ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Imperialism, Gender, and Modernity In the book “ Season of Migration to the North” , the misogynistic character of Mustafa shows gender chauvinism in his mistreatment of females despite an urge to fulfill a void emotional gap in his life. Reflectively, this chauvinistic nature is influenced by an urge to undermine the colonial power which psychologically arrested his country with imperialism. The sarcastic repulsion and attraction of Jean make her display a superiority complex behavior. Thus, “like her countrymen, she wants to dominate the ‘other’ whom she believes inferior” (Salih 61) as Mustafa claims. On the other hand, the book, “ Sea of Poppies ” discusses the cultural shock of neocolonialism in the extensive opium farms by natives in honoring the ‘girmit’ of offshore labor provision in sugarcane plantations. The author displays peasantry disempowerment, caste disparities, discrimination on skin color, and fragmented kin society. Gosh asserts that “the only people for whom we can even begin to imagine properly human… are the people who had the power to inscribe themselves physically upon a time” (Amitav 67). Here neocolonialism and the need for modernization have necessitated the need to acquire literacy. The books “ Orientalism” and “ Modernity at Large” are based on the same themes discussed above. The book “ Modernity at Large” discusses cultural transactions through warfare, traveling, and religious conversion in the transition into modernity. The author asserts that “if a global cultural system is emerging, it is full of ironies and resistan
Procedural Memory Procedural memory is a long-term memory that is responsible for remembering how to do something. In other words, procedural memory is responsible for motor skills. This type of memory allows a person to remember how to act unconsciously or automatically, which means that an individual does not have to think about it when he or she needs to perform a task. For example, I can swim, walk, and talk, and once l learned how to do it, I do not need to recall it every time because my procedural memory helps me to retain this knowledge. Priming Memory Priming memory is responsible for how one stimulus influences an individual’s response to a subsequent stimulus by unconscious activating as an association. For example, I am more likely to recognize what the word “sugar” means when I talk about cooking or baking than when I discuss traveling, because I associate sugar with food and not with trips. There are a few types of priming: positive and negative priming, semantic priming, masked priming, repetition priming, associative priming, and, finally, perceptual and conceptual priming. Episodic Memory Episodic memory is a past-oriented, retrospective memory system which is responsible for remembering certain experiences and autobiographical events in a serial form that allows reconstructing the actual events that happened at some point. For instance, I remember a summer trip to Italy that I took ten years ago. Another example might be remembering a New Year’s Eve party from my childhood years. It is one of the fundamental functions that form long-term memory. Semantic Memory Semantic memory is another major part that forms long-term memory and is responsible for concepts and ideas that are common knowledge. These facts get acquired from young years, and they usually depend on the cultural context as well. People also collect new knowledge over a lifetime, and, therefore, develop their semantic memory. For instance, I remember how to organize words in the right way to form a sentence and I know the capitals of countries. Semantic memories are not necessarily related to personal experience. For example, I am aware that Paris is a capital of France even though I have never been there. Proactive Interference Proactive interference occurs
I believe that the political predispositions of justices should not affect their legal opinions. This should be considered a fundamental truth for the reason that the Supreme Court is a legislative body rather than a political organization (Choper, 2013). Moreover, anyone who gets to the US Supreme Court counts on a fair decision that is based on facts and not predispositions. Still, the legal opinions of the majority of the US Supreme Court seem to be explicitly biased. To my mind, inattention to the rights and freedoms of any given individual in any given court (including the US Supreme Court) must be regarded as a kind of crime against the country itself (Owens & Wedeking, 2011). Even though it might seem like an exaggeration, the current situation proves that political predispositions of justices majorly impact their legal opinions. Today, the majority of the Supreme Court is represented by conservative political judges. There are several vivid examples of these predispositions. For instance, the Court reached a verdict on the issue of abortion, stating that a private corporation could choose not to cover abortion care due to the religious beliefs of that certain worker (Choper, 2013). Even though it is evident that any person can have any political or religious beliefs, the issue is rather complicated and ambiguous. Currently, there is a possibility for any judge on the Supreme Court to operate his or her own religious belief with the intention of either permitting or refusing any person or business to make use of their right to medical care on the basis of their faith (Owens & Wedeking, 2011). It turned out that the conservative majority, consisting of five justices, voted