ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction According to AHA report in 2007, Diseases of the Heart is not equivalent to Total Cardiovascular Disease, the latter term is to be used to describe the leading causes of death. Data from the 2003 Health Survey for England suggest the prevalence of coronary heart disease (CHD) in England was 7.4% in men and 4.5% in. Combined data from prevalence studies on myocardial infarction suggest that overall about 4% of men and 2% of women in the UK have had a heart attack. Studies on the prevalence of angina in the UK showed that the rate appears to be higher in Scotland than in England. Figures from the 2003 Health Survey for England suggest that about 8% of men and 5% of women aged 55 to 64 and about 17% of men and 8% of women aged 65 to 74 have or have had. The Heart of England Screening study on heart failure, selected patients by systematic random sampling of all men and women aged over 45 years registered at GP practices in the West Midlands. Over 2% of patients (3% of men and 1.7% of women) screened had definite heart failure. Probable heart failure was seen in around a further 1% of patients, which suggests that more than 3% of people aged 45 and over in the UK have definite or probable heart failure. Heart and circulatory disease is the UK’s biggest killer. In 2002, cardiovascular disease (CVD) caused 39% of deaths in the UK. In 1819, an Irish physician named Samuel Black reported, that the French suffer relatively low incidence of coronary heart disease, despite having a diet rich in saturated fat; he called this phenomenon The French Paradox (Ferrieres 2004). It has been suggested that France’s high red wine consumption is a primary factor in the French paradox (Law; Wald 1999). Atherosclerosis is a type of arteriosclerosis. The name comes from the Greek words athero (meaning gruel or paste) and sclerosis (hardness). It’s the term for the process of fatty substances, cholesterol, cellular waste products, calcium and fibrin (a clotting material in the blood) building up in the inner lining of an artery. The buildup that results is called plaque (AHA 2007). Pathophysiology of atherosclerosis Mechanisms contributing
Introduction The history of ancient India is reflected in its rich culture, traditions and civilizations. The various communities that lived in ancient India were among the first to introduce ancient civilization in the Asian subcontinent. The civilizations did not only improve the quality of life but also led to the development of religion and modern science as well as mathematics (Richardson, 2005). This paper seeks to analyze the history of ancient India. The development of civilization, religion and cultural transformations in ancient India will be illuminated. India’s contribution to mathematics and science will also be highlighted. Civilization of the Indus River Valley The Indus river valley civilization also known as the Harappan civilization occurred in the third millennium. Before the Harappan settlement, the Indus river valley was occupied by sedentary agriculturalists (Richardson, 2005). By 3000 BC, the sedentary communities produced wheat and barley (Richardson, 2005). They also managed to develop sophisticated agricultural and crop production techniques. They were able to make weapons and tools using bronze. The Harappan civilization became dominant in the third millennium and influenced other civilizations in Asia. However, the civilization did not resemble preceding ones in the Mesopotamia region (Richardson, 2005). This indicates that the area was not colonized. The Harappan communities organized themselves into villages and urban centers whose capitals were based in Harappa and M
Strategic Plan A brief history of the organisation Twenty-five years ago, in 1987, four friends formed a small company “ABC Manufacturing Company” in the United Kingdom, but three owners decided to retire and sold their shares three months ago. A foreign investor has recently bought 75% shares of this company from three friends and invested £10 million with the intention to achieve a 10% return of his investments in the next four years. He appointed a new manager and purchased two brand new large and modern CNC centres with all essential tools and software for the future development of the company by managing human resources and increasing productivity and quality. However, the purpose of this report is to recommend the company by analysing strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats, leadership and management, and organisational structure with emphasis on grouping and teamwork, organisational culture along with the importance of information systems, performance and motivation, training and development program, and so on. SWOT Analysis of ABC Manufacturing Company Strengths   * Foreign investor : seventy-five per cent shares of this company have purchased by the foreign investor, which will strengthen the financial position of the company to increase profit margin;   * Sales Volume : According to the case study, sales revenue from the sales of the products have increased from last year, for instance, the turnover has increased from £20 to £30 million;   * Research and Development : The management of this company has concentrated more on the research on the company to identify the loophole of the leadership, human resource management, internal controlling and production system. However, the research outcomes will help the management to take proper decision to change organisational structure and other strategic plans;   * Knowledge : Though the business was not profitable enough to compete with the competitors, the old owner has 25 years experience to operate this company. So, the owner has vast knowledge in this sector, which helps him to contribute the company for future development;   * Resources : Now, the company has two brand new large and modern CNC centres with all essential equipment and software. However, these modern equipment will play a vital role to produce quality products and develop the brand image in the national and international market in the future;   * Relationship: The old manager of this company maintains a good relationship with some of factory floor employees particularly with the operators and engineers, which will help the company to increase production capacity and ensure quality;   * Integrity: the company survives in the competitive market for a long-time because the owners and managers controlled the company with integrity. Weaknesses   * Decision-making Proce
Potential Impact of recent education reduction in Higher Education funding on the well being of students in Australian universities The Australian education system has gone through several changes. From 1974 to 1989, it was government funded. After 1989, the government made it necessary for students to bear the costs of education with the help of aid through schemes such as the HECS. The HECS scheme allows students to get interest free loans which can be repaid after students acquire jobs (ABS, 2013). Despite the implementation of measures necessitating students to fund their own education, the number of students seeking education has nearly doubled from 14% in 1976 to 26% in 2011 (ABS, 2013). The ratio of young men and women seeking education has however seen a shift; there is a marked rise in the proportion of women seeking education in 2011 with 28% women as compared to 25% men. This trend is different from 1976 when more men (17%) than women (10%) sought education. Thesis : This paper aims at analysing the potential impact of these new education cuts by the Australian government on the wellbeing of Australian University students. Topic sentences :   * Cuts and the measures announced in Higher Education by the Australian Government.   * Impact of the cuts on students’ quality of education, stress and life According to the reports, Australian students face tremendous difficulties due to high education costs (Universities Australia, 2013). The government’s proposed cuts in Higher Education such as the removal of the 10% discount on upfront payment of university fees and 5% bonus for the repayment of HELP debts will have a serious impact on students (Australian Government 2013). Conversion of student scholarships to loans will augment students’ financial burden (Australian Government, 2013). These new reduction measures by the government will add pressure to Higher Education students. This paper aims at analysing the potential impact of these new education cuts by the Australian government on the wellbeing of the Australian University students. Data from the ABS (2013) highlight the negative impact of higher costs on students’ education. Other reports also point to the financial plight of students who are under tremendous pressure “prioritizing their resources of time, energy and money” (Universities Australia, 2013). Although the Australian government has “innovative” schemes such as the ‘Austudy’ and ‘Youth Allowance’ to promote education, not many students are eligible to make use of these schemes due to the low eligibility threshold (Devlin, James and Grigg, 2008). As such, students are forced to earn a living while continuing their education, due to which their quality of education is highly compromised. There is a considerable increase in absenteeism of graduate students due to work responsibility (ABS, 2013). Survey results indicate that there was a 4% rise in undergraduate student educational absenteeism from 4% in 2000 to 10% in 2006. The rise in post graduate student
Introduction Alcohol abuse is a rising concern in most colleges because of the many harmful effects it has to the drinkers. Alcohol abuse leads to many changes in the behavior of the abusers that range from blackouts, disagreements, engaging in fights, engaging in dangerous sexual behavior, and missing classes and work. Heavy drinking predisposes the students to accidents and risk of sexual assault and abuse. The effects of alcohol abuse are many and most of the times regrettable. It causes low self-esteem that increases the risk of drug and substance abuse as well as engaging in risky sexual behavior. Thus, it increases the risk of sexually transmitted diseases and unwanted pregnancies. It also affects academic performance of the individuals due to lost time and loss of concentration after a night of heavy drinking. In a study conducted in a historically black college, alcohol and marijuana consumption were both related to risky sexual behaviors. 