ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The measles outbreak in the Netherlands affected a large number of people with cases of complications including pneumonia, encephalitis and several admissions in hospitals (Knol et al., 2013). In spite of Netherlands being a developed country with adequate medical facilities and accessibility to clean water, the outbreak reflect the risk of failure to get immunised against virus. Indeed, the outbreak in Netherlands was in a region inhabited predominantly by orthodox Protestants with the people affected being the age bracket of 4 and 12. More than 95% of the infected people not immunised and more than 3% had partial immunisation (Knol et al., 2013). The number included health workers who were not immunised. A survey conducted to identify reasons for lack of immunisation or partial immunisation revealed more than 93% not immunised because of orthodox Protestantism, others cited anthroposophical, and others because of parental or personal critical perceptions of immunisation. Therefore, the majority of infected form the region cited religious reasons for not receiving vaccination with most people believing that intervention goes against God’s will for the people (Knol et al., 2013). This resulted in most people and their children not going for immunisation. The outbreak in a predominantly orthodox Protestant region is a major concern for immunisation coverage because it hinders preventive measures. The outbreak in the Netherlands highlights the significance of immunisation in the prevention of measles infections. Regional variation in coverage issue Regional variation in coverage is a problem in Europe because it contributes to persistent of the measles virus in the population, which affects detrimentally efforts to eradicate measles in the stipulated time. Indeed, in spite of several years of routine vaccination, failure to attain the recommended coverage of 95% contributes to the virus remaining among the population in Europe (Jacobson, 2001). For instance, surveys conducted between 2006 and 2007 indicated significant variation in cases of measles among regions in terms of the people affected most and actual location with measles incidents. Children without vaccination or those without full shots have high chances of infection as explained in variations of cases between regions that had achieved more than 95% coverage and those that were below the recommended mark (Jacobson, 2001). Variation is regional coverage and the subsequent persistent of measles in the regions calls for adequate measures to ensure elimination of the virus in the stipulated time because of the disease’s serious complications. Prevention of measles achieved through vaccination with enough shots is the best way of containing the spread because the disease has no specific treatment. Although
Post 9/11, there has been heightened American concerns for terrorism in the Latin American region with perceived threats emanating from LA countries like Peru, Columbia, and greater terrorist activities occurring in tri-border states of Argentina, Brazil, and Paraguay. Four terrorist groups have been outlawed By the US Dept. of State as FTO’s (Foreign Terrorists Organizations) including FARC, ELN, and AUC in Argentina and SL in Peru. In 1982, the US has also declared Peru to be a party to (Sullivan, 2008, p.3). “state sponsors of terrorism.” Columbia became the nerve center of attention since this country had to bear the brunt of terror, unleashed by FARC, AUC, and ELM. These outfits gained heavily through drug trafficking and contract killings. Similarly, Peru is home to Sendero Luminoso, (SL), which is responsible for a car bomb attack during 1982 across US Embassy in which 10 locals, including security guards, securing the Embassy, lost their lives. Coming to the tri-border region comprising Argentina, Brazil, and Paraguay, it is believed that Hezbollah and Hamas, two strong Islamic fundamentalists terrorist groups are active in these regions and are responsible for a spate of bombings and killings. (Sullivan, 2008, p.3). This region “has long been characterized as a regional hub for Hizballah and Hamas fundraising activities, but it is also used for arms and drug trafficking, contraband smuggling, document and currency fraud, money laundering, and the manufacture and movement of pirated goods.” Cuba has been pointed as an active harbinger of renegade terrorists and anti-social activities, which is a major concern for the USA since anti-terrorist moves designed for other countries have now to be used for Cuba. In this connection, it is seen that the USA has been very co-operative in offering assistance and anti-terrorist training in Latin American countries. Since drug trafficking, money laundering, and terrorism are interrelated, the US has provided Latin American countries with various facilities and assistance in countering these illegal activities. Besides, the US has assisted Latin American countries to help improve their capabilities in (Sullivan, 2008, p.5). “such areas as airport security management, hostage negotiations, bomb detection and deactivation, and countering terrorism financing.” Despite the fact that the US had assisted Latin American countries economically, especially Columbia and Peru, in their counter terrorist moves, the same has not been reciprocated in deeds. The economic assistance provided for Anti-Terrorist Training (ATA) is shown in Table 1.1 below: Serial  Financial Year               For ATA training  Columbia 1.      For the Financial year 2001  4.7M              –        2.      For Financial year 2002      2.5M              25.0M    3.      For the Financial year 2003  3.6M              3.3M     4.      For the Financial year 2004  2.6M              –        5.      For the Financial year 2005  5.2M              3.9M      Although Latin American countries have a higher
