ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction This essay will focus on the article “The Saints and the Roughnecks” by William Chambliss. It will demonstrate relevant sociological theories, perspectives and other critical concepts captured in the study. The theories addressed are social learning theory, social strain theory, and rational choice theory. Theories Sutherland’s theory of social learning addresses the problem of white-collar criminality, which is a part of organized crime. The theory states that learned criminal behavior allows individuals to see illegal activities within the context of normative ethics. The Saints, a gang of youths take delinquent activities as normal behavior. They use the school and town environment to engage in delinquent behavior. Their self-image in the community easily allows them to get away with their deviant behaviors (Henslin, 2010). Akers further points out that differential organization is a factor that can explain individual criminal behavior but can also tell how communities are differentially promoting deviant or no-deviant behavior (Akers, 2009). The society’s view of the Saints and the Roughnecks is quite different. The community sees the Saints as morally upright boys but only out of lark. Their performances in school are excellent, which help to conceal their deviant behavior. On the other hand, society sees the Roughnecks as headed for trouble. Their performance at school is not pleasant. Both gangs engage in criminal activities, but the society treats them differently. The basis for individual participation in criminal groups and the crime committed is a product of a learning environment. People learn to understand criminal organizations and activities as normative. Individual’s experiences and learning environment in different ways promote deviance or non-deviance behavior. The Saints and the Roughnecks obtain their delinquent behavior from their immediate environments. In social strain theory, Agnew argues that the disjuncture between positively valued goals, opportunities, and ability to achieve those goals results in crime (Agnew, 1992). He identifies some strain, which forces individuals into crime-coping activities such as low social control, and unjust society, which creates some urge or motivation to engage in criminal-coping activities. The strains created can lead to negative emotions, low social control, and social learning of criminal behavior. Social pressure makes the Roughnecks engage in delinquency. They are not rich boys, not well mannered, readily violent, and not performing well at school. Agnew characterizes criminal groups
Big data is among the most significant modern trends in informatics due to its potential applications and recent emergence. Everything on the Internet is deeply interconnected, and tools that can gather and analyze enormous amounts of information have recently emerged. The discovery of numerous trends, previously an occupation that could only be delegated to humans, can now be automated. The idea has applications in a broad variety of spheres, including healthcare. Most commonly used sources of information analyzed via big data mining are social networks, as they provide vast amounts of information presented in a readable form. According to Andreu-Perez, Poon, Merrifield, Wong, and Yang (2015), analysis of text posts and messages on sites such as Twitter can discover correlations with the overall mental state of the population and potentially locate anomalies. Other trends, such as increased occurrences of asthma, can also be predicted. Gathering data from electronic health records for research purposes, are also possible, and the range of possibilities is extensive. Big data analysis is among the most influential modern trends in informatics and it has applications in virtually every sphere of human life. Its uses in medicine offer unprecedented opportunities to analyze social health and predict health trends through scanning social network posts. Big data enables new approaches for studies, where researchers have access to vast amounts of unbiased data as well as the tools to identify common factors. Ultimately, technology has the potential to revolutionize healthcare, although concerns such as privacy have to be addressed first. Reference Andreu-Perez, J., Poon, C. C., Merrifield, R. D., Wong, S. T., & Yang, G. Z. (2015). Big data for health. IEEE Journal of Biomedical and Health Informatics, 19 (4), 1193-1208.
