ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction The underinsured are those individuals that have access to health benefits that are not capable of taking care of all their medical expenses. Under normal circumstances these individuals do not realize that they are underinsured until they are hit by an illness that demands costly medical expenses that can not be met by their benefits. Underinsurance is a situation that often develops from the following situations: a case where an individual is covered by an employer insurance plan as their personal benefits are insufficient; where individuals have purchased coverage plans that cover only specific medical needs; where individuals purchase policies that come along with substantial deductions or co-expenses; or in the case where individuals buy policies that cover them for only a given period of time. (Collins, Kriss, Doty & Rustgi, 2008) Body According to health records the number of underinsured people is on the rise covering people on the middle and lower income classes; within the age group 19 and 64; spending above 10% and 5% of their earnings on out of pocket medical expenses for the middle and low-class earners respectively; often low-income adults; the sick and aged who are not eligible for Medicare. It is also worth noting that the amount of premiums individuals pay is based on their demographic characteristic traits like age; gender and health status except only in 18 states. (Gabel & McDevitt, 2009) Among the needs and health practices of the underinsured and the uninsured include: avoiding going to the doctor or signing for prescriptions for the fear of not affording the expenses; encounter by health related debts among other substantial financial problems and can only purchase time limited insurance plans. Another distinctive need of the underemployed and the unemployed is that they are individuals that need special medical attention like the aged and the sickly. (Doty, Collins, Rustgi & Kriss, 2008) The organizations that will be directly affected by the uninsured and underinsured population include: the insurers who will be required by legislation to set insurance repayments on the minimum so as to cover all economic groups; the law enforcers who will have to enforce the new health regulations on the insurers; employers who will have to pay for policy coverage of employees by the law, and Medicaid institutions who will be required by law to take care of the disabled and poor; (Doty, Collins, Rustgi & Kriss , 2008) Medi-cal as an organization is directly affected by the uninsured and underinsured; has the mission of providing deserving individuals and families that are short of resources and low-earners with healthcare. Medi-
Introduction Freedom of speech abuse may lead to harming others as is the case of defamation. Defamation occurs when one person speaks in a bad way concerning another person based on false information. Defamation, therefore, may be viewed as spreading of rumors about a person. Defamation is either a criminal offense or a civil wrong is most countries. This article examines the definition of defamation at length and makes an argument in support of laws which seek to punish those committing defamation offenses. Defamation Defamation has been simply defined as talking ill of another person on grounds which cannot be substantiated: “the issuance of a false statement about another person, which causes that person to suffer harm” (Larson, 2003, p. 1). However, in some cases where the grounds for ill talk may be substantiated, it will still be possible for the defamation offense to be committed. In general, the following situations constitute defamation: A false and defamatory statement concerning another; the unprivileged publication of the statement to a third party (that is, somebody other than the person defamed by the statement); if the defamatory matter is of public concern, fault amounting at least to negligence on the part of the publisher; and damage to the plaintiff. (Larson, 2003, p. 1) Critical Analysis of Defamation Defamation laws help to regulate freedom of expression such that the practice of this freedom does not harm others. This is possible because the law makes it clear on what should be expressed freely and what should not be. In the UK, there are principles which make it easier for one point out defamation when it is committed. Principle 1.1 A limitation placed on the issuance of information should be backed up by the law. Such a law should be easily accessible by all and well defined to make it easy for one to distinguish what is restricted and what is not (Article 19, 2000). Principle 1.2 A limitation placed against expression on the ground of protecting a reputation should be one that can be proved. The reputation to be protected should be demonstrable (Article 19, 2000). Principle 1.3 The restriction placed on expression should be consistent with the values of a democratic society, for instance, if it is possible for a reputation to be upheld without placing restriction expression then no restriction on expression should be imposed (Article 19, 2000). Purpose of Defamation Laws Defamation laws are justified by their focus on protecti
