ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Whether or not money can buy happiness is a continued debate. Billions of people in all parts of the world sacrifice their ambitions and subconscious tensions on the altar of profitability and higher incomes. Millions of people dream to achieve the level of wellbeing, when earning money will no longer be a problem to them. Legal or illegal does not really matter, as long as these strategies lead individuals to the desired monetary outcomes. Professional economists assert that more money does not buy happiness. As a result, it makes no sense for people to pursue money. Yet, the reality is quite different, as money, wealth, high incomes, and wide opportunities which they open make people extremely satisfied. Based on the current knowledge of economics, the opportunity costs of pursuing money can be extremely high. Therefore, it is better to pursue money for a purpose rather than for its own sake. People always wanted more money. Money inspired professional economists and bank robbers. Millions of people would even try to sell their souls for a reasonable sum of money. Nevertheless, the debate on whether or not money can buy happiness continues to persist. Globalization and consumerism have turned money into the main criterion of individual and professional success: the more money you earn the better person you are. However, professional economists suggest that money does not make people happy. The current state of research claims that, despite the rapid increase in personal incomes, the percentage of people who consider themselves happy has not changed (Lee, 2005). Similar disconnects between income and happiness were found in most advanced economies, including Japan, Europe, and the United Kingdom (Lee, 2005). However, the general inconsistency of these research results is too obvious to ignore. First, what does it mean for people to be happy? Professional economists may have profound knowledge of economic concepts but can hardly make happiness measurable. Second, can people be happy with their incomes if they always want more? Most probably, at any given point, individuals will feel dissatisfied with what they have and will try to obtain more. I agree that money buys happiness, but this happiness is never constant. This idea is further supported by Lee (2005), who assumes that people will make all sorts of sacrifices to get money, but their happiness will be temporary at best. Lee (2005) relies on the two main premises. First, “happiness people realize from having more income results from having more relative to others in some reference group, not from having more absolutely” (p.389). Simply stated, individuals always compare their incomes and positions to those of other individuals. They want to have more relative to what others have or can have. However, their happiness wanes as soon as others achieve a better social position, income, or level of wellbeing. Second, the nature of sensory adaptation in humans explains why people are never happy with what they have: human receptors become irresponsive to the continuous presence of one and the same stimulus (Lee, 2005)
Introduction A significant number of New York City’s homeless children are housed in foster homes throughout the city. These homes have increasingly become important in helping homeless children live normal lives, as well as building strong foundations for their future. In the attempt to illustrate the importance of foster homes in helping needy children, concurrent sections of this paper shall use Roslyn Mickelson’s insights as building blocks. The paper shall elaborate on the importance and challenges facing the system, as well expressing ideas on how to improve the current status. Among the major challenges facing the system is a family separation that is caused by members of the homeless being housed in different foster cares (Mickelson 61). This is shown by the specialization that is seen in the city’s, as well as the country’s, foster homes. Indeed, most foster care chooses to either house children (boys, girls, or both), whereas parents are forced to look for other places to stay. The lucky parents could find nice places to seek refuge but could be far away from where their children are housed. This means that they cannot afford to meet on a regular basis. Main body Though children are well-taken care of in their respective foster homes, growing up without being close to their parents robs them of a special attachment, loving, and parental care. This could hurt the children’s psychological well-being despite the high quality of life that could be experienced at their respective foster cares. Parents, too suffer from a lack of closeness between them and their kids. Though the parents are relieved of the pains of suffering together with kids on city streets, the pain for not seeing kids more often could take the toll of their hardship in coupling with poverty-ridden lives (McMahon A6). Foster homes have to also face the challenge of developing the mentalities of the children are their clients, and care should be provided on that basis. According to Mickelson (16), developing such a mentality could lead to the children being helped have some entitlement thoughts that could jeopardize systems effectiveness. These children could also fail to develop self-dependency attitudes that would aid in their working hard by taking advantage of the opportunities provided by the system. Foster families should therefore embark on providing the best care, but also help homeless children develop self-dependence. Despite the just mentioned challenges that the foster family system has to overcome, there are many strengths that have enabled the system to help many homeless children. First, the system is said to be less restrictive in the process of helping Homeless children overcome their
