ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Even though communication is an essential part of our life, sometimes, it may be challenging to reach and persuade the conversation partner. Moreover, in certain cases, the participants of the dialogue may speak about the same issue in different terms, which, in turn, results in a disagreement. This situation is called a merely verbal dispute, which implies that the misunderstanding is only based on the way of expressing the issue but not on the matter itself. These difficulties may occur in different circumstances, including personal communication and public speaking. The political discourse can be characterized by a frequent occurrence of such situations. As Dowding and Bosworth underline, the speech of presidents and other official figures is often full of ambiguousness or vague terminology (2). The researchers explain this idea through the example of the word “liberty.” Behind its major meaning, it may include different connotations, for example, the idea of non-interference and non-dominance, which may be differently significant for certain groups of the population (Dowding and Bosworth 5). This ambiguousness may not only lead to misunderstanding but can develop into a dispute. Another aspect of a verbal disagreement is different terminology referring to the same concept. For example, the words “republican” and “democratic” may have different connotative meanings for the audience. However, both terms can be used in the same situation, for example, when describing the concept of freedom. Therefore, presidents’ public speaking often becomes the subject for discussion because of the mere verbal inconsistencies. To sum up, the presidency is one of the spheres where merely verbal disagreements are rather frequent. Vague statements and ambiguous terms are common to communication in the political context and may create misunderstandings between the speaker and the public. Therefore, it is necessary to analyze the speech and especially its key terms and concepts to avoid disputes and transfer the message in an effective and precise way. Work Cited Dowding, Keith, and William Bosworth. “Ambiguity and Vagueness in Political Terminology: on Coding and Referential Imprecision.” European Journal of Political Theory , 2018, pp. 1-20.
Resolving conflicts, people usually go through four stages. The fourth stage of the conflict resolution process is the stage of enacting the best story related to the experienced problematic situation. Thus, during this stage, people try to resolve the conflict according to the most effective and appropriate variant. At this stage, people should successfully use the communication skills and focus on confrontation, confirmation, and comprehension (J
Community Policing in The Bronx and Florida The application of community policing in the Bronx and Florida described in these two cases refers to the differences between the times when the authors of these texts served as police officers and their knowledge by that moment. The story of the Bronx community policing is compared with the earlier times, the 1960s, while the second author describes Florida at the beginning of the 1980s only. One can single out several key features that made the stories of these cities unique. Five aspects are touching upon differences in community policing in the Bronx and Florida: the officers’ attitude towards the organization of the territory under control, types of crimes, daily routine duties, education and knowledge about policing, and relationships with the community. First and foremost, the arrangement of the territories is described in different ways. Mr. Dempsey draws attention to his early experience in the Bronx. In the 1960s, most police officers were “foot patrol cops” who had to patrol limited territories. (Dempsey & Forst, 2014, p. 369). Later on, the number of patrol sectors was gradually growing. In comparison, Ms. Forst depicts another type of organization: the whole city was subdivided into three sectors each of which was controlled by the supervisors who assigned staff members. Thus, in Florida, police officers had to control large territories without any transitional phases. The second aspect pertains to the typical crimes. The Bronx policing community was characterized by the presence of numerous incidents and their consequences: “we would raise from one 911 call to another” (Dempsey & Forst, 2014, p. 369). In Florida, the situation was less stressful: patrol officers were following up minor crimes, and sometimes detectives made reports to supervisors. As for the usual responsibilities, Mr. Dempsey emphasizes that the previous order allowed being just a police officer who did their job. Community policing resulted in multiple tasks that led, in the author’s opinion, to the loss of connection between the life of the community and the police. Unlike the Bronx, Florida could boast of police officers who volunteered to take part in the Neighborhood Improvement Programs and did their best to give people positive role models. Despite some resentment from colleagues, they succeeded. Moreover, officers were allowed to take risks and seek for non-standard decisions. The next aspect on which the authors focus is training and knowledge.
