ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Modern parenthood is complex and sometimes unbalanced, and the consequences of it are anxious, at least because modern children growing up in those families obtain less care and adopt negative behavioral patterns. Unstable families produce instability, and children inherit it, creating more instability in the next generations. In times of change, it is crucial to understand those changes and be ready to react to overcome numerous challenges. Family instability conception refers to situations in marriages and relationships that change quickly. This concept was initially developed in the 1990s and considered children undergoing this instability (Cavanagh & Fomby, 2019). It studies children’s responses to the different stressors connected with those changes: divorces, remarriages, cohabitations without marriage, etcetera. Children undergo stress from parents’ negative feelings, from breaking up with schools and friends that usually follow the divorce, from living in incomplete families, and obtaining less care and family warmth. In that way, drastic changes lead to instability, and instability leads to stress. A high divorce rate is one of the main reasons for family instability: incomplete families tend to be unbalanced for different reasons. For example, it is much harder to maintain a work-life balance in such a family due to a constant lack of time. Due to high divorce rates and high marriage age on average, more and more children are in the situation when they live in an incomplete family. Divorce rates in the United States have risen slowly last decades, and for now, they have reached more than 40% of all marriages (Smock & Schwartz, 2020). Children experience stress with their parents conflicting and divorcing and tend to adopt those behavioral patterns for themselves (Cavanagh & Fomby, 2019). In this way, they grow up with a tendency to form incomplete families by themselves. In the 2010s, most people living together were cohabited, not married (Smock & Schwartz, 2020). The tendency to reject marriage is rising, along with the average age of marriage. It leads to instability in families in general. Another reason for modern families being unbalanced is the hardship of maintaining a work-life balance. More than 50% of all women and men having children said in a survey that they feel difficulty in combining work and family activities (Parker & Wang, 2013). That leads to the situation when children may obtain less care, and the overall stress level in families increases. According to Parker & Wang, though, the amount of time parents spend with their children is growing up (2013). Due to changes in gender roles, fathers spend much more time with children and doing housework: this time almost doubles from the 1960s (Parker & Wang, 2013). Maintaining a work-life balance is crucial, but it is more challenging due to those changes, both for men and women; people should adapt to new roles and conditions. In general, gender roles have become much less distinct, and traditional images of a working man and a housewife wo
Taking into account the vital role of public opinion in today’s world, every modern state wants to create a unique image of the countries-opponents or countries-partners in order to justify their own actions. In this sense, formed in Western societies the image of the Middle East, in particular the Muslim East, is largely untrue. But often it is an artificial representation of opinion that becomes a justification for policies. This subjective approach, existing in the sphere of science, is brilliantly presented in the book «Orientalism» by a famous American social scientist of Palestinian origin Edward Said. But there is another area where the situation is more visible and has a strong impact on society. French political scientist Yves Lacoste underlines the importance of media and especially TV, which is the main instrument for shaping public opinion in today’s information society. The reason for this is that in today’s world, according to Lacoste, not rational approach dominates, but the criteria of brightness «image» (image). The more colorful and attractive image, so reliable, and importantly it will be considered. This is well understood by the Western media, effectively use this principle in practice. The political, ideological and geopolitical views of the overwhelming majority in society are formed, largely through television. Broadcast report aims not only to provide for the minimum time a comprehensive review of the material, but also on the placement of the necessary policy focus. Thus, the profession of journalist becomes not only describing but also the qualitative guidance (Bagdikian, 2004) . It is therefore not surprising that the huge role is played by American and European analysts and the media in shaping of public opinion on many of the processes occurring in the Middle East. This is due to strength and professionalism of the western media, which can build a profitable and attractive to the consumer image and convince the society in their veracity. The artificially created reality after repeatedly seem to be the only truth. In fact, the world looks at the Middle East with «eyes of the West». This applies to the fight against international terrorism, and to the Arab-Israeli confrontation, and to internal developments in Islamic states. Much of the information or analytical reviews may not correspond to reality, but becomes the subject of discussion and, creating and complementing the stereotypes and legends of the Middle East. There are a few common approaches, in which Western media represent the Muslim East (Bagdikian, 2004) . Media were not fully informed about this region. The information was distorted, and does not represent a coherent picture of the events in the Middle East. Much of the information is highlighted in negative connotation (terrorist acts, murder, and violence). In the flow of information coming from that region, dominated by bad news, and the audience formed the v
