ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
The poem “Mother to Son” by Langston Hughes was written and published in the year 1922 which was during the Harlem Renaissance period. Harlem Renaissance also referred to as the New Negro Movement led to the evolvement of a new identity of the black culture between the the1920s and the early years of the 1930s. It is during this period that the black people or community got a chance to express themselves (West, p. 162). With the rampant level of racism and scarce economic opportunities for the blacks, one way through which the Negroes could be able to air their voices was through creative expressions that included the use of poetry. Langston Hughes is one African American who used poetry as a way of expressing himself and the experiences that his community went through. He brings out Harlem as being a crossroads for the experiences of African Americans (Berry, p. 187). In the poem “Mother to Son” Hughes speaks of the lives of the black Americans who constantly fought against discrimination and poverty faced during the Harlem era. He very well explores the issues of social injustices, race, black American art, and culture. The social, artistic, and political climates of the Renaissance have also been vividly brought about (Rampersad, p. 5). The poem is from the viewpoint of a black, African/American mother, telling her son of the hardships she has faced in her life (Hughes, p. 8). According to the black renaissance, African Americans tried all their best to go against the white oppression which is what is being dictated by the mother to the son. Hughes, being one of the people who fought most against the oppression as a leader of the Negroes, tries to express what the older generation felt about the young generation who could not possibly understand what was going on at that time (Rampersad, p. 1). From the first line ‘well, son, I’ll tell you:’ it is clear that the son has either raised a question or a complaint to his mother. In her answer, she begins by telling him of her own difficulties. At one point she says, ‘Life for me ain’t been no crystal stair:’. The author has used the crystal stair to symbolize an imaginary path that is smooth and full of ease. She bases her response on her own life meaning that her advice to him is based on her own hard-life experience (Miller, p. 14). The poet uses dialect to clarify that the mother is uneducated. This is evident from the lines: “Life for me ain’t been no crystal stair” and “For I’ve still got, honey, I’ve still climbing”, which she says to mean that in reality, she is still going on and trying hard to get stronger or make it through the hardships. This style has been effectively used as it makes the mother seem real and less fictional (Wasley, p. 16). The poem takes the dramatic monologue style meaning that it is spoken in the voice o
Introduction Transgender is a general term applied to a variety of individuals, behaviors, and groups involving tendencies that diverge from the normative gender role (woman or man) commonly, but not always, assigned at birth, as well as the role traditionally held by society. It is the state of one’s gender identity (self-definition as male, female, both, or neither), not matching one’s assigned gender (identification by others as male or female based on physical/genetic sex). It does not imply any specific form of sexual orientation, transgender people may intensify as heterosexual, homosexual, bisexual, pansexual, or asexual. (Charlie, 2005) Its precise definition remains in flux, but includes relating to or designating a person whose identity does not conform unambiguously to conventional notions of male or female gender but combines or moves between this. People who were assigned gender at birth and based on their genitals, but who feel that this is a false or incomplete description of themselves. A transgender individual may have characteristics that are normally associated with a particular gender, identify elsewhere on a traditional gender continuum, or exist outside its agendas, intergender or third gender. These people may also identify as bigender, or along with several places on either the traditional transgender continuum or the more encompassing continuums, which have been developed in response to the significantly more detailed studies done in recent years. (LDS church, 1992) Evolution of the term transgender The term transgender was popularized in the 1970s describing people who wanted to live cross-gender without sex reassignment surgery. In the 1980s the term was expanded to an umbrella term and became popular as a means of uniting all those, who gender identities did not mesh with their gender assigned
The term “intelligence” in the context of national security refers to analyzed and refined information that is useful in the decision-making process of policymakers. The US government has developed several strategies aimed at bringing reform to intelligence in the verge of improving national security. Such reforms include the creation of the DNI (Directors of National Intelligence) and the ODNI (Office of the Directors of National Intelligence). 1 However, these reforms face several challenges as discussed hereinafter. The intelligence reforms face a huge challenge in terms of reception. First, the introduction of the ODNI, according to intelligence officials, makes the already unwieldy intelligence community more complicated. 