ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
People of color and lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBTQI) communities experience significant challenges disclosing their real identities. Researchers have concentrated on analyzing the plight of white LGBTQI societies but accorded less emphasis on black individuals. Despite being segregated because of ethnicity, same-sex people face oppression because of their minority status, disability, or being female. This discrimination can result in mental health issues, significant psychological problems, and acculture stress. Various factors affect LGBTQI people of color to come out and disclose their identity in society. For example, some individuals relate blacks to criminality; therefore, same-sex people believe that what they do is wrong. These individuals fear what others might think about them or their choices. On the other hand, black culture can reject any idea related to the white because of the oppression, slavery, and discrimination history. For instance, most African-American religions disregard homosexuality and define it as a sin against God. This has resulted in an increased number of HIV cases among LGBTQI black people because homosexuality is a primary contributor to the illness and has caused many deaths. Eventually, these individuals engage in drugs and substance use, risky sexual behaviors, fighting, and violence because they feel misunderstood by society and their households. Cultural and family values also hinder LGBTQI individuals from speaking about their sexual life preferences. This is because African-American cultures demonize homosexuality and might denounce people who engage in it. As a result, LGBTQI’s get inadequate support from friends and family members, which adversely affects their self-esteem and confidence. Therefore, blending the two distinct identities that the community cannot accept can lead to stigma and cause the individual to commit suicide.
John Keegan was an author of British war history books. Besides, he was also a lecturer and a journalist. He was born on 15 May 1934 and died on 2 August 2012. His books cut across “the 14 th to 21 st century history of armed combats from air, maritime, land, and military warfare intelligences”. His books reflect themes of war psychology. His major writings include Who Was Who in the World War II, Fields of Battle: The Wars for North America, The Iraq War, and The First World War among others. In The First World War , John Keegan explores various war-related themes. One of the major themes is the manner in which the war progressed out of the failure of diplomacy and communication resulting in the escalation of bilateral disputes into a global conflict. This theme is prevalent in all chapters. It is developed through narrations, analysis, and critical assessment of military conflicts in a fashion that is not anticipated of a person untrained in military operations. Keegan is also committed to narrating different events that took place in the Second World War where he shows how the different pieces fit together. In developing the above two themes, Keegan relied on secondary materials as evidenced in the footnotes of the book. Hence, his book is not based on a first-hand experience on the first world events. Indeed, he was born in 1934, which is much later after First World War. Nevertheless, he narrates the events and military strategies of the First World War in a manner that reflects a first-hand experience in the war. Where could he have gotten this experience? Is it from his father who served in the war? He is not clear on this issue. Through the vivid description of the First World War, military strategies and tactics prove that John Keegan is an expert in the field of military history. However, his sympathy and strong position that Britons were not defeated in the war gives an unbalanced account of the implications of the war. As he later proves in the book, many Britons lost their lives in the unnecessary war. Based on its inclusion of legendary names in military such as Gallipoli, Sheds, and Somme, The First World War provides an incredible insight into the military tactics in the war especially the roles played by technology combined with geography in enhancing the success of combat attacks on targets. Although Keegan’s book creates hilarious description of military operations in a manner that its readers envy, he is quick to establish his position on the First World War. He does this through inclusion of a humanistic perspective on the impacts of the war. For instance, he cites the names of people such as Nicholas II and Haig who made it possible for what he terms as “unnecessary war to build up.” Referring the First World War as unnecessary gives a loose inference that Keegan did not support the war. Hence, he criticizes its inappropriateness in terms of having the repercussion of loss and devastation of human life. This position is important upon considering the need to respect people’s rights to life. However, the emergence of the bill
Hamlet and Laertes are characters that William Shakespeare presented in his play Hamlet. The setting of this play is Denmark. The central family consists of Claudius (king of Denmark), Hamlet (his nephew and the son of the deceased king and Queen Gertrude), and Gertrude (queen of Denmark). There is also a household of Ophelia (Hamlet’s ex-girlfriend), Laertes (Ophelia’s protective brother), and Polonius (Ophelia & Laertes’ father and the Lord Chamberlain). This paper will compare and contrast the family’s sons and explain why Laertes wants to kill Hamlet. The other characters who also contribute to the plot of this play include Ophelia, Horatio, Voltimand, among others. The protagonist of this tragedy is prince Hamlet. Both Hamlet and Laertes are angry with the murderers of their fathers and are determined to revenge. Shakespeare’s work brings out the theme of revenge. Both Hamlet and Laertes are determined to revenge for their fathers’ killing (Schulman, para.3). They act out of anger and rage and are determined to find satisfaction and peace of mind through revenge. Even if they both seek revenge, they have different characteristics and convictions