ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Questions regarding what the Earth is, how it started, how it operates and possible changes have been explored by some of the brightest scientists of the centuries. While remarkable achievements have been made in explaining the science behind the formation and mapping of the Earth, some major issues are yet to be fully understood. It does appear that discoveries often lead to new questions about the Earth. Nevertheless, this paper aims to provide history, main theories, and theorists involved in the formation and mapping of the Earth. Thus, it provides sufficient reliable information and explanation under the history, formation, and mapping of the Earth. History During the period of antiquity, the first geologists generally concentrated on the origin of the Earth. Specifically, earlier geological thoughts about the origin of the Earth emanated from Ancient Greece. In the 4 th century BC, Aristotle noted some significant observations (Gohau, 1990). The scholar observed a sluggish geological transformation. He noted elements that constituted the land and developed a theory that claimed that the Earth transformed at an extremely slow pace, and it was impossible to note these transformations during one’s lifetime. Aristotle was among the first scholars who developed evidence-based concepts related to the geological scope about the pace at which the Earth physically transformed. After the work of Aristotle, Lyceum presented a more progressive work focusing on stones – minerals and ores obtained from various locations. Lyceum described various rocks and classified them based on some properties such as hardness (Gohau, 1990). Later in the Roman period, Pliny observed other metals and minerals and pioneered crystallography. In the middle ages, more works appeared. Abu al-Rayhan al-Biruni (AD 973-1048) claimed that the Indian subcontinent was initially a sea. Ibn Sina (Avicenna, 981-1037), Ikhwan AI-Safa, and many others further focused on the earlier works of Aristotle in which they discussed the formation of mountains and minerals, water sources, cloud formation, earthquakes, and variations in the Earth’s terrains among others. Shen Kuo, a Chinese naturalist, developed several theories, inc
The purpose of this paper is to provide a brief overview of pest management in strawberry in general and in the context of Western Australia specifically. In addition to the general description of the crop, the first section includes technical information on the most important diseases that affect it. Possible options for integrated pest management can be found at the last subsection of the report. Crop description Figure 1 Strawberry Plant Structure (from Integrated Pest Management for Strawberries, Publication 3351, Univ. Calif., 1994). Fig. 2. The “growing point” of the strawberry (center). Note the new side stem, or branch crown, that has begun to form in late December. The basic structure of a strawberry plant consists of the crown, also known as the stem, as well as the roots and the buds that grow from it. The latter are responsible for creating leaves and flower petals. A distinctive feature of strawberry is its tendency to form branch crowns. These are identical in functionality to the central crown and are connected to it by the means of side stems. As for the growing preferences, the main factor to be aware of is the number of crowns. The formation of new crowns has been observed to occur mostly in the fall when the temperatures are still in excess of 50° F. It is crucial to plant at the correct time for the specific region to achieve the desired number of crowns. Having too few crowns could decrease the overall yield, and having too many may result in significantly smaller individual fruits. Disease issues and pest management The only disease in this report that is caused by a bacterium and not fungi is Angular leaf spot or ALS. The primary origins of ALS are transplants and plant debris left in the ground over the winter. The most effective treatment appears to be copper applications; however, using them continuously under slow drying conditions could cause phytotoxicity. The benefits of sanitation appear to be minimal, although there is a lack of precise statistics in that area. Another disease that appears from overwintering plant debris is Verticillium Wilt. This particular condition is caused by the Verticillium dahliae fungus and is especially dangerous because of its exceptional ability to spread. The fungus contaminates equipment and vehicles used in infected fields, then transfers to healthy crops in other locations. Because of this trait, sanitation is not only highly effective but also vital in dealing with Verticillium Wilt. Leaf blight, leaf spot, and leaf scorch are caused by different fungi but are similar in their disease cycle and the way they are contr
Osmose is a mechanically innovative and visually extraordinary imitation of a sequence of broadly diverging essential and recorded places: an organic/vegetal, insubstantial sphere Osmose nurtures a user interface — a fundamental constraint of computer-generated graphic arts — at a degree, which is still unrivaled; an self-determining discourse could be inscribed on this feature of a sequence of broadly diverging essential and recorded places: an organic/vegetal, insubstantial sphere Osmose is an immersive interactive environs, “involving head mounted display (HMD), 3-D computer graphics, and interactive sound, which can be explored synaesthetically” (Grau, 2003, p. 195). On the following position, the installment suggests the invitees a chance to trail the discrete interactor’s voyage of imageries from end to end of this counterpart of natural surroundings. By the means of the specialized polarized spectacles, the visitors observe his or her repetitively moving perceptions of