ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction This paper discusses the metabolism and excretion of caffeine in the human system. Caffeine is a constituent of coffee, cocoa beans, and tea, etc. and it is used as a stimulant that affects the central nervous system. Caffeine is obtained from a plant named alkaloid and it is consumed in its purest form. Its chemical formula is 1, 3, 7 – trimethylxanthine and structure are C8 H10 N4 O2 and its molecular weight is 194.19. It belongs to the family of methylxanthines. It has physiological and pharmacological effects on the different human systems like increased heart rate, respiration, renal activity, and physical performance. It leaves its deep influence on memory, cognition, moods, and alertness. Absorption and Distribution of Caffeine Within 45 minutes of ingestion, 99% of caffeine is engrossed in the human system. Tea, chocolate, coffee, or soft drinks like Coke, Pepsi, etc contains caffeine and when caffeine is taken in this form then amalgamation happens all through the gastrointestinal tract, and then it gets engrossed into the water content of each cell of the body. Another way of ensuring complete and rapid absorption of caffeine is through the oral mucosa and chewing caffeinated gum and other preparations. By using these methods for rapid absorption of caffeine, the plasma cells are supposed to have a maximum concentration of caffeine within 15 to 120 minutes. The effect is very rapid if consumed on empty stomach and the absorption gets slowed down due to the presence of food especially fiber in the stomach. As caffeine passes through the GI tract, there is no hepatic first pass so it remains in the system. It binds with the plasma proteins so is hydrophilic in nature and due to this property, it is completely absorbed into the body. Though it is lipophilic as it can exceed through the cell membranes into the cell, and due to this property it can pass through the blood-brain barrier. It is present in the cells where all the physiological effects of caffeine occur. Metabolism and Excretion of Caffeine Caffeine metabolism takes place in the kidneys and the process is catalyzed by the microsomal enzyme systems. The production of paraxanthine and its excretion through urine is the main way of caffeine metabolism. Dimethylxanthine, di and tri-methylallantoin, uracil derivative, and uric acid are produced after the caffeine is being metabolized. The first step of caffeine metabolism involves the breakdown of 3 – ethyl demethylation to paraxanthine and 70 to 80% of caffeine is metabolized by cytochrome P4501A2 into paraxanthine, theophylline, and theobromine. Immediately after the consumption of caffeine, the paraxanthine and caffeine concentration increases in the body within 8 to 9 hours and it leaves minute traces of toxicology into the blood. Small intakes of caffeine keep these levels at a negligible level but regular consumption results in the increase of paraxanthine in the cells.
Introduction Organizational development theory plays an important role in the management of change as it orientates towards such critical aspects of change as the expert knowledge of behavioral sciences, professional inquiry driven by social values, and practical action powered by systems thinking. The purpose of this report was to present a focused analysis of a case study combined with a detailed description of the theoretical framework of organizational development and change management. The scope of this report included the overview of the concept of organizational development, its application to a specific case study, and the provision of a structural analysis of the management of change required in the case. This step involved several sub-themes and was followed by a discussion of the issues of resistance to change and tactics helping to cope with it. The conclusion for the report included recommendations as to the issues faced by the organization described in the case study. Organizational Development Theory One of the major characteristics of the field of organizational development (OD) is its complexity that is not only defined by the multitude of issues and aspects of this sphere of theoretical and practical knowledge but also by the definition and background of the subject itself. In particular, the theorists of OD still do not have a consensus as to where the boundaries of the field are and what kind of origins it has (Cheung-Judge & Holbeche, 2015). Regardless of these persisting issues, it is known for sure that the definition of OD is tightly connected with the concept of organization. Practically, the purpose and main objective of OD is to use various practices in order to transform negative experiences in organization management into positive ones and, this way, increase the organization’s effectiveness and boost its performance (McLean, 2005). Also, as noted by Cummings (2008), the definitions of OD differ depending on what aspect of it the theorists desire to emphasize – long-reaching improvement, management from the top, the use of behavioral science knowledge for organizational development, a planned change implemented via organizational culture (developed by Burke), versatile change processes (in the works of Beer and Beckhard), and the engagement of consultants for long-term results (proposed by French) among others. Each of these approaches is valuable in its own way and is applicable depending on the specific needs of an organization planning to employ OD for future change. When it comes to change management, OD plays a significant role in it due to its orientation to such major aspects as scientific knowledge and inquiry combined with social values and action and powered by systems thinking (Haneberg, 2005). Practically, OD is valuable because it does generate not only change but also implements it. OD approaches change management internally, paying careful attention to its social aspects and processes, and views the entire system from a holistic perspective. Lewin’s change model is comprised of thr
