ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Drug abuse is the consistent use of drugs, legal or illegal to satisfy ones pleasure. By doing this it becomes a problem to the society at large because many vices arise from continued use of drugs. Something needs to be done and more so urgently to curb this menace called drug abuse. This paper will be looking at drug abuse as a social problem and ways of resolving it. To get a clear picture, we need to know exactly what can be termed a social problem. A social problem is any condition within a society that some parts of the society’s members find undesirable. Several conditions fall under the umbrella of social problems. They include unemployment, smoking, abuse of drugs, problems associated with the environment, violence, et cetera. Drug abuse, as a social problem, is associated with several problems. To begin with, the society is crying out loud with the continued increase in crime. A view supported by Natarajan (2010). This is evident with the many arrests we see over the news and the number of suspected robbers killed. The reason for one to engage in crime is so evident and primarily from use of drugs. Unemployment is a factor that is spreading day in day out. Normally, a substance abuser can’t seek for employment because of the state of mind. And if one is employed, then it’s just a matter of time before they get fired. This poses as problem to the society because many of the people who are unemployed will resort to different ways of seeking money and pleasure (Knowles, 2003). To add on, families are breaking up with each passing day. This comes about with the instability seen in most families. A family that has members engaged in drugs will feel that strain of ensuring that one is rehabilitated. This often causes a strain in the finances and so there will be disintegration hence family break up. From the above factors, we will need to find out why the problem is rampant. Usually, people engage in drugs at family levels when they see some members doing the drugs. Quite often, children will emulate what they see from the parents. It is also proven that alcoholism is kind of hereditary unless you say no to it. Also, a human being will want to live in comfort but when life becomes tough and the future seems deem, many who can’t persevere will find something else to relieve them. That thing will be to use drugs to make them forget the reality. Peer pressure has an influence to this social problem (Knowles, 2003). Many of those engaged in drugs admit that their peers forced them into trying out some of the drugs. Therefore as time went by, they realized it was too late to go back. Last but not least, there are people who are addicts and abuse drugs because of health problems. This comes about when someone has been prescribed medicine for a particular ailment. It forces the person not to feel normal without the intake of that drug. With
As I am no older than an emerging adult, I cannot estimate based on my personal experience how the relationships between generations change in the course of life. According to Syre, they normally remain difficult and may even grow more strained due to the influence of the past (2019). This is what I actually see between my mother and my grandmother. They have survived a great number of occasions together, but, being the representatives of different generations with divergent values, they rarely agreed. As far as I can judge, they have accumulated disagreements throughout their lives, which results in constant arguments at the current stage of their relationship. The reasons are frequently so minor that I find it absolutely unreasonable to discuss them emotionally, for instance, what to buy for a dessert. In addition to the burden of the past, such behavior apparently derives from the desire of both to occupy the leading position in the relationship. Yu et al. highlight that, since the birth of a child, this position is occupied by a parent, who hence perceives the child as a follower by definition (2017). Meanwhile, in the course of maturation, children gain experience, develop cognitive skills, and finally become self-reliant enough to be leaders themselves. Parents, whose minds grow more and more rigid with age, are not always ready to adapt to the changes, which inevitably leads to collisions. Thus, my grandmother still believes herself to be more competent and aware than her daughter, even though the latter is already a middle-aged adult. My mother, in turn, seeks to demonstrate that she is not a child anymore, and the patronage of that kind insults her.
