ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
T tests for dependent variables are of great value when it comes to the calculations and treatments of aggressive behavior in students. It is important to note that when it comes to small groups of students the tests will usually give results which are to be analyzed further as opposed to large groups which are normally distributed. We are going to describe the importance of this test on these groups and the reasons why the t-test is more preferred compared to other statistical tests in the treatment of aggressive behavior in particular student groups. For this case it is the application of a new approach to this group of students therefore we will have to use the basic assumptions used in the t tests. The fact that Z will always follow the normal distribution therefore in this case we will use the basic statistical analysis to apply the new approach. The t test can greatly help in the application of this approach since many tests can be carried out in the analysis. It is also wise to use the t test because it carries several tests under which the true results can be easily determined. It can be used in the null hypothesis as we all know; this is a hypothesis that cannot be proved under any means possible. It is just there by default and therefore nothing can be done on it. For our case the application in this test may be that a result of an action or a crime may have arisen out of the aggression of the group of students. They may always be culpable of the actions unless something happens to warrant otherwise thinking. The other important use of the t test in the treatment of this particular group of students is that a simple test on the students can easily tell the other variable apart from the dependent variable. Say for the students whereby the dependent variable is the behavior of the students. All the other parameters defined in the determination of the results of the test. Here a few samples maybe used to give us an overview of the overall results like the two sample test of the null hypothesis. This is because the assumption that there is a population whose sample variance will be assumed to be zero. Finally a t test can be used to test the difference of the regression line slope from the origin which is zero. The mere fact that Z and s are assumed to be functions of the data and the sensitivity of Z shows how useful the t tests are. The t test will mostly be preferred to most tests because it offers flexibility of the variables in the determination of the null hypothesis. T test sample does not require for the group being tested be of equal size like other tests. However the sample size and should be within the same parameters since the hypotheses to be extracted out of the test have to be based on some particular set of variables. A t test is also preferable to use because of its simplicity and its straightforwardness Finally the issue of dependent variables on this topic where the students aggressive behavior is being tested using a new approach will easily be applied since in almost all tests done on students, the t test w
Introduction Saudi Arabia is the largest Arab country in the Middle East lying in between Europe, Asia and Africa. Its size is approximated at 2,149,690 square kilometers (865,000) square miles, which is about one third the size of the United States. The country is located between the Persian Gulf and the Red sea, bordering Jordan on the north and Iraq on the northern east, Kuwait, Qatar and United Arab Emirates on the east and Yemen on the south and the Sultanate of Oman on the and southeast. Early history Historically, Saudi Arabia is not considered as the cradle home of the Arabs but the first Arabs are thought to have originally come from the Arabian Peninsula. As far back as 15,000 to 20,000 years ago there is evidence of the existence of human presence in the Arabian Peninsula citing the existence of roaming hunters and gatherers who lived off wild animals and plants. At the time of the last ice age about 15,000 years back, the Europe ice caps thawed, resulting to great climatic variation in the peninsula. The once immense plains covered with grassland suddenly turned scrublands and arid regions. The river streams evaporated creating dried river beds (commonly known as wadis), which are a common features in peninsula presently. This harsh climate forced the existing human beings to develop other means of survival as they no longer had animals to hunt because they had vanished. These people then moved to the mountain valleys and oasis and that’s where agriculture is said to have developed and begun in Mesopotamia before it spread to the Nile River Valley and across the Middle East. The development of agriculture brought about growth of other sectors farmers who started raring animals that included goats, camels, cattle, sheep and horses. These advances led to permanent settlements, which led to the beginning of the modern civilization. Arabian Peninsula became the homeland of Islam, which is the second most practiced faith worldly. Islam was pioneered by Prophet Muhammad. Around the year, 610, this Muhammad is said to have received messages from God ( Allah ) through the angle Gabriel to proclaim oneness of God globally and as these revelations continued, so did his followers increase. In the year 622, Prophet Muhammad learnt of the plan of his assassination than he decided to lead his followers to Yathrib which was later changed to Madint Al-Nabi (City of the Prophet) and now simply it’s referred as Madinah , and this emigration ( Hijrah ) marked the beginning of the Islamic calendar, the year of the hegira. It marks the time Muhammad fled from Mecca. Muslims use a lunar calendar, meaning their twelve-month year is much shorter than the solar one which the Christians use. In the subsequent years, numerous clashes took place between the “followers of the Prophet Muham
