ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction A new revolution is dawning: the unconventional oil and gas revolution, which has created a huge economic impact. In particular, this will impact the broader economy, increase the U.S. gross domestic product (GDP), address the country’s unemployment problem and add more revenues to the country’s coffers. Because of the vast demand for conventional oil and gas, the United States has long embarked on oil exploration and in these past few years the country has experienced the increased availability of shale energy. Many Americans have to learn the nature and benefits of shale energy but researchers and the government, in particular, know that this form of unconventional energy will address the large energy demand and the benefits will expand to all the 50 states. The GDP contribution of unconventional oil and gas (UOG) reached $284 billion in 2012, with upstream operations accounting to $238 billion, and an additional midstream and downstream operations of $39 billion ( IHS , 2013). Midstream refers to initial activities encompassing transport from sea to land to pipelines; whereas, downstream refers to converting the natural gas liquids into consumer products which involves refining, processing or upgrading ( IHS , 2013) . A United States study reveals that the total unconventional oil and gas (UOG) produced in the Lower 48 states reached $63 billion for the federal, state, and local tax revenues in 2012, and by 2020 this could reach $113 billion (Hausman & Kellogg, 2015). The higher unconventional energy production, which Hausman and Kellogg (2015) described as supply boom, was triggered by technological development in extraction. Horizontal drilling applied with hydraulic fracturing is an innovation that allows easy and low-cost extraction. The Energy Information Administration reports that in the U.S. alone, investigators and engineers have pinpointed at least 2,203 trillion cubic feet of gas reserve, enough for the country to survive for 93 years, as estimated by policy makers based on current rates of consumption (Sprague, 2015). Trapped in shale rock in the U.S. are estimated 2,431 billion barrels of what scientists call wet natural gas, while in the Niobrara shale rock, there are about 4.1 billion barrels (Sprague, 2015). In Colorado, there is an estimated 20,666 billion barrels of gas reserve. Colorado is the forerunner of oil and gas development in the West (Noel as cited in Sprague, 2015). OUG exploration can drill 1 to 2 miles below the earth’s surface, taking out oil and gas through steam injection, added with chemicals to create ruptures on rock formations (Jemielita et al., 2015). First, engineers use remote sensing technique and apply spectral measurements and chemical tests to retrieve oil and gas information and data. Scientists also use and analyze high-resolution images in order to get the most reliable information about oil and gas (Song, Yang, Zhen, & Li, 2014). Success in Unconventional Oil or Gas Exploration and Recovery Since 2006, the Un
Health promotion, as one of the major professional objectives of health care, encompasses a variety of interventions and activities potentially influencing people’s physical and mental health. Thus, while some people overlook the significance of their behavioral patterns and habits, health professionals are to make sure that they raise awareness of these notions’ possible outcomes for well-being. One of the major aspects of health promotion concerns the patterns of nutrition, as there is a tendency of miscomprehending their impact on health. Indeed, individuals still believe that nutrition is solely correlated with their appearance and amount of body fat. However, researchers claim that the ignorance of healthy nutrition eventually results in cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, and cancer (Ordovas, Ferguson, Tai, & Mathers, 2018). While averting health care crises, it is imperative for the practitioners to recognize both socio-economic and cultural nutrition peculiarities, as general recommendations tend to omit some crucial contributions such as cultural predisposition for certain nutrients. The issue of nutrition is especially relevant for the centers of emerging populations, as the rapid growth of people tends to limit access to proper nutrition due to economic underpinnings (Stover, James, Krook, & Garza, 2018). As a result, many people struggle with access to proper food and put their health at risk of chronic condition emergence. Any deviation from the established nutrition norms deals with the body’s inability to digest the nutrients properly, creating a health hazard for the patient. For example, nutrition deficiency inevitably leads to such health conditions as malnutrition, during which people fail to receive the proper vitamin dosage to stay immune to external threats. Nutritional excess, in its turn, results in obesity and emergence of such chronic diseases as diabetes and arrhythmia. As a result, it is vital for nurses and practitioners to develop a system of personalized nutrition recommendations that take into account one’s socio-cultural specifics and health condition predispositions.
