ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction The Great Depression was one of the most tragic tales in the history of the USA. The economy plummeted, many individuals lost their jobs and their livelihoods and caused massive suffering. The crisis hit the black communities the most as they were known for poverty even before the Depression. The short story titled “A Worn Path,” written by Eudora Welty, explores the life Phoenix Jackson and her interactions with various members of white communities as she takes a long walk along the Natchez Trace in order to help her grandson. The portrayal of the main heroine of the story fluctuates from one scene to another, changing from serene and peaceful during the hike through the woods to polite and guarded when meeting the hunter, and, finally, to humble and self-sacrificing during her conversation with the nurses. The Portrayal of Phoenix Jackson At the Beginning of the Story “A Worn Path” starts with describing Phoenix Jackson on her way through the pine forest. The first few paragraphs of the story are dedicated specifically to painting the image of the old Afro-American woman in the mind of the reader by providing details on her appearance, closing, her manners of speech, and her interactions with the surrounding environment (Welty 1). Although Phoenix struggles with overcoming some of the obstacles in her path, she does not seem out of place in the forest. She recites a proverb to ward off animals, which goes as follows: “Out of my way, all you foxes, owls, beetles, jack rabbits, coons and wild animals!… Keep out from under these feet, little bob-whites… Keep the big wild hogs out of my path. Don’t let none of those come running my direction. I got a long way” (Welty 2). The woman shows to be at peace with her own loneliness, and fond of the forest she is tracking through, indicating that she was familiar with these parts. However, the purposes of the journey remain unclear to the audience at this stage. The Portrayal of Phoenix Jackson In the Middle of the Story Approaching the middle of the tale, Phoenix Jackson encounters a hunter with a dog. The two exchange a conversation, with the woman being polite but very guarded around the young man. The hunter, while be
Akira Kurosawa is an iconic Japanese director who helped define Japanese cinema in the post war era. Sergio Leone is an Italian director famous for his Spaghetti Westerns. This paper will be an analysis of two movies. The first movie is Akira Kurosawa’s, 1961 classic, Yojimbo. The second movie is, Sergio Leone’s 1964 western, Fistful of dollars. Yojimbo was allegedly remade as the Sergio Leone western A Fistful of Dollars. Both movies involve the protagonist playing rival camps against each other. The movies are so similar that Kurosawa actually won a court case and received a share of the profits from Fistful of dollars. In order to verify or belie these claims, these two movies will be compared and contrasted for similarities in style, cinematography, plot and character development . Background information on the Directors Akira Kurosawa 1910-1998 In order to better understand the two movies it would be best to first have a backgrounder on the two directors who made the movies possible. Akira Kurosawa was born on 23 March 1910 and died at the age of 88 on 6 September 1998. His curriculum vitae as a filmmaker, producer, screenwriter and editor is the stuff of Japanese Legend. Before he could become a legendary director/screenwriter he was firm born to modest beginnings as the youngest of eight children albeit the descendant of a samurai linage with above average means. His father embraced western culture and exposed his children to western movies which provided a considerable educational experience to the young Akira. As a child Akira had some talent in drawing and this was encouraged by his teachers in school. But it was Heigo his intelligent older bro
Homeboy Industries is an organization dedicated to rebuilding ex-gang members back into society as full-fledged citizens. In 1988, Greg Boyle took a comprehensive and revolutionary approach to rehabilitate ex-criminals ( About us , n.d.). His strategy fundamentally contradicted federal and state policies of mass incarceration ( About us , n.d.). Every component and department of Homeboy Industries has been designed to address the organization’s motto, which states that “nothing stops a bullet like a job” (APB Speakers, 2018). They do this by helping ex-criminals solve their personal, mental, and social problems and develop the necessary professional skills. Stopping the Bullet and Offering a Job There is a variety of services and classes in Homeboy Industries that can be divided into two categories. Some of them stop the bullet while others offer jobs, figuratively speaking. The first category includes tattoo removal, mental health, domestic violence, legal services and anger management, leadership, substance abuse, and parenting classes (Homeboy Industries, 2018). They help those ex-criminals who want to start a new life by providing mental care and legal support. Solving the problems of the past is not enough for a person to be fully rehabilitated into society; they need to be shown that they will have long-lasting success in the future. It is the reason why Homeboy Industries also has various training programs and education services. These include art academy, workforce development, solar panel training, case management, and job resource (Homeboy Industries, 2018). By offering a wide range of training options, Greg Boil makes sure that all of his homeboys and homegirls will benefit the community. It is worth noting that his organization also provides jobs for ex-offenders. I believe that religious services and classes would also contribute to the Homeboy Industries cause.
