ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Nowadays it is possible to find a few people who do not think that mass media affect, to some extent, public opinion. Admittedly, people find out about numerous events and phenomena from mass media. This assumption can be regarded as a basis for the agenda-setting theory. The theory’s major point is that mass media decide what is the most important news and what event (or person) “deserves” less attention. It is necessary to point out that the basic points of the agenda-setting theory are plausible, and the strength of the theory lies in the fact that media do shape public opinion to certain extent, but the weakness of the theory is that mass media’s impact is somewhat over-estimated. McCombs and Shaw claim that people “learn not only about a given issue, but also how much importance to attach to that issue from the amount of information”, in this way media are setting the “agenda” (1972, 176). Admittedly, this basic assumption of their theory is plausible since mass media do “sorts” news and adhere different levels of importance to each event and person. Thus, many people follow the set “agenda” and pay more attention to most important and less attention to least important. Besides, this principle works in the same way when it deals with political campaigns. One of the greatest strengths of the agenda-setting theory is that it presents “a vast wealth of research on the impact of mass media content on the public agenda” (McCombs and Ghanem 2003, 68). The theory reveals the major processes which influence public opinion. It is especially relevant when considering political campaigns since at present the “information in the mass media becomes the only contact many have with politics” (McCombs and Shaw 1972, 176). Thus, politicians’ pledges are perceived through the vision of mass media. Apparently, when mass media highlight the campaign of a politician and there is nothing said about others, people can forget about the existence of “others”. However, apart from the strengths the agenda-setting theory has quite a significant weakness. Crespi states that the theory “does not accept the discredited image of all-powerful mass m
Background Publishing is a combination of both art and commerce hence the need to consider this when deciding on the establishment of a media house. Incorporating creativity with economics entails understanding the dynamics of the industry, as well as being in a position to manage the publishing house in a way that will sustain the business (Juby, 2005). This knowledge is significant in an environment where many publishers feel that they are putting so much effort into publishing, but get small rewards (Norman, 2010). In addition, selecting the type of publishing is a trick, since there are changes taking place daily. An example of this is the electronic publishing by which the publishers are venturing more into digital publications (Norman, 2010). Moreover, e-books have become less expensive when one wants a printed copy since they will incur an extra cost. The publishers also have to involve intensive marketing as a way of dealing with competitors (Juby, 2005). The financial part of developing a publishing house calls for a keen analysis to make sure that the business runs smoothly and it is sustainable other than running at a loss. The relationship between the editors and the writers can determine the way that the business will run and its success (Juby, 2005). Minimizing tension between the editors and the writers is an effective way of ensuring that the publishing house staff and stakeholders are satisfied. Hostility between the editors and the writers needs neutralization so that the two can interact peacefully. If this is not done, there will be shoddy work, and this will affect the income that gets back to the business. When the editors and the writers are not on good terms then chances are that these differences can exist in a publishing house, hence a clear explanation as to why publishing is a combination of art and commerce (Juby, 2005). Balance of Creativity with Commerce The publisher house details and the financial perspective The publishing house will venture into blockbusters because it has a higher probability of bringing in more profits. The mandate of the publishing house will be to produce the best quality of publications that are available in hard copy ad also online. The projected profits for the publishing house in the blockbuster field are $195,343.02, when the enterprise is operating individually (Norman, 2015). In determining the profits or losses that the publishing house is likely to experience, one has to look at all the projections in relation to the total quantity produced (Finkenstein, 2005). These costs include the revenue projections, direct expenses, and negotiated operating expenses (Norman, 2015). In the revenue projections, there are the trade units shipped to buyers in which 50% returns are expected (Norman, 2015). The price list is also created indicating the costs per unit, the average price that will be received for all the uni