that make them differ in the way they treat the issue. One night, outside the Elsinore Castle in Denmark, the guards spotted the ghost of the deceased old King Hamlet and they informed prince Hamlet about its whereabouts. Thereafter, the prince makes a decision to go and see the ghost himself. The ghost reveals himself as the spirit of king Hamlet (Bloom, Pg. 16). King Hamlet’s ghost then informs prince Hamlet of the person who killed him; consequently, Hamlet accepts the ghost’s demands, swears his accomplices to secrecy and reveals to them his intention of killing the king to avenge his father’s murder. The ghost revealed that King Claudius of Denmark had murdered his brother King Hamlet secretly, inherited his throne as king, and married his queen Gertrude (Shakespeare, Act 5, Scene 2, pg 3, line 68-69).The thought that someone killed his father makes Hamlet to harbor the spirit of revenge. Shakespeare used the character of Hamlet to show that the effects of revenge may lead to disastrous results and some of them may be unintended. This is shown by the fact that Hamlet wanted to execute the revenge plan regardless of its consequences. Foremost, he decides to prove whether his uncle Claudius is guilty of the offence and pretend to be insane. Armed with prove (Act 3, Scene 2), Hamlet goes to kill Claudius but gets him praying and stops because he believes that killing him while he is praying will send his soul directly to heaven. He then leaves to confront his mother in her
Introduction The comprehension of how the human brain functions has been a puzzle for many people. Most people begin to think critically about the operation of the mind only after it has failed. For example, when one is not able to get something they had in their hands just a few minutes ago (Braisby and Gellaty, 2001, p.5). That is when they scratch and beat their heads in a bid to wake it up. For many years researchers have worked tirelessly hard to get detailed information on the working of the human mind. About 200 years ago, the researchers identified theories that could explain the operations of the brain through cognitive psychology. Definition of Cognitive Psychology Cognitive psychology is one of the major doctrines of psychology. It therefore examines the behavior of the internal procedures of the brain. These processes include solving problems, decision making, comprehending languages, memorizing ideas and the other functional duties of the brain. In actual sense, cognitive psychology focuses on how the brain perceives information, transmission and processing of the input to give the output. Cognitive psychologists usually make two assumptions, the first one being that it is possible to understand and describe the components of the human mental processes. The other one is that the mental processes of a human mind can be reported using models that are installed with specific rules and formulas. Related to cognitive psychology is cognitive science which gives a detailed look at the mechanisms of cognition (Braisby and Gellaty, 2001, p.9). Cognitive science is however divided into different sub-groups such as neuroscience, psychology, philosophy and physiology. Key milestones in the development of cognitive psychology as a discipline Developing cognitive psychology as a discipline was not an easy task as there were many hindrances during the stages of development. Most of these milestones greatly affected the progress of the initiative to create and develop philosophy of the mind. One of these factors was the emergence of the Christian church. When the church arose, people turned to it and trusted everything that they got from it. The church however, was so much into the soul other than the studious material from scholars. This negatively influenced the developmental process of cognitive psychology as it was not related to theology (Eysenk, 2000, p.32). More to this was the fact that during that time people could not make intellectual decisions, they instead followed different channels. Another hindering factor was the problem of making assumptions. The Greek philosophers had come up with three assumptions. They said that any explanations were to be of the world as it was easy to understand and predict the world. They further said that the human beings were not special. This meant that it was easy to predict and explain the human body just like the other living and non-living creatures. This cannot be the case as without research, the mystic about the human body could not have been uncovered. The people believed in a kind of
The decision in Mapp v Ohio 367 U.S. 643 (1961) is good law and there is no need for overturning it. The exclusionary rule applies under national law and in the same manner; it should apply to federal courts. What is good for the gander is good for the goose. This decision illustrates the importance of the Bill of Rights and the need for state laws to be unanimous with the Constitution of the United States of America. Having protection under the Constitution and denying the same under state law defeats the purpose of having the rights in the first place. All federal courts must ensure that individual rights are protected from interference with the state. The rule of law ought to guide the actions of the police—not the rule of men. All states have the power to ensure law and order in society. It is the law that bestows this power upon the various machinery of the states, and it is the same law that determines the limits of the exercise of this power. With much power comes much responsibility. As Justice Clark correctly pointed out in this case, “nothing can destroy a government more quickly than its failure to observe its laws” (Aberle 143). It is only by following the due procedure of the law that justice can be achieved. The contention that the state of Ohio did not expressly include the exclusionary rule in its law—therefore the rule should not be used in Ohio—does not stand. This is because all the laws of federal states emanate from the Constitution itself. Just because a particular federal law is silent does not mean that the rule recognized at the national level cannot be applied at the state level. The exclusionary rule emerged—as well put by the majority opinion in this case—due to the need to protect the person’s right to privacy. It has a constitutional basis under the fourth amendment. Consequently, an alteration of the fourth amendment should also be applied in practice. In striking a balance between the interests of the society and those of the individual, the primary consideration is which person is more likely to suffer than the other if a court of law reached a particular decision. Whereas the public does have an interest in criminal matters to deal with crime, the individual is also entitled to the protection of his rights under the same law. The prosecution must bring all the facts of a case as fairly as possible in court—not to ensure a conviction but—for the interests of justice. Fair administration of justice entails the proper and legal acquisition of evidence. In this case, the evidence of pornographic material found in
