ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Henry James in his work “The Art of Fiction” and Joseph Conrad in his “The Task of the Artist” touched upon the problem of measuring the aesthetic value of a work of fiction by certain criteria. The outstanding theoreticians of the English literature Henry James and Joseph Conrad concluded that a novelist is free to use unnumbered ways for showing the glimpses of truth to readers, but should comply with the fiction laws. The structure, sounding and any detail can have impact upon readers’ perception and shape the meaning conveyed in a novel. The main characteristics of a good novel Discussing the relationship between the morality of novelists and their artistic sense, Henry James and Joseph Conrad concluded that writers have certain moral obligations and need to take into account the possible readers’ reaction to the form and content of their works. James explains the excessive jocularity of certain novels with the negative consequences of an old superstition concerning the admissible wickedness of the literary works. Though this outdated misconception has been left in the past, its spirit still lingers on and has impact upon stories which are perceived as only a joke (James 856). James disapproves the writers who do not attempt to enhance the gravity of their novels and do not consider the opportunities of competing with real life. Certainly, novelists cannot be compared to historians looking for the absolute truth, but they need to pay attention to collecting the evidence and presenting it to readers to appeal to their feelings, intelligence and common sense. Writers can make readers to take their works seriously by speaking authoritatively to the minds and feelings of their potential readers. Comparing novelists to historians and other scientists, Conrad stated that writers look for the truth, but use it as a source of inspiration and interpret the facts of real life in their unique ways. A novelist can manipulate the readers’ feelings, including those of their fears, ambitions and aspirations, but always counts upon their credulity and takes the advantages of it (Conrad 870). However, counting upon the credulity of readers can be rather hazardous because their individual reactions and prior experience are unpredictable. For this reason, James distinguished between bad novels appealing to the credulity of generation and good ones which can be regarded as true works of art. The main assessment criteria chosen by James for distinguishing between the two categories of novels include whether the novel is interesting and whether it produces a strong impression upon the audience (James 858). Thus, the main obligations of a good writer are to make his/her novel interesting and to impress readers. Defining a novel as writer’s “personal impression of life” (James 858), the theoretician raises the question of the techniques which should be used for intensifying this impression. The quality of a particular novel can be measured on
Many pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic factors can affect the course of treatment of an elderly patient with dementia. Exposure to agents that modulate neurological function early can have long-term effects up to the senior period (Cretin, 2021). I want to highlight pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic factors that may increase susceptibility to these agents. With age, there is a tendency for the liver’s metabolic capacity to decrease, which may affect the ability to excrete therapeutic agents and chemicals from the environment (Pfister et al., 2017). This factor, combined with decreased renal clearance, leads to prolonged retention of many drugs in the elderly. The nervous system undergoes various changes with age, including changes in neurotransmitter and receptor levels and reduced adaptation to modifications induced by xenobiotics (Sönnerstam et al., 2018). These changes in the central nervous system can make older people more susceptible to neurological dysfunction when exposed to particular pharmacological agents. Another critical point is the patient’s personalized treatment plan, depending on the disease or certain complications. For example, if a patient has a comorbid condition, the treatment plan would change concerning the medication prescribed. As mentioned above, it is necessary to monitor the simultaneous prescription of several medicines to an older patient, as they tend to per
“The Hangover” illustrates several social psychological situations that can be encountered in life. The movie begins with 3 friends and one “loner” going to Las Vegas for a bachelor night out, just days before the wedding of one of the friends, Doug. After the guys have a crazy night on the town, they wake up to realize that they lost the groom and their memory. They begin the search from a hospital, driving a stolen police car, which leads them to a wedding chapel. There, the friends realize that one of them, Stew, got married to a “dancing girl”. The police eventually catch up with the 3 friends, but they make a deal to get released. After that, they pick up their own “lost” car and find an Asian guy in the trunk. Alan reveals that he has indeed drugged the 3 friends and himself, which was the cause of memory loss. After delivering a stolen tiger to Mr. Tyson, Alan wins the needed sum of money to pay the gangsters to buy Doug out, who turns out to be the “wrong” Doug. In the end, they figure out they have played a prank on Doug and left him on the roof. They get Doug and return to the wedding, just in time. The first social psychological