ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The World Trade Organization (WTO) “deals with the global rules of trade between nations. Its main function is to ensure that trade flows as smoothly, predictably and freely as possible” (WTO, 2012). The roles of WTO include the following. First, the WTO concentrates on trade negotiations. This includes services, goods, and intellectual property. WTO provides rules of liberalization and where there are exceptions. This role also includes looking into tariffs, settling disputes, and eliminating trade barriers. Second, WTO also monitors and implements trade policies and practices (Helpman, 1989). All member countries must inform the WTO of new laws and trade policies in use so that the WTO can scrutinize and ensure their implementation. Third, WTO solves trade disputes. The WTO has “Dispute Settlement Understanding to ensure that disputing parties avert quarrels for smooth flow of trade” (WTO, 2012). Fourth, the WTO builds trade capacity among developing nations. For instance, developing nations have longer periods than developed nations to implement their trade policies, implement technical requirement, enhance their trading chances, and handle disputes. Building trade capacity also focuses on developing trade infrastructure and skills among developing nations. Fifth, the organization also has outreach channels to engage other stakeholders such as non-governmental organizations, media, international trade bodies, and the public about its activities so as to enhance cooperation and awareness. A recent activity of the WTO involved promoting agriculture and non-agricultural negotiations. This was in an effort to discuss effects of climate change and its mitigation and adaptation. Negations involved opportunities that may result into accessing markets for agricultural goods and non-agricultural goods. First, WTO looked into removal of trade tariff and non-tariff barriers in developed nations that hinder agriculture. It also focused on the “elimination of reduced supports from developed nations in order to increase global production and allocation of resources” (WTO, 2012). Second, WTO also discussed trade opportunities available for developing nations that can increase their incomes and reduce vulnerability to adverse effects of climate change on developing countries by investing in food production through irrigation(WTO, 2012). This aimed at protecting developing nations from severe consequences of unpredictable weather patterns. This has led the WTO to focus on trade opportunities involving biofuels between developed and developing nations. Countries are keen on biofuels to help them meet their Kyoto Protocol commitments. The WTO
The paper provides a practical example of the national and official language selection, which is based on a model of the fictitious country Lopogno. Before choosing a single and extensively used language in the state, it is crucial to refer to some particular distinctive features, which define the official tongue. Specifically, one should take into consideration that there are three fundamental principles, according to which the language should be overtaken. First, it should identify the legislation of the country. Therefore, the language must be statutory and has to reflect the constitution of the state. Second, it is important to outline the scopes of the tongue recognition so that to ensure the national character of the specific language. Finally, it is critical making sure that the language shows the national identity of the country and complies with the ethnic values and history of the state (Lewis par. 5). The citizens of Lopogno speak several languages, depending on the territory, two of which are mutually intelligible. These are Lapugna and Lapagavi. In other words, such tongues, which can be recognized by the non-residents of the particular country (“Linguists’ Definition: Mutual Intelligibility” par. 2). The other three languages, which include Tonakaki, Dimanga, and Soloso bear a status of local dialects since they are popular only among the citizens of separate parts of Lopogno. The official language must be selected out of the mutually intelligible tongues, for the state already possesses a range of legislator documents in these languages. Moreover, they are spread in the spheres of education as well as represent the country on the international scale. It is doubtful whether the government should accept Lapugna, Lapagavi or French, which is a high-rank tongue of literacy in Lopogno. In this context, it is significant to operate the interests of the country. Mainly, one should follow the example of the Great Britain, which discarded the influence of French in the 13 th century (“A Brief History of the English Language” par. 12). According to the definition of the national language, it is the compilation of signs that symbolize ethnic heritage (Lecomte par. 7). Therefore, loaning a foreign tongue as an official language might result in the eradication of traditional culture. The final selection of the formal and national language must be based on the principle of literacy improvement and striving
