ShantanuT01/DACTYL-Pretraining huggingface dataset:
Graphic design is a wide concept that mainly involves creativity. It facilitates the design and production of artwork. Like all businesses in an economy, their growth and development is based on stable clientele base. However, from a close look, graphic design products are a bit different from other commercial products. This is due to the fact that, before a client appreciates art, he or she has to view the product in question. Appropriate marketing techniques are also extremely beneficial in ensuring general business success (Wendy & Kati, 2002). It was also evident that as various economic sectors revolutionize, the communication sector was also not left out. With the invention of the internet in the twentieth century, communication has been redefined. The internet, which is an interconnection of computer networks, has enhanced global communication. For a majority of businesses, the internet is the best innovation that has enhanced the communication front. This development has helped open up businesses on the global arena. It has enhanced sharing of business ideas and new opportunities for businesses around the world (Piscopo, 2004; Miletsky, 2008). As I was undertaking the research, I realized that there was a lot of information that I did not know. For instance, I was not aware about the existence of online art galleries commonly referred to as “e-galleries”. The research has strengthened my ability to search for relevant materials that I could use as references (Van, 2010). The fact that I could compile the issues propagated by other writers was also a significant step. However, this proved to be a challenge during the initial steps of the research. The unit has also equipped me with the ability to maneuver the internet (Chen & Kao, 2012). The internet has a lot of materials. However, it is challenging to find the relevant materials (Harris, 2008). This project was no exemption, and it was difficult to find appropriate resources. The unit has enhanced both my study and research techniques. Scholarly writing is a technical aspect in the world of academia (Da, 1994). In this case, original articles are covered by the intellectual property rights enjoyed by the authors. Thus, it is illegal to write or copy a person’s ideology without giving credit to the original author (Shields, 2010). Scholarly writing also requires the author to air out views in a systematic format. The assignment sharpened my ability to write a document that clearly articulates points, which can be comprehended by the reader (Burns &
Introduction It has been observed in the twentieth century that the ability to recognize and deal with complex ethical issues has become a major priority for many companies (Ferrell, Fraedrich & Ferrell 2008). This need arose in light of several recent well publicized scandals that resulted in public outrage owing to fraud, demand for greater business ethics and greater corporate responsibility. The publicity and debate that surrounded scandals of well known corporate entities such as Enron has seen significant changes made to legislation demanding greater accountability (Ferrell, Fraedrich & Ferrell 2008). According to Weiss the main reason for this increased emphasis on business ethics stems from the fact that businesses compete with other stakeholders in an environment characterized by changing technological, legal, economic, social and political environment (2009). A good example of ethical dilemmas caused by changes in technology is the issue associated with file sharing. Though it is reported some artists are not opposed to the practice it has been observed that others stakeholders such as recording companies and songwriters strongly oppose the practice (Weiss 2009). Based on these issues it becomes clear to see that a set of sound ethical practices is important within every organization. Due to this fact the current trend in organizations is characterized by a move from compliance based ethical initiatives to building a cultural based approach to ethics within an organization (Ferrell, Fraedrich & Ferrell 2008). This reports aims at observing the ethical culture within an organization with the goal of determining whether such culture can provide adequate safe guards and improve productivity. Personal Ethical Values In many companies there is a misconception that if the organization hires individuals with strong ethical values then the organization can be viewed as a good citizen or organization (Ferrell, Fraedrich & Ferrell 2008). This perception has been found to be wrong given that it is also important to recognize the difference between legal and ethical decisions. For this reason hiring individuals with strong personal values alone would not be adequate for an organization based on the nature of business ethics dilemmas. However, strong personal values do have a major role to play with regards to individual performance within the organization and as such also deserve consideration. In understanding which personal values are crucial to an individual, it is important to consider what ethical values the individual privileges (Hartman & Stefkovich 2005). The personal ethical values the individual will prefer will normally be the r