theme of the movie is Alan and him looking for his identity. According to John Locke, people contemplate their own identity in relation to the social surroundings, the environment, people and themselves. Alan is a “child trapped in a man’s body” and does not really have any skills to function in the outside world. He is lonely and finds a role model in Phil. This can be observed throughout the movie, but one of the first instances is when he agrees with Phil that it is “fun” driving around in a stolen police car. The looks that he gives Phil represent his want to be more like him. When Alan realized there was a tiger in the bathroom, he immediately directed his fears towards Phil, as he felt safer around him. When Alan wins the money, Phil acknowledges Alan’s skills, as he realizes that it is a form of support to the person in search for a friendship. Alan feels the connection that is emerging and is seen much happier than before. At the end of the movie, when they are at the wedding, Alan asks Stew if his hair is as “good as Phil’s” and receives a positive answer which makes him completely happy. From all these examples it is clear that Alan was looking for a person who would support him, his “party” nature and even his mishaps. Phil gives him this support, as he is a school teacher and has knowledge in dealing with “children”. Alan’s character develops throughout the movie with the aid of the wild circumstances and guidance from the surrounding environment and Phil. The second psychological theme of the movie is the connection between the careless, free world and a society where there are rules and control. Social conditions have a great say in individual psychological attributes of people. Sexuality is brought up several times, as being one of the defining
France, the United Kingdom, Germany, and the United States of America have been on the forefront when it comes to the enactment of policies in the European Union. However, France remains at the helm of most of the foreign policies in the European Union (David, Gower & Haukkala, 2013). Its participations in several diplomatic forums, in EU have given France an avenue for it to shape the European Union’s decisions regarding its foreign policies. Evidently, France is a key player in EU’s activities. This paper analyzes the role and the status of France in policies of the European Union, as well as scrutinizes the Franco-Russian relationship. In the analysis, the primary focus will be on the role of France in EU-especially the objectives that France has for the EU, France’s strategy towards Russia’s sanctions, and the Franco-Russian relations, as well as on the stance taken by France with respect to the sanctions imposed on Russia by the EU. France’s role/status in the European Union According to Kennan (2009), France has been actively involved in the activities of the European Union. As much as the country has been participating in European Union’s foreign policies, it has had a number of objectives and aims in its role as a major player in the region. Its role in the EU, as well as its status is faced with competition from other countries such as the Germany. As seen from its activities in NATO and the European Union, France has since tried to show its significance both in political and economic arenas (Kennan, 2009). However, the country has a lot of things to cover before it achieves such objectives owing to the stiff competition from other large and powerful countries such as Germany, the United Kingdom, and the United States of America. Over time, France has been enjoying a significant role regarding its place in the EU, in spite of the many other countries that are involved. For example, France has played a major role in the history of EU. Through its historical role, France has been able to steer development activities within the present day EU. Moreover, France has been active in the Coal Community, as well as in the European Steel (Sebina, Moahi, & Bwalya, n.d). The alliance involving coal and steel was highly instrumental in ensuring the success of the European Union integration, and the stabilization of the Western Europe. As such, France has contributed highly in integrating the European Union to ensure that it grows both politically and economically (Stimson, Thiebaut & Tiberj, 2014). Therefore, France is in a position to achieve its integration objectives since the country has strong diplomatic tactics added to its vision regarding a region that is integrated and free from threats of war. As such, along with the above objectives, France aims to broaden the European Union’s sphere of influence. Why then is France best suited to steer the EU into the realization of its international, as well as the national objectives? To begin with, France has placed itself in a nationalistic atmosphere. As such, it is able to achieve both its objectives and those of the EU considering that it allows itself to be politically integrated fully in