Introduction Even though spirituality and related rituals play a pivotal role in many individuals’ daily lives, there is no absolute freedom of religious self-expression in social spaces and educational institutions, including public schools. Regarding acceptable behaviors in the classroom, there are no rules to prevent students from expressing their religious beliefs during class discussions. Thus, in general, school students, regardless of their religious affiliations, are allowed to talk about their identities if some topics related to religion and related traditions are raised during class discussions (Averett, 2016). Although religious self-expression cannot be prohibited per se, some limitations include such statements’ irrelevance to discussion topics, the potential to disrupt the educational process, or explicit attempts to promote or demonize certain beliefs, thus contributing to conflicts in the classroom (Anti-Defamation League, 2012). Even though talking about one’s religious beliefs during lessons is not always a violation of public school policies, students are advised to engage in religious discussions during recess time (ADL, 2012). Therefore, school students should make sure to express their beliefs neutrally and appropriately. Main body It is also possible for school students to touch upon and discuss their religious beliefs and values or lack thereof in submitted assignments. To start with, privately initiated religious expression is protected under the First Amendment, which is why public schools cannot just bar students from mentioning their religious identities (Haynes & Thomas, 2007). Importantly, some limitations surrounding self-expression are related to the type of assignments. When it comes to works that will be seen and evaluated only by teachers, schools may not refuse to accept specific responses only because they contain religious statements (ADL, 2012). Nevertheless, students’ right to religious self-expression should be limited when they work on projects to be presented publicly, such as lectures, works of art, or plays (ADL, 2012). Such assignments should be secular to be considered appropriate and demonstrate that the school is not interested in promoting specific views. The situation is a bit different when students are willing to engage in prayer in the classroom. If students want to pray during non-instructional time, they are free to do so if this decision is fully voluntary and does not involve coercing other students to participate in the ritual (“Constitution USA with Peter Sagal: Battles of school prayer,” 2013; Haynes & Thomas, 2007). Non-coercion is spec
Emotions are still recognized as the common language of humanity since they influence every aspect of our lives, for good or for bad. They are the most basic characteristic of the human race. It is difficult to describe what emotions are; however, they generally refer to our feelings that lead to coping activities in response to the feeling. Emotions are recognized as cognitive aspects and they are either negative or positive. And their physical sensation distinguishes them. Some of the types of emotions include anger, happiness, hate, love, reverence, cheerful, confidence, and remorse. This paper centers on the emotions of anger and happiness. Anger is an involuntary emotional response to real or perceived threat that activates, encourages, and energizes someone to act so as to eliminate the perceived threat. As a strong feeling of annoyance or displeasure, the level of arousal to eliminate the threat depends on its degree. Similar to other emotions, anger has both cognitive and physical aspects. Actually, there are several complicated cycles of physiological events, which take place when someone is irritated. It has a physiological preparation period in which energy is drummed up for a fight-flight response. All emotions that occur in our bodies start in the section of the brain called amygdala, which identifies the perceived threats to our well-being and sends out appropriate response actions. The amygdala is efficiently wired such that it is able to respond to perceived threats to our well-being even before the cortex responds. The cortex makes judgments and considers the consequences of the actions to be taken. This is why sometimes people behave badly when they are angry. When someone gets angry, his or her body muscles tense up and the brain releases neurotransmitter chemicals referred to as catecholamines that results in a burst of energy responsible for the common angry desire for fight. Simultaneously, the heart pumps faster, blood pressure increases, breathing rate increases, and consequently, all other thought processes are eliminated as one becomes locked up in the target of the anger. In swift sequence, other brain neurotransmitters and hormones, such as adrenaline, are also given out making one to be ready to defend himself or herself (Frijda, 1986). After attaining the angry state, the wind-down phase now follows in which the body starts to get back to its normal resting state. However, it is important to note that relaxing from an angry state is not easy since the adrenaline-caused arousal usually lasts for a long time in the body. And during this time, one is prone to getting angry faster. Happiness is another basic human emotion that is usually portrayed by positive feelings such as satisfaction, compassion, pleasure, or joy. Contrary to the popular opinion, most people usually consider themselves happy even when they are in less than ideal situations. It is interesting to note that studies have revealed that there
