ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Mitigation measures that have been implemented to address floods Floods are natural disasters. Unlike other natural disasters such as earth quake, floods can be prevented. Factors such as runoffs cause floods. In rural areas, runoffs usually exceed the drainage capacity along the river channels hence causing floods. In urban areas, the outburst and damage caused by storms on the drainage systems cause floods. In addition, the rise of water in the sea level causes floods. In most cases, tsunamis are an example of possible floods resulting from sea storms. Finally, the collapse of water supply system and the failure of the sanitary carriage channels cause floods. The mitigation measures for floods include the following; “control over rivers, establishing policies and legislation on the use of land such as terracing and assess to flood-prone areas” (Smith and Ward 206). Control over the rivers involves “assessing the flow and the height of the water” (Smith and Ward 206). In case the controls are not appropriate, some alterations must be done. Some of the alterations involve the construction of rivers and reservoirs on rivers. These will be responsible for water storage, hence the reduction on flood threats. Construction of floodwalls is another essential element for “confining water from flowing into unwanted areas” (Smith and Ward 206). This reduces the amount of damage caused by floods. Development of watersheds is critical to facilitating absorption of water by soil during heavy rain falls. This involves practices such as crop rotation, reforestation, terracing and contour-strip farming. On the other hand, policies and legislation governing the use of land play a great role in preventing people from residing in flood plains. This will be a prevention measure for people living in flood-prone areas (Bankoff and George 16). This involves legislation in land zoning to control development areas, encroachment lines, building codes and subdivision policies. Additional measure that has not been implemented, but would mitigate against floods Creating awareness among the public on floods is one important measure that has not been done effectively. It is important to assure the public of their safety in flood prone areas. If the public awareness initiative is not conducted, the public may feel restricted against their freedom to in flood-prone areas. The process of creating awareness should be supported by “government legislation, public information and flood educational programs” (Wisner and Blaikie 21). This will enable the public to “understand issues associated with floods” (Wisner and Blaike 21) and the dangers of the same. The programs should aim at making the residents understand the essence of getting “involved in practices that prevent or control floods” (Wisner and Blaike 24). An example of such a practice includes farming. The impact of floods and flood occurrences can be dealt through flood awareness programs. This entails the inclusion of the “flood insurance and other warning systems that reduce the risk of floods
Introduction Leadership plays an important role in the failure or success of institutions. In less than a month after the US invaded Iraq, Major General David Petraeus and the 101st Airborne Division were deployed to Mosul, which is the capital of Nineveh province in northern Iraq (Lundberg, Bowles, & Zimmerman, 2006). The main objective of this deployment was to restore peace and security in the region. However, upon his arrival, General Petraeus quickly realized that he was required to carry out non-military leadership tasks to ensure the stability of the region. General Petraeus used the five steps of critical thinking and the problem-solving process to address issues that Iraqis in Mosul were facing as discussed in this paper. Critical Thinking and the Problem-Solving Process Critical thinking is a mental process that is used to perceive, analyze, synthesize, and evaluate a situation or information through experience or observation in a bid to make effective decisions. Similarly, the problem-solving process is a systematic approach to issues to come up with informed decisions regarding a given phenomenon (Hess & Bacigalupo, 2014). Therefore, combining critical thinking and the problem-solving process creates five steps that can be followed to address the issues at hand. The five steps include identifying the problem, analyzing the problem, listing the viable solutions, deciding the most suitable solution, and taking action to implement the appropriate solutions. Problem Identification When General Petraeus and 101st Airborne Division arrived at Mosul in late April 2003, the city was ungovernable. According to Lundberg et al. (2006), “The city of 1.7 million was a shambles as much from looting as from war. US Marines had just killed 17 Iraqis during a riot. The streets were in chaos, with police and other security forces nowhere to be seen” (p. 1). Therefore, the problem was lawlessness, hence the need to restore order, peace, and stability in the city of Mosul and the Nineveh region at large. Problem Analysis After identifying the problem, General Petraeus started to analyze the situation to understand it fully in a bid to come up with amicable solutions. Therefore, to understand the challenges that lay ahead, the general started to learn about the people that he was expected to lead and understand their needs. According to Sudha, Shahnawaz, and Farhat (2016), an effective leader should seek to understand the people he or she is in command of, and the general acknowledged this principle. Therefore, he asked to be briefed about the history of the city, its culture, religion, economic operations, and everything that would help him understand the place and its people. In his “meet and greet” campaign, the general organized a meeting with 40 retired Iraqi generals on April 23, 2003 (Lundberg et al., 2006). During the meeting, he sought
