ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Consensus characterized American history between 1945 and 1963. This was a term used to describe the period in which America developed global hegemony as well as creating domestic affluence in the world. The victory in World War II greatly helped in the achievement of these American values. There were rapid expansions and economic growth in the country. This period is regarded as crucial in the history of America. It is a time the American population started gaining confidence and superiority. Main text From the year 1963, America changed considerably. The values during the consensus period changed with new political and economic ideologies being adopted. Harmony turned to capitalism and liberalism. Allen Matusow values the period between 1963 and 1971 as the defining moment in the economic and political values of America. Allen Matusow wrote about the unraveling of America as a description of the rise of liberalism in the country. However, this freedom that rose at the start of 1960 had a sudden decline by 1971. The liberals in this period had a pure focus on gaining political and economic powers. They sought to introduce social policies for the population of America. This liberalism as contrasted with ideologies during the consensus period adopts capitalism, characterized by big labor and big business ventures. Allen Matusow believes that liberalism was the creation of President John F. Kennedy. This is because the presidency of John F. Kennedy focused mostly on increasing public enthusiasm and the introduction of liberal programs. The president supported capitalism by encouraging big businesses. However, he was very skeptical and reluctant to show support of the causes advocated by civil rights movements. After the country had cemented its place on the global map, there was a great need to mitigate possible outcomes of issues such as suburbanization. These questions were unemployment, poverty, and the dislocation of working people. The economic prospect in this period was to be developed with a view of Keynesian economics. This was converged with social concerns. The biggest of these was racism. It was also important in this period to root out the complacency that was developed during the consensus period. There was a general view that with complacency, countries such as Russia would outmaneuver America. Civil rights movements were very active during this period. The Civil Rights Act was supported by President John F. Kennedy with a view of having an equal society. The civil rights concerns in America were high, particularly in the marginalization of non-natives in the country. The blacks were not a
Political geography Political geography can be described as the science that examines the relations between political phenomena or processes and their special or areal distribution (Kasperson and Minghi 11). For instance, political geography can examine the results of elections in different parts of a certain country. Moreover, researchers can examine how political boundaries between states emerged or disappeared in the course of time. Partitioned State Such a notion as partitioned state can be explained as a political territory that has been divided into several parts that function as separate states (Taylor and House 99). Normally this partition is accomplished either by diplomatic means or through military intervention. For instance, one can mention such countries as former Yugoslavia or the USSR that were partitioned. Elongated State The term elongated state is used to refer to any territory that has a narrow and long shape (McColl 1019). One can mention at least two such countries, for instance, Chile and Italy. Fragmented State Fragmented state can be defined as a country whose territory consists of several discontinuous pieces (McColl 1019). There are two notions that are related to a fragmented state. In particular, such a term as an exclave is used to describe a part of the country that is surrounded by foreign territories (McColl 1019). For instance, the Russian city Kaliningrad is an exclave because it is entirely surrounded by such countries as Poland and Lithuania. In turn, the term enclave refers to a country that is fully surrounded by the territory of a different state (McColl 1019). For instance, San Marino is fully encircled by Italy. Mediterranean State vis-à-vis Mediterranean Region State The term Mediterranean state refers to a country that is fully encircled by the Mediterranean Sea; in particular one can speak about two states, Malta and Cyprus. In contrast, Mediterranean region state is an umbrella term describing a group of countries that have coastal lines on this sea. One can refer to such states as Turkey, Spain or France. “Centripetal” and the “centrifugal” forces in State Cohesion Theory State cohesion theory plays an important part in political geography because it explains the factors that unite or disrupt the state. In particular, one can mention centripetal forces that unify the state (Swanson 267). Among them, one can distinguish
