole from preconceptions about the meanings of its parts and their interrelationships” (Klein & Myers, 1999, p. 71). It must also be observant of the principle of Contextualization (the actual significance of a particular political, cultural or scientific idea cannot be discussed outside of its historical context). We can also mention the principle of Interaction (it presents scientists with the challenge of establishing a psychological trust with study’s subjects, while remaining unaffected by these people’s subjective opinions) and the principle of Multiple Interpretations (it is only by adopting an ideologically neutral approach towards making a qualitative inquiry that researchers are able to endow their conclusions with theoretical soundness). Finally, a high-quality qualitative study must be indicative of the researcher’s ability to recognize its own prejudices, in regards to the studied subject matter, without striving to suppress them altogether, as the positivist researchers do (Draper, 2004). In the paper’s following part, I will review five academic qualitative studies, which address the matters, related to the notion of organizational culture, and which I believe were conducted in manner, more or less consistent with the earlier mentioned principles.  1. In her 2010 study Applicability of the resource-based and dynamic-capability views under environmental volatility , Lei-Yu Wu aimed to test the validity of the hypothesis that: “A highly volatile environment does not weaken the positive relationship between ﬁrm dynamic capabilities and competitive advantage” (p. 28). The deployed methodolo
If you were President Ford would you have impeached or pardoned Nixon? From Watergate’s incident, President Nixon deserved impeachment having attempted to cover-up the 1972’s political break-in at the DNC’s headquarter. In personal opinion, President Ford could have not pardoned Nixon following his unlawful deeds. As the then president of the US mandated to embraced justice, democracy, and integrity, Nixon deserved a thorough conviction having failed to satisfy these virtues. It was clear (as investigated by FBI) that Nixon and his administration were the principal schemers of the criminal incidences witnessed at the NDC headquarter indicated earlier (Bottom 1). This is a critical provision when considered critically. Additionally, his attempts to cover-up the incident based on his authority as the then-sitting president were unlawful and impractical. For that matter, it is crucial to argue that President Nixon could have been impeached due to his illegal deeds and the misuse of the presidential office. Elections should be free and fair; nonetheless, the scheme (steered by Nixon’s administration) violated such principles. This indicates why such incidences should be charged before the court of law to establish, ratify, and embrace justice within the country. Whether what he did was serious It is crucial to agree that what President Richard Nixon did was serious when regarded in the democratic, political, and legal realms. The fact that the incident was political indicated how he wanted to rig his reelection to the white house for another term. This was politically incongruent with what was expected of a topmost leader. Additionally, the tape records grasped in his office indicated clearly how he was involved in the act (ICSI 1). It is vital to claim that Nixon’s administration did not embrace democracy as demonstrated on various occasions. The fact that he attempted to cover-up the incident was a serious occurrence in his administration. He could have allowed for flawless investigations to occur on the matter rather than taking sides. Additionally, the fact that he indulged in illegal raids and attempted to cover-up the entire incident was serious in various contexts. Would you have resigned if you were Nixon? Due to the nature of the incidence, relevant investigations executed by FBI, and subsequent court orders, I could have also resigned if I were President Nixon. This was to reduce the anxiety and mistrust that Americans had started bestowing on Nixon’s administration. The pressure concerning the matter was uncontainable and the situation could have worsened in case Nixon failed to resign (NationalGeographic 1). This move was necessary to restore normalcy within the country. Additionally, it could have been hard to win the election due to the negative impacts fronted by the incident. Similarly, the fact that some of Nixon’s administrators had been vindicated worsened the situation. This shows why it was vital to resign from the docket of the presidency
Introduction The era prior to the 19 th Century portrayed the use of black Americans as slaves. The slave owners termed them as their property and great expansion of slavery was seen during this period. The Civil War that took place in the 19 th Century brought with it a need and a demand to ban slavery in the American territories (Hauswald, 1998). This marked the beginning of the Westward movement, a historical turning point of the Native Americans, with the authorization to construct the transcontinental railroad. This created great tension between the Southerners and Northerners who were both vying for routes to the Pacific Ocean. Additionally, this led to the Native Americans being displaced when the so called ‘Civilized tribes’ began to incorporate the white people’s culture towards the end of the Civil War in 1812. Background Though the Native Americans practiced some form of slavery, theirs was not a harsh practice as was the case with the Europeans in the later case. According to Quintard (1990), they did not exploit their slaves neither did they trade them in the pre-colonial era. This practice of slavery by the Native Americans changed drastically on the arrival of the colonial Europeans in