ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction The constitution of any given country is usually the supreme law of the land. This means that it is the absolute law to be followed by every citizen of that country regardless of status or any form of affiliation. The interpretation of this meaning is that in case any other legislation goes against or violates any contents of this constitution, then such a legislation shall to the extent of the violation of the constitution be held invalid for the purpose of upholding the supremacy of the constitution. In addition, every citizen of America has various rights which are clearly articulated in the constitution and whose exercise cannot be limited unless the prevailing circumstances so dictates. The First Amendment is a section that is to be found within America’s constitution. This section comprises of freedoms accorded to all citizens of this country some of which are the freedom to express oneself freely, freedom to worship freely, associate freely, freedom of the press to publish freely among other rights. The focus of this discussion is the rights contained in this section and some of the cases that have come up citing violation of the section. Background of the First Amendment Prior to the enactment of this Act there was a lot of interference by the government regarding civil rights of people especially those relating to expression and speech, peaceful association and assemblance, the press among others. As a way of bringing about a level platform where citizens could feel free to express themselves, the First Amendment was ratified in the year 1791. Religion The provisions of the First Amendment make it clear that municipal, state or federal government cannot in any way make prohibitions regarding establishing a religion and declaring it official for every citizen to follow or showing preference or affiliation to one religion over others. The interpretation of this provision has been controversial at various points with some people arguing that it means that God should be excluded from major institutions in the country. However, the actual meaning of these provisions is that the state and the church must
‘After Happily Ever After’ is a comical and inspiring documentary video discussing the current issues that affect marriages. The video tries to find answers why a number of people get married each day yet the rate of divorce is still high. At the beginning, Schermerhorn and her second companion were shooting a video on their honeymoon. Besides, they wanted to get more information from the married couples and experts on how to be successful in marriage. Even though, they interviewed a number of married couples their advice did not help much as Schermerhorn and her new husband started facing challenges in their relationship. Consequently, she turned the film on herself and started showing the good and hurtful moments she had in her marriage. According to the documentary, her mission was to obtain people’s opinions regarding marriages. It later turned out that she was the one to be reviewed after she started facing numerous challenges in her second marriage. She reveals how they used to spend good times together cracking jokes and laughing. Arguably, marriage institution has not been taken as an important factor in the development of a society. It is thought to be one of the heated debates around the world. Statistics indicate that many marriages do not last. The number of people who are filing for divorce is higher than those who are getting married. Schermerhorn got married twice, yet it could still not be successful. This implies that a successful marriage will entirely depend on the understanding of the two couples. Although there are many challenges in marriage, an individual must be prepared to accept and adapt to the challenges. Schermerhorn was not ready to accept the challenges but was only quick to make conclusions about getting divorced. Marriage should not be taken for granted but as a passage of life as an individual should always be ready to learn a new culture and belief. Additionally, marriage is all about endurance and perseverance. It needs a lot of patience for an individual to adapt to a new marriage life. The value system of the married couples might be different, but the success will entirely depend on patience. Moreover, married couples should not listen to the external forces since they are the main reasons behind the failures. Statistics also indicate that those who have divorced do not live peacefully with someone else. People who want to get married are grownups hence they should be prepared to accept the challenges and move on with life. Arguably, filling for a divorce will not bring a viable solution to the family problems. As a result, the couples should understand and tolerate each other and find concrete solutions to their problems. Additionally, people who are planning to get married should consider the fact that mistakes are for human beings. People can successfully solve this problem by taking their time before making the right decisions concerning marriage. An individual who feels like getting married id supposed to be mentored before making final decisions. Schermerhorn could not succeed in her marriage beca
