ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The main purpose of this paper is to understand the basic concept behind a utopian society. It shows how assumptions are made in order for such a society to thrive. Additionally, it explores the weaknesses, which may arise due to the ideologies attributed to utopia. Utopia is a term used to depict a community or a society that exudes a perfect communal, opinionated and legal system. Utopia is a Greek word that was conjured by Sir Thomas More to explain an invented island in the Atlantic Ocean in his “1516 book titled Utopia’. He derived this name from two Greek words; Eutopia, which describes a good place and Outopia, which describes a non-existence, place (More and Bacon 87). Therefore, the term alludes to a double meaning; “good place and no place”. The use of these words further shows us that such a society is not achievable. He intentionally wanted to explore the irony such a word would create in his novel, Utopia. Utopia depicts an ideal society where the opinionated, communal and financial structures are perfect. The initial utopian suggestion was that of the republic as stated by Plato. It suggests a categorization of citizens into a strict class structure of “golden, silver, bronze and iron socioeconomic classes” (More and Bacon 87). The golden citizens are a group of individuals that have undergone a fifty-year-old education program like oligarchs. These oligarchs are the philosopher kings. These rulers focus on reducing deficiency and distributing resources within their territories. In these republics, the citizens are ready to defend themselves from any external military invasion and compete for resources in any strategies probable including the utilization of forces. They focussed on a society that would not look for reasons to engage in wars. These republics have very few laws; furthermore, they lacked evidence of the existence of lawyers, and barely take its citizens to war. Most of these republics employed the services of mercenaries to counter any war (Rowlands). These republics tolerate the various religious diversities present in their republics. People could employ their religious ideologies without inequity; furthermore, no religion was favoured. There also viewed a society with diminished territorial boundaries thus the entire world would become a society with one just and sincere ruler. Some scholars have decided to use t
Introduction There were numerous conflicts in the history of humanity that changed the way it evolved and resulted in the appearance of new features, unique tendencies, and even states. These conflicts were cruel, devastating, and impacted different nations across the world. The WWI and WWII resulted in millions of deaths, and devastations humanity had never known before. However, even those conflicts were not able to destroy the whole planet and condition the mass extinction of the human race. Though, the discovery of the power of the atom and the creation of a weapon that explores it to make the destructive effect stronger had altered the approach to warfare radically and introduced the threat of a nuclear war that could wipe our civilization off from the face of the Earth. Besides, the opposition of leading states of the 20th century and the use of the nuclear armory to obtain a certain competitive advantage triggered the conflict known as the Caribbean crisis. Having found itself on the verge of using nuclear power, humanity was able to destroy itself. That is why there are numerous attempts to analyze the conflict and provide a detailed description of how the world avoided collapse. The Week the World Stood Still The book The Week the World Stood Still by Sheldon Stern provides a detailed analysis of those events by the comprehensive investigation of the actions performed by the President of the USA, John F. Kennedy, his associates, authorities, and representatives of the other side. Stern served as Historian of the Presidential Library in Boston and was able to collect the relevant and credible data related to the Cuban Missile Crisis. Moreover, he uses tape recordings of meetings that were held in the Cabinet Room and Oval Office of the White house during the crisis. These help to understand the most important aspects of the issue and realize how close was the world to the nuclear war. The contradictory character of the Cold War and the crisis resulted in the appearance of numerous speculations and false assumptions. That is why the book might help to elaborate on the own perspective, which will rest only on credible information. Heroic vision of the events The author starts the book with cogitations about the heroic version of the events that happened during the crisis. This vision was “encouraged by JFK himself, popularized by the writings of journalists and Kennedy administration insiders” (2). However, it did not last for a long time. It was too ideal and too one-sided. Even the most vigorous patriots and Kennedys admirers doubted it. The author provides readers with the real facts that help to step aside from the heroic version and understand the real way the crisis evolved. The fact is that there were special apparatus that made recordings and provided researchers with the precise words leaders told in cabinets and the role JFK and other people played in the creation of a peaceful solution. The leading states contributi
