ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Comparison between law and ethics Law is defined as legal requirements, which are written down and enforced by relevant government entities such as courts of law. On the other hand, ethics is defined as moral guidelines that govern a person’s behavior when interacting with others or the society in general. Although application of law and ethics may differ, in some cases, they may overlap. For instance, murder is considered as both illegal and unethical. Similarities Both law and ethics tend to prevent violations against some regulations set by the society. In most cases, they dictate people’s behavior, how they deal with each other, and how they deal with the society in general. In both cases, violation leads to some penalty either as punishment or a sense of disapproval from the society. Violation of law may lead to punishment whereas violation of ethical standards may lead to disapproval and in some cases condemnation by the society (Lubin & Rhode, 2005). Differences Definition of law has terms such as accepted, consistent, universal, published and enforced. Law should be properly described and state a clear idea, in other words, any contradictions are not acceptable, as people cannot follow both of them. Law has to be universal in order for it to be applicable to everyone within its jurisdiction. In most cases, it does not discriminate people when it is being applied unless in special cases such as diplomatic immunity or cases of mental disorders. The law have to be written , as any law is to be published (Lubin & Rhode, 2005). Law is accepted and so it must be obeyed. When developing laws, different representatives of people meet and on their behalf, they establish laws. As such, law is derived from the people who have the duty of obeying it. Since the law must be obeyed, it becomes enforceable and that is why institutions such as the police and the judiciary have a duty of enforcing the law. On the other hand, ethics is not enforceable and so people cannot be compelled to adhere to their requirements. In addition, they are not universal and so their application depends on specific individual, society or organizations basing on factors such as cultural background and moral codes. Ethics are not formed by bodies representing people and so their applications depend on how individuals behave in relation to the norms of a given society (Lubin & Rhode, 2005). Ethics must have moral values that guide ones conduct. When people interact with each other, there are usually ethical issues that they consider so as not to go against the will of others and the society in general. For instance, it is ethical for a doctor to assist a patient who needs emergency services whether he or she is on duty. Law does not necessarily have to carry moral values as it is based on legal framework set by authoritative bodies to guide people’s conduct. For instance, when a doctor is not on duty, he may decline to assist a patient under emergency care and will not be considered to have violated any law (Lubin & Rhode, 2005). Law carries legal punishments that are enforced by law enforcing bodies such as police and the judi
Introduction In the contemporary world, people in different parts of the globe have developed various ways through which hey can air their grievances or opinions so that the government of the day can act on them. Some of the groups have been referred to as the pressure groups while others have been referred to as the insider or the outsider group. All these groups have one thing in common; that is to influence the government to initiate some policies or abandon an envisaged policy. In this paper I will be looking at the issue of abortion in the African continent. Dobner (2010) points out that in spite of the rapid growth in technology most of the African communities have continued to hold to their tradition ways of doing things. As a result, the issue of abortion has not been left out either. He observes that many pressure groups have continued to keep their government on toes regarding this issue. This has been resulted by the fact that many people have very strong values towards life. He argues that policy network have been created with a sole purpose of explaining the differences in policy-making and power in different policy sectors. This is informed by the fact that pressure groups are perceived to perform activities which at times are seen to be more valuable than the ones enshrined in the constitution. The actors and organizations in this campaign According to Henrik (2003), religious organization and some civil right groups have been at the fore front in campaigning against the legislation of the act allowing for people to procure abortion. In addition he points out that religious organization have played the greatest role in mobilizing their followers to rise against the government if such a bill is discussed in the parliament and passed. According to the church leaders in particular, it is the sole responsibility of God who is the giver of life to take it away because religious people consider the embryo in the womb as a potential human being and therefore should enjoy all the rights accorded to a normal human being. Influences of democratic government on the operation of policy network Dobner (2010) argues that democratic governments give a lot of space for her citizens to express their grievances. As a result most of these groups have been able to keep the government operations in check. However, depending on the magnitude of the issue at hand for example abortion, the government does not one day wake up
