ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Introduction Each person in an organization has different kinds of behaviors, interests, and a way of thinking which is distinct from the rest of the employees and dictates why the person has a certain character that is different from the rest. Organization behavior carries out a study of individuals and groups in organizations with the aim of understanding their behavior and know the reason why they act the way they do. Organizational behavior interprets the relationship between employees and the organization it terms of an individual as a whole, an entire group of people, the whole organization and the society as a whole. The purpose of undertaking this process is to build better relationships in the organization by use of the human, organizational and social objectives. (Richards, 2007). Integration of people, information and technology of an organization through a formal guided process is the process referred to as organization design. Its main aim is to match people’s capabilities and skills with the work that they are best at, and ensure collective effort of members. The managers work closely with the employees and create a system to achieve success of the organization. Designing new organization structure, improving and analyzing the existing ones, using improvement programs, carrying out a bench mark exercise both outside and inside the organization and designing and analyzing roles and jobs of individuals are other ways of achieving a good organization design. (Davis, 1997). Innovative changes Innovativeness in an organization includes radical changes in products, processes and services of an organization; it is the entire process of idea generation to idea implementation. There are various ways in which an organization can use to ensure that its organizational design helps in achieving innovativeness. The organization needs to design the organization for innovativeness in such a way that not only will there be technical and managerial innovation but its systems and processes are robust too. The organization therefore needs to be unique by ensuring distinctive vision, values and practices. It should have a competitive strategy, an entrepreneurial management style and an innovative based growth; all these are designs for innovativeness. The organization structure should have profit centered leaders, high potential leaders and have a cross functional teams for innovations implementation and use of other creative techniques for solving problems in the work place. Innovativeness is achieved by use of extensive brainstorming sessions, questions checklist, reverse brainstorming and grafting attributes into individuals and groups. What is quality management Quality management in an organization is a way of ensuring that all the processes and
Abstract Exemplary leadership in organizations is an important ingredient if success is to be realized. In this regard, it is crucial to note that different leadership styles influence the manner in which organizations are run on a daily basis. In other words, success level of any organisation or company is gauged by the leadership structure in place. From the style of leadership, the top management of companies and other organizations can affect how ethics and ethical dilemmas are handled especially when making decisions. Nonetheless, the various sources of power such as legitimate and expert power are equally strong determinants in exemplary leadership. Additionally, character trait as described by the theory of the Big Five has also been found to be very instrumental in influencing leadership. Introduction Leadership is a very momentous practice that is required in day-to-day running of organizations and small groups. Effective leadership is paramount if significant success is to be realized. The ability to pioneer has been known to be one of the most important attributes of exemplary leadership. Thus, leaders should be people who are willing and able to venture into the ‘white spaces’ or the unknown. The need to expedite growth and innovation is usually the desire of leaders to boost the performance of organizations. Nonetheless, new products and services are not created by leaders per se. Indeed, other staff members of an organization are instrumental in initiating the process of change and the much needed innovation (Brown & Mitchell, 2010). The potential to innovation largely emanates from the listening part rather than giving orders on what is supposed to be done. For this reason, clients, various departmental team members as well as vendors inputs are invaluable in the process of steering leadership within a small or large group of people working as a unit. In a more related but different perspective, exemplary leadership heavily relies on the character or the intrinsic traits of the leader in question. For instance, the Big Five is used to describe the major classifications of personality types evident in people. Each person has a unique and inherent behavioral pattern that conspicuously stands out and can be used to identify the person. Firstly, extraversion personality type is often characterized with being assertive, of high energy and tendency to talk a lot. Agreeableness is the second type of the Big Five (Colquitt et al., 2010). Those who belong into this category are associated with affection, sympathy and tendency to be benevolent or compassionate. Conscientious characters are shrewd, well organized and strategic. Emotional Intelligence is the fourth trait and is mostly associat
