ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The impact of Sir Robert Peel on American policing The role of patrolling the city by the London Metropolitan Policy Act, which was enacted to run for full-time and to engage the uniformed police force, was a major inspiration for American policing. Sir Robert Peel, who was the home secretary, played a key role in the formation of the police. Peel is credited for coming up with the idea of Bentham, Colquhoun, and Fielding, following his advice on the significance of police to the parliament. As a result, Peel spearheaded the earlier development of the police force. Actually, through Peel, together with his two police commissioners, including Richard Mayne and Charles Rowan were the London’s police role work out. Although the public insisted to be informed the legitimacy of any organization, crime prevention took over. According to Bittner (1970), Peel and his company were responsible for their acts. The policemen acknowledged that Peel led to majority of the reforms. However, the public declared that they were organized; nonetheless, such men that had policies to gain were well thought about. The policemen who are not in order would be requested to gain authority in the eyes of the citizens (Walker & Katz, 2008). Peel together with his group had selected even-tempered and reserved men. Majority of the policemen were meted out the necessary disciplinary measures and were denied from moving with guns. Appropriate discipline added to the policy’s role that supported the fact that the policy’s institutional authority was borrowed from the English constitution. In other words, the power of London was borrowed from the institution of government. In essence, the cities of America underwent similar problems to those of England. The growth of the cities and towns sparked civil disorders that kept increasing. Following unprecedented growth of cities in America, coupled with increase in crime rate, cities such as New York immensely developed in terms of population (Bittner, 1970). Following increased security threat as a result of population increase, the American policing borrowed insights from the English legal traditions, which were particularly inspired by Robert peel. Nonetheless, in America, there were some elements which increased the disparity between America and England. Sir Robert Peel planned for the passage of the Metropolitan Police Act Of 1829, the same Act that saw the creation of London policy force, which called for a standardized recruitment, payment, organized, and professional police force which resembled the present day’s force. In addit
Introduction Pornography is the act of portraying matters concerning sex in order to have a sexual excitement or sexual arousal. Pornography takes the various forms of media such as books, videos, films, magazines, postcards, photos, sculpture, drawing, painting, animation, sound recording and video games. This paper will highlight the major impact of pornography to marriage and family as well as children lives. With reference to the article by Dines (2010) “Porn has hijacked sexuality and is destroying men”, men are found to be much addicted with pornography than women hence according to research it has highly caused a great impact on marriages and family lives. Therefore, the major area of concern will be the effects of pornography addiction and how it has had a great danger to marriage and family lives. Arakawa, Flanders and Hatfield (2011) noted that “pornography both creates and perpetuates gender inequality through promoting a sexist ideology and discriminatory practices against women” (para. 6). This is because a man who watches pornography ends up taking women as an object of sexual gratification and makes them inferior to men. He devalues women in marriage and exploits them. This denies them their civil rights as women since they are incapable of forming connected and intimate relationships. This enhances further discrimination of women in the society to the extent of denying their rights of freedom even in employment, property and even in education. All this is as a result of less emotional attac
The movie “Syndromes and a Century” vividly portrays the attitude of three Buddhist monks towards healthcare and doctors’ behavior in a hospital. The movie portrays that spiritual hierarchy is taken for granted in Buddhist notions of cause and effect. Within each lifetime, some people are more virtuous, more capable in spiritual matters and in book learning, more compassionate, and less self-centered than others. Such capacities and conditions, which are specific to each living being, are not random but derive from the logic of karma (‘act’ or ‘action’), in which one’s past actions produce today’s results so that the past is present in very concrete ways. The movie involves one scene when one of the monks is playing the guitar while two others play with medical equipment. It is not neglect of modern norms and traditions but a response to unethical behavior of medical staff drinking and kissing during their working hours. They do not value healthcare seeing it as inappropriate and useless. Personal development and purity of thoughts, joy, and gat are the main ‘drugs’ accepted by Buddhists. The entire system is driven by the ‘specialness’ of the being that is capable of choosing its own rebirth. According to the discourse of Buddhism, health manifests due to a logic that is inscrutable from the point of view of ordinary beings; their alterity and their always already-announced ‘special’ status likewise lend opacity to all of their activity. Unity of body and mind is the main spiritual doctrine in Buddhism. It is of utmost importance to bear this in mind in the face of controversial or dismaying incidents that concern emanations. It is important to value spiritual and religious diversity because it will help medical staff to understand the attitude towards health and predict possible difficulties in communication. Buddhist practices also accumulate spiritual merit and help tame the mind. But for most Buddhists, meditation refers to more than this. Having read books and attended seminars, classes, and meditation practice with masters, most Buddhists are at least familiar with some of