Chicago Teachers’ Strike happened in 2012. It organized by the Chicago Teachers’ Union after the deal proposed by the new mayor Rahm Emanuel failed to meet the demands of the union. This paper will provide an analysis of this conflict. The Analysis There was a perception of incompatible goals between the mayor and the teachers’ union. The mayor proposed a pay increase for the teachers but did not consider any of the other issues that were voiced by the teachers’ union. The union wanted to provide security to the teachers who lose jobs when a high school closes. Their list of demands was long and included such things as providing more funds for art and music education in the underfunded schools of the city, pay fairness, a lesser role of standardized tests in the student evaluation, and other issues that were not considered by the mayor. Instead, the mayor focused on the single goal of making the school day longer, which only made the conflict worse. Some of the goals were compatible after all the mayor still wanted to provide a pay increase to the teachers, however without considering the additional issues, these goals would not be met by both parties (Staff, 2017). The scarce resources, in this case, are the funds that the mayor is willing to provide. Teachers were willing to provide a compromise by reallocating these funds from their pay increase to the programs they considered more important. On the other hand, the mayor chose to rescind his offer to the union and instead increased the salaries of CPS executives (Liebelson, 2017). The basic goal structure of this relationship can be described by the following. The main goal for both parties is to provide a new deal for the teachers’ union. The mayor wants to focus on pay increases and longer school days, while teachers want a variety of improvements to the educational system (Liebelson, 2017). The goals are not completely competitive because both teachers and the mayor want the teachers to end their strike, and their goals are not too different from each other. In the past, their goals were mostly cooperative, with no need for strikes for over 25 years. In the present, their goals are more competitive due to the perceived anti-union attitude of the mayor (Brogan, 2014). There is no clear power imbalance because both parties can equally affect each other. The mayor is the one holding all the resources, but with the teachers on strike, he is unable to provide education to the city, which is essential for his position. Chicago Teachers’ Union sees its power as finite due to the restrictions the mayor was able to put in place the year prior. However, it is unlikely that the mayor would be able to impose new restrictions while the strike is happening. The mayor’s main power currency is money and ability to legislate. The power currency of the teachers is their service that cannot be replaced while the strike is happening. These are different currencies, but their value is equal (Brogan, 2014). Conclusion This conflict brought a lot of media attention to itself and led to a discussion of educational reform. With both sides unwilling to make a move and many actions that
The meaning of Fiscal Policy Fiscal policy refers to the use of government revenue and expenditure to influence the economy. It relates to development guidelines where all welfare projects have to be completed. Essentially, fiscal policies influence macroeconomic activities by balancing tax and public spending. Two examples of these fiscal policies include taxation and government expenditure, which aim at funding development functions, as well as, enhancing equality. Such policies curb inflation, and in the end increase employment and maintain the value of money (Perry 2008). In addition, proper fiscal policies determine the pace of the country’s economic growth. However, should there be a lack of restraint to the economic growth money will soak the market thereby leading inflation. Instrument of fiscal policies Taxation policies are the main government techniques for influencing the economy, as well as a weapon for saving a collapsing economy. The government uses taxation and spending to influence economic activities by increasing and reducing it. Taxation is the main source of income for the government. The most common method of taxation is direct taxation. Other forms of taxation include personal taxes, value added tax, fees levied on licenses and permits, as well as, fines. The introduction of tax cuts helps in stimulating aggregate demand (Krug 2011, 34-5). If the government increases taxes, the public will be heavily burdened, which will reduce their production and purchasing power. On the other hand, if the government decreases taxes, money supply will be high. This will then lead to high inflation. A reduction in taxes will increase disposable income and households will end up consuming the money that should have been taxed. An increase in taxes will also affect businesses. It will lower the profit margin and hence lead to an increase in production. Increased production will increase the demand for raw material and laborers. Therefore, there will be an increase in employment and the money earned will increase the level of income in the economy. There is the need to analyze taxation policy in order to avoid inflationary tendencies. Additionally, it is the mandate of all policy makers to use the power vested in them by the state to maintain a stable economy. This is because stability centres on the kind of macroeconomic policies made. Another tool used by the government as fiscal policy is government expenditure, which are recurrent and development. Various development expenditures include opening education institution, building and maintaining infrastructure. On the other hand, recurrent expenditure involves paying salaries to the civil service and employing a new workforce. An increase in the government expenditure goes to economic development, paying wages and salary, which involves changing