To begin with, I would like to turn to the analysis of a short animation created by the American psychologist Haider. The video shows the chaotic movement of geometric shapes, which has no logical explanation (Rothwell, 2019), that is, the answer to the question “why.” Humans are naturally programmed to perceive simple moving objects as intelligent beings capable of experiencing complex emotions. This video is appropriate in the context of religion because, in ancient times, people also explained many events as the will of the gods and tried to animate the forces of nature. Christianity is only one of several world religions; how does it relate to other religions? This question is not new; it has been asked throughout the history of Christianity. The question of Christianity’s relationship to other religions has taken on new significance in Western academic theology (Barron, 2010). There is an increasing consensus that it is a serious misconception to think of the world’s various religions as variations on the same theme. Barron (2010) talks about the essential difference between religions that cannot be ignored in his podcast. His judgments are necessary for the discussion of the origin and essence of religions. Studying other religions provides a deeper understanding of one’s destiny and a love for those who practice something other than Christianity (Abingdon Press, 2018). The animated video gives an insight into the origins’ formation of the world’s religions and their spread across the globe (Business Insider, 2015). This footage makes it clear how significant the mutual influence of fundamental beliefs is, which explains their similarity. Hermeneutics is also essential for understanding the differences in religion. This term means an interpretation of the artistic texts of ancient authors into the modern living language (Renoe, 2019). As an auxiliary science, it comes to the fore where interpretation of obscure points in sacred texts is needed (Zimmerman & Oxford Academic, 2016). Ultimately, hermeneutics, as a science of analysis, gave rise to numerous philosophical systems, often very indirectly related to human existence.
Long ago, when men and gods toiled together in the ancient world, there was no Rat on earth. However, Rats are those mythical animals who will not die even in face of a nuclear infestation on the earth. Rats will not be destroyed even when the earth ceases to be. Rats can live even in case the earth becomes infected with the epidemic, or nuclear waste, and all living beings are dead. Why is Rat indestructible? Why Rat will never become extinct? There is a legend behind it all. Hephaestus was the Greek God of Artisans. He taught mankind the craft of work and creation through artistry. He had created many beautiful things at the request of the gods and goddesses of ancient Greece. He was the only Greek God who worked. Hephaestus was the son of Zeus and Hera, and was the god of the creative fire, and was the divine artisan who worked with metals (Morford and Lenardon 76). According to legend, Hera created Hephaestus out of jealously without the help of her husband Zeus, after the latter created Athena. However, the son created out of Hera was sickly and had a limp in one leg. This disgusted Hera, and she threw the son out of Olympus into the island of Lemnos in Greece. On this island, Hephaestus hones his skills as a metalsmith and created many beautiful creations. When his fame as an artisan grew, he was brought back to Olympus, where he created a few of the best-known works of art. Hephaestus’s workshop was on the Olympus. He was famous for his extraordinary talent for the creation of artifacts and things that were of divine beauty. One of his creations was the shield of Achilles, which is considered to be his best-known work of art. He even created robots with human intelligence and Pandora, the first woman. The life of Hephaestus was devoid of happiness. He had never known the love of a mother or father. His mother felt that he was a misfortune and failure as soon as he was born due to his deformity. He craved for love and instead his focus was redirected to the creation of beauty. He created beautiful objects out of ugly material. He did not find happiness even in his married life. He was married to the beautiful and sensual Aphrodite, who was unfaithful to him. She took Ares as a lover, the god of war. Throughout his life, people whom he loved and wanted love from dejected Hephaestus. He was deformed not only physically, but emotionally too. Hephaestus confronted Aphrodite and told her that she must apologize for her conduct. But the latter paid no heed to him and simply said, “O Hephaestus, you are my husband, but you cannot satisfy me as a husband should. You are incapable of giving me the bliss of motherhood. So I must f
