ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Medicare is the government-funded health coverage plan that is specifically designed to assist older adults. It includes numerous elements intended to target elders’ general medical needs. However, Medicare often does not involve the coverage of oral care (Macek et al., 2017). Incorporating dental care with universal health care will help study the outcomes of preserving dental health. Moreover, research explains that individuals with access to medical and dental coverage have better physical health and oral health–related life quality (Chávez et al., 2017). Thus, the bill asking Congress to include dental care in Medicare would enlarge the possibility of improved dental health outcomes for all senior citizens. The purpose of this policy analysis is to discover the bill’s information, which will help develop the SWOT analysis, comprehend the bill’s effects on various levels, and prepare nurse leaders to take appropriate actions. Information about the Bill Bill Title and Area of Concern Bill HJM 4014 – 2019-20: Asking Congress to include dental care in Medicare. Bill HJM 4014 – 2019-20 aims to have dental care added to Medicare, as it is the primary provider of healthcare for nearly sixty million Americans (Asking Congress, 2020). The low-income elderly, in particular, are vulnerable, as many do not have access to any dental care. Lack of proper oral care can result in more significant health issues if left untreated. Thereby, expanding Medicare to include dental care would improve the well-being of Medicare recipients while possibly reducing costs, as proper oral health, can offset more severe conditions. The main aim of the bill is to get Congress to include dental care in Medicare coverage. Background of the Issue Medicare is the primary source of healthcare for many Americans, particularly the elderly and the disabled. In Washington State, more than one million residents rely on Medicare for their healthcare. As a result, almost thirty-nine percent of Washington State residents do not have any form of oral health insurance (Asking Congress, 2020). Seniors are particularly affected, as twenty-eight percent of Washington State seniors suffer from severe tooth loss, measured as having lost six or more teeth. In comparison, ten percent suffer from total tooth loss. Low-income elderly are similarly affected, as one fourth suffer from total tooth loss (Asking Congress, 2020). This oral damage is not evenly distributed by race; the non-white elderly are more likely to suffer from tooth damage than white seniors (Asking Congress, 2020). The quality of dental health has a direct effect on the general health, as poor oral health is positively linked to heart disease and diabetes. Access to oral healthcare could allow these conditions to be preemptively limited. Stakeholders and Their Position The direct stakeholders regarding this bill are i
Introduction When taking a step back and looking at the world history, it becomes evident that faith and religion have always been some of the major precedents to international conflicts, hate crime, and social metamorphoses. Thus, the notion of religion is understandably confusing in the social context. While some people perceive faith as salvation and guidance, others tend to impose religion on other people through violence and manipulation. The latter is now frequently associated with the existence of the church as a religious institution presenting a rather controversial interpretation of religious dogmas. A prime example of such a representation, the introduction of indulgence by the Catholic church, has become a major cause of Reformation. In order to obtain a better perspective of the issue, it is of paramount importance to dwell on the biography of one of the most notorious figures behind the Reformation, Martin Luther. The paper will focus on some of the major milestones of Luther’s biography, carving the path towards the creation of his modern image. Early Ages Martin Luther is considered to be one of the most controversial yet significant figures in the history of the Catholic Church. A son of a copper miner, Luther was born on November 10, 1483, in Eisleben, but the new family decided to move to Mansfeld, where Martin’s father had the opportunity to become a town councilor (Hillerbrand par. 2). Young man’s path to theology and religion was not straightforward, as it was not Martin’s initial intention to pursue the study of faith and church. Having graduated from a Magdeburg school and, subsequently, the University of Erfurt, Martin Luther obtained a master’s degree in arts (Hillerbrand par. 3). However, when faced with a choice of further occupation, the young man favored law over medicine and theology, following his father’s advice. Less than six weeks later, a severe natural disaster taking place near his village made Luther promise himself to become a monk in case of survival. As a result, in 1505, the doors of the monastery in Erfurt were opened before Martin Luther (“BBC – History – Historic Figures: Martin Luther (1483-1546)” par. 2). For the next two years, Martin had been finding comfort in his humble life of a monk who lives by order of the monastery. However, in 1507, realizing the true motivation of his theological path, Martin Luther decided to pursue an academic degree in theology. Theology and 95 Theses The year 1507 may be rightfully considered a pivotal moment in Martin Luther’s life, as he decided to devote the whole life to the examination and evaluation of religion and the Catholic Church. Starting his journey in Erfurt, Martin was later transferred to the Augustinian monastery in Wittenberg in order to come back later in 1509 (Hillerbrand par. 7). However, his further studies were suddenly interrupted by the need to g