Time Bank is a community-based strategy in which people who voluntarily decide to spend at least one hour of their time assisting others gain at least an hour time credit, as an appreciation of their effort. These people can in turn use the time credit they earn from the voluntary work to hire assistance from other individuals. Professor Edgar Khan, the founder of the Time Bank concept, asserts that every person’s time is equal despite the difference in activities that people engage in using these times. This paper describes the concept of Time Bank using Time Rial (Cahn 206). Time Bank and Its Importance The innovation and initial development of Time Bank are accredited to its founder professor Edgar Cahn. The concept of Time Bank was developed by Cahn as a strategic system that was meant to assist communities continue with their normal daily operations despite the acute reduction in government funding that was meant for the development of social programs within these communities. The reduction in government funding resulted in lack of enough money that could be used to address issues of social and public welfare. Cahn, through the concept of Time Bank, assisted the communities to create a “new type of money” that could be used to complement the little government funding (Cahn 206). The components of Time Banking as showed by its application in the United States include: recognition, which requires people to recognize that each one of them has something valuable to give out; acknowledgement, which requires people to accept that some types of jobs are beyond monetary evaluation; reciprocity, which requires people to cultivate the spirit of giving back; interdependence, which requires that people depend on one another for mutual benefits; and lastly, respect, which requires everyone to act in a decent manner and be able to give back what he receives. These components significantly enhance the workability and importance of the concept of time banking (Westman 337). There is an established way through which the offers, requests and credit balances of the participants of the system are organized to enable a smooth running of the system. The organization is done through Community Weaver, which is an online based system. Apart from the web-based software system, the time banking aspects can also be organized through a central office with coordinators, who connect the offline participants with other members to enable them to make requests or receive offers (Westman 338). There are a number of benefits that can accrue from using Time Bank in Saudi Arabia, where communities do not know much about the concept. The concept assists individuals to exchange services and skills by using an alternative currency known as time credits that are earned during social work (Luo 74). The members of the community, through this community system, earn one time Rial for every one hour that they take assisting other members within the community. Therefore, earnings are the first benefit that those involved in the system
My professional position regarding patient confidentiality Patients’ data are crucial in the delivery of quality healthcare. Patients disclose their information to healthcare professionals because they trust them with their private medical information. My professional position regarding patient confidentiality is that it should be maintained all the time as healthcare providers aim to offer quality healthcare to patients. If healthcare professionals think that they cannot maintain patient confidentiality, then they have to inform the patient and explain the circumstances. Ethical implications of a breach of confidentiality The nurse in the article promised the two 14-year-old girls that she would keep their medical information confidential. However, one of the minors has been diagnosed with human papillomavirus and cervical cancer (Nathanson, 2000). An ethical dilemma arises because the nurse wants to break the promise by informing the minor’s parents about their daughter’s health condition. In addition, the nurse wants to inform the girl’s school about her condition (Nathanson, 2000). Breach of patient confidentiality has ethical implications that may impact a healthcare worker or organization. When a healthcare worker fails to uphold patient confidentiality, he or she shows disrespect to the autonomy of the patient. The principle of autonomy allows a patient to choose the care he or she wants. From an ethical point of view, breach of patient confidentiality is betrayal. This would be the case because, in most cases, a patient and a healthcare professional enter into some form of agreement that requires the professional to maintain confidentiality (Esterhuizen, 2006). Therefore, if a patient’s medical information is not held confidential, then he or she would be betrayed. Nathanson (2000) notes that breach of patient confidentiality may lead a patient to lose trust in a healthcare provider or the whole healthcare organization. The lack of trust could make a patient not tell his or her problems to healthcare professionals because he or she thinks that the information would not be kept confidential (Nathanson, 2000). Trust is a key component in nursing ethics because it helps patients to disclose their feelings and past medical situations to nurses and other healthcare workers (Nathanson, 2000; Esterhuizen, 2006). Ethical theories and/or ethical principles Many ethical theories and principles are applied by healthcare professionals to critically solve ethical dilemmas in medical situations. The consequentialist ethical theory requires healthcare workers to act morally so that they would maximize patient outcomes. This theory does not support any harm to a patient. Therefore, my position is that healthcare workers should aim to produce good healthcare outcomes for the greatest number of patients (Fry & Johnstone, 2002). The theory of deontology is used in heal