Various aspects and elements of the educational system can be analyzed with the use of organizational management tools. For example, the implementation of reforms is an important process that can be evaluated with the help of such tools as organizational frames. The structural, human resources, political, and symbolic models can be used to understand some factors that contribute to the success or failure of changes (Bolman & Deal, 2017). The application of the frames can be illustrated with the help of a mini-case. The use of the four organizational frames has proved to be effective as the major flaws in the implementation of an educational reform have been identified. Introduction to the Frames The structural frame was commonly used in the 20 th century. The core concepts associated with this organizational paradigm include structures, policies, responsibilities, hierarchies, and control (Bolman & Deal, 2017). The major focus of this frame is on structural aspects. For instance, the organization is seen as a scope of departments working on particular projects, having certain responsibilities, and following some rules. Hierarchies and bureaucracy are regarded as central components and important tools to achieve organizational goals. Standardization is one of the pillars of this frame. Standards define strategies and tools used to achieve organizational goals and address possible (predicted) issues. Technology is often put to the fore as it tends to ensure the maintenance of the created structures. This frame is still employed and can be quite effective in some situations. However, the structural frame will fail if some non-standard circumstances and situations come into play. The human resources frame is associated with the focus on people rather than structures. Organizations are regarded as families where people’s needs and desires are addressed (Bolman & Deal, 2017). The companies using this model usually have linear hierarchies irrespective of their size. Such organizations do not develop many rules and standards as the focus is on values and beliefs. Culture is one of the major pillars that unite people and make them committed to achieving certain organizational goals. Flexibility and support are highly valued. Employees often have little or no supervision, but they tend to have mentors and trainers. This organizational frame is specifically effective in the industries that require a great deal of people’s creativity and commitment. However, it is rather difficult to find the right people for the right projects and responsibilities, which may result in poor performance and financial, reputational, and other losses for the company. The political frame is often regarded as a negative model that can hinder a company’s development. Bolman and Deal (2017) stress that one of th
Introduction Marketing is a combination of strategies and methods used by companies to identify, build and maintain gratifying relationships with customers therefore, benefiting both the customer and the marketer (Amity Institute of Higher Education, 2011). For a successful marketing strategy, a marketer needs to combine, in a balancing manner, the right elements and processes. This is dependent on the nature of the products, services or ideas that the company wants to market. It also comprises the decisions the management make in the implementation of the positioning strategy and in line with the achievement of the company’s overall objectives. Moreover, a marketing mix will involve the marketing tools the marketer uses to achieve these goals in the target market according to Armstrong & Kotler, (2009). The four marketing elements are product, place, price and promotion. Elements of marketing Product A product simply means what the firm has to offer to its target market. Firms attempt to provide solutions to the problems of their target market, which may be in form of tangible, intangible (or both) product offerings. These products satisfy the needs of the market, help generate income for the firm and profits for the stakeholders. Non-for-profit organizations such as regulatory authorities get their revenues from the same product. In creating the right market mix, marketers need to come up with the right product features and benefits such as branding, labeling, style, installation, durability, packaging and quality that will satisfy the customers (Amity Institute of Higher Education, 2011). Pricing The marketer has to make decisions on pricing as an element of marketing mix. Price refers to what must be surrendered by one party in order to receive something from another one in a transaction. However, it may mean different things to the parties that are doing the transaction. To the buyer a price is what he/she has to part with in order to obtain benefits or gain access to a good or service. This may not always be in monetary terms since in barter trade no money is involved. To the seller, price is the earnings he/she gets from each product and therefore important to the profits he gets (Armstrong & Kotler, 2009). Apart from a profit factor to a marketer or a firm, price also acts as a marketing tool. In marketing mix, pricing decisions are very important and marketers should pay a keen interest. This is because, pricing, is the most flexible element in the mix and can be changed rapidly if need be; the other elements may take months to change. Setting the right price for products means the company generates satisfactory revenue and therefore adequate research, analysis and strategic review are important. The price of a product also creates the first impression on the customer even though the final decision is based on other considerations. Finally, pricing is an important tool for sales promotion. Price features of a product such
