ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The idea of diffusion innovation theory was credited to Everett Rogers. The theory examines the process through which an innovation spreads through a social system via a given communication channels (Rogers, 2003). It scrutinizes how new ideas and technology are adopted majorly through a social system. This theory has been used since its inception when it was published in 1962. Everett Rogers put more exploration on how innovations are deeply adopted. He proposes four main criteria which influences spread of any idea in the social system. The four are named as innovation, communication channels, social system and time (Valente, 1995). Innovation is a new idea either by technological innovation, a practice or just an object. For instance, innovation would mean new way of doing things for instance in education, ne methodology of teaching or lecturing. This may involve even anew software or hardware created that helps in the teaching process. Communication channels are the means by which the idea or the message on innovation is spread across in the social system form one individual to another. For instance, in the current technology, people can use face book, tweets or just presenting the innovation at a given conference. The third way which facilitates an idea is time factor. Time is the duration or the period required for the adoption of the innovated technology (Valente, 1995). Lastly the fourth way that diffusion innovation can be facilitated is through social system. Social system is a group of people who are interrelated and are engaged to solve or achieve common goal. People at the social system may be divided to form various categories which describe how fast they adopt any given innovation. In the social system, the first category is the innovators. They form about 2.5 % of any social system. They are the youngest and the people who take risk in the group. They form higher social class. In this, there are positive and negative traits. Positive traits are able to interact with different other innovators while negative traits normally liable for risk taking. The second category is the early adopters who are about 13.5% of the social population. The groups have got higher number of opinion leaders with advanced education and higher social status. It also has positive and negative traits. The third is Early Majority who makes about 34% of the social system. They make part of the social system that is difficult to adopt the new innovation. They will only adopt after Innovators and Early adapters. They too have got positive and negative adapters. In a learning organization, this is the group requiring training in order to adopt the new technology. This is the inquisitive group that may have untapped wisdom though they lack relative authority. Large Majority form about 34% of the social system. They are slow in adopting new technologies and will do after Early Majority. I
Society has evolved in many ways, and the use of drugs like powder and crack cocaine has become problematic. Numerous studies have shown that the negative effects of drug use lead to behavioral and emotional instability, disturbing cognitive functions. Substance abuse has proven to have detrimental results, so steps must be taken in controlling and preventing the use of illegal drugs. In my personal opinion, drugs are very detrimental to health and cause damage that cannot be repaired. Research has shown that crack cocaine is used most commonly, as it is cheaper than powder cocaine (Olive 17). This was later disproved and reflected in the sentencing, as before, there was a panic that cracks cocaine was more addictive. Thus the sentencing was harsher. Recently, the sentencing has changed, and mandatory imprisonment was levied. But the fact that crack cocaine is cheaper makes it extremely accessible and allows for further spreading among the population. It is bought in a rock formation and is then heated on a spoon to produce a watery substance. People usually either inject the drug or smoke it. The effects that crack cocaine produces are immediate. The person starts feeling overconfident and full of energy, along with the loss of appetite. The damage that is done to the health and mental capacities of a person is not directly observed or noticed by the users, and this makes the drug even more popular. It has been shown that crack cocaine leads to an increase in physical senses, making people less motivated, and experiencing concentration loss. There are many references in songs to people trying to get drugs for gold chains. The desperation of people dependant on the drugs is evident from the lyrics ( N.W.A. – Dope Man ). In many cases, it has alienated people who developed anti-social tendencies where individuals become isolated and engage in drug use. This majorly impacts the life and future, as the long term effects impact all functions of the organism. The use of drugs is mostly caused by social cues, easy access, and proximity influence. The media and a number of celebrities reinforce the view that crack cocaine is harmful to health, and people should not fall victim to the usage of the drug. Dave Chapelle has made it into a comedic act, but the negative effects are evident ( Tyrone big gums red bulls ). The effects of crack cocaine have been illustrated to fall within a great range. Those who use it socially exhibit tendencies to get involved in more risk-taking behavior and relations with people who are not well known. It has also led to promiscuity and irresponsible behavior among group users. Social use has a direct linkage to the mental instability that the drug produces. People have experienced irritative behavior, emotional lack of control, and mental instability. Some studies hav
