ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction The word offshore outsourcing is defined as the transfer of a company’s functions to another country or turning of some company’s functions to an organization that is located outside the country. Most of the researchers consider Offshore Outsourcing Business Practises (OOBP) as activities that transfer organization operations from one country to another even though the activities may be done by the same organisation located in a foreign country (Manning et al., 2008). In the recent past, offshore outsourcing has become popular as organizations try to cut their production and labour markets. According to Currie and Willcocks (1998), offshore outsourcing grew rapidly between the early 80’s and 90’s as it was viewed by most managers as a way of reducing costs, eliminating poor performance and accessing skilled manpower. The global recession, need to reduce the production costs were also seen by most researchers as is the contributing factors towards increase in offshore outsourcing. At first, Most of the US based companies primarily outsourced less sensitive and trailing edge projects but as the vendors proved themselves worthy, more and more high value- low risk projects were outsourced. India leads in the off-shoring business although other countries are also competing to take a share of the western world business. Many organisations are now turning to OOBP as the most formidable way of increasing a company’s profitability. Despite its usefulness in cutting down cost, OOBP has several disadvantages such as low quality, inability of the company to monitor its production process, laziness and over reliance on a foreign compan
Introduction Evolutionary influences can be mainly seen in the legal theory of Karl Marx, who neither believed in God nor supported the doctrine of human sin. Rather, Marx believed that laws were products of people and represented the will of the social classes that stood above others on the hierarchy. Based on these views, there were attempts to disregard the rule of law as it existed and instead establish a secular utopia among various societies around the globe. However, in reality, the efforts of governments to establish the equality of wealth proposed by Marx created a lot of inequalities as well, such as political oppression. For instance, in the twentieth century alone, the governments that were inspired by Marxist ideology contributed to the killing of nearly a hundred million citizens who were subjected to the worldview that the great representatives of society were the only ones who could decide between right and wrong. Western views on law were predominantly shaped by the influence of Darwin’s evolutionary theory, which supported a change in legal studies during the nineteenth century. Marx espoused and reinforced the belief that human laws are mere accidents and rejected all belief in the idea of natural law, which was used by the fathers of democratic constitutionalism in the United States. The key ideas of Marx regarding the law were laid out in his collaboration with Engels, the Communist Manifesto , in which the authors criticize the entire institution of government being subjected to the rule of law, stating that such a tradition is a selfish misconception. This paper will focus on examining the legal histories of the United States and Europe and finding links between them and the writings of Marx and Engels to determine whether they are any inconsistencies that could be accounted for with the help of other theoretical traditions. It is crucial to mention that Karl Marx did not put the entire focus of his work on legal theory; therefore, it can be quite complicated to clearly outline his views on the law. One of the reasons for this complexity is the fact that Marx’s writings form a complex synthesis of various intellectual sources, directions, and opinions. For instance, while Marx was linking himself to the tradition of idealism, where Hegel prevailed, he did not agree with the support of authoritarianism to achieve an egalitarian order of society, as was being proposed by the French utopian socialists (Sutton 62). Because the inspirations for his philosophical stance were diverse, in the periods of his early work, Marx took a primarily humanistic and philosophical approach to his worldview; however, later, he started to become more concerned with finding connections between the social and economic forces that exist in societies. Law and Society in Marx’s Ideology The relationship between law and state in the classical model proposed by Marx revolves around three key ideas: s
There is an adverse effect of the opioid crisis on the United States. These substances typically result in an addiction, and a more significant aspect implies that they do not address the problem of the source of pain. Instead of it, opioids develop a feeling of euphoria that masks suffering. That is why it is evident that there is no need to legalize heroin, meaning that alternative pain relievers should be created. Since heroin and other opioids adversely impact the entire nation, a reasonable step is to fund alternative treatments for pain. For example, some researchers consider using marijuana as a pain reliever, but this substance also has some health risks, meaning that this decision should be made with caution (Saloner et al., 2018). However, if medical scientists manage to find an alternative pain management medicine, numerous benefits will arise. In particular, this decision will lead to higher patient safety because opioid overuse is a leading cause of people’s death (Saloner et al., 2018). For example, more than 60,000 people died from a drug overdose in 2016 (Saloner et al., 2018). Furthermore, a significant advantage will refer to expenditure savings because using an alternative pain reliever will not create people who will require additional services. That is why there is no doubt that it is necessary to invest in alternative pain management medicines. In conclusion, it has been identified that the opioid crisis is a significant challenge for the United States. This problem results in thousands of injured and dead, denoting that alternative pain relievers should be found. Marijuana is a suitable option, but the possible harmful effects of this substance represent why the healthcare industry h
