ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
While there are several business types, the form I recommend to Mr. X is the sole proprietorship. The business entity is suitable considering the tax implications as the business owner receives all the income or losses incurred on the tax returns in an arrangement called pass-through taxation (Kasahun, 2020). A sole proprietor is entitled to tax refunds when the estimated amount of tax paid throughout the year exceeds tax liability based on the company’s overall profits and losses. Therefore, operating as a sole proprietor makes the owner self-employed for tax purposes and responsible for reporting all incomes and losses in the company (Dungan, 2017). Other business types, including partnerships and limited companies require more capital to start, involve external parties, increased paperwork, and extended application period. On the contrary, starting a sole proprietorship is an effortless and easily affordable process. Liability Issues for a Sole Proprietorship Sole proprietors are personally held accountable for lawsuits, charges, and other commissions easily encountered in doing the job. Therefore, a sole owner would no longer have their property if the trade does not operate under the required standards (Kim et al., 2020). Additionally, the owner does not have limited liability since there is no difference between the owner and the business, which means that creditors can recover their money from the owner’s business and personal assets (Kasahun, 2020). Therefore, it is advisable that Mr. X properly manages the business entity to avoid court cases and protect his wealth (Dungan, 2017). With this type of business entity, the capacity to raise capital is limited, which will adversely affect its future development and growth. According to internal revenue code 26 CFR § 1.1001-2 on discharge of liabilities, Mr. X would pay taxes on any amounts realized from the sale of property based on personal liability terms (26 CFR § 1.1001-2, n.d.). However, he can always change to another type in the future as the need arises. Tax Effects of the Business Entity Due to sole proprietorship’s simplicity, taxes are not separated since the owner reports the financial gains and losses encountered. Mr. X will file income tax, self-employment tax, estimated tax, and social securities and Medicare tax (Internal Revenue Service (IRS), 2020). However, a sole propriet
Liberalism and socialism are both popular political philosophies that became especially famous in the 20th century. The two systems have some points in common; however, their use in the political structures of various countries is strikingly different, as there are some significant variations in the very basis of their ideologies. The belief on which liberalism was founded is that all people are equal and that each person has the right to individual freedom. Socialism, on the other hand, is based on the principle of common ownership. Socialism also promotes equality of all people, but the central aspect of equality is the individual’s property, rather than his or her rights. The main values of liberalism, thus, are freedom of speech and thought, as well as the equality of opportunities. Socialism, on the other hand, values equal distribution and access to resources above everything else. The individual’s freedom is not seen as a crucial aspect of life in socialism; instead, socialists are more focused on the security that joint ownership provides. For instance, if all resources of the country are distributed equally, there is no hunger, competition, or jealousy. Liberalism, however, supports healthy competition in science and education; it teaches that people are to exercise free thought rather than think in the terms set by the state, which allows for creative education practices. In socialism, on the other hand, both work and teaching are standardized, and all people are required to put the same amount of effort into work. Liberalism is rarely used as a sole foundation of the government, which is mainly because liberalists do not support the idea of one man or woman having some form of control over the other. However, modern liberals agree that government is needed in the contemporary world to achieve economic stability and security. Similarly to socialism, in liberalism, people trust the state to protect them from the changing economic conditions, illegal actions, diseases, and more. However, the passing of the power to the government is carried out rather reluctantly, since the people sacrifice a portion of their highly-valued freedom to obtain security. Socialism, however, is the opposite. People are not entrusted with the regulation of the country’s resources, and they willingly submit their freedom to the government to ensure that a sufficient amount of resources is provided for every person. Due to the ideological differences between the two systems, their applications also vary a lot. For example, socialism is usually applied in developing countries where there is a need for the government to control resources and the industry. In these settings, socialism decreases issues such as hunger, unemployment, and uneven education across the population. Moreover, it can also be useful in countries with large shares of rural areas. The people living in the villages are usually poorer than those who stay in cities. The number of jobs is low, whereas the competition is high, which may result in exploitation and small wages. Equal distribution of resources, in this case, ensures that the villagers are provided with products they need for everyd