In the Heat of the Night The idea behind Supertom can be described as a trope used to make a black character heroic. The result is a peculiar image of a magical black, who is a minor or even almost background character, whose mission is to help the protagonist guide him. To show the audience that ethnic minority characters are not bad people, Supertom takes a step forward to help others. They usually enter into the life of a much more privileged and, in particular, almost always white, the central character, and in some way enrich the life of this main character. Some examples of Supertom include Lucius Fox from Christopher Nolan’s The Dark Knight, Michael Clarke Duncan in The Green Mile , Bagger Vance in The Legend of Bagger Vance, and Uncle Remus from Song of the South. Thus, a black character is endowed with high achievements and extraordinary positive characteristics, and Supertom is obtained. Mr. Tibbs is Supertom as he “is smarter than all the white people, the best homicide detective in Philadelphia, brave enough to face down a lynch mob,” and exhibits “a somewhat unexpected knowledge of varieties of plant life.” (Vera, 156) He is a kind of racial Sherlock Holmes. In other words, the relationship in the movie suggests the kind of friendship between blacks and whites that Americans like to think of as accurate, but that is not true in the context of the time frame in which In the Heat of the Night takes place. In the film, at no point or scene does Gillespie seem to reach the point of accepting Mr. Tibbs. At best, at the end of the film, there is a sense of indifference. Nothing in the film feels like a buddy moment, more like constant violence and almost kidnapping. The scene in Gillespie’s living room was the closest thing to friendliness. Thus, discussing this film in relation to buddy films proves to be a difficult task. Do the Right Thing In February 2020, two white men killed Ahmaud Arbery for allegedly robbing someone. In March, two police officers broke into the apartment of Breonna Taylor, who died from their gunshots, during an anti-drug raid. Then comes the culmination – Floyd’s death in May. Therefore, despite the age of creation, Do the Right Thing does not lose its relevance. The theme of US racism is somehow displayed in most of Spike Lee’s films, and the director’s attitude towards it is invariably critical. While the film ultimately shows how dangerous it is to react to others based on race, ironically, Lee portrays the characters in the film stereotypically through their language and aesthetics. Spike Lee panders to stereotypes by using iconography to represent the various racial groups in the film (Etherington-Wright 236). He does this in various ways, such as having Italian-American characters wear crosses and t-shirts. He also does this in his portrayal of Radio Raheem with an African locket necklace and a big boom box playing loud rap music. Even tertiary characters, for example, a group of Puerto Rican friends, are shown listening to salsa, speaking Spa
Introduction Nurses’ performance quality is a topic under continuous discussion in healthcare research. Each procedure that nurses perform can affect patient health outcomes and determine the rate of successful diagnoses and treatments. As a result, the status of healthcare organizations, their economic prosperity, and their ability to serve the community are dependent on finding the most efficient ways of practice. This paper discusses the role of quality measures in this search, taking the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) as an example. Then, it reviews the performance measures that can be utilized to determine the level of nurses’ productivity. It is clear that incentive payment has some benefits in increasing nurses’ performance quality, and the model of team-based incentives seems to offer great perspectives for fostering collaboration and growth. Quality Measures First of all, it is vital to establish why quality measures are important. Nurses often have to find an individualized approach to their patients. However, most procedures can be systematically described and separated into groups according to their step of patient treatment, urgency, condition, and other aspects. Thus, these activities can be analyzed and compared – for example, which approach to a particular therapy has proven to be the most effective and why. Clinical performance measures, such as the AHRQ, contain a number of these measurements, showing hospitals and their staff their opportunities for improvement, weaknesses that drive people away or lower their status (Hamric, Hanson, Tracy, & O’Grady, 2014). By providing precise numbers and comparing them to the competitors and the national benchmarks, quality measures create a transparent foundation for professional growth. Performance Measures Nurse Practitioners (NPs) have a variety of duties that may be difficult to assess fully. Rhodes, Bechtle, and McNett (2015) focus on NP’s productivity and argue that nine main factors require monitoring. These include patient visits, new patients, MD referrals, diagnoses, cancellations and reasons for “no-shows,” the number of visits per diagnosis, and the time that patients have to wait (Rhodes et al., 2015). For instance, by seeing an increase in new patients, diagnoses, and referrals, the clinic can assume that its NPs are working quickly and attracting new clients. Investigating the average wait time may reveal slow workers or a problem with registration and technology. The rates of cancellations and “no-shows” are indicative of nurses’ lacking communicative skills and patient-centered thinking. Incentive Payment Many healthcare workers are guided by their intrinsic motivation in their profession. The nurses’ code demonstrates nurses’ commitment to providing patients with care and attention (Buppert, 2018). Nonetheless, harsh working conditions, stress, negative experience, and low pay may interfere with nurses’ desire to perform well (Hain & Fleck, 2014). Here, the need for external motivation may arise, and incentive payment is a system that ca
