ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Abstract There has been continued debate on the corporate social responsibility (CSR) since 1950s. Over time, the concept has undergone transformation in its periphery of operations. The classical view relating to the role of CSR was first based on philanthropic perspective after which the shift was directed to the way corporations relate with the community (Talaei and Nejati 2009). The pioneers of role of CRS in the society in early years (Shinn 2002) helped encourage the management to have incentives on how to raise both ethics and justice in the community through economization ethics. The research paper critically analyses on the emerging needs for corporations to have strong commitment to corporate responsibility and why companies need to be community oriented. Further considerations are based on programs undertaken by the federal to ensure that policies of corporate social responsibilities are made meaningful to the society (D’Amato, Henderson, and Florence, 2009). Introduction Shinn (2002) in his paper, towards incorporating the corporate responsibilities in an organization , uses relational theory. It has the originality of linkage between the firm and the environment in which the firm operates. This forms the main objectivity of incorporating CSR in the corporations. Incorporation of the CSR within the firm requires the management of such organizations to be able to integrate business and the society (Porter and Mark 2006). Business and corporations need the support of each other. Reflectively, all organization that incorporates social responsibilities shall be able to deal with potential problems facing them. Organization of CSR in firms and needs of the society calls for extensions from the intervention to the strong leadership. Moreover, adjustments within firms make good reports in the relationships between society and organization. The success of strategies undertaken by some of the companies has relied on their operating managements. Through this strategy, they assist in identifying and prioritizing the social responsibilities in relation to the society and how the organization shall benefit in long-run. On the contrary, fewer companies have created unification in their philanthropist behaviors and efforts in managing of the CSR. On a lesser degree, they seek to incorporate the social dimensions among their main values (D’Amato et al. 2009). The way strategies are being adopted towards the CSR requires a different strategy on how to approach them together with the philanthropic nature of the organizations than the one being used today. Companies must be able to move away from a more fragmented and defensive attitude to a more integrating and affirmative strategy. The focus should be to ensure that the systems move away from images that require emphasis to those that are substantive. Some of the measures that have been incorporated in the organizations and measuring of the stakeholders’ involvement and their satisfactions fail to have a positive impact to the society. This means that there is need to measure potential impact likely to be created b
Intergenerational communication is a communication that involves conversations among people of all ages; the old, adults, young people and sometimes children. Families are the most used and best examples of intergenerational communication because there are communications between parent and child, child and grand parent, parent and parent (father and grandfather), aunt and niece and many others (Kaplan 9). However, intergenerational communication also takes place outside the family unit. For example, it may occur in the fields where young people interact with adults while practicing or training. The aim of this context is to examine an intergenerational communication at the work place that involves all the primary means of communication. The best example to explain this is the Call Center Organization workforce and modes of communications involved during internal and external operations (Greenberg 38). Immediately after my high school education, I got an opportunity to work at a certain Call Center Organization as a casual employee. The function of the Call Center was to install home networks to clients, receive calls, voice messages, and pass them to necessary parties and carry out cable installation activities. The organization contained all workers from all age groups; young people, grown-ups and older individuals. In my department, the supervisor was an elderly person while senior manager and field coordinator, MR. Scott was a middle-aged person. These two individuals were strong friends, but they never agreed sometimes due to their age and life span experience differences (Hummert 17). About 80 percent of the field personnel were younger people headed by an old person, Mr. James who was in turn under a middle-aged person, Mr. Scott. This supervisor commented on almost everything associated with us (young workforce) especially the personalities. He could never fail to comment on the dressing mode which he disliked. We used to wear casual clothes in most occasions because the organization ignored how the field people wore. The organization issued aprons which we only wore during the actual operations in the field either during installation of cables or home networks but not during any other time. Mr. James was against T-shirts and jeans, which we loved most, and he wanted us to dress on shirts and office trousers as he did. At one time, he told us that, “I wish I was the head of this organization; everybody would be wearing official as an employer, but since senior manager is a middle-aged person, he is not much concerned with dressing. As a manager, you should ensure that everything runs officially in a smart way to portray a good organizational image. I wonder why I did not head this Organization after Mr. McDonald retired; I think I am the right person to head it” (Nussbaum et. al 23). According to his words, I noted that age difference is also a significant factor influencing the performance of organizations. Mr. James could have been a dutiful manager in the organization, but then he could not be in clear terms
