ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction The early modern era of the European history existed between the 15 th and 19 th centuries (1400-1800). This essay analyses this period in the European history. It points out historical events at the time, some of which continue to shape the image of Europe to date. Some of the events highlighted include the renaissance, significant individuals of the time, Christianity, Christian reformations and inquisitions, discovery and trade, commercial revolution and development of philosophy. According to Michelet & Alonzo (186), the transition from the medieval to the modern period was marked by a number of events. One remarkable feature of the events of this time was wars of conquests. With the advent of mercantilism, this was one way of increasing and accumulating wealth by the empires. In 1415, the Portuguese attacked and conquered Ceuta. In 1453, the Ottoman Empire conquered the city of Constantinople. In the year 1492, the great explorer Christopher Columbus led a Spanish fleet into discovering the Americas. In 1494, France, under King Charles the 8 th attacked Italy. Four years later, Vasco de Gamma led a Portuguese fleet to India. In 1517, Martin Luther began the famous reformations of the church, with his criticisms mainly targeting the excesses of the Roman Catholic Church. In 1532, Machiavelli, widely acclaimed as the father of political science, published his first works ‘The Prince’. The last and probably most significant event was the signing of the Peace Treaty of Westphalia in 1968. The Renaissance It was during the early modern era that Europe experienced emergence of diverse cultural developments, many of which were a break-away from traditional practices of the medieval period. The renaissance can therefore be accredited for paving the way to early modern civilization in Europe. This cultural movement began in Italy in the 14 th century before spreading to the rest of Europe in the subsequent centuries. The movement, which as earlier noted was in an effort to beak away from long-held traditions, was opposed to the method of learning that was based on classical sources in exchange of sources that were more empirical and relevant at the time. It also touched on painting, which was a popular art then. It advocated for adoption of linear perspective in art and wide-ranging educational reforms (Prapantja 342). Significant Individuals Johannes Gutenberg invented the mechanical printing press in 1439, having pioneered the use of the movable type printing.
Industry: Scope and Boundaries The current focus of the medical device production industry seems to be on developing smart and connected products. The reason for the identified change concerns the need to create an efficient information management framework. Thus, patients and healthcare exports remain well informed, which allows them to make the best decision when addressing a particular problem (Narula, 2016). Therefore, when considering the inside issues of the industry, one must mention the propensity to focus on using the latest technologies. The importance of communication enhancement tools should be mentioned among the strongest tendencies. When evaluating the impact of the outside forces, one should consider the demographic factor as driving one behind the industry’s development. Fisher and Paykel and Porter’s Five Forces Model Porter’s Five Forces Analysis, Fisher and Paykel, which is one of the most influential organizations in the industry, can be deemed as fairly successful. Its prospects in the target market are currently rather uplifting. With a heavy emphasis on R&D and impressive investments, Fisher and Paykel have a huge potential in the medical device industry. Table 1. Porter’s Five Forces Analysis: Fisher and Paykel Bargaining power of suppliers  Moderate: Fisher and Paykel can use the services of numerous suppliers.                               Bargaining power of buyers     Strong: organizations such as hospitals buy a large number of equipment.                              Threat of new entrants         Weak: there is a consistent need to invest in the companies, their R&D processes, production quality. Threat of substitutes          Weak: there are currently no substitutes for most medical devices.                                    Competitive rivalry            Strong: the market is filled with competitors.                                                         However, as the analysis results show, there is also a threat of the current competitors taking over the industry and ousting Fisher and Paykel from the market. Therefore, the organization must be able to produce innovative solutions and improve product quality. Thus, Fisher and Paykel will retain their competitive advantage. Making High Returns and Mitigating Unfavorable Forces In order to address the threats of the global market, Fisher and Paykel will have to focus on building a strong competitive advantage. For this purpose, investing in R&D and quality management should be viewed as a necessity. It can be suggested that the principles of Six Sigma and especially the DMAIC Model, should be incorporated into the firm’s processes so that the course for consistent quality improvement could be set. Competitive Forces: Possible Evolution Course Succeeding in the medical device industry is a complicated yet p