Introduction The desire to learn to speak and write has become common in many non-English speaking countries. Online learning helps the learner to have sufficient personal time for studies. Students can learn the language by enrolling for the lessons in schools that teach it and even by registering for the online lessons. The Computer Assisted Language Learning involves learning using computer-generated lessons. One can do the online course by opening the English Grammar Online site. The site is free for viewing and learning. It helps students to learn the language in real-time. The course designers ensured that it had a combination of relevant topics and syllabus materials that suit the learners. Summary The website for English Grammar Online . The website is like a classroom. When one opens the page, it gives clear guidelines that enable the user to access the relevant information that is useful for the learning. It has a section for reading and learning English. The user can get to learn about English speaking countries, their holidays, animals, and sports (GbR, 2015). The literature section enables one to find easy to read novels. One can also find the current affairs through opening the Newsticker. There is also the section for the current year’s calendar. One can easily download the calendar in the language that one understands. The vocabulary calendar is in PDF files (GbR, 2015). Teachers can also use the site to find teaching materials for their students. One of the topics is cultural studies. It makes work easy for the tutor who would like to plan his or her lesson. It has printable documents in PDF files. The Lessons area has guidance on how to get rid of typical mistakes. It has grammar worksheets and games. Teachers can also get in touch with other teachers who use the site through the Teacher’s Board (GbR, 2015). The site has the grammar and vocabulary lessons. It adds crucial exercises and explanations to the learner. There are also guidelines on how to use English stylistic devices. Study tips help in correcting grammar mistakes. It has vocabularies and learning strategies. The site also has the LingoPad Dictionary in English, Japanese and other languages (GbR, 2015). The site groups all the information into six major sections; the Cram Up, Read On, Business, Chill Out, Take On, and Teach In (GbR, 2015). The Business section includes business letters, business information, and all forms of business communication. The website best suits beginners because of its simplicity. It also introduces the English language to beginners in a very understandable way. Subjects like Mathematics, English, Science, and History are also available. Criticism/Opinion The website has an excellent design. It also includes pages that are easy to understand. Any first time user can find it easy to open. Once one clicks on any of the icons, they quickly lead to the page that one wants. The calendars are good. The free calendars ena
Thesis Statement Globalization and the commercialization of the youth culture space pose both a positive and a negative precedence towards the future. Globalization has opened up nations’ boundaries allowing faster flow of information across nations. Fast and reliable flow of information promotes common sharing of cultural and social values among youths across the world. However, there is a worrying trend towards discarding the traditional values e.g. family life that has held society together for a long time. Introduction The physical and cultural environment occupied by the youths has over time been curved out as an identity for the youths. The identity describes the ideologies held by the youth; youths exist within a defined time framework, space and place. Within this framework, there are forces that influence the social and cultural aspects of the youth’s life. These forces have been reshaping the youth culture from the early days up to the contemporary youth that we have today. This paper looks at the contest and commercialization of the youth culture and manifestation of youth culture in the current global world. The paper also focuses on the possible derailments of the youth culture and the dangers associated with the derailments. Youth culture is looked at as a scheme of social relations that involves creating linkages and responding to the influences derived from power, habits and fashions (Steinberg & Parmar 2). The focus is also on the relations that exist between the youth and the society, as well as the factors that shape youths identity in terms of culture. The youths engage one another within a space, places and in turn influence their culture. Adults have some powers that influence or control the way the youths in particular environments develop socially and culturally. Often the influence that the adults impose to the youth inhibits the growth and development of the youth. Globalization denotes the trends that have rapidly made activities in the political, economic and social sphere have a worldwide presence (Osgerby 148). The twentieth century saw a break up of the previously firm boundaries dividing na