Introduction As a federal contractor, MEGAQUIPMENT is bound by a number of laws and regulations regarding the protection of women, the minorities, people with disabilities as well as individuals recognized as veterans under the US laws (Leiter & Leiter, 2012). With these regards, the company’s hiring and recruitment process is required to abide to these laws in order to ensure that none of the applicants to various job positions are discriminated. The purpose of this news release is to provide a detailed description of the best recruitment practices for females and American military veterans as the most targeted groups during the company’s recruitment procedure. Techniques to be used in recruiting women employees at MEGAQUIPMENT Under the Executive Order 11246, the American laws requires all federal contractors and subcontractors to develop a comprehensive affirmative action plan (AAP) as a guideline to direct the equal employment of individuals based in gender, minority groups and the people with disabilities (Department of Labor, 2013). In this case, hiring female employees are an important aspect of the affirmative action for MegaEquipment. The company seeks to comply with the laws while at the same time building a strong workforce and meeting the corporate social responsibilities as an equal employer. Under the AAP [41 CFR 60-1.12 and 60-2.17(d)], a federal contractor should develop and submit a detailed AAP plan that is relatively in consistent with the one recommend by the OFCCP (Felsberg, 2005). To meet these requirements, MegaEquipment has decided to borrow a detailed AAP plan a company that has used this plan before with positive outcomes. In this case, the company has decided to make sure that at least 31% of its employees in a number of selected workplaces are females. First, a job group profile and a job group analysis will be developed. Under these plans, the administration is the highest organ of the organization and involves office work. The maximum possible number of administration employees is 12. In this case, the company seeks to ensure that at least 34% of the employees are females. Secondly, the accounts section, design and sales are largely office work-oriented workplaces. Each has a total of 24 slots and the company has decided to ensure that at least 30% are females. Thirdly, installation, assembly and engineering sections involve a lot of masculine work. The company has decided to ensure that at least 26% of the employees are females. The AAP for hiring military veterans Under the Vietnam Era Veterans’ Readjustment Assistance Act of 1974 as well Section 503 of the Rehabilitation Act 1973, federal contractors are required to have AAP that protects military veterans from discrimination during employment (Department of Labor, 2012). In this case, MegaEquipment has decided to adopt and use the same AAP borrowed from the company, which has shown positive outcomes when used in hiring. According to this plan, the company will ensure that at least 12% of the total employees hired in the executive and managerial levels are veterans. In addition, the engineering and assembly sections will ensure tha
The End of Men by Hanna Rosin Historically, society has been patriarchic. Therefore, women have been treated as second-class citizens. For example, women who were not able to give their husbands a male heir was mistreated and divorced in some cases. Sons were treated as more beneficial as compared to daughters. With such perceptions, biologists like Ronald Ericsson came up with revolutionary scientific discoveries on how to separate the chromosome carrying the male genes and the female genes (Rozin par. 14). The main intent was to increase the birth of more sons as they were the preferred gender. However, such moves threatened the existence of girls. However, with changes in culture and economics, there has been a decline in the desire for boys and increased demand for girls. When parents envision a child growing up, attending school, and becoming successful, they have a daughter in mind in most cases. I would say this assertion holds due to the emphasis put on women empowerment and the realization that the gender of the child does not make one a lesser human being. Another factor that I feel has contributed to this aspect is the view that raising a daughter is easier as compared to a son. Women can now walk confidently into fertility clinics and choose females as the preferred sex of their child. However, this shift has led to the decline of the birth of males. This aspect threatens the primary existence of a boy child. As much as women have been sidelined for a long, both genders are important and unique in their ways, and thus empowerment should seek to bridge the gap as opposed to widening it. The myth of male decline by Stephanie Coontz There has been a controversial debate over the years on the decline of men due to the emphasis on women’s empowerment (Coontz par. 9). This move has led to the neglect of the boy child. Statistics highlight the seriousness of the situation. However, I hold that the situation has been blown out of proportion. The decline or the extinction of men is a myth. Women’s empowerment poses no threat to the existence of men. Unlike what many critics hold, women empowerment is not intended to overthrow men, but to cure the traditional discrimination experienced by women. Women are far from holding the societal position that men have held for the longest time in the history of humanity. The introduction of gender-based affirmative action is meant to boost participation in the social, political, and economic activities in the patriarchal society, as opposed to dethroning men. If women’s empowerment were such a threat to the existence of men, we would be having a good number of matriarchal societies by now, but that is yet to happen. Proponents of arguments that women are now richer as compared to men fail to mention that they reach such a conclusion by comparing highly educated white women with poorly educated Latino men. For such an argument to be treated as valid, its proponents should do a comparison between highly educated white men and their white women counterparts. In my opinion, the male child is not facing any threats of extinction. What appears as a move to dethrone men and facilitate their
