ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction The narrator in the book “The Lovely Bones” is Susie Salmon who is already in heaven and was only fourteen years of age when she was raped and murdered by a neighbor. Since the story is more in the nature of a real life narration by a girl who has been exploited in view of her being a female, and the recounting of all that happened being narrated directly by her, the singular thesis used in this paper as a critical lens will be feminism. Susie writes about what heaven is like and learns that it is just as she had imagined and desired while she was alive. In due course Susie gets accustomed to living in heaven and she observes her family members from there as they get used to living life without her and in reconciling to the fact that she has gone forever. She continues to be sensitive in the same way as she was while alive as a young girl and often feels very touchy about the pangs of suffering being experienced by her family. Main body Susie’s murder happened on 6 th December 1973 at a time when people could never imagine such things to happen with little girls like her. She ponders about why men should do horrifying things to girls as was done to her, and thinking of the man who had killed her, her heart is filled with remorse at the cruelty with which he had committed the crime. It is quite evident that the entire book conveys the happenings and the sentiments of the narrator from a totally female perspective. There is no violence, no hard feelings and no motive for revenge against the perpetrator as narrated in the novel. The girl is most of the time concerned about her family and her heart is filled with grief at the sight of them suffering due to her death. The narrations of Susie depict a strong family bond at the initiative of the females within her family. Her mother left an academic career to raise the family and Susie and her sister were very attached with each other in the true spirit of female compatibility. Susie is portrayed as displaying feminism in the true sense in her actions pertaining to the detailed account of her rape and murder, mostly from the female perspective and does not delve into the details of how horrifying the experience was to her. She talks most of the time about her separation from her family and friends with whom she was considerably attached, much in the same way that females narrate their sense of worry and concern. When her parents refuse to believe the story of her death even despite the confirmation by Detective Fenerman, Susie is full of deep emotion for her family thinking about the deep rooted love and affection that existed between them. Had it been a man instead of Susie, for example, if her father ha
Opportunity cost Consider a scenario where resources are inadequate and that there is a need to choose between some mutually exclusive options, then the opportunity cost is the value of the best alternative forgone. In other words, it is the alternative high valued use of the resource. Once the best alternative has been selected, then the opportunity cost is the cost incurred by not enjoying the value that would have been derived from the second alternative. The concept of mutually exclusive implies that these activities cannot be executed concurrently. Thus, once one activity has been selected, the other activity will be left out. A good example of opportunity cost can be seen in government subsidies on university education. It is always perceived that university a student pays less than half of the total fees while the government subsidy caters for the reminder. However, in the real sense, students pay for more than half of the fees. Consider a scenario where a student pays an annual university tuition fee amounting to $5,000 in a state-owned institution. Assume that the amount of government subsidy is $15,000 per student. Therefore, it will appear that the total amount of the fee is $20,000 and that the student pays less than half of the fees. However, the cost forgone by attending the university is not included. By attending university, the student would forgo working. Therefore, assume that the annual salary that the student would have earned from working amounts to $30,000. Therefore, the true cost of attending university is $50,000 ($20,000 + $30,000). Thus, by attending university, the student will incur a total cost of $35,000 ($30,000 in foregone salary and $5,000 in fees). Even though the subsidy appears as substantial, the student pays 70% of the whole cost of attending university. Opportunity cost is a powerful tool in economics because it depicts the association between scarcity and choice. Therefore, it ensures that limited resources are used efficiently. Elasticity The concept of elasticity is quite significant when evaluating demand and supply. It gives information on how both the buyers and suppliers will react to the constantly changing market conditions. Thus, elasticity can be viewed as a measure that estimates how a change in one va
