ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Marijuana, which is a psychoactive drug, is the most widely used illicit substance in the world and its scientific name is Cannabis Sativa (Kailash 335). The main active ingredient of Marijuana is Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) which is both a stimulant and a hallucinogen (Kailash 335). It is estimated that about 4% of the world population (about 162 million people) use it on a daily basis for recreational purposes (Kailash 337). The production, preparation, trade and use of marijuana has been prohibited in most parts of the world and a lot of resources are used every year to combat it. For years, there has been a long standing controversy on the prohibition of marijuana. There are however more reasons for its legalization than for maintaining its current illicit status. Reasons for Legalizing Foremost, the prohibition of Marijuana goes against the individual’s rights to Liberty and freedom of choice. Individuals who use marijuana do so conscientiously and are aware of the dangers of using it. The government should not prohibit personal use unless its use by an individual affects other people rights or otherwise. In any case, the negative effects of using marijuana are far less than those of using alcohol and tobacco which are both ironically legal. In fact, alcohol and tobacco related diseases and accidents are one of the leading causes of deaths in the USA, and the medical costs incurred in treating those disease runs into billions (United Nation Office on Drugs and Crime 165). According to the proponents of Marijuana no single health related death has been reported to have been caused directly by Marijuana. Additionally, the cost of policing marijuana is very high; for the last 30-40 years, governments have spent Billions of dollars yet the trade is still thriving. These resources could instead be used to provide social services such as education and medical care. The failure to tackle the demand side of the illicit drugs market makes the commodity scarce, expensive and its trade lucrative: currently, illegal trade in drugs is worth about $322 Billion globally (United Nation Office on Drugs and Crime 170). In the process this has attracted highly organized criminal gangs and has engendered corruption in many regions of the source countries supplying this drug. Drug related violence is also common as criminal gangs fight for the control of the lucrative trade. Thus, decriminalization of marijuana is likely to reduce the attractiveness of the trade and consequently the demand for the drug (Kailash 342). Besides cost and inefficacy, the fight against marijuana has been found to be racially biased. Prejudice against young black males for instance has led to
Various means can be used to gather information about the current state of applications in any given organization. The information gathered is used in the development of better applications or in upgrading existing ones. The following techniques can be used in gathering information about various applications in hospitals. To begin with, holding of Interviews is one way of gathering information in various departments of a hospital. This can be online interviews, phone interviews or face to face interviews. The interviewer can ask standard set of questions to the workers in various departments of a given medical institution. Questions about satisfaction gained, difficulties involved when one uses a given application can be included in the interview questions. In addition, semi-structured interviews can be used which involves standard questions with more individualized tailored questions for specific workers to induce them into reasoning (Fossey, Harvey, McDermott & Davidson, 2002). Questionnaires on the other hand can as well be used to gather useful information in a hospital setting. Hand delivered questionnaires or intranet based questionnaires can be used to find out the current state of applications. Different questionnaires can also be prepared for workers in various departments. In addition, focus group discussions which involve selected group of respondents can be used in gathering in-depth information about various applications in an organization (Fossey, Harvey, McDermott & Davidson, 2002). Holding key informant interviews is another effective way of generating information about medical devices used in hospitals. Key informants or experts like human factor engineers can give a review on a given machine. This information can be used to figure out the best way of upgrading a given machine (Fairbanks & Caplan, 2004). Lastly, one in one usability testing can generate important information for upgrading certain features of an organization. For instance, various machines can be placed in their real working environment then real tasks assigned to them. This can determine cognitive load and effectiveness of a particular machine and whether it can run for many hours to cater for workers during the day and night. This is an effective way of gathering information about a given machine and other equipment used in hospitals (Fairbanks & Caplan, 2004). What factors make some organizations unable to upgrade some of their human-computer interaction systems even when they have the best information on how to upgrade them? Reply to Gary Gary describes a situation in his organization whereby a new billing system has been introduced which has replaced medical records and route slips with electronic records. Clinicians can use laptops and front office staff can use desktop PC.Moreover, the system allows online training for everyone in the organization. This is a clear picture of human-computer interaction in today’s world. The organization has upgraded old ways of billing and is now using a new mor
