ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Currently, the airport in Dubai has from 1000 to 1100 movements per day. Currently, it can have about 34 departures and 32 arrivals each hour. In turn, there are approximately 1286 movements in Heathrow (London Heathrow Airport, 2014). There can be about 45 arrivals and 40 departures at this airport. Overall, these airports are among the busiest ones in the world. Moreover, in both cases, governmental officials pay close attention to the development of infrastructure. These are some of the main details that can be distinguished. There are other important airports in the UAE; for example, one can mention Abu Dhabi, Sharjah, Fujairah, and many others; yet, their capacity is lower in comparison with the airport in Dubai. For example, Abu Dhabi International Airport has about 370 daily movements. The departures and arrivals are evenly split. In turn, the approximate number of flights in Sharjah Airport is 189. Finally, at Fujairah International Airport there are 35 flights, including both arrivals and departures. On the whole, these airports receive different types of air traffic. For instance, one can speak about passenger flights and cargo. Overall, it is possible to argue that the air capacity of the UAE has increased significantly in the course of the two decades. To demonstrate this trend, one should look at such indicators as the number of flights and passengers. For instance, the number of passages has increased by more than 30 times (Crown Prince Court, 2010, p. 57). In turn, the number of passengers coming to the UAE has grown by more than 183 times (Crown Prince Court, 2010, p. 57). This is one of the reasons why this country has become one of the mo
Introduction Obesity is a serious health problem rooted in economic, social, or physiological changes. Paediatric obesity is a growing epidemic in many countries that requires serious attention because it is a burden not only for children but for their parents and caregivers. The number of obese or overweight children aged 5-19 has increased from 4% in 1975, and about 18% in 2016, and nearly half of these children live in Asia (World Health Organization, 2018). Fatty or high sugar food consumption, no physical exercises, sleep disorders, and poor parental behaviours promote the development of obesity in children (Crespo et al., 2018; Xu & Xue, 2016). Being a type of nutritional disorder, obesity contributes to the risk of heart diseases, diabetes, hypertension, osteoarthritis, and cancer (Centre for Health Protection, 2019). This health problem has to be controlled among paediatric patients, and the role of caregi
Hazards The main hazard causing an increased rate of cardiovascular diseases in Chesapeake is carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning due to tobacco smoking. The toxic chemicals in cigarettes significantly reduce blood oxygen capacity due to the CO. Smoking is recognized as one of the leading causes of health loss and premature mortality in the world. This disappointing pattern applies to both economically developed countries and developing countries. However, despite this, the attitude of modern society to smoking is not as straightforward as it may seem at first glance. With the widespread understanding of the harm to health, the prevalence of smoking in a single state is a complex problem. It largely depends on the socio-economic relations that have developed between the country and the tobacco industry. Consideration of the problem in this perspective is characteristic, first of all, for developed democratic institutions. The tobacco industry is often an integral part of society, representing a large employer, taxpayer, directly funding key humanitarian projects. A similar situation is observed in several economically developed towns, such as Chesapeake, most of which have recently seen a tendency towards a significant limitation of social partnership with tobacco producers (Mourre & Gurviez, 2015). In Chesapeake, as well as other states that are in a transitional period of their development, due to natural political and socio-economic processes, the country has developed a tolerant attitude to the production and distribution of tobacco products. It was one of the most important conditions for unlimited smoking among the population. The problem of the socio-demographic consequences of tobacco use in these states is most acute, and there is a tendency to further deterioration. A similar situation is observed in developing counties, in which the peak of death due to smoking can be seen. Researched diseases and Environmental factors Because smoking is the leading problem of modern health care, the role of tobacco consumption in the occurrence of various diseases is best studied. Researched conditions of smoking are cancer of the lip, lung, pancreas, and bladder, coronary heart disease, right ventricular failure, aortic aneurysm, peripheral vascular disease, and chronic nonspecific lung diseases (Bakhshaie, Zvolensky, Salazar, Vujanovic, & Schmidt, 2016). The contribution of smoking to these nine causes of death accounts for 14–17% of all deaths (Aune, Schlesinger, Norat, & Riboli, 2019). In addition, in the occurrence of several diseases, tobacco use plays either an independent role or acts in combination with other factors. Such disorders include cancer of the oral cavity, pharynx, larynx, esophagus, hypertension, cerebral thrombosis, atherosclerosis, and possibly liver and cervical cancer (Aune et al., 2019). To make society aware of the seriousness of the problem associated with tobacco use, and to direct its efforts towards its solution, it is necessary to understand the social and economic consequences of smoking clearly. These diseases are caused by tobacco smoking, which is a prim