Introduction The Great Depression was one of the most meaningful and devastating events of the 20th century. It affected every person in the United States and other countries, no matter their status, money, or job. The collapse happening was influenced by the consequences of World War I and other factors that combined at that time. The Great Depression was a highly significant and destructive event caused by multiple factors, ending in a shift in the whole world and every structure and changing Americans’ attitude toward the government. The Great Depression was the most severe recession of the past centuries. It affected the whole world and lasted for approximately 12 years. Main body Field claims that gross domestic production (GDP) fell by 30%, almost half of the banks in the United States collapsed, and about 25% of the population became jobless during the Great Depression (para 1). Unemployment insurance did not exist at that time, and no one was prepared for these events, and it became a disaster for millions of people. Kiger states that the Great Depression affected everyone, from investors who became bankrupt overnight to clerks and factory workers who became unemployed (para 1). The event influenced every person despite their status or profession. Thus, the Great Depression was a devastating event that affected everyone. It is believed that the reason for the recession was the market collapse in 1929; however, it is not. There was no one exact reason for the collapse happening. Field claims that the genuine reason for the event was a combination of different factors, such as ill-timed tariffs and misguided moves (para 2). Thus, t
The Navy is one of the arms of the armed forces charged with protecting national interests against external aggression. Militaries worldwide are known for their rigid and strict management structures. This purpose of the strictness is to ensure that all members of the forces observe discipline. This paper reviews how the Navy handles planning, leading, organizing, staffing, and controlling functions. Planning In management terms, planning refers to the activities undertaken to determine priorities and to allocate resources. Apart from the well-known military leadership style, management scholars also recognize the contribution of the military to the discipline of strategic planning. Strategic planning arose when militaries found it necessary to develop long-term plans for prolonged military campaigns. In the Navy, several types of plans exist depending on the level of command handling it. Decisions to go to war or to carry out aggressive or defensive maneuvers are made centrally at the highest level of military command. The approval to go to war is only the first step for military planners. At the high command, military strategists develop engagement options and determine the level of troop deployments needed for specific campaigns. These decisions are then communicated down the ranks for implementation. The nature of the work of the Navy makes it impossible to use consultative decision-making models. Once the high command issues orders, the lower level officers have no option but to implement the orders. At the unit level, unit commanders have the duty of making tactical plans to achieve the overall aims of a specific military exercise. They make decisions based on the prevailing circumstances to ensure that the soldiers under them fulfill the commands of the superiors. At the level of the individual soldier, planning is essentially a matter of personal management to ensure readiness for service whenever called upon. Unit commanders may consult with soldiers before issuing orders, just like the high command usually consults with unit commanders before decisions are made, but never after orders are issued. Leading While the debate on the difference between management and leadership rages on, it is clear that the military needs leadership as much as it needs management. Leadership usually involves skills like defining a vision
The idea of corporations being the embodiment of all evil seems to have worn out its welcome in the 21 st century era of globalization, when expansion into the world market and the unceasing growth is welcomed by company owners and its employees. The numerous flaws of the ethical system, in accordance with which many corporations work, however, still raise a range of questions. One of the most notorious cases of the 20 th century, discussed back and forth and mentioned in The Corporation as the company that produces “more of what we don’t need” (Educate Knowledge 00:31:40–00:31:50), the case of Monsanto milk serves as a perfect example of why bioethics must remain at the top of a corporation’s priorities list. The key information about the case in point is quite simple. In 2000s, the company was working on the synthetic hormone known as recombinant bovine somototrophine; according to what the company claimed, the hormone was supposed to spur the process of milk production in cows. As soon as the hormone was injected into the cows, however, the latter started producing milk that, when consumed, caused a range of adversary effects, including heart, lung, kidney, spleen and reproductive system of the human body, to name a few (Educate Knowledge 00:31:09–00:31:13). Apart from the fact that the company was clearly concealing the harmful effects of the hormone used in order to stimulate additional production of milk, the companies responsible for checks and audits were also “lying in people’s faces” (Educate Knowledge 00:31:14). “The cows get sicker when they are injected with RBGh” (Educate Knowledge 00:32:32–00:32:34); as a result, the need to inject the cows with antibiotic emerges. Therefore, the company supplied the milk retrieved from the sick cows knowing that people will consume the antibiotics through their food (Educate Knowledge 00:32:43), yet did not provide either the customers, or the FDA with the required information. As far as the relevant values are concerned, the health and safety of the stakeholders, including customers, should be referred to as the key moral principle violated in the given case by the corporation. The details of the case show that the company was willingly supplying its clients with the milk that was hazardous to their health and never warned the customers about the possible issues. Not only was it a breach of business ethics, but also a serious violation of the law. Taking a closer look at the moral concepts that the company was guided by and the actions that it undertook
