ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Media links people and the government:   * Provides political information   * Facilitates political decisions   * Analyzes political leaders and their capabilities   * Avails the history and prospects of leaders   * Informs the public about government plans and projects (Limaye et al., 2020) Media plays an important role in the provision of information to the public regarding the quality of their leaders and empowers citizens to make informed decisions during the election period (Cheng et al., 2017). Political information concerning their leaders helps citizens develop the right attitudes towards the leaders and government. Sets the public agenda:   * Agenda setting   * Agenda cutting   * Determines priorities in the legislative arena (Malecki et al., 2021)   * Provides information on government activities   * Provides facts and realities The public depends on the media for the provision of information to support their decisions and opinion regarding government performance (Limaye et al., 2020). What the media decides to highlight and cover determines the information available to the public and subsequent priorities in the legislative arena. Promotes the free exchange of opinions and ideas:   * Enhances sharing of ideas   * Determines government operations   * Influences government agenda   * Criticizes and investigates government decisions   * Encourages negotiation with the government The media facilitates a smooth flow of information between the government and its citizens creating room for better understanding (Limaye et al., 2020). It ensures that the government knows what the public expects from its activities while citizens learn about the potential of their leaders. Controls the government activities:   * Evaluates whether the government is meeting its obligations   * Highlights the public interest   * Interviews government leaders   * Collects public opinion   * Provides feedback to the public and government Media plays an important role in appraising and overseeing the activities of the government based on public expectations (Malecki et al., 2021). This encourages officials to remain focused on the achievement of their promises and objectives. Supports well-functioning democracy:   * Promotes transparency and enhances accountability (Cheng et al., 2017)   * Reports election development   * Encourages debate between candidates and parties   * Promotes the communication of opinions and concerns   * Provides information on the election process Media helps voters know the progress of an election process and counting of voters, ensuring accountability and transparency (Cheng et al., 2017). It makes it difficult for dishonest leaders to engage in irregularities and compromise the credibility of an election. Media provides a communication platform to enhance understanding:   * Magazines and newspapers serve as forums to support political discourse   * Televisions and radio briefs provide a platform for the expression of ideas (Limaye et al., 2020)   * Media brings political and gov
Introduction Feminist theory considers ways in which physical differences between men and women are used by culture and social structure to show that women are allocated inferior and degrading activities such as motherhood and secretary. They are subjugated to stereotypes, which portrays them as weak and emotionally dependent on men. Women are often excluded from public activities and relegated to private domain of the home. Finally, women are ascribed specific feminine qualities and identity through socialization so that women live in a state of false consciousness. Position of Women in the Society The critique of women’s position in society and culture goes back to the writings of Mary Wollonstonecraft in a publication entitled ‘a vindication of the rights of women, Stuart Mill “ the subjugation of women ” and Karl Marx and Fredrick Engels (1884) “ the origin of private property, the family and the state ” (Lise 11). Engels showed that women’s subjection began with the rise of private property. Using Marx and Engels, feminist scholars view women subjection as a product of the overall exploitation and injustices that are found in capitalist societies (Rowbotham 25). However, radical feminist scholars view the oppression of women as inevitable in all male dominated societies. Political and economic power is concentrated in male hands because there is substantial social differentiation between the sexes. Functionalists and feminists theories do conceive that it is impossible to change quickly the gender roles without revising the social structure. For functionalists, if there is change in the social structure, social disorder will be inevitable but for conflict theorists, no social structure is safe if it is maintained by oppressing a majority of its citizens (Rowbotham 71). Women in History From the pre-industrial epoch, men were powerful because of their physical strength and freedom from childbearing duties that allowed them to dominate women physically. Cultural beliefs support a social structure which puts men in dominant positions hence from early childhood children are socialized to accept traditional gender roles as natural and just. Using Marx class analysis, males are like the bourgeoisie because they own and control most of the society’s wealth, prestige and power. Females are as the proletariat who are the subjects, work under the directives of the bourgeoisies (men), exploited and their culture is devalued (Brenner 43). This means that men’s work is valued and most of the women’s work, particularly in the home is devalued. Feminist scholars have challenged the stereotyping of women and argued for a gender balance study of society in which women’s experiences and contributions are as visible as those of men are. In a study of positions of men and women in paid labor, it was concluded that most workers are found i
