ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction During the recent decade, which has been characterized by a dramatic increase in the sophistication of technology, the quantity, as well as the quality of cyberattacks, have never been as noticeable. According to Harriet Taylor from CNBC, the global community is currently forced to deal with “an arms race regarding security” (par. 3). Thus, there are a variety of cybersecurity risks that threaten the global community as the proficiency of cybercriminals increases with each year. While we still are dealing with “regular” security breaches such as password fraud, it is expected that the complexity of attacks and their targets will change dramatically. Therefore, it is crucial to explore cybersecurity risks to be prepared for anything. Ransomware Ransomware is a unique form of malware that does not allow access to the computer that it has infected. This type of malware has become very sophisticated and is predicted to attack the security software installed in cloud-based solutions (Google Drive, Dropbox, etc.). Apart from exploiting a user’s credentials, ransomware is also able to affect backed-up data, so it is impossible to restore it after the attack. Cyberterrorism Attacks on the energy-sector organizations are currently on the rise. What many don’t know is that an increased number of such attacks come from nation-states that want to disrupt the supply of energy and cause panic. From a national security standpoint, it is crucial to know and understand the nature of the enemy and be prepared for an increase in cyberterrorism attempts (Steinberg par. 5). Increase in cyber theft While stealing financial data is old news, there is a new opportunity for hackers that can attack innovative methods of paying for products, such as mobile and contactless payments. Hackers will search for retailers that have failed to secure their store payments and attack them. Even though for now there have not been many instances of such cyber theft, the severity of attacks will increase if retailers do not apply adequate preventative methods. Reliance on third-party security Recently, it has been reported that there were several security breaches associated with hackers targeting suppliers or vendors of companies they wanted to attack (Steinberg par. 7). By relying on third-party security, businesses appear at a high risk of being attacked, so companies must collaborate with their partners and establish guidelines for information security or, if necessary, find other suppliers or vendors that take security more seriously. Emerging technologies While the emergence of new technologies is indicative of ongoing scientific progress, the number of cyberattacks that target mobile, car, and Internet-of-things technologies is predicted to triple. Moreover, hackers are currently working on zero-day attacks, which means that they are planning to target previously unknown technological vulnerabilities and create loopholes in the current security systems. In such cases, there is a high need for technologies that will be able to
Introduction The problem of evil has been defined by different scholars. Polkinghorne (14) defines it as the process of reconciliation between evil and good. The problem of evil, therefore, tries to show that there is no logical way in which good and evil can exist in the way they are presented in religion. This paper will discuss the problem of evil, state the main claims that have been argued by John Mackie and Alvin Plantinga, and show some of the arguments that other scholars have raised with regard to the problem of evil. As mentioned in the introduction, the problem of evil questions the likelihood of a co-existence between evil and good that is normally present in religion. According to Oppy (27), religion argues that good involves what God wants and asks of humans. Evil, on the other hand, involves what God does not want. However, Oppy presents an interesting argument that what religion terms as good or evil can be viewed as one element. Oppy (27) argues that the good aspect of religion involves the omnipotent and omniscient God. However, these adjectives can also be used to describe something evil. Rowe (65) has, however, rejected the problem of evil by stating that there is a thin line between good and evil as expressed in religion. For example, many proposers of the problem of evil argue that the act of God placing judgment on humans can be viewed as both good and evil, thus there is no solid way of knowing what the specific act is. However, Rowe (67) observes that the act is good because it is a judgment that will ‘supposedly’ be fair and just. This qualifies the act of God reigning judgment on humans as a good act. Rowe (67) further explains that evil can be seen in the free will that is actually bestowed on humans. He argues that the act of God giving humans free will, as explained in the Christian Bible, is a good act. However, the choices that the humans make for themselves based on the free will that they have can be evil. The problem of evil has been divided into two main components. Different scholars have argued their cases using these two components. The first component is the logical problem of evil. The scholars who identify with this component argue that if an all powerful and ever present God exists, then evil does not exist. The scholars, however, also agree that there is evil in the world, thus such a powerful and ever present God does not exist. One scholar who has tried to derail this component is Alvin Plantinga. Plantinga argues that the ever present and all powerful God exists, and so does evil. He argues that the presence of free