DU Company was first established in 2006. It deals with the connection of mobiles and fixed telephones for individuals, businesses and homes. Five years after its opening, the company experienced a big improvement of about five million people and about forty thousand businesses using their services. These individuals and businesses eventually became their customers. It has over two thousand working staff to ensure good and timely service delivery. People who use their services come from over sixty countries, they therefore they offer services in various languages so as to reach their customers. Half of the senior management and customer servicing staff are UEA nationals. They are very committed in providing quality services to the customers. Its corporate governance structure is based on three brand values; friendly, confidence and honesty. It also argues that its workers should not only consider profits or dividends, but should also consider short term and long term effects of its operations to the environment. Corporate Social Responsibility, CSR, has so many definitions, which depend on the context in which it is being used. For instance, in this context it can be defined as the way a company manages its businesses in order to impact the society in a good way. That is, how the business can impact the society with the kind of results it obtains, and how the business is committed to improving economic development while improving the living standards of its workforce. The various definitions of CSR raise a challenge in considering cases for and against CSR. The human rights case for CSR highlights the management by using stakeholder approach as hindering shareholders from getting their property rights. Through CSR, corporations give out money which do not belong to them but rather rightfully belong to the shareholders. CSR is an act that a company takes to establish good relationship with its customers and to maintain its staff members. Studies show that real men do not do CSR, for instance, Bill Gates of Microsoft, which has obtained a high profile in the recent market and gained substantial dominance. Gates has however proved to be able to give out a lot of money by his own choice. However, very few businesses operate plainly; some companies have been successful in their social responsibility activities. For example, the Coca Cola Company has achieved more because of its good corporate social respons
Introduction The Reluctant Fundamentalist novel written by 35-year-old Pakistani Mohsin Hamid provides some insights on the nature of the capitalism and attempts of a person to integrate into a new world. The novel describes a story of a young Pakistani that tries to assimilate in the USA accepting its general views and values eagerly. The man considers himself to be “a lover of America,” however, the reader is sure to understand how contradictory this claim is. The events of September, 11 serve to be the pivot point of the character’s “Americanization” (Cilano 71). From the very first lines of the book, one might notice the mixed feeling that the main character has towards America. On the face of it, the story of the young Pakistani Changez might appear to look like a dream. Changez received a scholarship to study in one of the most prestigious universities in the USA -Princeton University, got an upmarket job on Wall Street that supplied him with a high salary and allowed renting an apartment in an elite area, fell in love with a beautiful girl, Erica. Meeting with friends, going to cafes and sporting events blurred the line between Americans and Pakistani – the Americans admitted him to their team. Changez characterized this course of events as “a film in which I was the star and everything was possible” (Hamid 1). In the meantime, it is evident that the young man had little illusions about his place in the American society. Thus, Changez noted, that from the very beginning, he realized that people like him were welcomed to the country on a particular condition – “we were expected to contribute our talents to your society, the society we were joining” (Hamid 1). Therefore, from the first days in America, the main character experienced contradictory feelings. On the one hand, he was inspired by the new chances that the country opened in front of him; on the other hand, he knew that he was expected to contribute significantly in order to receive access to these opportunities. Thesis statement Although Changez appreciates the opportunities that the United States have opened in front of him, as time passes, he starts experiencing love-hate emotions toward the country and its culture due to the social pressure, the attitude of the U.S. citizens, the prejudice that they have toward foreigners, a and the overall atmosphere of the state. Taking the First Step Defining the point, at which the lead character is being shaped into both an admirer and a critic of the United States, including its culture and its attitude, one must mention the point at which Changez identifies certain chill in the way that he is being treated by the fellow Americans: “’’We’re a meritocracy,’ he said. ‘We believe in being the best’” (Hamid 6). It would be wrong to assume that the character is ostracized to the point where he becomes an outcast; quite on the contrary, he integrates into the American society rather successfully, as his life story shows. However, Changez still experiences a rather strong feeling of being looked down and as he communicates with Americans: “That is good, he said, and for the first time it seemed to me I had
