ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Summary A urinary tract infection (UTI) is a disease in whichever section of the urinary structure includes the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. Most of the contagions occur in the lower parts, the bladder and the urethra. Research across the world indicates that the probability of women contracting the illness is higher than in men (Beahm et al., 2017). Severe and persistent untreated cases of UTI can spread to kidneys causing more damage and leading to kidney failure. There are four types of UTI: urethritis infects the urethra, cystitis affects the bladder, pyelonephritis infection of the kidneys, and vaginitis inflammation of the vagina. Approximately one out of five women contracts UTI in their lifespan (Beahm et al., 2017). Moreover, the infection in expectant women is nearly the same as that in the non-pregnant group (Hooton & Gupta, 2019). Thus, females are in great danger of the disease due to the petite urethra. The Typical Physical Assessment Findings Physical examination of a UTI patient can show various signs and symptoms. Toxic fever, chills, nausea, pain, or discomfort in the lower back, abdomen, or the area above the pelvic bone are some of the common indications of the infection (Abou Heidar et al., 2019). Further bodily evaluation can expose dehydration shown by dry mucous membranes and tachycardia. A patient may also have clammy extremities, symptomatic orthostasis, and suprapubic tenderness. Pathology of UTI Urinary tract infection is mainly a result of microorganisms’ invasion, particularly bacteria, into the urethra and bladder. The bacterial contamination of the urinary area leads to slight or severe sickness (Abou Heidar et al., 2019). For instance, a cystitis condition might result in minor ache and itchiness, while inflammation that extends to the upper urinary regions can cause serious illnesses such as the obstruction of the ureter and kidney failure or long-lasting problems, for example, uncontrollable urination (Oyaert et al., 2020). Serious and persistent UTIs can lead to permanent uneasiness and a decline in lifetime value. Some women can have UTIs for some time without experiencing any signs. Various symptoms indicate one has the illness: the resilient, tenacious need for short calls, a scorching feeling while urinating, releasing recurrent, fewer quantities of urine, cloudy, red, or bloody urine, and pelvic pains. Pharmacotherapeutics UTI is majorly treated with antibiotics which are medications that kill bacteria and fight the infection. Various kinds of bacteria cause UTIs and therefore, the doctor prescribes drugs that deal with the particular microorganism affecting the patient. Some of the popularly used antibiotics include nitrofurantoin, sulfonamides, amoxicillin, cephalosporins, trimethoprim, doxycycline, and quinolones like the ciprofloxacin (Beahm et al., 2017). Intravenous treatm
Introduction Corporate governance is the relationship between the daily running of an organization and its ownership. It entails the processes, procedures, decisions, and controls that define the effective running of an organization vis-à-vis the ownership. In UK, the effectiveness with which corporations operate has been an arduous journey, which is still in growth. This paper will look into the forces that led to these changes including the Enron Scandal. The paper will also describe findings with reference to the Tesco PLC (2013) case. Finally, the author will conclude on the effectiveness of the UK corporate governance sector. London Stock Exchange is the custodian of governance rules in UK. LSE manages the agency relationship between owners of a company (shareholders) and the day-to-day controllers of operations for profit making purposes. General Background The UK corporate governance sector has had numerous changes and the reports have had a key role to play in these changes. Changes have occurred primarily based on the need to remunerate corporate chiefs fairly, the need for careful investment of shareholders’ money continually, and the need to improve shareholders’ returns. Although these are the basics, other factors come into play because of the changing economic times buoyed by technological advancement, a shifting social-corporate relationship, and competition. The following reports are an indication of the metamorphosis of the corporate governance and recommendations accrued over time. Cardbury Report 1992 The report, commissioned in the wake of numerous UK scandals, aimed at instilling integrity, transparency, and accountability in the entire decision-making processes in an organization. Corporate governance in UK lies upon that bedrock. It established auditor independence, encouraged information flow to the shareholders, and established a structure in which an organization could run independently (Chapman, Hopwood & Shields 2006). Greenbury Report 1995 The report greatly discussed remuneration in the wake of public outcry regarding excessive salaries and allowances paid to directors and top management. The report recommended establishment of a Remuneration Committee, salary disclosures to shareholders, company remuneration policy, and service contracts. The report also advocated that the power to do all that vest in shareholders (Ahrens & Chapman 2007). Hampel Report 1997 The report was because of a recommendation contained in the Cardbury Report that a body be mandated with development and enforcement of Codes of Conduct in Governance. With the cooperation of LSE and snippets drawn from Greenbury Report as well, The Combined Code (Principles of Good Governance and Code of Best Practice) was created. These codes had a holistic outlook on orga
According to the discussion, the existence of medieval culture was in a decade filled with plague, famine, social turmoil, and unprecedented desire for social mobility. I agree with the ideas as the crucial turning point of this substantive impact was the Black Death, which highly interfered with the social-economic of the people (Tuchman 230). Before the plague, life for the peasants was intact and medical technology and practices were improving during this particular period. The church was also a prevalent force as it rapidly evolved in this century. The majority of the population could comprehend the sermon as the preaching was presented in vernacular. Moreover, in that century, most individuals were illiterate and it was challenging to possess books as they were expensive. Women were expected to be submissive as they depended on their husbands’ courtship. Children were raised on high moral standards as society induced certain principles to be followed. Work Cited Tuchman, Barbara W. “3. Youth and Chivalry.” A Distant Mirror, Random House Trade Paperbacks Edition, 2014, pp. 224–240.