The main idea behind the theses proposed by William Clifford is that no one person can blindly believe in anything. The aspect of faith is in principle questionable for the philosopher and he treats it with rational skepticism and even extreme condemnation. According to Clifford, not in the name of substantial, irreversible evidence of truth, it is simply impossible for a person to believe in anything. Clifford does not stop there, giving a vivid example of how faith without proof can be simply dangerous. The philosopher tells a hypothetical story of a man sending a ship on a voyage, knowing the design flaws but believing in a good outcome of the voyage. Regardless of the outcome of the voyage, the person turns out to be guilty, as he exposes the crew of sailors to mortal risk. Blind faith, regardless of whether it leads to a good or bad result, is initially harmful because it is irrational and unproven. William James, arguing with Clifford, offers a less rational but deeper and more individualized point of view. James says that every belief is subjective and, accordingly, based on a person’s individuality, the background that shapes ideas, and the way of thinking. Having stipulated this point, he proceeds to analyze the concept of choice in itself, dividing choice into three categories. The choice can be living or dead, that is, depending on the cultural or other relevance of the choice. Options can also be forced or avoidable, depending on the ability to evade the choice. The third binary here is the question of instantaneousness or triviality. According to James, a true option, that is, a real choice, occurs when a person’s choice is nontrivial, alive, that is, connected with themselves, and at the same time inevitable. A choice in this way always has a certain context for a person. It is authentic if a person is simultaneously forced to make it and can accept it based on their experience. At the same time, the real choice should be sudden, not rationalized by time, because otherwise, it turns out to be just a trivial logical sequence. Introducing the concept of “irrational rule” about Clifford, James argues that belief, like decision-making, is based on human background and upbringing, where the principle of the rational does not necessarily dominate. The initial unsubstantiated acceptance of one’s own beliefs as truth makes them rational in their way. A person may need faith to be able to act in principle, to function – it can be the primary basis of action. In my opinion, James’s argument seems to be more complex and nuanced, and therefore deserves more attention. Clifford’s position expresses excessive skepticism that can lead to a nihilistic perception of truth as constant uncertainty. James’ position gives a person motivation, justifying the choice with a cultural and situational position, but at the same time giving the person t
Introduction As humanity has begun to explore his home system through the use of nuclear fission propulsion technology as a method of effective space travel the privatization and proliferation of various space faring vehicles due to the technology reaching its build out completion has created a sudden boom in the number of space faring craft. This in effect has created a worrying trend wherein due to the inherent nature of inter-solar objects such as asteroids, meteors, comets and micrometeorites, various private vehicles have in effect been subject to sudden jarring impacts radically altering courses or in the worst possible cases causing a subsequent malfunction in the nuclear energy source causing leakage and the subsequent death of the ship’s passengers. While nuclear fission propulsion technology utilizes Uranium 235 as an effective means of creating minor nuclear bursts of energy without having to utilize massive multistage rockets the fact remains that its use is isolated to outer space due to the fact that even minor nuclear explosions on the surface of Earth are considered a danger to the continued health and well-being of people within the immediately area (Reisz and Rodgers, 50). The process starts with a tiny nuclear fuel cube being exposed to an activation matrix composed of neutrinos and electrons in order to “excite” the atoms within the already unstable piece of nuclear material (Reisz and Rodgers, 50). Once a sufficient level of neutrinos and electron streams has engulfed the cube the process utilizes a multistage explosion utilizing various forms of fissile material in order to trigger a small nuclear explosion at the back of the ship (Fittje and Buehrle, 502 – 504). This explosion is usually several million degrees in temperature (3.2 million to be exact) and through the use of an electron stream is encouraged to eject its energy outward following the path of the electrons (Fittje et al., 503 – 508). This in effect creates a chain reaction which incites forward motion and propels the ship towards a given destination at speeds previously unheard of for space faring vehicles (Grandin et al., 26 – 30). Composite materials made out of nano-weave (created through the use of nanomachines and high tensile nanofiber) and titanium X22 (titanium support beams combined with artificial diamonds) have enabled radiation to be effectively sealed off from a ship’s passengers (Zweben, 37). The fact remains though that such materials were never meant to take direct impacts from asteroids a few kilometers across. In fact any given time, numerous planetoids composed of rock, dirt and various minerals proliferate the area between space and planets (Zweben, 37). While some are quite obvious the fact remains that several objects move at varying speeds through space in effect creating obstacles from one point to another. One of the detrimental effects of nuclear fission propulsion technology is that from a rudimentary perspective it is effective in getting an object from one point to so long as the rout