Introduction and Thesis Statement Internet is a communication tool that has enabled the entire world to become like a village. This is because with internet people from all corners of the world can reach each other in less than a minute. Internet was invented, and it required people to have computers to get its access. With internet, people who work or study abroad can talk to their family members almost anytime. This is due to low cost of making telephone calls through the internet (Abbate, 2000). In fact, internet has saved a lot of resources for both individuals and governments. This is due to the ease of sending and receiving information from their accomplices or business partners from all over the world. For instance, governments used to spend a lot of money in air tickets as their officials went around the world looking for potential business or development partners. Invention of the internet has made work easy because ministry officials can make deals over internet enabled calls. In addition, today one is able to make video calls with the aid of various internet applications. This means that the internet is an essential communication tool that has transformed the whole world in terms of accessibility (Aspray, 2008). Development in the internet is continuously advancing as several mobile gadgets have been developed to enable more people to access internet. This ranges from the use of laptops which are portable computers to hand devices such as mobile phones. Events that Led to the Advancement of the internet Several events led to the advancement of the internet in the world today. All these events revolve around the fact that everyone wanted easy and cheap modes of communication. As the world developed and people started migrating from their homes to other countries and continents in the world, they needed to communicate with people back at home. Therefore, this led to the advancement in the internet to enable them to communicate effectively with people back at their homes. In addition, the development of the digital world played a crucial role in development and advancement, in internet. This means that due to the creation of digital images and other effects that could be translated electronically; it was vital to advance internet. This was vital because people required sending and receiving photos and other data through the internet. Many countries in the world came up with strategies of ensuring that computer applications studies are compulsory in their public and private institutions (Hewson, 2002). The level of computer literacy in the world played a leading role in the advancement of internet as teachers and students wanted to get the information online. In fact, it is easier to get information from internet compared to going through books in the library. This is due to the simple nature of data searching through the search engines in the internet. Internet was advanced to enabl
Introduction Stem cells constitute a primary target of biomedical research. Research evidence links these undifferentiated cells to different cancers, including colorectal cancer. The crypts (compartments) in the colorectal tissues contain stem cells at their bases that proliferate into new cells to supplant damaged cells lining the colon (Reza et al. 69). This process is usually controlled; however, a malfunction may lead to an uncontrollable production of malignant cells by the stem cells, causing colorectal cancer. Despite the genetic basis of colorectal tumours being well known, the existing remedies are less effective in treating late stage cancers. In addition, although current therapies are only able to achieve significant colorectal cancer remission, recurrence is common, especially in late stage cases (Garza-Trevino, Said-Fernandez, and Martinez-Rodriguez 113). Research shows that the re-emergence of disease after therapy, e.g., radiotherapy, results from stem cells in the affected tissues that are unresponsive to conventional treatments (Reza et al. 72). Thus, it is hypothesised that these stem cells produce new malignant cells, hence, the recurrence. Stem-cell therapy methods destroy these particular cancerous stem cells to treat colorectal tumours and prevent relapse. This study evaluates the current research evidence for stem cell therapy in the treatment of colorectal cancer. Goals of the Study This study aims to evaluate stem cell therapies for colorectal cancer. Its objectives include (1) examining standard therapies used against colorectal stem cell cancers, (2) analysing the treatments being developed in vitro and (2) reviewing new techniques that have reached the clinical trial stage. Important Methods Used Stem cells play a critical part in the colorectal tumour initiation and growth. Therapeutic approaches against colorectal cancer involve bio-molecules and factors that inhibit signal transduction and receptors like “CD123, CD44, and Lgr5”, among others (Yassin et al. 401). The novel therapeutic methods used against colorectal cancer stem cells ranges from antibodies and antibody constructs to engineered nanoparticles that target cancerous stem cells in the colon. Interleukin-4 blocking factor has been used to stimulate the uptake of oxaliplatin drug by drug-resistant colorectal stem cells (Yassin et al. 403). Another antibody, anti-EREG, has been used to stop metastatic cancers in the colon. In one study, Anti-EREG was shown to be effective in both xenograft tumours and colorectal models that contain a large number of cancerous stem cells (Kobayashi et al. 638). Similarly, formulations of antibody constructs have also been used to destroy stem cells that generate malignant tumours in a limited fashion to prevent colorectal cancer relapse. The antibodies target markers, such as CD44 and CDCP1, highly expressed in
Introduction For a long time, services innovation has been ignored as compared to manufactured product innovation (Rubalcada, 2010). The services sector contributes to a large percentage of the Gross Domestic Products (GDP) of many countries across the world. Innovation is largely embraced in the manufacturing and technology sectors with little or no emphasis on service innovation (Rubalcaba, 2010). Traditionally, lack of service innovation is based on the perception that services have no tangible value; therefore, it is assumed that services have little or no innovation is necessary for the services. However, with the continued integration of goods and services in the modern economies, services innovation is essential for businesses in creating customer focussed approach in the realization of superior value of their products. Service innovation is vital in the improvement of customer experience with the business products (Rubalcada, 2010). Service innovation There are fundamental differences between innovations done by manufacturing firms and innovation done by service by service firms. Technology is extremely beneficial in innovation of products by manufacturing firms. To produce superior products, manufacturing firms need to carry out intensive research about the changes to be made in the products that are essential in generation of higher revenues. At the same time, the firms should have sound technology in order to create a superior product (De-Jong, Bruins, Dolfsma & Meijaard 2003). The product innovation process requires a large capital investment to develop a new product that has unique features that are hard to imitate. Product innovat
