ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Chapter 1 The application of classic project management into the field of agile project management is somewhat an overextended exercise. The application of classic management techniques into the agile environment may lead to a mismatch, thereby stifling innovation. Overstretching of classic project management techniques reduces its effectiveness. However, the evolvement of project management over the years has resulted in a customized, expanded and validated classic project management platform. The emphasis of project management in an agile environment is on a shift from planning to execution. An agile project management environment is characterized by unique expertise, uncertainty, and speed. The chapter highlights two forms of project uncertainty that are vital in agile project management, namely, external uncertainty (this refers to those factors of a project that are not covered by the project) and internal uncertainty (these are the issues actually covered by the project). Either of the two types of uncertainty could be prevalent in a given project, and as such, they are critical elements worth consideration. Initially, the development of classic project management was mainly meant for the mature organizations that had managed to successfully compress most of the internal uncertainties from their daily operations. As an organization becomes more mature, the internal uncertainties associated with its projects reduces. While internal uncertainties symbolize the maturity of a company, on the other hand, external uncertainties symbolize the maturity of the industry. This is because mature industries have by and large managed to do away with most of the competition. They have also succeeded in erecting entry barriers for newcomers into the industry, thereby reducing any possible external uncertainty. Unique expertise is also necessary in agile project management, and more so with regard to innovative projects. Classic project management is characterized by the interchangeability of the pooled resources, including expertise. In agile project management, however, the unique expertise cannot be substituted. The agile project management, therefore, has to ensure that the unique expertise is put to optimum use. Sped is also critical because the management would want their projects completed in a timely manner. Chapter 2 The comprehensive nature of classic project management renders its application in diverse project situations. Before any agile project management concept can be applied to any situation at hand, certain fundamental criteria are necessary. To start with, it is important to study the project environments. Here, three types of project environments are quite popular with scholars in the field s of science and technology. Whereas the operational environment tends to be somewhat predictable (that is, it has a low level of uncertainty), on the other hand, both the process/product development and technology environments have a high level of uncertainty (that is, they tend to be more predictable). As such, a full understanding o
Difference Between Operations, Strategy Management and Systems of Transformation Strategic management is concerned with the events necessary to ensure a competitive positioning. However, operational management focuses on the daily activities required to generate goods and services, including material supervision, inventory handling, logistics management, and production planning (Barnes, 2018). Transformation planning involves creating a plan for adjusting an enterprise’s procedures by modifying policies to move the organization to its desired state. The US Naval administrators should collaborate with the information technology, finance, and recruitment departments to coordinate necessary resources, infrastructure, and planning. Strategic, operational, and transformation planning require diverse backgrounds of knowledge. Secondary support programs in active handling involve training aimed at regular processes such as supply chain control. Conversely, strategic administration programs include the superior proportion of broad-based models, such as game theory, economics, strategic management and implementation, and acquisitions (Barnes, 2018). Transformational planning, however, involves the research, formulation, and adoption of new policies that will help an organization develop its strengths and adjust its weaknesses to control threats from its competitors (Barnes, 2018). The US Navy administrator should employ the strategic management programs to determine the future Naval force’s operations. Simultaneously, the transformation systems will help the officer effectively employ the specific programs within their Naval units. However, with strategic and operational planning, the US naval officer should contribute more attention and time to one process at specific but equal time frames to ensure they are effective. It is not easy to achieve a perfect balance between the two procedures. Still, the Naval administrators should find a good balance to ensure talent development, employment security, improved US citizens’ services, and increased stakeholder value (Barnes, 2018). Implementing new policies while adjusting the existing ones will enable the administrator to achieve a perfect balance between the two aspects of management, thus improving the military function’s productivity. The Controlling Processes and Six Sigma Concepts Six sigma is a measurement strategy used to improve procedures that aim at increasing consumer satisfaction both internally and externally. The approach’s bac
