ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Studies are very significant for the development of any organization. Articles published in journals are usually excellent on organizational development. Scholarly articles in journals usually are as a result of rigorous research carried out. Such articles bring to light emerging issues and offers solutions to such issues and therefore they are very relevant in the management of organizations. This paper will briefly discuss the relevance of journal articles in the management of organizations. Information is Power An old saying claims that information is power. This is very true of journal articles as they can be viewed as an empowerment to organizations. It is worth noting that journal article goes through rigorous process before being approved for publishing. Their authenticity is proved before being accepted. It is worth noting that the authors of journal article are authorities in the field that they write about and therefore they are usually well versed with the relevant and current knowledge on whatever topic they write about. In most cases journal article will an emerging issue in a particular industry (Cofrin 2010, p. 1). According to the editor of Academy of Management Journals Ireland (2010), the following are the characteristics that qualify the publishing of an article in the journal: “theory, literature review, method, integration, contribution, and citations” (Ireland 2010, p. 1). Theory A reviewed journal article is one which positively answers the following questions, “Does the paper test, create, or extend management theory in a meaningful way? Does the study inform or improve our understanding of prior theory? Are major concepts clearly defined?” (Ireland 2010, p. 1) Management theories are meant for the management of organizations and therefore anything which will make the concept clear and relevant will imply enhance better management of organizations. Literature Review For an article to qualify for review it has to have used the correct literature in arriving at its arguments. This ensures that the arguments made and evidence cited can be relied on by the readers. Reliable information is of great significance especially if the concepts argued therein are to be put into practical application. By ensuring that such information is reliable the articles can then be used as managerial guides. Methodology A reviewed article is one that ensures the following questions are answered satisfactorily, Do the sample, measures, methods, observations, procedures, and statistical analyses ensure internal and external validity? Are the statistical procedures used correctly and appropriately? Are the major assumptions of the statistical techniques reasonably well met (i.e., no major violations)? (Ireland, 2010, p. 1) The review team ensures that the correct methodology is used as a precautionary measure in ensuring that the arguments made are sound and relevant. Proper methodology is significant for the purpose of reliability. Integration and Contribution A reviewed article is one that provides “a new and meaningful contribution to the managemen
Introduction The rise in the importance of independency in nations has resulted to enhanced political power within nations with political stability consequently influencing the economical realm. However, raging debates are rising across the globe with the public and other interested organizations calling for political revolutions and political reforms for the reason that politics have influenced delivery of information and communication by taking control of the media content within nations (Wallis, 2011). Despite regular interventions by concerned organizations, nothing seems to change. Definitely, as politicians continue to influence activities undertaken by the commercialized media industry pertinent to political activities, the importance of media in delivery of information remains questionable. For several decades now, Chinese politics have remained influential to media activities by possessing power over media coverage by ensuring supremacy above newspapers operational units and broadcasting centers, thus hiding important information from the public. For that reason, this essay seeks to explain why and how commercialized media and cultural system would reinforce the dominating and prevailing power structure. Overview of Chinese media and political issues Recent studies have established several challenges in the Chinese media including poor delivery of information and excessive control over media coverage by the government, thus presenting half-truths to public. This aspect has raised public concerns on the democracy held by the Chinese commercial media, with sources revealing that there are no sufficient conditions, which allow media to dominate the information systems. Globally, politicians have been an integral part in the formation of laws and policies governing activities undertaken by private entities including the commercialized media, which probably explains the reasons behind the increasing political ascendancy. In China, according to Wang (2003), modern advertising returned to the people of the republic of China in the year 1979, but little changes have taken place despite several regimes taking the national governance. There is also the eminence of political influence in the marketing of media with the government enforcing policies to overcome development of media and cultural sector. Why media and cultural system reinforce prevailing power Despite global efforts to establish legal frameworks governing the delivery of information and insisting on the importance of citizens’ right to information, China has lagged behind, as the Chinese media remains institutionally unstable. According to Pickard (2007), the importance of the media society in China remains unknown with the public questioning the increasingly political supremacy on media activities. People approached the advent of modernized media technologies with hopes that it may create a significant change
