ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
It is likely for human beings to be involved in conflicts at one point or the other in their lifetime. How do we address these disputes? The more we grow and mature, the more we learn how to share, compromise and suspend the fulfillment of our needs. This can be in form of a disturbance from a dog barking in your neighbor’s home or hanging tree branch. Either way, we are tempted to turn to reason as a means to solve our differences. This reasoning often has its limit of logic resulting to an unfulfilled solution. Even though this is a way of providing a solution to the problem, it does not involve getting our needs met. In other cases, we may require the skills of others to assist in resolving our conflicts through such methods like arbitration and mediation. Needless to say, these are methods that are very expensive to the pockets of the parties involved with the end result being a probable annoyance before the dispute is settled. At this point, the link between the parties involved is so much negatively affected that the effect of the process may be worse than the pre-existing stalemate (HBSP, 2005). In order to not only meet our needs but also sustain our relationships, negotiation is the preferred method of reaching agreements. When the exchanges we have with the other party are friendly, we may not even realize that we are negotiating in an attempt to solve our everyday problems . One of the areas in which negotiations have proved very useful is in the employment relations. Indeed, employment relations were a fertile ground for the early development of negotiations theory especially in unionized settings . Negotiations in these settings are characterized by interaction between two clearly differentiated labor and management institutions each with clear sense of their best interests. Since the 1970s, there have been changes in employment relations, therefore, necessitating new and different forms of labor negotiations. Many of the negotiations structures that have come up are analogous in nature. Nevertheless, they continue to play a key role in the transition from arms-length relations to more tightly coupled forms of economic and social relations. The big question is why negotiation is the preferred method to other methods of conflict resolution. What does one need to keep in mind when negotiating? How can one develop good negotiation skills? These are some of the questions that will be handled in this essay which bases its argument on the Kolb’s model. Regardless of whether we consciously realize it or not, our daily life is characterized by an almost endless array of negotiations. They range from simple tasks like the decision on what t
Gandhi’s London Year Gandhi arrived in London in October 1888, when he was about to celebrate his nineteenth birthday. He was financially stable to fund his education in the field of law. A month later after arriving in London, he got enrolled at the inner temple, which was among the main four in London. The inner temple is what is referred to as the University of London currently (Fischer, 46). His elders were against him going to London to pursue his education, but he single-mindedly achieved his objective of attaining a degree in law at the University of London. In 1891, he got himself enrolled in the high court of London but unfortunately, he left for India towards the end of that year. Gandhi’s South African years After leaving London, Gandhi stayed for one year and decided of accepting an offer by an Indian businessperson who was staying in South Africa. This businessman wanted Gandhi to become his legal advisor. Gandhi did not know that was the beginning of a long stay in South Africa for more than twenty years. Those Indians who were living in South Africa during that period were considered as less human beings (Fischer 63). They were denied political rights, and being undermined, South Africans used to call them ” coolies.” Gandhi tried to make some efforts for the Indians to be considered as full human beings. There was a time he had purchased a first-class ticket for traveling in a first-class railway compartment vehicle but he was thrown out. He considered this as an initiative to stand as a leader of the Indian community. Satyagraha (truth-force) When Gandhi decided to break the silence of oppression of Indians in South Africa by fighting for their rights, that’s when he coined the term satyagraha for the very first time. This term defined his effort of eradicating the oppression of Indians through non-violent actions. He applied the truth to fight for Indians. Gandhi described himself as a seeker of truth, and that is the reason why he used to love in his claims and acted non-violently (Fischer 65). Gandhi as well wrote a book known as “satyagraha in South Africa” where he defined the truth behind fighting for the oppression of the Indians. For instance, issues of the poll tax on them, and the making of all non-Christian marriage unions unacceptable. Brahmacharya (celibacy) Gandhi in his process of seeking the freedom for Indians decided to apply celibacy, to strive well towards God. He wanted to apply both brahmacharya and Satyagraha to make both the oppressor and the oppressed to realize both of them have a common destiny and humanity. Gandhi had a great desire to see freedom for everyone (Fischer 66). His fear of God made him apply celibacy in his process of fighting for freedom. Swaraj (Home Rule) In 1909, Gandhi made his trip back to India. On his way, he wrote a short agreement that he named Hind swaraj that meant an Indian home rule. In this article,
