ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
It has been found out that most projected extinctions will not be drastic as we have been meant to believe. This is because most animals and plants have been projected to be extinct by the end of this century yet the method that is used to forecast this can exaggerate by more than 160%. In this case, extinctions that are supposed to be brought about the loss of a given habitat require a lot of losses than what is currently projected and thought of. Apart from this, human beings have been blamed for wrecking habitats and this is expected to bring a lot of losses to society. As a matter of fact, this is a growing threat that will lead to great losses of species. Since there are a lot of exaggerations because of the method that is used, there is a need for a revision of this approach. The world’s human population has been increasing drastically and this has made it difficult for scientists to project and estimate extinctions. Other aspects like global warming and pollution have complicated the situation further meaning that such trends are supposed to be reviewed. Various studies and surveys have been done in relation to the wide topic of the extinction of plants and animals which needs to be reviewed. In this case, there is no complacency as far as extinction risks are concerned. This is in relation to the risks of climate change that need to be addressed. Estimations have been flawed but there should be concerns because habitats are continually shrinking. As far as different assessments are concerned, habitat loss will continue to be the biggest threat to the earth’s biodiversity.
In international relations theory, liberalism is a social school of thought that emerged in the 1970s. According to political theory, the state is not subject to the internal or external authority of the military or other internal authorities (Sørensen et al., 2021). Furthermore, understanding the elements of liberalism has become even more crucial due to the development of communication and transportation technologies throughout the latter decades of the 20th century. However, this task critically examines the principles of liberalism in international relations and its strengths and weaknesses. Conferring to theorists, the fundamentals of liberalism in international relations are as follows. First, the role of international law, according to proponents of liberal political theory, is one of moderation. In contrast to state or national legal systems, international law primarily applies to nations and their leaders rather than their individuals. The decisions of the International Court of Justice, which the United Nations Charter founded, are enforceable against States that have ratified a treaty and acknowledged its authority (Russett, 2020). Liberal theorists hold that states may cooperate to maximize wealth and reduce conflict with the correct diplomacy and governmental institutions—a beneficial advantage for state actors. Second, the Liberal theory holds that power should be measured or accumulated through state economies, political freedoms, and rights, as well as the potential for peace and cooperation, as opposed to the aggression of realist theory, which assumes that power or military might is, or should be, the primary goal of political action (Martill, 2020). It contends that the termination of international hostilities and the extent to which democracies have overcome violent inclinations are the finest indicators of human development throughout history. Even when states consolidate their power and pursue economic advancement through the spread of free trade and market capitalism, those diplomats who comprehend and uphold liberalism to represent their state provide the prospect of peace. Third, based on the democratic peace theory, wars between democracies are extremely uncommon. Overall, democratic administrations place a strong emphasis on preserving internal stability and ensuring that the requirements of their various populations in terms of social, political, and economic issues are met (Sørensen et al., 2022). Following the democratic peace theory, the growth of democracy will increase global peace as democratic political institutions prevent governments from starting wars without the public’s approval. Moreover, the accountability of diplomats and gover
Marketing strategy of the ipad The apple’s communication that was used in marketing the iphone and the ipod is the one to be used in marketing the ipad. Apple will market the product in the US in the first three months, and then it will later market it to other countries. After that, it will make price bid whereby the 16 GB ipad without a3G connectivity will cost $ 499. The 64GB will cost with 3G connectivity will cost $ 829. Six months from its launch, the price of the 64 GB ipad will be$499 and the 32 GB will be $399. Role of learning and memories theory in developing the marketing strategy Motivational theories can play a great role in developing the marketing strategy of the ipad. They have been studied by management theorists and sociological psychologists. Among them, are Mc Clelland’s theory and Mc Gregor’s theory of human management and motivation. In the Mc Clelland’s human motivation theory, it is clearly evident that every human being has three main driving motivators that are achieved through culture and life. They are; need for achievement, affiliation, or power. This motivational theory can be used by Apple to motivate their workers and their customers. The need for them to achieve their goal in installing the ipad will motivate them to work as a team so that they can implement their marketing strategies. This motivational theory can be used by Apple to motivate their workers and their customers. Mc Gregor’s theory referred to as theory X and Y explains more on how the management style of a team can influence their productivity. The management style is influenced by its assumptions on what motivates a team. Gregory supported theory Y arguing that it was based on good management