Introduction The Ethnic Studies Movement that took place in the 1960s-1970s unveiled numerous issues Asian American writers, as well as Asian Americans (on the whole), had to face at that period. It turns out that even children’s books were not free from prejudice and bias. More so, these books can be regarded as the most efficient reflection of the society of that time. Thus, in children’s books, Asian Americans were depicted as aliens who had to assimilate and who also had a quite exotic and oppressive culture. At the same time, Asian Americans, especially the second generation of immigrants, were quite different from the images created by authors. The reviewers of children’s books note that out of 66 reviewed books, only eleven books were written by Asian American writers. The rest of the books was written by white people. It is clear that this affected the way Asian Americans were depicted in the books, and it is also clear what challenges Asian Americans had to handle in the American society of the 1970s. Orientalism Bias One of the major peculiarities of the books reviewed was the fact that they were influenced by orientalism. Reviewers, as well as Asian Americans, note that orientalism is outdated and cannot be used in the 20 th century (Yu 13). Orientalism is a view of Asians and Asian Americans as ver
Introduction Bacteria are microscopic single celled organisms which are said to be the smallest yet most ancient forms of cellular life. Bacterial cells are prokaryotic and wide spread. Complex behaviors often associated with the organisms have prompted scientists around the world to keenly monitor the characteristics of various types of bacteria in an attempt to control them (Havey and Cling 42). This field of research has in the past gained popularity especially in the health and medical sectors. Materials and Methods Microscopic and scientific technology has been vital in the study of bacteria and other microscopic organisms. This has been achieved through the invention of various test methods that are known to produce results which are specific to a given class of bacteria (Hwang and Ederer 51). Results obtained from the various tests can then be applied to a specific type of bacteria. Most of these tests involve staining to identify the various features of the microscopic bacteria being observed under a microscope. Organisms/Colonies Morphology Test A clean and uncontaminated petri dish is removed from a plastic bag and placed on a level surface (Greenwood and Pickett 45). This was done carefully to avoid touching the inside of the petri dish or expose it before the experiment. A 1ml pipette was then filled with water and emptied into the bacteria medium bottle. The medium bottle was inverted twice to mix water with the medium. The mixture of water and medium was then poured into the petri dish and swirled to completely cover the surface. The petri dish was then covered. The dish was then incubated for 48 hours under room temperature. The contents were then observed. Gram Stain Test A sample of the unknown bacteria was picked from a colony based on the colour. A drop of purple crystal violet dye was then placed on an uncontaminated slide. A colony from the petri dish was then transferred on to the cover slip and immediately inverted onto the crystal violet dye. Alcohol was then used to wash the slide thus washing the dye out of the cell surface. A counter stain containing pink dye was then used to stain the cells and the cells observed. Catalase Test A drop of Hydrogen Peroxide was placed on a clean slide. A colony of the unknown bacteria was identified from the contents in the petri dish. A colony was then placed on the cover slip and immediately inverted onto the hydrogen peroxide. Slide Coagulase Test Two separate portions of concentrated homogenous suspensions were prepared on a slide (Greenwood and Pickett 45). Three loopfuls of citrated plasma at room temperature were placed next to one of the solutions. The suspension was then carefully mixed with the plasma and left for about 10 seconds. The two solutions were then compared after the 10 seconds. Oxidase Test A strip of a filter pap
Introduction Cosmetics market in Poland holds the promise of growth with a compounded annual growth rate (CAGR) of 3.1% in 2007 (Pitman, 2006). The Polish cosmetics market has so far experienced steady growth. The cosmetics market is highly competitive with competition being based on price, quality, and brand recognition (Case Study). This is a case study analysis of the competitive situation of small and mid-sized cosmetic companies in Poland. The company studied is Dr. Eris. The main questions that will be answered in this case study analysis are – (1) if small and mid-sized cosmetics companies can survive the increased competition from big multinational companies, (2) the strategy Dr. Eris should adopt to sustain its leadership position in facial cosmetics segment, and (3) the process of internationalization of Dr. Eris in the US. Main Body Future of small and mid sized cosmetics companies in Poland The first question that will be dealt with is what does the future hold for Polish small – and medium-sized cosmetics manufacturers? In order to answer this question it is necessary to do a competitive analysis of the cosmetic industry in Poland. For this Michal Porter’s five forces model is used. Here it must be noted that I do not agree to the statement of the Polish manager who states that the small and mid-sized manufacturers have no future in the cosmetics industry. Strategy to sustain leadership position in facial cosmetics segment Figure 1 presents the five forces competitive analysis. It shows that the cosmetics industry is highly fragmented with a large number of small and mid-sized cosmetics manufacturers and large multinational companies. This indicates that there exists a lot competitive pressure. As cosmetics are made by one company has a close substitutes made by a second company, therefore the substitutes also present competition. There are no barriers to entry. Therefore, with high profitability and stable growth rate, there are many new entrants in the industry. The suppliers too have low power and mostly the raw material is derived from chemical industry which to is highly fragmented. Figure 1: Porter’s Five Forces model for cosmetics industry in poland The analysis shows that the requirement of industry is low. As the competition increases, there would be a large number of buyers and sellers operating. However as long as there is innovation and use of new technology in making quality pro