Thesis statement One of the main aspects of a post-industrial living is the fact that; whereas, the influence of some world’s major religions (such as Christianity) continues to weaken, other religions (such as Islam) appear to become ever more influential (Bruce & Glendinning, 2010). However, discussing the earlier mentioned phenomenon from strictly a theological perspective can be hardly justified, since it is in the nature of committed believers to deny the very fact that the surrounding socio-cultural reality has any effect on the theological validity of religious doctrines, with which they happened to be affiliated. In its turn, this implies that it is only when we adopt a sociological stance, within the context of how we assess the discursive significance of every particular religion, that we may be able to gain an in-depth insight into the discussed religion as ‘thing in itself’. In this respect, the reading of Ronald Johnstone’s 2007 book ‘Religion in society: A sociology of religion’ will come in especially handy, because this book encourages readers to think of religion, as an extrapolation of its affiliates’ collective archetype. In light of this suggestion, the book’s Chapter 1appears particularly enlightening, because apart from discussing religion in terms of a sociological/psychological phenomenon, it establishes an undeniable link between religion and magic (spirituality) – hence, allowing readers to gain a better understanding of what should be considered the actual roots of people’s sense of religiosity. In my paper, I will aim to explore the validity of this suggestion at length. Body of the essay The foremost reason why I think that the book’s Chapter 1 is particularly relevant, within the context of how people go about trying to gain a better understanding of religion, is that it points out to the fact that the qualitative essence of people’s religious beliefs cannot be discussed outside of what account for the particulars of their collective positioning. As Johnstone noted, “Religion is first of all a group phenomenon… We see places of worship all around us and have clear mental pictures of groups of people (congregations) assembling together in prayer” (p. 8). In its turn, this presupposes that, in order for one to consider becoming affiliated with a particular religion, he or she must be psychologically comfortable with the way of how the members of the relig
Executive Summary Effective brand management is critical in organizations’ pursuit of competitive advantage in any market. Companies’ performance in the international market is not only dependent on how effective the marketing strategies are formulated. On the contrary, the firms’ management team must ensure that ethical and regulatory principles are observed. Nestle has identified the UAE as an attractive market for its infant formula product, NAN. Nevertheless, the advertising strategy that the firm has adopted through collusion with healthcare facilities in the UAE to increase its sales revenue of the NAN infant formula product is unlawful and unethical. The study’s findings illustrate that Nestle has developed a remarkable reputation in the international market. However, its failure to apply ethical principles in its advertising process in the UAE might affect its achievements. Based on the research findings, the study recommends Nestle adjust its approach to marketing by investing in marketing research, brand management, training its employees, and adhering to ethical marketing practices. Introduction Marketing is a vital strategic management component that influences the enterprises’ long-term competitiveness (Langen, Grebitus, & Hartmann, 2013). Different companies are progressively entrenching cross-border market expansion to generate high sales revenue and profits. Sele (2006) posits that multinational corporations [MNCs] are progressively identifying viable market opportunities outside their domestic market. The BRIC countries [Brazil, India, and China] and countries in the Middle East and North Africa region have been considered as the most attractive markets over the past decades (Sele, 2006). The attractiveness of these countries increases due to economic performance and high population. These countries have experienced a significant increase in the number of MNCs entrants into different economic sectors (Sele, 2006). To generate sales revenue from the international market, the MNCs are increasingly integrating diverse marketing strategies. One of the strategies involves advertising. The marketing strategies should not only adhere to the best marketing practices but should also be ethical. There are different cases of ethics involved in marketing. One of the notable cases arises when marketers overemphasize a vulnerable market segment in the pursuit of sales revenue (Jeurissen & Ven, 2006). Over the years, advertising has been characterized by cases of controversy and scandals. Jeurissen and Ven (2006) identify “Benetton’s controversial series of ads which featured delicate subjects such as discrimination and HIV/Aids, to sell colorful clothing at the higher end market” (p.430). Klein, Laczniak, and Murphy (2006) accentuate that most ethical cases in marketing involve product safety, misleading advertising campaigns, and illegal product pricing schemes amongst others. The violation of the stipulated laws and obligations further constitutes unethical marketing (Klein et al., 2006). Problem statement Over the past years, Nestle has been involved in an
