ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
When contemplating the way life goes, it often occurs to one that life is a constant process of choices: choosing a lifestyle, a partner, a place to live, a menu at a restaurant, new clothes, a new car, etc., is essential and inevitable for a conscious existence. People’s choices are often determined not only by personal preferences, but also by the amount of resources available to satisfy one’s needs or desires. Not necessarily does one choose the best and most preferable, but one often fixes upon an alternative which is more affordable, even if other choices may seem to be more attractive and advantageous. As human beings possess an insatiable thirst for knowledge, which would explain the reasons standing behind everyday choices and the consequences of the latter, a science has been created, which focuses inter alia on the way people could make most rational choices under circumstances provided. Economics attempts to evaluate and analyze a given situation and data relating to it carefully and meticulously, so that the best possible choice can be performed. However, the obstacle often standing in one’s way to efficient choice-making decisions is the fact that the means available for realizing one’s choice are not enough —they are scarce. Scarcity is the factor that frequently results in economically unreasonable choices, as under the conditions of modern society — which is increasingly becoming more and more consuming and exploitative — people, businesses and even states are forced to take rapid and hasty decisions which are far from being optional and lead to erratic and erroneous policy. It is beyond doubt that a successful financial situation is in the course of time determined by the skillful planning of one’s expenses, that is, by budget planning. Budget controlling is performed by any conscious being in this world: plants in the desert reserve water in their cells for the drought period; animals make food and fat supplies for cold winters; and even little children take pains to calculate the ways they should spend their weekly pocket money. Exactly the same process is observed on multiple levels of economic society: starting from individual or a household economy system, which are the simplest ones, and up to the highest forms of economic organizations like national economy or global concerns and corporations. Planning a national budget is not the easiest task to fulfill. Annually, governments all over the world undertake a meticulous projecting of their countries’ expenses, basing on the data of the current financial status and the forecasted financial events of the nearest future. Even though planning is conducted by top-lev
Introduction The Super Bowl is one of the most popular sports in the United States. During major Super Bowl tournaments, it is necessary to tighten the security in order to ensure that all the attendants are safe. As a member of the security team at New Orleans, it is our responsibility to ensure that people are protected from any form of harm. It is only through this security assurance that the public will be convinced that they are safe whenever they attend major sporting events in this country. In order to offer effective security services to the attendants, it is necessary to identify specific segments prone to attacks and identify a unit within the team that will be responsible for managing security in those segments. Risk Assessment The security team will be working in different areas to ensure that all the people present in this game are safe. Our team will be responsible for offering security to the Halftime Entertainer in this game. In order to know the best strategy that can be used to offer security, it is necessary to identify the threats that may occur during this event. The following are some of the possible industrial risks that the team will be keen to identify and eliminate as soon as they are detected. Terror attack One of the possible attacks that this team will be keen to identify and neutralize is terror attack. Terrorists are now targeting public places to unleash their horror because they consider them soft targets. In order to manage this threat, this team will use drones to monitor any suspicious moves within and outside the arena. The team will also coordinate with an antiterrorism police squad to respond to any threat swiftly. Cyber attack Cyber attack is another possible security problem that the entertainer may face in this event. As Miller (2002) says, some of the terrorists have become technologically empowered. They have the capacity to interfe
Introduction Design trends vary from country to country, from century to century. Each creator tries to introduce his/her own vision of the beauty and uses various methods to express the chosen ideas. The Renaissance and the 17 th and 18 th centuries (Baroque and Rococo) were regarded as the two unbelievably beautiful periods when architecture, painting, and furniture underwent a number of changes and improvements. During that period of time, the following trends introduced: circling in squares (Italian Renaissance architecture Andrea Palladio), entwining (works by Rococo artist Giovanni Piranesi), and frame of space (Baroque bedrooms and furniture from England). In this paper, the design trends like entwining, circling in squares, and frame of space will be discussed in Italian, English, and Japan works to prove that their impact on human lives and perception is huge indeed and to demonstrate how the same trends are used in the 21 st century by such amazing people like Emilio Ambasz from Argentina, Alessandro Mendini from Italy, and Shigeru Ban from Japan. Body The three trends from the past In spite of the fact that Salem is considered as one of the largest and magnificent places where the 17 th century architectural design trends may be discovered (Tollens et al. xvi), there are also many other places like Seville, Derbyshire, or