Introduction The connection between religion and politics is a complex yet critical theme to be studied in any sovereign state’s contemporary sociopolitical and economic context. While Latin America has been known as overwhelmingly Catholic for an extended period of time, the recent religious trends and increased share of Pentecostals/Evangelicals in the region’s population may indicate a connection to right-wing movements and activities. The growing phenomenon of right-wing populism in Brazil, a predominantly catholic country from the historical perspective, is of particular interest to researchers since it allows for studying the relationship and consequences between religion and politics. The recent collapse of the left-wing administration in Brazil and its replacement with right-wing ideology representatives have President Jair Bolsonaro as an important subject to be examined and discussed when analyzing the possible factors contributing to the rise of populism in Brazil (Garcia, 2019). Bolsonaro’s religion-themed campaign appealed to Pentecostals/Evangelicals who have gained an influential presence in Brazil’s politics over the recent years. This interdisciplinary review aims to discuss whether there is a connection between Pentecostalism/Evangelicalism in Brazil and right-wing politics and whether Bolsonaro’s campaign could contribute to the fall of the left-wing administration and a shift to the current right-wing political attitudes. This literature review attempts to take into consideration a confluence of sociopolitical factors in Brazil to examine what the current research has to say concerning Protestantism’s contribution to the election of a far-right presidential candidate. The sources relevant to this theme display mixed evidence, and studying the issue from an interdisciplinary perspective allows for obtaining a comprehensive picture. President Jair Bolsonaro, known for his commitment to the right-wing ideology and national conservatism, found public support of the evangelical community, which identifies the need to explore the potential influence of religious nationalism (Ramos, 2020). Furthermore, the relationship between Brazil’s religion and politics is an important subject to study in the contemporary context and in view of the country’s role in the political, economic, and cultural growth of Latin America. The importance of this subject should be determined with regard to the effects of right-wing populism in the country. According to Costa and Ferreira (2016), this tendency increased the value of conservative ideas and resulted in the aggravation of crisis, violence, disparities, and oppression in Brazil. In this regard, the political attitudes of Evangelical/Pentecostal politicians, particularly of conservative populist leaders, such as Bolsonaro, are of specific interest for researchers. Current studies highlight various aspects of the issue and provide a foundation for examining it from a multidisciplinary perspective and take a holistic view on a potential relationship between Pentecostalism/Evangelicalism and right-wing politics in Brazil (Cowan, 2018). The historical establishment of Pentecostal/Evangelical c
Telecommunications refers to the transmission of data over long distances using electric and electronic techniques. Two or more stations fitted with broadcaster and reception devices make up a comprehensive telecommunication system. Many telecommunication stations employ a transceiver, which is a single co-arrangement of transmitters and receivers. Mobile phones, telegraphs, televisions, radio communication systems, optical fibers, spacecraft, and the World Wide Web are all examples of telecommunications equipment. Data conveyed from the sender to the recipient using analog signals is referred to as analog communication. The intensity of an analog signal varies linearly throughout time. An analog signal can carry any form of data, including audio, sounds, and so on. Digitalization communication refers to the transmission of data between a producer and a recipient via digital signals. A square wave is used to symbolize digital information. Rather than continuous values, this signal has discontinuous values. Both analog and digital communication compare in different ways. Traditional communication transmits information using analog signals, whereas internet media transmits information using digital signals. Analog transmission, on the other hand, employs signals that may be represented by sine waves, as opposed to digital communication, which uses square waves. Additionally, analog cellular signals have continuous values, but online communications signals have distinct values. Furthermore, noise affects analog communications, whereas noise has no effect on digital communications. Similarly, parallax increases the likelihood of inaccuracy in analog transmissions, while telecom is the automated transfer of digital signals that are nearly parallax-free. As a result, analog communication necessitates more complex gear, whereas digital communication necessitates less complex technology. Analog transmission is also less expensive than digital communication, since online technology is inherently more expensive. Analog communication necessitates narrow bandwidth, but digital communication necessitates large bandwidth. Finally, analog communication necessitates power, whereas digital communication necessitates a lot less. In conclusion, analog communication relies solely on the delivery of information from the transmitter to the recipient using a continuous time-changing signal. Digital communication, on the other hand, makes use of digital technology to transfer information via a channel. With the introduction of digital technology, analog communication is becoming outmoded in today’s world. Digital communication has the disadvantage of requiring more capacity for transmission, which makes it more expensive. As a result, if money is not a problem, we can use digital communication for our needs, but if we require a cost-effective solution, analog is the best.