In the recent past, several questions have been asked about the effectiveness and relevance of higher education in Hong Kong. The issue has been on whether tertiary education equips graduates with the necessary skills needed to operate in a competitive environment. Based on these questions, tertiary institutions in Hong Kong have emphasised the importance of the whole person development programmes. Educators have realised the need to create a curriculum that encourages a broad and balanced learning for graduates. The essence of the whole person development programmes is to allow graduates to achieve wide and balanced experiences during their training programmes. This article seeks to analyse the whole person development programmes in Hong Kong, highlight societal expectations of the programmes, and discuss the facilitating factors of teaching and learning the programmes. Analyze the whole person development programs in tertiary education in Hong Kong To encourage students to identify their core values, tertiary education in Hong Kong has encouraged the adoption of the whole person development programs in its curriculum (Lee, 2007). These programs emphasize on physical wellness and fitness, emotional intelligence, and interpersonal relations among students. In addition, the program allows students to enhance their mental prowess, creativity, competence, and continuous personal development. Before the program was adopted, many graduates exhibited cognitive skills required for high-level executive roles. However, they did not exhibit all the required skills needed in tackling various tasks in the workplace. For instance, graduates had cognitive schemas but lacked behavioural skills required in a changing environment. To ensure that graduates are fully prepared for the job market, tertiary education in Hong Kong adopted whole person development programmes in their curriculum. Through the programmes, they aim at producing skilled graduates who have cognitive skills and behavioural skills (Menkes, 2005). To ensure that the whole person development goals are attained, tertiary education in Hong Kong combines behavioural, emotional, and cognitive skills in their curriculum. Acquisitions of behavioural skills entail learning emotional skills in the whole person development programmes. Graduates learn how to manage their emotional skills to enable them relate successfully with others. Training curriculums in tertiary colleges involve different cognitive schemata, which allow learners to cover both content and context of skills required in a whole person development programme. The Hong Kong Polytechnic University’s whole person development programmes are clearly defined. As such, it offers appropriate guidance and training education to its graduates to enable them acquire multiple abilities and executive skills in the future. The institution expects its graduates to be competent, confident, committed, and to acquire global outlooks while undergoing their training (Lam, 2013). The whole person
Hebb was one of the greatest individuals who made many contributions to the field of Neurological scientific research. He was the founder of some of the most used themes in behavioral neuroscience (Hebb, 1949). He also had his way of looking at psychology and saw it to be among the disciplines of biological science, he believed that psychology is a discipline that puts more concern on the study of behavior. He contributed to the field of psychology by coming up with some of the greatest theoretical concepts such as; “phase sequence,” “cell assembly” and “Hebb’s synapses.” He did much in trying to link circuits, cells with human performance and behavior (Hebb, 1949). Phase sequence can be defined as a series of neurons that are working together. Hebb developed this concept to try and explain why large damage to the brain cells does not really lower an individual’s intelligence quotient. Cell assembly on the other hand means many neurons which combine to constitute a single cell assembly. Hebb also contributed in identifying what neurons Synapses are, he said that synapses are the joinings between nerve cells in which impulses flow through from one nerve cell to the other. Hebb’s influence on Neurological Scientific Research Hebb as mentioned above contributed so much to scientific research that deals with behavior and neurological functioning. Hebb perceived the brain as a very changing and organized system which comprised of several well-partitioned parts, having its roots that run back into time, affected by evolutionary changes and heritage. Hebb’s contribution to behavioral science is still of much worth today and his theories and works are continuing to inspire both professional investigators and students. Although some other facts continue to arise at a very speedy rate in neuroscience and psychology, these facts are just but a revision of the previous works of Hebb. Some of the areas which have developed because of Hebb’s works in modern-day studies include; population coding studies, background factors in the neurological representations, synaptic flexibility, developmental growth of behavior and brain relationship, the decline in a person’s performance because of diseases, and age, and the recognized production of connectionist models (Hebb, 1949). Evolutionary Psychology Evolutionary Psychology is a branch of biological sciences that endeavors to explain psychological and mental characteristics for example; perception, memory, or communication language as an adaptation that is a product of sexual selection or natural selection. Evolutionary psychologists take to study and come up with inferences on physiological processes such as how the lungs, the heart, and the immune system works and coordinates, they then link these studies t