Introduction Organizational structures and their building blocks are instrumental in achieving coordination and efficiency in highly diversified markets. Taking into consideration the fact that some structures and levels of authority are better suited for communication, delegation, and management than others, managers have to understand their inherent advantages and disadvantages to ensure maximum performance of their companies. The aim of this paper is to analyze the impact of organizational structures and hierarchies on employee motivation and morale. Discussion A hallmark of a well-structured retail company is the ability to adapt to the ever-evolving demands of the business environment. Long-term viability in the retail industry is a function of personnel management. A report issued by NRF/Mercer reveals that in 2003, turnover rates of store managers amounted to 20 percent (as cited in Mullin, 2005). It follows that for an organization to function without substantial disruptions, its design with respect to hiring and managing should facilitate productivity and minimize turnover intentions. HR experts at Trader Joe’s are cognizant of the fact that employees should be given a reasonable leeway to unlock their creative potential (Mullin, 2005). By providing its staff with a high level of autonomy, the retail giant makes sure that the working environment of its outlets is fun, original, and productive. Instead of issuing highly-detailed instructions to its workers, Trader Joe’s teaches them the specifics of products and allows them to exercise their freedom when it comes to merchandising and featuring (Mullin, 2005). This approach lies at the basis of unleashing employees’ productivity without resorting to financial stimuli. A similar method of boosting sales and reducing turnover rates has been adopted by InterGlobe. The company’s organizational structure is designed to improve employee motivation and morale. To engage its workers, InterGlobe offers them an empowering culture and a high level of flexibility. Most importantly, they are constantly provided with non-monetary incentives for their efforts and not just successes, which is a focal point of the company’s HR policies (Tandon, 2017). Upon analyzing the referenced companies, it is clear that their approach to organizational design presupposes a low degree of centralization. Decentralized companies are known for a substantial demand for judgment capacities of their workers, which means that decision-making inefficiencies are eliminated at low levels of the authority hierarchy (Griffin, Phillips, & Gully, 2016).
Introduction Anemia is a condition brought about by decreased levels of oxygen transported to the organs and cells of the body (National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute 2010). These decreased levels are occasioned by abnormally low counts of red blood cells or lower concentrations of hemoglobin in the red blood cells. It can also be caused by inefficiency by the hemoglobin to combine with the oxygen. Therefore, anything that affects the amount or effectiveness of blood and its erythrocyte component most often leads to Anemia. Basically, the disease is occasioned by low hemoglobin counts. These levels are prescribed by the World Health Organization as in the table below: Hemoglobin thresholds used in defining anemia (1g/dL=0.6206mmol/L). Gender, age & group              Hemoglobin level (g/dl)  Hemoglobin level(mmol/l) Children up to 5yrs.             11.0                     6.8                      Children 5 to 12yrs.             11.5                     7.1                      Teens btw 12 &15yrs.             12.0                     7.4                      Non-pregnant women above 15yrs.  12.0                     7.4                      Pregnant women above 15yrs.      11.0                     6.8                      Men above 15yrs.                 13.0                     8.1                       Types and causes of anemia Types of Anemia can generally be classified as either hereditary or developed. The developed types of the condition are mainly brought about by deficiencies in iron or vitamins particularly of the B type (American Association for Clinical Chemistry 2010). Examples of these developed varieties are pernicious anemia which develops as a result of vitamin B-12 deficiency and Megaloblastic anemia. Other common examples are Anemia of Chronic Diseases, Aplastic and Hemolytic anemia. Hereditary examples of anemia are sickle-cell anemia and Thalassemia. Other classifications are also done based on what is affected; the blood itself, red blood cells number and size or hemoglobin (WebMD 2010). Causes of the disease are therefore widespread as anything affecting the blood may be deemed as triggering the condition. Major causes include; loss of blood due to things like bleeding or menstruation, poor diets resulting to deficiencies, poor absorption of vitamins and inherited factors. General diseases like diabetes or HIV/AIDS and methods used to treat some diseases like Cancer may also be a cause, alongside conditions like Lupus that are autoimmune. Generally, the indirect causes are found to affect associate organs in relation to the blood like the kidneys (McClellan et.al. 2004). Symptoms With many types of disease, the symptoms are surprisingly uniform a