Introduction In recent times, the issue of sexual category equality has been given precedence in many forums. It is noteworthy that in the contemporary community, many countries and organizations have enacted laws that uphold gender equivalence. However, this is not evident in university education because entry is determined by scholastic credentials and preference. It is unprofessional for universities to dictate the number of students being enrolled per subject without considering these two factors. Most importantly, universities should not admit equivalent proportions of males and females. In congruence with the existing scholastic guiding principles, conscription of students into a university is based on the established scholastic qualification requirements. This is done with reference to the pre-university results. Consequently, admission of students basing on gender can be so disastrous to the academic fineness of an institution and also to the career of the students. Incase a student is admitted for a certain subject which he does not qualify, the student might perform poorly as the requirements to pursue the course might be too much for him to accomplish. Furthermore, the institution might develop a bad academic repute for producing feebly trained graduates. Similarly, enrollment of an individual in a subject he his not qualified to pursue might lead to failure in the fulfillment of career requirements as the student might achieve low grades. Most importantly, this mode of conscription might prevent the qualified students from achieving their careers. As a matter of fact, their chance might be taken by the unqualified students who the university opts for to balance the gender equation. It is apparent that enrollment of students to pursue a subject should also be based on preference of the student during the application process. It is essential for students to pursue the subject they desire as everyone has preferred career and dreams to accomplish. Furthermore, students should not just take up subjects because the number of males and females has to be equal. More over, the dissimilar genders prefer different career subjects. For example, significant proportions of female students prefer art and related subjects while male students prefer engineering subjects. Thus, if the universities insist on balancing the number of males and females in each subject many students will end up pursuing undesired careers. In as much as I do not agree with the issue of universities accepting the similar proportions of male and female in each subject, I acknowledge the importance of such action. First of all, a fine balanced class in terms of gender enhances an apt learning environment. This is because while in school individuals are taught concepts that are beyond the syllabus. As a result, it is important to build ones social life, as some studies have proved that the contact between people of dissimilar sex enhances the societal wellbeing. Moreover, they will relate well co
Target Population Kidney Health Australia is an official website of a not-for-profit organization that promotes kidney health for the target population (patients, families, and carers) through education and research. Healthcare professionals offer this site to CKD patients to read clear information about kidneys [1-4]. Thus, healthcare professionals save their time and improve the level of knowledge about the disease in patients. A visitor checks the condition of kidneys by taking a simple test. Indigenous Australians are friendly users of this site because the test has a separate question about the patient’s origin. Statistics, brochures, and prevention plans can be effective for users. Healthcare professionals find this site helpful due to the offered CKD management handbooks and guides. They learn the peculiarities of primary care for CKD patients, use calculators to check the estimated glomerular filtration rate, and measure kidney functions. Benefits and Limitations The benefit of the resource is that it was intentionally created for an Australian context and contains various additional information about research and practice for nurses and physicians. Practitioners find information about grants, projects, and the organization’s events because [5]. Visitors buy specific merchandise, including lotteries, stickers, and books, and use methods that are accessible to Australian citizens. The inability to download the CKD Go! application for healthcare providers is one of the limitations. There is also much various information about CKD, its prevention, control, and support. A healthcare provider has to spend much time creating a guide on using this site, what sections read first, and what kind of help may be required from patients. Resource Accessibility When visiting this website, users gain access to a database including credible documents, publications, and online resources [6]. These files can be easily utilized and followed in health care professionals’ practice without the necessity of searching for them on other websites and platforms, saving users’ time. Recent Australian statistics about CKD, new treatment plans and care guides, and the latest findings of the disease, volunteering, and communication channels are available to the users of Kidney Health Australia.