Introduction The phenomenon of sexual exploitation is, unfortunately, not new to the global discourse regarding human rights and the related concerns. A recent case involving a police officer sexually abusing a woman whose personal information he found in the police database proves that even the contemporary society with its sharp focus on the needs of vulnerable groups and the promotion of humanism-oriented values is not immune to the described problem. A detailed analysis of Terryl Smith’s case will allow building a profound understanding of the issue and determining the tools for resolving it. The case is a clear example of the flaws in the legal system and social justice principles since it implies that one may be absolved of accountability for sexual exploitation and disclosure of classified information. Historical Context The problem of sexual exploitation and information disclosure has existed in the U.S. setting for a significant time period. In the past 9 years, over 400 charges of sexual assault have been filed against U.S. police officers, which signifies that there is a problem conce
Abstract Female genital mutilation (FGM) is a common practice in some African countries and Middle East. It involves removal of the of the female’s external genitalia. FGM is conducted in the villages where there is no access to medical care. FGM leads to short-term and long-term complications. The short-term complications include shock, hemorrhage and sometimes death. The long-term medical complications include infections and urological complications. The following paper is a reflection on a FGM film and presents two urological problems caused by FGM. The first problem involved a 23-year-old Nigerian girl who suffered from genital and urinary tract obstruction. The problem was successfully corrected. The second problem related to childbirth complications among women who have undergone FGM in Gambia. The intervention involved the application of Gabbar’s deinfibulation as a corrective measure. Overview of the Film’s Content Female genital mutilation (FGM) is the removal of the clitoris or the entire external female genitalia. The practice is prevalent in Africa, Asia and Middle East. Untrained circumcisers carry the practice. In Africa, it is reported that over 2 million girls undergo FGM every year. The razors used during the FGM are not sterilized and no anesthetics used. The medical implications of the female genital mutilation include, hemorrhage, shock, depression, sexual dysfunction, complications during pregnancy and childbirth and in some cases it leads to death (Integrated Regional Information Networks, 2005). Reflection As I viewed the film, I came to terms with the real torment of FGM. I was emotionally disturbed and shocked by the process of the FGM. I could not hold on to see the young girl undergo the cut without any anesthesia. I also felt sad to see the act being practiced in an environment that is open to contaminations and infections. Problems FGM leads to injury of female genital organs, which result in long-term problems. The major problems include urologic complications such as obstruction of the urinary and genital tract. Another major complication is the long labor during childbirth. Interventions Obstruction of the Urinary and Genital Tract FGM results in obstruction of the genital and urinary tract. In a real case scenario, a 23-year-old girl presented herself in a urology care center. The girl from Nigeria complained of urine splashing during micturition and inability for partner’s penile penetration (Okwudili &Chukwudi, 2012). In-depth examination found that the minora and labia majora were removed. The remnant of labia minora covered vestibule; thus leaving small opening that could not be penetrated by two figures. In addition, the urethral meatus was covered. On ascertaining the complication that was attributed to FGM, an elective deinfibulation was prescribed for the girl. The Nigerian girl underwent corrective surgery in which the fused labia minora was split to expose the clitoris remnant and separate it from the fibrous tissue. The girl was discharged
The challenge of guiding the team properly has always been one of the most complex encounters for leaders all over the world. An excellent leader should also be able to recognise the ways of guiding not only his or her team but the changes that the company and the workers undergo (Nichols 2016). Every member of the team should be inspired by the leader, and the main goal of the latter is to convey his or her view to the employees. The two articles reviewed before writing this paper reflect on the current state of affairs in the field of leadership theories and practices. Hannah, Sumanth, Lester, and Cavarretta dwell on the issues connected to the appearance of new leadership theories and explain the pragmatic backgrounds of contemporary leadership styles (Hannah et al. 2014). The article written by Leduc, Guilbert, and Vallery tells about the valuable benefits of information and communication technologies when they are applied to the leadership practices. The authors of the article explain the importance of the ICTs in the modern leadership setting and state that the use of IT increases the efficiency of the leadership style and helps visualise the necessary information in a proper way (Leduc et al.
