ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction There were minimal disputes on the existence of the creator in the nineteenth century. Many people believed in the existence of a sovereign being. Very few arguments existed on whether or not it was important for society to believe in sovereignty of the Almighty. As the twentieth century came in, many people embraced secularization, which has become quite prevalent in Western countries. This brought in many arguments as to whether God existed or not. Religious people assert that a healthy, moral, ethical, and cohesive society emanates from the people therein being religious and acknowledging the sovereignty of the creator. They claim that anyone who is contrary to the creation theory but embraces evolution is subject to having immoral behavior and won’t enjoy good health. There hasn’t been clear verification concerning these allegations. Mainstream researchers concur that this issue has got radically differing worldviews. Other scholars contend that this hypothesis is largely centered on anecdotal accounts, is limited to one population, and are just based on assumption (Bainbridge, 2005, p. 33). Relationship between various religions and health care According to research, when people have a religiosity that is popular, that is characterized with prayer and worship, and then this has high impacts on their physical health. Studies show that highly religious people show improved physical health. This is normally attainable when people follow strictly the moral dictates that are stipulated by religion (Bainbridge, 2005, p. 42). This is, for instance, attainable when people believe that they were created by God for a purpose. Research shows that religious believes and practices have a strong indication of dysfunction and entire health in the society. This is according to research that was carried out in the year 2006. Sources of data show in the year 2005, Religion polls that were carried out by International Social Survey Program (ISSP) involved approximately thirty nations.. In this survey, approximately twenty-seven people were interviewed by researchers concerning this issue (Bruce, 2005) .This study included countries like Holland, Germany, and the Netherlands. This study examined ardency in religiosity, attendance of religious services, frequency of prayer, and their degree of conservatism. The results of research carried out in Swiss are a bit outrageous when closely compared to their actual prayer levels. The various rates of people’s worship and belief in the sovereign creator correlate with the general health of individ
Since the hypothesis will be proven or disproven through an experiment, the method used for this study would be a quantitative method. The results of the experiment will be analyzed through statistical and mathematical means, as they are expected to show the effectiveness (or lack of it) of the advanced learning methods. The results of the testing group would be compared to the results of the control group, as well as to the results shown before switching to the new program. Any other researcher, using a test grou
Introduction When something is declared as self-evident, it is a statement of fact that ought to be accepted without question. This is how it, is inferred in the dictionary definition of the word “self-evident,” which means that there is no further need for proof or rationalization when a truth is established as self-evident. In the Declaration of Independence, certain human rights were designated as self-evident truths, suggesting that they are not to be questioned since these are man’s inalienable rights and are therefore sacred. The Declaration of Independence in fact expresses the traditional American philosophy that man’s basic rights being unalienable have a divine origin such that government is in no position to supplant, change or dilute their essence. As time marches on, however, perceptions increased that the values of the self-evident truths set in the Declaration of Independence have lost their ring of truth. According to Cushman (2006), for example, some moral truths cited in the Declaration have been rendered less self-evident by newly acquired psychological facts and sense of justice. This paper therefore aims to answer two questions related to the moral truths designated as self-evident in the Declaration of Independence:  1. What assumptions about our ethical knowledge apply to the Declaration?  2. Can these assumptions be defended by argumentation? Declaration Based on the historical notes gathered by Becker (1922), the Declaration of Independence was drafted by a committee appointed by the Continental Congress, which was composed of Thomas Jefferson, Benjamin Franklin, John Adams, Roger Sherman and Robert R. Livingstone. At the time it was written, the Union of 13 American colonies was still at war with the British Crown. For this reason, the Declaration had two parts, the first of which formulated the democratic political philosophy of the territory and the second part enumerated the grievances against Great Britain as the causes of the Revolution. Becker (1922) believed that the purpose of the document was more to proclaim to the world the reasons for declaring independence than to declare independence. As it