Identifying information from personal history Cultural diversity can be defined as a variability or divergence in the ways of life of different people that are living together (Neuling, 1999). Globally, The US has the highest rates of cultural diversities. These are black Americans, Native Americans, Asian Pacifics, Hispanics and Immigrants from Europe among others. This means that diverse groups have effectively merged and blended with each other. There is a misconception however, that all these foreign cultural groups only come to the US to make money. This is the main root cause of the cultural bias and stereotypes in the US ( Cultural Diversity in the U.S., 2007). There are several biases that individuals can experience as regards, religion, sexual or gender orientation, race, socio-economic status, disability status, or culture. An example of a discrimination experienced on religion basis includes, an instance where a black worshipper visits a local church whose most members are whites. During this visit, no one bothers to offer a welcome sign or note to the black into the church. However, immediately a white person enters the church, ululations are made and the white is even offered tea after church. This according to the blacks’ cultural background is disheartening and has a negative impact on the blacks because religion should make all people equal in all ways. That is, regardless of whether they are black, white, short, Muslim or Christian. Everyone should be allowed to worship in the house of God (Nittle, 2010). An example of a discrimination experienced on gender aspects includes being given minor jobs at the work place simply for being a female student. The gentlemen are trusted with tasks that require hard labor or hard thinking. This is unfair for the ladies as they will never have a say in the society. This is a show that the ladies’ roles are subordinate as opposed to managerial. Appreciating that what man can do, women can equally do, is the first step to realizing gender equality in the society (Chow and Crawford, 2004). An example of a discrimination experienced on race includes, being commanded to reduce the radio’s volume in the hostel simply because of being a black American student. On the other hand, the white students are allowed to play loud music in the hostels. The cultural background possibly impacts this experience by appreciating that different people treat race differently and so it’s better to try and accommodate races that are different from one’s race. Having high expectations for life no matter the level of discrimination also matters to a great extent. High expectations lifts people’s self esteem (Taylor., et al, 1998). An
Chronic conditions make it impossible for patients to lead healthy lives. Those who have these illnesses should be supported by skilled practitioners and dedicated family members. This discussion examines the issues surrounding the delivery of care to my loved one who has a terminal condition. The major challenges and concerns that might arise are also described. Levels of Care and Natural Continuum of Care My spouse by the name SK has severe chronic depression. The first level of care that can be available to SK is that of hospitals. This refers to institutions that provide short-term medical support (inpatient or outpatient) depending on the exhibited depression or stress (Garcia, de Freitas, Lamas, & Toledo, 2017). There are also long-term care hospitals (LTCHs) that offer adequate medical care. The second level to consider is that of acute rehabilitation centers. Since SK has a chronic condition, these institutions can ensure that quality care is available. Therapies and medications can be obtained from these health facilities. The third level is that of assisted living or nursing homes. These institutions are managed by licensed nurse practitioners who provide special care. Certified home health agencies (CHHAs) form the next level of the healthcare system (Chapman, Chung, & Pincus, 2017). These facilities are capable of providing physical and medical support. The final level that can be available to SK is comprised of senior communities. As the individual ages, these facilities will offer evidence-based support throughout the lifespan. A patient with a chronic mental condition such as depression should have access to the natural continuum of care (Garcia et al., 2017). The first service is offered in outpatient clinics where drugs are administered. I will ensure that my beloved spouse visits such offices once a month. Intensive care is the second service. Trained practitioners coordinate to offer a continuum of care services. Home-based treatment will also be required to support my spouse and my family members. Day treatment programs or services are usually available in different societies. These aspects will ensure that the targeted patient receives