In his lecture at the University of British Columbia, Daniel L. Schacter identifies the similarities between the neuroanatomical mechanisms of memory and imagination. In particular, the scholar draws parallels between these processes by addressing the recorded activity of specific brain structures when “remembering the past and imagining the future” (The University of British Columbia, 2010, 13:02). That is to say, recollection and imagination demonstrate a unique affinity. This relationship has a particular conceptual explanation, which rests on the mechanisms of evolutionary adaptation. First of all, it is necessary to observe that our episodic memory is “a constructive process,” rather than a precise replica of past events (The University of British Columbia, 2010, 05:44). In other words, when we recall something, the recollection is not stored in our brain but is immediately constructed out of fragments of past experiences, feelings, and thoughts. This fact is evidenced by the phenomenon of false memory when, for instance, a witness misidentifies a suspect due to an erroneous combination of details. There are numerous examples of laboratory studies, simulating fallible recognition, and memory distortions in subjects (The University of British Columbia, 2010, 22:39). Thus, human memory reconstructs the past based on previous empirical data. Similarly, imagination relies on the recombination process, which also requires certain pieces of information. According to Schacter, our brain “flexibly recombines details into simulations of events that might happen” (The University of British Columbia, 2010, 21:12). In other words, it is impossible to imagine something of which you have no idea or opinion. The imagined scene or scenario will always strongly rely on previous experiences. Furthermore, the analyzed processes are closely
The American workforce is very diverse. The measurements of diversity include race, cultural identity, age, religion, and sexual orientation (Youssef-Morgan & Hardy, 2014). Variety can lead to significant changes in working performance and communication between team members, as well as contribute to a safer working environment. The administrator’s role in ensuring those changes is crucial. Firstly, a leader should accept diversity and realize that it is beneficial for the organization. Managing the international workforce is associated with sustaining multiculturalism and creating an inclusive environment for all employees. One of the effective administration strategies is listening (Purdy & Manning, 2015). One should listen to culture to understand its aspects. It is vital to provide workers with space where they can share their experiences and knowledge. To implement this idea, a leader can organize training or workshops on diversity. Language courses for foreign workers will ensure their faster integration into society and help them to communicate with their colleagues effectively. Another technique is the decentralization of control. Managers should learn to delegate authority to smaller groups of employees to ensure well-managed working processes on all levels. Moreover, studies reveal that multicultural teams show more creative thought processes than homogeneous ones because they represent multiple social identities (Korzilius, Bücker, & Beerlage, 2017). It means that organizing international collaborations within a company can lead to increased productivity and outstanding results. It is essential to note that for many people, a workplace is not only a source of income but also a place where they can build strong interpersonal connections, socialize, and apply their skills. A diverse and safe environment can ensure positive outcomes on both employees’ lives and the company’s performance. That is why administrators and directors should approach the establishment of a welcoming working space responsibly.
Introduction People living with disabilities (PLWD) are regular targets and victims of violence initiated by their non-disabled peers. Disability hate crimes (DHC) constitute criminal offences involving hostilities against PLWD, which often stem from prejudices and preconceived notions that individuals hold against that impairment. Generally, it is viewed as an extreme genre of ableism or disablism, which encompass the discriminatory, abusive, and oppressive behaviour and treatment emanating from the conviction that PLWD is inferior or subhuman. The phenomenon of DHC can adopt multiple forms, including verbal abuses, intimidatory behaviour, vandalism, and even murder. However, abuses and harassment constitute the most prevalent category of DHC. Although numerous policies and legislation have been enacted to prevent the commission of these bias-motivated crimes, they have far-reaching implications that extend beyond the emotional and physical harm experienced by the victims. The Scale and Scope of DHC in England and Wales DHC are criminal offences comprising two fundamental components, including an outright violation of the law and an identifiable bias motivation stemming from socially constructed prejudices and stereotypes against persons living with impairments. They include such specific acts as harassment, intimidation, and abuses perpetrated onto the victim due to the preconceived notions of vulnerability as a symptom of the target’s health condition or impairment. An estimated 19% of the population in England and Wales is disabled, and the scale and scope of DHC are grossly underreported since over half of all the incidences go unreported (Sakellariou and Rotarou, 2017). A survey conducted in 2016 established that 73% of individuals living with learning challenges and autism had been victims of at least one hate crime (Healy, 2019). Another study by the National Crime Survey indicated that the true figures of DHC in 2018/19 reached 70,000 (How often are disability hate crimes committed? n.d.). In the previous 2016-17 year, police recorded 5,558 DHC incidences (Hall, 2018b). These statistics illustrate that a substantial proportion of the England and Wales population lives with some form of disability and are subjected to prejudicial treatment. Further, the figures from various surveys demonstrate that DHC is a prevalent social problem that is grossly underreported. The significan