Over the past, different theories and ideas on management have continued to develop at high rate due to the increased regulatory restructuring as well as flexibility to meet the customer demands (Du Gay, 2000). In addition, to circumvent the problems of ambiguity in dealing with the customers, organizations are embracing different modes of management to achieve efficient output. Further, the policies underlying the administration of organizations have increasingly become ambiguous and complicated. Therefore, organizations have a responsibility of either restructuring their organizational ideologies based on the structural design or focusing on the public administrators and the way they should function to maximize their output (Du Gay, 2000). Bureaucracy The paradigm of bureaucracy is a theory of management that is centered on the organizational structure. Hierarchy is a significant element of a bureaucratic organization. The significance of bureaucracy is to ensure faster and free delivery as well as accountability in the performance of assignments. Korczynski (2004) provided examples of bureaucratic organizations such as INSCO where team leaders are hierarchically appointed. Further, at the ADBK and CBK, the approval officers who check mortgage applications are to forward their findings to the supervisor for consent. Bureaucratic organizations also emphasize on the delegation of tasks that every member has to fulfill in order to achieve the goals of the organization (Korczynski, 2002). For example, in the bureaucratic organizations, the abilities of the approval officers are expected to process a given number of application forms per days. Another important issue emphasized by the bureaucratic organizations is the adherence to the written procedures in conducting their businesses. Such procedures ensure efficiency in their operations. There is evidence of record keeping as well as written communication protocol that every employee must follow. The communication protocol must also be followed in communicating with the clients. In Korczynski (2004) study of several organizations indicates workers exposed to several memos directing them on how they should carry out correspondence with the clients. In an attempt to operate efficiently, bureaucratic organizations do not operate smoothly and hence have their points of weaknesses (Korczynski, 2003). For instance, rules in a bureaucratic organization have to be adhered to the latter in the way they are written irrespective of any situation that might arise. As a result, many firms applying this paradigm are unable to operate efficiently (Alvesson & Thompson, 2005). Further, within an organization, each unit works effectively on the delegated tasks to contribute to the overall aspirations as well as the goals of the firm. However, in organizations practicing bureaucracy, the situation is different. For example, the approval officers at times deal in complex matters reserved for experts leading to working on cross
Background Problem Faced by Knowlton Knowlton lacks confidence; he does not believe in himself when competition arises. According to the write-up, Bob Knowlton is the head of the project dealing with the photon correlator since his scientific breakthrough two years before. He has been good at this job for the previous two years. He even thinks that he has ‘produced’ just as Dr. Jerrold had advised him to do in order to be prosperous in his line of duty. However, the situation changes when Jack Remington arrives at the lab. He gets irritated when Remington talks about the graphs he was analyzing. He thinks that Remington is very smart and competitive. He feels bad when he realizes that Remington is enthusiastic about work and is smart enough to find out the problem with the photon. He even describes him to his wife as a genius. During the morning meetings with his laboratory team, he realizes that Remington is organized and very thorough in his presentation. Knowlton is not comfortable to make a speech for a special meeting with projects heads and the financial investors. He brightly deceives Jerrold to allow Remington write and deliver a speech. Ego-Defence Mechanism Knowlton uses rationalisation as his ego-defence mechanism. He gives fake reasons for his resignation. He writes a letter to Jerrold saying that he has found a better position in another company. However, this statement is not true. In the real sense, he would receive a slightly lower salary than what he gets at Jerrold’s company. He indicates that he would not appear in the lab anymore for personal reasons and that he would gladly go back to help in case of any mix-ups in the group. In addition, he indicates that Remington is capable of providing leadership in the group. He then adds that his decision to leave suddenly is due to a change in his family circumstances. This assertion is also not true; he resigns because he is afraid that Remington will take his job and that he will have to work under him. Power Bases That Knowlton Failed to Draw Upon Knowlton was not able to draw power from the expert power base. This base of power involves employees believing that their leader has a high level of expertise and knowledge in a particular field. Knowlton, therefore, should have shown his superiority during the meetings with his employees for Remington to respect him as his superior. He should have written and read speeches to project leaders and financial investors. Leadership requires courage and readiness to share and teach. Knowlton’s Leadership Style Knowlton’s style of leadership is legitimate. Legitimate power refers to having a position of power in the company. For instance, being a boss or an important member of a team of leaders. He does not show any authority to the employees under him. He just guides them on what to do to achieve the goal of the project. He is offended when Remington shows up and insists on individual work. Bob Knowlton’s Manager