Introduction Bioinformatics as defined by Merriam-Webster dictionary is the collection, classification, storage, and analysis of biochemical and biological information using computers especially as applied to molecular genetics and genomics. Besides innovations in hardware architecture, networking innovations can also be implemented in order to handle bioinformatics searching. BLAST stands for ‘Basic Local Alignment Search Tool’, a tool designed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) which was implemented to assist scientists with the analysis of DNA and protein sequences (Chattopadhyay A. et.al.). A public version of this tool is available for use via the web or as a downloadable. The high demand, extensive availability, and overall popularity of BLAST have caused inconsistent performance by its users. In an effort to improve the performance, students from the Computer Science Bioinformatics Group at the University of South Dakota assembled a BLAST cluster from surplus desktop PCs, which were used to implement a parallel version of the BLAST tool on a Linux cluster. This provided a noticeable searching performance improvement for a much smaller group of researchers. BLAST can be installed on a Linux machine with an Apache Web server running on it. When users submit queries to BLAST a Perl script is invoked which creates the appropriate job to run based upon the parameters entered into the query form. This job is submitted to Open PBS to be executed, based upon the scheduling policy utilized and node availability. Bioinformatics has become a major field of study due to its importance to the scientific community. Scientists rely on this discipline to provide an efficient and reliable method for the analysis of DNA and protein sequences. The major search tool that’s utilized in this area is called BLAST, for which many other software and hardware solutions have been developed to better utilize and optimize its functionality. Some example solutions available for performing optimized Bioinformatics database searching over the internet include options from CLC Bio, including their Bioinformatics Cell and Cube, and the Systolic Accelerator for Molecular Biological Applications (SAMBA) each of which makes optimal use of the Smith-Waterman algorithm, and the European Molecular Biology Open Software Suite (EMBOSS). The EMBOSS utilities are a free Open Source software package that was developed around the special needs of the molecular biologist since it is designed to handle and format a variety of data as well as allowing web-based sequence data retrieval. Other options, which have been explored in the thin field, include storage area networks, grid computing, multi-core CPU’s, and even clusters of outdated used computers. BLAST Sequence Analysis & Search Tool T
The contingency theory, as applied in leadership, considers various factors that contribute to a leader’s effectiveness by interaction with his or her leadership behaviour. According to contingency theories, there is not any particular leadership style suited for all the situations (Betts 2011, p.123). A leadership style effective in particular situations may be unsuccessful in others. The evaluation of particular variables in a given environment such as the quality of followers, establishes the most appropriate style in a particular situation. This phenomenon explains the observation of an effective leader becoming considerably unproductive when transferred to a different working environment or the prevailing factors in the old environment changes. Fiedler’s, Hersey and Blanchard’s, and the path-goal theories provide the three major approaches of isolating situational variables in leadership. Fiedler’s contingency theory identifies the subordinates’ personality and attitude, task structure and the leader’s position in terms of power as the variables that influence leadership effectiveness. This model asses the performance of a leader by evaluating the output of the work group under the leader’s supervision (Brock 2012, p.1). Moreover, the theory assumes that the level of favourability of a situation to a leader is dependent on the degree to which the situation permits the leader’s influence on the group members’ behaviour. This aspect of the theory defines effective leadership as the ability to influence others in the aim of achieving organizational goals. According to this model, there are two categories of leaders. These are the task-oriented and person-oriented leaders. The task-oriented leaders’ main concern is the accomplishment of tasks with desirable outputs (Jarvis 2006, p. 106). In this regard, they fail to attain their results because they are less concern with the group members and thus cannot appropriately deal with ineffective teamwork. The person-oriented leaders considerably value their team members, and this hampers their accomplishment of tasks due to minimal contribution of some members to the task achievement. These two types of leaders are effective under different conditions. The task-oriented leader achieves better results in both the extreme cases of favourable or unfavourable circumstances. On the other hand, the person-oriented leader achieves better results under moderately favourable conditions. According to Fiedler’s theory, effective leadership is factor of the