Introductory Part The book Christ and Culture is written by H. Richard Niebuhr. It was published for the first time by Harper & Row, in 1951. The author examines how Christians can appreciate their positions in the world. The ultimate question answered in this book is how Christians should interact with people from diverse cultural backgrounds. The text can be described as a nonfiction work. The author targets Christians who are willing to understand or improve their relationship with the surrounding environment. This report gives a summary and critique of Niebuhr’s book. Book Summary The selected text presents five unique views regarding the relationship between culture and Christ. The first one is that of opposition. According to the author, radicals believe that Christ and culture are usually in constant disagreement. He gives an example of fundamentalism to support this view. The second one is that of agreement. This means that there are individuals who idealize the positive relationship existing between culture and Christ. The concept of brotherhood is used to support this view. The third perspective is identified as Christ above culture (Niebuhr, 1951). The author refers to those who exhibit this view as synthesists. Such followers argue that pagans should be guided to find God. The fourth one indicates that culture and Christ are in a paradoxical relationship. The author notes that society is “unconquerably immoral” (Niebuhr, 1951, p. 209). Those who support this viewpoint acknowledge that Christ’s kingdom is unearthly. Those who want to become part of it should stop pursuing secular goals. The last view is that of conversion and indicates that Christ is the one who is capable of transforming culture. According to the text, those who embrace this view tend to be optimistic and positive when focusing on the issue of culture (Niebuhr, 1951). The author gives the example of Calvinism to support this viewpoint. This is the case since the ideology has been observed to influence the realization of God’s promise (Niebuhr, 1951). The author encourages all Christians and the Church to embrace these five views. The ultimate objective is to ensure that all people in the world are informed about God’s kingdom. Critique: Personal Evaluation Personally, I believe that Niebuhr’s book is informative and meaningful. The author’s viewpoints and arguments can guide Christians to engage with culture in a positive manner. The insights also inform more people about the origin and nature of people’s dual commitment to the teachings of Christ (Niebuhr, 1951). The writer goes further to offer adequate examples and descriptions that can be studied to understand the importance of every view. Individuals who read this text carefully will be in a position to establish meaningful cultural relationships with Christ. Another impressive aspect of Niebuhr’s book is that it treats each of the five views seriously. This means that all Christians require every perspective in an attempt to relate to Christ effectively (Niebuhr, 1951). This notion can be embraced by different cultures or societies in order to share the gospel with every person. Consequently, the
Summary of the article This article throws light on the redevelopment of Airport West, which is one of Melbourne suburbs. In particular, the author examines the interests of different stakeholders who may be affected by new construction projects. Much attention should be paid to proposed residential zones that can dramatically change the landscape of this area. In turn, these changes are not accepted by many residents who believe that these new initiatives can destroy the original landscape. This is one of the main pitfalls that they want to avoid. Moreover, many residents believe that the government should impose some restrictions on new construction projects. In particular, they believe that it is important to limit the height of the new buildings. In contrast, the public administrators also want to consider the interests of developers since these companies cannot readily accept the restrictions on the height of buildings. These are the main details that can be identified because they are important for understanding the nature of this conflict and the arguments of different sides. The interests and perceptions of different groups Overall, it is possible to distinguish two major groups. First, one should speak about the residents. These stakeholders perceive themselves as people who will be directly affected by the construction of new residential zones. Yet, one should keep in mind that the interests of residents are expressed primarily by people who form the so-called Airport West Action Group. This article does not fully illustrate the experiences of residents. One should also mention that new developmental projects may potentially force many people to relocate. Moreover, the construction of large blocks can decrease the price of housing in the district. Therefore, their self-interests of residents can be threatened by this project. These concerns may be useful for explaining the responses of these people who do not readily accept new developmental initiatives. In turn, the representatives of the action group play a more complex group. These people perceive themselves as mediators who need to interact with the residents and public administrators. To a great extent, they strive to help residents and policy-makers reach a compromise. They do not describe themselves as the opponents of changes such as the construction of new residential zones. They do not deny the idea that such changes can be critical for the improvement of living conditions. Nevertheless, at the same time, they do not want the original core of Airport West to be destroyed. This is one of the reasons why these people want weatherboard houses to be preserved. Overall, these people believe that they are trying to bring positive changes into the life of Airport West