Introduction This scenario concerns a young man with schizophrenia, which manifests in paranoia and delusions. The case patient, Simon, has been sectioned on two previous occasions, first for observation and then for treatment. After his release, he took anti-psychotic drugs and attended meetings with a community psychiatric nurse, but abandoned both practices after the latter’s retirement, causing his condition to deteriorate. His mother intervened to place Simon in the care of an interprofessional team, which improved his symptoms with medication despite his reluctance. It was then decided to transition to a talk-based approach. While there is currently no cure for schizophrenia, patients can lead fulfilling lives (Jakes, 2018). The effort to improve Simon’s condition must extend beyond controlling psychotic symptoms to meeting his physical, mental, and social needs. A comprehensive, collaborative care package is needed, but its success will depend on the active cooperation of medical professionals from different disciplines, Simon himself, and his family members. Assessing the Needs of the Patient Schizophrenia is a chronic mental disorder characterized by psychotic (hallucinations, delusions), negative (depression, social withdrawal), and cognitive symptoms. The severity of the symptoms varies between individuals and tends to fluctuate between periods of remission and relapse (Fall et al. , 2017). While outcomes can vary drastically, most patients suffer some degree of damage to their quality of life, especially with regards to social functioning and physical health (Lloyd et al. , 2017). Anti-psychotic medication is the dominant form of treatment, delivering symptom control. Still, its variable effectiveness and occasionally debilitating side-effects have prompted interest in psychotherapeutic approaches that may complement or replace it (Schaub et al. , 2016). The biopsychosocial paradigm, which informs the commonly accepted modern view of schizophrenia, acknowledges the influence of biological and environmental factors on its emergence (Sexton and Lebow, 2016). For example, the double-bind hypothesis suggested that schizophrenia may develop in response to dysfunctional, contradictory family communications (Fall et al. , 2017). The current understanding emphasizes the primacy of genetic causes while acknowledging the psychosocial stressors’ ability to cause or exacerbate the condition. An effective intervention must address the biological and psychosocial aspects. Simon’s case appears to present a typical example of schizophrenia symptoms interfering with the patient’s physical, social, and emotional wellbeing. The condition manifests primarily in paranoid delusions that complicate his relationships with his mother, neighbors, the police, and health care providers. Combined with his lack of knowledge, this paranoia complicates treatment by making Simon less likely to com
The internal environment of an organization consists of its available resources, inherent capabilities and competencies, and the structure of its inner systems and processes (The Internal Environment 2006, p. 126). It is absolutely necessary for business managers to commence organizational internal analysis as it assists them to understand the firm’s strengths and weaknesses. This in turn helps the company to devise suitable strategies aimed at leveraging its strength to achieve sustainable competitive advantage in the area of investment (Stahl & Grigsby 1997, p. 31). This paper evaluates the internal environment of Woolworths Safeway, Australia. Resources can be described as fundamental inputs that enable a business entity to carry out its activities (The Internal Environment 2006, p. 127). In formulating a proper internal analysis, resources are divided into two – tangible and intangible. Tangible resources refer to the physical assets under the possession of a business entity. Woolworths Limited have greatly diversified its business interests into 5 broad segments that includes the supermarket division, general merchandize, consumer electronics, hotels, and wholesale division (Corporate Information 2009, para. 1). To maintain a competitive advantage, Woolworths operate under several brand names such as Safeway, Dick Smith Electronics, Tandy, Woolworths, Foodtown, among others. It has a strong physical presence in the whole of Australia and New Zealand as it operates 3,030 supermarket stores, petrol stations and hotels. The organization is sufficiently strong, having posted $37 billion in revenue in the first half of the 2009 fiscal year (Money 2009). Its intangible resources include loyalty schemes such as petrol subsidies at Caltex Woolworths, everyday rewards, credit cards, and frequent shopper club. In human resources, Woolworths had over 180,000 employees as of 2008, a 38% increase in human capital since 1993 (Australia’s Leading 2009, para. 1). Its reputation has been greatly boosted by its logo, ‘The Fresh Food People’, which has been used for over 20 years. An internal analysis can also be done by evaluating the organization’s capabilities and core competencies. Capabilities can be defined as the organization’s capacity to deploy deliberately integrated resources aimed at achieving a desired end result (Lachowicz 2006, p. 20). Woolworths is known to offer its employees many opportunities to develop their careers, considerably reducing employee turnover (MGSM 2008, para. 2). Furthermore, Woolworths motivates and empower employees through an expansive workers credit union known as Employees of Woolworths Association. Recently, Woolworths took measures to streamline their supply chain by contracting Kuehne + Nagel as the sole provider for the organization’s worldwide order management and freight management from crucial export regions such as Europe, North America, Asia and Africa (Kuehne 2009, para. 1 & 2). The cont
