ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Interracial marriage is the union of two persons from different races, for instance, marriage between a black and a white American, a Chinese and an African, a Germany and a Briton. This marriage unites people from different countries, regions, continents, cultures and beliefs. Furthermore it brings together peoples who believe in different religions for instance, an Arab who is a Muslim marrying an American who is a Christian, an Indian marrying a Buddhism believer. Background of Interracial Marriage In the Western countries definite laws have had rules prohibiting or controlling interracial marriage in ancient times, for instance Germany at some point in the Nazi era, South Africa when apartheid was dominant in South African countries in Africa. And in the United States, before the superlative Court’s decision in Loving v. Virginia. In nineteen sixty-seven Interracial marriages are becoming so common today, because the laws that forbidden these marriages in the past, have been abolished in many states and these marriages furthermore, have been legalized in many countries and hence giving room for these marriages to take place. Interracial marriages should be encouraged and promoted over the world because of the following reasons. Reasons for promoting interracial marriages Interracial marriages Promote Socialization: Interracial marriages bring together people from different races hence reducing the racial discrimination that has dominated in the past for in many counties and continents, for instance the blacks in the past were being discriminated against by the whites in America and Germany, the whites felt that they were superior to the blacks and seeing the blacks has slaves from the dark African continents. Hence the whites felt that they were more privileged than the blacks in their own country. Interracial marriages to a great extent have reduced these discriminations. Promotes Common Good among Different Races Secondly, an interracial marriage promotes the general acceptance of people from a different race in the new society or community and also promotes the appreciation of other people’s values in the new community and their contributions to the new society. These unions promote understanding and unity among people from different society and hence indirectly promoters peace in the world. Interracial Marriage promotes cross boundary Development Enables Furthermore interracial marriage breaks psychological barriers that exist among people from different race boundaries hence, opening ways for understanding for one another and coming up with new experi
Introduction Unemployment due to poor career preparation has been an issue for university graduates, who may not have the resources necessary for widening their opportunities. Because of this, studying the potential impact of entrepreneurship education within the context of career intentions is important for understanding how the future of students can be positively affected. In the context of Qatar, there should be many opportunities available for university graduates to shape an effective workforce that would positively contribute to the development of the country, ranging from economic to technological advancements. Aims and Objectives This research aims to determine whether entrepreneurial education at Qatar universities could have a positive influence on work intentions of business management students. The main objectives are concerned with investigating the impact of the entrepreneurship curriculum, entrepreneurial education, internship opportunities, and other programs provided by universities on boosting students’ intentions to become entrepreneurs. The present study is explanatory research, as it will be concerned with establishing relationships between variables, with the help of a deduction approach that is based on the collection of data and analysis. Qualitative research with a single technique of data collection, which is known as the mono method, is expected to reveal the perspectives of interviewees regarding the available career and entrepreneurship opportunities (Sutton and Austin, 2015). Data for the analysis will be collected with the help of face-to-face semi-structured interviews. The latter is the method that does not necessarily use a formalised list of specific questions. Usually, open-ended questions are asked to allow interviewees to elaborate on their answers in a format that would be appealing and convenient to them. Thematic Analysis Data analysis was conducted with the help of thematic analysis. The method is associated with approaching qualitative data from the standpoint of finding commonalities, such as topics, ideas, and patterns that will come up repeatedly in interviewees’ respondents. This method is highly flexible and can be adjusted to the intentions and objectives of the study. The first step in the present data analysis is identifying codes within available data, which is associated with highlighting the parts of interview transcripts that would describe the content. The second step is concerned with generating themes, which implies looking at the codes and identifying patterns within them, as seen in the table. After the identification of codes and themes, it is possible to draw findings on the perspectives of interviewees regarding the given themes. Theme 1: Desire to Achieve Success as a Woman As mentioned by Ahmed et al. (2010), there are differences in the way men and women approach the subject of entrepreneurship. Importantly, women entrepreneurs find it more challenging to start their own businesses. The interviewee mentioned that “As a woman, I like to consider myself as a feminist so being a businesswoman in a mainly male-dominated business is
