ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Democracy is type of political administration in which the governing individuals of a country are voted in by the people (Dahl, 2003). The people have basically equal say when it comes to making the laws that govern their country. In addition, democracy goes to the extent of allowing the society to overrule verdicts that have been passed by the legislative body. These verdicts may revolve around economy, social and cultural factors (Dahl, 2003). For a nation to be termed as democratic, it should have fundamental civil liberties for all kinds of people residing in that nation, and distinction of authorities between the organizations of the country. These organizations are usually the judiciary, legislature and the executive. A democratic government should also have liberty of expression; this means that all the individuals should be allowed to air their thoughts. Furthermore, it should put the interest of the society without favouritism first. At the appropriate age, the citizens should be allowed to choose their representative through a fair election. Lastly, every citizen should be allowed to worship in whichever manner they wish as long as there will not be a conflict of interest. All these factors should be written down in a constitution of that particular state (Arendt, 1993). Currently, there is proof of democracy in United States of America. From the 2008 elections, we realize that every citizen had an equal right to vote for their desired representative of the state. Apart from that, the elections were fair and free from fraud or any irregularities. In thee U.S constitution, there is a bill of right which ensures that every citizen is treated fairly by corporations or other fellow citizens (William, 1962). There are various kinds of democracy. The three main types of democracy are: semi direct, direct, and indirect democracy. Other types of democratic systems stem from these three. Direct democracy is a type of democracy in which the citizens contribute directly in the decision making processes of a nation. Besides, the citizens influence the executive, legislative and judicial powers of a country without the use of intermediaries. In the indirect democracy, ruling is done by the use of an elected body to act as their representative. On the other hand, the semi direct democracy is a type of democracy which contains both t
Definition of engineering ethics Engineering ethics is a set of moral codes of conduct and principles which all engineers need to abide by in their professional practice. Ethics help engineers to perform their duties with high standards of professionalism to ensure positive outcomes are achieved. Engineers face different moral issues in their practice, which compel them to make crucial decisions within a short time. Therefore, they need to be guided by professional codes and standards to enable them to practice their skills effectively (Fledderman 22). Engineers need to observe high ethical standards in their practice to enable them to deal effectively with various issues that arise in their work. Ethical and legal standards to be immutable over time Ethical standards are those codes of conduct that are observed in specific industries by professionals, while legal standards are stipulations that are mandatory under the law enforced by government authority. Both ethical and legal standards provide a benchmark on acceptable modes of practice, which all engineers must abide by in their work. Both standards guide engineers to utilize their skills well to ensure positive results are achieved. Ethics is more concerned with moral codes of conduct, which an engineer needs to observe as part of his professional duty. On the other hand, legal standards mandate engineers to adhere to stipulated laws, some of which are not morally right. Harris, Pritchard, and Rabins reveal that ethics and legal standards are not immutable because they need to be amended from time to time to make them more effective (137). This ensures that the codes of conduct set for engineering practice are responsive to the physical environment where engineers have to work. The engineering ethical aspects Patenting an improved version of a program that belongs to a company an engineer is working for is unethical. This is because the original version of the program was registered in the name of the company, and they have exclusive rights on how that name is used. This is a violation of intellectual property laws because the law recognizes the company as the owner of the program. This also shows the conflict of interest because an employer cannot patent an improved product while still working for the company, which has rights over a previous version of the program (Whitbeck 45). Using management techniques that were developed in one company to benefit another company is not unethical. An engineer has to learn different management techniques in different companies to grow his knowledge to enable him to understand innovative engineering concepts. This shows that an engineer is experienced and is ready to use the knowledge he has acquired from previous employers to deliver good results (Whitbeck 53). Using ideas developed in one company to work for a different chemical process in another company is not ethical. This is because these two companies have different operations, and their work processes are not compatible. An engineer has to understand the processes involved to perform a specific task before using ideas developed in a different company (Whitbeck 77). This prevents any mish