American expansionism has a huge impact to the world power position held by the country today. The adventure is now deeply rooted in foreign relations. Historically, various periods related to the American foreign relations growth include cold war, territorial expansionism and Vietnam War. According to Divine (2002), the end of U.S. struggle in conflict of dictating imperialists brought about the War with inhabitants in the aim of improving or expanding land resources, which went on from the later eighteenth century until the 1900s. America began growing prosperously as an industrial country during the 1780 to 1850; therefore, the expansionism played an enormous part in determining the US foreign relations. On the word of Divine (2002), the increases in economical demands such as the industrial supplies was one of the route cause of impartial Americas search for the international markets especially for clearance of surpluses. Unlike the French and British governments who involved traditional empires, the Americans implemented the imperialism or the open markets to enhance economical potentials and boost the economy. Imperialism therefore assisted America to accommodate external relations for extra foreign financial support and stronger relations. Strategy to accommodate foreign relations especially during the 1780 to 1850 was in the aim of capturing novel markets and venture into new niches as opposed to supporting human constitutional rights or democracy. In understanding the meaning and emergence of expansionism, there is need to understand the experiences of people in eighteenth-century and the manifestos their leader made concerning foreign relations. The American expansionism is highly justifiable as a domesticated plan and therefore was of great significance to the residence during the pre-colonial era or because partially it represented progress (Divine, 2002). It was a vision many had anticipated because it would domesticate and equalize the rule of law to norms status of civilization such as, getting rid of the upheaval status of Civil War. The Americans were in full support because of believing that work and life would have a better meaning. The growth of a country especially the establishment of the constitution emerged from the existence of peace even decades before the war. The American vision for democracy or a unified nation in pursuit of better destiny is therefore a major contributor to the vision of expansionism. In the 1780 to 1850 era Americans had the expansionism vision in the context of
Introduction Acute Stress response, also termed as psychological shock or mental shock, is psychosomatic state of affairs resulting to reactions to a frightening or hurtful situation. However, the term is frequently confused with another related condition called acute stress disorder. It should be noted that the two are different in a number of ways. Walter Cannon explained acute stress reaction as a condition whereby animals respond to threats, with general discharge of sympathetic nervous system. Psychology scholars developed the theory in subsequent years and arrived at a conclusion that it is a general adaptation syndrome, which controls stress reactions among all vertebrates, as well as other organisms. It therefore follows that the reaction of the body towards a stress is linked to specific physiological acts in the sympathetic nervous system. This could be either direct response or indirect response, which would be through the discharge of adrenaline or at least noradrenalin (Jeffrey, & Everly, 1996). This would be discharged from the medulla of the adrenal glands. Stress reaction is a complex process because catecholamine hormones are in charge of facilitating instant physical responses by simply triggering augmented heart rate, as well as breathing. When this happens, blood vessels are constricted hence facilitating spontaneous or intuitive behaviors that would be associated to combat or in some cases escape. On the other hand, acute stress disorder is the outcome of a traumatic state of affairs that an individual experiences. It also occurs when an individual comes across an event that might lead him or her to experience severe, disconcerting or unpredicted fear, anxiety or pain. Such pain might perhaps threaten an individual leading to serious injury, perception of a serious harm or even his or her own death or death of another person. From the definition, acute stress reaction is different from acute stress disorder. In fact, acute stress reaction is a variant to post-traumatic stress disorder. In other words, it is the reaction o