As a starting point it is important to note that the language instinct is a very special capability that is bestowed on humans; and not on any other creatures. The language instinct is so phenomenal because it is a tool that can be used to shape occurrences, each other’s brain, and ideas with perfect exactitude. To get a clear picture of the miracle involved in human communication; consideration is given to a male octopus who communicates to a female one through changing his color to become striped, and swimming above her. This human communicative miracle that is done through a few utterances uses the human language instinct; as it further goes to fill the gaps of time, acquaintance, and space between one individual to the other. However, it should further be noted that writing and developed verbal communication is a product of the spoken language skills; which are learned in childhood (Pinker 1-43). From the phrase ‘language is so tightly woven into the human experience’; explanations can be derived to support the interrelation language has with the human experience. Firstly is that language being the core of communication; the communicative role of the human experience plays the role of problem-solving through negotiation and passing of ideas. It also shows that the human experience that covers the areas of development, planning, and advancement. A justification for this is the failure of the construction of the Babylon tower after the workers could not communicate using a common language anymore. The human experience is further based on experiences and exchange of ideas; under which language plays the role of connecting and relating the members of the community through an information-sharing system that makes the use of a fearsome collection of powers. Other aspects of the human experience related to language as a communication tool are negotiating for deals; and the implementation of studies, researches, and statistics towards developing the human experience (Pinker 1-43). From the phrase ‘language is a complex specialized skill, which develops in the child spontaneously without conscious effort or formal instruction’; it is notable that the communicative aspect of an individual greatly contributes to the way they are perceived as being normal. This is because, the loss of the capability to communicate is usually very devastating, as the people connected to the one who loses it feel like they lost the person completely or like they don’t know them anymore. Another justification to the complexity of this specialized skill is the fact that languages develop from generation to another; to utilize slang and idioms, use divertive palindromes, eponyms and anagrams. So as to understand this complex skill deeply; cognitive science which combines statistic tools from different sciences in explaining the operations of the human intelligence; is helpful in explaining the alterations and developments within the science of language (Pinker 1-43). From the quote ‘language is man’s most important cultural invention’; it can be established that language is the main tool in com
Introduction History shows that the collective gender of the ruling class significantly influences the nature of legislation and the social structure of the countries in which they govern. The chronology of United States (US) legislation is an example; it has gone from masculine to gender-neutral in terms of rights and responsibilities. Early American laws impeded the development of female and racial solidarity and women’s empowerment due to its underlying male perspective. Women Legal Position The first American laws significantly constrained the rights of both white women and women of color. Husbands had to go to court instead of their spouses for the defense to be considered valid (Winter, 1639). For example, there is a recording of how “John Winter… defends his wife against charges that she had cruelly beaten Priscilla” (Winter, 1639, para. 2). The laws applied to women of color were even more restrictive and repressive (Snyder, 2015). They were designed this way because male legislators feared that equal rights would create chaos and disorder (Carrol, 2003). Therefore, the early US masculine legal system intentionally suppressed women’s legal position. Female and Racial Solidarity Early US laws also forbade the formation of female and racial solidarity. The first legislation formulated only by men tied social status to the inheritable characteristic of the individual, where the mother’s race was the decisive factor (Snyder, 2015). This rule deliberately maintained the divisive societal structure and racial and gender prejudices. It also supported the development of the master-slave type of relations between representatives of higher and lower social strata, even of the same race and gender. The case of John Winter’s wife, who beat her maid, is an indication of it. (Winter, 1639). Any attempt to form female and racial solidarity was systematically suppressed. Conclusion This work explores how the first US legal system obstructed women’s empowerment and female and racial solidarity. Developed inferences lead to the question of how gender percentage in legislators influences the conceptual nature of laws, rights, and legal duties of a country over time. Another one is how dominant female legislatures affect social unity and racial relations.