Introduction Nike is a multinational corporation that has been one of the leaders in the market for many consecutive years in a row. This company is considered the most notorious supplier of athletic footwear and clothing. Nike was founded in 1964 by Phil Knight and Bill Bowerman. The target market the company initially focused on consisted of athletes and the general public interested in sports. Over the years, the market has changed, and sports clothes had become an everyday style for most individuals since the 1980s when the Nike brand became a symbol of urban fashion. The switch from purely athletic apparel to sports clothes with a twist of hip-hop fashion that Nike was experiencing was the most significant change that allowed the company to become one of the most famous retailers worldwide. Nike is a public company, which means that the owner is directly related to stock shares that are freely traded. The key people who manage Nike’s market strategies, decisions, and solutions are John Donahoe (CEO), Mark Parker (executive chairman), and Phil Knight (chairman emeritus). Mark Parker used to be the CEO between 2006 till January 13, 2020, but stepped down and was replaced by John Donahoe. The latter implemented an effective strategy in combating the difficulties that came along with the COVID-19 restrictions. Current Conditions COVID-19 had a significant influence on all industries, and the fashion field is definitely among those that had to suffer. Since all stores and factories closed at the beginning of the outbreak, manufacturers could not continue with the same production and manufacturing practices. Other issues included the lack of fabric, retail stores canceling orders, and the lack of staff. Certain manufacturers had strategies that helped combat some of the problems. Nike is among them, and one of the things that saved them from long delays and lack of fabric was preordering materials and keeping them at safehouses ahead of time. Fashion brands primarily known for in-store sales had the most prominent issues during the pandemic. Since most countries tried to manage the outbreak by preventing people from interacting, unessential businesses such as clothing stores closed down. Moreover, companies had to continue spending money on renting the spaces, paying wages, and other costly procedures. This was a devastating turn of events that caused irreparable damages even for some of the biggest corporations in the world. There are two different positions when it comes to COVID and its impact on the clothing industry. While the closing of the stores and factories had adverse effects on the revenue, digital commerce has been keeping the businesses relevant. Most companies that are related to fashion are trying to switch to online retailing. This is a more efficient way of interacting with customers, it cuts down on expenses, and it is more convenient for both the buyer and the seller. During the COVID-19 restrictions, consumers could stay at home, avoid the risks of being infected, and rece
The graphical display is a useful tool for presenting data to the viewer in a more accessible way. However, often this technique can be used incorrectly, resulting in misleading. An example of such a case would be when the authors of a graphical display are cherry-picking. Schuller-Martínez et al. (2021) call this phenomena “the fallacy of incomplete evidence” (para. 15). Cherry-picking occurs when the authors of a graphical display choose to present only information that supports their argument. Conversely, data that does not openly speak in favor of a particular point of view or the context of a situation is ignored. The use of such a presentation of incomplete evidence can lead to serious consequences that confuse the viewer. Graphic display, in this case, allows the reader to imagine and visualize the phenomenon being described quickly. When applying cherry-picking, the viewer is forced to perceive a limited set of data that the author wanted to present. This situation can lead to the creation of a misconception about the phenomenon, as well as to outright fallacy. In particular, this technique can be used to emphasize a certain point of view, which does not allow the viewer to assess the situation in context. The main ramification that may arise in this example is the presentation of false information to the viewer. Cherry-picking puts the viewer within the framework set by the author and does not allow seeing the whole picture of the phenomenon. In the case of scientific data, this approach devalues ​​both qualitative and quantitative information. It is necessary to present the data in the context of a wider spectrum so that the viewer can appreciate the long-term dynamics. Reference Schuller-Martínez, B., Meza, N., Pérez-Bracchiglione, J., Franco, J., Loezar, C., & Madrid, E. (2021). Graphical representation of the body of the evidence: the essentials for understanding the evidence gap map approach. Medwave, 21 (3). Web.
