ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction The Haiti earthquake of 2010 is considered to be one of the most devastating natural disasters of the 21st century to date. The strength of the earthquake was estimated at 7.0 for the initial shock, followed by 5.9 and 5.5 aftershocks (Kligerman et al., 2017). Over 300,000 people lost their lives and even more were displaced in the aftermath of the disaster. The economic damage was disastrous and sent the country’s economy at least 30 years back, obliterating housing, businesses, and local infrastructure (Kligerman et al., 2017). The purpose of this paper is to review the location and physical cause of the event, its human impact from it, and some of the interesting facts related to the disaster. Location and Physical Causes The disaster occurred on January 12 at 4.53 PM, 25 kilometers away from Port-au-Prince – the capital of Haiti. This epicenter was also the place of the following two aftershocks of 5.5 and 5.9 in magnitude (Possee et al., 2019). Another earthquake-related to this one happened 8 days later, hitting Petit Goave on January 20, 55 kilometers away from Port-au-Prince (Possee et al., 2019). The earthquake was caused by the movement of the plates along the Leogane fault, located under the city of Leogane (Possee et al., 2019). The rock slipped upward across its plane of the structure, resulting in a contractional deformation along with it. Initially, it was suspected that the earthquake was caused by the Enriquillo-Plaintain Garden fault, which is a slip-conservative plate boundary between the oceanic part of the North American plate and the oceanic Caribbean plate (see Fig. 1) (Possee et al., 2019). However, that initial assumption was proven false as there was no surface deformation along the EPG fault line, leaving the hidden Leogane fault the only plausible suspect. Fig. 1. Haiti Earthquake Map. The depth of the earthquake was 13 kilometers, with a shallow temblor, which increased the magni
Introduction The population of Americans aged 65 years and above is on the increase. This has been the case for more than a century now. In fact, this group of the populace has witnessed a 30 folds’ increase between the years 1870 and 2000. It is important to note that this group of Americans is increasing at a higher rate in comparison with other groups. Thanks to an improvement in a number of demographic factors, the country’s life expectancy increased from 47 years in 1900 to 77 years by 2000. Over the last century, only 4 per cent of the country’s total population was above 65 years. Currently, this population averages 13%. During the first decade of the 21 st , century, the aging population has continued to increase. It is expected that by 2030, Americans over the age of 65 years shall account for more than 20% of the total population (Moody, 2006, p. 20). In the coming decades, the U.S population will be skewed towards the older and middle-aged generation. This change in America’s demographic structure has resulted in the emergence of various agencies whose role is to care for the aging in the society. There are a number of such resources in the U.S as discussed below. Area IV agency on Aging and Community Action Program This agency operates in Indianapo
The main theme behind these paper is that Value for shareholders is determined solely by exposure to market prices, with no performance involved by the firm. This strict condition can be relaxed in the case of active investing in marketable securities when the following conditions hold:   * The investment manager can sell the security at the market price on call at any time that is, no performance is necessary to find a customer.   * Performance involves only a timing issue, that is, when to sell.   * Prices are not informed by historical cost accounting.   * Fair value is determined at an aggregate level of net assets that are jointly employed under a business plan.   * State your overall conclusion regarding the findings in the five papers. The objective of the accounting required by FASB Statement Accounting for Stock-Based Compensation,as it would be amended by this proposed Statement, is to recognize in an entity’s financial statements the cost of employee services received in exchange for valuable equity instruments issued, and liabilities incurred, to employees in share-based payment transactions. Future Prospects. The issuance of the ED of amendments to IFRS 3 in 2005 as a result of phase two indicates that the business combinations project will help achieve convergence between U.S. GAAP and IFRS. In one major change to IFRS 3, the ED proposes that an acquirer measure the f air value of the acquiree, as a whole, as of the acquisition date. This full goodwill method recognizes not only the purchased goodwill attributable to an acquirer as a result of the purchase transaction, but also the goodwill attributable to a noncontrolling interest in the subsidiary. The IASB believes that this method is appropriate because it is consistent with the control and completeness concepts underlying the preparation of consolidated financial statements. Introduction Some debate regarding the most appropriate method of accounting for the goodwill that arises from an acquisition (commonly referred to as “purchased” or “acquired” goodwill) raged during the early 1990s and again during the early 2000s. During 1993, the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) amended an International Accounting Standard (IAS), namely IAS 22, Business Combinations (IASB 1993), by removing the option of writing off purchased goodwill (hereafter referred to merely as goodwill) immediately on acquisition. The accounting treatment of goodwill that arises from an acquisition took a significant step in a new direction with this amendment, Where by goodwill now has to be recognized as an asset and amortized over its useful life. A number of alternative treatments were used in South Africa at that time, as
