ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Week 1: Definition and Meaning of Entrepreneurship Entrepreneurship is the act of starting or reviving new or existing business in order to capitalize on new and emerging opportunities in the business industry. An entrepreneur is a person who owns a business venture or a firm and is in-charge of its development (Nielsen & Lassen 2012, p.36). Generally, entrepreneurs face a lot of uncertainty especially when coming up with a new product that did not exist before in the market. Even if there is a market, it does not translate into profitable entrepreneurial opportunity because entrepreneurs embrace available opportunities despite the available resources. Depending on the level and business activity undertaken Entrepreneurs are different. To become an entrepreneur one must be resourceful and able to find solutions to challenging problems in order to achieve the planned objectives (Lemons 2012, p. 58). It is evident from research that business owners who engage Entrepreneurial activities obtain great satisfaction. In creating business ideas, several steps are involved that include: Getting creative ideas flow in order to accomplish the task, an entrepreneur must understand his or her limits that help in focusing the thinking process, seize upon inspiration, identify the problem, and study demographics to identify customers who appreciate your business idea most. Good business ideas make an entrepreneur feel passionate about his or her business activity. Week 2: Types of Entrepreneur Idealist entrepreneur are mostly interested on working on what is meaningful to them and innovating new business ideas. Optimizer entrepreneur is mostly satisfied with being the owner of business venture which is his personal satisfaction. The hard workers are a category of entrepreneur who welcomes the challenges that comes with entrepreneurship and harvest the most rewards if the business turns into multi billion dollar enterprise. They include persons who enjoy long working days to build large and more profitable businesses (Nielsen & Lassen 2012, p.39). Sustainers are entrepreneurs who are interested with the growth of business venture and mostly multi task their personal life and business activities. They do not have big dreams and hopes of growing the business into multinational company. Therefore, they only need enough cash to survive. People with a lot of energy who survive on the pressure of payroll, Meeting deadline, and payment of bills are juggler entrepreneurs. An entrepreneur has several characteristics. First, he or she is creative by virtual of being able to organize business ideas before effectively managing the start of a business and later runs the business in order to monitor ideas (Lemons 2012, p.59). An entreprene
Born around 427 BC in Athens, Plato was an ancient Greek philosopher. His father (Ariston) and his mother (Perictione) were members of a noble society of Athens. Despite the fact that he travelled to Italy on several occasions, most of his life was spent in Athens. Being born of a noble family, although much literature does not exist about his early life, Plato acquired the finest education as reflected in his collection of philosophical works reflecting the tragedy and politics of his time. While Socrates was his teacher, Aristotle was his student. Plato’s writings explore themes such as equality and beauty coupled with a discussion of aesthetics, cosmology, political philosophy, language philosophy, and political philosophy. He was the founder of one of the oldest philosophy academy in Athens in the western world. Plato lived in the synthesis age. He had an acquaintance with Socrates (his teacher) between 469 and399 B.C.E. Socrates altered the life of Plato. In this perspective, Kahn reckons, “the power that Socrates methods and arguments had over the minds of the youth of Athens gripped Plato as firmly as it did many others, and he became a close associate of Socrates” (67). Following the death of his father, Plato’s mother married Pericles’ friend. This move made him connected to both democracy and oligarchy systems of politics. After the Peloponnesian war came to a halt, his uncle and mother persuaded Plato to join the Athens oligarchic rules. However, he objected. He preferred becoming a student of Socrates. In the Socrates academy, he developed his principles of being an opponent to relativisms coupled with Sophist’s skepticisms. He dwelled on values as opposed to physical science. While describing the works of Socrates, Aristotle paid immense credits to Socrates’ emphasis on moral questions coupled with his precise definitions of issues. A careful scrutiny of Plato’s works evidences that he absorbed these lessons from the Socrates’ class. The philosophical positions held by Plato made him neither a friend to thirty tyrants (404-403 BC) nor to Athenian democracy upon its restoration. He deployed critical interrogation methodology to alienate them. As Kahn informs, in the 399 BC, Plato was “brought to trial with capital crimes of religious impiety and corruption of youth where he was convicted and sentenced to death” (22). One of his friends offered to have him freed through payment of a fine as opposed to the imposition of the death penalty. Referring to this experience, Kahn writes, “Plato tells us in the Seventh Letter after Socrates’ death that he became disenchanted with all existing political regimes and felt that the only salvation of politics would require that either true or genuine philosophers attain political powers or the rulers of states by some dispensation of providence become genuine philosophers” (39). He founded his school around 387 BC in Athens. In effect, the school served as a higher education institute specializing in philosophy, astronomy, physical science, and mathematics. In this