Psychic torture and colonized force in the construction of consciousness in the Caribbean Regression is a significant feature of human response to trauma and crucial in understanding the individual’s intrapsychic recovery processes. The relationship between the torturer and the tortured through regression deconstructs the primary basic unit of human civilization in the inner world of the individual. Such relationships in the external world are internalized in the survivor’s psychic world and linked with pain, deprivation, and dehumanization. This often reduces the survivors’ capacity for human relatedness in the future (Scarry 25). This facet of the problem is of significant meaning in terms of future interactions between the patient and the therapist during psychotherapy. The symptomatology presented by tortured survivors should also be seen as associated with intense regression during torture and reduced relatedness capacity. It becomes torture when physical pain is so unbearable or frightening that it reduces the victim to catastrophic helplessness or when psychic pain strips the victim of all foundations of human poise. Both physical and psychic torture, on the other hand, attacks the self. At its extreme, the pain and suffering may lead to the death of the self. Under conditions of torture, the threat of extermination is often directed concurrently at both physical and psychic life. Torture is thus related to two luminal forms of obliterating human experience: death and evil (Levinson 72). While death destroys the body, evil tends to obliterate the self. Building the threat of death into torture to improve its effects methodically, the torturer takes over the role of absolute sovereign, master over life and death. If the victim survives, he owes his life to the torturer who could have killed him. Thus, the torturer establishes a hateful pact against life that guarantees it will not stop with the ending of real torment but carry on to exert its hold on life. Inducing the victim to identify with anti-life or detestation of life, torture operates according to the logic of the death drive. Psychic numbing and emotional death and susceptibility to obsessive repetition and self-destructive impulses are common symptoms of this tumor. The infringement of humane ethics in torture reaches the very heart of human susceptibility. Torture induces psychic death: the victim experie
Introduction and Scope of Forensic Toxicology Forensic toxicology is the study of all elements of toxins that have legal repercussions. The use of forensic toxicology in law enforcement has resulted in a significant decline in the number of chemical- and drug-related deaths and accidents. Forensic toxicology is applied in many areas of law including: postmortem drug testing, workplace drug testing and investigation of illegal materials (Becker, 2009). Postmortem drug testing involves the investigation of death to establish whether the cause of death or one of the contributing factors of the death was drugs (Saferstein, 2006). Fatalities as a result of unintentional or premeditated drug overdose are many. On the other hand, there are some cases of death that are homicidal in nature. Forensic toxicology helps in establishing the nature of drug-related death. The second application of forensic toxicology is in the workplace drug testing. This involves the assessment of biofluids from workers and candidates for drug content. The law normally permits unscheduled drug testing for workers in specific occupations such as security agents. In such occupations, the law puts the public security above the privacy rights of the employees concerned. Such employees may also be required to provide specimens to be tested for drugs if they seem to be weakened by the consequences of alcohol or other illegal drugs. The majority of the employees do not go through mandatory forensic toxicology testing. However, job applicants are often mandated to go through drug testing as a pre-requisite for employment. The logic behind the drug-free employment condition is based on research studies which have shown that individuals who use illicit drugs are usually unreliable and unproductive at work (Becker, 2009). The evaluation of contraband materials is the third application of forensic toxicology. As part of the nation-wide effort to halt drug abuse, laboratory support is needed by police agencies to establish that a confiscated material is indeed a forbidden material. For instance, if cocaine is found in the possession of a suspect, a conviction for illegal possession necessitates that the material be scientifically proven to be actually cocaine. Such specifications are established by police agencies in the field using rapid, transportable testing kits. The success of forensic toxicology depends to a large extent on the forensic toxicologist who plays significant roles not only in the analysis of specimens but also in interpretation of the results (Becker, 2009). The Role of the Forensic Toxicologist The major role of the forensic pathologist is to elaborate the cause of each death that is under his or her jurisdiction and to establish the nature of the death, that is, if it was unintentional, suicidal or homicidal (Levinson, 2002). The forensic toxicologist immeasurably assists the forensic pathologist in carrying out comprehensive analyses of a wide range of toxins. Other roles of the forensic toxicologist inc