Theory is usually tested in practice to prove its validity and applicability; a business research is a theoretical framework that enables researchers to outline the basic aspects of the practical implementation of methods to reach expected outcomes. In this respect, a theoretical approach should be used in a business situation to maximize the effect of the overall strategy. For instance, when a human resource manager wants to improve the employee commitment as one of the social responsibility characteristics, he/she may use one of the strategies reviewed in literature and apply it to the corporation. Assessment of results with regard to their effectiveness or ineffectiveness would demonstrate if the appropriate strategy have been chosen and applied to practice. Performance One of the research approaches usually explored in the process of business research is performance. As a rule, performance may concern the overall performance of an organization, performance of individuals, performance of groups with regard to the skills of group members, and the ways the performance is measured. In other words, an organizational performance can be measured with the help of the employee satisfaction when the organization is considered as a workplace and its performance can be reflected in a survey held to find out whether the conditions are appropriate as well as salaries, system of bonuses, training, overall satisfaction. For instance, in their study Clarke and Estes (2008) suggest to “use human performance analysis process constantly so that [to detect] …performance gaps as business conditions change” (p. 178). This means that performance is the reflection of the situation in the company and response of it and all its elements to internal and external changes. Performance can be easily applied to business situations when it is necessary to keep abreast of the latest changes that take place in the market and within the organization. One of the ways of applying performance as a research approach is demonstrated in the study by Herbst and Coldwell (2004) where performance-monitoring research is claimed to be an integral part of the quality management policy. As such, “South African Airways (SAA) may select sample flights and administer questionnaires to passengers on these flights about …in-flight service, food quality, aircraft clean lines…” (Herbst & Coldwell, 2004, p. 8). Other aspects that may influence the overall image of the company, brand loyalty, and, consequently, financial performance of the company should be also monitored. In this respect, performance is applied to business situations to be aware of the conditions, elements, aspects, and details, and be able to react immediately to changes. Evaluation Evaluation of the performance, quality, satisfaction, and other components that may influence the company’s image, management, and results is the assessment of these aspects with the help of application of business research approaches to the practical issues. When discussing the ways this research approach can be implemented to business situations, it seems
Without any doubts, an abortion is one of the most controversial issues people may face with. Some people can easily agree to abortion and do not think about the consequences, possible future, and the life, taken from a non-born baby. Jay Budziszewski is a Professor of Government and Philosophy at the Texas University. He is an author of What We Can’t Not Know. In this article, he analyzes whether an abortion is wrong or not and presents clear evidences of his ideas and standpoints. He makes a wonderful attempt to distinguish the idea of moral realism and a kind of belief in natural law. His points of view are rather clear and comprehensible; he prefers to analyze then present some concrete ideas. Budziszewski may say “Yes” to abortions, taking into consideration certain moral principles and situations; I cannot agree to his position because baby’s killing not can be but should be stopped any way, as no one has the right to take a life away, specially, the life of your own baby, who even has no opportunity to breath. An abortion is one of the biggest crimes any person can ever commit. Unplanned pregnancy is so frequent nowadays, and people have a wonderful opportunity to choose whether they are ready to have a baby or not. If the answer is negative, the result is obvious: it is high time to visit a doctor and sign for abortion. Is it right? Hardly! There are lots of countries, which permit abortions, however prohibit “nontherapeutic” operations at the end of the first trimester. (Shrage, 4) Of course, one of the brightest discoveries of people living in the XX century is the right of choice. People do not have to do something they do not really want. However, is it possible that people do not want to have babies? Who has the right to decide when abortion may be allowed and when it may not? It is quite possible to agree to abortion “but not in the last trimester.” (Budziszewski, 89) Is it really correct? Do people have the right to make such kinds of decisions? Babies, who are not born yet, are also humans, and have the same right for living. Lots of women can find a wonderful reason to have an abortion: they are not experienced enough to create families and bring up children, they want to entertain much more time, and they do not want to be obliged to keep an eye on someone so soon. Due to the fact, that people have such a right not to do what they do not want, an abortion turns out to be rather a good way out. “Many people oppose abortion on moral grounds without considering it to be a violation of rights, which should be addressed by law.” (McElroy) To my mind, it is one of the good reasons to prove that abortions are not right. In the fight that takes place between the opponents and opponents of abortions, any fact costs a lot. If it is possible to connect the prohibition of abortions to the law, it is high time to take this step. Let us try to imagine the situation, when women, who have the right to decide whether to give birth to a baby or not to give, always find another reason to continue their living without babies and to entertain a bit longer. Population will decrease; manufacturing will decrease; peopl