Introduction Different sources are available for understanding European history, and they explore historical, political, and geographical background of the nation with the help of events. Many historical studies have attempted to know about the social and political conditions which prevailed in Europe during the late sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries. Along with the studies of historians many literatures published during that time also provide a clear picture of the historical incidents which occurred in this period. Brecht and Michel de Montaigne are two important figures acknowledged as capable of narrating historical events of that time. Sixteenth century is considered as the period of both intellectual and geographical expansions. One of the major ideological issues in that period is that there was a problem of acceptance the structure of belief, pattern of behavior, rules and regulations of the society other than one’s own. A number of writers have overlooked the world of ideological crisis between Catholics and Protestants and they were not ready to face the ferocious seriousness. However, some writers show their commitment through their works including Montaigne and Brecht. Essay Body Montaigne’s historical study evaluates each and every minute detail of the social, cultural and political life of this period. As it was a period that marked changes in the religious belief of people, the study of this age assumes importance. The metaphysical conceits of the different writers of the time had a great influence in the religious belief of the people and the same affected their social life. Various historical plays of Brecht portray temporal power possessed by kings and others. Michel de Montaigne was a French renaissance writer. He was a spokesman of anti-conformist tradition. People considered him more as a statesman than as a writer. He wrote many essays. At his time in Europe, there was a high degree of religious conflict. He tries to reflect on the concept of scepticism through his essays. When analyzing the his essays like A World of Words, Of Cannibals, and On Solitariness it can be seen that he reveals his reactions against Dogmatism, and his skepticism towards religious orthodoxies in fifteenth century. Montaigne’s essays reflect not only a particular region but also an entire universe. In his essay, Montaigne introduces his servant with appropriate explanations. Here the writer shows his responsibility to tear the mask of 15the century people. In another part of his essay Montaigne analyses the history of native Brazilians and leads his reader into the world of new information. The following statement underlines the fact that Montaigne was a minute observer of history. The author remarks, “They have a kind of wood so hard that, riving and cleaving the same, they make blades, swords, and gridirons to broil their meat with.” (The sixteenth century, 2009, para. 13). The given statement explores valuable information about the life of the native people in Brazil. Towards the end of the essay he tries to compare the culture of the n
Introduction In the modern world, globalization is gradually becoming a more influential phenomenon. While its volume and progression are already well-established, its impact on economic, social, and political spheres of life is debatable. For this reason, the net effect of globalization remains a controversial and vigorously debated issue among scholars. One of the aspects arguably responsible for a large portion of the controversy is globalization’s effect on employment. One common approach defines it as a disruptive factor for the employment market since it allegedly strips from the domestic workforce the possibility to compete with external actors on equal terms. A polar opposite of this approach is the notion that globalization is actually beneficial for the job market since it redistributes the offerings, creating a more homogenized and fair environment. One of the consequences of globalization commonly used as an argument in favor of both claims is a foreign direct investment (FDI)—a result of the worldwide integration of markets. Usually, FDI takes the form of a business entity establishing a company in another country or acquiring an existing one locally. Most of the time, FDI occurs between countries with sufficiently different technological levels and economic growth rates. Naturally, such conditions eventually lead to a gap in the competition, which is cited by the critics of FDI as a reason behind the decline of the domestic economy and, by extension, the decrease in the job market. Conversely, the availability of cheap laborers from low-income countries supposedly creates unfair competition for domestic workers. However, a growing body of evidence points to the fact that FDI also creates a better working environment and may, in fact, improve the employment rate along with spurring economic growth for the count
Introduction The choice of medicine as a matter of life should be motivated by the reasons in which a person is confident. These may be personal reasons based on childhood impressions, but they may also be strong beliefs formed by the young person. The essence of nursing is reflected in the historical, ethical, and political aspects. Nurses always adhere to several values ​​and principles; only combining these values ​​can bring a healthy future for patients and a productive one for the nurses. Choice of Nursing I chose to nurse because I always wanted to support people in trouble. Illnesses and injuries often make people feel powerless. I have always been interested in working with people’s psychological and emotional aspects. People’s habitual rhythm of life can easily and at one moment be destroyed by illness. People often experience an existential crisis connected to this, and I would like to help them in such a difficult situation. Nursing makes me think about the meaning of life above death. I often think about people’s emotional attachments and how hard it is to let go of loved ones who leave. This problem is especially relevant in working with terminal patients in resuscitation and intensive care. It is not for nothi