that they could. It would be rather reasonable to assume that personal or political viewpoints of the US Supreme Court justices affect their legal opinions on cases before the court. Nonetheless, it would not be true either if we supposed that Supreme Court justices only try to imply their own legal predilections like most of the politicians do (Casillas, Enns, & Wohlfarth, 2010). There are several aspects that subsidize to the complexity of this issue. First, it is almost impossible to separate a judge’s political partialities from his or her legal viewpoint. Some judges have faith in the fact that the Constitution should be interpreted conferring to what it initially meant (Bailey & Maltzman, 2011). Others think that the Constitution’s connotation can gradually transform or that any available evidence regarding the enactment of a decree might be utilized. A judge
1. The continuously developing conflict between the USSR and the USA became one of the most important aspects of the 20th century. The origins of this opposition could be traced back to the end of WWII when two allied states agreed to divide their spheres of influence and reorganize the world order in a specific way (Brower & Sanders, 2014). However, everyone understood that the given pattern was not able to satisfy all parties to the agreement. Their growing power and appetite resulted in the appearance of numerous claims to each other (Brower & Sanders, 2014). For this reason, their competing accusations were just a war of words introduced to conceal growing ambitions and the desire to enlarge the sphere of influence. Nevertheless, ‘isms’ that could be applied are fascism, imperialism, capitalism, liberalism, socialism which means that the causes of the Cold War could be related to these.  2. The fact is that the end of WWII meant a radical reconsideration of global relations and shifts of priorities in international relations. During the years of war, allies were united by the necessity to fight against Germany; however, radical differences in mentalities and perspectives on the further development of the world remained (Hong, 2017). Soon after the war, both USSR and the USA transformed into powerful superstates that had their spheres of interests all over the world. Moreover, they adhered to opposite ideologies that cultivated aggravation between countries and resulted in the emergence of numerous conflicts. In such a way, the desire to dominate, increasing power, and ideological differences became the central reasons.  3. One of the central reasons for placing ballistic missiles by the USSR at Cuba was the deployment of similar missiles by the USA in Italy and Turkey. These objects obviously threatened the security of the Soviet Union. Add
Government and economy are closely related and constitute the basis for any state; however, they have different functions. Economics is a social institution that provides all the processes for the production, consumption, and distribution of goods and services in society (“Economic Systems”). The government provides the legal basis for the functioning of all processes in society, the distribution of resources and power, including the work of the economic system. Capitalism is a socio-economic system in which all resources, products, and services belong to private owners. Socialism is the opposite of the capitalistic system, which is based on the fact that all resources belong to society and are managed by the government. Communism is the “highest point” of socialism, in which social and economic equality reaches the level at which society does not need the government (“Economic Systems”). The primary role of the government in the economy is to establish legal measures for the stable and predictable functioning of the system. These measures may include government acts and laws restricting monopolies or fraudulent actions and transactions, or taxes and national standards that guarantee product quality. Although, in theory, economic systems are divided into socialism and capitalism, in practice, the state can combine the features of both of them. An example of such an economy is democratic socialism, in which the government controls the economy and society, but in a democratic way and by measures (Bump). Most often, the US economy is defined as capitalistic because of Cold War stereotypes. However, in fact, the US economy also has the features of a socialistic economy, since the government regulates a significant part of business activity. The modern world and its economy are built on a system of capitalism, which varies from country to country, depending on its policy. However, the basic principle remains the ownership of resources by individuals and companies, and the obtainment of profit from them. The United States also has a capitalist economic system, which, although regulated by the state, is not concentrated in the hands of the government. This system is beneficial for business owners and the country as a whole; however, it brings as much benefit as harm to society. Consequently, the United States and the world need to revise its goals of the capitalist economy and direct efforts not only to make a profit but also to solve global problems. Capitalism is a system that works efficiently and supports the economy for many years. People invest in a business, build corporations, earn money, and create new corporations. This approach has helped reduce global poverty by about 80% in 200 years