Starting with the 17 th century Africans were taken to the United States, where later they became called African Americans. These people were slaves and rolled over for the master earning no money and living poorly. In 1863 slavery was abolished by Abraham Lincoln, and African Americans became free people, however, the derogation did not stop (Bankston & Antoinette, 2006). A case of discrimination, or differentiation and an unequal treatment of the members of some group, can be seen through the history of the United States. This problem was relevant not only to the situation that occurred on the American territory, but also on the battlefield far from it. In the 1960s and 70s, African Americans battled racial discrimination at home in the United States but also faced similar if not the same tension as a member of the Armed Forces while fighting in the Vietnam War. In 1960 state-sanctioned segregation and explicit discrimination were removed. The concept of racial integration was established due to the administrative laws that were enacted at that time. It seemed that the situation with race discrimination cleaned up, but it was not the case. As adult African Americans had no opportunity to get a good education before this time, they could not gain a decent work place (Santoro, 2008). This problem refers to the education and labor discrimination. A part of African American males was able to find better jobs, but still about 2/5 of them occupied the positions in service, labor or worked on farms. The European Americans also were engaged in such activities, but the number of them was not that great. Being economically unstable, the families suffered difficulties in everyday life. Women tended to control the household. Class discrimination occurred because of the difference between European and African middle class families, the last were often poorer and had to live in the neighborhoods of big cities (Downs, 2010). After the end of the World War II, Afro-Americans started a movement to assert their civil rights. At this moment they began to put the faith in their own power and became assertive as they gained better living conditions. The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (the N.A.A.C.P.) was created and claimed attention of many European and African Americans, who supported their actions. The riot began in the 1950s and soon was headed by its leader Martin Luther King (Jenkins, Jacobs, & Agnone, 2003). In 1963 this movement reached its apogee with a demonstration, which took place in Washington D.C.. Thousands of European and African people gathered to show their protest. It was called the national March, which is now thought to be the most intense protest in the history of the United States. The Congress took measures to reassure the public and introduced the Civil Rights Act. According to this legislation, the discrimination in public places, education e
Inseparable from human history are the wars between peoples for land, power and other reasons. For a very long time Jewish people were negatively targeted and blamed for all the negative things that happened to humanity. This oppression was based on the lack of knowledge, as well as prejudice that had no real facts to support the accusations. One of the dark chapters in history is the crusades or “Holy War” that took place between 11 th and 13 th centuries. Jewish people were one of many nations towards which the hostility was directed, the reasons being unacceptable and unfair. Unfortunately people did not learn from the mistakes made and such unfair treatment has been going on for many years, continuing in the twentieth century. The first crusade took place when Pope Urban was elected. He gave a speech that described how Jewish people oppressed Christians and drove them out of the “Holy Land”, which was Jerusalem. This was not true at all, but everyone listened and believed it. His speech was very convincing, as people of all ages and gender wanted to join in the war. Urban told the people that Jerusalem was covered with blood of Christians and that this war would free the land that was rightfully theirs and that it must be taken back in the name of Christ. The crusaders took Jerusalem in the year 1099 and this is when the majority of killings took place. Those who were not murdered were sold into slavery all over Europe (Chazan 157). Out of all the popes in that period of time, Urban was the only who showed such hate towards the Jewish people. He instilled the view that Jews were a danger to others and to the Christian faith, and so they must be exterminated by any means necessary. Originally Jews were left alone but in the course of the crusades the warriors became “blood thirsty” and started the massacre. Publicly any violence was prohibited but the warriors did not obey any laws or rules, thinking of Jews as a race inferior to all others. Many Jewish people were forced to be baptized and those who refused were murdered. During the second crusade there were less Jewish killings as they received protection from numerous leaders and popes. The total of nine major crusades took place, but in between there were many others, which comparably were smaller. In the Jewish records first, second and third crusades are described as most violent, when almost a third of Jewish population was destroyed. During every crusade there were people, who would record everything that was happening in order to pass this information to the future generations. Another unfortunate fact was that not only the warriors and specially trained soldiers murdered Jews, but the simple folk also took up arms in the religious wars and used the opportunity to murder and steal (Eidelberg 79). During the crusades Jewish people showed a lot of strength both physically and mentally. They greatly relied on their faith and were not afraid to die in its name. S