The appropriate use of marketing techniques has proved effective in terms of influencing the public opinion multiple times. The healthcare industry is not an exception; a proper marketing plan allows to “dramatically improve” the chances for customer attraction as well as retention (Gandolf, n.d., para. 5). Thus, identifying the target audience, which is a critical stage of planning, enables understanding the needs of the customers and, subsequently, developing the most relevant strategies for satisfying those. For instance, a hospital should be aware of disease prevalence in the region where it operates to be able to meet the given demand rather than simply offer a fixed set of services. Approaches of such a kind allow not solely for additional profit, but for creating a so-called desire-driven healthcare system, where patient requirements are the main driver of the performance of medical facilities. On the contrary, communicating certain ideas to the population may be necessary as well, in particular for improving public health. Vaccination, contraception, breaking harmful habits, tolerance of individuals with HIV or mental disabilities – these and many other topics need presenting on a regular basis, so that everybody understands what behavior is or is not reasonable. An effective way to reach that is public relations (PR), the technique whose essence and main function lie in persuasion (Wynne, 2016). The dominant method of PR is storytelling, as observing the situations that occur in reality or imitate it in a trustworthy manner makes people associate the characters with themselves. In other words, PR means influencing opinion through emotion, which may be more persuasive than reasoning. The real story of an obese patient, for instance, apparently will encourage more people to reframe their diets than theoretic materials will do. The probable reason is that the latter do not look realistic and, therefore, can hardly appeal to the emotional sphere.
Introduction To this day, Historically Black Colleges and Universities (HBCUs) and Tribal Colleges and Universities (TCUs) remain underrepresented in critical areas of research, particularly, those related to science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM). Furthermore, they are not very well represented in various research-related national programs, for example, the INCLUDES National Network, as compared to Historically White Institutions (HWIs). In a similar way, the Quality Education for Minorities Network (QEM) reports that the National Science Foundation (NSF) Broadening Participation Research Award does not have many representatives from HBCUs and TCUs with the 2016 portfolio including only five projects by HBCUs and no TCU participation. As a result, the efforts that aim to reduce this disparity are justified. One of such efforts is the “National Summit to Survey and Stimulate Broadening Participation Research at Historically Black and Tribal Colleges and Universities.” It had a focus on African Americans and Native Americans, therefore, predominantly involving HBCUs and TCUs. The Summit was dedicated to broadening participation (BP) in STEM for HBCU and TCU students, and its primary goal was to communicate the existing knowledge on this topic and promote future research on it. The objectives of the Summit were summarized through the Quad-C framework, which incorporated Convening and Connecting educational researchers from HBCUs and TCUs, Collecting data from them that would be helpful in determining strategies on BP, and Conveying the results to the HBCU and TCU communities. The first three Cs from the Quad-C framework were covered by working with nationally recognized specialists in the field of HBCU and TCU research, as well as conducting research on minority e
The Importance of Freight Transportation Modes to the US Economy Growth The U.S. Department of Transportation estimates that different freight modes facilitate the annual movement of 15 billion tons of goods worth over 9 trillion dollars. The U.S. economy primarily depends on the different types of freight transportation. There are four major freight transportation modes in the United States – road, rail, air, and sea – which play different roles in the country’s economic growth. From a macroeconomic viewpoint, Freight transportation accounts for the United States’ G.D.P with a much significant share. According to the U.S Department of Transport, freight modes increase the value of commodities by distributing them to factories for value addition. Freight transport encourages production and competition in the market by expanding the market boundaries of the commodity and facilitating the availability of labor. The different modes of freight transport also influence infrastructural development, which is a significant component of the nation’s productive capacity and wealth. Therefore, all freight transportation modes are essential for U.S economic growth because they allow for the circulation of production commodities to factories and enable large-scale dispersion of the finished merchandise to the consumers. The Importance of Freight Transportation Modes to the U.S. Economy Different freight transportation modes play significant roles in the expansion of the U.S economy. For example, road transport is ideal for small-scale enterprises that require an affordable means of transport for bulk consumer goods or raw materials. Engström (2016) refers to road freight transportation as the “lifeblood of modern society.” This freight mode allows small-scale traders to collaborate with other entrepreneurs who require freight services for small goods (Engström, 2016). Unlike the sea freight mode, the road option is cheaper and can carry smaller loads. This freight mode is also suitable for shorter distances and goods that have a shorter lifespan. Therefore, the ground mode of freight transportation supports the growth of the U.S. economy by enabling small-scale traders to move raw materials and finished products to their destinations. Figure 1: Importance of freight transport to the economy. Fig.1 above shows how freight transportation contributes to the growth of various sectors in the country. Evidence shows that freight transport industry comprises a significant portion of the GDP. Purchasing the transport merchandise and services constitutes approximately 11% of GDP (U.S. Department of Transport, 2021). Housing, health care, and food warehousing were the only ones accounting for more shares in the GDP. These statistics mea