the three-dimensional imagery domains on a huge scale projection display. The imageries are produced entirely by the interactor, the mobile shadow of whom can be distinguished weakly on a windowpane of frosted glass (Davies, 2014). The isolation of the interactor is premeditated because it exaggerates the specific involvement of the cybernetic universe (Davies, 1997). Osmose suggests a completely innovative and original authenticity, a flow of alternative realities, which, through corporeal and cerebral existence in the duplicate universe, produce a synthesis and an instant of divine existence; this relates to virtually every historic place of immersion. Despite the fact that Osmose generates meditative imitations, even reflective impacts, this kind of art response does signify a substantial novelty. The figure is affected polysensually, and immersion is created with the methods of delusion. The full-body enclosure requires, regardless of the sexual characteristics of the immersant, that the spectator renounce detached and held in reserve knowledge of art and, as a substitute, accept unconventional, mind-intensifying, or mind-besetting, the involvement of imageries. As a consequence, the figure of immersive art is exposed as positioned inside a bipolar area of rigidity. In the most cases, achieved by the means of severe exercise in meditation methods, such circumstances result in a downfall of usual insights in favor of substitute susceptibilities. While these appear to be less effectual in positions of organic or mental existence, the doctors acknowledge that they license involvement of features of realism up to that time unnoticed. “The experience of these unusual sens
In the M&S case, what market segments do the three different product ranges serve? ‘Classic’ ranges serve similar market segments. The market segments served by the three product ranges include women from across 3 different adult generations after their lifestyles and fashions. The strategy was to make the buying of clothes easier using clear displays, appropriate labeling with distinctive characteristics based on different pricing strategies addressing different market tastes and segments. The segmentation addressed different generations with the “per unit” addressing the younger adults with the latest unique attribute of quality. On the other hand, the “Classics” range addresses the needs of the traditional woman, who is the old customer, aimed at appealing to old customers to come back. The “Perfect” and “Autograph” ranges provide items at accessible and high street prices respectively which covers customer needs of the 35 and 55 age brackets. What are the market winners and qualifiers for these different ranges? These are according to the categories of ‘Perfect’ and ‘Classic’ focused on timelessness, with quality and value correlated to “a reasonable price” succeeding St Michael , with low-cost sourcing to producers. However, “Autograph” extends M& S appeal with high costs focusing on availability and sourcing, based on material development. Here, “per una” draws on conformance to specifications without regard to pricing with good operational demand focused capabilities. What are the different logistics performance objectives for the different product groups?                        Perfect and Classic ranges  Autograph             Per una range                                                                         range                                                    Product range                                                                                               Design changes         Infrequent                  Broad, fashion        Short lifecycle                    Price                  Stable, reasonable          Competitive           None                               Quality                Value for money             Cutting edge designs  Fanatical attention to detail      Sales volume           High                        Medium                Low                                Orders winners         Quality and value           Fashion range         Set trend, quality, time to market Orders qualifiers      Price, availability         Price, availability   Price                              Operations Priorities  Reliability, costs          Flexibility, speed    Flexibility, very fast responses    References Harrison, A., & Pavitt, J. (2003). Case 6 New Supply Chain Strategies at Old M&S. In R. Johnsto
Executive Summary Armstrong (2000, p.22) defines a marketing plan as a written document which details the necessary actions necessary to achieve the marketing objectives formulated. A Marketing plan is a blueprint for communicating the value of your products and services to your customers (Anon, 2005, para. 2). Ricker Oil limited was founded in 1979 and currently operates 49 convenience stores in Indiana State. The company distributes high quality oil products to various categories of consumers in Indiana. The company according to Simpson (2010, p.15) is committed to community service, customer service and corporate trust as its foundation. This Marketing plan is a one year strategy in response to the recent spillage in the Gulf of Mexico. The spill has affected the business. The future implications that it has to the company is analyzed. The spillage is a threat to the business and hence there is a need to have a clear way forward in handling the situation at hand. In order to attain this, the firm has developed a marketing plan. The strategies herein are in line with the overall business plan and acts as a strategic blueprint. Situation analysis One of the major challenges facing the oil industry in United States is as a result of oil spillage in the Gulf of Mexico by the contracted supplier that is British Petroleum Public Limited Company. The outcome of the spillage according to BP (2010) has affected a large number of entrepreneurs and independent distributors who deal with the brand. Being one of the businesses dealing with BP products as a distributor, the management team has to consider how to survive in business am