In the first article “Reaganomics: A Midterm View” , the author John Kenneth Galbraith says that in recent times the overall economic development of a nation is no longer instrumental due to capitalism but it is dependent on the rise of larger and more mature organizations. He indicates this as the development “ from the age of capitalism to the age of organization ” (Galbraith, Ke,nneth, and W McCracken, 28). Thus, we have to accept that our social and economic life is constantly changing, however, most of us deny those changes. The political, so, and economic policies that are constantly being made are taking us backward instead of planning our future, i.e. “ a return to fundamentals ” (Galbraith, 28). Organization is a mastery of an individual forming a highly planned union and can be considered “general phenomenon”. The writer further emphasizes on the fact that a modern corporation has three significant manifestations – a modern state, a modern trade union, and a modern corporation. Today, huge organizational structures form the “ free enterprise system ” (Galbraith, 29) of our world and are present in almost all industrial areas. The writer says that when an organization expands, the corporate management becomes very powerful and as
Introduction The model of relationships between suppliers and consumers has evolved from diversified and fragmented systems of cooperation to a single, integrated network known today as a supply chain. It has become a source of numerous benefits for both manufacturers and producers. However, at the same time, it is a source of challenges and dilemma, which made doing business more sophisticated. With the further development of supply chain networks, making productive sourcing decisions became significant. There are several sourcing methods. For example, there is a classification of strategies based on the number of suppliers involved in the supply chain. That said, there are single-, dual-, and multiple-sourcing strategies (Yu, Zeng & Zhao 2009). Among them, multiple-sourcing techniques are believed to be the most effective ones because they are beneficial for finding reliable suppliers and diminishing risks arising from supply breakdowns (Xanthopoulos, Vlachos & Iakovou 2011). Moreover, there are two strategies centring on the location of production facilities and employing new people – insourcing and outsourcing. Insourcing implies involving external resources to reach a company’s strategic objectives. Outsourcing, on the other hand, implies scattering manufacture worldwide based on core competencies, increasing profitability and efficiency, and becoming more competitive (Kang, Wu & Hong 2009). There is one general rule for choosing between these two strategies; in the case if an enterprise feels the deficit of employers (skills, knowledge or labour as such) and resources, it should select insourcing. Instead, if a firm experiences a capability surplus, it can share its resources with the world, i.e. the decision is to outsource (Chaudhury, Gerdemann & Kapoor 2015). This paper will focus on such sourcing decisions as insourcing and outsourcing. It will provide a brief review of the significance of these strategies, mention their benefits and challenges for companies implementing them, and investigate the most recent research in this area. The primary objective of this paper is to present a background on these techniques and the ways to reach the balance between them. Significance of Sourcing Decisions It is significant to draw the line between insourcing and outsourcing because understanding the nature and peculiarities of both strategies toget
Introduction Considering the degree of delicacy that is associated with this matter, West Midlands Designers and Architects Ltd. (WMDA) management will have to take time to keenly study all the available options, and employ wisdom together with business sense in making these sensitive choices (Cameron 1994, pp.477-479). With full knowledge that the ultimate decision lies with the owner of the firm, this report provides a well thought out plan of action that sets out to give the firm the business edge it needs and the survival choices that are necessary. Action Recommendations An analysis of the four choices that are available, namely: peer selection, last-in- first out (LIFO), voluntary redundancy, and selection on merit, below is a classification founded on the two guiding principles which were identified in the introduction as business edge and survival choices. Excellent Criterion: Selection on Merit The determination of who is to leave and who is to remain that is based on merit leaves the management with the most qualified employees who can maintain the competitive edge of the firm. It is also a reward of input in that the most productive employees are naturally rewarded. Thus the best marketers and the best designers and architects should be the last to be considered for elimination. This makes selection by merit an excellent method. Voluntary Redundancy: Best Criterion The fact that some members of the firm may be willing to leave without being forced eliminates the necessity to send people who are not ready to leave out of work. Asking employees you have worked with for a long time to leave is not easy. Thus voluntary leave or redundancy saves the management the trouble and guilty of sacking. Matt’s readiness to leave after being given a reasonable package is an ideal case for this option. Peer Selection and Last In -First Out: The Least Appropriate Options to Use A careful look at the prevailing economic circumstances leads to the conclusion that using peer selection and last in-first out options will not do the firm any