Article summary James McKinley article in The New York Times discusses overdose of an ecstasy drug called Molly, and death resulting from the same. Molly is a new ecstasy drug sold to the youth in the United States. To be precise, Molly is a street name for a drug referred as MDMA (3, 4 methylenedioxymethamphetamine). In most cases, the ecstasy drug is sold as a pill or powder. Medical experts and psychologists allege that Molly is a typical stimulant and is used to help patients with mental disorders to open up during counseling sessions. From this perspective, the drug is essential in helping patients socialize and open up to people around them. The right dosage of the MDMA drug is recommended. However, an overdose of the drug is considered harmful and results to abuse. The article was written to provide insightful information regarding abuse of Molly among the youth. In fact, the article uses an example to articulate on dangers of abusing the drug. The article discusses how two young individuals died as a result of abusing the ecstasy drug. McKinley’s article is based on evidence that the drug has previously affected the youth in similar occasions. For example, the drug seems to be sold among the youths attending electric music parties. From the article, it is evident that Molly is popular among the youths aged below 25 years. According to the author, the two individuals who died at the Electric Zoo festival during Labor Day of 2013 were aged 20 and 23 years old. Evidence showing how the drug is prominent among the youths indicates similar deaths in New York. Other indications showing dangers of the drug among the youths reveals that at least 4 people die of MDMA overdose every year in New York. In addition, statistics show that at least 43 young people died from MDMA overdose between 2000 and 2011. The reason why the youth are a target of the MDMA usage is because the drug is cheap and not physically addictive. Moreover, electric music parties where the drug is sold are attractive to young people. Prolonged usage and abuse of molly has negative physiological and psychological effects. From a physiological perspective, abusers of Molly lose appetite, experience exhaustion, insomnia, jaw soreness, dizziness and constipation. Psychological effects of abusing the drug include depression, impaired attention and paranoia. McKinley’s article is interesting since it focuses on current drug abuse in the United States. The article focus on a new drug abuse trend in the country raises fundamental issues about availability of t
Introduction Medical ethics and morals are integral to healthcare practice as they define how physicians relate with patients and with peers. In general, ethics 1 encompasses the theories and principles of particular values as well as the justifications and perceptions of these values. Ethics involves both normative and non-normative approaches to morality. Morals 2 , on the other hand include the norms and customs of societies or individuals. Historically, medical ethics involved clinical guidelines or ethical codes such as the Oath of Hippocrates that primarily described the ideal physician/patient relationships 3 . In the modern sense, medical ethics encompasses the general and basic ethical principles that should be applied in all aspects of clinical practice and in medical research. In particular, biomedical ethics or bioethics addresses a broad spectrum of issues pertaining to epidemiology, medical administration, legal medicine, and industrial medicine. In the modern medical practice, various medical situations require different application of the bioethical principles and theories. The modern Western medical ethics cropped up in 1950s and it involves codes such as the American Medical Association (AMA), which define the physician-patient relationships. It involves a shift from paternalistic principles to autonomy characterized by the requirement for patient informed consent and the active involvement of the patient in decision-making 4 . In addition, addressing ethical dilemmas in medicine require a properly structured moral theory. This paper discusses the biomedical ethical theories and principles and their application in resolving ethical dilemma situations in medicine. The Ethical Theories and Theories of Morality Different schools of thought exist with regard to ethical principles and theories. Specifically, Stuart Mill and Kant articulate the ethical principles and values common in traditional societies. However, their approaches differ in respect to their justifications and principal validity, their practical application situations and the specific rules and principles that apply to them. Kant contends that the validity of values as well as the ethical principles and laws are universal and apply to all people 5 . In contrast, Stuart Mill holds the view that ethical rules or values are relative and as such cannot be justified. He suggests that particular norms and ethical values are only applicable to certain populations and vary from one culture to another 6 . In this respect, Stuart’s view emphasizes on the need to recognize ethics or values inherent in every society. Even in the modern times, the common view is that ethical values are subjective: differing from one society to another and depend on the circumstances at hand. Beauchamp Tom and Childress James argue that societies or even individuals percei
