ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Evaluate how Classical Conditioning can be applied to the Learning Process Classical conditioning is the process by which learning takes place through environmental and natural stimuli. Psychologists believe that learning occurs through behavioral change when environmental stimulus is associated with naturally occurring stimulus. Several theories support the working of classical conditioning and learning process (Carlson, 2010). Stimulus-response theory agrees that when a test begins, unconditioned response may result. Despite this response, learning eventually takes place. For instance, a rat may not respond unconditionally when put in a maze at the beginning, but with time, it learns the maze and thus responds conditionally. This theory has some flaws given that the conditioned or unconditioned responses may differ even when the stimulus is the same (Terry, 2009). The second theory is based on stimulus to stimulus. This theory entails acquisition of a piece of knowledge and retaining it for future use. For instance, children learn colors and numbers conditionally or unconditionally, and remember this learning experience regardless of the stimulus later in life (Neuringer, 2002). Second order conditioning is used here for acquiring basic knowledge and then expanding it at high levels. For example, at first grade, pupils may learn about Osama by name. At high grades, they may learn about his complicated life. The original teachings are conditioned stimuli that higher grade pupils use to obtain more information. This theory is based on cognitive abilities which differ from one person to another (Terry, 2009). The third theory is based on operant conditioning. It focuses on certain behaviors that result in punishments or rewards. For instance, preschool children can be given a snack if they pronounce a letter sound properly everyday or the snack withheld if they do not. This theory may impact learning process negatively because such children may develop negative reputation towards learning abilities (Neuringer, 2002). This hinders development of positive learning abilities. What are the basic Concepts of Conditioning Associated with Pavlov? Conditioning comprises of four basic concepts that are crucial in the understanding of learning process. They include the following; Acquisition This phenomenon refers to a period in which the conditioned response is reinforced. Associating conditioned stimuli with unconditioned stimuli reinforces classical conditioning. For instance, a dog can be taught to salivate when the bell rings before it is given food. Immediately the dog salivates in response to the bell sound, the response has been acquired. Once the response has been acquired, the dog can be reinforced with food (Baum, 2012). Extinction Removal of reinforcement affects the conditioned response negatively by weakening it (Baum, 2012). For instance, when one gets an accident while on a motorcycle,
For half a century, scientists have stated that very soon, we will face the problem of overpopulation. Essential topics such as plastic pollution, deforestation, extinction of wildlife, and global climate change are directly related to overcrowding. It can be stated the confidence that the solution to this global challenge is the primary duty of present and future generations. The purpose of this paper is to discuss the overpopulation phenomenon and propose optimal solutions to the problem. For a long time, people have believed that human beings are the crown of creation of nature. Massive population growth has led to the fact that humankind has become the bane of planet Earth. In just one hundred years, the number of human beings has grown from one and a half to almost eight billion. It was possible thanks to scientific and technological innovations and the system of accessible education. The following ignorant and wasteful use of natural resources also played a role. The keys to solving overpopulation can still be found in these areas. Competent and universal sex education, family policy, and government regulations in natural resource extraction can become possible ways to fix the problem of overpopulation. It is time for human beings to grow up and begin to take care of the future of the planet. Overpopulation is an issue not only for humanity but for the Earth as a whole. The problem negatively affects the natural and social aspects of human life. Essential factors for a possible solution to overcrowding are competent and modern social policy and government supervision in the field of natural resources. We have a liability to all living creatures on the planet, and we must keep this in mind.