Introduction: A strong Economy as the Basic Drive for Integration The period after the Second World War was characterized by economic difficulties throughout most of Europe. Resources had been used during the war and the infrastructure was in bad shape. This made it very difficult for any single European country to make economic progress on its own. Given the circumstances, even a united Europe would have found it hard to make any economic forward match. The injection of aid to the countries of Western Europe that was devastated by war came through the Marshall plan, whereby massive resources that have been estimated to be around thirteen billion dollars were pumped into the economies of Western Europe. 1 The post-world war period was the turning point in the operations of Europe. This is the time when much cooperation was witnessed in the way the countries conducted their businesses, but it was too little compared to the integration that is being witnessed in Europe at the moment. Having been the cause of much of the political disturbances in Europe, Germany was treated with caution by the other European countries. 2 The leadership of Germany realized this and chose to be at the forefront in trying to restore peace, order, and cooperation in Europe. It is no surprise that the leaders of Germany played a significant role in the creation of the framework for a united Europe. At the initial stage, there was consensus that functionalism was to be adopted in the integration. 3 Functionalism focuses on the creation of institutions of governance intending to get some specific missions accomplished or getting certain earmarked functions performed. Under functionalism, structures are not created just for the sake of. They are put in place due to established needs for them. 4 Integration Efforts Prior to 1986: The Treaties… The united Europe that we are seeing today under the leadership of the European Union has taken a long time and deliberate effort to put the structures in place. 5 A number of treaties have been signed and ratified and these are the building stones that have led to the entity that we are seeing today. The most outstanding treaties include the European Coal and Steel Committee of 1951, the Treaty of Rome signed in 1957, the Accession treaty, the first Budgetary Treaty, the Second Budgetary Treaty, The treaty of Amsterdam, the Treaty of Nice, and the Single European Act. Of all these treaties, the Treaty of Rome stands out as the most significant agreement as far as the realization of the dream of a uni
In this chapter Campbell McConnell, Stanley Brue and David Macpherson discuss the peculiarities of individual labor supply and focus on the decisions that people can take regarding their employment. They pay more attention to such factors as income and leisure time that influence worker’s attitudes toward their jobs. This information can be of great use to people who study economics because they have to understand the factors influencing labor relations. One of the tools that are described by the scholars is the income-leisure indifference curve. This curve is supposed to demonstrate the level of satisfaction or utility yielded by various combinations leisure and income 1 . So, utility or satisfaction can be viewed as a dependent variable, while daily income and leisure time are independent ones. The authors also discuss such a tool as the indifference map that describes different levels of utility 2 . This map can be viewed as a set of indifference curves that illustrate the preferences of a person. Overall, these concepts are extremely important for employers who have to find ways of retaining workers. They have to determine what kind of compensation packages will best satisfy the needs of employees. They have to find the most optimal ratio of leisure and compensation in order to retain workers. This is why the knowledge of such tools is important for economists and business administrators. Secondly, the authors pay special attention to the individual preferences of people when they choose their employers. They may have different expectations for income and leisure. For instance, some individual can be called workaholics who may be ready to sacrifice a part of leisure time in order to earn a larger amount of income. In contrast, their people are more concerned with their leisure and their work-life balance. Thus, one can say that the behavior of individuals can differ significantly. This behavior can depend on such factors as age, gender, family status, or education level of an employee. So, companies should look at the demographic characteristics of workers. Additionally, Campbell McConnell, Stanley Brue and David Macpherson point out that a person’s attitude toward income and leisure can be affected by budgetary constraints. For instance, people can be more sensitive to the changes in wage rate, if employment is the only source of income for him/her. In contrast, this person may be less concerned with leisure time. Again, employers should understand their needs of their workers and factors that shape their decisions. The task of companies is to ach