Paris where talented architectures offered their ideas. Among the variety of the existing design trends, such ideas like circle in square, entwining, and frame of space deserve attention due to their uniqueness and appropriateness for different periods and styles of life. In comparison to Renaissance style where humanism was the main point, Baroque art was characterized by human enthusiasm and the desire to create magnificent buildings and surround space. Rococo ideas seemed to be more playful and florid that allowed the artists and architectures of that period focusing on decorations. Circle in square is an important design continuity that is supported by the architectures from Japan (Shigeru Ban works in different countries, and his building in Paris is one of the successful examples of this trend, and Andrea Palladio created the Auditorium, Teatro Olimpico in Vicenza). For a long period of time, this trend was a kind of controversy that united several styles and ideas. It is a kind of “space of scent and mystery” for people (Bastea 329) that amazes and captivates. Another significant trend is entwining. Not many architectures and designers are ready to entwine several objects to create one image, still, the attempts by Giovanni Piranesi and Alessandro Mendini prove that it is captivating to unite the objects which are different in nature. On the one hand, it is hard to choose the things which may be perfectly entwined. On the other hand, su
Law enforcement (LE) and the intelligence community (IC) are a part of a complicated system of measures targeted at the productive prevention and suppression of terrorism. Besides some shared features, these two systems vary in many ways, including purposes, authorities in charge, and the time they can be applied. While the primary function of law enforcement is to provide obedience to the law, intelligence measures are assigned to guard national security (Derencinovic & Getos, 2007). Nevertheless, because of the development of new forms of terrorism, both LI and IC recognize the necessity to share, collaborate, and exchange information to support domestic prosecution and evaluate foreign capabilities and intentions. The consequences of the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, made most observers and specialists come to the conclusion that the USA Intelligence Community and the law enforcement agencies need more close cooperation. Moreover, to address transnational issues, including counterintelligence, terrorism, and drugs, Congress introduced the USA Patriot Act of 2001, the Homeland Security Act of 2002, and the Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act of 2004 (IRTPA) (AFCEA Intelligence Committee, 2007). The given acts eliminated many obstacles to active cooperation between IC and LE and obliged operational agencies to exchange information associated with international terrorist threats. To ensure the further progress of the cooperation between IC and LE, political leaders and officials should consistently deliver the need for change and make everybody realize the importance of sharing information. In addition, the government should earn the trust of the public via building confident leadership, developing guidelines and transparent laws, and implementing advanced technologies. In this regard, the Markle Foundation task force indicated, “For information sharing to succeed, there must be trust” (AFCEA Intelligence Committee, 2007). The final recommendation concerns the practical training of staff in operational agencies, which ensures the confidence of community members in the proper operation of information.
It has been argued by many over many years that imprisonment is expensive and ineffective, yet it continues to be a major feature of penal policy in the justice system. Arguments against imprisonment include the idea that prison is not being used as a last resort to deter criminal behavior, housing prisoners is expensive, imprisonment doesn’t deter crime and it is cruel and inhumane. Despite statistics that confirm these contentions, imprisonment has experienced a growing attraction as a political response to crime. The United States has the highest prison population rate in the world, some 686 per 100,000 of the national population (Walmsley, 2003). From 1993 to 2003, the prison population increased by 66 percent, 191 percent for women. The rapid growth in the prison population has not been fuelled by escalating crime rates nor by an increase in the number of offenders appearing before the courts. Harsher sentencing has resulted in our ever-increasing prison population because prison is not being used as a last resort. The prevalent imprisonment trend, in which non-violent offenders receive harsh and mandatory jail terms as a result of current ‘wars’ on issues like drugs, etc., invokes a high human cost to those who caused no harm to another individual or property. The practice is also costly to taxpayers. Prison is described by its detractors as inhumane, a brutalising and damaging experience. “During 2004, 95 people killed themselves in prison service care. This included 50 people on remand and 13 women … Data shows that in 2003, 30 percent of women, 65 percent of females under 21 and 6 percent of men in prison harmed themselves” (Why the Prison System Needs Reform, 2006). Data such as this has not reversed the inclination to imprison as modern methods of punishment in this way has become a way of life for the Western world. Michael Santos quotes David Garland regarding the modern use of prisons: “Whatever the reasons for their initial design; prisons and other strategies of punishment have expanded and persisted. And during the course of their evolution, most human beings have come to accept these cultural artifacts as the only acceptable response to crime. Thus, a system of punishment has become an integral part of western civilization, and many citizens believe we could have no society at all without prisons” (Santos, 2001). An increased prison population and its inherent costs have little effect on the attitudes of some. There are substantial variations in public attitudes with better educated people expressing less punitive measures than those in blue-collar occupations. Less punitive measures require offenders to pay back to victims, in a system commonly referred to as restorative justice, which shows them how to be better citizens. Thi