Abstract Idiopathic membranous nephropathy is a T-cell immune mediated glomerular disease. Natural history shows characteristic spontaneous remissions or progression to nephrotic syndrome or to end-stage renal disease. The first key in management is to differentiate between primary and secondary disease. Investigations aim at identification of the cause if present and assessment of the patient’s condition to identify predicting factors and response measures. Renal biopsy is the gold standard for diagnosis. Treatment options are many but there is no universally accepted standard treatment regimen. This essay aims at reviewing the management of idiopathic membranous nephropathy. Introduction Classification of renal glomerular diseases can be according to pathology, aetiology, pathogenesis or clinical presentation, an example is a post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis, which represents an aetiological classification. Anti-glomerular basement membrane disease is another example that describes disease pathogenesis; in this context, idiopathic membranous nephropathy is a pathological description of glomerular disease. The term does not reflect aetiology; besides, only in 20% of cases, a precipitating factor can be identified (Short and Mallick, 2001). The disease may occur at any age, though commonly at middle age, with a 2:1 male to female ratio. There is no disease racial preference; however, it is more common in the White race and is the commonest cause of nephrotic syndrome in white adults (Fervenza and Schwab, 2008). Aetiology and types Idiopathic membranous nephropathy can be a primary disease with no detectable cause; however, in 20 to 33% of cases, there can be a cause for the disease (Fervenza and Schwab, 2008). In this case, the disease is secondary to an underlying disorder; yet, in either case, the term idiopathic membranous nephropathy describes a series of changes in the glomerular capillary wall (Cattran, 2002). The disease is an immune-mediated process that results in immune complex formation in the sub-epithelial glomerular layers initiating the capillary wall changes (Ronco and Debiec, 2006). Ponticelli (2007) identified four stages of glomerular lesions in membranous nephropathy; the first is the presence of scanty small sub-epithelial deposits to the extent that the glomerular basement membrane may appear normal or minimally thickened by light microscopy. In stage two, immune complex spikes form and can be see
Consulting experience In the course of our in-class consulting project, which was undertaken through groups comprised of a number of students, our team [Team 3] thought it was appropriate to seek consultation services from Team 2 on a number of issues. Team 3 intended to gain knowledge on the strategies that it could adopt in order to promote collaboration amongst the team members. However, Team 2 kept pressurizing our team to sign a contract without outlining concrete things that it would do in order to assist Team 3 attain its goal. As a client, I felt that Team 2 was not keen on listening to what Team 3 intended to achieve. In order to improve the chances of success during the consultation process, it is imperative for the consultant to collaborate with the client in a number of areas as evaluated herein. Joint problem definition According to Jones and Brenda (2014), the successful consultation process is comprised of two main parties, viz. the client and the consultant. The two parties must establish a strong consultation relationship. However, the process of building the consultation relationship is complex due to the existence of diverse cultural and human factors. Despite this aspect, the consultant and the client must strive to establish and sustain the consultation relationship. One of the issues that the consultant must focus on entails establishing a clear definition of expectations and roles. In a bid to achieve this goal, the client must inquire from the client regarding the desired expectations in order to eliminate misunderstandings. Therefore, the client and the consultant must collaborate in defining the problem. The consultant must provide the client with an opportunity to explain the prevailing issues that need to be resolved. The definition of the clients’ needs should form the basis upon which the two parties refine the problem. Kubr (2007) collaborates that both the “client and the consultant should be prepared to make changes to their initial definition of the problem and agree to a joint definition” (p. 65). In this case, Team 2 [the consultant] was not concerned with understanding the client’s [Team 3] expectations. Subsequently, Team 2’s ability to define the prevailing problem comprehensively was limited, thus its inability to provide concrete issues that would be employed in order to resolve the problem at hand. According to Cummings and Worley (2014), it is imperative for the consultant to consider developing a knowledge-based relationship, which can only be attained if the consultant appreciates two-dimensional communication, viz. from client to consultant and from consultant to the cli