Although deciding whether to attend college is beyond doubt not an easy choice, it should not escape mention that today, more than ever before, college education is no longer viewed as option or privilege, but rather a necessity (Baum & Kathleen, 2004). Not only are people in contemporary society raised and conditioned to believe that one needs college education to succeed in life, but the stiff competition for the few job openings available continue to inform the importance for individuals to seriously consider investing in college education. Through comparing and contrasting various dimensions and dynamics related to college education and its potential benefits, this paper purposes to demonstrate evidence that attending college is worth the investments made. First, it is known t
For many years the question of whether we are alone in the universe has been bothering mankind. From the times when humans first realized how big the universe is and how many planets it contains, many hypotheses started to be developed, many types of research began, and general interest in this subject rapidly skyrocketed. Logically thinking, there are billions of stars in billions of galaxies, and even if a small part of those stars has Earth-like planets, then there is a probability that hundreds of other civilizations may exist (Harris, n.d., para. 1). During several last decades hundreds of extra-solar planets have been discovered. Yet, the theory that life exists on other planets hasn’t been proved. In recent years, many scientists agreed that the presence of liquid water on a planet is the perfect condition for developing life. Previous researches have indicated that “water in different states has been directly detected multiple times all over the universe (even in the outer layers of cool stars!), we have never found liquid water anywhere in the universe” (Faulkner, 2009). To become suspected to be inhabited, a planet has to match several favorable for life criteria: presence of gas atmosphere, presence of water, temperature and atmospheric pressure that can sustain liquid water. Life depends on water, energy and organic molecules. The chance of appearance of something like DNA that has a capacity to reproduce itself is unlikely. However, in the universe with enormous number of stars and opportunities, it seems expectable to occur in several stellar systems (Hawking, n.d., para. 9). Besides, in 1961 Frank Drake has presented the formula (the Drake Equation) that calculates the potential number of extraterrestrial civilizations and is an “effective tool for stimulating curiosity about the universe around us” (SETI, n. d., para 4). The Sun energy is one of the main life-supporting factors on our planet, but the line between perfect balance and deadly cataclysm is very thin. We keep hearing stories about global warming and the melting of glaciers. There are many arguments whether these theories are true or false, but it is scientifically proved that if the climate on our planet became at least several degrees warmer – it would lead to disastrous consequences. Every second hundred of billions of tons of hydrogen is converted into helium in the core of the Sun, generating a lot of energy. This process has started billions of years ago. Even though the Sun is huge and powerful, its resources have limits. The Sun’s stages of life change, its size changes, so does its brightness, and, of course, these changes directly affect all the neighboring planets, including the Earth. Scientists have made a prognosis that in 1.1 billion years our Sun will shine ten percent brighter. It sounds like good news, but in reality, it is not good at all (Cain, 2012). The vapor water that absorbs ninety percent of infrared radiation in the outer layers of our atmosphere will undergo an unusual amount of sunlight, and decompose to hydrogen and oxygen. Hydrogen is light, so it will disappear in space. The amount of water in our hydrosph
Introduction Moving the traditional brick and mortar business top the web means running both ‘traditional’ and ‘new’ business concurrently, and creating the right integration between them for a synergistic and smooth operation. However, Nadler and Tushman (1997) tell us that currently, businesses are finding it absolutely necessary to develop new channels of distribution and customer management in order to compete in a global market Even if the company is not global, competition is. Palmer (2001) points to the recent problems of businesses involved in the dot-com bust shows us that there has actually been little change in framework underlying any business. Dutta and Biren (2001) suggest a major role technology was not huge changes in business, but instead improving efficiency through electronic enabling of the current business practices. This creates change, which is consistent with current organizational culture. According to Phillips (2001) applying technology to create improvements in the efficiency of company operations encompasses 72 per cent of all IT projects. Paisley patterns will fall into that 72 percentile, because it does not want to change its core business. Instead it wants to expand its market and increase the recognition of its brand. The major problems will not be caused by the creation of the e-commerce site, but rather, its integration with current business practices. Paisley patterns has a current sales force in the field. In order to get the most cooperation from employees, it is important that the addition of the website benefit this mobile sales force and not cost them. Therefore it will be very important to create the website so that it augments the activities of the sales force and increases their sales. Especially because of the nature of their product, the website needs to be presented as an additional sales channel, supporting their current sales channel, not replacing it. In addition, the company must plan for increased customer support, employee training and documentation. These will be absolutely necessary in order to integrate the website with the current operations. Planning for the Change Careful planning will be the secret to success for this type of expansion. What additional resources will be needed to provide the framework for the website, how current operations must be changed in order to be dynamically responsive to electronic ordering and how the integration between the new electronic business and current business will be enabled. There is no substitute for careful planning. “In a piece of research conducted by Jupiter Communications in 2000, only 24 per cent of the US CEOs surveyed actually viewed their Web initiatives as an integrated part of their core business.” (Harris, and Dennis 71) This is generally a mistake, since it real