Introduction Hitokoto (2010) argues that the automobile industry is one of the industries that have witnessed rapid growth over the last few decades with new cars emerging in the market yearly. Hitokoto notes that the advancement of technology has made manufacturing processes easier than they were two decades ago. The automobile industry is one of the most competitive industries. As a result, all car manufacturers are struggling to remain relevant in the market. Research indicates that a majority of car customers emphasize quality, efficiency, and customer service as the key determinants when choosing the company from which to purchase (Hitokoto, 2010). As such, many companies are becoming more customer-focused in their manufacturing process. Increasing the ability to fulfill market needs is a way of attracting customers towards the company and gaining a competitive advantage over other firms in the automobile industry. Toyota, which is one of the major players in the industry, is fully aware of the dynamics of the market. This has allowed it to command a large section of the global market share since its incorporation in 1937. Toyota Motor Corporation Toyota Motor Corporation (TMC) is a Japanese automobile manufacturer of vehicles. The company was incorporated in 1937 and its headquarters are in Toyota, Aichi, Japan. Toyota has since then, emerged as the leading maker of automobiles in the world according to its annual report in 2010. The company also ranks seventh globally by revenue. Since its incorporation over twelve decades ago, the company has expanded its brunches in several countries around the world in order to increase its customer base globally. The company currently commands the largest customer share globally. Some of the common brands of Toyota cars include Toyota Corolla, Toyota Land cruiser and Toyota Prado, just to name but a few (Toyota, 2012). Toyota’s strengths in manufacturing and sales Toyota is determined to maintain it competitive advantage over automobile industries through a number of strategic plans announced by its chief executive officer in March 2011 (Toyota Motor Corporation, 2012). Toyota’s greatest strength that has enabled it to keep up with the competition is its ability to build high quality cars based on the latest technology. The company is f
Abstract The major purpose of this research paper is to determine the stages to be considered during software implementation. The research will typically lean towards a descriptive approach. The research paper will focus on different phases to be undertaken during systems implementation. The paper will conclude with a consideration of recommendations after reviewing the stages to be involved during the whole process. Introduction Implementation can be described as the process involved in acquiring new software or upgrading an existing one. This usually encompasses the installation, configuration, running the software, testing its functionality, and throughout the process making necessary changes as required by every stage. It is also at times contextually used to indicate deployment as Conway (2000). Implementation plan Acquisition of new technology is viewed by many as the magic that will change everything into gold. But this is not always so because technology is about business processes. Fixing current shortcomings in the system requires a brilliant look at the business processes including whether the set protocols are being followed. It is a common misconception that after the installation of new technology profits will go up, efficiency will be increased with minimal downtime being experienced. But as Kelsey (2006) notes if the current processes in the system are not effective then-new technology will not do any good in improving the efficiency. Therefore, the first step to be undertaken during a software upgrade and new software acquisition is to conduct a feasibility study into the business processes to find out whether things are being done correctly, identify shortcomings and then design an optimal plan to achieve success after the upgrade. Changes will be experienced after a systems upgrade. This means that people are the main focus of technology. Users will be required to change from the normal processes and adapt to the new changes that an upgrade will bring along. Therefore, it is important to keep in mind the users of the system throughout the implementation process. Users should be involved in the whole process otherwise, they will tend to resist the changes, feel uncomfortable with the recent investment that was done without their involvement. This could often lead to unsatisfied workers leaving the company. According to Zieliński and Szmuc (2006), a cross-organizational team should be constituted to set aims and Prioritize them. Each department should be represented with the best of each coming together with the senior management to discuss the new system acquisition or upgrade. Besides, creating a collaborative framework will ensure the success of the whole project. It is important to let the team have the assurance that their contribution will be considered to remove the suspicion of senior managers having the final say regardless of their inputs. Specifications must be developed for choosing vendors. This comes in handy especially when there are many competitors to avoid likeability winning over the day rather than competence. Frenzel and Fr
Vision, mission, objectives and strategies Azza Fahmy Jewellery, based on its inception, has a well crafted vision, enriched with its call into service, and the desire for the future prospects. The vision of the company is to become a leading designer who offers the world an invaluable luxury of experienced artwork made possible through the use of handcraft whose main guide is the brand’s soul (Azza Fahmy, 2012). The company, therefore, has a vision that clearly depicts its origin and its aim to steer ahead along its chosen line. The company highly regards its vision and makes sure it acts in a manner to achieve the vision. The mission of Azza Fahmy Jewelleries is to deliver its promise of profitability to its partners and to its clients; it endeavors to deliver unique products of handcrafted art. It aims to achieve this through creativity and innovations. The mission takes care of the interests of the different parties involved in the company. It ensures that the company’s clients remain its chief focus and their interests are vested at the company’s heart. The objectives of the company are: acquiring a large market share for the company’s unique handcrafted products, venturing into prospective markets, achieving efficiency in management and expanding its online marketing services as well as achieving efficiency in management. The current strategies that the company is employing in order to achieve its objectives include: change of management style, targeting of the West by focusing on the events occurring in the East and passing of the craftsmanship to the younger generation through apprenticeship. These strategies aim at achieving efficiency in the running of the company, increasing the company’s market share as well facilitating the company’s future labor force. External assessment of Azza Fahmy Jewellery Azza Fahmy Jewellery, having grown bigger from a small business, was founded through Azza Fahmy’s desire for design and eventually transformed it to jewelry collections; the company commands a large market share in Egypt. The company has gone beyond Egypt and has outlets in the East as well as in the UK where it has business partners. These expansions imply that the business has its fair share of the merits and challenges that come with this expansion as analyzed here. General Environment The general environment is majorly composed of those external forces that the company experiences from its external environment. They include; economic forces, social and demographic forces, political