ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Humans are social creatures, and human civilization relies heavily on the interactions between people. The progress of our civilization is heavily dependent on the ability of people to work together towards accomplishing certain goals. For society to function properly, people have to coexist peacefully and enjoy amicable relations with each other. Without favorable social interactions, society is likely to fall into chaos. For this reason, human societies have over millenniums endeavored to promote constructive relations among people living together. One means through which social life has been safeguarded is by adopting moral values that the members of the community attempt to live by. These values are a number of principles that result in a well functioning community if they are followed. The values indicate what is considered right or wrong behavior in society, and everyone is encouraged to follow them. It is presumed that living by the values will not only foster community growth, but it will also help social interactions. One value that is held in high esteem by people from different cultures is truthfulness. This means telling the truth at all times, regardless of the consequences. A person who upholds this value will always state the facts without resorting to lies or inaccuracies. Adherence to this value is undermined by the lies that some members of the society tell. While outright lies are considered wrong by all people, there is a category of lies that falls in the gray moral area. This category is the “white lie,” which is regarded as an unimportant and harmless lie. White lies are considered not only harmless but also important for maintaining good interpersonal relationships. However, there is disagreement in society over the moral nature of white lies. The supposed benefit of white lies is not accepted by all people. Opponents of white lies assert that these lies are just as harmful as other form of lies. The people who adopt this position declare that the truth should have a higher value than outcomes such as protecting the feelings of a person. Opponents of white lies argue that while they might seem innocuous, they can have unfavorable consequences for the individual telling them and the rest of the society. Lies can lead to mistrust, suspicion, and a breakdown of social interactions. In addition to this, white lies might easily degenerate into the destructive form of lies. For these reasons, opponents of white lies declare that people should endeavor to tell the truth at all times in spite of the repercussions. However, proponents of white lies argue that this category of lies play a positive role in society and are necessary to ensure that social interactions proceed smoothly. These advocates argue that white lies are not a form of dishonesty since they are said with the best interest of the other person in mind. The lies therefore promote good relations since they foster amicableness during social interactions. Considering the differing opinions concerning the white lie, this paper will set out to determine if it is beneficial to
There is hardly anything more difficult for a child than trying to adjust to the specifics of an adult world. Ruled by what seems from a child’s perspective shockingly insane principles, the universe of the grown-up people is far too absurd to embrace and far too exciting to stay away from. Touching upon the problem of children trying to comply with the rules set by adults and for adults, as well as addressing the problem of growing pains, Mun-Yol Yi in his Our Twisted Hero , as well as Mo Yan in his Pow! , considers the chances of a child to survive in the world of adults. Although the two authors create completely different universes, with colorful and unique characters and different plotlines, there is still a tangible similarity in which children portray adult world and consider moral and ethical dilemmas that they encounter on their way. Whenever both authors start taking about the childhood experiences of their characters, they would always mention the obstacles that these characters were forced to fight in order to become a part of the adult society. In many cases, the lead characters will have to face injustice; interpreting it as a part of growing up, the authors make their leads accept the fact that they will have to fight their way to the top. Another peculiar issue regarding the lessons that both leading characters learn about the adult world concerns morality in the community. As the reader sees the adult world through the lens of a small child, all the threats of this new and potentially dangerous environment come out in full blue, literally making the reader shudder. However, by far the most cringe inducing element of the adult world reality appears to be the lack of justice, which the leading characters in both novels often become witnesses for and even victims of: “Suddenly, my nose began to sting and tears rolled around my eyes. It wasn’t completely clear to me then, but I suppose I was tasting the sorrow of the ostracized, the bitter loneliness that goes with alienation” 1 . Among the most graphic examples of Han facing injustice, the moment at which he realizes that he actually has enemies, whom he did nothing to and who are nevertheless hate him, Eom being one of those people. Even though in the end, the two characters finally reconcile, it is still clear that the thought of having a person who nurtures hatred against him comes as a huge and unpleasant revelation to Han. While in Our Twisted Hero , the ethical issues seem rather obvious, in Pow! , the conflict between the moral code of the protagonist and the principles and values that the society is trying to foist on him, is described in a much more subtle manner. By creating a realm of hallucinatory realism, Mo Yan blurs the line between dreams and reality, therefore, questioning the very essence of being. Thus, the ethical issues come as more subtle, yet nonetheless demanding answers. Mo Yan poses such questions as where the line between the socially acceptable and th