The article begins by observance, the month of February 2009 alone 65,000, increasing unemployment rate to 8.1 % which is the highest in the meant times. The article further explains that from the year 2007 to march 6 th over 4.4. Million jobs had been lost. Because of this recession that is taking place in the US currently. The form of unemployment being experienced and being discussed in this paper is due to depression in the market and is called cyclical unemployment. There are mass job losses in the economy. According to this article which used data from US economy analysis data shows that there is a major problem in the economy. The article describes the astonishment of president Barrack Obama at the figure of job losses and the president congratulates Washington for having passed the economic stimulus which intends to jam start the economy, the president was speaking at Columbus Ohio, during police trainee graduation ceremony. The article quotes republican leader John Boehner of Ohio as having observed that there was a lot to be done in order to reduce the prospects of America of loosing more jobs savings, and tax cuts. According to the article unemployment rate that was focused was 8% however 8.1 % is far above this. Since the month of December to the month of February the country had lost over 1.9 million jobs. And the decline in December was one of the worst since 1949. Unfortunately the paper observes that the Federal Reserve does not expect the unemployment rate to come lower than 7% before the year 2011. This means that the economy may take some time to recover. In other words, this type of unemployment is due to the fact that the total effective demand of the community is not sufficient to absorb the entire production of goods that can be produced with the available stock of capital. When businessmen cannot sell their entire output, their profit expectations are not fulfillment so that their reaction in the next period is to reduce their output. Obviously, when entrepreneurs, decide to reduce their production, some factors of production become unemployed. Since employment is the major source of income for a great majority of people, a fall in employment signifies a fall in their income. The article explain further that the most hit industry was the services industry where 375,000 jobs were lost while good producing industries lost 276 thousand jobs. The unemp
Southeast Asia is a region that has been generalized as a Muslim region and yet Indonesia is the only country with a large population of Muslims. There has also been a perception that this region is a threat to the international security because it is known to harbor terrorists and encourage recruitment and training of terrorist. The generalization and perception has caused problems for people with no links to terrorism and Muslim origin; the region is targeted by the international community for terrorism. The September attack which took place in the United States of America changed the world view of terrorism and Muslims; the experience made states to see terrorism as a reality (O’Neill 90). This attack raised so many questions regarding international security and the relationships of one state to the other. The issue of the relationship between Muslims and terrorism was also a question which many people still have no answer about. Southeast Asia, being a Muslim dominated region has also been affected by the 9/11 attacks; Muslim dominated regions were seen as the source of terrorists and masterminds of international attacks (Peters 42). Southeast Asia is seen as a threat to international security; this is because it has harbored terrorists, and this is the region where the recruitment of world terrorist and training took place (Ressa 56). This paper will seek the understanding of Muslims in Southeast Asia region and the world generalization of Muslims as terrorists, and discuss why the world views Southeast Asia as a security threat. After the 9/11 attacks, Muslims around the world were confronted with a lot of questions about their religion as well as their religious identity. The Muslim belief system was subjected to extensive discussions both in public forums and in the media. There were questions of whether Muslims were possible in a secular environment; another question was whether the Islam region was in-line with democracy (O’Neill 178). It is believed that Muslims were faced with these issues before the 9/11 attacks; for instance, in 1970s and 1980s urbanization, mass education together with telecommunication developments pluralized religious authority and raised questions on the meaning and Islam’s social relevance. These issues which were faced by Muslims around the world were refreshed by the 9/11 attacks. Southeast Asia being a Muslim dominated region is not exempted from the processes as well as tensions that are faced by the other Islamic dominated region in the world. Conflicts are developing between the Islam religion and the United States and the same applies for Southeast Asia, and the United States leads the war on terrorism in this region (Ressa 67). The war on terrorism is focused on controlling the region in order to eradicate terrorist threats and to do this eradication, the region should not be generalized as a terrorist region, first, the world should understand the dynamics of Southeast Asia to understand the Southeast Asia Muslims a
Abstract Organisational psychology is vital in understanding psychological principles which form the links between research methods and human behavior in an organisation. Basically, organisational psychology focuses on how individuals think about themselves and activities that affect these thoughts and feelings in an organisational environment especially during selection, perfection, and persuasion procedures. Application of organisational psychology in members of an organisation facilitates advanced stages of maladaptive behaviors studies. In Automobile industries across Australia, there are laid down structures formulated to keep staff in healthy and stable mind in their duty of serving company’s interest through regulatory ethical communication models. These models define expected behavior, procedural patterns, and response to every deviation. As a matter of fact, stable mind performs optimally with little or no supervision. Thus, this reflective treatise attempts to explicitly present impacts of scientific management and organisational behavior theorists on the Australian automotive industry. Impact of organisational Development theories on Australian Automobile Industry Automobile organisation will always work alongside its staff to promote healthy communication ethics by recognizing and where necessary, supporting staff that make steady