Nowadays there is a massive amount of unhealthy diets that attract those who are looking to lose some weight. Almost every single diet promises to help quickly lose weight without any complications. Many of them can in reality undermine the person’s health and cause a physical imbalance in the organism, not to mention the mental frustration when the lost weight comes back. The American Heart Association is strongly against fad diets as they have a negative impact on the person’s health. There are also some criteria outlined by the Association for recognizing a fad diet. These criteria include the miracle foods that are said to burn fat, when it the reality, food cannot burn any fact. Advising to eat only one type of food in unreasonable quantities is also an attribute of a fad diet because eating only one type of particular vegetable or seed can cause bloating, bad breath or imbalance in nutrition. Rapid weight loss is the probably the most prevalent promise that fad diets give to those who struggle with dieting. However, quick weight loss can be very dangerous over a long time period. Lastly, diets that do not require any physical activity are also probably false as in order to lose and then maintain the weight physical activity has to be an important aspect of planning the diet (Bastin, 2004, p. 1). Personally, I have never tried a fad diet for two reasons: I am afraid of the consequences caused by this type of dieting, and I just don’t see a point in them. These types of diets claim that the body needs to get from all the bad toxins that undermine your health, while in fact if a human body could not excrete all the toxins, every single person will require a serious and dangerous medical intervention. According to Edzard Ernst, professor of complementary medicine at Exeter University, “the healthy body has kidneys, a liver, skin, even lungs that are detoxifying as we speak. There is no known way – certainly not through detox treatments – to make something that works perfectly well in a healthy body work better” (cited in Mohammadi, 2014, para. 3). To illustrate the way our body organs ‘detox’ us, it is appropriate to examine how the liver breaks down alcohol. First, the liver enzymes transform alcohol into acetaldehyde and then almost immediately into carbon dioxide and water, because acetaldehyde is extremely toxic and can damage the organism. As a result, the body then gets rid of the water and carbon dioxide that were created from alcohol break down. To sum up, the industry of fad dieting and various cleanses or detoxes is successful because the public is very susceptible to such ‘quick fixes’. In a world filled with useful and not as useful information the majority is more than happy to put the responsibility of making health choices on those who seem to understand things better, even if they are not. Many of the decisions to try fad diets and cleanses are mere consumerist decisions that were made out of pure ig
Education and population-wide ‘health behaviour change’ Ideally, education alone is insufficient in prompting effective population-wide “health behaviour change”. Despite the efforts exerted by governments, health activists, and other health organizations so as to provide vast education on health matters, limited health behaviour changes have been attained. Evidently, most people have not fully embraced the principles of living healthy (Kovner, Knickman & Jonas, 2011). Some individuals still go against the conventional health requirements. This occurs regardless of their educational standards. For instance, statistics indicate that many people across the world still smoke despite the warnings against cigarette smoking. Consequently, there is a high prevalence of lung cancer and liver infections. Even though there is adequate information on how to practice and maintain viable eating habits, most individuals hardly eat sensibly. As a result, a lot of diseases, that could otherwise be avoided, still threaten the human race. In this context, there is still a high prevalence of HIV/AIDS across the world despite the education carried out on how to avert its spread. Unprotected sex is still rampant regardless of the education attained against it. Although information from the internet, books, journals, and other sources indicate that daily physical exercise is a necessity for healthy living, a number of people do not exercise. Thus, they are affected by diseases like diabetes, obesity, and coronary ailments (French, 2010). Unhealthy behaviours like excessive drinking of alcohol increase the chances of acquiring liver diseases and cancer. Moreover, people are supposed to maintain some levels of hygiene. Nevertheless, some individuals have failed to do so despite their knowledge of the consequences. As a result, there are still high incidences of cholera infections. Due to these ineffective health behaviour changes, there has been a dramatic increase in mortality. A lot of people die at an early age simply because they have ignored the relevant information regarding healthy living, public health, and sanitation. Precisely, these arguments indicate how education alone has not promoted effective healthy living within societies. There is still more to be done so as to attain the desired health standards. This is a considerable provision when scrutinised critically. How politics has influenced the population health behaviour change Various health policies enacted in various countries have significantly contributed to ineffective “health behaviour changes”. Due to politics, prostitution is still legalized in some countries. This has greatly propelled the spread of HIV/AIDS and other health concerns. Additionally, some governments have not provided enough condoms and viable protective measures due to poor governance and dreadful pol
