ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Modeling is crucial in economics because it is used in place of the real experiments that could be expensive, time consuming, and dangerous. Mathematical models describe situations with a few words using tools and theorems for making general statements. Here, the focus is on how to explicitly state assumptions with a clear and precise ease of making multi dimensionality descriptions. In economics different mathematical models have been developed to address certain market trends and behaviors such as demand and supply with time. One such is the models related to competitive markets. The product demand and supply and price changes are dynamic aspects of the system and can be modeled through a differential equation with a constant solution referred to as the equilibrium of the equation. Here, x( t ) = f ( x ) (equilibrium equation)- definition Based on the above definition, the linear differential equation can be expressed as: x + u (t) = w (t) In this case, w (t) and u (t) are functions of t in the above expression. The homogeneous case here is u (t) =a and w (t) =0 giving the solution for the differential expression: x + ax =0 as x (t) =Ae -at . In this case A is taken as an arbitrary constant. The case for a non-homogeneous situation is x + ax = b where b≠0 and a =0,as solution is x (t) =bt +A providing a solution with known initial state x(0) as given by: x (t) = e -at +b/a A typical example is the demand and supply mentioned in the above scenario. The dynamics of a price of a single commodity is considered. The demand and supply function is stated as below: Q d =a 1 -b 1 P, Q s =a 2 -b 2 P, both satisfy the condition a j , b j >0. In the above expressions, Q d and Q s are respective values for the demand and supply for the given price P within the parameters a j and b j . If the price changes are taken with the changes in time t, excess demand proportional to the time t is Q d – Q s expressed as P (t) =m (((Q d (t) – Q s (t))), where m>0 When substituted: P (t) + m (b 1 +b 2 ) P = m (a 1 +a 2 ) giving the solution shown here: In this case Satisfying the general case: In this case, the problem related to the above model is demand and supply of a product and its effect on price with time illustrated as x ( t ) = f ( x ).
The differences in cultural values are closely connected to the perception of structural violence. It can be easily explained by the fact that culture determines the concepts of power, authority, justice, suffering, oppression, and other ideas related to the understanding of violence. One of the most significant determinants of cultural values is religion. For example, Haitians, who are primarily Roman Catholics and Protestants, promote patriarchy (i.e., inferiority of women compared to men) (Hall 221, 265). The same can be said about the UAE. However, there is one significant difference between these countries: In the case of the UAE, the Islamic religion is an indispensable element of everyday life (Walker and Butler 61). Both Haiti and the UAE are susceptible to the risk of structural violence. However, in the case of Haiti, structural suffering is a cultural phenomenon connected to the historical background of the country and the changes in the gender system because of economic and social transformations (Duramy 103). On the other hand, when speaking of the UAE, this problem is related to particular social groups, such as maids or street workers. In most cases, they are immigrants. Violence against them is based on exploitation and social inequality when it comes to paying for their work (Human Rights Watch par. 5; Kymlicka and Pföstl 177). The correlation between cultural differences and structural violence is a subject commonly investigated by anthropologists. For instance, Paul Farmer believes that these two concepts are closely connected. His primary argument comes down to abusing culture as a concept. It means that structural violence is in the nature of some cultures (e.g., gender or caste inequality), so it can remain unquestioned. Because of this, the suffering of the poor or women can be ignored by wealthier and more influential individuals, and their suffering is promoted as a cultural phenomenon (Farmer 280). This paper sheds light on this problem as it proves that it is culture-related, according to the above-mentioned examples of Haiti and the UAE. Works Cited Duramy, Benedetta. Violence in Haiti: Path from Victims to Agents, New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 2014. Print. Farmer, Paul. “On Suffering and Structural Violence: The View from Below.” Daedalus 125.1 (1996): 261-283. Print. Hall, Michael R. Historical Difference of Haiti, New York: The Scarecrow Press, 2012. Print. Human Rights Watch. Abuse and Exploitation of Female Migrant Domestic Workers in the United Arab Emirates. 2014. Web. Kymlicka, Will, and Eva Pföstl. Multiculturalism and Minority Rights in the Arab World, New York:
Introduction Leadership is an important aspect of management in any organizational setting. In most of the cases, many people are unaware of their leadership capabilities and practices. Northouse (2010) says that it is important for a person to understand his leadership capabilities and practices in order to offer effective guidance to the followers. As a leader one must understand that followers are human beings with feelings that should be respected. However, this can only happen if one is conscious of self-activities and how they affect others. This makes self-assessment very important for a leader to understand the strengths and weaknesses in order to know how to offer effective guidance to the followers. In this critical writing, I will conduct a self-assessment assignment to determine my leadership qualities and capabilities. Body My Background I will start by conducting a comprehensive analysis of my background in order to understand the factors