Introduction The monster is Frankenstein’s double. Not only do the two beings resemble in terms of their reactions to their circumstances, but their desires and personalities are also quite similar. Comparison of the Characters Frankenstein and the monster had comparable personalities; they were both lonesome and sympathetic beings. The monster grew apart from his creator, so he had no person with whom to relate. When the creature tried to forge friendships with other people, he only ended up repelling them by his appearance. The monster was frustrated by the feelings of disgust and fear that he elicited from all human beings. Society seemed to liken his appearance to his character, and presume that he was an evil being. Therefore, the creature is condemned to isolation and loneliness by factors beyond him. Things did not start that way in the beginning. The monster loved everything around him; he even compared his feelings about people to a stolen light from the heavens (Stelley 88). However, he found that no one wanted to return his love, so he turned against society. Conversely, Frankenstein is lonely out of choice. He is overly obsessed with his work to the point of forgetting the goings-on around him. The doubles also have a thirst and appreciation of education and knowledge. Frankenstein’s passion began as far back as his childhood. He was so eager to learn that he was willing to abandon child-like activities (Shelley 33). Victor came across Cornelius Agrippa’s book and found that an exciting world of chemistry and science existed. This caused him to master mathematics, chemistry, as well as philosophy (Shelley 43). Frankenstein’s love for education dominated his life and eventually defined him. In certain instances, the night would turn into the day when Victor was still working on his experiments in the lab (Shelley 35). Similarly, the monster loved knowledge, although his interest was not restricted to the sciences. The creature wanted to know everything it could about human beings. At one point, it overheard Safie’s instructions from Agatha and Felix and decided to use the same instructions to improve its life. It is quite laudable that a creature that had never interacted with a man was able to learn about man’s languages, habits, history, and ethics. His fascination drove him to accomplish what others in his position would not. The pursuit of knowledge also defined the monster’s character because his worldview reflected ideas from Paradise Lost or some of the other books that he liked to read. Too much of anything is poisonous; both characters let their pursuit of knowledge control them, and this eventually destroyed them (Bennett 200). The doubles experienced a fate that emanated from their excesses. Victor’s passion could have been used for
Introduction The structural and cultural suggestions of implementing inter-organizational addition and partnership are emphasized by some scholars in this field. Bielski (2005) e.g. reminds us, “that there are a number of managerial and cultural obstructions to overcome to implement collaboration.” According to him, people often resist new procedures. Similar to Cummings (2005) and Kay (1995) he sees the sharing of data or handing off possession of data to others “as the project moves through various phases of the product development” as a possible cause for disagreements.” Moreover, he reminds that “Groups that formerly operated independently may resent having to co-ordinate their actions with others and that work styles and customs may vary between companies located in different areas around the world.” Malaty (2004) in the same context underlines, that “joint product design, in a virtual plan surrounding, particularly entails the need for a lofty level of frankness and trust for best results. He terminates, that ‘on the road to success…, concentrating on cultural matters may be as imperative, or more significant, than technological explanations.’ The significance of taking cultural and managerial inferences into account is also maintained by an end-user study of Product Data Management (PDM) users. The following was found:   * Those organizations with strong information arrangements and lines of the announcement are more apt to apply –and are more flourishing when doing so.   * Despite users’ feelings about the power of data networks within their company and how well their PDM operations are succeeding, they still see the corporation’s structure and culture as the biggest barricade to development. Being in line with these findings Doppler and Malaty (2004) remind that implementing structural change by switching to a network organization is an essentially different way of imminent tasks together that requires “radical structural transformation.” For successfully transforming the organizational structure they suggest that the commercial culture has to be modified to one that is based on honesty and trust. Top reasons/ prerequisites for success (proposed and implemented by Nokia company):  1. To listen to the right people.  2. Not only think and get to know, but act.  3. Do not waste time without reasonable cause.  4. Avoid dirty bids.  5. Do not listen to the “Big guys”.  6. Stay calm and cool-hearted in any situation.  7. Knowledge is power.  8. Company should gain access to an expert with over 30 years of knowledge in individual and professional development.  9. Company should get an expert who provides training and program content that makes people think. 10. Company should get an expert who speaks with an audience. 11. Company should get a specialist with the skill and desire to convert content to fit its specific needs along with a guarant