Introduction After predictions of the failure of the Medicare program since inception there have been various legislations to reverse the trend and to put it on a development path for sustainability. One major amendment took place in 2003 and thereafter various others have been enacted. This paper reviews some of the three amendments that have occurred since Medicare Modernization Act (MMA) was passed in 2003 and evaluates the effects on patients on the various subdivisions of Medicare as parts A, B, C and D. Medical Improvements for Patients and Providers Act of 2008 H.R.6331 This amendment was passed in July 2008 to change the titles XVIII and XIX of the Social Security Act to reinstate some provisions in the Medicare Program that would have been nullified after expiry. In essence, the amendment sought to improve beneficiary access to preventive and mental healthcare services, to boost healthcare/ Medicare oriented low-income assistance programs, and to maintain and improve access to healthcare and pharmacy services. This amendment was presented in different sections with each section seeking to address a more specific issue. For instance some sections address issues such as: Provides a 5% pay increase for certain mental health services from July 1, 2008, through Dec. 1, 2009, provides teaching anesthesiologists 100% payment for two concurrent cases starting in 2010, extends the exceptions process for therapy caps through December 31, 2009. Other major provisions by the act are prohibitions on marked sales and marketing behavior under Medicare Advantage (MA) plans and prescription drug plans such as bribing, giving away gifts to seek favor etc. Medicare, Medicaid, and SCHIP Extension Act of 2007 This amendment touches on Medicare Physician Fee Schedule (MPFS), and Extension of the 2008 Participation Open Enrollment Period by Medicaid. It was designed to revise Medicare Physician Fee Schedule (MPFS ) rates starting from January 2008 to the middle of the year in June by updating the conversion factor to 0.5%. Past July 1 the same year, conversion factor was to be maintained at -10.1%. This new development had some more deep running effects on other players in healthcare provision in the US as we shall discuss later. Pay-for-performance and payment act 2007 Though this was initially addressed in 2003, there have been more recent additions that were to be presented by the new administration. However, its implementation will highly rely on the view on the administration which Kelis (2009) says views all pending reforms by the Bush administration skeptically. Despite these fears, the amendment if implemented through MIPPA seeks to bring dialysis clinics to a 1% composite rate increase in 2009 and 2010. To supplement this, another site-neutral composite will be introduced in 2009. This was meant to change the address the issue where hospital-based clinics charge $4 higher than
Problem Identification Effective leadership occurs in an environment of compromise. Consequently, it is important to investigate how different leadership styles help in the development of trust as a shared value. Indeed, this examination constitutes the main research problem in Gillespie and Mann’s article titled ‘Transformational Leadership and Shared Values: The Building Blocks of Trust’. In line with Mitrabinda and Goo’s words, “effective leadership is different…it has to do with values internalized and the willingness to sacrifice for others” (126). Hence, developing the ability to care about the people one leads to precedes effective leadership. It is impossible to lead without a complete sense of commitment. Crucial to note is that successful headship develops in an environment of mutual trust and respect. Therefore, the article reveals that it is important for any leadership theory deployed in an organization to ensure that leaders uphold trust as an imperative shared value. Hypothesis Identification Gillespie and Mann’s research uses four hypotheses. They hypothesize (H1 a ) that for research and design teams, perceptions such as appeal, enthusiasm, and influence among others possessed by the group members towards their leaders relate positively with the trust that the parties have in their bosses. An alternative hypothesis (H1 b ) is that trust in team leaders correlates positively with the results of deploying contingent rewards in leadership. The second alternative hypothesis is that confidence in a leader depends on the perceptions of the team members that the boss uses consultative leadership. The second hypothesis (H2 a ) is that leadership confidence does not relate to the perceptions held by team members that a leader uses active-corrective leadership (Gillespie and Mann 593). The alternative hypothesis (H2 b ) is that laissez-faire coupled with passive-corrective leadership styles relate negatively with the trust that team members have in a leader. Gillespie and Mann anticipated (H3) that the perception of sharing common values with a leader would relate positively with confidence in a leader and that (H4) such conviction would lead to higher effort at work, the effectiveness of the workers, job approval, and effective interaction between the leader and the team members (Gillespie and Mann 594). The Need for Research Leadership is vital in all organizations that use people to achieve their goals, mission, aims, and objectives. It involves influencing other people to facilitate the achievement of a given goal. Leaders prepare, manage, direct, and/or steer other people towards attaining common mutual objectives and goals. Leadership occurs through the interaction of three main contexts: leaders, followers, and the situation that prompts