Introduction Brand image can be termed as evaluating the beliefs and the perception of the customers with regard to a specific product, a service, or a company (Kahle & Kim 2006, p. 4). The theory has become one of the most accepted forms of marketing, as it involves satisfying the customers with their psychological need. This theory has been adopted and accepted by many marketers as it facilitates benchmarking of brand value during marketing (Kerin, Hartley, & Rudelius 2009, p. 132). This idea is drawn from the fact that providing customers with psychological benefits creates room for loyalty, and thus increases the rate of customer turnover through repeat business. However, what effect does brand image benefits have on the customer satisfaction and loyalty? Justification of the Question The above question is crucial since it will help the researcher to utilise the academic knowledge drawn from diverse academic literatures on brand image benefits in relation to a telecommunication firm, and in this case, the Vodafone Egypt. Thus, the researcher will be in a position of criticising the academic literature on brand image, with a focus on the role of customer satisfaction and loyalty in the in the industry. More so, the researcher will be in a position of Coming up with a up with a theoretical framework, which will help to assess the brand image benefits with regard to customer satisfaction as well as loyalty, and more so, establish the extent to which they are correlated. Relation to Previous Research Traditionally, brand image has been used as a tool of differentiating a product, service, or companies, as many people believe that it creates room for identity that customers seek while buying a product or a service from a given company (Romaniuk & Sharp 2004). A number of marketing research studies affirm that brand image benefit has a positive correlation with loyalty, which helps the customers repurchase the goods or services (Brooks 2010, p. 67). In this regard, the brand benefit entails portraying high levels of relationships, showing confidence, as well as providing special treatments to customers. This theory emphasizes on creating a good customer-company relationship, as this creates an avenue for loyalty. However, other studies have affirmed otherwise, citing no relationship between quality service provision and loyalty (Brooks 2010, p. 158). This aspect of contradictory inference brings forth one prime question: do benefits of brand image have a correlation with consumer loyalty? Dubrovski (2001) rebuffs the idea of measuring brand image by considering attribute measurement as the only viable instrume
Introduction Literature has always played a vital role in educating young minds it acts as the seed of ideas, the fount of inspiration and the basis by which children develop their own unique way of looking at the world. On the other hand it can also be said that literature can act as a constraining force in a person’s life. By limiting the type and amount of literature a person receives during their formative years of learning they can develop ideas which are overly focused on a single train of thought, less adaptive and imaginative and constrain rather than facilitate their interaction with the broad range of topics, lessons and individuals that they will encounter over the course of their academic learning experience. Intellectual Development through Literature It was actually noted by childhood development researchers such as () that children who are overly coddled by their parents actually develop into individuals that are less independent, more likely to be socially inept and developed personality characteristics that are detrimental towards their continued growth as independent individuals (Rosenbaum, 1991). Taking this particular viewpoint into consideration, it can be seen that to limit the types of books a child is allowed to learn is the same as coddling them which results in a child that has a limited literary background from which he can draw from in order to interpret and understand the world him. Childhood educational researchers such as Molenda and Bhavnagri (2009) state that introducing children to a broad range of literary topics early on helps them to develop a certain degree of mental acuity in understanding a broader range of topics ranging from environmental degradation to social conditions, economic realities and even human suffering (Molenda & Bhavnagri, 2009). In fact it was proven by Sackes, Trundle and Flevares (2009) that children introduced to a broad range of literature often performed better in academics as compared to children that had a limited degree of exposure to various forms of literature (Sackes, Trundle & Flevares, 2009). When introduced to new literary topics which help to pique their interest children begin to develop a certain “hunger” to learn and explore and as such facilitates a greater degree of academic accomplishment which carries on later in their life (Gutman, 2010). It is based on the facts presented that the necessity for literary freedom becomes obvious since through it children will benefit through the attainment of a broader viewpoint regarding various real life topics and will be able to develop a certain degree of intellectual maturity. Literary Censorship On the other hand it has been argued by various parental groups that a certain degree of censorship is necessary when it comes to certain types of literature pertaining to either overtly sexual or violent themes. Such arguments were also initially presented during the introduction of sexual educational classes within various schools throughout the U.S. however it was noted that educating kids regarding the possible dangers associated with sexual intercourse was far better than a