Fu Baoshi is one of the most famous Chinese artists who contributed greatly into the development of the national art. One of his works reveals aspirations of Chinese people who lived in the middle of the twentieth century. Gottwaldov was created in 1957. The artist used an album leaf, ink and color. The dimensions of the work are 48.7 x 57.1 cm. Though the artist uses color, it is necessary to note that grey prevails. Light brown, green and yellow colors can also be seen in the picture. At that, the mentioned colors are of greyish tinge. The work portrays an industrial city in a socialistic republic. The painter reveals high buildings and chimneys producing thick smoke. There is a wide road in the foreground of the work. The painter also depicts trees that are seen as a ground for the buildings and the highest chimney. Now this picture can serve as a scene of an environmental catastrophe. However, in the middle of the twentieth century this was an image of progress of socialism and communism for Chinese people. Fu Baoshi reveals one of the most important concepts which characterize the epoch he lived in. Chinese people were concerned with building a new socialistic state. Notably, Fu Baoshi managed to combine traditional art and new trends to portray advances of socialistic countries. The artist revealed one of the cities in Check Republic. He wanted to stress the advances of the socialistic industrial country. The high buildings and the wide road stand for prosperity and progress. The chimneys stand for technological advances. The thick smoke that covers the entire city can symbolize that the new order penetrates into every part of the city and every part of people’s life. It is also necessary to note that the artist reveals electric power transmission poles. These also create the image of industrial advances. Admittedly, such work was accepted positively by people who lived in China at that time. Chinese people could see that socialistic countries were prosperous. They could see that the order they had chosen was rightful. The artist revealed the euphoria of those who believed in communism. As for me, I have quite mixed feelings as for the work. First, I think this is one of the most brilliant works that manages to combine traditions of Chinese art and modernity. The view of an industrial socialistic city revealed in the best traditions of Chinese art is really majestic. I used to think that only pastoral (or futuristic) sceneries could be produced by Chinese artists. However, the industrial dream by Fu Baoshi has broadened my horizons. Apart from this, I cannot stop thinking about the artist’s vision. He revealed advances of the socialistic countries. He revealed his belief in effectiveness of the approaches chosen by rulers of that time. Seemingly, the picture simply portrays people’s aspiration of that time. However, I can see that Fu Baoshi was a really talented man who created a timeless picture. Looking at the picture now, I can see that people were deluded. They perceived reality in a specific way. Ideology made people see the distorted world. Thus, when I look at the picture, I do not see advances. I only see that people as well as
After the events in Shanghai, the fights for power seizures expanded to other regions, and the struggles emerged across the whole country (Wu 151). The mass public organizations, such as “zaofan” rebels, openly opposed the party leaders. But the party leaders, in their turn, regarded the organizations’ actions as the refusal to obey the leadership of the party, and the violation of the party’s discipline and code. But it was the exact aim of the rebellion organizations – the destruction of the party’s code elaborated by Liu Shaoqi who was perceived as the main enemy of the Communist ideology introduced by Mao Zedong (Wu 167). The revolution didn’t follow any codes and regulations, and the class interests were considered as superior of the legal norms. The organizations comprised of the working class members and the educated youth performed the proletariat dictatorship. They asserted the lists of the most hated bureaucrats who were consequently excluded from the party. However, many controversies emerged during the process of new government formation. When captured the power in Shanghai, the revolutionists wanted to create new political authority apparatus according to the principles provided by Paris Commune of 1870 (Wu 146). The basic idea of the Commune concept is the formation of the state without bureaucracy, where the political officials and the regular workers have equal wages, and where the politicians are completely controlled by the public and can be changed any time. Shanghai Commune was created by Yao Wenyuan supported by Chen Boda and others. The Commune became a symbol of the complete victory of the socialist revolution in terms of the balance of class forces. Nevertheless, by February 1967, it was announced that the creation of the local municipalities (except Shanghai) is forbidden in other regions. The officials said that the struggle for the seizure of power should be necessarily carried out by the three-way unions including the local representatives of the revolutionary mass organizations, representatives of the People’s Liberation Army (PLA), and the revolutionary leadership cadres. In this way, new local authorities – the revolutionary committees – were comprised of the working class and students