Marketing is the social practice to acquire what is required through generating and exchanging value with other organizations or individuals. Vos (2007) defines marketing as management process that addresses the issue of identification, expectation and satisfaction of customer needs to achieve company’s profitability. This definition describes marketing focus on end-users, including the need to connect with other business functions to attain the expected profitability. Alam and Khalifa (2009) define marketing as “management process through which goods and services move from concept to the customer.” it entails four main aspects, 4P’s. The first includes identification, selection, and expansion of a commodity. The second is determination product price. The third is selection of supply outlet to reach intended destination, and the fourth is development and execution of marketing approach. The importance of marketing in organizational success is to generate awareness concerning commodities or products and create loyal customers. Through marketing, customers understand organizations, and companies induce clients to purchase their goods or services. Since there is huge competition in the market, marketing strategy is essential for company’s success. An organization needs to understand what its products are different from the competitor’s and what to offer to exceed other companies. The company should illustrate why its customers should purchase its product rather than competitor’s one. This is attained through appropriate marketing strategy that allows the company to achieve the highest market share, increase the number of loyal customers, and maintain existing clients (Vos, 2007). For an organization to prosper, the prospective customers should appreciate its products or services. Without marketing, the prospective customers may never know what the company is providing, and the business may not have a chance to develop and be successful. Through effective marketing strategy, the company is known by potential customers. For instance, the arch design used to market McDonald’s draws more customers because people associate this image with McDonald’s. Creating a necessary image may take time, but there are certain marketing designs that easily attract customers. With a recognized name, a business goes on to develop and extend since many customers buy the product or benefit from the services from an intelligent business (Alam & Khalifa, 2009). Another instance is when a juice producer provides a new brand of product with excellent packing, recipe, and color, though regardless of customers’ flavors and preferences. This may make the company unsuccessful in the market as such product will not attract the potential purchasers. As another example of the company needed to implement a good marketing plan, Nokia Company may be taken. It is losing market share to other mobile phone companies, such as Samsung and Apple Inc. The rating assessment is attributable to the gradual and steady deteriorating of Nokia’s
Biography Hunter S. Thompson was born July 18, 1937, in Louisville, Kentucky. His father died when he was very young. As he was raised by an alcoholic mother, he started drinking himself when he was 11. He attended I.N. Bloom Elementary School and Atherton High School and after the death of his father he was transferred to Louisville Male High School. He joined the Athenaeum Literary Association the same year he got transferred. It was a school sponsored literary and social club having members from Louisville’s wealthiest families. The club included big names like Porter Bibb and Ted Turner. Thompson contributed articles and helped edit the year book, but he was thrown out of the club in 1955 due to his constant legal problems. He graduated when he was serving a six week sentence for robbery. This was not the first time he went to jail, but this is where his conflict with the law started. This conflict can be clearly seen in his writings, where he shows his constant connection with drugs, gangs and crime. A week after his release, he joined U.S. Air Force. Thompson did his basic training at Lackland Air Force Base in San Antonio, Texas. In 1956 he applied to become a pilot but got rejected and transferred to Eglin Air Force Base, near Pensacola, Florida. This is where his career in journalism began. He became sports editor for the base’s newspaper. Though it against Air Force Regulations to work outside, Thompson wrote for another sports magazine too. This was his style; he would always do something out of norm, rules and regulations. This style of Thompson’s can be clearly seen in his articles and even in his letters. He travelled with the football team around the U.S. covering its games. Though he excelled as a journalist he was always interested in literature. He was very much influenced by the writers of that time. Such as F. Scott Fitzgerald, Ernest Hemingway and Ayn Rand, but H.L. Mencken made the greatest influence on his career. His relationship with Kentucky also had a great impact on his writings. He had a very weird way of studying the writers he loved. In order to find out about the particular style of a writer, he used to transcribe his work on a typewriter. He typed “A farewell to arms” and “The Great Gatsby”. He also had a hobby of keeping record of all of his correspondences. His controversial life style, his drinking habits and use of drugs, made his weird writing habits and his flamboyant writing style. After receiving an honorable discharge from the Air Force in 1957, he started to work as a sports editor for a newspaper in Jersey Shore, Pennsylvania. After sometime he moved to New York and started attending Columbia University’s School Of General Studies. There he learned about
