ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Effective instruction is one of the central teaching practices facilitating students’ learning. Teachers try to employ diverse techniques and strategies to ensure that the given instructions are clear and students are able to achieve their learning goals. Scaffolding is one of the helpful instruments enabling teachers to provide proper instructions (Cambridge English, 2019; Christin Adams, 2020). The major goal of this approach is to ensure that students will be able to complete the task successfully and teaching objectives can be attained (Dagoc & Tan, 2018). Scaffolding encompasses the use of diverse techniques and methods to provide instruction (Education Week, 2017). Breaking larger units (skills, content, instructions) into smaller units is one of the effective strategies enabling educators to give effective instructions (Brower et al., 2018; Ancora Publishing, 2019). Moreover, Park et al. (2019) note that emotional scaffolding should also be used to help students be motivated and engaged, which is specifically critical at the early stages. It is noteworthy that the interviewed teachers use scaffolding on a daily basis as this method is instrumental in delivering material and assessing students’ progress. Another important and helpful practice that has become common in teaching is collaboration. The interviewed educators mentioned that they communicate quite closely with their colleagues teaching in other grades. They explained that the collaboration of teachers between grade levels is beneficial for educators and students as the materials and the overall teaching and learning are placed into diverse contexts. The interviewees stated that they often wanted to understand what topics would be discussed in the following years and what ways would be used to deliver the necessary material. This information helps the teachers to prepare students for upcoming challenges and novelties. The discussion of teaching strategies to be utilized is a potent tool enabling teachers to improve their teaching skills and make their lessons more effective and more engaging. Teachers share their knowledge and ideas, which improves the quality of the services they provide. When discussing standards-based instruction, teachers noted that standards help teachers to remain focused and concentrate on certain milestones. They set specific targets that are clear and attainable based on the existing standards. The interviewees also added that they articulate the objectives they set to make the students aware of the goals they need to reach. Being focused is essential for teachers and students. Hence, teachers provide instructions and deliver the necessary material based on the corresponding standards and use different strategies (Teaching Statistics Across Any Setting, 2021; Coalition on Adult Basic Education, 2020). Clearly, assessment is another component of teaching that is closely related to standards.
In recent decades, depression has ceased to be only a psychiatric problem. More people are talking and writing about depression in patients with somatic pathology. The relevance of depression is primarily determined by its growing prevalence. Today, depression is a phenomenon with a frequency of occurrence in the population of up to 20% (Strain & Blumenfield, 2018). The level of modern treatment of patients suffering from depression remains unsatisfactory. Moreover, according to Patten et al. (2016), the number of patients with depression has increased in Canada over the years. This is why I am particularly interested in this topic. I believe that quality treatment of depression will help people live more meaningful and happy lives. I am sure that as a nurse I can contribute to helping people with depression live better lives. During the course, I found out that diagnosing depression is simple and requires knowing its main symptoms. The main ones are a sad mood, loss of previous interests, the inability to enjoy the usual activities, decreased physical activity, energy, and depletion of movements (Halter et al., 2018, p. 583). Additional signs of depression are a low ability to concentrate, low self-esteem, lack of self-confidence, the emergence of a consciousness of worthlessness, pessimism in assessing personality and the world, and suicidal thoughts. According to Patten et al. (2016), the presence of two primary and two additional symptoms is usually sufficient to make a diagnosis. Thus, as a nurse, I will be able to work with the patients according to the symptoms diagnosed by a doctor. Another important fact that I learned is that the systemic effect of depression on the body is multifaceted. According to Patten et al. (2016), at the initial stages, the behavioral aspect is of decisive importance, when persistently low mood, pessimism, and focus on painful well-being lead to hypochondriac self-observation and stress. A person has weak communic