Introduction The modern ways of working have altered the nature and relationship between workers and their organisations. As a result, the working character in today’s economy has greatly been compromised. Erosion of traditional working standards has repeatedly injured employee expectations, satisfaction, identity, and job involvement. Workers have become easily disposable. Although the modern working economy seems to take a personal-capitalistic approach, it has made workers more precarious and illegible. Issues such as the level of commitment and the traditional bonding culture that was nurtured through job specialisation and teamwork have been slowly eroded and replaced with flexibility. Using Sennett’s work in the book, ‘The Corrosion of Character: The Personal Consequences of Work in the New Capitalism’, this paper will adopt a discursive approach to analyse how the working character has been corroded by the needs, approaches, and styles of working in the modern economy. How Employees are Injured by Modern ways of Working Sennett (1998) presents several hidden injuries that contemporary workers have to encounter in their daily life. He provides a good example of bakers who could not tell the actual titles of their jobs after being repeatedly moved from one place to another. The injury of sabotage comes into play where bosses define and shape the titles of their employees based on the role they want them to play. With reference to the bakers, they could not clearly associate themselves with a particular area of specialisation since they had variations of jobs within the organisation. It was also difficult to predict their future job stations since the organisation retained the authority of determining where, when, and whom they worked with each day. The level of bonding between employees has also been eroded by modern management approaches (Rodgers, 2012). For instance, the bakers were exposed to different workers in different departments occasionally. Before workers could know each other and bond as a team, one, some, or all of them were moved to different departments. The time for bonding was reduced. Winters et al. (2013) present issues such as goal setting and the zeal to achieve individual goals. Once these areas are interfered with, employees resort to working for money. Using the case of the bakers, this situation culminated in a low sense of job identity where employees are detached from sharing common organisational goals. It is crucial to compare modern-day work setting with the value of old Quakerism. In the latter, staff members were valued and treated well. Work ethics and beliefs in the old Quakerism school focused on treating workers without any impartiality. The case of Cadbury is an example of how staff members were handled well. They were provided with different activities such as sports and a family-friendly working environment. Such a setting motivated them. Today’s work, as presented by Sennett (1998), is a complete contrast of the above case. Mo
Introduction Many illnesses that are widespread in the United States can be explained by environmental problems caused by various human activities (Suwanwaiphatthana, Ruangdej, & Turner-Henson 2010, p. 26). Researchers focus on the effects of air pollution on children’s health. For instance, much attention should be paid to different respiratory diseases such as asthma or bronchitis. It is possible to argue that this age group is more exposed to the negative impacts of air pollution because they spend more time outdoors. Furthermore, they are more vulnerable because their organs such as lungs are still developing (Natural Resources Defense Council 1997). Overall, there is no single solution to this problem because it is necessary to introduce different regulations and interventions that can reduce the emissions of harmful substances into the air. Moreover, people should become more informed about the impacts of air pollution on children’s health. The first section of this report will provide quantitative data illustrating that the quality of air in many parts of America is considerably impaired. The second part will highlight various causes of this problem such as vehicle emissions, the extensive use of fossil fuels, and the industrial activities of other countries. Furthermore, this report will demonstrate how this issue affects the health of many American children. The fourth section will illustrate various approaches that can reduce the dangerous effects of air pollution. Finally, this paper will provide an evaluation of possible solutions. Problem During the last four decades, the government has adopted many regulations and laws that could reduce the emissions of harmful substances. Some of them have been effective because there have been considerable reductions in the emission of such substances like sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide, lead, particulate matter, and so forth (Environmental Pro
Novi was asked to advise his boss, the CEO of the five-year-old medical device start-up in the Boston area, regarding the oncoming negotiations with one of the possible investors. This Asian medical device company has an established distribution base in the Asian market. The company is conservative, and its boss is a proud older man, being pushed for the meeting by his son, an eye doctor. The meeting will be held in Tokyo, and it aims to establish long-standing relationships or attract an Asian partner as an investor. The expected result is to ensure the Asian company that the new device for cataract surgery is a great invention that will meet demand in the Asian market. Firstly, the main strengths of both companies should be discussed. The start-up’s main strength is innovation, and the Asian company’s main strength is its