ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction It all started on 1 st September 1939 when Germany attacked Poland without warning and that was when the world entered into war with itself. For a period which lasted for 6 years, manhood was under the threat of extinction since men slaughtered fellow men like goats and destruction of property took centre stage. World War 2 began in 1939 and ended in the year 1945. The United States of America dropped two atomic bombs in Hiroshima and Nagasaki killing more 120000 in the two islands leaving thousands of the populace suffering from the radiation effects. World War II ended (1945) and the world swore never to go to war with itself ever again. The impact of this war was felt everywhere in the world but this study will concentrate on the impacts the war had on Asia (Anon “World War 2 in the pacific”1). Decolonization of most of the East Asian Countries With the main colonial powers coming from Europe, the 2 nd world war had been left weak and unable to manage their colonies due to the scarcity of resources. They were preoccupied with own problems and the rise of anti- imperialist sentiments back at home lessened the process of decolonization (Neher 1). Colonies were not ready to be colonized again after what they saw during the 2 nd world war. Colonies which had helped their colonial masters during the war were granted independence after the war ended examples of the countries that regained their independence were the Philippines from the United States of America in 1946, India from Britain followed in 1947, Ceylon and Burma in 1948 among others (Linter 1). Expansion of the Asian Economy The period after the Second World War saw the emergence and expansion of the world economies. As a result of business liberalization, technology advancements, and industrial growth nations (such as China and India) have undertaken dynamic growth of manufactured goods thus narrowing the massive per capita income gap that separated the European nations and their Asian counterparts (Findlay & O’Rourke 13). Countries such as Japan and China started rebuilding their economies so as to compete with the rest of the world. Evidence shows that after the 1945 bombing Japan has improved and at present they are the strongest economy after US and china (Barboza 1). The use of Women as comfort during the War Situated throughout Asia were the comfort women; this is recorded as the ugliest mass rape of women where the Japanese soldiers abducted women as young as eleven years old and imprisoned them in rape camps. It was estimated that these comfort women could serve as many as 50 soldiers a day. Not only were they beaten and starved but as well as forced to procure abortions in case any of them got pregnant. The little fraction that survived endured physical injuries and emotional breakdowns throughout their lives (Anon “Japanese sex slavery before, during and after World War II.” 1). Changing Sex Ratio on Marriages and Fertility Following the devastating losses during the 2 nd world war, the disproportionate death of young men resul
On 14 th of February, 2005, the entertainment industry entered a new era that would henceforth change its future. On that Valentine’s Day, Youtube.com was registered on whois.com. Six months later, the social site was launched and since then, it has continued to shape the interpersonal interaction between people in different parts of the world. From that time, many other social media sites have been launched in the market, in effect altering the experiences of consumers with regard to television, film, and music (Belloni 2012). Social media has significantly influenced the tastes and preferences of consumers in the world market. Most contemporary consumers base their consumption and spending behaviours on global conversations taking place over the internet and such other social media (Schultz, Block & Labrecque 2012). Furthermore, the activities of people on social network sites influence their decision making processes, as well as their behaviour. In this regard, studying the behaviour of consumers and underlying motivational factors can assist organisations in finding out how they can design their programs and corporate strategies (Andzulis, Panagopoulos & Rapp 2012). The current essay is written against this backdrop. The major objective of the essay is to determine how social networking and new media have impacted the entertainment industry in general and the filmmaking industry in particular. A social networking service refers to an online site, platform, or service, whose main objective is to create social relations or social networks among different persons. The networking service targets individuals who share activities, interests, real-life connections, or backgrounds. The service takes into consideration, among others, the individual’s personal profile and their social links in the society. Social networking services and platforms keep the members connected to each other. They give them the opportunity to keep in touch in real time over the worldwide web through, among others, instant messaging services (IM) and e-mails. The sites allow people to share their ideas, events, interests, and activities within the network. There are various social networking sites available today. The three most popular social networking sites are Facebook, Twitter, and Google Plus, all of which are based in the United States of America (Scott 2010). According to Belloni (2012), 47 per cent of all Americans are members of social networking sites. Some individuals are members of more than one networking site. For example, an individua