The Brazilian AIDS Program The Brazilian Ministry of Health (MoH) has registered commendable success in its approach towards HIV/AIDS management. The Brazilian HIV/AIDS program takes into consideration factors such as economic ability, sexual orientation, and gender in trying to control the spread of HIV. Active participation of Brazilian civil society has also contributed towards the success of the Brazilian HIV/AIDS program. Unlike most developing countries, the Brazilian HIV/AIDS program employs an integrated approach that comprises HIV/AIDS prevention, free access to quality anti-retroviral drugs, and respect for human rights. Brazil’s application of Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients (APIs) in the production of local anti-retroviral drugs has reduced the cost of medication. Role of the World Bank in Funding Health Programs The scale and intensity of worldwide health challenges cannot be addressed by a single government or agency. Through Results-based Financing for Health (RBF), the World Bank seeks to link health program initiatives with positive results. The World Bank also gives loans to countries so that they can fund public health. RBF programs work by transferring goods or monetary compensation to health care providers who are supposed to attain a certain set of performance targets. Though the World Bank has considerably supported several health programs throughout the world, certain programs such as mental and maternal health are in dire need of financial support. The Role of Nongovernmental Organizations in Public Health Non-governmental organizations are not the best in funding health programs. One of the advantages of NGOs in funding health programs is that they are highly accountable compared to the local or state authorities (Romzek, 2000). Besides, they tend to expedite service provision especially when there are emergenci
Fyodor Dostoevsky and Constance Garnett are two prominent authors who narrate a great deal of ideas in their work The Grand Inquisitor . Like many authors of their time, the authors explore ideological and religious ideas. Dostoevsky and Garnet belong to the age of Dante, who in his work tried to illuminate and express ideologies that shaped knowledge about God, heaven and hell. Through literal works and art, the authors who belonged to Dante’s age tried to bring to light matters of heaven. Dostoevsky and Garnett’s poem tries to explain the end of times and authority of the cardinals in the Roman church. The authors try to solve the mystery that no man or Christ himself knows. The authors try to illuminate the principle of faith. According to the poem, a man lived at a time of faith. The time was marred with various miracles performed by saints. The significance of miracles in those days was critical, especially when man failed in faith. The authors are very categorical that miracles were necessary, but also offered an opportunity for the devil to devour man using false miracles. From such revelations, the authors seek to educate man the importance using prayers to hold fast in faith. The authors demystify the grand inquisitor as a symbol of a savior. They depict the grand inquisitor as the one who bears the cross. The authors use the character of the grand inquisitor to depict a savior of mankind. The savior is depicted as one who is weary, torn and who comes to bless. There are examples in the poem, where the authors depict the grand inquisitor as one w
Yangshuo Several karst green hills dot all banks of the Li River an aspect, which implies that they are a result of limestone deposits in Yangshuo, which is a county of china. The hills are karst and attractive as they appear elevated and strong and have greenish grey color. Among the most notable karst hills is the elephant hill that looks like a giant elephant. The karst hills are very spectacular and are only present in a few parts of the world. Thus, the hills form a central type of vegetation in a region that has a gently rolling terrain. The evident river formation is the deposition of silt or siltation of the river bank as the river meanders across the rugged terrain. From the map, it is evident that the river flows from the higher part of the region towards the lower parts of the lowlands while making a series of depositions along its banks. Also, the topography of the region makes the river meander as it flows southwards. The terrain also facilitates easy flow of water and little deposits that may result in accumulation of silt or water in the lowlands. The permanent nature of the river implies that the river flows throughout the year. Yangshuo region has weather conditions that comprise of four seasons, which are winter, spring, summer, and autumn. The seasons determine the prevailing weather conditions and vegetation cover found in the region that includes the green karst hills found along Li River. The rainy seasons cause flooding of the banks and consequent erosion and deposition of silts. In contrast, the dry seasons cause water levels to recede and create siltation on the banks of the river. Hence, the change in weather patterns makes siltation occur. Figure 1: Yangshuo Mississippi River As opposed to Li River, Mississippi River is composed of several meanders and turns that are present in various parts of the waterway. Furthermore, the topography of the area where the Mississippi River flows through is gently rolling, and thus, it leads to the development of meanders. Another difference evident from Li River