Summary In the year 1966, Mao Zedong felt that the leaders of the communist party in china were leading not only the party but the entire country in the wrong direction. 1 He, therefore, decided to initiate a revolution that would lead the country back to its traditional leadership style, where power is not with the bourgeoisie but with the people. His call was for the youth to eliminate all the foreign and new elements in Chinese society and bring back the spirit that had won them the civil war decades before. 2 With the help of other radical leaders such as Lin Biao, he mobilized the youths to form paramilitary groups, which they called the Red Guards, to fight against the bourgeoisie mentality perpetrated by the then leaders of the CCP, Liu Shaoqi, and Deng Xiaoping. 3 The Red Guards formed by the youths later disintegrated into different factions, all of which fighting for supremacy. This forced Mao to bring in the army to help in restoring order in the country. The army pushed all the youth paramilitary groups to the rural areas, subduing the movement. 4 Out of these groups, there emerged a radical group that envisioned a new thought of the revolution. They called themselves Shengwulian and were based in Hunan Province. 5 They were opposed to both the ideologies of Mao and the other leaders of the party. According to them, the revolution was about one class overthrowing the other. 6 They also added that “the revolution had turned the relationship between the people and party leaders from that of leaders and the led to that of rulers and the ruled and between exploiters and the exploited.” 7 Response I think Mao’s intentions were good but his approach was dictatorial. He envisioned a nation where all the citizens are equal. He detested the leadership that was in power at the time for their bourgeoisie spirit and wanted all the citizens to live as one equal community. However, his use of the military in the suppression of the Red Guards was uncalled for. That was very autocratic. He should have listened to all their grievances and consolidated them into a philosophy that would help him lead them as a united group. Worse still, his betrayal of a former ally, Liu Biao, portrayed him as a very selfish individual whose only interest was power. He interpreted Liu’s actions as a way of usurping his position. As a result, he decided to go after him, causing his death. Liu was involved in a fatal plane crash while fleeing from Mao. Critique M
A prominent Australian athlete Joanna Stone disclosed the income of $39 832 that she earned while working as a police officer. It should be noted that she was employed in the Queensland Police Force on a full-time basis. Yet, at the same time, she was a distinguished javelin thrower who represented Australia at various international competitions. This person stated that she had received $136,448 as a result of her athletic activities. In particular, these receipts took the form of prize money, grants, and sponsorship fees. In turn, the Federal Commissioner of Taxation believed that these payments had to be classified as income; therefore, they could not be exempt from taxation. Joanna Stone disagreed with this interpretation and stated that this money had not been derived from business activities. So, these assets should not be taken into account by the state. This case was tried at different levels, and this paper is aimed at examining the decision of the Full Federal Court. One should keep in mind that this verdict was later reversed by the High Court. Overall, it is vital to understand the line of reasoning that the judges followed while examining this dispute. Joanna Stone believed that these earnings had to be exempt from taxation because they had not been derived from her professional activities, in particular, her employment in the police force. More importantly, she claimed that her athletic activities had to be viewed as a hobby, rather than a business. Overall, Joanna Stone did not perceive herself as a professional athlete. In turn, the Commissioner argued that she had been actually engaged in business activity because she exploited her talent to earn money. Even though she was employed as a police officer, she had sufficient reasons to believe that her participation in athletic tournaments could generate revenues for her. Therefore, she had to include these earnings in the income statement. These are some of the main arguments that were put forward. Thus, the two sides differed considerably in their interpretation of the main question. Furthermore, they could not reach any compromise regarding the legal status of the payments that this athlete received. There were several important questions that judges had to answer. At first, they had to determine if the payments received by Joanna Stone could be viewed as income. Nevertheless, this task gave rise to a different question. In particular, the court had to decide if the athletic activities of this person could be regarded as a form of business. These issues were critical for understanding what kind of payments had to be included in the income state
