ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Guest’s chapter on kinship describes a variety of ways that families are constructed around the world. It also discusses the impact of new technology and customs on the way that people define their families (Guest 349-391). As in the chapter on ethnicity, Kenneth Guest asserts that kinship is socially constructed rather than necessarily based on biology (Guest 237-267). There is a very interesting discussion of transnational adoption, an issue that has affected my home country (Guest 385). It is a subject that people often wonder about, since adopted Chinese children enter families that do not look like them, and share no heritage with them. Who will they think of as their family? Benedict Anderson, in his introduction, defines and discusses his idea of imagined communities, which is his way of describing a nation in the modern sense of the word. He makes the point that nationalism is a recent phenomenon (Anderson 1-7). He also makes the point that Marxism was supposed to eliminate national distinctions (Anderson 3). All workers, according to Marx, were to be in solidarity with one another, rather than affiliated mainly with their country (Marx n.pag.). However, in recent centuries, as he notes and as one can infer from the news, nationalism has become more prominent than ever, even in countries with Marxist governments (Anderson 2) Benedict Anderson’s chapter on the roots of nationalism asserts that there were two previous models for creating big communities. One was religion. More specifically, Anderson suggests that the great religions that had a special language associated with them were most successful at creating great big communities across great distances (Anderson 13). It was very interesting that one of these that he cited was Mandarin Chinese. This is still a major language in China. The other model was what Anderson calls dynasty. This is the tendency of people to think that the right model for government is led by one person, with a hierarchy underneath him (Anderson 19). The author points out that at the same time that both religious communities and dynasties have lost power, nationalism has grown (Anderson 36). Thus, like ethnicity, is something that is not a biological characteristic (Guest 195). Instead it is something that has been created by people themselves. The chapter by Talal Asad on the genealogies of religion is very complicated to read. It is also very interesting. It includes a great deal of analysis of the theories of other anthropologists on the subject of religious experience and authority. He concludes that religious symbols are not easily understood unless they are studied in the context of daily life (Asad 27-55). This actually sounds very much like the ideas that were discussed earlier in the semester from. According to what has been previously assigned, what people do over and over again must have some positive relationship to their daily lives and the success of their communities (Salzman 30). Thus, the challenge is to understand how religious rituals, practices, and beliefs function in people’s lives. Taylor’s chapter on secularism
Introduction Critical thinking is important for the decision-making process and effective communication between people. It may be applied to all spheres of people’s lives. Emotions, unwarranted assumptions, stereotyping, denial, poor communications skills, and other factors are barriers to critical thinking. Sally’s case shows that it is necessary to avoid biased opinion, dishonesty, over-reliance on feelings, and self-centered thinking in daily situations to make reasonable and weighed decisions. Elements of Critical Thinking The apparent barriers to critical thinking were conformism, unwarranted assumptions, and an over-reliance on feelings (“Barriers to critical thinking,” 2019). They were present in the situation when Sally did not agree with her colleagues but pretended that she did to avoid confrontation. The woman decided that she would not spend time with her coworkers again only because they had a different opinion and did not feel comfortable about it. Sally may not be a good critical thinker as she relied on her emotions a lot. Reason, Emotion, and Communication The concept of reason was mainly presented when Sally collected evidence to support her proposal and provide the basis for her argument. Sally’s critical thinking involved emotion too; the woman felt agitated and tired, which led to the inability to assess her coworkers’ viewpoints. Sally’s communication style was passive because she was quiet, did not admit that she disagreed with others, and tried to avoid conflict. Fallacies and Argument The scenario presents a fallacy in Sally’s thought process, which is shown in the situation at dinner. Sally concluded that she did not know enough about the topic to confront her colleagues. It was not possible to identify whether her coworkers had more knowledge than she did. The scenario does not provide an argument for this point of view as it is unreasonable. Conclusion Sally’s example shows that a lack of critical thinking may result in emotional distress and the individual’s inability to take weighed decisions. In the presented case, the barriers to critical thinking included unwarranted assumptions, conformism, and an over-reliance on feelings. They prevented Sally from making reasonable conclusions and being more open to her colleagues’ opinions. Moreover, a lack of critical thinking resulted in fallacies in the woman’s thought process. Reference Barriers to critical thinking . (2019). Web.