Introduction Migration of labor has already become an essential element of the global economic reality. Globalization, communication, transport, and opening borders facilitate the transfer of workforce from one part of the world to another. The United States has always been the world’s most attractive immigration target; and most studies were focused on the effects of immigration on the economic, social, and labor processes in the U.S. 1 The effects of immigration on other countries, including Japan, were persistently overlooked. Given the growing inflow of foreign workers to Japan, their effects on wages and career prospects need to be better understood. The main question to consider is why in the Japanese macroeconomic contexts, where the majority of foreign workers are limited to unskilled jobs, the skills and qualifications they develop over time have little effects on their economic and career advancement. Economic advancement of immigrants as the function of wages Wages as the key indicator of immigrants’ economic integration Japan is believed to be one of the “recently” immigrant countries. 2 In the article on human capital, wages, and immigration to Japan Takeyuki Tsuda discusses the effects of immigrant skills on their wage prospects and career advancement. Tsuda believes that the level of wages is the central indicator of immigrants’ economic integration in Japan. 3 This is mainly because immigrants bring their human and social skills to the host country, and the level of earnings they obtain in return reflects the degree to which these skills are accepted and used by the host society. 4 It is no wonder that changes in wages and earnings are at the heart of the economic debate concerning the patterns of immigration to Japan. The role of human capital in wage earnings Human capital theories have long been at the center of the immigration debate. Human capital, or skills, is believed to be the main factor of professional and career growth among immigrants. Tsuda writes that the human capital construct encompasses individual skills, education and qualifications, and experiences. 5 Previous studies of immigration to the United States showed that human capital determinants were the principal drivers of immigrants’ economic advancement in the host country. 6 These findings reflect and build on traditional models of wage determination, in which human capital accumulation drives the subsequent growth in wages. 7 However, Japan differs greatly from other countries of the world. Its immigration and macroeconomic contexts reduce the validity of traditional economic theories and models. It is possible to assume that skills, qualifications and experiences of immigrants to Japan play a minor role in their economic and professional advancement. Tsuda’s article and additional analysis will answer the following question: does human capital matter in immigrants’ economic and career advancement in Japan? Macroeconomic contexts and immigration
Arterial buckling is associated with the abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA). The disease can be caused by multiple contributing factors, including high blood pressure, aging, connective tissue disorders, atherosclerosis, genetic disease, and various pathologic changes in the arteries (Liu and Han 1192; Luetkemeyer et al. 70; Mrowiecki et al. 1258; Vandiver 1). However, despite the rise of the research on arterial buckling, its underlying mechanisms are still understudied (Lee et al. H873). The buckling instabilities in arteries are associated with high rates of mortality and disability, entailing healthcare, demographic, and socioeconomic problems. Given the detrimental consequences of this issue, this paper will focus on the exploration of arterial elastic instability and its relation to abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA). Despite the existence of some controversy in research findings related to arterial buckling, elastic instability of the aorta is identified as the major factor contributing to abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA). According to statistical data provided by Mrowiecki et al. (1258), an abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) occurs in approximately “8% of male patients over 60 years of age.” Aneurysm rupture is the most severe complication of abdominal aortic aneurysm, resulting in about 80% mortality. Elastic stability ensures healthy arterial functions and hemodynamic actions (Vandiver 2). The scales of the disease occurrence and its consequences predetermine the importance of research on elastic instability in arteries in general and the aorta in particular. For the proper understanding of interconnections between arterial elastic instability and abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA), the structure of the aortic walls should be considered. The aorta is the major artery in the human body that is divided by the diaphragm into the thoracic and abdominal aorta. Across the lifespan, the aorta transfers approximately 200 million liters of blood. Histologically, the walls of the aorta consist of three layers as follows: 1) a thin inner layer (tunica intima) lined with endothelium, 2) a thick layer (tunica media) characterized by the presence of elastin and collagen fibers, and 3) an outer layer (tunica adventitia) that contains mostly collagen, vasa vasorum, and lymph. Because of its elasticity, the aorta functions as a “pump” during diastole, ensuring the coronary perfusion. The aorta possesses elastic stability and strength due to such extracellular components as collagen and elastin (Vandiver 1). Aortic elastin is primarily included in the extracellular matrix at the early stages of embryonic development. Elastic fibers are composed of cross-linked monomers and elastin-containing proteins, such as fibrillin-1, which are organized into a thin elastic membrane. Elastin is one of the most stable structural components of the aortic extracellul
