ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction God’s first test for Adam was a measure of obedience, and we all know Adam failed in that test. What would have happened if he obeyed and did not eat the fruit offered by the devil through Eve? Well, the simple answer, which may not be theological, is that they would have remained in Paradise. But by being disobedient, they were sent out from that “bliss,” which we all assumed a place without problems, and they entered a place of no return. They became free and with that freedom, theologians say it was the beginning of sin. The Christian states that the original sin is disobedience. Obedience, or disobedience, is a complex phenomenon. It is a trait, and we all pay a great price for it. But the greater price needed is for disobedience, which requires enough courage to be effective. A man commits evil when he consciously violates the moral law. Organizations which have questions of legitimacy hold discipline of members as key factor to their survival, as if the members violated the moral law. That is why they institute extreme measures for those who disobey as it is a kind of treachery to their “unwritten codes”. This essay will explore the kinds of obedience we ought to practice and the “little” disobedience needed to make men free. Why is it easy to obey and it takes too much effort and courage to disobey? In particular, this essay will investigate significant obedience practices of members of the once notorious organization known as the mafia, and experiments like the Stanford Prison Experiment (SPE). In the mafia style of obedience, that organized crime syndicate organization in the seventies, notorious for its illegal activities, gambling dens, drugs, extortions and summary execution of disobedient members and enemies, obedience is a measure of allegiance to the organization. Disciplined members are rewarded; those who disobey deserved to be “terminated”. For the “Mafiosi”, disobedience is “radical evil,” something that is unforgivable. Men are unable to forgive what they cannot punish and they are unable to punish what has turned out to be unforgivable (Ophir 2). This underground organization first gained notoriety in Italy and spread throughout Europe and the United States. Letizia Paoli pointed out in her book that the Italian mafia was in the underworld known as the Cosa Nostra, which executes members and terrorize rival organizations and those who do not pay “taxes” to t
Introduction The book Folktales of Newfoundland: The Resilience of the Oral Tradition , created by the efforts of Herbert Halpert and J. D. A. Widdowson, provides an outstanding example of scholarly work. A collection of folk tales gathered from the representatives of the population of the island of Newfoundland, the book in the most precise manner reproduces the stories told by the people. The research was carried out with incredible rigor and thoroughness, and, apart from being a discovery itself, provides grounds for further studies of the culture both on Newfoundland and in the international context. Authors and History of the Book’s Creation Folktales of Newfoundland was first published in 1996 (Halpert and Widdowson ii). Written by Herbert Halpert, who was a famous American scholar and a prominent folklore researcher (Smith and Widdowson 211-214), and J. D. A. Widdowson, an influential scholar who is currently a Professor and the Head of the Institute for Folklore Studies in Britain and Canada at the University of Sheffield, England (The University of Sheffield n. pag.), the book obtained many positive reviews. It was reprinted a number of times; the latest reprinting was published in 2015. The creation of the book took the authors and their assistants more than three decades; during 1964-1996, the authors rigorously collected, recorded, transcribed and analyzed numerous folktales told by people from the island of Newfoundland (Simpson 117) in order to provide the future readers with one of the most thorough collections of folklore written in the 20 th century (Leary 581). Summary of the Book The text of the book begins with a lengthy introduction. The introduction provides the reader with ample information that is useful in order to work with the folk tales offered further. It supplies a short description of the history of the book’s creation, then supplies some details about the historical background of New
The kingdom of Saudi Arabia is a young state, until 1950 this community had fewer resources with its people staying in mud houses without any technology innovations. However, with the discovery of oil, life changed in a few years with improvements in social, health, education and transportation. Education, the pillar of future sustainable economy, is a result of progressive private and public support in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia as early as 1930, (Ridge, 2014). The region is a lucrative area of education service that represents the biggest percentage of the service in the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) region. It constitutes up to 75 percent of the sum of students in the GCC general education (K-12) system. The development of the education sector has been attributed to the government support through a strong budgetary allocation by the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. It has been due to the government’s perception that puts the service at the center of sustainable community development due to its role in improving human capital and knowledge. Statement of the Problem Education responds to the civilization demand that works to meet the increasing development of the education system and guidelines to respond to rapid development of human activity. It is, therefore, important to review and rewrite its role and development in the sustainable development of a community. Purpos
