ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Autism is a disorder that affects children at the very tender age of their lives especially within the first three years. This disorder affects the brain of the child during growth so that it does not develop in the right way thus affecting the social and communication skills of the child. A child suffering from autism will not have the ability to coordinate things since they do not make sense to him or her. A question most parents ask themselves on finding out that their child is suffering from autism is, where did this condition come from? This question is again very difficult to answer because the exact causes of this disorder have remained unknown despite the fact that much research has been done in this field (Reiss, 2009, p.87). It can therefore be argued that autism comes about as a result of a combination of a variety of factors such as genetic factors, problems during pregnancy and birth, nutrition and developmental factors. This paper is therefore an analysis of autism disorder and what it means to have autism or to be a parent of a child with autism disorder. Characteristics and symptoms of Autism Children suffering from autism disorder show diversified characteristics depending on the degree and type of autism although there are common symptoms shared by all patients. These include; Problems in communication Autism patients suffer from communication problems whereby they are not able understand as well as engage in meaningful communication. This is because they have underdeveloped speech patterns and are slow to develop language. In most cases they use words inappropriately making it difficult to understand them. In very severe cases, autistic children are not in a position to interpret gestures or even facial expressions. Poor social relationships Due to difficulty in communication, autistic children encounter problems developing social relationships with even people close to them such as their parents. Because the other people do not understand them and so is their ability to understand the other people thus making it difficult to interact. Repetitive routines This is a peculiar characteristic of autistic children, in that they want their things to be done in the same way without even the slightest change of routine. For example they may insist that their toys or clothes are arranged in a particular manner failure to which may make them very upset to even having temper tantrums. The other general characteristics of autistic children is the they are most of the time loners and would like to sit and play alone far from the other c
Definition of Urbanization The term urbanization can be looked at from diverse perspectives. First, urbanization can be explained to be the convergence of populations. Secondly, urbanization can be described as the process in which the movement of people into a given city translates into an urban way of living. Thirdly, it is the diffusion of the urban living to agricultural oriented regions. Fourthly, urbanization is the progression in which the magnitude of people residing in urban places multiplies (Yeung and Lo, 1996). Due to its quantitative nature, the last definition is the mostly applicable. Urbanization can therefore be generally defined as the process in which the magnitude of people residing in urban places increases with the growth in economy (Yeung and Lo, 1996). Urbanization in light of Taiwan In Taiwan, cities with at least 50000 people are considered as urban centers. Administratively, Taiwan is partitioned into central municipalities, provincial cities and prefectures that are two five and sixteen in number respectively (Yeung and Lo, 1996). Each prefecture encompasses at least one central city, a number of towns and several rural districts. Whereas both central municipalities and provincial cities are bigger in size, prefectures are of standard sizes, each with their central cities acting as their respective administrative centers. On the other hand, prefectural rural towns comprise of rural regions and mid-urban townships. Furthermore, Taiwan has been partitioned into four main parts: the Northern, Southern, Eastern and Central parts for planning purposes (Yeung and Lo, 1996). The ratio of the urban population to the total population determines the degree of Taiwanian urbanization. Statistically, the level of urbanizati
Monetary policy is a set of policies aimed at management of the quantity of money in the country as well as control over interest rates. Apart from the quantity of money (which is also called the money supply) and interest rates, monetary policy has an impact on inflation and business cycles (Mishkin & Eakins, 2012). It is necessary to note that it affects the development of the economy as well as the pace of this development. Monetary policy is also aimed at sustainable economic growth of the country and it involves the focus on stable pricing and maximum employment. Hence, monetary policy can increase or decrease the level of economic activity in the country (Burton, Nesiba & Brown, 2010). There are several major tools used in terms of monetary policy. These instruments involve management of funds that are available as reserves, the control over credit rates and management of the optimal reserve ratio (Burton et al., 2010). The authority that is responsible for development and implementation of monetary policy is the central bank. The European Union also has the European Central Bank that aims at implementation of monetary policy of member states of the union. In the United States, the structure of the central bank is very specific, as there is the Federal Reserve System (also referred to as the Fed). It consists of several bodies. Historically, Americans distrusted centralized power and, hence, 12 Federal Reserve Banks were created to ensure availability of reserves in case of financial constraints (Mishkin & Eakins, 2012). At present, apart from 12 Federal Reserve Banks, the