Introduction The dispersion of molecules of iodine 1 2 between immiscible liquids solvents, water, or carbon tetrachloride was used to estimate the molarity of the 1 2 substances involved at balance in the aqueous solution. The lack of information regarding activity coefficients for any complexes present complicates the investigation. Early scientists recognized the necessity to assume equal degrees of solubility for -iodide and polyiodide salts. It is important that the diffusion coefficient used to link the iodine concentrations in one phase to that in another account for the existence of iodide and polyiodide salts. The distribution coefficient must also account for or reduce iodine hydrolysis. Even while polyiodides are undeniably present in solid form, the presence of an Ig-KI molecule in solution is uncertain. The water chemistry of Iodine has been studied at a variety of pH, concentrations, and temperatures to understand how this fission product behaves in accident circumstances. Notable about equilibria is t
Culture is the combination of certain values, norms of behaviour, beliefs and meanings given to specific symbolic structures in a society or a community within an environmental setting. On the other hand, society is the structure and way of life for a unique group within which people share common associations and norms. Individuals who belong to one and the same society often live on a defined territory or have a common culture. Reflectively, societies exist in accordance with a unique culture. Politics touches the system of acculturation and nationalism in a series of politically instigated moves. As a matter of fact, culture can only exist in society. Thus, this research paper attempts to expound the influence of political structures/systems on cultural stability. During the middle age and onset of the early modern period, a wide range of formal territories surfaced within Eastern and Western Europe. Establishment of these territorial boundaries triggered political reshuffle in more stable and older states. Moreover, technological establishments seen in the industrial revolution encompassed with stable environments were a sign that the states of Europe were ready to establish a stable political power away from home. As a matter of fact, nationalism began only appearing in Germany after its invasion by the powerful Napoleon. Following a humiliating raid, smaller forty territories that formed Germany began feeling the nationalism spirit and started preparing to embrace change (Kendall 278). Through the middle age and the early modern period, Italy consisted of a scattered group of states. Fortunately, its strategic location in the Mediterranean line and political stability greatly contributed to a stable economy. Napoleon, who was ruling Italy during that era, brought unity and a sense of belonging by conglomerating the country into a nationalism wagon. Germany, on the other hand, drew its sense of nationalism from the fact that its people did not want to be under the rule of foreign dictators. This sense of nationalism was encouraged by the German philosophers and writers through poetry and gothic art. Herder, an exposed German writer, said that German states had a very rich cultural history and were not as insignificant as other large European states as a result. This, therefore, made most of the rulers of the German societies understand the importance of standing together and sharing common beliefs and culture. Through art and poetry, the ideology of nationalism was managing to hold the Germans together during the war (Eerson 154). Italy’s ruler, Napoleon, attempted to merge the Italian states into one via treaties, to bring unity and a sense of belonging to the people. Actually, he effortlessly succeeded in restoring the Vienna treaty despite insignificant resistance from smaller states. On the contrary, Germany’s ruler, Bismarck, was cunning and known to use unscrupulous and mischievous ways to unite the scattered states of Germany. Bismarck decided to use wars as a unification strategy
Introduction A conspiracy theory is a theory concerning the eventual cause of an event or chain of events which are usually social, political, historical or cultural. There is a phenomenon of cover up of such causes from free knowledge, to a top secret and often deceiving plot by a group of powerful or dominating individuals or organizations. Hence one of the worlds top conspiracy originates from area 51 found in the southwestern part of Lincoln region in southern Nevada in United States of America. This place has a large military field found in its center. This center is one of the most secretive areas in the world. Despite of the widely known use of this area as testing and developmental ground for aircraft and weapons systems experiments, there are a lot of people who doubt this story. There are many interesting stories originating from Area 51 and majority of them are about Unidentified flying objects and aliens (Patton, p.6). Area 51 Conspiracy theories One of the unconventional activities claimed to be going on or once had happened at area 51 is the intense study of aliens by either examining them when they were dead or interrogating the ones which were alive. A proof to support this claim is that In the year 1996 in the month of July an individual called victor claimed over a local radio that he had a videotape of an alien being interrogated in Area 51. He had made a copy of the video