Overview of Conflict Jake is a fast-rising employee who has recently been promoted to the position of branch manager at his organization. However, Jake has a strained working relationship with his company’s human resource manager, Monica. The conflict between the two dates back five years ago when Jake was working in lower-level management. During this time, Jake had requested educational support from the company but Monica had denied his request. All the other managers were in support of Jake’s request but the final authorization had to come from Monica. Jake was able to pursue his education goals without the support of the company and he owes his current promotion to this effort. However, Jake has not been able to forgive Monica, whom he feels was unjustified in denying him his valid request. Currently, the silent conflict between the two workers has degenerated in a manner that affects other employees and the company in general. Each of the two individuals has different viewpoints and positions concerning the issue. According to Jake, his request for educational support was in line with his career aspirations. Each year, the company sets aside a budget for employees who are interested in furthering their education. Furthermore, this support is not free as there are conditions for acquiring this service, which includes having a guarantor. At the time of his request, Jake had been in the company for almost three years. As a dedicated employee, Jake felt that there was no way of justifying Monica’s ‘malicious’ actions. On her part, Monica reviewed Jake’s request and found that although he had support from other managers, his personnel file had anomalies that led to his disqualification. Records indicated that Jake had three incidents with junior-level employees. Nevertheless, in all these incidences, Jake was absolved of any wrongdoing. It is also customary for the company to give educational support to employees who have been in the company for more than three years. At the time of his request, Jake had only two years and nine months under his belt. Monica had requested Jake to wait another year for him to be approved, but he refused to do so. The Actual Conflict The problem with the relationship between the two workers is that Jake feels that Monica is a relatively malicious individual. Consequently, even when Jake encounters issues with his staff, he has trouble forwarding the complaints to Monica. Jake is also of the opinion that Monica does not approve of his promotion and she is likely to undermine his position if the opportunity presents itself. The main problem is that Monica is largely unaware of the dept
Introduction Leadership is a powerful practice that determines the success of individuals and institutions. In the public sector, the concept should be taken seriously in order to drive performance and deliver quality goods or services to different citizens. This paper uses the article “Research of Chinese Public Sector Managers Leadership Based on the Fuzzy Comprehensive Evaluation Method” by Xiaoli Zhang and Changjiang Liu to discuss leadership roles and management in the public sector. Article Summary The selected article presents a study that was conducted to monitor the roles and effectiveness of different leaders and mangers in Chinese public organizations. The authors applied the Fuzzy Comprehensive Evaluation (FCE) method as an effective model for improving management and leadership in the nation’s public sector. In this article, it is evident that managers in public organizations should possess adequate competencies that can make them successful. Some of these skills include critical thinking, social comprehensiveness, coordination, problem-solving, and empowerment (Zhang & Liu, 2015). Such attributes can result in improved organizational performance and empower workers to achieve their objectives. The unique roles of managers in the public sector include influencing others, implementing appropriate projects and policies, uniting people, solving emerging problems, and making timely decisions. They should also handle crises efficiently, improve their capabilities, and empower employees. They should also develop superior attributes and philosophies to deliver enviable results (Zhang & Liu, 2015). The concept of 360 degree feedback is also taken seriously to empower others (Zhang & Liu, 2015). They must also engage in self-assessment in an attempt to develop superior competencies that can deliver positive results. Effective leaders in the public sector are charismatic, control force, and offer the right vision (or mission) to their followers (Zhang & Liu, 2015). The article goes further to introduce the FEC model. This framework can be embraced by public sector managers to identify their strengths and weaknesses that should be considered to deliver positive outcomes. Individuals who embrace this tool will improve their competencies, undertake complex managerial roles, and become effective. Critique The above summary has indicated that leaders in public agencies undertake numerous roles, such as communicating the right vision and empowering their followers. They should also focus on appropriate projects and policies to deliver superior services or goods. Efficient public managers should possess various competencies, such as critical thinking, decision-making, problem-solving, and charisma (Zhang & Liu, 2015). They should also empower others and ensure that outlined goals are realized. This article is meaningful since it goes further to introduce a superior model that has the potential to empower individuals and make it easier for them to improve their leadership philosophies. The approach can make it easier for managers to succeed in their public leadership positions (Park, Miao, & Kim, 20