Introduction For many years, companies, businesses, individual, and other entities have used fossil fuels, which release carbon dioxide during combustion. Carbon dioxide is a gas that emanates from the reaction of oxygen and carbon during combustion of fossil fuels. However, carbon dioxide is not friendly to the environment as it leads to various negative effects such as pollution and global warming. The environmental effects caused by extensive release of carbon dioxide compelled countries and environmental activists to look for ways of reducing consumption and the use of fossil fuels, as they contain high amounts of carbon. Some of the strategies used include legislations such as the Kyoto protocol, which is an agreement imposed on developed countries to minimize the amounts of carbon fuels used by their industries (Lungerfold, 2010). Another important strategy was the introduction of carbon taxes, a cost effective technique where countries pay a certain amount of tax depending on the level of carbon dioxide that they emit from fossil fuels into the environment. The prime goal of carbon taxing strategy is to reduce the negative environmental impacts of carbon dioxide. Therefore, this proposal explains the economic impact and effectiveness of carbon taxes in environmental protection. Literature Review The effects of carbon dioxide and greenhouse gases such as global warming, destruction of the ozone layer, acid rains, and pollution of air forced states and environmental activists to devise strategies of minimizing the effects of carbon dioxide on the environment. Among the strategies devised is the use of carbon taxes, which is a form of tax charged on the amount of carbon emissions released into the environment (Hsu, 2012). The strategy is a market-based option whose main objective is to help mitigate the negative impacts of carbon dioxide and conserve the environment. States and countries apply carbon taxes on delivery, supply, and manufacture of products. In addition, application of the strategy extends to the use of fuels and the amount of carbon emitted in the process of production. Tisdell (2005) argues that, “the imposition of the carbon tax is to reduce the rise in the level of atmospheric carbon dioxide and prevent the onset of the greenhouse effect, which is a public issue of global warming” (p. 194). Therefore, carbon taxing is a cost effective and environmen
Introduction Data and Information are the basis to gain knowledge. Understanding what and why a person is performing a certain act often raises curiosity. My relationship with my girlfriend has gone through an emotional turmoil and yet it always comes back to the ‘lovey-dovey’ relationship it had been before. Therefore by studying why a person as important as my girlfriend chooses to do something at a certain time, I want to reduce the uncertainty of the situation by gathering information beforehand thus applying it when the time comes. Analysis Information Acquisition is the name given to the process of gathering information about a specific situation. Companies might want to know what their competitors are doing thus they acquire information through legal yet sometimes unethical means. A presidential candidate may want to know about the election dates, self popularity, chances of winning etc. As an individual, information can be acquired to get a job in a firm, learn about a certain thing, reduce uncertainty for an unknown situation etc. Thus from examples given above information acquisition for interpersonal communication can be explained as methodology to learn about a situation, a means of uncertainty reduction and strategy to predict the outcome of a specific situation thus enabling a person to take strategic decisions (Benczúr, 2005). Uncertainty reduction theorists have identified four general strategies people use to acquire information and reduce uncertainty. These strategies are passive observation, asking others, direct interaction and environmental structuring. Passive Observation Being in the first semester of my university, I felt physically attracted to one particular girl in my Math class. To shy to approach her directly and have no such prior experience I felt at a loss. Also without any friends at that early stage I felt even more uncertain of the situation since there are a “number of possible alternative ways of behaving and believing when strangers meet” (Berger, 1975). Questions like ‘what would I say’, ‘would she even like me’ and ‘am I good enough for her’ continuously propped in my mind whenever I saw her. Though out that semester I assumed the role of a passive observer, catching her every move, yet making sure not to let her catch my glimpse. I learned about her eating habits, her likes and dislikes, time she spent at the university, what other classes she took. I felt amazed that I could learn so much only through observation. Berger (1979) explains this as a non-obtrusive process where “reactivity search, social comparison and dis-inhibition search” is undertaken to acquire infor