Apple Company Introduction The Apple Company has made an indelible mark in the world stage with its innovations that have changed the way people use computers and mobile devices. Apple has been very successful and it is worth billions (Farivar 1). The share price of the company is over $530 making Apple the most successful company in the technological sector. In this paper, the effect of the apple company on the society in terms of ordinary people, employees, costs and on other electronic companies will be discussed. Apple Company Background Apple started in 1976 and its effect on ordinary people started with the introduction of personal computers. The personal computer revolutionized the technological world. The personal computers had a simple design and they were user-friendly to people. However, Apple did not achieve a large market share in the face of stiff competition from other companies. As a result it started a product that has become part and parcel of modern day activities from the office to homes and the brand of choice (Sanderson 1). The products that Apple has produced such as iPod, iPhone, IPad are household names. Effect on ordinary people They have changed the way people buy music with the successful iTunes store. The products are sleek and functional and help meet needs that ordinary people did not know they had (Greenwood 1). The effect of Apple can be seen with the excitement that announcement of any new products create and the long queues of people waiting to buy them. Apple will continue to affect the lives of ordinary people through innovation of useful new products. Effect on employees The employees of Apple have to stay at the top of their game to continue releasing new products that stir the market. They must maintain the high standards that the former Apple products have set and surpass them. The employees must remain committed to the vision of Apple as embodied by Steve Jobs. He is synonymous to Apple, and with his demise the company employees have to deal with the post-Jobs era. They are constantly faced asked what Jobs would have done about the decisions made by the new CEO Tim Cook, and such questions may frustrate some. The employees have to adjust working under Tim Cook who is different from Jobs and continue working hard to keep steering Apple towards
Introduction For those who strive to gain an in-depth insight into the discursive significance of Greek antiquity, it represents the matter of crucial importance to be able to understand that the Olympian gods of Apollo and Dionysus do not only reflect the essence of the ancient Greeks’ sense of religiosity, but also what used to be mutually incompatible and yet thoroughly interrelated workings of their unconscious psyche. Whereas, Apollo can be well discussed as an embodiment of ancient Greeks’ longing for beauty, order, and cognitive clarity, the figure of Dionysus appears to have been subliminal of these people’s irrational/atavistic anxieties, concerned with the notions of passion, drunkenness, and sexuality. In my paper, I will explore the validity of this suggestion at length, in regards to how the famous works of ancient Greek literature refer to the earlier mentioned Olympian gods. Body of the paper Even though throughout the course of millennia, Homeric Hymns have been edited/rewritten countless times, which caused some of these hymns’ parts to end up being rather unintelligible, they nevertheless do contain discursively relevant information, as to what kind of existential values the god of Apollo stood for. For example, while referring to Apollo, the anonymous author states: Across the fertile mainland and the islands. You (Apollo) love the lookouts and the towering headlands Of the steep mountains, and the seaward rivers ( To Delian Apollo 19) As psychologists are well aware, it is specifically people endowed with the so-called ‘Faustian’ (domination-seeking) mentality, who are being particularly attracted to the ‘towering headlands’. This is because, while on top of the hill/mountain, these people experience the sensation of being able to impose certain dominance upon the surrounding environment. Even in the purely utilitarian sense of this word, being on top of the hill/mountain provides the concerned individual with the advantage of remaining thoroughly aware of the potential movements of his would-be-enemies. Therefore, Apollo’s fascination with open spaces, illustrated by the above-quote, can well be regarded, as such that extrapolates this god’s innermost desire to dominate others. This also explains why, throughout the course of Homeric Hymns , Apollo is being described as an individual who derives a particular pleasure out of combating enemies – especially if the latter happened to radiate the spirit of a wicked primevalness: The noble son Of Zeus (Apollo) Killed a huge snake with his stout bow there, A savage, bloated monster, who brought outrage Continually against the country’s people (To Pythian Apollo 29). Because it is in people’s very nature to be afraid of reptiles, there can be very few doubts, as to the fact that the act of snake-killing, on the part of Apollo, is clearly archetypical. That is, it projects ancient Greeks’ fears, in regards to the ‘abominable’ works of nature, and provides these people with a certain behavioral matrix, as to how they should be acting, when faced with the terrifying unknown. Nevertheless, it would be inappropriate to suggest that Apollo’s strive