Abstract The aim of the study was to examine the Stroop effect on memory function of men and women. The experiment was conducted with 16 women and 16 male with similar age range and ethnic background. Environmental factors such lighting of the room and room temperature were kept at constant. The inhabitation and attentional control were examined using the color word Stroop. It was assumed that men will face challenges in identifying color with a different word than women. It was also assumed that both men and women will encounter difficulties in identifying the color of the ink with a different word. These hypothesize were consistent with the study results. This study can be used in understanding the correlation between attention and memory both in men and women and may be applied to academic concepts. Introduction There are questions and concerns on how the brain works and how it process information. Research has led psychologist to connect cognitive functions to anatomical location (Jorm, Anstey, Christensen, & Rodgers, 2004). The frontal lobe is connected to memory tasks such as solving problems, reasoning abilities, planning, and attention. However, it is still unknown how the frontal lobe functions to define the way in which a person processes and stores information. This study seeks to compare cognitive interference between men and women using the Stroop effect. The Stroop effect utilizes words and colors to produce an incongruent effect by having a color like “YELLOW” written in blue ink. The subjects spent much time with high error rates to responding to the naming of color with different words. This is because the incongruent color interferes when identifying the printed color. In the context of Baddeley’s theory, the central executive of the memory is responsible for this interferences. Baddeley’s (1997) theory of executive function is an umbrella term consisting of the critical skills for purposeful, goal-directed activity. Executive functions are conceptualized as a collection of processes that guide, direct, regulate and manage cognitive, emotional and behavioral function. The higher order cognitive functions integrate the more basic cognitive processes such as attention, perception and memory. Baddeley (1997) considers working memory to be classified into three component. The first component is the phonological loop. The function of the phonological loop is to analyze and send auditory stimuli. Besides attending to auditory stimuli, the phonological loop is tied to language; both written and verbal communication. Baddeley (1997) believes that people subvocalize everything that they read to help them attend to the information. Baddeley (1997) found that subjects had more trouble remembering auditory stimuli that sounded similar as opposed to stimuli that had different sounds. Therefore, distinctive incentives comprise more than just phonological loop.
Introduction One problem facing the United States in the 21 st century is how to keep its borders free from terror attacks; the country’s department of security has a budget of over $ 5 billion to protect its citizens and maintain the countries values and ideals. The department has the following objectives:   * preventing terrorist attacks   * preparing and planning for emergencies,   * Investing in strong response and recovery capabilities 1 . To fulfill its main objective of protecting the American citizens against 21 st security threats, the sector of the government should embark on the following measures: Strengthen Bio and Nuclear Security The country should embark on measures to reduce bio-chemical attacks; it should not concentrate on remedy areas but should aim at developing mechanisms for detecting an attack. It should develop nuclear detection architecture such that incase of a probable attack, then it can have detected the attack early enough. Other than ensuring that its country is free from attacks, the country should also strengthen its own nuclear reactants not to explode. Improving intelligence capacity and information sharing Security information whether collected internally or from other countries is important; the country should strengthen its collection, gathering and analysis of security data. The strengthened intelligence collection unit should vet the data it interpolates and endure that reliable and efficient data is the only one used to make decision. Information quality can be improved by sharing; however shared information can be used against a country thus the unit should share intelligence information with those people share same security adherence objectives. Enhancing global technology development and co-ordination As the largest economy, the country should ensure that the global digital Information and Communications Infrastructure is secure, there are the areas that it can enhance communication among people and have surveillance measures put in place. When addressing security issues in the 21st century, the United States should empower other countries to develop mechanisms that can enhance security in their boarders; this will ensure that attacks do not pass through countries with weak systems into the United States 2 . Promote the Resiliency of Physical and Social Infrastructure Areas of attacks should be resilient to ensure that they are secure and can detect any threat; these places include high ways, electricity pathways, airports and maritime areas. When security and surveillance in these areas has been enhanced, then attack and target points will be managed effectively in the efforts of preventing an