Introduction History of the involvement of the cities in the world has different reasons that lead to the development and establishment of the towns. Urban citizens have some costs to incur for rapid urbanization besides the benefits that make urban centers bigger and more modern. Globalization has moved towards economic, financial, and communication integration as a result of urbanization. It has led to the invention and application of machinery to production, so, development of machine production based on extensive use of computer technology leads to urbanization as well. The process by which rural areas grow to form cities, as they expand and create them to become urban centers. It began in ancient cities in Mesopotamia that means the land between the rivers and was the birth of writing. Rain and mountains have led to the production of that place. Background During the Uruk period that is weighed that a particularly prosperous and efficient village attracted the attention of others, less wealthy who then attached themselves to the successful settlement (Wang 17). It led to inflation of population in the places that turned into cities. The resulting of the inhabitants struggling to cope with the environment was proposed by Helen Chapin Metz that resulted from the growth in Mesopotamia (Algaze 20). Factors that developed in the Euphrates rivers emerged in the summer, so the uncertainty of the Tigris was unleashed. Destroying floods removed out entire people and extreme fruitfulness of the river valleys (Jennings 50). People were attracted by the productivity and were encouraged to migrate and settle there. The volatility of the rivers, the growing of surplus food necessitates a form of collective management low- lying land from flooding. Cooperative management became more advanced as the excess of production enlarged the process of urbanization that developed gradually (Jennings 25). Although the agricultural census indicated that the population was not included, the structure and security were the primary attraction of the people in urban areas. It was then relocated to the towns, but it failed to account for the continuation of the movement throughout the history of Mesopotamia or its replication in other cities (Wang 34). Myths and Facts Urbanization is both a result of economic development and leverage, and more jobs are set up in the blooming of industries, trade and services, and social property (Algaze 40). Business opportunities and employment are the main attraction of urban centers; hence many people show up to earn more money and get better living standards. Valuable resources, particularly natural, human, and financial resources are fixed on economic growth. All the cities in Mesopotamia were great temple which was a locale of social, commercial, and ceremonial functions (Jennings 84). The productivity of the capital generated a pop
Business and corporate laws are those laws that govern the businesses transactions especially in companies. The laws cover various aspects of the business including the formation, mergers and acquisitions, contracts, litigation, commercial leasing and consumer protection. In essence, the business law is concerned with definition of rights and responsibilities for commercial transactions. With this definition in mind, we can be able to identify the legal solution to various cases. In respect to case one where shareholder A fails to come to a consensus with shareholder B during the negotiations process after shareholder A sells his shares to B who later sold the shares to another person at a higher value. A feels that B breached the contract by conducting business behind his back and that he should be responsible for that. This is due to the argument that all along when they were entering into contract of the sale of shares to B, shareholder B had a secret dealing with another dealer who was planning to purchase the shares at a higher value than the amount he was transacting the shares of A with. This action therefore made A to seek legal action against B for he saw that shareholder B has betrayed him a great deal after them working together for a long duration. The principle in contention here is the limits of the notion of fiduciary duties in insider trading. According to the rule in case of Percival v. Wright where the plaintiff wished to sell his shares in the company and the chairman of the board of directors arranged for the purchase of the same for a valuation of 1210 pounds per share. In the process, the chairman of the board of directors was in return negotiating for the sale of the same shares belonging to the plaintiff to another company for a higher value than that which was to be paid to the plaintiff. Though no offer was made and the transaction was aborted after the plaintiff discovered of the negotiations underway, the court was not satisfied that the board was intending to sell the shares. When the plaintiff brought this case to action against the directors so as the sale of his shares would be set aside for non-disclosure, it was held that; ‘Directors hold a fiduciary position as trustees for the individual shareholders. As the directors owed no duty to the shareholders, the chairman had no duty to disclose the subject negotiations to the shareholders. A contrary view would place directors in a most invidious position where they could be forced to prematurely disclose matters which might well be against the best interests of the company’ (Cassidy, J., 2006, pp. 218) It is evident that the plaintiff and in this case shareholder A is not capable of being compensated given that the dealing was fair. This is due to the fact they had reached an agreement with shareholder B concerning the value at which they will transact the share