Competition Between Local and Imported Products in Third World Countries Developing countries have often experienced difficulties in marketing their locally produced goods against imported commodities. Liberalization of trade resulted in a scenario where countries did not have to consume all the goods they produced. It is often argued that the actual beneficiaries of market liberalization are the developed countries. The global historical perspective has been used to explain the inequality in economic development that is witnessed today between developed and developing nations. Consequently, it is apparent that the history of the intercontinental political economy has resulted in the harmful trend where local goods in the periphery lack a market. Historically, globalization resulted in inequalities regarding the interconnectedness of the involved nations, further leading to their unequal integration. Global interconnectedness came about in the 15 th and 16 th -centuries when European nations sought world trade as a source of economic wealth (Hobson, 2004). Trading routes were formed to connect different states, which linked the major economic regions. Thus, the movement of goods and resources would follow these routes. Arguably, the trading routes are still effective to date. The bulk of world trade takes place among America, Europe, and Asia, a situation that has not changed much from the era of European expansionism. Traditionally, developing countries used to serve as a market for the finished goods produced in the developed nations. As the industrial revolution took form in Europe, industries began producing more goods, which exceeded the consumption needs of the local population. Therefore, a need arose to seek a market for the surplus in countries that were less industrialized. Consequently, developing countries have remained mostly a consumer of goods produced in the developed economy, rather than producing their own goods. Despite the efforts to produce and export their goods, developing nations naturally find it difficult to compete with goods from developed nations for several reasons. The most obvious reason is that developed nations have a comparative advantage in the production of most goods because of their advanced technology and vast resources. Various historical factors have contributed to the witnessed inability of local commodities to compete with goods obtained from developing countries such as Jamaica. Firstly, the doctrine of free trade replaced protectionist laws that were in play in the mid-ninetieth century. Under free trade, regions would engage in producing only goods that they could manufacture most efficiently, a situation that O’Brien and Williams (2013a) refer to as a comparative advantage. Protectionist laws cushioned local producers against the influx of cheaply produced goods from other region
Introduction Primary election is a political process conducted in the United States of America and most of other European countries. In primary elections, a political party is eligible to nominate a person to run for the general election. As such, in this election the voters vote to elect their candidate for the next general election. The history of primary elections started in the United States. The government pays for the whole election process during primaries. This is unlike in other countries such as in Europe. However, most of European countries have closed primaries. Though this is so, open primaries like in the United States are conducted in countries such as France and Italy. On the issue of nominating party candidates, there exist other methods. They include meetings and conventions. However, there are various types of primaries. This is dependent on the country involved (Majorie, 2007). Types of Primaries These types are classified as both closed and open primaries. However, the above classification of primaries happens by those states where primary elections are done by the party themselves and not organized by the administration. The party members alone only conduct closed primaries, like hinted in the beginning of this paper. This is strictly set that way- that in the election of the party candidate for the next election, only the registered party members can participate in the election procedures. However, this is different with open primary where all voters in the country can take part in the election of the party candidate. Open primaries are not limited to party members; the party though not making it an obligation to the voters, may ask the voters to contribute to the party to finance the party’s activities including the primaries themselves. Though only the two types of primaries can b identified in most countries, in the United States other forms may be identified. These countries include open primaries, closed primaries semi-closed, semi-closed and run-off. As such, in the United States, closed primaries will have a slight different meaning from closed primaries in other countries. Only registered parties take part in elections in the United States. Because of this therefore, the people who are not entirely associated with any political party refer themselves as non-partisan. On the other hand, in semi-closed primaries, the entire non –partisans are allowed to vote alongside the registered members. It is worth noting however that this is dependent on the state involved. In the United States, open primary involves all eligible voters voting in any par
Introduction According to the book by Pringle (1993), radioactive substances are not only emitted by the power plants but also by the fossils in the process of decaying as well as during the process of combustion. This is because; all of the fossils contain a certain amount of these radioactive substances. Radiation for that matter refers to the process by which energy is transmitted through a media or space; which can either be ionizing or non-ionizing. Ionizing radiation refers to the energy that is released with enough power to cause the ionization of matter. This process normally occurs during the disassociation of matter or even the decay that includes three types of radiation, namely, beta, gamma, and alpha. On the other hand, the non-ionizing type of radiation refers to the process which occurs when the transfer of the energy does not cause any ionization. This kind of radiation is not as harmful compared to the ionizing type. Therefore, it should be noted that radiation is one form of