ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The major business that is done by banks is the buying and selling of cash. This is how they make profits hence they are always willing to buy and sell cash to the customers. Banks ensure that they transact well so that they can realize profits in the business transactions that they make. Banks always strive to ensure that cash deposits in a day’s transactions exceed withdrawal. Total deposits, which are made by customers in a business day, rarely exceed the total withdrawals by more than one percent. They are often retained at less than one percent. Banks maintain low cash reserves as most of the money is put to active business. Banks sell the money they get from customers to the Federal Reserve. This helps banks to increase their primary reserves (Ashby, pp. 55 -78). To ensure that banks do not misuse the money that is deposited by customers, a banking legislation has been formulated in the US. This legislation demands the banks to have required reserves in order to avoid utilizing the money belonging to their customers in business. The required minimum amount of money in the primary reserve of banks does not include the deposit balances of customers. Reserve requirements are set at a certain percentage. Banks are thus expected to deduct this set percentage of the money deposited and add it to primary reserve. However, a bank may choose to hold an amount of money exceeding the minimum required in the primary reserve. The bank can raise its primary reserves by including both the required reserves and the additional amount referred to as the working reserve (Ashby, pp. 55 -78). Banks gain substantially from the net deposits whiles they lose from net withdrawals. Net withdrawals have negative impacts on the reserves. Preventing net withdrawal is hard thus banks use the working reserve to offset the gap created by net withdrawal. Working reserves help to cushion banks from the insufficient reserve position which results from continued net withdrawals (Ashby, pp. 55 -78). Banks in the US raise their revenues in two major ways. They raise revenue through levying service charges on the accounts of their customers. Banks also raise revenues from excessive reserves. This is the major source of revenues for banks. The excessive reserves are invested in buying Treasury securities that are deemed to be safe and yield interest revenues. Treasury bonds are also referred to as secondary reserves. Secondary reserves support the primary reserves in yielding revenues for banks (Ashby, pp. 55 -78). Banks also generate revenues from lending money to its customers. Banks only lend money from their excessive reserves. The supply of money in the bank is enhanced by lending activities. Banks are comfortable to lend money when they have excess reserves. Banks are extremely cautious when lending to customers. They usually limit their lending to an amount which does not exceed the excessive reserve. The lending activities in banks take place in cycles. Interest rates that are charged on the loans borrowed by customers affect the loan expansion process. The level of interest rates by banks impacts on the availabilit
Introduction With the world getting increasingly globalised, cross cultural interactions are more frequent both in private lives and at work. Indeed the issue is one that human resource departments of global multinationals struggle with on a daily basis especially when it comes to staff transfers. In the health sector such as a clinic set up, like the rest of other workplaces, the issue is still faced. According to the Institute of Medicine (2002), in a report on unequal treatment; cultural stereotyping and prejudice by healthcare providers contribute to differences in the provision of health services. Although the Institute of Medicine (IOM) focused its attention on both ethical and racial-cultural diversity exhaustively, there are actually several aspects of cultural differences that should be further considered to promote cultural competence among coworkers and patients. These are differences in age, race, gender, nationality, religion, ethnicity, language, sexual orientation, socioeconomic status, and disability, among others. Health workers should expect to take care of patients identifiable with one or more of the above groups. Comprehending cultural competence and that culture is a component of human life helps workers perform better in their duties. Cultural competence As aforementioned, cultural competence is a dominant force both in business and healthcare. This is defined by Burcham (2002, p. 84) as “the use of health knowledge and culturally based care explicitly in creative, meaningful, and sensitive ways in order to fit the general needs and lifeways of people for meaningful and beneficial health and well-being or to face disabilities, illness, or death”. There are several attributes of cultural competency as briefly discussed below that health workers should embrace to curb the disparity. Cultural awareness This is one’s ability to self examine and analyze own prejudices and biases towards particular groups of individuals. It could be in thought, sensation, and environment without undue influence on other backgrounds. Individuals should also understand their traditional health practices and cultural values. Cultural knowledge This involves making effort to be knowledgeable of other cultures apart from an individual’s own. Health workers should constantly be alert to using medical, nursing, and humanistic knowledge to comprehend patients. Skill Cultural skill concentrates on systematic, reflection, and evaluation of facts on groups with different cultural affiliations. This ability to acquire culturally relevant data on a client helps inaccurate performance of physical examination of patients Cultural encounters Cultural encounter entails the development of relationships that are mutually