A company’s name is crucial to the success of a business. XYZ will be the name of this company. It will manifest the culture of openness, trust and integrity as prescribed in the manifesto of the company. XYZ will be the brand that the public will assign to the organization. It creates the first impression to the customer and gives a hint to them as regards to what the business will be doing. It will create a good reputation, which will help harness the trust gradually from the customers. XYZ is an easy name, which does not confuse the customers and will be even easier to brand the company using the name. XYZ will also design its logo to ensure that its philosophy and mission can be visualized from it. A logo will create a distinctive visual company with another company. It will symbolize a pictorial representation of some of the products the company will be producing. Having the logo contain some of the products the company produces, will create a desire from the customers to inquire more about the products and this may convince potential buyers to buy the products. Having the logo contain some of the products the company will be selling will ensure that advertising is done efficiently and that customers have a distinctive feature that they identify the company with over their competitors. The logo will also ensure that high quality products such as those contained in it are offered to the customers since they already have a visual image of how the products will look like. XYZ mission declaration will act as an invariable reminder to its workers of why the corporation exists and what the organizers envisioned when they put up the idea of establishing the organization and decided to put in their money. XYZ mission declaration will be offering high quality merchandise to make sure customer’s contentment is realized. This will motivate every employee of XYZ to work towards achieving this
Abstract The common definition of the term cowboy is an animal handler mainly a herder. The term may also have a link to men who engaged livestock, mainly cattle in an approximate three-mile trip from the ranches of Texas through dangerous terrains over hundreds of miles to North America. These countryside people were historically common highlights on North American ranches because of their style of looking after cattle while on horsebacks. History indicates that the Cowboys had numerous other functions that have a close connection to national governing responsibilities besides herding at the ranches. Today we recognize the historically black American cowboy as a legend because of various special connotations traceable to the late nineteenth century. Introduction The Black cowboys consisted of various groups such as the “Wrangler,” who comprised of a common subtype cowboy, whose tasks were specifically riding on horsebacks to guide plowing cattle in the fields (Billington and Hardaway, 1998). Almost all Black cowboys participated in competitions besides the ranch-related tasks. Unlike the nineteenth century, today there are cowgirls who have a strong establishment due to there ability to perform various tasks or completive achievements, with considerable respect just like the male counterparts. The black cowboys were common ranch workers, but other early Black people also had various engagements such as mining, homesteaders, blacksmiths, soldiers, and other professional jobs. As idealized by the movies, books, comics, or pictures, Black cowboys are therefore legendary African Americans who represent the country due to their courage, independence, and hard work. Historical Perspective For a long while, African Americans provided services but remained unrecognized and unappreciated. They were heroes in building the economy as well as participants in every historical combat and various skirmishes or nation related conflicts in history, particularly during the colonial era. Various governments seem to have a case of forgotten heroes who engaged enemies courageously in honor of their countries. The American case is no exceptional because the Black warriors lacked proper recognition for the significant role played during the civil war. According to Katz (2005), the early antique situations of racism brought in the concept of black people being foreigners or immigrants. They Black cowboy warriors existed as nationals who were born and bred in America, and some with family members of the lighter complexion, but the government never accorded them the required recognition. Today the transformation justifies historical roles through recognition of the walk to glory by the Black cowboys in the battlef
The Coca-Cola Company is the largest manufacturer of beverages and soft drinks worldwide. “They deal in more than 3000 beverage products and operate in more than 200 countries” (Diamond). The company has a large customer base that they must retain. In manufacturing these numerous beverage products, the company uses different ingredients such as water, sugar, and other additives. In addition, the company packs its products in materials that can have effects on the environment and consumers’ health. Their industries also produce effluents that have adverse effects to the adjacent environment and the local inhabitants. Daily, the industries consume a lot of energy to run their operations. This energy has its source from the environment (Energy). From this point of view, The Coca-Cola Company should bear a great deal of responsibility to its customers, the public, and the environment. According to Diamond, Coca-Cola uses water as its main ingredient. This product’s supply remains under immense pressure world over due to human use. Notably, most of the world large water bodies are salty and are unsuitable for beverage production; this leaves the company with no alternative but to use the available fresh water sparingly and even find a way of cheaply desalinizing the salty water. These undertakings will contribute in decreasing chances of inadequate fresh and clean water supply for human consumption and other domestic use. Evidently, the company should be considerably concerned with the effects it poses to the environment and the public in its massive use of the available water. For instance, the company has also carried out numerous activities to ensure that African communities get access to clean and fresh drinking water and sanitation by 2015 (“Sustainability