Federal Reserve System includes FOMC (the Federal Open Market Committee) and the Board of Governors. The Central Bank Some researchers refer to it as the “lender of last resort”, which means that, in the period, of severe financial constraints, this authority gives the necessary credits to banks that most need it (Burton et al., 2010, p. 73). At the same time, the Central Bank is an authority that controls credits and implements monetary policy of the country. Clearly, it helps the government implement the necessary policies to ensure sustainable growth of the country’s economy. The Central Bank affects operations of private banks and various financial institutions. The major functions of the central bank include the following: currency regulation, general banking of the state, management of monetary reserves, lending money to banks, control over operations carried out between banks (Mishkin & Eakins, 2012). As for currency regulation, the central bank issues notes and controls people’s supply of money. It also sets exchange rates for other currencies. The central bank provides general banking for the state through paying on behalf of the state. It also manages the country’s gold reserve. It also assists the government in development and implementation of policies aimed at management of inflation, financing and so on. As has been mentioned above, the central bank lends money to banks in the periods of financial constraints to support the banking
Within the recent decades, the principles of learning styles theories have been implemented in a number of academic disciplines, and nursing is among them. With the shift to the student-centered nursing education, the curriculum is adapted to the results of the learning styles inventories (LSI) for the purpose of creating the appropriate clinical and classroom settings and enhancing the effectiveness of the teaching-learning process. Knowledge of various learning styles and one’s own strengths and weaknesses is helpful for optimization of the learning process and becoming a confident professional nurse. The fact is that abilities as well as learning preferences vary, and any assignment cannot be equally effective for developing the practical skills of the students of the group. Flexibility of the curriculum and individual approach is required for meeting the learners’ demands. On the one hand, choosing a method of instruction that is the most appropriate for the student’s preferred learning style, an educator maximizes the student learning. On the other hand, learners should develop their skills that are necessary for using the styles besides their preferred one. Billings and Halstead (2009) noted that “students who habitually use only their preferred learning style are disadvantaged when the situation demands that they use a different style” (p. 32). In other words, the results of LSI can be beneficial not only for adapting the curriculum to the learners’ personal needs, but for improving their skills that are required for using various learning styles. Researching the learning style provides significant insights as to the effectiveness of particular strategies and approaches for students, giving preference to certain styles. Various contextual characteristics, such as cultural heritage, learning experience and the student’s age category have impact on defining the learning style and need to be taken into consideration while developing the programs and curricula. However, constant lack of time and peculiarities of one’s own learning style might become hindrances preventing preceptors from implementing the results of the surveys in clinical and classroom settings. The first difficulty consists in realities of clinical practice depriving instructors of opportunities to devote much time to thinking their strategies over and choosing individual assignments for each learner. Due to the necessity to act quickly, they often choose the approaches which they know best and which were effective previously. Another problem is that most instructors are inclined to use their own preferred leaning styles choosing approaches for training their students. Doing it almost unconsciously, instructors incorporate their own preferences into the learning programs. Even coming to realization of benefits of implementing the result of LSIs, preceptors have to meet the challenges of finding time for implementing them into practice and overcoming the temptation to use their own preferred learning styles for meeting the objective of enhancing the effectiveness of the learning process. Young and Paterson (2009) noted that “the concept of lea
Introduction Improving patient safety has been one of my priorities in life. Consequently, I have taken a great interest in projects that promote patient safety. Therefore, I introduced a change in my organization as a way of improving the quality of service to patients. Experience drawn from implementing change transformed me into a perfectionist. This paper will reflect on my experience in implementing change (Pavlovich 2007). Implementing change project My experience in implementing change was quite amazing. In fact, I enjoyed my time throughout the project. In addition, I learned valuable skills in implementing change. Throughout my life, I always sought to implement changes that would improve the quality of service provided to patients. In addition, I sought to implement changes that would improve patient safety. Moreover, I was always ready and enthusiastic about learning new ways of improving service delivery to my patients. My main obstacle in achieving change was the fact that I lacked the necessary tools and skills for effecting change. In fact, it is necessary to note that my reason for joining this course was to aid me in acquiring the necessary skills, knowledge, and tools to effect positive change in my organization. One of the problems that faced my organization was patient safety issues. For instance, our dental clinics had insufficient