during a scheduled transfer of analogue videotape files on the base into digital form, and had then smuggled the copy out. The video in question showed the head of an alien an interrogation room, the interrogated alien was possibly using mind-reading techniques to communicate with the military men and the scientists. Another significant controversy going on around area 51 is the production of aircraft using the alien’s space ship technology from the Alien spacecraft that are stored in area (Patton, pg 36), this claim can be justifiable since in the year 1996 the documentary dreamland headed by Burgess Bruce conducted an interview with a an old mechanical engineer who said he was a former worker at area 51 during the nineteen fifties and he was working on a spacecraft simulator which was built to train the united states of American Pilots, this disc was made using the technology of a disc originating from a crashed outer spacecraft which was used by aliens. This man claimed he had also worked with another man called J- Rod who was a clairvoyant or telepathic translator during his career at Area 51. This area is also said to be used in top secret dealings such as designing and production of alien energy military hardware said to be many times dangerous, meeting place with the aliens. It is also used as a place to establish ways of weather controlling or experimenting on the same. Area 51 has also been reported to be dealing in the reproduction of moon’s environment as one day in the year 2000 to 2001 as was reported by Fox Television which was showing a report regarding Apollo moon landing trick accusations, in which it was said that the whole moon landing in the year 1969
Introduction Before the First World War, the international system was characterized by multi-polarity whereby political power was distributed among a number of states. Britain was one of the states that controlled the affairs of the world economically, politically, and socially. Other superpowers included Germany, France, Britain, and Spain. The war affected many states in different measures, with some benefiting while others losing seriously. Britain was one of the allied forces consisting of France, Russia, and later the United States. Before the war, colonialism was at its peak since Britain had increased its influence in the third world by designing some of the strictest policies regarding movement of people and goods. Its major policy was divide and rule whereby the locals were not allowed to converge since it was feared that they could organize strikes and demonstrations. The First World War tested the political and military power of the British since it had to deal with uprisings in a number of colonies, including India. In this regard, Britain had to restructure its policies, both domestically and internationally for it to withstand the strong wind of change. Domestically, the state was performing dismally economically since the war had destroyed infrastructure major industries. This article looks at the ways in which the First World War affected the policies of Britain in India. The state had to streamline its foreign policy towards India, as well as other states in the world since there was a new world order. Effects of the First World to the Policies It is important to note that India played a critical role in the First World War, both militarily and economically. Again, the war broke out when India was in a state of political quagmire since political unrests were witnessed in various parts of the country. The National Congress demanded for more representation in the house. Moreover, it wanted a self-government that consisted of only Indians. Germany played a critical role in fuelling the violence since it sponsored freedom fighters to destabilize the British colonial government. Britain was considered a force to reckon with in Europe due to its economic and political might. One of the effects of the war was that many Indians were willing to engage in conflicts with the British since they had now realized that the British government could easily be conquered. Before the war, Indians believed that Britain was the most powerful state in the world. This was no longer the belief because Indian troops had fought alongside the British soldiers in many parts such as North Africa, East Africa, and Gallipoli (Bose and Sisir 14). The British policy
The aim of this paper is to analyze a case study of a start-up, The Right Stuff, which sells a hydration product helping athletes and first responders to avoid dehydration. The paper will explain the company’s business model, provide a business model canvass, and analyze its entrepreneurial process with the help of the Timmons model. Business Model The company’s target markets include team athletes, individual athletes, and non-athlete markets such as military, first responders, and long-distance airline passengers. The Right Stuff’s business model seeks to increase the product range, thereby serving to different groups of customers in every segment of the market. Therefore, the start-up’s founder, David Belaga, has developed the following flavors for his product: orange tangerine, citrus, berry, and zero flavor. The business is value-driven and focused on the premium value proposition. Business Model Canvas Table 1 shows the business model canvas (BMC) for The Right Stuff. Key Partners                                                                                              Key Activities                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            NASA                                                                                                      Manufacturing                                                                                                 Value Propositions                                                                                                                               Customer Relationships                 Customer Segments                                                   A network of suppliers ( Business model canvas explained 2011)                                            Distribution                                                                                                  A unique hydration product that improves “athletes’ performance by preventing dehydration and its associated symptoms” (Terjesen 2014, p. 715).  Dedicated personal assistance (phone)  Institutional market segment, individual