Obesity Obesity is the presence of too much fat in the body ( Obesity Information 2014). It is determined using the body mass index (BMI). The BMI shows if a person is underweight, normal, overweight, or obese. According to the WHO, in 2008 about half a billion people were obese worldwide ( WHO: 10 facts on obesity 2014). The total of obese and overweight people in the same year was 1.4 billion. Out of this number, about 2.8 million die annually ( WHO: 10 facts on obesity 2014). Hence, obesity is a major factor in most of the leading killer diseases worldwide. Further, the majority of the world’s population live in countries where obesity is prevalent. It is thus categorized as a global epidemic. Inflammation Inflammation, on the other hand, is a process that occurs when the body seeks to expel harmful substances from within it or correct the damage done by such substances (Medical News Today 2014). When the body detects that it is under attack by harmful stimuli, it deploys its defense mechanism to counteract the attack. The signs that appear on the outside of the body are often indicators of an ongoing fight in the body. Inflammation is thus an immune response from the body. It manifests in form of redness, a burning sensation, tumor, pain, and lost functionality (Medical News Today 2014). Under certain circumstances, it is beneficial to the body since it helps heal tissue damages such as wounds. In other words, the healing process of a wound results from inflammation. However, it should be noted that there are circumstances under which it becomes harmful to the body. For example, the body can detect a harmful stimulus and initiate the self-defense process, which instead turns into a continuum of inflammation processes. It can become self-perpetuating when one case of inflammation causes another case of inflammation and the process goes on. It occurs in three distinct stages. The first stage is irritation, followed by suppuration (the discharge of puss in the case of wounds), and finally granulation (Medical News Today 2014). It is important to note that without this process, there would be no healing of wounds and other infections. As such, although most treatment regimens attempt to reduce inflammation, care should be taken so that the beneficial aspects of inflammation are encouraged in order to hasten to heal. Inflammation falls into two categories, which include acute inflammation and chronic inflammation. The former lasts onl
Introduction The field of genetic medicine has been considerably improved during the last centuries. Researchers use new technologies to approve their hypotheses and develop new approaches to develop their clinical and molecular studies. Each investigation is a possibility for people to comprehend the peculiarities of their genetic anomalies and health problems. One of the latest projects developed by Ghoumid et al. (2016) was published in European Journal of Human Genetics. The authors focused on Nail-Patella Syndrome (NPS) and the concept of a genetic heterogeneity. The article is full of clear explanations and definitions. NPS is defined as a rare autosomal dominant anomaly that is usually observed in human nails, elbows, and patella (see Figure 1). Figure 1: Clinical features in NPS patients (Ghoumid et al. 2016). The major aim of the study that the authors achieved was the necessity to check the validity of the hypothesis of a genetic heterogeneity in patients with Nail-Patella Syndrome. The authors took three stages in the study to achieve the goal. First, they described the phenotype and molecular data of a number of chosen patients and their relatives, who had NPS. Then, they identified possible rearrangements of LMX1B that was defined as the main disease-causing gene (Ghoumid et al. 2016). Finally, they discussed the possibility of a genetic heterogeneity in those patients. Syndrome’s Description Ghoumid et al. covered certain historical aspects of NPS and relied on several reports which helped to improve the clinical description of the syndrome (Roecherath 1951; Bongers et al. 2005; Sweeney et al. 2003). A range of clinical phenotypes was discovered, including nail dysplasia (anonychia, koilonychia, and triangular lunulae), elbow dysplasia, patellar dysplasia (hypoplasia, agenesis, and dislocation), iliac horns, intra-ocular hypertension, glaucoma, and peripheral neuropathies. The authors explained that phenomenon of the syndrome regarding the existing variety of phenotypes. For example, renal anomalies were explained by asymptomatic proteinuria. However, the location of the mutation could vary, and the observable characteristics could vary as well defining its range, severity, and the development of abnormalities. In the article, the authors did not give clear explanations of the phenomenon, but focused on the enumeration of possible changes in human health and the conditions of nails, elbows, and patella. It is possible to use