As new family social workers get into the field, they are likely to make mistakes before they gain enough experience. These errors may be caused by inappropriate behavior of the workers or by some dysfunction within the client family. First meetings are a popular venue for such issues, and the specialists should be ready to address misbehavior appropriately. Failure to mitigate the adverse effects may lead to ineffective interventions and harm the helping process (Collins, Jordan, & Coleman, 2013). This paper presents an example of a family behavior that may be viewed as dysfunctional. It also discusses how this behavior may emerge during the first interviews and how it may be addressed to mitigate its adverse influence on effective helping. Tolerating Drug or Alcohol Abuse Substance or alcohol abuse is a typical dysfunctional family pattern that affects many households worldwide. However, there is an even worse behavior that not only harms the family but also poses a significant hindrance for those who want to help – being afraid to discuss the problem or pretending that there is no problem at all. Children in such families tend to grow up thinking that drug or alcohol abuse is not something abnormal. Some parents may even physically abuse their children when they are under alcohol influence (Venta, Velez, & Lau, 2016). When the partner witnesses such misbehavior and does not object, children may assume blame and develop a weak personality (Venta et al., 2016). Therefore, it is imperative that families do not tolerate such dysfunctional behavior and take immediate steps to resolve the problem. How It May Emerge During the First Meeting Initial interviews are critical because family social workers mostly engage in diagnostic activities and collecting required information for the development of appropriate intervention strategies. Disrupting this process may have a negative impact on the outcomes. The mentioned dysfunctional behavior may manifest itself in the unwillingness of the partner and children to share accurate information that may be valuable for the social worker. The specialist may even draw incorrect conclusions based on inaccurate and incomplete data. After witnessing that the affected family members are not inclined to discuss the problem with others, the misbehaving parent may start imposing even more significant harm. The social worker sh
Introduction The contemporary business environment worldwide can be characterized as very dynamic, often chaotic, and changeable, which calls for the employers’ adaptability and readiness to embrace change for the purpose of keeping their organizations at the top of the competition. In order to fit in the rapidly developing settings of the modern workplaces, new business employees and graduates require a set of employability skills that include such features as problem-solving, planning and organizing, self-management, initiative and enterprise, lifelong learning, communication, technology, and teamwork (Precision Consultancy, 2007). The latter skill is the primary focus of this research paper. Teamwork is recognized as one of the key components of successful performance in many different organizations, an essential part of the daily duties of business employees, and thus, a valuable skill for a worker (Hanaysha & Tahir, 2016). However, there is a need for research on how an important employability skill such as teamwork skills is perceived by the business graduates who are now employed and by their organizations. The purpose of this study is to provide new insights into the use of teamwork skills by the currently employed business graduates in the UAE. The research will involve the assessment of the employees’ experience with the application of teamwork in their professional lives and their perceptions of the skill in regard to its value as a professional ability. The study will seek to answer the following research questions:  1. How do the currently employed business graduates evaluate teamwork skills as necessary for their jobs?  2. Do teamwork skills serve as a critical determinant of professionalism when the business graduates are recruited as workers? The hypothesis for this study is that the UAE workplaces that hire business graduates value teamwork skills and treat them as one of the essential characteristics for good employees and that the most business employees today tend to use teamwork skills quite often in their daily professional lives and consider them as necessary for the high-quality performance. This study and its findings are significant for the educators and
Introduction Sport is considered to be one of the most appealing but at the same time the most controversial institutions in the world. For many centuries, it has performed several physicals, social, political, and even spiritual functions. On the one hand, the role of sports in acquiring such positive personal qualities as endurance, the ability for self-improvement, leadership, teamwork, goal determination, etc. is widely recognized and celebrated across the globe. Successful world-class athletes are granted not only medals and money but also the elite status in any society. However, on the other hand, this sphere of human activity has often served as a negative catalyst aggravating such dangerous social attitudes as racism, nationalism, homophobia, explicit groun