2 While the ODNI is at the top tier of the intelligence community, the Pentagon and the CIA are still at the helm of the operations, and they still plan budgets for the intelligence infrastructure. Therefore, the Directors of National Intelligence have little actual control over the intelligence community. The reduced capacity of the DNI to give adequate directions turns enforcing the change into a challenge since the position of a DNI member requires power sharing skills and close coordination. The introduction of a new post and a new office in the intelligence community creates an additional budget entity. Therefore, the efficiency of the intelligence community reduces since the national budgetary allocation for intelligence remains constant. Moreover, the new office increases the number of bureaucratic layers in the intelligence community; thus, the implementation of action plans takes longer, yet the quality of operations and data analysis remains the same. 3 The ODNI also faces numerous challenges in integrating the different agencies of the national intelligence community. The issues related to intelligence reforms will have adverse effects on the operations of the intelligence in the 21 st century. For instance, the US government purposes to build satellites for the needs of the intelligence service; these satellites will act as assets for collection of imagery for improved tactical operations. 4 However, building such a satellite costs approximately $800,000,000, and the creation of the launch vehicle requires additional $300,000,000. This might not be possible because of the creation of the new office, the ODNI. As it was stated earlier, the ODNI creation, which is the most significant part of the intelligence reform, has trouble in integrating the diverse
Introduction Plants require nutrients in the form of proteins, carbohydrates, lipids and nucleic acids from the environment. These nutrients are obtained from the soil through absorption via the roots or directly from the air (by the stomata) (Casal et al. 310). The nutrients obtained by the plant are used in the growth and development of various plant parts. For instance, the shoots require adequate nutrients because they are involved in the important function of photosynthesis, which leads to the formation of sugars that are stored in the form of starch and cellulose (Noguera et al. 1018). Thus, plants have mechanisms of regulating the distribution of nutrients and biomass to various parts of the plant. Consequently, the rate of growth and development of plants differ from one species to another based on the inherent resource allocation strategy that is used by the plant (Xie et al. 258). Additionally, plants adapt differently to their environmental conditions, which in turn affect the distribution of resources to various parts.
Traffic road injuries are the major challenges affecting public health, causing deaths of multiple people yearly. Following this, this problem has been neglected and not addressed at all, yet this issue requires proper attention and efforts to curb this challenge. However, approaches have been made by accessing seat safety belt practices to minimize road traffic injuries (Posuniak et al., 2018). This use of safety belts minimizes multiple injuries during motor vehicle tragedies since the passengers in the car will remain intact in their seats without any fall off. This enhances the chance of survival due to minor injuries on the victims. Injury control is, therefore, a crucial public health problem, and we have the urge to promote safety to individuals. Some of the effects caused by injuries on the individuals include; fatal deaths, severe injuries, which can cause disabilities, and other mental problems. Public health has gone ahead and formulated compulsory seat belt laws to reduce accidents (Posuniak et al., 2018). Additionally, the implementation and relevant public awareness campaigns concerning the effective use of safety belts have positively impacted accidents. Also, proper exercising for drivers is efficient since it reduces stress and other lifestyles such as smoking. Reference Posuniak, P., Jaśkiewicz, M., Kowalski, K., & Dąbrowski, F. (2018). Child restraint systems: Problems related to the safety of children transported in booster seats (without integral safety belts). 2018 XI International Science-Technical Conference Automotive Safety , 1-7. IEEE. Web.
General Electric is an organization that facilitates its operations in several industries. This necessitates an organizational structure that would allow for the facilitation of a coordinated effort by several relatively independent entities (see appendix A). In the case of General Electric, each of the company’s divisions is run by a senior officer who develops strategic approaches within the range of their responsibilities (Thompson 2017). For instance, the Energy Infrastructure division deals with energy generation and management of resources such as water, gas, and oil, as well as a range of issues associated with the domain, such as environmental concerns and the shift towards sustainable sources of energy (Street Insider 2008). Therefore, it is possible to conclude that General Electric utilizes a multidivisional organizational structure (Thompson, 2017). The distribution of responsibilities allows General Electric to address industry-specific challenges with sufficient responsiveness and focus and maximize the available resources. The company is known for its adherence to formal rules and procedures. The recommended business policies and procedures are strictly defined in the company’s Code of Conduct (General Electric n.d.). In addition, the course of actions is outlined for the situations where the recommended procedures are considered inappropriate or conflicting with related business activities, in which case legal counsel is strongly advised. The Code also encourages the stakeholders to issue their own policies that would be compatible with those of General Electric and specifies the necessity of compliance with the company rules regardless of the introduction of new procedures (General Electric n.d.). In other words, the company is relatively formalized. While the degree of compliance is not documented, it is reasonable to expect that the specified rules are followed in the majority of cases, considering the specificity of statements in the Code. As was mentioned above, General Electric consists of several major divisions with distinct goals and priorities. As a result, horizontal differentiation is prominent in the company. For instance, GE managers that deal with transportation and healthcare solutions approach their tasks differently in terms of resource management, accounting, and human resource management. It is also important to mention that the size of the divisions both necessitates and encourages the creation of unique corporate cultures within each of them, a practice that is also common for horizontally differentiated organizations (Wilton 2014). However, it should be noted that despite the significant differentiation, there is no indication that the said divisions coordinate their decisions. While each department utilizes a strict set of rules and strategies, there is no evident connection between them aside from the basic coordination of manufacturing procedures. In other words, the company does not demonstrate sufficient vertical integration in its operations (GE Sustainability n.d.). While such an appro
