ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Classical Conditioning and Operant Conditioning are some of the learning theories used to explain learning processes and interaction with the environment. Classical Conditioning assumes that the environment and our internal mental states shape our behavior (Gazzaniga, Halpern & Hearthton, 2009). The internal mental states include emotions, feelings, and thoughts. For example, a person who wears perfume on a date becomes transfixed with the partner if the date was passionate. This happens when the person meet somebody who wears the same perfume. On the other hand, Operant Conditioning explains that learning takes place when the response is controlled by the expected consequence (Gazzaniga, Halpern & Hearthton, 2009). For example, when a person is fined and the license suspended for driving under the influence of alcohol, he or she becomes more careful in future and may opt to stop driving while drunk or limit his or her alcohol intake before driving. In other words, operant conditioning is a voluntary behavior and comes about as a result of a consequence. In order to understand how Operant Conditioning and Classical Conditioning work, it is important to become familiar with some of the processes such as generalization, discrimination, extinction, and spontaneous recovery, as defined by the two theories. In Classical Conditioning, generalization process occurs when a conditional stimuli (CS) is attached to an unconditional stimuli (US); this elicits a response (Gazzaniga, Halpern & Hearthton, 2009). Again, other stimuli which differ along the same dimension as the conditional stimuli can also induce that conditional response. The strength of the conditional response highly depends on the degree of likeness between the new stimuli and the original conditional stimuli. Through this process, we tend to relate a response with varying stimuli even without having experienced every stimulus condition. On the other hand, generalization in Operant Conditioning means that behavior may occur in different situations. In generalization, punishment or reinforcement is the result of behavior in several antecedent settings, where the person produces the behavior in the differing circumstances (Gazzaniga, Halpern & Hearthton, 2009). After learning to respond in a particular way to a stimulus, it is possible that the person or animal will respond in the same manner in the presence of a similar stimulus. This principle can be applied by teachers to develop good behavior among learners. For example, teachers can encourage learners to queue by reminding them to do so in various situations where they are supposed to be served. The teacher has to provide discriminative stimuli to help them understand how to behave
General information BankWithUs is a young business company that wishes to become what every business company wishes for itself; get bigger. Dealing mainly with mortgages, the company wishes to extend its market shares in this sector. It is the intention of this report to show the possible ways how can this be done and the role that media planning can play in achieving this objective. But the basic question of starting this report would be to assess the market condition regarding banking and especially focus on the mortgage sector of the market. It is fair to acknowledge that the banking sector has been undergoing a shock during last year and which is still in course. Especially customer trust has been declining upon the mortgage services offered by different bank due to the financial crisis and home foreclosure phenomena taking place in different countries around the world, not just Australia. Nowadays banks and financial companies are trying to keep their market share and position. They are also trying to limit the damages upon their brand name recognition. This is an important struggle as its outcome will be the changing in market position of different banks and companies during the years to come. At the present moment the Australian Banking Sector is dominated by four major banks: Australia and New Zealand Banking Group, Commonwealth Bank of Australia, National Australia Bank and Westpac Banking Corporation (Marks & Young 2008, p. 4). They are also the one who combined own the greatest share of the Australian mortgage market sector. Thus it is important to see how is the crisis going to impact them and how much market share are they going to lose in order for other actors to come in and gain that share. The facts are that they are already losing much ground and both of them are having a major retreat in the mortgage sector of the financial market. Especially Westpac Banking Corporation seems to suffer the greatest loses up until now (Yahoo Finance- WBC 2009, par. 1). On the contrary since its birth BankWithUs has been conceived in a revolutionary form. It differs in many aspects from the “traditional” big banks that offer mortgages to the people. It is due to this differentiation in form and a good policy of low interest rates that made this new company acquire 3% of the market of all Australian mortgages. Not it intends to double its market share within a year and, by doing so, consolidate its brand name and market position. Why Media Planning BankWithUs aims to set itself apart through its no-fuss approach to banking and accessible language and products. In a certain way it aims to be “special” and differentiate itself from the big four banks. BankWithUs is something new and ingenious within the industry. Media planning is also revolutionary in getting the message out to the audiences. And this is the most important factor for BankWithUs at the present moment: get the message out to the mass audiences about the product (services) it offers. Media planning differs from the “traditional” form of advertisement of your product because it offers a deeper knowledge about the persons you are sending the message. It is not abou