Introduction Writing about the history of America, Bilhartz and Elliot (2007) have candidly described how American history has been full of struggle. For instance, they note, “Like the ebb and flow of water down a mountainside, the currents of America history have not followed a steady, even course” (Bilhartz and Elliot, 2007, p.xxiii). Moreover, reconstructing America’s history over time requires one to follow the journey from its inception, observing the upheavals of each generation and outlining how the grand events in each period have carried the nation into new eras that are sometimes characterized by fresh challenges and opportunities. Period: 1950s Teen culture, “The World One movie” The period during the World War II saw the America’s population being significantly affected. Due to the devastating effects experienced during the war, the economic situation of the nation worsened while birth rate declined drastically. But with the end of war and the promise of a stable life environment, economic prosperity started to be experienced; resulting into the escalation of birth rates (Lytle, 2006, p.27). However, by the mid-1950s many of these children were entering the adolescence stage and due to their soaring number, their fads and fancies turned to be a national alarm. What became evident was the fact that parents, teachers and community leaders held partial control over high schools and numerous subcultures that young people were developing. Moreover, the separation which became evident created a considerable tension whereby the adults were disturbed by the social class values of the teen culture. In addition, teens manifested their culture in many ways, for example they adopted and preferred certain clothing styles, heroes, and entertainments and behaved in manner that adults interpreted to be rogue. Nothing heightened the rift between this class conflict and the described juvenile delinquency than the 1953 contentious movie by the name ‘The Wild One’. The movie centered on a rebellious theme which highlighted an episode where a motorcycle gang orchestrated terror on a small town of California. Adults associated the movie with ‘Communist’ and became worried that the movie promoted and advocated for anti-social subculture revolt which could result into encouraging the teenagers to emulate its plot and hence result into delinquency and riots (Dirks, n.d). But the teenagers were not ready to listen to this outcry of the adults as they embraced the movie. In effect, the movie star, Marlon Brando, turned out to be one of the major icons of the time, with the bikers’ dress and language becoming the worshipped styles among the teens (Lytle, 2006, p.27). Moreover, the produces of the movie claimed that the movie was intended to highlight the increasing delinquency in the society and the concern that was being attached to this. As a result of this movie, teens in 1950s became both a subject to explore and a market to exploit. Consequently,
Introduction Waste management has been a bone of contention globally for the past decades especially in developing countries. The major factors that affect the management of waste in cities in developing nations are an ever-increasing quantity of waste generated, overburdened municipal resources because of the increased cost of waste management, and insufficient understanding of the aspects that influence dissimilar phases and linkages required ineffective waste management. The mechanisms created to curb the menace of waste have been put in place, but waste management is proving difficult in many developing countries. This study will analyze and critique the research article entitled: “Solid waste management challenges for cities in developing Countries” by Guerrero, Maas, and Hogland (2013). Research Problem Throughout the article, the authors emphasize a lot on stakeholders as being the driving force of a better waste management system. The research shows how cities in the developing countries have poor waste management systems due to wretched organizational authorities and the lack of sufficient funds. The authors believe that for a waste management system to work, stakeholders should comprise of service users and service providers who assist and understand the needs of one another. Therefore, the authors have proved that all stakeholders must take part in the reforms of waste management. The article has been able to demonstrate stakeholders as the most important aspect of a well-organized waste management system. Research Procedures The article was based on information from two main scientific journals to determine the conduct of stakeholders in waste management practices and analysis of influential aspects in more than 30 metropolises in twenty-two developing nations. Information was gathered from scientific materials, accessible databases, observation after visits to cities, interviews with experts, and questionnaires issued to stakeholders. The authors researched widely and analyzed critically the factors that affect waste management negatively. To come up with determinations, inferential and explanatory techniques were employed. Flaws in the Procedural Design The authors argue that similar types of questions were asked to people living in the developing