Descriptive Essay topics, as the name indicates, are essay topics describing a theme or idea in great detail. Descriptive essay topics could be a discussion of topics like a marriage ceremony, a house-warming party, a farmhouse, a picnic, an event or just about any topic which can and needs to be described in great detail. Writing on descriptive essay topics could be difficult for students since not many have the ability to describe in detail. The most common problem while writing on any descriptive essay topic is the potential to bore the reader due to monotonous and repetitive descriptions. As such writing about a descriptive essay topic requires certain essential skills like the ability to describe something in an interesting manner by making the descriptive essay humorous and fun to read. Setting the correct tone: While writing on any given descriptive essay topic, writers should remember that a mundane tone will bore the reader and getting good grades for the essay will become difficult. Begin with a quote or anecdote: A funny or catchy anecdote or quote in the opening paragraph of the essay will instigate the attention of the reader. Use accurate vocabulary items: The writer should use vocabulary to initiate the necessary feelings and emotions in the reader. For instance, if the writer aims to describe the natural beauty of a place, then appropriate vocabulary should be used. When describing a descriptive essay topic like a famous personality, a thorough research should be conducted to ensure accuracy of information. Follow the proper essay format: Like all essays, descriptive essay topics should also be written in accordance with the proper format. All descriptive essays should have an introduction with a thesis statement, main body paragraphs and a conclusion. Be Objective or Subjective: A descriptive essay topic could be objective or subjective depending upon the topic selected by the writer. A descriptive essay topic which is objective could be written on scientific topics, laboratory processes or any events which require analytical thinking. Subjective descriptive essay topics are more emotional in nature. Descriptive essay topics can be written on a variety of subjects. When selecting descriptive essay topics, writers should bear in mind the audience they are catering to and accordingly choose the best topic to write.
This study will focus on the understanding of stars as well as stars formation. An understanding of star formation and their morphologies are important in various fields of studies such as astrophysics. In this field, for instance, this understanding of the star’s evolution is used to answer several emerging issues related to the universe. Being able to understand the origin of stars must take into consideration the origin of the mass spectrum of the universe (Whitworth and Ward-Thompson 53). Energetic as well as chemistry makes use of knowledge on the star formation, which may later prove to be useful in the application of origin of life not forgetting the evolution of life as well. Being able to understand the methodologies by which stars form will also increase the understanding of the foundation of their mass spectrum (Spitzer 20). The patterns that determine the flow of matter from the ancient periods of the universe should be understood. Following the formation of stars, they can produce substances that are more in weight that hydrogen through a process known as nuclear reactions (André and Ward-Thompson 56). After completing their life cycle, the stars return into the interstellar medium, where they come together to form larger bodies. At this point, they become a part of the matter that is retained being blocked in the residues. Ultra-compact sections have been identified as those crucial regions in the initial phases in large mass star formation. At these very early phases, a newly developed large mass star is at very high temperatures and can emit large amounts of ultraviolet photons that can ionize the natural gas that is in the newly formed star environs as well as igniting the ultra-compact regions (Spitzer 20). However, it is observed that a
Introduction Saudi Arabia is a country that has been in the forefront trying to portray its care and concern for its citizens. Its government has formulated comprehensive and realistic policies and strategies aimed at complying with the basic and special needs of its citizens. This has mainly been aimed at ensuring all citizens’ access to the basic facilities and amenities in an unprejudiced manner (Al-Khashrami 1995). One of the main areas in which the government has invested to ensure equal rights for all citizens is the education sector. The government has developed strategies aimed at ensuring that all discriminative limitations are eliminated so as to ensure that all people within its jurisdiction have equal rights for high quality education. The main challenge in this strategy has been provision of education for those with different forms of physical disabilities, such as those with hearing, sight, mental and developmental impairments among others. Regardless of the difficulties arising in the process of tackling this issue, the government has successfully launched initiatives for integrating the concerns of special educational needs into the mainstream schools, namely through the development of special integration programmes, starting from the initiation of the integration programme in Riyadh. Also, a number of programmes were established in order to train teachers to implement the integration programme smoothly (Al-Hilawani 2003; Al-Khashrami 1995). Background of the Study