The title of the article is “Getting started with data analysis”. This article was written by Professor A. Diamantopoulos, who is a professor of marketing and business research at the Loughborough University in the UK. He has been involved in different researches including sales forecasting, international marketing and marketing research. This article was written in the year 2000. The broad area of this article is concerned with helping researchers with knowledge on how to undertake their research work. To be particular; the article concentrates more on the Data analysis methods. It outlines how to analyze data from a research and elaborates on the choice of data analysis method. The article outlines where to start the research work through data analysis methods. The article then broadly outlines how to undertake the process of data analysis immediately after the research. I like this article in that it is very specific on how to undertake data analysis after the research. Indeed data analysis has been a challenge to a huge number of students and researchers at large. This article is also helpful in that it elaborates the different methodologies of data analysis. The article provides several learning points to the readers. First, the article elaborates on the objectives of analyzing data. It also gives the reader an insight on why data analysis is very important. Secondly, the article also enables the reader to understand the data description and what is involved in the data analysis process. Thirdly, readers are also enlightened on how well they can use the available date to estimate the entire population. The article has been developed using the following relevant building blocks: First, the article has an introduction which outlines the importance and the aims and objectives of the paper. In the introduction, the author prepares the reader on what to expect in the entire article. The second one is analysis objectives. The reader is taken
Introduction Nowadays, it became a commonplace practice among social scientists to suggest that, as time goes on, the issue of street harassment becomes increasingly acute, in the societal sense of this word. The reason for this is that, as of today, there is plenty of empirical evidence as to the fact that women’s exposure to this kind of harassment has a number of clearly negative effects on their existential well-being. Moreover, as the relevant statistical studies indicate, the number of annually reported incidents of street (most commonly sexual) harassment in the U.S. continues to increase rather steadily (Cates & Machin, 2012). According to the 2013 report Prevalence of street harassment and its consequences, “87 percent of American women between the ages of 18-64 had been harassed by a male stranger; and over one half of them experienced ‘extreme’ harassment, including being touched, grabbed, rubbed, brushed or followed by a strange man on the street or another public place” (par. 5). What appears to be rather peculiar about the tendency in question is that it implies the lessened effectiveness of the governmentally endorsed harassment-prevention strategies, which continue to affect the realities of modern living in the West. One of the most likely explanations to this is that these strategies do not fully acknowledge the discursive preconditions of street harassment and do not take into account the whole spectrum of the would-be effects on the harassed. In its turn, this implies that the issue of street harassment does deserve to be subjected to an analytical inquiry on a continual basis – something that should help to find a truly effective approach to addressing the problem at stake. My paper is expected to provide a modest contribution in this respect. In it, I will aim to outline the main physical and emotional effects of street harassment on women, including the commonly overlooked ones, and to identify the societal/psychological prerequisites that allow the concerned practice to remain an integral part of Western living, as we know it. While elaborating on the subject matter in question, I will also strive to expose what can be considered the conceptually fallacious assumptions about street harassment and its causes. Discuss Methodology The research methodology of this paper is concerned with conducting the review of the discursively relevant articles/books/websites, as such that will allow us to acquire some potentially enlightening qualitative insights into the phenomenon. This specific methodological approach is fully consistent with the qualitative essence of the would-be applied analytical inquiry. After all, there is indeed much rationale in expecting people’s harassment-related experiences to be perceptually subjective to an extent. As Fairchild (2010) noted, “Harassment is in the eye of the beholder; in other words, it is up to the victim to label the
To define psychology, Brentano has offered two approaches which he tried to use as the explanation to the nature of psychology. Thus, Brentano defines psychology as the science of the soul and as the science of the mental phenomena. Still, his practical vision of psychology and the reference to natural science helps him reject the idea of belonging psychology to soul. The traditional vision of psychology as the science of soul has been rejected by the psychologist who states that if one says that “psychology is the science of soul and means buy ‘soul’ the substantial bearer of mental states, then he is expressing his conviction that mental events are to be considered properties of a substance” (Brentano 10). But how can we know that such substances exist? The reference of the author to this idea makes it clear that psychology cannot be defined as a science of soul. But, being assured about the intentional inexistence