commitment in practicing accepted desirable healthy organisational communication ethics in their work departments. This is best achieved through reliable management and proactive communication model. Since most automobile organisations in Australia are relatively developed, these aspects have been integrated in the production, distribution, and evaluation structures. Communication in organisations can be either formal or informal. These two forms of communication are distinct though they are used simultaneously in organisations. Formal communication is the proper and defined process of communication within an organisation. As proposed by Fayol, Communication influences innovative and deviating period of organisational economic activities including development of technology, increasing market demand, production and workflow, investment and trade patterns, competition among the rival companies, as well as to facing the threats of global financial crisis (Friedberg, 2010). With the need to establish lean production and outsourcing, the automobile parts industry is increasingly important for global production chains. Specifically, the discursive approach in explaining and exploring shared and coordinated actions on roles and channels through which organisational framework functions in the exchange of information formally is of great essence towards understanding organisational communication. Prosci asserts that “communication focused on a company’s strategy and direction, which originates from company executives, is funneled through the organisational chart and changed i
HR retention and recruitment strategies are of paramount importance for an organisation. These are two major factors affecting the company’s performance. At that, Torrington et al. (2014) note that efficient retention is especially important, as employees who leave are often hired by competitors, and this may undermine the company’s success. Various forms of recruitment and retention strategies exist. Companies often have numerous programs for graduates to acquire employees. This is quite effective as it enables the company to hire a skilled professional who will fit the company perfectly as he/she has no experience in other companies and simply does not know how organisations work. HR professionals also use social networks and numerous platforms where people place their resumes. This is an effective strategy as it enables HR specialists to analyse the labour market though it is quite time and effort consuming. Of course, companies provide information on available vacancies at their official websites. This is the easiest way for an organisation but there are high chances that HR professionals will be exposed to numerous resumes of people who do not fit. As for retention, companies resort to promotion, salary increase, and perks. All these strategies are effective when used properly as employees need to feel that their work is noticed and appreciated. In Google, all these strategies are also used. At the same time, the company does not make a focus on applicants’ education and 14% of Googlers do not have a college education (Wendland 2014). It is also important to add that the recruitment process involves evaluation of professional qualities and the applicant’s ability to be fully integrated into the company ( How we hire 2015). As for the retention strategies, Google is one of the leaders in this sphere as the company offers flexible hours, comprehensive health plan, creative environment, sport and leisure facilities and so on (Bershidsky 2013). It is possible to state that Google’s major HR strategy is to create a diverse, creative and loyal workforce tha
Introduction General Electric is an example of a global company that has and uses sustainable development strategies and makes a significant contribution to the development of social initiatives. Moreover, General Electric itself often becomes the initiator of these projects and their developers. This approach has two motives, such as the desire to develop a healthy, sustainable society, and the need to create and sell products for the company’s profit. This paper will study General Electric’s strategy and social initiatives to understand their benefits and its alignment with the principles of sustainability. Adherence of Sustainability Principles by General Electric The first and quite obvious characteristic of General Electric (GE) is its global success and high profits over the centuries. One can note, considering the largest projects and partners of the GE, that the secret of its success is in the qualitative analysis of the market and provision of the solutions to the most relevant and significant challenges. For example, the company supplied purified water to the most remote corners of the country, provided electricity and the Internet, created engines for the popular aviation industry, and improve healthcare in rural areas (Balakrishnan & Moonesar, 2015). Therefore, in this way, GE combines its company’s development and helps to make the lives of other people more comfortable. Moreover, GE constantly evolves and sets goals to achieve sustainable development of the company and the society in which it operates. For this reason, one can note the company’s adherence to the principles of sustainable development, although the information from the case study does not reveal all the nuances of GE’s work. The principles of GE, which are clearly reflected in the case study, are ethics, business relationships, the value of products and services, environmental protection, hiring practices, and community engagement. The value of products is expressed in two dimensions, such as the initiatives to create products themselves and their profitability. For example, making aircraft engines that use 50% less fuel, or providing electrics in the rural area, demonstrate that GE not only gets profit but also benefits their customers. In addition, the development of a new type of engine is part of an initiative to reduce emissions and promote responsible consumption. This initiative clearly reflects the company’s concern for the environment. Economic development and community involvement is also a significant part of GE’s activities. The case study discusses breast cancer prevention, the supply of clean water, the provision of portable V-scans, and other GE initiatives that have been implemented with government and local corporations (Balakrishnan & Moonesar, 2015). The level of adherence to the principles of business relations is also at a high level if one considers the number of GE’s partners and its success in many countries. These numbers demonstrate that GE’s managers show respect and also adhere to the rules of fair trade and fulfill the terms of contracts, w