Introduction The vintage comic books auction market is actively developed in North America. It is appropriate to discuss the details of the vintage comic books auction market with references to the ComicLink website specializing in selling the vintage comic books online. The Market Participants The typical market participants are the enthusiasts and collectors of vintage comic books who are inclined to participate in the market as buyers and sellers. One more important category of participants is experts providing information on the vintage comic book’s value. Experts and specialists in the field of vintage comic books and art can also participate in the market as buyers and sellers (“ComicLink”). The market is controlled by experts in the field who can provide additional information on the comic books which are graded according to the Certified Guaranty Company, LLC (CGC). ComicLink experts and CGC specialists also provide consultations for the potential buyers who are interested in investing in vintage comic books (“ComicLink”). The Market Organization and Work The vintage comic books auction market works like any other online auction market which provides buyers with the opportunity to meet sellers virtually and to propose the most competitive price for the vintage items (Besanko and Braeutigam 38). To respond to the market needs, the website provides the categorized lists of items that are available for selling and purchasing. The potential buyer can observe the lists of the available items and propose the prices, and potential sellers are expected to fill the forms to sell the vintage comic books as items. It is also possible to observe the dates of auctions which are set according to the developed schedule (“ComicLink”). The website provides detailed information on the selling, buying, and payment procedures, return policy and packaging policy. Much attention is paid to the procedure of selling and buying the CGC graded comics which should have the appropriate certificate to guarantee the comic book’s value (“ComicLink”). The market also proposes the focus on the direct sale instead of the exchange principle of the auction market, and this approach attracts more buyers and sellers to the website. The Outcomes in the Market The vintage comic books auction market such as ComicLink is not stable about controlling the variety of prices because of depending on the amount of proposed vintage comic books. Such proposed products as the CGC highly graded vintage comics are valuable, and they draw the buyers’ attention. Thus, the range of prices in the vintage comic books market depends on the aspects of grading according to Certified Guaranty Company. From this point, the starting prices for the vintage comic books depend on the decision of the CGC, and they can vary from one hundred to several hundreds of dollars and can increase as a result of the auction procedures to the thousands of dollars (“ComicLink”). Special Features of the Market Even though the vintage comic books auction market is oriented to the narrow audience of comic bo
Introduction Southwest Airlines has been a strong growth organization over the 40 years and has been a pacesetter in the US airline industry. Using its low fares, fun-loving culture, friendly service, on-time flights, point-to-point operational strategy, the airline has been able to maintain profits and a record growth rate through the years while other airline companies run out of business and file bankruptcy due to depressed market conditions. Southwest begun offering hauls between Dallas, San Antonio and Houston, and it has diversified its markets and now carry more passengers than any other American air company (about 90 million during 2010) and lately announced the buyout of AirTran Airways for $1.4 billion. The airline now has a market capitalization of over US$ 14 billion and is placed as one of the strongest airlines in the ailing air transport business (Bamber, Gittell, Kochan & von Nordenflytch 2009). The entire airline industry appears to be on the mends after enduring expensive labor contracts, soaring fuel costs and reduced consumer demand. However, Southwest has experienced growth in the harsh airline industry because it’s no frills business model focuses on controlling costs. Southwest targets routes with high customer demand and the advanced experience of Southwest’s staff allow Southwest to fast turnaround aircraft and keep their planes in the air more hours per day than its rivals. However, although Southwest is in many ways has been a success story for the U.S. airline industry, Southwest airlines is currently facing stiff challenges that are threating its enviable success. Though these challenges do come as a surprise to the company as they have already been experience actross the airline industry and have brought to knees many of the industry leaders to an extend of bankruptcy. Business Problem and Critical Issues The airline industry has been faced by a lot of challenges lately, which have brought big companies to their knees and even others files for bankruptcy to avoid litigations and eventual dissolution. Issues are: Economic crises The economic hard times have really hit on the airlines industry, with most consumers reducing on travelling to say holiday destinations, and preferring even cheaper modes of travelling like road for shorter distances. This has really affected the operations of Southwest airlines as the number of flights per day have decreased significantly, while its costs like employee maintenance and plane maintenance have remained constant or even gone up (Rob 1997). However, this might not seem as a great challenge for Southwest as its well know for its low-cost flights and at a time when customers are cutting on their transportation costs, the airline comes in h