Identification of a Problem Hillary Clinton: Contradictions of Feminism and the 2008 Presidential Candidacy The 2008 presidential candidacy primaries heightened the profile of women. The campaigns illuminated aspects of gender and feminism in the American society (McGinley, 2008). Hillary Clinton was contesting for the presidential candidacy. The trail of the campaign and her past feminism views came to limelight. There were arguments that Hillary contradicted her feminism credo during the 2008 campaigns. The following is a prospectus that will be used for rhetorical feminism criticism in relation to Hillary Clinton’s 2008 presidential candidacy. Rationale Feminism entails the advocacy of freedom, political and economic parity for all people (Dziedzic, 2012). According to Nudd and Whalen (2009), many women agree with ideologies that advocate for the feminist agenda. Nudd and Whalen (2009) noted that the equality agenda by feminists sought to challenge the patriarchal systems experienced for many years. In the modern society, there are arguments that the modern world is past patriarchal system. The arguments are augmented by young women and relate to statistics that point to many women in positions that traditionally were male dominated (Lopez, 2009). However, Nudd and Whalen (2009) noted that matters that affect gender identity are complex and fluctuate. According to Nudd and Whalen (2009), the cultural, political and economic orientation of our society is male centered. The assertion by Nudd and Whalen (2009) imply that many aspects of the society focus on males. The implied order goes against the arguments forwarded by young women that we are leaving in a post-feminist society. Despite the progressive feminism movements that advocate for parity in the different aspects of the society, Nudd and Whalen (2009) argue that the feminists are less concerned with achieving the liberation of women. Instead, they strive to satisfy the fantasy of males. Therefore, the main aim of the project will be to provide adequate knowledge of whether Hillary Clinton’s political success was a feminist victory. Statement of the Problem The feminism movements experienced in the late twentieth century endeavored to address the issues of oppression and discrimination (Reynaud, 2004). The ideology of the movements was prompted by the interlocking systems that negated the role of women. The movements’ arguments were that gender roles were advanced by the culturally constructed ideas about the male and female roles (Kuypers, 2009). Feminists argued that the society was sexist and discriminated women based on the socio-economic circumstances. Therefore, feminism sought to address the social system and structure issues that glorified
Introduction The term glass ceiling is often used to refer to the situation where the progress of deserving people is hindered by discrimination. Under this connotation, it is perceived that certain sections of society fail to achieve success due to reasons other than their qualification. As a result, the glass ceiling refers to any kind of discrimination of minorities and gender that results in difficulty in attaining opportunities for advancement. Concerning gender, the term normally applies to the objects that hinder the advancement of women in career. However certain sectors have been exceptional in offering opportunities for women at the expense of men. This paper aims to examine how the healthcare sector has been ahead in offering opportunities to women and other minorities. Opportunities for Women and Minorities The healthcare sector has been consistent in offering career opportunities to women and other minorities. As a result, the industry has been forefront in promoting the ideals of minorities and women as far as professional opportunities are concerned. However, the sector is not that committed to the emancipation and elevation of the vulnerable. The reason why the healthcare sector seems committed to such ideals is because of the unique needs and nature of the sector. This makes it to prefer the services of women than men (Simon & Palmer, p. 43). First and foremost it must be understood that the sector deals with hospitality. Hospitality requires certain special characteristics to be effective. Some of these attributes include tenderness, compassion, sympathy, and empathy. This is because healthcare deals with the handling of the needs of people. In other words, the industry specializes in serving people and addressing their needs. This makes it necessary to employ people who have qualities that go along with the roles involved in the profession. The majority of these qualities can easily be found in women. By nature, women have the qualities of tenderness and servitude. This makes them more marketable in the sector as compared to the rest. Apart from women, the healthcare sector has a lot of opportunities for minorities. It is the healthcare sector that offers more opportunities for advancement for all forms of minorities. There are several reasons behind the sauces for the availability of opportunities in the healthcare industry for minorities. Healthcare is such a field where practical tasks are given more focus than the origin and background of the workers. Under normal circumstances, the background and t
Cognitive psychology is a field that explains the functioning of memory, language use, thinking, and a wide range of other mental activities. Among the theorists who shaped modern cognitive psychology is Noam Chomsky. While not a psychologist, his input in psychology is impossible to ignore. His primary field of work in linguistics, but the ideas that he has set forward have determined the development of the psychological studies since the publication of his critique of B.F.Skinner’s Verbal Behavior in 1959 (Smith, Allott, & Allott, 2016). Skinner’s initial assumption was that the language is solely a learned behavior, and thus is a set of functional responses to different phenomena. This was consistent with the behaviorist psychology, one of the dominant approaches of the time. Alternatively, Chomsky has suggested that language is innate, and is developed as the external influences trigger the need for it. He pointed to the relatively fast pace of mastering of language by infants, inconsistent with its behavioral nature, and the unique quality of language as a feature characteristic of humans. Both arguments defined language as partially based on genetics. Chomsky’s findings were the primary reason for the shift in focus from behaviorism to cognitive psychology, to the point where he is often credited with single-handedly starting the “cognitive revolution.” (Hunt, 2007) Besides, some progress in evolutionary psychology was possible thanks to the results of his linguistic studies (Scher & Rauscher, 2012). Finally, he is one of the advocates of the “modularity,” a concept which views the mind as a set of dedicated subsystems instead of one broad system which can apply any cognitive process to any received data and is useful in explaining some previously unclear phenomena (Smith, Allott, & Allott, 2016).