Juvenile justice must be a safe refuge for young children whose lives need to be sorted out so that proper treatment can be applied to the erring ways of the children. That is why Kenneth Wooden’s Weeping in the Playtime of Others: America’s Incarcerated Children is an enlightening read on the problems encountered in juvenile prisons. The story accounts for the life of a boy who is considered borderline retarded, with an IQ of about 80. He has been making the rounds of institutions that supposedly are after his care and welfare but who suffer abuse in the process and whose life improves nevertheless because of the love and care of others. He is loved unconditionally by his girlfriend who is instrumental in tutoring him in school. Thus, this boy is able to hurdle the odds and become the author of the book himself. This is revealed in his text as he states, “I know this story is true because that boy is the author of this book.” As I read the story, I am amazed at how the author transcends all the sufferings thrown his way. I also think that the difficulties with fluency, speech and language impairments, dialect differences, as well as poor short-term memory, lack/poor use of strategies, difficulties related to prior knowledge, failure to apply relevant information, application of irrelevant prior knowledge, lack of reading engagement and other factors are alerting educators to the existence of language-learning problems that may afflict everyone but need not mean a low IQ. During the past decades, America witnessed a continuous increase in its crime rate. However, the cause of greater concern is that crimes committed by minors, both violent and non-violent offenses also reached exorbitant numbers as compared with the previous decades. The reform measure taken by most states is called the ‘blended sentencing’. Prior to this, judges had limited options. When dealing with a child accused of a serious felony, a child can either retain the case at juvenile court or he/she pass it over to the adult system. Blended sentences on the other hand allow a judg
The above is a lease document written to the owner outlining the how the information contained in the FASB standards on leases; may change the initial recognition of the leased assets; as well as the obligations it may exert on the lessee’s financial records, in the case it is used as a financial accounting standard. This lease document will also address how subsequent measurements may be recognized. From the FASB discussion paper it should be noted that the initial recognition of leased assets will change; as the lessee will have to recognize the asset and the liability components arising from the lease of the asset. First the lessee will have to classify the lease contract to either an operating lease or a finance lease. Under this approach he will give consideration to the asset as a source of business asset; source of business liabilities and these automatically amount to material rights and obligations. From the onset of the lease contract; the lessee should recognize the asset as a business asset that he has the right to use without any limitation as based on the lease terms and agreement. In this case the lessee is rather recognizing the contract as one for service rather than one giving him right of use to the asset. This is because he should account for both the assets and liabilities arising from the contract. In the case that the lessee recognizes the lease as an operating lease; then the lessee will have to recognize the asset in calculating profits or losses, as the lease payment will be accounted for in a straight line basis. From any lease contract there is an associated asset and liability component introduced into the accounts of the lessee; therefore the treatment of the lease payments and service charges will greatly impact on and place obligations on the lessee’s accounts. From the lease contract; the lessee will obtains the valuable right to the use of the leased asset, while on the other hand the obligation to pay the rentals due or pre-paid, will affect the financial accounts of the lessee as they act as operating expenses. These in the long run determine the profit or loss situation of the business. The lease contract further affects the current and fixed assets available for use by the business; as the leased asset is treated like a business asset though not long-term; therefore impacting on the lessee’s financial accounts. However in the case that the lease is classified as an operating one; the lessee will only consider or recognize the accrual of rentals either due or pre-paid; and not assets or liabilities. The lease may further demand that the lessee maintain the asset in a specified state; which would mean that the lessee incurs further expenses on maintenance that will impact and place obligations on his financial records and status. The lessee may be obligated to incur expenses involved in returning the leased item to the lesse
Scenario In the world of business and employment, there are several problems that occur on a day-to-day basis. Some of the problems related to employment and work relations are governed by employment laws and other agreements. In the case presented to us by Howard through his representation of the union, several legal issues are raised. In this scenario, we witness that Howard is representing grievances and employee issues for Big Bang Accountants employees. The firm has been handling employee issues in an improper manner and as a result, Howard has been called in to solve the issue. In this case, the company wants to prohibit leave during peak periods. This scenario provides us with an opportunity of making use of Fair Work 2009 to solve these issues. The first question we ask ourselves is if the law allows for the employees working for Big Bang Accountants to be treated as they are being treated. As a result, the anticipated decision by Big Bang Accountants to deny any kind of leave to its employees during the peak period goes against the provisions of Fair Act Work. Legal Advice Moreover, we ask ourselves the question of whether issues between the employees and the lawyers can be resolved using the