Classic multinational enterprises are the organizations that operate in multiple foreign markets or regions but are managed from one host country. During the 1970s and 1980s, IBM operated as a multinational company by opening mini IBM branches in various international markets. However, the company’s headquarters made the major administrative and operational decisions at its headquarters in the United States. IBM’s decision to use the classic multinational strategic orientation was necessary during the 1970s due to the segmentation of the international markets. The market segmentation implied that IBM had to cope with different customer preferences and contrasting business practices in the foreign markets where the company had its operations. One of the advantages of the classic multinational strategic orientation is that it enables companies to customize their products and services to their customers’ preferences in different markets. The strategic orientation also enables the multinational organization to reduce its cost structure burden and capitalize on the available products and services in the international markets. Additionally, the strategic orientation enables multinational companies such as IBM to receive more profits from the company’s research and development initiatives. IBM’s classic multinational strategic orientation started to fail in the 1990s due to the changes that occurred in the international economy due to globalization. Communication infrastructures and interconnectedness increased significantly during the early 1990s, and this reduced the segmentation of international markets as the consumers started sharing similar preferences. Consequently, the advent globalization implied that IBM’s strategy of customizing its products and services to specific markets became redundant and the company’s profit margins reduced. The company also experienced reduced production runs and difficulty in capturing cost reductions that arise from producing large quantities of standardized products for the international consumers. Additionally, India and China’s emergence as major international markets increased the competition experienced by IBM in various regions. During the 1990s, India and China in
Introduction Islam is a monotheistic religion, which was introduced by Prophet Mohammed. Muslims consider Mohammed as the last prophet of God (Allah). “Islam is a noun derived from the trilateral root s-l-m which forms a large class of words mostly relating to concepts of wholeness, safeness, and peace. In religious context, Islam means voluntary submission to God or Allah (Kamrava, 2006, pp. 15-17). The Islamic religion is based on five pillars, which are the major concepts and mandatory acts of worship. The Islamic religion highly regards every aspect of humanity. It seeks to instill moral values such as peace, well being, and justice to its followers. Every Muslim should uphold these values. According to the Islamic religion, all human beings are equal before God or Allah. The Islamic religion also aims at producing whole-rounded Muslims with balanced personalities. This research paper examines the relationship between Islam, modernity, and justice for women. Islam and modernity Modernity refers “to a set of very large and important structural and material changes affecting people throughout the world” (Hunter, 2008, pp. 89-90). Therefore, modernity is a way of life in the contemporary world. It involves embracing change and new ideas. The modern mindset encourages individuals to make choices and queries, as well as, to engage in discussions (Cooper, 2000, p. 33). Various Muslim groups have reacted differently to the question of modernity. For instance, the Muslim modernists and fundamentalists differ in their views about modernity. Muslim Modernists’ views on modernity The Muslim modernists are a group of devout and knowledgeable Muslims whose mission is threefold. The modernists seek to “define Islam by bringing out fundamentals in a rational and liberal manner; to emphasize the basic ideals of Islam; and to interpret the Islamic teachings in order to bring out its dynamism” (Cooper, 2000, pp. 77-78). The major aim of the Muslim modernists is to settle the differences that exist between secular rationalism and traditional beliefs, as well as, modernity and Islamic religion. Jamal al-Din al-Afghani has been credited to be the founder of Islamic modernism. According to al-Afghani, Muslims have a duty to apply the teachings found in the Quran to solve daily problems. Jamal al-Din al-Afghani strongly opposed the views of other Muslim scholars
Phenomenon of Interest This paper involves a critical qualitative analysis of an article titled ‘Rural Black Women Thought’s About Exercise’ (Evans, 2009). The article mainly focuses on the thoughts possessed by black women in the rural areas regarding exercises. Additionally, it focuses on Coronary Heart Disease (CHD), which is one of the main causes of death and disability in US. It mainly affects black women in the rural areas. Lack of adequate physical activities among the rural black women is one of the reasons why they are at risk of acquiring Coronary Heart Disease (CHD). Additionally, obesity, diabetes, and hypertension are other reasons for CHD among the rural black women (Evans, 2009). The inability of these women to incorporate activities such as exercise in their lives often leads to CHD. The article states that black women who are at risk (vulnerable women) are oblivious of the situation compared to their white counterparts. This lack of knowledge makes it difficult for them to change their lifestyle. It also states that various researches that have been done have found certain social, environmental and cultural barriers to be the reasons why these women do not exercise (Evans, 2009). However, the article does not give a comprehensive description of CHD. It however found the relationships between exercise and heart, the various barriers to exercise, the reasons to exercise and the actions that may be taken. Purpose The author of the article failed to clearly state the purpose of the study. He merely gave the relationship of Coronary Heart Disease and exercise. The purpose of the study is to aid clinicians develop effective prevention methods for CHD among the rural black women. However, the researcher indicated the importance of the concerned study to nursing. It gave the relationship between CHD and exercise. It also included the barriers to exercise among the black women and the benefits of exercising. These are significant to nursing as they enable clinicians to find the appropriate ways to mitigate CHD among the black women in the rural areas. Additionally, it can enable women to understand the benefits of incorporating physical activity in their lives. The study is important since CHD is one of the leading causes of death among the rural black women. In addition to this, women with CHD spend a lot of money on treatment. The researcher noted that people with chronic diseases like CHD use up to six times as much money on health care as healthy people do per year. The research is thus important in nursing in that it assists in reducing deaths and disabilities caused by CHD and also in reducing cos