countries in the course of being assessed for their waste management systems. The problem, however, lies amidst the questionnaires that were distributed to stakeholders amongst 8 developing countries in 3 different continents. If the authors would have distributed the questionnaires equally, that is, 3 countries for each continent, it would have been easier to assume the real depiction of the waste management system. Analysis of the Data The authors’ data analysis relies on their research information and questionnaires given to an inadequate number of city dwellers in the countries surveyed. The data analysis has splendidly highlighted the common challenges encountered in the countries where the research took place. The authors believe that waste management has been passed over to municipal authorities, who cannot manage waste on their own without support from ot
According to the Las Vegas police department, the detailed information that resulted in the arrest of O.J Simpson and his accomplices highlighted a troubling scenario of violence and anger (Bugliosi, 1997). Basically, the crime was fuelled by the disputed ownership of sports memorabilia that was linked to Mr. O.J. Simpson. Police arrest report In June 12, 1994, Ronald Goldman and Nicole Brown Simpson were murdered in cold blood. On the same day, just before the midnight, Simpson flew to Chicago. In June 13, 1994, the bodies of the violent-crime victims, Ronald Goldman and Nicole Simpson, were discovered outside Ms. Nicole Brown Simpson’s condominium (Wallace &Roberson, 2009). Four hours after the discovery of the victims’ bodies, O.J Simpson booked a hotel and checked in Chicago. Thereafter, he took a flight back to Los Angeles following a contact by the Los Angeles police. On the next day, O.J Simpson arrived home. His home is approximately two miles from the scene of crime. After half an hour, the police handcuffed and questioned him for three hours. However, no arrest was made as there was no sufficient evidence linking him to the crime (Miller & Whitehead, 2011). In June 14, 1994, reports showed that O.J Simpson’s car had blood stain on his driveway and the stain was similar to those that were found at the site of the violent crime. The pair of sneakers and Simpson’s car were confiscated. Further, the postmortem report indicated that the victims succumbed to death as a result of sharp force injuries. Sources from the police stated that there was a big relationship between the blood stain of the victims’ and the alleged criminal (Miller & Whitehead, 2011). Later, Mr. Simpson’s car, which was under the custody of the police, was broken into. The lab reports showing the match between the blood stain in the crime scene and Mr. Simpson’s home, prompted the police to summon Mr. O.J Simpson. He did not present himself to the Los Angeles police department, but he remained at large. As a result, he was declared a fugitive. He was arrested after being spotted in his friend’s car while in possession of a gun (Wallace &Roberson, 2009). The incident report According to the findings and the physical
Abstract Strategic management is both an art and a science. It entails formulating, implementing, and evaluating decisions affecting various functions of an organisation. Consequently, organisational objectives are attained through the formulation and implementation of effective management strategies. A review of the nature of strategic marketing reveals that it touches on all organisational functions. The functions include marketing, research and development, accounting and finance, and management information systems. The current study addresses questions related to these functions of management in light of strategic management. The questions range from strategy formulation and implementation to the development of projected financial statements. A Comparison between Strategy Formulation and Implementation Strategy formulation entails the process of developing and establishing the mission, vision, and objectives of an organisation. It also involves choosing between alternative courses of action. Fred, Abbas, and Abdulrahman (2011) define strategy formulation as the process of analysing the environment a business operates in and then making decisions on how the business will compete. As such, the undertaking is more of a science than an art. The reason is that like meteorology, which is a science, it involves predicting the environmental changes and planning for these dynamics. Strategy formulation also involves systemic analysis, perception, and planning for the best course of action a business organisation should pursue to realise desired goals. Strategy implementation, on the other hand, involves allocating the various organisational resources to different tasks in order to support or back the selected strategies (Fred et al., 2011). It entails making decisions regarding the alignment and mobilisation of organisational resources towards the achievement of the objectives. The process is also dynamic, diverse, and interactive. It is characterised by a series of decisions made by the management. The decisions are aimed at converting the strategic plans into reality. Consequently, strategy implementation is more of an art than a science. The reason is that it focuses more on efficiency in relation to research, observation, analysis, and experimentation (Fred et al., 2011). However, it is important to note that the two processes of strategy formulation and implementation cannot be regarded as purely art or science. Both are components of the strategic management process, which is both an art and a science. The science perspective of the two processes explores the ‘why’ aspec