Introduction What Dreams May Come (1998) is a fantasy drama film directed by Vincent Ward and starring Robin Williams as Chris Nielsen, the main character. The film presents the story of Chris and his wife Annie who lost their children in a car accident. Four years after the accident, Chris also dies in a car crash. Annie cannot cope with her losses and commits suicide. What is more important is that the film demonstrates what people can experience in the afterlife. Thus, the film directly deals with the question of spirituality because it represents the journey of Chris in Heaven and Hell. The focus is on the idea that Chris’s variant of Heaven is unique and created as a result of his own dreams. This provocative idea is only one among the interpretations of religion and spirituality proposed in What Dreams May Come. The film raises the questions of whether people can create Heaven by the power of thoughts and whether religious people can love each other more than they love God. One more important question to discuss is whether it is possible to go from Heaven to Hell and back. Main body In What Dreams May Come, religion and spirituality are represented from the perspective of Postmodernism. Thus, postmodern religion is associated with viewing spirituality as based on a person’s worldview, and multiple forms of religious views are possible, as well as various forms of individuals’ interpretations. In this film, after the death, Chris finds himself in Heaven that is a colorful result of his own dreams, and each person there has one’s own variant of paradise ( What Dreams May Come ). However, this individualistic approach to discussing Heaven is not typical of traditional Christianity. This vision can be discussed as the impact of postmodern religious views. Chris believes that he can change his variant of eternity with the power of his thoughts and dreams. In addition, the depicted variant of Heaven has no God in it, and Chris does not meet Him after the death that contradicts the views typical of traditional religions. Finally, the film promotes the idea of reincarnation in which the main characters find their relief. Still, this vision is not correlated with traditional religious views while focusing on Christianity; thus, there are no characters in the film who regard religion in a traditional way typical of Christianity. The key idea of the film is associated with the moment when Chris goes to Hell to meet his wife who has committed suicide. Thus, Chris leaves Heaven to rescue Annie whose reality in Hell is created as a result of the impossibility to forgive herself for the deaths of the members of the family and her son. There are several aspects related to this situation that can cause believers to ask questions. Firstly, Chris chooses the love for her wif
Introduction Today, ethical issues are rather common, and they often occur in various spheres of life. For example, they are not rare in business, as the necessity to consider a situation from the ethical point of view and make a decision occurs when one and the same case is perceived from different perspectives. As a rule, professionals tend to find out what actions can increase their financial profit. Still, the interventions they choose contradict with the interests of employees or clients sometimes. This issue becomes even more crucial when companies that work on a voluntary basis or provide basic needs to vulnerable populations face it. These organizations help others but require external support themselves to be able to remain in the market. Their main target is to aid but not to profit. Nevertheless, this aim is vital for the ability to operate. Cool organic aid to Latin America (COALA) has recently faced an issue of this type. Poverty Fighters’ Case COALA provides the most vulnerable population of Latin America with the products that are vital for the general public. The organization deals with the poorest regions, realizing that it cannot assist everyone, however, trying to do its best. The company reinvests 10% of gaining in this group of countries. It has several vendors, including Poverty Fighters International that works with farmers in Venezuela. Still, an adverse economic situation affected it, and Hamburg operations are going to be stopped for a while so that the vendor can relocate to a cheaper city. My previous experience, allows me to claim that Poverty Fighters International is unlikely to resume its operations and return to its previous position in the market. I also realize that this issue will be disclosed soon, which will affect the company adversely. Thus, as the general manager of COALA, I need to reconsider marketing steps and pricing. Ethical Decision To understand this problem better and make an advantageous decision, the issue should be discussed from the ethical side following the ethical decision-making model. In this way, it is critical to define the sense of the problem and aspects it affects. Poverty Fighters International provides a lot of goods that COALA allocates to the poorest regions of Latin America through the cooperation with farmers. In this way, the lives of many people will be affected if the vendor stops operating. However, an adverse economic situation in the country does not allow the company to manage its business and break even. Ethical guidelines that can be followed when making a decision regarding Poverty Fighters International should be based on the utility theory. According to it, people’s preferences define the utility of goods and services. Grant & Zandt, 2007) encourage to pay attention to the clients’ willingness to pay particular amounts of money for particular products. This perspective deals with the cardinal utility (