One of the challenges historians experience while attempting to discuss the origin and development of democracy in institutions is discussing Christianity as having originated from America, yet, they practiced slavery and colonialism. It is a paradox to discuss Christianity, slavery, and colonialism. The paradox is evident in many areas in the American history. For example, an American stressing for sovereignty of the seas. In this sense, they argued that liberated ships make free goods. It is ironic for Americans to ask for freedom, yet they relied on slave labor. Du Bois argued that Americans achieved their sovereignty through utilizing slave labor. The development of democracy was accompanied by the development of slavery. This paper focuses on discussing various issues related to the paradox of Christianity, slavery, and colonialism. Many historians who have attempted to examine the issue have identified W.E.B Du Bois as an important figure in promoting human rights and democracy. As an activist, historian, civil rights campaigner, and a Pan-Africanist, he agitated for equality of blacks with the whites (Du Bois 43). He is prominent in opposing the Atlanta Compromise Treaty that advocated for the subjection of the southern blacks to the whites’ political rule. During his campaigns, he criticized Booker T. Washington, and insisted on freedom of the blacks and an increased representation in political affairs. At that time, racism was widespread, especially in social institutions. Du Bois objected inequality that was in education and employment sectors by including the affected groups, particularly the Africans and Asians (Du Bois 43). As a key figure in the Pan-African movement, he wrote a letter to European leaders demanding for the rights and freedoms of blacks across the world. He denounced racism and advocated for self-government (Du Bois 45). To him, “the problem of the twentieth century was the problem of the color-line” (Du Bois 47). This phrase was found in his book that he wrote to address the problems the blacks were facing. He was at the forefront in Niagara Movement that was formed by the civil rights advocates to oppose the Atlanta Compromise. They aimed at publicizing the ideas to other African-Americans. The black Americans were subjected to forced labor in the whites’ farms. He used raci
Introduction Japanese war crimes were committed during the reign of Emperor Hirobito. The paper will give a detailed analysis of the crimes that were committed such as mass killing, forced labor, lootings, use of biological and chemical weapons, cannibalism, sexual slavery, torture and enslavement. This will hence help in giving limelight to the main effects of the crimes. To fully understand the crimes committed, the discourse will also analyze the Japanese and international law and some of the agreements that Japan signed in relation to the crimes that were later committed. As a means to an end, it will give a brief recommendation on the whole subject of war crime and the way forward for Japan. Discussion War crimes are the violations of war customs or laws (Trahan,7-13). This includes crimes that are committed against the enemies who can either be opponents or civilians. Though Japan has offered numerous apologies in regard to the suffering it caused, most people still assert that Japan still has not been humble enough to offer a genuine apology (Kristof, 37-49). Others in support of Kristof allege that the Japan government is not humble as it has until now not accepted the legal duty to compensate the people who were affect
Summary The article by Arnold and Bowie delves into the current practices of MNEs (Multi-National Enterprises) and how they are guilty of facilitating inhumane working conditions and giving low salaries to the various workers that are employed at the factories that they outsource their methods of production too. They present the notion that such practices are highly unethical and need to be changed since people have the right to a decent working wage and proper working conditions (Arnold and Bowie, 227). Flaws in the author’s logic One of the identified flaws in the logic of the authors is that while they focus on the ethical issues surrounding sweatshops and the responsibility of multinational corporations in providing decent working conditions, Arnold and Bowie fail to take into consideration the current competitive market and the desire for consumers for low-cost products (Arnold and Bowie, 225). What must be understood is that an average consumer is influenced by a myriad of different factors that affect how they choose to patronize a particular company. This can range from various psychological reactions such as how they think and feel about different products (i.e. brand perception) to how the market environment they are currently present in affects how they perceive a particular product or service (i.e. local culture, their family, local media influences, etc.). The current market environment that consumers are experiencing, which can be described as a recession given the low levels of economic activity within the U.S., has greatly affected how consumers perceive the things that they buy or patronize. It should also be noted that the concept of rational behavior assumes that all consumers are rational individuals who try to use their earned income to derive the greatest amount of satisfaction/utility. In other words, consumers try to get the most out of their income through rational buying behavior which results in a maximization of total utility from the products or services used. Consumers will act in an economically competent manner in that they will not spend too much money on irrational purchases or services. Taking these factors into consideration, if a corporation were to try to sell products within the U.S. utilizing U.S. based factories, then the cost of the products would be higher as compared to a similar company selling the same type of product yet utilizing workers from China, India or other locations that companies outsource to. From the buyer’s point of view, when presented with the same type of product yet having different prices, it is obvious that under the concept of rational behavior they would purchase the product that is cheaper yet has the same quality. This is one of the reasons why companies continue to outsource their manufacturing departments to other countries since from a competitive perspective they need to be able to appeal to the rational buying behavior of c