Social media have become an integral part of people’s everyday lives, influencing how they relate both individually and professionally. It has enabled counselors to conduct research and offer services in better ways. Brew, Cervantes, and Shepard (2013) aver, “Creating an online profile for professional reasons has the potential to be used as an extension of a counselor’s practice” (p. 97). Despite the numerous benefits associated with social media, the technology poses significant ethical challenges. The steady transformations in digital technology beleaguer the majority of the counseling professionals, thus being unable to assist clients in coping with their online and offline lives. This article will evaluate the ethical concerns attributed to the use of social media amid rehabilitation counselors. Ethical Concerns Giota and Kleftaras (2014) posit, “As the online world often overlaps with the real-life, professional and moral issues increasingly arise and will inevitably invade the practice of counseling and therapy” (p. 2378). Counselors should be conscious of the possible ethical challenges if they decide to relate with clients online. Currently, there is limited consensus on whether it is imperative for rehabilitation counselors to communicate with clients via social media. Conventionally, clients do not know a lot about their counselors beyond the consulting room. Thus, challenges might occur should they decide to gather information about their therapist online or establish relationships on Facebook. Young patients may choose to send private messages to their counselors or reque
Introduction The causes of World War 2 were actively discussed. Among the arguments, there was one which related the way World War 1 finished the inevitability of World War 2. In 1919 at the Versailles Peace Conference in Paris, the German delegation announced their objections to the Treaty of Versailles which treated Germany rather harshly. This document is known as “Comments of the German Delegation to the Paris Peace Conference on the Conditions of Peace” and some of its issues are discussed in this paper. The Treaty of Versailles and the German Economy The Treaty of Versailles was signed in 1919 in Paris and is considered to be a document that ended World War 1. Apart from some sound decisions, the Treaty claimed that Germany had the major “war guilt” and had to provide reparation payments for the reconstruction of Europe (Sanders, 2014). However, the punishment was too harsh for Germany because apart from compensation payments, the punishment included the withdrawal of German colonies and some of its territories as well as reduction of the size of the German army. Such a decision was a disaster for the German economy. Compensation payments will not allow the country to provide restoration of its industries. Withdrawal of colonies and other territories will deprive the country of resources necessary for production and a significant part of the outlet area. On the whole, according to “Comments of the German Delegation” (n.d.), the Treaty violated Germany’s fundamental right “of self-preservation and self-determination” (para. 1). Germany’s View on Possible Application of President Wilson’s Principles President Wilson believed that World War 1 was not caused by a single fact, and the whole of Europe was “in a deeper sense responsible for the war” (“Comments of the German Delegation,” n.d., para. 1). Moreover, he considered that the actions of the commission which was to decide on the size of German compensation payments were not fair because the commission consisted of German enemies only. According to Wilson, every county involved in the war had to take equal blame and responsibility. In case Wilson’s principles had been applied, Germany would not have been treated as a single country responsible for the war. Moreover, peace and equal rights for all countries would have allowed the recovery of all European economies including German. As a result, the whole world could have benefited, because Germany’s economy had a significant impact on European and world economies. The Higher “Fundamental Laws” to Strengthen German Assertions According to “Comments of the German Delegation” (n.d.), the war gave rise to a new fundamental law “which the statesmen of all belligerent peoples have again and again acknowledged to be their aim: the right of self-determination” (para. 7). Also, the right to self-preservation was considered to be another “fundamental law.” German delegation claimed th
Introduction Principles and theories are developed for real-world applications. Economics is a complex mechanism utilized in all aspects of human society. Therefore, to find a proper implementation of theories, it is critical to analyze how the economic concept functions under socio-political policies and influences. Unemployment is considered a key indicator of national economic health as it directly reflects on the efficiency of government policy and the population purchasing potential. The Concept Unemployment is a measured number that indicates the percentage of citizens that are seeking work but are not hired or receiving any wages. Therefore, the official statistic does not include those not seeking a job for distinct reasons such as education or illness. Employment is critical to any economy because labor wages drive consumer spending, while unemployment causes a decline in production. The rate is measured by the government via randomized household surveys to calculate the total labor force and the percentage unemployed. This is known as the official unemployment rate. Additional numbers, such as jobs added, are sought from employers. There are various types of unemployment. Frictional unemployment is caused by time and imperfect information that elongates the process of seeking a job. Cyclical unemployment is dependent on the business cycle during certain periods, such as recessions significantly decreasing employment rates. Finally, structural unemployment is caused by a lack of qualifications in the labor force for the available jobs. This leads to extended periods of unemployment and a potential revamp of the training and education systems. In reality, most of these economic circumstances are impossible to avoid in a free market. The concept of the natural level of empl