Introduction Education is not an isolated experience but can be considered as an interactive endeavor that takes place over the course of a person’s life. When parents, families and school work together, they can provide the best possible resources and expertise to enhance the education of all their children. In a synthesis on parents’ involvement, it was established that families and parents had a major influence on their children’s achievements in school and education in general. Parents and families can also be described, explained and understood more effectively by the illustrations explained of how a teacher or a school can encourage this type of partnership below. Parenting knowledge and skills. According to Morrison , this is the education and the knowledge acquired by both the parents and the family as a whole of how to bring up their children. The parents are learning how to rise up children who value and appreciate the need of education as a part of their growth. A teacher or a school encourages the need for parenting knowledge and skills when the advantages and the response of children and the community can be notified to the parents. Communication between home and the school. A synthesis by Boult (2006) describes this as the relationship between school, parents and family of a student in a particular learning institution. A teacher encourages this communication by giving the parents opportunities to know teachers and interact with them. This encourages working in partnership to improve the children at the same time improving the morale of the teachers. Volunteering at the school and in the community It is where parents, teachers and children are able to give the feedback to the society. This can be through working on community projects which encourage the interaction of the parents, teachers and children. Teachers and schools encourage this as it enables the partnering of both teachers and parents. They are in a better position to know more of the ways to help children to improve on their education. Supporting students learning at home This can be described as the encouraging students to spend some of their spare time at home studying and the provision of the proper study environment at home. According to Boult , teachers and schools encourage this by offering home visits and visits of children the school community. Involvement in decision making and advocacy Parents and families are included in the decision made by teachers and school about their children with their suggestions that are also taken into consideration. Before changes are made in schools, parents are allowed to offer their suggestions and give their views on the issues. Collaboration with the community This is the working together between parents, families and teachers of students with the community to ensure educational success of the st
Introduction Previous submissions covered the formulation of a two-stage, mixed methods approach to add to the body of knowledge about the traits and antecedent’s characteristic of workplace bullies. The initial quantitative stage will employ the Workplace Aggression Research Questionnaire (WARQ) to define the prevalence of bullying in a diverse range of organizations in some cities. The second stage, employing in-depth interviews, will generate the insights needed to add to the body of knowledge about the personal characteristics and self-reported antecedents of bullies. Two-Stage Data Analysis The WARQ is really a series of ordinal variables for employing incidence frequency as the screening criterion for bullying experience: “no,” “sometimes” and “regularly”. Given the random sample and natural order in the ordinal scale, this variable type is ordinarily consistent with articulating a stage 1 hypotheses like “Is the observed distribution of bullying prevalence different across organization type, level, gender, educational attainment, type of upbringing, domestic situation and self-described physique?” Statistical analysis would then be performed employing the non-parametric Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. On the other hand, habitual bullying is the true criterion variable in the study. Since only “regular” experience of inflicting or reaping bullying matters for the purposes of this study, the data can be transformed to considering just the proportion across sub-samples that meet this criterion. In that case, data analysis will be based on t tests for the significance of differences in the proportion of regular bullying across the analytical sub-groups enumerated above. Since the original WARQ comprised 33 items and it is possible to derive a composite score that corresponds to having experienced at least one-third of the situations on a regular basis, the primary report format for stage 1 will likely comprise 34 tables multiplied by the 7 classificatory variables listed at the top of page one. In the qualitative stage, the plan covers both the standard mechanics for synthesizing verbatim responses and a preliminary set of constructs around which to formulate both the interview guide and data analysis. Broadly, data analysis consist of transcribing the tapes into word-processing files and subjecting the verbatim transcripts to content analysis. The transcripts then have to be coded, either manually or with content analysis software (Shank, 2005). After the interviews themselves, coding is the single most critical activity in all-qualitative research that generates text or verbatim data. Coding is a two-step process of categorizing the data into meaningf