Effective communication between patients and a medical worker is an essential part of the successful treatment of the patient (Onyechi & Babalola, 2020). In addition to the content provided by Christine Julien, there are several points that are essential for effective communication with the patient. First of all, the communication approach toward patients can be classified as the effective development individual approach for each patient. According to a recent study, there are three identified major medical students’ attitude profiles in communication with patients (Schick et al., 2021). The first attitude fosters shared decision-making with patients, while the second approach is based on the patient’s emotions, concerns, and demands when obtaining sufficient information. The third communication profile is using proper conversation techniques for effective structuring of the communication and gathering sufficient information. However, shared decision-making was identified as important in all three communication attitudes. Such classification of communication approaches and attitudes would be useful in developing healthcare workers’ individual communication techniques. Moreover, the importance of text-based communication with patients is increasing with time, and its relevance is growing along with telecommunication technology development. The study shows that there we no identified major differences in patients’ perception between information technology-mediated communication and face-to-face communication (Mirzaei, & Kashian, 2020). Even though patients mostly preferred face-to-face communication as a more favorable way, there was no significant difference in the effectiveness and success of the application of both communication techniques. In addition, another study of web-based patient-professional communication shows that patient engagement was better in the case of using online technologies (Laukka et al., 2020). Hence, as the potential future of patient-professional communication techniques includes the application of information technology-based or web-based techniques, it should also be taken into account when developing effective communication ways with patients.
People learn history from different accounts of their ancestors. Apart from particular events, it is possible to trace certain changes in the society when analyzing these texts. Thus, Gregory’s story of the “most serious civil discord” does not simply provide insights into certain events which took place but reveals secrets of the way people used to think and express their ideas at that period (Gregory of Tours 428). This becomes even more obvious when the text is compared with a later work by Augustine. It is possible to compare these two works to depict peculiarities of people’s writing and thinking in the medieval time. Gregory of Tours writes in a very specific way. He simply enumerates events. There are only a few attempts to explain why something has happened and the major part of the writing is an account of certain events. In contrast, Augustine tends to explain, “She loved the man as an angel of God because she had learned that it was by him that I had been brought so far” (Augustine 96). Therefore, later writers tried to find the connection between the cause and effect. Another distinctive feature is the writing style. Thus, Gregory of Tours does not adorn his story with many adjectives. Augustine, one the contrary, tells his stories using loads of adjectives. More so, he often addresses God in his story while Gregory of Tours mentions God only occasionally. It can be a sign of the increased role of faith and Catholicism in the life of people. In conclusion, it is possible to state that the two writings in question show that religion was starting to play a more important part. Obviously, people become more focused on faith and the role of the divine force in their lives. Gregory of Tours was focused on events while Augustine tried to give the connections between the cause and effect. The two books provide an in-depth analysis of the transition of the ancient world into the medieval era. It is necessary to note that these authors do not support the idea that it was a smooth transition. The authors do not focus on that part but try to provide numerous facts and tell a variety of stories to make people see what the life was like between 200 and 900 A.D. Notably, the authors are not interested in this matter as they believe that all “empires have, sooner or later, come to an end” (Ward-Perkins 57). Remarkably, the two authors stress that religions which were carved at that period became most powerful tools of development of the human society. Christianity and Islam became religions “of the masses” in the western and
Introduction In deterrence, punishment is recognised as a warning, to prevent people from committing crimes. There are two assumptions used in deterrence. First, if specific punishments are imposed for particular crimes, the offenders are prevented or deterred from repeating the crimes. Second, other people will be afraid of committing crimes because of the impending punishment. The concept of deterrence is the foundation of criminal justice systems in a majority of democratic nations. Deterrence bears a wide array of implications in traditional criminal justice practices. Law Enforcement There are various law bodies involved in law enforcement. For instance, police agencies have a principal role in criminal law enforcement, hindering criminal activities, investigating whether criminal offenses have been committed, taking part in court proceedings, and apprehending offenders. In this regard, communities perceive that the police have substantial authority, which prevents criminal activities within the community. Sometimes, the police engage in patrols, which give the community the idea that it should uphold the law (Zimring and Gordon 30). Judicial Practices The judicial system is composed of various levels. The court system plays an extremely vital role during arrest, trial, and