Introduction Twenty-three years after Steven Kerr published “On the Folly of Rewarding A While Hoping for B”, Gibbons (1998) affirms the dissonance between incentive systems and employee performance with references to the evolution of agency theory, examples drawn from an analysis of agricultural sharecropping methods, and four streams of contemporary agency theory. The validity of this contention is affirmed partly by the theoretical and empirical considerations the author cites as well as by present-day observations this paper cites below. Gibbons provides a kind of baseline, first of all, by defining the inadequacies of the pure risk-versus-insurance model in classic agency theory. He shows that a broad-based study of sharecropping schemes masks many variations on risk and insurance models even in areas and within farms where risk is high and one compensation scheme would seem to be appropriate. To bolster his point, Gibbons cites:  1. Baker’s contention that bonuses tied to overt performance measures fail to account for marginal social contributions to the value created by an organization;  2. Lazear’s argument that strong but dysfunctional incentives bring sabotage into the picture; and,  3. models supplied by Holmstrom and Milgrom revealing the inadequacies of incentive contracts that stimulate agent behavior in favor of a performance measure or total contribution to the firm but not both. Skills Acquisition as Extraneous Variable in Performance Evaluation When incentives are associated primarily with skill acquisition, performance evaluation may look intrinsically flawed because the organization is investing in potential, the possibility of higher all-around contribution to the firm in future rather than present performance. Offering higher wages and executive bonuses to a newly-minted MBA is just such an example since the business school graduate contributes little to performance in the short term and causes a distortion in wage scales as well. Irlenbusch also offers support for the Lazear model in suggesting that consideration of sabotage potential and social phenomena like reciprocity should be part of programs that reward skills acquisition (2006). On the other hand, Kaplan and Henderson (2005) argue that paying for skills acquisition may look cockeyed to organization economists but it is part of a complex of actions, the “social context” that frames economics and incentive systems. Incentives alone cannot account for change management, for example, but organizational flexibility does gain center stage in periodic crises such as the current recession. In more pragmatic terms, Baxter, Weiss, and Le Grand (2008) report that the age-old (and intuitively logical) propensity of the British National Health Service to pay according to health worker credentials has, in the face of service distortions, been augmented by initiating “payment by results” and commissions based on practice. Examples from My Organization Working as I do with a holding company that has diverse interests here and overseas, I find no lack of cockeyed implementation of compensation plans where rewards for readily measurable “performance metrics” often
Introduction: Being an Australian Business Leader Purpose: Retrospect and Analysis of Lessons Learned Taking a look back at what has been learned is important in personal and professional development. The goals of this paper are to summarise the key lessons and set the course for the further progress. In addition, it is expected that measurable and achievable goals should be set. Structure: From a General Overview to Results Interpretation First, the issue of interpersonal communication will be addressed. In the said section, the lessons about emotional intelligence and the related information will be summarised. Afterward, personal attributed will be defined. Body: Reflections and the Analysis of the Experience Intrapersonal Effectiveness: What Has Been Learned The course that I have taken helped me learn about different ways of self-assessment. In addition, I have also learned a lot about emotional intelligence (EI), which is the ability to understand and control emotions (Hussain, 2014). In fact, EI allows not only learning more about one’s personal emotions but also understand what other people feel. As a result, one can improve the communication process greatly. For example, with perfect EI skills, one can avoid conflicts during a conversation. Moreover, EI helps negotiate with business partners successfully, reaching a compromise. Last but not least, EI can be the tool for controlling emotions. Thus, one can remain calm and composed in a tense environment. EI is crucial for someone who wants to advance in business because it helps one remain in control over the situation and not let emotions take the best of them. Personal Attributes: Professional Strengths and Weaknesses Apart from the ability to control emotions, I have also gained deep insight into my personality. Jackson’s Hybrid Model of Personality and Learning provided a detailed explanation of how a personality is shaped. Particularly, I realised that behaviours are predetermined by peoples need for sensation seeking. Therefore, it is essential to use the identified characteristic to increase motivation levels among team members (Bence, 2014). Furthermore, I learned a lot about my personal strengths and weaknesses. After applying the model mentioned above to my personality in order to measure my skills, I realised that I needed to work on my negotiation and conflict management abilities. In a business environment, especially in the context of the global environment, where the representatives of different cultures have to collaborate, negotiation is an essential process. Therefore, having the appropriate skills is important (Sylvester, 2015). As far as the advantages of my personality are concerned, I must mention my ability to find innovative solutions. The environment of the global market needs new and unique ways of solvi