North America. They introduced a new era of slavery by capturing the Native Americans and forced them to work for them in their farms. (Barstow 1923). Though this slave trade lasted till around1730, it however led to devastating tribal wars. The Indian wars in particular in the early 18 th century, and with the increasingly numbers of Africans being imported as slaves categorically ended the Native American slave trade. The civilized Native American tribes began adopting the white culture by owning the African slaves. They began trading the slaves and selling them to the whites. The Africans were actually abdicated from their homes and forcibly brought to work as slaves from their homes in Africa. It has been estimated that more than one million slaves were imported and sold in North America (Katz, 2005). The Period Of The Westward Movement During their time as slave workers, some black slaves attempted to defy the slavery system. They did this by destroying the property of their owner or pretending to be sick in order to avoid work. Others were bold enough to join slave revolts and turn against their masters. There were those bold enough who managed to escape but most chose to work in the farms for their masters for fear of facing the tough consequences that could include death. The whites kept telling the black slaves of an ‘Underground Railroad’ that was a lee way to their freedom. It should be understood that it was this talk of the railroad that led to the slaves becoming su
Learning anything without a teacher is impossible. Rather sad, yet completely true fact, the given statement is the key reason for the existence of schools, universities and other educational establishments. Without someone to guide the student, the process of learning will never be productive. However, it is possible to become one’s own teacher. I must admit that absorbing, digesting and especially interpreting information has always been a problem for me. Though the given specifics had not mattered for a fairly large amount of time, there came the day when being able to interpret the newly obtained data became a crucial issue. To be more exact, when I started learning and shaping the idea of my future career, I realized that in the epoch of information technology, being able to process data and pass it onto another person makes a great chunk of today studying and business processes. Bering too shy and too short of extra time and money to enroll into a class where a teacher could show me the mechanics of “retelling,” I decided to get a grip and start my own learning program. Analyzing the issue, I understood that my key problem was that I tried to embrace the entire range of facts that are thrown at me. Reaching the conclusion that information had to be split in portions, I discovered an important secret, which said that information did not come as a whole, but could be divided into smaller units. However, I soon came across a serious obstacle. The key problem was that I was not able to single out the segments of information that I had discovered; whenever hearing any news, I heard a string of words or, at best, phrases, which all seemed equally important to me. Therefore, it was necessary to develop a system that would allow somehow to mark the beginning and the end of each segment. Listening closer to the way the English speech sounds, I figured out that the specific intonations could help me. Realizing that the flowing tone meant that background information was going to follow while the ascending tone marked the appearance of an important fact, name or number, I stopped fearing listening to English speech and started specifying the essential segments of speech. Learning to paraphrase, as I realized soon, was a matter of memorizing more synonyms, which I handled rather easily. Finally, I discovered that my success as a learner depends only on my efforts; as Malcolm Knowles said, “The single most important competence that people must possess to survive is the ability to learn, with or without a teacher” (Knowles 167). The above-mentioned experience shows that I prefer the information that comes in visual form rather than the spoken one, as well as that I am able to pin down a specific problem and work on it on my own. In addition, to learn more efficiently, I need to break the succession of my further actions in detailed points. The g
Outline Coverage of Qatar’s hosting of the 2022 World Cup and the issues of bribery  1. The World Cup’s attacks on Qatar.  2. Possibilities of improvements. During the last decade, almost all countries in the Middle East have undergone a number of discussions based on the controversies about the ideas of human rights, gender differences, working and living conditions, high standards, etc. Media continues covering various aspects of the countries’ lives and introduces new approaches and explanations of the events that are occurring there. One of the latest news items that has been recently discussed is the fact that Qatar won the right to host the World Cup in 2022 (Martin, 2015). In a short period of time, a number of media sources put the decision under serious question. Some people could not understand the reasons for why Qatar, the country with a poor and limited football history, got the rights to host such a significant football event as the World Cup. Some people believe that there was a case of bribery and analyze the issue of 2015 FIFA corruption that helps to enrich people involved in international soccer (Rowe, 2016). And, some people are still eager to know more about this event and the changes and challenges that are waiting for the country. Media coverage of Qatar hosting the World Cup in 2022 proves how crucial the impact of media could be. It is hard to predict the outcomes of media coverage and how the information could be