Pierre de Fermat is one of the most prominent mathematicians whose works became a significant part of the modern calculus. Other famous scientists of his time found Fermat’s theories to be useful in various fields of study. One of the most interesting facts about Fermat is that he offered a theorem (known today as Fermat’s Last Theorem) without giving proof to it, and it took centuries for other mathematicians to solve this issue. Pierre de Fermat came from Beaumont-de-Lomagne, France, where he was born at the beginning of the seventeenth century. His family was wealthy, which gave him an opportunity to enter the University of Orleans that he finished in 1623 with a diploma in civil law. Although his primary activity was the service in one of the French High Courts, Fermat spent a lot of time on developing mathematical theories. Fermat never published many of his works. Instead, he was sending letters to other scientists engaged in mathematics describing his findings or opinions (Wilson 96). For instance, Fermat was actively corresponding with to Blaise Pascal, another prominent mathematician, with whom they made much to set the base for the probability theory (Splinter 426). There is an extensive archive of letters left showing ideas shared by these two scientists that were formulating new methods of probability solution algorithms step by step (Todhunter 7). There is a peculiar biographical fact about Fermat’s conflict with Rene Descartes – another famous mathematician, the author of Geometry . Fermat spoke very critically of Descartes’s Optics , writing that the former had to become more intelligent and offer new insight on the topic (Descartes 39). Descartes, in turn, said that Fermat’s Analytical Geometry contained wrong rules regarding methods of determining tangents and plagiarized ideas from his Geometry . The conflict was lasting for several years until Descartes offered Fermat to find a curve tangent as a challenge quest. Fermat used a method mentioned in his work, although it was described rather vaguely. As a result, it was admitted that the method of Fermat was better since it was universal and gave an opportunity to solve similar problems, even though its description lacked clarity and structure. The issue with the poor logic of methods’ proof or the lack of it whatsoever was actually one of the most significant issues with Fermat’s works. One of his greatest achievements – Fermat’s Last Theorem, one of the most popular rules in mathematics used as a part of the numbers theory – did not have proof. Fermat wrote this theorem on one of the margins of Arithmetics by Diophantus of Alexandria, stating that a full proof would take too much space to be written on (Krantz and Parks 309). Centuries went by as many scientists tried to find proof for Fermat’s Last Theorem. However, it was found only in 1994 by Sir Andrew Wiles, who stated that his primary idea was to try and think in a way Fermat would do it (Raussen and Skau 30). Nevertheless, even today, mathematicians keep sending their propositions on solving this issue, which shows the great importance of works left by this extraordinary scientist. Currently, Fermat’s
Virtue theory is the oldest among ethical frameworks, which primarily focuses on one’s internal guidance and virtues. In other words, a person having a specific set of virtues make him or her ethical, which makes the actions and behavioral ethical as well. The teleological theory emphasizes the overall importance of consequences or net benefit of actions, which follows the paradigm of ends justifying the means. Therefore, one behaves ethically if his or her actions result in the highest amount of goodness compared to the alternatives, where means are not relevant. Deontological theory mainly focuses on external duties and obligations, which means that one behaves ethically only if he or she adheres to these duties, such as not lying irrespective of consequences or virtues. The key factor in regards to virtue theory is virtues themselves, where one having these virtues automatically makes his or her actions ethical. In the case of teleological theory, the major element is the result of the behaviors or actions, where the consequences direct how one should act. Deontological theory’s key factor is duty and obligations, where one’s strict adherence to certain principles makes him or her act ethically. In both deontological and virtue theories of ethics, consequences are not as important as their core factors, which is why they are similar to each other in this regard. The primary distinction between normative and virtue ethical frameworks is centered around the fact that the former is interested in what is morally wrong or right, whereas the latter is focused on character and virtues. The deontological theory has both normative and virtue characteristics due to one’s duty adherence being mainly driven by virtues and characters. The different worldviews shape distinctions by emphasizing the externality or internality of the determiners. In the case of teleological theory, the shooting of Osama bin Laden was an ethically defensible thing to do because the overall or net outcome is mostly positive. The key reason is the fact that the given individual had the power and influence to proliferate terrorism and terrorist organizations. In other words, the given framework is among the most compelling and evident theories to make the shooting highly ethically feasible. The deontological theory also follows a similar pattern by making the killing ethically defensive due to the strong adherence to the duty of eliminating terrorists by the people tasked with this operation. Deontology theory might not completely make the case defensible in an ethical manner since because following one’s duties or orders might be of paramount importance to the performer, but some of the variants of the frameworks might not support the killing because one can have a duty not to murder or kill, and participating in Osama bin Laden shooting will be wrong. Virtue th