In Chapters I and II of his book “The Rings of Saturn”, George Sebald provides readers with an insight into the essence of his apparent mental inadequacy, which prompts the author to take lengthy tours along East Anglia’s seashore, in order to get masochistic pleasure out of associating his physical pain with what he refers to as “metaphysics of post-colonialism”. The author shows himself as a person who is being innerly split between his cultural heritage and his desire to deny the spiritual foundations, upon which this heritage is based. Sebald indulges in lengthy contemplations on what represents the link between today’s reality and the events that had taken place in the past, and the fact that he grows to recognize this link, in its various emanations, causes Sebald to become afraid of surrounding reality: “Several times during the day I felt a desire to assure myself of a reality I feared had vanished forever by looking out of that hospital window” (Sebald, p. 3). During the course of his walks in Chapters I and II, the author meditates on a variety of seemingly unrelated subjects and events, which help Sebald to come to terms with his existential frustration. For example, he mentions Samuel Peto’s “industrial enthusiasm” in conjunction with British colonial subjects in Africa being mercilessly exploited. He talks about George Wyndham’s idea of pacifying rebellions in India with the means to sending their hungry Irishmen, in order to make use out of Irish “mental destructiveness”. Then, Sebald is being struck with the vision of a German town being set ablaze by British and American bombers, which author’s twisted way of thinking relates to
Eugene Fama is highly honoured for his fundamental contribution in the field of economics. He got his first undergraduate degree in French from Tufts University in the year 1960. Later, he earned his Master in Business Administration and PhD at the University of Chicago in finance and economics. When he was pursuing his post graduate and doctoral studies he was supervised by Benoit Mandelbrot. He was a lecturer who had spent all his teaching profession at the University of Chicago. During his PhD studies his thesis concluded that the stock price movement are erratic and they take an arbitrary walk. His thesis was published on January 1965 in a business journal entitled “the behaviour of stock market prices”. Eugene Fama fundamental inputs to financial economics make him an economist of choice to many. His developments and investigations in the field of market efficiency are cornerstone in the financial economics. The idea of market efficiency and ways of analyzing and processing information on market are key factors in almost all aspects of current empirical research. Eugene Fama developed analytical methods which are currently used as the benchmark for financial economist in the academic field, administration and policy making. His input has influenced areas of assets evaluation
People often need to convince interlocutors of the correctness of an idea or the need for action. In specific settings, a whole speech can be presented for persuasion. In turn, persuasive speeches differ significantly from other types of public speaking. For them, one needs to choose a persuasive technique and structure corresponding to the goal and audience, avoid logical fallacies, and adhere to ethical standards (Tinianow, 2017). This post presents the idea of a topic for persuasive speech – the provision of mental health lessons in schools – and discusses the structure that will be effective for its presentation. The topic of including mental health lessons for students in the school schedule may require persuasion since training programs traditionally focus on more specific subjects and sciences. The mental health of children and adolescents rarely receives enough attention. School lessons, caring for the future, relationships with peers, and other problems are often challenging burdens. Criteria satisfaction structure for speech can be effective for a given topic. This structure represents several needs that should be addressed, offers a solution, and explains how it will meet these needs (Tinianow, 2017). Mental health lessons at school can effectively solve several problems. Health, physical and psychological, are crucial to the quality of life. Examples of needs and problems that mental health lessons may address are pressure on students, high rates of adolescent suicide, manifestations of many mental illnesses at an early age, stress, and anxiety (“Why mental health,” n.d.). Taking care of mental health at school and teaching how to care for one’s well-being will also positively impact the students’ future. Thus, the presence of several problems and needs that can be solved by introducing mental health lessons suggests a criteria satisfaction structure for persuasive speech on the topic.