Introduction Schizophrenia comes from Greek words which means “split” and “mind”, but ironically people who have schizophrenia does not have a split mind or a split personalities (Schizophrenia, p 1). Schizophrenia refers to a group of disorders characterized by severe personality disorganization, distortion of reality, and an inability to function in daily life (Introduction to Psychology, p 645). The disorder is one of the most common mental illnesses, occurring to 1% of the population, found all across the globe in all races and cultures. This disorder equally affects both sexes (Schizophrenia p 1). Description of Schizophrenia Schizophrenia is of three basic types, one is the disorganized schizophrenia which was also called “hebephrenic schizophrenia” characterized by lack of emotion and disorganized speech. Another type is the catatonic schizophrenia which is characterized by waxy flexibility, reduced movement, rigid posture, and sometimes too much movement. The last type is the paranoid schizophrenia which is characterized by strong delusions or hallucinations (Schizophrenia, p 1). Before a patient is diagnosed to have schizophrenia, the person must have two or more of the following symptoms for at least a month according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition (DSM-IV). The symptoms are delusions or the bizarre, false beliefs; hallucinations or the bizarre, unreal perceptions of the environment which could be auditory hallucination, visual hallucination, olfactory or tactile hallucinations; disorganized thinking or speech; negative symptoms or the absence of normal behavior which includes social withdrawal, absence of emotion and expression, reduced energy, motivation and activity. People with schizophrenia usually appear to have a poor hygiene and grooming habits. Another symptom is catatonia or immobility and waxy flexibility. People with these symptoms are considered to be in an active phase. Do neurotransmitters have something to do with schizophrenia? Neurotransmitters were investigated for a possible role in the development of schizophrenia. Researchers came up with the dopamine theory. This theory presents that the symptoms of schizophrenia is correlated with the excess dopamine release in important brain regions (Schizophrenia: From Nash to Neurotransmitters, p 1). Evidences presented to support this theory are: schizophrenic symptoms may be reduced with drugs that block dopamine; these drugs have side effects similar to Parkinson’s disease which is also caused by lack of dopamine in the basal ganglia; drugs that are found best to
Introduction Terror refers to a pronounced state of fear that results from the human mind being overcrowded by a sense of oncoming danger. When terror becomes a reality it results in either physical or psychological trauma which has a long-lasting impact on the life and well being of an individual. Physical trauma involves sustained injury whereby a scar remains on the body of a victim and it becomes a constant reminder of his or her past experiences e.g. a hand is permanently chopped off or a woman, child or a young girl being raped. Psychological trauma arises from emotional injuries sustained by the victim after physical trauma has taken place and it takes a very long time to heal. Once a victim encounters a horrifying incident he/she stores the information in his brain faculties and this makes up the memory. In simple terms, memory is a person ability to store past experiences, retain this information vividly in the brain and he/she can retrieve the information instantly if the need arises. Memory is increasingly becoming important in countries and regions which are moving out of the ashes after conflicts since it determines whether the society will stand on its fit and move on or an outbreak of another conflict takes place. In this transition period, a lot of talks is about how the problem can be dealt with one group calling for forgives while the other group wants the perpetrators of the violence to be held accountable for their actions and be punished for it. Those who are for forgiveness want people to forgive and forget about the past and move on while the other wants everything to be remembered for various reasons. The path that society takes is important because it has a lot of political implications due to the advantages and disadvantages accrued in each option and this essay is going to consider each side at a time. Discussion After violence and conflict is over the society or country has to move on and the cause of the violence is addressed. One way of addressing the violent past is through the formation of various commissions such as the truth and reconciliation commission which investigates the cause of violence and people who organized and financed it but before we get to this stage we have to remember what happed vividly. Remembering the past involves investigations in order to uncover the events that led to violence and various strategies can be used in order to uncover this. Once detailed information on violence is retrieved we have to remember it for various reasons. Hamber (1998) gives us some of the reasons which should make us remember our past. To begin with, he states that ‘there is a psychological justification for understanding a process of the past