The stakeholders of the case In the case under consideration reveals the problem of the foreign trade, where there is confrontation between the domestic and foreign manufactures. In that regard, the parties concerned here are the furniture makers from the United States and the Chinese intermediaries. It should be also mentioned that the International Trade Commission is also concerned with this dispute in economic and financial terms. It is obvious that the low prices for the Chinese furniture create a rigid competition and deprive the domestic companies from the large segment at the American market. The producers realize the negative impact of the imported good on the trade situation in the United States. Furthermore, the introduction of low prices also influence on the decreasing demand on their products and thus on the profitability of their products. Regarding this, the domestic furniture makers refer to the price decrease as to dumping activity so that, eventually, their concern is legally approved. It is important to mention that the introduction of the low-priced furniture could also impose some injuries on the domestic industry development and therefore, it may damage the economic and financial situation in the country. Considering the Chinese makers’ situation, their low price policy is the only to survive on the international market. This is especially problematic for small companies to penetrate to the foreign commerce and to remain their high competitiveness of the company. The export management intermediaries are the most successful method to access the globe market. Judging upon the case, the Chinese low prices are approved by the low-priced workers and the high-tech equipment thus showing the manufactures’ attempt to maximize the success of the imported goods. In addition, as the wooden production captures a significant niche of international trade, the high-quality of the goods and the low cost-efficiency are the only way-out in this situation. The consequences of the tariff imposing on the Chinese furniture Being a small company, Chinese furniture makers will be able to survive if they were imposed by the higher tariffs by ITC. Hence, the Chinese import is doomed to be a failure, as initially their penetration was carried out independently without help of the intermediary companies. Therefore, the new tariffs could hamper the development of the foreign import and lead to the bankruptcy of the import business as well. On the other hand, the introduction of tariffs contributes to the stabilization
The Algerian Revolution was marked by the cruelty and violence on the part of the French colonizers and Algerian anti-colonial liberation movements striving to free Algeria from the French invaders. From 1954 to 1962 both French and Algerian civil people suffered from the intense and severe confrontation between the two oppositions that strived to gain dominance on the territory. The Battle of Algiers is a 1966 award-winning movie that brightly depicts the harassment experienced by innocent people at that time. The director of the picture, Gillo Pontecorvo, has managed to render violence and terrorism on the part of both French soldiers and Algerian rebellion movements. The themes and ideas rendered in the film are closely associated with those represented by French psychologist and philosopher Frantz Fanon and Hannah Arendt, a German political theorist. Both outstanding philosophers have their own vision on violence and power, but Pontecorvo’s picture both supports and challenges Fanon’s deliberation on the importance of violence, and Arendt theory on nature of power and violence. The Battle of Algiers confronts the dilemma of terrorism, harassment, and racism as the only means of controlling and dominating. The French movement applies to terrorism for the Algerian civilians to provoke fear among humble people. In response, the Algerian National Liberation Front (NLF) calls the civilians to fight against the colonists by the same methods. Specific attention can be given to a scene when women hide bags with bombs in public places where French civilians usually have rest. Though these French people are innocent, the liberation movement still decides to resort to deterrence to make the French authorities believe that their power can be destroyed. Being the member of the Algerian National Liberation Front, Frantz Fanon also defended the right of the colonized people to resort to violence in their fight for independence. In his book called The Wretched of the Earth , Fanon justifies the rights of the colonized territories to exercise violence against the invaders: “the colonized, who have made up their mind to make such an agenda in a driving force, have been prepared for violence from time immemorial” ( The Wretched of the Earth 3). Hence, as soon as colonized people are born, they are entit
