ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction The success of global firms is hinged upon creating sustainable competitive advantages in their overseas operations. A strategic human resource (HR) function that is both adaptive and standardized is critical for better subsidiary management and stronger international presence. Going global requires greater integration of HR practices and policies into the corporate strategy. This paper summarizes the main points of three articles focusing on international business, gives the writer’s respective position and rationale, and provides employer best practices in the specific areas examined. Article 1 The authors make three critical points on international small and medium enterprise (SME) responses to host countries’ cultural and socioeconomic contexts. First, SMEs respond to the local culture through adaptation – submission and indifference – or standardization (superiority and disputable standardization) (Apetrei, Kureshi, & Horodnic, 2015). Tradeoffs between the two strategies allow a firm to respond to local tastes and preferences without compromising corporate culture and global practices. Second, the article notes that three factors determine the extent to which an SME standardizes or adapts its management practices to host country context. They include the owner’s overseas business experience, individual values, and industry in which the firm operates (Apetrei et al., 2015). Third, pressures from customer relations and economic or political blocs force global firms to embrace standardization practices in specific sectors, such as IT. I agree with the authors’ findings that a standardization-adaptation balance is critical to international success for two reasons. First, although a company may pursue a particular strategy, i.e., either standardization or adaptation, responsiveness to the subsidiary’s needs is required because customer needs and preferences are heterogeneous. Second, from the international human resource management (HRM) perspective, an ethnocentric approach reduces responsiveness to the host culture’s needs, while a polycentric orientation limits parent company control of the subsidiary. Employing best practices in this area involves an integrative orientation in which skilled third-country nationals are recruited to take overseas positions. Article 2 In this article, the author examines the concept of experimental international business (IB) and its theoretical underpinnings. He makes several arguments for IB research and teaching. First, lab studies do not lack external validity, which is a common assumption amongst scholars. Empirical research shows significant correlations between the lab and out-of-lab findings (Van Witteloostuijn, 2015). Second, external validity is unrealistic, and therefore, optional in IB research. It should develop from a chain of internally valid studies that use triangulation designs. Third, because
Introduction The title of the article under review is; “risk management starts at the top” written by Paul Strebel and Hongze Lu. The article under review is an issue contained in the journal “Business Strategy Review” volume 21; issue number 1. The article covers pages 18-23 of the journal and was published by “Blackwell publishers” during the 2010 spring period. The main purpose The main purpose of this article is to identify the cause of the huge losses and sub-prime write-downs among these three companies, while their competitors were not exposed to the menace. The other purpose of this article is to expose the role of the top authority of institutions; towards the making of losses or profits depending on the extent and quality of control they have on important managerial functions like risk management; questioning the operations of the institution; making of choices and making of corporate judgments regarding corporate values within and outside the business, and the importance of corporate relations. The major questions The major questions raised as an attempt to uncover the underlying factors that led to the huge losses with relation to the top management of the companies include; what the work of the CEOs and the board of directors of these firms were when the institutions were investing in the uncertain collateralized liability obligations and structured venture plans. The other question leveled was; what the role of the risk management procedures guiding the commercial governance of the institutions was. Analysis results The information, inferences, and concepts that reflected from the analysis made regarding the operations of these institutions included that; there was a major relationship between the unconstructive roles taken by the dictatorial board of chairpersons and the CEOs, the deficiency of monetary market proficiency held by the bank boards, and the resultant huge losses incurred by these institutions. The analysis also indicated that the risk management controlling institutions especially monetary firms rely more on executive decision-making and judgment as opposed to literal computer modeling. In support of these findings, the article points out that the risk model employed in an institution can be misleading in that; it may not properly evaluate the risk involved in the provision of highly risky loan ventures commonly referred to as sub-prime loans. This situation results in the inability to recover the loans due to the adoption of underlying loaning assumptions that do not house the changing financial variables and lack to give considerations to risks facing the firm. The other inference supporting the findings is the inability of the top management, to ask relevant questions regarding the extent to which they expose themselves to major risks involved in the business. Some of the relevant questions to be engaged to avoid the situation is applying simplicity and critical perspective in business engagements; which prevents the authorities from asking the right questions when there is sti