economic justice. To start with peer selection, it is conventional wisdom that no one would wish to be selected by peers to leave the firm. It is even harder when the employees are friendly to each other after periods of shared work experiences. It is also possible that the less qualified workers can gang up and ask a more qualified colleague to leave simply because they hate his sleek dressing style or his cool speaking style. In simple terms, it is easily mixed with personal issues. It is therefore a bad option. The second one in this category of inappropriate options is last in first out. This one can make the management ask a newly hired but highly qualified employee to leave despite the fact that that is the kind of employee the firm needs badly. It is therefore totally unacceptable in terms of business. The Way Forward With due consideration of the detailed profiles of the employees, Bryony, Hiroshi, and Felicity are culprits under the criterion of merit. The organizational skills of Bryony are un
In the course of history, various philosophers have attempted to define justice and distinguish its major components. This paper is aimed at examining the ideas expressed by Thrasymachus. He is one of the characters included in The Republic by Plato. He poses a significant challenge to Socrates, who tries to elaborate his views on the ideal state. Overall, in Thrasymachus’ opinion, justice serves the interests of those people who occupy the positions of authority; furthermore, this set of rules does not benefit those people who follow them. It is necessary to elaborate his arguments in greater detail and explain why his views exemplify moral skepticism. Additionally, this paper will include the evaluation of Thrasymachus’ opinions. On the whole, these ideas cannot be fully accepted because there are examples showing that community members can make the rulers consider the interests of various stakeholders. Furthermore, Thrasymachus’ interpretation of justice can undermine the efficiency of the state and deprive the elites of their credibility. This is the main thesis that should be discussed more closely. On the whole, Thrasymachus argues that justice can be viewed as the norms that are imposed on those people who are disempowered. Moreover, he believes that it serves “the advantage of the stronger and the ruler” (Plato 19). It primarily benefits those groups who were able to assume the positions of authority due to some reasons. Additionally, he completely dismisses the idea that individuals who are not included in the elite group are able to derive any benefits from being just. These are the core arguments that Thrasymachus advances. One should also demonstrate how this philosopher perceives the ethical norms established in the community. Thrasymachus’ views exemplify moral skepticism because he challenges the assumption according to which morality is supposed to benefit every member of the society or at least the majority. More likely, it is driven by the needs and priorities of the rulers. Therefore, there is practically no reason for acting in an ethical way. In particular, a person may comply with the established norms only to avoid the punishment that can be imposed on him/her. This view on morality and justice contradicts the modern views on this issue. For example, one can speak about the ideas premised on the social contract theories. They imply that community members are able to reach an agreement and identify a set of rules that can benefit different stakeholders (Williams, 84). Additionally, one can also mention the Rawlsian model, which is known as the veil of ignorance. According to it, legislators should introduce norms that can maximize the welfare of different community members and eliminate risks to which
Introduction As society evolves to become more dependent on science and technology for growth and development, the occupational segregation of women in the sciences relative to men, not only in terms of absolute numbers but also in terms of visibility in the upper echelons of the professions, represents a misuse of scarce human capital and continues to alarm academics, policy makers and mainstream commentators (Hatchell & Aveling, 2008). As observed by a number of scholars (e.g., Huffman et al, 2010; Benson & Yukongdi, 2005), it is indeed true that the gendered segregation of jobs and occupations in these critical sectors of the economy is a persistent characteristic in many labour markets globally, and is the proximate foundation of many forms of gender inequality. An extensive and well established literature documents the destructive outcomes of gendered occupational segregation in science and technology fields (Deem, 2007), which include lower wages, expansive income disparities, fewer promotions, and less significant wage increases (Schweitzer et al, 2011). The worrying trend being replicated in nearly all economies worldwide is that although more women are being absorbed in the fields of science and technology than ever before, they persist to be considerably outnumbered by their male counterparts (Jones, 2010; Bhatia & Amati, 2010). It is the purpose of the present study to perform a critical analysis of why women continue to be underrepresented in the telecommunication industry in Europe and Middle East. Towards the realization of this broad objective, this section sets out to sample and analyze extant literature on women’s occupational segregation in technology fields, with specific focus on the telecommunication sector in Europe and Middle East. The section will, among other things, analyze existing literature on women in engineering and technology fields, the dynamics of occupational segregation of women in these sectors, barriers to gendered occupation equality, and issues that need to be addressed to encourage and retain women in technology fields. It is imperative to note that due to paucity of Literature on women occupational segregation in the telecommunication sector, the analysis of critical literature will assume a broader scope to encompass segregation of women in technology fields based on the rationale that the telecommunication sector is technology-oriented. Women in Technology Fields Hersh (2000) cited in Kusk et al (2007) observed that although there have been marked increases in the number of wome