This article focuses on finding the origin of the balloon frame that modern American society uses in building processes. The article looks at the origin, as well as highlights the journey that the balloon frame has undergone over the centuries. The article begins by acknowledging that home construction has significantly changed from how it was during the 19th century to what it is at present. The article describes the construction in the 19th century as one that used large timbers to build frame houses. Construction was then a complicated affair. It was a preserve of experts, and normally consumed a lot of time. The article also seeks to challenge the conventional historical tradition that the modern-day construction technique referred to as the balloon frame was randomly invented. According to the author, the current construction technique was coined “the balloon frame” in the early nineteenth century. The article adds that, unlike the traditional house construction style that uses interlocked heavy timbers, the balloon frame involved the use of boards that were less than 2 by 12 inches. The boards were then spaced strategically to form a basket-like structure that was both strong and durable. The balloon frame further relied on the other lighter products that were left from the mass production of lumber. Thus, it was able to cut on the time required to complete the building house drastically. Also, the work was completed using basic skills. However, the author is not clear on the origin of this method. The article adds that the balloon-frame house is the closest style to the one used in modern-day America. Notably, the major difference between them is that, whereas the balloon frame method had frames that reached the two-story height, the modern construction employs walls that reached greater heights. According to Cavanagh (1999), the balloon frame is very efficient in terms of the structure and the material used. The article asserts that the first person to publish designs on the balloon frame was William Bell. His construction manual was written in 1858. The article adds that Bell, who was a carpenter from Illinois, had been constructing houses for more than fifteen years using the balloon frame technique. In his manual, Bell sought to present the balloon-frame as an organized system. He further provided suggestions on the material and procedures that were best suited for certain buildings. The article adds that the benefits that the new technology was presenting were very luring. However, according to the article, the benefits are yet to be fully reaped. The author attributes this to the existence of some kind of inertia that has prevented the full automation of the home construction process. The balloon-frame has been persistent due to its resistance to change. This separates it from other innovations in the home construction industry. The author says that the full embrace of the balloon frame started during the nineteenth cent
Leadership is one of the key elements in any organization. Leadership includes a wide range of versatile practices and tasks directed at the provision of organizational guidance, the creation of a specific vision for the future development, and the establishment of productive and effective communication with different stakeholder groups. In that way, a leader is an individual able to carry out all of the required duties, guide the organization, direct its operations, forecast its future ups and downs, and respond to the current ones. The ability to fulfill these numerous tasks with success and choose the right courses for organizations is quite rare and requires a lot of expert knowledge and entrepreneurial confidence, a unique vision, and professional experience. That is why, the world’s most successful leaders are few, and their stories, decisions, and ideas are shared like legends and treated as sources of valuable insights for future businesspeople. Studying leadership style, behavior, and ideas of one of the renowned leaders of the United Arab Emirates is the major purpose of this project. The leader chosen for this project is Mohammad Al Abbar. This report will focus on the exploration of entrepreneurial achievements and contribution of this leader, as well as his approach to leadership. The leadership of Mohammad Al Abbar will be discussed for the purposes of evaluation and critical analysis, and its alignment with the theories and concepts learned throughout this course. Leader’s Background Leadership is a multifaceted phenomenon that forms based on a wide variety of internal and external factors such as the leader’s personality and character traits, individual experiences, professional excellence and expert knowledge, level of confidence, workplace situation, organizational performance and needs, vision, relationships and stakeholders, and goals. As a result, in order to explore the leadership style, approach, and views of Mohammad Al Abbar, it is necessary to begin with his personal, as well and professional backgrounds as the sources of his vision and ideas as a leader. His Excellence Mohammad Al Abbar is an entrepreneur and a leader who works in the industry of property development and real estate in the territory of the United Arab Emirates. Currently, he occupies the position of a Chairman of Emaar Properties that is one of the largest and most powerful property development organizations not only in the county but in the entire region of the Middle East. Also, in the past, Al Abbar served as director general in the Dubai Department of Economic Development. Moreover, in addition to his present engagement in Emaar Properties, Al Abbar also works as a Board Member of an organization known as Eagle Hills based in Abu Dhabi. Apart from that, Al Abbar was made a top adviser to the leader of Dubai, His Highness Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum. When it comes to the personal background of Al Abbar, it is important to note that he comes from a big family and is very proud of his father who worked as a ship captain on