Motivation Management Criteria Propaganda of a healthy way of life is a strong commercial way of selling a bill of goods jus for the sake of business. Together with this kind of commercial lies rather than taking care of population, the non-profit organizations are being founded. Unlike business organizations, social ones do not openly claim they make money out of this. However, there are not only volunteers providing services to HIV carrier, there is money as people’s partial motivation. Every non-profit organization has to earn at least something to pay taxes. So, there is evidently some financial interest in founding social services. However, most of the services are provided free of charge. The theory of deception influence among the employees of the non-profit organizations can be examined using an organization called Allan Vincent Smith Foundation. This is an organization that provides education on AIDs awareness to HIV infected people. Although the organization is a non-profit one, it happens to be a very good reflection of what the Information Manipulation Theory is. The presentation will unveil how deception theory influences group outcomes and how to balance organization’s management needs with its bottom-line effectiveness. Psychological Premises to Deception Adoption People differ, so do their psychological strengths and weaknesses. Thus, managers have to keep up with break-neck speed of changing business environment (Jones, 2010). To keep the organizations like that working on and truly helping people, there has to be a deception management philosophy adopted. Disregarding controversial feelings, this management theory may arouse, it brings much positive effect and is not, in fact, immoral (Qin, 2009). One of the issues that come forward is negotiating conflicts. Nowadays, there are two means of forcing the negotiation: the instant messaging and face-to-face discussion (Zhou, 2008). It has to be highlighted that forcing the negotiation via messaging is unlikely to detect deception in most cases. The motivation of the volunteers to continue working as passionately as always creates the main premise to the deception theory. Therefore, the overall concept of working with HIV infected has to be taken into consideration, as well as psychological effect that healthy people undergo when working. There are many features a manager has to consider when organizing a good working environment within an organization. Negotiating conflicts means bringing them to the point when both sides are satisfied with the discussion or the decision making. Therefore, the means the discussion is exercised though is very important. Interestingly, the communicato
Introduction Child development can be seen as a continuous process which constitutes distinct phases. The child continuous interaction with the immediate and wide environment influences his or her development, for instance, the transactional model postulates that “the development of a child is….a product of the continuous dynamic interactions between the child and the experience provided by his or her family and social context” (Sameroff & Fiese, 2000 cited in Davies, 2004, p.4). In addition, adequate research has portrayed how transactional processes influence the development of brain during the first year of life, observing that physical touching, social interaction and sensory stimulation encourage physical brain growth and also boost brain function (Nelson, 1999 cited in Davies, 2004). This particular observation indicates how a particular process that may appear to be biological turns out to be transactional, at the same time while the process of development continues; quality of parenting, opportunities and stressors in the child’s and parents’ lives, social circumstances, social institutions, culture and historical events forms a wider circle of key elements that exert influence and determinants of who the individual child becomes. First years in the life of a child matter and in long-run do impact heavily on the life of the child. This research will explore the concept of child development basing the arguments on the thesis that, experiences children engage in early life and the environments they are exposed to become vital in shaping their brains structures while affecting the development of the child and in the long-run these early experiences become key determinants as to whether the child grows up to be happy, healthy and productive member of the society. Reviewing early childhood development Freud established that the period from birth to five years in the lifespan of a child is a very important stage in which early life experiences lay foundation for later development. Freud conclusion was that the future personality development is much dependent on these early experiences, adjustments and coping behaviors of the child which are also determined on the basis of early experiences during this period. By the time the child reaches the age of five, a number of personality traits are established and some of these established traits expand up to the periods of adolescence and adulthood (Wal, 1999). The period from two to five years of age has been seen as the period when the education and learning experience for the child starts while at the same time the development of the child remains at peak. During this moment, the child is geared for easy and rapid learning and attempts to accustom him/herself with the environment. The stage is sometimes known as curio