Theoretical Framework The proposed study is grounded in the Job Demands-Resources model (JD-R model) that can be utilized to predict the effect of increased job demands on employee’s stress levels. The JD-R model assumes that increased employee health and well-being emanates from favorable and negative aspects of the job (Demerouti, Bakker, Nachreiner, & Schaufeli, 2001). The favorable job aspects are referred to as resources while the negative characteristics are termed as demands. The revised version of the JD-R model includes work engagement and burnout as two key factors that influence job demands and the well-being of employees (Demerouti et al., 2001). Work engagement is positive factor that increases employees’ dedication, vigor, and absorption towards their job. On the other hand, burnout stems from a negative perspective of the working environment and is associated with the health problems of employees (Xanthopoulou, Bakker, Demerouti, & Schaufeli, 2007). The JD-R model attributes the well-being of employees to the nature and aspects of the workplace. Job demands lead to the building up of stress among employees while resources represent the positive aspects that promote their health (Xanthopoulou et al., 2007). According to Demerouti et al. (2001), the job demands include physical, social, and/or organizational characteristics of the work environmen
Introduction Before the introduction of money, batter trade was utilized in ancient trade. The exchange of goods and services was quite difficult. However, the advent of money revitalized trade. Over the years, the significance of money outweighed its limitations. The use of money contributed to the globalization of the world. Despite many upheavals, money transcended to become one of the most important means of exchange in the world. This paper will identify and analyze the three most significant events in the history of money (Ferguson 11). The Creation of Companies The creation of companies enabled numerous shareholders to pool their resources for a common purpose of investing. The advent of joint-stock corporations, as well as limited liability corporations, prompted the ascent of money. The former refers to a situation where investors own capital while the latter refers to a situation owners are protected in case of failure. Companies had the affluence to span continents for profits. This created what is known as stock, part of the company that is bought based on its potential. This innovative element ensured companies are run efficiently to increase their stock market prices. Stock valuation ensured that companies are kept on the edge. However, the stock market is also an environment on its own. Decisions that lie with potential investors may vary. Moreover, fear may grip investors when stock prices fall thereby causing them to sell off (Ferguson 120). Poor strategies can lead to the fall of companies. For instance, shares can rise to untenable levels thereby causing a crash. In most cases, insider investors reap from naive investors in the event of a financial bubble (Shiller 45). The stock market has its cycle; the cycle is in five main stages namely displacement, euphoria, mania, distress, and revulsion. Only insiders have adequate knowledge on the stage at which stock of a company can be. In other words, most speculative buyers lose out. Prevailing political conditions can raise inflation, which in turn can lower stock prices. Stock bubbles have led to world depressions in the past, companies can easily contribute to such stock bubbles (Silber 16). The Creation of the Bond Market The creation of a bond market is considered as one of the most revolutionary events in the world. During Clinton’s tenure, a bond was touted as the single most important economic stimulus in the world. Usually, multinational corporations or governments borrow money from the public through the issuance of bonds. Bonds have created a huge debt for governments as seen in Japan’s case. Of great concern is the fact that the bond market decides the face value of bonds, which may arise, thereby increasing g
Introduction There are different financial indicators that can be used to evaluate the profitability of a company. However, ratio analysis is more important for potential investors. The main goals of this paper are to review the profile of the Halliburton Company and conduct a ratio analysis of its financial indicators. Overview The company was established at the beginning of the twentieth century. It is one of the leading firms that offer products and services to the energy industry. The company’s founder, Erle Halliburton, borrowed a wagon, pump, and several mules to start “an oil well-cementing business” (“History of Halliburton”). The current Chairman of Halliburton Energy Services is David Lesar. Nowadays, the Halliburton Company collaborates with other players in the oil industry. Some of the main operations that the company performs are “locating hydrocarbons and managing geological data,” “drilling,” and “optimizing production.” (“History of Halliburton”). Although there is a clear decline trend, the company revenue for the first quarter of 2016 was more than $4 billion. Therefore, the company still has a positive cash flow. Ratio Analysis The first stock evaluation indicator is a price/earnings ratio. It is a ratio of the last sale price to the company’s earnings. This ratio is estimated for a specified period. The current price/earnings ratio of the Halliburton Company is 48.77 (“Halliburton Co”). In comparison to other companies in this industry, Halliburton is well-positioned. For example, this indicator for an American company TechnipFMC PLC is 10.9 (“Halliburton Co”). Another Halliburton’s competitor, Subsea 7 SA has 12.2. However, the company is far from the leaders of the industry. Another American company, Core Laboratories NV, has reached a 61.1 price/earnings ratio. Moreover, WorleyParsons Ltd has 106.5 (“Halliburton Co”). Nonetheless, the indicator demonstrates that the company can be very attractive to investors. The next important indicator is the earnings per share. It shows the portion of the profit that is distributed to each share of common stock. Therefore, it also indicates a company’s profitability. Earnings per share are a ratio of the net income to average outstanding share. The current earnings per share of the Halliburton Company are approximately 0.55 (“Halliburton Co”). In comparison to its competitors, the company is ranked relatively high. For example, TechnipFMC PLC has approximately 0.4, Core Laboratories NV – 0.59, Liberty Oilfield Services Inc – 0.61, and McDermott International Inc. – 0.32 (“Halliburton C