Executive summary Irshad Consultancy Center will be a business entity that will specialize in providing career-planning services to Saudi citizens based in eastern province aiming to set up a successful career. However, once the company establishes itself, we will diversify its activities and expand the market to other provinces. The center will be located in the Eastern province and the main client targets will be high school graduates. The center will target high school graduates because they are usually faced with career challenges once they complete their studies. Many high school graduates end up pursuing careers that do not coincide with their subject selection. Other students just pursue careers that they do not have a passion for. In the long run, most of these students fail to excel in their careers. Consequently, unemployment among youth increases. Therefore, Irshad Consultancy Company will be created to assist students in planning and choosing a suitable career. Irshad Consultancy Company will use ability tests to match the candidates to the appropriate professional. Moreover, the company will employ the use of seminars and forums to enhance the student’s understanding of career matters. The company will also create an official website to enable customers to gain access to its products and services. In addition, the center will create a database showing job trends, updates on the demanded skills, and job positions in the current market. This database will also help Irshad to connect previous customers to job opportunities after graduation. Irshad Consultancy Company realizes that employment is a critical issue in the kingdom. There are several reasons that have led to poor employment trends. These factors include shortage and surplus in one field over another, the lack of qualifications and skills, and the lack of interest and passion for the job. Therefore, we believe that our business can fill the gap by matching students with the right skills to a suitable career choice. Career consulting companies serve both male and female customers but in some specific cases, females get special attention because of the inequality that occurred in the yester years across Asia and Saudi Arabia. Providing advice to the female population in seclusion acts as a means of empowering those women who still feel that inequality prevails in the current society. Projections from 2007 show that the number of students who require career advice increases by approximately 10% annually. Therefore, given the number of students who enrolled in secondary tertiary of 2007 were 1,144,548 we can easily calculate and project the increase in the market base for any given number of years. Irshad consultancy will perform market projections on a five-year basis to ensure that the projected data does not go stale. The following graph shows the market trend between the years 2007 and 2011 in the career consultancy market. The company structure will be made of five different levels. At the top of the structure wil
Defenition Peace is the absence of agitation or any form of disturbances leading to a state of serenity within an environment or in a person. The calmness and serenity that lead to an individual sense of peace are known as inner peace. To a nation, it is the normal state of harmony without incidence of hostility, violent crimes, or conflicts. Inner peace is achieved when there is no conflict within the three most important aspects of a person, that is the body, mind, and soul. The feeling of inner peace does not depend on any external forces, the place we are in, the time, the current situation, the environment surrounding us, or the attitude of the people we are associating with at a particular moment. One can experience inner peace amid a hostile environment brought about by the negative attitude of people, war, and/or sickness. A person who has inner peace experiences justice, inner life balance, restfulness, resolution, freedom, harmony, and contentment. This inner peace should be strong enough to overcome anything that opposes it. Peace is the cornerstone element that makes all other elements exist. Without peace in an area, a Nation, or the world, no development can take place. Political, economical, and cultural developments only take place when there is peace. On the other hand, development brings about peace. A good example is a scenario in poor countries in the world. Without economical, cultural, and political development, these nations are characterized by war and unending conflict. Modernization, economic funding, and political support from developed nations bring about peace in these nations. When there is proper health care, good governance, improved infrastructure, and the rule of law, the peace of a nation is realized. In turn, this national peace promotes inner personal peace. The concept of peace Peace is not an end to itself, but a way to peace. This concept has been used by many political activists in their quest to demand justice from the governing authority. There can never be peace in a person or Nation, without justice. Just as Martin Luther observed when he led the civil rights movement back in the 1960s, “true peace is not merely the absence of tension; it is the presence of justice” To promote world peace, various organizations across the globe have been established. The United Nations Peace Keeping Mission is mandated in peace promotion in nations where there is internal conflict. The Nobel Peace Prize was established to award individuals who promote and help achieve peace through ethical leadership. Peace is the absence of conflict or violence, within a person or environment. Peace contributes to the development and is also achieved by development. Peace is not an end to itself but a way to achieving it. When justice is done, peace is achieved, in essence, peace exists everywhere, it is only because of limitations put by human beings that peace is not felt and realized. Inner and outer peace can be realized and expanded in everything that we do, as we learn to change our way of thinking.