The Definition of Ethics Ethics refers to the fundamental and crucial doctrines relating to human conduct. Generally, it is a wide field of study that entails the analysis of common and collective values. The concerned values include issues of human rights, equality, adherence to certain laws, and concerns for human well-being and health (Singer, 2008). From this definition, it encompasses a wide array of human processes. Alternatively, ethics has been defined as a branch of the discipline that relates to an appropriate and rational course of activity for humans. It can be concluded that ethics is the examination of the right or wrong within human activities. It is a criterion through which man can classify his principles and practice them. Comprehensively, it is imperative to understand the aspects of research and other relevant provisions in the entire contexts. The Concept of Risk/Benefit Ratio Normally, the risk-benefit ratio has been applicable in medicine and related empirical processes, mostly involving drug administration investigations (Emanuel, 2008). It refers to the deliberation on whether a particular medical process is posing risks to patients. The risk may be termed as the likelihood of a physical, mental, social, or fiscal harm transpiring due to participation within any research. On the other hand, benefit relates to the capacity of a given study to improve a specific complication and treat a particular illness. In clinical medicine research, results might never be guaranteed. However, through this concept, either a benefit or probable risk might be a considerable expectation. While employing the concept of risk-benefit, it is important to stress that the researcher should often differentiate between the study and treatment. Additionally, the investigator must not entice the patient to take part in the promises of remission or healing. The institutional review board (IRB) is principally charged with the obligation to identify risk-benefit ration in clinical investigations (Emanuel, 2008). In conducting this role, the IRB ensures that physical risks are never inconsistent with the benefits. Deception in Research In cases where the study designs dictate certain facts hidden from participants, an important reason should be provided. This is because such instances breach the research ethics’ stipulations, especially for the informed consent provisions (DeRenzo & Moss, 2006). Therefore, it is critical to observe certain frameworks before the commencement of such researches. Studies entailing deception have to be reviewed fully. In situations of risks, deception must not be applied. Issues of informed consent must be critically regarded during researches that involve deception. The debriefing of the entire participating group regarding the study is critical. Apart from keeping the deception to a minor level, care must be taken to enhance the participants’ well-being in the course of the research. This is quite critical when considered critically in the context of deception
Introduction ‘The Curse of the Bambino’ is believed to be the longest-running and most famous curse in the history of American sports. The club endured eighty-six years of failure from 1918 to 2004 without a win. Some fans and players took the curse seriously and believed that the team will never perform for the trade of the best-known player of the period. Boston Red Sox won their fifth world series in 1918 led by the famous Babe Ruth also known as the Bambino or the Babe. Red Sox baseball sold Babe Ruth to New York Yankees in 1920. Just before the sale, Red Sox was one of the most famous clubs whose performance was amazing. After selling him to the New York Yankees, the performance of the New York Yankees rose at a very high speed. The New York Yankees had not won the World Series before but the entry of Babe Ruth into the club brought many changes. Since then, the New York Yankees have won the world series over twenty-five times whereas Red Sox went for about eight decades without it. The number of times that New York Yankees have won the series is more than twice the number of times that any other club has ever won it. The curse is believed to have been moved to another team since 2004 when the team beat the Yankees and St. Louis Cardinals to win the series. Some of the people who strongly believed in the curse now believe that it does not exist. The fans and the players have some opinions about the curse. The players and the fans have had different perspectives and opinions in addressing the Curse of the Bambino. The History of Babe Ruth and the Trade Boston Red Sox bought Babe Ruth in 1924 from the Baltimore club. Baltimore team was not major and could not offer him much money. Boston Red Sox offered Babe Ruth a salary of $3,500 a year which was about three times the amount that he was receiving in Baltimore 1 . In the next three years that he played for Boston Red Sox, he happened to be the best left-handed player in baseball. Within three years, he managed to win sixty-five times. Bambino managed to carry about a quarter of all the games played against all the opponents. The man was huge and was called the intimidated batter. Many fans loved him and praised him for his skills 2 . His efforts cannot be assumed when the Red Sox played against the Brooklyn Dodgers. He and Sherry Smith dominated the entire game. He kept a six-hit shutout record in 1918 which stayed for over forty years. Out of one hundred and eleven games that he played in 1919, he managed to slug twenty-nine of them home. Babe Ruth played for Boston Red Sox for eight years and within this period, the team managed to win four World Series. Harry Frazee- the owner of Boston Red Sox- wanted to make a new investment and to have a new play on Broadway. As a result, he decided to offer Babe Ruth t