The late 1970s was the period rich for various events including the intentions to identify civil rights, prove the importance of feminism, and underline the importance of the role of a woman in society. Still, for many people, one of the main distinctive features of the late 1970s was the emergence of hip-hop. During several decades, people tried to give a number of definitions to hip-hop. It was introduced as a separate genre of music, a social movement, or even a style of life. Many writers share their opinions and attitudes to hip-hop, and some of them will be used in this paper in order to comprehend if it is possible or even correct to give one clear definition of hip-hop. For example, Watkins offers to give several definitions of hip-hop regarding different periods of time and comprehend it as a real and organic movement, a simpler time in history when it was not spoiled and sullied by the power of commerce and political divisions (9). For many people, hip-hop was a chance to unite their powers, skills, and interests and organize the groups within the frames of which they can share their opinions and discuss the issues that are really important to them. In fact, many authors underline the fact that commercialization of hip-hop has changed its essence considerably and deprived modern people of the possibility to understand the essence of hip-hop and true reasons for its appearance. Nowadays, it is hard to comprehend that such serious and definite genre of music as hip-hop was introduced as a form of signifying with a number of formal qualities and iconoclastic spirit (Bradley, DuBois, Gates, D, and Common xxiv). At the same time, the intentions to be indifferent made people believe that the hostility of hip-hop, the possibility to avoid taboos, and the ignorance of language rules could provoke young people. The development of stereotypes occurred. Kelley wanted to explain how the question of gender was raised in hip-hop song and clips. Violence against women, male superiority, and physical power became inherent to hip-hop music and made people believe that stereotypes could not be excluded from hip-hop (Kelley 198). With time, the definition of hip-hop was changed and commercialized. In addition to the power of men, the idea of money was introduced. It was not enough for hip-hop artists to use special words and terms, to demonstrate special moves and signs, or even to be black. Hip-hop became available to everyone, who was in need of self-defense and power, and who could pay for it (Chang 12). The analysis of hip-hop and its history prove that it is not easy to give one clear hip-hop definition. Much time as well as more opinions and approaches is required. In general, the only thing that is clear is the fact that every person is free to choose any definition of hip-hop given at different periods of time and be correct with their choices and exp
People have always wanted to lift the curtain concealing the previous eras and explore the past properly. While the task of historical research is complicated yet possible when analyzing ancient civilizations, with the eras when the human race did not exist yet, the task becomes nearly impossible. Nevertheless, a range of theories concerning the prehistoric times have been spawned, and several moviemakers have tried representing these ideas. An animated family picture is known as the Land Before Time is, perhaps, the most famous and the most entertaining of them. Picture 1. The Land Before Time. n. d. Critiquing the movie too harshly for the lack of accuracy concerning the details of the overall portrayal of the era would be unfair – after all, historical accuracy was not the priority in this case. The director did not pursue the goal of geology popularization – instead, he was aiming at capturing the magic of the long-gone era and making the audience gasp in awe. However, some of the mistakes are far too big to be passed unnoticed. For example, the lead character of the movie, the Littlefoot, is often called a brontosaurus, which seems fine until the species that the rest of the characters belong to are brought up. While each of them, bears a correct label of Pachycephalosauruses, Triceratopses, etc., the lead character bears the informal name of a cross between an Apatosaurus and a Camarasaurus (Steelman para. 2). A minor ditch in overall perfect representation of the era, it still rubs the people, who are aware of the prehistoric animal’s classification, the wrong way. The rest of the movie, though, is perfect in terms of ancient history visualization. The dinosaurs look unbelievably realistic – at least, as far as an animated character can – and their habits and looks are represented in a very accurate manner. The process of changes, which the Earth was undergoing during the Jurassic period, was also portrayed in a very convincing manner. The earthquakes triggered by the continental drift and the split of Pangaea into Laurasia and Gondwana were depicted very graphically; however, the change towards a damper climate was not shown properly, since most of the scenes featured droughty zones. Picture 2. The Land Before Time: Climbing the Tree. n. d. The movie can be considered both entertaining and educational. A child watching the film will not have a wrong idea about the Jurassic period. On the contrary, new information about the ancient world is offered in a very smart and entertaining manner. Picture 3. Earth’s Geologic History Picture 4. Extinct and current mammals Works Cited Steelman, Ben. “Zoo Parade Littlefoot, the Baby Brontosaurus From “The Land Before Time,” Leads an Animated Procession to the Video Shelves, With “Bambi” and “Roger Rabbit” Close Behind.” The Inquirer 1989. Web. The Land Before Time . n. d. Web. The Land Before Time: Climb