The main event, which made Theodore Roosevelt the president of the United States of America is the murder of President McKinley. No one expected such shock for the governmental body for that difficult period for the whole country. Roosevelt describes this event as the following: On three previous occasions the Vice-President had succeeded to the Presidency on the death of the President. In each case, there had been a reversal of party policy, and a nearly immediate and nearly complete change in the personnel of the higher offices, especially the Cabinet. I at once announced that I would continue unchanged McKinley’s policies for the honor and prosperity of the country, and I asked all the members of the Cabinet to stay. There were no changes made among them save as changes were made among their successors whom I myself appointed. (Roosevelt, 1913) This emphasizes that he was a courageous man, as he continued the politics which were the reason for the murder. His service in the American army made him a disciplined man. Surely, such a high duty as presidency requires the strict following of the rules and powerful will. Being a warrior (During the Spanish-American War, Roosevelt was lieutenant colonel of the Rough Rider Regiment, which he led on a charge at the battle of San Juan. He was one of the most conspicuous heroes of the war) made him courageous, disciplined, and strong-willed. His nature as a hunter and farmer helped him to become a successful president. Thus, he instinctively felt what America needed in order to become the dominant State of the world. Successful landowner and the master of life he managed to become the leader of the USA and head the team of Republicans and Progressive Party members. However, In spite of strong will and domineering, living in Badlands character he was the perfect diplomat, as he had to deal with other farmers, traders and sheriff. The announcement of the policies and the proclamation of “The Big Stick” helped him to gain popularity among the progressive population, however, increased the dissatisfaction among those who did not support the course of his politics. Originally, “the big stick” was headed against those who killed McKinley, and, it is emphasized that this decision helped him to be listed as one of the most progressive presidents of the USA. An assassination attempt is a universal tool for gaining popularity. That shot had broken his speech; however, it did not stop his heart. Sympathy towards him increased essentially, as the crowd was shocked: He spoke for ninety minutes. His opening comments to the gathered crowd were, “Ladies and gentlemen, I don’t know whether you fully understand that I have just been shot, but it takes more than that to kill a Bull Moose” (Lessoff, 2005). His presidency is regarded as the beginning of the modern presidential use of the pow
Abstract The given paper revolves around the peculiarities of various natural resources and the major concerns related to their usage. The work tends to classify natural resources and provide the information about the main ways of their usage. Moreover, the relations between the natural resources and the environment are investigated to determine the way these two phenomena impact each other. Resting on the great importance of natural resources which are considered the basis of the functioning of our society, the precise analysis of their global significance and the way they promote the prosperity and development of a certain country are suggested. Additionally, the paper also provides certain recommendations related to the further developing and exploitation of various kinds of sources. Finally, at the end of the paper conclusions are given, and the main ideas are summarized. The work rests on credible sources that provide the credible information needed to analyze the given issue. Main Body Humanity has always been using the gifts of nature to guarantee its survival and create the comfortable environment. At the dawn of civilization, such resources as wood, coal, and other minerals provided people with warmth, shelter, and tools. However, the further sophistication of society and the invention of different tools conditioned the appearance of the need for new materials that would be able to meet the existing requirements and guarantee the further evolution of various communities. Finally, the industrial revolution and the blistering development of technologies conditioned the growth of the importance of natural deposits and gave rise to another concern related to the excessive usage of non-renewable resources which might result in the collapse of industry and human society. In these regards, the precise investigation of the major aspects of natural resources is crucial in terms of the further evolution of our society. Speaking about the UAE one should admit the great topicality of the given issue for it. The state depends on oil producing and refinery greatly, and its further development is conditioned by the state of natural resources. Being one of leading oil producers, the UAE also has some other deposits which though do not play such a significant role in the development of the state. For these reasons, the investigation of the major concerns related to resource development becomes crucial for the existence of the UAE and other countries. Yet, the main aim of the given pape
Living in the Tenth Century, a book by Heinrich Fithtenau, presents an interesting view of life in Europe in the tenth century. Fithtenau takes the audience to a journey through the second millennium in Medieval Europe. The book is voluminous and challenging for those with no scholarly interest in History. For Historians, it offers enlightenment and deeper understanding on how life has changed from medieval period to now. Fithtenau delves into all facets of life in Medieval Europe. The book digs into the interplay between rural schooling and religion. Additionally, it focuses on social order and the tenth century economy. This book review will demonstrate that Fithtenau’s book has well developed and credible arguments. It will also show that the book is resourceful but challenging to undergraduate students. Fithtenau extrapolates the life in the tenth century Europe from the Carolingian age. He then ventures into emerging states like France and Germany. The tenth century experienced several changes in religion, economy, and education. In religion, the hypocrisy in Roman Catholic Church had led to disenchantment within a cross section of Christians. There was incessant clamor for church reform from many quarters. Religious movements opposed to the Roman Catholic were gaining momentum day by day. What makes Fithtenau compelling as a writer is his style of themes presentation. On religion for instance, the book has pages with accounts of renowned clergy and bishops. The book also focuses on population growth and urbanization. Increased food production led to better health and higher population. Additionally, people could sell surplus agricultural products or exchange them for things they did not have. The places that people met to trade became urban centers. The book details accounts of rich land owners who cultivated corn.