Introduction Depression Depression is an unexceptional psychological disorder that is characterized by guilt feelings, low self-esteem, perturbed sleeping episodes, suppressed mood, lack of appetite, interest, or passion as well as the inability to concentrate (3). Causes The actual cause of depression has not been known yet by psychological experts. However, research studies have conclusively demonstrated that females are more likely to encounter depression episodes two times as much as males (6). Nevertheless, the following illustrations have been used to explain the likely causes of depression. Significant Losses A gross loss in an individual’s life can prompt depression. For instance, losses occasioned by the death of a loved one or acquaintances and family breakdowns due to divorce or separation besides being hopeless and lack of self-identity (1). Hidden anger Anger that is not outwardly expressed can be a very powerful cause of depression. Those people who prefer to keep to themselves and not comment or complain at all even if they are pressed up or uncomfortable are more likely to get depressed than those who openly speak out or express their rage (11). Hormonal imbalance There are pertinent brain chemicals like serotonin which are often less in amount among individuals who are undergoing depression. Insufficient brain chemicals may also cause depression (4, 9). Family history The genetic factor attached to family lines also plays a very important role in the cause of depression (8). Some people develop depression due to genetic vulnerabilities passed on from parent to offspring. Gender Research studies have revealed that females are twice as likely as males to become depressed (17). Stress development Persistent stress episodes occasioned by such factors like financial hardships and chronic illnesses can easily transform to depression (14). Perfection The desire to achieve the best through seeking utmost perfection in one’s undertaking is a known cause of depression (5). Symptoms Depressed individuals are often sad right from their physical appearance. This state of sadness doesn’t seem to dissipate but rather lasts for infinitely long period of time. The onset of depression is often evident when the affected person no longer derives passion or interest from most activities and everything appears to be dull (16). Besides, depressed persons tend to withdraw from people and other normal activities. Moreover, restlessness which is beyond the activity level of a person can be a good indicator of depression. This is sometimes accompanied with erratic behavioral patterns like episodes of moaning or crying (7, 13). Low levels of activity coupled with extreme difficulty of undertaking certain common exercises can be symptoms of depression. Finally, depressed individuals tend to be less motivated and they partially or completely lack initiative to do things on their own. Other general symptoms include numbness, anxi
Psychological disorders are set of mental illnesses that primarily cause distress to individuals’ hence, negatively affecting all spheres of their lives. These disorders are manifested by a set of behavioural or psychological symptoms exhibited by individuals under undue distress. In most cases, psychological disorders result from an alteration on an individual’s normal development process, caused by an interaction between genetic factors and environmental stressors. According to the World Health Organisation and other Global Psychiatric organisations, there exist more than one hundred and fifty types of psychological disorders that fall into different classes that include: eating, somatoform, factitious, cognitive, learning, trauma, disruptive, psychotic, dissociative, psychiatric, schizophrenia, adjustment, anxiety, and ,impulse control disorders (World Health Organisation 24-42). As research studies show, as compared to other health problems, globally, psychological disorders are the most common form of body disorders that affect most individuals. For example, in the United States alone, more than 46% of individuals have been victims of a mental illness at one point of their lives; of these 26.2% adults of over eighteen years. Further, by 2005, the global mental illness actual lifetime prevalence was almost 85% (Kessler, Berglund, Demler, Jin, Merikangas, Walters 593-599). Therefore, considering the detrimental effects of psychological illness on every aspect of an individual’s life, it is important for individuals to seek quick intervention measures, once they experience any psychological distress. Types of psychological disorders Eating Disorders Majority of individuals with eating disorders are compulsively concerned with their body weights and sizes. Hence, these individuals will do anything at their disposal to make sure they maintain or reduce their body sizes to sizes they or the society perceives to be the most appropriate. The common types of eating disorders include bulimia nervosa, obesity, compulsive eating, anorexia nervosa, and binge eating. Individuals suffering from bulimia nervosa and anorexia nervosa are obsessively concerned with any weight they gain; hence, these individuals excessively control their eating habits, to avoid fattening. It is important for individuals to note that, sufferers of anorexia nervosa are the worst affected, because most of them are thin and exhibit signs of amenorrhea; hence, most of their weights are below the standard body weight. Due to this obsession, most sufferers of these conditions may involve themselves in abnormal behaviours, for example, abuse of laxatives and anorectics, self-induced vomiting, binge-eating, starvation, avoidance of