From the theological perspective, suicide is undoubtedly an unacceptable act as it is usually committed out of despair and interferes with one’s fulfillment of one spiritual and life mission. As noted by Wells, Frey, and Cataldo (2002), “Christian and Jewish groups emphasize not only God’s ultimate power over death and life, and the value of human beings as creatures made in God’s image, but also the relationships that bind humans to one another and to God” (p. 900). For this reason, euthanasia, also known as “assisted suicide,” is regarded by Christian and many other religious communities as a sin. However, the question about the ethics of euthanasia is answered less directly and confidently when approached from the perspective of medical practice. On the one hand, euthanasia allows ending the suffering of individuals with incurable illnesses that cause them tremendous pain and prevent them from living fulfilled lives and function normally. In this way, such a form of self-inflicted death is in line with the principle of beneficence because it aims to benefit patients and their families. On the other hand, the procedure can be easily abused and cause harm. Moreover, since it inherently involves the act of putting a person to death, it contradicts the core medical values. Based on the two perceptions of euthanasia, theological and professional, it is valid to say that assisted suicide is probably not the best way out. While I think that euthanasia may be appropriate in some severe cases of illness in which patients’ suffering cannot be alleviated by using any available conventional methods, it must be practiced very carefully and should not be universally accepted. I agree with the ANA’s statement that practitioners must prioritize “respectful, compassionate, and ethically responsible care at the end of life, including palliative care, so that patients do not seek assisted suicide as an alternative” (Wells, Frey, & Cataldo, 2002, p. 899). It is better to improve the quality of palliative care rather than seek easy solutions, especially those that are ethically controversial and ind
Introduction “Some people believe that the best approach to effective time management is to make detailed daily and long- term plans and then to adhere to them. However, this highly structured approach to work is counterproductive. Time management needs to be flexible so that employees can respond to unexpected problems as they arise.” Many people think that managing time is an easy task but sometimes it does not prove to be so and I agree with this statement. Main text Managing time can be quite a hard task because can never know if anything unexpected can happen along the way. Planning one’s daily activities is effective in that one will be focused and will avoid confusion during the day, but planning is one thing and following the plans the whole day is another. Many unexpected things occur during the day, for example, a person plans to attend an early meeting but on the way to the meeting place there could be a lot of traffic and one might end up delaying the meeting. The schedule frame automatically changes from there on, but that is not the main issue because the time one had is now very little he/she might be forced to weigh the important things and attend to them first and at the end of the day one will find that some of the things planned were not fulfilled. I also share the same views on the fact that time needs to be flexible because there can arise unexpected matters. The employees can be following a specific work schedule but there can be occurrences that can be more important to the employees than the work at hand. Therefore, the employer should be prepared in case such a situation occurs. Another employee can be able to step in for the absent one and time schedule will not suffer a lot. However, the plan can be effective in areas where the employees are committed to it or else it will fail miserably. If the employees are fond of procrastination then this can be a big problem. To post pone duties just leads to them piling up and later there will not be enough time to take care of all of them at once. An employee may choose to postpone work due to an emergency but there are those that will postpone just because they are lazy and in times like this, the planned schedule will just be hopeless. Another reason why I agree with this is that I have had personal experience. At the place where I worked, we were supposed to follow a strict time schedule. At first, it seemed to work but as the days went by, it got stressful, as one could not just leave to attend to other matters without having someone fill in for you. This routine could not go on for much longer because everybody had his or her set goals to accomplish by the end of the day. The time schedule did not last that long because within no time, employees were procrastinating and work was not be
Ancient Greece consisted of many small city-states, amongst which Athens and Sparta were the most prominent. Although these states had significant influence over ancient Greece civilization, they exhibited distinct social and political characteristics. The growth of Athens and Sparta led to the development of new ideas and suggestions about improving individuals’ living standards in society. Bruce (2019) explains that women in Athens and Sparta endured issues because they had minimal rights compared to men who lived independently. This resulted in inequality, condemnation, and demoralization of women because some societies believed that they were eviler than an enemy, weak, useless, and confused, therefore unable to conduct crucial activities (Bruce, 2019). However, despite the loathsome and biased perspectives, Athenian and Spartan females played vital roles in these two states’ history, though the exact ways in which they contributed varied based on existing social and political rules (Glassman, 2017). This can be seen by looking at family responsibilities, citizenship, education, and Athenian and Sparta women’s property ownership. Marriage and Marital Obligations Females from the two societies were second in command from the males, and men made decisions in all situations. Fantham et al. (1994) explains that young women were expected to abstain from sexual intercourse until marriage, arranged by their fathers and male relatives. Uncles and other men would assume the responsibility of taking care of females if the fathers had died or were absent. Aristotle writes, “if he dies without having made directions as to this by will, whoever he leaves as his executor bestows her upon whom he chooses” (“Aristotle, politics,” n.d., p. 2). Society disregarded single mature women and denied them provision and crucial roles in the city-state. Fantham et al. (1994) explain that after marriage, adult females’ roles included bearing children and carrying out daily household chores such as cooking and washing clothes. Xenophon Oik (n.d.) writes, “To the woman, since God has made her body less capable of such endurance, I take it that he has assigned the indoor task” (7.23). However, the financially stable husbands employed slaves to help their wives in the house. Athenian wives were expected to remain faithful to their husbands, but the contrary happened to their men (Fantham et al., 1994). Males freely engaged with courtesans, live-in lovers, and prostitutes and bore children. Xenophon Oik, (n.d.) asserts that “in case a man did not want to cohabit with his wife