sentencing. Some probation services include pre-sentence investigations and supervision of convicted criminals. Correctional Practices In many countries, correctional institutions include parole, jails, prisons, and programs initiated by the community. The local and state government units are involved in correctional practices. In jails, prisoners are involved in pre-trial detentions, which make them fearful and straightforward during the trial. Moreover, prisoners are subjected to short sentences, which involve hard labour. Prisoners accused of ordinance violations are usually held in jails. Individuals charged with criminal offences are retained in lock-ups for forty-eight hours, before appearing in court. Prisoners who have served a particular portion of their jail term may be moved to paroles. The Strongest and Weakest Area Having discussed the implications of deterrence in law enforcement, judicial practices, and correctional practices, my take is that deterrence has exceptionally strong impacts on correctional practices. The rational-choice theory argues that a criminal perceives several things before engaging in crime. He first perceives that there is a likelihood of him being caught, the impending punishment, as well as the potential reward. Through an escalated severity of latent punishment, people are afraid of committing c
Introduction The use of the wireless devices goes on to increase as they turn out to be cheaper and more affordable to the users (“Using wireless technology securely” 1). The increased use of the wireless technologies among the business as well as personal systems has led to better accessibility and interoperability. But, on the other hand, this same ubiquity has as well contributed to a rise in the level of risks to the computer networks. The attackers have been offered fresh ways to engage in the stealing of very sensitive information, messing about with the business processes, and sabotaging “network security enforcement systems” (“The risks of wireless technology” 1). While new threats as well as attacks “are found against wireless networks, they are addressed with changes and addi
Levels of conflict. Functional and dysfunctional conflict. Impact on organisations Conflict is an inevitable part of the organisational lifecycle. Conflict can be defined as a deep disagreement as regards some interests, aims, opinion and actions. The conflict arises as a result of interdependent relationships that are quite common within organisations. Lewicki et al. (2010) identify such levels of conflict as intrapersonal, interpersonal, intragroup and intergroup. Intrapersonal conflicts appear within a person and involve the divergence of ideas, emotions, opinions, values and so on. Interpersonal conflicts occur between individuals. As regards organisations, they may appear between colleagues, the subordinate and supervisor and so on. Intragroup conflicts take place within a group. These involve conflicts between members of teams, employees working in the same department and so on. Intergroup conflicts occur between groups. For example, these can be conflicts between organisations, between the organisation and the authority, and even between nations. The conflict may be manifested in different ways. Within the organisation, the conflict can be based on the diverging interests as reg
Written business communication is the sphere where principles, norms, and standards play a key role. However, the standardized character of the written business communication contributes significantly to encouraging cooperation between partners, to leading teams and their projects, to making appropriate decisions with references to the available information on the question, and to solving the controversial issues. The role of written communication in business is significant, and it is important to focus on the genres which are actively used in business writing in order to learn their advantages and particular features. Thus, it is necessary to answer the following questions: what are the most often used genres in business writing, and what is the purpose or function of these genres? In spite of the fact that many writing genres are actively used in business, such genres as proposals, reports, and memos are the most often used genres in business writing; and they play rather different roles in the business world communication because they are composed to respond to the concrete purpose. The most frequently used form to realize the internal communication within the company is the memorandum or memo. The memo serves to inform employees about any changes in the work process or about new projects, to provide the necessary directions to follow within the whole company or within a department, and to provide the analysis of the collected information or data on the concrete question. Thus, standard memos are usually written to provide certain directions or to persuade the employees to follow this or that plan of action and to provide the report in which the advantages of these plans of action are listed. To be effectively used to stimulate successful internal communication and to achieve the set goals, memos are composed while following definite rules. The memo should have a heading with the information about the author and addressee of the memo (Guffey and Loewy 129). The data and subject are stated to provide the addressee with the opportunity to focus on the topic discussed in the memo quickly. The whole memo should be concise and logically structured. The first sentence of the effective memo provides the basic factual information on the subject and the purpose of writing to lead the addressee’s attention. The next paragraphs provide details related to the discussed question (Guffey and Loewy, 129). As a result, memos are widely used in business to provide the employees with the necessary important information quickly, while referring to the concise and logical formal genre of the written communication. To discuss the effectiveness and the active use of memos, it is necessary to refer to the concrete example. One of the most effective examples of business memos is the information memo provided by the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) in 2003. While discussing the memo, it is necessary to refer to the question of exigency. To inform the partners and managers about the changes in the elec