The COVID-19 pandemic has led to economic downfalls, market fluctuations, hundreds of thousands of job losses, and most importantly, millions of human lives lost. The role of each nation’s healthcare institutions is impossible to overestimate, particularly in regards to not only keeping their citizens safe but preventing the spread of the virus elsewhere. The United Arab Emirates remains one of the global leaders in terms of the government’s efficient response to the pandemic. However, even the most well-structured initiatives would not be possible without the sacrifices of the country’s medical professionals. They continue to risk their lives in an effort to help others and fulfill their duty as healthcare workers. Despite that, the heroic actions of the UAE’s dentists do not seem to gain much of the public’s attention. There are 8 specialized dentist centers in the United Arab Emirates, all of which remain open to anyone with an emergency. Even during the pandemic, the doctors there are ready to provide high-quality care and reduce pain for anyone suffering from a dental condition. In addition, dental centers in Abu Dhabi, Khorfakkan, Ajman, Um Al Quwain, and many other regions take part in conducting swab PCR tests. Even at the high risk of being exposed to the virus, dentists in the UAE manage to participate in medical supervision, inspection, and surveillance teams for the virus. Moreover, the staff at Um Al Quwain Dental Center manages to multi-task by both providing emergency services and being involved in the PCR testing. Thus, it is apparent that UAE dentists are true heroes that put a lot of effort into ensuring people are safe and receive high-quality care even during the global pandemic.
Introduction Immunization is an important requirement for every baby. This is usually done to enhance the ability of their bodies to fight diseases. Immediately a child is born, the mother is required to take them for regular medical checkups that are aimed at ensuring that they are growing normally. Vaccinations are usually given at a certain stage which is mostly between when they are three months and two years old (Lagrange, p. 64). Immunizations are not usually comfortable for the baby considering how they are administered. Most of them are usually given through injections which make the baby feel some pain. Other associated discomforts may arise due to the vaccines. The shots Immunization shots have been recorded to have certain side effects some of which may be severe and others mild. The mild shots need not cause an alarm as they are normally due to the changes happening in the body of the baby. However, there are other severe cases where the mothers need to seek urgent medical advice to prevent any complications (Ramey, p. 58). As much as vaccinations come with certain side effects, it does not necessarily mean that they are harmful and hence to be avoided. Side effects do not occur to all babies and infants. It mainly depends on how the vaccinations are given and the ability of the babies to handle them. Vaccines may be given by any health care officer that knows the same. Just as many other health care officials may make mistakes, certain mistakes may be done when administering vaccines to children. This may make the children develop complications that may affect them for the rest of their lives. There are also several cases where certain vaccines that have worked for a certain region have not worked for another. Vaccines usually differ from country to country due to the climatic conditions that are recorded in the area. What may hence be dangerous for infants in America may not be the same for infants in Europe. Vaccines may not be the same even if they are used to prevent a specific illness. For instance, vaccines that are used to treat measles and polio differ in every nation. This is basically due to the varying forms and shapes that the vaccines take (Lagrange, p. 102). When they are exported to another nation for the same use, they may prove dangerous to the users. It is hence advisable th
Among the most difficult decisions to make as regards international business, is whether to price the commodities in the local currency or in United States dollars. While other companies may prefer to price their goods in the local currency to identify themselves with the local people, others will want to be secure from exchange rate fluctuations and thus price their goods in U.S. Dollars. Pricing goods in U. S. dollars in a foreign country sends an impression to the locals that the goods might be somewhat expensive compared to local products (Langley, 2002). On the same note, people usually prefer using their local currency when buying or selling commodities. Therefore, it will be a bit difficult for people to have U.S. dollars with them during shopping. Consequently, this might reduce the demand for the commodities due to lack of money to use (Clarke, 2004). At the same time, pricing goods in American Dollars will require people to calculate the cost of the goods in local currency which might discourage many people. However, this decision protects exporters from exchange fluctuations hence