Introduction Many countries all over the world are making strides towards gender equality. Unlike sex which is determined biologically, gender on the other hand is a social construct. The society’s expectations about the roles and attitudes of a particular sex consist of issues that give rise to gender discrimination. This means that, problems which cause gender discrimination are social or natural problems. While the society expresses discrimination against women in various ways through cultural attitude and social structures, the men do not equally find it easy in the society due to the society’s unreasonable standards of masculinity. (Stockman, 412) Some analyst believe that the problem of masculinity is a personal problem of the individual involved but, when the person involved indulges in illegal or social disruptive actions just to prove his masculinity, the repercussions of such actions are on the larger society. These men go to the extent of indulging in crime or other social vices just to prove their masculinity because, there are social consequences that arise if a man fails to prove his masculinity in certain societies. (Stockman, 312) This essay will analyze how different society’s construction of masculinity can cause social problems. Also, the social problems which arise from this societal act and are considered most urgent will be highlighted. Lastly, the essay will show how the intersection of gender and other social constructs like class, ethnicity and race could result into social rifts and problems. Social construction of masculinity in Asian societies Every society views and constructs masculinity to suit the social and cultural values of such a society thus there is always a difference in the method which societies use to construct masculinity. The Asian society constructs masculinity in a different way from the American society. In an Asian society, masculinity is perceived in a distinctive and different manner from the America’s hegemonic way of masculinity. In other words, the Asian society does not view masculinity in opposition to feminine gender and it seems the Asians are creating a new kind of masculinity which is free from male dominance. The Asian society is constructing a new kind of masculinity which is based on mental power. For instance, an Asian man feels undermined and challenged if an Asian woman dates or prefers men of different race like; an American or African. This is a clear case of the male ego been at play and to the Asian society, the man’s mascul
Introduction Everybody prefers to have financial security in his/her life so as to be free from financial troubles and distress. Indebtedness is the worst thing that everyone dislikes in life. Financial security can contribute personal wellness and peace of mind. Financial planning is a necessary step towards securing one’s financial future. Having a financial plan and adhering to it will help one better manage his/her finances and retire rich. When one starts earning, he/she also needs to plan his/her expenditure and savings. Though, not in the form of a perfectly written document, one should definitely have a rough idea about his/her expenditure every month. When one is single, there is a lot of disposable income available with him/her. If married, he/she will have a larger expenditure and different priorities for savings. Whatever be the case, one should have a plan of where his/her hard earned money is going either as expenditure or savings. Personal Financial Planning- Meaning and Significance Personal financial planning entails planning for one’s financial needs, present as well as future, keeping in mind his income. He should also have a rough idea of how much he spends on essentials like groceries, rent, travel, and phone and electricity bills. Money for shopping/eating out/entertainment should also be budgeted for. These needs vary significantly according to one’s standard of living. Two people earning the same amount of money may have different spending needs, according to their habits, tastes and preferences. Apart from these, one must set aside a part of his earnings for some unforeseen events and emergencies and the remaining money he has every month, should be invested instead of letting it sit idle. (Harry and Smith). Most of the people need formal personal financial planning so as to achieve their basic financial goals. To achieve their goals, there are different avenues of investments, insurance coverage, savings plan, tax savings devices, retirement plans, etc. Personal financial planning mainly includes the development and implementation of the total plans in order to achieve the over all financial objective. Each person’s financial objective differs depending on their individual goals and their attitudes. There are different steps involved in the preparation of the personal financial plan. The first and foremost step is to collect the useful information regarding the personal situation of the person. It i