Introduction An unprecedented surge of new information and communication technologies has culminated into an increasingly intertwined world. Advancements made by man in the area of ICT during the last half of the twentieth century has accelerated globalization of all spheres of human life at a pace never imagined before. Today, information about political and socioeconomic happenings in remote parts of the world is passed on to other parts on a real-time basis. This task is a discussion of the way arts and artists are being affected and influenced by realities of the contemporary world. Imagination and Expression Since the very humble beginning of human civilizations, man has had various artistic ways of expressing his feelings, emotions, experiences, and perceptions. These expressions underscore one’s society, environments, nature, and significant historical events like battles or immigration episodes, as well as normal and bizarre imaginations. These ways range from performing arts such as dances, drama, music, visual arts, and plastic arts like painting and drawing among others. For instance, during the Stone Age, man did Rock Art whereby, he painted the pictures of the animals he hunted and his tools among other thrilling experiences of his ordinary life and lives of his ancestors in the state of nature, on the walls of his cave dwellings (Pickover, 1992, p.16). Therefore, art has been a vital component of all human civilizations and has evolved alongside other aspects of human cultures to the extent that, today the most talented artists like actors, actresses, painters and musicians are the most celebrated individuals who hold esteemed social status envied by many. How arts and artists are affected and influenced by realities of today Advancement in technology is certainly a weighty drive of progress and history in any society. For example, unprecedented progress in ICT has altered the way people do business, how they interact with their relatives and friends, and even the way they govern themselves. Arts and artists have inevitably been affected and influenced by advancement in technologies, changes in global communication, and an accelerated tempo of globalization in various ways. Today, progress in technology and computer-supported arts permit artists to find out new forms of artistic representations that put more emphasis on the visual and creative features of a given artistic piece. For instance, computer-modeling platforms enable sculptors to observe their work in virtual reality prior to its production (Ehrlich, 1976, p.111). Therefore, artists can create pieces of artwork that are more closely associated to their initial motives; thereby, they push forward accuracy of execution in arts (Ehrlich, 1976, p.114). This has in turn led to increasingly truly realized varieties of an artist imagination. Moreover, advancement in technology has facilitated integration of various kinds of arts as artists endeavor to produce more creative and imaginative artworks and remain competitive
The skills of a consultant cannot be taught in a classroom A consultant offers expertise advice in a given area to his or her clients (Crisp & Cruz, 2009). It is true that the skills of a consultant cannot be taught in a classroom setting. Consultancy services offered by consultants in their areas of specialization require in-depth knowledge and experience. People become experts in their careers after spending a considerable amount of time working. It is after amassing a wealth of experience that they could begin to provide consultancy services. Experience needed to offer consultancy services cannot be taught in a classroom as it requires persons to network and gain knowledge of how things are done in a particular field. Consultants do not decide for their clients, but they help their clients to choose the best solution from a number of options. Consultants analyze situations presented by their clients and give pros and cons for each situation. Although consultancy skills cannot be taught in a classroom, formal teaching introduces aspects vital for consultancy. The aspects could be communication skills, networking and project analysis skills. Value of mentoring in the development of consulting skills Mentorship programs involve more experienced persons in a given career field who offer professional guidance to less experienced persons. It is a lengthy process that is characterized by informal transfer of expertise and exchange of social network contacts believed to play key roles in career and/or professional development (De Janasz & Sullivan, 2004). Mentors have both academic and practical expertise in their career fields (Crisp & Cruz, 2009). They interact with many colleagues and contacts whom they share their job expertise issues. When experienced professionals interact with less experienced persons in their career fields, they offer them invaluable skills essential in offering consultancy services. In the case study, Peris Roberts was paired with a former software consultant who was thinking of changin