practice since the managers understood their workers. This is opposed to theory X, which uses the authoritative style. Apple can use theory Y in their management style so that their workers can be able to market the ipad and meet their strategies (Varey, 2002). Post purchase process of your target consumer for the ipad When a consumer is planning to purchase the ipad, they will have to undertake the five stages that are involved when one is planning to buy a new product. These include; problem recognition, information search, alternative evaluation, purchase decision, and the post purchase process. Post purchase process is the last stage which will be undertaken after the consumer has already purchased the ipad. The apple company has included in its strategy that, six months after launching the ipad in the market, it will reduce the purchase prices of the ipad. The 62GB will cost $ 499 while the 32GB will cost $399. The consumer targeted understands that once they have the ipad there will be no need of having an iphone and a mac book. This is because, with the ipad only, one can do all the activities done in the iphone and the mac book. The ipad will save the consumer the burden of carrying bo
The Political Economy This paper seeks to discuss the political economy of Great Britain. Great Britain is made up of England, Wales, and Scotland. Great Britain is ranked number four in Europe in terms of population density. A majority of the inhabitants of Great Britain are English making up 80 per cent of the present population. The remaining percentage is made up of the Scottish, Welsh, and Irish people. Great Britain is part of the G8 meaning that it has a stable economy (Gorton and Schmid 4). Great Britain has achieved economic prowess despite the fact that it has to import most of its raw materials. On top of that, Great Britain imports 40 percent of its food supply. The country’s economy relies heavily on the exportation of manufactured goods. The major exports include “machine tools, automobiles, aircraft, electronic and communications equipment, clothing and textiles, and chemicals” (Washington Post Press 1). More than two thirds of the GDP are derived from the services industries which are made up of the banking sector, insurance sector and business services. These sectors have employed close to 70 per cent of all employees in Great Britain. In addition, “Great Britain is a constitutional monarchy” (Washington Post Press 1). The constitution of Great Britain is a collection of statutes, judicial decisions, usage, and tradition. In Great Britain, sovereignty is vested in parliament. Parliament is made up of the House of Commons, the House of Lords, and the crown. Furthermore, the British system of corporate governance supports the principle of shareholder sovereignty (Anglo Saxon model of capitalism); the returns of the corporations’ stakeholders are given priority (Evans 23). The British company law contains mandatory rules on neither of these matters, though it prohibits neither feature and seems sufficiently flexible (Mallin 4). In Great Britain, institutional investors are exceptionally powerful because of the level of their ownership. According to as report produced by the Office of National Statistics in 2005, institutional investors own the majority of the Great Britain equity, with insurance companies such as the Standard Life owning 17 percent of the Great Britain equity by the end of 2004 (Mallin 6). Policy makers argue institutional investors are extremely important in ensuring that corporate governance best practices are followed. This has resulted into a sea of change in the Great Britain’s corporate ownerships. These changes have led to
The government start projects with the aim of supporting its people get jobs. The tasks then boost the country’s economy by generating revenue. The government targets how the public will benefit from it. For years now, Canada has been in the realm of infrastructure development and talent nurturing. The government plan to make the District the center for innovation to develop talent in the young people. Technology is the backbone of all invention and talent development (Media press release, 2020). Therefore, the government of Canada has put more emphasis on technology in this project. The ultimate objective is to help build and grow small businesses within Brampton. Several entrepreneurs and business incubators have joined this mega project. One of these partners is Brampton Entrepreneur Center which has focused on productivity and creativity. Overview of the Project Brampton’s Innovation District is a project started on Friday fourth, 2020. The project was later launched on Wednesday the following week. The city is aiming at investing in technology, business, and education by building an Innovation District. The funding is majorly from the government, which tends to spend approximately $20.5 million. Besides that, there will be an addition of $55.2 million, which the partners will fund. From 2019 up to date, six partners have joined to help achieve this mission (Paul, 2021). These partners are Brampton Entrepreneurs Centre, BHive Brampton, the Ryerson-led Venture Zone, Altitude Accelerator, the Founder Institute, Algoma University, and the Rogers Cybersecure Catalyst Headquarters. However, Sheridan Edge, the Brampton Board of Trade, and Downtown Brampton BIA are the main partners. Together with the government, all of these partners have committed to support building the lives of millions of Canadian people. Some of the key players in this significant development are Brampton mayor Patrick Brown and regional councilor Rowena Santos. The idea of innovation came when COVID hit and the town was hit hard more than rural areas. The pandemic showed the socio-economic inequalities that existed in urban Canada. Through these inequalities, these two people came with the idea of expanding green spaces, especially in Brampton (Kronfli, 2018). Santos, who represents wards 1 and 5, says the adoption of technology will boost innovation. “The project concerns the environment, employment and urban centers, neighborhoods, transportation, social issues, health, and arts and culture,” says Santos. According to the regional councilor, the aim is to bring an integrated downtown plan which will focus on inclusivity, innovation, and sustainability. According to the mayor who pushed for the $21 million allocations, the project is a game-changer, especially for the people of Brampton. Reaction to the Project The project has hosted more than 3 288 sessions, workshops, and events tha