very harmful hazard and it is very dangerous to the health of living things as well as other materials. This then explains the need to have radiation protection principles put in place in case there is an emergency. In the book by Lipsitz (2009), a mechanism that has to deal with preparedness and response must be put in place in every nuclear power plant. Radiation protection which also refers to radiological protection deals with all the measures that have been put in place to protect the people and the surrounding or environment from the harmful effects of radiation. In the study by Woolfitt (2000), the type of radiation in question here is ionizing radiation. Some of its effects are very lethal to the health of man like living tissue damage, burns as well as cancers Radiation Protection Principles in Emergency Preparedness and Response According to the study by Harmon (2007), in a nuclear power plant, the most likely found type of radiation is the ionizing one. These plants are known to be very complicated in the mode of their creation and work. Therefore, a lot of care must be taken to ensure that no danger is posed to the people as well as the environment. The principles used in the setting of a protection system against the effects of radiation in other places are not the same as the ones set in a nuclear plant. This is because; the production of the radiation matter in such a plant is in great quantity hence making it very vulnerable to damage, therefore some extra measures have to be taken in the process of offering protection It should be noted that while putting up such a protection system a number of principles have to be followed to be able to cater to the workers, the public, and the environment at large. However, regulations from the government concerning the quantity of exposure must be followed. Gopal (2006) found that the following factors must be greatly considered in trying to control the dose or amount of radiation from the source. First and foremost, consider the time of the exposure. In setting any nuclear system, there should be a reduced peri
In this laboratory work, the correlation between salt concentration in water and boiling point was studied. Thus, for the experiment, the temperature of water brought to boiling was measured beforehand, and then 12 g of sodium chloride was added into the glass one by one. In the end, we obtained a solution of 36 g of salt in 100 ml of water. At each stage of the experiment, the temperatures of the solution were measured with the help of a thermometer. Table 1. Corresponding amount of salt in water and boiling point of solution. Effect of Solute on Boiling Point Grams of NaCl Solute               Boiling Point (°C) 0                                  99.4               12                                 105.5              24                                 111.4              36                                 117.2               Figure 1. The diagram of the connection between the boiling point and the salt concentration in the solution. The difference between pure water and water mixed with salt is noticeable. If one pays attention to Figure 1, one can see that with an increasing salt concentration in the water boiling temperature increases almost linearly. This effect is caused by the presence of ions of sodium and chlorine in water, which form a s
Competition in the hospitality industry becomes stiffer every year. In order to stay competitive, organizations resolve to improving their services by means of introduction of new products and innovations. Those are meant to attract new clients and get in touch with the current ones. Introduction of new products and innovations is a responsible task which requires a training plan for new products to integrate smoothly into the current system. New Product for the New Company Division Marriot Hotel is known for its high quality products in the hospitality industry. The sales and marketing team is proposing an introduction of a new product that will offer tourists in different regions a better experience when they are in foreign countries. This firm will introduce GPS-enabled phones to its clients in different cities to be sold to foreigners who book rooms in its hotels. The phones will enable the clients to know their exact locations whenever they are outside the hotel. They will also get the option to access other social amenities in these cities without necessarily asking for help from the locals. The phone will also indicate parts of the cities that are not safe, especially at night. This way, cases such as mugging or other ugly experiences can be eliminated. This new product will fall under a new division within the customer care unit. New Division, Company Needs and Competitive Advantage This new product addresses company needs and helps it to achieve competitive edge over its market rivals. The product itself will generate income to this firm and as such, it will add value to the shareholders’ wealth. However, it also seeks to offer unique experience to the customers who visit these hotels. The product will
The film “This is not a Test” was an American film produced in the midst of the cold war specifically in the year 1962. The film and several others were produced as way of increasing awareness about the possibility of a nuclear war between the two nuclear superpowers: the United States and the Soviet Union. The movie begins with a United States enforcement officer receiving orders to install a road block in a rural road in the State of California. The officer stops several vehicles and their occupants as one way of dealing with the threat of bombardment. Threats are heard over the officer’s phone and this complicates his work as he attempts to carry out his orders and keep the group of people detained in order. When the possibility of an attack becomes imminent, the officer and the rest of the gathered citizens attempt to protect themselves from the attack by converting a truck into a temporary bomb shelter. But the chaos of the attack leads to anarchy and in the