Evaluate the choices faced by Steve Lewis, Peter Addario, and Eduard Sakiz (in Badaracco’s article) from the standpoints of the generalizability, utilitarian, and virtue ethics tests From a generalizability perspective, Steve Lewis, Peter Addario, and Eduard Sakiz argue that it is impossible to figure out the impacts of a decision before making a choice (Badaracco 117). They support this claim by arguing that when an individual focuses so much on the repercussions; it hinders the process of making rational choices. They also admit that choices compel an individual to identify latent abilities. Proper choices are required for a person to identify and utilize personal talents, abilities, and competencies. After hidden abilities have been identified, an individual can optimize productivity. Therefore, it is irrational to make general assumptions on issues that are specific (Badaracco 114). Also, some conclusions may be biased owing to poor analysis of situations. After a critical review of the literature, it is evident that Steve Lewis, Peter Addario, and Eduard Sakiz discourage the habit of generalization. They reiterate that choices made out of generalizations are most likely to be irrational and unethical. Therefore, it is fundamental to avoid generalizing issues. Furthermore, Steve Lewis, Peter Addario, and Eduard Sakiz concur that it is rational to make choices without assuming the possible outcomes when arguing from a utilitarian point of view. They observe that it is important to decrease from predetermining the utility of our actions before making appropriate choices. However, they are convinced that the utilitarian test is not sufficient to justify choices made by individuals (Hooker 115). This implies that a given line of action may be unethical and irrational depending on how it has been executed or implemented (Badaracco 117). They emphasize that the utilitarian test often results in negative outcomes for other people. For instance, a student who cheats in an examination may affect the wellbeing of all the other peers in the same class. For example, if results for a whole class are canceled, all the students will be affected. The latter is a typical case example of applying the utilitarian test. In regards to the perspective of virtue ethics test, Steve Lewis, Peter Addario, and Eduard Sakiz conceptualize that the latter enables an individual to make a judgment on the rationality or ethicality of action even before executing it. However, pieces of evidence from literature reveal that upholding certain virtues might be challenging especially when there are conflicting choices to be made. Human beings are certainly rational creatures who are well endowed with virtues such as friendship, loyalty, trust, and honor. Moreover, they have an inherent aesthetic sense (Hooker 117). Steve Lewis, Peter Addario, and Eduard Sakiz conclude that besides applying utilitarian and generalizability tests, virtue test
Introduction Muslim patients have cultural and religious expectations that health care professionals are supposed to accommodate. This discussion highlights the teachings of Islam and about medical ethics and the care of patients. Doctors are expected to provide medical care to Muslims while respecting their beliefs. Muslims use various texts from the Koran and the Islamic law to justify their opinion on various medical issues. They are obliged to do the will of God even when receiving medical care. Discussion Muslims consider the medical profession as a gift of mercy from God to the people. They believe that it is God who teaches man the knowledge about medicine. Therefore, doctors are expected to treat this profession as a charitable act, source of income as well as an act of worship. Access to medical care is a basic right in Islam. The Muslim law upholds the protection and preservation of life (Maqsood, 1995). There are some rules that are applicable in the practice of medicine in Islam. Firstly, the rule of necessity overruling prohibition allows the permitting of certain forbidden conventions if there is a necessity. Another rule is that harm should be prevented at all costs. In addition, if two harms cannot be avoided, the lesser of the two should be allowed. Another one states that the interest of the public should supersede that of an individual. Muslim patients are supposed to be treated respectfully and in line with their religious beliefs and philosophies. Doctors should take care not to inadvertently violate the rights and beliefs of Muslim patients, for instance, by giving them food prepared with pork products; because pork is forbidden in Islam. Meat served to the Muslim patients should also be slaughtered according to Islamic regulations. If such food is not available, the relatives of the patient should be allowed to bring proper food from home that has been prepared according to Islam. The Muslim patients also need privacy and the doctors should respect that. For instance, Muslim women do not allow the exposure of their bodies and may request to wear a gown during medical examinations. The patients should also be granted the time and place to perform their prayers. Religious leaders should also be allowed to visit them and perform prayers together. The Islamic law also advises that patients should be treated by specialists of the same sex. However, if the doctor is of the opposite sex, another person of the patient’s sex should be present. If a patient dies, the family should be allowed to take care of the body according to the Islamic law. HIV patients should not be discriminated against but should be cared for compassionately, though Islamic law associates the disease with promiscuous life