The cultural event organized at the Smithsonian Institution, also known as the National Museum of Natural History, on January 12, 2012, was one of its kind. Many artists or groups of artists were free to register and showcase their pieces of work depicting the natural phenomena. That event turned out to be the best art exhibition that had ever been organized in recent years. Numerous artists from all over the world gathered there to present their masterpieces featuring Mother Nature. That one-week event also attracted the largest number of visitors. The greatest attention was paid to the photography section. Pieces of art from this department attracted the highest number of visitors than any other exhibited items. I was privileged to be among the students who attended the event. It was such an honor to meet some of the elite political and business classes in the land. This was a clear presentation of the importance of that cultural event to the nation. One particular piece of work that attracted a large crowd was the fine art photography by Peter Lik (Peter Lik “The Inner Peace”). He named it “Inner Peace.” This was a very fine photograph with such an appeal that attracted everyone. People fixed their eyes on it with such an admiration that could be compared with its name because it seemed to help achieve an inner peace in the souls and minds of the viewers. This was indeed an item that also caught my attention. Everything in this photograph had a soothing meaning. Peter Lik is an Australian landscape photographer who was born in a Czech family. He began being keen on photography from the age of eight after acquiring a Kodak box camera. He started by taking pictures of the family backyard. He had been used to do it until he managed to migrate to the United States of America due to his fascinating landscape. He is known as one of the best photographers nowadays. This has been seen in some of his earlier great works. These include “One”, which was sold at $1 million in 2010. Moreover, in 2011, he also created “Ghost,” which asking price is $40,000 USD. He has also won many awards. The Smithsonian event led to the unveiling of “Inner Peace” (” Peter Lik”). “Inner Piece” is a picture of a Japanese Maple tree with a very large canopy that covers a large surface area. This tree has numerous and widespread branches that cast a shadow on everything under it. The tree itself stands on a small hill with well-mowed lawn grass. This tree seems to be the only one covering a large surface area. This is due to the fact that all the other trees around it
Introduction Pay for performance (P4P) is a health care model in which providers get rewards for achieving quality benchmarks. Physicians, institutions or groups may receive these payments. The program is meant to increase the quality of healthcare in the country over a long period of time. Incentives accorded in these programs are meant to prompt healthcare organizations to improve care quality through infrastructural upgrades, increases in the number of services offered or improvements in health outcomes. The report will analyze the successes and failures of the program, stakeholders involved, and ethical issues created. Recommendations will also be given on how to improve the policy. Relevance from a health policy standpoint The goal of any healthcare policy program should be to meet patient needs in an efficient and satisfactory manner. P4P programs were intended to meet the above goal by helping patients stay healthy for a long duration of time. Since some chronic conditions are quite costly, then they became the basis of these programs. Some of the conditions included asthma, heart failure, diabetes and coronary disease. Acute conditions life knee replacements and heart attacks also put a lot of financial pressure on patients, so they were included. The country required a program that would lead to tangible improvements in healthcare outcomes. P4P was the ultimate solution to these challenges because it is evidence-based and infrastructural-based. Additionally, because some patients receive treatments from various providers, then it is imperative for them to have a coordinated system. P4P assists such patients because some versions of the program facilitate coordination of care (Rosenthal, 2008). It should be noted that for a healthcare policy to be effective, it should be tied to the healthcare provider’s returns. P4P programs meet this goal because they reflect patient behavior, and hence the financial outcomes of the concerned institution. Additionally, previous payment systems such as fee for service had their own deficiencies. It was necessary to adopt another system that met healthcare provider needs. Perhaps the most important reason for introducing P4P programs was to encourage