Introduction Set to launch in 2013 the MAVEN which standards for Mars Atmosphere and Volatile EvolutioN will be an exploratory satellite that will examine the upper atmosphere of Mars and will attempt to determine its interaction with the Sun and solar winds. What must be understood is that there are currently various theories which make assumptions regarding the previous state of Mars several million years ago. It is theorized that Mars used to be a planet with a stable oxygen based atmosphere and flowing water but due to some event lost its ability to sustain an atmosphere conducive to life. Taking this into consideration, NASA along with a science team from the University of Colorado will attempt to examine the atmosphere for not only traces of an oxygen based atmosphere in the past but also of the current state of the Martian atmosphere. It is actually quite interesting to note that based on the work of Updike (2008) examining the current state of Mars can actually be considered a way of looking at the future of the planet Earth (Updike, 86). There will eventually come a time wherein the Earth will be unable to sustain its own atmosphere and will slowly transform into a Mars like planet. By examining the current state of the Martian atmosphere as well as the degree of interaction it undergoes with the Sun and solar wind it can actually be determined whether people on Earth could possible live on Mars like environment should worse come to worse. Examining the Purpose of the MAVEN The instruments onboard the MAVEN consist of magnetometer, a Solar Wind Ion Analyzer, Solar Energetic Particle Analyzer an Ultraviolet Imaging Spectrometer and other similar instruments used to examine the condition of a planets upper atmosphere. One of the goals of the project, as indicated by various press releases and posts from NASA, is to assess the potential for future colonization on the planet and to determine whether life could exist on the Martian surface depending on what is currently know about the ability or organisms to survive in adverse conditions. What must be understood is that the atmosphere of a planet and its interaction with the Sun and Solar Wind largely dictates the ability of life to form. A planet such as Mars which has a relatively thin level of protection due to a compromised atmosphere has a surface that is exposed to direct solar rays and solar radiation as direct effect of this. While it is true that sunlight was one of the initial factors that helped life to thrive on Earth the fact still remains that excessive quantities of sunlight and solar radiation can have a sterilizing effect on a planet’s surface in effect wiping out all traces of life. If the MAVEN is able to determine that the Martian atmosphere has indeed this level of deterioration that means that for future search
Introduction The USA Rugby Union was established in 1975 as an oversight body of the sport (Willing, 2000). Though Rugby is still gaining popularity in the USA, it still has tremendous potential as a viable profession of international standards. This study will seek to identify the areas of improvement USA Rugby Union could utilize in the achievement of this objective. USA Rugby Union is already experiencing a surge in popularity with over 80,000 citizens registered with the union (Swartout, 2008). In addition, for a player to participate in rugby matches, he/she ought to have registered with the union. Plans to enhance the sport then becomes the primary objective of the union. Already, 18 teams have been registered in the Premier Domestic Tournament and the Super League in 2007. The USA Rugby Union already has 815 referees. Through the efforts of the union, the country has recorded a participation of 1,200 pre-teens already playing organized games. Female participation is however expected to pick with 197 of them playing in the pre-teen level against 1,097 males in the same category. Furthermore, there are 20,000 athletes playing at high school level and U19 clubs (Swartout, 2008). The realization of these statistics has been as a result of the contributions by the USA Rugby Union, but more can still be done by the body. Already the USA Rugby Union has commendable players who could succeed because of their body fit and speed, which is needed for the sport (Slack, 2004). The union’s manager has identified tremendous potential in the world market and seeks to attract these players. International forums where the sport has flourished including Wellington, Dubai and Hong Kong have proved to be viable areas to showcase rugby performance (Slack, 2004). The USA Rugby Union seeks to attract more players through the same to improve the sport in the country. This study will provide a framework to which the union could use in doing so. Problem Problem Definition USA Rugby Union is still grappling with enhancing rugby as a prominent sport in the country. Participation in the union is at commendable levels but more is yet to be done. The union could also realize more development if they undertook prudent strategies to enhance the sport. One of the biggest problem the union faces is the transition of the sport through elementary level into high school, college and subsequent years. The union is already gearing up for the World cup tournament in 2011and a change of tact to increase participation can’t be over-emphasized (Hoye, 2010). With increased visibility of the USA in international tournaments, there is a need for the USA rugby union to increase participation. The union has specifically identified that a healthy future of the sport solely depends on getting young energetic players while in their youth. This should then be followed through the school system into college education. The union also identifies the importance of the country to