The case study under discussion describes the approaches and strategies that Vail Ski Resorts implement in order to improve the clients’ experience, maintain their loyalty and create motivation for potential returns. Within less than a decade, the company has managed to employ various types of systems (transaction processing, management information, decision support, and executive support) in order to assure meeting the clients’ demands and foreseeing possible risks. The majority of instruments that the company uses to achieve their goal employ high-technologies. Thus, for example, SAS Customer Intelligence Software platforms assist considerably in carrying out valid and consistent analytics that enable managers to perform successful decision-making. The company plans to develop their service, make it more personalized and customer-focused. While information systems perform significant contribution to decision-making and current problem solving, the case study reports that the major challenge resides in strategic planning and predicting long-term trends. Thus, the company needs to implement a system that would allow managers to evaluate future tendencies, foresee potential customers’ demands, assess possible costs of the services, as well as develop products that will be in demand in the future perspective. The problem is currently addressed through business intelligence systems that the senior management relies on in decision-making. Vail Ski Resorts also use various apps and online service in order to make to collect the maximal amount of data on a particular customer. In the meantime, it is reported that the level of personalized communication that the company provides is relatively low. Therefore, the management has to search for alternative solutions that will allow making the communication process more personalized and collecting more information necessary for predictive analysis. According to the case study, the company has already worked out a strategy concerning the alternative course of action. Thus, the first measure to be implemented is to develop online platforms that allow customers to record their achievements in the resort and share their experience with their acquaintances. Another alternative solution is improving personal communication with every guest with the purpose of collecting the maximal amount of the relevant information. Finally, the company can upgrade their corporate software so that the new systems will provide secure and optimal storage of the data collected and perform a consistent analysis. The solutions described above might be beneficial for reaching the finite goal that resides in improving the customers’ experience. Thus, online platforms are likely to assist in attracting the new clients significantly as well as maintaining the loyalty of the already existing ones. The second approach that implies mak
Evolution provided humanity with one of the most complex and remarkable structures in the universe, which fulfills unbelievable amounts of various functions every second on many levels. However, even though calling the human body the culmination of nature would not be an overstatement, human health may frequently be fragile and vulnerable to external and internal environments. I realized these vulnerabilities for the first time at a relatively young age, when I met the mother of our close family friend. She had severe dementia and rarely recognized her children, which was heartbreaking to watch. I saw that the beauty of humanity’s complex and unique nature is closely linked with horror and even hopelessness if something inside goes wrong. I understood how fragile our physical and mental health is, and I decided to help by pursuing a medical career as a nurse. During almost a decade of hard work, I encountered thousands of different cases, I saw tears of joy and tears of despair, and I learned a lot about my job. Nonetheless, the most important lesson that I learned throughout these years is that I want not only to help the people in need but also want to cure them. My working experience as a nurse showed me that it is vital never to stop learning and to accumulate as much useful information as possible to become a great medical worker. It also made me realize the importance of providing timely and quality treatment. Finally, I found my passion in helping people, and I want to not only learn more about related professional techniques and methods but bring the quality of my work to a new level. My interest in medicine in general, combined with my desire to help people in particular, motivated me to apply to a Medical School. I desire to get a greater understanding of the medical profession and provide patients with high-quality care. Modern medicine is constantly changing and transforming for a wide variety of reasons. New theories, techniques, methods, and approaches emerge as both technology and society develop. A wide variety of different social, medical, and even political aspects are considered more and more frequently, including ethical issues that never got sufficient attention before. New diseases occur, and new treatment methodologies are developed to reduce the harm as much as possible. Therefore, I want not only to obtain new practical skills but also to broaden my theoretical horizons and make my contributions to the field of medicine. I perceive the healthcare system as a single large organism with millions of contributors all over the globe. Doctors, nurses, researchers, managers, and many others are working together for the benefit of humankind. The healthcare system helps people with minor problems, supports patients and their close on