facilities and tools to provide quality service to patients; this affected patient safety in many ways. This program was therefore significant in providing me with the tools that focused on areas that required change in my organization. In essence, this program was essential as well as beneficial to me (Nilakant & Ramnarayan 2006). Stages of implementing change The process of implementing change occurred in four main stages namely topic selection, project planning, project implementation, and project evaluation. It is necessary to note that I learned a lot from each of these stages. In the first stage, I selected a topic that would work to improve compliance with infection control standards in our dental clinics. My aim was to ensure that our dental clinics comply with the internationally accepted standards on infection control. Moreover, my objective was to develop an infection control program that would improve the quality of service in the clinics. However, one of the challenges I faced in trying to achieve the objective was a limited time which could not enable me to develop the program. Nonetheless, our facilitator helped me to make my objective SMART (subjective, manageable, achievable, realistic, and time-related). The SMART objective I chose focused on improving infection control through staff training and staff education (CDC 2013). The second stage involved project planning. Firstly, I went through relevant literature on the topic with a view to developing an effective plan. In addition, I conducted research on various sources to aid me in planning for the project. Conducting
The main character of the story is a poor Black young man from the working class. He does not have a job because he does not have a birth certificate, and his family does not have any money for a doctor. The protagonist comes from the South of the country, where people got used to helping each other. He likes going to the movie because after the film there is an opportunity to play a bingo game. The first paragraphs introduce the conflict between the Northern and Southern parts of the country, between black and white people, between the rich and the poor. The protagonist wants to win money to pay for the doctor for Laura, his sister or a close friend. He is hungry, but he cannot ask for some food, because in the South it is not acceptable. White people make laugh at him, which reflects the real conflict between Black and White people in the U.S. of that time. During the bingo game, the main character is getting drunk because someone has given some whiskey to him and is thrilled because of the chance to win. He is so anxious and excited about an opportunity to save Laura by winning the prize that he cannot take his thumb from the button. He gets a sudden insight that the bingo wheel is God, and that all his life was a bingo game where he got unfortunate numbers. He feels that he has discovered the secret of winning the bingo game and wants to share it with others, but they laugh at him. The character is overwhelmed so much that he does not even realize that the police have arrived to get him off the scene. He feels that he controls the wheel and that he understands the principle of winning the bingo prize. He imagines that the longer he pushes the button with a sincere belief that he will win, the more chances he has. He also feels that he can finally control something in his life. The author does not give any name to the character because it could be any Black person of that time. It also might demonstrate that almost every Black person at that time did not have many opportunities to earn a lot of money and to live a decent life. It reflects the central conflict between poor black people and white people. The main character does not even have a birth certificate; he is a “nobody” for the society ruled by white people. Another reason for this is that the character himself forgets his name. On the one hand, it shows that he is an insignificant person from the bottom of society. On the other hand, he also realizes that the people who laugh at him are the same as him. They are poor, and they dream of winning money in order to pay a hamburger or pay the rent.
Introduction   * The United States is made of different cultural groups.   * This presentation focuses on the African and African American cultural groups.   * It also addresses the African American and Haitian heritages.   * Haiti is a North American independent nation.   * Its culture is a fusion of the African, West Indian and French cultures.   * The African American is a group with an African descent (Kittler & Sucher, 2007). Cultural Groups African American   * This is a cultural group of the African ancestry and sub-Saharan decent living in the Americas.   * Their way of life, religion, and beliefs differ from others cultural groups.   * This cultural group is made up of the black people.   * This group has created a distinctive language (Smith, 201
Danvion is a 7 th -grade boy and is suffering from the problem of foretold learning disability. He is included in the general education Mathematics class where this lesson took place. A Paraeducator supports Danvion with Individual Education Plans. The remaining Twenty-one (21) students are 7 th graders who only receive services through general education. The students are from poor economic background, most of the students are of single parented. There are 12 girls and 10 boys. The class is of mixed ability students with different backgrounds. Some students are of learning disability and are considered as nuisance in the class room. The general education Mathematics teacher has a graduate degree in math and has been teaching at the secondary level for 10 years. She has a child with a learning difficulty and believes strongly in full inclusion of students with disabilities. The paraeducator has been serving students with disabilities for five years. Following the article special education I have designed a lesson plan