Introduction This essay deals with the movie ‘Gladiator’. “The story takes place in A.D 180” 1 in Rome. First part of this essay consists of analysis of the movie and second part explains the historical facts of Gladiator based on a source. Movie The movie Gladiator, “directed by Ridley Scott,” 2 narrates the story of ancient Roman rulers. “The story takes place during the Roman empire in 180 A.D.” 3 In the leadership of General Maximus Decimus Meridius, Rome wins the war against Germanic Barbarians. Emperor Marcus Aurelius becomes proud of the ability of Maximus and decides to hand over power to him. “The gens Annia, into which Marcus was born, was not particularly celebrated in the annals of Rome.” 4 “Marcus father died young during his praetorship.” 5 “Thus Marcus can scarcely known his father.” 6 Maximus is murdered by the Emperor’s jealous son Commodus. Commodus declares himself as emperor of Rome. Maximus realizes the facts about murder of his emperor and he isn’t ready to give loyalty to Commodus. Angry Commodus orders to end Maximus and his family. But, only his family is murdered by the guards of Commodus. Later, Maximus is taken to North America by slave traders. There he is sold to Antonius Proximo, who owns a gladiator institution. Even though he is not ready to fight as a gladiator at first, he has to do it to defend himself. Later, the fighting skill which he got during the time he led the army of Aurelius makes him a perfect fighter. Thus, Maximus becomes the most popular fighter in the Gladiators team of Antonius Proximo. Commodus starts the gladiator games again in Rome to get popularity. Gladiators of Proximo come to participate in the game in the leadership of Maximus. Maximus is known as “The Spaniard” 7 among his fans and fellow fighters. So, his identity is not revealed to C
Three accountants from Cardillo Travel Systems, Inc. faced situations that called for ethical considerations. One accountant, Russell Smith, was acting as the company’s controller of finance. The other two accountants, Helen Shepherd and Roger Shlonsky were involved as engagement partners. The latter two-faced the difficult task of deciding whether or not to approve a suspicious transaction. The unethical transaction did not meet the required ‘explanation’ threshold. The engagement partners were faced with the likelihood of losing the client if they made inquiries and requested for more information. The additional information was needed for the accountants to determine how to fix the transaction (Knapp, Johnstone, Rittenberg & Grambling, 2012). As a result of the impasse, some individuals became the victims of unethical auditing practices, while others remained within the stipulated guidelines. The author of this paper seeks to analyze the case revolving around the transaction between Cardillo and United Airlines. Among others, the author will explain the Securities and Exchange Commission’s rationale for charging Cardillo executives with several offenses involving financial violation. The actions taken by the company’s external auditors will also be reviewed. Also, the responsibility of these auditors with regards to the assessment of the decisions made by Cardillo managers will be addressed. Cardillo’s Ethical Practices Justifying the Charges made by SEC Russell Smith faced the risk of losing his job if he failed to cooperate with Rognlien to fix the transaction. He had to overlook his ethical responsibilities and principles as stipulated in the accountants’ code of professional conduct. He remained loyal to his partner. The parties affected by this menace included Cardillo’s shareholders and creditors, together with the three accountants (Knapp et al., 2012). The executives in this company were accused by the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) of violating the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants (AICPA) code of conduct. Some, like Rogers, did comply with the provisions made in this guideline. However, others, incl
Introduction The advent and continuous growth of information technology has put more emphasis on the speed at which data can be relayed from one point to another. Although data transfer can still occur wirelessly, the fastest and more reliable way of transmitting data is by way of wire connection. Both fiber optic and coaxial cables are used for purposes of transmitting data between different ends. The terminals are varied, including ‘computers, servers, telephones, network hubs, and televisions’. This paper seeks to discuss the two types of wires used for data transmission, and in particular analyze the advantages and disadvantages that each type has over the other. Fiber Optic This type of cable consists of optical fibers that are covered with plastic layers. The cables are often insulated with an outer covering to protect them from any kind of damages within the environments that they are laid in (White, 2013). Advantages of fibre optic cables Fibre optics transmits data at significant speeds and amounts. This is because the cables employ light to transmit the data from different terminal ends. The large capacity that is inherent in the fibre optic cables results from the fact that the cables contain various silica ‘cores’, which have several proliferations. The cables become more popular for transmitting data due to the numerous proliferations. The fibre optic cables occur in two different varieties, the single and multi-mode ranges. These