What is the source of Unilever’s advantages over its competitors? Unilever has a broad channel of distribution compared to its market rivals. It especially makes use of small scale retail outlets. Even though such outlets do not use several freezer cabinets when selling ice cream from Unilever, they have a significant multiplication effect towards the distribution of ice cream from Unilever. The company has also been retailing its other products using the aforementioned outlets thereby boosting its overall power of distribution. In addition, the company enjoys economies of scale that have been largely generated by a strong brand name in the market. In other words, Unilever is capable of producing in large scale without the fear of inadequate marketing opportunities. As a result, it readily enjoys the benefits associated with large scale production. Some of these benefits include high volume of sales, improved profitability and large trade discounts from other trading affiliates. Moreover, the strong brand image associated with Unilever has made it possible for the company to implement its strategies both at the national and pan-European levels. What are Unilever’s main strengths? Where so its weaknesses lie? What, if any, would you do about its weaknesses? Unilever has several strengths in the European market in spite of the stiff prevailing competition. Firstly, it has a along reputable history in the production of consumer goods. In other words, it is a well known global brand. This makes it easy for the company to market its products. Besides, it has a ready access to manufacturing resources across the globe. Moreover, the company is strong in terms of its ability to harness synergy of resources. Unilever works closely with its distribution partners such as small scale retailers. Hence, it has developed a cordial relationship with its various chains of distribution and therefore capable of reaching out the widest market. The company has a strong base and appreciation for intensive research and development. This has led to variety of products in the market that meet the various tastes and preferences of consumers. On the other hand, the greatest weakness of Unilever especially in its European
Introduction During the 20 th century, the world experienced tremendous changes that changed the status of life of many individuals. Among the effects that came about as a result of this change is the decline in inequality among populations. In the United States for instance, inequality decline for the better part of the 20 th century 1 . However, in the last quarter of the 20 th century, this trend changed and inequality within the population started to rise again. From the studies that have been conducted, it has been identified that the inequality changes that have been experienced in the different states of the world are not monotonic; other factors play a critical role in determining its trends. Some of the factors that have been identified include politics, public policies and the economic status of the world 2 . The main aim of this essay therefore is to determine the impacts of public policies on social inequality. To achieve this, the essay shall focus on public policies that have been advanced in different nations and the effects that they have had on individuals of different social classes. Public Policy and Social Inequality During the 20 th century, most states of the world set up millennium development goals. The aim of these goals was to ensure that they enjoy social, political and economic growth. This will ensure that the quality of life for each and every individual within the society had increased. To achieve these goals, different states of the world came up with a number of strategies and policies 3 . In developed nations, these policies and strategies became fruitful. As a result, tremendous growth and development were experienced in the most of the 20 th century. Despite the great recession of the 1930s, most nations experienced a positive growth on the grounds of political, social and economic development. During the 1960s, it was projected that the people who were living in the United States at that time were living a better life that than those who were living 50 years prior 4 . This was also the case in many other nations in the world. However, since the 1980s, the level of inequality has started to increase. This trend has been credited by a number of scholars to the public policies that many nations adopt. Most of these policies affect the provision of basic needs and services such as health, education, shelte