Introduction The global market is full of players that seek a substantial share of the market to survive in the respective turbulent and competitive industries. Therefore, huge corporations are perceived to possess competitive advantages since economies of scale favor them attributed to the scope of operations. Fair competition, which is characterized by justified means of production, is essential for ethical business operations, and thus non-conformity to the laid down standards is considered unethical (Bird, 2009). The issue of development and underdevelopment in the world can be viewed from the core and periphery aspects of economic activities. In this case, firms from industrialized societies exploit developing countries to develop their brands and gain competitiveness (Gugler & Shi, 2009). In this case, the ethical elements of the operations pose questions about the motives of such corporations, which results in displeasure to the greatest majority. Nestle has been criticized for allegedly exploiting developing countries in various ways to enhance its brand image. This paper will analyze the ethical issues regarding Nestlé’s branding strategies based on ethical theories. Background Information Set up in 1867 by Henri Nestle in Vevey, Switzerland, Nestle emerged as one of the most successful food-based corporations that dominated international markets. Its growth was witnessed in the 1960s when it acquired smaller firms in Switzerland and other countries to expand its services globally. The range of products sold by Nestle includes roast and soluble coffee, tea and health beverages among others. The company has a workforce of over 339,000 employees working in various units located globally in 508 factories ( Nestle , 2015). Despite the rich background, Nestle has been recently criticized as one of the multinational corporations that engage in unethical practices to brand its products, especially in the developing economies. Health agencies have faulted the corporation for promoting its infant formula by misinforming mothers in developing countries that the product is more nutritious than the mother’s milk (Muller, 2013). In another case, the company was accused of engaging in child labor in the harvest of cocoa beans in Ivory Coast (Andrei, 2015). Besides, selling unlabeled genetically modified foods in some of the Asian markets elicited controversy about the company’s motives. The high-priced mineral water product, Pure Life, also evoked ill feelings regarding the ethical features of its operations in some of the Asian markets (Andrei, 2015). Moreover, pollution issues have been linked to the production operations of the corporation resulting in environmental sustainability concerns (Andr
The Criminal Cases Different legal implications are drawn from different cases. It is critical to analyze the disparities between various cases (Lippman, 2010). The paper identifies two distinct legal cases in the U.S. These include the “People v. Olsen” and “People v. Johnson.” Various types of criminal defenses dominate these cases. The paper identifies and discusses the types of defenses in these two cases. Furthermore, it analyses the evidences used to demonstrate these defenses. Apart from these, it outlines the roles of justification and excuses within these cases. Finally, there is an examination of the outcome of the two cases. Criminal Defenses Used In the Cases In the “People v. Olsen,” it is observed that the defendants contravened a specific penal code. The code is against the commission of vulgar acts with the underage children. This includes an age category below 14. Therefore, they underwent a conviction for the violation of this penal code. The basic argument during the proceeding was that the “mistake of age” is never a practicable defense (Law Info, 2012). Particularly, this was with reference to the cases involving statutory rape. The defense applied in this case originated from the inadequacy in explanation of the penal code in the relevant constitution. Other similar situations are notable in the case of “People v. Johnson.” In this case, the defense argued that the available evidence during the proceeding was inadequate to substantiate the conviction. Unlike the first case, the defense relied on insufficient evidence provided by the prosecution and complainant (Champion, 2009). According to the defense, the evidence was insufficient to hold up for the conviction for cruelty to the animals (Law Info, 2012). Reference was drawn from the animal act. Principally, the issue of “animal custody” was the basic cause of disagreement in developing this defense. Evidence Used To Demonstrate the Defenses The major evidence in the “People v. Olsen” included the underage child and her parents. The knife used in the crime scene also formed an important evidence during the proceedings of this case. The admissibility of both human witnesses and physical objects used in specific crime scenes is very significant (Siegel, 2010). The criminal cases usually involve compound types of evidence in court. This is depicted in the case of “People v. Olsen.” The defenses used these evidences to challenge the ruling. For instance, the issue of age and indulgence in crime arose. The maimed girl weakened the case after testifying to have been close associates with the accused persons. To the defense, this was a solid evidence of an earlier association between the two parties. The mistreated horses were the main evidence admissible in the case of “People v. Johnson” (Law Info, 2012). The defense managed to convince the court on the fact of ownership of the animals that were claimed to have been mistreated. The defense also claimed lack of suffi