The earth gives people many of its precious resources and people ignore the principles of rational consumption of the earth’s riches. The problem as to excavation and extraction of the mineral resources is vital for the global rational use of these treasures of the soil. As of the United Kingdom the country presupposes to evaluate the chances of sharing on the markets and to protect the economy from the environmental as well as economic disasters in the long run. The paper is dedicated to the approach of implicating and describing the main factors which influence on the process of extracting of the minerals in this part of the world. The main parts will include the general information about current situation on the problem pointing out the statistical data which include graphical performance as well as numerical indicators. The aim of the research is to provide a clear picture about the policy of extracting and excavating the minerals in the UK having a look at several areas where this process is in action and giving straightforward impacts on the economic as well as environmental spheres of the country sustainability. The positive effect, for example, in extracting oil is the ability to provide the country with adequate prices of petrochemicals and the fact that the UK is able to make influence on other exporters of oil in the world. Good example here is the British Petroleum Corporation. As the economy of a country grows (the UK’s has grown by 2.5% per annum over the past ten years), mineral consumption also grows.” (Minerals in the Economy, 2002) The negative outcome touches upon the environmental pollution and after use of excavated areas. Not only oil is the major source of British “natural sources”: coal, limestone, sandstone, peat, clay, dolomites etc. are also privileged to be the key resources of British economy. As it is considered, the extracting industry is aimed to dredge as more minerals and useful materials as are needed in the short and long run of the economic development of a definite country. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is one of the major leaders of the world in terms of its availability to compete on markets of oil, gas, coal and various minerals which still present a deepest interest for managing the relationships and agreements with other players throughout the initiatives targeted to supply and provide mutual impacts onto economy growth and further perspectives of the country. The statistics from year to year shows a gradual increase of economy as of the volumes of extracted minerals and their use and implementation afterwards. Undoubtedly, during last few years the indexes only grew, but in light of last changes in the world particularly connected with global crisis of many countries’ economies the government of the UK provides both restrained and aggressive policy to preserve its current positions from falling down. Cultural part of this issue falls into the fact that due to the extraction of many kinds of minerals human beings can use them for building new places of interest or houses, and creating something new regarding to the sculpture and other arts. The only unanswered and p
Broken Window Policing Broken window policing is a policing concept that implies that visible signs of disorder and misbehavior in a community encourage further disorder and misbehavior, leading to violent crimes. This means that a sign of disorder in society that goes unattended can fuel such behaviors. The broken window policy has been used to target neighborhoods occupied by minority populations. With this policing, the majority of people arrested and victimized were people of color. Wilson and Kelling (2007) posit “But the police forces of America are losing, not gaining, members” (para 47). This means that the police are not successful in the use of excessive force against suspects. The quote presents the status quo in the current criminal justice system used by the police to maintain social order. Therefore, this essay will define the concept of the broken window policing, explain why it produces racists result, and describe why it is wrong using the concept of deterrence. Definition of Broken Window Policing Wilson and Kelling (2007) say, “Social psychologists and police officers tend to agree that if a window in a building is broken and is left unrepaired, all the rest of the windows will soon be broken” (para. 11). This means that a behavior that is not solved in a society can turn into something that cannot be controlled. For instance, if a person with a violent behavior is not tamed early enough, then there is a possibility that the behavior might become a habit that is difficult to control. In other words, an untended problem in society is likely to escalate to the point that it cannot be managed. Through this quote, one can understand the meaning of Broken Window Policy. Now, one can say that a broken window is a policy that majors on the importance of a disorder such as a broken window in creating and sustaining more serious crimes. According to Wilson and Kelling (2007), “persons who broke the informal rules, especially those who bothered people waiting at bus stops, were arrested for vagrancy” (para. 8). It means that a person would not be spared even when they break unwritten rules but defines acceptable roles and activities in a community. Normally, most people who end up being serial criminals are believed to have started breaking informal rules such as disturbing people in public places, and nothing was being done. This quote is a good illustration of a broken window policy because it majors on taming all manner of crime, whether minor or major. Based on this quote, soc