Introduction There are three main themes in Siddhartha, which are love, friendship, and a quest for nirvana. Love is shown when Kamala and Siddhartha find that they cannot love one another, and when Siddhartha loves his son so much that it depresses him when he runs away. Friendships between Govinda and Vasudeva both help Siddhartha attain nirvana, his one, and the only goal, to gain complete and total peace. He is led astray by materialism during his lessons about love with Kamala but realizes he is in samsara after his symbolic dream. Siddhartha realizes that he can learn no more and cannot attain nirvana through the Brahmin ways. Siddhartha now also realized why he had struggled in vain with this self when he was a Brahmin and an ascetic. Too much knowledge had hindered him; too many holy verses, too many sacrificial rites; too much mortification of the flesh, too much doing and striving. He had been full of arrogance; he has always been the cleverest. The most eager– always a step ahead of the others, always the learned and intellectual one, always the priest of sage. The symbolic dream about “his soul dying” as the bird in Kamala’s cage died, brings him to the realization that he has gone completely into samsara and gone against all his morals, values, and beliefs. Main body In the same way, Gabriel García Márquez’s masterpiece, One Hundred Years of Solitude, is a sad story of the loves, tragedies, and everyday lives of the Buendía family. Throughout the generations, there are many themes, character types, and events that are always present and repeating. It is their fate to be stuck in a never-ending cycle. José Arcadio Buendía represents Adam in a biblical sense in “One Hundred Years of Solitude”. He is the founder and leader of Macondo, and during his life, he never stops striving for knowledge. Sometime after founding Macondo, a mythical yet intensely real town, José Arcadio Buendía discovers the wonders of science. The Gypsies that frequent the town every few years first introduce José Arcadio Buendía to the idea of magic and new wonders of the world, and they even give him a lab to mess around in. José Arcadio Buendía eventually abandons the magical effects of the Gypsies for true scientific study. One day in his lab he thinks he has discovered perpetual motion. Because perpetual motion is impossible to achieve, he goes crazy. He is convinced the same day is repeating itself over and over again. In a sense, his discovery made the world timeless for him. Time begins to change and the past, present, and future start to overlap. (Janes, 219-26) He is able to visit his descendants throughout the book even after he is dead. With this repetition, Márquez is hinting that the real world never moves forward or backward but is generally all the same. This sense that time is repeating sets up the rest of the family to just repeat the same story over and over. Exploring the them
A recession is defined as a period when the economic growth is negative for two economic quarters consecutively. UK economy has had continuous economic growth and booms. Since 1992, the economy has experienced the longest period of growth that is uninterrupted. This recession is the worst after the 1930’s depression. The gross domestic product of UK shrank in the third quarter of 2008 by 0.6% and, 1.5% in the following quarter. According to the National Statistics Office, this was due to the weaker output of products and services industries. Overall, UK’s economy is now at the level it was in 2005 and this implies that growth of four years has been wiped out. This recession could have been caused by various reasons. To begin with, the UK economy depends mostly on the housing market. Since most people own houses, the percentage of borrowing costs is high. The increased interest rates lead to increases mortgage costs thus, resulting in a fall in demand and consequently consumer spending. Secondly, increased interest rates are likely to affect consumer borrowing. Thirdly, the manufacturing sector of the UK has declined compared to the rest of the world. This has caused the unemployment rate to rise above 5%. Therefore, the government increases taxes to meet its shortfalls, and this greatly affects consumer spending. Due to the global downturn, the demand for British exports declines and the economic confidence reduces. The rising prices of oil have also caused the recession, continued rise will trigger inflation, and to counter this, the government will increase interest rates causing a decline in aggregate demand (Richard 2009, Par. 2-9). The recession has greatly affected the UK’s companies, households, organizations, and government bodies. British companies are struggling to keep pace with the economic conditions. The state of companies has worsened over this period. Companies are preparing for longer periods of suffering in the credit markets with cash preservation and cost cuts in the forefront. The companies are contemplating drastic options like dividend cuts and off-shoring a reflection of the slowdown in growth. The unemployment rate has risen and it is predicted that by the end of the year, two million people are likely to be unemployed. Many companies are cutting their employment rate and most of them are reducing their workforce. These are like GSK, which has reduced its workforce by 400, ITV by 1000, HSCB by 1100, and some have collapsed like Lehman Brothers. The forecasts released by the Office for National Statistics show that the unemployment rate is likely to increase by one million. The homeowners are facing repossessions since most of them are lagging behind their mortgage repayments. The number of court orders on mortgage repossessions according to the Ministry of Justice rose to Twenty-nine thousand by the end of June. More people are falling into negative equity thus, they are unable to meet their mortgage repayments and unless the Government acts, it could result in mass