Abstract Amphibious operations are a major organ of defense both locally and globally. However, the demand has failed to uphold the supply of the available shipping vessels. As a result, the situation has necessitated a review of the strategic management of organizations that are involved in this industry to guarantee more success during combat operations. This paper focuses on the United States Marine Corps’s external environment, including the strategies used by similar organizations that the Marine Corps can effectively apply to improve on its mandate. Brief Explanation of the Industry The United States Marine Corps has an internal shipping department that is mainly contracted by the US Department of Defense, the United Nations, and other international defense agencies to provide ground support for forces that are located on enemy territory. The corporation operates this activity using specially designed shipping vessels referred to as amphibious assault ships. The shipping vessels have a well-designed deck that allows amphibious takeoff or landing of aircraft. However, the primary function of these amphibious warships is to host airliners to sustain armed military officials who are fighting close to the shores. Additionally, they also have the secondary role of carrying vertical and short takeoff landing aircraft. Other corporations that are involved in this industry are the American fleet, Italian fleet, French armada, the Korean flotilla, the Royal fleet, the Australian flotilla, and the Spanish fleet. Nevertheless, the US Marine Corps Company does not face any competition from private entities since the amphibious shipping industry is highly regulated and that only state governments can own and run amphibious warships. Key Characteristics of the Amphibious Shipping Industry The structure of the amphibious operations is such that there has been an increase in the demand for amphibious ships by over 80 percent (CBO, 2011). This situation has been witnessed due to the increase in the number of global peaceful missions that require military deployments such as the US military. For instance, in 2007, there was an estimated demand for 10 amphibious ships, a number that almost doubled in 2010. Currently, the demand for amphibious operations exceeds the supply and hence the need to increase in the number of amphibious ships globally. The US needs close to 350 ships to meet the rising global demands. In regards to the combat, a commandant such as the US regional combat senior officer makes a formal request stating the number of deployment ships that are required. After the request is processed and approved, the amphibious ships are then deployed (Rourke, 2016). Concerning research and development, the office of the Naval research has been conducting a series of meetings aimed at bringing
Strategic management involves evaluation of various situations in the organization, the available options for solving organizational issues. This article analyzes various studies on organizational behavior with regard on the aspects that are relevant for strategic planning. The article analyzed the need for explicit setting out of objectives of an organization and monitoring the results. In the article “ The Value of Formal Planning for Strategic Decisions, ” Armstrong (1982) examined the importance of planning in organizations and found out that planning is very useful. He conducted an empirical study on planning in organizations that use formal planning and those that use informal planning. Ten cases out of the studied cases indicated that formal planning improved performance with only two cases portraying negative outcome. During planning, planners should formal plan rather than an informal plan. Additionally, the stakeholders of the firm should always be involved to avoid any complications in the execution of the plan. Objectivity is a very important factor in planning. As indicated in the article. Planning should include setting out of the goal and objectives of the firm. Without objectives, strategies laid down may not achieve the desired outcome. Implementation and monitoring is part of strategic planning (Armstrong, 1982). Proper steps in the implementation should enable the organization achieve its objectives. However, monitoring and control is vital. Implications for Professionals Involved in Strategic Management This article on the value of formal planning for strategic decisions is very relevant in the field of strategic management. Strategic management professionals usually run the strategic management section of any organization. These are the people behind all the strategic decision-making in the firm. The professionals are involved in strategic planning, strategy formulation, implementation and monitoring of the strategies to ensure they achieve the intended outcome. The article outlines the importance of formal strategic planning and execution of strategies in an organization (Armstrong, 1982). It also highlights the importance of objectives in the strategic planning process. These two factors are vital for the success of a strategic plan. The professionals in strategic management will find the article relevant because of the empirical study on the importance of conducting a formal strategic plan. Strategists in strategic management will learn to make decisions based on the objectives of the firm. The decisions made should be arrived at strategically basing on the analysis of the existing set of solutions. Effective strategic decision-making based on formal strategic planning in an organization can result in improved performanc
In the recent past, there have been many turns in the politics of the U.S. healthcare system. Earlier regimes focused on providing a health insurance cover, through the Medicaid and Medicare programs, which extended coverage to include the low-wage workers, who formed the majority of the uninsured. Essentially, the politics of the healthcare reform revolve around three key issues viz. “containing the rising costs, expanding coverage, and addressing the quality of care provided” (Oberlander, 2003, p. 214). In particular, issues such as the sharp rise in prescription drug costs and premiums, as well as increases in the number of uninsured people, shape the politics of the U.S. healthcare system. Of particular concern in healthcare, politics is the competence of the Medicare program, about prescription drugs. Expanded coverage as provided under the Medicare program, to include prescription drugs and the uninsured, remains one of the unsettled issues in the U.S. healthcare system (Oberlander, 2003, p. 217). In my opinion, the current regime’s efforts to expand the cove