Criminal injustice has widely been witnessed in various nations across the globe. Criminal injustice is the unfair treatment of people in the society who are claimed to be guilty of an offense but they are not. A group of people who are suspected to have committed a crime needs to be given some rights that include appearing before a court for defense (Frank, 2008). The concerned public institutions also need to look at the possible causes of the crime that the person has committed. When these conditions are not offered to the affected people, they may be referred to have unjustly treated. The United states of America is one of the countries where criminal justice has been denied. One of the grounds where criminal injustices flourishes are the unfair judgment that is extended to the African American race in the United States of America (Gabbidon, 2011). Most of the jails in the country are a common habitation of the black community as they for a huge percentage of the total who are behind the bars. One of the common crimes that they do commit is drug trafficking (Dao, 2012). It has been established that African Americans are more likely to deliver illicit drugs more than any other community. Most of them are arrested while delivering illegal drugs to their clients. The Republicans, as well as the Democrats, are concerned with the ever unending crime that is leading to a more population of the blacks in the jail. The fact that the majority of them are arrested while transporting these drugs, the black community does not consume the product compared to the other groups (Frank, 2008). Secondly, the arrests made on African American in relation to drug trafficking are increasing, meaning that the arrest does not offer a permanent solution to the problem. The two sides of the political divide are looking at the possible cause of the crime and how it can be reduced. The Democrats are viewing the problem of drug trafficking as resulting from poor economic background among the African American community. The African community found itself in the country as a result of the historic slave trade. The group has not established itself in the United States in terms of economic progress. After the end of slavery, most of the families have not been able to educate their children. The lack of formal skills acts as a barrier to better employment (Gabbidon, 2011). Therefore, most of the youths are engaged in drug trafficking as a way of making some cash for domestic use. The Democrats are claiming that the African American acts as the bridge between the source and the
There is hardly a single issue of the human nature that is just as controversial as feelings. On the one hand, feelings offer an exciting trip into the depth of one’s character, allowing to express the emotions caused by a certain event or phenomenon and at the same time serving as the indicator for the situation, not to mention that restraining feelings is considered rather dangerous – one day, everything that was kept inside, will come out in a volcanic eruption. However, there is always the battle between the mind and the feelings, which often results in the favor of the former, mainly because feelings are often misleading and, therefore, are rather unreliable allies. Hence, feelings are often restrained in everyday life; however, in literature, they blossom. Despite the fact that the humankind has been evolving for a continuous period of time, the basic emotions, e.g., fear, jealousness, joy, etc., have remained the same; however, the means of expressing these emotions have increased greatly, as well as the factors which cause the above-mentioned emotions. Since people’s emotions are pretty basic, these are rather the mechanisms of emotions which have become more complicated over the centuries than the emotions themselves, which can be traced in such works as Chaucer’s Truth , which was written in Middle Ages, Marvel’s A Dialogue between the Soul and Body , the work which belongs to the XVII Century, and Pope’s The Rape of the Lock , which was created in the Restoration Period. In Chaucer’s Truth , the emotions of the leading character are described in a rather vivid manner. Expressing the feelings which overwhelm him, the main character of the poem, who is also a narrator, offers an entire palette of feelings for the readers to sink into. Chaucer mentions pity: “Flee from the crowd, and dwell with truthfulness” (Chaucer 317), which is quite understandable for the person who feels that the entire world has rejected him. However, in the given context, Chaucer mentions this emotion not to help the readers focus on the character, but to empathize with him and to get a better idea of the situation which the character has been trapped into. Speaking of which, the emotion of empathy is also mentioned in the poem: “Wrestling for this world asks but a fall./Here’s not your home, here is but wilderness” (Chaucer 317), along with the emotion of pride, which seems to hold the former, making the character much more resistant to the cold-shoulder welcome which he receives from the world: “Control yourself, who would control your peer;/And truth shall deliver you, have no fear” (Chaucer 317). It is quite remarkable that such incredible palette of feelings has been squeezed into a single idea of feeling tired of the world and feeling completely misunderstood by the others. Considering the above-mentioned emotions, one must admit, however, that, despite their number, they are all used to describe the same phenomenon, i.e., the leading character’s disappointment in the world and the