Anger management and counseling program utilizes therapeutic techniques and tools of psychology in assisting families and inmates in correctional facilities to control their emotions 1 . The program is being implemented in facilities from several states in North America with the sole intention of reducing violence among inmates, and reducing cases of domestic violence, child neglect, and child abuse 2 . Most of the crimes committed can be directly linked to uncontrolled anger and emotions. By running this program in correctional facilities helps to avoid recurrence of crimes committed even when the inmates are placed under parole programs. The program also ensures that the beneficiaries develop an assertive communication skill whereby they are able fight for their rights without infringing the rights of others. Complexity of the program The anger management and counseling program can be given a rating of nine out of ten. This is based on several factors about the program. The first major factor is its importance. The program plays a major role in changing the society for the better. Cases of child abuse, domestic violence, and violent activities in correctional facilities have been on the increase 3 . A good way of preventing such cases from proliferating is through offering services such as counseling and anger management, both as treatment and as preventive measures. The program targets parents and guardians through parenting counseling programs that ensures parents and the caregivers play their roles effectively. It teaches them how to handle disciplinary cases effectively without resorting to violence. In addition it also provides counseling on good relationship between parents as well as between children and parents. The services are prioritized since there are target victims who need the services more than other. There are those children who are under the welfare of different county and state governments as result of neglect and abuse. These children are given more priority for the services compared to children and parents in normal families. The program provides both counseling and anger management services to both the parents of these children and the children themselves. In correctional facilities, the anger management program ensures that the inmates gain important and essential skills that assist them to interact peacefully with each other 4 . The program intends to achieve this by helping the inmates to control their emotions and develop assertive communication skills and nonetheless create a situation where the inmates solve their problems in an amicable way without leading to violence. The program itself does not involve much since it is an initiative of the government. The people needed to implement the program are professionals in the field of psychology who are selected through vigorous criteria that ensure they meet all t
In this paper, I fulfilled an analysis of the three most essential ideas that were presented in the Marriage and Family class. I found these ideas useful for helping marriages in our country provided an adjustment to Islamic culture. Finally, I gave feedback on the course. In this course, a high number of important thoughts and ideas regarding marriage were presented. Of those, I chose three that had the greatest impact on my thinking: the idea that individual work matters for a marriage, that economic factor has a serious influence, and that gender roles in a family are often unequal. The first idea to be analyzed is that not only mutual work and cooperation but individual work with one’s temper and behavior is necessary for a successful marriage. In “Four Keys to Improving Marriage,” the need to understand one’s own anger cycle and to develop a skill of calming oneself was emphasized, and in “Problems in Communication and Trust” it was said that one needs to understand their own feelings before building trust to a partner. This idea is highly important since many people believe that marriage needs mutual work only. It is essential to keep in mind that mutual work would not be effective if individual work is not performed previously to it. The second idea is that the economic factor is significant in shaping a marriage. In “Choosing Partners,” the value of wealth in choosing a partner was emphasized. In “Divorce,” the financial consequences of a divorce were indicated. In “Intimate Violence,” economic factor was listed as one of the reasons for victims to stay with their abuser. It is essential to keep his idea in mind. Despite the conviction that marriage depends mostly on the quality of interpersonal relationships, it is important that we remember about the impact of the level of income, economic dependence, and a difference between the incomes of the spouses since such factors can ruin a marriage even if interpersonal relationships are effective. The third idea is that, despite the strive for equality, gender roles in most families are still different, and that has to be taken into consideration. In “Marital Commitment,” it was established that it is mostly women who stop working after a child is born. In “Intimate Violence,” it is acknowledged that women, especially disadvantaged ones, become abuse victims more often than men. The idea is most fully expressed in “Men’s and Women’s Roles in Families and Work,” where the difference between the roles and the effect of the change is indicated. It is especially important that future specialists in marriage and family understand that gender equality is but an ideal nowadays, and to do the real work to help families, it is necessary to understand how families look in reality. In my opinion, the mentioned ideas can be successfully employed to help marriage and family in our country. The idea that individual work with one’s mind does matter for one’s marriage should be popularized and spread, as well as it should be considered by p