Traveling to other nations as a tourist is usually exciting as you get to observe different cultures and people. The experience is usually worth it as the widening of perspective is a good exercise. The sheer amount of tourist destinations worldwide is a hurdle for would-be tourists and sightseers. How do you choose where to go? How much is your budget? The specifics differ from person to person, as does the choice of destination. For history lovers, a place of significance in history is usually the top pick. For those of us with less academic interest, places with plenty of fun to offer are where we usually go. For tourists of all kinds, Peru is a wonderful destination. Peru is a nation situated in South America that is a popular tourist destination due to its numerous attractions. The colonial and historical significance of buildings and citadels is just breathtaking. It may well be your favorite place to visit should you decide to sightsee the world. There is something for everyone, from nature lovers to just plain old lovers. The countless activities that can be done in the country during sightseeing easily put Peru at the top of your list of places to visit. The budget required to have a great time is flexible and usually small as you can opt-out of various activities if you desire to save money on the trip and trim the budget. The majority of people’s imaginations conjure up images of beaches and oceans when they hear of tourist destinations, and it is there the journey is started. The Paracas National Reserve lies about 250 kilometers south of Lima, the capital of Peru. The reserve provides a wide variety of wildlife, such as seabirds and seagulls. The sheltered beaches on the reserve offer a fantastic way to relax and have a wonderful time with your friends. Swimming and surfing are fun, popular pastimes. The rocky islands located within the reserve, together with the marine ecosystem, make it a very romantic spot and one to take your loved one to should you decide to have some quality time together during sightseeing. Lima is next on the list as it offers a return to past civilization. Various colonial buildings and cathedrals adorn the city. The nightlife is an experience any city-bred person would appreciate with its assortment of bars, restaurants, and street food. The beaches located to the north and south of the city offer a great relaxing spot as you contemplate your next destination. Cities are usually a way to experience a people’s spirit and culture, and Lima is no exception. The rich variety of experiences you will gain from its tour is sure to keep you hooked on the country. The hotels available also cater to people of all kinds and offer ou
Introduction Members of a socially inclusive society should have opportunities, resources as well as capability to learn through participation in education and training; and they should be able to work through participation in voluntary work, employment plus in family. The society should provide an environment that allows members to engage by making connections with people as well as the capacity to use the local community resources. The members of the society need to have a voice to influence decisions that have direct impacts on them. When people do not have the capacity to participate in learning or working among other activities and they are also not able to influence decisions that affect them, then they are likely to experience social exclusion (Brown 1995, 29). Young people are often faced with many obstacles and opportunities in job places where they work after attaining their tertiary qualifications. The choices made by young people during early stages of life have significant influence on their career trajectories. Young people may sometimes not receive adequate information as well as guidance on the consequences of following certain occupational pathways. Besides, they are also not given the opportunity to discuss matters affecting them in the labour market. The reality of many modern workplaces shows an under-utilisation of skills as well as reduction of job boundaries. Personal Factors Gender and Race According to Alison, Lorna and Vanessa (2006, 381) young people are not given formal opportunities to discuss ethnic and gender in relation to the labour market. Some jobs are highly segregated in terms of gender and therefore there is no equal balance of both female and male. Some sectors are heavily female or male dominated. This is mainly because of stereotypes held by most people that some jobs are better performed by one gender than the other. Educational choices in tertiary levels of education that are made by girls and boys influence the occupational distributions hence creating segregations in the labour market. In such sectors or organizations, recruitment of employees is biased towards one gender although a few from the other gender are also recruited to perform certain jobs which are considered to be appropriate for them. Some jobs are advertised specifically for a particular gender thereby blocking the other gender from applying for the job. This is likely to create inferiority or superiority between the genders