Achilles is one of the heroes of Homer’s great poem The Iliad . Achilles appears to the reader as an invincible, strong, and brave hero. He is also the divine son of the goddess Thetis, who granted him such extraordinary power. In the poem, Achilles is portrayed as the strongest and most invincible of all the warriors; he is a real hero. But despite his divine origin, tremendous strength, and power, he is still a person who is characterized by all human weaknesses. He is short-tempered and easily infuriated if his pride is hurt, but despite this, he has the qualities of a loyal friend. It is these human qualities, his strengths, and weaknesses, that make Achilles a human hero. There is a certain duality in Achilles’s portrait, which may have come to him because of his semi-divine origin. He is temperamental, knows no mercy, and can be terribly cruel. The origin of Achilles provides him with extraordinary strength, speed, and endurance that are only available to the gods. Achilles does not appear immediately in the poem; instead, Homer shows a scene where the Muses sing a specific ode to Achilles. They sing of Achilles’ great wrath, which caused countless warriors to be thrown into the realm of Hades (Homer 5). This beginning demonstrates that Achilles has such unimaginable strength and fury that he can kill countless soldiers. Despite how divinely strong and resilient Achilles appears, there are also human weaknesses in him. One of the qualities that distinguish Achilles from the heroes and make him a human is his quick temper and touchiness. That is why, being insulted by Agamemnon, Achilles refuses to participate in the Trojan war. But when the Trojan leader Hector kills Achilles’ friend Patroclus, he forgets his resentment and reconciles with Agamemnon. The mighty Achilles, protected by the goddess Athena, shows miracles of bravery on the battlefield and kills Hector in a duel, whose death marks the Trojans’ final defeat. In a fight with Hector, Achilles demonstrates superhuman qualities, such as incredible strength, power, and anger. He acts incredibly fast, analyzing all the weak points of his opponent, and deals Hector with a decisive blow. It may seem that Achilles is driven by a thirst for revenge and his short temper. However, this immediate reaction of Achilles, his anger and rage, proves his loyalty to his beloved friend Patroclus (Homer 365). Achilles furiously grieves for his lost friend, sheds tears, and shows genuine human emotions. It is this moment that can be described as defining in
Introduction There is a strong link between dynamic capabilities and knowledge management, an organisation with proper knowledge management will make use of it and when difficult times come it will have the ability to employ dynamic capabilities so as to overcome, it is also used to come up wit innovative ways that will keep production to the latest standards. The two complement each other and produce good results when applied together. Dynamic Capabilities Dynamic capability is a method routinely used by organisations to which help in development of some tactics applied like changing the base of resources to overcome difficult times. This involves making changes every now and then on resource use in order to match and meet the ever changing market demands and trends, this call for innovations that will match the current times. According to Eisenhardt & Martin, (2000), “…this process involves the use of existing internally available resources to overcome turbulent times or external resources in the event of an overwhelming situation.” Some sectors like the technological world advance at a very fast pace, and this calls for equal pace in dynamism. It is therefore important to for example, to retrain existing employees every time an organisation acquires any new form of technology since it is cheaper and ethical as compared to hiring new employees. Sources To ascertain an organisation’s dynamic capabilities there are three factors that come into play; the organisation’s process of sensing turbulence, the integration and learning on how to cope. The other factor is the history of the organisation and how they handled and managed to cope in previous difficult times. Assets held by the organisation define how an organisation will fair during difficult times. Teece, Pisano, et al (1997) in discussing about capability development say that “Assets are vital for they come in handy in cushioning an organisation in turbulence since they positively influence the organisation’s ability to develop new capabilities.” Knowledge Management Knowledge management is a process of harnessing value from the knowledge held by the staff. Initially this process was confined to the information departments where the internet use and databases management were the core activities. In their work, Bustinza, Molina et al (2010) argue that “this process has undergone a revolution and it is concentrating more on human organizational learning, which helps in the transfer of the best practices within the organisation.” This has a potential to generate substantial gains within the organisation in performance. Different types of knowledge take different characteristics; the difficult bit of it is that some resources are scarce while others pose difficulties in replication or transfer.” There is the explicit knowledge which takes a simpler form and is transferrable by observation and communication, i.e. plying piano, while the other form is the tactic knowledge that involves more complex form, this transfer is acquired through practice and applicat