Despite scientific evidence that a person’s memory is erroneous and unreliable, a person tends to cling to his memories with a fierce and iron grip. The opening scene of Eve’s Bayou is one of the most gripping intros I’ve ever seen: “Memory is a selection of images, some elusive, others printed indelibly on the brain. The summer I killed my father, I was 10 years old” (Eve’s Bayou, 2021). These words characterize the film most fully; it becomes clear that this is not a simple story. To understand what happened that summer, the film takes the viewer into the small but vibrant world of the young heroine, who tried to comprehend what is happening in her good, but inherently problematic family. Eve’s Bayou is a breathtaking drama of love, hate, guilt, and sadness that is harder and more powerful than expected. A thrilling and unsettling film explores the issue of parental mistakes, the occasional cruelty between siblings, and the benefits our minds give us when we remember things differently from what they were. The events unfold in the early 1960s in Louisiana, in a large old mansion surrounded by rivers and swamps. The story is told from the perspective of the main character – Eva Batiste, in whose image Jurnee Smollett-Bell has incredibly accurately and indeed got used to. Her father – Louis, a depraved and perceptive man, works as a doctor, and her mother – Roz, is described as a woman of extraordinary beauty. In the Batiste family, in addition to Eva, there is also her younger brother Po, who was doted by mom, and Louis’s favorite, Cisely, the eldest of the children. One of the main characters is Eve’s aunt Moselle, who has a unique gift for foreseeing the life events of many people, except for her own. The problem of parent-child rela
This paper is both descriptive and explanatory. It is a description of Kant’s essay about knowledge. The writer begins with a summary of the whole essay’s contents. He distinguishes between an individual and society. Additionally, he introduces the concept of a monarch at this point. This helps to set the pace of the essay. It is a good beginning, and the writer deserves credit for the introduction. The writer needs to be confident in his argument. The use of “as Kant argues” several times is an indication of uncertainty. He sounds unsure of what his argument is and whether it is concrete. The paper quotes Kant many times, but the implications of these quotes do not come out clearly. The writer should be more specific. Grammar and writing style also need slight improvement. The writer begins sentences with words such as “from, as, even, because, at” and “to”. This mistake is common in writing. He should try to begin sentences with articles or pronouns. This way, the paper will sound academic. Currently, it sounds more like spoken English than written English. This is a major flaw in this paper. The
Allan Edgar Poe, a renowned Romanticism writer, is one of the greatest contributors to the modern American literature because he refined the short story genre and put forward the detective fiction during his short life (Kennedy 61). In an attempt to achieve the American dream, Poe ventured into full-time writing as his career after losing his wife (Rein 22). Poe’s three works “The fall of the house of Usher”, “the Raven” and “The Masque of the Red Death” describe his dedication to literature and his negative attitudes towards aristocracy (Silverman 121). However, his frustrations in life, loneliness and premature death display Poe a dedicated man who never achieved his American dream, despite contributing a lot to American literature. Arguably, Edgar Allan Poe vented his own frustrations, stresses of reality, and used his own experiences to create a negative and darkness of his works. Poe belonged to Romanticism movement, a literary, intellectual and artistic movement that began in the late 18 th century in Europe before spreading to the United States. At the beginning, the movement was a reaction to the industrial movement in the mid and late 18 th century, but later became a form of intellectual revolt against social and political norms that were based on aristocracy. In addition, it was a revolt against scientific rationalization of nature. A major characteristic of Revolutionary artists is the belief that products of imagination can be equal or even surpass those of the elites in courts, thus the ability to convince scholars and connoisseurs. The popular belief was that things must flow in their natural form “…from the outpourings of the untutored and common persons in a society”. Edgar Allan Poe was the son of two professional actors, David Poe Jr., and Elizabeth Arnold Hopkins Poe. He was born on 19 January 1809 in Boston, Massachusetts. David Poe Sr., was an Irish immigrant who had settled in American in 1750s. Soon after Edgar Allan Poe’s birth, the parents separated and one year later, Mrs. Poe died. The young Poe was taken into John Allan’s home, where he lived as one of the family members, although there was no formal adoption. Allan was a rich Scottish immigrant and a trader in a variety of goods such as clothing, slaves and agricultural products. Edgar adopted the name “Allan” when living with the Allan family. His life was not good because as soon as he joined the newly established university of Virginia, he became active in gambling, a tradition that was upcoming in the young institution (Scott 77). Due to poor money management, he dropped from the college just after one year of study. He attempted to modify his life by joining the military, which he served for two years be