Researchers have recently become extremely concerned about the safety of chicken meat sold in the United States. According to the reports, released by the Center for Disease Control, approximately 300 people were hospitalized because they consumed chicken meat contaminated with salmonella (Bittman, 2013b). Apart from that, a growing number of clients are becoming reluctant to eat meat because they want to adopt healthy lifestyles. (Bittman, 2013a). Additionally, various food retailers can be blamed for the failure to eliminate the threats to the health of customers (Moss, 2009). There are the main details that should be identified because they can throw light on the attitudes of customers. It is possible to identify several stakeholders, namely, clients, food retailers, suppliers, and governmental organizations. Therefore, these tendencies can eventually affect Costco and other businesses that retail food in the country. At this point, they should find ways of responding to this situation. Nevertheless, one should not suppose that this trend can be viewed only as a threat to the company. More likely, this management can derive several opportunities from it. This organization must monitor its suppliers of chicken to ensure that its products are free from any virulent diseases, including salmonella. Apart from that, the company should implement safety procedures that can reduce the risk of contamination. Additionally, the marketing campaigns of Costco should emphasize that the products retailed by the company have been properly checked. The main benefit of this policy is that it can strengthen the loyalty of existing clients who will see that the company is genuinely concerned about the welfare of clients. Secondly, this strategy can differentiate Costco among its competitors, especially if these organizations fail to carry out similar policies on time. Therefore, the revenues of this organization can eventually increase in the future. These are the main improvements that can be achieved in this way. Several details are indicating that this problem should not be overlooked. First of all, one should also keep in mind that this infection can be resistant to antibiotics, and the healthcare problems caused by salmonella may not be effectively treated (Bittman, 2013b). As a result, many customers are extremely concerned about safety. This is one of the reasons why they want to reduce the consumption of meat, including chicken. So, one can say that companies should not underestimate the threats to which consumers can be exposed. More importantly, it is vital to address these concerns as soon as possible; otherwise, the sales rates can decline significantly in the long term. In turn, businesses like Costco should take actions to restore the trust of clients. In particular, retailers should make sure that their suppliers comply with the standards which are set for food processing companies (Fellows, 2009, p. 86). This is one of the approaches that can be taken.
Introduction Martin Luther King Junior used the direct action method effectively. He lived in a society that valued the whites and ignored the black American citizens. The human rights rules in Birmingham were selective. He had to lead his people and those who believed in his American dream to fight against selective justice. The role of civil disobedience in contemporary society Socrates was a great philosopher of his time. His ideals became useful in our contemporary society. He did not see the need to give up philosophy for the chance to live a few more years. Upon his conviction he was given a chance to choose the kind of sentence he thought befitted him. He would have opted for exile to save his life but he chose to die for his course. In contemporary society most governments are democratically elected. The laws are made and passed by people through their elected representatives. The courts exist to protect and interpret the laws. The media is used to relay information. Civil disobedience has a role in contemporary society. It helps to force the ruling class to make a decision. It creates tension in the mind that coerces an individual to take direct action towards seeking redress of the problem. The whole essence of civil disobedience is to answer the question, “what is the morally right thing to do?” It is not about what is advantageous or what is pleasing. Socrates chose to suffer death at the hands of his accusers because he did not want to be seen running away from his philosophical thought. Direct action also seeks to create room for another chance at negotiation. Once the authority feels threatened by the civil disobedience, they start opening up for discussion. Workers unions can also settle for direct action if the legal and political solutions are not available to the concerns of the workers. When fighting an economic injustice consumer groups may discover that some of the merchants are corrupt. They bribe the courts and politicians to pass laws that favor them. Consumers are left with nothing else to do but to demonstrate so that their voice can be heard. Contemporary society and the acts of civil disobedience Contemporary society