Poverty reduction is one of the core missions of the international community that aims at improving life of people through the world. Poverty is “the result of economic, political, and social processes that interact with each other and frequently reinforce each other in ways that exacerbate the deprivation in which poor people live” (“Attacking Poverty” n. d., p. 1). In this light, improving economical, social and cultural standards of living to reduce poverty is one of the main objectives of international development and, as though, Ethiopian government, “the goals for international development address that most compelling of human desires—a world free of poverty and free of the misery that poverty breeds” (“Attacking Poverty” n. d., p. 5). Economic and social underdevelopment cause high rates of illnesses, violence, inability to resist natural disasters and overcome their consequences, and profound economic shock that impacts, first of all, rural population. Poverty is related to many areas that require institutional strengthening and adjustment. The institutional adjustment should be aimed at supporting local and national efforts directed on structural transformation that can contribute to the poverty reduction (“Field trip to Mek’ ele, Ethiopia – 2011” n. d.). The aim of this paper is to provide the scopes and objectives of the team, which focuses on infrastructure, with specific reference to electricity. First of all, the background of the problem should be discussed. According to recent statistics: “The world has deep poverty amid plenty. Of the world’s 6 billion people, 2.8 billion—almost half—live on less than $2 a day, and 1.2 billion—a fifth—live on less than $1 a day, with 44 percent living in South Asia and Africa” (“Attacking Poverty” n. d., p. 3). These days, Ethiopia is one of the poorest countries in the world. More than 44% of its population live under the line of poverty, and almost 13 million people are food insecure. The majority of poor population lives in rural areas which have bad access to various services and resources due to poor infrastructure. Within the national context, the region is characterized by bad economic development, a high level of poverty and fast urbanization. The urban economy of the region feels lack of infrastructure, employment opportunities and extensive informality. Some contribution to the poverty reduction has been helped by internal trade liberalization (“Field trip to Mek’ ele, Ethiopia – 2011” n. d.), however, Ethiopia is still facing considerable challenges that deal with poverty. In the policy context, some steps have been done in terms of trade liberalization and privatization, policy initiative “a process to formulate a Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper (PRSP)” contributed to the poverty reduction in the region, however, further steps should be taken in this direction. As it has already been mentioned, the biggest part of the population of the country live in rural areas, thus, the main occupation of people is agriculture. This sector is much dependent on the weather conditions and climate change. However, poor development of the agriculture sector is only one of the “stones” that con
Human brain forms a comparatively small but very important part of a human being. It practically controls every action that a person performs. Consciously or subconsciously all other body organs depend on the brain to behave in any particular way. The brain is therefore a crucial organ, and if anything happens to it, the whole body will come to a stop. Notably, the brain is divided into two portions with each having various distinct roles. Nevertheless, sometimes it is very difficult to differentiate between the functions of the two theories. Arguably, assignments and various functions are balanced between the two parts of the brain to ensure maximum output. The two parts of the brain are known to work in close connection thus making them almost similar. Still, the functions executed by the two parts are different. To begin with, the right part of the brain conducts intuitive, subjective and holistic thinking (Luys, 2012). This means that it is bound to be random in thinking. On the other hand, the left part of the brain carries out thinking in a logical, rational and objective way. Therefore, human beings are either based towards subjectivity or objectivity depending on the part of the brain that they use most. It should be stated that the left hemisphere is responsible for actions of the right muscles. On the same note, the left hemisphere controls the sensory activities and the right motor. For example, handwriting and language are controlled by the left hemisphere. As a result, people who tend to rely more on the left brain part are usually very comfortable with language (Darvas, 2007). On the other hand, the right hemisphere controls speech and hearing processes. Therefore, people who depend more on the right side of the brain have good verbal expressions. Another difference between the two sides of the brain is that the left side deals with information in pieces. Once information is received, the left hemisphere will break it down and then tries to understand each bit individually. Moreover, this part of the brain will arrange the various bits of the information in a chronological manner before drawing conclusions (Annett, 2013). As a result, the left part of the brain will take a bit longer to respond to an issue. On the other hand, the right part of the brain considers any information wholesomely. Details are not given much attention and thus it starts with the answer before getting to the main problem. The brain can also be categorized on the way it conducts its day-to-day tasks. The right hemisphere is known for the random manner in which it executes its duties. It is carrying out many assignments at the same time. Without any form of arrangement, the right brain starts with any task but can move to the next without necessarily completing the first one. As a result, it performs a huge number of tasks in the end but not necessarily the most important ones. On the contrary, the left brain is systematic in its approach to tasks (Noite, 2008). It always has a schedule of the duties to be accomplished in their order of preference. Conseq