Introduction Each epoch of the historical cut designates the features of peoples’ cultural, traditional, religious, economic, and political preferences. In this respect the role of state leaders was of great significance for each time period in the history. The reigning and dictating were provided since the ancient times. However, the fullness of execution the dictatorship perceived in times of Julius Caesar. Moreover, Cicero was one within main contributors in working out the background for declared political relations. Hence, the paper is intended to evaluate the reasons for dictatorship provided by two eminent dictators from ancient and contemporary times, namely: Julius Caesar and Robert Mugabe. Their destinies in most points were the result of their personal skills and abilities which they used in practice with a mere extent of aptness and sophisticated approach toward people. Main Body First of all, it is vital to identify the role of Julius Caesar and his contributions to the humanity and to the society of Romans, in particular. This person is known everywhere for his witty attitude toward global things which mattered in the war with enemies and in the internal relationships. The wisdom of this person provides a huge scope of reasoning about the reality of his time. Moreover, Caesar was greatly talented in personal physical and mental skills which helped him to be rather different from his contemporaries and rivals. Caesar was genius almost in everything which was related to the state power and rational reigning. He was too magnificent for his military prominence and ability to provide wars with use of different tactics. Caesar knew his place in the Roman Empire and never exaggerated personal achievements. This man of honor was also a great orator with a particular manner of speaking being so splendid and touching for all listeners that it is not surprising why there were so many followers of Julius Caesar. Furthermore, he was valued by other eminent persons of his time. Thus, Cicero did not hesitate to confess about his personal opinion as of Caesar. Dillon & Garland (2005, p. 98) outlined such straightforward evaluation by Cicero in a following way: Certainly, Cicero, in his enumeration of orators in his Brutus , confessed that he had never seen anyone to whom Caesar should yield precedence, and describes his style of speaking as elegant and clear, even dignified and in a sense noble. Hence, the ability and opportunity to maintain power by Julius Caesar was not accidental, but deserved owing to his strong and up-to-da
Introduction The author’s work is devoted to the role of artificial intelligence (AI) in human life:   * He writes about the development of AI, especially noting how computer technology has caused a renaissance of influence on processing data through AI. The author’s narrative is consistent and multidimensional; he gradually concludes.   * He analyzes the theoretical aspects of artificial intelligence, mentioning its characteristics.   * The writer says that AI technology is incapable of forming memories and discusses four existing varieties of AI.   * Despite the high quality of the letter, it is necessary to pay attention to some of the essay’s shortcomings. A Reflective Reading Response Reading the article made me think again about the importance of artificial intelligence in human life. Due to the large flow of information from countless sources, it is easy to focus on other high-tech inventions or concepts. Indeed, this would be an urgent problem if technology had initially been a subject of human interest. However, I enjoyed how the author approached the research topic: he outlined the application of the analyzed technology and expressed his position regarding the problems arising during artificial intelligence. The creation of such essays awakens interest in technology, which is essential because, as noted by the author in the final part of the essay, the scope of AI is broad. Artificial intelligence aims to create technical systems capable of solving non-computational problems and performing actions that require the processing of meaningful information and are considered the prerogative of the human brain. I confess that for me, many facts about AI were not known before reading the article. Assessment of the Paper I agree with the author’s position expressed by him in the essay. In particular, I found it interesting that the author noted that autonomous weapons, known as AI, are dangerous and cause fear among members of society. Even though in 2021, many people are much more worried about, for example, environmental problems, they should not ignore the existence of military conflicts in different parts of the world. Moreover, interstate conflicts are developing incredibly quickly; sometimes, one incident is enough to escalate aggression. Therefore, considering that we live in an era of technological progress, it is essential to keep military AI technologies under maximum control. I did not find any severe logical errors in the text, but it seemed that the writer should have indicated a link to the source in some fragments of the text. If found that they are not original, Borrowing ideas without referencing them is plagiarism and is not acceptable for academic writing. However, I detected semantic correspondence between the articles used and the paraphrased author’s extracts from these texts. Indeed, Bakken claims that companies increasingly opt for AI in business decision-making (Bakken). As noted by the author, Shabbir and Tarique provide information on the strategy for successfully implementing AI in companies and organizations worldwide (5)