Introduction Sport is one of the fastest-growing industries in the world today. The industry entails activities aimed at maintaining physical fitness among individuals. In the United States of America, the industry has, over the years, grown rapidly. It has seen billions of dollars as investment from companies involved to provide services in the sector (Sawyer, 2009). Clubs and recreational facilities have been set up to meet the rising demand to keep fit, with more emphasis on physical education in learning institutions. Mark Twain University plans to construct a modern human performance and health center. The architectural design needs to put into consideration the space required in the facility. However, space is a constraining factor. Only the most important items are to be allocated space in the design. The Need to Allocate Space for Both Equipment and Supplies Human performance and health centers must be planned and constructed in line with the current trends in the industry. As such, plans for such facilities should be in line with laid down guidelines, principles, and practices governing sports. Individuals pursuing courses in physical education must be well trained to provide them with the skills required to promote fitness and health in the industry (Sawyer, 2009). A well-equipped laboratory is one of the most important facilities to be included in the construction of a health and human performance center. The relevant supplies must be present to ensure the smooth running of the recreational facilities. The architectural design of a facility must put into consideration the nature of activities going to be undertaken therein. As such, the necessary modifications must be made to accommodate the intended use. Ample space must be allocated to these uses. When planning, it is important to allocate space for both equipment and supplies. Equipment refers to tangible property purchased by an organization and is usually of high cost. Such property is also considerably durable and is used for more than one year. As a result, regular purchases of equipment are not required (Nagel & Southall, 2011). Regular and frequent maintenance practices are, however, required to ensure that the equipment is functioning effectively and efficiently. In most cases, equipment includes electrical appliances, which are bulky and occupy a lot of space. Supplies refer to tangible items used together with equipment (Sawyer, 2009). Supplies are, however, of lower cost and shorter life span compared to equipment. Supplies do not require a lot of time and effort to install and may be put into use immediately after purchase. In addition, they are small in size compared to
Introduction Mobile apps are increasingly being introduced following the recent improvements in the processing speed of smartphones and mobile devices. Similarly, the technological advancements have seen the mobile industry undergo tremendous changes from mobile operators to the integration of mobile apps such as government mobile apps, trends, and channels. The government mobile apps exist in two forms: enterprise-focused apps and citizen-oriented apps (Sharma et al., 2018). The former target the employees of public organizations and is limited to the firewalls established by organizations, while the latter are for external use. The efforts to improve the government mobile apps started back in 2012 during the Obama administration. The aim was to add mobile apps to the federal government, a decision informed by the need to simplify the process of seeking government services. The plan was guided by the following four principles: establish information centered government targeting open data, create a shared platform in all agencies, adopt a customer-centric approach of data presentation and integrate the necessary measures to improve privacy and security. Below are some examples of government mobile apps recognized as being innovative for delivering information to people (USA.GOV, 2020). Smart Traveler: The app was established by the state Department to help those planning to go on different trips abroad. The app was designed to give alerts and critical information on countries as well as how to contact different U.S. embassies. FoodKeeper: The app was introduced by the U.S. Department of Agriculture with the aim of helping citizens find the necessary resources for food safety. Similarly, the app allows citizens to interact with food safety specialists by asking questions such as how long food can stay in the fridge before it becomes not suitable for consumption. FEMA App: The app remains to be the best option when it comes to preparing for and responding to an emergency. It ensures the users receive timely emergency alerts and information during and after an emergency. Moreover, the app provides weather alerts, disaster resources, safety notifications, and tips on how to prepare for emergencies. Most importantly, FEMA has contact information for those looking for assistance, such as finding local shelters and recovery centers. IRS2GO: The app was introduced by the Internal Revenue Services. It exists to help users track the status of their refund, make payments, as well as look for tax preparation assistance. IRS2GO comes with a variety of features which makes it easy to use. myStudentAid: This app is best suited for those looking forward to joining college. It also allows students who qualify for aid or loans from the federal government to fill out the FAFSA application. Most of these apps work well on modern mobile OSs, which features different security mechanisms. Once an app such as IRS2GO is installed, it only accesses files indicated in the sandbox directions. The errors made by developers in designing these apps create a gap in protection which gets exploited by attackers. Federal Government’s Requ