Co-Teaching, Communication, and Collaboration Speaking about the approaches that can be used while teaching children, it is necessary to pay attention to such practice as co-teaching that is believed to be very useful both for educators and students. Such strategies unite teachers of different generations and encourage them to exchange experiences (Lindeman & Magiera, 2014). To continue, co-teaching strategies allow older educators to teach younger ones and provide them with support when they face difficult situations related to children’s behavior and other problems (Forte & Flores, 2014). What is more, they are beneficial because they encourage educators to work as a team and it may be regarded as a positive example for children who also learn to collaborate and to achieve goals together. All the discussed benefits are important because the effective partnership between co-teachers and classmates is also a significant result of the educational process. As for co-teaching strategies that can be regarded as effective for two teachers whose work is described in the report, I suppose that it would be important to use three of them. First, I believe that it would be helpful for them to use a team teaching strategy where two teachers have to prepare instructional materials and conduct lessons together. It is known that collaboration allows professionals to unite theory and practice (Bevins & Price, 2014). As for me, it would help them to overcome problems related to their unequal contribution to the lesson. Also, I suppose that it would be good if they used the same strategy (one teach, one assist) but reversed their roles in order to let each other work on a variety of skills (Simpson, Thurston, & James, 2014). In the end, I am deeply convinced that it would be important for the teachers to use parallel teaching strategy when two professionals are working with different parts of the class; I suppose that the use of this approach could help the teachers to work independently from time to time and practice their own skills. In general, I suppose that the combination of these approaches used during the class would be beneficial for both teachers and their students. As for the feedback that I can leave to the mentioned teachers based on the report, I suppose that
Introduction Homeless people constitute one of the most vulnerable groups in society. They often arrive at their situation due to domestic violence, unemployment or underemployment and lack of affordable housing, forced eviction or power abuse, natural disasters, mental disorders, etc. Some are born into homelessness. Once in the street, these people become victims of the social stigma. They have little chance of finding proper housing, and, having little support and no hope, are forced to fend for themselves. It is no wonder that they suffer from numerous health problems, and have very little chance to get the proper health care if any at all. In this paper, we will discuss the health problems that are commonly faced by homeless people (adult men and women, children, and adolescents). Body Homeless adults usually suffer from 8-9 diseases simultaneously. They often have dermatologic problems (lice, eczema, scabies, etc.), respiratory infections, dental conditions, injury, foot diseases (fungal infections, trench foot), sight problems, and mental illnesses, as well as thermoregulatory issues (Donohoe, 2004). They frequently suffer from chronic conditions such as diabetes, asthma, tuberculosis, hypertension, HIV/AIDS (American Psychological Association, n.d., para. 5). Homeless people of both sexes report mental problems (74% men and 83% women), so there is no substantial difference. The significant difference is also absent when it comes to substance use (73% men, 68% women) (Edens, Mares, & Rosenheck, 2011). Still, males appear to more frequently abuse alcohol than women. It is also known that 47% of homeless women “meet the criteria for a diagnosis of major depressive disorder,” which is two times higher than the same rate for women in general (American Psychological Association, n.d., para. 5) Homeless people have a high mortality rate, and their lifespan rarely exceeds 45 years. Homeless women commonly have suffered from childhood abuse (more than half of all homeless children and women become homeless attempting to escape domestic
The key functions of operations management at the airport An operations manager in the airport is concerned with the day-to-day running of activities, including short-term and long-term planning. Key functions of an operations manager involve ensuring the steady movement of people in the airport through the setting of effective processes. It is also his duty to maintain runways in a bid to reduce snarl-ups. In addition, operations manager agrees and oversees slot allocations for airlines. Moreover, he must ensure safety measures are undertaken to enhance the security of customers through the implementation of safety management systems. An airport is seen as a place that involves a lot of movement and various tasks, thus making any potential disaster to have a significant impact. Therefore, it is the duty of operations manager to ensure that emergency teams, including fire department within the airport, have well-trained personnel and effective equipments. Operations managers work with different departments to ensure efficiency. In many ways, the operations manager oversees different operations in all sections of the airport including ensuring that customer service is upheld and maintained at the highest quality level possible; for instance, any problems arising have to be solved within the shortest time possible. An operations manager is involved in long-term and short-term planning in an organization. In relation to Birmingham International Airport’s case, the operations manager, Richards, shares long-term expansion plans to accommodate the highest nu