Introduction An entrepreneur may be defined as someone who agrees to accept the total risk of a business project as long as there is a considerable chance of making a profit. Entrepreneurship can also be defined as the practice of starting a new business so that one can earn a profit on untapped opportunities. Entrepreneurship is risky since the majority of the new businesses are usually unsuccessful. There are many times when the entrepreneur is not certain about the availability of customers for his or her new formed product. It has been highlighted in various research studies that entrepreneurship has a positive relationship with economic growth in emerging economies. This paper is a literature review on the research studies conducted on the impact of entrepreneurship on economic growth. Is the economic growth significant and is it possible to quantify the impact? The impact of entrepreneurship on economic growth Economists have depended on the neoclassical model as the foundation for determining the drive behind economic growth. The model focuses on human resource, the production processes and capital as the main factors. Audretsch and Keilbach (2007) have criticized the model arguing that that the knowledge factor has not been included in the theory. Entrepreneurship capital is the main factor in the neoclassical production function which is the ability of economic representatives to start new organizations. Entrepreneurship should, therefore, be defined as stock capital. This is because entrepreneurship represents institutional, legal and social factors or forces. Places which promote startup of new organizations are said to be wealthy with entrepreneurship capital while places that inhibit the startup of new organizations lack entrepreneurship capital. Entrepreneurship capital increases the economic output by acting as a device for knowledge leaks. This is where an individual operates by investing knowledge to create innovative output. If an inventor working in a university discovers a new product, he or she can choose whether to share the invention with a large corporation or start a new firm. The corporation may absorb the invention and compensate him. Audretsch and Keilbach found authentic evidence that revealed knowledge spillovers from university research cause more innovative action in small organizations than large companies. They argue that economic output is increased by the high competition of new ideas among the economic agents. The new ideas lead to the formation of new enterprises. Entrepreneurship capital creates a high number of enterprises in developing countries. It is a vital factor for economic development. It shapes the output and productivity of an economy. Audretsch and Keilbach conclude by suggesting that
Summary Viruses are microorganisms that can only survive and reproduce in the cells of other organisms and, as such, can infect a wide range of living entities, from bacteria to plants, animals, and humans. It is suggested that all the different viruses account for the quantity exceeding the number of stars in the universe (Wu, 2020). For this reason, the scientists developed various typologies that would help them to organize these microorganisms in groups based on common features and functions. David Baltimore suggested one such classification, which sorted viruses based on how they produced messenger RNAs (Ryu, 2016). The first two groups include double-stranded DNA viruses and single-stranded DNA viruses. The next three groups encompass double-stranded RNA viruses, positive-sense single-stranded RNA viruses, and negative-sense single-stranded RNA viruses. Finally, single-stranded RNA viruses with a DNA intermediate and double-stranded DNA viruses with an RNA intermediate form the last two groups. According to the other classification, viruses are grouped by the kind of cells that they infect. In this regard, bacteriophages are known as viral organisms that attach solely to bacteria. These viruses have received increased attention from the academic community since understanding the bacteriophage functioning can lead to their usage as human diseases treatment as an alternative to antibiotics. Considering that, all the current and future specialists in the spheres of biology and immunology need to have knowledge in how to examine these microorganisms in the laboratories. The first step in this process is learning how to determine bacteriophage titer or phage concentration. To achieve that, the bacterial cells should be mixed with bacteriophage in soft agar in order to examine how the former would create colonies and the latter would form the plaque by destroying bacterial cells. Then, the plaque-forming units are determined based on the received plaque assay. Therefore, the aim of this report is to present the results of the experiment that followed the abovementioned procedure. Results Table 1: Dilution of the bacteriophage and plaque number Dilution of the bacteriophage  Plaque number  PFU/ml    10 -6                          22             2.2*10 -5 10 -7                          16             1.6*10 -6 10 -8                          11             1.1*10 -7 10 -9                          14             1.4*10 -8 10 -10                         3              3*10 -10   Figure 1: Dilution of the bacteriophage and plaque number Appendices  1. Gram-negative bacteria’s outer membrane consists of various proteins, lipids, porins, and lipopolysaccharides (Vergalli et al ., 2020; Breijyeh, Jubeh, and Karaman, 2020). In this regard, different bacteriophages may attach to different parts of the bacteria. For instance, T4 bacteriophage attaches either to OmpC protein or lipopolysaccharide on the surface of Escherichia coli bacteria (Brzozowka et al. ,2020). On the other hand, the host receptor for the lambda phage in the same bacteria is found to be the FhuA protein (Ge et al ., 2020).  2. Viruses are called obligate intracellular parasites