The poem “The Camp of Souls” by Isabella Crawford is a beautiful literary piece that became one of her most famous works. There is might be a discussion about whether it is just a romantic and sad poem created for pleasure and earnings or an attempt to dive deep into the culture of native Canadians. The fact that dispute about the topics occurs suggests that some moments prove either or both of that points. Still, the fact that someone who has experienced none of the things that they write about makes it hard to believe that there was an intention to provide people with the harsh truth about the life of natives and educate the society. Therefore, the poem has a feeling of slight sadness and bitterness of loss. The moment where the spirit says that “and I sail from the spirit shore to scan” (Crawford 59) or “where the weaving of that strong cord began” (Crawford60) is still looking more like a lovely story about the original land and mode of life of native people. That leads to the thought that the author was more about fantasizing about the indigenous culture, taking inspiration from their traditions than studying it, and bringing awareness to the masses about the harmful effects of racism and its consequences. Isabella Crawford is well-known for her poems about native Canadian and their indigenous culture, and some of them even became some of the most famous works “The Dark Stag” (1883), “The Canoe” (1884), “Malcolm’s Katy: A Love Story” (1884). Despite all of that, there are still things to be skeptical about her art. There are reasons why there might be questions, whether this is a deep dive into the culture and historical roots or just a romanticization of indigenous myth and legacy. The central aspect that may come to the mind analyzing Crawford’s poem is the lack of experience. It can sound strange and curious that a privileged white woman writes poems about an indigenous experience, pain, multiple struggles, and sufferings. It is impossible to be completely honest and sincere in creating a literary piece about something that the person has never experienced and never will because of the different cultural background, skin color, and social rules. No one except those who went through life full of fear and oppression can imagine what it is like to be oppressed and struggle to live on the land that a group o
Introduction Human resource is the most important assert to any organization. It determines the quality and quantity of a company’s output and the general ability of the company to respond to changes in the contemporary world. Briscoe, Schuler, and Claus (2009) assert that the key to having a productive workforce is to ensure that they are always motivated. A motivated workforce offers the best of the services, are easier to coordinate and will work as a team. This has been the aim of StopNshopToday for the past several years that it has been in operation. However, the recent disquiet from the employees has raised a lot of concern and the management is determined to address the issue with the urgency it deserves. Some of the benefits that the management appreciates that the workforce should be given are: standard holidays throughout the year, fair deduction of insurance premiums, among other premiums. It is worth noting, however, that the company is not operating in a vacuum. Bogardus (2009) explains that external forces that a company has to face may determine the way it relates to the employees in regards to the benefits it offers. The company may only be in a position to offer the employees benefits that are about the average of what is offered by the industry, particularly because of the financial constrains that are involved. Below is a comparison of what other industry players offer, against what is offered at StopNshopToday, Inc. Comparative Analysis of Employee Benefit Package Surveys have been conducted and reports to that effect written about the employees compensatory packages in various industries in the United States of America. The table below and the subsequent chart show a comparative analysis of what the industry offers and what is offered at StopNshopToday Inc. The Industry Average Benefits against that of StopNshopToday, Inc.                                                                       Government (%)  StopNshopToday, Inc. (%)  Private Industry (%) Compensation                                                                                                                                     Wages and Salaries                                                    70.2                                      50                      70.8   Benefits Costs                                                        29.8                                      25                      29.2   Paid Leave                                                            6.5                                       5                       6.5    Supplementary Leave                                                   7.3                                       2                       2.9    Insurance                                                             3.6                                       6                       7.3    Retirements and Savings                                               8.7                                       2                       3.6    Lega