healthcare providers to provide as many healthcare services as possible. If providers receive incentives for every service they provide, then they will exercise discretion on those services. In the past, providers have taken on too many services due to fear of litigation, yet they did not get paid for them. Additionally, P4P programs can encourage healthcare providers to focus on preventive programs such as nutrition in order to contain healthcare costs. Historical and present programs related to pay for performance Pay for performance was a solution to problems in healthcare quality in the United States. Stakeholders felt that they needed to give providers an incentive to boost performance. As a result, they decided to make it the main point of focus for all health professionals. An organization implementing the pay for performance program can choose one of three structures. It may com
Introduction Nowadays, diversity is probably one of the most significant factors in the lives of many people. It is not enough to create a society where the vast majority of people support the principles and requirements set and some people argue the correctness of the ideas chosen. People do not want to make use of language in order to develop communications with the whole world; instead, they use special language, terms, gestures, ideas, and even glance to promote communications within particular groups, now known as communities. Socialization is the process that helps to develop a number of non-home-based organizations where people spend their time, share their interests, and enlarge their knowledge in the spheres they like the most. Such communities are also called secondary Discourses (Gee 8), and they may be different schools, churches, or communities divided on the basis of personal interests and abilities. In this paper, the Powder Horn Golf Community will be analyzed in order to prove that luxury, comfort, passion to one particular sport game, natural beauty, and properly developed communication may be combined and offered to people within one community. Communication is an essential part of each golf game. The peculiar feature of the communication process in golf is that golfers may use different gestures or even glances to send information, this is why the chosen community turns out to be a powerful example of how all the necessary information is shared between the members of the community and how successful the combination of comfort and pleasure may be to provide people with an ability to enjoy the conditions offered, to learn the main principles of the community, and to prove that the world of golf is unique indeed, and each person is free to discover this world any time. Discourse Community and the Importance of Thick Description There are a number of communities which are based on the passion to golf. Golfers as any other sportsmen have their own system of communication in order to achieve their main purposes and win the game. However, the peculiar feature of such community is that golfers do not always find it necessary to use words; what they use are their gestures, hand movements, and glances. Sometimes, it is even hard to set one clear purpose of golf game as it is not always about victory. Golfers try to enjoy each second of the game, make use the natural beauty available to them, and introduce a new way of understanding the matter. Golf community is one big group of people that shares the same interests, still, tries to create some new approaches of how to succeed in the game. To succeed in the evaluation of the chosen discourse community, it is better to use the main principles of the thick description offered by Geerts. In other words, the analysis of the community has to be based on particular details, clea
Cancer continues to become a worldwide health pandemic that affects both the young and old members of the society. The sickness is brought about by uncontrolled cell growth and change in the lifestyles of people. Increased use of tobacco, improper eating habits and reduced physical activity are risk factors that cause cancer. Other factors that cause cancer comprise of genetic factors and environmental exposure to industrial chemicals. Radiations also lead to cancer. An approach to cancer care may involve palliative control that continues to become an invaluable component of the treatment of the disease. Cancer is one of the leading causes of deaths in the US resulting in about 27% of mortality in the country (Hartley, 2008). The percentage accounts for 565,653 people who die in the US due to cancer related problems (Hartley, 2008). The World Health Organization defines palliative care as an intervention that is not dependent on curative approaches. Palliative care aims at improving the quality of life and reducing the pain experienced by cancer patients. Victims of cancer usually require special support from relatives and friends as part of their care. Mental, social and financial support is essential for the care of cancer patients. The cost involved in cancer treatment is usually high for many patients. The government must accord financial support to cancer patients. The current model of breast cancer intervention involves its treatment and consequent observation of signs of its recurrence. Government health experts continue to propose new dimensions of care for cancer patients that involve exercise and rehabilitation. The US government has been setting up clinics in the US wi