Introduction As Ansoff (1990) puts it, “strategic studies is the study of statecraft as it relates to military power and war is an activity that has been pursued with great earnestness by billions of humans over millennia.” International affairs have largely been shaped by the fact that war is inexistent. There is also the danger of having some activities that take place worldwide been short-sighted when they are secluded from certain interesting subjects such as economics, art, anthropology or any other field (p.19). More often than not, strategist behaviour is well shaped by the substantial level of human nature as well as the international system. Additionally, every strategic problem is normally a sui generis which basically means that it is almost impossible to construct a rather candid guidebook, to say the least, that will act as a guardian to any leader in whatever situation towards victory (Freedman, 1994, p.89). Times may have changed; however, the means and ways used in strategizing in the ancient world or rather years back will always be important in contemporary planning and strategizing. This basically means that the at whatever level, contemporary strategic planners need to borrow a leaf or two from the famous ancient strategists like Sun Tzu, Tzu, Carl von Clausewitz, Antoine-Henri de Jomini and Niccolo Machiavelli amongst others. Given that no organization or government whatsoever can ever achieve its goals without sufficient planning, there are various opinions as well as themes that the mentioned individuals brought out. Sun Tzu Contemporary Strategic Planners have a lot to teach from Sun Tzu, the Chinese warrior who is famous for writing the book ‘Art of war ‘about 2000 years ago. In this book, written in speech form, there are a lot of formulae that any type of leader can use in order to achieve success at any given time. Some of the principles mentioned by sun Tzu are that of winning without any battle. This principle basically means that one might not necessarily have the same resources that the opponent has; however; this does not mean that one has to fail. Thus he advises the individual not to put to overexpose themselves to danger, but they can retreat so as to be able to reevaluate their strategies (Chaliand, 1994, p.62). More so, contemporary strategic planners can get to know the strengths as well as the weaknesses of their opponents. This enables them to come up with a viable plan that will ensure they achieve success by using both their opponent’s strengths and weaknesses against them. Another principle that contemporary strategic planners can pick from Sun Tzu is that of knowledge. In this particular principle, he advises that there one should not ignore their enemy at any particular time. As a matter of fact, they should endeavour to study their opponents inside out. He goes ahead to mention that the chances of winning or losing that are as a result of ignorance are equal. Hence one is never assured of success due to the lack of information that will enable one to come up with a good
In his essay Driving Global Warming , Bill McKibben wants to illustrate the effect of non-fuel efficient cars on the environment. McKibben chooses the most popular class of cars in the US, the sports utility vehicle (SUV) and provides an argument to illustrate his point (McKibben 1). In the introduction, Bill briefly explains how people of a certain class have over the years considered it normal to form membership clubs that essentially lock out people who do not belong to the social class (McKibben 1). He then goes ahead to introduce the sports utility vehicle and details how most people in America consider it normal to drive a SUV even though the cars were not designed for home-to-office-and-back operations (McKibben 1). In the third paragraph, McKibben provides the findings of the international panel on climate change detailing that if burning of fossil fuels is not cut down, the end of the century might see temperatures rise by up to 11 degrees. He then proceeds to explain how the SUV links into the negative effects of global warming. He supposes that if one were to shift from a SUV to a normal car for a period of one year, the energy saved would be enough to keep a bathroom light on for three decades. (McKibben 1). Other evidence that supports McKibben’s argument includes the fact that Americans now produce 12 percent more carbon dioxide than the time when Bill Clinton took office. McKibben also illustrates how the excuse most people use that SUVs are safer is just that, an excuse (McKibben 1). He claims that in a head on collision, a SUV is more likely to cause more injury to the driver of the other car and at the same time cause more grievous harm to the passengers on board. He deduces that most people buy the huge SUVs because other people are driving them hence the class issue. McKibben’s argument is generally from a moral and religious standpoint because he goes on to reference quotes from the Bible. He actually admits that his call on Americans to give up their SUVs is on moral grounds as it is not right for the rest of the world to suffer on account of America’s indulgences (McKibben 1). He that there are other aspects of American society that contribute to environmental destruction but the most notable is the use of oversize cars. From McKibben’s argument the emotional appeal appears to dominate over the rational appeal. This is particularly presented by the fact that he tries to involve personal religious beliefs and includes these as the basis of his call on people to give up their SUVs for smaller cars (McKibben 1). At some point readers are abl