accepted. People use the information from various sources in a number of ways. At the same time, they want to stay unbiased and confident that their opinions are independent and well-grounded. Further, they cannot even realize how influential media actually is. Looking at the issue of the 2022 World Cup, it is hard to comprehend why so many discussions touch Qatar as the only country with its human rights violations, workers abuses (Rossingh, 2016), or even gender inequality. For example, in Russia, which is also one of the hosting countries in the nearest future, there are many cases workers’ rights violations and misunderstandings (Martin, 2015). Still, not much attention is paid to the conditions under which that country was chosen as one of the FIFA hosts. The World Cup’s attacks on Qatar There are many explanations of the media attacks Qatar experienced during the last several months. First, the evident fact that cannot be neglected is the number of times the country participates in such types of events. The Middle East (Qatar in particular) is one of the youngest participants in the World Cup. People know a little about this country, and media wants to participate in the disc
The place selected for the research project is North Riverside Park Mall. It is a large shopping center that comprises over one hundred fashion, grocery, electronics, perfumery, and other stores, as well as a food court, a movie theater, and a few play areas for children. The mall serves as a hub for people from diverse backgrounds, with different interests and needs. It is always full of those in search of entertainment, socializing, new trends, and purchase experiences. Place Description and Evaluation The mall is a two-level building with a parking lot in front of it. Inside it is spacious and light-colored. The interior and exterior design is neutral so that it does not distract or cause discomfort. Overall, the mall may not look that different from many other shopping centers. It is located 3,2 miles away from my home. Therefore, I usually drive my car to get there. Most of the time, I visit the mall when I have an actual need to buy something. Nevertheless, when with my friends, I can watch new movies or grab a coffee there occasionally. No matter what the purposes of my visit to North Riverside Park Mall are, it always helps me relax and take a break from stressful events in life. Thus, it is possible to say that the place can provide a psychological relief. Like in my case, the mall gives other members of the community an opportunity to shop for a great variety of things, meet friends, or spend time with their families. The role of North Riverside Park Mall in support of socialization is rather the most important one. Multiple events for both adults and children are held there on different occasions. Thus, it helps enhance the community connections. This feature defines the importance of the place to me, and it can also be regarded as the major strength of the mall. However, it has a significant weakness as well. Since the shopping center is specialized in commercial activities, one can be excessively exposed to advertisement there. It is apparent t
Ethnocentrism is a phenomenon that can be noticed in many types of media, including movies, the Internet, music, and comics. According to Kam and Kinder (2012), ethnocentrism is a “deep-seated psychological predisposition that partitions the world into ingroups and outgroups”, namely, into “us” and “them” or “similar” and “foreign” (p. 326). Ethnocentrism can divide the world into two camps, which are perceived as different by viewers; these camps consist of friends and enemies and lead to favoritism with regard to one of the groups and suspicion of the other. In general, ethnocentrism is a belief that one’s culture and group behavior are better or “the standard” compared to all other ethnic groups. At the same time, stereotyping is caused by ethnocentrism; it consists of particular judgments about people related to an ethnicity that are often based on inadequate information. Stereotyping can emerge when a person lacks knowledge about the other group or has irrational anxiety when confronted with it (Jenifer & Raman, 2015). Central themes of stereotypes are the moral character and intellectual capacity. While ethnocentrism is a phenomenon observed in various cultural groups, stereotyping is the process of transforming the fear and anxiety related to “enemies” into judgments, perceptions, and claims that undermine and/or mock cultural and personal characteristics of another group. Representation The group chosen for the research is the Mdewakanton Dakota/Sioux Indian Tribe of Red Wing. As indigenous people, this group has been stereotyped many times in media. One of the most recent and prominent examples is the controversial mascot of the baseball team Cleveland Indians, Chief Wahoo, who is assumed to be a caricature of the Sioux Chief Sitting Bull. The mascot looks like a cartoonish man with red skin and a feather in his hair that is somewhat similar to a war bonnet, a sacred object among Native Americans. The ethnocentrism of this mascot is in its dehumanized and simplified representation of Native Americans and their sacred objects. The stereotyping is in the portrayal of Native Americans as “stoic warriors and vicious combatants” that roots in perceptions of Native Americans as historical figures rather than American citizens who face specific problems and challenges in the 21st century (Jacobs & Taylor, 2012, p. 688). These mascots are a direct consequence of the colonial processes that transformed Native Americans into a group of “others” who are usually portrayed in a simplified and racist manner in media and advertisement. Impact on People’s Perceptions Such stereotypes have various negative impacts on the perception of Native Americans as a group. First, they erase the history of this ethnic group and allow the “mascotting” of indigenous peoples by putting stereotyped images of Native Americans on various objects, including product packages. Second, these representations influ