Democracy and dictatorship play a role in paths that lead to political development. While democracy in itself provides a variety of friendliness amongst the people, dictatorship, on the other hand, bestows all power of a community or a country upon a single individual. This creates a lot of tension and unfairness between the rulers and the ruled. As opposed to democracy, dictatorship results in an unstable economy of a country. The way Daron and James (2006) outline, there are different political paths that different political institutions take over a certain period. Amongst the paths, just a few of them result in democracy. Albert makes a clear observation that is of a lot of importance. He notices that a more established democracy results in an enormous distribution of coalitions. After these same coalitions have formed, economic landscape is flooded with incompetent laws, regulation and other practices. Because of these practices, a country or a community ultimately excels little in terms of development or growth. In an attempt to understand democracy and dictatorship in length, Acemoglu and Robinson (2006) come out vividly to take us through these. According to them, determinants of democratization are substantially reduced to various levels that explain it better. The levels include economy structure and inequality that exists in a community or society. Additional levels that they discuss incorporate the degree of globalization and the kind of skills that elites bear as will be subsequently explained. Dictatorship and democracy trace their origins in the ancient of time. For instance, there are the already mentioned paths that led to their creation in different manners. Apparently, the paths make us familiarize ourselves with the difficulties in the universe owing to the fast changing real- world comparisons, Daron and James (2006). As a matter of fact, the paths above show some means that connect political and economic composition of a community to a political institution. Talking about the paths of political development, there exist four of them in number. They all result in different democracy through diverse means as is discussed below noticed that democracy is now never endangered. It simply tolerates all other forces that may hit it from side to side and consolidates to a stable state. This means that this first path that leads to democracy may take a little time to stabilize, but after that, it stands out effectively on its own. The second path is the one that leads to a democracy that is quickly created. It does not end at the creation but has its immediate other side that does away with the created democracy. In other words, the established democracy quickly crumples as Daron and James (2006) observes. Again, the collapsed democracy uses the forces that made it stand initially to stabilize. After this, once more the re-establi
Introduction Wildbear is a manufacturing company that mainly deals in the production of mobile phones and accessories. The company has headquarters in Washington D.C, U.S.A and has recently established branches in some of the Asian countries. The rapidly growing company also deals in the production of other electronic devices like Radios and Television and is currently working on the modern technology devices like handheld computers, palmtops, and laptops. All the devices have a unique combination of rechargeable batteries and solar cells, and the user has the option of switching from one power source to the other. The modern ones also have several computer application tools incorporated in them. Technological advances is still a major factor considered in the management of operations at the in the company. The proposed country The management at the organization has opted to extend their operations beyond the U.S.A and Asian borders and is currently going for the other developing countries especially those in Africa and the Latin America. In Africa, WILDBEAR has sub-branches in Nigeria, Senegal, Democratic Republic of Congo, Chad, and Guinea. These are countries of western and central Africa. The company intends to invest in the eastern Africa as well and in particular, kit has chosen to establish its branch in Nairobi, Kenya. Reasons for choosing Kenya as one of the host countries Foreign investment had bad refutation for a very long period especially among the developing countries. However, due to the prevailing political and economic forces, it has since been accepted as an important tool in the growth and development of a country’s economy (Dunning 1972, p372). The World Trade Organization (WTO) has been in the forefront to help establish policies that encourage foreign investment, which was initially perceived as a way of transferring a country’s wealth to the docket of the other country. Some of the features that attract foreign investment, and which attracted WILDBEAR to Kenya include availability of cheap labor, plenty of natural resources, good infrastructure, hospitality in the country, the excellent trade policies prevailing in the country, the market environment in the country, and the political stability that had prevailed in the country for a long time. The above factors constitute what would be considered as the strengths and opportunities the company has and upon which the management would rely to ensure their success