Introduction The latter paper is an instruction manual on how to light a fire in a fireplace. This article is intended for persons living in houses with fireplaces during winter. Additionally, it is intended for holiday makers who are susceptible to cold temperatures. These audience members can be any age above sixteen. The procedure Before lighting a fire successfully, the following apparatus are needed:  1. Sheets of paper (preferably newspapers – 5-7 pieces)  2. Dry kindling (2-3 handfuls each ½ inches wide and to 12 inches long)  3. Logs of firewood (5-7)- must be seasoned and split  4. Butane lighter or a long match  5. Leather (fireproof) gloves)  6. Fireplace screen  7. Optional – fatwood kindling 3-4 pieces  8. Optional – fireplace tools like a broom, tongs, a shovel and a poker The following is definition of terms that will be used in subsequent explanations. The flue is that passage of air in the chimney as seen in the top section of the diagram below. The damper is a chimney opening (outlet) that allows air to enter or leave the fire. It is opened or closed using a lever system with chains or a cable. The draft is air that moves in the fireplace to sustain the fire. Kindling is any material that initially spreads the fire. It is normally made up of softwood from softwood trees or may be commercially made. The commercial kindling is called fatwood and is typically composed of pine tree remains that have been cut into easy to use sizes. A fire grate is typically an elevated portion in the middle of the fireplace in which sheets of paper are placed. It ensures that the kindling is well ventilated with air by pulling the duct. Before one can successfully light a fire it imperative to ensure that the following steps are carried out: First, one must familiarize oneself with the operations of the damper because some dampers are located in the bottom section of the chimney while others are located at the top. Chains
Introduction The Commercial Bank of Dubai is a middle-sized financial institution listed in the financial market. The bank was established in 1969. During its inception, it comprised of ten staff members and one branch. The bank has evolved and currently has over 1200 staff members and more than 24 branches (Kumbrai & Webb, 2015). The bank is a full-range service offertory. These services include corporate, commercial, and consumer banking. The bank’s financial records indicate that it has enjoyed profits over the years of its existence. It is one of the institutions that record the highest return on assets in the banking industry. Notably, the institution is greatly driven by its quest to be a successful institution in the Emirate Countries. Consequently, it engages in deploying an integrated performance management system to augment the strategic planning systems within the institution (Ferrouhi, 2015). The range of these activities is broad, including qualifying non-financial objectives, delaying of the manually demanding assessment method, and linking of reward to actual performance or output (Fields, 2011). As for now, the bank is a major financial institution in the UAE. It has successfully managed to redevelop its online banking offers by creating Smartphone apps, social media and a new website. In addition, the bank maintains its success even as technological advancement is felt across the world due to its effectiveness in mitigating threats. The CBD conducts QualysGuard scans of its internal networks weekly as a way of countering technological risks, especially software related risks. The company also extends its performance management framework using QPR Metrics to individual levels. Its website offers customers a range of satisfaction namely, information delivery, self-service offering, and conversational analytics. The bank has implemented a virtual banking assistant Sara in a bid to meet its objective. Such innovative technologies assist the bank in deploying information to its customers (Ferrouhi, 2015). Business Overview The bank is managed by four key business segments. These segments are personal banking, commercial banking, treasury and investment, and corporate banking. Corporate banking involves clients with turnover above AED 500 million (Gupta, 2014). The bank offers a range of credit and non-credit products. These products include overdrafts, term loans, and trade finance. It offers a wide variety of services such as debt capital markets, payment services, as well as payroll processing among others (Gupta, 2014). Commercial banking in
The increasing number of people understand that white teeth are an indispensable element of contemporary occidental culture, a symbol of health and prosperity. Currently, there are two main types of teeth whitening – professional and domestic. Philips Zoom QuickPro is one of the world leaders in the industry of rapid professional teeth whitening; nevertheless, customer satisfaction with the product is not sufficient. One of the most common complaints concerns fast return to the previous color of teeth and unsatisfactory results overall. Statement of the Problem Dentistry is seemingly one of the most desirable areas for investment. However, the rise of competition in the region, and diminishing levels of customer satisfaction with the teeth whitening procedure in question, constitute the current challenges that Northeast Delta Dental faces (Le & Lo Sasso, 2020). The greater competition allows customers to choose adequate dental services and pushes service providers to try new equipment, methods, and treatments (Kamagahara et al., 2016). On the other hand, the process leads to a number of clinics being under the threat of closure and lost working places, and the problem is currently impacting the organization. Northeast Delta Dental is a net of dental clinics that presents itself as value-driven and actively participating in the life of the local population company (Concord, 2016). Northeast Delta Dental’s value system includes successfully balanced profitability and community involvement, with colleagues working together to create a corporate environment built upon complete trust and mutual respect (Concord, 2016). The company’s mission is to promote the oral health and overall well-being of the general public, and it seems to serve the local middle-class market. Enhancing customer satisfaction with Philips Zoom QuickPro is a necessary step to ensure the company’s longevity. Since dissatisfying teeth color is one of the primary motivations for clients to access dental aesthetic treatment, and as it appears