The industrial revolution of the nineteenth century has brought a lot of comfort in people’s life. The development of science has become evidence that it is necessary to pay for everything, and the price for comfort and technological development is far too high. Scientists are raising numerous questions concerning environmental problems. One of the most topical issues is the rise of sea-level. Reputedly, the sea-level was rising steadily throughout centuries. However, this rising has increased during the past century. Some people argue that human activity has nothing to do with global climate changes, but others claim that these are people who are responsible for the rapid changes in the sea-level. It is also necessary to point out that many scientists try to work out strategies to diminish the negative influence of people, whereas some say that there remains nothing to be done. Nevertheless, it is clear that the problem does exist and the change of climate and the sea-level will affect people’s lives greatly. In the first place, it is important to define what sea-level rise is. Thus, see level change “is a measure of the relative movement between land and sea surfaces” (Hecht). Numerous researches were conducted to estimate this measure. For instance, Kurt Lambeck, scientist from Australian National University, used Ancient Romans’ fish pens to calculate the precise sea-level rise (Hecht). However, one of the most profound researches was implemented by scientists from Southampton who analyzed data from 400 “high-quality sea-level markers from study sites around the globe” (Rohling). Reportedly, the sea-level rise rate is one meter per a century (1cm per year). Additionally, the scientists found that this gradual rise was “interrupted by two periods with rates of rise up to 2.5 meters per century” (Rohling). The first period took place about 15-13 thousand years ago in the times “of global warming called the Bølling-Allerød period” and the second period took place about 11-9 thousand years ago in the times of the so-called “big freeze” or “the Younger Dryas” (Rohling). These findings suggest that sea-level change was not always gradual. There were at least two significant changes in the process. These changes took place before the start of any significant human activity. These data can become a good argument for those who claim that humans are responsible for rapid change in sea-level rise. However, it is impossi
Marketing Management Marketing management is a procedure whereby people/groups produce and exchange good with others to fulfil their needs. Kotler (2002) defines marketing management as the “art of selling products” (p. 4). The aim of marketing management is to collect information relating to the tastes and preferences of consumers and creating goods that satisfy their needs. Market segmentation entails classifying consumers according to their behavioural and economic characteristics. The firm then creates a market offering for the selected segment. For instance, the Volvo Company markets its automobiles to shoppers who value automobile safety (Kotler, 2002, p. 4). Market Orientation Market orientation is defined in terms of the behavioural and cultural approaches. Market orientation is a process of generating information relating to the present and future needs of shoppers and then distributing it across relevant departments (behavioural approach). In other words, market orientation emphasizes organizational actions pertaining to the production, distribution and receptiveness of market information (Inoguchi, 2011, p. 201). It also refers to an organizational culture which promotes activities that result in the production of high-quality products (cultural approach). Thus, it focuses on the values and norms of an organization that promote the production, distribution and receptiveness of market information. Market Orientation and Management of an organisation Market segmentation entails classifying consumers according to their economic and demographic characteristics. For instance, when Estee Lauder discovered that the income per capita of the minority groups had improved, it introduced an “all Skins” line consisting of 115 shades of various skin tones in the market. As a result, the company achieved a 45% increase in the sales volume (Kotler, 2002, p. 12). Medium-sized companies have also adopted marketing orientation. For instance, 241 CO is a Japanese firm that manufactures apparel products. The company communicates with shoppers on a regular basis to generate market information regarding their tastes and preferences (Inoguchi, 2011, p. 206). Strategy and Strategic Planning A strategy refers to a plan of action. Therefore, strategic planning is a general plan that augments the proper management of a process. In business terms, strategic planning is defined as the process of creating a business plan with the aim of making profit. A strategic plan enables a company to gain knowledge about the environment it operates in. It also analyses the shortcomings of previous business practices and suggests alternative ways of doing business. For example, a strategic plan explicates the steps that a firm must take to enhance consumer satisfaction and improve profitability (Ward, 1988, p. 192). Strategic Decisions in a Marketing Context According to Papadakis et al. (1998), strategic decisions refer to a series of routes or steps adopted by the management to re
Heineken Background Heineken International is the maker of the world-famous Heineken Beer and is the second-largest brewer in the world, a feat it has achieved by buying out smaller firms like S&N International, Bulmers Ciders, and recently including even large firms such as FEMSA and Amstel (Heineken International, 2010, p. 11). With many breweries spread out across the world, the company has organized itself into five territories that are split into regions. Besides Heineken Beer, the company brews and sells more than 200 beer brands in local and international markets; these brands include Heineken Pilsener, Tiger Beer, Birra Moretti, and Zagorka among others. The company has established plants in all of the six continents. History Heineken International is a Dutch beer-making company formed in 1864 by Gerard Adriaan Heineken in the Netherlands and has its headquarters in Amsterdam (Heineken International, 2010, p. 1). The company’s statistics as of 2007 indicates that it has 115 breweries in more than 65 nations and its workforce is approximated to be 