Introduction Self-determination theory is a psychological theory that explores the concepts of motivation and personality, and what drives human beings to act. It focuses on the inherent human tendency to seek growth, primarily in the fulfillment of three needs, namely competence, autonomy, and connection. The concept of intrinsic motivation is one of the most important pillars of the theory. Self-determination can be defined as an individual’s ability to make choices and decisions that promote their psychological health and well-being. People are motivated to act when they consider their actions to be potentially significant toward the achievement of positive outcomes. The concept of self-determination is widely applied in various fields, including education, health, exercise, and health. Studies have shown that high self-determination is an important ingredient in the attainment of success in life. Self-determination Theory The theory was developed by two psychologists, namely Edward Deci and Richard Ryan. As mentioned earlier, this theory explores the human being’s intrinsic need for growth and the fulfillment of three needs, namely autonomy, connection, and competence (Pink, 2016, p. 54). It was based on the findings of their research on motivation and the forces that drive people to act. They developed a theory of motivation that suggested that growth and fulfillment are two of the main driving forces that underlie human action. Motivations Self-determination theory outlines two forms of motivation that drive people to act: intrinsic and extrinsic motivation. Intrinsic motivation drives people to behave in certain ways for its own sake because it gives them satisfaction (Broeck, Ferris, Chang, and Rosen, 2016, p. 1195). This type of motivation is responsible for people’s tendencies to move toward growth. On the contrary, extrinsic motivation drives people to behave in certain ways for the sake of a reward or the attainment of an external goal (Pink, 2016, p. 62). For example, a student will spend free time studying to graduate at top of the class and get a scholarship. Unlike intrinsic motivation, extrinsic motivation does not fulfill the needs of autonomy, competence, and connection. Key Assumptions Self-determination theory has two major assumptions. First, the need for growth drives behavior (Ryan & Deci, 2017, p. 35). People usually act because they want to change and improve themselves. The development of a strong sense of self is based on the successful attainment of mastery over challenges and problems. Moreover, new experiences are important too. Second, autonomous motivation is important (Ryan & Deci, 2017, p. 35). In many cases, people are motivated to pursue goals by external forces such as monetary rewards, promotions, and commendations. However, the theory focuses on internal sources of motivation such as the need to acquire skills and gain knowledge. Psychological Needs According to the theor
Film critic entails making a comprehensive analysis on film. Different themes and characters have to be evaluated in order to illustrate the real nature of the film. The movie limitless was produced in the year 2011 and directed by Neil Burger. The movie featured Cooper Bradley, Abbie Cornish and Robert De Niro. This movie, which was produced in the month of March 2011, is based on the story behind the novel The Dark Fields. The movie was developed based on the genre of Sci-Fi and it was the technology that was used in manufacturing the pills that was meant to bring out differences between reality and fiction. In addition, there were some aspects of comedy that were introduced as the movie progressed. For this reason, it combined thriller characteristics, humor and some aspects of Sci-Fi. Director’s Role The movie was directed by Neil Burger, who took a very big initiative of using focal lengths judiciously to prevent the use of a lot of cameras. While it is common for contemporary films to have lots of cameras, the director decided to use focal lengths for the emphasis of different poses and scenes. The scene’s transitions were also managed through strategic cuts that linked the various scenes for the benefit of flow. The director was therefore more attached with simplicity and as a result of the flexibility and simplicity of the shoots, the movie eradicated most important aspects like lighting and camera angles. Review The movie starts by introducing the main character, Cooper, whose screen name is Eddie. Eddie, who is a writer, is brought out as a careless person, but full of writing aspirations. Although he has just landed a contract with a publishing company, he looks just like a joker to his friends. He is taken as a less serious person by not only his friends, but also his neighbors. He is met however by the brother of his former girlfriend, who offers a solution to Eddie’s problems through a pill that is alleged to trigger the activities of the brain. Critique From scientific studies, human brain is active to about 15 % in a lifetime. The pill that was given to Eddie was supposed to activate the entire brain, and thus made a person to be more than a genius. Although Eddie was reluctant to try out the pill, he went ahead and took the pill. Upon swallowing the pill, Eddie felt a unique sensation and started to conceptualize some issues tha
Introduction Google Incorporation is one of the leading internet-related firms that operate in the global market that has been in operations since 1996. The case study reveals that this company has achieved success in the market because of its unique strategic plans it has been using in the market for the last one decade. A critical analysis of the firm reveals that it is using a number of grand strategies to achieve competitive edge over its market rivals. Product development is one of the grand strategies that this firm has been using over the past few years. Google Inc has highly diversified its products in the market as a way of expanding its sources of revenue. Market development is another grand strategy that has given this firm a competitive edge over its market rivals. After achieving success in North American and European markets, this firm made a successful entry into the Chinese and African markets. According to Peteraf and Thompson (2015), innovation is another very important grand strategy that firms are now using to gain competitive edge over their market rivals. This company has achieved success because of its team of highly talented and innovative employees. The firm has come up with new and highly innovative products in the computer software market that has posed serious threat even to the established players in this industry such as Microsoft. The management has always been encouraging innovation among its employees through its reward system. This firm has a