Fair Work Act of 2009. This law was enacted to protect and safeguard employers and employees on issues concerning their work relations. The refusal by Big Bang Accountants to allow for leave during peak period contravenes the Fair Work Act of 2009. Under section 44 of the Act, an employer cannot contravene the National Employment Standards. Division 6 of the Fair Work Act guides on the amount of leave that an individual can take at any period of time 1 . According to section 87 clause 1 of the act, an employee is entitled to leave an annual leave whereby the employee can take a leave up to a period of 4 weeks 2 . As a result, Howard is advised to take action against Big Bang Accountants on the issue of employee leave. In this case, as a barrister I am confident that the employees will win the suit against Big Bang Accountants. In the other scenario concerning salaries and salary increments, we also have to make use of the Fair Work Act (FWA). The FWA has provisions that allow for bargaining between employees and employers. These agreements are useful in coming up with long and binding agreements between both parties. Part 2-4 of the FWA under division 8, the law allows for enterprise agreements to be made
Introduction Creating the environment in which an organization will be able to excel in its performance and improve the quality of its products and services consistently is crucial to further success. However, to facilitate unceasing progress in the context of the contemporary global economy, the leader of an organization must set the company’s priorities straight and define the niche that it will take in the target market. The specified process is especially challenging for the firms operating in the entertainment industry since disruptive innovation technologies compel them to invest in R&D and marketing extensively. Background Cirque du Soleil is a prime example of a company that has a well-established presence in the global market yet needs a renovation to meet the ever-growing quality standards of the target population. The current marketing strategy, in general, and the company’s positioning statement along with its purpose brand, in particular, will have to be altered so that Cirque du Soleil could remain competitive in the modern entertainment industry and measure up to the standards set by buyers. To stay relevant in the present-day entertainment industry, the company should consider rethinking its pricing strategy and the current approach toward allocating its resources. Therefore, it will be reasonable for Cirque du Soleil to position itself not only as an elite entertainment company but also as the organization that is willing to provide its services to all those willing to attend. Positioning Statement Cirque du Soleil has cemented its image as an entertainment organization that has been pushing the envelope in the design of its attractions and the quality of performance. Audience Segmentation While a circus typically offers shows for audiences of all ages, Cirque du Soleil conducts a comparatively rigid age-based strategy when categorizing its performances. Therefore, there is a distinct audience segmentation strategy in the company. While the organization provides entertainment for children and teenagers, it also designs the shows that have age restrictions (Simon 4). Furthermore, Cirque du Soleil appeals to specific audiences based on their income. Because of the innovative approaches used to design the performances, the pricing strategy of the organization is quite rigid, and most tickets are sold at very high prices that range from $200 to $70
Introduction Formally, New Zealand embraced clinical governance for the first time in the year 1999. Since then, all New Zealand healthcare organisations have recommended its implementation. In New Zealand, the concepts of clinical governance are also widely embraced. Application of concepts of governance in the healthcare setting entangles the setting of frameworks through which organisations are checked for accountability through fostering continuous improvement in quality of healthcare service delivery coupled with safeguarding and provision of healthcare of high standards. This deliverable has been possible via creation and management of an environment in which care delivery can flourish. From this fundamental approach in clinical governance, the paper focuses mainly on the role of clinical governance in enhancing cute clinical care, which leads to better control of infections in wards in New Zealand. Due to valid healthcare needs for various groups of people, the paper holds that patients’ needs in New Zealand form the primary concern of healthcare professionals for prevention of infections in New Zealand wards to materialise. It provides an extensive analysis of the literature on the roles of clinical governance in prevention and control of infections in wards in New Zealand. It also holds that any clinical governance strategy applied to the management of health conditions of New Zealand people with valid and diverse healthcare also needs to have the concerns of the healthcare givers at heart. This plan keeps the staff motivated. It eliminates or reduces substantively cases of occurrence of burn out among healthcare staff. The paper proposes that extensive and magnificent provision of information related to perceptions of health risks in wards can work as an incredible strategy tied within the umbrella of clinical governance for reduction of infections in wards. When appropriate risk management principles are applied within clinical healthcare settings, healthcare professional working in wards becomes aware of the risks presented by inappropriate management of an environment that would form subtle breeding grounds for infections in wards, both on healthcare professionals and on the chief client of clinical healthcare facility: patient. Consequently, the paper infers that, while the professionals attempt to reduce or even prevent completely the risk of infections on their part while working in wards, the patients also are shielded from contracting infections. Another vital plan of reducing infections is fostering optimal resource utilisation in clinical facilities. The paper also proposes that incorporation of information technology in clinical information management can amount to a substantial aspect of quality improvement. Hence, it can incredibly aid in realisation of aims and objectives of clinical governance coupled with application of its principles in reduction of infections in wards in New Zealand healthcare facilities. Roles and Significance of applic