Introduction For most parts of the 11 th -13 th centuries, Islam and Christianity had a profound impact on the cultural development of the medieval society. i During this time, medieval Europe and Asia absorbed knowledge from Muslims and Christians respectively. This intellectual transfer also affected other aspects of cultural development in the regions. This paper highlights the impact of both religions on the medieval world by showing that the influence of Islam on Medieval Europe was stronger than the influence of Christianity in medieval Asia. In this regard, this paper also shows that Islam influenced the cultural development of medieval Europe through science and philosophy. Comparatively, this study also shows that Christianity influenced the cultural development of medieval Asia by promoting social reform and religious freedoms. Influence of Islam in Medieval Europe Science Islam contributed to Europe’s development of scientific knowledge. By the end of the 13 th century, Islam had made a lot of progress in different areas of science, including geometry, chemistry, and geology. ii Early Islam scholars transferred the same knowledge to Europe. Many European societies found this information useful. For example, some European scholars translated Islamic literatures to Latin to enable Europeans to understand the contents of Islamic books. Historical excerpts also show how many Europeans relied on Arab doctors to treat their people. Evidences of this fact stem from the time crusaders came to medieval Europe. iii Experts predicted the knowledge transfer between Islam and Europe because Europe was hungry for knowledge at the time. For example, many European scholars, su
The issue of societal prejudice persists in the modern world, and the examination of literary works allows seeing how different authors view these occurrences. This paper will analyze the social criticism of Chopin and Gillman and their approaches to depicting love. Chopin’s works, such as The Awakening, focus primarily on feministic issues; therefore, the author criticized the current societal views on the roles of women and men. However, Mambol notes that Chopin’s early work was less feministic and aimed to show the real-life of people in Louisiana, which was the central theme of these publications. In terms of Chopin’s approach to depicting love, this author has been criticized for her straightforward depiction of sexuality, for example, in the short story “Ripe Fig.” Charlotte Gillman offers a variety of social criticisms in her work “The Yellow Wallpaper,” and it closely aligns with that of Chopin. Mainly, this story is about a woman who confronts her traditional role in a society where men dominate, and therefore, the role of the female is diminished. From the beginning of this story, the author shows the woman’s cell and the description of it in parallel with how this character sees it to show her inner world in contrast with the social restrictions. The theme of love is also essential in this work as the main character maintains a relationship with her husband. Although he is not supportive of her rebellion against society, once this woman makes her statement about wanting to change her role, she leaves him and walks away. In summary, both Chopin and Gillman have stories that show a feministic perspective. Works Cited Chopin, Kate, 1850-1904. The Awakening and Selected Short Stories. Bantam Books, 1988. Gilman, Charlotte Perkins, 1860-1935. The Charlotte Perkins Gilman Reader: The Yellow Wallpaper, and Other Fiction. Pantheon Books, 1980. Mambrol, Nasrullah. “ Analysis Of Kate Chopin’S Novels. ” Literary Theory And Criticism, 2018. Web.
Introduction A contract is an agreement between two or more parties. A contract is only legally binding when certain elements are satisfied to prove its contract existence (Jacobus 2009, p.105). These elements are acceptance, offer, intention, consideration, and certainty. Without all the elements, it becomes hard to prove the existence of a contract as there are laws that govern it and they must be adhered to. A contract can be implied or expressed whereby the expressed contract involves parties who have expressed intentions either in writing or orally (Jacobus 2009, p.105). In the given case, the legal issues that emerge based on the contract law between Malcolm and Georgia have been identified, analyzed, and discussed. Also, the appropriate advice that Malcolm may require will be availed based on the breach of a contract. The essay discusses the various contractual issues that arise in the case involving Georgia and Malcolm. It also advises Malcolm on whether he can sue Georgia for breaching the contract as well as any breach of contract remedy or remedies. The contractual issues that arise in this situation Several contractual issues arise from the given legal issue. It should be noted that the contract is valid as it meets the five requirements. The parties involved are legally competent, there is a mutual agreement through a signing, and the contract is written as demanded by law. The contract has consideration as well as lawful objective based on the legal case issue an offer issue arises from the given situation. Offer An offer is usually a promise made by an offerer to a specific person or a group and it is meant to be bound (Field 2010). The offer should also be accepted by the offeree to make it bound. An offeree is a person who is willing to receive the offer while the offerer makes the offer (Salzedo Brunner & Ottley 2004, p. 1). Georgia is the offerer while Malcolm is the offeree to whom the offer is made. Georgia makes an offer of taking care of Malcolm’s pets, an award-winning rabbit and a tropical fish. However, when the contract was offered, Malcolm signed it without reading it well to establish the terms and conditions that governed it. Given that the fish died after being fed rabbit food and the rabbit lost fur because of eating fish food and Georgia ascertained that she was a professional animal lover, the issue that arises is whether the offer made was bound to the contract. An offer needs to be communicated to the offeree through a means that is understandable by the offere