Aims and Context of the study Introduction Ryanair is a low cost airline that operates in most parts of Europe and Morocco. Its head office is based at Dublin Airport in Ireland. Ryanair has in operation 254 Boeing 737-800 aircrafts in its 43 bases around Europe and Morocco (British Airways Annual Report, 2006, para. 1-3). It offers its customers the lowest air travel charges and has had successful growth in its operation since 1997 due to deregulation that occurred in the aviation industry. As a result, Ryanair has gained recognition as the largest low cost carrier in Europe. In addition, it is the second largest in handling large numbers of travelers in Europe and also the largest airline in dealing with high numbers of international passengers. Ryanair invests heavily in ensuring modern aircrafts which are fuel efficient and friendly to the environment by reduction of air pollution. At present, it is an industrial leader in environmental efficiency. Due to handling of large number of travelers, Ryanair airline has faced problems in ensuring customer satisfaction to its services. Many clients have complained of flight delays, long queues and even loss of their luggage. This research will attempt to focus on the factors that influence demand for Ryanair services with an aim of improving these factors so as to enhance passengers’ satisfaction. Purpose and Scope of the Research The general goal of this research will be to assess and design demand factors in order to promote Ryanair air transport services. This is meant to enable the industry to be able to increase its revenue ratio in comparison to its main competitors in the industries. Moreover, this impetus to promote Ryanair air travel services follows an evaluation of the travelers’ needs and an inclination to be able to device a marketing strategy that could aid in the promotion of Ryanair air services. Even though Ryanair operates under the framework of initially assessing the market demand, and then goes ahead to devising innovative solutions in order to meet up with the market demands, this proposal looks out on ways in which the airline can increase the demand for its services. In this case, the researcher will propose a demand creation mechanism coupled with market assessment strategy. Specific Objectives  1. To determine the needs of the current users of Ryanair air services.  2. To examine the factors that influence demand for air services by Ryanair.  3. To examine the consumers’ level of satisfaction regarding Ryanair air services.  4. To recommend an effective strategy for addressing the passengers’ needs Research Contribution Contribution to Knowledge This research will be vital for those interested in understanding deeply the factors that affect consumer demand in any line of industry. Therefore, as a response to the overwhelming role
Introduction The Muslim brotherhood is an Egyptian political organization that was founded in 1928 (Laub, 2013). During the founding days, the organization was constituted as a religious and social movement that did not have political agendas. It was founded by Hassan al-Banna, an Islamic scholar (Wickham, 2013). The popularity of the organization grew rapidly after its formation and by the end of the World War II, it had more than 2 million members. Its main goals include promotion of political activism and Islamic charity work (Laub, 2013). The group emerged on the global arena during the Arab spring that rocked several Arab countries. It was legally recognized in 2011 after Hosni Mubarak was overthrown. After Mubarak was ejected from power, the organization won several elections. However, its popularity and power waned after the military overthrew the government of Morsi. Founding of the organization The organization was founded as a social and religious group whose goal was to promote Islamic teachings and precepts. Its main activities included education of illiterate people in the society, construction of social amenities such as hospitals and schools, and propagation of Islamic teachings (Wickham, 2013). However, it gradually morphed into a political organization during the British rule in Egypt (Laub, 2013). It was against the rule of the Britons and used crude methods to express its views. Its influence spreads across many continents including Africa, Asia, and Europe. The Muslim Brotherhood dissolved in 1952 after supporting the Egyptian Revolution (Wickham, 2013). It was banned after its failed attempt to assassinate the president. The activities of the organization have been criticized in many countries leading to its suppression in nations such as Syria. Beliefs The organization’s core beliefs include the preeminence of Quran as the law, Allah as the ultimate truth and goal, Muhammad as their leader, pursuance of Jihad for justice, and accepting death for Allah (Laub, 2013). The actions of members are based on their stringent beliefs that are considered by many as going against contemporary societal values. For example, they believe in jihad. This was the main cause of the Arab spring that led to the demise of thousands of innocent citizens. The brotherhood aims to introduce sharia law in Arab nations and use it to govern the state and society (Wickham, 2013). Members believe in democracy and reforms, even though their actions are contrary. Moreover, they believe that societal reforms should be preceded by political reforms. Their view of reforms includes public and press freedom, freedom for demonstrations, freedom for assembly, and freedom of expression (Wickha