on Decimal System based on simple modifications to help the students who are suffering from disabilities in the regular class room. Such modifications leave a positive effect on them. Characteristics of Danvion disability include slow process of learning, digests new information slowly, gets distracted very easily, and is slow in handling, storing, and recalling information. His strengths include working with peers, a desire to do well, and his ability to attend to the assigned tasks. His needs include frequent repetition of the concepts with more clarity and consistency, as well as continuing to develop his mathematical skills. He responds well to playing lesson games in the form of an activity. Lesson Design, Proposed Instruction and Assessment The basic mechanism of this lesson include students doing activities to understand what a decimal represents, viewing and observing a decimal chart, learning the concept through activities and so on. At the end of the lesson, students will be assessed based on their answers to five specific questions and the key concepts from the lesson The questions on the work sheet will evaluate the student’s knowledge to understand decimals. This lesson is designed to accommodate the student who is suffering from learning disabilities related to addition. It would be helpful to the students to solve problems on Decimal System. I will design the activities to assess the performance of the students, and through these activities I would be able to identify the problems faced by students while learning the topic, so that remedial teaching can be provided. Students know something about Decimal system. But they face the problem of speed to add big figures. Thus most of the students are unable to tackle the problems related to decimal system. The Colorado Model Content Standards that this lesson ad
Introduction Islam is one of the major religions and over 1.5 billion people claim themselves to be Muslims. Islam was established in the early seventh century A.D. when Mohammad started preaching and turning people into the monotheistic religion (Singh, 2011). Noteworthy, Islam was the force that united numerous tribes into a strong community, which was essential for the development of the Arabic world. However, Mohammad’s death brought uncertainty and, eventually, led to the split within the religion (Amos, 2010). Two major denominations appeared, i.e. Shiite and Sunni Muslims. At present, Sunni Muslims constitute the majority. Thus, between 85% and 90% are Sunni Muslims (Harty, 2011). However, Shiite Muslims constitute majority in some countries, e.g. Iraq, Iran, Lebanon and Bahrain (Cooper & Yue, 2008). It is noteworthy that the two denominations are very similar and share basic principles. Nonetheless, the two groups have developed a number of practices and principles which are opposing. These differences are the reason for a variety of conflicts that have taken away lives of thousands of people. The Split between the Sunni and Shiite Muslims To understand the differences between the two denominations, it is necessary to take a closer look at the period after Mohammad’s death. The Prophet did not leave a successor and a council had to choose the rightful successor (Harty, 2011). It is important to stress that though blood connection was very important, Muslims cherished authority and experience. These principles affected the council’s choice. There were two major candidates: Mohammad’s father-in-law, Abu Bakr, and the Prophet’s cousin Ali (Singh, 2011). Both candidates had their supporters. Importantly, Ali was the first converted male Muslim and the second person to be converted as the first individual converted was Mohammad’s wife (Harty, 2011). Ali was also Mohammad’s daughter’s husband and he was very close with the Prophet. Nonetheless, since authority outweighed blood bonds, Abu Bakr was chosen as the caliph, i.e. “the “deputy” of the Prophet” as he was much older and more experienced (Ali was only 30) (Harty, 2011, p. 2). This led to certain alienation of some groups. Abu Bakr’s followers proclaimed themselves “ Ahle-Sunnat-wal-Jamat ” which meant people of the “tradition and assembly” (as cited in Singh, 2011, p. 18). Those who supported Ali were called “the Shiat Ali (followers of Ali), or Shi’te for short” (Fetini, 2009, n.p.). However, there was still unity on the principles of Islam among Muslims. There had been two more successors before Ali was chosen as the caliph. It is necessary to note that the third successor, Uthman, was a representative of the leading families of Mecca (Harty, 2011). Lots of Muslims were still nomads in the dessert. More so, the new caliph’s soldiers had also been nomads a short time before they started serving him. Uthman appointed many well-off Meccans to the highest posts and this was the reason of his alienation from the influential families of Meddina, the capital of the Prophet (Harty, 2011). The policies led to Uthman’s assassination. Ali
Introduction Siamangs are diurnal, active and sociable nonhuman primates. They live in vast areas in the wild and need space to move and brachiate. They also live in families. Notably, these animals can also coexist with other species (Pearson, Davis & Litchfield, 2010). Clearly, in zoos, these animals are placed in spaces which have similar characteristics with the usual habitat of the apes. For instance, in San Diego zoo, there are specific facilities which imitate the environment siamangs live in. These apes have the opportunity to brachiate and move a lot. At that, siamangs are placed with orangutans and this does not lead to aggression as two species seem to be friendly to each other. However, there is a common viewpoint that animals do not feel comfortable in zoos and visitors’ attention and limited space makes them act differently (Smith & Kuhar, 2010). Therefore, it is possible to formulate the hypothesis as follows: in the daytime, siamangs will be less active and will spend most of time eati