Introduction Modern particle accelerators like LHC tend to provide efficient platforms for exploring the nature of vital interactions of particles. In most cases, they give high energy beam particle achievable through an exceptional intensity. The ability to extracting a multi-TeV beam for certain targeted experiments is increasingly becoming fascinating in the high-energy physics world. The intensity and energy frontiers require unique technologies in regards to the control and manipulation of the particle beam. A non-resonant scheme is an integral process that aids in providing a solution towards the extraction of the heavy-ion or multi-TeV proton beams of the LHC. In order to facilitate this approach, an electromagnetic noise in the machine is introduced, considering that the beam halo is congested. On the same note, the use of an asynchronous electromagnetic noise injection can be integral in enhancing lateral diffusion of the particle beam (Biryukov et al., 2013). Subsequently, the beam particle’s deflection is achieved by incorporating curved crystals on the kicker magnet’s same path 1 . It is possible to achieve the entire process since the highly accelerating particles tend to assume the electric field of the crystal, which sets efficient deflection angles on the lattice planes. Consequently, the beam particle will shift through the channeling effect to the curved crystal, thereby exiting from the central deflection plane if its surface is curved. The curvature has the potential of producing a much better beam deflection huge than 103 Tesla. In this sense, for a fixed static procedure, a 109 p/s extraction rate for the halo would be integral, especially for a 7 TeV protons signifying increased performance of approximately 50 percent crystal extraction (Biryukov et al., 2013). The utilization of curved crystals plays a crucial role in facilitating the collimations, deformation, and control of particle beam to achieve various high physics community applications 2 . Impact and Uses The possibility of extracting the energy frontiers in the form of a multi-TeV hadron beam from the LHC for specific target experiments can be fundamental to research within the physics environment. For example, this application can create an opportunity for investigating stronger interactions within the negative rapidity level, thereby opening a practical domain for testing quantum chromo-dynamics. For instance, this also includes providing a platform to facilitate exploring cross-section of TeV-hadrons with the use of light elements, which is a significant part of understanding Ultra High Energy Cosmic Rays’ showers. Additionally, Biryukov et al. (2013) assert that the resulting LHC beam has a crucial function of determining dipole values of minimum heavy-quark baryons thereby examining the progress of the deflecting particle. Precisely, the knowledge can be utilized in the process of determining electric dipole moments of charm and strange baryons, hence establishing an innovative platform for new investigations in physics 3 . Charged particles connecting with a twisted crystal can be caugh
Abstract This study aimed at evaluating whether motivation and locus of control are factors that contribute to occupational stress amongst oil company employees in Abu Dhabi, the United Arab Emirates. The study hypothesised that locus of control and motivation are two major factors that predict occupational stress among oil company employees. As a research methodology, the study employed correlational research design in determining if motivation and locus of control are statistically significant predictors of occupational stress. The study sampled 172 (Males = 99, Females = 73) participants with ages ranging from 18 to 66 years from the target population in the oil industry. Specifically, the participants were oil company employees working in the premises of Shaikh Khalifa Energy Complex & ADCO in Abu Dhabi, the United Arab Emirates. In the collection of data, the study used a questionnaire, which contained demographic prompts. Moreover, the questionnaire had three scales, namely, motivation at work scale (MAWS), locus of control scale (LOCS), and job-related tension index (JRTI). The data collected were analysed using descriptive statistics and multiple regression analysis. The findings show that locus of control is statistically insignificant predictor of occupational stress, while motivation is statistically significant predictor occupational stress. In conclusion, the study suggests that motivation is a major factor that associates with occupation stress among oil company employees in Abu Dhabi, the United Arab Emirates. Introduction Stress is a predominant life problem that affects several people in the contemporary world where economic hardships, employment problems and poverty are constant problems (Ployhart, 2006; Rosenow, 2005). Stress occurs in diverse paradigms and when it occurs to people within the workplaces, industrial psychologists refer to it as occupational or work-related stress (Kumari, 2008; Maphalala, 2014). In 1976 industrial psychologists Greg Oldham and Richard Hackman unveiled that the degree of autonomy that workers have at their workplaces and their personal control over their work-related decisions influence their health, their workplace motivation, and their ability to manage their workload (Patwary, Uddin, Miah, & Sarker, 2013). Their industrial assessment about occupational stressors led to the growth in research about the occupational stress or the work-related stress. According to Patwary et al. (2013), occupational stress or work-related stress has for several years been a disturbing issue among the workers and managers who have interest in knowing how human psychological factors influence the performance of workers. In a definition Shikieri and Musa (2012) define occupational stress or work-related stress as a “disruption of the emotional stability of the individual that induces a state of disorganisation in personality and behaviour, while a stressor i