83% of the participants reported to have had sex at one point in their life, 73% being sexually active at the time of the interview and more than half of the participants reported having unprotected sex (Poulson, Bradshaw, Huff, Peebles, and Hilton 530). The students use alcohol for a number of reasons with the most astonishing being the use of alcohol to facilitate sexual experience by most males as it lowers their inhibitions and that of their sexual partners. This indicates that the young generation in colleges is changing fast with change in social norms. Using alcohol to increase sexual desire is bad for emotional and psychological development and it requires urgent attention as it can affect the lives of the college student later in life. Drinking increases the blood pressure of individuals and this predisposes the individuals to hypertension and high blood pressure later in life (Carter-Edwards, Godette, White, and Tyson 152). These conditions are chronic and it means that after onset the individuals will forever be on medication. The sad thing is that they can be prevented by abstaining from alcohol and leading a balanced life as the effects are disastrous and lead to low quality lives later. Understanding the attitudes of drinking in historically black colleges and universities is important in the society; this can allow educators and stake holders come up with strategies to combat the creeping problem in the school societies. The large number of students in these communities that engage in this vice is a single driving factor behind looking for a solution to the problem. Methodology The data for this research was obtained through questionnaires administered orally to the participants. They were questioned on their family background, education aspirations, religion, and their views on the legal drinking ag
In the novel, the Outsider Camus portrays a bourgeois society, certain of its virtues and their divine sanction, the self-confident and self-centered spirit of seriousness itself. Through the character of Meursault, he creates a unique image of an outsider and his life in society. Through the theme of strangeness, Camus unveils morals and religious values typical for all people. Humans find themselves cut off from nature and set at odds with their fellows by a competitive scheme that destroys their dignity in a world, not of their own making. Thesis Camus portrays that a person who does not fit society and its values are imprisoned and executed as an outsider and stranger. The first part portrays Meursault as a real stranger and an outsider unable to cry and express emotions when he attends his mother’s funeral. During the trial, a judge comments: “explain what he meant by “my calmness,” the warden lowered his eyes and stared at his shoes for a moment. Then he explained that I hadn’t wanted to see Mother’s body or shed a single tear and that I’d left immediately the funeral ended, without lingering at her grave” (Camus 111). The strangeness is n his differences and alterations from other people and social norms typical for all people. Meursault settles into a style of life in which inarticulate personal needs and satisfactions dictate spontaneous responses to the demands of nature and others. He goes along with the flow of habits and events. Such is the path of least resistance, except when his inclination moves him otherwise. Camus underlines that Meursault is perceived as an outsider when he is ‘free’ but accepted as an individual when he is imprisoned. It is possible to say that society does not want to accept those individuals who differ from the rest and express different views and emotions. People are afraid of these differences and interpret them as psychological problems. The most interesting fact is that the judge tries to understand his emotions during the funeral but pays less attention to the crime and his motives. Camus underlines that if Meursault is unable to express his feelings towards his mother, he is incapable of remorse. “Is he not sufficiently punished by the lifelong remorse that is to be his lot? I confidently await your verdict, the only verdict possible–that of homicide with extenuating circumstances” (Camus 132). The social order from which Meursault is alienated is the world of ambition and the desire for advancement, as well as the environment and grief to which all at the burial bear witness. It is the wearing of black as a show of mourning and the sustained sadness that forbids the beginning of a liaison on the day following the burial of Meursault’s mother. This situation creates a conflict between reality and expected outcomes. The second part portrays that Meursault is a stranger because he does not fit the morals and values established by society, so he should be execut
One of the advantages of the quantitative analysis is that it is based on numbers, different forms of graphs and tablets and in such a way provides a scientific respectability of the social research. The existing powerful software packages give a researcher a lot of possibilities in the sphere of quantitative analyses. Martin Denscombe distinguishes between several types of quantitative data. The lowest level is nominal data. On this stage, the aim of a researcher is to count things and to categorize them. The more complicated form is ordinal data. On this level, the data are also categorized, but these categories are ranked and related to each other. The data from each category can be compared with that from another. In interval data, these categories are ranked using a definite scale. In such a way, the data in the categories is proportionate. The typical example of the interval data is a calendar. Ratio data are based on the same principle as the interval data with the only difference that the scale of the categories has “a true zero or an absolute reference point” (Denscombe, 2003, p238). Discrete data are described as those that can exist only in whole units. On the contrary, continuous data “do not come in neat, discrete chunks and for this reason they are measured to the nearest unit” (Denscombe, 2003, p239). The obvious examples of such data are height, weight and age of the participants that, for practical purposes, are measured