Introduction In healthcare settings, there are many problems that influence the quality and safety of care. Patient-centered practice problems are the most significant in healthcare. One of those issues related, first of all, to patient safety and relevant to my practice setting, is the problem of falls of the elderly people. Problem Statement and Rationale Thus, the patient-centered practice problem under discussion is the one related to falls of the elderly. After interviewing a key leader in my practice setting, I came to the conclusion that falls of the elderly is a more burning problem than it is generally considered. According to data provided by the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 25% of Americans older than 65 fall every year (National Council of Aging, 2017). Moreover, falls are reasons for emergency department treatment of 2.8 million of older people each year (“Home and recreational safety,” 2017). I have chosen this topic because is problem demands the development of solutions to increase patient safety. First of all, consequences of falls can be both immediate (such as traumas), and long-term (reduction of independent movement, leading to multiple falls and thus more serious injuries). Also, the problem of falls has not only health-related but also economic consequences because of increased costs for care of older patients injured as a result of a fall. It is importa
Introduction I am grateful to have received this opportunity to write to you to request for funds for my upcoming documentary film project. The film will be based on a story of one individual who believes he has the key to unravel the mystery surrounding the attempt on Hitler’s life by one Georg Elser. I have done enough research and gained valuable knowledge on this project. This film will form a very important part of the history and commemoration of the resistance to the National Socialist Regime. Subject of the planned documentary film The film’s topic will be “Gustav and his contribution to unraveling the mystery surrounding Georg Elser’s attempt on Hitler’s life” this story is about one old man known as Gustav Weimer, who claims to have been present during the resistance to the National socialist regime. He recalls his experience in the dark days of Germany, the days of struggle for liberation from National Socialism (Harrison 1987, 23). Gustav Weimer now aged 95 was a friend of Georg Elser who attempted to assassinate Hitler in November 1939. I am convinced that his information is vital to unravel the mystery surrounding Georg Elser motive to assassinate Hitler (Thomsett 1997, 34; Klemperer 1992, 28) Gustav and Georg lived in the same neighborhood in Wurttemberg. He first met Georg Elser in a doss house in 1929 during the hard economic times. Gustav was born in a conservative Christian family in Wurttemberg. His parents made sure that the children grew up properly and they would always give them moral lessons and the family faithfully attended a small cathedral in the town. Fed up with this way of living, Gustav who was then a teenager left home and went to stay with his uncle in Munich. His father would later fetch him and take him back to school. He later dropped out of school and often found comfort in lazy broodings frequented by unemployed idling youth. It is during one of these occasions that he met Georg Elser, unemployed youngster in his 20s. They become acquainted with each other and their friendship grew in the years to follow and he was well aware of Georg’s extremist ideas, his involvement with the KPD in 1933 (Gregor 1991, 45), frustrations in life and how he ended up being a carpenter. He speaks of how Georg hated Hitler’s Nationalistic ideals and how it culminated in the plot to assassinate him in 1939 (Hoffman 1996, 59). Gustav who currently lives in Vienna is very old and bedridden but is willing to play his role in making history by offering to retrace his steps in a documentary to shade more light on the motives of Georg Elser to assassinate Hitler which until now remains a mystery (Hassell 1971, 56). Justification The information gained from this documentary will be used to unravel the mystery surrounding Georg Elser’s attempt on Hitler’s life and the film will be played on the day of commemoration of this period on the local T.V channels
Introduction People have different behaviors depending on their culture, age, sex, race and academic backgrounds. However, modernization has forced them to live with one another despite the presence of these differences. It is necessary to explain that even though people come from different backgrounds they have managed to live together without serious conflicts among them (Massey 76). This paper covers various aspects that an individual compromises to be accepted in his new society. The Underlying Social Problem This case explores the challenges an individual faces before he is allowed in a new society. The introduction part of this essay has pointed at the issues that make people different from one another. However, these differences have not stopped people from visiting members of other societies and becoming part of them (Bales 56). It is necessary to explain that human beings are social animals and even though they have social, political and economic differences they can interact with one another and establish healthy relationships. The social issue being discussed here involves the compromises people make to fit into their new societies. This means they must strike a balance between their cultural values and decide to drop or add beliefs or practices that are not familiar to them. This problem is approached through assessing various aspects of deviance that make people to be accepted in a society. It is necessary to explain that the theory of Social Conflict is also an effective approach to this problem. This theory explains that the society has conflicts among different people with different interests. These differences make the society to function properly; therefore, it plays significant roles in promoting unity among people. A conflict exists when people have different perspectives regarding an issue. This can also be explained by the principle of deviance that states that people who behave differently from a common way of life are deviant. Therefore, an individual must compromise some aspects of his culture to fit in a new society. I am personally interested in this problem because the world is becoming a small village with many interactions among human beings. Therefore, it is prudent to know how to live with other people despite the diff