Printed educational materials such as pamphlets and brochures can be discussed as effective to prevent the development of diseases and appropriate for the target population if they are written at the certain reading level, and many people can read and understand the materials easily. Diabetes is an important health problem in the United States. Thus, it is significant to analyze the appropriateness of the health promotion pamphlet to lower the risks for diabetes while focusing on the layout appeal, readability level, and content accuracy. The pamphlet titled “6 Good Ways to Lower Your Risk of Diabetes” is developed to present the information on preventing the development of type II diabetes. Focusing on the pamphlet’s layout, it is possible to note that the pamphlet is effectively structured ( 6 Good Ways to Lower Your Risk of Diabetes , 2014). The text is printed in the appropriate font, and it is organized in columns and lists which can be easily read. Few colors and images are used to support the textual information, and they do not distract persons from reading the material. The pamphlet’s content can be discussed as accurate because of being based on the evidence and research in the field of type II diabetes. The authors focus on the main factors to prevent the development of the disease which are the weight, diet, exercise, smoking, and symptoms. While providing the recommendations, the authors support their conclusions with real numbers and research findings. The factual information is explained in the text, and the use of complex charts and figures is avoided. From this point, the content reflects the basic findings in the field, and they are effectively presented in the pamphlet. To determine the reading level of the pamphlet, it is necessary to calculate it with the help of the SMOG index. According to the SMOG tool, the discussed pamphlet is of the average readability level, and the required reading levels are correlated with the 7 th and 8 th grades (DeYoung, 2009, p. 109). The pamphlet can be easily read by teenagers and adults because the sentences are short, the used polysyllabic words are widely known, and the use of such terms as ‘glucose’ and ‘insulin’ is rare. Thus, the rate of the pamphlet’s clarity is rather high. While focusing on the pamphlet’s usefulness to such target population as Hispanics, it is necessary to note that the material is appropriate to address the health needs of Hispanics because it clearly states that Hispanics are at risk of developing type II diabetes. However, the pamphlet can be described as useful for the large population including different age and ethnicity groups. The material is useful because it describes not only steps to prevent the disease but also symptoms to pay attention to in order to predict the possible progress of type II diabetes. For instance, the following easy recommendations are stated in the pamphlet: “Aim for at least 30 minutes of activity on most days” ( 6 Good Ways to Low
Introduction In 2008, GlaxoSmithKline [GSK], which is a well-established global pharmaceutical company, was entangled in a major legal tussle that arose from the ineffective application of strategic management practices. The legal situation involved two 14-year old schoolchildren from New Zealand who challenged the organisation’s marketing campaign. In its advertising, GSK claimed that Ribena Drink, which is one of its products, was enriched with vitamin C. In an effort to ascertain the truth of the firm’s claims, the two girls undertook extensive tests. The results showed that the organisation’s advert was a hoax that aimed at marketing the product to the target customers. The girls raised the issue to GSK through writing, but the organisation did not respond. This aspect prompted the girls to raise their concerns via a local media house, which broadcasted the issue through a local television consumer affairs program. The broadcast house raised the issue to the New Zealand Government Commerce Commission, which took GSK to court. Subsequently, the organisation was fined for misleading the public. In addition, the company was ordered to correct the misrepresentation by placing a new advert in major print media [newspaper] in New Zealand. Jaques (2008, p.394) affirms that the action by the two complainants ‘triggered a sequence of events, which led to prosecution, public opprobrium, and international damage to an iconic brand’. This paper entails a case study on the Ribena issue at GSK. The case study evaluates the strategic issues that GSK’s management team should have considered in order to avoid the legal and reputational effect. Secondly, the paper identifies and discusses the possible barriers that might be encountered in addressing the legal and reputational impacts. The final part involves an evaluation of the implications of the suggestions identified in organisational and management practices from the risk management perspective. Analysis The situation encountered at GSK was mainly due to poor management practices. Additionally, the management team did not appreciate the magnitude of the issue on the organisation’s corporate reputation