55,000.. Heineken Beer has been mass imported in the USA since 1933 and since Heineken USA was established in 1995, it has gone on to be a leader in total beer imports in the US. Other Heineken company brands sold here include Newcastle Brown Ale and Amstel Beer (Heineken USA, 2007, para. 2). Heineken International Heineken International has had an excellent financial performance in recent years, registering a profit of € 1,028 million in 2009, up from € 209 million in 2008 while the revenues remained fairly constant during the same period, at € 14,319 million and € 14,701 million in 2008 and 2009 respectively. Europe accounts for the highest production of beer in the world while the US comes in at sixth after Britain, France, Hungary, Czech Republic, and Ireland. Heineken is also the most popular beer in the US and is only second to Corona Extra. Within the US beer market, light beer constitutes almost 50% of the total consumption. In 2006, Heineken USA imported a third of the total beer imports in the US and became the second-largest importer of light beer. Corporate Design Heineken has two logo designs: the Authenticity logo and the Star-Heineken logo. The Authenticity logo was particularly created to show and strengthen the brand’s brewing quality and legacy. This logo is mainly used in beer related products such as the Heineken Beer. The Star-Heineken logo was designed to communicate and strengthen the modernity and vivacity of the brand. It is mainly used in communication, and corporate and social activities, for example, the UEFA Champions League, the European Rugby Cup and the Latin Grammy Awards. This logo on a green background is normally placed on a white background as this exhibits the image of the company. Both of these logos come from the Heineken race
Overview A government is the body through which a political unit exercises its power, controls policies and implements them. It also directs and controls the actions of its members. There are three main branches that constitute the Federal government of the United States. These are the legislative, judicial and executive. It carries out governmental power and functions. The laws of the country are keenly enforced by the executive organ of the federal government while the judiciary plays the role of interpreting the laws that have been approved by the Congress. The United States is governed by a democratic form of government. The President is appointed in office through an electoral process in a free and fair polling process. Therefore, a democratically elected President is largely supported by the majority o the populace. The federal government of the United States was formed in the eighteenth century, making it one of the first modern national federations in the world. This form of government has been debated ever since it was established and its constitution ordained. There are parties that often push for unlimited powers of the federal government while others are of the contrary view that the central government should not be given expanse powers in discharging its duties. Two Non legislative functions of the Congress in Policy Making Process Congress has other roles apart from these two non legislative ones that are being discussed in this chapter. It works with the President in discussing public policies before they are implemented by the bureaucrats. It is made up of senators and representatives who are chosen through a direct election (Cummings and Wise 426). Each of them represents a district and serves a term that goes for two years. Seats in the house are shared among the states by the public. It meets in the United States capital, Washington DC. First it has the power to investigate and supervise the on goings in the executive. The Subpoena Power of the Congress is often charged with the duty of coordinating the various functions allocated to different committees. There have been concerns about how congress oversees the executive actions. Some critics have accused the congress of not doing a good enough job in supervising the other arms of the government. In the Plame Affair, critics claimed that the Supreme law making body was not performing as expected in overseeing this case. The interaction between the Congress and the Executive has also been of a major concern. For instance, the manner in which the Congress acts as watchdog on the executive decisions is paramount. It has always been the tradition of the Congress to oversee most
Objective Many organizations that command a massive market share in their areas of operations have put in place organizational behaviors that work to their advantage. This essay gives a detailed explanation of organizational culture, organizational behavior, diversity, and communication. It also undertakes to describe each of these concepts’ observable aspects. It will also give a brief analysis of culture and behavior in an organization of choice. Organizational culture entails values, both cultural and personal; the experiences of a people; psychological endowment; and attitude of persons that belong to an organization. It is founded on the values that people or groups that belong to a particular organization cherish and how these values impact the way they interact with people outside that organization (Schein, 2004). There has been no consensus on what exactly should be the definition of organizational culture. However, there is unanimity on aspects touching on its holisticity, its social construction, and its historical nature. Organizational behavior involves study of behavior of persons that belong to a given organization or a business enterprise. Such studies are done using systems approach where aspects of how people relate to organizations