Introduction There has been substantial controversy on whether innovation is planned or unplanned. Both sides have attracted arguments supporting them, as well as arguments discrediting them. A careful examination of real life examples of how organizations come up with innovations reveals that innovations are both planned and unplanned. This is the case despite the fact that planned innovations occur more often than unplanned innovations. Both innovations have advantages and disadvantages that complement each other due to the differences in their origin. Unplanned innovation Unplanned innovations are innovations in which an organization discovers a new way of doing things in the course of its day-to-day activities. These innovations are not as common as the planned innovations because they are accidental per se. In most cases, they are discovered by a clever individual within an organization, who comes across or thinks of a new way of solving the problems of the organization. Although these innovations build upon existing knowledge, they have substantial originality and thus they qualify the organization for acquisition of copyrights. In some cases, the individual who comes up with these innovations is not even part of the organization (McNamara, 2010, p. 1). The individual may be a professional who has a passion for problem solving. After identifying a problem common with organizations, the individual may approach the organizations concerned and present his solutions. Advantages of unplanned innovations The greatest advantage of unplanned innovations is that they are substantially cheaper than their planned counterpart. This is especially the case if the person who comes up with the innovation is a member of the organizations’ staff. If the innovation is from an outsider, the process is also cheaper since it involves a single individual who can easily be recruited into the organization, or persuaded to sell the idea to the organization. Another advantage comes from the fact that unplanned innovations are more or less instantaneous. This is to mean that the innovations are not planned in advance and thus they do not take much of the organization’s time. Their implementation is thus time saving, and they do not have the risks associated with planned innovations. Additionally, unplanned innovations tend to be more successful than planned innovations since, for them to be adopted, their usefulness to the organization must be established. In other cases, the unplanned innovations actually lead to planned innovations since after an individual comes up with an idea, the organization may desire to perform systematic checks of the relevance of the innovation and even repeat most of the steps of innovation carried out during planned innovation. Disadvantages of unplanned innovations Unplanned innovations may prove to be disadvantageous to an organization in that it may lack the holistic coverage of issues of the organization. This is because an unplanned innovation is mostly the creation of an individual and thus the individual may overlook important aspects of the organization. This sh
Lyubomirsky, Sheldon, and Schkade explore what they refer to as the architecture of sustainable happiness (114). The model of happiness they propose combines personal and circumstantial determinants of happiness. According to the model, the three factors determining the level of an individual’s happiness at a given period are the circumstances (10%), intentional activity (40%), and setpoint (50%) (Lyubomirsky, Sheldon, and Schkade 116). As a result, a person may influence the level of their happiness by changing their intentional activity. In their experimental studies, Ferguson and Sheldon also explore the components that influence one’s happiness level and conclude that the efficiency of intentional activity practiced to increase happiness is lower than that of the motivational mindset (1). This idea corresponds with that expressed by Lyubomirsky, Sheldon, and Schkade, who say that set point contributes to 50% of happiness (116). However, the studies by Ferguson and Sheldon argue that mindset can be changed while Lyubomirsky, Sheldon, and Schkade maintain that it is fixed (117). The factor of intentions condition was investigated to determine its correlation with the circumstances and the combined influence on the state of happiness one experiences. In other words, the researchers attempted to identify whether or not one could intentionally influence their level of happiness and what was required for the successful change. The music represented circumstances, the groups of participants were asked to listen to two different compositions (one was positive, the other one had ambiguous character). The instructions given to the participants determined their style of music listening – that was the researchers’ way to operationalize the variable. The feeling of happiness and the intention to change it were measured before and after the participants listened to the music. Also, the pressure to feel better experienced by the participants was estimated and taken into consideration. The intention is the subject variable because it was measured based on the comparison of the results of two different groups of participants whose actions were determined by the instructions. The groups of participants of Study 1 were asked to listen to two different music compositions – a positive Rodeo by Copeland, and an ambiguous Rite of Spring by Stravinsky. The effect of each composition was measured based on the intentions of the listeners who were either actively trying to feel happier or remained neutral. The possible difficulties with the validity of this variable originate in the individual perceptions of various people. Music perception is subject to unique tastes, and its perception varies from one person to another. The characterization of compositions as positive and not positive is very vague in this reference. However, the manipulation achieved the goal as in the majority of participants the positive music resulted in the feeling of happiness. I believe that the best way to explain 2×2 ANOVA to the individuals unfamiliar with it is by stating that there are two variables – high intention and low intentio