Introduction Regulatory technical standards (RTS) are requirements, procedures, and practices aimed towards the governing structure on the use of European Market Infrastructure Regulation (EMIR). Regulatory technical standards promote the utilization of the verification principles characterized in the regulatory models. This guarantees that distinguishing proofs and validation instruments are deployed while depending on the current framework to achieve cost proficiency. The compelling utilization of these apparatuses implies that third party agents can offer an indistinguishable dimension of security and insurance like most bank organizations. RTS ensures that client verification must be utilized during online transactions. As a result, bank institutions and other payment agencies must establish a fundamental foundation for strong customer authentication (SCA). By implication, departments of fraud management would be active, when clients and merchants learn how to operate under the SCA condition. RTS deals with consumer authentication and a secured connection. The implementation process aims to validate the recommendations of the draft committee. The highlights of the RTS include active consumer authentication, third-party access, and fraudulent reporting. In the context of customer authentication, the RTS recommends steps for electronic transactions ( Draft regulatory technical standards on disclosure , 2017). However, the recommendations provide exceptions, such as transaction threshold, risk analysis, unattended terminals, trusted beneficiaries, and lower value operations. For third-party access, payment merchants are welcome to use a screen-scraping or application programming interface. The Commission recommends models for fraud reporting. Based on this context, online risk analysis is calculated using payment patterns, transaction history, the location of exchange agents (payer and payee), user logs, and activity profile. These features enable accurate and real-time fraud assessment. Implementing technical standards must be updated and examined under legitimate structures of payment. Client validation is based on two components, which are arranged as information, ownership, and inherence. This component forms the client authentication code. Based on this context, bank organizations will guarantee that the verification process is carried out under their regulations. The regulations stipulate the number of customer authentication that can be allowed and such authorization must not surpass five attempts. Consequently, correspondence sessions are secure
Introduction Business growth contributes to economic development of a nation (Rob, 1998, p. 1). However, in U.S.A., the alarm bells are ringing on the failing rate of successful companies. It is estimated that, the rate is three times quicker than three decades ago. Specifically, in the last decade, over 80 percent of successful companies are either in declining or stagnating stages (Gregory and John, 2007, P. 2). The affected sectors include financial services, transport and construction companies (Dunn and Bradstreet special report, 2011; 2010). The concern is: why do successful companies fail? and thus the backbone of this analysis. Causes of companies’ failure The companies histories of failure are well documented in the literature. The causes can be classified into five major groups: financial, economic, marketing, external environements and managerial related factors (Patsula, 2001; Parsa, et al., 2005).First, companies fail due to external climatic variations making daily operation challenging and stopping futuristic view of companies’. In fact, no management time is allocated in forecasting looming survival difficulties even though they are long term (Gregory and John, 2007, p. 10;). Second, failures arise due to in-bound inflexibility to risk- failure to predict market trends. As firms’ age or stiffen over time, they tend to look for status quo, and only risk aversion becomes a concern to them limiting their market operation and visioning (Gregory and John, 2007, p. 11). Third, breeding of good supervision disease is common between failures. They are considered market place ‘myopia’ and are guided only by external customer’s burden and stock market alerts (Gregory and John, 2007, p. 11; Ram and Jerry, 2002, p. 2). Fourth, these firms not only limit planning improvements, but also they are not ready to capture the variability of today’s business environment. They build prior plans on assumption of static future, precision budgeting is thenorm, plans are outdated and inwardly focused on past events and finally every dot is measured and reported with little focus on improvement. In fact, they have in-built owner stresses, low human capacity, and limited technological improvements (Parsa et al., 2005, p. 305; Gregory and John, 2007, p. 12; Patsula, 2001). Fifth, most firms fail due to financial constraints following inadequate accounting records, pathetic financial conditions, and poor organizational culture. This result in limited access to loans which limits organisation expansion capacity. In fact, they take more time to act agaist slow payment from larger firms than small businesses. Lack of finance result in finacial stresses like: debt, high cost of goods sold, and small profitability (Parsa, et al., 2005). Finally, physical position and competitive environments attributes