The last two decades have witnessed a revolution calling for reforms within the public sector in the third world and the developed countries. This has mostly been attributed to a number of factors within public administration. These factors include; poor quality and unnecessary services, poor management, lack of motivation, failure to provide the necessary resources appropriate to particular tasks and disregard of the potential market/private sector. Recent research conducted by the Organization for Economic co-operation and development observed that new management practices that concern market-type mechanisms associated with the private sector are being used in order to enhance change in managing public services in various nations. Such practices constitute the new public management (Reinert, 1999). The attempts of NPM to renovate the public sector through the use of managerial reforms that stress on improved productivity with regards to significance, quality of service offered to the public and efficiency does not fit satisfactorily into the approach of public administration. However the approach has some benefits, and is thus worth exploring. This paper aims at assessing the benefits and problems associated with New Public Management to public administration in relation to two policies, gaining insights from the third world and developed countries. New Public Management NPM refers to the application of market and business values as well as management practices found within the private sector into the public domain, in accordance with a neo-liberal insight of state and economy. The approach is seen to draw its practices from the private sector. NPM was initiated in the1980s and its concepts have their roots from Anglo-America and have been powerfully endorsed by some of the international monetary organizations such as the International Monetary Fund as well as the World Bank. It started being executed in the early 1990s. New Public Management is embraced in the neo-classical economic imperialism within the social sciences, which have a trend of handling most issues in neo-classical economic practices. The approach is characterized by several features. These features include; delegating authority and ensuring flexibility, enhancing management in human resources, creating competition and choice, ascertaining receptive services, performance control and accountability, intensifying steering functions at the center, making use of information technology and developing the quality of regulation. These features are based on some collective principles. The execution systems can be assessed as transactions that lay more emphasis on agreed contracts, information asymmetries, moral hazards and conformity monitoring challenges (Doornbos, 2004). New Public Management reforms draw a lot of contribution from various sectors, ranging from economics, political science, technolog
Introduction Literal works often reflect various perspective of a society. A person can get an insight into a society by reading such literal pieces. Nonetheless, to understand a certain perspective of a society from literature requires a critical mind to piece together small hints to build a complete component of the society. This paper evaluates the material life of Chinese from novels and stories written during the Qing, Ming, and Yuan era. Celebrations Birthday Chinese people celebrate important occasions in life of their cherished ones with niceties that comprise of fruits, sweetmeats, wine, noodles and silk clothing. It appears that Chinese people used best foods to express their appreciation of their significant others. Food for the Chinese people plays a very significant role of expressing good will. Tea particularly is a symbol of hospitality as it is a drink that Chinese offer to their visitors in accompaniment of some delicacies (Trans, Chapter 15 298). In addition to use of food as a gesture of goodwill, silver and silk hold a significant position with regard to expression of courtesy for an act of appreciation of ones life. In respond to the birthday presents from Hsi-men Ch’ing, Li P’ing-erh sends “two maces of silver and a handkerchief of shot silk …” (Trans, Chapter 15 299). Wedding Chinese people marked the celebration of important events in a life of a persons or people by feast. During Ning’s wedding to Little Beauty, a feast was held to celebrate the occasion, where his relations were invited to celebrate. The occasion highlighted the significance Chinese people attached to beauty. The attendants of the wedding expressed attraction to the beauty of Little Beauty. Her splendor won the hearts of Ning’s relatives. In addition, this scenario reveals the habits of Chinese to use presents to cultivate friendship and trustworthiness through presents (Songling 178). Wine Wine in Chinese civilization denotes a sense of positive relationship between friends, as a friendly aura was often epitomized by wining and dining. The friend of Mr. Lu from a certain village on learning that he was taking a leave to go home invited him for a feast at his home as a gesture of friendship that exists between them. Although Mr. Lu declined the offer, the villager send the feast to him, which he later had with the Lau brothers he met on his course to his home village. Architecture The size and the compartments of a house portrayed the degree of affluence of a person. Li P’ing-erh’s house had a frontage that had a breath of 24 foot and three courtyards in the inside that receded along a vertical axis. The houses of rich Chinese had compartments. Li P’ing-erh’s house comprised of a two-story with windows on the top floor facing the street. A sequence of three rooms situated on either side of a second courtyard that led to a reception hall (Trans and Tod, Chapter 15 299). A passageway was a prominent feature in the homes of affluent Chinese. A third co