that might have defined my leadership qualities in one way or the other. I am currently living in … where I was born. I have spent almost all my entire life in this city. However, I have travelled to various cities in North America, Europe, and parts of Africa. I am currently working as the senior supervisor in the human resource department at Green Hopes at its headquarters in …. I have worked in a number of other institutions in various capacities. I have experienced both formal and informal leadership in my life. At home, I had to learn leadership skills in order to direct my younger siblings. When I proceeded to school, I held various leadership positions before becoming the head prefect in my final year in high school. Currently, I am a leader tasked with supervising other employees at Green Hopes. Self-Confidence Self-confidence is one of the most important factors that define leadership. I conducted a self-assessment to determine my confidence levels. Biswas, Srivastava and Giri (2007) notes, it is necessary that I assess my current position with regard to self-confidence as a leader to know where I need to improve. These scholars identify self-expression, public speaking, and ability to listen to others as some of the examples of aspects of self-confidence. Currently, I believe I have made massive steps towards developing self-confidence, and on a scale of 1-5, I give myself a score of 4. This is so because I do appreciate that I have a room for improvement even though I have mastered the art of making speeches and expressing myself without fear. As a leader, this means a lot to me to be a confident person who can express himself without fear. It means that I am able to share my ideas freely with my junior and superiors. This confidence also makes me a good listener. As a leader, I can take a number of initiatives to improve my self-confidence at my workplace. To do this, I will need to engage in public speaking, especially when announcing new concepts to my juniors. Leadership Traits, Skills and Styles According to Dwivedi (2006), understanding leadership traits, skills, and styles makes it possible to underst
Informatics in the nursing profession is the use of the modern system of science and technology in acquiring knowledge in regard to better caregiving to the patients. (McGonigle & Mastrian, 2015). Information technology usually requires a person to have knowledge in computer science. Nurses, therefore, need to access knowledge in computer and information technology as the basis for enhancing information transfer. The computers need to be fitted with internet accessories for the ease of sending and receiving information. The nurses too will need to be computer literate for them to utilize the modern means of acquiring information (Choi & De Martinis, 2013). When this is met, nurses can get the information via mail, internet conferencing and other electronic means of communication. The ease of communication between nurses will enhance the information regarding taking care of the patients. Electronic health record (EHR) is the use of computer in recording the health history of a patient. The electronic storage has both the good and the bad effect of the patient information. A benefit of the EHR information system is that the patient information can be generated in a specific period and help in managing the disease. Secondly, the transfer of information is easier as nurses can easily send them to another caregiver where a need for consultation arises (Choi & De Martinis, 2013). The process is possible and also improves the quality and privacy of storing patient information. On the other hand, a risk of outsiders engaging in the information system the access to the information by unauthorized people (McGonigle & Mastrian, 2015). The effect can arise when the nurse forgets to move from the information page when leaving the office room. The government, via the legislative authority, has enacted several laws that would help in the development of information and technology in the nursing profession. One of the acts is the HITECH that gives us as nurses to freely develop our profession via the study and use of information technology services. The HITECH Act guarantees the nurses a go ahead with the quality improvement by the use of IT in sharing information and storing important patient information (Choi & De Martinis, 2013). On the other hand, the Act offers difficulty penalties on nurses who use the information Technology in ways that might lower the esteem of the patients (McGonigle & Mastrian, 2015). The law thus acts as a watchdog on the nurses’ use of information techn
Communication is a very essential tool in all kinds of business to facilitate passage of information between managers and employees. The learning team charter is significant in group work not only in business organizations but also in learning institutions and it therefore emphasizes on the importance of effective communication during team work. In order to facilitate effective group communication, the employment of communication technologies is essential. One of the common forms of technology used is the use of internet which is a global communication method employing the use of computers and network connections to provide access to information to all users. The internet cannot only be used to provide information, but also provide a channel of communication through social networks and other various systems of communicating through the internet. Internet communication in group work is advantageous in that the members of the group can perform different tasks at once (Locker and Kienzler 2008, p. 125). For instance, one can be searching for certain information from the internet and at the same time using it to communicate to other group members through the use of direct chat messaging service. In addition, accessing information from the internet is much easier and faster