Crown Prince Court: HR Policies Investigation The Crown Prince Court is a successful governmental organization that assists the Crown Prince in performing his official responsibilities both at the local and international levels. The organization also seeks to foster the interaction between the Prince and the residents of the United Arab Emirates by means of general correspondence (Crown Prince Court, 2012). Finally, the governmental body is also responsible for handling the Prince’s private affairs. With regard to the above-presented information, learning and development of human resources department is the main objective of organization’s managerial staff to enable high performance and create values for employees (Crown Prince Court, 2012). At this point, the Crown Prince Court underwent the assessment carried out by Investors in People (IIP) International to allow the organization to advance their IIP Certification. The IIP Certificate has been received in 2008 to provide a general framework for developing and advancing employees’ performance, as well as training the most valuable asset of the company – people (Bahrain New Agency, 2012). The obtained credentials are unique contributions made by the Court to fulfill the vision of HR managers work on providing incentives and motivation for human capital that shapes the foundation for working out strategies and plan for the prosperity of UAE. Rationale for the Analysis of the Selected Data The above-presented IIP initiative is also premised on the increased tolerance to diverse cultures and nationalities, which permits the managerial staff to facilitate the decision making process and create a favorable environment for employees’ efficient work. In addition, The Crown Prince itself considers it vital to reestablish HR policies and develop a new global framework in which employees can receive wider opportunities for self-development and growth. At this point, constant monitoring and IIP assessment encourage innovation and advancement of training programs for the organization’s pe
Summary The American Scholar is a lecture that Ralph Waldo Emerson gave to a select audience at Harvard College in which he expresses his sentiments about the American intelligentsia. The central theme of Emerson’s essay is the need to establish a unique American intelligentsia free of any European links. Emerson tells his audience to draw inspiration from local sources to create a truly American culture. He cites an American fable that traces the origins of society to ‘one man’ who gave rise to many people to expand the workforce. However, the continued social division has resulted in degeneration of the society and its people, including the scholar who is now a ‘mere thinker’, not a ‘thinking man’. The major argument that emerges throughout the essay is that to turn a man into a true scholar, people must understand and learn from nature, as this would make them more self-conscious. Nature shapes human thoughts and actions and thus, helps people to develop productive insights and live a better life. Emerson attributes the failure to find solutions to human problems to our clinging to old-fashioned ideas. A true scholar must free himself from olden ways of thinking that have reduced society’s efficiency. Emerson believes that age-old ideas contained in books are to blame for the lost efficiency in society. In his view, though the ideas hamper freedom of thought, no one is willing to criticize them. Emerson believes that the information contained in books pose a danger to man’s creativity and initiative. Books influence human thinking, but their ideas are biased because they based on past standards. Emerson notes that the influence of books is what kills human creative genius and inspiration. In his view, a scholar should use books as a source of information but should think freely as a ‘man thinking’ person. A scholar explores new ideas and perspectives instead of following past and out-dated concepts blindly. In his view, the American education system needs a review, as it only demands that learners memorize taught the material. It does not teach scholars to be creative and exercise independence of thought. Emerson believes that a scholar learns through observation of the natural world. Nature and the scholar have two things in common: first, both are boundless and eternal, and second, they are alike in the organization of the intellect. Thus, a deep understanding of nature leads to greater self-awareness. A scholar perceives the natural world in a way that is free of past influence. Emerson says that scholars should engage in activities as a product of thought. He believes that action or labor, though subordinate to thinking, is necessary as a display of scholarly learning. Besides books and nature, labor also plays a big role in a scholar’s education. In the last paragraphs of Emerson’s lecture, he discusses the scholar’s role in American society. A scholar, as a wise person, guides others towards a path of knowledge. He communicates his thoughts and universal truths to other people in society with confidence and self-trust. In his conclusion, Emerson notes that alth