Introduction Stanley Milgram has developed a historic psychological study method to analyze human behavior under authority in a systematic and sequential manner. This piece of work has followed a scientific analysis to develop an acceptable and useful classical work. He has adopted well-devised data collection methods, analytical methods and presentation modes. The technique has enabled his work to remain memorable since its application continues in various fields of human life. Key Terms Destructive Obedience This is the process of ordering a naive to administer an increasingly more severe punishment to a victim in the context of learning experiment (Milgram 373). Milgram uses “a shock generator, thirty graded switches ranging from slight shock to a more dangerous one” (Milgram 373). Behavioral study of obedience is one that experiments a person’s yield to power beyond his/her capacity, especially, on the authority. Personnel and Locale The experiment was conducted at Yale University in an elegant interaction laboratory (Milgram 375). This study was carried out at this location. On this study, the situation was in the Yale university elegant laboratory. It is vital for researchers to give details of their experiments, such as places and time of the experiment. This is important for the analysis and evaluation of the experiment results (Milgram 375). Dependent Measures The primary dependent measure for any subject is the maximum shock one administers before he/she refuses to go any further (Milgram 375). In principle, “this may vary from zero to thirty, that is, for a subject who refuses to administer any shock and, for a subject who administers the highest shock in generator” (Milgram 375). Dependent measures are the extremes, which are achieved from any subject of the experiment. This varies from one individual to another since some can tolerate the minimum quantity while others take the highest quantities. Experimental Feedback At various points of the experiment, the subject may turn to the experimenter for advice on whether he/she should continue to administer the shocks, or he/she may indicate that he/she might not whish to continue (Milgram 372). Notably, feed back is the position or view on the subject and the administration of the experiment. Signs of Extreme Tension 97 Often, the subjects show “some signs of nervousness during the experiments, especially when administering very powerful shocks” (Milgram 377). In any form of experiment, the subjects might be in situations beyond their control. For the experimenter to note this, there are some specific signs, which they observe before responding appropriately. Therefore, the experimenter must be able to identify these signs using the physical changes which take place on the subject. They need to carry out a quick response to manage the situation. The signs might include drowsiness, unconsciousness and withdrawal signs. These are referred to as the signs of extreme tensions in the experiment. Overview Milgram’s experiment shows the influence of social factors on an individual and generally the people in the society. From his experiment, the influence of social l
Flannery O’Connor came from a very religious Catholic family, and this factor has influenced her career as a writer and her works. The books by Flannery O’Connor are designed to explore various dimensions of faith and religion, a different understanding of sin and virtue, and the impacts religiousness or atheism can make on people. “Wise Blood” is very deep work. It has multiple layers and contains the messages delivered by the characters and the message coming from the author herself. Flannery O’Connor’s novel called “Wise Blood,” tells the story of a young man named Hazel Motes, who experiences a major conflict of beliefs and fights Christianity. During the events in the novel, Hazel meets several people, each of whom has their faith issues. The question of the “right” beliefs and they ways of being the good and devoted believer keeps occurring in the novel when Hazel travels to Taulkinham, meets a prostitute, a young and lonely zoo guard, a preacher that pretends to be blind and his fifteen year old daughter, a phony prophet, a scammer preacher, and a scheming landlady. During the encounters with all of these people and their attitudes towards God and religion, hazel becomes more and more passionate about starting his church that would be the church without Jesus. Religious characters view Hazel Motes as a lost soul, who needs to be brought back to the light. Greedy characters see Motes as a source of the ideas for business that can be built on the base of a new set of beliefs. Lonely characters perceive Hazel as one of their kind, a lost and lonely person. Hazel ends up getting tricked and lied to by each of the characters, and this leads to several conflicts that result in deaths or troubles for liars and phones and to the early decay and demise of Hazel himself. After blinding and torturing himself in a variety of ways, young Hazel ends up murdered in a ditch. The novel ends with the author stating that after Hazel died, his burnt eye sockets started to look like dark tunnels in which Hazel disappeared forever. The main themes raised in Flannery O’Connor’s “Wise Blood” are people’s perceptions of faith, religion, virtue, and sin. The author connects people’s struggle to be in peace with God and religion to their physical troubles and sufferings. O’Connor creates a story that is told on top of the untold stories of each of the characters. The absurd of the situations that happen to the protagonists of “Wise Blood” is designed to make the readers realize how truly blind all of the characters are. O’Connor gradually leads her main character through all kinds of self-inflicted sufferings showing that his desperate desire to show everyone that Jesus was not real is a major religious obsession of Hazes. This character’s numerous attempts to demonstrate that there is no Jesus look like nothing but his desire to convince himself that his beliefs are true. Searching for new followers of his church without Christ Hazel Motes tries to prove to himself that his beliefs can become a real thing, as only