Introduction Robbery is a criminal offense where one uses violence, threat, or any form of intimidation to steal the property of another person in their presence. As Herring (2014) says, the robber must be in some position of power over the victim to execute the offense. The position of power in most cases is achieved through violence or intimidation. In this paper, the researcher will look at the elements of the current statute on robbery and how it has been evolving since the times of common historical common law. Elements of Historical Common Law The robbery was one of the crimes listed under English laws in the twelfth century during the reign of Henry II. Before this, robbery was considered a non-state crime that could be settled through settlements. However, the Crown made it a crime punishable by the state. According to Bassiouni (2013), the common law did not clearly define the principles of a robbery case. However, the fundamental principles existing then were that a given property had to be taken from its owner by use of excessive force. The victim had to prove that he or she was hurt in the process of robbery otherwise it would be considered a simple theft case. If it was proven in court that one engaged in a robbery, common law spelled death or mutilation as the most appropriate punishment for the offender. According to Herring (2014), robbery soon became a capital felony in England and all its colonies in the 14 th century. However, this changed in 1830s reforms when the robbery was dropped as one of the capital crimes. The United States inherited a system that considered robbery as a felony that was punishable by death under common law (Woods, 2006). However, this was more of theoretical law than a practical one since no one was ever executed for robbery in the country until 1930. In 1930, many states in this country ratified the law to consider robbery a capital crime punishable by death. For instance, in the case Tison v. Arizona, 481 U.S. 137 1987, the courts ruled that in the event that the victim is killed in the process either intentionally or accidentally, then the offender shall be sentenced to death (Woods, 2006). Elements of Current State Statute In order to understand the elements of the current state statute on robbery, it is important to look at how this crime is defined in our legal systems today. Monaghan (2012) defines robbery as a deliberate act of taking one’s personal property in their presence with intent to steal, against his/her will by use of force, violence, threat, or intimidation. From this definition, several elements come out clearly. They include the following: To take with intention of stealing For one to prove before a court of law that an accused person was engaged in robbery, then it must be proven that property was taken with intention of stealing it. This means that the defendant’s main intention was to take the property belonging to someone else. Personal belongings of another person The second e
It seems we live always using “Design Technology”. What is design technology itself? The design itself is the act οf working out the form of something (as by making a sketch or outline or plan) or in other word, design, in contrast to analysis, involves much less discussion with the customer about the detailed meaning of the system. Design is about deciding on structures which can be justified as being necessary in terms of efficiency, flexibility, re-use, and other factors. The second stage in the life-cycle of a sοftware development project – intended to determine exactly how the functions required of a computer system can be achieved. A number of design solutions may be examined prior to design decisions being made about the structure and implementation details. The digital camera captured images and convert to digital values into binary numbers which are zero and one. Whereas analog cameras captured images electronically presented of the continuous analog waveform (www.kodak.com). There are differences in capturing process, speed and imaging process. Today, the new digital still camera still has problem of delaying from the startup, the times between photos, it takes few seconds to boot up camera and before taking the photos, the delay οf pressing shutter button and images actually captures, it takes time for the camera to digitize images to its storage card and it is impossible to take another photos during that processing times (couple seconds). There are also disadvantages of digital still cameras in the different type of storage cards and they are not compatible with other. The limitation of storage and sizes on these cards are difference, for example: Compact Flash’s cards store of maximum οf 128 mega bytes and they are larger than Smart Media cards. Smart Media cards are more cheaper but limited in storage size (32-64 mega bytes) and they also need interface adaptor for computer’s connection which can cost more. Sony memory sticks are generally limited with Sony’s product; the users would choose cameras with this option when they have other Sony products which use these memory sticks. There are also disadvantages of short batteries life and difficulties in using LCD screen in sunlight. However, the digital still cameras are more advantage in speed and imaging process. The images captured with digital still cameras do not to be developed because there is no film processing. The images can be review instantly on camera monitors after shooting and have a certainly that images have been taken. It can also reviews on personal computer screen or on TV screen, if there is “video output” component on the cameras. The convenience of digital cameras is that they have ability to transfer images data through the USB connection to PC at faster speeds. The conventional cameras entirely depend on film and chemical processing. With analog cameras, the images captured by film and they have to wait for at least an hour for the chemical processing. The advantages of analog cameras user is, the cost to buy cameras and films are cheaper. It is also cheaper to print images from films than digital c