There are a lot of stories in the Old Testament that chronicle the actions of God’s faithful servants. One of these is the story of Ruth. Loyalty, faithfulness, and obedience are some of the aspects displayed by the character of Ruth. Although Ruth is not an Israelite, her perseverance and persistence eventually, get her a place in the genealogy of Jesus. This Old Testament character offers a lot of lessons to Bible scholars and Christians alike. Some of these include those of redemption and divinity. A review of her character will shed light on aspects that can be correlated to a Christian’s day-to-day life. Ruth was a Moabite woman and Naomi’s daughter in law. Naomi was a woman who had escaped famine from Bethlehem with her husband and two sons. When in Moab her husband and two sons die leaving behind two young widows. One of these widows is Ruth. When the famine is over in Bethlehem and Naomi decides to go back, Ruth insists on following her. She declares her loyalty to Naomi by saying, “your people shall be my people, your God my God, and where you will die I will die”. (New Jerusalem Bible, Ruth. 1.16–17) After both women return to Bethlehem, Ruth looks for her daily bread by gleaning in the fields of a man named Boaz. He shows a lot of kindness to Ruth and is very appreciative of her service to Naomi. Boaz’s kindness is partly due to the fact that he is Naomi’s relative. After a while, Ruth is advised by Naomi to seek marriage to Boaz. In doing so, Ruth would ensure her husband’s bloodline continues and be able to claim her inheritance. Eventually, Boaz takes Ruth as his wife. The two of them bear a son and name him Obed. This son became David’s grandfather. Obed is also an ancestor of Jesus as detailed in the first chapter in the book of Matthew. This makes Ruth one of the few gentile characters in the Old Testament that were integrated with Jews and had great significance. Ruth’s character is an exemplary one and is enviable in many ways. For instance, right from the beginning Ruth had the option of going back to her people and remarrying. However, her loyalty to her mother in law overcomes this urge. She was willing to follow Naomi to a foreign land. By doing this, she forfeited her chance to get married again, her gods, her own people, and her position in this society, among other privileges. Because she was a gentile, she also risked being rejected by the Israelites. Her loyalty may have stemmed from the admiration she had for Naomi and her ways. Ruth’s character also reveals the obedience she had for her mother in law. She trusted her advice and obeyed her orders. This included obeying the customs followed by the Israelites at that time. By doing so, Ruth might have found favor in God’s eyes. Her place as David and Messiah’s ancestor is testament to this. This obedience also appeals to Boaz t
Historians often argue about the personal history of Christopher Columbus and several misconceptions are surrounding him and his voyages. His exact routes across different places and the places where he made his landings are a matter of hectic debates in coming to concrete conclusions about the specific details of his expeditions. Most historians are however in consensus about his landmark achievements and the pivotal role he played in connecting the old worlds of Africa, Asia, and Europe and the new world comprising of the Americas and its peripheral islands. Columbus is most revered for having found the routes that enabled connectivity between the new and old worlds that had till then hardly known about each other. The new routes discovered by him later became infamous on account of the destructive impacts they had on the explorers who ventured out in later years as also on millions of people who were inhabitants of the Americas. He is also held responsible for the proliferation and expansion of the slave trade in later years. Most historians agree that Columbus was born in 1451 in Genoa, a city in Italy. Since his young days he had an earnest desire in sailing and was forever on the lookout to know of the adventurous explorations of the likes of Marco Polo who had traveled to faraway places such as Asia and returned with gold, silk and spices in expanding the potential for business amongst European traders. He was much fascinated with Marco Polo who had managed to travel across Europe to India in reaching the far East, and it was in this context that the idea was born in him to discover a shorter and faster route to Asia by traveling towards the west, so as to gain popularity and to be in the good books of the monarchs in Europe. It was believed during the period that the world was flat and Columbus took on himself the task of proving this belief to be wrong. However, most sailors of that period had the experience of concluding that the world was not flat but round. During the time, makers of maps and navigators would argue about the actual size of Earth, and it was in this context that Columbus was proved to be wrong since he was always trying to portray the world as being much smaller than what other navigators believed it to be. Because of such unreasonable logic being given by Columbus, most of his contemporaries had valid doubts about his ability to make his journey to Asia by traveling towards the west. They had the idea that such a journey would just be too long and very difficult to travel across the massive span of the ocean that is now called the Atlantic Ocean. Moreover, most people did not incline that it was the Americas that existed between Europe and Asia if one traveled westwards