Introduction The purpose of this study is to draw a relationship between economic and social dimensions, on the one hand, and their effects on an individual in the modern Japanese society, on the other hand. The subject of the study focuses on Katsu Kokichi who was the third son of a low-ranking Samurai named Otani Heizo. Otani lived from 1802 to 1850 and was adopted when he was seven years old by the Katsu family with the intention to marry their only daughter Nobuko. Otani lived on a monthly stipend of 100 koku. Kokichi had briefly attended school until he was expelled because he did not develop an interest in formal education. However, he was good at martial arts and riding. He married Nobuko and they got four children. By the time of getting married, Kokichi’s stipend had declined to only 41 kokus. Background of the Samurai The Samurai were considered the most senior class in the top hierarchy of the Japanese society. Two of their classes were eta and hinin. Eta means “filthy” and hinin means “non-human”. The hinin were people who were engaged in actions which were breaking the traditions of Buddhism. Examples of these professions included tanners, butchers and undertakers. In 1871, these classes were abolished. The Samurai were mainly identified by the two swords which they carried regularly. An individual who was not a Samurai had to bow when having met a Samurai. If he failed to bow, the Samurai had the
Traveling is always a pleasure. The start point of traveling is deciding on what country or city to choose. Choosing the company which is going to sell tickets is the other decision. When the place where to go and the company is chosen our task is to book tickets. Online booking became very popular for several reasons. First, it is very quickly, second, you shall go nowhere, just sit at home and in several minutes you will have your tickets booked. We are going to book tickets in Orbitz Company, which web site is www.orbitz.com. Orbitz is a global online travel company that uses innovative technology to enable leisure travelers to research, plan, and book tickets. Having entered the website of Orbitz Company, you may see that Orbitz Company specializes in tickets booking. Before ordering something, a person should register. It is not difficult, and very quickly. The website is constructed in such a way that answers all questions about the flight the system will choose the most appropriate and comfortable place of departure and arrival. So, first what person should be to register. The next step is to choose the activity: just flight or hotel, or it may be flight + hotel, people may also book a car to the airport. The choice of activities predetermines the next steps. If the flight was chosen, the system will ask about the cities, date and time of departure and arrival, the number of adult passengers, the flight preference (whether a person prefers non-stop flights). Choosing the hotel room booking, a person will be asked the place where the hotel is situated, the dates of check-in and check-out, the number of rooms, and people. The car booking is similar to flight tickets booking: a person should just choose the time and place of picking up and dropping off. Th
Abstract Wireless networks have higher flexibility as compared to wired networks due to the lack of trunking and cabling in the networks. Both desktop computers and laptops can be fitted with wireless cards which enable the machines to be connected to the net. To connect the machines, various protocols are applied to enhance the proper connection of various standalone machines. Wireless networks have their problems at the same time when compared to wired networks. When wires are used, some protocols like the Ethernet are allowed to use dedicated wires which go hand in hand with the dedicated medium that can avail the transmission and consequent reception of data. This allows the network to be able to transfer data at a higher rate than the wireless networks. In the case of the wireless networks, the radio frequency in which the network is tuned is the only medium. This limits the mechanisms which the network is using for access control (MAC) (Butala, Tong 2005). In all networks, CSMA (“Collision Sense Multiple Access”) is used to access the network medium. Wired networks use collision sense multiple access with “collision detection (CSMA/CA)” whilst the wireless networks use “collision sense multiple access with collision avoidance” (CSMA/CA) (Ergen, Lee, Sengupta, 2003). The key difficulties of wireless data transmission are the encoding of the data, speed of transmission, access of the hidden nodes through stations (hubs), overcoming of the cyclic transmissions caused by transmission errors and failures. The offered technologies and protocols involve the key solutions of the stated problems, however, some of them originate from other problems. Hence, the paper aims to assess the data transmission protocols and define the weaknesses and strengths of each protocol. Token-based protocols “Token-based access control protocols” have been there for some time now. Some protocols that put into practice a comparable access control system are the Frottle which is open source, as well as Wireless Cyclic Token Protocol” (WiCTP), Wireless Token Ring Protocol (WRTP). These protocols generate a master/main node that is used to control the access to the network medium by bringing into play a token that is switched over between the nodes on the particular network. Client nodes queue the data packets that they are obliged to send. At the time that they receive the tokens, they send the queued packets by the data that is contained within that token. This technique is very straightforward and successfully eliminates the concealed node crisis at the same time as increasing the stability of the network since two nodes cannot move at any one point in time. System models of the data transmission networks may vary, however, the key aim of the network is to perform the reliable and stable data-transmission process. Because MAC, Data Base Management, Admission Control and Information Access Management are the key aspects of the wireless network creation, most