are also referred to as simplex and duplex fiber optic cables. While the single mode can only offer one propagation path that allows data to be transmitted through, the multi-mode variety offers more than one such path. The duplex fibre optic cables have an added advantage because they have the ability to convey data in two directions. Because of the high quality of data that is relayed through fiber optic cables, they are best preferred for all-encompassing professional networks (White, 2013). Most academic institutions like universities will find it appropriate to use fiber optics for their data and overall internet needs. Business campuses also prefer using this type of cables than the coaxial cables. The performance and general quality of fibre optic cables is less varied over distance. This means end user signals for fiber optic cable users will remain less affected in terms of quality irrespective of the distance separating the data source and the terminal point. Fibre optic cables have a strong and generally high quality performance that is less susceptible to noise sources within their surrounding environment. The immunity to EMI and RFI forms of interferences makes the cable good for use, especially in surroundings where such interferences are common. Disadvantages Fiber optic cables are relatively expensive, compared to the coaxial cables. Additionally, they are comparatively nove
Introduction Hinduism, Sikhism, and Jainism are Indian religions that are sometimes classified under Eastern religions (Matthews, 2008). Though mainly found in Indian communities, these religions are not restricted to the Indian subcontinent. They have different teachings and beliefs on spiritual concepts such as karma, afterlife, and rebirth. Founders of these religions developed the belief systems that they follow. Their belief systems are similar in that they explain these concepts within a similar scope. However, the fact that their teachings are different explains the distinction in their belief systems. They share certain religious beliefs that are interpreted differently by each of one them. Similarities apply in the rituals they conduct and in the literary field. For example, they all conduct abhiseka , a head-anointing ritual that has great meaning to them (Matthews, 2008). They show differences in the interpretation of certain teachings. For example, Hinduism interprets dharma as a religious duty while Jainism interprets it as righteousness (Matthews, 2008). These religions have similarities and differences in their respective belief systems. Karma Karma refers to means that people use to determine their destiny through their actions, which are either good or evil. The three religions believe that individuals mold their destiny through their deeds. As such, karma is the resulting outcome of one’s actions, which determines the quality of life in the afterlife. In Hinduism, karma is an expression of the outcome of individual actions. Hindus believe that God is involved in the process of giving and revealing karma (Fowler, 1999). Karma is partly determined by the will of God, in addition to the actions of an individual. God administers karma fairly and does not favor anyone. They also believe that karma is different from destiny or fate because humans use free will to make decisions (Fowler, 1999). Therefore, their actions result from rational decisions. They teach that one reaps what he/she planted. Therefore, if one commits evil, then evil will befall them. In Sikhism, three concepts that comprise maya control karma. The three concepts join the body and soul to the planet (Cole and Sambhi, 1999). Individuals posses
It goes without saying that all three fields in the social sciences, psychology, sociology, and anthropology, play a vital role in the understanding of human beings, and their examination is highly essential and engaging. However, for the moment, I am interested more in anthropology as I believe this science helps understand people more comprehensively. First of all, I may say that I prefer to examine individuals in groups. Regardless of individual characteristics, social collectives may be characterized by particular common behavior, culture, values, and beliefs which, in turn, may influence every member of these groups. At the same time, the main advantage of anthropology that attracts me is the focus of this science on humans’ past and present (American Anthropological Association, 2021). Anthropology aims to understand what makes every person a human and creates culture. It explains how the world influences people and how people influence the world throughout history. In general, anthropology includes several areas: archaeology, sociocultural anthropology, biological anthropology, and linguistic anthropology. From a personal perspective, linguistic anthropology is the most attractive interdisciplinary study of social sciences. First of all, it is not covered by sociology or psychology as much as by anthropology. Moreover, I would like to learn more about how languages form cultures, and how different cultures impact languages. It goes without saying that one of the most important purposes of anthropology is the search for solutions for modern issues through the investigation of humans’ past. Thus, I wish to contribute to common social wellbeing as well through the application of social, physical, and biological sciences. In particular, I am highly interested in whether any modern issues may be