of an object where a belief of desire is directed at, Brentano concludes that psychology should be defined as mental phenomena (Brentano 18). Brentano offers to investigate the subject matter of the psychology as the “immense number of different series bound up together” (Brentano 94). Considering this idea from the point of view of mental activities, it seems that psychologist tries to prove that the subject matter of psychology cannot be considered as a collection of separate units, but only in the range of specific series of actions. Brentano is sure that being a defined as mental phenomena, psychology cannot act with the help of one event. Looking as such related processes as digestion, excretion, etc., these body processes cannot be based on one specific process, it is a series of processes. The same is about psychology. It is impossible to consider it as one separate action, looking at it as mental phenomena, series should be explored as a bound of indivisible acts. One of the main features which make psychology the central science for investigating within the society is the fact that it explores the laws which follow the succession of the human mental states, in other words, “the laws according to which one of these states produces another” (Brentano 12). Furthermore, the author of the book states that psychology is the basis for education, aesthetics, logics, ethics, politics, and even for the human progress in life (Brentano 21). It is considered to be the science of the future as it is the only source which may instruct scientist about immortality (Brentano 25). Thus, the interest in psychology is going to remain and the more people will get to know about this phenomenon, the more questions they will have for consideration. One of the problems in the development of psychology defined by Brentano is the absence of the “storage of the important tasks for psychologists” (Brentano 14). This may become an obstacle as without being directed at the specific goa
The Chinese literature existed for thousands of years. The literature ranges from the ancient hereditary court archives to the fictional novels that were prevalent during the Ming Dynasty. The literature aimed at entertaining the educated Chinese. During the Tang Dynasty, there was a pervasive woodblock printing. In addition, the movable type printing was developed during Song’s reign. Consequently, written knowledge spread widely and rapidly in the entire country. Lu Xun was considered as the modern initiator of baihua literature (Chen 63). The send- down policy was a key feature of the Chinese Cultural Revolution. During this period, the majority of youths residing in urban places had to move to the countryside. Consequently, there was rigorous research concerning the extended social impacts associated with the youths who took part in the send- down. According to some experts, the send- down brought about positive impacts. The post- 1949 film and literature was characterised by a wide array of cultural practices. The practices included architecture, fine arts, reading, writing, dancing, and opera. This indicated that there was a close link between cultural ingestion and invention. The cultural inventions were more common in the urban areas. As a result, the way of life in urban and rural places had varying characteristics. Novel inventions were repeated in comic books, posters, opera theatre, and story- telling. Consequently, the repetitive culture implied the desire cultural authorities had to develop a novel mass culture. The ubiquity associated with the authorities implied that the audiences had to react positively to the novel cultural products (Sorgo para 3). According to Bai (2), the Cultural Revolution experienced in China between 1966 and 1976 was associated with massive political consequences. As a result, there were detrimental economic and social impacts. This period was also associated with interruption in social stability. In addition, innocent people lost their lives as a result of persecution and violence. There was economic stagnation, termination of social norms, and emotional and physical torture. To add insult to injury, the youths who experienced the send- down lost life chances. Individuals who experienced the Cultural Revolution had varying impacts. While some individuals lost their lives, others learnt adaptation strategies. A majority of the youths endured difficult challenges and had to bear with immense hardships. The send- down policy experienced during the Cultural Revolution aimed at sending youths to the countryside after their graduation from senior or junior high school. There were a number of factors that facilitated this policy. For instance, there was a dire need to solve underemployment and unemployment in the urban areas. In addition, cultivating the Marxist i
Background The Godfather (1972) reflects a complicated and superb saga of gangsters. The film has three parts. Gangster films were common in 1930s. The Godfather emerged as a new form of gangster films. It elevated the film and reflected a gangster figure who became a tragic hero. The film has a rich and excellent character development and acting techniques, which make it enthralling. One can observe choreography, good reflection of the period, romantic scenes, and the highest heights of gangster violence. The film has bleak and dark scenes alongside vivid scenes, which “reflect perfect works of cinematography as developed by Gordon Willis” (Dirks, n.d). The Godfather popularized phrases like “My father made him an offer he couldn’t refuse” (Dirks, n.d). Analysis The Godfather is a film that offers an insight into society, social structures, and social relations of supremacy, violence, honor, crime, justice, corruption, and other forms of evils in America society in the 1930s. The first part of the film reflects Corleone’s crime. It is Don or the Godfather (Marlon Brando) who controls the city in the mid 1940s. However, the