Introduction For a long time now, the polarizing debate concerning the healthcare systems of the United States of America has never ceased. Some people have argued that the Americans receive the best health care in the world with reference to the freely available medical technology as well as the system’s highly emblematic state-of-the-art facilities. On the contrast, others have pointed out that it is the most inefficient in the world with the government spending very much on healthcare yet the citizens are prone to inequality, uninsurance and administrative waste. As a result, the government of USA initiated reforms to be made in the health care systems in a bid to perfect it to becoming one of the best in the world. If implemented, the reforms will lead to the biggest expansion of the Medicare to have existed in the last 45 years (Reid 21). This paper is therefore a discussion and identification of the health care reforms that have been implemented in the past 2-3 years. The provisions of health care reforms It is during his tenure that President Obama became the signatory of the health care reform legislation into law in March 2010 (Bunce 4). He did this by signing two federal statutes that were enacted in the same year. These are Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (PPACA) and the Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act of 2010. According to the new law, the health care system is bound to improve such that more people become insured and ensure that quality services are offered among other stipulated reforms. The reform was planned to take part in two phases with the first phase taking place between 2010 and 2013. This has provisions for expanding the insurance option such that more people obtain medical covers. In the second phase Organizations will be forced to make sure that they obtain insurance for their employees. Implemented Reforms Since the enactment of the provisions into law, most of the reforms have already taken place some of which include the following;   * There has been an extension on the coverage for young adults such that they can continue being on the plans of their parents until they are 26 years of age. This has ensured that the young adults continue to receive proper healthcare until the time when they get jobs and are now able to pay for their own insurance (Reid 34).   * The lifetime limit that was before imposed is no longer in place as insurance companies have been banned from enforcing the lifetime dollar limits they initially placed o services such as the stay in hospitals.   * At the present, there are about 4 million businesses that have been authorized to get credit to cater for the employer’s contribution with regard to the health insurance plans for employees. This therefore ensures that the small businesses afford the expected contribution to the health insurance firms.   * The new plans have free preventive procedures on health care. For instance mammograms and colonoscopies are provided free on charge without being deducted on the employees pay slips.   * The consumers are protected such that they can make appeals on issue concerning their insurance.   * The reforms have
Introduction Educators normally evaluate and account for student’s learning results. They put into service variety of evaluation schemes that are fair and reliable to students. Educational records of students are as well kept by these educators to enable them check the students’ progress (Miller, Telljohann, & Symons, 1996). One key to making grades more meaningful is carefully of a distinctive feature in academic accomplishments. This elaborate and systematic plan of action remains the first step as we look to develop gracing practices that support higher level thinking (Winger, 2005). Parents and teachers assess the development of young children as they avail chance for growth and skills needed for their progress in life (Ritzel, 1996). Nevertheless, the educator will be forced to use the following methods to assessing students:   * determining how well students have achieved the outcomes   * Diagnosing learners difficulties   * Providing feedback to learners   * To identify ways of improving teaching and students’ learning. Consequently, for assessment to be focused, teachers must lessen the misconception aspects of students’ products (Meeks, Heit, & Page, 1996). Assessment Concepts In as much as it may be seen that several assessments makes the students more perfect, numerous appraises do not transform into excellent proof. Using information to divide student desires in order to overpower the reason of getting additional results (Stiggins, 2005). Teachers should deeply appreciate these notions and their repercussions. These notions are reliability and fairness and through them high quality of teaching and understanding is experienced (Wiggins, & McTighe, 2005). Reliability This is the extent upon which results are fault. Unreliable results do not provide a good basis for any of the purposes of assessment Results of unreliable results   * Students usually react differently to different parts of the test that were supposed to determine the same thing.   * Students different response to test while their understanding did not changed Accordingly, it will not provide information from which we can draw conclusions which are well grounded in logic about student’s teaching (McMillan, 2011). Fairness Fairness in assessment should be considered from three perspectives: a) fairness of what students are asked to do to express their learning b) judging the fairness of one’s judgements about the quality of students’ performance. To achieve fairness in assessment focused on quality of being the same in quantity, concern will primarily be on assessing all students in the same standardised way using the same assessment tasks and methods, administering the task in the same way/time, marking in a consistent way and interpreting the results consistently (Pealer, & Dorman, 1997). Reduction of gender influence in an unfair way associated to students’ social and cultural backgrounds are critical areas for these programs to be addressed, and perceived (Marzano, 2000). Reference List Ma