in rounded values. Denscombe pays much attention to a preparation of data for the analyses. The only appropriate format for the quantitative analyses is numbers. However, sometimes at the initial stage of a research data exist in a form of pictures or words. For a further analysis, there is a need to transform them in numbers. Denscombe calls this process as the coding of data . Basically the process of the coding may be distinguished as “the attribution of a number to a piece of data”(Denscombe, 2003, p.239). At the initial stage, the data have to be categorized for better understanding. They should be arranged in a definite order, which means that an array of the raw data should be constructed. The next stage of data organizing supplies making a tally of the frequencies (Denscombe, 2003, p.241). It enables an opportunity for their better analyses and comparison. In case of a large amount of data, these frequencies may be grouped. The data organized in a format of a grouped frequency are easy for understanding, but at the same time, they reflect “the creative shaping of data by the researc
Kinship by definition is the most basic principle of doing classification of people while putting them into social groupings, responsibilities and categories factoring in marriage together with parentage as key elements of the classifications: this is a common scenario in the society of human beings. The San community which is known to reside in the vast Kalahari Desert is an example of foraging and horticultural societies in the world that perfected the kinship practice where they give a lot of attention to the naming system: they consider anyone with the same name to be a member of the family and must be coming from lineage of a particular ancestor. The kinship system of The San is unique; the system is in a way that it provides social safety to the community members as well as economic security. Families are able to survive in several conditions courtesy of this system. The ability a member of the San community to go even the furthest distance that one could imagine and still get a family member is to a great extent extraordinary. They rely on namesake kin approach to identify the perceived family member where, if you go to that furthest end and get someone with the same name then that person would have no choice but to accept you as a relative and cater for all your needs; this is very important especially when one goes to look for employment in far places. The family structure of the San composes of nuclear set-up type of a family which relies on passing of the kinship from the parents to children to form a linkage and also bring together people of the community into groupings. There exists two patterns for the linkage identification; one being the unilateral type of linkage which is the progress of the relationship through mothers and fathers and the other type is the bilateral which involves the groupings. The naming system of the San community was not just used in identifying a blood relative in a far distance place but was also used during marriage. During marriage, it was important that the linage of the man and women be looked at; that was simple by studying their names where one of the partner was not supposed to bear the name of one’s parent because, by them having same name means they were related hence no marriage could take place. All the strict rules were meant to avoid incent which is the marriage of close relatives. It was a great taboo to marry a close relative. The marriages which occurred between unrelated individuals played a big role in widening the base in term of number of relatives; it created strong bonds between the new found wider relationship and that gave space to anyone from the two new found bigger community to have the opportunity to be accommodated anywhere especially during hard moments like w
Introduction Enterprises have continually integrated information technology (IT) systems to streamline their processes towards goal attainment (Bernard 22). Axiomatically, corporates have adopted enterprise architecture (EA) to provide a blueprint that guides operations to attain productivity (Anupindi and Coady 59). In this paper, the key components at American Express would be analyzed to evaluate its compatibility with the strategic plans before advising the company’s CIO on the preparation and planning of the future payments. Key Architecture Components at American Express The adoption of the mobile payment systems at American Express was based on crucial components that were compatible with the business operations. The enterprise architecture was based on a common language that facilitates sound leadership at the organization to deliver quality mobile payment products and services. Therefore, the IT-based framework reflects the leadership efficiency at American Express to enhance the coordination of operations. The developed EA is characterized by a feature that accommodates new channels for delivery based on IT advancements. Enterprise architects should consider streamlining business operations by adopting channels that deliver the products and services efficiently (Bieberstein 145). Besides, the mobile payment platform is composed of a system that shortens the time-to-market element of the payment products and services offered by American Express. It is necessary for the EA system to factor the timeframe aspect to realize the set objectives and goals according to plan (Hausman 124). The EA at American Express was based on road maps that constitute initiatives for various business processes.