Cultural awareness is one of the necessary principles of the effective interactions in multinational companies. Cultural awareness of employees and managers helps to overcome all the possible cultural barriers which can prevent the company from the efficient realization of its business goals (Deresky, 2011). The question of cultural awareness and intelligence is rather problematic for those corporations which are based in the USA, but their companies can be located in the countries of Middle East and North Africa. FedEx is an international company which is situated in Dubai, UAE. To contribute the effective cooperation of multinational employees in the company, it is necessary to work out the definite training program. The Cultural Awareness Goals The strategic goals of the company are directed to broadening the territories for spreading its logistics services in UAE on the base of Dubai. That is why it is important to pay attention to the peculiarities of intercultural communication of the company’s employees (Green, 1999). Thus, the training plan for the employees and managers can be concentrated on developing the understanding of the fact that people of all the nations can exhibit culturally-conditioned behaviors, and it is important to admit some definite social and cultural variables which can influence the ways in which people speak and behave (Kohis & Knigh, 1994). The focus on certain cultural peculiarities, national and religious traditions and habits is also among the goals of the program. Thus, it is significant for the employees to become aware of definite conventional behaviour according to the traditions and norms of Arab culture and American culture. Moreover, local and expatriate employees should participate actively in the projects which can help to decrease the cultural barriers between the representatives of American and Arab cultures in the company. The Main Issues The main issues which are influenced by definite intercultural conflicts and the low level of cultural awareness can be connected with such aspects as the tensions between American expatriates and Arab local employees. They are often the result of the lack of the knowledge associated with cultural and religious aspects. Moreover, it is also necessary to give the expatriates and their families the opportunity to learn more about the peculiarities of the country in which they work and communicate with the local population in order to get rid of stereotypes and cultural barriers. The question of the difference between the peculiarities of business communications in Arab and American cultures also remains rather controversial. There is the necessity of conducting definite trainings. Furthermore, the peculiarities of the culture do not allow women to become the leaders in the companies. Thus, this question should be solved according to the Arab norms. Many problems also can depend on the features of the political and economical situations in the countries. The
The photo in question is an example of Alfred Stieglitz’s working ability and his desire to achieve a positive result at any cost. The snapshot taken in 1893 is known to the whole world as the outcome of a long and painstaking wait, and due to the efforts made, the master managed to achieve the desired effect. From the point of view of the photo’s overall plan, the image is certainly cropped because its scale implies the presence of additional parts at the edges. Stieglitz probably resorted to this technique intentionally to focus viewers’ attention on a specific object, in particular, a horse-drawn carriage. Also, geometrically, the prospect of the street looks successful enough, and unnecessary objects on the sides would violate the integrity of the entire scene. A hand camera used when shooting allowed the photographer to get to a dynamic object as close as possible, which was not a typical technique for that time. His attempts to make his works lively and look like pictures rather than written canvases were realized, and Stieglitz’s heritage proves the talent of the master and his innovative ideas. For example, the decision to wait for a carriage despite a blizzard testifies to the persistence of the photographer and his devotion to the beloved work. At the same time, skillful control over a hand camera was the outcome of long and tedious workouts. As a result, the winter landscape on Fifth Avenue became one of the greatest photographs of the 19th century when this art was not common, and few could afford special instruments for shooting. Thus, Stieglitz’s talent allowed him to revive static images and make them dynamic.
Introduction Arguably, meditation is the most misunderstood part of the Buddhist faith (Rahula 7; Wilson 57). For some people, the practice is an escape from daily duties and a mental journey into a mysterious universe where people are in a state of trance, or absorbed in some mystic society, cut off from the rest of the world. Others believe meditation is a posture that Buddhists adopt when praying, while in some quarters, some communities perceive it to be some form of “medicine” because specific studies have shown that it could lead to positive outcomes in the treatment and management of several ailments such as high blood pressure, anxiety, and depression (Wright 135; Olpin and Hesson 318). Meditation has a strong religious origin in the sense that some religious figures have often advocated for its use as a technique for improving human wellbeing (Raz and Lifshitz 423). For example, ancient Buddhist texts often encouraged their followers to adopt it as a way of increasing their mental, spiritual, and physical awareness (McMahan and Braun 87). Thus, the practice has been a commonly celebrated part of the religion’s heritage. Generations of mainstream Buddhists have also preserved the tradition through teacher-student interactions with few or no modifications to the technique. Nonetheless, these misconceptions about meditation have distorted the concept, such that some people partake in the practice as if they are engaging in a technical routine of bodily actions (Rahula 7). This paper argues that these connotations are misguided because meditation (in the Buddhist faith) strives to improve mental dev