Causes of Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn Hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN), also known as erythroblastosis foetalis (Hatfield, 2007), is a condition which results due to the bloods of the foetus and that of the mother being incompatible. This happens if the fetus expresses rhesus D (RhD) in the red blood cells whereas the mother’s RBCs do not express the antigens. The immune system of the mother mounts immunity against the baby’s Rh(D) antigens. The Rh antibodies attack the RBCs of the foetus causing hemolysis, better known as the hemolytic disease of the newborn. The rhesus antibody (Rh antibody) is primarily the etiology of the hemolytic disease of the newborn. Severe cases of HDN occur in cases where the Rh (D) is activated. It has also been identified that some alloimmune antibodies have a role is the development of the hemolytic disease of the newborn. Wagle and Deshpande (2010) indicate that “alloimmune antibodies belonging to the K (K and k), Duffy (Fya), Kidd (Jka and Jkb), and MNSs (M, N, S and s) systems (para. 4)” can also contribute to the development of the disease. Significant HDN occurs if the concentration of the RhD, anti-K or anti-C concentrations are high enough. It is important to note that the disease is hereditary in that the rhesus antigen positive foetus acquires the antigens from the father. These antigens cross the placenta in case of hemorrhage involving disruption of the placenta such as during delivery (Davis, Davies & Lip, 2007). In most cases, the first baby does not experience the disease since the mother’s blood has not been sensitized. However, subsequent births become more prone to the condition since the mother’s immune system has been sensitized and rhesus D antibodies concentration has increased (Dean & NCBI, 2005). Antibodies associated with ABO system are also linked with the development of the hemolytic disease of the newborn. Although it is not common to have the blue baby disease being caused by the Kell system antibodies, these cells cannot be ruled out as possible etiology. It is also notable that Duffy and MNSs system antibodies are possible causes of the disease, despite being in rare cases only. In HDN where incompatibility involves the ABO system, three conditions are most likely to be the cause. These include: a blood type O mother who carries a blood type A or B f
After the examination of the Emergency Operations Plan (2013) for Holderness, New Hampshire, based on the main components of an emergency operation plan (EOP), it is possible to conclude that it may be regarded as an efficient plan that includes all details obligatory for any EOP. In general, EOP plays a highly essential role in emergency management as it describes necessary responsive actions that should be taken in the case of manmade, technological, or natural hazards. An efficient plan covers all aspects of emergency response and preparedness, addresses all threats and even unforeseen ones, and defines tasks of all specific organizational elements. The plan’s components traditionally include introduction, purpose statement, situation, assumptions, the concept of operations, organization and assignment of responsibility, administration and logistics, plan development and maintenance, and authorities, along with references. In turn, the Emergency Operations Plan (2013) for Holderness, New Hampshire, may be regarded as a properly structured emergency plan that consists of ten chapters and multiple figures that illustrate the main points. The components of an emergency plan are included in the first chapter, while others describe emergency support functions, address various types of hazards, resource inventory, and administration. Thus, Chapter 1, which represents the basic plan, includes a foreword, introduction, situation and planning assumptions, the concept of operations, administrative, finance, and logistics, general responsibilities, plan management, authorities and references, and acronyms with abbreviations (Garneau, 2013). The purpose of this plan is not separated as a distinct part. However, it is included in the plan’s introduction along with its scope, structure, and basic elements. The situation is related to the town’s topography, and assumptions include sixteen natural hazards and six human-related potential events (Garneau, 2013). Organization and assignment of responsibility are included in the part dedicated to the concept of operations. In addition, the component of the plan development and maintenance is defined as plan management. In general, Holderness’s Emergency Operations Plan implies a multifaceted document that does not have considerable weaknesses. In turn, its strengths are a comprehensible structure, the identification of all potential hazards with the probability of their occurrence, and the detailed description of assumptions, all facilities involved, and plan management. The plan provides an in-depth insight into the territory’s topography, climate, and even history (Garneau, 2013). All components are supported by figures that can be detected easily due to the table of contents. Numerous annexes dedicated to hazards that require particular attention to structures and communities are included. In addition, the plan includes not only logistics and administration but the financial responsibilities of structures as well