Rowlands, M. T., Palk, G., & Young, R. McD. (2017). Psychological and legal aspects of dangerous sex offenders: A review of the literature. Psychiatry, Psychology and Law , 24 (6), 812–824. Web. The article by Rowlands et al. (2017) provides an insight into the modern legal practices with regard to sex offenders. The researchers utilize United States, United Kingdom, and Australia’s legislation to identify the way these countries respond to sex offenses and treat offenders after the sentence. Consequently, the researchers determined that the majority of the countries mentioned above do not provide concrete assessment criteria for measuring the risk of repeated offense. The study provides considerations for the individual’s dangerousness risk assessment. Mainly it points to the need for implementation of actuarial assessment in combination with clinical case formulation. It explores the limitation of actuarial assessment and psychological aspects which might be associated with a sex offense. Simultaneously, the authors suggest that repeated crimes on sexual grounds are common among lawbreakers that exhibit signs of mental disorders. Finally, the authors conclude the article with a summary of their findings and recommendations for further research. As a result, I will use this article for cross-comparison of legal practices to manage sex offenders. In addition, the review of the psychological factors in sex-related crimes will be used as a central point in my research. Hollomotz, A., & Greenhalgh, J. (2019). A realist analysis of treatment programmes for sex offenders with intellectual disabilities. Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities , 33 (4), 729–738. Web. The research of Hollomotz & Greenhalgh (2019) exploits realist evaluation methodological strategy to explore sex offender treatment programs. This method is applied to review the literature on sex offender treatment programs for people with various intellectual disabilities. The treatment programs analyzed in the article offer cognitive behavioral therapy, but little is known on the effectiveness of such programs. The study aims to include the leading programs from countries of English‐ and German‐speaking regions such as n Canada, Germany, Switzerland, the UK, and the USA. To elicit the underlying theories from the programs for sex offenders with intellectual disabilities, the researchers interviewed with key informants who designed the programs. As a result, the discussion revolves around such key outcomes as the cultivation of prosocial identities and increased risk management capacities. The authors conclude that articulation of how intended programs are expected to work will contribute to the selection of more comprehensive outcome indicators. For my research
Throughout the history of humankind, the excitement and passion for risk-taking as well as the pursuit of easy gain have found their expression in the form of gambling. Apart from card games and roulette, a most popular form of gambling is lottery. Although attempts have been made to calculate the winning formula of a lottery, it still remains a matter of luck to win the jackpot. Annually, millions of people involve in lottery, which has led governments to the idea of instituting the lottery and controlling the money turnover. Among the legalized lotteries is that of Oklahoma, instituted as recently as in 2004 by an overwhelming majority during a general election ballot. Instituting the Oklahoma lottery has raised both approval and protests, resulting in a heated debates between the proponents and the opponents of the case. The key motto of the Oklahoma lottery that has won the sympathy and assistance of the general public is that this lottery is meant for collecting additional investments into Oklahoma education. The 2004 “Oklahoma Lottery Education Act” was enthusiastically supported by a convincing majority of voters since it presupposes that a big share of the lottery revenue is used for improving the educational situation in the state (Oklahoma Lottery Commission). The money is invested at all levels of education, starting from programs for kindergartens and primary schools to funding colleges and universities. An especially positive aspect of this investment is that the lottery money is used as additional funds for education, without replacing the standard existing ones (Oklahoma Lottery Commission). Moreover, understanding that one is investing money in such a commendable sphere as education even without winning the lottery makes participation even more attractive. As the lottery sales and marketing director remarked in an interview, “The primary focus of all our advertising and promotional efforts has always been education” (Brus). The lottery trustees emphasize the enthusiasm caused among the public by advertisements and reports of how much proceeds of the Oklahoma lottery have been directed for educational purposes (McNutt). Against the backgrounds of such public enthusiasm, there exists a certain danger of taking the Oklahoma lottery for something more than it is. Indeed, the revenue gained from the lottery sales appears a drop in the bucked as compared to the money necessary to fund all the state and governmental education plans and projects. In addition, a portion of tax revenue gained by the state from lottery sales is actually counterbalanced by lost sales of other goods, which makes the Oklahoma lottery not as profitable as it may seem (Community Action Project). Therefore, overly enthusiastic prognosis of the lottery benefits s