As a citizen of this state and as a parent, who wants my son to receive a good education, I am disappointed by the fact of removal Fahrenheit 451 by Ray Bradbury from the school-assigned curriculum. My strong belief is that this work of literature, which is one of my favorite masterpieces, should be included in the school program. Every great author is a prophet, in a way. Reading the masterpieces of Bradbury it is impossible not to agree with this statement. Sometimes he describes his fictitious world in such details, that there is a feeling that he divines what the future will be like, and sees all the technical achievements of the society with his own eyes. The same goes for his novel “Fahrenheit 451”. My strong belief is that this novel is especially important nowadays. The society described by Bradbury is similar to our contemporary life. In the modern world of high technologies, in the world in which a book is replaced by a computer, by television, or by the internet, a person losses his or her individuality. A person does not use his brain. He has a machine instead. In such a way, a person becomes a small screw of a huge mechanism. Practically eighty percent of the world’s population now has mobile phones. More than one billion people have smartphones. People cannot imagine their life without these devices. Our internal clock is now set not by the sun, but by the digits of our phones. According to the last researches, approximately fifty percent of phone users have slept with their phone on or nearby their bed. The dependence of the younger generation upon mobile phones is even higher. Such a statistic is rather frightening. Mobile devices replace books and real-life communication. The same idea, that society would be captivated by big televisions, and other technical devices, controlled by the state, is observed in Bradburys novel. In the modern world, our outlook and political views are determined by means of mass media, which are controlled by the government. In my own opinion, the above-mentioned facts do not mean, that we have to refuse all the contemporary technical achievements. However, at the same time, our children have to realize, that the information given by mass media is not the universal truth. The dependence of our society on television, mobile devices, internet, has to be reduced. This very novel makes a person wonder about his role in society, as well as the protagonist of this book does. The main character of this novel, Montag by name, is a fireman, and his job is to burn the forbidden books, because the society he lives, believes that all the wisdom of these books is nothing in comparison with technical progress. After meeting Clarisse, Montag finds out that he cannot accept the basics of his job. He understands that life is more complicated, and the wisdom hired in books cannot be lost. Having recognized it, Montag fights against ignoran
Introduction Publix Super Markets macro-environment includes external and market factors in the domestic and global marketplace and market space that affect business operations and services delivery to customers. Considering the industry of Publix Super Markets industry, the macro-environment factors that affect its operation include societal factors such as the subculture, demographic factors, economic factors, the natural or physical environment, political/legal and technological factors. On the other hand, market factors include collaboration, competition, suppliers and regulation. The current study focuses on the macro environment and market factors and their implications on Publix. Society/sub-cultural factors The Publix Supermarket operates in an environment with customers of different cultural backgrounds and subcultures. Varying market highlights the need to consider subcultural factors in the placement of products, brand selection and service to customers. With approximately one million people served by the company on a daily basis, the people belong to organizations, groups, subcultures and communities that influence their shopping. Operating mainly in the United States, especially in Florida, Tennessee, Atlanta and South Carolina, and the global market, the people come from subcultures that have different choices and levels of convenience. Different choice and preferences mean Publix must conduct adequate research to understand different market preferences. Especially on the aspect of eating, the preferences among people vary significantly. In the current age of information technology and enhanced communication, customers are growingly informed about products, their quality and health, which have implications on decision making at Publix. Customers often check product labelling to see nutritional information, which compels the supermarkets to increase product labelling and level of nutrition (Weinstein, 2004). Demographics Demographic factors such as the population, household patterns, age distribution, levels of income and employment status affect customers shopping in the supermarkets. Some places have a large student population and people in employment, which highlights the need for ready to eat foods. With operation in places where most people are in employment, it means people have enough cash to spend, which requires the company to focus more on product quality and effective customer service. Demographic factors change constantly with implications for Publix, which must move at the pace of change to remain relevant in the markets and improve profitability (Weinstein, 2004). The people want to feel and identify with the company and to this effect, Publix