distribution network. Therefore, it makes sense to suggest launching the joint venture to establish long-standing relationships. This joint venture’s headquarters will be highly likely based in Asia since the start-up wants to sell its devices on the Asian market. There are also plenty of details to be discussed if the Asian potential partner will agree to this idea. Unlike in the MedLee scenario, Novi’s boss and Asian CEO have never met each other. Therefore, time should be spent presenting the general idea and aim of the joint business. Supposedly, the start-up company could send some e-mails to Asian partners to present themselves. Besides, the meeting atmosphere is likely to be more restrained than in the case of MedLee. To fix this ‘cold discussion zone,’ some preparations should be made to plan the first impression. For instance, Novi’s boss may study Asian customs and etiquette and bring some presents and a printed prospectus of the start-up. After two CEOs get to know each other, Novi’s boss should discuss the start-up proposition. He should suggest establishing a joint venture and present his opinion on four main topics: decision-making mechanism, staffing, profit distribution, and conflict resolution mechanism. During the negotiations, the start-up CEO should remember that his primary purpose is to build relationships based on trust, and he should be open to cultural differences. Another objective is to establish ongoing communication with Asian partners in whatever partnership structure is under discussion. When discussing the decision-making processes of the future joint venture – or the other form of collaboration – Novi’s boss should show respect for concerns about being treated fairly and equally in the allocation of power and responsibility. It means that, in the case of a joint venture, the forces in the board of directors should be distributed equally, and the staff of the new venture should have a sufficient ratio of start-up and Asian company employees. Moreover, when designing the rules for the new organization’s functioning, Novi’s boss should consider cultural differences and long-standing customs of the Asian company and its organizational dynamics. Ideally, Novi’s boss and Asian CEO should base their relationships on the shared responsibility regarding their joint business and
The term piracy is used to refer to robbery or criminal violation of copyrights. Robbery in his case is viewed in terms of criminals benefiting from other people’s intellectual products. Such products include books, music, paintings, and movies to mention but a few. This crime is commonly known as copyright infringement, which is the unauthorized use of works under copyright. These rights include exclusive rights also known as holder’s rights such as, the right to reproduce, to distribute and display or performing rights (Edwards & Waelde, 2005). This paper will discuss the impacts of piracy in the movie industry, the reasons why piracy is on the rise and how the practice can be curbed. The entire world has become in one way or another victim of piracy. Movie piracy in particular accounts for almost 1/3 of the worlds pirated products (Ryan, 2012). Other products with a close margin include software and music piracy. Piracy can be perpetrated depending on the person violating the copyright law through many ways. Although people feel that by reproducing other people’s works of art without legitimate authorization has dismal effects, the
Introduction The economy in the United States has tended to grow over the past decade. Due to economic expansion, the gross domestic product is growing steadily, and the job market is improving. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the data of National Accounts presented by the Bureau of Economic Analysis to evaluate the U.S. economy from the standpoint of the business cycle. Analysis It is possible to divide the business cycle into four phases such as expansion at the period of the developing economy, peak at the highest development point, contraction at the period of the declining economy, and trough at the lowest development point. The United States is famous for its dynamic, entrepreneurial, and flexible economy. Some researchers note that “dynamism and flexibility have enabled the US economy to adapt to changing economic circumstances and recover from recessions in a robust manner” (Decker et al. 3). The thorough investigation of quarterly data over the past few years made it possible to state that the U.S. economy is currently in the phase of expansion, although there is a tendency of dollar weakening. The main factor that is crucial for evaluating the economy and phase of the business cycle is gross domestic product because it measures the production output of the nation. Its rate is remaining to grow up to two or three percent. Thus, the U.S. is slowly eliminating the harm caused by the last financial crisis. The factors that influenced the postcrisis economy were lost investments, unemployment, as well as short weekly hours (Hall 72). Still, the U.S. economy has a number of automatic stabilizers such as the system of personal income tax and proportional taxes, which are believed to play a significant role in the recovery of the economy. The other factor that assists in evaluating the phase of the country’s business cycle is the level of unemployment. It is a general opinion that unemployment figures have declined recently, which is confirmed by the quarterly data. Some researchers state that “unemployment benefits greatly increase in every recession as the