Briefly, Gladwell’s book tries to make an argument against the traditional perception that for one to make a decision, he or she must take a long time to consider multiple alternatives and possible outcomes. The author postulates that the decisions a person makes on his or her feet instinctively “without thinking” can be just as good as those that he or she could take time to deliberate about and arrive at a conclusion (Prince 55). Her central claim is that the instinct can be turned from just an automatic inane response to a manipulated process, and “… that our snap judgments and first impressions can be educated and controlled” (Gladwell 14-15). The author wittingly utilizes experiments that are aimed at making the reader believe that prompt decisions could be better than well research conclusions. In addition, the author establishes where they cannot be applied and determines how they can be improved (Moule 323). This concept is described as thin slicing. Gladwell demonstrates the concept through the application of contemporary examples. For instance, in her experiments of the idea, she found out that a stranger could make a more accurate judgment about someone’s habits from spending time in his or her dorm room than his or her friends can. In a different scenario, she describes Goldman’s techniques for diagnosing cardiac problems and proves that, using thin slicing, doctors can actually improve their skills at making a diagnosis from as low as 79% to about 85 % (Gladwell 136). One of the most noteworthy ideas in the book was the suggestion that, in as much as people try to act or say otherwise, from a subconscious point of view, the majority is actually practicing negative racial or gender profiling at a subconscious level, but this does not necessarily mean people are prejudiced. Using the Implicit Association Test (IAT), Gladwell argues that when people’s attitude is measured on an unconscious l
Improving listening skills for the effectiveness of communication I believe that listening is an important part of the working process and our personal life. In this respect, poor listening skills can discourage a person from communicating with people because they misunderstand him/her all the time. My drawback in listening is that I can be carried away with my point of view and fail to listen to another person’s opinion on the issue. As we learn from listening (Wood, 2007, pp. 146-147), I should learn to take a break and listen to the views of my interlocutors. This improvement can improve listening skills for both the workplace and personal life because understanding is important in both fields. The Case of Alan O’Connor, Manager The signs that Alan is not an active listener The interaction shows that Alan does not listen attentively because he fails to realize that his interlocutors are people that have a personal life and certain problems may occur besides the workplace. Alan did not listen carefully in the case with the woman because he did not offer any assistance or ask her about the reasons for working that slow. The only thing he did was that he asked her to work quicker. In the case of the man, Alan was not attentive either; he emphasized the problem but did not try to help to solve it. He was not mindful while listening which is the first step to effective listening (Wood, 2007, p. 147). Alan’s view of his job and its influence on the work atmosphere Alan’s perception of his work and his professional duties as a supervisor fosters a negative work atmosphere with his employees. He treats his performance interviews of people who work directly under his supervision because he thinks that they misinterpret his evaluation and do not appreciate it at all. Besides, he thinks that it is inappropriate when employees bring up personal issues and do not know how to react in such cases. It is necessary to treat employees about their multifaceted identities as they have personal lives besides the work and can encounter certain difficulties related to childcare or older care. In this respect, Alan should change his perception of people and try to approach the performance problems with another perspective taking into account people’s issues and offering some ideas to improve their performance. The signs that Alan is not an effective listener Alan did not listen effectively to Gretchen because she told about the quality and did not want to work faster and less effective. However, Alan replied that he did not want to lose her which was perceived as a threat to her job by Gretchen. In this respect, he could have offered a few options to plan her work more thoroughly and help her in improving her work pace by analyzing certain difficulties that can cause slow performance. Another interview did not demonstrate Alan’s effective listening either; he tried to start less bluntly with the male employee and found out that the reason for frequent lateness was th