Executive Summary Mercedes Benz’s development is characterized by a continuous increase in the role of innovation as a key success factor in competition. The domestic production complex is facing an acute problem of low innovation activity of enterprises. It is possible to achieve strategic dominance in the global market through the implementation of innovations. Therefore, an important feature of Mercedes Benz’s growth is the transition to a continuous innovation process. Origins of the Company Mercedes is one of the companies that stood at the origins of the automotive industry, its name is no longer just a world-famous brand, but a real legend with a million-strong army of fans owning cars of this brand and an even wider audience of those who dream of it. Mercedes is the embodiment of German quality, reliability, and technical excellence, a symbol of high style, elegance, and respectability (Yao & Schwarz, 2017). Owning a Mercedes-Benz car demonstrates the status of a host who is not used to saving on himself and his safety. It is difficult to imagine such a person acquiring Mercedes spare parts on the market or in doubtful points. The manufacturer made sure that the original Mercedes auto parts were available to car owners wherever they live or wherever they are. Mercedes-Benz has been a classic in the automotive industry for more than a hundred years. The history of the company dates back to 1890. It was founded by Gottlieb Daimler near Stuttgart on the basis of the workshop of Wilhelm Lorenz, where, shortly before, the world’s first four-wheeled car with a gas engine was assembled. The Mercedes brand was assigned to a vehicle manufactured in 1902 and has since been firmly entrenched in the company’s products (Eder, Luckert, Kemmner, & Sass, 2016). In 1926, Daimler-Motoren-Gesellschaft merged with Benz & Cie, as a result of which the concern acquired its world-famous name Daimler-Benz for a long time, and an emblem of three rays inscribed in a circle, symbolizing the dominance of Mercedes technology on earth, in water and the air, henceforth and forever flaunts on the hood of these prestigious cars. Quality is the basis of the company’s philosophy, the highest level of which is demonstrated not only by cars but also by Mercedes auto parts. Mercedes-Benz auto parts are manufactured with impeccable quality in strict compliance with the DIN EN ISO 9000 standard. Original Mercedes spare parts have special branded packaging. In 1998, the German concern joined forces with one of the leaders of the overseas auto industry Chrysler (Hsiao, Lin, Lo, & Ko, 2016). Today, the Mercedes brand belongs to Toyota, which confirms the thesis that all the best in the world is gathered in one place. Mercedes spare parts are licensed by firms and other companies in Europe, the USA, and other countries, they can be purchased without risk of damage to the car from authorized dealers selling Mercedes auto parts. Bu
Introduction Many companies operating in the highly competitive landscapes not only in domestic but also in foreign markets constantly seek to reduce the costs of their business activities. In this regard, maintenance and reliability management constitute a significant part of the company’s expenses. For instance, the administration and maintenance of mining machinery account for 30-50 percent of overall expenses (Implementing effective maintenance, 2020). Therefore, managers constantly seek effective methods to keep equipment operational. However, the practices that may ensure successful actions in achieving the aforementioned goal may vary due to internal and external factors. The latter includes but is not limited to geographical, climate, political and geological conditions. Canada consists of ten provinces and three territories, and each jurisdiction has its own mining industry that operates under unique conditions. Nevertheless, two regions, namely Northwest Territories (NT) and Nunavut (NU), are especially distinct from other lands as they both are located in the northern part of the country and lack automobile and railway roads. For that reason, it is necessary to discuss how professional practices of mechanical maintenance engineers would differ in the latter jurisdictions in comparison with other provinces. Cold Weather and Equipment Failure Preventive Methods First of all, the professionals would need to plan maintenance differently in NT and NU than in most of the other provinces and territories. That may happen due to the numb