than other systems such as books from the library. However, one must be sure to collect information from reliable sources since most of the information available from the internet may not be reliable and as a result the team may fail to support their work due to lack of valid references. Similarly, internet information may lack proper organization which may lead to unproductive research on the part of the team members. Another disadvantage associated with internet use is the possibilities of encountering technical difficulties which may lead to loss of the web pages being used. Unavailability of archive records is also a major setback because the internet contains more of the recent information. The second technology that could be used in group work to promote effective communication is the use of telephones. With the increasing advancements in technology, telephones have seen their remarkable development over the years. The introduction of cell phones has been received greatly all over the globe due to its portability properties. This makes cell phones much more convenient in communicating since everyone is able to carry a cell phone whenever and wherever. Additionally, cell phones have such properties as emails, messaging services and voice mails among others. These features put group members in a better position to communicate with each other at all times in order to make their work much more effective (McCann 2005, p. 50). Some cellular phones also 2have the feature of ringing together more than two people in a phone conversation. However, cell phones have disadvantages as well. They are known to be a very common cause of distract
M. Umer Chapra works at the Islamic Research and Training Institute of the Islamic Development Bank. His book, Muslim civilization: the causes of decline and the need for reform deals with the downfall of the Muslim nations throughout history. The book encompasses the multitude of aspects of the phenomenon, including economic, social, educational, scientific, and cultural. The book has a very broad chronological scope, viewing the Muslim civilization in its entirety rather than focusing on a single historical period. However, it does not adhere to chronological order. Instead, it is divided thematically into three distinctive parts. The first, comprised of the first two chapters, describes the rise of the Muslim civilization. The second, encompassing chapters three through six, details its decline and its various aspects. They are economic, which, according to the author, occurred because of the authorities’ unwise policies and unfair taxation (Umer Chapra 2008, p. 89); educational and scientific, which is attributed to the decline in financial support, the subsequent inability of the private sector to sustain the education and the unacceptable views forced on the public by rationalists (Umer Chapra 2008, p. 99); and social, which is caused by straying from the absolute moral law contained in Qur’an, but is arguably universal (Umer Chapra 2008, p. 137). The third part laid out entirely in the final chapter, describes the proposed solution – the political reform that will, in turn, lead to positive changes in other fields, triggering the cultural and spiritual development inhibited by the current state of events (Umer Chapra 2008, p. 171). Umer Chapra clearly emphasizes the theological and philosophical side of the problem, stating that the central reason for the decline is the abandonment or distortion of moral and social principles laid out in the Qur’an (Umer Chapra 2008, p. xx). The methodological part of the book is finely crafted, with reliable sources for all the presented data. The Qur’an is used not as a religious item, but rather as a set of guidelines which, if properly addressed, can potentially avert future crises like that described in the book. The author even emphasizes the negative consequences of using the Qur’an as a literal set of instructions (Umer Chapra 2008, p. 160) and provides examples of positive outcomes of adherence to its philosophy (Umer Chapra 2008, p. 38). The author also makes some strong points to support his claims, like drawing convincing parallels between democracy and Khilafah (Umer Chapra 2008, p. 56). However, some of his other conclusions are of questionable validity and a somewhat utopian nature, like the suggestion to radically change taxation without proposing a valid method to do so (Umer Chapra 2008, p. 89). The final chapter is speculative, theorizing on the possible outcome of suggested changes rather than providing hard data or a conclusive summary. Besides, the reliance on a religious text in the discussion of a scientific matter can
Introduction It is worth noting that culture is diverse, and it includes everything that was created by a group of people throughout its historical development. The study of culture occurs through the analysis of its elements such as language, values, norms, customs, traditions, and many other aspects (Basáñez, 2016). The purpose of this paper is to discuss the building blocks of a culture that is different from that of the author of this writing. Discussion Indian culture is significantly different from the culture of the author of this paper in many ways. In particular, these differences may be observed in such building blocks as values, norms, and language. Values are one of the main blocks of the Indian culture, and they imply a set of socially significant preferences to which the social group gives priority. Values demonstrate the importance that certain objects, relations, phenomena, norms, and ideals have for that group of people (Basáñez, 2016). Norms are another building block in which one may observe the characteristic features of Indian culture. They regulate people’s behavior and its standards in accordance with the values of Indian culture. Also, language is an equally important aspect that may be observed in any cultural