Introduction Considered one of the greatest American leaders in history, George Washington gave his farewell speech on September 17, 1796. Although he was ready to retire early, his confidants convinced him otherwise. However, on September 17 th , he bid farewell to the country he helped to create and left them with his vision for the future. Washington’s desire for America to remain a single nation and not scattered communities in the constant confrontation was more important than his own ambition. He also wanted to remind the citizens, all citizens, that it does not matter their level in society; they need to obey the laws and work together to change those laws that do not serve the best interest of a free society. Washington wanted to maintain public accountability for community resources, education, and morality. Lastly, George Washington spoke on the critical need to remain vigilant in seeking even footing with all nations and not make it a habit of befriending certain nations. Main body Washington spoke numerous times about the importance of building a unified nation under one government. This did not come to fruition until many years later after the Civil War and Reconstruction. However, Washington seemed to realize that sifting through the ashes in the aftermath of such historic battles as Gettysburg and Chickamauga were inevitable for America. He explained the different advantages to each region of the United States and understood that the only way to align a complete nation was for these regions to recognize each others’ contribution to the whole. Whether it was maritime, natural resources, or manufacturing, all regions had their own unique mission in cultivating the United States. The common theme to this part of Washingto
Tropical Rainforest South is the forest that should be conserved. One of the reasons why it should be conserved is because the size of the forest is larger compared to the other forests. Therefore, the forest will be of great help in protecting a lot of species (Saterson, 2014). The forest is not a threat to many species and that, therefore, helps in showing that conserving this forest will be of great benefit to many species. Another reason why the forest should be conserved is because the forest is more diverse compared to the other forests. The forest has not been tampered with by the occupants of the area decided to live on the northern part. Therefore, conserving this forest will not affect the lives of human beings in this area. Most of the primates that are in this forest do not have to use the ground since all they need is the tall trees for them to move. One advantage of conserving this forest is that it will greatly contribute in generating a lot of income for the area. That is because the forest will become a tourist attraction and thus the tourists will have to pay a certain amount to visit the forest. As a result, it will contribute to the creation of employment. That is because conserving the forest will help in the creation of many employment opportunities and thus many people that live in this area will end up getting employed. The disadvantage of conserving the Mangrove Forest is that the area is prone to floods. Therefore, the forest is at risk of getting destroyed by the floods. The forest does not have a lot of species to protect and thus having to conserve the forest can result in a lot of waste in a situation where floods end up destroying the area (Huckauf, 2013). The disadvantage of conserving the Tropical Rainforest North is that the area to be conserved is small and thus it might not be enough for the protection of a lot of species. Another disadvantage is that not much has been left of this forest since many people decided to settle in this area. Therefore, a lot of trees have been cut for the people to plant their crops. Conserving this forest will also affect the lives of many people in this area. For example, one family will no longer have a source of li
Introduction People’s relationship with the natural world is the phenomenal concept to analyse that also can be applied in an urban environment where the majority of the society inhabits nowadays. It is essential to remain focused on the natural since humans, together with other lives on Earth, were evolving within a natural environment. Hence, there are reasons to believe that people are adapted to live in such an environment on a priority basis. Such a concept implies the variety of behaviours and responses that are the outcomes of evolutionary processes and adjusted the human body to engage with natural habitat. With that said, one should understand that some responses to places are part of the way the body reacts to specific stimuli. Therefore, it is crucial to appreciate the relationship between natural environments and human wellbeing by examining the main psychological theories and concepts. Experience 1: Attention Restoration Theory The lead character of the first experience is a workaholic whose life primarily revolves around his work and company. As a result, the person sacrifices the fundamental values in life, such as health, relationships, and commitments. Considering many responsibilities, deadlines, and demands from the boss, the character’s mental state ultimately became depressed, emotional, anxious, claustrophobic, and stressed to the extent that he did not want to wake up in the morning. One of the main theories that can be analysed through this experience is ART (Attention Restoration Theory) developed by two environmental psychologists, Rachel and Steven Kaplan. According to Stevens (2015), these include the fascination of sensory qualities that have an innate appeal, as well as to remain away from the demands of ordinary life. The third quality is an extent as a sense of vastness or connection between the experience of a place and one’s awareness of the outside world. Ultimately, the fourth quality is the compatibility between a person’s will to do something and what one can do in that place. The psychologists aimed at defining a process whereby people recover from attentional fatigue by being in an environment, which includes four essential qualities. The ART theory implies that “people recover from attentional fatigue through being in an environment which involves the four qualities of fascination, being away, extent, and compatibility (Stevens, 2015, p. 345). More specifically, the second quality of the ART theory suggests that when the individual is stressed, one seeks to escape from the place that stimulates such a body’s reaction. For this reason, the character felt content as he was spending some time by the window in his office while working on a 24-hour basis. However, his view was limited by the overloaded urban landscape. As he felt a beam of light on the skin, he reached a sense of vastness or connection between the experience of a place and his knowledge of the broader world. The concept of the fourth quality incl