Sexual themes have been used as an aid to the advertisement in providing business success. Sexual consumerism refers to the practice of adopting specific sexually appealing ideas to entice customers into buying a given product (Tissier-Desbordes & Visconti, 2020). The representation of newspaper adverts, television programs, music, and Internet ads with sexually appealing messages is more common with the media in contemporary society. As such, identifying the use of sexual consumerism in public media characterized by the presentation of sexually appealing adverts is key in explaining the current advertising as an emerging issue. The history of sexual advertising is attributed to the human revolutionary period that saw people adopt the ‘sex Sells’ idea to lure a larger public into impulse buying (Keller et al., 2020). Sexual advertising is also known to have originated from the influence of certain fashion modeling that exposes the skin, chests, breasts, and light and free clothes, revealing an individual’s nudity (Larimo & Pesonen, 2020). For a long time, the effect of incorporating sexual themes in creating brand loyalty has been a controversial debate. The 19th-century generation, for instance, embraced sexual advertising on the Internet to a lower extent suggesting their little approval of nude images as a marketing strategy (Choi et al., 2020). The current generation, however, has overemphasized the adoption of erotic signs as a marketing tool. This is evidenced in many aspects, including video platforms, television promotions, and the music industry. For instance, the current social media platform depicts a high level of sexual advertising with many ads mostly associated with erotic appeals. The effects of sensual attractions can be explained using two contrasting opinions. The first viewpoint considers sexual images to present negative implications on the social order of a society. For example, the current advertising platforms, including public ads, email advertisements, print media publications, and program advertisements, are commonly associated with information full of sexual themes. Such information is considered to be disruptive to the behavior of the general population. Sexual promotions are also conducted on an exploitative sexist nature. For example, the images of beautiful-looking women have been used to drive their male counterparts’ unconscious minds into buying products without their conscious consent (Aylsworth, 2020). On the other hand, women have been used as sex objects, with many seen to expose their bodies or nudity to represent product promotions in creating brand equity. For example, the beauty and fashion industry use good-looking and fancy ladies to develop a sexual inadequacy on the male gender, exposing them to the excitement for sexual acts. Sensual images have, therefore, corrupt people’s thoughts into impulsively buying goods or are enslaved into buying to advance the goals of
Introduction The term empowerment refers to the process of providing more authority to the employees of an organization. It means to place authority and power on the employees to make operational decisions. Empowering the staff of an organization is an enormous motivation strategy. This is because employees perceive empowerment as their own personal contributions, resourcefulness, and efforts in the enhancement and the attainment of the organizational goals. It can be described as the process of nurturing the skills, desire, power, and tools that an employee requires to serve the clients of the organization. This essay explores the significance of empowerment in customer service management. The Impact of Empowerment on Customer Services Management In this modern era of high competition, the demand for high quality standards in customer service is essential for the success of any business. Most scholars argue that the out dated production-line strategy should be discarded in favor of modern strategies based on empowerment. This can be accomplished by treating employees in an appropriate manner, recruiting the right individuals, and encouraging a service environment that is conducive. In this scenario, customers, employees, and organizations gain some advantages. Customers benefit because they obtain superior quality services. Through empowerment employees are able to perform their duties based on their perceptions. On the other hand, organization managers can retain and attract new customers through provision of quality services. The empowerment of staff is particularly significant due to the dynamic relationships of customer alliances. Hartline, Maxham III & McKee (2000) argue that the traditional-structured approach of centralized control is no longer applicable in this competitive era. Traditional models are regard to be particularly efficient in situations where uncertainty in relation to the needs of customers do not exist. In such cases, guidelines and regulations which dictate the conduct of employees towards the customers are required to enhance consistency. However, in the service delivery industry, which includes a lot of uncertainties, direct contact between the customer and the employee are frequent and significant (Hartline, Maxham III & McKee, 2000, p. 34). Empowerment is essential and mandatory in the services delivery industry due to the need of decentralizing control from management. The power and authority to make critical choices is transferred to the lower cadre of employees in a process referred to as directed authority. Chebat and Kollias (2000) argue that the service industry is hugely dependent on the capacity of employees to deliver the required service. The attitude and conduct of employees who have the first contact with the clients has a critical impact on the customer’s thoughts. This is because the service is delivered during the interaction between the employee and customer. As a result of