Metallica is a rock band consisting of four main members although it had other members who left the band to form their own bands. It was formed in 1981in Los Angeles. The band is considered to be one of the initiators of hard rock as a type of rock music. They included aggressiveness and instrumentals in their music and coupled it with quick tempo. This made them to be recognized for their hard metallic rock style of music. This article details on how the group Metallica fits into the history of rock. It also highlights on their inspirations and influences during the moments that they became a hit. Besides this, this article also highlights on some of the aspects of the song ‘enter sandman’ by the group with respect to historical traces of style and musical ingredient. Rock music has over the past years been changing to a different style and after sometimes it reinvents itself and moves back to the old style. Rock music dates back to 1940s with the introduction of electric guitars. It became a modification of the style that existed then. The group Metallica began during the 1980s where mainstream rock music had lost its ground on and started to sound stale. This paved the way for new ideas such as post punk and metal rock. They used more electric instrumentations with a mode of songwriting that was quite different. Among the groups that were active during this period included the Metallic. Its first album in 1983, displayed this new entry of rock music and it got popularity among rock fans. Gradually they managed to pull four albums by the end of 1980s. All these albums were relevant to the mode of the rock music of that time. Metallica has been very influential in the music of rock. They are among the rock bands that are attributed to the founding of the trash rock. This is their legacy and their biggest contribution to the history of rock. They have sold millions of copies of their music globally with the US being the largest consumer of their music. This has made it to be referred to as the most influential band that existed in the 80s. Their style of music and handling of the electric guitar, made so many other band to want to emulate them. Some of their songs have been featured in many albums belonging to other rock bands that were inspired by Metallica. The music channel MTV placed the group as the third best metal rock band of all time. Their main big influences included bands that played heavy metal in the past. The song enter sandman, was a big hit in its time winning several awards. It incorporated aspects of styles that were used during the early times of rock music. For instance it uses fast tempos, a style that was earlier used by groups such as the scorpion that sang heavy metal. This same style was equally used by hard rock groups and punk rock. Another aspect of the song stylistic devise is the use of harmonized leads, something very common with earlier rock music such as punk and heavy metal. The song was recorded to target the mainstream market tha
Southwest Asia and North Africa This is the section of the world extending from Morocco in North Africa to Afghanistan in the Southwest Asia at the point where Europe, Africa, and Asia meet. This has been called the land of contrasts due its diversity in physical characteristics, climate, religion, economic development and culture. However it is not only the place where civilization began right from religion (major monotheistic religions began here i.e. Christianity, Islam and Judaism), agriculture and development of writing ideas and knowledge, but also, the world’s major production of fossil fuel is found here (68% of the world’s fossil fuels). This region is basically composed of desert and semi desert land dotted by small sections of green land where water is found. This therefore makes water a very crucial resource in the region and its patchy distribution has greatly affected the region’s various aspects of life including culture and politics. Another important resource that characterizes the region is fossil fuel resources with its distribution again affecting the regions various aspects of life (Rowntree, Lewis, Price & Wyckoff, 2008). This discussion focuses on how distribution of fossil fuels in this region has affected its economic development. Distribution of fossil fuels and economic growth The main resource for this region is oil which is unevenly distributed between countries with some having huge oil reserves and others with little reserves. Countries with oil deposits include Israel, Turkey, Lebanon, Syria, Lebanon, Morocco, Afghanistan, Saudi Arabia, Jordan, Iraq, Iran, United Arabs Emirates (UAE), Kuwait, Qatar and Libya. Countries such as UAE, Libya, Iran, Saudi Arabia and Algeria has the most developed oil reserves in the region while Morocco and Sudan have build up few of their reserves mainly due to two decades of civil war in Sudan and lack of resources in Morocco. Among the countries with highly developed oil reserves Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Qatar, Bahrain and UAE are the highest revenue earners from the exportation of crude oil. This income is however not evenly distributed within individual countries as rural people and foreign workers remain poor. Political instability and long wars in countries such as Algeria and Iran has seen them reap little benefits in terms of development as a result of oil deposits. Other countries in the region such as Israel and Turkey do not rely entirely on oil for development as their economie