should tolerate acts of Civil disobedience. It seems the most unwise thing to do today. But if it is the only way that a people can get solutions to deliberate injustices caused to citizens then it ceases to be unwise. There are so many social injustices happening in communist countries. The courts cannot solve the problems because they eat and dine with the molesting regime. The media cannot voice their concerns because of stringent state rules. The only option becomes civil disobedience. Higher goals require hard choices. One must adopt a life style that enhances purity. When Socrates knew that he was going to die, he was not afraid of the afterlife. He was even happy to die because he knew his actions were good and right. He had made peace with his gods. It is true that there have been some economic, political and social advancement. But this has not been fel
Introduction A Firearm is a weapon that expels a projectile at high velocity due to rapid combustion of propellants. Often, firearms are associated with crime scenes despite their usefulness in defense. In this regard, forensic experts are mandated with the task of analyzing projectiles generated from gunshots, and their impact on hitting the target (Carper, 2000). This knowledge is paramount in forensic science as it helps investigators of crime to establish the type of weapon and ammunition used in a crime scene. Moreover, the location, angle and distance are determined by analyzing firearms’ evidence. In Canada, with the assistance of forensic experts, several firearms collected from crime scenes have been successfully linked to the suspects (Anderson, 2009). Firearms studies in forensic sciences are normally subdivided into six groups (Carper, 2000).These include internal firearms analysis, external firearms analysis, target firearms analysis, powder analysis and bullet residues analysis. In internal firearms analysis, bullets energy varies depending on the firearm. For example, a bullet fired from a handgun will have less energy compared to a bullet fired from a rifle. In this regard, more gunpowder is used in the manufacture of rifle cartridges compared to handgun cartridges. This is because different bullet chambers are designed to withstand varying pressures. Consequently, bigger guns accommodate higher pressures compared to smaller guns that are designed to accommodate less coil pressure. With the firing of a bullet, the pressure reduces and expansion of the gas in the barrel occurs. It reaches a point where pressure lessens and acceleration increases with increase in the length of the barrel. External firearms analysis involves the study of the bullet’s projectile after leaving the barrel. The external path is calculated using several formulas, the easiest of which is kinetic energy (Wilkinson, 1998). From the kinetic energy formulae, the energy of the bullet can be calculated by multiplying its mass with the square of the bullet’s velocity, and thereafter dividing the result by two. This procedure enables the calculation of the bullet’s energy as it leaves the muzzle. Since the drag is a factor, its value has to be calculated too. These operations are of great importance to forensic experts, as they are crucial in firearms related crimes to provide clues hence enhancing swift investigations. For terminal analysis, yaw determines the extent of the injury. A petite, high velocity bullet, increases drag and releases more kinetic energy to its target. For more kinetic energy, a broader and heavier bullet is employed despite its ability of releasing little kinetic energy on meeting the target. Bullets with low velocity can be used effectively by redesigning them to release
Introduction The Blu-ray disc and the HD-DVD optical disc had a fierce format war between them for a long time. The Blu-ray is Sony’s technology while HD-DVD is Toshiba’s. The technological battle between Sony and Toshiba is precipitated by the urge of each of the two companies to take control over video format in the next generation. Sony’s technology has the support of companies such as Hitachi and Philips, while Toshiba’s technology is supported by the DVD Forum, which feels that HD-DVD is in the best position to succeed the DVD format. Unfortunately, the format battle has left the major consumers, retailers and producers of these technological inventions confused. The three categories of users, for their own reasons, appeared to favor the Blu-ray technology more than the HD-DVD for a number of reasons (Schilling 2008). This paper uses the concept of multiple dimension of value to explain the push factors behind the preference. The paper also outlines some of the techniques that a firm can apply to improve the overall performance of its technology and design. MDV Concept The concept of multi dimensions of value (MDV) affects the behavior of consumers and other users towards a particular product. The MDV concept is divided into three main components: availability of complementary products, size of the installed base and availability of complementary goods. The MDV influences the way new firms enter the market and how they prosper after the entry. Firms that follow this concept strictly understand that their success as new entrants into the market depends on their ability to develop technology that results in more total value than what is yielded by the technology used by the current players (Schilling 2003). A firm with a new technology may succeed in the market if it is able to develop it in a way th