Introduction Although theater is one of the most important kinds of art and entertainment, its modern interpretations seem to have more popularity and success with the audience than classical plays. Still, ancient playwrights were the ones who started the tradition, and it is crucial to pay due respect to their works. To make classical theatrical shows easier for the modern audience to understand, it is necessary to analyze their elements, single out the most complicated of them, and come up with a way of remodeling them. Sophocles’s Oedipus the King is one of the most acclaimed plays, but because of the chorus, it may be not successful with the viewer nowadays. Thus, it seems reasonable to introduce some other characters replacing the chorus in order to make the play more accessible to the audience. The Most Difficult Aspect to Comprehend In Oedipus the King, there are several elements that might seem complicated for a modern theatergoer. For instance, the Greek notion of fate, which is the leitmotif of the play, may seem strange for the present-day down-to-earth person. Thus, when one of the characters says “we are sure / that the gods must have helped you to save our lives,” the audience might feel skeptical about it (Sophocles 38-39). Another confusing aspect of the play is the idea of prophecy. While it was very popular in Sophocles’s times, the “prophetic powers” to which so much attention is paid in the text are not likely to be accepted well by modern viewers (Sophocles 323). However, if these elements are concerned with text issues, there is another one which is represented by many characters on stage: the chorus. The chorus is rarely used in modern theater, and it may be the reason why those who view Oedipus the King in a traditional production find it difficult to comprehend. In the plat, the chorus consists of fifteen people who appear next to the orchestra from time to time and sing long passages. For instance, at the beginning of the play, lines 1-150 are told by actors whereas lines 151-215 are sung. The singing is mostly aimed at praising the gods, and Sophocles uses flattering language here: “the sweet-sounding voice of Zeus” (151), “in awe we invoke you” (155), “O you three with your threefold power” (161). Further, the chorus leads a dialogue with Oedipus, and then later, it again interrupts the play in its usual manner. However, it is possible to talk about interference in the context of modern theater. Meanwhile, in the times when the play was written, the chorus was considered as an important element, and it completed the performance rather than seemed irritable and unnecessary. Another function that the chorus performs is that of prophecy. Singers present some characters or predict events, which may seem queer for the audience who might find such presentations redundant. For instance, in the conversation between Oedipus, the Corinthian messenger, and the shepher
Data is an important resource as it facilitates effective decision making in many spheres of life. Technological advancements have improved data gathering by creating new tools and opportunities to collect the critical resource. The emergence of social media has fundamentally improved information gathering by enabling researchers to specifically target certain populations with ease. Besides, they get feedback immediately and at a lower cost compared to traditional methods. For example, a simple Twitter poll and the accompanying comments can be more effective than a paper survey. In addition, technological developments have created data collection software and tools that have improved the collection process’s effectiveness. A good example is a mood sensing retail device that helps retail stores respond to customer behavior based on the data collected. For instance, the tool can collect data on what a customer has chosen and predict what they may want to buy. No traditional data collection method can be that effective in the gathering of customer data. The importance of data in the modern economy cannot be underestimated as it plays a role in decision-making in different fields. As technology continues to develop, data gathering has improved due to the new tools and opportunities it introduces. One of the most important developments in social media, is as it helps researchers collect data quickly and cheaply. In addition, the data collected is specific and more targeted. A poll on a Facebook page can target a wide audience and bring feedback faster than a traditional paper survey. Additionally, new digital data collection tools have also improved data collection significantly. For example, some retailers in Europe have been using mood sensing devices to collect customer behavior data. For example, the device can read the customer’s mood and respond by giving them a discount. It can also predict what they may want to buy based on what they have already bought. Such data cannot be collected using the traditional data collection approaches.