Introduction With major expansion and construction works, medieval England was an important time in architectural and art history. This paper traces the importance of the architecture of medieval cathedrals in the context of functionality. This will be done in the context of the Canterbury Cathedral. To begin with, a cathedral may be described as a church that holds the seat of the bishop. It is generally Roman Catholic in nature. (Gimpel, 1983. pp. 65 to 77). Since time immemorial, a cathedral has been seen as an important place of reverence and worship. It is a place where important occasions and rituals take place in accordance with the norms of religion (Gimpel, 1983). These events generally happen under the supervision or watchful eye of the bishop, thereby making the details even more auspicious. In medieval times, the cathedrals were places where important meetings and developments regarding society and rituals would take place. (Coldstream, 2002; pp. 55 to 83) Main body The Canterbury Cathedral saw its first archbishop in the form of St. Augustine in the year 597 AD. During this period, cathedrals were built from the taxes collected from poor peasants. This was symbolic of the reverence and fear attached to the actual perception of a cathedral (Webb, 2007; pp. 26 to 39) As the oldest and one of the most important features of Christianity and medieval England, the Canterbury Cathedral has stood the test of time to emerge as a structure that evokes respect and the silent murmurings of history through its walls and pillars. (Cliffton et al, 1989) Dedicated to St. Saviour, this cathedral was the first Saxon cathedral that followed the Roman road of laying foundations (Coldstream, 2002; pp. 175 to 200). Architectural Features One of the most important aspects of any cathedral, and the Canterbury Cathedral, in particular, are its pillars and central dome. The Canterbury Cathedral follows the Perpendicular Gothic style of architecture (Cliffton et al, 1989). This can be seen in the picture below: Figure 1: A Picture of the exterior of the Canterbury Cathedral. This picture shows the steep towers and grey exterior that is typical of that period of England’s architectural history. The placement of the round skylight and the two windows underneath it gives the structure an almost palpable and tangible character. Further, the unbroken pillars and lines virtually pull the structure together and give it greater length as well as stature (Cliffton et al, 1989). This has only contributed to the awe-inspiring nature of the structure. This feature of neat and uninterrupted lines can be seen throughout the interior of the cathedral as well. This also helps gives the inside of the cathedral a well-lit look. In addition, there is an air of peace and serenity t
Introduction The primacy of armed conflict in the evolution of the Western world is the essential tragedy of modern history. On the one hand, war has helped create the oases of stability known as states. On the other hand, it has made the state a potential Frankenstein monster, an instrument of unconstrained force. The mass state, the regulatory state, the welfare state—in short, the collectivist state— is an offspring of total warfare. Bruce D. Porter, War and the Rise of the State After the USSR established a Communist government in North Korea in September 1948, that government encouraged and supported the revolution in South Korea in an effort to bring down the recognized government and gain control over the entire Korean peninsula. Not quite two years later, after the revolution showed signs of failing, the northern government undertook a direct attack, sending the North Korea People’s Army south across the 38th parallel before daylight on Sunday, June 25, 1950. The assault, in a narrow sense, marked the start of a civil war between peoples of a divided country. In a larger meaning, the cold war between the Great Power blocs had erupted in open hostilities. The war is a conflict between South and North Korea that started on June 25, 1950, and lasted till July 27, 1953, though the official war ending was not proclaimed. This conflict of the period of Cold War is regarded as an indirect war between the USA with its allies with the forces of CPR (Chinese Peoples Republic) and the USSR. The northern coalition included the forces of North Korea and its armed forces; Chinese army (as according to official data it is considered that China did not take part in the conflict, regular Chinese forces were formally regarded as “Chinese people’s volunteers”); USSR which also did not participate in the war openly, but undertaken its financing, and also sent units of Air forces and lots of experts and specialists to the Korean peninsula. South Korea, the USA, Great Britain, and the Philippines participated from the side of the South. Lots of countries were involved as peacemaking forces under the UNO auspices. Figure 1. Beginning of war (2005) Main body The North Korean army crossed the border with its southern neighbor under the coverage of artillery on June 25, 1950. The incidence of land troops, trained by soviet military experts included 135 thousand soldiers and 150 T-34 tanks. The government of North Korea announced that “Betrayer” Rhee Syngman had invaded the territory of the DPRK (Democratic People’s Republic of Korea). The advancement of the North Korean army in the first days of the war was rather successful. Nearly two-thirds of North Korean troops of the 40 thousand armies were not ready for war, and by the 28 of June Seoul (the capital of South