ensuring that their income is relatively stable. On the other hand, pricing commodities in the local currency gives an exporter a competitive advantage as it identifies the firm with the locals. On the same note, demand for the firm’s commodities will increase because it will be easy for even the unlearned to determine the actual cost of the commodity (Langley, 2002). Unfortunately, due to uncertainty surrounding the exchange rates, the exporters are not able to know their income upfront because the income keeps on varying depending on the exchange rate. To avoid the exchange rate risk that arises from international trade, the exchange parity theory is usually applied. The theory states that if there is no arbitrage, then the difference in interest rates of two currencies will be depicted on the premium or discount for forward exchange rate of the foreign currency (Madura, 2009). According to rate parity theory, foreign and domestic assets are believed to be perfect substitutes of each other while capital can easily be moved between the countries. The theory can be applied in two scenarios: when the exchange rate risk is unaccounted for (uncovered interest rate parity), and when the exchange rate risk in taken into account using forward contract. A combination of the uncovered rate parity and purchasing power parity depicts the real interest rate parity. Through the real interest rate parity, economists are able to get expected interest rates which are used to focus the predictable future exchange rates (Clark, 2004). Furthermore, forward foreign exchange contract can be used to cushion firms against foreign exchange fluctuations. Forward foreign exchange contract refers to an agreement reached between two parties that allows for the purchase of one currency at a particular rate on or before a given date. No matter what the changes may be in the exchange rates, the buyer will buy at the agreed rate until the specified date. The contract enables firms to plan confidently for the future since t
Introduction Hurricane Harvey was the most damaging natural disaster that took place in Texas. It affected a very large portion of the state, and its effects will take a long time to be addressed. Also, it was one of the largest crisis management operations by FEMA in the United States. This paper will provide a series of bullet points that will outline the damage, how it was handled, what outcomes were present, and the possible ways in which it could have been done better. Damage Caused by Hurricane Harvey   * 4.5 feet of rain fell during the hurricane’s presence in Texas;   * Winds of over 130 miles per hour were recorded during the hurricane;   * $180 billion in overall damage to Texas;   * 82 people died during the hurricane;   * 203,000 homes damaged by the hurricane;   * 12,700 homes completely destroyed;   * 738,000 registered for assistance from the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA);   * Drinking water was unavailable in the affected areas;   * More than 1 million vehicles were damaged beyond repair in the Gulf area;   * Damage to the gasoline production industry affected gas prices in the country; Crisis Management Measures Taken   * Before the hurricane hit the shores of Texas, the majority of the petrochemical plants were shut down in accordance with their crisis management plans;   * 82 aircraft were involved in the rescue efforts;   * 75 boats were used during the rescue;   * 29 cutters were deployed to free people who were trapped;   * 2,060 personnel of FEMA were deployed to rescue;   * 28 FEMA Urban Search and Rescue teams were assigned and deployed in Texas;   * More than $1,5 billion were gathered to assist the people affected by the hurricane within 30 days;   * 300 voluntary organizations were involved in the rescue and crisis management efforts;   * An uncounted number of individual volunteers were involved; Positive and Negative Outcomes   * Multiple petrochemical facilities released pollutants during the shutdown process;   * 3 million meals provided to the people affected by the disaster;   * 3 million liters of water were delivered to the affected;   * 8,840 cots were provided to the state for distribution among survivors;   * 10,300 hygiene kits were distributed in Texas;   * 250,000 people were left without electric power;   * $15.25 billion of federal aid was assigned for disaster relief;   * 37,000 people were provided emergency shelter;   * 14,900 people were moved to temporary housing;   * 3,900 homes did not have power for a month after the hurricane;   * 11,022 people rescued by the Coast Guard;   * 6,453 people rescued by FEMA Urban Search and Rescue;   * More than 1,000 pets rescued;   * Food and water supply in the area is still low;   * Some survivors are finding it difficult to find shelter currently;   * A large number of pollutants are present in the water; What Could be Done Differently   * The danger of hurricanes and floods affecting Texas was present before, and better flood protection should have been established;   * The initial funds gathered for disaster relief were insufficient for the scale of the disaster. Therefore, more organizations s