Introduction The presentation’s research question: “What lessons from women’s struggles for equality in the past can help inform current and future women’s rights issues?” Women’s Right to Vote: Background At the dawn of the twentieth century, the women’s suffrage movement reached its culmination, moving the entire US public to radical changes. Millions of women across all states joined around one progressive idea: to grant women their natural right to vote on an equal basis with men. The realization of this intention became possible due to many remarkable figures, one of which was Alice Paul who spared no effort and health to enhance women’s significance in society. She, along with other committed activists, raised the authority of the National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA) and even went further by establishing the National Woman’s Party (Michals, 2015). The latter association was directed at lobbying Congress for the 19 th Amendment. Moreover, Paul arranged parades, pickets, and massive demonstrations in different states to initiate active actions from leading policymakers. Women’s Right to Vote: Reasons The reasons for this movement were as substantial as the idea itself. In her article, Jane Addams (1915), a Nobel Peace Prize Laureate, argues that the improvements of society are rooted in the well-being of households where women take a prominent place. Therefore, they should also possess the voting right to be able to express their opinion on various critical issues and, thereby, promote social advancement. Furthermore, Alice Paul was profoundly convinced that in addition to suffrage, women should have the right to peaceful assembly and free speech to impact policymaking and facilitate favorable social changes. Women’s Right to Vote: Consequences The women’s suffrage movement had significant and long-term outcomes, imprinting on diverse social processes and causing many succeeding prominent events. Specifically, in 1920, women managed to defend their voting rights, persuading necessary three-quarters of the state legislatures, that is, 36 states, to approve the Nineteenth Amendment (Michals, 2015). However, the Amendment’s ratification was more than an event. It has moved the status quo from the dead point, which was grounded in American society for centuries. Suffragist’s early efforts gave rise to the phenomenal growth of female self-consciousness and the struggle for equal rights for women in all spheres, including employment, healthcare, and politics. The Feminist Movement: Background In the post-World War II period, the fight for women’s equal rights gained a new powerful impetus, which gradually grew into the consolidated feminist movement of the 1960s. At that time, there was a widespread assumption that the main duties of females are doing chores and caring for babies, which was supported by then governmental policy, advertisement, and circumstances. Nevertheless, various tragic and front-page events, including the deaths of Marilyn Monroe and Sylvia Pl
Prophet Muhammad (Pbuh) is the greatest role representation of all humankind. He had exceptional qualities and characteristics. He was an incredible parent, an immense statesperson, moderator, and a religious chief. Prophet Muhammad had a perfect and absolute sound intellect. There is no man who has ever had a sound intellect as Prophet Muhammad. He had complete knowledge of the divine scriptures. The prophet (Pbuh) had the capability to correct disturbing behaviors, put into operation policies, and smack examples. He was an example of the model to which all people could recount to in all twigs of information. He learned regulations of heredity, medicine, acts of adoration, and pedigree without probing or analyzing the scriptures of Quran or scripts of his ancestors. God informed Prophet Muhammad of the things that would come in the future and things that had taken place in the past (Al-Sheba, 2006). Prophet Muhammad did things for the sake of God. He would do activities through which he would seek God’s gratification. He was debilitated and ill treated when he requested and called the community to Islam (Al-Sheba, 2006). According to Abdul-Kareem al-Sheba, (2006) Prophet Muhammad was always sincere. He was honest in everything he did as God had ordered him. Allah said that his prayer, means of forfeiture, life, and death are for God. According to Mustafa as-Sibaa, (2003) Prophet (Pbuh) had considerable companionship, ethics, and morals. He was an existing paradigm for everyone to go after. Aisha, the Prophet’s wife was asked about his behaviors, and she said that the Prophet’s etiquette were the Quran. She meant that he abided by the commandments and laws of the Quran. The prophet observed the righteous activities stated in the Holly book. The prophet said that God had sent him to perfect upright behaviors and to do ideal activities. Prophet Muhammad was polite. He showed high-quality conduct to all people including young children. Whenever he was in a meeting, he was brought a drink, and he drank. He appreciated the elderly people but was not ready to upset the feelings of the young lad in the gathering (Mahnaz and Ali, 2010). According to Mahnaz Heydarpoor and Mohammad Ali Shomali (2010), Prophet Muhammad had a love for reconciliation and reformation. Each time a circumstance occurred which called for resolution, he would come quickly to settle it. When he found that the people of Qubaa had a misunderstanding about a certain issue, he hurriedly went to initiate peace and settle the matter. According to Abdul-Kareem al-Sheba, (2006) the prophet (Pbuh) would always recommend virtuous deeds and provoke evil deeds. If he saw a deed, which goes against the principles of Quran, the Prophet (Pbuh) would take the necessary measures to curb the suitable. He reached for a man wearing a gold ring and removed it off his finger. He told people to use their hands, tongues, and hearts to change wicked dealings. Prophet Muhammad had a love for purification. A friend passed by him when he was cleansing. When he greeted the Prophet (Pbuh) with God’s name, he did no respond. He said that he did not like to menti