Negotiations are used when two companies seek to reach an agreement that will be considered as fair and beneficial to both parties. Negotiations are common in matters of procurement or marketing whereby a good deal is sought so that the supplying company makes a profit, and the buyer saves some money from a transaction. In a deal involving the supply of ICT services, the supplier would seek to convince the buying organization that their services are the best in the region and so are worth the price stated. The buying organization, on the other hand, would seek to bargain so that they can get fair prices from the supplier even though the services sought are of high quality. In such negotiations, the nature of the process would depend on where they take place. This report compares and contrasts negotiations carried out in the US and Korea. Negotiations may appear easy but are indeed complex processes. This is why the parties taken to the negotiation table have to be witty, smart, and individuals of integrity. These attributes help them understand the process, moods, and personality of the opponents. The titles of the people present in the negotiation include the company secretary who will address legal matters, procurement personnel, and a finance representative to confirm if the cost of doing business is affordable to their organization. This personnel would enable the process to be conducted effectively so that promises and threats can be responded to by the appropriate individuals. For instance, if a promise to make a payment within 30 days is made, it should come from the finance representative who knows if the funds will be there by then. Threats can be responded to by the company secretary who knows the legal terms of contracts. This is relevant because Americans make many promises and threats as compared to Koreans when bargaining. Cultures affect how negotiations take place around the world. This is because culture influences how people think and behave. For instance, people in the US have differing views, opinions, and expectations as compared to people in Korea. These differences arise majorly because of the geographical distance that exists between these two countries. It is highly unlikely that businessmen from these two countries will behave the same way considering they do not even speak the same language. For instance, the nonverbal behaviors between people from these two countries differ greatly. Koreans have no silent periods between conversa
Conflicts are extremely diverse in their nature; they may range from a mere squabble between family members to a full-scale war; therefore it is vital to develop strategies of solving or at least alleviating them. The research article Conflict Resolution Tactics and Bullying is written by a group of scholars under the direction of Carlene Wilson. The authors focus on such problems as bullying and interactions among peers in primary school. Although some people may say that this is a minor form of conflict, it may lead to severe victimization of children and many psychological problems such as depression or inferiority complex in the future. Hence, it is necessary to examine the causes of this behavior and work out methods of correcting it. In their research Wilson et al rely on Social Learning Theory which is based on the belief that every person acquires social skills, understands concepts of good and evil through observation and imitation of others (2003). This includes dispute resolution tactics. At the very beginning, the scholars make a conjecture that bullies are actually taught to settle problems and prove their rectitude by means of threats and aggression. The role of such “teachers” is usually performed by parents, mass media or television to be more exact, and peers. In their opinion, the key element of peacemaking is power and compulsion. The hypothesis advanced by the scholars is supported by educators who claim that very often aggressive children come from families where parental violence is quite customary (Sharp & Smith, 1994). This study is interesting to the extent that it shows how the social environment impacts the development of a child and how it shapes his or her conflict resolution techniques. This investigation included 333 participants, students of the fourth and fifth grades. The sample population was subdivided into such categories as 1) bullies; 2) passive or aggressive victims and 3) controls, children who do not provoke quarrels and try to avoid them (Wilson et al, 2003 p 67). The main task was to identify the link between a childs behavior and the influence of role models: parents, elder siblings, friends, and favorite television characters. For that purpose, the researchers conducted unstructured interviews and asked children unobtrusive questions about these issues. According to their findings, bullies regard physical or verbal abuse, coercion, and harassment as the best ways to handle any controversy (Wilson et al, 2003). Moreover, they strive to achieve superiority in every case rather than reconcile with their classmates. The thing is that they perceive these tactics almost daily. In sharp contrast, controls or more peaceful students tend to use persuasion, reasoning, and arguments in order to solve contradictions. In turn, victims are more inclined to withdraw from any unpleasant or hurtful situation. The authors overarching argument is that the conflict resolution methods of any primary student are formed by different agents of socialization i.e. popular culture and surrounding people. Certainly, the