An impossibility of objectivity in the world of humans is one of the primary assumptions of social constructivism theories. Taking into account the fact that all studies are conducted by humans and all books are written by humans, it can be stated that all of them undergo the influence of the subjective perspectives of individuals working on them. A human cannot step aside from his/her personal perspective and view the world in its complexity from no position at all. However, underestimating the impact of subjectivity and potential bias, people may repeat certain assumptions several times, transferring them into universal truths and making them as taken-for-granteds in the eyes of others. Due to the fact that abstract notions which exist only in people’s consciousness are constructed only through the language, the impact of various perspectives and discourses is especially strong in this domain. At the same time, social constructivism focusing on the variety of possible discourses and perspectives is rather intuitive and has its limitations as well. Potter and Wetherell (2011, p. 275) stated that the method of discourse analysis cannot be compared to the accustomed methods of experiment or content analysis and is highly dependent upon the scholar’s intuitive perception of discourse and implied taken-for-granteds. This paper will analyze a chapter Change Management written by Moulton-Reger, indicate the key assumptions made by the author, the taken-for-granteds included into the text and variety of discourses to evaluate the two-way relations between text and discourses. The key issues raised by Moulton-Reger The chapter on change management written by Sarah Moulton-Reger, a senior manager of IBM, can be regarded as a conventional text on change managem
Quick Facts When speaking about rum, you should remember that this is one of the oldest and the most popular alcoholic beverage in the world. It hardly needs any promotion as it is popularized through films, literature (adventure stories especially those involving pirates), social media. Rum is made from molasses or sugarcane juice through distillation and fermentation. The distilled rum has no color, but it becomes brown as it is aged in oak casks. It can preserve its clarity if it is aged in stainless still. The major producers of this beverage are Caribbean and Latin America countries. However, other countries (such as the USA, Canada, South Africa, Japan, Spain, India, and so on) also produce rum. When drinking rum, the person may taste molasses, burnt caramel, spices, vanilla, and oak. However, the taste may depend on the region the beverage is produced. The target market is really wide as many groups of people love this bittersweet drink. You can find rum lovers among young and middle-aged men, adult females, old men. Younger generations may prefer cocktails with rum. Brief History It is believed that fermented beverages produced from sugarcane juice appeared in ancient India and China. However, the distilled beverage was first produced in the 17 th century after Caribbean slaves had found that sugarcane juice can be fermented into an alcoholic beverage. The beverage became very popular in Latin and North America and spread to other regions.
George W. Bush was an avid patriot and demonstrated an aggressive stance after the September 11th terrorist attacks, pledging to find those responsible. It began a significant shift in US foreign policy which would define its path for more than a decade. The ideology of patriotism and national defense was prevalent in the US society, offering support for Bush and the Republican leadership. After the attacks, Bush obtained a UN resolution and founded an alliance of major countries in the world in support of an attack on the Taliban in Afghanistan. After military assaults by Britain and the US, the Taliban-led government collapsed and a gruesome guerilla war began in combination with a civil war in Afghanistan. Meanwhile, the US abandoned its dedication to the Geneva Convention and began to use torture on captured terrorists in the attempt to find actionable intelligence on Bin Laden. As the war in Afghanistan went on, Bush sought to expand the national policy to include his doctrine of preemption which sought to identify other countries that were supporting terrorist groups that targeted the United States. This national security strategy was utilized to justify the invasion of Iraq, which the Bush administration believed was developing weapons of mass destruction along with strongly supporting terrorist organizations such as the Taliban and Al-Qaeda (Moss and Thomas 2012, 324). The preemptive policy adopted by George Bush significantly redefined US foreign policy as pushed the first-strike doctrine as a mechanism to both deterrence of terrorist attacks and elimination of US enemies. Bush believed the US had the right to get involved in places such as the Middle East if it felt necessary that its direct national security interests could be protected abroad. This is based on actionable intelligence of threats, both direct and indirect against the US. The US began to be perceived as militaristic throughout the world. With this doctrine, came drastic changes in both internal and external security apparatus (Stanton 173). It is also important that this national security approach affected American politics and way of life as extreme oversight was criticized in later years. George W. Bush’s view of America’s place in the world was unprecedented. It is referred to as “Cowboy Liberalism”, a foreign policy that is based on ideological beliefs and gut instinct. There are also elements of unilateral nationalism and universalism in his approach, as he focused on competition and held an almost certain belief that he was correct (Genovese 2016). His description of Iraq, Iran, and North Korea as the Axis