are brought into perspective. This approach is supposed to enhance better relationship between the people and the whole organization. It also helps in attaining organization’s human and social objectives. Organizational behavior indeed integrates aspects of individual human behavior, change, and leadership (Davis, 1967). Organizational behavior boasts of its inherent elements, models, and social systems. An organization can operate out of myriad organizational frameworks. Autocratic organizational model is where much power is vested on the managers. Employees are left with no option but to be obedient. Custodial framework entrusts the managers with the responsibility of looking after the economic resources where as employees are oriented towards organization security and benefits. Collegial and supportive organizational frameworks are other examples of organizational frameworks. These organizational frameworks normally overlap and it is absolutely impossible for organizations to run exclusively on one type of framework. On countless occasions, many people have taken organizational diversity to imply equity at work place. However, its meaning is not only limited to the confines of equity but it also encompasses creation of environmental values and differences while maximizing individual employee potential. This helps in enhancing employee creativity and innovativeness. A satisfied employee will offer quality services to the customer. This will translate
Introduction Businesses are influenced by the environment they operate in. The environment is based on factors which interplay to determine the operations and scope of the business. Law is one such factor that determines the extent of the legality of the operations of a business. The business and the bill of rights concept apply with the legislation available to the businesses so as to limit their operations and protect the consumer. Administrative agency deals with handling issues relating to agency relationships. Torts and contracts govern the involvement of the business in tortuous issues and the protection of the fiduciary relationships in business. This paper provides a case brief involving each of the issues mentioned above as they are applied in business law. Business and the Bill of Rights Case Brief: Burden v. The State of Texas [1698-99] Facts: The petitioner, Burden, sold a video tape that appeared obscene to a detective of the state of Texas. During the hearing in the trial court, the appellant offered cumulative evidence of the fact that the library also has sites that allow the viewing of pornographic images. This cumulative evidence was however considered misleading. He was found guilty of selling obscene material with the knowledge of the obscene nature. Burden then appealed against the conviction to the criminal court of appeals of Texas. Issues: The issue of concern is whether the conviction of obscenity promotion had sufficient legal evidence to support it. Ruling: The criminal court of appeals of Texas held that the evidence was sufficient in establishing that the appellant knew the content and character of the video tape and thus affirmed the conviction. Analysis: In establishing the sufficiency of the evidence, the court based its ruling on cases such as Green v. State and McDuff v. State. According to the Texas penal code section 43.23 (c) (1), charges on the offence of obscenity promotion are based on the defendant’s knowledge of the material as having a character and content that is sexually explicit. The court needed to be able to establish whether the appellant was aware of the material content. This was based on the case of Hamling v. United States. This means that the court did not need to prove that Burden knew that the content material was obscene. It was just enough that the person knew the material of the video tape. However, the appellant had the right to produce evidence in terms of comparable materials so as to counter the evidence given by the state and to prove that there were other governmental
Although movies are generally seen as a means of escaping the everyday world to a few hours of fantasy, they can also have a profound impact on how we view the world around us, including our concepts regarding social or cultural issues. It is through the analysis of film that we can understand the values and ideologies emerging from our culture as well as how this culture has been passed along to us from the past. Through this analysis, we are able to gain a glimpse into how the powers that be define us, a sort of ‘single voice’ that works to promote the status quo or to effect social change. However, it is also up to us, as the audience, to determine how we will interpret these messages. The ‘single voice’ typically belongs to those who hold the power and leaves very little room for differences of opinion. “Broadly speaking, the media exist in a very close, sympathetic relationship to power and established values. They favor a consensus view of any problem: they reflect overwhelmingly middle class attitudes and experience. Basically, this unfits them for an authentic portrayal” (Hall, 1974). More than simply speaking of the news or documentary forms of media, Hall’s ideas encompass the world of entertainment media as well. He indicates that even here, where the goal is supposed to be strictly entertainment, the media continues its long-standing tradition of reinforcing middle-class society’s concepts of the world. In order to appeal to the middle class, many of the films produced tend to reflect the hopes and dreams of this class of society. It tends to reinforce the thought that it is only through hard work and struggle that one can appreciate this good life. This