Introduction Carrying capacity refers to the size of the population of a certain living organism that the environment can sustain while the organisms basic needs remain available according to Chefurka (2009, para.5-6). Carrying capacity directly affects population growth of not only that specific species, but also others species that are directly affected by their effect on the environment. When studying population growth, it is therefore imperative for factors affecting the carrying capacity to be considered. Factors limiting exponential population growth These are grouped either as density-dependent or density-independent factors based on whether the factors are affected by the population size. Density-dependent factors are biological in nature, greatly affect constant environments and also larger organisms. An example of such factors is intra-specific and inter-specific competition for resources; a significant change in either may adversely affect population growth due to increase or decrease in resources that changes the carrying capacity for the organism. Predation is also another major factor since the carrying capacity changes with a change in the number of predators and thus the growth of the population is affected according to Campbell and Reece (2005, pp.303-321). There are other factors that may alter the carrying capacity and thus, the growth of a population such as, migration into or out of a certain ecological niche or parasitism that can lead to diseases. Density-independent factors are physical in nature, have greater effect on extreme environments and also on smaller organisms. Examples of such factors are extreme weather conditions like delayed rainfall, flooding due to increased precipitation and generally other factors affecting the habitat of these organisms. Such factors reduce the carrying capacity of the environment and thus impact negatively on population growth as also shown by Campbell and Reece (2005, pp.322-336). These factors have a much more profound and drastic effect on the population size and can wipe out entire populations. Natural and human population comparisons Humans have adapted to factors that have adverse effects on other species. This is due to the technological developments and advancements achieved. While these developments may not be uniformly spread to all people due to social and economic class differences, some like shelter remain common to all. However, man is not shielded from all the limiting factors and as such any change to food supply is seen to also affect population growth particularly in developing countries. Migration mainly from rural to urban areas is also seen to affect the population growth in both areas. Natural disasters that can be viewed as density-independent factors are also seen to affect human populations. Diseases may also affect both populations, but the mortality rate is reduced for humans due to advancements in medical care. While humans have succeeded in eliminating some factors like predation, they have also
Leadership and management are two of the most important processes for achieving set goals and objectives when working through people. The two processes ensure that an individual is able to effectively and efficiently utilize human resources in various contexts to achieve increased productivity. A person possessing good leadership and management Abilities is able to increase the likelihood of success in the tasks being carried out in the organization. This paper will set out to highlight the similarities and differences between leadership and management. There are a number of notable similarities between leadership and management. A major similarity is that both processes utilize human resources to accomplish set objectives. In leadership, the leader uses his charisma and influence to elicit the help and support of the followers to achieve goals. In management, the manager marshals the human resources of the organization to complete tasks. In addition to this, both management and leadership aim to produce the best results in the task being undertaken. By using of management functions such as controlling, the manager takes care to ensure that all activities go according to plan and the best results for the organization are achieved. The leader promotes innovation and looks for better ways to deliver the best outcomes in any task undertaken. He motivates and inspires the followers to produce the best results in the activities engaged in. In spite of these similarities, some major differences are evident between leadership and management. A significant difference is in the primary focus of the two processes. The primary focus of management is the administrative aspects of the organization as can be seen from the core functions of management, which include planning, organizing, leading, and controlling. The focus of leadership is to influence the team members in order to motivate them to achieve the set goals of the organization. Another difference is in the manner in which leaders and managers derive their power. The manager’s power comes from the position of authority given to him by the organization. The human resources that work for the manager are his subordinates and they have to follow the manager’s instructions. On the other hand, the leader’s power comes from his charisma and the influence he has over the people he is guiding. The leader has followers as opposed to subordinates and they generally willingly follow him since he inspires their trust. The approach to risk differs significantly between management and leadership. In leadership, risk taking is prevalent since the leader seeks to promote innovation and initiate change in the organization. Management seeks to minimize risk since the desire is to maintain the status quo and keep utilizing methods that have been proven efficient in the past. This paper set out to provide a concise description of the differences and similarities between lea