Introduction Healthcare providers continue to receive diverse reports on different medical conditions. To facilitate treatment and augment outcomes, healthcare practitioners must collect pertinent background information, especially information on medical status, regarding each case and possible predisposing factors. This research paper focuses on background information on reported cases of four medical conditions, including menopause, depression, anxiety, and diabetes type II. Peer-reviewed journal articles and other credible sources have been adopted. Menopause: A Reported Case The case pertains to a 51-year-old patient from Thailand. The patient had severe vasomotor incidents, which were observed through hot flushes. The hot flushes were exhibited on various body parts, including the neck, face, and chest. Although the patient was above the average age of 48 years as asserted by Kim, et al., (2015), it is vital to note that the symptoms were triggered by a hysterectomy done to address hypermenorrhea (Teekachunhatean, Mattawanon, & Khunamornpong, 2015). Later, within 5 months, the flushes intensified to the point where her sleeping pattern was significantly disturbed. Nevertheless, the patient dreaded drug adverse effects and, therefore, resisted hormonal therapy (Teekachunhatean, Mattawanon, & Khunamornpong, 2015). The patient had relatively steady and normal physical appearances, weighing 48 kg, and a BMI of 19.98 kilograms per square meter, blood pressure 120/91 mm Hg, and 76 bpm heart rate (Teekachunhatean, Mattawanon, & Khunamornpong, 2015). Other physical tests, including blood tests and vaginal cytology assessment, manifested relative normalcy. Depression: A Reported Case The reported case pertained a patient named Mrs. RJ (initials) who was 43 years old housewife with four children. The patient had a somewhat difficult past. First, Mrs. RJ was brought up in a family that faced huge financial and social problems. Although her father was employed and had an income, he neglected his duties and spent most of his time away from home (Iqbal & Awan, 2016a). The father was harsh
Introduction Criminal profiling/criminal investigative analysis/investigative psychology is a relatively fresh field in criminal investigations. In be considered as a merger between psychology and investigative science. The method involves analysis of evidence that may be obtained from witnesses, victims, or crime scenes to come up with either a psychological or physical description of the criminal. Some of the physical traits which an investigator can deduce from a criminal profiling analysis include; age, sex, race and where they are located at that time, and marital status, while some of the psychological traits which one can come up with from the same type of analysis include personality traits, behavioral traits, and psychological tendencies. (Dan, 2005) Criminal profiling is a collaboration between two types of people. These are psychologists and law enforcers. Psychologists normally use the knowledge they have acquired from criminal profiling to help catch a criminal on the run or to question a suspect who may already have been captured but may be released due to lack of evidence on the side of the law enforcers or criminologists working on the case. (Crime Library, 2007) Historical analysis of criminal profiling Criminal profiling has been in place for decades. However, the most notable group associated with this method of criminal investigation is the Federal Bureau of Investigation. Actually, many retired members of the bureau claim that they were the ones who came up with some of the common methods of analysis used in the field. But this may not necessarily be true; as early as the nineteenth century, there was the use of criminal profiling to investigate suspects. One of the first users of this method was a doctor called Thomas Bond. He was hired in the 1880s to investigate crimes that had been committed by a serial rapist called ‘Jack the ripper.’ There were a number of methods that Bond the surgeon used to investigate the crimes that still form a backbone today of criminal profiles. (Dan, 2005) First of all, the surgeon made a rough reconstruction of what had happened prior to the victim’s death. He used material surrounding the scene of the crime to establish some clues regarding the criminal. One such example is how he discovered that there was too much blood on one corner of the sheet, where he concluded that the lady might have been wrapped by this same sheet. He also examined the type of wounds that had been made on the victim and concluded that the person who inflicted those wounds must have been well dressed, someone who does not offend others, and one who was somewhere in his mid-thirties. The doctor also came up with the idea of behavioral patterns, which is still applicable today. Here, a profiler normally examines a number of crimes that have been committed in the recent past then a certain behavioral pattern is established. This is normally based on the fact that every criminal has a certain feature that is only characteristic of them, and this can be used to link a number of crimes to one name. Doctor Bond realized that all the victims he took a look at had similar mutilations. Some of these victims includ