Background Appearing in the world’s renowned newspaper “The Economist”, the article “Innovation Pessimism: Has the Ideas Machine Broken Down?” sheds light on the factors that may have contributed to the stagnation of the global technological advancements and subsequent economic growth in recent decades. This paper summarizes and analyzes the article using the framework of supply and demand. Summary In summary, the article suggests that stagnation may have arisen due to (1) lack of intensive growth that is fuelled by the discovery of ever better ways to utilize workers and resources to allow continuous improvement in income and welfare as well as enable an economy to grow even as its population decreases, (2) lack of upcoming inventions in spite of heavy investments in education and research activities, and (3) slow pace of economic growth and progress compared with that of the early and mid-20th century (“Innovation Pessimism” 2-3). Analysis In using the supply-dema
Falls can be prevented in hospitals once nurses understand appropriate ways of overcoming when before occurring. Unfortunately, falls are common where nurses lack essential prevention and caring skills in healthcare facilities (Alert, 2018; Chu, 2017). The paper examines outcomes from the proposed intervention objectives of offering education to nurses that equips them with knowing when and how to handle falls. The nurses identify and assess various fall risk factors within their working environment and use the recommendation and guidelines to handle the falls as they execute their duties. The education on identification and risk assessment acquired by the nurses helping in gauge their ability to manage falls. Reduction of falls being a clear indication the nurses have internalized the guidelines for preventing falls. The nurses apply the acquired skills and knowledge after undergoing a learning and evaluation program in their workplace settings to check on fall incidents. The acquired education is reflecting when they are effectively applying fall-reduction skills to patients. Low rates of falls among patients would indicate nurses’ mastery of fall prevention techniques. The nurses using the knowledge on dangers of risk-rated factors, thus checking on fall incidence. Reduction in the occurrence of multiple fall incident hospitals would be a clear indication of nurse mastery of indented learning (Heng et al., 2020). For example, patients developing confidence in safety once they learn that they are under the care of qualified nurses. The caretakers would be able to apply improved evidence-based practice in facilitating and adapting that have high capability in fall prevention—for instance, employing standard operation to prevent fall in their work environment. The outcomes show the effectiveness of education and intervention would impact healthcare safety by addressing fall incidents and significantly reducing them.
Introduction Political culture, civil society and the rule of law are the factors which form the foundation of democracy and greatly help in sustaining it. In this essay, my argument is that civil societies form the cornerstone for democratization. Democracy Democracy is viewed as a form of governance whereby the people decide how they are governed (Diamond, 2008). The essential factor in democracy is that the people governed control how they are governed, that is, they must be in control of the governing institutions. It may also be said that they delegate their power to govern to some institutions, for instance the presidency, the senate, and expect that such institutions will run the business of governing in a manner that is consistency with their (the people’s) beliefs. Democracy, therefore, is a system that allows people to put others in governing positions on a regular basis. Civil Society A civil society can be viewed as an association that is interested in advancing members’ interests. Civil societies usually take the form of non-governmental organizations and their main aim is the defense of members’ interests. These societies are also very significant in creating awareness of issues relevant to the interests of the members and therefore more often than not they engage in educating members on issues affecting them directly and indirectly (Diamond, 2008). On the issue of governance, civil societies can act as whistle blowers. They can effectively inform members on wrong governance and propose remedies. Civil societies can question government actions and bring to light back stage government activities. All these actions by civil societies go a long way to form an informed citizenry. If the citizens are well informed on their rights, then they are likely to stand up for their rights. Civil societies are therefore important in ensuring that the citizens are well informed on issues to do with rule of law and correct political culture orientation. The correct understanding that rule of law applies to all people and the need to have the correct political culture orientation form the very basis for democratization. Therefore, a civil society is indeed the cornerstone of democratization. Rule of Law The existence of a rule of law in a society does not indicate the existence of democracy. Dictatorship does not uphold rule of law because dictators assume they are above the law. Nevertheless, other forms of governance, for instance monarchies, may uphold the rule of law but yet they may not be considered to be democracies because they may not govern the society in the interest of the people (Diamond, 2008). Political Culture The correct political culture is important for democratization to be initiated. If a society assumes that politics is a dirty game and therefore people can rig