process the law enforcement officer is atomized while some of the others drive away to safety. The film portrays the level of fear which was prevalent in the early days of the cold war and shows the kind of anarchy that an actual war could bring. The movie makes one thing clear, the pointless nuclear race which nearly led to assured mutual destruction of both states and allies. The Soviet Union was bent on perpetuation of its communist agendas and saw military supremacy as one way of ensuring the continuation of its intentions. This included assisting countries perceived to be communist against the threat of capitalistic societies. This included supporting Cuba’s government against US invasion and the subsequent placement of Soviet nuclear missiles in Cuba. There was as an effort by the Soviet government around this time to take over Berlin which nearly put the nation on a collision course with Western powers. The United States employed several policies and interventions during the cold war as a way of containing the Soviet threat. This included increased armament to deter Soviet aggression under the principle of assured mutual destruction. This would mean that an attack on US soil would lead to a swift counter attack on Soviet territories. A nuclear war seemed inevitable during the Cuban missiles crisis when the United States saw the Soviet’s placement of nuclear missiles as direct threat to the security of the United States. The movie assumes that this tension actually leads to a nuclear war and shows the kind of carnage and chaos such a war would bring to our society. Both governments employed intelligence and security organs in promoti
Article contents In the article, “The Cocacolonisation of Difference: Homogenized Diversity in 21 st Century Cultural Practice”, the author is talking of globalization and its effects, by using the word ‘Cocacolonisation’. ‘Cocacolonisation’, as the author employs, is a metaphor that is used to stand for globalization (Stock 16). He argues that globalization is in someway likened with Americanization since Coca-Cola is one of the US most familiar enriching symbols. In addition, most of the culture that is produced in the US, account for the country’s major export. More over, some of the features that encompass Coca-Cola as a company, a product, as well as a routine product, that is desired by many, are similar to the features of globalization. They include; both dominate the whole world ranging from, controlling of the world markets economically, in dispersion of monoculture, in affecting cultures because of tastes and values that are exported from the US, as well as quick and immediate fulfillment and accessibility ( Stock 18). The factor has affected artists, because they are unable to maintain their practices of sovereignty and honesty, as globalization pressurizes them to give ‘content’ to the artistic industries ‘information economy’. He, however, argues that globalization philosophies frequently deform cultural doings and products, which commemorate cultural pluralism. This is through commercializing and normalizing pluralism and dissimilarity. Disadvantages of Globalization Globalization is neither entirely good nor entirely bad, but according to research, the term globalization seems to have more cons than pros. One of the cons is that the term is used to stand for too much dissimilar stuff, which is not essentially unified, for instance, use of email that is mostly controlled from the US. In addition, the term is said to mask more than it discloses. For instance, in modern Australian culture, a considerable semantic progress is noted with globalization having taken over its traditions. As worldwide financial domination and cultural capital are the main contents of globalization, cultural capital has stimulated circumstances for cultural pluralism through the help of a double dichotomy that is dispersed through speed. This speed is in terms of transactions, communication, and change (Stock 18). Speed of change and movement brings about freedom. Despite globalization encouraging movement of capital, culture and labor around the globe most individuals are not able to move because, poverty and oppression do not give them the freedom to do so. Such people are not only held back by freedom of movement, but also access to resources (Stock 18). Regardless of global mechanisms being a “positive’ thing of globalization, numerous numbers of peo
Introduction Poverty continues to molest and threaten the existence of the human race with each part of the world being affected though in different proportions. It remains a relevant topic in discussions with policies being implemented in different parts of the world to avert and control it. Throughout the centuries, poverty has changed in the definition with Scrutton stating, “The concept of poverty is translated into policy through a more precise set of definitions and measures” (2011, p. 3). With the world increasingly becoming a global village as witnessed by developments in information sharing and communication, the concept of poverty has also been revised. The problems facing the poor in the last centuries are different from those in the current society. Different concerns have therefore emerged. The measures traditionally taken have also changed. This research proposal does not focus on the change in contemporary measures of poverty control, but on the concerns. Specifically, it examines the topic of poverty as a contemporary social concern by discussing the possible measures that have resulted from globalization. Societal View of Poverty According to Scrutton, the definition of poverty depends on the society in which an individual or a group of people exist (2011). Most of the definitions are related to the standards of living of individuals and the income generated to sustain oneself and his or her family units. The way of life of a community is pivotal in determining the level of poverty and its exact definition. In the contemporary world, the definition of poverty is often made international by