Italian immigrants arrive and run a drug crime syndicate in the city. There are also ‘honorable crime family’ who cannot join the gang because of social exclusion and prejudice. This is a metaphor, which reflects different ways of pursuing the elusive American dream. It shows capitalism, profit strategies, and government agencies’ failed systems. The Godfather reflects how the Mafia organization runs, both within and outside the family. One can also note that the rising wave of crime threatens the dominance of Corleone. The Mafia consists of drug lords, who run modern crime syndicates. Michael, a US Marine Corps in WWII, takes over and becomes the brutal leader. While the film portrays family loyalty and blood relations in such a cruel society, it also reflects how vengeance, brutality, and killings lead to the ultimate downfall of the family. Domestic, family, and home life captures romantic scenes in the lives of family members. These elements of family life become intertwined with other dreadful acts of murder and violence. So many murders occur in the film, as well as scenes of food and drinks (Ebert, 1997). The story captures Mafia life from within. It shows that the Mafia has a secret, allure, and spell. These elements have contributed to give the Mafia a different perception among the public. The Mafia exudes elements of a real power and become an authoritarian power. Power and honor are critical and revolve around the
Writing about what you like is one of the most existing and educative types of work for many students. Writing about what may change human life and motivate people is even more interesting when a student knows a topic and identifies possible outcomes. Several years ago, I was lucky to watch the movie created by David Frankel, The Devil Wears Prada . Some people may view this film simply as an ordinary story of a girl, Andy Sachs, who cherishes a dream to become a journalist and takes all the necessary, and sometimes unnecessary, steps to achieve her desired goals. For me, however, it is also a more general story of life, with all its merits and demerits, beauty and challenges, benefits and mistakes. The Devil Wears Prada is a movie that helps young people stay motivated and never give up, to understand the essence of hard work and promotion, and to learn to use their personal uniqueness to their advantage, both in the workplace and throughout life. At the beginning of the movie, Andy’s story seems to be naïve and ordinary, with the intention to show how challenging and competitive the working environment can be. In fact, the themes raised in The Devil Wears Prada are rather provocative and educative. Therefore, it was not a surprise for me when I began to identify myself with Andrea, comparing our professional and personal goals, as well as our attitudes to people, fashion, and priorities. My comparison began after Andy’s phrases, “You know, it’s just that both those belts look exactly th
Introduction PharmaCARE is a successful pharmaceutical firm and it runs several subsidiaries across the world. Recently, the company has been involved in unethical conduct. The company’s workforce in Colberia is largely comprised of the natives who work for as low as $1 per day. Besides, the company has allegedly caused harm on the environment owing to its activities. The company is said to offer subsidized drugs to the poor in the society. However, the drugs are said to have side effects on the human health. This paper analyzes the ethical issues surrounding the company and compares this case with Johnson & Johnson Company, which had similar issues. The paper also gives recommendations on what can be done to contain the situation. The key characteristics of a stakeholder within the PharmaCARE scenario Stakeholders are people or entities affected directly or indirectly by a decision made by the management of a company. The best way to characterize stakeholders is by identifying the effect caused by the decision in question. In this regard, stakeholders are grouped into two major categories, viz. primary stakeholders and secondary stakeholders. Primary stakeholders stand to gain or lose directly due to the decision made by the firm while secondary stakeholders are affected indirectly. In this context, PharmaCARE, CompCARE, Wellco, the employees, the Colberians, and the investors of the company are the stakeholders. All the aforementioned groups may be affected directly or indirectly by the firm’s decisions. The company and its subsidiary, CompCare, stand to gain revenue if customers are satisfied with its products. Employees work industriously for the success of the business in return for salaries and other benefits. The Colberians are the potential customers of the business, and they will be directly affected by a decision by the company to quit production or improve the quality of the products. Investors are the owners of the company, and they are directly affected by any decision by the management. The human rights issues presented by PharmaCARE’s treatment of the Colberia’s indigenous population versus that of its executives It is evident that the company has little or no respect for the native workers in Colberia. The company exploits the poor Colberians by using them as objects for making huge profits. The company’s executives live in decent houses, drive luxurious vehicles, and receive big salaries. Those employed by the company are subjected to hard tasks only to receive $1 per day. Native employees of the company live in abject poverty, and most of them reside in slums where they cannot access clean water and electricity. Additionally, the natives work in a highly hazardous environment. The ethicality of PharmaCARE’s actions with respect to the indigenous people of Colberia Utilitarianism PharmaCARE exploits the Colberian resources without the consent of the authorities. This aspect amounts to the violation of the intellectual property law and it is unethical (Shald