Introduction It is apparent that the economic growth in the U.S has been declining over the years, and the current situation has triggered the harmonious running in different sectors. There are so many articles expressing the feelings of the writers on the effects of the current situation, and some even offer numerous solutions. We will analyze three articles on the same issue. How A New Jobless Era Will Transform America This article was written by Peak Don. He is an economist and runs a column in the Atlantic magazine on financial matters in the U.S. He greatly expresses his fear on how the economy has caused an increased unemployment rate in America (Peak 1). He talks about the end of the Great Recession, which brings in a new era of joblessness. He declares the shocking figures of the unemployment rate as at 17.4%, the highest recorded figure since the 1930s (Peak 5). He also says that unemployment has been caused by the fall of industries and companies due to the low economic growth. He also gives suggestions by various economists who have attempted to predict the recovery of the economy. They argue that it can recover rapidly, slowly, or no recovery at all (Peak 15). The writer himself also expresses his doubts on the economic spin. California, In Financial Crisis, Opens Prison Doors Archibold, Randal is a renowned journalist and columnist. In this article, the writer starts by highlighting the budget crisis, which has led to the state addressing the problem of prison overcrowding (Archibold 1). He notes that prison overcrowding is one of the major causes in the crippled finances and economy of the state. He further states that there is a great imbalance in the state’s expenditure as 11% of the budget; approximately $ 8 billion is allocated to the penal system (Archibold 6). He also expresses his fear that the rise of criminal acts is as a result of unemployment leading to overcrowding of the prisons (Archibold 12). He thinks that the state should consider decongesting the prisons by removing those prisoners who are considered to be less harmful and leaving those who require maximum supervision. The U.S Might Learn From Canada’s Rebound The article is by Lee Don, a columnist, and journalist in the U.S daily. He appears bitter at U.S pride, which has lead to serious economic crisis. He acknowledges Canada, who in his opinion, has outshone the U.S on matters of dealing with the unemployment rate, deficit, and immigration (Lee 2). He states that the U.S, who have never looked up to Canada as a role model should put its pride down and apply the strategies by Canada (Lee 4). He also backs up opinions from other economists who argue that it will take years for the U.S to come up with more than 8 million jobs that were lost during the great recession (Lee 10). He compares that with Canada, which has almost recovered all the lost jobs. He expresses his doubts too in the U.S making a quick economy recovery. Conclusion All three articles express their concern over the declining state of U.S economy. U.S government seems to be spending more than they can afford to trigger
The text is responding to a situation whereby English language is facing challenges in such a way that it is not clear whether it is a global language. There are instances in the text when the author is agreeing that English language has massively evolved into a major global language (Mydans, 2007). However, the author does not take a firm position on whether English language is indeed global. This paper offers a rhetorical analysis essay on why English should be regarded as global language. It is also vital to explore how the writer has managed to establish his credibility in the text. The author has established his credibility by referencing other pieces of literary works from other authors. He has not taken all the credits for himself in the various arguments presented in the paper. In addition, there are myriads of sources that the author has cited in the text in order to support his arguments. Use of direct quotes is also instrumental in the text because it adds value and additional credibility. It is also evident that the writer has an attitude towards the subject matter since the audience can easily identify with both the mood of the writer and the text itself. The writer’s attitude towards the subject is quite skeptic. As already mentioned in the paper, the writer has failed to take a particular standing point regarding the issue of English being a global language. It is interesting to mention that the piece of writing contains various sub-themes from other authors even though he tends to neither support nor refute the notion that English is a global language (Mydans, 2007). The author is also quite frank in his description of English as the ‘king of languages’. He attains this by citing fascinating statements from other literary sources. The text is targeting a particular audience or readers. The audience can be grouped into primary and secondary. The primary audience of the text is basically learners of English language both in grammar an