group. It is an objective form of accumulation, preservation, and transmission of human experience. Hindi is spoken by the majority of the Indian population, and it reflects all the changes that occur in society. Values of the Indian culture are quite different from that of Western culture. This is reflected in such aspects as relation to family, relationships within society, and so on. Based on the author’s observation, in Indian culture, people give high priority to the way other individuals perceive them and restrict their behavior based on the attitudes of others. In Western culture, people are more open-minded and focus more on their individual needs and worldview (Basáñez, 2016). Apart from that, in Indian culture, people care more about their family members than they do about themselves and are, generally, more attached to their family. In Western culture, people tend to become independent and separate from their nuclear family quite early. In terms of norms, Indian culture may be considered more conservative, and people’s behavior depends on the customs and traditions. For instance, it is rather common to arrange marriages, and women still may have fewer possibilities than men do. However, importantly, Indian culture is striving for equality in all aspects of living (Baldwin, Means Coleman, González, & Shenoy-Packer, 2014). In Western culture, love marriages are common, and equality is highly promoted on all levels. Apart from tha
Introduction Background Online retailing has gained massive growth over the past decades as many people find it to be the most convenient way of purchasing various items that they need. According to Pauzi et al. (2017), NetMarket (Internet Shopping Network) was the first company to conduct a secure retail transaction in an online platform in 1994. Amazon.com followed the same path a year later in 1995 when it launched its online shopping site, specifically for books before expanding its product portfolio. Later the same year, eBay joined the market as the usage of internet became more common. At the time when these three firms started their operations, most of the dominant retailers, such as Walmart, offered their products using the brick-and-mortar business model. The executives of these large retail stores did not believe that there was a meaningful potential in the online platform. As such, they ignored it for over a decade as they focused on expanding their physical outlets in major cities and towns around the world. During that period, online retailing continued to grow exponentially, especially in developed economies. Various factors contributed to the rapid growth of online grocery retailing. Walker and Lee (2020) explains that the number of those in gainful employment in the United Kingdom has been growing rapidly over the recent past. It is common to find both parents working in the modern society, unlike in the past when men were viewed as the primary breadwinners (Singleton et al., 2020). Some of them are forced to take two or three jobs to ensure that they earn enough to provide for the needs of their families. As such, they rarely have time to physically visit these brick-and-mortar stores to purchase groceries they need. The online platform offers the best opportunity for them to buy these items. While in office or when at home, they can easily order for their groceries through various platforms currently available and their goods will be delivered to their homes or at their office. The need for convenience has seen many people opt to purchase their products through these platforms (Pitts et al., 2020). It is also important to note that one can easily compare product prices by visiting various platforms and selecting the one that they believe offer the best value. The outbreak of COVID-19 has led to a massive growth of online marketplace. As health experts continued to warn people against physical interactions, many people had to find alternative ways of purchasing their groceries. When the government used lockdowns as a means of minimizing movement and interaction of people to help lower the spread of the virus, many were left with no option but to purchase their products through online platforms. During this period, online retailers experi
Inferno is one of the most influential works concerning world perception. During his “voyage,” the author specifically illustrated the worst phenomena of society: the people who deserve to pass their future in Hell. In Canto V, Dante described his moral shock when observing the middle-level sinners accused in adult connections with married people, When we read how the longed-for smile was kissed by so renowned a lover, this man, who never shall be parted from me, ‘all trembling, kissed me on my mouth. A Galeotto was the book and he that wrote it. That day we read in it no further.’ While the one spirit said this the other wept, so that for pity I swooned as if in death (Dante 36). However, when he came to those sinners who deserved being dipped in boiled resin in Canto XXII, the “second” Dante was not frightened by the whole process. On the contrary, he literally described his observes on this circle of Hell, I saw, and still my heart doth shudder at it, One waiting thus, even as it comes to pass One frog remains, and down another dives; And Graffiacan, who most confronted him, Grappled him by his tresses smeared with pitch, And drew him up, so that he seemed an otter (Dante 144). As a result, there is a significant difference observed in Dante’s attitude to the notion of voyage compared with actual interpretation. More specifically, Dante settled and achieved the goal to describe society’s main issues of that time. On the contrary, the author uses voyage to observe the particular case, where only one individual is analyzed from the voyager’s perspective. Work Cited Dante, H.W. Longfellow, M. Pearl. Inferno: The Longfellow Translation . Modern Library, 2003.